cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural evidence for the existence of two types of neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglia of the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus

Evidence suggesting the existence of two types of neurosecretory cells in each abdominal ganglion of Limulus polyphemus has been obtained by light and electron microscopy. After Helly fixation the two cell types are readily distinguished from other neurons by the Azan method, but they react weakly when stained by paraldehyde fuchsin. Type I cells are larger, more regular in shape, and found more anteriorly in each ganglion. They contain apparently cylindrical secretory granules, many dictyosomes, and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. Type II cells produce spherical granules, contain fewer dictyosomes, have less conspicuous cytoplasmic vesiculation and possess more prominent parallel arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Granules similar to those found in both cell types are present in the neuropile and certain nerves, but the specific pathways of the axons of these cells have not yet been determined.
Environmental differences in substrate mechanics do not affect sprinting performance in sand lizards (Uma scoparia and Callisaurus draconoides)

SUMMARY Running performance depends on a mechanical interaction between the feet of an animal and the substrate. This interaction may differ between two species of sand lizard from the Mojave Desert that have different locomotor morphologies and habitat distributions. Uma scorparia possesses toe fringes and inhabits dunes, whereas the closely related Callisaurus draconoides lacks fringes and is found on dune and wash habitats. The present study evaluated whether these distribution patterns are related to differential locomotor performance on the fine sand of the dunes and the course sand of the wash habitat. We measured the kinematics of sprinting and characterized differences in grain size distribution and surface strength of the soil in both habitats. Although wash sand had a surface strength (15.4±6.2 kPa) that was more than three times that of dune sand (4.7±2.1 kPa), both species ran with similar sprinting performance on the two types of soil. The broadly distributed C. draconoides ran with a slightly (22%) faster maximum speed (2.2±0.2 m s –1 ) than the dune-dwelling U. scorparia (1.8±0.2 m s –1 ) on dune sand, but not on wash sand. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in maximum acceleration or the time to attain maximum speed between species or between substrates. These results suggest that differences in habitat distribution between these species are not related to locomotor performance and that sprinting ability is dominated neither by environmental differences in substrate nor the presence of toe fringes.
Neurofibromatosis-Noonan Syndrome

Type I neurofibromatosis (NF-1) and Noonan syndrome (NS) are two fairly common genetic disorders. Patients with features of both disorders have been described, but considerable variability of phenotypic expression occurs. As a result, the correct nosology of this syndrome is uncertain. We present a patient with full expression of both NF-1 and NS phenotypes, and discuss the debate regarding the genetics of the combined syndrome.
Reliability challenges for copper interconnects

Abstract In the past few years, copper has been widely used as interconnect metallization for advanced ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI) circuits. Due to the unique chemical properties of copper compared to its predecessor, aluminum, different integration processes must be used for circuit fabrication, that is, the damascene versus reactive ion etch (RIE) process. This difference in integration processes introduces a series of reliability concerns for copper interconnects. After a brief comparison of copper and aluminum interconnects, this article discusses the impact of the differences in the material properties and integration process on reliability. Details are provided on two advanced metallization reliability failure mechanisms: electromigration and stress migration. For copper interconnects, the interface between the cap and the copper metal serves as the fast diffusion path. To improve copper interconnect reliability, development efforts have focused on suppressing copper or copper vacancy diffusion along the interface. Two copper interfaces, the copper/cap interface and the copper/liner (or diffusion barrier) interface, are critical for copper reliability. For commonly used liners, such as Ta/TaN, the copper/liner interface is relatively easy to control compared to the copper/cap interface. For dual-damascene copper lines, a copper via is used to connect the lower level to the upper level. Unlike the robust tungsten stud used in aluminum interconnects, the copper via has been identified as a weak link in dual-damascene copper connections; the majority of early reliability failures can be attributed to the copper vias. The three most critical process factors and elements affecting copper interconnect reliability are copper vias and interfaces and the liner coverage. Using a low- k dielectric with a copper interconnect introduces several new challenges to reliability, including dielectric breakdown, temperature cycle, and stability within packages. Extensive knowledge is urgently needed to understand these issues.
A Review of Specifications for Methods of Measuring Emissions of Air Pollutants and Effluent of Water Pollutants

The measurement of air pollutants emitted to the atmosphere in exhaust gases from stationary gas turbines must be made in accordance with applicable government specifications in those cases where the measurements are being made to determine compliance with regulations. This paper reviews the methods for measuring opacity, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrocarbons, and particulates. In addition, the paper references the Federal Register (volume, number, and page) in which the official specification appears. Other methods, including ASME, SAE, and ASTM, are listed where applicable.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
Integrated acousto-optic circuits for communications, signal processing, and computing

There has been a number of significant advances in recent years in the conception and realization of new and novel guided-wave acoustooptic (AO) devices and related integration technologies in common waveguide substrates. In this paper, a selective review of the most recent advances in the realization of multi-channel integrated AO modules or circuits in LiNbO3 and GaAs substrates with applications to communications, RF signal processing and computing is presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocrisy on attitude change

Abstract The current work explored how self-concept representation affects how experiencing dissonance results in changing one’s attitudes in response to acknowledging hypocrisy. We found a relation between self-complexity and attitude change after admitting past hypocritical actions. Specifically, people lower in self-complexity changed their attitudes to bring them more in line with their transgressions (presumably to quell the especially strong feelings of unpleasantness resulting from their acknowledging behavior-belief discrepancies) whereas those greater in self-complexity showed more bolstering of their attitudes following hypocrisy. This relation between self-complexity and attitude change following hypocrisy was eliminated when participants were given a chance to reaffirm their sense of personal value and integrity through other means (i.e., self-affirmation). Implications for how self-concept representation may play a role in moderating a number of psychological phenomena, ranging from goal attainment to stereotype threat, are discussed.
Median and quantile tests under complex survey design using SAS and R

Techniques for conducting hypothesis testing on the median and other quantiles of two or more subgroups under complex survey design are limited. In this paper, we introduce programs in both SAS and R to perform such a test. A detailed illustration of the computations, macro variable definitions, input and output for the SAS and R programs are also included in the text. Urinary iodine data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) are used as examples for comparing medians between females and males as well as comparing the 75th percentiles among three salt consumption groups.
Formal and computational linguistics: University of Michigan

The Computational Linguistics Project at the University of Michigan is concerned with formal linguistic models and with the representation of information in logic and in natural language. The project is headed by Joyce Friedman; important contributions have been made by graduate research assistants, notably by David S. Warren (now at SUNY Stony Brook) and Douglas B. Moran (Oregon State University).
A Neural Network Inverse Model for a Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuator

Tracking control of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is essential in many applications such as vibration controls. Due to the hysteresis, an inherent nonlinear phenomenon associated with SMAs, open-loop control design has proven inadequate for tracking control of these actuators. Aimed at eliminating the position sensor to reduce cost of an SMA actuator system, in this paper, a neural network open loop controller is proposed for tracking control of an SMA actuator. A test stand, including a titanium-nickel (TiNi, or Nitinol) SMA wire actuator, a position sensor, bias springs, and a programmable current amplifier, is used to generate training data and to verify the neural networks open loop controller. A digital data acquisition and real-time control system was used to record experimental data and to implement the control strategy. Based on the training data obtained from the test stand, two neural networks are used to respectively model the forward and inverse hysteresis relations between the applied voltage and the displacement of the SMA wire actuator. To control the SMA actuator without using a position sensor, the neural network inverse model is used as a feedforward controller. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the neural network open loop controller for tracking control of the SMA wire actuator.
Concurrent distributed control of all power components in an autonomous microgrid

DC and AC microgrids have been proposed for different applications using new technologies in power electronics and new energy sources. The power sources in a microgrid must be controlled in coordination with each other in order to meet the operating criteria of the microgrid as a whole. Droop control of power sources is a known solution for distributed and coordinated control of converters to share active and reactive power in a microgrid. In this paper, the droop control method is extended for harmonic and unbalance power along with balanced active and reactive sharing. Each component of power can be dedicated to various power sources in any percentage, which enables operation optimization of the microgrid. An upper layer controller which uses a low speed communication link sets droop parameters of local controllers. This control layer is in charge of real time optimization of micro grid as well as load bus voltage quality improvement.
Sugar-starch combinations are associated with dental caries in low-risk adolescents

Original Article Campain AC, Morgan MV, Evans RW, Ugoni A, Adams GG, Conn JA, Watson MJ. Sugar-starch combinations in food and the relationship to dental caries in low-risk adolescents. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003 Aug;111(4):316-25. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose To determine whether the interaction between sugar and starch in foods is a significant predictor of dental caries in an adolescent population residing in a fluoridated area Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study
The formal dynamics of controlled populations and the echo, the boom and the bust.

This paper analyzes the pattern of fluctuations of births in an age-structured population whose growth is subject to environmental or economic constraint. It synthesizes the traditional demographic analysis of age-structured renewal with constant vital rates and the economic analysis which treats population change endogenously. When cohort fertility depends on relative cohort size, or when period fertility depends on labor force size, fluctuations of forty or more years replace the traditional “echo” or generation-length cycle. Twentieth-century U. S. fertility change agrees well with the theory, as the “Easterlin Hypothesis” suggests; but the period model fits better than the cohort model.
Differences in stress-related ratings between research center and home environments in dementia caregivers using ecological momentary assessment.

Background: Clinicians and researchers working with dementia caregivers typically assess caregiver stress in a clinic or research center, but caregivers’ stress is rooted at home where they provide care. This study aimed to compare ratings of stress-related measures obtained in research settings and in the home using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).Methods: EMA of 18 caregivers (mean age 66.4 years ±7.8; 89% females) and 23 non-caregivers (mean age 66.4 years ±7.9; 87% females) was implemented using a personal digital assistant. Subjects rated their perceived stress, fatigue, coping with current situation, mindfulness, and situational demand once in the research center and again at 3–4 semi-random points during a day at home. The data from several assessments conducted at home were averaged for statistical analyses and compared with the data collected in the research center.Results: The testing environment had a differential effect on caregivers and non-caregivers for the ratings of perceived stress (p < 0.01) and situational demand (p = 0.01). When tested in the research center, ratings for all measures were similar between groups, but when tested at home, caregivers rated their perceived stress as higher than non-caregivers (p = 0.02). Overall, caregivers reported higher perceived stress at home than in the research center (p = 0.02), and non-caregivers reported greater situational demand in the research center than at home (p < 0.01).Conclusions: The assessment method and environment affect stress-related outcomes. Evaluating participants in their natural environment provides a more sensitive measure of stress-related outcomes. EMA provides a convenient way to gather data when evaluating dementia caregivers.
Gaps in myocardial infarction care: how might we best EFFECT change?

Despite medical advances, coronary artery disease continues to burden us. Millions worldwide have a myocardial infarction each year, and millions suffer the ravages of atherosclerosis: stable and unstable angina, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Combating this plague has always required attention to research—biology of atherosclerosis, drug development, clinical trials—and attention to implementation—access to care, guideline dissemination, and treatment standardization. The story of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) illustrates the difficulty of doing this. The science has been, in relative terms, easy. Investigators have steadily progressed from using aspirin to administering thrombolytics and to employing primary percutaneous intervention; these advances, along with adjunctive therapy such as beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors, have decreased 30-day mortality in clinical trials to an impressive 5–6%. Unfortunately, translating these findings into practice has not been so easy. For example, trials have consistently shown importance of time from symptom onset to time to treatment in reducing STEMI mortality, yet numerous obstacles persist. Despite public education campaigns to activate the emergency medical system when symptoms of a heart attack arise, up to 50% of patients with STEMI do not call 9-1-1, but instead transport themselves.1 The medical system fares no better; despite guidelines for a door-to-balloon time of 90 min with primary percutaneous intervention, the majority of STEMI patients do not reach these targets.2 … *Corresponding author: Tel: +1 216 445 4042; fax: +1 216 445 8531. E-mail address : bhattd{at}ccf.org
Interspecific inhibition of the response of the bark beetles,Dendroctonus brevicomis andIps paraconfusus, to their pheromones in the field

Ponderosa pine logs infested withIps paraconfusus males inhibited the attraction ofDendroctonus brevicomis in the field to either attractive logs cut from a ponderosa pine tree under attack byD. brevicomis or to their synthetic pheromones,exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Logs cut from trees under attack byD. brevicomis inhibited the response ofI. paraconfusus to logs infested with maleI. paraconfusus.Exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene did not inhibit their response but verbenone did. Verbenone was found in maleD. brevicomis dissected from attractive logs under attack during the same time the response ofI. paraconfusus was inhibited by these logs.Trans-verbenol andexo-brevicomin were found in femaleD. brevicomis while verbenone,trans-verbenol, and frontalin were found in maleD. brevicomis in relatively large amounts near the beginning of the aggregation phase of host colonization. All of these compounds had decreased at a similar rate 5 days later. This gradual decrease inexo-brevicomin and frontalin probably caused the observed reduction in attraction. The ecological significance of these compounds in relation to termination of the aggregation phase ofD. brevicomis and reduction of interspecific competition is discussed.
The effect of guided imagery on the third stage of labor: a pilot study.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effects of guided imagery on blood loss during the third stage of labor. Design and setting: This was a three-group randomized co...
Generating random walks and polygons with stiffness in confinement

The purpose of this paper is to explore ways to generate random walks and polygons in confinement with a bias toward stiffness. Here the stiffness refers to the curvature angle between two consecutive edges along the random walk or polygon. The stiffer the walk (polygon), the smaller this angle on average. Thus random walks and polygons with an elevated stiffness have lower than expected curvatures. The authors introduced and studied several generation algorithms with a stiffness parameter that regulates the expected curvature angle at a given vertex in which the random walks and polygons are generated one edge at a time using conditional probability density functions. Our generating algorithms also allow the generation of unconfined random walks and polygons with any desired mean curvature angle. In the case of random walks and polygons confined in a sphere of fixed radius, we observe that, as expected, stiff random walks or polygons are more likely to be close to the confinement boundary. The methods developed here require that the random walks and random polygons be rooted at the center of the confinement sphere.
Performance of tray columns operated in the cycling mode

Tray efficiencies were measured for desorbing ammonia from water by air in a small sieve-tray column operated in the cycling mode, that is, with alternate flow of vapor and liquid. The actual efficiency improvement obtained was compared with that theoretically possible assuming the liquid flows without mixing when dropped. A mixing model was proposed and the mixing parameter evaluated from the experimental data.
Examining the antecedents of trust and rapport in services: Discovering new interrelationships

Abstract A study was designed to examine the relationship between rapport and trust in a service context, and to gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to these relational constructs. Consistent with the literature, both expertise and dependability were directly related to trust of the service provider. However, familiarity, which had previously been found to be directly related to trust, was found to be indirectly related through rapport, which was related to trust. All four hypotheses examining the antecedents of rapport were supported. The research suggests that building rapport may be an important intermediate step in building customer trust.
Hydrogen-induced structural changes on NiAl(110)

Abstract LEED I - V analysis and surface X-ray scattering measurements have been used to determine the structural changes induced by the adsorption of atomic hydrogen on NiAl(110) at 130 K. The clean surface, ordered with 50at% Ni50at%Al, relaxes away from bulk truncation to exhibit a large ripple. At 130 K the rippling (Al out, Ni in) is 0.19 A, as determined by LEED I - V . The adsorption of atomic hydrogen reduces this rippling by 16% at half of saturation coverage and at full saturation by 44%. Saturation coverage was measured to be one hydrogen atom per (1 × 1) surface unit cell (1 monolayer) using nuclear reaction analysis. This observation contradicts first principles calculations that predict 1 monolayer of H removes the surface rippling.
Thinking may be more than computing

Abstract The uncomputable parts of thinking (if there are any) can be studied in much the same spirit that Turing (1950) suggested for the study of its computable parts. We can develop precise accounts of cognitive processes that, although they involve more than computing, can still be modelled on the machines we call ‘computers’. In this paper, I want to suggest some ways that this might be done, using ideas from the mathematical theory of uncomputability (or Recursion Theory). And I want to suggest some uses to which the resulting models might be put. (The reader more interested in the models and their uses than the mathematics and its theorems, might want to skim or skip the mathematical parts.)
Multi-terabit hybrid photonic switching and routing

Constructing multi-Terabit switches and routers entirely out of electronic cross-bars require multiple racks of switches and huge number of interconnects. The cost and power consumption of such a system is very high and has a limited scalability. The all-optical switching has the problem of buffering and processing and the construction of multi-terabit switches and routers based on all-optical switching is not feasible in the near future. However, based on a hybrid approach, using optical cross-bars with nanosecond switching time and large bandwidth and DWDM interconnects in conjunction with electrical memory, one can construct huge and highly scalable switches and routers.
Chloralose and food intake in rats.

Abstract Injections of glucochloralose stimulated feeding activity, whereas galactochloralose did not significantly affect food intake of laboratory rats. The results of this study support the glucostatic theory of food intake regulation.
Borehole breakouts and compaction bands in two high-porosity sandstones

We compare the shape and mechanism of failure around vertical boreholes drilled in blocks of two high-porosity sandstones subjected to unequal far-field principal stresses. Tablerock sandstone has a porosity of 28%, and is composed of 55% quartz and 37% weaker feldspar grains. Grain cementation is substantial through microcrystalline quartz. Critical far-field stresses induce failure around boreholes in the form of V-shaped (dog-eared) breakouts, the result of dilatant intra and trans-granular microcracking subparallel to both the maximum horizontal far-field stress and to the borehole wall. On the other hand, boreholes in Mansfield sandstone, which has similar porosity (26%), but contains mainly quartz grains (90%) held together primarily by spot-sutured contacts, fail by developing fracture-like breakouts. We show evidence suggesting that Mansfield sandstone breakouts are preceded by the development of a narrow (several grain diameters) localized compaction zone along the direction of the least horizontal stress, which is where the maximum compressive tangential stress concentration occurs. Failure mechanism here is simply the removal by the circulating drilling fluid of mainly intact grains loosened during the formation of the compaction band. The type of cementation, mineral homogeneity, grain strength, and sphericity appear to be major factors in the formation of compaction bands. Some breakout dimensions in both rocks are correlatable to the far-field principal stresses, and can be potentially used (in conjunction with other information) as indicators of their magnitudes.
Schistosoma mansoni: reactivity with infected human sera and monoclonal antibody characterization of a glycoprotein in different developmental stages.

Abstract Cercarial glycoproteins of Schistosoma mansoni were purified by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The purified fraction consisted of at least 15 polypeptides when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sera of infected humans specifically immunoprecipitated all of these polypeptides. These purified glycoproteins were used as antigen for preparing monoclonal antibodies. One of these monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated cercarial polypeptides that were identical to polypeptides immunoprecipitated with sera of infected humans as analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Direct binding assays with 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody showed that proteins sharing antigenic determinants recognized by this monoclonal antibody were present not only in cercariae (the source of the immunogen) but also in adult male and female worms and in eggs. The protein molecules expressing these antigenic determinants were glycosylated in each of the developmental stages of the larvae, but differed with respect to molecular weight. These findings indicate a role for this monoclonal antibody in serodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis.
Ovipositional preferences and larval survival of annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis, on Poa annua and selected bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.).

The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a serious and expanding pest of short-cut turfgrass on golf courses in eastern North America. Increasing problems with the development of insecticide resistance in this pest highlights the need for more sustainable management approaches. Plant resistance is one of the most promising alternative strategies. Bentgrasses are the dominant grass species on golf course fairways, tees, and putting greens in the areas affected by ABW. But Poa annua L. (Poaceae), a highly invasive weed, often constitutes a large percentage of turf stands in short-mown golf courses and is thought to be particularly susceptible to ABW. We studied resistance to ABW in four cultivars of creeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L., and two cultivars each of colonial bentgrass, Agrostis capillaris L., and velvet bentgrass, Agrostis canina L. (Poaceae), in comparison with P. annua by addressing the three major components of resistance: antixenosis (adult ovipositional and feeding preferences), antibiosis (larval survival and growth), and grass tolerance (grass damage). Our findings suggest that antixenosis/non-preference is at least partially involved in bentgrass resistance to ABW. Even though oviposition was observed in all tested grasses, females laid significantly fewer eggs in Agrostis spp. than in P. annua. Compared to P. annua, Agrostis spp. were also less suitable for larval development with lower numbers of ABW immatures recovered and larvae weighing less and being less advanced in development. Resistance levels to ABW larvae varied significantly among Agrostis spp. and cultivars. Agrostis canina was least preferred by females for oviposition and A. stolonifera was the least suitable for larval survival and development. Agrostis spp., especially A. stolonifera, were more tolerant to ABW feeding than P. annua. Our findings suggest that reduction in P. annua and replacement with Agrostis spp., especially A. stolonifera, wherever feasible should be integral to more sustainable approaches to ABW management.
Electron spin resonance studies of hydrogenated amorphous boron (a-B:H)

Abstract The electron spin resonance of hydrogenated amorphous boron produced by the direct current glow discharge of diborane in hydrogen was studied and the effects of annealing on the signal intensity and linewidth are reported. The resonance in the unannealed sample indicated a composite line arising from two centers, one of which predominates at room temperature. The predominate line has a g -factor of 2.083 and a peak-to-peak linewidth of 130 G which is essentially independent of temperature below 25°C. From the low temperature behavior of the linewidth we estmate the spin-spin relaxation time to be 5×10 −10 s. At higher temperatures Raman processes seem to dominate since the spin-lattice relaxation time varies as T −2 .
On the induced matching problem

We study extremal questions on induced matchings in certain natural graph classes. We argue that these questions should be asked for twinless graphs, that is graphs not containing two vertices with the same neighborhood. We show that planar twinless graphs always contain an induced matching of size at least n/40 while there are planar twinless graphs that do not contain an induced matching of size (n+10)/27. We derive similar results for outerplanar graphs and graphs of bounded genus. These extremal results can be applied to the area of parameterized computation. For example, we show that the induced matching problem on planar graphs has a kernel of size at most 40k that is computable in linear time; this significantly improves the results of Moser and Sikdar (2007). We also show that we can decide in time O(91^k+n) whether a planar graph contains an induced matching of size at least k.
Sexual selection in the northern pintail (Anas acuta): the importance of female choice versus male-male competition in the evolution of sexually-selected traits

We experimentally studied the relative importance of plumage, dominance status, and courtship behavior in determining male pairing success in the northern pintail Anas acuta and assessed whether these traits function in female choice, male-male competition or both. In an experiment (experiment IA) that eliminated the confounding effects of male-male competition and social courtship, females chose males with pure white breasts and colorful scapular feathers. When the same group of birds were free to interact (experiment 1B), male behavior was more important: females chose males that courted them intensely and were attentive to them, although preferred males again had whiter breasts and more colorful scapulars. In a second experiment (experiment 2), testing the effect of age on pairing success, females showed a significant preference for 2-year-old males over yearlings: 2-year-old males courted more and were more attentive to the female than yearlings; they were also more colorful than yearlings in a number of plumage measurements. Although males (in both experiments 1B and 2) were aggressive to one another while courting the female and dominant males were sometimes able to exclude subordinates from social courtship, contrary to expectation, we found no relationship between initial dominance rank and pairing success or dominance rank and age. In addition, dominance was not correlated with any of the morphological traits measured. Once chosen, however, subordinate males typically initiated fights with the higher-ranked male(s) and quickly achieved dominance. These results suggest that (1) females choose males based on a suite of morphological and behavioral characteristics, (2) male dominance relationships do not constrain active female choice, (3) a male's position in a dominance hierarchy is largely a result rather than a cause of female choice, and (4) female choice plays a more significant role than male-male competition in the evolution of several secondary sexual traits in male northern pintails.
Two Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Differentially Expressed in the Developing Chick Visual System

Two monoclonal antibodies, 2B9 and 9BA12, were used to identify and characterize two different chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) associated with the embryonic chick visual system. Monoclonal antibody 2B9 recognizes a carbohydrate epitope of collagen type IX proteoglycan. Immunohistochemistry showed that collagen type IX proteoglycan was abundant in the vitreous body and meninges, but absent in brain and retina. In developing trunk regions, collagen type IX proteoglycan is segmentally distributed in the somites, appearing only in the posterior sclerotome. Monoclonal antibody 9BA12 recognizes collagen type IX proteoglycan from vitreous body and an unidentified chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in retina and brain, herein referred to as 9BA12 CSPG. Immunohistochemistry showed that 9BA12 CSPG is present in the optic fiber layer of the retina, coinciding temporally and spatially with the onset and cessation of ganglion cell axon growth. In the trunk region, 9BA12 immunostaining appears in the developing spinal cord and throughout the sclerotome. In culture, neither the collagen type IX proteoglycan nor the brain-derived 9BA12 CSPG were able to support neurite outgrowth from retinal ganglion cell explants. In combination with basal lamina proteins, collagen type IX proteoglycan slightly inhibited neurite outgrowth and led to a stronger fasciculation of retinal axons. In contrast, 9BA12 CSPG had no inhibitory effect on the outgrowth of retinal axons and had no effect on their fasciculation. Our study demonstrates the existence of two chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the developing visual system of the chick. Based on the developmental expression and the results from neurite outgrowth experiments, it was concluded that the 9BA12 CSPG does not operate as a neurite outgrowth inhibitor for retinal axons.
Local and Distant Intramedullary Pressure and Bone Strain by Dynamic Hydraulic Stimulation

Osteoporosis gives rise to fragile bones that have higher fracture risks due to diminished bone mass and altered bone microarchitecture [1]. Mechanical loading mediated bone adaptation has demonstrated promising potentials as a non-pharmacological alteration for both osteogenic response and attenuation of osteopenia [2]. Intramedullary pressure (ImP) has been proposed as a key factor for fluid flow initiation and mechanotransductive signal inductions in bone. It is also suggested that integration of strain signals over time allows low-level mechanical strain in the skeleton to trigger osteogenic activities. The potential bone fluid flow induced by strain and ImP mediates adaptive responses in the skeleton [3]. Previous in vivo studies using oscillatory electrical stimulations showed that dynamic muscle contractions can generate ImP and bone strain to mitigate disuse osteopenia in a frequency-dependent manner. To apply ImP alteration as a means for bone fluid flow regulation, it may be necessary to develop a new method that could couple external loading with internal bone fluid flow. In order to further study the direct effect of ImP on bone adaptation, it was hypothesized that external dynamic hydraulic stimulation (DHS) can generate ImP with minimal strain in a frequency-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects on local and distant ImP and bone strain induced by a novel, non-invasive dynamic external pressure stimulus in response to a range of loading frequencies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Stabilization of amphibian and mammalian liver nuclei by zinc and other metal ions

Abstract 1. 1. Bullfrog tadpole liver nuclei are unstable in the low (2–10 mM) Mg2+ solutions widely used to prepare rat nuclei. 2. 2. At less than 2 mM Mg2+ rat liver nuclei are also unstable. 3. 3. Zn2+ ions (50 μM−1 mM) permit 95% nuclear stability when added to 1 mM Mg2+ media. 4. 4. Below 50 μM Zn2+ the stabilizing effect declines sharply. 5. 5. Ten other divalent metals are compared, using rat nuclei, the most effective being Hg2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+. 6. 6. Rat nuclei are transcriptionally active in the presence of 100 μM Zn2+.
A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers

The measurement characteristics of two transducers which record penile circumference changes were compared. The subject wore two transducers simultaneously while viewing a section of an erotic film. Examination of the data revealed discrepancies in measurement between the two units, but these differences were shown to be statistically nonsignificant. Various measurement characteristics of the devices such as durability, ease of handling, and cost are discussed and recommendations are made to guide the worker in choosing a unit most suitable for clinical and research applications.
Sensor analytics : radioactive gas concentration estimation and error propagation

This paper develops a statistical representation of the process of estimating the number of radioactive atoms in a sample of gas. The modeled process is composed of three steps: air sampling, gas separations and acquisition of a radioactive spectrum. The statistical representation of these component steps is derived from limits of first-order probability models of the components.
Lysergic acid diethylamide: effects on the developing mouse lens.

High doses (5 x 10- 6 gram) of LSD-25 given to Swiss-Webster females on gestation days 6, 7, 8, or 9 caused a high incidence of anterior subcapsular lens abnormalities. Accompanying this, the lens epithelium was often hyperplastic, and the lens bow was widened posteriorly in a fashion similar to cataracts induced by x-radiation. Confirmation of this effect of LSD-25 was obtained by a (duplicate) experiment 1 year after the observations reported.
In search of ambiguity

A study of the time required for Ss to perceive the two meanings of ambiguous sentences, supports the following conclusions: (I) Perception time (PT) is a function of the type of ambiguity, three of which are defined in this study. (2) A similar relative function was obtained for thePT in sentences with more than one ambiguity and for sentences with only a single ambiguity. (3) ThePT for finding a single ambiguity in such multiply ambiguous sentences was significantly longer than in singly ambiguous sentences. (4) When one of the interpretations of certain types of ambiguous sentences is less likely than the other (where likeliness is defined in terms of the number of Ss perceiving that inter-pretation first)PT is high. (5) Complexity of the surface and underlying structures (which are defined in transformational grammar) is an important determinant of thePT for surface and underlying structure ambiguities, respectively.
How Do Expert Labor Nurses View Their Role

Objective To examine how expert perinatal nurses in a nurse‐managed labor model view their role in caring for mothers during labor and birth. Design Focus group methodology. Data were analyzed using inductive coding methods to gain understanding from the perspective of those providing the care. Setting Labor and birth units in four large Midwestern medical centers. Participants Fifty‐four expert labor nurses. Inclusion criteria: 5 years experience in nursing care during labor and birth in institutions where nurse‐managed labor was the predominant practice model. Results Four common themes related to nursing roles were identified. These included knowing the labor process and the intuitive nature of nursing care provided by expert labor nurses based on years of experience, knowing the woman and letting her body guide labor, advocacy for laboring woman, and the autonomous nature of the nurse‐managed labor model. Conclusions Expert labor nurses developed a keen sense of intuitive knowledge based on their years of experience. They reported using hands‐on high‐touch supportive care techniques with the potential to affect labor and birth outcomes. Autonomy is perceived as a key component of practice within the nurse‐managed labor model.
Ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums.

We present the first x-ray spectroscopic measurements of the ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums supported by $4\ensuremath{\omega}$ Thomson scattering diagnostics. The experimental data show agreement with non-LTE radiation-hydrodynamic calculations of the averaged Au charge state and electron temperatures. These findings are consistent with the successful integrated modeling of the hohlraum radiation fields. Comparisons with detailed synthetic spectra calculations show that the experimental ionization distribution is slightly shifted indicating nonsteady state kinetics.
Clostridium difficile colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation.

Objective - To determine the timing and risk factors involved in the development of Clostridium difficile (CD) colitis in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. background data - The incidence of CD colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation has not been studied in detail. The question of whether the immunosuppressed transplant recipient is more prone to CD colitis and its complications (i.e., megacolon, perforations) and the risk factors involved have not been determined. Methods - We retrospectively reviewed our experience in kidney and kidney-pancreas recipients who received transplants between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1994. We divided these recipients into three groups: pediatric kidney recipients, adult kidney recipients, and kidney-pancreas recipients. For each group, we assessed the timing of infection, primary disease, colitis treatment, and any concurrent complications or risk factors. Results - Of 1932 transplants, 159 recipients developed post-transplant CD colitis. 132 charts were available for review. Forty-three pediatric kidney recipients developed CD colitis. Their mean age was 3.2 yr; 74% (n = 37) of them developed their colitis during their initial hospital stay, with the mean timing of infection being 33 d. Forty-one (95%) had undergone intra-abdominal placement of the graft, with renal artery anastomoses to the aorta. Fifty adult kidney recipients developed CD colitis. Thirteen (26%) developed colitis during their initial hospital stay, with the mean timing of infection (for all adult kidney recipients) being 15 months. Thirty-nine kidney-pancreas recipients developed CD colitis. Mean timing of infection was 6 months. The overall incidence of CD colitis was 8%, with 16% in the pediatric kidney group, 15.5% in the kidney-pancreas group, and 3.5% in the adult kidney group. The difference in mean timing of infection was significant between the three groups (p < 0.001 for pediatric versus adult kidney recipients, p = 0.002 for pediatric kidney versus kidney-pancreas recipients, and p = 0.2846 for adult kidney versus kidney-pancreas recipients). Conclusion - The incidence of CD colitis is increased in pediatric kidney and kidney-pancreas recipients. Young recipient age ( < 5 yr), female gender, treatment of rejection with monoclonal antibodies, antibiotic use, and intra-abdominal graft placement have been shown to increase the incidence of this disease. Further studies concerning prevention in the high-risk groups are needed.
Anomalous small-angle x-ray scattering from nickel-neutralized ionomers. 1. Amorphous polymer matrixes

The observations prove that both the ionomer peak and upturn near zero angle are due to an inhomogeneous distribution of ionic repeat units throughout the material and not to precipitated neutralizing agent or microvoids. Debye plots of the intensity near zero angle were concave downward in all cases, contrary to the prediction of core-shell models of ionomer morphology
Full Authority Digital Control (FADC) Local Operating Panels (LOCOPs)…The Foundation for Improvement

Full Authority Digital Control systems are the premier control system. The applications are limitless (motorcycles to power plants and everything in between). Over the past 15 years, the US Navy has worked successfully with Woodward Governor Co. to develop and implement FADC LOCOPs for use in a number of applications including DDG and CG class ships gas turbine generators. The FADC LOCOPs provide closed loop control features as did the old analog control systems. But the FADC LOCOPs add the ease and speed of control improvements via software change, constant data monitoring/recording and network connectivity. The network connectivity advantage is still early in development; however this key feature of the control system opens up many doors. Distance support can be taken to an entirely new level via the network. Imagine a setup where if the control detects an abnormality[[ellipsis]]an email containing control system data gets sent to the blackberry of the In Service Engineering Agent (ISEA) so immediate action can be taken to maintain system reliability and reduce overall system cost. This future can help save money and avoid expensive catastrophic failure via condition based maintenance. In this future, it is possible that eventually the ISEA suggestions can be prompted right back to the FADC LOCOP so the sailors onboard can communicate with the ISEA via the FADC LOCOP. Essentially, every ship could have the ISEA (or an ISEA representative)onboard 24 hours a day seven days a week via FADC LOCOP communicating over a network. The system is not this evolved yet. However, several Navy Programs are working in conjunction towards a similar future including DDG Modernization and Integrated Condition Assessment System (ICAS) via Maintenance Engineering Library Server (MELS) and Integrated Performance Analysis Reports (IPAR). FADC LOCOPs are the foundation upon which these improvements rely to be implemented[[ellipsis]]thus the premier control system.
Learning Temporal Sequence Model from Partially Labeled Data

Graphical models are often used to represent and recognize activities. Purely unsupervised methods (such as HMMs) can be trained automatically but yield models whose internal structure - the nodes - are difficult to interpret semantically. Manually constructed networks typically have nodes corresponding to sub-events, but the programming and training of these networks is tedious and requires extensive domain expertise. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised approach in which a manually structured, Propagation Network (a form of a DBN) is initialized from a small amount of fully annotated data, and then refined by an EM-based learning method in an unsupervised fashion. During node refinement (the M step) a boosting-based algorithm is employed to train the evidence detectors of individual nodes. Experiments on a variety of data types - vision and inertial measurements - in several tasks demonstrate the ability to learn from as little as one fully annotated example accompanied by a small number of positive but non-annotated training examples. The system is applied to both recognition and anomaly detection tasks.
Aeronautical ICI Analysis and Doppler Estimation

In this letter, we investigate OFDM performance in aeronautical data networks (ADN). In ADN, Doppler spread depicts different characteristics compared to terrestrial channel. The intercarrier interference (ICI) analysis is performed analytically. We investigate the parametric eigenvector decomposition spectrum methods for estimating the Doppler shifts.