cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcendental Empiricism and the Transcendental Blues: A Response to More than Belief

Abstract This article examines how scholars who study the least likely subjects to be the targets of Manuel Vasquez’s call in More than Belief may nonetheless apply the arguments in the book. Harvey focuses especially on applying the concepts in More than Belief to studies of Protestants in the American South who historically have insisted that religion is defined by belief. These are people who conceived of religion in precisely the way Vasquez tells us not to; “religion” for them was a matter of the private conscience, was disembodied, full of doctrine and ratiocination, and as deeply individualistic (at least in theory) as one could possibly conceive. If Vasquez’s rich account of religious theory can be used to understand my subjects in some way, then they can apply to anyone. Even in a Protestant, text-centric, doctrinal region as the American South historically has been may be seen, religious expression has been at once locative, translocative (because of the huge numbers of people imported from other lands, voluntarily or involuntarily), and supralocative (because of the diasporic spread of varied religious traditions).
A novel mutation in KCNA1 causes episodic ataxia without myokymia.

We describe a unique family in which several individual are affected with episodes of ataxia that best fit the phenotype of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2). All of the affected family members had episodes typically lasting for several hours, and none of them had muscle abnormalities including myokymia. Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) was not considered initially as a clinical diagnosis for the affected individuals in this family. However, by linkage mapping, sequencing and polymorphism analysis, all affecteds were found to have a novel mutation in KCNA1. Numerous missense mutations have been described previously in KCNA1 that cause EA1. The mutation c.1025G>T replaces a highly conserved serine with isoleucine at position 342 (p.Ser342Ile) in the highly conserved fifth transmembrane domain of the KCNA1. This mutation leads to a distinct clinical phenotype without myokymia broadening the scope of clinical characteristics of EA1 and highlighting the heterogeneity of phenotypic effects from distinct missense mutations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Childhood Peer Relationships: Social Acceptance, Friendships, and Peer Networks.

Abstract This review addresses several areas of contemporary research in children's peer relationships during the elementary and middle school years, with primary foci on children's peer acceptance, the ability to make and maintain friendships, and their participation in larger peer networks. Particular attention is given to research examining the major developments and individual differences in each of these components of children's peer relations, how these different aspects of peer functioning relate to one another, and how they contribute to development more generally, including school adjustment and achievement. Finally, it is argued that children's psychosocial development may be best informed by an integration of these somewhat independent research traditions.
The role of oligodendroglia and astroglia in Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve.

Abstract Following eye enucleation, Wallerian degeneration was studied at a level of 9–13 mm from the site of section. Rhesus and squirrel monkeys and cats were used. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 28, 35, 56, 196 and 413 days post-operation. The results showed that oligodendroglia appear to be involved in the phagocytosis of both the degenerating axon and the myelin sheath. There was also evidence that the astroglia were participating in the process of disruption and possibly phagocytosis of the degenerating nerve fiber at the node of Ranvier. Throughout the process of degeneration, the oligodendroglia remained in contact with the nerve fibers. This contact was evident due to the presence of the outer loop of oligodendroglial cytoplasm and the presence of oligodendroglial processes around degenerating myelin sheaths forming cytoplasmic islands. These islands were shown by serial sections to be part of the cells interpreted as oligodendrocytes. There was no evidence, whatsoever, of hematogenous macrophages. At the later stages when there was very little myelin debris remaining, the oligodendroglial processes diminish and the cells became rounded off. The fact that this type of cell was seen aggregated around the blood vessels at an even later stage suggests that oligodendroglial may migrate towards the blood vessels. The astrocytic hypertrophy appears to reach a maximum about 196 days. Once this is accomplished, there is a substantial atrophy of the astrocytic processes and an increase in the extracellular space.
A New World of ferns and their relations

Ferns and Allied Plants: with Special Reference to Tropical America. By Rolla M. Alice F. Tryon Pp.857. ISBN 3-540-90672-X. (Springer-Verlag: 1982.) $167.80.
Domain motion between the regulatory light chain and the nucleotide site in skeletal myosin.

Abstract Resonance energy transfer probes were attached to skeletal myosin's nucleotide site and regulatory light chain (RLC) to examine nucleotide analog-induced structural transitions. A novel chemical modification of the RLC was developed for specific labeling of the basic N-terminus without affecting myosin ATPase activity. The modification allows attachment of a terbium chelate to rabbit skeletal RLC and was mapped by tryptic digestion to an amino group on the six N-terminal RLC residues. The use of terbium as a resonance energy transfer donor allowed the determination of the efficiency of energy transfer by sensitized emission lifetime measurements that practically eliminate background from unlabeled donor and acceptor sites as well as potential orientation factor artifacts in the calculation of the critical transfer distance. The nucleotide site was labeled with a functional CY3-labeled nucleotide as an energy transfer acceptor. Of the nucleotide states examined, ADP, ADP · vanadate, ADP · A1F 4 , and ADP · BeF x , the difference between the ADP and ADP · vanadate states was greatest (0.4-nm change), but was not considered to be statistically significant. The binding of actin to ADP-myosin also failed to produce a statistically significant change (0.3-nm change). These results are not consistent with a number of versions of the swinging lever arm hypothesis.
Probabilistic reasoning for entity & relation recognition

This paper develops a method for recognizing relations and entities in sentences, while taking mutual dependencies among them into account. e.g., the kill (Johns, Oswald) relation in: "J. V. Oswald was murdered at JFK after his assassin, K. F. Johns. . ." depends on identifying Oswald and Johns as people, JFK being identified as a location, and the kill relation between Oswald and Johns; this, in turn, enforces that Oswald and Johns are people.In our framework, classifiers that identify entities and relations among them are first learned from local information in the sentence; this information, along with constraints induced among entity types and relations, is used to perform global inference that accounts for the mutual dependencies among the entities.Our preliminary experimental results are promising and show that our global inference approach improves over learning relations and entities separately.
Voltage-dependent inhibition of rat skeletal muscle sodium channels by aminoglycoside antibiotics

Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics interact with numerous biological molecules, including some voltage-gated ion channels. The present study demonstrates that 4,5-disubstituted (neomycin class) and 4,6-disubstituted (kanamycin class) AGs inhibit whole-cell currents through cloned rat skeletal muscle sodium channels (μ1, NaV4.1). Increases in the amplitude of the step command reduced inhibition by extracellular AGs but increased inhibition by intracellularly applied AGs, indicating that the block was voltage dependent. Furthermore, intracellular neamine or sisomycin hastened the rate of macroscopic current decay at positive voltages. Extracellular solution containing sodium ions slowed the rate of current decay in the presence of intracellular sisomycin and decreased the apparent affinity of sisomycin from the intracellular side twofold. Current inhibition by extracellularly or intracellularly applied AGs was well fitted by the Woodhull model of pore block. The model indicated that most extracellularly applied AGs interact at a site that is an electrical distance of ~10–15% from the outside, whereas intracellularly applied neamine or sisomycin bind to sites that are ~49% and ~24%, respectively, into the electric field from the inside. Our data suggested that AG antibiotics induce a low-affinity, voltage-dependent block of μ1 channels.
Exploration of Robust Features of Trust Across Multiple Social Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of trust formation in virtual world interaction networks. The problem is formulated as one of link prediction, intranet work and internet work, in social networks. We use two datasets to study the problem - SOE's Ever quest II MMO game dataset and IBM's Small Blue sentiments dataset. We explore features based on the node's individual properties as well as based on the node's location within the network. In addition, we take into account the node's participation in other social networks within a specific prediction task. Different machine learning models built on the features are evaluated with the goal of finding a common set of features which are both robust and discriminating across the two datasets. Shortest Distance and Sum of Degree are found to be robust, discriminating features across the two datasets. Finally, based on experiment results and observations, we provide insights into the underlying online social processes. These insights can be extended to models for online social trust.
The N = 2 super-W3 algebra

Abstract We present the complete structure of the N = 2 super-W3 algebra, a non-linear extended conformal algebra containing the usual N = 2 superconformal algebra (with generators of spins 1, 3 2 , 3 2 and 2 ) and a higher-spin multiplet of generators with spins 2, 5 2 , 5 2 and 3 . We investigate various sub-algebras and related algebras, and find necessary conditions upon possible unitary representations of the algebra. In particular, the central charge c is restricted to two discrete series, one ascending and one descending to a common accumulation point c = 6. The results suggest that the algebra is realised in certain (compact or non-compact) Kazama-Suzuki coset models, including a c = 9 model proposed by Bars based on SU(2, 1)/U(2).
Acquisition of hierarchical reactive skills in a unified cognitive architecture

In this paper, we review Icarus, a cognitive architecture that utilizes hierarchical skills and concepts for reactive execution in physical environments. In addition, we present two extensions to the framework. The first involves the incorporation of means-ends analysis, which lets the system compose known skills to solve novel problems. The second involves the storage of new skills that are based on successful means-ends traces. We report experimental studies of these mechanisms on three distinct domains. Our results suggest that the two methods interact to acquire useful skill hierarchies that generalize well and that reduce the effort required to handle new tasks. We conclude with a discussion of related work on learning and prospects for additional research, including extending the framework to cover developmental phenomena.
A Comparative Evaluation of Two Global Search Algorithms

Two heuristic methods for locating the global optimum of a multimodal performance index surface are described. One method is based on a modified random creep procedure which first locates a local minimum and then searches the parameter space with vector steps whose mean length gradually increases. The second is a modification of the Kiefer-Wolfowitz stochastic approximation procedure, in which a random perturbation is added to each measurement. Both algorithms are compared by applying them to finding the roots of a nonlinear algebraic equation and to a constrained dynamic optimization problem.
Volumetric structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the rat hippocampus following kainic acid (KA) treatment.

An in vivo MRI study employing a high field (7T) magnet and a T1- and T2-weighted imaging sequence with subsequent histopathological evaluations was undertaken to develop and evaluate MRI-based volumetric measurements in the rat. The brain structures considered were the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, the retrosplenial granular cortex and the ventricles. Control (n=3) and kainic acid (KA; n=4) treated rats were scanned 10 days following the manifestation of stage four seizures. The MRI images exhibited anatomical details (125 μm in-plane resolution) that enabled volumetric analysis with high intra-rater reliability. Volumetric analysis revealed that KA-treated rats had significantly smaller hippocampi, and a significant increase in ventricular size. The cingulate cortex and the retrosplenial granular cortex did not differ in volume between the two groups. The histological observations supported the MRI data showing neuronal loss and neuronal degeneration in CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus, which was accompanied by strong microglia activation. These data demonstrate a reliable and valid method for the measurement of the rat hippocampus in vivo using MRI with a high field magnet, thereby providing a useful tool for future studies of rodent models of neuro-degenerative diseases.
Auditory continuity effects with binaural stimuli.

The term “continuity effect” has been used to refer to a situation in which one auditory stimulus, A, alternating in time with another stimulus, B, is perceived as continuous, even though A is not physically continuous. This effect has previously been studied in cases in which B was higher in intensity than A; it has been hypothesized that B causes continuity in A when it removes the A gap-cues. In the present experiments, continuity effects were studied with binaural noise, tone, and speech stimuli. It was shown that intensity relations of B and A stimuli in each ear, rather than total binaural input of B as compared with total binaural input of A, are utilized in determining the final continuity effect. Results can be described by the general hypothesis that when no gap can be detected in a stimulus, in either ear, there is a synthesis of available information about that stimulus over a longer time period than when gaps are detected. Finally, two additional, special, types of binaural continuity effects are described and illustrated.
Low-temperature behavior of random-anisotropy magnets

An improved computer annealing algorithm has been used to study the low-energy states of magnets with strong random anisotropy on simple-cubic lattices. For classical Heisenberg spins with isotropically random uniaxial anisotropy, the ferromagnetic correlations at T=0 can be described by a scaling exponent \ensuremath{\eta} of about 0.2 and a correlation length of about 10 lattice units. The ground-state energy ${\mathit{E}}_{0}$ is (-1.118\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)J. For XY spins with random p-fold anisotropy, the ground states are ferromagnetic, with magnetizations of 0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 0.715\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015, and 0.843\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006, for p=2, 3, and 4, respectively, and the values of ${\mathit{E}}_{0}$/J are -1.5075\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015, -2.229\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003, and -2.543\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002.
The Role of Ethnic Identification and Perceived Social Support in Latinos' Adjustment to College.

This study examines the role of perceived social support and ethnic identification in Latinos'adjustment to college. Included were five sources of perceived support (family, general peer, Latino peer, faculty, and institutional) and five types of college adjustment (overall, social, emotional, academic, and attachment). The authors' perceived support model accounted for as much as 51% of the variance in attachment, with different types of support contributing uniquely to different types of adjustment. Perceived support mediated the relationship between ethnic identification and adjustment. Highly identified Latinos were less adjusted to college, in part because they perceived lower support than less identified Latinos. Important differences emerged between Latino peer support and general peer support for Latinos' college adjustment. Both individual differences and situational factors are emphasized. The implications of these findings for understanding Latinos' adjustment to college are discussed.
Ceftriaxone normalizes nucleus accumbens synaptic transmission, glutamate transport, and export following cocaine self-administration and extinction training

Decreased basal glutamate levels are observed in the rat nucleus accumbens (NA) core following cocaine self-administration. This disruption of glutamate homeostasis arises from a reduction in the export of glutamate via system x(C)(-) and is accompanied by a decrease in expression of xCT, the catalytic subunit of system x(C)(-). A second hallmark of disrupted homeostasis is a decrease in expression and function of the major glutamate transporter, GLT-1. We have previously shown that chronic treatment with the antibiotic ceftriaxone restores xCT and GLT-1 expression following cocaine self-administration and attenuates both cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement. Here we used a (3)H-glutamate uptake assay and microdialysis to test the hypothesis that ceftriaxone restores the function of both GLT-1 and xCT (glutamate reuptake and export, respectively) in the NA core following cocaine self-administration. We also used electrophysiology to investigate the ability of ceftriaxone to normalize measures of synaptic plasticity following cocaine. We found that 5 d of ceftriaxone treatment following cocaine self-administration restores basal glutamate levels in the accumbens core, likely through an upregulation of system x(C)(-) function. We also found that ceftriaxone restores glutamate reuptake and attenuates the increase in synaptically released glutamate that accompanies cocaine-primed reinstatement. Ceftriaxone also reversed the cocaine-induced synaptic potentiation in the accumbens core, evidenced by normalized spontaneous EPSC amplitude and frequency and evoked EPSC amplitude. These data indicate that ceftriaxone normalizes multiple aspects of glutamate homeostasis following cocaine self-administration and thus holds the potential to reduce relapse in human cocaine addicts.
Work-Based Learning to Expand Opportunities for Youth

As a society, we seem incapable of improving the work chances of high school graduates or the many less-advantaged graduates who enter college and never finish. The authors propose a different and less costly way. They call it earning while learning. It involves expanding apprenticeships but also much more.
Increases in Oxidative Stress in the Progeny of X-Irradiated Cells

Abstract Rugo, R. E. and Schiestl, R. H. Increases in Oxidative Stress in the Progeny of X-Irradiated Cells. Radiat. Res. 162, 416– 425 (2004). A number of phenotypes persist in the progeny of irradiated cells for many generations including delayed reproductive death, cell transformation, genomic instability, and mutations. It appears likely that persistent phenotypes are inherited by an epigenetic mechanism, although very little is known about the nature of such a mechanism or how it is established. One hypothesis is that radiation causes a heritable increase in oxy-radical activity. In the present study, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human lymphoblast clones derived from individually X-irradiated cells were monitored for about 55 generations after exposure. A number of clones derived from irradiated cells had an increase in dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence at various times. Cells with abrogated TP53 expression had a decreased oxidant response. Flow cytometry analysis of ...
Fibrolipomatous hamartoma: pathognomonic on MR imaging.

Purpose. To assess the MR imaging characteristics, presenting symptoms, age and nerve distribution of fibrolipomatous hamartoma. Design. A computer search was performed of the term fibrolipomatous hamartoma through the musculoskeletal section MR imaging results at our institution from June 7, 1996 to January 21, 1998 followed by a search of the terms lipomatous hamartoma, median nerve, surrounding fat, increased fatty signal, coaxial, and neuroma. MR images and medical files were retrospectively reviewed by two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists for imaging characteristics, nerve and age distribution as well as for history of trauma. In addition three consultation cases from outside institutions were added for determination of image characteristics. Results. Ten fibrolipomatous hamartomas were identified: eight in the median nerve, one in the ulnar nerve and one in the sciatic nerve. Mean age was 32.3 years (range 4–75 years, SD 21 years). Imaging characteristics were serpiginous low-intensity structures representing thickened nerve fascicles, surrounded by evenly distributed fat, high signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and low signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences. The amount of fat varied; however, distribution in eight cases (80%) was predominantly between nerve fibers rather than surrounding them peripherally. All had a coaxial-cable-like appearance on axial planes and a spaghetti-like appearance on coronal planes that was not seen in any other type of median nerve abnormality imaged during the study period. Conclusion. The MR imaging characteristics of fibrolipomatous hamartoma are pathognomonic, obviating the need for biopsy for diagnosis.
Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: Apollo in the jungle: healthy morals and the body beautiful

Unsophisticated instinct is invariably unerring; but to decide on the fitness of animal food, from the perverted appetites which its constrained adoption produces, is to make the criminal a judge of his own cause: – it is even worse, it is appealing to the infatuated drunkard in a question of the salubrity of brandy. Shelley, V, J VI,9 And human hands first mimicked and then mocked, With moulded limbs more lovely than its own, The human form, till marble grew divine; And mothers, gazing, drank the love men see Reflected in their race, behold, and perish. He told the hidden power of herbs and springs, And Disease drank and slept. Death grew like sleep. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound , II.iv.80 INTRODUCTION With the exemplification of Shelley's poetic figures of diet in mind, what are the networks which set up the grounding notions of ‘aesthetics’ and ‘economies’? This chapter explores Shelley's vegetarian prose and its sources, analysing the implications that vegetarianism brings to bear upon the text and upon theories of writing and representation. It puts in play the concept of ‘disfiguration’, shorthand for the notion that the act of representing involves a degree of violence to the body of the thing represented (through masking, elision, incompleteness and so on); and that this violence can be traced in the letter of the resultant text as a mark or taint. The vegetarian writers who influenced Shelley were anxious that language should not be disfiguring, that it should mark without tainting. This anxiety suggests political implications about the representation of the body in society. Disfiguration is countered by nature's silent eloquence.
Demographic characteristics of supplement users in an elderly population

This study investigated the association of demographic characteristics with supplement use in 257 elderly participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study in their 60s (n = 89), 80s (n = 92), and 100s...
Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the human thyroid.

Human thyroid glands obtained within 2.5 hours of death were examined for the presence and distribution of calcitonin-containing cells using horseradish peroxidase as an indicator in an indirect immunohistochemical procedure. The glands were cut into 10 to 20 transverse slices per lobe and fixed in glutaraldehyde. A representative section of each paraffin-embedded slice was processed and systematically scanned for calcitonin-containing cells. Of 13 glands examined, ten contained calcitonin cells. The cells were found mostly in the follicular epithelium both singly and in groups. They were most numerous in the central region of each lobe of the gland. The isthmus and poles were devoid of calcitonin cells and only occasionally were these cells found at the surface. Parathyroid glands were examined by the same procedure for the presence of calcitonin cells but none were observed. These results demonstrate that calcitonin-containing cells are found regularly in human thyroid glands and that the distribution of these cells is centered in the central region of each lobe of the gland.
The white gene from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

We report the cloning and primary characterization of both cDNA and genomic fragments from the white gene of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Comparisons of the conceptual translation product with white genes from four other species within the order Diptera show that the Ae. aegypti gene is most similar to the white gene of the mosquito vector of human malaria, Anopheles gambiae (86% identity and 92% similarity). The analysis of the primary sequence of genomic DNA at the 5′-end of the coding region revealed the presence of an intron that is also present in An. gambiae, but not in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The isolated clones of the Ae. aegypti white gene will enable the construction of a marker gene for use in the development of a germline transformation system for this species.
Attosecond-Scale Probing of the Electron Motion in the H-Atom Groundstate

Based on recent advances in attosecond strong-field spectroscopy and the current feasibility for trapping individual groundstate H-atoms from a neon-gas matrix, an experiment to probe the groundstate motion of the electron in the H-atom is proposed here.
Performance of broiler breeder hens on wire and litter floors.

Two experiments were conducted with broiler breeder hens to study the influence of litter versus wire floor on weight and specific gravity of eggs. In Experiment 1, one group of broiler breeder hens was maintained on litter and the other on wire. Specific gravity was significantly higher for eggs from hens kept on litter floors. When hens on wire floors had access to litter in a feeder, an increase in egg specific gravity was noted within one day. In Experiment 2, broiler breeder hens, 52 weeks of age, were separated into three treatments: litter floor, wire floor, and wire floor with old litter material in feeder. When hens received 3.22% dietary calcium, the egg specific gravity was highest (P less than .05) from hens on the litter floor, intermediate from hens on wire with access to litter, and lowest from hens on wire without access to litter. Hens on wire with access to litter consumed 18.3 g litter/bird/day, corresponding to an additional intake of 352 mg calcium and 93 mg phosphorus. They also received 4700 mg calcium and 790 mg phosphorus from the feed. The specific gravity of eggs from hens with access to litter was higher than for eggs from those hens without access to the litter when hens received diets with 1.0 and .15% calcium. No significant differences were found in egg whites among treatments. The hens on wire with access to litter and fed 1.0 or .25 or 3.22% dietary calcium consumed 24.5, 28.5, and 18.9 g more of litter, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Field studies on the potential of butanone, carbon dioxide, honey extract, 1-octen-3-ol, L-lactic acid and phenols as attractants for mosquitoes.

Abstract. Various combinations of six candidate attractants -butanone, carbon dioxide (CO2), honey, octenol, lactic acid and mixed phenols - were tested against natural populations of mosquitoes in Everglades National Park, Florida, U.S.A., using unlighted CDC-baited traps. With few exceptions, the attractancy of these candidate compounds to mosquitoes, when used alone, was less than that of CO2 alone. The exceptions were that octenol and honey extract alone attracted larger numbers of Coquillettidiaperturbans (Walker). Addition of lactic acid and/or octenol to CO2 increased trap collections of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Anopheles atropos D. & K., and An. crucians Wiedemann by 1.4–13.8 times. Culex nigripalpus Theobald collections were increased 2.7 times by the addition of lactic acid, while the addition of octenol produced mixed results. Whereas the addition of lactic acid reduced collections of Cx (Melanoconion) spp., the addition of octenol generally increased collections. The opposite happened for Wyeomyia mitchellii (Theobald). For the biting midge, Culicoides furens (Poey), octenol (1.6–23.4X) and phenol (2.7x) alone attracted larger numbers, and lactic acid alone attracted approximately the same numbers as CO2 alone. The combinations octenol + phenol and octenol + 200 ml/min CO2 increased C.furens collections c. 100 times over CO1 alone. The combination of octenol + CO2 increased (1.6x) collections of the tabanid Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius). Butanone appeared to decrease the trap collections of all species when combined with CO2 or octenol + CO2.
Molecular and cellular basis of ulcer healing.

Background: The high ulcer recurrence rates after treatment with antacids or antisecretory drugs illustrate the need for direct treatment of GI ulcers by stimulating repair and healing mechanisms. The molecular regulators of ulcer healing include polyamines and growth factors such as EGF, TGF-β, bFGF and PDGF. Methods and results: Oral treatment of rats with bFGF or PDGF accelerated the healing of chronic cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers without decreasing gastric secretion. We found that sucralfate binds bFGF in vitro and in vivo, and the elevated local concentration of this growth factor may contribute to the ulcer healing properties of sucralfate. Parallel treatment with bFGF + sucralfate resulted in synergistic healing of chronic duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis. Conclusions: Rapid changes in mucosal concentration of bFGF and EGF receptors during ulceration suggest that these peptides play a role in the natural history of GI ulcers. Thus, treatment based on molecular and cellular mechanisms of ...
A quantitative technology transfer model and its application to aircraft engines

Abstract A nonlinear differential equation model for analyzing technology transfer processes from technological leader to technological follower is presented in this paper. The change in the follower's absorbing capability is explicitly taken into account in the model. The general analytic solution to the model is obtained. Based on the solution, scenarios of technology transfer between leaders and followers are discussed. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated in the analysis of the development of aircraft turbine engines in the People's Republic of China. Technological gaps in aircraft turbine engines between China and the United States are assessed and forecasted quantitatively by using the model.
Time to Return to Work and Physical Activity Following Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

Purpose: We identified factors that predict return to part-time and full-time work and resumption of unlimited physical activity following open radical retropubic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Between July 1, 2002 and February 28, 2005, 537 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy, as performed by a single surgeon. Intraoperative, perioperative and postoperative parameters were recorded in real time and entered into a database. An assessment was made 1 and 3 months postoperatively regarding time to return to work and unrestricted physical activity.Results: Of the men 50% returned to part-time and full-time work, and unrestricted activity within 14, 21 and 30 days after discharge home, respectively. Patient age and hematocrit at hospital discharge significantly predicted return to part-time and full-time work, and unlimited physical activity. The number of days that the urinary catheter was indwelling was also associated with return to part-time w...
Handheld computers to run ACASI to assess HIV risk and deliver tailored soap opera video feedback: acceptability among young adult urban women.

The majority of all adolescent and young adult women (90%) with HIV were infected by unprotected sex with an infected male partner (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010b). As of 2008, the epidemic had disproportionately affected Black women who were 14% of the population of women in the United States but comprised 67% of women with HIV infection. It is estimated that in a lifetime, 1 in 30 Black women will be infected with HIV (CDC, 2010a). Innovative approaches to reduce sexual transmission of HIV to this population are needed.
20- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ Resolution Imaging of Soft X-Ray Emitters

The performance of a soft X-ray (3 to 10 keV) coded aperture microscope designed for 18 mum resolution over a field of view (FoV) of 7.9 mm times 7.9 mm with a sensitivity of 8times10-4 at 1 cm is presented. The microscope is based on a commercially available deep-depletion CCD detector with 20 mum pixels and peak intrinsic efficiency 75%. The aperture is an arrangement of 45600 10-mum holes in a 604 times 604 NTHT MURA pattern and is fabricated by electroforming as a 5 mum deposition of Au on a 5-mum NiCo substrate providing mechanical stability. Experimental results show 23-mum resolution, 1.1times10-3 sensitivity (inclusive of penetration), and a FoV of 8.08 mm times 8.08 mm at 1.088 cm. Images of activity distributions with less than 1 MBq can be obtained in 1 min. Due to multiplexing, the sensitivity increase does not always translate to a signal-to-noise ratio increase, but the advantage is clear for sparse activity distributions as may be encountered in studies of the biochemistry and diffusion mechanisms of biological electrolytes and metabolites, as well as of cell migration, signaling, and trafficking.
Molecular characterization of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells associated with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is a devastating and lethal complication of systemic cancer involving the spread of tumor cells to the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Efforts focused on molecular analysis of CSF tumor cells (or CSFTCs) are scarce; hence, the biology of these cells remains poorly understood. Our group recently reported a study on molecular characterization of CSFTCs from metastatic breast cancer patients diagnosed with LC. Genomic and gene expression analyses revealed molecular profiles consistent with the malignant nature of CSFTCs. More importantly, we observed a clear clonal-relationship between CSFTCs and corresponding primary tumors as demonstrated by high concordance of genome-wide copy number profiles.
Foreign object damage and fatigue crack threshold: Cracking outside shallow indents

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) usually happens when objects are ingested into jet engines powering military or civil aircraft. Under extreme conditions, FOD can lead to severe structural damage. More commonly it produces local impacted sites of the fan and compressor airfoils, lowering fatigue life of these components. FOD is a prime cause for maintenance and repair in aircraft engines. In this paper, a framework for analyzing FOD and its effect on fatigue cracking is established. A finite element analysis is used to identify three relevant regimes of FOD related to the depth of penetration into the substrate, and to determine the residual stresses. Most of the emphasis in this paper focuses on fatigue cracks emerging from shallow indentations, which are generally expected to be of most practical concern. Full three-dimensional finite element solutions are obtained for semi-circular surface cracks emerging from specific locations at the indentation revealing the influence of the residual stress on the stress intensity factor distribution. For shallow indents, a relatively simple dimensionless formula for the relation between the residual stress intensity factor, the crack size, and the indentation width are developed. These results, together with results for the intensity factor variations due to cyclic loading, have been used to address the question: To what extent do the residual stresses caused by the FOD reduce the critical crack size associated with threshold fatigue crack growth? Formulas for the critical crack size are obtained. Specific results are presented for the blade alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, revealing that FOD can reduce the critical crack size by as much as 60%.
Deregulation and Privatization in Germany

Public enterprises in the Federal Republic of Germany are about average for all nonsocialist countries and markets are more heavily regulated than in the United States. Compared to American deregulation and British privatization, there have been few developments in the Federal Republic. Why? In the last ten years new schools of thought have provided a stronger normative foundation for and a stronger positive explanation against deregulation and privatization in Germany in the near future. The German political debate on deregulation and privatization is characterized by three institutional peculiarities. Major steps to deregulate or privatize economic sectors require legislation, which is influenced by political parties. Trade unions exert a strong influence on the major parties and are opposed to privatization and deregulation. The European Community forces some deregulation upon the Federal Republic in order to liberalize service sectors.
Automated systematic discovery for development and production

In many semiconductor Fabs a combination of in-line photo inspection (PLY) and targeted physical failure analysis (PFA) is used to identify and monitor random defectivity, process excursions, and systematic defects. This analysis is fed back to process and design teams to create actions and fixes which drive yield ramps for integration and development. At the 45nm design node and below the number of process steps involved has greatly increased the time and cost from wafer start to testable product. To meet compressed time to market schedules, semiconductor companies must be more reliant on in-line wafer inspection and defect classification for yield learning, excursion flagging, and process split analysis.
Simulated Family Therapy: A Classroom Demonstration

In this article, we describe a demonstration and discussion of an initial family therapy interview simulated by 4 student volunteers. Several concepts and principles fundamental to family therapy are illustrated: interview stages, one-person definition of a problem, systemic perspective, clear generation line, unified executive team, disengaged parent, overinvolved parent, scapegoated child, functional-dysfunctional family, and family dance. Some interview scenarios also illustrate the concepts of triangulation and coalition. Pretesting and posttesting indicate that the demonstration and discussion were instructive and positively perceived.
Impact of detailed radiation transport on volume recombination

Abstract Recently both the Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D tokamaks observed significant recombination of major ion species in the divertor region during detachment. For sufficiently low temperatures the mixture of neutral atoms and ions can be optically thick to line radiation. The optical depth of the recombined region to Lyα radiation can be very large and opacity effects and radiation trapping can dramatically change the heat flux to the divertor walls. This paper presents an analysis of the effect of line radiation on volume recombination using CRETIN, a multi-dimensional, non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) simulation code that includes the atomic kinetics and radiative transport processes necessary to model this complex environment.
British Company and Mexican Community: The English at Real del Monte, 1824–1849

While it lost some five million dollars operating in Mexico between 1824 and 1849, the British Real del Monte Company conducted its business without major interruption from the political turbulence that characterized the new nation. In this article, Professor Randall shows how the company finessed most of the political risk that it potentially faced by keeping administrative distance between itself and the ever-changing central governments and by conducting political relations at the local level as community relations. Despite business rivalries with mine owners, labor-management conflict, and incidents of individual and institutional friction, the English firm and the Mexican town of Real del Monte generally maintained positive community relations. Accommodation as much as conflict accompanied foreign penetration into newly independent Mexico.
Delayed Bone Transplantation

The present experiments represent the first portion of a study of the relationships between the host and bone transplants in rabbits and dogs. Fresh autogenous iliac grafts, as well as autogenous iliac bone with attached one-week-old callus, were transplanted to fresh defects and to defects previously created at various time intervals in the ulna (delayed bone transplantation). Delaying transplantation until the hematoma had been largely replace by a vascular undifferentiated tissue caused the cellular elements arising from the host bone and periosteum to make more rapid contact with the transplant and to invade the transplant more quickly. Introduction of a bone transplant into a fresh or four-day-old bed, on the other hand, resulted in necrosis of all the transplanted elements, since the graft remained dormant in the blood clot and organizing hematoma until later, when contact was made with the invading cellular and osteogenic tissues. When the transplants were placed in older defects that were filled with denser cellular elements, these transplants were often isolated from the invading new bone by the formation of a barrier of connective tissue. They then became encapsulated and were removed by osteoclasis. Proper timing of the introduction of the graft into a delayed bed appeared to be important for the development of optimum host-transplant relationships. The presence of osteoid seams along the trabecular surfaces of grafts placed in seven-day-old delayed beds in rabbits and ten-day-old delayed beds in dogs before contact of the grafts was made with the bone invading from the host, appeared to represent surviving and proliferating osteogenic elements of the transplant. The formation of new bone in the vicinity of transplanted fragments isolated within the graft bed suggested either osteogenic activity of surviving transplanted endosteal osteoblasts that had migrated into the favorable environment of the delayed bed or an induction phenomenon.
Buhay Bahaghari: The Filipino LGBT Chronicles

The Foreword to this collection argues that the general consensus about the historiographic work of the local lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) literature in the Philippines is that its...
The Opioid Rotation Ratio From Transdermal Fentanyl to “Strong” Opioids in Patients With Cancer Pain

Abstract Context One-third of cancer patients require opioid rotation (OR) to treat uncontrolled pain or opioid-induced neurotoxicity. Although fentanyl is the most frequently rotated opioid in cancer patients, the accurate opioid rotation ratio (ORR) from transdermal fentanyl (TDF) to other so-called "strong" opioids is unknown. Objectives We aimed to determine the ORR of TDF to strong opioids, as measured by morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD). Methods We reviewed 2471 consecutive patient visits (938 patients) to our supportive care center for an OR from TDF to strong opioids. Information regarding demographics, symptoms, and MEDD was collected in patients who followed up within six weeks. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the ORR between TDF dose and net MEDD (MEDD after OR minus MEDD of the breakthrough opioid used along with TDF before OR). Results Among 47 eligible patients, the median age was 54 years, 53% were male, and 77% had advanced cancer. The median time to follow-up was 14 days. Uncontrolled pain (83%) was the most common reason for OR. In patients with OR and no worsening of pain at follow-up ( n = 41), the median ORR (range) from TDF mg/day to net MEDD mg/day was 100 (12.5–217) and from TDF mcg/hour to net MEDD was 2.4 (0.3–5.2); the correlation of TDF dose to net MEDD was 0.60 ( P Conclusion The median ORR from TDF mg/day to MEDD is 100 and from TDF mcg/hour to MEDD is 2.4, suggesting that TDF 100 mcg/hour is equivalent to an MEDD of 240 mg.
Real-time monitoring of calcification process by Sporosarcina pasteurii biofilm.

Sporosarcina pasteurii is known to produce calcite or biocement in the presence of urea and Ca2+. Herein, we report the use of novel ultramicrosensors such as pH, Ca2+, and redox sensors, along with a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), to monitor a real-time, bacteria-mediated urea hydrolysis process and subsequent changes in morphology due to CaCO3 precipitation. We report that the surface pH of a live biofilm changed rapidly from 7.4 to 9.2 within 2 min, whereas similar fast depletion (10 min) of Ca2+ was observed from 85 mM to 10 mM in the presence of a high urea (10 g L−1) brine solution at 23 °C. Both the pH and the Ca2+ concentration profiles were extended up to 600 μm from the biofilm surface, whereas the bulk chemical composition of the brine solution remained constant over the entire 4 h of SECM experiments. In addition, we observed a change in biofilm surface morphology and an increase in overall biofilm height of 50 μm after 4 h of precipitation. Electron microscopy confirmed the changes in surface morphology and formation of CaCO3 crystals. Development of the Ca2+ profile took 10 min, whereas that of the pH profile took 2 min. This finding indicates that the initial urea hydrolysis process is fast and limited by urease or number of bacteria, whereas later CaCO3 formation and growth of crystals is a slow chemical process. The ultramicrosensors and approaches employed here are capable of accurately characterizing bioremediation on temporal and spatial scales pertinent to the microbial communities and the processes they mediate.
Regional and State Variation in Homeownership Rates

There are significant disparities in homeownership rates across the regions and states of the US. The causes of these disparities are determined within a standard probit model of the individual homeownership decision where the micro-level observations are aggregated to the regional level. Factors which play a significant role at the individual level are evaluated for their ability to explain regional differentiation. The relative price of owning and renting plays a major role as do other market level determinants. Individual demographic characteristics are not as important with the exception of those related to the immigration and citizenship status of the household head.