cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Response Patterns to Chemical Stimulation of Sheep Epiglottis

Responses were recorded from single fibers of the sheep superior laryngeal nerve during stimulation of the epiglottis with 0.5 M KCl, NH4Cl, NaCl and LiCl, distilled water, 0.005 M citric acid, and 0.01 N HCl. Recordings were made from both lambs and ewes. KCl elicited a response from 99% of fibers followed in order of effective stimulation by NH4Cl, HCl, distilled water, citric acid, NaCl and LiCl. Analysis of the variation in response frequency with time demonstrated differences in the response patterns for these stimuli. The pattern of frequency over time is sufficient to discriminate among the salts, between some of the salts and acids, and between some of the salts and water. Therefore the response pattern may be significant in initiating the various reflex activities that occur during chemical stimulation of the larynx.
Perioperative train-of-four monitoring and residual curarization

It has beert suggested thai perioperative train-of-four (TOF) monitoring does not reduce the incidence of postoperative residual curarization (PORC). The purpose of this study was to examine whether the use of tactile assessment of the response of the adductor pollicis to supramaximal TOF stimulation of the ulnar nerve at. the wrist during anaesthesia affected the incidence of PORC. Thirty-nine ASA I or II surgical patients were studied during thiopentone/fentanyl N2O/enflurane anaesthesia. Pancuronium (70–100 μg · kg−1) was used to facilitate tracheal intubation and additional pancuronium increments used to maintain surgical relaxation. The requirement for incremental doses of pancuronium and adequacy of recovery following reversal were assessed according to random allocation, either with (Group A; n = 20) or without (Group B; n = 19) access to TOF monitoring. Patients in the two groups received neostigmine in similar doses (Group A: 53 μg · kg−1 (5.9); Group B: 55 μg · kg−1 (5.4)). On arrival of the patient to the recovery area, neuromuscular function was assessed electromyographically (using the Datex NMT 221 to measure TOF ratio) and clinically. The incidence of PORC (TOF ratio < 70%) was greater in Group B (47%) than in Group A (15%) (P = 0.029). We conclude that the use of perioperative TOF monitoring decreases the incidence of pancuronium-induced PORC.
The Surgical Treatment of Type Two Diabetes Mellitus

Since the discovery that gastric bypass surgery leads to the rapid reversal of type 2 diabetes mellitus in morbidly obese patients, researchers have been searching for possible mechanisms to explain the result. The significance of bariatric surgery is twofold. It offers hope and successful therapy to the severely obese; those with T2DM, sleep apnea, or polycystic ovary disease; and others plagued by the comorbidities of the metabolic syndrome. This article examines four surgical procedures and their outcomes.
An analytical solution for two-dimensional contaminant transport during groundwater extraction

Abstract We obtain an analytical solution for two-dimensional steady-state transport of conservative contaminant between injecting and pumping wells. Flow and transport are considered in the vertical cross-section. The Dupuit approximation and conformal mapping onto the complex potential domain are employed to determine the velocity and concentration distributions, respectively. We use this solution to derive a priori conditions under which widely used 1-D analytical solutions with constant velocity and dispersion coefficients provide accurate approximations. These conditions are formulated in terms of aquifer parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity and dispersivities, and remediation strategy, e.g., well spacing and pumping regimes.
Overview of the special projects of national significance program’s 10 models of adolescent HIV care

Abstract Ten models of adolescent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care were funded in 1993 by the Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Program, HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, through the Ryan White CARE Act. These models were supported to advance knowledge about the engagement of HIV-positive and at-risk adolescents and young adults in care. This article provides an overview of the SPNS Program's adolescent initiative, which developed and evaluated innovative models of HIV care, and provides background information on and summarizes the 10 models of care. The models are organized into four groups emphasizing different concepts: (a) youth involvement; (b) outreach to bring youth into services; (c) case management and linkage to services; and (d) a comprehensive continuum of care for youth.
Lipid Resuscitation Reverses Multidrug-Induced Cardiogenic Shock

To the Editor: We read with interest the recent case report by Stellpflug describing the eventual recovery of a 30-year-old patient with severe cardiovascular instability due to mixed diltiazem, metoprolol, and amiodarone overdose. However, we have strong reservations about their conclusion that, “The treatment combination…….was successful for this patient in reversing severe drug-induced cardiogenic shock.” The patient received high-dose insulin for 85 min which the authors state, “…did not result in clinical improvement….” Then after intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE 20%) therapy, the authors report, “…. was associated with rapid improvement.” The chronology suggests to us that ILE saved the patient’s life after prolonged, ineffective high-dose insulin therapy. This conforms with many other reports of successful resuscitation with ILE in patients that did not respond to conventional (e.g., pressor) treatment. We believe the authors’ own comments strongly contradict their conclusion. Everyone would agree, we expect, that the report provides a rationale for further head-to-head laboratory comparison of ILE with high-dose insulin in treatment of mixed drug overdose and particularly calcium channel blocker-related cardiogenic shock. Dr. Weinberg was awarded with the United States patent 7 261 903 B1 “Lipid emulsion in the treatment of systemic poisoning.” The noncommercial website www.lipidregistry.org is intended for the purpose of case documentation. Neither salary nor support is derived from this website.
Comparison of proteoglycans from bovine articular cartilage.

Abstract Four bovine articular cartilages have been compared with regard to the chemical composition of the whole cartilages, the amount of proteoglycan selectively extracted with 3 M MgCl2 or with 3 M guanidine·HCl, and the compositions and physical properties of the isolated proteoglycans. The whole cartilages differ but slightly in composition. Occipital condylar cartilage, a thin cartilage from the smallest joint, contains 4% more collagen and proportionately less proteoglycan than proximal humeral, the thickest cartilage from the largest joint. Each cartilage contains a pool of proteoglycan that resists extraction with 3 M MgCl2 but is extracted with 3 M guanidine·HCl. The proteoglycan extracted from each cartilage with 3 M guanidine·HCl contains a high molecular weight proteoglycan-collagen complex demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and by the turbidity of its visible and ultraviolet spectra. The four cartilages appear to differ most remarkably in the fraction of total proteoglycan extracted from each as proteoglycan-collagen complex.
Nonenhancement of magnetic moments on transition metal impurities by alkali metal hosts

Using 54-atom supercells, we calculate the spin magnetic moments of V impurities in Na and Co in Na and K. We conclude that the huge moments supposedly measured by Bergmann et al. are a consequence of those authors assuming that the anomalous Hall resistance is linearly related to the magnetic polarization.
The effect of a pulsed magnetic field on spin waves and elastic waves in YIG

Abstract It is shown that a time-varying magnetic field can cause changes in the frequency, delay time, and attenuation of various magnetic and elastic waves in YIG.
Determination of the structural requirements for the inhibitory action of gastrin-releasing peptide on growth hormone release

We have previously determined that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) suppresses plasma growth hormone (GH) levels and blocks the response to growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) following its injection into the third ventricle (3V) of conscious male rats. To determine the portion of the peptide required for this action, fragments of the peptide were injected at various doses to determine their effect on plasma growth hormone and the response to a test dose of GRF (1 microgram/kg IV). The GRP 1-16 lowered plasma GH and blocked the response to GRF following an intraventricular injection of 2 micrograms but not 0.2 microgram of the peptide. Carboxy-terminal fragments were more effective. AcGRP20-27 was partially effective at a 100 times lower dose of 2.0 ng, a result similar to that obtained with the related peptide, bombesin. Even the C-terminal heptapeptide AcGRP-27 was effective at a dose of 2 ng. The results indicate that the C-terminal heptapeptide is the minimal requirement for intraventricularly injected GRP to suppress plasma GH levels and block the response to GRF.
Indole Tolerance and the Influence of Aureomycin in the Growing Chick

Abstract INDOLE is a toxic compound produced in the intestine by the action of putrefactive bacteria on unabsorbed protein material. Upon absorption, however, it is readily converted to indican, a non-toxic product, and excreted through the kidney. The conversion occurs primarily in the liver. Five decades ago the capacity of this mechanism in the dog and rabbit was reported to be adequate in preventing any toxicity from normally absorbed indole (Hervieux, 1907). As far as can be ascertained in the literature, the degree of indole tolerance has not been determined for poultry. Changes in the number and kind of intestinal microorganisms following the feeding of antibiotics to chicks and poults have been reported by many investigators. Anderson et al. (1952), Romoser et al. (1952) and Sieburth et al. (1952) noted increases in E. coli and Proteus organisms both of which are noted indole formers. In rats, however, two Japanese workers (Makino …
Biosynthesis of GlyCAM-1, a mucin-like ligand for L-selectin.

L-selectin, a member of the selectin family of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion proteins, mediates the initial attachment of lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules during lymphocyte recirculation. One of the endothelial-associated ligands for L-selectin is GlyCAM-1, a mucin-like glycoprotein, which presents novel sulfated, sialylated and fucosylated O-glycans. In order to understand the generation of these glycans, we have examined the biosynthesis of GlyCAM-1 in lymph node organ culture. Using peptide-specific antibodies, lectins, and recombinant L-selectin, we detected the following species of GlyCAM-1: unglycosylated (
A Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model of Chronic Pain in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

Chronic pain in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex multidimensional experience that includes biologic, psychologic, sociologic, and spiritual factors. To date, three models of pain associated with SCD (i.e., biomedical model, biopsychosocial model for SCD pain, and Health Beliefs Model) have been published. The biopsychosocial multidimensional approach to chronic pain developed by Turk and Gatchel is a widely used model of chronic pain. However, this model has not been applied to chronic pain associated with SCD. In addition, a spiritual/religious dimension is not included in this model. Because spirituality/religion is central to persons affected by SCD, that dimension needs to be added to any model of chronic pain in adults with SCD. In fact, data from one study suggest that spirituality/religiosity is associated with decreased pain intensity in adults with chronic pain from SCD. A biopsychosocial-spiritual model is proposed for adults with chronic pain from SCD, because it embraces the whole person. This model includes the biologic, psychologic, sociologic, and spiritual factors relevant to adults with SCD based on past and current research. The purpose of this paper is to describe an adaptation of Turk and Gatchel's model of chronic pain for adults with SCD and to summarize research findings that support each component of the revised model (i.e., biologic, psychologic, sociologic, spiritual). The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for the use of this model in research.
A fish story: Rethinking globalization on Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands

Recent discussions of globalization leave the nature of movement and of the moving objects in transnational flows relatively unexamined. Incorporating historical and ethnographic material from the British Virgin Islands, I use the analogy of the critique of the study of kinship, which highlights the assumptions of person and relation built into kinship theory, to shed light on the assumptions of property and the metaphysics of movement built into globalization research, [globalization, property, kinship theory, capitalism, Caribbean]
Necessity and Apriority

The classical view of the relationship between necessity and apriority, defended by Leibniz and Kant, is that all necessary truths are known a priori. The classical view is now almost universally rejected, ever since Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam discovered that there are necessary truths that are known only a posteriori. However, in recent years a new debate has emerged over the epistemology of these necessary a posteriori truths. According to one view - call it the neo-classical view - knowledge of a necessary truth always depends on at least one item of a priori knowledge. According to the rival view - call it the neoempiricist view - our knowledge of necessity is sometimes broadly empirical. In this paper I present and defend an argument against the neo-empiricist view. I argue that knowledge of the necessity of a necessary truth could not be broadly empirical.
Nutritional Alleviation of Zinc-Induced Iron Deficiency in Indian Mustard and the Effects on Zinc Phytoremediation

ABSTRACT Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern) is a promising species for the phytoextraction of zinc (Zn), but the effectiveness of this plant can be limited by iron (Fe) deficiency under Zn-contaminated conditions. Our objectives were to determine the effects of root-applied Fe and Zn on plant growth, accumulation of Zn in plant tissues, and development of nutrient deficiencies for B. juncea. In the experiment, B. juncea was supplied 6 levels of iron ethylenediamine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (Fe-EDDHA; 0.625 to 10.0 mg L−1) and two levels of Zn (2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1) for 3 weeks in a solution-culture experiment. Nutrient solution pH decreased with decreasing supply of Fe and increasing supply of Zn in solution, indicating that B. juncea may be an Fe-efficient plant. If plants were supplied 2.0 mg Zn L−1, plant growth was stimulated by increases in Fe supply, but plant growth was not influenced by Fe treatments if plants were supplied 4.0 mg Zn L−1. Zinc concentration in roots and shoots was suppressed b...
Treatment of a Silver Dragon for the Removal of Silver Cyanide and Chalconatronite

AbstractAnalysis of the corrosion products on a silver dragon suspected to have been treated with cyanide revealed both silver cyanide and chalconatronite. It appears that both of these corrosion products can be formed on silver objects cleaned or replated using a cyanide solution. These corrosion products darken with exposure to light; therefore, they may be mistaken for silver sulfide. In order to determine how to remove the highly poisonous cyanide corrosion product, numerous tests were run. Using a carefully timed procedure the silver cyanide was removed with an aqueous solution of 20% sodium thiosulfate. The chalconatronite was removed mechanically.
The Google Cultural Institute: Tools for Libraries, Archives, and Museums

In 2011, Google launched the Google Art Project, an ever-growing repository of artworks from Museums around the globe, quickly followed by the expanded Google Cultural Institute. Efforts like these with the cultural sector use a combination of Google technologies and expert information provided by partner institutions to create unique online experiences. Spurred on by our partners, we've been adding features to our platform - content hosting, embeddable image viewers, exhibit creation tools - and making Google technology work for Museums - high-resolution imaging, mobile publishing, and experiments in VR. Building these projects requires a deep understanding of library, archival, and museum practices and standards as well as providing tools that can be used by a wide array of partners at different stages of cataloging and digitization. So, how are we doing? We'll discuss reactions to the work so far, present some of our latest attempts to do more with cultural heritage online, and talk about how Google would like to further engage with cultural partners.
Correlations between rats' spatial location and intracranial stimulation administration affects rate of acquisition and asymptotic level of time allocation preference in the open field

Abstract The present experiment explores the effects of the response (1-sec occupancy of a target area in an open field)-reinforcer (intracranial stimulation) contingency on time allocation in the open field in rats. The probability of reinforcement given response ( X ) and the probability of reinforcement given nonresponse ( Y ) were varied randomly across sessions within a subject. The 21 contingency treatments explored included all possible combinations of values (0, .1, .2, .3, .4, .5) of X and Y such that X ≥ Y . The results indicate that rate of acquisition and asymptotic level of time allocation preference to the target area are negatively related to the value of Y (for any given value of X ). Variations in X (for any given value of Y ) were less effective. Evaluation of proposed contingency metrics revealed that the Weber fraction (X − Y) X most closely approximates performance, and that the value of the difference detection threshold derived from the Weber fraction is a constant.
X-ray photoelectron spectra of the palladium : Iron bimetallic surface used for the rapid dechlorination of chlorinated organic environmental contaminants

Palladized iron (Pd/Fe) has been successfully used for the rapid dechlorination of organic environmental contaminants in aqueous solutions. We have investigated the nature of the Pd/Fe surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the reactive Pd/Fe surface is formed by the stepwise reduction of Pd(IV) in solution to Pd(II), which replaces protons on the hydroxylated iron oxide surface and forms Pd(II)-O-Fe bonds. These bonds are unstable and collapse spontaneously to yield the reactive palladized iron in which the palladium is in the elemental state. Prolonged exposure of this Pd/Fe surface to a saturated solution of aqueous TCE results in the growth of the hydroxylated iron oxide film that deactivates the Pd/Fe surface. The thick hydroxylated iron oxide film can be removed, and the original activity of the Pd/Fe surface can be restored by washing he surface with a dilute acid solution. 5 refs., 6 figs.
On moving object queries: (extended abstract)

Database applications for moving objects pose new challenges in modeling, querying, and maintenance of objects whose locations are rapidly changing over time. Previous work on modeling and querying spatio-temporal databases and constraint databases focus primarily on snapshots of changing databases. In this paper we study query evaluation techniques for moving object databases where moving objects are being updated frequently. We consider a constraint database approach to moving objects and queries. We classify moving object queries into: "past", "continuing", and "future" queries. We argue that while traditional constraint query evaluation techniques are suitable for past queries, new techniques are needed for continuing and future queries. Motivated by nearest-neighbor queries, we define a query language based on a single "generalized distance" function f mapping from objects to continuous functions from time to ℝ. Queries in this language may be past, continuing, or future. We show that if f maps to polynomials, queries can be evaluated efficiently using the plane sweeping technique from computational geometry. Consequently, many known distance based queries can be evaluated efficiently.
Cytogenetic response of normal human and ataxia telangiectasia G2 cells exposed to X-rays and ara C

Abstract The kinetics of rejoining of chromatid deletions and the formation of exchanges has been studied in X-irradiated normal and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) fibroblasts treated in the presence or absence of the nucleoside analogue 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara C). Ara C is a powerful inhibitor of DNA synthesis as well as an inhibitor of DNA double-strand break repair. Treatment with ara C was found to increase the frequency of X-ray-induced chromatid deletions in both lines with increasing incubation time while deletions were found to rejoin with first-order kinetics and a t 1 2 of 2.4–3.1 h in both cell lines. The increase in deletions in the presence of ara C is thought to be due to an interaction of ara C-induced lesions (as yet unidentified) with lesions induced by X-rays, leading to additional chromatid breaks. These results are in contrast to those previously obtained with the same lines treated with X-rays and 9-β- d -arabinofuranosyladenine (ara A). In this case the frequency of deletions in X-irradiated cells remained constant in both lines in the presence of ara A. We therefore propose that there is a major difference in the mode of action of ara C and ara A on X-ray-induced DNA damage in G 2 cells. Exchanges were formed in X-irradiated cells in the presence and absence of ara C in both lines and the frequency increased with post-irradiation incubation time. A higher frequency was formed in ara C-treated cells than in cells given X-rays alone, but the enhancement by ara C was less than that previously found in cells treated with ara A.
Developments in nisin research

Abstract Nisin, produced by some strains of Lactococcus lactis , subsp. lactis was originally described in 1928 and is the most highly characterized bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria. Nisin has been permitted as a food additive in the UK since the early 1960s and is currently an accepted food additive in at least 45 other countries. Technological advances have resulted in a tremendous increase in new information on nisin within the past decade. This review summarizes the recent developments in understanding the structure of nisin, the genetics of its production, and its mode of action.
Comparative blood chemistry and histopathology of tilapia infected with Vibrio vulnificus or Streptococcus iniae or exposed to carbon tetrachloride, gentamicin, or copper sulfate

Abstract A comparative study was conducted of blood chemistry and histopathology of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) after infection with Vibrio vulnificus or Streptococcus iniae or exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CT), gentamicin (Gm), or copper sulfate (Cu). Treatments were chosen as models targeting different organs and from which different types of lesions were expected. Moderate histological changes were observed in the gill, trunk kidney, liver, spleen, and head kidney in both bacterial infections. Gentamicin induced significant changes in the trunk kidney, liver, and intestine, while carbon tetrachloride treatment caused changes in the liver and trunk kidney. Copper treatment only caused mild proliferation of the gill epithelium. Among the blood chemistry parameters measured, hematocrit, iron, glucose, sodium, and chloride were good indicators of deteriorating health in tilapia, with significant changes in those parameters being observed in most treatment groups. Severity of histopathology in the liver, intestine, and trunk kidney was associated positively with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) but negatively with sodium, chloride, cholesterol, and total protein. Anion gap was the only blood chemistry parameter correlating to histopathology in the spleen and head kidney. Standardized principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and canonical correlation analysis were applied to the blood chemistry and histopathology data. A consensus set of important parameters that included sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, total protein, ALT, AST, cholesterol, total iron binding capacity, and iron was obtained. Using a 7-parameter model that included potassium, ALT, iron, total protein, bicarbonate, creatine kinase, and AST, 70% of the fish could be correctly classified to the appropriate treatment group, while a 17-parameter model allowed 81% proper classification.
Perturbations of moving membranes in AdS 7

We study the stability of uniformly moving membrane-like objects in seven dimensional Anti-de Sitter space. This is approached by a linear perturbation analysis and a search for growing modes. We examine both analytic and numerical configurations previously found in [1].
Benchmark calculations for the starter FENDL-3.0 general purpose neutron library with impact on ITER analysis

A starter library of FENDL-3.0 was released in 2012 as an update for the current reference library FENDL-2.1. We carried out calculations using the ITER computational benchmark that was used previously for validation and testing of earlier versions of FENDL. Results for flux, heating, dpa, and gas production were obtained with FENDL-3.0 and compared to the results with FENDL-2.1. The results indicate that using FENDL-3.0 yields higher and harder neutron flux in components that are heavily shielded by water-cooled steel, such as the vacuum vessel and magnet, compared to FENDL-2.1. This is reflected in increased nuclear parameters in the vacuum vessel and magnets.
The role of burrowing sponges in bioerosion.

Among the large number of limestone-eroding organisms, sponges, mainly of the family Clinonidae are of special interest because of their efficient means of substratum penetration by cellular etching and because they release characteristically shaped calcium carbonate chips which can be detected in the mud-size fraction of many sediments. Identifiable trace fossils and sediments are of great ecological and paleoecological significance.
Direct comparison of commercial and academic retrieval system: an initial study

Searching for information has increasingly prevailed in people’s life. A new trend in the study of information retrieval is the amplified interest in search over corporation and personal information collections. Recently released commercial desktop search engines are the achievements due to this trend. Comparing to the Web search engines, these desktop search engines are working on collections with relatively small size, and often rely on the machine power of a single desktop computer. These new developments provide an interesting opportunity for the evaluation of academic retrieval systems. Academic retrieval systems are systems developed in academic environment for research use. Many of them are open source systems. For many years, due to various reasons like collection size and machine resources, commercial search engines and academic retrieval systems are studied and evaluated in non-interrelated environments. Now, since commercial desktop search engines and academic retrieval systems are working on collections with similar size and on comparable machine power, it becomes possible to directly compare their performance. In this paper, we want to compare two off-shelf retrieval systems. They are Google Desktop (GDS) v20051208 and Indri 2.0. GDS is a popular desktop search engine, which provides full text search on various types of files in a personal computer, including emails. Google didn’t disclose what is the retrieval model used in GDS. Indri 2.0, is a state-of-art retrieval system developed by University of Massachusetts Amherst and Carnegie Mellon University. It combines an
The Developing Science and Technologies List (DSTL)

This paper describes the Militarily Critical Technologies Program's (MCTP) Developing Science and Technologies List (DSTL) sponsored by the Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E). It outlines the unique Technology Working Group (TWG) process developed by the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) to support the MCTP and specifically the DSTL. It also outlines the approach used to determine the technologies that are included as well as how worldwide technology capability assessments are incorporated into the review process. As an example, this paper outlines the technology parameters associated with Deformable Mirrors and identifies how both military and commercial applications have an input into the TWG process. The membership of the TWGs is explained and its role identified. Each TWG has a broad base, including representatives from government, industry and academia who are technical experts in their respective fields.
Specific dynamic action in the sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides.

Abstract The effects of meal size and meal type on specific dynamic action (SDA) were investigated in a large, active asteroid, the sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides . When the sunflower stars were fed clam flesh totalling 5%, 10%, or 20% of their body weight there was a step-wise increase in the scope, time to peak oxygen consumption, duration of the response and total SDA. The change in the rate of oxygen consumption was slower than other organisms, and oxygen uptake remained elevated for over 12 d following consumption of the largest meal. There were also differences in the characteristics of the SDA if sunflower stars consumed a whole clam versus the shucked flesh of a clam. The time to reach peak oxygen consumption was greater for sunflower stars consuming a whole clam. This occurred because the clam had to be opened before they could digest the flesh; a smaller initial peak comprising 3.5% of the total SDA represented the energy require to open the clam valves. When the sunflower stars were fed different prey items (e.g. butter clam, purple urchin and herring) of similar wet organic mass, there was no difference in the time to peak, peak oxygen uptake or total SDA despite the fact that the prey items differed in protein, lipid and caloric content. There was an increased duration for which oxygen uptake remained elevated for sea stars that consumed the urchin meal. Five of the seven sunflower stars that consumed urchins exhibited a smaller second peak in oxygen uptake, totalling approximately 8.5% of the SDA energy budget. This likely represented the energy required to eject the urchin test from the stomach. Although the sunflower star is much larger and more active than other sea stars, it displayed similar SDA responses to other members of the Asteroidea, indicative of the low metabolic rate of this class.
Analysis of primary containment response with upper internal structure

Abstract In the fast reactor containment the upper internal structure is a massive structural component located in the region above the core. The main body of this structure consists of four support columns, an upper plate and a lower plate holding numerous coolant passageways for directing the core sodium to the outlet plenum. The aim of this paper is to provide hydrodynamic analysis of the fluid motion in the above core region and to study the effect of the upper internal structure on the slug impact as well as the primary system response. At ANL, two excursion containment codes, ICECO and ALICE, are chosen for such an analysis. These two codes, based on the ICE technique and ICED-ALE method, respectively, are ideal for analyzing flow through coolant passageways and flow blockage near the bottom plate. They also have other advantages, such as: (1) treating fluid motion around internal structure with geometrical discontinuities; (2) investigating excursions with large distortions; (3) handling two-dimensional sliding conditions; and (4) providing a stable solution throughout the entire excursion. In both ICECO and ALICE the upper internal structure can be modelled by rigid obstacles similar to the scheme used in the MAC method. The coolant passageways can be approximated by means of narrow cells. Another option is provided in the ICECO code in which the upper internal is considered as a perforated structure. In this model large cells can be used over the entire computational region. The analysis utilizes a control-volume technique to solve the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy. The basic idea is to use the actual fluid volume and the actual flow area in the mathematical formulation. Three modified Poisson equations are derived which govern the hydrodynamic pressures inside, above, and below the perforated structure. These three equations, in conjunction with the Poisson equation of the ICE technique as well as the relaxation equation at the moving boundary, are solved iteratively. Two sample problems are given. The first one deals with the ICECO analysis of primary containment response to an HCDA. The effect of the upper internal structure on the wave propagation and slug impact are investigated. The second example presents a simulation of SRI complex vessel experiments using the Alice code. The results are discussed in detail.
The Effect of Educational Interventions with Siblings of Hospitalized Children

ABSTRACT:Objective:Research has demonstrated that siblings of chronically ill children can experience significant emotional and behavior changes; however, few studies have looked at the specific impact of pediatric hospitalization on the nonhospitalized child. Studies also indicate that children who
Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor

The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States, with more than half of all adults currently overweight or obese. In general, people become obese because of a combination of inherited genes and a lifestyle consisting of low levels of physical activity and consumption of excess calories. Obesity, especially the central or visceral type, is a predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with insulin resistance. The relation among obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD appears to develop at a relatively young age. Central obesity is linked with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic clinical states. Adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes biologically active molecules that may affect CVD risk factors. These chemical messengers include adiponectin, resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. In overweight and obese individuals, weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity, leading to reduction in risk factors for CVD and, consequently, the potential for cardiovascular events. Agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reduce visceral obesity. Decreases in visceral adipose tissue contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, and weight loss reduces serum levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduction of risk factors suggests that the development of cardiovascular disease will be reduced by the improvement of insulin sensitivity and weight loss.
Studies of pyrolysis and air heating of rayon by inverse gas chromatography

Abstract Inverse gas chromatography using water probing at 110°C was carried out to characterize rayon yarns after prior heating at 200 and 250°C in both inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (dry air) atmospheres for successively longer time intervals. During the early stages of heating in either atmosphere, the affinity of the rayon for water drops rapidly. However, whereas continued heating in N 2 results in a further loss of activity, data have been obtained showing that after an initial period yarns heated in air at 250°C exhibit an increasing attraction for water even while losing more weight.
In vivo labeling of central benzodiazepine receptors with the partial inverse agonist [3H]Ro 15-4513

Ro 15-4513 is an imidazobenzodiazepine and a partial inverse agonist at the central benzodiazepine recetors (BZDr). It has been shown to antagonize behavioral and biochemical effects of ethanol. In vivo binding of [3H]Ro 15-4513 was evaluated in mouse brain. After intravenous injection, [3H]Ro 15-4513 was readily taken up by the brain and distributed to brain areas enriched in benzodiazepine receptors. Binding was specific for central BZDr, saturable and reversible. A high degree of specific binding, relative to non-specific binding, was achieved. Analysis of dissociation kinetics revealed that [3H]Ro 15-4513 was retained significantly longer in hippocampus compared to other brain regions. In view of the known distribution of benzodiazepine receptor subtypes, this suggests that, in vivo, [3H]Ro 15-4513 has a higher affinity for benzodiazepine receptors type II and may explain quantitative differences in the regional distribution of this ligand compared to the antagonist [3H]Ro 15-1788. We conclude from these studies that Ro 15-4513 is a suitable ligand for in vivo studies of benzodiazepine receptors. Labeled with a positron-emitting isotope, it could be used with positron emission tomography to study BZDr in man under a variety of conditions.
Isotope biology of 13C. Extensive incorporation of highly enriched 13C in the alga Chlorella vulgaris.

Abstract In contribution of previous work on the consequences of isotopic replacement in living organisms1, the green alga Chlorella vulgaris has been grown on 13CO2 (95% 13C) in 1H2O and 2H2O media. Cell size distribution was determined and the organisms subjected to cytochemical investigation for nucleic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins. Some of the abnormalities noted in 13C2H organisms are diminished in 13C2H algae, indicating that the consequences of multiple isotope replacement in living organisms do not necessarily follow a simple additive relationship.
"Therapeutic" Lymphangiography — A New Solution to Post-Bypass Lymphorrhea — A Case Report

A sixty-eight-year-old man developed a groin lymphocele following an aorto- femoral bypass graft. Despite four weeks of conservative therapy, lymphorrhea persisted. A lymphangiogram, performed to accurately identify the site of leak age, resulted in cessation of the lymphatic leak. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lymphangiography as a therapeutic tool in the management of lymphorrhea following vascular reconstruction.
Non-Equilibrium Point Defect Model for Time-Dependent Passivation of Metal Surfaces

This work presents an improved point defect model for the time-dependent formation of passive oxide films on metal surfaces. Like previous point-defect models, the present model assumes that charged defects, or vacancies, carry current across the growing oxide film. However, we treat the vacancies explicitly as material species which participate in oxide formation and dissolution reactions formulated for arbitrary oxide stoichiometry. The model includes boundary conditions, based on jump mass balances from formal continuum mechanics, that relate vacancy fluxes to the interfacial reaction rates as well as the motion of the film boundaries. Thus, unlike previous models, this model treats the film growth process formally as a moving boundary problem. Casting the equations in dimensionless form yields the key dimensionless groups. The dependence of the film growth rate on these groups can be rationalized in simple physical terms. The predicted trends in film growth rate and current density agree qualitatively with experimental data for nickel passivation, although the model parameters have not been optimized to achieve good agreement with current density data. The model provides a starting point for incorporating better descriptions of interfacial reaction kinetics within boundary conditions based on rigorous continuum mechanics.
Conformational dependence of the 1Lb and n → π* rotatory strengths in α-substituted phenylacetic acids

Abstract The chiroptical properties of a series of chiral phenylacetic acid derivatives are examined on a theoretical model in which electronic rotatory strengths are calculated directly from molecular wave functions derived from semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. The CNDO/S SCF-MO model is used to calculate ground state wave functions and excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. Of special interest are the rotatory strengths associated with the 1 L b transition of the phenyl chromophore and the n → π * transition of the carboxyl chromophore. Calculations are carried out on a large number of conformational isomers of the compounds: α-methyl phenylacetie acid (and its methyl ester), α-methylmandelic acid (and its methyl ester), and mandelic acid (and its methyl ester). The dependence of rotatory strength ( 1 L b and n → π * ) on conformational variables is examined and discussed, and comparisons between available experimental data and the calculated results are made. Coupling between the phenyl and carboxyl chromophoric moieties is considered and possible spectra-structure relationships are examined.
The Role of Flexibility in Personal Space Preferences

Personal space is generally defined as the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort ([Hayduk, 1983][1]). It is a dynamic perception that plays an important role in social communication and behavior across species ([Hayduk, 1983][1]; [
π-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electronics and Photovoltaic Cell Applications†

The optoelectronic properties of polymeric semiconductor materials can be utilized for the fabrication of organic electronic and photonic devices. When key structural requirements are met, these materials exhibit unique properties such as solution processability, large charge transporting capabilities, and/or broad optical absorption. In this review recent developments in the area of π-conjugated polymeric semiconductors for organic thin-film (or field-effect) transistors (OTFTs or OFETs) and bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic (or solar) cell (BHJ-OPV or OSC) applications are summarized and analyzed.
NMR spectroscopy of DNA/RNA hybrids

RNA/DNA hybrids are formed in many biological processes. Earlier work on hybrid molecules had indicated that although their stability varied according to their sequence, all these duplexes were apparently A-form. Recent structural experiments have been directed toward defining how these hybrid A-form conformations differ from canonical RNA A-form duplexes.
Overdetermination And The Exclusion Problem

The exclusion problem is held to show that mental and physical events are identical by claiming that the denial of this identity is incompatible with the causal completeness of physics and the occurrence of mental causation. The problem relies for its motivation on the claim that overdetermination of physical effects by mental and physical causes is objectionable for a variety of reasons. In this paper, I consider four different definitions of ‘overdetermination’ and argue that, on each, overdetermination in all cases of mental causation either does not occur or is unobjectionable, even when mental and physical events are non-identical. I therefore conclude that the exclusion problem cannot be used as a reason to accept that mental and physical events are identical unless some other definition of ‘overdetermination’ is provided.
Value-Added Tax as a Source of Social Security Financing

This article considers the effects on income distribution and the incentive to save of the partial substitution of the value-added tax for the payroll tax for social security. The Harberger-type model is employed in which the sources and uses of income are taken into account in determining the effects of the tax substitution. Attention is given to the distribution of both actual and full income. The data for this analysis are drawn mainly from the Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during 1972 and 1973.
The impact of sports on team performance management

Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the special issue on the relationship of performance management to sports teams.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains the importance of performance management to sports teams and justifies the need for the special issue.Findings – The paper finds that there are a variety of different types of teams that operate in the sports context, including professional league teams, college teams, teams at the workplace, volunteer teams and coaching teams.Originality/value – This editorial provides an overview of this special issue, which comprises eight original papers that are best practice examples of the latest developments in the research on teams in the sports context. Each of these articles is briefly discussed in terms of its contribution to the literature.
Undamping of acoustic plasmons in nonequilibrium plasmas.

Intraband pair excitation and plasmon spectra of nonequilibrium plasmas are analyzed using the dynamic dielectric function in the random-phase approximation. Nonequilibrium conditions are identified for which the Landau damping of acoustic plasmons vanishes. This acoustic-plasmon undamping is discussed for two-component plasmas and for one-component plasmas with a double-peaked distribution in momentum space.
Time for auditory processing of object names by aphasics.

Abstract Ten Wernicke's and ten Broca's aphasics were compared with normal controls and brain-damaged nonaphasics with respect to the time required for the auditory decoding of object names. This value was obtained by using a subtraction method with two reaction time determinations, one of which included an auditory processing phase while the other did not. The overall mean of approximately 200 msec for Broca's aphasics did not differ significantly from the normal, while the mean of 650 msec for the Wernicke aphasics was much slower. All groups responded more quickly to high-frequency than low-frequency words and all but the Wernicke aphasics improved in the second trial block over their performance in the first trial block.
A Preparation of Enantiomerically Enriched Axially Chiral β-Diketimines: Synthesis of (−)- and (+)-IAN Amine

The preparation of an enantiomerically enriched β-diketimine composed of isoquinoline and 2-aminonaphthalene (IAN amine) is described, thereby offering new opportunities in the synthesis of nonracemic β-diketimine- and pyridine-based chiral catalysts.
Breaking the letter vs. spirit of the law: How the interpretation of contract violations affects trust and the management of relationships

Contract violations are ubiquitous. There has been little attention, however, dedicated to understanding the mechanisms involved in making sense of and addressing such occurrences. Two experimental studies investigated how people interpret contract violations and how these interpretations affect trust and the management of relationships. By drawing on the distinction between violations of the letter versus spirit of the law, we show that letter violations are more difficult to overcome than spirit violations, due to higher perceived intentionality. These effects generalized across different populations, levels of contracting experience, types of contracting contexts, levels of ambiguity within the contract, and degrees of contract complexity. The results yield important implications for understanding contract violations, trust, and organizational responses as a relationship management capability.