cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Study of Flood Mitigation and Hazard Management at the Texas Medical Center in the Wake of Tropical Storm Allison in 2001

AbstractBetween June 5 and 9, 2001, Tropical Storm Allison dropped upwards of 50 cm (20 in.) of rain on the Texas Medical Center (TMC) in Houston, causing the worst urban flood in U.S. history. The unprecedented rainfall event flooded hospitals, labs, underground tunnels and garages, and power stations, and resulted in excess of $1.5 billion in damages and the loss of decades of medical research. Tropical Storm Allison served as a severe wake-up call to management at the TMC. In response, they developed a hazard mitigation plan (HMP) to minimize the impact of natural and artificial hazards on the TMC campus and its member institutions in the future. Today, the TMC is the premier example of a world-class institution that has a working hazard mitigation plan. This paper discusses the impacts of Tropical Storm Allison (2001) to the TMC and the measures officials have taken to protect and upgrade the flood infrastructure as an example of hazard management for other large, vulnerable institutions.
DIFFERENT SIGNALING MECHANISMS MEDIATE BRADYKININ (BK)-INDUCED VASORELAXATION IN ISOLATED, NEWBORN PULMONARY RESISTANCE VESSELS (PRV) VS. CONDUCTANCE VESSELS. • 1460

DIFFERENT SIGNALING MECHANISMS MEDIATE BRADYKININ (BK)-INDUCED VASORELAXATION IN ISOLATED, NEWBORN PULMONARY RESISTANCE VESSELS (PRV) VS. CONDUCTANCE VESSELS. • 1460
Current Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Pain

Advances in basic and clinical research have greatly expanded the options for analgesic pharmacotherapy. There are three broad categories of analgesic medications: (1) nonopioid analgesics, which includes the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, dipyrone, and others; (2) a diverse group of drugs known as the "adjuvant analgesics," which are defined as "drugs that have primary indications other than pain but may be analgesic in selected circumstances;" and (3) opioid analgesics. The advent of highly selective COX-2 inhibitors has generated excitement because of the possibility that these new NSAIDs will be much safer than previous COX inhibitors. However, the cost-benefit of using these relatively more expensive drugs versus other NSAIDs plus gastro-protective therapies needs to be determined. Adjuvant analgesics can be grouped into four major classes according to their use: multipurpose, neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, and cancer pain. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of these drugs during the past two decades and they now play an important role in the management of chronic pain. Pain specialists are now using opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain in addition to the traditional use for acute and cancer pain. This change in practice evolved from recognition that selected patients with chronic noncancer-related pain can experience sustained analgesia and function better with these drugs, without developing an addictive disorder. The combination of opioids and other drugs, such as an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist, may improve the balance between analgesia and adverse effects.
Torsional strength reduction due to cortical defects in bone

This study correlated torsional strength reduction with circular defect size in cortical bone, to define the "stress riser" and "open-section" effect of the defects. The experimental model was developed and verified. Circular defects from 10 to 60% of bone diameter were then created in paired sheep femora and the bones loaded to failure. Contrary to theory, this experimental study suggests that small defects (10%) of bone diameter cause no significant torsional strength reduction. A 20% defect caused a 34% decrease in strength, representing the "stress riser" dimension. Defects between 20 and 60% of bone diameter decreased strength linearly as a function of defect size, and thus no discrete "open section" dimension was identified. For circular defects, we were unable to demonstrate a discrete "open-section" effect at which dramatic strength reduction is observed. These data may prove to be helpful when planning surgery that involves placing defects in bone such as for infection, biopsy, and prosthesis removal. The accepted guideline to avoid defects of greater than 50% of the bone diameter may be too great. Our data reveal this 62% reduction in torque strength and 88% energy to failure exist with a 50% circular defect.
Bone metastasis associated with shunt-related peritoneal deposits from a pineal germinoma. Case report and review of the literature.

The case of a 15-year-old boy with a pineal germinoma is reported. The patient first underwent a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt followed by a stereotactic biopsy, then, because of the rapidly deteriorating neurological status, an emergency craniotomy with subtotal removal of the tumour was performed. Two months after surgery, a left femoral metastasis and extensive peritoneal lesions became evident; they were regarded as due to haematogenous and VP shunt spread of the germinoma. At that time, extremely high serum levels of placental alkaline phosphatase were detected. The patient died 6 months after the inital diagnosis. The occurrence of extraneural metastases as well as of shunt related peritoneal deposits from primary intracranial germinoma is discussed. As far as we know this is the first reported case of a combination of haematogenous as well as VP shunt spread of a pineal germinoma.
Fair Share: Siting Noxious Facilities as a Risk Distribution Game under Nontransferable Utility

Abstract The search for equitable solutions to the siting of noxious facilities has long been an unresolved problem, theoretically and politically. Common prescriptions often involve compensating host communities. In this article, we address the case when compensation is not an option, or when we are unable to translate risk into a common measure of utility. We propose a new analytic for finding equity-based fair-share distributions of risk, which translates directly to mixed siting strategies. In order to do this, we employ a new general solution concept for n -person bargaining games under nontransferable utility. We discuss conditions under which the existence of such solutions can be proven. Last, we illustrate the solution concept with application to the LANCER project, a controversial municipal incinerator originally proposed for East Los Angeles, comparing results obtained with the (Ntu)Shapley value with the actual proposal. Finally, we point out that solutions will involve risk elimination, not just redistribution per se, but we need both, and to talk of one without the other is at times unjust, at times ineffectual, and often both.
For Love or Money? The Influence of Personal Resources and Environmental Resource Pressures on Human Mate Preferences

A growing body of evidence shows that human mating preferences, like those of other animal species, can vary geographically. For example, women living in areas with a high cost of living have been shown to seek potential mates that can provide resources (e.g., large salaries). In this study, we present data from a large (N = 2944) nationally representative (United States) sample of Internet dating profiles. The profiles allowed daters’ to report their own income and the minimum income they desired in a dating partner, and we analyzed these data at the level of zip code. Our analysis shows that women engage in more resource seeking than men. We also find a positive relationship between cost of living in the dater’s zip code and resource seeking among both men and women. Importantly, however, this relationship disappears if one’s own income is accounted for in the analysis; that is, individuals of both sexes seek mates with an income similar to their own, regardless of local resource pressures. Our data highlight the importance of considering individual characteristics when measuring the effects of environmental factors on behavior.
Taurine concentrations in serum of critically injured patients and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects.

Sulfur-containing amino acid concentrations were measured in serum of nine previously healthy adult trauma patients after 7 d of taurine-free parenteral nutrition and were compared with fasting serum concentrations in age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Serum taurine concentra- tions in the patient group were depressed by 60% relative to control values (P < 0.05) whereas serum methionine concen- trations were significantly higher in the patient group. Serum cysteine concentrations were not significantly different be- tween the two groups. This early decline in serum taurine con- centrations in unsupplemented trauma patients suggests that taurine may be essential in the post-injury state. Am J C/in Nutr l990;52:657-60. A conditional taurine deficiency in adults, aside from its p0- tential cholestatic effect, might also promote the gallbladder sludging characteristic of acalculous cholecystitis, and eventu- ally even frank cholelithiasis. This hypothesis would only be tenable if serum taurine concentrations diminished soon after the institution of PN because acalculous cholecystitis often arises early in the course of PN in acutely injured patients. To date studies have only investigated taurine concentrations in adult patients receiving long-term PN (14, 15). This study was designed to further elucidate the possible relationship of tau- rime deficiency and PN-related biliary disease in critically ill patients by measuring serum taurine concentrations in these patients after 1 wk of PN.
Rigorous verification, validation, uncertainty quantification and certification through concentration-of-measure inequalities

We apply concentration-of-measure inequalities to the quantification of uncertainties in the performance of engineering systems. Specifically, we envision uncertainty quantification in the context of certification, i.e., as a tool for deciding whether a system is likely to perform safely and reliably within design specifications. We show that concentration-of-measure inequalities rigorously bound probabilities of failure and thus supply conservative certification criteria. In addition, they supply unambiguous quantitative definitions of terms such as margins, epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties, verification and validation measures, confidence factors, and others, as well as providing clear procedures for computing these quantities by means of concerted simulation and experimental campaigns. We also investigate numerically the tightness of concentration-of-measure inequalities with the aid of an imploding ring example. Our numerical tests establish the robustness and viability of concentration-of-measure inequalities as a basis for certification in that particular example of application.
Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires

Abstract A series of measurements designed to investigate the heat feedback in pool fires burning liquid fuels are reported. Such measurements are essential for the development and validation of detailed models which predict the burning rate of liquid hydrocarbons and solid polymers. The radial variation of the local radiative and local net heat flux incident on the surface of 0.30 m diameter pool fires were measured. A water-cooled, nitrogen purged, narrow view-angle gauge was developed to measure the radiative flux incident on the fuel surface. Measurements of the mass burning rate in a burner composed of annular rings was used to estimate the local heat feedback. A number of different fuels were studied, yielding flames with a wide range of heat release rates and luminosities. Consideration of the heat balance for a control volume enclosing the liquid PPOI indicated that radiation was an important component of the heat feedback for non-luminous fires and a dominant component in luminous fires.
Egg pecking and discrimination by female and male Brown-headed Cowbirds

Brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) remove host eggs in conjunction with parasitism, and also peck and destroy host eggs and nestlings in nests they have apparently not parasitized. Egg and nestling destruction by Brown-headed Cowbirds has been hypothesized to force hosts to re-nest, providing cowbirds with a future opportunity to parasitize a nest. We examined the egg-pecking behavior of captive male and female Brown-headed Cowbirds by presenting them with nests containing plaster eggs resembling a parasitized host nest to determine how often this behavior occurs. There was no significant difference in the number of female (67 %) and male (42 %) cowbirds that pecked both egg types, but females pecked more eggs than males, and both were more likely to peck host eggs than cowbird eggs. Our results demonstrate that both females and males peck eggs, and suggest that parasites may have an even greater effect on hosts than previously realized.
the direction of local-level conflict in two Arab villages in Israel

This paper focuses on intracommunity conflict. I argue that there has been a change from corporate-based to faction-based conflict as a result of changes in the political and economic environment of Arab villages in Israel and the policy of the Israeli regime.
The real-space power spectrum of the PSCz survey from 0.01 to 300 h Mpc−1

We report a measurement of the real-space (not redshift-space) power spectrum of galaxies over four and a half decades of wavenumber, 0.01 to 300 h Mpc - 1 , from the IRAS Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey (PSCz). Sinceestimates of power are highly correlated in the non-linear regime, we also report results for the pre-whitened power spectrum, which is less correlated. The inferred bias between optically selected APM and IRAS-selected PSCz galaxies is about 1.15 at linear scales ≤0.3 h Mpc - 1 , increasing to about 1.4 at non-linear scales ≥1 h Mpc - 1 . The non-linear power spectrum of PSCz shows a near power-law behaviour to the smallest scales measured, with possible mild upward curvature in the broad vicinity of k 2 h Mpc - 1 . Contrary to the prediction of unbiased dark matter models, there is no prominent inflection at the linear to non-linear transition scale, and no turnover at the transition to the virialized regime. The non-linear power spectrum of PSCz requires scale-dependent bias: all Dark Matter models without scale-dependent bias are ruled out with high confidence.
Information Technology in Education: The Need for a Critical Examination of Popular Assumptions

The field of information technology in education is currently in a stage that is characterized by the presence of certain assumptions that are taken for granted and seldom questioned. This article presents some of those assumptions and presents reasons why they should be questioned. The article explores reasons that may explain why these assumptions have come to be regarded as established facts. The article concludes that it may be wise for the field to move back toward empiricism and objectivity.
The pharmacological activity of nicotine and nornicotine on nAChRs subtypes: relevance to nicotine dependence and drug discovery

Cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use deliver an array of pharmacologically active alkaloids, including nicotine and ultimately various metabolites of these substances. While nornicotine is a significant component in tobacco as well as a minor systemic metabolite of nicotine, nornicotine appears to be N-demethylated locally in the brain where it accumulates at relatively high levels after chronic nicotine administration. We have now examined the effects of nornicotine on specific combinations of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes and compared these responses to those evoked by acetylcholine and nicotine. Of the nAChR subtypes studied, we have found that alpha7 receptors are very responsive to nornicotine (EC50 approximately 17 micromol/L I(max) 50%, compared with acetylcholine (ACh)). nAChRs containing the ligand-binding domain of the alpha6 subunits (in the form of an alpha6/alpha3 chimera) are also strongly responsive to nornicotine (EC50 approximately 4 micromol/L I(max) 50%, compared with ACh). Alpha7-type nAChRs have been suggested to be potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and possibly other pathologies. nAChRs containing alpha6 subunits have been suggested to have a role in nicotine-evoked dopamine release. Thus, understanding the actions of nornicotine in the brain may have significance for both emerging therapeutics and the management of nicotine dependence.
Solving inverse problems using Bayesian modeling to incorporate information sources

Inverse problems have been considered unmanageable because they are often ill-posed, i.e., the statement of the problem does not thoroughly constrain the solution space. The authors propose taking advantage of this lack of information by adding additional informative constraints to the problem solution using Bayesian methodology. Bayesian modeling gains much of its power from its ability to isolate and incorporate causal models as conditional probabilities. As causal models are accurately represented by forward models, the authors propose converting implicit functional models into data driven forward models represented by neural networks, to be used as engines in a Bayesian modeling setting. Satellite remote sensing problems afford numerous opportunities for inclusion of ground truth information, prior probabilities, noise distributions, and other informative constraints within a Bayesian probabilistic framework. The authors apply these methods to an artificial satellite remote sensing problem, comparing the performance to a previously published method of iterative inversion of neural networks. >
Applications of digital shearography for testing of composite structures

This paper reviews shearography and its applications for testing of composite structures. Shearography is a laser-based technique for full-field measurement of surface deformation. Unlike holography, it does not require special vibration isolation; hence it can be employed in field/factory environments. The technique has already received considerable industrial acceptance for nondestructive testing of composite structures. In this application shearography reveals defects in an object by looking for defect-induced deformation anomalies. Other applications include strain measurement, material characterization, residual stress evaluation, vibration studies and 3-D shape measurement.
Educating for Financial Literacy: A Case Study With a Sociocultural Lens

This study explored the teaching and learning in an adult financial literacy education program aimed specifically at Latina single mothers to understand the influence of sociocultural factors in this setting. Informed by critical and Latina feminist sociocultural adult learning perspectives and the transtheoretical model of behavior change, special interest was paid to the pedagogical approaches and the role that ethnicity, gender, and the Latino culture played in the teaching and learning process. Data from educator and learner interviews, class observations, and document analysis revealed three main insights: (a) the program uses a holistic approach to financial education, emphasizing community leadership and creating a cultural community of support for the learners; (b) the pedagogy emphasizes both content and process, emphasizing learner needs to create this supportive community and deliver the financial content; and (c) the promotion of financial behavior change motivates learners to make changes.
Trajectory anonymization from a time series perspective

In a world of constant technological evolution, the expansion of location tracking technologies is a fact. Most of us may have a device which can tell us our location with more or less accuracy. Most of those devices collect our location information and, usually, the trajectories we make. Publishing this information is essential for companies to improve their marketing strategies, for the traffic department in order to have some control about the traffic, and for many other entities. With the publishment of this information an important problem arises, the privacy. On the literature, many approaches to trajectory protection are provided. We contribute to the scene providing a framework with a protection method and measures for both the computation of the perturbation added to the data, and the risk of linking a protected trajectory to its original.
Tampon Use in Young Women

Objective To study the prevalence of tampon use among young females, the factors and persons influencing this choice, the role of primary care physicians, and the potential association of tampon use with sexually transn1itted diseases and urinary tract infections.
Permeability of the integument of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to water, sodium, and bromide

Mean water movements across the double chitin membrane of the Limulus gill are 5,000–7,000 μmoles/cm2 · h. The carapace is much less permeable to water than the gill; this difference is probably due primarily to the greater thickness of the carapace. Variations in serum sodium concentration due to salinity changes do not affect the rates of water diffusion across the gills or carapace. The cause of a substantial variation between individuals in integumental water permeability is unknown. The sodium influx across the carapace of Limulus (0.7–1.6 μmoles/cm2 · h) is only a fraction that of the unidirectional water flux under the same conditions (0.5 M NaCl on both sides). This difference may be attributed to the greater size of the sodium ion in solution. There is no apparent effect of variations in carapace thickness on the sodium influx. The double chitin gill membrane is similarly low in sodium and bromide permeability (about 0.5–0.6 μmole/cm2 · h). Thus it appears that the gills may have a relatively passive role in ionic regulation. Their low rates of ionic diffusion help to restrict the loss or intake of salts as the salinity changes. However, the high gill permeability to water must pose a severe problem for an animal coping with changes in external salinity.
An Exact Matching Approach for High Throughput Sequencing Based on BWT and GPUs

In recent years, Burrows-Wheeler Transformation (BWT) has become a popular method for sequence alignment in bioinformatics applications. Several multithreaded programs such Bowtie, BWA and SOAP2 are developed to make DNA sequencing fast. However, as the requests from patients grow extremely fast, current machines for analysis, most of which are CPUs, becomes more incapable in providing sufficient computational powers. In 2010, the graphics card company NVIDIA released its new Fermi architecture and several series of brands to meet the need for general-purpose parallel computing, which provide dozens to hundreds time of computation power increase compared to single CPU. In this paper, Burrows-Wheeler Transformation (BTW) is analyzed thoroughly and several optimizations are proposed for exact sequence matching. Also, efficient High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) models on both CPU and GPU are developed for practical applications. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our algorithm and the great potentials of GPUs in the sequence alignment area.
Morphogenesis of Drosophila ovarian ring canals

We analyzed the structure of cytoplasmic bridges called ring canals in Drosophila egg chambers. Two mutations, hu-li tai shao (hts) and kelch, disrupt normal ring canal development. We raised antibodies against the carboxy-terminal tail of hts and found that they recognize a protein that localizes specifically to ring canals very early in ring canal assembly. Accumulation of filamentous actin on ring canals coincides with the appearance of the hts protein. kelch, which is localized to the ring canals hours after hts and actin, is necessary for maintaining a highly ordered ring canal rim since kelch mutant egg chambers have ring canals that are obstructed by disordered actin and hts. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies immunostain ring canals beginning early in the germarium before hts and actin and throughout egg chamber development. The use of antibody reagents to analyze the structure of wild-type and mutant ring canals has shown that ring canal development is a dynamic process of cytoskeletal protein assembly, possibly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation of some ring canal components.
Evidence of eosinophil granule major basic protein in human placenta.

A protein immunochemically related to the eosinophil granule major basic protein (gMBP) is found in increased concentration in the plasma of pregnant women and has been localized to placental trophoblasts by immunofluorescence. Pregnancy MBP (pMBP) is indistinguishable from gMBP in its reactivity with polyclonal antisera and a panel of 14 mouse mAbs. We report the purification of pMBP from human placenta by: (a) affinity chromatography over mAb immobilized on Sepharose, (b) gel filtration in 6 M guanidine.HCl buffer, and (c) reversed-phase HPLC. Purified pMBP and gMBP are biochemically indistinguishable in that both: (a) bind to DNA, (b) polymerize and bind to carrier proteins via disulfide linkages, (c) have a molecular weight of 14,000, (d) have isoelectric points greater than 10.6, (e) comigrate in two-dimensional gels, (f) coelute during reversed-phase HPLC on C18 columns, (g) have identical peptide maps after three different digestions, and (h) have partial amino acid sequence identity. This physicochemical identity has important implications as to the role of pMBP in human placentation.
Body Weight Support Treadmill and Overground Ambulation Training for Two Patients With Chronic Disability Secondary to Stroke

Background and Purpose. Body weight support (BWS) treadmill training has recently been shown to be effective for gait training following stroke, but few researchers have measured the usefulness of this intervention in enhancing function, and there are no reports in which BWS overground ambulation was studied. The purposes of this case report were (1) to report the feasibility and patient tolerance for using a BWS system for overground ambulation, (2) to measure the function of patients with chronic stroke (2 years post-stroke) prior to and following BWS treadmill and overground ambulation training, and (3) to describe a protocol used for patient treatment progression using BWS treadmill training. Case Descriptions. The participants were 2 women, aged 87 and 93 years, who had strokes more than 2 years before data collection. A 10-m timed walk test, the Berg Balance Scale, the gait portion of the Tinetti Gait and Balance Assessment, and a measure of step length were administered. Intervention consisted of BWS ambulation training 3 times a week for 6 to 7 weeks. Each day there was BWS treadmill and overground training. Outcomes. Participant A improved most in 10-m walking time and Berg Balance Scale score. Participant B exhibited improvements in step length and 10-m walking time. Discussion. The outcomes suggest that very old patients with chronic functional deficits secondary to cerebrovascular accident tolerated BWS treadmill and overground ambulation training and made improvements following this intervention.
D Cyclins in CD5+ B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D2 Identify Diagnostic Groups and Cyclin D1 Correlates With ZAP-70 Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

We analyzed protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and cyclin D3 using high-resolution enzymatic amplification staining and flow cytometry in the neoplastic cells from 80 patients with CD5+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. The D cyclins were expressed differentially in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with strong staining of cyclin D1 and D2 in MCL, strong staining of cyclin D1 but weak staining of cyclin D2 in 4 of 5 PLLs, and low-level staining for both cyclins in most CLLs. No correlation between cyclin D1 and D2 and growth rates or CD38 expression was observed. However, cyclin D1 levels were significantly higher in ZAP-70+ CLL cases, although no association between ZAP-70 and cyclin D2 was detected. The results indicate that flow cytometric analysis of D cyclins may help in classification of CD5+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are related clonal CD5+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with overlapping clinical, morphologic, and phenotypic features. 1-17 Although criteria for differentiating these tumors and identifying prognostic features exist, 1-8 classification by current methods is difficult owing to subjectivity in the morphologic evaluation, variability within the diagnostic categories, inconsistencies in the expected antigen expression profile, and insen
Integrating pedagogical code reviews into a CS 1 course: an empirical study

Formal code inspections are employed by teams of professional software engineers to identify software defects and improve the quality of software. After reviewing a piece of code individually, members of an inspection team come together to log the issues they have found, and to find new ones. Within the scope of a multi-institutional research project to adapt, refine, and evaluate studio-based learning methods in computing education, we are developing an adaptation of the formal code inspection called the pedagogical code review for use in lower-division computer science courses. In a pedagogical code review, a group of three to four students, led by a trained moderator, (a) walk through segments of each other's programming assignments, (b) check the code against a list of best coding practices, and (c) discuss and log issues that arise. We implemented pedagogical code inspections in three lab sessions of a CS 1 course. Through an analysis of inspection logs and exit surveys, we compiled evidence that the reviews improved the quality of students' code, stimulated increasingly sophisticated discussions of programming issues and practices, and promoted a sense of community.
Discovery, Rationality, and Progress in Science: A Perspective in the Philosophy of Science

If we examine some relatively sophisticated area of science at a particular stage of its development, we find that a certain body of information is, at that stage, taken to be an object for investigation. On a general level, we need only think of the subject-matters called ‘electricity’, ‘magnetism’, ‘light’, or ‘chemistry’; but both within and outside such standard fields, there are more specific examples — such as, for instance, what are taken to be subfields of the preceding subjects. Further, those general subjects themselves are, in many cases, considered to be related in certain ways. (For example, in the nineteenth century, reasons accumulated for believing that electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and light were related, and in such a manner that it was reasonable to search for a common account of all these subjects.) I will refer to such bodies of related items as domains, though we will find that, in the sense in which this concept will prove helpful in understanding the enterprise of science, more is involved than the mere relatedness of items.
Real-time video imaging of gas plumes using a DMD-enabled full-frame programmable spectral filter

Programmable spectral filters based on digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are typically restricted to imaging a 1D line across a scene, analogous to conventional "push-broom scanning" hyperspectral imagers. In previous work, however, we demonstrated that, by placing the diffraction grating at a telecentric image plane rather than at the more conventional location in collimated space, a spectral plane can be created at which light from the entire 2D scene focuses to a unique location for each wavelength. A DMD placed at this spectral plane can then spectrally manipulate an entire 2D image at once, enabling programmable matched filters to be applied to real-time video imaging. We have adapted this concept to imaging rapidly evolving gas plumes. We have constructed a high spectral resolution programmable spectral imager operating in the shortwave infrared region, capable of resolving the rotational-vibrational line structure of several gases at sub-nm spectral resolution. This ability to resolve the detailed gas-phase line structure enables implementation of highly selective filters that unambiguously separate the gas spectrum from background spectral clutter. On-line and between-line multi-band spectral filters, with bands individually weighted using the DMD's duty-cycle-based grayscale capability, are alternately uploaded to the DMD, the resulting images differenced, and the result displayed in real time at rates of several frames per second to produce real-time video of the turbulent motion of the gas plume.
An Agent-based Modeling Approach to Simulate the Influence of Consumer Behavior on Infrastructure Performance for Urban Water Reclamation Management

Water reuse introduces new interconnections among urban water infrastructure services. For both decentralized and centralized systems, water recycling influences the burden on the stormwater, wastewater, and drinking water systems. Reductions in drinking water demands, caused by an uptake in water reuse, can cause changes in system pressures and new hydraulic conditions in the network. The proposed research will explore the interconnections among urban water infrastructure for water reuse strategies and develop a new agent-based modeling framework to simulate the interactions among consumer behaviors, water reuse technologies, and existing water supply infrastructure. An agent-based model of consumers will be coupled with water infrastructure systems models, and both the water distribution system and water reclamation system infrastructure will be simulated using EPANET. Each agent, representing a household, will be associated with a node in the drinking water system where its demand is exerted. As agents adopt reclaimed water, demand inputs to the drinking water model and reclamation system model are updated accordingly. The framework will be used to simulate the emergence of the adoption of water reclamation and infrastructure performance based on metrics, including extreme pressures, changes in flows, and utilization of existing capacity.
Ataraxia: Happiness as Tranquillity

In this paper I would like to examine a conception of happiness that seems to have become popular after the time of Plato and Aristotle: tran quillity or, as one might also say, peace of mind. This conception is in teresting for two reasons: first, because it seems to come from outside the tradition that began with Plato or Socrates, second, because it is the only conception of eudaimonia in Greek ethics that identifies happiness with a state of mind and makes it depend entirely on a person's attitude or beliefs. In this way it may be closer to more recent ideas about happiness, notably those of utilitarians who treat "happiness" as a synonym of "pleasure," than to the classical Greek conceptions of the good life. For Plato and Aristotle (and in fact for the Hellenistic philosophers too, including the hedonist Epicurus) the happy life certainly had to be pleasant or enjoyable, but they did not think that happiness itself consisted in being pleased with one's life. As the (somewhat unorthodox) Stoic Seneca puts it, "it is not that virtue is chosen because it pleases, but that, if chosen, it also pleases."1 I will argue that tranquillity was in fact not a serious contender for the posi tion of ultimate good in ancient times. Greek theories of happiness from Plato to Epicurus were attempts to spell out what sort of a life one would have to lead in order to have good reasons for feeling tranquil or contented; they were not recipes for reaching a certain state of mind. Looking at the case of tranquillity will show, I think, that modern philosophers interested in questions about the good life might be well advised to follow the lead of their ancient predecessors. I have chosen the term 'tranquillity' to represent what is in fact a family of Greek terms because the Latin word 'tranquillitas' is Cicero's and Seneca's translation of Democritus' euthymia,2 and I believe that the use of this concept in ethics goes back to him. As Seneca remarks (tranqu. 2.3), 'tranquillitas' is not a literal rendering of euthymia, which means something like cheerfulness or being in good spirits, but he thinks this word best cap tures the sense of the Greek term. In fact, 'tranquillitas' is probably closer in meaning to the Greek ataraxia (literally, freedom from trouble or anxie ty), a term which seems to have been used interchangeably with euthymia and which became the favored technical term in early Hellenistic times. It may have been the only one for Epicurus, the early Stoics, and the Pyr rhonists, until the Stoic Panaetius (2nd century B.C.) rediscovered
Work wisdom: Teaching former prisoners how to negotiate workplace interactions and perform a rehabilitated self

Drawing on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork at a community-based prisoner reentry program, this article investigates how staff members attempt to cultivate former prisoners’ cultural capital ...
Systematic thematic review of e-health research in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Arabian Gulf): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates:

Introduction The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC or 'Arabian Gulf'), comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, is a political organization sharing a common history and culture. All GCC nations have made substantial investments in telecommunications and electronic health infrastructure since 2000. Methods We conducted a literature search in English and Arabic on peer-reviewed e-health research up to December 2014 originating in the GCC. The objective was to retrieve all research on e-health in the GCC and to categorize and analyse it qualitatively to reveal the current state of e-health research and development in the region. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed articles, books, book chapters, conference papers and graduate theses written on e-health in the GCC. Blogs, health websites and non-peer-reviewed literature were excluded. Results Three hundred and six articles were retrieved, categorized and analysed qualitatively to reveal the state of e-health research in the GCC. Both country-specific and GCC-wide major themes were identified using NVivo 10.0 qualitative software and summarized. The most common type of study was an overview (35.0%), with common study designs of case studies (26.8%) and descriptive articles (46.4%). Significant themes were: prospective national benefits from e-health, implementation and satisfaction with electronic health records, online technologies in medical education, innovative systems (case studies), and information security and personal health information. Discussion This is the first comprehensive analytical literature review of e-health in the GCC. Important research gaps were identified: few cost-benefit analyses, controlled interventional studies, or research targeting gender and religious issues were retrieved.
Ethical Considerations Related to Impaired Driving After Orthopaedic Injuries

A 35-year-old man sustained a right trimalleolar ankle fracture after a fall. He was treated uneventfully with open reduction and internal fixation. At his first postoperative appointment, he was transitioned out of a splint to a controlled ankle movement walking boot and was instructed to remain non-weight-bearing. The patient expressed relief to be out of the splint because he could now return to his job as a commercial bus driver. When the physician explained to the patient that he was not yet ready to drive, the patient reported that he had been driving with the splint in place and needed to work for the income. Despite the physician’s insistence that it would be unsafe to drive, the patient was emphatic that he must return to work. The physician understood the patient’s desire to drive, but was worried about the patient’s safety and the safety of others. Impaired driving is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Accidents involving alcohol-impaired drivers were responsible for 10,076 deaths in 20131. Although driving under the influence of psychoactive substances constitutes the primary type of driving impairment, many other conditions (e.g., visual impairment, dementia, and seizure disorders) can cause impaired driving. Orthopaedic injuries can likewise cause impaired driving. Lower-extremity injuries and surgical procedures slow brake-reaction times2. It generally takes 9 weeks after an ankle-fracture surgical procedure for brake-reaction times to return to normal3 and 6 weeks for brake-reaction times to normalize after the initiation of weight-bearing after major lower-extremity trauma4. Brake-reaction times are also substantially impaired with knee or ankle immobilization5. In this case scenario, the patient intended to resume driving against medical advice, despite the inherent dangers. This scenario raises several ethical concerns related to autonomy, confidentiality, and safety. The ethical …
A quantitative case study on students' strategy for using authorized cheat-sheets

Traditional formal tests are usually given in a time-limited, closed book/notes style because instructors believe this approach measures students' learning. Nonetheless, other researchers argue that there are better alternatives and allowing students to use authorized cheat-sheets is one of them. The most important reason for allowing cheat-sheets is to help students to focus more on greater understanding and deeper learning. However, some researchers have questioned the efficacy of authorized cheat-sheets in formal exams. While it might be true, in some cases, that authorized cheat-sheets function like “crutches” in exams, we should not ignore that they are also learning tools. To make the cheat-sheets, students need to read the class material, process information actively, and select, organized, prioritize the content for the cheat-sheets. Our earlier research showed that in an undergraduate engineering course, the quality of students' cheat-sheet is strongly positively correlated with the students' performance on the exams. Moreover, the quality of the cheat-sheets improved through the sequence of exams during the semester and the students' grades did likewise. In this research, we collected more than 300 cheat-sheets from two sections of a graduate course on the same subject as our previous research. The class design of the graduate level course is similar to the undergraduate one but it covers more conceptually difficult topics at a greater depth including theory and proofs. We use the same cheat-sheet rating scheme and compare the quality of graduate students' cheat-sheets with the undergraduate students' on multiple dimensions including density, organization, number of sample answers, number of formulas and number of graph representations. We discovered significant differences between the graduate and undergraduate students' use of and how to best create authorized cheat-sheets and formulate useful directives.
Tripping of a Hypersonic Low-Reynolds-Number Boundary Layer

An array of NASA-designed diamond-shaped trips was employed to induce transition of a low-Reynolds-number (Reθ=3600) Mach 5.65 laminar boundary layer. The purpose was to quantify the flow structure of a low-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer that was accessible to high-fidelity numerical simulation. The transition process and subsequent turbulent boundary layer were experimentally examined using hot-wire anemometry, pitot pressure probes, schlieren photography, and surface oilflow visualization. Downstream of the trips, peak disturbances near the boundary-layer edge were observed to grow in amplitude in the axial direction. By the aft measurement location (x/δ0=78), the energy was distributed across the boundary layer, indicating breakdown to turbulence. A spectral peak near 58 kHz was observed in the tripped flows at all measurement locations, which indicated the presence of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Compressibility scaling of the velocity was found to collapse the sub- and log-layer region d...
Robust Techniques in Communication

Publisher Summary One of the tasks of an engineer is to adapt ideas and results from other disciplines to his problems. The research of the last decade on statistical robustness provides a course of inquiry we have been attempting to focus on the problems faced by the communications engineer. In this paper we concentrate on two areas where robust ideas have been applied: estimation, and detection. Throughout the paper, we use the minmax notion of robustness. We will be searching for the distribution least favorable for the class of distributions specified by our partial knowledge of the state of nature and correspondingly the statistical procedure providing the greatest lower bound on performance over the admissible distributions.
Other Isms Due to Age, Language, Religion, and Region

Identities related to age, language (ESL), religion, and region are explored in order to demonstrate how to see the whole person who is complex with multiple identities that are interwoven, interdependent, and sociocultural context bound.
Impacting The Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis: A Report on the First Generation of Treated Patients (P5.030)

Objective: To add new outcomes data within this complex landscape and outline the associated difficulties in doing so. Background: Prior to the availability of disease modifying therapies (DMTs), the natural history of MS with regard to survival or attainment of accepted disability milestones was reported with a fairly wide variance. Design/Methods: Disability data were collected routinely on all newly diagnosed patients with bout onset MS (RMS) during the modern treatment era wherein patients were offered DMTs early in their disease. Survival statistics were applied using disability milestones. We compared results to previous studies, including patients not routinely offered DMTs, and newer studies of cohorts that are similar to ours concerning use of DMTs. Results: Average follow up from onset symptoms was 13.7 years. At years 5, 10, and 15 after onset, 26%, 39%, and 46% of patients reached EDSS (expanded disability status scale) 3.0, and 5%, 15% and 19% of patients reached EDSS 6.0. Estimated median survival was 10.7 years to reach EDSS 3.0, and was 18.1 years to reach EDSS 4. We found striking differences between our results and older data sets, and similar results to a few available modern datasets. Conclusions: According to this analysis of a treatment era dominated by the use of interferons and glatiramer, the long term prognosis of MS is improving. Study Supported by: Supported by the Department of Neurology, Allegheny General Hospital Disclosure: Dr. Scott has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Scott has received research support from Biogen, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Desai has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Genentech, Teva Neuroscience, Biogen, and Novartis. Dr. Hackett has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gettings has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hentosz holds stock and/or stock options in Mylan. Dr. Elmalik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schramke holds stock and/or stock options in Pfizer.