cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From farms to fuel tanks: Stakeholder framing contests and entrepreneurship in the emergent U.S. biodiesel market

Research Summary Although scholarship has demonstrated that market categories offer important signals to entrepreneurs about which goods and services are valued, little research has considered how entrepreneurs make sense of and exploit opportunities when contestation over category meaning persists. Using the emergent U.S. biodiesel market as a context, we present a framework to explain how the salience of different stakeholder frames shapes entrepreneurs' perceptions of market opportunities and influences their market‐entry strategies. By showing how framing contests affect entrepreneurial outcomes, this study illuminates the underlying cognitive mechanisms that impact market meaning and offers important implications for the literatures on entrepreneurship, market‐category evolution, framing contests, and grand challenges. Managerial Summary Entrepreneurs entering new markets must consider how their products or services create value for customers. What customers value, however, is often shaped by competition between different stakeholders who seek to define problems and appropriate solutions. We argue and find that competing stakeholders influence what becomes valued in the market and shape the technologies and products developed by entrepreneurs. From the perspective of those promoting new markets, market growth requires a balancing act between maintaining control over market definitions and attracting new customers. In growing a new market, entrepreneurs and market pioneers may unintentionally attract other stakeholders who seek to alter or redefine market meanings, which can drive demand away from initial producers, foster the development and adoption of unforeseen technologies, and facilitate market entry of diverse organizations.
Prospective serum metabolomic profiling of lethal prostate cancer.

Impaired metabolism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lethal prostate cancer, yet there is a paucity of evidence regarding the association. We conducted a large prospective serum metabolomic analysis of lethal prostate cancer in 523 cases and 523 matched controls nested within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study. Median time from baseline fasting serum collection to prostate cancer death was 18 years (maximum 30 years). We identified 860 known biochemicals through an ultrahigh-performance LC-MS/MS platform. Conditional logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals of risk associated with 1-standard deviation (s.d.) increases in log-metabolite signals. We identified 34 metabolites associated with lethal prostate cancer with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.15. Notably, higher serum thioproline, and thioproline combined with two other cysteine-related amino acids and redox metabolites, cystine and cysteine, were associated with reduced risk (1-s.d. OR = 0.75 and 0.71, respectively; p ≤ 8.2 × 10-5 ). By contrast, the dipeptide leucylglycine (OR = 1.36, p = 8.2 × 10-5 ), and three gamma-glutamyl amino acids (OR = 1.28-1.30, p ≤ 4.6 × 10-4 ) were associated with increased risk of lethal prostate cancer. Cases with metastatic disease at diagnosis (n = 179) showed elevated risk for several lipids, including especially the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), acyl carnitines, and dicarboxylic fatty acids (1.37 ≤ OR ≤ 1.49, FDR < 0.15). These findings provide a prospective metabolomic profile of lethal prostate cancer characterized by altered biochemicals in the redox, dipeptide, pyrimidine, and gamma-glutamyl amino acid pathways, whereas ketone bodies and fatty acids were associated specifically with metastatic disease.
Passive Interference Cancellation in a 2×2 STAR MIMO Antenna Network

Passive cancellation of self-interference and cross-interference is examined under simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) operation in a 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) node. Circularly-polarized antennas are connected to balanced feed networks for cancellation of the cross-interference created by the antenna-to-antenna coupling between the pair of transceiver antennas. A feedforward path connected between two transceivers in the MIMO node further improves the cancellation of the cross-interference. Measurement results from a two-antenna system with balanced feed networks show a total self-interference cancellation of over 40 dB and cross-interference cancellation of over 46 dB.
Mechanochemical C–H bond activation: Synthesis of the tuckover hydrides, (C5Me5)2Ln(μ-H)(μ-η1:η5-CH2C5Me4)Ln(C5Me5) from solvent-free reactions of (C5Me5)2Ln(μ-Ph)2BPh2 with KC5Me5

Abstract Attempts to synthesize the sterically crowded complexes (C5Me5)3Ln of the smallest lanthanide metals, Ln = Tm and Lu, from (C5Me5)2Ln(μ-Ph)2BPh2 and KC5Me5 via mechanochemical methods has revealed C–H bond activation chemistry: the tuckover hydride complexes, (C5Me5)2Ln(μ-H)(μ-η1:η5-CH2C5Me4)Ln(C5Me5), were observed in low crystalline yields. In the case of Ln = Yb, attempts to synthesize the cationic precursor, (C5Me5)2Yb(μ-Ph)2BPh2, from the reaction of (C5Me5)2Yb(η3-C3H5) and [HNEt3][BPh4] led to the reduction of the metal and the formation of the Yb(II) cationic complex, (C5Me5)Yb(μ-Ph)2BPh2.
Human Centered Cyber Situation Awareness

Cyber SA is described as the current and predictive knowledge of cyberspace in relation to the Network, Missions and Threats across friendly, neutral and adversary forces. While this model provides a good high-level understanding of Cyber SA, it does not contain actionable information to help inform the development of capabilities to improve SA. In this paper, we present a systematic, human-centered process that uses a card sort methodology to understand and conceptualize Senior Leader Cyber SA requirements. From the data collected, we were able to build a hierarchy of high- and low- priority Cyber SA information, as well as uncover items that represent high levels of disagreement with and across organizations. The findings of this study serve as a first step in developing a better understanding of what Cyber SA means to Senior Leaders, and can inform the development of future capabilities to improve their SA and Mission Performance.
Engineering uranyl-chelating peptides from NikR for electrochemical peptide-based sensing applications

Abstract We have, for the first time, designed three uranyl-chelating peptides by modeling after the uranyl binding pocket found in a mutated Ni(II)-dependent transcriptional repressor (NikR). All three thiolated and methylene blue (MB)-modified peptides, NikR-5, NikR-11, and NikR-15, contain the five core amino acids responsible for target recognition, but the two longer peptides have either one or two additional glycine residues in between the five amino acids. These three peptide probes were then used in the fabrication of electrochemical peptide-based (E-PB) uranyl ion (U(VI)) sensors, with the goal of elucidating the effects of the added glycine residues and probe flexibility on target recognition. The sensing mechanism is similar to other “signal-off” E-PB sensors, in which binding of the target rigidifies the probe, resulting in a decrease in the redox signal from the tethered MB label. Although all three sensors responded to U(VI), the NikR-15 sensor's behavior was irreproducible and thus precluded from the rest of the study. The NikR-11 sensor showed the largest response to U(VI), whereas the NikR-5 sensor showed higher specificity for U(VI). The limit of detection was 50 nM for both sensors, which is well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for uranium. Both sensors were further tested and proven functional in a 50% synthetic aquifer sample. Overall, the NikR-11 sensor, fabricated with the 11-amino acid probe, is deemed the optimal design. Incorporating glycine residues is a strategic way to lengthen the peptide slightly to improve target binding. This simple yet versatile approach to recreating binding pockets on electrode surfaces can potentially be employed in the design of other E-PB and surface-based metal ion sensors.
Deep learning for comprehensive ECG annotation.

Background Increasing utilization of long-term outpatient ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring continues to drive the need for improved ECG interpretation algorithms. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the BeatLogic® platform for ECG interpretation and to validate the platform using electrophysiologist-adjudicated real-world data and publicly available validation data. Methods Deep learning models were trained to perform beat and rhythm detection/classification using ECGs collected with the Preventice BodyGuardian® Heart monitor. Training annotations were created by certified ECG technicians, and validation annotations were adjudicated by a team of board-certified electrophysiologists. Deep learning model classification results were used to generate contiguous annotation results, and performance was assessed in accordance with the EC57 standard. Results On the real-world validation dataset, BeatLogic beat detection sensitivity and positive predictive value were 99.84% and 99.78%, respectively. Ventricular ectopic beat classification sensitivity and positive predictive value were 89.4% and 97.8%, respectively. Episode and duration F1 scores (range 0–100) exceeded 70 for all 14 rhythms (including noise) that were evaluated. F1 scores for 11 rhythms exceeded 80, 7 exceeded 90, and 5 including atrial fibrillation/flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular bigeminy, ventricular trigeminy, and third-degree heart block exceeded 95. Conclusion The BeatLogic platform represents the next stage of advancement for algorithmic ECG interpretation. This comprehensive platform performs beat detection, beat classification, and rhythm detection/classification with greatly improved performance over the current state of the art, with comparable or improved performance over previously published algorithms that can accomplish only 1 of these 3 tasks.
Chapter 27 – Hazardous Wastes

Publisher Summary The hazardous attributes of the waste are usually based on its inherent physicochemical properties, including its likelihood to ignite, explode, and react with water. The hazardous inherent properties of a waste can also be biological, such as the infectious nature of medical wastes, or a chemical compound that has been shown to elicit acute effects, for example skin irritations and chronic effects, such as cancer; harm to the endocrine, immune, or nervous system; interference with tissue development and reproduction; or mutations, birth defects, or other toxic endpoints. Hazardous waste management involves reducing the amount of hazardous substances produced, treating hazardous wastes to reduce their toxicity, and applying sound engineering controls to reduce or eliminate exposures to these wastes. Waste-treatment technologies include physical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treatment, incineration, and solidification or stabilization treatment. The selection of the most effective technology depends on the characteristics of the wastes being treated. Similarly, the characteristics of the media in need of treatment determine the performance of any contaminant treatment or control. These processes recycle and reuse waste materials, reduce the volume and toxicity of a waste stream, or produce a final residual material that is suitable for disposal.
Ischemic Brachial Plexopathy in an Adult Patient with Severe COVID-19: A Case Report

The clinical course of COVID-19 can get complicated by a wide range of neurological as well as thromboembolic incidents. Despite numerous guidelines recommending the use of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients, the compliance to it is poor, especially in developing countries. We report a case of an adult with severe COVID-19 whose clinical course was complicated by a sudden onset weakness and loss of sensation in his right upper extremity, with concomitant new onset blackish discoloration of one of his fingernails. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in platelet count when compared to his baseline. Based on clinical grounds, the diagnosis of ischemic brachial plexopathy was made after which the patient was started on low molecular weight heparin. Our case highlights the importance of strictly adhering to the recommendations on thromboprophylaxis, which might have averted this unfortunate incident had we followed it in our patient since his admission.
The effectiveness of protected areas in the context of decentralization

Abstract While protected areas (PA) remain a key conservation strategy globally, their performance is likely shaped by the socio-political context in which they exist. Although decentralization is a good example of such a contextual phenomenon in multiple locations globally, it is rare to find quantitative empirical analyses of how it moderates PA effectiveness. We evaluate how the decentralization in Indonesia (proxied by the introduction of direct elections, district head (bupati) change, and district splitting) influenced PA effectiveness between 2000 and 2008. Focusing on three outcomes - deforestation, forest fragmentation, and fires, we apply a quasi-experimental approach to a carefully constructed spatially explicit village-level panel dataset, combined with geospatial biophysical and physio-geographic data. We hypothesize that the moderating influence of decentralization on PA effectiveness depends on whether decentralization increased threats to forests, strengthened local accountability, or weakened enforcement. On average, we find direct elections improved the PA impact in terms of reducing deforestation in protected villages, but had no statistically significant effect on forest fragmentation, fires, or leakage. On average, we find district splitting increased forest fragmentation in the recently protected villages, but had no statistically significant impact on deforestation and fires. On average, we find the bupati change had no statistically discernible influence on PA impacts on deforestation, fragmentation or fires. Given the increasing threats to forests due to decentralization, these results imply that district splitting and the bupati change weakened enforcement inside PAs with regards to deforestation and forest fragmentation, in contrast to direct elections. By highlighting the potential channels through which decentralization in Indonesia impacted forests, we offer insights into the effectiveness of a common conservation policy in the country. Broadly, we contribute to the conservation impact evaluation literature by quantitatively examining how political economy influences the performance of conservation policies.
Application of a bioinformatic pipeline to RNA-seq data identifies novel virus-like sequence in human blood.

Numerous reports have suggested that infectious agents could play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, but specific etiological agents have not been convincingly demonstrated. To search for candidate agents in an unbiased fashion, we have developed a bioinformatic pipeline that identifies microbial sequences in mammalian RNA-seq data, including sequences with no significant nucleotide similarity hits in GenBank. Effectiveness of the pipeline was tested using publicly available RNA-seq data and in a reconstruction experiment using synthetic data. We then applied this pipeline to a novel RNA-seq dataset generated from a cohort of 120 samples from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and controls, and identified sequences corresponding to known bacteria and viruses, as well as novel virus-like sequences. The presence of these novel virus-like sequences, which were identified in subsets of both patients and controls, were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. We believe this pipeline will be a useful tool for the identification of potential etiological agents in the many RNA-seq data sets currently being generated.
Biomechanical Differences Between the Bulgarian Split-Squat and Back Squat

The Bulgarian split squat (BSS) is a unilateral lower extremity strength exercise; however, the mechanical demands have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle, knee, and hip joint net joint moment impulse (NJMI), work (NJW), peak net joint moment (NJM) and peak displacement between the BSS and traditional bilateral back squat (BS). Following a practice and 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) session, 2x3 BS (70% 1-RM) and BSS (35% 1-RM) were completed by twenty resistance trained males (24.20 ± 2.50 yrs, 1.76 ± 0.06m, 85.3 ± 13.90 kg). Significant squat type x joint interactions were revealed for NJMI (p < 0.001), NJW (p < 0.001), peak NJM (p < 0.001), and peak displacement (p = 0.011). For both squats, hip NJMI, NJW, and peak NJM was significantly greater than both ankle (d = 5.50-9.40) and knee (d = 7.50-8.50). While knee NJMI (d = 2.80) and peak NJM (d = 2.10) during the BSS was statistically less compared to ankle, during BS knee NJMI was statistically greater than ankle (d = 3.00). Ankle and knee NJW were statistically similar during BSS (d = 0.30), whereas knee NJW was statistically greater than ankle during BS (d = 3.20). Comparing between squat types within each joint demonstrated statistically equal peak displacement for the ankle (d = 0.14) and hip (d = 0.11), whereas knee joint peak displacement was significantly less for the BSS compared to BS (d = 0.82). Both the BSS and BS are hip dominant exercises. The BSS may best be used in circumstances to focus on hip extension while minimizing the knee joint demands, such as the early phases of knee rehabilitation or when addressing isolated hip extension deficiencies.
Mono-n-Butyl Phthalate Distributes to the Mouse Ovary and Liver and Alters the Expression of Phthalate-Metabolizing Enzymes in Both Tissues.

Humans are exposed to phthalates daily via items such as personal care products and medications. Reproductive toxicity has been documented in mice exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); however, quantitative evidence of its metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), reaching the mouse ovary and its effects on hepatic and ovarian biotransformation enzymes in treated mice is still lacking. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to quantify MBP levels in liver, serum, and ovary from mice treated with a single or repeated exposure to the parent compound, DBP. Adult CD-1 females were pipet fed once or for 10 days with vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or DBP at 1, 10, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Tissues and serum were collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after the single or final dose and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Ovaries and livers were processed for qPCR analysis of selected phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes. Regardless of duration of exposure (single vs repeated), MBP was detected in the tissues of DBP-treated mice. In single dose mice, MBP levels peaked at ≤6 h and fell close to background levels by 24 h post-exposure. Following the last repeated dose, MBP levels peaked at ≤2 h and fell to background levels by 12 h. Hepatic and ovarian expression of Lpl, Aldh1a1, Adh1, Ugt1a6a, and Cyp1b1 were altered in DBP-treated mice in a time- and dose-specific manner. These findings confirm that MBP reaches the mouse liver and ovary after oral exposure to DBP and influences the expression of hepatic and ovarian phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes.
Quick Start and Adaptive New Server Monitor.

Customer Service Outage (CSO) in data centers can cost significant damage to technology companies, both financially and reputation-wise. CSOs can be detected early by checking anomalies in servers metrics, memory usage and latency, etc. We developed a data-driven solution for monitoring system metrics, so we can automatically notify responsible person to address the problem. Note system monitoring is especially important at the time of changes such as when new server being added to a data center, because system change is a major cause of service disruption. However, new servers do not have any usage history which is indispensable for data driven-approach to work. We propose to use data center statistics to jump start the monitoring service for new servers, then keep adapting to changes that the new server brings to the data center. The proposed solution can greatly reduce human burden of system monitoring, as well as giving companies time to fix problems before they become catastrophic.
Vector—Spirochete Relationships in Louse-Borne and Tick-Borne Borrelioses with Emphasis on Lyme Disease

The discovery in 1981 of the spirochete, now known as Borrelia burgdorferi, as the etiological agent of Lyme disease in the United States and of associated clinical manifestations in Europe (11, 12) has rekindled interest in arthropod-borne spirochetoses. Since then, hundreds of publications have appeared that deal not only with the complex clinical aspects of Lyme disease but also with the natural history of this agent, and particularly its relationship to its arthropod vector—sticks of the genus Ixodes. In the United States, where Lyme disease is now considered the most prevalent tick-borne disease (16), B. burgdorferi is associated with at least three Ixodes species, namely Ixodes dammini in the northeastern and midwestern regions of the country, Ixodes pacificus in the West, and possibly Ixodes scapularis in the Southeast. In Europe (55), the sheep or castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus, is the vector, whereas in Asia Ixodes persulcatus is said (17) to be involved in the maintenance and distribution of the Lyme disease spirochete.
Modeling, identification and analysis of tractor and single axle towed implement system

ABSTRACT Increased and sustained agricultural productivity is a key to meet the globally increasing demands for food and energy. Automation of agricultural machinery is one of the ways to improve the efficiency and productivity of various field operations. Because a field implement performs most of these operations, accurate implement guidance is needed to reduce production cost, increase yield, and improve sustainability. Model-based guidance controller design and virtual prototyping techniques can be used in automatic guidance controller development to improve the accuracy and robustness of the guidance controller while reducing the development time and cost. Hence, development and analysis of accurate tractor and implement system models are needed to support automatic tractor and implement guidance controller development. Real-time vehicle model simulation capability allows engineers and users to intuitively interact with the realistic virtual prototypes and to evaluate the performance of physical hardware. As the model complexity is increased to improve the model accuracy and/or fidelity, the computational need will also increases thus increasing the challenge to meet real-time constraints. In this regard, it is important to minimize the computational load to a Virtual Reality (VR)-based real-time dynamics model simulation system. In this dissertation, various strategies were investigated to reduce the computational burden on the dynamics model simulation so that real-time simulation could be achieved for increasingly complex models. A distributed architecture was developed for a virtual reality-based off-road vehicle real-time simulator to distribute the overall computational load of the system across multiple machines. Multi-rate model simulation was also used to simulate
Substructure of the myosin molecule: III. Preparation of single-headed derivatives of myosin

Abstract Native myosin has two globular regions attached to an a -helical rod. Papain is able to cleave the globular “heads” from the rod, leading to the formation of a variety of single-headed molecules. Among these subfragments are isolated globules (HMM S-1) and single globules attached to helical rods of lengths varying from 500 to 1400 A. These subfragments can be separated from the other products of the proteolytic digestion by salt elution from a DEAE-cellulose column. Some of the properties of single-headed heavy meromyosin and myosin have been determined by hydrodynamic methods, and shadow-cast preparations of these subfragments have been directly visualized by electron microscopy. In addition to providing further evidence for the presence of two similar halves in myosin, these new subfragments can be used in studies related to the question of why myosin has two active “heads”.
Una relación de los adoratorios del antiguo Cuzco

La antigua Roma y la antigua Atenas son lugares de particular interes para arqueologos y viajeros porque generaciones de eruditos han estudiado su topografia y sus monumentos relacionando, poco a poco, sus restos arqueologicos con las referencias a los lugares y construcciones en los documentos historicos existentes. Su pasado ha revivido en un sentido mas amplio del que es posible hacerlo para lugares como Palmira o Tirngad donde, en general, las antiguas construcciones estan mejor conservadas. Cuzco, la capital de los Incas, es probablemente la unica ciudad antigua del Nuevo Mundo donde tenemos una combinacion de monumentos que han permanecido y evidencia documental que posibilitaria el tipo de estudios que nos han restaurado tanto de las antiguas Roma y Atenas. Sin embargo, recien ahora se estan empezando a hacer semejantes estudios. En el caso del Cuzco, uno de los grandes problemas es que los documentos se hayan publicado solamente en ediciones pobres, aun cuando se han publicado en alguna forma.
The Influence of Group Dynamics on Collaborative Scientific Argumentation.

Research has addressed what instructional conditions may inhibit or promote scientific argumentation. Little research, however, has paid attention to interpersonal factors that influence collaborative argumentation. The present study examines the ways interpersonal factors affected group dynamics, which influence the features of collaborative argumentation among three groups of students of different ability as they collaborated to explain a complex scientific question. We transcribed and coded videotapes of three groups of 7th grade students while they performed an online science investigation and explanation. Methods included contextual analysis, discourse mapping, and qualitative case comparison. The results suggested that the clear goal of task completion allowed a single member to dominate group discussions, which prevented substantive argumentation. Students were mainly concerned about task identification and talked less about the meaning of their data. Our analyses suggest that social conflict may promote more substantive argumentation. We discuss ways to support more sustained argumentation during collaboration.
The Presentation of Narcissistic Personality Disorder in an Octogenarian: Converging Evidence from Multiple Sources

Little is known about personality disorders (PDs) in later life. One reason for this dearth of knowledge is that many investigators believe that PDs soften with age. Recent anecdotal and empirical evidence, however, suggests that PDs are still very relevant in later life and may actually have unique presentations and consequences. The DSM-IV PD criteria seem to overlook these possibilities, perhaps because the personalities of older adults were not sufficiently understood when these criteria were written. But without age-appropriate criteria, clinicians and investigators who work with older adults may be unable to measure PDs adequately in their clients and research participants. A starting point for better understanding these disorders in older adults is the presentation of rich, empirical, clinical descriptions of symptoms and related behaviors using data from multiple instruments and sources. To this end, we describe in depth a case of narcissistic PD (NPD) in a woman in her mid 80s. This case study reveals that NPD is indeed relevant in the context of later life and impairs functioning in significant ways.
Charging Microscopy of Semi-Insulating Gallium Arsenide

The recent demonstration of “charging microscopy” to reveal resistivity variations in semi-insulating GaAs has generated interest in using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) as a contactless characterization technique for GaAs wafers. Resistivity variations give rise to a surface potential and secondary electron (SE) contrast, or “charging microscopy”, when viewing a wafer in the SEM. In this work we have shown that operating conditions may play a significant role in the SE image. Varying accelerating voltage from 5 to 35 keV gave rise to minor changes in the SE image, but varying beam current from 2×10−11A to 2×10−6A resulted in dramatic changes in the SE image, with two image contrast reversals occurring. The explanation for these changes in the SE image are unclear, but factors that are involved include surface and bulk conductivity, beam induced dielctric relaxation, and the sample-detector geometry.
Estradiol receptors in mouse mammary tumors: absence of the transfer of bound estradiol from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Abstract The experiments to be described show that estradiol independent mouse mammary tumors have cytoplasmic 8S estradiol-receptor similar in characteristics to that of the uterine receptors. However, these tumors have no intra-nuclear localization of the hormone.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Recurrent High-Grade Astrocytoma

High-grade gliomas represent a significant source of cancer-related death, and usually recur despite treatment. In this analysis of current brain tumor medicine, we review diagnosis, standard treatment, and emerging therapies for recurrent astrocytomas. Difficulties in interpreting radiographic evidence, especially with regard to differentiating between tumor and necrosis, present a formidable challenge. The most accurate diagnoses come from tissue confirmation of recurrent tumor, but a combination of imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging, may also be relevant for diagnosis. Repeat resection can prolong life, but repeat irradiation of the brain poses serious risks and results in necrosis of healthy brain tissue; therefore, reirradiation is usually not offered to patients with recurrent tumors. We describe the use of conventional radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, brachytherapy, radiosurgery, and photodynamic therapy for recurrent high-grade glioma. The use of chemotherapy is limited by drug distribution and toxicity, but the development of new drug-delivery techniques such as convection-enhanced delivery, which delivers therapeutic molecules at an effective concentration directly to the brain, may provide a way to reduce systemic exposure to cytotoxic agents. We also discuss targeted therapies designed to inhibit aberrant cell-signaling pathways, as well as new experimental therapies such as immunotherapy. The treatment of this devastating disease has so far been met with limited success, but emerging knowledge of neuroscience and the development of novel therapeutic agents will likely give patients new options and require the neuro-oncology community to redefine clinical trial design and strategy continually.
Surface segregation in In-Pb alloys -solid and liquid states

The surface compositions of three alloys (1.42, 3.07 and 5.86 at% Pb) in the In-Pb system have been obtained as a function of temperature in both solid and liquid states using the scanning Auger microprobe (SAM). All data were obtained at temperature, from equilibrated samples, in a region of about fifty degrees on either side of the liquidus temperature. Lead has been found to be the segregating component in all cases. From these measurements, the heat of segregation has been calculated for all alloys in both states. In each alloy the magnitude of the heat of segregation declines significantly on melting although the absolute surface compositions are found to be continuous across the two phase solid-liquid field. These results are interpreted in the light of current segregation theories. Particular attention is paid to the role of elastic effects on solute segregation to free surfaces.
PALLADIUM-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF PURE, REGIODEFINED POLYMERIC TRIARYLAMINES

Triarylamine polymers were prepared by palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides, and the electrochemical and magnetic properties of these materials were studied. Through a careful evaluation of the catalytic and polymer chemistry involved in this process, triarylamine polymers that are exclusively linear and free of phosphorus impurity in the polymer chain have been prepared. To suppress molecular weight-limiting side reactions from palladium-catalyzed poly(N-arylaniline) polymerizations, a number of phosphines were screened in reactions of small molecules to form triarylamines. Of these phosphines, tris(o-methoxymethylphenyl)phosphine (7) and tri(tert-butyl)phosphine (8) led to quantitative amination without ligand arylation, aryl bromide hydrodehalogenation, or exchange of phosphine aryl groups with the aryl bromide. When these phosphines were used in polymerizations, significant improvements in molecular weights were observed, but an additional molecular weight limiting side reaction, the formatio...
Nonlinear vibration characterization by signal decomposition

Abstract Methods for nonlinear vibration characterization by decomposing dynamic responses using the Hilbert–Huang transform and a sliding-window fitting technique are presented. Numerical results show that Hilbert–Huang transform can be used for decomposing nonlinear/non-stationary signals in order to reveal and estimate nonlinear effects. Major nonlinear phenomena that can be extracted from transient and/or steady-state dynamic responses include different nonlinearities, softening and hardening effects, intrawave amplitude- and phase-modulation, distorted harmonic responses under a single-frequency harmonic excitation, interwave amplitude- and phase-modulation, and multiple-mode vibrations caused by internal/external resonances. However, the discontinuity-induced Gibbs’ phenomenon makes Hilbert–Huang transform analysis inaccurate around the two data ends. On the other hand, the sliding-window fitting analysis has no Gibbs’ phenomenon at the two data ends, but it cannot extract accurate modulation frequencies due to the use of non-orthogonal basis functions in the sliding-window least-squares curve fitting process.
Effects of MWCNT reinforcement on quasi-static and dynamic tensile properties of epoxy

The addition of damping to structural components holds potential benefits across many applications. However, the dynamic properties, including damping, are often considered independently of the quasi-static mechanical properties. In this study, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) content level was investigated for structural damping properties, including elastic modulus, toughness, loss modulus and glass transition temperature. The MWCNT reinforcement levels of 0.2, 0.6 and 1 wt% are compared with that of the neat epoxy. The largest property improvement found was an increase of 81% in the toughness of the 0.2 wt% composite over the neat epoxy. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed improvements in the loss modulus as the MWCNT content increased. The highest loss modulus, with a 15–20% improvement over the neat epoxy, was in for the 1 wt% composite. Overall, the mechanical properties were improved by the addition of MWCNTs, though damping is limited at low material strain.
SOUND‐ARRANGEMENTS AND SOUND‐SEQUENCES

Effective foreign language teaching requires a knowledge of the significant sounds in the foreign language as well aS those i n the native language of the students. Such significant sounds ( lTphonemesll) are determined according to rigorous linguistic procedure and can then be presented in tabular fo rm according to the points of articulation and kinds of release. These sounds a r e often fur ther classified into consonants and vowels, r ep re sented as "C" and TV." Each language has its characterist ic consonant and vowel arrangements: CV, VC, CVC, CCV, VCC, etc. For the foreign language teacher , it is essential to know all the significant sounds and all the sound-arrangements in the foreign language as well as those i n the students' native language. In the o ra l control of a foreign language, a satisfactory production of its significant sounds is imperative. Of no less significance than such production is the mastery of its soundsequences. For language production involves sounds in the s t r eam of speech-not sounds in isolation. Furthermore, in learning a par t icular foreign language, students of different native languages with different sound-sequences have different learning problems.
Lithium−Water Reaction Chemistry at Elevated Temperature

Lithium−water reaction experiments were conducted at 616.5 K in a thermoelectric calorimeter in an effort to characterize the reaction in a batch-type environment. The experimental system was configured to measure both heat of reaction and hydrogen generation as small fixed-volume doses of water were repeatedly admitted to a large quantity of lithium. Heat of reaction measurements slightly declined with each successive water dose, while hydrogen generation markedly increased. These heat and hydrogen quantities, along with material and energy balances, were used to quantify gradual changes in reaction chemistry as lithium was depleted. The trends evident with heat and hydrogen generation indicated the formation of lithium hydride and lithium oxide as intermediates. These products, in competition with unreacted lithium, reacted with additional water to yield hydrogen and lithium hydroxide. In conclusion, these experiments provided a quantitative understanding of how reaction chemistry changes when water is ...
Modified triglycine sulphate (TGS) single crystals for pyroelectric infrared detector applications

Effect of caesium and cerium,l-alanine and caesium +l-alanine impurities are investigated on ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of TGS crystals. Dielectric constant and loss, pyroelectric coefficient, spontaneous polarization and coercive field measurements of these modified crystals, as a function of temperature are reported. Caesium and cerium did not affect the electrical properties of TGS crystals significantly, whereasl-alanine- and, especially, Cs +l-alanine-doped TGS crystals exhibited promising improvements in pyroelectric properties, up to 48 °C, as compared to pure TGS crystals.
A Single Chip AM/FM Integrated Circuit Radio

Several years ago a program was initiated within the General Electric Company to determine the optimum way of utilizing the integrated electronics technologies in the products of the Audio Electronics Products Department, the goal being one of reducing cost while maintaining or improving present product performance.
Homonuclear mixing sequences for perdeuterated proteins.

Abstract We tested the performance of several 13 C homonuclear mixing sequences on perdeuterated microcrystalline ubiquitin. All sequences were applied without 1 H decoupling and at relatively low MAS frequencies. We found that RFDR gave the highest overall transfer efficiency and that DREAM performs surprisingly well under these conditions being twice as efficient in the aliphatic region of the spectrum than the other mixing sequences tested.
The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in Megakaryocyte Proliferation

Megakaryocytopoiesis is a multistage process that involves differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells through the myeloid lineage, ultimately producing megakaryocytes and platelets. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates adenylate cyclase and induces differentiation in multiple cell types; VIP is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and in megakaryocytes, but its function in these cells has not yet been delineated. The present study was designed to investigate whether the type 1 VIP receptor, VPAC1, mediates VIP effects on megakaryocytopoiesis. The human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line (CMK) was transfected with VPAC1 and the transgene expression was confirmed by qualitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The rate of proliferation and the patterns of differentiation were then compared for CMK and CMK/VPAC1 through multiple growth cycles. Upregulation of VPAC1 expression resulted in a decreased proliferation rate (p = 0.0003) and enhanced differentiation with CMK/VPAC1 cells having twice the cell surface area of control CMK cells (p = 0.001), thus increasing potential for proplatelet formation. These results suggest that VIP acts in an autocrine fashion via VPAC1 to inhibit megakaryocyte proliferation and induce proplatelet formation.
Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) during the First Year of Life in a Large HMO

Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) during the First Year of Life in a Large HMO
Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid in the Tree Shrew and Slow Loris

IT is well known that man and certain monkeys are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid and depend on an exogenous supply of the vitamin. Experimental scurvy has been induced in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), in the Formosan long tailed monkey (Macacus cyclopsis swinhoi)1 and in the capuchin monkey (Cebus fatuellus)2 by feeding them diets deficient in vitamin C. Stone emphasized3 that no systematic investigations into the ability of primates to synthesize ascorbic acid have been reported. The criterion of the ability to synthesize the vitamin may be a useful taxonomic key to aid in the assessment of the evolutionary position of various lower primates.
Virus-mediated compartmentalization of the host translational machinery

ABSTRACT Viruses require the host translational apparatus to synthesize viral proteins. Host stress response mechanisms that suppress translation, therefore, represent a significant obstacle that viruses must overcome. Here, we report a strategy whereby the mammalian orthoreoviruses compartmentalize the translational machinery within virus-induced inclusions known as viral factories (VF). VF are the sites of reovirus replication and assembly but were thought not to contain ribosomes. It was assumed viral mRNAs exited the VF to undergo translation by the cellular machinery, and proteins reentered the factory to participate in assembly. Here, we used ribopuromycylation to visualize active translation in infected cells. These studies revealed that active translation occurs within VF and that ribosomal subunits and proteins required for translation initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling localize to the factory. Interestingly, we observed components of the 43S preinitiation complex (PIC) concentrating primarily at factory margins, suggesting a spatial and/or dynamic organization of translation within the VF. Similarly, the viral single-stranded RNA binding protein σNS localized to the factory margins and had a tubulovesicular staining pattern that extended a short distance from the margins of the factories and colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers. Consistent with these colocalization studies, σNS was found to associate with both eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A (eIF3A) and the ribosomal subunit pS6R. Together, these findings indicate that σNS functions to recruit 43S PIC machinery to the primary site of viral translation within the viral factory. Pathogen-mediated compartmentalization of the translational apparatus provides a novel mechanism by which viruses might avoid host translational suppression. IMPORTANCE Viruses lack biosynthetic capabilities and depend upon the host for protein synthesis. This dependence requires viruses to evolve mechanisms to coerce the host translational machinery into synthesizing viral proteins in the face of ongoing cellular stress responses that suppress global protein synthesis. Reoviruses replicate and assemble within cytoplasmic inclusions called viral factories. However, synthesis of viral proteins was thought to occur in the cytosol. To identify the site(s) of viral translation, we undertook a microscopy-based approach using ribopuromycylation to detect active translation. Here, we report that active translation occurs within viral factories and that translational factors are compartmentalized within factories. Furthermore, we find that the reovirus nonstructural protein σNS associates with 43S preinitiation complexes at the factory margins, suggesting a role for σNS in translation. Together, virus-induced compartmentalization of the host translational machinery represents a strategy for viruses to spatiotemporally couple viral protein synthesis with viral replication and assembly.
The effect of a phosphorus bridgehead atom on the loss of neutral species in the mass spectra of bicyclooctanes

The effect of a bridgehead phosphorus atom, as both the three (phosphate)and five (phosphate) oxidation states, to influence unique mass spectral neutral losses from a 1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane system has been investigated. A conventional neutral loss of formaldehyde was found for the phosphites while a unique loss of ethylene was observed for the phosphate. These losses are discussed in terms of the substituent effects from the 4-position.
An electrospray aerosol generator with X-ray photoionizer for particle charge reduction

Abstract A prototype single-capillary electrospray (ES) aerosol generator having a soft X-ray photoionizer for charge reduction has been constructed and its performance under various configurations has been investigated in this study. The prototype essentially consists of spray and charge reduction chambers having an orifice disk plate as the partition. Two soft X-ray irradiation directions (i.e., 90° and 180° relative to the spray direction) and two disk plates (with the orifice diameters of 0.25 in. and 1.25 in.) were tested for the prototype configuration. In the investigation, the spray current as a function of ES voltage was recorded. It is shown that the presence of soft X-ray irradiation in the close proximity of the electrospray process resulted in the increase of applied voltage needed to operate the spray while the spray current at the cone-jet mode remained unchanged. The fluorescence analysis was applied in this study to quantify the transmission efficiency and the charge fractions of particles exiting from the prototype generator. A maximal 47% transmission efficiency could be achieved by the prototype having the setup of 180° irradiation and use of 0.25 in. D-orifice plate, and operated at carrier gas flow rate of 8.0 lpm. Under the above setup and operation the charge fraction of particles with the sizes ranging from 30 to 300 nm was further characterized. It is found that the measured charge fractions of particles exiting from the generator is in good agreement with the calculated Fuchs bipolar charge factions for the cases having the particle sizes less than 110 nm. The deviation from the Fuchs charge fraction increases as the particle size increases. It may be because (1) more ions were needed to reduce the charge level on particles of large sizes; (2) spatial non-uniformity of aerosol concentration and ions in charge reduction chamber; and (3) because of the direct photoionization of particles under the X-ray irradiation. At last, the size measurement of ES particles via a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) shows the good quality of monodispersity for particles generated by the prototype when operated at the cone-jet mode.
Online Article: Insights into COPI coat assembly and function in living cells

Eukaryotic cells use an elaborate machinery involving the COPI coat complex to control protein trafficking in the secretory pathway. Although individual components of this complex are well known and their roles in deforming lipid membranes into coated carriers are well described, the precise sequence of molecular events by which these components assemble into and release from the COPI coat lattice remains unclear. Here, we present images and movies characterizing the dynamics of protein components of the COPI coat in living cells. We discuss the self-assembly of these coat components into a molecular machine for sorting and trafficking membranes.