cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrophobicity of amino acid subgroups in proteins

Protein folding studies often utilize areas and volumes to assess the hydrophobic contribution to conformational free energy (Richards, F.M. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6:151-176, 1977). We have calculated the mean area buried upon folding for every chemical group in each residue within a set of X-ray elucidated proteins. These measurements, together with a standard state cavity size for each group, are documented in a table. It is observed that, on average, each type of group buries a constant fraction of its standard state area. The mean area buried by most, though not all, groups can be closely approximated by summing contributions from three characteristic parameters corresponding to three atom types: (1) carbon or sulfur, which turn out to be 86% buried, on average; (2) neutral oxygen or nitrogen, which are 40% buried, on average; and (3) charged oxygen or nitrogen, which are 32% buried, on average.
Fabrication of molecular-electronic circuits by nanoimprint lithography at low temperatures and pressures

We have utilized a modified version of thermal nanoimprint lithography to fabricate a rewritable, nonvolatile, molecular memory device with a density of 6.4 Gbit/cm2. It has the advantages of a relatively low operating temperature of (∼70 °C) and pressure of (<500 psi or 4.5 MPa), both of which are critical to preserving the integrity of the molecular layer. The architecture of the circuit was based on an 8×8 crossbar structure, with an active molecular layer sandwiched between the top and bottom electrodes. A liftoff process was utilized to produce the top and bottom electrodes made of Pt/Ti bilayers. The active molecular layer was deposited by the Languir–Blodgett technique. We utilized a new class of nanoimprint resist formulated by dissolving a polymer in its monomer. The formulation we used, was poly(benzyl methacrylate), dissolved in benzyl methacrylate with t-butyl peroxy 2-ethylhexanoate added as a self-initiator (8:90:2 by weight). The new resist allowed us to achieve Pt/Ti lines of 40 nm in width and 130 nm in pitch.
Cryptococcus antigens and immune responses: implications for a vaccine

Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease primarily occurring in immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, cryptococcosis can occur within immunocompetent populations as observed during an outbreak in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, the Pacific Northwest and other regions of the USA and in Mediterranean Europe. Mortality rates due to cryptococcosis have significantly declined in economically developed countries since the widespread implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, the incidence and mortality of this disease remains high in economically undeveloped areas in Africa and Asia where HIV infections are high and availability of HAART is limited. The continuing AIDS epidemic coupled with the increased usage of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ transplant rejection or to treat autoimmune diseases has resulted in an increase in individuals at risk for developing cryptococcosis. The purpose of this review is to discuss the need, challenges and potential for developing vaccines against cryptococcosis.
On process rate semantics

We provide translations between process algebra and systems of chemical reactions. We show that the translations preserve discrete-state (stochastic) and continuous-state (concentration) semantics, and in particular that the continuous-state semantics of processes corresponds to the differential equations of chemistry based on the law of mass action. The novel semantics of processes so obtained equates processes that have the same state occupation dynamics, but which may have different interaction interfaces.
Etoricoxib: A Highly Selective COX-2 Inhibitor

OBJECTIVE:To review the available literature evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of etoricoxib, a highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor that is not currently approved for use in the US.DATA SOURCES:Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–December 2004), Current Contents (1998–December 2004), and Cochrane Library (4th quarter 2004). References from retrieved articles, information from the manufacturer, and abstracts from the American College of Rheumatology and Annual European Congress of Rheumatology meetings were searched.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All clinical trials published in English evaluating etoricoxib were included in this review. An abstract was excluded if it presented preliminary data from trials that are now published, analyzed data previously reported in a published clinical trial, or compared etoricoxib with placebo for an indication with published active-comparator controlled trials.DATA SYNTHESIS:Twe...
77 to 1200 K tensile properties of several wrought superalloys after long-term 1093 K heat treatment in air and vacuum

The 77 to 1200 K tensile properties of approximately 1.3 mm thick wrought sheet Co-base Haynes alloy 188 and Ni-base Haynes alloy 230 and Inconel 617 have been measured after heat treatment in air and vacuum for periods up to 22,500 h at 1093 K. Significant changes in structure were produced by prior exposures, including precipitation of second phases and, in the case of heat treatment in air, oxide scale and surface-connected grain boundary pits/oxides, as deep as 50 to 70 µm, in all three superalloys. Due to the geometry of the experiment, the vacuum-exposed samples were protected from loss of volatile elements by evaporation; hence, such specimens were simply given 1093 K anneals in an innocuous environment, which produced very little surface attack. Compared to the properties of as-received alloys, prior exposure tended to reduce both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, with the greatest reductions at 77 and 298 K. The most dramatic effect of heat treatment was found in the low-temperature residual tensile elongation, where decreases from 40 to 5% at 77 K were found. Ductility is the only property that was found to have a consistent dependency on environment, with air exposure always yielding less tensile elongation than vacuum exposure.
Lumen Gentium: The Unfinished Business

Using Lumen gentium as a focus, what can we say about the unfinished business of renewal? How does it work, and how must we read Lumen gentium in order to grasp “what remains to be done”? We consider four issues, each of them in dialogue with one of four theologians who reached their 60th birthday in 1964, the year Lumen gentium was completed. Bernard Lonergan helps us come to terms with the historically conditioned nature of Lumen gentium itself. Karl Rahner points the way towards a better grasp of Lumen gentium's discussion of the place of other religions in the economy of salvation. John Courtney Murray's influence on the Council fathers is a case study in the importance of the local church. And Yves Congar's willingness to rethink his own positions testifies to the importance of not making Lumen gentium into unchanging truth. Overall, the unfinished business of the document on the Church is to learn to treat it, in Lonergan's words, as “not premisses but data.”
Cannabinoids attenuate the effects of aging upon neuroinflammation and neurogenesis

WIN-55,212-2 (WIN-2) can elicit anti-inflammatory and cognitive-enhancing effect in aged rats. The current study was designed to determine the differential role of the endocannabinoid receptor sub-types 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) in the reduction of age-associated brain inflammation and their effects on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of aged rats. Our results demonstrate that 1) the antagonist actions of WIN-2 at the TRPV1 receptor are responsible for the reduction in microglial activation and 2) the agonist actions of WIN-2 at CB1/2 receptors can trigger neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged rats. Chronic treatment with WIN-2 established an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile within the hippocampus. Our results provide insight into the role of the endocannabinoid and vanilloid systems upon two different and detrimental aspects of normal and pathological aging, chronic neuroinflammation and decline in neurogenesis.
Dietary Lactose Improves Endochondral Growth and Bone Development and Mineralization in Rats Fed a Vitamin D—Deficient Diet

Lactose promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium independent of the vitamin D endocrine system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lactose supplementation on endochondral bone growth, bone development and mineralization in weanling rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. Rat pups were weaned from vitamin D-deficient dams and fed a vitamin D-deficient diet containing sucrose as the primary carbohydrate source or a similar diet but containing 20% lactose. After 4 wk, body weights, serum calcium levels and endochondral bone elongation rates in the lactose-fed animals were higher than in rats fed the sucrose diet. In addition, bone weights, bone calcium content, percent bone ash of bone dry weight, percent metaphyseal osseous tissues and bone osteoid content in the lactose-fed rats were different from those in the rats fed the sucrose diet. In all cases the changes in osseous tissues that were observed in the animals fed the lactose-supplemented diet were toward normal values as observed in age-matched animals fed a vitamin D-replete diet. The improvements in bone growth and development due to lactose supplementation occurred independent of the vitamin D endocrine system and are likely the result of improved calcium absorption in the intestine.
Molecular Structure Effects On Laminar Burning Velocities At Elevated Temperature And Pressure

The laminar burning velocities of 45 hydrocarbons have been investigated in a constant volume combustion vessel at elevated temperature and pressure. The mixtures are ignited in the center of a spherical vessel at an initial temperature of 450 K and pressure of 304 kPa. Data have been acquired over the stoichiometry range of 0.55 ≤ φ ≤ 1.4. The burning velocity is determined from a thermodynamic analysis of the pressure vs. time data. The results for alkanes and alkenes are consistent with trends previously identified in the literature, i.e., alkenes are faster than the corresponding alkane with the same carbon connectivity. For both alkanes and alkenes, branching lowers the burning velocity. In addition, terminal alkenes and alkynes are found to be slightly faster than internal alkenes and alkynes. The present study includes broader coverage of aromatics than previous literature reports. The burning velocities for aromatics show a strong dependence on the type and site of alkyl substitution; methyl substitution lowers the burning velocity more than substitution with larger alkyl groups. For multiple methyl group substitution, meta substitution lowers the burning velocity more than ortho/para. The physical and chemical kinetic bases for the variation of burning velocity with molecular structure are discussed with the aid of elemental flux analyses of simulations using detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms. A consistent trend is identified in which "fast" burning fuels have a higher flux into decomposition pathways that yield H atoms and C2 fragments, while "slow" fuels have a higher flux into pathways that form CH3 radicals. The data and analysis presented in this paper provide a comprehensive, fundamental basis for relating fuel structure effects to combustion efficiency and emissions.
Borehole Environmental Tracers for Evaluating Net Infiltration and Recharge through Desert Bedrock

Permeable bedrock aquifers in arid regions are being increasingly developed as water supplies, yet little is generally known about recharge processes and spatial and temporal variability. Environmental tracers from boreholes were used in this study to investigate net infiltration and recharge to the fractured Navajo Sandstone aquifer. Vadose zone tracer profiles at the Sand Hollow study site in southwestern Utah look similar to those of desert soils at other sites, indicating the predominance of matrix flow. However, recharge rates are generally higher in the Navajo Sandstone than in unconsolidated soils in similar climates because the sandstone matrix allows water movement but not root penetration. Water enters the vadose zone either as direct infiltration of precipitation through exposed sandstone and sandy soils or as focused infiltration of runoff. Net infiltration and recharge exhibit extreme spatial variability. High-recharge borehole sites generally have large amounts of vadose zone tritium, low chloride concentrations, and small vadose zone oxygen-18 evaporative shifts. Annual net-infiltration and recharge rates at different locations range from about 1 to 60 mm as determined using vadose zone tritium, 0 to 15 mm using vadose zone chloride, and 3 to 60 mm using groundwater chloride. Environmental tracers indicate a cyclical net-infiltration and recharge pattern, with higher rates earlier in the Holocene and lower rates during the late Holocene, and a return to higher rates during recent decades associated with anomalously high precipitation during the latter part of the 20th century. The slightly enriched stable isotopic composition of modern groundwater indicates this recent increase in precipitation may be caused by a stronger summer monsoon or winter southern Pacific El Nino storm track.
QRP01-6: Resource Optimization Subject to a Percentile Response Time SLA for Enterprise Computing

We consider a set of computer resources used by a service provider to host enterprise applications subject to service level agreements. We present an approach for resource optimization in such an environment that minimizes the total cost of computer resources used by a service provider for an enterprise application while satisfying the QoS metric that the response time for executing service requests is statistically bounded. That is, gamma% of the time the response time is less than a pre-defined value. This QoS metric is more realistic than the mean response time typically used in the literature. Numerical results show the applicability of the approach and validate its accuracy.
Effects of losartan on left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of losartan on left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Background Despite evidence that myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis are mediated by angiotensin II and are important determinants of morbidity and mortality in patients with HCM, no prior studies have evaluated the effects of angiotensin receptor blockers on LV hypertrophy and fibrosis with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Methods In double-blind fashion, 20 patients (3 women, 17 men; age: 51 ± 13 years) with HCM were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 9) or losartan 50 mg twice a day (n = 11) for 1 year. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 1 year to measure LV mass and extent of fibrosis as assessed by late gadolinium enhancement. Results There was a trend toward a significant difference in the percent change in LV mass (median [interquartile range]: +5% [−4% to +21%] with placebo vs. −5% [−11% to −0.9%] with losartan; p = 0.06). There was a significant difference in the percent change in extent of late gadolinium enhancement, with the placebo group experiencing a larger increase (+31% ± 26% with placebo vs. −23% ± 45% with losartan; p = 0.03). Conclusions This pilot study suggests attenuation of progression of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis with losartan in patients with nonobstructive HCM. Confirmation of these results in a larger trial is required to confirm a place for angiotensin receptor blockers in the management of patients with HCM. (Effect of Losartan in Patients With Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; NCT01150461 )
The Effect of Sulphur Against Artificial Infection with Eimeria Acervulina and Eimeria Tenella

Abstract HERRICK and Holmes (1936) have reported protective effects from feeding flowers of sulphur in a ration to chickens several days before they were artificially inoculated with a pure culture of Eimeria tenella, one of six species of coccidia that are known to infect chickens. These studies were undertaken to determine if sulphur would protect against inoculation with pure cultures of Eimeria acervulina as well as Eimeria tenella. E. acervulina was chosen because it is one of the species most frequently encountered infecting the small intestine, and has been shown by Johnson (1931) to adversely affect the health of chickens. In these investigations Single Comb White Leghorn chickens, of varying ages, were fed flowers of sulphur in a ration for six to eight days before and for six to eight days after they were inoculated with massive doses of sporulated occysts of either E. acervulina or E. tenella. The criteria used . . .
Differences in Elbow Flexion Torque Measured Concentrically, Eccentrically, and Isometrically

The purposes of this study were to describe torque-velocity relationships during concentric, eccentric, and isometric testing of elbow flexor muscles and to determine test-retest reliability of a specific isokinetic testing protocol. Thirty healthy women were tested using an isokinetic dynamometer at velocities of 0°, 30°, 120°, and 210°/sec. Reliability was assessed in 20 of the subjects by retesting concentric and eccentric torques at 30° and 120°/sec after a 30-minute rest interval. The highest torque from three maximal efforts was considered to be peak torque. Mean eccentric peak torque was greater than either isometric or concentric peak torque; as isokinetic test velocity increased, the differences between concentric and eccentric torques became larger. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .72 to .83, indicating lack of consistency between test and retest torques. Consecutive concentric-eccentric testing and lack of mechanical stabilization might have contributed to test-retest variability and to the relatively small differences between concentric and eccentric torques. Continued study of reliability of isokinetic testing protocols and further investigation of concentric-eccentric torque-velocity relationships are advocated.
Differential Follicle Counts as a Screen for Chemically Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Mice: Results from Continuous Breeding Bioassays

Ovaries from National Toxicology Program Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) bioassays were used to directly compare differential ovarian follicle counts and reproductive performance for 15 chemicals. Ovaries of 10 animals per group from 16 studies in CD-1 mice and 1 study each in C3H and C57BL/6 mice were sectioned serially at 6 microm. Counts of small, growing, and antral follicles were obtained in every 10th section. For all follicle types, younger mice had more follicles than older mice, and CD-1 mice had more follicles than age-matched animals from either inbred strain. The in-life portion of the RACB protocols demonstrated that 9 of 15 chemicals altered reproductive outcome in one or both sexes of mice, with six agents affecting females (R. E. Morrissey et al., 1989, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13, 747-777). Three of six female toxicants [2,2-bis(bromoethyl)-1,3-propanediol, BPD; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, EGME; methoxyacetic acid, MAA] significantly decreased counts of small and/or growing follicles by 33 to 92% in CD-1 mice; EGME also reduced follicle counts in the other strains. Follicle counts were decreased in progeny of animals treated with EGME or its active metabolite, MAA. For BPD, reductions in follicle numbers were proportional to dose. In CD-1 mice, female toxicants di-N-hexyl phthalate, propantheline bromide, and tricresyl phosphate reduced reproductive performance but not follicle numbers. Counts were not affected by toxicants for which the susceptible sex could not be determined (bisphenol A, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid). Altered follicle counts without apparent reproductive impairment occurred in CD-1 mice at lower doses of BPD but were not observed for nontoxic chemicals. These data suggest that differential follicle counts (1) are a quantifiable endpoint of ovarian injury in conventional bioassays, and (2) in some instances, may provide a more sensitive indicator of female reproductive toxicity than fertility.
The Impact of the ICT Revolution on the Entertainment Industry

Chapter 8 analyses select challenges arising within the “new media” landscape and specifically several disruptive elements ushered in by digital entertainment. These challenges are prompting the entities operating in the landscape to adopt mixed formulas, characterizing the efforts on their part to preserve their assets from the unfolding threats and at the same time to innovate. As the communication landscape is undergoing radical changes as a result of the ICT revolution, the entertainment industry as well is affected by the digitalization of content in various ways: content, conduits, and business models.
Spine Cryoablation: Pain Palliation and Local Tumor Control for Vertebral Metastases.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous cryoablation has emerged as a minimally invasive technique for the management of osseous metastases. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous imaging-guided spine cryoablation for pain palliation and local tumor control for vertebral metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging-guided spine cryoablation was performed in 14 patients (31 tumors) with vertebral metastases refractory to conventional chemoradiation therapy or analgesics, to achieve pain palliation and local tumor control in this retrospective study. Spinal nerve and soft-tissue thermal protection techniques were implemented in all ablations. Patient response was evaluated by a pain numeric rating scale administered before the procedure and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the procedure. Pre- and postprocedural analgesic requirements (expressed as morphine-equivalent dosages) were also analyzed at the same time points. Pre- and postprocedural cross-sectional imaging was evaluated in all patients to assess local control (no radiographic evidence of disease at the treated sites). Complications were monitored. Analysis of the primary end points was undertaken via paired-comparison procedures by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Thirty-one tumors were ablated in 14 patients (9 women and 5 men; 20–73 years of age; mean age, 53 years). The most common tumor location was in the lumbar spine ( n = 14, 45%), followed by the thoracic spine ( n = 8, 26%), sacrum ( n = 6, 19%), coccyx ( n = 2, 6%), and cervical spine ( n = 1, 3%). There were statistically significant decreases in the median numeric rating scale score and analgesic usage at 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month time points ( P CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous imaging-guided spine cryoablation is a safe and effective treatment for pain palliation and local tumor control for vertebral metastases.
Prognostic significance of angiogenesis in clinically localized prostate cancer (staining for Factor VIII-related antigen and CD34 Antigen.

Tumour angiogenesis is widely considered to be an important phenomenon in the process of tumour growth and metastasis. We investigated the prognostic significance of the microvascular count (MVC) in prostate cancer of each Gleason grade and compared the results to other established pathologic parameters and progression probability. We also compared the staining of Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA) with CD34 antigen (CD34 Ag) staining for determination of the MVC. We examined 101 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients who underwent curative therapy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate as the first form of therapy. To identify microvessels, immunohistochemical staining of endothelial cells was performed using antibodies to FVIII-RA and CD34 Ag in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Microvessels were counted in five×200 fields (0.785 mm2 on each Gleason grade in the ‘hot’ areas. We used the highest number of five fields in the worst Gleason grade on each staining for statistical analysis. MVC using FVIII-RA and CD34 Ag staining correlated with pathologic stage, Gleason score and preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level. In addition, MVC using CD34 Ag staining also correlated with DNA ploidy and total tumour volume. The Gleason score was found to be the best prognostic indicator using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. In this study, MVC in prostate cancer was predictive of pathologic stage and Gleason grade, but MVC by either FVIII-RA and CD34 Ag staining was not an independent prognostic predictor. The best prognostic indicator in this study was Gleason score.
MP37-13 UROLOGY IS A SENSITIVE AREA: ASSESSING PATIENT PREFERENCES FOR MALE OR FEMALE UROLOGISTS

Abstract Introduction The number of women in urology training programs has recently surged. To date, to our knowledge, there have been no comprehensive studies of urology patients’ preferences regarding the gender of the provider. We evaluated whether these preferences exist and for what subset of patients. Methods Convenience sampling of urology clinic patients at our rural academic center was used to collect data. Data on demographics/background, presenting diagnosis and presence or absence of gender preference were obtained. The chi-square, Fisher exact and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests were used. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed comparing those with and those without gender preference. Results The survey response rate was 73.8% with 477 questionnaires collected and 457 had adequate data for analysis. Overall 80% of patients had no gender preference for their provider and 18% stated a preference for the same gender with 2% for the opposite gender (p Conclusions While most patients did not have a gender preference for their urology provider, a subset of patients did express a preference (ie patients with incontinence). Interestingly, other sensitive subjects such as erectile dysfunction were not associated with gender preference. As the female component of the urology workforce grows, a reasonable effort to meet patient preferences should be made while attempting to disabuse patients of stereotypical views.
Mapping urban forest structure and function using hyperspectral imagery and lidar data

Abstract Cities measure the structure and function of their urban forest resource to optimize forest management and the provision of ecosystem services. Measurements made using plot sampling methods yield useful results including citywide or land-use level estimates of species counts, leaf area, biomass, and air pollution reduction. However, these quantities are statistical estimates made over large areas and thus are not spatially explicit. Maps of forest structure and function at the individual tree crown scale can enhance management decision-making and improve understanding of the spatial distribution of ecosystem services relative to humans and infrastructure. In this research we used hyperspectral imagery and waveform lidar data to directly map urban forest species, leaf area index (LAI), and carbon storage in downtown Santa Barbara, California. We compared these results to estimates produced using field-plot sampling and the i-Tree Eco model. Remote sensing methods generally reduced uncertainty in species-level canopy cover estimates compared to field-plot methods. This was due to high classification accuracy for species with large canopies (e.g., Platanus racemosa with ∼90% average accuracy, Pinus pinea at ∼93%, Quercus agrifolia at ∼83%) and high standard error of the plot-based estimates due to the uneven distribution of canopy throughout the city. Average LAI in canopy, based on lidar measurements was 4.47 while field measurements and allometry resulted in an LAI of 5.57. Citywide carbon storage, based on lidar measurements and allometry was estimated at 50,991 metric tons (t) and 55,900 t from plot-sampling. As others have noted, carbon density varied substantially by development intensity based largely on differences in fractional cover but less so when only evaluating canopy biomass. Using separate biomass equations for each leaf type (broadleaf, needleleaf, palm) resulted in a more accurate carbon map but a less accurate citywide estimate.
Multi-parametric Photoacoustic Microscopy of Photothrombotic Stroke in the Mouse Brain

We have developed photoacoustic microscopy for time-lapse monitoring of the cerebral vascular anatomy, oxygen saturation, and blood flow in micro-stroke induced by photothrombotic occlusion of a single cortical arteriole in the mouse brain.
Vascular control for a forequarter amputation of a massive fungating humeral osteosarcoma

Forequarter amputation is a radical operation performed for treatment of malignant neoplasms of the shoulder girdle not amenable to limb salvage. Traditional approaches involve bone and soft tissue resection, followed by ligation of the axillary vessels. We describe a technique to minimize blood loss whereby control of the subclavian vessels is performed before amputation of a large tumor associated with extensive venous congestion. A 34-year-old man presented with proximal humeral osteosarcoma. Surgery involved claviculectomy to facilitate vascular control of the subclavian vessels, followed by guillotine amputation at the proximal upper arm level and completion of the amputation as conventionally described.
Introduction: Marriages of Aristocratic British Women and Stability of Rank Identity, 1485–2000

This study examines the marriage patterns of aristocratic British women in the period from 1485 to 2000, demonstrating that these patterns remained remarkably stable. The underlying assertion at work in this project is that the marriage patterns of noble women are a good suggestion of the conception of rank identity held by aristocratic British families. The constancy in the marital behavior of the women indicates that the concept of rank identity also remained remarkably stable for the British nobility.
Respiratory Muscle Weakness and Respiratory Failure in Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders: The Value of Noninvasive Determined Tension-Time Index.

Background In pediatric neuromuscular disorders (NMD), respiratory muscle weakness parallels respiratory failure. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate respiratory muscle capacity in neuromuscular children and (2) to assess the relationship between vital capacity, respiratory muscle performance, and alveolar ventilation during sleep and wakefulness. Methods Inspiratory vital capacity (IVC), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), mouth occlusion pressure (P 0.1 ), and noninvasive tension-time index of the respiratory muscles (TTImus) were studied in 80 NMD subjects (12.1 ± 3.3 years) and 80 healthy children (11.1 ± 2.2 years). Subjects' results were compared with arterial blood gases and polysomnography. Results In 15 NMD subjects with normal ventilation IVC and PIP were reduced to 70% predicted but TTImus was normal. In 50 NMD subjects with nocturnal hypoventilation IVC and PIP were lower than 50% predicted, TTImus was doubled compared with the control group. In 15 NMD subjects with diurnal and nocturnal hypoventilation IVC and PIP were below 30% predicted, TTImus was increased fourfold, and thus the main determinant of respiratory failure. Conclusions In NMD children, reduced IVC and PIP result in increased respiratory muscle load and disturbed ventilation. TTImus is an important noninvasive determinant of disturbed ventilation in children with NMD.
Pyridoxine-Dependent Seizures and MRI Abnormality

An infant with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and MRI, PET, and EEG evidence of diffuse structural or functional brain disease is reported from the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, and the UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
Multiple Renal Artery Pseudoaneurysms in Patients Undergoing Renal Artery Embolization Following Partial Nephrectomy: Correlation with RENAL Nephrometry Scores

To describe the incidence of multiple renal artery pseudoaneurysms (PSA) in patients referred for renal artery embolization following partial nephrectomy and to study its relationship to RENAL nephrometry scores. The medical records of 25 patients referred for renal artery embolization after partial nephrectomy were retrospectively reviewed for the following parameters: size and number of tumors, RENAL nephrometry scores, angiographic abnormalities, technical and clinical outcomes, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) after embolization. Twenty-four patients had primary renal tumors, while 1 patient had a pancreatic tumor invading the kidney. Multiple tumors were resected in 4 patients. Most patients (92 %) were symptomatic, presenting with gross hematuria, flank pain, or both. Angiography revealed PSA with (n = 5) or without (n = 20) AV fistulae. Sixteen patients (64 %) had multiple PSA involving multiple renal vessels. Higher RENAL nephrometry scores were associated with an increasing likelihood of multiple PSA. Multiple vessels were embolized in 14 patients (56 %). Clinical success was achieved after one (n = 22) or two (n = 3) embolization sessions in all patients. Post-embolization eGFR values at different time points after embolization were not significantly different from the post-operative eGFR. A majority of patients requiring renal artery embolization following partial nephrectomy have multiple pseudoaneurysms, often requiring selective embolization of multiple vessels. Higher RENAL nephrometry score is associated with an increasing likelihood of multiple pseudoaneurysms. We found transarterial embolization to be a safe and effective treatment option with no long-term adverse effect on renal function in all but one patient with a solitary kidney.
Equal Housing Opportunities: Conflict in Detroit in the Jazz Age:

Hurricane Katrina's destruction vividly reminded us how thoroughly whites are segregated from blacks in the neighborhoods of the nation's older cities. These two excellent books remind us about the long struggle to integrate neighborhoods by focusing upon the leading civil rights trial of the 1920s-one involving murder, a tragic hero, racial passing, the nation's most prominent litigator, the KKK, a future justice of the Supreme Court and, most recently, the winner of the National Book Award. The two books describe the same events. Ossian Sweet was born in rural Florida to
Validating Harmful Alcohol Use as a Phenotype for Genetic Discovery Using Phosphatidylethanol and a Polymorphism in ADH1B.

BACKGROUND Although alcohol risk is heritable, few genetic risk variants have been identified. Longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data offer a largely untapped source of phenotypic information for genetic studies, but EHR-derived phenotypes for harmful alcohol exposure have yet to be validated. Using a variant of known effect, we used EHR data to develop and validate a phenotype for harmful alcohol exposure that can be used to identify unknown genetic variants in large samples. Herein, we consider the validity of 3 approaches using the 3-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test consumption measure (AUDIT-C) as a phenotype for harmful alcohol exposure. METHODS First, using longitudinal AUDIT-C data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Biomarker Study Cohort (VACS-BC), we compared 3 metrics of AUDIT-C using correlation coefficients: (i) AUDIT-C closest to blood sampling (closest AUDIT-C), (ii) the highest value (highest AUDIT-C), (iii) and longitudinal trajectories generated using joint trajectory modeling (AUDIT-C trajectory). Second, we compared the associations of the 3 AUDIT-C metrics with phosphatidylethanol (PEth), a direct, quantitative biomarker for alcohol in the overall sample using chi-square tests for trend. Last, in the subsample of African Americans (AAs; n = 1,503), we compared the associations of the 3 AUDIT-C metrics with rs2066702 a common missense (Arg369Cys) polymorphism of the ADH1B gene, which encodes an alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme. RESULTS The sample (n = 1,851, 94.5% male, 65% HIV+, mean age 52 years) had a median of 7 AUDIT-C scores over a median of 6.1 years. Highest AUDIT-C and AUDIT-C trajectory were correlated r = 0.86. The closest AUDIT-C was obtained a median of 2.26 years after the VACS-BC blood draw. Overall and among AAs, all 3 AUDIT-C metrics were associated with PEth (all p < 0.05), but the gradient was steepest with AUDIT-C trajectory. Among AAs (36% with the protective ADH1B allele), the association of rs2066702 with AUDIT-C trajectory and highest AUDIT-C was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the gradient was steeper for the AUDIT-C trajectory than for the highest AUDIT-C. The closest AUDIT-C was not statistically significantly associated with rs2066702. CONCLUSIONS EHR data can be used to identify complex phenotypes such as harmful alcohol use. The validity of the phenotype may be enhanced through the use of longitudinal trajectories.
Measures of polypharmacy and chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer.

9545 Background: Polypharmacy is common and associated with adverse clinical outcomes in older adults. Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use serves as an adjunctive assessment of polypharm...
Remote sensing of chlorophyll-a in coastal waters based on the light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton

Abstract Remote sensing of chlorophyll-a concentration, [Chl-a], has been difficult in coastal waters like the Chesapeake Bay owing largely to terrestrial substances (such as minerals and humus) that are optically significant but do not covary with phytoplankton. Here we revisit the semi-analytical pathway of deriving [Chl-a] based on the light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton by introducing the generalized stacked-constraints model (GSCM) to partition satellite-derived total light absorption coefficient of water (with pure-water contribution subtracted), anw(λ), into phytoplankton, aph(λ), and non-phytoplankton components, where anw(λ) is derived from satellite remote-sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), using the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm. The GSCM-derived aph(λ) was compared with field matchups of [Chl-a]. We show that semi-analytical approaches can provide superior [Chl-a] product compared with reflectance-band-ratio algorithms when the accuracy of satellite-derived aph(λ) is sufficiently improved, in this case with the GSCM. However, the improvement is at the cost of significantly reduced data availability because the GSCM may provide no feasible solutions when input anw(λ) data are subject to large errors. This in turn highlights the needs for improved atmospheric correction and upstream models capable of preserving actual spectral shapes of Rrs(λ) and anw(λ), respectively.
Primary care provider approaches to preventive health delivery: a qualitative study.

AimThe objective of this study was to seek decision-making insights on the provider level to gain understanding of the values that shape how providers deliver preventive health in the primary care setting. Background The primary care clinic is a core site for preventive health delivery. While many studies have identified barriers to preventive health, less is known regarding how primary care providers (PCPs) make preventive health decisions such as what services to provide, under what circumstances, and why they might choose one over another. Methods Qualitative methods were chosen to deeply explore these issues. We conducted semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with 21 PCPs at clinics affiliated with an academic medical center. Interviews with providers were recorded and transcribed. We conducted a qualitative analysis to identify themes and develop a theoretical framework using Grounded Theory methods.FindingsThe following themes were revealed: longitudinal care with an established PCP-patient relationship is perceived as integral to preventive health; conflict and doubt accompany non-preventive visits; PCPs defer preventive health for pragmatic reasons; when preventive health is addressed, providers use multiple contextual factors to decide which interventions are discussed; and PCPs desired team-based preventive health delivery, but wish to maintain their role when shared decision-making is required. We present a conceptual framework called Pragmatic Deferral.
Effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) uncompetitive antagonists in a delay discounting paradigm using a concurrent-chains procedure.

Abstract Impulsive choice is often assessed in rodents using a delay discounting (DD) paradigm in which the delay to a large reinforcer (LR) increases across the session. This procedure allows one to test the effects of pharmacological manipulations within a single session. Because discounting is influenced by sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude (SRM) and sensitivity to delayed reinforcement (SDR), applying quantitative analyses (e.g., fitting hyperbolic function) is important for determining the precise behavioral mechanisms being altered following drug administration. One caveat to this approach is that observing increases in SMR/SDR can be difficult (e.g., most rats choose the LR when its delivery is immediate, whereas some rats may show exclusive preference for the small reinforcer [SR] when a delay on the LR is imposed). We utilized a variant of a concurrent-chains procedure in which rats (n = 8) could not show exclusive preference for either reinforcer, thus allowing one to observe increases/decreases in responding at each delay. The NMDAr antagonists MK-801 (0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03 mg/kg), ketamine (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg), and memantine (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg/kg) were administered following baseline training because this receptor has recently been implicated in DD. MK-801 (0.03 mg/kg) decreased SRM and SDR. Memantine (7.5 mg/kg) decreased SRM only. These results show that this variant of the concurrent-chains procedure can be used to study the effects of pharmacological manipulations on distinct aspects of DD.
Does flooring substrate impact kennel and dog cleanliness in commercial breeding facilities

Evaluation of kennel flooring surfaces is needed to understand their impacts on dog health and well-being. This pilot study aimed to characterize aspects of physical health, kennel cleanliness, and dog body cleanliness on flooring types common in US breeding kennels. Subjects were 118 adult dogs housed on diamond-coated expanded metal (DCEM), polypropylene (POLY), or concrete (CON) flooring at five commercial breeding facilities in Indiana, U.S. Body condition, paw, elbow, and hock health scores were recorded. Each indoor kennel and dog was visually assessed for cleanliness. Kennels were swabbed immediately after cleaning with electrostatic dry cloths and cultured for Escherichia coli. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Mean body condition score (BCS), kennel and dog cleanliness scores were all near ideal (3, 1.15, and 1.04, respectively). Thirty-one percent or fewer kennels at each facility were culture-positive for E. coli after cleaning. No serious paw, elbow, or hock problems were identified. Overall, the findings indicate that with appropriate management and regular access to additional surfaces, dog foot health, cleanliness, and kennel cleanliness can be maintained on the flooring types investigated.
Stretched to the Limit for Better Batteries

Conventional polymeric binders used within Li-ion battery electrodes cannot withstand the large volume changes exhibited by high-capacity alloying anode materials such as silicon, resulting in fast capacity decay with cycling. In this issue of Joule, Xu and coworkers report a new cross-linked polymer binder that enables excellent capacity retention over hundreds of cycles in silicon microparticle-based electrodes. To achieve this performance, this binder strongly adheres to the silicon while also exhibiting substantial mechanical elasticity and self-healing functionality.
Hapalindole H Induces Apoptosis as an Inhibitor of NF-ĸB and Affects the Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway in PC-3 Androgen-insensitive Prostate Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer presents the highest incidence rates among all cancers in men. Hapalindole H (Hap H), isolated from Fischerella muscicola (UTEX strain number LB1829) as part of our natural product anticancer drug discovery program, was found to be significantly active against prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, Hap H was tested for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) inhibition and selective cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines. The apoptotic effect was assessed on PC-3 prostate cancer cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. The underlying mechanism that induced apoptosis was studied and the effect of Hap H on mitochondria was evaluated and characterized using western blot and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Hap H was identified as a potent NF-ĸB inhibitor (0.76 μM) with selective cytotoxicity against the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line (0.02 μM). The apoptotic effect was studied on PC-3 cells. The results showed that treatment of PC-3 cells with Hap H reduced the formation of NAD(P)H, suggesting that the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane was negatively affected. Thus, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was assessed in Hap H treated cells. The results showed that the outer mitochondrial membrane was disrupted as an increased amount of JC-1 monomers were detected in treated cells (78.3%) when compared to untreated cells (10.1%), also suggesting that a large number of treated cells went into an apoptotic state. CONCLUSION Hap H was found to have potent NF-ĸB p65-inhibitory activity and induced apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in hormone-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells.
From Her Problem to Our Problem: Using an Individual Lens Versus a Social-Structural Lens to Understand Gender Inequity in STEM

Increasing the representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is one of our nation's most pressing imperatives. As such, there has been increased lay and scholarly attention given to understanding the causes of women's underrepresentation in such fields. These explanations tend to fall into two main groupings: individual-level (i.e., her) explanations and social-structural (i.e., our) explanations. These two perspectives offer different lenses for illuminating the causes of gender inequity in STEM and point to different mechanisms by which to gain gender parity in STEM fields. In this article, we describe these two lenses and provide three examples of how each lens may differentially explain gender inequity in STEM. We argue that the social-structural lens provides a clearer picture of the causes of gender inequity in STEM, including how gaining gender equity in STEM may best be achieved. We then make a call to industrial/organizational psychologists to take a lead in addressing the societal-level causes of gender inequality in STEM.
Exploring the Demand for PhDs in Public Affairs and Administration

This study provides a preliminary analysis of the market for PhDs in public affairs and administration projected over the next several years. Drawing on data gathered from three surveys, we explore...