cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sinusoidal Projection: A New Importance in Relation to Global Image Data

The reprojection of image data causes the loss or duplication of original pixel values. This research investigated the feasibility of using the sinusoidal projection for global image database construction. Specifically, reprojection accuracies were tested with geographic latitude and longitude coordinates, and the Hammer-Aitoff, Eckert IV, Mollweide, and sinusoidal projections. Reprojections between these five global projections and the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection and referencing system were performed using fifty-four sample datasets. A statistical analysis of categorical accuracy, a measure describing the omission of pixel values during reprojection, was conducted. Geographic coordinates and the sinusoidal projection both showed very high accuracy rates (100.0 percent and 99.5 percent respectively) when sample datasets were reprojected from UTM. The geographic coordinates, however, showed very low accuracy (65.3 percent) when sample datasets were reprojected to the UTM projection, whil...
The “Integrative Justice Model” as Transformative Justice for Base-of-the-Pyramid Marketing

Writing in the Business and Politics, Santos and Laczniak (Business and Politics 14(1) 2012) formulated a normative, ethical approach to be followed when marketers e ngage impoverished market segments. It is labeled the integrative justice model (IJM). As noted below, that approach called for authentic engagement, co-creation, and customer interest representation, among other elements, when transacting with vulnerable market segments. Basically, the IJM derived certain operational virtues, implied by moral philosophy, to be used when marketing to the poor. But this well-intentioned approach raises a significant “So what?” question. Are such sentiments anything but lofty aspirations for idealists or are there steps to be taken by society and business managers of goodwill to make the adaptation of the IJM by corporations more likely and pragmatic? This paper begins to layout a roadmap that shows “how and why” the IJM might more likely be vitalized. The crux, as described below, is found in the transformational justice dimensions that are embedded in institutions (and supporting institutional arrangements); such external institutions provide a “power” impetus to assure the ethical rights claims that impoverished consumers have owed to them. In this way, the ideal exchange characteristics for bottom (or base) of the pyramid (BoP) markets argued for in the IJM can become actively transformational. The main contribution of this paper is that it begins to chart out the institutional system elements that need to exercise power in order to deliver a “fairer” marketplace for BoP consumers.
Substituent and solvent dependence of the one-electron reduction of 5-substituted-N-methylisatins in aprotic solvents

Abstract Potentials for the one-electron reduction of nine 5-substituted N-methylisatins were measured in ten aprotic solvents by cyclic voltammetry. Best-fit Hammett σ substituent constants were determined and used in Hammett plots to determine reaction constants, ρ , for all solvents. Correlations of solvent polarity parameters with the Hammett ρ values and with measured reduction potentials suggest that empirical solvent parameters that reflect the strength of solvent molecular cohesive forces and solvent Lewis acidity are important predictors of the ability of solvent to facilitate the one-electron reduction of isatins in aprotic media by stabilizing the radical anion reduction products.
Stability of oxytetracycline in diets fed to honeybee colonies for disease control

Abstract Antibiotic extender patties, pollen patties, and sugar solutions containing oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) were incubated at freezer (−9°C), refrigerator (4°C), room (25°C), and brood nest temperature (34°C) for 1, 2, 3, 7, and 11 weeks to determine the stability of the antibiotic. The OTC in antibiotic extender patties and pollen patties was stable at brood nest temperature for at least 11 weeks. The OTC in sugar solutions degraded within 1 week at brood nest temperature.
Active Learning: Qualitative Inquiries Into Vocabulary Instruction in Chinese L2 Classrooms

Active learning emerged as a new approach to learning in the 1980s. The core concept of active learning involves engaging students not only in actively exploring knowledge but also in reflecting on their own learning process in order to become more effective learners. Because the nonalphabetic nature of the Chinese writing system makes learning to read and write Chinese characters extremely time-consuming for native English speakers, this qualitative study was intended to identify instructional strategies, methods, and activities for promoting active learning among beginning learners of Chinese as a second language and to investigate students' perceptions of the identified strategies, methods, and activities with regard to their effectiveness in engaging students in meaningful learning.
Substance P Modulates Cocaine-Evoked Dopamine Overflow in the Striatum of the Rat Brain

: To study the role of the neuropeptide substance P in modulating some of the effects of cocaine in the striatum, we administered cocaine to rats and measured preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) messenger RNA and substance P peptide in the nigrostriatal pathway. We also measured the effect of a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist on striatal cocaine-evoked dopamine overflow by in vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals. Acute administration of cocaine to naive rats (15 mg/kg of body weight) increased preprotachykinin-A mRNA levels in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the caudate putamen 4 hours after the intraperitoneal injection of cocaine. Concomitantly, in a separate group of animals, substance P peptide levels were decreased in the ventral caudate putamen and substantia nigra (38% below controls). In a separate experiment, infusion through the microdialysis probe of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060 significantly decreased cocaine-evoked striatal dopamine overflow (approximately 50% inhibition at 30 minutes after cocaine administration). Taken together, these results suggest a direct role for substance P in the modulation of some of the actions of cocaine in the striatum of the rat brain.
ZD1839, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alone and in combination with radiation and chemotherapy as a new therapeutic strategy in non–small cell lung cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor is overexpressed in a majority of non-small cell lung cancers and has been associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical studies have shown that ZD1839, an oral anilinoquinazoline, targets the epidermal growth factor receptor-associated tyrosine kinase, reversibly inhibiting critical downstream signaling and resulting in cancer cell growth arrest. Potent antitumor effects have been observed in human lung tumor xenograft models. Preclinical studies have shown additive to synergistic effects when ZD1839 is combined with radiation or chemotherapy in colon, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancers. Phase I clinical trials have shown modest dose-related toxicity, and antitumor activity has been reported in a variety of malignancies including lung cancer. Future studies will certainly combine ZD1839 with chemotherapy or radiation. ZD1839 also may be effective as a chemoprevention agent because premalignant lesions often overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor.
Measuring Dynamic In-Vivo Elbow Kinematics: Description of Technique and Estimation of Accuracy

Background The objectives of this study were to characterize the translational and rotational accuracy of a model-based tracking technique for quantifying elbow kinematics and to demonstrate its in vivo application. Method of approach The accuracy of a model-based tracking technique for quantifying elbow kinematics was determined in an in vitro experiment. Biplane X-ray images of a cadaveric elbow were acquired as it was manually moved through flexion-extension. The 3D position and orientation of each bone was determined using model-based tracking. For comparison, the position and orientation of each bone was also determined by tracking the position of implanted beads with dynamic radiostereometric analysis. Translations and rotations were calculated for both the ulnohumeral and radiohumeral joints, and compared between measurement techniques. To demonstrate the in vivo application of this technique, biplane X-ray images were acquired as a human subject extended their elbow from full flexion to full extension. Results The in vitro validation demonstrated that the model-based tracking technique is capable of accurately measuring elbow motion, with reported errors averaging less than ±1.0 mm and ±1.0 deg. For the in vivo application, the carrying angle changed from an 8.3 ± 0.5 deg varus position in full flexion to an 8.4 ± 0.5 deg valgus position in full extension. Conclusions Model-based tracking is an accurate technique for measuring in vivo, 3D, dynamic elbow motion. It is anticipated that this experimental approach will enhance our understanding of elbow motion under normal and pathologic conditions.
A view of the origins and development of Prolog

Dealing with failure is easy: Work hard to improve. Success is also easy to handle: You've solved the wrong problem. Work hard to improve.
Finding a Correction for the Sampling Error in Multivariate Measures of Relationship: A Monte Carlo Study

Canonical correlation analysis is a powerful statistical method subsuming other parametric significance tests as special cases, and which can often best honor the complex reality to which most rese...
Data acquisition and online processing requirements for experimentation at the Superconducting Super Collider

Differences in scale between data acquisition and online processing requirements for detectors at the Superconducting Super Collider and systems for existing large detectors will require new architectures and technological advances in these systems. Emerging technologies will be employed for data transfer, processing, and recording. 9 refs., 3 figs.
Ocular involvement in children with candidemia.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate ocular findings in hospitalized children with systemic Candida species infection. Design Retrospective review of inpatient hospital consultations. Methods Inpatient hospital consultations performed by a pediatric ophthalmology service over a 30-month period were reviewed. Results Of 600 consultations performed by the service, 30 were to rule out ocular findings in patients with suspected or known candida infection. No patients had ocular findings consistent with endophthalmitis or chorioretinitis. One patient had nonspecific findings of multisystem organ failure, and one had vascular findings secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressures. Conclusions In contrast to the results of studies performed 10 to 15 years ago, ocular involvement is highly unusual in children with candidemia, but such consultations account for a substantial workload. Further attention to risk factors associated with ocular infection is warranted.
Manual vital signs reliably predict need for life-saving interventions in trauma patients.

Objective: Various types of diagnostic and monitoring techniques are available in the prehospital environment. It is unclear how increasing complexity of diagnostic equipment improves the ability to predict the need for a life-saving intervention (LSI). In this study, we determined whether the addition of diagnostic equipment improved the predictive power of vital signs and scores obtained only by physical examination. Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained for an analysis of 793 prehospital trauma patient records collected during helicopter transport by Emergency Medical Services personnel. Exclusion of severe head injuries and patients with incomplete data resulted in 381 patients available for analysis. Data sets were classified on the basis of the instrumentation requirements for capturing the given measurements and were defined by three groups: Group 1, vital signs obtained with no equipment (radial, femoral, and carotid pulse character; capillary refill; motor and verbal components of the Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS]); Group 2, Group 1 plus eye component of the GCS and pulse oximetry (Spo 2 ); and Group 3, Group 2 plus fully automated noninvasive blood pressure measurements, heart rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and respiratory rate. LSIs performed during transport and in the hospital were recorded. Data were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model to determine which vital signs were the best predictors of LSI. Results: Radial pulse character and GCS verbal and motor components had the best predictive power for the need of a prehospital LSI in Group 1 (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve, 0.97). Radial pulse character together with the eye component of the GCS and the motor component of the GCS provided the best prediction of a need for a prehospital LSI for Group 2 (ROC curve, 0.97). Addition of all supplementary vital signs measured by an automated monitor (Group 3) resulted in an ROC curve of 0.97. Given an abnormal radial pulse character (weak or absent) and abnormal GCS verbal and motor components, the probability of needing an LSI was greater than 88%. Conclusion: In this cohort of patients, predicting the need for an LSI could have been achieved from GCS motor and verbal components and radial pulse character without automated monitors. These data show that simple and rapidly acquired manual measurements could be used to effectively triage non-head-injured trauma casualties. Similar results were obtained from manual measurements compared with those recorded from automated medical instrumentation that may be unavailable or difficult to use in the field.
A 1400-Ft Meteorological Tower with Automatic Data Readout

This paper describes the meteorological and data readout instrumentation on a 1400-ft television tower near Dallas, Tex., with sensors located at 12 levels for observing wind and temperature. The data provided by the 36 sensors are integrated for preset intervals, sampled periodically and read out automatically onto punched tape and an electric typewriter. Salient features of the installation are described and samples of the data are shown. As illustrations, meteorological data taken during the passage of Hurricane Carla in the Fall of 1961 and during a low level jet situation are presented.
Manage indirect practice expense the way you practice medicine: with information.

PURPOSE: Surgeons are increasingly faced with the pressures of maintaining the highest quality of patient care, while at the same time maintaining financial viability. The purpose of this project was to provide a framework for analyzing practice costs for colorectal surgeons using an activity-based cost accounting model. METHODS: A survey of 11 practices that were diverse in terms of geography, managed care penetration, academicvs. private practice style, and case distribution was performed. In activity-based costing the assignment of typical costs such as staff salaries are assigned to the appropriate business process. The business processes employed in this study were service patients in the office, perform in-office procedures, schedule cases in facilities, service patients in the hospital, insurance authorization, maintain medical records, billing, collections, resolve billing disputes, interaction with third parties, maintain professional education, sustain and manage the practice, maintain the facility, teaching and research, and performing drug studies. The final step is to assign the cost associated with all appropriate business processes to the appropriate cost object. The cost objects in this study were defined as a charge office visit, no-charge office visit, charge hospital visit, in-office procedures, in-facility procedures, and performing drug studies. The data were then analyzed to allow a comparison of four similar practices within the study group. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that the cost of seeing a charge office visit ranged from $55 to $105. Similarly, the cost of seeing a no-charge office visit during the global period ranged from $43 to $100. The study analyzed possible explanations for the wide variability in these costs. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential that physicians clearly understand the sources of expenses generated by the operation of their practices. A clear comprehension of costs will lead colorectal surgeons to make appropriate decisions regarding such important issues as office staffing ratios, office square footage, and instrumentation acquisitions.
A comparison of acoustic-prosodic entrainment in face-to-face and remote collaborative learning dialogues

Today, people are just as likely to have a business meeting remotely as they are face-to-face. Individuals obtain college degrees remotely and sick patients can visit the doctor from home. Especially important in light of this popularity, remote settings are posing communication challenges that are not present in face-to-face settings. Visual cues such as facial expressions and body language are either degraded or nonexistent. In this paper, we are interested in how remote settings affect spoken dialogue when compared to face-to-face settings. We focus on entrainment, a phenomenon of conversation where individuals adapt to each other during the interaction. Specifically, we investigate acoustic-prosodic entrainment, where individuals become more similar in their pitch, loudness, or speaking rate. We explore three different measures of acoustic-prosodic entrainment, comparing remote settings to face-to-face settings on a turn-by-turn basis. Our results indicate that the two settings do differ for different forms of entrainment, suggesting that the presence or absence of visual cues such as facial expressions and body language has an impact on the degree of entrainment.
Cerebro-cerebellar Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Background The cerebellum plays important roles in sensori-motor and supramodal cognitive functions. Cellular, volumetric, and functional abnormalities of the cerebellum have been found in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but no comprehensive investigation of cerebro-cerebellar connectivity in ASD is available. Methods We used resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in 56 children and adolescents (28 subjects with ASD, 28 typically developing subjects) 8–17 years old. Partial and total correlation analyses were performed for unilateral regions of interest (ROIs), distinguished in two broad domains as sensori-motor (premotor/primary motor, somatosensory, superior temporal, and occipital) and supramodal (prefrontal, posterior parietal, and inferior and middle temporal). Results There were three main findings: 1) Total correlation analyses showed predominant cerebro-cerebellar functional overconnectivity in the ASD group; 2) partial correlation analyses that emphasized domain specificity (sensori-motor vs. supramodal) indicated a pattern of robustly increased connectivity in the ASD group (compared with the typically developing group) for sensori-motor ROIs but predominantly reduced connectivity for supramodal ROIs; and 3) this atypical pattern of connectivity was supported by significantly increased noncanonical connections (between sensori-motor cerebral and supramodal cerebellar ROIs and vice versa) in the ASD group. Conclusions Our findings indicate that sensori-motor intrinsic functional connectivity is atypically increased in ASD, at the expense of connectivity supporting cerebellar participation in supramodal cognition.
Distributed actuator control design for flexible beams

Abstract The application of a piezoelectric film actuator to the active vibration control of beams is investigated for general boundary conditions and non-uniform film spatial distributions. The film offers the possibility of formulating control laws without the necessity of modelling the beam in terms of its component vibrational modes. Lyapunov's direct method is used to derive the control laws. The analysis demonstrates that, while for most boundary configurations a spatially uniform control is appropriate, pinned-pinned, free-free, clamped-sliding and clamped-clamped beams require non-uniform spatial distributions to be controllable. Candidate distributions are presented for these configurations. As a result of the investigation a set of guidelines is deduced for the design of non-uniform spatial film distributions.
Iterative sidelobe reduction in transmission-constrained, stepped frequency, synthetic aperture radar

Researchers at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) have recently developed an iterative technique for improving image quality in ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems. This technique, dubbed "recursive sidelobe minimization" (RSM), has been applied extensively to data sets in which no constraints have been placed on the amount of transmitted bandwidth. That is, no frequency notching was required prior to transmission of the waveform. In this paper we describe an extension of the earlier RSM technique designed to reduce the artifacts introduced by frequency notching. We include results obtained applying the technique to both simulated and measured data.
Electronic transport in quasi-one-dimensional arrays of gold nanocrystals

We report on the fabrication and current-voltage (IV) characteristics of very narrow, striplike arrays of metal nanoparticles. The arrays were formed from gold nanocrystals self-assembled between in-plane electrodes. The local cross linking of the ligands by exposure to a focused electron beam and the subsequent removal of the unexposed regions produced arrays as narrow as four particles wide and sixty particles long, with a high degree of structural ordering. Remarkably, even for such quasi-one-dimensional strips, we found nonlinear, power-law IV characteristics similar to those of much wider two-dimensional (2D) arrays. However, in contrast to the robust behavior of the 2D arrays, the shape of the IV characteristics is much more sensitive to temperature changes and temperature cycling. Furthermore, at low temperatures we observed pronounced two-level current fluctuations indicative of discrete rearrangements in the current paths. We associate this behavior with the inherent high sensitivity of single-electron tunneling to the polarization caused by the quenched offset charges in the underlying substrate.
Stability Theory of the Magnetic Phases for a Simple Model of the Transition Metals

A semiquantitative explanation of the observed distribution of magnetism in the transition metals and alloys is made based on a highly simplified quasiparticle band model. It depends on only two parameters, the valence (number of $d$ electrons) of the metal and the ratio of quasiparticle interaction strength to band-width, $\frac{{C}_{0}}{{E}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}$. The quantity $\frac{{C}_{0}}{{E}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}$ increases with valence and also increases as one goes from the $5d$ transition metals to the $3d$ transition metals. Ferromagnetism is found to be most likely for those metals with large $\frac{{C}_{0}}{{E}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}$ and a valence well away from five. Antiferromagnetism is found to occur for a valence of around five, as do the more complex states such as the ferrimagnetic and spiral-spin-density-wave states, which are explicitly described. It is suggested that the peak in the specific heat of the transition-metal alloys that occurs as one alloys across the $3d$ transition series is closely related to changes in the band structure caused by ordering, at least for the Cr-Mn system.
Tobacco at the Crossroads: The Past and Future of Smoking Regulation in the United States

The past five years have seen a dramatic turn of events against the tobacco industry, raising the question of the appropriate future path for smoking policy in the U.S. This paper discusses the theory and evidence on regulation of smoking. I begin by reviewing the background on this industry. I then turn to a discussion of the motivations for regulating smoking, both external and internal to the smoker. I review the evidence on the effects of existing regulations. And I conclude with a discussion of future policy directions.
Overall Cycle time Effectiveness metric for system-level service performance measurement and bottleneck detection

Circumstantial evidence suggests that service industries play an important role in the slowdown of the US non-farm multifactor productivity after 1973. Productivity improvements in services are harder to achieve than in goods producing industries. The shift of the US economy towards a larger share of services implies the need for concerted productivity improvement efforts in this sector. What gets measured gets done and improved. However, there is no standard approach to measure service performance as each industry is unique. There have been attempts in the past to measure and improve service productivity, but what is lacking is a systemic approach. This paper addresses this gap and presents the Overall Cycle time Effectiveness (OCE) metric that could be used for system-level cycle time performance monitoring and diagnostics for service systems. It explains the OCE development methodology, validates the developed OCE metrics and demonstrates its bottleneck detection ability using a real-world case study.
The Dynamic Value of Hierarchy

This study develops a dual-routines view of the dynamic value of hierarchy, and tests it against the implicit null hypothesis that hierarchy merely provides static advantages over markets. The view holds that hierarchical managers perform two roles that create value for firms in perpetuity-an administrative role of enforcing operational routine, and an entrepreneurial role of executing a metaroutine that continually revises operational routine to keep pace with changes in the environment. The test consists of a natural experiment comparing the behavior and performance of establishments that leave a franchise, "lose their hierarchical managers," with those that remain. I find support for the view. In the absence of the franchisor, establishment behavior drifts from the operational routine, and establishments fail to adopt innovation. Both responses lead to significant decay in performance. Thus hierarchical managers are necessary to actively enforce routine, even after the routine been assimilated, and to introduce innovation, even in this unique setting of perfect incentives.
A Flip Turn for Membrane Protein Insertion

The transmembrane domains in a membrane protein must be recognized and correctly oriented before their insertion into the lipid bilayer. Devaraneni et al. (2011) generate snapshots at different stages of membrane protein biogenesis, revealing a dynamic set of steps that imply an unexpectedly flexible membrane insertion machinery.
Genetic Basis of Spectral Tuning in the Violet-Sensitive Visual Pigment of African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

Ultraviolet (UV) and violet vision in vertebrates is mediated by UV and violet visual pigments that absorb light maximally (λmax) at ∼360 and 390–440 nm, respectively. So far, a total of 11 amino acid sites only in transmembrane (TM) helices I–III are known to be involved in the functional differentiation of these short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) pigments. Here, we have constructed chimeric pigments between the violet pigment of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and its ancestral UV pigment. The results show that not only are the absorption spectra of these pigments modulated strongly by amino acids in TM I–VII, but also, for unknown reasons, the overall effect of amino acid changes in TM IV–VII on the λmax-shift is abolished. The spectral tuning of the contemporary frog pigment is explained by amino acid replacements F86M, V91I, T93P, V109A, E113D, L116V, and S118T, in which V91I and V109A are previously unknown, increasing the total number of critical amino acid sites that are involved in the spectral tuning of SWS1 pigments in vertebrates to 13.
Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants – By Kathleen M. Barry

Readers whose shelves have filled in the last decade with books on the history of second‐wave feminism will want to make room for this author's sophisticated and detailed study of flight attendants...
A test for measuring the effects of enzyme inactivation.

Abstract In the single-enzyme, single-substrate reaction with non-mechanism-based enzyme inactivation, the formation of the product and inactivation of the enzyme occur independently. For this reaction, we show that the steady-state hypothesis is applicable even when degradation of the enzyme occurs. An equation for the rate of product formation has been derived and it shows Michaelis–Menten kinetics with an apparent Michaelis–Menten constant K M app = K M + K δ where K δ is the enzyme inactivation constant. Use of a Lineweaver–Burk plot yields values for K M app , which can be used to estimate K δ and, consequently, the degree of enzyme inactivation in a particular experiment. We employ this methodology to estimate the inactivation constant for the arsenate reductase catalyzed production of arsenite with appreciable enzyme inactivation.
EFFECTS OF INTERACTING DISTURBANCES ON LANDSCAPE PATTERNS: BUDWORM DEFOLIATION AND SALVAGE LOGGING

Prior to European settlement, the 450000-ha Pine Barrens region in northwestern Wisconsin, USA, was characterized by a landscape mosaic of large, open patches, savannas, and closed forest stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). Crown-fires created large open patches that persisted on the droughty soils, providing important habitat for a number of area-sensitive, open-habitat species. Insect outbreaks may have contributed to periodic fires by increasing the fuel load. Today, fires are suppressed in the managed landscape, but insect defoliation remains a major disturbance. Salvage logging commonly follows insect outbreaks. Our objective was to evaluate landscape pattern changes caused by this interaction of natural disturbances and forest management. We examined changes in landscape pattern during the most recent (1990–1995) outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus) in northwestern Wisconsin using four Landsat TM satellite images (1987, 1991, 1993, and 1995). The 1987 image provided the basis for a species-level forest classification identifying mature jack pine and open habitat prior to the budworm outbreak. Each subsequent image was used to identify clearcuts in mature jack pine. The 1995 image was also used to classify stand development in the open habitat of the 1987 image so that the overall availability of open habitat in 1995 could be assessed. GIS data layers were used to analyze logging rates and clearcut sizes separately for different classes of land ownership and soils. Approximately 12500 ha were salvage logged during the 1990–1995 outbreak. Logging rates were highest on the most infertile soils, and on private, industrial forest land. Annual logging rates of different landowners were 3–6 times higher during the outbreak than previous to it. Salvage cut sizes were larger than clearcuts prior to the outbreak. New cuts were mostly located next to previous cuts, thus increasing the size of openings on the landscape. Initial survey results by N. Niemuth show that populations of one area-sensitive open-habitat species (Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus) thrive on the salvage cuts. Insect defoliation and subsequent salvage logging did create new habitat for open-habitat species that were declining. Landscape pattern changes due to multiple interacting disturbances have rarely been studied. The interaction of jack pine budworm defoliation and salvage logging substantially changed landscape pattern in the Pine Barrens. We speculate that interaction between insect defoliation and fire may have significantly shaped the presettlement landscape.
Aspects of Language Design for Combinatorial Computing

Experience in the area of combinatorial computing acquired by the Maniac group at Los Alamos has motivated language development in this direction. Features incorporated into the MADCAP language to aid in programming combinatorial calculations include notation for set synthesis and analysis, notation for variably nested iterations (backtracking) and notation for complex conditional statements. The paper also examines the relationship of such combinatorial language design to machine design. Prominent in this discussion are the bit manipulation (shifting, counting and searching) facilities of Maniac II.
Expression of IL-5 receptors on B cells: Role in mucosal B cell responses

IL-5 plays an important role in mucosal B cell responses. An in vitro model of IgA B cell differentiation, CH12LX, has been used to demonstrate that IL-5R are expressed on both IgM+ and IgA+ B cells and that IL-5 will enhance secretion of both IgM and IgA by CH12LX B cells, depending on the surface isotype of individual cells. Further, the enhanced secretion of Ig in response to IL-5 is associated with increased steady-state levels of Ig mRNA. Finally, normal Peyer's patch B cells are also capable of expressing IL-5R in response to appropriate stimuli (i.e. anti-IgM- or anti-IgD-dextran). Thus, mucosal B cell responses to IL-5 are brought about by interaction of IL-5 with specific receptors expressed on the surface of those cells.
MO-G-213AB-06: Segment Matching Optimization for Modulated Electron Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT) has been demonstrated to be an ideal treatment for lesions close to the surface in terms of dose coverage and sparing of underlying critical organs and normal tissues. The purpose of this study was to obtain the parameters and devise strategies for segment matching which are necessary for efficient MERT treatment planning.Methods: In this study we used EGS4nrc/BEAMnrc and MCSim code for Monte Carlo calculations. The Computational Environment for Radiotherapy research (CERR) tool was used for viewing and comparing plans. A water phantom, delineated with stepped target idealized for two segments with sizes from 2 to 6 cm and electron beam energies of 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV were used for the calculations. The variation in dose distribution with different energies of abutte electron segments and change in segment size were studied. In order to obtain homogenous dose at the segment match, various gaps and smoothing between segments were introduced. Finally, a salivary gland MERT plan was executed using the segment match optimization scheme. Results: As the energy difference between two consecutive segments increased, dose uniformity at the segment junction decreased. For small segments (< 4 cm) optimization can be improved by introducing a gap (1–2 mm) between segments. However, for larger segments, smoothing was found to be more beneficial than gapping the segments. The salivary gland case was successful in terms of dose coverage and homogeneity aided by the segment matching techniques described. Conclusions: We conclude that use of bigger segments, and smaller differences in energy for abutting segments, should be prioritized for MERT planning. This study provides an optimization regimen of segment matching for MERT treatment planning with gaps/smoothing, depending on segment size and energy in order to provide better dose coverage and expedite the forward planning process. Varian Master Research Agreement
Image registration, visualization, and understanding of Magnetic Resonance (MR) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images

We present the use of a anatomical landmarks in the registration of PET and MR brain images. The interhemispheric fissure, a surface landmark, is segmented automatically. Further segmentation could be used in building a knowledge base system. Each registration method has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of ease of use, and precision, depending on the images and the organ of concern. The resulting registered data sets are complex and special methods for their visualization have been developed based on the sensitivity of the human visual system to motion and dynamical changes.
Recent developments in asthma education.

Purpose of reviewAsthma education is a key component of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) asthma guidelines. Although the benefits and importance of asthma patient education are well documented, there are still many open questions regarding how to best provide asthma education. T
Hydrogen-bonded sodium–organic frameworks from imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

Coordination polymers [Na(Hidc)(H2idc)(H2O)2] (1) and [Na(Hidc)(H2O)] (2) (H2idc = imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid) have been synthesized hydrothermally and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, TGA, and IR. Compound 1 displays a 1-D coordination network and 2 exhibits a layered coordination structure. Both compounds form 3-D frameworks through hydrogen bonds.
Characteristics associated with the use of nonanatomic resections among Medicare patients undergoing resections of early-stage lung cancer.

Background Racial disparities in access to surgical resection for treatment of early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are well documented. However it is unclear how race, clinical, and hospital characteristics affect the surgical approach among patients undergoing resection. Methods Using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)/Medicare linked database, we identified patients 67 years of age or older diagnosed with stage I NSCLC who underwent surgical resection from 2000 to 2007. Surgical approach was categorized as lobectomy or segmentectomy (anatomic) versus wedge resection (nonanatomic). We used logistic regression to identify the association between demographic, clinical, and hospital factors and the use of nonanatomic resections. Results There were 8,986 patients in the sample (mean age, 75 years; 53% women); 12.8% underwent nonanatomic resection. The use of nonanatomic resection increased significantly, from 11.0% in 2000 to 15.9% in 2007 ( p = 0.008). In multivariable analysis, race was not associated with the receipt of nonanatomic resection. Factors associated with the use of nonanatomic resections included age greater than 80 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.98), T1a primary tumor status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.55–2.12), and volume of hospital lung resections performed (highest versus lowest hospital volume, OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.23–2.04). More nonanatomic resections were performed in 2007 than in 2000 (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.27–2.37). After stratifying by tumor size, the temporal trend in the use of nonanatomic resection remained significant only among patients with tumors greater than 3 cm. Conclusions Since 2000, the use of nonanatomic resections in stage I NSCLC has increased, most significantly among patients with larger tumors. After adjusting for clinical factors, there was no relation between race and type of surgical resection.
Vertical migration of centropages typicus (copepoda) in Chesapeake Bay, with some thoughts on migration studies

Centropages typicus was collected at two hour intervals over a diel cycle at a station near the Chesapeake Bay mouth. The species migrated upward at dusk and downward at dawn. Neither light, temperature, salinity, nor density appeared to cue the migration. Attention is drawn to the need for information on the extent and regularity of migration by individual organisms, and how the lack of such information may lead to poor interpretations of migration data.
Histochemical localization of monoamines in the crab central nervous system.

The localization of monoaminergic cells in the central nervous system of the crab Carcinus maenas was studied by the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique. Specific green fluorescence attributable to catecholamines was found in neurons and neuropile of eyestalk ganglia, brain, circumesophageal connectives and ganglia, and ventral ganglia. Specific yellow fluorescence attributable to 5-hydroxytryptamine was found in neurons of the brain and ventral ganglia.
Binding of antinucleoside antibody to DNA.

Abstract Reactions between radiolabeled heat-denatured E. coli DNA and antibodies specific for each of the four naturally occurring mononucleosides were detected by the modification of the Farr procedure using antigamma globulin to precipitate the antigen-antibody complex. Nonimmune serum binds less than 5 per cent of the radiolabeled DNA. The homologous hapten is at least 103 times more inhibitory than the heterologous haptens. Formaldehyde-denatured DNAs are also effective inhibitors. M. lysodeikticus DNA‡ (72 per cent G-C), denatured in the presence of 1% formaldehyde inhibited anti-cytidine better than did Cl. perfringens DNA (30 per cent G-C) similarly denatured. The reverse was obtained with antithymidine. Thus DNAs of varying base composition can be differentiated from each other.
Review of Experimental Characterization of Active Sites and Determination of Molecular Mechanisms of Adsorption, Desorption and Regeneration of the Deep and Ultradeep Desulfurization Sorbents for Liquid Fuels

This review analyzes the recent literature on the direct experimental determination of molecular and atomic-level nature of adsorption sites, mechanisms of adsorption under the mild (close to ambient) conditions, desorption of sulfur-aromatic compounds, and surface chemical reactions upon regeneration of the “spent” sorbents for desulfurization of the liquid fuels. Supported noble, transition metals and metal oxides, binary, and ternary metal oxides, activated carbons, zeolites, supported polymers, pervaporation membranes and other advanced adsorptive desulfurization materials are discussed. The recent trends in developing the deep and ultradeep desulfurization sorbents are discussed, and challenges of the direct determination of molecular mechanisms are described.
Changes in Measured Attitudes and Adjustments

(1938). Changes in Measured Attitudes and Adjustments. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 189-199.
Effect of oven aging on polypropylene

Injection-molded tensile bars of unstabilized polypropylene were oven aged at 90°C. After an induction period, tensile elongation decreased catastrophically. During the induction period no evidence of oxidation was observed by infrared reflectance; however, a definite surface etching was noted by electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that, for samples aged beyond the induction time, oxidative degradation caused a decrease in the melting temperature of polypropylene. Toluene immersion was used to remove selectively material from the surface of tensile bars aged for various times. Using this technique, changes in melting behavior were observed for partially aged polypropylene even prior to the catastrophic decrease in tensile elongation. Similarly, oxidation products and a reduction in molecular weight were detected for the dissolved surface layer during the apparent induction time. Results indicate that molecular weight measurement is the most sensitive indicator of oxidative degradation during the induction period.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Synthesis of deuterium and 13C labeled bile acids

A series of 5β-cholanic acids labeled with deuterium in the A ring were prepared by exchange labeling of the corresponding ketone by column chromatography on deuterated alumina. Factors affecting yield and labeling efficiency are discussed. 5β-Cholanic acids labeled with 13C in the carboxyl position were prepared by treatment of the corresponding 23-chloro-24-norcholane with sodium cyanide-13C followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the nitrile. The intermediates in the synthesis were characterized by high resolution NMR spectroscopy. Mass spectra are also reported for the 13C labeled products.
A case history of strategic planning

There is a certain ambivalence between the theory of corporate planning and a case history used to illustrate it. On the one hand theory must generalize and capture enough of reality to explain it. It must be simple enough to be useful yet complex enough to be relevant. But a case history deals only with specific facts. It need not reflect practices which are right for any other company. Consequently it invariably questions theory since no formula can capture all the variations of a particular case.
Sub-Doppler Double Resonance Spectroscopy Of NH3 Using A Tunable Diode Laser

Sub-Doppler double resonance experiments are described in which a fixed frequency CO laser pumps a 6 μm v4 transition in NH3, while a tunable diode laser probes a 10 μm v2 transition having a common lower level. The experiments are done with a precision Stark cell inside the CO laser cavity. A pump transition is Stark-tuned into exact coincidence with the CO laser, which is then Lamb-dip stabilized on the transition. The probe beam overlaps the pump beam colinearly in the Stark cell, and the double resonance signals appear as nar-row transmission peaks on the diode laser frequency scans. The narrowest observed widths are c=d3 MHz (FWHM), a large portion of which is due to unresolved hyperfine structure. An analysis of the various broadening mechanisms indicates that under optimum conditions the diode laser contributes less than 1 MHz to the widths.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Current management of bronchiectasis: Review and 3 case studies

Bronchiectasis is the abnormal, irreversible dilatation of diseased bronchi. Permanently dilated airways, usually in the medium-sized bronchi, are inflamed and often obstructed with thick, purulent secretions. Known causative factors include postinfection bronchial damage, postinhalation injury, hypersensitivity reactions, and congenital airway obstructive disorders. Typical symptoms include sputum overproduction, fever, pleurisy, dyspnea, and chronic cough. Diagnosis involves radiographic studies and pulmonary function testing. Treatment includes oral, aerosolized, or intravenous antibiotic therapy according to the severity of the exacerbation, and mucus clearance by means of bronchial hygiene assistive devices, chest physiotherapy, postural drainage, and high-frequency chest compression. We present a review of bronchiectasis and offer 3 case studies illustrating current management of different presentations, including use of aerosolized antibiotics for patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although an adjunctive program of pulmonary rehabilitation may be useful for patients with bronchiectasis, no confirming studies have been performed to date, and additional research in this area is warranted.
Decisional Control in Moving to a Nursing Home: Postadmission Adjustment and Well-Being

Five hundred and two skilled nursing facility residents were measured with a multidimensional assessment instrument within 4 weeks of admission, and then at 3 and 12 months following baseline, to determine the impact of deciding and wanting to make the move on well-being and adjustment. Dependent variables included measures of physical, social, and psychological functioning, social interaction, activity, satisfaction with services, and discharge. Regression analyses suggest an interactive effect on ADL change at 3 months.