cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia Secondary to a Fibroblast Growth Factor 23-Secreting Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor in the Foot.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is usually caused by humoral factors that are secreted by a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is predominantly produced by osteocytes in a normal physiologic state, but is elevated in many cases of TIO. FGF-23 inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule and also inhibits 1α-hydroxylase, resulting in decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) levels. We describe a patient who presented with symptoms of osteomalacia and was found to have a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor in the soft tissue of the foot. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A fifty-eight-year-old man presented with multiple episodes of insufficiency fractures and diffuse pain involving the knees, hips, and feet. The patient was well and physically active until two and one-half years prior, when he experienced severe pain in the left knee and leg after playing soccer. Despite physical therapy and corticosteroid injections, the patient continued to have severe pain that gradually limited weight-bearing and walking. Laboratory tests revealed low phosphorus (1.3 mg/dL; reference range, 2.5-4.5 mg/dL), low 1,25(OH)2D3 (12 pg/mL; reference range, 18-72 pg/mL), and elevated alkaline phosphatase (260 U/L; reference range, 38-126 U/L). Rheumatologic workup, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibody, and rheumatoid factor, was negative. Radiographs did not reveal obvious fractures, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and whole body technetium-99m bone scintigraphy revealed findings consistent with multiple stress and insufficiency fractures involving the sixth and eleventh ribs, the right tibial plateau, the left calcaneus, the distal part of the tibia, the distal femoral condyles, the fibular head, and the lateral tibial condyle. Bone densitometry revealed a T score of –2.6 in the femoral neck region, consistent with osteoporosis. Prior to presentation to our office, the patient continued …
Navigating the transition to multi-ethnic urban high schools: Changing ethnic congruence and adolescents' school-related affect

This short-term longitudinal study investigated 918 students' school-related affect across the transition to high school. The study focused specifically on the moderating effect of change in student ethnic congruence from middle to high school. Results indicate that students experiencing more ethnic incongruence from middle to high school, in particular African American and male students, reported declining feelings of school belonging over time. Moreover, students experiencing ethnic incongruence also had increasing worries about their academic success. These results suggest that the changing school demographics from middle school to high school may negatively impact students' school-related affect, especially if they move to high schools which include fewer students who are ethnically similar to themselves.
Before Black Like Me : Robert Gilbert Wells and Mr. Jones: Passing as Black

Furor erupted in the South in the early 1960s when John Howard Griffin published Black Like Me, his moving account of darkening his skin and hair in order to “pass” as an African-American man in the segregated South. His book detailed the discrimination and hardship he endured as he traveled on buses, hitchhiked, and struggled to find food and shelter as in the Deep South. After his book’s 1961publication,Griffithwashanged in effigy, had a cross burned in front of his house, and eventually temporarily left the country.Ultimately,BlackLikeMebecameabestseller,wentthoughnumerouseditions, and remains in print today. The book forced white America to see inside the AfricanAmerican experience and was certainly a factor in influencing desegregation policies. But long before Black Like Me, Robert Gilbert Wells, an African-American writer, wrote his own story in 1905 of a white man who changes his color, travels as a black man, and is transformed by the experience. The event is pivotal to the book. Wells’ book, Anthropology Applied to the American White Man and Negro ,w as published by Wells’ own printing firm (Wells & Company, Book Concern, 1905 )i n the predominantly African American and racially integrated township of Buxton, Iowa. 1
Holographic brain: a good analogy gone bad

One way of honoring the world's two greatest holographers is to remove from their field the association with the offbeat world of the holographic mind. Basing itself on analogical musings of two very creative scientists who were themselves not holographers, this 'field' of the holographic brain has strayed far from science and into the absurd. So much absurdity has been written by so many people that the one legitimate study of holographic principle in dolphins has been grouped too often with the nonsense. Here is taken most of the 'target statements' form one book. We could not bear to read them all this closely. We will attempt to determine what tidbit of fact led to the statements and to suggest alternative explanations when there is something to explain.
“Everyone knew but no one had proof”: tobacco industry use of medical history expertise in US courts, 1990–2002

Historians have played an important role in recent tobacco litigation, helping the industry with its defence of “common knowledge” and “open controversy”. Historians re‐narrate the past, creating an account for judges and juries that makes it appear that “everyone has always known” that cigarettes are harmful, meaning that smokers have only themselves to blame for their illnesses. Medical historians are also employed to argue that “honest doubts” persisted in the medical community long past the 1950s, justifying as responsible the industry's longstanding claim of “no proof” of hazards. The industry's experts emphasise the “good science” supported by the industry, and ignore the industry's role in spreading doubts about the reality of tobacco hazards.
Rapid Degradation of a Binary, PS149B1, δ-Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Soil, and a Novel Mathematical Model for Fitting Curve-Linear Decay

Abstract A novel, binary δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) strain PS149B1 has been identified, and the two genes that code for the peptides that make up the binary insecticidal crystal protein (bICP) have been inserted into maize plants, Zea mays L. Transformed maize plants that express the proteins are resistant to western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, a major pest of maize. A laboratory study was conducted to better understand the degradation of the bICP in soil. Insect bioassays using southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, were used to track degradation. A first-order kinetic model using a truncated data set predicts a half-life of <4 d, indicating a rapid rate of decay in soil. The degradation pattern for the complete data set exhibits systematic departures from a first-order kinetic model. A novel 3-parameter degradation model was developed and validated with 23 additional degradation data sets representing both Bt proteins and ...
The Genus Cyanidium

One of the strange features of life in the Yellowstone hot springs is that during summer the microbial mats in those springs rich in blue-green algae are usually orange or yellow in color, whereas the springs that are strikingly blue-green in color do not contain blue-green algae, but instead the eucaryotic alga Cyanidium caldarium. Hot springs containing Cyanidium are always acidic, with pH values less than 4, and at temperatures above 40°C this alga is the sole photosynthetic component, since no photosynthetic bacteria such as Chloroflexus live in such acidic habitats. Because of the striking appearance of Cyanidium mats, the alga has been observed for a long time, and has been variously called Chroococcus varius (Tilden, 1898), Protococcus botryoides f. caldarium (Tilden, 1898), Pleurocapsa caldaria (Collins et al., 1901), Palmellococcus thermalis (West, 1904), Pluto caldarius (Copeland, 1936), Dermocarpa caldaria (Drouet, 1943), and Rhodococcus caldarium (Hirose, 1958). The name Cyanidium caldarium was first used by Geitler and Ruttner (1936) the same year that Copeland described the organism as Pluto, but despite the euphony of the latter name, the name Cyanidium has taken precedent. A photomicrograph of typical cells of C. caldarium is shown in Figure 9.1.
Basic 2D graphics and animation concepts for iPHONE/iPAD games

The ubiquity of iOS and Android devices and the distribution offered by their respective app stores has revived the individual --- and small --- publisher game industry. App downloads in Apple's iTunes store --- mostly games --- now exceed the number of songs downloaded. Many developers are learning or refreshing game development skills to capitalize on this trend.
Novel Concept for the Formation of Sensitive, Selective, Rapidly Responding Conductometric Sensors

Rapidly responding, reversible, sensitive, and selective porous silicon-based gas sensors, operating at room temperature, are formed with a highly efficient electrical contact to a nanopore covered microporous array. Variable surface sensitivities are facilitated for a variety of gases, based on a complementary concept to that of strong and weak acid-base (HSAB) interactions and commensurate with a basis in physisorption. A range of highly selective surface coatings has been created. A "Materials Selection Table", implemented on 'phase matched' silicon nanopores positioned on porous silicon micropores facilitates the application of nanostructured metals, metal oxides, and nanoparticle catalytic coatings, providing for notably higher sensitivities and selectivity. Single nanostructure depositions, which include electroless gold, tin, copper, and nickel, as well as nano-alumina, magnesia, and titania provide for the detection of gases including NO, NO2, CO, NH3, PH3, SO2, H2S, HCl, and toluene in an array-based format at the sub-ppm level.
On Continuous Functions and Convergence of Nets

(1976). On Continuous Functions and Convergence of Nets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 365-366.
Serial determinations of the amino-terminal peptide of type III procollagen in severe chronic active hepatitis

Abstract To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (P-III-P) in monitoring chronic liver disease, serum P-III-P concentrations were measured in 46 patients with severe chronic active hepatitis (CAH) at entry and at remission during a therapeutic clinical trial. Coded sera were analyzed for P-III-P concentrations by both a standard radioimmunoassay and a recently developed and potentially more precise radioimmunoassay that uses Fab fragments rather than intact antibodies for binding antigen. As compared with conditions in 22 normal controls, P-III-P concentrations were elevated in 98% and 72% of patients with CAH by use of the standard and Fab radioimmunoassays, respectively. With treatment, P-III-P levels fell at remission to levels that were not significantly different from control values, as measured by both assays. The Fab radioimmunoassay, either alone or combined with the standard radioimmunoassay, provided no advantage over the standard radio-immunoassay alone. Serum P-III-P levels, as measured by either assay, correlated poorly or not at all with standard liver function tests and with histologic grade of disease. These data suggest that P-III-P serum levels are abnormal in severe CAH but normalize when remission of disease has been achieved. Consequently, serum P-III-P levels may be a diagnostic aid in the sequential evaluation of patients with severe CAH requiring treatment, and this test deserves further investigation. In this regard, the standard P-III-P assay has greater diagnostic accuracy than the Fab assay. Because the serum P-III-P measurement correlated with neither the histologic assessment of CAH nor the standard indices of inflammatory activity, it is not a quantitative measure of inflammation, but rather may reflect the associated dynamic process of collagen synthesis.
The Pilin N-terminal Domain Maintains Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transformation Competence during Pilus Phase Variation.

The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the sole aetiologic agent of the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhea. Required for gonococcal infection, Type IV pili (Tfp) mediate many functions including adherence, twitching motility, defense against neutrophil killing, and natural transformation. Critical for immune escape, the gonococcal Tfp undergoes antigenic variation, a recombination event at the pilE locus that varies the surface exposed residues of the major pilus subunit PilE (pilin) in the pilus fiber. This programmed recombination system has the potential to produce thousands of pilin variants and can produce strains with unproductive pilin molecules that are completely unable to form Tfp. Saturating mutagenesis of the 3’ third of the pilE gene identified 68 unique single nucleotide mutations that each resulted in an underpiliated colony morphology. Notably, all isolates, including those with undetectable levels of pilin protein and no observable surface-exposed pili, retained an intermediate level of transformation competence not exhibited in ΔpilE strains. Site-directed, nonsense mutations revealed that only the first 38 amino acids of the mature pilin N-terminus (the N-terminal domain or Ntd) are required for transformation competence, and microscopy, ELISAs and pilus purification demonstrate that extended Tfp are not required for competence. Transformation in strains producing only the pilin Ntd has the same genetic determinants as wild-type transformation. The Ntd corresponds to the alternative product of S-pilin cleavage, a specific proteolysis unique to pathogenic Neisseria. Mutation of the S-pilin cleavage site demonstrated that S-pilin cleavage mediated release of the Ntd is required for competence when a strain produces unproductive pilin molecules that cannot assemble into a Tfp through mutation or antigenic variation. We conclude that S-pilin cleavage evolved as a mechanism to maintain competence in nonpiliated antigenic variants and suggest there are alternate forms of the Tfp assembly apparatus that mediate various functions including transformation.
Surgical Management of Lung Metastases: Selection Factors and Results

The appearance of metastases is generally thought to herald widespread dissemination of a primary cancer. At this point, surgery usually is either not indicated or palliative. Thus, it is somewhat surprising that surgical resection of metastases has become an accepted treatment modality in several clinical situations. This is due, in part, to the unique biology of several types of cancers and to well-defined clinical presentations that can be identified. Drs. Dresler and Goldberg succinctly review the indications for and results of resection of pulmonary metastases.
Evolution and Structural Adaptation to Membranes of Single-Pass Transmembrane Proteins

More than 6000 single-pass transmembrane (bitopic) proteins from six representatives of different kingdoms of life, Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Methanococcus jannaschii (2545, 2115, 649, 517, 199 and 70 proteins, respectively), were identified, classified into 14 functional classes, 692 superfamilies and 1410 families, and collected in the Membranome database (at membranome.org). Three-dimensional (3D) models of transmembrane alpha-helices (TMH) were generated using an updated thermodynamic model of alpha-helix formation in membranes. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the repertoire of bitopic proteins is significantly enlarged in eukaryotic cells due to diversification of enzymes and emergence of proteins involved in vesicular traffic and biogenesis. A dramatic expansion of receptors, regulatory, and structural/adhesion proteins is seen in multicellular organisms. The relative abundance of receptors increases from prokaryotes ( 30%). Interestingly, the diversity of receptors, as estimated by the number of their superfamilies, is significantly smaller in A. thaliana than in humans. The calculated stabilities, lengths and tilt angles of TMHs are smallest for proteins from inner mitochondrial membranes, intermediate for prokaryotic proteins and proteins from endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi and chloroplast membranes and highest for proteins from eukaryotic plasma membrane. This reflects adaptation of TMHs to different membrane environments. The majority of bitopic proteins from multicellular organisms are located in plasma membrane with N-out topology, while prokaryotic cell membrane proteins mostly have N-in topology. The distributions of TMH lengths, hydrophobic thicknesses, and tilt angles are frequently bimodal (at ∼0-8° and ∼30°), which may be related to membrane heterogeneity or different modes of helix-helix association. The oligomerization propensity of bitopic proteins was investigated using computational docking, analysis of ∼450 experimental 3D structures of complexes and information from protein interaction databases.
Cannabis Epidemiology: A Selective Review

Background: Globally, the most widely used set of compounds among the internationally regulated drugs is cannabis. Objective: To review evidence from epidemiological research on cannabis, organized in relation to this field's five main rubrics: quantity, location, causes, mechanisms, and prevention/ control. Method: The review covers a selection of evidence from standardized population surveys, official statistics, and governmental reports, as well as published articles and books identified via MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar as of July 2016. Results: In relation to quantity, an estimated 3% to 5% of the world population is thought to have tried a cannabis product, with at least one fairly recent use, mainly extra-medical and outside boundaries of prescribed use. Among cannabis users in the United States, roughly one in 7-8 has engaged in medical marijuana use. In relation to location, prevalence proportions reveal important variations across countries and between subgroups within countries. Regarding causes and mechanisms of starting to use cannabis, there is no compelling integrative and replicable conceptual model or theoretical formulation. Most studies of mechanisms have focused upon a ‘gateway sequence’ and person-to-person diffusion, with some recent work on disability-adjusted life years. A brief review of cannabis use consequences, as well as prevention and control strategies is also provided. Conclusion: At present, we know much about the frequency and occurrence of cannabis use, with too little replicable definitive evidence with respect to the other main rubrics. Given a changing regulatory environment for cannabis products, new institutions such as an independent International Cannabis Products Safety Commission may be required to produce evidence required to weigh benefits versus costs. It is not clear that governmentsponsored research will be sufficient to meet consumer demand for balanced points of view and truly definitive evidence.
Incorporation of Brassica seed meal soil amendment and wheat cultivation for control of Macrophomina phaseolina in strawberry

Macrophomina. phaseolina is the cause of charcoal rot, a disease of emerging importance in strawberry production systems. Brassicaceae seed meals (SM) and prior cultivation of soils with wheat were evaluated for the capacity to suppress charcoal rot of strawberry and to determine the relative contribution of seed meal derived chemistry and soil biology in disease control. Brassicaceae seed meal amendments suppressed the abundance of M. phaseolina detected in soil systems, but optimal SM-induced pathogen suppression required a functional soil biology. Suppression of M. phaseolina was obtained with SM sourced from various Brassicaceae species and was not associated with a biologically active chemistry such as that generated by Brassica juncea SM amendment (e.g. allyl isothiocyanate). Disease control observed in natural soil was abolished when SM amended soils were pasteurized prior to infestation with M. phaseolina, suggesting a functional role of soil biology in disease suppression that was observed. Cultivation of soils with wheat prior to pathogen infestation resulted in a level of disease control superior to SM amendment, however no additive effect on disease suppression was observed with integration of the two treatments. In small scale field trials, SM amendment induced phytotoxicity was observed and may have contributed to a lack of apparent control of charcoal rot. In the same trials, significant weed control was achieved in response to SM amendment. Across trials conducted in controlled and field environments there has been a lack of consistent association between the effect of SM amendment or wheat cultivation on M. phaseolina soil density and resulting level of root infection. This suggests that the observed disease control may have a greater dependence upon microbial interactions that transpire in the rhizosphere than that which occurs in the bulk soil environment.
Probing Substrate Sequestration in Carrier Proteins using Vibrational Spectroscopy Labels

Carrier proteins are considered “lynchpin” enzymes of biosynthetic pathways. The E. coli acyl carrier protein (ACP) is composed of multiple alpha helices that form a hydrophobic, solvent-protected pocket that sometimes provides a cavernous hiding spot to protect substrates bound to the ACP's phosphopantetheine (Ppant) arm. The action of “chain sequestration” is thought to be important for driving the biosynthetic process. In this study, selected amino acid residues inside the ACP sequestration channel were targeted as possible incorporation sites for para-substituted aromatic nitrile or alkyne vibrational spectroscopic probes. Using stop codon suppression, non-canonical amino acids were incorporated into the ACP via a co-transformed aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. In addition, artificial substrates containing unique vibrational labeling groups like nitriles were covalently ligated to the ACP's Ppant arm. The vibrational frequencies of these labeling groups, measured via IR absorption or Raman scattering, report on mainly the solvent exposure of the CN group, and the lineshape reports the distribution of environments around the label on either the protein or the growing substrate. IR and Raman results that report on the sequestration of substrates of different length, as well as methodological advances that enable this spectroscopic approach, will be discussed.
Compositional Differences in the Oligosaccharide Components of Generic Versions of Enoxaparin and Dalteparin.

Generic versions of the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) enoxaparin (Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France) and dalteparin (Pfizer Inc, NY, USA) have been developed and marketed in India and South America. Regulatory bodies in North America and Europe are evaluating generic versions of enoxaparin and dalteparin. No regulatory approval guidelines exist for these hybrid drugs which are of natural origin and exhibit structural differences due to differences in manufacturing processes. To investigate the oligosaccharide composition of enoxaparin and dalteparin, molecular profiles were compared prior to and after digestion with heparinase-1 (0.1–1.0 U/ml). Functional properties of the pre- and post-heparinase digested agents were profiled in anticoagulant, antiprotease and protease generation assays using whole blood, plasma and serpins such as antithrombin and heparin cofactor II. Additionally, protein binding profiles for both the branded and generic LMWHs were carried out using human serum albumin. At concentrations of heparinase <0.5 U/ml, significant differences in oligosaccharide composition were noted. At higher concentrations, branded and generic LMWHs showed a comparable digestion profile with the exception of differences in salt content and disaccharide formation. The branded and generic products exhibited product-dependent differences in their affinity to heparin cofactor II and antithrombin. The amount of AT affinity components ranged from 20–46% in the nondepolymerized products and was markedly reduced after depolymerization (5–15%). Protamine sulfate and platelet factor 4 titration curves were distinct for the generic versions of enoxaparin. Dalteparin and its generic version showed a stronger inhibition of thrombin generation as measured by amidolytic assay. Protein binding profile also showed measurable differences among these agents. These studies suggest that the manufacturing processes for generic versions of enoxaparin and dalteparin result in products that can be differentiated despite identical anti-Xa unit potencies and molecular profiles. Additional microstructural features such as the presence of anhydromanno groups and other anomeric transformations may also contribute to the chemical and biologic heterogeneity among the generic versions of the branded products. Therefore, besides the molecular profile, additional biologic actions and protein binding profiles can also be used to demonstrate biosimilarities of differentiation among these agents.
Accommodations, Discounts, and Displacement: The Variability of Rights as a Norm of Federalism(s)

Normative conflict is a fixture of federalism, shaping affiliations by law and constitutionally committed to legal pluralism. And, despite the frequently found pre-commitments to structural allocations of authority, power is regularly renegotiated in federations. To do so, mediating mechanisms are required. In this essay, I analyze two methods – essentializing allocations of authority and discounting either individual rights or identities of subunits – that courts in the United States and Europe have developed as they render decisions in the name of federalism. Essentialist claims link particular domains of activity to levels of governance, and justify decisions by assuming the naturalism and singularity of authority. Federalism discounts are exemplified here through analyses by the United States Supreme Court about whether state judges are unreasonably wrong when adjudicating rights of criminal defendants, and through examining decisions of the European Court of Human Rights when invoking the margin of appreciation. Discounts either under-enforce a particular right in deference to a subunit’s claim of authority and identity or insist on overriding a subunit’s decision in favor of enforcement. I argue that essential claims about the power of either the subunits or the larger entity obscure the agency of judges when making choices about how to characterize activities that determine the flow of power. In contrast, when providing federalism discounts, judges have to explain how and why the center, the subunit, or individuals bear the costs or reap the benefits of variations in rights protection. And, if such discounts are provisional, they have the potential to serve federalism(s)’ goals of accommodating plural legal sources by recognizing ongoing disagreements and the need for iterative exchanges about the scope of rights and the facets that bind the identity of both subunits and centers.
3D through-wall imaging with unmanned aerial vehicles using wifi

In this paper, we are interested in the 3D through-wall imaging of a completely unknown area, using WiFi RSSI and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that move outside of the area of interest to collect WiFi measurements. It is challenging to estimate a volume represented by an extremely high number of voxels with a small number of measurements. Yet many applications are time-critical and/or limited on resources, precluding extensive measurement collection. In this paper, we then propose an approach based on Markov random field modeling, loopy belief propagation, and sparse signal processing for 3D imaging based on wireless power measurements. Furthermore, we show how to design efficient aerial routes that are informative for 3D imaging. Finally, we design and implement a complete experimental testbed and show high-quality 3D robotic through-wall imaging of unknown areas with less than 4% of measurements.
Assigning function to CDS through qualified query answering: beyond alignment and motifs.

In this paper, we show how to use qualitative query answering to annotate CDS-to-function relationships with confidence in the score, confidence in the tool, and confidence in the decision about the function. The system, implemented in Prolog, provides users with a powerful tool to analyze large quantities of data that. have been produced by multiple sequence analysis programs. Using qualified query answering techniques, users can easily change the criteria for how tools reinforce each other ~ld for how numbers of occurrences of particular functions reinforce each other. They can also alter how different scores for different tools are categorized.
Comparative analysis of human and mouse CpG islands using dbCGI

DNA methylation and histone modifications form the epigenetic code. Cytosine methylation maintains an inactive-condensed chromatin state and is involved in many cellular events such as gene expression, chromosomal stability, cell differentiation, and carcinogenesis. CpG islands (CGIs), which are stretches of DNA in vertebrate organisms with an over-representation of the CpG dinucleotide, are naturally unmethylated and play an important role in gene repression. There is a lack, however, of a CGI database that provides a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the distribution and annotation of CGIs across organisms. We introduce dbCGI, a web-application that identifies, annotates, and analyzes CGIs. We performed individual genome-wide analysis of human and mouse CGIs in addition to a comparative analysis of the two organisms' CGIs using homologue gene pairs.
Caught with One's Zinc Fingers in the Genome Integrity Cookie Jar

Zinc finger (ZnF) domains are present in at least 5% of human proteins. First characterized as binding to DNA, ZnFs display extraordinary binding plasticity and can bind to RNA, lipids, proteins, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). The diverse binding properties of ZnFs have made their functional characterization challenging. While once confined to large and poorly characterized protein families, proteomic, cellular, and molecular studies have begun to shed light on their involvement as protectors of the genome. We focus here on the emergent roles of ZnF domain-containing proteins in promoting genome integrity, including their involvement in telomere maintenance and DNA repair. These findings have highlighted the need for further characterization of ZnF proteins, which can reveal the functions of this large gene class in normal cell function and human diseases, including those involving genome instability such as aging and cancer.
Modern linear algebra

Let M and N be modules over a commutative ring A. We will define another A-module M ⊗ A N called the tensor product of M and N.
A Contextualized Approach to Patient Autonomy Within the Therapeutic Relationship

Some authors have advanced a contractual model to protect patient autonomy within the therapeutic relationship. Such a conception of the physician–patient relationship is intended to serve both parties by respecting patients' choices and preserving physician integrity. I critique this contractual view and offer an alternative, feminist contextualized approach to autonomy within the therapeutic relationship. This approach places the physician-patient relationship within a larger social context, and indicates the many social inequalities that render insupportable the notion of physicians and patients as contracting equals.
The Oxygen Permeability of Cultured Endothelial Cell Monolayers

The first barrier encountered by oxygen after exiting the lumen of the capillary is the capillary wall endothelium. Prior workers’ estimates of the oxygen permeability of the endothelium have differed by orders of magnitude, with some studies suggesting that the endothelial resistance to oxygen transport is of dominant importance (Rasio and Goresky, 1979; Rose and Goresky, 1985; Fletcher and Schubert, 1984). The present study was undertaken to directly measure the oxygen permeability of cultured bovine aortic, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers
Factitious and artifactual hypoglycemia.

Artifactual hypoglycemia results from faulty laboratory analysis, which is often due to improper sample collection or interfering substances. It is not a diagnosis, but a source of diagnostic confusion. Factitious hypoglycemia results from the patient s deliberate effort to feign a hypoglycemic disorder. The most common cause, surreptitious insulin injection, is readily diagnosed by C-peptide measurement.
Management of broncholithiasis

Broncholithiasis is a condition in which calcified material has entered the tracheobronchial tree, at times causing airway obstruction and inflammation. Broncholiths generally originate as calcified material in mediastinal lymph nodes that subsequently erode into adjacent airways, often as a result of prior granulomatous infection. Disease manifestations range from asymptomatic stones in the airway to life-threatening complications, including massive hemoptysis and post-obstructive pneumonia. Radiographic imaging, particularly computed tomography scanning of the chest, is integral in the evaluation of suspected broncholithiasis and can be helpful to assess involvement of adjacent structures, including vasculature, prior to any planned intervention. Management strategies largely depend on the severity of disease. Observation is warranted in asymptomatic cases, while therapeutic bronchoscopy and surgical interventions may be necessary for cases involving complications. Bronchoscopic extraction is often feasible in cases in which the broncholith is freely mobile within the airway, whereas partially-embedded broncholiths represent additional challenges. Surgical intervention is indicated for advanced cases deemed not amenable to endoscopic management. Complex cases involving complications such as massive hemoptysis and/or bronchomediastinal fistula formation are best managed with a multidisciplinary approach, utilizing expertise from fields such as pulmonology, radiology, and thoracic surgery.
Safety of Influenza Vaccination Administered During Hospitalization.

Abstract Objective To determine whether influenza vaccination during hospitalization increases health care utilization, fever, and infection evaluations postdischarge. Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study conducted at Kaiser Permanente Southern California included patients aged 6 months or older hospitalized in a Kaiser Permanente Southern California facility with admission and discharge dates between September 1 and March 31 of the following calendar year, from 2011 to 2014. All influenza vaccinations administered during the period of August 1 to April 30 for influenza seasons 2011-2012, 2012-2013, and 2013-2014 were identified. We compared the risk of outcomes of interest between those who received influenza vaccination during their hospitalization vs those who were never vaccinated that season or were vaccinated at other times using propensity score analyses with inverse probability of treatment weighting. Outcomes of interest included rates of outpatient and emergency department visits, readmissions, fever, and clinical laboratory evaluations for infection (urine, blood, and wound culture; complete blood cell count) in the 7 days following discharge. Results We included in the study 290,149 hospitalizations among 255,737 patients. In adjusted analyses, we found no increased risk of readmissions (relative risk [RR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95), outpatient visits (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99), fever (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.93), and clinical evaluations for infection (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98) among those vaccinated during hospitalization compared with those who were never vaccinated or were vaccinated at other times. Conclusion Our findings provide reassurance about the safety of influenza vaccination during hospitalization. Every contact with a health care professional, including during a hospitalization, is an opportunity to vaccinate.
Abstract TP345: Early Mobilization Following Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration and/or Mechanical Thrombectomy Reduces Length of Stay

Background: Nearly 800,000 strokes occur each year in the United States and are a leading cause of disability. They result in an annual financial burden of roughly $34 billion, which includes hospi...
Identification of proteins for controlled nucleation of metal-organic crystals for nanoenergetics

Here, we report that a marine sandworm Nereis virens jaw protein, Nvjp1, nucleates hemozoin with similar activity as the native parasite hemozoin protein, HisRPII. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirm the identity of the hemozoin produced from Nvjp1-containing reactions. Finally, we observed that nAl assembled with hemozoin from Nvjp1 reactions has a substantially higher energetic output when compared to analogous thermite from the synthetic standard or HisRPII-nucleated hemozoin. Our results demonstrate that a marine sandworm protein can nucleate malaria pigment and set the stage for engineering recombinant hemozoin production for nanoenergetic applications.
Synthesis of 3,3‐dinitroazetidine from 1‐t‐butyl‐3,3‐dinitroazetidine

Treatment of 1-t-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine (1) with benzyl chloroformate resulted in a novel elimination of isobutylene to yield equimolar amounts of 1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3,3-dinitroazetidine (3) and 1-t-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine hydrochloride. The carbamate 3 was effectively cleaved by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to yield 3,3-dinitroazetidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (4). Free 3,3-dinitroazetidine (5) has also been isolated.
P2 Alphabet Soup - One School's Effort to Reduce Food Waste

Objective To determine the amount of food saved within two food waste reduction programs at an elementary school. Use of Theory or Research Food waste has many contributors: individuals, industry, grocery stores, restaurants and schools. A 2018, USDA study estimated the average person wastes 300 pounds of food a year in the US alone, equating to 150,000 tons of food, enough to feed two billion people. Schools waste 270,000 metric tons of food annually. Changes to the National School Nutrition Program has brought more fruits and vegetables into schools making it imperative to manage the waste from preparation and leftovers. Target Audience Food Service Managers Program Description A rural Ohio community of 7,212 people with a school district feeding 720 students daily in grades kindergarten through 12th grade with a 25% participation rate in free and reduced lunch. The kitchen, providing lunch for three school buildings, currently runs two food waste programs. Program one focuses on food scraps given to a local pig farmer; waste that cannot be served including the ends of vegetables and fruits. Program two focuses on leftover vegetables and grains from the school lunch service. Leftovers collected over the week are made into a vegetable soup that is served with the lunch on Fridays. The soup is offered to students and members of the school community including teachers, staff and visitors at no cost. Evaluation Methods Leftover vegetables and grains were collected and weight recorded daily for four school days for the vegetable soup. Food scraps were collected and weighed daily for five school days. Amounts were totaled. Results Food waste collection yielded 221.5 pounds or an average of 55.4 pounds a day of leftover vegetables and grains used in the vegetable soup. Food scraps program provided a total of 90.2 pounds or 18 pounds of feed daily for local pigs. Conclusions Food scraps and food saving programs work to reduce food waste. Utilizing leftover food may be a way to turn food waste back into edible food for people and/or animals. School kitchen was able to save over 250 pounds of food from the trash in one week. Funding None.
Tensor networks, p-adic fields, and algebraic curves: arithmetic and the AdS_3/CFT_2 correspondence

One of the many remarkable properties of conformal field theory in two dimensions is its connection to algebraic geometry. Since every compact Riemann surface is a projective algebraic curve, many constructions of interest in physics (which a priori depend on the analytic structure of the spacetime) can be formulated in purely algebraic language. This opens the door to interesting generalizations, obtained by taking another choice of field: for instance, the p-adics. We generalize the AdS/CFT correspondence according to this principle; the result is a formulation of holography in which the bulk geometry is discrete—the Bruhat–Tits tree for PGL(2,Qp)—but the group of bulk isometries nonetheless agrees with that of boundary conformal transformations and is not broken by discretization. We suggest that this forms the natural geometric setting for tensor networks that have been proposed as models of bulk reconstruction via quantum error correcting codes; in certain cases, geodesics in the Bruhat–Tits tree reproduce those constructed using quantum error correction. Other aspects of holography also hold: Standard holographic results for massive free scalar fields in a fixed background carry over to the tree, whose vertical direction can be interpreted as a renormalization-group scale for modes in the boundary CFT. Higher-genus bulk geometries (the BTZ black hole and its generalizations) can be understood straightforwardly in our setting, and the Ryu–Takayanagi formula for the entanglement entropy appears naturally.
Towards a Harmonized Long-Term Spaceborne Record of Far-Red Solar-Induced Fluorescence

Far‐red solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been retrieved from multiple satellites with nearly continuous global coverage since 1996. Multiple official and research‐grade retrievals provide a means for cross validation across sensors and algorithms, but produces substantial variation across products due to differences in instrument characteristics and retrieval algorithm. The lack of a consistent, calibrated SIF data set hampers scientific interpretation of planetary photosynthesis. NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) offers small sampling footprints, high data acquisition, and repeating spatially resolved targets at bioclimatically diverse locations, providing a unique benchmark for spaceborne sensors traceable to ground data. We leverage overlap between the longer running Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument version 2 (GOME‐2) SIF time series, and more recent state‐of‐the‐art OCO‐2 and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data, in a first attempt to reconcile inconsistencies in the long‐term record. After screening and correcting for key instrument differences (time of day, wavelength, Sun‐sensor geometry, cloud effects, footprint area), we find that Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument version 2 and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument perform exceedingly well in capturing spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability across OCO‐2 targets. However, Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument version 2 retrieval methods differ by up to a factor of 2 in signal‐to‐noise and magnitude. Magnitude differences are largely attributed to retrieval window choice, with wider windows producing higher magnitudes. The assumed SIF spectral shape has negligible effect. Substantial research is needed to understand remaining sensitivities to atmospheric absorption and reflectance. We conclude that OCO‐2 and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument have opened up the possibility to produce a multidecadal SIF record with well‐characterized uncertainty and error quantification for overlapping instruments, enabling back‐calibration of previous instruments and production of a consistent, research‐grade, harmonized time series.
Dual Tasking Influences Cough Sensorimotor Outcomes in Healthy Young Adults.

Purpose Reflex cough is an essential airway protective mechanism that often occurs in the context of divided attention. The effect of divided attention on measures of reflexive cough airflow and sensitivity remains unknown. We present findings from a study testing the effects of divided attention (via a dual-task paradigm) on measures of reflex cough in healthy young adults. Method Volunteers (N = 20, age = 20-40 years) underwent 4 blocks of capsaicin-induced cough challenges. Within each block, capsaicin ranging from 0 to 200 μM was presented in a randomized order. Two blocks consisted of cough testing only (single task). During the other 2 blocks, participants counted tones while simultaneously undergoing cough testing (dual task). Measures of cough motor response, self-reported urge-to-cough, cough frequency, and cough airflow were collected. Results Participants coughed more in the single-task condition compared to the dual-task condition (p ≤ .001). Participants' urge-to-cough ratings were lower in the dual-task condition (x = 2, "slight") compared to the single-task condition (x = 3, "moderate"; p = .007). Participants' cough reflex sensitivity thresholds were significantly increased in the dual-task condition (p = .002). Cough peak expiratory flow rates did not change between the 2 conditions (p = .34). Conclusions Somatosensation of tussive stimuli changes during dual tasking. Abnormal cortical resource allocation may be a mechanism involved in silent aspiration.
Multiple biomarkers highlight the importance of water column processes in treatment wetland organic matter cycling.

Abstract A suite of biomarkers, including amino acids, pigments, and lignin phenols coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry were used to evaluate differences in the sources and fate of organic matter (OM) in Everglades treatment wetlands as a model for OM cycling in shallow water wetlands. Five components of the system (water column particulate matter, vertical traps, flocculent material, periphyton, and surface soil) were assessed for OM transformations down-profile (i.e. water column to soil) and between treatment cells dominated by emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), with comparisons to reference sites within the remnant Everglades. We found that OM cycling is fundamentally different between EAV and SAV wetlands, and that SAV wetlands have some shared characteristics with similar habitats in the remnant Everglades. Other than locations densely populated by Typha spp., water column particulate organic C was predominantly derived from microbial/cryptomonad sources, rather than macroscopic sources (vascular plants and algal mats). Bacterial amino acid biomarkers were positively correlated with amino acid degradation indices and organic P (Po), respectively suggesting that microbial abundance is associated with less degraded OM, and that further investigation into relationships between microbial biomass and Po is warranted. Overall, this multi-biomarker approach can elucidate the relative degradation of OM pools, identify sources of OM, and highlight the importance of water column processes in shallow water wetlands.