cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Religion and Religion Online: Reform Judaism and Web-Based Communication

This study examines the online communication practices of American congregations associated with the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), the governing body of American and Canadian Reform congregations, through a content analysis of 252 American URJ congregational Web sites. Web site content was grouped into two categories, “religion online” and “online religion.” Religion online content promotes the organization and provides organizational information, including information related to organizational identity building, community outreach, and encouraging civic and social action. Online religion content allows the user to engage in spiritual activity via the Internet (Helland, 2000; Farrell, 2011). ANOVA and MANOVA analyses were used to determine significant differences in content based on congregation size. Results revealed larger congregations were more likely to use Web sites for organizational identity building, mobilization of civic and social action, and the practice of “online religion,” lending support...
Three-Dimensional Characterization of the Femoral Footprint of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Purpose The purpose of this study was to define an anatomic standard for the femoral footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) based on 3-dimensional (3D) surface reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) scans of cadaveric knees. Methods The femoral insertion of the PCL was identified and marked with drill holes in 7 cadaveric knees. CT scans were performed on each specimen, and 3D computer models were generated. The distance from the condyle edges to the margins of the footprint were referenced to the total condylar size parallel and perpendicular to the femoral axis and intercondylar notch. Results The mean ratio of the anteroposterior width of the medial femoral condyle referenced parallel to the intercondylar notch measured 0.08 ± 0.02 for the anterior border, 0.60 ± 0.08 for the posterior border, 0.16 ± 0.05 for the proximal border, and 0.44 ± 0.06 for the distal border. The mean ratio of the superior-inferior height of the medial femoral condyle with respect to the apex of the intercondylar notch corrected and referenced perpendicular to the intercondylar notch measured 0.14 ± 0.04 for the anterior border, 0.44 ± 0.07 for the posterior border, 0.03 ± 0.02 for the proximal border, and 0.56 ± 0.07 for the distal border. Conclusions This cadaveric study provides an anatomic reference for mathematical analysis of the femoral PCL footprint using CT-based 3D topographic modeling. The average PCL center point is located 25% down from the roof of the notch and 38% from anterior to posterior from the anterior condyle with regard to total medial femoral condyle length. Clinical Relevance This study provides a standard of measurement for future studies that use advanced imaging to evaluate the accuracy of PCL reconstruction.
A clinical study of the periodontal status of abutment teeth supporting swinglock removable partial dentures—A pilot study

Abstract Eleven patients wearing mandibular swinglock bilateral distal extension removable partial dentures opposing maxillary complete dentures were studied for a period up to 2 years. They had moderate to advanced periodontal disease with retrograde mobility patterns. Periodontal therapy, as well as treatment of dental carious lesions, was completed before fabrication of the prosthesis. Recordings of the gingival status, pocket depth, plaque score, tooth mobility, and dental caries were made at the time of the placement of the prosthesis and thereafter at 6-month intervals. Final results were obtained at the end of 2 years in six patients (group A) and at 1/12 years in five patients (group B). Our findings show that both groups had a statistically significant increase in gingival inflammation. However, no differences in degree of inflammation were observed between the two groups with regard to the status of gingival tissues that were covered and uncovered by the components of the swinglock removable partial denture. Also, no statistically significant differences in pocket depths and plaque scores were found between the time of placement of the swinglock removable partial denture and the final recall visit. Of the 61 abutment teeth, 85.2% had no significant change in mobility, 11.5% showed a substantial decrease in mobility, and 3.3% showed a considerable increase in mobility. The patients were able to successfully wear the swinglock removable partial denture without clinically significant changes in the supporting structures of the abutment teeth. This report is part of an ongoing study to determine the efficacy of swinglock removable partial dentures.
The Presumption of White Innocence

This essay considers how “the presumption of innocence” in self-defense cases not only functions through whiteness but also normalizes violence against the black and/or brown body. Consequentially, “the presumption of innocence” renders black victimhood and black innocence illegible.
Effects of neonatal attenuation of axoplasmic flow or transection of the rat's infraorbital nerve on the morphology of individual trigeminal primary afferent terminals in the brainstem.

Attenuation of axoplasmic transport in the infraorbital nerve (ION), or transection of this trigeminal (V) branch at birth, results in degradation of the central cellular aggregates related to the mystacial vibrissae. However, blockade of axoplasmic transport does not result in the nearly 90% loss of ION ganglion cells that follows neonatal transection of this nerve. The present study was undertaken to further characterize the response of individual ION axons to attenuation of axoplasmic transport and to compare these effects to the changes observed following nerve transection. Neurobiotin injections were made into the V ganglion on postnatal day (P-) 6 in normal rats and animals that had vinblastine applied to the ION or received transection of the ION on P-0. Individual labeled fibers in the portions of V nucleus principalis (PrV) and subnucleus interpolaris (SpI) innervated by the ION were drawn from single sections with the aid of a computer. Morphological analysis of fibers drawn in SpI indicated no significant differences between axons from normal and vinblastine-treated animals. The fibers drawn from rats that sustained ION transection had significantly more branch points (P < 0.05) than those from either normal or vinblastine-treated animals. In PrV, fibers drawn from vinblastine-treated rats had a slightly, but significantly, larger total process length and cross-sectional area than those from the normal animals (P < 0.05). There were no other significant differences among the three groups of axons. These results support the conclusion that application of vinblastine to the developing ION does not dramatically alter the morphologic patterning of the central arbors of its axons.
Tests for metal ions and fluoride with mononitrosochromotropic acid

Mononitrosochromotropic acid gives pink to violet colorations with a large number of metal ions; it provides quite sensitive, but not very specific tests for copper, cobalt, nickel, and palladium. The chelates with thorium, yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium permit the indirect detection of 1μg of fluoride ion.
Mid-ocean ridge jumps associated with hotspot magmatism

Abstract Hotspot–ridge interaction produces a wide range of phenomena including excess crustal thickness, geochemical anomalies, off-axis volcanic ridges and ridge relocations or jumps. Ridges are recorded to have jumped toward many hotspots including, Iceland, Discovery, Galapagos, Kerguelen and Tristan de Cuhna. The causes of ridge jumps likely involve a number of interacting processes related to hotspots. One such process is reheating of the lithosphere as magma penetrates it to feed near-axis volcanism. We study this effect by using the hybrid, finite-element code, FLAC, to simulate two-dimensional (2-D, cross-section) viscous mantle flow, elasto-plastic deformation of the lithosphere and heat transport in a ridge setting near an off-axis hotspot. Heating due to magma transport through the lithosphere is implemented within a hotspot region of fixed width. To determine the conditions necessary to initiate a ridge jump, we vary four parameters: hotspot magmatic heating rate, spreading rate, seafloor age at the location of the hotspot and ridge migration rate. Our results indicate that the hotspot magmatic heating rate required to initiate a ridge jump increases non-linearly with increasing spreading rate and seafloor age. Models predict that magmatic heating, itself, is most likely to cause jumps at slow spreading rates such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on Iceland. In contrast, despite the higher magma flux at the Galapagos hotspot, magmatic heating alone is probably insufficient to induce a ridge jump at the present-day due to the intermediate ridge spreading rate of the Galapagos Spreading Center. The time required to achieve a ridge jump, for fixed or migrating ridges, is found to be on the order of 105–106 years. Simulations that incorporate ridge migration predict that after a ridge jump occurs the hotspot and ridge migrate together for time periods that increase with magma flux. Model results also suggest a mechanism for ridge reorganizations not related to hotspots such as ridge jumps in back-arc settings and ridge segment propagation along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Storytellers and Scenario Spinners: Some Reflections on Religion and Science in Light of a Pragmatic, Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge

Asserting that both scientists and religious thinkers are involved in telling stories about the past and spinning scenarios about the future, I first compare and contrast the purposes of scientific and religious storytelling. Then, in light of some recent work on brain and language evolution, I offer a possible story about how humans might have become storytellers. Finally, I discuss how religious stories might be evaluated pragmatically and even scientifically by developing Lakatosian-type research programs.
Effective carbon partitioning driven by exotic phloem-specific regulatory elements fused to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtSUC2 sucrose-proton symporter gene

AtSUC2 (At1g22710) from Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a phloem-localized sucrose/proton symporter required for efficient photoassimilate transport from source tissues to sink tissues. AtSUC2 plays a key role in coordinating the demands of sink tissues with the output capacity of source leaves, and in maintaining phloem hydrostatic pressure during changes in plant-water balance. Expression and activity are regulated, both positively and negatively, by developmental (sink to source transition) and environmental cues, including light, diurnal changes, photoassimilate levels, turgor pressure, drought and osmotic stress, and hormones. To assess the importance of this regulation to whole-plant growth and carbon partitioning, AtSUC2 cDNA was expressed from two exotic, phloem-specific promoters in a mutant background debilitated for AtSUC2 function. The first was a promoter element from Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus (CoYMV), and the second was the rolC promoter from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. CoYMVp::AtSUC2 cDNA restored growth and carbon partitioning to near wild-type levels, whereas plants harboring rolCp::AtSUC2 cDNA showed only partial complementation. Expressing AtSUC2 cDNA from exotic, phloem-specific promoters argues that strong, phloem-localized expression is sufficient for efficient transport. Expressing AtSUC2 from promoters that foster efficient phloem transport but are subject to regulatory cascades different from the endogenous sucrose/proton symporter genes has implications for biotechnology.
Effect of D2O on the temperature-dependent solubility of cryoglobulin and noncryoglobulin IgM.

These proteins are most often associated with various lymphoproliferative disorders. While a distinct clinical significance, including increased blood viscosity and intravascular precipita- tion, has been ascribed to the presence of these proteins, the reason for their abnormal solubility properties is unknown [2]. Noncryoimmunoglobulins usually maintain their solubility in the cold at con- centrations exceeding 200 mdml, while cryoglobulins precipitate from solution at these temperatures at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/ml. Because cryo- globulins undergo a relatively large change in solubility over a narrow range of temperature and protein con- centration (frequently a 103-104-fold change in solubility over a 10°C temperature range), their cold insolubility is generally assumed to arise from a major structural defect. We show in this report that the simple substitution of D20 for Hz0 as a solvent has not only a profound effect on the cold-dependent insolubility of a monoclonal, IgM-K cryoglobulin (McE), but also imparts varying degrees of cold- dependent insolubility to a number of monoclonal noncryoglobulin IgM proteins.
Use of XAS for the elucidation of metal structure and function: applications to nickel biochemistry, molecular toxicology, and carcinogenesis.

Nickel has been shown to be an essential trace element involved in the metabolism of several species of bacteria, archea, and plants. In these organisms, nickel is involved in enzymes that catalyze both non-redox (e.g., urease, glyoxalase I) and redox (e.g., hydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase) reactions, and proteins involved in the transport, storage, metallocenter assembly, and regulation of nickel concentration have evolved. Studies of structure/function relationships in nickel biochemistry reveal that cysteine ligands are used to stabilize the Ni(III/II) redox couple. Certain nickel compounds have also been shown to be potent human carcinogens. A likely target for carcinogenic nickel is nuclear histone proteins. Here we present X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of a model Ni peptide designed to help characterize the structure of the nickel complexes formed with histones and place them in the context of nickel structure/function relationships, to gain insights into the molecular mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis.
Academicians' and practitioners' views on the content and importance of the advanced financial accounting course

Abstract This study reports the results of a survey of accounting academicians and accounting practitioners in public and private accounting. The purpose of the study was to examine the content and importance of the advanced financial accounting course. The results indicate that most schools require the course for accounting majors and the topics most often covered are consolidations and business combinations, partnership accounting, governmental/nonprofit accounting, and foreign currency accounting. Regarding the respondents' perceptions of what should be covered in this course, academicians indicated that significantly more time should be devoted to consolidations and business combinations while accounting practitioners indicated that a broader range of topics should be covered in the course. Also, academicians are more in agreement with the statement that the advanced financial accounting course is a good indicator of students' analytical skills. The results of this study should be of interest to accounting departments that are reviewing their curricula and individuals teaching advanced financial accounting.
The generalization map revisited: Assessment of generalized treatment effects in child and adolescent behavior therapy

Drabman, Hammer, and Rosenbaum (1979) proposed a conceptual framework to categorize the generalized effects of child and adolescent behavior therapy. To determine the current status of generalization in the child behavior therapy literature, we conducted a review of 15,141 articles that appeared in 28 journals over the past 12 years. Results indicted that: (a) of the 904 behavioral treatment studies 424 (46.9%) presented generalization data, (b) of these studies, the majority did not meet specified experimental review criteria (e.g., maintenance of treatment gains at six-month followup), (c) the generalization map categories of time, maintenance, setting, and setting-time were the most frequently encountered, (d) there was a statistically significant increase in reported instances of one generalization map code (maintenance) over the last 10 years when compared with data for the 1960–1977 period, and (e) generalization data were found for 15 of the 16 map classes which were conceptually linked to molar classes of behavioral responding.
A Neural Network CMOS Circuit Implementation for Real-Time Halftoning Applications

We report on an underlying hardware approach to implement a neural network for real-time image halftoning. We present simulation and experimental results using a modified current starved comparator as the quantizing element that has a 40 fold reduction in pixel current over our previous designs. The neuron is self-biasing with error weighting achieved through current division to enable operation at a variety of bias voltages. The circuit is designed for integration with a flip-chip bonded photodiode array for imaging applications.
New Faculty Orientation in North American Medical Schools

Background: Little is known about common elements or “best practices” of new faculty orientation (NFO) programs in medical schools. Purpose: The objective was to examine school-wide NFO programs in North American medical schools. Methods: We reviewed the literature and conducted a web-based survey. Analyses included descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: We found little evidence of “best practices.” Of the 106 responding schools (106/148 = 71.62%), 72 (67.9%) reported some type of school-wide NFO program. The typical program was organized by an Office of Faculty Affairs or Faculty Development, targeted broad goals, 4 to 8 hour long, offered early in the academic year, and used 2 or more presentation formats (e.g., oral, print). Conclusions: Based on the literature, this study appears to be the first comprehensive description of NFO programs in medical schools. Multiple types of NFO are needed to accommodate the diversity of faculty and faculty responsibilities. School-wide programs may serv...
Seasonal and Diel Passage of Juvenile Salmonids at John Day Dam on the Columbia River

Abstract -This paper documents the seasonal and diel movements of seaward-migrating juvenile Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. passing John Day Dam on the Columbia River. During the 1987–1989 and 1991–1993 seasons, the 10, 50, and 90% passage dates each fell within a 2-week period for yearling chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, steelhead O. mykiss, coho salmon O. kisutch, and sockeye salmon O. nerka. For subyearling chinook salmon, the 10 and 90% passage dates varied by as much as 1 month, although the median passage dates occurred within a 10-d period. The percentage of fish that passed at night (2200–0600 hours) averaged 80.7% for yearling chinook salmon, 75.7% for subyearling chinook salmon, 77.9% for steelhead, 88.6% for coho salmon, and 78.3% for sockeye salmon. Information concerning the hourly and seasonal movements of juvenile salmonids through hydroelectric dams are essential in making wise fisheries resource and river flow management decisions.
Requiring Consent vs. Waiving Consent for Medical Records Research: A Minnesota Law vs. the U.S. (HIPAA) Privacy Rule

The use of medical records in research can yield information that is difficult to obtain by other means. When such records are released to investigators in identifiable form, however, substantial privacy and confidentiality risks may be created. These risks become more common and more serious as medical records move to an electronic format. In 1996, the state of Minnesota enacted legislation with respect to consent requirements for the use of medical records in research. This legislation has been widely criticized because—it is claimed—it creates an unnecessary impediment to research. In this article, we show that these arguments rest upon misinterpretation and/or misrepresentation of the 1996 legislation. A consent requirement had actually been present in Minnesota since 1976 (though codified in a patient rights statute rather than a privacy statute). The 1996 law does not require specific consent, as often claimed, but rather only a general authorization. The campaign against the Minnesota legislation appears to have been motivated by concern with respect to the then impending federal privacy rule. The HIPAA rule, as enacted, is in fact less stringent with respect to consent than the Minnesota consent law. On the other hand, the Minnesota consent law has not been effectively applied or enforced. As we change the way we manage sensitive medical information, new efforts are needed to provide protection against the confidentiality risks in research. Patient consent is an important tool in this regard. New instrumentalities are needed to solicit and document consent.
The Water and Electrolyte Content of the Human Heart in Congestive Heart Failure with and without Digitalization

The hearts of 25 patients have been serially analyzed for water, chloride, sodium and potassium content. Sixteen hearts were of patients who died in circulatory heart failure; some received digitalis and some did not. The water content of all hearts was the same. In circulatory heart failure, the sodium increases and potassium decreases but the sum of the two remains the same as in normal hearts, indicating a reciprocal relationship. Digitalis in circulatory heart failure restores the alkali metal values and ratios of heart muscle to near normal levels. Digitalis exerts a direct chemical action on the heart muscle.
Stability of Ribonuclease A in Solution and the Freeze-Dried State

The solution stability of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase) in phosphate buffer (pH 4.0, 6.4, and 10.0) at 45 °C decreased with increasing pH. Soluble aggregates were formed at each pH and corresponded qualitatively to the loss of enzymatic activity in the samples. Freeze drying of RNase resulted in no immediate loss of enzymatic activity in both the presence and absence of phosphate buffer salts. Freeze-dried RNase stored at 45 °C lost enzymatic activity and formed nondissociable aggregates at rates described by the following rank order of formulation contents: distilled water < pH 6.4 phosphate buffer, < pH 4.0 phosphate buffer < pH 10.0 phosphate buffer. The amount of residual moisture remaining in the freeze-dried cakes was directly related to the rate of enzymatic activity loss and aggregate formation. The degradation rate was also directly related to the concentration of phosphate buffer salts added to the freeze-dried formulation.
Silencing of polo-like kinase (Plk) 1 via siRNA causes induction of apoptosis and impairment of mitosis machinery in human prostate cancer cells: implications for the treatment of prostate cancer

SPECIFIC AIMProstate cancer (PCa) is a major public health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males in the U.S. Current therapeutic approaches and surgery options appear to ...
Traditional management of a hillside agroecosystem in Tlaxcala, Mexico: An ecologically based maintenance system

Traditional agricultural systems are increasingly being recognized as important examples of ecologically sustainable production methods and as such deserve agroecological attention. In a study of terrace agriculture in Tlaxcala, Mexico, the authors identify several management features which have been used for as long as three thousand years. The theoretical approach employs the notion of open versus closed agroecosystems for examining soil and water management, species diversity, and nutrient cycling. In the traditional system, conservation of existing resources is the distinctive feature whereas, with modern techniques, the emphasis is on replacement. The most distinctive feature of the Tlaxcalan agroecosystem is the terrace/cajete complex which serves to contain heavy downpours and trap eroded soil, ensures diversity of plant species, and traps and concentrates nutrients. The functioning of this traditional system is endangered by new management strategies that have responded to external political, economic and social pressures for change. This article discusses the ecological repercussions of these new practices and suggests ways that appropriate elements may be integrated to promote the sustainability of food production.
Physiognomy and Otiose Practicality

Abstract This essay explores two questions: what are the literary pleasures of practical writing, and what sorts of fantasies and concerns attend reading's extension to the extra-textual world, particularly to “reading” other people? Physiognomic treatises, which teach the art of deciphering a person's moral nature from his or her face, made up a popular genre in late medieval Britain, during a period when the production of utilitarian and informational writings was increasing dramatically. Defined by two scenes of reading, one textual and one corporeal, physiognomy promises to instruct its readers in an esoteric hermeneutics of the face. However, close attention to the social context and literary form of late medieval physiognomies suggests that the genre is self-contradictory precisely with respect to its own real usefulness. Physiognomy's “otiose practicality” enabled its readers to enjoy the pleasures of the text but also to reflect on the epistemological and ethical limits of practical textuality.
Prevention of depression: the state of the science at the beginning of the 21st Century.

Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders and the number one cause of disability worldwide. Once a person experiences a major depressive episode (MDE), the likelihood of recurr...
Computation of Slip Flow in Microtubes with Wall Roughness

An analytical and n umerical analysis of the flow field in 2D microchannels with wall roughness is conducted . Roughness geometry is modeled as a serie s of triangular obstructions. R elative roughness from 0% to 5% is considered. An analytical solution is obtained follo wing the work of Arkilic et al. (1) and Kunert and Harting (2). The solution shows that for a given inlet to outlet pressure ratio, increase in roughness decreases the mass flow in the channel. The results also show that the "apparent slip" increases as the roughn ess increases . Analytical solution assume s that there is no flow separation due to triangular obstructions. In order to analyze the details of the flow field near the rough wall , numerical simulations are performed by employing the well known CFD software FLUENT. A generalized Maxwell slip boundary condition for arbitrary rough boundaries is derived. The computations are performed on an unstructured grid for outlet Knudsen numbers < 0.1 . The flow is assumed to be nearly incompressible (M < 0.2) . A uniform f ree -stream condition is employed at a distance of four channel heights upstream of the inlet. Computations show that the roughness decreases the reduction in pressure loss due to rarefaction. Thus, the roughness effects become stronger at high er Knudsen nu mbers.
Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion

The morphological diversity of animals, fungi, plants, and other multicellular organisms stems from the fact that each lineage acquired multicellularity independently. A prerequisite for each origin of multicellularity was the evolution of mechanisms for stable cell-cell adhesion or attachment. Recent advances in comparative genomics and phylogenetics provide critical insights into the evolutionary foundations of cell adhesion. Reconstructing the evolution of cell junction proteins in animals and their unicellular relatives exemplifies the roles of co-option and innovation. Comparative studies of volvocine algae reveal specific molecular changes that accompanied the evolution of multicellularity in Volvox. Comparisons between animals and Dictyostelium show how commonalities and differences in the biology of unicellular ancestors influenced the evolution of adhesive mechanisms. Understanding the unicellular ancestry of cell adhesion helps illuminate the basic cell biology of multicellular development in modern organisms.
Noninvasive Ventilation for Critical Care

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV), the provision of ventilatory assistance without an artificial airway, has emerged as an important ventilatory modality in critical care. This has been fueled by evidence demonstrating improved outcomes in patients with respiratory failure due to COPD exacerbations, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or immunocompromised states, and when NIV is used to facilitate extubation in COPD patients with failed spontaneous breathing trials. Numerous other applications are supported by weaker evidence. A trial of NIV is justified in patients with acute respiratory failure due to asthma exacerbations and postoperative states, extubation failure, hypoxemic respiratory failure, or a do-not-intubate status. Patients must be carefully selected according to available guidelines and clinical judgment, taking into account risk factors for NIV failure. Patients begun on NIV should be monitored closely in an ICU or other suitable setting until adequately stabilized, paying attention not only to vital signs and gas exchange, but also to comfort and tolerance. Patients not having a favorable initial response to NIV should be considered for intubation without delay. NIV is currently used in only a select minority of patients with acute respiratory failure, but with technical advances and new evidence on its proper application, this role is likely to further expand.
Co-grazing of sheep and goats: Benefits and constraints

Abstract Co-grazing of sheep and goats has been practiced throughout history and is commonplace around the world. However, its benefits may not be fully appreciated and means to maximize them have not been extensively studied. Advantages of co-grazing of sheep and goats are derived primarily from differences in preferences for particular plant species and parts, abilities or willingness to consume forages that are not highly preferred and would have greater adverse effects on the other species, and physical capabilities to gain access to specific types of vegetation. Hence, the degree to which total stocking rate or carrying capacity is greater for co- versus mono-species grazing increases with increasing vegetation diversity and, concomitantly, decreasing dietary overlap. Perhaps the most important management decision pertaining to co-grazing is appropriate stocking rates. A simple ‘baseline’ or ‘starting point’ method of estimating co-grazing stocking rates is: (number with mono-species grazing × (100 − % overlap)/100) + (number with mono-species grazing × (% overlap × 0.5/100)). The equation is applied to both sheep and goats, with values added to determine the total stocking rate. Botanical composition and available forage mass are important determinants of numbers of both sheep and goats with mono-species grazing, and factors affecting nutrient requirements such as body weight and production state, preference for or willingness to consume forages present, and desired length of grazing will have impact as well. Previous experience with the particular grazing and animal conditions will aid in projecting mono-species stocking rates. Estimates of dietary overlap when co-grazing should be based on the most accurate method available, which in many instances may be prior experience or visual observation at different times of the day and in various seasons. However, the equation noted above has limitations. It assumes that intake of forages potentially consumed by each animal species is equal, which obviously is not always true. Furthermore, interactions between stocking rates when the two species graze together versus alone are not considered. Nonetheless, because of its simplicity, the method may have value in field settings, and illustrates the importance of browse plant species in many grazing systems and why management practices are frequently employed to maintain or increase their prevalence and vegetation diversity.
Numerical synthesis of RLC one-port networks

An iterative numerical technique is used to synthesize a given minimal RLC network with a prescribed admittance function. A minimal network is one containing the minimum number of capacitors and inductors and as many elements as there are independent coefficients in the admittance function. Reducing the given network through certain reduction techniques to one that can be synthesized by routine methods produces the initial element values. Coefficient matching of admittance functions is used to establish evaluating equations for element parameters. The concept of sensitivities of the evaluating equations with respect to element parameters is used to achieve fast convergence. The element values can be determined to any degree of accuracy desired. Special attention is paid to biquadratic functions realized by networks containing one inductor, one capacitor, and three resistors. It is noted that there may or may not be a solution. >
Resistance to the pink potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in two accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum

Accessions PI 126449 and PI 134417 of wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, were assessed for resistance to the pink potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Aphid populations under field and greenhouse conditions were significantly lower on the L. hirsutum f. glabratum plants compared to L. esculentum. Removal of trichome glands and exudates by wiping the leaf surface resulted in a dramatic decrease in aphid mortality. Compared to L. esculentum, aphid behavior on the L. hirsutum f. glabratum plants was characterized by 40 to 52% abandonment, delay in time for first probe, reduction of number and duration of probes and decrease in the total proportion of time probing. Removal of the trichomes reduced the percentage of abandonment and increased the total proportion of time probing. Density and type of glandular trichomes varied among plant lines and on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces within a line, particularly for the L. hirsutum f. glabratum plants. PI 134417 was, in general, more resistant to the aphids than PI 126449.
Yersinia pestis: Correlation of Ultrastructure and Immunological Status

Ultrastructural identification and localization of the fraction 1 "envelope" antigen in the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis were the primary objectives of this brief study. The antigenicity of extra-cellular material between the bacilli in undisturbed cultured colonies and that of the pathogen per se were measured and correlated by means of the semi quantitative complement fixation method after incubation for 72 h at 37 C. When the amount of extracellular substance in wild-type T1 (virulent) bacteria was compared by electron microscopy with that in avirulent strains of Y. pestis, with and without passage through guinea pigs, we found that the material of interest was greatly attenuated or even absent in colonies that had not been passed through animals, whereas passage markedly augmented production of the material. We also explored the requirement for larger quantities of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in the culture media and discovered that without these ions production of the extracellular material was limited. These observations support the hypothesis that this extracellular substance between cultured Y. pestis bacilli of various strains represents the source of the fraction 1 envelope antigen.
Moment Exerted on a Coning Projectile by a Spinning Liquid in a Spheroidal Cavity

The magnitude of s irr is a measure of the importance of the irreversible processes. It is given algebraically by Eq. (7) as a function of position and time. It may be evaluated for a particular fluid particle by utilizing Lagrangian coordinates. Since Eq. (7) is uncoupled from the equations of motion, it may be evaluated as an auxilliary equation during a numerical computation or after the computation is completed. Once sirr is established, Eq. (5) can be utilized for the evaluation of s(x,t). In contrast to Eq. (7), a partial differential equation is to be solved for which an expression is needed for the substantial derivative. For any scalar F, the time derivative in general coordinates is related to the Cartesian time derivative by6 dF dF
A multi-century perspective of variability in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: new insights from tree rings and coral

[1] Annual growth increments from trees and coral heads provide an opportunity to develop proxy records of North Pacific climatic variability that extend back in time well beyond the earliest instrumental records, and in regions where records have not been kept. Here we combine five published proxy records of North Pacific climatic variability in order to identify the extent to which these records provide a coherent picture of Pacific Basin climatic variability. This composite chronology is well correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, and provides a better record of PDO variability than any of the constituent chronologies back to 1840. A comparison of these records suggests that the PDO may not have been an important organizing structure in the North Pacific climate system over much of the 19th century, possibly indicating changes in the spatial pattern of sea-level pressure and consequent surface climate patterns of variability over the Americas.
Using Service Learning As A Method Of Transferring Health Knowledge

High school students enrolled in a College Now health education class were taught the importance of regular calcium consumption and then were trained on how to act as peer educators to disseminate the calcium information to their peers. This program empowered students through service learning to choose more dairy in their daily diet. Service learning is defined as education in action where students serve their communities by offering their knowledge, skills and time. As a result of this project, students reported success in applying the knowledge and skills taught by peer educators which helped students translate nutrition education into peer education.
An adaptive timing-driven layout for high speed VLSI

An adaptive timing-driven VLSI layout system, called JUNE, has been developed. The constructive algorithm, which combines placement with the global routing, constructs a placement satisfying timing and routability constraints. The placement problem for each macro is solved hierarchically as a sequence of two optimization problems followed by an adaptive correction procedure. Experimental results for industrial sea-of-gates chips confirmed the effectiveness of this approach. >
Chirp-enhanced fast light in semiconductor optical amplifiers.

We present a novel scheme to increase the THz-bandwidth fast light effect in semiconductor optical amplifiers and increase the number of advanced pulses. By introducing a linear chirp to the input pulses before the SOA and recompressing at the output with an opposite chirp, the advance-bandwidth product reached 3.5 at room temperature, 1.55 µm wavelength. This is the largest number reported, to the best of our knowledge, for a semiconductor slow/fast light device.
Software for Nonlinearly Constrained Optimization

We categorize and survey software packages for solving constrained nonlinear optimization problems, including interior-point methods, sequential linear/quadratic programming methods, and augmented Lagrangian methods. In each case we highlight the main methodological components and provide a brief summary of interfaces and availability.
Selection Pressures and the Evolution of the Macrodynamic Realm

In the first human societies, the only institutional domain was kinship, with the division of labor in nuclear families providing the structural template for economic and religious activities. Inequalities did not exist, and in fact, nomadic hunter-gatherers worked very hard to make sure that no one could gain power or even too much prestige (Boehm 1993, 1999). Hunting and gathering proved to be a highly adaptive form of social organization; and as long as populations remained small, there were few selection pressures on individuals to elaborate and differentiate new institutional domains from kinship and to increase inequalities as a result of institutional differentiation. Two corporate units – nuclear family and band – were sufficient to organize the fifty or so individuals. There were, no doubt, larger structures composed of relationships among bands sharing a language and elements of culture, such as values, religious beliefs, technologies, and common traditions; and in these inter-band systems, hints of a more macro social formations can be found (Chase-Dunn and Mann 1998). But, as I emphasized in the last chapter, it was not until bands began to settle down that selection pressures arising from population growth set into motion the evolution of the macro social realm. At first, settlements were few in number and often only temporary, but even then, pressures were placed upon the members of these settlements to find new forms of production, new modes of political regulation, new means for protecting their territories, and other macrodynamic forces that force people to develop more complex sociocultural formations, or die. And, as settlements eventually began to spread some 10,000–12,000 years ago, the power of these forces became that much greater.
A brand new wireless day

Summary form only given. The wireless communications field has experienced a truly amazing growth since the early 1990's. Wireless connectivity slowly but surely has become pervasive. One would expect that by now this revolution must be losing some steam, but the truth is far from that. If anything, it is gathering even more speed. In the coming decades, introduction of innovative wireless technologies will enable a broad range of exciting applications to come to fruition, and reshape the way we interact with our daily living environment. Underlying it all is a three-tiered environment consisting of a large number of huge data and compute centers, billions of mobile compute and computation devices, and potentially trillions of tiny sensors and actuators. Making this happen will require some important wireless roadblocks to be either overcome or circumvented. A short list of those includes spectrum scarcity, reliability, complexity, security and obviously power. In this presentation, a number of innovative and even revolutionary solutions to address these will be discussed. Examples are collaborative cognitive networks, wireless in the mm-wave region of the spectrum, and miniature wireless. Each of these approaches pushes some part of the design technology to its limits, and may even require a totally novel approach towards design, all this while semiconductor technology is trying to cope with the uncertainty of design in the nanometer regime. One thing is for sure - the wireless designer of the next decade is bound for some very exciting times.
A2B or not 2B: that is the question

This editorial refers to an article by S. Philipp et al. [1][1] published in Cardiovascular Research in 2006 (see [Box 1][2]). It is accompanied by an editorial by K. Przyklenk, pp. 195–197, this issue, as part of this Spotlight on Landmark Papers in Cardiovascular Research . Our interest in adenosine A2B receptors is based on studies reported in a paper we published in this journal in 2006.1 Below we describe the largely unplanned and serendipitous events that led us to conclude that the A2B receptor was an important player. There are four known adenosine receptor subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Interestingly, all four have been proposed to be involved in protecting the heart against ischaemic injury. All subtypes are G protein-coupled receptors of the serpentine 7 family. The A1 and A3 receptors are clearly Gi-coupled, whereas the A2A receptor is Gs-coupled. The A2B receptor is also Gs-coupled, but a Gi (or Go) coupling can also be demonstrated.2 The A2B receptor also has a much lower affinity for adenosine than the other three subtypes. The cardiomyocyte expresses all four subtypes, but their physiological effects are diverse. A1 receptor occupation reduces the heart rate by modulating sinoatrial node activity and depresses conduction through the AV node. A2A agonists are powerful vasodilators in most organs because of their Gs coupling. On the other hand, these agonists have a negligible effect on contractility in the heart, probably a reflection of their fairly low density relative to β-adrenergic receptors. A2B agonists have little haemodynamic effect. In 1986 Murry et al .3 discovered ischaemic preconditioning. This is a phenomenon whereby a brief period of myocardial ischaemia … [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #F1
Multinational Corporations and the Circular Economy: How Hewlett Packard Scales Innovation and Technology in Its Global Supply Chain

Hewlett Packard discusses how companies can move from the conceptual ambiguity of the circular economy to operational reality. The development of the circular economy concept is described, in particular the extension from resource efficiency: the importance of moving from the idea of ‘consumers’ to ‘users’. Transitioning from a linear economy to a circular one will require disruptive innovation. For more than 30 years, HP technologies have led large scale changes in a wide range of markets. We describe how HP is designing products and services which meet and enable circular economy applications. The examples demonstrate how a major multinational company like HP can build on its long-held resource efficiency principles to profitably drive industry forward in the circular economy. It is clear that the ‘new style of IT’ enables many future and current circular economy initiatives, from car sharing; community garden/power tool sharing and developing further connections between networks – i.e. the ‘sharing economy’. The ‘internet of things’ has huge potential to retain and grow control over dispersed resources. Through collaborative technologies and partnerships, and by engaging the innovation potential of others, HP looks to lead the proliferation of full system solutions that can allow inventors and communities to design and innovate surpassing what can be imagined today.
Multi-Label Output Codes using Canonical Correlation Analysis

Traditional error-correcting output codes (ECOCs) decompose a multi-class classification problem into many binary problems. Although it seems natural to use ECOCs for multi-label problems as well, doing so naively creates issues related to: the validity of the encoding, the efficiency of the decoding, the predictability of the generated codeword, and the exploitation of the label dependency. Using canonical correlation analysis, we propose an error-correcting code for multi-label classification. Label dependency is characterized as the most predictable directions in the label space, which are extracted as canonical output variates and encoded into the codeword. Predictions for the codeword define a graphical model of labels with both Bernoulli potentials (from classifiers on the labels) and Gaussian potentials (from regression on the canonical output variates). Decoding is performed by mean-field approximation. We establish connections between the proposed code and research areas such as compressed sensing and ensemble learning. Some of these connections contribute to better understanding of the new code, and others lead to practical improvements in code design. In our empirical study, the proposed code leads to substantial improvements compared to various competitors in music emotion classification and outdoor scene recognition.
Anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies and associated neurobehavioral pathology in mice are dependent on age of first exposure to Toxoplasma gondii.

Background Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen implicated in psychiatric disorders. As elevated antibodies to T. gondii are also present in non-symptomatic individuals, we hypothesized that the age during first exposure to the pathogen may affect symptom manifestation. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating neurobehavioral abnormalities and the immune response in mice following adolescent or adult T. gondii infection.