cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C virus screening in pregnancy.

Background In 2016, the incidence of acute hepatitis C virus infection was 1.0 per 100,000 persons in the United States and 6.2 per 100,000 persons in Massachusetts. Hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in the United States increased by 89% from 2009 to 2014. The risk of a mother with hepatitis C virus infection transmitting the infection to her infant is approximately 4% to 7%. The Infectious Disease Society of America and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommend universal hepatitis C virus screening in pregnancy, whereas the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recommend risk-based screening. Objective The objective of this quality improvement project was to assess the hepatitis C virus screening practices of obstetricians and gynecologists at a tertiary care center located in a high endemic area for hepatitis C virus infection. Study Design An electronic 10-question survey was reviewed by the Tufts Medical Center Institutional Review Board and found to be exempt from institutional review board approval. The survey was emailed to resident and attending physicians who provide obstetrical care. RESULTS Of a total of 41 respondents, 38 (92.6%) provided responses; of these 38 respondents, 17 (44.7%) were attending physicians, 4 (10.5%) were fellows, and 17 (44.7%) were resident physicians. In addition, 16 of 37 (43.2%) respondents answered that all pregnant women should be screened for hepatitis C virus, whereas 20 of 37 (54.1%) respondents thought only pregnant women with risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection should be screened. Furthermore, only 13 of 31 (41.9%) respondents correctly identified all of the recommended risk factors that should prompt screening for hepatitis C virus. When asked about their clinical practice, 5 of 36 (13.9%) respondents indicated that they screen all pregnant patients, whereas 28 of 36 (77.8%) respondents indicated that they screen patients based on their risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. Conclusion Our survey showed that risk-based screening for hepatitis C virus may be less effective than universal screening because healthcare providers are not consistent in identifying risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. Universal screening could decrease the amount of hepatitis C virus infections that go undiagnosed in pregnancy.
Arthur, Mikaila Mariel Lemonik (2020). Law and Justice around the World: A Comparative Approach: Oakland, CA: University of California press. 368 pp. $85.00 (paperback and eBook). ISBN: 978-0-5203-0001-9

Law and Justice around the World provides systematic and detailed information on comparative law and justice from a legal, cultural, social, and global perspective. It covers law and justice broadl...
Distributions of successions of arbitrary multisets

By using the matrix formulation of the two-step approach to distributions of patterns in random sequences, recurrence and explicit formulas for the generating functions of successions in random per...
The nuclear piston activates mechanosensitive ion channels to generate cell migration paths in confining microenvironments

Cell migration in confining microenvironments is limited by the ability of the stiff nucleus to deform through pores when migration paths are preexisting and elastic, but how cells generate these paths remains unclear. Here, we reveal a mechanism by which the nucleus mechanically generates migration paths for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in confining microenvironments. MSCs migrate robustly in nanoporous, confining hydrogels that are viscoelastic and plastic but not in hydrogels that are more elastic. To migrate, MSCs first extend thin protrusions that widen over time because of a nuclear piston, thus opening up a migration path in a confining matrix. Theoretical modeling and experiments indicate that the nucleus pushing into the protrusion activates mechanosensitive ion channels, leading to an influx of ions that increases osmotic pressure, which outcompetes hydrostatic pressure to drive protrusion expansion. Thus, instead of limiting migration, the nucleus powers migration by generating migration paths.
Monocular retinopathy of prematurity-like retinal vasculopathy in a dog.

PURPOSE To describe a case of monocular retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)-like vasculopathy without oxygen supplementation in the dog. METHODS Fundus photographs (RetCam), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (sdOCT), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), and fluorescein angiography (FA), as well as postmortem histology and immunohistochemistry (Collagen IV and anti-vWF antibodies), were carried out to characterize the vascular abnormalities. RESULTS Ophthalmic examination showed peripheral and mid-temporal avascular areas in the tapetal region, neovascularization and abnormally dilated and tortuous retinal vessels in the left eye. sdOCT demonstrated not only cross-sectional views of preretinal fibrovascular proliferation but also extensive proliferation extraretinally into the vitreous. FA emphasized demarcation of vascular and avascular zones with neovascular tufts "popcorns." Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed presence of abnormally dilated vessels and the intravitreal blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS ROP is a disease of abnormally developed retinal vascularization associated with oxygen supplementation therapy, potentially causing blindness in premature infants. Although the mechanism of ROP-like vasculopathy in our case is unclear, it is important to appreciate that the abnormal vascular pattern seen in ROP in premature infants can occur in canines without oxygen administration.
Getting back on the road: Reformatting Flash memory on-board the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity

In early 2011, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity began experiencing intermittent errors when writing data products to Flash memory. Similar errors occurred with increasing frequency in early 2013 and many were accompanied by unexpected resets of the rover's flight computer (warm reboots). Depending on timing, warm reboots occasionally caused communication faults. Although these errors subsided in mid-2013, they returned at an increasing rate in mid-2014. The MER team developed techniques to mitigate the effects of infrequent warm reboots but these became ineffective as the rate and severity of the errors increased. Faced with these more frequent errors, the MER team decided to reformat the Flash memory. Using lessons learned from reformatting the Flash file system on the Spirit rover and implementing some new techniques, the MER team was able to reformat Flash and resume science operations much more quickly than anticipated. This paper will discuss the history of Flash related anomalies, suspect cause, initial operational mitigations, and the ultimate Flash reformat strategy and rover recovery activities.
Seeing and Being Seen in the Later Medieval World: Optics, Theology and Religious Life

Introduction 1. Ponderare statera meditationis: self as self-presentation in early Dominican religious life 2. The devil in human form: confession, deception and self-knowledge 3. Peter of Limoges, perspectivist optics and the displacement of vision 4. Normalizing error: Peter Aureol on the importance of appearances 5. Probability and perspective: Nicholas of Autrecourt and the fragmentation of vision Conclusion: vision, promise deferral.
Formation, Structural Properties, and Rheology of Acid-Coagulated Milk Gels

Abstract Reviews the properties of casein micelles as they are the key structural elements that are modified and destabilized during the acid coagulation of milk. During acidification casein particles aggregate mostly as a result of the neutralization of the net negative charge present in the milk. Various theoretical models for the formation of acid-induced milk gels are discussed. Small strain dynamic rheological measurements and light scattering measurements have provided detailed insights into the gel formation mechanism. Some types of cheese (e.g., Cottage) can be manufactured by acid coagulation in combination with low amounts of rennet, which significantly modifies the coagulation behavior (including greater syneresis and rearrangements of the network). Texture and structural properties of acid gels are discussed, as well as, the impact of composition and key processing operations/treatments.
Chromosome Segregation: A Spatial Code to Correct Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments.

Summary Erroneous kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be detected and corrected before a cell enters anaphase to prevent chromosome mis-segregation. Two new studies describe an Aurora A-mediated error correction mechanism based on the spatial position of a chromosome within the mitotic spindle.
Calculation of film stress from pitch measurements in LCD panel manufacturing

A method based on inverting a finite element model is presented for determining film stress from pitch changes before and after a film deposition step in liquid-crystal display panel manufacturing. It differs from the conventional methods by making use of in-plane deformation rather than out-of-plane measurements to calculate film stress. The resulting film stress is confounded with glass structural relaxation. Measurements of out-of-plane deformation at the edge of the sheet can be used with the pitch measurements to separate the effects of glass structural relaxation and film stress.
A VLSI Architecture for Software Structure: The Intel 8086

By supporting modular programs and high-level languages, this microprocessor architecture aids the implementation of complex software.
Examining the Complexity of Human RNA Polymerase Complexes using HaloTag Technology Coupled to Label Free Quantitative Proteomics

Efficient determination of protein interactions and cellular localization remains a challenge in higher order eukaryotes and creates a need for robust technologies for functional proteomics studies. To address this, the HaloTag technology was developed for highly efficient and rapid isolation of intracellular complexes and correlative in vivo cellular imaging. Here we demonstrate the strength of this technology by simultaneous capture of human eukaryotic RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III using a shared subunit, POLR2H, fused to the HaloTag. Affinity purifications showed successful isolation, as determined using quantitative proteomics, of all RNAP core subunits, even at expression levels near endogenous. Transient known RNAP II interacting partners were identified as well as three previously uncharacterized interactors. These interactions were validated and further functionally characterized using cellular imaging. The multiple capabilities of the HaloTag technology demonstrate the ability to efficien...
The Sachs Exchange Moment

A derivation of the Sachs exchange moment is given which clearly shows how this exchange moment is uniquely determined by the exchange potential. The relation between this and the treatments of Sachs and of Osborne and Foldy is discussed.
Cultural Elaboration in Prehistoric Coastal Peru: An Example of Evolution in a Temporally Variable Environment

Abstract Cultural elaborations in the form of monumental architecture and complex mortuary practices occur very early in the archaeological record of Peru. Models relying on resource abundance or stress have been unable to generate testable explanations that account for such phenomena. In 1989, Robert Dunnell proposed the idea that “wasteful” cultural elaborations (such as monumental architecture and mortuary complexes) develop and persist in temporally variable environments as a result of natural selection. Further development of this idea has resulted in application of a bet-hedging model (derived from evolutionary biology) to the explanation of cultural phenomena. The model basically holds that a phenotypic consequence of selection for reduced fitness variance in temporally fluctuating environments is the allocation of energy to nonsubsistence- or reproduction-related pursuits. The specific expectation derived from the model and investigated here is that periods of increased interannual variability in an already unpredictable environment should be followed closely in time by archaeological evidence of increases in energy allocation to “wasteful” pursuits. Using published data, I examine aspects of the Peruvian paleoenvironmental and archaeological records at two different scales to begin to test this specific expectation and to assess more generally the explanatory potential of the bet-hedging model.
The speech production abilities of stutterers: Recent, ongoing, and future research

Abstract Recent and ongoing research into the speech production abilities of stutterers has followed four disparate paths. First, there have been objective studies of physiologic, aerodynamic, and acoustic parameters of stutterers' habitual speech patterns and the patterns they display while speaking in the presence of such novel stimuli as DAF or masking. Second, investigators have undertaken the fiberoptic examination of stutterers' larynges during fluent and stuttered utterances. Third, there have been studies of the speed with which stutterers start and terminate voicing independent of the act of speaking. Finally, there have been investigations of possible perceptible differences between the fluency of stutterers and normal speakers. Each of these four types of research is examined. Tentative conclusions are drawn, and directions for future theorizing and experimentation are suggested.
Development of Category-based Induction and Semantic Knowledge.

Category-based induction is a hallmark of mature cognition; however, little is known about its origins. This study evaluated the hypothesis that category-based induction is related to semantic development. Computational studies suggest that early on there is little differentiation among concepts, but learning and development lead to increased differentiation based on taxonomic relatedness. This study reports findings from a new task aimed to (a) examine this putative increase in semantic differentiation and (b) test whether individual differences in semantic differentiation are related to category-based induction in 4- to 7-year-old children (N = 85). The results provide the first empirical evidence of an age-related increase in differentiation of representations of animal concepts and suggest that category-based induction is related to increased semantic differentiation.
Deep Ocean Work Boat (DOWB), an Advanced Deep Submergence Vehicle

4 Metzner, A. B., "Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids," Sec. 7, Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, edited by V. L. Streeter, McGrawHill, New York, 1961. 5 Wells, C. S., Jr., "On the Turbulent Shear Flow of an ElasticoViscous Fluid," Paper 64-36, 1964, AIAA; also AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 10, Oct. 1965, pp. 1800-1805. 6 Giles, W. B., "Laminar Viscoelastic Boundary Layers with Roughness," Rept. 64GL51, March 11, 1964, General Electric Co. 7 Fabula, A. G., "The Toms Phenomenon in the Turbulent Flow of Very Dilute Solutions," Proceedings Fourth International Congress of Rheology, Part 3, Interscience, New York, 1965, pp. 455-479. 8 Hoyt, J. W. and Fabula, A. G., "The Effect of Additives on Fluid Friction," NAVWEPS Rept. 8636, ASTIA AD 612 056, Dec. 1964, Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif. 9 Shin, H., "Reduction of Drag in Turbulence by Dilute Polymer Solutions," Doctoral thesis, June 1965, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; also Transactions of the Rheological Society, Vol. 10,1966, pp. 335-351. 10 Gadd, G. E., "Turbulence Damping and Drag Reduction Produced by Certain Additives in Water," Nature, May 1, 1965, pp. 463-467,. 11 Patrick. H. V. L., "The Effect of High Molecular Weight Polymer Additives on the Performance of a Conical Diffuser," Paper 66-658, June 1966, AIAA. 12 Lang, T. G., "Drag of Blunt Bodies in Polymer Solutions, 66-WA/FE-33, 1966, American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York. 13 Ripken, J. F. and Pilch, M., "Non-Newtonian Pipe Frictio Studies with Various Dilute Polymer Water Solutions," Rept. 7] BuShips Contract S-R009-01-01, June 1964, St. Anthony Fall Hydrodynamics Lab., University of Minnesota. 14 Pruitt, G. T. and Crawford, H. R., "Effect of Molecula Weight and Segmental Constitution on the Drag Reduction c Water Soluble Polymers," DTMB Contract NONR-4306(00 ASTIA AD 625 801, April 1965, The Western Co. 15 Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 4th ed., McGra\\ Hill, New York, 1960, pp. 505, 506. 16 Ross, D., "Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region of Pipe," Paper 54-H-89, 1954, American Society of Mechanical Ei gineers, New York. 17 Shapiro, A. H., Siegel, R., and Kline, S. J., "Friction Factoi in the Laminar Entry Region of a Smooth Tube," Proceeding 2nd National Congress of Applied Mechanics, 1954, America Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. 18 Astarita, G. and Nicodemo, L., "Velocity Distributions an Normal Stresses in Viscoelastic Turbulent Pipe Flow," AlCh Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, May 1966, pp. 478-483. 19 von Kdrma'n, T., "On Laminar and Turbulent Friction TM1093, Sept. 1946, NAG A; also Zeitschrift fur Mathematik u? Mechanik, Vol. 1, No. 4, Aug. 1921.
Decay of trapped electrons by tunnelling to scavenger molecules in low-temperature glasses

Abstract The decay of trapped electrons by tunnelling to scavenger molecules is investigated theoretically. An exact expression has been derived which gives an exponential decrease of the trapped electron yield with the scavenger concentration at any given time.
Theoretical evaluation of expected changes in oxygenation of tumors associated with different hemoglobin levels

Abstract A mathematical computer-based model was developed which analyzes the influence of hemoglobin concentration; shape of oxygen dissociation curve; red cell velocity; capillary network geometry; and oxygen consumption on the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) distribution in tissue. In this study, the influence of acute hemoglobin concentration changes on the oxygen supply to tissue was analyzed. The specific question, whether moderate changes in the hemoglobin concentration of only 20% (e.g., from 15 g/dl to 12 g/dl i.e. baseline is 15 g/dl), as they may often occur clinically, are able to produce a significant change in the tissue oxygenation, was addressed. This is of importance for the estimation of the possible effects of blood transfusions prior to radiation therapy. The model predicts that even a moderate 20% increase in the hemoglobin concentration is able to decrease the anoxic tissue volume by 30%. The results indicate that hemoglobin levels should not be subnormal at the beginning of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Transfusions or the application of artificial oxygen carriers could be helpful.
Two forms of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase from DEAE-cellulose chromatography.

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in freshly prepared 45,000 g supernatant from rat striatum was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The elution was made with 2 vols. of buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4; 2 mM dithiothreitol) followed by 4 vols. of a linear NaCl gradient (0–0.3 M) in the same buffer. TH activity was eluted in two distinct peaks: one at about 0.1 M salt (I), and the other at 0.2 M salt (II). The relationship between the two enzymes peaks was examined as follows. (I) Incubation of the supernatant in the presence of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 1 mM ATP, 10 mM Mg 2+ , and 0.1 mM cAMP resulted in the elimination of peak I, with a concomitant increase of peak II. This shift of TH peaks was prevented when the protein kinase was blocked by the addition of its inhibitory modulator. (2) Incubation of the supernatant with alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme known to dephosphorylate a variety of phosphoproteins, resulted in the elimination of peak II, with a concomitant increase of peak I. (3) Only freshly prepared supernatants showed two distinct TH peaks from DEAE-cellulose. From supernatants held at 0°C for 24 h, peak II was markedly reduced and peak I concomitantly increased. Since peak II appears to be readily convertible to peak I, no further fractionation was attempted. From the data obtained here, we believe that peaks I and II are respectively the nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of TH. Furthermore, the endogenous distribution of the two TH forms in striatum was altered by the administration of haloperidol (2 mg/kg, i.p.), a neuroleptic drug known to activate the enzyme via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. At 90 min after the treatment, there was a marked increase of peak II, with a concomitant decrease of peak I. Thus, this procedure provides a simple means for estimating the degree of phosphorylation of TH in vivo in catecholaminergic neurons under various physiological and pharmacological conditions.
Hierarchical Models: A Current Computational Perspective

(2000). Hierarchical Models: A Current Computational Perspective. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 95, No. 452, pp. 1312-1316.
Information Technology/Large-Scale Data Handling

The experience of light source users has been transformed in recent years by large increases in flux and brightness, revolutionary new optics and detectors, and automation and advanced sample environments. Beamlines are producing data at rates and volumes that challenge the capabilities of even the most experienced user groups. Meanwhile, the community of synchrotron users continues to grow in size and diversity: researchers come from physics, material science, energy and battery research, geology, biology, chemistry, art history, and more. Almost every natural science domain is being advanced through the techniques employed at these facilities, but a significant fraction of these researchers are first-time or infrequent users of a particular beamline. The combination of an expanding base of new users and increased beamline capabilities is leading to an increase in the amount of “dark data” that is not analyzed fully (or, in some cases, at all).
Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella in 15.B-congenic White Leghorns

Abstract Six Ea-B-congenic lines of chickens were used to study the role of the B histocompatibility complex in susceptibility and immunity to Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina. The B haplotypes were 2, 2, 5, 12, 13, or 19. Parental line 15I5 with the B15 haplotype (15I5-15) and a commercial White Leghorn (CWL) line were also used. The B-congenic lines were generally less susceptible to E. tenella than the CWL line based on weight gain, cecal lesion score, plasma pigment, and packed cell volume. Within the congenic lines, the 15I5-15 line was more resistant to E. tenella than the 15.6- 2 and 15.7-2 lines. Using a level of infection of E. acervulina resulting in moderate disease, the 15.7-2 line was more susceptible than all other lines based on weight gain, and the 15.6-2 and 15.7-2 lines had greater intestinal lesion scores than the 15.15I-5 or 15I5-15 lines. The CWL line was most susceptible based on lesion score. Thus 15I5-15 chickens were more resistant to primary infection by several criteria than the 15.7-2 or 15.6-2 chickens infected with either coccidial species. A single immunization with 100 oocysts of E. tenella produced less immunity in the congenic lines than in the CWL, whereas four immunizations resulted in immunity in all lines except 15.15I-5. Immunization with E. acervulina produced good immunity to a challenge infection in all lines. These results suggest that the B complex has a detectable influence on resistance and susceptibility to avian coccidiosis, but it may play only a minor role in the development of immunity to a challenge infection.
Asymptotic results for fitting marginal hazard models from stratified case-cohort studies with multiple disease outcomes

In stratified case-cohort designs, samplings of case-cohort samples are conducted via a stratified random sampling based on covariate information available on the entire cohort members. In this paper, we extended the work of Kang and Cai (2009) to a generalized stratified case-cohort study design for failure time data with multiple disease outcomes. Under this study design, we developed weighted estimating procedures for model parameters in marginal multiplicative intensity models and for the cumulative baseline hazard function. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are studied using martingales, modern empirical process theory, and results for finite population sampling.
Determination of calibration constants for the hole-drilling residual stress measurement technique applied to orthotropic composites. II: Experimental evaluations

The first step in the extension of the semidestructive hole-drilling technique for residual stress measurement to orthotropic composite materials is the determination of the three calibration constants. Attention is presently given to an experimental determination of these calibration constants for a highly orthotropic, unidirectionally-reinforced graphite fiber-reinforced polyimide composite. A comparison of the measured values with theoretically obtained ones shows agreement to be good, in view of the many possible sources of experimental variation.
Dental, Visual, Auditory and Olfactory Complications in Paget's Disease of Bone

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of dental problems in Paget's patients and in a control population without Paget's disease. The relationship of localization of bony involvement of Paget's disease with the prevalence of dental, auditory, visual, and smell changes is examined. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred ninty-eight subjects with Paget's disease were generated randomly from the mailing list of the Paget Foundation. INTERVENTION: Each subject was sent a cover letter, two questionnaires, and a stamped, addressed return envelope. One questionnaire contained questions specific for the individual with Paget's disease. Subjects were asked to give the other questionnaire, which contained the same questions except for those asking about the specifics of Paget's disease, to an unaffected spouse or a similar aged friend. MEASUREMENTS: All subjects were asked about their age, gender, race, educational level, income, living situation, chronic medical conditions, self-rating of their general physical and dental health, the number of teeth present, and the presence of dental, auditory, visual, and olfactory problems. Paget's subjects were also asked to indicate which bones were affected. RESULTS: Paget's disease subjects assessed their oral health to be poorer than the controls. Paget's subjects were more likely to report pain when opening the mouth and were more likely to have had dental extractions. A significantly higher percentage of Paget's individuals with facial or maxillo-mandibular involvement reported having heart trouble. Paget's individuals with skull, facial or maxillo-mandibular involvement were more likely to report a change in their hearing, sight, and smell than Paget's subjects without involvement of the craniofacial complex. Dental problems were reported by 93% of those Paget's subjects with maxillomandibular involvement, compared with only 10% for those with skull involvement only or involvement at sites distant to the craniofacial complex. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Paget's disease of bone involving facial or maxillo-mandibular parts of the skeleton have a higher prevalence of change in hearing, sight, smell, and dental problems. We also have found an association of heart disease in patients who have involvement of facial or maxillo-mandibular bones.
The Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in Diabetic Children and Adolescents and Its Relation to Puberty

The albumin excretion rate (AER) was studied in two groups of diabetic children and adolescents. Twenty-four-hour AER was studied in 75 children with diabetes for 5 years, in 49 children with diabetes for 10 years, in 55 children with diabetes for 10-20 years and in 21 age matched healthy controls. Overnight AER was studied in 129 diabetic children and adolescents with a duration of diabetes varying from 1-14 years. Diabetics exhibited a wide range of AER-values and when expressed per body surface area, diabetic children had significantly higher AER compared to controls. Log transformed AER-values were significantly correlated to age and body surface area in diabetics but not in controls. In the diabetics, log AER was also correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressure but not to HbA1c. 20% of the diabetics had AER values exceeding the upper value for healthy controls which was 18.5 micrograms/min. 31/35 of them were older than 12 years. In both groups of diabetics, 5% had AER-values exceeding those reported to be predictive for later development of overt nephropathy, the youngest being 16 years old. When comparing diabetic children 0-12 years (i.e. before the maximal growth spurt of puberty) to those older than 12 years, at the same duration of diabetes, the latter group had significantly higher AER-values. No sex difference was found in either age group. It is concluded that after puberty diabetic patients also show evidence of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Thus, routine screening for microalbuminuria is recommended also in pediatric diabetes care after 12 years of age.
Pressure-Level Dependency and Densification Behavior of Sand Through Generalized Plasticity Model

Natural soil deposits and man-made earth structures exhibit complicated engineering behavior that is influenced by factors such as the stress level and drainage conditions. The stress conditions within a soil structure vary greatly, ranging from very low to very high values, due to the dead weight, loading and boundary conditions. Saturated sand deposits that exhibit drained conditions under static loading become undrained when subject to earthquake excitations. The Pastor–Zienkiewicz–Chan model has demonstrated considerable success in describing the inelastic behavior of soils under isotropic monotonic and cyclic loadings, including liquefaction and cyclic mobility. This study proposed modifications to the Pastor–Zienkiewicz–Chan model so that effects of stress level and densification behavior are simulated. The proposed model suggested that the angle of internal friction, elastic and plastic moduli are dependent on the pressure levels. Relevant modifications were made to incorporate a power term of mean...
Allozyme variation in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): Variation, breeding system, and implications for current conservation practice

Sustained harvest of wild North Americanginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) for overtwo centuries has led to heightenedconservation concern and a recent interest inthe population genetics of this species. Thisstudy examined allozyme variation from 32 wildand 12 cultivated populations of Americanginseng to: (1) document the amount anddistribution of genetic variation over a wideportion of the species' natural range, (2)examine genetic differences between wild andcultivated populations, and (3) provideindirect estimates of its breeding system. Strong genetic differences between wild andcultivated populations were found in the amountof variation within populations and thedistribution of variation among populations. Wild populations were significantly lower inall within-population diversity measures, butcontained significantly higher levels ofvariation partitioned among populations. Similarities between wild and cultivatedpopulations were also found. As a whole,cultivated and wild groups shared nearly allalleles, and populations of both groups showedstrong homozygote excess compared toexpectations under random mating. Thehomozygote excess is best explained by highlevels of selfing. In wild populations,significant correlations were found betweengenetic diversity and estimated populationsize, and between interpopulation geneticdistance and geographic distance. Overall, theresults for wild populations suggest that theyare influenced by high levels of genetic driftand low migration among populations. Conservation implications for American ginsengare discussed with particular emphases on: (1)the current debate surrounding the existence ofwild populations, (2) the ongoing practice ofintroducing cultivated seed into wildpopulations, and (3) the collection of geneticmaterial for the establishment of breedingprograms.
Nanopatterned graphene quantum dots as building blocks for quantum cellular automata.

Quantum cellular automata (QCA) is an innovative approach that incorporates quantum entities in classical computation processes. Binary information is encoded in different charge states of the QCA cells and transmitted by the inter-cell Coulomb interaction. Despite the promise of QCA, however, it remains a challenge to identify suitable building blocks for the construction of QCA. Graphene has recently attracted considerable attention owing to its remarkable electronic properties. The planar structure makes it feasible to pattern the whole device architecture in one sheet, compatible with the existing electronics technology. Here, we demonstrate theoretically a new QCA architecture built upon nanopatterned graphene quantum dots (GQDs). Using the tight-binding model, we determine the phenomenological cell parameters and cell–cell response functions of the GQD-QCA to characterize its performance. Furthermore, a GQD-QCA architecture is designed to demonstrate the functionalities of a fundamental majority gate. Our results show great potential in manufacturing high-density ultrafast QCA devices from a single nanopatterned graphene sheet.
Strong response of an invasive plant species (Centaurea solstitialis L.) to global environmental changes

Global environmental changes are altering interactions among plant species, sometimes favoring invasive species. Here, we examine how a suite of five environmental factors, singly and in combination, can affect the success of a highly invasive plant. We introduced Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle), which is considered by many to be California's most troublesome wildland weed, to grassland plots in the San Francisco Bay Area. These plots experienced ambient or elevated levels of warming, atmospheric CO2, precipitation, and nitrate deposition, and an accidental fire in the previous year created an additional treatment. Centaurea grew more than six times larger in response to elevated CO2, and, outside of the burned area, grew more than three times larger in response to nitrate deposition. In contrast, resident plants in the community responded less strongly (or did not respond) to these treatments. Interactive effects among treatments were rarely significant. Results from a parallel mesocosm experiment, while less dramatic, supported the pattern of results observed in the field. Taken together, our results suggest that ongoing environmental changes may dramatically increase Centaurea's prevalence in western North America.
Burrow utilization by yellowedge grouper, Epinephelus flavolimbatus , in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Submersible dives were made on a site in the Gulf of Mexico 160 km southeast of Galveston, Texas in September 1984. Both yellowedge, Epinephelus flavolimbatus, and snowy grouper, E. niveatus, were observed utilizing shelter around rock ridge habitats. The yellowedge grouper also sought shelter within three types of burrows cut into soft sediment. Many of these burrows were significant excavations consisting of large trenches 7–8 m long, 2–3 m wide, and 1–1.5 m deep. Burrows were found in depths from 265 to 290 m. Tilefish, Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, also occur at this site, usually inhabiting the characteristic vertical burrows already described for this species. In four daytime submersible transects covering a linear distance of over 13000 m, we observed a total of 66 yellowedge groupers. Twenty-five were in burrows, 39 among rocks, and two over open bottom. It is suggested that this species may have an advantage over congeners that utilize only rocky habitat for cover. It may also compete for shelter with tilefish at depths where the two species overlap.
Sailing ships for research

Motor-assisted sailing ships for ocean research could perform as well as or better than many existing research vessels and could cut fuel consumption by 50–80%, according to a preliminary study by an ad hoc panel of the National Research Council's Ocean Sciences Board (OSB). Rising fuel costs plague ship owners and operators. For example, 2 years ago the U.S. oceanographic fleet had a $6 million overrun in fuel costs. Furthermore, the price of marine diesel fuel skyrocketed from $3 per barrel in 1972 to about $38 per barrel in late 1980. Cutting these costs would be welcome if the savings were not made at the expense of additional crew, longer transit times, or less efficient scientific operations. A sailing ship with auxiliary motor propulsion is a promising prospect, according to the Ad Hoc Panel on the Use of Sailing Ships for Oceanography.
Monomeric and dimeric phenolic acids released from cell walls of grasses by sequential treatment with sodium hydroxide

Cell walls of tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb and coastal bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon L Pers were treated sequentially with increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide (0·1 M to 10 M) to release monomeric and dimeric phenolic acids. (E)-p-Coumaric and (E)-ferulic acids were the major monomers released. Most of the saponifiable feruloyl groups (97% for tall fescue, 89% for coastal bermudagrass) were released with 0·1 M sodium hydroxide. Much lower proportions of saponifiable p-coumaroyl groups (67% for tall fescue, 46% for coastal bermudagrass) were released with this treatment. The major dimers from both grasses were 4,4′-dihydroxy-α-truxillic, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-α-truxillic, and 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-α-truxillic acids, and were mainly released with 0·1 M sodium hydroxide. Similar proportions of the monomers and dimers were released from the cell walls of each grass with the 0·1 M and 1 M sodium hydroxide sequential treatments. It is probable that most if not all of the monomers and dimers released by the sequential alkali treatments were originally ester linked to the cell walls. If it is assumed that the cell wall bound dimers are formed photochemically from p-coumaroyl and feruloyl groups during plant growth, it is calculated that, for the two grasses, between 12 and 17% of the monomer units were converted to dimers.
Difficulties in vitamin B6 nomenclature

Der Name Vitamin B6 hat Nachteile. Ein Ausdruck, der das Wort Vitamin enthalt, ist nicht in allen Fallen zutreffend, und ein zweiwortiger Ausdruck passt schlecht in gewissen Zusammenhangen. Da wenigstens 5 verwandte, aber verschiedene Verbindungen Vitamin-B6-Aktivitat besitzen, ist ein einziger, gewohnlicher chemischer Name unzulanglich. Fruhere Vorschlage weisen mehrere Mangel auf. Wir schlagen Pyridox vor.
Seasonal flow variation allows 'time-sharing' by disparate aquatic insect communities in montane desert streams

Summary 1. Flow variation can drive major abiotic changes in stream environments between seasons. Theoretically, disparate biotic communities could be maintained during different seasons at a single site if suitable refuges and colonist sources were available. Using isolated montane desert streams in south-east Arizona as a model system, we hypothesised that two disparate aquatic insect faunas (montane temperate and neotropical) could be maintained at the same sites through strong seasonal variation in abiotic conditions. 2. We collected aquatic insects representing 59 families from seven streams during high-flow (March–April) and low-flow (June) sampling periods across two years. We assessed changes in aquatic insect community and functional feeding group composition by habitat (riffle, pool) and season (high flow, low flow). 3. Within sites, wetted stream area decreased by an average of 97% between high-flow (predominately riffles) and low-flow (predominately pools) seasons. Community composition likewise showed strong seasonal patterns; the montane temperate fauna was strongly associated with the high-flow season while neotropical hemipterans and coleopterans were associated with the low-flow season. Increased water temperature was significantly associated with this shift from temperate to neotropical assemblages. 4. Functional feeding group composition shifted dramatically by season. The proportion of predators increased from 24.5% (high flow) to 75.2% (low flow) while collector–filterers and shredders declined from 38.4% (high flow) to 1.7% (low flow). 5. We suggest that habitat ‘time-sharing’ by disparate communities is facilitated via strong seasonal variation in temperature and flow and the presence of high elevation refuges or diapause stages for temperate montane taxa to survive the dry season.
A survey of deterministic models for the EOQ and EPQ with partial backordering

Models for the basic deterministic EOQ or EPQ problem with partial backordering or backlogging make all the assumptions of the classic EOQ or EPQ model with full backordering except that only a fraction of the demand during the stockout period is backordered. In this survey we review deterministic models that have been developed over the past 40 years that address the basic models and extensions that add other considerations, such as pricing, perishable or deteriorating inventory, time-varying or stock-dependent demand, quantity discounts, or multiple-warehouses.
Lunar theory and processes - The physical condition of the lunar surface

Lunar surface physical conditions from Surveyor landings, discussing fine cohesive rock powder
AQUINAS AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF MERCY

Contemporary philosophers often construe mercy as a supererogatory notion or a matter of punitive leniency. Yet it is false that no merciful actions are obligatory. Further, it is questionable whether mercy is really about punitive leniency, either exclusively or primarily. As an alternative to these accounts, I consider the view offered by St. Thomas Aquinas. He rejects the claim that we are never obligated to be merciful. Also, his view of mercy is not restricted to legal contexts. For him, mercy’s scope is considerably broader, as it concerns a wide range of needs and hardships to which human beings are vulnerable. Such a view, I submit, affords a kind of normative depth lacking in many contemporary accounts. Unlike those views that construe mercy as either a supererogatory or legal concept, Aquinas’s account illuminates mercy’s obligatory nature and encourages us to make mercy a more salient fixture of our moral lives.
High-speed text search based on a programmable signal processor

Document retrieval systems must execute a variety of full-text search operations in a real-time environment. When the size of the textual database exceeds the GByte level, the presence of special hardware for high-speed textual pattern matching becomes essential. A text search processor is presented that uses a programmable analog signal processing device based on acoustic charge transport technology. The processor operates at 180 MHz and is capable of performing 128 character comparisons in parallel. Based on a look-up table technique, each input character is encoded on-the-fly according to some simple rules to increase the detection efficiency of the text processor. A prototype was implemented and the initial test results indicate that a variety of text search operations can be executed at throughput rates close to 90 million characters per second. >
Localization of arginine-rich protein in cytomegalovirus dense bodies using phenanthrenequinone fluorescence

Abstract Phenanthrenequinone (PQ) is a useful reagent for the intracellular localization of arginine-rich proteins and polypeptides by fluorescence microscopy. In WI-38 cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV), PQ staining revealed an intense fluorescence of the so-called cytoplasmic dense bodies, indicating that one or more dense body proteins are rich in arginine. Since previous biochemical studies have shown that many dense body proteins appear identical to viral structural proteins, the present findings also suggest that human CMV, like HSV, may contain one or more arginine-rich structural proteins. In HSV-infected cells, where it is known that dense bodies are not formed, no fluorescent cytoplasmic bodies were observed after PQ treatment. The ability of PQ staining to distinguish between HSV- and CMV-infected cells suggests that this technique may be a potentially useful adjunct method in the diagnosis of certain clinical CMV infections.
Tracheal diameter as a predictor of pulmonary function.

Tracheal diameter (TD) was measured from standard posterior-anterior (PA) roentgenograms and evaluated as a predictor of pulmonary function. A population of 222 non-smokers with normal chest roentgenograms was analyzed. A subset of the population with the trachea indented two or more mm by the aorta (on PA film), as well as males and females, were analyzed separately. In males without aortic indentation of the trachea, tracheal diameter alone accounted for 28% of the variation in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Age and height accounted for an additional 19% of the variation. Tracheal diameter was second to age as a predictor for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), accounting for an additional 10% of the variation in each. However, tracheal diameter did not explain significant variability in the female group. This study supports an upper airway effect on flow at large lung volumes. It also demonstrates that a tracheal diameter, measured from a PA chest film, is a useful predictor of pulmonary function that can be easily applied in population surveys.
Regulation of expression of the nonhemolytic phospholipase C of Burkholderia cepacia.

Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients. We have purified and partially characterized one potential virulence factor for the organism—a nonhemolytic phospholipase C—and we studied the effect of iron restriction and choline and phosphate concentrations on the expression of phospholipase C. Iron limitation did not affect expression, the effect of choline was variable, and high phosphate concentrations repressed expression. Experiments with heat-treated spent culture supernatants suggested that autoinducers affected the expression of the phospholipase and two other potential virulence factors, a protease and a lipase. We screened 26 B. cepacia isolates for autoinducer activity: 11 induced violacein production in the autoinducer-deficient mutant Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Spent supernatants from two strains, one that was positive in the C. violaceum assay and one that was negative, were tested for inducing early expression of phospholipase C, protease, and lipase in homologous and heterologous cultures. Expression of all three enzymes was increased or induced at an earlier stage in the growth curve in every case, suggesting not only that autoinducers were involved in the regulation of the expression of these enzymes, but also that the autoinducers were of two different classes.
Biofluidmechanics: Quo vadimus?

After proposing and briefly assessing the domain, objectives and tools of biofluidmechanics—the use of fluid mechanics for the study of biological flows—the paper focuses on the problems and opportunities in the study of biological flows in the various life sciences, both basic and applied. particular emphasis is given to flows as conveyours of information, the utilization of flows as diagnostic tools, and the interaction between flow and systems considerations. Biological flows also hold potential technological implications both as providers of inspiration for new engineering devices and concepts, and as stimulus to the development of new fundamental techniques in fluid mechanics. Finally, biofluidmechanics is compared to other domains of fluid mechanics (man-made devices and inorganic nature), and the development of the field is briefly considered in terms of social and governmental factors that affect it.