cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of film condensation within inclined thin porous-layer coated surfaces

Abstract Film-condensation enhancement by a porous/fluid composite system is investigated numerically. The numerical simulations detail laminar film condensation from an inclined thin porous-layer coated plate that is immersed in pure saturated steam at atmospheric pressure. A mathematical model is formulated, and the numerical results are compared with Nusselt's theory and preliminary experimental data. The dependence of the average heat transfer coefficient (represented by the Nusselt number and the average heat flux) on the surface subcooling, the gravity field, and the thin porous-layer coating characteristics (thickness, effective thermal conductivity model, porous structure, etc.) is documented.
Synthetically modified Fc domains as building blocks for immunotherapy applications

Chemically based protein modification methods could provide useful strategies for the generation of antibody mimics. However, the highly complex structures of antibody domains make it exceptionally difficult to modify these proteins in a single or small number of locations. This complexity includes the presence of multiple polypeptide chains, extensive disulfide networks, and critically important glycosylation patterns, all of which must remain intact to obtain biological function. In this work, we have created novel antibody mimics by installing synthetic molecules at the N-termini of crystallizable fragment domains (Fc's) via a chemical modification approach. First, a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) mediated N-terminal transamination reaction provided a compatible method for site-selectively installing ketones as reactive handles on Fc domains. High levels of conversion were achieved. For elaboration of the newly installed chemical handles, we used two strategies for the ligation of our desired compounds to the protein. In the first, we used alpha-effect amines to create oxime or hydrazone linkages. Alternatively, we used the ketone as a site to introduce a second reaction handle: an aniline group that can participate in a recently reported oxidative coupling reaction. The oxidative coupling provides a highly efficient ligation strategy requiring very short reaction times (two min or less) at room temperature. By combining the advantages of synthetic targeting agents (e.g. high stability, low cost, and facile and reproducible production and discovery) with the ability of Fc domains to mediate targeted cell death and extend plasma half-life, these new hybrid agents may possess the best qualities of both. As an initial proof of concept, Fc domains were functionalized with DNA aptamers. The specificity of the aptamers for binding their cellular targets was demonstrated, as was the ability of the modified Fc domains to bind to complement proteins. The full assessment of the immunological properties of these hybrid constructs is currently underway.
Long-Term Youth Criminal Outcomes in MST Transport: The Impact of Therapist Adherence and Organizational Climate and Structure

This study investigated relations among therapist adherence to an evidence-based treatment for youth with serious antisocial behavior (i.e., Multisystemic Therapy), organizational climate and structure, and youth criminal charges on average 4 years posttreatment. Participants were 1,979 youth and families treated by 429 therapists across 45 provider organizations. Results showed therapist adherence predicted significantly lower rates of youth criminal charges independently and in the presence of organizational variables. Therapist perceptions of job satisfaction and opportunities for growth and advancement relative to the organizational average predicted youth criminal charges, as did organizational average levels of participation in decision making. These associations washed out in the presence of adherence, despite the fact that job satisfaction and growth and advancement were associated with adherence.
Inert gas patterns in the regolith at the Apollo 15 landing site

Abstract He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe were measured mass spectrometrically in eight bulk fines and one sample of 2–4 mm fines (15603) from stations LM-ALSEP, 2, 6, 6 1 , 7 a , and 9. We have also measured these gases in size fractions of samples 15091 and 15601. These samples come from three morphologically distinct selenographic settings: the Appenine Front, the Mare and Hadley Rille. Measured gas contents in these samples are comparable to those from previous Apollo missions. He 4 and the other trapped gases are inversely proportional to grain diameter in the size fractions of 15091 and 15601. More than 90 per cent of the trapped gas in 15601 is surface correlated; hence is probably directly implanted solar wind. Size fractions of 15091 contain large volume correlated amounts of He 4 , Ne 20 and Ar 36 . He 4 /Ne 20 ranges from about 20 to 60; Ne 20 /Ar 36 from 5 to 8: Ar 36 /Kr 84 from 2400 to 3200; and Kr 84 /Xe 132 from 3·2 to 7·3. The lowest He 4 /Ne 20 ratios occur in samples rich in green glass spherules which have He 4 /Ne 20 ≤ 10 ( Lakatos , Heymann , and Yaniv , unpublished). He 4 /He 3 ranges from about 210 to 2700; Ne 20 /Ne 22 from 12·7 to 13·2; Ne 21 /Ne 22 from 0·035 to 0·041; and Ar 36 /Ar 38 from 5·26 to 5·45. The measured Ar 40 /Ar 36 ratios range from 0·757 to 3·56; when corrected for radiogenic Ar 40 , the range becomes 0·6 to 3·4. The largest corrected Ar 40 /Ar 36 ratios occur in samples from the Apennine Front, the smallest occur in the Mare. This could be due to slope effects between the front as opposed to the mare terrain. An alternative possibility is that the Front fines acquired their atmospheric Ar 40 at a time when the concentration of neutral Ar 40 in the lunar atmosphere was relatively large. Ne 21 radiation ages were calculated for all samples. There is evidence in the landing area for debris from craters with ages less than 100 × 10 6 yr, but these craters cannot be firmly identified from the data.
Application of Genomic Biomarkers to Predict Increased Lung Tumor Incidence in 2-Year Rodent Cancer Bioassays

Rodent cancer bioassays are part of a legacy of safety testing that has not changed significantly over the past 30 years. The bioassays are expensive, time consuming, and use hundreds of animals. Fewer than 1500 chemicals have been tested in a rodent cancer bioassay compared to the thousands of environmental and industrial chemicals that remain untested for carcinogenic activity. In this study, we used existing data generated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to identify gene expression biomarkers that can predict results from a rodent cancer bioassay. A set of 13 diverse chemicals was selected from those tested by the NTP. Seven chemicals were positive for increased lung tumor incidence in female B6C3F1 mice and six were negative. Female mice were exposed subchronically to each of the 13 chemicals, and microarray analysis was performed on the lung. Statistical classification analysis using the gene expression profiles identified a set of eight probe sets corresponding to six genes whose expression correctly predicted the increase in lung tumor incidence with 93.9% accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2 and 91.8%, respectively. Among the six genes in the predictive signature, most were enzymes involved in endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism, and one gene was a growth factor receptor involved in lung development. The results demonstrate that increases in chemically induced lung tumor incidence in female mice can be predicted using gene biomarkers from a subchronic exposure and may form the basis of a more efficient and economical approach for evaluating the carcinogenic activity of chemicals.
Phase response properties of an idealized half-center oscillator

Half-center oscillators are widely used as models for central pattern generators. They consist of two cells (or groups of cells) connected by relatively strong reciprocal inhibition. Typically, the individual cells are phase-locked in an anti-phase state, where one cell is active while the other is suppressed, and vice versa. In central pattern generators, this allows for the alternating order of two usually opposing behaviors. Often, central pattern generators are coupled, forming networks that coordinate rhythmic activity, such as in the coordinated limb movement during locomotion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this coordination is an important issue in neuroscience. The neural circuitry of the crayfish swimmeret system is ideal for exploring coordination, and phase-locking in general, in coupled central pattern generators. It is composed of four bilateral segments each containing two modules equipped with a half-center oscillator that controls a corresponding limb. The half-center oscillator of each module is capable of oscillations independent of other modules, however all modules are connected to each other through well-described inter-segmental coupling. The coupling between cells in the half-center oscillators is relatively strong, whereas the inter-segmental coupling between the half-center oscillators is relatively weak. Therefore, it should be possible to use the theory of weakly coupled oscillators to deduce how phase-locking is achieved in the swimmeret system. However, before this theory can be applied, we need to know the phase response properties of the half-center oscillators that comprise the individual modules. Furthermore, to fully understand the mechanisms underlying phase-locking in these systems, we need to understand how the intrinsic dynamics of the cells and the coupling properties interact to produce the phase response properties of the half-center oscillator. To gain insight into these issues, we examine the phase response properties of idealized models of half-center oscillators. The dynamics of the cells in the half-center oscillator are described by either the leaky integrate-and-fire model or a general one-variable phase model; the coupling between the cells is described by either delta-function pulse coupling or current-based exponential synapses. We obtain analytical or semi-analytical solutions for the phase response curves (PRCs) of these idealized half-center oscillators, which show how the cells’ individual PRC and the coupling dynamics produce the PRC of the half-center oscillator. We compare our analytical results to numerical simulations of more realistic models and experimental data from the crayfish swimmeret system. We also discuss the implications for phase-locking in networks of half-center oscillators.
Relationship between leg muscle capillary density and peak hyperemic blood flow with endurance capacity in peripheral artery disease.

The aim of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle capillary density is lower in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and if capillary density relates to functional limitations. PAD...
Efficacy and Tolerance of Oral Ofloxacin in Treating Various Infections

Summary 66 patients were given daily doses of ofloxacin between 400 and 800mg for 10 days to 6 months. They were suffering from exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (15), soft tissue phlegmon (11), complicated urinary tract infections (7), bronchopneumonia (7), chronic osteomyelitis in exacerbation (8), chronic prostatitis in exacerbation (5), lower urinary tract infections (3), chronic otitis media (3), acute otitis (3), acute bronchitis (1), lung abscess (2) or liver abscess (1). Pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24), Haemophilus influenzae (16), Proteus mirabilis (6), Escherichia coli (6), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Providencia stuartii (2), Serratia marcescens (2), Citrobacter diversus (I), Salmonella enteritidis (1), Acinetobacter anitratus (1), Staphylococcus aureus (1) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (1). In 35 patients (53%), several aggravating factors coexisted. MICs of ofloxacin ranged from ≤ 0.06 to 2 mg/L. Clinically, 65% of the patients were considered as cured, 17% improved and 18% failed to respond. Bacteriologically, pathogens were eradicated in 62%, persisted in 16% and relapsed in 22%. Adverse reactions included gastrointestinal disturbances (4), rash plus facial oedema (1), abnormal liver function (2) and leucopenia (1).
hPepT1 transports muramyl dipeptide, activating NF-κB and stimulating IL-8 secretion in human colonic Caco2/bbe cells

Background & Aims: Bacterial proteoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates the intracellular NOD2/CARD15 gene product. How intestinal epithelial cells take up MDP is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the intestinal apical di-/tripeptide transporter, hPepT1, transports MDP, thereby activating downstream pathways similar to nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB). Methods: Time- and concentration-dependent 3 H-MDP uptakes were studied in Caco2/bbe (C2) cell monolayers where hPepT1 expression was either over- or underexpressed, using an inducible adenovirus system or silencing RNA (siRNA), respectively. NF-κB activation and interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) release were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NOD2/CARD15 expression was inhibited by siRNA. MDP in human duodenal, cecal, and stool samples was measured. Results: MDP, but not its isoforms, inhibited uptake of glycosylsarcosine in C2 cells, indicating stereoselective and competitive inhibition. Approximately 90% of the MDP was cytosolic, showing uptake rather than binding. The K m for MDP uptake was 4.3 mmol/L. Cells overexpressing hPepT1 showed increased Gly-Sar and MDP uptake, whereas decreased uptake was observed after hPepT1 siRNA-inhibition. MDP treatment activated NF-κB, resulting in IL-8 release, an effect blocked by siRNA-inhibited expression of NOD2/CARD15. MDP content in cecal and stool samples (in normal subjects) was 20–87 μmol/L, but undetectable in duodenal fluid. Conclusions: In colonic epithelial cells, MDP is taken up by hPepT1 and activates NF-κB and chemokine production. Because hPepT1 expression in chronic colonic inflammation is increased, this may play an important role in promoting colonocyte participation in host defense and pathogen clearance through increased uptake of MDP.
Alkali depletion and ion beam mixing in glasses

Abstract Ion implantation induced alkali depletion in simple alkali-silicate glasses (12M2O·88SiO2) has been studied for implantations at room temperature and near 77 K. The results are consistent with a mechanism for alkali removal, by heavy ion bombardment, based on radiation-enhanced migration and preferential removal of alkali from the outermost layers. Similar results were obtained for mixed-alkali glasses [(12−x)Cs2O·xM2O·88SiO2] where, in addition, a mixed-alkali effect may also be operative. Some preliminary experiments with ion-implantation through thin Al films on SiO2 glass and on a phosphate glass show that interdiffusion takes place and suggest that this ion mixing technique may be a useful method for altering the physical properties of glass surfaces.
Simple Procedures for Radar Detection Calculations

The literature of radar contains results of Rice, Marcum, Swerling, and Schwartz in several families of curves, which permit radar engineersto estimate the signal energy ratio required for a given level of detectionperformance. The variety of radar problems, however, makes itimpractical to construct curves for all combinations of radar and targetparameters. The concept of detector loss is used here to evaluate lossesattributable to integration and collapsing, with an accuracy of ±0.3 dBon steady targets. This is added to a separate fluctuation loss, modifiedfor diversity effects, to obtain results on all Swerling target modelsand also on partially correlated targets. The accuracy of the combinedlosses is ±0.5 dB for a wide range of detection and false-alarm probabilities.Starting from the basic single-sample detection curves, onlythree additional graphs are needed to find the energy ratio for givendetection performance in any of these cases. Examples are given whichshow the ease with which different radar options may be compared asto performance on an arbitrary type of target.
Integrating production activity control into a hierarchical production‐planning model

Presents a hierarchical production planning (HPP) model that integrates aggregate‐type planning, family disaggregate planning, lot‐sizing, job scheduling and evaluation of the final production plans into a complete planning and scheduling system. In‐corporation of a simple heuristic scheduling algorithm into the HPP model is the primary contribution. The scheduling routine schedules the jobs based on just‐in‐time (JIT) concept and provides detailed shopfloor information such as job tardiness, bottleneck work centres, capacity level, inventory or shortage level and number of set‐ups. This information is critical for effective shopfloor management. Experimental results indicate that the performance of the present model is better than the existing models in general. However, the model is truly superior under tight capacity conditions.
The bonding, structure, and photochemistry of some stable and unstable germanium species

Abstract The ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet photolyses of GeH 4 , GeH 3 Cl, GeH 2 Cl 2 , GeHCl 3 , GeCl 4 , GeH 3 Br, and GeH 2 Br 2 in argon and carbon monoxide matrices have been performed between 4° and 24° K. The results of these experiments support the successful isolation and characterization of a variety of germanium free-radical species produced as a result of primary and secondary photolytic processes. In order to control, characterize and understand the various elementary processes (photochemical and fragment diffusion) occurring in the matrix, both in situ photolysis as well as simultaneous deposition and photolysis were performed as a function of photolyzing radiation, temperature (of the cold window), and concentration (M/ R = matrix/reactive material). The identification and structure of the photochemically produced free radicals were obtained from the vibrational (infrared) spectrum before and after photolysis. In some cases, complete vibrational assignments were possible. Force field (normal coordinate) calculations were also performed in order to corroborate these assignments, within the limitation of their application to matrix isolated spectra. Finally, the structural and bonding properties of these free radicals, as reflected by their vibrational frequencies, are compared with similar stable and unstable Group IVA species in an effort to understand the major effect(s) controlling their geometry. The geometries obtained on the basis of the experimental observations are compared with those predicted by Walsh's semiempirical MO treatment and Self-Consistent Extended Huckel calculations. In addition, a simple thermodynamic argument in conjunction with elementary quantum mechanics is used as a tool for predicting the structure of some of these simple free-radical species.
Sub-linear Time Hybrid Approximations for Least Trimmed Squares Estimator and Related Problems

Least Trimmed Squares (LTS) estimator is a statistical tool for estimating how well a set of points fits a hyperplane. As a robust alternative to the classical least squares estimator, LTS takes as input a set P of n points in Rd and a fitting parameter m ≤ n, and computes a non-vertical hyperplane H so that the sum of the m smallest squared vertical distances from P to H is minimized. Previous research has indicated that although solving LTS (exactly or approximately) could be quite costly (i.e., it may take Ω(nd−1) time to even approximate it when m/n is a positive constant c 0 is the residual approximation ratio and 0
Empirical evaluation of defect projection models for widely-deployed production software systems

Defect-occurrence projection is necessary for the development of methods to mitigate the risks of software defect occurrences. In this paper, we examine user-reported software defect-occurrence patterns across twenty-two releases of four widely-deployed, business-critical, production, software systems: a commercial operating system, a commercial middleware system, an open source operating system (OpenBSD), and an open source middleware system (Tomcat). We evaluate the suitability of common defect-occurrence models by first assessing the match between characteristics of widely-deployed production software systems and model structures. We then evaluate how well the models fit real world data. We find that the Weibull model is flexible enough to capture defect-occurrence behavior across a wide range of systems. It provides the best model fit in 16 out of the 22 releases. We then evaluate the ability of the moving averages and the exponential smoothing methods to extrapolate Weibull model parameters using fitted model parameters from historical releases. Our results show that in 50% of our forecasting experiments, these two naive parameter-extrapolation methods produce projections that are worse than the projection from using the same model parameters as the most recent release. These findings establish the need for further research on parameter-extrapolation methods that take into account variations in characteristics of widely-deployed, production, software systems across multiple releases.
FPGA-based static analysis tool for detecting malicious binaries

The detection of malicious files is an important component of any intrusion detection system. Due to increases in network speeds and new worms being discovered frequently, there arises a need to detect worms on the fly without totally relying on signatures. There are methods available for detecting malicious files by looking into the dynamic behavior of the files. However, in most of these cases the file has to be either run in a dynamic environment or has to be disassembled to look at its content. We present here a novel method to look at the files without the need of executing or disassembling them. We also provide a framework that implements our method on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). We use a novel approach to identify byte-patterns that can be used to do static analysis of binaries. Our FPGA implementation can detect worms at multi-gigabit rates and also provides us with a tool that can help us carry out systematic, real time analysis and detection of malicious binaries.
AGE, SEX, NEUROTICISM, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL

The interaction of age (17 to 29 yr.), sex (130 males, 108 females), and Neuroticism with locus of control was investigated through a three-factor analysis of variance. The main effect of Neuroticism and the interaction of sex by Neuroticism on locus of control were significant. Generally, males who scored low on Neuroticism were more internally oriented than the male groups who scored higher on Neuroticism as well as all the female groups.
Quantitation of ribonucleic acids using 18O labeling and mass spectrometry.

A previous limitation in the analysis of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) by mass spectrometry (MS) has been the inability to obtain quantitative information relating to total RNA, RNA subunits, and undermodified nucleosides in a straightforward manner. Here, a simple and rapid method has been developed for the relative quantitation of small RNAs using 18O labeling and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). One RNA sample is digested with RNase T1 in 18O-labeled (“heavy”) water with the 18O being incorporated at the 3‘-phosphate end of oligonucleotides upon hydrolysis. A second RNA sample is digested with RNase T1 in normal (“light”) water. The two samples are then combined and analyzed by MALDI-MS. Relative ion abundances of the light- and heavy-water digestion products, which are separated by 2 Da due to the isotopic mass of 18O, reveal relative quantitation information from the two RNA samples. The accuracy and reproducibility of this approach were tested on 18 known RNA samp...
Distance to the border in spatial point patterns

Abstract The analysis of spatial point patterns is commonly focused on the distances to the nearest neighbor. The distance of organisms to the edge of the enclosure is also of interest in some biological studies performed in the laboratory. We define the B (border) function and derive its shape assuming complete spatial randomness (CSR) for square, rectangular, circular, and some three-dimensional arenas. The idea is then extended outside the laboratory setting to work with maps and points located in geographical regions. Commands in R ( R Core Team, 2012 ) to calculate and plot the empirical B ˆ function are included. The B function, based on distances to the nearest edge, in addition to the G function, based on distances to the nearest neighbor, contributes to the understanding of the spatial distribution of the points.
The omega phase transformation in titanium alloys as an example of displacement controlled reactions

Abstract The omega phase is shown experimentally to be formed by cooling certain metastable β-Ti alloys to cryogenic temperatures. The transformation is completely reversible and is characterized by a small temperature hysteresis. The diffusionless hexagonal ω phase so formed is of the same composition as the parent b.c.c. β phase, and the gradual progression from diffuse streaking in the diffraction patterns of the β phase to the sharp ω reflections is interpreted in terms of a displacive type reaction. Computer generated plots of the elastic energy of harmonic displacement waves in the b.c.c. lattice are shown to reproduce many of the features of the diffuse intensity in the electron diffraction patterns. The complex quasi-circular streaks observed in some zone patterns are shown to result from the planar intersection of spherical surfaces of intensity in reciprocal space. It is suggested that the progressive transition from circular to rectilinear streaks correspond to a decreased coupling between {111} displacement modes responsible for the diffuse intensity. At sufficiently low temperatures, the diffuse streaks, which lie close to traces of {111} planes, contain sharp intensity peaks at positions 1 3 〈112〉, characteristic of the ω phase.
On the use and internal structure of logic-based decision support systems

Abstract A general decision support system based on first-order logic with desirable characteristics (for example, being semistructured, supporting, descriptive, effective, and evolutionary) will be presented. The proposed system improves the existing frameworks of Sprague and Bonczek, Holsapple, and Whinston in terms of flexibility and efficiency. A tool called the connection graph is used as a basis for pre-compiling queries for efficient response as well as for modifying pre-compiled queries in response to assumption analyses (such as handling “what-if” questions). Techniques for modifying existing programs derived from the connection graph are described. The notion of determined variables is extended to include the case of process literals. The class of allowable formulas is extended to include condition literals, which may include existential quantifiers.
The EGF-like Homeotic Protein dlk Affects Cell Growth and Interacts with Growth-Modulating Molecules in the Yeast Two-Hybrid System

Levels of dlk, an EGF-like homeotic protein, are critical for several differentiation processes. Because growth and differentiation are, in general, exclusive of each other, and increasing evidence indicates that Dlk1 expression changes in tumorigenic processes, we studied whether dlk could also affect cell growth. We found that, in response to glucocorticoids, Balb/c 3T3 cells with diminished levels of dlk expression develop foci-like cells that have lost contact inhibition, display altered morphology, and grow faster than control cell lines. Balb/c 3T3 cells spontaneously growing more rapidly are also dlk-negative cells. Moreover, screening by the yeast two-hybrid system, using Dlk1 constructs as baits, resulted in the isolation of GAS1 and acrogranin cDNAs. Interestingly, these proteins are cysteine-rich molecules involved in the control of cell growth. Taken together, these observations suggest that dlk may participate in a network of interactions controlling how the cells respond to growth or differentiation signals.
Carbohydrate changes in pre- and peri-implantation mouse embryos as detected by a monoclonal antibody.

Abstract We have examined the tissue and embryonic distribution of an antigen on a large polysaccharide that is recognized by a monoclonal antibody, IIC3, prepared against F9 teratocarcinoma cells. By immunofluorescence the antigen is first detected on compacted morulae and early blastocysts. It is strongly expressed on the primary endoderm and trophoblast of expanded blastocysts, but then disappears from the trophoblast of attached blastocysts in vitro. The binding of the antibody is completely inhibited by d -galactose and N -acetylgalactosamine. Fluoresceinated lectins were used to study further the changes in cell surface carbohydrates on trophoblast during implantation. Ricinus I, specific for terminal galactose, binds to preimplantation stages but does not bind to the trophoblast of the attached blastocyst. On the other hand, wheat germ agglutinin, specific for N -acetylglucosamine and sialic acid, binds to all preimplantation embryos and also to attached blastocysts (embryo proper and trophoblast). Neuraminidase treatment of blastocyst outgrowths enhances binding of both IIC3 and Ricinus 1 to the trophoblast; conversely, the binding of wheat germ agglutinin is decreased by this treatment. The results obtained in this study show changes of cell surface carbohydrates during early mouse development and suggest that sialic acid may be masking molecules on the surface of the trophoblast at the time of implantation.
YEAST CAKE LAYERS AS SECONDARY MEMBRANES IN DEAD-END MICROFILTRATION OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN

Abstract Dead-end filtration of bovine serum albumin was performed in a phosphate buffer through a yeast cake layer deposited on an asymmetric, polysulfone microfiltration membrane having a nominal pore size of 0.2 μm. Yeast cake layers of varying thicknesses were preformed in two ways - by gravity settling prior to the onset of filtration and by vacuum filtration. The role of the cake layer of rejected cells as a secondary membrane for reducing protein transmission and affecting permeate flux was studied. The steady-state flux was found to be higher in the presence of a thin cake layer than in the absence of a cake layer. This is thought to result from the yeast cake serving as a filter-aid to remove membrane foulants from the protein solution. Due to the micro-channeling effects, higher fluxes were observed for filtration through a cake layer preformed by vacuum filtration, as compared to the corresponding values for a cake layer of equal dry mass preformed by gravity settling. The protein transmission studies revealed three types of fouling - membrane fouling due to the internal pore deposition of protein, protein adsorption through the entire cake depth, and surface filtration leading to protein rejection at the cake surface.
Hypertensive patients show delayed wound healing following total hip arthroplasty.

Background Prolonged wound-discharge following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with an increased risk of infection. However, the potential role of hypertension in prolonging the duration of wound healing in this population has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to compare healing in this population that has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to compare hypertensive and normotensive THA patients in terms of the length of time required to achieve a dry wound and the length of stay in the hospital.
Integrated design and control of hypersonic vehicles

In this paper we consider the design and control of an airbreathing hypersonic vehicle. Such vehicles are characterized by non-minimum phase characteristics, instability, actuator saturation constraints, and lightly damped flexible modes. While traditional vehicle design has followed an iterative sequential procedure (with the controller design following an aero-centric vehicle design phase), an integrated vehicle-control design process (based on bilinear matrix inequalities) is considered in this paper. We consider several example problems to illustrate the advantages of such an approach.
Position Constancy during Pursuit Eye Movement: An Investigation of the Filehne Illusion:

Experiments were performed to investigate the Filehne illusion, the apparent movement of the background during pursuit eye movements. In a dark room subjects tracked a luminous target as it moved at 3°/s or 10.5/s in front of an illuminated background which was either stationary or moved at a fraction of the target speed in the same or opposite direction. Subjects reported whether the background appeared to move and the direction of the movement. Results reveal only a partial loss of position constancy for the background during tracking. The stationary background is perceived to move slightly in the direction opposite to that in which the tracked target is moving. These results seemed best described as an instance of perceptual underconstancy and led to the speculation that the source of the illusion is an underestimation of the rate of pursuit eye movements. An experimental test of this hypothesis which produced supporting evidence is reported.
Macrophage activation sydrome with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA) in Chinese childern

Results 42 patients were diagnosed MAS with SOJIA from 159 SOJIA cases. The duration prior to MAS is 11 months. High fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, liver dysfunction were in all cases. Bleeding was in 12. 45% has had CNS dysfunction. 24% were with ARDS. 2 suffered from renal damage. The lab.tests revealed elevated live enzymes and ferritin, decreased value of ESR, album, CBC and fibrinogen in all. Bone marrow examination supported the diagnosis with definite haemophagocytosis in 42 cases. Lymph node biopsy was done for one case and found out it was filled of activated macrophage. In the treatment, thirteen only received high dose steroids (four of thirteen died), twenty-one got high dose steroids plus cyclosporine (four died), five were steroids plus cyclosporine and etoposide (none died). The causes of death were ARDS and CNS involvement. Conclusion MAS is a rare and potentially fatal complication of SOJIA. Most of our patients were male. Bone marrow studies support the diagnosis. CNS involvement and ARDS are poor prognostic signs. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy is essential. from 15th Paediatric Rheumatology European Society (PreS) Congress London, UK. 14–17 September 2008
GRANNY, a companion to GRAMPS for the real-time manipulation of macromolecular models

Abstract Recent advances in the modeling and simulation of molecular properties have underscored the need for general purpose interactive molecular graphics sof
A case study in library-based scholarly publishing: the University of Michigan Library's Scholarly Publishing Office

In recent years, institutions of higher learning and research and the libraries that support them have become increasingly concerned about the costs and conditions of the publication and distribution of scholarship. In response, several universities have begin to explore the possibility of their libraries functioning as publishers, particularly looking to explore the possibilities and costs of electronic publication. The University of Michigan Library's Scholarly Publishing Office(l) (SPO) is one such institutional venue for the electronic publication and distribution of scholarly content. This discussion summarizes some of the policy issues that led to the creation of SPO, and describes SPO's organisation and some of the activities that instantiate its mission of building sustainable publication models that bridge the gap between academic self‐publishing and large, aggregated, commercial publishing. It also raises several questions about how libraries should function as publishers, and about cooperation ...
ALTERED PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN RBC OF 4 PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA (CHA)

In prednisone-dependent CHA, the levels of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC) were significantly elevated in RBC. (OPRT: patients = 7.6-54.8 nmoles/hr/109 RBC; controls = 2.9 ± 1.8 (Mean ± S.D., n=30); ODC: patients = 26-118 nmoles/hr/109 RBC; controls = 10.6 ± 4.7 (n=30)). In 1 patient prior to prednisono therapy, the OPRT and ODC levels were 10-fold elevated and remained 3-fold elevated after one year of therapy. In 2 clinically normal individuals, one of whom was related to a CHA patient, the levels of OPRT and ODC in RBC were 1.6 to 3.1 standard deviations greater than the mean of the controls. Elevated OPRT and ODC did not occur in leukocytes, fibroblasts or short term lymphocyte cultures in CHA. The levels of 3 other pyrimidine synthetic enzymes, as well as purine and pyrimidine salvage enzymes, were within normal limits in all cells studied. OPRT and ODC activities were also elevated in the RBC of the father of 2 siblings (mother not tested), but were normal in 3 parents of 2 other patients. In contrast to CHA, all of the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes including OPRT and ODC were elevated in RBC of sickle cell anemia, DIGuglieimo syndrome and the newborn. It is postulated that factors which affect the levels of OPRT and ODC may also result in diminished ervthro-poiosis in CHA. (Supp. by John A. Hartford Fndn., Inc. #74266).
The final straw

When a scarecrow is awakened by a loud crow, he tries to scare it away with the usual methods. But this is no ordinary crow, and it does not respond to classic scares. The scarecrow must get creative, and even a little maniacal, to scare this pest away.
The effect of particle size and volume fraction on the aging behavior of a liquid-phase sintered SiC/aluminum composite

The aging response of a SiC particulate reinforced powder metallurgy aluminum composite was examined as a function of particle size and volume fraction. The addition of SiC particles ranging in size from 24 to 142μm at 9 vol pct had no effect on the aging kinetics of the composites. Acceleration of the aging behavior or inhibition of the initial stage of the age-hardening process was observed at 18 and 27 vol pct. The accelerated aging kinetics were consistent with smaller particles creating larger thermal misfit dislocation densities. In addition, it was shown that different combinations of ceramic particle size and volume fraction lead to similar effects on the aging behavior. Loss of the initial hardening response was attributed to the suppression of Guinier-Preston (GP) zone formation due to the annihilation of excess vacancies at the thermal misfit dislocations.
Marine Geomorphology in the Design of Marine Reserve Networks

Marine environments, key life-support systems for the earth, are under severe threat. Issues associated with managing these common property resources are complex and interrelated. Networks of marine reserves can be valuable for mitigating threats to marine systems, yet the successful design and implementation of such networks has been limited. Efficient ways to conserve marine environments are urgently needed. This Focus Section of The Professional Geographer explores the development of marine reserve networks based on geomorphology, fish biology, ecological connectivity, and appropriate governance. The articles in this Focus Section offer examples of the following: (1) distinctive reef geomorphology dictating the spawning locations of reef fishes, which in turn serve as critical source sites for the replenishment of distant reefs by means of larval transport; (2) an example of a simplified oceanographic model that predicts larval transport from fish breeding sites to important nursery areas; and (3) a ca...
Evaluation of education on the appropriate use of vitamin k in warfarin reversal in adult inpatients.

PurposeVitamin K (phytonadione) is a commonly used first-line reversal agent for vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy in patients presenting with a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (IN...
Verification of the invariant imbedding method for certain Fredholm integral equations

Abstract : Previous RAND studies have shown that the solution of the Fredholm integral equation satisfies an initial-value problem. In the present study, the converse is shown to be true: the solution of the initial-value problem is a solution of the integral equation. It is assumed that the kernel is exponential in form. First, the integral equation is rewritten to show the dependence on the upper limit of integration. Next, an initial-value problem for the solution of the integral equation is derived in which the internal point remains fixed while the interval length is varied. During this procedure, the solution to the auxiliary integral equation and the solution of the Sobolov integral equation are introduced. Then, the validity of the Cauchy problem is established. (Author)
On the Interaction of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Gettering Schemes in Silicon

We report some results of an experiment designed to study the interaction of extrinsic-gettering (EG) and intrinsic-gettering (IG) schemes. We found that mechanical abrasion introduces interstitial type dislocations into the wafer backside, and produces a concave wafer frontside. The EG dislocation network enhances SiO2 precipitation which is responsible for the IG activity. The enhancement is most significant near the wafer backside. The interaction arises most probably because the dislocation network serves as a very efficient source/sink for point defects.
Triparanol inhibition of Tetrahymena, and its prevention by lipids.

Abstract Triparanol and its citrate inhibited the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis mating type II, variety 1, in a chemically defined medium, and synchronous division of strain GL in an inorganic medium. Inhibition of growth was prevented by sterols and by some long-chain fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, stearic), supplied alone and in combinations. The specificity of the responses to the various sterols tested suggests that in this ciliate triparanol impairs the reduction of the 24(25) double bond of sterols such as zymosterol and desmosterol, and the 24(28) double bond of sterols like 24-methylene cholesterol and fucosterol, during conversion of these sterols to ciliate sterol(s). Inhibition of the first synchronous division was prevented by a variety of oleic acid-containing compounds, but not by sterols, so sterol synthesis may not be neces sary for completion of the first synchronous generation. The activity of some long-chain fatty acids (particularly oleic acid) in annulling triparanol toxicity indicates a role of the drug in the metabolism of these compounds.
Anisotropic reflection effect on satellite, Ajisai

A model for the anisotropic reflection force acting on Ajisai is presented which includes the variable reflectivity coefficient and the force in the direction perpendicular to the incident light. This model significantly reduces the along-track orbit errors of Ajisai and smoothes the spike-like variation in the estimated drag coefficients from analysis of Ajisai laser ranging data. The model produces 17% smaller range residual RMS values in a one-year arc analysis of 1993 data, and a smaller residual RMS for a short-arc analysis in mid-year, the period from May to August, 1993.
Infection Control in Cystic Fibrosis

Over the past 20 years there has been a greater interest in infection control in cystic fibrosis (CF) as patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens has been increasingly demonstrated in this unique patient population. The CF Foundation sponsored a consensus conference to craft recommendations for infection control practices for CF care providers. This review provides a summary of the literature addressing infection control in CF. Burkholderia cepacia complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus have all been shown to spread between patients with CF. Standard precautions, transmission-based precautions including contact and droplet precautions, appropriate hand hygiene for health care workers, patients, and their families, and care of respiratory tract equipment to prevent the transmission of infectious agents serve as the foundations of infection control and prevent the acquisition of potential pathogens by patients with CF. The respiratory secretions of all CF patients potentially harbor clinically and epidemiologically important microorganisms, even if they have not yet been detected in cultures from the respiratory tract. CF patients should be educated to contain their secretions and maintain a distance of >3 ft from other CF patients to avoid the transmission of potential pathogens, even if culture results are unavailable or negative. To prevent the acquisition of pathogens from respiratory therapy equipment used in health care settings as well as in the home, such equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. It will be critical to measure the dissemination, implementation, and potential impact of these guidelines to monitor changes in practice and reduction in infections.
The sensory basis of target location.

Overshoot rate in a target alignment task depends on the location of the target with reference to the operational boundary of the task. Subjects performed a step tracking task under four conditions combining pursuit and compensatory display modes with joystick and crank control devices. The boundary effect was found when the joystick was used but not the crank, while the display mode had no effect, indicating that subjects moved with respect to a frame of reference based on proprioceptive information. Movements were made according to the postures adopted, irrespective of the concomitant visual consequences.
Energy-Efficient Error Control for Tightly Coupled Systems Using Silicon Photonic Interconnects

Future computer systems will require new levels of computing power and hence new levels of core and chip densities. Because of constraints on power and area, optical interconnection networks will play a critical role in these new systems. In this paper, we describe the macrochip, a multi-chip node with an embedded silicon photonic interconnection network that consists of thousands of optical links. For such a large-scale wavelength division multiplexing optical network, we show how to use an energy-efficient error control scheme employing variable-length cyclic redundancy check codes to achieve a desirable residual bit error rate (BER) of 10-23 for reliable system operation with the individual link BER at 10-12 or higher. We use a discrete-event network simulation of the macrochip using uniform random traffic to show that our scheme incurs minimal impact on performance compared to a perfect system with no error control. Using link level energy efficiency and network throughput analysis, we estimate and report network level energy efficiency using the metric of energy per useful bit.
Where Do You Think You Are Going? The NMDA-D1 Receptor Trap

The number and outcomes of reciprocal interactions between dopamine (DA) D1 receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors continue to increase. Recent studies have demonstrated close physical interactions in which activation of one receptor affects the function of the other. In one physical interaction, the activation of NMDA receptors alters the topography and movement of D1 receptors by trapping them in dendritic spines and thus altering their distribution. In a second physical interaction, D1 and subunits of NMDA receptors form heterodimers, which are translocated from the cell interior to the surface. Finally, a third physical interaction posits that the C terminus of D1 receptors makes contact with subunits of the NMDA receptor. These physical interactions can attenuate or potentiate receptor function. In contrast, the more traditional interactions mediated by second messengers generally cause NMDA receptor function to be potentiated through the activation of D1 receptors and the cAMP-PKA-DARPP-32 [adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kD] or PKC (protein kinase C) cascades. Together, these mechanisms provide a basis for understanding the increasing complexity of D1-NMDA receptor interactions and their importance in physiological and pathological processes.