cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking among adults reporting lifetime depression, anxiety, anxiety with depression, and major depressive episode, United States, 2005-2006.

Abstract Objectives To describe rates of current smoking among persons with and without lifetime anxiety, depression, anxiety with depression, or major depressive episode. Methods Data on 73 024 adult respondents from the 2005–2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to examine smoking status, intensity, frequency, dependence, and quit rates among persons with and without self-reported lifetime history of depression, anxiety, anxiety with depression, or major depressive episode (LDAMDE). Results Of persons with LDAMDE, 33% were current smokers, while 22.5% of persons who did not report LDAMDE were current smokers. Persons with LDAMDE were heavier and more frequent smokers and had lower quit rates and higher dependence compared to persons with no LDAMDE. Conclusions Compared to persons with no LDAMDE, persons with LDAMDE are more likely to be current smokers, smoke with higher intensity and frequency, have more dependence, and have lower success at quitting. The present study further underscores the need to address nicotine dependence as well as underlying mental health conditions that are known to be comorbid with smoking.
On-chip RF power inductors with nanogranular magnetic cores using prism-assisted UV-LED lithography

This paper presents a CMOS-compatible microfabrication process for on-silicon racetrack power inductors using prism-assisted lithography with an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) array as a light source. This combination of lithographic techniques was applied in making 60-μm-tall SU-8 structures with 45° sidewalls to achieve high performance from a sputtered nanogranular magnetic core material, Co-Zr-O. Microfabricated magnetic components with Co-Zr-O cores were designed, built, and tested for use in a 25-W dc-dc power converter operating at a switching frequency between 5-30 MHz. Fabricated inductors achieved a peak quality factor of 18 and an inductance of 660 nH at 15 MHz.
The Hydrogen-ion Concentration of the Soil in Relation to Animal Distribution

THE striking relationship between the hydrogen-ion concentration of the soil and plant distribution is apparently not without its parallel in animal distribution. A number of facts concerning the relationship of certain forms of animal life to plant-hosts have been brought together by Fr. Dahl (“Grundlagen einer okologischen Tiergeographie,” Jena, 1921). He states that a great many animals are exclusively, or almost exclusively, found on certain plants. The association of the silkworm with the mulberry tree is known to all, and it is only with difficulty that it can be brought to feed on any other leaf than that of the mulberry.
Low Temperature CVD SiC Coated Si Microcomponents for Reduced Scale Engines

The unique operating conditions of micro-thermochemical systems introduce many materials compatibility issues that must be addressed, particularly where thin film coatings are concerned. These issues include oxidation, wear, friction, and thermal stability. This work aims to explore the effectiveness of polycrystalline 3C-SiC films deposited by low temperature chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates as a means for the remediation of these effects. The chemical structure of the deposited films is examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Surface physical characteristics are evaluated by atomic force microcopy as well as by scanning electron microscopy. The structural makeup of these films is characterized both optically and by the sample’s resistance to chemical etching. These barrier films are found to conformally deposit and can therefore be used to coat substrates or individual components, as well as to create highly environmentally resistant sensor elements. Samples are exposed to both a non-reactive flow high temperature source and reactive flow condition (H2 –air flame) to determine their survivability. The SiC films are shown to possess a relatively high oxidation resistance when compared to Si.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Expression and sexual dimorphism of galanin messenger ribonucleic acid in growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons of the rat during development

In the rat, the secretion of GH is episodic and sexually dimorphic. The development and regulation of this patterning of GH secretion are governed by the reciprocal influence of the hypothalamic peptide somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). Galanin is a neuropeptide that is colocalized with GHRH in hypothalamic neurons and is thought to be involved in generating the episodic pattern of GH secretion. We hypothesized that galanin mRNA expression in GHRH neurons increases over development in both sexes, and that in the adults, galanin expression in GHRH neurons is greater in males than in females. To test these hypotheses, we used a double label in situ hybridization procedure to detect and measure galanin mRNA expression in GHRH neurons in the rat brain. GHRH mRNA-positive cells were visualized by an alkaline phosphatase color reaction, and galanin mRNA levels were measured by counting autoradiographic grains over individual GHRH mRNA-positive cells. Galanin mRNA coexpression was found in GHRH mRNA-...
Salivary Interleukin-6 and -8 in Patients With Oral Cancer and Patients With Chronic Oral Inflammatory Diseases

Background: Previous research has indicated that salivary interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 are potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, their levels have been found to be significantly elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) or oral lichen planus (OLP). The data also showed wide variations in levels among the different studies, and no standardization procedure was ever performed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine whether CP or OLP confounds the use of IL-6 or IL-8 for OSCC detection.Methods: Saliva samples were collected from five groups: OSCC before treatment (n = 18); CP (n = 21); disease-active OLP (n = 21); disease-inactive OLP (n = 20); and healthy controls (n = 21). IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were compared, using total salivary protein–standardized levels to validate the data. The Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05) followed by pairwise Mann–Whitney U (post hoc) tests with Bonferroni adjustment...
Location-resolvable optical monitored growth of multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity laser arrays

Multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays are fabricated using a location-resolvable in situ optical calibration method and a patterned-substrate growth technique in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. The high and low wavelength limits are achieved within 0.28% accuracy and with a 2.66 A wavelength standard deviation from 4 × 35 arrays.
A Dynamic Power System Model With Graded Precision for Fast Extraction of Pertinent Load Flow Information

In many situations of power system restoration or emergency control load flow, often dynamic load flow, results are needed at a time scale which makes regular load flow computations impractical. In this paper a low order dynamic model is introduced which retains fully detailed and precise representation of the critical components (such as strong backbone lines like EHV or weak tie lines) where the interest is focused and reduces the detail of representation of other parts of the system gradually with their distance from the spotlighted sections where details are needed. The result is a low order and hence very fast computation with not only detailed but also quite precise results for those parts of the system which are critical. This approach is very flexible, it can be used to compute tie line load and frequency swings on an interconnection of areas or static loads on the tie lines of such a system affecting third parties in a power trading situation. It can be used to compute precisely and fast the EHV system loads or any combinations of such elements. The operator is quite free to choose what should be represented in precise detail.
The correlation dimension identifies b-cell immunoglobulin light chain restriction in peripheral blood flow cytometry data

The correlation dimension (D2) is a mathematical tool that quantifies dimensional properties of fractals. We set out to determine whether immunoglobulin light chain restriction (LCR) in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (BCLPDs) could be identified using the D2. The D2 was calculated from flow cytometry data files (FCS 2.0) from a training set of peripheral blood specimens from 22 patients with and 23 patients without BCLPD. A cutoff value derived from the training set was applied to a validation set of 69 patients with and 64 patients without BCLPD. In the training set, all BCLPDs had a D2 of less than 0.72 (CD19-gated κ-λ data). When this cutoff was applied to the validation set, the D2 had sensitivity and specificity values of 88% and 98%, respectively. The D2 can identify LCR in peripheral blood flow cytometry data. It offers operator-independent data analysis and may be useful in objectively quantifying differences in data distribution. In B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (BCLPDs), immunophenotypic analysis of the peripheral blood using flow cytometry shows changes in cell population distribution and complexity. An altered κ/λ immunoglobulin light chain ratio (KLR) is a commonly used indicator of monoclonality. 1 This measure requires operator-set boundaries defining positive and negative cell populations, which may be subjective, especially if antigen expression is a continuous spectrum of negative to positive. 2 We sought to determine whether the correlation dimension (D2), a mathematical tool developed to quantify the complexity of fractals, could be used as an operator-independent means to identify B-lymphocyte immunoglobulin light chain restriction in peripheral blood flow cytometric data.
Transmission electron microscopy studies of the bonded SiC-SiC interface

SiC is a promising material for high-power and hightemperature electronics due to its chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity (∼5 W cm−1 K−1), and wide band gap (2.4–3.3 eV, depending on the polytype). SiC diodes, field effect transistors, as well as bipolar homojunction transistors fabricated to date, showed that their performance exceeds even theoretical limits of Si and GaAs counterparts [1, 2]. Heterojunction devices can offer improved efficiency compared to the homojunction devices [3]. Koitzsch et al. suggested a waferbonding technique [4] to fabricate higher efficiency heterojunction devices using different SiC polytypes [5]. The interface obtained during bonding will determine the device operation. This work focuses on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the bonded SiC/SiC interfaces. In all bonding experiments, on-axis Si-face (0001) SiC wafers (either 6H or 4H) obtained from Cree, Inc., were used. The root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness of as-received SiC wafers was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using a Digital Instruments D3000 microscope. These measurements revealed an RMS surface roughness of ∼2 nm, which is higher than the 0.5 nm limit required for room temperature bonding [4]. Fig. 1 shows an AFM image of a typical SiC surface. Dark lines in the image correspond to the polishing scratches. The macroscopic surface roughness (waviness) of SiC wafers was studied on a Zygo GPI XP Laser Interferometer. Although the observed surface profile (Fig. 2) varied from wafer-to-wafer, the value for the peak-to-valley waviness was consistently 5–7 μm for our 12 × 22 mm2 samples. This is similar to the waviness of similarly sized Si samples, which was measured to be 3–6 μm. This level of macroscopic flatness was found suitable for the well-established Si/Si (or Si/SiO2) wafer bonding and thus was not expected to create any major obstacles in bonding of SiC wafers. To prepare particle-free samples for our bonding experiments, all wet cleaning procedures were performed in a class 100 clean-room environment. SiC samples were ultrasonically cleaned in BakerClean©R solution for 10 min, in 10% hydrofluoric acid for 10 min, in BakerClean©R solution for another 10 min, in deionized water for 1–3 min, and finally blow-dried with nitrogen. The final cleaning procedure was performed in a
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of diethynyldimethylsilane

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of diethynyldimethylsilane are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (SiC stretch, CC stretch, CH stretch, CCH bend, SiCC bend, CSiC bend, HCH bend, CH 3 wag, and CH 3 twist) utilizing the C 3v symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
On the [p]-series in Brown-Peterson homology

Abstract The coefficients of the [ p ]-series for Brown-Peterson homology lie in products of prime invariant ideals of BP ∗ . The particular product of ideals containing a s , the dimension-2 s coefficient, depends directly on the p -adic expansion of s + 1.
Laboratories, museums, and the comparative perspective: Alan A. Boyden's quest for objectivity in serological taxonomy, 1924-1962.

The rise of experimentation and the decline of natural history constitute the historiographic backbone to most narratives about the history of the life sciences in the twentieth century. As I argue here, however, natural history practices, such as the collection and comparison of data from numerous species, and experimental practices have actually converged throughout the century, giving rise to a new hybrid research culture which is essential to the contemporary life sciences. Looking at some examples of researchers who studied experimentally the relationships between organisms offers a unique window into how the norms, values, and practices of natural history entered the laboratory and, conversely, how the norms, values, and practices of experimentation transformed natural history. This paper concentrates on a largely overlooked episode in the history of the life sciences: the development of Alan A. Boyden's serological taxonomy. In the United States, from the late 1920s to the early 1960s, he was the most prominent advocate of this experimental approach in natural history. His quest for an objective method to understand the relationships among species, his creation of a serological museum where he could apply his comparative perspective, and his continued negotiations between natural historical and experimental traditions, illustrate the rise of a new hybrid research culture in the twentieth century. It also helps us solve a historiographic puzzle, namely how biological diversity become so central in the experimental life sciences, i.e., in a tradition which we generally understand as having focused on a few model organisms, and which relegated the study of biodiversity to naturalists and their museums.
Training english teachers for engineers

Still another idea is added to the growing list of suggestions for improving the engineering curriculum. The authors, both teachers of English, suggest setting up a special graduate training program for potential teachers of English in engineering schools. Such a program would produce the ideal instructor — a teacher who is trained both in engineering and in English.
Radiation damage and stage iii defect annealing in thermal neutron irradiated tungsten

Abstract The damage and the recovery behavior of defects in thermal neutron irradiated tungsten has been investigated in the temperature range of room temperature to 1200°C, using electrical resistivity measurements and field ion microscope observations. Extensive observations of the isochronal annealing of the irradiated specimens of various purity show that the defects, introduced by irradiation, are completely recovered at around 420°C after stage III recovery for the least pure specimens of ∼ 200 at. ppm impurity, while in the purest specimens of ∼ 1 at.ppm impurity an additional recovery stage (stage IV) is present. Field ion microscope observations show that the motion of interstitials is the dominant process in stage III recovery, whose activation energy, determined by resistivity measurements, varies between 1.68 ± 0.05 and 1.71 ± 0.05 eV, depending upon the purity of the material. The occurrence of stage IV in the purest specimens is explained in terms of the clustering of mobile defects which takes place during stage III recovery.
Theory of the inverse hook method for measuring oscillator strengths.

The theory of a new method to measure oscillator strengths is presented. The method exploits the ac Stark interaction of a laser pulse detuned from a transition between an initially populated state a and a second state b of an atom. We assume the density matrix \ensuremath{\rho} of state a initially has only diagonal elements given by 〈m\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\Vert}m〉=C+${\mathrm{Dm}}^{2}$ where C and D\ensuremath{\ne}0 are constants and m is the Zeeman sublevel quantum number. The laser pulse is linearly polarized along an axis different from the quantization axis and therefore rearranges the atoms among the various Zeeman sublevels. Changes of the relative Zeeman sublevel populations induced by the laser pulse can be readily detected by monitoring changes in the angular distribution or polarization of fluorescent light emitted when the atoms radiatively decay to some final state f. This paper considers the general problem where states a, b, and f have arbitrary angular momentum. We derive the functional dependence of the polarized fluorescent light fluence on the laser pulse fluence (pulse energy per unit area).For spatially uniform laser pulses, these signals are periodic functions of the laser fluence. When the laser is completely speckled, we show that the signal is well approximated by a Lorentzian curve. This latter case is of considerable experimental interest since most pulsed dye lasers have poor transverse mode structure which can readily be converted into a statistically well-defined speckle pattern. The oscillator strength of the transition between states a and b is found using (1) the fluence half-width of the ``depolarization curve,'' the Lorentzian-like dependence of the fluorescence polarization on the laser pulse fluence, (2) the detuning of the laser from the transition frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ab}}$, and (3) some known constant factors which depend on the angular momenta of states a, b, and f. The physics of the situation is very similar to that of the conventional hook method with this difference: the roles of the atoms and the photons have been interchanged. We therefore call this new method the inverse hook method. The inverse hook method is relatively insensitive to the details of the atomic absorption line shape and also to the temporal and spatial profile of the laser pulse. It yields absolute oscillator strengths and it is especially suitable for measurements of transitions between excited atomic states, including autoionizing states.
Radio frequency direct conversion of migma power

Abstract Design considerations for rf direct converters are outlined. The periodic motion of high energy fusion products in uniform magnetic fields allows efficient extraction of ion kinetic energy from bunched ions. It is shown that rf converters have potential for application to migma power systems in the 1 MW range. Systems applications, including direct powering of migma injection equipment and hybrid dc and rf direct converters are described.
Automated high resolution ectoenzyme measurements: instrument development and deployment in three trophic regimes

A commercial flow-injection analysis (FIA) unit was adapted for rapid, automated measurements of ectoenzyme activity. Seawater was injected with a small amount of the substrate 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate or L-leucine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, the hydrolysis products of which were measured fluorometrically in a flow cell. The FIA system was run using sequential injection stopped-flow analysis, allowing activities to be calculated directly from the rate of substrate hydrolysis. The FIA unit sampled autonomously, with the exception of running standard curves and creating new killed controls. The FIA unit was deployed in three environmentally distinct locations — the hypereutrophic Louisiana shelf (July 2004), the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea (February–March 2005), and the eutrophic Hudson River estuary (April 2005). Both phosphatase (Louisiana shelf and Sargasso Sea cruises) and peptidase (Hudson estuary cruise) activities were detectable by the FIA unit. Good correlations were observed between activities measured by the FIA unit and a fluorescence microplate reader. Incubation times ranged from 5–20 min with sampling rates of one sample every 11–26 min. Differences in incubation time, mixing coil length, and detector settings altered the dilution of standards and substrates but did not affect the detection limit of fluorescence. High resolution contour maps and time-series measurements of ectoenzyme activities in eddies, localized upwellings and downwellings, blooms, and river plumes may be used to understand and predict biogeochemical changes in these and other aquatic environments.
Joint frequency- and time-domain characterization of planar log-periodic antennas

A framework for joint frequency and time domain characterization of planar log-periodic antennas for ultra-wideband systems is established. Effects of antenna's geometrical parameters on time- and frequency- domain performances are discussed and relevant conclusions regarding a low-dispersion log-periodic antenna with acceptable frequency-domain performance are presented. Analysis is performed using method of moments (MoM) as implemented in FEKO.
Using Entertainment-Education to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening in Thai Women

Southeast Asian women in California have high cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, but low levels of Pap screening. No published reports have addressed screening among Thai women. Entertainment-education (EE) is a useful strategy for low-literacy, culturally diverse populations. This quasi-experimental study determined whether a soap-opera-themed, Thai-language EE video was superior to a print handout for increasing knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intention toward Pap testing. No uniform differences were found between the intervention group (video) and the control group (brochure). Both educational modalities appeared to result in selected increases in knowledge and attitudes.
GROUP SELECTION AND ASSORTATIVE INTERACTIONS

Natural selection at all levels requires heritable phenotypic variation among units. At the group level, variation is often increased by reproduction coupled with limited dispersal, which forms the basis of kin selection and traditional group selection models. Assortative interactions are another possible mechanism for creating variation among groups that has received less attention. We present a series of models in which altruism is a continuously varying trait and individuals are free to choose their associates, based on information that is acquired through experience, observation, or cultural transmission. Assortative interactions can generate highly nonrandom variation among groups, favoring the evolution of altruism and other group-level adaptations among genealogically unrelated individuals. Altruism can evolve even when the initial phenotypic variation in altruism is not heritable, a form of genetic assimilation. The importance of assortative interactions depends in part on cognitive abilities that...
Cyanine dyes with high absorption cross section as donor chromophores in energy transfer primers.

Energy transfer (ET) fluorescent primers are significantly superior to single dye-labeled primers for DNA sequencing and multiplex genetic analyses. We describe here ET primers in which a donor chromophore with a large absorption cross section but a low fluorescence quantum yield is exploited to increase the Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission of acceptor dyes. The new ET primers have 3-({var_epsilon}-carboxy-pentyl)-3{prime}-ethyl-5,5{prime}-dimethyloxacarbocyanine (CYA; {var_epsilon}{sub M}{sup 488 nm} 142,000 M{sup -1} cm{sup -1}) at the 5{prime}-end as a common energy donor, and fluorescein or rhodamine derivatives (FAM, R6G, TAMRA, and ROX), attached to a modified thymidine 10 bases away within the primer sequence, as acceptors. With 488-nm excitation, the fluorescence emission intensity of these four ET primers is 1.4- to 24-fold stronger than that of the corresponding primers labeled only with the single acceptor dye. When compared with the corresponding ET primers with a fluorescein derivative (FAM; {var_epsilon}{sub M}{sup 488 nm} 60,000 M{sup -1} cm{sup -1}) as donor, the fluorescence emissions of primers with CYA as donor and FAM, R6G, TAMRA, and ROX as acceptors are respectively 0.8-, 1.0-, 1.7-, and 1.7-fold as intense. The low fluorescence quantum yield of the CYA donor resulted in distinct fluorescence signals for the DNA-sequencing fragments with much lowermore » crosstalk between the four detection channels than that seen with ET primers based on a FAM donor. With single-stranded M13mp18 DNA as the template, the CYA ET primers provided DNA sequences on a four-color capillary sequencer with 100% accuracy in the first 500 bases. 15 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.« less
Conformal dome correction with counterrotating phase plates

Windows and domes that are shaped to aerodynamic requirements can increase range and speed for the host platform. This class of optical systems is referred to as conformal optics. The solution discussed here is intended for conformal missile systems having gimbals that point the optical line of sight through different parts of the dome. A conformal dome induces large amounts of varying aberration, tens to hundreds of waves across gimbal angle, and therefore requires dynamic correction. Space is very constricted in missile sensors, and it is therefore highly desirable to limit the number of motors used for aberration correction. This paper describes the performance of a new class of optical systems that employ counterrotating phase prisms to correct conformal dome aberrations while gimbaling the optical system. The phase surfaces on the prisms are described by Zernike circular polynomials. Since the shear across the phase surfaces is rotational, the only aberrations that are generated are those without rotational symmetry, such as tilt, coma, or astigmatism. Using this approach, CODE VÂ® was used to analyze and design a compact, high-performance conformal optical system.
Ageing of Neurospora crassa. V. Lipid peroxidation and decay of respiratory enzymes in an inositol auxotroph

Abstract An inositol auxotroph of Neurospora crassa was grown in liquid culture with various inositol concentrations. Although the initial exponential growth rate was independent of the initial inositol concentration and equivalent to that of wild type, growth ceased prematurely with limiting concentrations. The period from the time of premature decline of growth rate until the time when cells begin to die at an exponential rate is defined as the senescence period. Comparisons of age-dependent changes in clones cultured with optimal and limiting inositol revealed that the latter accumulate more fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) and that their mitochondria contained excessive concentrations of malondialdehyde, exhibited excessive rates of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in vitro and an age-dependent decline of specific activities of respiratory enzymes of the inner membrane. Cellular respiratory capacity was abnormal at an early age and deteriorated with increasing age. The in vitro rate of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation was inversely correlated with the activities of the enzymes at various culture ages. Most of these abnormalities were evident in 9 h-old clones prior to the onset of senescence, becoming more severe during senescence. Culture with either nordihydroguaiaretic acid or hydrocortisone completely or partly prevented the occurrence of the biochemical abnormalities. Since these drugs also alleviate deterioration of clonal growth rates and cellular death, the observation that they protect mitochondria from the development of symptoms related to abnormal membranes and lipid peroxidation offers additional support to the hypothesis that their action is that of antioxidant and membrane stabilizer, respectively, and therefore, provides a molecular basis for their therapeutic role in vivo .
Analysis of Biogenic Amines and Their Acidic Metabolites by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract An improved reversed-phase liquid chromatography analysis with an electrochemical detector was developed to determine concurrently concentrations of the basic neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and their acidic metabolites. A combination of extraction procedures and a novel method of peak identification using applied potentials from 0.35 to 0.95 volts are described.
Evolution and the nonlegal equivalent of aggressive criminal behavior

Within the framework of modern evolutionary theory, arguments are reviewed that the nonlegal equivalent of aggressive criminal behavior may have evolved by natural selection among mammals, particularly primates, as part of their overall approach to reproduction. If so, the commission of aggressive crimes (or their nonlegal equivalent) by humans, and even efforts to prevent fellow social group members from being victimized by aggressive crimes, may also be partially explainable in natural selection terms. The plausibility of this deduction was explored, first, by specifying the three elements that a human act must have to be regarded as an aggressive crime. Summarily, these were that (1) injury to a victim must be a likely result of the act, (2) the act must be intended, and (3) the act must elicit negative responses from those witnessing it. The primate behavior literature was examined for evidence that some behavior of nonhumans met all three conditions. Affirmative results were obtained. Therefore, while further research is in order, human aggressive criminal behavior, as well as human efforts to control it, seem to have close parallels in other primates. This would be consistent with the notion that aggressive criminal behavior (along with its condemnation by fellow group members) is part of a social system produced and sustained by natural selection.
Designing Document SQL (DSQL): An Accessible yet Comprehensive Ad-Hoc Querying Frontend for Query

This article presents DSQL, a conservative extension of SQL, as an ad-hoc query language for XML. The development of DSQL follows the theoretical foundations of first order logic, and uses common query semantics already accepted for SQL. DSQL represents a core subset of XQuery that lends well to optimization techniques, while at the same time allows easy integration into current databases and applications that useSQL. The intent of DSQL is not to replace XQuery, the current W3C recommended XML query language, but to serve as an ad-hoc querying frontend to XQuery. Further, the authors present proofs for important query language properties such as complexity and closure. An empirical study comparing DSQL and XQuery for the purpose of ad-hoc querying demonstrates that users perform better with DSQL for both flat and tree structures, in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
Phosphorus-based SAHA analogues as histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Three analogues of suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) with phosphorus metal-chelating functionalities were synthesized as inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs). The compounds showed weak activity for HeLa nuclear extracts (IC50 = 0.57−6.1 mM), HDAC8 (IC50 = 0.28−0.41 mM), and histone-deacetylase-like protein (HDLP, IC50 = 0.33−1.9 mM), suggesting that the transition state of HDAC is not analogous to zinc proteases. Antiproliferative activity against A2780 cancer cells (IC50 = 0.11−0.12 mM), comparable to SAHA (0.15 mM), was observed.
Spectral and diurnal variations in clear sky planetary albedo

Spectral and diurnal variations in the clear sky planetary albedo of the earth are calculated using a radiative transfer model to obtain January and July values for a 5 deg x 5 deg global grid. The model employs observed climatological values of temperatures, humidities, snow and sea-ice cover. The diurnal cycle of clear sky albedo is calculated in the following intervals: 0.2-0.5, 0.5-0.7, and 0.7-4 microns. Observed ozone distribution is specified as a function of latitude and season. The 0.2-0.5 micron spectral albedo is 10-20% higher than the total albedo for all latitudes because of Rayleigh scattering; the 0.5-0.7 micron albedo differs from the total albedo by 1-2% for most latitudes, while the 0.7-4 micron albedo is 5-10% lower than the total because of strong atmospheric absorption. Planetary albedo decreases from morning to local noon, with diurnal variations being particularly strong over water.
Automated Detection of Small Pulmonary Nodules in Whole Lung CT Scans

Rationale and Objectives The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate a robust algorithm that automatically detects small solid pulmonary nodules in whole lung helical CT scans from a lung cancer screening study. Materials and Methods We developed a three-stage detection algorithm for both isolated and attached nodules. The algorithm consisted of nodule search space demarcation, nodule candidates’ generation, and a sequential elimination of false positives. Isolated nodules are nodules that are surrounded by lung parenchyma, whereas attached nodules are connected to large, dense structures such as pleural and/or mediastinal surface. Two large well-documented whole lung CT scan databases (Databases A and B) were created to train and test the detection algorithm. Database A contains 250 sequentially selected scans with 2.5-mm slice thickness that were obtained at Weill Medical College of Cornell University. With equipment upgrade at this college, a second database, Database B, was created containing 250 scans with a 1.25-mm slice thickness. A total of 395 and 482 nodules were identified in Databases A and B, respectively. In both databases, the majority of the nodules were isolated, comprising 72.1% and 82.3% of nodules in Databases A and B, respectively. Results The detection algorithm was trained and tested on both Databases A and B. For isolated nodules with sizes 4 mm or larger, the algorithm achieved 94.0% sensitivity and 7.1 false positives per case (FPPC) for Database A (2.5 mm). Similarly, the algorithm achieved 91% sensitivity and 6.9 FPPC for Database B (1.25 mm). The algorithm achieved 92% sensitivity with 17.4 FPPC and 89% sensitivity with 5.5 FFPC for attached nodules with sizes 3 mm or larger in the Database A (2.5 mm) and Database B (1.25 mm), respectively. Conclusion The developed algorithm achieved practical performance for automated detection of both isolated and the more challenging attached nodules. The automated system will be a useful tool to assist radiologists in identifying nodules from whole lung CT scans in a clinical setting.
Effect of the deformation radius on the evolution of vortex properties in geostrophic turbulence

Coherent vortices in geostrophic turbulence grow in size and become fewer as they merge. It is shown that the deformation radius ${L}_{D}$ has no effect on the growth of the average vortex radius $a$ as $a$ grows from $a⪡{L}_{D}$ to $a⪢{L}_{D}$. Its growth is algebraic, given by $a\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\ensuremath{\xi}∕4}$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}=0.72$. However, the deformation radius does have an effect on the decay of the number of vortices or vortex density $\ensuremath{\rho}$, given by $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\xi}}$ for $a⪡{L}_{D}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\xi}∕2}$ for $a⪢{L}_{D}$. Thus the decay of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ becomes slower once $a$ has grown to a size comparable to that of ${L}_{D}$. One scaling theory for the entire range from $a⪡{L}_{D}$ to $a⪢{L}_{D}$ is presented and verified by numerical experiments. A special method for quadruplicating the numerical domain when the vortices become too few is proposed, which keeps the computation inexpensive. This work generalizes and agrees with previous work, in which the two special cases $a⪡{L}_{D}$ and $a⪢{L}_{D}$ are independently investigated.
MINIMAL-INVASIVE VERFAHREN AM PANKREAS

Die laparoskopische Pankreaschirurgie ist technisch schwierig und anspruchsvoll aufgrund ihrer retroperitonealen Lokalisation und komplexen anatomischen Beziehungen. Die Durchfuhrung dieser Eingriffe erfordert eine Vertrautheit mit der Anatomie des Retroperitoneums und fortgeschrittene laparoskopische Erfahrungen. Kenntnisse uber intracorporale Nahttechniken sind ebenfalls obligatorisch. Aufgrund der kleinen Operationszahlen in den Zentren ist eine Evaluierungsphase von zumindest 5 Jahren notwendig, um die Rolle festzulegen, die laparoskopische Verfahren bei Pankreaserkrankungen spielen. Laparoskopische Verfahren sind jedoch gerade dabei, einen nicht zu leugnenden Teil des chirurgischen Repertoires bei krankhaften Pankreasprozessen zu reprasentieren.
Heterodyne Receiver For Visible Radiation Transmitted Through The Atmosphere

Optical heterodyne receivers operating in the turbulent atmosphere are subject to severe degradations in performance caused by random fluctuations in the index of refraction of air. These performance degradations can be minimized by understanding the statistical nature of the optical field after propagation over an atmospheric path. In order to gain some insight into these effects, an optical link consisting of a He-Ne laser transmitter operating at a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers, and a four element heterodyne receiver array containing a frequency tracking local oscillator was fabricated and operated over a 1.6 kilometer horizontal path in the turbulent atmosphere. The outputs of each of the array elements was separately demodulated and the probability density function for two or more elements was experimentally determined. The measured density function agree well with theoritical predictions. This work provides a basis for determining optimum receiver processing systems and will lead to bit error probability measurements for these optimum recievers.
Response patterns of children to interrogatives with differing syntactical complexities.

This study systematically varied the syntactical complexity of 15 interrogative types by using adult and telegraphic syntax patterns. Different surface structures were generated but the same deep structure was maintained. 25 male and 25 female children between the ages of 34 and 72 mo. served as subjects. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the hierarchy of response rate by children with normal and delayed language development and (b) to determine whether adult or Telegraphic syntax was responded to with greater accuracy by children with normal and delayed language development. The language-delayed group appeared to follow the same developmental hierarchy of interrogative acquisition as the normally developing group for both adult and telegraphic speech syntax. The normal group performed significantly better than the delayed group regarding types and syntactical complexity of interrogates answered appropriately. In addition, evidence was obtained for the preference of using syntax of adult sp...
The Polish book trade: Spring 1992

Abstract This article describes the state of the Polish book trade as of late spring 1992. Based on readings and on interviews and discussions in Poland with librarians, academicians, and individuals in various areas of the book trade, it provides information on the volume and nature of publishing and difficulties faced by the trade, and provides suggestions for American libraries seeking to purchase regularly books published in Poland.
Strategic behavior in spot markets for electricity when load is stochastic

Daily price data for the past three summer seasons (1997-99) in the PJM wholesale market are used to estimate a stochastic regime switching model. These data show that the average price in 1999, when market based offers were allowed, was twice as high as it was in the previous two seasons when offers had to be cost-based. The primary cause was that the price spikes in 1999 were much higher than they were in 1997-98, but not more frequent. Next, the article derives an optimum set of offers for individual suppliers endowed with different levels of market power. A supplier controlling generation equivalent to 20% of the expected load in the market is shown to submit offers that are up to 80% higher than the true cost. Nevertheless, these offers are still much lower than the offers that set the high prices in the PJM market. The explanation is that suppliers with sufficient market power are indifferent to whether or not marginal units are dispatched, and they can set high offers on these units without forfeiting expected profits.
The influence of drinking motives and anxiety on low-, moderate- and high-risk drinkers

Alcohol consumption has increased in the United Kingdom in recent years. Many people now consume in excess of the recommended NHS guidelines and may be at risk of developing problems related to alcohol. Important factors that influence alcohol consumption are drinking motives and anxiety. In the current study, drinking motives and state and trait anxiety were assessed in low-, moderate- and high-risk drinkers. State and trait anxiety were related to high scores on coping and conformity motives in low- and moderate-risk drinkers. State anxiety is related to coping motives in high-risk drinkers. The findings support an indirect relationship between anxiety and alcohol use. Implications for the prevention and treatment of alcohol abuse in moderate- and high-risk drinkers are discussed.
Aggressive modulation/coding scheme selection for maximizing system throughput in a multi-carrier system

Multi-carrier modulation techniques, such as OFDM, are attractive propositions for the design of future broadband wireless communication systems due to higher spectral efficiency than CDMA. A capacity enhancing technique to be commonly used in these systems is adaptive modulation/coding (AMC) for link adaptation. With AMC, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) is selected based on the channel quality information. MCS selection is an imperfect process by nature, due to, for example, the variability of the channel. Moreover, since the set of available MCSs is quantized, it is not always possible to select the optimal rate. Using these non-optimal MCS values results in reduced system capacity. This paper describes a method that attempts to maximize system and user throughputs in a multi-carrier system by overcoming the impacts of such non-optimal MCS selection through the use of hybrid ARQ (HARQ). This method relies on aggressive MCS selection and multiple HARQ transmissions. The performance impact of this method on various types of packet data applications is evaluated by system level simulation. Simulation results indicate that significant system and user throughput gains can be achieved by this method.
Integrating mass spectrometry of intact protein complexes into structural proteomics

MS analysis of intact protein complexes has emerged as an established technology for assessing the composition and connectivity within dynamic, heterogeneous multiprotein complexes at low concentrations and in the context of mixtures. As this technology continues to move forward, one of the main challenges is to integrate the information content of such intact protein complex measurements with other MS approaches in structural biology. Methods such as H/D exchange, oxidative foot-printing, chemical cross-linking, affinity purification, and ion mobility separation add complementary information that allows access to every level of protein structure and organization. Here, we survey the structural information that can be retrieved by such experiments, demonstrate the applicability of integrative MS approaches in structural proteomics, and look to the future to explore upcoming innovations in this rapidly advancing area.
Color: A Functionalist Proposal

In this paper I propose and defend an account of color that I call color functionalism. I argue that functionalism is a non-traditional species of primary quality theory, and that it accommodates our intuitions about color and the facts of color science better than more widely discussed alternatives.
Pulvinar and other subcortical connections of dorsolateral visual cortex in monkeys.

The present study used injections of neuroanatomical tracers to determine the subcortical connections of the caudal and rostral subdivisions of the dorsolateral area (DL) and the middle temporal crescent area (MTC) in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and M. radiata). Emphasis was on connections with the pulvinar. Patterns of corticopulvinar connections were related to subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar (PI) defined by histochemical or immunocytochemical architecture. Connections of DL/MTC were with the PI subdivisions, PICM, PICL, and PIp; the lateral pulvinar (PL); and, more sparsely, the lateral portion of the medial pulvinar (PM). In squirrel monkeys, there was a tendency for caudal DL to have stronger connections with PICL than PICM and for rostral DL/MTC to have stronger connections with PICM than PICL. In all three primates, DL/MTC had reciprocal connections with the pulvinar and claustrum; received afferents from the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, nucleus annularis, central superior nucleus, pontine reticular formation, lateral geniculate nucleus, paracentral nucleus, central medial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, basal nucleus of the amygdala, and basal nucleus of Meynert/substantia innominata; and sent efferents to the pons, superior colliculus, reticular nucleus, caudate, and putamen. Projections from DL/MTC to the nucleus of the optic tract were also observed in squirrel and owl monkeys. Similarities in the subcortical connections of the dorsolateral region, especially those with the pulvinar, provide further support for the conclusion that the DL regions are homologous in the three primate groups. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:215–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adult stem cell differentiation: what does it mean?

The very property that puts adult stem cells in high demand, their ability to differentiate into mature cells with specialized functions, is a barrier to their expansion in culture. In many cases, tissue cell differentiation programs conclude with terminal division arrest and, eventually, cell death. Therefore, propagation and expansion of many types of normal mature cells in sufficient quantities for therapeutic applications is impractical. A method to expand adult somatic stem cells (SSCs), which are programmed for indefinite division, would provide a solution to this problem. After expanding SSCs to the quantities required, subsequent cell differentiation could yield large numbers of needed mature functional cells. A general approach is described for clonal expansion of adult SSCs. The method is based on suppression of asymmetric cell kinetics ("SACK"), a strategy that limits stem cell differentiation. As a first proof of principle, the SACK method was recently used to derive hepatic stem cells from adult rat liver. In addition to providing a potential method for routine expansion of adult SSCs from diverse mammalian tissues, the success of these initial studies elucidates the nature of "stem cell differentiation" in vitro and in vivo.