cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of serum, insulin-like growth factor-I, and fibroblast growth factor-2 on the maintenance of cartilage physical properties during long-term culture

The effects of fetal bovine serum, insulin-like growth factor-I, and fibnoblast growth factor-2 on the regulation of the functional physical properties of adult bovine cartilage explants during an incubation period of 18–20 days was determined, and the relationship between the measured functional properties of the cartilage and the tissue composition was assessed. Cartilage disks were tested in the uniaxial radially confined configuration by the application of low amplitude oscillatory displacement and measurement of the resultant load and streaming potential. For the control cartilage terminated just after explant, the modulus was 0.39 ± 0.28 MPa, the open circuit hydraulic permeability was 2.0 ± 1.0 × 10−15 m2/(Pa•c), and the electrokinetic (streaming potential) coefficient was −2.3 ± 0.6 mV/MPa. Incubation of cartilage in medium supplemented with serum or insulin-like growth factor-I resulted in maintenance of the modulus and electrokinetic coefficient, whereas incubation in basal medium or medium supplemented with fibroblast growth factor-2 led to a marked decrease from control values in the modulus and the amplitude of the electrokinetic coefficient. All of the culture conditions examined resulted in an increase in permeability that was not statistically significant. The variation in the electromechanical properties of all the cartilage samples tested was related to the density of tissue proteoglycan and collagen (hydroxyproline). The modulus was correlated with both the density of tissue proteoglycan (+0.014 MPa/[mg/ml]) and the density of tissue hydroxyproline (+0.008 MPa/[mg/ml]). The electrokinetic coefficient was also correlated with the density of proteoglycan (−0.080 [mV/MPa]/[mg/ml]) and the density of hydroxyproline (+0.064 [mV/MPa]/[mg/ml]). These data indicate that the regulation of chondrocyte matrix metabolism by growth factors can significantly affect the physical properties and function of cartilage.
Regulation of liver lipogenic enzymes by dietary fats.

The hepatic lipogenic enzyme levels are more in rats on a fatfree diet and less in unsaturated fat-fed rats, the saturated fat-fed ones remaining in between.
Comparison of the two-step and maximal exercise tests in patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract This study has investigated the claim that the electrocardiographic response to the maximal exercise test provides a more accurate method of assessing the presence and severity of coronary artery disease than the electrocardiographic response to the two-step test. One hundred and one men with a chest pain syndrome underwent the two-step test, maximal exercise test and coronary angiography during the same admission. There was a preponderance of men who performed the maximal exercise test as a result of a negative two-step test. A positive two-step test was defined as horizontal or downsloping S-T segment depression of 0.5 mm or more, whereas a positive maximal exercise test was defined as similar S-T segment depression of 1.0 mm or more. Of the 17 men with no or insignificant coronary artery disease, 5 had a positive two-step test and 6 a positive maximal exercise test. Of the 84 men with coronary artery disease, 33 had a positive two-step test and 38 a positive maximal exercise test. Thus, the specificity of the two-step test for coronary artery disease was 87 percent and that of the maximal exercise test was 86 percent; the respective sensitivity rates were 39 and 45 percent. The percentage of positive results of both exercise tests increased similarly with the severity of coronary artery disease. Nine patients, eight of whom had coronary artery disease, had a positive maximal exercise test but a negative two-step test; in these patients the maximal heart rate was significantly higher during the maximal exercise test than during the two-step test. Five patients, all with coronary artery disease, had a positive two-step test but a negative maximal exercise test. One patient manifested 0.5 mm S-T segment depression in both tests and was thus judged to have a positive two-step test and a negative maximal exercise test. In another patient results were positive in lead V4 of the two-step test, a lead not recorded in the maximal exercise test. The other three patients had had positive results in a second maximal exercise test recorded in the supine position, thus demonstrating that in certain cases the effects of augmented venous return in the supine position may be as important a factor in eliciting ischemia as the achieved heart rate.
A note on “Creativity and learning in a case-based explainer”

This note is to correct some misstatements that appeared in the paper «Creativity and Learning in a Case-Based Explainer» by Schank and Leake
Effects of strenuous exercise on Th1/Th2 gene expression from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of marathon participants

Physical stressors, such as strenuous exercise, can have numerous effects on the human body including the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression profile of Th1/Th2 cytokines and related transcription factor genes in order to investigate possible immune imbalances before and after a marathon. Blood samples were collected from 16 normal volunteers 24-48 h before and one week after completing a marathon race. Gene expression of Th1 and Th2 related cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was analyzed using Human Th1-Th2-Th3 RT(2) Profiler PCR Array and qRT-PCR that measured the transcript levels of 84 genes related to T cell activation. We found that PBMC express a characteristic Th2-like gene profile one week post-marathon compared to pre-marathon. The majority of genes up-regulated one week post-marathon such as IL-4, GATA3, and CCR4 were Th2 associated. For Th1-related genes, CXCR3 and IRF1 were up-regulated one week post-marathon. There was a trend of down-regulation of two Th1 related genes, T-bet and STAT1. Th3-related gene expression patterns did not change in the study. The ratios of both IFN-γ/IL-4 and T-bet/GATA3 gene expressions were significantly lower one week after marathon. These findings suggest that a Th1/Th2 immune imbalance persisted at least 1 week after completion of a marathon which offers a mechanistic rationale for the increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections often reported after strenuous exercise.
A cluster calculation for 6 He spectrum

The 6He nucleus is considered as the cluster α + n + n system. The excitation energies of the low-lying levels are calculated using the configuration-space Faddeev equations. The analytical continuation method in a coupling constant is applied for calculation of resonance parameters. The αn interaction is constructed to reproduce the results of R-matrix analysis for αn-scattering data. A realistic AV14 potential describes the nn interaction. Additional three-body potential adjusted by the ground state energy of 6He is used. The energies of the low-lying resonances of 6He (01+, 02+, 21+) are reasonably reproduced by the calculations.
Erbium in Si-based light confining structures

Abstract Erbium can provide the Silicon with optoelectronic capabilities. Er:Si has a very sharp emission line at 1.54 μm. The main limitation of Erbium is its low emission efficiency at room temperature. In this work, we show that microcavities can modify the optical properties of the Erbium. Two different mechanisms for modifying the optical properties of the Er ions were studied, one in which the collection of light is optimized. In this case, an enhancement of the photoluminescence by a factor of 1000 was obtained. The second mechanism that was studied is a strong photon-Erbium interaction. In this case, we show evidence for mixing of optical properties of Erbium and photons indicating that properties such as lifetime and energy levels can be changed externally.
Compact attractors for the Navier-Stokes equations of one-dimensional, compressible flow

Abstract We prove the existence of a compact attractor for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible fluid flow in one space dimension. We also show that the large-time behavior of a given solution is entirely determined by its values for all time at a finite number of points, given in terms of a certain dimensionless quantity associated with a canonical scaling of the system. Our results are based on a well-posedness theory for these equations which goes beyond previously known results. In particular, we establish the global existence and regularity of solutions with large external forces and large, nonsmooth initial data, with regularity estimates independent of time.
Changes in the aversive threshold of the rat produced by adrenergic drugs

Abstract An attempt was made to assay the analgesic potency of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg) and α-methyl-p-tyrosine (75, 150, 225 mg/kg) in the rat using the spatial preference technique. Amphetamine in all doses tested significantly raised the aversive threshold while α-methyl-p-tyrosine demonstrated similar effects only with the 150 and 255 mg/kg dosages. These data were interpreted to suggest that α-MT raised the aversive threshold by mechanisms other than drug-induced sedation, while amphetamine produced similar results by a direct analgesic effect and/or by altering locomotor activity. It was suggested that intact adrenergic systems may be needed for animals to fully respond to the aversive qualities of electric shock.
MODIFICATION OF A RESPONSE BIAS THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT1

A procedure is described for assessing response bias to either the form or color dimension of a compound standard stimulus. Responding was assessed under conditions of equal reinforcement (three tokens) for responding to either the form or color dimension. Under these conditions, the four male subjects (aged 7 to 11 yr) differentially responded to the form dimension. After a bias was assessed, the number of tokens delivered contingent upon form responses was reduced. After a reversal in differential responding, the equal-reinforcement condition was reintroduced. Two of the subjects returned to their initial response bias when equal reinforcement for either dimensional response was reintroduced, and two maintained the reversal established during the differential-reinforcement phase. For the latter two subjects, differential reinforcement was again imposed, in favor of form. This partial replication reinstated their original pattern of response bias.
The enthalpy of formation of strontium monoxide

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of strontium metal and strontium monoxide have been measured in 1 mol dm−3 aqueous HCl at 298.15 K and found to be Sr(c) + 2HCl(in 97.OHCl + 5294H2O) = SrCl2(in 95.OHCl + 5294H2O) + H2(g); ΔH(298.15 K) = −(131.51 ± 0.19) kcalth, mol−1. SrO(c) + 2HCl(in 97.OHCl + 5294H2O) = SrCl2(in 95.OHCl + 5295H2O) + H2O(in 95.OHCl + 5295H2O); ΔH(298.15 K) = −(58.68 ± 0.15) kcalth, mol−2. From these results the standard enthalpy of formation of strontium monoxide is calculated to be ΔHfo(SrO, c. 298.15 K) = −(141.14 ± 0.24) kcalth mol−1
Polyol pathway mediates high glucose-induced collagen synthesis in proximal tubule

Polyol pathway mediates high glucose-induced collagen synthesis in proximal tubule. The polyol pathway in diabetes is activated in tissues that are not dependent on insulin for glucose uptake. To examine the role of the polyol pathway in renal extracellular matrix accumulation, we incubated murine proximal tubule cells in either normal or high glucose concentration in the presence or absence of the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil. Raising medium glucose from 100 to 450 mg/dl for 72 hours increased cell sorbitol levels sevenfold. Addition of 0.4 m M sorbinil reduced sorbitol content to virtually undetectable levels as measured by gas chromatography. Sorbinil (0.1 to 0.2 m M ) also reduced the secretion of collagens types IV and I in the high glucose concentration after 48 to 72 hours but had no appreciable effect in the normal glucose concentration. Concordantly, 0.1 m M sorbinil inhibited the high glucose-induced stimulation of α1(IV) and α2(I) mRNA levels without affecting levels in normal glucose concentration. To study the role of transcriptional activation of collagen genes, we transfected proximal tubule cells with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene linked to the promoter and regulatory elements of α1(IV) gene. CAT activity increased several-fold in the cells grown in the high versus normal glucose concentration; this transcriptional activation in culture media containing high glucose concentration was reduced by treatment of the cells with 0.1 m M sorbinil. Thus, high ambient glucose activates the polyol pathway in proximal tubule cells, and may mediate the high glucose-induced stimulation of gene expression for collagens types IV and I. For type IV collagen, activation of the polyol pathway may also involve, at least in part, transcriptional activation of cis -acting gene regulatory elements.
Effect of chronic phenobarbital administration on the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of hyperplastic liver lesions induced in rats by the Solt/Farber initiation: selection process of hepatocacinogenesis

A chronic 8 to 11 week administration of the hepatic tumor promoter phenobarbital (0.05% in drinking water) to rats previously subjected to the initiation:selection process of Solt and Farber was found to further increase the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of individual hyperplastic liver nodules of 4.0-10.0 mm in diameter over comparably sized nodules from control livers. Those rats which received 11 weeks of the chronic phenobarbital treatment also showed a significant increase in their liver wet weights. In addition, random tissue samples of non-nodular liver taken from the 11 week phenobarbital-treated rats exhibited a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mean specific activity which was approximately 3 times higher than that of control non-nodular liver samples. In contrast, there was a 1.5-fold increase in the mean % gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive area (cm2), as determined histochemically, in cryostat sections made from non-nodular samples of the 11 week phenobarbital-treated rats when compared with that of control liver sections. Interruption of the chronic phenobarbital administration at 8 weeks followed by 3 weeks of control treatment resulted in a reversal of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity response shown by the hyperplastic liver nodules and non-nodular liver tissue samples. Thus, phenobarbital can quantitatively modulate gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in carcinogen-induced hyperplastic liver lesions in the rat during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis.
A linear voltage ramp generator for a three stage bunching system

Abstract A circuit capable of modulating the energy of a beam oor use with a three-stage bunching system has been designed and tested. This circuit charges up the anode of a duoplasmatron ion source through a resistor and discharges it through high power FETs at repetition rates of 4 MHz or 2 MHz. This new design represents an improvement over previous circuits in simplicity, reliability, and performance.
Crime in China: Characteristics, causes, and control strategies

Since the early 1980s, China has experienced a significant rise in crime along with its rapid economic growth, . Official data indicate that from 1980 to 1990, the overall crime rate increased 160 percent, the number of serious criminal offenses increased 240 percent. Within this article, we discuss characteristics of the current crime wave, explore the causes of the sudden rise in crime, and discuss crime control measures taken by the Chinese government
Prolonged in vivo exposure therapy with a 70-year-old woman

Abstract A 70-yr-old woman with a debilitating fear of dogs was successfully treated in five sessions of in vivo exposure therapy, each lasting approximately one hour. This improvement followed 3 yr of unsuccessful verbal psychotherapy and self-administered gradual in vivo desensitization. Treatment gains were maintained at 6 month follow-up.
A laboratory study for developing an aqueous process to make skimmed soymilk

Soymilk was extracted from soybeans at room temperature, using water-to-bean ratios of 10∶1 and 30∶1 to obtain two different protein concentrations. Defatting of soymilk by centrifugation was studied with a focus on the effect of protein concentration. A kinetic model, with a rate constant k and a fat-protein binding constant K, was established by linear regression to describe the defatting process in both cases. Ahigh water ratio resulting in a low protein concentration was favorable to defatting. Based on these results, an aqueous process was developed for the production of skimmed soymilk, consisting of grinding, extraction, cooking, centrifugation, and ultrafiltration. The product obtained had about 3 wt% protein and 0.3 wt% fat and thus qualified as skimmed soymilk.
Commentary: irritable bowel syndrome and the CDAI – misleading activity by straw men; authors’ reply

contrast, more objective measures, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and haematocrit score, were, as one would predict, higher in Crohn’s patients. It is important to note that one half of all Crohn’s patients in this study appeared to be ‘active’ so one must be cautious in interpreting the application of their findings to Crohn’s patients in true remission. So where does this leave us? First and foremost, CDAI was never designed as a diagnostic tool for Crohn’s disease; to suggest otherwise is to erect a straw man. Its value lies in assessing the patient’s symptomatic response to treatment (we are, after all, treating patients, not blood tests or radiological images alone), but seems incapable, when expressed as a total score, of differentiating IBS from IBD; again no surprise. We contend that ‘IBStype symptoms’ in IBD should be regarded as representing IBD activity until proven otherwise. 6 In most instances, the differentiation is obvious; when uncertainty persists, sensitive biomarkers such as faecal calprotectin may be helpful.
Role of cirrhosis in the hemodynamic response to hemorrhage in portal hypertension

Background. We studied hemodynamic alterations in normal and three models of portal hypertension at rest, after hemorrhage, and after resuscitation to determine the role of hepatic dysfunction in the splanchnic vascular response to hemorrhage in portal hypertension. Methods. One noncirrhotic and two cirrhotic models of portal hypertension were produced in rabbits: partial prehepatic portal vein ligation, common bile duct ligation, and carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. Animals were subjected to isovolemic hemorrhage followed by reinfusion of shed blood. Portal, central, and aortic pressures, superior mesenteric artery blood flow, and portosystemic shunt were measured. Results. Histologic examination showed parenchymal damage was absent in normal and portal vein ligation, severe in common bile duct ligation, and moderate in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. All portal hypertensive animals exhibited diminished splanchnic vasoconstrictive response to hemorrhage compared with normal. The carbon tetrachloride cirrhosis group had severe cirrhotic changes, minimal portosystemic shunt, and mildly diminished constrictive response. In contrast, the portal vein ligation and common bile duct ligation animals had larger portosystemic shunts, markedly diminished constrictive response, and less severe parenchymal damage. A direct correlation existed between magnitude of rise in portal venous pressure or degree of portosystemic shunt and the fall in mesenteric resistance or diminution of vasoconstrictive response to hemorrhage. Conclusions. We concluded that the abnormal splanchnic vascular response in portal hypertension is relatively independent of the degree of hepatic parenchymal injury, but it is related to the degree of portal hypertension and possibly to splanchnic hyperemia.
Stability analysis of an adjustment process for oligopolistic market equilibrium modeld as a projected dynamical system

This paper presents an analysis of the stability for the continuous time adjustment processes proposed for the spatial oligopolistic market equilibrium problem by Nagurney, Dupuis, and Zhang [13] and for the classical (aspatial) oligopoly problem by Dupuis and Nagurney [6], modeled as projected dynamicalsystems. Here two distinct approaches are presented, a monotonicity approach and a regularity approach. The monotonicity approach utilizes monotonicity conditions on the underlying functions, whereas the regularity approach utilizes the regularity concept of oligopolistic market equilibrium, adapted from Zhang and Nagurney [20], which enables us to explore the stability of the adjustment process—a nonstandard dynamical system, via its minimal face flow—a standard dynamical system. These approaches to stability analysis are shown to generalize some of the results in the existing literature
Characterizing lesions in corals from American Samoa

The study of coral disease has suffered from an absence of systematic approaches that are commonly used to determine causes of diseases in animals. There is a critical need to develop a standardized and portable nomenclature for coral lesions in the field and to incorporate more commonly available biomedical tools in coral disease surveys to determine the potential causes of lesions in corals. We characterized lesions in corals from American Samoa based on gross and microscopic morphology and classified them as discoloration, growth anomalies, or tissue loss. The most common microscopic finding in corals manifesting discoloration was the depletion of zooxanthellae, followed by necrosis, sometimes associated with invasive algae or fungi. The most common microscopic lesion in corals manifesting tissue loss was cell necrosis often associated with algae, fungi, or protozoa. Corals with growth anomaly had microscopic evidence of hyperplasia of gastrovascular canals, followed by necrosis associated with algae or metazoa (polychaete worms). Several species of apparently normal corals also had microscopic changes, including the presence of bacterial aggregates or crustacea in tissues. A single type of gross lesion (e.g., discoloration) could have different microscopic manifestations. This phenomenon underlines the importance of using microscopy to provide a more systematic description of coral lesions and to detect potential pathogens associated with these lesions.
Efficacy of a capsule preparation and ultraviolet-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A1 vaccine in goats

Weanling male Spanish goats (n = 38) were randomly allotted to six treatment groups. Eight goats were positive controls; six goats were negative controls; six were given 2 transthoracic injections into the lung 21 d apart with 54 mg of purified Ph1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in agar beads; six had ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (1.4 × 109 CPU/ml) mixed with agar beads (Ph1-O); six had ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (8 × 109 CFU/ml) impregnated inside agar beads (Ph1-I); and six goats were given 2 subcutaneous injections 21 d apart with ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (8 × 109 CFU/ml) impregnated into agar beads (Ph1-I-SC). Thirteen d after the second injection all goats were challenge exposed to live Ph1 (1.93 × 108 CFU/ml) by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 d later all goats were euthanatized and necropsied. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was: for the negative control group, 150.83 cm3; CPS group, 113.98 cm3; positive control group, 0.06 cm3; Ph1-O group, 11.68 cm3; Ph1-I group, 11.24 cm3; and Ph1-I-SC group, 33.47 cm3. There was a significant difference (P < 0.04) in lesion size among treatment groups. Mean values for treatment groups, positive control, Ph1-O, and Ph1-I were clustered together and all were considered immune. The Ph1-I-SC group was considered partially immune, and the NC and CPS groups were considered non-immune. All of the negative control goats died on d 35, five of the capsular group died by d 36. The transthoracicly injected, ultraviolet-irradiated whole cell bacterin, whether outside or inside the beads, was considered an excellent bacterin which induced solid immunity to a severe challenge exposure.
An age-parity dependent stochastic model of human reproduction

Abstract A terminating age-parity dependent model of human reproduction is formulated and studied with a view toward the development of more realistic quantitative methods in family planning evaluation. The results reported in this paper, which extend those reported previously by Mode (1972, 1974), are divided into seven sections detailing the construction of the components of the model and computer algorithms. Four novel features of the paper are (i) the construction of a terminating Markovian renewal process, (ii) the incorporation of turning points into the reproductive process, (iii) the incorporation of risks of becoming sterile into the distributions of the waiting times to conception, and (iv) the development of an algorithm for computing the sum of an infinite geometric series in Markovian convolutions exactly in finitely many steps.
Footprint of positive selection in Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum genome sequences suggests adaptive microevolution of the syphilis pathogen.

In the rabbit model of syphilis, infection phenotypes associated with the Nichols and Chicago strains of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), though similar, are not identical. Between these strains, significant differences are found in expression of, and antibody responses to some candidate virulence factors, suggesting the existence of functional genetic differences between isolates. The Chicago strain genome was therefore sequenced and compared to the Nichols genome, available since 1998. Initial comparative analysis suggested the presence of 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 103 small (≤3 nucleotides) indels, and 1 large (1204 bp) insertion in the Chicago genome with respect to the Nichols genome. To confirm the above findings, Sanger sequencing was performed on most loci carrying differences using DNA from Chicago and the Nichols strain used in the original T. pallidum genome project. A majority of the previously identified differences were found to be due to errors in the published Nichols genome, while the accuracy of the Chicago genome was confirmed. However, 20 SNPs were confirmed between the two genomes, and 16 (80.0%) were found in coding regions, with all being of non-synonymous nature, strongly indicating action of positive selection. Sequencing of 16 genomic loci harboring SNPs in 12 additional T. pallidum strains, (SS14, Bal 3, Bal 7, Bal 9, Sea 81-3, Sea 81-8, Sea 86-1, Sea 87-1, Mexico A, UW231B, UW236B, and UW249C), was used to identify “Chicago-“ or “Nichols -specific” differences. All but one of the 16 SNPs were “Nichols-specific”, with Chicago having identical sequences at these positions to almost all of the additional strains examined. These mutations could reflect differential adaptation of the Nichols strain to the rabbit host or pathoadaptive mutations acquired during human infection. Our findings indicate that SNPs among T. pallidum strains emerge under positive selection and, therefore, are likely to be functional in nature.
Early feeding after cesarean delivery

Objective: To evaluate the safety and effect of early feeding with solid food in postcesarean-delivery patients. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study of women who were delivered by cesarean under regional anesthesia. Women in the early feeding group received a regular diet within 8 hours of surgery, whereas those in the traditional feeding group were given nothing by mouth for 12–24 hours, advanced to clear liquids on the first postoperative day, and then placed on solid food on the second or third postoperative day. Results: One hundred women were enrolled, with 50 assigned to each group. Early-fed patients received solid food sooner after surgery (mean times of 4.8 hours versus 39.8 hours). Mild symptoms of ileus were reported by 28% of early-fed patients, compared with 20% of traditionally fed patients (P = NS). There were no significant differences in postoperative complications. Early-fed patients had shorter postoperative hospital stays (51.0 hours versus 73.4 hours, P <0.001). More early-fed women reported symptoms of ileus when their surgeries lasted more than 40 minutes, compared with those whose operative times were less than or equal to 40 minutes (41.9% and 5.3%, respectively; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Early initiation of solid food in postcesarean-delivery patients seems to be safe, well tolerated, and may lead to earlier hospital discharge. However, in women whose surgeries last more than 40 minutes, early feeding may be associated with more symptoms of ileus.
Herpes simplex: The primary infection

A primary infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) occurs at some time in the life of almost every member of the population, especially among those living in crowded, unsanitary conditions. In many cases the lesions are subclinical, and in most cases they are self-limited even when clinical. In a few patients, such as the newborn infant, the patient with concomitant eczema, or the patient with reduced immunity, the primary infection may become severe, generalized, and life-threatening. Type 1 HSV has a predilection for a number of sites, including the oral cavity, the eye, and the skin; and type 2 HSV has a predilection for the genital area and for the newborn.
The development of PulsePoints, a unit-based journal review magazine

This article details the development of a project conceived by the author to assist colleagues in fulfilling the professional development requirements of the UKCC.
Numerical study of electric field effects on the deformation of two-dimensional liquid drops in simple shear flow at arbitrary Reynolds number

The effect of an electric field on a periodic array of two-dimensional liquid drops suspended in simple shear flow is studied numerically. The shear is produced by moving the parallel walls of the channel containing the fluids at equal speeds but in opposite directions and an electric field is generated by imposing a constant voltage difference across the channel walls. The level set method is adapted to electrohydrodynamics problems that include a background flow in order to compute the effects of permittivity and conductivity differences between the two phases on the dynamics and drop configurations. The electric field introduces additional interfacial stresses at the drop interface and we perform extensive computations to assess the combined effects of electric fields, surface tension and inertia. Our computations for perfect dielectric systems indicate that the electric field increases the drop deformation to generate elongated drops at steady state, and at the same time alters the drop orientation by increasing alignment with the vertical, which is the direction of the underlying electric field. These phenomena are observed for a range of values of Reynolds and capillary numbers. Computations using the leaky dielectric model also indicate that for certain combinations of electric properties the drop can undergo enhanced alignment with the vertical or the horizontal, as compared to perfect dielectric systems. For cases of enhanced elongation and alignment with the vertical, the flow positions the droplets closer to the channel walls where they cause larger wall shear stresses. We also establish that a sufficiently strong electric field can be used to destabilize the flow in the sense that steady-state droplets that can exist in its absence for a set of physical parameters, become increasingly and indefinitely elongated until additional mechanisms can lead to rupture. It is suggested that electric fields can be used to enhance such phenomena.
A distributed model of the junction transistor and its application in the prediction of the emitter-base diode characteristic, base impedance, and pulse response of the device

A distributed model for a junction transistor has been analyzed to include both dc and ac biasing effects in the active base region, with particular emphasis on a small-geometry diffused base planar transistor. For such devices with extremely narrow base width, dc biasing effects cannot be neglected. At high frequencies, the response of these devices is greatly modified by ac biasing effects which are accentuated by the significant dc biasing at large emitter current levels. Two-dimensional current flow under these biasing conditions was studied with a distributed model of the active base region. From such a model, the expressions for emitter-base diode characteristic, small-signal and large-signal base resistance, and complex base impedance valid for high frequencies have been deduced in terms of physical parameters of the devices like the geometry, base resistivity, etc. This equivalent base impedance and an ideal diode with its diffusion and emitter-base transition capacitance constitute the lumped model of the emitter-base region. For any particular frequency, the base impedance can be represented exactly by a parallel RC network. The distributed model can also predict the pulse response of the device more accurately than a lumped model and show the sensitivity of the transient response to the physical parameters mentioned above. Experimental verifications of the theoretical expressions are found to be satisfactory, and limitations of the earlier works are pointed out in regard to present devices.
Sleep stage patterns associated with acute shifts in the sleep-wakefulness cycle.

Abstract The effect on sleep patterns of changes in length of time awake and time of sleep onset was studied by shifting the time when habitual 12-8 a.m. sleepers took their usual 8 h of sleep. Sleep stage patterns in ten male subjects were analyzed following a 12-8 a.m. habitual sleep condition and 8 p.m.–4 a.m., 10 p.m.–6 a.m., 2–10 a.m., and 4 a.m.–12 p.m. conditions of shifted sleep. As sleep occurred progressively later from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. stage 4 significantly increased, but predominated during the first third of sleep in all conditions; REM sleep also increased significantly and the length of the REM cycle significantly decreased. Compared to the habitual sleep condition REM latency was significantly reduced in the 4 a.m.–12 p.m. condition. Total time spent asleep did not significantly differ between conditions and averaged at least 7 h. The results indicate that both the quantity and cyclic period of REM sleep exhibit a circadian rhythm, whereas the propensity for stage 4 is primarily determined by prior length of time awake.
Kinetic Analysis of the Combustion Synthesis of Molybdenum and Titanium Silicides

The temperature profiles associated with the passage of self-propagating combustion waves during the synthesis of MoSi2 and Ti5Si3 were determined. From these profiles, kinetic analyses of the combustion synthesis process for these two silicides were made. The synthesis is associated with high heating rates: 1.3 × 104 and 4.9 × 104 K·s−1 for MoSi2 and Ti5Si3, respectively. The width of the combustion zone was determined as 1.3 and 1.8 mm for the silicides of Mo and Ti, respectively. The degree of conversion, η, and its spatial distribution and the conversion rate, ∂η/∂t, were determined. However, because of the inherent characteristics of wave propagation in MoSi2, only in the case of Ti5Si3 could the activation energy be calculated. An average value of 190 kJ µ mol−1 was determined for titanium suicide.
Metallization channels in ion-induced decomposition of molybdates and niobates

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of 4 keV Ar + bombarded Na 2 MoO 4 , NaNbO 3 , MoO 2 , and Nb 2 O 5 reveals the formation of lower valence metal oxides in all cases but reduction to the metallic state only for the molybdate and niobate samples. Steady-state concentrations for oxidation states of (VI), (V), (IV) and (0) for molybdate and (V), (IV), (II), and (0) for niobate are determined following ion bombardment. Results are discussed in terms of an ion-induced decomposition mechanism.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on long term clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background: Few data exist on the long-term clinical impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 4,754 acute myocardial infarction patients who successfully underwent PCI from January 2004 to December 2009 in COREA-AMI (COnvergent REgistry of cAtholic and chonnAm university for AMI) registry. We compared major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE) in AMI patients with diabetes mellitus with those without diabetes mellitus. Results: The median follow up period was 39 months (interquartile range 22.8 – 55.3 months). The cumulative rates of all-cause death, cardiac death, target lesion revasculariazion (TLR), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) were signficantly higher in the DM group. After adjusting with multivariable Cox regression analysis, DM group showed worse clinical outcomes than the non-DM group in terms of death (adjusted hazard ration (HR) 1.232, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.072-1.415 and p=0.003) and a composite of MACCE (adjusted hazard ration (HR) 1.231, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.101-1.376 and p<0.001). ![Figure][1] MACCE in patients with and without DM Conclusions: DM is an independent risk factor for higher long-term MACCE in patients with AMI. [1]: pending:yes
A free energy satisfying finite difference method for Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations

Abstract In this work we design and analyze a free energy satisfying finite difference method for solving Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations in a bounded domain. The algorithm is of second order in space, with numerical solutions satisfying all three desired properties: i) mass conservation, ii) positivity preserving, and iii) free energy satisfying in the sense that these schemes satisfy a discrete free energy dissipation inequality. These ensure that the computed solution is a probability density, and the schemes are energy stable and preserve the equilibrium solutions. Both one- and two-dimensional numerical results are provided to demonstrate the good qualities of the algorithm, as well as effects of relative size of the data given.
Teaching boys: towards a theory of gender-relevant pedagogy

This article calls attention to the social and educational challenges facing boys and men around the world. Next, it highlights how the outcomes for males of African descent across the Americas, in particular the USA, are especially troubling. Moreover, a critique is presented about the recruitment campaigns that see increasing the number of Black male teachers as an elixir for improving the crisis facing Black boys. Then, the article focuses on the intersection of race and gender and reframes the discussion around improving the deleterious school outcomes facing Black boys by shifting the conversation to exploring how educators' socialised views around gender influence the ways in which they teach boys. Finally, the article provides practical applications for designing a curriculum that is gender relevant.
Reversibility of pulmonary artery hypertension in aortic stenosis after aortic valve replacement

Abstract Fifty-two surgical patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis were studied preoperatively and postoperatively to determine the incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its response to surgical intervention. Pulmonary artery systolic hypertension was classified as absent (group 1, 60 mm Hg). Thirty-seven of our patients (71%) had preoperative pulmonary hypertension. There was a positive correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and both systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressures preoperatively ( p 0.001 ). After operation we found a decrease in mean systolic pulmonary pressure in group 4, from 85.8 ± 23 mm Hg to 41.2 ± 10.4 mm Hg (a 52% decrease, p p p
Intracellular distribution of deoxyribosidic compounds in normal and regenerating liver and in novikoff hepatoma

Abstract The intracellular distribution of deoxyribonucleosides and digestible deoxyribonucleotides was found to depend upon the medium employed for the isolation of various fractions. In an aqueous medium, these compounds were localized almost exclusively in the supernatant and the digestible forms were hydrolyzed during the process of homogenization and fractionation. The latter was prevented by the prior lyophilization of the tissue samples. However, nuclei prepared from lyophilized tissues in organic solvents contained a considerable amount of deoxyribonucleosides and almost all of the digestible deoxyribonucleotide compounds. The results indicate that the acid-soluble deoxyribosyl compounds are normally localized in the nucleus but are lost from the nucleus when tissues are fractionated in aqueous media.
The Principal's Role in the Humanizing Process

Does the principal have a role in the humanizing process? The author believes the principal not only has a role, but plays a significant part in the process—as important a part as he has in ensuring the teachers of basic skills. The author describes that role.
Assembly of rhabdomeric membrane from smooth endoplasmic reticulum can be activated by light in chromophore-deprived photoreceptors of Manduca sexta

Deficiency of the photopigment chromophore, resulting from carotenoid/retinoid (vitamin A) deprivation, that severely impairs the visual function of Manduca sexta also leads to the hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the photoreceptors. The excess endomembrane accumulates in the stacked cisternae of myeloid bodies. Although 11-cis retinal promotes substantial recovery of function in the retinas of deprived moths maintained in darkness, the myeloid bodies remain. When such recovering photoreceptors were exposed to light of moderate intensities, the amount of endomembrane diminished to normal levels over a period of several hours, while rhabdomeres grew larger. Since there was no endocytolysis, the myeloid bodies must have provided the membrane for rhabdomere enlargement. Bright light similarly mobilized the myeloid bodies in deprived receptors. Thus the persistence of myeloid bodies in moderately illuminated chromophoredeficient receptors is a consequence of their insensitivity. However, the initial hypertrophy of endomembrane does not appear to result from the lack of adequate stimulation: normal, chromophore-replete photoreceptors maintained in darkness from before the period of retinal development had large rhabdomeres and no myeloid bodies. The development of myeloid bodies during the differentiation of vitamin A-deprived photoreceptors appears to entail an influence of the chromophore at another level of receptor cell function.
A comprehensive approach to achieving near 100% compliance with The Joint Commission Core Measures for pneumonia antibiotic timing

Abstract Background Adherence to The Joint Commission (TJC) Core Measures benchmarks is required for hospital accreditation, and data are publicly reported as an indication of hospital quality. Published approaches to date for adhering to the pneumonia antibiotic timing (PN5c) Core Measure have shown moderate to limited success in reaching high levels of compliance. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-phased intervention directed at improving compliance with TJC pneumonia antibiotic administration within the 6-hour requirement (PN5c) in an academic urban emergency department. Methods A 3-phase interventional study with retrospective analysis of contemporaneous data collection during a 57-month period ending September 2009 was performed. Phase 0 was baseline, phase 1 was physician evaluation at triage, phase 2 was implementation of a specific pneumonia screening tool and pathway, and phase 3 was implementation of an emergency department electronic medical record system that facilitates removing subjects with "diagnostic uncertainty" from consideration. Main outcome measure was the proportion of patients receiving antibiotics within 6 hours among those meeting PN5c criteria. Mean times to antibiotics and percentage of compliance with PN5c were compared for each phase. Results Percentage of compliance with PN5c increased from a baseline of 77% through each of the 3 phases: 85%, 91%, and 95%, respectively (Cochran-Armitage trend, P P Conclusion Implementation of a structured intervention that includes early physician triage, a screening tool for immediate imaging and reporting, and electronic record–facilitated compliance review effectively improves TJC PN5c compliance to high levels.
Responding to trust breaches: The domain specificity of trust and the role of affect

Abstract Trust researchers have called for additional work examining trust breaches and trust erosion, as well as an explicit inclusion of affect in trust models. This paper directly responds to these calls. Based on a critical analysis and extension of Mayer, Davis and Schoorman's (1995) integrative trust model, we examine the relative amount of positive affect associated with each dimension of trustworthiness (i.e., ability, integrity and benevolence). We further explore how breaches of different trustworthiness expectations for a particular joint activity influence trust erosion of the overall relationship. Finally, we identify specific negative emotions that mediate trust breaches and trust erosion.
Resilience in collaboration: technology as a resource for new patterns of action

In CSCW, there has been little or no attention given to how people use technology to restore collaborations when there is a major environmental disruption. We are especially interested in studying resilience in collaboration-the extent to which people continue to collaborate with work groups or to socialize despite prolonged disruption. We conducted an empirical study of people living in two countries that experienced prolonged disruption through war in their work and personal lives. We describe how technology played a major role in providing people with alternative resources to reconstruct, modify, and develop new routines, or patterns of action, for work and socializing. People created new assemblages of technological and physical resources. We discuss how the use of new resources in creating new routines led to more of a reliance on virtual work and in some cases to deeper structural changes.