cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term rental: disruptively innovative or disturbingly annoying for residents?

The popularity and the number of short-term rentals (STRs) in residential areas that are enabled by platform businesses are increasing, for the touted benefits of asset sharing, more authentic tour...
Quantitative Risk Modeling and Analysis for Large-Scale Cyber-Physical Systems

Threats of cyber attacks are very real today and greatly impact everything including the public health sector, economics, electric grids, internet of things (IoT), and national security. The number of new evolving threats and reported vulnerabilities has severely increased in the last few years [1]. Perpetually refined cyber-attacks have set data, organizational assets, organizations, and individuals at considerable risk. Protecting sophisticated networks and interdependent systems, or reducing the impact of cyber-attacks has become a major challenge, where today’s effective countermeasures can be completely ineffective tomorrow. The various risk assessment frameworks and methodologies are either high-level, missing risk metrics values, not suitable for all kinds of networks, or publicly not available. To address this issue, we present a quantitative risk assessment model, that helps to model the organizational security posture, evaluates the security controls in place, and provides an understanding of the associated risks. We further provide a detailed explanation of the formulations and evaluate the proposed model on an industrial scenario.
Developments in Codifying Direct Displacement-Based Seismic Design

Recent efforts to codify Direct Displacement-based Seismic Design (DDBD) as an alternative to current force-based (FBD) code approaches are discussed. First, the reasons why the change from a force-based to a displacement-based philosophy is necessary are presented, together with a brief summary of the DDBD procedure. Currently DDBD is generally utilized by compliance with codes that permit design verification by non-linear time history analysis (NTHA). While this is appropriate for important structures it is excessively demanding for routine structures. As a consequence, codification exercises have been undertaken to provide codified DDBD procedures for a number of seismic design codes. This work is on-going, and is briefly outlined in this chapter.
Mid-Term Outcomes After Unifocalization Guided by Intraoperative Pulmonary Flow Study.

Background:Repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) requires unifocalization of pulmonary circulation, intracardiac repair with the closure of the ...
The ZIKV Detect IgM Capture ELISA

Abstract The InBios ZIKV Detect IgM Capture ELISA first became available for sale in 2016. This was replaced with an updated version, ZIKV Detect 2.0 IgM Capture ELISA, which came on the market in 2018 and incorporated changes that addressed shortcomings in specificity and consistency of the earlier version. The kit is approved for diagnostic use and has a sensitivity and specificity of > 90%. The antigen used in the kit is a recombinant Zika premembrane/envelope protein and thus contains flavivirus cross-reactive epitopes. Biological specificity of the test is improved by the incorporation of a cross-reactivity control antigen preparation, which features recombinant dengue and West Nile virus antigens. The ZIKV Detect 2.0 IgM Capture ELISA is applicable as a screening tool for Zika IgM and is best employed in regions where dengue virus is not endemic. It has been successfully used in arboviral proficiency testing in the United States.
Activation of proline metabolism maintains ATP levels during cocaine-induced polyADP-ribosylation

Cocaine is a commonly abused drug worldwide. Acute as well as repeated exposure to cocaine activates persistent cellular and molecular changes in the brain reward regions. The effects of cocaine are predominantly mediated via alterations in neuronal gene expression by chromatin remodeling. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) catalyzed PARylation of chromatin has been reported as an important regulator of cocaine-mediated gene expression. PARP-1 dependent ADP-ribosylation is an energy-dependent process. In this study, we investigated the cellular energy response to cocaine-induced upregulation of PARP-1 expression. Exposure of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells to varying concentrations of cocaine resulted in the induction of PARP-1 dependent PARylation of p53 tumor suppressor. Further analysis revealed that PARylation of p53 by cocaine treatment resulted in nuclear accumulation of p53. However, induction and nuclear accumulation of p53 did not correlate with neuronal apoptosis/cell death upon cocaine exposure. Interestingly, cocaine-induced p53 PARylation resulted in the induction of proline oxidase (POX)-a p53 responsive gene involved in cellular metabolism. Given that cocaine-induced p53 PARylation is an energy-dependent process, we observed that cocaine-induced PARP-1/p53/POX axes alters cellular energy metabolism. Accordingly, using pharmacological and genetic studies of PARP-1, p53, and POX, we demonstrated the contribution of POX in maintaining cellular energy during neuronal function. Collectively, these studies highlight activation of a novel metabolic pathway in response to cocaine treatment.
Characterizing phenotypic abnormalities associated with high-risk individuals developing lung cancer using electronic health records from the All of Us researcher workbench.

OBJECTIVE The study sought to test the feasibility of conducting a phenome-wide association study to characterize phenotypic abnormalities associated with individuals at high risk for lung cancer using electronic health records. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the beta release of the All of Us Researcher Workbench with clinical and survey data from a population of 225 000 subjects. We identified 3 cohorts of individuals at high risk to develop lung cancer based on (1) the 2013 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force criteria, (2) the long-term quitters of cigarette smoking criteria, and (3) the younger age of onset criteria. We applied the logistic regression analysis to identify the significant associations between individuals' phenotypes and their risk categories. We validated our findings against a lung cancer cohort from the same population and conducted an expert review to understand whether these associations are known or potentially novel. RESULTS We found a total of 214 statistically significant associations (P 1.5) enriched in the high-risk individuals from 3 cohorts, and 15 enriched in the low-risk individuals. Forty significant associations enriched in the high-risk individuals and 13 enriched in the low-risk individuals were validated in the cancer cohort. Expert review identified 15 potentially new associations enriched in the high-risk individuals. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to conduct a phenome-wide association study to characterize phenotypic abnormalities associated in high-risk individuals developing lung cancer using electronic health records. The All of Us Research Workbench is a promising resource for the research studies to evaluate and optimize lung cancer screening criteria.
New Windows into the Brain: Technological Advances in Detecting and Treating Neurological Disorders (P4.185)

OBJECTIVE The objective of this presentation is to inform neurologists on the latest minimally invasive surgery (MIS) options specifically for stroke, epilepsy and brain tumor patients, so physicians can better educate their patients on these advanced treatments. BACKGROUND An estimated 13 to 16 million adults are afflicted with common brain disorders and diseases in the United States. An MRI scan detects a number of them - from abnormalities including stroke, tumors, and inflammation of the spine to lesions, a possible sign of epilepsy. DESIGN/METHODS With a proper diagnosis, advanced neurosurgical approaches are available to patients, including minimally invasive surgery. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS • Visualase is a new MRI-guided laser technology often used to treat hard-to-reach and otherwise inoperable brain and spine tumors. The procedure can be performed while a patient is awake and requires only one stitch to close the surgical site. The laser thermal ablation technique destroys lesions and also has proven to be effective for epilepsy patients. • The minimally invasive NICO BrainPath - detailed fiber-tracking combined with precise image-guidance - effectively treats subcortical and deep brain lesions as never before. The procedure is part of the Six Pillar Approach. The presenter is one of only two neurosurgeons in the Chicago area using the technology and will show the promising outcomes for patients with limited options. • A new FDA-approved clot removal device - known as a stent-retriever (Solitaire FR) - restores blood flow to the brain. The device has proven to be effective for stroke patients who cannot tolerate the gold standard blood clot-busting medication t-PA drug therapy. Clinical trials too show promise for improved patient outcomes - from the injection of vaccines to boost the body’s immune system in fighting the deadliest form of brain cancer to the use of fluorescent dye to better pinpoint tumors during resection. Disclosure: Dr. Bailes has nothing to disclose.
LOAD LEVELING DEVICE SELECTION FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

An important component in many hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) concepts is the load leveling device (LLD). The best type of LLD for HEVs is under debate. This paper identifies the important concept selection criteria for the three leading types of LLDs being considered for use in HEVs. The performance of electrochemical batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels is compared using these criteria. The concept selection methodology indicates that at the present time flywheels show the most promise for development for use in a hybrid electric vehicle. The use of this type of selection methodology is a powerful tool in identifying concepts worthy of development as well as determining performance criteria in need of improvement within each concept.
Bursting Phenomena in the Adaptive Control of Time Varying Systems

In this paper is is shown that the standard normalized gradient algorithm with the parameter projection can be used for adaptive control of time-varying systems. By evaluating possible bursts in the adaptive loop, global stability and performance of the adaptive system are derived without using persistent excitation (PE) condition. Precise upper bound on the admissible speed of the parameter variations is established. When the reference signal is persistently exciting, it is shown that the parameter estimation error is of order of the rate of parameter variations.
GUST86 - An analytical ephemeris of the Uranian satellites

The General Uranus Satellite Theory GUST (Laskar, 1986) is used for the construction of an analytical ephemeris for the Uranian satellites. The theory is fitted against earth-based observations from 1911 to 1986, and all radio and optical data obtained during Voyager encounter with Uranus. Earth-based observations alone allow the determination of masses which are within 15 percent of the values determined by the Uranus flyby. The analysis of all the observations confirm the values of the masses obtained during the encounter (Stone and Miner, 1986) and give a complete set of dynamical parameters for the analytical theory. An analytical ephemeris, GUST86, with an estimated precision of about 100 km with respect to Uranus is obtained.
Phase-sensitive coherence and the classical-quantum boundary in ghost imaging

The theory of partial coherence has a long and storied history in classical statistical optics. The vast majority of this work addresses fields that are statistically stationary in time, hence their complex envelopes only have phase-insensitive correlations. The quantum optics of squeezed-state generation, however, depends on nonlinear interactions producing baseband field operators with phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive correlations. Utilizing quantum light to enhance imaging has been a topic of considerable current interest, much of it involving biphotons, i.e., streams of entangled-photon pairs. Biphotons have been employed for quantum versions of optical coherence tomography, ghost imaging, holography, and lithography. However, their seemingly quantum features have been mimicked with classical-state light, questioning wherein lies the classical-quantum boundary. We have shown, for the case of Gaussian-state light, that this boundary is intimately connected to the theory of phase-sensitive partial coherence. Here we present that theory, contrasting it with the familiar case of phase-insensitive partial coherence, and use it to elucidate the classical-quantum boundary of ghost imaging. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that classical phase-sensitive light produces ghost images most closely mimicking those obtained with biphotons, and we derive the spatial resolution, image contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio of a standoff-sensing ghost imager, taking into account target-induced speckle.
Positional Accuracy of TIGER 2000 and 2009 Road Networks

The Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) data are an essential part of the US Census and represent a critical element in the nation’s spatial data infrastructure. TIGER data for the year 2000, however, are of limited positional accuracy and were deemed of insufficient quality to support the 2010 Census. In response the US Census Bureau embarked on the MAF/TIGER Accuracy Improvement Project (MTAIP) in an effort to improve the positional accuracy of the database, modernize the data processing environment and improve cooperation with partner agencies. Improved TIGER data were released for the entire US just before the 2010 Census. The current study characterizes the positional accuracy of the TIGER 2009 data compared with the TIGER 2000 data based on selected road intersections. Three US counties were identified as study areas and in each county 100 urban and 100 rural sample locations were selected. Features in the TIGER 2000 and 2009 data were compared with reference locations derived from high resolution natural color orthoimagery. Results indicate that TIGER 2009 data are much improved in terms of positional accuracy compared with the TIGER 2000 data, by at least one order of magnitude across urban and rural areas in all three counties for most accuracy metrics. TIGER 2009 is consistently more accurate in urban areas compared with rural areas, by a factor of at least two for most accuracy metrics. Despite the substantial improvement in positional accuracy, large positional errors of greater than 10 m are relatively common in the TIGER 2009 data, in most cases representing remnant segments of minor roads from older versions of the TIGER data. As a result, based on the US Census Bureau’s suggested accuracy
Interaction of Radiation with Atoms and Ions

This chapter deals with the interaction of radiation with atoms and ions which are weakly interacting with any surrounding species, such as atoms or ions in a gas phase or impurity ions in an ionic crystal. The somewhat more complicated case of interaction of radiation with molecules or semiconductors will be considered in the next chapter. Since the subject of radiation interaction with matter is, of course, very wide, we will limit our discussion to those phenomena which are relevant for atoms and ions acting as active media. So, after an introductory section dealing with the theory of blackbody radiation, a milestone for the whole of modern physics, we will consider the elementary processes of absorption, stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, and nonradiative decay. They will first be considered within the simplifying assumptions of a dilute medium and a low intensity. Following this, situations involving a high beam intensity and a medium that is not dilute (leading, in particular, to the phenomena of saturation and amplified spontaneous emission) will be considered. A number of very important, although perhaps less general, topics relating to the photophysics of dye lasers, free-electron lasers, and X-ray lasers will be briefly considered in Chaps. 9 and 10 immediately preceding the discussion of the corresponding laser.
Arguesian Identities in Linear Lattices

Abstract A class of identities in the Grassmann–Cayley algebra which yields a large number of geometric theorems on the incidence of subspaces of projective spaces was found by Hawrylycz (“Geometric Identities in Invariant Theory,” Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, 1994). In this paper we establish a link between such identities in the Grassmann–Cayley algebra and a class of inequalities in the class of linear lattices, i.e., the lattices of commuting equivalence relations. We prove that a subclass of identities found by Hawrylycz, namely, the Arguesian identities of order 2, can be systematically translated into inequalities holding in linear lattices. As a consequence, we obtain a family of geometric theorems on the incidence of subspaces that are characteristic-free and independent of dimensions.
Rituximab for the treatment of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): report of three cases.

Three patients (one with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura [ITP] and two with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [TTP]) were treated with rituximab (anti-CD20 chimeric antibody) at a dose of 325 mg/m2 administered weekly after they failed standard therapies. The patient with ITP who did not respond to steroids and anti-D antibody administration achieved augmentation of her platelet counts up to 180 × 103/μL after four doses of rituximab. Six months later, when her counts started to decrease, she received maintenance therapy with an additional course of 4 standard doses of antibody that resulted in consolidation of her platelet counts around 100 × 103/μL. One patient with TTP and concurrent idiopathic nephropathy who was previously treated with plasmapheresis, steroids, and vincristine improved only after 4 weekly administrations of the antibody. Moreover, his nephrotic-range proteinuria resolved after he received rituximab. The other patient with chronic TTP who still relapsed after splenectomy received 5 doses of rituximab with concomitant plasmapheresis. His thrombocytopenia improved slowly, and his platelet count stabilized at 300 × 103/μL. All three patients showed evidence of response to anti-CD20 antibody with improvement in clinical outcome as well as augmentation of platelet counts to normal levels. We conclude that rituximab is a useful immunomodulating adjunct in the treatment of refractory ITP and TTP. Am. J. Hematol. 78:49–54, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Summing infrared singularities in non-abelian gauge theories: The behavior of the exclusive color-singlet quark form factor

Abstract The near-mass-shell behavior of the exclusive color-singlet quark form factor is calculated up to the two-loops. In the Landau gauge the result can be expressed as the second order expansion of exp [ B ( p , p ′; g 2 ( k 2 ))], where B ( p , p ′; g 2 ( k 2 )) is the lowest order contribution evaluated with a gluon propagator of the form (−i/( k 2 − i e )) ( g μν − ( k μ k ν / k 2 ) × g 2 ( k 2 ) being the long-distance invariant charge. This result is valid to all orders, in an order by order near-mass-shell leading logirithm approximation.
Computer modeling of laser melting and spallation of metal targets

The mechanisms of melting and photomechanical damage/spallation occurring under extreme superheating/deformation rate conditions realized in short pulse laser processing are investigated in a computational study performed with a hybrid atomistic-continuum model. The model combines classical molecular dynamics method for simulation of nonequilibrium processes of lattice superheating and fast phase transformations with a continuum description of the laser excitation and subsequent relaxation of the conduction band electrons. The kinetics and microscopic mechanisms of melting are investigated in simulations of laser interaction with free-standing Ni films and bulk targets. A significant reduction of the overheating required for the initiation of homogeneous melting is observed and attributed to the relaxation of laser-induced stresses, which leads to the uniaxial expansion and associated anisotropic lattice distortions. The evolution of photomechanical damage is investigated in a large-scale simulation of laser spallation of a 100 nm Ni film. The evolution of photomechanical damage is observed to take place in two stages, the initial stage of void nucleation and growth, when both the number of voids and the range of void sizes are increasing, followed by the void coarsening, coalescence and percolation, when large voids grow at the expense of the decreasing population of small voids. In both regimes the size distributions of voids are found to be well described by the power law with an exponent gradually increasing with time. A good agreement of the results obtained for the evolution of photomechanical damage in a metal film with earlier results reported for laser spallation of molecular systems and shock-induced back spallation in metals suggests that the observed processes of void nucleation, growth and coalescence may reflect general characteristics of the dynamic fracture at high deformation rates.
Current therapeutic approaches in patients with brain metastases

The development of brain metastases is often viewed as the end stage of a disease course and engenders skepticism about the efficacy of treatment. Aggressive management of brain metastases is effective in both symptom palliation and the prolongation of life. The majority of patients with controlled intracranial metastases will expire from systemic disease rather than from recurrence of these metastases. Single brain metastases should be treated with surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery, though it is unclear at this time if one modality is more effective than the other. Surgical resection is preferred when a pathologic diagnosis is needed, for tumors larger than 3.5 cm, or when immediate tumor mass decompression is required. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) should be applied for single tumors less than 3.5 cm in surgically inaccessible areas and for patients who are not surgical candidates. Small tumors (ie, < 3.5 cm) that cause minimal edema and are surgically accessible may be treated with either surgery or SRS. There is controversy over whether whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) can be omitted following surgical resection or SRS. Omission of WBRT increases intracranial tumor recurrence; however, this has not been correlated with decreased survival. Clinicians who choose to omit upfront WBRT are obligated to monitor the patient closely for intracranial recurrence, at which time further salvage therapy in the form of surgery, SRS, or WBRT may be considered. Histology is of particular importance when considering WBRT for patients with radioresistant tumors such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or sarcoma. WBRT may be of less clinical benefit in this setting. Chemotherapy has been demonstrated to improve response rates when used as an adjunct to radiation therapy. These improvements in response rates have not been correlated with an improvement in median survival. Noncytotoxic radiosensitizing agents such as motexafin and efaproxiral show promise. Phase III trials to assess the benefit of motexafin in patients with metastatic lung cancer and efaproxiral in patients with metastatic breast cancer are ongoing. Targeted therapies offer promise in achieving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. Surgical adjuncts such as BCNU (carmustine) wafers and the GliaSite Radiation System (Cytyc Corporation, Marlborough, MA) may be useful in the future in achieving optimal local tumor control.
Structural Origins of Oxacillinase Specificity in Class D β-Lactamases

Since the discovery and use of penicillin, the increase of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has become a major health concern. The most prevalent resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria is due to β-lactamase expression. Class D β-lactamases are of particular importance due to their presence in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The class D enzymes were initially characterized by their ability to efficiently hydrolyze isoxazolyl-type β-lactams like oxacillin. Due to this substrate preference, these enzymes are traditionally referred to as oxacillinases or OXAs. However, this class is comprised of subfamilies characterized by diverse activities that include oxacillinase, carbapenemase, or cephalosporinase substrate specificity. OXA-1 represents one subtype of class D enzyme that efficiently hydrolyzes oxacillin, and OXA-24/40 represents another with weak oxacillinase, but increased carbapenemase, activity. To examine the structural basis for the substrate selectivity differences between OXA-1 and OXA-24/40, the X-ray crystal structures of deacylation-deficient mutants of these enzymes (Lys70Asp for OXA-1; Lys84Asp for OXA-24) in complexes with oxacillin were determined to 1.4 A and 2.4 A, respectively. In the OXA-24/40/oxacillin structure, the hydrophobic R1 side chain of oxacillin disrupts the bridge between Tyr112 and Met223 present in the apo OXA-24/40 structure, causing the main chain of the Met223-containing loop to adopt a completely different conformation. In contrast, in the OXA-1/oxacillin structure, a hydrophobic pocket consisting of Trp102, Met99, Phe217, Leu161, and Leu255 nicely complements oxacillin's nonpolar R1 side chain. Comparison of the OXA-1/oxacillin and OXA-24/40/oxacillin complexes provides novel insight on how substrate selectivity is achieved among subtypes of class D β-lactamases. By elucidating important active site interactions, these findings can also inform the design of novel antibiotics and inhibitors.
Investigation of habitual pitch during free play activities for preschool-aged children

Summary Objective This study is designed to compare the habitual pitch measured in two different speech activities (free play activity and traditionally used structured speech activity) for normally developing preschool-aged children to explore to what extent preschoolers vary their vocal pitch among different speech environments. Methods Habitual pitch measurements were conducted for 10 normally developing children (2 boys, 8 girls) between the ages of 31 months and 71 months during two different activities: (1) free play; and (2) structured speech. Speech samples were recorded using a throat microphone connected with a wireless transmitter in both activities. The habitual pitch (in Hz) was measured for all collected speech samples by using voice analysis software (Real-Time Pitch). Results Significantly higher habitual pitch is found during free play in contrast to structured speech activities. In addition, there is no showing of significant difference of habitual pitch elicited across a variety of structured speech activities. Conclusions Findings suggest that the vocal usage of preschoolers appears to be more effortful during free play than during structured activities. It is recommended that a comprehensive evaluation for young children's voice needs to be based on the speech/voice samples collected from both free play and structured activities.
Spatial segregation and social differentiation of the minority nationalities from the Han majority in the People's Republic of China

One of sociological human ecology's classic hypotheses posits the existence of a positive relationship between social status and residence. The more similar the social characteristics of two populations, the greater their degree of residential propinquity. This study examines that hypothesis with data for the Han majority and each of the fifty-five minority nationalities enumerated in the 1982 Census of the People's Republic of China. We find support for the hypothesis when we use a segregation measure that reflects the degree of unevenness of the residential distribution of a minority population from the Han. The paper also addresses the implications of these findings for the social and economic development of the Chinese minorities.
An account of the locus equation phenomenon based on speech movement planning

An alternative account of the locus equation phenomenon based on recent theories of speech movement planning is provided. It is similar to Sussman et al.'s account in positing that our productions are tuned to satisfy auditory constraints. It differs by suggesting that the locus equation effect may be an epiphenomenon of a planning process that satisfies simpler auditory constraints.
TRPAI is a Co2 Sensor in Nociceptors

In humans, high concentrations of CO2, as found in carbonated beverages, evoke a mixture of sensations that include a stinging or pungent quality. The stinging sensation is thought to originate with the activation of nociceptors, which innervate the respiratory, nasal, and oral epithelia. The molecular basis for this sensation is unknown. Here we show that CO2 specifically activates a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons that express TRPA1, a mustard oil- and cinnamaldehyde-sensitive channel, and that these responses are dependent on a functional TRPA1 gene. TRPA1 is sufficient to mediate responses to CO2 as TRPA1 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells, but not TRPV1 channels, were activated by bath-applied CO2. CO2 can diffuse into cells and produce intracellular acidification, which could gate TRPA1 channels. Consistent with this mechanism, TRPA1 channels in excised patches were activated in a dose-dependent manner by intracellular protons. We conclude that TRPA1, by sensing intracellular acidification, constitutes an important component of the nociceptive response to CO2.
ZeoFile: a stack of zeolite structure types

Abstract An anthology of data on the known zeolite structure types (inspired by the Atlas of Zeolite StructureTypes by W.M. Meier and D.H. Olson [Butterworths, Surrey, 1992] ) has been implemented as a HyperCard stack (called ZeoFile) for the Apple Macintosh computer. ZeoFile currently contains information (such as the character of the pore architecture, topological information, data on the type species, and key references) on more than 85 structure types and incorporates various cross-referencings, including categorization by, for example, materials type, ring size, secondary building unit, and loop configurations. Framework atomic coordinates and symmetry data for a representative example of each structure type and a variety of graphical representations, including some simple animations, are given. The reference and coordinate/symmetry data and the graphical representations can be imported into other applications via “cut-and-paste” treatment. An interactive utility for simulating powder X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction patterns based on these or other crystal structure data is also included.
Optical Threshold Logic Architectures For Hybrid Binary/Residue Processors

A new hybrid binary/residue arithmetic processor is proposed which significantly reduces the number of components and lines with respect to ordinary residue processors. Programmable optical threshold logic elements are combined with the hybrid structure to produce an optical architecture which offers substantial advantages over all-electronic approaches.
Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma: a review of diagnostic findings and therapeutic strategies

Abstract Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma of the intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Frequently presenting as intestinal perforation, ulceration, or a mass in the jejunum and proximal ileum in the gastrointestinal tract, EATL carries a poor prognosis with absence of well-defined therapeutic protocols for management. The WHO recognizes two distinct variants of EATL, the type I/classical variant and type II/monomorphic variant, based on different clinical features and histopathologic findings. EATL type I has a higher incidence in geographic regions with a high prevalence of celiac disease such as Northern Europe and is rare in the Asian population, in whom celiac disease is also rare. EATL type II can occur sporadically, has a higher incidence in Asian populations, with no definite association with celiac disease. This review aims to summarize the clinicopathologic findings of EATL and current approaches to management.
Myoblast fusion in Drosophila.

Somatic muscle formation is an unusual process as it requires the cells involved, the myoblasts, to relinquish their individual state and fuse with one another to form a syncitial muscle fiber. The potential use of myoblast fusion therapies to rebuild damaged muscles has generated continuing interest in elucidating the molecular basis of the fusion process. Yet, until recently, few of the molecular players involved in this process had been identified. Now, however, it has been possible to couple a detailed understanding of the cellular basis of the fusion process with powerful classical and molecular genetic strategies in the Drosophila embryo. We review the cellular studies, and the recent genetic and biochemical analyses that uncovered interacting extracellular molecules present on fusing myoblasts and the intracellular effectors that facilitate fusion. With the conservation of proteins and protein functions across species, it is likely that these findings in Drosophila will benefit understanding of the myoblast fusion process in higher organisms.
Communication Strategies Across Cultural Borders: Dispelling Stereotypes, Performing Competence, and Redefining Black Womanhood

For Black women born in the decades following the civil rights movement and second-wave women's movement, opportunities to move into educational and professional worlds have become reality. Such “opportunities,” however, often require that these young women live and move in environments where their racial and gendered identities remained marginalized. This study explores their communicative strategies as they cross cultural borders to predominantly White environments and furthers understanding of how and why they enact specific strategies in those environments. Focus group interviews are used to gather descriptions of communicative strategies in a phenomenological approach that encourages meaningful reflections on lived experiences. Analysis of responses reveals specific strategies are used to dispel historical stereotypes of Black women and perform competence in environments where they are the minority. Findings suggest future research with Black women across demographic groups and in additional communic...
Microcomputers in an Academic Setting: The Computer Initiative at Drew University

The factors involved in establishing the Computer Initiative at Drew University are discussed, including: development of faculty concensus for the program, selection of hardware, and identification of applicable software.
Chromatin remodeling and cancer, part II: ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling

Connections between perturbations that lie outside of our genome, that is, epigenetic alternations, and tumorigenesis have become increasingly apparent. Dynamic chromatin remodeling of the fundamental nucleosomal structure (covered in this review) or the covalent marks residing in the histone proteins that make up this structure (covered previously in part I) underlie many fundamental cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation and DNA-damage repair. Dysregulation of these processes has been linked to cancer development. Mechanisms of chromatin remodeling include dynamic interplay between ATP-dependent complexes, covalent histone modifications, utilization of histone variants and DNA methylation. In part II of this series, we focus on connections between ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes and oncogenesis and discuss the potential clinical implications of chromatin remodeling and cancer.
Safety of low anterior resection in the presence of chronic radiation changes in dogs.

Thirty mongrel dogs underwent 4000- or 5000-rad single treatment orthovoltage irradiation to the pelvis according to the nominal standard dose equation. Following a resting period of six months, 21 dogs were randomized to low anterior resection with either stapled or hand-sewn anastomoses. Anastomotic leaks were evaluated on clinical and radiographic grounds. The radiographic leak rate was 81 percent for sutured and 0 percent for stapled anastomoses. The clinical leak rate was 18 percent for sutured and 0 percent for stapled anastomoses. The difference between the 4000- and 5000-rad groups was not significant. The data suggest that late effects of irradiation do not preclude the safe construction of low anterior anastomoses, and that the circular stapling device is superior to hand-sewn techniques.
An Experimental Analysis of Cultural Materialism: The Effects of Various Modes of Production on Resource Sharing

The 1980s witnessed an increased interest among behavior analysts regarding a paradigm in cultural anthropology known as cultural materialism. This perspective suggests that all behavior ultimately rests on the relationship between the natural environment and the methods used to obtain resources needed to maintain survival and a high standard of living, known as the mode of production. While useful, scientists in this area have overlooked one valuable resource—the laboratory. We manipulated the amount of resources dyads could harvest within blocks of five trials and across six conditions. Behavior consisted of harvesting and allocating resources. Token retention and a survival analogue were made contingent on resource sharing. Five of the seven dyads shared resources and no sharing occurred when participants could harvest sufficient resources to survive independently. Opportunities to integrate this research with optimal foraging research are discussed along with potential applications to real-world social issues.
Recognition of isozymes via lanthanide ion incorporated polymerized liposomes

We report the selective recognition of carbonic anhydrase isozymes based on the excited-state lifetimes of chelated Eu3+ ions incorporated in polymerized liposomes.
Optimizing the polyphase sort

Various dispersion algorithms for the polyphase sorting procedure are examined. The optimum algorithm based on minimizing the total number of unit strings read is displayed. The logic of this algorithm is rather complicated; hence, several other new dispersion algorithms with more straightforward logic are presented. Of the simple dispersion algorithms discussed, the Horizontal is best. It does approximately one-fourth to one and one-half percent less reading and writing than most algorithms in use today. An additional two and one-fourth to three percent improvement can be achieved by utilizing the Modified Optimum Algorithm. This algorithm is relatively straightforward, but it requires a fairly close estimate of the total number of unit strings before the dispersion begins.
Geometrical dynamics: A new approach to periodic orbits aroundL 4

Geometrical dynamics is the study of the geometry of the orbits in configuration space of a dynamical system without reference to the system's motion in time. Generalized coordinates for the circular restricted problem of three bodies are taken as polar coordinatesr, θ centered at the triangular libration pointL 4. A time-independent nonlinear second order ordinary differential equation forr as a function of θ is derived. Approximations to periodic solutions are obtained by perturbations and Fourier series.
Balanced Depth and Breadth in a New Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Course

The field of nanotechnology has outgrown the discovery phase into the application and even commercial production phases. Consequently, the need for a workforce capable of supporting this growth is more than ever. However, because of the different challenges associated with nanotechnology education, specific courses are required to be developed and implemented in engineering schools to help produce this much needed workforce. This article describes the details of developing and implementing a course entitled Fundamentals of Nanotechnology as part of an umbrella plan for nanotechnology education and awareness at multiple levels. The course is designed to overcome most of the challenges facing nanotechnology education. As an example, one of the major challenges related to teaching this topic is the lack of equipment and facility, due to high cost, among other factors. Computer based activities are proposed and implemented to overcome this challenge. The course aims at providing a multidisciplinary pool of sc...
Federal Market Information Technology in the Post Flash Crash Era: Roles for Supercomputing

This paper describes collaborative work between active traders, regulators, economists, and supercomputing researchers to replicate and extend investigations of the Flash Crash and other market anomalies in a National Laboratory HPC environment.Our work suggests that supercomputing tools and methods will be valuable to market regulators in achieving the goal of market safety, stability, and security. Research results using high frequency data and analytics are described, and directions for future development are discussed.Currently the key mechanism for preventing catastrophic market action are “circuit breakers.” We believe a more graduated approach, similar to the “yellow light” approach in motorsports to slow down traffic, might be a better way to achieve the same goal. To enable this objective, we study a number of indicators that could foresee hazards in market conditions and explore options to confirm such predictions.Our tests confirm that Volume Synchronized Probability of Informed Trading (VPIN) and a version of volume Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for measuring market fragmentation can indeed give strong signals ahead of the Flash Crash event on May 6, 2010. This is a preliminary step toward a full-fledged early-warning system for unusual market conditions.
Erosion-corrosion of protective scales on alloy steels

Abstract The need to identify low alloy tubing steels that are resistant to combined erosion-corrosion in fluidized bed combustor environments is an important aspect in the development of this type of coal power generation equipment. An investigation was undertaken to determine the behavior of a number of alloys in erosion-corrosion tests at elevated temperatures. It was determined that a low chromium content ferritic steel (5 wt.%) which contained some silicon (1.5 wt.%) had markedly lower metal loss rates than a ferritic stainless steel with 20% chromium. The reason for the difference was primarily the morphology of the scales. The 5% chromium steel developed a segmented, protective iron oxide coating whereas the 20 wt.% chromium steel had a consolidated iron oxide-chromium oxide scale that locally spalled. Thus, it was determined that some low alloy steels develop an in situ, protective oxide coating in a combined erosion-corrosion environment.
Dynamic response of fluid mud in a submarine trench to water waves

Abstract The dynamic response of fluid mud in a submarine rectangular trench to time-periodic surface waves propagating over the trench has been studied experimentally and theoretically. It was shown that for a particular trench geometry relative to the characteristic length scale of the surface waves, the fluid mud in the trench may be excited in a mode of resonant oscillation. Resonance within the trench resulted in large strain rates in the fluid mud compared to off resonance conditions, and thus reduced scale effects in the experiments. Detailed experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of fluid mud under wave action and its relationship with the fluid mud properties. A mathematical model was developed to predict the wave-induced motion of the fluid mud in the trench. The model employed small amplitude wave theory and treated the viscosity of fluid mud as a function of strain rate. The objective of the study was to determine how motions of sediment-laden fluids under water waves differ from that of a clear-water fluid, knowledge of which is important for description of near bottom kinematics in waters with “ill-defined” bottoms. It was found that the Carreau model described the viscosity of fluid mud well and shear rate and time of shearing had only minor effects on the fluid mud viscosity at small strain rates. Experimental measurements showed that the fluid mud in the trench was gradually eroded by wave action, but changes in density distribution were confined to a layer near the clear-water/fluid-mud interface. The theoretical model predicted the movement of fluid mud in the trench qualitatively. The results of this study indicated that fluid mud would behave as a Newtonian fluid at small strain rates.
Spatial Variability Caused by Acoustic Wave Interference in Single-Drive Direct Field Acoustic Testing

A significant amount of acoustic spatial variability is characteristic of direct field acoustic testing using a single random signal to drive the loudspeaker sources. This has raised concerns about the potential for under- and over-testing of hardware, particularly because of the consequential high sensitivity of the test environment upon the configuration of the test equipment and test hardware. Meanwhile, little is known about the specific spatial characteristics of the test acoustic field. A recent demonstration single-drive direct field acoustic test afforded the opportunity to map various planes of the acoustic field with a 36 microphone grid, offering unprecedented physical insight into the field characteristics. Analysis of the data reveals that the field is predominantly characterized by wave interference patterns at any given frequency. These data correlate well with 3-dimensional numerical models. The presence of wave interference patterns created by the fully correlated array of sources also ex...
A monolithic aluminum circuit board structure

When mounting high power devices on circuit boards, heat spreader or heat sink is often attached on the device top to remove more heat. The commonly used board material is alumina, to which copper (Cu) sheets are bonded by a direct Cu-bonding process. The circuit board is soldered to a thick Cu basis plate. Even though the thermal conductivity of alumina, 30 W/m-K, is reasonable good, the alumina is thicker than 250 μm, resulting in significant thermal resistance. Alumina thinner than 250 μm is not strong enough to survive during manufacturing. The alternative board is metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB), consisting of aluminum (Al) or Cu basis plate as heat spreader laminated with ceramic-epoxy as insulating layer and Cu foil. The ceramic-epoxy layer has low thermal conductivity, 2-3 W/m-K; so that it does not entirely solve the heat conduction problem. In this study, we developed a new Al circuit board technology. Thin alumina layer is monolithically grown on Al basis plate by anodization processes. Alumina has much higher thermal conductivity than ceramic-epoxy. The alumina thickness can be controlled from 25 to 100 μm, depending breakdown voltage needed. Thin chromium (Cr) and Cu are then deposited, followed by Cu electroplating process to build up the Cu layer. The boards produced in this project were evaluated rigorously using scanning electron microscope (SEM). They also went through 500 cycles of thermal cycling test between -40 to +85 °C and 100 hours of high temperature storage test at 250 °C. We believe that this monolithic Al circuit board structure will open up numerous existing and new applications in power electronics, in particular, power modules for automobiles, oil exploration, and space and wireless communications.