cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the Initiation of Chromosome Replication Regulate Cell Division

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses whether size of cells engaged in initiation of DNA replication has smaller variance than the size of cells in the act of cytoplasmic division, and whether the time intervals among various stages of the cell cycle are distributed with large or small variance for cells within a balanced growing population. The simulations exclude models in which initiation of replication takes place only when a cell has grown and reached a precise size, the auto- radiographic data can only be fitted on the assumption that there is at least 15% coefficient of variation in the size of cells at initiation. Although the computer modeling shows that there is considerable variation in cell size at initiation, it is less sure whether there is a comparable, or greater, variation in cell size at initiation than there is at division. If the variation is greater at initiation, then this less precise process cannot control nor time the more precise process of cell division. Together these considerations argue against the class of hypotheses in which cell division is timed relative to some aspect of chromosomal synthesis, and for a variation on the model in which both chromosome initiation and cell division are independently triggered by some aspects of cell growth. The analysis results are fully consistent with a single trigger controlling initiation, which deterministically and precisely controls the rest of the cell cycle, except for some additional variability in the actual size of separation of divided cells.
Non-invasive imaging of histone deacetylase activity in human breast carcinoma xenografts in rats using positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-FAHA

113 Objectives: HDAC plays an important role in regulation of gene expression including epigenetic rearrangement of chromatin architecture, which is a key event in maintenance of nuclear homeostasis and gene expression in normal and neoplastic cells. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of PET imaging for histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in tumors with a novel radiotracer substrate 6-([18F]-fluoroacetamide)-1-hexanoicanilide ([18F]-FAHA). Methods: [18F]-FAHA was synthesized according to the methods developed in our laboratory in high specific activity (>2 Ci/µM). MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma cells were injected in the neck area (107 s.c.) of six RNU/RNU rats. When tumors grew to about 10 mm in diameter, the animals were anesthetized (1-1.5 vol. % isoflurane/oxygen; temperature maintained at 37oC), injected with [18F]-FAHA (37 MBq, i.v.) and dynamic PET imaging was performed for 60 min. Two days later, the dynamic PET imaging with [18F]-FAHA was repeated at 1 hour after administration of an HDAC inhibitor SAHA (50 mg/kg i.p.). Results: Tumor uptake and tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratios of [18F]-FAHA are summarized in Table 1. The uptake of [18F]-FAHA in s.c. tumor xenografts increased rapidly over time leveling at 0.43 %ID/g between 30 and 60 min. T/M ratio was 2.2-2.4 between 30 and 60 min post-injection demonstrating high HDAC activity in tumor tissue. In contrast, tumor uptake (and tumor-to-muscle ratio) of [18F]-FAHA was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with SAHA (p
Collisional activation by fourier-transform mass spectrometry

Abstract Studies on the charge-transfer reactions between translationally excited polyatomic ions and the neutral target gas used for collisional activation/collision-induced dissociation are described. These studies demonstrate an additional area where Fourier-transform mass spectrometry can be used to probe the fundamentals of ion/neutral interactions, viz., target gas excitation which competes with collision-induced dissociation.
In corde iubilum

Calvin’s rejection of the arts in religious contexts and his limitation of music to psalm singing have long been tropes of Reformed austerity. Yet in the Institutes of the Christian Religion, he employs the terms of the aural culture in which he lived in order to offer a precise description of his ideals of musical beauty. Focusing particularly on Calvin’s description of the “sweetness” of music, this essay reassesses his thought about music in light of the writings of Renaissance theorists and recent musicological studies of genre and aesthetics. In this light, a vital function for Calvin’s discussion of music emerges. In the Institutes, Calvin transforms music’s beauty into metaphor, and uses it to articulate his arguments about the Christian’s perception of God.
Thermal-blooming compensation using the CLASP system.

A closed-loop system for phase compensation of thermal blooming has been designed and tested. This system—called CLASP for closed-loop adaptive single parameter—is a single-mode outgoing-wave dither system. CLASP has demonstrated stable convergence to the optimum thermal-blooming-correction amplitude in a laboratory experiment.
B-Haplotype Influence on Marek’s Disease, Rous Sarcoma, and Lymphoid Leukosis Virus-Induced Tumors in Chickens

Abstract Experiments were conducted to establish whether B-haplotype genes that determine resistance to RSV-induced tumors would also influence resistance to Marek's disease and lymphoid leukosis. Matings of line 63 × 151 F3 or F4 breeders segregating for the Ea-B locus antigens that are markers for B2 and B5 haplotypes of the B major histocompatibility complex were made to produce B2B2, B2B5, and B5B5 chicks. The chicks were infected with a standard inoculum of one of the three tumor viruses in separate experiments. The B2 haplotype from 63 conveyed greater resistance to tumors induced by all three viruses than the B5 from 151 chickens. This finding suggests that some gene(s) in the B-haplotype may determine a general ability to resist tumor formation or cause tumor regression.
Male victims of physical partner violence have poorer physical and mental health than men of the general population

Commentary on: Hines DA, Douglas EM. Health problems of partner violence victims: comparing help-seeking men to a population-based sample. Am J Prev Med 2015;48:136–44.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] There is growing evidence describing women … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BPrev%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D48%26rft.spage%253D136%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.amepre.2014.08.022%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25442232%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.022&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25442232&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F1%2F26.atom
Conformal 3D visualization for virtual colonoscopy

In this paper, we propose a new 3D visualization technique for virtual colonoscopy. Such visualization methods could have a major impact since they have the potential for non-invasively determining the presence of polyps and other pathologies. We moreover demonstrate a method which presents a surface scan of the entire colon as a cine, and affords the viewer the opportunity to examine each point on the surface without distortion. We use the theory of conformal mappings from differential geometry in order to derive an explicit method for flattening surfaces obtained from 3D colon computerized tomography (CT) imagery. Indeed, we describe a general finite element method based on a discretization of the Laplace- Beltrami operator for flattening a surface onto the plane in an angle preserving manner. We also provide simple formulas which may be used in a real time cine to correct for distortion. We apply our method to 3D colon CT data provided to us by the Surgical Planning Laboratory of Brigham and Women's Hospital. We show how the conformal nature of the flattening function provides a flattened representation of the colon which is similar in appearance to the original. Finally, we indicate a few frames of a distortion correcting cine which can be used to examine the entire colon surface.
Diffusion of a Polymer Chain through a Thin Membrane

We study the configurational and dynamic properties of a long polymer chain during the process of penetration of the chain through the thin and porous membrane. The mobility of a polymer in this state depends strongly on the topological restrictions imposed by the membrane. The largest mobility have configurations in which the polymer chain crosses the membrane only once and diffuses through a single pore from one side of the membrane to the other. This configuration may have small statistical weight compared to other configurations with low mobility in which the polymer chain crosses the membrane many times. The relative weight of these configurations depends also on the chemical potential of the membrane. We find the configurations which give the main contribution to the transport and calculate the overall permeability of the membrane for Zimm and Rouse mechanisms of polymer dynamics.
Transformation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic groundwater environment

The transformation of benzene and a series of alkylbenzenes was studied in anoxic groundwater of a shallow glacial-outwash aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, the most water-soluble components of crude oil, were transported downgradient of an oil spill, forming a plume of contaminated groundwater. Organic acids that were not original components of the oil were identified in the anoxic groundwater. The highest concentrations of these oxidized organic compounds were found in the anoxic plume where a decrease in concentrations of structurally related alkylbenzenes was observed. These results suggest that biological transformation of benzene and alkylbenzenes to organic acid intermediates may be an important attenuation process in anoxic environments. The transformation of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons to a series of corresponding oxidation products in an anoxic subsurface environment provides new insight into in situ anaerobic degradation processes.
Nano-patterning with polymer brushes viasolvent-assisted polymer grafting

We report surface patterning on the nanolevel with the “grafting to” approach carried out at relatively low temperatures (40 °C). Low grafting temperatures were achieved viasolvent-assisted grafting and allowed the use of the developed approach for surface templating in a variety of ways. Specifically, two examples of the patterning are discussed. A poly-2-vinylpyridine, P2VP surface pattern was created by a combination of capillary force lithography and the solvent-assisted grafting. Silver nanoparticle arrays were created and transferred into a silicon matrix employing the P2VP pattern. Solvent-assisted grafting was also a suitable technique for manipulating thermolabile objects, e.g.proteins. Protein molecules were imprinted via the grafting. Rebinding experiments showed preferential protein adsorption onto the imprinted surface relative to a non-imprinted control sample.
Sialido-lactose of cow colostrum

Abstract The sialic acid-lactose containing oligosaccharide of cow colostrum was isolated. On reduction with borohydride its hexose value decreased by one-half, while the sialic acid color was unaffected. Methyl-sialate was isolated from the complex in good yield and shown to be identical with that isolated from bovine submaxillary gland. From the properties of the complex, it is concluded that sialic acid is present in the complex in O-glycosidic bond and that the complex is sialidolactose.
Total Nitrogen Determination in Plant Material by Persulfate Digestion

Determination of total plant N concentration is important in understanding crop nutritional value, nutritional requirements, and physiological responses to the environment. Nitrogen analysis by either the Kjeldahl or Dumas method is expensive and requires specialized equipment. An alternative procedure, developed primarily for use on water samples, was optimized for digestion of vegetative soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] tissue and compared with the Dumas method. Finely ground plant material (0425 mm) was digested in alkaline potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) at 120°C (0.1 MPa) for 1.5 h in an autoclave, converting organic N to NO⁻₃. Nitrate in the digest was reduced to NO⁻₂ and quantified by the sulfanilamide-α-naphthyl-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride procedure. Persulfate digests of soybean material agreed closely with determinations made by the Dumas method (r = 0.99). Digestion of NIST standard tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves (4.8 g N 100 g⁻¹) indicated complete N recovery (4.9 ± 0.1 g N 100 g⁻¹). Persulfate digestion of total plant N was accurate and precise, and required little initial investment. Published with the approval of the director, Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Manuscript no. 95013. Research supported in part by the United Soybean Board, Project no. 4008.
1,4 Butanediol, γ-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol: Relationships and interactions

Abstract We have investigated the interaction of 1,4 butanediol (1,4 BD) with ethanol and the involvement of the major metabolite of 1,4 BD, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the ability of 1,4 BD to produce behavioral and EEG changes in rat as well as the toxic side effects of 1,4 BD. Behavioral, electrical, and biochemical studies in rats suggest that the effects of 1,4 BD are indeed mediated by GHB. Further, ethanol appears to block conversion of 1,4 BD to GHB. 1,4 BD however potentiates some of the behavioral effects of ethanol perhaps by a mechanism of action similar to that of other alcohols. Thus 1,4 BD appears to have two types of pharmacologic actions, one attributable to its conversion to GHB and the other an inherent property of the diol itself.
Mouse HFM1/Mer3 is required for crossover formation and complete synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis requires that homologous chromosomes associate and recombine. Chiasmata, the cytological manifestation of recombination, provide the physical link that holds the homologs together as a pair, facilitating their orientation on the spindle at meiosis I. Formation of most crossover (CO) events requires the assistance of a group of proteins collectively known as ZMM. HFM1/Mer3 is in this group of proteins and is required for normal progression of homologous recombination and proper synapsis between homologous chromosomes in a number of model organisms. Our work is the first study in mammals showing the in vivo function of mouse HFM1. Cytological observations suggest that initial steps of recombination are largely normal in a majority of Hfm1−/− spermatocytes. Intermediate and late stages of recombination appear aberrant, as chromosomal localization of MSH4 is altered and formation of MLH1foci is drastically reduced. In agreement, chiasma formation is reduced, and cells arrest with subsequent apoptosis at diakinesis. Our results indicate that deletion of Hfm1 leads to the elimination of a major fraction but not all COs. Formation of chromosome axial elements and homologous pairing is apparently normal, and Hfm1−/− spermatocytes progress to the end of prophase I without apparent developmental delay or apoptosis. However, synapsis is altered with components of the central region of the synaptonemal complex frequently failing to extend the full length of the chromosome axes. We propose that initial steps of recombination are sufficient to support homology recognition, pairing, and initial chromosome synapsis and that HFM1 is required to form normal numbers of COs and to complete synapsis.
The role of back contact patterning on stability and performance of Si IBC heterojunction solar cells

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) Si heterojunction solar cell initial performance and stability over time exhibits a critical dependence on the patterning processes, especially in defining the gap structure between emitter and base contacts. Patterning processes using photoresist can result in degradation even with dark storage in a dry environment over days, while other processes using a-SiN X :H for patterning yield stable devices over months. Use of photoresist (PR) as a mask in PECVD to form interdigitated contacts results in a gap that is insufficiently passivated and leads to cell degradation. Use of a-SiN X :H as a mask creates a multi-layer gap structure which improves the cell performance and stability. The laser fired base contact (LFC) reduces V OC slightly due to increased recombination loss, but does not cause additional instability. A stable efficiency of 17.9% was achieved in an IBC-Si heterojunction solar cell using all low temperature processes that incorporated a multi-layer gap passivation structure.
The photochemical decomposition of alkyl azides

Abstract A study has been made of the products resulting from the solution photolyses of n-butyl azide, n-ocytl azide, 4-phenyl-1-butyl azide, α-azidobutyric acid, α-azidoisobutyric acid, azidodiphenylacetic acid, ethyl α-azidobutyrate, α-azidovaleric acid, and ethyl α-azidovalerate. The effect of variations in solvent and temperature has been investigated as well as the influence of benzophenone photosensitization and iodine catalysis. In the case of the first three azides the predominant product (besides nitroen) under all photolytic conditions studied was the aldimine formed by 1,2-hydrogen migration. Hydrogen abstraction probably from solvent accounted for small amounts of primary amine. 1,2 Alkyl migration accounted for the formation of some of the lower homologous amine. Also secondary amine (1–2%) formed by insertion into the solvent cyclohexane was observed. Photolysis of the α-azido acids in methanol solution resulted in efficient decarboxylation and aldimine formation. Minor amounts of amino acid formed presumably via hydrogen abstraction from solvent were also obtained. In the case of azidodiphenylacetic acid, phenyl group migration occurs in competition with direct loss of esters. α-Deuterio-α-azidobutyric acid has been synthesized and photolysed for the purpose of determining the sequence of steps in the photodecarboxylation reaction. Intramolecular photocyclization of alkyl azides to form pyrrolidine derivatives has been found to be a highly irreproducible process. 1 2 In initial experiments in our laboratory we succeeded in obtaining 2-n-butylpyrrolidine by irradiation of octyl azide. Subsequently we were unable to reproduce this result although as far as possible essentially identical reaction conditions were employed. In a private communication from Prof. D. H. R. Barton we have learned that he so far had been unsuccessful in repeating the original photolytic cyclization of azides. In addition to the work reported in this paper, research continues in our laboratory directed towards resolving these ambiguities. In the systems studied this pathway accounted for only a very minor amount of product or none at all. The stability of pyrrolidine under the photolytic and work up conditions was established. In spite of the large number of experimental variations employed, the yield of cyclic product could not be improved. Conditions for high yield cyclization have not been defined in the present investigation; and based upon results obtained, the photochemical decomposition of alkyl azides does not appear to be a generally useful method for pyrrolidine synthesis. The mechanism of the photolyses is discussed in terms of the possible formation of an alkyl nitrene and subsequent intervention of other intermediates. For the α-azido acids, a dual mechanism for decarboxylation is discussed involving the α-nitreno acid and α-imino acid.
Altered reactivity to respiratory syncytial virus: Description of atypical RSV illness and prospective four year follow-up of children previously immunized with an inactivated vaccine

Altered reactivity to respiratory syncytial virus: Description of atypical RSV illness and prospective four year follow-up of children previously immunized with an inactivated vaccine
Abstract 3555: LncRNA-21a is a potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-21A is a polymerase III driven non-coding RNA consisting of 324 nucleotides in length. LncRNA-21A was originally identified through in silico analysis and its expression was then confirmed in human cell lines. Further study suggested that lncRNA-21A can control the proliferation of human tumor cell lines, possibly through regulation of CENP-F expression. However, little is known whether lncRNA-21A plays a role in breast cancer. In this study, we reported that lncRNA-21A is downregulated in breast cancer, as detected by RT-PCR analysis of breast cancer tissue scan, suggesting its possible role as a tumor suppressor. In consistent with this finding, lncRNA-21A promotes apoptosis and attenuates cell invasion ability in breast cancer cells. Western blot revealed that overexpression of lncRNA-21A can reduce the phosphorylation of Akt in MCF-7 cells. To determine its underlying mechanism, we performed RNA precipitation assays with the synthetic biotin labeled lncRNA-21A RNA probe followed by mass spectrometry analysis, and we identified hnRNP U and EWS as binding partners for lncRNA-21A. Suppression of EWS by RNAi leads to a reduced level of phosphorylated Akt, suggesting its role in lncRNA-21A-medited Akt activity. Of great interest, we found that like microRNAs, lncRNA-21A can also be secreted through exosomes into conditioned medium. Furthermore, the secreted lncRNA-21A from normal breast epithelial cells can be functionally taken up by recipient metastatic breast cancer cells, suppressing the cell invasion. Together, these results suggest that as a potential tumor suppressor, lncRNA-21A may be used by the host through exosome-mediated gene transfer as a defense mechanism against invasive tumor cells. Citation Format: Ramesh Singh, Yin-yuan Mo. LncRNA-21a is a potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3555. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3555
Modeling the occurrences of cell reversals in long strings of lead/acid cells

Abstract The discharge of long battery strings was simulated to predict the occurrences of cell reversals. The effects of various parameters, including discharge profile, string length, capacity, capacity variance, and cutoff voltage, were investigated. It was concluded that, except for string length and average capacity, all of these variables affect the frequency of cell reversals. The specific effects are described, and related strategies for minimizing these effects for large battery energy storage systems are indicated.
Pressure Induced Metastable Amorphization of BAs: Evidence for a Kinetically Frustrated Phase Transformation.

A transformation from the zinc blende (zb) to an amorphous crystal structure was observed at 125 GPa, just slightly above the calculated equilibrium transition pressure to the rock salt phase Phys. Rev. B 36 6058 1987. This is the first evidence that pressure induced amorphization in $\mathrm{AB}$ compounds is a kinetically frustrated process. The amorphous state persisted on further loading to 165 GPa, and throughout down-loading to 0 GPa. The Birch coefficients of the equation of state for the zb phase were determined to be ${B}_{0}=148\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6$ GPa and ${B}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$, in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Phosphorescence and ODMR studies of isotopically mixed monoclinic and triclinic 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Abstract Phosphorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) studies were performed on the perprotonated triplet traps in isotopically mixed ( h 4 in d 4 ) 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 1.75 K. We find evidence for two distinct crystalline phases of the d 4 host crystal which are stable in temperature ranges near room temperature, each of which induces a distinct set of ODMR parameters on the trap species being monitored. Both cw and pulsed ODMR are used to probe for evidence of trap-to-trap triplet energy transfer at several trap concentrations. We find that at low concentrations ODMR signals are strong, and the excitations are definitely localized. At concentrations above 9%, both coherent and cw ODMR signals become hard to detect. The results are discussed in terms of likely mechanisms for energy exchange among the triplet traps.
The Multiple Faces of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1—Obesity, Appetite, and Stress: What Is Next? A Review

By itself, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) appears to be an excellent drug for appetite control and the treatment of obesity. Unfortunately, few enzymes, such as IV dipeptidyl peptidase and renal excretin, degrade and render GLP-1 inactive within minutes. A receptor agonist, exendin-4, with a longer biological half-life than GLP-1, has been tried. Subcutaneous injection of exendin-4 or continuous IV injection of GLP-1 warrants further research and investigation.
Intersubband stimulated emission and optical gain by ‘‘phonon pumping’’ in quantum wires

We present an analysis of the optical gain for stimulated emission between subbands in quasione‐dimensional structures. The population inversion is induced by a new pumping mechanism involving phonon absorption during transport in quantum wires. The population inversion threshold for far infrared stimulated emission is calculated in a generic GaAs quantum wires laser structure and shows a quite reasonable minimum value of Δn=3×105/cm at λ=100 μm. For longer wavelengths, free carrier absorption is the main limitation to stimulated emission.
Caregiving for patients requiring left ventricular assistance device support.

Background The responsibility of caregiving for patients requiring left ventricular assistance device (LVAD) support may be significant. However, little is known about their experience. Data from the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (2006-2009) reported that 1722 patients had received LVADs as a bridge to transplantation, recovery, or destination therapy. The use of this advanced technology in the management of endstage heart failure is expected to continue, suggesting increased involvement of family members and significant others. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of caregivers of patients who received LVAD therapy as a bridge to transplantation. Methods Semistructured interviews allowed participants to describe their experiences as caregivers. Interviews were audiotape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. An analysis was conducted using Sandelowski's three-step process for the analysis of phenomenological data: data dwelling, open coding, and data reduction. Results Participants (n = 5 women and 1 man; age, 51 years; range = 44 to 66 years; duration of caregiving, 183.9 days; range, 26 to 372 days; relationship to patient: spouse = 3, parent = 1, significant other = 1, and friend = 1) were designated caregivers of patients discharged home with an LVAD. Two themes emerged: sacrifice and moving beyond. Caregivers sacrificed relationships with friends and family, jobs and livelihood, health, and peace of mind in their roles as caregivers. “Moving beyond” reflected coping and adaptation to the sacrifices of being a caregiver. Conclusions Experiences described by caregivers suggest that they successfully incorporated the role of caregiver for patients with a complex therapeutic regimen into their daily lives. The specific findings should guide healthcare professionals in their efforts to support caregivers.
Chirped-pulse compression in strongly dispersive media

An analysis is given for the temporal compression of linearly chirped pulses propagating in strongly dispersive media. The wave vector k(ω) of the dispersive medium is expanded in a Taylor series through terms cubic in frequency. Analytic expressions are developed for the shape of the compressed pulse, and numerical examples given to illustrate the influence of the cubic term in k(ω). This term is shown to give asymmetric broadening of the compressed pulse envelope, even when it is very small in magnitude compared to the lower-order terms in the Taylor series.
Size of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon)

The maximum length of 36.5 feet (11.1 meters) attributed to the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by Gunther and others is a mistake. Examination of the jaws and teeth of the specimen referred to by Gunther and comparison with the jaws of white sharks of known length revealed a length of about 17 feet ( approximately 5 meters). The largest white shark reliably measured was a 21-foot (6.4-meter) individual from Cuba. Bites on whale carcasses found off southern Australia suggest that white sharks as long as 25 or 26 feet (7 (1/2) or 8 meters) exist today. The size of extinct Carcharodon has also been grossly exaggerated. Based on a projection of a curve of tooth size of Recent Carcharodon carcharias, the largest fossil Carcharodon were about 43 feet ( approximately 13 meters) long.
Habitat associations of trees and seedlings in a Bornean rain forest

Summary 1 In species-rich mixed dipterocarp rain forest in Indonesian Borneo, we evaluated evidence for tree species associations with physical habitat variables (physiography for adults and seedlings, and light for seedlings). A total of 325 species were included in the analysis. 2 A stratified random sample of 28 tree and seedling plots (0.16 ha and 36 m2, respectively) was taken from a 150-ha study area on homogeneous parent rock (granite) between 110 and 270 m a.s.l. 3 In a principal component analysis (PCA), based on an abundance index of all tree species, plots segregated into three groups. These corresponded closely with the three physiographically defined habitat types assigned in the field: (i) plateaux with a deep humus layer, (ii) sharp ridges and upper slopes, and (iii) gullies and lower slopes near permanent streams. Segregation of plots by habitat was weaker when seedling (rather than tree) species abundance was used in the PCA. 4 In single species analyses, using Monte Carlo randomization tests, we found significant associations with the three physiographic habitat types in 17 out of 49 abundant species for trees, and in 5 out of 22 abundant species for seedlings. In PCA and single species analyses, weaker associations with habitat for seedlings than for trees suggest higher mortality of seedlings in ‘suboptimal’ habitats. 5 Seedlings of 8 out of 45 abundant species were also significantly and positively associated with high light availability (measured in 2 × 2 m subplots, using hemispherical photographs). 6 Combining light and physiographic habitat associations, 20 out of the 45 abundant species were associated with at least one habitat factor as either adults or seedlings. 7 Thus, the distributions and abundances of many species are influenced by local heterogeneity in physical habitat variables. However, about half of the abundant species (25 of 45) showed no significant habitat association as adults or seedlings, and in no case did the relative abundance of any species exceed 5% in its ‘preferred’ habitat.
Mapping the terrain of spirituality in organizations research

Researchers in the burgeoning new field of spirituality in organizations face a number of significant field‐shaping questions, e.g. how should spirituality in organizations be defined and what research methods are most appropriate for this work – quantitative, qualitative, a combination of the two, or entirely new methods? The answers given to these questions will determine the shape of this new field and the direction research will take over the next several decades. This article addresses these questions by mapping the terrain of current spirituality in organizations research, in three stages. It begins by examining trails being blazed by pioneers venturing into this new territory, considering the progress these pioneers have made and the work remaining to be done. It then moves to questions lurking in the background of this pioneering work. Finally, it articulates the new frontier in spirituality in organizations research, a frontier which beckons adventurous pioneers to enter.
Exploring how US cities use budget documents as marketing and public relations tools

Cities globally are focusing on place branding to set one locale apart from another. Normal touch points, such as websites, fliers, magazines, brochures, press releases and more are used often. One document not typically thought of as marketing or public relations piece that could extend the place brand is the municipal budget. The document, not the process necessarily, offers an opportunity to extend the place brand. In this study, 20 US cities were examined to understand variation among cities when presenting budgets. Findings revealed that, although cities are using the documents to a certain promotional extent, there still remains room for innovation in the area of budget book presentation.
On the mechanical simulation of habit-forming and learning

This paper discusses digital techniques by which habit-forming and learning may be simulated. After classifying the types of simulation mechanisms it discusses types of habit-forming and learning to be simulated, focusing attention upon reinforcement. It uses the language of computer programming to describe the flow of control, and the language of mathematical probability to analyze the effect of various reinforcement functions on the asymptotic behavior of simulating programs. It shows further, again in programming terms, how the “delayed random selector” part of the simulating process may be “factored out” as a separate unit applicable either to habit-forming or learning, which latter are distinguished by whether the reinforcements are applied immediately or upon “comparison with a goal.” Several reinforcement models are considered, including the “linear asymptotic” model used extensively by Bush and Mosteller, two simple “absorbing boundary” models, and a “nonlinear asymptotic” model currently being investigated by Bush, Galanter, and Luce. A sketch is given of the Harris-Bellman-Shapiro analysis of the linear asymptotic model. Contrasted with this, a complete analysis is given of the simpler absorbing boundary model, with explicit proof of eventual absorption, and formulae for probability of absorption in n trials, and the expected number of steps to absorption. Finally, a special example is given of the second absorbing boundary model to show how its structure differs from the others.
The effectiveness of a piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorph to perform mechanical work under various constant loading conditions

Abstract A piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorph is configured as a cantilever beam, clamped at one end, and subjected to an applied voltage V and three mechanical boundary conditions at the free end: a mechanical moment M, a perpendicular force F, and a uniform body force p. A work cycle to transfer energy is assumed for the bimorph. The electrically and mechanically stored energies and the work performed by the bimorph against the load are calculated at different states of the work cycle. The stored energies and the performed mechanical work are related to the electrical energy taken in by the bimorph. The effectiveness λ for a constant load is defined as the ratio of the energy transferred by the bimorph to the energy put in by the generator. Optimal thickness ratio and elastic compliance ratio between the non-piezoelectric and piezoelectric materials for maximum effectiveness are presented.
Cefamandole Therapy in Anaerobic Infections

Thirty-one adult patients with infections due to anaerobic bacteria were treated with cefamandole. Bacteroides fragilis group (17) and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (13) were the most frequent anaerobes isolated. Duration of therapy varied from 2 to 49 days. Results were judged satisfactory in 26 cases, and unsatisfactory in 1 case. Four cases could not be evaluated. Adverse reactions occurred in 16 patients and included positive direct Coombs9 test without hemolysis, transient liver function abnormalities, phlebitis, reversible neutropenia, fever, eosinophilia, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The more significant reactions were associated with prolonged therapy. None was lethal. These data suggest that cefamandole is effective in treatment of most anaerobic infections.
The carotinoids and vitamin A of the blood

Summary The observations recorded in this paper clearly indicate the effect of the intake of carotene and xanthophyll upon the carotinoid content of the plasma. Relatively large amounts of those substances may pass through the placenta to the fetus. Vitamin A probably also passes through the placenta, but the fetus may also be able to form vitamin A from carotene. Normal infants and older persons readily absorb carotene from the diet or from solutions of carotene in oil, but the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of absorption of vitamin A. The low carotinoid content of the diet in early infancy and in the winter months explains the lower concentration of carotene and xanthophyll in the first six months of life and in the winter months. The mean vitamin A concentration of the plasma in normal persons reaches a constant level soon after birth and is not affected by season. The variations between single determinations are great. Infection causes a prompt and considerable fall in the concentration of carotene, xanthophyll and vitamin A in the plasma. This fall is due, in part, to low intake during infection, but is also due, in part, to fever. A few days after the temperature becomes normal, the vitamin A content of the plasma may rise considerably above normal. Xanthosis cutis in normal persons, in diabetics, and in hypothyroidism is associated with an increase of carotene in the plasma, less often of xanthophyll. In severe untreated diabetes the tissues may not be able to metabolize carotene rapidly. In nephrosis and in severe chronic nephritis hypercarotinemia may occur without xanthosis cutis. In Bright's disease the level of plasma vitamin A may be greatly elevated, probably because the liver fails to store it. In hypothyroidism the carotinoids of the plasma may be elevated and the vitamin A may be low. Successful treatment with thyroid substance corrects the anomaly. In celiac disease the carotinoids and vitamin A are not readily absorbed.
On Lagrangian dynamics and its control formulations

This paper exploits the equivalence between constrained dynamics problems and a class of tracking control problems. An alternative derivation of the modern formulation of Parczewski and Blajer [J. Appl. Math. 56 (1989) 676-684] is presented, including some new analysis on the ''almost singular'' case, followed by a critique of the classical Lagrangian formulation. In addition, a new formulation which allows the constraints to be satisfied approximately is presented. A general closed-loop control law which depends on a user-specified threshold of constraint errors, @e, is proposed, transforming the default DAE problem into a stiff ODE initial-value problem which can be routinely solved on computers. It is shown that certain explosively unstable open-loop systems may be stabilized by the use of closed-loop control using a small but finite @e. An example is worked out using both the open-loop and the closed-loop control formulations.
Magnetic characterization of ion-beam sputter deposited permalloy thin films

Abstract Ni 80 Fe 20 thin films were deposited using a wide range of process parameters in a dual source ion-beam sputter deposition system. The films were characterized magnetically, structurally and chemically. Depending on specific deposition conditions, film stress varied from slightly tensile to highly compressive in both deposition modes. This combined with small variations in magnetostriction resulted in films with vertical anisotropy and stripe domain patterns as well as conditions where well formed closure domain patterns were observed in yoke-shaped structures. For the monolithic films, easy-axis coercivities of
EXPECTED ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF 42AR

Abstract Recent estimates [1,2] of the atmospheric 42Ar concentration are likely to be low due to neglect of cosmic-ray production via the reaction 40Ar(α,2p) in the upper atmosphere. The calculations in this letter lead to an expected ratio of 42 Ar 40 Ar of roughly 10−20, compared with existing experimental [2,3] and theoretical upper limits of 10−18 and 1.3 × 10−23, respectively.
The competition state today: from raison d’État to raison du Monde

In a globalising world, states are undergoing a fundamental transformation in their underlying rationality, what Foucault has called ‘governmentality’. Raison d’Etat is being superseded by a transnationalising, globalising rationality that I call raison du Monde, at the core of which is the imperative of maintaining and promoting competitiveness in a world marketplace and multi-level political system – the Competition State. The state still has a major national yet paradoxical role to play – to expose the domestic to the transnational in order to ensure that citizens keep up with the multiple pressures and demands of that increasingly interpenetrated political, economic and social ecosystem. The foreign or external is thereby being internalised. In this process the state is becoming increasingly pluralistic, although, to be viable and effective groups must widen and deepen their transnational connections. There is thus an ongoing struggle between those groups that can capture the benefits of globalisation...
Long-term prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension with associated congenital heart defects.

Background —Although long-term prostacyclin (PGI2) has been shown to improve hemodynamics, quality of life, and survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, its use in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and associated congenital heart defects (CHD) has not been evaluated. Methods and Results —Twenty patients (15±14 years) with PHT and associated CHD (9 atrial septal defect, 7 ventricular septal defect, 4 transposition of the great vessels, 3 patient ductus arteriosus, 3 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, and 1 aortopulmonary window) who failed conventional therapy (including digitalis; diuretics; oxygen; warfarin; calcium channel blockade, if indicated; and surgery, if operable) were treated with chronic PGI2. Eleven patients had previous cardiac surgery at a median age of 3 years (range, 5 days to 47 years). Eleven of 20 patients had residual systemic to pulmonary shunts. Hemodynamics, NYHA functional class, and exercise capacity were measured at baseline and after 1 year of PGI2 therapy. None of the patients acutely responded to PGI2 administration. Despite lack of an acute response, mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased 21% on chronic PGI2: 77±20 to 61±15 mm Hg ( P <0.01, n=16). Cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistance also improved on long-term PGI2: 3.5±2.0 to 5.9±2.7 L · min−1 · m−2 ( P <0.01, n=16), and 25±13 to 12±7 U · m2 ( P <0.01, n=16), respectively. NYHA functional class improved from 3.2±0.7 to 2.0±0.9 ( P <0.0001, n=19). Exercise capacity increased from 408±149 to 460±99 m ( P =0.13, n=14) on long-term PGI2. Conclusions —Chronic PGI2 improves hemodynamics and quality of life in patients with PHT and associated CHD who fail conventional therapy. As previously demonstrated in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, long-term PGI2 may have an important role in the treatment of patients with PHT and associated CHD.
Primordialist Blinders: A Reply to I. M. Lewis

I. M. Lewis and I obviously disagree about how to interpret the collapse of the Somali state and the pattern of southern violence that followed. Lewis favors a primordialist interpretation of the 1990s warfare in Somalia, arguing that the traditionally aggressive nature of Somali culture and traditional solidarities maintained within the Somali segmentary lineage system explain the violent breakdown of the Somali state and the widespread victimization of interriverine communities in the ensuing years of warfare. To support his view, Lewis characterizes Somalis as "pervasively bellicose," cites a 16th-century account of the Muslim conquest of Ethiopia that both discusses Somali "guerrilla warfare" and names specific clans and lineages to demonstrate the enduring nature of Somali lineage segmentation and warlike values. He then claims that his view is shared by contemporary Somali scholars and provides a brief description of Somalia's segmentary lineage system drawn from his previous writings. In contrast, I suggest that we might come to a fuller understanding of Somalia's breakdown and the pattern of southern violence by investigating the tensions generated within Somalia's 20th-century political economy and by acknowledging the distinctions that have served to stratify and hierarchize Somalia's population on the basis of racialized statuses, "purity" of heritage, occupation, region, and language.
Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract Objective: To determine the ability of neonatal clinical, audiologic, and computed tomography (CT) findings to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Methods: Longitudinal cohort study of children (n = 41) with symptomatic congenital CMV infection evaluated at birth and followed up with serial age-appropriate neurodevelopmental testing. The performance of birth characteristics as predictors of long-term outcome were determined, and clinical and CT scoring systems were developed and correlated with intellectual outcome. Results: Microcephaly was the most specific predictor of mental retardation (100%; 95% CI 84.5-100) and major motor disability (92.3%; 95% CI 74.8-99). An abnormality detected by CT was the most sensitive predictor for mental retardation (100%; 95% CI 82.3-100) and motor disability (100%; 95% CI 78.2-100). A highly significant ( P 90. There was no association between sensorineural hearing loss at birth and cognitive outcome. However, children with sensorineural hearing loss on follow-up (congenital and late-onset) had a lower IQ/DQ ( P =.006) than those with normal hearing. Conclusions: The presence of microcephaly at birth was the most specific predictor of poor cognitive outcome in children with symptomatic congenital CMV infection, whereas children with normal findings on head CT and head circumference proportional to weight exhibited a good cognitive outcome. (J Pediatr 2001;138:325-31)
FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN ELECTROPLAQUE OF THE ELECTRIC EEL

The electroplaques composing the electric organ of the eel, Electrophorus electricus , have been utilized for the dual purpose of demonstrating the subcellular sites of acetylcholinesterase activity and as a model for comparison of the several cytochemical methods available. Fresh tissue and tissue fixed by immersion in formalin, hydroxyadipaldehyde, or glutaraldehyde was reacted with the Cu-thiocholine method, the Cu-ferrocyanide thiocholine method, or the thiolacetic acid (TAA) method using Pb, Ag, or Au as capture reagents. Controls were obtained by omission of substrate, or by addition to complete media of varying concentrations of different cholinesterase inhibitors. Reactions were run at 0–5°C at a pH range of 5.0–7.1 for 0.25 to 120 min. Regardless of the capture metal, the localization obtained with TAA as substrate was identical with that observed with acetylthiocholine, the majority of precipitate being deposited on or near the external innervated surface of the plaque and within the tubulovesicular organelles opening onto the innervated surface. Both of the thiocholine methods and the Pb-TAA method showed reaction product in synaptic vesicles of the nerve endings innervating the plaque which was uninhibitable by 10-4 M physostigmine. All methods also showed some inhibitor-sensitive deposition of reaction product in the mucoid material forming the immediate extracellular environment of the innervated surface.