cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conserved interaction that is essential for the biogenesis of histone locus bodies.

Nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia locus (NPAT) and FLICE-associated huge protein (FLASH) are two major components of discrete nuclear structures called histone locus bodies (HLBs). NPAT is a key co-activator of histone gene transcription, whereas FLASH through its N-terminal region functions in 3′ end processing of histone primary transcripts. The C-terminal region of FLASH contains a highly conserved domain that is also present at the end of Yin Yang 1-associated protein-related protein (YARP) and its Drosophila homologue, Mute, previously shown to localize to HLBs in Drosophila cells. Here, we show that the C-terminal domain of human FLASH and YARP interacts with the C-terminal region of NPAT and that this interaction is essential and sufficient to drive FLASH and YARP to HLBs in HeLa cells. Strikingly, only the last 16 amino acids of NPAT are sufficient for the interaction. We also show that the C-terminal domain of Mute interacts with a short region at the end of the Drosophila NPAT orthologue, multi sex combs (Mxc). Altogether, our data indicate that the conserved C-terminal domain shared by FLASH, YARP, and Mute recognizes the C-terminal sequence of NPAT orthologues, thus acting as a signal targeting proteins to HLBs. Finally, we demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of human FLASH can be directly joined with its N-terminal region through alternative splicing. The resulting 190-amino acid MiniFLASH, despite lacking 90% of full-length FLASH, contains all regions necessary for 3′ end processing of histone pre-mRNA in vitro and accumulates in HLBs.
Targeted Expression of csCSF-1 in op/op Mice Ameliorates Tooth Defects

Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the tooth phenotype of CSF-1-deficient op/op mice and determine whether expression of csCSF-1 in these mice has a role in primary tooth matrix formation.
Coronary vascular hemodynamic and permeability changes during reperfusion after no-flow ischemia in isolated, diltiazem-treated rabbit hearts

Effects of diltiazem on coronary vascular functional integrity were assessed in isolated rabbit hearts during reperfusion after 30 min of global, no-flow ischemia. External detection of radiolabeled albumin, [125I]bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA), and compartmental-model analysis were used to estimate the mean transit time of [125I]BSA (tBSA), vascular volume (V1), and vascular into extravascular space clearance (F21) for [125I]BSA. Perfusion pressure, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure, LV developed pressure, maximum +dP/dt, and V1 remained constant during 5 h of continuous perfusion, while tBSA and F21 gradually increased (1.5 and 2.4 times baseline, respectively). Diltiazem, 4 microM, increased total water content (8.5%) and decreased perfusion pressure (11%), LV developed pressure (22%), and +dP/dt (24%) in nonischemic control experiments, but did not significantly affect estimates of V1, extracellular space, tBSA, or albumin permeation. During reperfusion after 30 min of ischemia, V1 increased 40% and perfusion pressure increased 60%, while tBSA and F21 increased three and eight times baseline, respectively. LV developed pressure and +dP/dt returned to control levels, even though the water content and extracellular space of ischemic hearts were increased significantly. Diltiazem, 4 microM, blocked ischemia-reperfusion-induced increases in water content, extracellular space, vascular resistance, V1, and vascular permeability to [125I]BSA, without reducing LV developed pressure or +dP/dt relative to nonischemic diltiazem controls. These results suggest that protection of ischemic myocardium by diltiazem is mediated, at least in part, by preservation of vascular functional integrity.
Approximate rotation curve solutions for the evolution of a viscous protogalactic disk

The problem of evolution of viscous protogalactic disks is examined. A modification of traditional turbulent viscosity theory is proposed which is based on the premise that the eddies are so small and numerous that each eddy can be considered to be large molecule. The radial flow term is omitted from the viscosity equation to make it tractable, and the radial flow is later reintroduced via the requirement of gravitational balance within the disk. The main result is a family of rotation curves that, as the system evolves, serially reproduces most types of observed rotation curves. With the use of Seiden's star formation theory, the present model produces an exponential-like luminosity profile whenever stars form and the viscous action ceases.
Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade in coronary artery disease

New strategies for profound inhibition of platelet activity at the injured coronary plaque focus on blockade of the platelet surface membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, which binds circulating fibrinogen or von Willebrand factor and crosslinks platelets as the final common pathway to platelet aggregation. Intravenous agents directed against this receptor include the chimeric monoclonal antibody fragment abciximab, the peptide inhibitor eptifibatide and nonpeptide mimetics tirofiban and lamifiban. Over 33,000 patients have been evaluated in 11 large-scale, placebo-controlled trials of these agents. During percutaneous coronary intervention, an absolute reduction of 1.5% to 6.5% in the 30-day risk of death, myocardial infarction or repeat urgent revascularization has been observed, with some variability in treatment effect among the agents tested (abciximab, eptifibatide and tirofiban). Treatment effect is achieved early with every modality of revascularization and is maintained over the long-term (up to three years). Increased bleeding risk may be minimized by reduction and weight-adjustment of concomitant heparin dosing. In the acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation, absolute 1.5% to 3.2% reductions in 30-day rates of death or myocardial (re-) infarction have been achieved with two to four day courses of eptifibatide or tirofiban. Clinical benefit accrues during the period of drug infusion and is durable. Treatment effect may be enhanced among patients undergoing early coronary revascularization, with evidence of stabilization before intervention and suppression of postprocedural ischemic events. Thus, blockade of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor reduces ischemic complications when used as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention or the management of acute ischemic syndromes.
GMR in sputtered Co/sub 90/Fe/sub 10//Ag multilayers

A broad overview of giant magnetoresistance (GMR), structure, and magnetic properties of DC magnetron sputtered (Co/sub 90/Fe/sub 10//Ag) multilayer films as a function of both CoFe and Ag thicknesses is presented.
096 Keynote presentation: 50 years of the Society for Cryobiology

During the past 50 years, the Society for Cryobiology with its journal Cryobiology , has been the primary leader in the field thanks to the many pioneers and their scientific colleagues and progeny who have contributed and disseminated research in low temperature biology and medicine. In 1940, B.J. Luyet published the treatise “Life and Death at Low Temperature” and is credited with being the Father of Cryobiology. The accidental discovery by Polge, Smith and Parkes, in 1949, of glycerol as an effective cryoprotectant for spermatozoa and later red blood cells stimulated great interest in freeze preservation. Research on freezing cells and other biological materials was rapidly initiated by many research laboratories in academia and industry in the early 1950s and 1960s. This increase in low temperature research became international and soon required venues for disseminating new findings. In the United States, the first organized assemblies of interested scientists were held at the large multi-disciplinary FASEB meetings in Atlantic City, New Jersey each year. One of the first large meetings devoted entirely to cryobiology took place in Buffalo in the early 1960’s and it soon became obvious to a group of attendees that there was sufficient interest to form a society. In 1964, the Society for Cryobiology was founded, with B. J. Luyet selected as its first President. Simultaneously, the Society initiated the publishing of Cryobiology, the International Journal of Low Temperature Biology and Medicine with T.I. Malinin as its first Editor-in-Chief. Interest and research in cryobiology expanded rapidly with many institutions being established in the United States, Canada, England, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Japan among others. Many smaller societies devoted to cryobiology, cryomedicine, cryosurgery, and cryogenic technology were spawned. In recent years, the Society has recognized those outstanding scientists who have had a scientific impact and contributed significantly to the science of cryobiology, generated outstanding scientific offspring, and contributed service to the Society, by establishing the category and distinguished honor of FELLOW of the Society for Cryobiology. This presentation will highlight those who were the early outstanding scientists instrumental in establishing the scientific foundation of a society devoted to cryobiology, and which is now celebrating 50 years of progress. Source of funding: None declared. Conflict of interest: None declared. awrowe@aol.com
The Projective Way of Knowing: A Useful Heuristic That Sometimes Misleads

For many purposes, people need a reasonably good idea of what other people know. This article presents an argument and considers evidence that people use their own knowledge as a basis for developing models of what specific other people know in particular, that they tend to assume that other people know what they know. This is a generally useful heuristic, but the assumption is often made uncritically, with the consequence that people end up assuming that others have knowledge that they do not have.
Neural and behavioral correlates of emotion recognition in children and adults

Event-related potentials (ERPs), accuracy scores, and reaction times were used to examine the recognition of emotional expressions. Adults and 7-year-old children saw upright and inverted chromatic slides of the facial expressions of happiness, fear, surprise, and anger, and were asked to press a button for either "happy" or "angry" faces. A positive-going waveform (P300) was apparent at parietal scalp (Pz) and at left and right temporal scalp. Although the behavioral data were similar for both children and adults (e.g., both had more difficulty recognizing angry expressions than happy ones, and angry expressions were more difficult to recognize upside-down than were happy faces), the ERPs indicated that children responded differently than adults did to happy and angry expressions. Adults showed greater P300 amplitude to happy faces, while children showed greater P300 amplitude to angry faces. In addition, for adults, but not children, there were greater P300 amplitude responses at right vs. left temporal scalp.
A cluster aggregation scheme for ozone episode selection in the San Francisco, CA Bay Area

Cluster analysis is used to determine groups of 8-h ozone episodes occurring between 1996 and 2003 in the San Francisco, CA Bay Area that have similar spatial distributions for ozone composition. An ensemble of randomly initialized runs of a nonhierarchical clustering algorithm (k-means) is aggregated to form a single, hierarchical solution. A proper range for the number of clusters represented in the ensemble ensures a converging, reproducible labeling of the episode days. Four clusters are identified which correspond to different meteorological regimes favorable to ozone buildup. Two modes have anomalous wind patterns likely influenced by offshore low pressure systems and are not representative of summer weather systems in the Bay Area. The other two clusters capture stagnation of the boundary layer more typical of the Bay Area summer season. One dominant cluster indicates a persistent synoptic state producing some of the highest temperatures and lowest wind speeds during the years studied. The final cluster, often occurring on the last day of multi-day exceedance periods, represents an atmospheric transition state from stagnant to more ventilated conditions. The study region can be decomposed into several geographical subregions, each with a single mechanism capable of producing episodes under certain meteorological conditions. Two inland regions are affected by stagnation due to weak marine layer flow, a local valley by precursor transport driven by differential heating, and the region closest the ocean by reversal of the typical shoreward marine flow.
Closed-loop random vibration control of a shaker table with a microcomputer

Abstract Electromagnetically actuated vibrating platforms designed for fatigue testing of assemblies have been available for some time. These platforms are primarily designed for extended duration, constant-amplitude sinusoidal excitation for stress testing of aerospace and military products, and are frequently available at considerably reduced prices. In the original design, operation was neither closed-loop nor capable of swept-frequency output. One of the objectives for this study is to design and renovate a used shaker table into a state-of-the-art vibration testing station. The methods by which such an electromagnetic force generator is converted for utilization as a closed-loop materials testing station is described. This paper also discusses using a microcomputer as a viable, cost-effective alternative for short duration tests as opposed to more sophisticated and costly equipment. For certain applications, a microcomputer can be configured into a dynamic vibration system to control the desired random vibration imposed on a structure. In this case, the control signal (a digital signal from the microcomputer) can be generated for a given spectral density function.
Searching under Cups for Clues about Memory: An Online Demonstration

An online demonstration, designed to enhance comprehension of Sternberg's (1966) short-term memory scanning task, involved rapidly searching under virtual cups for a ball. We randomly assigned students to 1 of 3 groups, all of whom read the same textbook description of Sternberg's work: A demonstration group used 3 search methods to look for balls under cups (analogous to searching items in memory), a graphing control group used 3 methods to click on buttons (both groups had equivalent practice examining reaction time graphs), and there was a text-only control. The demonstration group outperformed the controls on an online quiz.
Mosquito ecdysteroid receptor: Analysis of the cDNA and expression during vitellogenesis

An insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), plays an important role in regulating egg maturation in mosquitoes. To better understand its role, we cloned the cDNA coding for the putative ecdysteroid receptor from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (AaEcR). The 4158 bp AaEcR cDNA has an open reading frame of 675 amino acids with 10 potential glycosylation sites and a putative phosphorylation polyserine domain. The AaEcR has a DNA binding domain with two zinc fingers and a ligand binding domain characteristic of members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. These AaEcR domains share 97 and 87% identities with the respective domains of the Drosophila ecdysteroid receptor (DmEcR). However, the A/B region of the AaEcR shares 35% identity with that of DmEcR-B1 isoform. The F region, located at the carboxyl-terminal of the AaEcR, has only 9% identity with the corresponding region of DmEcR. Potential nuclear targeting and dimerization signals are also present in the AaEcR sequence. There are three AaEcR transcripts of 4.2 kb, 6 kb and 11 kb in adult mosquitoes. 4.2 kb mRNA is predominantly expressed in female mosquitoes during vitellogenesis. In both the fat body and ovaries of the female mosquito, the level of AaEcR mRNA is high at the previtellogenic period and after the onset of vitellogenesis (6 h post blood meal, PBM).
Why cultural awareness matters to American medicine

THE SPIRIT CATCHES YOU AND YOU FALL DOWN: A HMONG CHILD, HER AMERICAN DOCTORS, AND THE COLLISION OF TWO CULTURES. By Anne Fadiman. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. 341 pp. $13.00 U.S.
Mesh quality improvement for SciDAC applications

Accurate and efficient numerical solution of partial differential equations requires well-formed meshes that are non-inverted, smooth, well-shaped, oriented, and size-adapted. The Mesquite mesh quality improvement toolkit is a software library that applies optimization algorithms to create well-formed meshes via node movement. Mesquite can be run standalone using drivers or called directly from an application code. Mesquite can play an essential role in the SLAC accelerator design program as a component in automatic shape optimization software and in manufacturing defect-correction studies to smoothly deform meshes in response to geometric domain deformations guided by the optimization of design parameters. Mesquite has also been applied to problems in fusion, biology, and propellant burn studies.
Young bilingual learners at home and school: researching multilingual voices

Young bilingual learners at home and school: researching multilingual voices, by Rose Drury, Stoke-on-Trent, UK, Trenthan Books, 2007, iv+113 pp., $29.95 (Paperback) ISBN 13:9781858563558 Young Bil...
Intracranial Myeloid Metaplasia: Diagnosis by CT and Fe52 Scans and Treatment by Cranial Irradiation.

A patient with longstanding agnogenic myeloid metaplasia developed a progressive dementia. CT scanning demonstrated multiple intracranial masses, and a Fe52 bone marrow scan demonstrated erythroid activity within the masses and confirmed the suspicion of extra-medullary hematopoiesis. A potentially hazardous biopsy was avoided, and a course of cranial irradiation was administered, resulting in regression of the masses and clearing of the patient's dementia. Fe52 scintigraphy provides a specific and useful diagnostic approach which may eliminate the need for invasive procedures.
Integrated Thermoelectric–Thermal System Resistance Optimization to Maximize Power Output in Thermoelectric Energy Recovery Systems– CORRIGENDUM

Thermoelectric energy recovery is an important technology for recovering waste thermal energy in high-temperature industrial, transportation and military energy systems. Thermoelectric (TE) power systems in these applications require high performance hot-side and cold-side heat exchangers to provide the critical temperature differential and transfer the required thermal energy to create the power output. Hot-side and cold-side heat exchanger performance is typically characterized by hot-side and cold-side thermal resistances, Rh,th and Rc,th, respectively. Heat exchanger performance determines the hot-side temperature, Th, and cold-side temperature, Tc, conditions when operating in energy recovery environments with available temperature differentials characterized by exhaust temperatures, Texh, and ambient temperature, Tamb. This work analytically defined a crucially important design relationship between (P/Pmax) and (Rh,th / Rc,th) in TE power generation systems to determine the optimum ratio of (Rh,th / Rc,th) maximizing TE system power. A sophisticated integrated TE device / heat exchanger analysis was used, which simultaneously integrates hot- and cold-side heat exchanger models with TE device optimization models incorporating temperature-dependent TE material properties for p-type and n-type materials, thermal and electrical contact resistances, and hot side and cold side heat loss factors. This work examined the (P/Pmax) - (Rh,th / Rc,th) relationship for system designs employing single-material and segmented-material TE couple legs with various TE material combinations, including bismuth telluride alloys, skutterudite compounds, and skutterudite / bismuth telluride segmented combinations. This work defined the non-dimensional functional relationships and found the optimum thermal resistance condition: (Rh,th / Rc,th)opt > 10 to 30 created the maximum power output in TE optimized designs for various TE material combinations investigated. The non-dimensional relationships were investigated for various electrical contact resistances, differing thermal loss factors, and at various hot-side/cold-side temperature conditions. This work showed that the non-dimensional functional relationships were invariant under these differing conditions. It was determined that a condition of (Rh,th / Rc,th) = 1 creates power output far below maximum power conditions. The (P/Pmax) - (Rh,th / Rc,th) relationship also dictated certain temperature profile conditions, defined by the parameter, (Th – Tc) / (Texh – Tamb), which were directly associated with design points in this relationship including maximum power points. The value of (Th – Tc) / (Texh – Tamb) was generally less than 0.5 at maximum power conditions in TE energy recovery designs using TE materials investigated here. The wide-ranging ramifications on TE energy recovery systems and their design optimization for industrial and transportation-related applications are discussed.
Reconfigurable optical filter based on digital mirror arrays

We present a reconfigurable optical filter with multiple passband channels based on the combination of a diffraction grating and an array of digital micromirrors. The filter allows for adjustment of the central frequency of its individual passband channels to match standard wavelength grids with precision better than 0.033 nm. The number of channels, the channel passband width, and the channel peak profile can be dynamically reconfigured by changing the periodic pattern imposed to the digital micromirror array. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with basic design relations describing the spectral characteristics of the filter.
Effect of 5-HT3 receptor over-expression on the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.

Background: Drug discrimination studies using selective antagonists and agonists have suggested that 5-HT 3 receptors may modulate ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects. However, conflicting data between laboratories leaves the issue of 5-HT 3 receptor involvement in ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects in question. The present study utilized transgenic mice that over-express 5-HT 3 receptors in conjunction with traditional pharmacological techniques to examine the contribution of 5-HT 3 receptors to ethanol's discriminative stimulus. Methods: Ten 5-HT 3 over-expressing (5-HT 3 OE) and 18 B6SJL wild-type (WT) mice were trained to discriminate 1.5 g/kg ethanol from saline in daily 15 min, milk reinforced operant sessions. After training, ethanol substitution and response-rate suppression dose response curves were determined for ethanol, midazolam, dizocilpinc, cocaine, mCPP, MD-354, YC-30 and MDL-72222. Antagonism tests combining ethanol with MDL-72222 and ondansetron were also conducted. Results: The 5-HT 3 OE and WT mice learned the ethanol discrimination in a comparable number of training sessions. Similar patterns of substitution were generated in both groups of mice for most test drugs. 5-HT3 OE mice were more sensitive to the rate suppressing effects of dizocilpine and MDL-72222 than were WT mice. Neither of the 5-HT 3 antagonist tested significantly attenuated ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects in either 5-HT 3 OE or WT mice. Conclusions: The results of the present study are consistent with a minimal role of 5-HT 3 receptors in transducing ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects. Over-expression of 5-HT 3 receptors does not alter the relative efficacy of GABA A positive modulators or NMDA antagonists for producing ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects. However, 5-HT 3 receptor over-expression does appear to modulate the response-rate altering effects of the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine, and the 5-HT 3 antagonist, MDL-72222.
On Generic Categorization

Generic categorization has been utilized by communication researchers in a variety of contexts. That categorization can be divided into interpretive/heuristic and ontological/ empirical approaches. These two broad approaches are built on very different assumptions and the interpretive approach might be better thought of as a forin of metaphorical analysis. Within the ontological approach, conventional definiticns of genre are unsatisfactory and situational definitions too vague. A revised perspective avoids these difficulties by recognizing that situations are complexes of needs, purposes, and societal limitations that in turn create a set of strategic constraints, which perceptually limits the rhetor. This distinction is illustrated via a case study of a recent controversy concerning a National Academy of Science study of the homeless. In the final section a number of conclusions are suggested for genre theory.
Relational aggression in marriage

Drawing from developmental theories of relational aggression, this article reports on a study designed to identify if spouses use relationally aggressive tactics when dealing with conflict in their marriage and the association of these behaviors with marital outcomes. Using a sample of 336 married couples (672 spouses), results revealed that the majority of couples reported that relationally aggressive behaviors, such as social sabotage and love withdrawal, were a part of their marital dynamics, at least to some degree. Gender comparisons of partner reports of their spouse's behavior revealed that wives were significantly more likely to be relationally aggressive than husbands. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that relational aggression is associated with lower levels of marital quality and greater marital instability for both husbands and wives. Implications are drawn for the use of relational aggression theory in the future study of couple conflict and marital aggression.
Therapeutic potential of targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for Parkinson's disease.

SUMMARY Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder predominantly characterized by motor symptoms including bradykinesia and resting tremor. The gold standard of treatment for PD remains dopamine replacement therapy, which eventually fails due to continued progression of the disease and the development of debilitating side effects. Recent breakthroughs are providing the first major advances in the development of fundamentally new pharmacological strategies for the treatment of PD that do not rely on dopamine replacement strategies, but rather aim to reduce the overactive indirect pathway within the basal ganglia. In this article, we will review the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors within the basal ganglia and discuss the potential for modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors as a treatment for PD.
Impairment of nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles during infusion of nicotine.

The effects of nicotine on nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles remain uncertain. Our first goal was to examine whether infusion of nicotine alters NOS-dependent ...
Estimating Efficacy of Trivalent, Cold-adapted, Influenza Virus Vaccine (CAIV-T) against Influenza A (H1N1) and B Using Surveillance Cultures

The authors report on a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label study, conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season in Temple-Belton, Texas, of the protective effectiveness of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (CAIV-T) in children aged 18 months-18 years. The dominant circulating strains in 2000-2001 were influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) and influenza B/Sichuan/379/99. Children had access to CAIV-T during the 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001 influenza seasons. The vaccine included influenza A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2) and B/Beijing/184/93-like (B/Ann Arbor/l/94) strains in all three seasons. The vaccine included A/Beijing/262/95 (H1 N1) in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, which was replaced by A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1 N1) in 2000-2001. When medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) was used as the outcome, the protective effectiveness for children vaccinated in 2000 was 18% (95% confidence interval (CI): 11, 25). Based on a combination of a validation sample of surveillance cultures and the MAARI outcome, protective efficacy against combined influenza A (H1 N1) and B was 79% (95% Cl: 51, 91). The efficacy estimate, after accounting for missing influenza culture status, against influenza A (H1N1) alone was 92% (95% Cl: 42, 99) and against a new variant of influenza B alone was 66% (95% CI: 9, 87). CAIV-T provides substantial protection against a mixture of influenza A (H1N1) and B. Results demonstrate the powerful potential of using validation sets for outcomes in vaccine field studies.
Density, Distribution, and Attributes of Tree Cavities in an Old-Growth Tropical Rain Forest

Tree cavities are a critical resource for many animals, especially as nesting sites for birds. Patterns of cavity distribution in temperate forests are well studied, yet little is known of cavities in tropical forests, despite a hypothesized decrease in cavity availability with decreasing latitude. We studied cavity density and distribution in a wet lowland tropical forest in Costa Rica and compared our results with estimates from forests around the world. Cavities at our site were common, occurred frequently in living trees, and were often formed by damage or decay rather than by woodpeckers. Most cavities had small openings, and woodpecker-created cavities were nonrandomly oriented. Contrary to prediction, cavity density appears to increase from the poles to the tropics. We suggest potential mechanisms to explain these patterns.
Can We Image the “Active” Thrombus?

Thrombus formation after the disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque is fundamental to the onset of acute coronary syndromes and progression of atherosclerotic disease. The importance of thrombosis in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease has been supported by the significant clinical benefits associated with the use of antithrombotic agents.1 Thrombin is a major agonist for platelet activation and, thus, thrombus formation. Thrombin is generated through the interaction of the tissue factor contained in the lipid-rich core of the disrupted atherosclerotic lesions and the flowing blood. The generated thrombin activates and recruits circulating platelets to the injured area. Thrombin, by converting fibrinogen into fibrin, anchors the forming thrombus onto the disrupted surface. In addition, several other processes including thrombus stabilization, embriogenesis, angiogenesis, and cell migration and proliferation are also modulated by thrombin. See page 1929 Because of the central role played by thrombin in thrombogenesis, the inhibition of thrombin activity and/or generation is the objective of several antithrombotic regimens. Despite their demonstrated clinical benefits, unfractionated and low molecular …
Evaluating gastric erosion in band management: an algorithm for stratification of risk.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic gastric banding has several known complications, including gastric erosion. No clear factors have been determined for the development of band erosion, but technical factors such as covering the buckle of the band have been implicated. The objective of the present study was to determine whether band management after surgery, band size, or filling beyond the manufacturer-determined maximal volume has an effect on the incidence of erosion at a university hospital in the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospective institutional review board–approved database. All patients who had been followed from 2002 to 2008 were identified. The maximal band volume was 4 cm 3 for the 9.75-cm/10-cm band and 10 cm 3 for the Vanguard band. The bands were considered overfilled if they had been filled to greater than the maximal volume for ≥3 months. Results A total of 2437 patients had undergone Lap-Band surgery. Of these 2437 patients, 14 developed erosion (.57%). The primary erosion rate was .39% (9 of 2359). These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the type of band placed: group 1, Vanguard (n = 735); group 2, 9.75-cm/10-cm band (n = 1624); and group 3, revisions to Vanguard, including a band placed around a bypass (n = 78). The incidence of gastric erosion by group was .95% (7 of 735) in group 1, .12% (2 of 1624) in group 2, and 6.41% (5 of 78) in group 3. The difference in the erosion rate among the groups was significant (group 1 versus 2, P = .005; group 3 versus 1, P = .003; and group 3 versus 2, P = .001). Erosions developed in each group without overfilling. Also, comparing the erosion rate in the overfilled versus underfilled bands, statistical significance was found only for group 1 at 3.18% versus .35% ( P = .006). The erosion rate in the overfilled versus underfilled was 1.01% versus .07% in group 2 and 11.11% versus 3.92% in group 3. Conclusion A band that needs to be overfilled might be a sign of erosion, and patients should undergo endoscopy. Band revision has a greater rate of erosion than primary banding. The Vanguard band has a greater risk of erosion than the 4-cm 3 bands.
GBSAA radar with altitude processing supporting UAS in the NAS

▪ Repurposes existing Digital Airport Surveillance Radar (DASR) & Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) FAA & DoD assets for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) GBSAA operations in US National Airspace — Use existing NAS-Certified ATC assets with certification and install-base for lowest cost.
Social-self interaction and achievement behavior

This article describes a dynamic model of achievement in which social influences are internalized and used self-regulatively by learners. The conceptual focus is social cognitive theory with emphasis on triadic reciprocality and phases of self-regulatory development. Social (instructional) factors, self (personal) influences, and achievement outcomes (behaviors) reciprocally interact during learning; the direction and strength of reciprocal influence will vary due to level of skill acquisition and phase of self-regulatory development. Research is summarized on social modeling, self-verbalization, and goals with progress feedback; each involves social transmittal of skills and strategies and a means for learner internalization. The social cognitive perspective is contrasted with other theoretical views that highlight the role of the social environment in learning. This article concludes with suggestions for future research.
Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government

The political institutions under which we live today evolved from a revolutionaryideathatshooktheworldinthesecondpartoftheeighteenth century: that a people should govern itself. Nevertheless, if we judge contemporary democracies by the ideals of self-government, equality, and liberty, we find that democracy is not what it was dreamt to be. This book addresses central issues in democratic theory by analyzing the sources of widespread dissatisfaction with democracies around the world. With attention throughout to historical and cross-national variations, the focus is on the generic limits of democracy in promoting equality, effective participation, control of governments by citizens, and liberty. The conclusion is that, although some of this dissatisfaction occurs for good reason, some is based on an erroneous understanding of how democracy functions. Hence, although the analysis identifies the limits of democracy, it also points to directions for feasible reforms.
Centralized or decentralized control of school resources? A network model

The typical school district in the US consists of a central office overseeing primary, middle and high schools. The school district budget is allocated between the central administration and the constituent schools, who can spend these funds on personnel and non-personnel. We model this allocation problem as a network data envelopment analysis problem which solves for the technically efficient allocation of the budget within the district. The goal is to identify the allocation which yields the best aggregate performance for each school district in our sample. In our examination of 70 school districts in the Dallas, Texas area we find that test scores could be increased by approximately five normal curve equivalent (NCE) points by campuses reducing technical inefficiency and by an additional four NCE points by optimally reallocating the school district budget. Our illustrative model suggests that school districts could increase achievement test scores if more of their budgets were spent on campus personnel like teachers and less on non-personnel items like supplies, and if personnel resources were reallocated from the secondary to the elementary level. Furthermore, while the average school district in our sample allocates 21 % of their budget to the central office, our network model indicates that if resources were optimally allocated, the average school district would allocate only 16 % of their budget to the central office.
GENDER, ROYALTY, AND SEXUALITY IN JOHN GOULD'S BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA

WHEN THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGIST and bird illustrator John Gould launched his monumental publication on The Birds of Australia late in 1840, the cover of the serial parts bore the image of the lyre bird (Menura superba) and a prominent dedication, “by permission,” to the young and recently-married Queen Victoria (Correspondence 2: 213; see Figure 4). A few months later, issuing the part with the plate and descriptive text for the lyre bird, Gould declared Menura superba “an emblem for Australia among its birds” (Birds of Australia vol. 3, plate 14; see Figure 5). This visual juxtaposition of Victoria and the lyre bird also reflected an association between them in Gould's mind, the lyre bird serving as emblem not only for the Australian colonies but also for their Queen. The association became more explicit and was extended to include Victoria's Consort in the decades that followed, for although The Birds of Australia was completed in 1848, Gould issued irregular supplemental installments during the 1850s and 60s and published a two-volume Handbook to the Birds of Australia in 1865. One of the first discoveries Gould announced and figured in the Supplement was a new species of lyre bird, which he named Menura alberti in 1850 to acknowledge Prince Albert's “personal virtues” and “liberal support.” In 1862, in a tribute likely inspired by the recent death of the Prince, Gould divided Menura superba into two species and christened the newly-created one Menura victoriae, thereby providing his grieving queen with an avian namesake to accompany Albert's.
On the Nature of Emotion Regulation.

This paper presents a unitary approach to emotion and emotion regulation, building on the excellent points in the lead article by Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue), as well as the fine commentaries that follow it. It begins by stressing how, in the real world, the processes underlying emotion and emotion regulation appear to be largely one and the same, rendering the value of the distinction largely for the benefit of analysis. There is an extensive discussion of how the same processes can generate emotions (i.e., are constitutive of emotion) and account for variability of manifestation of emotion in context (i.e., regulate them). Following an extensive review of many of the principles involved in emotion and emotion regulation, the paper presents implications for developmental study of infants and children, includes several methodological recommendations, and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which contemporary affective neuroscience contributes to the study of emotion and emotion regulation.
Correlation of staging systems to survival in patients with resected hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract Background We aimed to identify staging parameters associated with survival in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Clinicopathologic characteristics were obtained retrospectively for all resected patients with Bismuth-Corlette III cholangiocarcinoma between 1993 and 2011. Patients were stratified by the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) (7th edition) and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) staging systems. Survival analyses tested the effects of clinicopathologic factors and staging covariates on recurrence-free and overall survival. Results Eighty patients (mean age 63 ± 11 years, 63% male) underwent anatomic hepatectomy with bile duct resection/reconstruction for Bismuth-Corlette IIIa (53%) and IIIb (47%) cholangiocarcinoma. The median follow-up was 26 months (interquartile range = 12 to 50 months), and the median time to recurrence was 15 months (interquartile range = 6 to 38 months). Neither AJCC nor MSKCC staging systems were associated with recurrence-free survival (all P ≥ .059). MSKCC T-stage but not the AJCC staging system was associated with overall survival ( P ≤ .026). Conclusions MSKCC T-stage classification but not AJCC staging is independently associated with overall survival for patients after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Depressive Symptoms and 3-Year Mortality in Older Hospitalized Medical Patients

Depressive symptoms are associated with long-term mortality in older patients hospitalized with medical illnesses. This association is not fully explained by greater levels of comorbid illness, fun...
Mass and Momentum Transports by Organized Convection: Effects of Shear and Buoyancy

Abstract The dynamical theory of mass and momentum transport by organized convection, produced by Moncrieff, is extended using a hydrodynamical model, a two-dimensional buoyant model, and a quasi-three-dimensional buoyant model. Each is characterized by three relative flow branches that idealize the structure of squall-line cloud systems. Despite the physical and structural diversity, a clear similarity in mass and momentum transports holds for the entire hierarchy, such as the negative-dominant momentum flux by systems propagating in the positive x-direction. Shear and buoyancy are shown to alter the details but not the overall nature of the dynamical transports. In particular. both mass and momentum fluxes are insensitive to the Froude numbers in the hydrodynamical model. The two-dimensional buoyant model enhances the momentum flux amplitude but has a much less noticeable impact on mass fluxes. In contrast, the three-dimensional buoyant model has a larger mass flux and raises the heights of the mass and...
Entrance-exit distributions for Markov additive processes

Let X be a standard Markov process, and let S be a perfectly additive increasing process with conditionally independent increments given the paths of X. Then, (X, S) is a Markov additive process. Let C be the random time change associated with S, and put Z t − =X(C t -), Z t + =X(C t ), R t − =t-S(C t -), R t + =S(C t )-t. When the state space of X is finite, Getoor [5] has recently obtained the joint distribution of these variables in terms of a triple Laplace transform. Here, the same is obtained explicitly by using renewal theoretic arguments along with the results on Levy systems of (X, S) given in Cinlar [4]. These results are useful in reliability theory and in the boundary theory of Markov processes.
Policy Target Populations and Public Participation in Agency Decision Making

ABSTRACTWhy are some government agencies more open to public input than others? Although many agree about the normative desirability of involving citizens in administrative decision making, there is significant variation across agencies in the extent of public participation. This article investigates the conditions under which public managers solicit greater public participation. We argue that, in addition to normative rationales, participation also serves instrumental considerations related to agency constituency. We draw on a rich body of literature examining participation in the policy process to develop empirically testable hypotheses about the patterns of participation in the administrative decision making of public agencies. Using data on the approaches to gathering citizen input in the budget process at four state departments—environmental protection, transportation, child protective services, and corrections—we find that the characteristics of target populations (namely, their political power and ...
Adaptive Emergency Response to Water Distribution System Contamination Events

Approximately 90% of the U.S. population receives water from one of 170,000 public water utilities. Despite the ubiquity of this infrastructure, its importance for public health, and increased risk of terrorism, many aspects of emergency management for water supply systems remain at an undeveloped stage. Past efforts have mainly focused on static response which does not consider system dynamics and many changes that occur after contamination starts. To effectively cope with contamination threats, however, the emergency response needs to be adaptive in that it should account for the changing circumstances of contamination and previous actions taken by managers and consumers as well as the stream of new threat information which become available as emergency proceeds. This article describes an ongoing study for development of simulation-optimization models for adaptive emergency response to a contamination event. Dynamic optimization and event-driven programming is applied to create decision aid tools that support emergency managers in making timely and effective decisions.
Cariprazine for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder.

PURPOSE To review the data regarding a new antipsychotic, cariprazine. CONCLUSIONS Cariprazine is a dopamine D3, D2 partial agonist, with greater affinity to D3. It has been examined for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, bipolar depression, and unipolar depression. It has demonstrated efficacy in schizophrenia and mania, and has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, it has a more inconsistent effect in depression, both unipolar and bipolar. Adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, and gastrointestinal distress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Cariprazine will be a promising addition in the treatment of patients with acute mania and schizophrenia.
Four Wheel Differential Steering Model for Omnidirectional Electric Chassis Applied in Off-road Vehicles

Omnidirectional electric chassis has such functions as four wheel independent driving and steering. In the basis of Akermann-Jeantand's two wheel steering model,four wheel differential steeringmathematical model for omnidirectional electric chassis is studied. The relationships of angle and speed among the four wheels are established which solves the key issues in the process of differential steering control for four wheels. By use of the four wheel differential steering mathematical model,the differential steering control for four wheels of omnidirectional electric chassis can be realized.It is obviously that the four wheel differential and inverse phase steering mode can make the turning radius reduce by half,which is very important to improve the flexibility and controllability of omnidirectional electric chassis.