cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of linear algebra in information retrieval and hypertext analysis

Information retrieval is concerned with representing content in a form that can be easily accessed by users with information needs [61, 651. A definition at this level of generality applies equally well to any index-based retrieval system or database application; so let us focus the topic a little more carefully. Information retrieval, as a field, works primarily with highly unstructured content, such as text documents written in natural language; it deals with information needs that are generally not formulated according to precise specifications; and its criteria for success are based in large part on the demands of a diverse set of human users. Our purpose in this short article is not to provide a survey of the field of information retrieval for this we refer the reader to texts and surveys such as [25, 29, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 701. Rather, we wish to discuss some specific applications of techniques from linear algebra to information retrieval and hypertext analysis. In particular, we focus on spectral methods the use of eigenvectors and singular vectors of matrices and their role in these areas. After briefly introducing the use of vector-space models in information retrieval [52, 651, we describe the application of the singular value decomposition to dimensionreduction, through the Latent Semantic Indexing technique [14]. We contrast this with several other approaches to clustering and dimension-reduction based on vector-space models.
Characteristics of high‐latitude vertical plasma flow from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

[1] We have examined characteristics of the vertical O+ flux in the topside high-latitude ionosphere from measurements of the vertical ion drift and ion number density made by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 spacecraft from June 1996 to January 1997, June 1998 to January 1999, and June 2001 to January 2002. In the polar cap the vertical ion flux is, on average, downward at all locations. However, in the auroral zone the ion flux is highly structured, and a net upward flux is produced primarily by spatially and temporally confined events containing upward fluxes in excess of 109 cm−2s−1. These dominant high-flux events tend to be produced more commonly by high densities rather than by high velocities. The range of vertical velocity and number density changes with season and solar cycle with greater variability in the vertical velocity occurring during winter and at lower levels of solar activity. There is also evidence that the vertical fluxes are a function of the interplanetary magnetic field, with upward fluxes in the auroral zones for negative Bz and upward fluxes in the polar cap for positive Bz.
tPA: A neuron buster, too?

Studies in knockout mice suggest that the clot busting drug tPA harms neurons; experience in acute ischemic stroke patients says otherwise (pages 228–231).
Studies on the functional significance of the transmembrane location of invertase in Neurospora crassa

The uptake of glucose, fructose, and allose by Neurospora was shown to be energy-dependent, to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and to display competition in certain combinations. Neurospora was shown to be unable to transport sucrose into cells. After hydrolysis of the disaccharide by transmembrane invertase, only the glucose moiety enters the cell at a significant rate. The possibility was tested that invertase releases product (s) in an oriented fashion that favors transport into the cell. The experimental results do not strongly support this possibility. Results roughly similar to those given by sucrose were obtained by use of the artificial substrate allosucrose; in the latter case, a weakly oriented release of products may have been detected.
On quantum fields satisfying a given wave equation

Existence and uniqueness questions are treated for quantum fields on R × S1 satisfying the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (□ + m2)φ + λ:P′(φ):ν = 0, where P is a given real polynomial, bounded below, and ν is the physical vacuum. When λ > 0 is sufficiently small, there exists a solution, but it need not be unique unless ν is required to depend continuously on λ in certain sense. In particular, there exist two unitarily inequivalent solutions of the equation (□ + m2)φ + λ:φ3:ν = 0, for λ > 0 Sufficiently Small.
Conversion of intrasporal trehalose into reducing sugars during germination of Nosema algerae (Protista: Microspora) spores: a quantitative study.

. Carbohydrates were extracted from dormant, stimulated and germinated spores of Nosema algerae. Concentrations of total sugars were measured by the Anthrone test. Non-reducing sugars were quantified by NaOH hydrolysis followed by the Anthrone reaction, and reducing sugars by the Nelson's test. Glucose was measured by the o-toluidine test and a glucose oxidase assay. The concentrations of trehalose in the cytoplasm of the dormant, ungerminated spore was estimated to be in excess of 1.0 M. Trehalose decreased by 70% during the five-minute course of germination. All of the lost trehalose was converted to reducing sugar of which 70–78% was glucose. The osmotic potential increase caused by catabolism of trehalose appears to be sufficient for germination.
Detection of breast microcalcifications using synthetic-aperture ultrasound

Ultrasound could be an attractive imaging modality for detecting breast microcalcifications, but it requires significant improvement in image resolution and quality. Recently, we have used tissue-equivalent phantoms to demonstrate that synthetic-aperture ultrasound has the potential to detect small targets. In this paper, we study the in vivo imaging capability of a real-time synthetic-aperture ultrasound system for detecting breast microcalcifications. This LANL's (Los Alamos National Laboratory's) custom built synthetic-aperture ultrasound system has a maximum frame rate of 25 Hz, and is one of the very first medical devices capable of acquiring synthetic-aperture ultrasound data and forming ultrasound images in real time, making the synthetic-aperture ultrasound feasible for clinical applications. We recruit patients whose screening mammograms show breast microcalcifications, and use LANL's synthetic-aperture ultrasound system to scan the regions with microcalcifications. Our preliminary in vivo patient imaging results demonstrate that synthetic-aperture ultrasound is a promising imaging modality for detecting breast microcalcifications.
Effects of Training and Detraining on the Distribution of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and Nitrogen in Tissues of Albino Rats

The effects of standardized exercise training and detraining on the content of cholesterol, triglyceride, and nitrogen in blood, myocardium, skeletal muscle, and epididymal fat of rats were studied. Forty-eight 90-day-old male rats were randomly assigned to four groups (two control groups, one trained group, and one trained and detrained group). Trained rats were subjected to 8 weeks of moderate running in motor-driven wheels; detraining was effected by discontinuing the running program for 8 weeks. Rats were provided a standard diet and water ad libitum. Trained rats displayed lower body weights and resting bradycardia. Training lowered (P <0.01) serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and adipose triglyceride levels but had no effect on these lipids in heart or skeletal muscle. These lowered lipid levels persisted after 8 weeks of detraining even though body weight was regained rapidly. Total nitrogen content was higher (P <0.01) in myocardial and triceps muscles of both trained and trained-detrained rat...
Computational experience with an algorithm for tetrangle inequality bound smoothing.

An important component of computer programs for determining the solution conformation of proteins and other flexible molecules from nuclear magnetic resonance data are the so-called “bound smoothing algorithms”, which compute lower and upper limits on the values of all the interatomic distances from the relatively sparse set which can usually be measured experimentally. To date, the only methods efficient enough for use in large problems take account of only the triangle inequality, but an appreciable improvement in the precision of the limits is possible if the algebraic relations between the distances among each quadruple of atoms are also considered. The goal of this paper is to use a recently improved algorithm for computing these “tetrangle inequality limits” to determine just how much improvement really is possible, given the types of experimental data that are usually available.
Studies on the effects of structure on the behavior of enzyme systems

The effects of structural features on various properties of enzyme systems are studied. Some of the effects are: in a homogeneous reaction, enzyme compartmentalization decreases the rate; in a heterogeneous reaction, compartmentalization increases the rate. The steady-state concentration of intermediates is larger in a non-uniform than in uniform systems. Periodicities do not generally occur in the common kinetic systems; they do occur in autocatalytic systems, but compartmentalization reduces their probability of occurrence. The conditions for overshoot are different for uniform and non-uniform systems. Multiple stable steady states are not a common occurrence among biologically typical reactions; they do occur in combined autocatalytic and surface systems (a mechanism for the gener position effect is suggested by this property). The local pH is affected by the enzyme aggregation as well as by the geometry of the enzyme structure. A 2-step system can give rise to the characteristic rate vs. pH curve, where the optimum is not necessarily at isoelectric point. The expression for the osmotic pressure inside a spherical particle is deduced. The pressure is shown to be dependent on the radius. The rate inside a cell particle is shown to be determined by the shape of the particle.
Zinc and copper balance in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We monitored serum zinc and copper levels for 4 months in six patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Zinc and copper fluxes were studied during a single dialysis exchange and over a 3-day period. Routine oral trace element supplements were then discontinued for 2 months. Serum zinc levels declined but serum copper levels remained unchanged. One month after oral supplements had been restarted, serum zinc levels returned to normal and serum copper levels rose above initial values. Zinc and copper concentrations in dialysis exchange indicated that the patients absorbed zine and lost copper in significant amounts. The patients had poor dietary intakes of both minerals. These data suggest that patients treated with CAPD benefit from oral zinc supplementation.
The isolation of upper management

D espite having been discussed for years, the problems of centralization, autocratic management style, and poor communication linkages between top management and the rest of the firm still plague American business. A key reason why these problems still exist is because they are discussed as separate issues and in an excessively simplistic manner. They are, in reality, a manifestation of interrelated causes and must be dealt with as such. Because there is more than one cause, there is also more than one solution, and they too.are interrelated. The atypical solution is to decentralize decision making. When applied singularly and carried to an extreme, it can cause an organization to suffer from a loss of lateral coordination without reducing upper management’s sense of isolation. However, when decentralization is combined with enlarging the spans of control of most managers and having top managers accept the responsibility for more two-way communication with lower level managers, a very different situation evolves. Decentralization allows upper managers more free time to talk with, and listen to, lower levels. Larger spans of control reduce the number of vertical levels while broadening each one. This in turn facilitates developing informal groups and teams. Still, the solution does not end here, for these actions need the support of very different evaluation processes and reward systems. Current systems need restructuring. The problem of upper management isolation never will be eliminated. Not one of the proposed individual solutions singularly will solve the problem. However, all of them in combination can reduce it to a manageable size.
Collision detection for spacecraft proximity operations

A new collision detection algorithm has been developed for use when two spacecraft are operating in the same vicinity. The two spacecraft are modeled as unions of convex polyhedra, where the resulting polyhedron may be either convex or nonconvex. The relative motion of the two spacecraft is assumed to be such .that one vehicle is moving with constant linear and angular velocity with respect to the other. Contacts between the vertices, faces, and edges of the polyhedra representing the two spacecraft are shown to occur when the value of one or more of a set of functions is zero. The collision detection algorithm is then formulated as a search for the zeros (roots) of these functions. Special properties of the functions for the assumed relative trajectory are exploited to expedite the zero search. The new algorithm is the first algorithm that can solve the collision detection problem exactly for relative motion with constant angular velocity. This is a significant improvement over models of rotational motion used in previous collision detection algorithms.
Motilin in the Purkinje cell of the cerebellum

None of the brain peptides has been demonstrated to be present in significant amounts in the cerebellum1,2. The only effector substance known in the Purkinje cell, whose axon carries the integrated output of the cerebellar cortex, is the decarboxylated residue of glutamic acid3–6. An antiserum raised against synthetic porcine gut motilin and directed at the midportion and carboxyl end of the 22-amino acid polypeptide7 shows, in anatomically intact rat, mouse and human cerebellum, that most Purkinje cells contain motilin or a closely related substance8. We report here that motilin-absorbable immunoreactivity is evident from the spines of tertiary dendrites, through the cell body and axon, to nerve endings terminating, as expected, in the deep cerebellar nuclei and, unexpectedly, on nerve cells of some brain stem nuclei. In addition to its obvious functional implications, motilin is thus an important marker with which to re-examine the organization and projections of Purkinje cells, their ontogeny and their response to injury.
Cytoplasm-chromosome interactions in Drosophila melanogaster

INSTANCES of exceptionally high frequencies of mutation1, male recombination2, chromosomal aberration3 and sterility4 have been observed, often simultaneously5–8, in many natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster during the past thirty years. In some cases2,6,8, these exceptional phenomena seem to be associated with chromosomes but not necessarily with specific loci. Tests for an infectious agent have given negative results2,4. Cytoplasmic factors, interacting with specific chromosomes, have been implicated in a few cases4,7 but in many others the experimental design did not provide for their detection. We report large differences in male recombination and F1 sterility between reciprocal crosses of strains derived from temporally and geographically diverse natural populations and several commonly-used laboratory marker and balancer stocks. Cytoplasm–chromosome interactions are suggested.
Focal plane instrumentation: A very high resolution MWPC system for inclined tracks

Abstract A focal plane system has been developed for the MIT energy-loss magnetic spectrometer. The arrival time information from adjacent wires of one MWPC (s = 2 mm), is used to trace particle trajectories with a position resolution of 120 μm (2σ) and an angular resolution of less than 17 mrad (2σ). The tracks are inclined to the MWPC at about 45°. The readout uses 3 delay lines connected to successive sence wires in a cyclical pattern. Coarse wire positions are determined by differences and drift times by sums of signal arrival times at the ends of the delay lines. A Cherenkov counter provides a fiducial signal. Interpolation is independent of drift velocity since the drift is normal to the sense plane. A similar readout with a second chamber provides position information perpendicular to momentum plane. This information is used to correct on-line for focal plane curvatures and other spectrometer aberrations. Final momentum resolution is about 10−4.
Market‐driven journalism: Creating special sections to meet reader interests

A major shift has occurred since the 1970s in the way newspapers do business, largely due to the impact of marketing research on newsroom decisions. Research used to identify and meet the needs of the newspaper‐reading public has become a way of doing business in an increasingly competitive media climate. This national survey of executive and managing editors randomly selected from the Editor and Publisher Yearbook tracks the trend in the USA of creating special sections to meet readers’ interests as identified through marketing and focus group research. It also found that the newsroom staff was responsible for the production of these sections. Previous research has focused on the evolution of marketing practices in newsrooms. This research statistically documented these practices as a national trend.
Image and figure quality: A study of Elsevier's Earth and Planetary Sciences electronic journal back file package

After purchasing Elsevier's Earth and Planetary Sciences electronic journal back file package, problems with image and figure quality in articles became evident. Personnel at Elsevier verbally committed to rescanning any issues having at least one image or figure of unacceptable quality, if staff at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign would identify the problem issues. A study of 35 titles in the Earth and Planetary Sciences back file package revealed that, of the 6038 issues published before digital format was available, 73.6% had at least one image with unacceptable quality. The implications of poor image quality in electronic journals should be considered when libraries are deciding whether to discard print copies. Publishers and librarians should work together to ensure that print journals converted to digital format are of acceptable quality.
Demographics, family histories, and psychological characteristics of prostate carcinoma screening participants

BACKGROUND The goals of this study were to 1) understand the reasons that men seek prostate carcinoma screening, in light of the ongoing medical controversy surrounding screening; and 2) assess the level of psychological distress and perceived risk among men seeking screening, and whether or not these variables were dependent on a man's family history of prostate carcinoma. METHODS The subjects were 126 men (40% had a family history of prostate carcinoma) who participated in a free prostate carcinoma detection program. Questionnaires, which were completed prior to prostate carcinoma screening, included demographic and medical information, reasons for screening participation, general and cancer-related psychological distress, and perceived risk for prostate carcinoma. RESULTS Among both family history groups, self-referral was the most common reason for attending the screening, compared with receiving a recommendation from a health professional or from a friend or family member. Men with a positive family history were not more distressed than those without a family history; but as the authors predicted, men with a positive family history of prostate carcinoma did report higher levels of perceived risk relative to those without a family history. In addition, an interaction revealed that psychological distress was greater among men with a family history only among those who also reported elevated perceived risk. CONCLUSIONS Similar to other prostate carcinoma screening programs, men in the current sample largely elected to attend the screening on their own. Furthermore, although perceived risk was higher among men with a family history compared with those without a family history, psychological distress was greater among men with a family history only among those who also reported elevated perceived risk. Thus, among men with a family history of the disease, perceived risk may be a marker of elevated psychological distress. Screening programs should assess family history and perceived risk because of the potential psychological implications for screening participants. Cancer 1999;85:1305–12. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Construction of spherical t-designs

Spherical t-designs are Chebyshev-type averaging sets on the d-dimensional unit sphere S d−1, that are exact for polynomials of degree at most t. The concept of such designs was introduced by Delsarte, Goethals and Seidel in 1977. The existence of spherical t-designs for every t and d was proved by Seymour and Zaslavsky in 1984. Although some sporadic examples are known, no general construction has been given. In this paper we give an explicit construction of spherical t-designs on S d−1 containing N points, for every t,d and N,N≥N 0, where N 0 = C(d)t O(d 3).
Biotechnological improvement of cotton fibre maturity

This mini-review focuses on the prospects and tools for controlling cotton fibre secondary wall thickness. Cotton fibre secondary walls are composed of almost 100% cellulose, and are responsible for fibre maturity and a large component of fibre yield. Improved fibre yield and maturity would result from the ability to control secondary wall cellulose deposition quantitatively, including making the process less sensitive to environmental stress. Both genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding are possible avenues for effecting such improvements, but first key genes that participate in the regulation and control of secondary wall cellulose biogenesis must be identified. Recent advances towards understanding and manipulating cotton fibre secondary wall deposition that are discussed here include: (i) experimental approaches to identify metabolic participants in cellulose biogenesis; (ii) isolation and characterization of promoters to drive foreign gene expression preferentially during secondary wall deposition; and (iii) a novel set of cDNA sequences representing genes that are differentially expressed during cotton fibre secondary wall deposition compared with primary wall deposition.
The Effect of Various Levels of Alfalfa Meal Upon the Development of Body Organs of Cockerels

Abstract REPEATED research work and common experience have demonstrated the high nutritional value of alfalfa in rations for poultry. Comparatively few observations have been made, however, on the influence of high and low levels of this important feedstuff on the gross anatomy. As alfalfa meal proportions are increased, the fiber content of the ration is also increased, but this is not the only modification introduced since alfalfa contains a good concentration of several essential vitamin factors. Any effect on body organ development may, therefore, be due to these factors as well as to fiber differences. One phase of some research work at the Nebraska Station, on the nutritive value of alfalfa meal in rations for growing chicks, permitted the use of 50 White Rock cockerels in each of two lots for study, with observations as are reported in this paper. Morris (1931) reported no effect on the growth or health of . . .
The Phosphatidylserine Receptor TIM-4 Does Not Mediate Direct Signaling

Summary Engulfment of apoptotic cells is an active process coordinated by receptors on phagocytes and ligands on apoptotic cells [1]. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is a key ligand on apoptotic cells, and recently three PtdSer recognition receptors have been identified, namely, TIM-4, BAI1, and Stabilin-2 [1–6]. Whereas BAI1 is dependent on the ELMO1/Dock180/Rac signaling module, and Stablilin-2 appears to use the intracellular adaptor GULP [2, 3, 7], little is known about how TIM-4 transduces signals downstream of PtdSer recognition [8]. To test the role of known engulfment signaling pathways in TIM-4-mediated engulfment, we used a combination of dominant-negative mutants, knockdown of specific signaling proteins, and knockout cell lines. TIM-4 appears to be largely independent of the two known engulfment signaling pathways [7, 9–17], yet the TIM-4-mediated uptake is inhibited by cytoskeleton disrupting drugs. Remarkably, a version of TIM-4 lacking its cytoplasmic tail promoted corpse uptake via PtdSer recognition. Moreover, replacement of the transmembrane region of TIM-4 with a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor still promoted engulfment comparable to wild-type TIM-4. Thus, the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail of TIM-4 are dispensable for apoptotic cell engulfment, and we propose that TIM-4 is a PtdSer tethering receptor without any direct signaling of its own.
NAT1 KNOCKDOWN RESULTS IN AN INSULIN RESISTANCE PHENOTYPE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

Our recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as a new candidate gene for insulin resistance. NAT2, and the mouse homolog Nat1, encode a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme which catalyzes biotransformation of various drugs and carcinogens. The aim of this
Artificial lung design: Tubular membrane units

The overall design of tubular membrane oxygenators is considered for three blood conditions: that of a normal adult, haemodiluted adult and new-born. Variations in blood viscosity and oxygen transfer due to the Fahraeus-Lindquist effect are taken into account as well as fabrication variables, including blood header length, potted tube length and packing density of the tubes. For a laminar rectilinear flow, 50 mm Hg≤pressure drop≤200 mm Hg, and practical fabrication parameters, there exists a range of tube diameters from 150 μm to 200 μm which give a minimum priming volume and small blood distribution (header) area. The analysis indicates that, with current construction techniques, low-pressure loss oxygenators are not feasible for adult total-bypass requirements. Such units can be practicable if transfer rates are increased with secondary mixing of the blood. For example, a threefold increase in the transfet rate reduces priming volume and header area by 50% of the unmixed flow values.
Occurrence of Leuco-Anthocyanin in Sour and Sweet Cherries

IN recent years there has been an increasing interest in the role of leuco-anthocyanins as possible precursors of anthocyanins in vivo. Evidence for and against this hypothesis has been presented by many workers, and reviewed by Alston1. In the course of the isolation and identification of the anthocyanin pigments of sour cherries2 and sweet cherries3 in this Laboratory, these fruits at two stages of maturity were examined for the occurrence of leuco-anthocyanins. Evidence was found for the presence of the leuco-anthocyanin related to cyanidin, which is also the single nucleus for the anthocyanin pigments in cherries2,3.
A Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of A Pseudomonic Acid Precursor from D-Arabinose or D-Xylose

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of multi-gram quantities of a pseudomonic acid precursor is described. Improvements on the literature synthesis of diacetyl arabinal from arabinose are also reported.
Factors Associated with Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Areas of the United States

Background: According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, an estimated 18.2 million Americans, or 6.3% of the population, has diabetes mellitus (DM). Approximately 90% of these individuals have type 2 DM. The most widely used clinical test for defining glycemic control is measurement of blood glycosylated hemoglobin (AIC). Objective: The goal of this study was to estimate the proportion of diabetic patients who achieved the AIC goal of _<7.0% in a rural western Pennsylvania practice and to determine the factors that influence the achievement of the AIC goal. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in a rural family medicine office in Clarksburg, Pennsylvania. To be included in the study, patients had to have been diagnosed with type 2 DM >2 years prior, had to be aged >18 years, and had to be adhering to a medical nutrition therapy diet. Both univariate analysis and logistic regressions were used to identify the factors that were associated with the outcome. Results: A total of 136 diabetic patients were included in the study (70 men, 66 women; mean [SD] age, 59.7 [15.2] years). AIC of 30 kg/m2), weight was not a factor in reaching AIC goal. The data showed that those patients who were older (62.3 vs 51.9 years; P = 0.004), using oral antidiabetic medication (96.1% vs 87.9%; P = 0.100), and not using insulin (86.3% vs 69.7%; P = 0.030) were more likely to achieve AIC goal. The proportion of patients achieving AIC goal levels decreased as the number of oral medications used increased. Conclusions: In this rural area of western Pennsylvania, the majority of our type 2 DM patients achieved glycemic control (ie, AIC <7.0%). The primary care physician, along with a DM care team, should address the issues of diet, exercise, weight management, and other comorbid illnesses to properly manage patients with type 2 DM. (Insulin. 2007;2:134-141)
Microsomal oxidases in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.)

Abstract Epoxidase, hydroxylase, and O -demethylase activities were studied in both larvae and adults of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.). In adult drone and worker bees, oxidase activity was observed only with intact tissues, particularly the midgut, and was lost completely on tissue homogenization. Homogenates and subcellular fractions from whole drone honey bee larvae exhibited oxidase activity and optimum in vitro assay conditions were established. The enzymes required NADPH and oxygen for maximum activity and were inhibited by CO and insecticide synergists. Electron micrographs of various subcellular fractions from drone honey bee larvae showed that oxidase activity was associated with smooth and rough vesicles probably derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Levels of oxidase activity were dependent on age in preparations from both adult insects and from drone larvae.
Cohesion in written narrative and procedural discourse of fifth-grade children

Abstract The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the relationship between cohesion and text quality in children's writing, (2) to compare different methods of measuring cohesion, and (3) to compare the cohesive properties of different genres. Narrative and procedural texts written by 30 fifth-grade children were analyzed using two sets of variables: number of cohesive ties, and measures related to cohesive harmony (Halliday & Hosan, 1985). Each text was also rated for communicative effectiveness. Results indicated that, first, correlations between measures of cohesion and rating scores varied from nonsignificant to highly significant. Second, for narratives, but not for procedures, measures of cohesive harmony were more strongly correlated with rating scores than were numbers of cohesive ties. Third, there were marked differences in cohesive properties across discourse types, indicating a higher degree of cohesiveness in the narrative texts. Results point to the multidimensional and contextspecific nature of cohesion, and suggest certain cautions in using cohesion as a measure of text quality.
Wages of War On Judgment in Plato's Republic

This essay argues that the Republic is, among other things, a meditation by Plato on the proximity of philosophy and war and on the dangers of that proximity for philosophy and politics. It is also Plato's reflection on the conduct, execution, and impact of a particular war, the panHellenic Peloponnesian War, in whose aftermath the dialogue was written and against whose backdrop it is set. Destabilizing settled rules of engagement and categories of identification, that war made especially urgent the practice of independent judgment and its virtues, whose inculcation, I show, amount to the education to philosophy that is the dialogue as a whole.
Covalent attachment of a messenger RNA to the Escherichia coli ribosome

Abstract Polyuridylic acid becomes covalently linked to the 30 S subunit of the ribosome when the polymer—ribosome complex is irradiated with ultraviolet light. The polymer bonds to 16 S RNA and also appears to attach to ribosomal proteins.
Inhibition of discharge in inferior colliculus, AII cortex and Ep cortex after presentations of click stimuli

Abstract A temporally related reduction of discharge in response to 70-dB clicks was identified in secondary auditory (A II ) cortex (48–56 ms after click), posterior ectosylvian (Ep) cortex (40–56 ms after click) and inferior colliculus (IC) (56–76 ms after click). Units in primary auditory (A I ) cortex, dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) did not demonstrate a significant reduction of discharge at comparable periods. Neurons of A I cortex showed increased activity 36–40 ms after click. The timing of the periods of inhibited discharge in A II , Ep and IC, taken with the earlier activation of A I , supported the hypothesis of an inhibitory auditory pathway emanating from A I , affecting secondary auditory cortical regions and IC.
Evaluation of intermittent infusion of bupivacaine into surgical wounds of dogs postoperatively

Thirty-one dogs were randomised to receive intermittent wound infusion of bupivacaine or saline after surgery. Wound pressure sensitivity, pain scores, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, analgesic drugs administered, time to walking and time to eating after surgery were recorded. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations were measured. The relative frequency distributions of the non-interventional and interventional pain scores, but not the relative frequency distributions of palpation pain scores or wound pressure sensitivity, were significantly different between groups following surgery. There was a significant difference between groups in the time to eating and in the amount and timing of analgesic drugs administered. Measured plasma bupivacaine concentrations demonstrated systemic absorption of the drug. Bupivacaine infusion into surgical wounds after surgery may improve post-operative recovery, but no effect on wound tenderness was demonstrated in this study.
Social Anxiety Predicts Aggression in Children with ASD: Clinical Comparisons with Socially Anxious and Oppositional Youth

The present study examined the degree to which social anxiety predicts aggression in children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD, n = 20) compared to children with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD, n = 20) or with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD, n = 20). As predicted, children with HFASD reported levels of humiliation/rejection fears commensurate with children with SAD and exhibited aggression at levels commensurate with ODD/CD, and a curvilinear relationship between social fears and aggression was found in the HFASD group only. Results indicate the possibility of an optimal level of social-evaluative fears that is unique for children with HFASD; too little social fear or too much may contribute to problems with aggression.
Consequences of light absorptance in calculating electron transport rate of desert and succulent plants

The proportional light absorptance by photosynthetic tissue (α) is used with chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence methods to calculate electron transport rate (ETR). Although a value of α of 0.84 is often used as a standard for calculating ETR, many succulent plant species and species with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have photosynthetic tissues that vary greatly in color or are highly reflective, and could have values of α that differ from 0.84, thus affecting the calculation of ETR. We measured ETR using Chl fluorescence and α using an integrating sphere in 58 plant species to determine the importance of applying a measured value of α when calculating ETR. Values of α varied from 0.55–0.92 with a mean of 0.82 across species. Differences between ETR values calculated with measured α values ranged from 53% lower to 12% greater than ETR values calculated with a standard α value of 0.84 and were significantly different in 39 out of 58 species. While measurements of ETR using Chl fluorescence represent a rapid and effective assessment of physiological performance, the value of α needs to be considered. Measurements of α, especially on species with light-colored or reflective photosynthetic tissue, will allow more accurate determination of photosynthesis in succulent and CAM species.
The SIT book: audio as affective imagery for interactive storybooks

We describe a working prototype built as part of our continuing research focus on new document genres and the crossmodal affordances of interactive audio. Our experimental SIT (Sound-Image-Text) Book is a personal interactive reading experience that combines the look and feel of a real book -- a beautiful cover, paper pages and printed images and text -- with the rich, evocative quality of a movie soundtrack. The soundtrack is multi-track and includes music and sound effects. The SIT Book uses electric field sensors located in the book binding to sense the reader's casual book handling and fingering of the page; these sensors control the ambient audio. The particular point of the SIT Book is to explore the use of background sound to provide a sense of place, and to add affectto the experience of reading a book without interrupting the flow of the story.
Ka-band high power pseudomorphic heterostructure FET

A 0.25 mu m gate-length, 900 mu m gate width doped-channel, pseudomorphic heterostructure FET with high output power and efficiency is reported. At 35 GHz output power is 658 mW with 3.2 dB power gain and 24% power-added efficiency. >
The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States.

Objective: Since January 1998, the Federal Drug Administration has required folic acid fortification of all enriched cereal-grain products in the U.S. This program intended to increase folic acid intake among women of childbearing age in order to decrease their risk of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects. The aim of this study was to explore the changes in serum and erythrocyte folate status of the adult U.S. population following folic acid fortification of enriched cereal-grain products and to explore accompanying changes in food sources and dietary total folate intake.Methods: We compared data from two National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES): NHANES III, conducted during 1988 to 1994, reflecting the time prior to folate fortification, and NHANES 1999–2000, reflecting the time period after fortification.Results: Mandatory folic acid fortification led to significant increases in both serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations in all sex and age groups. In the overall study popu...
Use of digitized fluorescein angiogram system to guide laser treatment of diabetic macular edema: a new technique.

We describe our technique to guide laser treatment in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema using a digitized fluorescein angiogram system. A pretreatment red-free photograph overlaid on a fluorescein angiogram is processed with the aid of the digitized fluorescein angiogram system in order to include all the important traces on it. The processed red-free image is used by the surgeon as a guide to the laser photocoagulation, improving treatment accuracy and safety for patients with diabetic macular edema.
Simplification of digital filtering algorithms using multirate concepts (Invited Paper)

ABSTRACT The polyphase decomposition of a sequence is an useful tool that has been used in multirate signal processingsuch as in the design of computationally efficient decirnators and interpolators, design of analysis/synthesisfilter banks, and development of fast discrete transform algorithms. This paper reviews a recently introducedgeneralization of the polyphase decomposition concept and outlines some of its applications in the simplifica-tion of digital filtering algorithms such as the design and implementation of finite-impulse-response (FIR) digi-tal filters, design of decimators and interpolators, and discrete Fourier transform computations. 1. INTRODUCTION In conventional digital signal processing systems, the sampling rates of signals are exactly the same at the in-put and the output, and at all internal nodes. On the other hand, there are situations where it is more conve-nient to consider digital signal processing systems characterized by unequal sampling rates at various stages inthe system. Some typical applications of such multirate systems include subband coding of signals, transferof data to and from systems with differing sampling rates, interconnection of frequency-division multiplex andtime-division multiplex telecommunication systems, etc. In many of these and other applications, the poly-phase decomposition of a sequence plays an important role. This paper reviews a generalization of the poly-phase decomposition concept and outlines its application in simplifying a number of digital filtering algo-rithms.
Cognitive Complexity and Political Preference

Data from 165 college students indicated that disliked political figures were more highly differentiated than liked political figures. These data replicate findings from previous studies and indicate the generality of the phenomenon investigated.
Biodegradation of oil and bioremediation of oil spills

Several exciting findings about the biodegradation of hydrocarbons have come to light over the past year. The most significant developments include the discovery of anaerobic hydrocarbon metabolism, the isolation of 4- or 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon utilizers, the finding that aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons may be metabolized by totally different microbial populations, and the demonstration that induction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon catabolic enzymes may depend upon the presence of simpler aromatic compounds. Bioremediation has been applied for the clean-up of major marine oil spills of refined petroleum products.
Application of the fast Fourier transform to two-dimensional wind tunnel wall interference

Wall interference corrections are evaluated from experimental wind tunnel wall pressure distributions using the Fourier solution for the Dirichlet problem in a rectangle. The series coefficients are computed by the fast Fourier transform, making the method very efficient and suitable as a practical wall correction procedure for two-dimensional wind tunnel data. The method is applicable to arbitrary subcritical wind tunnel walls and the knowledge of their cross-flow properties is not required. A practical example is given for the BGK 1 airfoil, tested at supercritical flow conditions in the 20% perforated wall test section of the NAE high Reynolds number wind tunnel.
Structural and kinetic analyses of macrophage migration inhibitory factor active site interactions.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a secreted protein expressed in numerous cell types that counters the antiinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids and has been implicated in sepsis, cancer, and certain autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, the structure of MIF contains a catalytic site resembling the tautomerase/isomerase sites of microbial enzymes. While bona fide physiological substrates remain unknown, model substrates have been identified. Selected compounds that bind in the tautomerase active site also inhibit biological functions of MIF. It had previously been shown that the acetaminophen metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), covalently binds to the active site of MIF. In this study, kinetic data indicate that NAPQI inhibits MIF both covalently and noncovalently. The structure of MIF cocrystallized with NAPQI reveals that the NAPQI has undergone a chemical alteration forming an acetaminophen dimer (bi-APAP) and binds noncovalently to MIF at the mouth of the active site. We ...
Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food

Several commercially available C-8 to C-24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (1-29) were assayed for cyclooxygenase-I (COX-I) and cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Among the saturated fatty acids tested at 60 microg mL(-1), there was an increase in antioxidant activity with increasing chain length from octanoic acid to myristic acid (C-8-C-14) and a decrease thereafter. All unsaturated fatty acids tested at 60 microg mL(-1) showed good antioxidant activity except for undecylenic acid (12), cis-5-dodecenoic acid (13), and nervonic acid (29). The highest inhibitory activities among the saturated fatty acids tested on cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-I and COX-II were observed for decanoic acid to lauric acid (3-5) at 100 microg mL(-1). Similarly, among the unsaturated fatty acids tested, the highest activities were observed for cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (25) and cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (27) at 100 microg mL(-1).
Review of Ethics in Mental Health Research by James M. DuBois

The burgeoning field of medical ethics raises complicated questions for mental health researchers. The critical issues of risk assessment, beneficence, and the moral duties researchers owe their patients are analyzed in James DuBois's well written Ethics in Mental Health Research.
Theoretical Effects of Hydroforming on Crashworthiness of Straight Sections

This paper considers the effect of hydroforming on the downstream crashworthiness for tubes. Three types of aluminum tubes were chosen as examples. Hydroforming will affect both strains and thickness of a tube, which will have opposite effects on the tubes mean crush load for crashworthiness. For hydroforming, the theoretical assumptions of no friction versus sticking friction will result in very different values for thickness, strains, stresses and mean loads when the corner radius is less than half the original tube radius. The theoretical effect on mean crush load can be as much as 25% different than without considering forming effects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Capturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated protein antigens by antibody affinity electrophoresis.

Modifications to antibody affinity electrophoresis for improved detection of proteins have been developed. The bifunctional linker glutaraldehyde is added to the polyacrylamide gel solution for better incorporation of the bait antibody into a distinct region of a 10% w/v polyacrylamide gel. The addition of glutaraldehyde alleviates the need of an electrophoresis buffer with a specific pH. The protein sample to be analyzed is treated with 2% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to ensure that they carry a negative charge. The negative charge will allow the proteins to migrate towards the cathode and hence pass through the area embedded with the bait antibody. It is observed that electrophoretic migration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or protein G ceases upon encounter with anti-BSA whereas proteins ovalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and myoglobin migrate freely. However, the addition of 0.1% w/v SDS in the native gel running buffer disrupts the antibody-antigen bond and neither BSA nor protein G can be captured by anti-BSA.
Geometric algebra for the High School Program

Plane affine geometry is developed from four axioms, up to the construction of a field (in general non-commutative), introduction of coordinates and derivation of equations for lines. The development is intended to be intelligible and rewarding to better high school students.