cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of cumulative annealing on the thermoelectrical parameters of overdoped (Sb, Bi)2 Te3 solid solutions

Abstract Experimental data are presented on the effect of cumulative annealings at 400°C and at 450°C in vacuo of n -type Bi 2 Te 3 , undoped Sb 1·5 Bi 0·5 Te 3 , and of overdoped Sb 1·5 Te 3 solid solutions. While Bi 2 Te 3 and undoped Sb 1·5 Bi 0·5 Te 3 show practically no change in thermoelectric parameters, indicating an excellent thermal stability during the annealing, the solid solutions overdoped with CdTe and AgI increase their thermoelectric power up to 100 per cent. This behavior could be tentantively explained on the basis of the precipitation phenomena and only partly on the basis of preferential evaporation. A general thesis is advanced that the figure of merit in semiconductor solid solutions with inherently low phonon thermal conductivity could be substantially improved by diffusional disintegration of supersaturated solid solutions and by the subsequent segregation of colloidal precipitates. In metallic solid solutions these precipitation phenomena produce an increase of the thermoelectric power and reduce the electrical resistivity.
GENETICS OF ANENCEPHALY AND SPINA BIFIDA

Abstract Data are presented on 1095 cases of anencephaly and spina bifida born in five maternity units in Rhode Island between 1936 and 1965. The risk of recurrence in siblings born after the first index case was 4·6%. The next sibling born after an affected child showed no greater risk than subsequent siblings separated from affected children by normal births. However, there was an indication that the risk for births five or more years after the index child might be lower than that for births within five years of an affected. In seven families where the mother remarried, there were 23 maternal half-sibs of an index case, and 3 of these were affected. The risk of recurrence in affected sibships declined substantially during a period when the incidence of these anomalies was declining in the general population. The risk of recurrence is probably higher in sibships with 2 affected cases than in those with only 1 affected sib. In eight consecutive series of cases there have been 108 instances of affected twins, in none of which was the co-twin affected. Case-reports of affected concordant twins have been published, but such instances seem to be extraordinarily rare. Furthermore, the sex-distribution in affected discordant sets gives no indication that like-sexed sets are being affected (and lost) any more frequently than unlike-sexed sets. The recurrence of these anomalies in sibships is as likely to be due to persistence or recurrence of environmental factors as to a common genetic inheritance.
Robust Longitudinal Control Design Using Dynamic Inversion and Quantitative Feedback Theory

The objective is to design low-bandwidth control laws that yield robust performance over a wide e ight envelope in the presence of 20% model uncertainties. This is achieved by using a hybrid controller in which a secondorder dynamic inversion transforms the nonlinear angle-of-attack dynamics to linear time-invariant form, while an outer loop, designed using quantitative feedback theory (QFT), ensures robust performance. The dynamic inversion reduces the plant variations due to nonlinearity, which are traditionally treated as uncertainty in QFT. Thereduced uncertainty allows lowercontrollerbandwidth fora givenlevel of performance. Thehybrid controller design is applied to the unstable, nonlinear, short-period dynamics of the F-16 aircraft and compared with a baseline QFT controller designed without dynamic inversion. Both designs provide satisfactory performance, but the baseline QFT controller requiresa bandwidth of around 4 ‐8 rad/s, whereasthe hybrid design has a bandwidth of only about 1 rad/s, leading to reduced demands on the control hardware. The success of the dynamic inversion depends strongly on the desired linear dynamics, and so recommendations are given on their selection. Nomenclature Cmtotal = nondimensional pitch moment coefe cient Cm®;Cmq;Cm±e = nondimensional partial derivative of Cmtotal with respect to ®;q, and ±e CXtotal;CZtotal = nondimensional coefe cient of x=z force N c = mean aerodynamic chord Iyy = moment of inertia about pitch axis M = aerodynamic pitch moment, M D N qSN cCmtotal m
Mobile robots for difficult measurements in difficult environments: Application to aging aircraft inspection

Abstract This paper describes a systematic approach to using robots to automate making difficult measurements in real-world environments. The approach is illustrated by a detailed description of the architecture's actual application to inspection of commercial aircraft for skin cracks and skin joint delamination. Several robot designs are evaluated; a small mobile robot with suction cup feet is found to be best in the practical context of commercial aircraft maintenance and inspection. Approaches are discussed for primary eddy-current flaw detection sensor signal understanding and for secondary vision-based guidance image understanding. The prospects for vision-based inspection are discussed.
Consequences of controlling free space within a reaction cavity with a remote alkyl group: photochemistry of para-alkyl dibenzyl ketones within an organic capsule in water

With the aim of controlling free space available for the reactants, photochemical reactivity of several 4-alkyl dibenzyl ketones included within a water-soluble self-assembled organic capsule (octa acid) has been investigated. One and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize the structure of the guest@host complexes. Free space controlled by the remote alkyl group influences the distribution of photoproducts. Correlation between the structures of the guest@host complexes and products selectivity suggested that the free space that could be controlled by a remote tether has a determining role during a photoreaction within the restricted space of the capsule. The fact that the same alkyl tether has no effect on the photobehavior of 4-alkyl dibenzyl ketones in hexane solution suggests that the role of substituents in free (solution) and restricted space (supramolecular assemblies) is different. The current observation suggests that rules of physical organic chemistry and photochemistry developed based on solution chemistry cannot be simply extended to supramolecular assemblies.
Limitations in the use of tubulin polymerization assays as a screen for the identification of new antimitotic agents: The potent marine natural product curacin A as an example

Curacin A is a newly isolated lipid natural product that binds in the colchicine site of tubulin and inhibits mitosis. We have examined its effects on tubulin polymerization, studied by turbidimetry, under three reaction conditions. In 1.0 M glutamate + 1.0 mM MgCl2, with a 37°C reaction temperature, we could find no concentration of curacin A that completely inhibited polymerization. A maximal inhibitory effect on turbidity development (about 50%) was observed with 5 mM drug. Higher drug concentrations induced an abnormal polymerization reaction, which at 40 mM differed little from the control reaction except for slightly delayed depolymerization in response to reducing the temperature to 0°C. In 0.8 M glutamate (no MgCl2), with a 30°C reaction temperature, complete inhibition did occur at 3–5 mM drug, but higher drug concentrations again induced an abnormal polymerization reaction. With 40 mM curacin A this reaction was also similar to the control reaction, except that cold-induced depolymerization was slightly enhanced relative to the control. When polymerization was induced by microtubule-associated proteins, maximal inhibition of turbidity development (about 70%) occurred with 2 mM drug, with higher curacin A concentrations inducing abnormal polymerization reactions that reached about 60% of the control turbidity readings. Under all three reaction conditions the polymer induced by high concentrations of curacin A consisted of large aggregates of tightly coiled spiral fibers that had a 2–3 filament substructure. The implications of these findings with curacin A are discussed in terms of the use of tubulin polymerization assays as a screen for identifying new antimitotic drugs. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Establishing Safe Levels of Occupational Exposure to Vinyl Halides

Abstract The facts that reduction of occupational vinyl chloride exposures to levels within or below the 0.5–5 ppm range has so far been successful in eliminating vinyl chloride-induced liver angiosarcoma and that humans appear to be less sensitive to the carcinogenic effect of vinyl chloride than rats offered an opportunity to verify or dispute risk assessment extrapolation models used, and proposed, by the U.S. EPA. Safe occupational vinyl chloride exposures were defined as levels associated with an incidence of one angiosarcoma in 100,000 exposed workers, determined from rat bioassay data using default no-threshold (linearized multistage model and benchmark dose approach with linear extrapolation) and threshold (NOEL/LOEL and benchmark dose uncertainty factor approaches) models, and then compared against the likely protective range of 0.5–5 ppm. Safe levels derived using either no-threshold model are equivalent and are two to three orders of magnitude below the 0.5–5 ppm range. Safe levels derived using either threshold model, when applying uncertainty factors which reflect equal or less sensitivity in humans compared to rats, fall within the 0.5–5 ppm range. Similar results were obtained for vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride. These results undermine the U.S. EPA default assumption of no-threshold for vinyl halides as well as for other DNA-reactive carcinogens while simultaneously supporting the notion that a practical threshold exists. They further suggest that when threshold models are appropriate, the default assumption of greater sensitivity in humans compared to rats should be carefully evaluated.
The Myogenic Regulatory Factor MRF4 Represses the Cardiac α-Actin Promoter through a Negative-acting N-terminal Protein Domain

Cardiac alpha-actin is activated early during the development of embryonic skeletal muscle and cardiac myocytes. The gene product remains highly expressed in adult striated cardiac muscle yet is dramatically reduced in skeletal muscle. Activation and repression of cardiac alpha-actin gene activity in developing skeletal muscle correlates with changes in the relative content of the four myogenic regulatory factors. Cardiac alpha-actin promoter activity, assessed in primary chick myogenic cultures, was activated by endogenous myogenic regulatory factors but was inhibited in the presence of co-expressed MRF4. By exchanging N- and C-terminal domains of MRF4 and MyoD, the N terminus of MRF4 was identified as the mediator of repressive activity, revealing a novel negative regulatory role for MRF4. The relative ratios of myogenic regulatory factors may have fundamental roles in selecting specific muscle genes for activation and/or repression.
Airway management and air medical transport.

A 5-year retrospective review of airway management by flight nurses was conducted to evaluate airway care and to determine the frequency of surgical cricothyrotomy. Intubation was attempted in 139 of 2548 air transports (5.5%). Nasal intubations were attempted in 51% of patients, with a success rate of 80%. Oral intubations were attempted in the remaining patients and in those patients in whom initial attempts at nasal intubation failed, with a success rate of 81%. The success rate for intubations was 72% in 1985, 95% in 1986, 92% in 1987, 97% in 1988, and 76% in 1989. Overall, 87% of patients were successfully intubated and surgical cricothyrotomy was required in only one patient. A greater success rate was achieved when intubations were performed before takeoff than during flight.
Organizational vs retrieval factors in the development of digit span

Abstract Three possible sources of memory span growth were tested with a modified version of the digit span task using subjects 6, 8, 11, and 19 years of age. There was no developmental trend in facilitation due to experimenter-imposed organization of the input strings, ruling out simple input-organizational theories. The notion that children are deficient at organizing retrieved information was also found to be untenable. The data support the view that older subjects use more selective retrieval strategies, strategies which are better suited to the encoded material. The largest improvement in retrieval selectivity occurred between sixth grade and college. Recency effects were smaller for the younger subjects than for older subjects, with first graders showing significantly less recency than third graders, sixth graders, and college students. Improved item identification during input may account for this finding.
Detection of endogenous biotin-containing proteins in bone and cartilage cells with streptavidin systems.

When utilizing streptavidin systems with Western blots of chondrocyte, osteoblast and osteoclast lysates, proteins of the molecular weights 116 kDa, 75 kDa and 67 kDa were observed to be bound by streptavidin alone. Streptavidin binding could not be blocked by pre-incubation with an RGD containing peptide. The same proteins were bound by ExtrAvidin which lacks the RGD sequence present in streptavidin. Pre-incubation with free biotin completely abolished the binding of both streptavidin and ExtrAvidin. The three proteins observed are believed to be the biotin containing carboxylases: pyruvate carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl carboxylase, and propionyl carboxylase. The findings of this study underscore the need to apply vigorous controls to distinguish between endogenous biotinylated proteins and biotin used as a means to amplify avidin detection systems since a wide variety of proteins with relevance to bone and cartilage biology have molecular weights similar to the biotin carboxylases.
Pure and mixed strategies for programmed trading in a periodic double auction

For programmed trading of electricity, cellular connection services, and other homogeneous goods in a periodic double auction, we consider rules for an efficient clearinghouse and conclude by suggesting discriminatory pricing over uniform pricing. When the transaction price is the bidding price, we suggest reporting the lowest transaction price of each period, encouraging marginal buyers by giving consolation awards to near-successful bidders, and discouraging marginal sellers by applying First-In-First-Out (FIFO) with shuffling to multiple offers that have the same reserved asking price. We differ from others in finding a loss of efficiency that accompanies entry by marginal sellers.
Ultrasonographic determination of ascitic volume

The purpose of this study was to develop a method by which ascitic volume can be calculated using transcorporeal ultrasonography, and to determine the accuracy of this method by comparison with the volume of distribution of a radiolabeled tracer (indicator dilution technique [IDT]). Subjects with ascites confirmed by ultrasonography were recruited from the San Francisco General Hospital Gastroenterology and Liver Clinics. With subjects in the prone position on their hands and knees, ultrasonographic measurements were obtained along the ventral surface of the abdomen. The greatest vertical depth of ascitic fluid was recorded, and the abdominal circumference was measured from this point. The ascitic fluid volume was modeled as a segment of a sphere. IDT was performed as the reference method by injecting 99mTc-labeled macroalbumin into the peritoneal cavity and determining the volume of distribution of the indicator. Nine patients were evaluated. The median volume of ascites measured by the IDT was 11.2 L (range, 1.5-17.0 L). The median volume calculated by the ultrasonographic method was 10.3 L (range, 1.2-18.0 L). The correlation coefficient between the ultrasonographic and IDT was 0.96 (P < .001). Our technique accurately determines the volume of ascites using simple ultrasonographic measurements.
Facial Lesions Negatively Impact Affect Display

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of facial lesions on affect display in patients as compared with individuals without lesions.Study DesignProspective randomized controlled experiment.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsForty-five normal observers viewed photographs of normal faces in repose and faces with lesions in repose. Observers classified the affect display of the patients and the normals using a survey containing choices of primary emotions and personal attributes. Latent class analysis was used to find the unmeasured or “latent” classes. Latent class regression was used to determine the impact of lesion size and location on class membership. Finally, lesion classes and normal classes were checked for differences.ResultsLatent class analysis identified 4 independent latent classes for faces with lesions. The normal data were best fit by 3 latent classes. As a group, faces with lesions were most likely to be classified as either negative-sad or negative-angry, accounting for ...
Estimating optimal complexity for ecological niche models: A jackknife approach for species with small sample sizes

Abstract Algorithms for producing ecological niche models and species distribution models are widely applied in biogeography and conservation biology. However, in some cases models produced by these algorithms may not represent optimal levels of complexity and, hence, likely either overestimate or underestimate the species’ ecological tolerances. Here, we evaluate a delete-one jackknife approach for tuning model settings to approximate optimal model complexity and enhance predictions for datasets with few (here,
The maximum likelihood method applied to the problem of multi-component decay

Abstract A method of multi-component decay analysis is presented using the maximum likelihood method instead of the least-squares method. The maximum likelihood method has been applied to the analysis of fission track data from experiments designed to produce elements 104–107, and has resulted in the best possible half-life estimates from data having only a few counts. It may also be applied to other cases where there are insufficient numbers of counts to make collection of data into time bins and least-squares analysis a valid procedure. The formulas for asymmetric error bars in the multi-component case are developed along with example computations.
Effects of changed contraception patterns on fertility in Taiwan: Applications of a non-Markovian stochastic model

Abstract Longitudinal data from Taiwan in the period 1963–1973 are used in an age-dependent non-Markovian Stochastic model of human reproduction to evaluate the effects of changing contraceptive technology and extended use patterns on fertility. The fertility experience of women claiming to be limiters up to the first unwanted pregnancy following acceptance of an IUD is considered. It is found that improved contraceptive technology, and especially changed switching patterns among methods, account for as much as a 50% decline in first pregnancy probabilities over the period studied.
Computer vision metrology via grazing-incidence imaging

A personal computer based vision metrology system for non-contact measurement of nominally two-dimensional parts has been developed. Through use of the reflected image resulting from light incident at grazing incidence, it is possible to determine the correct dimensions even if burrs or other manufacturing defects are present on the end of the part. Thus the system can, for example, define the complete profile of short samples cut from a long aluminum extrusion without special sample preparation before measurement. In this paper the application of the technique to circular tubes is described in some detail and factors involved in its extension to more complex shapes are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sensitive fluorometric assay for leghemoglobin

Abstract A sensitive spectrofluorometric assay for leghemoglobin is based upon the action of hot saturated oxalic acid on heme proteins. The assay will detect 200 ng of leghemoglobin per milliliter and is specific enough to permit estimation in single nodules or extracts of whole roots. The leghemoglobin concentration measured fluorometrically shows a correlation with nitrogenase [C 2 H 2 ] activity, even during nodule senescence, when standard colorimetric assays may overestimate leghemoglobin.
Quasiparticle scattering from vortices in d -wave superconductors. I. Superflow contribution

In the vortex state of a $d$-wave superconductor, massless Dirac quasiparticles are scattered from magnetic vortices via a combination of two basic mechanisms: effective potential scattering due to the superflow swirling about the vortices, and Aharonov-Bohm scattering due to the Berry phase acquired by a quasiparticle upon circling a vortex. In this paper, we study the superflow contribution by calculating the differential cross section for a quasiparticle scattering from the effective noncentral potential of a single vortex. We solve the massless Dirac equation in polar coordinates and obtain the cross section via a partial wave analysis. We also present a more transparent Born-limit calculation, and in this approximation we provide an analytic expression for the differential cross section. The Berry phase contribution to the quasiparticle scattering is considered in a separate paper.
Acetylcholine and choline amperometric enzyme sensors characterized in vitro and in vivo.

Acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) are important neuroactive molecules, yet detection of these substances in vivo presents significant analytical challenges. New multienzyme amperometric biosensors are presented here with measurement of physiologically relevant levels of ACh and Ch in vivo. Poly(m-(1,3)-phenylenediamine) (pmPD) electropolymerized on a platinum iridium wire (Pt) served as a template for immobilization of enzymes. A multienzyme layer containing choline oxidase (ChOx) and ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) for a Ch sensor or ChOx, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and AAO for a ACh/Ch sensor was immobilized with bovine serum albumin by cross-linking with glutaraldeyhyde. The pmPD enzyme sensors displayed enhanced sensitivity, stability, and selectivity compared to the same multienzyme systems immobilized to solvent cast Nafion and cellulose acetate-modified Pt. Sensor response was linear up to 100 μM ACh or Ch. Detection limits were 0.66 ± 0.46 μM ACh and 0.33 ± 0.09 μM Ch, and response times were <1 ...
Leader-Member Exchange and Supervisor Career Mentoring as Complementary Constructs in Leadership Research

The literature on transformational and transactional leadership suggests integrating the leader-member exchange (LMX) approach with research on mentoring. Using LISREL VII confirmatory factor analy...
Expression and characterization of a Rana pipiens amelogenin protein

Amelogenin, the major protein of developing enamel matrix, controls enamel crystal growth via unique supermolecular features. While much has been contributed to our understanding of mammalian amelogenin function, little is known about how amelogenin and its unique physico-chemical features have evolved among vertebrates. Here we report, for the first time, amphibian amelogenin recombinant protein expression and characterization in Rana pipiens. In order to characterize R. pipiens amelogenin, the newly discovered amelogenin coding sequence was amplified, subcloned, and expressed in Eshcerichia coli. Our newly generated R. pipiens amelogenin-specific antisera resolved a major 19-kDa band on western blots of frog tooth extracts and revealed an enamel organ tissue-specific localization pattern using immunohistochemistry. Using mass spectroscopy, a single major compound with a molecular weight of 21.6 kDa was detected, which corresponded to the amino acid sequence-based molecular weight prediction of the His fusion recombinant protein. Dynamic light scattering studies resolved 41-nm radius subunits compared with 14-nm radius subunits from mouse recombinant amelogenin controls. Transmission electron microscopy revealed defined spherical subunits in R. pipiens matrix self-assembly in contrast with a homogeneous 'stippled' matrix in mouse amelogenin matrix self-assembly. Our data suggest that R. pipiens amelogenin is distinguished from mammalian amelogenins by a number of unique physico-chemical properties which may be related to specific modes of crystal formation in frog enamel.
Detoxification of foreign organic compounds by the quahaug,Mercenaria mercenaria

1. The hepatopancreas of the quahaug,Mercenaria mercenaria was examined for ability to oxidize or reduce foreign organic compounds. 2. Quahaug hepatopancreas was unable to metabolize the insecticide EPN, O-demethylate p-nitroanisole, N-demethylate aminopyrine or oxidize hexobarbital. 3. Quahaug hepatopancreas was able to reduce p-nitrobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid. The reaction was maximal at 35–45°C and a pH of 6·0. It was stimulated by flavins and inhibited by potassium cyanide but not by SKF-525A or carbon monoxide. 4. Nitroreductase activity was also found in mantle, gill, foot and gonadal tissue to a lesser extent.
Lipid thermotropic transitions in human stratum corneum

The techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal perturbation infrared (IR) spectrometry were used to investigate thermal transitions in intact, fractionated, and lipid-extracted human stratum corneum. The DSC results show 3 major and one minor thermal transition in the range of 30-120°C. Of particular interest to this study are 2 transitions seen near 65° and 75°C in intact stratum corneum and a stratum corneum membrane preparation, but absent from lipid-extracted samples. Results of IR spectrometry show that thermally induced spectral changes related to enhanced motion of the lipid acyl chains also occur in the region of about 60-80°C. The combined DSC and IR results show that the thermal transitions near 65° and 75°C depend on water concentration in a manner identical to that seen for a variety of lipid-water systems. Taken together, these results suggest that thermal transitions occurring near 65° and 85°C involve increased acyl chain motion of stratum corneum lipids.
Modulation of hypoxic depressions of ventilatory activity in the newborn piglet by mesencephalic mechanisms.

In neonates, ventilatory responses to hypoxia are 'biphasic,' with an augmentation followed by a decline. The hypoxia-induced augmentations in ventilation are attenuated and the depressions are accentuated following denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors. Piglets that were decerebrated at a rostral mesencephalic level exhibited these hypoxia-induced depressions. These depressions were lessened following transection through the caudal mesencephalon. Mesencephalic mechanisms play a fundamental role in the brainstem regulation of ventilatory responses to hypoxia.
Perceptions of the Scope and Quality of Student Services Functions in Two-Year Colleges

The survey research described in this report elicited perceptions of 172 chief student services officers at community colleges about student services provided in 1994 based on functions defined by the Carnegie Institute (Raines, 1966). The researchers compare their findings with those reported in 1966, report perceived changes in institutional factors affecting service delivery, and compare the scope and quality of student services functions by small and large institutions. Results indicate service increases at both small and large institutions with little difference in levels of service by college size. Respondents reported perceptions of broad services of good quality and an overall improvement in 10 specific institutional conditions related to service provision.
A concentrated Cauchy distribution with finite moments

The Cauchy distribution $$\mathfrak {C}(a,b)(x)=\frac{1}{\pi b(1+(\frac{x-a}{b})^2)},\quad -\infty < x <\infty,$$ with a,b real, b>0, has no moments (expected value, variance, etc.), because the defining integrals diverge. An obvious way to “concentrate” the Cauchy distribution, in order to get finite moments, is by truncation, restricting it to a finite domain. An alternative, suggested by an elementary problem in mechanics, is the distribution $${\mathfrak {C}}_g(a,b)(x)=\frac{\sqrt{1+2 b g}}{\pi b (1+(\frac{x-a}{b})^2)\sqrt{1-2 b g(\frac{x-a}{b})^2}},\quad a-\sqrt{\frac{b}{2g}}<x<a+\sqrt{\frac{b}{2g}},$$ with a,b as above and a third parameter g≥0. It has the Cauchy distribution C(a,b) as the special case with g=0, and for any g>0, ℭg(a,b) has finite moments of all orders, while keeping the useful “fat tails” property of ℭ(a,b).
A single injection of amphetamine or methamphetamine induces dynamic alterations in c-fos,zif/268 and preprodynorphin messenger RNA expression in rat forebrain

In this study, the effects of a single dose of the indirect dopamine agonists amphetamine and methamphetamine on behavior and messenger RNA expression were evaluated. Expression of c-fos, a member of the leucine zipper family, zif/268 (NGFI-A, egr1 and Krox-24), a member of the zinc finger family, and the opioid peptide, preprodynorphin, was investigated in various regions of rat forebrain with quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry 1, 2, 3, 6 or 30 h after injection. Behavioral observations indicated that a qualitatively different behavioral syndrome was induced following methamphetamine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) as compared with that observed after amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Similarly, methamphetamine induced a different pattern of c-fos and zif/268 messenger RNA induction in sensory/motor cortex, dorsal striatum (caudatoputamen) and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) than did amphetamine. The increase in c-fos messenger RNA expression peaked at 1 h and returned to basal levels in all regions by 3 h. In contrast, the increase in zif/268 messenger RNA expression in the cortical regions was equally strong at 1 and 2 h, gradually returning to basal levels by 6 h after either drug. However, in the striatal regions, zif/268 messenger RNA levels peaked at 1 h and declined gradually to basal levels by 6 h. Interestingly, methamphetamine caused an actual suppression of zif/268 gene expression (> 50%) in both caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens at 3 h. Preprodynorphin messenger RNA expression was increased in a patchy motif in the caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens beginning at 2 h and returning to basal levels by 30 h after injection of either drug. This study, together with our recently published observation that preprodynorphin messenger RNA is induced in the caudate 3, 6 and 18 h after amphetamine or methamphetamine injection, provides a detailed dynamic description of the differential modulation of c-fos, zif/268 and preprodynorphin messenger RNA expression in the cerebral cortex and striatum by amphetamines over time. These data implicate immediate early gene and preprodynorphin gene expression in the differential response of medium spiny striatal neurons to methamphetamine and amphetamine.
Exercise and urologic cancers

Evidence suggests that exercise during treatment and in recovery from cancer appears to be safe and effective for promoting physical health and well being. However, limited evidence exists on the physiological adaptations resulting from exercise training during or following treatment for urologic cancers. Determining physiological adaptations from exercise in individuals with urologic cancers would enable the development of safe and effective guidelines for exercise testing and training. This article reviews current studies on exercise and urologic cancers, and provides suggestions for exercise testing and training during or following treatment.
Cold-restraint stress and urinary endogenous β-phenylethylamine excretion in rats

Stress applied to humans increases the urinary excretion of the endogenous amphetamine-like substance beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), a potentially common mediator of amphetamine and stress effects. The present study was conducted to determine if cold-restraint stress in the rat could represent an animal model for stress-induced changes in PEA disposition in humans. The stressor markedly elevated the urinary excretion of endogenous PEA in a manner that was not attributable to changes in urinary pH, glomerular filtration rate or in food consumption. In addition, a large diurnal variation in PEA excretion was noted. The data suggest that the variables responsible for stress-induced alterations in endogenous PEA disposition in humans and rats are generally similar. However, they also indicate that in rats, in contrast to humans, PEA disposition is subject to diurnal changes.
An experimental investigation into the kinematics of a concentrated hard-sphere colloidal suspension during Hopkinson bar evaluation at high stresses

Abstract The behavior of a concentrated, hard-sphere colloidal suspension is evaluated using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental technique. The composition of the suspension is measured using thermograviometric analysis before and after loading. This, combined with recorded pressure distributions, result in the conclusion that the suspension undergoes high rate squeezing flow. Experimental results demonstrate that the suspension exhibits shear thickening consistent with that observed in standard rotational rheometry. At sufficiently high stresses the suspension exhibits a second regime of shear thinning behavior that is consistent with elastohydrodynamic theory that incorporates the shear modulus of the particles themselves. Further increases in stress result in irreversible behavior, i.e., rather than fracturing or crushing, the particles form non-reversible agglomerates during testing. This fact is demonstrated through the use of dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. This behavior occurs within a regime of viscous material response which is seen to occur at normal strain rates and stresses over 10 4 s −1 and 40 MPa, respectively.
Small group treatments: introduction to special section.

A brief state of the art overview introduces this special section followed by a commentary on how the three articles herein contribute to our current knowledge base. It is heartening to see an incr...
Hill-climbing by pigeons

Pigeons were exposed to two types of concurrent operant-reinforcement schedules in order to determine what choice rules determine behavior on these schedules. In the first set of experiments, concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules, key-peck responses to either of two alternative schedules produced food reinforcement after a random time interval. The frequency of food-reinforcement availability for the two schedules was varied over different ranges for different birds. In the second series of experiments, concurrent variable-ratio, variable-interval schedules, key-peck responses to one schedule produced food reinforcement after a random time interval, whereas food reinforcement occurred for an alternative schedule only after a random number of responses. Results from both experiments showed that pigeons consistently follow a behavioral strategy in which the alternative schedule chosen at any time is the one which offers the highest momentary reinforcement probability (momentary maximizing). The quality of momentary maximizing was somewhat higher and more consistent when both alternative reinforcement schedules were time-based than when one schedule was time-based and the alternative response-count based. Previous attempts to provide evidence for the existence of momentary maximizing were shown to be based upon faulty assumptions about the behavior implied by momentary maximizing and resultant inappropriate measures of behavior.
Radar investigations of melt pathways in a natural snowpack

Melt pathways in a natural seasonal snowpack were investigated using high frequency FMCW radar to examine the use of radar as a tool for investigating water flow through snow, and to develop preliminary estimates of the number of flow fingers present and the amount of meltwater that they transport. Our data show that the radar can be used to sense melt features at distances of approximately one metre within this snowpack. Old refrozen fingers and new wet fingers both generate visible radar returns. Excavation of channels within the snowpack verified that the radar signals were from flow fingering. By counting the number of channels observed in the radar images and using snow lysimeter measurements of outflow from the snowpack, we estimated that in the early stages of the main snow melt season, this snowpack contained approximately three channels/m 2 , and that the flow through each channel was approximately 0.4 mm of water/channel/hour.
Increased vegetable and fruit consumption during weight loss effort correlates with increased weight and fat loss

Increased vegetable and fruit consumption during weight loss effort correlates with increased weight and fat loss
Analytically modeling the piezoresistivity of CNT composites with low-filler aggregation

Composites manufactured with networks of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit piezoresistivity. These composites have tremendous potential for integrated and high sensitivity strain sensing. However, modeling CNT composite piezoresistivity remains a challenge. Prevailing approaches rely on resistor network and fiber reorientation models but are computationally burdensome due to the extreme number of CNTs required to form a percolated network. This research circumvents that limitation by developing an analytical model for CNT composite piezoresistivity in tension. The accuracy of this model is verified by favorable comparison to experimental results in existing literature.
A nonparametric of attribute test interaction in consumer utility using graded comparisons

Abstract This article proposes a nonparametric specification test of 2 equations of a model assumed to describe consumer responses to graded comparison survey data. Application of the test indicates, for a small sample of electrical engineers, that it is plausible to model utility as additively separable, provided respondents use what is termed a “subtractive integration rule” when making paired comparison judgements.
Diflubenzuron stimulates phosphorylation of a 39 kDa integumental protein from newly molted American cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

Abstract We identified a 39 kilodalton (kDa) protein from newly molted American cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana ), isolated from a 100 000 g precipitate of a 1000 g supernatant from an integument homogenate, which exhibited increased phosphorylation following diflubenzuron (DFB) treatment. This 39 kDa phosphoprotein was partially purified from an intracellular membrane vesicle containing fractions obtained by discontinuous sucrose density centrifugation. Both the interfaces of the 30/40% and 40/50% sucrose density layers were found to be enriched in the 39 kDa phosphoprotein. Treatments with various chemicals such as the ionophores valinomycin and A23187, the protonophore carbonylcyanide p -trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and the vacuolar H + -ATPase inhibitor N -ethylmaleimide (NEM), like DFB, were also found to stimulate phosphorylation of the 39 kDa protein. These results suggest that by disrupting the normal pH gradient occurring in certain acidic vacuolar-type membrane vesicles, phosphorylation of the 39 kDa protein will be increased. In addition, we found that by decreasing the external pH to 5.0 from about neutral, it was possible to stimulate the phosphorylation activity of this particular protein, and thus simulate the action of DFB. We concluded that DFB's action is very probably related to its ability to disrupt the normal ionic balance of these vacuolar-type vesicles, leading to eventual disruption of the proton gradient within the vesicles.
Broadband on-glass antenna with mesh-grid structure for automobiles

A broadband on-glass antenna for automobiles based on a mesh structure is designed for operation in the VHF and UHF bands. A genetic algorithm is used to optimise the mesh-grid structure of the antenna for good impedance matching. The optimised antenna operates similarly to a loop antenna and is well matched to a system impedance of 250 Ω. The results of simulation and measurement on a prototype antenna on a ground plane show an average VSWR of 1.67 and 1.70, respectively, over the frequency bands of interest.
ENDURANCE AND PHOTOGRAPHY IN NAVAJO HISTORY

Dine: A History of the Navajos. By Peter Iverson, featuring photographs by Monty Roessel. (Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. xiii + 386 pp. $45 cloth, $21.95 paper) “For Our Navajo People”: Dine Letters, Speeches & Petitions, 1900 –1960. Edited by Peter Iverson and Monty Roessel. (Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. xviii + 275 pp. $34.95 cloth, $19.95 paper) Photographing Navajos: John Collier Jr. on the Reservation, 1948– 1953. By C. Stewart Doty, Dale Sperry Mudge, and Herbert John Benally, photographs by John Collier, Jr. (Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. 224 pp. $39.95)
The Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Blood and of Various Tissues

A method for measuring K, the coefficient of thermal conductivity, for a variety of dog tissues is described. The values of K for muscle and liver are larger than that for water, the value of K for lung is smaller than that for water and the values of K for brain, plasma, and blood are about the same as that of water. The values found for K are given in a table.
Reactions of TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(Ph) with electron-rich olefins: examples of stoichiometric C-S, C-O and C-H bond cleavage.

Stoichiometric reactions of TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(Ph) with electron-rich olefins result in metal-mediated cleavage of C–S and C–O bonds.
Organosilicon polymers for lithographic applications

Linear polymers of silicone gums (polysiloxanes) have many attributes that make them attractive for lithographic applications, such as oxidative and thermal stability, good adhesion properties, solubility in common solvents, and resistance to etching in an oxygen plasma. When polysiloxanes are used as the top imaging layer (∼2000A) in a two-layer resist system, the developed negative siloxane images act as a high resolution etch mask for the oxygen plasma etching of the bottom planarizing polymer layer. Commercially available polysiloxanes have been evaluated for their deep UV sensitivity at 2537A, and have been found to have very high resolution capabilities (∼0.5μ) and high contrast (γ = 4). The negative images do not swell in the developer, and the line width is therefore independent of development time. The combination of high resolution, sensitivity, and ease of processing make this a simple multilayer system for deep UV and e-beam applications.
Accounting for violence: An analysis of male spousal abuse narratives

Abstract Domestic violence is pervasive in the United States. In addition to the immediate damage caused to victims, abuse is also often transmitted cross‐generationally. Because abusers’ perceptions can reinforce and justify violent behavior, understanding how abusive men perceive their abuse is important. Interviews with 15 abusive males focusing on the accounts of abuse from the male's perspective were conducted. The results from the analysis are divided into three areas: (a) attributions about self and other, (b) types of accounts about the abusive situation, and (c) an analysis of an entire narrative from one of the men. The implications of these results for practitioners of treatment for battering males is discussed.
Safety Concerns with Fluoroquinolones

Objective:To review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–July 2007) was conducted using the key words fluoroquinolones or quinolones with safety, adverse effects, hypoglycemia. hyperglycemia, dysglycemia. QTc prolongation, torsades, seizures, phototoxicity, tendon rupture, Clostridium difficile, and pseudomembranous colitis for articles published in the English language.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Medicinal chemistry, in vitro, animal, and human trials were reviewed for information on the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of each fluoroquinolone. Clinical trials were reviewed and included to compare the safety of systemic fluoroquinolones on the market. Literature on the pathology of serious adverse effects was also reviewed.Data Synthesis:Gatifloxacin has been shown to increase the risk of hospitalization for dysglycemia in patients with and without diabetes. Hyperglycemia may occur with any fluoroquinolone, especially if not properly d...
Interactions of temperature and steroids on larval growth, development, and metamorphosis in a toad (Bufo boreas)

The effects of temperature and steroids [testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and cortico-sterone (B)] on premetamorphic growth and development were investigated in the toad (Bufo boreas). The effects of steroids were both temperature and age dependent. In the first experiment, steroids (1.1–1.4 μM) were administered by dissolving them in the water beginning 1 day after hatching at 22°C or 27°C. At 22°C, B inhibited growth (P 0.05), but T induced early foreleg emergence (FLE) (P < 0.005). At 27°C, B was fatal after 2 weeks of treatment, and T and E2 inhibited growth (P < 0.001) and development (P < 0.001), but did not affect time to FLE. In a second experiment at 27°C, treatment with 1.1 μM B starting 15 days after hatching induced early metamorphic events (P < 0.001), such as tail resorption and emergence of the left foreleg (but not the right), but jaw and head restructuring failed to occur. All B-treated animals died before complete tail resorption. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. In a third experiment, 0.275 and 1.11 μM B, starting at day 43 (stage 43), induced early FLE (P 0.05). Animals in this experiment survived to complete tail resorption and transformed normally. The actions of B in these experiments closely resemble those observed with administration of thyroid hormones, suggesting that steroids may interact with endogenous thyroid hormones.
Sorption and Transport Properties of Solvent-Treated Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers Using Disperse Dyes as Molecular Probes

PET can be prepared by solvent and heat treatment in widely differing structures as shown by the sorption and transport properties. The order of elution of a pair of solutes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers as chromatographic substrate can be reversed, and the dominant mechanism of solute dispersion changed, through struc tural changes brought about by solvent and heat treatment.
Fast pyrolysis of beetle-killed trees

Abstract In this article, we propose beetle-killed lodgepole pine (BKLP) as a feedstock for fast pyrolysis due to its low moisture and high energy content. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies on fast pyrolysis of beetle-killed trees have been reported. Samples of healthy lodgepole pine and three decay-stage BKLPs were used as feedstock to investigate the effects of the decay stage on the performance of both non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis using a Py–GC/MS. Compared to the healthy tree, BKLPs were found to have slightly more extractives and less lignin. The decay stage, however, did not affect the product yield and selectivity for both non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis. A variety of oxygenated compounds were produced in non-catalytic fast pyrolysis, but most of those were converted into aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of HZSM-5. For non-catalytic fast pyrolysis, the yield of char decreased from 22 wt.% to 11 wt.% as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 450 °C to 650 °C. The average HHV of volatile compounds was found to be around 26 MJ/kg. For the catalytic fast pyrolysis, the yield of hydrocarbons was as high as 40 wt.%, and the yield of char was as low as 5 wt.%. The average HHV of volatiles was found to be about 41 MJ/kg, which is close to the HHV of commercial gasoline and diesel (∼46 MJ/kg). A high yield of toluene (11 wt.%) and xylenes (9 wt.%) was also observed in the catalytic fast pyrolysis process. Our work suggests that beetle-killed trees are a good feedstock for fast pyrolysis, because the bio-oil derived from the trees that have been dead for four years showed the same quality as that from the healthy trees.