cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical bone growth and dietary stress among subadults from Nubia's Batn El Hajar.

Cortical bone growth is analyzed for 174 children from a Medieval Christian population at Kulubnarti in the Batn el Hajar of Sudanese Nubia (550–1450 AD). Using the tibia as a representative long bone, total subperiosteal area, cortical area, medullary area, and percent cortical area at midshaft were calculated. While growth in total and cortical areas, as well as in length, appear to be fairly well maintained, percent cortical area reveals unusual growth patterns which reflect excessive endosteal resorption. Compared to the relative reduction in bone mass which has been observed in malnourished living children, as well as with previously reported evidence for stress in the Kulubnarti population, the present data support an interpretation of nutritionally related stress and of no major diachronic dietary change.
Transport of mass in ternary liquid‐liquid systems. Part I. Diffusion studies

The diffusional behavior of the ternary partially miscible liquid system acetonitrile-benzene-n-heptane is investigated at 25°C using the diaphragm cell technique. The mutual diffusivity of the partially miscible binary system acetonitrile-n-heptane is found to be a strong function of concentration; the concentration dependence is described using a linear relationship. The diffusion coefficient matrix of the ternary system acetonitrile-benzene-n-heptane is determined at a number of points, and the ternary diffusion matrices are found to be significantly coupled with the off-diagonal elements of about 10 to 40% of the main diffusion coefficients.
Tolerance to defective memristors in a neuromorphic learning circuit

This paper describes a memristor based neuromorphic circuit that is capable of learning. Target memristors within the crossbar circuit were set to be stuck in either high or low resistance states to observe fault tolerance within the memristor crossbar. The simulations are carried out in SPICE using a detailed memristor model so that the crossbar is simulated as accurately as possible. In some cases the circuit was able to successfully learn when half of the memristors in the crossbar were set to be defective. Due to additional bias circuitry, this neuromorphic memristive learning circuit appears to be more tolerant to error than alternative designs.
The Neoclassical Postulate and the Technology Frontier in Capital Theory

I. Introduction, 353. — II. The neoclassical postulate and its neoclassical solution, 355. — III. The technology frontier in the linear-technique model, 358. — IV. The choice of techniques in the linear-technique model, 366. — V. The nature of empirical production functions under the neoclassical postulate, 374. — VI. The technology frontier and the substitution parameter, 376.— VII. Concluding remarks, 382.
Inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthesis promotes P-selectin expression in platelets : role of protein kinase C

Abstract Inhibition of NO synthesis promotes P-selectin expression on endothelial cells; however, the precise mechanism is unclear. Because NO has been shown to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) activity, we examined the hypothesis that the NO synthase inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) stimulates P-selectin expression on platelets via PKC activation. Ten-minute incubation with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), thrombin, or l-NAME significantly increased P-selectin expression on platelets (as assessed by flow-cytometric analysis) and PKC activity of platelet membranes. Increased P-selectin expression induced by either PMA, thrombin, or l-NAME was significantly attenuated by the selective PKC inhibitor UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine). Furthermore, l-NAME–induced P-selectin expression was significantly attenuated by either l-arginine, 8-bromo-cGMP, or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Interestingly, l-NAME further potentiated P-selectin upregulation by thrombin. l-NAME, thrombin, and PMA also significantly increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence to the coronary artery endothelium, an effect that was significantly attenuated by the anti–P-selectin monoclonal antibody PB1.3 or by UCN-01, l-arginine, 8-bromo-cGMP or SNP but not by d-arginine or the nonblocking anti–P-selectin monoclonal antibody NBP1.6. These results indicate that inhibition of NO synthesis induces rapid P-selectin expression, which appears to be at least partially mediated by PKC activation in platelets. Similar effects and mechanisms of l-NAME on P-selectin function were also observed in endothelial cells, another site of P-selectin expression. Thus, PKC activation may play an important role in cell-to-cell interaction when NO production is compromised.
Dangers of Dermatologic Surgery: Protect Your Feet

Dermatologists frequently utilize scalpels, which are reported to be to culprit in around seven percent of the 385,000 sharps-related injuries sustained by healthcare personnel a year. Injuries from sharp devices are associated with the occupational transmission of more than 20 pathogens. Dropped scalpels may penetrate unprotected lower extremity skin, and there is no published data regarding what a shoe's actual degree of protection is against the danger of falling sharps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and determine which types of shoes will protect their wearers. Although every shoe decreased falling sharp's degree of penetration into the feet, shoes cannot be relied on to prevent injury. More than half of the shoes allowed the scalpel blade to pass through the shoes and penetrate into the meat.
Universities in the Digital Age

(1996). Universities in the Digital Age. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 11-19.
The ghost in the machine: the neoliberal urban visions of Michael Bloomberg

This paper discusses the role of grand urban visions in neoliberal urbanism by drawing on ethnographic and other research into the administration of New York City's ex-CEO Mayor, Michael Bloomberg. It argues that such visions illustrate the cultural dimensions and power of neoliberal urbanism, of which Bloomberg's approach to governance and development was an example. It describes the details and development of such visions in the Bloomberg administration, their role in the administration's ambitious development agenda, and the ways in which they affected the politics surrounding this agenda.
The evolution of elite framing following enactment of legislation

The study of policy framing enables the investigation of how elites conceptualize policy issues. While the dominant investigative work on elite framing has been within the mass media, we demonstrate the utility of an elite framing approach in a political institution, the U.S. Congress. We argue for moving to a “life-cycle” approach to policy framing that recognizes the evolution of elite framing attempts as implementation of a law deviates from its legislative intent, basing our approach out of the issue-attention cycle theory put forth by Downs (Public Interest 28:38–50, 1972). Framing efforts by policy advocates do not end after legislation has been enacted or policy changed. Elites who have been unsuccessful in achieving their policy aims continue to advocate for their preferred outcomes by altering their framing strategies. We demonstrate this by applying evolutionary factor analysis to investigate 10 Congressional committee hearings held between 1957 and 2006 pertaining to federal funding for the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota. From the perspective of proponents of diverting water from the Missouri River, how the Congressional debate over the Unit progressed constituted policy regression. This is reflected in the evolution of elite framing over the period studied. Our analysis uncovers the emergence of four evolutionary frames. Initial frames emphasized the benefits to be derived from water diversion, while subsequent frames reflected a more defensive posture emphasizing the limited harm that water diversion would cause. This research demonstrates the consequences of legislative implementation delay for elite framing attempts.
The Microbicidal Activity of Gaseous Propylene Oxide and Its Application to Powdered or Flaked Foods

SUMMARY The sporicidal activity of gaseous propylene oxide was determined at several concentrations and at low and high relative humidity (RH). At 37°C, 85% RH, and a concentration of 1250 mg/L, propylene oxide will kill 90% of a population of dry spores of B. subtilis var. niger in one hour. If RH is lowered to 25% under the same conditions, 90% of the spores are killed in 40 minutes. Microbial decontamination of several flaked or powdered foods with propylene oxide was determined in 4-L rolling jars or in a 4-cu-ft revolving blender. The bacterial count of cereal flakes inoculated with dry spores of B. subtilis var. niger was reduced 95% in 4 hours at 37 and 55°C, hut further reduction in count was achieved only after prolonged holding times. Studies with cocoa powder showed that exposure to a propylene oxide concentration of l-2% by weight of cocoa (or 1000-2000 mg/L of space) at 37°C for 2-3 hours reduced bacterial count by 50-70% and thermophilic count by 50-90%. Destruction of molds and vegetative bacteria in cocoa or other foods was 90-99.9% under these conditions. Destruction of the microbial flora of cocoa was greater when the treated Cocoa was stored with some residual propylene oxide in bottles or plastic bags. Addition of liquid propylene oxide directly to small samples of cocoa gave good reduction of the microbial flora, but also some physical destruction of the contents.
Phase Shifts in the Molecular Beam Method of Separated Oscillating Fields

The effects of phase differences between the two oscillating fields in the separated oscillating fields method for molecular beam radiofrequency spectroscopy is discussed theoretically. It is shown that measurements in which the relative phase is changed from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} effectively double the intensity of the signal and hence increase the sensitivity of the apparatus. Phase shifts of $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$ radians give resonances in the form of dispersion curves. Consequently, measurements in which the phase is changed from $+\ensuremath{\delta}$ to $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is near 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, give particularly sensitive means of determining the resonance frequency.
Changes in Fish Populations over an 80-Year Period: Big Pine Lake, Wisconsin

Abstract From 1897 to 1977, landowners recorded sport catches for Big Pine Lake, a 256 hectare lake in northern Wisconsin that has experienced light fishing pressure. The species composition of the catch remained fairly stable for 40 years, from 1897 through 1940, with muskellunge Esox masquinongy, walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreurm, and black bass (Micropterus spp.) all accounting for substantial fractions of the total. Northern pike Esox lucius were first recorded in 1946, apparently having entered after an outlet dam washed out in 1944. Subsequent increases in the proportion of northern pike coincided with declining percentages of muskellunge. By the 1950s, the relative abundance of walleye declined, ultimately almost to zero, while the percentage of bass more than doubled. This change began during the warmest decade on record. By 1977, the walleye population had rebounded, bass had declined to pre-1940 levels, northern pike were abundant, and muskellunge were relatively scarce. Long-term changes in...
Sets with a mode

LetM be a point andS be a compact set inR 2 such thatS is the closure of its interior. The theorem desired says that ifM is a mode ofS thenS is convex and centrally symmetric with respect toM. Some conditions on the boundary ofS are needed for the proof given.
Cooperative and temporally structured information in the visual cortex

We have examined the information contained in the coordination of groups of cells in the primary visual cortex of the cat recorded with a 5 × 5 microelectrode array. When testing small differences ( 10°) are discriminated easily on the basis of the independent spike counts. We conclude that synchrony provides a reliable mechanism to transmit fine structure of visual information and offers an efficient cooperative neural code that we have only begun to explore.
Body composition and energy expenditure: Relationship and changes in obese subjects before and after biliopancreatic diversion

Changes in total and segmental body composition were studied in 101 obese women before and 2, 6, 12, and 24 months after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and data 24 months after surgery were matched to 53 control subjects. The patients were studied by anthropometry, indirect calorimetry, and double-emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The combination of calorimetry and body composition analysis allowed estimation of visceral and muscle lean mass. We observed a significant (analysis of variance [ANOVA]: P <.05) progressive reduction of fat and lean body mass (LBM) following BPD, with stabilization of both parameters between 12 and 24 months at levels not different from controls. Fat loss was significant in the arms, legs, and trunk segments. After 24 months, there was no significant difference in segmental fat mass between post-BPD patients and controls. Calorimetric data seem to confirm lean body mass (LBM) reduction. Visceral lean mass (kg) was significantly reduced from 8.1 ± 2.2 in obese subjects to 6.5 ± 1.8 in post-BPD patients at 24 months (P <.05); the control value was 7.2 ± 1.8. Muscular lean mass (kg) was also significantly reduced, from 50.2 ± 5.8 to 39.8 ± 5.7 in the same subjects (P <.05), with a control value of 42.5 ± 5.9. The decrease in muscle and visceral LBM reached control values without significant differences. Viscera/muscle ratio in pre-BPD patients was preserved in post-BPD patients at 24 months, but it was reduced during weight loss. Body composition studies showed a logarithmic relationship between fat and lean mass and a physiological contribution of lean mass to weight loss in the BPD patients. In conclusion, weight loss after BPD was achieved with an appropriate decline of LBM and with all parameters reaching, at stable weight, values similar to weight-matched controls. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Physiological Adjustments to Prolonged Diving in the American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis

Conspicuous physiological adjustments to experimental submersion have been observed in the natural divers among the birds and the mammals. In order to obtain further information on the phenomena associated with water immersion, and to explore these characteristics in other diving vertebrates, experiments have been carried out on the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. The heart rate was found to slow down during diving. The pressure induced in the large arteries by ventricular systole diminished only gradually during diastole, probably due to an increased peripheral resistance resulting from a marked vasoconstriction in certain vascular beds. This thesis was supported by the fact that lactic acid formed in the muscles during diving did not appear in the blood until after emersion, suggesting that the blood flow through the muscles is greatly reduced while the animals dive. The alligator may recover easily from a submergence lasting until the oxygen stores are almost completely depleted. These results indicate that the “diving reflexes” occur in a wide variety of vertebrate divers belonging to different phylogenetic groups. They also support the following conclusions: 1) The circulatory adjustments, by shutting off the perfusion to certain vascular beds, enable the alligator to make the limited oxygen stores last throughout prolonged periods of submersion. 2) The animal remains in a state of useful consciousness until the oxygen stores are almost exhausted. This serves to extend the safety 4 margin for prolonged diving and ensure a complete utilization of the oxygen available.
Intravenous pentoxifylline does not affect the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary or venous hypertension in Thoroughbred horses.

The present study was carried out to examine whether intravenously administered pentoxifylline-a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which increases red blood cell deformability and decreases blood viscosity-would attenuate the magnitude of exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension in healthy, fit Thoroughbred horses and in turn, diminish the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Experiments were carried out on six healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. Hemodynamic data were collected at rest, and during exercise performed at 8 and 14 m/sec on 3.5% uphill grade in the control (no medications) and the pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg, i.v.) experiments. The sequence of treatments was randomized for every horse and 7 days were allowed between treatments. Galloping at 14 m/sec on 3.5% uphill grade elicited maximal heart rate. In both treatments, simultaneous measurements of phasic and mean right atrial and pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures were made using catheter-tip-manometers whose signals were carefully referenced at the point of the left shoulder. In the control study, exercise resulted in progressive significant increments in heart rate, right atrial and pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous pressures; thereby, confirming that exercising Thoroughbreds develop significant pulmonary hypertension. All horses experienced exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in the control experiments. Pentoxifylline administration to standing horses caused anxiety, tachycardia, muscular fasciculations/tremors and mild sweating, but statistically significant changes in right atrial and pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous pressures were not detected. Exercise in the pentoxifylline treatment also resulted in progressive significant increments in heart rate and right atrial as well as pulmonary vascular pressures, but these data were not statistically significantly different from those in the control study and the incidence of EIPH remained unchanged. Thus, it was concluded that i.v. pentoxifylline is ineffective in attenuating the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension in healthy, fit Thoroughbred horses.
Spectrophotometric and ESR evidence for vanadium(IV) deferoxamine complexes

Abstract Complexes of vanadium(IV), vanadyl, are reported to be formed with the trihydroxamic acid deferoxamine (H3DF+). One complex exhibits a reddish-violet color, with a major absorbance peak at 386 nm and a smaller peak at 520 nm. This complex is potentially useful for the microdetermination of vanadyl. The apparent molar absorptivity is 3.91 mM−1 cm−1, and the complex obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.6–63 ppm. Electron spin resonance studies indicate the formation of two vanadyl complexes that are 1:1 in vanadyl and deferoxamine, but have two or three bound hydroxamate groups. ESR and spectrophotometric evidence indicate that the red, low pH form, involves an octahedral vanadium (4+) ion coordinated by three hydroxamate ligands. One of these hydroxamates is displaced by an oxygen at pH 2.8 according to the following equilibria: VO2 + H3DF+ ⇔ VIV(DF)2+ + H3O+, VIV(DF)2+ + H2O ⇔ VO(HDF)++ H+, where pk2 = 2.8.
Membership functions I: Comparing methods of measurement

A set of questionnaires was prepared to compare four elicitation methods: point estimation, interval estimation, membership function exemplification, and pairwise comparison. Technical and nontechnical topics were involved, assuming subjects performed either as measurement instruments or as repositories of knowledge. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each method are discussed on the basis of the evaluation of the answers given by 22 professors and graduate students. The analysis of the results presented herein is extended in Part II, where trends in fuzziness are discussed. Both Parts I and II are oriented toward practical applications.
R68-12 An Experimental Model of System/ 360

The deliveries of the new third generation computers have presented users with a multitude of problems. Not the least of these is the question of machine configuration. One of the characteristics of the new systems is the flexibility of configuration relative to the older equipment being replaced. No longer can one install "system x." Rather one selects central processor unit (CPU) x and then adds a wide variety of I/O channels, control units, and devices. Equipment selection is not the end of the problem either, for there are many ways to arrange any particular set of devices. Further, not only can configuration changes significantly affect performance, but the effectiveness of any particular configuration is dependent upon an installation's workload. Thus, a configuration which is quite satisfactory for Company Y may be very ineffective for Company Z.
Describing the shapes of fern leaves: A fractal geometrical approach

Fractal geometry offers a new approach to describing the morphology of fern leaves. Traditional morphology is based on the Euclidean concept of shape as an area defined by a boundary. This approach has not proven successful with fern leaves because they are so elaborate. Fractal geometry treats forms as relationships between parts rather than as areas. In fern fronds there are often constant relationships between parts. Four fractal methodologies for describing these relations within leaves are explored in this paper. These include recursive line branching algorithms, iterated function systems (IFS), modifications of IFS, and L-systems. The methods are evaluated by comparing their results with measurements and appearances of various ferns. Fractal methods offer objective, quantifiable and succinct descriptions of fern-leaves. We conclude that fractal geometry offers simple descriptions of some elaborate fern shapes and that it will probably have application in investigating different aspects of ferns and other organisms.
Communication devices in the operating room.

Purpose of review Effective communication is essential to patient safety. Although radio pagers have been the cornerstone of medical communication, new devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and laptop or tablet computers can help anesthesiologists to get information quickly and reliably. Anesthesiologists can use these devices to speak with colleagues, access the medical record, or help a colleague in another location without having to leave a patient's side. Recent advances in communication technology offer anesthesiologists new ways to improve patient care. Recent findings Anesthesiologists rely on a wide variety of information to make decisions, including vital signs, laboratory values, and entries in the medical record. Devices such as PDAs and computers with wireless networking can be used to access this information. Mobile telephones can be used to get help or ask for advice, and are more efficient than radio pagers. Voice over Internet protocol is a new technology that allows voice conversations to be routed over computer networks. It is widely believed that wireless devices can cause life-threatening interference with medical devices. The actual risk is very low, and is offset by a significant reduction in medical errors that results from more efficient communication. Summary Using common technology like cellular telephones and wireless networks is a simple, cost-effective way to improve patient care.
Comparison of bone mineral density in both hips.

Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) was performed on both hips of 40 patients to determine if the calculated bone-mineral density (BMD) of one hip could be used to predict the BMD of the opposite hip. For the Ward triangle, femoral neck, and greater trochanter the correlation coefficients between the BMD of the two hips was .920, .917, and .843, and the standard errors (SE) of the estimate for the linear regression of the left hip on to the right were 0.067, 0.063, and 0.077 g cm-2. The absolute error of predicting one hip from the other was not a function of BMD and thus the relative error increases with lower BMD values. The relative errors were 17%, 8%, and 7% for BMDs of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0 g cm-2, respectively. The interobserver variability was small, with an r value of .96 and an SE of the estimate value of 0.036 g cm-2. The relative error in the mild-to-moderate osteoporosis categories was 2.5 times the precision of the instrument, indicating that the asymmetry of BMD is due to real differences between ...
The associate committees on medical research of the National Research Council and the Second World War.

During World War II the original Associate Committee on Medical Research and three additional committees (each associated with a branch of the military) of the National Research Council organized wartime medical research. The war provided an opportunity for the NRC to demonstrate the utility of medical research and the ability of Canadians to make significant contributions to the allied research effort.
Potentiating and inhibitory effects of periodate-oxidized ATP analogs on contractions of vas deferens to ATP.

Previous studies have shown that treatment of guinea-pig isolated vas deferens with the affinity label periodate-oxidized ATP (2′,3′-dialdehyde ATP), results in two irreversible effects on biphasic contractile responses to ATP, i.e., potentiation of the P2X purinoceptor-mediated first phase and inhibition of the ecto-kinase-mediated second phase. The present experiments were designed to evaluate whether periodate-oxidized ADP, periodate-oxidized AMP, and periodate-oxidized adenosine, produce similar effects. Periodate-oxidized ATP and periodate-oxidized ADP (10−2 M) elicited contraction of the vas deferens (periodate-oxidized ATP > periodate-oxidized ADP; periodate-oxidized AMP and periodate-oxidized adenosine had no agonist activity. After incubation of the preparations for 5 min with 10−2 M periodate-oxidized ATP, periodate-oxidized ADP, periodate-oxidized AMP or periodate-oxidized adenosine, the first phase of contraction to submaximal ATP concentrations was potentiated. Simultaneously, periodate-oxidized ATP, periodate-oxidized ADP and periodate-oxidized AMP inhibited the second contractile phase, whereas periodate-oxidized adenosine did not. The results indicate that the requirement for 5′-phosphate to produce potentiation and inhibition is different: 5′-phosphate is not needed to potentiate the first phase of contraction to ATP, but at least one 5′-phosphate is required to inhibit the second phase of contraction.
Computer-Modeling Study of the Interactions of Zdol with Amorphous Carbon Surfaces

The formation of a tribologically reliable interface between the magnetic recording disk and the magnetic recording head in hard-disk drives is predicated upon the presence of a molecularly thin perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant film. The molecular interactions that develop between the PFPE lubricant and the underlying amorphous carbon overcoat of the magnetic recording disk govern the adhesion, physical coverage, thermal stability, and mobility of the lubricant on the carbon surface and hence are of paramount importance in defining the tribological performance of the drive. In this work, information pertaining to the interfacial interactions between the hydroxyl-terminated PFPE lubricant Zdol and amorphous carbon surfaces is obtained via ab initio calculations. The small fluorinated ether molecules CF3OCF2CH2OH (ZD) and CF3OCF3 (PFDME) were used as computationally tractable models for the PFPE lubricants. A population analysis is performed on the ZD model lubricant and the various chemical functionalit...
Spectrum bias of a rapid antigen detection test for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population.

Background. Rapid antigen detection testing (RADT) is often performed for diagnosis of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis among children. Among adults, the sensitivity of this test varies on the basis of disease severity (spectrum bias). A similar phenomenon may occur when this test is used in a pediatric population, which may affect the need for culture confirmation of all negative RADT results. Objectives. To assess the performance of a clinical scoring system and to determine whether RADT spectrum bias is present among children who are evaluated for GABHS pharyngitis. Methods. Laboratory and clinical records for a consecutive series of pediatric patients who underwent RADT at the Marshfield Clinic between January 2002 and March 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were stratified according to the number of clinical features present by using modified Centor criteria, ie, history of fever, absence of cough, presence of pharyngeal exudates, and cervical lymphadenopathy. The sensitivity of the RADT was defined as the number of patients with positive RADT results divided by the number of patients with either positive RADT results or negative RADT results but positive throat culture results. Results. RADT results were positive for 117 of 561 children (21%), and culture results were positive for 35 of 444 children (8%) with negative RADT results. The overall prevalence of GABHS pharyngitis was 27% (95% confidence interval: 23–31%). The prevalence of GABHS pharyngitis was 18% among patients with 0 Centor criteria, 16% among those with 1 criterion, 32% among those with 2 criteria, and 50% among those with 3 or 4 criteria. Spectrum bias was present, inasmuch as RADT sensitivity increased with Centor scores, ie, 47% sensitivity among children with 0 Centor criteria, 65% among those with 1 criterion, 82% among those with 2 criteria, and 90% among those with 3 or 4 criteria. Conclusions. The sensitivity of RADT for GABHS pharyngitis is not a fixed value but varies with the severity of disease. However, even among pediatric patients with ≥3 Centor criteria for GABHS pharyngitis, the sensitivity of RADT is still too low to support the use of RADT without culture confirmation of negative results.
A Mechanism of Light Adaptation

In the isolated retina of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) illumination of one part of a ganglion cell9s receptive field increased the light threshold (for response by that cell) not only in the illuminated part but also in the unilluminated parts of the field. Scattered light is insufficient to account for the effect. Apparently it depends on changes in the efficiency of excitation transmission along the neural pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cell.
Quantitative Electroencephalogram in Smoking and Smoking Deprivation

After being deprived of cigarettes for 24 hours, eight young males who were heavy smokers showed significant changes in the electroencephalogram analyzed electronically and by digital computer. Compared to their records before smoking deprivation, there was a significant increase in slow frequencies. Resumed smoking reversed these trends.
On-line analysis of sulphur compounds in natural gas with flame photometric detection

Abstract A gas chromatographic system is described which gives information on hydrogen sulphide, carbonyl sulphide, and tetrahydrothiophene in natural gas every 6 min. The separation is achieved with a novel combination of packed and capillary columns. Fully automated hardware adapts the system for on-line monitoring.
Aflatoxin regulations in a network of global maize trade.

Worldwide, food supplies often contain unavoidable contaminants, many of which adversely affect health and hence are subject to regulations of maximum tolerable levels in food. These regulations differ from nation to nation, and may affect patterns of food trade. We soughtto determine whether there is an association between nations' food safety regulations and global food trade patterns, with implications for public health and policymaking. We developed a network model of maize trade around the world. From maize import/export data for 217 nations from 2000–2009, we calculated basic statistics on volumes of trade; then examined how regulations of aflatoxin, a common contaminant of maize, are similar or different between pairs of nations engaging in significant amounts of maize trade. Globally, market segregation appears to occur among clusters of nations. The United States is at the center of one cluster; European countries make up another cluster with hardly any maize trade with the US; and Argentina, Brazil, and China export maize all over the world. Pairs of nations trading large amounts of maize have very similar aflatoxin regulations: nations with strict standards tend to trade maize with each other, while nations with more relaxed standards tend to trade maize with each other. Rarely among the top pairs of maize-trading nations do total aflatoxin standards (standards based on the sum of the levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) differ by more than 5 µg/kg. These results suggest that, globally, separate maize trading communities emerge; and nations tend to trade with other nations that have very similar food safety standards.
Length scales in alloy dissolution and measurement of absolute interfacial free energy.

De-alloying is the selective dissolution of one or more of the elemental components of an alloy. In binary alloys that exhibit complete solid solubility, de-alloying of the less noble component results in the formation of nanoporous metals, a materials class that has attracted attention for applications such as catalysis1, sensing2 and actuation3. In addition, the occurrence of de-alloying in metallic alloy systems under stress is known to result in stress-corrosion cracking4, a key failure mechanism in fossil fuel and nuclear plants5, ageing aircraft6, and also an important concern in the design of nuclear-waste storage containers7. Central to the design of corrosion-resistant alloys is the identification of a composition-dependent electrochemical critical potential, Vcrit, above which the current rises dramatically with potential, signalling the onset of bulk de-alloying8,9. Below Vcrit, the surface is passivated by the accumulation of up to several monolayers of the more noble component. The current understanding of the processes that control Vcrit is incomplete. Here, we report on de-alloying results of Ag/Au superlattices that clarify the role of pre-existing length scales in alloy dissolution. Our data motivated us to re-analyse existing data on critical potentials of Ag–Au alloys and develop a simple unifying picture that accounts for the compositional dependence of solid-solution alloy critical potentials.
Interventions for Metabolic and Endocrine Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Illicit Drug Use

Illicit drug use and concurrent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with metabolic and endocrine complications that may include lipid, carbohydrate, and endocrine metabolism disorders and nutritional deficiencies. Interventions for these metabolic and endocrine complications range from micronutrient supplementation to hormone-replacement therapy. We present the current strategies for the management of metabolic and endocrine disorders of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency virus and drug use. In addition, the panel members (contributing authors of the present supplement) recommend further research to determine the nature and extent of problems and to design better and effective therapies.
Evaluation of distance education instruction: an evaluation case study

In evaluating distance instruction, a good place to begin is with the assessment of student attitude toward the experience. This paper describes the results of an assessment of student attitudes in five areas (instruction, technical aspects, course management, membership, and course satisfaction) based on their experiences in an interactive television class. The focus of the paper is on attitude differences between remote and origination site students.
DAHRT accelerators update and plans for initial operation

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamics Test (DARHT) facility will use two perpendicular electron linear induction accelerators to produce intense, bremsstrahlung X-ray pulses for flash radiography. We intend to produce measurements containing 3D information with sub-millimeter spatial of the interior features of very dense explosively driven objects. The facility will be completed in two phases with the first operational by June 1999 utilizing a single-pulse, 19.8-MeV, 2 to 4-kA, 60-ns accelerator (activated in March 1999), a high-resolution electro-optical X-ray imaging system, and other hydrodynamics testing systems. The second phase will be operational by Sept. 2002 and features the addition of a 20-MeV, 2 to 4-kA, 2-microsecond accelerator. Four short electron micropulses of variable pulse-width and spacing will be chopped out of the original, long accelerator pulse for producing time-resolved X-ray images. The second phase also features an extended, high-resolution electro-optical X-ray system with a framing speed of about 2-MHz. In this paper we present a Figure-Of-Merit for a X-ray based flash radiography system to motivate the selection of accelerator parameters. We will then present sub-system performance measurements from Phase 1, the physics of the interaction of our high-intensity beams with the X-ray conversion target, initial Phase 1 accelerator measurements (if available), and plans for operation. We will also discuss designs and prototype testing results for the 2-microsecond Phase 2 accelerator, including prototype induction cells and pulsed power, prototype kicker magnet performance to chop the beam, and design considerations for a multipulse X-ray conversion target.
Level annotation and test by autonomous exploration: abbreviated version

This paper proposes the use of an autonomous exploring agent to generate and annotate the waypoint graph as an offline process during level development. The explorer incrementally generates the waypoint graph as it explores the level via the same motion model used for player movement, and then revisits the waypoints to annotate them using image-based techniques. Points where the explorer becomes stuck or falls off of the level are flagged for later investigation by a level designer.
Invasive cleavage reactions on DNA-modified diamond surfaces.

Recently developed DNA-modified diamond surfaces exhibit excellent chemical stability to high-temperature incubations in biological buffers. The stability of these surfaces is substantially greater than that of gold or silicon surfaces, using similar surface attachment chemistry. The DNA molecules attached to the diamond surfaces are accessible to enzymes and can be modified in surface enzymatic reactions. An important application of these surfaces is for surface invasive cleavage reactions, in which target DNA strands added to the solution may result in specific cleavage of surface-bound probe oligonucleotides, permitting analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our previous work demonstrated the feasibility of performing such cleavage reactions on planar gold surfaces using PCR-amplified human genomic DNA as target. The sensitivity of detection in this earlier work was substantially limited by a lack of stability of the gold surface employed. In the present work, detection sensitivity is improved by a factor of ∼100 (100 amole of DNA target compared with 10 fmole in the earlier work) by replacing the DNA-modified gold surface with a more stable DNA-modified diamond surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
A GALACTIC ORIGIN FOR HE 0437-5439, THE HYPERVELOCITY STAR NEAR THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We use Hubble Space Telescope imaging to measure the absolute proper motion of the hypervelocity star (HVS) HE 0437–5439, a short-lived B star located in the direction of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We observe (μα, μδ) = (+0.53 ± 0.25(stat) ± 0.33(sys), + 0.09 ± 0.21(stat) ± 0.48(sys)) mas yr–1. The velocity vector points directly away from the center of the Milky Way; an origin from the center of the LMC is ruled out at the 3σ level. The flight time of the HVS from the Milky Way exceeds its main-sequence lifetime, thus its stellar nature requires it to be a blue straggler. The large space velocity rules out a Galactic-disk ejection. Combining the HVS's observed trajectory, stellar nature, and required initial velocity, we conclude that HE 0437–5439 was most likely a compact binary ejected by the Milky Way's central black hole.
The role of limbic system irritability in linking history of childhood maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in low-income, high-risk women: Moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 haplotype

Childhood maltreatment is associated with lasting changes in neuroendocrine regulation, alterations in brain structure and function, and symptoms of "limbic irritability." Limbic irritability symptoms include somatic, sensory, and behavioral phenomena and may stem from increased excitatory neurotransmission following maltreatment. We tested the hypotheses that child maltreatment is indirectly associated with depressive and dissociative symptomatology via indicators of limbic irritability and that variation within the FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5), a gene involved in glucorticoid receptor functioning, moderates these effects. The sample consisted of high-risk, low-income women (N = 236) living in an inner-city environment. Child maltreatment, limbic irritability, and symptoms of depression and dissociation were measured cross-sectionally using self-report assessments. Haplotype analyses were conducted across four FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360870, and rs9470080. Path analysis using bootstrapping procedures was performed to test hypotheses regarding indirect and conditional indirect effects. We found significant indirect effects of maltreatment on depression (β = 0.088, p .05; dissociation: β = 0.002, p > .05). These results add to the growing evidence that child maltreatment may lead to symptoms of internalizing psychopathology through its impact on the limbic system. In addition, this study revealed a potential role of FKBP5 gene variants in contributing to risk for limbic system dysfunction. Language: en
The effect of litter size on normal retinal vascular development in the neonatal rat

Many animal models of retinal disease use the neonatal rat. Raising rat pups in large litters has been shown to result in postnatal growth retardation. We investigated the effect of litter size on the normal postnatal vascularization of the neonatal rat retina. Sixty-six newborn rat pups were divided among 5 nursing mothers into 3 small litters (n = 10) and 2 large litters (n = 18). On day 6 of life the rats were sacrificed and total retinal and vascularized retinal areas analyzed. The total retinal area was reduced in the rats raised in larger litters (28.6 mm2 vs. 25.9 mm2 p < 0.001) but there was a more pronounced reduction in vascularized retinal area (67% vascularized vs. 54% vascularized, p < 0.001). Postnatal vascularization of the normal rat retina may be influenced by litter size.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: How Medical Providers Can Increase Patient and Family Openness and Access to Evidence-Based Multimodal Therapy for Pediatric Migraine

Although evidence supports the recommendation for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for pediatric migraine, few children actually receive this evidence-based intervention. In this article, we briefly review the most recent empirical evidence supporting CBT. We then identify both provider- and system-related barriers as well as patient-related barriers. Finally, we provide practical solutions to addressing these barriers in the service of facilitating children receiving optimal comprehensive management of their headaches.
Degenerative sternoclavicular arthritis and hyperostosis

Symptomatic arthritic involvement of the sternoclavicular joint is relatively uncommon and can be a result of distant trauma, infection, and sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis, post-menopausal arthritis, condensing osteitis of the proximal clavicle, or secondary to an underlying arthropathy. Patients with degenerative osteoarthritis due to trauma most commonly have had either an anterior or posterior dislocation, subluxation, or periarticular fracture. Medical claviculectomy with or without ligamentous stabilization is indicated only in situations of painful primary and secondary rheumatoid arthritis, or in patients with neoplastic lesions. Numerous authors have recommended surgical reconstruction but few have reported series larger than two or three cases. This article reviews a few specific arthropathy conditions about the sternoclavicular joint and discusses their nonoperative and operative management.
Mononuclear macrophage (M-CFC) colony formation in semisolid media in the absence of exogenous GM-CSF.

Human fetal bone marrow (FBM) cells were examined for the ability to form colonies in the absence of exogenous colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in double layer agar, methylcellulose (MC), and in agar-MC (agar underlayer, MC overlayer) culture systems. Without exogenous CSF, macrophage colonies (M-CFC) were formed in a combined culture of agar and MC. Aggregates of 5–40 cells were observed on day 7. Gradually, large compact colonies which survived for 10–12 weeks of cultivation, were formed. They were composed of mononuclear monocytes and multinucleated cells. M-CFC progenitors were nonadherent, but their progeny became adherent during differentiation within the colony. Colony formation was cell-dose-dependent. Depletion of monocytes increased the number of colonies in agar-MC cultures and stimulated the development of some macrophage colonies in MC. Survival of monocyte progenitors was not dependent on CSF. Neither was their proliferation nor partial differentiation in agar-MC cultures. CSF increased M-CFC colony efficiency, however, if it was present when cultures were initiated. Addition of CSF to M-CFC growing for 2–5 weeks in CSF-deprived medium stimulated monocytes proliferation and transformation into macrophages. Epithelioid cells, and increase in the number of giant multinucleated cells, and granulocyte multiplication were also observed. The absolute dependence of macrophage colony formation on CSF described by others might be a result of inadequate culture conditions due to agar rather than an intrinsic physiological requirement.
Defining Aggression: An Exercise for Classroom Discussion

This activity is designed to generate class discussion on the definition of aggression and related issues of causation and control. It exposes students to a large number of issues involved in defining aggression and helps them to understand the complexity of such a construct and thus the reasons why their classmates and psychologists are in disagreement about its meaning.