cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time simulation methods for a six-pulse converter

This paper demonstrates the simulation of a six-pulse converter within stringent real-time constraints. A clamped-input technique was employed to reduce the computational burden at each time step and to relax the time step constraints associated with other system components which may be interacting in a system-level simulation. Additionally, unique architectural aspects of the computing platform were exploited to enhance the simulation performance. The results and methodologies employed to obtain real-time processing on the IBM RISC System/6000 that are presented are intended to provide guidelines for various problems of a similar nature.
Molybdenum Selenide Molecular Wires as One-Dimensional Conductors

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to characterize the structure and electronic properties of molybdenum selenide $({\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{Se}}_{6})$ molecular wires. STM images resolve the 0.45 nm unit cell repeat in isolated molecular wires and bundles of wires. Tunneling spectroscopy measurements exhibit sharp peaks in the local density of states that are consistent with the Van Hove singularities expected for a one-dimensional (1D) system. These data have been compared with previous band structure calculations. Preliminary measurements at 5 K show no evidence of a gap opening at low temperatures. The implications of these results to metal-insulator transitions in 1D systems are discussed.
A new, flow-through corer for the quantitative sampling of surface sediments

A new, flow-through benthic corer is described and compared to other commonly used coring methods. The new corer compares favorably with diver coring and is superior to coring with a ball-type, check valve corer, based on recovery of meiofauna, macrofauna, and particle bound hydrocarbons. Check valve corers yielded the most variable results. The new corer may be used to efficiently obtain samples of surface sediments from shallow (<6 m) water, where a reasonably stable working platform is available.
Efficacy of core decompression as treatment for osteonecrosis of the hip: a systematic review

Core decompression (CD) for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip has been a surgical option since the 1960s. We performed a systematic review to evaluate CD with regard to pain relief, need for total hip arthroplasty (THA), and lesion size and Ficat stage. Only four articles of level IV evidence (139 total cases) met inclusion criteria. Three reported improvement in outcomes. Overall average outcomes were only "good" in one study and either "fair" or "poor" in the others. One-fourth (25.8%) of patients required THA. Patients with necrotic lesion size <50% had best outcomes with CD. Although CD may become a standard treatment option to prevent THA in early stages of ON, there are not currently rigorous studies that provide long-term outcome measures.
Stimulation of Malpighian tubules from larval Aedes aegypti by secretagogues

Dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulate secretion rates of fluid, sodium, and potassium by Malpighian tubules from larval female Aedes aegypti, without affecting the sodium and potassium concentrations of the secreted fluid. High-potassium saline extracts of larval and adult tissues also cause increased fluid secretion rates by these tubules. The maximal rate of fluid secretion is agonist-dependent, and tubules secrete at the greatest rates in response to stimulation by 5-HT. Bumetanide has no effect on the fluid secretion rates of larval female tubules stimulated with 5-HT or db-cAMP. The head is the most concentrated source of diuretic neurosecretory material in larvae. The amount of material released into high-potassium saline from a single larval head causes a maximal response by a Malpighian tubule in vitro. The diuretic material in high-potassium saline extracts of larval heads is a peptide or peptides, apparently of small molecular weight. Enzymatic digestion studies reveal that it probably has a capped N-terminus, and a sialyl group is not required for activity. Size exclusion chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC yields a single peak of diuretic activity.
Coherence and the jurisdictions of the tribunal of reason

Soulevant le probleme de l'autorite des preuves formelles developpees par ordinateur, ainsi que le probleme des normes de justification au sein de la juridiction des tribunaux, face a la technocracie commerciale de la connaissance, l'A. critique la revision de l'epistemologie dans le sens d'une theorisation de la connaissance, entreprise par L. Alcoff dans son dernier ouvrage intitule «Real knowing: new versions of the coherence theory» (1996). Examinant la position coherentiste et le realisme internaliste anti-metaphysique defendu par Alcoff, l'A. fait retour a la politique de la connaissance chez Kant et montre que L. Alcoff formule un jugement trop rapide sur la tradition individualiste et elististe de la societe liberale
Electron spinT2 of a nitroxyl radical at 250 MHz measured by rapid-scan EPR

Rapid-scan electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to measure the room temperature spin-spin relaxation timeT 2 for the per-deuterated nitroxyl radical, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-d16 in water at 250 MHz. Signals were recorded on a locally constructed system using either sinusoidal or triangular magnetic field scans. Values ofT 2 were obtained by simulation of the rapid-scan response and were systematically shorter for the high-field line (m 1=−1) than for them 1=0 or +1 lines. Form 1=+1, the value ofT 2 increased from 0.41±0.03 μs at 0.5 mM to 0.53±0.03 μs at 0.1 or 0.2 mM. Form 1=−1,T 2 increased from 0.35±0.03 μs at 0.5 mM to 0.42±0.03 μs at 0.1 or 0.2 mM. These values put lower bounds on the values ofT 1 for this nitroxyl at 250 MHz.
Synthesis of triazolyl anthracene as a selective fluorescent chemosensor for the Cu(II) ion

The Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has been used to synthesize an anthracene-based fluorescent compound that undergoes strong fluorescence quenching in the presence of Cu(II). Fluorescence studies indicate that the compound forms a 1:1 complex and can be used to quantitatively determine micromolar concentrations of Cu(II) in aqueous solution.
On a nonlinear inequality on the time scale

In the present paper, we consider a dynamic nonlinear integral inequality with a power-law nonlinearity. We obtain a solution of this inequality for arbitrary nonlinearity exponents exceeding unity. These results can be constructively used in the analysis of stability properties (including nonclassical stability properties) of quasilinear dynamic equations.
Intramolecular cycloadditions of bis-o-xylyenes. an extremely short route to [2.2.2]cyclophanes.

Abstract Benzocyclobutenes linked by two-carbon bridges undergo flashpyrolytic conversion to [2.2.2]cyclophanes.
SMOOTH: A BASIC program for smoothing a data series

When examining a series of data points, a researcher may find it useful to highlight the general trends. This aids in the interpretation of subsequent statistical analyses. A commonprocedurefor highlighting the trends in a series is to "smooth" the series (Hartwig& Dearing, 1979; Tukey, 1977).Smoothing a series removesthe influence of outlying cases so that the underlying pattern can emerge. The most common smoothingproceduresentail either the use of running medians or the calculation of medians of successive overlapping groupsof constant size throughoutthe series. The procedures can be quite timeconsuming, particularly for a long series. The program described herewasdesigned to calculate thesmoothed version of a data series. The program utilizes the 53R'H method (see Hartwig & Dearing, 1979). This methodfirst requires calculation of running mediansof groups of five data points. At the end points, the original data are carried over, and the points adjacent to the end points are determined by taking the medianof the three data points at each end of the series. Next, running medians of groups of three data points are calculated(again, end points are carried over to the new series). This process is continueduntil there is no change in the series from one iteration to the next. Finally, a procedure knownas "banning" is conducted. This represents the calculation of running medians of
Increases in NMR-visible lipid and glycerophosphocholine during phenylbutyrate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells

DU145 human prostatic carcinoma cells were treated with the differentiating agents phenylacetate (PA) and phenylbutyrate (PB) and examined in perfused cultures by diffusion-weighted 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). PA and PB (10 mM) induced significant (>3-fold) time-dependent increases in the level of NMR-visible lipids and total choline in 1H spectra, and glycerophosphocholine levels in the 31P spectra, with the increases being greater for PB. These effects were accompanied by significant increases in cytoplasmic lipid droplets and intracellular lipid volume fraction as observed by morphometric analysis of Oil Red O-stained cells. PB treatment caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. In contrast, PA-treated DU145 cells showed an accumulation of cells in G2/M and no evidence of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that significant differences exist in the mechanism of PA and PB activity, although both compounds cause similar, but graded alterations in lipid metabolism. The simultaneous accumulation of mobile lipid and glycerophosphocholine suggests that PB and PA induce phospholipid catabolism via a phospholipase-mediated pathway. The mobile lipid accumulation following the induction of either apoptosis and cytostasis by related differentiating agents indicate that the presence of NMR-visible lipids may not be a specific event causally resulting from the induction of apoptosis.
Effect of draw rate on the stress-strain behaviour of polymers

Abstract A new phenomenon has been observed in the tensile deformation of polymers, including polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene. It has been seen that when draw rate is larger than a critical value, Young's modulus, yield stress and other parameters associated with the drawing response of these polymers decrease rapidly with the increasing draw rate; the normal time-temperature superposition principle does not appear to hold in this case. Further it can be shown that this decrease in modulus and yield stress is not caused by a temperature rise during drawing; the tensile deformation process before yield is largely isothermal. As an alternative, a change in the yield mechanism is suggested as a reason for the decrease in modulus and yield stress. This decrease may arise from void formation and crazing, which is relatively uniform throughout the sample, and dominates at these high draw rates.
Memory enhancement induced in chicks by L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycineamide

Abstract Two-day-old chicks were injected either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally with saline or a L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycineamide solution. This C-terminal tripeptide of oxytocin produced retrograde enhancement when injected centrally but not peripherally. Possible memory mechanisms are discussed in light of this peptide's relationship to oxytocin, MSH, and dopaminergic systems.
Aspergillus fumigatus Triggers Inflammatory Responses by Stage-Specific β-Glucan Display

Inhalation of fungal spores (conidia) occurs commonly and, in specific circumstances, can result in invasive disease. We investigated the murine inflammatory response to conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common invasive mold in immunocompromised hosts. In contrast to dormant spores, germinating conidia induce neutrophil recruitment to the airways and TNF-α/MIP-2 secretion by alveolar macrophages. Fungal β-glucans act as a trigger for the induction of these inflammatory responses through their time-dependent exposure on the surface of germinating conidia. Dectin-1, an innate immune receptor that recognizes fungal β-glucans, is recruited in vivo to alveolar macrophage phagosomes that have internalized conidia with exposed β-glucans. Antibody-mediated blockade of Dectin-1 partially inhibits TNF-α/MIP-2 induction by metabolically active conidia. TLR-2- and MyD88-mediated signals provide an additive contribution to macrophage activation by germinating conidia. Selective responsiveness to germinating conidia provides the innate immune system with a mechanism to restrict inflammatory responses to metabolically active, potentially invasive fungal spores.
Hematology of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus: standardization of complete blood count techniques for elasmobranchs.

Background: Standardized hematologic methods and reference intervals have not been established for cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) despite the large number of animals displayed in zoos and aquariums worldwide. Objective: The focus of this study was to validate CBC methods for sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) blood, based on criteria established in human medicine, for the following tests: RBC count, total WBC count, PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and WBC differential percentages. Methods: Replicate CBCs were performed using blood samples from 5 captive sandbar sharks. Three protocols for RBC and total WBC counts were compared, as were different centrifugation times for PCV determination, and 2 methods for Hgb concentration. Means, minimum and maximum values, and CVs were compared to CAP and CLIA performance guidelines for human tests. Results: Total WBC counts in a diluent modified for elasmobranch blood, Hgb concentration by the cyanmethemoglobin method after removal of nuclei, and WBC differential percentages showed acceptable performance. PCV results were acceptable when tubes were centrifuged for at least 5 minutes. Total RBC counts by all 3 methods exceeded the acceptable error for manual counts of human cells. Conclusions: Standardized CBC tests can be used as health assessment tools for elasmobranchs. Total RBC counts should be viewed as estimates.
Vegetation survey of the Wasgomuwa National Park, Sri Lanka: analysis of the Wasgomuwa Oya Forest

Three types of forests were recognised (high, disturbed and open) based on the openings in the canopy in a Tropical Monsoonal Forest at the Wasgomuwa National Park, Sri Lanka. The analysis of these forests showed that the species composition varied between forest types. The shrub vegetation, not only was very characteristic but was also a major component in each forest, unlike in the tropical rain forest. The exact role of the shrubs in the dynamics of the tropical monsoon forests is not established, but is suggested that it may act as a buffer during the dry periods under a semi deciduous canopy. The sapling composition differed from the tree vegetation and indicated that the species composition may change with time in this forest. Mosaic theory or the patch dynamics may best explain the dynamics of this tropical monsoon forest which is a mixture of forest types. More studies are required before generalisations can be made of tropical monsoon forests.
Persistence in the Face of Failure The Impact of Self-Esteem and Contingency Information

Past research has found that high self-esteem individuals tend to respond to failure with increased persistence, even under conditions in which such persistence is nonproductive. Janoff-Bulman and Brickman (1982) have argued, however, that high self-esteem individuals tend to make better use of information telling them when to quit and when to persist than low self-esteem individuals. This study tested whether differential sensitivity to information about the efficacy of persistence moderates nonproductive persistence. Following initial failure, high self-esteem subjects who received information linking persistence to performance on a puzzle-solving task tended to persist longer on unsolvable puzzles than did low self-esteem subjects. The reverse was true, however, when subjects received information indicating a noncontingency between persistence and performance. Results are discussed in terms of information use and general performance expectancies.
Cautions of Using Allele-Based Tests Under Heterosis

Abstract: In genetic studies, heterotic effects are commonly assessed as dominant, additive, or recessive effects for a given genetic marker. However, the distorting effect of heterosis on statistical tests is non-trivial. An inheritance model needs to be carefully chosen to achieve highest testing power. We assess this through simulations via allele- and genotype-based tests. Chi-square test statistics for different inheritance models are formulated as a function of relative risks and allele frequencies. The results indicate that testing power from the commonly used allele-based tests can be substantially diminished by heterosis. Assessing the existence of heterosis is thus recommended to avoid false negative findings.
Connective tissue synthesis by cultured scleroderma fibroblasts. I. In vitro collagen synthesis by normal and scleroderma dermal fibroblasts

The authors have been unable to demonstrate an increase in collagen synthesis by fibroblasts isolated from sclerodermatous skin. In order to elucidate this problem further, scleroderma fibroblasts were biopsied from upper dermis, from lower (including subcutaneous) dermis, and from adjacent clinically noninvolved skin. All cell lines failed to show a significant increase in collagen synthesis when they were compared to control fibroblast lines. One difference among them was that fibroblasts from involved areas showed a rate of collagen synthesis equal to or less than cells isolated from adjacent clinically noninvolved sites.
Malaysia and the "original people" : a case study of the impact of development on indigenous peoples

1.Introduction. 2.Orang Asli Before Development. 3.Government Intervention. 4.Development, Destruction, and Encroachment. 5.Regroupment and Islamization. 6.The Future of the Orang Asli.
Flare morphologies and coronal field configurations

Chromospheric flares are the footpoints of closed coronal field lines. In this paper we present different flare morphologies from observations and examine the implied coronal field configurations above the flaring region. Flares are grouped according to the number of ribbons, from unresolved compact point-like flare to four-ribbon flares. Quiet region flares having characteristics all their own are also presented here. We find that compact, unresolved point-like flares have two distinct footpoints when viewed in offband Hα. The footpoints of some of the compact flares also show increased separation as a function of time. Unlike large two-ribbon flares, the ribbons of many small and/or short-lived two-ribbon flares usually have no measurable separation of ribbons. Multiple-ribbon (three or more ribbon) flares consist of two or more pairs of two-ribbons, or two or more sets of field lines. Parity of the ribbons in multiple-ribbon flares, or the lack of it, depends on the magnetic makeup of the locale of the ribbons. Flares in old quiet regions resulting from sudden filament eruptions show discrete small patches of emissions reflecting the ‘spottiness’ of decayed and dispersed field of quiet region.
Canopy Dynamics in Nanoscale Ionic Materials

Nanoscale ionic materials (NIMS) are organic−inorganic hybrids in which a core nanostructure is functionalized with a covalently attached corona and an ionically tethered organic canopy. NIMS are engineered to be liquids under ambient conditions in the absence of solvent and are of interest for a variety of applications. We have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation and pulse-field gradient (PFG) diffusion experiments to measure the canopy dynamics of NIMS prepared from 18-nm silica cores modified by an alkylsilane monolayer possessing terminal sulfonic acid functionality, paired with an amine-terminated ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer canopy. Carbon NMR studies show that the block copolymer canopy is mobile both in the bulk and in the NIMS and that the fast (ns) dynamics are insensitive to the presence of the silica nanoparticles. Canopy diffusion in the NIMS is slowed relative to the neat canopy, but not to the degree predicted from the diffusion of hard-sphere particles. Canop...
Murine leukemia virus infects early bone marrow progenitors in immunocompetent mice.

Chronic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) are retroviruses which induce leukemias/lymphomas after long latency periods. The induction of leukemia by MuLVs is complex, requiring multiple steps beginning with infection of an appropriate target cell. A number of investigators have proposed a bone marrow-thymus axis in the development of retrovirus induced T-cell lymphoma in which cells are initially infected in the bone marrow. These bone marrow cells or their progeny migrate to the thymus during the disease process. In our system using adult, immunocompetent BALB.K mice infected with E-55(+) MuLV, a similar pattern is seen; integrated virus is initially detectable in the bone marrow and spleen and only later in the thymus. In order to better understand the leukemic process, we analyzed the bone marrow from adult, immunocompetent BALB.K mice infected with the E-55(+) MuLV in bone marrow colony assays. The results from these assays demonstrate that either a pluripotent progenitor cell or an early progenitor cell is a target in the bone marrow for the virus.
Use of Galerkin's Method for Minimum-Weight Panels with Dynamic Constraints

Galerkin's method is applied to the design of minimum-weight structures with dynamic constraints. The problems considered include the weight optimization of a simply supported beam and a panel, with the condition that their fundamental frequencies be the same as those of corresponding uniform-thickness structures. Galerkin's method also is used for the weight optimization of a semi-infinite panel and of a finite square panel, both of which have flutter speed constraints. Galerkin's technique is determined to be an effective method of finding approximate solutions to these structural optimization problems. The Galerkin solutions of the beam vibration and semi-infinite panel flutter problems compare favorably with exact numerical results. For the twodimensional problems of panel vibration and flutter panel, initial rough estimates of the minimum-weight thickness distribution are calculated.
Catalytic conversion of alcohols: role of sodium in altering the alkene products obtained with alumina catalysts

In order to study the catalytic conversion of alcohols to alkenes, catalysts were prepared by impregnating Degussa aluminum oxide C with aqueous NaNO/sub 3/ and then drying and calcining the catalysts. The alcohols studied were 2-butanol and 2-octanol; but since a serious secondary isomerization effect present when 2-butanol is converted is eliminated when a mixture of the two alcohols is converted, the mixture was used for this study. The results indicated that two types of dehydration sites must occur on the alumina catalyst. One type designated A is more active for dehydration, and their selectivity from 1-butene and cis-2-butene in about equal amounts with only a small fraction of trans-2-butene. The other type of sites, B sites, form isomers in nearly equal amounts.
Merging Old and New: An Instrumentation-Based Introductory Analytical Laboratory

An instrumentation-based laboratory curriculum combining traditional unknown analyses with student-designed projects has been developed for an introductory analytical chemistry course. In the first half of the course, students develop laboratory skills and instrumental proficiency by rotating through six different instruments performing quantitative analyses of unknowns. In the second half of the course, students use these skills to design and perform a quantitative chemical analysis of a real-world sample of their choosing in which students direct each step in the analytical process: sampling, sample preparation, data acquisition, interpretation, reporting, and drawing conclusions. Unique features of the course include open lab periods, an online lab manual with embedded video demonstrations, and the publication of student projects in an online journal. Assessment results show that students report high levels of gain in relation to the desired outcomes of the overall project.
Market trends in the projection display industry

The projection display industry represents a multibillion- dollar market that includes four distinct technologies. High-volume consumer products and high-value business products drive the market, with different technologies being used in different application markets. The consumer market is dominated by rear CRT technology, especially in the projection television segment. But rear LCD (liquid crystal display) and rear reflective (DLP, or Digital Light ProcessingTM) televisions are slowly emerging as future competitors to rear CRT projectors. Front CRT projectors are still popular in the high-end home theater market. Front LCD technology and front DLP technology dominate the business market. Traditional light valve technology was the only solution for applications requiring high light outputs, but new three-chip DLP projectors meet the higher light output requirements at a lower price. In the last few years the strongest growth has been in the business market for multimedia presentation applications. This growth was due to the continued increase in display pixel formats, the continued reduction in projector weight, and the improved price/performance ratio. The projection display market will grow at a significant rate during the next five years, driven by the growth in ultraportable (< 10 pound) projectors and the shift in the consumer market to digital and HDTV products.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unmet needs in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced upper gastrointestinal diseases

The use of traditional and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for the relief of pain and inflammation increases the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects ranging from dyspepsia to symptomatic and complicated ulcers. The COX-2-selective agents were designed to provide comparable pain relief to traditional NSAID, with a reduced rate of adverse gastrointestinal events. However, there appears to be little clinically significant difference between COX-2 and traditional NSAID in terms of dyspepsia, a common cause of the discontinuation of a traditional NSAID. Furthermore, concomitant aspirin use substantially reduces the gastrointestinal safety advantage of COX-2-selective drugs. An increase in the numbers of people taking low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection, an aging population and potential chemoprevention benefits are resulting in the rising consumption of NSAID. Proton pump inhibitors have a demonstrated role in the treatment and prevention of both non-selective NSAID and selective COX-2 inhibitor-related upper gastrointestinal damage. However, the use of gastroprotective agents is far from optimal, and many high-risk patients are not being clearly identified. At the same time, inappropriate low-dose aspirin use is placing low cardiovascular risk patients at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Combined with the recent withdrawal of rofecoxib and valdecoxib from the market because of excess cardiovascular adverse events, and concerns about the safety of other COX-2 inhibitors, a review of strategies to reduce the overall risks in users of anti-inflammatory drugs is timely. This article examines the current issues of understanding and managing NSAID-induced upper gastrointestinal diseases.
Benthic diatoms as indicators of long-term changes in a watershed receiving passive treatment for acid mine drainage

Between 1995 and 2003, 15 reclamation projects using passive treatment systems were installed in a 70-km2 watershed to reduce acid mine drainage (AMD) impacts from coal mining. Six stream sites were sampled for water chemistry and benthic diatoms on 15 dates from 1996 to 2005; 1 unimpacted reference stream, 4 downstream of treatment systems, and 1 AMD-impacted site with no treatment. Our objective was to determine if diatom communities have responded to restoration by comparing temporal trends at sites downstream of treatment to concurrent trends at untreated and reference sites. Water chemistry at the sites corresponded spatially to AMD sources within the watershed. All sites below treatment had a significant increase in pH. Diatom communities provided several lines of evidence that treatment had lessen AMD impacts over the 10 year study: (1) the percentage of circumneutral taxa significantly increased at 3 of the 4 sites below treatment; (2) the percentage of circumnuetral taxa averaged for all sites below treatment increased significantly; and (3) temporal changes in community composition were significantly directional for 3 of 4 treated sites, becoming progressively more similar to reference communities. This study emphasizes the importance of long-term data sets for assessing recovery of streams following large-scale restoration.
Theory of velocity distributions of atoms evaporating from liquid helium II

Abstract Anomalous temperature dependences found in the velocity distribution of evaporating He II atoms by Johnston and King are explained in terms of current fluctuations and effective helium masses.
A kinetic assay of TPNH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation by changes in difference spectra.

Abstract In the presence of TPNH, O 2 and ADP-Fe +3 rat liver microsomes yield difference spectral changes at 237 nm and 267–270 nm that correlate with the kinetics of lipid peroxidation as measured by the rate of malonaldehyde formation and O 2 and TPNH consumption. Mn +2 EDTA, aniline, and reduced glutathione were inhibitory. It is suggested that the difference spectral changes at 237 nm and 267–270 nm are essentially due to conjugated diene and malonaldehyde formation, respectively.
Correlates of Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adolescents

Background.The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents and to determine sociodemographic, personal, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates of inadequate consumption.Methods.Data presented in this study were taken from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey, a classroom-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 36,284 adolescents in grades 7–12. Chi-square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, gender, and BMI were done.Results.Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by approximately 40% of adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Ethnic differences in eating patterns were also apparent in that American Indians were at highest risk for inadequate fruit consumption and African Americans were at greatest risk for inadequate vegetable consumption. Psychosocial correlates of inadequate intake included low family connectedness, weight dissatisfaction, and poor academic achievement. Frequent dieting was associated with inadequate fruit consumption but not with vegetable consumption. Health-compromising behaviors such as binge eating, substance abuse, and past suicide attempts were correlated with inadequate intake.Conclusions.The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at increased consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. While programs need to reach all adolescents, approaches need to be suitable to those at highest risk for inadequate consumption, in particular those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
Chromosomal assignments of human 27-kDa heat shock protein gene family

The 27-kDa human heat shock protein (hsp27) is dually regulated by both estrogen and heat shock treatment. Its function is obscure, but the high degree of homology to the lens α-crystallins and to the small heat shock proteins of Drosophilasuggests that it may serve a structural function. There are at least three related human hsp27 sequences. To provide possible insight into the dual regulation of hsp27, we have determined the chromosomal location of all these and found them to be on separate chromosomes: 3, 9, and X.
Invariant repetition structure and the Ranschburg effect

Two experiments concerned the Ranschburg effect (RE), the poorer short-term recall of repeated elements than recall of corresponding control elements in strings near span in length. Experiment 1 showed an RE of the usual size, even when 50% of the strings contained repeated elements that always occupied a fixed pair of serial positions. Experiment 2 showed that as the percentage of strings in a set of 40 that contained repetition in an invariant structure increased from 20 to 90 (and perhaps from 0 to 100), there was no corresponding change in the magnitude of the RE.
Enzymatic conversion of sucrose to kestose by fungal extracellular fructosyltransferase

An extracellular fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.9) fromAspergillus foetidus NRRL 337 was found capable of converting sucrose into a syrup containing more than 50% kestose. The production efficiencies ranged from 26 to 47%, depending oh sucrose concentration and the reaction time.
Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Genomics Perspective

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the genomic basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hundreds of variants have been proposed as predisposing to ASD, and the challenge now is to validate candidates and to understand how gene networks interact to produce ASD phenotypes. Genome-wide association and second-generation sequencing studies in particular have provided important indications about how to understand ASD on a molecular level, and we are beginning to see these experimental approaches translate into novel treatments and diagnostic tests. We review key studies in the field over the past five years and discuss some of the remaining technological and methodological challenges that remain.
Persistence of Integration in the Face of Specialization: How Firms Navigated the Winds of Disintegration and Shaped the Architecture of the Semiconductor Industry

Although the stylized model of industry evolution suggests that firms transform from vertical integration to specialization over time, many industries still exhibit a continued persistence of integrated firms. In exploring this puzzle, I draw on detailed firm-level data from the semiconductor industry to analyze how integrated incumbents, beyond shifting to the specialized mode, reconfigured in the face of industry’s vertical disintegration so as to coexist with the specialized firms. I propose and find that the incumbents who persist with vertical integration increase their emphasis on systemic innovations and transact with specialized firms in both upstream and intermediate markets. The value-creating opportunities associated with integrated incumbents’ leveraging a their relative superiority in developing systemic innovations and b markets to pursue a broader menu of transactional choices may offset their costs of staying integrated. These firm-level factors also determine the pattern of industry’s vertical disintegration and the extent of coexistence between integrated and specialized firms.
High dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix: the Madison system: II. Procedural and physical considerations.

Abstract The loss in therapeutic ratio accompanying a conversion from low dose-rate (LDR) to high dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICR) requires increased attention to the precision and accuracy of dose distribution calculations and treatment delivery. While the HDR-ICR treatment unit allows better custom-tailored dose distributions compared to LDR, it also requires more attention to detail to achieve the distribution desired. Because the relative biological effectiveness of different isodose levels in a dose distribution varies with the absolute dose (as described in Part 1 of this article), the relative dose distribution used with LDR must be modified for HDR to produce the same expected biological effect. Because of the difference in the radiobiology and physical positioning, simply duplicating applications as performed with LDR misses opportunities for dose distribution improvement as well as opens possibilities for significant complications. Due to differences in positioning the applicator (e.g., retraction of the cervix low in the pelvis instead of packing the applicator high), traditional definitions of points of interest (such as point A) apply poorly with HDR-ICR, compelling new systems of dose specification. With HDR-CR, irreparable mistakes can happen very quickly, and quality assurance for the treatment plan and calculated dwell times prove much more important than with LDR. Key features of the dose distribution and constant relationships involving doses and dwell times help screen planned treatments for mistakes. This paper details the procedural and physical consideration of the Madison system for HDR-ICR brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix.
A multi-element coplanar waveguide continuous transverse stub (CPW-CTS) antenna for wireless communications

A three element CPW-CTS array antenna is described. The advantages of this new design include low cost, low profile, light weight, and a very simple planar microstrip feed configuration. The three element antenna exhibits a well-formed broadside main beam with up to 31% decrease in HPBW (compared to a single element CPW-CTS) at the 10 GHz frequency band and good 50-ohm impedance match (-10 dB) from 9.9 to 10.3 GHz. For future work, experimental verification will be performed and measured data will be compared with simulated results. The multi element CPW-CTS array represents the first step towards a large multi-panel planar array.
Some Evidence Bearing on the Aim‐Inhibition Hypothesis of Love

ONE OF THE more tenacious but, curiously, not very provacative issues centering around premarital sexuality concerns the consequences of coitus on established love relationships. Although sexual involvement between meaningful pair members is sometimes advocated in the folk culture, it is usually with the intent of precipitating a commitment for marriage; the generation of feelings of obligation and guilt, not love, become paramount. With respect to enhancing love, we find little encouragement for sexual activity. Quite to the contrary, our culture abounds with expressions admonishing the young, especially the female, of the unhappy consequences of premarital intercourse. Premarital concessions, she is warned, bring rejection and vitiates the love relationship. Generations of daughters have been cautioned that "he won't love (respect) you anymore." This avenue of thought is by no means unique to the layman. Significant figures in sociology and psychology have also invested belief in the hypothesis that sexual intercourse corrupts love. Contemporary family writers, influenced by the works of Freud (1960) and Waller (1938), perpetuate with varying degrees of commitment the aim-inhibition hypothesis: romantic love is the consequence of sexual inaccessibility of the love object. Although a wide variety of explanations are offered concerning the psychological mechanics underlying this hypothesis, the central idea is essentially that romantic love is a subliminal phenomenon emerging from the social frustration of biological impulses. For our purposes, aim-inhibition is synonymous with the idea that romantic love and sex are incompatible, the dynamics accounting for that incompatibility being ignored. There has been a paucity of research on the consequences of sex on love in American society. The existent studies, however, do not support the aim-inhibition hypothesis (Burgess and Wallin, 1953:239-242; Kirkendall, 1961:chapter 8). For some of the more devout proponents of the hypothesis, the coup de grace has simply been the observation that romantic love tends not to survive long into marriage.' Efforts have also been exerted to bring anthropological materials to bear on this issue. These investigations have, at best, produced mixed evidence (Blood, 1952; Stephens, 1963:207; Chard, 1961). It is possible, moreover, that these cross-cultural studies have been aimed at a conceptually alien question, i.e., not whether the introduction of sexual intercourse vitiates love but rather do the two elements tend to co-exist on a societal level at any given time. The
Amino Acid Substitutions in the S2 Subunit of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Variant V51 Encode Determinants of Host Range Expansion

We previously described mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) variant V51 derived from a persistent infection of murine DBT cells with an expanded host range (R. S. Baric, E. Sullivan, L. Hensley, B. Yount, and W. Chen, J. Virol. 73:638-649, 1999). Sequencing of the V51 spike gene, the mediator of virus entry, revealed 13 amino acid substitutions relative to the originating MHV A59 strain. Seven substitutions were located in the amino-terminal S1 cleavage subunit, and six were located in the carboxy-terminal S2 cleavage subunit. Using targeted RNA recombination, we constructed a panel of recombinant viruses to map the mediators of host range to the six substitutions in S2, with a subgroup of four changes of particular interest. This subgroup maps to two previously identified domains within S2, a putative fusion peptide and a heptad repeat, both conserved features of class I fusion proteins. In addition to an altered host range, V51 displayed altered utilization of CEACAM1a, the high-affinity receptor for A59. Interestingly, a recombinant with S1 from A59 and S2 from V51 was severely debilitated in its ability to productively infect cells via CEACAM1a, while the inverse recombinant was not. This result suggests that the S2 substitutions exert powerful effects on the fusion trigger that normally passes from S1 to S2. These novel findings play against the existing data that suggest that MHV host range determinants are located in the S1 subunit, which harbors the receptor binding domain, or involve coordinating changes in both S1 and S2. Mounting evidence also suggests that the class I fusion mechanism may possess some innate plasticity that regulates viral host range.
Waveguide shaping and writing in fused silica using a femtosecond laser

Fused silica waveguides were written and reshaped with an 800-mn amplified femtosecond laser in a lateral writing configuration. The asymmetry of the waveguide shape and the index profile was partially corrected through multiple scans shifted by 1 or 2 /spl mu/m. Following the careful adjustment of both laser pulse energy and writing speed, the resulting waveguides exhibited substantial reduction in propagation and coupling losses by more than 50% in the C-band.
Myelin Loss Associated With Neuroinflammation in Hypertensive Rats

Background and Purpose—Small vessel disease is the major cause of white matter injury in patients with vascular cognitive impairment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated inflammation may be involved in the white matter damage with oligodendrocyte (Ol) death. Therefore, we used spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats to study the role of neuroinflammation in white matter damage. Methods—Permanent unilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed at 12 weeks of age in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Following surgery, rats were placed on a Japanese permissive diet and received 1% NaCl in drinking water. MRI, histology, biochemistry, and ELISA characterized white matter lesions, and cognitive impairment was tested by Morris water maze. Results—White matter damage was observed 4 to 5 weeks following permanent unilateral carotid artery occlusion/Japanese permissive diet. Immunoblotting showed marked reduction in myelin basic protein and upregulation of immature Ols. Mature Ols underwent ...
Unequal at the starting line: Creating participatory inequalities across generations and among groups

We investigate how inequalities in political participation are shaped across generations by considering the influence of family background-in particular, parents' education and political involvement-on political participation. We pursue this issue, first, for individuals, investigating the effects of parental characteristics on the participatory profile of their offspring. Then, we use what we have learned to understand how group differences in political participation-between women and men and among Latinos, African Americans, and Anglo Whites-are rooted in the legacy of class and political background and in experiences throughout the life cycle.
Global asymptotic stabilization of the inverted equilibrium manifold of the 3-D pendulum by hybrid feedback

Topological obstructions preclude the existence of a continuous state-feedback control law that globally asymptotically stabilizes the inverted equilibrium manifold of the 3D pendulum. Furthermore, memoryless discontinuous feedbacks are either unbounded or not robust to arbitrarily small measurement noise. In this paper, we propose a hybrid feedback that coordinates a “synergistic” family of potential functions and their gradient-based feedbacks to ensure global asymptotic stability of the inverted equilibrium manifold of the 3D pendulum. The hybrid scheme is robust to small perturbations including measurement noise, eliminates performance limitations of smooth state feedback, and obviates the need for large torques created by some non-smooth state-feedback control laws. We provide a brief simulation study to illustrate the efficacy of the method and compare it with a smooth feedback.
Mechanistic aspects of the nickel‐catalyzed addition reaction of alkenyl‐zirconium reagents to cyclopropyl ketones

Nickel-catalyzed addition of alkenylzirconium species to cyclopropyl ketones proceeds by an electron transfer mechanism. One-electron reduction of the substrate leads to a ketyl which may either couple to give the 1, 2-addition product or undergo a second one-electron reduction, followed by rearrangement and coupling to give a β-methyl, β-alkenyl ketone. This rearrangement is postulated to occur via β-hydride elimination and reinsertion in an organonickel intermediate. The ratio of 1, 2-adduct to ring-opened product formed is dependent on the concentration of nickel(I) catalyst present and suggests that two Ni(I) species, used successively, are required to open the three-membered ring.
Combining willingness to pay and behavior data with limited information

In order to incorporate behavioral change in the willingness to pay model we jointly estimate contingent valuation and revealed and contingent behavior data. The willingness to pay model includes the change in the number of recreation trips as an independent variable. Models that do not account for the endogeneity of trips produce inconsistent coefficient estimates. Accounting for the endogeneity of the change in trips in both independent and jointly estimated models of willingness to pay and behavior leads to an increase in the ratio of use value to total value.
An RFQ Resonator Modeling Computer Program

The mathematical background for a multiport-network-solving program is described. A method for accurately numerically modeling an arbitrary, continuous, multiport transmission line is discussed. A modification to the transmission-line equations to accommodate multiple rf drives is presented. An improved model for the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator that corrects previous errors is given. This model permits treating the RFQ as a true eightport network for simplicity in interpreting the field distribution and ensures that all modes propagate at the same velocity in the high-frequency limit. The flexibility of the multiport model is illustrated by simple modifications to otherwise two-dimensional systems that permit modeling them as linear chains of multiport networks.
Manifest strabismus following pseudostrabismus diagnosis.

Pseudostrabismus is a common diagnosis in a busy pediatric ophthalmology practice. This purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of true strabismus in patients previously diagnosed wit...