cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative model of human hand for biomechanical analysis

Abstract A three-dimensional normative model of the hand was established, based on the averaged anatomical structure of ten normal hand specimens. The joint and tendon orientations were defined from biplanar X-ray films. The configurations of the hand at the joints were described by the classic Eulerian angles. Force potential and moment potential parameters were utilized to describe the contribution of each tendon in the force analysis. The mean values of these two parameters were used to compute the designated two points for each tendon at each joint in the normative model. With appropriate coordinate transformations at the joints, the tendon locations and excursions under various functional configurations can be computed. This model can be used to perform force and motion analyses for both normal and pathological hands.
Differences in trace-element concentrations in hair between males and females

Hair clippings (from the head) from over a hundred persons in and around Orange County of California were analysed for mercury, gold, zinc, and copper by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results of the study show significant differences in the trace-element distributions between males and females. For mercury, the mode of the distribution occurs at about 1 to 1,5 ppm for males and 4 to 6 ppm for females. A significant difference between the male and female distribution curves was also found for gold, and a less significant one for zinc and copper. This study indicates the possibility that the high levels of mercury and gold in the hair of females are more likely due to external contamination, because of the more frequent and intense exposure of their hair to cosmetics. Moreover, as females usually have longer hair, their hair strands are exposed to such treatment over a longer period of time. Hair being a good ion-exchange material, trace elements are absorbed easily during the process of washing and setting of hair, and accumulation of these over a long period may cause a very high concentration of these elements. The variability of trace-element concentration as a result of external contamination, and the sometimes marked variation along the length of the hair, pose a serious problem in forensic work. Identification criteria should provide for these variations, especially in the case of mercury and gold. This work also indicates that if the evidence hair from the scene of a crime does not contain the root end, its value as an evidence specimen is considerably reduced.
The impact of air filter pressure drop on the performance of typical air-conditioning systems

Filters are used in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems for both commercial and residential buildings to protect the equipment and improve indoor air quality in conditioned spaces. Although there are many benefits of using the air filter in an air-conditioning system, the resistance associated with it can increase fan energy use and may adversely affect air-conditioning system performance and efficiency. The paper explores the impact of air filtration on energy consumption for a typical air-conditioning (AC) system with constant- or variable-speed fan. A whole building simulation model is used to simulate the annual energy consumption for various air-conditioning system capacities, different levels of filter cleanliness, and various filter minimum efficiency reporting values (MERV). The results indicate that with a constant-speed fan, the cooling energy use increases as the filter gets dirty over time and the energy use in the fan may increase but this depends heavily on the investigated fan performance curve. With a variable-speed fan, the fan energy use increases with a dirty filter but the cooling and heating energy uses are slightly affected. The fan energy use rise due to the dirty filter depends mainly on air system capacities, filter MERV ratings, and the degree of the filter cleanliness.
Glomus tumor of the stomach: Cytologic diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration

The glomus tumor is usually a benign solitary neoplasm that arises from modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body, a type of neuromyoarterial receptor that plays a role in the regulation of arterial blood flow. We report a case of gastric glomus tumor diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Smears exhibited groups of cohesive, uniform, small, round to polygonal cells with scant cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders, and round, hyperchromatic nuclei with homogeneous chromatin. The cell block contained fragments of cells with similar morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining exhibited positivity for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. The diagnosis was confirmed by the surgically resected specimen. Ultrastructural examination revealed prominent pinocytotic vesicles lining the plasmalemma. In this report, we discuss the differential diagnosis of gastric glomus tumor and compare the cytologic features of this case with two others reported in the literature.
Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution.

Rationale: There are unexplained geographical and seasonal differences in the short-term effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on human health. The hypothesis has been advanced to include the possibility that such differences might be due to variations in the PM2.5 chemical composition, but evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. Objectives: To examine whether variation in the relative risks (RR) of hospitalization associated with ambient exposure to PM2.5 total mass reflects differences in PM2.5 chemical composition. Methods: We linked two national datasets by county and by season: (1) long-term average concentrations of PM2.5 chemical components for 2000–2005 and (2) RRs of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations for persons 65 years or older associated with a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 total mass on the same day for 106 U.S. counties for 1999 through 2005. Measurements and Main Results: We found a positive and statistically significant association between county-specific estimates of the short-term effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations and county-specific levels of vanadium, elemental carbon, or nickel PM2.5 content. Conclusions: Communities with higher PM2.5 content of nickel, vanadium, and elemental carbon and/or their related sources were found to have higher risk of hospitalizations associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5.
Quantum fluctuations in n+ GaAs wires with invasive probes

Abstract Conductance fluctuations in mesoscopic electronic systems depend strongly on the configuration of the measurement probes. We have found striking differences in the magnetoconductance fluctuations of n + GaAs wires when measured in the longitudinal and Hall geometries. In our experiments, the elastic scattering length is smaller than the channel width, which is smaller than the phase coherence length which is comparable to the probe width. The voltage fluctuations and correlation fields of the conductance fluctuations are more than an order of magnitude larger in the longitudinal probe geometry than in the Hall geometry. These differences shed new light on mesoscopic transport phenomena and can be explained by extension of a recently developed multi-lead formalism.
A note on some psychometric properties of Sternberg task performance: Modifications to content

Abstract This study investigated one commonly used experimental task on several psychometric dimensions. An investigation of the Sternberg (S. Sternberg, 1966, 1969) task was carried out to study both the measurement and psychometric quality of the task and the effects of variations to content as one source of nonattribute variance on various critical psychometric and measurement properties. The Sternberg task was chosen because of the ease of modifying stimulus content without greatly changing the cognitive process requirements or the task itself. The task was explored with respect to consistency across responses, stability over time, and stability across different stimulus contents. Individual performance was found to be moderately homogeneous across responses, fairly unstable over time (1 week), and fairly stable across stimulus contents (letters, numbers, words, and common symbols). Stabilities of raw scores, slopes, and intercepts were each found to be affected by stimulus content. Results are discussed in the context of need for careful attention to individual variation in performance on experimental tasks. Furthermore, the importance of psychometric analysis of experimental tasks used in individual differences research is stressed.
Contingency Management Promotes Smoking Reductions in Residential Substance Abuse Patients

Rates and consequences of cigarette smoking are more severe in substance abusers. In this 12-week pilot study, residential substance abuse treatment patients received standard care for smoking cessation (n = 12) or prize contingency management (n = 12) for expired carbon monoxide (CO) tests ≤ 8 ppm and salivary cotinine < 10 ng/ml, which are indicative of smoking abstinence. Percentage of negative CO tests and the highest number of consecutive negative CO tests were greater in contingency management compared to standard care.
PartoPen: enhancing the partograph with digital pen technology

Existing paper-based systems for monitoring maternal labor have been shown to reduce life-threatening complications in low-resource environments; however, significant barriers exist to their use in developing countries. In this paper I describe a system that enhances a common labor-monitoring form, the partograph, using a digital pen. The digital partograph system provides real-time data feedback and reinforces birth attendant training, while retaining the paper-and-pen interface currently used by most healthcare workers. The system is currently being evaluated in Kenya.
Gallbladder arising from the left hepatic lobe

Summary A gallbladder arising from the left hepatic lobe is an infrequent radiologic and operative finding. What is believed to be the twenty-fifth recorded case of a left-sided gallbladder is discussed in detail, and a brief review of the previously described cases is presented.
Temporal-Based Video Event Detection and Retrieval

The fast proliferation of video data archives has increased the need for automatic video content analysis and semantic video retrieval. Since temporal information is critical in conveying video content, in this chapter, an effective temporal-based event detection framework is proposed to support high-level video indexing and retrieval. The core is a temporal association mining process that systematically captures characteristic temporal patterns to help identify and define interesting events. This framework effectively tackles the challenges caused by loose video structure and class imbalance issues. One of the unique characteristics of this framework is that it offers strong generality and extensibility with the capability of exploring representative event patterns with little human interference. The temporal information and event detection results can then be input into our proposed distributed video retrieval system to support the high-level semantic querying, selective video browsing and event-based video retrieval.
Identification of Electron-Irradiation Defects in Semi-Insulating GaAs by Normalized Thermally Stimulated Current Measurements

Primary defects induced by 1 MeV electron irradiation have been quantitatively studied in semi-insulating (SI) GaAs by using normalized thermally stimulated current spectroscopy, a new technique. Defects identical to (or similar to) those known in the thermally stimulated current literature as ${\mathrm{T}}_{6}^{\mathrm{*}}$(0.13neV), ${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ (0.34 eV), and ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ (0.31 eV) are produced at rates 0.70, 0.08, and 0.23 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ , respectively; ${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ is also a strong trap in unirradiated SI GaAs. The defects ${\mathrm{T}}_{6}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ correspond closely to the irradiation-induced traps E2(0.14 eV) and E3(0.30 eV), studied extensively by deep-level transient spectroscopy and Hall-effect measurements and assigned to the As vacancy. We thus infer that traps ${\mathrm{T}}_{6}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ (and probably also ${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ ) in SI GaAs have As-vacancy character.
Rigorous procedure for the design of conventional atmospheric crude fractionation units. Part II: Heat exchanger network

This paper is the second of a two-part series. In the first part, the optimal condenser and pump-around duties were determined for two types of crude, one light and one heavy. These crudes constitute the targets for the design of a multipurpose heat exchanger network. A model for the design of such a network is presented in this paper. The conjecture that this network can be used as a design that can handle crudes of intermediate density is also tested.
EEG findings following intravenous injection of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (benadrylR)

Abstract A study was made of the effects of intravenously injected diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl R ) on the electroencephalogram. The subjects consisted of: (1) a control series made up of persons without known disease of the central nervous system; (2) patients with known or suspected seizures; (3) patients undergoing electric convulsive therapy. All recordings were taken with the subject in fasting state. Hyperventilation and photic stimulation were used as provocative procedures. There were no changes in the EEGs of the control subjects following intravenous injection of Benadryl R . Patients who had bilaterally synchronous bursts of diffuse slow activity in the pre-Benadryl R record showed a significant reduction of the slow activity after Benadryl R . Patients with focal spiking, or focal spike wave activity, in the pre-Benadryl R record showed a marked increase in the per cent time of the same type of abnormal activity. In addition, Benadryl R was able to provoke focal spike and spike wave activity in patients who had normal records before administration of Benadryl R .
Probabilistic modeling and mapping of plant indicator species in a Northeast Oregon industrial forest, USA

Abstract Managing forest ecosystems for sustainable, multiple use requires forest resource managers to understand and predict how plant species composition and distribution varies across environmental gradients and responds to landscape scale disturbances. This study demonstrates predictive vegetation modeling and mapping for a Northeast Oregon forest using non-parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) with presence/absence data for the species Clintonia uniflora (CLUN) and a set of stand structural and raster-based predictor variables. NPMR is a flexible probability modeling system that can find the best subset of habitat factors influencing species occurrence. NPMR was compared with logistic regression (LR) by building reduced models from variables selected as best by NPMR and full models from variables identified as significant with a forward stepwise process and further manual testing. log β was used to select models with the highest predictive capability. NPMR models were less complex and had higher predictive capability than LR for all modeling approaches. Spatial coordinates were among the most powerful predictors and the modeling approach with physiographic and stand structural variables together was the most improved relative to the average frequency of occurrence. GIS probability maps produced with the application of the physiographic models showed good spatial congruence between high probability values and plots that contained CLUN. NPMR proved to be a reliable probability modeling and mapping tool that could be used as the analytical link between monitoring and quantifying the status and trends of vegetation resources.
Rational Design of Advanced Thermoelectric Materials

Advanced thermoelectric technologies can drastically improve energy efficiencies of industrial infrastructures, solar cells, automobiles, aircrafts, etc. When a thermoelectric device is used as a solid-state heat pump and/or as a power generator, its efficiency depends pivotally on three fundamental transport properties of materials, namely, the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and thermopower. The development of advanced thermoelectric materials is very challenging because these transport properties are interrelated. This paper reviews the physical mechanisms that have led to recent material advances. Progresses in both inorganic and organic materials are summarized. While the majority of the contemporary effort has been focused on lowering the lattice thermal conductivity, the latest development in nanocomposites suggests that properly engineered interfaces are crucial for realizing the energy filtering effect and improving the power factor. We expect that the nanocomposite approach could be the focus of future materials breakthroughs.
Performance Testing of Segregated Hot-Mix Asphalt Samples to Evaluate Segregation Models

Testing of asphalt concrete samples was conducted by using the asphalt pavement analyzer test, the Superpave® shear tester (SST) frequency sweep test, and the SST repeat shear at constant height test to determine the rutting susceptibility that might be expected from samples that have different levels of segregation. Previous research had divided segregation into four levels: none, light, medium, and high. Test results suggest that samples with different segregation levels might show similar rutting susceptibility. Therefore, performance-related models were established in which segregation was divided into three levels: good, fair, and unacceptable. The performance-related models were applied to field data, and examination indicates that the modified models are capable of assessing segregation in field projects. Examination also found that fine segregation was present. Fine segregation can be predicted by extrapolating the developed model from the coarse part to the fine part. However, more data should be investigated to develop acceptable criteria for fine segregation. A methodology was developed to improve pavement quality by controlling aggregate segregation and poor compaction in placed mats. With the models and the proposed methodology, realistic construction uniformity could be assessed by agencies and contractors, which is the first step in obtaining pavements with high performance and longer service life.
Reduction of perioperative hemorrhage by anterior mediastinal spray application of fibrin glue during cardiac operations.

Abstract A variety of published techniques for the production of concentrated fibrinogen from units of screened single-donor human plasma have led to increasing clinical use of fibrin glue in the United States. We have adapted a method of applying this material with a disposable plastic sprayer. In 20 consecutively treated patients, fibrin glue was sprayed on the anterior mediastinum before closure of the median sternotomy incision. A control group of 20 patients undergoing the identical cardiac operations (13 coronary artery bypass grafting procedures [CABG], 4 valve replacements [including 1 reoperative procedure], and 3 combined valve replacements and CABG) by the same surgeon within a one-year period was chosen for comparison of chest tube outputs. Specifically, chest tube outputs were as follows for treated and untreated patients, respectively: at 12 hours, 461 ± 40 ml (mean ± 1 standard error of the mean versus 731 ± 80 ml; at 24 hours, 714 ± 73 ml versus 1,016 ± 109 ml; and at 48 hours, 863 ± 93 ml versus 1,187 ± 137 ml. The differences between control and spray chest tube output are statistically significant by unpaired t test ( p
ANOREXIA NERVOSA A CASE REPORT1

SINCE 1872 and 1874, when Sir William Gull of Guy’s Hospital described the syndrome of anorexia nervosa so accurately, little has been added to the original clinical description (1). The clinical picture described by Simmonds (2) in 1914 in cases of destruction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary resembles in many respects the findings in anorexia nervosa and has given rise to considerable controversy regarding the etiology of anorexia nervosa as to whether it is of psychogenic (3, 4, 5, 6) or endocrine dysfunction (7). Many cases which are at first regarded as pituitary cachexia have proven on further investigation to be anorexia nervosa (8, 9). The following case demonstrates the similarities and differences in the two conditions. The patient is a female, 21 years old, who was first seen in 1935 at which time she was somewhat underweight (height 66 inches, weight 113 pounds).
Differentiation and proliferation of embryonic mast cells of the rat.

Histochemical reactions and radioautography were used to investigate the sequence of mast cell development in rat embryos. Mast cells arise ubiquitously in and are confined to the loose connective tissue in the embryo. The alcian blue-safranin reaction distinguishes between weakly sulfated and strongly sulfated mucopolysaccharides by a shift from alcian blue to safranin staining. Based on this reaction and morphologic characteristics, four stages were identified. Stage I mast cells are lymphocyte-like cells with cytoplasmic granules which invariably stain blue with the alcian blue-safranin reaction. In Stage II cells the majority of granules are alcian blue-positive, but some safranin-positive granules have appeared. Stage III mast cells are distinguished by a majority of safranin-positive cytoplasmic granules; some alcian blue-positive granules still remain. Stage IV cells contain only safranin-positive granules. Thymidine-H3 uptake and identification of mitotic figures indicates that mast cells in Stages I and II comprise a mitotic pool while those in Stages III and IV are mitotically inactive. The pattern of S35O4 incorporation and the sequence of appearance of histochemically identifiable mast cell constituents corroborates division of the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic mast cells into the four stages described above. The process of formation of mast cell granules is interpreted as reflecting the synthesis and accumulation of a heparin precursor in alcian blue positive granules followed by the synthesis and accumulation of highly N-sulfated heparin along with mast cell chymase and finally histamine in safranin-positive granules.
The proprioceptive map of the arm is systematic and stable, but idiosyncratic

Visual and somatosensory signals participate together in providing an estimate of the hand's spatial location. While the ability of subjects to identify the spatial location of their hand based on visual and proprioceptive signals has previously been characterized, relatively few studies have examined in detail the spatial structure of the proprioceptive map of the arm. Here, we reconstructed and analyzed the spatial structure of the estimation errors that resulted when subjects reported the location of their unseen hand across a 2D horizontal workspace. Hand position estimation was mapped under four conditions: with and without tactile feedback, and with the right and left hands. In the task, we moved each subject's hand to one of 100 targets in the workspace while their eyes were closed. Then, we either a) applied tactile stimulation to the fingertip by allowing the index finger to touch the target or b) as a control, hovered the fingertip 2 cm above the target. After returning the hand to a neutral position, subjects opened their eyes to verbally report where their fingertip had been. We measured and analyzed both the direction and magnitude of the resulting estimation errors. Tactile feedback reduced the magnitude of these estimation errors, but did not change their overall structure. In addition, the spatial structure of these errors was idiosyncratic: each subject had a unique pattern of errors that was stable between hands and over time. Finally, we found that at the population level the magnitude of the estimation errors had a characteristic distribution over the workspace: errors were smallest closer to the body. The stability of estimation errors across conditions and time suggests the brain constructs a proprioceptive map that is reliable, even if it is not necessarily accurate. The idiosyncrasy across subjects emphasizes that each individual constructs a map that is unique to their own experiences.
Geochemistry of atmospheric aerosols generated from lava-seawater interactions

[1] Trace elements were measured in the aerosol plume produced by lava-seawater interactions along the shoreline of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Plume concentrations were normalized relative to Hawaiian basalt composition and showed a linear log-log covariation with their emanation coefficient (an indicator of element volatility). Normalized aerosol concentrations also consistently covaried with corresponding normalized concentrations in dilute fumarolic gas from Kilauea volcano and fumarolic gas condensates from Kudryavy and Merapi volcanoes, despite different mechanisms of element volatilization. Conservatively estimated regional ocean deposition rates of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe and P were >50 times background rates. Thus, upper ocean volcanism may be an important source of both toxic and nutrient elements to the surrounding ocean. It appears unlikely, however, that shallow ocean volcanism can exert a significant impact on the global ecosystem, even during massive lava emplacements.
A compensatory mechanism protects retinal mitochondria from initial insult in diabetic retinopathy

In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, an increase in retinal oxidative stress precedes mitochondrial dysfunction and capillary cell apoptosis. This study is designed to understand the mechanism responsible for the protection of mitochondria damage in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. After 15 days–12 months of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, retina was analyzed for mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) damage by extended length PCR. DNA repair enzyme and replication machinery were quantified in the mitochondria, and the binding of mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) with mtDNA was analyzed by ChIP. Key parameters were confirmed in the retinal endothelial cells incubated in 20 mM glucose for 6–96 h. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased within 15 days of diabetes, mtDNA damage was observed at 6 months of diabetes. After 15 days of diabetes DNA repair/replication enzymes were significantly increased in the mitochondria, but at 2 months, their mitochondrial accumulation started to come down, and mtDNA copy number and binding of TFAM with mtDNA became significantly elevated. However, at 6 months of diabetes, the repair/replication machinery became subnormal and mtDNA copy number significantly decreased. A similar temporal relationship was observed in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Thus, in the early stages of diabetes, increased mtDNA biogenesis and repair compensates for the ROS-induced damage, but, with sustained insult, this mechanism is overwhelmed, and mtDNA and electron transport chain (ETC) are damaged. The compromised ETC propagates a vicious cycle of ROS and the dysfunctional mitochondria fuels loss of capillary cells by initiating their apoptosis.
Histone deacetylase is a direct target of valproic acid, a potent anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, and teratogen

Valproic acid is widely used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and is also a potent teratogen, but its mechanisms of action in any of these settings are unknown. We report that valproic acid activates Wntdependent gene expression, similar to lithium, the mainstay of therapy for bipolar disorder. Valproic acid, however, acts through a distinct pathway that involves direct inhibition of histone deacetylase (IC(50) for HDAC1 = 0.4 mm). At therapeutic levels, valproic acid mimics the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, causing hyperacetylation of histones in cultured cells. Valproic acid, like trichostatin A, also activates transcription from diverse exogenous and endogenous promoters. Furthermore, valproic acid and trichostatin A have remarkably similar teratogenic effects in vertebrate embryos, while non-teratogenic analogues of valproic acid do not inhibit histone deacetylase and do not activate transcription. Based on these observations, we propose that inhibition of histone deacetylase provides a mechanism for valproic acid-induced birth defects and could also explain the efficacy of valproic acid in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Geometric measures of large biomolecules: surface, volume, and pockets.

Geometry plays a major role in our attempts to understand the activity of large molecules. For example, surface area and volume are used to quantify the interactions between these molecules and the water surrounding them in implicit solvent models. In addition, the detection of pockets serves as a starting point for predictive studies of biomolecule-ligand interactions. The alpha shape theory provides an exact and robust method for computing these geometric measures. Several implementations of this theory are currently available. We show however that these implementations fail on very large macromolecular systems. We show that these difficulties are not theoretical; rather, they are related to the architecture of current computers that rely on the use of cache memory to speed up calculation. By rewriting the algorithms that implement the different steps of the alpha shape theory such that we enforce locality, we show that we can remediate these cache problems; the corresponding code, UnionBall has an apparent (n) behavior over a large range of values of n (up to tens of millions), where n is the number of atoms. As an example, it takes 136 sec with UnionBall to compute the contribution of each atom to the surface area and volume of a viral capsid with more than five million atoms on a commodity PC. UnionBall includes functions for computing analytically the surface area and volume of the intersection of two, three and four spheres that are fully detailed in an appendix. UnionBall is available as an OpenSource software. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Neurologic Manifestations in the Dog

A dog was presented with mandibular paralysis, photophobia, and diffuse atrophy of the cranial skeletal muscles. Physical examination also revealed glossal paralysis, reduction of the swallowing reflex, re- duction of the pupillary light response, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Cytologic and ultrastructural ex- aminations of blood films, bone marrow, and lymph node aspirates were consistent with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Post-mortem examination revealed extensive, multisystemic neoplastic infiltration with marked in- volvement of the central and peripheral nervous systems, especially the cranial and lumbar spinal nerves and associated ganglia. Neurologic manifestations are unusual in acute myelomonocytic leukemia in the dog. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia is a rare myelo- proliferative disorder in the dog. Within the past ten years, however, increased utilization of differential cy- tochemical stains and electron microscopy have re- sulted in several reports of acute myelomonocytic leu- Acute myelomonocytic leukemia is characterized by an acute clinical course. Leukemic cells have features of both granulocytic and monocytic precursors.*J2 In the reported cases, extensive bone marrow replace- ment and leukemic dissemination with hepatospleno- megaly and generalized lymphadenopathy are consis- tent findings. Although involvement of the central nervous system is not uncommon in acute lympho- blastic leukemia in the dog,3 there are only two reports of nervous system involvement in canine acute myelo- monocytic leukemia. 1,1° Ataxia, circling, and brain me- tastases were reported in one case.l In the second case, leukemic blasts were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid, and post-mortem examination revealed neo- plastic infiltration of the extradural spinal tissues. lo The present report describes an unusual case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a dog where the symp- toms were predominantly those of cranial polyneu- ropathy and severe atrophy of the cranial skeletal mus- cles. Differential cytochemistry and ultrastructural examination of lymph node and bone marrow aspi- rates were diagnostic for acute myelomonocytic leu- kemia. Case History
V/STOL Aircraft Model in Wind-Tunnel Testing from Model Design to Data Reduction &

Low-speed wind-tunnel testing of V/STOL aircraft concepts to determine the aerodynamic-propulsion in- teraction effects during the transition between hover and wingborne flight is a necessary step in the development cycle of this type of aircraft. Several factors must be dealt with to assure that the information obtained in ex- periments is accurate and representative of the full-scale aircraft modeled. Proper engine simulator selection is important based on resultant model size and assembly problems associated with small sizes, engine-inlet mass- flow simulation requirements, and required simulator drive air related to available supply. It is shown that at a given exit area and thrust level that the fan-type engine simulators provide a higher amount of inlet flow per unit of inlet area. In addition, a fan usually provides much more thrust per unit of primary mass flow. However, fans are more limited in maximum pressure ratio which they can develop as well as more expensive and more difficult to operate when compared with ejectors. A judgement of the best * 'power-off reference configuration" for each power-on configuration must be made such that interference parameters can be determined. Generally con- figurations which allow flow through the thrust simulator do not provide a useful power-off reference. The operating conditions must be at least estimated throughout transition such that the investigation can be planned efficiently to represent realistic flight conditions with a minimum of useless data collected. The influence of tunnel walls should be considered so that no data are obtained which cannot be corrected by available techniques. Particular attention is needed avoid testing at very low effective velocity ratios where a floor induced vortex is formed ahead of the model.
Effects of nitrate and water on the oxygen isotopic analysis of barium sulfate precipitated from water samples.

BaSO4 precipitated from mixed salt solutions by common techniques for SO4S isotopic analysis may contain quantities of H2O and NO3 that introduce errors in O isotope measurements. Experiments with synthetic solutions indicate that d 18 O values of CO produced by decomposition of precipitated BaSO4 in a carbon reactor may be either too low or too high, depending on the relative concentrations ofSO4S and NO3 S and the d 18 O values ofthe H2O, NO3 S , andSO4 2S . Typical d 18 O errors are oftheorder of 0.5 to 1% in many sample types, and can be larger in samples containing atmospheric NO3 S , which can cause similar errors in d 17 O and D 17 O. These errors can be reduced by (1) ion chromatographic separation of SO4S from NO3 , (2) increasing the salinity of the solutions before precipitating BaSO4 to minimize incorporation of H2O, (3) heating BaSO4 under vacuum to remove H2O, (4) preparing isotopic reference materials as aqueous samples to mimic the conditions of the samples, and (5) adjusting measured d 18 O values based on amounts and isotopic compositions of coexisting H2O and NO3 . These procedures are demonstrated for SO4 2S isotopic reference materials, synthetic solutions with isotopically known reagents, atmospheric deposition from Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA, and sulfate salt deposits from the Atacama Desert, Chile, and Mojave Desert, California, USA. These results have implications for the calibration and use of O isotope data in studies of SO4S sources and reaction mechanisms. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Perception in Performance-Based Building Design and Applications to Terrorism-Resistant Design

As buildings have become larger and house more people, political and societal issues have become more complex, and risks associated with occupying buildings have changed. In particular, since the terrorist attacks of 2001, the anxiety levels and perceived risks of building occupants especially occupants of tall, high-profile buildings have increased. These perceived risks include risks of terrorist attacks, natural disasters, the possibility of bomb threats, and catastrophic fires. The public's perception of risk is already incorporated into building design codes and performance-based design PBD methods for such hazards as earthquakes and fires—explicitly in some cases, implicitly in others. Risk perception will clearly need to be addressed in the design of buildings, as trade-offs in "acceptable" risk versus cost must be made. As terrorism represents a constantly changing design challenge, and is a target-specific hazard, as opposed to a location-specific hazard, it seems unlikely that prescriptive code requirements will be entirely effective at addressing this hazard. PBD codes are a promising approach for design issues that deal with such "cutting-edge" concepts.
Controlled assembly of SERS substrates templated by colloidal crystal films

Convective assembly at high volume fractions was used to assemble gold nanoparticles into structured porous films templated by colloidal crystals. These gold nanofilms have hierarchical porosity and were proven to be stable and efficient substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The control over the film structure allowed optimization of their performance for potential sensor applications.
Securing Tar Sands Circulation: Risk, Affect, and Anticipating the Line 9 Reversal

“It's not a question of whether a spill happens—only when”, rings an oft-repeated slogan of oil pipeline opponents in Eastern Canada. Meanwhile, pipeline proponents are adamant that Canada must either “pipe or perish”. Through a case study of a controversial tar sands pipeline project (the Line 9 reversal), this paper examines the workings of risk in environmental politics. I explore the similar anticipatory logics that undergird both support for and opposition to the Line 9 reversal, and query the blurry lines between environmental precaution and security preemption. I ask what a preoccupation with emergent risks enables, and what possibilities it might foreclose. As securing the future necessarily raises the question, ‘for whom?’, I suggest that one troubling consequence of a preoccupation with security is the potential to overlook which lives and ways of being in the world might be neglected in the rush to secure others. The analysis draws on ethnographic interviews and observations to explore the (necro)biopolitical dimensions of pipeline debates, and asks how we might anticipate otherwise.
Epidemiology and unmet needs in hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The persistent control of blood pressure (BP) to levels below current recommended levels is an important but often elusive goal for patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of unmet needs in contemporary hypertension treatment. SUMMARY: The rationale for BP normalization is very persuasive. Incrementally higher BP levels predict higher rates of microvascular (e.g., retinopathy, stroke, nephropathy) and macrovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction), as well as organ (e.g., heart) failure. Accordingly, the pharmacologic reduction of BP levels with a broad range of mechanistically dissimilar agents reduces the risk of these BP-related complications. The primary prevention of BP-related complications has been closely linked to the magnitude of decreases in BP brought about pharmacologically, but some modest disease-specific differences have been noted between drug classes. However, pharmacologic blockade of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system in high-risk patients (...
HEAT INACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR IN FRESH GREEN SOYBEANS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF RATS FED THE BEANS

Fresh green soybeans were heated in boiling water for up to 9 min to destroy trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity. The beans were tested for TI activity and fed to rats to ascertain physiological responses. TI activity was destroyed rapidly; after 1 min, 62.4% was destroyed and after 3 min, 90%. As expected, raw (unheated) beans had an adverse effect on weight gain; however, rats receiving beans from all heating durations exhibited less gain than rats fed casein. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was 1.20 when rats were fed raw beans. However, PER increased with time of heating such that at 9 min PER was 1.90. Pancreatic hypertrophy occurred only in rats fed raw beans. The liver weighed less in rats fed raw beans than in rats fed heated beans or casein. Lipid content of liver from rats fed raw beans was greater than that from rats fed heated beans or casein. The protein content of liver from rats fed raw beans was lower than that from rats fed heated beans or casein.
Sample correlations of infinite variance time series models: an empirical and theoretical study

When the elements of a stationary ergodic time series have finite variance the sample correlation function converges (with probability 1) to the theoretical correlation function. What happens in the case where the variance is infinite? In certain cases, the sample correlation function converges in probability to a constant, but not always. If within a class of heavy tailed time series the sample correlation functions do not converge to a constant, then more care must be taken in making inferences and in model selection on the basis of sample autocorrelations. We experimented with simulating various heavy tailed stationary sequences in an attempt to understand what causes the sample correlation function to converge or not to converge to a constant. In two new cases, namely the sum of two independent moving averages and a random permutation scheme, we are able to provide theoretical explanations for a random limit of the sample autocorrelation function as the sample grows.
Asymmetric quantum dot growth via temperature cycling

Abstract The morphology of semiconductive quantum dots (qdots) and quantum rods (qrods) has been shown to be tailored by choice of ligand, size, and crystal structure. In this paper, we show that temperature cycling during nucleation and growth can also tailor morphology. By quenching nucleation and growth after precursor injection, followed by slow temperature ramping, we are able to first synthesis CdSe qdots with teardrop morphology and Wurtzite crystallinity. Using these teardrops as core seeds, CdS shells can be epitaxially deposited also using temperature cycling to fabricate CdSe/CdS core/shell structures with novel asymmetric head–tail morphology. These qdots and qrods were characterized for optical absorption, photoluminescent emission, morphology, and crystal structure.
Dynamics of Laser-Plasma Expansion Across Strong Magnetic Field

Summary form only given. Explosive plasma expansion in an external magnetic field occurs in a variety of space and astrophysical events that include supernova explosions in the interstellar magnetic field and the interaction of solar coronal mass ejections with planetary magnetospheres. We investigated in the laboratory the interaction of plasma winds with magnetic obstacles for various degrees of ion magnetization. In these experiments, an azimuthal magnetic field with flux density up to 30 T was generated by high current discharges of the pulsed-povver generator Zebra (0.6 MA maximum current with 200 ns rise time) in a reusable short-circuit load. The plasma wind was created by ablation of a solid CH2 target with the pulsed laser Tomcat (1 mum wavelength). Laser pulses 6 ns long with energy up to 5 J and irradiance up to 1014 W/cm2 were used to investigate the large Larmor radius regime. The regime in which ions are magnetized was studied with short laser pulses (4 J in 5 ps, with irradiance up to 1016 W/cm2). In both experiments the plasma and magnetic field were characterized with multi-frame laser shadow and schlieren imaging and magnetic probes, respectively. Without the magnetic field, the laser diagnostics show a plasma plume expanding quasi-spherically. When a magnetic field is present, it decelerates the plasma flow and a steep density gradient forms at the interaction front. The boundary forms in regions where the density would be too low to observe with laser diagnostics without the magnetic field. When observing the plasma evolution over times much longer than the inverse ion gyrofrequency, the density gradient decreases at the plasma front in the direction normal to the target and the plasma flows beyond the initial boundary. In the transverse direction, the boundary becomes unstable. Most likely, this is a result of the electrons being trapped in the magnetic field along the interface. As a result they decelerate the ions producing a region of velocity shear across the interface. This configuration is favorable for the onset of instabilities. Three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling describes well the formation of a diamagnetic cavity, the dynamics of the plasma plume during the interaction with the magnetic field, and the onset of instabilities at the plasma-field interface. Two dimensional particle-in-cell modeling describes well details of the plasma-field interaction at the boundary and the plasma penetration across the field beyond the limit predicted by MHD.
Challenges and opportunities for nurse-midwives

This article reviews the major indicators of the growth in nurse-midwifery practice and education over the past 10 years. The major issues the profession has addressed are identified, as well as future challenges and opportunities. These challenges and opportunities are identified within the major dimensions of nurse-midwifery, that is, in practice, education, research, and within the public sector. The two major issues facing nurse-midwives are legislative initiatives related to the practice of nurse-midwives, such as reimbursement, and the mixed societal image of midwifery as a contemporary, cost-effective practice versus a peripheral activity by "old fashioned," informally educated individuals. The professional organization of nurse-midwives, the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), is addressing these issues through interdisciplinary and interorganizational legislative and marketing initiatives.
Brain Evolution and Uniqueness in the Human Genome

Despite an ever-expanding database of sequenced mammalian genomes to be mined for clues, the emergence of the unique human brain remains an evolutionary enigma. In their new study, Pollard et al. (2006) trawl the human genome and those of other mammals in search of short conserved DNA elements that show extremely rapid evolution only in humans. As they report in a recent issue of Nature, their scan yielded a gene for a novel noncoding RNA that adopts a human-specific structure and may regulate neurodevelopment.
Cleavage of a 23S rRNA pseudoknot by phenanthroline-Cu(II)

Studying the intricate folding of rRNA within the ribosome remains a complex problem. Phenanthroline-Cu(II) complexes cleave phosphodiester bonds in rRNA in specific regions, apparently especially where the rRNA structure is constrained in some fashion. We have introduced phenanthroline-copper complexes into 50S Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits and shown specific cleavages in the regions containing nucleotides 60-66 and 87-100. This specificity of cleavage is reduced when the ribosome is heated to 80 degrees C and reduced to background when the ribosomal proteins are extracted and the cleavage repeated on protein-free 23S rRNA. It has been suggested that nucleotides 60-66 and 87-95 in E.coli 23S rRNA are involved in a putative pseudoknot structure, which is supported by covariance data. The paired cleavages of nearly equal intensity of these two regions, when in the ribosome, may further support the existence of a pseudoknot structure in the 100 region of 23S rRNA.