cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Clinical Decision Support on Appropriateness of Advanced Imaging Use Among Physicians-in-Training.

OBJECTIVE. Clinical decision support (CDS) tools have been shown to reduce inappropriate imaging orders. We hypothesized that CDS may be especially effective for house staff physicians who are pron...
Is the game over for PD-1 inhibitors in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer?

The immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab, has been shown to be efficacious and to have significant and durable antitumor activity in a subset of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most notably in NSCLC with high expression of the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Similarly, there is abundant data to support the use of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line therapy in patients whose tumors harbor EGFR mutations (1).
Outcomes of Self-Esophageal Dilation for Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Introduction Dysphagia is common following treatment for head and neck cancers, and self-esophageal dilation is a safe and effective treatment method. Prior studies on self-dilation have reported only qualitative results and included heterogeneous populations with dysphagia. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the safety and efficacy of a self-esophageal dilation program for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer with treatment-induced dysphagia. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective review of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer treated at the University of Southern California from 2009 to 2013 with dysphagia following radiation treatment that persisted after swallow therapy. The treatment program consisted of swallow therapy in conjunction with weekly self-esophageal dilation at home with increasing size bougie dilators. Oral intake was monitored using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (Crary, Mann, & Groher, 2005), Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Pharyngoesophageal opening score, and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (Rosenbek, Robbins, Roecker, Coyle, & Wood, 1996) pre- and posttreatment. Results Thirty-three patients met study criteria and completed the program. Twenty-five patients required nutrition via a gastrostomy tube prior to starting therapy, and 84% (21/25) of these patients were able to have the feeding tube removed. Median Functional Oral Intake Scale (Crary et al., 2005) predilation was 1 (range: 1-5), and postdilation was 6 (range: 3-6, p < .05). In addition, there was improvement of the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Pharyngoesophageal opening score from 2 to 1 after treatment (p < .05). No complications were encountered. Discussion Home self-dilation with concurrent swallowing therapy is a safe and feasible procedure to be used in motivated patients with dysphagia following head and neck cancer treatment.
Cobalt doping modification for enhanced methane conversion at low temperature in chemical looping reforming systems

Abstract Chemical looping reforming (CLR) is a promising strategy of methane conversion to syngas with low cost and minimal environmental impact. A major challenge for chemical looping reforming systems is the development of oxygen carriers that have high reactivity, high oxygen carrying capacity, and long-term durability. We demonstrate that the addition of a low concentration of cobalt dopant to iron-based oxygen carriers can dramatically enhance the reactivity in CLR processes at low temperatures while maintaining the recyclability. The methane conversion increased by around 300% for Co-doped iron oxide compared to pure iron oxide oxygen carriers from 600 °C to 800 °C. It was found that 2% Co dopant concentration is optimal for methane conversion rate and cost of oxygen carriers at different temperatures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Co dopant has a short-range effect on the formation of oxygen vacancies. The Co-doping-induced oxygen vacancy significantly reduces energy barriers of CH4 reforming on the surface of iron oxide oxygen carriers, leading to the reactivity enhancement. Our findings provide a pathway to lower the methane reforming temperature in chemical looping systems, while improving the syngas yield with desired oxygen carrier recyclability.
Análise de padrões de colocações de itens lexicais como identiﬁcadores do perﬁl estilístico tradutório de heart of darkness

O objetivo deste artigo e descobrir se os quatro tradutores de Heart of Darkness para o espanhol capturaram os marcadores de tematica de incerteza apontados por Stubbs (2003, 2005). A pesquisa se aﬁlia aos Estudos da Traducao Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 2000; OLOHAN, 2004) e parte dos achados de Stubbs (2003, 2005) sobre preferencias estilisticas do texto-fonte. A visao de estilo adotada e a de Saldanha (2011) e fez-se uso da metodologia de corpus para a investigacao dos itens selecionados. Os resultados mostraram diferencas signiﬁcativas nas escolhas individuais por padroes de colocacoes dos itens analisados, possibilitando a criacao de um perﬁl estilistico individual das traducoes e dos tradutores estudados.
Paths to successful academic research: A life course perspective

This article presents the factors that lead to effectual research, with emphasis on strategies that range from a broad philosophical perspective on how to approach academic research to choosing res...
Gut-Brain Computer Interfacing (GBCI) : Wearable Monitoring of Gastric Myoelectric Activity

We propose a new area for wearable technology and interaction by acquiring gastrointestinal signals non-invasively from the abdomen. The mind-gut connection has flourished as a research area in the past two decades, elucidating the guts key role in stress, affect, and memory. Meanwhile, engineering advancements have shown potential in accuracy of non-invasive gastric recordings. Here, we investigate the design and specification of a wearable system for the recording of gut-brain activity non-invasively. We also present results from a preliminary pilot test of a wearable gut-brain computer interface (GBCI).
Quality of Life in Families With a Young Child With Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated With Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS)

Date Presented 04/05/19 PANDAS is the abrupt onset of OCD or tics after streptococcal infection in a formerly healthy child. We used qualitative phenomenology to explore family quality of life (FQOL) in six families with a child who developed PANDAS in early childhood. Data were collected through interviews, which were transcribed and analyzed through a rigorous inductive process. Results indicate that PANDAS severely impacts FQOL, and OT's awareness of PANDAS may be key to supporting the child and family. Primary Author and Speaker: Barbara Demchick Additional Authors and Speakers: Julia Ehler, Shelly Marramar, Alison Mills, Amanda Nuneviller
Improving stent efficiency by understanding stent-related adverse events

Abstract Endoluminal stenting serves as an essential tool in the gastroenterologist's arsenal to manage perforations, leaks, fistulas, and both benign and malignant strictures; however, the heterogeneity of stent design, indication, and location renders comprehensive and systemic comparison of their efficacy a perennial challenge, despite their widespread use. Appraisal of their associated risks faces similar obstacles. Given the lack of robust, randomized, prospective data, understanding the complications of stents, as well as prevention and management of these complications, becomes all the more critical for those who use stents and/or manage patients with these important therapeutic devices. Here, we present a review of the literature—primarily through the lens of esophageal stents—to describe strategies for mitigating and resolving 3 major stent-related adverse events: stent migration, stent in-growth, and respiratory-esophageal fistula formation.
Special Topics in Brain Metastases Management

Several sites of metastases near or within the brain require special consideration because of their neuroanatomical location, proximity to critical organs, or particularly poor prognosis. Many of these sites are not considered surgically accessible, nor easily treated with systemic therapy. Osseous skull base and brainstem metastases are challenging to treat due to the radiation dose tolerance and critically important function of the brainstem. Choroidal metastases present the competing goals of delivering sufficiently aggressive therapy for durable local control while sparing vision. Dural-based metastases and leptomeningeal disease are associated with a particularly dismal prognosis which obligates a delicate balance between offering effective therapy and prioritizing quality of life. This chapter reviews these special topics, describes their challenges in diagnosis and management, and reflects on future directions.
The Opioid Overdose Epidemic and Indirect Contagion in Supply Networks

This study develops and tests theory about social contagion processes in supply chains. In contrast to conventional social contagion theory, which is based on exposure through proximity and homophi...
Integrated stakeholder prioritization criteria for environmental management.

Abstract It is widely recognized that stakeholder engagement can lead to improved decision making. However, decision makers must identify and engage appropriate stakeholder groups. This can be challenging when there is a wide and diverse range of potential stakeholders, often the case in environmental management. Some fields, business and public relations for example, have proposed criteria or methodologies for prioritizing stakeholders for inclusion in decision making, but current methods of stakeholder evaluation in environmental management focus on stakeholder identification, categorization, and relationship analysis, none of which explicitly prioritize stakeholders. In this paper we propose a set of ten criteria, drawn from the literature, that can be used to prioritize stakeholders for environmental management decision making. These criteria are: level of interest, level of influence, magnitude of impact, probability of impact, urgency/temporal immediacy, proximity, economic interest, rights, fairness, and underrepresented/underserved populations. Not all criteria will be relevant to all decision makers, but we suggest this set of criteria encompasses those stakeholder engagement factors most commonly considered by decision makers. This paper proposes these criteria that form the basis of future decision support approaches in environmental management contexts and we argue for development and testing of these criteria to connect stakeholder prioritization and environmental decision making.
Adaptive Esports for People With Spinal Cord Injury: New Frontiers for Inclusion in Mainstream Sports Performance

Introduction: People with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are at risk of feeling socially disconnected. Competitive esports present an opportunity for people with SCI to remotely engage in a community. The aim of this study is to discuss barriers to esports participation for people with SCI, present adaptive solutions to these problems, and analyze self-reported changes in social connection. Materials and Methods: We presented a descriptive data collected in the process of a quality improvement initiative at Mount Sinai Hospital. In 2019, seven individuals with cervical SCI and quadriplegia participated in a special interest group on esports. Group scores were then analyzed for evidence of between subjects variability using a single sample t-test. A Pearson's correlation was conducted to determine the relationship between social connectedness and demographic data. Results: All players experienced functional limitations as a result of their injury but managed to design personalized gaming setups with adaptive equipment that allowed them to successfully compete in esports. All players reported a positive change in perceived social connectedness (p < 0.001) after participating in the special interest group. Score on Social Connectedness Scale negatively correlated with Time since injury (years). Discussion: It is feasible to create adaptive gaming setups that can be used by people with differing degrees and severity of SCI in a competitive esports environment. Technology and adaptive competitive esports have a potential to improve social connectedness and inclusion in people with quadriplegia. Further research on efficacy and effectiveness of these inclusive environments and their effects on quality of life, activity, and participation is warranted.
Single-phase and Three-phase Reactive Power Support for Microgrids by Grid connected Electric Vehicle

This paper presents the bidirectional flow of reactive power between the Electric Vehicle (EV) and the grid using bidirectional charger. In addition to the battery charge and the Vehicle-to-Grid functions (V2G), the reactive power can be compensated according to an established reactive power reference. The single-phase and three-phase bidirectional power factor correction (PFC) with a DC link is connected to an isolated DC/DC bidirectional converter is utilized in the topology. The virtual flux control algorithm used in assigning the amount of the injected reactive power is presented in this paper. The required mitigation for this functionality does not require any additional hardware, and it can be implemented on the existing electric vehicles with only a firmware update. Simulation results demonstrate how the reactive power is being compensated and the saturation of the reactive current is used to keep the power under predefined limits.
Modeling and Control of Grid-following Single-Phase Voltage-Sourced Converter

This paper presents modeling and control of a grid-following single-phase voltage-sourced converter (VSC). The electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is carried out via MATLAB/Simulink with SimPowerSystems Toolbox. Detailed IGBT switches are included in the DC/AC inverter model. Second-order generalized integrator-based Phase-Locked-Loop (SOGI-PLL) is implemented for synchronization and $dq$ -component extraction. Real and reactive power control is implemented for converter operation. Multiple grid dynamic events are designed in the simulation testbed for analysis and demonstration.
Subleading Bounds on Chaos

Chaos, in quantum systems, can be diagnosed by certain out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) that obey the chaos bound of Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford (MSS). We begin by deriving a dispersion relation for this class of OTOCs, implying that they must satisfy many more constraints beyond the MSS bound. Motivated by this observation, we perform a systematic analysis obtaining an infinite set of constraints on the OTOC. This infinite set includes the MSS bound as the leading constraint. In addition, it also contains subleading bounds that are highly constraining, especially when the MSS bound is saturated. These new bounds, among other things, imply that the MSS bound cannot be exactly saturated over any duration of time, however short. Furthermore, we derive a sharp bound on the Lyapunov exponent $\lambda_2 \le \frac{6\pi}{\beta}$ of the subleading correction to maximal chaos.
Shockless Airfoils for Wings, Compressors, and Turbines

The major aspects of a code for the design of shockless airfoils in two-dimensional transonic flow are reviewed. The code is based on a method of analytic continuation into the domain of two complex characteristic variables, which makes it possible to associate a shockless airfoil with a given pressure distribution. This procedure is compared with another more direct method based on a two-dimensional analysis code that has had wide acceptance by the aircraft industry.
Forward Deformation of PET Volumes Using Non-uniform Elastic Material Constraints

A method for non-rigidly deforming 3D PET datasets is described. The method uses a Lagrangian motion field description and a forward deformation mapping. To regularize the deformation, an anisotropic strain energy function is used that separately models the material properties of cardiac and background tissues. The method is applied to motion compensation in PET so that different time frames of a cardiac sequence may be combined.
Waivers of Inadmissibility Under Sections 212(h) and 209(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act: Strategies for Success When the Government Alleges a Violent or Dangerous Crime

Adjudicators often misread regulations, statutory provisions, and case law to deny certain waivers of inadmissibility on the ground that noncitizens have committed “violent or dangerous” crimes. This Article identifies and refutes these interpretive errors.
Transcriptional Responses Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a basic helix-loop-helix protein that activates transcription of hypoxia-inducible genes, including those encoding erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the glycolytic enzymes aldolase A, enolase 1, lactate dehydrogenase A, phosphofructokinase L, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1. Hypoxia response elements from these genes consist of a HIF-1-binding site as well as additional DNA sequences that are required for function, which in some elements include a second HIF-1-binding site. HIF-1 is a heterodimer: the HIF-lα subunit is unique to HIF-1, while HIF-1β (ARNT) can dimerize with other proteins. Cotransfection of HIF-1α and HIF-1β (ARNT) expression vectors and a reporter gene containing a wild-type hypoxia response element resulted in increased transcription in nonhypoxic cells and a superinduction of transcription in hypoxic cells, whereas HIF-1 expression vectors had no effect on transcription of reporter genes containing a HIF-1 binding-site mutation. In HeLa cells, HIF-lα and HIF-1β protein levels and HIF-1 DNA-binding activity increased exponentially as oxygen tension decreased, with maximum values at 0.5% oxygen and half-maximal values at 1.5%–2% oxygen. HIF-lα and HIF-1β (ARNT) mRNAs were detected in all human and rodent organs assayed. HIF-lα protein levels were induced in vivo when animals were subjected to anemia or hypoxia.
Viscosity and Surface-Tension Effects on Wave Generation by a Translating Body

Various theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to examine the generation of waves ahead of a translating body. Not all issues pertaining to this wave-motion problem are, however, fully resolved. In particular, mechanisms pertaining to generation of white-water instability and inception of vortices in the bow region are not fully understood. In this paper, the two-dimensional, unsteady, nonlinear, viscous-flow problem associated with a translating surface-piercing body is solved by means of finite-difference algorithm based on boundary-fitted coordinates. Effects of surface tension and surfactants are examined. Results of this work resolve certain classic issues pertaining to bow flows. A continuous generation of short and steepening bow waves is observed at low (draft) Froude number, a nonlinear phenomenon uncovered recently in the case of inviscid fluid also. This indicates that, steady-state nonlinear bow-flow solution may not exist, even at low speed. It is postulated that these short bow waves are responsible for the white-water instability commonly observed ahead of a full-scale ship. The amplitudes of these short bow waves are suppressed by surface tension, which is, possibly, the reason why white-water instability is not distinctly observed in laboratory-scale experiments. The presence of surfactants on the free surface is found to intensify the generation of free-surface vorticity, thus resulting in the formation of bow vortices. The accumulation of surface-active contaminants at the bow is hence responsible for the generation of bow vortices observed in laboratory experiments at low Froude number. At high Froude number, an impulsive starting motion of the body results in the generation of a jet-like splash at the bow and a gentle start an overturning bow wave, as previously observed in the case of inviscid bow flow.
“Organizing Creativity: Enabling Creative Output, Process, and Organizing Practices”

How individuals can exercise creativity in collectivities is unclear. We thus need to more thoroughly investigate the ‘black box’ of organizational creativity. Future research should consider creativity in a variety of organizations, rather than just those that are known for creative outputs or practices. In addition, we need to examine what I call everyday, relational, and proto-institutional forms of organizational creativity. Intra- and inter-organizational aspects can enhance or depress such organizational creativity: (1) within the organization’s boundary: internal interactions among organizational members and (2) outside the organization’s boundary: the surrounding organizational environment or field, which include competing or supporting organizations, other organizational actors, and the state. These two aspects pose dilemmas about how to organize that can constrain or enhance organizational creativity. In addressing these dilemmas, organizations must mediate between under- and over-organizing extremes. Organizations can enable creativity by incorporating changing interests and conditions. Organizations can eschew convention, increase rank-and-file involvement with corresponding authority, tolerate ambiguity and deviance, encourage improvisation, and support members’ diverse experiences and perspectives.
World Stroke Day Proclamation 2015: Call to Preserve Cognitive Vitality.

See related article, p 3039. World Stroke Day is an opportunity to proclaim a compelling universal message about stroke. Previous proclamations have emphasized challenges and opportunities to treat, rehabilitate, and prevent stroke (2006), the importance of small strokes (2008), and a prioritized world stroke agenda (2010).1,2 On the occasion of World Stroke Day 2015, an esteemed group of international stroke experts focus our attention on joining forces to prevent stroke and potentially preventable dementias.3 Key tenets of the 2015 proclamation include the following: (1) stroke and some dementias may be prevented; (2) shared risks (eg, tobacco use, physical inactivity, and poor diet) account for leading world health problems including major dementias of later life; (3) prevention has been neglected or not optimally applied; (4) poststroke dementia should be an integral part of stroke care; (5) major dementias commonly have a vascular component and detection and management of vascular risks should be encouraged; (6) organized stroke and dementia care and rehabilitation can improve outcomes; and (7) the need to better support and inform patients with stroke and caregivers, and a call to engage the public to increase knowledge that stroke and …
Debris flow deposition and reworking by the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona

[1] Flow regulation by large dams affects downstream flow competence and channel maintenance. Debris flows from 740 tributaries in Grand Canyon, Arizona, transport coarse-grained sediment onto debris fans adjacent to the Colorado River. These debris fans constrict the river to form rapids and are reworked during river flows that entrain particles and transport them downstream. Beginning in 1963, flood control operations of Glen Canyon Dam limited the potential for reworking of aggraded debris fans. We analyzed change in debris fans at the mouths of 75-Mile and Monument Creeks using photogrammetry of aerial photography taken from 1965 to 2000 and supplemented with ground surveys performed from 1987 to 2005. Our results quantify the debris fan aggradation that resulted from debris flows from 1984 to 2003. Volume, area, and river constriction increased at both debris fans. Profiles of the two debris fans show that net aggradation occurred in the middle of debris fans at stages above maximum dam releases, and surface shape shifted from concave to convex. Dam releases above power plant capacity partially reworked both debris fans, although reworking removed much less sediment than what was added by debris flow deposition. Large dam releases would be required to create additional reworking to limit the rate of debris fan aggradation in Grand Canyon.
The Social Organization of a Criminal Hacker Network: A Case Study

Financial fraud and identity theft conducted by criminal hackers have become the top source of the greatest financial losses for organizations. Even though Hacker groups are complex socio-technical systems, much extant research on hackers is conducted at the individual level of analysis. This research proposes a research model composed of five dimensions and their relations in order to study hackerâ€™s social organization in the whole socio-technical context. Based on this model, the researcher applies network analysis methods to disclose the structure and patterns of a significant and complex hacker group, Shadow crew. Network analysis tools, such as Automap and ORA, are applied for data processing and data analysis. Three network measures: degree centrality, cognitive demand, and eigenvector centrality, are utilized to determine the critical leaders. Out-degree centrality is employed to analyze the relations among the five dimensions in the research model.
Electric Vehicle Mobility in Transmission-Constrained Hourly Power Generation Scheduling

The proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) on power grid operation and control. The EV fleets could serve as electricity load when drawing energy from the grid and as energy storage (vehicle-to-grid) when delivering energy to the grid. The paper considers two operating modes for EV fleets which are consumer-controlled and grid-controlled. The power grid generation mix represents a multitude of units including thermal, hydro, and wind. The paper considers the impact of EV battery utilization on offsetting the hourly variability of wind generation units in transmission-constrained power grids. The paper considers charging/discharging schedule of EV batteries and consumer driving requirements on the optimal hourly transmission-constrained commitment and dispatch of generation units in the day-ahead scheduling. The hourly solution of the proposed method will minimize the cost of supplying the hourly load while satisfying the temporal constraints of individual components in power grids.
Central Somatosensory Changes and Altered Muscle Synergies in Subjects with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency

To clarify the mechanisms of compensation in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACL-D), we examined proprioception, quadriceps strength, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and muscle responses during gait in varied combinations of speed and incline. Seventeen subjects with ACL-D were grouped by functional level and report of giving way. Seven subjects without ACL-D served as a control sample for muscle response measures. ACL-D subjects with quadriceps weakness experienced giving way and could not resume sport activities. Those without weakness fell into one of two groups: (1) copers, who had full return to previous activity and no giving way despite proprioceptive loss and altered SEPs, and (2) adapters, who were unable to return to previous activity level and experienced giving way despite neither proprioceptive loss or altered SEPs. The unique muscle pattern in copers during inclined fast walking included larger and earlier hamstring activation. These results suggest that in individuals with ACL-D without a strength deficit, altered SEPs and altered neuromuscular patterns are the factors that enable resumption of pre-injury functional levels. Loss of proprioception may drive the central changes, which in turn drives the development of altered muscle patterns.
Respiratory Failure: Current Status of Experimental Therapies

A number of advances in the treatment of infants and children with respiratory failure have been investigated in the laboratory with translation to clinical practice. Investigators have recognized that application of high ventilating pressures and failure to apply adequate levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can inflict injury to the already failing lung. Other interventions such as prone positioning and application of new ventilating strategies such as proportional assist ventilation (PAV), inverse ratio ventilation (IRV), high frequency ventilation, liquid ventilation, and intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV), continue to be developed and explored. Administration of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) may improve pulmonary physiology and gas exchange in patients with respiratory insufficiency. Finally, the technique of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is being simplified and refined. This report summarizes the status of these advances and describes the basic science and clinical research that brought them to clinical application.
Seasonal changes in the uptake capacity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus for 3H-serotonin.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, a hypothalamic center important in mediation of circadian and estrous cycles, is shown in adult rats to have seasonal changes in its uptake capacity in vitro for3H-serotonin.
Determinants of Career Satisfaction Among Pediatric Hospitalists: A Qualitative Exploration

Abstract Objective To characterize determinants of career satisfaction among pediatric hospitalists working in diverse practice settings; to develop a framework to conceptualize factors influencing career satisfaction. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with community and tertiary care hospitalists, using purposeful sampling to attain maximum response diversity. We used closed- and open-ended questions to assess levels of career satisfaction and its determinants. Interviews were conducted by telephone, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Emergent themes were identified and analyzed using an inductive approach to qualitative analysis. Results A total of 30 interviews were conducted with community and tertiary care hospitalists, representing 20 hospital medicine programs and 7 Northeastern states. Qualitative analysis yielded 657 excerpts, which were coded and categorized into 4 domains and associated determinants of career satisfaction: 1) professional responsibilities; 2) hospital medicine program administration; 3) hospital and health care systems; and 4) career development. Although community and tertiary care hospitalists reported similar levels of career satisfaction, they expressed variation in perspectives across these 4 domains. Although the role of hospital medicine program administration was consistently emphasized by all hospitalists, community hospitalists prioritized resource availability, work schedule, and clinical responsibilities, while tertiary care hospitalists prioritized diversity in nonclinical responsibilities and career development. Conclusions We illustrate how hospitalists in different organizational settings prioritize both consistent and unique determinants of career satisfaction. Given associations between physician satisfaction and health care quality, efforts to optimize modifiable factors within this framework, at both community and tertiary care hospitals, may have broad impacts.
Calculation of porosity and osteonal cement line effects on the effective fracture toughness of cortical bone in longitudinal crack growth.

Based on the microscopic analyses of cracks and correlational studies demonstrating evidence for a relationship between fracture toughness and microstructure of cortical bone, an equation was derived for bone fracture toughness in longitudinal crack growth, using debonding at osteonal cement lines and weakening effect of pores as main crack mechanisms. The correlation between the measured and predicted values of fracture toughness was highly significant but weak for a single optimal value of matrix to cement line fracture toughness ratio. Using fracture toughness values and histomorphometrical parameters from an available data set, matrix to cement line fracture toughness ratio was calculated for human femoral bone. Based on these calculations it is suggested that the effect of an osteon on fracture toughness will depend on the cement line's ability to compensate for the pore in an osteon. Matrix to cement line fracture toughness ratio significantly increased with increasing age, suggesting that the effectiveness of osteons in energy absorption may be reduced in the elderly due to a change in cement line properties.
Electroencephalographic findings in a case of acute reaction to dilantin

Abstract A case of acute reaction to Dilantin is described in which the EEG (normal prior to, and after the acute illness) showed peculiar complexes bearing some resemblance to “triphasic waves”.
CD4-IgG Binding Threshold for Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The stoichiometry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inactivation by soluble receptor CD4-IgG hybrid dimers (CD4-IgG) was examined. The extent of HIV-1 inactivation was measured in a sensitive plaque-forming assay, and the corresponding level of CD4-IgG binding was determined by immunofluorescence of infected cells. Ninety percent virus inactivation occurred at relatively low levels of CD4-IgG binding (10% of the saturating level). At even lower binding levels (1.4% of maximum binding), virus survival was 44%. Over a broad range of binding conditions, the survival curve followed a model in which viruses binding more than a threshold level of CD4-IgG were completely inactivated, while viruses binding less remained infectious. The data indicate that CD4-IgG binding to 1.4% of gp120 binding sites equals the threshold for inactivation. Thus, virus inactivation can begin when 3 CD4-IgG (of approximately 216 gp120 sites) bind per virion.
Early experience with the bioabsorbable anal fistula plug.

Management of anal fistula represents a balance between curing the condition and maintaining anal continence. Recent reports of the results of the porcine anal fistula plug have demonstrated excellent fistula healing rates without reporting significant complications. The outcome of patients who underwent treatment for anal fistula with the Surgisis® anal plug was retrospectively reviewed. Twenty patients were treated; three underwent concomitant anal advancement flap at the time of plug placement. Seventeen patients had a trans-sphincteric fistula, and three had an anoperineal fistula. Ten patients had previously undergone failed surgical therapy to cure their fistula, including anal advancement flap in four, muscle interposition flap in two, fistulotomy in two, and cutting seton placement in two. Mean follow-up was 7.4 months. Only 4 of 17 (24%) patients treated with the plug alone had closure of their fistula. Acute postoperative sepsis was seen in 5 of 17 (29%) patients treated with the plug alone. Four developed perianal abscesses that required incision and drainage, and one intersphincteric abscess was treated with antibiotics. Two of the patients who underwent concomitant anal advancement flaps and plug placement healed successfully. Contrary to other published series, the use of the Surgisis® anal plug was associated with a low rate of fistula healing and a high incidence of perianal sepsis. The addition of a transanal advancement flap to the procedure may improve success rates.
Stage-wise parameter estimation for stiff differential equations

Utilisation de l'approximation de la perturbation singuliere, pour estimer les parametres des equations differentielles difficiles a calculer. Application de l'algorithme a l'estimation des constantes de vitesse d'une reaction a catalyseur enzymatique
Implementation of Just‐in‐time Systems in US Manufacturing Firms

Impressed by the remarkable improvement in productivity by Japanese manufacturing companies, many leading American counterparts are implementing their Just‐in‐time (JIT) systems. There are still several key issues to be answered for successful implementation. The results of a field survey on the implementation of JIT systems in US firms are described and some major findings are discussed.
Operations and calibration of the solid-state imaging system during the Galileo extended mission at Jupiter

The solid state imaging (SSI) subsystem on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Galileo spacecraft has successfully completed a 4-yr extended mission exploring the Jovian system. The SSI remained in stable calibration throughout its total 12-yr flight time and returned valuable scientific data until the end of the mis- sion. A slight loss in spatial resolution occurred between the last primary- mission calibration and that done during the extended mission. The ab- solute spectral radiometric calibration has been determined to 5 to 7% accuracy across the camera's eight spectral filters. A possible shift in the central wavelength of one of the methane-absorption-band filters of ;3 nm shortward may have occurred late in the extended mission. The charge-coupled device (CCD) detector endured the harsh radiation en- vironment at Jupiter to a total dose of ;4 krad without any serious per- manent damage. Some radiation-induced problems in the detector clock- ing and signal-chain electronics rendered the 2-32-pixel summation modes unusable and required that the CCD light flood and erasure prior to each exposure be disabled. However, good-quality imaging continued to be possible even in the most extreme radiation fluxes encountered. The successful return of 1453 images during the extended mission nearly matched the number of frames returned during the primary mission. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Identification and characterization of a heat shock protein 70 family member in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract We have determined the cDNA sequence of a member of the channel catfish heat shock protein 70 (CF Hsp70) family. This protein presumably functions as a molecular chaperone, as is characteristic of this family in other species. Channel catfish peripheral blood leukocytes exhibit a classical heat shock response, in that heat shock (37°C) induces the expression of heat shock genes that are quiescent at normal temperatures (23°C). It was observed that pre-existing synthesis of certain other molecules was suppressed (as evidenced by decreases in actin RNA upon heat shock). Similar trends were observed in mRNA expression for CF Hsp70 in two catfish non-leukocyte cell lines, channel catfish ovary and F59. However, three leukocyte cell lines constitutively expressed high levels of CF Hsp70 mRNA at optimal culture temperature (27°C), whereas heat shock (37°C) elicited only a modest induction of CF Hsp70 expression. Furthermore, continued investigation is warranted to determine whether the apparent upregulation of CF Hsp70 mRNA expression in the catfish long-term leukocyte cell lines is involved in the seemingly immortal phenotype of these cells.
Structured intermittent treatment for HIV disease: Necessary concession or premature compromise?

The entree of potent antiretroviral therapy into the therapeutic armamentarium of HIV disease was an extraordinary moment in the history of the AIDS epidemic. Mortality declined, morbidity diminished, hospitalizations decreased, and the transition of HIV from a hospital-based to an outpatient disease commenced (1). The guiding principles of antiretroviral therapy were grounded on landmark studies of HIV viral dynamics and our understanding of drug resistance (2, 3). The production of 10 million particles of HIV daily combined with the knowledge that viral load predicted HIV disease progression provided the rationale to treat HIV with multidrug regimens that maximally suppressed viral replication (4, 5). Selection of HIV drug resistance and viral rebound were reduced by using therapies that initially suppressed HIV RNA levels in the plasma below 20 copies/ml (6). On the contrary, any reduction in regimen potency—either through simplification of therapy or through suboptimal patient adherence—led to rapid virologic failure and eventual drug resistance (7–10). Continuous lifelong therapy was thus adapted as the optimal treatment approach for HIV disease. Interventions may harm the host more than the virus before progression to AIDS.
1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of ethenyl‐substituted benzenoid aromatic compounds

1 H and 13 C NMR studies were carried out on 1-ethenylnaphthalene, 2-ethenylnaphthalene, 9-ethenylanthracene, 9-ethenylphenanthrene, 1-ethenylpyrene and 1-ethenylperylene. Assignments of proton and carbon resonances were made with the aid of 2D COSY, 2D HETCOR, 2D COLOC, 2D COLOCS, 3 J(H,C) INAPT, and NOE difference spectral techniques
Influenza Infection Neutralizes the Attractiveness of Male Odour to Female Mice (Mus musculus)

This study aimed to determine if female house mice, Mus musculus domesticus, are able to assess a male's infection status from odour cues. We collected urine from male mice before, during, and after they were experimentally infected with influenza, a respiratory virus. Females spent more time investigating urine collected from males while they were uninfected than when they were infected. Also 70 % of females released into a large enclosure preferred to nest in boxes containing urine collected from uninfected rather than infected males. This is the first evidence that mice can discriminate virally infected individuals through chemical signals and the first evidence that infection causes odour changes in the urine. To determine if the odour of infected males is repulsive, we presented females with urine samples and neutral water blanks. Normal urine collected from uninfected males was more attractive, whereas urine collected during infection was as attractive as water. This indicates that rather than being aversive, influenza infection abolishes the attractiveness of a male's odour. A similar effect also occurs when male mice are infected with coccidian gut parasites (Kavaliers & Colwell 1995, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 261B, 31-35). One proximate reason for the neutralization of the attractiveness of a male's odour may be a decrease in serum androgen concentrations during infection.
A Comparative Study Of Physical Characteristics Of Hearing Aids On Microphone And Telecoil Inputs

The variations of sensitivity and frequency response of telecoil input on 32 commercially available body-type and behind-the-ear hearing aids were investigated. The differences in response between the microphone and the telecoil input were also examined. Findings indicate that (1) given aids have different sensitivity and frequency response for telecoil vs. microphone operation, (2) the telecoil, in general, provides a better low-frequency response than the microphone input, and (3) aids with similar responses on acoustic input may produce different responses on magnetic input. These findings further emphasize the importance of knowing the performance characteristics of the hearing aid operating on its telecoil input in order to avoid inappropriate hearing aid selection.
Alz‐50 immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of the normal and Alzheimer human and the rat

Alz-50 is a monoclonal antibody recognizing a 68 kilodalton protein that is abundant in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but not detectable by immunoblotting methods in normal brains. When used for immunohistochemistry in AD cortex, Alz-50 recognizes large numbers of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuritic plaques, and some neurons that show no evidence of neurofibrillary degeneration by conventional histopathological staining methods. Alz-50 immunoreactivity is described at the light and electron microscopic levels in the hypothalamus of brains obtained at autopsy from normal and AD subjects. Alz-50 immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus is also described. A well-defined population of Alz-50 immunoreactive hypothalamic neurons was identified in both the normal human and rat. At the light microscopic level in the normal human, immunoreactive neurons were most concentrated in the periventricular region, but were also scattered throughout the arcuate nucleus (ARC), lateral hypothalamic area, and tuberal region. Immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periventricular region, dorsal division of the ventromedial nucleus (VMNd), ARC, and external layer of the median eminence (ME). In the rat, reactive neurons were seen only in the periventricular region, and reactive fibers were seen in the periventricular zone, medial preoptic nuclear complex, suprachiasmatic nucleus, VMNd, ARC, and external layer of the ME. Ultrastructurally, all immunoreactivity in the normal human and rat hypothalamus was associated with intraneuronal vesicles. In the AD hypothalamus, Alz-50 identified numerous senile plaques and NFT in addition to the cells and fibers that were stained in the normal brains. Immunoreactive plaques and NFT were most numerous in regions previously reported to undergo neurofibrillary degeneration. At the ultrastructural level, the immunoreactivity in the AD hypothalamus was associated with filaments as well as vesicles. The significance of the selective staining of a specific population of vesicles by Alz-50 is unknown; however, the present results suggest that it is independent of AD pathology.
Academic Language and the Challenge of Reading for Learning About Science

A major challenge to students learning science is the academic language in which science is written. Academic language is designed to be concise, precise, and authoritative. To achieve these goals, it uses sophisticated words and complex grammatical constructions that can disrupt reading comprehension and block learning. Students need help in learning academic vocabulary and how to process academic language if they are to become independent learners of science.
Theoretical investigations of resonant tunneling in asymmetric multibarrier semiconductor heterostructures in an applied constant electric field

We solve the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger wave equation in the effective-mass approximation for the transmission coefficient T(E) of electrons through asymmetric multibarrier semiconductor heterostructures in the presence of a constant applied electric field, using an exact Airy-function formalism and the transfer-matrix technique. In particular, we show that for appropriate choices of asymmetry in the barrier widths and heights of the semiconductor heterostructure, the transmission coefficient is enhanced to yield resonances that are stronger than those calculated in symmetric structures, thus giving further validity to Mendez's concept of effective-barrier symmetry for obtaining optimal resonant tunneling in asymmetric double- and triple-barrier semiconductor heterostructures. These results should assist experimental efforts in designing resonant-tunneling systems that require optimum peaks both in the transmission spectrum and current density.
VOx (x = 1-4) submonolayers supported on rutile TiO2(110) and CeO2(111) surfaces : The structure, the charge of the atoms, the XPS spectrum, and the equilibrium composition in the presence of oxygen

We use density functional theory to examine the properties of VOx (x = 1−4) isolated clusters supported on rutile TiO2(110) and CeO2(111) surfaces. We calculate the structure of the clusters, the charge on the atoms in the clusters, the vanadium 2p core-level energies, the energy of the reactions VOx(s) + 1/2O2 = VOx+1(s), and the dependence of the equilibrium composition of VO, VO2, VO3, and VO4 on oxygen pressure and surface temperature. We find that, contrary to statements made in the literature, the structure of the clusters supported on ceria is different from that supported on titania and so is their oxidation chemistry. The most stable structures found here are also different from those suggested by previous work. The structure of the VOx is very strongly influenced by the position of the oxygen atoms and of the cations on the surface of the support. We propose that the redox couple in oxidation reactions by supported vanadia cluster is VO2/VO3; the substance being oxidized takes oxygen from VO3 to...