cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of isoperibol calorimetry for the study of age-related changes in glucose uptake by erythrocytes

Isoperibol solution calorimetry was used to determine in vitro erythrocyte glucose uptake changes as a function of erythrocyte age. Glucose concentrations were determined by phosphorylation with Mg 2+ /ATP 2- in the presence of hexokinase. The differential heat of the standard reaction was found to be -70.3 kJ mol -1 (-16.8 kcal mol -1 ). Lower amounts of glucose were taken up by 'expired,' older than 90 days, cells (0.37 mmol/5 mL packed cells) than by 'fresh,' immediately after blood collection, cells (0.87 mmol/5 mL packed cells). Statistical analyses of the data revealed significant differences in extent of glucose uptake between fresh cells and expired cells (p<0.05).
Mdr 2 Knockout mice link biliary phospholipid deficiency with small bile duct destruction

Two types of P-glyeoprotein have been found in mammals: the drug-transporting P-glycoproteins and a second type, unable to transport hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs. The latter is encoded by the human MDR3 (also called MDR2) and the mouse mdr2 genes, and its tissue distribution (bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, B cells, heart, and muscle) suggests a specialized metabolic function. We have generated mice homozygous for a disruption of the mdr2 gene. These mice develop a liver disease that appears to be caused by the complete inability of the liver to secrete phospholipid into the bile. Mice heterozygous for the disrupted allele had no detectable liver pathology, but half the level of phospholipid in bile. We conclude that the mdr2 P-glycoprotein has an essential role in the secretion of phosphatidylcholine into bile and hypothesize that it may be a phospholipid transport protein or phospholipid flippase.
Breaking with English: the nation as ethnoscape1

Broken English and the bone people, a New Zealand film and novel respectively, fall into the category of nation‐building texts. Many narratives in this ‘genre’ accomplish cultural reunification through the family. However, these two works are particularly intriguing because they use land and specific spaces in order to work through these transcultural shifts as they are played out within the main characters' relationships. ‘Breaking with English’ is therefore not only a linguistic concept, but also a metaphor for the transculturation of bodies and land undertaken throughout these two titles.
Influence of Disperse Phase Characteristics on Stability, Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Emulsions Containing Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamaldehyde was delivered in emulsion form using Acetem 90-50K as a carrier and Tween 60 as emulsifier. Cinnamaldehyde interacted with Acetem 90-50K by forming H-bonds. The effect of disperse phase characteristics on storage stability, physical and antimicrobial properties was investigated. A storage test of emulsions was carried out for 15 days at two temperatures (22 and 4 °C). Emulsions and nano-emulsions showed higher stability at 22 °C than at 4 °C. Nano-emulsions displayed excellent stability versus creaming and coalescence after 15 days storage at 22 °C (z-avg <100 nm). Physical properties were greatly affected by droplet size and concentration. Emulsions became less viscous, more transparent and darker as the droplet size or concentration decreased. The antimicrobial activity was measured against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was highly resistant to cinnamaldehyde compared to L. monocytogenes. Incubation with cinnamaldehyde at 2.5 mM caused the complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes after 1 day and of E. coli after 9 days. There was no difference in the antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde due to different droplet sizes (~80 and ~5,000 nm).
Power management in SMAC-based energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks using queuing analysis

One of the most important constraints in traditional wireless sensor networks is the limited amount of energy available at each sensor node. The energy consumption is mainly determined by the choice of media access mechanism. SMAC is a typical access mechanism that has drawn much attention in recent years. In WSNs, sensors are usually equipped with capacity-limited battery sources that can sustain longer or shorter period, depending on the energy usage pattern and the activeness level of sensor nodes. To extend the lifetime of the sensor networks, ambient energy resources have been recently exploited in WSNs. Even though solar radiation is known as the superior candidate, its density varies over time depending on many factors such as solar intensity and cloud states, which makes it difficult to predict and utilize the energy efficiently. As a result, how to design an efficient MAC in a solar energy harvesting based WSN becomes a challenging problem. In this paper, we first incorporate a solar energy-harvesting model into SMAC and conduct its performance analysis from a theoretical aspect. Our research works provide a fundamental guideline to design efficient MAC for energy harvesting based WSNs. Our major contribution includes three folders: firstly, we model solar energy harvesting in a photovoltaic cell and then derive the throughput of SMAC in the energy-harvesting based WSNs. Second, we develop a new model based on queuing theory to calculate the average number of energy packets in battery in terms of both duty cycle and throughput. Finally, we form an optimization problem to find a suitable range for the duty cycle to satisfy both quality of service (QoS) and network lifetime requirements.
The California Environmental Quality Act and Local Planning

Abstract This paper describes the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and its importance to local planning in California. More than an environmental protection act, CEQA governs the review and approval process of all large developments in the state, both public and private, and is implemented primarily by local governments. CEQA has spawned a multi-million dollar industry, producing approximately 25,000 environmental documents per year. To understand CEQA is to understand how planning has evolved in California, how it might change in the future, and how it differs from planning systems in other states. This research found that local planning directors are in remarkable agreement that CEQA has improved planning practice in California, and that CEQA is nearly as important as General Plans. The research also confirmed that planning decisions are of ten made piecemeal, rather than comprehensively. Several factors contribute to that pattern, and CEQA may be one. On balance, however, CEQA adds intellige...
Dependence of microporosity formation on the direction of solidification

Abstract The aim of this paper is to suggest a new approach in the investigation of the effect of gravity on microporosity formation in solidification of binary alloys. Instead of traditional unidirectional solidification from the bottom, which involves solidification against the gravity, we suggest to carry out solidification from the top, which involves solidification along the gravity. Numerical modeling performed in this paper suggests an experimental study that compares the results of these two experiments, which potentially reveals some important data concerning the influence of gravity on microporosity formation and also could be used as a tool for validation of microporosity formation models.
Molecular thermodynamics of partially‐ordered fluids: Microemulsions

Mixtures of water, oil, and surfactant often form microemulsions where tiny drops of oil (or water) are dispersed in a matrix of water (or oil). A microemulsion is a partially-ordered fluid in which the surfactant molecules exist in an oriented layer at the boundary between the continuous phase and the discontinuous phase. This work proposes a molecular-thermodynamic model that is useful for calculating a variety of phase diagrams observed in microemulsion-forming systems. The model is based on a revised form of Widom's abstract representation of a microemulsion; that representation provides a procedure for calculating essential contributions to the configurational entropy. In Widom's representation, all molecules are difunctional dumbbells such that all the hydrophilic ends are situated together in some lattice sites and all the lipophilic ends are situated together in other sites. A form of Guggenheim's quasichemical theory is used to evaluate the combinatorial contributions that correspond to Widom's picture. Chemical association of surfactant molecules and physical interactions are also taken into account. Minimization of the Gibbs energy yields a distribution function for representing micelle sizes. Calculated ternary phase diagrams are in good agreement with experimental results. Different types of diagrams can be obtained upon changing physically significant model parameters. A study of how these parameters affect phase behavior provides insight on microemulsion stability.
Observation of the E2 nuclear resonance effect in pionic cadmium

Nuclear resonance effects in mesonic atoms result from near degeneracy of nuclear excitation and atomic de-excitation energies. The $E2$ nuclear resonance effect was observed in pionic cadmium by comparing selected pionic x-ray intensity ratios from $^{112}\mathrm{Cd}$ with those from $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$. The effect for hadronic atoms is now unambiguously established and the results are in close agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Delayed Administration Of Jtp-2942, A Novel Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue, Improves Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism In Rat Postischaemic Brain

SUMMARY 1. The aim of the present study was to examine the central nervous system action of JTP-2942, a novel thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, from the point of view of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in the postischaemic brain. 2. Left middle cerebral artery ischaemia was induced for 90 min followed by reperfusion. 3. Animals were separated into four groups: (i) low-dose (0.003 mg/kg ) JTP-2942; (ii) high-dose (0.03 mg/kg) JTP-2942; (iii) cystidine diphosphate choline (500 mg/kg); and (iv) saline. The test drug or saline was administered intravenously 1 week after ischaemia. 4. Local CBF and local cerebral glucose utilization were measured autoradiographically, adjacent sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and infarction size was measured. 5. JTP-2942 ameliorated the reduction of local CBF and glucose utilization except in the ischaemic core. In particular, the higher dose (0.03 mg/kg) of JTP-2942 significantly increased local CBF and glucose utilization not only in peri-infarcted areas, but also in distal and contralateral areas. 6. These results suggest that JTP-2942 treatment may be beneficial for improving cerebral circulation and metabolism in the postischaemic brain.
Sensing spectral stimuli: Sensor functions and number

Using synthesized and real spectra this article addresses questions regarding the degree to which synthetic and real sensor systems with one, two, and three sensors can distinguish among stimuli and can reconstruct the original spectra. Based on 64 synthetic spectra, the trichromatic sensors L, M, S distinguish the spectra at the level of 85% of the optimal result but reconstruct them only at the level of 70%. For symmetrical and symmetrically placed sensors the corresponding values are 76 and 94%. The conclusion is drawn that distinguishability was a more important goal of evolution than reconstructability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 30–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20171
The march of HIV vaccines.

A quarter century has passed since the first clinical descriptions of AIDS, and no HIV vaccine is in sight. The global community has recognized that alternative approaches must be pursued if discovery and development of preventive vaccines are to be accomplished, hence, the call for the HIV Vaccine
The Incidence of Perioperative Myocardial Infarction with Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

We performed a prospective study of 250 men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate to determine the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in the study group was 27%. Patients had measurement of total creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme and electrocardiography preoperatively and on the first three postoperative days. Only one myocardial infarction was diagnosed, an incidence rate of 0.4%. The overall rate of serious post-operative complications was 3.6%. No deaths occurred during the operative hospitalization. We conclude that with transurethral resection perioperative myocardial infarction is a rare event despite the high prevalence of coronary artery disease in this surgical population. Routine postoperative surveillance with electrocardiograms and creatine kinase determinations in asymptomatic patients is not warranted.
A cognitive theoretical approach to reading diagnostics

After a brief review of current reading diagnostic practices, the article presents a cognitive developmental theory and indicates how the theory can be used to identify potential sources of reading problems. Four criteria for a reading diagnostic system based on cognitive developmental theory are then identified: (1) the system must provide reliable and valid assessments, (2) performance on the diagnostic system must be consistent with cognitive developmental theory, (3) the diagnostic procedures must provide specific information about the nature of the reading difficulty the student is experiencing, and (4) diagnoses provided by the procedures must lead to prescriptive procedures that alleviate to a demonstrable degree the reading problems the student is experiencing. The Computer-based Academic Assessment System (CAAS) is then introduced, and evidence from three studies is used to examine the extent to which the CAAS system can satisfy the four requirements for a theory-based reading diagnostic system. The article closes with a discussion of the empirical evidence and with suggestions for future research.
Limited evidence to support the use of physical therapy for temporomandibular disorder

Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched, using the search terms “facial pain”, “physical therapy”, “rehabilitation”, “temporomandibular disorder” (TMD), “temporomandibular joint” (TMJ), “temporomandibular joint syndrome” and “therapy”. The search was restricted to English-language publications from 1966 to January 2005. For inclusion, studies had to meet the following criteria: subjects were from one of three groups identified in the first axis of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD; the intervention was within the realm of physical therapist practice; an experimental design was used; and outcome measures assessed one or more of the primary presenting symptoms. Studies were evaluated using Sackett's rules of evidence and 10 scientific rigour criteria. One reviewer performed the literature search, study selection and data abstraction. Four randomly selected articles were also rated independently by two reviewers to assess the reliability of the first author. Effect size was also calculated for studies for which raw data were available. The search identified 108 articles, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Inter-reviewer agreement was 100% for levels of evidence and 73.5% for methodological rigour. Of the 30 studies reviewed, 22 were randomised controlled trials (RCT) but of low study quality. The following recommendations arising from the 30 studies were: These recommendations should be considered with caution because none were supported by numerous, decisive studies. Consensus on the definition of TMD, and subsequent inclusion and exclusion criteria, would allow further comparison across groups studied. In addition, agreement on use of valid and reliable outcome measures would yield more rigorous research.
Visually Lossless H.264 Compression of Natural Videos

We performed a systematic evaluation of ‘visually lossless’ (VL) threshold selection for H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) compressed natural videos spanning a wide range of content and motion. A psychovisual study was conducted using a two alternative forced choice task design, where by a series of reference vs. compressed video pairs were displayed to the subjects, where bit rates were varied to achieve a spread in the amount of compression. A statistical analysis was conducted on these data to estimate the VL threshold. Based on the visual thresholds estimated from the observed human ratings, we learn a mapping from ‘perceptually relevant’ statistical video features that capture visual lossless-ness, to statistically determined VL threshold. Using this VL threshold, we derive an H.264 compressibility index. This new Compressibility Index is shown to correlate well with human subjective judgments of VL thresholds. We have also made the code for compressibility index available online (Moorthy, A.K. and Bovik, A.C. (2010). H.264 Visually Lossless Compressibility Index (HVLCI), Software Release. http://live.ece.utexas.edu/research/quality/hvlci.zip.) for its use in practical applications and facilitate future research in this area.
Nipple reconstruction: risk factors and complications after 189 procedures

Background A multitude of different approaches have been proposed for achieving optimal aesthetic results after nipple reconstruction. In contrast, however, only a few studies focus on the morbidity associated with this procedure, particularly after implant-based breast reconstruction.
Dimensions of Temperament: Affect Intensity and Consumer Lifestyles

This article focuses on the relation between affect intensity and 3 fundamental dimensions of temperament—emotionality, sociability, and sensory arousability. The purpose was to show that individual differences in affect intensity as a dimension of temperament can influence not only advertising responses, but also the lifestyles and preferences of consumers. Study 1 confirmed the emotionality dimension in that high affect intensity individuals responded with significantly stronger levels of emotion when exposed to an affectively charged advertising appeal, but not when exposed to a nonemotional appeal. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that the fundamental dimensions of temperament are accompanied by heightened emotional intensity and do predict different preferences for lifestyle activities for high and low affect intensity consumers. A significant Affect Intensity × Gender interaction occurred indicating that both men and women expressed stronger emotions when experiencing activities that were gender-congruent (e.g., watching sports on TV for men, and smelling perfumes for women). Future research directions are also discussed.
Merging the acquisitions and serials department at the University of New Mexico: a case study

Acquisitions and serials departments have often been the first to react to changes imposed by the marketplace. These two departments have had strong ties to each other because of the similar nature of the work and problems that are encountered. As technical services departments downsize there has been a trend toward merging these departments. These mergers enable libraries to centralize activities and streamline workflows, which often result in increased efficiency and productivity. Librarians debate whether the functions of technical services departments should be organized by form or function. This article explores the reasons why these historically separate departments are being merged in many libraries, and it addresses the issues that need to be considered in such a merger. Specifically, drawing on the experience of the University of New Mexico, it will address the factors leading to the decision to merge, the planning phase, the implementation process, and the benefits realized.
Notch and the Survival of Regulatory T Cells: Location Is Everything!

Signaling through the T cell receptor induces T lymphocytes to divide, differentiate, and perform numerous effector functions. Once activated, effector T cells are exquisitely sensitive to changes in available cytokines, particularly the survival cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). Removal of IL-2 rapidly initiates apoptosis in response to cytokine withdrawal. In contrast to effector T cells, regulatory T cells (T regs ) are resistant to apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal. A study exploring the differences between these two T cell subsets reveals a role for Notch1 in protecting T regs from apoptosis. Protection from apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal correlated with Notch1 localization in the cytosol of T regs and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rictor, a component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex. Notch1 localization in the nucleus in effector T cells, on the other hand, was correlated with susceptibility to apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal. This study highlights how Notch1 can deliver opposing signals in different cellular contexts and suggests that localization of Notch1 can have a substantial influence on life-and-death decisions in T lymphocytes.
Rethinking ancient Maya social organization : Replacing lineage with house

Long-standing disagreements concerning prehispanic Maya kinship and social organization have focused on the nature of their corporate groups, generally presumed to have been lineages. Specific debates center on whether the lineages were patrilineal or incorporated some kind of double-descent reckoning, how descent was combined with locality to define a group, and the status of lineage-outsiders within a group. It is argued here that Maya social organization is better approached within the contemporary critique of kinship, replacing "lineage" with Levi-Strauss's model of the "house"—a corporate group maintaining an estate perpetuated by the recruitment of members whose relationships are expressed "in the language" of kinship and affinity and affirmed by purposeful actions. In this perspective, the operation of corporate groups is the primary concern, and relationships construed in terms of consanguinity and affinity are seen as strategies pursued to enhance and perpetuate the group, [ancestor veneration, house society, kinship, Maya, social organization]
Isotope and isomer shifts in mercury

Abstract Calculations have been made of the change in the mean square charge radius of the mercury isotopes which results when a neutron is added to a doubly-even core. Both the ground and isomeric states of the odd-mass isotopes were considered. First-order perturbation theory was used to obtain the amplitudes of monopole excitations of the proton core. The calculations were carried out by first assuming a conventional neutron-proton force and then using various density-dependent interactions. The results show a very marked A -dependence and achieve partial success in explaining the experimental shifts in the optical spectra.
Proposed New Fatigue Design Curves for Austenitic Stainless Steels, Alloy 600 and Alloy 800

The current fatigue design curve for austenitic stainless steels in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is known to be unconservative in certain fatigue regimes. This design curve was based on data which included cold worked material, and it allows cyclic stresses which are too high to satisfy code safety margins for annealed materials in these regimes. New fatigue design curves are proposed for air environments based on the existing worldwide database for annealed materials. Because of the differing properties of the range of materials covered by the current fatigue design curves, separate fatigue design curves are also proposed herein for Nickel Based Alloys (Alloy 600 and Alloy 800) in air. In addition, high temperature (> 360°F, 182°C) water has been found to accelerate fatigue crack propagation rates and to have a very deleterious effect on fatigue longevity in the low and intermediate cycle regimes. New fatigue design curves which include high temperature water environmental effects are proposed based on the extensive data developed by investigators worldwide.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Isolation and molecular structure of an oligomer produced enzymatically from the cuticle of lime fruit

Abstract The selective enzymatic cleavage of primary ester linkages with porcine pancreatic lipase has been used to investigate the structural framework of Citrus aurantifolia (lime) cutin, a cross-linked protective biopolymer obtained from the outer fruit skins. Among the soluble oligomeric products isolated from this reaction is a novel 1307-amu pentamer based on C16 fatty acids and hydroxyfatty acids and assembled solely with linkages between the esters of secondary alcohols. This compound was isolated by high-performance preparative thin-layer chromatography, and a structure was proposed using evidence from electron-impact mass spectrometry supported by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. The building blocks of the pentamer include 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, and 1,7,16-trihydroxyhexadecanol, which can participate in polymer chain elongation as well as the formation of cross-link structures. Three of the four building blocks of the pentamer are among the major monomeric constituents of citrus cutins, but ω-hydroxyoxo acid monomers are absent from the soluble oligomers produced by enzymatic reaction. The resistance of fruit cutins to these breakdown procedures suggests that despite a predominance of primary ester linkages, a support network of secondary ester cross-links may limit the accessibility of interior ester bonds to the lipase enzyme. The selective enzymatic cleavage of primary ester linkages with porcine pancreatic lipase has been used to investigate the structural framework of Citrus aurantifolia (lime) cutin, a cross-linked protective biopolymer obtained from the outer fruit skins. Among the soluble oligomeric products isolated from this reaction is a novel 1307-amu pentamer based on C16 fatty acids and hydroxyfatty acids and assembled solely with linkages between the esters of secondary alcohols.
Molecules at Liquid and Solid Surfaces

The discovery of structural phase transitions in a series of alkanenitriles, acetonitrile (CH3CN), propionitrile (CH3CH2CN), nonadecanitrile [CD3(CH2)19CN], but not butyronitrile (CH3CH2CH2CN), at the air/water is described. Using sum frequency spectroscopy, the phase transition is manifested by an abrupt change in the orientation and an abrupt change in the vibrational frequency of the CN head group of the interface nitrile molecules. The competition between the distance dependent nitrile−nitrile dipolar interactions and the hydrogen bonding and solvation of the CN moieties is used to describe the phase transitions. A new application of second harmonic and sum frequency generation to study the interfaces of centrosymmetric microscopic particles is presented. Examples of this new use to the adsorption of molecules to a polystyrene microsphere/aqueous interface and the polarization of bulk water molecules by a charged microsphere of polystyrene sulfate are discussed.
R68-5 Models of Computational Systems&#8211;Cyclic to Acyclic Graph Transformations

These three papers, based upon the first author's Ph. D. dissertation, are concerned with the problem of assignment and sequencing of computations on multiprocessor or parallel computer systems. Although individually the papers suffer from the usual abstracting difficulties, the results are significant and warrant serious study by readers interested in computer system modeling and analysis.
The Many Faces of Sirtuins: Sirtuins and the Warburg effect

Metabolic regulators that permit adaptation to changes in caloric intake have been shown to be needed to protect from age-related disorders. Sirtuins play a crucial part in this program, impinging on not only aging but also other diseases. New findings are uncovering the multifaceted activity of sirtuins in living organisms and their effects on healthspan. In 'Bedside to Bench', Leonard Guarente discusses how different sirtuins are hindering cancer metabolism through suppression of the Warburg effect. The apparent antitumor effects of several sirtuins through their regulation of different metabolic pathways suggest therapeutic approaches to induce sirtuin function or that of downstream targets may block cancer growth. In 'Bench to Bedside', Eric Verdin peruses a few studies in different animal models showing that increased amounts of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a cofactor of sirtuins, may have a positive effect in longevity and span of healthy life, or healthspan, by increasing sirtuin enzymatic activity. Whether harnessing NAD therapeutically is a potential way to extend lifespan and ameliorate diseases is still open to debate.
Uterogestation and placentation in elasmobranchs

Elasmobranch fishes utilize a variety of means to provide nourishment for their developing young. All employ internal fertilization and sperm storage within the female genital tract. Some elasmobranchs, including all the skates and some sharks, are oviparous. In these species, fertilized eggs are enclosed in a tough egg case that is secreted by the nidamental or shell gland. The female lays the egg cases and development is entirely dependent on the yolk stores sequestered in the yolk sac. Upon oviposition, the embryo weighs less than the fertilized egg. The majority of elasmobranchs are viviparous, however, and utilize a variety of strategies to provide nourishment and satisfy respiratory demands of the developing young. Some sharks simply retain their young in the dilated posterior segment of the oviduct. In its simplest form, the maternal uterus does not provide any additional nutrients to the embryos. Other elasmobranchs develop secretory uterine villi that produce nutrient histotroph to supplement oocyte yolk stores. Uterine secretions find their zenith in the stingrays. Following yolk depletion, the uterine lining hypertrophies into secretory appendages termed trophonemata. The process by which the uterine secretions, also known as uterine milk or histotroph, are elaborated resembles the production of breast milk in higher vertebrates, and the milk is rich in protein and lipid. Concurrent with growth of the embryos, the vascular bed of the trophonemata enlarges to form sinusoids that project out to the surface to form a functional respiratory membrane. In lamnoid sharks, following yolk use, the embryos develop precocious dentition and feed on intrauterine eggs and siblings. There is generally one fetus per uterus and it grows to enormous proportions of up to 4 feet in length. In placental sharks the yolk sac is not withdrawn to become incorporated into the abdominal wall. Instead, it lengthens to form an umbilical cord and the yolk sac becomes modified into a functional epitheliochorial placenta. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Professional Differentiation and Occupational Earnings

“Professional” and other occupational characteristics were selected as variables for predicting the earnings of occupational groups. The occupational position was the unit of analysis. The sample types ranged from commonly accepted professions to nonprofessions. Most variables represented functional and power views of professionalism. As anticipated by functional theorists of professionalism and stratification, task complexity and education were significant predictors of occupational earnings. In support of some power theorists, the data suggested also that some occupational groups derive additional earnings by influencing their degree of educational achievement. Several other conditional relationships supporting aspects of both perspectives were found.
The Socially Bounded Decision Making of Persistent Property Offenders

Abstract: The rapid ascendance of deterrence theory and other rational-choice interpretations of criminal behaviour in the 1970s was matched until recently by a failure to examine empirically the criminal decision making of serious offenders. This paper reports the results of an ethnographic investigation of criminal decision making by a sample of persistent property offenders. Following brief introductory comments, we describe our research objectives and methodology. Then we describe salient features of the decision-making processes employed by members of the sample. We argue that improved understanding of criminal decision making by persistent property offenders is gained by exploring how their utilities are shaped and sustained by the lifestyle characteristic of many of them. We suggest that offenders' efforts to acquire the financial and social capital needed to enhance, sustain, or restore enjoyment of this lifestyle may generate a bounded rationality in which they discount or ignore the formal risks of crime.
Preliminary evaluation of pain behaviors following neutering in dogs: effect of acepromazine dose

The purpose of this study was to determine an acceptable dose of acepromazine (ACE) to be used in a large-scale study of pain behaviors following neutering in dogs. The objectives were to find a dose of ACE that was high enough to provide some sedation to facilitate induction and recovery from anesthesia without causing prolonged recovery that would prevent evaluation of postoperative pain behaviors, and to gain experience with the pain scales to be used in the study. Sixty dogs (33 males, 27 females), 1.36 ± 0.16 years of age and weighing 14.3 ± 1.29 kg (mean ± SEM) were the subjects of this study. Dogs were pre-medicated with glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg kg−1 SQ) and randomly administered ACE at 0.025 mg kg−1 SQ (LOW) or 0.05 mg kg−1 SQ (HIGH). Approximately 30 minutes later, anesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.56 mg kg−1 IV) and ketamine (11.1 mg kg−1 IV) and maintained with isoflurane. The pain behaviors were evaluated for the first 4 hours of recovery using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and Glasgow Composite Pain Tool by an observer unaware of ACE dose. Treatment groups were compared using an unpaired t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Duration of anesthesia (25.4 ± 1.5 minutes), duration of surgery (12.4 ± 1 minutes), and length of incision (2.7 ± 0.14 cm) were not different between treatment groups. Duration of surgery for females (14.2 ± 1.1 minutes) was not different than males (11 ± 1.6 minutes). Cumulative pain scores (UMPS) over the 4-h observation period for LOW (49.1 ± 1.9) and HIGH (49.7 ± 2) dose ACE were not significantly different. The results of this study suggest that ACE at 0.025 mg kg−1 SQ affects pain behaviors similarly to ACE at 0.05 mg kg−1 SQ. Recognizing that the ACE can induce profound sedative effects when combined with opioid analgesics, the low dose of ACE was chosen for the subsequent analgesic study. In this preliminary study, the UMPS had the advantage of providing a numeric value for comparison of pain scores, whereas the Glasgow Composite Pain Tool was easier to use, requiring less observer interpretation of behaviors.
Double-alternation runway performance as a function of inter- and intra-reinforcement odor cues.

Two groups of 12 rats served as Ss in a three-phase investigation into the production and utilization of odor cues in the runway. Both groups were trained under double-alternation patterns of reward-nonreward with one group serving as start-box donor-odorants, while the second group actually traversed the runway. During the first two phases the run-Ss were water-reinforced, and the donor-odorants were food-reinforced. The reinforcement schedules for the run and donor-odorant Ss were positively correlated during the first phase and negatively correlated during the second phase. In the third phase both groups were food reinforced and the reinforcement schedules once again positively correlated. The results indicated that significant double-alternation patterning was shown by the run-Ss only in the goal measure during Phases I and II. However, significant patterning was shown in start, run, and goal measures during Phase III, suggesting the specificity of odor cues to deprivational states.
Posterior polymorphous dystrophy associated with posterior amyloid degeneration of the cornea

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a case of posterior polymorphous dystrophy associated with posterior amyloid degeneration of the cornea confirmed histopathologically and immunohistochemically. METHODS: An 80-year-old woman with corneal opacities required penetrating keratoplasty. The keratectomy specimen was evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Microscopic examination of the keratectomy specimen showed scattered fusiform deposits located in the deep corneal stroma. Congo red stains of the fusiform deposits confirmed the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) showed that the endothelial cells were immunoreactive, confirming the diagnosis of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the association between posterior polymorphous dystrophy and posterior amyloid degeneration has not been reported previously.
The effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids on aromatase activity and androgen receptor binding in the rat preoptic area.

Abstract The level of aromatase in the preoptic area of rats is transcriptionally regulated through a specific androgen-receptor mediated mechanism and can be used as a measure of central androgenic effect. Therefore, several commonly abused anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) were tested for their ability to induce aromatase activity in the preoptic area of castrated rats. In addition, we determined the relative binding affinities of these compounds for the androgen receptor, as well as their ability to bind androgen receptor in vivo following subcutaneous injections. All of the AAS compounds tested significantly stimulated POA aromatase activity above castrate levels. The compounds that produced the greatest stimulation of aromatase activity were those that bound most avidly to the androgen receptor in vitro (i.e., testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and nandrolone). In contrast, the 17α-alkylated compounds that were tested (stanozolol, danazol, methandrostenolone) modestly stimulated aromatase and were weak competitors for the androgen receptor. The subcutaneous injection of AAS compounds increased the concentrations of occupied nuclear androgen receptors in the brain, but the magnitude of effect was not related to their potency for inducing aromatase or their relative binding affinity for the androgen receptor suggesting that androgen receptor occupancy in POA is not correlated with the action of androgen on aromatase. The present results help explain the behavioral effects of AAS compounds in rats.
Oral florid papillomatosis in Down's syndrome

Abstract A case of oral florid papillomatosis in a Mongoloid child is presented and is different from previously reported cases of oral florid papillomatosis, which are probably examples of verrucous carcinoma. The papillomas involved the lips, the entire oral cavity, the oropharynx, and the upper larynx. Podophyllum resin applied topically was unsuccessful in reducing the size of the lip lesions.
A FAScinating Receptor in Self-Tolerance

In this issue of Immunity,Stranges et al. (2007) ablate expression of the death receptor Fas in T cells, B cells, and DC. Fas deficiency in any of these lineages is sufficient to break self-tolerance.
Radioactive method for the assay of glycogen phosphorylases

Abstract A new assay for glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) is presented. This assay employs a filter paper technique in which newly formed glycogen-14C is precipitated on paper squares using 66% ethanol while other radioactivity is removed by washing. It is rapid and reproducible and may be employed with crude as well as purified enzyme preparations. An additional advantage of the method is the potential for increased sensitivity. It should find utility for assay of extremely small tissue samples and should be useful in kinetic studies.
Increase in anger symptoms after smoking cessation predicts relapse.

Abstract Smokers tend to increase their cigarette consumption during angry states. We sought to determine whether increases in post-quit anger symptoms predict relapse among smokers who had received 8-weeks of smoking cessation treatment (21 mg nicotine patch + smoking cessation counseling). The 15-item state anger assessment [from Spielberger, C., 1999. STAXI-2: the state trait anger expression inventory professional manual, Odessa, FL] was administered at pre-treatment (2 weeks before the target quit date; TQD) and 1 week after the TQD. Abstinence at 8-weeks post-quit was biochemically verified using carbon monoxide. Smokers who reported increases in pre- to post-quit state anger levels ( n = 117) were significantly more likely to relapse by 8-weeks after treatment as compared to smokers whose anger did not change or decreased after quitting ( n = 130) (OR = 1.06; CI = 1.01–1.10; p = 0.01). Furthermore, smokers with increased post-quit anger relapsed almost twice as quickly than those who did not have an increase in post-quit anger symptoms (HR = 1.98; CI: 1.32–2.96; p = 0.001). These data suggest that anger may be an important withdrawal symptom that influences liability to relapse. Future studies are needed to evaluate treatment strategies that effectively help smokers reduce and manage post-quit anger.
Open Mini-Flank Partial Nephrectomy: An Essential Contemporary Operation

Secondary to the widespread use of the modern imaging techniques of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, 70% of renal tumors today are detected incidentally with a median tumor size of less than 4 cm. Twenty years ago, all renal tumors, regardless of size were treated with radical nephrectomy (RN). Elective partial nephrectomy (PN) has emerged as the treatment of choice for small renal tumors. The basis of this paradigm shift is three major factors: (1) cancer specific survival is equivalent for T1 tumors (7 cm or less) whether treated by PN or RN; (2) approximately 45% of renal tumors have indolent or benign pathology; and (3) PN prevents or delays the onset of chronic kidney disease, a condition associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although PN can be technically demanding and associated with potential complications of bleeding, infection, and urinary fistula, the patient derived benefits of this operation far outweigh the risks. We have developed a "mini-flank" open surgical approach that is highly effective and, coupled with rapid recovery postoperative care pathways associated with a 2-day length of hospital stay.
INFLUENCE OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN HP 9-4-20 HIGH STRENGTH ALLOY STEEL

— Industrial multi-pass TIG weldments of HP 9-4-20 high strength alloy steel have been found to contain significant volume fractions (around 10%) of retained austenite which are not readily transformed after stress relieving and subsequent refrigeration procedures. To determine whether the presence of such retained austenite in tempered martensitic structures could be detrimental to fatigue resistance in HP 9-4-20 steel, fatigue crack propagation behavior was examined over six orders of magnitude in growth rate, in commercially heat-treated material (containing less than 3% austenite) and in intercritically heat-treated and tempered material (containing approx. 14% austenite) in an environment of moist, ambient temperature air. Whereas crack propagation rates were unchanged at growth rates exceeding 10−6 mm/cycle, structures containing 14% austenite showed somewhat superior resistance to near-threshold crack propagation at growth rates less than 10 −6 mm/cycle, the threshold for crack growth (ΔK0) being over 20% higher than in commercially heat-treated material. The presence of retained austenite further appeared to inhibit the occurrence of intergranular fracture at near-threshold levels. It was concluded that significant proportions of retained austenite are not detrimental to fatigue crack propagation resistance in HP 9-4-20 steel, and may indeed have some beneficial effect at very low, near-threshold growth rates by increasing resistance to environmentally-assisted cracking.
Assessing the Adequacy of Vascular Access and Its Relationship to Patient Outcome

Hemodialysis requires repeated reliable access to blood vessels capable of providing rapid extracorporeal blood flow. This access to the circulation, termed "vascular access", is currently met by the use of native and synthetic arteriovenous fistulas. Vascular access dysfunction is a leading cause of hemodialysis morbidity and a major contributor to hemodialysis cost. Fistula thromboses and infection are the two leading causes of access failure. This report describes what constitutes adequate vascular access and outlines techniques for decreasing vascular access morbidity. New concepts for dialysis unit-based quality assurance focusing on prevention of access thromboses and infection are emphasized as a means of improving patient outcome. Research initiatives seeking to minimize access complications are proposed.
The effects of the ultraviolet-protecting plasmids pKM101 and R205 on DNA polymerase I activity in Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract The mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids pKM101 and R205 were introduced into a series of Escherichia coli K-12 polA mutants including two temperature-sensitive mutants. Polymerase levels in extracts of these strains were assayed using an activated DNA template. In none of the cases did the presence of the plasmid in the strains change either the initial rate of incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine triphosphate into acid-soluble material or the subsequent degradation of the template at longer reaction times. Neither did the presence of the plasmids affect the proportion of N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive polymerase activity detected. Previous studies have reported increased polymerase I-like activity in polA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aer aeruginosa upon introduction of mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids. Our experiments indicate that, at least, such an increase in polymerase-I-like activity is not an obligatory phenotype associated with these plasmids.
Theory of dipole antennas in dissipative media

A simple and quantitatively accurate representation of the current distribution in a dipole antenna immersed in a dissipative medium is derived. Numerical data are given and are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results when ∣kh∣≥ 1.0 and ∣Ka∣ ≤ 0.08.
Proteome Survey of Proliferating and Differentiating Rat RPE-J Cells

Abstract The suitability of the rat derived SV-40T immortalized RPE-J cell line for identifying proteome changes associated with RPE differentiation was evaluated by surveying changes in protein expression levels. Rat RPE-J cells were induced to undergo differentiation in culture by growth at the nonpermissive temperature of 40°C in the presence of retinoic acid. Total proteins were extracted from cells grown under proliferating or differentiating conditions and separated by 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis. Gel spots were excised, digested in situ with trypsin, and analysed by mass spectrometry to identify proteins. Computer assisted image analysis was used to align gel patterns and quantify spot intensities. Neither proliferating nor differentiating RPE-J cell cultures exhibited detectable levels of cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein, RPE65, 11- cis -retinol dehydrogenase or lecithin retinol acyl transferase, suggesting that RPE-J cells are not appropriate for visual cycle studies. About 18% of the 61 identified proteins appear to change expression levels with the cell growth conditions. Seven proteins appeared to be up-regulated and four proteins down-regulated when the cells were changed from proliferating to differentiating culture conditions. The majority of the apparent changes in protein expression levels were associated with stress response genes. Significant changes in the apparent mass and charge properties of proteins were also observed and for select proteins, the modifications appeared to be correlated with cell growth conditions. The results demonstrate that proteome differences in RPE-J cells associated with growth conditions can be identified and support the suitability of RPE-J cells for more targeted and/or more global proteome analysis of RPE differentiation.