cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute sleep deprivation increases the rate and efficiency of cocaine self-administration, but not the perceived value of cocaine reward in rats.

Abstract Relapse to drug seeking and drug taking is elicited by exposure to stress, drug-associated cues, or drugs of abuse themselves. According to the clinical literature, relapse also can be elicited in humans by sleep deprivation. Even so, the effect of sleep deprivation on drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors has received relatively little attention in the laboratory (i.e., currently, no animal model exists) and the underlying circuitry remains unexplored. In the present study, 42 naive male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and were then divided, on the basis of their behavior, into low ( n = 20) and high ( n = 22) drug-taking groups. Self-administration behavior was extinguished, and the effect of acute sleep deprivation (0, 4, or 8 h) on drug-induced reinstatement and on progressive ratio responding (i.e., on the motivation to work for drug) was investigated. The results showed that, relative to low drug-takers, high drug-takers took more drug in acquisition, made more infusion attempts during drug-induced reinstatement, worked harder for drug, and exhibited greater goal-directed behavior. Acute sleep deprivation had little impact on high drug-takers beyond increasing the rate of infusions self-administered during progressive ratio (PR) testing. Conversely, in low drug-takers, acute sleep deprivation completely abolished cocaine-induced reinstatement during extinction testing. During PR testing, however, sleep deprivation increased the speed with which low drug-taking rats initiated responding for drug, increased the rate of infusions, and increased goal-directed behavior. It did not, however, increase the perceived value of the cocaine reward (i.e., neither sleep-deprived low drug-takers nor high drug-takers exhibited a higher break point for cocaine than their non-deprived counterparts). These data are the first to demonstrate a direct link between sleep deprivation and responding for cocaine, particularly in subjects that would otherwise respond little for drug.
Photoplethysmograph signal reconstruction based on a novel hybrid motion artifact detection-reduction approach. Part I: Motion and noise artifact detection

Motion and noise artifacts (MNA) are a serious obstacle in utilizing photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals for real-time monitoring of vital signs. We present a MNA detection method which can provide a clean vs. corrupted decision on each successive PPG segment. For motion artifact detection, we compute four time-domain parameters: (1) standard deviation of peak-to-peak intervals (2) standard deviation of peak-to-peak amplitudes (3) standard deviation of systolic and diastolic interval ratios, and (4) mean standard deviation of pulse shape. We have adopted a support vector machine (SVM) which takes these parameters from clean and corrupted PPG signals and builds a decision boundary to classify them. We apply several distinct features of the PPG data to enhance classification performance. The algorithm we developed was verified on PPG data segments recorded by simulation, laboratory-controlled and walking/stair-climbing experiments, respectively, and we compared several well-established MNA detection methods to our proposed algorithm. All compared detection algorithms were evaluated in terms of motion artifact detection accuracy, heart rate (HR) error, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) error. For laboratory controlled finger, forehead recorded PPG data and daily-activity movement data, our proposed algorithm gives 94.4, 93.4, and 93.7% accuracies, respectively. Significant reductions in HR and SpO2 errors (2.3 bpm and 2.7%) were noted when the artifacts that were identified by SVM-MNA were removed from the original signal than without (17.3 bpm and 5.4%). The accuracy and error values of our proposed method were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than all other detection methods. Another advantage of our method is its ability to provide highly accurate onset and offset detection times of MNAs. This capability is important for an automated approach to signal reconstruction of only those data points that need to be reconstructed, which is the subject of the companion paper to this article. Finally, our MNA detection algorithm is real-time realizable as the computational speed on the 7-s PPG data segment was found to be only 7 ms with a Matlab code.
Evidence for helium trapping to oxygen sites in titanium

Abstract Helium was implanted into titanium at elevated temperatures up to 958 K with an ion beam energy of 200 keV. The samples contained oxygen in the surface layers and, in one case, contained oxygen by preimplantation of oxygen at 400 keV. Following the implantation, helium concentration vs depth profiles were measured by the method of nuclear reaction analysis. For implantation temperatures ⪢ 700 K, He began to migrate to and became trapped in the oxygen rich surface layers. Above 870 K most of the helium diffused out of the bulk unless the sample had been preimplanted with oxygen. The profile data was analyzed by a differential equation system in which the bulk diffusion was fitted with an effective diffusion coefficient and the oxygen atoms were assumed to be immobile traps. In this way it was found that both the surface oxygen and bulk implanted oxygen yielded a consistent helium binding enthalphy of 1.5 ± 0.2 eV relative to an effective bulk helium diffusion enthalpy of 1.3 ± 0.2 eV.
Best Practice Policy Statement on Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

Purpose: Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antimicrobial agent intended to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The AUA convened a BPP Panel to formulate recommendations on the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis during urologic surgery.Materials and Methods: Recommendations are based on a review of the literature and the Panel members’ expert opinions.Results: The potential benefit of antimicrobial prophylaxis is determined by patient factors, procedure factors, and the potential morbidity of infection. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended only when the potential benefit outweighs the risks and anticipated costs (including expense of agent and administration, risk of allergic reactions or other adverse effects, and induction of bacterial resistance). The prophylactic agent should be effective against organisms characteristic of the operative site. Cost, convenience, and safety of the agent also should be considered. The duration of ...
Resource Utilization: Temporal and Spatial Components of Bat Activity in Central Iowa

Foraging activity of insectivorous bats was studied from April through October in central Iowa. Temporal activity was quantified by recording capture times throughout feeding periods, and spatial patterns were examined by measuring the abundance and diversity of species in three contrasting habitats. Six species, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii, Lasionycteris noctimgans, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus borealis , and Lasiurus cinereus , were characterized by initial periods of foraging occurring within 5 hours after sunset. Myotis keenii and L. noctivagans had distinct secondary periods of activity, but other species showed only minor secondary periods, or complete cessation of activity, following the initial foraging period. The modes of initial and secondary activity of L. noctivagans, L. borealis and L. cinereus showed almost complete displacement and corresponded to peak periods of nocturnal insect activity, suggesting a mechanism by which some insectivorous bats may partition environmental resources. Those species showing overlap in temporal foraging ( M. keenii and L. noctivagans on the one hand, and M. lucifugus, E. fuscus , and L. borealis on the other) may have evolved spatial strategies to reduce competition for resources. Intraspecific foraging patterns of three species examined may reflect resource partitioning or, alternatively, secondary foraging activity owing to different energy demands of young and lactating females.
Strain determination using cathodoluminescence of calcite overgrowths

Abstract Cathodoluminescence is used in a new application to study extensional strains recorded by calcite overgrowths on detrital calcite grains. The geometry of the overgrowths yields an extension of +0.39 that is parallel to a pressure solution cleavage. A volume change of −0.21 was calculated from this geometry and an independently determined strain ratio.
Hydrolyzable Polyureas Bearing Hindered Urea Bonds

Hydrolyzable polymers are widely used materials that have found numerous applications in biomedical, agricultural, plastic, and packaging industrials. They usually contain ester and other hydrolyzable bonds, such as anhydride, acetal, ketal, or imine, in their backbone structures. Here, we report the first design of hydrolyzable polyureas bearing dynamic hindered urea bonds (HUBs) that can reversibly dissociate to bulky amines and isocyanates, the latter of which can be further hydrolyzed by water, driving the equilibrium to facilitate the degradation of polyureas. Polyureas bearing 1-tert-butyl-1-ethylurea bonds that show high dynamicity (high bond dissociation rate), in the form of either linear polymers or cross-linked gels, can be completely degraded by water under mild conditions. Given the simplicity and low cost for the production of polyureas by simply mixing multifunctional bulky amines and isocyanates, the versatility of the structures, and the tunability of the degradation profiles of HUB-bearing polyureas, these materials are potentially of very broad applications.
Components of Group Cohesion: Intermember Attraction, Instrumental Value, and Risk Taking

This article explores the nature of cohesion in groups people join in order to affect. personal change. The nature of cohesion is explored by examining three constructs thought to be related to cohesion: (1) attraction to individual members of a group, (2) the instrumental value of the group, and (3) risk-taking behaviors that occur in the group. The multiple correlation of measures of these three constructs and a widely used measure of cohesion in a variety ofgroups is. 751. Possible advantages of conceiving of cohesion in terms of these three constructs is discussed.
The Effect of Striae on the Strength of Glass

Severe striations caused by compositional inhomogeneity had no significant effect on the strength of either annealed glass disks or those strengthened by an ion-exchange surface compression technique. Electron microprobe and interferometric measurements revealed that the striae were caused by variations in the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio rather than by variations in alkali concentration and therefore did not adversely influence the ion-exchange process.
Motor strategy in rapid sequential swallowing: new insights.

This study examined the physiological properties and movement strategies of normal, rapid sequential swallowing during simultaneous videofluoroscopy (VFS) and submental surface electromyography (EM...
Interactions of small polypeptides with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine monolayers: effect of size and hydrophobicity

Summary The effects of sire and hydrophobicity of small (molecular weights below 2,000) poiypeptides on their predominantly hydrophobic interactions with a neutral phosphohpid monolayer were studied. The changes in surface pressure were determined when various concentrations of Gly, Gly-Gly-Gly, L-Ala, L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala, L-Ala-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly, L-Phe-L-Leu-r.-Glu-t+-Ghr-r.-Leu, adrenocorticotropic hormone fragments l-10 (ACTH-Q-IO)), porcine l Ganesan et al., 1984). Recent interest in the utilization of liposomally encapsulated polypeptides as a means of improving stability and bioavailability and providing rate-controlled delivery of these potent therapeutic agents (Eppstein and Marsh, 1983) necessitate the development of methodology to study their interactions with oriented arrays of
Situation‐Based Contingencies Underlying Trait‐Content Manifestation in Behavior

Two studies investigated whether situations are associated with the manifestation of Big Five trait contents in behavior. Several times per day for 2 or 5 weeks, participants reported their current Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability states and rated the concurrent situation on several characteristics. Multilevel models tested for the average individual's contingency of each Big Five state on each situation characteristic and for whether individuals differed from each other reliably in those contingencies. Results showed that (1) there are psychologically active characteristics of situations on which trait-manifesting behavior is contingent; (2) contingencies on psychologically active characteristics of varying situations are part of the explanation for the sizeable within-person variability in behavior; (3) individuals differ reliably in their contingencies, and such individual differences may partially explain individual differences in amount of variability; and (4) the situation characteristics that are psychologically active differ by trait. These findings suggest that within-person variability in personality states is meaningful and is related to situations, that personality psychology should characterize situations in terms of their relevance to personality states, and that process and individual-difference structure approaches can be integrated in personality psychology.
Order-disorder transition and adatom--adatom interactions in a chemisorbed overlayer oxygen on W (110)

The intensity and angular width of superlattice reflections in low-energy electron diffraction from W(110)$p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$-O are measured as the overlayer disorders. The width of the reflections increases with temperature, indicating a shrinking of island size. An adatom-adatom interaction energy is determined for this system by using a short-range-order model and calculating the diffracted intensity from a chain of atoms.
Optimal coherent phantom track design using virtual motion camouflage

The virtual motion camouflage based trajectory planning methodology, augmented with the derived early termination conditions, is proposed to design the optimal collaborative trajectories for electronic combat air vehicles in constructing a coherent phantom track. In this problem, a realistic 6DOF dynamics model and severe state, control, control rate, and geometric constraints are all considered. An innovative virtual motion camouflage based method is applied to solve the inner-loop optimization problem in a very quick fashion. For the outer-loop, the early termination conditions are used to reduce the computational time by not executing the inner-loop optimization if these conditions are violated by the guessed phantom track. The early termination conditions include the necessary conditions derived based on the motion camouflage steering law and feasibility conditions derived according to the state, control, and control rate constraints.
Teacher Perceptions and Teacher-Student Interaction in Integrated Classrooms.

Teacher ratings of students’ potential achievement, classroom behavior, and personal characteristics, and teacher-student dyadic interaction measures were obtained to examine the nature of teacher perceptions and interaction with black and white, male and female students in integrated classrooms. Two-way (race X sex) multivariate analysis of variance of the ratings and interaction data yielded significant differences in teacher perceptions of their students according to race, with whites being rated more favorably than blacks. There were no significant sex effects or differences in teacher-student interaction. Examination of the relationship between student behavior and teacher ratings revealed differences between black and white students, suggesting that the teacher differentially interpreted the same student behavior depending on the students’ race.
The influence of mental models on undergraduate students' searching behavior on the Web

This article explores the effects of undergraduate students' mental models of the Web on their online searching behavior. Forty-four undergraduate students, mainly freshmen and sophomores, participated in the study. Subjects' mental models of the Web were treated as equally good styles and operationalized as drawings of their perceptions about the Web. Four types of mental models of the Web were identified based on the drawings and the associated descriptions: technical view, functional view, process view, and connection view. In the study, subjects were required to finish two search tasks. Searching behavior was measured from four aspects: navigation and performance, subjects' feelings about tasks and their own performances, query construction, and search patterns. The four mental model groups showed different navigation and querying behaviors, but the differences were not significant. Subjects' satisfaction with their own performances was found to be significantly correlated with the time to complete the task. The results also showed that the familiarity of the task to subjects had a major effect on their ways to start interaction, query construction, and search patterns.
Behavioural response of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during a sudden temperature increase and implications for survival

The behaviours of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were evaluated during a temperature increase from 8.8 to 23.2°C, which was designed to simulate unique thermal conditions present in a hydroelectric reservoir. The percent of fish with an active swimming behaviour increased from 26 to 93 % and mean opercular beat rates increased from 76 to 159 beats per minute between basal and maximum temperatures. Fish equilibrium did not change significantly throughout the experiment and relatively little mortality (12 %) occurred. Thermal stress is likely incurred by juvenile salmon experiencing a temperature change of this magnitude; however, stress induced in this study was primarily sublethal. Behavioural changes accompanying thermal stress (e.g., erratic swimming) may increase predation potential in the wild despite being sublethal during laboratory experiments.
Augmenting Training Samples with a Large Number of Rough Segmentation Datasets

We revisit the problem with generic object recognition from the point of view of human-computer interaction. While many existing algorithms for generic object recognition first try to detect target objects before features are extracted and classified in processing, our work is motivated by the belief that solving the task of detection by computer is not always necessary in many practical situations, such as those involving mobile recognition systems with touch displays and cameras. It is natural for these systems to ask users to input the segmentation data for targets through their touch displays. Speaking from the perspective of usability, such systems should involve rough segmentation to reduce the user workload. In this situation, different people would provide different segmentation data. Here, an interesting question arises - if multiple training samples are generated from a single image by using various segmentation data created by different people, what would happen to the accuracy of classification? We created “20 wild bird datasets” that had a large number of rough segmentation datasets made by 383 people in an attempt to answer this question. Our experiments revealed two interesting facts: (i) generating multiple training samples from a single image had positive effects on classification accuracies, especially when image features including spatial information were used and (ii) augmenting training samples with artificial segmentation data synthesized with a morphing technique also had slightly positive effects on classification accuracies.
Insulin regulates adipocyte lipolysis via an Akt-independent signaling pathway

After a meal, insulin suppresses lipolysis through the activation of its downstream kinase, Akt, resulting in the inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA), the main positive effector of lipolysis. During insulin resistance, this process is ineffective, leading to a characteristic dyslipidemia and the worsening of impaired insulin action and obesity. Here, we describe a noncanonical Akt-independent, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent pathway that regulates adipocyte lipolysis using restricted subcellular signaling. This pathway selectively alters the PKA phosphorylation of its major lipid droplet-associated substrate, perilipin. In contrast, the phosphorylation of another PKA substrate, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), remains Akt dependent. Furthermore, insulin regulates total PKA activity in an Akt-dependent manner. These findings indicate that localized changes in insulin action are responsible for the differential phosphorylation of PKA substrates. Thus, we identify a pathway by which insulin regulates lipolysis through the spatially compartmentalized modulation of PKA.
Implementation of campus-wide wireless network services using ATM, virtual LANs, and wireless basestations

A campus-wide wireless LAN has been implemented that combines the scalability of virtual LANs and the flexibility of switched Ethernet with the mobility of wireless LAN access. A suite of general purpose software tools has been developed and deployed to monitor the status of the network, measure the bandwidth utilization, control access to the network, and authenticate users.
Recovering markups from production data

Abstract In this paper, I discuss, what I call, the Production-Approach to recovering markups. In contrast to the most popular approach in empirical IO, which relies on demand estimation, this approach requires standard production data while allowing for various price-setting models and puts no restrictions on underlying consumer demand. Using production data together with standard cost minimization allows a researcher to obtain markups in a flexible way. After presenting a brief and selective overview of the literature I contrast the production approach to that of the more popular demand estimation approach. This discussion makes it clear that both approaches face important trade-offs and at a minimum empirical economist should have both techniques as part of their toolbox. The hope is that the use of both methods will only depend on the data at hand and the relevant institutional knowledge, paired with the actual research question we are trying to answer.
Intelligent Medical Search Engine by Knowledge Machine

Many modern search engines for information retrieval system retrieve a large number of documents from a word-search query. Yet a simple question in natural language requests only an answer that is simple, accurate, and likely only one. A whole document of search result causes the inquirers to read through or find the answer in the document. Also too many documents in return distract the inquirers from their concern. We propose an idea of using knowledge machine to retrieve one finest answer for one-question-one-answer query. A search engine for natural-language application on medical field is introduced and its possible impact is discussed.
Reference values for cerebral blood flow velocities in critically ill, sedated children

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is increasingly being used in the pediatric intensive care unit to assess cerebral hemodynamics during critical illness. However, no normative data in this patient population have been published to date. Therefore, we aimed to describe the anterior and posterior cerebral blood flow velocities in critically ill children undergoing mechanical ventilation and sedation. A prospective, observational cohort study was performed. Children with known or suspected acute or chronic neurologic conditions were excluded. Participants underwent TCD measurement of middle cerebral and basilar artery flow velocities. One hundred and forty children newborn to 17 years of age were enrolled. Measured values were lower in this cohort of children than the previously published cerebral flow velocities of normal, healthy children. Cerebral blood flow velocities of the basal cerebral arteries in critically ill, mechanically ventilated, sedated children are lower than in healthy children of the same age and gender published in previous studies. As such, the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) values reported here may serve as a more accurate reference point when using TCD as a clinical tool to diagnose CBFV abnormalities and guide therapy in this patient population.
Control strategy for stabilizing force with goal-equivalent joint torques is frequency-dependent during human hopping

Normal human locomotion requires the ability to control a complex, redundant neuromechanical system to repetitively cycle the legs in a stable manner. In a reduced paradigm of locomotion, hopping, we investigated the ability of human subjects to exploit motor redundancy in the legs to coordinate joint torques fluctuations to minimize force fluctuations generated against the ground. Although we saw invariant performance in terms of force stabilization across frequencies, we found that the role of joint torque coordination in stabilizing force was most important at slow hopping frequencies. Notably, the role of this coordinated variation strategy decreased as hopping frequency increased, giving way to an independent joint variation strategy. At high frequencies, the control strategy to stabilize force was more dependent on a direct reduction in ankle torque fluctuations. Through the systematic study of how joint-level variances affect task-level end-point function, we can gain insight into the underlying control strategies in place for automatically counteracting cycle-to-cycle deviations during normal human locomotion.
Testosterone Replacement Increases Fat-Free Mass and Muscle Size in Hypogonadal Men

Testosterone-induced nitrogen retention in castrated male animals and sex-related differences in the size of the muscles in male and female animals have been cited as evidence that testosterone has anabolic effects. However, the effects of testosterone on body composition and muscle size have not been rigorously studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of replacement doses of testosterone on fat-free mass and muscle size in healthy hypogonadal men in the setting of controlled nutritional intake and exercise level. Seven hypogonadal men, 19-47 yr of age, after at least a 12-week washout from previous androgen therapy, were treated for 10 weeks with testosterone enanthate (100 mg/week) by im injections. Body weight, fat-free mass measured by underwater weighing and deuterated water dilution, and muscle size measured by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after treatment. Energy and protein intake were standardized at 35 Cal/kg.day and 1.5 g/kg.day, respectively. Body weight increased significantly from 79.2 +/- 5.6 to 83.7 +/- 5.7 kg after 10 weeks of testosterone replacement therapy (weight gain, 4.5 +/- 0.6 kg; P = 0.0064). Fat-free mass, measured by underwater weighing, increased from 56.0 +/- 2.5 to 60.9 +/- 2.2 kg (change, +5.0 +/- 0.7 kg; P = 0.0004), but percent fat did not significantly change. Similar increases in fat-free mass were observed with the deuterated water method. The cross-sectional area of the triceps arm muscle increased from 2421 +/- 317 to 2721 +/- 239 mm2 (P = 0.045), and that of the quadriceps leg muscle increased from 7173 +/- 464 to 7720 +/- 454 mm2 (P = 0.0427), measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle strength, assessed by one repetition maximum of weight-lifting exercises increased significantly after testosterone treatment. L-[1-13C]Leucine turnover, leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative disappearance of leucine did not significantly change after 10 weeks of treatment. There was no significant change in hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, and transaminase levels. Replacement doses of testosterone increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in hypogonadal men. Whether androgen replacement in wasting states characterized by low testosterone levels will have similar anabolic effects remains to be studied.
Early Cambrian innovation in shallow subtidal environments: Paleoenvironments of Early Cambrian shelly fossils

Contrary to onshore-offshore patterns described for several Phanerozoic clades, evolutionary innovations leading to the earliest shelly Metazoa did not originate in nearshore, stressed marine habitats. Paleoecological analyses of the Early Cambrian fauna and strata of the White-Inyo Mountains of California indicate that major shelly taxa and trace fossils appeared offshore from shallow-water, physically stressed environments and only later spread to nearshore habitats. Other lowermost Cambrian stratigraphic sections elsewhere in the world show similar patterns. The contrast in pattern of community evolution between the Early Cambrian and the remaining Phanerozoic suggests either temporally variable control on position of evolutionary innovation or a need for reexaminution of the data.
Do Doppler Studies Enhance Surveillance of Uncomplicated Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins

OBJECTIVES To determine whether isolated abnormal Doppler indices before 28 weeks predict adverse pregnancy outcomes in uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of MCDA twin pregnancies receiving antenatal testing at a single center between 2007 and 2013 was conducted. Sonographic surveillance, including Doppler velocimetric studies of the umbilical artery, ductus venosus, and middle cerebral artery of each twin, was initiated by 28 weeks and repeated at least every 2 weeks. All pregnancies were deemed "uncomplicated" at initial sonography, without evidence of polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, twin growth discordance of at least 20%, structural or chromosomal anomalies, or unclear chorionicity. Pregnancies were divided into 2 groups: those with isolated Doppler abnormalities before 28 weeks and those with normal Doppler indices. The primary outcome was a composite including twin-twin transfusion syndrome, intrauterine growth restriction of more than 1 twin, growth discordance of at least 20%, preterm delivery before 34 weeks for fetal indications, or demise of more than 1 fetus. RESULTS Ninety-six patients were included, with 22 (22.9%) having isolated Doppler abnormalities before 28 weeks. The incidence of the primary outcome did not differ between groups (36.4% versus 28.4%; P = .47). The abnormal Doppler group underwent a greater number of sonographic examinations (15 versus 10; P= .001) and more antenatal admissions for fetal concerns (50.0% versus 12.2%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Isolated Doppler abnormalities are commonly encountered in uncomplicated MCDA pregnancies before 28 weeks yet are not clearly predictive of twin-specific complications. Doppler abnormalities were associated with increased sonographic surveillance and antenatal hospitalizations, suggesting an influence on physician practice patterns. Data may not support Doppler studies before 28 weeks for routine MCDA twin monitoring.
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote activation-induced cell death in Th1-polarized murine CD4+ T-cells

Dietary n-3 PUFAs have been shown to attenuate T-cell-mediated inflammation. To investigate whether dietary n-3 PUFAs promote activation-induced cell death (AICD) in CD4+ T-cells induced in vitro to a polarized T-helper1 (Th1) phenotype, C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing either 5% corn oil (CO; n-6 PUFA control) or 4% fish oil (FO) plus 1% CO (n-3 PUFA) for 2 weeks. Splenic CD4+ T-cells were cultured with alpha-interleukin-4 (alphaIL-4), IL-12, and IL-2 for 2 days and then with recombinant (r) IL-12 and rIL-2 for 3 days in the presence of diet-matched homologous mouse serum (HMS) to prevent loss of cell membrane fatty acids, or with fetal bovine serum. After polarization, Th1 cells were reactivated and analyzed for interferon-gamma and IL-4 by intracellular cytokine staining and for apoptosis by Annexin V/propidium iodide. Dietary FO enhanced Th1 polarization by 49% (P = 0.0001) and AICD by 24% (P = 0.0001) only in cells cultured in the presence of HMS. FO enhancement of Th1 polarization and AICD after culture was associated with the maintenance of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in plasma membrane lipid rafts. In conclusion, n-3 PUFAs enhance the polarization and deletion of proinflammatory Th1 cells, possibly as a result of alterations in membrane microdomain fatty acid composition.
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and adenosine 2A receptor-mediated tissue protection: role of macrophages

The role of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unknown. We sought to determine whether activation of macrophage adenosine 2A (A2A) receptors (A2ARs) m...
Runaway pacemaker in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Runaway Pacemaker in an ICD. Introduction: Runaway pacemaker is a potentially catastrophic complication of any permanent pacing system. Methods and Results: A 70-year-old man was found to have erratic behavior of his implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) during a routine outpatient interrogation. His device was turned off, and he was hospitalized in preparation for a pulse generator replacement. During his hospitalization, his ICD unexpectedly began pacing rapidly. Despite prompt resuscitation attempts, the patient died. Postmortem examination of the device demonstrated a crystal oscillator failure. Conclusion: A previously unrecognized component malfunction is a potentially lethal complication of ICDs.
Achieving Water Use Efficiency in Irrigation Districts

Irrigation districts are challenging places to achieve efficient water use when the ultimate water users do not individually own the units of water they use. The consequence is that irrigators have difficulty seeing value in water unless they are applying it to their crops. This disconnect is a barrier to the establishment of appropriate signals, thereby leading to deficient conservation and lowered profit in most settings. Two policy avenues for improving these circumstances are examined. Primary attention is devoted to devising principles whereby a district’s redesigned water rates could foster greater profitability within the district. Such a pricing policy also identifies needed features of a second policy, a marketing strategy in which district-owned water rights are reassigned with a portion retained by the district. Implicit to both policies is careful regard for marginal conveyance losses associated with surface water delivery via canals.
Updating egocentric representations in human navigation.

Abstract Seven experiments tested whether human navigation depends on enduring representations, or on momentary egocentric representations that are updated as one moves. Human subjects pointed to unseen targets, either while remaining oriented or after they had been disoriented by self-rotation. Disorientation reduced not only the absolute accuracy of pointing to all objects (‘heading error’) but also the relative accuracy of pointing to different objects (‘configuration error’). A single light providing a directional cue reduced both heading and configuration errors if it was present throughout the experiment. If the light was present during learning and test but absent during the disorientation procedure, however, subjects showed low heading errors (indicating that they reoriented by the light) but high configuration errors (indicating that they failed to retrieve an accurate cognitive map of their surroundings). These findings provide evidence that object locations are represented egocentrically. Nevertheless, disorientation had little effect on the coherence of pointing to different room corners, suggesting both (a) that the disorientation effect on representations of object locations is not due to the experimental paradigm and (b) that room geometry is captured by an enduring representation. These findings cast doubt on the view that accurate navigation depends primarily on an enduring, observer-free cognitive map, for humans construct such a representation of extended surfaces but not of objects. Like insects, humans represent the egocentric distances and directions of objects and continuously update these representations as they move. The principal evolutionary advance in animal navigation may concern the number of unseen targets whose egocentric directions and distances can be represented and updated simultaneously, rather than a qualitative shift in navigation toward reliance on an allocentric map.
Sample Point Uniformity Using Discrepancy Measures

Approximately uniform distributions of sample points are useful in certain problems in engineering and mathematics, notably optimization and uncertainty. For example, weight-controlled Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) ideally has samples approximately uniformly distributed throughout the sample space, and response surface methodologies benefit from an even distribution of sample points over input/output spaces. This paper advances the concept of discrepancy sensitivity, a linear approximation for the contribution of a sample to uniformity, quantifying the level of “new“ information provided. Several examples are given of its use in choosing sample points for response surface characterization.
Reliability and Validity of the GED Tests

The Tests of General Educational Development (GED Tests) are used throughout the United States and in much of Canada as a basis for awarding high school level equivalency credentials to adults who did not graduate from high school. The paper summarizes much of the available information concerning the reliability and validity of the GED Tests. These data were gathered in a number of studies conducted between 1978 and 1984. Results are given for both internal consistency and parallel forms reliabilities as well as for many aspects of validity. The data suggest that the test results are sufficiently reliable for continued use and that the validity evidence generally supports the intended uses of the tests.
Lewy-body formation is an aggresome-related process: a hypothesis

Summary Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with the formation of intracytoplasmic protein aggregates (Lewy-body inclusions) in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and other brain areas. These inclusions were discovered over 90 years ago, but the mechanism underlying their formation and their relevance to the neurodegenerative process are unknown. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the biogenesis of Lewy bodies and suggest that they are related to aggresomes. Aggresomes are cytoprotective proteinaceous inclusions formed at the centrosome that segregate and facilitate the degradation of excess amounts of unwanted and possibly cytotoxic proteins. The concept of Lewy bodies as aggresome-related inclusions fits well with ongoing discoveries suggesting that altered protein handling might contribute to the neurodegenerative process in familial and sporadic forms of PD.
Ultrastructural studies on migrating epidermal cells during the wound healing stage of regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

The ultrastructure of the epidermal cells which migrate over the wound surface of the amputated limb of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, was observed with transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. In order to aid in the visualization of polyanionic surface materials on the wound epithelium and wound surface with TEM, the basic dye, ruthenium red, was introduced into the fixatives and buffer. Control limbs were processed without ruthenium red. Shortly after amputation, basal cells at the wound margin possessed elongated, flattened profiles with long pseudopodial projections (lamellipodia and filopodia) that appeared to make contact with the fibrin exudate covering the stump tissues. Epidermal cells proximal to the site of amputation were also in a state of mobilization. Large intercellular spaces and a reduction in the number of desmosomes were observed in the migrating cells. Epidermal cell nuclei became characteristically euchromatic with well-developed nucleoli. Microfilaments were seen within the cytoplasm, extending toward the plasma membrane of cellular processes. Phagocytosed material was also present in the migrating cells. By approximately 9 hours post-amputation, wound closure was complete, and the wound epithelium consisted of three to four cell layers of a non-cornified epidermis. Generally, the amount of extracellular material present on the surface and in the enlarged intercellular spaces of migrating epidermal cells remained the same throughout the period of wound closure. A layer of polyanionic material was observed consistently over the fibrin meshwork covering the wound surface with TEM.
Acute Glomerular Diseases in Children

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the common acquired pediatric renal disorders encountered in clinical practice. The clinical manifestations include gross or microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, and nephrotic syndrome. Renal dysfunction and hypertension may also be present in many patients. Etiopathogenesis of GN can be idiopathic in a large majority, while some may result from infections or known immune disorders. Several of these disorders are now believed to arise from dysfunctions of podocytes and are grouped under the heading of "podocytopathies". This review focuses on the clinical manifestations and management of the common forms of acute GN encountered in children.
Effects of variations in east Asian snow cover on modulating atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific Ocean

Abstract At least four different modeling studies indicate that variability in snow cover over Asia may modulate atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific Ocean during winter. Here, satellite data on snow extent for east Asia for 1971–95 along with atmospheric fields from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis are used to examine whether the circulation signals seen in model results are actually observed in nature. Anomalies in snow extent over east Asia exhibit a distinct lack of persistence. This suggests that understanding the effects of east Asian snow cover is more germane for short- to medium-range weather forecasting applications than for problems on longer timescales. While it is impossible to attribute cause and effect in the empirical study, analyses of composite fields demonstrate relationships between snow cover extremes and atmospheric circulation downstream remarkably similar to those identified in model results. Positive sn...
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Eastern gray fox)

A skin biopsy from a male was donated by Dr. H. Heck, Catskill Game Farm, Catskill, New York, USA, and that of the female, by Dr. C. Gray, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA. The X chromosomes were identified by radioautography. Two pairs of small acrocentrics have secondary constrictions.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations: A Research Collaboration of MIT and Harvard University

In international relations, the traditional approaches to theory and research, practice, and policy were derived from experiences in the 19th and 20th centuries. But cyberspace, shaped by human ingenuity, is a venue for social interaction, an environment for social communication, and an enabler of new mechanisms for power and leverage. Cyberspace creates new condition — problems and opportunities — for which there are no clear precedents in human history. Already we recognize new patterns of conflict and contention, and concepts such as cyberwar, cybersecurity, and cyberattack are in circulation, buttressed by considerable evidence of cyber espionage and cybercrime.The research problem is this: distinct features of cyberspace — such as time, scope, space, permeation, ubiquity, participation and attribution — challenge traditional modes of inquiry in international relations and limit their utility. The interdisciplinary MIT-Harvard ECIR research project explores various facets of cyber international relations, including its implications for power and politics, conflict and war.Our primary mission and principal goal is to increase the capacity of the nation to address the policy challenges of the cyber domain. Our research is intended to influence today’s policy makers with the best thinking about issues and opportunities, and to train tomorrow’s policy makers to be effective in understanding choice and consequence in cyber matters.Accordingly, the ECIR vision is to create an integrated knowledge domain of international relations in the cyber age, that is (a) multidisciplinary, theory-driven, technically and empirically; (b) clarifies threats and opportunities in cyberspace for national security, welfare, and influence;(c) provides analytical tools for understanding and managing transformation and change; and (d) attracts and educates generations of researchers, scholars, and analysts for international relations in the new cyber age.
Project BreakFAST: Rationale, design, and recruitment and enrollment methods of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention to improve school breakfast program participation in rural high schools

A 20-year trend documents an increase in youth routinely skipping breakfast [1]. Breakfast skipping increases with age from 20% among children age 9–13 to 36% among adolescents age 13–18 [2]. Minority youth are sometimes but not always reported to have higher rates of skipping breakfast compared with their white peers [3], [4], [5] and girls are more likely to skip breakfast than boys, especially to lose weight [3], [6], [7]. Observational studies indicate breakfast eaters have healthier diets [8], [9], make better food choices, and are less likely to eat high fat snacks [10], [11]. Establishing healthy weight promoting behaviors during adolescence, such as eating breakfast is especially important as the average American gains 30 pounds between 18 and 35 years of age [12]. Cross-sectional [13] and observational [14] studies provide evidence of an increase in body mass index (BMI) among breakfast skippers. Eating breakfast and particularly the school provided breakfast is also associated with an improvement in cognition and academic outcomes among adolescents. This benefit may be more realized by undernourished and urban, minority youth, suggesting a promising strategy for closing the achievement gap [15], [16], [17]. Students in rural schools are more likely to attend small schools, live in poverty, be food insecure, be eligible for free or reduced priced school meals, and come to school unprepared to learn compared to students from urban or suburban areas [18]. A 2015 meta-analysis found that rural youth have 26% greater odds of obesity, compared to urban children [19]. Very little research has been done on how to improve the school food environment in small town and rural schools even though these environments are lagging behind urban and suburban schools [20]. The few studies on rural schools have focused on younger students [21], the school lunch program [22], or competitive food options [23]. The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention designed to increase participation in the National School Breakfast Program (SBP) among rural high school students by improving physical access to the program, changing social norms, and engaging in promotional activities.
Characterization of inward currents and channels underlying burst activity in motoneurons of crab cardiac ganglion

Large cell motoneurons in the Cancer borealis cardiac ganglion generate rhythmic bursts of action potentials responsible for cardiac contractions. While it is well known that these burst potentials...