cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐649: Planning Margins Validation for Concurrent Treatment of Prostate and Pelvic Lymph Nodes Under Daily Image Guided Delivery

Purpose: To validate prostate planning margins for concurrent treatment of the prostate and pelvic lymph nodes (PLN) under daily kilo‐voltage cone beam (KV‐CBCT) imaging guidance while applying MLC and iso‐center shifting methods to compensate for inter‐fractional prostate motion. Methods and Materials: Ninety‐four daily KV‐CBCTs from five patients, who received IMRT treatment with a clinical planning margin to the prostate of 8mm/6mm posterior (M(8,6)) and 5mm to the PLN, were selected. Three additional IMRT plans were created for each patient with the prostate planning margins of 6mm/4mm posterior (M(6,4)), 4mm/2mm posterior (M(4,2)) and 2mm uniform margin (M(2,2)). The PLN planning margin remained 5mm. Subsequently, each plan was applied to the daily KV‐CBCT using MLC and iso‐center shifting methods. Daily D95 of the prostate and D95 of the PLN, and D5 of the rectum and D5 of the bladder were evaluated for adequate planning margins. Results: For both the MLC and iso‐center shifting methods, D95 of the prostate was greater than or equal 97% of the prescription dose in 97.8% (100%), 98.9% (97.9%), 95.8% (97.9%), and 93.7%(96.8%) of 94 fractions, for M(8,6), M(6,4), M(4,2), and M(2,2) respectively. Accordingly, D95 of the PLN was greater than or equal 97% of the prescription dose in 98.9%(100%), 100%(98.9%), 98.9%(98.9%), and 100%(98.9%), for M(8,6), M(6,4), M(4,2), and M(2,2) respectively. For the rectum, D5 exceeded 105% of the original IMRT D5 for the MLC‐shift (and iso‐center shift) plans in 16%(14.9%), 14.9%(16.4%), 5.4%(12.2%) and 4.3%(12.2%) for these four planning margins respectively. For the bladder, D5 exceeded 105% of the original IMRT D5 for the MLC‐shift (and iso‐center shift) plans in 0%(1.1%), 6.4% 3.2%), 13.9%(4.3%), and 8.6%(4.3%), respectively. Conclusion: With 5 mm planning margin to the PLN, both MLC and iso‐center shifting methods can reduce the prostate planning margin to 4mm/2mm posterior while achieving adequate targets coverage. This research was supported by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) (Grant No. W81XWH‐080‐0358)
A method to separate the geographical components of temporal change in cancer mortality rates.

The author presents a method to isolate local components of changes in cancer mortality rates from national and regional components. The method is then applied to U.S. data collected by the National Cancer Institute from all death certificates for 1950-1954 and 1965-1969 (ANNOTATION)
Design concepts of high power bipolar rechargeable lithium battery

The present study shows that current bipolar Li/TiS2 batteries using a 0.38 mm thick TiS2 bipolar plate can yield moderate specific power and also high specific energy battery. The computer design studies project that a 100 V, 10 A h bipolar Li/TiS2 battery can achieve 150 W h/kg, 210 W h/l, and 150 W/kg. The unoptimized experimental bipolar Li/TiS2 batteries (3 cells, 90 mA h) exhibited 47 W h/kg, 90 W h/l, and 140 W/kg. Preliminary results on the cycleability of the bipolar batteries are demonstrated. The results also show that enhanced rate capability can be achieved by using pulse discharge and longer rest period between pulses.
Breakdown of Current Algebra in Lagrangian Field Theories

It is shown that in a model field theory in one spatial dimension the commutation relations of the usual isospin operators will generally differ from their canonical form provided that the isospin current explicitly appears in the interaction Lagrangian. Although the model is not soluble, it has the important feature of allowing the explicit evaluation of all current commutators without the occurrence of any divergent quantities. Possible generalizations to higher dimensions are briefly discussed.
Enhanced Leakage Reduction Techniques Using Intermediate Strength Power Gating

The exponential increase in leakage power due to technology scaling has made power gating an attractive design choice for low-power applications. In this paper, we explore this design style in large combinational circuit blocks and latch-to-latch datapaths and introduce a novel power gating approach to yield an improved power-performance tradeoff. We first present a multiple sleep mode power gating technique where each mode represents a different point in the wake-up overhead versus leakage savings design space. We show that the high wake-up latency and wake-up power penalty of traditional power gating limits its application to large stretches of inactivity. The multiple-mode feature allows a processor to enter power saving modes more frequently, hence, resulting in enhanced leakage savings. We apply the multimode power gating technique to datapaths where the degree of applied power gating becomes progressively stronger (harder) along the datapath. This configuration allows us to further balance wake-up overhead with leakage savings by exploiting the fact that logic circuits deep in the datapath have higher wakeup margin and hence can be strongly gated. Simulations show that multiple sleep mode capability provides an extra 17% reduction in overall leakage compared to traditional single mode gating. The multiple modes can be designed to allow state-retentive modes. The results on benchmarks show that a single state-retentive mode can reduce leakage by 19% while preserving state of the circuit.
Social Dominance and Territoriality in the Bicolor Damselfish, e uPomacentr Us Par Ti t uS (Poey) (Pisces : Pomacentridae)

The social organization of two comparable colonies of bicolor damselfish, Eupomacentrus partius (Poey), is described at various times of the year. A small laboratory colony (8 adults) was observed during two different social phases. The first included the initial establishment of dominant-subordinate relationships among its members, as well as the establishment of the general spatial distribution of fish within the aquarium. The second phase was characterized hy a high level of territoriality and reproductive activity. A field colony of similar size (9 adults, 4 juveniles) was observed by SCUBA and underwater television also during the reproductive phase. This colony was located 1.5 km off the west coast of North Bimini, Bahamas and at a depth of 20 m. The social structure of both colonies was characterized by a straight-line, nip-dominant hierarchy which was stable and largely size-dependent. Aggressiveness and maleness also appeared to play important roles in the dominance relationships. Differences in the distribution of chases and challenges recorded from the laboratory colony during the two differing social phases indicated that dynamic processes were underlying the basic social structure of both colonies. Little or no diurnal fluctuation in aggressiveness was apparent during the two phases studied in the laboratory. The level of chasing activity throughout the day, however, was well correlated with hierarchical rank during the initial phase of observations, but such was not the case during the later phase. The initial phase was also characterized by closely ranked individuals directing most "attention" at one another, while during the later reproductive phase, much of this "attention" was directed at the Omega fish. It appeared as if the Omega was playing the role of a "scapegoat" for the directed aggression of higher ranking members and thereby relieving aggressive tension among those members of the colony. A similar phenomenon, operating in the field colony, was also indicated by limited data. The important role of prior residence within a colony and within a specific area is illustrated by examples from the field. Finally, evidence is brought forth to suggest that interspecific aggression. although seldom studied, is a most important factor in the lives and habits of animals living within the reef community.
Effect of Growing Seasons, Locations and Planting Dates on Total Amino Acid Composition of Two Valencia Peanut Varieties Grown in New Mexico1

Abstract Two Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, New Mexico Valencia A and New Mexico Valencia C, were grown at Arch and Los Lunas, N. M. All peanuts were grown under either sprinkler or furrow irrigation. Samples were obtained following harvest, hydrolyzed and analyzed in Raleigh, N. C. for amino acid content. With samples from Arch, no variety by planting date effects were noted for amino acid composition. With samples from Los Lunas, however, significant variety by planting date effects were noted for glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. Planting date effects were found only for glycine at the Los Lunas location and phenylalanine at both locations. Significant variety differences were found for methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and lysine at the Arch location and for glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine at the Los Lunas location. A significant year effect, although small, was noted for about half of the amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid,...
Slope of the log plot of adjusted retention time against carbon number for various homologues serices

The slope of the log plot of the adjusted retention time of a homologous series usually varies from that of the n-alkane series by no more than 2%, though with unusual interactions between the functional group and the stationary phase the difference may be as high as 7%.
Facile Construction of Fluorescent Peptide Microarrays: One-Step Fluorescent Derivatization of Sub-microscale Peptide Aldehydes for Selective Terminal Immobilization

In this note, we demonstrate the utility of bifunctional fluorescent linkers to facilitate the construction of peptide microarrays with either an N- or a C-terminal alkylamine for directionally preferred peptide immobilization. Significantly, these small tags facilitate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiling while limiting interference with antigen-antibody interactions after peptide immobilization. In a model peptide-antibody binding assay, a sequence-dependent orientation effect of antibody binding to a series of peptide ligands was demonstrated. This approach provides a strategy that can be applied to a variety of peptide microarray-based detection systems.
Interactions of Human O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase (AGT) with Short Single-stranded DNAs

O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is a ubiquitous enzyme with an amino acid sequence that is conserved in Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. It repairs O6-alkylguanine and O4-alkylthymine adducts in single-stranded and duplex DNAs. In performing these functions, AGT must partition between adduct-containing sites and the large excess of adduct-free DNA distributed throughout the genome. Here, we characterize the binding of human AGT to linear double-stranded, adduct-free DNAs ranging in length from 11 bp to 2686 bp. Moderately cooperative binding (22.6 ± 3.7 ≤ ω ≤ 145.0 ± 37.0) results in an all-or-nothing association pattern on short templates. The apparent binding site size Sapp (mean = 4.39 ± 0.02 bp) oscillates with increasing template length. Oscillations in cooperativity factor ω have the same frequency but are of opposite phase to Sapp, with the result that the most stable protein−protein and protein−DNA interactions occur at the highest packing densities. The oscillation period (4.05 ± 0.02...
Role of estrogen receptor-alpha in the anterior pituitary gland.

Targeted insertional disruption of the mouse estrogen receptor-α (ERα) gene has provided a genetic model in which to test hypotheses that estrogens exert important effects in development and homeostatic functions of the anterior pituitary gland, particularly in the lactotroph and gonadotroph cell types. Analysis of ERα gene-disrupted mice reveals a marked reduction in PRL mRNA and a decrease in lactotroph cell number, but normal specification of lactotroph cell phenotype. Gonadotropin mRNA levels in ERα gene-disrupted female mice are elevated, consistent with previously described transcriptional suppression of gonadotropin subunit gene expression in response to sustained administration of estrogen in wild type mice. These results provide genetic evidence that ERα plays a critical role in PRL and gonadotropin gene transcription and is involved in lactotroph cell growth, but is not required for specification of lactotroph cell phenotype.
Regulation of alkaline phosphatase expression in human choriocarcinoma cell lines

Abstract The coincident expression of two structurally distinct isoenzymes of human alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated in two independently derived gestational choriocarcinoma cell lines. These proteins were shown to have enzymatic, antigenic, and physical-chemical properties resembling those of isoenzymes from term placenta and adult liver. The regulation of these isoenzymes has been studied during the exposure of both cell lines to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The responses of the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes to these agents have also been compared with the response of another protein phenotypic to placenta, the alpha subunit of chorionic gonadotropin. The results show that (i) the separate structural genes coding for placental and liver alkaline phosphatases are regulated in a noncoordinate fashion; (ii) both alkaline phosphatase genes respond independently of the alpha subunit; and (iii) the induction of the placental type isoenzyme occurs via at least two independent pathways.
Diagnosis of COPD and clinical course in patients with unrecognized airflow limitation.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently under-recognized and underdiagnosed. To determine the natural history of recognized and unrecognized COPD, we studied the rate of diagnosis, health care utilization, and mortality in patients with airflow limitation (AFL). Three hundred forty-seven outpatients at the Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center performed spirometry and completed a respiratory questionnaire. Patients were followed for a minimum of 30 months and medical records were reviewed for COPD diagnosis, mortality, respiratory-related health care utilization, comorbidities, and respiratory medications. Three hundred twenty-five of 347 (94%) patients performed technically adequate spirometry and completed questionnaires. When AFL was defined by fixed ratio (FR, forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] < 0.7), patients with AFL and a diagnosis of COPD had a higher annual mortality rate (7.1% ± 2% versus 2.4% ± 0.8%, P = 0.01), more hospitalizations per year (0.2 ± 0.06 versus 0.04 ± 0.01, P < 0.001 mean ± standard error of the mean), increased respiratory symptoms (12.0 ± 0.9 versus 7.2 ± 0.6, P < 0.0001), and higher Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage compared with undiagnosed patients. Ninety-two of 137 patients with AFL (67%) had unrecognized AFL; 16 (17%) of the 92 were subsequently diagnosed. When AFL was defined by the lower limit of normal (LLN, FEV1/FVC < LLN), 67 of 103 patients (65%) had unrecognized AFL; 12 (18%) of the 67 were subsequently diagnosed. Patients with AFL defined by FR who were subsequently diagnosed had more emergency department visits per year (0.33 ± 0.11 versus 0.11 ± 0.05, P = 0.009), increased respiratory symptoms (10.2 ± 1.6 versus 6.5 ± 0.7, P < 0.05), and higher GOLD stage, but similar mortality and hospitalizations compared with the persistently undiagnosed patients. The annual rate of documented COPD diagnosis was 7% for both FR and LLN definitions. Patients with AFL and a diagnosis of COPD have more severe disease, higher health care utilization, and mortality than undiagnosed patients. The annual rate of COPD diagnosis is 7% among individuals with unrecognized AFL. Worse AFL, increased respiratory symptoms, and ED visits are associated with a subsequent COPD diagnosis in individuals with unrecognized AFL.
Urea biosynthesis in the south american lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa: Relation to its ecology☆

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of hepatic urea biosynthesis, as measured by the incorporation of 14 C-bicarbonate into urea, and activities of the separate ornithineurea cycle enzymes in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren , are intermediate between corresponding values previously determined in the African lungfish, Protopterus , and in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus . 2. 2. These findings are consistent with the semi-aquatic estivating condition of the South American form which is intermediate between the dry cocoon-like state of Protopterus and the completely aquatic nature of Neoceratodus .
Kinetics of in vitro bovine keratohyalin synthesis.

SUMMARY A system is described for the study of the in vitro synthesis of bovine keratohyalin for periods of up to 24 h. Keratohyalin granules appeared morphologically unaltered during culture, although histo-chetnical stains for RNA indicate a markedly diminished RNA content by 6 h. Incorporation of tritiated histidine began slowly, then became linear between 4 and 24 h in serum-containing media. However, following pre-incubation in serum-free media, increased incorporation occurred from time zero. The internal variation of the system using a standard 6 h pulse was ±10, ±24, ±22, ±18%, in four separate experiments. Measurements of modulations in bovine keratohyalin synthesis in vitro may prove useful in the development of drugs of therapeutic potential in dermatology.
Resonance energy transfer in DNA duplexes labeled with localized dyes.

The growing maturity of DNA-based architectures has raised considerable interest in applying them to create photoactive light harvesting and sensing devices. Toward optimizing efficiency in such structures, resonant energy transfer was systematically examined in a series of dye-labeled DNA duplexes where donor–acceptor separation was incrementally changed from 0 to 16 base pairs. Cyanine dyes were localized on the DNA using double phosphoramidite attachment chemistry. Steady state spectroscopy, single-pair fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, and ultrafast two-color pump–probe methods were utilized to examine the energy transfer processes. Energy transfer rates were found to be more sensitive to the distance between the Cy3 donor and Cy5 acceptor dye molecules than efficiency measurements. Picosecond energy transfer and near-unity efficiencies were observed for the closest separations. Comparison between our measurements and the predictions of Forster theory based on structural modeling of the dye-la...
Relaxation effects observed for turbulent flow over a wavy surface

Measurements are presented for different flow rates of the time-averaged wall shear stress and of the root-mean-square value of the turbulent fluctuations along a small-amplitude sinusoidally shaped solid surface. The stresses are found to have a variation along the wave surface which is also sinusoidal. The influence of flow rate and of wavelength on the amplitude and phase angle can be correlated by using a wave-number α+ made dimensionless with wall parameters.It is found that for α+ > 10−2 a frozen-turbulence assumption can be made whereby the influence of the wave-induced variation of the mixing length can be ignored. For α+ < 10−4 the flow can be described by assuming the Reynolds stresses are given by an equilibrium assumption. The relaxation from this equilibrium condition is characterized by a sharp change in the phase angle for 6 × 10−4 < α+ < 10−3.This relaxation is associated with physical processes in the viscous wall region which are not yet understood. It is argued that these are principally related to the wave-induced variation of the pressure gradient.The wave-induced variation of the turbulent fluctuations in the wall shear stress also indicate a relaxation in that the maximum turbulence intensity is located in a region of favourable pressure gradient.
Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Pd2Si Nanowires in Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System

Vertically aligned Pd2Si nanowires with Pd on tip have been grown using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system in hydrogen atmosphere with high degree of reproducibility. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show the growth of nanowire structures via root growth in vapor−liquid−solid (VLS) mechanism where hydrogen acts as catalyst for silicide formation with Pd-hydride being the dominant moving species in the microwave environment.
Analysis of Global Data Education and Patent Activity Using New Methods of Pattern Analysis

Abstract This paper study the world of education data and patent activity for the period of 1979-2006 years using the latest methods of pattern analysis: a linear pattern-classification and ordinal-invariant pattern clustering. Attempt is made to reflect the situation regarding primary, secondary and higher education in 37 countries.
Application of the double withdrawal countercurrent extraction technique to analytical chemistry

Abstract Application of the double withdrawal countercurrent extraction technique to chemical analysis has been singularly neglected, probably because of the complexity and tediousness of the associated mathematics. Present day computer technology proved to be readily applicable to the problem and information is presented which indicates the possible importance of this separation method to chemical analysis.
A novel scheme for detection of diffuse lung disease in MDCT by use of statistical texture features

The successful development of high performance computer-aided-diagnostic systems has potential to assist radiologists in the detection and diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. We developed in this study an automated scheme for the detection of diffuse lung disease on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). Our database consisted of 68 CT scans, which included 31 normal and 37 abnormal cases with three kinds of abnormal patterns, i.e., ground glass opacity, reticular, and honeycombing. Two radiologists first selected the CT scans with abnormal patterns based on clinical reports. The areas that included specific abnormal patterns in the selected CT images were then delineated as reference standards by an expert chest radiologist. To detect abnormal cases with diffuse lung disease, the lungs were first segmented from the background in each slice by use of a texture analysis technique, and then divided into contiguous volumes of interest (VOIs) with a 64×64×64 matrix size. For each VOI, we calculated many statistical texture features, including the mean and standard deviation of CT values, features determined from the run length matrix, and features from the co-occurrence matrix. A quadratic classifier was employed for distinguishing between normal and abnormal VOIs by use of a leave-one-case-out validation scheme. A rule-based criterion was employed to further determine whether a case was normal or abnormal. For the detection of abnormal VOIs, our CAD system achieved a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 90%. For the detection of abnormal cases, it achieved a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 90%. This preliminary study indicates that our CAD system would be useful for the detection of diffuse lung disease.
CNS side effects of centrally-active antihypertensive agents: a prospective, placebo-controlled study of sleep, mood state, and cognitive and sexual function in hypertensive males.

A prospective, placebo-controlled, comparative evaluation was conducted on two widely prescribed, sympatholytic antihypertensive agents with known CNS effects. In order to separately assess these effects in younger and older male hypertensives, patients were assigned to either of two treatment studies based on age. For study I, 24 males aged 31–59 (mean=49.8; SD=7.4) with mild hypertension (mean DBP=100.2 mm Hg; SD=8.0) received 3 months of treatment with propranolol (20–80 mg bid), clonidine (0.1–0.3 mg bid), or double-blind placebo in a counterbalanced, crossover design. For study II, 23 elderly hypertensive males (mean DBP=102.6 mm Hg; SD=8.2) aged 60–78 years (mean=65.1; SD=4.6) were randomized to propranolol (20–40 mg bid) or double-blind placebo therapy. Patients received cognitive testing, mood assessments, and all-night polysomnographic evaluations before and after each treatment period. Multivariate analysis of EEG sleep data was statistically significant for study I, with significant univariate effects on four of the six primary sleep variables: total sleep time was reduced, sleep maintenance decreased, REM latency increased, and percent total REM time was reduced. A similar MANOVA analysis for the effects of treatment on the sleep of older patients (study II) was not significant. However, propranolol administration was found to be associated with a significant decline in cognitive performance in these patients. Significant mood effects were observed with each of the study drugs, and nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) was significantly decreased in both younger and older patients. Overall, this research suggests that distinct patterns of CNS effects are associated with each of the antihypertensive agents studied.
Resting energy expenditure in patients with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia

Objective The primary aim of this study was to compare the resting energy expenditure of patients with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia. A secondary aim was to identify predictors of resting energy expenditure. Methods One hundred patients limited by intermittent claudication and 40 patients with critical limb ischemia participated in this study. Patients were assessed on resting energy expenditure, body composition, ankle brachial index (ABI), and calf blood flow. Results Patients with critical limb ischemia had a lower resting energy expenditure than patients with intermittent claudication (1429 ± 190 kcal/day vs 1563 ± 229 kcal/day; P = .004), and higher body fat percentage (34.8 ± 7.8% vs 31.5 ± 7.8%; P = .037), higher fat mass (30.0 ± 9.3 kg vs 26.2 ± 8.9 kg; P = .016), and lower ABI (0.31 ± 0.11 vs 0.79 ± 0.23; P P P P P P = .005), and diabetes ( P = .008). Resting energy expenditure remained lower in the patients with critical limb ischemia after adjusting for clinical characteristics plus fat free mass (1473 ± 27.8 kcal/day [mean ± SEM] vs 1527 ± 19.3 kcal/day; P = .031), but it was no longer different between groups after further adjustment for ABI and calf blood flow (1494 ± 25.2 kcal/day vs 1505 ± 17.7 kcal/day; P = .269). Conclusion Resting energy expenditure is decreased with a progression in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) symptoms from intermittent claudication to critical limb ischemia. Furthermore, patients with critical limb ischemia who are most susceptible for decline in resting energy expenditure are older, African American patients with diabetes. The lower resting energy expenditure of patients with critical limb ischemia, combined with their sedentary lifestyle, suggests that they are at high risk for long-term positive energy balance and weight gain.
A Note on the Historical Relationship between the Economy and Police Organizational Activities

Works which have examined the relationship between economic conditions and the criminal justice system have usually attempted to explain criminality within specific, short term time periods. Conclusions based upon these efforts have been mixed and ambiguous. This present study uses Chicago Police Department variables as indicators of organizational activities and investigates the duration andpersistence of relationships between selected economic conditions andpolice organizational measures. Nearly 100 years of annual City of Chicago data are examined in a two step, lagged, time series regression analysis. The findings show that a persistent historical relationship exists between vagrancy arrests and economic conditions but does not exist between felonylmisdemeanor arrests or number of police employees and economic conditions. This present study suggests supportfor the previousfindings of Chambliss (1964, 1976), Wellford (1974), and Land and Felson (1976), and reveals the necessity of further model develop...
Light-Induced Biogenesis of Light-Harvesting Complex I (LHC I) during Chloroplast Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Studies Using cDNA Clones of the 21- and 20-Kilodalton LHC I Apoproteins)

The light-harvesting complex (LHC) Ib pigment-proteins form the major component of the LHC I complex in higher plants. They comprise chlorophylls a and b, xanthophylls, and at least two polypeptide subunits of 21 and 20 kD in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We have identified two cDNA clones, LHC Ib-21 and LHC Ib-20, encoding the 21- and 20-kD LHC Ib apoproteins, respectively. N-terminal protein sequences of the purified LHC Ib polypeptides were used for the unequivocal correlation of these clones to their respective apoproteins. The cDNA clones encode two proteins that have strong sequence similarity to other LHC I and LHC II pigment-binding polypeptides of photosystems I and II. The 21-kD polypeptide contains 201 amino acid residues (22.14 kD), and the 20-kD polypeptide contains 200 amino acid residues (22.18 kD). The biogenesis of the LHC Ib apoproteins and the pigmented LHC I during the light-induced development of the chloroplast was studied. Accumulation of the two LHC Ib mRNAs is induced by light, and their amount is regulated by phytochrome. LHC Ib polypeptide accumulation in the thylakoid membrane temporally lags behind transcript accumulation. The rates of accumulation of LHC Ib transcripts and of their apoproteins lag behind those of the major LHC II component, LHC IIb. Complete assembly of the LHC Ib pigment-protein, as observed by low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy, requires exposure of dark-grown seedlings to 72 h or more of light.
Checking for k -anonymity violation by views

When a private relational table is published using views, secrecy or privacy may be violated. This paper uses a formally-defined notion of k-anonymity to measure disclosure by views, where k >1 is a positive integer. Intuitively, violation of k-anonymity occurs when a particular attribute value of an entity can be determined to be among less than k possibilities by using the views together with the schema information of the private table. The paper shows that, in general, whether a set of views violates k-anonymity is a computationally hard problem. Subcases are identified and their computational complexities discussed. Especially interesting are those subcases that yield polynomial checking algorithms (in the number of tuples in the views). The paper also provides an efficient conservative algorithm that checks for necessary conditions for k-anonymity violation.
Active Microwave Observations Of Arctic Sea Ice During The Fall Freezeup

Near-surface millimeter and microwave measurements were made during September-October, the fall freeze-up period, in regions located to the North and East of Svalbard. Microwave signatures and physical properties were acquired at a large number of stations and included floes composed of multiyear, first-year, young, and nilas sea ice. Systematic variation in the thickness and density of the ice located in the uppermost portion of multiyear ice sheets was observed. In this paper, the measured and predicted backscatter response was examined at 10 GHz. The impact of fall freeze up on microwave signatures is also presented.
An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Composite Drive Shafts with Non-Circular End Cross-Sections:

An optimization methodology is presented for the selection of the end cross-sectional shape of composite torque tubes (drive shafts) with noncircular end geometries. In a typical application, metal inserts are adhesively bonded in the ends of the tubes to allow for torque transmission. The worst case scenario of bond failure with subse quent torque transmission via insert-tube contact is considered. Optimization of the tube end cross-sectional shape under this worst case situation is the goal of this study. Employ ing facets of elasticity and the finite element method, a two step methodology is estab lished to predict the failure torque of a tube with a range of selected end cross-sections. This methodology is verified through comparison with experimental data. Results ob tained from the analytical and experimental studies indicate a spline-like cross-sectional shape as the optimal design. Failure torques on the order of 70% of the circular cross- sectional failure torque are shown to be possible.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns.

The strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD), two uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disorders which often occur in the same families and occasionally in the same individual, was recognized on Guam more than three decades ago. Since the first systematic observations began, nearly 800 Guamanian Chamorro patients have been clinically diagnosed as having either disease. The original incidence rates for ALS and PD accounted for one in five deaths among Chamorros over ago 25. During the past 30 years, however, the incidence and mortality rates have dramatically declined and today the risk to Guamanian chamorros is only several-fold higher than that for non-Chamorro residents of the continental United States. The accumulating epidemiological and genetic data strongly suggest that environmental factors are primarily involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. The high incidence focus of ALS and PD on Guam and similar, but less well-studied, foci in West New Guinea and the Kii Peninsula of Japan represent natural paradigms of chronic degenerative disease that have provided new information and insights for understanding not only ALS and PD, but other neurological disorders such as classical ALS, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and early neuronal aging, insights that might otherwise not have been forthcoming from studies of low incidence sporadic disease in large cosmopolitan Western communities.
A scheduling algorithm for optimization and early planning in high-level synthesis

Complexities of applications implemented on embedded and programmable systems grow with the advances in capacities and capabilities of these systems. Mapping applications onto them manually is becoming a very tedious task. This draws attention to using high-level synthesis within design flows. Meanwhile, it is essential to provide a flexible formulation of optimization objectives as well as to perform efficient planning for various design objectives early on in the design flow. In this work, we address these issues in the context of data flow graph (DFG) scheduling, which is an essential element within the high-level synthesis flow. We present an algorithm that schedules a chain of operations with data dependencies among consecutive operations at a single step. This local problem is repeated to generate the schedule for the whole DFG. The local problem is formulated as a maximum weight noncrossing bipartite matching. We use a technique from the computational geometry domain to solve the matching problem. This technique provides a theoretical guarantee on the solution quality for scheduling a single chain of operations. Although still being local, this provides a relatively wider perspective on the global scheduling objectives. In our experiments we compared the latencies obtained using our algorithm with the optimal latencies given by the exact solution to the integer linear programming (ILP) formulation of the problem. In 9 out of 14 DFGs tested, our algorithm found the optimal solution, while generating latencies comparable to the optimal solution in the remaining five benchmarks. The formulation of the objective function in our algorithm provides flexibility to incorporate different optimization goals. We present examples of how to exploit the versatility of our algorithm with specific examples of objective functions and experimental results on the ability of our algorithm to capture these objectives efficiently in the final schedules.
A top-down framework for watershed model evaluation and selection under uncertainty

This study introduces a top-down strategy for model evaluation and selection under uncertainty in which watershed model structures with increasing complexity are applied to twelve watersheds across a hydro-climatic gradient within the United States (US). The models' complexities and their related assumptions provide an indication of the dominant controls on the watershed response at the inter-annual, intra-annual, monthly, and daily time scales as captured in the water balance signatures (or metrics) used in this study. The ability of the models to capture the water balance signatures is evaluated in an ensemble framework with respect to their reliability (Is the model ensemble capturing the observed signature?) and with their shape (Is the model structure capable of representing an observed signature's variability?). Model selection is automated by combining the reliability and shape performance measures in a fuzzy rule system. Our results suggest that the framework can be tuned to function as a screening tool that formalizes our model selection process. This fuzzy model selection framework enhances our ability to automatically select parsimonious model structures for large databases of watersheds and therefore provides an important step towards understanding how controls on the watershed response vary with landscape and climatic characteristics. This understanding further advances our ability for model-based watershed classification.
The context of control: a cross-national investigation of the link between political institutions, efficacy, and collective action.

Most research on efficacy and participation in collective action has focused on single country samples with little attention paid to the relationship between efficacy and country-level structural factors. Drawing on value expectancy theory, we theorize a link between macro-level political institutions and micro-level efficacy. To address the previous limitations in the efficacy and collective action literature, we use multilevel, cross-national data, and present results from a series of hierarchical models testing whether efficacy increases collective action cross-nationally, whether political institutions affect efficacy, and whether the effect of efficacy on collective action is conditional on political institutions. We find that efficacy increases collective action, that certain political institutions increase efficacy, and that the effect of efficacy on collective action is partly conditional on the inclusiveness of a country’s political institutions. These findings suggest the insufficiency of purely structural as well as social psychological explanations of collective action.
Forensic aspects of drug-induced violence

Violence is unfortunately a part of society. The causes of violence are not completely understood, but it involves sociological, genetic, financial, biological, and environmental factors. Drugs can cause aggression by altering the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin. Specific drugs associated with aggression include alcohol, anabolic steroids, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, opiates, and hallucinogens. Aggression can be categorized into impulsive and predatory aggression. Drugs under certain conditions cause impulsive aggression. Sometimes a defense in criminal cases is that the drug caused the violence, that is drug-induced insanity. A case of insanity is more likely to be accepted if the event was unplanned and had no apparent motive. An acceptance of insanity by voluntary intoxication is rarely accepted by the criminal justice system. A more common legal strategy is to seek diminished capacity which aims to obtain a reduction in the severity of the criminal charges. We will discuss some, but not all of the pharmacological and physiological issues relating to drug-induced violence. Then some of the "big picture" forensic issues will be presented. Our goal is to present a primer on the pharmacological and forensic issues relating to drug-induced violence. No attempt was made to provide a comprehensive review of all the literature related to drug-induced violence.
Dynamic Modulus Testing of Thin Pavement Cores

A novel method of testing thin surface cores using the dynamic (complex) modulus test is proposed that utilizes composite mechanics theory. Rectangular specimens are sawed from the round surface layer cores, and the sawed blocks are simply stacked horizontally without bonding. Two hydrostone caps are made to provide flat and smooth loading ends, as well as to restrain the blocks from moving during loading. Two Linear Vertical Differential Transformers are attached 180° apart to the flat uniform side of the horizontally stacked cores to obtain the strain response without measuring over the joint of the cores. The advantage of this approach over the diametral loading mode, used for resilient modulus testing, is that it provides homogenous testing conditions, which gives direct access to stress and strain and, therefore, constitutive equations.
Moving toward “reality” in team selection for software engineering

College students have been bombarded with reality shows. Coupled with extensive video gaming, these weird tasks and challenges have become commonplace for vicarious thrill seekers. Place these same students in a software engineering class where pedagogical norms include process understanding, project design methods, and implementation guidelines, and the class trends toward low-energy and minimal student effort, even with the most state-of-the-art projects. Our approach is to re-energize students using a new mode of competition. The goal is to allow the students to compete for role, team, and project choice. The difficulty in the approach is shaping competitions within the confines of the CS curriculum while maintaining accreditation standards, appropriately grading ldquorealityrdquo challenges, and uniformly configuring teams without ldquooustingrdquo anyone. We introduce the reality software engineering network (REASEN), a set of challenges designed around software engineering principles. We discuss how REASEN fits into a classroom setting and helps incite creativity, team bonding, and more appropriately disclose the skill set of individual students toward fairer and more satisfying team and project selection.
Classical Rhetorical Arrangement and Reasoning in the Talmud: The Case of Yerushalmi Berakhot 1:1

Saul Lieberman has shown that various aspects of Greco-Roman culture were pervasive not only among more Hellenized Jews of the first centuries CE, but that even “the Rabbis of Palestine were familiar with the fashionable style of the civilized world of that time. Many of them were highly educated in Greek literature. … They spoke to the people in their language and in their style.” An integral part of this culture involved the study of rhetoric, a staple of higher education throughout the Roman Empire.
The Cultural Component of Language Teaching

Abstract Despite the advances made by research in the spheres of the intercultural and the multicultural, language teaching is still operating on a relatively narrow conception of both language and culture. Language continues to be taught as a fixed system of formal structures and universal speech functions, a neutral conduit for the transmission of cultural knowledge. Culture is incorporated only to the extent that it reinforces and enriches, not that it puts in question, traditional boundaries of self and other. In practice, teachers teach language and culture, or culture in language, but not language as culture. The theoretical framework I propose here for teaching culture through language suspends the traditional dichotomy between the universal and the particular in language teaching. It embraces the particular, not to be consumed by it, but as a platform for dialogue and as a common struggle to realign differences.
How EverCare nurse practitioners spend their time

OBJECTIVES: To describe how nurse practitioners (NPs) employed by EverCare, a Medicare HMO serving exclusively nursing home residents, spend their working days. DESIGN: A descriptive study based on structured self-reports. SETTING: Nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen NPs employed by EverCare in five sites. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reports of time spent over a 2-week period and specific reports of how time was spent on selected cases. RESULTS: NPs spend about 35% of their working day on direct patient care and another 26% in indirect care activities. Of the latter, 46% of the time was spent interacting with nursing home staff, 26% with family, and 15% with the physicians. The mean time spent on a given patient per day was 42 minutes (median 30); of this time 20 minutes was direct care (median 15). CONCLUSIONS: NPs' activities are varied. Much of their time is spent communicating with vital parties, an important function that supports the physicians' primary care role and should enhance families' satisfaction with care.
Dual stator winding induction machine drive

A new dual stator winding induction machine drive is described in this paper. The proposed induction machine consists of a standard squirrel-cage rotor and a stator with two separate windings wound for a dissimilar number of poles. Each stator winding is fed from an independent variable-frequency variable-voltage inverter. The proposed drive offers such advantages as speed sensorless operation, better reliability, and more flexibility to manipulate the resultant torque-speed curve of the motor. In the proposed drive, zero-speed operation is achieved by independently controlling the two sets of stator currents, hence, maintaining a minimum electrical frequency independent of the mechanical speed. This feature is especially important to minimize the negative impact of the stator resistance influence at low-speed operation and it greatly simplifies the implementation of speed sensorless control schemes. The drive is well suited for either constant volts per hertz or field-oriented (FO) operation. Circulating harmonic currents, common to most dual stator machines, are eliminated by the dissimilar pole number in each stator winding.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Hexagonal-Phase Ta2O5 Using TaF5 and H2O

The results of atomic layer deposition of Ta 2 O 5 on silicon using the precursors TaF 5 and H 2 O are reported. The films are stoichiometric Ta 2 O 5 at the surface, becoming Ta-rich as the interface is approached. For deposition temperatures from 400 to 450°C and chamber pressures from 0.5 to 5 Torr, the deposition rate exhibits two growth regimes, postulated to be due to differences in the densities of hydroxyl species on the chemically cleaned Si substrates and on the deposited Ta 2 O 5 layer. Growth rate in the "converged" regime, in which Ta 2 O 5 has completely covered the substrate, is more strongly affected by the partial pressure of the TaF 5 than by that of the H 2 O. A comparison is made between the growth rate and the surface coverage of TaF 5 calculated with a simple Langmuir model. The deposited phase changes from amorphous to crystalline (hexagonal) in the same interval of pressure and temperature. The controlling factor for formation of the hexagonal polymorph is the partial pressure of the TaF 5 precursor. The extent of surface coverage of TaF 5 alone does not adequately account for the dependence of the extent of crystallization on pressure and temperature, and it is likely that there are additional important surface reaction components.