cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is a defect in the diaphragm occurring in fetal development. Abdominal contents can herniate through the defect, decreasing lung function. In addition to this direct compression effect, abnormal fetal development further decreases lung function. CDH is associated with several syndromes, associations, and chromosomal abnormalities. Detailed prenatal evaluation is required including lung-to-head ratio, liver position, and total lung volume. Postnatal diagnosis can be made with physical examination and chest x-ray. Pulmonary hypertension, inadequate ventilation, and oxygenation are the main causes of morbidity in these patients. Defects can be operated on during gestation in fetal procedures, with direct repair or endoluminal tracheal occlusion. The patient is now stabilized prior to surgery using techniques including early intubation, ECMO, iNO, or HFOV. Intraoperative management now focuses on reducing ventilator related barotrauma, permissive hypercapnia, and spontaneous ventilation. These patients may have many comorbidities long-term. Table provides a summary of the perioperative anesthesia management for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Burns and Extremity Injury: A Difficult Combination

On the front line, casualties with burns requiring care may be seen among warfighters as well as the local civilian population. Burns associated with fracture or other extremity injury can be very challenging to the orthopedic surgeon who gets limited exposure if any to burn patients during their training and practice. However, in the deployed setting or in humanitarian missions, the orthopedic surgeon may be required to treat these patients. Analysis of conflicts in the past century has shown that burn victims form about 5 % of war casualties on the modern battlefield. Similarly, burn injury is common in the developing world and conflict areas where cooking and heating needs are met with open flame devices exposing family members especially children to the potential of burns. For these reasons the orthopedic surgeon on the front line must be familiar in burn treatment principles.
Chapter 37 Quality of life and environmental comparisons

Abstract Recent research into the urban quality of life (QOL) is reviewed and analyzed, with a special emphasis on the estimation of implicit prices of environmental attributes. New work has incorporated traditional concerns of urban theory into QOL analyses, as well as increased our understanding of specification bias problems in hedonic estimations. However, empirical research into the QOL finds itself at a crossroads, as the large city-specific error components in the underlying wage and housing expenditure hedonic specifications result in imprecise measurement of overall QOL values and rankings. Amassing higher quality databases to deal with this problem should be high on the agenda of those interested in this research program.
Role of Blood Bank, Transfusion Services, and Pharmacy in ICU Patients with Hematologic Challenges

The practice of pharmacy and transfusion medicine is evolving rapidly in the face of a new era of healthcare calling for improved quality of care and better outcomes with lower costs. A better understanding of the principles of Patient Blood Management (PBM) and the relating therapies that are dispensed from both the pharmacy and the blood bank is a requisite for collaborating healthcare practitioners to be able to fulfill their new role as active members of healthcare teams. The traditional view on allogeneic blood transfusion as a “lifesaving” treatment has been shattered as evidence on harms of unwarranted transfusions, costs, and dwindling supplies emerges. The core tenets of PBM call for a multidisciplinary care strategy that utilizes the timely application of evidence-based medical and surgical concepts designed to maintain hemoglobin concentration, optimize hemostasis, and minimize blood loss in an effort to improve patient outcome. Various pharmacological and biological agents such as hematinics, hemostatic agents, coagulation factors and concentrates, and artificial oxygen carriers are available and/or under development to address this goal. Additionally, with new and complex medications available for use, especially modern anticoagulant therapies and their corresponding antidotes, it will be important for pharmacists and transfusion services to remain vigilant in staying up to date in order to best care for critically ill patients.
Septal rupture closure: Still a challenge

Review of the Medicare database shows that over the past 16 years the incidence of post- myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal rupture (VSR) has decreased but mortality for all post-MI VSR hospitalizations remains unchanged and high During the study period, the 30-day VSR repair rate decreased from 49.9% in 1999 to 33.3% in 2014. Unadjusted mortality was lower for patients undergoing repair procedures than for those not undergoing repair both at 30 days and at 1-year. Most VSR patients underwent surgical repair (82.9%) and only a minority underwent transcatheter repair (17.1%). Regardless of the approach, outcomes remain unsatisfactory.
Arabic Poem Generation with Hierarchical Recurrent Attentional Network

Automatic Poem generation is an interesting research topic which has attracted the Natural Language Processing (NLP) deep learning community's attention. However, the majority of poetry-generation-related research is performed in English and Chinese, ignoring other languages. In this paper, we take a first step in training a deep learning model of Arabic poetry generation. We proposed two approaches to generate Arabic poetry: 1) A Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) model to compose the first line; 2) A modified Bi-GRU encoder-decoder with a hierarchical neural attention framework to generate other verses sequentially, which can adequately capture word, phrase, and verse information between contexts. A comprehensive evaluation with human judgments confirms that the generated poems by our model outperforms the base models in criteria such as Meaning, Coherence, and Poticness. Extensive quantitative experiments using BLEU scores also demonstrate significant improvements over strong baselines. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work in generating Arabic poetry is considered an essential development in this line of the field.
Early experiences with the use of continuous erector spinae plane blockade for the provision of perioperative analgesia for pediatric liver transplant recipients

Objective Pediatric liver transplantation presents a number of anesthetic challenges, especially in providing adequate perioperative analgesia. In an effort to reduce opioid consumption and improve functional outcomes following pediatric liver transplantation, we have instituted a novel analgesia protocol centered on the provision of continuous regional analgesia with erector spinae plane (ESP) blockade. Cases We describe preincisional bilateral ESP catheter placement in two pediatric patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. The first case was a 12-year-old boy with maple syrup urine disease undergoing initial transplantation and the second case was an 8-year-old boy who underwent an 11 hours complex redo liver transplant in the setting of glycogen storage disease type 1A requiring initial liver transplant in 2014. The 8-year-old boy presented to the operating suite with acute Budd-Chiari syndrome with comorbid ascites and a large right pleural effusion. In both cases, ESP blockade resulted in good analgesia, markedly reduced intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption as compared with institutional data and published rates of consumption and was associated with rapid return of bowel function. Conclusions These early experiences suggest a role for continuous ESP blockade to improve analgesia and potentially change the paradigm of treatment in this fragile patient population. The technique should be considered in similar interventions. Further study will be undertaken to validate our observation.
Management of Biotechnical Complications Associated with a Full‐Arch Implant Restoration Using Digital and Conventional Workflows: A Clinical Report

Full-arch implant-supported restorations using a metal-acrylic resin design have had a high success rate but are also associated with frequent technical complications including framework misfit due to casting errors, debonding of denture teeth, and fracture of the acrylic from the metal framework. This clinical report describes a case of maxillary and mandibular full-arch implant-supported rehabilitation associated with technical and biological complications and use of digital technology for fabricating monolithic restorations. The use of a bio-functional try-in and its subsequent use as a conversion prosthesis for fabricating a master cast is described. The use of the patient's existing metal bar to fabricate a retread type prosthesis is also described along with using digital technology for fabricating a new metal bar and a monolithic type of restoration. The integration of digital and conventional workflows to obtain an increased level of accuracy and simplicity is also discussed.
Impact of early rasburicase on incidence of clinical tumor lysis syndrome in lymphoma.

Early administration of rasburicase to enhance uric acid (UA) elimination has been adopted without robust evidence in support of its impact on clinical outcomes in tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), speci...
Fostering Children's Reasoning about Disagreements through an Inquiry-Based Curriculum.

We investigated how young children evaluate disagreements between two people and whether formal education affects this capacity. We compared 120 first graders tested during the 2014–2015 academic y...
Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Element diffusion rates and temperature/pressure control a range of fundamental volcanic and metamorphic processes. Such processes are often recorded in lamellae exsolved from host mineral phases. Thus, the analysis of the orientation, size, morphology, composition and spacing of exsolution lamellae is an area of active research in the geosciences. The conventional study of these lamellae has been conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and more recently with focused ion beam (FIB)-based nanotomography, yet with limited chemical information. Here, we explore the use of atom probe tomography (APT) for the nanoscale analysis of ilmenite exsolution lamellae in igneous titanomagnetite from ash deposits erupted from the active Soufriere Hills Volcano (Montserrat, British West Indies). APT allows the precise calculation of interlamellar spacings (14–29 ± 2 nm) and reveals smooth diffusion profiles with no sharp phase boundaries during the exchange of Fe and Ti/O between the exsolved lamellae and the host crystal. Our results suggest that this novel approach permits nanoscale measurements of lamellae composition and interlamellar spacing that may provide a means to estimate the lava dome temperatures necessary to model extrusion rates and lava dome failure, both of which play a key role in volcanic hazard mitigation efforts.
Assessing Cultural Drivers of Safety Resilience in a Collegiate Aviation Program

Organizational safety resilience is a key factor in sustaining an effective safety management system (SMS) in high-reliability organizations (HROs) such as aviation. Extant research advocates for monitoring, assessing and continuously improving safety in an organization that has a fully-functional SMS. Safety resilience provides a buffer against vulnerabilities. Extant research also suggests a paucity in terms of a measurement framework for organizational safety resilience in collegiate aviation operations. A quantitative approach using Reason’s safety resilience concept (Reason, 2011) is used to assess organizational safety resilience in a collegiate aviation program with an active conformance SMS accepted by the FAA. A sample of 516 research participants responded to an online survey instrument derived from Reason (2011). Structural Equation Model (SEM)/Path Analysis (PA) techniques are used to assess models that measure the strength of relationships between three cultural drivers (Commitment, Cognizance, Competence) of safety and safety resilience. There were strong significant relationships between these cultural drivers and safety resilience. Path analysis suggests that Commitment significantly mediates the path between Cognizance and Competence and highlights its important role in sustaining safety competencies. There were significant differences in the perceptions of safety resilience among top-level leadership, flight operations and ground operations. Flight operations and ground operations had higher mean scores on safety resilience than top-level leadership. Study provides a validated model of safety resilience that is essential for SMS improvements in collegiate aviation programs. Future studies will utilize this safety resilience model to assess other collegiate aviation programs in various phases of SMS implementation, airlines, and air traffic control operations.Key words: SMS, safety culture, safety resilience, collegiate aviation
Simple Versus Radical Resection for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of National Cancer Database.

BackgroundDuodenal adenocarcinoma treatment consists of either simple or radical surgical resection. Existing evidence suggests similar survival outcomes between the two but is limited by small num...
Numerical and semi-analytical solution of a transient during the start-up of a slab reactor with circulating fuel at zero power

Abstract We have developed semi-analytical solutions for a space–time dependent transient during start-up of a circulating fuel reactor with finite flow velocity. The simpler case of infinite flow velocity is also analytically treated. Via comparisons with our in-house 1D multigroup diffusion code which solves time-dependent problems of circulating fuel reactors, we have verified both the numerical and semi-analytical solutions. The highly oscillatory temporal dependence of the flux and the precursor density require the use of high precision arithmetic for Laplace inversion in the semi-analytical solution. The effect of arithmetic precision on the accuracy of the semi-analytical solution is also investigated. The semi-analytical solutions provide a tool for the verification of numerical methods developed for the transient neutronic analysis of circulating fuel reactors.
Spiral Oblique Phalangeal Fractures with Butterfly Fragments

When a butterfly fragment is present, a three-part fracture exists, and the problems of reduction and fixation become more challenging than with the spiral oblique fracture only. Each side of the butterfly must be fixed to its adjacent fragment before the reduction will be stable. Occasionally, it is possible to get more than one screw into each side of the butterfly fragment (Figs. 26-1 A-G), but this is not common in such small bones as the phalanges. If possible when only one screw can be inserted, it should be positioned to bisect a perpendicular to the fracture and a perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. A neutralization plate is used to protect the two screws from rotational forces (Figs. 26-2 A-K). Where there is more comminution and fragments are small, the ideal fixation techniques cannot be used. The ingenuity of the surgeon is taxed by such situations, and this is where interosseous wiring and tension band techniques may save the day. Although compression may be impossible, fixation may be stable and the overall result may be correspondingly improved.
The foundations of psychological theory

Over the previous decade, Robert E. Lana had attempted to understand the enterprise of psychology as a totality. Such an attempt was unpopular in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s but had become increasingly more popular to psychologists in the 1970s. After considerable study, he became convinced that the twin vehicles for such a task were the history of the field and the epistemological contexts into which psychological theories fit. Originally published in 1976, the initial chapters in this volume are devoted to explaining, through history, the major epistemological ideas either implicit or explicit in modern psychological theory. Later chapters are studies of the epistemological contexts that, in part, yield modern psychological theory.
Step-Edge-Guided Nucleation and Growth of Aligned WSe2 on Sapphire via a Layer-over-Layer Growth Mode.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene have drawn a lot of attention recently. Among the large family of 2D materials, transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), for example, molybdenum disulfides (MoS2) and tungsten diselenides (WSe2), have been demonstrated to be good candidates for advanced electronics, optoelectronics, and other applications. Growth of large single-crystalline domains and continuous films of monolayer TMDCs has been achieved recently. Usually, these TMDC flakes nucleate randomly on substrates, and their orientation cannot be controlled. Nucleation control and orientation control are important steps in 2D material growth, because randomly nucleated and orientated flakes will form grain boundaries when adjacent flakes merge together, and the formation of grain boundaries may degrade mechanical and electrical properties of as-grown materials. The use of single crystalline substrates enables the alignment of as-grown TMDC flakes via a substrate–flake epitaxial interaction, as dem...
Multiple peptides converge to activate the same voltage-dependent current in a central pattern-generating circuit.

The stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis, is modulated by >20 different substances, including numerous neuropeptides. One of these peptides, proctolin, activates an inward current that shows strong outward rectification ([Golowasch and Marder, 1992][1]). Decreasing the extracellular Ca2+concentration linearizes the current–voltage curve of the proctolin-induced current. We used voltage clamp to study the currents evoked by proctolin and five additional modulators [ C. borealis tachykinin-related peptide Ia (CabTRP Ia), crustacean cardioactive peptide, red pigment-concentrating hormone, TNRNFLRFamide, and the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine] in stomatogastric ganglion neurons, both in the intact ganglion and in dissociated cell culture. Subtraction currents yielded proctolin-like current–voltage relationships for all six substances, and the current–voltage curves of all six substances showed linearization in low external Ca2+. The lateral pyloric neuron responded to all six modulators, but the ventricular dilator neuron only responded to a subset of them. Bath application of saturating concentrations of proctolin occluded the response to CabTRP and vice versa. N -(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-napthalensulfonamide, a calmodulin inhibitor, increased the amplitude and altered the voltage dependence of the responses elicited by CabTRP and proctolin. Together, these data indicate that all six substances converge onto the same voltage-dependent current, although they activate different receptors. Therefore, differential network responses evoked by these substances may primarily depend on the receptor distribution on network neurons. [1]: #ref-22
Child Maltreatment and Dependency

Child maltreatment cases can be fairly complex because of the mixture of interests among the different parties involved and the difficult decisions often made in these contexts, such as termination of parental rights. Psychologists can play an important role in the handling of maltreatment cases in dependency court by performing evaluations to assist legal decision makers in making informed decisions about the child's best interests to ensure his or her protection. The dependency system seeks to protect children from harmful situations associated with inadequate parenting and provide placement and necessary services to ensure the child's wellbeing. Keywords: child dependency; child maltreatment; child protection; children; family law; trauma
Mutation spectrum and sequence alkylation selectivity resulting from modification of bacteriophage M13mp18 DNA with S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione. Evidence for a role of S-(2-N7-guanyl)ethyl)glutathione as a mutagenic lesion formed from ethylene dibromide.

The major DNA adduct (greater than 95% total) resulting from the bioactivation of ethylene dibromide by conjugation with GSH is S-(2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl)GSH. The mutagenic potential of this adduct has been uncertain, however, because the observed mutagenicity might be caused by other adducts present at much lower levels, e.g. S-(2-N1-adenyl)ethyl)GSH. To assess the formation of other potential adducts, S-(2-(N3-deoxycytidyl)ethyl)GSH, S-(2-(O6-deoxyguanosyl)ethyl)GSH, and S-(2-(N2-deoxyguanosyl)ethyl)GSH were prepared and used as standards in the analysis of calf thymus DNA modified by treatment with [1,2-14C]ethylene dibromide and GSH in the presence of rat liver cytosol; only minor amounts (less than 0.2%) were found. A forward mutation assay in (repair-deficient) Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and sequence analysis were utilized to determine the type, site, and frequency of mutations in a portion of the lacZ gene resulting from in vitro modification of bacteriophage M13mp18 DNA with S-(2-chloroethyl)GSH, an analog of the ethylene dibromide-GSH conjugate. An adduct level of approximately 8 nmol (mg DNA)-1 resulted in a 10-fold increase in mutation frequency relative to the spontaneous level. The spectrum of spontaneous mutations was quite varied, but the spectrum of S-(2-chloroethyl)GSH-induced mutations consisted primarily of base substitutions of which G:C to A:T transitions accounted for 75% (70% of the total mutations). All available evidence implicates S-(2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl)GSH as the cause of these mutations inasmuch as the levels of the minor adducts are not consistent with the mutation frequency observed in this system. The sequence selectivity of alkylation was determined by treatment of end-labeled lac DNA fragments with S-(2-chloroethyl)GSH, cleavage of the DNA at adduct sites, and electrophoretic analysis. Comparison of the sequence selectivity with the mutation spectrum revealed no obligate relationship between the extent of adduct formation and the number of mutations which resulted at different sites. We suggest that the mechanism of mutagenesis involves DNA sequence-dependent alterations in the interaction of the polymerase with the (modified) template and incoming nucleotide.
Political Intolerance, Right and Left

Research recently published in Political Psychology suggested that political intolerance is more strongly predicted by political conservatism than liberalism. Our findings challenge that conclusion. Participants provided intolerance judgments of several targets and the political objective of these targets (left-wing vs. right-wing) was varied between subjects. Across seven judgments, conservatism predicted intolerance of left-wing targets, while liberalism predicted intolerance of right-wing targets. These relationships were fully mediated by perceived threat from targets. Moreover, participants were biased against directly opposing political targets: conservatives were more intolerant of a left-wing target than the opposing right-wing target (e.g., pro-gay vs. anti-gay rights activists), while liberals were more intolerant of a right-wing target than the opposing left-wing target. These findings are discussed within the context of the existing political intolerance and motivated reasoning literatures.
Cutting Edge: Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 60 Activates the Innate Immune Response: CD14 Is an Essential Receptor for HSP60 Activation of Mononuclear Cells

Heat shock proteins (HSP), highly conserved across species, are generally viewed as intracellular proteins thought to serve protective functions against infection and cellular stress. Recently, we have reported the surprising finding that human and chlamydial HSP60, both present in human atheroma, can activate vascular cells and macrophages. However, the transmembrane signaling pathways by which extracellular HSP60 may activate cells remains unclear. CD14, the monocyte receptor for LPS, binds numerous microbial products and can mediate activation of monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells, thus promoting the innate immune response. We show here that human HSP60 activates human PBMC and monocyte-derived macrophages through CD14 signaling and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, sharing this pathway with bacterial LPS. These findings provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular HSP may participate in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory disorders by activating the innate immune system.
The Legionella pneumophila major secretory protein, a protease, is not required for intracellular growth or cell killing.

Abstract The Legionella pneumophila major secretory protein (Msp) is a Zn2+ metalloprotease whose function in pathogenesis is unknown. The structural gene for the Msp protease, mspA, was isolated from an L. pneumophila genomic library. In Escherichia coli which contain plasmids with the mspA gene, Msp protein and activity are found in the periplasmic space and the cytoplasm. Transposon mutagenesis with Tn9 of an mspA-containing plasmid in E. coli yielded mutants which no longer expressed protease activity and others with increased protease activity. These results suggested that mspA expression might be regulated. Msp was shown to be produced at a much higher level in L. pneumophila grown in rich compared to semidefined media. A Tn9 insertion which abolishes Msp expression was introduced into the L. pneumophila genome. This mspA::Tn9 L. pneumophila strain showed no detectable production of Msp by immunoblot analysis, and it had less than 0.1% of the protease activity found in the wild-type strain. This mutant was fully capable of growing within and killing human macrophages derived from the HL-60 cell line.
Sensitivity analysis of state space methods in spectrum estimation

In this paper, we examine the issue of parameter sensitivity in spectrum estimation. In particular, state space models are considered and robust coordinate systems for spectrum estimation are identified. For the sinusoid problem it is shown that the ideal parameter set involves estimating a unitary matrix and simple procedures to estimate such a matrix are identified. For the damped sinusoid and the general ARMA spectrum estimation problem it is shown that the balanced coordinates are robust and reliable.
The Dynamic and Stochastic Knapsack Problem with Deadlines

In this paper a dynamic and stochastic model of the well-known knapsack problem is developed and analyzed. The problem is motivated by a wide variety of real-world applications. Objects of random weight and reward arrive according to a stochastic process in time. The weights and rewards associated with the objects are distributed according to a known probability distribution. Each object can either be accepted to be loaded into the knapsack, of known weight capacity, or be rejected. The objective is to determine the optimal policy for loading the knapsack within a fixed time horizon so as to maximize the expected accumulated reward. The optimal decision rules are derived and are shown to exhibit surprising behavior in some cases. It is also shown that if the distribution of the weights is concave, then the decision rules behave according to intuition.
Petrology of the Chilliwack batholith, North Cascades, Washington : Generation of calc-alkaline granitoids by melting of mafic lower crust with variable water fugacity

Calc-alkaline granitoid rocks of the Oligocene-Pliocene Chilliwack batholith, North Cascades, range from quartz diorites to granites (57–78% SiO2), and are coeval with small gabbroic stocks. Modeling of major element, trace element, and isotopic data for granitoid and mafic rocks suggests that: (1) the granitoids were derived from amphibolitic lower crust having REE (rare-earth-element) and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of the exposed gabbros; (2) lithologic diversity among the granitoids is primarily the result of variable water fugacity during melting. The main effect of fH 2 O variation is to change the relative proportions of plagioclase and amphibole in the residuum. The REE data for intermediate granitoids (quartz diorite-granodiorite; Eu/Eu*=0.84–0.50) are modeled by melting with fH 2 O<1 kbar, leaving a plagioclase + pyroxene residuum. In contrast, data for leucocratic granitoids (leuco-granodiorites and granites; Eu/Eu* =1.0–0.54) require residual amphibole in the source and are modeled by melting with fH 2 O=2–3 kbar. Consistent with this model, isotopic data for the granitoids show no systematic variation with rock type (87Sr/86Sri =0.7033–0.7043; eNd(0)=+3.3 to +5.5) and overlap significantly with data for the gabbroic rocks (87Sr/86Sri =0.7034–0.7040; eNd(0)=+3.3 to +6.9). The fH 2 O variations during melting may reflect additions of H2O to the lower crust from crystallizing basaltic magmas having a range of H2O contents; Chillwack gabbros document the existence of such basalts. One-dimensional conductive heat transfer calculations indicate that underplating of basaltic magmas can provide the heat required for large-scale melting of amphibolitic lower crust, provided that ambient wallrock temperatures exceed 800°C. Based on lithologic and geochemical similarities, this model may be applicable to other Cordilleran batholiths.
Global sensitivity analysis of nonlinear chemical kinetic equations using lie groups: II. Some chemical and mathematical properties of the transformation groups

This paper establishes a number of properties of transformation groups that map elementary kinetic equations into new elementary kinetic equations with altered rate constants. The chemical significance of the transformations is assessed by applying them to systems involving two reacting species. There are then twelve one-parameter groups of mappings. Some mappings may be used to study the effects of changes in input/output fluxes on concentrations and their compensation by changes in other rate constants. A number of mappings transform nonlinear kinetics into approximately linear kinetics valid in regions larger than those obtained by standard methods. In some cases, the linearization is globally exact. Some mappings create lumped concentration variables and may be used to systematically reduce the number of manifest concentration variables in nonlinear, as well as linear, kinetic equations. The global mappings may be characterized by the functions of rate constants and functions of concentrations that they leave invariant. Although they produce large changes in rate constants and concentrations, none of these mappings change the topology of concentration phase plots as they map a phase plot determined by one set of initial conditions and rate constants into that determined by transformed initial conditions and rate constants. Metrical properties of the concentration maps generally depend upon the accuracy with which the group generators are approximated: systematic methods for their improvement are sketched.
Liniking of errata: current practices in online physical sciences journals

Reader awareness of article corrections can be of critical importance in the physical and biomedical sciences. Comparison of errata and corrigenda in online versions of high-impact physical sciences journals across titles and publishers yielded surprising variability. Of 43 online journals surveyed, 17 had no links between original articles and later corrections. When present, hyperlinks between articles and errata showed patterns in presentation style, but lacked consistency. Variability in the presentation, linking, and availability of online errata indicates that practices are not evenly developed across the field. Comparison of finding tools showed excellent coverage of errata by Science Citation Index, lack of indexing in INSPEC, and lack of retrieval with SciFinder Scholar. The development of standards for the linking of original articles to errata is recommended.
Human hexosaminidase isozymes. Assay of platelet activity for heterozygote identification during pregnancy.

Abstract Identification of carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene during pregnancy is difficult because of the increase in serum of a heat stable hexosaminidase isozyme I (or P) as well as changes in the relative and absolute activities of the various molecular forms of the enzyme with advancing pregnancy. In contrast, isolation of blood platelets followed by ion exchange Chromatographic separation and assay of the hexosaminidase isozymes in platelet extracts by an automated method provides a sensitive and reliable method for heterozygote identification during pregnancy. This method appears superior to procedures involving thermal inactivation of extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes because of significant differences in the content of the hexosaminidase isozymes in granulocytes, lymphocyte and other cell types, as well as variations in the proportion of these cell types in samples of peripheral blood. It also alleviates the problem inherent in any method involving thermal inactivation of hexosaminidase A by avoiding possible interconversion of the various molecular forms of the enzyme associated with heating.
Leishmania amazonensis Amastigotes Highly Express a Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Isoform That Increases Parasite Resistance to Macrophage Antimicrobial Defenses and Fosters Parasite Virulence

Professional phagocytes generate a myriad of antimicrobial molecules to kill invading microorganisms, of which nitrogen oxides are integral in controlling the obligate intracellular pathogen Leishmania. Although reactive nitrogen species produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can promote the clearance of intracellular parasites, some Leishmania species/stages are relatively resistant to iNOS-mediated antimicrobial activity. The underlying mechanism for this resistance remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the amastigote form of L. amazonensis is hyper-resistant to the antimicrobial actions of cytokine-activated murine and human macrophages as compared to its promastigote counterpart. Amastigotes exhibit a marked ability to directly counter the cytotoxicity of peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a leishmanicidal oxidant that is generated during infection through the combined enzymatic activities of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. The enhanced antinitrosative defense of amastigotes correlates with the increased expression of a tryparedoxin peroxidase (TXNPx) isoform that is also upregulated in response to iNOS enzymatic activity within infected macrophages. Accordingly, ectopic over-expression of the TXNPx isoform by L. amazonensis promastigotes significantly enhances parasite resistance against ONOO− cytotoxicity. Moreover, TXNPx-overexpressing parasites exhibit greater intra-macrophage survival, and increased parasite growth and lesion development in a murine model of leishmaniasis. Our investigations indicate that TXNPx isoforms contribute to Leishmania's ability to adapt to and antagonize the hostile microenvironment of cytokine-activated macrophages, and provide a mechanistic explanation for persistent infection in experimental and human leishmaniasis.
EFFICACY OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES ON CONVENTIONAL COTTON VS. A BOLLGARD II VARIETY AGAINST BOLLWORMS, 2006

Cotton was planted on 3 May in conventional tillage on an Acock very fine sandy loam soil at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount, NC. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft in a RCB design with 4 replications. All four rows treated with the insecticides indicated in the table, with the exception of the Bollgard II variety, which was untreated. The foliar treatments were made one 3 and 14 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems nozzle per row. The initial rate of the experimental insecticide DPX-E2Y45 1.67SC was the same, but differed between the three treatments in the second application. On 7 and 21 Aug and on 6 Sep, 25 randomly selected bolls per plot (100 per treatment) were examined for bollworm injury. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested with 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 20 Oct. All field data were entered into Gylling’s ARM 6.2 software and analyzed via ANOVA with LSD (P = 0.05) values shown in the table.
The boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding process: A simulation model

Abstract A model is presented for predicting boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, feeding damage to cotton. The model uses appropriate probability theory based on behavioral components of male and nonreproducing female boll weevils and includes the effects of (1) differential feeding site preferences, (2) previous damage to the sites, and (3) individual insect behavior extended to feeding damage caused by a population of insects. The model is sensitive to both crop and insect parameters. An example of how this model can be used in an insect-crop ecosystem simulation is offered.
Electrophysiological characteristics of giant axons of the lobster Homarus americanus and their response to cholinergic compounds.

Abstract 1. 1. Using polarization tests, five apparently distinct categories of electrical response are observed in the population of 7–10 giant axons of the lobster connective. 2. 2. Differences in the response to externally applied acetylcholine (1 × 10 −2 M ) correlate with these electrical categories. 3. 3. The depolarization response to ACh in this preparation is blocked by cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors or by strongly buffered bathing media (0·1 M Tris or glycyglycine, at p H 7), while a similar depolarization and spike decrement is produced by bathing solutions acidified to p H 4.0–5.0. 4. 4. The possibility that the acetylcholine depolarization results from local p H alteration induced by the hydrolysis products of the demonstrated high cholinesterase levels of these axons is discussed.
Organ Culture of Human Skin in Chemically Defined Medium

Explants of adult human skin were grown in vitro in a chemically defined medium without serum. Under these conditions the epidermis was well maintained for up to 7 days, during which time new stratum corneum formation was observed. Most often the stratum corneum was orthokeratotic and associated with a prominent granular layer. Parakeratotic regions were also evident and these were not associated with a granular layer. During the first 5 days in culture there was a significant increase in DNA synthesis (as measured radioautographically) and mitosis.
Induction of apoptosis in head-and-neck squamous carcinoma cells by γ-irradiation and bleomycin is p53-independent

We have examined the ability of gamma-irradiation and bleomycin to induce apoptosis in a model system consisting of cell lines derived from naturally occurring human head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinomas with contrasting p53 status and expression levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules. Following exposure to gamma-irradiation (20 Gy) or bleomycin (3.5 microM) for 0 to 96 hr, cells expressing either transcriptionally inactive mutant p53 (HN6) or a truncated p53 molecule (HN19) underwent apoptosis, as assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling, in contrast to cells that express wild-type p53 (HN30), suggesting that apoptosis induced by these agents occurs by p53-independent mechanisms. Apoptosis in HN6 and HN19 cells was preceded by a G(2)/M cell-cycle block, as analyzed by DNA content and BrdU staining. In contrast, HN30 cells remained blocked in both G(1) and G(2)/M and failed to re-enter the cell cycle. Levels of Bcl-2 were elevated in 3 of 10 cell lines, and only marginal differences were observed for Bcl-x(L). Pro-apoptotic proteins bax and Bcl-x(S) were detectable in normal keratinocytes and 4 tumor cell lines. Bax-delta (16 kDa) was highly represented in normal keratinocytes, and levels of bak were variable between cell lines. Elevated expression of Bcl-2 failed to protect HN19 cells from either gamma-irradiation or bleomycin-induced apoptosis. Our data support the existence of p53- and Bcl-2-independent pathways regulating apoptosis in keratinocytes and suggest that efficacy of either radiotherapy or bleomycin treatment for oral squamous-cell neoplasms may not, therefore, be influenced solely by endogenous p53 status.
Design and Microfabrication of Terahertz Magnetic Metamaterials

In this work, we introduce the simulation design and microfabrication of a class of magnetic metamaterials with critical dimension of 2–6 microns and lattice constant of 30–50 microns. These metamaterials will exhibit magnetic response at 0.5–2THz. To optimize the design variables, we conducted a series of Taguchi experiments and a quasi-linear relationship of resonant frequency is established upon each design parameter. We are currently characterizing the first generation of the fabricated magnetic metamaterials using Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Genus disambiguation: a study in weighted preference

The automatic construction of an IS_A taxonomy of noun senses from a machine readable dictionary (MRD) has long been sought, but achieved with only limited success. The task requires the solution to two problems: 1) To define an algorithm to automatically identify the genus or hypernym of a noun definition, and 2) to define an algorithm for lexical disambiguation of the genus term. In the last few years, effective methods for solving the first problem have been developed, but the problem of creating an algorithm for lexical disambiguation of the genus terms is one that has proven to be very difficult. In COLING 90 we described our initial work on the automatic creation of a taxonomy of noun senses from Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE). The algorithm for lexical disambiguation of the genus term was accurate about 80% of the time and made use of the semantic categories, the subject area markings and the frequency of use information in LDOCE. In this paper we report a series of experiments which weight the three factors in various ways, and describe our improvements to the algorithm (to about 90% accuracy).
Exercise dynamics in late gestation: effects of physical training.

Heart rate and stroke volume were measured serially in subjects at rest in the sitting position and at the onset and end of a 6-minute period of upright bicycle exercise. Twenty-three subjects, with normal pregnancy were studied in late gestation and again post partum. Rest and exercise cardiac outputs in late gestation were not different from those in the postpartum period. Heart rate was higher at rest and stroke volume lower during exercise in late gestation than post partum. At the end of exercise, stroke volume fell dramatically in late gestation but not post partum. Ten women prospectively identified as physically fit had responses that were not different from those of the nonfit cohort in late gestation. Post partum, the physically fit women had exercise responses typical of-trained persons and different from those of the nonfit cohort. In late gestation, rest and exercise hemodynamics in subjects in the sitting position appeared to be dominated by factors influencing venous return, independent of physical fitness.
Strategic Planning for Higher Education

Academic institutions are under increasing pressure to improve engineering education while faced with decreasing budgets, not unlike the pressure American businesses experience from international competition. Using an accepted strategic-planning outline, formulation of a strategic plan for an engineering department is discussed. As with any department operating within a large structure, academic or private business, entrenched practices and bureaucracy are identified as formidable opponents to change. However, the first line of defense against change may be the lack of consensus building betweeen individuals within the department.
Diffuse esophageal stricture secondary to esophageal lichen planus

There are many well-known causes of diffuse esophageal stricture, including lye burns, reflux, radiation, and several mucocutaneous diseases. We report a case of esophageal stricture secondary to lichen planus. Esophageal lichen planus is rare and frequently mistaken for other more common disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, which delays diagnosis and appropriate treatment, but it should be considered in female patients with cutaneous and oral lichen planus.
Single photon emission computed tomography experience with (S)-5-[ 123I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine in the living human brain of smokers and nonsmokers

(S)-5-[(123)I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5-[(123)I]IA), a novel potent radioligand for high-affinity alpha4beta2* neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), provides a means to evaluate the density and the distribution of nAChRs in the living human brain. We sought in healthy adult smokers and nonsmokers to (1) evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 5-[(123)I]IA in an open nonblind trial and (2) to estimate the density and the distribution of alpha(4)beta(2)* nAChRs in the brain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed for 5 h after the i.v. administration of approximately 0.001 microg/kg ( approximately 10 mCi) 5-[(123)I]IA. Blood pressure, heart rate, and neurobehavioral status were monitored before, during, and after the administration of 5-[(123)I]IA to 12 healthy adults (8 men and 4 women) (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) ranging in age from 19 to 46 years (mean = 28.25, standard deviation = 8.20). High plasma-nicotine level was significantly associated with low 5-[(123)I]IA binding in: (1) the caudate head, the cerebellum, the cortex, and the putamen, utilizing both the Sign and Mann-Whitney U-tests; (2) the fusiform gyrus, the hippocampus, the parahippocampus, and the pons utilizing the Mann-Whitney U-test; and (3) the thalamus utilizing the Sign test. We conclude that 5-[(123)I]IA is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective pharmacologic agent for human subjects to estimate high-affinity alpha4/beta2 nAChRs in the living human brain.
Broadband Z-scan characterization using a high-spectral-irradiance, high-quality supercontinuum

We generate a high-spectral-irradiance, high-quality continuum by weakly focusing femtosecond pulses in Kr gas. We use this continuum as a source for rapid Z-scan measurements of the degenerate nonlinear absorption spectrum and the associated dispersion of the nonlinear refraction in optical materials throughout the visible. We measure the degenerate two-photon absorption spectra and the dispersion of the nonlinear refractive index, n2, of two well-characterized semiconductors (ZnSe and ZnS) as reference samples for our method, along with dilute solutions of organic materials. The latter materials demonstrate application of the technique to samples with lower nonlinearities.
The Effect of Soil Treatments of Chlordane or Heptachlor on the Flavor of Turnips, Parsnips, and Carrots

Turnips, parsnips, and carrots grown in untreated soil or soil treated with 3 or 6 pounds per acre of heptachlor, or 5 or 10 pounds per acre of chlordane were evaluated for flavor. In one year an additional dosage of 20 pounds per acre of chlordane was applied to soil in which carrots were grown. Results of the palatability evaluations indicated that soil treatment with heptachlor or chlordane in the dosages reported had no adverse effect on the flavor of these three vegetables.
Protein kinase activity of polysome-ribosome preparations from poliovirus infected cells.

Abstract Polysome-ribosome preparations from poliovirus infected HeLa cells contain 10–15 fold more protein kinase activity in vitro than similar preparations from uninfected cells. Five peptides of mol. wt. 135K, 85K, 65K, 28K and 14K are phosphorylated by polysome-ribosome preparations from infected cells. Extracts obtained from cells infected in the presence of guanidine phosphorylate the same proteins whereas polysome-ribosome extracts obtained from uninfected cells treated with cycloheximide phosphorylate the 135K peptide and two others with mol. wt. values of 77K and 60K. Over 90% of the 135K peptide and over 70% of the other peptides can be washed off ribosomes with 0.5 M KCl.