cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacting 9th Grade Educational Outcomes: Results from a Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial of the BARR Model

In this paper, we report results from a multisite, student-level randomized controlled trial that examined the impact of the Building Assets, Reducing Risks (BARR) model on ninth-grade students. Th...
Further Applications of a Particle Visualization Framework

Previous work introduced a 3D particle visualization framework that viewed each data point as a particle affected by gravitational forces. We showed the use of this tool for visualizing cluster results and anomaly detection. This paper generalizes the particle visualization framework and demonstrates further applications such as determining the number of clusters and identifies clustering algorithm biases. We don’t claim visualization itself is sufficient in answering these questions. The methods here are best used when combined with other visual and analytic techniques. We have made our visualization software that produces standard VRML available to allow its use for these and other applications.
Superstar Judges as Entrepreneurs: The Untold Story of Fraud-on-the-Market

This Article unites two disparate subjects of profound interest to legal scholars. One is fraud-on-the-market, reaffirmed late last term in Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co. (Halliburton II). Probably the most important claim in the securities litigation universe, fraud-on-the-market is the sine qua non of almost every securities class action that is filed. The other subject consists of the work of Judges Frank Easterbrook and Richard Posner, the “superstars” of the current federal appellate bench. My purpose is several-fold: first, to show that fraud-on-the-market’s evolution, up through and culminating in Halliburton II, has been driven in significant measure by an unheralded series of contributions by Judge Easterbrook, Judge Posner, or a combination; and second, to reveal, by the use in part of an empirical spotlight, the strategies that they employed to bring their contributions to life.Judges Easterbrook and Posner influenced fraud-on-the-market by dominating the development of Rule 23(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Effective beginning more than ten years after Basic, Rule 23(f) offers a mechanism for appealing certification orders, where fraud- on-the-market issues tend to arise. Their domination of Rule 23(f)’s development has had three dimensions. First, Judge Posner played a role in the Rule’s becoming law. Second, he or Judge Posner authored the Seventh Circuit’s first seventeen reported Rule 23(f) opinions. Those opinions, which urged active use of the Rule in general and expressed antipathy towards fraud-on-the-market in particular, helped to fuel a series of rulings in other circuits that were hostile to fraud-on-the-market. Third, Judge Easterbrook thereafter wrote a Rule 23(f) opinion supportive of fraud-on-the-market, which influenced the Supreme Court’s approach in Halliburton II and elsewhere. Judges Easterbrook and Posner advanced their views by employing a variety of strategies, including describing precedent with less than complete accuracy to cornering the market on the authorship of Rule 23(f) opinions in their circuit. By identifying these and other strategies, I hope to highlight the importance of the superstars as entrepreneurs, an area of inquiry that offers to enlighten us greatly about how legal doctrine develops. Two perspectives have inhibited the exploration of the superstars’ entrepreneurship. One holds that essentially all judicial activity tends to be all strategy, all the time. This perspective fails to appreciate the singular role played by the superstar judges in the formulation of the legal canon and the consequent importance of focusing on their strategies. The other perspective regards entrepreneurship as noteworthy only to the extent that it occurs at the Supreme Court. This view ignores the fact that the superstar judges approach Supreme Court justices in terms of the degree of influence that they wield.
Conservatism: Historical Aspects

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 4, pp. 2624–2628, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd, with revisions made by the Editor.
Science Professional Development with Teachers: Nurturing the Scientist Within

We used a mixed-methods study to understand the nature of classroom instruction and the enactments of inquiry with nine teachers after an extensive professional development (PD). The Summer Ecology Institute for Teachers focused on science as a process and included mentoring by scientists and science educators. We validated our findings using a triangulation approach with multiple data sources: pre-post attitude surveys, classroom observations using the CETP-COP protocol with observation notes at 5 minute intervals, semi-structured interviews, and review of student science notebooks. Our first three findings address the nature of classroom instruction:1) in their classroom practice the nature of the instruction was as mentors for K-12 students as they engaged in scientific inquiry, 2) the teachers’ instructional practices were drawn from their own emerging identities as scientists who practice scientific inquiry in their interactions with their K-12 students (TIS) and 3) the classroom practice of the teachers promoted high levels of cognition and student engagement. A fourth finding addresses the enactment of inquiry in teachers’ classrooms: Finding 4) while teachers integrated inquiry into many aspects of their classroom instructional practices, there was an unevenness in the components of the inquiry enactments. Implications for PD are included.
Post-transcriptional cross-talk between pro-and anti-colonization pili biosynthesis systems in Vibrio cholerae

The pathogen Vibrio cholerae modulates the expression of many genes in order to transition from its environmental reservoir to its niche in the human host. Among these are genes encoding two related Type IV pili, the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (MSHA) pilus, which aids V. cholerae persistence in aquatic environments but causes clearance of bacteria by host immune defences, and the toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) required for colonization. These antagonistic effects are resolved transcriptionally by the regulator ToxT, which represses msh genes while activating tcp genes during infection. We show that these two pili systems are also intertwined post-transcriptionally through the ToxT-regulated pre-pilin peptidase TcpJ. We found that the major MSHA pilin, MshA, was degraded in V. cholerae in a TcpJ-dependent fashion. In a heterologous Escherichia coli system, TcpJ can recognize both MshA and its cognate substrate, the TCP subunit TcpA, but that processing by TcpJ causes the degradation of MshA. Through site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric pilin analysis, we show that this process targets a combination of MshA N-terminal motifs and depends on the proteolytic activity of TcpJ. Moreover, overexpression of tcpJ partially restored the ability of bacteria unable to transcriptionally downregulate msh genes to colonize infant mice. These findings describe co-ordinated proteolysis as a regulatory mechanism in V. cholerae and illustrate this organism's adaptability in the face of dramatic environmental changes.
Weaving is Life: Navajo Weavings from the Edwin L. and Ruth E. Kennedy Southwest Native American Collection

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2006 Pages: 80 Publisher: University of Washington Press ISBN: 0-295-98562-2 (soft cover). Prices: $19.95 USD(soft cover).
Types for security in a mobile world

Our society is increasingly moving towards richer forms of information exchange where mobility of processes and devices plays a prominent role. This tendency has prompted the academic community to study the security problems arising from such mobile environments, and in particular, the security policies regulating who can access the information in question. In this paper we propose a a mechanisms for specifying access privileges based on a combination of the identity of the user seeking access, its credentials, and the location from which he seeks it, within a reconfigurable nested structure. We define BACIR, a boxed ambient calculus extended with a Distributed Role-Based Access Control mechanism where each ambient controls its own access policy. A process in BACIR is associated with an owner and a set of activated roles that grant permissions for mobility and communication. The calculus includes primitives to activate and deactivate roles. The behavior of these primitives is determined by the process's owner, its current location and its currently activated roles. We consider two forms of security violations that our type system prevents: 1) attempting to move into an ambient without having the authorizing roles granting entry activated and 2) trying to use a communication port without having the roles required for access activated. We accomplish 1) and 2) by giving a static type system, an untyped transition semantics, and a typed transition semantics. We then show that a well-typed program never violates the dynamic security checks.
Oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma in dogs: a review

Osteosarcoma in dogs is a heterogeneous disease entity with regard to its histologic, clinical and biologic behaviour. Differences in behaviour are associated with tumour location. Oral and maxillofacial osteosarcomas are typically reported as a component of the broader classifications of axial osteosarcoma or osteosarcoma of flat bones to differentiate them from appendicular osteosarcoma. Similar to human oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma, in dogs, these also appear to have less aggressive behaviour than appendicular osteosarcoma. Ideally, local control is achieved with wide surgical resection that results in tumour-free margins. Failure of local control is the most common contributor to poor prognosis. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment are reported to have variable outcomes. The aim of this article is to review the literature on oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma in dogs in comparison to appendicular and axial osteosarcoma. Similarities and differences between oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma in humans are addressed.
Economic Development in Southeast Asia

Most of the original ASEAN nations in Southeast Asia came out of the Asian Crisis facing slower growth (4%–6% a year) and modest structural change compared to previous decades. [...]
Inhibition of NOX2 reduces locomotor impairment, inflammation, and oxidative stress after spinal cord injury

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme, inducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the NOX2 isoform plays an integral role in post-SCI inflammation and functional deficits.
The Responsibilities of Rhetoric, Michelle Smith and Barbara Warnick, eds.

The Responsibilities of Rhetoric, edited by Michelle Smith and Barbara Warnick, takes its title from the theme of the 2008 Rhetoric Society of America (RSA) conference. I vividly remember sitting i...
In-circuit-emulation in ASIC architectural core designs

Software development and system integration in designs with microprocessors and microcontrollers is often accomplished with the aid of an in-circuit-emulator (ICE). Designs incorporating an architectural microcontroller core cell and peripheral cells embedded in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) present additional challenges in software development and system integration. A description is given of the ASIC UCS51 family and a fully functional ICE that supports it. The core and peripheral cells are emulated with multiple ICs, and the user logic is emulated with programmable logic devices. Results of the first customer application and use are included. >
Thermal Fatigue of MoSi2 Particulate and Short Fiber Composites

Induction heating of disk shaped specimens was used to compare and contrast the thermal fatigue behavior of MoSi2 and MoSi2-based composites. Specimens were subjected to 5 s heating and cooling cycles between temperature limits of 700°C and 1200°C. The monolithic material and a MoSi2- 10 vol% TiC composite exhibited poor thermal shock resistance and could not be thermally cycled according to this temperature-time profile. A 30 vol% TiC composite exhibited much better thermal shock and thermal fatigue resistance as compared to the monolithic material, but exhibited undesirable oxidation. MoSi2-10 and 30 vol% SiC particulate composites exhibited excellent thermal shock and thermal fatigue resistance compared to that of the monolithic material. A MoSi2-10 vol% SiC whisker composite did not show improved thermal fatigue resistance due to the initial processing defects present in the material. The monolithic material and the 10 vol% TiC composite were also subjected to 30 s heating and cooling cycles between temperature limits of 700°C and 1200°C. Both of these materials exhibited better thermal fatigue resistance at this temperature-time profile, but the 10 vol% TiC composite also exhibited undesirable oxidation. The fatigue results are discussed with reference to the initial microstructure of the specimens and the stress-strain history of the specimens which was obtained by a thermoelastic finite element analysis.
Eight potassium channel families revealed by the C. elegans genome project

The wealth of accumulating data from the Caenorhabditis elegans genome sequencing project has rapidly accelerated the discovery of novel potassium channel genes and now places within reach the possibility of describing the total complement of potassium channels used by an individual species. Using annotated GenBank sequences, BLAST searches of unfinished sequences and degenerate oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screens, we have identified and compiled genes for 38 C. elegans potassium channel and two cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel subunits, representing eight conserved multigene families. Novel families of potassium channel genes were revealed, as well as conserved homologues of all known vertebrate families. Two separate families represent C. elegans homologues for human potassium channels recently implicated in hereditary long QT arrhythmias. Of particular note is an exceptionally large class of at least 23 genes with a novel subunit structure having two tandem 'P' domains; these channels may form as dimers in contrast to all other potassium channel types which form as tetramers. The 40 potassium channel genes are evenly distributed on all six C. elegans chromosomes, with the exception of the instances of gene clustering on the fifth and X chromosomes.
A comparison of the "EMIT" assay with two iodinated radioimmunoassays for diphenylhydantoin.

In the treatment of epilepsy, it is important for the laboratory to provide blood diphenylhydantoin levels accurately and quickly. However, physicians have often obtained laboratory results which have been inconsistent with the patient's clinical condition. We examined the “Enzyme Multiplied Immuno Technique” (EMIT) and two iodinated radioimmunoassay procedures for their suitability to provide quick and accurate blood diphenylhydantoin levels in laboratories that perform relatively few assays. The results indicated that all three procedures can be used with reasonable success. We found that the simplicity and the long shelf-life of the EMIT procedure made it very desirable for institutions that have a small volume of diphenylhydantoin assays.
Regulatory Effect of CD9 on Calcium-Stimulated Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Jurkat T Lymphocytes

Abstract Alteration in membrane-phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry occurs during lymphocyte apoptosis, but the mechanism and regulation of this process are not well understood. We investigated the possible involvement of CD9, a member of the tetraspan family of membrane proteins, in the PS-exposure process in Jurkat T cells; flow cytometry with FITC–annexin V was used to detect the PS-positive cells. We found that antibody to CD9 inhibited the prompt (within 5 min) PS exposure stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187, whereas it had no effect on resting cells. Antibodies against other control antigens (CD7, CD56, CD57, CD59, CD63, and CD71) had no effect on PS exposure in either resting or calcium-ionophore-treated cells. The inhibitory effect of anti-CD9 was dose dependent. The observed inhibitory effect appeared to be “all or none” at the cellular level: increasing antibody doses decreased the percentage of PS-positive cells, whereas the number of PS molecules exposed per positive cell was constant. The inhibitory effect was not blocked by co-incubation with other antibodies of the same isotype, arguing against a nonspecific effect via Fc receptors. The anti-CD9, however, did not block the delayed (8- to 24-h) PS exposure induced by apoptotic treatments such as ultraviolet light, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D, indicating that CD9 might act selectively on only some pathways leading to PS exposure. Our results suggest that lymphocyte PS exposure is regulated by multiple pathways and that signals regulating PS exposure can be delivered through cell-surface antigen CD9.
Chronic sensory deprivation affects cytochrome oxidase staining and glutamic acid decar☐ylase immunoreactivity in adult rat ventrobasal thalamus

Abstract The rodent ventrobasal thalamus (VB) contains groups of vibrissa-related neurons (barreloids) that are highly reactive for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The present experiments show that each barreloid also contains a dense accumulation of glutamic acid decar☐ylase (GAD) immunoreactive terminals. Chronic vibrissa trimming results in parallel declines in staining for both cytochrome oxidase (CO) and GAD in barreloids associated with the trimmed hairs. Thus, thalamic metabolism like that in the cortex is dependent upon normal sensory input. This includes projection neurons as well as neurons in the reticular nucleus, which are the major source of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic input to the rat VB.
918-19 The Effect of Preprocedural Intracoronary Thrombus on Patient Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

The outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with preprocedural angiographic evidence of thrombus at the target lesion is uncertain. Detailed angiographic and clinical data were prospectively collected from 2,164 patients enrolled in 3 clinical trials with stable and unstable angina undergoing non-emergency percutaneous coronary interventions. Procedural success (l50% final visual stenosis without death or emergency CABG) and the presence of preprocedural intracoronary thrombus, defined as a discrete filling defect at the target lesion, were determined by core laboratory review. Patient age, prior cardiac history, cardiovascular risk factors, and severity of disease were well matched between patients with and without thrombus. Outcomes with 95% confidence intervals were: Outcomes Stable Angina Unstable Angina (n = 450) No Thrombus (n = 1,476) Thrombus (n = 238) Procedural Success 87% (84–90%) 85% (183–87%) 80% (175–85%) Abrupt Closure 4% (2–6%) 6% (5–7%) 11% (17–15%) In–Hospital Death l1% 1% 0 MI 5% 3% 5% CABG 2% 4% 9% Repeat PTCA 3% 3% 2% Composite Outcome 6% (14–8%) 8% (17–9%) 12% (18–16%) Six–Month Outcome 27% (23–31%) 29% (27–31%) 34% (128–40%) Patients with unstable angina and intracoronary thrombus are more likely to have lower procedural success, higher abrupt closure risk, and worse inhospital clinical outcome. Patients with unstable angina and preprocedural intracoronary thrombus represent a high risk group for which new strategies need to be developed to improve the outcome of percutaneous interventions.
Mechanisms of IgE Inflammation

The prevalence of diseases such as allergic asthma and rhinitis continues to increase in the United States, affecting millions of people. It is well-established that allergy contributes to the pathogenesis of most asthma, especially in children and young adults. Despite current therapy (eg, inhaled corticosteroids, anti-leukotrienes, and bronchodilators), patients with moderate to severe asthma remain symptomatic and experience frequent exacerbations of disease requiring oral corticosteroids, emergency department treatments, and hospitalizations. Allergic diseases are traditionally referred to as immediate or type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, with IgE as a critical factor. IgE is involved in allergic inflammation, especially in early-phase response, but it may also be involved in the late-phase allergic response. A direct correlation between serum IgE levels and asthma exists. As logarithm IgE values increase, asthma prevalence increases linearly, even in patients who are categorized as having nonallergic asthma. In addition, there is a significant, although low association in allergic rhinitis with IgE levels and positive skin test reactivity to pollens. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of IgE in allergic inflammation have led to the development of a monoclonal antibody to IgE that reduces IgE levels, thereby reducing allergic inflammation. This review aims to provide an overview of the basic science of the IgE molecule and the clinical efficacy of anti-IgE therapy in allergic and asthmatic diseases.
Backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignment for HIV-1 protease subtypes and multi-drug resistant variant MDR 769

HIV-1 protease (HIV-1PR) is an essential drug target in the treatment of patients infected with HIV-1. Mutations are found to arise in over 38 of 99 amino acid sites in this protein in response to drug therapy or natural selection, where many are found combinations that alter enzyme kinetics or inhibitor susceptibility without a clear structural mechanism. In efforts to understand how these mutations alter the flexibility and dynamics of HIV-1PR, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments for subtypes C, circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE and a multi-drug resistant variant MDR 769. These assignments are essential for future work aimed at characterizing backbone dynamics, exchange dynamics and dynamics of protein/substrate or protein/inhibitor interactions.
Selective Labeling of Living Cells by a Photo-Triggered Click Reaction

Phototriggering of the metal-free azide to acetylene cycloaddition reaction was achieved by masking the triple bond of dibenzocyclooctynes as cyclopropenone. Such masked cyclooctynes do not react with azides in the dark. Irradiation of cyclopropenones results in the efficient (Φ355 = 0.33) and clean regeneration of the corresponding dibenzocyclooctynes, which then undergo facile catalyst-free cycloadditions with azides to give corresponding triazoles under ambient conditions. In situ light activation of a cyclopropenone linked to biotin made it possible to label living cells expressing glycoproteins containing N-azidoacetyl-sialic acid. The cyclopropenone-based phototriggered click chemistry offers exciting opportunities to label living organisms in a temporally and spatially controlled manner and may facilitate the preparation of microarrays.
The optimum assignments and a new heuristic approach for the traveling salesman problem

Abstract In this paper the equivalent problem approach to the n × n optimum assignment problem is exploited for providing a heuristic solution to the traveling salesman problem. It is shown that the simplified problem of finding an optimum tour using the n − k arcs of the cycles of an n × n optimum assignment and k other arcs is NP-hard. Next by using the “nearest neighbor rule” for zero cost cycles, an O ( n 2 ) algorithm is presented for obtaining a suboptimal solution to the simplified problem. Using the notion of a path switching operation that always results in a new tour having a lower cost than the original tour, an algorithm for a systematic refinement of the suboptimal tour is given. The algorithm presented in this paper efficiently solves the problem for k = 2,3 for any n . Examples illustrating the algorithm are given, and the time complexities as well as error bounds have been studied. Further work needed in the area is indicated.
Outcomes of a Behavioral Intervention to Reduce HIV Risk Among Drug-involved Female Sex Workers

Although street-based female sex workers (FSWs) are highly vulnerable to HIV, they often lack access to needed health services and medical care. This paper reports the results of a recently completed randomized intervention trial for FSWs in Miami, Florida, which tested the relative efficacy of two case management interventions that aimed to link underserved FSWs with health services and to reduce risk behaviors for HIV. Participants were recruited using targeted sampling strategies and were randomly assigned to: a Strengths-Based/Professional Only (PO) or a Strengths-Based/Professional-Peer condition (PP). Follow-up data were collected 3 and 6 months post-baseline. Outcome analyses indicated that both intervention groups displayed significant reductions in HIV risk behaviors and significant increases in services utilization; the Professional-Peer condition provided no added benefit. HIV seropositive FSWs responded particularly well to the interventions, suggesting the utility of brief strengths-based case management interventions for this population in future initiatives.
The Lessons of International Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism

(2006). The Lessons of International Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism. The RUSI Journal: Vol. 151, No. 1, pp. 48-53.
Solution structures of DNA-bound gyrase

The DNA gyrase negative supercoiling mechanism involves the assembly of a large gyrase/DNA complex and conformational rearrangements coupled to ATP hydrolysis. To establish the complex arrangement that directs the reaction towards negative supercoiling, bacterial gyrase complexes bound to 137- or 217-bp DNA fragments representing the starting conformational state of the catalytic cycle were characterized by sedimentation velocity and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The experiments revealed elongated complexes with hydrodynamic radii of 70-80 A. Molecular envelopes calculated from these SAXS data show 2-fold symmetric molecules with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the A subunit and the ATPase domain of the B subunit at opposite ends of the complexes. The proposed gyrase model, with the DNA binding along the sides of the molecule and wrapping around the CTDs located near the exit gate of the protein, adds new information on the mechanism of DNA negative supercoiling.
Temporal and regional expression of Fos-related proteins in response to ischemic injury

The AP-1 transcription factor family has been widely studied in the response to ischemic brain injury. The data to date have demonstrated a complex involvement that depends on stimulus, subunit composition and brain region. One member in particular, the Fos-related antigen FRA-2, has demonstrated a potential for controlling neuroprotective gene expression. This study characterized the temporal and regional expression of a variety of proteins following ischemic injury induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. The results demonstrated upregulation of both c-Fos and FRA-2 in penumbral regions that preceded upregulation of the classic injury-associated proteins expressed by astrocytes and microglia and, in the case of FRA-2, appeared to correlate with neuronal survival. A further, previously undescribed, expression of FRA-2 in endothelial cells of the core ischemic region was also demonstrated.
A note of the knapsack problem with special ordered sets

The knapsack problem with special ordered sets and arbitrarily signed coefficients is shown to be equivalent to a standard problem of the same type but having all coefficients positive. Two propositions are proven which define an algorithm for the linear programming relaxation of the standard problem that is a natural generalization of the Dantzig solution to the problem without special ordered sets/ Several properties of the corvex hull of the associated zero-one polytope are derived.
New family of generalized metrics for comparative imaging system evaluation

A family of imaging task-specific metrics designated Relative Object Detectability (ROD) metrics was developed to enable objective, quantitative comparisons of different x-ray systems. Previously, ROD was defined as the integral over spatial frequencies of the Fourier Transform of the object function, weighted by the detector DQE for one detector, divided by the comparable integral for another detector. When effects of scatter and focal spot unsharpness are included, the generalized metric, GDQE, is substituted for the DQE, resulting in the G-ROD metric. The G-ROD was calculated for two different detectors with two focal spot sizes using various-sized simulated objects to quantify the improved performance of new high-resolution CMOS detector systems. When a measured image is used as the object, a Generalized Measured Relative Object Detectability (GM-ROD) value can be generated. A neuro-vascular stent (Wingspan) was imaged with the high-resolution Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) and a standard flat panel detector (FPD) for comparison using the GM-ROD calculation. As the lower integration bound increased from 0 toward the detector Nyquist frequency, increasingly superior performance of the MAF was evidenced. Another new metric, the R-ROD, enables comparing detectors to a reference detector of given imaging ability. R-RODs for the MAF, a new CMOS detector and an FPD will be presented. The ROD family of metrics can provide quantitative more understandable comparisons for different systems where the detector, focal spot, scatter, object, techniques or dose are varied and can be used to optimize system selection for given imaging tasks.
Therapeutic Advances in Migraine

Migraine is a common and debilitating disorder of uncertain pathogenesis. Recent research into the pathophysiology of migraine and serotonin receptors has revolutionized the approach to pharmacotherapy. New medications, such as sumatriptan, and new dosage forms of older medications, including dihydroergotamine, NSAIDs, and phenothiazines are available to treat acute attacks. New prophylactic approaches include the use of calcium-channel blockers, NSAIDs, fluoxetine, and valproate. The addition of several new agents for the acute and prophylactic therapy of migraine has improved the outlook for this disabling disorder.
An analysis of thermally generated compressive waves

The rapid heating of a wall bounding a semi-infinite region of gas generates a slightly supersonic compressive wave and thereby increases the rate of heat transfer to and through the gas. Generalized correlating expressions are presented for the wave velocity and for the amplitude in pressure, temperature, and gas velocity as a function of distance and time for any specified exponential rate and extent of increase of the temperature of the wall. These expressions are based on idealized analytical solutions modified by virtue of finite-difference solutions and experimental data. The combination of all three of these elements proved to be essential in order to understand and correlate the behavior. Although a compressive wave is generated for any rate and extent of heating of the wall, significant effects are observed only for very rapid heating and very large temperature differences. A critical time constant for exponential heating is identified such that the strength of the wave is equivalent to that for an instantaneous step in wall temperature.
A Highly Characterized Yeast Toolkit for Modular, Multipart Assembly

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an increasingly attractive host for synthetic biology because of its long history in industrial fermentations. However, until recently, most synthetic biology systems have focused on bacteria. While there is a wealth of resources and literature about the biology of yeast, it can be daunting to navigate and extract the tools needed for engineering applications. Here we present a versatile engineering platform for yeast, which contains both a rapid, modular assembly method and a basic set of characterized parts. This platform provides a framework in which to create new designs, as well as data on promoters, terminators, degradation tags, and copy number to inform those designs. Additionally, we describe genome-editing tools for making modifications directly to the yeast chromosomes, which we find preferable to plasmids due to reduced variability in expression. With this toolkit, we strive to simplify the process of engineering yeast by standardizing the physical manipulations and...
The effects of flow and of hyperosmolal superfusion on the K+ permeability of single capillaries

Abstract The effect of superfusing Ringer solution, made hyperosmotic with 100 mOsm sucrose, on the potassium permeability of venular capillary segments of the frog ileal mesentery was determined using the indicator diffusion procedure modified for single capillaries. A venular capillary was impaled with an injection micropipet filled with high K + (50 m M ) Ringer solution and two K + -selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. A bolus (approximately 3 μl) of the high K + Ringer solution was injected into the capillary flow stream and the K + -indicator dilution patterns were recorded at two downstream sites separated by about 300–800 μm. The curves were converted to concentration curves and superimposed. K + extraction from the capillary segment between the microelectrodes was calculated as 1 - the minimum output/input concentration ratio. Permeability was calculated as ( −Q S ) ln (1 − E) , where Q is capillary flow and S capillary surface area. Average control capillary K + permeability was 19.9 × 10 −4 cm sec −1 at an average capillary flow of 11.2 × 10 −7 cm 3 sec −1 . Hyperosmolal superfusion significantly ( P + permeability to 56.0 × 10 cm sec −1 without significantly altering capillary flow. This increase in capillary permeability was attributed to osmotic shrinking of endothelial cells.
Simulation of O-ring and U-cup seals for a mini-actuator

This feature describes the use of a simulation model in the selection of a rod seal required for a mini-actuator which is part of a fluid-power orthosis (an orthopaedic device used to improve the function of movable parts of a person's body). Two alternative seals – an O-ring and a U-cup – are analysed and compared, both of which are made from polyurethane. The model yields predictions of the leakage friction force, film thickness, fluid pressure and contact-pressure distributions.
A Simulated Interprofessional Rounding Experience in a Clinical Assessment Course

Objective. To implement a simulated interprofessional rounding experience using human patient simulators as a required activity for third-year pharmacy students in a clinical assessment course.Desi...
Student affairs for a new generation

This chapter examines the Millennial generation's implications for the design and delivery of student affairs programs and services. The unique characteristics of the Millennial students offer insights into the programs and services that this generation of college students will want and need.
Preparation of cyanogen bromide fragments of MM, NN, and MN glycoproteins (glycophorins) from human erythrocyte membranes of single donors.

Abstract A procedure is described for the preparation of three cyanogen bromide fragments of the MM, NN, or MN glycoprotein (glycophorin) of the human erythrocyte membranes, from erythrocytes of single donors. The fragments are obtained in pure form and excellent yields by employing procedures which include proteolytic inhibitors during membrane processing, thorough delipidation of the glycoprotein, and CNBr cleavage conditions which lead to quantitative fragmentation without loss of carbohydrates. A phenol-urea extraction resolves the two glycopeptide fragments from the carbohydrate-free fragment. The two glycopeptides are further purified by Bio-Gel P-6 and P-100 chromatography. The three fragments include the amino terminal 8 residue glycopeptide, a large glycopeptide from the middle of the molecule which bears the Asn-linked oligosaccharide and 8–9 O -glycosidically linked units, and a carboxyl terminal, carbohydrate-free, approx. 50 residue fragment. Their amino acid and carbohydrate composition, and size, are in close agreement with the sequence data of Tomita, M., Furthmayr, H. and Marchesi, V.T. (Biochemistry (1978), 17, 4756–4770). The fragments represent three well delineated portions of the glycoprotein molecule.
GENERALIZED BOUSSINESQ MODEL FOR PERIODIC NON-LINEAR SHALLOW- WATER WAVES

This paper presents the development of a generalized Boussinesq (gB) model for the periodic non-linear shallow-water waves. An incident cnoidal wave solution for the gB model is derived and applied to the wave simulation. A set of radiation boundary conditions is also established to transmit effectively the cnoidal waves out of the computational domain. The classical solutions of the second-order cnoidal waves are discussed within the content of the KdV equation and the generalized Boussinesq equations. An Euler's predictor-corrector finite-difference algorithm is used for numerical computation. The propagation of normally incident cnoidal waves in a channel is studied. The simulated wave profiles agree well with the analytical results. The temporal and spatial evolution of an obliquely incident cnoidal wave is also modelled. The phenomenon of Mach reflection is discussed.
Minimal elementary extensions of models of set theory and arithmetic

We discuss minimal elementary extensions of models of set theory and contrast the behavior of models of set theory and arithmetic as regarding such extensions. Our main result, proved using a Boolean ultrapower argument, is:
Parametric Pumping: Separation of Mixture of Toluene and n-Heptane.

Parametric pumping, a dynamic separation technique, comprises alternating axial displacement of a fluid mixture in a column of adsorptive particles upon which a synchronous cycling temperature is imposed. With direct coupling, separations of 10 5 :1 between column ends have been obtained, with indications of great potential for further separation. A mathematical model and its solution describe the behavior of the system.
A regional IT occupational partnership for economic development

Increasingly, the economic viability of regions, states and countries is being linked to the viability of technology-enabled, knowledge-intensive economic sectors. Hence, among the factors of interest in regional economic development is the availability of an information technology (IT) talent pool. There is a growing need to understand the regional supply and demand dynamics of appropriately educated IT professionals. Consequently, an action research project was undertaken in Berks County, Pennsylvania in order to better understand the IT skill and knowledge requirements of the local labor force. An occupational partnership representing three constituencies -- academe, local industry and government -- joined forces in order to develop a sustainable mechanism for ensuring the continuance of a qualified IT labor force.
On the Upsides of Aggregation

ABSTRACT: Aggregation, and minimizing associated information loss, is a pervasive theme in accounting. In contrast, this paper highlights some potential benefits of aggregation, using simple examples to illustrate ideas from a number of recent papers in a parsimonious manner. Aggregation rules can improve decision making because of their ability to convey appropriate information and because such rules may permit offsetting errors. Turning to control problems, aggregation has merit in the provision of both explicit and implicit incentives. Contracts based on aggregate measures can be part of a conservative process that limits opportunities for cherry-picked corrections by evaluatees, serve as a substitute for the principal's commitment, curb managerial slack by delaying information release, and improve the production versus rents tradeoff by reducing information asymmetry. In the context of implicit incentives, we examine settings wherein effort incentives are provided by the marketplace and/or by an agent...
Developmental exposure to trichloroethylene promotes CD4+ T cell differentiation and hyperactivity in association with oxidative stress and neurobehavioral deficits in MRL+/+ mice.

Abstract The non adult immune system is particularly sensitive to perinatal and early life exposures to environmental toxicants. The common environmental toxicant, trichloroethylene (TCE), was shown to increase CD4+ T cell production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ following a period of prenatal and lifetime exposure in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice. In the current study, MRL+/+ mice were used to further examine the impact of TCE on the immune system in the thymus and periphery. Since there is considerable cross-talk between the immune system and the brain during development, the potential relationship between TCE and neurobehavioral endpoints were also examined. MRL+/+ mice were exposed to 0.1 mg/ml TCE (~ 31 mg/kg/day) via maternal drinking water or direct exposure via the drinking water from gestation day 1 until postnatal day (PD) 42. TCE exposure did not impact gross motor skills but instead significantly altered social behaviors and promoted aggression associated with indicators of oxidative stress in brain tissues in male mice. The immunoregulatory effects of TCE involved a redox-associated promotion of T cell differentiation in the thymus that preceded the production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ by mature CD4+ T cells. The results demonstrated that developmental and early life TCE exposure modulated immune function and may have important implications for neurodevelopmental disorders.
FasTrak: enabling express lanes in multi-tenant data centers

The shared nature of multi-tenant cloud networks requires providing tenant isolation and quality of service, which in turn requires enforcing thousands of network-level rules, policies, and traffic rate limits. Enforcing these rules in virtual machine hypervisors imposes significant computational overhead, as well as increased latency. In FasTrak, we seek to exploit temporal locality in flows and flow sizes to offload a subset of network virtualization functionality from the hypervisor into switch hardware freeing up the hypervisor. FasTrak manages the required hardware and hypervisor rules as a unified set, moving rules back and forth to minimize the overhead of network virtualization, and focusing on flows (or flow aggregates) that are either most latency sensitive or exhibit the highest packets-per-second rates.
AN EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF USING CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE AS A BIOMARKER FOR ALACHLOR EXPOSURE

Alachlor is a widely used herbicide for which there is significant human exposure, principally through groundwater contamination and inhalation. Because alachlor is purported to be carcinogenic and mutagenic, we initiated studies to determine if induced cytogenetic damage could be used as a biomarker for exposure to this herbicide. Both isolated and whole blood human lymphocytes were exposed to alachlor using several protocols. The lymphocytes were cultured for analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CAs), micronuclei (MN) in cytochalasin B-induced binucleated cells, and proliferation kinetics using the replicative index (RI). In addition, CD rats were injected with either 10 or 50 mg kg-1 of alachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) acetamide (CDEPA) or 2, 6-diethylanaline (DEA). After 24 h, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were removed and cultured for SCE and RI analysis. Alachlor did induce a concentration-related increase in SCE in vitro, but neither it nor its metabolites (CDEPA or DEA) induced a significant increase in SCEs or an alteration of RI in vivo. At the highest in vitro concentration tested, alachlor induced a statistically-significant increase in MN, but no concomitant increase in CAs was seen. From analyses of our data and the literature on alachlor clastogenicity and exposure levels, we concluded that cytogenetic damage may not be an adequately sensitive marker for evaluating human exposure to alachlor.
A Polygon-Based Line-Integral Method for Calculating Vorticity, Divergence, and Deformation from Nonuniform Observations

AbstractTraditional observational analysis of derivative-based variables (e.g., vorticity) usually relies on interpolating observations and evaluating spatial derivatives either on a Cartesian grid or on a spherical grid. Great care must be taken in selecting the domain and the interpolation scheme to properly represent the features. There exist a number of alternative methods of calculating such variables by evaluating line integrals on triangular regions according to Green’s theorem. Since these methods rely on only three observations to perform calculations, they are overly sensitive to observations dominated by local phenomena as well as instrument noise. A few studies have attempted to minimize the impact of nonrepresentative or noisy observations by using higher-order polygons, but they have been limited to fitting regular polygons to near-regularly gridded data. The current study describes a new approach to calculating these fields by constructing higher-order polygons from a triangle tessellation ...
A mathematical model for ECG wave forms and power spectra

Abstract It is desirable to construct a mathematical model that will accurately reproduce the discrete waves of an electrocardiograph signal. The usual cycle for one heartbeat includes a P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS waves (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization). The model presented simulates real or observed ECG signals and has many practical applications.
A.T----C.G transversions and their prevention by the Escherichia coli mutT and mutHLS pathways.

Escherichia coli mutT strains are strong mutators yielding only A · T → C · G transversion mutations. These are thought to result from uncorrected (or unprevented) A · G mispairings during DNA replication. We have investigated the interaction of mutT-induced replication errors with the mutHLS-encoded postreplicative mismatch repair system. By measuring mutation frequencies in both forward and reversion systems, we have demonstrated that mutTmutL and mutTmutS double mutators produce no more mutants than expected from simple additivity of the frequencies in the single mutators. We conclude that mutT-induced A · G replication errors are not recognized by the MutHLS system. On the other hand, direct measurements of mismatch repair by transfection of bacteriophage M13mp2 heteroduplex DNA as well as mutational data from strains other than mutT indicate that the MutHLS system can repair at least certain A · G mispairs. We suggest that A · G mispairs may exist in several different conformations, some of which are recognized by the MutHLS system. However, the A · G mispairs normally prevented by the mutT function are refractory to mismatch repair, indicating that they may represent a structurally distinct class.
The value of thallium exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Exercise thallium scanning can be employed in many clinical situations; it is important that the physician formulate the question he wishes to have answered and assess the utility of the procedure to answer the question. For the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease, exercise thallium scanning is most helpful in patients with uninterpretable stress electrocardiograms (due to baseline ST-T wave abnormalities) or those with nondiagnostic stress electrocardiograms (i.e., negative at less than 85% predicted heart rate). It is also useful in patients strongly suspected of having "false positive" exercise electrocardiograms. In all of these situation, exercise thallium scanning is more appropriate in a patient with an intermediate probability of coronary artery disease (e.g., atypical chest pain). In the evaluation of patients who are known to have coronary artery disease, exercise thallium scanning is most helpful in evaluating the physiologic significance of a known coronary stenosis, detecting multivessel coronary artery disease and/or residual viable myocardium in patients with prior myocardial infarction, and in evaluating the effects of surgical or other therapies. When properly utilized, this expensive procedure will prove to be cost-effective in managing many different subgroups of patients with coronary artery disease.