cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short forms of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) for Selfand Collateral Ratings: Development, Reliability, and Validity

Researchers and clinicians alike increasingly seek brief, reliable, and valid measures to obtain personality trait ratings from both selves and peers. We report the development of a paragraph-descriptor short form of a full-length personality assessment instrument, the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) with both self- and other versions. Reliability and validity data were collected on a sample of 294 college students, from 90 of whom we also obtained parental ratings of their personality. Internal consistency reliability was good in both self- and parent data. The factorial structures of the self-report short and long forms were very similar. Convergence between parental ratings was moderately high. Self-parent convergence was variable, with lower agreement on scales assessing subjective distress than those assessing more observable behaviors; it also was stronger for higher order factors than for scales.
Analytic electron-ion effective potentials for Z ≤ 55

Analytic Z-dependent electron-ion potentials have been obtained for all isoelectronic sequences from He to Cs. These potentials have a parametrized Yukawa component for each electron shell. Parameter values were determined by iteratively solving the Dirac equation until a match with experimental ionization energies was obtained. The screening parameters for each isoelectronic sequence were fit to simple Z-dependent functions. Working systematically through the periodic table and using preceding fits to obtain the screening parameters for closed inner shells, I found it necessary to evaluate only the screening parameter for the valence shell of the parent ion. Excited states having the same parentage as the ground state are also given to good accuracy by these potentials. The energy offset of excited states having a different parentage than the ground state is obtained from simple Z-dependent functions.
A novel, high-sensitivity and drug-tolerant sandwich immunoassay for the quantitative measurement of circulating proteins

Background: Accurate measurement of a total protein target (free plus bound) is essential to optimize dose selection for monoclonal antibody drugs. Herein, we describe a novel sandwich immunoassay format in which the biotherapeutic antibody itself serves as the primary detection antibody. A signal is then generated through the addition of a labeled secondary antibody that recognizes the biotherapeutic antibody. The secondary antibody is conjugated with ruthenium to facilitate electrochemiluminescent analysis. Results: Data are presented from the analysis of two protein biomarkers having disparate size and structure; a 4.5 kDa peptide and a 60 kDa protein. In both cases, validated, highly specific assays were developed and shown to be tolerant to elevated levels of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody in question. Conclusion: Our novel format allows drug-tolerant measurement of soluble protein biomarkers targeted by monoclonal antibodies when only two independent epitopes for antibody binding are available ...
Poly(alkylene tartrates) as controlled release agents

Abstract The release of both a low molecular weight and a high molecular weight substance from a series of biodegradable hydroxylated polyesters and their polyurethane derivatives was investigated. Chemical modifications of the poly(alkylene tartrates) were achieved by varying the alkylenediol chain length, and by synthesizing copolymers and polyurethanes from the polyesters. The relationship between chemical composition and the release rates of the two compounds was examined. In addition, hydrolysis and swelling experiments were conducted. The molecular weight distributions of the polymers, the hydrophilic character of the polymers, and the porosity of the matrices influenced the release rates of the model compounds. The relative importance of each of these factors was discussed and a mechanism of release from the polymers was proposed.
Book review: Knowledge Acquisition as Modeling. Edited by Kenneth M. Ford and Jeffrey M. Bradshaw (John Wiley & Sons)

Constructivism seems to be the rising star in many fields. Fifteen years ago, to utter the word was to be met with blind stares. Nowadays, constructivism and its cousins seem to be everywhere. Talk of the importance and multiplicity of meanings, of mental structure arising from activity, of a pragmatic conception of truth replacing a realist one, has permeated many fields. Psychology has been hit by the constructivist wave. The social sciences have been trying to figure out the relationship between constructivism, constructionism and various other isms. Computer science, or at least the knowledge acquisition part of the field has recently been hit by the bug. Over the last 10 years, a number of researchers in this area have been using constructivist ideas to guide knowledge acquisition and the development of knowledge acquisition tools. With the publication of this book, this trend appears to have reached critical mass and is vying for position as the dominant paradigm, or model, for conceptualizing knowledge acquisition.
Somatization of Dissociated Traumatic Memories in a Case of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

In this single case report, I examine the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) with hypnosis and ego-state therapy in a subject with a dissociative disorder. RSD is an unusual, debilitating, chronic pain syndrome with a usually poor outcome. The subject achieved temporary symptomatic relief using hypnosis and auto-hypnotic pain-management techniques. Eventually, she achieved permanent relief of RSD symptoms that continued over a two-year follow-up period. She achieved this permanent relief through a process of psychologically integrating physical functions that she experienced as specific to several dissociated ego states. This case illustrates the role of metaphor and imaginative symbolism in constituting a physical condition. It also illustrates how imaginative transformation of the symbolic imagery can induce psychological and physical change.
Unintended pregnancy and the role of long-acting reversible contraception

Unintended pregnancies are a worldwide problem, which disproportionately impact developing countries. Studies estimate that 41% of the 208 million pregnancies that occurred in 2008 were unintended....
Mass Transfer to Fluids Flowing Through Rotating Nonaligned Straight Tubes

Relatively inefficient heat/mass transfer is characteristic of tubular devices if the Reynolds number is low. One method of improving the heat/mass transfer efficiency of such devices is by inducing transverse laminar secondary circulations that are superimposed on the primary flow field; the resulting transverse velocity components lead to fluid mixing and hence augmented mass transfer in the tube lumen. The present work is a theoretical and experimental investigation of the enhanced transport in rotating, nonaligned, straight tubes, a method of transport enhancement that utilizes Coriolis acceleration to create transverse fluid mixing. This technique couples the transport advantages of coiled tubes with the design advantages of straight tubes. The overall mass balance equation is numerically solved for transfer into fluids flowing steadily through rotating nonaligned straight tubes. This solution, for small Coriolis disturbances, incorporates a third order perturbation solution for the primary and secondary flow fields. For sufficiently small Coriolis disturbances the bulk concentration increase is found to be uniquely determined by the value of a single similarity parameter. As the Coriolis disturbance is increased, however, two additional parameters are required to accurately characterize the mass transfer. In general, increasing the Coriolis accelerations results in an increase in mass transfer. There are solution regimens, however, in which increasing this acceleration can lead to a decrease in mass transfer efficiency. This interesting phenomena, which has important design implications, appears to result from velocity-weighting effects on the exiting sample. Experiments, involving the measurement of oxygen transferred into water and blood, produced data that agree with the theoretical predictions.
Behavior of ceria as an actinide surrogate in electroslag remelting and refining slags

Downsizing and decommissioning of nuclear facility operations is increasing the stockpile of various different grades of radioactive scrap iron (RSI). Disposal of this material not only represents significant resource and value lost but also necessitates long term monitoring for environmental compliance. The latter results in additional recurring expense. It is desirable to be able to decontaminate the RSI to a very low level that can be recycled or used for fabrication of containers for RSI disposal instead of using virgin metal to fabricate the container. Electroslag remelting and refining (ESR) is often used for decontaminating radioactive contaminated sources of scrap iron, such as stainless steel. Nonradioactive oxides of cerium are used to simulate the radioactive oxide contaminants of uranium and plutonium. The success of the ESR process is strongly dependent on having the right thermo-physical-and-chemical slag properties. In this article, we measured the following relevant slag properties: capacity to incorporate the radioactive contaminant (simulant), volatilization rate and volatile species, electrical conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, and slag-metal partition coefficient, as a function of temperature. The impact of these properties on the ESR decontamination process is discussed.
Hydrostatic‐system palsas at Toolik lake, Alaska: Field observations and simulation

Stratigraphic and chemical data from the ice core of an ‘anthropogenic palsa’ at Toolik Lake, Alaska, indicate that the mound formed as a consequence of hydrostatic pressure developed in an isolated hydrologic system within the active layer. Survey data for five palsas over a three-year period suggest that growth was essentially complete at the time of the initial survey; a net decrease of summit elevation is apparent in all five mounds, but complete degradation of the palsas would require several decades at observed rates. Because accurate field measurements of thermal and hydrologic evolution in such features are extremely difficult, simulation of the environmental conditions and events involved in palsa growth is an important supplement to field observation. Both analytic and finite-element models yield results that are in substantial agreement with inferences drawn from observational data.
Phosphorylation coupled to NADH oxidation with fumarate in Streptococcus faecalis 10Cl

Abstract Phosphorylation coupled to the oxidation of NADH using fumarate as an electron acceptor was demonstrated in the cytochrome-free bacterium Streptococcus faecalis 10Cl. Cell-free extracts were separated into supernatant and particulate fractions by differential centrifugation at 48,000 g for 25 min. The coupled phosphorylating activity was located primarily in the particulate fraction, where a P:O ratio of 0.19 was observed. The supernatant fraction contained nonphosphorylating oxidative enzymes and enzymes responsible for ATP formation in the absence of NADH. Oxidation and phosphorylation were inhibited by quinacrine HCl, bathophenanthroline disulfonate, and menadione. Malonate prevented NADH oxidation, presumably by inhibiting the enzyme fumarate reductase. Although this organism contains an active fumarate reductase, reverse electron transport could not be demonstrated with succinate as the electron donor and ATP as an energy source. F 3 -CCP, a powerful uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, failed to uncouple this bacterial system. Uncoupling was observed with arsenite, and this was reversed with an excess of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol but not with 2-mercaptoethanol. High concentrations of rotenone, a site 1 inhibitor, and NOQNO, a site 2 inhibitor, reduced the P:O ratio. However, antimycin, another site 2 inhibitor, stimulated the observed P:O ratio by decreasing the level of oxidation. Since the level of phosphorylation remained constant, antimycin may be inhibiting a nonphosphorylating respiratory enzyme.
Time-dependent density functional theory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anions: What is the best approach

The electronic spectra of a variety of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) anions are required to assess their importance in the interstellar medium. Using the 6-31G** basis set with a set of diffuse pπ functions on the carbon atoms removes all of the unwanted σ* solutions found using the 6-31++G** basis set. The unwanted π* solutions can be removed in the normal way, however, for the PAH anions, it appears that using only the 6-31G** basis set offers a cost effective way of determining the spectra of astrophysical interest. A comparison of the computed and experimental results supports this suggestion.
Food insecurity and dietary quality in US adults and children: a systematic review

Background: Food insecurity is adversely associated with the physical and mental health of adults and children, and the mechanism that underlies this association has been assumed to be dietary intake of lower quality in food insecure than food secure individuals. A thorough understanding of observed associations between food insecurity and dietary quality is needed to test this assumption and may highlight pathways through which to improve the health of foodinsecure adults and children. Objective: We systematically reviewed all evidence of associations between food insecurity and dietary quality and contrasted associations observed in adults and those for children. Design: Evidence came from studies that appeared in indexed, peerreviewed journals and 1) sampled US residents, 2) separately sampled children and adults, 3) contained a measure of food insecurity or food insufficiency, and 4) included at least one measure of dietary quality. Results: In adults, 170 associations between food insecurity and dietary quality were tested, and 50 associations (29%) suggested an adverse association. Food-insecure adults consumed fewer vegetables, fruit, and dairy products than did food secure adults and had lower intake of vitamins A and B-6, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. In children, 130 associations were tested, and 21 associations (16%) showed an adverse association. There was substantial evidence of only lower fruit consumption in food-insecure compared with foodsecure children. Reporting and publication biases may have contributed to an overestimation of the association between food insecurity and dietary quality. Conclusions: Food insecurity is adversely associated with dietary quality in adults, particularly intakes of nutrient-rich vegetables, fruit, and dairy that promote good health. However, food insecurity was less-consistently associated with lower dietary quality in children. The idea that parents effectively shield their children from compromised dietary quality because of food shortages is supported by the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:684‐92.
Fatigue and creep–fatigue deformation of an ultra-fine precipitate strengthened advanced austenitic alloy

Abstract An advanced austenitic alloy, HT-UPS (high-temperature ultrafine-precipitation-strengthened), has been identified as an ideal candidate material for the structural components of fast reactors and energy-conversion systems. HT-UPS alloys demonstrate improved creep resistance relative to 316 stainless steel (SS) through additions of Ti and Nb, which precipitate to form a widespread dispersion of stable nanoscale metallic carbide (MC) particles in the austenitic matrix. To investigate the behavior in more representative conditions than are offered by uniaxial creep tests, the low-cycle continuous fatigue and combined creep–fatigue response of an HT-UPS alloy have been investigated at 650 °C and 1.0% total strain, with an R-ratio of −1 and hold times at peak tensile strain of up to 150 min. The cyclic deformation response of HT-UPS is directly compared to that of standard 316 SS. The measured values for total cycles to failure between the two alloys are similar, despite differences in peak stress profiles and in qualitative observations of the deformed microstructures. Crack propagation is primarily transgranular in both fatigue and creep–fatigue of each alloy at the investigated conditions. Internal grain boundary damage in the form of fine cracks resulting from the tensile hold is present following the application of hold times of 60 min and longer, and considerably more internal cracks are quantifiable in 316 SS than in HT-UPS. The dislocation substructures observed in the deformed material differ substantially; an equiaxed cellular structure is observed in the microstructure of 316 SS, whereas HT-UPS exhibits widespread and relatively homogenous tangles of dislocations pinned by the nanoscale MC precipitates. The significant effect of the fine distribution of precipitates on observed fatigue and creep–fatigue response is described in three distinct behavioral regions as the microstructure evolves with continued cycling.
Halogen-halogen exchange equilibria between dimethylgermanium and various methylphosphorus moieties

Abstract Equilibrium constants were determined experimentally for the redistribution of the pairs of substituents Cl/Br, Cl/I and Br/I between the (CH 3 ) 2 Ge and various methylphosphorus moieties [CH 3 P, CH 3 P (O) and CH 3 P(S)] using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance to assay the equilibrated mixtures. By simple stoichiometric computations, additional equilibrium constants were calculated for the pairs of substituents Cl/SCH 3 , Br/SCH 3 , Cl/OC 6 H 5 and Br/OC 6 H 5 .
Fiber production in vitro from a conditional fiberless mutant of cotton

Abstract A single-gene temperature-sensitive mutation regulates fiber development from ovular epidermal cells of a cotton strain derived from Gossypium arboreum L. Fiber development is permitted when unfertilized ovules are cultured at 30°C (and below) in nutrient medium containing indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid, but it is restricted in identical medium at 32°C (and above).
Management of Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis with Joint-Preserving Osteotomy

The goal of osteotomy in the treatment of varus ankle arthritis is to shift the forces imparted to the ankle to a portion of the joint that is not involved in the degenerative process. The redistribution of loads and stresses seen by the tibiotalar joint can be approached either above or below the ankle with an osteotomy of the tibia or calcaneus. Evaluation of the deformity as being subtalar, supramalleolar, or a combination allows the surgeon to best address the increased joint stresses, thereby reducing the risk of failure of the osteotomy.
Polynomial solutions of the classical equations of Hermite, Legendre, and Chebyshev

The classical differential equations of Hermite, Legendre, and Chebyshev are well known for their polynomial solutions. These polynomials occur in the solutions to numerous problems in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. However, since these equations are of second order, they also have second linearly independent solutions that are not polynomials. These solutions usually cannot be expressed in terms of elementary functions alone. In this paper, the classical differential equations of Hermite, Legendre, and Chebyshev are studied when they have a forcing term x M on the right-hand side. It will be shown that for each equation, choosing a certain initial condition is a necessary and sufficient condition for ensuring a polynomial solution. Once this initial condition is determined, the exact form of the polynomial solution is presented.
Psychodynamic treatments of self‐injury

The authors address psychodynamic therapies, particularly transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), in the treatment of patients who present with non-suicidal self-injury. In doing so, they briefly discuss various psychodynamic approaches with empirical evidence for their effectiveness. They describe TFP, including its treatment rationale, putative change mechanisms, and outcome research. They then present a case illustration of a patient with borderline personality disorder who engages in non-suicidal self-injury to demonstrate how TFP can be applied to such cases.
Raman scattering from the molecular charge transfer crystal anthracene-PMDA

Abstract The Raman spectrum of the mixed stack charge transfer (CT) crystal anthracene-PMDA, has been measured in the wavelength region near the lowest CT transition at 5458 A. Six low frequency modes are observed below 140 cm−1, the mode at 130 cm−1 showing strong resonance enhancement. These modes are assigned as librational motion of the anthracene and PMDA molecules by rigid body analysis of X-ray structural data.
Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model.

A unique actomyosin motor powers both host cell invasion and locomotion of apicomplexan invasive stages. This article integrates a revised model of some of the recent advances in our understanding of the components and the overall molecular architecture of this intriguing motion system. Many questions remain, however, regarding the dynamics and regulation of the motor complex.
Ontogenetic changes in the body temperature of an insect herbivore

Summary Over ontogeny, many insect larvae grow substantially, through at least several orders of magnitude in body size. Increasing size can profoundly change how individuals interact with their environments, by altering the opportunities for, and constraints on, feeding, changing the relative risk and sources of predation and shifting the relative importance of physical factors in the environment. Here I use eggs and larvae of Manduca sexta, which are herbivores on solanaceous plants in the south-western US, to examine how body size affects body temperature. Larvae grow in excess of 10 000-fold by mass in a few weeks, from 0·001-g hatchlings to 12–15-g fifth-instar larvae. Using infrared thermography, I show that increasing body size leads to large changes in body temperature: over ontogeny, average larval temperature increased by 3–7 °C. The temperatures of eggs, hatchlings and early larval instars were coupled to leaf temperatures (Datura wrightii), which were much cooler than ambient air temperatures. The temperatures of larger larvae, by contrast, were similar to air temperatures, or somewhat higher. Changing body temperatures reflect that small and large larvae were immersed differentially in leaf boundary layers, received different amounts of incoming solar radiation, and used thermal heterogeneity on leaf surfaces in different ways. I develop a simple species distribution model that links maximum observed air temperatures in the south-western US with known thermal tolerances of eggs and larvae. This model predicts that eggs of M. sexta can occupy significantly larger fractions of the landscape than can large larvae. Large differences among stage-specific microclimates, such as those observed for M. sexta, are likely to be general features for insects and other organisms whose body sizes span large ranges, and stage-specific microclimates pose general and largely unrecognized problems for species distribution models.
Exploring the Effect of Obscurants on Safe Landing Zone Identification

Manned rotorcraft are often employed in harsh environments and difficult terrain that are inaccessible to other craft. Conversely, robotic rotorcraft are operated in controlled settings, often at safe, high altitudes. Missions such as cargo delivery, medevac and fire fighting are unachievable because of unpredictable adverse environmental conditions. To enable UAVs to perform these missions, the effects of obscurants on UAV sensor suites and algorithms must be clearly understood. This paper explores the use of a laser range finder to accomplish landing zone identification in unknown, unstructured environments. The ability to detect a landing zone in environments obscured by smoke is investigated. This is accomplished using a design methodology of testing and evaluating in a controlled environment followed by verification and validation in the field. This methodology establishes a concrete understanding of the sensor performance, thereby removing ambiguities in field tests.
Nature and Self in New Age Pilgrimage

Several scholars have argued that New Age spirituality is best understood as a form of ‘self-spirituality’ and as an expression of the consumer capitalist tendency to commodify all things, in the process converting religion into a ‘spiritual marketplace’. This article examines the phenomenon of New Age pilgrimage, especially pilgrimage to natural ‘power places’, with a focus on New Age practices at Sedona, Arizona, USA. The author assesses New Age notions of sacred space, nature, and the self, and compares pilgrim practices and sensorial interactions with Sedona's red rock landscape to forms of tourist practice and commodification more prevalent in Sedona. He argues that New Age pilgrimage, in theory and sometimes in practice, rejects the consumerist impulse, and that the New Age ‘self’ is both more open-ended and ‘postmodern’, and less central to New Age practice, than is suggested by the characterisation of New Age as ‘self-spirituality’.
Dignity, Contractualism and Consequentialism

Kantian respect for persons is based on the special status and dignity of humanity. There are, however, at least three distinct kinds of interpretation of the principle of respect for the dignity of persons: the contractualist conception, the substantive conception and the direct conception. Contractualist theories are the most common and familiar interpretation. The contractualist assumes that some form of consent or agreement is the crucial factor that is required by respect for persons. The substantive conceptions of dignity, on the other hand, treat the concept of dignity as a substantive value that justifies a deontological conception of respect for persons. A third conception of respect for the dignity of persons, the conception that I favor, focuses directly on the special value of our rational nature. According to this consequentialist conception, we respect the dignity of persons by promoting the flourishing of rational nature.
Income Level of Fadama III Beneficiaries in Delta State as at Project Closure in December 2013

As the Fadama III project intervention ends by December 2013 in Delta state, it became necessary to conduct a follow up study on the income level of Fadama III beneficiaries after the project midterm review (MTR). Ten Fadama III beneficiary households as well as ten non-beneficiary households were sampled from twelve participating local government areas in the state. This gave a total of 240 respondents composed of 120 beneficiaries and 120 non-beneficiaries. Data for the study were collected by the use of structured questionnaire. They were analysed using the Difference in Difference (DD) analytical tool to compare change in outcome of program for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Findings revealed that the current average level of income of participants of Fadama III project as at project closure in December 2013 is N106,829.75. This represents an income increase of N44,349.75 or 70.98% from the baseline income of N62,480.00 of Fadama III beneficiaries. On the other hand, the average income of Fadama III non beneficiaries grew to N85,997.22 from a baseline income of N63,572.00. This represents an increase of about 35.28%. 82.5% of the participants were able to generate an average income of N106,829.75, thus achieving an increase of 70.98% in income from participation in Fadama III project. This increase has surpassed the target of 75% of Fadama User households increasing their average real income by at least 40% by 2013 as set by the World Bank. Hence, it can be concluded that the project intervention in the State has impacted positively on the income of small scale farmers – both direct project beneficiaries and non project beneficiaries.
Adjoint modeling of stream depletion in groundwater‐surface water systems

[1] Groundwater pumping may lead to reduction in surface water flows, which can compromise water supplies and habitat. In light of these threats, the need to minimize stream depletion, defined as the reduction in the flow rate in streams and rivers caused by groundwater pumping, becomes paramount. We develop adjoint equations to calculate stream depletion due to aquifer pumping. We consider a coupled groundwater and surface water system in which both the river head and river flow rate are impacted by drawdown in the aquifer as a result of pumping. Through an illustrative example, we show that the adjoint method for calculating stream depletion produces accurate results if the model is approximately linear. With only one simulation of the adjoint equations, stream depletion can be calculated for pumping at a well at any location in the model domain, which results in a substantial reduction in computational time as compared to the standard method of calculating stream depletion.
On the emancipatory role of rural information systems

The use of information technology in rural and underserved settings is receiving increasing attention because of the immense potential it brings for improving the quality of life and reducing the digital divide. However, high costs coupled with infrastructure and context‐related inhibitors tend to dilute the advantages that are often taken as a set of givens. In this paper we present a case study of a pioneering experience of information system use in a set of villages in southern India. The research proposition for this study is that social processes can form a viable basis for providing sustainability to information communications technology (ICT) initiatives in rural regions. Theoretical support for this study comes from Habermas’ theory of communicative action. Given that such information systems are emancipatory in nature, and given that such information systems face many obstacles, the value added by these systems needs to be assessed in terms of their contribution to social capital in addition to economic value added. Our analysis reveals that social processes can be leveraged to accord viability to ICT setups in rural settings. Many social changes, that may have faced resistance or were unexpected, themselves became the reason for keeping the ICT setup. This is so because these changes form the basis of empowerment and a participatory framework that would have been absent earlier. We provide implications for researchers as well as practitioners.
Long-Lived Response of the Midlatitude Circulation and Storm Tracks to Pulses of Tropical Heating

AbstractThe midlatitude response to localized equatorial heating events that last 2 days is examined through experimentation with an atmospheric general circulation model. Such responses are argued to be important because many tropical rainfall events only last a short time and because the responses to such pulses serve as building blocks with which to study the impacts of more general heating fluctuations.The experiments indicate that short-lived heating produces responses in midlatitudes at locations far removed from the source and these responses persist much longer than the pulses themselves. Indeed pulse forcing, which is essentially white in time, produces upper-tropospheric responses that have an e-damping time of almost a week and that are detectable for more than two weeks in the experiments. Moreover the upper-tropospheric structure of the reaction to short pulses is remarkably similar to the reaction to steady tropical heating, including having a preference for occurring at special geographical...
Being and God: Universal Categories and One Particular Being

When we think of the problem of ‘universals’, we tend first of all to identify this issue with medieval philosophy. In that period the arguments ran hot and heavy, and the result was that philosophers almost came to be classified according to the position each took about the relation between the individual and universal concepts. Of course, the fact is that the problem of universals has been important in every philosophical age in western thought. Metaphysics as an enterprise may rise and fall in popularity, but the problem of universals is always with us. Yet, like most philosophical problems of importance, it has not always meant one thing.
Recent Developments Regarding Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers for the Treatment of Inherited and Acquired Neuropathic Pain Syndromes

Chronic and neuropathic pain constitute significant health problems affecting millions of individuals each year. Pain sensations typically originate in sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system which relay information to the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological pain sensations can arise as result of changes in excitability of these peripheral sensory neurons. Voltage-gated sodium channels are key determinants regulating action potential generation and propagation; thus, changes in sodium channel function can have profound effects on neuronal excitability and pain signaling. At present, most of the clinically available sodium channel blockers used to treat pain are non-selective across sodium channel isoforms and can contribute to cardio-toxicity, motor impairments, and CNS side effects. Numerous strides have been made over the last decade in an effort to develop more selective and efficacious sodium channel blockers to treat pain. The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the more recent developments put forth by research universities and pharmaceutical companies alike in the pursuit of developing more targeted sodium channel therapies for the treatment of a variety of neuropathic pain conditions.
Baur Versus Ritschl on Early Christianty

One of the less encouraging consequences deriving from the revival of traditional modes of theology and church life has been the shadow which has fallen over the great historian-theologians of the nineteenth century. It is said that we have superseded the work of these men. This is no doubt true, but it is not at all clear in what sense we have superseded them, or what the world “supersede” might mean in this judgement. To be sure, the student who turns to these nineteenth century figures today finds that their historical judgements are frequently unreliable by current standards (but less so than we might wish!), and that their biases sometimes narrow their historical vision to an almost intolerable extent. But he also finds in their work a seriousness and an earnestness which did not flinch from the great problems which arise when the Christian faith is subjected to historical science. The student finds that most of the issues which they raised are still relevant, mostly still unsolved.
Clinicopathologic Correlations Prolapse of Semilunar Cusps as Causes of Aortic Insufficiency

Among the various anatomic classes of aortic valvular insufficiency is that associated with prolapse of one or several cusps of the valve. A number of etiologic factors come into play, including intrinsic weakness or excessive cuspid tissue, trauma, infection, inadequate support of the aorta as in certain ventricular septal defects, and loss of commissural support from laceration of the ascending aorta. The latter condition may result from trauma, cystic medial necrosis, inflammation, or hypertension. The lacerated aorta may either be associated with typical dissecting aneurysm or there may be little intramural dissection of blood. In some instances wherein prolapse of one or more cusps causes aortic insufficiency, the functional disturbance may be overcome by correcting the basic problem while preserving the natural aortic valve.
Early infant crawling experience is reflected in later motor skill development

The influences of early crawling experience on motor skill development were examined in children identified by parents as crawlers or noncrawlers during early infancy. Relative to the performance of crawlers, noncrawlers showed lower average and subtest-specific performance on selected measures of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers. These results, interpreted through Ayres' sensory integration theory and applied to current occupational therapy practice, support Farber's hypothesized importance of early crawling experience in the development of sensory and motor systems of the body and general motor skill development.
Towards an epistemology for software representations

The KBSE community is actively engaged in finding ways to represent software and the activities that relate to various stages in its lifecycle. While the wealth of modeling activities have, necessarily, been founded on first order logic based representations, the paper reports on research into software information systems that has found the domain of software knowledge to be inherently second order. A facility for accurately representing second order constructs such as are found in the software domain is also presented.
Treatment of the cutaneous pain of acute herpes zoster with 9% lidocaine (base) in petrolatum/paraffin ointment

Background: Treatment of the pain of acute herpes zoster by local anesthetic injections has drawbacks. Topical percutaneous local anesthesia (TPLA) may offer another strategy of providing regional analgesia in affected patients. Objective: We evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of 9% (wt/vol) lidocaine (base) in petrolatum/paraffin ointment in patients with acute herpes zoster. Methods: Ointment was applied to the affected skin of 22 patients. Pain, tenderness, sensitivity to pinprick and cold, and blood lidocaine concentration were measured repeatedly during a 20-hour interval and intermittently thereafter. Results: Mean pain, tenderness, and cutaneous sensation scores were reduced at measurements taken from 4 to 20 hours after ointment application (p Conclusion: TPLA is a promising therapy for control of cutaneous pain of acute herpes zoster. Controlled studies should be performed to prove efficacy, determine optimal TPLA formulation, and define dosage limits.
Lustration as a Problem of the Social Basis of Constitutionalism

One part of building a new constitution after wars, revolutions, civil wars, or dramatic regime changes is to draw a cultural boundary in time, declaring various aspects of the old regime illegitimate and various legalities and constitutional principles of the new regime legitimate. One part of that process, in turn, is to decide how the new regime should treat the guilt of individuals for terror, collaboration, betrayal of information to the regime, and the like. This essay argues that such lustration processes should be a very minor part of the definition of the meaning of the pat, and even less of a part of building social supports under the new constitution. It also assesses the contributions on lustration in this issue in light of this view of what place lustration should play in the construction of democratic constitutions after authoritarian regimes.
Binding sites for elastase on cultured human fibroblasts that do not mediate internalization.

The proteolytic actions of elastases have been implicated in extracellular matrix damage, which is characteristic of a variety of pathological conditions including emphysema and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to elucidate the molecular events involved in elastase interaction with connective tissue cells, the present study was designed to investigate the association of elastase with human fibroblasts at 4/sup 0/C. Elastase bound saturably to binding sites that were present on the surface of these cells. Analysis of cell-bound /sup 125/I-elastase by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a high molecular weight complex (M/sub r/ 54,000) that was not formed with elastase whose catalytic site serine was derivatized with a diisopropylphosphate group. The complex did not represent elastase bound to either protease nexin or contaminating serum. The cellular component with which elastase formed a complex could not be detected in the cell culture medium. Unexpectedly, elastase that had been pre-bound at 4/sup 0/C was not internalized after cells were warmed to 37/sup 0/C. The elastase binding site described in this report is therefore distinct from high affinity binding sites involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular degradation.
A simple integrated model of global warming and policymaking

This paper describes a simple integrated model of global warming due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which can be used by policy makers for quick screening of various mitigation scenarios to achieve desired carbon reduction targets. First, the constant airborne fraction model was generalised to establish a relationship between CO2 emissions and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, which was then used to determine the global average surface temperature using Oglesby and Saltzman’s general circulation model. Using these simple relationships, the forecast for CO2 emission, CO2 concentration and average global surface temperature was made for the years 2030 and 2050 under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. To achieve an acceptable target increase in global average surface temperature, several CO2 mitigation strategy models, as proposed by Socolow and Lam, were considered. The comparison of the predictions of the proposed model with those of other researchers suggests that, although simple, the proposed model is credible for the purpose of quick assessment of various CO2 mitigation scenarios.
Giardiasis in the Mouse: An Animal Model

An animal model for giardiasis was developed using Giardia muris in Swiss albino mice. Intraesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts caused a reproducible pattern of infection, with trophozoite and cyst counts reaching a maximum on days 5 to 14 after cyst inoculation and thereafter showing a progressive decline. Spontaneous resolution of infection occurred in most mice after 21 to 28 days. When compared to uninfected controls, Giardia-infected mice had significant impairment of weight gain and a significant reduction in the villus to crypt ratio of jejunal mucosa. Although maximal trophozoite and cyst counts were independent of the size of the cyst inoculum, those mice receiving inoculations of larger numbers of cysts showed earlier attainment of maximal counts, greater impairment of weight gain, and earlier and more severe small bowel changes than mice receiving inoculations of smaller numbers of cysts. This model offers unique opportunities for study of this poorly understood gastrointestinal parasite.
Cellular Therapy for Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Currently, tPA remains the first (and only) FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Although tPA was a breakthrough, it has a very limited window of administration and a large list of exclusion criteria, and only a small percentage of patients can receive tPA treatment. Additionally, no therapy currently exists to promote CNS repair and recovery following ischemic stroke. The state of clinical therapy and research to date highlights the need for novel approaches for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Cellular therapy, specifically the use of stem cells for cellular augmentation and/or replacement, is a promising novel approach for treatment. Cellular therapy holds promise by providing multiple mechanisms of action combined with a prolonged therapeutic time window of administration to promote CNS repair and recovery. From the sources of stem cells to their mechanisms of action, this chapter outlines the current state of knowledge regarding cellular therapy for stroke.
Animal models of parkinsonism using selective neurotoxins: clinical and basic implications.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interplay between the laboratory and the clinic in analyzing the biological bases of parkinsonism arid formulating a rational approach to its treatment. There is a discussion regarding the syndrome, its accompanying neuropathology, and the current modes of treatments. Two animal models of parkinsonism are reviewed. Models involving 6HDA and MPTP represent a considerable advantage over previous pharmacological and surgical models of parkinsonism. Lesions can be made that are neurochemically specific; they can be restricted to the brain or even to individual dopamine (DA) projections; and they are permanent. Most important, they result in a collection of neurological impairments that parallel the clinical syndrome to a remarkable degree. Destruction of the nigrostriatal bundle (NSB) in adult animals produces akinesia, rigidity, and sensory neglect, large lesions are required before these neurological deficits occur, such deficits do not occur when comparable lesions are made in very young animals. Instead, a quite different syndrome emerges and after exposure to stressors, adult preclinical animals with moderate DA depletions show behavioral dysfunctions that are similar to those seen after more extensive lesions.
Management of pelvic pain

Abstract Pelvic pain is a common complaint of women which is frequently poorly managed. Diagnosis of pelvic pain in women can be challenging because many symptoms and signs are insensitive and nonspecific. The complex innervation of the pelvis and the anatomical proximity of pelvic viscera mean this symptom frequently overlaps traditional medical specialties, leading to diagnostic delay and frequently inadequate treatment. As the first priority, urgent life-threatening conditions (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, ruptured ovarian cyst) and fertility-threatening conditions (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian torsion) must be considered. Careful history taking and examination can in itself be therapeutic and will likely identify a number of causal and perpetuating factors which should be managed within the context of a multidisciplinary clinic. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of pelvic pain management in women for the generalist in order to facilitate appropriate investigation and management.
Lipoxygenase Gene Disruption Studies

Mammalian lipoxygenase enzymes (Figure 1) are derived from a multi-gene family, each member consisting of 14 exons (1,2). The 5-lipoxygenase gene is distinct from other lipoxygenase genes in its large size and its location on a separate chromosome (10q1 1.2 in humans and central chromosome 6 in mice) (1-5). A cluster of lipoxygenase genes located on mouse chromosome 11 (5,6) contains genes that encode three distinct 12(S)-lipoxy-genases, referred to as “platelet-type,” “leukocyte-type” and “epidermal-type” (1,7,8). Although substantial information is known about the ability of the various lipoxygenases to oxygenate arachidonic acid at a specific carbon atom position, relatively little is understood regarding the physiological roles of the various metabolites such as 12-hy-dro(pero)xy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-H(p)ETE) and 15-H(p)ETE. Diverse biological activities have been assigned to lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids and pathophysiological elevations in their synthesis have been reported (9-11). However, it remains to be determined how relevant these findings are to physiological models in vivo. Thus, we undertook the approach of targeted lipoxygenase gene disruption to elucidate possible functions associated with the various eicosanoid metabolites generated from these pathways. In this review, an effort will be made to emphasize the current status of experimental results using 5-lipoxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase-deficient mice and potential future applications in disease models and other physiological studies.