cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caudal cuneate nucleus projection to the direct thalamic relay to the motor cortex: an electrophysiological study

We previously reported that injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into a physiologically identified region of the thalamus between the ventrolateral nucleus and ventroposterolateral nucleus, VL-VPL, in cat results in labeled cell bodies in the caudal cuneate nucleus (CCN) of the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). We recognized, however, that the spread of HRP to localized regions of less than 1.0 mm distance from the injection site and subsequent uptake by neighboring fibers might have accounted for the resulting label in CCN. In the present study, therefore, we reexamined the DCN input to VL-VPL using a more sensitive physiological method. First, we used the microstimulation technique and corroborated the previous result. In 5 additional preparations, a modified collision procedure was used to ascertain that the same VL-VPL neuron which projects to the motor cortex also receives input from CCN. We report, for the first time, evidence of a lemniscal input to neurons in VL-VPL which are physiologically identified as projecting to the motor cortex.
Hormetic electric field theory of pattern formation.

The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature (Fosslien 2009) proposes that hormetic morphogen concentration gradients modulate the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cells along the gradients (field cells) and thus regulate their proliferation and induce curvature such as vascular wall curvature; however, it is unclear whether such morphogen gradients can also determine the histological pattern of the walls. Here, I propose that the ATP gradients modulate export of H+ by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) located on the surface of field cells and generate extracellular ion concentration gradients, ion currents and electrical fields along the paths of morphogen gradients. In vitro, electrical fields can induce directional migration and elongation of vascular cells and align the cells with their long axis perpendicular to electrical field vectors (Bai et al. 2004). I suggest that likewise, in vivo vascular transmural electrical fields induced by hormetic morphogen concentration gradients can modulate cell shape i.e. cell elongation and cell curvature, and determine cell orientation. Moreover, I suggest that the electrical fields can modulate bidirectional cell migration and cell sorting via dynamic hormetic galvanotaxis analogous to in vitro isoelectric focusing in proton gradients, thus, hormetic morphogen gradients can determine the curvature of vessel walls and their histological patterns.
299 NEONATAL ADAPTATION: SYMPATHOADRENAL AND ENDORPHIN (END) RESPONSES TO DELIVERY IN TERM AND PRETERM LAMBS

A marked increase in plasma catecholamines (CAT) at birth has been described in animals and man. This study was conducted to determine whether the magnitude and duration of the CAT surge are similar in preterm (130 days, n=4) and term lambs (145 days, n=6), and to correlate plasma CAT and plasma END levels in the acutely exteriorized fetal lamb. CAT were measured by radioenzymatic assay and END by specific radioimmunoassay. Preterm lambs were maintained physiologically stable by administration of natural sheep surfactant intratracheally prior to the first breath. Baseline CAT & END were similar in the term and preterm lambs. Following umbilical cord cutting there was a marked increase in circulating norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels. Peak preterm NE (2.2±0.6 ng/ml at 1 hr) was greater than peak term NE (1.0±0.2 ng/ml, at 5 min). Peak preterm E also later and greater than peak term E (2.9±0.9 ng/ml at 1 hr vs 0.9±0.2 ng/ml at 15 min, respectively p<.01). Similarly, peak plasma END in preterm animals (2.2±0.1 ng/ml at 3 hrs) was later and greater than at term (1.1±0.2 ng/ml at 15 min). END was positively correlated with NE and E in both term and preterm animals (p<.05). Conclusions: 1) Preterm animals have a delayed, exaggerated CAT surge following delivery, 2) The peak plasma END response parallels the peak of plasma CAT. Speculation: The CAT surge at birth is an important adaptive phenomenon and may be modulated by changes in the END system.
Energetics of imperfectly bonded carbon nanotube arrays in flexure

Abstract Van der Waals interactions in carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with hexagonal symmetry and consisting of identical diameter single-walled CNT are modeled by examining elasto-static properties of collimated arrays subjected to flexural deformations and by imposing the condition of imperfect bonding in the array. Array compliance is shown to provide a direct measure of the shearing traction between the CNT and thereby an indirect measure of van der Waals interactions. The array compliance, state of stress and strain energy are calculated for CNT arrays consisting of 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, …, CNT, where the condition of bonding imperfection is characterized by the shear transfer efficiency (0
An Econometric Analysis of the Effects of Human Capital on Size and Growth among Dairy Farms

The analysis of size distributions of firms has long been important both inside and outside of agriculture. The study of farm size has focused on economies of scale, optimal "efficient" size, technical change, descriptions of distributions, and informal considerations of policy. Outside of farming, the emphasis has been on the relationships between size and growth. In both literatures, there has been some awareness of the role of the firm operator in firm size and growth. In this paper we examine herd size and herd growth for a large sample of southern dairy farms. Our emphasis is on the relationship of human capital of the operator to the crosssectional size and growth patterns. Other related work considers size/growth issues in more detail (Sumner and Leiby). Our research relates to several literatures that have evolved along distinct paths. These include the analysis of the size distribution of farms (see Stanton), the role of human capital in agriculture and earnings distributions, and the analysis of the size distribution of business firms.
Corrosion kinetics in low conductivity media II. Iron and nickel in ethanolic HCl

Abstract The corrosion kinetics of iron and nickel have been studied in ethanolic HCl by recording of potentiodynamic polarization curves with automatic compensation of the ohmic drop. Impedance spectra have also been obtained. Tafel behavior has been observed in the polarization curves with a limiting current in the cathodic curve which depends on the HCl concentration. A comparison is made between the polarization resistance values calculated from dc and ac measurements.
Change of basis, monomial relations, andPts bases for the Steenrod algebra

Abstract The relationship between several common bases for the mod 2 Steenrod algebra is explored and a family of bases consisting of monomials in distinct P t s 's is developed. A recursive change of basis formula is produced to convert between the Milnor basis and each of the bases for which the change of basis matrix in every grading is upper triangular. In particular, it is shown that the basis of admissible monomials, the P t s bases, and two bases due to Arnon, are all bases having this property, and the corresponding change of basis formula is produced for each of them. Some monomial relations for the mod 2 Steenrod algebra are then obtained by exploring the change of basis transformations.
Property and Hunger

In an interesting letter to Anna George, the daughter of Henry George, Bernard Shaw wrote: “Your father found me a literary dilettante and militant rationalist in religion, and a barren rascal at that. By turning my mind to economics he made a man of me” (George, 1979, p. xiii). I am not able to determine what making a man of Bernard Shaw would exactly consist of, but it is clear that the kind of moral and social problems with which Shaw was deeply concerned could not be sensibly pursued without examining their economic aspects. For example, the claims of property rights, which some would defend and some (including Shaw) would dispute, are not just matters of basic moral belief that could not possibly be influenced one way or the other by any empirical arguments. They call for sensitive moral analysis responsive to empirical realities, including economic ones.
Monolithic III–V nanowire PV for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation

Nanowires have attracted a lot of interest for PV applications benefiting from their high aspect ratio geometry. Core-shell structure is ideal for nanowires PVs where the light absorption direction and minority carrier transport direction are decoupled, but the high quality core-shell p-n junction is hard to grow due to the high surface defect density. In this paper, we studied III–V nanowires for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation where p-n core-shell structure growth is not necessary. A junction is naturally formed between the semiconductor nanowire and liquid electrolyte to extract the photogenerated carriers in nanowires. The wide tunable bandgap of III–V materials are promising for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation application that requires an energy between 1.7–2.2 eV for reasonable efficiency. GaP nanowires were grown on Si substrates by MOCVD using gold nanoparticles as catalyst. The cathodic and anodic photocurrents were both observed for the GaP nanowires in acidic solution. The stable cathodic photocurrent was believed to be caused by hydrogen evolution while the unstable anodic photocurrent was caused by nanowire degradation.
Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease.

West Nile virus (WNV) causes epidemics of febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis, and flaccid paralysis. Since it was first detected in New York City in 1999, and through 2004, 16,000 WNV disease cases have been reported in the United States. Over the past 5 years, research on WNV disease has expanded rapidly. This review highlights new information regarding the virology, clinical manifestations, and pathology of WNV disease, which will provide a new platform for further research into diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention of WNV through vaccination.
Roles Of The Membrane Protein CD36 In Fatty Acid Transport And Metabolism

Obesity has become a major public health concern and represents a predisposition factor for the development of cardiovascular-related diseases and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid (FA) uptake will provide new insights for dietary and other therapeutic interventions for managing diseases associated with obesity. FA uptake into cells occurs by multiple mechanisms, including transport and metabolism, beginning at the plasma membrane. Understanding the contributions of passive diffusion and facilitated transport by plasma membrane proteins, such as FAT/CD36, requires experimental approaches that separate biophysical and metabolic mechanisms. In previous experiments with protein-free lipid bilayers, we have used multiple fluorescence assays to show that FA bind to, and diffuse through, phospholipid bilayers very rapidly but desorb more slowly from the lipid into the aqueous phase. Here we apply these methods to HEK293 cells engineered to stably express CD36. FA movement across the plasma membrane occurred rapidly (within sec) with or without expression of CD36. HEK293 cells without CD36 exhibit very slow conversion of FA into acetylated products. However, incorporation of 14C-labeled oleic acid into triglycerides occurred more rapidly and was significantly increased in HEK293 cells overexpressing CD36. Formation of small lipid droplets was observed after incubation with a fluorescent FA analog BODIPY-FA. Thus, FA transport through plasma membranes occurred by the mechanism of diffusion without a requirement for CD36. It appears that this protein enhanced metabolism by an as yet unknown mechanism.
Why talk if we disagree

Abstract According to a prevailing dogma of our time, real communication is practically impossible between those who have no common “cultural language.” Karl Popper disputed this widespread opinion, arguing that, while it is tremendously difficult to communicate with a real (not artificially constructed) intellectual opponent, at the same time it is infinitely fruitful to do so. He also demonstrated how, while arguing ideologically, we improve both our own ideas and the collective knowledge of our society.
Behavioral Effects of Digital Signage

ABSTRACT Digital signs have become an important new channel for communicating with consumers in retail shopping environments. An analysis of academic and commercial experiments reveals that in-store advertising effectiveness depends on both the content of the message (appeal type and product category) and the context and quality of exposure (audience need state, traffic speed and direction, message frequency and duration). Shoppers are most responsive to messages that relate to the task at hand and their current need state, and least responsive to traditional brand messages.
Global experiences with special economic zones : focus on China and Africa

This study briefly summarizes the development experiences of special economic zones in China and Africa, the lessons that Africa can learn from China, and the preliminary results of the Chinese investments in special economic zones in Africa. The study makes recommendations on how to unleash the power of special economic zones and industrial zones in Africa through strategically leveraging the Chinese experiences. The success factors of Chinese special economic zones include the strong and long-term commitment of the government, a conducive business environment in the zones, strategic locations, technology upgrading and skills training, and strong linkages with the local economy. However, the Chinese experiences highlight some pitfalls to avoid, such as the “mushroom approach” and high-level overlaps at the later stage, environmental degradation, and the unbalance between industrial development and social dimensions. This calls for a bigger role for the market. Sub-Sahara Africa's experience with traditional economic zones has been relatively poor, except in a few countries, such as Mauritius. The key challenges include the poor regulatory and institutional framework, lack of effective strategic planning, weak governance and implementation capacity, and inadequate infrastructure, among others. Since 2006, China has implemented special economic zone projects globally, including in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is still too early to conduct a full assessment of these projects; however, the evidence shows that some zones have begun to attract investments and make important contributions to the local economy. The main challenges include access to land, regulatory barriers, resettlement and coordination issues, and lack of external infrastructure.
You are facing the Mona Lisa: spot localization using PHY layer information

This paper explores the viability of precise indoor localization using physical layer information in WiFi systems. We find evidence that channel responses from multiple OFDM subcarriers can be a promising location signature. While these signatures certainly vary over time and environmental mobility, we notice that their core structure preserves certain properties that are amenable to localization. We attempt to harness these opportunities through a functional system called PinLoc, implemented on off-the-shelf Intel 5300 cards. We evaluate the system in a busy engineering building, a crowded student center, a cafeteria, and at the Duke University museum, and demonstrate localization accuracies in the granularity of 1m x 1m boxes, called "spots". Results from 100 spots show that PinLoc is able to localize users to the correct spot with 89% mean accuracy, while incurring less than 6% false positives. We believe this is an important step forward, compared to the best indoor localization schemes of today, such as Horus.
Quasiperiodic predictive filtering for robot-assisted beating heart surgery

Beating heart procedures promise significant health benefits to patients but the fast motion of the heart poses a serious challenge to the surgeon. Robotic motion synchronization to heart movements could facilitate these surgeries, although for intracardiac procedures this requires the development of a predictive filter to compensate for the measurement noise and time delay present in 3D ultrasound imaging. In this paper, we present a quasiperiodic cardiac motion model and apply the extended Kalman filter to estimation of its parameters in real-time. We experimentally demonstrate high accuracy robot tracking to heart motion using this filter.
An Algorithm for Determining Minimal Representations of a Logic Function

For each logic function, or Boolean algebraic expression, there corresponds an appropriate computer circuit. However, the minimization of the appearances of the Boolean variables does not necessarily lead to the most economical circuit. A general approach to the problem therefore requires the development of techniques for the simple and rapid generation of a variety of near-minimal forms. This paper describes such a method for constructing the minimal representations of a logic function given as a truthtable or in one of its canonical forms. The minimal representations achieved are either sums of products, or products of sums, such that no term contains superfluous variables and such that no term is superfluous. The utility of the method lies in the conciseness of notation, which permits the handling of a large number of variables and simplifies the process for machine computation.
An Improved Algorithm for Roadside Change Detection with Shadow Correction

To supplement our multimodal object detection system, designed to identify `suspicious' objects along a roadside during troop movement, we have implemented a change detection feature. As a pre-processing step, a shadow-removal algorithm is introduced to minimize false positives and false negatives caused by temporal variations in natural light.
Design of a Process Variation Tolerant Self-Repairing SRAM for Yield Enhancement in Nanoscaled CMOS

In nanoscaled technologies, increased inter-die and intra-die variations in process parameters can result in large number of parametric failures in an SRAM array, thereby, degrading yield. In this paper, we propose a self-repairing SRAM to reduce parametric failures in memory. In the proposed technique, on-chip monitoring of leakage current and/or delay of a ring oscillator is used to determine the inter-die process corner of an SRAM die. Depending on the inter-die Vt shift, the self-repair system selects the proper body bias to reduce parametric failures. Simulations using predictive 70-nm device show that the proposed self-repairing SRAM improves design yield by 5%-40%. A test-chip is designed and fabricated in IBM 0.13-mum CMOS technology to successfully demonstrate the operation of the self-repair system.
Mucosal Immunization with Liposome-Nucleic Acid Adjuvants Generates Effective Humoral and Cellular Immunity

Development of effective new mucosal vaccine adjuvants has become a priority with the increase in emerging viral and bacterial pathogens. We previously reported that cationic liposomes complexed with non-coding plasmid DNA (CLDC) were effective parenteral vaccine adjuvants. However, little is known regarding the ability of liposome-nucleic acid complexes to function as mucosal vaccine adjuvants, or the nature of the mucosal immune responses elicited by mucosal liposome-nucleic acid adjuvants. To address these questions, antibody and T cell responses were assessed in mice following intranasal immunization with CLDC-adjuvanted vaccines. The effects of CLDC adjuvant on antigen uptake, trafficking, and cytokine responses in the airways and draining lymph nodes were also assessed. We found that mucosal immunization with CLDC-adjuvanted vaccines effectively generated potent mucosal IgA antibody responses, as well as systemic IgG responses. Notably, mucosal immunization with CLDC adjuvant was very effective in generating strong and sustained antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the airways of mice. Mucosal administration of CLDC vaccines also induced efficient uptake of antigen by DCs within the mediastinal lymph nodes. Finally, a killed bacterial vaccine adjuvanted with CLDC induced significant protection from lethal pulmonary challenge with Burkholderia pseudomallei. These findings suggest that liposome-nucleic acid adjuvants represent a promising new class of mucosal adjuvants for non-replicating vaccines, with notable efficiency at eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses following intranasal administration.
Rhodopsin kinase and recoverin modulate phosphodiesterase during mouse photoreceptor light adaptation.

Light stimulates rhodopsin in a retinal rod to activate the G protein transducin, which binds to phosphodiesterase (PDE), relieving PDE inhibition and decreasing guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) concentration. The decrease in cGMP closes outer segment channels, producing the rod electrical response. Prolonged exposure to light decreases sensitivity and accelerates response kinetics in a process known as light adaptation, mediated at least in part by a decrease in outer segment Ca2+. Recent evidence indicates that one of the mechanisms of adaptation in mammalian rods is down-regulation of PDE. To investigate the effect of light and a possible role of rhodopsin kinase (G protein–coupled receptor kinase 1 [GRK1]) and the GRK1-regulating protein recoverin on PDE modulation, we used transgenic mice with decreased expression of GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) and, consequently, a less rapid decay of the light response. This slowed decay made the effects of genetic manipulation of GRK1 and recoverin easier to observe and interpret. We monitored the decay of the light response and of light-activated PDE by measuring the exponential response decay time (τREC) and the limiting time constant (τD), the latter of which directly reflects light-activated PDE decay under the conditions of our experiments. We found that, in GAP-underexpressing rods, steady background light decreased both τREC and τD, and the decrease in τD was nearly linear with the decrease in amplitude of the outer segment current. Background light had little effect on τREC or τD if the gene for recoverin was deleted. Moreover, in GAP-underexpressing rods, increased GRK1 expression or deletion of recoverin produced large and highly significant accelerations of τREC and τD. The simplest explanation of our results is that Ca2+-dependent regulation of GRK1 by recoverin modulates the decay of light-activated PDE, and that this modulation is responsible for acceleration of response decay and the increase in temporal resolution of rods in background light.
Self-Healing Personalities

‘Self-healing personality’ refers to a cluster of psychological characteristics involving a match between the individual and the environment, which maintains physiological and psychosocial homeostasis, and through which good mental health promotes good physical health. The term was proposed by psychologist Howard S. Friedman in his 1991 book of the same name. Self-healing, emotionally balanced people are alert, responsive, enthusiastic, and conscientious. Research suggests that they are also people one likes to be around. Many people with mental health problems are at higher risk of disease and premature death, but people with self-healing personalities have better odds of a longer, healthier life.
Concurrent engineering of 3–D textile preforms for composites

Three–dimensional textile preforms are finding wide applications in the composites engineering community. Yet, while they offer some significant mechanical advantages over traditional laminated preforms, there is evidence that principles of concurrent engineering have not been implemented during the development of some of the technologies. This paper addresses some of the attributes and deficiencies of various 3–D technologies and suggests where implementation of concurrent engineering principles might have been helpful during the design development process.
Parent Participation and Physician-Parent Communication During Informed Consent in Child Leukemia

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of a physician-directed intervention at enhancing positive physician behaviors and communication strategies during informed consent conferences (ICCs) for pediatric acute leukemia clinical trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Physicians at 2 large pediatric hospitals were recruited to participate in a physician-directed intervention (PDI), which included 1 full-day seminar and successive half-day booster sessions. ICCs were then observed, audiotaped, coded, and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Data also were collected at 2 control sites. Between 2003 and 2007, 59 ICCs were observed and analyzed. RESULTS: Significant group differences were found in physician rapport-building behaviors. Physicians in the PDI + booster session group engaged in greater rapport-building than did physicians in the PDI group who did not attend booster sessions and physicians in the control group. No group differences were detected for physician partnership-building. In addition, parents in the PDI + booster session group engaged in more general communication and study-related communication, and mothers in the PDI groups asked significantly more questions per minute than did mothers in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the effectiveness of the PDI at enhancing positive physician behaviors. Booster-session attendance is a critical component of physician-directed interventions to improve parental participation and physician-parent communication during ICCs.
Can the literacy practices in an after‐school programme be practised in school? A study of literacies from a spatial perspective

This research examines whether non‐school literacies can be used to teach school content. Debates around this question have hinged on two arguments: (1) that the structure of school literacy is not compatible with the structure of non‐school literacies and (2) that literacies are so hybrid that their use across different domains is not an issue. Spatial theory offers a new perspective on the question. Lefebvre explains social life as structured practice and heterogeneous experience in relation to representations of knowledge. Using this framework, qualitative data were collected in an after‐school programme and a seventh‐grade science classroom. One focal student, his teachers and peers were observed in each place. Analysis involved spatial description and explanation of the two literacy spaces. Findings suggest that debates about bridging school and non‐school literacies focus on practice, with little explanation of the forces of representation that impose particular orders to practice.
Comparing client and server dwell time estimates for click-level satisfaction prediction

Click dwell time is the amount of time that a user spends on a clicked search result. Many previous studies have shown that click dwell time is strongly correlated with result-level satisfaction and document relevance. Accurate estimates of dwell time are therefore important for applications such as search satisfaction prediction and result ranking. However, dwell time can be estimated in different ways according to the information available about the search process. For example, a result reached for the query [Garfield] may involve 145s of "server-side" dwell time (observable to the search engine) and 40s of "client-side" dwell time (observable from the browser). Since search engines can only observe server-side actions (i.e., activity on the search engine result page), server-side dwell times are estimated by measuring the time between a search result click and the next search event (click or query). Conversely, more detailed information about page dwell times can be obtained via client-side methods such as Web browser toolbars. The client-side information enables the estimation of more accurate dwell times by measuring the amount of time that a user spends on pages of interest (either the landing page, or pages on the full navigation trail). In this paper, we define three different dwell times, i.e., server-side, client-side, and trail dwell time, and examine their effectiveness for predicting click satisfaction. For this, we collect toolbar and search engine logs from real users, and provide an analysis of dwell times for improving prediction performance. Moreover, we show further improvements in predicting click-level satisfaction by combining dwell times with other query features (e.g., query clarity).
The role of adhesive in the mechanical response of adhesively bonded aluminum hat sections under axial compression

Abstract Aluminum hat sections, either adhesively bonded or unbonded, experience buckling, post-buckling and plastic collapse when axially compressed. However, there exist obvious differences in the load–displacement response between the bonded and unbonded hat sections. Finite element eigenvalue buckling analysis is carried out to predict the buckling load and mode. Experiments show that when adhesively bonded hat sections begin to buckle there is a transformation from the 1st buckling mode to the higher ones, while the unbonded hat sections develop the post-buckling based on the lowest buckling mode. The different buckling modes result in not only different buckling loads but different peak loads of the hat sections as well. Finally, ultimate compressive strength formulae are proposed for hat sections.
High spatial resolution in stem x-ray microanalysis

Abstract The scanning transmission electron microscope with a field emission electron source operated at 100 kV allows X-ray microanalysis using electron probes as small as 1 to 2 nm. Measurements of the probe in a Vacuum Generators HB-501 STEM show that spherical aberration in the objective lens controls the probe size and shape at beam convergence half-angles of 10 mrad and greater typically used for X-ray microanalysis. A virtual objective aperture eliminates X-ray contributions from the probe-forming system, but must be aligned exactly to avoid asymmetrical broadening of the probe by spherical aberration. It is estimated that 5 nm X-ray spatial resolution can be achieved in low to medium atomic number materials. Even at this resolution however, probe broadening in the specimen controls the resolution; the main limitation is one of specimen preparation and a knowledge of the final specimen thickness. Determination of composition profiles near voids, dislocations and other individual defects in thin foils also requires a knowledge of the defect depth position and deconvolution of the probe and composition profiles.
Cross-Gyre Ventilation of the Subtropical Gyre: An Internal Mode in the Ventilated Thermocline

Abstract A model of cross-gyre geostrophic flow is presented. It is a two-layer model of the (Northern Hemisphere) subtropical thermocline above a resting lower ocean. The northern boundary of the gyre is taken to be a latitude circle on which the Ekman pumping vanishes. In distinction to previous theories, the meridional geostrophic velocity at the line of vanishing Ekman pumping is not zero. Instead, an internal mode is found which consists of southward, potential-vorticity-conserving flow in the lower layer and northward flow in the upper layer. There is net transport across the gyre boundary, in agreement with the Sverdrup relation. The theory describes the longitudinal extent of the internal mode. Sufficient distortion of the isolines of potential vorticity by the wind-stress curl south of the gyre boundary is required in order to allow the flux of fluid in the internal mode to penetrate into the subtropical gyre. The model is presented as an additional example of gyre ventilation, in this case due t...
The isolation and identification of lysolecithin from lipid extracts of normal human serum.

Chromatography on silicic acid was employed for the separation of phospholipid components of normal human serum. These components were identified as cephalins, lecithin, sphingomyelin, and lysolecithin by paper chromatography, chemical analyses, and infrared spectra. The quantities of the phospholipid component were determined.
Stalin's Legacy: The Soviet War on Nature

Though the title of the book suggests that this is a historical account of massive engineering projects that caused immense environmental damage during the Stalinist era and thereafter, it is more ...
Three-dimensional reconstruction of Coxiella burnetii-infected L929 cells by high-voltage electron microscopy.

Previous examination of thin sections of L929 cells heavily infected with the Q fever Priscilla isolate by conventional transmission electron microscopy indicated that the rickettsiae resided within multiple vacuoles. The present study using high-voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that, in heavily infected cells, the rickettsiae, in fact, reside in one multilobed vacuole. As a result of asymmetric cell division, the multilobed vacuole containing the rickettsiae apparently segregates into one daughter cell, while the companion daughter cell emerges parasite free. This likely explains the appearance of naive uninfected cells in long-term-infected (i.e., ca. 2 years) cell populations that had not been supplemented with uninfected L929 host cells.
Genetic characterization of the capsid protein VP1 of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 strains

Objective: To investigate genetic characterization of the capsid protein VP1 of enterovirus 71(EV71) and coxsackievirus A16(CA16) strains.Methods: EV71 and CA16 strains were isolated using Vero cells from the anal and throat swab specimens collected from HFMD patients.The full-length VP1 genes of all isolated EV71 and CA16 strains were amplified by RT-PCR and then sequenced.The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of VP1 gene were analyzed by biological software.Phylogenetic trees were constructed.Results: Nine EV71 strains and four CA16 strains were isolated from HFMD patients.The homogeneity of the 9 EV71 strains shared 96.5%-99.8% in nucleotide acid identity and 99%-100% in amino acid identity,and belonged to EV71 C4a subgenotype.The homogeneity of the 4 CA16 strains shared 96.2%-98.5% in nucleotide acid identity and 99.3%-100% in amino acid identity,and belonged to CA16 B1b subgenotype.Conclusion: These EV71 and CA16 strains isolated from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in 2009 and 2010 belong to EV71 C4a and CA16 B1b subgenotype respectively,which are closely related to those isolated from other provinces in China.
SU‐G‐IeP1‐02: Automated SNR Analysis of MR Images Using Model‐Based Noise Determination

Purpose: To develop a robust automated method of signal-to-noise (SNR) analysis from MR images using a single image acquisition approach and model-based noise determination. Methods: Three consecutive MRI phantom scans were performed according to the SNR test procedures in the 2015 ACR MRI Quality Control Manual. This was repeated for several different RF coils and on MRI scanners from two different vendors. The three images from each RF coil were analyzed by the single-image (SNR-ACR1) and two-image (SNR-ACR2) SNR analysis methods also described in the ACR QC Manual. In addition the images were analyzed by the automated method (SNR-AUTO). The SNR-AUTO method utilizes an ImageJ macro file that was developed to 1) segment the phantom from the background region by means of a simple histogram-based thresholding algorithm, 2) measure the signal from a ROI encompassing 80% of the phantom area, and 3) determine noise by fitting the histogram of the background region (devoid of the phase encode direction) to a noise distribution model established in the literature. Results: The accuracy of the SNR-AUTO analysis method is demonstrated by it yielding SNR results that on average were −0.8% ± 6.7% of the SNR-ACR1 method and 7.5% ± 8.6% of the SNR-ACR2 method. The SNR-AUTO method demonstrated a higher level of reproducibility (average COV = 0.32%) than that of the other two methods (average COV = 1.01% and 1.69% for SNR-ACR1 and SNRACR2 respectively) both of which require manual placement of ROIs. An additional finding is that the model-based noise determination is relatively insensitive to the presence of minor artifacts in the background region. Conclusion: The SNR-AUTO method proved to be an accurate, highly reproducible, time-efficient method for analysis of SNR in MR images and is insensitive to minor artifacts in the noise-measuring region.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS)

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) refers to the constellation of signs and symptoms that accompany the occlusion of the superior vena cava, either due to internal or external causes. It is commonly described as an oncologic emergency, but in recent times, it has been found to not only be mostly non-emergent but also found increasingly in patients who do not have cancer. The more common symptoms are cough and shortness of breath, with facial edema as the most common exam finding. Over the past few years, grading systems for the disease have been devised to help direct various treatment options. Treatment options are based on the cause of the SVCS, the severity of symptoms, and the overall prognosis for the patient. Treatment is more directed at the underlying cancer than at the thrombosis itself. In life-threatening cases, treatment has advanced to placement of an SVC stent. This chapter will review the topic while bringing to the forefront the current approach to management.
A modified reduced nocturnal temperature regimen for early-weaned pigs.

A four-trial experiment utilizing 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs was conducted to evaluate the effect of a modified reduced nocturnal (MRNT) nursery temperature regimen on weaned pig and subsequent grower-finisher performance. Nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2 degrees C/wk and 2) a regimen beginning 1 wk after weaning in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 was lowered 6 degrees C from CT. Weaned pigs gained faster (P less than .01) in the MRNT treatment than in the CT treatment, with gains in Trials 1, 2, 3 and 4 being .39 vs .37, .28 vs .27, .38 vs .37 and .39 vs .36 kg/d, respectively. This improvement in gain was due to an increase (P less than .005) in feed intake for the same periods (.60 vs .58; .48 vs .42; .59 vs .58; .63 vs .58 kg/d). There was no difference in feed conversion (P greater than .1). There was no effect (P greater than .1) of MRNT vs CT on subsequent performance to slaughter weight for average daily gain (.69 vs .69 kg/d), average daily feed (2.22 vs 2.23 kg/d) or gain/feed (.31 vs .31). These results support the conclusions that weaned pigs eat more feed and gain faster with a reduced nocturnal temperature scheme and that there are no carry-over effects during the growing-finishing phase.
Economic Impact of Tariff Preferences

The immediate objective of tariff preferences in favour of the developing countries is to expand their exports and export earnings. This objective is to be accomplished through static price advantages making developing-country exports of manufactured products more competitive vis-a-vis both domestic production and imports from third countries; such a price advantage is hoped to bring with it the more important dynamic incentives for new investment in export capacity. The ultimate objective is of course to stimulate economic development through industrialisation.
Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Mineral to Matrix Ratios Correlate with Physical Chemical Properties of Model Compounds and Native Bone Tissue

Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging techniques can be used to characterize bone composition. In this study, our objective was to validate the Raman mineral:matrix rat...
Firm Specific Human Capital Investment in an Agency Relationship

This paper considers the twofold problem of compensation contracting and the design of a human capital investment scheme. Before contracting the principal and the agent can engage in a joint stochastic production process of exerting effort to raise the agent’s productivity in the firm. The principal can employ synchronous effort exertion or either actor can assume a leadership role. We determine which organizational design is best for the principal at the endogenously optimal compensation contract, depending on how the efforts interact. We also determine when it is optimal for the principal to subsidize the agent to improve profitability.
Apparent ‘sufficiently similar’ degemination in Catalan is due to coalescence

Cameron et al. (2010) and Fruehwald & Gorman (2011) present the pattern of homorganic consonant cluster reduction in Catalan as a challenge to Bakovic’s (2005) theory of antigemination, which predicts that any feature ignored in the determination of consonant identity for the purposes of antigemination in a given language must independently assimilate in that language. I argue that the pattern in Catalan is not a counterexample to this prediction if the reduction process is analyzed as coalescence, following Wheeler (2005), rather than as deletion.
An examination of the reliability and factor structure of the mindfulness process questionnaire (MPQ)

Abstract This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the seven item and eight item mindfulness process questionnaire (MPQ). The MPQ differs from other psychological measures of mindfulness in that it quantifies the process of being mindful, rather than mindfulness as a state. Cronbach's alphas were examined across and within to determine the overall reliability of the MPQ. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to assess the factor structure of the seven item and eight item MPQ. The results indicated that two items lowered the overall reliability; item seven and item two from the eight item MPQ, and item two from the seven item MPQ. The EFA suggested a two factor structure with the seven item MPQ and a three factor structure for the eight item MPQ.
Music Genre Classification Using Data Mining and Machine Learning

With accelerated advances in internet technologies users make listen to a staggering amount of multimedia data available worldwide. Musical genres are descriptions that are used to characterize music in music stores, radio stations and now on the Internet. Music choices vary from person to person, even within the same geographical culture. Presently Apple’s iTunes and Napster classify the genre of each song with the help of the listener, thus manually. We propose to develop an automatic genre classification technique for jazz, metal, pop and classical using neural networks using supervised training which will have high accuracy, efficiency and reliability, and can be used in media production house, radio stations etc. for a bulk categorization of music content.
Comparison Between Two Types of Educational Computer Games

Background. Educational computer games can enhance learner engagement and content knowledge gain. Video games based on Malone's theory of game design that involve challenge, fantasy, and curiosity can help improve learning. Aim. The purpose of the study is to compare differences between two drill-and-skill games to learn French phrases. Variables examined were student engagement, content knowledge gain, and demographical implications e.g., gender, minority status, and socio-economic status. One of the games in the study meets Malone's theory of game design. Method. This quasi-experimental study divides participants into two groups, each playing a different type of drill-and-skill game. Instruments to collect data include a pre- and post-test on French phrases and a digital game engagement questionnaire. Participants receive a short instructional session, game play time, and instruments to complete. Results. No significant results have been found in content knowledge gain and engagement between participants in the pre- and post-tests. A slight difference in relation to minority status has been discovered. Feedback from the participants show a positive response toward the games, except that some distraction and technicality have interfered with their learning. Conclusion. Although results are inconclusive, drill-and-skill computer games can be a tool to enhance learning and provide student engagement.
Federal Mining Laws

Acquisition of mining claims on federal land is a right granted by the Mineral Location Law of 1872, also known as the “1872 Mining Law” and the “Hard Rock Mining Law” (17 Stat. 91). This law, passed by Congress on May 10, 1872, continued a policy of opening mineral lands to exploration, and the acquisition of mining rights on federally owned land is, for the most part, still governed by this law. The principal exceptions are a series of leasing acts that have made certain nonmetalliferous minerals and all land on the Outer Continental Shelf exclusively leasable and not open to acquisition by claim staking, and the Materials Disposal Act of 1947 (61 Stat. 681) as amended by the Surface Resources Act of 1955 (69 Stat. 367), which defined and withdrew a group of salable minerals, or “common varieties,” from mineral entry. There are, of course, numerous additional federal statutes relating to mining on federal lands, and state laws are permitted to elaborate on some aspects of mining law where the federal laws are silent.
Polarons in Manganites; Now You See Them Now You Don’t

We have reviewed the evidence in local structural measurements for the existence of polarons in the phase diagrams of La1- x(Ca,Sr)x MnO3 with greater emphasis being given to our own work on the Ca system. The existence or absence of localized carriers seems to be closely associated with the observation of a local Jahn-Teller distortion which essentially disappears in the metallic phase when charges are delocalized. Localized carriers coexist with delocalized carriers throughout most of the ferromagnetic metallic phase as two fluids, presumably in a microscopically phase separated form. As a function of temperature carriers progressively delocalize on cooling into the FM phase. When the IM transition is crossed as a function of doping the response of the local structure is less apparent and the change in the macroscopic resistivity is presumably coming about because the microscopic regions delocalized carriers percolate the sample.
Accounting Ethics Education: An Authentic Value-Based Approach

This paper proposes an authentic values-based approach to ethics education in accounting. Instead of following the majority of studies in the literature which focus on an individual‘s ethical decision-making process and the factors that influence the decision, the author believes that it would be more effective if values-based ethical principles were integrated into the foundation of accounting theory and practice. Such an approach to accounting ethics education is argued to be a more holistic and effective way to achieve the intended goals for accounting ethics education.
Adenylate Cyclase: General Properties and Role of Phospholipids in Hormone Activation

In 1957–1958 Rall and Sutherland (1958; Rall et al., 1957) described a smallmolecular-weight, heat-stable factor, chemically characterized as adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), which appeared to mediate the effects of epinephrine and glucagon on glycogenolysis. Production of the nucleotide is catalyzed by the enzyme adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1.).