cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mark-recapture models identify imminent extinction of Yaqui catfish Ictalurus pricei in the United States

Abstract Data describing population abundance, survival, and recruitment informs species conservation status and conservation actions. Acquiring these data remains challenging for rare and endangered species, especially freshwater fish, with ~ 37% threatened or extinct. The absence of data risks inaction, ineptness and ignorance that can contaminate conservation decisions to the species detriment. The solution is obvious: ensure credible data underpin species conservation. We focus on Yaqui catfish ( Ictalurus pricei ), an endangered, freshwater endemic to the Sonoran desert (Arizona, US and Sonora, Mexico). Our method incorporates mark-recapture data, coupled with hierarchical Bayesian state-space formulations of the Cormack-Jolly Seber models and Jolly-Seber models, to quantify species growth, survival probability, recruitment probability, abundance and trends for the US population. Yaqui catfish growth matched other Ictalurid species. Population recruitment is essentially zero ( 70–75%). Overall, the US Yaqui catfish population declined by 15% per year (λ = 0.85). Remaining catfish represent remnants of stocked progeny from the 1990s (age of 19–21 years), with US extinction predicted by 2018. A pulse of conservation activity followed by 20 years of unsuccessful management resulted in the US population collapsing while habitat degradation and introgression from non-native fish threaten most populations in Mexico. Now approaching global extinction, saving Yaqui catfish requires collaboration between Mexican and US biologists to establish species status in Mexico, hatchery cultivation, habitat protection, habitat restoration and appropriate monitoring. Work herein springboards recent conservation efforts to secure this species.
Effects of Dodging Questions: How Politicians Escape Deception Detection and How They Get Caught:

People often need to dodge questions. Politicians presumably are the worst offenders. Two recent theories of deception make assertions applicable to politicians dodging questions: information manipulation theory 2 and truth-default theory. We examine both in two experiments. We constructed news interviews with a politician dodging questions. Results indicate people detect particular types of dodges and dodging impairs trustworthiness. But detection also depends on the strength of political attitudes. Furthermore, personality trait suspicion moderates perceptions of trustworthiness. We also extend theorizing and suggest dodges are detected because of rumination triggered by topic avoidance. Discussion includes ramifications for political engagement when the public perception of politicians “always” dodging questions is supported by extensive cognitive mechanisms.
Breast Cancer Disparities at Home and Abroad: A Review of the Challenges and Opportunities for System-Level Change.

Sizeable disparities exist in breast cancer outcomes, both between Black and White patients in the United States, and between patients in the United States and other high-income countries compared with low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In both settings, health system factors are key drivers of disparities. In the United States, Black women are more likely to die of breast cancer than Whites and have poorer outcomes, even among patients with similar stage and tumor subtype. Over-representation of higher risk “triple-negative” breast cancers contributes to breast cancer mortality in Black women; however, the greatest survival disparities occur within the good-prognosis hormone receptor–positive (HR+) subtypes. Disparities in access to treatment within the complex U.S. health system may be responsible for a substantial portion of these differences in survival. In LMICs, breast cancer mortality rates are substantially higher than in the United States, whereas incidence continues to rise. This mortality burden is largely attributable to health system factors, including late-stage presentation at diagnosis and lack of availability of systemic therapy. This article will review the existing evidence for how health system factors in the United States contribute to breast cancer disparities, discuss methods for studying the relationship of health system factors to racial disparities, and provide examples of health system interventions that show promise for mitigating breast cancer disparities. We will then review evidence of global breast cancer disparities in LMICs, the treatment factors that contribute to these disparities, and actions being taken to combat breast cancer disparities around the world. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2655–64. ©2017 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Breast Cancer Research: From Base Pairs to Populations.”
Understanding and distinguishing reflectance measurements of solid bitumen and vitrinite using hydrous pyrolysis: Implications to petroleum assessment

Solid bitumen is a common organic component of thermally mature shales and typically is identified by embayment against euhedral mineral terminations and by groundmass textures. However, because these textures are not always present, solid bitumen can be easily misidentified as vitrinite. Hydrous pyrolysis experiments (72 hours, 300-360°C) on shale and coal samples show solid bitumen reflectance (BRo) in shales is less responsive to thermal stress than vitrinite reflectance (VRo) in coal. This effect is most pronounced at lower experimental temperatures (300-320°C) whereas reflectance changes are more similar at higher temperatures (340-360°C). Neither a ‘vitrinite-like’ maceral or ‘suppressed vitrinite’ was identified or measured in our sample set; rather, the experiments show that solid bitumen matures slower than vitrinite. The data may explain some reports of ‘vitrinite reflectance suppression’, particularly at lower thermal maturity (VRo≤1.0%), as a simple case of solid bitumen being mistaken for vitrinite. Further, the experimental results confirm previous empirical observations that VRo and BRo are more similar at higher maturities (VRo>1.0%). It is suggested that ‘vitrinite reflectance suppression’, commonly reported from upper Paleozoic marine shales of early to mid-oil window maturity, is a misnomer. This observation has important implications to petroleum exploration models and resource assessment because it may change interpretations for the timing and spatial locations of kerogen maturation and petroleum generation.
Materials Problems for Highly Irradiated ICRH Launchers in Fusion Reactors

The recent advances in radiofrequency (RF) heating have led to the use of substantial amounts of RF power for startup and heating. The RF heating system requires a number of ceramics for coaxial fe...
Evolutionary multi-objective multi-architecture design space exploration methodology

The design of revolutionary aerospace vehicles is characterized by large design spaces, a lack of established baselines, and some uncertainty in the design and regulatory requirements that such vehicles will need to meet. A new evolutionary multi-architecture multi-objective optimization algorithm is presented to support design concept selection when faced with such challenges. The proposed approach allows designers to efficiently and exhaustively generate variable-oriented architectures that can be further optimized and compared. It provides a dynamic decision-making environment able to identify trends and trade-offs, and prioritize designs. The application of the proposed methodology to suborbital vehicles highlights key promising technological enablers, which can be leveraged to design high-performance and robust concepts.
Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles in children are not predictive of autism spectrum disorder status: a case control study

Biomarkers promise biomolecular explanations as well as reliable diagnostics, stratification, and treatment strategies that have the potential to help mitigate the effects of disorders. While no reliable biomarker has yet been found for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fatty acids have been investigated as potential biomarkers because of their association with brain development and neural functions. However, the ability of fatty acids to classify individuals with ASD from age/gender-matched neurotypical (NEU) peers has largely been ignored in favor of investigating population-level differences. Contrary to existing work, this classification task between ASD and NEU cohorts is the main focus of this work. The data presented herein suggest that fatty acids do not allow for classification at the individual level.
Predominance of Studies With Poor Level of Evidence Among the Top 100 Most Cited Studies on Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis

Abstract Study Design Bibliometric review of current literature. Objective To identify and analyze the characteristics of the 100 most cited articles on idiopathic scoliosis focusing on the level of evidence. Summary of Background Data The scientific literature on idiopathic scoliosis has been constantly evolving, but many aspects of its true etiology, natural history, and response to treatment continue to be discussed. To date, no study has used bibliometric analysis to review the most influential articles about idiopathic scoliosis. Methods The Thompson Reuters Web of Science was accessed to find the 100 most cited articles on idiopathic scoliosis. The number and citation density, authorship, institutions, country of origin, year of publication, source journals, type of study, topic, study design, and level of evidence were analyzed. Results The 100 most frequently cited articles accumulated 13,749 citations. The number of citations ranged between 616 and 80. The 10 most cited articles represent 24.6% of all citations. The treatment of idiopathic scoliosis is the most commonly studied issue (n = 46), and specifically surgical correction (n = 36). Most studies originated in the United States (n = 62) and were published in Spine (n = 56). Almost half of the papers (n = 49) were published between 2000 and 2008. The majority of studies have a case series design (n = 35). Most of the cited articles have low levels of evidence (Level III = 36; Level IV = 35). Conclusion This bibliometric analysis includes the 100 most cited articles on idiopathic scoliosis, recognizing its importance as a basic milestone in today's spine knowledge. The results indicate that the evolution of the knowledge on idiopathic scoliosis has been through case reports and case series, which analyzed retrospectively today are considered to have a poor level of evidence. This observation seems to be paradoxical because they are the most influential articles on IS and had been published in the top, leading journals of spine surgery.
Social media as a data gathering tool for international business qualitative research: opportunities and challenges

Lusophone African (LA) multinational enterprises (MNEs) are becoming a significant pan-African and global economic force regarding their international presence and influence. However, given the ext...
Changing Training and Education Needs for Human Settlements Planning in Developing Countries

Education and training are indispensable instruments in the national development process. Only when developing countries have the knowledge and capacities to analyze their own problems and to create their own solutions can true and sustained progress take place. Yet, training and education programs which ought to be at the forefront of new thinking in development planning often lag behind and are not responsive to changing macro-economic conditions and policy adjustments. Neither do they address the related changes in manpower needed for the implementation and management of policy reforms. This paper explores the changing context of human settlements planning and management in developing countries and its implications for education and training, and for the role of international development agencies and institutions of higher learning.
Complex Fluids and Soft Structures in the Human Body

The human body is a composite of diverse materials able to perform specific functions. Few of these materials are simple liquids or solids; rather they share both liquid-like and solid-like properties. The material world between liquids and solids is unlimited and exploited by Nature to form complex fluids and soft structures with properties that are tuned to perform highly specialized functions. This chapter will briefly summarize the diversity of materials in the human body, and then drill deeper into one complex fluid (mucus, which coats every organ in the body) and one soft structure (an individual cell), and their remarkable properties. Some progress in characterizing these materials and modeling their functional properties, by others and our research group, will be presented with the take home message that we are in the early stages of interpreting experimental data and building predictive models and simulations of biological materials.
IDEA and NCLB; Is There a Fix to Make Them Compatible?

While the IDEA has demonstrated success in enabling children with disabilities to receive an educational benefit, by its own admission, it has not been able to completely close the gap because it has been impeded by low expectations. Despite the flaws in NCLB, it is quite possible that this act could be the missing link to the future success of the IDEA, especially in light of Congress’ attempts to align the two statutes. Scholars and litigators have argued that since the 1997 Amendments to the IDEA, the educational standard has risen for children with disabilities. State and federal courts, however, have routinely declined to accept the changes in the language as an affirmative step in requiring a higher standard than the Rowley Court’s “floor of opportunity.” However, in the years since this litigation, NCLB has been enacted, and the IDEA has been reauthorized. The 2004 reauthorization of the IDEA was a purposeful attempt to align both statutes, which on their faces, would otherwise be competing statutes.This article explores the IDEA’s and NCLB’s differences, Congress’ attempts to align them, and how NCLB could significantly benefit children with disabilities. First, this article describes the IDEA’s history, purpose, standards, and mechanics. Second, this article discusses NCLB’s purpose and mechanics. Third, this article identifies and discusses the conflict between the two statutes, and Congress’ attempts to reconcile NCLB with the IDEA. Finally, this article concludes by recognizing that Congress could and should have spoken more clearly on whether it intended for the two statutes to complement each other when it reauthorized the IDEA because the statutes affect the same population of students, creating a need for the statutes to be reconciled. Furthermore, the only case addressing the relationship of NCLB and the IDEA, Board of Education of Ottawa Township High School District v. Spellings, holds that the statutes generally do not conflict; where they do conflict, NCLB supersedes as the last-in-time statute enacted due to the IDEA having been merely reauthorized and re-amended, not re-enacted. Therefore, the standard imposed on the schools for all children is indeed dictated by NCLB, and by incorporation, the IDEA must follow.
Demographic Moderators of the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cigarette Smoking.

AbstractBackground: Research suggests that there is a dose–response relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and cigarette smoking, such that as ACE score increases, so do the odds...
The Correlation Between Crack Chemistry and Crack Growth Behavior of 7XXX Series Aluminum Alloys: A Comparison of Field and Laboratory Tests

The crack growth kinetics and solution chemistry developed within environment-assisted cracks (EAC) grown in laboratory tests and long-term field exposures of high-strength A1-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys were assessed. For both test programs, peak-aged (T651) material exhibited crack growth kinetics 10{sup 3} to 10{sup 4} times that of overaged (T7X51). Laboratory crack growth studies in aqueous CrO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}/Cl{sup {minus}} environments demonstrated the characteristic enhanced resistance of overaged A1-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys to intergranular EAC crack propagation relative to peak-aged tempers. The laboratory environment is suitable for alloy development and mechanistic studies of environment-assisted cracking in these alloys. Cracks within fracture specimens exposed to an industrial atmosphere contained predominantly chloride and sulfate with minor amounts of nitrate, nitrite and organic acids. The dominant cations found were aluminum, zinc and magnesium dissolved from the alloy in addition to sodium and potassium from the external atmosphere. Environment-assisted crack growth behavior during atmospheric exposure was not correlated to the crack chemistry. The crack solution of field-exposed specimens was similar for peak-aged and overaged material, attaining a pH of 3 to 3.8. The crack solution of these specimens was probably dominated by crevice corrosion. In contrast to the atmospheric tests, the low corrosiveness of the laboratory environment facilitated differentiationmore » of peak-aged and overaged crack chemistry. Whereas peak-aged material developed an acidic, concentrated Al-salt solution at the crack tip, overaged material showed little alteration of the crack environment from that of the external solution.« less
Less Invasive Reoperative Ventricular Assist Device Insertion for Patients With Patent Bypass Grafts

We report our technique for left ventricular assist device insertion that is useful in patients with patent coronary artery bypass grafts or mediastinal adhesions from other previous surgeries. An inverted-T upper hemisternotomy is made at the level of the second or third intercostal space, and with the left sternal section retracted, dissection is carried along the chest wall into the left pleural space. The device is implanted in the left ventricular apex via a left thoracotomy in the fifth or sixth intercostal space. The outflow graft is routed through the left pleural space and anastomosed to the ascending aorta.
I, robot teacher

‘I know the future is scary at times, sweetheart. But there’s just no escaping it’. Ernest Cline, Armada As I sit here on Planet Zoom during the global COVID-19 pandemic and try to figure out how t...
Acrylic Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with 2-Isocyanatoethyl Methacrylate and Formation of Composites with Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from renewable plant-based materials exhibit strong potential for improving properties of polymers by their dispersal in the polymer matrix as a composite phase. However, the hydrophilicity and low thermal stability of CNCs lead to compromised particle dispersibility in common polymers and limit the processing conditions of polymer-CNC composites, respectively. One route that has been explored is the modification of CNCs to alter surface chemistry. Acrylic materials are used in a broad class of polymers and copolymers with wide commercial applications. Yet, the available methods for adding groups that react with acrylics to enhance dispersion are quite limited. In this work, a versatile chemical modification route is described that introduces acryloyl functional groups on CNCs that can in turn be polymerized in subsequent steps to create acrylic-CNC composites. The hydroxyl group on CNC surfaces was reacted with the isocyanate moiety on 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM), a bifunctional molecule possessing both the isocyanate group and acryloyl group. The resulting modified CNCs (mCNCs) showed enhanced hydrophobicity and dispersibility in organic solvent relative to unmodified CNCs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis verified the surface modification and allowed an estimation of the degree of modification as high as 0.4 (26.7% surface hydroxyl substitution CNC). The modified CNCs were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, and the composites had improved dispersion relative to composites with unmodified CNCs and enhanced (104%) tensile strength at 2 wt % CNC when compared to the neat poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), indicating a benefit of the reactive acryloyl groups added to the CNC surface. Overall, the modification strategy was successful in functionalizing CNCs, opening possibilities for their use in organic media and matrices.
Aminopeptidase-N modulation assists lean mass anabolism during refuelling in the white-throated sparrow.

Songbirds meet the extreme metabolic demands of migration by burning both stored fat and protein. However, catabolizing these endogenous tissues for energy leads to organ atrophy, and reductions in...
Immune regulations by 14-3-3: A misty terrain.

Abstract The 14-3-3 proteins are known for their functions related to the cell cycle and play a prominent role in cancer-related diseases. Recent studies show that 14-3-3 proteins are also regulators of immune responses and are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases. This focused review highlights the significant and recent studies on how 14-3-3 proteins influence innate and adaptive immune responses; specifically, their roles as immunogens and cytokine signaling regulators are discussed. These revelations have added numerous questions to the pre-existing list of challenges, including understanding the 14-3-3 proteins' mechanism of immunogenicity to dissecting the isoform-specific immune regulations.
Voltage-induced Ca2+ release is supported by junctophilins 1, 2 and 3, and not by junctophilin 4.

In skeletal muscle, depolarization of the plasma membrane (PM) causes conformational changes of the calcium channel CaV1.1, which then activate RYR1 to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Because it does not require extracellular calcium entry, this process is termed voltage-induced calcium release. In skeletal muscle, junctophilins (JPH) 1 and 2 are responsible for forming the SR-PM junctions at which voltage-induced calcium release occurs; structurally similar junctions with different molecular constituents are formed in neurons by JPH3 and JPH4. Studies on mice models demonstrated that JPH1 knockout mice can still perform voltage-induced calcium release, although the complementary approach to verify whether JPH1 alone also supports this release is not easily practicable due to the embryonic lethality of JPH2 knockout mice. In a previous work, we showed that voltage-induced calcium release could be recapitulated in HEK293-derived cells transfected with cDNAs for JPH2 and CaV1.1, β1a, Stac3, and RYR1. Here, we used this reconstitutional approach to test whether JPH1 and the more distantly related JPH3 and JPH4 can also support voltage-induced calcium release in HEK293-derived cells. Our data show that all the four isoforms colocalize with CaV1.1 at ER-PM junctions and that JPH1, JPH2, and JPH3, but not JPH4, cause colocalization of RYR1 with CaV1.1 at the junctions. To test for function, potassium depolarization was applied to cells in which WT CaV1.1 was replaced with the calcium impermeant mutant CaV1.1(N617D) to eliminate extracellular calcium entry. Calcium transients were observed in cells expressing JPH1, JPH2, and JPH3, indicating that these isoforms support voltage-induced calcium release, but not in cells expressing JPH4. Thus, the JPHs seem to act primarily to (1) form ER-PM junctions and (2) recruit the required set of signaling proteins to these junctions; voltage-induced calcium release can be supported by any JPH isoform fulfilling both of these functions.
Activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against intracellular Rhodococcus equi.

Abstract Studies with facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens have shown that evaluation of the bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents against intracellular bacteria is more closely associated with in vivo efficacy than traditional in vitro susceptibility testing. The objective of this study was to determine the relative activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against intracellular Rhodococcus equi. Equine monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with virulent R. equi and exposed to erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipenem, or doxycycline at concentrations achievable in plasma at clinically recommended dosages in foals. The number of intracellular R. equi was determined 48 h after infection by counting colony forming units (CFUs). The number of R. equi CFUs in untreated control wells were significantly higher than those of monolayers treated with antimicrobial agents. Numbers of R. equi were significantly lower in monolayers treated with enrofloxacin followed by those treated with gentamicin, and vancomycin, when compared to monolayers treated with other antimicrobial agents. Numbers of R. equi in monolayers treated with doxycycline were significantly higher than those of monolayers treated with other antimicrobial agents. Differences in R. equi CFUs between monolayers treated with other antimicrobial agents were not statistically significant. Enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin are the most active drugs in equine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with R. equi. Additional studies will be needed to determine if these findings correlate with in vivo efficacy.
Dynamic Crack Propagation in Layered Transparent Materials Studied Using Digital Gradient Sensing Method: Part-II

Dynamic fracture behavior of bi-layered PMMA samples are studied using Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) in conjunction with high-speed photography. DGS exploits elasto-optic effect exhibited by transparent solids subjected to a non-uniform state of stress causing deflection of light rays propagating through the material. The current work builds on authors’ previous report concerning crack trapping, interfacial bifurcation, and mixed-mode penetration into the second layer when a dynamically growing mode-I crack in the first layer encounters a normally oriented interface of different strengths. The current work specifically focuses on the role of the interface location within the bi-layered specimen relative to the initial crack tip on fracture behavior with an intention of examining the effect of the incident crack speed and the associated stress intensity factors for select interfacial fracture toughness. The location of the interface is varied sequentially from ‘near’ to ‘far’ from the initial notch tip to accomplish this task. Preliminary results suggest that crack growth in both the interface and the second layer are greatly affected by the location of the interface. That is, the velocity and stress intensity factors of the incident crack affect the outcome of the overall fracture behavior of bi-layered samples including interfacial trapping and penetration into the second layer.
Recent Excavation At Midipadi Butte

An archaeological data recovery program was conducted at 32DU2, the Midipadi Butte site, in eastern Dunn County, North Dakota, for the Omaha District, Corps of Engineers. At least two distinct cult...
Biochemical and mechanical correlates at peak systole in myopathic Syrian Hamster

The following studies were carried out to determine the phosphorylation potential of the myopathic Syrian Hamster hearts and whether a decrease in the free energy of ATP hydrolysis and/or shift in isomyosins was responsible for decreased cardiac performance. Hamster hearts were perfused under maximally stressed working conditions, i.e., a workload of 110 mmHg, high calcium concentrations in the perfusate (3.5 mM) and 10−8 M isoproterenol. Mechanical parameters indicated contractility had fallen 50 % in Syrian Hamster hearts under these conditions. Using a specially designed stimulator-triggered freeze-clamp, hearts were terminated at peak systole and tissue content of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, creatine, and inorganic phosphate analyzed. Cytosolic concentrations of metabolites were calculated as described by Kammermeier utilizing published data on tissue compartmentation (1, 2). A reduction in contractile performance of the Syrian Hamster hearts not only correlated with a shift in isomyosins but also with a decrease in free energy of ATP hydrolysis from 51.08 kJ/mole in control hearts at peak systole and 45.9 kJ/mole in myopathie hearts at peak systole. These values assume ADP generated from ATP hydrolysis remained free in the cytosol during systole. The low value in myopathie hearts was due to the decrease in ATP and the increase in inorganic phosphate. The reduction in free energy of ATP hydrolysis occurring in Syrian Hamster hearts was sufficient to cause a decrease in contractility: thus a shift in isomyosins, and the cAMP and ATP deficiency appear to be at least partially responsible for a combined coordinate decrease in cardiac performance in the Syrian Hamster.
Optimal Stabilization Policy in a Model of Elasticity Dynamics

Abstract This paper considers the role of optimal fiscal policy in the context of a macrodynamic model of the open economy. The dynamics of the model are governed by the transition of aggregate demand elasticities from their short-run values to long-run values. If there are no instrument costs attributed to government expenditure, then optimal fiscal policy can achieve perfect stabilization of price and exchange rate levels. With instrument costs however, this is no longer possible and the optimal fiscal rule is of the linear feedback variety. This paper investigates the properties of this rule.
Site Factors Controlling Liquefaction

A finite element procedure for determining the dynamic response and liquefaction susceptibility of a deposit of saturated sand subjected to an arbitrary bedrock acceleration is developed. The method is structured in accordance with the generalized Biot constitutive equations for an inelastic two-phase medium, and it includes a law of the endochronic type to model the deviatoric constitutive behavior of the sand. The approach has the capability of accounting for: (1) Strain hardening and softening; (2) densification; (3) hysteretic and viscous damping; (4) the development of pore pressure due to volume change; and (5) consolidation due to internal pressure generation. The results reported in this investigation demonstrate that "site" factors, such as the shear resistance of the overburden, seepage conditions, nature of the loading history, layer thickness, bulk compressibility, and phase coupling, greatly affect the pore pressure increase in saturated sand layers subjected to a seismic excitatin. (Authors)
Mental Health and Academic Success in College

Mental health problems represent a potentially important but relatively unexplored factor in explaining human capital accumulation during college. We conduct the first study, to our knowledge, of how mental health predicts academic success during college in a random longitudinal sample of students. We find that depression is a significant predictor of lower GPA and higher probability of dropping out, particularly among students who also have a positive screen for an anxiety disorder. In within-person estimates using our longitudinal sample, we find again that co-occurring depression and anxiety are associated with lower GPA, and we find that symptoms of eating disorders are also associated with lower GPA. This descriptive study suggests potentially large economic returns from programs to prevent and treat mental health problems among college students, and highlights the policy relevance of evaluating the impact of such programs on academic outcomes using randomized trials.
The Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin I. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS FORMED DURING THE ACTIVATION OF BOVINE PROTHROMBIN

Complete activation of prothrombin (mol wt 72,000 to 74,000) by activated Factor X, Factor V, and phospholipid results in the formation of thrombin (mol wt 37,000) and two activation fragments (Fragment 1 and Fragment 2) which cannot be activated to thrombin. Partial activation of prothrombin with activated Factor X allows the isolation of two products which can be further activated to thrombin. These products are designated Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2. Incubation of prothrombin with thrombin results in the formation of Intermediate 1 (mol wt 48,000 to 50,000) and Fragment 1 (mol wt 22,000 to 24,000). Intermediate 1 activation requires two proteolytic cleavages. The first cleavage of Intermediate 1 by activated Factor X results in the formation of Intermediate 2 (mol wt 37,000 to 38,000) and Fragment 2 (mol wt 12,800). The second cleavage by activated Factor X forms the A and B chains of thrombin. The two activation fragments generated in the presence of activated Factor X alone are indistinguishable from those generated in the presence of activated Factor X, Factor V, and phospholipid by the criteria of disc gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, and amino acid composition.
The ambivalence of scientists.

It is a high privilege to be invited to give the lecture that annually commemorates the first great president of this first authentic university in the United States. This is especially so for someone from a comparatively new academic discipline, a discipline which was installed in this university a short time ago with the appointment of Professor James S. Coleman (who, it is agreeable to note, is himself outstanding among the graduates of our department at Columbia). I like to think that the double recognition thus accorded sociology by the Johns Hopkins is only another bit of testimony to the far-seeing vision of Daniel Coit Gilman. We should remember, for one thing, that he had prophetically described the “study of man in his relations to society” as one of “the modern humanities”; that later, only three years after he became president of this new university be agreed to become president of the American Social Science Association; and finally, that, in his famous address on ‘Research’ almost sixty years ago, he conceived the expanding domain of science to include sociology which (in his words) was beginning to “employ the scientific method, with increasing success, and [to] demand recognition in the surrogate’s court, as the next of kin.” But since I have not been asked here to present the sociologist’s credentials as kin to the older sciences represented at the School of Medicine, I must proceed to my subject.
Conjectures on the Quotient Ring by Diagonal Invariants

We formulate a series of conjectures (and a few theorems) on the quotient of the polynomial ring {\Bbb Q}[x_1,\ldots , x_n, y_1, \ldots , y_n] in two sets of variables by the ideal generated by all Sn invariant polynomials without constant term. The theory of the corresponding ring in a single set of variables X e lx1, …, xnr is classical. Introducing the second set of variables leads to a ring about which little is yet understood, but for which there is strong evidence of deep connections with many fundamental results of enumerative combinatorics, as well as with algebraic geometry and Lie theory.
Chapter 42 Other mononeuropathies

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses sports-related injuries, mononeuropathy in musicians, perioperative mononeuropathy, localized hypertrophic mononeuropathy, idiopathic progressive mononeuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia and segmental zoster paresis, and complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The chapter reviews the spectrum of mononeuropathies that are relevant for each of these categories, but where duplication is obvious the chapter discusses only those aspects of the clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies that are specific to that particular entity. The large majority of injuries to athletes are musculoskeletal in type, but reviews of sports-related neurological disorders suggest that there is hardly a named peripheral nerve that is immune to injury and virtually no sports activity that has avoided implication as a precipitating cause. In general, the incidence and prevalence of mononeuropathies or peripheral nerve disorders among musicians is not known. It can be stated, however, that these disorders are commonly reported in reviews from clinics where performing artists are seen in large numbers, ranging from 4% of musicians attending a general medical clinic in the UK to 48% of those seen in the practice of a neurologist specializing in peripheral nerve disease.
Follicular mucinosis in association with Sézary syndrome.

Summary The histological features of follicular mucinosis are known to occur in association with mycosis fungoides and may also be found in a variety of inflammatory, hamartomatous, hyperplastic or neoplastic conditions. We report follicular mucinosis occurring in a patient with Sezary syndrome, to our knowledge a previously unreported association.
Rebooting for Whom?: Portfolios, Technology, and Personalized Intervention

We share Kazdin and Blase's (2011) sense of urgency about finding better ways to reduce the burden of mental illness. Although effective psychosocial treatments exist, they do not often reach the patients who need them most. Kazdin and Blase's portfolio approach aims to cast a wider net through increased use of technology, media, self-help, nonprofessional providers, and collaborations with other disciplines. It is unclear, however, whether reaching more people would suffice to reduce the burden of mental illness, much less offset the small effect sizes of simplified, scaled-down interventions such a portfolio approach would likely entail. We focus here on an underdeveloped theme in Kazdin and Blase's essay-that bending the curve of mental illness will require better knowledge of for whom simplified intervention and prevention strategies will suffice and for whom more intensive intervention is necessary. Such "for whom" questions deserve a central place on the national research agenda as we move toward individualized or personalized health care. In the absence of such knowledge, we risk treatment decisions guided by accessibility to resources rather than patient needs-the very problem Kazdin and Blase aim to solve.
Graphene for Reconfigurable Terahertz Optoelectronics

In this paper, we examine graphene as a material for reconfigurable terahertz (THz) optoelectronics. The ability of electrically tuning its optical properties in a wide range of THz frequencies, together with its 2-D nature and facile integration, leads to unique opportunities for inventing novel THz devices as well as for extending the performance of existing THz technologies. We first review progress in graphene THz active optoelectronic components to date, including large-area graphene, plasmonic, and metamaterial-based devices. Advanced designs and associated challenges are then discussed.
Acetaminophen Toxicity in Children: Diagnostic Confirmation Using a Specific Antigenic Biomarker

Chronic acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity poses a difficult diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Signs and symptoms are nonspecific and no currently available laboratory study can confirm APAP as the causative agent of hepatic injury. In this study an antigenic biomarker for APAP toxicity was used to confirm the diagnosis of APAP-induced hepatic failure in two children with chronic APAP toxicity. APAP that has been metabolized to N-acetyl-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) reacts with cellular proteins to form 3-(cystein-S-yl)-APAP protein adducts (3-Cys-A). Serum from both patients was submitted for quantitation of 3-Cys-A by a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Concentrations of 3-Cys-A in the two patients were 1.97 and 2.77 nmol/mg protein, which are similar to concentrations found in adults with hepatic injury secondary to an overdose of APAP. Individuals with no exposure to APAP have no detectable 3-Cys-A in serum. It was concluded that 3-Cys-A is a useful marker of APAP intoxication after long-term ingestion of APAP when total dose and time course of ingestion are uncertain, and may prove to be a useful clinical and investigative tool in the study of APAP intoxication.
Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 via CD47 Signaling in Neurovascular Cells

Neurovascular injury comprises a wide spectrum of pathophysiology that underlies the progression of brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Recently, it has been shown that activation of the integrin-associated protein CD47 mediates the development of blood–brain barrier injury and edema after cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanisms that mediate these complex neurovascular effects of CD47 remain to be elucidated. Here, we compare the effects of CD47 signaling in brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. Exposure to 4N1 K, a specific CD47-activating peptide derived from the major CD47 ligand thrombospondin-1, upregulated two major neurovascular mediators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. No changes were detected in pericytes. These findings may provide a potential mechanism for CD47-induced changes in blood–brain barrier homeostasis, and further suggest that CD47 may be a relevant neurovascular target in stroke.
The effect of p-chloromercuriophenylsulfonate on skin fibroblast acid hydrolases

Abstract The inhibition by a sulfhydryl binding reagent, p-chloromercuriophenylsulfonate (pCl MPS) on 9 different “lysosomal acid hydrolases” from skin fibroblasts were investigated. β -Galactosidase was 90% inhibited at 4 × 10−7M concentration, while α mannosidase was unaffected at 10−2M concentration.
Minimally invasive management of adult craniopharyngiomas: An analysis of our series and review of literature.

BACKGROUND Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are slow growing tumors with an incidence of between 1.2% and 4.6%, having a bimodal age distribution typically peaking in childhood and in adults between 45 and 60 years. Recurrences occur even after documented gross total resections necessitating a combination of therapeutic strategies. Obtaining a cure of this tumor in adults without producing major side effects continues to remain elusive. METHODS We describe our results in 11 patients with CP treated in a minimally invasive fashion using a combination of techniques like burr hole aspiration, Ommaya reservoir placement, ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunting and focal radiation (Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery/Intensity modulated radiotherapy [GKRS/IMRT]). RESULTS Visual function remained intact in all patients; endocrine status remained stable with two patients developing new postoperative diabetes insipidus. There was no periprocedural morbidity or mortality, with hospital stays for any in-patient procedure being 48 hours or less. CONCLUSIONS Minimally invasive techniques such as cyst aspiration, insertion of a catheter with Ommaya reservoir, when combined with stereotactic radiosurgery/IMRT is an effective and safe option for management and long-term control of adult CPs. We believe the Ommaya catheter by itself could act as a stent, creating a tract allowing gradual drainage of cyst fluid and stabilization without necessitating any further interventions in selected cases.
Racial/ethnic differences in treatment for substance use disorders among U.S. adolescents.

Objective This study examined differences in treatment rates for substance use disorders (SUD) among adolescents of white, black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity. Method Eight years of cross-sectional data (2001–2008) were pooled from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to derive a nationally representative sample of 144,197 adolescents (aged 12–17 years); 12,634 adolescents were identified with SUD in the previous year. Weighted probit regressions were estimated with year fixed effects to examine whether racial/ethnic minorities had lower rates of treatment in any setting, in medical settings (i.e., hospital, rehabilitation facility, mental health clinic, and/or doctor's office), and in self-help programs. Initial models controlled for demographics and health status. Additional models further adjusted for family income and health insurance status. Results Among adolescents with SUD, unadjusted treatment rates ranged from 8.4% among blacks to 23.5% among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders. After adjusting for demographics and health status, blacks (RD = −3.9%, 95% CI=−6.4%, −1.3%) and Hispanics (RD = −2.3%, 95% CI=−4.1%, −0.4%) were significantly less likely to receive SUD treatment than whites (adjusted treatment rate 10.7%). These differences were exacerbated after adjusting for family income and insurance status. Lower treatment rates for black and Hispanic adolescents persisted when examining SUD treatment rates in medical settings and self-help programs. Treatment rates for other racial/ethnic groups did not generally differ from whites. Conclusion Results highlight exceptionally low treatment rates for SUD among all adolescents, with blacks and Hispanics experiencing the lowest treatment rates across all racial/ethnic groups.
Efficient extraction of local myocardial motion with optical flow and a resolution hierarchy

The authors develop methods for the recovery of myocardial motion from two dimensional echocardiograms, (2DE). Echocardiograms are sonograms of a beating heart. Echocardiography is an important, widely used, non-invasive tool in the diagnosis of heart disease. The authors attempt to measure the velocity of local motion to help separate myocardial regions from blood volume and to classify the behavior of those regions. Multiresolution methods have not been applied to estimation of the local motion in non-rigid highly textured imagery such as 2DE. Earlier work uses the method of optical flow after applying a large median filter to the 2DE. Optical flow estimates the apparent two dimensional velocity in a sequence of images from brightness changes between successive images. A study of the application of optical flow at several resolutions is presented. Results indicate which resolutions are most appropriate for optical flow.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stop “Passing the Trash”: Addressing the Circulation of Repeat Sex Offenders in Coaching

(2006). Stop “Passing the Trash”. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 3-54.
Development of learned food aversions in humans: investigation in a "natural laboratory" of cancer chemotherapy.

Humans often develop learned food aversions (LFAs) to foods or beverages consumed in temporal contiguity to gastrointestinal distress. Viewed as a classical conditioning process, principles of LFA development have been studied in the animal laboratory. Cancer chemotherapy provides a "natural laboratory" for examining whether these principles characterize human LFA development. Chemotherapy patients (n = 63) were interviewed prior to a regularly scheduled chemotherapy infusion (i.e. target infusion). Foods and beverages consumed in the preceding 24 h were identified. Postinfusion nausea and vomiting (PNV) was assessed. Finally, preference changes for items consumed prior to the target infusion were assessed prior to patients' next chemotherapy infusion. Contrary to hypothesis, (a) less preferred and familiar items were not more likely to become LFA targets, (b) LFA items were not consumed in close temporal contiguity to either the initiation of chemotherapy or PNV, and (c) LFAs developed in the absence of PNV. Consistent with the hypothesis, the severity of PNV was associated with a greater likelihood of LFA development. Problems in defining LFAs under non-experimental conditions are discussed as are the implications of results for the classical conditioning model of human LFA development.