cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of agricultural spraying of methyl parathion on cholinesterase activity and reproductive success in wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

In June 1984, methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acid, O, O-dimethyl O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) was applied at 1.4 kg a.i./ha to a cultivated field in Skagit Valley, Washington. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was determined in adult and nestling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in artificial nesting boxes on the peripheries of a treated and a control field for up to 1 week following application of the pesticide. Brain ChE activities in nestling starlings from the control field increased linearly from age 6 to 19 d. Brain ChE levels in chicks taken from the treated fields were more variable. From the treatment field, 92% of adults collected up to 7 d posttreatment exhibited marked depressions of brain ChE, while during the same period, 29% of the nestlings showed similar responses. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the levels of brain ChE depression in adult and in the nestling starlings collected from the same nests. Measures of reproductive success (i.e., hatching of eggs and fledging of young) were also determined in a portion of the nestboxes to assess any potential adverse effects. The spraying of methyl parathion did not significantly reduce hatchability of the starling eggs. The mean (±SE) number of young fledged per nest on the sprayed field, 2.22 ± 0.29, was not significantly different from that on the control site, 3.33 ± 0.17. However, collectively, the number of nestlings fledging from the treatment field postspray was significantly lower than from the control field.
Challenges of vision theory: self-organization of neural mechanisms for stable steering of object-grouping data in visual motion perception

Psychophysical studies on motion perception suggest that human visual systems perform certain nonlocal operations. In some cases, data about one part of an image can influence the processing or perception of data about another part of the image, across a long spatial range. In others, data about nearby parts of an image can fail to influence one another strongly, despite their proximity. Several types of nonlocal interaction may underlie cortical processing for accurate, stable perception of visual motion, depth, and form: (1) trajectory-specific propagation of computed moving stimulus information to successive image locations where a stimulus is predicted to appear; (2) grouping operations (establishing linkages among perceptually related data); (3) scission operations (breaking linkages between unrelated data); and (4) steering operations, whereby visible portions of a visual group or object can control the representations of invisible or occluded portions of the same group. Nonlocal interactions like these could be mediated by long-range excitatory horizontal intrinsic connections (LEHICs), discovered in visual cortex of several animal species. LEHICs often span great distances across cortical image space. Typically, they have been found to interconnect regions of like specificity with regard to certain receptive field attributes, e.g., stimulus orientation. It has recently been shown that several visual processing mechanisms can self-organize in model recurrent neural networks using unsupervised `EXIN' (excitatory + inhibitory) learning rules. Because the same rules are used in each case, EXIN networks provide a means to unify explanations of how different visual processing modules acquire their structure and function. EXIN networks learn to multiplex (or represent simultaneously) multiple spatially overlapping components of complex scenes, in a context-sensitive fashion. Modeled LEHICs have been used together with the EXIN learning rules to show how visual experience can shape neural mechanisms for nonlocal, context-sensitive processing of visual motion data.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some Strategies for Solving Simple Multiplication Combinations.

A recent survey of journal articles published in the United States on research in elementary school mathematics since 1900 (Suydam, 1967) listed only nine studies on multiplication, three of which were classified as experimental. None of these attempted to analyze in depth the strategies used by children to find the product of simple combinations. The comprehensive study on the learning of multiplication facts conducted by Brownell and Carper (1943) included a critical analysis of existing research that led them to conclude little was known regarding strategies children used in solving the multiplication combinations. Brownell and Carper, however, did attempt to discover processes children were using to solve multiplication problems, though the results were not entirely satisfactory. Through personal interviews, conducted by teachers according to well-defined outlines, children were asked to tell how they "thought about" several different problems. It was reported that the children interviewed used a mean of four different strategies in arriving at the product of the combinations used in the interviews, although 60% of the strategies used remained unidentified, i.e., classified as rote memory or habituation. Historically, the major thrust in research has been to determine which combinations are the most difficult and to attempt to identify strategies either by analysis of errors (e.g., Spencer, 1929) or by rank-ordering combinations in terms of probability of correctness (e.g., Clapp, 1924; Murray, 1939) and to devise ways to teach them that would facilitate learning and retention. Murray (1939) compared his own ranking of relative
On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics

The potential contribution of the SST gradient-driven flow to the low-level (p not less than 700 mb) convergence over tropical oceans is determined using a simple one-layer model of the trade cumulus boundary layer wherein surface temperature gradients are mixed vertically (consistent with the ECMWF analyzed data). The influence of the layers above 700 mb is intentionally suppressed. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of taking account of the fact that cumulonimbus convection takes a small but finite time to adjust to low-level convergence. Failure to consider this effect leads to unreasonably large equatorial convergence.
Lightweight, high-thermal-capacity force models for use in arc tunnels.

Refractory cone models made of copper and Co coated Be for force tests in high enthalpy hypersonic arc tunnels at high simulated attitudes
Overview of the biology and management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) is an early, noninvasive stage of breast malignancy that arises from ductal epithelium and has an especially favorable prognosis. Its biologic characteristics are consistent with a direct precursor to invasive carcinoma, which develops in the majority of cases if left untreated, generally within 10 years of diagnosis. Mammography has resulted in a substantial increase in its diagnosis, as well as a change in its presentation from large, palpable masses to nonpalpable lesions manifested primarily as microcalcifications. The same treatment options are available for DCIS as for invasive breast carcinoma, and there is also a limited role for wide local excision alone in incidental lesions. Most cases of DCIS currently are treated effectively by lumpectomy and radiation therapy, although the fact that 50% of all local breast recurrences are invasive lesions may affect survival adversely. Mastectomy is associated with the best survival rates and should be performed on any patient with factors known to pose a high risk of locoregional recurrence. There are still many outstanding issues to be resolved by further study before the intriguing potential of this disease can be realized fully.
Hepatic leiomyosarcomas: CT features with pathologic correlation

The purpose of this study was to determine the computed tomographic (CT) features of hepatic leiomyosarcoma and to correlate them with pathologic findings. CT examinations of 15 patients with pathologically proven leiomyosarcoma of the liver were retrospectively reviewed. Three patients had primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver and 12 patients had 43 distinct hepatic metastases originating from a primary gastrointestinal (n = 8), uterine (n = 2) or retroperitoneal (n = 2) leiomyosarcoma. In the 11 patients who had partial hepatic resection or surgical biopsy of their tumors, a correlation was made between CT imaging and pathologic findings. Primary leiomyosarcomas showed heterogeneous enhancement; two displayed internal and peripheral enhancement, and one showed peripheral enhancement with a pseudocystic pattern (i.e. enhancing thick wall with internal nonenhancing low attenuation area). Leiomyosarcomas metastatic to the liver were homogeneous, showing no or moderate enhancement (10 of 43 metastases, 23%) or heterogeneous and predominantly peripheral enhancement (33 of 43 metastases, 77%). A pseudocystic pattern was seen in 13 of the 43 metastases (30%). Homogeneous tumors were made of smooth fibrous-like tissue without area of necrosis. Heterogeneous tumors contained varying degrees of necrosis and hemorrhage or gelatinous tissue. We found that primary and secondary hepatic leiomyosarcomas of the liver can exhibit different features. A pseudocystic pattern is uncommon. Furthermore, purely cystic tumors were not seen in our series.
Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty

When the World Bank dreams of 'a world free of poverty,' what should it be dreaming? In measuring global income or consumption expenditure poverty, the World Bank has widely adopted the $1 a day standard as a lower bound. Because this standard is based on poverty lines in the poorest countries, anyone with income or expenditures below this line will truly be poor. But there is no consensus standard for the upper bound of the global poverty line: above what level of income or expenditures is someone truly not poor? This article proposes that the World Bank compute its lower and upper bounds in a methodologically equivalent way, using the poverty lines of the poorest countries for the lower bound and the poverty lines of the richest countries for the upper bound. The resulting upper bound global poverty line will be 10 times higher than the current lower bound and at least 5 times higher than the currently used alternative lower bound of $2 a day. And in tracking progress toward a world free of poverty, the World Bank should compute measures of global poverty using a variety of weights on the depth and intensity of poverty for a range of poverty lines between the global lower and upper bounds. For instance, rather than trying to artificially force the global population of 6.2 billion (a billion is 1,000 million) into just two categories 'poor' and 'not poor,' with the new range of poverty lines the estimates would be that 1.3 billion people are 'destitute' (below $1 a day), another 1.6 billion are in 'extreme poverty' (above $1 a day but below $2 dollar a day), and another 2.5 billion are in 'global poverty' (above extreme poverty but below the upper bound poverty line).
The V 3 I Relation for Vaporizing Molybdenum

If a cylindrical filament of circular cross section, whose radiancy and resistivity are functions of temperature only, be maintained at a constant and uniform temperature in vacuum by electrical heating alone, and it vaporizes uniformly, the product of the current by the cube of the voltage drop across the filament will be a constant. In order to test this for filaments under ordinary experimental conditions, voltage and current measurements have been made on well-aged Mo filaments which have been maintained in vacuum of the order of 2 to 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ mm Hg at a constant brightness temperature till they burned out. It was found that ${V}^{3}I$ decreased rather uniformly with time of operation for each of the four filaments tested. For 500 minutes of operation at 2250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the percentage decreases found for ${V}^{3}I$ ranged from 0.49 percent to 0.85 percent, corresponding to temperature changes ranging from 7.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Possible changes in electrical and radiation properties of the filaments, and their effect on ${V}^{3}I$, are discussed.
Reported mechanisms of shoulder injury during the baseball throw

AbstractBackground: Shoulder complex injuries are common among overhand throwing athletes. These injuries often manifest as a result of habitual sport performance and often lead to time loss injuries. The mechanisms of these injuries are often non-traumatic and theories on how shoulder injuries manifest differ.Objectives: To describe the proposed mechanisms of commonly reported shoulder injuries as they relate to the phases of the throwing motion.Major findings: Shoulder injuries commonly involve rotator cuff muscles and tendons, scapulothoracic muscles, glenohumeral joint labrum, proximal humeral epiphysis, glenohumeral joint capsule, biceps muscle and tendon, and subacromial bursa. The injuries found in these tissues and their purported mechanisms of injury during the throw vary.Conclusions: The late cocking and deceleration phases have been implicated with the largest number of associated pathologies. Multiple injuries were theorized to occur at more than one phase of the throwing motion. Consensus has...
The computational science major at SUNY Brockport

The field of computational science is a recent addition to academic study. While the content of such an education is generally agreed upon, effective methods for imparting this knowledge are still being investigated. This paper describes the current state of the computational science degree programs at SUNY Brockport and the successes that have been obtained. Issues relating to the implementation of such programs in the context of a small, liberal arts college are also discussed.
Male and female occupation in relation to miscarriage and preterm delivery in central North Carolina

Abstract PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of parental occupation in miscarriage and preterm delivery. Previous studies raise the possibility that both male and female exposures could affect pregnancy. METHODS: Data from a population-based study of miscarriage and preterm delivery in central North Carolina were used to examine potential associations with male and female occupation. Medically treated miscarriage cases (n = 418), preterm delivery cases identified through hospital record review (n = 582), and term, normal birth weight controls (n = 787) were sought for telephone interview. The interview included information on jobs the woman held before and during the pregnancy, reports of her partner's job around the time of pregnancy, and information on potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Female employment overall, or in specific jobs, around the time of conception or early pregnancy was not associated with the risk of miscarriage, whereas working during pregnancy, especially in the seventh month, was inversely associated with risk of preterm delivery. Male employment in several industrial occupations was weakly associated with miscarriage (adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.6 to 1.8), and somewhat more strongly associated with preterm delivery, particularly for chemists and sheet metal workers (adjusted OR over 3). Restriction to married men strengthened the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are limited by nonresponse, imprecision, incomplete identification of miscarriages, and lack of detailed occupational exposure information. Nonetheless, we found greater support for further examination of male compared to female jobs in relation to pregnancy outcome.
Hydrologic impacts of past shifts of Earth's thermal equator offer insight into those to be produced by fossil fuel CO2.

Major changes in global rainfall patterns accompanied a northward shift of Earth’s thermal equator at the onset of an abrupt climate change 14.6 kya. This northward pull of Earth’s wind and rain belts stemmed from disintegration of North Atlantic winter sea ice cover, which steepened the interhemispheric meridional temperature gradient. A southward migration of Earth’s thermal equator may have accompanied the more recent Medieval Warm to Little Ice Age climate transition in the Northern Hemisphere. As fossil fuel CO2 warms the planet, the continents of the Northern Hemisphere are expected to warm faster than the Southern Hemisphere oceans. Therefore, we predict that a northward shift of Earth’s thermal equator, initiated by an increased interhemispheric temperature contrast, may well produce hydrologic changes similar to those that occurred during past Northern Hemisphere warm periods. If so, the American West, the Middle East, and southern Amazonia will become drier, and monsoonal Asia, Venezuela, and equatorial Africa will become wetter. Additional paleoclimate data should be acquired and model simulations should be conducted to evaluate the reliability of this analog.
Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.
The SIR-C/X-SAR mission

The Shuttle Imaging Radar-C and X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) is a cooperative experiment between NASA, the German space agency (DARA), and the Italian space agency (ASI). The experiment is the next evolutionary step in NASA's Spaceborne imaging radar (SIR) program that began with the Seasat SAR in 1978, and continued with SIR-A in 1981 and SIR-B in 1984. The program will eventually lead to the Earth Observing System (EOS) SAR later in this decade. The latest status of this land surface remote sensing mission is described. >
Perfluorocarbon in vitreoretinal surgery and preoperative bevacizumab in diabetic tractional retinal detachment

Perfluorocarbon in vitreoretinal surgery and preoperative bevacizumab in diabetic tractional retinal detachment
Electrical conditions near the bases of thunderclouds over New Mexico

Measurements of atmospheric electricity were made at a mountain-top observatory with some instruments at the earth's surface and with others carried aloft by captive balloons into the bases of thunderclouds overhead. The properties measured included the charge on individual precipitation particles, the electric current density carried by precipitation, the local electric field vector, and the electrical conductivity of the air. The electric fields aloft, near cloud base, were often twice the intensity of the surface fields and had large horizontal components that indicated non-uniform distributions of charge. The polar electrical conductivity of cloudy air was found to be about 2 times; 10−15 per ohm m which is about 1/10 that of the clear air at the same altitude. The polarity of charge on the precipitation aloft was almost invariably that of the local potential gradient; it did not show the well-known ‘mirror-image’ relation that is observed between the precipitation electricity at the ground and the local potential gradient during periods of point discharge. Use of our charge and conductivity data in Wormell's analysis of Wilson's ion capture mechanism suggests that ion capture in the subcloud region may explain adequately the precipitation charge arriving at the earth. There was little correlation between the magnitudes of the precipitation charge aloft and the intensity of the electric field. We could not identify the origin of the charges found on precipitation aloft although one possible explanation is that they were derived from that residing on the cloud droplets from which the raindrops were formed. Calculations of the electrical power transfer in the lower regions of developing thunderclouds by the fall of charged precipitation indicate local energy dissipation as predicted by Vonnegut, with rates of about 5 times; 10−6 watts m−3.
Technical Tip: New Tools for Protection from Sharps Injuries

Sharps injuries are an area of concern for healthcare workers. This article discusses clinical use of a blunt suture needle and an absorbable skin staple in upper limb operations. These devices may reduce the need for sharp needles in the surgical field during selected procedures on the upper limb.
A Bayesian response-adaptive covariate-balanced randomization design with application to a leukemia clinical trial

We propose a Bayesian response-adaptive covariate-balanced randomization design for multiple-arm comparative clinical trials. The goal of the design is to skew the allocation probability to more efficacious treatment arms, while also balancing the distribution of the covariates across the arms. In particular, we first propose a new covariate-adaptive randomization method based on a prognostic score that naturally accommodates continuous and categorical prognostic factors and automatically assigns imbalance weights to covariates according to their importance in response prediction. We then incorporate this covariate-adaptive design into a group sequential response-adaptive randomization scheme. The resulting response-adaptive covariate-balanced randomization design combines the advantages of both covariate-adaptive and response-adaptive randomizations and meets the design goal. We illustrate the proposed design through its application to a phase II leukemia clinical trial, and evaluate its operating characteristics through simulation studies.
The Assessment of Masculinity and Femininity: Scale 5 of the MMPI Compared with the BSRI and the PAQ.

Compared the MMPI Scale 5 (M/F) (N = 100) to the BSRI and PAQ measures of Masculinity (M) and Femininity (F); the F measures were found to be related more strongly to Scale 5 score than the M measures. Also, Scale 5 scores of androgynous Ss, as classified by the BSRI, were not significantly different from those of feminine classified Ss. It was concluded that Scale 5 may be interpreted more accurately as a measure of F rather than of M/F.
It's funny here. Is it there?

Last month’s column focused on theories of humor – the motivations behind humor – and the therapeutic use of humor and laughter as an adjuvant to medical treatment for patients with a variety of illnesses (Flaskerud, 2014). The theoretical motivations for humor described in the last column included several based on psychology – the expression of negative emotions, such as aggression and superiority; a coping mechanism for tension release; a means to resolve incongruity; a benign violation of various norms; and reverse engineering, an evolutionary development to correct errors in perception, based on neuroscience. The positive aspects of humor and the therapeutic use of laughter were explored also (Flaskerud, 2014). Several reports have demonstrated that laughter appears to improve mood, lessen anxiety, reduce psychological measures of stress, and reduce perception of pain (Christie & Moore, 2005). There are also physiological factors involved. Laughter can lead to changes in heart rate, skin temperature, blood pressure, pulmonary ventilation, skeletal muscle activity, and brain activity, which may improve overall wellbeing. Additionally, laughter may improve immune function by blocking the production of stress hormones, such as cortisol, and by increasing the release of immune-enhancers, such as beta-endorphin (Cancer Treatment Centers of America, 2013; Christie & Moore, 2005). Two other aspects of humor will be addressed here, as they apply to cultural differences and the use of humor. The first is: Are there other theoretical explanations of humor that do not rely on Western psychology and neuroscience? And second: Are humor and laughter used therapeutically in other cultures? It should be noted that humor and laughter are considered human traits: only humans have humor and we communicate it
Flurazepam for Short‐Term Treatment of Complaints of Insomnia

: The short-term hypnotic efficacy of 15 mg flurazepam was evaluated in nine patients (mean age 37.2 ± 15.9 years) who complained of insomnia and had polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. Patients slept in the laboratory 14 consecutive nights, and their sleep was monitored using standard polysomnographic procedures. Prior to bedtime, they received a placebo the first four nights, 15 mg flurazepam on nights 5 through 11, and a placebo again on nights 12 through 14. Flurazepam significantly increased total sleep time while reducing the latency to stage 1 sleep, the number of awakenings in the night, and the amount of wakefulness after sleep onset. Sleep stage patterns also were altered significantly with flurazepam: percentage stage 2 sleep increased, and percentages of stage 3–4 sleep and REM sleep (on drug night 1 and nights 1–3) decreased. With the exception of REM sleep, most of these drug effects were first detected on the second night of administration, did not diminish over the next six nights, and persisted during the three-day withdrawal period. Subjective evaluations of sleep generally corresponded with the polysomnographic data. It was concluded that 15 mg flurazepam has significant hypnotic properties with minimal adverse side effects.
Stimulation of Mucosal Glutathione and Angiogenesis: New Mechanisms of Gastroprotection and Ulcer Healing by Sucralfate

Background: Among the endogenous mediators (e.g., PG, SH) of gastroprotection, so far only PG was implicated in the mechanism of acute gastroprotection by sucralfate. Angiogenesis, which is stimulated by bFGF, is a recently recognized element in ulcer healing, and sucralfate binds bFGF in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In fasted rats the gastric mucosal concentration of GSH and protein SH was measured at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after a single gastroprotective dose of sucralfate. In normally fed rats, angiogenesis was measured in the subcutaneous sponge assay 7 days after the implantation of sponges containing sucralfate and/or bFGF. Results: A gastroprotective dose of sucralfate time-dependently increased GSH concentration in the gastric mucosa. Sucralfate alone accelerated angiogenesis, which was significantly enhanced by combination with an ineffective dose of bFGF in the subcutaneous sponge assay. The same dose of sucralfate combined with an angiogenic dose of bFGF also resulted in synergistic stimulatio...
Magnetostatic Design of 85KG Superconducting Dipoles

Extension of the present Tevatron dipole to 85kG has been considered by Wilson.1 An accelerator utilizing such dipoles has been designated as the Pentevac since it would permit 5 TeV protons to circulate within the boundaries of the Fermilab site. The present note contains results of magnetic field, force, and mechanical stress calculations for one possible Pentevac dipole.
New Methodology for Smoothing Freeway Loop Detector Data: Introduction to Digital Filtering

A new methodology has been developed for smoothing loop detector data based on digital signal processing. After introducing basic signal processing theory, existing smoothing techniques like fixed-time averages, cumulative sums, and moving-time averages—all subsets of the larger digital signal processing methodology—are described. Nontraditional smoothing techniques based on custom digital filter design are then presented, specifically, low-pass filters that "pass" slowly changing features of the detector data unchanged while attenuating rapidly changing features. Custom digital filter design gives more control over the smoothing process than do traditional smoothing methods. In particular, the amount of amplification or attenuation at a given frequency (e.g., rapidly or slowly changing features) can be set. Whether a custom filter or a traditional smoothing process is used, an understanding of the frequency response can increase the usefulness of the resulting data by clarifying the limitations of the gi...
Influence of Cereal Incorporation in a Caries-Producing Diet on Caries Activity in Rats

Supplementation of cariogenic diet 2700 with 25, 35, or 50% of cereal products had no influence on the gain in body weight or on the caries activity of caries-susceptible rats. Substitution of half of the sucrose in diet 2700 by other cereal products had no influence on the growth of rats, but resulted in small decreases in caries activity; one corn product was the most effective.
Perceptions Of Environmental Sustainability

This study examines attitudes toward environmental sustainability among college students. The new area of “sustainability reporting” identifies business practices that are associated with environmental and social costs. When these costs are known, managers can take steps to reduce them, resulting in improved profit and lessened environmental impact. Many believe it has great potential to change the way business is practiced. Responses were analyzed using multidimensional scaling analyses, permitting comparison of the perceived similarity and dissimilarity of “sustainability” to other environmentally significant terms. Results from these and semantic differential analyses showed that sustainability is perceived positively, although it is not perceived as especially dynamic nor is it associated with sound economics. Suggestions for educating students and the public about sustainability reporting are offered.
Single-Valleyed Policy Preferences

This paper identifies a common condition arising in politics when the assumption that policy preferences are single-peaked may fail to hold among large shares of voters. This occurs when the status quo policy is perceived as unsatisfactory, and credible policies are offered to the status quo's left and right. In times like these, a substantial proportion of voters can hold "single-valleyed" preferences in that they prefer both left-wing and right-wing policies to the moderate status quo. I demonstrate this with a national survey in which respondents rank-order their policy preferences over education, national security, immigration, and energy policies. Considerable shares of Americans hold single-valleyed preferences on these issues, and their numbers increase in an experimental condition that exogenously raises respondents' concern about the seriousness of these policy problems. In these cases, single-valleyed preferences give rise to single-valleyed politics: collective preferences can be structured as much by a desire for substantive policy change as they are by ideology.
To the Organized Go the Spoils: The Role of Social Capital in State Allocation of Education Spending Under Equity-Based School Finance Reform

This paper examines the extent to which social capital plays a role in explaining local level differences in education spending once a US state undergoes equity-based school finance reform. Aspects of social capital are grouped into two categories: generalized reciprocity and civic engagement. The results indicate that, once states do undergo specific versions of the reform, counties with higher levels of social capital receive more education spending dollars than areas low in social capital. More specifically, counties higher in generalized reciprocity receive more in direct spending from the state, while counties high in civic engagement generate more spending from the local level. These findings call into the question the practice of strictly relying on socioeconomic factors to assess school resource inequity.
Pain and Aggression in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia: Minimum Data Set 3.0 Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the potential relationship between pain and aggressive behavioral symptoms in nursing home (NH) residents with dementia as a function of resident communicative status (ability to self-report pain). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between pain and aggression for residents who self-reported pain and for those whose pain was measured by staff evaluation of pain-related behaviors. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the comprehensive data collected from January to March 2012 in the national Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 of NH residents, aged 65 years or older, with dementia (N = 71,227). Pain was measured using the MDS Pain Assessment Interview for residents who could communicate or by staff evaluation using the MDS Pain Behavior Scale for residents who could not communicate. The relationship between pain and aggressive behavioral symptoms was estimated from logistic regression models after controlling for covariates (functional/cognitive impairments, pain medications, comorbidities, and sociodemographic variables). RESULTS: In residents who could not communicate, pain was associated with both verbal and physical aggression (verbal aggression: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.23, 95% CI [1.17, 1.29]; physical aggression: AOR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.14, 1.26]). In residents who could communicate, pain was associated with verbal aggression only (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.04, 1.18]). DISCUSSION: The relationship between pain and aggressive behavioral symptoms varies according to the communicative status of NH residents and disproportionately affects those who cannot articulate their pain. Strategies for enhancing pain management in these residents are needed to adequately treat pain and reduce aggression. Language: en
THE RISE OF THE NERDS? INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ARCHITECTURE

Currently universities are abuzz with a call for more interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, or transdisciplinary work. Many administrators in architecture are jumping on the bandwagon, seeing this as a way to increase the relevance of their programs on campus and to raise funds. After all, architects excel in bringing together disparate information to create works that are both functional and aesthetically sophisticated. They are potentially core contributors to this trend.
Along Ancient Trails: The Mallet Expedition of 1739

Professor Donald Blakeslee has been with Wichita State University from 1976. He earned his Ph.D. in Anthropology at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1975); M.A. (1971) and B.A. with distinction (1969) in Anthropology at the University of Nebraska. Professor Blakeslee specializes in the archaeology of the Great Plains. His research interests range from the time of the earliest settlement of the Americas to the historic period, and his work has carried him from Montana to Texas. He also has had a long-term interest in native trails and sacred sites. Major contributions include numerous publications on the Middle Ceramic period and on radiocarbon dating. His latest work focuses on the protohistoric period and on the Walnut River basin during all time periods. He has served as president of the Professional Archaeologists of Kansas and of AASCK, a society for amateur archaeologists.
Maximizing lymph node retrieval during surgical resection of Wilms tumor.

Introduction Sampling lymph nodes (LNs) is independently associated with decreased recurrence and improved survival for Wilms tumor (WT). Despite sampling, we noted cases where a few or no LNs were identified after resection of WT. We hypothesized fewer LNs were identified when submitted en bloc with the tumor, compared with when submitted separately. Patients/Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review from 2003 to 2012 of WT resection cases, examining the type of LN dissection, the specimens submitted to pathology, number of LNs evaluated, and complications associated with the procedure. Results We identified 74 children with WT; 59 of 74 (79.7%) had unilateral disease and 15 of 74 (20.3%) had bilateral disease. With unilateral disease, more LNs were identified by separate versus en bloc sampling (5.2 ± 0.6 vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 nodes, p = 0.61). Both the methods identified fewer LNs compared with en bloc + separate sampling (12.5 ± 2.7 nodes, p p = 0.04, respectively). The majority of children with bilateral disease (10/15, 66.6%) did not have LN sampling intraoperatively. When submitted separately, 83.3 ± 3.8% of all LNs were identified in the separate specimen, and two en bloc specimens that were noted to have adenopathy intraoperatively had no LNs pathologically identified. Few cases had complications, which did not appear associated with LN sampling. Conclusions En bloc + separate sampling yields the most LNs during resection of WT. We recommend using this technique to facilitate the maximum number of LNs evaluated in WT. Low rates of LN sampling in bilateral disease may indicate decreased regard for sampling when tumor stage is already known.
Completely Unacceptable Levels in Conjoint Analysis: A Cautionary Note:

An experiment is reported on the extent to which respondents adhere to the implications of choosing the “completely unacceptable” level in hybrid conjoint (and related) applications. The findings i...
Malignant mesothelioma not related to asbestos exposure: Analytical scanning electron microscopic analysis of 83 cases and comparison with 442 asbestos-related cases.

ABSTRACTEpidemiological studies indicate that 80–90% of mesotheliomas are asbestos related. This suggests that 10–20% are not. Lung fiber burden analysis provides objective information about past exposures to asbestos. We have performed lung fiber burden analysis on a large cohort of mesothelioma cases and compared the findings with a reference population. Herein we report our findings along with demographic and exposure data.
An exploratory study of Chinese Americans' debt holding

Research concerning the financial well-being of Chinese American households is extremely limited. This article examines factors that affect the probability that Chinese American households will hold debt. Analysis of data from a survey of Chinese Americans in five Midwestern states in the U.S. indicated that 80.5% of the sample households held some type of debt. Factors associated with the probability that a Chinese American household would be a debtor included age, presence of children under 18, health, annual income, and amount of financial and non-financial assets.
The limits of interfaith? Interfaith identities, emerging potentialities, and exclusivity

AbstractInterfaith movements within the United States are currently attempting to integrate nonreligionists – agnostics, unaffiliated, humanists, and atheists for example – into their dialogical spaces. We argue that this attempt to further inclusivity within interfaith movements, although well-intended, is impeded by what we refer to as the interfaith identity paradigm. This paradigm focuses on concretised religious identities through a confessional model, which powerfully circumscribes intended efforts to engage with multi-layered experiences and radical inclusiveness. As such, we utilise contemporary anthropological theories regarding subjectivity to demonstrate that the interfaith identity paradigm results in limited participation by nonreligionists. Based on several months of participant observation at multiple interfaith meetings, this article intends to initiate a conversation among interfaith practitioners endeavouring to cultivate inviting and open spaces for religionists and nonreligionists alik...
The temporal profile and morphologic features of neuronal death in human stroke resemble those observed in experimental forebrain ischemia: The potential role of apoptosis

Although neuronal death has been studied in experimental models of ischemia, the precise mechanisms regulating cell death remain unclear. Furthermore, the timing and pattern of neuronal death in human stroke has not been extensively studied. To further our understanding of ischemia-induced neuronal death, we examined the temporal profile of histochemical and morphologic characteristics of hippocampal neuronal death following experimental forebrain ischemia and compared these findings to human brain specimens obtained from subjects suffering cerebral infarction. Transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) was induced in normothermic adult rats by bilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with hypotension. Animals were sacrificed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h and 7, 14, and 28 days following ischemia (n = 4 at each time point). Experimental tissue was analyzed using light and electron microscopy as well as TUNEL histochemistry. A total of 27 human brain specimens with neuropathological confirmation of ischemic damage and appropriate controls were also examined using light microscopy and TUNEL histochemistry. Dense TUNEL staining in hippocampal CA-1 neurons was present at 48 and 72 h following experimental ischemia. Prior to these times, little or no nuclear staining was noted and after 72 h nuclear staining diminished rapidly. Ultrastructural findings at these time points demonstrated many features similar to those seen in cells undergoing apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage with increased electron density, chromatin condensation with formation of heterochromatin, intact plasma membranes, and intact intracellular organelles. In a similar fashion, human stroke specimens during the subacute period showed dense nuclear TUNEL staining in penumbral neurons, whereas in the acute or chronic stages little or no staining was noted. Our results demonstrate that the timing of morphologic changes and TUNEL histochemistry following human stroke resembles that observed in experimental TFI. Furthermore, neuronal death in both experimental ischemia and human stroke share several features characteristic of apoptotic cell death.
At-Rest Lateral Stress Coefficient in Sands from Common Field Methods

AbstractA new relationship for estimating the in situ at-rest lateral stress coefficient (K0) in sands consisting predominantly of silica particles is derived in this technical note using the calibration chamber test results reported in the literature. Variables in the relationship, in order of significance, are overconsolidation ratio, dilatometer horizontal stress index, and normalized cone tip resistance. Values of in situ K0 estimated with the new relationship generally compare well with K0 determined from self-boring pressuremeter tests. Estimates of K0 in Pleistocene sands are, on average, about 10% higher than in Holocene sands.
Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Evaluation of a Parent Education Program for Teen Mothers

We conducted an evaluation of a parent education program for the prevention of child maltreatment that served urban teen, unmarried mothers at risk for child maltreatment. Three to five years after the birth of their children, program graduates (n = 125) were significantly less likely than controls (n = 410) to have founded reports of maltreatment in the state database. On the basis of a follow-up phone call to a subset of 80 program graduates and 40 controls, mothers who enrolled in the 12-week parent education/support program showed trends toward being more likely to have completed high school, taken some college courses, and delayed subsequent pregnancies until after age 21.
What Do We Owe Medical Students and Medical Colleagues Who Are Impaired

Physicians who are impaired, engage in unprofessional behavior, or violate laws may be barred from further practice. Likewise, medical students may be dismissed from medical school for many infractions, large and small. The welfare of patients and the general public must be our first priority, but when we assess physicians and students who have erred, we should seek to respond as caringly and fairly as possible. This piece will explore how we may do this at all stages of the proceedings physicians and students may encounter. This may include helping them to resume their medical careers if and when this would be sufficiently safe and beneficial for patients.
P137 The importance of re-evaluating the HLA antibody profile and auto-antibody status when the flow cytometry crossmatch result is not as expected

Aim The flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) is a decision-maker for organ transplantation. A positive FCXM against T-Cells and/or B-Cells increases the risk for rejection. For this reason, a “positive” FCXM often eliminates the patient from consideration for transplant. The listing of unacceptable HLA (UAgs) reduces the probability for an unexpected positive FCXM. The FCXM and processes to define UAgs are not perfect. Herein, we provide three cases in which the transplant decision changes with additional laboratory testing and the way the FCXM is reported. Methods A standard three-color FCXM uses PerCP-CD3 and PE-CD19 (BD Bioscience) to label T- and B-Cells, respectively, and FITC- Fab’2 goat anti-human IgG (Jackson Lab) to detect antibody binding. A median channel difference (MCD) of 35 for T-Cells and 65 for B-Cells is the threshold for positive. Single antibody beads (Thermo Fisher) were used for HLA antibody identification. UAgs are listed based on mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 1000 for Class I and 3000 for Class II. Results All the cases were evaluations for deceased-donor kidney transplantation. Case 1: A re-transplant candidate with 100% cPRA had an unexpected strong positive T-FCXM (MCD over 400) with no known Class I DSA. A serum tested at a 1/10 dilution showed two Class I DSAs, A2 and B57 with a combined peak MFI of 10,303. Case 2: A B-FCXM was reported as strong positive with a MCD of 378. The patient had strong autoantibody reacting with his B-Cells (MCD 270). Subsequent B-FCXMs were reported as uninterpretable because of a history of auto-antibody reacting with B-Cells with no known DSA. The patient was successfully transplanted. Case 3. A patient with a negative antibody history and no auto-antibody had an unexpected positive T-FCXM (MCD 192). The B-FCXM was Negative. A new HLA antibody profile was negative. A new auto-crossmatch was T-FCXM positive(MCD 73) and B-FCXM negative. Subsequent T-FCXMs were reported as uninterpretable because of a history of auto-antibody reacting with T-Cells with no known DSA. The patient was successfully transplanted. Conclusions 1. A prozone effect must be evaluated when listing UAgs. 2. Unexpected FCXM results should be investigated. 3. The clinical relevance of the FCXM result must be communicated to prevent a patient being removed from consideration, inappropriately.