cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient acceleration techniques for non-linear analysis of structures with frictional contact

La mecanique computationnelle est un outil incontournable pour le monde de l’ingenierie mecanique. Motive par un desir de realisme et soumis a un perpetuel gigantisme, les modeles numeriques doivent aujourd’hui inclure des phenomenes physiques de plus en plus complexes. Par consequence, d’importantes capacites calculatoires sont requises afin de traiter des problemes a la fois non-lineaires mais aussi de grande taille. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il convient de developper les stations de calculs mais aussi les methodes algorithmiques utilisees afin de resoudre efficacement ces types de problemes. Recemment, les methodes de reduction de modele se revelent comme d’excellentes options au developpement d’algorithmes de resolution performants. Le probleme du contact frottant entre solides elastiques est particulierement bien connu pour sa complexite et dont les temps de calcul peuvent devenir prohibitifs. En effet, les lois qui le regissent sont tres hautement non-lineaires (non differentiables). Dans ce memoire, nous nous proposons d’appliquer differentes methodes de reduction de modele (a posteriori et a priori) a ce type de probleme afin de developper des methodes de calculs accelerees dans le cadre de la methode des elements finis. Tout d’abord, en se placant dans le cadre des petites perturbations en evolution quasistatique, la reductibilite de diverses solutions impliquant du contact frottant est mise en evidence via leur decomposition en valeur singuliere. De plus, leur contenu a echelle separee est exhibe. La methode non-incrementale et non-lineaire a large increment de temps (LATIN) est par la suite presentee. Dans un second temps et a partir des observations faites precedemment, une methode LATIN acceleree est proposee en s’inspirant des methodes multigrilles non-lineaires de type “full approximation scheme” (FAS). Cette methode s’apparente en partie aux methodes de reduction de modele de type a posteriori. De plus, une strategie de calcul de modes a partir d’un modele de substitution est proposee. Par la suite, la decomposition propre generalisee (PGD) est utilisee afin de developper une methode de resolution non-lineaire efficace reposant fondamentalement sur une approche de reduction de modele de type a priori. Enfin, quelques extensions sont proposees telle que la resolution de probleme faisant intervenir des etudes parametriques, ou encore la prise en charge de non-linearites supplementaires telle que la plasticite.
On Artistic Knowledge a Study in Hegel’s Philosophy of Art

Is art knowledge? On Hegel’s view, it must be; for he maintains that art is called upon to disclose truth in the form of the sensible artistic construction,1 and the disclosure of truth is certainly a cognitive process.
Intracortical BCIs: A Brief History of Neural Timing

In this chapter, we will explore the option of using neural activity recorded from tiny arrays of hair-thin microelectrodes inserted a few millimeters into the brain itself. These tiny electrodes are small and sensitive enough to detect the firing activity of individual neurons. The ability to record individual neurons is unique to recording technologies that penetrate the brain. These microelectrodes are also small enough that many hundreds of them can be implanted in the brain at one time without displacing much tissue. Therefore, the activity patterns of hundreds or even thousands of individual neurons could potentially be detected and used for brain–computer interfacing (BCI) applications.
Cellular uptake of purine antimetabolites in vitro—I: Uptake of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside by human erythrocytes☆

Abstract 6-Methylthiopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) is preferentially taken up in vivo by human erythrocytes. An uphill transport into the cells against a radioactivity gradient is observed when human whole blood is incubated with radioactive MMPR- 35 S. The transport obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics in a drug concentration range of 0.05 to 0.3 mM in whole blood. The average K m is 0.91 mM at 37°. The transport mechanism is saturable. Inhibition has been demonstrated with MMPR analogs but not with nonspecific inhibitors, thus suggesting that no metabolic energy is consumed. Since intracellularly all of the radioactivity resides in the phorphorylated product, MMPR 5'-monophosphate, rather than in the unchanged MMPR, the transport is uphill with respect to radioactivity but downhill with respect to MMPR. The accumulation and persistence of radioactivity in the erythrocytes are therefore explainable by the intracellular biotransfonnation of MMPR to the more ionizable and hence less diffusible ribonucleotide.
Social Work with Groups: What, Why, and Wherefore?

These excerpts are from a presentation given by the author at a meeting held on May 21, 1994, for the purpose of forming a Suffolk County chapter of the Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups (AASWG). Here the author conveys her deep respect for the rich “breadth” in social work’s way of working with groups. She emphasizes the importance of activity in engaging members in the grouping process, and in the democratic tradition of social work with groups she stresses the responsibility of the group’s members to make themselves a group.
The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence: Intelligence and Expertise

This chapter provides an overview of research on cultural intelligence (CQ), the nomological network of CQ, and future directions for research on CQ. It helps readers to think more deeply about their own CQ capabilities. Earley and Ang built on the increasing consensus that intelligence should go beyond mere cognitive abilities. They described CQ as a complex, multifactor individual attribute that is composed of metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral factors. The chapter stimulates additional theorizing, empirical research, and practical application in diverse countries and cultures across the globe. To date, most of the empirical research on CQ has used the CQ Scale (CQS). CQ resonates with researchers and practitioners who are concerned with adaptation to and effectiveness in multicultural settings. Education researchers are calling for increased awareness of cultural differences in learning styles and for development of CQ in teachers and students.
Japan's success in telecommunications regulation: A unique regulatory mix

Abstract The success of Japan's telecommunications service sector can be attributed not to any one dominant factor, but to the regulatory mix of a number of mutually reinforcing elements: competition; threats and incentives; pragmatic, detailed regulation; and flows of information and people between organizations. Each element increases the effectiveness of the others. The mix has arisen partly by design and partly by historical accident, but is now used by the government to maximize the telecommunications industry's benefit to Japan's economy and society.
CD21-Dependent Infection of an Epithelial Cell Line, 293, by Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is invariably present in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas, is found sporadically in other carcinomas, and replicates in the differentiated layer of the tongue epithelium in lesions of oral hairy leukoplakia. However, it is not clear how frequently or by what mechanism EBV infects epithelial cells normally. Here, we report that a human epithelial cell line, 293, can be stably infected by EBV that has been genetically marked with a selectable gene. We show that 293 cells express a relatively low level of CD21, that binding of fluorescein-labeled EBV to 293 cells can be detected, and that both the binding of virus to cells and infection can be blocked with antibodies specific for CD21. Two proteins known to form complexes with CD21 on the surface of lymphoid cells, CD35 and CD19, could not be detected at the surface of 293 cells. All infected clones of 293 cells exhibited tight latency with a pattern of gene expression similar to that of type II latency, but productive EBV replication and release of infectious virus could be induced inefficiently by forced expression of the lytic transactivators, R and Z. Low levels of mRNA specific for the transforming membrane protein of EBV, LMP-1, as well as for LMP-2, were detected; however, LMP-1 protein was either undetectable or near the limit of detection at less than 5% of the level typical of EBV-transformed B cells. A slight increase in expression of the receptor for epidermal growth factor, which can be induced in epithelial cells by LMP-1, was detected at the cell surface with two EBV-infected 293 cell clones. These results show that low levels of surface CD21 can support infection of an epithelial cell line by EBV. The results also raise the possibility that in a normal infection of epithelial cells by EBV, the LMP-1 protein is not expressed at levels that are high enough to be oncogenic and that there might be differences in the cells of EBV-associated epithelial cancers that have arisen to allow for elevated expression of LMP-1.
NEUTRAL BEAM INJECTION EXPERIMENTS

In this lecture we will review experimental aspects of neutral beam heating on tokamaks. We will begin by assessing recent progress in high-current, high-voltage neutral beam technology. We will then briefly look at the problems of beam penetration into large dense reactor-grade plasmas. After this we will examine the experimental data available on the physics of beam ion thermalization, and finally we will review the results from recent neutral beam injection experiments.
Breast cancer research: where we are and where we should go

Every new year, a common ritual is to reflect on the past year and resolve to improve, in increments, one's life for the next. With the new millennium upon us, the introspection and the projections take on a grander scale. Certainly, the span of a thousand years dwarfs the lifetime of any individual. Therefore, the thoughts and the hopes are for a community, and not the individual. Furthermore, the millennial resolutions we make are about achieving dreams beyond the boundaries of current reality. In breast cancer research, given the progress in the field, it is an appropriate time for us to take stock of our past accomplishments, and to make projections on where we would like to be. Then, with these plans in hand, we may plan the first steps on a journey that will encompass the next 30 generations.
The Specification Problem in Economic History: A Correction

A factor of proportionality was inadvertently omitted from equations (6), (7), (9), and (13) of â€œThe Specification Problem in Economic History,â€ JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY, XXVII (Sept. 1967), 283-308. A tilda was omitted above PA in equation (9).
Elicitation and detection of in vitro H-2-linked Jr gene regulated antibody responses to poly (LTyr, Glu)-Poly(dlALa)--poly(lLys)

A microculture system is described in which secreted antibody responses to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A--L were obtained in vitro. Responses were highly reproducible, antigen-dependent, antigen-specific, and under H-2-linked Ir gene control. Critical elements in the system include the schedule of in vivo antigen-priming, removal of the stimulating antigen after 3 days of culture, and a sensitive detection system (double-antibody ELISA). This system should be useful in the analysis of the mechanism of action of Ir genes as well as the mechanisms by which anti-idiotype antibodies modulate immune responses.
Dual function of troglitazone in ICAM-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelium.

Our previous work has shown that troglitazone (an antidiabetic, thiazolidione drug and a synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARgamma) stimulated basal level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression in the absence of cytokine stimulation in human vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we examine the molecular mechanism of troglitazone on the basal and TNFalpha-induced ICAM-1 gene expression. Activation of transcription factors, NF-kappaB and AP-1 proteins, known to regulate ICAM-1 gene expression upon external stimulators, was examined. In human vascular endothelial cells (ECV304 cells), troglitazone inhibited TNFalpha-induced ICAM-1 gene expression by suppressing NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity, NF-kappaB transcriptional responses, c-Fos mRNA and protein levels via a ligand-dependent, PPARgamma-activated manner. In contrast, both troglitazone (at 10 microM) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2), at 15 microM), a natural ligand for PPARgamma, induce c-Jun phosphorylation by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) through a posttranslational regulation of c-Jun activity, therefore increasing AP-1/DNA binding activity and transcriptional responses as results of increasing basal ICAM-1 gene expression. These findings suggest dual function of troglitazone in the modulation of both basal and stimulated ICAM-1gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells.
A review of ecological impacts of oil and gas development on coastal ecosystems in the Mississippi Delta

Abstract We review the multiple ecological impacts of oil and gas development on coastal ecosystems in the Mississippi Delta. This area has one of the greatest developments of oil and gas production in the world. This activity has generated significant impacts on coastal ecosystems due to the toxicity of spilled oil and the secondary and indirect effects of petroleum-related activities, such as alteration of hydrology. Effects on plant communities include disruption of plant–water relationships, direct impacts to plant metabolism, toxicity to living cells, and reduced oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and the soil. Effects on consumers include growth inhibition, reduced production, altered metabolic systems, and biomagnification of hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum-related activities have contributed significantly to wetland loss in the Delta. Subsidence was increased by 2–3 times due to fault activation. Canals altered natural hydrology by altering water flow pathways, increasing saltwater intrusion, and reducing overland flow and sediment inputs. The combination of these factors increased plant stress and plant death.
Studies on the time course and the effect of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor blockers on the stimulus effect of nicotine

This study investigated the stimulus property of nicotine in the rat. The primary objectives of the study were 1. to determine the time course of the nicotine stimulus and its relationship to brain levels of the drug and 2. to determine whether the nicotine stimulus is dependent upon the integrity of specific neurotransmitter systems. A lever choice discrimination was used. After injection of nicotine, depression of one lever in an operant test chamber resulted in food reinforcement according to a variable interval schedule of 15 sec. When saline was administered, the opposite lever was reinforced. A high degree of discriminated responding was observed when either 400 Μg/kg or 200 Μg/kg of nicotine was used as a discriminative stimulus. The degree of discrimination decreased as the length of the time period between the injection of nicotine and the test of discrimination was increased. This decline in discrimination was similar to the decline in brain levels of nicotine suggesting that nicotine discrimination is directly related to the concentration of nicotine in the brain. Atropine, mecamylamine, dibenamine, propranolol and α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) were all tested, in a range of doses, for effects upon nicotine discrimination. Of these, only mecamylamine antagonized the nicotine stimulus. These results indicate that the stimulus effect of nicotine is mediated specifically through nicotinic-cholinergic receptors and not muscarinic-cholinergic or adrenergic receptors.
Temporary workers: Managing the problem of unscheduled turnover

Increasing numbers of firms are turning to the temporary labor market in an attempt to enhance their competitiveness in the global market. Those firms differ widely in their approaches to human resource management in terms of training, orientation, socialization and integration of temporary workers. This paper suggests several factors associated with the management of temporary workers that may lead to higher than necessary rates of departure prior to contract end dates. These factors include inadequate socialization, perceptions of injustice, exclusion from decision‐making, expectations for permanent work, lower age and tenure, lower tolerance for inequity, low levels of commitment, and limited motivation. Implications for client firms are discussed, with an emphasis on the development of comprehensive HRM systems that address the factors identified, and directions for future research are suggested.
The Art of Author Study: Leo Lionni in the Primary Classroom

A two-week author study culminated in a child-created book celebrating the words and pictures of Leo Lionni in one kindergarten classroom. The author study was built around exploring elements of literature and developing more complex response to picture books through art experiences. A rationale for using art within an author study is provided as well as procedures to implement the study, activities to promote comprehension, and directions for different methods of illustration. Sample lessons and pieces of artwork are also included.
Portable EDXRF analysis of a mud brick necropolis enclosure: evidence of work organization, El Hibeh, Middle Egypt

The geochemical and sedimentological compositions of mud brick from a feature called the Square Enclosure in the eastern desert necropolis of the ancient town site of El Hibeh, Egypt, were investigated along with surface sediments from the local Nile floodplain for the purpose of establishing possible sources of the mud brick. Geochemical examination was undertaken with a portable EDXRF spectrometer; a field portable sedimentological laboratory was used to collect grain size, mineralogy, and strength analysis data. Results of the analyses produced evidence of work organization relating to the construction of the Square Enclosure. This discovery is the first archaeological evidence of work organization from the mud brick of ancient Egyptian structures and provides a valuable contribution to our knowledge of ancient Egyptian work organizational practices.
Oxidative Stability of Egg and Soy Lecithin as Affected by Transition Metal Ions and pH in Emulsion

Oxidative stability of egg and soy lecithin in emulsion was evaluated with two transition metal ions, cupric and ferric ion, at two concentration levels (50 and 500 microM). The effect of pH on lipid oxidation was also examined under these two concentrations for each ion. Egg lecithin (EL) had similar peroxide value (PV) development pattern as soy lecithin (SL) when treated with cupric ion under both acidic and neutral pH. Acidic pH of 3 accelerated oxidation of both EL and SL, especially under high concentration of copper. When treated with ferric ion, EL oxidized much faster than SL did. EL had higher value of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) than SL, possibly because of its higher content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Acidic pH accelerated TBARS development for both EL and SL, but EL had more significantly increased values. Cupric ion was more powerful than ferric in catalyzing oxidation of both EL and SL under both acidic and neutral pH conditions as measured by PV and TBARS. Linoleic acid may contribute to higher PV production, however, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid may have contributed more to TBARS production. Overall, SL showed better oxidative stability than EL under the experimental conditions. This study also suggests that using multiple methods is necessary in properly evaluating lipid oxidative stability.
Lexical learning in school-age children, adolescents, and adults: a process where language and literacy converge.

As Ravid & Tolchinsky (2002) have indicated in their article, literacy has profound effects upon the development of language in school-age children, adolescents, and adults. Once children are able to read proficiently – typically by eight or nine years – their ability to acquire increasingly sophisticated aspects of language can expand greatly. The convergence of language and literacy is readily apparent upon examining the lexicon, a language domain that is subject to unlimited growth through the lifespan. For this reason, I would like to elaborate on the role of literacy in relation to lexical development beyond the preschool years, focusing on processes that facilitate the learning of word meanings. In this commentary, it will be shown that there is an ongoing reciprocal relationship between lexical development and literacy in which unfamiliar words are first encountered in print and learned through various metalinguistic strategies. Subsequently, this increased knowledge of words leads to improved comprehension of text, which in turn, leads to further expansion of the lexicon (Sternberg & Powell, 1983).
Modeling of the frequency effect on fatigue crack propagation in PMMA

Abstract The frequency-dependent fatigue crack growth behavior in PMMA was investigated experimentally and modeled theoretically. The fatigue tests were conducted using single-edge-crack specimens and tension-tension sinusoidal loads. Three load frequencies were considered, i.e. 0.1, 1 and 10 Hz. The theoretical model was developed based upon the fatigue crack growth in viscoelastic media. It was found that the use of the strain intensity factor is suitable for accounting for the frequency-dependent fatigue behavior in PMMA.
Chemistry on the Internetthe Road to Everywhere and Nowhere

The ability to connect the information stored in computers around the world is presenting a challenge and an opportunity to chemists, information producers, and information providers. Are the chemi...
The Structuralist Savant

In this first English-language biography of Levi-Strauss, Shankman focuses more on the subject9s experiences and life than on his writings and ideas.
An axiomatic approach to constructing distances for rank comparison and aggregation

We propose a new family of distance measures on rankings, derived through an axiomatic approach, that consider the nonuniform relevance of the top and bottom of ordered lists and similarities between candidates. The proposed distance functions include specialized weighted versions of the Kendall τ distance and the Cayley distance, and are suitable for comparing rankings in a number of applications, including information retrieval and rank aggregation. In addition to proposing the distance measures and providing the theoretical underpinnings for their applications, we also analyze algorithmic and computational aspects of weighted distance-based rank aggregation. We present an aggregation method based on approximating weighted distance measures by a generalized version of Spearman's footrule distance as well as a Markov chain method inspired by PageRank, where transition probabilities of the Markov chain reflect the chosen weighted distances.
Cooperative R&D and strategic trade policy

In this paper three different cooperative R&D arrangements in a strategic trade policy model are examined. A policy game between two governments is analysed, where each government chooses a particular cooperative R&D policy in order to maximize national welfare. Allowing cooperation in R&D is also compared with the use of R&D subsidies. It is jointly optimal for both governments to allow their firms to participate in the same type of cooperative R&D, and allowing cooperation in R&D can
Regional tissue oxygenation in preterm born infants in association with echocardiographically significant patent ductus arteriosus

Regional tissue oxygenation in preterm born infants in association with echocardiographically significant patent ductus arteriosus
Strengthening conceptual connections in introductory chemistry courses

Both research on learning across a wide range of disciplines and common theories of learning recognize the importance of learning through making connections between new concepts to which one is exposed and existing cognitive structures or schemata. This paper considers examples of underappreciated cognitive connections that our experience has shown can facilitate students‘ learning of chemistry in the introductory course. The first deals with the question of whether the ‘common-ion effect’ is limited to discussions of solubility product equilibrium, as many textbooks seem to indicate. The second example questions why certain traditional approaches to teaching the chemistry of conjugate oxidizing agents and reducing agents are not applied to discussions of the chemistry of conjugate Bronsted acids and bases. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2007, 8 (1), 93-100]
Evaluation of Stigmatizing Language and Medical Errors in Neurology Coverage by US Newspapers

OBJECTIVES To analyze US newspaper coverage of neurologic diseases to determine whether stigmatizing language is used in describing patients and examine its sources where found and to examine stories for medical errors. METHODS A content analysis of newspaper articles was performed for 2003 using the Lexis-Nexis database. Keyword searches for 11 common neurologic conditions were performed for The New York Times and 8 regional newspapers with circulation greater than 200,000. RESULTS A total of 1203 stories focusing on 11 neurologic conditions were recovered. Newspaper coverage did not reflect disease prevalence (rank correlation, ρ=-0.009; P =.98). The topics most covered were Alzheimer disease and other dementias (400 stories, 33% of total), which were eventually combined into 1 category for purposes of data analysis. Conditions with the highest prevalence were among the least covered topics, including migraine (34 stories, 3% of total) and head trauma (19 stories, 2% of total). Stigmatizing language was found in 15% of all stories. Excluding wire stories, the average among locally produced newspaper stories was higher (21%). Stories on epilepsy (30%) and migraine (29%) contained the highest frequency of stigmatizing language. Sources of stigma within a story included reporters (55%), patients (26%), family (17%), and physicians (16%). In an accuracy analysis, 20% of sampled stories contained medical errors or exaggerations, with half of these concerning neurodegenerative conditions. CONCLUSION A total of 21% of all stories (excluding wire stories) contained language judged stigmatizing, with reporters as the most common source of the stigmatizing language. A total of 20% of analyzed stories had medical errors or exaggerations, the latter most often overstating treatment effectiveness.
Essay and Reflection: On the American Empire from a British Imperial Perspective

(2007). Essay and Reflection: On the American Empire from a British Imperial Perspective. The International History Review: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 83-108.
Invariant proteins associated with guinea-pig Ia antigens

Analysis of guinea-pig Ia immunoprecipitates by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated the specific association of Ia molecules with several types of invariant proteins. These include a 33,000 mol. wt basic protein homologous to murine invariant chain (Ii), and a set of 34,000-36,000 mol. wt proteins more acidic than Ii (acidic invariant chain). Two 23,000-25,000 mol. wt non-polymorphic proteins with pIs of 6.0 and 6.5 were also observed in association with Ia, as was a basic protein of mol. wt 42,000. Pulse/chase studies using [35S]methionine demonstrated that Ii, but not acidic invariant chain, was associated with newly synthesized Ia molecules. The amount of 35S-Ii decreased greatly throughout the chase period. 35S-acidic invariant chain was clearly present in Ia precipitates by 30 min after Ia synthesis, but was not detected 4 hr after synthesis. Only acidic invariant chain was associated with mature Ia antigens bound by the lectin Ricinus communis I. Our results indicate that guinea-pig invariant proteins are differentially bound by Ia molecules during maturation of Ia alpha- and beta-chains, and suggest that acidic invariant chain could be a processed form of Ii.
Post-ingestive positive controls of ingestive behavior.

Post-ingestive negative controls of ingestive behavior are well characterized. Nutrients act in the gut to inhibit meal size by direct actions on feeding and by conditioning a satiation response to orosensory (flavor) stimuli. Accumulating evidence indicates that there are also post-ingestive positive controls of ingestion that operate by conditioning flavor preference and increased acceptance. In several experiments rats trained to consume a flavored solution paired with intragastric carbohydrate infusions significantly increased their solution intake. Drinking bout size and number, and lick rates and burst size were also increased by carbohydrate infusions. Whether intake is stimulated or inhibited by post-ingestive nutrient actions depends upon several factors, including most notably nutrient concentration. Post-ingestive positive controls need to be incorporated into theoretical models of ingestive behavior.
Design and performance of a new positron tomograph

The authors discuss a recently completed multislice positron-emission tomograph (PET) using six large-area NaI(Tl) crystals coupled to 50-mm/sup 2/ photomultiplier tubes. The design provides a large number of resolution elements with relatively low complexity compared to other approaches. They describe in some detail the performance of the instrument with regard to spatial resolution, image quality, sensitivity, scatter, and count-rate capability. >
Exploring adaptable access in next generation networks

An "etiquette" is required but is missing from the planned NGN architecture. An etiquette provides the mechanism to fairly select which access technology to use when multiple access technologies are deployed in the same network. This paper identifies the benefits an etiquette offers, describes how an etiquette can improve NGN over 3 G networks, and explains how standardizing an etiquette for NGN can affect intellectual property issues. Multiple standardization organizations are identified that are addressing similar issues, however none appear to be standardizing etiquettes for NGN. It is recommended that the ITU take the lead in standardizing etiquettes for NGN.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC SENSITIVITY OF PERONEUS TERTIUS RELATIVE TO ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS IN ASSESSMENT OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of needle electromyography of the abductor hallucis and peroneus tertius muscles in the diagnosis of mild length-dependent peripheral neuropathy (PN). Nerve conduction studies and needle examination were performed on 50 patients with clinical evidence of mild PN. Results demonstrated that the peroneus tertius is as sensitive and is more specific than the abductor hallucis. It is particularly useful when more proximal muscles, such as the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius, are not yet involved.
Early adolescents' goals and mothers' accuracy in predicting adolescent goals in the context of type 1 diabetes

The study examined content of adolescent goals and mothers' awareness of these goals in the context of type 1 diabetes management. Adolescents and their mothers independently reported short-term goals for the adolescent, which were coded into domains. Mothers predicted whether the goal they rated as most important would also be reported by their adolescent, and coders verified the accuracy of mothers' judgments. Mothers' accuracy was associated with less adolescent depressed mood. When mothers' accuracy reflected mother–adolescent agreement that the goal was important and being pursued by the adolescent, this positive accuracy was associated with less adolescent depressed mood, fewer problems with diabetes, and maternal acceptance. Results emphasize the importance of considering the social nature of goals in mother–adolescent relationships and diabetes management.
Integrated Guidance and Control of Missiles With $theta hbox - D$ Method

A new suboptimal control method is proposed in this study to effectively design an integrated guidance and control system for missiles. Optimal formulations allow designers to bring together concerns about guidance law performance and autopilot responses under one unified framework. They lead to a natural integration of these different functions. By modifying the appropriate cost functions, different responses, control saturations (autopilot related), miss distance (guidance related), etc., which are of primary concern to a missile system designer, can be easily studied. A new suboptimal control method, called the thetas-D method, is employed to obtain an approximate closed-form solution to this nonlinear guidance problem based on approximations to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Missile guidance law and autopilot design are formulated into a single unified state space framework. The cost function is chosen to reflect both guidance and control concerns. The ultimate control input is the missile fin deflections. A nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) missile simulation is used to demonstrate the potential of this new integrated guidance and control approach
Radiocapitellar joint stability with bipolar versus monopolar radial head prostheses

Background Bipolar and monopolar designs are both available for replacement of the radial head. Few data exist comparing the biomechanical characteristics of these 2 quite different prostheses. This study evaluated the relative contribution to radiocapitellar stability by concavity compression with these 2 types of radial head prostheses. Methods The study used 12 fresh frozen elbow cadavers. The capitellum of the distal humerus and 3 different conditions of radial head (native, monopolar and bipolar) were tested for radiocapitellar joint stability. Results The monopolar metallic head and the native radial head behaved similarly regarding resistance to subluxation. The bipolar head behaved in an entirely opposite manner than the native and monopolar head and actually acted to facilitate subluxation. Conclusions Mobility of radial head components, such as in the bipolar radial head, has a compromising effect on the concavity compression stability of the radiocapitellar joint. A monopolar implant is more effective in stabilizing the radiocapitellar joint than a bipolar radial head prosthesis. Level of evidence Basic science biomechanical laboratory study.
EFFECTS OF 1,25|[lpar]|OH|[rpar]|2D3 |[lpar]|1,25D|[rpar]|, 25-OHD3 |[lpar]|25D|[rpar]| AND DIHYDROTACHYSTEROL |[lpar]|DHT|[rpar]| ON GROWTH VELOCITY |[lpar]|GV|[rpar]| AND QUALITATIVE BONE HISTOLOGY |[lpar]|BH|[rpar]| IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE |[lpar]|CRF|[rpar]| AND RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY |[lpar]|ROD|[rpar]|

15 children with a mean age of 8 yrs (2.8-14.9) with CRF (mean GFR 34.8±4.6) and ROD have completed one (n=15) to two (n=9) yrs of 1,25D, 25D or DHT tx (n=5 each), and effects on GV, BH and calcium metabolism were evaluated. Pts were matched by sex, age, initial BH and GFR. GV was defined by standard deviation scores. Overall GV was -1.2±.4 pre-tx and increased to -.2±.3 (p<.025) after 1 year and -1.1±.3 after 2 yrs. Change in GV, analyzed by individual vit D tx was significant (p<.05) only in the DHT subgroup (-1.3±.6 to .1±.4). Pre-tx BH revealed predominant osteitis fibrosa (OF) in 9, predominant osteomalacia (OM) in 1 and both OF and OM in 5. BH normalized after 1 yr in 6; 1 received 1,25D; 3, 25D; and 2, DHT. After 2 yrs, 1 pt's BH reversed to OF while on DHT; 1 pt remained normal while on 1,25D. Improvement in GV was not associated with normalization of BH. iPTH declined overall and in each subgroup but not significantly. Serum Ca, Pi, alk. p'tase, cr and GFR were unchanged during tx. Hypercalcemia occurred in 2 pts receiving 1,25D and 1 receiving DHT; none experienced permanent reduction in GFR. We conclude that early tx of ROD with vit D is associated with significant increase in GV independent of qualitative changes in BH. Supported in part by Roxane Labs, Hoffman-LaRoche, Upjohn and NIH AM 19278.
Foundations of stimulus-sampling theory for continuous-time processes

Abstract An extension of stimulus-sampling theory is provided for the two-response case where the response is given continuously in time and the reinforcements are given according to some time-dependent process. The particular instance of a Poisson-type noncontingent reinforcement schedule is thoroughly examined. The generalized axioms on which the theory is based are stated and fundamental equations derived. Comparisons between this theory and the discrete-trial theory are provided, with emphasis on the similarities and differences between the results. Some sequential statistics are derived, and the results of a pilot experiment are briefly reported.
Character recognition and image manipulation for the clinical translation of CAD for breast ultrasound

To be clinically viable, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems must be as automated and user-friendly as possible. CAD systems for breast ultrasound are still preliminary and are not adapted for use in a standard clinical environment. For example, computer detection and classification schemes need the pixel size of each image to operate correctly, and while the DICOM standard allows pixel size to be encoded in the image file, some equipment manufacturers neglect to utilize the encoding. As a result, the pixel size is calculated from user input. In order to increase clinical efficiency and reduce the likelihood of error due to incorrect image specifications, automating this input process is a highly desirable asset. We developed and applied a character recognition algorithm to the annotation region of each ultrasound image in our database. A set of numerical masks, which corresponded to the characters used in the annotation information, enabled the filtering of each image. Numerical masks yielding the maximum output from the comparison operation between image data and mask were output to obtain the annotation information. Each image was then automatically cropped to remove the annotation banner and leave only the image data. The cropped image matrix dimensions and character recognition output were used to determine the corresponding pixel size. The algorithm was tested on 1110 images with various pixel sizes. In every case, the value output by the algorithm corresponded exactly to the true value. Our recognition algorithm now allows for the clinical translation of our fully-automated breast ultrasound CAD system.
Productivity losses from road traffic deaths in Turkey

The importance of road traffic injuries in Turkey is not generally appreciated, in part due to lack of knowledge of its economic burden and in part due to major underestimation in official statistics. The total years of potential life lost and potentially productive years of life lost from mortality were calculated in order to estimate the cost of productivity losses from road traffic deaths in Turkey. More years of potentially productive life are lost due to road traffic deaths than to respiratory tract illnesses or diabetes mellitus, two other serious health problems in Turkey. Road traffic deaths cost Turkey an estimated USD 2.6 billion every year in productivity losses alone, more than the World Bank estimate of the indirect costs from the 1999 Marmara earthquake (USD 1.2-2 billion), Turkey's worst earthquake since 1939 (World Bank Turkey Country Office, 1999). This study highlights the importance of accurate information in ameliorating the burden of road traffic safety in Turkey. Turkey has great opportunities to implement cost-effective interventions to reduce the economic burden of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries.
RC-Chord: Resource clustering in a large-scale hierarchical peer-to-peer system

Conducting data fusion and Command and Control (C2) in large-scale systems requires more than the presently available Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technologies provide. Resource Clustered Chord (RC-Chord) is an extension to the Chord protocol that incorporates elements of a hierarchical peer-to-peer architecture to facilitate coalition formation algorithms in large-scale systems. Each cluster in this hierarchy represents a particular resource available for allocation, and RC-Chord provides the capabilities to locate agents of a particular resource. This approach improves upon other strategies by including support for abundant resources, or those resources that most or all agents in the system possess. This scenario exists in large-scale coalition formation problems, and applies directly to the United States Air Force's CyberCraft project. Simulations demonstrate that RC-Chord scales to systems of one million or more agents, and can be adapted to serve as a deployment environment for CyberCraft.
Outcomes following radical cystectomy for micropapillary bladder cancer versus pure urothelial carcinoma: a matched cohort analysis

Micropapillary (MP) bladder cancer is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) which has been associated with an aggressive natural history. We sought to report the outcomes of patients with MP bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy (RC) and compare survival to patients with pure UC of the bladder. We identified 73 patients with MP bladder cancer and 748 patients with pure UC who underwent RC at our institution with median postoperative follow-up of 9.6 years. MP patients were stage-matched 1:2 to patients with pure UC. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. MP cancers were associated with a high rate of adverse pathologic features, as 48/73 patients (66 %) had pT3/4 tumors and 37 (50 %) had pN+ disease. Ten-year cancer-specific survival in MP patients was 31 %, compared with 53 % in the overall cohort with pure UC (p = 0.001). When patients with MP bladder cancer were then stage-matched to those with pure UC, no significant differences between the groups were noted with regard to 10-year local recurrence-free survival (62 vs. 69 %; p = 0.87), distant metastasis-free survival (44 vs. 56 %; p = 0.54), or cancer-specific survival (31 vs. 40 %; p = 0.41). MP cancers are associated with a higher rate of locally advanced disease. However, when matched to patients with pure UC, patients with MP tumors did not have increased local/distant recurrence or adverse cancer-specific survival following RC.
Mesoaortic Compression of the Left Renal Vein (Nutcracker Syndrome): Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery has been termed the nutcracker syndrome. Obstruction of left renal vein outflow results in venous hypertension with the formation of intra- and extrarenal collaterals and/or the development of gonadal vein reflux. To date, a variety of clinical symptoms due to mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker syndrome) have been described. It is not known what pathophysiological variables play a role in the different clinical manifestations of nutcracker syndrome. We report two patients representing the two different forms of the condition. In the first, hematuria and left flank pain resolved in a young man after successful renocaval reimplantation. In the second, symptoms of pelvic congestion due to pelvic varices improved in a middle-aged woman after successful embolization of the gonadal vein and pelvic collaterals. This report reviews the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis including radiographic findings, management options, as well as the current literature on nutcracker syndrome.
Microdialysis in trigeminal ganglia.

Recent evidence demonstrates that neurons in sensory ganglia contribute to sensory signaling in both physiological and pathological states. In vivo sampling from this site may provide important insights into which substances mediate or modulate sensory transmission. To address this possibility, we have applied the microdialysis technique to the guinea pig trigeminal ganglia (TG). The large size and easy access of the TG in the guinea pig make it an ideal sampling site, while the somatotopic organization allows for specific regions of innervation to be studied at the ganglionic level. This report describes the use of microdialysis probes within the TG and use recovery and analysis of substance P (SP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as case in points. Various physiological and pharmacological manipulations can be made, for example release of peptides from ganglionic neurons can be monitored in the presence or absence of inflammation in the orofacial region. Microdialysis performed in the TG thus provides a valuable site for recovery and measurement of a variety of extracellular substances that may be integral in the processing of trigeminal sensory information.
Comparative Enzyme Biodegradability of Xylan, Cellulose, and Starch Derivatives

The enzyme biodegradability of xylan and of two of its prominent derivatives, (hydroxypropyl)xylan and xylan acetate, were examined comparatively vis-a-vis similar cellulose and starch derivatives, using a commercially available xylanase-rich enzyme preparation. The results indicate that xylan, like cellulose and its derivatives, is subject to enzymatic depolymerization in relation to degree of substitution. Degradation paralleled the presence of unmodified xylose units in the polysaccharide. Degradation proceeded rapidly, with greater than 80% of total degradation being complete after only 1 day. A comparison with starch and cellulose derivatives revealed that hydroxypropyl xylan suffers less biodegradability loss as substitution rises to 0.25 or 0.4, after which loss of degradability parallels that of the corresponding cellulose and starch derivatives. This apparent tolerance to low degrees of substitution is attributed to molecular heterogeneity which suggests that constituents other than xylose become propoxylated initially. Xylan acetate was found to lose enzymatic biodegradability at a rate which parallels that of cellulose acetate, and this is 35% slower (with respect to DS) than corresponding starch acetates. Size exclusion chromatography results suggest that xylan degrades to monosaccharides, that xylan derivatives degrade to monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, and that substitution with lignin prevents xylan from being recognized by xylanolytic enzymes, resulting in loss of degradability.
The measurement of the relative influence of husband and wife upon a purchase decision

There is some empirical evidence which indicates that current measures of the relative influence of husband and wife upon a purchase decision may not be completely valid. In this paper, a new measure of relative influence is presented. Extent of influence is determined primarily by the extent that one member of the dyad's brand preferences are influenced by the other member or by comparing the brand purchased to the brand preferences of one or both members of the dyad. This measure should be an improvement over current measures because respondents do not need to define the term “influence” with the measure, and because it assumes that an individual may not be able to determine whether an attempt to influence a decision is successful and/or assess whether he or she influences a decision without attempting to do so.
Smoothing techniques for certain primitive variable solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations

Several types of smoothing technique are considered which generate continuous approximation (i.e. nodal values) for vorticity and pressure from finite element solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations using quadrilateral elements. The simpler schemes are based on combinations of linear extrapolation and/or averaging algorithms which convert elementwise. Gauss point values to nodal point values. More complicated schemes, based on a global smoothing technique which employ the mass matrix (consistent or lumped), are also presented. An initial assessment of the accuracy of the several schemes is obtained by comparing the approximate vorticities with an analytical function. Next, qualitative vorticity comparisons are made from numerical solutions of the steady-state driven cavity problem. Finally, applications of smoothing techniques to discontinuous pressure fields are demonstrated.