cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic heterogeneity in acute leukemia.

Although neoplastic hematopoietic cells usually display a phenotype consistent with some stage of normal development, a significant number of leukemia cases express a combination of cell surface and other markers rarely found in normal cells. Many terms have been used to describe atypical leukemia phenotypes (lineage infidelity, lineage promiscuity, biphenotypic, biclonal, hybrid, bilineal, mixed lineage differentiation, asynchronous differentiation). Some of these terms presume knowledge of mechanisms of atypical marker expression or of the clonal origin of leukemic cells, information which is often not available in individual patients. It may be simpler to categorize atypical leukemic differentiation as being of two types: mixed lineage differentiation and asynchronous differentiation. In mixed lineage differentiation one or more markers from two or more different lineages are expressed in leukemic cells. In asynchronous differentiation the markers expressed are lineage appropriate, but are not expressed in the proper combination. In either situation, there may be significant heterogeneity among leukemic cells from an individual patient. Mixed lineage differentiation in patients (reviewed by Gale and Bassat [ 11) may be expressed in several forms, e.g. hybrid leukemia (two separate clones; very rare), biphenotypic leukemia (> 10% of cells express markers from more than one lineage simultaneously), bilineal leukemia (single cells displaying either one or the other phenotype). Bilineal leukemia can be synchronous (both populations at the same time) or metachronous (one population following another in time; i.e. ‘lineage switch’ [2]). Because the clinical consequences of these different forms of mixed lineage differentiation are not clear and in many cases it is difficult to differentiate among them, for the purposes of this review they are considered together as examples of mixed lineage differentiation.
Performance Appraisal as an Aid in Personnel Decisions: Linkages between Techniques and Purposes in North Carolina Municipalities

This study surveys general factors essential to effective performance appraisal (related to the employment of performance standards and employee participation in their construction), examines speci...
Use of radioisotopes to detect food-coated dichlorvos in cotton rat burrows.

Three gamma emitting radioisotopes, 24Na, 131I and 140 La, w ere put into plastic or aluminum containers and sealed inside wood or dichlorvos blocks that were coated with laboratory chow. When these blocks were taken into burrows by cotton rats, Sigraodon hispidus (Baird), they could be detected with 3 portable instruments.
Protein Interactions Regulating Vesicle Transport between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in Mammalian Cells

The proposed cis-Golgi vesicle receptor syntaxin 5 was found in a complex with Golgi-associated SNARE of 28 kDa (GOS-28), rbet1, rsly1, and two novel proteins characterized herein: rat sec22b and membrin, both cytoplasmically oriented integral membrane proteins. The complex appears to recapitulate vesicle docking interactions of proteins originating from distinct compartments, since syntaxin 5, rbet1, and GOS-28 localize to Golgi membranes, whereas mouse sec22b and membrin accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. Protein interactions in the complex are dramatically rearranged by N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor. The complex consists of two or more subcomplexes with some members (rat sec22b and syntaxin 5) in common and others (rbet1 and GOS-28) mutually exclusively associated. We propose that these protein interactions determine vesicle docking/fusion fidelity between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Silver Sulfonates: An Unexplored Class of Layered Solids

Silver sulfonates represent a class of compound with a strong structural analogy to the prolifically studied Zr phosphonates. Surprisingly, the chemistry of this family has remained essentially unexplored. This communication details the single crystal and bulk structural characterization of silver p-toluenesulfonate, its intercalation chemistry with a long chain amine, and the results of DSC/TGA analyses.
Differential toxicity of carrier-bound methotrexate toward human lymphocytes, marrow and tumor cells.

Abstract Methotrexate that was covalently linked to poly- l -lysine (mol. wt 3,000 and 60,000) (MTX-PLL 3K and 60K) was more inhibitory to the growth of five cell lines from human solid tumors (IC 50 5−10 × 10 −8 M and 1−2.6 × 10 −8 M respectively) than to the growth of five lines of human lymphocytes (IC 50 5−8 × 10 −7 M and 2−5 × 10 −7 M). In contrast, both methotrexate that was covalently linked to human serum albumin (MTX-HSA), and the free drug, were equally toxic to the two classes of cells, with IC 50 of 3−15 × 10 −7 M and 2−7 × 10 −8 M, respectively, for the cell types. Uptake studies showed that, whereas MTX and MTX-HSA were transported equally well into WI-L2 lymphocytes, human bone marrow cells, and an astrocytoma tumor line, uptake of MTX-PLL by the astrocytoma cells at 37° was three to four times greater than uptake by WI-L2 lymphocytes or marrow cells. [ 3 H]Deoxyuridine ([ 3 H]-Urd) incorporation studies indicated that low concentrations of MTX-PLL 60K (5 × 10 −7 M) resulted in inhibition of the target enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in the astrocytoma cells, but no iinhibition of DHFR occurred in WI-L2 lymphocytes or marrow cells until concentrations were reached where the carrier itself became toxic (5 × 10 −6 M). Two inhibitors of the lysosomal enzymes, chloroquine and lupuptin, were able to reverse the toxicity of MTX-PLL 60K against the astrocytoma cell line, increasing its IC 50 from 2 × 10 −8 to 2 × 10 −7 M. Both lysosomal inhibitors had no effect on the toxicity of MTX-PLL 60K against the WI-L2 lymphocytes or of MTX or MTX-HSA against either cell type, indicating that the increased toxicity of MTX-PLL 60K against the tumor cells was due, in part, to the ability of the lysosomes of these cells to convert MTX-PLL 60K either to the free drug or to a derivative that was effective in inactivating DHFR. These results suggest that comparable differential toxicity between marrow and tumor cells might also be achieved in vivo if MTX-PLL is infused over long periods at a rate that would maintain a constant serum concentration sufficient to kill tumor cells without affecting bone marrow cells.
Can the weighted criteria improve our ability to capture a larger number of lupus patients into observational and interventional studies? A comparison with the American College of Rheumatology criteria.

The objective of this study was to determine if the modified weighted criteria have better psychometric properties than the ACR criteria for the classification of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A computerized list of all patients with the diagnosis of SLE (ICD9 code 710.0) attending an outpatient rheumatology clinic was generated and their medical records reviewed. The attending rheumatologists validated the diagnosis of SLE; this assessment was used as the gold standard to compute the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the modified weighted criteria. A total of 363 patients were identified and included in the study. Ninety percent were women; the mean age was 44.0 (14.4) years, and 51% were Caucasians. The modified weighted criteria had a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 60.4%. The ACR criteria had a sensitivity of 86.5% and specificity of 71.9%. Both methods had comparable positive and negativepredictivevalues as well as...
Embryology of the sheep. II. The alimentary tract and associated glands

The day-by-day development of the alimentary system of the sheep embryo from 14 to 34 days is documented and described. This includes development of the mouth, the pharynx and its derivatives, esophagus, stomach, intestine, cecum, pancreas and liver. This work provides standards within the normal range of development of the ovine alimentary system on which studies of abnormal development can be based.
Nickel catalyst deactivation in the steam-carbon reaction

Nickel deactivation during steam gasification of carbon is shown to be two types which depend upon the chemical nature of the carbon. For graphite, deactivation is moderate and may be attributed either to catalyst clustering or to effects of the carburization of the nickel. With less-ordered carbons, like Spherocarb, deactivation is severe and rapid. The catalyst particles apparently lose surface area due to encapsulation by a graphite overlayer. Dual-bed gasification indicates that the carbon substrate releases hydrocarbon species which subsequently decompose on the nickel. Analogous results are obtained during the CO2 and H2 gasification reactions.
Complex caprine harvesting practices and diversified hunting strategies: Integrated animal exploitation systems at Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 'Ain Jamman

Makarewicz C.A. 2009. — Complex caprine harvesting practices and diversified hunting strategies: Integrated animal exploitation systems at Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 'Ain Jamman. >Anthropozoologica 44(1): 79-101.
Barrett’s Esophagus After Resection of the Gastroesophageal Junction: Effects of Concomitant Fundoplication

Barrett’s metaplasia has been known to occur after esophagectomy or gastrectomy in which the gastroesophageal junction with its associated lower esophageal sphincter has been resected. It is thought to be secondary to the refluxogenic nature of the operation. The present study was based on the hypothesis that patients who undergo a fundoplication with the resection would have a lower incidence of the development of postoperative Barrett’s metaplasia. All patients who underwent any type of esophagectomy or proximal gastrectomy in which the gastroesophageal junction was resected and an esophagogastrostomy performed were eligible for the study. Data gathered included age, gender, preoperative diagnosis, operation, postoperative pathology, occurrence and timing of postoperative upper endoscopy, and presence of Barrett’s metaplasia on postoperative endoscopy. Statistical analysis was done with Fisher’s exact test. Of the 179 patients who underwent resection, 151 had follow-up endoscopy documenting the presence or absence of Barrett’s esophagus. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Of the 53 patients without fundoplications, 8 (18%) had Barrett’s esophagus on follow-up upper endoscopy. Of the 98 patients with fundoplications, 5 (6%) had Barrett’s esophagus (P = 0.04). The present study suggests that concomitant fundoplication with resection of the gastroesophageal junction may have some protective effect against the development of Barrett’s esophagus. A randomized trial will be required to prove this assertion. Also, it is still unclear as to the consequences of the development of post-resection Barrett’s esophagus.
Variation in low food access areas due to data source inaccuracies

Abstract Several spatial measures of community food access identifying so called “food deserts” have been developed based on geospatial information and commercially-available, secondary data listings of food retail outlets. It is not known how data inaccuracies influence the designation of Census tracts as areas of low access. This study replicated the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA ERS) food desert measure and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) non-healthier food retail tract measure in two secondary data sources (InfoUSA and Dun & Bradstreet) and reference data from an eight-county field census covering 169 Census tracts in South Carolina. For the USDA ERS food deserts measure accuracy statistics for secondary data sources were 94% concordance, 50–65% sensitivity, and 60–64% positive predictive value (PPV). Based on the CDC non-healthier food retail tracts both secondary data demonstrated 88–91% concordance, 80–86% sensitivity and 78–82% PPV. While inaccuracies in secondary data sources used to identify low food access areas may be acceptable for large-scale surveillance, verification with field work is advisable for local community efforts aimed at identifying and improving food access.
Simple technique to transfer occlusal vertical dimension and articulate a definitive implant cast for a full arch implant prosthesis.

Papaspyridakos and Lal Papaspyridakos and Lal The dental literature is replete with techniques for registering maxillomandibular relationships and transferring them accurately to the articulator. For edentulous patients receiving implants, several methods have been described for articulating the definitive implant cast at the appropriate occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in the centric relation (CR) position.1-6 Techniques available for mounting the definitive implant cast on the articulator include record bases with occlusion rims supported by the healing abutments, or screwretained record bases.1,2 Other options involve the use of a duplicated denture with acrylic resin as a custom impression tray, or even a duplicated denture with vinyl polysiloxane (VPS). 3-6 A time-saving chairside technique is presented for the articulation of the implant definitive cast, maintaining the established OVD, and subsequent fabrication of a silicone index to assist in prosthesis design, both performed in a single visit. The existing denture can then be easily converted into an interim fixed prosthesis on the articulator, thus minimizing chair time and increasing patient comfort and satisfaction.
Homogenization of elastic–plastic periodic materials by FVDAM and FEM approaches – An assessment

Abstract The standard computational approach for the homogenization of elastic–plastic response of periodic materials is the finite-element method. Amongst the emerging alternatives, the finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) theory has shown promise. Herein, we present a systematic comparison of the predictive capabilities of both approaches in the context of two technologically important material systems, each of which exhibits interesting plasticity-driven local and global responses in its own right, which have not been well-documented. This comparison is conducted for the first time on the same footing using an in-house developed finite-element code which closely mimics the homogenization framework, displacement field approximation and unit cell discretization employed by the parametric FVDAM theory. A new stress measure is introduced which highlights the fundamental differences in the variational-based and direct averaging-based solution approaches employed by the two methods. The comparison provides firm support for the parametric FVDAM theory’s ability to capture highly localized plasticity effects in different classes of heterogeneous materials, which lead to interesting and technologically important phenomena at the homogenized scale.
Solid state fermentation for cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus and Cephalosporium acremonium.

Solid state fermentation systems were developed for the production of cephalosporins withStreptomyces clavuligerus andCephalosporium acremonium. S. clavuligerus NRRL 3585 was grown on moistened barley under optimum solid state fermentation conditions for 7 days; approximately 300 μg cephalosporins per g substrate were extracted from the kernels.C. acremonium C-10 produced approximately 950 μg cephalosporin C per g substrate after 10 days of solid state fermentation.
Midsystolic Clicks Originating from Tricuspid Valve Structures: A Sequela of Heroin-induced Endocarditis

In two patients who had been heroin users, loud midsystolic clicks developed during infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve. The sounds were loudest along the left sternal border, exhibited an increase in intensity during inspiration and were associated with right atrial gallop sounds and with murmurs of tricuspid regurgitation. This constellation of clinical events suggests that the midstystolic clicks emanated from tricuspid valve structures as a result of disordered function of the chordae tendineae. Prolapse of the tricuspid valve has recently been demonstrated angiographically to accompany similar abnormalities of mitral valve motion in certain patients with the click-murmur syndrome. The participation of the tricuspid valve in the generation of the auscultatory finding is unclear, but the cases herein reported suggest that the tricuspid valve is capable of producing these findings.
Control of ethanol utilization by rat hepatocytes

Abstract Ethanol oxidation by hepatocytes from fasted rats was determined in the presence and absence of 0.2 mM ethyl hyrazinoacetate, a transaminase inhibitor which blockes the malate-aspartate cycle. 20 μM phenazine methosulfate caused the larges increase (nearly 150%) in ethanol utilization. 5 μM norepinephrine caused a 50% increase in ethanol oxidation, and most fo this increase was caused by stimulation of the α-glycerophosphate shuttle, since it remained in the presence of ethyl hydrazinoacetate. 1 μM glucagon caused a 25% increase in ethanol uptake, and most of this increase was abolished by ethyl hydrazinoacetate, indicating that the malate-aspartate cycle was involved. 25 μM dinitrophenol increased ethanol use by 20% and this increase was nearly unaffected by ethyl hydrazinoacetate. The results indicate that ethanol utilization, under the conditionsused, is primarily controlled by the capacity of the shuttle systems, and not by the capacity of teh respiratory chain.
Rapid Temperature Jump by Low Cost Laser Diode Irradiation

Thermal TRP ion channels play important functions in somatosensation and pain. Aside from activation by agonist or voltage, they are directly gated by temperature, a novel property unique to these channels. However, the underlying mechanism of the abnormally high thermal sensitivity has remained elusive. Studies on thermal activation of these channels have been challenging, partly because of the difficulty for rapid alteration of ambient temperature in live cells. Existing approaches mostly employ resistive or thermal electric heating/cooling, and have a response time far slower than channel activation. As a result, they only allow for measurement of steady-state properties of the channel. We report here an alternative approach for rapid perturbation of temperature. The approach employs an infra-red laser diode as a heat source, and by restricting laser irradiation around a single cell, it can produce constant temperature jumps over 50oC in sub-milliseconds. Experiments with several heat-gated channels (TRPV1-3) demonstrate its applicability as a general tool for local temperature stimulation of single cells. Compared to other laser heating approaches such as those based on Raman-shifting of the Nd:YAG fundamentals, it is more cost-effective while providing adequate resolution for detection of ion channel kinetics.
Application of A150 plastic-equivalent gas in A150 plastic ionization chambers for Co-60 γ rays and 14.8-MeV neutrons

An ion-chamber gas mixture having an atomic composition similar to that of A150 plastic has been tested experimentally. This ''A150 gas'', air, and methane-based Te gas were each flowed through A150 plastic-walled ion chambers of various sizes, and irradiated with /sup 60/CO ..gamma.. rays and 14.8-MeV neutrons, separately administered. Observed ionization was measured and corrected for recombination losses. Best values for W-bar/sub a150/ , averaged over all chamber sizes, were 26.2 eV/ion pair for /sup 60/CO ..gamma.. rays and 28.2 eV/ion pair for 14.8-MeV neutrons.
Extraction of Nd isotopes from bulk deep sea sediments for paleoceanographic studies on Cenozoic time scales

Abstract Nd isotopes preserved in fossil fish teeth and ferromanganese crusts have become a common tool for tracking variations in water mass composition and circulation through time. Studies of Nd isotopes extracted from Pleistocene to Holocene bulk sediments using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HH) solution yield high resolution records of Nd isotopes that can be interpreted in terms of deep water circulation, but concerns about diagenesis and potential contamination of the seawater signal limit application of this technique to geologically young samples. In this study we demonstrate that Nd extracted from the > 63 μm, decarbonated fraction of older Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sediments using a 0.02 M HH solution produces Nd isotopic ratios that are within error of values from cleaned fossil fish teeth collected from the same samples, indicating that the HH-extractions are robust recorders of deep sea Nd isotopes. This excellent correlation was achieved for 94 paired fish teeth and HH-extraction samples ranging in age from the Miocene to Cretaceous, distributed throughout the north, tropical and south Atlantic, and composed of a range of lithologies including carbonate-rich oozes/chalks and black shales. The strong Nd signal recovered from Cretaceous anoxic black shale sequences is unlikely to be associated with ferromanganese oxide coatings, but may be derived from abundant phosphatic fish teeth and debris or organic matter in these samples. In contrast to the deep water Nd isotopic signal, Sr isotopes from HH-extractions are often offset from seawater values, suggesting that evaluation of Sr isotopes is a conservative test for the integrity of Nd isotopes in the HH fraction. However, rare earth elements (REE) from the HH-extractions and fish teeth produce distinctive middle REE bulge patterns that may prove useful for evaluating whether the Nd isotopic signal represents uncontaminated seawater. Alternatively, a few paired HH-extraction and cleaned fish teeth samples from each site of interest can be used to verify the seawater composition of the HH-extractions. The similarity between isotopic values for the HH-extraction and fish teeth illustrates that the extensive cleaning protocol applied to fish teeth samples is not necessary in typical, carbonate-rich, deep sea sediments.
Central place foraging in Rattus norvegicus

Abstract Rats could accumulate food pellets by responding on one lever, and then gain access to them by responding on a second lever N times (experiment 1), by ceasing to respond on the first lever for D seconds (experiment 2), or by making a single, vigorous response of force W on the second lever (experiment 3). The design may be viewed as an analogue of central place foraging. As N (distance), D (time), or W (effort) increased, load (the average number of pellets accumulated before they were eaten) also increased. It appeared that delay mediated the effect of the other independent variables. A simple model of central place foraging was shown to accommodate the data.
Sustained flow in small Appalachian watersheds underlain by carbonate rocks

Abstract The groundwater release from storage as it relates to sustained flows in surface streams was investigated for 57 carbonate basins within the Appalachian Highlands. Comparisons were made between sustained flow and the aerial extent of limestone and dolomite rock outcrop within the basins and with the degree of karst development as measured by internal drainage through dolines and sinking streams. Data analyses by direct correlation, by factor analysis and cluster analysis showed that the basins investigated fell into two distinct populations, those with sustained flows comparable to flows observed in non-carbonate basins and those with exceptionally low sustained flows. Basins with a high degree of karst development tended to have low sustained flow because of poor groundwater storage and short residence times in carbonate aquifers with conduit-type permeability. Higher sustained flows were associated with aquifers of the diffuse-flow type.
Efficacy and effectiveness of attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent intranasal influenza vaccine

Abstract Cold-adapted, live, attenuated, trivalent, intranasal influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) is well accepted, well-tolerated, highly protective against culture-confirmed influenza, and provides significant health benefits to children and adults. A 2-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy field trial of CAIV-T in children aged 15–71 months with annual re-immunization revealed the vaccine to be highly protective against culture-confirmed influenza. Overall, during 2 years of study, vaccine was 92% protective against culture-confirmed influenza. During the second year of study, the vaccine was 86% protective against A/Sydney, a significantly drifted strain not well-matched to the vaccine. Antibody studies on children given CAIV-T revealed that high titers of cross-reacting antibodies to influenza A/Sydney were induced with vaccination by live attenuated influenza A/Wuhan. Effectiveness measures revealed significant reductions in febrile illness (21% reduction in year 1, 19% reduction in year 2), febrile otitis media (33% reduction in year 1, 16% reduction in year 2) and associated antibiotic use among vaccinated children compared with placebo recipients. In adults, vaccination with CAIV-T resulted in protection during experimental challenge with virulent wild-type viruses. An effectiveness trial in adults demonstrated significant benefits of CAIV-T vaccine (28% reduction in days of missed work for febrile illness days with associated 45% reduction in days taking antibiotics). General use of CAIV-T has the potential to significantly reduce the impact of influenza in children and adults.
Finite-size effects and uncompensated magnetization in thin antiferromagnetic CoO layers.

Finite-size effects in CoO, an antiferromagnetic insulator with localized moments, have been observed in CoO/Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ multilayers. The N\'eel temperatures of the CoO layers, as determined by dc susceptibility measurements, show a finite-size scaling relation with a shift exponent $\ensuremath{\lambda}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. Increased magnetization with an oscillation in magnitude, due to uncompensated antiferromagnetic layers, has also been observed.
Effects of Cations on (Ca2++ Mg2+)‐Activated ATPase from Rat Brain

: With a partially purified, membrane-bound (Ca + Mg)-activated ATPase preparation from rat brain, the K0.5 for activation by Ca2+ was 0.8 p μm in the presence of 3 mm-ATP, 6 mm-MgCl2, 100 mM-KCI, and a calcium EGTA buffer system. Optimal ATPase activity under these circumstances was with 6-100 μm-Ca2+, but marked inhibition occurred at higher concentrations. Free Mg2+ increased ATPase activity, with an estimated K0.5, in the presence of 100 μm-CaCl2, of 2.5 mm; raising the MgCl2 concentration diminished the inhibition due to millimolar concentrations of CaCl2, but antagonized activation by submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+. Dimethylsulfoxide (10%, v/v) had no effect on the K0.5 for activation by Ca2+, but decreased activation by free Mg2+ and increased the inhibition by millimolar CaCl2. The monovalent cations K+, Na+, and TI+ stimulated ATPase activity; for K+ the K0.5 was 8 mm, which was increased to 15 mm in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. KCI did not affect the apparent affinity for Ca2+ as either activator or inhibitor. The preparation can be phosphorylated at 0°C by [γ-32P]-ATP; on subsequent addition of a large excess of unlabeled ATP the calcium dependent level of phosphorylation declined, with a first-order rate constant of 0.12 s−1. Adding 10 mm-KCI with the unlabeled ATP increased the rate constant to 0.20 s−1, whereas adding 10 mm-NaCl did not affect it measurably. On the other hand, adding dimethyl-sulfoxide slowed the rate of loss, the constant decreasing to 0.06 s−1. Orthovanadate was a potent inhibitor of this enzyme, and inhibition with 1 μm-vanadate was increased by both KCI and dimethylsulfoxide. Properties of the enzyme are thus reminiscent of the plasma membrane (Na + K)-ATPase and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca + Mg)-ATPase, most notably in the K+ stimulation of both dephosphorylation and inhibition by vanadate.
Carcinosarcomas and mixed müllerian tumors of the fallopian tube

Four cases of carcinosarcoma and mixed mullerian tumors of the fallopian tube are presented. Each patient presented with abnormal bleeding and a pelvic mass. All underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, staging, and cytoreduction. Disease was limited to the pelvis in two patients, analogous to FIGO stage IIB ovarian carcinoma; the other two patients had upper abdominal disease, analogous to FIGO stage III. The primary tumors were intraluminal and papillary. There were equal amounts of carcinoma and sarcoma in three tumors; in one, sarcoma constituted only a small intraluminal focus. The sarcoma was predominantly homologous, with foci of heterologous elements present in three tumors. Adjuvant therapy consisted of pelvic radiation in two patients. One patient died of inanition within one year of diagnosis. The other patient, who had the small focus of sarcoma within a stage IIB carcinoma, had an 11-year disease-free interval before retroperitoneal recurrence of carcinoma. Two patients received chemotherapy. A stage IIB patient, after pelvic radiation, received Cytoxan and Adriamycin; she is clinically free of disease after 6 years. A stage III patient lived over 3 years after treatment with multiple agents; she responded to Cytoxan and cis-platinum before suffering a systemic relapse and death.
Apache Helicopter Stabilization Using Neural Dynamic Programming

A new form of neural control is introduced, neural dynamic programming (NDP), a model-free online learning control scheme. NDP is shown to perform exceedingly well as a learning controller for practical systems of higher dimension, such as helicopters. The discussion is focused on providing a viable alternative helicopter control system design approach rather than providing extensive comparisons among various available controllers. A comprehensive treatise of NDP and extensive simulation studies of NDP designs for controlling an Apache helicopter under different flight conditions is presented. Design robustness is addressed by performing simulations under various disturbance conditions. All of the designs are based on FLYRT, a sophisticated industry-scale nonlinear validated model of the Apache helicopter.
Tailoring Pore Size of Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres for Confining Sulfur in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Three types of nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres with different pore sized porous shells are prepared to investigate the performance of sulfur confinement. The reason that why no sulfur is observed in previous research is determined and it is successfully demonstrated that the sulfur/polysulfide will overflow the porous carbon during the lithiation process.
Genetic liability, prenatal health, stress and family environment: risk factors in the Harvard Adolescent Family High Risk for schizophrenia study.

Abstract Objectives The familial (“genetic”) high-risk (FHR) paradigm enables assessment of individuals at risk for schizophrenia based on a positive family history of schizophrenia in first-degree, biological relatives. This strategy presumes genetic transmission of abnormal traits given high heritability of the illness. It is plausible, however, that adverse environmental factors are also transmitted in these families. Few studies have evaluated both biological and environmental factors within a FHR study of adolescents. Methods We conceptualize four precursors to psychosis pathogenesis: two biological (genetic predisposition, prenatal health issues (PHIs)) and two environmental (family environment, stressful life events (SLEs)). Participants assessed between 1998 and 2007 (ages 13–25) included 40 (20F/20M) adolescents at FHR for schizophrenia (FHRs) and 55 (31F/24M) community controls. ‘Genetic load’ indexed number of affected family members relative to pedigree size. Results PHI was significantly greater among FHRs, and family cohesion and expressiveness were less (and family conflict was higher) among FHRs; however, groups did not significantly differ in SLE indices. Among FHRs, genetic liability was significantly associated with PHI and family expressiveness. Conclusions Prenatal and family environmental disruptions are elevated in families with a first-degree relative with schizophrenia. Findings support our proposed ‘polygenic neurodevelopmental diathesis–stress model’ whereby psychosis susceptibility (and resilience) involves the independent and synergistic confluence of (temporally-sensitive) biological and environmental factors across development. Recognition of biological and social environmental influences across critical developmental periods points to key issues relevant for enhanced identification of psychosis susceptibility, facilitation of more precise models of illness risk, and development of novel prevention strategies.
Affective Responses to Music Without Recognition: Beyond the Cognitivist Hypothesis

A recent topic of concern for those interested in the science of music is whether affective responses to music are the result of recognition or actual affective experience . Cognitivist researchers have found that individuals recognize rather than feel an affective response when listening to music, while emotivist proponents posit that people have an intrinsic affective experience to music. While it has been promoted that biological methods must be used in order to answer this recognition-experience problem cited above, the current authors employed a more traditional technique (i.e., paper and pencil self-report surveys). Data from the present study show that participants reported statistically similar levels of five different categories of affect, regardless of whether they recognized the intended emotion of the musical clips. Results suggest that the induction of affect while listening to music is not reliant upon recognition, and are supportive of the emotivist position regarding musical emotions. These results may have implications regarding the ultimate origins of musicality in humans.
Comparison of the two-soliton collision for several nonlinear evolution equations

As an application of the method of hereditary symmetries we show that the two-soliton solutions of several nonlinear partial differential equations are intimately related.
A comprehensive approach to the analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight proteomics spectra from serum samples

For our analysis of the data from the First Annual Proteomics Data Mining Conference, we attempted to discriminate between 24 disease spectra (group A) and 17 normal spectra (group B). First, we processed the raw spectra by (i) correcting for additive sinusoidal noise (periodic on the time scale) affecting most spectra, (ii) correcting for the overall baseline level, (iii) normalizing, (iv) recombining fractions, and (v) using variable-width windows for data reduction. Also, we identified a set of polymeric peaks (at multiples of 180.6 Da) that is present in several normal spectra (B1-B8). After data processing, we found the intensities at the following mass to charge (m/z) values to be useful discriminators: 3077, 12 886 and 74 263. Using these values, we were able to achieve an overall classification accuracy of 38/41 (92.6%). Perfect classification could be achieved by adding two additional peaks, at 2476 and 6955. We identified these values by applying a genetic algorithm to a filtered list of m/z values using Mahalanobis distance between the group means as a fitness function.
Collaboration Entities on Deterministic Finite Automata

We have developed several types of collaborative applications. They are realizations of the Shared Event Model in Grid-base Collaboration, and examples of Peerto- Peer Grid computing. Each application type consists of collaboration entities, and they play different roles in collaboration. These entities are finite automaton-based in a collaboration session; in essence, they are just deterministic finite automata in the session. Intuitively, the entities in collaboration collaborate on events to keep showing the same output displays at each step, with one entity in controlling by capturing events, generating and sending out event messages to the others through a message broker, and the others in responding by rendering the received event messages. Specifically, they collaborate to share a common finite automaton in their respective instantiations, and reach a common state of the finite automaton at any collaboration step. Collaboration of the entities is therefore all about being in a same state of the finite automaton at each event.
Stabilization of driftless nonlinear systems via time-varying state feedback

Sufficient conditions are presented under which a general nonlinear system without drift is globally asymptotically stabilizable by time-varying state feedback. A novel approach is developed for the design of a time-varying smooth state feedback controller. The controller is explicitly constructed by using the bounded state feedback strategy combined with Lyapunov technique as well as lossless systems theory. This work incorporates earlier global stabilization results for controllable affine systems without drift, which are known not to be smoothly stabilizable via time-invariant state feedback.
The insect cellular immune response

The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes. This review summarizes current understanding of the cellular immune response. Insects produce several terminally differentiated types of hemocytes that are distinguished by morphology, molecular and antigenic markers, and function. The differentiated hemocytes that circulate in larval or nymphal stage insects arise from two sources: progenitor cells produced during embryogenesis and mesodermally derived hematopoietic organs. Regulation of hematopoiesis and hemocyte differentiation also involves several different signaling pathways. Phagocytosis and encapsulation require that hemocytes first recognize a given target as foreign followed by activation of downstream signaling and effector responses. A number of humoral and cellular receptors have been identified that recognize different microbes and multicellular parasites. In turn, activation of these receptors stimulates a number of signaling pathways that regulate different hemocyte functions. Recent studies also identify hemocytes as important sources of a number of humoral effector molecules required for killing different foreign invaders.
Human monoclonal striational autoantibodies isolated from thymic B lymphocytes of patients with myasthenia gravis use VH and VL gene segments associated with the autoimmune repertoire

The production of autoantibodies reactive with components of skeletal muscle is characteristic of myasthenia gravis (MG) and is strongly associated with the presence of thymic epithelial tumors in patients with MG. The nucleotide sequences of the heavy and light chain variable regions (VH and VL) of three human monoclonal striated muscle antibodies (StrAb) isolated from thymic B lymphocyte lines from two patients with MG and thymoma were analyzed. The VH and VL gene segments used by these anti-striated muscle antibodies appear to be derived from the same repertoire of gene segments as have been found in other autoantibodies isolated from patients with a number of different autoimmune diseases. While the IgM StrAb SA-1A is a direct copy of germ-line VH and VL gene segments, analysis of the IgG StrAb SA-4A and SA-4B, which may be more representative of antibodies found in the serum of MG patients, suggests that the processes of antigenic selection and somatic mutation may contribute to the generation of autoantibodies in MG.
Winner-Take-All Networks of O(N) Complexity

We have designed, fabricated, and tested a series of compact CMOS integrated circuits that realize the winner-take-all function. These analog, continuous-time circuits use only O(n) of interconnect to perform this function. We have also modified the winner-take-all circuit, realizing a circuit that computes local nonlinear inhibition.
Detection of liver fibrosis with magnetic cross‐relaxation

The utility of MRI using magnetization transfer (MT) enhanced pulse sequences to diagnose hepatic cirrhosis in a rat model was investigated. Hepatic T1 was measured with and without MT off-resonance RF pulses in 17 treated and six control rats. The livers were evaluated histologically, and the hydroxyproline content quantitatively measured. We did not find a statistically significant linear correlation between the MR relaxation times and the degree of tissue injury. However, the MR measurements performed with MT were superior to those without differentiating the treated and control groups. Specifically, the T1 times were 695 +/- 76 ms for the treated group, versus 748 +/- 61 ms in the controls; P = 0.095. The T1sat times were also lower in the treated group, with statistical significance: 367 +/- 51 ms versus 421 +/- 38 ms, P = 0.016. Finally, the change in the relaxation rates (the inverse of the relaxation times) with and without saturation were 1.31 +/- 0.22 s-1 (treated group) versus 1.05 +/- 0.12 s-1 (controls), which differed significantly, P = 0.001.
Finite Automata and Regular Sets

Intuitively, a state of a system is an instantaneous description of that system, a snapshot of reality frozen in time. A state gives all relevant information necessary to determine how the system can evolve from that point on. Transitions are changes of state; they can happen spontaneously or in response to external inputs.
Ureteral inguinal hernia in a pelvic kidney.

A 57-year-old male presented to his primary care physician with a history of urinary tract infection. He complained of intermittent lower back pain but denied having abdominal or flank pain. Serum creatinine was increased from a normal baseline to 1.7 mg/dl. Medical history was significant for hypertension, diabetes and obesity. The patient was seen in the urology clinic for right scrotal swelling 4 years earlier. He underwent scrotal ultrasound but was lost to followup (part A of figure). Current noncontrast computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a right pelvic kidney associated with severe hydroureteronephrosis secondary to a ureteroinguinal hernia (part B of figure). He underwent right side percutaneous nephrostomy placement. Inguinal herniation of the ureter is rare, especially as an isolated structure without accompanying bowel, omentum or bladder. This entity may be discovered intraoperatively during inguinal hernia repair or incidentally during evaluation for obstructive nephropathy. Anatomically ureteroinguinal hernias can be classified into 2 major groups. In the paraperitoneal type the herniated ureter is associated with a peritoneal sac whereas the extraperitoneal type involves only the ureter. 1,2 Ureteroinguinal hernia has been more commonly reported in cases of large sliding inguinal hernias involving the bladder and 1 or both ureters. 3 Similar cases of ureteral obstruction have been described for ureters after transplantation. 4 Ureteral herniation into the inguinoscrotal region should be considered during evaluation for scrotal swelling and may warrant upper tract imaging especially when presenting with renal failure or symptoms of obstruction.
The Effect of Interactive Video and Print Role Models and Learner Sex on Instructional Motivation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of instructional media presenting role models (interactive video and print) and learner sex on attitudes toward instruction. One hundred sixteen unemployed people enrolled in a job training employability skills program participated in the study. Half of the subjects viewed an interactive video presentation of role models including scenes of employers asking job applicants typical interview questions. The other half read a print–based lesson that described typical interviewing situations and questions. Results indicated that both types of instruction were equally effective in enhancing the motivation of adult learners to engage in the instruction. Results also revealed that women perceived both instructional media as significantly more attention–getting, relevant, and satisfying to complete than male subjects.
Trait, State, HPA Activity in Depression

Presently the only trait variables that we have in affective disorder are the family history or the history of a mania. In unipolar depression it is possible to have a family history of depression or family history of alcoholism. Most patients are sporadic because they would have no family history at all.
The Necessary Job Competencies of Secondary School Principals as Perceived by School Administrators in Sabah, Malaysia

THE NECESSARY JOB COMPETENCIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AS PERCEIVED BY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA
Synergistic strategies in grammar: A case of nominalization and commentary predicate in Japanese

AbstractThis study examines two grammatical strategies in Japanese, nominalization and commentary predicate, with a special focus on how they are distributed in discourse and how they join together to bring about related meanings to discourse. I focus on no and koto nominalization co-occurring with commentary predicate (i.e., nominal da ‘be’ and adjectival predicate), where the nominal clause may occur as a part of the nominal predicate or elsewhere.After examining 24 contemporary Japanese essays, I argue that a synergistic relationship exists—in terms of distribution, and consequently in terms of rhetorical effects—between no nominalization and the commentary predicate strategy. Koto nominalization, on the other hand, appears elsewhere frequently and no overt mutually enhancing relationship is recognized. However, upon closer examination, it was revealed that the formulaic expressions in which koto frequently appears share characteristics similar to the commentary predicate. It is suggested that in certa...
Concepts of Information: Comparative Axiomatics

Jon Barwise has drawn a potentially unflattering analogy between the Bronze Age and the Information Age. People in the Bronze Age were quite expert at working with bronze, but it was a long time after the end of the Bronze Age, that scientists were able to determine the true nature of bronze. Indeed, by the time researchers got around to providing the requisite materials for an adequate theory of the nature of bronze, all the denizens of the Bronze Age were long dead. Mutatis mutandis for us and information? The fond hope is that what follows will go some distance toward allaying fears of history repeating itself in this regard.
Using Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Techniques To Quantify Freezable Water In Portland Cement Paste

Quasi-elastic neutron scattering provides detailed information of the atomic and molecular interactions responsible for a material's properties and is a direct and nondestructive method of measuring the motion of hydrogen. This technique was utilized to evaluate the state of water in a cementitious material. The relative amount of freezable water that existed in a saturated type I portland cement paste with water/cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 was determined over a temperature ranging from +3 C to - 40 C. The amount of frozen water relative to the total water content was related to the water filled pore size predicted to be freezable at each temperature. The proportion of immobilized water increased for all water cement ratios gradually with decreasing temperatures below 0 C until most of the water was immobile at -40 C. The relative proportion of immobile water at 3 C was found to be inversely related to the water/cement ratio, which suggested a smaller fraction of large pores for small water/cement ratios. The findings also suggested the immobilization water was independent of water/cement ratio for pores smaller than 15nm.