cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Water Resources Education

Civil engineers have a dominant role to play in water resources development. This role embraces all operations from planning to management. The education of the water resources engineer, therefore, must emphasize the social, economic, legal, and political constraints on engineering science and technology. Moreover, the water resources engineer must be taught the essentials of finance, business organization, and administration if he is to meet the challenge of leadership in this increasingly important field of professional activity. The current emphasis on interdisciplinary education at all levels and in all fields is fortuitously timed with respect to the popular emphasis on water development and conservation. Consequently, it is reasonable to believe that water resources engineering will benefit disproportionately from the latest fashion in education.
Language and Literacy in a Developmental Perspective

Snow et al. have provided an unusually comprehensive, even-handed, and thoughtful review of research on early reading development. Here we expand on an important theme—the value of a developmental and transactional perspective. Using results from studies of verbally precocious children and children with language impairments, we illustrate the qualitatively changing nature of the task of learning to read, and its connection to oral language development. We also discuss the bidirectional influence of adults and children on each other. This perspective has implications for what, when, and how to teach reading.
Bivalent Compound 17MN Exerts Neuroprotection through Interaction at Multiple Sites in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Multiple pathogenic factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The multifactorial nature of AD also suggests the potential use of compounds with polypharmacology as effective disease-modifying agents. Recently, we have developed a bivalent strategy to include cell membrane anchorage into the molecular design. Our results demonstrated that the bivalent compounds exhibited multifunctional properties and potent neuroprotection in a cellular AD model. Herein, we report the mechanistic exploration of one of the representative bivalent compounds, 17MN, in MC65 cells. Our results established that MC65 cells die through a necroptotic mechanism upon the removal of tetracycline (TC). Furthermore, we have shown that mitochondrial membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ levels are increased upon removal of TC. Our bivalent compound 17MN can reverse such changes and protect MC65 cells from TC removal induced cytotoxicity. The results also suggest that 17MN may function between the Aβ species and RIPK1 in producing its neuroprotection. Colocalization studies employing a fluorescent analog of 17MN and confocal microscopy demonstrated the interactions of 17MN with both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, thus suggesting that 17MN exerts its neuroprotection via a multiple-site mechanism in MC65 cells. Collectively, these results strongly support our original design rationale of bivalent compounds and encourage further optimization of this bivalent strategy to develop more potent analogs as novel disease-modifying agents for AD.
MONTECARLO - A New, Fully-integrated PCSoftware For The 3D Simulation AndVisualization Of Air Pollution Dispersion UsingMonte Carlo Lagrangian Particle (MCLP)Techniques

This paper discusses the theoretical basis and the software implementation of a new version of the MONTECARLO computer package. This software provides a fully-integrated PC tool for: 1) processing meteorological data and calculating the parameters of the planetary boundary layer (PBL); 2) calculating the vertical profiles of the atmospheric turbulence parameters with a new, more rigorous and flexible parameterization; 3) running a Monte Carlo Lagrangian Particle (MCLP) model to simulate atmospheric dispersion of plumes under nonhomogeneous, non-stationary conditions in flat or complex terrain; and 4) visualizing plume dynamics and air pollution concentrations using an integrated software, EWB-Air (http://www.ssesco.com/files/ewb.html), which produces three-dimensional (3D) views and animations superimposed over a digital map of the region.
The Impact of Feminist Pathways Research on Gender-Responsive Policy and Practice:

Feminist pathways research has influenced theoretical development by challenging the gender neutrality of mainstream explanations for offending and victimization. This approach has also influenced data collection, analytic methods, and perhaps most importantly, gender-responsive policies and practices. This review examines the pathways to crime framework as a theoretically driven, empirically rigorous method for studying female offending and victimization, and for informing gender-responsive correctional programming and treatment. After outlining initial pathways contributions, we discuss feminist scholarship driven by the pathways framework and the impact of this research. We conclude with a summary of future directions for pathways-based analyses.
Nonadherence to therapy after adult solid organ transplantation: A focus on risks and mitigation strategies.

Nonadherence to therapy remains a principal challenge in optimizing long-term graft survival in solid organ transplant recipients. The consequential outcomes of rejection, graft loss, and survival due to nonadherence are reported primarily from studies of renal transplant recipients; outcomes data
Promoting Transparency in Trials: Lessons From the COMPANION Investigators.

Calls for increased transparency in the reporting and analysis of clinical trials have become commonplace [(1)][1]. These have generally focused on “opening up” trial databases so that external investigators can revalidate the primary study findings and/or use the trial data for secondary
Theory of Competition, incentives and Risk

It is now widely recognised that the nature of competition in market economies is far more complex (and more interesting) than the simple representation of price competition embodied in, say, the Arrow-Debreu model. Not only are there alternative objects of competition: firms compete not only about price but also about products and R & D. But, also, the structure of competition, the ‘rules’ which relate the pay-offs to each of the participants to the actions they undertake, may differ markedly from that envisioned in the standard model.2
Anisotropy in Single-Crystal Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−x

Considerable activity on high-Tc superconductivity in Cu-O based perovskites has followed the breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in this class of materials by Bednorz and Muller1. Nevertheless, the macroscopic nature of the superconductivity in these new materials and the mechanism responsible for their superconductivity are still unclear. The recent availability of single crystals of the new Cu-O based superconductors has led to the observation of considerable anisotropy in resistivity2, critical current density3, and upper2,4–7 and lower3 critical fields. In this paper we summarize our recent measurements of Hc2, Hc1, and critical current density as a function of orientation for single crystal Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x. We use this data to estimate the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau parameters. We find that the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau theory describes our data well near Tc and that, although the superconductivity in Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x is strongly anisotropic, it is three dimensional in nature. Elaborations of available theories are needed to explain lower temperature features of our data.
Is Development Uniquely Modern? Athens on the Doorstep

North/Wallis/Weingast (2009) define the problem of development as the transition from natural state to open access order and propose a theory of the natural state as a stable system. A small number of natural states develop by moving to "doorstep conditions" and then into the transition proper that led to open access orders in a few modern states. NWW’s focus on early modern Europe gives the impression that the transition happened only once in human history and leaves the theory vulnerable to confounding variables of modernity, such as the industrial revolution, technological change, or colonialism. If the conditions predicted by the theory produced a similar result prior to modernity, the theory's robustness is supported. We consider ancient Athens as an out-of-sample test, showing that conditions similar to those NWW assert for early modern Europe held in Athens, and tests that support our claim. Changes in Athenian policy in the direction of open access are predicted and explained by reference to changing Athenian revenue demands, sources of revenue, and capacity for coercion.
Avoiding ambiguous documentation.

Unclear terms can weaken medical documentation and confuse your colleagues, and this physician has had enough.
O-21 Hydration status and thermoregulatory responses in motorsports drivers during competitive racing

Our previous work has documented that drivers are thermoregulatory challenged during competitive racing; however, the degree of fluid loss that occurs has not been quantified. Aim To quantify the degree of fluid losses that occurs during a competitive event under hot (summer) conditions. Methods Nine male stock car drivers (30 ± 9 yr, 178 ± 3 cm, 83 ± 19 kg) participated in the Pro Series Division of the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series race in August in the Northeastern United States. Seven drivers completed 40 laps with an average speed of ∼73 km/h, totaling ∼18 min in duration. Ambient track temperature was 22.3°C, 90 % rh and average cockpit temperatures were ∼31°C, 61% rh prior to the start of the race, and ∼41°C, 45 % rh upon completion. Sweat rate and percent dehydration was determined via nude body weight (BW) pre- and post-race. Due to race logistics, pre-race BWs were taken approximately one hour before the start of the race, and post-race BWs were taken immediately after the driver exited the car. Urine loss was considered fluid loss, and BWs were corrected for fluid and food intake. Intestinal core (Tc) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, and heart rate (HR) were also assessed. Results Pre-race BW was 81.5 ± 18.5 kg and decreased to 81.1 ± 18.5 kg immediately post-race (p = 0.001). Average sweat rate was 0.63 ± 0.4 L per hour; as pre-race BWs were taken approximately one hour prior to completion of the race, and this sweat rate incorporated approximately 40 min of pre-race activity which included ∼12 laps ( ∼ 3 min of driving) to establish starting position, 10 min of resting in the vehicle in full uniform, and 30 min of light activity (i.e., making car adjustments), in addition to the race itself. Percent BW loss following the race was 0.77 ± 0.3%. Pre-race Tc was 38.0 ± 0.4°C which increased to 38.5 ± 0.4°C post-race (p = 0.001). Tsk increased from 35.8 ± 0.8°C pre-race to 36.9 ± 0.8°C post-race (p = 0.001) whereas the core-to-skin temperature gradient decreased from a pre-race value of 2.2 ± 0.9°C to 1.6 ± 0.9°C post-race (p = 0.001). HRs post-race were 89 ± 0.0% of the drivers’ age-predicted maximum HR. Conclusions This is the first study attempting to quantify fluid loss during a competitive stock car race. As this was a short race, sweat rate and% losses in BW were extrapolated to three hours (sweat rate: 1.90 ± 1.2 L per hour; 2.3 ± 1.0% BW loss) and four hours (sweat rate: 2.53 ± 1.5 L per hour; 3.1 ± 1.4% BW loss). As we included 40 minutes of pre-race activity into our sweat rate calculations, the extrapolated sweat rate and% losses in BWs are likely lower than those measured during continuous racing of 3 or 4 hours. These results suggest that fluid losses during competitive racing can be significant. Without a fluid replacement strategy, fluid losses for these drivers may exceed 3% BW and could negatively impact driving performance.
Critical Rationalism Applied: A Footnote to The Siblinghood of Humanity

Joseph Agassi taught in the Department of Philosophy of the University of Hong Kong from 1960 to 1963. He later contributed to a volume of papers edited by Ian C. Jarvie entitled Hong Kong: A Society in Transition. His reputation stayed on after his departure. In 1971, I sought out Agassi in Boston University to study with him. I returned to Hong Kong in 1975, after completing a somewhat unorthodox doctorate. I never held a teaching post in a university, and have no significant academic publication in philosophy. My chief occupation was, at different times, in journalism, law and politics. Yet Agassi’s teaching has profound influence on my work as a practicing barrister, and as a member of the Legislative Council – Hong Kong’s mini parliament known as “LegCo” – in the transitional years from British colony to special administrative region of China, and particularly in relation to defending the rule of law and fighting for democracy under the promise of a sovereign state which believed in neither.
Thomas L. Saaty

Most OR researchers tend to focus their research programs on one central area and contribute to its further development by deepening the theoretical understanding or extending the range of applications. Tom Saaty is different. Since encountering OR in the early 1950s, about the time he completed his formal education as a mathematician, he has involved himself in diverse subfields of OR, making significant contributions to the mathematics of OR, queueing, networks, linear programming (LP), arms control, and decision analysis (DA). Tom has also applied his talent as an expositor by writing seminal books on these topics.
Identification of Aspergillus fumigatus UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Inhibitors.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for deadly, invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. The A. fumigatus cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides among them galactofuran, which is absent in humans. UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) to UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp) and is an important virulence factor. UGM is a flavin-dependent enzyme that requires the reduced flavin for activity; flavin reduction is achieved by reaction with NADPH. The aim of this work was to discover inhibitors of UGM by targeting the NADPH binding site using an ADP-TAMRA probe in a high-throughput screening assay. The flavonoids (2S)-hesperetin and (2S)-naringenin were validated as competitive inhibitors of UGM against NADPH with Ki values of 6 µM and 74 µM, respectively. To gain insight into the active chemical substituents involved in the inhibition of UGM, several derivatives of these inhibitors were studied. The results show that the hydroxyl groups of (2S)-hesperetin are important for inhibition, in particular the phenyl-chroman moiety. Congo red susceptibility assay and growth temperature effects showed that these compounds affected cell wall biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. This work is the first report of inhibition studies on UGM from eukaryotic human pathogens.
A Link between Linearmycin Biosynthesis and Extracellular Vesicle Genesis Connects Specialized Metabolism and Bacterial Membrane Physiology.

Specialized metabolites support bacterial competitive fitness as antibiotics, signals, pigments, and metal scavengers. Little is known about how specialized metabolites are processed and trafficked for their diverse competitive functions. Linearmycins A and B are linear polyketides with antifungal and antibacterial activity but are colony-localized in imaging mass spectrometry of Streptomyces sp. Mg1 (S. sp. Mg1). To decipher a connection between colony localization and antibiotic activity, we identified the linearmycin gene cluster and investigated linearmycin production and distribution by S. sp. Mg1. Our results uncover a large family of variant linearmycins with limited solubility in aqueous solution. We hypothesized that extracellular vesicles may traffic the lipid-like linearmycins. We found that vesicles isolated from culture supernatants contained linearmycins. Surprisingly, abolishing production of linearmycins in S. sp. Mg1 also diminished extracellular vesicle production. Our results reveal integration of linearmycin biosynthesis with production of extracellular vesicles, suggesting a deep connection between specialized metabolism and bacterial membrane physiology.
Exploring Demand Charge Savings from Commercial Solar

Author(s): Darghouth, NR; Barbose, G; Mills, A; Wiser, R; Gagnon, P; Bird, L | Abstract: Commercial retail electricity rates commonly include a demand charge component, based on some measure of the customer’s peak demand. Customer-sited solar PV can potentially reduce demand charges, but the magnitude of these savings can be difficult to predict, given variations in demand charge designs, customer loads, and PV generation profiles. Moreover, depending on the circumstances, demand charges from solar may or may not align well with associated utility cost savings. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are collaborating in a series of studies to understand how solar PV can reduce demand charge levels for a variety of customer types and demand charges designs. Previous work focused on residential customs with solar. This study, instead, focuses on commercial customers and seeks to understand the extent and conditions under which rooftop can solar reduce commercial demand charges. To answer these questions, we simulate demand charge savings for a broad range of commercial customer types, demand charge designs, locations, and PV system characteristics. This particular analysis does not include storage, but a subsequent analysis in this series will evaluate demand charge savings for commercial customers with solar and storage.
Perineurial Barrier Glia Physically Respond to Alcohol in an Akap200-Dependent Manner to Promote Tolerance.

Ethanol is the most common drug of abuse. It exerts its behavioral effects by acting on widespread neural circuits; however, its impact on glial cells is less understood. We show that Drosophila perineurial glia are critical for ethanol tolerance, a simple form of behavioral plasticity. The perineurial glia form the continuous outer cellular layer of the blood-brain barrier and are the interface between the brain and the circulation. Ethanol tolerance development requires the A kinase anchoring protein Akap200 specifically in perineurial glia. Akap200 tightly coordinates protein kinase A, actin, and calcium signaling at the membrane to control tolerance. Furthermore, ethanol causes a structural remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and perineurial membrane topology in an Akap200-dependent manner, without disrupting classical barrier functions. Our findings reveal an active molecular signaling process in the cells at the blood-brain interface that permits a form of behavioral plasticity induced by ethanol.
Die-Attach Materials for Extreme Conditions and Harsh Environments

Various industries drive the requirements for microelectronics and sensor packaging solutions development. A variety of challenging operating environment scenarios can be found in the following industries: oil and gas, aviation, geothermal drilling and subsurface monitoring, automotive, electrical power systems, combustion engine, nuclear power plant, foundries, glass plants, aluminum and steel mills, cement plant kiln, and aerospace. For all phases of packaging technology development, adopted solutions must remain economical and provide the required manufacturability, durability, and reliability that survive a diverse selection of mission profile scenarios.
Temperature Effects in the Composition of Metal Halide Perovskite thin Films

Metal halide perovskites have shown to be a structure with great promise as an efficient photovoltaic, but at the same time it is affected by instability problems that degrade their performance. Degradation mechanisms vary with temperature, moisture, oxidation, and energy conversion during light exposure. We study performance loss due to temperature by probing diffusion of elemental composition across the thickness of films produced by spin coating and for temperatures ranging from 20 to 200°C. X-ray reflectivity was used to identify the electron density, composition, and quality of the films, aided with X-ray fluorescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies to obtain information about degradation of the organic phase of the films.
The Last Strike: Evaluating the Distortionary Effect of Career Incentives on Taxation in China

This paper analyzes the distortionary effect of political career incentives on fiscal extraction. We argue that competitive promotion tournaments distort public officials’ career incentives, leading to excessive tax extraction efforts. We empirically estimate the magnitude of distortion by exploiting two institutional designs for political selection in China: the age threshold for promotion and regulated term limits. We find that a promotion tournament becomes more intense when prefectural party leaders enter their last promotion-eligible term (at 50-55 years old). Given fierce competition for career advancement, prefectural party leaders extract excessive fiscal revenue to demonstrate their competence, but they do not enhance economic performance or redistribution efforts.
The Impact of Progestin-only Contraception on Adolescents with Macromastia

Progestin-only contraception has become increasingly popular among adolescents. However, patients, parents, and providers share concerns regarding the potential impact that progestin-only contraception may have on breast growth. We sought to explore the impact of progestin-only contraception on breast hypertrophy and symptomatology in adolescents with macromastia. Methods Patients between the ages of 12 and 21 years undergoing reduction mammaplasty were prospectively assessed for baseline and postoperative breast symptomatology and medication use. The medical records of female controls within the same age range were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 378 participants with macromastia and 378 controls were included in analyses. A higher proportion of controls used progestin-only methods compared with participants with macromastia (28.0% versus 5.3%, P < 0.001). The most commonly prescribed methods were the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (31.0%), levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device (31.0%), and subdermal implant (26.2%). Patients with macromastia who used progestin-only contraception had a greater amount of breast tissue resected during reduction mammaplasty (P = 0.04), reported greater musculoskeletal pain (P = 0.008), and were roughly 500% more likely to experience breast pain (odds ratio, 4.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.58-15.47; P = 0.005) than those with macromastia who never used hormonal contraception. Conclusions Adolescents with macromastia who use progestin-only contraception may have greater breast hypertrophy and worse breast and musculoskeletal pain. When appropriate, providers may wish to consider other contraception methods for patients who are at-risk for breast hypertrophy or those who suffer from macromastia-related symptoms.
Endovascular management of nutcracker syndrome in an adolescent patient population

Nutcracker syndrome is defined as left renal vein compression with concomitant clinical symptoms that include flank pain and hematuria. Historically, pediatric and adolescent patients with mild symptoms of nutcracker syndrome were simply observed while those with more severe symptoms underwent left renal vein transposition. Endovascular stenting of the left renal vein is a potentially efficacious and less invasive alternative for managing nutcracker syndrome in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility, efficacy and safety of left renal vein stenting in adolescents with nutcracker syndrome. We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records and imaging archives to identify adolescents undergoing endovascular stenting for nutcracker syndrome. We reviewed patient demographics including age, gender, presenting symptoms and diagnostic imaging findings. We compared pre- and post-stent deployment intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and venography and evaluated patient symptoms in clinic up to 6 months following stent placement. Ten patients (average age 16 years, range 12–20 years) underwent 13 procedures. Initial symptoms included pain (n=10) and gross hematuria (n=5). Diagnostic imaging studies included CT abdomen pelvis (n=8), retroperitoneal US (n=6), MRI abdomen/pelvis (n=4), scrotal US (n=2), pelvic US (n=1) and renal Doppler US (n=2). Venography and IVUS demonstrated venous collaterals, proximal blanching at the left-renal-vein–IVC junction, pre-stenotic dilation and intraluminal compression. Most patients (n=9) experienced symptomatic resolution; however, three patients required reintervention to achieve asymptomatic status. No periprocedural complications occurred. In this carefully selected adolescent cohort, left renal vein stenting for nutcracker syndrome was often technically feasible, safe and effective in symptom management.
Continuing Medical Education Questions: June 2021

Article Title: Exploratory comparative effectiveness trial of green kiwifruit, psyllium, or prunes in US patients with chronic constipation.
Effect of algorithms and covariates in glaucoma diagnosis with optical coherence tomography angiography.

Purpose To assess the effects of algorithms and covariates in glaucoma diagnosis with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods In this prospective cross-sectional study, one eye each of 36 normal controls and 64 patients with glaucoma underwent 4.5 mm disc-centred and 6 mm macula-centred OCTA scans. The peripapillary nerve fibre layer plexus capillary density (NFLP-CD) and macular superficial vascular complex vessel density (SVC-VD) were measured using both a commercial algorithm (AngioAnalytics) and a custom algorithm (Center for Ophthalmic Optics & Lasers Angiography Reading Toolkit (COOL-ART)). The nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex thicknesses were measured on structural OCT. Results The overall peripapillary NFLP-CD and macular SVC-VD measured with the two algorithms were highly correlated but poorly agreed. Among the normal controls, the perfusion measurements made by both algorithms were significantly correlated with age. AngioAnalytics measurements were also correlated with signal strength index, while COOL-ART measurements were not. These covariates were adjusted. The diagnostic accuracy, measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for glaucoma detection, was not significantly different between algorithms, between structural and perfusion parameters and between the peripapillary and macular regions (All p>0.05). The macular SVC-VD in the 6 mm square had a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the central 3 mm square area (p=0.005). Conclusions AngioAnalytics and COOL-ART vessel density measurements are not interchangeable but potentially interconvertible. Age and signal strength are significant covariates that need to be considered. Both algorithms and both peripapillary and macular perfusion parameters have similarly good diagnostic accuracy comparable to structural OCT. A larger macular analytic area provides higher diagnostic accuracy.
50 Years of Mass-Fatality Terrorist Attacks: A Retrospective Study of Target Demographics, Modalities, and Injury Patterns to Better Inform Future Counter-Terrorism Medicine Preparedness and Response.

Background Terrorism-related deaths have fallen year after year since peaking in 2014, and whilst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted terrorist organizations capacity to conduct attacks and limited their potential targets, counter-terrorism experts believe this is a short-term phenomenon with serious concerns of an escalation of violence and events in the near future. This study aims to provide an epidemiological analysis of all terrorism-related mass-fatality events (>100 fatalities) sustained between 1970-2019, including historical attack strategies, modalities used, and target selection, to better inform health care responders on the injury types they are likely to encounter. Methods The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks between the years 1970-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD codebook. Ambiguous events were excluded. State-sponsored terrorist events do not meet the codebook's definition, and as such, are excluded from the study. Data analysis and subsequent discussions were focused on events causing 100+ fatal injuries (FI). Results In total, 168,003 events were recorded between the years 1970-2019. Of these, 85,225 (50.73%) events recorded no FI; 67,356 (40.10%) events recorded 1-10 FI; 5,791 (3.45%) events recorded 11-50 FI; 405 (0.24%) events recorded 51-100 FI; 149 (0.09%) events recorded over 100 FI; and 9,077 (5.40%) events recorded unknown number of FI.Also, 96,905 events recorded no non-fatal injuries (NFI); 47,425 events recorded 1-10 NFI; 8,313 events recorded 11-50 NFI; 867 events recorded 51-100 NFI; 360 events recorded over 100 NFI; and 14,130 events recorded unknown number of NFI. Private citizens and property were the primary targets in 67 of the 149 high-FI events (100+ FI). Of the 149 events recording 100+ FI, 46 (30.87%) were attributed to bombings/explosions as the primary attack modality, 43 (28.86%) were armed assaults, 23 (15.44%) hostage incidents, two (1.34%) were facility/infrastructure attacks (incendiary), one (0.67%) was an unarmed assault, seven (4.70%) had unknown modalities, and 27 (18.12%) were mixed modality attacks. Conclusions The most common attack modality causing 100+ FI was the use of bombs and explosions (30.87%), followed by armed assaults (28.86%). Private citizens and properties (44.97%) were most commonly targeted, followed by government (6.04%), businesses (5.37%), police (4.70%), and airports and aircrafts (4.70%). These data will be useful for the development of training programs in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM), a rapidly emerging Disaster Medicine sub-specialty.
Student Engagement Effect of Team-Based Learning in A College of Pharmacy: A Qualitative Case Study.

Objective. The objective of this research was to expand the perspective of student engagement by qualitatively examining how student pharmacists experienced engagement using team-based learning (TBL) pedagogy. Methods. A qualitative case study was adopted. Data were obtained from a purposeful and convenience sampling of student pharmacists (n=14) through semi-structured interviews. Initial data analysis identified common themes, followed by oriented coding of the common themes to the focal concepts of predetermined engagement components. Results. Seven common themes arose from this research: 1) accountability; 2) communication; 3) conflict; 4) learning; 5) preparation; 6) purpose; and 7) teamwork. Results indicated student pharmacists in TBL pedagogy primarily experience student engagement through a relate (41%) component, followed by donate (32%) and create (27%). Conclusion. Findings in this study are consistent with other research that implicates TBL pedagogy, at least in part, a conduit for building student pharmacists’ engagement skills. The novelty of this research is that it characterizes the subjective construal underlying engagement in TBL by recognizing the relate component most important for developing student pharmacists’ engagement skills.1
Separation of Freezing- and Drying-Induced Denaturation of Lyophilized Proteins Using Stress-Specific Stabilization: II. Structural Studies Using Infrared Spectroscopy

The conformation of two labile enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase, has been examined in the aqueous and lyophilized states, using infrared spectroscopy. In the preceding paper it was demonstrated that a stress-specific stabilization scheme, which employs a combination of a cryoprotectant (polyethylene glycol) and a compound which protects the dried protein (sugars or mannitol), can be used to optimize recovery of activity of these enzymes upon freeze-drying and rehydration. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of these additives on the conformation of these enzymes during lyophilization. Lyophilization in the absence of stabilizers was observed to induce significant conformational changes in both enzymes. Addition of 10 mM mannitol, lactose, or trehalose or 1% polyethylene glycol to the enzyme solutions attenuated the unfolding, but significant spectral differences for the enzymes in the dried state are still observed when compared to the aqueous conformation. Addition of any one of these stabilizers does not improve recovery of activity. However, when a combination of 1% PEG and either 10 mM mannitol, lactose, or trehalose is added, the native structure is preserved during lyophilization and essentially full enzymatic activity is recovered upon reconstitution. The ability of the stabilizers to preserve the native structure during lyophilization correlates directly with the recovery of enzymatic activity upon reconstitution. It appears that for labile proteins, preservation of the native structure during lyophilization is requisite for recovery of activity following rehydration. This study demonstrates that the infrared spectroscopic technique is a rapid and useful method for studying protein conformation in the dried state and can aid in determining the optimal conditions for stabilization of proteins during lyophilization.
Power in History: Contrasting Theoretical Approaches to Intergroup Dialogue

Groups in conflict routinely use historical narrative to compete for status in intergroup encounters. This study examines power dynamics in conversations about history facilitated according to distinct social psychological theories. Israeli and Palestinian youth participating in an existing intergroup contact program were randomly assigned to either a (1) coexistence condition consistent with a prejudice reduction model in which the goal was to foster the construction of a common in-group identity, or (2) a confrontational condition consistent with a collective action model in which the goal was to raise awareness about identities and empower the low-status group. Dialogue facilitated in the coexistence condition reproduced power asymmetries, with a pattern of Jewish Israeli dominance. Dialogue facilitated in the confrontational condition suggested a pattern of Palestinian dominance, consistent with a collective action model. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical approaches to intergroup contact and dialogue about history among groups in intractable conflict.
Guided Random Forest in the RRF Package

Summary: Random Forest (RF) is a powerful supervised learner and has been popularly used in many applications such as bioinformatics. In this work we propose the guided random forest (GRF) for feature selection. Similar to a feature selection method called guided regularized random forest (GRRF), GRF is built using the importance scores from an ordinary RF. However, the trees in GRRF are built sequentially, are highly correlated and do not allow for parallel computing, while the trees in GRF are built independently and can be implemented in parallel. Experiments on 10 high-dimensional gene data sets show that, with a fixed parameter value (without tuning the parameter), RF applied to features selected by GRF outperforms RF applied to all features on 9 data sets and 7 of them have significant differences at the 0.05 level. Therefore, both accuracy and interpretability are significantly improved. GRF selects more features than GRRF, however, leads to better classification accuracy. Note in this work the guided random forest is guided by the importance scores from an ordinary random forest, however, it can also be guided by other methods such as human insights (by specifying i). GRF can be used in “RRF” v1.4 (and later versions), a package that also includes the regularized random forest methods. Availability: The RRF package is freely distributed under GNU General Public License (GPL) and is available from CRAN (http://cran.rproject.org/), the official R package archive.
Nailfold capillary plexus visibility in relation to schizotypy

High plexus visibility is a potential biological marker of a schizophrenia diathesis. Plexus visibility was assessed in college students endorsing schizotypal traits and normal controls. Twenty-two (nearly 14%) of the 160 schizotypal individuals displayed the trait. None of the controls (n=99) showed high plexus visibility. These results provide supportive evidence for an association between increased plexus visibility and schizotypy.
Measurement of complex RMS value of the fundamental harmonic under nonsinusoidal conditions

Two algorithms for calculating the complex RMS values of the voltage and current fundamental harmonics in the presence of harmonic distortion are given. One is based on direct calculation of the discrete Fourier transform and the other on cyclic convolution. It is shown that the algorithms reduce the number of multiplications needed to approximately one multiplication per one eliminated harmonic and need three times as many additions. at a relatively low sample rate. Therefore. the algorithms are useful for real-time applications. It is shown how to evaluate the aliasing errors. >
Cocaine effects on electroencephalographic cognitive event-related potentials and performance.

Abstract The effects of cocaine on electroencephalographic indices, information processing and motor performance were measured in 12 normal volunteers. They were tested with an auditory continuous performance task before, 60 and 180 min after a 3 mg/kg oral dose of cocaine hydrochloride or placebo in a double-blind counterbalanced crossover design. EEG from Fz, Cz and Pz were averaged for the eye movement-free correcttrials. N100, P200, P300 components and CNV were measured. Cocaine increased N100 amplitude for the warning stimulus and CNV amplitude P300 amplitude and latency, reaction time and sensory sensitivity (d′) were not altered by cocaine. The increase in N100 and CNV amplitude may reflect mobilization of additional attentional resources to produce optimal performance on the task when subjects were distracted by the cardiovascular, subjective and other cocaine effects.
The Declining Radiology Job Market: How Should Radiologists Respond?

JOB MARKET TRENDS It seems like just the other day that there was a serious shortage of radiologists. Those who were just coming out of fellowships could command high salaries, accelerated pathways to partnership, a lot of vacation time, and freedom from night call responsibilities. All that has changed abruptly. Instead, there is now a shortage of jobs in radiology. The large physician recruiting firm Merritt Hawkins recently reported that although radiologists had been the most sought after of all specialists in 2003, by 2012, they had dropped to 18th on the list [7]. Several factors have contributed to this turnaround. First, the aforementioned slowdowns in imaging utilization and reimbursements have reduced the demand for new additions to adiology groups. Second, radioloists (like everyone else) want to aintain their income levels, so hey seem to have started working onger hours and taking less vacaion. Third, the advent of PACS nd other digital enhancements ave enabled them to work more fficiently [8]. Fourth, because of he recession and its effect on the alue of retirement savings, older r
The effect of trauma center designation and trauma volume on outcome in specific severe injuries

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of American College of Surgeons (ACS) trauma center designation and trauma volume on outcome in patients with specific severe injuries.
Effects of fish on mercury contamination of macroinvertebrate communities of Grassland ponds

Mercury is an environmental contaminant that negatively affects the health of vertebrate consumers such as fish, birds, and mammals. Although aquatic macroinvertebrates are a key link in the trophic transfer of Hg to vertebrate consumers, Hg contamination in macroinvertebrate communities has not been well studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine how Hg in macroinvertebrate communities is affected by the presence of fish. We sampled macroinvertebrates from five ponds with fish and five ponds without fish, at the Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland in north Texas, USA. Ponds without fish contained a higher biomass of macroinvertebrates and taxa with higher concentrations of Hg, which led to a higher Hg pool in the macroinvertebrate community. A total of 73% of the macroinvertebrate biomass from ponds without fish was composed of taxa with the potential to emerge and transport Hg out of ponds into terrestrial food webs. The results of the present study suggest that small ponds, the numerically dominant aquatic ecosystems in the United States, may be more at risk for containing organisms with elevated Hg concentrations than has been appreciated. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:870–876. © 2012 SETAC
Women's Writing in Latin America: An Anthology

Women's Writing in Latin America: An Anthology. Sara Castro-Klaren, Sylvia Molloy, and Beatriz Sarlo. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991. 362 pp. $49.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–8133–0555–0.
Wellbore Stability Evaluation Guideline for Reducing Non-Productive Time

Wellbore instability is one of the most critical challenges affecting drilling and production. Borehole instability in both shale and sand formations, hole collapse, lost circulation, stuck pipe, sanding, and other related well failures can be avoided by meticulous and careful design of drilling plan, specially by determining the critical mud weights and mud fluid components which will provide sufficient support for the wellbore during drilling operation. This paper presents a systematic program and guideline of comprehensive geomechanics investigation and evaluation that includes drilling and log data analysis for rock strength and earth stress model construction, stress regime influence, laboratory triaxial stress-strain tests on well core samples considering bedding plane inclination effects, failure criterion consideration, and optimum mud-weight (MW) window for secure and stable well drilling. The continuous well production can also cause problems for in-field drilling as the severe pressure depletion and reservoir compaction would inevitably induce significant reduction in stresses and formation fracture gradient both inside the reservoir and significantly upward into the caprock formations depending on the reservoir/formation stiffness contrast, reservoir size, thickness and depth, etc. This paper addresses those issues with the optimum MW reexamined and recalculated based on the largely altered in-situ stresses and wellbore strengthening application if necessary. This paper will describe theories, some issues in wellbore stability work, discuss some uncertainties from authors’ experience, lessons learned and guidelines for wellbore stability evaluation.
THE PRIMACY OF THE MASTER AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The high rate of authoritarianism among Masters as demonstrated in previous research, combined with the fact that human factors are the most prevalent single cause of maritime casualties, raises the possibility of a cause-effect relationship in some cases. Evidence from an airline industry programme that resulted in a significant reduction in casualties when the authoritarian role of the Captain in the cockpit was diminished suggests that the maritime industry could similarly benefit from such a programme.
Order Promising and the Master Production Schedule

Previous research on material requirements planning (MRP) systems has rarely considered the impact of the master production scheduling method used to promise customer orders and to allocate production capacity. Based on a simulation study of an MRP environment, we show that the correct selection of a master production schedule (MPS) method depends on the variance of end-item demand. In addition, we find evidence that the effectiveness of a particular MPS method can be enhanced by holding buffer inventory at the same level in the product structure as in the MPS.
Estimating biological reference points using individual-based per-recruit models for the Gulf of Maine American lobster, Homarus americanus, fishery

Abstract F10% and F0.1 are two fishing mortality-based biological reference points (BRPs) often used in evaluating the status of fisheries. The estimation of F10% and F0.1 may be straightforward for many fish species, but difficult for species like American lobster, Homarus americanus, because of its complex life history and management regulations. In this study, we developed seasonal sex-specific size-structured individual-based per-recruit models to estimate the BRPs for the American lobster in the Gulf of Maine. The impact on the BRP estimation of uncertainty in some key parameters was evaluated. This study shows the large difference in the BRP estimations when different stock biomass/abundance measures were used, thus implying the importance of knowing selectivity and potential pitfalls associated with these measures used in lobster stock assessment and management. A mismatch of stock biomass/abundance measures used in estimating BRPs and current fishing mortality might result in misinterpretation of stock status.
Accumulation of glucocorticoids in regenerating areas of limbs of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.

Evidence is presented that regenerating portions of newt limbs preferentially accumulate 3H-labelled exogeneous cortisol and corticosterone. The ability of such regions to accumulate glucocorticoids is maximal about seven days after amputation and is abolished by interrupting the spinal nerves innervating the limb. Either hypophysectomy or ablation of interrenal tissue is without marked effect. The accumulation effect is not shown by aldosterone, testosterone, glucose, cholesterol, or leucine but estradiol does accumulate to a some-what lesser extent than do the glucocorticoids examined.
A useful radiolabeling method for detection of T cell receptor glycoproteins bearing immature and mature N-linked glycans.

Abstract The antigen receptor expressed on most T lymphocytes, the T cell receptor (TCR), is a multisubunit complex containing TCRα,β and CD3-γ,δ,e and ζ chains, in the form αβδeγeζζ. The intracellular transport of TCR proteins is routinely measured by the extent of processing of N-linked glycan chains present on TCRα,β and CD3γ,δ subunits, which are converted from immature (high mannose) oligosaccharides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mature (complex type) species within the Golgi complex. In the current study, a radiolabeling method is described that is useful for the study of TCR glycoproteins bearing immature and mature N-linked oligosaccharide chains. Specifically, we report the use of [ 3 H ] galactose as a radioactive tracer of TCR proteins containing glucose and galactose residues, present in immature and mature N-linked oligosaccharides, respectively. This technique is rapid, simple, and sensitive, and provides a unique approach for studying the processing and subcellular localization of T cell receptor proteins.
Role of antioxidant nutrients in aging: Overview

Aging is the accumulation of changes that increase the risk of death. There is a growing consensus that the aging changes are caused by free radical reactions; mainly initiated by the mitochondria at an increasing rate with age, while life span is determined by the rate of such damage to the mitochondria. The inborn aging process, i.e., the superoxide radicals and H2O2 formed by the mitochondria in the course of normal metabolism, is the major risk factor for disease and death after about age 28 in the developed countries. An antioxidant nutrient is a compound present naturally in the diet, or added to it, which lowers the rate of production of deleterious changes by free radical reactions without significantly impairing the essential reactions involved in body maintenance and function. The beneficial effects of antioxidant nutrients are now supported by many studies, including those that have increased life span and lowered disease incidence.