cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Witnessing of Domestic Violence

There are estimates that 3.3 to 10 million children are exposed to domestic violence in their homes annually. For many children, this exposure results in behavioral, emotional, and psychological problems. This chapter discusses the sociological and psychological studies showing the impact on exposure to domestic violence on children, describes some of the available treatment options, and reviews the legal system's treatment of these issues in different areas, including child custody and abuse and neglect. The chapter then articulates four principles that should guide legal approaches to child exposure. First, child witnessing of domestic violence must be a critical component of any legal proceeding that affects children. Second, the adult victims of domestic violence should be supported, not penalized, in their continuing relationship with their children. Third, the safety of the adult victim and the child should be of paramount importance. Finally, the batterer's exposure of children to domestic violence should be a consideration in other legal proceedings relating to the batterer. The chapter concludes that domestic violence requires more fundamental reform to legal decisionmaking about children and violence. Domestic violence reveals parenting skills. It shows that at least one parent has taken actions that are diametrically opposed to the best interest of the child. Indeed, battering must be understood as a decision on how to parent by the abuser. Instead of segregating abuse from custody or other issues concerning the child, there must be systemic recognition that violence is bad for the family. Because exposure to domestic violence has identifiable and deleterious effects on children, legal standards must account for this aspect of the parents' relationship.
Assessment and Diagnosis in Action

The book’s final chapter reiterates the key point that all knowledge is partial, provisional, and subject to review as new evidence comes to light. Thus, to guard against tunnel vision and premature closure, clinicians need to avail themselves of many forms of knowledge, from many domains, that can complement psychiatric categories and offer essential insight for understanding a client’s suffering and illuminating pathways for recovery. A discussion of the role and use of the DSM in real-world practice draws on both research and theory to highlight its benefits and limitations, including the challenges of distinguishing primary and secondary conditions, and of responding to subthreshold presentations. The chapter then provides a comprehensive overview of multiple ways of collecting, organizing, and interpreting information—biological, social, psychological, and spiritual—within a framework of therapist–client collaboration. Emergent integrative directions in clinical assessment are reviewed (epigenetics, diathesis–stress theory, the transdiagnostic model, etc.) that consider people in flexible relationship to elements of their environment and suggest how specific aspects of environment can contribute to mental disorder, a connection that has been lacking in previous theoretical models. The chapter concludes with a call for social workers to face the challenge of insuring that culture, spirituality, and the impact of poverty and oppression are not forgotten and that the idea of internal flaw, failure, and deficit does not overwhelm and obscure our commitment to social justice. Our ability to respond to this challenge rests on how well the next generation is taught to think critically, compassionately, and holistically—the very aim of this book.
Harmonic Numbers: Insights, Approximations and Applications

The applications of spreadsheets to mathematics allow learners to analyze mathematical ideas in ways never before possible. In this paper harmonic numbers are defined, calculated, approximated, and applied. The concepts and techniques of recursion, approximation and combinatorial methods are illustrated. This paper also shows some properties of the harmonic series including divergence and its part in the determination of harmonic numbers. Analyzing the ideas of harmonic numbers presents to learners that one concept has many connections to others. Mathematical concepts and relationships between harmonic numbers, harmonic series, the Euler-Mascheroni constant and the harmonic mean are explored. Finding expressions in closed-form is not always possible and technology provides the capability to approximate the harmonic numbers. Exploration and experimentation are discussed. With spreadsheets, complex calculations can be simplified, intuition can be developed and applications can be studied.
Landmark recognition for autonomous mobile robots

A novel approach for landmark recognition based on the perception, reasoning, action, and expectation (PREACTE) paradigm is presented for the navigation of autonomous mobile robots. PREACTE uses expectations to predict the appearance and disappearance of objects, thereby reducing computational complexity and locational uncertainty. It uses an innovative concept called dynamic model matching (DMM), which is based on the automatic generation of landmark description at different ranges and aspect angles and uses explicit knowledge about maps and landmarks. Map information is used to generate an expected site model (ESM) for search delimitation, given the location and velocity of the mobile robot. The landmark recognition vision system generates 2-D and 3-D scene models from the observed scene. The ESM hypotheses are verified by matching them to the image model. Experimental results that verify the performance of the PREACTE and DMM algorithms for real imagery are also presented. >
Structure of the steroid-binding site of human placental estradiol-17β-dehydrogenase

Abstract We recently demonstrated that human placertal estradiol-17β-dehydrogenase possesses a histidyl residue in the catalytic region of the active site by affinity-labeling studies with 16α-bromoacetoxyestradiol-3-methyl ether. We now report the synthesis of 12β-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione and its use in affinity labeling of the enzyme. The steroid was synthesized by incubation of 4-estrene-3,17-dione with Colletotrichum gloesporioides . The product was recrystallized from ethanol and structure assured by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The steroid is a substrate, which indicates that it binds at the active site. When the enzyme is incubated with a 150-fold molar excess of 12β-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, the enzyme is inactivated in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. Inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half life of 18 hours. Analysis of a hydrolysate of the enzyme after inactivation with 12β-bromo[2′- 3 H]acetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione reveals tritiated 1-, 3-, and 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine. The affinity labeling of a histidyl enzyme residue by both 16α- and 12β-bromoacetoxy steroids localizes that residue near the point of catalysis and suggests that it may palticipare in the catalytic event.
Gene set enrichment analysis of prostate cancer cells to study histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance

4416 Histone Deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are studied for their antitumor activity. By using microarray technology, we studied which pathways are affected by treatment with the HDACIs, valproic acid (VPA) and vorinostat, in androgen independent prostate cancer (PCA) cells. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to analyze our data. GSEA is a computational method that can recognize significant differences in an a priori defined set of genes that are related without pre-analysis thresholds. METHODS: In vitro sensitivity of PC3 and DU145 PCA cells to HDACI treatment was determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry. To study gene transcription, a multiple loop double cube microarray experiment was designed. PC3 and DU145 cells were treated for 48 or 96 hours (h) with 1 mM VPA or 1 uM vorinostat. In total 8 control and 8 treated samples were hybridized to 22 dual-color arrays. Statistical analysis included Loess normalization, an adjusted ANOVA model and empirical Bayes to correct for multiple hypothesis testing. High-throughput data mining was performed using an amended form of GSEA Statistical significance was calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Previously reported databases were used for these enrichment analyses. RESULTS: In the in vitro assays, PC3 cells were relatively resistant to HDACI treatment compared to DU145 cells. Microarray analysis showed differential gene expression levels between DU145 and PC3 cells. These differences were also dependent on drug (VPA>vorinostat) and duration of treatment (96h>48h). Gene expression levels in DU145 cells were altered to a higher extent compared to PC3 cells by HDACI treatment, 5.7-10.1% vs. 2.9-4.3% of all genes tested, respectively (p
LFSR Characteristic Polynomials for Pseudo-Exhaustive TPG with Low Number of Seeds

A fully scanned digital circuit can be tested pseudo-exhaustively by first introducing a number of extra bypass storage cells to limit the test-phase input dependency of each test-phase output and then using a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) to feed the chain of the original scan cells and the extra cells. For the design of the LFSR, the goal is to minimize the pseudo-exhaustive test length with low hardware overhead. If the LFSR uses a primitive characteristic polynomial then it requires only one seed, but the candidate primitive polynomials may all fail to satisfy the target test length. In this paper, we present a methodology that enlarges the list of candidate polynomials, if the prescribed number of seeds is more than one. Experimental results show that the new candidate polynomials are often instrumental in satisfying the given test length and seed restriction.
Real-time processing of spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

Spectroscopic OCT improves upon the conventional OCT system by processing the entire detected interference signal and extracting spectral information. We implement it as a real-time process using FPGA/DSP based processing hardware. We propose an algorithm based on the Morlet wavelet transform that can be approximated using our existing OCT system and hardware. The spectral information that can be obtained by this system allows for better distinguishing of scattering properties when imaging biological tissue. We also present some of our experimental results to demonstrate the concept. The processing speed achieved by our system allows image generation at approximately the same rate as data acquisition.
Medical and surgical treatment of obesity.

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Conceptualization of obesity as a chronic disease facilitates greater understanding its treatment. The NIH Consensus Conference on Gastrointestinal Surgery for Severe Obesity provides a framework by which to manage the severely obese – specifically providing medical versus surgical recommendations which are based on scientific and outcomes data. Medical treatments of obesity include primary prevention, dietary intervention, increased physical activity, behavior modification, and pharmacotherapy. Surgical treatment for obesity is based on the extensive neural-hormonal effects of weight loss surgery on metabolism, and as such is better termed Metabolic Surgery. Surgery is not limited to the procedure itself, it also necessitates thorough preoperative evaluation, risk assessment, and counseling. The most common metabolic surgical procedures include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, and biliopancreatic diversion. Surgical outcomes for metabolic surgery are well studied and demonstrate superior long-term weight loss compared to medical management in cases of severe obesity.
A Bloc of One: The Political Career of Hiram W. Johnson

This is the first full-length study of one of the major political figures of twentieth-century America, Hiram Johnson (1876-1945). At the start of his almost four decades as United States Senator from California, Johnson was an insurgent, a progressive in the stamp of Robert LaFollette and Theodore Roosevelt. Elected governor in 1910, he thoroughly revamped the state's political system while helping to shape a progressive movement on the national level as well. Johnson left the governorship in 1917, midway through his second term, to enter the United States Senate, where he served until his death in 1945. An isolationist to the end, Johnson fought for decades against U.S. involvement in foreign affairs, and from his deathbed voted in 1945 against American entry into the United Nations. Johnson's public career encompasses almost all the significant political issues, both domestic and international in American life for almost half a century.
Variation in Grain Functional Quality for Soft Winter Wheat

Soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an ingredient in a broad range of end-use products. The purpose of this research was to study variation in soft wheat flour yield, protein content, mixograph, and wire-cut formulation cookie diameter and height. Five soft winter wheat cultivars were grown in replicated trials in nine environments in Michigan. Analysis of variance revealed that cultivar, environment, and cultivar x environment effects were significant for flour yield, protein content, cookie diameter, and mixograph peak height. Only cultivar significantly (P < 0.05) affected cookie height. Mixograph peak time was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by cultivar and environment, but not cultivar x environment interaction. Huhn's nonparametric stability statistic showed differences in rank stability for flour yield only. Principal component analysis of the cultivar x environment interaction effects showed no consistent patterns of behavior for similar cultivars, locations, or seasons. A reasonable degree of accuracy can be obtained by evaluating bulked replications from a few locations per year. When purchasing grain, knowledge of the cultivar is useful in predicting quality relative to other cultivars. Knowledge of local environments is of little use when attempting to predict grain quality. The mixograph and wire-cut cookie tests employed here appear to be useful indicators of quality in soft wheat.
Source of the increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Paget's disease.

Abstract The serum of five patients with Paget's disease was tested with an antiserum which would react with alkaline phosphatase isolated from human liver and granulocytes, but not with alkaline phosphatase from bone. The results of the study indicated that 90% of the total serum alkaline phosphatase activity of these patients was removed by this antiserum. Since this antiserum did not react with a bone alkaline phosphatase preparation, these observations suggest that in this disease the rise in serum enzyme activity is not from an increase in the concentration of the bone isoenzyme as has been postulated, but is probably from the liver isoenzyme.
Toward a Phenomenological Psychology of Cultural Artifacts

Phenomenological psychology is shown as a means to examine implications of mass-commodity culture, through the presentation of a phenomenological analysis of a TV commercial. This advertisement plays upon the vicissitudes of fathers' experiences of their relationships with their pre-pubescent daughters. The findings disclose an image of a father's ambivalently lived inability to tolerate his daughter's first sexual attraction to another male, and his attempt to continue to control the satisfaction of his daughter's bodily desire through commodities. The significance of and alternatives to this variation are suggested.
SU-C-BRD-02: A Team Focused Clinical Implementation and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of HDR Skin Brachytherapy Using Valencia and Leipzig Surface Applicators

Purpose: and Leipzig applicators (VLAs) are single-channel brachytherapy surface applicators used to treat skin lesions up to 2cm diameter. Source dwell times can be calculated and entered manually after clinical set-up or ultrasound. This procedure differs dramatically from CT-based planning; the novelty and unfamiliarity could lead to severe errors. To build layers of safety and ensure quality, a multidisciplinary team created a protocol and applied Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to the clinical procedure for HDR VLA skin treatments. Methods: team including physicists, physicians, nurses, therapists, residents, and administration developed a clinical procedure for VLA treatment. The procedure was evaluated using FMEA. Failure modes were identified and scored by severity, occurrence, and detection. The clinical procedure was revised to address high-scoring process nodes. Results: Several key components were added to the clinical procedure to minimize risk probability numbers (RPN): -Treatments are reviewed at weekly QA rounds, where physicians discuss diagnosis, prescription, applicator selection, and set-up. Peer review reduces the likelihood of an inappropriate treatment regime. -A template for HDR skin treatments was established in the clinical EMR system to standardize treatment instructions. This reduces the chances of miscommunication between the physician and planning physicist, and increases the detectability of an error during the physics second check. -A screen check was implemented during the second check to increase detectability of an error. -To reduce error probability, the treatment plan worksheet was designed to display plan parameters in a format visually similar to the treatment console display. This facilitates data entry and verification. -VLAs are color-coded and labeled to match the EMR prescriptions, which simplifies in-room selection and verification. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary planning and FMEA increased delectability and reduced error probability during VLA HDR Brachytherapy. This clinical model may be useful to institutions implementing similar procedures.
Predicting and detecting emerging cyberattack patterns using StreamWorks

The number and sophistication of cyberattacks on industries and governments have dramatically grown in recent years. To counter this movement, new advanced tools and techniques are needed to detect cyberattacks in their early stages such that defensive actions may be taken to avert or mitigate potential damage. From a cybersecurity analysis perspective, detecting cyberattacks may be cast as a problem of identifying patterns in computer network traffic. Logically and intuitively, these patterns may take on the form of a directed graph that conveys how an attack or intrusion propagates through the computers of a network.We are researching and developing graph-centric approaches and algorithms for dynamic cyberattack detection and packaging them into a streaming network analysis framework we call StreamWorks. With StreamWorks, a scientist or analyst may detect and identify precursor events and patterns as they emerge in complex networks. This analysis framework is intended to be used in a dynamic environment where network data is streamed in and is appended to a large-scale dynamic graph. Specific graphical query patterns are decomposed and collected into a graph query library. The individual decomposed subpatterns in the library are continuously and efficiently matched against the dynamic graph as it evolves to identify and detect early, partial subgraph patterns.
Watermarking techniques for intellectual property protection

Digital system designs are the product of valuable effort and know-how. Their embodiments, from software and HDL program down to device-level netlist and mask data, represent carefully guarded intellectual property (IP). Hence, design methodologies based on IP reuse require new mechanisms to protect the rights of IP producers and owners. This paper establishes principles of watermarking-based IP protection, where a watermark is a mechanism for identification that is (i) nearly invisible to human and machine inspection, (ii) difficult to remove, and (iii) permanently embedded as an integral part of the design. We survey related work in cryptography and design methodology, then develop desiderata, metrics and example approaches — centering on constraint-based techniques — for watermarking at various stages of the VLSI design process.
Biological effects of epidermal growth factor and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on developmental parameters of neonatal mink.

Newborn mink (Mustela vison) kits were administered 0.1 μg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/kg body weight, 1μg TCDD/kg body weight, 10μg epidermal growth factor (EGF)/ kg body weight, or 50 (μg EGF/kg body weight by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (10 ml/kg body weight) for 12 consecutive days to compare the effects of TCDD and EGF on body weight gains, time of eyelid opening, tooth eruption, and pelage development. A 1∶9 acetone-corn oil mixture and 0.85 NaCl served as vehicle controls for the TCDD and EGF groups, respectively. Mortality exceeded 50% at the higher doses of both TCDD and EGF, while at the lower doses, TCDD and EGF resulted in significant reduction of body weight gains. Additionally, EGF caused a significant decrease in the time of eyelid opening and retarded growth and development of the fur of the treated kits. TCDD had no discernible effects on the time of eyelid opening or hair growth. The time of tooth eruption was not significantly affected by either compound.
Spatial relationship of the striatonigral and mesostriatal pathways: double-label immunocytochemistry for DARPP-32 and tyrosine hydroxylase

Abstract Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and DARPP-32 were used to examine the spatial arrangement between mesostriatal dopamine projections and the reciprocal pathway from DARPP-32-containing neurons in the basal forebrain. Use of a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure demonstrated that the mesostriatal and striatonigral pathways run in close proximity throughout the rostral mesencephalon and basal forebrain. The majority of descending axons immunoreactive for DARPP-32 appear to originate in the striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, and run through the internal capsule to innervate the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and all subdivisions of the substantia nigra. The ventral tegmental area is sparsely invested with DARPP-32-immunoreactive axons. At all levels, there are also fascicles of DARPP-32-containing fibers which run ventromedial to the internal capsule in the medial forebrain bundle, and which are coextensive with ascending axons of the mesencephalic dopamine cell groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons are coextensive with DARPP-32-immunoreactive axons in the internal capsule, entopeduncular nucleus, and globus pallidus, as well as much of the remainder of the basal forebrain. Although the main source of descending DARPP-32 immunoreactive axons would appear to be the striatum, other possible sources are also discussed.
An online component in an interdisciplinary course on information resources for science and engineering students

Principles of online bibliographic information retrieval, and some practical work with major search systems, was offered as a component of a course dealing with information resources for university students in science and engineering at the University of California. As part of this program each student performed a search on a topic of his own choice and presented an oral report to the class on that search. Student reactions and attitudes are discussed, and some of the problems which emerged are described. The relevance to student needs of the online component of the course is also presented.
Dual isotype expressing B cells [κ(+)/λ(+)] arise during the ontogeny of B cells in the bone marrow of normal nontransgenic mice

Central to the clonal selection theory is the tenet that a single B cell expresses a single receptor with a single specificity. Previously, based on our work in anti-phosphocholine transgenic mouse models, we suggested that B cells escaped clonal deletion by coexpression of more than one receptor on their cell surface. We argued that "receptor dilution" was necessary when: (i) the expressed immunoglobulin receptor is essential for immune protection against pathogens and (ii) this protective receptor is autoreactive and would be clonally deleted, leaving a hole in the B cell repertoire. Here, we demonstrate that dual isotype expressing B cells arise during the normal ontogeny of B cells in the bone marrow and populate both the spleen and peritoneal cavity of nontransgenic mice. Furthermore, single cell analysis of the expressed immunoglobulin light chains suggests that receptor editing may play a role in the generation of a significant fraction of dual isotype expressing B cells.
Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the postnatal MAO-A KO mouse lateral superior olive project to the inferior colliculus.

Abstract During development, serotonin (5-HT) accumulates in thalamic, noradrenergic, and auditory brainstem neurons that are non-serotonergic in the adult. As demonstrated in somatosensory thalamocortical projections, this accumulation of 5-HT is necessary for the precise organization of afferent terminal arborizations. Accumulation of 5-HT in the auditory brainstem appears to be most robust in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and as demonstrated in the MAO-A knockout mouse, is present at birth and begins to taper off at postnatal day 7 (P7). During the same developmental period, 5-HT-positive terminal endings in the inferior colliculus (IC) have been reported to be more numerous than in the adult [O. Cases, C. Lebrand, B. Giros, T. Vitalis, E. De Maeyer, M. Caron, D. Price, P. Gaspar, I. Seif, Plasma membrane transporters of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine mediate serotonin accumulation in atypical locations in the developing brain of monoamine oxidase A knock-outs, J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 6914–6927]. It has been hypothesized that the serotonergic terminal fibers in the IC belong to neurons whose cell bodies reside in the LSO. Here, we provide evidence based on morphological and tract-tracing data that LSO neurons containing serotonin in the perinatal mouse, project to the IC. These data suggest that, similar to thalamocortical projections in other sensory systems, 5-HT may play a role in regulating development of LSO terminal arbors in the IC.
Are encephaloceles neural tube defects

OBJECTIVE. Encephalocele is classified as a neural tube defect, but questions have been raised regarding whether its epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of other neural tube defects. DESIGN. We compared characteristics of temporal trends in, and the impact of folic acid grain fortification on, the prevalence of encephalocele, spina bifida, and anencephaly using data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, a population-based birth defects surveillance system. Prevalences of encephalocele, spina bifida, and anencephaly were compared by maternal age, gender, race, birth weight, ascertainment period (1968–1981, 1982–1993, or 1994–2002), and fortification period (1994–1996 [prefortification] and 1998–2002 [postfortification]) using prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Temporal trends were assessed using Poisson and negative binomial regression models. RESULTS. Prevalence rates of encephalocele (n = 167), spina bifida (n = 650), and anencephaly (n = 431) were 1.4, 5.5, and 3.7 per 10 000 live births, respectively. Encephalocele was similar to anencephaly in showing an increased prevalence among girls and multiple gestation pregnancies and to spina bifida and anencephaly in an annual prevalence decrease between 1968 and 2002 (−1.2% for encephalocele, −4.2% for spina bifida, and −3.6% for anencephaly). With fortification, prevalence decreased for spina bifida but not significantly for encephalocele or anencephaly. CONCLUSIONS. Encephalocele shows more similarities to spina bifida or anencephaly than it shows differences with respect to characteristics, temporal trend, and impact of fortification. Additional studies should be done to explore the etiologic heterogeneity of encephalocele using better markers of folate status and a wider range of risk factors.
Atheists As "Other": Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society.

Despite the declining salience of divisions among religious groups, the boundary between believers and nonbelievers in America remains strong. This article examines the limits of Americans' acceptance of atheists. Using new national survey data, it shows atheists are less likely to be accepted, publicly and privately, than any others from a long list of ethnic, religious, and other minority groups. This distrust of atheists is driven by religious predictors, social location, and broader value orientations. It is rooted in moral and symbolic, rather than ethnic or material, grounds. We demonstrate that increasing acceptance of religious diversity does not extend to the nonreligious, and present a theoretical framework for understanding the role of religious belief in providing a moral basis for cultural membership and solidarity in an otherwise highly diverse society.
An Experimental Study of Seismoelectric Signals In Logging While Drilling And Filtering Out of Tool Waves

Acoustic logging while drilling (LWD) may be complicated because of contamination of waves propagating along the drill collar (the tool waves). In this paper we propose a new method for separating tool waves from the true formation acoustic arrivals in borehole acoustic LWD. The method utilizes the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic wave at the fluid-formation boundary. The basis for seismoelectric conversion is the electric double layer (EDL) that exists in most rock-water systems. EDL does not exist at the tool (conductor) water interface. Therefore, there should be no seismoelectric signals due to tool modes. In this paper, borehole monopole and dipole LWD acoustic and seismoelectric phenomena are investigated with laboratory measurements. The main thrust of the paper is the utilization of the acoustic and seismoelectric signals to filter out the tool waves and enhance the formation acoustic signals in LWD.
Bifunctional phage-based pretargeted imaging of human prostate carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction Two-step and three-step pretargeting systems utilizing biotinylated prostate tumor-homing bacteriophage (phage) and 111 In-radiolabeled streptavidin or biotin were developed for use in cancer radioimaging. The in vivo selected prostate carcinoma-specific phage (G1) displaying up to five copies of the peptide IAGLATPGWSHWLAL was the focus of the present study. Methods The ability of G1 phage to extravasate and target prostate tumor cells was investigated using immunohistochemistry. G1 phages were biotinylated, streptavidin was conjugated to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and biotin was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Biodistribution studies and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging of xenografted PC-3 tumors via two-step pretargeted 111 In-labeled streptavidin and three-step pretargeted 111 In-labeled biotin were performed in SCID mice to determine the optimal pretargeting method. Results The ability of G1 phage to extravasate the vasculature and bind directly to human PC-3 prostate carcinoma tumor cells in vivo was demonstrated via immunocytochemical analysis. Comparative biodistribution studies of the two-step and three-step pretargeting strategies indicated increased PC-3 human prostate carcinoma tumor uptake in SCID mice of 4.34±0.26 %ID g −1 at 0.5 h postinjection of 111 In-radiolabeled biotin (utilized in a three-step protocol) compared to 0.67±0.06 %ID g −1 at 24 h postinjection of 111 In radiolabeled streptavidin (employed in a two-step protocol). In vivo SPECT/CT imaging of xenografted PC-3 tumors in SCID mice with the three-step pretargeting method was superior to that of the two-step pretargeting method, and, importantly, blocking studies demonstrated specificity of tumor uptake of 111 In-labeled biotin in the three-step pretargeting scheme. Conclusion This study demonstrates the use of multivalent bifunctional phage in a three-step pretargeting system for prostate cancer radioimaging.
Transcription map of satellite coliphage P4.

Abstract Satellite phage P4 carries an 11-kilobase genome which codes for both early and late proteins. The synthesis of P4 late proteins is prevented by mutations in P4 genes α and δ and is stimulated by the presence of the helper phage P2 (Barrett et al. , 1976; Souza et al. , 1977a). Control of the P4 late gene expression is at the level of transcription: P4 early genes are transcribed from the r -strand, whereas transcription from the P4 l -strand occurs only during the late stages of infection. P4 l -strand transcription depends on the P4 genes α and δ, and on an undefined gene of the helper phage. In vitro Escherichia coli RNA polymerase transcribes 90% of the r -strand of P4 DNA from a promotor lying in a segment which is poorly transcribed in vivo at early times. Thus, additional transcription factors may be needed for in vitro and in vivo transcription to correspond.
Vascular neural network in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This perspective article uses a new concept named vascular neural network as an umbrella to redefine vascular pathophysiology for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induced vasospasm and early/delayed brain injury. Five vascular components are discussed including large artery moderate vasospasm which may not contribute to reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and poor outcomes after SAH. Even severe vasospasm alone with lumen diameter narrowing less than 75% of the normal diameter may not cause delayed brain injury, unless it is combined with peripheral and distal smaller artery dysfunctions. Vasospasm in smaller artery or arterioles contributes to the reduction of CBF and poor outcomes after SAH, because of limited or no collateral circulation reserves. Capillary or pre-capillary pear-string-type of contraction may block red blood cell flow and astrocyte edema compression may contribute to the loss of capillary density after SAH. Venules may be compressed by brain edema because venules have a thin wall of only one layer of endothelial cells with adventitia tissues. Deep cerebral vein vasospasm reduces venous flow and may cause venous infarction. When venous flow is obstructed, it is presumed that arterial dilatation may enhance brain edema and be harmful. Overall, all of these five vascular components in the vascular neural network are interrelated and more than one component or even all five components may be affected after SAH. All of these vascular components should be taken into consideration for patient care. Studying potential roles of venules and deep veins in the outcome of SAH patients and mechanisms of venule compression and vein spasm may be new aspects for future investigations.
Molecular Characterization of a Novel, Cadmium-inducible Gene from the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans A NEW GENE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE RESISTANCE TO CADMIUM TOXICITY

Cadmium is an environmental contaminant that is both a human toxicant and carcinogen. To inhibit cadmium-induced damage, cells respond by increasing the expression of genes that encode stress-response proteins. We previously reported the identification of 48 cadmium-inducible mRNAs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we describe a new cadmium-responsive gene, designated cdr-1, whose rate and level of inducible expression parallel those of the C. elegans metallothioneins. The CDR-1 mRNA contains an open reading frame of 831 bp and encodes a predicted 32-kDa, integral membrane protein. Following cadmium exposure, cdr-1 is transcribed exclusively in intestinal cells of post-embryonic C. elegans. In vivo, the CDR-1 protein is targeted specifically to the intestinal cell lysosomes. cdr-1 transcription is significantly induced by cadmium but not by other tested stressors. These results indicate that cdr-1 expression is regulated by cadmium and in a cell-specific fashion. Inhibition of CDR-1 expression renders C. elegans susceptible to cadmium toxicity. In conclusion, cdr-1 defines a new class of cadmium-inducible genes and encodes an integral membrane, lysosomal protein. This protein functions to protect against cadmium toxicity.
Dynamics of Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complexes

Transcription initiation in eukaryotes is controlled by nucleoprotein complexes formed through cooperative interactions among multiple transcription regulatory proteins. These complexes may be assembled via stochastic collisions or defined pathways. We investigated the dynamics of Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complexes by using a multicolor fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. Fos-Jun heterodimers can bind to AP-1 sites in two opposite orientations, only one of which is populated in mature Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complexes. We studied the reversal of Fos-Jun binding orientation in response to NFAT1 by measuring the efficiencies of energy transfer from donor fluorophores linked to opposite ends of an oligonucleotide to an acceptor fluorophore linked to one subunit of the heterodimer. The reorientation of Fos-Jun by NFAT1 was not inhibited by competitor oligonucleotides or heterodimers. The rate of Fos-Jun reorientation was faster than the rate of heterodimer dissociation at some binding sites. The facilitated reorientation of Fos-Jun heterodimers therefore can enhance the efficiency of Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complex formation. We also examined the influence of the preferred orientation of Fos-Jun binding on the stability and transcriptional activity of Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complexes. Complexes formed at sites where Fos-Jun favored the same binding orientation in the presence and absence of NFAT1 exhibited an 8-fold slower dissociation rate than complexes formed at sites where Fos-Jun favored the opposite binding orientation. Fos-Jun-NFAT1 complexes also exhibited greater transcription activation at promoter elements that favored the same orientation of Fos-Jun binding in the presence and absence of NFAT1. Thus, the orientation of heterodimer binding can influence both the dynamics and promoter selectivity of multiprotein transcription regulatory complexes.
Thermally actuated buckling beam memory: a non-volatile memory configuration for extreme space exploration environments

A new nano-thermo-mechanical data storage memory is presented which combines two technologies of thermal actuation and buckling beam memory. The memory design is resistant in high radiation environments, making it a reliable memory for spacecraft computer systems. This memory has a data storage density, write/erase speed, and power consumption comparable with current memories. An integrated thermal---mechanical simulation of buckling in nano-mechanical memory is performed to optimize the design parameters. The preliminary system is a bridge with lengths of 20---40 μm, a width of 1 μm, and a thickness of 0.3 μm, in air with a pressure of 5 kPa. The simulation of high energy particle collisions shows radiation does not cause undesired buckling for silicon and silicon carbide bits, which makes the memory applicable for Jovian exploration. Optimization simulations are performed for silicon, silicon carbide, and kapton with various dimensions and actuation heating rates. The current work suggests the length of 20 μm for the bridge to balance the write time and the storage density. Among the beams with the fixed dimensions, kapton shows the fastest write time, with the lowest energy cost. However, high energy electron collision causes buckling in kapton, limiting its use in high radiation applications. The results show that silicon and silicon carbide based systems are viable for use in the extreme radiation environments that will be encountered in future space exploration missions.
Niacin and cholesterol: role in cardiovascular disease (review)

Niacin has been widely used as a pharmacologic agent to regulate abnormalities in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although the use of niacin in the treatment of dyslipidemia has been reported as early as 1955, only recent studies have yielded an understanding about the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. In brief, the beneficial effect of niacin to reduce triglycerides and apolipoprotein-B containing lipoproteins (e.g., VLDL and LDL) are mainly through: a) decreasing fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue triglyceride stores, and b) inhibiting hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase and triglyceride synthesis leading to increased intracellular apo B degradation and subsequent decreased secretion of VLDL and LDL particles. The mechanism of action of niacin to raise HDL is by decreasing the fractional catabolic rate of HDL-apo AI without affecting the synthetic rates. Additionally, niacin selectively increases the plasma levels of Lp-AI (HDL subfraction without apo AII), a cardioprotective subfraction of HDL in patients with low HDL. Using human hepatocytes (Hep G2 cells) as an in vitro model system, recent studies indicate that niacin selectively inhibits the uptake/removal of HDL-apo AI (but not HDL-cholesterol ester) by hepatocytes, thereby increasing the capacity of retained HDL-apo AI to augment cholesterol efflux through reverse cholesterol transport pathway. The studies discussed in this review provide evidence to extend the role of niacin as a lipid-lowering drug beyond its role as a vitamin.
Theoretical Foundations Of Purely Semi-Empirical Quantum Chemistry. III. Repulsion Integrals

Abstract Results of ab initio calculations of correlation energies are used to estimate the correlation contribution to true repulsion integrals γpq. The one-center true γpp and the distance dependence of the true γpq are shown to be in semi-quantitative agreement with the empirical resonance integrals used in pi-electron theories. The relationship between the true γpp and the difference between true molecular ionization potentials and electron affinities is also discussed.
The Affiliation of Sargonic Akkadian with Babylonian and Assyrian: New Insights Concerning the Internal Sub-Grouping of Akkadian

The affiliation of Sargonic Akkadian with Babylonian and Assyrian is still a matter of dispute. It has recently been suggested that Sargonic Akkadian is not related to any of the later dialects but constitutes an independent dialect that died out after the downfall of the Akkadian dynasty. In this article, the author reinvestigates the major phonological and morphological features of Sargonic Akkadian and tries to determine whether isoglosses with later dialects represent shared retentions or shared innovations. The investigation leads to the conclusion that most of the grammatical features that were previously used in favour of a separation of Sargonic Akkadian from Babylonian and/or Assyrian should be considered shared retentions. Consequently, they have no significant value for the sub-grouping of Akkadian. Furthermore, certain sub-corpora of Sargonic Akkadian share significant innovations with Babylonian and should be analysed as an early predecessor of this dialect.
Origin of magnetostriction in TbAl2 and TbCo2 compounds

Abstract Magnetostriction measurements are reported for TbAl 2 below the ordering temperature. Single crystal magnetostriction coefficients are estimated for TbAl 2 . From the measured data together with the results obtained earlier for TbCo 2 , it is found that the source of the magnetostriction is the strain-dependent anisotropy of the Tb sublattice.
Liberalism Without Perfection: Replies to Lister, Kulenović, Zoffoli, Zelić, and Baccarini

I would like to begin by thanking all the contributors to this symposium, especially Elvio Baccarini, who hosted the conference at the University of Rijeka where several of the papers in this symposium were initially presented. I’ve learned a great deal from these essays, and I’m very fortunate for my work to be the subject of such careful and perceptive philosophical attention. Below I offer some replies to each contributor, though I do not address all the important points raised in each paper.
Nickel matrix composites strengthened by ion-plated titanium films

Abstract Ion-plated titanium was deposited onto nickel foils that were subsequently hot pressed to form microlaminate composites. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphology, structure and chemistry of the composite system. The interfacial structure of the Ti-strengthened Ni-matrix microlaminate composites was analyzed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the microlaminate composites were determined by standard tensile testing. The initial addition of the Ti volume percentage greatly increased the ultimate tensile strength of the composite owing to the formation of nickel-titanium intermetallics. However, at larger Ti volume percentages, there was no gain in strength because of the over-extensive formation of intermetallic compounds. (The reaction compounds were nearly 50 vol.% of the composite.)
The Assay of Ipecac

The assay of ipecac has been studied and a new procedure involving the process of ion-exchange has been recommended.
The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet In Autism: Results of A Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial

This study tested the efficacy of a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet in treating autism using a randomized, double blind repeated measures crossover design. The sample included 15 children aged 2-16 years with autism spectrum disorder. Data on autistic symptoms and urinary peptide levels were collected in the subjects' homes over the 12 weeks that they were on the diet. Group data indicated no statistically significant findings even though several parents reported improvement in their children. Although preliminary, this study demonstrates how a controlled clinical trial of the GFCF diet can be conducted, and suggests directions for future research.
Tetraethylammonium Block of the BNC1 Channel

The brain Na+ channel-1 (BNC1, also known as MDEG1 or ASIC2) is a member of the DEG/ENaC cation channel family. Mutation of a specific residue (Gly430) that lies N-terminal to the second membrane-spanning domain activates BNC1 and converts it from a Na+-selective channel to one permeable to both Na+ and K+. Because all K+ channels are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA), we asked if TEA would inhibit BNC1 with a mutation at residue 430. External TEA blocked BNC1 when residue 430 was a Val or a Thr. Block was steeply voltage-dependent and was reduced when current was outward, suggesting multi-ion block within the channel pore. Block was dependent on the size of the quaternary ammonium; the smaller tetramethylammonium blocked with similar properties, whereas the larger tetrapropylammonium had little effect. When residue 430 was Phe, the effects of tetramethylammonium and tetrapropylammonium were not altered. In contrast, block by TEA was much less voltage-dependent, suggesting that the Phe mutation introduced a new TEA binding site located approximately 30% of the way across the electric field. These results provide insight into the structure and function of BNC1 and suggest that TEA may be a useful tool to probe function of this channel family.
Specification and Testing of Consumer Linear Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits (ICs) in consumer equipment are a fact. In 1973 in excess of 40 million pieces will be used in TV sets and more than 25 million pieces will go into audio applications, to name only two consumer markets. The total number of consumer ICs available will exceed 180 million pieces. If they do not all work properly, there will be a certain number of disatisfied TV viewers, radio listeners, tape recorder owners, and other users of IC equipment. ICs are tested to prevent this occurrence. Testing schemes employed vary considerably and are covered in the following discussion. Test philosophies will be pointed out and a recommendation for specifications will be made.