cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF A SEAWATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF COOK INLET CRUDE OIL AND ITS MAJOR AROMATIC COMPONENTS ON LARVAL STAGES OF THE DUNGENESS CRAB, CANCER MAGISTER DANA

Abstract Larval stages of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Dana, were exposed continuously to dilutions of Cook Inlet crude oil water-soluble fraction (WSF) of seawater solutions of naphthalene or benzene for periods lasting up to 60 days. Effects on survival, duration of larval development and size were employed as indicators of toxic effects. The lowest concentration of the WSF at which toxic effects were seen was 4.0% of the full strength WSF (0.0049 mg/1 as naphthalene or 0.22 mg/1 as total dissolved aromatics). The lowest concentration at which toxic effects were observed with naphthalene was 0.13 mg/1 and with benzene was 1.1 mg/1. The concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the WSF were inverseley related to the degree of alkylation in each of the benzene and naphthalene families, but the acute toxicity of the 12 compounds was directly related to the degree of alkyl substitution. In addition, naphthalene and its derivatives were more toxic than benzene and its derivatives, but less concentrated in the WSF. Because of these relationships, the individual aromatic compounds, contributed approximately equally to the acute toxicity of the WSF. The collective toxicity of these compounds tested individually accounted for only 8.45% of the WSF acute toxicity. Since benzene contributed a greater fraction of the WSF toxicity in the chronic experiments (approximately 30%) it is suggested that the toxicity of this compound may involve a different mechanism in long term exposures than in acute tests.
Maternal Diets Deficient in Vitamin D Increase the Risk of Kyphosis in Offspring: A Novel Kyphotic Porcine Model.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore the role of perinatal vitamin-D intake on the development and characterization of hyperkyphosis in a porcine model. METHODS The spines of 16 pigs were assessed at 9, 13, and 17 weeks of age with radiography and at 17 weeks with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, and bone-density testing. An additional 169 pigs exposed to 1 of 3 maternal dietary vitamin-D levels from conception through the entire lactation period were fed 1 of 4 nursery diets supplying different levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. When the animals were 13 weeks of age, upright lateral spinal radiography was performed with use of a custom porcine lift and sagittal Cobb angles were measured in triplicate to determine the degree of kyphosis in each pig. RESULTS The experimental animals had significantly greater kyphotic sagittal Cobb angles at all time points when compared with the control animals. These hyperkyphotic deformities demonstrated no significant differences in Hounsfield units, contained a slightly lower ash content (46.7% ± 1.1% compared with 50.9% ± 1.6%; p < 0.001), and demonstrated more physeal irregularities. Linear mixed model analysis of the measured kyphosis demonstrated that maternal diet had a greater effect on sagittal Cobb angle than did nursery diet and that postnatal supplementation did not completely eliminate the risk of hyperkyphosis. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diets deficient in vitamin D increased the development of hyperkyphosis in offspring in this model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates that decreased maternal dietary vitamin-D intake during pregnancy increases the risk of spinal deformity in offspring. In addition, these data show the feasibility of generating a large-animal spinal-deformity model through dietary manipulation alone.
Sex differences in affect-triggered lapses during smoking cessation: A daily diary study

Abstract Introduction Smoking lapses during a cessation attempt are common and are thought to be a key predictor of full relapse. Positive and negative affective states have been hypothesized as important precipitants of lapses during quit attempts, although findings have been mixed. Accumulating evidence suggests that women may smoke more when experiencing negative affective states, while men may smoke more when experiencing positive affective states. The possibility that these sex differences may play a role in predicting lapses during a smoking cessation attempt, however, has not been well-investigated. In this study, we hypothesized that, during a quit attempt, negative affect would be more strongly associated with lapses among women, and positive affect would be more strongly associated with lapses among men. Method We conducted a prospective study in which male and female nicotine-dependent smokers (n = 60) made an unaided, ‘cold-turkey’ quit attempt. For fourteen days following the initiation of the quit attempt, participants completed daily diaries in which they recorded the degree to which states of ‘good mood’ and ‘bad mood’ preceded smoking lapses. Results Consistent with the study hypothesis, findings indicated that men reported higher good-mood-induced smoking lapses than women across the 14-day study interval. Conversely, while levels of bad-mood-induced smoking subsided over the 14-day interval among men, levels persisted among women. Discussion Results further underscore the need to address sex-specific affective triggers when developing smoking cessation strategies.
Synchrotron radiation facilities available at Stanford and Wisconsin: erratum

I was gratified to note that you had included, in the September issue of Applied Optics [ 14, 2084 ( 1975)], a reprint of a portion of the NSF Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 10 ( 1975) concerning the synchrotron radiation facilities available at Stanford and Wisconsin. The dissemination of information concerning the capabilities of these unique facilities is, of course, a matter of considerable interest to us.
Improvement of Food by Nutrification

In earlier generations, mankind relied on a varied diet to obtain an optimum nutritional state. This is still a worthy goal, but for several reasons it may not always be feasible. Pressure on the land to produce calories may reduce the choices available in some of the more densely populated countries. In some of the affluent countries, people may choose not to eat a varied diet for religious or personal reasons. In any case, it is of overriding importance that we make the existing food as nutritious as possible. Nature did not make a wheat kernel to nourish man; the primary purpose of the kernel is to create another wheat plant. The nutrients in the kernel necessary to produce a wheat plant are not necessarily the substances that produce optimum human nutrition. It is up to human ingenuity to discover the combinations of wheat kernels and other foods or synthetic nutrients that provide optimum nutrition. This is true for all staple foods.
Evaluating the Intentionality of Identified Misstatements: How Perspective Can Help Auditors in Distinguishing Errors from Fraud

SUMMARY: Although auditors are responsible for detecting misstatements arising from either error or fraud, the auditing standards require very different audit responses when a misstatement is believed to be the result of an intentional act (AS No. 14, PCAOB 2010a). Specifically, if auditors suspect intentional misstatement, then they should perform additional audit procedures, reassess overall fraud risk and the integrity of management, and communicate potential concerns to the audit committee. Thus, if auditors fail to recognize and respond to information indicating a misstatement was caused intentionally, then audit quality may be impaired. The objective of this study is to investigate whether auditors who consider the perspective of the manager responsible for a misstatement's occurrence are more sensitive to circumstances indicating the misstatement was intentional. Using an experiment with audit managers and senior managers, I find that auditors who consider the client manager's perspective assess th...
Surgical Management of Acute Facial Palsy

Bell palsy and traumatic facial nerve injury are two common causes of acute facial palsy. Most patients with Bell palsy recover favorably with medical therapy alone. However, those with complete paralysis (House-Brackmann 6/6), greater than 90% degeneration on electroneurography, and absent electromyography activity may benefit from surgical decompression via a middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach. Patients with acute facial palsy from traumatic temporal bone fracture who meet these same criteria may be candidates for decompression via an MCF or translabyrinthine approach based on hearing status.
Peer Tutoring Instructional Practice and Kindergartners' Achievement and Socioemotional Development.

This study examines how the use of peer tutoring instructional practices links to students’ outcomes during kindergarten. Examining this pedagogical strategy allows us to contribute to the literatu...
Evidence of a microbial etiology for sialoliths.

Objectives Sialolithiasis is the primary etiology for parotid and submandibular swelling, potentially resulting in discomfort, bacterial infections, and hospitalization. The etiology of sialolith formation is unknown. Currently, the proposed etiologies range from inflammation, coalescence of organic molecules, sialomicrolith formation, pH changes, and biofilm formation. In this study, we performed a descriptive analysis of images obtained through electron microscopy of sialoliths. Based on our findings and descriptive analysis, we hypothesize that sialolith formation is likely multifactorial and begins with biofilm formation. Biofilm formation then triggers a host immune response, and it is the interaction of biofilm with host immune cells and calcium nanoparticles that forms the nidus and creates a favorable environment for calcium precipitation. Methods Sialoliths were extracted from patients and imaged under light and scanning electron microscopy. Specimens for light microscopy were prepared using a diamond saw. Specimens for electron microscopy were freeze-fractured, thus providing an undisturbed view of the core of the sialolith. Results We were able to identify clear evidence of biofilm caves at the core of each sialolith. These biofilm caves were complex with the presence of bacteria and dehydrated extrapolysaccharide matrix, host cells (immune cells, platelets and erythrocytes), and calcium nanoparticles. Conclusion The etiology of sialolith formation is likely multifactorial. We propose that biofilm formation within a single salivary gland or duct leads to local ductal injury, which results in the influx of host immune cells that interact with the biofilm and calcium nanoparticles, creating a scaffold upon which further calcium deposition can occur. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:69-74, 2020.
Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysm in the setting of celiac and superior mesenteric artery occlusion.

Abstract Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) aneurysm is a rare type of visceral aneurysm. We present the case of a 77-year-old woman with an IMA aneurysm in the setting of chronic complete occlusion of the origins of her celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery. The patient was managed successfully with surgical excision of the IMA aneurysm with an end-to-side anastomosis of the IMA to the left common iliac artery. The case report is followed by a discussion based on a literature review of the few previously reported occurrences of IMA aneurysm.
Single-Molecule Kinetics Show DNA Pyrimidine Content Strongly Affects RNA:DNA and TNA:DNA Heteroduplex Dissociation Rates

The heteroduplex hybridization thermodynamics of DNA with either RNA or TNA are greatly affected by DNA pyrimidine content, where increased DNA pyrimidine content leads to significantly increased duplex stability. Little is known, however, about the effect that purine or pyrimidine content has on the hybridization kinetics of these duplexes. In this work, single-molecule imaging is used to measure the hybridization kinetics of oligonucleotides having varying DNA pyrimidine content with complementary DNA, RNA, and TNA sequences. Results suggest that the change in duplex stability from DNA pyrimidine content (corresponding to purine content in the complementary TNA or RNA) is primarily due to changes in the dissociation rate, and not single-strand ordering or other structural changes that increase the association rate. Decreases in heteroduplex hybridization rates with pyrimidine content are similar for RNA and TNA, indicating that TNA behaves as a kinetic analogue for RNA.
Accurate mass estimates from the proper motions of dispersion-supported galaxies

Starting with the spherical Jeans equation, we show that there exists a radius where the mass enclosed depends only on the projected tangential velocity dispersion, assuming that the anisotropy profile slowly varies. This is well-approximated at the radius where the log-slope of the stellar tracer profile is $-2$: $r_{-2}$. The associated mass is $M(r_{-2}) = 2 G^{-1} \langle \sigma_{\mathcal{T}}^{2}\rangle^{*} r_{-2}$ and the circular velocity is $V^{2}({r_{-2}}) = 2\langle \sigma_{\mathcal{T}}^{2}\rangle^{*}$. For a Plummer profile $r_{-2} \simeq 4R_e/5$. Importantly, $r_{-2}$ is smaller than the characteristic radius for line-of-sight velocities derived by Wolf et al. 2010. Together, the two estimators can constrain the mass profiles of dispersion-supported galaxies. We illustrate its applicability using published proper motion measurements of dwarf galaxies Draco and Sculptor, and find that they are consistent with inhabiting cuspy NFW subhalos of the kind predicted in CDM but we cannot rule out a core. We test our combined mass estimators against previously-published, non-spherical cosmological dwarf galaxy simulations done in both CDM and SIDM. For CDM, the estimates for the dynamic rotation curves are found to be accurate to $10\%$ while SIDM are accurate to $15\%$. Unfortunately, this level of accuracy is not good enough to measure slopes at the level required to distinguish between cusps and cores of the type predicted in viable SIDM models without stronger priors. However, we find that this provides good enough accuracy to distinguish between the normalization differences predicted at small radii ($r \simeq r_{-2} < r_{\rm core}$) for interesting SIDM models. As the number of galaxies with internal proper motions increases, mass estimators of this kind will enable valuable constraints on SIDM and CDM models.
Readmissions after ovarian cancer cytoreduction surgery: The first 30 days and beyond.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Postoperative readmissions are often used to assess quality of surgical care. This study compared 30-day vs 31- to 90-day readmission following surgery for ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. METHODS This retrospective study of the 2010-2015 Nationwide Readmissions Database characterized 90-day readmissions following cytoreductive surgery for these cancers. Each patient's first postoperative hospitalization was included. Univariate analysis compared patient demographics and reasons for readmission. Multivariable regression identified independent predictors of readmission. RESULTS Of an estimated 76 652 patients, 10 264 (13.4%) were readmitted within 30 days, and 6942 (9.1%) between 31 and 90 days. The 30-day readmissions were more frequently associated with postoperative infection, while 31- to 90-day readmissions were more frequently associated with renal or hematologic diagnoses. Predictors of any 90-day readmission included index hospitalization longer than 7 days (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.61 [1.48-1.75], P < .001), extended surgical procedure (AOR 1.41 [1.30-1.53], P < .001), pulmonary circulation disorder (AOR = 1.34 [1.13-1.60], P = .001), and diabetes mellitus (AOR = 1.12 [1.02-1.24], P = .020). CONCLUSIONS Readmission rates remain high during the 31- to 90-day postoperative period in ovarian cancer patients, although these readmissions are less frequently related to postoperative complications. Prospective study is merited to optimize surveillance beyond the initial 30 days after ovarian cancer surgery.
A novel receptor-free polydiacetylene nanofiber biosensor for detecting E. coli via colorimetric changes

A nanofiber-based polydiacetylene (PDA) biosensor was prepared with polyurethane (PU) to detect Escherichia coli. The main advantage of this PU-PDA nanofiber biosensor was the simplicity of the preparation method via electrospinning where no complex receptors were required to detect E. coli via colorimetric properties. Diacetylene monomers self-assembled during the electrospinning process that significantly enhanced the interaction between the PDA macromolecules and E. coli, resulting in high sensitivity of bacterial detection. Experiments showed that the PU-PDA nanofiber system was highly sensitive and could quickly detect E. coli by a colorimetric transition that is visible to the naked eye. The colorimetric property of the PU-PDA nanofiber was highly sensitive to organic solvents, suggesting potential for application in fingerprinting devices capable of distinguishing organic solvents. Additional experiments indicated that the color-changing substances (CCS) in the complex E. coli culture were not cell-associated, rather E. coli secretion associated. Further experiments were conducted to understand the nature of the CCS in E. coli culture and the results showed that the CCS are free extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in E. coli culture.
Sgr A* in context: daily flares as a probe of the fundamental X-ray emission process in accreting black holes

Our central Galactic supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, exists mostly in a very stable, extremely low-luminosity (~10^{-9} L_Edd), thermal quiescent state, which is interrupted roughly daily by a brief, nonthermal X-ray flare. Because they are not accompanied by significant changes in the radio wavelengths, the flares make Sgr A* unusual in the context of black holes accreting at slightly higher rates. Those sources display a radio/X-ray luminosity correlation whose normalization scales with central mass, and that holds over orders of magnitude in accretion power. There is significant scatter in this correlation, due in part to measurement uncertainties and intrinsic variability. By studying the correlation in sources bracketing Sgr A* in radio luminosity and whose physical parameters are well measured, we can derive a statistical measure of this local scatter. We find that Sgr A* in quiescence and the lower intensity flares fall well below the correlation in X-ray luminosity. The brightest flares are consistent within the scatter, which may indicate an upper bound on the X-ray luminosity. This trend is suggestive of a state transition at the extreme low end of accretion activity, only above which the radio/X-ray correlation is tracked. This scenario is easily testable because it must fulfill three unique observational predictions: 1) As long as Sgr A* remains at its current radio luminosity, no X-ray flare will be seen which statistically exceeds the prediction of the correlation, 2) no source already on the correlation will be seen to flare in the X-rays similar to Sgr A* (i.e., without corresponding increases in the radio luminosity), and 3) sources below a critical accretion rate or luminosity will show similar flares as Sgr A*, on timescales appropriate to their masses.
Working with Community Populations to Increase Wellness

Community populations present a rich context to optimize wellness where we live, work, and recreate in groups. Based on a broader definition of health that embraces wellness, the majority of healthcare delivery is transitioning beyond clinics and hospitals into community settings. Many advantages for targeting the delivery of population-focused integrative healthcare services include the expanded social relationships through familial, economic, social, and faith-based connections rather than the limited individual perspective. Health and wellness behaviors and outcomes are influenced through these natural social connections where people invest their lives and work. Levels of trust and bonds with one another either positively or negatively influence health behavior choices and outcomes. This chapter will explore the evidence for integrative health nursing interventions aimed at the community.
Association of Potential for Deaths of Despair With Age and Military Service Era.

INTRODUCTION Predictors of deaths of despair, including substance use disorder, psychological distress, and suicidality, are known to be elevated among young adults and recent military veterans. Limited information is available to distinguish age effects from service-era effects. We assessed these effects on indicators of potential for deaths of despair in a large national sample of U.S. adults aged ≥19 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of publicly available data for 2015-2019 from 201,846 respondents to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which measures psychological symptoms and substance use behaviors using standardized scales and diagnostic definitions. Indicators of potential for a death of despair included liver cirrhosis, past-year serious suicidal ideation, serious psychological distress per the Kessler-6 scale, and active substance use disorder (e.g., binge drinking on ≥5 occasions in the past month, nonmedical use of prescribed controlled substances, and illicit drug use). Bivariate, age-stratified bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using statistical software and tests appropriate for the NSDUH complex sampling design. Covariates included demographic characteristics, chronic conditions, and religious service attendance. RESULTS Indicators were strongly and consistently age-associated, with ≥1 indicator experienced by 45.5% of respondents aged 19-25 years and 10.7% of those aged ≥65 years (P < .01). After age stratification, service-era effects were modest and occurred only among adults aged ≥35 years. The largest service-associated increase was among adults aged 35-49 years; service beginning or after 1975 was associated (P < .01), with increased prevalence of ≥1 indicator (30.2%-34.2% for veterans and 25.2% for nonveterans) or ≥2 indicators (6.4%-8.2% for veterans and 5.4% for nonveterans). Covariate-adjusted results were similar, with adjusted probabilities of ≥1 indicator declining steadily with increasing age: among those 19-34 years, 39.9% of nonveterans and 42.2% of Persian Gulf/Afghanistan veterans; among those aged ≥65 years, 10.3% of nonveterans, 9.2% of World War II/Korea veterans, and 14.4% of Vietnam veterans. CONCLUSIONS After accounting for age, military service-era effects on potential for a death of despair were modest but discernible. Because underlying causes of deaths of despair may vary by service era (e.g., hostility to Vietnam service experienced by older adults versus environmental exposures in the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan), providers treating veterans of different ages should be sensitive to era-related effects. Findings suggest the importance of querying for symptoms of mental distress and actively engaging affected individuals, veteran or nonveteran, in appropriate treatment to prevent deaths of despair.
Implicit Bias Recognition and Management in Interpersonal Encounters and the Learning Environment: A Skills-Based Curriculum for Medical Students

Introduction Students desire instruction in skill development to address both their own implicit biases and bias perceived in the learning environment. Curricula to date achieve strategy identifica...
Quantifying neonicotinoid insecticide residues in milkweed and other forbs sampled from prairie strips established in maize and soybean fields

Abstract Adding habitat within agricultural ecosystems is necessary to reverse declines in pollinator abundance and diversity. Understanding pesticide exposure to pollinator habitat near crop fields is necessary to support risk assessments. Neonicotinoids applied to maize and soybean seeds can be transported from crop fields to adjacent habitat through dust drift during planting and/or through overland runoff or subsurface flow following planting. Pollinators, especially bees (e.g. Apidae) and monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), could be exposed to neonicotinoids through ingestion of contaminated plant material (e.g. milkweed leaves). Neonicotinoids have been detected in pollinator-attractive habitats near crop fields; however, the magnitude and seasonal variation of the concentration of these insecticides has not been determined. We quantified concentrations of clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid in soil and forb leaf tissue, including milkweed (Asclepias spp.) located within reconstructed prairies (3–4 years post-establishment) within or adjacent to maize or soybean fields. Samples taken from April through August in 2017 and 2018 were analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; 100% of soil, 80% of vegetation from blooming forbs, and 80% of milkweed leaf tissue samples had at least one neonicotinoid present above the method detection limit (0.07–0.9 ng g-1). The maximum concentrations detected in 2017 or 2018 of clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid in milkweed leaf tissue samples were 6.6, 12.9, and 2.8 ng g-1, respectively. These values are 10 to 130-fold lower than the chronic LC10 values for monarch larvae, indicating it is unlikely that this route of neonicotinoid exposure will cause adverse effects to monarch larvae.
A trans-activator on the Drosophila Y chromosome regulates gene expression in the male germ line.

The Ychromosome of Drosophila melanogasteraccounts for approximately 13% of a normal male genome and is entirely heterochromatic. It carries six genes required exclusively for spermatogenesis. Here we report a novel activity of the Ychromosome that regulates gene expression in primary spermatocytes. By examining the expression of a reporter gene in X/Yand X/0males, we show that a specific region of the Ylong arm carries a trans-activator that regulates transcription in spermatogenesis. In the absence of the Ytrans-activator, the level of the reporter expression is greatly reduced in primary spermatocytes and the expression pattern is restricted to young primary spermatocytes. Further analysis shows that the Ytrans-activator is dispersed in the h1-h10 region on the Ylong arm and is functionally redundant, indicating involvement of the repetitive sequences on the Ychromosome. In addition, the Ytrans-activator appears to act in a tissue-specific manner, functioning only in the male germ line. We propose that the Ytrans-activator plays an important role in regulating gene expression during spermatogenesis.
Socioeconomic modifiers of genetic and environmental influences on body mass index in adult twins.

Objective Individual measures of socioeconomic status (SES) suppress genetic variance in body mass index (BMI). Our objective was to examine the influence of both individual-level (i.e., educational attainment, household income) and macrolevel (i.e., neighborhood socioeconomic advantage) SES indicators on genetic contributions to BMI. Method The study used education level data from 4,162 monozygotic (MZ) and 1,900 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex twin pairs (64% female), income level data from 3,498 MZ and 1,534 DZ pairs (65% female), and neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation data from 2,327 MZ and 948 DZ pairs (65% female). Covariates included age (M = 40.4 ± 17.5 years), sex, and ethnicity. The cotwin control model was used to evaluate the mechanisms through which SES influences BMI (e.g., through genetic vs. environmental pathways), and a gene-by-environment interaction model was used to test whether residual variance in BMI, after controlling for the main effects of SES, was moderated by socioeconomic measures. Results SES significantly predicted BMI. The association was noncausal, however, and instead was driven primarily through a common underlying genetic background that tended to grow less influential as SES increased. After controlling for the main effect of SES, both genetic and nonshared environmental variance decreased with increasing SES. Conclusions The impact of individual and macrolevel SES on BMI extends beyond its main effects. The influence of genes on BMI is moderated by individual and macrolevel measures of SES, such that when SES is higher, genetic factors become less influential.
Properties and specificity of binding sites for 125I-nerve growth factor in embryonic heart and brain.

Abstract The specific binding of 125I-nerve growth factor (125I-NGF) to the low speed pellet fraction of dissociated 13-day chick embryo heart and brain is a complex, nonsaturable process exhibiting a range of affinities (heart,Ka = 2.9 x 109 to 6 x 106 liters per mole and brain, 2.5 x 109 to 8 x 106 liters per mole). The binding to both tissues at 24° is rapid (k+1 = 7 x 106 m-1 s-1) and reversible (k-1 = 7 x 10-4 s-1) and the dissociation of bound 125I-NGF is accelerated by 8 x 10-8 m native NGF (k-1 = 4 x 10-3 s-1). Insulin and proinsulin inhibit the binding of 125I-NGF 20 to 30% at concentrations of 10-9 to 10-8 m, lower or higher concentrations being less effective. Bovine growth hormone, human placental lactogen and glucagon inhibit 125I-NGF binding only to the extent of 5 to 8%, and this only at high concentrations. The regional distribution of specific 125I-NGF binding in heart correlates with regions of sympathetic innervation. The properties of 125I-NGF binding to these specific sites in embryonic heart and brain are very similar to those of the NGF receptor of sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia, the recognized target tissues for NGF.
Erfolgsfaktoren zur Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Unternehmensstrategien in der Wissensgesellschaft

An der Wende zum 21. Jahrhundert zeichnet sich die schnelle Entwicklung zur Informationsgesellschaft mit bemerkenswerter Klarheit ab. Experten gestehen ihr den Rang eines postindustriellen Gesamtkunstwerks zu. Sie kennzeichnen damit treffend Komplexitat und intellektuelles Niveau einer Entwicklung, die durch Deregulierung, Fall der Monopole und Wettbewerb vorangetrieben wird.
Inhibition of Translation Initiation as a Novel Paradigm for Cancer Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role and expression of translation initiation factors in cancer. The regulation of gene expression at the level of translation initiation is critical for proper control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Deregulation of translation initiation is frequently observed in tumors and plays an important role in the genesis, progression, and maintenance of some cancers. This is because unrestricted translation favors expression of genes that promote cell proliferation, malignant transformation, and cancer progression. Restricting the translation initiation by molecular and chemical genetic approaches reverts the malignant phenotype because it preferentially reduces translation of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) that code for proteins important for the genesis and progression of cancer. The growing understanding of the structural biology and the mechanistic insight into the translation initiation cascade led to the identification of pharmacological targets for the development of mechanism-specific anticancer agents—a new paradigm for anticancer therapy. Targeting cancer pathways downstream of their cellular signaling networks at the level of translation initiation is more effective and could offer fewer side effects than inhibiting their upstream targets.
Assessing the Feasibility of Using Virtual Environments in Distance Education

Learning is an active, social process. However, many distance education programs are flat and asynchronous with limited interaction. Virtual environments may be best equipped to foster an active social learning environment that provides optimal distance education. This study explored how nursing informatics students perceived the strengths and limitations of three different online modalities of learning: Learning Management System, Webinar, and Virtual Environments. Student perceptions of nine learning and instructional technology domains were explored using the Student Assessment of Learning Gains instrument (Seymour, Wiese, Hunter, & Daffinrud, 2000) with additional, open-ended question. Two concurrent themes arose from the three platforms: technical challenges and students showing preference for synchronous web-based learning. Virtual Environments emerged as the favored distance based education. As the availability and use of these technologies proliferates, educators are challenged to understand the effects of these technologies on student learning outcomes to optimize student learning. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2011.03.002
Ethanol affects differentiation-related pathways and suppresses Wnt signaling protein expression in human neural stem cells.

Background: Prenatal exposure of the fetus to ethanol (EtOH) can be teratogenic. We previously showed that EtOH alters the cell fate of human neural stem cells (NSC). As Wnt signaling plays an important role in fetal brain development, we hypothesized that EtOH suppresses Wnt signaling protein expression in differentiating NSC and thereby contributes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Methods: NSC isolated from fetal human brains were cultured in mitogenic media to induce neurospheres, which were dissociated into single-cell suspensions and used for all experiments. Equal numbers of NSC were cultured on lysine ⁄ laminin-coated plates for 96 hours in differentiating media containing 0, 20, or 100 mM EtOH. Total mRNA was isolated from samples containing 0 or 100 mM EtOH and changes in expression of 263 genes associated with neurogenesis and NSC differentiation were determined by Oligo GEArray technology. The biological impact of gene changes was estimated using a systems biology approach with pathway express software and KEGG database. Based on the pathways identified, expression of Wnt proteins (Wnt3a and Wnt5a), Wnt-receptor complex proteins (p-LRP6, LRP6, DVL2, and DVL3), Wnt antagonist Naked-2 (NKD-2), and downstream Wnt proteins (b-catenin, Tyr-p-GSK3b, Ser-p-GSK3b) were analyzed by Western blot. Results: Of the 263 genes examined, the expressions of 22 genes in differentiating NSC were either upwardly or downwardly affected by EtOH. These genes are associated with 5 pathways ⁄ cellular processes: axon guidance; hedgehog signaling; TGF-b signaling; cell adhesion molecules; and Wnt signaling. When compared to controls, EtOH, at both 20 and 100 mM concentrations, suppressed the expression of Wnt3a and Wnt5a, receptor complex proteins p-LRP6, LRP6 and DVL2, and cytoplasmic proteins Ser-p-GSK3b and b-catenin. Expression of NKD-2 and DVL3 remained unchanged and the expression of active Tyr-p-GSK3b increased
A Dynamic Network with Individual Mobility for Designing Vaccination Strategies

Vaccination is a primary means to control infectious diseases. Few studies on vaccination strategies have explicitly considered the mobility of individuals. This article aims to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccination strategies in a dynamic social network, in which individuals are mobile between and within communities. The three vaccination strategies are applied to this social network for evaluation, including a travel-based, a contact-based, and a random vaccination strategy. Simulation results show that the contact-based strategy, commonly seen in previous studies, is not always the most effective strategy in dynamic networks. This strategy is preferable for a population with a large number of intercommunity travelers, for instance in urban areas. On the other hand, the travel-based strategy, although directly accounting for individual mobility, is not necessarily the most effective in dynamic networks either. This strategy is recommended for a population with a small number of intercommunity travelers, such as rural areas. In addition, one advantage of the travel-based strategy over the other two is its efficacy in confining the spatial extent of affected areas. Results suggest that the intercommunity travel of individuals should be a major consideration for choosing proper vaccination strategies. By adding the spatial context into vaccination strategies, this research provides new insights into community-based planning for infectious disease control.
"Biosthetics" in Robert Francis's Traveling in Concord

This article examines the presence and action of a unique multi-moded, environmentally-tuned participatory art form, or "biosthetics," in Robert Francis's tragically unpublished book, Traveling in Concord. The article seeks to introduce readers to Francis and argues that, given current concerns over economic and environmental devastation, his book (a product of post-WWII industrial "progress") should be published and read in the twenty-first century. A marginal but prophetic twentieth-century American author, Francis lived at or below the poverty line outside Amherst, Massachusetts, from 1901 to 1987.
Effect of Complement Fixation on the Release of Lysosomal Enzymes from Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages

Macrophage lysosomal enzymes that have specificities for substrates found in mammalian tissue may contribute to the tissue damage observed in chronic inflammatory diseases. Although a variety of agents that stimulate the release of hydrolases from peritoneal macrophages have been identified, little work has been done to establish the conditions and specific stimuli responsible for enzyme release by alveolar macrophages (AM). To assess the effect of phagocytosis by AM on the release phenomenon, hydrolytic enzymes normally sequestered in AM lysosomes were quantified in the supernatant fluids of phagocytosing and non-phagocytosing AM monolayers in both the presence and absence of serum. Maximum release occurred under conditions known to favor complement fixation by the classical or alternative pathways. Thermal destruction or immune fixation of serum complement before use in culture reduced the magnitude of release to that observed in cultures incubated in the complete absence of serum. Phagocytosis was not essential for release, since cells exposed to particles but treated with a known inhibitor of phagocytosis (cytochalasin B) still showed maximal release in the presence of fresh serum. These data are interpreted to indicate that a heat-labile component of serum, probably a by-product of complement fixation, was primarily responsible for the hydrolase release by AM. On the basis of these findings, individuals suffering from chronic pulmonary disease may suffer acute episodes of lung destruction from endogenous AM enzymes upon the inhalation of materials capable of fixing complement.
A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of American Naval History

This work seeks to update the original edition published by the Naval Institute Press in 1981, by providing new titles in military literature that have appeared since the end of 1979. It differs most from the original edition by providing twenty-three special topics, ranging from Amphibious Operations to women in the Navy, as well as titles in chapters that proceed in chronological order.
VARIABLE OXYGENATION DURING RECOVERY FROM OXYGEN INDUCED RETINOPATHY IN THE KITTEN

Premature infants who experience prolonged oxygen administration and apnea/bradycardia have an increased incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. Therefore, we predicted and tested the hypothesis that alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia would adversely affect the oxygen induced retinopathy developing after hyperoxic vascular injury in the kitten. Following 65 hrs of 80% oxygen on day 3 of life, each of 15 litters (67 kittens) were randomly divided between room air recovery and recovery in an incubator where the FiO2 varied from 10% to 43% within each 18 min. period. Fifteen litters would permit us to detect a mean difference in scores of 2 points, α = 0.05, with a power of 80%. After 3 weeks in the recovery phase, the retinopathy was scored on a scale of O (normal) to 13 (worst) by two masked investigators. The mean retinopathy score from the room air recovered controls in one litter was compared to the mean score from the experimental kittens in the same litter. Unexpectedly, the scores in the experimental group were significantly better than the room air matched littermates, [d = 4.0±3.1, (SD), paired t test, p <0.001] [or Sign test, 14/15 litters were better, p <0.01]. We found that variable oxygenation resulted in a less severe retinopathy than stable oxygenation (room air = 21%) during recovery. The clinical implications of this finding are not known, except to speculate that variable oxygenation may not be a contributing factor to retinopathy of prematurity in the human.
Source Parameters and Crustal Q for Four Earthquakes in South Carolina

Two three-component seismometers (one surface and one borehole) were re-installed on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina in July 1992 to determine attenuation in the Coastal Plain sediment wedge and source parameters of local earthquakes. Four earthquakes M ∼ 1.8 to 3.6 were recorded during the next 6 months. The largest event was located near Summerville within the meizoseismal area for the 1886 Charleston earthquake. Two shocks were located 50 km to the east near Neeses, and one was located 20 km north of the SRS near Aiken. Although source parameters have been determined from strong motion data and short-period regional networks for east coast earthquakes, such as the Saguenay, Nahanni, and Mt. Laurier earthquakes (e.g., Atkinson, 1993), these are some of the first source parameters determined from broad-band digital recorders. Seismograms for the Summerville event are also available from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Blacksburg, Virginia, providing estimates of t * beyond 200 km. Here we determine source parameters such as moment, stress drop, and the attenuation parameter t * using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. We do not correct for site response because the deepest borehole is not below the Coastal Plain sediments (about 300m thick at this site) and because only one station is available for most of the data. Values of t* are marginally higher from seismograms recorded at the surface when compared to records from the 91m depth borehole seismograph. A value of 170-200 bars was determined for the Brune stress drop of the Summerville event using the borehole data, which is high compared to a value of 50 bars usually specified for modeling strong motion in western North America, but similar to other estimates for eastern North America. A higher stress drop leads to a higher seismic risk because peak acceleration is approximately proportional to stress drop. Moreover, mid- to upper-crustal Qs are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000, which would permit the propagation of high frequency seismic waves. A comparison of the surface records from the SRS with a record from the USGS dense array at Parkfield, CA for an event at about the same distance range and moment as the Summerville event-SRS case shows that the peak acceleration of the Summerville event is 16 times higher than that for the event from California (stress drop of 21 bars).
Hyperspherical adiabatic potentials for 3-fermion threshold interactions

The interest in trapping of cold particles and other low-energy phenomena has stimulated research on threshold processes for three body systems. Such processes are efficiently modeled using the adiabatic hyperspherical representation. For threshold processes the behavior of the adiabatic curves at large hyperradius play a crucial role. These curves may be modeled using energy dependent zero range potentials. We employ such potentials for the case of three fermions where the two-body systems can be bound in p-wave bound states. Calculated adiabatic potential curves are presented.
Characterization of antibody-mediated inhibition of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity: Evidence for blocking of both recognition and lethal hit stages of cytolysis☆

Rat antisera prepared against murine, periodate-activated alloimmune cytotoxic lymphocytes (termed RAT) have previously been shown to effectively block T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) at the "lethal hit" stage of cytolysis (J.C. Hiserodt and B. Bonavida, J. Immunol. 126, 256, 1981). Both natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been shown to mediate lysis by the same pathway, namely binding of effector to target cells, programming for lysis, and killer cell-independent target cell lysis. This result suggested that the molecular mechanism of NKCMC and CTLCMC may also be similar. In this context, RAT-mediated blocking of CTL was examined for its ability to block NKCMC. The results show that (1) addition of RAT serum or IgG fractions blocked NKCMC in the absence of complement in a 4-hr 51CR-release assay, and blocking was directed at the effector cell; (2) at the single-cell level, RAT serum blocked the formation of conjugates between effector and target cells; (3) in a Ca2+-pulse experiment, in which the effectors and targets were first allowed to bind in the absence of Ca2+ for 1 hr at 37 degrees C, followed by the addition of Ca2+ to initiate the lytic event, RAT was capable of blocking cytotoxicity after conjugate formation at the Ca2+-dependent lethal hit stage of cytolysis. The similarity of results in RAT blocking experiments of both the CTL and NK systems suggests a common molecular mechanism of cytolysis.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), the major serum carrier protein for the IGFs, is absent from Western ligand blots of seminal plasma, but is detectable by RIA. IGFBP-3 protease activity has recently been described in pregnancy serum. We investigated the possibility that seminal plasma contains an IGFBP-3 protease, by incubating seminal plasma with 125I-labeled human IGFBP-3. Seminal plasma was found to have potent IGFBP-3 protease activity with a cleavage pattern different from that of pregnancy serum. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease found in semen. Autoradiographs measuring IGFBP-3 protease activity demonstrated that purified PSA cleaved IGFBP-3, yielding a cleavage pattern identical to that of seminal plasma. IGFBP-2 and -4 in seminal plasma were not degraded by PSA. Cleavage of IGFBP-3 by PSA resulted in a marked reduction in the binding affinity of the fragments to IGF-I, but not IGF-II. We speculate that PSA may serve to modulate IGF function within the rep...
“My Daddy's Number is C-92760”

Abstract Inmates in a maximum security prison, trained in college credit Pedology courses and referred to as Play Monitors, supervised a play area in the prison visiting room and provided the framework where children could play in a safe and structured way with materials appropriate to their developmental needs. The availability and strength of the Play Monitors ego enabled the child's ego to master, in age appropriate ways, the circumstances of the visiting room rather than being lost in fantasy or random motoric behavior. Thus, children and parents could function in a more normal manner promoting the mental health development of the family unit.
A Method for Measuring Habitat Space in Studies of Hardwood Forest Litter Arthropods

A method is proposed for calculating the amount of interstitial space, or habitat space in the L or O1 layer of the hardwood forest floor. Assessment of habitat space may be useful for comparing litter environments in studies of litter-dwelling arthropods and other invertebrates. The method, an extension of the standard litter measures of depth and volume, includes litter structure as a quantitative factor. Data indicate that habitat space in the litter layer varies with structural composition and moisture accumulation.