cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immiscible Liquid Affinity Supports

A new class of liquid affinity supports, based on the use of liquid perfluorocarbons, is reported. Macromolecular ligands are controllably substituted with perfluoroalkyl groups prior to addition to the liquid fluorocarbon and emulsification. Such substituted ligands act as efficient surfactants while retaining their biological activity and specificity. The resulting stable emulsions offer many advantages over conventional solid affinity supports, particularly in the area of large scale bioprocessing. High density and deformability of the fluorocarbon droplets allow processing of debris containing samples. In addition, packed emulsions can be easily pumped, thus offering the potential of continuous countercurrent affinity separations. Recovery or concentration of the ligand or its complex is possible by evaporation of the fluorocarbon support.
Crystal structure of 9,10-bis­(1,3-di­thiol-2-yl­idene)-9,10-di­hydro­anthracene

The crystal structure of the well-studied 9,10-bis­(1,3-di­thiol-2-yl­idene)-9,10-di­hydro­anthracene mol­ecule, C20H12S4, (I), also known as exTTF, is reported. The mol­ecular structure of (I) consists of a di­hydro­anthracene moiety with two 1,3-di­thiol-2-yl­idene substituents. This is a saddle-shaped mol­ecule, which inter­acts with a close neighbor through various π–π and C—H⋯π contacts to form a `dimer'. These `dimers' inter­act through a series of C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π contacts to construct a complex three-dimensional extended structure.
Challenges of Recruitment and Retention in Rural Areas

There have long been rural health care workforce shortages; however, the urgency to find real solutions has increased with the changing health care landscape. The evidence makes a compelling case to be intentional in the candidates we support and to align educational resources across multiple systems. Programs need to continually evolve, utilizing workforce data, best practices, and new technological advances. This leads the Office of Rural Health (ORH) to secure funding for therapists practicing in integrated settings and to expand loan repayment to general surgeons and providers creating access through telehealth. While access is ORH's core mission, North Carolina's rural health plan reframed the discussion around creating healthy rural communities. This will require further refinement of the critical workforce definition, and it brings to the forefront the fact that a variety of new partnerships will be key to achieving the objective of healthy rural communities.
Adult Sorghum Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Nonpreference for a Resistant Hybrid Sorghum

Adult density and oviposition of sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghieola (Coquillett), on a resistant and susceptible sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench hybrid, were assessed under field conditions at College Station, Tex., during 1983 and 1984. Approximately 33% more female midges visited flowering panicles of a susceptible hybrid than those of a resistant hybrid. Moreover, ca. 25% more female midges were collected on flowering panicles of either hybrid that had not previously been infested with midges compared with panicles that had already been exposed to midges. Number of eggs laid in spikelets by 20 caged females per panicle, or by naturally occurring females in the field, was from 4- to 5-fold greater for midges infesting a susceptible than a resistant hybrid. Differences in number of eggs and egg-infested spikelets of the two hybrids were consistent in a free-choice or no-choice situation. These results indicated that nonpreference for oviposition was much more important than nonpreference for adult visitation as a component of nonpreference resistance of the agronomically improved sorghum hybrid AT×2755 × T×2767.
Hepatitis C treatment failure is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral therapy for hepatitis C (HCV) reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there is little information regarding how treatment failure (TF) compares to lack of treatment. We evaluated the impact of treatment status on risk of HCC using data from the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS-an observational study based in four large US health systems, with up to 7 years of follow-up on patients). Multivariable analyses were used to adjust for bias in treatment selection, as well as other covariates, followed by sensitivity analyses. Among 10 091 HCV patients, 3681 (36%) received treatment, 2099 (57%) experienced treatment failure (TF), and 1582 (43%) of these achieved sustained virological response (SVR). TF patients demonstrated almost twice the risk of HCC than untreated patients [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-2.53]; this risk persisted across all stages of fibrosis. Several sensitivity analyses validated these results. Although African Americans were at increased risk of treatment failure, they were at lower risk for HCC and all-cause mortality compared to White patients. SVR patients had lower risk of HCC than TF patients (aHR = 0.48, CI 0.31-0.73), whereas treatment - regardless of outcome - reduced all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.45, CI 0.34-0.60 for SVR patients; aHR = 0.78, CI 0.65-0.93 for TF patients).
Missing Faces, Beautiful Places: The Lack of Diversity in South Carolina Picture Book Award Nominees

Many South Carolina librarians purchase and display the books nominated annually for the South Carolina Picture Book Award. The purpose of this study was to examine the nominee lists for racial and ethnic representation and portrayal using Critical Race Theory and Rudine Sims Bishop's categories for African American children's literature. The results indicated that the lists fail to account for the diversity of South Carolina and the United States. Protagonists of color are rare, as are authors and illustrators of color. Overall, the lists offer children few examples of people of color as important members of contemporary American society.
USM3D Analysis of Low Boom Configuration (Invited)

In the past few years considerable improvement was made in NASA’s in house boom prediction capability. As part of this improved capability, the USM3D Navier-Stokes flow solver, when combined with a suitable unstructured grid, went from accurately predicting boom signatures at 1 body length to 10 body lengths. Since that time, the research emphasis has shifted from analysis to the design of supersonic configurations with boom signature mitigation In order to design an aircraft, the techniques for accurately predicting boom and drag need to be determined. This paper compares CFD results with the wind tunnel experimental results conducted on a Gulfstream reduced boom and drag configuration. Two different wind-tunnel models were designed and tested for drag and boom data. The goal of this study was to assess USM3D capability for predicting both boom and drag characteristics. Overall, USM3D coupled with a grid that was sheared and stretched was able to reasonably predict boom signature. The computational drag polar matched the experimental results for a lift coefficient above 0.1 despite some mismatch in the predicted lift-curve slope.
Blood Flow to the Kidney and Creatinine Clearance.

In a series of experiments carried out at the University Hospital, Minneapolis, by one of us (Medes) in collaboration with Dr. Hilding Berglund, it was demonstrated that creatinine clearance may be elevated in hyperthyroidism. In 20 cases of hyperthyroidism the clearance averages 196 ± 8.6 cc. per minute, as compared with a normal average of 173 ± 2.9 cc. per minute. In the former group the range extended from 111 to 338 cc. per minute, whereas in the latter group the highest value found in 60 tests was 296 cc. per minute. That increased blood flow through the kidneys might be one factor responsible for the increased creatinine clearance seemed probable, and the present investigation, undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. Berglund, is an attempt to evaluate this factor.The thermo-stromuhr method of Rein1 for measuring blood flow was used because it permits observations to be made under more nearly normal physiologic conditions.2, 3 All observations were made on dogs and limited to one kidney, the other havi...
Study of involute spur gears mesh power losses

Based on the theory of gear meshing,the analysis model and method of single tooth meshing are presented.Firstly,according to the formation mechanism of sliding and rolling friction,the sliding and rolling power loss ratio models were constructed and the formula of power loss ratio was derivated by the theory of mechanics and geometry.Then,the MATLAB programs were written to get the change trend of sliding and rolling friction power losses along the action line.The influences of basic gear geometric parameters,gear ratio,and load on the sliding and rolling friction power loss were investigated.Finally,the effects of module,pressure angle and gear ratio on the meshing power losses were tested in the FZG back-to-back gear test rig.This methodology may be helpful to the design of low power losses gear systems.
Restoration of the cellular secretory milieu overrides androgen dependence of in vivo generated castration resistant prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor.

It is believed that growth of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells is enabled by sensitization to minimal residual post-castrate androgen due to overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR). Evidence is derived from androgen-induced colony formation in the absence of cell-secreted factors or from studies involving forced AR overexpression in hormone-dependent cells. On the other hand, standard cell line models established from CRPC patient tumors (e.g., LNCaP and VCaP) are hormone-dependent and require selection pressure in castrated mice to re-emerge as CRPC cells and the resulting tumors then tend to be insensitive to the androgen antagonist enzalutamide. Therefore, we examined established CRPC model cells produced by castration of mice bearing hormone-dependent cell line xenografts including CRPC cells overexpressing full-length AR (C4-2) or co-expressing wtAR and splice-variant AR-V7 that is incapable of ligand binding (22Rv1). In standard colony formation assays, C4-2 cells were shown to be androgen-dependent and sensitive to enzalutamide whereas 22Rv1 cells were incapable of colony formation under identical conditions. However, both C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells formed colonies in conditioned media derived from the same cells or from HEK293 fibroblasts that were proven to lack androgenic activity. This effect was (i) not enhanced by androgen, (ii) insensitive to enzalutamide, (iii) dependent on AR (in C4-2) and on AR-V7 and wtAR (in 22Rv1) and (iv) sensitive to inhibitors of several signaling pathways, similar to androgen-stimulation. Therefore, during progression to CRPC in vivo, coordinate cellular changes accompanying overexpression of AR may enable cooperation between hormone-independent activity of AR and actions of cellular secretory factors to completely override androgen-dependence and sensitivity to drugs targeting hormonal factors.
Desert for Wrongdoing

Much government and personal conduct is premised on the idea that a person made thereby to suffer deserves that suffering thanks to prior wrongdoing by him. Further, it often appears that one kind of suffering is more deserved than another and, in light of that, conduct inflicting the first is superior, or closer to being justified than conduct inflicting the second. Yet desert is mysterious. It is far from obvious what, exactly, it is. This paper offers and argues for a theory of comparative desert. It offers an account of the conditions under which one harm is more deserved for past wrongdoing than another. The theory offered here can be stated, roughly, like so: One harm is more deserved for a wrongful act than another if, in light of it more than the other, the act is supported by reasons for the agent in a way similar to the way it ought to have been supported by reasons for him. The central task of the paper is to explain, elaborate and offer an argument for this theory. The paper also shows that, under the theory, differences in culpability—as between, for instance, intentionally rather than knowingly bringing about a harm—make a difference to desert. And the paper shows that under the proposed theory it is easier for the state to justify inflicting a punishment that is more deserved than it is to justify inflicting a punishment that is less deserved.
Primitive Erythroid Progenitors Are Regulated by Hypoxia and Display An Aerobic Glycolytic Metabolic Profile

Abstract Abstract 3159 Primitive erythroblasts (EryP) are the first cell type specified from mesodermal progenitors in the mammalian embryo. They are found in the mouse yolk sac from embryonic day (E) ∼E7.5–8.5 and, as circulation initiates, they begin to differentiate to erythroblasts that enter the bloodstream and continue to mature in a stepwise, synchronous fashion until their enucleation several days later. We have purified these first hematopoietic-committed progenitors from staged embryos based on the expression of a nuclear GFP transgene that is expressed specifically within the EryP lineage as early as E7.5. Genome-wide expression profiling allowed us to define the transcriptome from each stage of development and revealed highly dynamic changes during the progression from progenitor to maturing erythroblast. We focused on the emergence of EryP progenitors in the yolk sac and on the transition to circulation stage, when progenitor activity is lost and a peak is observed in the number of genes whose expression changes. TRANSFAC analysis of promoters of differentially expressed genes allowed us to identify candidate transcriptional regulators, some of which have not previously been implicated in erythroid development (e.g. Nkx3.1, known previously as a regulator of prostate stem cells). We designed experiments to test predictions from our microarray analysis and found that EryP progenitor numbers are regulated by TGF-beta1 and hypoxia. In most mammalian cells, the response to hypoxia is mediated by the transcription factor HIF-1. Hif-1 is apparently not expressed in EryP. Howver, Hif3a/Ipas, a Hif-1 target gene that encodes a dominant negative regulator of HIFs and that is thought to function as a feedback regulator in response to hypoxia, is expressed in EryP as early as E7.5 and is upregulated as the cells mature. These findings suggest that the response to hypoxia by EryP may involve a pathway that is distinct from that of most other cells. EryP progenitors express genes associated with aerobic glucose metabolism (the Warburg effect), a phenotype characteristic of cancer and other rapidly proliferating cells. Whether this glycolytic profile reflects the energy needs of these cells or a more unique feature of primitive erythropoiesis is under investigation. Currently we are using computational methods to identify transcription factor (ChEA, ChIP Enrichment Analysis) and kinase (KEA, Kinase Enrichment Analysis) networks that may play a role in the regulation of primitive erythroid development. This study is the first lineage specific transcription profiling of a differentiating cell type in the early mouse embryo and will provide a strong basis for future work on normal erythropoiesis throughout ontogeny. It may also help guide efforts to direct the differentiation of stem/progenitor and cells of other lineages to an erythroid cell fate. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Inter-Lanthanide Ion Energy Transfer Distance Measurements in Biological Systems

We have recently reported (1) the utility of laser induced luminescence excitation spectroscopy of the 5Do ← 7Fo transition of Eu(III) for the detection and characterization of individual, distinct metal ion sites in calcium-binding proteins. Owing to the nondegenerate nature of the two states involved, the observation of more than one excitation signal implies the existence of two or more nonequivalent binding sites. In systems where energy donor ions (e.g., Eu(III), Tb(III)) and energy acceptor ions (e.g., Ho(III), Nd(III)) are bound at different nearby sites, Forster-type non-radiative energy transfer occurs. This energy transfer is monitored by observing the decrease in the lifetime, τ, of the excited state of the donor caused by the presence of an energy acceptor ion and provides a means of estimating the distance between the two binding sites (2).
The Entanglements of Agrarian Ethics With Agrarian Risks and Leveraging Them in Agricultural Health Safety.

ABSTRACTAgriculture is the most dangerous occupation in the United States for both workers and bystanders. Family farms highlight an intersection of domesticity and labor. Agrarian ethics of animal husbandry, land stewardship, and kinship are often conflated and constructed to accommodate unpredictable risks (e.g., weather, financial markets). Here, the right or good agricultural practice is assessed in light of an acute event. Risks of illness and injury are often relegated to the realm of acute unpredictability and accepted as intrinsic to desirable ways of life. The article presents a description of agrarian ethics and risks generated from personal experience and ethnographic inquiries in the Midwest, the Intermountain West, and Texas over the past 10 years. This article assesses health and safety within agrarian ethics. The results and discussion lead us to an important conversation about how we can be more detailed in the use of terms such as “cultural appropriateness.” It also raises the question as...
Maximalism versus omnism about reasons

The performance of one option can entail the performance of another. For instance, I have the option of baking a pie as well as the option of baking, and baking a pie entails baking. Now, suppose that I have both reason to bake and reason to bake a pie. Which, if either, grounds the other? Do I have reason to bake in virtue of my having reason to perform some instance of baking, such as pie baking? Or do I have reason to bake a pie in virtue of my having reason to bake? Or does neither ground the other? Perhaps, the reason in each case is grounded in the fact that each option would itself have optimal consequences. The aim of this paper is to compare two alternative responses to this issue—omnism and maximalism—and to argue that the latter is more plausible. Omnism is the view that what grounds a reason for performing an option is always that it has some feature F (such as that of having optimal consequences). By contrast, maximalism holds that sometimes what grounds a reason for performing an option is not that it is itself F, but that it is entailed by some other option that is F. I’ll argue that maximalism is more plausible, for it avoids two critical problems that befall omnism.
Stimulation of Bioactive Flavonoid Production in Suspension and Bioreactor-based Cell Cultures

Complex bioflavonoid phytochemicals produced by certain plants, including the anthocyanin pigments, the proanthocyanidins, and other compounds in the same biosynthetic pathway, are now recognized as potent chemopreventive agents for disease prevention. Anticancer activity can in part be attributed to their role as blocking agents (Bomser et al., 1996; Kelloff et al., 1994) which can act to inhibit carcinogen uptake, activation of carcinogens, or carcinogen binding to DNA. Blocking agents can be inhibitory to enzymes that activate the cancer process, but they may also stimulate activity of enzymes that enhance DNA repair, or accomplish carcinogen detoxification. The bioflavonoids may act as antiproliferative agents, which can modulate signal transduction, inhibit polyamine metabolism and abnormal oncogene function, enhance intercellular communication, or restore tumor suppressor gene function. For example, an antiproliferative agent may inhibit stages of inflammation during carcinogenesis. The best known property of the bioflavonoids, however, is their well-recognized strong antioxidant activity in metabolic reactions; the ability to scavenge oxygen radicals and other reactive electrophiles, which have direct impact on aging, cancer incidence, and human health in general. Patterns of hydroxylation and glycosylation in anthocyanins appear to modulate their antioxidant capacity (Wang et al. 1997). Anthocyanin pigments demonstrated strong antioxidant capacity in a liposomal system recently (Tsuda et al. 1996), and in an oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (Wang et al. 1997).
Asymptotically optimal control of N-systems with $$H_2^*$$H2ź service times under many-server heavy traffic

We address a control problem for a queueing system, known as the "N-system," under the Halfin---Whitt heavy-traffic regime. It has two customer classes and two server pools: servers from one pool can serve both customer classes, while servers from the other pool can only serve one class. The service time is assumed to follow a special case of hyper-exponential distributions, called the $$H^*_2$$H2ź distribution, and customers are impatient. We consider an expected infinite-horizon discounted cost function, with linear holding and abandonment cost components. A static priority policy is proposed and is shown to be asymptotically optimal in a certain parameter regime, using weak convergence techniques.
Factors associated with employment status before and during pregnancy: Implications for studies of pregnancy outcomes.

Background Potential confounding or effect modification by employment status is frequently overlooked in pregnancy outcome studies. Methods To characterize how employed and non-employed women differ, we compared demographics, behaviors, and reproductive histories by maternal employment status for 8,343 mothers of control (non-malformed) infants in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997–2007) and developed a multivariable model for employment status anytime during pregnancy and the 3 months before conception. Results Sixteen factors were independently associated with employment before or during pregnancy, including: maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy intention, periconceptional/first trimester smoking and alcohol consumption, and household income. Conclusions Employment status was significantly associated with many common risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy outcome studies should consider adjustment or stratification by employment status. In studies of occupational exposures, these differences may cause uncontrollable confounding if non-employed women are treated as unexposed instead of excluded from analysis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:329–341, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network-Level Control of Frequency Tuning in Auditory Cortex.

Summary Lateral inhibition is a fundamental circuit operation that sharpens the tuning properties of cortical neurons. This operation is classically attributed to an increase in GABAergic synaptic input triggered by non-preferred stimuli. Here we use in vivo whole-cell recording and two-photon Ca 2+ imaging in awake mice to show that lateral inhibition shapes frequency tuning in primary auditory cortex via an unconventional mechanism: non-preferred tones suppress both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs onto layer 2/3 cells ("network suppression"). Moreover, optogenetic inactivation of inhibitory interneurons elicits a paradoxical increase in inhibitory synaptic input. These results indicate that GABAergic interneurons regulate cortical activity indirectly via the suppression of recurrent excitation. Furthermore, the network suppression underlying lateral inhibition was blocked by inactivation of somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM cells), but not parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV cells). Together, these findings reveal that SOM cells govern lateral inhibition and control cortical frequency tuning through the regulation of reverberating recurrent circuits.
Wall-resolved spectral cascade-transport turbulence model

Abstract A spectral cascade-transport model has been developed and applied to turbulent channel flows ( Re τ = 550, 950, and 2000 based on friction velocity, u τ ; or Re δ = 8500; 14,800 and 31,000, based on the mean velocity and channel half-width). This model is an extension of a spectral model previously developed for homogeneous single and two-phase decay of isotropic turbulence and uniform shear flows; and a spectral turbulence model for wall-bounded flows without resolving the boundary layer. Data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow was used to help develop this model and to assess its performance in the 1D direction across the channel width. The resultant spectral model is capable of predicting the mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and energy spectrum distributions for single-phase wall-bounded flows all the way to the wall, where the model source terms have been developed to account for the wall influence. The model has been implemented into the 3D multiphase CFD code NPHASE-CMFD and the latest results are within reasonable error of the 1D predictions.
Thirty years of species conservation banking in the U.S.: Comparing policy to practice

Thirteen years after the release of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service “Guidance for the establishment, use, and operation of conservation banks”, a draft “Endangered Species Act Compensatory Mitigation Policy” has been released. Understanding whether this draft Policy improves the existing Guidance and incorporates lessons learned requires a review of the practices of currently approved banks. We assess the practices that species conservation banks report, compare them with the 2003 Guidance and international biodiversity offset principles, and assess the degree to which the draft Policy advances conservation banking policy. Results show that banks have generally been well aligned to the recommendations of the 2003 Guidance, but fall significantly short when compared to the analyzed offset principles. Although the draft Policy significantly advances conservation banking policy, future policy updates that provide clear minimum standards on accounting methods, estimation of counterfactual scenarios and monitoring practices are still necessary, together with a greater transparency through reporting and the adoption of new methods and tools to meet the no net loss/net benefit goal.
Charter Schools and Students With Disabilities: Legal and Practice Considerations:

As of the 2013–2014 school year, about 2.5 million school-age students attended charter schools nationwide. Because charter schools are publicly funded entities, they are required to adhere to all ...
Unified theory for finite Markov chains

Abstract We provide a unified framework to compute the stationary distribution of any finite irreducible Markov chain or equivalently of any irreducible random walk on a finite semigroup S. Our methods use geometric finite semigroup theory via the Karnofsky–Rhodes and the McCammond expansions of finite semigroups with specified generators; this does not involve any linear algebra. The original Tsetlin library is obtained by applying the expansions to P ( n ) , the set of all subsets of an n element set. Our set-up generalizes previous groundbreaking work involving left-regular bands (or R -trivial bands) by Brown and Diaconis, extensions to R -trivial semigroups by Ayyer, Steinberg, Thiery and the second author, and important recent work by Chung and Graham. The Karnofsky–Rhodes expansion of the right Cayley graph of S in terms of generators yields again a right Cayley graph. The McCammond expansion provides normal forms for elements in the expanded S. Using our previous results with Silva based on work by Berstel, Perrin, Reutenauer, we construct (infinite) semaphore codes on which we can define Markov chains. These semaphore codes can be lumped using geometric semigroup theory. Using normal forms and associated Kleene expressions, they yield formulas for the stationary distribution of the finite Markov chain of the expanded S and the original S. Analyzing the normal forms also provides an estimate on the mixing time.
Recent developments on the generation and detection of highly nonlinear solitary waves for NDE applications (Conference Presentation)

We describe the feasibility and the repeatability of highly nonlinear solitary waves (HNSWs) in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of different materials and structures. HNSWs formed by tapping the first particle of a one-dimensional chain of spherical particles in contact with the material or the structure being assessed. This way, one pulse forms and travel within the chain, and one or more pulses (depending on the mechanical properties of the contact structure) reflect back to the chain at the chain/structure interface. The hypothesis is that the reflected pulses features such as their amplitude or velocity depend on the stiffness of the material or the structure in contact with the chain. The results show that the time-of-flight (TOF) is an appropriate wave feature for NDE applications because it is highly repeatable and influenced by the mechanical properties of contact material/structure. In the future, the proposed NDE method may potentially serve as a cost-effective tool for the rapid evaluation of existing structures.
ERG critical flicker frequency assessment in humans.

Scotopic and photopic critical flicker frequency (CFF) were measured in normal subjects between the ages 20–28 and 50–58 years. Flicker electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded with stimulus frequencies from 4 to 16 Hz for scotopic intensities and 25–72 Hz for photopic intensities. ERG responses were quantified by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) magnitude. CFF was determined by fitting a line to the log-FFT-response peak vs. frequency. The slope of the older group was very similar to that of the younger group. The younger group displayed a consistent trend of higher CFF at all intensities tested.
Two Approaches to Attitude Assessment Using the Pupil Response

In 1965 Eckhard Hess published an article in the Scientific American entitled, “Attitude and Pupil Size”, in which he described a number of studies relating the psychological content of various kinds of stimuli to changes in pupil size. While “attitude” was not rigidly defined, it was clear that it represented a number of dimensions such as: preference, interest, attractiveness, pleasantness, motivation, emotion, and arousal.
GOALS, METHOD, AND THEORY IN LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION

The present paper addresses three very different questions about language instruction. First, WHY is there language instruction? A review of the variety of reasons why people might have a use for learning a language leads to the conclusion that a very great variety of methods of language instruction should be employed.
Creating a Nursing Residency: Decrease Turnover and Increase Clinical Competence

New graduates are the largest source of registered nurses available for recruitment, and graduates are expected to transition quickly into professional practice. Stress of this transition can lead to high turnover within the first year. The design and goals of a graduate nurse residency program to increase competence, leadership, and job satisfaction, and ultimately decrease turnover are reported.
Stimulus Set for 'The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations'

Explanations of psychological phenomena seem to generate more public interest when they contain neuroscientific information. Even irrelevant neuroscience information in an explanation of a psychological phenomenon may interfere with people's abilities to critically consider the underlying logic of this explanation. We tested this hypothesis by giving naive adults, students in a neuroscience course, and neuroscience experts brief descriptions of psychological phenomena followed by one of four types of explanation, according to a 2 (good explanation vs. bad explanation) × 2 (without neuroscience vs. with neuroscience) design. Crucially, the neuroscience information was irrelevant to the logic of the explanation, as confirmed by the expert subjects. Subjects in all three groups judged good explanations as more satisfying than bad ones. But subjects in the two nonexpert groups additionally judged that explanations with logically irrelevant neuroscience information were more satisfying than explanations without. The neuroscience information had a particularly striking effect on nonexperts' judgments of bad explanations, masking otherwise salient problems in these explanations.
Association between pesticides use and incidence of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

1570Background: Some studies have linked pesticide exposure to risk of developing cancers. However, these studies were limited to single or few pesticides. We analyze association between incidence ...
Serial Argument Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes in Long-Distance and Geographically Close Romantic Relationships

This article reports the results of a study investigating serial argument behaviors in geographically close (n = 268) and long-distance (n = 271) romantic relationships. We tested a process model c...
The fish in the creek is sentient, even if I can’t speak with it

Abstract: In this paper I argue that Velmens’ reflexive model of perceptual consciousness is useful for understanding the first-person perspective and sentience in animals. I then offer a defense of the proposal that ray-finned bony fish have a first-person perspective and sentience. This defense has two prongs. The first prong is presence of a substantial body of evidence that the neuroanatomy of the fish brain exhibits basic organizational principles associated with consciousness in mammals. These principles include a relationship between a second-order sensory relay, the preglomerular complex, and the fish pallium which bears a resemblance to the relationship between the mammalian thalamus and the neocortex, the existence of feedback/feedforward and reentrant circuitry in the pallium, and structural and functional differences among divisions of the fish pallium. The second prong is the existence of behaviors in fish that exhibit significant flexibility in the presence of environmental change and require relational learning among stimuli distributed in space, over time, or both. I conclude that, although they are instantiated differently, a first-person perspective and sentience are present in fish.
Risk factors for microvascular free flaps in pediatric lower extremity trauma.

PURPOSE There is a dearth of literature dedicated to specifically evaluating the use of free flap reconstruction in pediatric lower extremity traumas. This study aims to identify specific risk factors for flap failure in pediatric lower extremity trauma reconstruction. METHODS Retrospective review of 53 free flaps in our lower extremity database (1979-2017) identified all free flaps performed for traumatic reconstruction in children <18 years of age at our institution. RESULTS Fifty-three free flaps (11.1%) were performed in 49 pediatric patients. The majority of patients were male (69.8%). Arterial injury was present in 19 patients (35.8%) and was associated with significantly higher flap failure rates compared to patients without arterial injury (36.8% vs 8.8%, P = 0.020) with RR = 6.0. This was again found to be true on multivariable logistic regression controlling for age, sex, flap type, and degree of arterial or venous mismatch (RR = 53, P = 0.016). Analysis of anastomotic vessel sizes revealed significantly increased risk of flap failure with increasing degree of arterial size mismatch on logistic regression (RR = 6.1, p = .02). Similar analysis for venous data was performed and revealed trending towards similar findings without reaching statistical significance (P = .086); however, the presence of any venous size mismatch was associated with significantly increased risk of flap failure on χ2 analysis (P = 0.041). CONCLUSION Free flap reconstruction in the pediatric trauma population is safe with similar survival outcomes when compared to the adult population. Arterial injury and vessel size mismatch were associated with significantly higher flap failure rates in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
Differential Flatness based Run-to-Run Control of Blood Glucose for People with Type 1 Diabetes

The objective of this paper is to develop an open loop insulin input profile over a span of 24 hours which makes the glucose trajectory of a Type 1 diabetic person track a target glucose trajectory. The Bergman minimal model is chosen to represent the glucose-insulin dynamics which is shown to be differentially flat. An optimal control problem is posed by parameterizing the differentially flat output of the Bergman model using Fourier series, to result in an input profile that can be repeatedly administered every day. The solution to the optimization problem is then shown to present acceptable performance in terms of tracking and adhering to imposed constraints.
On Changing the Impedance of a Reactive Surface Using Magneto-static Responsive Particles

Leaky wave antennas can be designed in many ways. One design parameter is the surface impedance which can be controlled by varying the transmission line in order to leak energy and radiate by creating varying gaps in the line. Controlling the surface impedance can also be achieved by changes in the dielectric substrate of the antenna. The work presented in this paper demonstrates a new way to change the surface impedance by embedding conductive micron-sized particles in the substrate. More specifically, the conductive micron-sized particles can be moved using external magneto-static fields, thus changing the overall effective permittivity of the substrate. Simulation results at 10 GHz show that a change in surface impedance can be achieved by manipulating the microparticles in the substrate, rather than changing the gaps in the transmission line. Finally, the simulation results are validated with a comparison to published literature.
“Asians Are Good at Math” Is Not a Compliment: STEM Success as a Threat to Personhood

In this conceptual article, Niral Shah critically analyzes how the narrative that “Asians are good at math” positions Asian people as racial subjects. Despite being false, the “Asians are good at m...
Recent Results from the Stony Brook Scanning Microscope

We have recently completed our first run [21.1] with the Stony Brook scanning microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), using a Fresnel zone plate fabricated at IBM as the principal focusing element. The brightness of this synchrotron radiation source coupled with our high — resolution optics have made a substantial improvement in resolution and throughput compared with our earlier work [21.2,3] which lacked these features.
Local Economic Development in the 21st Century: Quality of Life and Sustainability, D.T. Greenwood, R.P.F. Holt. M.E. Sharpe, Inc., New York (2010), 205 pp.

Economic development practice has become ubiquitous across the United States. In addition to the federal Economic Development Administration, nearly every municipality and county, as well as every ...
Understanding the Intersection of Working from Home and Burnout to Optimize Post-COVID19 Work Arrangements in Radiation Oncology.

Purpose To evaluate burnout in an academic radiation oncology program after the workforce shifted to working from home all or part of the time to better understand the impact of remote work and if it is sustainable after the COVID-19 virus abates. Methods and Materials In May 2020, in the midst of work-safe policies in the state and stabilizing COVID-19 case numbers, the Qualtrics-based MiniZ burnout survey was amended to include questions related to COVID-19 and working from home and was emailed to all radiation oncology employees across 3 departments: radiation oncology, radiation physics, and experimental radiation oncology. Descriptive and χ2 statistics were calculated within Qualtrics using StatIQ to evaluate factors associated with burnout and positive work from home experience. Results Five hundred seventy-five employees completed the survey. Aggregating 3 responses that indicate having some degree of burnout, the rate of burnout across the cohort was 32%. For the same survey questions administered a year earlier, burnout rate was reported to be 40%. In the current survey, radiation oncology faculty and therapists had the highest reported burnout rates, at 47% and 44%, respectively (P = .031). The majority of employees working from home at least part of the time reported the experience was positive (74%, 323/436), and feeling positive about working from home was associated with reduced burnout (P = .030). Qualitative data review suggested the main drivers of unfavorable work-from-home responses were child/family care issues and information technology issues. Conclusions Burnout was not increased during the emerging COVID-19 period compared with pre-COVID data. The shift to working from home was positive for most of the workforce and a potential benefit in reducing burnout for many staff groups. Maintaining work-from-home options post COVID-19 may help reduce burnout long term. It is important to personalize options for those unable to work effectively from home and to resolve information technology challenges to ensure functionality.
Livestreaming from the bedroom: Performing intimacy through domestic space on Twitch:

This article looks at the appearance of domestic spaces on the popular livestreaming platform Twitch.tv, with a focus on livestreams that appear to be shot in streamers’ bedrooms. Many Twitch strea...
A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths.

Abstract Building taxon-rich phylogenies is foundational for macroevolutionary studies. One approach to improve taxon sampling beyond individual studies is to build supermatricies of publicly available data, incorporating taxa sampled across different studies and utilizing different loci. Most existing supermatrix studies have focused on loci commonly sequenced with Sanger technology (“legacy” markers, such as mitochondrial data and small numbers of nuclear loci). However, incorporating phylogenomic studies into supermatrices allows problem nodes to be targeted and resolved with considerable amounts of data, while improving taxon sampling with legacy data. Here we estimate phylogeny from a galliform supermatrix which includes well-known model and agricultural species such as the chicken and turkey. We assembled a supermatrix comprising 4500 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) collected as part of recent phylogenomic studies in this group and legacy mitochondrial and nuclear (intron and exon) sequences. Our resulting phylogeny included 88% of extant species and recovered well-accepted relationships with strong support. However, branch lengths, which are particularly important in down-stream macroevolutionary studies, appeared vastly skewed. Taxa represented only by rapidly evolving mitochondrial data had high proportions of missing data and exhibited long terminal branches. Conversely, taxa sampled for slowly evolving UCEs with low proportions of missing data exhibited substantially shorter terminal branches. We explored several branch length re-estimation methods with particular attention to terminal branches and conclude that re-estimation using well-sampled mitochondrial sequences may be a pragmatic approach to obtain trees suitable for macroevolutionary analysis.
The Drama of Metrics: Status, Spectacle, and Resistance Among YouTube Drama Creators:

How does it feel to have one’s online worth and status be based almost exclusively on metrics? We examine this question through a qualitative study of YouTube “drama” channels. Drama creators cover...
The Special Education Teacher Pipeline: Teacher Preparation, Workforce Entry, and Retention:

We used data on the student teaching placements, degrees, teaching credentials, and workforce outcomes of more than 1,300 graduates of special education teacher education programs in Washington to ...
Using PhotoVoice to Empower K-12 Teachers and Students

PhotoVoice is a community and participatory action research method based in grassroots empowerment education, critical feminist theory, and documentary photography which enables people with little money, power, or status to communicate needed changes to policymakers. Prior to this in-school research project, studies of PhotoVoice in the United States focused on adolescents in out-of-school educational settings (Chio and Fandt, 2007; Strack, Magill, and McDonagh, 2004; Wilson et al., 2007; Zenkov and Harmon, 2009; The Viewfinder Project, 2010). In this study, teacher participants found that English language learners and resistant writers were motivated to identify the impact of personal and political realities in their lives in order to question existing structures and to imagine alternative futures. The use of PhotoVoice in K–12 classrooms offers an accessible, motivating, and technologically rich entry point and an authentic forum for emerging young writers to share their photos, their writing, and their stories with others to create powerful visual representations to transform existing conditions in their communities.
New concepts in acute pain therapy: preemptive analgesia.

Pain, which is often inadequately treated, accompanies the more than 23 million surgi- cal procedures performed each year and may persist long after tissue heals. Preemptive analgesia, an evolving clinical concept, involves the introduction of an analgesic regi- men before the onset of noxious stimuli, with the goal of preventing sensitization of the nervous system to subsequent stimuli that could amplify pain. Surgery offers the most promising setting for preemptive analgesia because the timing of noxious stimuli is known. When adequate drug doses are administered to appropriately selected patients before surgery, intravenous opiates, local anesthetic infiltration, nerve block, subarachnoid block and epidural block offer benefits that can be observed as long as one year after surgery. The most effective preemptive analgesic regimens are those that are capable of limiting sensitization of the nervous system throughout the entire peri- operative period. (Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1979-84,1985-6.) Pain accompanies almost all surgical procedures but is treated inadequately in more than one half of patients.
Thermodynamic and mass balance constraints on iron-bearing phyllosilicate formation and alteration pathways on early Mars

[1] Widespread occurrences of phyllosilicates, predominantly nontronite and Mg saponite, in the Noachian-aged crust of Mars place constraints on water availability and surface conditions. However, the Noachian atmosphere likely lacked oxidants capable of forming nontronite from the basaltic crust and its origins are thus uncertain. In this study, scenarios for the formation of iron-bearing phyllosilicates from the weathering and hydrothermal alteration of Martian basalt were investigated using geochemical modeling to establish plausible pathways of nontronite generation and the effect of redox conditions on associated secondary phases. Hydrothermal alteration produced FeII and Mg saponite, serpentine, and zeolites at 100°C and chlorite, prehnite, and talc at 250°C, consistent with phases observed in crater deposits on Mars. Anoxic weathering produced primarily FeII and Mg saponite. High water-rock ratios produced Al-clays and amorphous silica and high pCO2 conditions inhibited smectite formation because of carbonate precipitation. Oxic weathering produced primarily nontronite and Mg saponite. Later oxidation of anoxic weathering products also formed nontronite-Mg saponite assemblages; oxidation products of hydrothermal assemblages included nontronite, Mg saponite, and either Al smectites or residual zeolites or prehnite. These calculations demonstrate that there are multiple plausible routes to form Fe/Mg smectites on early Mars and that an oxidizing atmosphere need not have existed in the Noachian. Decoupling iron oxidation from initial clay formation raises the possibilities that Mars transitioned to conditions favoring widespread iron oxidation after phyllosilicate formation ceased and that residual, unoxidized ferrous iron phyllosilicates still exist today in the Martian subsurface.