cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Treatment of Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A Case Study of One State's Public Service System

This case study of a statewide publicly funded service system followed children ages 3 to 17 years enrolled in Tennessee’s Medicaid System over a 5-year period. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was found to be the third most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in this group, diagnosed in 3% of the enrolled population at an average age of 11.7 years. Several factors were found to be associated with the age of onset, including race and gender. Over half of those diagnosed with ODD also were diagnosed with another psychiatric disorder. Over the time period, use of inpatient/ residential treatment, family therapy, and medication management increased, while other service types decreased. Implications regarding clinical, administrative, policy, and research issues are discussed for public sector psychologists and others.
Path coverings of graphs and height characteristics of matrices

Abstract Using graph theoretic techniques, it is shown that the height characteristic of a triangular matrix A majorizes the dual sequence of the sequence of differences of maximal cardinalities of singular k-paths in the graph G(A) of A and that in the generic case the height characteristic is equal to that dual sequence. The results on matrices are also used to prove a graph theoretic result on the duality of the sequence of differences of minimal k th norms of path coverings for a (0-1)-weighted acyclic graph G and the sequence of differences of maximal cardinalitics of k-paths in G. This result generalizes known results on unweighted graphs.
Base-paracompact spaces

Abstract A topological space is said to be totally paracompact if every open base of it has a locally finite subcover. It turns out this property is very restrictive. In fact, the irrationals are not totally paracompact. Here we give a generalization, base-paracompact, to the notion of totally paracompactness, and study which paracompact spaces satisfy this generalization.
NP problems, post-selection and weak measurements

If operations in a quantum computer were conditioned on the results of a subsequent post-selection measurement, then NP-complete problems could be solved in polynomial time. Using the natural connection between post-selection and NP, we show that this result is un-physical by considering constraints on new kinds of measurements which depend on the future post-selection in a non-trivial way. We review practical quantum information advantages of post-selection.
Reproductive Modes of Huroniospora microreticulata from Cherts of the Precambrian Gunflint Iron-Formation

Chert of the middle Precambrian Gunflint Iron-Formation (ca. 1.9 b.y. old) from near Schreiber, Ontario, Canada, has yielded some of the oldest well preserved cellular remains yet known. Observation of the spherical unicellular forms has indicated two methods of reproduction: some evidently reproduced by fission, others of similar morphology, by budding. The latter process is not known to occur in blue-green algae, the taxon to which the unicellular forms often have been assigned. Perhaps the most interesting possibilities for their biological affinities are that the unicellular forms are all procaryotic blue-green algae that were capable of different reproductive methods or that those unicellular forms which bud are eucaryotic fungi.
Androgen actions in the ovary: balance is key

For many decades, elevated androgens in women have been associated with poor reproductive health. However, recent studies have shown that androgens play a crucial role in women's fertility. The following review provides an overall perspective about how androgens and androgen receptor-mediated actions regulate normal follicular development, as well as discuss emerging concepts, latest perceptions, and controversies regarding androgen actions and signaling in the ovary.
The Effectiveness of Individual/ Small-Group Singing Activities on Kindergartners' Use of Singing Voice and Developmental Music Aptitude:

The following were investigated in this study: the effect of individual/small-group singing activities used within the traditional large-group setting on kindergartners' use of singing voice and de...
Formation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line by lithospheric basal erosion: Insight from mantle seismic anisotropy

Abstract The formation mechanism of intraplate volcanism such as that along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) is one of the controversial problems in global tectonics. Models proposed by previous studies include re-activation of ancient suture zones, lithospheric thinning by mantle plumes, and edge-driven mantle convection. To provide additional constraints on the models for the formation of the CVL, we measured shear-wave splitting parameters at 36 stations in the vicinity of the CVL using a robust procedure involving automatic batch processing and manual screening to reliably assess and objectively rank shear-wave splitting parameters (fast polarization directions and splitting times). The resulting 432 pairs of splitting parameters show a systematic spatial variation. Most of the measurements with ray-piercing points (at 200 km depth) beneath the CVL show a fast direction that is parallel to the volcanic line, while the fast directions along the coastline are parallel to the continental margin. The observations can best be interpreted using a model that involves a channel flow at the bottom of the lithosphere originated from the NE-ward movement of the asthenosphere relative to the African plate. We hypothesize that progressive thinning of the lithosphere through basal erosion by the flow leads to decompression melting and is responsible for the formation of the CVL. The model is consistent with the lack of age progression of the volcanoes in the CVL, can explain the formation of both the continental and oceanic sections of the CVL, and is supported by previous geophysical observations and geodynamic modeling results.
Speaking of art: Class code or historical residual?

Abstract Knowledge and consumption of the fine arts were once considered symbolic of upper class standing. As cultural production has expanded, fine art products in various guises have become accessible to more people across the socioeconomic spectrum. This article looks at how the New York Times covered the American art scene in the 1950s and between 2000 and 2009 to investigate whether reporting has maintained a knowledge-based approach that provides evidence for the continuation of class status as it relates to writing about the arts. We argue that critics and reporters have used fungibility, social hierarchies, and disinterested language during these two time periods to maintain the role of the fine arts as a marker of social distinction.
Correlation of proton chemical shift and 31P-H spin-spin coupling constants for organophosphorus derivatives

Abstract The chemical shifts and 31P-H spin-spin coupling constants of protons on saturated CH groups have been examined for a variety of model organophosphorus compounds. Correlations of these data with the charge on the phosphorus atom and proximity of hydrogen atoms to that nucleus are suggested and related to other data previously reported in the literature.
Composting sewage sludge for land application

Abstract Because of recent legislation restricting the disposal of sewage sludges by incineration, fresh water dilution, and ocean dumping, many municipalities in the United States are considering land application methods for disposing of their sludges. This paper describes the Beltsville Aerated Pile Method for composting sewage sludges which largely overcomes the problems associated with land application of sludges. This method transforms either raw or digested sludge into compost in about 3 weeks. Sufficiently high temperatures are generated to destroy pathogenic organisms. The compost produced is a humus-like material, free of malodors, and useful as a low-analysis fertilizer and soil conditioner. Unlike sludge, it can be conveniently stored, easily handled, and uniformly spread on land. Sludge compost can be used advantageously in the production of agricultural crops, turfgrasses, trees, and ornamental plants. It can also be used for reclamation and revegetation of disturbed lands, and for landscaping purposes.
Mass spectrometric study of MgO clusters produced by the gas aggregation technique

Gas phase (MgO)n+ and (MgO)nMg+ clusters were produced in a gas aggregation source and studied by using laser-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A MgO molecule apparently serves as the nucleus for cluster growth, to which Mg and O atoms add. The heat generated by the formation of metal-oxygen bonds, and that added to the cluster by ionization leads to the production of clusters with the stoichiometry of the stable high-temperature oxide. The abundance maxima observed in the mass spectra indicate that the clusters form compact cubic structures similar to pieces of the MgO crystal lattice. The primary fragmentation channel responsible for the observed patterns is probably the loss of MgO monomers.
Morphology of Model Graft Copolymers with Randomly Placed Trifunctional and Tetrafunctional Branch Points

The morphologies of two series of model graft copolymers were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Both series of materials have monodisperse polybutadiene (PB) backbones and monodisperse polystyrene (PS) graft blocks. In one series there are on average five trifunctional junction points randomly distributed along the PB backbone. Each junction point grafts one PS block to the backbone. In the other series there are on average four tetrafunctional junction points randomly distributed along the PB backbone. Each junction point grafts two PS blocks to the backbone. A range of overall PB and PS volume fractions was investigated for both series. These materials simulate a controlled and known degree of architectural disorder. Current theory cannot rigorously predict the morphological behavior for these complex molecular architectures. However, it is found that an approximate extension of existing theory utilizing the constituting block copolymer (fundam...
Vascular endothelial invasion via transcellular passage by malignant cells in the primary stage of metastases formation

The entry into the circulation of malignant cells from two metastases forming tumors, i.e., the first phase of metastases formation, was studied in subcutaneous W/Fu AML and B16/BL-6 syngeneic tumor transplants in rats and mice, respectively. Both tumors formed metastases and invaded neighboring tissues. Malignant cells of both tumors entered the circulation by penetrating the intact endothelial cell body. The migration pore thus formed by the migrating cell closed after the cell had reached the intravascular space. Thus, the pathway of malignant cells is transcellular. There was no destructive invasion of the vessel wall by malignant cells, which resulted in patent defects. This mode of entry into the circulation by malignant cells was found in the venules of (and induced by) the tumor and, although with less frequency, in the walls of preexisting veins.
Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation: Derived benefit is independent of blood type

Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within Milan criteria progresses rapidly with a reported tumor drop-off (D) rate of 16.9% and 31.8% at 6 and 12 months without therapy. Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used to decrease D. Given the differences in wait time to transplant (T) depending on blood type, we hypothesized that the decrease in D following TACE would be independent of blood type. Materials and Methods Patients listed for T in the MELD era treated with TACE were reviewed. Excluded patients were T or Results 107 patients were listed: 78 T and 29 D. 63T and 18 D patients met entry criteria. D rate was 8.4% and 10.3% at 6 and 12 months. Cirrhosis etiology was similar between T and D including HBV (6.4% v 5.6%), HCV (85.7% v 72.2%), EtOH (7.9% v 27.8%), and presence of multiple factors (all p>0.05). Listing MELD was 10.6 ± 3.1 for T v 10.7 ± 3.1 for D (p=0.87). AFP > 200 ng/ml was 7.9% for T v 22.2% for D (p=0.09). TACE cycles were 2.3 ± 1.3 for T v 2.5 ± 1.5 for D (p=0.68). Mean days listed was 241 ± 159 (range 65-785) for T v 324 ± 360 (range 55-1491) for D (p=0.35). Blood types are outlined in the Table. The distribution of all blood types was similar for T and D (p=0.92) as was type O versus other types (p=0.56). At logistic regression, blood type (p=0.85), listing MELD (p=0.95), TACE cycle number (p=0.54) and days listed (0.17) did not predict D. Conclusion In similarly matched groups receiving similar TACE cycles, D was independent of blood type including those associated with longer wait times. The rate of D following TACE compared favorably to historic controls Table 1
Machining of transparent materials using an IR and UV nanosecond pulsed laser

Channels are traditionally machined in materials by drilling from the front side into the bulk. The processing rate can be increased by two orders of magnitude for transparent materials by growing the channel from the rear side. The process is demonstrated using nanosecond laser pulses to drill millimeter-sized channels through thick silica windows. Absorbing defects are introduced onto the rear surface to initiate the coupling of energy into the material. Laser drilling then takes place when the fluence exceeds a threshold. The drilling rate increases linearly with fluence above this threshold. While UV light drills about four times faster than IR light, the pulse length (in the nanosecond regime) and the pulse repetition rate (in the 0.1–10 Hz range) do not greatly influence the drilling rate per pulse.
Landauer fields in electron transport and electromigration

Landauer's classic 1957 paper on electron transport in the presence of localized scatterers has provided a powerful approach for analysing the local transport field and the driving force for electromigration in metals. This approach leads to local fields which are associated with residual resistivity dipoles and with carrier density modulation, and these Landauer fields contribute to the electromigration driving force. The nature of these fields and their role in electromigration are critically examined and comparisons are made with the results of more elaborate quantum-mechanical theories.
Actinophages and restriction enzymes from Micromonospora species (Actinomycetales)

To develop a screening procedure for the detection of restriction endonucleases in micromonosporae and catellatosporae based on efficiency of plating, eight different actinophages were isolated from soils enriched withMicromonospora species and one fromCatellatospora-enriched soil. The lytic actinophages all contained double-stranded DNA and the majority appeared, when examined by electron microscopy, to belong to Ackermann's type B1 since they had isometric heads and noncontractile tails. One actinophage was classified as type C1 because of its isometric head and very short noncontractile tail. The host ranges of the actinophages were determined on strains ofMicromonospora and selected species from other actinomycete genera of cell wall chemotype II. Type II restriction enzymes were isolated fromM. echinospora ssp.echinospora (ATCC 15837),M. purpurea (ATCC 15835) andM. zionensis (LL-100-125) and were designatedMecI,MpuI andMziI, respectively. Restriction enzymesMecI andMpuI are isoschizomers ofXhoI, whileMziI is an isoschizomer ofPvuII.
Text mining: classification & clustering of articles related to sports

Identification of articles related to a particular domain is addressed by Text Mining. This paper demonstrates the benefits of combining classification and clustering towards achieving the goal of grouping very closely related articles/documents. Classification chaffs out the articles which do not belong to the domain of interest and clustering forms subgroups between the classified articles. Combining classification and clustering results in tight and accurate clusters. The text mining program developed for this project automates the grouping of related news articles. This feature can be exploited by News organizations interested in accessing related documents with minimum effort. Although, the articles/documents can be from any source but they must be in text format for the automated program to work on it. This project is also a verification of the 'cluster hypothesis' which is explained below.
Computers and Education

Since I am an enthusiast, rather than an expert, in the computer field and have been asked to talk about the future, anything may happen; but it is reassuring to find experts almost as far out as myself. In fact, it would be unwise to look only at the immediately available technology; and I have often thought of the early days of aviation, when Billy Mitchell tried very hard to convince his superiors that the airplane had a future in war and, as you know, was essentially cashiered out of the Army. He did induce a cavalry general to give airplanes a try, but the experiment was a failure. One of the "crates" of the day flew over a polo field while officers were playing and attempted to hit players with oranges. No hit was scored, which was pretty conclusive proof that there was no future for aviation in warfare!
What is (and is not) vital to advancing cellulosic ethanol.

Ethanol made biologically from cellulosic biomass, including agricultural and forestry residues, portions of municipal waste, and herbaceous and woody crops, is finally being widely recognized as a unique transportation fuel with powerful economic, environmental and strategic attributes. Although underfunded, it has been advanced to be competitive with corn ethanol; however, government policies are needed to overcome the perceived risk of first applications if we are to realize its societal benefits soon. Costs below those for fossil sources are foreseeable, with advances in pretreatment, enzyme production, and enzymatic hydrolysis – the steps that overcome the natural resistance of plants to biological breakdown – offering, by far, the greatest economic leverage. We must also build on the wisdom gained from past experience to avoid directing limited funds to projects that offer little new insight, could have marginal impact on commercial outcomes, or could be better improved through the power and wisdom of the learning curve.
The inhibition by colchicine of the initiation of DNA synthesis by hepatocytes in regenerating rat liver and by cultivated WI-38 and C3H10T 1/2 cells†

Colchicine inhibited the initiation of DNA synthesis by hepatocytes in vivo and by WI-38 and C3H10T 1/2 cells in vitro. All three cell types were most sensitive to colchicine when it was administered at the time of, or shortly after, proliferative activation (by partial hepatectomy or medium-serum change). WI-38 and C3H10T 1/2 cells became less sensitive to colchincine as the time between proliferative activation and addition of the drug was increased. Hepatocytes, on the other hand, showed a second stage of sensitivity immediately before the onset of DNA synthesis. Ongoing DNA synthesis was not inhibited by colchicine in any of the cell types. The two prereplicative stages of colchicine sensitivity in liver were also sensitive to vincristine but not to lumicolchicine, an analogue of colchicine which does not bind to tubulin. The data obtained with these drugs indicates that microtubules may be involved in the prereplicative stages of cell proliferation, but non-specific binding to other membrane proteins cannot be ruled out. Colchicine (at a dose of 50 μg/100 g of body weight), which when injected 30 minutes after hepatectomy delayed the initiation of DNA synthesis for at least 14 hours, delayed the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (at the beginning of prereplicative development) by only two hours. Thus, the inhibitory action of colchicine on the initiation of DNA synthesis does not appear to be mediated by inhibition of polyamine synthesis.
Post‐fire diversity patterns in two subassociations of Californian coastal sage scrub

. Coastal sage scrub exhibits floristically dissimilar subassociations on opposing aspects in the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California. Southward-facing (Venturan I) and northward-facing (Ventaran II) subassociations were sampled at two scales (1 m2 and 625 m2) each spring for five years following a fire. Mature (10- and 28 yr-old) sites of these subassociation types were also sampled in the study area. The subshrub and herbaceous components that were most prevalent on northerly slopes following the first post-burn year contributed the most cover for all ages examined. Aspect-related differences in species richness were most apparent at the smaller sampling scale where they were equal the first post-burn year and varied inversely thereafter. At this scale, richness values were two times higher on older north-facing sites, largely due to the herbaceous component. South-facing sites displayed progressive decreases in equitability through time. This pattern reflects gradual reduction in overall species richness combined with progressive site domination by fewer species, as manifested by increasing dominance concentration values. By contrast equitability on north-facing sites fluctuated little through time, though dominance concentration tended to decrease. Higher richness, equitability, and overall cover with time after burning on north-facing sites is associated with the relatively mesic habitats upon which this subassociation develops. Post-burn patterns of species richness and stratal differentiation on south-facing slopes are consistent with those reported for other mediterranean-type shrublands, i.e. peak richness was attained the first two years following a fire with subsequent decrease to a constant level.
Pressure and Flow Characterization for Different Idealized Models of Stenotic Coronary Arteries

Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This year, an estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new coronary attack [1]. Treatment of coronary artery disease varies from medication alone to cardiovascular surgery. Treatment regimens depend on the number and hemodynamic significance of stenoses present. In this study, we created idealized models of stenotic coronary arteries with varying geometric properties and simulated flow and pressure in coronary stenoses using a novel computational method including a three-dimensional model of an idealized coronary artery coupled to a lumped parameter model of the heart at the inlet and a lumped parameter model of the distal coronary vasculature at the outlet.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Communicating Intentions Through Nonverbal Behaviors Conscious and Nonconscious Encoding of Liking

The fundamental components of interpersonal transactions at the nonverbal level often include the cognitively held intention of one person to increase or decrease affiliation with his or her partner, the encoding of this intention into behavioral displays, and the decoding of the behavioral displays by the other. Nonverbal encoding of relational information may be conducted at less than conscious levels of information processing although intentions may be held consciously. A study was conducted in which naive confederates were induced to either increase or decrease their displays of liking for their partner. It was found that confederates’intentions to show increased or decreased liking toward their partners were positively correlated with the partners’liking for the confederate. However, less than one quarter of the confederates could demonstrate an accurate conscious awareness of the behaviors they used and how they used them. Of this small number, those who were given the conscious intention of showing decreased liking demonstrated the most conscious awareness of their nonverbal behaviors.
Creating childhood memories

SUMMARY After decades of deliberate attempts to change people’s memories for the details of events that they had observed in the past, researchers turned their attention to the task of planting entirely false childhood memories. One way to accomplish this is to enlist the help of family members to suggest to subjects that their relatives saw the event being suggested. Using this method, researchers have succeeded in convincing adult subjects that as children they had a variety of complex experiences, such as being lost in a shopping mall for an extended time, being hospitalized overnight, or spilling punch at a family wedding. Individuals with higher dissociative capacity and higher hypnotizability have been shown to be more susceptible to these suggestions. Possible mechanisms by which false memories are created are described. #1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon dioxide effects on stomatal responses to the environment and water use by crops under field conditions

Reductions in leaf stomatal conductance with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) could reduce water use by vegetation and potentially alter climate. Crop plants have among the largest reductions in stomatal conductance at elevated [CO2]. The relative reduction in stomatal conductance caused by a given increase in [CO2] is often not constant within a day nor between days, but may vary considerably with light, temperature and humidity. Species also differ in response, with a doubling of [CO2] reducing mean midday conductances by 50% in others. Elevated [CO2] increases leaf area index throughout the growing season in some species. Simulations, and measurements in free air carbon dioxide enrichment systems both indicate that the relatively large reductions in stomatal conductance in crops would translate into reductions of <10% in evapotranspiration, partly because of increases in temperature and decreases in humidity in the air around crop leaves. The reduction in evapotranspiration in crops is similar to that in other types of vegetation which have smaller relative reductions in stomatal conductance, because of the poorer aerodynamic coupling of the canopy to the atmosphere in crops. The small decreases in evapotranspiration at elevated [CO2] may themselves be important to crop production in dry environments, but changes in climate and microclimate caused by reduced stomatal conductance could also be important to crop production.
Predictors of perceived breast cancer risk and the relation between perceived risk and breast cancer screening: a meta-analytic review.

Abstract Background. Perceived risk is a principal variable in theoretical models that attempt to predict the adoption of health-protective behaviors. Methods. This meta-analysis synthesizes findings from 42 studies, identified in PubMed and PsycInfo from 1985 onward. Studies examined demographic and psychological variables as predictors of perceived breast cancer risk and the relationship between perceived risk and breast cancer screening. Statistical relationships, weighted for sample size, were transformed to effect sizes and 95% CIs. Results. Women do not have accurate perceptions of their breast cancer risk (N = 5,561, g = 1.10). Overall, they have an optimistic bias about their personal risk (g = 0.99). However, having a positive family history (N = 70,660, g = 0.88), recruitment site, and measurement error confounded these results. Perceived risk is weakly influenced by age (N = 38,000, g = 0.13) and education (N = 1,979, g = 0.16), and is moderately affected by race/culture (N = 2,192, g = 0.38) and worry (N = 6,090, g = 0.49). There is an association between perceived risk and mammography screening (N = 52,766, g = 0.19). It is not clear whether perceived risk influences adherence to breast self-examination. Women who perceived a higher breast cancer risk were more likely to pursue genetic testing or undergo prophylactic mastectomy. Conclusion. Perceived breast cancer risk depends on psychological and cognitive variables and influences adherence to mammography screening guidelines.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Coronary Vasospasm Induced by Tilt Table Testing

A 65-year-old man presented to our institution with recurrent episodes of early morning chest discomfort and near syncope. An ergonovine provocation test documented a diagnosis of coronary va-sospastic angina. During our investigation of the syncope, a head-up tilt table test provoked a severe episode of coronary vasospasm that resulted in a life-threatening cardiac event. The present case reminds us that an elevation of ST segments on the electrocardiogram during tilt testing should be promptly managed as an attack of coronary vasospasm.
Calcium at the surface of cardiac plasma membrane vesicles: cation binding, surface charge screening, and Na-Ca exchange.

Calcium binding and Na−Ca exchange activity were measured in isolated cardiac plasma membrane vesicles under various ionic conditions. A model was developed to describe the Ca binding characteristics of cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles using the Gouy-Chapman theory of the diffuse double layer with specific cation binding to phospholipid carboxyl and phosphate groups. The surface association constants used for Ca, Na, K and H binding to both of these groups were 7, 0.63, 0.3 and 3800m −1, respectively. This model allows the estimation of surface [Ca] under any specific ionic conditions. The effects of the divalent screening cation, dimethonium, on Ca binding and Na−Ca exchange were compared. Dimethonium had no significant effect on Ca binding at high ionic strength (150mm KCl), but strongly depressed Ca binding at low ionic strength. Dimethonium had no significant effect on Na−Ca exchange (Na-inside dependent Ca influx) at either high or low ionic strength. These results suggest that the Ca sites of the Na−Ca exchanger are in a physical environment where they are either not exposed to or not sensitive to surface [Ca].
Formation of Oxide Films on ZrB2–15 vol% SiC Composites During Oxidation: Evolution with Time and Temperature

The evolution of convection cells features that form in oxide films on ZrB2–SiC composites are quantified by the number population, size, and distribution in oxide films on ZrB2–15 vol% SiC oxidized at temperatures between 1500° and 1600°C for various oxidation times. The number of convection cells per unit area increases after short exposure times of the oxidation at 1550°C, but then decreases slowly with increasing time. The results indicate that these convection cells are transient, they form and transport boria–silica–zirconia liquid to the surface but with increasing exposure time the increasing amount of flowing viscous SiO2-rich liquid submerges them and they become extinct.
The effect of suction catheter insertion and tracheal stimulation in adults with severe brain injury

Objective: To determine the effect of suction catheter insertion and tracheal stimulation on cerebrovascular and systemic vascular status in adults with severe traumatic brain injury. Design: Quasi-experimental, within-subject design. Setting: Two university-affiliated critical care units. Subjects: Thirty intubated and mechanically ventilated adults with severe brain injury. The participants' average age was 31±15 years. Outcome measures: Mean intracranial pressure (MICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. Intervention: Endotracheal suction catheter insertion with tracheal stimulation was performed. Results: Suction catheter insertion and tracheal stimulation, isolated from other components of the suctioning procedure, significantly increased MICP, MAP, and CPP. HR was not significantly increased. During the application of negative pressure for actual suctioning, MICP and HR significantly increased, whereas MAP and CPP did not significantly change compared with catheter insertion. Conclusion: Tracheal stimulation during suction catheter insertion initiates both cerebrovascular and systemic vascular responses during the suctioning procedure. Study findings suggest that a potentially productive direction for intervention research is to identify ways to minimize airway stimulation during the suctioning procedure.
Identification and Selective Precipitation of Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Isozymes Using Antibodies Raised to Horse Liver Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Isozymes

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes from human liver homogenates were recognized in immunoblotting experiments and precipitated in Ouchterlony double diffusion gels by antibodies raised to the horse liver mitochondrial and cytosolic ALDH isozymes. The antibody raised to the cytosolic horse liver ALDH (alpha HC) has been shown to be specific for cytosolic ALDH isozymes, while the antibody raised to the horse liver mitochondrial ALDH (alpha HM) precipitated both mitochondrial and cytosolic ALDH isozymes. It was possible to selectively remove the cytosolic ALDH from a homogenate of a liver sample from a Caucasian by preincubation with alpha HC; the remaining mitochondrial enzyme was then precipitated by alpha HM in double diffusion gels. The experiments were repeated with a liver sample from an Oriental, presumed to have been alcohol sensitive since no active mitochondrial ALDH was found. The precipitation of a relatively inactive mitochondrial enzyme by alpha HM from a cytosolic ALDH-free sample confirmed previous reports of the existence of a mitochondrial ALDH in tissue from an alcohol-sensitive Oriental. The results of immunoblotting experiments confirm the co-migration, in electrophoresis, of the cytosolic and mitochondrial ALDHs from the liver of an alcohol-sensitive Oriental. The results reported here, together with previous observations, indicate that the antibodies raised to horse liver ALDH isozymes can be used to determine the subcellular location of ALDH isozymes in various human tissues, including frozen tissue samples which are not amenable to subcellular fractionation.
Initiation of Oxidative Changes in Foods

Initiation of lipid peroxidation in foods may be accomplished by a variety of mechanisms. Two principal initiation reactions involve homolytic scission of preformed peroxides as catalyzed by metal ions and heme proteins and the reaction of activated oxygen species with the lipid substrate to yield peroxides and free radicals. Copper and cytochromes in the milk fat globule membrane may serve as focal points for initiation of lipid peroxidation by catalyzing homolytic scission of peroxides. Activated oxygen species which may be important in initiating oxidative changes in foods include singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, ozone, superoxide anion (perhydroxyl radical at low pH), and hydrogen peroxide. Chemical and enzymic reactions in biological materials can generate singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Ozone is primarily a product of photoreactions in polluted air. Reactions involving singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and ozone with food constituents ultimately can yield peroxides which decompose to initiate oxidative chain reactions. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are relatively inert toward organic molecules but can decompose to produce the more reactive singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. Inhibition of reactions initiated by reactive oxygen species in foods should be very important in preserving the oxidative stability of foods. This paper presents a brief review of possible initiation reactions for lipid peroxidation and inhibition of reactions of activated oxygen species that are of importance in food systems.
Variable Kinematic Modelling of Laminated Composite Plates

A displacement-based variable kinematic global–local finite element model is developed using hierarchical, multiple assumed displacement fields at two different levels: (1) at the element level, and (2) at the mesh level. The displacement field hierarchy contains both a conventional plate expansion (2-D) and a full layerwise (3-D) expansion. Depending on the accuracy desired, the variable kinematic element can use various terms from the composite displacement field, thus creating a hierarchy of different elements having a wide range of kinematic complexity and representing a number of different mathematical models. The VKFE is then combined with the mesh superposition technique to further increase the computational efficiency and robustness of the computational algorithm. These models are used to analyse a number of laminated composite plate problems that contain localized subregions where significant 3-D stress fields exist (e.g. free-edge effects).
A fundamental model of platinum impregnation onto alumina

Abstract Refined forms of the revised physical adsorption Model (RPA) proposed by Agashe and Regalbuto (J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 185 (1997) 174) and a proton transfer model by Park and Regalbuto (J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 175 (1995) 239) were employed to model five sets of data of platinum (from chloroplatinic acid, CPA) adsorption over alumina found in the literature. Through a detailed individual consideration of ionic strength, which is the main cause of adsorption retardation at pH extremes, the results were further improved such that adsorption could be predicted a priori to a very reasonable degree without adjustable parameters. A comprehensive simulation of uptake as a function of initial platinum concentration, initial solution pH and the surface loading (amount of oxide surface per solution volume) shows that the model reflects all important features of adsorption typically seen in experimental studies and illustrates how it can be used to optimize the design of a catalyst impregnation. Over a range of low–moderate surface loadings corresponding to wet impregnation of relatively small amounts of oxide in excess solution, the diprotic chloroplatinic acid itself creates favorable electrostatic conditions and little or no pH adjustment is required to obtain full uptake of the available platinum from the solution (high “uptake efficiency”). At higher surface loadings corresponding to dry impregnation or pore volume filling that are more representative of industrial catalyst preparation recipes, however, the pH buffering effect of the oxide becomes so pronounced that additional acid is required to sufficiently charge the oxide surface and facilitate full platinum uptake. This offers a new interpretation of the often-cited necessity of excess hydrochloric acid in pellet impregnation at high surface loading, where a homogeneous metal distribution in the pellet is desired; the protons rather than the chloride ions may be the important factor. Furthermore, excessive amounts of platinum in solution (corresponding to an excess of a monolayer of Pt complexes at the surface) lead to self-inhibition based on high ionic strength in the solution and a dramatic drop in noble metal efficiency.
Photoenolization of 2-(2-Methyl Benzoyl) Benzoic Acid, Methyl Ester: Effect of E Photoenol Lifetime on the Photochemistry

Photolysis of 3 in argon-saturated 2-propanol led to formation of 5 via intermolecular H-atom abstraction followed by lactonization. Irradiation of 4 in 2-propanol gave compounds 6 and 7 that also come from intermolecular H-atom abstraction. In contrast, photolysis of an oxygen-saturated solution of 3 in 2-propanol yields products 8, 9, and 10, which were all formed from intramolecular H-atom abstraction and trapping of the corresponding biradical with oxygen. Laser flash photolysis of 3 in methanol showed formation of biradical 3BR (λmax 330 nm, and τ = 50 ns) via intramolecular H-atom abstraction as the main photoreactivity of 3. Biradical 3BR decayed into photoenols 3Z and 3E (λmax 390 nm, τ = 6.5 μs and τ = 162 μs, respectively). In comparison, laser flash photolysis of 4 yielded photoenols 4Z and 4E (λmax 390 nm, τ = 15 μs and τ = 3.6 ms, respectively). Thus photoenol 3E is unusually short-lived, and therefore it does not undergo the intramolecular lactonization as we have observed for the analogous ...
Insulin-ricin B hybrid molecules: Receptor binding and biological activity in a minimal-deviation hepatoma cell line

Abstract Hybrid molecules were produced by covalently coupling the hormone insulin to the binding chain B of the plant toxin ricin. Binding of the insulin-ricin B hybrid to minimal-deviation hepatoma cells occurred primarily through ricin-specified cell-surface carbohydrates (galactose, N -acetylgalactosamine) since 125 I-insulin-ricin B binding to cells could be 90% displaced by 50 m m lactose. [ 14 C]Glucose incorporation into glycogen was maximally stimulated ~80% by insulin, whereas maximum stimulation by insulinricin B hybrid was >100%. Ricin B chain alone was non-stimulating at concentrations tested (10 −9 –10 −7 m ). Furthermore, the stimulation of [ 14 C]glycogen labeling mediated by the hybrid was markedly inhibited by 1 m m lactose, while this sugar had no effect on the stimulation mediated by native insulin. Additionally, a preparation of ricin B shown to actively displace up to 80% of the binding of 125 I-hybrid to cells also inhibited hybrid-mediated [ 14 C]glycogen production. These results indicate that insulin-ricin B hybrid molecules possess toxin-specified binding abilities while evoking the insulinassociated cellular response of stimulated incorporation of [ 14 C]glucose into glycogen. Such results thus suggest the possibility that alternate cell-surface receptors may play a role in conveying insulin's intracellular metabolic-control signals.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Language Version of the Demands of Immigration Scale

This study extends prior work with the Russian-language version of the Demands of Immigration Scale (DIS) with former Soviet immigrants and evaluates the reliability and validity of the Arabic-language version of the DIS with Arab immigrants. Three hundred and ninety-four Arab immigrant women completed the Arabic DIS and two measures of mood. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity were also examined. The original factor structure was replicated with excellent goodness of fit indices and statistically significant factor loadings. Internal consistency of the subscales ranged from very good to excellent, concurrent validity was supported for all but one of the six subscales, and DIS scores discriminated recent from more longstanding immigrants. The DIS is reliable and valid with Arab immigrant women.
Osteopenia: to treat or not to treat?

In this issue, Schousboe and colleagues addressed the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteopenia from the perspective of cost-effectiveness. They found that alendronate is not cost-effective...
Aortic Dissection and Recurrence Both Precipitated by Sexual Activity

Risk factors for aortic dissection include: hypertension, connective tissue disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and severe physical and emotional stress. Although dissection associated with extreme physical activity has been reported, to date, there have been no reports in the literature to our knowledge of acute dissection and recurrence both occurring during sexual activity. We report a case of a 34-year-old male who underwent emergency replacement of his aortic root and hemiarch for an aortic dissection precipitated by sexual intercourse.(J Card Surg 2012;27:374-375)
Deep levels due to chalcogen defects in Si–Ge solid solutions

Abstract The electronic structure of SixGe1−x solid solutions has been calculated using the second-neighbour tight-binding theory in the virtual-crystal approximation. Considering the effects both of changes in the diagonal as well as the nearest-neighbour off-diagonal interaction integrals in the perturbation potential, we have calculated the deep energy levels of the sp-bonded substitutional defects in terms of the well-known κ-space Green function theory. A simple method, incorporating only the Herman-Skillman atomic term values, is also used to estimate the local distortion around the chalcogen (S, Se, Te) impurities in Si and Ge hosts. With the proper choice of relaxation parameter, the impurity levels are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the existing experimental and theoretical data.
Teaching High-Commitment Management the High-Commitment Way

High-commitment management practices—including the use of self-managed work teams, broad job descriptions, performance-based compensation, and high levels of employee participation in decision making—are becoming increasingly popular. How can business students best learn to manage effectively in the high-commitment workplace? Drawing on the management education literature and the author's teaching experiences, this article argues that high-commitment management can most effectively be taught the high-commitment way by modeling analogous practices in the classroom and then analyzing the group's own experience to illuminate the distinctive dynamics of participatory management.
Fluorometric examination of a lunar sample.

We have been unable to detect porphyrins in 13 grams of the bulk fine lunar sample from the Sea of Tranquillity under conditions in which less than 10-^(1J) mole per gram of lunar sample could have been detected. By appropriate extraction, however, the lunar sample yields a material which exhibits absorption maxima at 310 and 350 nanometers and a fluorescence maximum at 410 nanometers.
The Worldview Concept and Aldo Leopold’s Project of ‘World View’ Remediation

According to Kant, physical reality reaches human consciousness through three a priori filters: sensory receptors, spatial and temporal frameworks, basic cognitive architecture. It is also filtered by a classificatory and integrative network of concepts that are acquired a posteriori via enculturation and education generating a worldview. Worldviews are subject to change via further education. In A Sand County Almanac, Aldo Leopold is engaged in worldview remediation, replacing the culturally prevailing biblical worldview with an evolutionary-ecological worldview. In the time that has elapsed since the publication of that book, ecology has undergone many small and one major paradigm shift. What is the current ecological worldview?
Long-term outcome of a prospective trial of steroid withdrawal after kidney transplantation

Abstract Background: Steroid withdrawal (SW) after kidney transplantation is desirable to avoid associated serious side effects. We studied the long-term outcome of a group of kidney transplant recipients who underwent SW. Methods: Between 1991 and 1993, kidney transplant recipients (N = 12) who had posttransplantation diabetes were entered in a prospective trial of SW. These patients were compared with a demographically similar comparison cohort (N = 66). End points of the study were patient and graft survival, incidence of late acute and chronic rejection, and changes in diabetes management. Results: Previously published data from the SW group at 15 months of follow-up indicated improvement in diabetes control without any adverse effect on patient or graft actuarial survival. At long-term follow-up (mean, 56 months) the improvement in diabetes management was not detectable. The incidence of late acute rejection in SW and cohort groups was 42% and 8%, respectively ( P = .006). Likewise, the incidence of chronic rejection in the SW versus cohort group was 42% and 12%, respectively ( P = .014). Conclusions: Although SW appeared to be successful initially, our long-term data indicate that SW significantly increases the risk of late acute rejection and chronic rejection episodes without benefits in posttransplantation diabetes management. Steroid withdrawal in patients with posttransplantation diabetes should be approached with caution. (Surgery 1999;125:155-9.)
Volatile Substances of Chinese Traditional Jinhua Ham and Cantonese Sausage

The relationship between volatile substances and manufacturing procedures of Chinese traditional Jinhua ham and Cantonese sausage were determined. Ethanol and its alcohol esters were the major volatiles of Cantonese sausage suggesting that ethanol added to meat at the formulation stage was the most important factor for the characteristic flavor of Cantonese sausage. Small amounts of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown products were also detected in Cantonese sausage. In Jinhua ham, alkanes and alkenes were the major volatiles, but branched aldehydes and sulfur compounds were also detected. This indicated that many complicated chemical reactions