cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propositions, Possible Languages and the Liar's Revenge

An adequate theory of natural language should include a solution to the semantic paradoxes. This is not the only condition of adequacy, but it is an important one. For the paradoxes are among the crucial tests of one's theory of natural semantics, syntax and phonetics, all of which figure in the paradoxes to some degree. The theory should either show how a correct conception of our language would block the derivations of paradox, or explain why they cannot be blocked even on a correct conception, and justify a relatively simple linguistic reform which would do so. Just as a theory of natural language should afford a solution to the paradoxes, one's solution typically will presuppose a conception of language. Hence much more is at stake than sometimes meets the eye when philosophers argue about classical paradoxes such as the Liar, the Grelling, and so on. It is simply not true that these arguments are 'five-fingered exercises' or 'sterile ornaments' of a philosophy of language (as I have heard them dismissed by two prominent philosophers, who in fairness should remain unnamed, not having committed themselves on the point in print). One's treatment of semantic paradox can crucially affect one's views about meaning, truth, propositions, sentences, and utterances, together with their interrelations and much else. This fact may occasionally be obscured by the belief that the classical paradoxes have long since been solved or quarantined by some means or other. But even if they have been adequately solved-which is far from clear-there is no guarantee that the same means would suffice for any new paradox that might turn up. Of course a sweeping rejection of all self-reference has nothing to fear from a new paradox. But naturallanguage solutions typically make a virtue of allowing some self-reference, in contrast, say, to a strict language-level approach. Furthermore, all such solutions have concentrated on absolute notions of truth and falsity, as expressed in one-place predicates like 'is true' and 'is false'. Relativised predicates like 'is true (false) in possible world W' and 'is true (false) with respect to language L' have been neglected. Yet paradox lurks in this neglected portion of the expressive power of natural language.
Chromosomal localization of the mouse Src-like adapter protein (Slap) gene and its putative human homolog SLA

Molecules containing Src-homology 2 (SH2) and Src-homology 3 (SH3) domains are critical components of signal transduction pathways that serve to relay signals originating from the cell surface to the interior of the cell. Src-like adapter protein (SLAP) is a recently described adapter protein that binds activated the Eck receptor protein-tyrosine kinase. Although SLAP bears a striking homology to the SH3 and SH2 domains of the Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, it does not contain a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. In this report, the Slap gene was mapped by linkage analysis to mouse chromosome 15, while its putative human homolog (SLA) was identified and mapped to human 8q22.3-qter using a panel of somatic cell hybrids.
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase of human seminal fluid

Abstract γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase, which is present in high levels in human seminal fluid plasma, was purified about 870-fold from this source. The enzyme is present in seminal fluid plasma in particulate form. Purification by a procedure involving treatment with bromelain gave a protein (apparent molecular weight, about 70,000), which exhibited catalytic properties characteristic of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase preparations isolated from rat kidney and other mammalian tissues. The physiological significance of seminal fluid γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and its potential clinical value are considered.
Quantitative detection of hydrophobic antioxidants such as butylatedhydroxytoluene and butylatedhydroxyanisole in picomole amounts.

Abstract A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris( p -bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.
Epidemiology of pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in the United States

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a growing problem for children worldwide. As of 31 December 1992, 4249 children with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) under 13 years of age had been reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV is transmitted to children predominantly from their mothers. Nearly all cases of HIV infection acquired from blood transfusions in the United States occurred before donor-screening practices were implemented in March 1985. In 1991, approximately 7000 HIV-infected women gave birth to a liveborn infant in the United States, for a prevalence of 1.7 per 1000 women. Despite recent advances in prophylactic therapy for opportunistic infections, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains the most common AIDS-defining illness in children in the United States. If these cases are to be prevented, children born to HIV-infected mothers will need to be identified early and monitored appropriately for CD4+ cell counts to determine the need for prophylaxis.
Relation Between Anodic Dissolution And Resistance to Pitting Corrosion

Abstract The relationship between dissolution kinetics and resistance to pitting corrosion has been investigated using electrochemical measurements. It is shown that the ratio of dissolution rates ...
Temporal Changes in the Surgical Pathology of Prosthetic Aortic Valves: A Study of 157 Cases Spanning 26 Years (1970–1995)

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify time-related changes in the types, functional states, and complications of explanted prosthetic aortic valves. All patients having a prosthetic aortic valve replacement at Mayo Clinic Rochester during the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995 were identified. By reviewing the medical records and pathologic specimens, 157 valves were classified by type, functional state, complications, and duration of implantation. Among the 157 patients (118 men and 39 women), 48% had mechanical valves, 37% bioprostheses, 14% homografts, and 1% teflon trileaflet. Regurgitation was the most common functional state both overall (69%) and in each year. The mean age of patients at reoperation increased from 53 years in 1970 to 60 years in 1995, during which time the mean duration of implantation increased from 2.7 to 9.2 years. Although mechanical valves represented 70% of explanted aortic prostheses in 1970, they accounted for only 37% in 1995. The percentage of valves failing from structural degeneration decreased, from 58% in 1980 to an average of 36% thereafter, while the percentage for prosthetic aortic endocarditis increased from 0% in 1980 to an average of 19% during 1985, 1990, and 1995. Endocarditis affected men in 19 (83%) of the 23 cases and was caused by staphylococci or streptococci in 18 (78%). The development of newer prosthetic valves, changes in surgeons’ preferences for them, and improvements in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention have contributed to temporal fluctuations in the relative frequencies of complications and associated functional states.
Is high-dose chemotherapy effective in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors?

Is high-dose chemotherapy effective in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors?
Infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design: Pediatric and anatomical considerations for design of child restraints☆

U.S.A. Abstract-The infant and child differ structurally from the adult in a number of ways which are critical to the design for protection against impact forces and for adequate occupant restraint systems. The purpose of this paper is to bring together a profile of the anatomy, anthropomctry, growth, and development of the infant and child. Age differences related to the proper design of child restraint systems are emphasized. Problems discussed include child-adult structural differences, center of gravity of the body, the head mass in relation to the neck and general body proportions, positions of key organs, and biomechanical properties of tissues.
Influence of grating parameters on the linewidths of external-cavity diode lasers

We investigate experimentally the influence of the grating reflectivity, grating resolution, and diode facet antireflection (AR) coating on the intrinsic linewidth of an external-cavity diode laser built with a diffraction grating in a Littrow configuration. Grating lasers at 399, 780, and 852 nm are determined to have typical linewidths between 250 and 600 kHz from measurements of their frequency noise power spectral densities. The linewidths are little affected by the presence of an AR coating on the diode facet but narrow as the grating reflectivity and grating resolution are increased, with the resolution exerting a greater effect. We also use frequency noise measurements to characterize a laser mount with improved mechanical stability.
Accuracy of preoperative diagnostic tools and outcome of hysteroscopic management of menstrual dysfunction

Abstract Study Objectives. To review diagnoses, complications, and surgical findings in women treated for abnormal uterine bleeding by operative hysteroscopy, and to assess the accuracy of preoperative transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), saline-infusion sonography (SIS), diagnostic hysteroscopy, and endometrial biopsy. Design . Retrospective study (Canadian task force classification II-2). Setting . Tertiary care academic medical center. Patients . Three hundred seventy-five women. Intervention . Operative hysteroscopy for abnormal uterine bleeding. Measurements and Main Results . Main indications for hysteroscopy were postmenopausal bleeding (164 patients, 43.7%) and abnormal premenopausal uterine bleeding (211, 56.3%). Main pathology findings were endometrial polyps (172, 45.9%) and submucous myomas (105, 28%). Polyps had histologic abnormalities in 18 patients. Sensitivity of preoperative diagnostic tools for all intrauterine abnormalities and specifically for myomas and polyps was TVS 74% and 39%, SIS 96% and 96%, hysteroscopy 100% and 99%, and Pipelle biopsy 24% and 10%. The complication rate was 1.3%. Postmenopausal women felt significantly more improvement in symptoms (p=0.02), and were more satisfied (p≤0.001) than premenopausal women. Only 10 women had repeat surgery for the problem. Conclusion . Operative hysteroscopy is a safe outpatient procedure and is associated with high satisfaction in carefully selected patients. Hysteroscopy and SIS are better diagnostic tests for intracavitary abnormalities than TVS and endometrial biopsy.
The Fanonian dialectic: Masters and slaves in Ayi Kwei Armah’s The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born:

The polemical social commentary of Armah’s The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born has understandably been the focal point of numerous critical interpretations. Such readings, however, tend to neglect the significance of the other, interpersonal dimension of the text that positions individual characters in relation to one another in interactions that mirror and amplify Armah’s larger social concerns. This article undertakes a reading that, by tracing Armah’s intellectual heritage from Frantz Fanon, through Alexandre Kojeve, to Hegel’s master−slave dialectic, simultaneously accounts for the novel’s political agenda and its more nuanced portrayal of the everyday plights of its characters. A distinctly Fanonian iteration of the master−slave dialectic, which is manifested in the highly stratified structure of Ghanaian society and in the desire for recognition that characterizes all social and economic interactions within that society, is proposed as a unifying theme by which the novel’s socio-political and interp...
A test of two theories of dream forgetting.

Seventy-two female undergraduates kept home-recall dream diaries for two 20-day periods in a test of predictions generated from Freud's (1900/1965) repression theory and Cohen's (1974) interference theory. One-half of all the Ss participated in an assertion training program during the time they kept the second dream diary. All Ss were assessed for proneness to use repression as a defense against aggressive wishes. It was found that Ss who were undergoing assertion training experienced a decrease in dream recall and dream pleasantness when compared with control Ss. Changes in dream recall and pleasantness were uncorrelated, and the measure of repression did not account significantly for dream recall or pleasantness variance. These findings are interpreted as being more supportive of interference theory than repression theory.
Tumor-Suppressor Role of Notch3 in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Revealed by Genetic and Pharmacological Induction

Notch1-3 are transmembrane receptors that appear to be absent in Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC). Previous research has shown that induction of Notch1 has a tumor suppressor effect in MTC cell lines, but little is known about the biological consequences of Notch3 activation for the progression of the disease. We elucidate the role of Notch3 in MTC by genetic (doxycycline inducible Notch3 intracellular domain) and pharmacological (AB3, novel HDAC inhibitor) approaches. We find that overexpression of Notch3 leads to the dose dependent reduction of neuroendocrine tumor markers. In addition, Notch3 activity is required to suppress MTC cell proliferation, and the extent of growth repression depends on the amount of Notch3 protein expressed. Moreover, activation of Notch3 induces apoptosis. The translational significance of this finding is highlighted by our observation that MTC tumors lack active Notch3 protein and reinstitution of this isoform could be a therapeutic strategy to treat patients with MTC. We demonstrate, for the first time, that overexpression of Notch3 in MTC cells can alter malignant neuroendocrine phenotype in both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, our study provides a strong rationale for using Notch3 as a therapeutic target to provide novel pharmacological treatment options for MTC.
Gesture in automatic discourse processing

Computers cannot fully understand spoken language without access to the wide range of modalities that accompany speech. This thesis addresses the particularly expressive modality of hand gesture, and focuses on building structured statistical models at the intersection of speech, vision, and meaning. My approach is distinguished in two key respects. First, gestural patterns are leveraged to discover parallel structures in the meaning of the associated speech. This differs from prior work that attempted to interpret individual gestures directly, an approach that was prone to a lack of generality across speakers. Second, I present novel, structured statistical models for multimodal language processing, which enable learning about gesture in its linguistic context, rather than in the abstract. These ideas find successful application in a variety of language processing tasks: resolving ambiguous noun phrases, segmenting speech into topics, and producing keyframe summaries of spoken language. In all three cases, the addition of gestural features—extracted automatically from video—yields significantly improved performance over a state-of-the-art text-only alternative. This marks the first demonstration that hand gesture improves automatic discourse processing. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Interrogating population structure and its impact on association tests.

We found from our analysis of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data that the population structure of the 697 unrelated individuals was an important confounding factor for association studies, even if it was not explicitly considered when simulating the phenotypes. We uncovered structures beyond the reported ethnicities and found ample evidence of phenotype–population structure associations. The first 10 principal components of the genotype data of the 697 individuals demonstrated much stronger associations with Q1, Q2, and the disease than did the individuals’ ethnicities. In addition, we observed that population structure was a confounding factor for the Q1-gene association when identifying the significant genes both with and without adjusting for the causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the ethnicities, and the principal components. Many false discoveries remained after adjusting for the causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Adjusting for the principal components appeared more effective than did adjusting for ethnicity in terms of preventing false discoveries. This analysis was performed with knowledge of the causal loci.
Chronic Neural Recording with a 64-Channel Cortical Microsystem

This paper presents initial neural recording results with a 64-channel wireless cortical microsystem. The system can be programmed and powered using an inductive telemetry link, switching an RF carrier between 4 and 8MHz to enter command information. Recorded neural activity is returned to the external world wirelessly over an on-off-keyed 80MHz carrier. The system can be programmed to detect positive, negative, and biphasic spikes on all the channels simultaneously or can monitor one channel with 8 bits of resolution. It has recorded single units from guinea pig auditory cortex over periods of 30 days.
Spinal anaesthesia indirectly depresses cortical activity associated with electrical stimulation of the reticular formation

Background. Neuraxial blockade reduces the requirements for sedation and general anaesthesia. We investigated whether lidocaine spinal anaesthesia affected cortical activity as determined by EEG desynchronization that occurs following electrical stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF). Methods. Six goats were anaesthetized with isoflurane, and cervical laminectomy performed to permit spinal application of lidocaine. The EEG was recorded before, during and after focal electrical stimulation (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mA) in the MRF while keeping the isoflurane concentration constant. Results. During lidocaine spinal anaesthesia, the spectral edge frequency (SEF) after MRF electrical stimulation (13.6 (SD 1.0) Hz, averaged across all stimulus currents) was less than the SEF during control and recovery periods (18.6 (3.6) Hz and 17.2 (2.2) Hz, respectively; P<0.05). Bispectral index values were similarly affected: 69 (10) at control compared with 55 (6) during the spinal block (P<0.05). Conclusions. These results suggest that lidocaine spinal anaesthesia blocks ascending somatosensory transmission to mildly depress the excitability of reticulo‐thalamo‐cortical arousal mechanisms. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 233‐8
Resistance Factors for Ductile FRP-Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members

To prevent damage caused by corroding reinforcement, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing bars have been used in place of steel in a relatively small but increasing number of structures in civil infrastructure. A concern with the use of traditional FRP bars, however, is the resulting lack of ductility. This problem has been overcome with the development of a new generation of composite reinforcement, ductile hybrid FRP (DHFRP) bars. However, standards that address the design of DHFRP bars are unavailable, and appropriate resistance factors for the use of DHFRP reinforcement are unknown. In this paper, a reliability analysis is conducted on tension-controlled concrete flexural members reinforced with DHFRP with the intent to estimate potential strength-reduction factors. Flexural members considered include a selection of representative bridge decks and building beams designed to meet strength requirements and target reliability levels dictated by relevant engineering standards. Nominal moment capacity is calculated from standard analytical models and is taken as first DHFRP material failure. Statistical parameters for load and resistance random variables in the reliability model are consistent with previous code calibration efforts. The resulting resistance factors ranged from 0.61-0.64 for tension-controlled sections, which indicates a potential increase in allowed strength with respect to flexural members using nonductile bars.
SHOCK WAVE COSMOLOGY INSIDE A BLACK HOLE: THE CASE OF NON-CRITICAL EXPANSION

We derive and analyze the equations that extend the results in [20,21] to the case of non-critical expansion k≠0. By an asymptotic argument we show that the equation of state plays the same distinguished role in the analysis when k≠0 as it does when k=0: only for this equation of state does the shock emerge from the Big Bang at a finite nonzero speed — the speed of light. We also obtain a simple closed system that extends the case considered in [20,21] to the case of a general positive, increasing, convex equation of state p=p(ρ).
Alcohol and Heightened Aggression in Individual Mice

The objective of the current research was to study the large individual differences in alcohol effects on aggressive behavior under systematically varied conditions in experimental protocols with mice. Three experiments were conducted with outbred Swiss-Webster derived mice that identified those individuals whose aggressive behavior was reliably heightened by low acute alcohol doses. In all experimental protocols, low alcohol doses were orally administered to a "resident" male mouse that subsequently confronted an "intruder" opponent for 5 min while all salient elements of aggressive behavior and motor activities were quantified. In all three experiments, alcohol (1.0 g/kg) heightened aggressive behavior by at least two standard deviations of the individual's water vehicle control mean in 27% of the mice. In 64% of mice, no reliable change in aggressive behavior was detected after the identical alcohol treatment, and in 9% of the mice alcohol decreased aggressive behavior. Experiments differed in protocol indicating that these aggression-heightening effects were evident in resident mice that were either maintained at restricted or unlimited amounts of food, housed singly or in breeding pairs with a female partner, and conditioned to perform daily a food-reinforced task or remained undisturbed. The first experiment found the aggression-heightening effects to persist during weekly challenges for at least 2 months (n = 8 of 30). The second experiment showed these effects at intervals from 5 to 60 min after alcohol administration. Blood alcohol concentrations reached peak level within 5 to 10 min after oral administration in mice that had confronted an intruder. Those mice in whom alcohol heightened aggressive behavior (n = 21) did not differ from those that showed suppressed levels (n = 9) in terms of blood alcohol concentrations (79.6 vs. 82.4 mg%), suggesting that the intensity and frequency of aggressive behavior after alcohol were not directly dependent on the amount of alcohol in the circulation. The third experiment revealed that alcohol's (0.1 to 5.6 g/kg) effects on heightened aggressive behavior (n = 11) are dissociated from those on concurrently measured high- or low-rate operant performance as engendered by a multiple FR 30-FI 600 sec schedule of reinforcement. Current results indicate that this alcohol effect is relatively specific to aggressive behavior in individual animals, offering the opportunity for neuropharmacological and molecular characterization.
Human foraging behavior in a virtual environment

We have developed an experimental platform that allows a large number of human participants to interact in real time within a common virtual world. Within this environment, human participants foraged for resources distributed in two spatially separated pools. In addition to varying the relative replenishment rate for the two pools (50-50, 65-35, or 80-20), we manipulated whether the participants could see each other and the entire resource distribution or had their vision restricted to resources at their own location. Two empirical deviations from an optimal distribution of the participants were found. First, the participants were more scattered within a resource pool than the resources were themselves. Second, there was systematic underutilization of the richer pool. For example, the participants distributed themselves 73% and 27% to resource pools that had replenishment rates of 80% and 20%, respectively. In addition, there were oscillations in the harvesting rate of the pools across time, revealed by a Fourier analysis with prominent power near 50 sec per cycle. The suboptimalities and oscillations were more apparent when the locations of the participants and the food were not visible. Individual participant knowledge thus affects the efficiency with which a population of participants harvests resources.
Geodetic techniques for time and frequency comparisons using GPS phase and code measurements

We review the development and status of GPS geodetic methods for high-precision global time and frequency comparisons. A comprehensive view is taken, including hardware effects in the transmitting satellites and tracking receiver stations, data analysis and interpretation, and comparisons with independent results. Other GPS techniques rely on single-frequency data and/or assume cancellation of most systematic errors using differences between simultaneous observations. By applying the full observation modelling of modern geodesy to dual-frequency observations of GPS carrier phase and pseudorange, the precision of timing comparisons can be improved from the level of several nanoseconds to near 100 ps. For an averaging interval of one day, we infer a limiting Allan deviation of about 1.4 × 10 −15 for the GPS geodetic technique. The accuracy of time comparisons is set by the ability to calibrate the absolute instrumental delays through the GPS receiver and antenna chain, currently about 3 ns. Geodetic clock measurements are available for most of the major timing laboratories, as well as for many other tracking stations and the satellites, via the routine products of the International GPS Service. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Insulin Resistance and Periodontal Disease: An Epidemiologic Overview of Research Needs and Future Directions

Poor periodontal health is known to be associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This relationship and underlying mechanisms are discussed elsewhere in this issue. Less is known concerning the link between the metabolic precursors to DM, including insulin resistance (IR), and its possible association with periodontitis. Indeed, there has been relatively little research to date in human populations concerning periodontal disease, IR, and the subsequent risk of chronic diseases, including DM. This paper will present an epidemiologist's view of how IR may link periodontal disease with DM and suggest several avenues of investigation to help clarify some of the outstanding issues.
Cultural Humility: A Concept Analysis

Diversity is being increasingly recognized as an area of emphasis in health care. The term cultural humility is used frequently but society's understanding of the term is unclear. The aim of this article was to provide a concept analysis and a current definition for the term cultural humility. Cultural humility was used in a variety of contexts from individuals having ethnic and racial differences, to differences in sexual preference, social status, interprofessional roles, to health care provider/patient relationships. The attributes were openness, self-awareness, egoless, supportive interactions, and self-reflection and critique. The antecedents were diversity and power imbalance. The consequences were mutual empowerment, partnerships, respect, optimal care, and lifelong learning. Cultural humility was described as a lifelong process. With a firm understanding of the term, individuals and communities will be better equipped to understand and accomplish an inclusive environment with mutual benefit and optimal care.
Ã¢â¬ËEmergency Regulations: Our AutobiographyÃ¢â¬â¢: Shulamit HarevenÃ¢â¬â¢s Many Days as Fictional Autobiography/Autobiographical Fiction

This paper discusses Many Days (2002), the autobiography of the Israeli writer Shulamith Hareven. This autobiography is by no means a classical retrospective narrative; rather, it is a reconstruction of narrative through a lifetime of work. Towards the end of her life, Hareven turned to the corpus of her work and extracted from it diverse materials: fiction, prose and political essays. She proceeded to compile this material into one narrative, which she deemed an autobiography. This narrative is examined in light of its Israeli context and in light of feminist theory of autobiography. Both of these approaches enable an investigation of the tension between the public and private spheres and between the individual I and the collective We . Hareven, who was active throughout her life in the Israeli public sphere, as a writer and essayist as well as a military officer and peace activist, constructs her own narrative as parallel to the collective Israeli national narrative. Hareven effaces the borders of the creation of the personal by the collective and the creation of the collective by the personal. She positions the collective as representative of her private narrative and deems herself representative of the collective. Hareven took on this position of spokesperson during her life through her actions and her writing. Her autobiography, which was written at a turning point, facing the death of the author and the crisis of the Israeli collective (due to political circumstances, namely the occupation), serves both as a retrospective testimony and as an operative testament. As a testament, Many Days calls for a dialogue of narratives in order to begin a process of healing within the Israeli collective and within the Middle East region.
Assessing strain mapping by electron backscatter diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy using wedge-indented Si

The accuracy of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) for small-scale strain mapping are assessed using the multi-axial strain field surrounding a wedge indentation in Si as a test vehicle. The strain field is modeled using finite element analysis (FEA) that is adapted to the near-indentation surface profile measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The assessment consists of (1) direct experimental comparisons of strain and deformation and (2) comparisons in which the modeled strain field is used as an intermediate step. Direct experimental methods (1) consist of comparisons of surface elevation and gradient measured by AFM and EBSD and of Raman shifts measured and predicted by CRM and EBSD, respectively. Comparisons that utilize the combined FEA-AFM model (2) consist of predictions of distortion, strain, and rotation for comparison with EBSD measurements and predictions of Raman shift for comparison with CRM measurements. For both EBSD and CRM, convolution of measurements in depth-varying strain fields is considered. The interconnected comparisons suggest that EBSD was able to provide an accurate assessment of the wedge indentation deformation field to within the precision of the measurements, approximately 2×10(-4) in strain. CRM was similarly precise, but was limited in accuracy to several times this value.
Propagation of conjunctival and HeLa cells in various carbohydrate media.

Summary1) Under the described experimental conditions, both conjunctival and HeLa cells propagated satisfactorily in the following individual carbohydrates: starch, glycogen, maltose, d-glucose, d-fructose, d-mannose and d(+)galactose. Cell propagation in sucrose depended largely on source of dialyzed serum. Sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate, d-ribose and d(+)xylose were unable to support cell multiplication, though cell degeneration in the presence of these carbohydrates and intermediates was definitely retarded. L(+)rhamnose, l(-)fucose and l-sorbose appeared to delay the degeneration of the HeLa cells more effectively than that of the conjunctival cells. Lactose, l(-)xylose, d(-)arabinose, l(+)arabinose, d-2-deoxyribose, i-erythritol and dihydroxyacetone neither supported growth nor retarded degeneration. 2) Glucose at low concentration of 0.1 mM is capable of supporting cell growth for at least several months. Net increase in number of cells at a concentration of 0.1 mM is significantly lower than that ...
Combination vaccines: practical considerations for public health and private practice

Background. Although the current immunization schedule for children requires as many as four or five injections at a single visit, both parents and health care providers hesitate to administer more than two or three simultaneous injections. Therefore new combination vaccines that include multiple unrelated antigens are needed. Methods. Individuals from the Immunization Division of the Colorado State Department of Health and pediatricians in private practice in Denver, CO, were interviewed and asked about incorporating new combination vaccines into their practice. Results. At a state health department level the transition to combination vaccines will likely require reprioritizing of public health resources. In addition state health officials are important information resources for public and private providers, as well as for the community. At the level of the private provider combination vaccines hold promise for simplifying the immunization schedule, but successful implementation will require education and guidance on how best to integrate the new combination into practice. Conclusions. Combination vaccines are the immediate solution to the addition of new childhood vaccines and will alleviate the concern of parents and physicians regarding the trauma related to multiple injections at a single visit.
Coordinating the edX online course Mechanics ReView: Some observations

Some observations on the differences between teaching face-to-face and through an online course. The opportunities, as well as the things that may be lost, as online education grows.
Optimal Aerodynamic Design of a Biplane Wind Turbine Blade

Biplane blades have been proposed as a concept capable of improving both the structural and aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbines. This work examines the aerodynamic design of biplane wind turbine blades for optimal loading and power extraction. Three biplane blades are designed to achieve optimal loading and are analyzed using BEM. Compared to an aerodynamically optimal but structurally unrealistic monoplane blade, the biplane blades have slightly reduced (0.10% to 0.58%) CP , attributable to the reduced aerodynamic efficiency and off-design operation of the biplane airfoils. The biplane blades also have significantly reduced chord lengths, indicating that biplane blades may be able to circumvent transport constraints which currently limit the size of land-based turbines. Other design considerations, such as off-design and structural performance are discussed. The computed blade aerodynamic performance and previously demonstrated structural performance indicate that biplane blades are an enabling concept for larger land-based and offshore turbines.
Host Selling vs. Premium TV Commercials: An Experimental Evaluation of Their Influence on Children:

An experimental analysis of host selling, premium, and announcer television commercials directed toward children was conducted. Stage of cognitive development, sex, and race of the children were as...
Monitoring and analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Qinhuangdao in 2013

[Objective]To understand the morbidity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Qinhuangdao in 2013,rat species constitution,rat density and carrying virus situation,provide basis for epidemic situation control. [Methods]The HFRS epidemic situation was analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method,the rats density was determined by night trapping method,and the HFRS antigen of rat lung was detected by indirect immunofluorescence method.[Results]629 cases of HFRS were reported in Qinhuangdao in 2013 and 2 cases died. The onset time focused on 3-5 months,the ages were 30-59 years old,farmers were the main crowd,the male-female ratio was 1. 89∶ 1. The dominative rats were rattus norvegicus,and the average rate of carrying virus was16. 23%.[Conclusion]The epidemic situation of HFRS in Qinhuangdao is very serious,we must take comprehensive measures to prevent and control the HFRS.
Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of cattle with a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, and phosphates or with calcium chloride on quality and sensory traits of steaks and ground beef.

Grain-finished Hereford x Angus steers (n = 36) were assigned to one of three treatmentgroups. Immediately after jugular exsanguination, 12 steers were infused at 10% of live weight via the left carotid artery with a solution developed by MPSC, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) consisting of 98.52% water, 0.97% saccharides, 0.23% sodium chloride, and 0.28% phosphate blend (MPSC); 12 steers were infused at 10% of live weight with 0.30 M CaCl2 (CaCl2); and 12 steers were exsanguinated conventionally and served as noninfused controls (CON). Declines in pH for three muscles were measured. CaCl2-infused carcasses exhibited extensive muscle contraction at the time of cooler entry. Carcasses were graded at 24 h postmortem and fabricated at 48 h postmortem. Longissimus lumborum (LL), semitendinosus (ST), and quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles were removed, vacuum packaged, and stored at 2 degrees C until 14 d postmortem. Then, 2.54-cm-thick steaks were cut from the LL and ST for shear force and sensory evaluations. Ground beef was formulated from the QF to contain 20% fat. Steers infused with MPSC and CaCl2 had 4.0 and 2.3% higher dressing percentage points, respectively, than CON steers. Calcium concentrations of the LL muscle for CaCl2- and MPSC-infused carcasses, as well as the CON carcasses, were 892.0, 158.9, and 216.6 ppm, respectively. For the TB and longissimus thoracis muscles, pH decline was more rapid for CaCl2- and MPSC-infused carcasses than for CON carcasses, but there were no differences in 24-h pH. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were much higher (P 0.05) by CaCl2 infusion. Beef flavor identification, brown-roasted flavor, and bloody/serumy flavor were lowest and soapy/chemical flavor was highest (P < 0.05) for both freshly cooked and warmed-over LL from CaCl2-infused carcasses. There were no distinct meat quality advantages for infusing cattle with a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, and phosphates. Infusion with 0.30 M CaCl2 increased dressing percentage, but caused severe muscle contraction early postmortem, decreased LL tenderness markedly, and reduced flavor of LL steaks and ground beef.
Average-risk Screening: Is Public Policy Compatible with Individual Needs?

The issue of the appropriateness of population-based screening for colorectal cancer has been much debated in the literature. The purpose of screening is to find early-stage disease among average-risk members of the population so that timely treatment may be implemented and mortality reduced. The goal of public policies regarding screening should be to facilitate this result. The adequacy of current public policy for reduction of colorectal cancer mortality is the main focus of this article.
Principals’ Perspectives: Professional Learning and Marginal Teachers on Formal Plans of Improvement

This qualitative study examined the perspectives of principals related to professional development for teachers on formal plans of remediation for underperformance in the classroom. The principles associated with job-embedded professional development as well as cognitive dissonance provided a basis for analyzing data collected throughout the interviews and analysis. The population included 12 elementary, middle, and high school principals from 2school systems in the United States. Data analysis from the interviews yielded three major findings clustered as themes related to: 1) Cognitive dissonance, professional development, and marginal teachers 2) Confidentiality trumps collaboration, and 3) Professional development by the numbers. By examining professional development practices for underperforming teachers, the ﬁndings contribute to our understanding about some perspectives that school principals hold about a population of teachers at-risk. Implications are offered.
Runne-Beana: Dog Herds Ethnographer

Saami society in Lapland (now often called Saapmi), particularly the seasonally-nomadic reindeer-breeding sector, is predicated upon mobility and autonomy of its actors. Runne-Beana, a talented reindeer-herding dog, exhibited both mobility and autonomy when allocating to himself a peripatetic ethnographer, on the first day of five years of doctoral dissertation fieldwork in arctic Norway in 1972. That family’s and the wider community’s reactions to Runne-Beana’s behavior, and mine, highlight the tensions when mobility and autonomy compound with ideologies of ownership and control. At the same time, his companionship profoundly shaped all field relationships, engendering an understanding of dog culture as it is manifest in the herder/herding dog/reindeer triad and in the interpenetration of assumptions concerning child/dog enculturation.
Multiple source detection performance of linear sparse arrays

This paper considers detection performance of linear sparse arrays in the presence of multiple source Direction-Of-Arrivals (DOA). A number of source DOAs greater than the number of physical array elements are randomly generated, without restriction on the angular separation. Two augmentation algorithms are considered before application of traditional spatial spectrum estimation algorithms: MVDR and MUSIC. Detection and false alarm statistics are generated from the spatial spectrum. MUSIC requires the knowledge on the number of source, which can be estimated from existing source number estimation algorithms. The effect of source number estimation errors on the detection performance is evaluated. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to validate this detection scheme.
Progress in Searches for Extraterrestrial Intelligent Radio Signals

Powerful searches for extraterrestrial intelligent radio signals have been carried out unsuccessfully for more than 35 years now. We should not be discouraged by the lack of success; our searches so far, as ingenious as they have been, have not begun to examine even a small fraction of the combinations of stars and radio frequencies which might produce detectable signals. Very powerful search equipment is required, as well as much observing time, in order to deal with the enormity of the possible locations and radio frequencies of intelligently constructed radio transmitters. Over those 35 years we have, nevertheless, gained much experience, while technology has improved in quality and cost at a striking pace. The application of the newer technologies, particularly digital computers, in the light of our experience, has produced search systems which are today as much 100 million million times more powerful than the systems of 35 years ago.
A 13b-ENOB 173dB-FoM 2 nd -order NS SAR ADC with passive integrators

This paper presents a low-power 2nd-order noise-shaping (NS) SAR ADC. Instead of using power-hungry op-amps, it uses switches and capacitors to make passive integrators for noise shaping. The overall architecture is simple and the NS order can be easily reconfigured from 0 to 2. A prototype chip is fabricated in a 40nm CMOS process. With 2nd-order NS, the chip consumes 143μW power at 1.1V and 8.4MS/s. At an OSR of 16, SNDR is 80dB and the Schreier FoM is 173dB.
Abstract P107: Differences in Cardiovascular Mortality Risk Among African Americans in the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1985-2015, versus African Americans in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) Cohort: 1987-2015

Geographic differences in CVD mortality across the U.S. are well-established, but frequently overlooked. ARIC enrolled African Americans (AA) from Jackson, MS and Forsyth County, NC, areas of the Southeast with some of the highest CVD mortality rates, especially among AAs. The Minnesota Heart Survey enrolled AAs from Minnesota where CVD rates are among the lowest. However, it is not known whether AAs in Minnesota also have low rates. Using these two cohorts, we assessed whether CVD-related mortality risk among AAs differs by region. Baseline measures of CVD risk factors for MHS were taken in 1985 from a population based sample of AAs, ages 45 to 65, living in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. These same measures were made at ARIC visit 1 (1987-89) in AA participants of the same age residing in Jackson, MS and Forsyth County, NC. CVD and total mortality were identified using ICD codes for underlying cause of death from State and National Death Index records in both cohorts. We compared MHS and ARIC on CVD death rates using Poisson regression, prevalence of risk factors, and risk factor hazard ratios using Cox regression. After risk factor adjustment, AA men in MHS had a rate of 5.2 (95% CI: 3.2, 7.2) CVD deaths per 1000 person-years compared to 15.1 (95% CI: 13.1, 17.1) for AA men in ARIC. For AA women, MHS had 4.1 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.5) CVD deaths per 1000 person-years versus 10.2 (95% CI: 9.0, 11.4) in ARIC. CVD mortality rates were higher in Jackson than Forsyth County within ARIC. CVD death rates paralleled risk factor prevalence at baseline. Compared to MHS, ARIC had significantly higher total cholesterol (215 vs. 202 mg/dL), albeit higher HDL cholesterol (55 vs. 53 mg/dL), as well as higher anti-hypertensive medication use (41 vs. 30%), diabetes (13 vs. 11%) and BMI (30 vs. 29 kg/m 2 ), while smoking did not differ. Despite risk factor differences, hazard ratios of CVD death associated with each risk factor did not differ between studies even after inclusion of a competing risk of non-CVD death. In conclusion, the CVD death rate was lower in AAs in MHS than in AAs residing in the Southeast in ARIC largely due to lower risk factor levels, since the hazard of CVD death for each risk factor did not differ. Study differences reflect incompletely identified geographic variation that need further exploration, especially in the context of health disparities, but support maintaining low risk as a key to CVD prevention.
An Alternate Route to Insect Pharmacophagy: The Loose Receptor Hypothesis

The phagostimulatory response of some diabroticite cucumber beetles toward triterpene cucurbitacins is used as a model in support of an alternative hypothesis explaining the evolution of pharmacophagous feeding behavior in insects. Whereas the use of noxious compounds from nonhost sources for purposes other than nutrition or host-plant recognition (pharmacophagy) has historically been explained in terms of the ancestral host hypothesis, we suggest that the less than perfect specificity of the binding properties of some peripheral receptors provides an opportunity for novel compounds sharing the configuration and polarity of target molecules to elicit a feeding response by coincidence rather than adaptive design.