cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deregulation, contestability, and airline acquisitions

Abstract We test whether airline consolidations generate monopoly profits by examining returns to listed carriers around horizontal airline-acquisition bids and evaluating effects of industry concentration on share-price reactions. Under Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) regulation, returns to targets, bidders, and rival carriers are positive functions of changes in concentration implied by bids. Changes in concentration after deregulation have no positive effect on carrier returns. These results support Jordan's (1970, 1972) hypothesis that CAB activities fostered carrier collusion. There is no evidence of monopoly gains from carrier consolidations after deregulation.
Aerosols over the western atlantic: Scale heights, concentrations and fluxes

Abstract Aerosols were measured with two aircraft-mounted spectrometer probes from 0.1 to 23.5 μm particle radius, between 1000 and 600 mb pressure altitude (100–4300 m MSL), and up to 200 km distance off the shores of Virginia and Bermuda. The particle size distributions, typically bimodal with modes around 0.1 μm and several μm particle radius, were integrated analytically to yield mass and number concentrations. The relatively long-lived accumulation mode, of greater importance to long-range transport of S pollutants than the shorter-lived, coarse-mode aerosol fraction, showed both horizontal and vertical variabilities. Horizontally, the atmosphere was patchy in its aerosol content from tens to hundreds of km. Vertically, the accumulation-mode mass formed three atmospheric layers: A boundary layer below 900 mb that contained 10–20 μg m −3 aerosol mass, a band between 700 and 900 mb with 2–5 μg m −3 , and a layer above 700 mb that had less than 2 μgm −3 of particles. No statistically significant differences in aerosol masses between the U.S. east coast and Bermuda could be detected within the lowest and highest atmospheric layers that were investigated. Between 700 and 900mb pressure altitudes, however, the accumulation-mode mass concentration off the Virginia coast was twice than what was measured at Bermuda. In terms of fluxes, computed from the spectrometer probe-derived masses and Loran-C-measured wind velocities, it was found that 65% of the paniculate burden leaving the U.S. east coast reached Bermuda. At Bermuda, the particulate burden reaching the islands from the west was 1.6 times the fluxes of background aerosols from the south and/or the east.
Which Side Are You On

Book reviewed in this article: Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954
Effects of plasma charging damage on the noise performance of thin-oxide MOSFET's

The effects of plasma charging damage on the noise properties of MOSFET's which is a necessary consideration for high-performance analog applications were studied using 1/f noise, Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) noise and charge pumping techniques. Plasma ashing significantly increases the drain flicker noise, more with larger antenna sizes, mainly in the low-frequency and low-gate-bias regime. The observed RTS reveals that an oxide trap with a few milliseconds time constant was induced by the plasma processing. This oxide trap is located in the energy space which corresponds to the low gate bias of device. This trap may be reproduced by Fowler Nordheim stress as suggested by noise and charge pumping measurements, supporting the notion that plasma ashing damage is a result of electrical stress, not radiation, for example. >
Impact of dispersion fluctuations on dual-pump fiber-optic parametric amplifiers

Effects of zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDWL) fluctuations on dual-pump fiber-optic parametric amplifiers are investigated analytically and numerically. It is found that the signal gain varies considerably from fiber to fiber even though each fiber may have the same ZDWL on average. Moreover, the gain spectrum becomes highly nonuniform for a given fiber because of such dispersion fluctuations. Numerical simulations show that this problem can be solved to a large extent by reducing wavelength separation between the two pumps, but only at the expense of a reduced amplifier bandwidth.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA): experience of an academic centre in the USA.

S. Zhang, D. V. S. DeFrias, R. Alasadi and R. Nayar Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA): experience of an academic centre in the USA Objectives: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has become widely accepted as an effective modality for obtaining tissue for primary diagnosis and staging. We have been using EUS-FNA since July 2001 and herein we summarize our experience over a 5-year period. Methods: A computer-based search for in-house EUS-FNA was performed in the pathology database from July 2001 to October 2006. To calculate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of EUS-FNA, the cytology diagnosis was compared with the surgical follow-up. Results: A total of 951 EUS-FNAs were performed during the study period and included 279 pancreatic solid lesions, 186 pancreatic cyst lesions, 249 lymph node aspirations, 111 gastrointestinal (GI) tract submucosal lesions, and 126 miscellaneous lesions. EUS-FNA had a very high sensitivity and accuracy for solid pancreatic lesions (94.7 and 97.7%, respectively), low sensitivity and accuracy but high specificity (47, 64.8 and 95%, respectively) for cystic lesions. Cyst fluid carcinoembryonic (CEA) levels were significantly higher in mucinous neoplasms than non-neoplastic cysts. EUS-FNA also had very high sensitivity and specificity for detecting metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes (95 and 100%, respectively). GI submucosal spindle cell tumours were further classified with immunohistochemical stains performed either on a cell block or a core biopsy obtained via EUS guidance. Conclusions: EUS-FNA has a very high sensitivity and accuracy for pancreatic solid lesions, but the sensitivity for cystic lesions is generally low. Cyst fluid chemical analysis for CEA is helpful, but the overlap between mucinous neoplasm and non-neoplastic cysts is significant. Recognizing GI contamination is important and immunohistochemical stains are useful for GI submucosal spindle cell lesions.
Temporal bone pathology in a case of Cogan's syndrome.

Cogan's syndrome (CS) presents typical and atypical types. Typically, there are episodes of non-syphilitic keratitis and audiovestibular dysfunction. Atypically, there are inflammatory changes in other eye structures and other organ systems, particularly the cardiovascular system. The temporal bone pathology in a case of CS shows changes that are similar to those observed in other autoimmune disorders associated with audiovestibular dysfunction. The following pathologic features characterize autoimmune inner ear disease: 1. acute labyrinthitis resulting in atrophy of inner ear tissues including the sense organs and their supporting structures; 2. endolymphatic hydrops; 3. focal and diffuse proliferation of fibrous tissue and bone; and 4. retrograde neuronal degeneration. These pathologic findings are consistent with an inflammatory (and possibly ischemic) attack on the membranous labyrinth.
Dynamic scaling of ion-sputtered rotating surfaces

Surfaces eroded by off-normal incidence ion bombardment often have a rippled topography, and this is undesirable in a number of applications. Sample rotation during sputtering inhibits or prevents surface roughening and is widely used in precision depth profiling. In this paper, I study the surface roughening of a sample that is simultaneously rotated and sputtered in the limit in which viscous flow can be neglected. I find that the structure of the surface depends on the sign of a parameter characterizing the curvature dependence of the sputter yield, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{av}}$. For ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{av}}g0$, the asymptotic scaling behavior of the surface is in the same universality class as the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation in 2+1 dimensions. At long times the surface is composed of a patchwork of paraboloids of revolution whose mean lateral dimension grows algebraically in time, a topography quite reminiscent of those observed experimentally. In contrast, the interface has a chaotic cellular structure described by the isotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation if ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{av}}l0$. The mean cell width is constant in time in this case.
Music activity reports by music teachers with varying training in Orff Schulwerk

The purpose of this study was to examine music activities occurring in the music classroom of teachers who received different levels of training in Orff Schulwerk. The subjects (N = 49) were teache...
Regeneración de árboles tropicales e implicaciones para el manejo de bosques naturales

El reclutamiento exitoso desde semillas en bosques neotropicales implica una secuencia de etapas. La disponibilidad del polen y recursos consumibles por los arboles maternales puede limitar el numero de semillas producidas. La dispersion de semillas a un sitio determinado puede ser limitada por la densidad o la dispersion de arboles frutales, o por el agrupamiento impuesto por los procesos de dispersion de semillas. El establecimiento de semillas dispersadas puede ser limitado por la mortalidad debida a enemigos naturales, por ejemplo depredadores de semillas y herbivoros, o por factores abioticos tales como la disponibilidad de agua, nutrientes y luz. Como la limitacion impuesta por estas etapas puede verse afectada por la explotacion forestal selectiva, es necesario investigar el efecto de las practicas selvicolas sobre cada etapa en la dinamica del bosque.
Syntax and Etymology: The Impersonals of Emotion

The present essay, reposing on phenomena of derivation and semantics, will attempt to establish a more objective basis for the syntax of the impersonals. As a matter of syntax, the subject is of vital interest for the living Germanic tongues, and with these the essay begins. It will continue with a discussion of the phenomena of the Latin impersonals, and seek, by the help of living English usage, to establish upon a correct psychological basis the definition and derivation of the least elusive impersonals of emotion in Sanskrit and Latin.
Predicting risk of bacterial vaginosis: the role of race, smoking and corticotropin-releasing hormone-related genes

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most prevalent vaginal disorders in adult women and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-term birth. Genetic factors, particularly in genes involved in inflammation and infection, are associated with this condition. Additionally, environmental risk factors including stress and smoking are associated with BV. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic variants in stress-related genes such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), receptor 1, receptor 2 and binding protein (CRH-BP) that associate with BV. Also gene–environment effects with smoking are determined. BV was quantified using the Nugent score in 82 white and 65 black women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Associations between Nugent score, genotype and smoking were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum non-parametric tests. In white women, non-smokers with the CT genotype at CRH-BP + 17487 have lower Nugent scores (median: 0, range: 0–0) than non-smokers with the TT genotype (median: 2, range: 0–8) (P = 0.002); whereas smokers with the CT genotype have higher Nugent scores (median: 6, range: 0–10) than smokers with the TT genotype (median: 1, range: 0–10) (P = 0.021). In black women, the AG genotype at CRH + 3362 or CRH − 1667 is associated with lower Nugent scores (median for both: 3, range: 0–10) compared with the homozygous genotypes (median for each homozygous genotype: 8, range: 0–10). Also, in black women, models remain significant after adjusting for smoking (P = 0.04 for both). These data indicate that susceptibility to BV is affected by patterns of genetic variation in stress-related genes and smoking plays an important role.
The Acquisition and Application of Context Sensitive Grammar for English

A system is described for acquiring a context-sensitive, phrase structure grammar which is applied by a best-path, bottom-up, deterministic parser. The grammar was based on English news stories and a high degree of success in parsing in reported. Overall, this research concludes that CSG is a computationally and conceptually tractable approach to the construction of phrase structure grammar for news story text.
Optimal pairs trading: A stochastic control approach

In this paper, we propose a stochastic control approach to the problem of pairs trading. We model the log-relationship between a pair of stock prices as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and use this to formulate a portfolio optimization based stochastic control problem. We are able to obtain the optimal solution to this control problem in closed form via the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. We also provide closed form maximum-likelihood estimation values for the parameters in the model. The approach is illustrated with a numerical example involving simulated data for a pair of stocks.
Effective Capacitance and Drive Current for Tunnel FET (TFET) CV/I Estimation

Through mixed-mode device and circuit simulation, this paper provides an estimate of the effective output capacitance (C EFF) and drive current (I EFF) for delay (tauf = 0.69 R sw C EFF, where R sw = V DD/2 I EFF) estimation of unloaded tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) inverters. It is shown that unlike MOSFET inverters, where C EFF is approximately equal to the gate capacitance (C gg) , in TFET inverters, the output capacitance can be as high as 2.6 times the gate capacitance. A three-point model is proposed to extract the effective drive current from the real-time switching current trajectory in a TFET inverter.
Physical-layer authentication for Poisson channels

We present a physical-layer authentication framework for communications over a Poisson channel. Focusing on on-off keying, we discuss such aspects as the stealth, robustness, and security of the authentication approach.
Modeling foreign exchange intervention: stock versus stock adjustment

Abstract Intervention studies using stock models do not produce robust results across currencies and over time. Perhaps we should consider a different approach such as stock adjustment. Stock adjustment has several advantages over stock models. Stock adjustment explains profits from simple trading rules and why intervention can be effective when it is so small relative to the stock of financial assets. Stock adjustment solves the ‘secrecy puzzle’ and avoids the dubious signaling channel. Stock adjustment produces robust results across currencies and over time. Here, for the first time, I use two tests to discriminate between stock and stock adjustment. Both tests avoid simultaneity. One test uses the behavior of intervention when a central bank holds exchange rates constant. Those results favor stock adjustment over a stock approach. The other test analyzes changes in exchange rates under different types of intervention. Those results support stock adjustment and reject a stock approach.
NEUROTOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE INHALATION EXPOSURE TO THE OIL DISPERSANT COREXIT EC9500A

Consequent to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, there is an emergent concern about the short- and long-term adverse health effects of exposure to crude oil, weathered-oil products, and oil dispersants among the workforce employed to contain and clean up the spill. Oil dispersants typically comprise of a mixture of solvents and surfactants that break down floating oil to micrometer-sized droplets within the water column, thus preventing it from reaching the shorelines. As dispersants are generally sprayed from the air, workers are at risk for exposure primarily via inhalation. Such inhaled fractions might potentially permeate or translocate to the brain via olfactory or systemic circulation, producing central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. To determine whether oil dispersants pose a neurological risk, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by whole-body inhalation exposure to a model oil dispersant, COREXIT EC9500A (CE; approximately 27 mg/m3 × 5 h/d × 1 d), and various molecu...
Receiving advice about child mental health from a primary care provider: African American and Hispanic parent attitudes.

Background: Primary care providers (PCPs) play a critical role in the identification and treatment of child and adolescent mental health problems but few studies have examined parents' attitudes on receiving advice about child mental health from a PCP and whether attitudes are associated with race or ethnicity. Objective: To determine if race and ethnicity were associated with parents' attitudes on receiving advice about child mental health from a PCP. Subjects: Data were collected during 773 visits to 54 PCPs in 13 diverse clinics. Families were 56.5% white, 33.3% African American, and 10.1% Hispanic. Measures: The parent reported attitudes associated with receiving advice about child mental health from the PCP. The parent completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to report youth mental health. PCPs completed measures of psychosocial orientation, confidence in mental health treatment skills, and the accessibility of mental health specialists. Results: Hispanics were more likely than Non-Hispanics to agree that PCPs should treat child mental health and were more willing to allow their child to receive medications or visit a therapist for a mental health problem if recommended by the PCP. African Americans were significantly less willing than whites and Hispanics to allow their child to receive medication for mental health but did not differ in their willingness to visit a therapist. Conclusions: Race and ethnicity were associated with parents' attitudes on receiving advice about child mental health from a PCP. Primary care may be a good point of intervention for Hispanic youth with mental health needs.
Systemic therapy in stage IV pancreatic cancer: a population-based analysis using the National Cancer Data Base.

Background:Pancreatic cancer accounts for approximately 7% of all cancer deaths. More than half of all pancreatic cancers are stage IV at diagnosis, where systemic chemotherapy is used with the goa...
Safety and efficacy of heparin or enoxaparin prophylaxis in blunt trauma patients with a head abbreviated injury severity score >2

Background: Timing and type of chemoprophylaxis (CP) that should be used in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. We reviewed our institutions experience with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in TBI. Methods: The charts of all TBI patients with a head abbreviated injury severity score >2 (HAIS) and an intensive care unit length of stay >48 hours admitted during a 42-month period between 2006 and 2009 were reviewed. CP was initiated after intracranial hemorrhage was considered stable. We reviewed all operative notes and radiologic reports in these patients to analyze the rate of significant intracranial hemorrhagic complications, deep venous thrombosis, or pulmonary embolus. Results: A total of 386 patients with TBI were identified; 158 were treated with LMWH and 171 were treated with UFH. HAIS was significantly different between the LMWH (3.8 ± 0.7) and UFH (4.1 ± 0.7) groups; the time to initiation of CP was not. The UFH group had a significantly higher rate of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Progression of ICH that occurred after the initiation of CP was significantly higher in the UFH-treated patients (59%) when compared with those treated with LMWH (40%). Two patients in the UFH group required craniotomy after the initiation of CP. Conclusion: LMWH is an effective method of CP in patients with TBI, providing a lower rate of venous thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications when compared with UFH. A large, prospective, randomized study would better evaluate the safety and efficacy of LMWH in patients suffering blunt traumatic brain injury.
Application of the Spectrochemical Series

The spectrochemical analysis of a sample depends upon the facts that the frequencies of the lines in the spectrum indicate qualitative composition and the relative intensities of the lines are a function of its quantitative composition. The frequencies of the lines (or their wavelengths) are a fundamental property of the atoms involved and cannot be influenced to any great extent by the physical surroundings of the atom. However, the spectral line intensity of an element has been shown to be influenced by the other materials which make up the sample. This effect is known as the extraneous element effect, numerous reports of its existance have been made, and some studies have been undertaken to evaluate it. Because of the dependence of the observed intensity upon factors other than concentration alone, a more complete and thorough understanding of these effects becomes imperative for the further refinement and improvement of quantitative spectrochemical analysis.
Adjuvant Trial of Levamisole in Patients With Squamous Cancer of the Head and Neck: A Preliminary Report

The goal of this study was to evaluate whether adjuvant therapy with the immune modulator levamisole could reduce the recurrence rate and possibly increase the survival rate in patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck. A secondary goal was to evaluate whether this type of immunotherapy could affect the known immunosuppression of these patients.
CO2 Adsorption on Cu2O(111): A DFT+U and DFT-D Study

Adsorption of CO2 on the Cu2O(111) surface is investigated using density functional theory + U with and without dispersion corrections. A number of adsorbate geometries are considered on four different surface terminations that include the bulk-terminated surface and surfaces with oxygen and/or copper vacancies. CO2 is found to adsorb most strongly as a tilted linear molecule coordinated to an unsaturated surface cation. Surface vacancies allow for bent adsorbate configurations to be accessed but they are all less stable than the linear adsorbate. Bader analysis confirms that adsorption of bent CO2 is accompanied by charge transfer from the surface to the molecule, whereas minimal charge transfer occurs in linear physisorption. We show that surface oxygen vacancies have a small impact on adsorption free energies, while surface copper vacancies result in a significant reduction of CO2 adsorption. Including dispersion corrections increases the stability of adsorbed CO2, but adsorption is mostly endoergic at...
Fundamental Understanding of the Interaction of Acid Gases with CeO2: From Surface Science to Practical Catalysis

Acid gases including CO2, SO2, and NOx are ubiquitous in large-scale energy applications including heterogeneous catalysis. The adverse environmental and health effects of these acid gases have resulted in high interest in the research and development of technologies to remove or convert these acid gases. The main challenge for the development of these technologies is to develop catalysts that are highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective, and many catalysts have been reported in this regard. CeO2 and CeO2-based catalysts have gained prominence in the removal and conversion of CO2, SO2, and NOx because of their structural robustness and redox and acid–base properties. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the application of CeO2 and CeO2-based catalysts for the removal of CO2, SO2, and NOx gases with an emphasis on the fundamental understanding of the interactions of these acid gases with CeO2. The studies summarized in this review range from surface science using single crystals and thin fil...
Competition and facilitation on elevation gradients in subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA

The relative importance of competition and facilitation has been hypothesized to change with variation in abiotic conditions. 1 examined the relative importance of competition and facilitation along elevation gradients in the northern Rocky Mountains where Pinus albicaulis and Abies lasiocarpa dominate the overstory. At lower elevations and in more sheltered sites, A. lasiocarpa seedlings, saplings, and trees were not spatially associated with mature P. albicaulis, whereas at high-elevation sites along exposed ridges near timberline A. lasiocarpa were highly aggregated around mature P. albicaulis. I also compared growth rates of A. lasiocarpa trees before and after the death of adjacent P. albicaulis to growth rates of A. lasiocarpa in the same years but adjacent to living trees. In the Bitterroot Mts. A. lasiocarpa responded positively to the death of adjacent P. albicaulis at low-elevation sites (7% increase), but negatively at high-elevation sites (24% decrease). This suggests that facilitation was more important at timberline sites characterized by abiotic extremes and competition was more important in more moderate abiotic conditions. At high-elevation sites in both mountain ranges, large A. lasiocarpa were 2-4 times more aggregated with P. albicaulis than A. lasiocarpa seedlings. At the high-elevation site in the Bitterroots, growth rates of large A. lasiocarpa were significantly lower in open microsites than when trees were adjacent to either living or dead P. albicaulis. In contrast, growth rates of small saplings did not differ among these microsites. Stronger facilitative effects on mature trees than on seedlings or saplings may develop because the winter snowpack protects small A. lasiocarpa from blowing ice and snow. After trees grow above the snowpack shelter from large P. albicaulis may be crucial. These results emphasize the importance of studying interspecific interactions over a range of conditions; in these forests both positive and negative interactions occur between A. lasiocarpa and P. albicaulis, but their relative importance depends on abiotic conditions and plant life history stage.
A Retrospective Look at the Ethnography of Communication Disorders

This article takes a retrospective look at how the ethnography of communication disorders (ECD) has contributed to our understanding of communication disorders since its inception in the late 1980s. It is argued that ECD has enriched our understanding of the epistemological foundations of communication disorders, illuminated the interactional patterning of assessment and intervention, supported the development of alternate models of treatment, and led to the development of a new unit of analysis for representing the nature of communication disorders and the outcomes of our helping practices.
Mike Nichols: sex, language, and the reinvention of psychological realism

In the conclusion to his third chapter ‘Nichols’ Comedy of Remarriage’, concerning Mike Nichols’ films Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf (1966) and Birdcage (1996), Kyle Stevens describes a scene betw...
A General Strategy for Decoupled Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting by Integrating Oxidative Biomass Valorization

Conventional water electrolyzers produce H2 and O2 simultaneously, such that additional gas separation steps are needed to prevent H2/O2 mixing. The sluggish anodic O2 evolution reaction (OER) always results in low overall energy conversion efficiency and the product of OER, O2, is not of significant value. In addition, the potential formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to degradation of cell membranes and thus premature device failure. Herein we report a general concept of integrating oxidative biomass upgrading reactions with decoupled H2 generation from water splitting. Five representative biomass substrates, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), were selected for oxidative upgrading catalyzed by a hierarchically porous Ni3S2/Ni foam bifunctional electrocatalyst (Ni3S2/NF). All the five organics can be oxidized to value-added liquid products at much lower overpotentials than that of OER. In particular, the electrocatalytic oxidation of HM...
Coding for Coherent Frequency-Hopped Spread-Spectrum Communication in the Presence of Jamming

The error probability for coherent frequency-hopped spread-spectrum communications in the presence of partial-band jamming is investigated. We consider both tone and noise jamming and calculate symbol error probabilities for BPSK, QPSK, and M-ary orthogonal signal sets. The error probability with coding is found and tradeoffs between various coding strategies are determined for the worst case partial-band jammer.
This Old Thing

One aspect of sustainable fashion that I find fascinating is the challenge of making recycled fabrics appear anything but. Aesthetically, one would never guess that this elegant gown was once a dingy tablecloth. Thus, the title is ‘This Old Thing’. Because I acquired the fabric from an estate sale, very little was known about its age or the fiber content. However, I was able to discern that it was formerly a tablecloth based on its rectangular shape, linear seaming, and numerous stains.
Self-Reported and FEMA Flood Exposure Assessment after Hurricane Sandy: Association with Mental Health Outcomes

Hurricane Sandy caused extensive physical and economic damage; the long-term mental health consequences are unknown. Flooding is a central component of hurricane exposure, influencing mental health through multiple pathways that unfold over months after flooding recedes. Here we assess the concordance in self-reported and Federal Emergency Management (FEMA) flood exposure after Hurricane Sandy and determine the associations between flooding and anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported flood data and mental health symptoms were obtained through validated questionnaires from New York City and Long Island residents (N = 1231) following Sandy. Self-reported flood data was compared to FEMA data obtained from the FEMA Modeling Task Force Hurricane Sandy Impact Analysis. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the relationship between flooding exposure and mental health outcomes. There were significant discrepancies between self-reported and FEMA flood exposure data. Self-reported dichotomous flooding was positively associated with anxiety (ORadj: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1-1.9]), depression (ORadj: 1.7 [1.3-2.2]), and PTSD (ORadj: 2.5 [1.8-3.4]), while self-reported continuous flooding was associated with depression (ORadj: 1.1 [1.01-1.12]) and PTSD (ORadj: 1.2 [1.1-1.2]). Models with FEMA dichotomous flooding (ORadj: 2.1 [1.5-2.8]) or FEMA continuous flooding (ORadj: 1.1 [1.1-1.2]) were only significantly associated with PTSD. Associations between mental health and flooding vary according to type of flood exposure measure utilized. Future hurricane preparedness and recovery efforts must integrate micro and macro-level flood exposures in order to accurately determine flood exposure risk during storms and realize the long-term importance of flooding on these three mental health symptoms.
Neural Networks Based Sea Ice Detection and Concentration Retrieval From GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps

In this paper, a neural networks (NN) based scheme is presented for detecting sea ice and retrieving sea ice concentration (SIC) from global navigation satellite system reflectometry delay-Doppler maps (DDMs). Here, a multilayer perceptron neural network with back-propagation learning is adopted. In practice, two NN were separately developed for sea ice detection and concentration retrieval purposes. In the training phase, DDM pixels were employed as an input. The SIC data obtained by Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS sensors were used as the target data, which were also regarded as ground-truth data in this paper. After the training process using a dataset collected around February 4, 2015, these networks were used to produce corresponding detection and concentration estimation for other four sets of DDM data, which were collected around February 12, 2015, February 20, 2015, March 16, 2015, and April 17, 2015, respectively. Results show high accuracy in sea ice detection and concentration estimation with DDMs using the proposed scheme. On average, the accuracy for sea ice detection is about 98.4%. In terms of estimated SIC, the mean absolute error is less than 9%, whereas the correlation coefficient is as high as 0.93 compared with the reference data. It was also found that low sea state and wind speed could lead to an overestimation of SIC for partially ice-covered region.
Synthesis of cyclooxygenase metabolites of 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET): 11- and 15-hydroxy 8,9-EETs

COX metabolites of 8,9-EET, previously observed as potent mitogenic lipid mediators, were synthesized for the first time by using two synthetic approaches. These synthetic materials allow for structural confirmation of COX metabolites of 8,9-EET and further study of their biological roles.
Regulation of gap junctional communication by tyrosine protein kinases

Abstract The disruption of gap junctional communication (gjc) by cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (pp60 v-src and p130 gag-fps ) is correlated primarily with the tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin43 (Cx43). This may be the result of direct kinase action. However, these tyrosine kinases also induced novel phosphoserine-containing phosphotryptic peptides in Cx43 which suggested the involvement of a serine kinase. In comparison, the EGF receptor (EGFR) stimulated only serine phosphorylation of Cx43, which must be the result of a downstream, signaling serine kinase. Our data ruled out TPA-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) and implicated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase as one of these EGF-activated downstream serine kinases. Thus, the cytoplasmic and receptor tyrosine kinases appear to downregulate gjc through two distinct phosphorylation mechanisms.
Origins of Willis coupling and acoustic bianisotropy in acoustic metamaterials through source-driven homogenization

In addition to conventional acoustic properties (mass density and compressibility), recent research has shown that inhomogeneous acoustic media may require coupling tensors between effective volume strain and momentum fields. These coupling tensors imply conversion between monopolar and dipolar motion in the effective material response. Intrinsic coupling between strain and momentum is known as Willis coupling in elastodynamics, and it is analogous to bianisotropy in electromagnetism. This paper investigates the microscale and mesoscale effects that lead to Willis coupling, studies the proper homogenization of acoustic metamaterials with non-negligible Willis coupling, and demonstrates the impact of Willis coupling on defining physically meaningful effective material parameters.
“Sacred Work”: Reflections on the Professional and Personal Impact of an Interdisciplinary Palliative Oncology Clinical Experience by Social Work Learners

This study explored the impact of an oncology palliative care clinical experience with older adults on social work learners. A three-member research team conducted a qualitative content analysis of reflective writings. 27 Master of Science in Social Work students enrolled in an interprofessional palliative oncology curriculum and completed a reflective writing assignment to summarize the clinical scenario, analyze the patient/family care provided, and describe the impact of the experience. Using a constant comparison approach based on grounded theory, the research team analyzed the reflections to come to consensus related to the overall impact of the experience. Two overarching themes (professional and personal impact) and 11 subthemes (appreciation of interdisciplinary teams, recognition of clinical skills of other disciplines, insight into clinical skills of the social worker, perception of palliative care, embracing palliative care principles, centrality of communication, importance of social support, family as the unit of care, countertransference, conflict between personal values and patient/family values, and emotional reactions) were identified. Experiential learning opportunities for social work learners in interprofessional palliative care build appreciation for and skills in applying palliative care principles including teamwork, symptom control, and advanced care planning along with a commitment to embrace these principles in future practice.
Social Business and Student Financial Aid

With a focus on the need to expand access to education, this chapter presents the cases of Lumni, Vittana, and Kiva organizations which offer alternative forms of financial aid. The author begins by considering the evolution of private, public, and for-profit models of higher education in America. He then describes financial aid trends internationally, particularly related to increased dependence on loans and newer alternatives including income-contingent loans and human capital contracts. Within this context, Berg considers three specific ventures, their histories, organizational structures, successes, challenges, and future directions.
cep-1/p53-dependent dysplastic pathology of the aging C. elegans gonad

The C. elegans germline and somatic gonad are actively developing until the animal reaches adulthood, and then continue to undergo striking changes as the animal ages. Reported changes include a depletion of available sperm, a decrease in oocyte quality up till mid-life, a reduction in germline nuclei, a decrease in fertility, and an accumulation of DNA in the midbody of aging C. elegans. Here, we have focused on the aging gonad in old animals, and show in detail that the aging gonad undergoes a massive uterine growth composed of endoreduplicating oocytes, yolk, and expanses of chromatin. We use a novel series of imaging techniques in combination with histological methodology for reconstructing aged worms in 3-dimensions, and show in old animals growing masses swelling inside the uterus to occupy most of the diameter of the worm. We link this accelerated growth to the cep-1/p53 tumor suppressor. Because cep-1 is required for DNA damage induced apoptosis, and daf-2 limits longevity, these results suggest a role for age-related DNA damage in dysplastic uterine growths, which in some respects resemble premalignant changes that can occur in aging mammals.
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Background and Current Status of the E/BD Terminology and Definition.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, efforts were made to propose an alternative to the then existing definition and terminology of serious emotional disturbance (SED). The proposed terminology, emotional or behavioral disorders (E/BD), was nearly adopted as an amendment to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). A brief review of its development and current status is offered here, since several states are now beginning to revisit their own existing terminologies or definitions in order to respond to the change in terminology occasioned by the 1997 reauthorization of IDEA that dropped the term seriously from the SED terminology.
Should patients with diabetes be encouraged to integrate social media into their care plan

Aim: To evaluate the use of social media of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials & methods: Both web-based and in-clinic surveys were collected from individuals with DM. Descriptive a...
Emotionally-focused therapy and treatment as usual comparison groups in decreasing depression: A clinical pilot study

Decades of research have shown that depression can have deleterious effects on couple relationships. Emotionally-focused therapy (EFT; Johnson, 2004) is an empirically validated form of couple ther...
Persisting effects of a PBDE metabolite, 6-OH-BDE-47, on larval and juvenile zebrafish swimming behavior

Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that are widely detected in the environment, biota, and humans. In mammals, PBDEs can be oxidatively metabolized to form hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs). While studies have examined behavioral deficits or alterations induced by exposure to PBDEs in both rodents and fish, no study to date has explored behavioral effects from exposure to OH-BDEs, which have been shown to have greater endocrine disrupting potential compared to PBDEs. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed during embryonic and larval development (0–6 days post fertilization, dpf) to a PBDE metabolite, 6-hydroxy, 2,2′,4,4′ tetrabromodiphenyl ether (10–50 nM) and then examined for short and long-term behavioral effects. Exposed zebrafish tested as larvae (6 dpf) showed an altered swimming response to light–dark transitions, exhibiting hypoactivity in light periods compared to control fish. When fish exposed from 0–6 dpf were tested as juveniles (45 dpf), they showed an increased fear response and hyperactivity in response to tests of novel environment exploration and habituation learning. These results demonstrate that early life exposure to a PBDE metabolite can have immediate or later life (more than a month after exposure) effects on activity levels, habituation, and fear/anxiety.
The FASB’s Sabotage of Congressional Policy and Federal Securities Laws

The Securities Exchange Commission (hereinafter “SEC” or “Commission”) was created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and given exclusive authority to “make, amend, and rescind such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this title including rules and regulations governing registration statements and prospectuses for various classes of securities and issuers [and] to prescribe the form or forms in which required information shall be set forth, the items or details to be shown in the balance sheet and earning statement, and the methods to be followed in the preparation of accounts”. From 1973 to 2002 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (hereinafter “FASB”), a private not-for-profit corporation, was recognized by the SEC to make, amend, and rescind rules defining accounting and prescribing the form in which the required accounting information must be set forth in in the balance sheet and earning statement even though the SEC was not specifically authorized by law to recognize a private standard-setting body. In 2002 the SEC was specifically authorized by the Sarbanes Oxley Act to recognize private standard-setting bodies provided the standard-setting body met certain conditions. In 2002 the SEC recognized the FASB as the only private standard-setting body to develop accounting standards (“GAAP”). This article argues and documents that from 1973 to the present the FASB has sabotaged the purpose for which the securities laws were enacted as well as Congressional policy to protect the nation from national emergencies caused by sudden and unreasonable fluctuations in the prices of securities which put the Federal Government to great expense, burdens the national credit, produces widespread unemployment, causes the dislocation of trade, transportation, and industry, burdens interstate commerce, and adversely affect the general welfare. Moreover, this article further argues that the SEC has been complicit in the FASB’s sabotage of the securities laws which the SEC was created to enforce, as well as that of Congressional policy that created the SEC. The FASB’s sabotage of Congressional policy and securities laws clearly encompasses public policy issues, as does the SEC’s complicity in the FASB’s sabotage.
Stage I/II Hodgkin’s Disease: Comparison of Outcomes of Patients with Bulky Mediastinal Disease Versus Other Risk Factors; the Stanford V Experience.

At Stanford, stage I/II Hodgkin’s Disease (HD) with a mediastinal mass ratio ≥ 1/3 (MMR ≥ 1/3) is considered unfavorable (U) and is treated like advanced disease. However, in contrast to the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) or the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), stage I/IIA disease without MMR ≥ 1/3 but with other risk factors such as ≥ 3 nodal sites, ESR ≥ 50 and extra-nodal involvement are not considered unfavorable nor used in risk stratification. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the outcomes of patients (pt) treated uniformly at Stanford with early stage disease considered to be unfavorable due to MMR ≥ 1/3 to those with other adverse factors as defined by the GHSG or the EORTC. In this retrospective analysis we identified from our lymphoma database pt with stage I/II HD with a MMR ≥ 1/3 or stage I/IIA without MMR ≥ 1/3 but with 1 or more risk factors (≥ 3 nodal sites, ESR ≥50, extra-nodal involvement) with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Pt with MMR ≥ 1/3 were treated with 12 weeks of Stanford V chemotherapy + 36 Gy radiotherapy (RT) to sites of disease ≥5 cm (SV–12 + 36 Gy). Stage I/IIA pt without MMR ≥ 1/3 but with other risk factors were treated on our early stage protocols with 8 weeks of Stanford V chemotherapy + 20 or 30 Gy RT to involved sites (SV–8 + 20/30 Gy IFRT). 120 pt were identified: 56 pt with Stage I/II and MMR ≥ 1/3 treated with SV–12 + 36 Gy and 64 stage I/IIA pt without MMR ≥1/3 but with risk factors treated with SV–8 + 20 Gy (n=16) or SV–8 + 30 Gy (n=48). The estimated freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) are shown below. Treatment was unsuccessful in eleven pt (SV–12 + 36 Gy, n=5 and SV–8 + 20–30, Gy n=6). Relapse was limited to the RT field in 3 pt and combined with distant disease in another 6 pt. Secondary therapy was successful in 2 of the 5 pt with SV–12 + Gy and in 5 of six pt after SV–8 + 20/30 Gy IFRT. Fertility appears to be preserved with twenty-five live births/pregnancies reported. Six second cancers have been reported (2 breast, 2 skin, 1 cervix and 1 post transplant AML). Both the breast cancers occurred in females > 35 ys at diagnosis. In our series, abbreviated chemo-radiotherapy as delivered in SV–8 + 20/30 Gy IFRT to pt with stage I/IIA HD without MMR ≥ 1/3 but with risk factors as identified by the GHSG and EORTC has excellent outcomes comparable to those of the GHSG (HD11) and EORTC (HD9U) which use more intensive treatments. Stage I/II MMR ≥ 1/3 pt treated with SV–12 + 36 Gy also enjoyed excellent FFP and OS but second-line treatment was less successful in this group. These results have implications for balancing the risks and benefits of highly successful treatment strategies.
DTI of the kidney in children: comparison between normal kidneys and those with ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction.

To compare renal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters in patients with or without ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Patients that underwent functional MR urography (MRU) with renal DTI were retrospectively selected. Kidneys deemed normal on T2-weighted images and functional parameters were used as controls and compared to those kidneys with morphologic and functional findings of UPJ obstruction. DTI included a 20-direction DTI with b values of b = 0 s/mm2 and b = 400 s/mm2. Diffusion Toolkit was used for analysis and segmentation. TrackVis was used to draw regions of interest (ROI) covering the entire volume of the renal parenchyma, excluding the collecting system. Fibers were reconstructed using a deterministic fiber tracking algorithm. Whole kidney ROI-based analysis was performed to obtain cortico-medullary measurements (FA, ADC and track length) for each kidney. T tests were performed to compare means and statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05. 118 normal kidneys from 102 patients (median age 7 years, IQR 6–15 years; 58 males and 44 females) were compared to 22 kidneys from 16 patients (median age 13 years, IQR 3–15 years; 9 males and 7 females) with UPJ obstruction. Mean FA values were significantly lower (0.31 ± 0.07; n = 22) in kidneys with UPJ obstruction than normal kidneys (0.40 ± 0.08; n = 118) (p < 0.001). ADC was marginally significantly increased (p = 0.01) and track length was not significantly different (p = 0.24). Our results suggest that DTI-derived metrics including FA and ADC are potential biomarkers to differentiate kidneys with UPJ obstruction and assess renal parenchymal damage.
Patriarchy and progressive politics: gendered resistance to mining through everyday social relations of state formation in Intag, Ecuador:

Over the last decade, the Ecuadorian government, following regional trends, called for social and environmental progress through state-controlled resource extraction. Scholars have demonstrated tha...