cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landscape-level analysis of mountain goat population connectivity in Washington and southern British Columbia

Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss diminish population connectivity, reducing genetic diversity and increasing extinction risk over time. Improving connectivity is widely recommended to preserve the long-term viability of populations, but this requires accurate knowledge of how landscapes influence connectivity. Detectability of landscape effects on gene flow is highly dependent on landscape context, and drawing conclusions from single landscape studies may lead to ineffective management strategies. We present a novel approach to elucidate regional variation in the relative importance of landscape variable effects on gene flow. We demonstrate this approach by evaluating gene flow between isolated, genetically impoverished mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations in Washington and much larger, genetically robust populations in southern British Columbia. We used geneland to identify steep genetic gradients and then employed individual-based landscape genetics in a causal modeling framework to independently evaluate landscape variables that may be generating each of these genetic gradients. Our results support previous findings that freeways, highways, water, agriculture and urban landcover limit gene flow in this species. Additionally, we found that a previously unsupported landscape variable, distance to escape terrain, also limits gene flow in some contexts. By integrating geneland and individual-based methods we effectively identified regional limiting factors that have landscape-level implications for population viability.
Transfer Pricing Policy for Bangladesh

As Bangladesh tries to increase the level of foreign direct investment, the authorities may formulate a transfer pricing policy to reduce the scope for detrimental profit-shifting activities of transnational corporations. A simple model to illustrate the role of transfer pricing in intra-corporate cross-border trade is presented. It is argued that while Bangladesh's transfer pricing policy should be based on internationally accepted principles, it will have to be suitable to the situation of the country and congruent to the administrative capability of the national tax authorities. Key challenges and further research topics in transfer pricing issues pertaining to Bangladesh are identified and discussed.
Less Ado, More Done: Verbal and Visual Antithesis in the Media.

The inventive, argumentative and stylistic possibilities generated by figures in general and the figure antithesis in particular are explored by Jeanne Fahnestock in the field of science. These ideas on the possibilities of antithesis are developed in the analysis of some cases of this figure in the media. This paper explores how antithesis can consist of textual and visual elements, and how various sorts and degrees of opposition are constructed in the figure.
The multiple nicotinamide nucleotide-binding subunits of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I)

Direct photoaffinity labeling of purified bovine heart NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) with 32P-labeled NAD(H), NADP(H) and ADP has shown that five polypeptides become labeled, with molecular masses of 51, 42, 39, 30, and 18–20 kDa. The 51 and the 30-kDa polypeptides were labeled with either [32P]NAD(H), [32P]NADP(H) or [β-32P]ADP. The 42-kDa polypeptide was labeled with [32P]NAD(H) and to a small extent with [β-32P]ADP. It was not labeled with [32P]NADP(H). The 39-kDa polypeptide was labeled with [32P]NADPH and to a small extent with [β-32P]ADP. Our previous studies had shown that this subunit also binds NADP, but not NAD(H) [Yamaguchi, M., Belogrudov, G.I. & Hatefi, Y. (1998) J. Biol. Chem.273, 8094–8098]. The 18–20-kDa polypeptide was labeled only with [32P]NADPH. Among these polypeptides, the 51-kDa subunit is known to contain FMN and a [4Fe–4S] cluster, and is the NAD(P)H-binding subunit of the primary dehydrogenase domain of complex I. The possible roles of the other nucleotide-binding subunits of complex I have been discussed.
Survival paths for reaction dynamics in fluctuating environments

Abstract We study rate processes in general Gaussian fluctuating environments using a path integral formalism. We derive a variational equation for the dominant survival path when the fluctuations relax exponentially or according to a stretched exponential law. In the case of a slowly varying barrier, the equilibrium regression approximation which is used by Frauenfelder and coworkers emerges. In this approximation, the survival path follows the ordinary law of relaxation to equilibrium. If the rate coefficients vary rapidly with environmental variables, however, the dominant survival paths exhibit more complex behaviour. Many phenomena analogous to geometrical optics occur. These include reflection off of rapid variations in rate constant, as well as refraction, giving paths very different from the equilibrium relaxation properties. A model with a piece-wise linear rate exhibits the basic phenomena, and the survival path equation is exactly solved for the general stretched exponential relaxing environment.
Effect of Cardiac Catheterization and Angiocardiography on the Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

The effect of cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography on the SGO-T was studied in 46 patients. Abnormal enzyme elevations occurred in a significant number of subjects. Such procedures constitute an addition to the known causes of SGO-T elevation.
Ionizable drugs and pH oscillators: Buffering effects

It has been proposed that chemical pH oscillators may form a basis for periodic, pulsed drug delivery of weak acids and bases across lipophilic membranes. However, drugs have been shown to interfere with the ability of the chemical systems to oscillate, and rhythmic delivery of drugs by this means has been demonstrated only under constrained circumstances. Herein, we provide evidence that low concentrations of acidic drugs can attenuate and ultimately quench chemical pH oscillators, by a simple buffering mechanism. A model system consisting of the bromate-sulfite-marble pH oscillator in a continuous stirred tank reactor is used, along with acidic drugs of varying concentration and acid dissociation constant, pK(D). A published kinetic model for this oscillator is modified to account for the presence of acidic drug, and the results of this model are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Rethinking the area approach: Immigrants and the labor market in California

Abstract A framework that uses a Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function with skill differentiation and integrated national labor markets has predictions for the employment effect of immigrants at the local level. The employment (rather than wage) response to immigration by skill in a state reveals the production substitutability–complementarity between native and immigrant labor. This, in turn, reveals the degree to which immigrants stimulate or depress the demand for native labor. To estimate this elasticity, I use a novel instrument based on demographic characteristics of total Central American migrants or of the Mexican Population to predict immigration by skill level within California. Looking at immigration to California between 1960 and 2005 these estimates support the assumption of a nationally integrated labor market by skill and they support the hypothesis that natives and immigrants in the same education-experience group are not perfectly substitutable. This explains the counter-intuitive fact that there is a zero correlation between immigration and wage and employment outcomes of natives in the state.
Automatic Three-dimensional Underground Mine Mapping

For several years, our research group has been developing methods for automated modeling of three-dimensional (3D) environments. In September 2002, we were given the opportunity to demonstrate our mapping capability in an underground coal mine. The opportunity arose as a result of the Quecreek mine accident, in which an inaccurate map caused miners to breach an abandoned, water-filled mine, trapping them for several days. Our field test illustrates the feasibility and potential of high-resolution 3D mapping of an underground coal mine using a cart-mounted 3D laser scanner. In this paper we present our experimental setup, the automatic 3D modeling method used, and the results of the field test.
The Gender Role Motivation Model of Women’s Sexually Submissive Behavior and Satisfaction in Heterosexual Couples

Previous findings suggest that women are more likely than men to take on the submissive role during sexual activities (e.g., waiting for their partner to initiate and orchestrate sexual activities), often to the detriment of their sexual satisfaction. Extending previous research on gender role motivation, the authors recruited 181 heterosexual couples to examine scripted sexual behavior, motivation for such behavior, and relationship outcomes (sexual satisfaction, perceptions of closeness, and relationship satisfaction) for both women and their partners. Using the actor–partner interdependence model, path analyses revealed that women’s submissive behavior had negative links to personal sexual satisfaction and their partner’s sexual satisfaction but only when their submission was inconsistent with their sexual preferences. Moreover, the authors show there are negative downstream consequences of diminished sexual satisfaction on perceptions of closeness and overall relationship satisfaction for both partner...
Methane production and oxidation in Santa Barbara Basin sediments

Abstract In vitro incubations of anoxic Santa Barbara Basin sediments indicate that microbial methane production is not inhibited by seawater sulfate concentrations and that sulfate reduction may occur simultaneously. Anaerobic methane oxidation at sediment depths both within and below the sulfatereducing zone has also been observed, provided sulfate is initially present. The observed rates of methane production and oxidation agree with those obtained from modelling methane profiles.
Physician Involvement in Hostile Interrogations

Military conflicts inevitably lead to the detention and interrogation of adversaries (or perceived adversaries), and American military action in Afghanistan and Iraq has resulted in the protracted and scrutinized detention and interrogation of varied personnel. Detention and interrogation, in turn, inevitably lead to moral and legal questions, and these questions have been especially poignant during and following the aforementioned campaigns. Controversially, the Bush administration did not afford Geneva Convention protections to so-called enemy combatants; these protections would have increased the standard of care (e.g., legally, medically) afforded to detainees and would have limited the interrogation options available to military personnel. Also controversially, reports have alleged that military interrogators have practiced “stress and duress” tactics that include “sleep management” (i.e., sleep deprivation), “dietary manipulation” (i.e., food withholding), “environmental manipulation” (e.g., exposure to extreme temperatures, presence of dogs), forced maintenance of uncomfortable positions for extended periods of time, isolation (sometimes for longer than 30 days), hooding, and so forth.1 Whether these tactics are tantamount to torture is debatable. They are certainly unpleasant but, in my view, fall short of archetypical instances of torture. Although the invocation of “torture” might seem merely semantic, it has substantial rhetorical force that has been often been carelessly and uncritically employed. For this reason, I propose to label interrogations that incorporate these tactics as hostile (which they clearly are) as opposed to torturous (which they arguably are not).2 To be sure, many of the arguments of this paper are as applicable to torture as they are to hostile interrogations. However, it is important to preserve the distinction so as to reflect current allegations. Before turning to a moral evaluation of physician involvement in hostile interrogations, it might be useful to briefly consider the morality of the interrogations themselves. If the interrogations are immoral, then physician contributions to their efficacy are presumably immoral a fortiori.3 So, if someone wanted to defend the morality of physician involvement in these interro-
Accessing Surface Plasmons with Ni Microarrays for Enhanced IR Absorption by Monolayers

Surface plasmons have been accessed with mid-IR light on Ni microarrays of subwavelength apertures using zeroth-order FTIR transmission spectra. A number of transmission resonances are observed throughout the mid-IR region, which is particularly interesting because nickel’s dielectric properties are unfavorable in the visible. On the strongest resonance, these microarrays transmit about 3 times the intensity of light that is directly incident upon the holes (i.e., they exhibit Ebbesen’s extraordinary transmission effect). A study is presented of the dispersion and line shape of resonances for a mesh of well-defined geometry (6.5-Im-wide square holes, square lattice with 12.7-Im hole-to-hole spacing, and 5-Im thickness). The dispersion diagram reveals large band gaps (as a fraction of the resonance energy) that are complicated by the lifting of nominally degenerate resonances. The line shape of the most isolated resonance was fit to a damped harmonic oscillator model revealing the complex dielectric parameters including the damping constant. Lifetimes obtained from the damping constants range from 80 to 510 fs and exhibit an exponential dependence on the resonance wavelength. A great enhancement of resonant transmission relative to the fractional open area has also been observed upon stacking two or more meshes on top of each other. The metallic microarray transmission geometry converts the photon energy to surface plasmon polaritons traveling along the metal surface and therefore through coatings, membranes, or monolayers on the mesh. This dramatically changes the path length in absorption experiments from about twice the thickness of the coating (as it is in reflection absorption experiments) to the thickness of the microchannel and more, which could amount in practice to a 1000-fold enhancement in the fraction of light absorbed. These observations suggest opportunities for using these resonances in sensitive detection schemes with vibrational spectroscopies to detect molecular surface species. We show one exciting outcome that involves some unusually large absorbances by 1-dodecanethiolate monolayers on these Ni meshes.
Shape Selection for Lattice Structures

A method for shape selection for lattice structures is reported. The method uses static joint equilibrium equations to determine a minimum set of adjustments to lattice geometry needed to achieve equilibrium reference states. Symbolic relations among joint coordinates, member forces, and external loads are obtained. Symbolic relations allow designers to select one equilibrium shape among a range of available shapes. The method is suitable for structures with members that carry axial force only, have zero-moment connections (pin joints), and accept external loads at joints only. Examples for two-dimensional and three-dimensional cable structures are presented.
Pooling peripheral information: Averages versus extreme values☆

Suppose, as an idealization, that sensory intensity is coded in peripheral channels as identical Poisson pulse trains with intensity parameter a power function of signal intensity. Discrimination models based on either an average count computed over a fixed time or an average time computed for a fixed count per channel have difEculty in fitting the Weber function (AI/I versus I) if the free parameters are constrained to ranges determined from other experiments (magnitude estimation, reaction time). Here we study a different decision rule, namely, the most extreme observation in either the counting or timing mode. Our extremum-counting model, but not two timing ones, accounts very nicely for the Weber function. However, the ROC curves for these extremum models, which agree in shape with data of Green and Lute, yield estimates for the intensity parameter which are much larger than predicted by the power function growth used to calculate
Trailing-edge jet control of leading-edge vortices of a delta wing

The effect of using a trailing-edge jet to control the leading-edge vortices of a delta wing is investigated experimentally in a water towing tank facility. The Reynolds number, based on the freestream velocity and the root chord, is 9.8 X 103. Both static and dynamic (pitching-up) conditions are tested. For the dynamic cases, the wing is pitched from 10- to 45-deg angle of attack with pitch rates varied from 0.043 to 0.26. From the dye flow visualization, it is shown that a downward vectored trailing-edge jet can significantly delay the vortex breakdown on a delta wing. Strong asymmetric breakdown of the leading-edge vortices can be induced by arranging the vectored jet in an asymmetric configuration. Transient pitching motion delays the onset of the vortex breakdown. The initial delay is independent of the pitch rate. Also, the use of jet control is found to be effective for the dynamic cases. During the initial pitching-up period, the use of jet control has a dominant influence on the propagation of the vortex breakdown. In general, with jet control, the propagation of the vortex breakdown slows down. From instantaneous particle image velocimetry measurements, a quasiperiodic variation of the leading-edge vorticity field is detected before the vortex breakdown. This variation appears to relate to the strong interaction between the separating shear layer, the secondary vortex, and the primary vortex. Along the vortex axis, the velocity distribution changes from a jet-type profile to a wake-type profile, signifying the onset of vortex breakdown.
Purification and characterization of fully deuterated enzymes

Abstract Two fully deuterated enzymes, a bacterial alkaline phosphatase and a plant ribonuclease, have been isolated in a high degree of purity. Kinetic measurements and thermal studies indicate only slight differences in the tertiary structure of the fully deuterated enzymes as compared to the ordinary enzymes. However, the deuterated alkaline phosphatase shows a decreased rate of catalysis.
Prediction of Windage Losses of an Enclosed High Speed Composite Rotor in Low Air Pressure Environments

The frictional windage losses associated with non-ventilated airflows in the air gaps between the rotor and stator of a high speed rotating machine can greatly influence the rotor outer and stator inner surface temperatures. The characteristics of the radial and axial air-gap flows have been of general interest in many engineering applications. A rotating air gap flow is very complex, and in general, can be categorized as a continuum flow, slip flow, and free molecule flow, depending on the ratio of its mean free path to the air gap dimension. For a continuum flow between concentric rotating cylinders, secondary flow of rows of circumferential Taylor vortices in the air gap due to centrifugal flow instability of a curved flow at relatively high rotating speeds will typically be formed. As the air pressure in the air gap drops significantly, rarefied gas flow, departure from continuum flow, occurs when the mean free path becomes relatively large compared to the air gap dimension. This paper has developed and summarized an analytical approach to predict high speed windage losses (rotor tip velocities up to 900 m/s) at low rotor cavity air pressures (0.1 torr to 10 torr). The predicted transient windage losses at various air pressures and high rotor speeds are compared with measured windage losses generated in continuum and slip flow regimes. The agreements between the predicted and measured windage losses are relatively well.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Commensurate-incommensurate transitions in SbCl5 intercalated graphites

We report a commensurate-to-incommensurate transition in Sb${\mathrm{Cl}}_{5}$ graphites at ${T}_{I}\ensuremath{\approx}230$ K, almost independent of stage for stages 2-6. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a 600-\AA{}-spacing stripe pattern for $Tl{T}_{I}$. This is accompanied by an anomalous resistivity contribution which is strongly hysteretic and sample dependent. We interpret this behavior in terms of carrier scattering by the potential of the discommensuration lattice. Interlayer effects are apparent in stages 1 and 2.
A longitudinal analysis of the development of synchrony in mutual gaze in mother-child dyads

Abstract In order to examine longitudinal changes in the roles mothers and infants play in mutual gaze, the looking behaviors of 42 dyads were coded during free play interactions when the infants were 6, 20, and 36 months. Half had been randomly assigned to a day-care program that began in infancy. Three hypotheses developed from an earlier cross-sectional study were explored along with one additional hypothesis. Children increased both duration and frequency of looking at mothers and engaged in more independent looking, supporting the hypothesis that looking as a distal interactive behavior should increase. Mothers dramatically decreased their looking over time and were more likely to break off a mutual gaze; they appeared to be preparing the infants for a more independent interactive role. Group differences in a few looking behaviors suggest that gaze may also be related to the development of attachment. Finally, there is some support from the data on average length of a gaze that looking may vary with other competencies of the developing child. The changes in looking parallel changes in other interactive behaviors occuring during this same developmental period.
INSULIN MODULATES STAT3 SIGNAL PATHWAY. • 496

Insulin has been shown to be a prominent inhibitor of the IL-6 mediated stimulation of acute phase plasma protein (APP) genes in hepatoma cells. The molecular mechanism of this inhibitory effect has not been established. Recent analysis of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) has implicated STAT3 protein to be involved in the IL-6 induction of APPs. We therefore analyzed whether insulin interferes with the STAT3 signaling pathway utilized by the IL-6R.
Conjecture Concerning an Asymptotic Modification of the Yvon—Born—Green Equation for Fluids of Rigid Spheres and Disks

An asymptotic (long‐range) modification of the Yvon—Born—Green equation for rigid spheres and disks is made which extends the validity of the equation to pressures above the Kirkwood limit. Modification of the YBG equation with both short‐range and long‐range terms yields equations of state in good agreement with molecular dynamics experiments up to the fluid—solid phase transitions. The application of this technique to fluids with attractive potentials and to other integral equations is briefly discussed.
Automatic Postural Responses in the Cat: Responses to Headward and Tailward Translation*

EMG responses, vertical and A-P shear forces and kinematics of “automatic postural responses” to unexpected translational perturbations in the headward and tailward directions were studied in cats. Muscles acting on the major joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs were studied. Movement of the animals in response to perturbation were highly stereotyped and consisted of two phases: (1) motion of the feet during platform movement while the trunk remained relatively stationary followed by (2) active correction of posture by movement of the trunk in the direction of perturbation.
Pertussis-Associated Hospitalizations in American Indian and Alaska Native Infants

Objective To investigate the burden of pertussis in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) infants. Study design AI/AN pertussis-associated hospitalizations between 1980 and 2004 were evaluated using Indian Health Service (IHS)/tribal inpatient data, which include all reported hospitalizations within the IHS/tribal health care system. Results Between 1980 and 2004, 483 pertussis-associated hospitalizations in AI/AN infants were documented; 88% of cases involved infants age Conclusions The burden of pertussis in AI/AN infants is high, particularly so in infants age
Changing the Identity of a tRNA by Introducing a G-U Wobble Pair near the 3' Acceptor End

Although the genetic code for protein was established in the 19609s, the basis for amino acid identity of transfer RNA (tRNA) has remained unknown. To investigate the identity of a tRNA, the nucleotides at three computer-identified positions in tRNAPhe (phenylalanine tRNA) were replaced with the corresponding nucleotides from tRNAAla (alanine tRNA). The identity of the resulting tRNA, when examined as an amber suppressor in Escherichia coli, was that of tRNAAla.
Abnormal striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission during rest and task production in spasmodic dysphonia.

Spasmodic dysphonia is a primary focal dystonia characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. The pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia is thought to involve structural and functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia–thalamo-cortical circuitry; however, neurochemical correlates underpinning these abnormalities as well as their relations to spasmodic dysphonia symptoms remain unknown. We used positron emission tomography with the radioligand [11C]raclopride (RAC) to study striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission at the resting state and during production of symptomatic sentences and asymptomatic finger tapping in spasmodic dysphonia patients. We found that patients, compared to healthy controls, had bilaterally decreased RAC binding potential (BP) to striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors on average by 29.2%, which was associated with decreased RAC displacement (RAC ΔBP) in the left striatum during symptomatic speaking (group average difference 10.2%), but increased RAC ΔBP in the bilateral striatum during asymptomatic tapping (group average difference 10.1%). Patients with more severe voice symptoms and subclinically longer reaction time to initiate the tapping sequence had greater RAC ΔBP measures, while longer duration of spasmodic dysphonia was associated with a decrease in task-induced RAC ΔBP. Decreased dopaminergic transmission during symptomatic speech production may represent a disorder-specific pathophysiological trait involved in symptom generation, whereas increased dopaminergic function during unaffected task performance may be explained by a compensatory adaptation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system possibly due to decreased striatal D2/D3 receptor availability. These changes can be linked to the clinical and subclinical features of spasmodic dysphonia and may represent the neurochemical basis of basal ganglia alterations in this disorder.
An improved algorithm for estimating incident daily solar radiation from measurements of temperature, humidity, and precipitation

Abstract We present a reformulation of the Bristow–Campbell model for daily solar radiation, developed using daily observations of radiation, temperature, humidity, and precipitation, from 40 stations in contrasting climates. By expanding the original model to include a spatially and temporally variable estimate of clear-sky transmittance, and applying a small number of other minor modifications, the new model produces better results than the original over a wider range of climates. Our method does not require reparameterization on a site-by-site basis, a distinct advantage over the original approach. We do require observations of dewpoint temperature, which the original model does not, but we suggest a method that could eliminate this dependency. Mean absolute error (MAE) for predictions of clear-sky transmittance was improved by 28% compared to the original model formulation. Aerosols and snowcover probably contribute to variation in clear-sky transmittance that remains unexplained by our method. MAE and bias for prediction of daily incident radiation were about 2.4 MJ m−2 day−1 and +0.5 MJ m−2 day−1, respectively. As a percent of the average observed values of incident radiation, MAE and bias are about 15% and +4%, respectively. The lowest errors and smallest biases (percent basis) occurred during the summer. The highest prediction biases were associated with stations having a strong seasonal concentration of precipitation, with underpredictions at summer-precipitation stations, and overpredictions at winter-precipitation stations. Further study is required to characterize the behavior of this method for tropical climates.
Family Factors, Theft, Vandalism, and Major Deviance Among a Multiracial/Multiethnic Sample of Adolescent Girls

This article reports on a study of 503 African-American, Hispanic, and White non-Hispanic adolescent girls attending public schools in Miami, Florida, The primary objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of 13 self-reported delinquent behaviors in the sample, to compare these rates among the three groups of students, and to explore the predictive influences of several family factors that correlate with delinquency. It was found that 37.5% of the sample engaged in one or more acts of serious delinquency, with African-Americans reporting they had engaged in significantly more of these behaviors. The best predictors of theft/vandalism were low family pride and family substance abuse for Hispanics, low family communication for African-Americans, and low family pride for White non-Hispanics. The findings indicate that traditional family factors that have been used repeatedly to understand delinquency by male adolescents were not strong predictors of delinquency among the adolescent girls in the sample.
Perceived antigay discrimination and physical health outcomes.

Objective: Theories of minority stress posit that experiences of discrimination are stressful events with the potential to cause mental and physical illness. Although some empirical studies have demonstrated a positive linear association between perceived discrimination and a variety of health outcomes, 2 studies of African Americans have revealed that those of lower occupational status who report no discrimination have higher tonic blood pressure compared with those who report modest amounts of discrimination. The authors of the present study sought to determine if this provocative pattern of findings could be replicated using a different population and different health outcomes. Design: Gay and bisexual men (n = 361) were recruited through outreach to venues and community events and through advertising in local publications. They responded to survey questions using a self-administered paper questionnaire, the Internet, or a telephone. Main Outcome Measures: Men self-reported their frequency of nonprescription medication use, number of physician visits, and number of sick days from work during the past year. Results: Perceived discrimination interacted with participant education, yielding an association between discrimination and health outcomes that was curvilinear (U-shaped) among men with lower education and an association that was positive among men with relatively higher education. Conclusion: This unusual pattern of results in gay and bisexual men replicates the findings from previous research with African American men and suggests that failing to recognize or acknowledge discrimination can have negative health consequences for some individuals from marginalized groups.
Commentary: Can You Take Undergraduates to the Field? A Field School Example

We are in a Raramuri rancho in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua, Mexico when one of the eight undergraduate students participating in the ethnographic field school starts whooping with joy. He has just spoken a Raramuri word/concept he learned in my ethnography class to one of the Tarahumara children following us around, and the youth has responded. The anthropology major, a junior, has an intellectual epiphany as he sees how his classroom experience holds meaning here. The geology-archaeology major has admitted earlier that her only goal in attending the field school was to go down into Canyon de Chelly instead of looking at it from above. She says she is not really interested in indigenous people- she prefers rocks. She spends the next day with an older Hopi woman. During their time together the young geologist and the older basket maker share life stories and so begins a meaningful and ongoing cross cultural friendship.
Changes in yellow poplar stomatal resistance with SO2 and O3 fumigation

Abstract The effect of O3 and SO2 on leaf diffusive resistance (LDR) of yellow poplar seedlings was studied at 40% and 80% humidity. LDR was measured at 0800, 0900, 1100, 1400 and 1600 h on seedlings fumigated from 0900 h until 1400 h each day for five consecutive days. Fumigation treatments were control, 0·15 μl litre−1 O3, 0·25 μl litre−1 SO2 and 0·15 μl litre−1 O3 + 0·25 μl litre−1 SO2. No change in daily LDR response was observed for the seedlings at 40% humidity. At 80% humidity, daily LDR response of seedlings in all four treatments changed significantly over the 5 days of the experiment. The range of the LDR values and the daily response curves both changed. The higher humidity apparently caused the stomata to open so that more pollutants could enter the leaves. The pollutants then interacted with the leaf cells and modified the stomatal response.
DEMOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY: EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF COTTON RAT SURVIVAL

Modern demographic models in conservation biology incorporate demographic and environmental stochasticity. Variability in vital rates, relationships among vital rates, and relationships between vital rates and the environment can affect projections from demographic models. We used a 30-year data set to estimate monthly mass-specific survival in hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Survival probabilities were estimated for both sexes and 3 mass classes using a multistate model and program MARK. We tested for differences in monthly survival among 3 mass classes, relationships between survival and environmental variables, and autocorrelation in survival. We found lower survival in summer for the smallest and medium mass classes. Survival in the largest mass class was positively autocorrelated during February and March, indicating that winter survival in large cotton rats is characteristic of a season, but that other monthly survival rates could be treated as unrelated to each other or to environmental variables.
MORE ON p-GROUPS OF FROBENIUS TYPE

We consider finitep-groups with the property that ifx ∈G − G′ andz ∈G′ thenx is conjugate toxz inG. In certain special casesG has class 2 or 3.
Contrasting styles of hydrous metasomatism in the upper mantle: An ion microprobe investigation

Abstract Trace element compositions of amphibole (±phlogopite)-bearing spinel lherzolite xenoliths have been investigated with regard to their oxidation state and tectonic setting to evaluate the processes associated with the formation of hydrous upper mantle. The oxidation states of these xenoliths appear to be directly related to the style of metasomatism and the tectonic environment. Suites having oxygen fugacities at or above QFM (Dish Hill, California; Ichinomegata, Japan; Mont Briancon, Massif Central, France; Dreiser Weiher, Eifel, Germany) are all modally metasomatized, containing amphibole ± phlogopite. These suites are either from regions overlying Cenozoic continental arcs (Dish Hill and Ichinomegata) or from Cenozoic continental rifts superimposed on ancient arc terranes (Massif Central and Eifel). Although trace element enrichment does not appear to be directly linked to the oxidation state, three distinct cases of metasomatic activity can be defined for these oxidized, hydrous xenolith suites. Both Case 1 and Case 2 are exemplified by xenoliths from Dish Hill and Ichinomegata. Case 1 is a less intense form of metasomatism resulting in the formation of amphibole by the simple hydration of the mantle. The original depleted trace-element composition of the mantle is preserved. Amphiboles produced in Case 2 metasomatism are enriched in incompatible elements, but coexist with depleted clinopyroxene. The formation of enriched amphibole is consistent with crystallization from a volatile-bearing melt phase. The Eifel and Mont Briancon trace element compositions that appear to represent equilibrium crystallization of incompatible element-enriched amphibole and clinopyroxene from a migrating melt phase (Case 3). Chemical evidence suggests that phlogopite in xenoliths from Dreiser Weiher, Mont Briancon, and Ichinomegata has a secondary origin. Mica formation, therefore, represents a distinct metasomatic episode.
Decreased ketogenesis in von Gierke's disease (Type I glycogenosis)

On fasting, subjects with Type I glycogenosis had lower concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate than did control patients matched for age and degree of hypoglycemia. Also a ketogenic diet provoked less ketosis and the disposal of a standard intravenous load of β-hydroxybutrate was slower than in normal children. These findings indicate that, contrary to what has been widely believed, patients with Type I glycogenosis are less prone to ketois than are normal children.
Politics and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean

This article presents the first pooled time series analysis of the impact that politics and policy have on inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. The authors build on models consisting of sociological and economic variables, adding the strength of the democratic tradition, long-term legislative partisan political power distribution, and social spending to explain variation in inequality. They analyze an unbalanced pooled time series data set for income distribution in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1970 to 2000. They show that the political variables add explanatory power. A strong record of democracy and a left-leaning legislative partisan balance are associated with lower levels of inequality, as are social security and welfare spending under democratic regimes. Thus, they replicate some and modify other well-established findings from studies of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in the very different context of Latin America and the Caribbean....
Sex differences in reinforcement and punishment on prime-time television

Prime-time television programs were analyzed for frequencies of positive reinforcement and punishment exchanged among performers varying in age and sex. Results indicated that most responses were given by and directed to adult males. Moreover, while adult males exhibited and received similar frequencies of reinforcement and punishment, adult females were likely to give and to be the recipients of more reinforcement than punishment. Proportional analyses which controlled for sex differences in frequencies of responses revealed that females more often exhibited and received reinforcement, whereas males more often exhibited and received punishment. Results are interpreted from a social learning theory perspective and the implications for children's learning of positive and negative behaviors are explored.
A biologically inspired hierarchical goal directed navigation model.

Abstract We propose an extended version of our previous goal directed navigation model based on forward planning of trajectories in a network of head direction cells, persistent spiking cells, grid cells, and place cells. In our original work the animat incrementally creates a place cell map by random exploration of a novel environment. After the exploration phase, the animat decides on its next movement direction towards a goal by probing linear look-ahead trajectories in several candidate directions while stationary and picking the one activating place cells representing the goal location. In this work we present several improvements over our previous model. We improve the range of linear look-ahead probes significantly by imposing a hierarchical structure on the place cell map consistent with the experimental findings of differences in the firing field size and spacing of grid cells recorded at different positions along the dorsal to ventral axis of entorhinal cortex. The new model represents the environment at different scales by populations of simulated hippocampal place cells with different firing field sizes. Among other advantages this model allows simultaneous constant duration linear look-ahead probes at different scales while significantly extending each probe range. The extension of the linear look-ahead probe range while keeping its duration constant also limits the degrading effects of noise accumulation in the network. We show the extended model’s performance using an animat in a large open field environment.
Shell shape affects movement patterns and microhabitat distribution in the hermit crabs Calcinus elegans, C. laevimanus and C. latens

Abstract This study examined the influence of shell shape on the distribution and movement patterns of three species of Hawaiian hermit crabs: Calcinus elegans , C. laevimanus , and C. latens . Field surveys showed strong differences in shell use depending on habitat. Individuals of C . elegans and C. latens were more frequently in unusual shapes of shells (the cowrie Cypraea caputserpentis and the variable worm shell Serpulorbis variabilis ) when in tide pools and in more standard gastropod shells, such as the dog whelk Nassarius papillosus , when found in the subtidal. In addition, for both C . elegans and C. latens in tide pools, most crabs in unusual shaped shells were out on top of rocks, whereas most crabs in shells that were standard shapes were under rocks. In the laboratory, individuals of C . elegans and C. laevimanus in unusual shells initiated more shell exchanges and when given empty shells crabs readily occupied the standard shaped shells, but crabs did not move into the unusual shaped shells. Mark-recapture experiments in the field showed that C. elegans in standard shaped shells moved out of tide pools and stayed longer when placed on subtidal coral heads, whereas crabs in unusual shaped shells stayed in tide pools and did not stay on subtidal coral heads (in part due to predation). Laboratory tests showed that C. elegans in unusual shaped shells were more readily dislodged by surge than crabs in standard shaped shells. Thus, the difference in movement patterns in preferred vs. unpreferred shell shapes is an important factor influencing the microhabitat distribution of these hermit crabs.
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on attack behavior of male albino mice.

These studies showed that the time of maximum inhibitory effect of LSD-25 on the isolation-induced attack behavior of 11 weeks old Swiss-Webster male mice is 5 min after its intraperitoneal injection. A dose-response study of the inhibitory effect of this compound on 120 mice tested at the time of maximum effect showed that the median ED50 is 0.265 mg/kg (0.212–0.331 mg/kg). A second dose-response study on similar mice, tested 15 min post-injection, indicated that the median ED50 is 0.365 mg/kg (0.261–0.511 mg/kg). All studies showed that LSD-25 given intraperitoneally to mice inhibits their attack behavior.
Radiation‐induced cationic polymerization of β‐pinene

The radiation-induced polymerization of ..beta..-pinene carried out in bulk at ca.25/sup 0/ has been studied for different methods of monomer drying. It has been confirmed that the polymerization is sensitive to adventitious moisture and that substantial polymer yields (ca. 10% conversion per Mrad) can only be obtained under extremely dry conditions. Complete inhibition of the reaction by added tripropylamine corroborates the view that the polymerization is cationic. About half of the polymer formed is insoluble in the monomer. The number-average molecular weights for the soluble poly(..beta..-pinene) fraction have been measured by vapor pressure osmometry and are in the narrow range from 1700 to 2400 with little or no dependence on the degree of monomer conversion to polymer, at least up to 80%. The results are compared with literature reports on the polymerization of ..beta..-pinene by catalytic initiators.
The Sexuality of Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors

In this grounded theory study, a theoretical framework that depicts the process by which childhood sexual abuse (CSA) influences the sexuality of women and men survivors was constructed. Data were drawn from interview transcripts of 95 men and women who experienced CSA. Using constant comparison analysis, the researchers determined that the central phenomenon of the data was a process labeled Determining My Sexual Being, in which survivors moved from grappling with questions related to the nature, cause, and sexual effects of the abuse to laying claim to their own sexuality. Clinical implications are discussed.
Some archaeologic applications of accelerator radiocarbon analysis

Abstract The method of preparation of archaeologic samples for AMS radiocarbon dating, the precision of such measurements and the conversion of radiocarbon results to calendar ages are presented. The application of the technique to measurements of the ages of bones, textiles (including the Shroud of Turin), cultigens and other achaeologic artifacts is described.
Effects of physical training on coronary risk factors.

Abstract The effects of exercise training on the known coronary risk factors were studied as an isolated intervention in 39 middle-aged men who were at high risk of coronary artery disease. They were separated into two groups of 20 exercising and 19 control subjects who were carefully matched with respect to age, occupation, coronary risk factors and physical fitness. The exercising subjects participated in a 12 week, supervised training program, but no other attempt to reduce risk factors was made in either group. Exercise training led to a substantial improvement in the physical fitness as determined by increased maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, ventilation and physical work capacity. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure in the hypertensive subjects who exercised (from 148 to 135 mm Hg, P
Morphine determination by HPLC with improved chemiluminescence detection using a conventional silica based column

A new high performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence analysis system for morphine is described. This system has an on-column limit of detection of 20 pg for morphine, allowing morphine determination down to 1 ng/mL, with a 20 μL injection size, without any concentration during sample preparation. Simultaneous determination of monoacetylmorphine to 15 ng/mL (300 pg on-column) is also achieved. The internal standard for both compounds is nalorphine and total analysis time is under 5 minutes.
The Significance of Hydrosalpinx in In Vitro Fertilization

Abstract Objective: To review the effects of hydrosalpinx on IVF/ET and the role of salpingectomy. Design: The literature on hydrosalpinx, IVF/ET, embryotoxicity, and salpingectomy for hydrosalpinx was identified through MEDLINE searches and reviewed. Result(s): Hydrosalpinx has been associated with poor fertility prognosis. IVF/ET is a better alternative to tubal surgery for those patients with severe distal tubal disease, and it is also more cost effective. However, the presence of hydrosalpinx has a negative effect on IVF/ET by decreasing the pregnancy rates and implantation rates compared with patients undergoing IVF/ET for tubal disease but without hydrosalpinx. The hydrosalpingeal fluid has been demonstrated to be embryotoxic to developing embryos, thus leading to increased early pregnancy losses. Poor endometrial receptivity has also been demonstrated in the presence of hydrosalpinges. Removal of the hydrosalpinges leads to improved IVF/ET rates comparable to those patients without hydrosalpinx. Therefore, salpingectomy has been recommended for patients with hydrosalpinx who will be undergoing IVF/ET. Conclusion(s): The presence of hydrosalpinx has a negative effect on IVF/ET because of the suspected embryotoxicity of the hydrosalpingeal fluid. Surgical removal of the hydrosalpinx has been shown to improve IVF/ET rates.