cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware Trojan Detection Game: A Prospect-Theoretic Approach

Outsourcing integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing to offshore foundries has grown exponentially in recent years. Given the critical role of ICs in the control and operation of vehicular systems and other modern engineering designs, such offshore outsourcing has led to serious security threats due to the potential of insertion of hardware trojans—malicious designs that, when activated, can lead to highly detrimental consequences. In this paper, a novel game-theoretic framework is proposed to analyze the interactions between a hardware manufacturer, acting as an attacker, and an IC testing facility, acting as a defender. The problem is formulated as a noncooperative game in which the attacker must decide on the type of trojan that it inserts while taking into account the detection penalty as well as the damage caused by the trojan. Meanwhile, the resource-constrained defender must decide on the best testing strategy that allows optimizing its overall utility which accounts for both damages and the fines. The proposed game is based on the robust behavioral framework of prospect theory (PT) which allows capturing the potential uncertainty, risk, and irrational behavior in the decision making of both the attacker and defender. For both the standard rational expected utility (EUT) case and the PT case, a novel algorithm based on fictitious play is proposed and shown to converge to a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. For an illustrative case study, thorough analytical results are derived for both EUT and PT to study the properties of the reached equilibrium as well as the impact of key system parameters such as the defender-set fine. Simulation results assess the performance of the proposed framework under both EUT and PT and show that the use of PT will provide invaluable insights on the outcomes of the proposed hardware trojan game, in particular, and system security, in general.
Supergravity description of field theories on curved manifolds and a no go theorem

In the first part of this paper we find supergravity solutions corresponding to branes on worldvolumes of the form Rd×Σ where Σ is a Riemann surface. These theories arise when we wrap branes on holomorphic Riemann surfaces inside K3 or CY manifolds. In some cases the theory at low energies is a conformal field theory with two less dimensions. We find some non-singular supersymmetric compactifications of M-theory down to AdS5. We also propose a criterion for permissible singularities in supergravity solutions. In the second part of this paper, which can be read independently of the first, we show that there are no non-singular Randall-Sundrum or de-Sitter compactifications for large class of gravity theories.
Meta- and Object-language in Information Retrieval Research

The distinction between a meta- and an object-language has become increasingly familiar in information science, through the diffusion of the concept of metadata. A significant antecedent can be found in the development of formal logic. This paper proposes an analogous distinction for information retrieval research, between discourse about and transformations within systems. The aim is to obtain analytical clarity and economy in research effort.
Welfare Implications of Inventory-Driven Dynamic Pricing

We argue that dynamic pricing motivated by the management of inventory holding and ordering costs leads to increased operational efficiencies that could benefit firms without hurting consumers. To ...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, delay discounting, and risky financial behaviors: A preliminary analysis of self-report data.

Delay discounting—often referred to as hyperbolic discounting in the financial literature—is defined by a consistent preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards, and by failure of future consequences to curtail current consummatory behaviors. Previous research demonstrates (1) excessive delay discounting among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (2) common neural substrates of delay discounting and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of ADHD, and (3) associations between delay discounting and both debt burden and high interest rate borrowing. This study extends prior research by examining associations between ADHD symptoms, delay discounting, and an array of previously unevaluated financial outcomes among 544 individuals (mean age 35 years). Controlling for age, income, sex, education, and substance use, ADHD symptoms were associated with delay discounting, late credit card payments, credit card balances, use of pawn services, personal debt, and employment histories (less time spent at more jobs). Consistent with neural models of reward processing and associative learning, more of these relations were attributable to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms than inattentive symptoms. Implications for financial decision-making and directions for future research are discussed.
Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) in systems with semi-periodic voltages and currents

There are situations in electrical distribution systems where voltages and currents cannot be regarded as periodic quantities. They could be non-periodic. Nonetheless, properties of electrical systems confine this non-periodicity of voltages and currents to a particular sub-set of non-periodic quantities, referred to as semi-periodic quantities in this paper. The paper presents the concept of semi-periodic quantities and defines major functionals, such as the running active power, the running rms value, the scalar product and the running complex rms (crms) value of quasi-harmonics, needed for describing electrical systems with such voltages and currents in power terms. A recursive approach to calculation of these functionals was presented as well. The paper presents fundamentals of the Currents' Physical Components (CPC) - based power theory of systems with semi-periodic voltages and currents. An application of the semi-periodic concept to a load current decomposition in single-phase circuits with linear loads and with harmonics generating loads is presented as well. The paper presents also a concept of extrapolation of CPC into the closest future, which enables quasi-instantaneous generation of control signals for switching compensators‥
Exploring large virtual environments with an HMD on foot

Virtual Environments presented through head-mounted displays (HMDs) are often explored on foot. Exploration on foot is useful since the inertial cues of physical locomotion aid spatial awareness. However, the size of the virtual environment that can be explored on foot is limited to the dimensions of the tracking space of the HMD, unless gain is scaled [Williams et al. 2006]. This work explores methods of remedying this limitation by changing the location of a user in physical space while maintaining their spatial awareness of their virtual space, a technique we call "resetting". Resetting involves physical locomotion with optical manipulated flow in such a way that the user's sense of where they are relative to objects in their virtual environment is not changed. We assess three plausible methods of resetting.
Achievements in Answer Set Programming

This paper describes an approach to the methodology of answer set programming that can facilitate the design of encodings that are easy to understand and provably correct. Under this approach, after appending a rule or a small group of rules to the emerging program, we include a comment that states what has been “achieved” so far. This strategy allows us to set out our understanding of the design of the program by describing the roles of small parts of the program in a mathematically precise way.
Analysis of the coupled Navier–Stokes/Biot problem

Abstract We analyze a weak formulation of the coupled problem defining the interaction between a free fluid and a poroelastic structure. The problem is governed by the time-dependent incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and the Biot equations. Under a small data assumption, existence and uniqueness results are proved and a priori estimates are provided.
A Self-tuning Feedforward Controller for MIMO Discrete Time Systems

Abstract This paper describes a new multivariable self-tuning feedforward controller which minimizes a cost function incorporating the system output, control input, measurable disturbance and time varying referonce signal. The presented controller allows the best possible disturbance rejection, eliminates steady state error without an integrator and tracks time-varying reference signals. The approach of choosing the weighting matrices of the cost function is proposed. The new algorithm is more rational, simpler and gets better sevo performance than that of Koivo (1980). The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated using several simulated examples.
Treatment of Acute Renal Failure in an Infant Using Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration

Enfant ayant une insuffisance renale avec surcharge liquidienne. Un circuit extracorporel court permet l'elimination graduelle de l'eau et des solutes. La propre pression sanguine systemique du malade fournit la force conductrice du debit sanguin a travers un hemofiltre a fibres creuses
Chronic Renal Failure: Metabolic and Clinical Consequences

Aside from its irreversibility, chronic renal failure differs from acute renal failure in several respects. The chronic form is gradual in development and often progressive. Adaptive mechanisms, which maintain water and solute homeostasis until 70% to 80% of nephrons are destroyed, provide the keys to management prior to onset of uremia, when dialysis therapy is mandated.
Peritonitis in Children Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

The incidence of peritonitis in 29 children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis during a 20-month period was one episode every 12.5 patient-months. Of the 20 episodes of peritonitis, seven (35%) were treated on an ambulatory basis, and 13 required patient hospitalization. The annualized hospitalization rate for the 29 patients during 252 patient-months was 3.8 days per patient. All patients recovered from peritonitis; the only complication was the need to replace two peritoneal catheters. These data would seem to indicate that the potential threat of peritonitis should not curtail continued utilization of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children.
Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Transrectal US and Digital Rectal Examination for Screening

The authors examined 784 self-referred men over age 60 years to compare clinical usefulness of transrectal ultrasound (US) and digital rectal examination in a screening program for prostate cancer. Biopsy was performed in 77 cases, 83% (64 of 77) for abnormalities detected with transrectal US and 38% (29 of 77) because of findings at digital examination. Twenty-two cancers were detected, 20 with transrectal US and ten at digital examination. Overall detection rate for prostate cancer with transrectal US was two times higher than that with digital examination (2.6% vs 1.3%). Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for transrectal US and digital examination were calculated for a range of prevalences (0.028-0.1543). Sensitivity was two times higher for transrectal US than for digital examination. Transrectal US demonstrated 100% (17 of 17) of tumors with the most favorable prognosis (less than or equal to 1.5 cm in diameter) compared with 41% (seven of 17) for digital examination. The authors conclude that transrectal US is more sensitive than digital examination in the detection of prostate cancer, and they advocate broader implementation and evaluation of transrectal US as a tool for early detection.
Clinical Significance of Mixed Bacterial Cultures of Urine

The frequency with which isolation of more than one bacterial species from urine signifies treatable mixed infection versus contamination or colonization is not known. The authors studied 247 patients yielding mixed urine cultures. Specimens were collected by clean catch (CC) from 88 and from closed drainage systems (CDS) from 159. A second specimen was collected within 48 hours, and the results of the two cultures were compared. The percentages in which the initial mixed culture was found to represent probable, possible, and improbable treatable mixed infection were as follows: for CC specimens, 11%, 20%, and 67%, and for CDS specimens, 3%, 21%, and 77%. The authors have found that empiric antibiotic therapy and reporting of mixed cultures based on culture morphology without complete identification or antibiotic susceptibilities (except for certain colony types suggesting potentially multi-drug resistant strains) with request for resubmission represents a cost-effective solution to the mixed culture problem in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection.
The Ultrastructural Pathology of the Spermatozoon as a Cause of Infertility: The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Evaluation of Semen Quality

Revue selective de la pathologie subcellulaire des spermatozoides humains et analyse de son action limitante sur la fertilite. On insiste sur l'importance clinique de l'examen ultrastructural du sperme
Configtron: Tackling network diversity with heterogeneous configurations.

The web serving protocol stack is constantly changing and evolving to tackle technological shifts in networking infrastructure and website complexity. As a result of this evolution, the web serving stack includes a plethora of protocols and configuration parameters that enable the web serving stack to address a variety of realistic network conditions. Yet, today, most content providers have adopted a "one-size-fits-all" approach to configuring the networking stack of their user facing web servers (or at best employ moderate tuning), despite the significant diversity in end-user networks and devices. In this paper, we revisit this problem and ask a more fundamental question: Are there benefits to tuning the network stack? If so, what system design choices and algorithmic ensembles are required to enable modern content provider to dynamically and flexibly tune their protocol stacks. We demonstrate through substantial empirical evidence that this "one-size-fits-all" approach results in sub-optimal performance and argue for a novel framework that extends existing CDN architectures to provide programmatic control over the configuration options of the CDN serving stack. We designed ConfigTron a data-driven framework that leverages data from all connections to identify their network characteristics and learn the optimal configuration parameters to improve end-user performance. ConfigTron uses contextual multi-arm bandit-based learning algorithm to find optimal configurations in minimal time, enabling a content providers to systematically explore heterogeneous configurations while improving end-user page load time by as much as 19% (upto 750ms) on median.
Regulatory Effectiveness and Social Equity in Environmental Governance: Assessing Goal Conflict, Trade-Off, and Synergy

Public organizations function in an environment of goal multiplicity and constantly juggle goal trade-off and synergy. However, little empirical research explores how the potential conflict between effectiveness and equity affects government agencies’ decision making. This study examines the extent to which public agencies are committed to regulatory effectiveness and social equity in environmental policy management, and the circumstances under which administrative agencies engage in goal trade-off and synergy. Analyzing data on the Clean Air Act in New York State, this study finds that although regulatory effectiveness is salient to government’s policy implementation, equity-oriented policy is likely to give rise to trade-off in this goal domain. The state agency manages environmental programs in an equitable way, and policy intervention has inconsistent effects on the equity goal achievement. The agency does, in some instances, synergize two goals in loci reflecting the convergence of task demands, but ...
Dynastic Precautionary Savings

This paper demonstrates that parents accumulate savings to insure their children against income risk. I refer to these as dynastic precautionary savings. Using a sample of matched parent-child pairs from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I test for dynastic precautionary savings by examining the response of parental consumption to the child’s permanent income uncertainty. I exploit variation in permanent income risk across age and industry-occupation groups to confirm that higher uncertainty in the child’s permanent income depresses parental consumption. In particular, I find that the elasticity of parental consumption to child’s permanent income risk ranges between -0.08 and -0.06, and is of similar magnitude to the elasticity of parental consumption to own income risk. Motivated by the empirical evidence, I analyze the implications of dynastic precautionary saving in a quantitative model of altruistically linked overlapping generations. I use the model to (i) examine the size and timing of inter-vivos transfers and bequest, (ii) perform counterfactual experiments to isolate the contribution of dynastic precautionary savings to wealth accumulation and intergenerational transfers, and (iii) assess the effect of two policy proposals that can affect parents’ incentives to engage in dynastic precautionary savings: universal basic income and guaranteed minimum income. Lastly, I explore the implications of strategic interactions between parents and children for parents’ precautionary and dynastic precautionary behavior.
Evaluating Acquisition Time of rfMRI in the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis. How Much Is Enough

Resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI) correlates activity across brain regions to identify functional connectivity networks. The Human Connectome Project (HCP) for Early Psychosis has adopted the protocol of the HCP Lifespan Project, which collects 20 min of rfMRI data. However, because it is difficult for psychotic patients to remain in the scanner for long durations, we investigate here the reliability of collecting less than 20 min of rfMRI data. Varying durations of data were taken from the full datasets of 11 subjects. Correlation matrices derived from varying amounts of data were compared using the Bhattacharyya distance, and the reliability of functional network ranks was assessed using the Friedman test. We found that correlation matrix reliability improves steeply with longer windows of data up to 11–12 min, and ≥14 min of data produces correlation matrices within the variability of those produced by 18 min of data. The reliability of network connectivity rank increases with increasing durations of data, and qualitatively similar connectivity ranks for ≥10 min of data indicates that 10 min of data can still capture robust information about network connectivities.
Snaptron: querying splicing patterns across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples.

Motivation As more and larger genomics studies appear, there is a growing need for comprehensive and queryable cross-study summaries. These enable researchers to leverage vast datasets that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. Results Snaptron is a search engine for summarized RNA sequencing data with a query planner that leverages R-tree, B-tree and inverted indexing strategies to rapidly execute queries over 146 million exon-exon splice junctions from over 70 000 human RNA-seq samples. Queries can be tailored by constraining which junctions and samples to consider. Snaptron can score junctions according to tissue specificity or other criteria, and can score samples according to the relative frequency of different splicing patterns. We describe the software and outline biological questions that can be explored with Snaptron queries. Availability and implementation Documentation is at http://snaptron.cs.jhu.edu. Source code is at https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron and https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron-experiments with a CC BY-NC 4.0 license. Contact chris.wilks@jhu.edu or langmea@cs.jhu.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Could the debate be over ? errors in farmer-reported production and their implications for the inverse scale-productivity relationship in Uganda

Based on a two-round household panel survey conducted in Eastern Uganda, this study shows that the analysis of the inverse scale-productivity relationship is highly sensitive to how plot-level maize production, hence yield (production divided by GPS-based plot area), is measured. Although farmer-reported production-based plot-level maize yield regressions consistently lend support to the inverse scale-productivity relationship, the comparable regressions estimated with maize yields based on sub-plot crop cutting, full-plot crop cutting, and remote sensing point toward constant returns to scale, at the mean as well as throughout the distributions of objective measures of maize yield. In deriving the much-debated coefficient for GPS-based plot area, the maize yield regressions control for objective measures of soil fertility, maize genetic heterogeneity, and edge effects at the plot level; a rich set of plot, household, and plot manager attributes; as well as time-invariant household- and parcel-level unobserved heterogeneity in select specifications that exploit the panel nature of the data. The core finding is driven by persistent overestimation of farmer-reported maize production and yield vis-a-vis their crop cutting–based counterparts, particularly in the lower half of the plot area distribution. Although the results contribute to a larger, and renewed, body of literature questioning the inverse scale-productivity relationship based on omitted explanatory variables or alternative formulations of the agricultural productivity measure, the paper is among the first documenting how the inverse relationship could be a statistical artifact, driven by errors in farmer-reported survey data on crop production.
High accuracy label-free classification of single-cell kinetic states from holographic cytometry of human melanoma cells

Digital holographic cytometry (DHC) permits label-free visualization of adherent cells. Dozens of cellular features can be derived from segmentation of hologram-derived images. However, the accuracy of single cell classification by these features remains limited for most applications, and lack of standardization metrics has hindered independent experimental comparison and validation. Here we identify twenty-six DHC-derived features that provide biologically independent information across a variety of mammalian cell state transitions. When trained on these features, machine-learning algorithms achieve blind single cell classification with up to 95% accuracy. Using classification accuracy to guide platform optimization, we develop methods to standardize holograms for the purpose of kinetic single cell cytometry. Applying our approach to human melanoma cells treated with a panel of cancer therapeutics, we track dynamic changes in cellular behavior and cell state over time. We provide the methods and computational tools for optimizing DHC for kinetic single adherent cell classification.
Immediate Responses of Online Brand Search and Price Search to TV Ads

This study aims to deepen the understanding of evaluating TV ad spots by their immediate effects on important online activities. The authors merged minute-by-minute brand search and price search da...
Commissions at the Core

Sentencing commissions can – and should – be at the core of the criminal justice system. In this piece, I highlight how sentencing is central to the justice enterprise. Properly conceived, topics ranging from bail and prosecutorial discretion to presentence investigation reports and clemency are really sentencing issues. However, calling our criminal justice apparatus a “system” often means torturing the word “system” beyond recognition. An active, well-functioning sentencing commission can lead and help stitch together these often disparate pieces. Frankly, there is no one else. No other widely distributed, existing institutional actor even comes close. Having commissions at the core does not mean that commissions should be in charge of every aspect of the criminal justice process. Rather it means that commissions are uniquely positioned to see interactions and problems, and to facilitate coordinated responses. Commissions should be the hub into and out of which criminal justice information, conversations, and policies flow. In the right environment, commissions can exert a gravitational pull on the other aspects of the apparatus in an effort to bring us closer to becoming a true system. I then discuss some of the key attributes – including independence, transparency, and integrity – that can help commissions achieve and maintain their proper place at the core. This essay is a revised and expanded version of the 2016 Richard P. Kern Memorial Keynote Address given at the Annual Conference of the National Association of Sentencing Commissions.
Opinion formation in Ising networks

Abstract Why do votes in a political setting tend to eventually fall along party lines even when initial opinions are varied and members heterogeneous? And what explains occasional defections? Phenomena illustrative of an eventual confluence of opinions across party, group, or clan—and occasional fractures in the party line—are familiar in other sociological settings as well, in online social networks, gatherings, club memberships, or affiliations to religious, social, or sports groups, in which clan or party allegiances are present. We isolate the role of the party in such settings in a sanitized model of interaction inspired by Ising spin glasses in statistical physics. We show that even the slightest, party-influenced statistical bias in interactions results in a marked tendency towards partisan outcomes. In contrast, defections from the party line arise when the party only provides an umbrella organization for like-minded individuals and affects interactions at a remove.
Reassessment of the Devonian problematicum Protonympha as another post‐Ediacaran vendobiont

Protonympha is an enigmatic fossil represented by two species from the Middle Devonian (Protonympha transversa) and Late Devonian (Protonympha salicifolia) of New York. Although interpreted in the past as a polychaete worm or starfish arm, Protonympha is not found with marine fossils, but with fossil plants. This fossil plant community was a swamp woodland of Lepidosigillaria whitei, with ground cover of Haskinsia colophylla, fringing brackish to freshwater coastal lagoons of the Catskill Delta. Protonympha shares with Ediacaran Vendobionta a quilted body of unskeletonized biopolymer that is unusually resistant to burial compaction. In overall form, Protonympha is most like the Ediacaran genus Spriggina. Protonympha has branching and tapering tubular structures radiating from the bottom. These rhizine-like structures, thallus stratification and internal chambers revealed by petrographic thin sections suggest affinities with lichenized fungi. As for Cambrian Swartpuntia and Ordovician–Silurian Rutgersella, Protonympha may have been a post-Ediacaran vendobiont.
A general family of congruences for Bernoulli numbers

We prove a general family of congruences for Bernoulli numbers whose index is a polynomial function of a prime, modulo a power of that prime. Our family generalizes many known results, including th...
Intra-Market Correlations in the Bond Markets: Extending Empirical Regularities from the Equity Markets

Capital markets in general, and equity markets in particular, exhibit a well-known phenomenon: During times of distress, intra-market correlations tighten, as assets exhibit greater sensitivity to the “systematic factor.” This paper extends that analysis to corporate bonds, examining intra-market correlation of both yields and yield spreads. The intra-market correlations of bond rates, as represented by the sum of Treasury rates and CDS levels, do not show similar behavior, as the corporate component is overwhelmed by the effect of Treasury rates on the correlation. However, intra-market correlations of corporate spreads, as represented by liquid corporate CDS levels, tightened during the recent crisis. These results constitute a potential roadmap for construction of optimal bond portfolios and execution of active strategies. Whereas most components of capital markets have substantially recovered from crisis magnitudes, our analysis of pair-wise CDS correlations demonstrates partial recovery—but, as of 2015, not yet to pre-crisis levels.
Enabling Driving Cycle Loss Reduction in Variable Flux PMSMs Via Closed-Loop Magnetization State Control

Variable flux permanent magnet synchronous machines (VF-PMSMs) have recently been proposed to reduce driving cycle losses in electric vehicle traction motors via magnetization state (MS) manipulation. This paper presents a closed-loop MS control method to enable reliable loss minimization control of VF-PMSMs. The MS is estimated at every sample instant and is used as a feedback for closed-loop control. Under most circumstances, the proposed method maintains precise torque control even during the MS manipulation transient by using a deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) framework. The state-of-the-art high-speed flux trajectory generation method for MS manipulation is integrated in the new closed-loop method to allow MS manipulation up to the maximum speed within the inverter voltage limit. The effectiveness of the proposed methods, in terms of driving cycle loss reduction capability and its thermal impact, is evaluated experimentally by emulating the road load using the dynamometer load motor.
QoS Aware Power Allocation and User Selection in Massive MIMO Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks

We address the problem of power allocation and secondary user (SU) selection in the downlink from a secondary base station (SBS) equipped with a large number of antennas in an underlay cognitive radio network. A new optimization framework is proposed in order to select the maximum number of SUs and compute power allocations in order to satisfy instantaneous rate or QoS requirements of SUs. The optimization framework also aims to restrict the interference to primary users (PUs) below a predefined threshold using available imperfect CSI at the SBS. In order to obtain a feasible solution for power allocation and user selection, we propose a low-complexity algorithm called Delete-SU-with-Maximum-Power-allocation (DMP). Theoretical analysis is provided to compute the interference to PUs and the number of SUs exceeding the required rate. The analysis and simulations show that the proposed DMP algorithm outperforms the state-of-the art selection algorithm in terms of serving more users with minimum rate constraints, and it approaches the optimal solution if the number of antennas is an order of magnitude greater than the number of users.
Consumer Wisdom: A Theoretical Framework of Five Integrated Facets

We establish a parsimonious theoretical framework of consumer wisdom based on five mutually reinforcing psychological facets. Our research draws from wisdom literature and a set of 31 phenomenological interviews with informants who were identified through a multi-stage nomination process. The five facets of consumer wisdom that emerged are Intentionality, Contemplation, Emotional Mastery, Openness, and Transcendence. Together, they comprise a data-grounded, aspirational model of consumer wisdom—for researchers as well as consumers—to understand, maintain, and improve personal and collective well-being. We discuss the implications of the framework and directions for future research.
The Literature of Revolution and the Origins of Ideological Origins

This essay examines the extent to which Bailyn in Ideological Origins paid a literary scholar’s attention to word choice, imagery, variants, and even reception and a historian’s attention to the context in which such details found meaning. Ironically, the scholar which may have shaped Bailyn’s thinking most was Perry Miller whose second volume of the New England Mind he had reviewed critically.
ANM-PhaseLift: Structured line spectrum estimation from quadratic measurements

PhaseLift is a noted convex optimization technique for phase retrieval that can recover a signal exactly from amplitude measurements only, with high probability. Conventional PhaseLift requires a relatively large number of samples that sometimes can be costly to acquire. This paper focuses on some practical applications where the signal of interest is composed of a few Vandermonde components, such as line spectra. A novel phase retrieval framework, namely ANM-PhaseLift, is developed that exploits the Vandermonde structure to alleviate the sampling requirements. Specifically, the atom set of amplitude-based quadratic measurements is identified, and atomic norm minimization (ANM) is introduced into PhaseLift to considerably reduce the number of measurements that are needed for accurate phase retrieval. The benefit of ANM-PhaseLift is particularly attractive in applications where the Vandermonde structure is presented, such as massive MIMO and radar imaging.
Neural Baby Talk

We introduce a novel framework for image captioning that can produce natural language explicitly grounded in entities that object detectors find in the image. Our approach reconciles classical slot filling approaches (that are generally better grounded in images) with modern neural captioning approaches (that are generally more natural sounding and accurate). Our approach first generates a sentence 'template' with slot locations explicitly tied to specific image regions. These slots are then filled in by visual concepts identified in the regions by object detectors. The entire architecture (sentence template generation and slot filling with object detectors) is end-to-end differentiable. We verify the effectiveness of our proposed model on different image captioning tasks. On standard image captioning and novel object captioning, our model reaches state-of-the-art on both COCO and Flickr30k datasets. We also demonstrate that our model has unique advantages when the train and test distributions of scene compositions - and hence language priors of associated captions - are different. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/jiasenlu/NeuralBabyTalk.
Exact results on itinerant ferromagnetism and the 15-puzzle problem

We apply a result from graph theory to prove exact results about itinerant ferromagnetism. Nagaoka's theorem is extended to all nonseparable graphs except single polygons with more than four vertices by applying the solution to the generalized 15-puzzle problem, which studies whether the hole's motion can connect all possible tile configurations. This proves that the ground state of a $U\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ Hubbard model with one hole away from the half filling on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice or a three-dimensional diamond lattice is fully spin polarized. Furthermore, the condition of connectivity for $N$-component fermions is presented, and Nagaoka's theorem is also generalized to $\text{SU}(N)$-symmetric fermion systems on nonseparable graphs.
Phenyl radical + propene: a prototypical reaction surface for aromatic-catalyzed 1,2-hydrogen-migration and subsequent resonance-stabilized radical formation

The C9H11 potential energy surface (PES) was experimentally and theoretically explored because it is a relatively simple, prototypical alkylaromatic radical system. Although the C9H11 PES has already been extensively studied both experimentally (under single-collision and thermal conditions) and theoretically, new insights were made in this work by taking a new experimental approach: flash photolysis combined with time-resolved molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and visible laser absorbance. The C9H11 PES was experimentally accessed by photolytic generation of the phenyl radical and subsequent reaction with excess propene (C6H5 + C3H6). The overall kinetics of C6H5 + C3H6 was measured using laser absorbance with high time-resolution from 300 to 700 K and was found to be in agreement with earlier measurements over a lower temperature range. Five major product channels of C6H5 + C3H6 were observed with MBMS at 600 and 700 K, four of which were expected: hydrogen (H)-abstraction (measured by the stable benzene, C6H6, product), methyl radical (CH3)-loss (styrene detected), H-loss (phenylpropene isomers detected) and radical adduct stabilization. The fifth, unexpected product observed was the benzyl radical, which was rationalized by the inclusion of a previously unreported pathway on the C9H11 PES: aromatic-catalysed 1,2-H-migration and subsequent resonance stabilized radical (RSR, benzyl radical in this case) formation. The current theoretical understanding of the C9H11 PES was supported (including the aromatic-catalyzed pathway) by quantitative comparisons between modelled and experimental MBMS results. At 700 K, the branching to styrene + CH3 was 2–4 times greater than that of any other product channel, while benzyl radical + C2H4 from the aromatic-catalyzed pathway accounted for ∼10% of the branching. Single-collision conditions were also simulated on the updated PES to explain why previous crossed molecular beam experiments did not see evidence of the aromatic-catalyzed pathway. This experimentally validated knowledge of the C9H11 PES was added to the database of the open-source Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG), which was then used to generalize the findings on the C9H11 PES to a slightly more complicated alkylaromatic system.
Cross-Language Transfer of Phonological Awareness and Letter Knowledge: Causal Evidence and Nature of Transfer.

Using a randomized control trial, this study examined the causal evidence of cross-language transfer of phonological awareness and letter knowledge (names and sounds) using data from multilingual 1...
A promise checked is a promise kept: inspection testing

Occasionally, developers need to ensure that the compiler treats their code in a specific way that is only visible by inspecting intermediate or final compilation artifacts. This is particularly common with carefully crafted compositional libraries, where certain usage patterns are expected to trigger an intricate sequence of compiler optimizations – stream fusion is a well-known example. The developer of such a library has to manually inspect build artifacts and check for the expected properties. Because this is too tedious to do often, it will likely go unnoticed if the property is broken by a change to the library code, its dependencies or the compiler. The lack of automation has led to released versions of such libraries breaking their documented promises. This indicates that there is an unrecognized need for a new testing paradigm, inspection testing, where the programmer declaratively describes non-functional properties of an compilation artifact and the compiler checks these properties. We define inspection testing abstractly, implement it in the context of the Haskell Compiler GHC and show that it increases the quality of such libraries.
Real-time Deep Neural Networks for internet-enabled arc-fault detection

Abstract We examine methods for detecting and disrupting electronic arc faults, proposing an approach leveraging Internet of Things connectivity, artificial intelligence, and adaptive learning. We develop Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) taking Fourier coefficients, Mel-Frequency Cepstrum data, and Wavelet features as input for differentiating normal from malignant current measurements. We further discuss how hardware-accelerated signal capture facilitates real-time classification, enabling our classifier to reach 99.95% accuracy for binary classification and 95.61% for multi-device classification, with trigger-to-trip latency under 220 ms . Finally, we discuss how IoT supports aggregate and user-specific risk models and suggest how future versions of this system might effectively supervise multiple circuits.
The Ties That Double Bind: Social Roles and Women's Underrepresentation in Politics

This paper theorizes three forms of bias that might limit women's representation: outright hostility, double standards, and a double bind whereby desired traits present bigger burdens for women than men. We examine these forms of bias using conjoint experiments derived from several original surveys—a population survey of American voters and two rounds of surveys of American public officials. We find no evidence of outright discrimination or of double standards. All else equal, most groups of respondents prefer female candidates, and evaluate men and women with identical profiles similarly. But on closer inspection, all is not equal. Across the board, elites and voters prefer candidates with traditional household profiles such as being married and having children, resulting in a double bind for many women. So long as social expectations about women's familial commitments cut against the demands of a full-time political career, women are likely to remain underrepresented in politics.
The complex drivers of thermal acclimation and breadth in ectotherms

Thermal acclimation capacity, the degree to which organisms can alter their optimal performance temperature and critical thermal limits with changing temperatures, reflects their ability to respond to temperature variability and thus might be important for coping with global climate change. Here, we combine simulation modelling with analysis of published data on thermal acclimation and breadth (range of temperatures over which organisms perform well) to develop a framework for predicting thermal plasticity across taxa, latitudes, body sizes, traits, habitats and methodological factors. Our synthesis includes > 2000 measures of acclimation capacities from > 500 species of ectotherms spanning fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates from freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. We find that body size, latitude, and methodological factors often interact to shape acclimation responses and that acclimation rate scales negatively with body size, contributing to a general negative association between body size and thermal breadth across species. Additionally, we reveal that acclimation capacity increases with body size, increases with latitude (to mid-latitudinal zones) and seasonality for smaller but not larger organisms, decreases with thermal safety margin (upper lethal temperature minus maximum environmental temperatures), and is regularly underestimated because of experimental artefacts. We then demonstrate that our framework can predict the contribution of acclimation plasticity to the IUCN threat status of amphibians globally, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity is already buffering some species from climate change.
A language and hardware independent approach to quantum–classical computing

Abstract Heterogeneous high-performance computing (HPC) systems offer novel architectures which accelerate specific workloads through judicious use of specialized coprocessors. A promising architectural approach for future scientific computations is provided by heterogeneous HPC systems integrating quantum processing units (QPUs). To this end, we present XACC ( e X treme-scale ACC elerator ) — a programming model and software framework that enables quantum acceleration within standard or HPC software workflows. XACC follows a coprocessor machine model that is independent of the underlying quantum computing hardware, thereby enabling quantum programs to be defined and executed on a variety of QPUs types through a unified application programming interface. Moreover, XACC defines a polymorphic low-level intermediate representation, and an extensible compiler frontend that enables language independent quantum programming, thus promoting integration and interoperability across the quantum programming landscape. In this work we define the software architecture enabling our hardware and language independent approach, and demonstrate its usefulness across a range of quantum computing models through illustrative examples involving the compilation and execution of gate and annealing-based quantum programs.
On oracle-efficient PAC RL with rich observations

We study the computational tractability of PAC reinforcement learning with rich observations. We present new provably sample-efficient algorithms for environments with deterministic hidden state dynamics and stochastic rich observations. These methods operate in an oracle model of computation -- accessing policy and value function classes exclusively through standard optimization primitives -- and therefore represent computationally efficient alternatives to prior algorithms that require enumeration. With stochastic hidden state dynamics, we prove that the only known sample-efficient algorithm, OLIVE, cannot be implemented in the oracle model. We also present several examples that illustrate fundamental challenges of tractable PAC reinforcement learning in such general settings.
Improving High-Frequency Transit Performance through Headway-Based Dispatching: Development and Implementation of a Real-Time Decision-Support System on a Multi-Branch Light Rail Line

Service reliability is a major concern for public transportation agencies. Transit services experience natural variability in operations performance, due to factors such as congestion, changes in d...
Transfer Entropy in MDPs with Temporal Logic Specifications

Emerging applications in autonomy require control techniques that take into account uncertain environments, communication and sensing constraints, while satisfying high-level mission specifications. Motivated by this need, we consider a class of Markov decision processes (MDPs), along with a transfer entropy cost function. In this context, we study high-level mission specifications as co-safe linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae. We provide a method to synthesize a policy that minimizes the weighted sum of the transfer entropy and the probability of failure to satisfy the specification. We derive a set of coupled non-linear equations that an optimal policy must satisfy. We then use a modified Arimoto-Blahut algorithm to solve the non-linear equations. Finally, we demonstrated the proposed method on a navigation and path planning scenario of a Mars rover.
Remarks on Suzuki’s knot epimorphism number

A partial order on prime knots can be defined by declaring J ≥ K, if there exists an epimorphism from the knot group of J onto the knot group of K. Suppose that J is a 2-bridge knot that is strictl...