cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Root of Feeling One Is Subjectively Understanding Another: Consciousness in the Study of Human Life and Experience IV

Witz and Goodwin suggest that every individual illustrates the "phenomenon/reality" of being "a single-consciousness-and-'I' from childhood to old age." This includes three aspects that are experienced together in an inseparable unity: (a) the fact that a sense of I is constantly in innumerable ways part of one's subjective experience, (b) feeling (presupposing, tacitly taking for granted, believing) one is the same continuous "consciousness-and-I" all the time from childhood on, and (c) feeling (presupposing, etc.) one is always the same person. This article argues that to these aspects should be added (d) the fact that the individual feels that in his or her interactions with others during the day he or she is to some extent subjectively understanding them. Language: en
The real presence

The doctrine that Christ is really present in the Eucharist appears to entail that Christ's body is not only multiply located but present in different ways at different locations. Moreover, the doctrine poses an even more difficult meta-question: what makes a theological explanation of the Eucharist a ‘real presence’ account? Aquinas's defence of transubstantiation, perhaps the paradigmatic account, invokes Aristotelian metaphysics and the machinery of Scholastic philosophy. My aim is not to produce a ‘rational reconstruction’ of his analysis but rather to suggest a metaphysically innocent alternative that will ‘save the phenomena’ of religious belief and practice.
The Use of Video in Economic Education

The trend toward the use of technology in the classroom is steadily gaining at all educational levels, and video is widely used as an instructional tool. The author reports on a unique model using video technology in an Instructor Preparation Program (IPP) at Harvard University. The method described in this article makes use of student performance to measure improvements in teaching skills, and Allison discusses the use of videotape as a tracking device from student achievement to teacher performance. The technique described should be easily adaptable to other institutions wishing to use video in economic education programs.
Eulerian and Lagrangian Correspondence of High-Frequency Radar and Surface Drifter Data: Effects of Radar Resolution and Flow Components

AbstractThis study investigated the correspondence between the near-surface drifters from a mass drifter deployment near Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, and the surface current observations from a network of three high-resolution, high-frequency radars to understand the effects of the radar temporal and spatial resolution on the resulting Eulerian current velocities and Lagrangian trajectories and their predictability. The radar-based surface currents were found to be unbiased in direction but biased in magnitude with respect to drifter velocities. The radar systematically underestimated velocities by approximately 2 cm s−1 due to the smoothing effects of spatial and temporal averaging. The radar accuracy, quantified by the domain-averaged rms difference between instantaneous radar and drifter velocities, was found to be about 3.8 cm s−1. A Lagrangian comparison between the real and simulated drifters resulted in the separation distances of roughly 1 km over the course of 10 h, or an equivalent separati...
Reduced defocus degradation in a system for high-speed three-dimensional digital microscopy

Most low-light-level 3D bio-imaging systems use sensors with high spatial resolution but relatively low temporal resolution. The authors aim to measure events in skeletal muscle cells that include (1) changes in cross-sectional area during contraction and (2) regions of contracting cells illuminated by Ca2+-activated photoproteins compared with those that are dark or partly lit. This paper outlines some limits of the system's ability to detect these events.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PRECIPITATION, PATHOGENS, AND TURBIDITY TRENDS IN THE LITTLE RIVER, TENNESSEE

The Little River is on the state of Tennessee's Year 2004 list of impaired waters, and has existing total maximum daily loads for sediment and E. coli bacteria. In this study, we investigate how precipitation, discharge, sediment, and pathogens are related in the Little River. Our goals are to: (1) determine the degree of correlation between precipitation, turbidity, stream discharge, and pathogen (total coliform and E. coli) concentrations; (2) identify and describe seasonal patterns that may exist for both pathogens and turbidity: and (3) develop a simple statistical model that predicts pathogen concentration from rainfall, stream discharge, and turbidity measurements. Spearman's correlation results show that discharge is most highly correlated to seven-day antecedent precipitation, and that turbidity and pathogen concentration are most highly correlated with the previous day's precipitation. In addition, total coliform concentrations are significantly (p = 0.01) higher in summer than in other seasons, ...
One-dimensional Ising chain with competing interactions: Exact results and connection with other statistical models

We study the ground state properties of a one-dimensional Ising chain with a nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactionJ1, and akth neighboranti-ferromagnetic interactionJk. WhenJk/J1=−1/k, there exists a highly degenerate ground state with a residual entropy per spin. For the finite chain with free boundary conditions, we calculate the degeneracy of this state exactly, and find that it is proportional to the (N+k−1)th term in a generalized Fibonacci sequence defined by,FN(k)=FN−1(k)+FN−k(k). In addition, we show that this one-dimensional model is closely related to the following problems: (a) a fully frustrated two-dimensional Ising system with a periodic arrangement of nearest-neighbor ferro- and antiferromagnetic bonds, (b) close-packing of dimers on a ladder, a 2×∞ strip of the square lattice, and (c) “directed” self-avoiding walks on finite lattice strips.
An O(n) bound for the diameter of transshipment polytopes

The diameter of any transshipment polytope associated to the complete directed graph on n nodes is shown to be less than 2(n - 1). This bound is twice the bound given by the Hirsch conjecture and improves the best known bound which is O(n^3).
Tritiation of endotoxin

Abstract Tritiated endotoxin was synthesized by three different methods: (1) sodium boro[3H]hydride reduction of native endotoxin; (2) sodium boro[3H]hydride reduction of endotoxin that had been oxidized previously with sodium metaperiodate; and (3) exposure of dry endotoxin to 3H2 gas. Sodium borohydride reduces aldehyde groups and sodium metaperiodate oxidizes vicinal glycol groups to aldehydes. Chromatographic analysis of the three tritiated endotoxins, using agarose, revealed that the biological activity associated with each labeled product appeared at the void volume, and in each case the biological activity coincided with a peak in radioactivity. The labeled product of the first method had a specific radioactivity of 0.18 mCi/g and a biological activity equal to that of native endotoxin. The labeled products of the second and third methods had specific activities of 2.1 mCi/g and 60.0 mCi/g, respectively, while their biological activities were one hundred-fold less than native endotoxin, as determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. These three labeled endotoxins are potentially useful for both in vitro and in vivo experiments requiring radioactively labeled endotoxin.
Theoretical prediction of low-energy crystal structures and hydrogen storage energetics in Li 2 N H

We illustrate a systematic search method for determining hydrogen atomic arrangements in the hydrogen storage material, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}$. Our method relies on total-energy density-functional calculations, and yields a minimum-energy crystal structure for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}$ as well as several low-energy metastable structures. Linear-response calculated Born effective charges show strong ionic interactions between the Li and N-H dimers, while the bonding between the N and H has covalent character. Including vibrational contributions, our orthorhombic $Pnma$ structure yields a hydrogen storage ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}∕\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ reaction enthalpy of $63.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at $T=0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and $74.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at $T=300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, in good agreement with experimental reports of $\ensuremath{\sim}66\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ for this reaction.
A study of some periapical roentgenolucencies and their significance

Abstract Is there any evidence of bacteria in periapical areas prior to the completion of root canal therapy? This question was investigated by making cultures of samples obtained from the apical areas. A modified Hedman technique was used. The canals were cleaned both mechanically and chemically prior to insertion of the cannula and stylet into the apex. Although nineteen of the postreaming cultures were positive, only one of these gave a positive culture for the periapical area. The change in technical methods is assumed to have nearly eliminated the pushing of contaminants through to the apex. The sixty of the sixty-three cases which were periapically negative substantiated this contention. One case was positive throughout and might be considered a contaminant. In the second case, the prereaming and periapical cultures were positive, whereas the postreaming culture was negative. The third case was negative both pre- and postreaming and positive periapically. These results lead one to the conclusion that most of the periapical areas are sterile and that the few cases that contain bacteria are of little statistical significance.
The role of science in ocean governance

Abstract Sustainable governance of the ocean demands a more integral and timely role for science. Although, science has played a limited role in global ocean governance regimes, science has made essential contributions to governance on regional scales, particularly when there is strong scientific consensus, clear identification of problems and solutions, and convergence with cultural ideas. Science is especially challenged to contribute to: understanding intergenerational and interspatial effects, addressing inherent uncertainty about the behavior of marine ecosystems, and integrated ecological–economic models and assessments needed for adaptive management. Pressing issues requiring stronger inclusion of science in ocean governance include the global nitrogen cycle and coastal eutrophication, irreversible habitat degradation, sustainable exploitation of living resources, and the effects of climate change on ocean and coastal environments.
Endothelin Receptor Dimers Evaluated by FRET, Ligand Binding, and Calcium Mobilization

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) mediates physiological responses via endothelin A (ET(A)) and B (ET(B)) receptors, which may form homo- and heterodimers with unknown function. Here, we investigated ET-receptor dimerization using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between receptors tagged with CFP (donor) and receptors tagged with tetracysteine-FlAsH (fluorescein arsenical hairpin) (acceptor) expressed in HEK293 cells. FRET efficiencies were 15%, 22%, and 27% for ET(A)/ET(A), ET(B)/ET(B), and ET(A)/ET(B), respectively, and dimerization was further supported by coimmunoprecipitation. For all dimer pairs, the natural but nonselective ligand ET-1 rapidly ( 50%, but did not detectably reduce coimmunoprecipitation. ET-1 stimulated a transient increase in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) lasting 1-2 min for both homodimer pairs, and these ET-1 actions on FRET and [Ca(2+)](i) elevation were blocked by the appropriate subtype-selective antagonist. In contrast, ET(A)/ET(B) heterodimers mediated a sustained [Ca(2+)](i) increase lasting >10 min, and required a combination of ET(A) and ET(B) antagonists to block the observed FRET and [Ca(2+)](i) responses. The sensitive CFP/FlAsH FRET assay used here provides new insights into endothelin-receptor dimer function, and represents a unique approach to characterize G-protein-coupled receptor oligomers, including their pharmacology.
A comparison of the colony-founding potential of queens from single- and multiple-queen colonies of the fire antSolenopsis invicta

Abstract Newly mated queens from the polygyne (multiple-queen) form of S. invicta show a weight polymorphism that correlates with their genotype at the protein locus Gp-9. Although this variation in weight might be expected to translate into variation in the ability of queens to initiate new colonies using stored energy reserves, a systematic examination of the colony-founding ability of newly mated polygyne-derived queens of different weights has never been reported. Here I compare the ability of monogyne-derived queens (Gp-9BB M), heavy polygyne-derived queens (Gp-9BB P), and light polygyne-derived queens (Gp-9Bb P) to initiate their own colonies using only stored energy reserves. Most measurements of the ants' abilities yielded the following scale of competency:Gp-9BB M>Gp-9BB P>Gp-9Bb P. Surprisingly, most mated polygyne-derived queens of even the lighter genotype were capable of rearing considerable numbers of workers in isolation. This ability may be enhanced substantially in the field if such queens cooperate in initiating new nests (pleometrosis). These results are concordant with the growing body of work that implicates a simply inherited genetic polymorphism for the control of a complex social trait in this ant, and they indicate that the modes of reproduction in polygyne fire ants may show considerable diversity.Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism

Three of the more important international developments of the last half century are the “long peace” between the superpowers, the Soviet Union's renunciation of its empire and leading role as a superpower, and the post-cold war transformation of the international system. Realist theories at the international level address the first and third of these developments, and realist theories at the unit level have made an ex post facto attempt to account for the second. The conceptual and empirical weaknesses of these explanations raise serious problems for existing realist theories. Realists contend that the anarchy of the international system shapes interstate behavior. Postwar international relations indicates that international structure is not determining. Fear of anarchy and its consequences encouraged key international actors to modify their behavior with the avowed goal of changing that structure. The pluralist security community that has developed among the democratic industrial powers is in part the result of this process. This community and the end of the cold war provide evidence that states can escape from the security dilemma.
Wave Direction Measurement by a Single Wave Follower Buoy

This paper describes a system for measuring the direction of ocean wave propagation, as well as wave height and period. The system employs a conventional wave follower buoy, modified so as to provide compass, pitch and roll signals in addition to the vertical component of buoy acceleration. The modifications are indicated in the paper, and the buoy was tested in two sea state conditions in Narragansett Bay. The pitch, roll, compass, and heave acceleration signals were all processed on the computer in the laboratory to provide a variety of results. One test condition was ideal in that the wind and wave conditions were changing steadily throughout the data recording process. The second test was exactly opposite, with small waves and a consistent wind direction. The results presented in the paper include the wave height power spectral density, a polar tilt histogram for the buoy motion, and a family of polar plots of the average tilt angle in each 5\deg sector of azimuth of the buoy pitch/roll.
Morphological patterns of a growing biological tube in a confined environment with contacting boundary

Growing soft tissue with a confined boundary is accompanied by a large strain and stress which lead to instability and the formation of surface wrinkling, folding or creasing. This paper presents the morphological evolution of the growth of a biological tube composed of a neo-Hookean hyperelastic material within a confined environment. Critical growth ratios for the triggering of creases or detachment from the contacting boundary have been investigated both analytically and numerically. Results show that compressive residual stresses induced by confined growth of the tubular tissue can lead to a variety of surface folding patterns which strongly depend on the thickness of the tube. In a thick tube creases begin to form at the inner surface of the tube and in a thin tube the structure detaches from the confining wall. Between these two extremes there is a transitional area wherein the tube starts to crease at first and then detaches from the confining wall. Further modeling reveals that a gap between the tube and the confinement can tune the shape evolution of the growing biological tube. These findings may provide some fundamental understanding to growth modeling of complicated biological phenomena such as cortical folding of the brain and the growth of solid tumors.
A fortran 77 program for automatic stratigraphic correlation

Abstract A program that performs automatic stratigraphic correlation is described. The algorithm used is a modification of the Smith and Waterman (1980) technique. It allows for gaps in the strata and the simultaneous matching of one strata to a number of others. The method obtains the best match of two sequences by the minimization of a mathematical distance or difference between them.
Feasibility of sequential high‐dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell support for pediatric central nervous system malignancies

Background. The outlook for many brain tumors remains poor. Increased dose intensity has been correlated with response rate and survival in many solid tumors. Patients and Methods. Ten children with recurrent or newly diagnosed brain tumors were treated with four sequential courses of high-dose single agent chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support. PBSC harvesting was undertaken prior to chemotherapy and following the first course of chemotherapy (3.6 g/m 2 etoposide). Each course of chemotherapy consisted of a single drug followed 48 hours later by PBSC reinfusion. Three patients were treated on Regimen A: etoposide, carboplatinum 1.95 g/m 2 , cyclophosphamide 5 g/m 2 , and thiotepa 300 mg/m 2 ; three patients were treated on Regimen A' with carmustine 600 mg/m 2 replacing cyclophosphamide; four patients received Regimen B: etoposide, carboplatinum 1.95g/m 2 , cyclophosphamide 7 g/m 2 , and thiotepa 900 mg/m 2 . Results. No course of chemotherapy was complicated by >14 days of neutropenia. Platelet recovery was more prolonged, particularly in patients who had previously received craniospinal irradiation. Non-hematologic toxicity was severe with three toxic deaths including two patients who developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome and respiratory failure. Two of three patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumors had a partial response; no responses were observed in patients with high-grade gliomas. Conclusions. Administration of multiple courses of high-dose chemotherapy with PBSC support is feasible in this patient population and successfully mitigates hematologic toxicity. Non-hematologic toxicity becomes prohibitive as chemotherapy doses are escalated.
Instantons and Sphalerons in a Magnetic Field

Abstract I study the properties of the Euclidean Dirac equation for a light fermion in the presence of both a constant abelian magnetic field and an SU(2) instanton. In particular, I analyze the zero modes analytically in various limits, in order to compare with recent lattice QCD results, and study the implications for the electric dipole moment of the instanton induced by the magnetic field. I also present a holographic computation of the sphaleron rate of a strongly coupled plasma in a the presence of a constant magnetic flux and discuss its physical implications on heavy ion collisions.
Abstract B69: SUMO‐binding proteins as effectors and regulators of SUMO modification

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC SUMOs (Small Ubiquitin-related Modifiers) are reversibly conjugated to other proteins in the cell, thereby regulating a wide range of essential functions. Many of the functions regulated by SUMOylation are intimately tied to processes directly relevant to cancer, including maintenance of genome integrity and cell cycle regulation. Studies in the past several years have in fact linked SUMOylation to a variety of human cancers, including leukemia, prostrate, breast, and colon cancers. Thus, developing a fundamental understanding of the signals and factors that regulate SUMOylation, as well as how SUMOylation affects protein function, has the potential to lead to important new insights into cancer development, diagnosis, and treatment. We hypothesize that the three SUMO paralogs expressed in vertebrate cells (SUMO-1, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3), as well as their polymeric forms, represent unique signals recognized by unique proteins. Moreover, we propose that SUMOylation often promotes interactions between modified proteins and downstream factors containing SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). To test this hypothesis, we have initiated high throughput studies to identify novel SUMO-1, SUMO-2 and SUMO-2 polymeric chain binding proteins. Using microarray analysis, we identified ∼400 mostly nuclear proteins, many with preferential affinity for specific SUMO paralogs. Among these 400 putative SUMO-binding proteins was a family of zinc finger proteins that we have determined to possess a novel SIM. This family of proteins contains a stretch of unique tandem zinc fingers called MYM (myeloproliferative and mental retardation) domains. Although the exact functions of MYM-type zinc finger domains are not known, proteins containing these domains are linked to myeloproliferative syndromes, X-linked mental retardation, and transcriptional regulation. We have found that the MYM-type zinc finger domains are both necessary and sufficient for SUMO-binding. MYM-type zinc finger domains represent only the second known class of SUMO-binding motifs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2184.
An Analysis of the Professional Performance of Physician's Assistants.

The job performance of a national sample of 939 physician's assistants has been assessed by means of a self-rating scale as well as by a rating scale completed by supervising physicians. Three-quarters of the participating supervising physicians are greatly satisfied with the work of their physician's assistants and a similar proportion indicate that they would definitely hire the same assistant if they "had it to do over again." The influences of background and work environment characteristics upon performance were assessed by means of multiple regression. Graduating from a military-sponsored physician's assistant program appears to have a beneficial effect upon performance. Performance during training exerts only a weak effect upon job performance. Amount of education and medical experience prior to beginning physician's assistant training do not affect job performance.
New modalities in breast imaging: digital mammography, positron emission tomography, and sestamibi scintimammography

With an incidence of more than 180,000 cases per year, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States. The wi-despread implementation of screening mammography has resulted in earlier detection of breast cancer, reducing both the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Several large-scale controlled trials have shown that screening mammography is efficacious and can reduce breast cancer mortality by 18% to 30% [1,2]. Conventional screening mammography consists of screen-film images. Screen-film mammography (SFM) fails to detect 10% to 20% of palpable breast cancers, particularly in the dense breast where there is insufficient contrast difference between normal and cancerous tissues [3,4]. Furthermore, the positive predictive value of SFM for cancer is less than 50% (range of 5% to 40%) [5,6], so more than half of the biopsies performed result in benign diagnoses. Even if a biopsy is not performed, excessive recall imaging decreases the cost-effectiveness of screening mammography and increases patient anxiety. This article is devoted to three new modalities in breast cancer screening. It focuses on digital mammography (DM), which has received much attention and interest within both the radiology community and the general public. This chapter also examines the roles of positron emission tomography (PET) and sestamibi scintimammography in breast cancer screening and breast imaging. Digital mammography
Repeated use of albuterol inhaler as a potential cause of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Patient: Female, 78 Final Diagnosis: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Symptoms: Chest discomfort, chest pain, dyspnea, short of breath Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Cardiology Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment
The Impact of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use and Abuse in the Emergency Department

Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use is a significant societal problem. Individuals who use these substances are frequently seen in emergency departments at rates disproportionately greater than their population prevalence. This article highlights the impact of these drugs on patients and on emergency departments, including common presenting problems of individuals on these substances. Also discussed is how to help and to refer individuals with substance abuse problems through brief motivational interventions.
Dynamic proxy objects in haptic simulations

Haptic simulations aim to provide users with realistic renditions of increasingly complex virtual environments. These may involve multiple users, multiple hands, and complex virtual tools. For example, in surgical training, simulators must recreate a tool in each hand of the user, interacting with each other as well as with the surrounding tissue. To further such developments, we introduce and demonstrate the concept of dynamic proxy objects. Proxies represent the physical master devices in the virtual world. Associating dynamics with these proxies allows greater control over the proxy motion and behavior, in particular in the context of collisions with fixed objects and between multiple proxies. We utilize first order velocity-based dynamics, so that the proxies remain massless. Geometric constraints are implemented in terms of velocity limits, as are dynamic interactions such as collisions. Complex tools, kinematic relationships, and even closed kinematic chains are incorporated, through Jacobian matrices. This approach is demonstrated in a simple experiment simulating interactions between two straight, slender virtual manipulators on a two-handed haptic console.
A CAPACITATED REPLENISHMENT-LIQUIDATION MODEL UNDER CONTRACTUAL AND SPOT MARKETS WITH STOCHASTIC DEMAND

Various large-scale suppliers frequently use web-based spot markets, along with discount stores and foreign distributors, for inventory liquidation. Recognizing the potential benefits of such practices, we consider a multi-period, integrated replenishment, and liquidation problem for a capacitated supplier facing stochastic demand from a spot market along with its primary market (with higher priority contractual customers). In each period, the supplier must decide: (i) how much to produce, and (ii) if there are excess units left after sales to the primary market, how many of these to liquidate. We show that the optimal policy is characterized by two quantities: the critical produce-up-to level and the critical retain-up-to level. We establish bounds for these two quantities. We identify two practical benchmark policies and establish thresholds on the unit revenue earned from the spot market such that one of the two benchmark policies is optimal. We provide closed form expressions to determine these thresholds for the infinite horizon problem under specific conditions on the available production capacity. In general, it is difficult, if not impossible, to theoretically determine these thresholds in closed form for the finite horizon problem. Hence, we report results of a computational study to gain insights regarding the behavior of the optimal policy with respect to the spot market revenue. Our computational results also quantify the benefits of the optimal policy relative to the benchmark policies and examine the effects of demand correlation.
Are frequent-guest programs effective?

Abstract Even though they're expensive to maintain and promote, and relatively few guests actually use them, this study suggests that frequent-guest programs are destined to linger on unless all lodging chains were to drop such programs at the same time
Two Economic Applications of the Calculus of Variations Not Involving Time as the Basic Variable

Following David Ricardo and Paul Samuelson we assume that expansion of land put under cultivation proceeds along the radii of concentric circles with uniform fertility on the circumference. The nature boundary of expansion is given by the tranversality conditions. Samuelson formulates the model but takes Ricardo to task for not knowing enough mathematics. In fact Samuelson uses a nonexistent theorem to argue his case. The second application is the first to discuss optimal income tax by choosing the optimal form of the tax rate with income as the basic variable.
Histone Marks Direct Chromosome Segregation

Germline stem cells divide asymmetrically, producing a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating progenitor. Xie et al. now show that this depends on two asymmetric events that together partition a genome copy, carrying the old histones to the stem cell daughter and a copy with new, unmarked histones to the differentiating daughter.
A simple project for teaching instruction set architecture

This paper presents a teaching method for a possible computer architect by using a simple project for an undergraduate-level computer architecture course. The goal of the project is to let students (two or three students per team) understand the concept of computer hardware and how to design a simple RISC-type 16/32-bit instruction set architecture (ISA). The project has worked well for students since they responded favorably to the project and indicated that they learned the concepts of computer hardware and how to design computer architecture as a professional engineer.
String Matching in Hardware Using the FM-Index

String matching is a ubiquitous problem that arises in a wide range of applications in computing, e.g., packet routing, intrusion detection, web querying, and genome analysis. Due to its importance, dozens of algorithms and several data structures have been developed over the years. A recent breakthrough in this field is the FM-index, a data structure that synergistically combines the Burrows-Wheeler transform and the suffix array. In software, the FM-index allows searching (exact and approximate) in times comparable to the fastest known indices for large texts (suffix trees and suffix arrays), but has the additional advantage of being more space-efficient than those approaches. In this paper, we describe the first FPGA-based hardware implementation of the FM-index for exact pattern matching. We report experimental results on the problem of mapping short DNA sequences to a reference genome. We show that the throughput of the FM-index is significantly higher than the naive (brute force) approach. Like the Bowtie software tool, the FM-index can abandon early the hardware matching. It outperforms Bowtie by two orders of magnitude.
Hilbert problems for the geosciences in the 21st century

Abstract. The scientific problems posed by the Earth's fluid envelope, and its atmosphere, oceans, and the land surface that interacts with them are central to major socio-economic and political concerns as we move into the 21st century. It is natural, therefore, that a certain impatience should prevail in attempting to solve these problems. The point of this review paper is that one should proceed with all diligence, but not excessive haste: "festina lente," as the Romans said two thousand years ago, i.e. "hurry in a measured way." The paper traces the necessary progress through the solutions to the ten problems: 1. What is the coarse-grained structure of low-frequency atmospheric variability, and what is the connection between its episodic and oscillatory description? 2. What can we predict beyond one week, for how long, and by what methods? 3. What are the respective roles of intrinsic ocean variability, coupled ocean-atmosphere modes, and atmospheric forcing in seasonal-to-interannual variability? 4. What are the implications of the answer to the previous problem for climate prediction on this time scale? 5. How does the oceans' thermohaline circulation change on interdecadal and longer time scales, and what is the role of the atmosphere and sea ice in such changes? 6. What is the role of chemical cycles and biological changes in affecting climate on slow time scales, and how are they affected, in turn, by climate variations? 7. Does the answer to the question above give us some trigger points for climate control? 8. What can we learn about these problems from the atmospheres and oceans of other planets and their satellites? 9. Given the answer to the questions so far, what is the role of humans in modifying the climate? 10. Can we achieve enlightened climate control of our planet by the end of the century? A unified framework is proposed to deal with these problems in succession, from the shortest to the longest timescale, i.e. from weeks to centuries and millennia. The framework is that of dynamical systems theory, with an emphasis on successive bifurcations and the ergodic theory of nonlinear systems. The main ideas and methods are outlined and the concept of a modelling hierarchy is introduced. The methodology is applied across the modelling hierarchy to Problem 5, which concerns the thermohaline circulation and its variability. Key words. Climate dynamics, nonlinear systems, numerical bifurcations, mathematical geophysics
Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two-Sample Study

This research presents a comprehensive model of relationships between transformational and transactional leadership, procedural and distributive justice, trust, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model with two independent samples that were comprised of 192 and 155 matched leaders and subordinates. Several rival models were also tested. Finally, “stacked” modeling techniques showed that the parameter estimates developed from the two samples were invariant except for one additional relationship, which was significant in the second sample only. The results supported the indirect effect of transformational leadership on OCBs through procedural justice and trust. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with a bakery, New York, 1994: the 1968 "West Branch, Michigan' outbreak repeated.

Abstract In a community hepatitis A outbreak in the Rochester, New York area, 64 of 79 (81%) people with anti-hepatitis A IgM-antibodies and onset of symptoms from 9 April-31 May 1994, recalled eating food obtained from a retail buyer's club. Eleven (65%) of 17 households with cases contained club members compared with 7 (21%) of 34 neighbourhood-matched control-households (matched odds ratio 8.5; 95% CI 1.7-41.6). Club employees who ate sugar-glazed baked goods were at fourfold increased risk for hepatitis. The source of infection was an IgM-positive baker who contaminated baked goods while applying sugar glaze. Computer-generated purchase lists implicated 11-12 March and 21-24 March as the most likely dates when contamination occurred. This investigation demonstrates the importance of food workers adhering to established hygiene practices. Computer-generated commercial datasets can be useful in epidemiologic investigations.
Sarcoid polyneuropathy: A histologically proved case

A 58-year-old patient had subacute polyneuropathy. Electrophysiological studies showed inexcitability of the distal portion of the peroneal and posterior tibial nerves and minimal reduction in amplitude of the muscle potential with minimal slowing in motor nerve conduction velocity. The sural nerve biopsy showed multiple sarcoid granulomas in the epineurial and perineurial spaces, periangiitis and panangiitis, and axonal degeneration. Remarkable clinical improvement followed corticosteroid treatment.
A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites

The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in stimuli-responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) with potential applications in biomedical devices, aerospace, textiles, civil engineering, bionics engineering, energy, electronic engineering, and household products. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) have further enhanced and broadened the applications of shape memory polymers. In addition to reinforcement, SMPCs can enable or enhance athermal stimuli-active effects, novel shape memory effect, and new functions. Many athermal stimuli-responsive effects have been achieved such as electroactive effect, magnetic-active effect, water-active effect, and photoactive effect. The typical examples of novel shape memory effects are multiple-shape memory effect, spatially controlled shape memory effect, and two-way shape memory effect. In addition, new functions of SMPCs have been observed and systemically studied such as stimuli-memory effect and self-healing. This feature article presents an up-to-date review on these versatile SMPCs. The various methods to fabricate these SMPCs and the performances of the SMPCs are discussed. The potential directions for future advancement in this field are also discussed.
An interactive three-dimensional virtual body structures system for anatomical training over the internet.

The Visible Human digital datasets make it possible to develop computer-based anatomical training systems that use virtual anatomical models (virtual body structures—VBS). Medical schools are combining these virtual training systems and classical anatomy teaching methods that use labeled images and cadaver dissection. In this paper we present a customizable web-based three-dimensional anatomy training system, W3D-VBS. W3D-VBS uses National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Visible Human Male datasets to interactively locate, explore, select, extract, highlight, label, and visualize, realistic 2D (using axial, coronal, and sagittal views) and 3D virtual structures. A real-time self-guided virtual tour of the entire body is designed to provide detailed anatomical information about structures, substructures, and proximal structures. The system thus facilitates learning of visuospatial relationships at a level of detail that may not be possible by any other means. The use of volumetric structures allows for repeated real-time virtual dissections, from any angle, at the convenience of the user. Volumetric (3D) virtual dissections are performed by adding, removing, highlighting, and labeling individual structures (and/or entire anatomical systems). The resultant virtual explorations (consisting of anatomical 2D/3D illustrations and animations), with user selected highlighting colors and label positions, can be saved and used for generating lesson plans and evaluation systems. Tracking users' progress using the evaluation system helps customize the curriculum, making W3D-VBS a powerful learning tool. Our plan is to incorporate other Visible Human segmented datasets, especially datasets with higher resolutions, that make it possible to include finer anatomical structures such as nerves and small vessels. Clin. Anat. 267–274, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of caffeine use on driving safety among truck drivers who are habitual caffeine users

The purpose of this study was to describe caffeine use among a group of habitual caffeine users, truck drivers, and to explore the associations between caffeine use and critical safety events by age in the naturalistic work setting. A secondary analysis of existing data from the Naturalistic Truck Driving Study was conducted. Analyses focused on the association between sleep and caffeine consumption by duty status, comparisons of sleep and caffeine use by age, and the associations between caffeine use and safety-critical events (SCEs). Findings indicated differences in caffeine use by duty status. However, no difference in sleep time by duty status, or between sleep time and caffeine use was found regardless of when the caffeine was consumed during the 5 hours prior to sleep. Sleep time did not vary significantly by age, although increasing age was associated with decreased caffeine use. Overall, a 6% reduction in the rate of SCEs per eight ounces of caffeinated beverage consumed was found. This study makes a unique scientific contribution because it uses real-time observations of truckers in the naturalistic work setting. It also does not involve caffeine withdrawal but rather an investigation of the effects of the naturalistic consumption of caffeine on sleep and driving performance. Findings suggest that caffeine use among habitual users offers a protective effect for safety-critical driving events. Occupational health nurses may use this information to counsel workers in the use of caffeine to enhance driving safety.
On non-Hurwitz groups and non-congruence subgroups of the modular group

In this note homomorphisms of (2, 3, n ) = 〈x, y: x 2 = y 3 = (xy) n = 1) into PSL 3 (q) are considered. Of particular interest is (2, 3, 7) whose finite factors are referred to as Hurwitz groups. It is known (see [3]) that for certain q, PSL 2 (q) is a Hurwitz group, so that one might suppose that PSL 3 (q) is a natural place to search for new Hurwitz groups. This intuition turns out to be ill-founded, for as we shall see all Hurwitz subgroups of PSL 3 (q) have already been discovered in [3].
Integration testing based on software couplings

Integration testing is an important part of the testing process, but few integration testing techniques have been systematically studied or defined. This paper presents an integration testing technique based on couplings between software components. The coupling-based testing technique is described, and 12 coverage criteria are defined. The coupling-based technique is also compared with the category-partition method on a case study, which found that the coupling-based technique detected more faults with fewer test cases than category-partition. This modest result indicates that the coupling-based testing approach can benefit practitioners who are performing integration testing on software. While it is our intention to develop algorithms to fully automate this technique, it is relatively easy to apply by hand.
State Foreclosure Laws and Mortgage Origination in the Subprime Market

Foreclosure procedures in some states are considerably swifter and less costly for lenders than in others. In light of the foreclosure crisis, an empirical understanding of the effect of foreclosure procedures on the mortgage market is critical. This study finds that lender-favorable foreclosure procedures are associated with more lending activity in the subprime market. The study uses hand-coded state foreclosure law variables to construct a numerical index measuring the favorability of state foreclosure laws to lenders. Mortgage origination data from state-border areas shows that lender-friendly foreclosure is associated with an increase in subprime originations, but has less effect on the prime market.
Context change explains resurgence after the extinction of operant behavior.

Extinguished operant behavior can return or “resurge” when a response that has replaced it is also extinguished.Typically studied in nonhuman animals, the resurgence effect may provide insight into relapse that is seen when reinforcement is discontinued following human contingency management (CM) and functional communication training (FCT) treatments, which both involve reinforcing alternative behaviors to reduce behavioral excess.Although the variables that affect resurgence have been studied for some time, the mechanisms through which they promote relapse are still debated.We discuss three explanations of resurgence (response prevention, an extension of behavioral momentum theory, and an account emphasizing context change) as well as studies that evaluate them. Several new findings from our laboratory concerning the effects of different temporal distributions of the reinforcer during response elimination and the effects of manipulating qualitative features of the reinforcer pose a particular challenge to the momentum–based model.Overall, the results are consistent with a contextual account of resurgence, which emphasizes that reinforcers presented during response elimination have a discriminative role controlling behavioral inhibition.Changing the “reinforcer context” at the start of testing produces relapse if the organism has not learned to suppress its responding under conditions similar to the ones that prevail during testing.
Experience with 724 epidurograms for epidural catheter placement in pediatric anesthesia.

Introduction: Epidural analgesia via continuous catheters, placed either via the caudal approach or directly at the desired level, is a commonly used technique in children. It is particularly important that these catheters are placed correctly because most are placed under general anesthesia and require deep sedation or repeat general anesthesia for replacement if malfunctioning. Ideally, correct placement should be confirmed at the time of insertion. Methods: We combined the experience of 2 academic teaching hospitals that both perform routine epidurography for the placement of epidural catheters in children. The data from 2 quality assurance regional anesthesia databases were screened for unrecognized misplacements of epidural catheters. Results: Of a total of 724 epidurograms, 45.8% were caudal catheters, 9.6% were lumbar catheters, and 32.3% were thoracic catheters. Epidurograms detected 12 (1.6%) unexpected misplacements: 4 were intrathecal, 3 were intravenous, and 3 were intraperitoneal. Conclusions: Our experiments suggest that confirmation of epidural catheter placement via epidurogram is highly efficacious. Epidurography is the only currently available technique that accomplishes all of the following: (a) confirms correct placement, (b) rules out incorrect anatomic space, and (c) predicts analgesic coverage.