cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of 2.7 mm string-of-pearl plate versus screw/wire/Polymethylmethacrylate composite fixation and 2.7 mm veterinary acetabular plate for repair of simulated canine acetabular fractures

Acetabular fractures comprise 12–30% of canine pelvic fractures and require accurate anatomic reduction and rigid stability to ensure proper healing and minimize future osteoarthritis. Many techniques have been used to repair these fractures, with common techniques including veterinary acetabular plates or use of screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate constructs. String-of-Pearl™ plating systems have also been used clinically but there is a lack of research supporting their use for these fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare fracture reduction accuracy, biomechanical characteristics, and mode of failure between String-of-Pearls™, veterinary acetabular plates, screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate constructs in a simulated, ex-vivo acetabular fracture model. We hypothesized that the String-of-Pearls™ constructs would have equivalent or greater mechanical properties and reduction compared to the other constructs. The mean craniocaudal acetabular diameter before fixation (mean 25.2 mm; range 20 mm – 30.1 mm) was not significantly different from after fixation (mean 23.9 mm; range 20 mm – 28.3 mm) for any fixation method. Comparison of reduction scores between groups revealed no significant differences. No significant differences were noted for cyclical displacement or stiffness. There was significant difference with superior failure load of String-of-Pearls™ compared to screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate in the 75th percentile of animal weight (P = 0.0021), and superior failure load of String-of-Pearls™ compared to veterinary acetabular plates in the 50th (P = 0.0232) and 75th percentiles (P = 0.0058). Stiffness of the String-of-Pearls™ construct was significantly greater than the veterinary acetabular plate construct (P = 0.0417). For ultimate load, String-of-Pearls™ constructs were significantly greater than screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate (P = 0.0331) and veterinary acetabular plates (P = 0.0218). Although the ease of application for the String-of-Pearls™ implant was subjectively better than other implants, no significant differences were found in fracture reduction scores. The String-of-Pearls™ constructs were stiffer than veterinary acetabular plates and exhibited greater failure and ultimate loads compared to veterinary acetabular plates and screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate fixations. The String-of-Pearls™ implant appears to be a suitable fixation choice for simple canine acetabular fractures.
Adaptive notch filter for pathological tremor suppression using permanent magnet linear motor

Abstract Tremor is a progressive neurological disease involving involuntary rhythmic muscle movements and oscillations of the human body parts by alternating contractions of muscles. Tremor is a common symptom that can severely limit the independence of affected individuals and their ability to perform activities of daily living. In this paper, a permanent magnet linear motor (PMLM) and a notch filter with an adaptive frequency estimator are employed to suppress pathological tremor. The effects of undesired intrinsic forces exhibited by the use of PMLM were minimized by development and parameter identification of a dynamic force model. The experimental evaluation of a real-time adaptive tremor identification and suppression controller was performed in a human joints emulator using recorded signals from participants with Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. We employed wavelet transform to analyze the tremor signals and the performance of the controller in the time-frequency domain. Experimental results showed an average tremor suppression of 30.51 dB (97.0%) and 13.89 dB (79.8%) in the first and second tremor frequency components, respectively. The average resistance induced by the orthotic mechanism against the voluntary motion was 0.36 N, and a 7.74 dB reduction with an active force compensator was observed. Compared to a servo-pneumatic actuator, a PMLM offers higher energy efficiency at a comparable suppression performance.
China's Gilded Age : The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption

Why has China grown so fast for so long despite vast corruption? In China's Gilded Age, Yuen Yuen Ang maintains that all corruption is harmful, but not all types of corruption hurt growth. Ang unbundles corruption into four varieties: petty theft, grand theft, speed money, and access money. While the first three types impede growth, access money - elite exchanges of power and profit - cuts both ways: it stimulates investment and growth but produces serious risks for the economy and political system. Since market opening, corruption in China has evolved toward access money. Using a range of data sources, the author explains the evolution of Chinese corruption, how it differs from the West and other developing countries, and how Xi's anti-corruption campaign could affect growth and governance. In this formidable yet accessible book, Ang challenges one-dimensional measures of corruption. By unbundling the problem and adopting a comparative-historical lens, she reveals that the rise of capitalism was not accompanied by the eradication of corruption, but rather by its evolution from thuggery and theft to access money. In doing so, she changes the way we think about corruption and capitalism, not only in China but around the world.
Nonasymptotic Laplace approximation under model misspecification

We present non-asymptotic two-sided bounds to the log-marginal likelihood in Bayesian inference. The classical Laplace approximation is recovered as the leading term. Our derivation permits model misspecification and allows the parameter dimension to grow with the sample size. We do not make any assumptions about the asymptotic shape of the posterior, and instead require certain regularity conditions on the likelihood ratio and that the posterior to be sufficiently concentrated.
A Comparison of the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) and Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD).

Abstract Background There is currently no gold standard instrument for assessing pain in severely cognitively impaired adults who are unable to provide self-report. Aims To determine interrater reliability of the PACSLAC and PAINAD in assessing pain behaviors in patients with the same pain stimulus, determine the consistency of the reliable changes between and within the instruments and assess nurse preference for either instrument. Design A single-group, within-subjects repeated-measures design was implemented. Setting The study took place in a small suburban hospital. Participants/Subjects Pain levels were observed at 24, 48, and 72 hours postsurgery using two instruments: Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) and Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD). These instruments were selected because they are among the most commonly recommended tools for clinical use. Interrater reliability was analyzed along with reliable changes in pain for each period, and the study concluded with the nurse raters completing a preference survey. Methods A convenience sample of 30 patients was used with a diagnosis of severe dementia rendering the patient unable to reliably express pain, 60+ years of age, recovering from hip fracture surgery. Results Greater interrater reliability was found for the PACSLAC, with reliable change potentially affected by the type and level of pain medication. The nurses’ preference for the tool was split. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the PACSLAC may be the more reliable tool over the PAINAD; however, rater training and familiarity with the tool is critical.
The assessment of nutritional status on very low birth weight infants by Mounla formula

Objective To investigate the value of new method for the assessment of nutritional status in very low birth weight infants(VLBWI). Methods 36 cases of VLBWI were selected from May in 2002 to June in 2007. Investigated the information including the birth weight, the lowest weight, and the age recovering to birth weight,then assessed the nutritional status with Mounla' s formula. Results 21 VLBWIs were malnutrition by using Mounla' s formula, the total incidence was 58.33%. Among 21 malnutrition babies there were 12 mild (57. 14%) ,7 moderate(33.33%) ,and 2 severe malnutrition(9.52%) ,respectively. 11 of 24(45.83%)small for gestational age(SGA) and 10 of 12 (83.33%) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) were malnutrition. The difference between the two groups was significant. Conclusion Mounla' s formula could be a useful method to assess the nutritional status in VLBWI. Key words: Nutritional status assessment; Very low birth weight; Mounla's formula
Mapping out the Relative Influence of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds in Crystal Structures of a Family of Amide-Substituted Pyridines

The simultaneous use of hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds in crystal engineering strategies has previously been employed in order to generate new solid forms with applications in e.g. pharmaceutical...
Review of David James Savarese (Producer) & Robert Rooy (Director, Producer), Deej (2017)

‘Deej’ is a documentary film which throws popular assumptions about non-speaking autistics’ capacities into sharp relief-- exposing viewers to their biases and preconceptions-- challenging audiences to reframe what they think they know about people which society has labeled 'unincludeable'.
Riding the subscription box wave: Understanding the landscape, challenges, and critical success factors of the subscription box industry

Abstract The subscription box e-commerce industry has experienced tremendous growth over the last 5 years. Given the growing size of the industry, this business model warrants the close attention of firms currently offering subscription services as well as companies considering entering this industry. This article presents a detailed overview of the subscription box industry and proposes a framework—the four Cs—for understanding subscription offerings. It identifies challenges and opportunities facing this industry, and it provides managers with guidance in the form of five tenets on how to navigate the subscription box economy.
COVID-19 does not impact HLA antibody profile in a series of waitlisted renal transplant candidates.

HLA antibodies are typically produced after exposure to transplanted tissue, pregnancy, and blood products. Sensitization delays access to transplantation and preclude utilization of donor organs. Infections and vaccinations have also been reported to result in HLA antibody formation. It is not known if patients develop HLA antibodies after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Here we analyzed a series of eighteen patients waiting for kidney transplantation who had symptomatic COVID-19 disease and recovered. None of the patients in this initial series developed de novo HLA antibodies. Notably, there was no increase in preexisting HLA antibodies in four highly sensitized patients with a CPRA > 80%. These preliminary data suggest that there may not be a need to repeat HLA antibody testing or perform a physical crossmatch on admission serum before kidney transplant for COVID-19 recovered patients. Data from a large number of patients with different demographics needed.
ASCA Observations of the Supernova Remnant VRO 42.05.01

We present the results of our ASCA SIS and GIS observations of the supernova remnant VRO 42.05.01. Our spectral fits indicate that the SNR is isothermal (~8.3 × 106 K), consistent with our ROSAT analysis results. The absorbing column density (~2.9 × 1021 cm-2) obtained from these spectral fits is much smaller than expected for the nominal distance of 5 kpc, which indicates that the line of sight toward VRO 42.05.01 has an unusually low gas density. The spectral resolution of ASCA allows us to determine elemental abundances for the hot X-ray-emitting plasma in the bright "wing" component of this remnant. We find that Mg, Si, and Fe are underabundant and attribute these low abundances to the Galactic metallicity gradient and to the location of the remnant in the outer Milky Way.
Online learning during COVID-19 produced equivalent or better student course performance as compared with pre-pandemic: empirical evidence from a school-wide comparative study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic forced dental schools to close their campuses and move didactic instruction online. The abrupt transition to online learning, however, has raised several issues that have not been resolved. While several studies have investigated dental students' attitude towards online learning during the pandemic, mixed results have been reported. Additionally, little research has been conducted to identify and understand factors, especially pedagogical factors, that impacted students' acceptance of online learning during campus closure. Furthermore, how online learning during the pandemic impacted students' learning performance has not been empirically investigated. In March 2020, the dental school studied here moved didactic instruction online in response to government issued stay-at-home orders. This first-of-its-kind comparative study examined students' perceived effectiveness of online courses during summer quarter 2020, explored pedagogical factors impacting their acceptance of online courses, and empirically evaluated the impact of online learning on students' course performance, during the pandemic. METHOD: The study employed a quasi-experimental design. Participants were 482 pre-doctoral students in a U.S dental school. Students' perceived effectiveness of online courses during the pandemic was assessed with a survey. Students' course grades for online courses during summer quarter 2020 were compared with that of a control group who received face-to-face instruction for the same courses before the pandemic in summer quarter 2019. RESULTS: Survey results revealed that most online courses were well accepted by the students, and 80 % of them wanted to continue with some online instruction post pandemic. Regression analyses revealed that students' perceived engagement with faculty and classmates predicted their perceived effectiveness of the online course. More notably, Chi Square tests demonstrated that in 16 out of the 17 courses compared, the online cohort during summer quarter 2020 was equally or more likely to get an A course grade than the analogous face-to-face cohort during summer quarter 2019. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first empirical study in dental education to demonstrate that online courses during the pandemic could achieve equivalent or better student course performance than the same pre-pandemic in-person courses. The findings fill in gaps in literature and may inform online learning design moving forward.
Frege and Prior on Intensional Contexts

One way of coming to appreciate Prior’s work on intensionality and truth is to compare it with work by other philosophers in the same or related areas. In the next five chapters we compare certain aspects of Prior’s work with some of the things said by Gottlob Frege, George Bealer, J.A. Fodor, Donald Davidson, and W.V.Quine.
Rh blood group system

This chapter focuses on the Rh blood group system. It consists of 48 antigens, which are polymorphic in nature. Some of them are of low prevalence and others of high prevalence. The history of Rh blood group system is also discussed. Antibodies produced—made in 1940 by Landsteiner and Wiener—in rabbits in response to injected rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus) red blood cells (RBCs), were thought to be of the same specificity as the human antibody investigated in 1939 and the antigen detected by them was named Rh. A homologous gene (RHAG), located on chromosome 6 at 6p11–p21.1, encodes the Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG; Rh50) and is essential for the expression of Rh antigens. RHAG has 10 exons distributed over 32 kbp of DNA. The assembly of the Rh proteins (RhD, RhCE) and the Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) as a core complex in the RBC membrane is essential for the Rh antigen expression.
Squamous cell carcinoma developing within lichen planus of the penis. Treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery.

background. Lichen planus is a common disease, with a low malignant potential. There are several case reports in the literature of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developing in cutaneous lichen planuse. However, SCC developing in penile lichen planus is extremely rare. objective. To report a case of SCC developing within penile lichen planus, to discuss treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery, and to review the literature. method. The diagnosis of lichen planus and SCC were made by biopsy of the lesion. results. We present the first case in the English literature of SCC developing within lichen planus of the penis. The lesion was treated with Mohs surgery and the patient's penis is functional and free of tumor 2 years postoperatively. conclusion. Squamous cell carcinoma may develop within lichen planus. Treatment-resistant longstanding cases of lichen planus should be biopsied. Mohs micrographic surgery is a precise treatment for penile SCC, it avoids penectomy, and preserves normal function.
Metastatic Prostate Cancer

The treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is based upon the principle that prostate cancer growth is stimulated by androgens. Androgen ablation therapy is an effective treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. The timing of initiation of androgen ablation and the role of combined androgen blockade have been investigated. The utilization of intermittent androgen suppression offers the potential for improved quality of life. Intermittent therapy for metastatic disease is being compared with continuous therapy in an ongoing cooperative group trial. Recent studies have defined the evolving role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in hormone-refractory disease.
Catalytic oxidation of chlorophenol over V2O5/TiO2 catalysts

Abstract Catalytic and in situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies were conducted to investigate the adsorption and oxidation of o- and p-chlorophenol over a 3.6 wt.% V2O5/TiO2 catalyst. At a space velocity of approximately 53,000 cm3 g−1 h−1, this catalyst was found to be active for the oxidation of o- and p-chlorophenol at temperatures as low as 200 °C, yielding CO2 and HCl as the main products. Trace amounts of higher molecular weight products were also detected at the reactor outlet indicating the operation of additional condensation, coupling and chlorination/dechlorination side reactions in parallel to the main complete oxidation scheme. The in situ FTIR studies revealed that different phenols adsorb on the V2O5/TiO2 catalyst through their hydroxyl group. Furthermore, the formation of similar surface species (i.e., maleates, acetates, formates and an aldehyde-type species) was observed. The results were compared with those of previous studies on the oxidation of m-dichlorobenzene (m-DCB) and benzene and suggest that a similar reaction mechanism is operating in all cases, although the relative kinetic significance of the different steps varies with the presence and the position of the hydroxyl and chlorine groups on the aromatic ring.
What is the role of the transit peptide in thylakoid integration of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein?

Whereas it is widely accepted that the transit peptide of the precursor for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (preLHCP) is responsible for targeting this polypeptide to chloroplasts, the signals which govern its intraorganellar targeting appears to be transit peptide-mediated for plastocyanin (Smeekins, S., Bauerle, C., Hageman, J., Keegstra, K., and Weisbeek, P. (1986) Cell 46, 365-375) and several other nuclear-encoded, thylakoid luminal proteins. To determine whether a similar mechanism operates for LHCP (an integral thylakoid protein), we have used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to delete the proposed transit sequence from a petunia precursor of this polypeptide. Intact preLHCP and the deletion mutant product have been expressed in vitro, and their abilities to integrate into purified thylakoids have been compared. We have found that both polypeptides insert into thylakoids correctly, provided the latter are supplemented with a membrane-free stromal extract and Mg.ATP. Our results clearly demonstrate that whereas the transit peptide is required for transport into chloroplasts, thylakoid integration of preLHCP is determined by mature portions of the polypeptide. In addition, we note that transit peptide removal has little effect on the apparent solubility of the in vitro translation products.
Vortex-Wake Pollution: A Problem in Fluid Mechanics

The vortex-wake of an airplane contains a system of one or more pairs of trailing vortices. The vortex-wake interacts with the surrounding atmosphere and decays due to instabilities such as the Crow instability. The downwash associated with the wake constitutes a hazard to other airplanes since it may cause an appreciable loss of lift and/or induce a rolling-moment. This can be dangereous if the second airplane is near the ground such as during take-offs and landings. In this paper we begin by drawing parallels between this problem of air-space pollution near airports due to vortex-wakes and other environmental pollution problems. Attention is focussed on how fluid mechanical processes influence different elements of this problem and on fluid mechanical means with potential of alleviating the wake hazard.
Material Choices: Refashioning Bast and Leaf Fibers in Asia and the Pacific

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 188 Publisher: University of Washington Press ISBN: 978-0-9748729-8-8 (soft cover). Prices: $30.00 USD(soft cover).
Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection.

Episodes of acute infection are thought to deplete body stores of vitamin A. The mechanism by which this might occur is not known, but increased metabolic requirements are presumed to play a role. We have found, however, that significant amounts of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were excreted in the urine during serious infections, whereas only trace amounts were found in the urine of healthy control subjects. The geometric mean excretion rate in 29 subjects with pneumonia and sepsis was 0.78 mumol retinol/d. Subjects with fever (temperature > or = 38.3 degrees C) excreted significantly more retinol (geometric mean = 1.67 mumol/d) than did those without fever (0.18 mumol/d; t = 3.53, P 1.75 mumol retinol/d, equivalent to 50% of the US recommended dietary allowance. These data show that vitamin A requirements are substantially increased during serious infections because of excretion of retinol in the urine, and suggest that these losses are due to pathologic changes associated with the febrile response.
Low-Temperature Solvothermal Route to GaN Nanoparticles

We report a straightforward, non-aqueous solvothermal method for the production of nanoscale gallium nitride structures. Nanoparticles with spherical and rod-like morphologies are produced via in situ gallium azide precursor synthesis and decomposition in superheated toluene or THF. The solution reaction between gallium chloride and sodium azide produces an insoluble azide precursor that is then solvothermally decomposed to GaN at temperatures below 260 °C. The resulting products are poorly crystalline but thermally stable and crystallize to hexagonal GaN upon annealing at 750 °C. Product morphologies include spherical particles ( ca. 50 nm) and nanorods. Upon annealing, the nanoparticles coalesce into larger organized crystalline structures with hexagonal facets.
Effect of daily prolonged ketamine anesthesia on intraocular pressure in monkeys.

Purpose: To determine if repeated intramuscular ketamine in monkeys on consecutive days affects intraocular pressure (IOP) and if the ketamine-induced IOP change has any relationship to systemic dehydration and/or changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the animals. Methods: Nine monkeys were studied per four protocols. IOP was determined hourly for 6 hr by Goldmann tonometry under ketamine anesthesia on 3 (protocol 1) or 5 (protocols 2 and 3) consecutive days, or on alternating days 1, 3, and 5 (protocol 4). Monkeys in protocols 3 and 4, but not in protocols 1 and 2, received subcutaneous Ringer's fluids at the end of each 6-hr session on days 1–4 or days 1, 3, and 5; monkeys in protocols 2 and 3 received intravenous fluid infusion throughout the experiment on day 5. In protocols 2–4, MAP was measured hourly following each IOP measurement. Results: Monkeys receiving ketamine but no Ringer's fluids in protocol 1 or 2 showed significant IOP declines on days 2–3 or 2–4. The IOP declines were greater in m...
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist infused into the locus coeruleus attenuates immobilization stress-induced defensive withdrawal in rats.

It has been proposed that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) released during stress in the region of the locus coeruleus (LC) induces changes in behavior that are typical indices of anxiety. The experiments tested the ability of a CRF antagonist, αhCRF9–41, to attenuate stress-induced defensive withdrawal in rats. 1 μg of αhCRF in 300 nl was infused bilaterally in the LC of rats 10 min prior to 30 min immobilization. The apparatus consisted of a small chamber set on one side of a 1 m open field, into which the rat was placed to start the test. Restraint induced defensive withdrawal in rats familiar with the apparatus and significantly increased latency time to emerge from the chamber, total time and mean time spent in the chamber. Infusion of αhCRF into the LC prior to restraint significantly decreased total and mean time spent in the chamber comparing to stressed animals. These results are consistent with anatomical, electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence that CRF receptors located in, or close to, the LC region influence behaviors induced by stress.
Serological characterization of five strains of insecticide-resistant and susceptible house flies.

Five strains of insecticide-resistant and susceptible house flies, Musca domestica L., were characterized serologically by means of the agar-gel, double-diffusion technique. Antisera against the antigens of these strains of flies were produced in white rabbits. Differences between resistant and susceptible strains were found. An additional component (an extra precipitation band) was found to be present in the DDT-resistant strain and was not found in a DDT-susceptible (Stauffer) strain. Serological absorption techniques indicated the presence of at least one additional component in the DDT-resistant strain. An enzyme, DDT-dehydrochlorinase, is known to be largely responsible for DDT resistance in house flies, and it is thought that this enzyme might be represented by the extra precipitation band. Two dieldrin-and-lindane-resistant strains and 2 dieldrin-lindane-susceptible strains (Stauffer and Wilson) were also characterized serologically. An additional component was found to be present in the Wilson and probably in the Stauffer (both susceptible) strains that was not found present in either of the resistant strains. Spur formation in identity reactions confirmed these differences. The mechanism (s) for dieldrin-lindane resistance have at the present time not been accurately determined, and the serological differences found between dieldrin-lindane resistant and susceptible strains are of interest, in view of the fact that protein (s) not in common may possibly be associated with insecticide resistance.
Technique of thoracoscopic basilar segmentectomy.

STRATEGY FOR THORACOSCOPIC BASILAR SEGMENTECTOMY Although individual basilar segments may be resected, most basilar resections include all 4 segments (ie, segments 7-10). Computed tomography is used preoperatively to determine lesion size, segment location, the presence of adenopathy, and the presence of metabolically active nodal disease (via positron emission tomography), as well as to ascertain that the lesion is not too close to the superior segment to exclude the option of basilar segmentectomy. Anesthesia is administered in the usual fashion, with single-lung ventilation achieved by double-lumen endotracheal tube or bronchial blocker placement. After bronchoscopy and mediastinosopy (when indicated), single-lung anesthesia is established. The patient is positioned in the lateral decubitus position with slight flexion of the table at the level of the hip. This slight flexion provides splaying of the ribs, improving thoracoscopic access and exposure. The chest is then marked for the placement of thoracoscopic incisions, prepped, and draped.
Amorphous aluminum alloys—synthesis and stability

Recent innovations in metallic glasses have led to new alloy classes that may be vitrified and a re-examination of the key alloying factors influencing glass formation and stability. The new alloy classes are usually at least ternary systems and often higher order that can be grouped into two general categories. In one case, large, bulk volumes may be slowly cooled to the glassy state, which signifies a nucleation controlled synthesis. The other important class is represented by aluminum- and iron-based glasses that can be synthesized by rapid solidification processes such as melt spinning. These glasses are often called marginal glass formers that are synthesized under growth-controlled kinetic conditions. Glasses in both alloy classes can also be synthesized by intense deformation of crystalline multilayer arrays. These developments represent a major level of microstructure control that has an impact on the structural performance and stability.
Recent Seasonal Rainfall and Temperature Relationships in Peninsular Florida

Abstract Rainfall and temperature records for the last half century are analyzed for peninsular Florida. A recent increase in winter precipitation, weakening toward the south, appears to be related to the temperature decline of the last several decades. Autumn decrease in precipitation in the last two decades is apparently due to suppression of tropical cyclonic activity. The reverse of both of these trends was evident prior to the 1940s. These climatic patterns have resulted in seasonal redistribution of precipitation throughout the Florida peninsula and extended drought conditions for the southern half of the peninsula.
Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations:

Innovation is increasingly based upon a “Triple Helix” of university-industry-government interactions. The increased importance of knowledge and the role of the university in incubation of technology-based firms has given it a more prominent place in the institutional firmament. The entrepreneurial university takes a proactive stance in putting knowledge to use and in broadening the input into the creation of academic knowledge. Thus it operates according to an interactive rather than a linear model of innovation. As firms raise their technological level, they move closer to an academic model, engaging in higher levels of training and in sharing of knowledge. Government acts as a public entrepreneur and venture capitalist in addition to its traditional regulatory role in setting the rules of the game. Moving beyond product development, innovation then becomes an endogenous process of “taking the role of the other”, encouraging hybridization among the institutional spheres.
Crowdsourced, voluntary collective action in disasters

This paper explores how information and communication technologies (ICTs) are used for the public across the world to take their crowdsourced, voluntary collective action to effectively address natural disasters and man-made crises in the network age. The ICTs enable individuals to mobilize volunteers across the globe, report crisis situations from the ground, translate reported messages, carry out crisis mapping, and self-organize the coordination of relief resources. Although the ICTs-enabled, voluntary collection action can make a considerable contribution to emergency and crisis management, scholars and practitioners need to consider challenges and risks, including inaccuracy, bias, privacy and security issues, technological limitations, and burnout of online volunteers.
Fluoxetine treatment alters leukocyte trafficking in the intrathecal compartment of the young primate

To evaluate possible long-term effects of exposure to monoaminergic drugs, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from adolescent monkeys that had been treated with desipramine and fluoxetine in infancy. This evaluation focused on the number and type of leukocytes in CSF as a reflection of cell trafficking in the intrathecal compartment. Monkeys administered fluoxetine 2 years prior to the sample collection evinced significantly higher numbers of leukocytes in CSF than did either control or desipramine-treated subjects. The elevated cell count was accounted for primarily by increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. The finding of higher cell numbers in CSF was replicated in a second sample from the fluoxetine-treated monkey obtained 1.5 years later. Because the cell profile in blood was unaffected by the prior drug treatments, these observations indicate a need for further study of serotonergic influences on regulation of the intrathecal compartment in the developing individual.
Floral trait associations in hawkmoth-specialized and mixed pollination systems: Datura wrightii and Agave spp. in the Sonoran Desert.

Variation in floral traits including odor, color, and morphology, demonstrate the selective pressures imposed by specific pollinator taxa, such as insects and birds. In southern Arizona, Manduca (Sphingidae) hawkmoths are associated with Datura wrightii (Solanaceae) at both the larval (herbivore) and adult (nectar feeding) stages. However during most of the summer Manduca feeds on “bat-adapted” Agave spp. (Agaveacea) flowers, and only use Datura when it is at peak bloom. Manduca’s nectar-host use appears to be mediated through innate odor preferences and olfactory learning; they prefer Datura’s “hawkmoth-adapted” traits, which facilitate the maintenance of their coevolutionary relationship, yet they are flexible enough to explore and learn to utilize novel resources, such as agave. This behavioral flexibility is likely responsible for the frequent observation of generalized, or mixed, pollination systems. Given that Manduca visit agave species in southern Arizona, we hypothesize that the differences in fl...
Pro→Ala-35 Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2 shows dynamic not structural differences : a 1H and 15N NMR study

Comparative analysis of nuclear Overhauser effects show that the time average conformation of the wild-type and mutant Pro----Ala-35 Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2 are indistinguishable. The ring resonances of Phe-51 and Tyr-53 show that their ring flip rates increase in P35A. NH proton exchange studies show that the exchange rates of the NH of Gly-34 and the NpiH of His-17 increase by approximately 10(2) in P35A suggesting that their respective hydrogen bonds are destabilized in this protein. However, 3JchiNH 1H and 15N chemical shift data argue that these bonds are intact. These data are compatible if the replacement of a Pro with an Ala residue forms a cavity or increases local flexibility thus reducing steric hinderance and increasing solvent accessibility.
Oxygen tension and medium type actions on blastocyst development and interferon-tau secretion in cattle.

Abstract Most current in vitro production systems terminate at the blastocyst stage in cattle. The goal of the present research was to identify culture conditions that support individual blastocyst survival and interferon-tau (IFNT) production in cattle. In the first study, two media (medium 199 [M199] and potassium simplex optimized medium [KSOM]) and two oxygen tensions (5 and 20%) were compared for their ability to sustain blastocyst survival and IFNT production from days 8 to 11 post-insemination. Survival and total cell numbers were greater ( P P P in utero remain unknown.
Shear stress effects on plant cell suspension cultures in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor

A rotating wall vessel, designed for growth of mammalian cells under microgravity, was used to study shear effects on Taxus cuspidata plant suspension cell cultures. Shear stress, as quantified by defined shear fields of Couette viscometers, improved specific cell growth rates and was detrimental to volumetric product formation rates.
The Settlement of the United States from 1790 to 1990: Divergent Rates of Growth and the End of the Frontier

The timing of the American frontier's closing can be determined through an analysis of the patterns and rates of settlement growth in the United States—based on historical county boundaries, popula...
The ionic character and elastic moduli of zinc blende lattices

Abstract The elastic moduli for a number of materials with the diamond or zinc blende (sphalerite) crystal structure are available in the literature. It has been noticed that the ratio C 11 C 12 has values between 2.6 and 2.7 for Si and Ge, respectively, and 1.65 or l.50 in the case of ZnS. InSb and GaSb have elastic moduli that give intermediate values for this ratio. A scale which gives the ionic character as a function of the ratio C 11 C 12 has been constructed based on the Born diamond lattice theory and the relationship between the longitudinal optical mode and transverse optical modes when the lattice has some ionic character. This scale indicates that InSb has the ionic character that corresponds to an ionic charge of 0.65 electron. GaSb has an ionic character approximately two-thirds of that for InSb. Conversely, the elastic moduli may be estimated for crystals of this type if the optical data are available.
A Longitudinal Study of Literacy Teacher Visioning: Traditional Program Graduates and Teach For America Corps Members

The current high-stakes educational context compels many schools and school systems to encourage teachers to use restrictive literacy teaching practices, which are unlikely to meet students’ diverse needs. These restrictions typically fall on novice teachers, who enter the field through various preparation routes, because they often work in schools which are difficult to staff. Researchers suggest that literacy teachers with a clear vision for their teaching may have the fortitude to negotiate such obstacles to best meet students’ needs. This study follows teachers’ vision development from their literacy teacher preparation coursework through their beginning years teaching. The participants come from two different preparation routes: a university based program and Teach For America. This study found both similarities and differences in the development of teachers’ visions from these different preparation programs.
Polymorphism of the mixed lymphocyte culture response in the rabbit.

We have investigated the amount of polymorphism of the mixed lymphocyte culture response in unrelated or distantly related rabbits from 6 independent sources. Nine RLA-D alleles have been isolated in the homozygous state with evidence for at least 2 additional alleles. These estimates are similar to the mixed lymphocyte polymorphisms found in the rat and in man.
Effects of Copper Sulfate on Seedlings of Prosopis pubescens (Screwbean Mesquite)

Phytoextraction is an established method of removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils worldwide. Phytoextraction is most efficient if local plants are used in the contaminated site. We propose that Prosopis pubescens (Screw bean mesquite) would be a successful phytoextractor of copper in our local soils. In order to determine the feasibility of using Screw bean mesquite, we utilized inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and elemental analysis to observe the uptake of copper and the effects on macro and micro nutrients within laboratory-grown seedlings. We have previously shown that P. pubescens is a hyperaccumulator of copper in soil-grown seedlings. Light and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated death of root cells and ultrastructural changes due to the presence of copper from 50 mg/L – 600 mg/L. Ultrastructural changes included plasmolysis, starch accumulation, increased vacuolation and swollen chloroplasts with disarranged thylakoid membranes in cotyledons. I...
Prediction of marine atmospheric deposition rates using total 7Be deposition velocities

Abstract Samples of atmospheric particulate matter and total atmospheric deposition were collected for a one-year period at a rural site on the Washington coast. Samples were analyzed for 13 stable elements and 7 Be. The ratios of elements to 7 Be in air and total deposition samples were similar. The total deposition rates of elements measured were used to predict total deposition velocities of those elements in other areas, then compared to actual measurements at those locations.
Direct constraints on Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events between 5.12 and 7.94 Ma

[1] How has the Antarctic Ice Sheet responded to or influenced global climate change? This simple question has been difficult to address because the long-term records of the ice sheet's fluctuations are poorly constrained with geologic data from Antarctica. Thus studies to date have not convincingly established how specific Antarctic Ice Sheet events correlate with climatic, eustatic, or other phenomena known from low-latitude and deep-sea records. This study focused on documenting the direct record of ice sheet advance and retreat to the Antarctic Peninsula's shelf edge. On the peninsula's outer shelf, seismic reflectors interpreted to be subglacial unconformities were correlated with published results from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 178. Lithologic and chronologic control at two drill sites provided ground truth for the seismic interpretation and the timing of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events. This synthesis showed that grounded ice advanced to the shelf edge on at least 12 occasions between 5.12 and 7.94 Ma.
What, if anything, can monkeys tell us about human amnesia when they can’t say anything at all?

Despite a half century of development, the orthodox monkey model of human amnesia needs improvement, in part because of two problems inherent in animal models of advanced human cognition. First, animal models are perforce comparative, but the principles of comparative and evolutionary biology have not featured prominently in developing the orthodox model. Second, no one understands the relationship between human consciousness and cognition in other animals, but the orthodox model implicitly assumes a close correspondence. If we treat these two difficulties with the deference they deserve, monkeys can tell us a lot about human amnesia and memory. Three future contributions seem most likely: (1) an improved monkey model, one refocused on the hippocampus rather than on the medial temporal lobe as a whole; (2) a better understanding of cortical areas unique to primates, especially the granular prefrontal cortex; and (3), taking the two together, insight into prefrontal-hippocampal interactions. We propose that interactions among the granular prefrontal areas create the kind of cross-domain, analogical and self-referential knowledge that underlies advanced cognition in modern humans. When these products of frontal-lobe function interact with the hippocampus, and its ancestral function in navigation, what emerges is the human ability to embed ourselves in scenarios—real and imagined, self-generated and received—thereby creating a coherent, conscious life experience.
Anything but Racism: How Sociologists Limit the Significance of Racism

Abstract The academic declining significance of race did not begin with William Julius Wilson’s work in the late 1970s. In this paper, we take a broad look at the methods mainstream sociologists have used to validate Whites’ racial common sense about racial matters in the post-civil rights era. Our general goal is to succinctly examine the major tactics sociologists have used to minimize the significance of racism in explaining minorities’ plight. Specifically, we survey how (1) most work on racial attitudes creates a mythical view on Whites’ racial attitudes, (2) the various demographic indices used to asses post-civil rights’ racial matters miss how race affects minorities today, (3) perspectives on the culture of minorities are based on ethnocentric perspectives that tend to hide the centrality of racially based networks, and (4) the way most sociologists report their results distorts the significance of racial stratification. We conclude by suggesting that work on racial matters will need to be revamped if it is going to have any practical use for those at the “bottom of the well.”
Near-infrared and fourier transform infrared chemometric methods for the quantification of crystalline tacrolimus from sustained-release amorphous solid dispersion.

The objective of the present research was to study the feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-based chemometric models in quantifying crystalline and amorphous tacrolimus from its sustained-release amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). ASD contained ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and lactose monohydrate as carriers, and amorphous form of tacrolimus in it was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. Crystalline physical mixture was mixed with ASD in various proportions to prepare sample matrices containing 0%–100% amorphous/crystalline tacrolimus. NIR and FTIR of the samples were recorded, and data were mathematically pretreated using multiple scattering correction, standard normal variate, or Savitzky–Golay before multivariate analysis, partial-least-square regression (PLSR), and principle component regression (PCR). The PLSR models were more accurate than PCR for NIR and FTIR data as indicated by low value of root-mean-squared error of prediction, standard error of prediction and bias, and high value of R2. Additionally, NIR data-based models were more accurate and precise than FTIR data models. In conclusion, NIR chemometric models provide simple and fast method to quantitate crystalline tacrolimus in the ASD formulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2376–2385, 2014
Alpine Subnival Boulder Pavements in Colorado Front Range

Boulder pavements on valley floors in or near stream channels, downstream from breaks in slope, beneath persistent snowbanks, and above treeline occur in four glaciated valleys east of the Continental Divide, Boulder District, Colorado Front Range. They are at altitudes of 3,230 to 3,620 m, triangular to rectangular in ground plan, slope a few degrees downvalley with nearly all blocks or boulders tightly packed with a flat face upward, and made of local bedrock or till. These alpine subnival boulder pavements may be due to the joint effort of frost action, meltwater saturation and removal of fine sediment, and rotation and flattening of blocks by rock weight, snow pressure, and possible snow creep.