cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degenerate crystals from colloidal dimers under confinement

Colloidal aperiodic phases (i.e., entropy stabilized degenerate crystals, DCs) are realized via self-assembly of hollow fluorescent silica dimers under wedge-cell confinement. The dimer building blocks approximate two tangent spheres and their arrangements are studied via laser scanning confocal microscopy. In the DCs, the individual lobes tile a lattice and five distinct DC arrangements with square, triangular or rectangular layer symmetry are determined as a function of confinement height. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations are used to construct the phase diagram for DCs up to two layer confinements and to analyze structural order in detail. Just as for spheres, the DC structural transitions under confinement are attributed to the ability or frustration to accommodate an integral number of particle layers between hard walls. Unlike spheres, dimers can also experience transitions involving changes in orientation. DCs are among the unconventional structures (e.g., semi-regular tilings, quasicrystals, plastic crystals) expected to enhance the properties of photonic solids.
The order-independence of the polylogarithmic ladder structure-- implications for a new category of functional equations

The ladder structure is briefly explained, and its essential characteristics described. Using Kummer's functional equations and a generalization of Roger'sL-function, it is proved that a) the transcendental part of the ladder retains its structure when the order is decreased; b) the logarithmic part also retains its structure; and c) as a special case of the latter, a cyclotomic equation for the variable, as previously observed empirically, can be shown to be satisfied. With some refinements, the order can also be increased beyond the fifth, to where there currently are no known relevant functional equations. Flow charts are given to show the structure of the order-augmentation process. The existence of a new category of such functional equations is conjectured, and some examples, for lower orders, are presented.
Nebulin Elasticity Pre-loads Thin Filaments of Skeletal Muscle: Unfolding of Transient a-helices

Nebulin, a giant modular protein (600 - 900 kDa), acts as a thin filament ruler and regulator of contraction. The bulk of the protein consists of ∼200 tandem repeats of ∼35 residue actin-binding modules arranged as two single-repeat regions and 22 sets of seven-module super-repeats. The nanomechanics of nebulin were investigated with atomic force microscopy by tethering and stretching full length molecules between a pair of site-specific antibodies to either N or C terminus of nebulin, with one attached covalently to a functionalized self-assembled monolayer and the other to a functionalized cantilever. Upon stretch, single nebulin molecules extend to well over 1 μm and yield force curves with variable numbers and heights of peaks. An underlying periodicity at ∼22 and ∼15 nm was observed by periodogram analysis. Major force peaks appear to result from the re-orientation and unfolding of short α-helical bundles of nebulin modules, as suggested by circular dichroism, steered molecular dynamics simulations of computed structures as well as experimental force-extension curves of nebulin single and super repeats.The nebulin molecule exerts a compressive force at the ends and alongside the 1 μm long thin filaments. In the sarcomere, nebulin's compressive stress may stiffen actin filaments and assist the re-annealing of severed actin filaments under undue stress. In the skeletal muscle sarcomere, the elastic nebulin associates helically around actin filaments, thus behaving as a length regulating ruler only under stress and upon binding to the actin filaments. It may also act as a reversible and elastic tether between the myosin heads and actin during contraction. We propose the elasticity of nebulin as an integral component of its ruler function and acto-myosin regulation in preloaded thin filaments.
‘THE TIME OF NO ROOM’: TOWARDS A THEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE OF CONTEMPORARY ATTEMPTS AT EARTH MANAGEMENT

This essay offers a theological critique of contemporary attempts to economically price the earth. It does so by drawing an analogy between pricing and the biblical act of ‘naming.’ In particular, this essay considers two forms of naming found in scripture: 1) the human person’s task of naming the animals, as described in Gen. 2:19; and 2) the work of ‘name-taking’ via census (here I focus especially on the Lukan account’s reference to the Roman imperial census).The rationality underlying each of these forms of naming is examined leading to the conclusion that the act of naming in Genesis is shaped by the desire to serve that which is named, while the act of naming in Luke is shaped by the desire to press that which is named into service. The essay concludes by arguing that the dominant regime of pricing and earth management bears a strong resemblance to the dominative logic that characterizes the Roman imperial census. doi: 10.7833/111-1-11
Improved corrosion resistance of cation substituted YBa2Cu3O7−δ

A cosubstitution of Ca2+ for Y3+and La3+ for Ba2+ in YBa2Cu3O7−δ is found to improve the corrosion resistance of this high‐ Tc superconductor. The reactivity characteristics of bulk and thin film samples of Y1−zCazBa2−yLayCu3O7−δ indicate that the corrosion resistance in water environments increases with increasing degree of cation substitution up to z=y=0.4. The composition of Y0.6Ca0.4Ba1.6La0.4Cu3O6.96 with a Tc of 80 K is found to be at least 100 times more stable than YBa2Cu3O6.94. Possible contributing factors that could be responsible for the marked improvement in the corrosion resistance of this high‐Tc phase are discussed.
CPAP Therapy via Oronasal Mask for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study objective To determine the effectiveness of oronasal masks for positive pressure therapy in alleviating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods and procedures Polysomnographic records of all 245 patients with OSA who underwent therapeutic trials of either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure between January 1991 and December 1992 were reviewed. Thirty patients who had been prescribed positive pressure therapy employing an oronasal mask were identified. Two patients known to be successfully treated with CPAP via oronasal mask underwent repeat polysomnography. The initial portion of the study was a diagnostic evaluation during which the patients were untreated. During the second portion of the study, both patients used CPAP via an oronasal mask while wearing a mouthpiece designed to maintain oral patency. Results The 30 patients with OSA who were identified in this study had significant amelioration of OSA while receiving positive pressure therapy via oronasal mask compared with the baseline, diagnostic polysomnogram (apnea index: 55.3 ± 36.9→1.6 ± 3.7, p 2 : 72.5 ± 13.9→87.1 ± 4.3, p Conclusion Oronasal masks are a viable alternative interface for alleviating OSA with positive pressure therapy in those patients who are unwilling or unable to tolerate conventional nasal interfaces. Although there were no adverse consequences associated with the use of oronasal masks in our patients, appropriate safety precautions should be taken to minimize the possibility of aspiration of gastric contents and avoid untoward sequelae due to positive pressure device failure.
Industrial Applications Of Computed Tomography At Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

A research and development program was begun two years ago at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) to study nonmedical applications of computed tomography. This program has several goals. The first goal was to develop the necessary reconstruction algorithms to accurately reconstruct cross sections of nonmedical industrial objects. The second goal was to be able to perform extensive tomographic simulations to determine the efficacy of tomographic reconstruction with a variety of hardware configurations. The final goal was to construct an inexpensive industrial prototype scanner with a high degree of design flexibility. This paper will describe the implementation of these program goals.
A thermohaline staircase and vertical mixing in the thermocline

Abstract A system of thermohaline layers, stable for almost 4 days, was observed in the northeast Caribbean Sea. Vertical salt fluxes calculated by assuming salt fingers at the interfaces were systematically depth-dependent. The vertical divergence of the calculated flux, β∂Fs/∂z = 1.3 × 10−11 s−1, is large enough to be a dominant term in the salt balance equation, balancing horizontal advection. The salt finger mechanism alone accounts for the required vertical transport of salt.
Structural data suggest that the active and inactive forms of the RecA filament are not simply interconvertible.

Abstract We have used electron microscopy to examine the two major conformational states of the helical filament formed by the RecA protein of Escherichia coli . The compressed filament, formed in the absence of a nucleotide cofactor either as a self-polymer or on a single-stranded DNA molecule, is characterized in solution by about 6·1 subunits per turn of a 76 A pitch helix, and appears to be inactive with respect to all RecA activity. The active state of the filament, formed with ATP or an ATP analog on either a single or double-stranded DNA substrate, has about 6·2 subunits per turn of a 94 A pitch helix. Measurements of the contour length of RecA-covered single-stranded DNA circles in ice, formed in the absence of nucleotide cofactor, indicate that each RecA subunit binds five bases, in contrast to the three bases or base-pairs per subunit in the active state. The different stoichiometries of DNA binding suggests that the two polymeric forms are not interconvertible, as has been suggested on biochemical grounds. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the inactive state shows the same general features as the 83 A pitch filament present in the RecA crystal. This structural similarity and the fact that the crystal does not contain ATP or DNA suggests that the crystal structure is more similar to the compressed filament than the active, extended filament.
Fruit Flies Medicate Offspring After Seeing Parasites

Hosts have numerous defenses against parasites, of which behavioral immune responses are an important but underappreciated component. Here we describe a behavioral immune response that Drosophila melanogaster uses against endoparasitoid wasps. We found that when flies see wasps, they switch to laying eggs in alcohol-laden food sources that protect hatched larvae from infection. This change in oviposition behavior, mediated by neuropeptide F, is retained long after wasps are removed. Flies respond to diverse female larval endoparasitoids but not to males or pupal endoparasitoids, showing that they maintain specific wasp search images. Furthermore, the response evolved multiple times across the genus Drosophila. Our data reveal a behavioral immune response based on anticipatory medication of offspring and outline a nonassociative memory paradigm based on innate parasite recognition by the host.
A comparison of amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in rats: Evidence for qualitative differences in behavior

Rationale Methamphetamine (METH) is typically characterized as a more potent psychostimulant than amphetamine (AMPH), but few studies have directly compared the effects of these drugs at low, behaviorally activating doses that tend not to produce focused stereotypy.
On the modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity during solar activity cycles 19, 20, 21, 22 and early 23

Cross-plots of annual mean sunspot number against the annual mean intensity of galactic cosmic rays for the period 1953–1999 show a striking difference between such modulation loops for solar activity cycles 19 and 21 and those for cycles 20 and 22. The loops for cycles 19 and 21 are broad ovals whereas those for cycles 20 and 22 are nearly flat. A complementary feature of the data is that the cosmic ray intensity decreases more rapidly as the sunspot number increases following solar activity minima when the solar polar magnetic parameter A is negative than when A is positive. It is argued that these facts give some support to including gradient and curvature drifts in theories of the transport of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. Further development of the modulation loop for cycle 23 is awaited with special interest.
Human xenoreactive natural antibodies of the IgM isotype activate pig endothelial cells

: Preformed, xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) and complement (C) are involved in the initiation of vascular rejection of organs transplanted between discordant species, presumably by stimulating donor organ endothelial cells (EC). Although C is known to play a role in the activation of EC, it has not been clear whether the antibodies serve only to anchor the initial components of C, and thus permit the C cascade to proceed, or whether the antibodies themselves deliver a signal to the EC. We have tested affinity-purified human IgM containing XNA (IgM-XNA) for its ability to stimulate in vitro the up-regulation of genes in pig EC. Northern blot analysis shows that IgM, which contains XNA, stimulates mRNA accumulation for certain genes (including IL-8, PAI-1, and ECI-7, a new gene that we have found is associated with EC activation), but not others known to be up-regulated in response to TNF, IL-1 or LPS. Our results show that XNA provide a signal to EC, and thus may themselves participate in activation of EC and consequent vascular rejection.
Post-metamorphic CO 2 -rich fluid inclusions in granulites

In granulite-facies samples from the Adirondack Mountains, NY, estimates of peak-metamorphic CO2 fugacities based on mineral equilibria are not consistent with estimates based on data for high-density, CO2-rich fluid inclusions. Of the 21 Adirondack samples investigated for this study, all contain CO2-rich inclusions. Inclusions occur in quartz, apatite, and garnet. They range in size from 3 to 50 μm and are without visible H2O. In a few of the inclusions, freezing point determinations and preliminary Laser Raman spectroscopy show the presence of small amounts (<3%) of other fluids (N2 and H2S). CO2 liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures are between −46 and +31° C, corresponding to densities between 1.14 and 0.5 gm/cc. Some of these densities are consistent with peak-metamorphic entrapment (1.06 to 1.1 gm/cc). Peak metamorphic fluid compositions in these samples are inferred from fluid-buffering equilibria that restrict the fugacity of CO2 (f CO2) directly (i.e., calcite+quartz+wollastonite) or buffer the fugacity of oxygen (f O2). Assemblages that bufferf O2 are important because knowledge off O2 places an upper limit onf CO2. In 13 of the 21 samples, estimates of peak-metamorphic fluid compositions based on these equilibria show that the mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) in equilibrium with the rock was low, in some cases less than 0.2. The contradiction of mineral equilibria and fluid inclusion data shows that the inclusions record post-metamorphic conditions. At present, there are no criteria to distinguish these “primary appearing” CO2-rich inclusions from those found in other granulite-facies terranes. Therefore, inferences of pressure-temperature conditions and peakmetamorphic fluid compositions based on fluid inclusions must be viewed with caution.
Spectrochemical Determination of Water in Minerals and Rocks

The direct determination of water in minerals and rocks using dc-arc emission spectrography is described. A precision of ±8% or better is attained over a concentration range of ∼1%–20% H2O. Electrodes of a special design are used and careful control of absorbed moisture is required.
Determination of potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor in African Green Monkey plasma using 96-well SPE and LC-MS/MS.

Abstract Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (CPI), a peptide with multiple isoforms (MW > 4000 Da) was determined from African Green Monkey plasma using a PE Sciex API-3000 LC–MS/MS in the positive ionization mode with the turbo ionspray interface (450 °C). Samples were prepared using an Oasis MCX 96-well solid phase extraction plate and chromatographed on an Allure C18 HPLC Column (50 mm × 1.0 mm, 5 μm) using gradient elution. Upon analysis of the extracts using LC–MS/MS, the concentration of CPI was calculated using a single MS/MS transition (m/z 830.5 → 221.0) that was reflective of the mass concentration (μg/mL) of main the CPI isoforms present in plasma from monkeys after they were given an intravenous dose of CPI. The assay was linear for CPI over concentrations of 0.05–10 μg/mL when extracting 200-μL aliquots of African Green Monkey plasma. The assay was applied to the determination of CPI in African Green Monkey plasma samples in two separate analytical runs (correlation of standard curves, r1 = 0.9991 and r2 = 0.9953). Quality control (QC) samples were run at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/mL for each assay. Average ranges (n = 12) for accuracy and precision for all concentrations of QCs during the two runs were 92.0–102.0% of expected potency and 10.4–21.8% (coefficient of variations), respectively.
High-resolution time series of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression and rhamnolipid secretion through growth curve synchronization

Background Online spectrophotometric measurements allow monitoring dynamic biological processes with high-time resolution. Contrastingly, numerous other methods require laborious treatment of samples and can only be carried out offline. Integrating both types of measurement would allow analyzing biological processes more comprehensively. A typical example of this problem is acquiring quantitative data on rhamnolipid secretion by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa cell growth can be measured by optical density (OD600) and gene expression can be measured using reporter fusions with a fluorescent protein, allowing high time resolution monitoring. However, measuring the secreted rhamnolipid biosurfactants requires laborious sample processing, which makes this an offline measurement.
Intravascular coagulation in hyperlipidemia

Abstract Activation of the coagulation system was evaluated in 30 patients with familial hyperlipoproteinemia (types II and IV), by measurement of high molecular weight fibrin(ogen) derivatives (HMWFD). These HMWFD can be separated from fibrinogen and its derivatives X, D, and E by gel filtration of plasma on 4% agarose columns. Type II patients had a higher plasma concentration of HMWFD (31.6% of total plasma fibrinogen-like material) than type IV patients (19.8%) or normal subjects (3.2%). The HMWFD were shown to consist at least in part of crosslinked fibrin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) were assayed by staphylococcal clumping test and tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay and were found to be normal in type II and type IV patients. Our data show that type II patients have increased circulating HMWFD, while type IV patients have lesser increases in these soluble fibrin complexes.
Student staff: n. an energetic, brilliant, creative, talented potential rolled into a food-driven, sleep-deprived, unmotivated creature who wears dirty clothes

Students are a wonderful resource for any department of a college or university, especially an ITS department. They are inexpensive and abundant. They want to work at strange times. What more could you ask for? The problem is that it is important to dig out the good ones from the population. Finding the right student staff is just as important as finding the right full time staff. Even though you may only employ them for three or four years, it is still important that they are good employees and many departments let things slide because "they are just students and they'll be gone.Conventional methods of hiring and training in a corporate situation are not what will work in this strange academic environment. At Grinnell College, a small liberal arts college in the Midwest, the student hiring and training process was modified and developed into an extremely successful model. The ITS department employs approximately 60 students, 25% of them are hired each year. There has only been one student fired in the past five years and only a handful of disciplinary problems. If a good process is in place for hiring and training students, the end result is a good student employee and a good return on the department's investment.The Grinnell process development involved student staff, ITS staff and the college's Career Development Director. The process was modified due to a claim of cultural discrimination by a student that was not hired as an employee. After the old process was examined, changes were made and the students that are hired may still be those dirty clothes wearing creatures, but they are excellent employees.
State-Switching Control Technique for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives: Theory and Implementation

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) exhibit advantageous features such as low inertia, fault tolerance, high efficiency, and simple design. However, its control is fairly complex due to nonlinear characteristics of the magnetic flux linkage seen on the stator windings. Several memory and/or processor intensive solutions have been proposed to deal with the control problem, constraining the use of the motor to high-cost and high-performance applications. The focus of this paper is to develop a simple controller for the SRM based on state-switching digital control. The concept of state-switching digital control is to control the motor state (speed) by applying a high or a low energy pulse-above and below the desired steady state of the motor. Such a controller can be implemented in low-complexity analog circuitry. This paper presents two methods of motor control: one for single-speed applications and another for variable speed applications. In addition, this paper derives the control equations and disturbance rejection response. Simulation and experimental results for various operating modes are presented.
ZnO-ZnTe nanocone heterojunctions for efficient carrier transport for photovoltaic conversion

Vertically aligned ZnO nanocones were synthesized as cores by utilizing the growth rate difference between terrace and edge sites of nucleation domain during thermal vapor deposition. The p-n junctions were formed by subsequent growth of ZnTe as shells on the nanocone surface using PLD. The polycrystalline structures were observed for ZnTe shells, while the wurzite structure was shown for ZnO cores. Typical I-V characteristics of p-n junction were obtained for the nanocone core-shell structure, but not for the nanorod structure. These structural and electric characteristics indicate that ZnO nanocones are more feasible than ZnO nanorods as practical heterojunctions because the sloping facets of the nanocones facilitate deposition of ZnTe by PLD without the deleterious effects of shadowing. Furthermore, based on theoretical modeling of nanostructure heterojunctions, the nanocone-based junction exhibits an electrostatic potential profile that is much more effective for carrier transport than the electrostatic potential for the nanorod-based junction.
Algorithms for the computation of the pseudospectral radius and the numerical radius of a matrix

Two useful measures of the robust stability of the discrete-time dynamical system xk+1 = Axk are the � -pseudospectral radius and the numerical radius of A. The � -pseudospectral radius of A is the largest of the moduli of the points in the � -pseudospectrum of A, while the numerical radius is the largest of the moduli of the points in the field of values. We present globally convergent algorithms for computing the � -pseudospectral radius and the numerical radius. For the former algorithm, we discuss conditions under which it is quadratically convergent and provide a detailed accuracy analysis giving conditions under which the algorithm is backward stable. The algorithms are inspired by methods of Byers, Boyd– Balakrishnan, He–Watson and Burke–Lewis–Overton for related problems and depend on computing eigenvalues of symplectic pencils and Hamiltonian matrices.
STUDY BEHAVIORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO TEST ANXIETY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Multivariate regression analysis of academic aptitude, test anxiety, and self-report study data from 122 undergraduates indicated high school rank to be the best predictor of grade point average. The number of days Ss reported studying and one test anxiety scale also added significantly to the prediction. Analysis of the study-relevant variables across the semester indicated differential patterns of study existed for students with good, average, and poor grades. The relative independence of test anxiety and study behaviors suggested that the latter class of variables might profitably be used to increase prediction of academic performance.
Authenticity and Learning: Implications for Reference Librarianship and Information Literacy Instruction.

This article articulates and defends a student-centered approach to reference and instructional librarianship defined by authentic engagement with students’ interests. A review of the history of the construct of authenticity in philosophy, humanistic and existential psychology, and contemporary educational psychology is traced. Connections are drawn between the philosophy of authentic engagement and the tradition in librarianship of “Counselor Librarianship.” Recommendations for applications to the library context are then outlined.
Evolution: On the crest of becoming vertebrate

The discovery of cells in an invertebrate that share several features with vertebrate neural-crest cells provides insights into how this vital vertebrate cell population might have evolved.
Reversal of Voltage‐Dependent Erectile Responses in the Zucker Obese‐Diabetic Rat by Rosuvastatin‐Altered RhoA/Rho‐kinase Signaling

ABSTRACT Introduction The combination of independent risk factors for erectile dysfunction, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are collectively manifested in a condition known as metabolic syndrome X (MSX). However, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the erectile dysfunction (ED) are not fully understood. Clinical studies suggest that a pleiotropic effect of statin's ability to enhance vascular relaxation might be through an impact on nitric oxide signaling or through a regulation of RhoA activation. Aim We hypothesized that regulatory aspects of short‐term statin therapy involve the alteration of the RhoA/Rho‐kinase signaling cascade and will reverse the ED seen in a rat model of MSX. Main Outcome Measures The magnitude and sensitivity of the voltage‐dependent maintenance of intracavernosal blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. These responses were correlated with tissue protein and mRNA expression levels of RhoA and Rho kinases. Methods Erectile function was evaluated by assessing voltage‐dependent stimulation of the cavernosal nerve in 16–20 weeks old lean and obese‐diabetic Zucker rats treated with 5 mg/kg/day of rosuvastatin intraperitoneally for 3 days. Cavernosal tissue RhoA and Rho‐kinases expression levels were evaluated by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blot. Results The voltage‐dependent erectile responses were suppressed by >30% in the obese‐diabetic Zucker rat. The 3‐day treatment with rosuvastatin partially restored the erectile response. The Rho‐kinase inhibitor, H‐1152, dose dependently increased the erectile responses and shifted the voltage sensitivity with statin treatment. Analysis of protein expression levels suggested elevation of RhoA and Rho kinases in obese‐diabetics and statin treatment lowering Rho‐kinase II. The RhoA and Rho‐kinase II mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the rosuvastatin‐treated obese‐diabetic animals. Conclusions. These results support a hypothesis that short‐term statin therapy may lower RhoA/Rho‐kinase expression levels and improve cavernosal blood pressure response to Rho‐kinase inhibition and voltage‐stimulation, and reversing an augmented vasoconstricted state associated with diabetes and/or hypertension in MSX. Wingard CJ, Moukdar F, Prasad RY, Cathey BL, and Wilkinson L. Reversal of voltage‐dependent erectile responses in the Zucker obese‐diabetic rat by rosuvastatin‐altered RhoA/Rho‐kinase signaling.
DSM-III compulsive personality disorder: an epidemiological survey

A two-stage probability sample of community subjects was developed with a full psychiatric examination employing DSM-III criteria in conjunction with the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) survey conducted in Baltimore, MD. This report details the observation on those subjects diagnosed with compulsive personality disorder and compulsive personality traits. The results indicate that this condition has a prevalence of 1.7% in a general population. Male, white, married and employed individuals receive this diagnosis most often. Our data suggest a dimensional rather than categorical character for this disorder. The disorder imparts a vulnerability for the development of anxiety disorders.
The Role of Viticulture and Enology in the Development of Economic Thought: How Wine Contributed to Modern Economic Theory

This paper introduces the role wine has played as a central factor in the history of economic thought. The focus is on an examination of documented sources that connect wine and its viticulture and enology with the evolution of economic concepts. Works by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, Leon Walras, Alfred Marshall, and others are examined, as well as wine economic ideas postulated by Greek and Roman thinkers. (JEL Classification: A1, B1, B3, N00)
Complex Metabolic Phenotypes Caused by a Mutation in yjgF, Encoding a Member of the Highly Conserved YER057c/YjgF Family of Proteins

The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is required for function of the alternative pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, a pathway that allows thiamine synthesis in the absence of the PurF enzyme in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutants that no longer required function of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway for thiamine synthesis were isolated. Further phenotypic analyses of these mutants demonstrated that they were also sensitive to the presence of serine in the medium, suggesting a partial defect in isoleucine biosynthesis. Genetic characterization showed that these pleiotropic phenotypes were caused by null mutations in yjgF, a previously uncharacterized open reading frame encoding a hypothetical 13.5-kDa protein. The YjgF protein belongs to a class of proteins of unknown function that exhibit striking conservation across a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to humans. This work represents the first detailed phenotypic characterization of yjgF mutants in any organism and provides important clues as to the function of this highly conserved class of proteins. Results also suggest a connection between function of the isoleucine biosynthetic pathway and the requirement for the pentose phosphate pathway in thiamine synthesis.
Prevention of acute pelvic inflammatory disease after hysterosalpingography: Efficacy of doxycycline prophylaxis

Abstract In an attempt to minimize the infectious morbidity of hysterosalpingography, the efficacy of oral doxycycline prophylaxis was examined. The records and hysterosalpingograms of 278 consecutive women (group 1) were reviewed to correlate the radiologic findings and the development of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) after hysterosalpingography. Four women (1.4%) developed PID and all four had tubal dilatation. The overall frequency of PID in women with dilated tubes was 4/35 (11%). Subsequently, 56 of 326 women (group 2) with tubal dilatation received oral doxycycline prophylaxis. No cases of PID were observed in the 56 women who had antibiotic prophylaxis (p
Statistical estimation of diffusion coefficients under finite bath, surface barrier conditions

When surface-barrier effects are not taken into account, computation of diffusion coefficients from data obtained under finite bath conditions can lead to error. A technique is given by which the most probable diffusion coefficient and the most probable dimensionless surface barrier parameter simultaneously can be estimated for diffusant uptake by solid polymeric cylinders. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tests for global maximum of the likelihood function

Given a relative maximum of the log-likelihood function, how to assess whether it is the global maximum? This paper investigates a statistical tool, which answers this question by posing it as a hypothesis testing problem. A general framework for constructing tests for the global maximum is given. The characteristics of the tests are investigated for two cases: correctly specified model and model mismatch. A finite sample approximation to the power is given, which gives a tool for performance prediction and a measure for comparison between tests. The tests are illustrated for two applications: estimating the parameters of a Gaussian mixture model and direction finding using an array of sensors - practical problems that are known to suffer from local maxima.
Census Taking in the Hat: FRW/CFT Duality

In this paper a holographic description of eternal inflation is developed. We focus on the description of an open Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe that results from a tunneling event in which a false vacuum with positive vacuum energy decays to a supersymmetric vacuum with vanishing cosmological constant. The observations of a ``census taker'' in the final vacuum can be organized into a holographic dual conformal field theory that lives on the asymptotic boundary of space. We refer to this bulk-boundary correspondence as FRW/CFT duality. The dual conformal field theory (CFT) is a Euclidean two-dimensional theory that includes a Liouville 2D gravity sector describing geometric fluctuations of the boundary. The renormalization-group flow of the theory is richer than in the AdS/CFT correspondence, and generates two space-time dimensions\char22{}one spacelike and one timelike. We discuss a number of phenomena such as bubble collisions, and the Garriga, Guth Vilenkin ``persistence of memory,'' from the dual viewpoint.
Sodium Ions Affect Adrenergic Control of Sinoatrial Rate

Abstract Electrophysiological techniques were used to monitor sinoatrial rate and its autonomic regulation as lithium and sucrose were substituted for half the sodium in the Tyrode's solution. The autonomic regulation of rate was assessed by transmural stimulation of the nodal region with short electrical shocks, evoking first a cholinergically mediated rate decrease and then a β-adrenergically mediated rate increase. The adrenergic component of the transmural stimulation response was depressed during 10- to 20-min exposures to low Na + ; this depression is most likely due to depressed beta-receptor function in low-Na + solutions.
Novel CMOS compatible cavity enhanced Ge/SOI photo-detector based on secondary photoconductivity

An integrated Ge-on-SOI photo-detector based on secondary photo-conductivity is proposed and demonstrated. A 1 mW beam at 1.55 mum creates charge separation in the Ge thereby changing the resistivity of the underlying Silicon by ~3%.
Aggression behavior and substance use among immigrant children: Mediating effect of antisocial attitudes

In 2010, approximately one out of four youths in the United States were immigrant children. Hispanics and Asians comprised the largest groups (58% and 16%), respectively. Today, the Hispanic population is the largest ethnic minority in the United States (15%) and is a majority of the U.S. foreign-born population (47%). While immigration is a positive process for most immigrants, resettlement into a new country has challenges, including acculturation adjustments. Youth engage in risky behaviors such as substance use and antisocial behaviors. For immigrant youth with limited supportive opportunities, however, the acculturation process can be difficult. Stress, alienation, and stigma often manifest and cause behavioral problems, including aggression. This pilot study examines the mediating effect of antisocial attitudes using sociocultural, developmental, and environmental factors to understand Hispanic youth problem behaviors. We sampled 136 youths, ages 6-12, from predominantly Hispanic elementary schools in the southwestern United States to ascertain the role of aggression and antisocial behavior in substance use attitudes. The results show significant differences in aggression, antisocial attitudes, and substance use according to (1) age, (2) years in the United States, (3) English level, and (4) relationship with mother. Aggression significantly predicted antisocial attitudes and substance use, with antisocial attitudes having a mediating effect on the relationship between aggression and substance use. In developing social service programs to prevent substance use among children from immigrant families, social work educators and practitioners may consider addressing the role of aggression in Hispanic adolescents' future behavior.
Mitochondrial transporter responsiveness and metabolic flux homeostasis in postischemic hearts.

The transport of metabolites between mitochondria and cytosol via the α-ketoglutarate-malate carrier serves to balance flux between the two spans of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle but is reduce...
Dynamic Microcluster Chains in Microtext

Two features of microtext that challenge language processing tools are addressed in the context of linking messages in the emergency response domain. First, the effect of very short texts on several classifiers is estimated by comparing the results when classifiers are applied to the full text of news reports vs. only the headlines. These experiments demonstrate a decrease of 5 - 20% in accuracy. A second challenging feature of microtexts is their accumulation in real time, which can be massive for sources such as Twitter. A dynamic hierarchical clustering algorithm that clusters messages as they accumulate is described, and a preliminary experiment in clustering tweets is demonstrated.
The Military-Industrial Linkages of U.S.-Based Multinational Corporations

Of the top 100 Department of Defense (DOD) contractors in fiscal year (FY) 1971, 39 were also multinational corporations, meaning that they held 25% or more of total equity interests in manufacturing enterprises located in six or more foreign countries at the end of 1963 (Vaupel and Curhan, 1969: 3)1 More significantly, among the top 25 contractors, which accounted for 51 % of prime contracts in 1971 and were by and large the same firms that were in the top 25 category in the late 1950s (Yarmolinsky, 1971: 251), 13 were multinational enterprises in the above sense. These 13 accounted for 25% of all prime contracts. The top 3 DOD contractors, which were multinationals also-General Dynamics, Lockheed, and General
The Story of Earl: How Echoes (and Metaphors) from the Past Continue to Shape the Assignment of Income Doctrine

This paper presents the story of Lucas v. Earl, 281 U.S. 111 (1930), the seminal case in the assignment of income area that also led to the availability of joint returns for married couples. The case is perhaps most famous for Justice Holmes' "fruit and tree" metaphor. Drawing upon the personal history of Guy Earl (including his role in the development of Northern California and the possible motivation behind the 1901 agreement with his wife Ella to share their income), the parties' briefs (including the role of Mabel Walker Willebrandt, the first woman to serve as Assistant Attorney General and as head of the Tax Division), judicial opinions in other assignment of income cases (especially those dealing with community property states), and scholarly commentary, the paper describes what was really involved in the Earl case, the government's and the taxpayer's litigation strategies, the decision-making processes of the courts, and the case's impact on the development of the tax law. The paper will be published as a chapter in a book to be entitled Tax Stories: An In-Depth Look at Ten Leading Federal Income Tax Cases (Foundation Press, forthcoming 2002). Additional financial support for the project has been provided by the American Tax Policy Institute.
The Importance of Seminal Plasma for Sperm Penetration of Human Cervical Mucus

Experiments were carried out in which semen samples were diluted 1:1 with Tyrode's solution or with their own seminal plasma (obtained by centrifuging another semen aliquot) as a control. Each experiment consisted of a paired comparison of these two sperm suspensions, using a quantitative cervical mucus penetration test with aliquots of the same mucus sample. Videomicrography was used to measure the swimming speeds of spermatozoa in the semen and in the mucus. The spermatozoa swam faster in Tyrode's diluted seminal plasma than in whole seminal plasma, but their swimming speeds in cervical mucus were similar after mucus penetration. Significantly more of the collisions between spermatozoa and the mucus resulted in successful penetration in tests where the sperm were suspended in whole seminal plasma than in tests where they were suspended in Tyrode's diluted seminal plasma. These observations indicate that components of the seminal plasma are important for efficient entry of human spermatozoa into cervical mucus.
Building a Perfect Pest: Environment, People, Conflict and the Creation of a Rinderpest Epizootic in Southern Africa

Rinderpest is often misunderstood in the context of southern Africa’s 1896 epizootic; it is marginalised or ignored by many (and overemphasised by a few) scholars. The literature often tells a story that pits people, environment and disease against each other in a struggle over control of the region, a story in which rinderpest invariably emerges as the victor. However, this story fails to consider the epidemiology of the disease. I argue that rinderpest emerges as the victor because of people and environment, not in spite of them. The disease could not move of its own accord; it depends on environmental factors, cattle management practices and human conflict. Rinderpest’s epidemiology compels scholars to wrestle with an ironic process, in which African and white pastoralists and colonial officials collectively spread the disease by working against each other. Coupled with the disease’s use of the local environment to spread itself, rinderpest effectively destroyed the region’s cattle herds. Focusing on t...
Fault Tolerant Key Generation and Secure Spread Spectrum Communication

A fundamental characteristic of wireless communications is in its broadcast nature, which allows accessibility of information without placing restrictions on a user’s location. However, accessibility also makes wireless communications vulnerable to eavesdropping. In this context, this paper presents a two-part secure information transmission system. The first part makes use of reciprocity in wireless channels to allow for two asynchronous transceivers to obtain a pair of similar keys. Moreover, a unique augmentation, called strongest path cancellation (SPC), is applied to the keys. In the second part, the concept of artificial noise is introduced to the spread spectrum systems. Keys generated in the first part are used in the spread spectrum system and artificial noise is added to enhance the security of the communications. Two attacks on the proposed security solution are evaluated. First, an adversary following the same steps as the legitimate users is considered. Here, simulation and experimentation results show that SPC provides a boost to security against this type of adversary. The second attack studies an adversary with significant blind detection capabilities. Our observations on this attack indicate that when an ample amount of artificial noise can be used, two legitimate parties can communicate multiple information symbols per key.
Developing robotic formwork: enhancing formwork mobility and variability through mechanization

This paper reports on the design and development of a robotic formwork system for plastic construction materials. This development applies mechanization and computational control to the basic concept of formwork, enhancing the qualities of mobility and variability that are characteristic of contemporary sheet-based formwork systems. The resulting digi-mechanical “formwork machine” could potentially reduce placement, setup, and breakdown costs and address significant worker safety issues that are associated with traditional hand-set formwork systems. Robotic formwork could simultaneously enhance the technology’s unique capacity to respond to architectural form requirements with increased digitally driven customization and variability. Contemporary developments in creating sustainable concrete formwork systems are working to replace or eliminate sheet-based, hand-set formwork with factory situated alternatives. This project alternatively keeps formwork onsite, addressing the material and economic wastefulness associated with sheet-based formwork by evolving the current parts-based, disposable system (sheets/planking, connections, bracing, tie hardware, etc.) into a more robust robotic machine. This robotic formwork can be maintained and used repeatedly—with the extended durability inherent in construction machines—on pre-mapped construction sites, and/or in construction environments that inhibit or restrict human labor.
Liquidizing FUS via prion-like domain phosphorylation.

FUS is an RNA‐binding protein (RBP) with a prion‐like domain (PrLD) that condenses into functional liquids, which can aberrantly phase transition into solid aggregates comprised of pathological fibrils connected to neurodegenerative disease. How cells prevent aberrant phase transitions of FUS and other disease‐linked RBPs with PrLDs is poorly understood. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Monahan et al (2017) establish that phosphorylation of specific serine and threonine residues in the FUS PrLD inhibits aberrant phase separation and toxicity.
Pawns in Their Game: Bob Dylan’s Celebrity Persona in Dont Look Back

Documentary film craft in the mid-twentieth century, like many other arts at the time, evolved aesthetically around the notions of “truthfulness” and “honesty” in the depiction of their subjects. Simultaneous with these artistic innovations was the ascendency of a commercial popular culture industry that often appropriated aesthetic ideals of authenticity to construct celebrity narratives. This article examines the constructed celebrity persona of Bob Dylan in D.A. Pennebaker’s American cinema verite production Dont Look Back. Utilizing a critical theory approach based on the philosophy and political economy of celebrity aura, it addresses questions of directorial subjectivity, celebrity self-consciousness and the contemporaneous subject/audience interface within a larger discussion of the intentionality of celebrity construction as part and parcel of films and other media dedicated to documenting the rise of pop superstars. While Dont Look Back attempts to reify Dylan as a rebellious voice speaking the social concerns of his audience, the film also testifies to the commodification of such stars by a 1960s corporate media machinery whose ultimate intentions were not necessarily so public-spirited.
Models for Semiordered Data to Address Not Applicable Responses in Scale Measurement

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate unidimensional models that can handle semiordered data within scale items (i.e., items with multiple ordered response categories, and one additional nominal response category). We apply the models to scale data with not applicable (NA) responses to compare the model performance to conditions in which NA responses are treated as missing and ignored. We also conduct a small simulation study based on the operational study to evaluate the parameter recovery of the models under the operational conditions. Findings indicate that the proposed models show promise for (a) reducing standard errors of trait estimates for persons who select NA responses, (b) reducing nonresponse bias in trait estimates for persons who select NA responses, and (c) providing substantive information to practitioners about the nature of the relationship between NA selection and the trait of measurement.