cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postmenopausal bone loss at multiple skeletal sites: Relationship to estrogen use

Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in the distal radius, proximal radius, and os calcis in 608 postmenopausal women, and the values were compared to vertebral osteoporosis and compression fractures determined radiographically, as well as to history of estrogen use. Current estrogen users had significantly higher BMC at all appendicular sites as compared to non-users. Prior estrogen users had lower appendicular BMC's than current users, but they were still significantly higher than non-users. However, radiographic assessment of the lumbar spine showed no difference in osteoporosis or compression fracture prevalence between prior users and non-users of estrogen, whereas current estrogen users had a significantly lower prevalence of osteoporosis in the spine. These findings suggest that estrogen effect on trabecular bone in the os calcis may be more transient than on cortical, appendicular bone. They also suggest that long term or permanent estrogen replacement is required to prevent spinal compression fractures.
Rapid Annealing Response of the Hardened 1802 Bulk CMOS Microprocessor

Rapid annealing test results show that the hardened RCA/Sandia 1802 Bulk CMOS Microprocessor will function immediately after application of intense ionizing radiation pulses. This result was established in LINAC tests using a comprehensive test procedure which exercised the ?P in logarithmic time intervals from 10 ?s to 1000 s. It was found that no loss of functionality occurs for doses up to about 280 KRads. At 790 KRads, the device initially loses functionality but anneals in 600 ms. At 1.6 MRads, the device loses functionality for 4 s, and at 2.4 MRads, the device loses functionality for at least 1000 s. A sample size of five devices was used. The 1802 ?P was tested using hardware and software especially designed for this purpose. The microprocessor was exercised using software routines of exponentially increasing length starting at 10 ?s after the pulse. A measure of ?P functionality was therefore provided at logarithmically increasing sample times, After 2 seconds was reached, the routines repeated every two seconds up to 1000 seconds when the test ended. The hardware and software are described in detail.
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the hippocampus in anesthetized and awake rats.

Abstract Electrical (30–60-s trains of 0.25-ms pulses at 25 Hz, currents 10–150 μA) and chemical (microinjections of 0.1–0.5 μl of a 1.0 M glutamate solution) stimulation of the hippocampal formation in the anesthetized and the awake rat evokes marked decreases in heart rate, blood pressure and slower, deeper, more regular respirations. Artificial ventilation (2 ml/breath; 100 breaths/min) has no effect on the cardiovascular responses, indicating that these effects are not secondary to respiratory changes. Administration of methyl atropine (0.4 mg/kg) eliminates the bradycardia response and attenuates or obliterates the blood pressure response but does not alter the respiratory response. This suggests that the cardiovascular responses are mediated partially by the vagus nerve and partially by sympathetic influences. Ablation of the medial frontal cortex, a visceral motor region which projects directly to the nucleus of the solitary tract and which receives a heavy direct projection from the CA1 and subicular cell fields of the ventral hippocampus, markedly attenuates or eliminates the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to stimulation of the ventral but not the dorsal hippocampus. The possibility that the medial frontal cortex may be a relay by which the hippocampus influences cardiovascular responses, including those observed during stress, is discussed.
Unusual backward emission of multifragmentation products in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Light fragments such as $^{24}\mathrm{Na}$ resulting from the multifragmentation of Au by 232-GeV $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ are emitted preferentially backwards in the laboratory system (F/B=0.81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05). This effect is not seen for similar products from V, Cu, or Ag targets, or for fission products from Au.
Peroneal Nerve Stimulation versus an Ankle Foot Orthosis for Correction of Footdrop in Stroke: Impact on Functional Ambulation

Objective. To compare the efficacy of the Odstock Dropped-Foot Stimulator (ODFS), a transcutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation device, versus an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) in improving functional ambulation of chronic stroke survivors. Intervention. Fourteen chronic stroke survivors with foot-drop participated in the study. Participants received ambulation training under 3 test conditions: 1) ODFS, 2) customized AFO, and 3) no device. Each participant was evaluated using the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile under the 3 test conditions. All participants were evaluated with a post-evaluation survey to solicit device feedback and preferences. Results. Functional ambulation with the AFO was significantly improved, relative to no device, on the floor (P = 0.000), carpet (P = 0.013), and “up and go” test (P = 0.042). There was a trend toward significance on the obstacle (P = 0.092) and stair (P = 0.067) trials. Functional ambulation with the ODFS was significantly improved, relative to no device, on t...
The impact of transmission mode on the evolution of benefits provided by microbial symbionts

While past work has often examined the effects of transmission mode on virulence evolution in parasites, few studies have explored the impact of horizontal transmission on the evolution of benefits conferred by a symbiont to its host. Here, we identify three mechanisms that create a positive covariance between horizontal transmission and symbiont-provided benefits: pleiotropy within the symbiont genome, partner choice by the host, and consumption of host waste by-products by symbionts. We modify a susceptible-infected model to incorporate the details of each mechanism and examine the evolution of symbiont benefits given variation in either the immigration rate of susceptible hosts or the rate of successful vertical transmission. We find conditions for each case under which greater opportunity for horizontal transmission (higher migration rate) favors the evolution of mutualism. Further, we find the surprising result that vertical transmission can inhibit the evolution of benefits provided by symbionts to hosts when horizontal transmission and symbiont-provided benefits are positively correlated. These predictions may apply to a number of natural systems, and the results may explain why many mutualisms that rely on partner choice often lack a mechanism for vertical transmission.
An Academician Preparation Program for Pharmacy Residents

Objective. To assess the evolution and effectiveness of the Academician Preparation Program to provide knowledge and skills in teaching and evaluating to pharmacy residents, as well as generate interest in academic careers. Design. Participants attended seminars and participated in additional teaching, precepting, facilitating, and evaluating activities. Residents maintained a teaching portfolio and met with a faculty mentor quarterly to review their progress toward completion of the requirements for the Academician Preparation Program certificate. Assessment. Since the program was first offered in 2005, it has expanded to 7 sites throughout the state. As of June 2012, 155 residents had completed the program and 20 (13%) had accepted full-time academic positions. Many others were serving as adjunct faculty members or preceptors. The majority of those enrolled in pharmacy residencies completed the program. Conclusion. An optional, organized academic preparation program was of interest to residents, fostered academic careers, and helped meet residency accreditation guidelines.
The Flare Echo: Reflectivity and Velocity Signature

Abstract The characteristics and causes of a radar artifact called a flare echo are described. The spike or flare-shaped echo typically has reflectivities <20 dBZ, and approaching Doppler velocities. It extends radially 10–20 km downrange of some intense radar storm echoes. Zrnic recently proposed a three-body scattering scenario to explain its occurrence, which consists of scattering by the hydrometeors to the ground, backscattering by the ground to the hydrometeors and scattering by the hydrometeors to the radar. In addition he developed relationships that predict the behavior of the flare reflectivities and velocities. The data presented here support Zrnic's three-body scattering explanation and relationship, indicating that the flare echo power is dependent on the inverse cube of the distance from the large hydrometeors to the ground. The flue Doppler velocities depend on the radial velocity and fall speed of the hydrometeors responsible for producing the flare. However, it was found that Zrnic's theo...
Lack of agreement between thermodilution and echocardiographic determination of cardiac output during normovolemia and acute hemorrhage in clinically healthy, anesthetized dogs

Objective and hypothesis: To determine whether or not there is agreement between the thermodilution and echocardiographic measurement of cardiac output (CO) during normovolemia and acute hemorrhage. The hypothesis was that there will be agreement between echocardiographic measurement of CO (ECO) and thermodilution measurement of CO (TDCO) during normovolemia and acute hemorrhage. Design: CO was measured by both thermodilution and echocardiography during α-chloralose anesthesia in dogs before and 15 and 30 minutes following acute arterial hemorrhage. Setting: Laboratory investigation. Animals: Eighteen clinically healthy dogs, weighing 20–25 kg, anesthetized with α-chloralose. Interventions: Acute arterial hemorrhage of approximately 50% of the total blood volume. CO was measured by thermodilution and echocardiography before and 15 and 30 minutes following hemorrhage. Measurements and main results: Acute hemorrhage resulted in a significant decrease in CO. There was a lack of agreement between the 2 methods to measure CO at each time and at all anatomic points of measurement in the aorta and pulmonary artery. Conclusion: There is a lack of agreement between the 2 methods; thus, determination of CO by echocardiography may not be a clinically useful tool following hemorrhage in dogs.
Carcinoma of bladder masked by epsilon aminocaproic acid therapy

Abstract Uncontrolled EACA (epsilon aminocaproic acid) therapy for hematuria was responsible for the formation of an insoluble fibrin cast within the bladder. The causefo the bleeding was found to be unsuspected carcinoma of the bladder. Repeated and thorough urologic investigation is mandatory in all instances of continued hematuria, and therapy with EACA is contraindicated unless a specific fibrinolytic defect is proved.
Psychiatric morbidity in cohabitants of community‐dwelling elderly depressives

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of living with a depressed elderly individual on the mental health of the cohabitant carer. METHOD: Case-control study comparing rates of psychiatric morbidity in cohabitants of depressed versus well elderly. SETTING: Community sample. PARTICIPANTS: 44 couples, one partner with AGECAT depression, and 44 couples, one partner diagnosed well by AGECAT. Cohabitants were matched for gender, age and physical health status. All subjects were aged 65 years and over. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Odds ratio of case or subcase depression and/or neurotic disorder in cohabitants of depressed elderly. RESULTS: 28/44 (64%) cohabitants of depressed subjects were cases (N = 9) or subcases (N = 19) of depression, neurotic disorder or both, compared to 13/44 (29%) cases (N = 1) or subcases (N = 12) in cohabitants of well subjects (OR = 6.33, 95% CI (1.7-18.3), p = < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study reveals high levels of psychiatric morbidity, primarily depression and anxiety symptoms, in the cohabitants of depressed community-dwelling elderly. This suggest that living with a depressed elderly person may have an adverse effect on the mental health of the cohabitant. Increased recognition of the potential psychiatric morbidity in this group is needed.
Heterogeneity of irritability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects with and without mood disorders.

Background We hypothesized that irritability is a heterogeneous symptom distinguished by severity and that attending to this heterogeneity would impact the relationship between irritability and bipolar disorder. Methods A total of 274 ADHD children were administered the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Epidemiologic Version) structured diagnostic interview. Three measures of irritability were identified: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)-type irritability, mad/cranky irritability, and super-angry/grouchy/cranky irritability. Subjects were stratified as having bipolar disorder ( n = 30), unipolar depression ( n = 100), and no history of depression or bipolar disorder (non–mood-disordered, n = 144). Results Oppositional defiant disorder–type irritability was very common in all ADHD subjects, was the least impairing, and did not increase the risk of mood disorder. Mad/cranky irritability was common in only ADHD children with a mood disorder, was more impairing than the ODD-type irritability, and was predictive of unipolar depression. Super-angry/grouchy/cranky irritability was common only in ADHD children with bipolar disorder, was the most impairing, and was predictive of both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Two percent of the subjects with ODD-type irritability only, 6% of subjects with mad/cranky irritability, and 46% of subjects with super-angry/grouchy/cranky irritability were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Conclusions These results challenge the conclusion that irritability is necessarily a poor diagnostic indicator of bipolar disorder in children.
Changes in brain norepinephrine content in mice following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine.

Abstract Treatment of mice with various doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) between days 1 and 5 after birth produced decreases in body, forebrain and cerebellum weights at 6 and 18 days of age. Doses of 6-OHDA larger than 3 injections of 50 mg/kg did not augment the norepinephrine (NE) depletion in the cerebellum at 6 days of age. Different patterns of NE depletion and recovery were observed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brainstem after injections of 50 mg/kg on day 1, days 1 and 3 or days 1, 3, and 5. In the cerebellum, but not in the cortex, NE content increased significantly between 8 and 24 hr post-injection. Sequential injections of 6-OHDA produced additional NE depletion 24 hr post-injection only in the cortex. At 18 days of age the extent of NE recovery in the cerebellum, but not in the brainstem or cortex, depended on the number of 6-OHDA injections. After 2 or 3 injections, NE concentrations in the cortex were significantly higher at 18 days (50–60% of control) than at 24 hr post-injection (10–15% of control).
Welcome to the Neighborhood! Reinventing Academic Life for Undergraduate Students.

June Pierce Youatt, Wyl McCully, and Sue A. Blanshan describe an innovative, collaborative approach to making on-campus life more accessible to students at Michigan State University.
Mechanics of Modulation Assisted Machining

The controlled application of low-frequency modulation to machining — Modulation Assisted Machining (MAM) — effects discrete chip formation and disrupts the severe contact condition at the tool-chip interface. The role of modulation in reducing the specific energy of machining with ductile alloys is demonstrated using direct force measurements. The observed changes in energy dissipation are analyzed and explained, based on the mechanics of chip formation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Fatigue Endurance Limit for Highway and Airport Pavements

The existence of a fatigue endurance limit has been postulated for a considerable time. With the increasing emphasis on extended-life hot-mix asphalt pavement, or perpetual pavement, verification of the existence of this endurance limit, a strain below which none or very little fatigue damage develops, has become a substantial consideration in the design of these new multilayered full-depth pavements. Fatigue data are presented that were collected on a surface mix and a binder mixture tested for an extended period from 5 million to 48 million load repetitions at strain levels down to 70 microstrain. The fatigue results are analyzed in the traditional manner and using the dissipated energy ratio. This analysis shows that there is a difference in the data at normal strain levels recommended for fatigue testing and at the low strain levels. This difference cannot substantiate an endurance limit using traditional analysis procedures, but the dissipated energy approach clearly shows a distinct change in material behavior at low flexural strain levels, which supports the fact that at low strain levels the damage accumulated from each load cycle is disproportionately less than what is predicted from extrapolations of fatigue testing at normal strain levels. This reduced damage may be attributed to the healing process. The conclusion of this study is that laboratory testing can verify the existence of a fatigue endurance limit in the range of 90 to 70 microstrain below which the fatigue life of the mixture is significantly extended relative to normal design considerations.
Evaporative water loss in birds—II. A modified method for determination by direct weighing

Abstract 1. 1. A direct weighing method of determining avian evaporative water loss under conditions of controlled temperature and humidity was developed. 2. 2. Ambient water vapor pressure and evaporative water loss are inversely related in Excalfactoria chinensis at 32,25 and 15°C. 3. 3. Evaporative water loss at a given temperature in E. chinesis is proportional to the water lossa vapor pressure gradient between the environment and evaporative surfaces. 4. 4. Maximum rates of gular flutter in a variety of species are roughly inversely related to the size of the gular area. 5. 5. Panting and gular fluttering may occur at rates determined by the resonant characteristics of thoratic cavity and gular region, respectively, or at apparent nonresonant frequencies.
The Sequential Structure of Movement Outcome in Learning a Discrete Timing Task

Abstract The sequential structure of discrete movement outcomes in an elbow-flexion movement task was examined with a crossed design of 2 movement-time (125 and 500 ms) and 2 range-of-motion (5° and 20°) conditions over sets of 200 trials of practice. Traditional analyses of error score techniques, time-series analyses of the quantitative raw and differenced data, and a symbolic dynamic analysis of qualitative events arising from the data were conducted. The differenced data revealed a consistent order over 3-trial strings that was more apparent with larger steps in the data scores, but quantitative time-series and symbolic dynamic analyses of the raw movement-time data showed weaker relations. There were a few patterns of structure evident in the raw data time-series that were a function of the movement condition and the skill level of the subject. The analyses of the movement-time scores revealed that, in learning the discrete timing task, there is more order apparent in the intrinsic frame of reference...
Artificial neural network response to mixed pixels in coarse-resolution satellite data

Abstract A feedforward neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron structure and trained using the backpropagation algorithm responds to subpixel class composition in both simulated and real data. Maps of the network response surfaces for simulated data illustrate that the set of network outputs successfully characterizes the level of class dominance and the subpixel composition for controlled data that contain a range of class mixtures. For a Sierra Nevada test site, the correspondence between 250 m reference data and a network class map produced using 250 m degraded TM data depends on the degree of subpixed class mixing as determined from coregistered 30 m reference data. For most mislabeled pixels, classification error results from confusion between the first and second largest subpixel components, and the first and second largest network outputs. Overall map accuracy increases from 62% to 79% when mislabeled pixels are reclassified using the second largest network output. Accuracy increases to 84% if, for mislabeled pixels, the second largest subpixel class is used as a reference. Maps of the network response surfaces for a controlled subset of the Plumas data complement the findings of the simulated data and show that the network responds in a systematic way to changing proportions of subpixel components. Based on our results we suggest that interpretation of the complete set of network outputs can provide information on the relative proportions of subpixel classes. We outline a threshold-based heuristic that would allow the labeling of pure classes, mixed classes, and primary and secondary class types based on the relative magnitudes of the two largest network signals.
Graded index Sol-Gel antireflection coatings

We explore graded index antireflection coatings that can reduce reflection of light at the ambient/cell or ambient/module boundary at all wavelengths and incidence angles. Simulations show that graded index coatings individually enhance absorption in solar cells across nearly the entire wavelength range. Silica sol-gel coatings with varying refractive indices deposited onto glass and silicon substrates are used to form graded index coatings, and the sol-gel layer processes have been adjusted so that the refractive indices are tunable from n=1.1 to n=1.5. Reflectance measurements also show that reflectivity decreases across the entire spectrum with added solgel multilayers.
Analysis of aircraft longitudinal handling qualities

The optimal control model (OCM) of the human pilot is applied to the study of aircraft handling qualities. Attention is focused primarily on longitudinal tasks. The modeling technique differs from previous applications of the OCM in that considerable effort is expended in simplifying the pilot/vehicle analysis. After briefly reviewing the OCM, a technique for modeling the pilot controlling higher order systems is introduced. Following this, a simple criterion for determining the susceptibility of an aircraft to pilot induced oscillations (PIO) is formulated. Finally, a model-based metric for pilot rating prediction is discussed. The resulting modeling procedure provides a relatively simple, yet unified approach to the study of a variety of handling qualities problems.
Inter-RNA homology and possible roles of small RNAs.

The nucleotide sequence of a segment of U1 and U3b small RNAs (sRNAs) is shown to have a high complementarity with the nucleotide sequence of a part of the leader region of almost all eukaryotic genes studied so far. The complementary region of U3b is located in the unpaired segment of the secondary structure of U3b constructed by Reddy et al. (1979). A similar complementarity is also observed between these RNAs and the leader regions of eukaryotic viruses, but the complementary region is not always identical with that for eukaryotic genes. Complementarity is also observed between the 3′ end of 18S rRNA and a segment of U1 or U3b which is almost contiguous to the region complementary with mRNA. These observations suggest that U1 and U3b may be involved in mRNA processing and transport in the nucleus or in translation in the cytoplasm. In addition to U1 and U3b, another sRNA, i.e., 4.5S RNAI, is shown to have segments which are homologous to the Hogness box of the flanking region of gene and the Proudfoot-Brownlee (PB) box of mRNA near the poly(A) attachment site. The two segments which are complementary with these boxes are located almost contiguously on a co-joined loop of the secondary structure of 4.5S RNAI constructed by Ro-Choi et al. (1972). Since the Hogness box and PB box are both considered as a recognition site by the RNA polymerase, it is possible that 4.5S RNAI is involved in mediating gene transcription.
Light Scattering from the Substructure of Bismuth Germanate

Because of the difficulty of achieving exact stoichiometry during crystal growth, Bismuth Germanate crystals often contain particulates, bubbles and other inclusions. A more fundamental characteristic is the relatively large diffuse scattering exhibited in artificially-grown crystals, regardless of source, which results from fluctuations in stoichiometry during crystallization. One observes both the large fluctuations introduced by growth procedures and the microscopic fluctuations introduced thermodynamically. Scattering measurements may also be useful in determining whether nonstoichiometry on the microscopic level has any effect on the scintillation efficiency and performance of this material.
Rapid fabrication and characterization of sine wave targets

The effect of surface perturbations on Inertial Confinement Fusion target performance is currently being researched at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). These perturbations can cause hydrodynamic instabilities which in turn reduce the targets` yield. To systematically measure the growth of these instabilities requires targets to be produced which have perturbations of a known amplitude and spatial frequency. The authors have recently assembled hardware onto one of their diamond turning lathes which enables them to machine and measure these sine waves in about 15 minutes. This is a significant reduction in time from the two and one half hours required by the previous method. This paper discusses the hardware, how it works, and how well the system is working for them to produce these targets.
Accelerated Pleistocene coral extinctions in the Caribbean Basin shown by uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating

Ages of corals and shallow-marine sequences define rates of marine invertebrate evolution, tectonic uplift, and paleoclimate change, yet accurate ages are difficult to obtain prior to the late Pleistocene. We report a new approach for combining uranium-lead (U- Pb) and uranium-series dating for middle Pleistocene corals from the Caribbean side of Costa Rica. Two corals have 230 Th/ 238 U in secular equilibrium, small excesses in δ 234 U, and 206 Pb * / 238 U ages of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma and 1.288 ± 0.034 Ma. The latter coral age dates a recognized geomagnetic event to ca. 1.3 Ma, a time at which no polarity events had been identified. The new ages also show that the major coral extinction in the Caribbean Basin occurred shortly after 1.0–0.9 Ma, much more recently than previously thought. This coral extinction now coincides with the global change at 1.0–0.8 Ma to the current pattern of glacial-interglacial cycles and amplified changes in sea level. These factors may have provided a new, strong environmental mechanism for rapid habitat modification and coral extinction.
Progress in seismic verification of test ban treaties

The ability of seismic methods to monitor underground nuclear explosions and implications for test ban verification are discussed. Technical aspects of seismic monitoring are examined, and seismic-based yield estimation is explained. Three major developments since 1987 concerning technical issues, all providing consistent evidence about the accuracy of seismic methods and increasing confidence in them, are described. >
Alterations of Bovine Sarcoplasmic Proteins as Influenced by High Temperature Aging

SUMMARY— Effects of high temperature aging upon certain characteristics of bovine I. dorsi muscle were studied. Paired wholesale ribs of carcasses were obtained subsequent to slaughter. The left rib of each pair was held at 30°C for 24 hr, then stored at 3°C. Analogous right ribs were immediately stored at 3°C. A sampling schedule of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 days was followed. There were minor variations in moisture, pH, tyrosine-tryptophan indices of non-protein nitrogenous compounds and expressible moisture ratios between treatments and with time. These differences were not statistically significant. Up to three days storage, extractability of water soluble protein was greatest from muscles held at the elevated temperature. After the third day, however, extractability was greater for muscles held at 3°C. Color differences between muscles treated via the two storage temperatures were marked. Absorbance ratios (422.280 mp) of extracts showed that muscles held at the high temperature had higher extractable levels of oxymyoglobin than ribs held at 3°C. This difference remained apparent throughout the aging period. Results of DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography of the sarcoplasmic proteins showed only minor variations in profiles between the two aging treatments. Alterations did appear with time. Profile alterations did not appear related to anticipated increases in tenderness.
Multibaseline IFSAR for 3D target reconstruction

We consider three dimensional target construction from SAR data collected on multiple complete circular apertures at different elevation angle. The 3-D resolution of circular SAR systems is constrained by two factors: the sparse sampling in elevation and the limited azimuthal persistence of the reflectors in the scene. Three dimensional target reconstruction with multipass circular SAR data is further complicated by nonuniform elevation spacing in real flight paths and non-constant elevation angle throughout the circular pass. In this paper we first develop parametric spectral estimation methods that extend standard IFSAR method of height estimation to apertures at more than two elevation angles. Next, we show that linear interpolation of the phase history data leads to unsatisfactory performance in 3-D reconstruction from nonuniformly sampled elevation passes. We then present a new sparsity regularized interpolation algorithm to preprocess nonuniform elevation samples to create a virtual uniform linear array geometry. We illustrate the performance of the proposed method using simulated backscatter data.
Analysis of conformational tendencies in proteins

Abstract A protein sequence is a blueprint for a three-dimensional structure. Computational and experimental scientists are learning to read this blueprint while protein designers are assembling the skills to create novel macromolecules. This article reviews recent developments in these areas.
Finite element elastic-plastic analysis of LMFBR components

Abstract The present effort involves the development of computationally efficient finite element methods for accurately predicting the isothermal elastic-plastic three-dimensional responses of thick and thin shell structures subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. This work will be used as the basis for further development of analytical tools to be used to verify the structural integrity of liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) components. The methods presented here have been implemented into the three-dimensional solid element module (HEX) of the Grumman PLANS finite element program. These methods include the use of optimal stress points as well as a variable number of stress points within an element. This allows monitoring the stress history at many points within an element and hence provides an accurate representation of the elastic-plastic boundary using a minimum number of degree of freedom. Also included is an improved thermal stress analysis capability in which the temperature variation and corresponding thermal strain variation are represented by the same functional form as the displacement variation. Various problems are used to demonstrate these improved capabilities.
Abnormality of chromosome 16 and its phenotypic expression

An abnormality of chromosome 16 in which there is extra genetic material present on the short arm (46, XY, 16p+) has been identified. This chromosomal aberration was associated with multiple congenital anomalies, including mid-facial hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, and mental retardation. On the basis of the cytogenetic appearance and the phenotype of the patient, this may represent a partial 16 trisomy. Unlike most abnormalities of chromosome 16, this syndrome was compatible with life.
Radiographic analysis for jaw motion normalization.

Purpose This study incorporated 3 objectives: 1 ) to evaluate the physical location of the center of rotation as determined by a custom mathematical algorithm, 2 ) to identify and compare the geometric center of the condylar head in radiographs with the calculated center of rotation, and 3 ) to determine whether a correlation exists between jaw motion characteristics and the mandibular geometry of the subject. Materials and Methods Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 9 subjects who underwent motion path analysis were obtained. The determined center of rotation of each mandible was calculated through a custom algorithm and recorded on the radiograph. Circular templates were used to determine the geometric center of the condyle for comparisons. Finally, measurements of 4 geometric jaw parameters were made and compared with motion characteristics to investigate whether mandibular geometry can be correlated to motion parameters. Results All calculated centers of rotation were found to lie in the condylar head of the mandible. The average difference between the calculated center of rotation and geometric center of the condylar head was 2.87 mm (SD, 1.69 mm). In addition, correlations were found linking the length of the mandibular rotational arm to the rotational and translational motions. However, there was no correlation found with the other geometric mandibular parameters. Conclusions Analysis of mandibular motion allows for an accurate determination of the center of rotation. Previously identified characteristic motion exists in terms of primary rotation, followed by translation of the mandible with rotation. The magnitude of each phase differs between subjects. This study points to a natural mechanism of mandibular opening as the amount of rotation increased for longer rotational arms and amount of translation increased for shorter ones, serving to lessen the disparity in the opening amounts among individuals.
Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Carbon Partitioning in Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Plants Grown in the Field at Different CO2 Levels

The effects of water stress and CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis, assimilate export, and sucrose-P synthase activity were examined in field grown soybean plants. In general, leaves of plants grown in CO2-enriched atmospheres (300 microliters per liter above unenriched control, which was 349 ± 12 microliters per liter between 0500 and 1900 hours EST over the entire season) had higher carbon exchange rates (CER) compared to plants grown at ambient CO2, but similar rates of export and similar activities of sucrose-P synthase. On most sample dates, essentially all of the extra carbon fixed as a result of CO2 enrichment was partitioned into starch. CO2-enriched plants had lower transpiration rates and therefore had a higher water use efficiency (milligrams CO2 fixed per gram H2O transpired) per unit leaf area compared to nonenriched plants. Water stress reduced CER in nonenriched plants to a greater extent than in CO2-enriched plants. As CER declined, stomatal resistance increased, but this was not the primary cause of the decrease in assimilation because internal CO2 concentration remained relatively constant. Export of assimilates was less affected by water stress than was CER. When CERs were low as a result of the imposed stress, export was supported by mobilization of reserves (mainly starch). Export rate and leaf sucrose concentration were related in a curvilinear manner. When sucrose concentration was above about 12 milligrams per square decimeter, obtained with nonstressed plants at high CO2, there was no significant increase in export rate. Assimilate export rate was also correlated positively with SPS activity and the quantitative relationship varied with CER. Thus, export rate was a function of both CER and carbon partitioning.
Maintaining an organizational spirituality: no easy task

Spirituality in general, and in the workplace in particular, has become an important topic in recent years. Spirituality in the workplace is more than a passing fancy; it is changing the fundamental nature of work. Individuals are searching for meaning in their work, a meaning that transcends mere economic gain. These individuals are looking to their organizational leaders to help them in their search, and organizations in turn are being challenged to maintain a spirituality. A study of the mission statements of the 28 US Jesuit universities reveals that maintaining an organizational spirituality is no easy task.
Optimal Mode Switching for a Hydraulic Actuator Controlled With Four-Valve Independent Metering Configuration

AbstractA spool valve is a single degree of freedom system that has coupled ‘meter in’ and ‘meter out’. Decoupling of meter in from meter out provides for more controllability and potential for energy saving in overrunning load cases when compared with a conventional spool valve controlled hydraulic system. A four-valve configuration controlling a hydraulic cylinder is emphasized in this paper. The four-valve configuration can operate in several two-valve discrete modes because each of the four valves is controlled separately from the others. Five distinct (or discrete) metering modes that exist in the literature are initially studied: Powered Extension, High Side Regeneration Extension, Low Side Regeneration Extension, Powered Retraction, and Low Side Regeneration retraction. Each of these modes has different force and speed capabilities and the operating mode should consequently be selected based on the load and the commanded speed. Proper switching between these modes is crucial for efficient and produ...
The reincarnation of Jane: “Through this” — Gilman's companion to “the yellow wall‐paper”

(1992). The reincarnation of Jane: “Through this” — Gilman's companion to “the yellow wall‐paper”. Women's Studies: Vol. 20, Is Multiculturalism Enough?, pp. 287-302.
Rapid detection of rRNA group I pseudomonads in contaminated metalworking fluids and biofilm formation by fluorescent in situ hybridization

Metalworking fluids (MWFs), used in different machining operations, are highly prone to microbial degradation. Microbial communities present in MWFs lead to biofilm formation in the MWF systems, which act as a continuous source of contamination. Species of rRNA group I Pseudomonas dominate in contaminated MWFs. However, their actual distribution is typically underesti- mated when using standard culturing techniques as most fail to grow on the commonly used Pseudomonas Isolation Agar. To overcome this, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to study their abundance along with biofilm formation by two species recovered from MWFs, Pseudomonas fluorescens MWF-1 and the newly described Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. lubricantis. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, a unique fluorescent molecular probe (Pseudo120) was designed targeting a conserved signature sequence common to all rRNA group I Pseudomonas. The specificity of the probe was evaluated using hybridization experiments with whole cells of different Pseudomonas species. The probe's sensitivity was determined to be 10 3 cells/ml. It successfully detected and enumerated the abundance and distribution of Pseudomonas indicating levels between 3.2 (±1.1)×10 6 and 5.0 (±2.3)×10 6 cells/ ml in four different industrial MWF samples collected from three different locations. Biofilm formation was visualized under stagnant conditions using high and low concentra- tions of cells for both P. fluorescens MWF-1 and P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis stained with methylene blue and Pseudo120. On the basis of these observations, this molecular probe can be successfully be used in the management of MWF systems to monitor the levels and biofilm formation of rRNA group I pseudomonads.
The Accurate Evaluation of an Equilibrium Isotope Effect involving Diatomic Molecules

The equilibrium constant for the gas phase isotopic exchange reaction D2 + 2 HCl ⇋ H2 + 2 DCl is evaluated by means of isotopic partition function ratios. A number of methods of calculation are explored. The preferred method here is the variational calculation of rotational-vibrational energy levels corresponding to appropriate potential curves, followed by the calculation of the partition functions by direct summation. In order to obtain agreement with experiment, it is necessary to introduce corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Die Gleichgewichtskonstante fur die Gasphasen-Isotopenaustauschreaktion D2 + 2 HCl ⇋ H2 + 2 DCl wird mit Hilfe des isotopischen Zustandssummenverhaltnisses bestimmt, icobei cine Anzahl von Methoden itntersucht werden. Die hier bevorzugl angewendete Methode ist die Varialionsrechnung des Rotations-Vibrations Energienivcaus, die zu den entsprechenden Potentialkurven gehoren, gejolgt von der Berechnung der Zustandssummen durch direkte Summicrung. Um eine Ubereinstimmun...
Aspiration Pneumonitis Caused by Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution Treated with Conservative Management

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte solution, Golytely, is an osmotic laxative commonly used in preoperative bowel cleansing. In this case report, a 9-year-old boy developed aspiration pneumonitis following accidental infusion of PEG solution into his right lung following migration of his nasogastric tube (NGT). Hypoxemia and tachypnea without respiratory failure were observed after infusion. Because PEG is a nonabsorbable toxic material, previous case reports have advocated for the performance of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the treatment of PEG pneumonitis. With close monitoring, our patient was able to be successfully treated without the need for invasive interventions including BAL or intubation. Generalizations about PEG absorption in the lung based on its permeability in the gastrointestinal tract should not deter the use of more conservative treatment in the appropriate patient.
A defect of sphingolipid metabolism modifies the properties of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis

Maintaining the appropriate complement and content of lipids in cellular membranes is critical for normal neural function. Accumulating evidence suggests that even subtle perturbations in the lipid content of neurons and myelin can disrupt their function and may contribute to myelin and axonal degradation. In this study, we determined the composition and quantified the content of lipids and sterols in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and normal appearing grey matter (NAGM) from control and multiple sclerosis brain tissues by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Our results suggest that in active-multiple sclerosis, there is a shift in the lipid composition of NAWM and NAGM to a higher phospholipid and lower sphingolipid content. We found that this disturbance in lipid composition was reduced in NAGM but not in NAWM of inactive-multiple sclerosis. The pattern of disturbance in lipid composition suggests a metabolic defect that causes sphingolipids to be shuttled to phospholipid production. Modelling the biophysical consequence of this change in lipid composition of NAWM indicated an increase in the repulsive force between opposing bilayers that could explain decompaction and disruption of myelin structure.
High-speed air microjet arrays produced using acoustic streaming for micro propulsion

This paper reports a new generation of micro air jet arrays, consisting of electrostatic micro actuators generating high-speed micro air jets using acoustic streaming for eventual application in chip cooling, gas pumping, and propulsion of micro-platforms. The microjet array is developed using a simple fabrication process and assembly method. The array contains 24 actuators with a volume of 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.1 cm3 and weighs 0.09g including wires and mounts. Several improvements have been achieved in this generation of devices, including: (1) light weight (smaller by >5×), (2) large diaphragm displacement (~10 μm), and (3) high operating frequency (~100 kHz). A 3.5× improvement in thrust-per-weight ratio is obtained with an average thrust of 0.75 μN per actuator. Diaphragm velocity is measured using a laser vibrometer and a peak jet speed of 7 m/s through the exit throat holes is estimated.
Modern controller for improving product quality during threading of the tandem hot strip rolling mill

The tandem rolling of hot metal strip is a highly complex and nonlinear process which presents a difficult control challenge. The control of the threading phase of this process is especially difficult as the model of the process changes significantly and rapidly as the head of the strip is sequenced from stand to stand during threading. Moreover, to improve the quality of the final product during threading it is necessary to reduce excursions in the strip tension, looper position, as well as strip thickness. In this paper we present a comprehensive model of the threading process plus the results of our initial work to develop a suitable controller which handles the rapid changes in the model during threading. The success of our initial work is demonstrated by a simulation.
Sex and acute stroke presentation

Abstract Study objectives: We determine whether a sex difference exists for acute stroke emergency department presentation. Methods: The TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project is a prospective observational study of acute stroke management that identified 1,189 validated strokes in nonurban community EDs from February 1998 to March 2000. Structured interview of the patient and the person with the patient at symptom onset identified the symptom or symptoms that prompted the patient to seek medical attention. Interview data were available for 1,124 (94%) patients. A physician blinded to sex classified the reported symptoms into 14 categories. Results: Nontraditional stroke symptoms were reported by 28% of women and 19% of men (odds ratio 1.62; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.2). Nontraditional stroke symptoms, pain (men 8%, women 12%) and change in level of consciousness (men 12%, women 17%), were more often reported by women. Traditional stroke symptoms, imbalance (men 20%, women 15%) and hemiparesis (men 24%, women 19%), were reported more frequently by men. Trends were also found for women to present with nonneurologic symptoms (men 17%, women 21%) and men to present with gait abnormalities (men 11%, women 8%). There was no sex difference in the mean number of symptoms reported by an individual patient. Conclusion: This study suggests that a sex difference exists in reporting of acute stroke symptoms. Women with validated strokes present more frequently with nontraditional stroke symptoms than men. Recognition of this difference might yield faster evaluation and management of female patients with acute stroke eligible for acute therapies. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:453-460.]
Ultrasound diagnosis of luckenschadel (lacunar skull).

Background. The neuroradiologic findings in the Chiari II malformation are well known. Luckenschadel (lacunar skull) is commonly seen in patients with Chiari II on plain film and with computed tomography (CT). However, the sonographic appearance of luckenschadel has not previously been described.¶Objective. To evaluate the presence or absence of luckenschadel on neurosonograms from infants with myelomeningocele.¶Materials and methods. Twenty-one neurosonograms in patients with myelomeningocele were reviewed for the presence of an irregular inner calvarial table indicative of luckenschadel. The degree of irregularity was graded and compared with CT and plain film when available. The ventricular index was calculated from the ultrasound (US) studies and correlated with degree of luckenschadel using one-way analysis of variance.¶Results. Nine patients had marked findings of luckenschadel, nine had mild findings, and three had normal US exams. There was no correlation between the degree of sonographic luckenschadel and the ventricular index.¶Conclusion. The finding of luckenschadel adds to the spectrum of abnormalities of the Chiari II malformation diagnosed by US.