cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Antarctic ecosystem

Abstract The Antarctic region comprises the continent and surrounding sea south of the Antarctic Convergence, where cold Antarctic upper water sinks and mixes with warmer sub-Antarctic water. The continent, nearly centered on the South Geographic Pole, is isolated by the Southern Ocean from other land masses. The continent's mean elevation is about 2,000 m and 98% of the surface is mantled by 2,000 m or more of glacial ice which flows toward coastal outlets to the sea. The ice sheet is pierced by mountain summits, some approaching altitudes near 5,000 m. The continental shelf mean width is 30 km. On its seaward edge the shelf is at depths of 400 to over 600 m. The total area of ice and snow surface presented by the region is doubled by the maximum extent of sea ice each year. The Antarctic Continent is the principal heat sink of the world weather machine. Upwelling areas of the Southern Ocean recycle nutrients and stimulate the marine ecosystem, and seasonal changes in extent of sea ice contribute to one of the greatest annual pulses in marine organic production. The fish fauna has only 120 species but these belong to 29 families. The zooplankton is rich in several endemic crustacea, notably the Antarctic krill. The only vertebrates on land come from the sea onto shore areas and fast ice, including colonies of breeding penguins and associated birds as well as seals. Closed communities of vascular plants and cryptogams occur on sub-Antarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, but in the entire continental Antarctic the vegetation is desert-like, composed of scattered mosses, lichens, and terrestrial algae. Exposed surfaces of crystalline rocks harbor “endolithic microbial life,” and a few species of invertebrates dwell on favorably exposed soil and under rocks. The ice Plateau is as nearly abiotic or sterile as any area on the earth's surface. The physical and biotic features of Antarctica represent extreme conditions. The continent was untouched by man until the past two centuries and remains nearly pristine. It yields key information about cold environments and global environmental systems including evidences of change, and deserves protection from unnecessary disturbance.
Nuclear factor-κB-independent regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated interleukin-6 biosynthesis

Abstract The possible involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in mediating the regulation of interleukin (IL)-6 biosynthesis in response to E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin (LPS) was investigated in vitro. In alveolar epithelial cells, irreversible inhibition of the proteasome complex by carbobenzoxy- l -leucyl- l -leucyl- l -leucinal (MG-132; 1–50 μM) did not affect LPS-mediated IL-6 secretion. Whereas the selective inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by the action of caffeic acid phenyl ethyl ester (CAPE; 1–100 μM) attenuated LPS-dependent IL-6 production at 100 μM, sulfasalazine (SSA; 0.1–10 mM), a potent and irreversible inhibitor of NF-κB, did not inhibit LPS-dependent IL-6 secretion. Incorporation of a selectively permeant inhibitor of NF-κB, SN-50 (1–20 μM), a peptide which contains the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) for the p50 NF-κB subunit and the amino-terminal sequence of Kaposi fibroblast growth factor to promote cell permeability, did not reduce LPS-mediated release of IL-6. These data indicate a NF-κB-independent pathway mediating LPS-dependent regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis in the airway epithelium.
Price Experimentation and Security Market Structure

We examine the role of market makers in facilitating price discovery. We show that a specialist may experiment with prices to induce more informative order flow, thereby expediting price discovery. Market makers in a multiple-dealer system, unlike a specialist system, do not have the incentives to perform such costly experiments because of free-rider problems. Consequently, the specialist system may provide open markets where bid-ask spreads. We analyze the effect of experimentation on the bid-ask spread and provide an exploratory analysis of intraday specialist data that is consistent with our price experimentation hypothesis. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
P-1362 - Prevalence and diagnostic overlap of somatization, anxiety, depression and stress among arab population

Objectives To determine the prevalence of somatisation, depression, anxiety and stress, investigate the socio-demographic characteristics and determine the diagnostic overlap of somatisation, depression, anxiety and stress. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Primary Health Care (PHC) Center. Subjects Representative sample of 2150 patients were approached and 1762 patients agreed to participate (81.9%) March to October, 2011. Method General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to identify the probable cases. Anxiety was assessed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Depression was assessed with depression module (PHQ-8). Somatisation was measured with somatic symptom module of the PHQ -15. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) instrument was used to identify the stress cases. Results The prevalence rate of somatisation, depression, anxiety and stress were 11.7%, 10.6%, 8.3% and 18.6% respectively. More than half of the sufferers with somatisation (58.3%), depression (54.3%), anxiety (50.7%) and stress (56.4%) were men in the age group 45–54 years. Half of the subjects with somatisation (51.4%), depression (50.8%), anxiety (53.4%) and stress (50.7%) were with low education. low economic status among the somatic (35.9%), depressive (35.7%), anxious (35.6%) and stress (34.5%) patients. For somatisation, the most common symptom experienced by men (68.3%) and women (66.3%) was back pain. There was considerable overlap between these four mental disorders. Conclusion Stress and somatisation were the most frequent observed among patients compared to depression and anxiety. Patients with low education and low economic status were more affected with these four mental disorders and patients were not able to cope up daily activities.
An Integrated Approach To Introducing Biofuels, Flash Point, and Vapor Pressure Concepts into an Introductory College Chemistry Lab

Students explore the fundamental chemical concepts of vapor pressure and flash point in a real-world technical context, while gaining insight into the contemporary societal issue of biofuels. Lab activities were developed using a closed-cup instrument to measure the flash point of various biodiesel samples. Pre- and post-tests revealed that the student’s grasp of the relationship between vapor pressure and flash point went from 46% to 91% after completing the lab and 76% of students responded that measurement of flash point helped them better understand the concept of vapor pressure. In the 3-h lab, students produce a small sample of biodiesel fuel and then evaluate the safety and quality of their product compared with a commercially available reference fuel that meets ASTM specifications. The experiment illustrates how fuel properties depend on the production process and the resulting composition and purity of the fuel product. The observed differences in fuel flash points provide for an introduction of the concepts of chemical quality assurance and quality control. The goal of this lab is to increase understanding of biofuels and associated chemical concepts that influence the properties of various renewable and fossil fuels.
Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat adipocytes by concanavalin a: Evidence for insulin-like effect mediated by hydrogen peroxide

Summary Concanavalin A mimics the action of insulin in stimulating glucose transport and utilization in rat adipocytes. Evidence is presented that the lectin causes a rapid and sustained increase in the active form of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase in these cells, without altering the total enzyme content. Insulin and hydrogen peroxide have the same effect, but concanavalin A appears to be more potent. Since this lectin also stimulates a pyridine nucleotide oxidase in the plasma membrane of these cells with generation of H2O2 like insulin, these data confirm the original evidence of Mukherjee and coauthors that intracellular H2O2 represents insulin's transmembrane metabolic signal (messenger). Both the stimulation effects of the lectin or insulin on formate oxidation and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity are independent of medium glucose, but this substrate has a supporting role in maintaining the redox optimum and the PDH response.
Characterization of Sequential Collagen-Poly(ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Interpenetrating Networks and Initial Assessment of Their Potential for Vascular Tissue Engineering

Collagen hydrogels have been widely investigated as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering due in part to the capacity of collagen to promote robust cell adhesion and elongation. However, collagen hydrogels display relatively low stiffness and strength, are thrombogenic, and are highly susceptible to cell-mediated contraction. In the current work, we develop and characterize a sequentially-formed interpenetrating network (IPN) that retains the benefits of collagen, but which displays enhanced mechanical stiffness and strength, improved thromboresistance, high physical stability and resistance to contraction. In this strategy, we first form a collagen hydrogel, infuse this hydrogel with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and subsequently crosslink the PEGDA by exposure to longwave UV light. These collagen-PEGDA IPNs allow for cell encapsulation during the fabrication process with greater than 90% cell viability via inclusion of cells within the collagen hydrogel precursor solution. Furthermore, the degree of cell spreading within the IPNs can be tuned from rounded to fully elongated by varying the time delay between the formation of the cell-laden collagen hydrogel and the formation of the PEGDA network. We also demonstrate that these collagen-PEGDA IPNs are able to support the initial stages of smooth muscle cell lineage progression by elongated human mesenchymal stems cells.
Effects of pigment heterogeneity on fluorescence in photosynthetic units.

Summary A computer solution of the Pauli Master Equation is used to study the fluorescence quantum yield of a two-dimensional random host-trap-anti-trap system. Calculations predict that both the quantum yield and prompt fluorescence lifetime from photosynthetic units increase as pigment heterogeneity increases. From the temperature dependent action spectrum of fluorescence the pairwise Forster transfer rate is predicted to decrease with decreasing temperature.
Hormone therapy, C-reactive protein, and progression of atherosclerosis: Data from the Estrogen Replacement on Progression of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis (ERA) trial

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of estrogen and estrogen plus progestin on levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and to examine the relationship between these changes and progression of angiographically defined coronary disease. Methods Baseline and follow-up (year 1 and year 3) plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP were measured in a subset of 232 patients from the Estrogen Replacement in Atherosclerosis (ERA) trial. Results Serial angiograms were also available at baseline and closeout. Estrogen alone increased CRP by 40% ( P = .01) at 1 year and 38% P = .002) at closeout. Estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate increased CRP by 44.7% P = .001) at 1 year and 54.7% P = .0001) at closeout as compared with baseline levels. There were no significant changes in IL-6 with either treatment. In women in the active treatment arm, change in CRP during the first year was not associated with progression of coronary disease P = .2). Conclusions Estrogen and estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone significantly raise CRP levels in women with established coronary disease. In contrast, IL-6 levels are not affected by estrogen or estrogen plus progestin. Estrogen-induced changes in CRP are not associated with progression of atherosclerosis.
Reliable band-to-band registration of Multispectral Thermal Imager data using multivariate mutual information and cyclic consistency

In multispectral imaging, automated cross-spectral (band-to-band) image registration is difficult to achieve with a reliability approaching 100%. This is particularly true when registering infrared to visible imagery, where contrast reversals are common and similarity is often lacking. Algorithms that use mutual information as a similarity measure have been shown to work well in the presence of contrast reversal. However, weak similarity between the long-wave infrared (LWIR) bands and shorter wavelengths remains a problem. A method is presented in this paper for registering multiple images simultaneously rather than one pair at a time using a multivariate extension of the mutual information measure. This approach improves the success rate of automated registration by making use of the information available in multiple images rather than a single pair. This approach is further enhanced by including a cyclic consistency check, for example registering band A to B, B to C, and C to A. The cyclic consistency check provides an automated measure of success allowing a different combination of bands to be used in the event of a failure. Experiments were conducted using imagery from the Department of Energy’s Multispectral Thermal Imager satellite. The results show a significantly improved success rate.
Testing the Compatibility Test: How Instructions, Accountability, and Anticipated Regret Affect Prechoice Screening of Options.

Subjects screened a set of jobs, retaining those for which they wished to apply and rejecting those that were no longer under consideration. In Experiment 1, subjects who indicated the jobs for which they would apply/not apply screened out fewer jobs than those with instructions to reject/not reject or those with instructions simply to screen (control). There were no differences between the reject and control conditions. Experiment 2 used a design similar to that of Experiment 1, but subjects were made accountable for their screening judgments. The reject-apply discrepancy remained, but the accountability manipulation made the subjects more stringent in their screening compared to those who were not accountable for their judgments. In Experiment 3, subjects were told to consider either the regret resulting from retaining a bad option (regret bad) or the regret from rejecting a good option (regret good). Subjects in the regret bad condition rejected more jobs than did subjects in the regret good condition, but not more than subjects in the control condition. As predicted by image theory, the normal screening process appears to be to screen out the bad options rather than screen in the good options. This is demonstrated by screening in the control condition being similar to screening under the reject instructions (Experiment 1) and under regret bad instructions (Experiment 3), since these conditions were shown to focus attention on the bad options.
Characterization of carbon fiber composite materials for RF applications

Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC) materials have been used for decades in the aerospace, automotive, and naval industries. They have often been used because of their mechanical advantages. These advantageous characteristics have typically included low weight and high strength. It is also a benefit that CFC materials can be made into nearly any shape or size. With the abundant use of CFC materials, it seems desirable to better under- stand the electromagnetic applications of these materials. CFC materials consist of a non-conductive resin or epoxy in addition to conductive carbon fibers. The carbon fibers can be oriented and layered in many different configurations. The specific orientation and layering of the carbon fibers has a direct impact on its electrical characteristics. One specific characteristic of interest is the conductivity of CFC materials. The work in this paper deals with probing the conductivity characteristics of CFC materials for applications in antenna and radar design. Multiple layouts of carbon fiber are investigated. The DC conductivity was measured by applying a conductive epoxy to sample edges and using a milliohm meter. Shielding effectiveness was then predicted based on fundamental electromagnetics for conducting media. Finally, prototype dipole antennas made from CFC materials were investigated.
An Immersed Boundary Method with Formal Second-Order Accuracy and Reduced Numerical Viscosity

A formally second-order accurate immersed boundary method is presented and tested in this paper. We apply this new scheme to simulate the flow past a circular cylinder and study the effect of numerical viscosity on the accuracy of the computation by comparing the numerical results with those of a first-order method. The numerical evidence shows that the new scheme has less numerical viscosity and is therefore a better choice for the simulation of high Reynolds number flows with immersed boundaries.
Estimation and application of thermodynamic properties for a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture

Resume A des temperatures exterieures basses, un melange non azeotropique de 65-35% (en masse) de R 13B1/R 152a a revele des performances avantageuses par rapport au R 22 dans une pompe a chaleur a source d'air equipee d'un accumulateur: Quand la temperature d'evaporation s'abaisse, le R 152a, ayant une temperature d'ebullition plus elevee, commence a se condenser de preference dans l'accumulateur et le melange en circulation s'enrichit en R 13B1 a une pression plus elevee. Cet enrichissement aide a maintenir la densite du gaz d'aspiration et la puissance du compresseur. Des tables de proprietes thermodynamiques ont eteetabliies pour la gamme des compositions possibles, soit de 63–65% a 80-20% (en masse) de R 13B1/R 152a. Afin d'eviter la repetition des mesures experimentales, on a adopte comme equation d'etat pour l'estimation des proprietes thermodynamiques au point de rosee et au point d'ebullition pour chaque composition du melange la modification de Soave de l'equation de Redlich-Kwong. Cette methode exige des donnees considerables sur les proprietes physiques pour les composants purs et certaines donnees pression-temperature pour le melange. Une comparaison des calculs de l'equation de Redlich-Kwong-Soave pour les composants purs montre une tres bonne concordance avec les tables de l'ASHRAE. De plus, les donnees calculees pour le melange a 70-30% en masse de R 13B1/R 152a concordent bien avec les donnees experimentales de pression, temperature et densite pour cette composition. On se servira des tables de proprietes thermodynamiques pour des evaluations ulterieures du melange.
Corrosion properties of iron and steel

Abstract Multiple correlation analysis has yielded results which permit the prediction of the corrosion rate of an alloy steel as a function of its minor element content. Phosphorus and carbon are particularly detrimental to corrosion resistance, as is manganese when present in large amounts. Silicon also lowers resistance, while copper is mildly beneficial. Sulphur, chromium and nickel have no effect on corrosion rate in these low alloys. Corrosion rate is also dependent on the distribution of iron carbide in the microstructure. For example, dissolution rate is increased markedly by decreasing the average pearlite lamellae spacing in a given alloy.
Detection of Interdomain Routing Anomalies Based on Higher-Order Path Analysis

Anomalous interdomain border gateway protocol (BGP) events including misconfigurations, attacks and large-scale power failures often affect the global routing infrastructure. Thus, the ability to detect and categorize such events is extremely useful. In this article we present a novel anomaly detection technique for BGP that distinguishes between different anomalies in BGP traffic. This technique is termed higher order path analysis (HOPA) and focuses on the discovery of patterns in higher order paths in supervised learning datasets. Our results demonstrate that not only worm events but also different types of worms as well as blackout events are cleanly separable and can be classified in real time based on our incremental approach. This novel approach to supervised learning has potential applications in cybersecurity/forensics and text/data mining in general.
Abating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Cash-for-Clunker Programs

Policy makers use incentive-based vehicle scrappage or cash-for-clunker programs to pursue a range of social and economic goals such as decreasing vehicular emissions, preventing vehicle abandonment, lowering consumer spending on gasoline, and stimulating new vehicle sales. However, there are no programs aimed solely at greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. This study discusses design considerations for such a program. Past and present programs are evaluated to show how regulatory elements in vehicle scrappage programs can be adjusted to maximize GHG savings. It is shown how fuel economy-based eligibility requirements are preferable to age-based requirements and how financial incentives can be properly aligned to balance program cost and participation rate. Finally, a program framework is presented; at a minimum, it ensures that a cash-for-clunker program offsets GHG emissions attributable to vehicle manufacturing and end-of-life disposal with use-phase emission reductions.
Nuclear translocation of prolactin: collaboration of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C activation in rat Nb2 node lymphoma cells.

Recent evidence has suggested that prolactin (PRL), internalized by lactogen-dependent Nb2 lymphoma cells, is actively translocated to the nucleus where it binds to PRL receptors. Moreover, the mitogenic action of PRL in these cells has been separately linked to protein tyrosyl phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Therefore, the coupling of PRL internalization and nuclear translocation to the activation of these signal transduction pathways was investigated. Results from control experiments indicated that 30% of internalized and 5% total cell-associated 125I-rat PRL could be recovered within nuclei obtained from Nb2 cells previously incubated with the radiolabel for 3 h at 37°C. Furthermore, internalized PRL was found to be intact and not associated with any carrier proteins. Addition of tyrosine kinase (TK) antagonists, genistein or tyrphostin, significantly reduced cell surface binding, internalization, and nuclear translocation of 125I-rat PRL. In contrast, neither the level of cell-associated nor internalized hormone differed between cells treated with the PKC antagonists, staurosporine or calphostin C, and control cultures. Instead, PKC inhibition significantly reduced nuclear PRL translocation. The inhibitory effects of the TK and PKC antagonists on PRL internalization and nuclear translocation in intact Nb2 cells were verified by immunofluorescence microscopy in parallel experiments. In other experiments, each of the kinase inhibitors blocked PRL-stimulated Nb2 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that activated TK and PKC collaborate in the process of PRL internalization and translocation to the nucleus. TK activation may participate in PRL receptor binding or hormone internalization while activation of PKC appears to be required for its nuclear targeting. Since TK and PKC activation are required for lactogen-stimulated Nb2 cell proliferation, we suggest that a component of the mitogenic pathway in these cells is a direct nuclear interaction of PRL. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stabilization of Embankment Slope with Geofoam

A case history is presented describing the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam blocks to treat an unstable roadway embankment slope involving clayey soils. The selection of the geofoam treatment was based upon its ability to be constructed and have the least impact on both the environment and adjacent homeowners. The site subsurface conditions, engineering properties of EPS, design analysis, and construction phases are reviewed. Potential traffic safety problems associated with differential icing of roadways caused by the presence of geofoam blocks beneath the pavements were minimized by using a thicker subbase layer in the geofoam-treated area. Data from an instrumentation program consisting of an inclinometer, extensometers, and thermistors are presented. Pavement temperature readings collected from areas with and without geofoam treatment are compared to investigate potential differential icing on the roadway.
Power added efficiency and linearity tradeoffs in GaN and GaAs microwave power HEMTs

Abstract In this paper, power added efficiency (PAE) and linearity characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are compared with those of high-voltage GaAs pseudomorphic HEMTs. Devices with different gate widths are characterized for their power output, gain, PAE and linearity performances as a function of bias current and source and load impedance. When compared to the source/load power matched condition, source tuning provides a significant improvement in the linearity without compromising the PAE performance, whereas, load tuning results in a substantial reduction in PAE to gain a marginal improvement in linearity. For the GaN devices, a maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 58.5% for class AB operation and a maximum third order intercept point (IP3) of 42.7 dBm for class A operation were obtained. When operated at similar dc power dissipation conditions under class AB bias, similar output power and efficiency were measured for the GaN and GaAs devices, but three times higher power density and better linearity were measured for the GaN devices compared to the GaAs devices.
Antipneumococcal Activity of Dalbavancin Compared to Other Agents

Against 307 pneumococci of various resistotypes, dalbavancin MICs were 0.008 to 0.125 μg/ml. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Dalbavancin at 2× MIC was bactericidal against all 10 pneumococci tested after 24 h. Vancomycin and teicoplanin killed 10 and 8 strains, respectively, at 2× MIC after 24 h.
The Success of Poor People's Movements: Empirical Tests and the More Elaborate Model

Sany reviews, citations, and tests of hypotheses using varied methods testify to the status of Poor People's Movements as an enduring classic. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward's analysis has received support from serious empirical tests, but critics often do not appreciate the complexity of the model. Reviewing empirical tests-and retrieving a more elaborate model from the text-highlights the success of PPMin explaining why movements succeed, when they emerge, and why they decline.
Design of industrial automated systems via relay ladder logic programming and Petri nets

For the past few decades, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) using relay ladder logic (RLL) programming have been the workhorse for controlling event-driven industrial automated systems. RLL proved to be flexible compared to the hardwired RLL control implementation, due to its feature of software implementation. As automated systems become more complex, they also become more difficult to understand and maintain. It takes tremendous effort to accommodate specification changes (which are becoming frequent) to meet today's flexible automation needs. Several methods are emerging to overcome the shortcomings of RLL. Petri nets (PNs), initially proposed as a modeling tool, have been developed as such a method. This paper adopts an industrial-scale system to compare RLL and PN design methods so that the advantages of PN-like approaches are fully recognized. The criteria are: (i) the understandability that relates to the ability to evaluate the programmed logic, to verify its correctness and to maintain the control system, and (ii) the flexibility that relates to the easy modification of logic when the specification changes. This network takes an existing industrial system, conducts discrete event control designs by using both RLL programming and PN methods, and performs a comparative study on them. Together with previous comparison results using small-scale systems, the results of this study support that PN-like advanced discrete event control design methods are better than RLL in terms of the understandability and flexibility of the resulting control design.
Cumulative Incidence of ACL Reconstruction After ACL Injury in Adults Role of Age, Sex, and Race

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common and potentially disabling and frequently prompt surgical reconstruction. The utilization of ACL reconstruction among ACL-injured patients has not been examined rigorously.Purpose:This study reports the 3-year cumulative incidence of ACL reconstruction among adults with ACL injury and compares demographic and clinical characteristics of ACL-injured patients who do and do not go on to undergo ACL reconstruction.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A tertiary health care system patient data repository was used to identify patients diagnosed with an ACL injury between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2007. Follow-up data were obtained to determine how many patients with ACL injury underwent ACL reconstruction within 3 years of ACL injury diagnosis. Stratified analyses were used to examine incidence rates separately by sex, age, race, primary language, socioeconomic status (SES), and health insurance status. Multivariable logis...
Parent-offspring association of metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of five metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and impaired fasting glucose. Few studies have fully reported the strength of clustering of these risk factors in a parent-offspring relationship. This analysis describes the associations between parents and their adult offspring in regard to MetS. It also estimates the association between each risk factor in parents and the presence of MetS in their offspring.
Governing Equations and Spectra for Atmospheric Motion and Transports in Frequency, Wave-Number Space

Abstract The governing equations, power and cross spectra for the atmospheric motion, and transports in the frequency, wave-number space are derived. Discussions are made of the contributions of the nonlinear interactions of atmospheric waves in velocity and temperature fields to the conversion of kinetic and potential energies, and to the meridional transports of angular momentum and sensible heat in the atmosphere.
“The Dignity and Justice That Is Due to Us by Right of Our Birth”: Violence and Rights in the 1971 Attica Riot

The response to the Attica riot has tended to focus on the spectacle of violence — the acts of the rioters and the state’s response to those acts. This paper distinguishes the violent events of the summer of 1971 from the grievances that inmates wished to express and their claims about rights and justice. This paper examines how the range of possibilities for theorizing and responding to prison violence and inhumane conditions that existed in the early 1970s was narrowed to a framework that recognized specific civil rights named by the state, obscuring deeper claims.
Growth and survival of Enterobacteriaceae and inoculated Salmonella on walnut hulls and maturing walnut fruit.

Postharvest contamination of in-shell walnuts may occur when the fruit is dropped to or harvested from the orchard floor or as the outer hull is removed with mechanical abrasion and water. To evaluate the effect of maturity on the potential for microbial contamination, ‘Howard’ walnut fruits were collected weekly from the tree canopy, from 6 to 7 weeks before to 1 week after typical commercial harvest. The numbers of microorganisms able to form colonies on plate count agar, MacConkey agar (presumptive Enterobacteriaceae), or violet red bile lactose agar (presumptive coliforms) were compared on whole walnut fruits collected by hand directly from the tree or after exposure to the orchard floor for 10 min or 24 h. Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 was inoculated at <1 to 8 log CFU/g onto 5-g hull pieces (from walnut fruit of different maturities) and stored at ambient temperature (23 to 26°C) in unsealed bags (38 to 90% relative humidity [RH] within bag) or in low humidity (20 to 45% RH) or high humidity (68 to 8...
Abstract A197: Development of an immunocompetent, triple negative, breast cancer model for stem cell based delivery of therapeutics

Breast cancer represents a broad‐spectrum cancer with diverse morphological and immunohistochemical features and varied clinical outcomes. Affected breast cancer patients fall into one of three classifications: 1) hormone (estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR))‐positive tumors, 2) tumors with demonstrated ERBB2 (HER2 + ) amplification and, 3) tumors that are ER − , PR − and ERBB2 lo . For hormone receptor‐positive (ER) tumors, a variety of ER‐targeted therapy regimens with and without chemotherapy are available. Patients whose tumors are classified as ER − , PR − and ERBB2 lo (triple negative breast cancer; TNBC) are largely limited to chemotherapy as the only therapeutic modality. We have developed an autologous, immunocompetent triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) model whose features may overcome deficiencies of xenograft models for development of TNBC therapeutics. The model consists of: FVB/N immunocompetent mice; bone derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from FVB/N mice; and a triple negative cell line (UMD‐227), which is derived from a mammary tumor that developed in an NRL‐TGFα FVB/N mouse. Our hypothesis is that expression of antitumor factors (interferon beta (IFNβ), TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), and/or the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor decorin (DCN)) from MSCs, either singly or in combination, will efficiently kill triple negative breast cancers. To test this hypothesis in vitro , we have applied each therapeutic individually, as conditioned medium produced from MSCs, on our novel, triple negative, mouse mammary cancer line, UMD‐227, and measured cell proliferation by a sulforhodamine B assay. In addition, we have tested for an additive effect with IFNβ and TRAIL using MSC/IFNβ conditioned media and commercial TRAIL. The addition of MSC/IFN conditioned medium to UMD‐227 cells significantly inhibits their growth in a proliferation assay similar to that shown with the TNBC line MDA‐MB‐231. The addition of commercial TRAIL 24 hours after placing UMD‐227 cells in MSC/IFNβ conditioned medium, produces a significant decrease in cell proliferation as compared to MSC/IFN conditioned medium alone or TRAIL alone. This is consistent with the knowledge that IFNβ upregulates TRAIL receptors, making the cell more susceptible to the addition of TRAIL at the 24 hour timepoint. These results suggest that MSCs engineered to express combinations of anticancer molecules may be a more efficacious therapeutic modality for TNBC. The next step in the development of our autologous immunocompetent triple breast cancer model is the insertion of multiple factors into the MSCs. We will then test the efficacy of the combinatorial therapy delivered from MSCs on the proliferation and motility of UMD‐227s in vitro. Our final goal is to move the entire system into the autologous mouse model (NRL‐TGFα) and test the efficacy of the combinatorial therapy in vivo. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A197.
Effective Constitutive Parameters of High-Temperature Superconducting Split-Ring Resonator Arrays

The effective constitutive parameters of a hightemperature superconducting (HTS) metamaterial are extracted from measured scattering parameters at liquid nitrogen temperature (≈75.68 K at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA). The YBa2Cu3O7 split-ring resonator (SRR) arrays are placed inside a WR-90 waveguide with two different orientations and are excited with the dominant TE10 mode in both cases. By treating the SRR array as a homogeneous medium described by the biaxial permittivity and permeability diagonal tensors, the two sets of S parameters allow for the extraction of three out of the six tensor components. The extracted parameters are then compared to full-wave simulations of SRR arrays in free space. The samples are measured from 8.2 to 12 GHz and show a frequency band between 9.25 and 10.45 GHz with a negative effective permeability, as expected. Finally, numerous high-quality factor resonances that accompany the main resonances are observed in both the low-temperature measurement and the low-loss simulation.
Bionomics of Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Cultivated Sunflower, Helianthus annuus

Smicronyx fulvus LeConte adults were first observed on sunflower in the late vegetative and early budding stages and were present from June 30 to Sept. 3, 1976 and from June 27 to Aug. 9, 1977. Females oviposited between the hull and achene of developing sunflower seeds from mid-July to mid-Aug. Eclosion of larvae occurs in sunflower seed and the 5 larval instars feed on the kernel. Development, as observed in the laboratory, was 2–3 days for each larval instar excluding overwintering 5th instars. Fifth instars cut a circular opening in the hull, emerge, and drop into the soil to overwinter. Larvae emerged from seeds from mid- Aug. to mid-Sept. Smicronyx fulvus larvae were in soil from mid-Aug. to June of the following year when they pupated. The pupal period was 14 days in the laboratory. Soil texture did not significantly affect larval survival and thus is probably not a major factor in limiting the distribution of S. fulvus. Larvae were recovered from Helianthus annuus L., H. maximiliani Schrader, and H. petiolaris Nuttall. Natural enemies of S. fulvus in North Dakota include Bracon mellitor Say, Neoliolus curculionis (Fitch), Trimeromicrus sp., and Cyclotelus rufiventris (Loew).
Pulmonary abscess with empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida. Report of a fatal case.

In recent years increasing numbers of case reports of human pasteurellosis have appeared in the medical literature. The purpose of our report is to draw attention to a case of pulmonary abscess with empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida . A 63-year-old Negro man, with years of occupational exposure to animals, had an antecedent history of productive cough, hemoptysis, and chronic histoplasmosis. He died 72 lir. after admission to the hospital. Prior to death five strains of P. multocida were cultured from sputum specimens and aspirated empyema fluid. All strains were nonmotile, bipolar staining, Gram-negative bacilli. Distinguishing characteristics included: fermentaton of dextrose, sucrose, and mannitol with production of acid only, production of indole, growth on infusion agar in the absence of X and V factors, and inhibition of growth on desoxycholate agar. In vitro , all strains were susceptible to kanamycin, cephalothin, loridine, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, and resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, and polymyxin B.
Epidemiological and Pathological Studies on A Case of Human Streptococcus Suis Infection

Objective To study the pathogen,transmission and epidemiological characteristics of human infections caused by streptococcus suis in order to provide basis for setting measure for the control and prevention for this disease.Method A case of human infection caused by streptococcus suis in Kaiping city in Feb.2006 was analyzed by epidemiological investigation and pathological examination.Result The patient's finger was injured when he was slaughtering a pig.The clinical manifestations showed a short latent period,and then quickly developed hemorrhagic spots or patches in his skin,and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome.The strains from the patient's blood were identified as streptococcus suis type Ⅱ based on the results of microbiological examination,serum antibody tests,biochemical tests and PCR tests.Conclusion Health education should be provided for the breeders and slaughters so as to improve their ability of self-prevention.Health care personnel should have more training to improve their ability to diagnose and treat the disease.
Demonstration of XML Validation Framework using OASIS CAM approach.

A XML validation approach using OASIS Content Assembly Mechanism (CAM) templates is presented. The approach permits support of a wide array of complex message exchanges with singleton template patterns and sets of context rules. The approach with CAM templates simplify and externalize the validation rules while allowing a validation gateway to act as a pass-through on information that is not directly relevant. The demonstration uses an open source implementation component built using Eclipse and Java technology to deliver the needed validation services.
Tracking the Source of Measurement Error

Between 2008 and 2012, 591 students filled out a questionnaire in which they evaluated probability statements. This questionnaire was designed to examine the source of error. Errors occurred in 60.9% of the questionnaires. For the most part, the anticipated sources of the errors were not significant: length of the instrument, the promise of extra credit or the order of the questions. GPA had a limited effect. The largest effect was that of gender.
The Obligation to Resist Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment has received a great deal of attention from both feminist activists and feminist scholars, who have explained at great length why it is morally problematic, how it harms women, and what should be done to eradicate it. But what has not received much attention is the issue of what moral expectations, if any, we should have of women who find themselves subjected to sexual harassment. This is hardly surprising. As I discuss below, a number of different considerations might make us think that women never have an obligation to confront those who sexually harass them. Perhaps the most important among these considerations is feminists’ perfectly appropriate reticence to be guilty of victim-blaming. A woman who has been sexually harassed has been subjected to a moral harm, and it seems strange to suggest that being subjected to a moral harm might actually impose moral obligations on the victim, instead of the perpetrator. Strange as it might initially seem, I want to consider just this possibility. In the end, I make a case for the claim that a woman who has been sexually harassed has a moral obligation to confront her harasser. It will turn out that this obligation arises as a special case of a woman’s obligation to preserve and protect her own autonomy or moral agency.
Revisiting Parole Decision Making Testing for the Punitive Hypothesis in a Large U.S. Jurisdiction

The decision to grant conditional release from prison (aka the parole decision) has been largely neglected in the contemporary criminological literature, despite its critical implications. The current study, conducted in Pennsylvania, United States, tests for punitive themes in parole decision making by examining the impact of several measures reflective of punishment satisfaction on the decision to grant release to eligible parole candidates. The results indicate that the amount of time served in relation to the original punishment does not predict parole decisions but the nature of the original offense does. Moreover, inmates eligible for parole have to experience at least one parole denial to increase their chances of release, suggesting that parole decision makers use the parole process as a punitive means. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Emerging data sources and the study of genocide: a preliminary analysis of prison data from S-21 security-center, Cambodia

The geographical and historical analysis of mass violence, such as genocide, has been limited by incomplete data sets. Accordingly, geographers and other social scientists have in recent years attempted to synthesize disparate sources of information in order to provide more robust analyses of the patterns and trends of mass violence. In this article we explore the limitations and opportunities of a unique data set associated with the Cambodian genocide (1975–1979). Specifically, we detail the development of a database using information from a security-center (S-21) associated with the Cambodian genocide (1975–1979). Our intent is to highlight both the challenges and benefits of data analysis in the context of genocide, thus contributing both to the epistemological issues associated with the rigorous analysis of inchoate data sources and also to our concrete knowledge of atrocities associated with Cambodia.
Effects of liquid crystalline and shear alignment on the optical properties of cellulose nanocrystal films

Rheo-optics, microspectrophotometry, and optical contrast measurements were used to gain new insights into the interrelated effects of liquid crystalline phase behavior, flow alignment, and microstructural relaxation on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films’ alignment and optical properties. Optical contrast measurements were found to be an effective and facile way of determining changes in anisotropy directly from cross-polarized microscopy images. This method was used to continuously measure microstructural relaxation after the cessation of shear as well as the anisotropy of dried CNC films. Aqueous liquid crystalline CNC dispersions showed greater alignment after shear than isotropic or biphasic dispersions. However, CNC gels exhibited lower alignment at equivalent shear rates. The combination of greater initial alignment and slower relaxation of sheared liquid crystalline dispersions resulted in the most optically anisotropic films. Depending on their thickness, the CNC films were optically transparent in the visible regime or exhibited tunable interference colors. The results of this work highlight the tunability of CNC dispersion processing for producing color filters and other optical materials with controlled properties.
Distinct Brca1 Mutations Differentially Reduce Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function.

BRCA1 is a well-known DNA repair pathway component and a tissue-specific tumor suppressor. However, its role in hematopoiesis is uncertain. Here, we report that a cohort of patients heterozygous for BRCA1 mutations experienced more hematopoietic toxicity from chemotherapy than those with BRCA2 mutations. To test whether this reflects a requirement for BRCA1 in hematopoiesis, we generated mice with Brca1 mutations in hematopoietic cells. Mice homozygous for a null Brca1 mutation in the embryonic hematopoietic system (Vav1-iCre;Brca1F22-24/F22-24) developed hematopoietic defects in early adulthood that included reduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although mice homozygous for a huBRCA1 knockin allele (Brca1BRCA1/BRCA1) were normal, mice with a mutant huBRCA1/5382insC allele and a null allele (Mx1-Cre;Brca1F22-24/5382insC) had severe hematopoietic defects marked by a complete loss of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our data show that Brca1 is necessary for HSC maintenance and normal hematopoiesis and that distinct mutations lead to different degrees of hematopoietic dysfunction.
Self-healing starch-based 'green' thermoset resin

Abstract In the present research, self-healing green thermoset resin has been developed using waxy maize starch. Self-healing was achieved using waxy maize starch-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules (WMS-PLGA-MCs). Hydroxyl groups of WMS released from WMS-PLGA-MCs can bridge the microcrack surfaces by forming ester linkages between the carboxylic acid groups of Meso-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) used in the resin as the crosslinker. Self-healing WMS resin containing 20% WMS-PLGA-MCs by weight showed self-healing efficiency in fracture stress of up to 51% and recovered about 66% of the original fracture toughness after 24 h of healing at room temperature. Self-healing starch-based resin developed in this study is not only green and sustainable but the fabrication processes including microencapsulation are water-based and can be easily scaled up. The nontoxic starch based green resin can be useful for fabricating green composites in many indoor applications such as automotive, aerospace and packaging, to replace currently used petroleum-derived composites.