cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorority and Fraternity Membership and Religious Behaviors: Relation to Gender Attitudes

This study was designed to explore gender attitudes and religious behaviors among sorority/fraternity (S/F) and non-S/F undergraduates. Two hundred and seventy-nine participants completed the Gender Attitude Inventory (GAI, a multidimensional gender attitudes instrument), items that assessed religious behaviors (i.e., attendance in a place of worship and frequency of prayer), and a measure of social desirability. Overall, it was found that fraternity members, compared to sorority and non-S/F members, held more stereotypical gender attitudes. Specifically, the results suggest that fraternity members tend to accept stereotypical beliefs about women and male heterosexual violence toward women; endorse casual sex by women; reject women's political leadership; oppose women's rights; and believe in differential work roles. Attendance in a place of worship and prayer were related to greater disapproval of casual sex by women. Non-S/F members who prayed at least weekly reported slightly higher condemnation of homosexuality than S/F members did.
The cost impact of using simple forecasting techniques in a supply chain

In this paper we consider an inventory model in which the retailer does not know the exact distribution of demand and thus must use some observed demand data to forecast demand. We present an extension of the basic newsvendor model that allows us to quantify the value of the observed demand data and the impact of suboptimal forecasting on the expected costs at the retailer. We demonstrate the approach through an example in which the retailer employs a commonly used forecasting technique, exponential smoothing. The model is also used to quantify the value of information and information sharing for a decoupled supply chain in which both the retailer and the manufacturer must forecast demand. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 388–411, 2003
Meiosis: separase strikes twice

During anaphase, the cysteine protease separase cleaves cohesin and releases sister chromatids. In budding yeast, separase also has a crucial non-proteolytic role in triggering mitotic exit. Separase performs a similar non-catalytic function in frog and mouse oocytes through its physical interaction with cdk1. Vertebrate separase is therefore essential not only for homologue disjunction, but also for bringing about the end of meiosis I.
Aconitase and ATP synthase are targets of malondialdehyde modification and undergo an age-related decrease in activity in mouse heart mitochondria.

The main purpose of this study was to identify mitochondrial proteins that exhibit post-translational oxidative modifications during the aging process and to determine the resulting functional alterations. Proteins forming adducts with malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, were identified by immunodetection in mitochondria isolated from heart and hind leg skeletal muscle of 6-, 16-, and 24-month-old mice. Aconitase, very long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were detected as putative targets of oxidative modification by MDA. Aconitase and ATP synthase from heart exhibited significant decreases in activity with age. Very long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities were unaffected during aging in both heart and skeletal muscle. This suggests that the presence of a post-translational oxidative modification in a protein does not a priori reflect an alteration in activity. The biological consequences of an age-related decrease in aconitase and ATP synthase activities may contribute to the decline in mitochondrial bioenergetics evident during aging.
Evolutionary design of fault-tolerant analog control for a piezoelectric pipe-crawling robot

In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to design fault-tolerant analog controllers for a piezoelectric micro-robot. First-order and second-order functions are developed to model the robot's piezoelectric actuators, and the GA is used to evolve closed-loop controllers for both models. The GA is first used to assist in traditional PID design and is later used to synthesize variable topology analog controllers. Through the use of a compact circuit representation, runtimes are minimized and controllers are synthesized with minimum population sizes and components. Fault-tolerance is built into the fitness function to facilitate the design of controllers robust to both actuator failure and component failure. The GA is successfully used to design synthetic controllers and to optimize a traditional PID design. This research shows the advantages of GA assisted design when applied to robot-control problems.
Spreading Acidification and Depression in the Cerebellar Cortex

Optical imaging of activity-dependent pH changes using neutral red has revealed a novel form of propagated activity in the cerebellar cortex: spreading acidification and depression (SAD). Evoked by surface stimulation, SAD is characterized by a propagation geometry that reflects the parasagittal architecture of the cerebellum, high speed of propagation across several folia, and a transient depression of the molecular layer circuitry. The properties of SAD differentiate it from other forms of propagating activity in the nervous system including spreading depression and Ca++ waves. Involving several factors, SAD is hypothesized to be a regenerative process that requires a functioning parallel fibers-Purkinje cell circuit, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and is initiated by increased neuronal excitability. Three possible neuronal and glia substrates in the cerebellar cortex could account for the propagation geometry of SAD. Recently, the authors demonstrated that blocking voltage-gated Kv1.1 potassium chann...
Fluid phase equilibria for the methyl chloride—water system

Abstract Azeotropic distillation is frequently used in the dehydration of organic—water systems to produce a completely dehydrated product. A basic requirement for the process is that the added solvent entrain, or azeotope, the water for removal as the distillate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether methyl chloride exhibits the necessary fluid phase behavior with water to be used as an entrainer solvent for the dehydration of organic—water mixtures. A flow apparatus was used to determine liquid—liquid, liquid—liquid—vapor and vapor—liquid equilibrium compositions for the methyl chloride—water system at 313.2 and 333.2 K. Pressure vs. composition diagrams have been constructed at these two temperatures, and indicate that the methyl chloride—water system does not exhibit the type of azeotropic behavior suitable for water entrainment.
Fragrance material review on α-bisabolol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of α-bisabolol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Epitaxy in Garnet Systems

Hydrothermal methods have been developed for the growth of YAG and LuAG single crystals. This technique allows for the growth of single crystals having multiple layers of optical functionality. Several preliminary examples are described.
The structure of the lettuce endosperm.

The two-cell-layered endosperm of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is characterized by thick cell walls and dense cytoplasm. The periodic-acid-Schiff's(PAS)-positive cell wall forms numerous peg-like projections which extend into the cytoplasm. The dense cytoplasm contains organelles of protein and lipid storage. The protein bodies are numerous and appear to be interconnected by narrow extensions of their envelopes. Spherosomes are also numerous; they occupy a peripheral position in the cytoplasm. Other organelles typical of plant cells (nuclei with prominent nucleoli, mitochondria, microbodies, dictyosomes and various vesicles) are also found in the ground cytoplasm of the endosperm cell. Germination of the seeds began after 14 h imbibition in light, and by 24 h 35–40% of the seeds had germinated. The cell walls of endosperm from seeds germinated in light for 12–15 h were extensively broken down as shown by the decrease in PAS staining of the wall. Cell-wall breakdown increased with the duration of imbibition, with the exception of the wall adjacent to the integument which showed no evidence of digestion. The structural complexity of the endosperm cell wall is correlated with the role this tissue plays in restricting embryo growth. Cell-wall breakdown is correlated with radicle protrusion, although a causal relationship between these two events is not proved.
Cataloging and Mining Massive Datasets for Science Data Analysis

Abstract With hardware advances in sensors, scientific instruments, and data storage techniques has come the inevitable flood of data that threatens to render traditional approaches to data analysis inadequate. The classic paradigm of a scientist manually and exhaustively going through a dataset is no longer feasible for many problems, ranging from remote sensing, astronomy, and atmospheric science to medicine, molecular biology, and biochemistry. This article presents our views as practitioners engaged in building computational systems to help scientists analyze and reduce massive datasets. We focus on what we view as challenges and shortcomings of the current state-of-the-art in data analysis in view of the massive datasets that are still awaiting analysis. The presentation focuses on recent and current scientific data analysis applications in astronomy, planetary sciences, solar physics, and atmospheric science that we have been involved with at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
Focus on Kids: Evaluation of a Research-Based Divorce Education Program

Using data from a sample of 2,274 divorced or separated parents who participated in the Focus on Kids (FOK) divorce education program, we examine program effectiveness by demographic characteristics. We followed up with 149 participants after between 4 and 10 months with a follow-up posttest survey to examine long-term effectiveness. Overall, the vast majority of parents indicated that the FOK program was helpful and worthwhile. However, younger participants, females, and those with lower education levels and lower incomes found the program to be most helpful. At follow-up, parents were less likely to be engaging in coparenting conflict. Implications for divorce education programs are discussed.
Flowering and fruit set of mamey sapote (Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr.) cv. Magana in South Florida

Flowering and fruit set characteristics were examined in the popular commercial cultivar, Magana, in an effort to elucidate the reproductive phenology of mamey sapote, Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr. [syn. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn]. Flowers opened during the night with anthesis beginning around sunset. The length of floral opening varied according to season, ranging from 6 days in winter to a single day in summer. Bursts of new flowers generally appeared in cycles of about 7 days in declining numbers of flowers per burst until all the floral buds of a particular floral bud flush had flowered. Floral buds flowered randomly along a branch with only a few flowers open at any one time. Flower position around the branch was a factor in fruit set. Flowers and small fruitlets encircled horizontal branches in great numbers, but immature fruit most often developed from flowers located on the upper branch quadrant. The lower quadrant contained the fewest immature fruit. As fruit matured, however, more upper quadrant fruit abscised until by harvest, most mature fruit were found on the lower quadrant. These observations provide the first reported in-depth insights into the flowering and fruit set behavior of mamey sapote. They furnish the necessary informational framework for future studies.
Chabot: retrieval from a relational database of images

Selecting from a large, expanding collection of images requires carefully chosen search criteria. We present an approach that integrates a relational database retrieval system with a color analysis technique. The Chabot project was initiated at our university to study storage and retrieval of a vast collection of digitized images. These images are from the State of California Department of Water Resources. The goal was to integrate a relational database retrieval system with content analysis techniques that would give our querying system a better method for handling images. Our simple color analysis method, if used in conjunction with other search criteria, improves our ability to retrieve images efficiently. The best result is obtained when text-based search criteria are combined with content-based criteria and when a coarse granularity is used for content analysis. >
School security measures and extracurricular participation: an exploratory multi-level analysis

Although delinquency in US schools is near historic lows, concern over delinquency in US schools remains a pressing issue among school officials, parents, and policy-makers. Many scholars argue that the current approach to discipline in the United States is highly punitive. While some projects have assessed the effect of punitive security on students’ perception of safety and general well-being, little attention has been given to understanding the role these measures play in extracurricular activity. Using the Educational Longitudinal Study (2002/2004), we examine the role of security measures in predicting student extracurricular activity cross-sectionally and over time. Results show that schools with greater numbers of security measures have students who are less involved in extracurricular activities, although the presence of security measures does not relate to decreased levels of participation over time.
Extra-Network Linkages, Dependence, and Power

Several researchers have investigated the direct impact of a firm's environmental linkages on power in an interorganizational netwvork. These studies have generally investigated powerldependence relations among members of human service agency networks. This study examines the relationship among power, resource dependence, and extra-network linkages in a manufacturer-dealer netwvork, utilizing a methodology that analyzes both direct and indirect effects. Results of the study . suggest that dependence has a direct effect on power. Linkages to the task environment have an indirect effect on pozver through their relationship with dependence. The major purpose of this study is to explore the structural relationships among power, dependence, and extra-network linkages in an interorganizational marketing network. The linkages examined here include joint programs, relationships with supplemental suppliers, and contacts with industry elites. Of particular interest is the impact of extra-network linkages on dependence and power. The exchange theoretic approach has emerged as the dominant perspective in the study of interorganizational relations (Cook). Theorists who advocate this approach (e.g., Aiken and Hage; Aldrich; Benson; Cook; Jacobs; Levine and White; Pfeffer and Salancik; Thompson; Van de Ven; Warren; Whetten and Leung; Zald) argue that scarcity of resources fosters specialization and creates organizational interdependence-or resource dependence. Through exchange relations, organizations which perform specialized functions can obtain resources critical to their operations. When exchange relations entail ties of mutual dependence between organizations, it is imperative to each organization to have the ability to *We acknowledge the helpful suggestions of the anonymous referees on an earlier version of this paper. Address correspondence to either author, Department of Marketing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. ? 1986 The University of North Carolina Press
Population pharmacokinetic and dynamic models: parametric (P) and nonparametric (NP) approaches

With parametric (P) models, the probability distributions of each PK/PD (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) model parameter are described as means and covariances, as estimators of the central tendency and of the dispersion. With nonparametric (NP) models, however, no assumptions at all are made about the shape of the parameter distributions. This robust approach has the viewpoint that the best (ideal) population model would be the correct structural model, together with the entire collection of each subject's exactly-known parameter values, if it were somehow possible to know them. NP methods resolve the results into up to one set of parameter values for each subject, along with an estimated probability for each parameter set. The strength of the method is its ability to estimate the entire population parameter joint density with maximum likelihood. Optimal population modeling currently begins by determining the assay error pattern explicitly over its working range. Next, one currently uses a P population modeling method to separate intra- from inter-individual variability. One can then use this information in an NP approach to estimate the entire population parameter discrete joint density. NP models lend themselves naturally to "multiple model" (MM) dosage design for maximally precise regimens for optimal patient care.
Influence of Bovine Somatotropin on Characteristics of Estrus and Reproduction of Holstein Cows During Summer Months12

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on estrous characteristics of multiparous, lactating Holstein cows (n = 44) during the summer months. Cows were randomly assigned to receive bST every 14 d or no bST (control) and were fitted with a HeatWatch ® transmitter (HW; DDx
Modeling the Effect of Toe Clipping on Treefrog Survival: Beyond the Return Rate

Abstract Some studies have described a negative effect of toe clipping on return rates of marked anurans, but the return rate is limited in that it does not account for heterogeneity of capture probabilities. We used open population mark-recapture models to estimate both apparent survival (ϕ) and the recapture probability (p) of two treefrog species individually marked by clipping 2–4 toes. We used information-theoretic model selection to examine the effect of toe clipping on survival while accounting for variation in capture probability. The model selection results indicate strong support for an effect of toe clipping on survival of Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) and only limited support for an effect of toe clipping on capture probability. We estimate there was a mean absolute decrease in survival of 5.02% and 11.16% for Green Treefrogs with three and four toes removed, respectively, compared to individuals with just two toes removed. Results for Squirrel Treefrogs (Hyla squirella) indicate little suppo...
Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?

A growing body of scholars and policymakers have raised concerns that failed and failing states pose a danger to international security because they produce conditions under which transnational terrorist groups can thrive. This study devises an empirical test of this proposition, along with counter-theories, using simple descriptive statistics and a timeseries, cross-national negative binomial analysis of 197 countries from 1973 to 2003. It finds that states plagued by chronic state failures are statistically more likely to host terrorist groups that commit transnational attacks, have their nationals commit transnational attacks, and are more likely to be targeted by transnational terrorists themselves. Addressing the problem of failed and failing states will undoubtedly yield significant security and humanitarian dividends for the international system. Is a reduction in transnational terrorism one of them? United States policymakers regard failed and failing states such as Afghanistan, Somalia, and Sudan to be festering incubators of terrorism, and lament that for too long United States foreign policy has ignored the threat that these types of states pose to the international order and to national security. Post September 11th national security documents explicitly describe failed states as, ‘‘…safe havens for terrorists’’ (National Security Council 2006, 15), while Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice proclaims, ‘‘Today…the greatest threats to our security are defined more by the dynamics within weak and failing states than by the borders between strong and aggressive
Synthesizing Tiled Matrix Decomposition on FPGAs

Hardware accelerators such as FPGAs and GPUs in heterogeneous systems are being increasingly important for many applications. For high performance computing, the flexibility and efficiency of FPGA makes it an attractive alternative to other approaches. However, for applications that have to decompose large matrices, not many scalable solutions can be found on FPGAs. In this paper, we propose a scalable QR matrix decomposer on FPGAs based on the latest advances in tiled matrix decomposition algorithms for high performance linear algebra. The proposed design can decompose a matrix of size limited only by off-chip memory and has the potential to achieve high performance.
A tightly coupled numerical foil bearing solution

Equations describing the steady-state flying height of magnetic tape over a recording head are solved using an algorithm that incorporates a linearized approximation of air bearing stiffness into the tape equation. The one-dimensional infinitely wide equations include compressibility and slip flow in the air bearing, as well as tension, momentum, and flexural rigidity in the tape. The stiffness coupling between the equations allows simulation of complicated head geometries and reduces the computational effort required to determine the steady-state flying height by more than an order of magnitude compared to previously published methods which are based on time-dependent equations. Two example problems are presented, both of which were solved on a personal computer in under one minute. >
A Note on the Multi-Commodity Warehouse Problem

The warehouse problem requires the determination of a sequence of buy and sell decisions at discrete points in time. By equating points in time and points in space, the warehouse problem can be identified with a special case of the shortest-route problem. In the present note a special matrix formulation is employed to yield simple solutions to both problems. An example is included to illustrate the method.
Probing neutral gauge boson self-interactions in ZZ production at hadron colliders

A detailed analysis of $\mathrm{ZZ}$ production at the upgraded Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN Large Hadron Collider is presented for general $\mathrm{ZZZ}$ and $\mathrm{ZZ}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ couplings. Deviations from the standard model gauge theory structure for each of these can be parametrized in terms of two form factors which are severely restricted by unitarity at high energy. Achievable limits on these couplings are shown to be a dramatic improvement over the limits currently obtained by ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ experiments.
BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES ALONG AN URBAN GRADIENT: SURROGATE TAXA FOR ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY?

This study examines whether birds and butterflies may be used as surrogates for one another in assessing biodiversity at the community level. To do this, I compared the distribution and abundance of bird and butterfly species across an urban gradient by surveying six sites near Palo Alto, California, USA (all former oak woodlands) to see if these taxa have responded similarly to urbanization. The sites represent a gradient of urban land use ranging from relatively undisturbed to highly developed and include nature preserves, recreational areas, golf courses, residential neighborhoods, office parks, and business districts. At the community level, the two taxa displayed similar patterns across the gradient: species richness and Shannon diversity peak at intermediate levels of development, and the oak-woodland species gradually drop out at more developed sites. These measures are highly correlated between the two groups. The two taxa differed in their patterns of total abundance, however. Butterfly abundance...
On Ionic Association in Ambient Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts Analysis of Electrochemical and Conductance Data

A simple model based on the validity of the Nernst‐Einstein equation and a constant product was applied to the interpretation of conductance data for ambient temperature ionic liquids. The dissociation constants of and were calculated, and the experimental values of specific conductivity were reproduced with an error not exceeding 5% from ionic mobilities calculated from electrochemically measured diffusion coefficients. This calculation suggests that about 50% of the ions are associated into ion pairs. For very basic melts , the formation of ion aggregates is postulated.
Functional polymorphisms in a candidate gene for atherothrombosis: unraveling the complex fabric of a polygenic phenotype.

Conventional risk factors for atherothrombotic vascular disease account for approximately 50% of the total attributable risk burden. This fact has led to aggressive approaches to the identification of alternate determinants of risk with mechanistic rationale. In this expanding era of the human
In Situ Measurements of Boiler Ash Deposit Emissivity and Temperature in a Pilot-Scale Combustion Facility

An instrument for in situ determination of ash deposit temperature and emissivity has been designed, assembled, calibrated, and used to characterize deposits in a coal-fired pilot-scale combustor. The temperature information has also been used to estimate the effective thermal conductivities of ash deposits. These measurements were made in the radiant section of the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center’s pilot-scale combustion facility, the Combustion and Environmental Research Facility, which is nominally rated at 500,000 Btu/hr (145kW), for ash deposits from a Pittsburgh seam coal, an Alaskan coal, a Russian coal, and a blend of the latter two. The estimated thermal conductivities fall within the range of values reported by others; however, the deposit formed by the coal blend had a substantially higher thermal conductivity than either of the two parent coals. The in situ measurement system, which is called INSITE for In Situ Temperature and Emissivity, has been successfully operated in adverse conditions and without the need of specialized training.
Seizure disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease. considerations for older drivers

For those conditions in which loss of consciousness is the main issue, such as epilepsy, factors that contribute to risk of seizure recurrence are central to the determination of driver safety. Thus, high- and low-risk groups may be identified and factors that contribute to high risk checked. These factors also serve to develop a program to reduce such risk in the future. In the population with seizure disorders, young males under age 25 have the highest risk for traffic accidents and violations. Other factors associated with high risk are partial complex seizure type, history of drug toxicity with anticonvulsant medications, alcohol abuse or poor compliance for medications, and history of psychiatric illness. For conditions such as cerebrovascular accidents or Parkinson's disease, the recognition of the diagnosis alone is insufficient to determine driver competence. In these illnesses, the task is to recognize levels of failure of individual skills and function that specifically render a person incompetent for safe driving. Such a precise determination is currently not possible in individuals with cerebrovascular accidents or other forms of brain injury (e.g., trauma) or degenerative brain disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease). There is intuitive and general agreement that there are those so severely affected that driving has become impossible or very dangerous. Alternately, there are also those with these conditions whose driving skills and competence are virtually unaffected and pose no risk to traffic safety. Physicians vary widely in their ability and experience in judging the competence and safety of those in between these two extremes. For this reason, a standardized approach is essential both to ensure the avoidance of unnecessary bias as well as to ensure the safety of the driver and the general public. At some time in the future when all the necessary driving skills are identified and appropriate tests are developed to judge them, a battery of tests for the elderly at age 65 and at regular intervals thereafter may be used. Until then, some form of clinical judgment and legal regulation may have to be adopted. One option would be to adopt a rule similar to that in the United Kingdom where all persons with TIAs or cerebrovascular accidents would automatically suspend driving for 3 months because of the high risk for recurrence of both cerebrovascular as well as ischemic heart disease in that interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Image segmentation using clique based shape prior and the Mumford Shah Functional

A novel shape prior segmentation model is proposed that utilizes the cliques invariant signature along with a polygonal piecewise constant implementation of the Mumford-Shah Functional. The model will be shown to be useful in the context of difficult segmentation problems including and not limited to segmenting objects amidst clutter, or recognizing objects that contain components with largely varying non-uniform image intensities. In addition, the model will also be shown to be effective for image disocclusion. Lastly, the proposed model can accomplish all the aforementioned tasks both efficiently and with near automation.
The combination of estimates from different experiments.

When we are trying to make the best estimate of some quantity A that is available from the research conducted to date, the problem of combining results from different experiments is encountered. The problem is often troublesome, particularly if the individual estimates were made by different workers using different procedures. This paper discusses one of the simpler aspects of the problem, in which there is sufficient uniformity of experimental methods so that the ith experiment provides an estimate xi of u, and an estimate si of the standard error of xi . The experiments may be, for example, determinations of a physical or astronomical constant by different scientists, or bioassays carried out in different laboratories, or agricultural field experiments laid out in different parts of a region. The quantity xi may be a simple mean of the observations, as in a physical determination, or the difference between the means of two treatments, as in a comparative experiment, or a median lethal dose, or a regression coefficient. The problem of making a combined estimate has been discussed previously by Cochran (1937) and Yates and Cochran (1938) for agricultural experiments, and by Bliss (1952) for bioassays in different laboratories. The last two papers give recommendations for the practical worker. My purposes in treating the subject again are to discuss it in more general terms, to take account of some recent theoretical research, and, I hope, to bring the practical recommendations to the attention of some biologists who are not acquainted with the previous papers. The basic issue with which this paper deals is as follows. The simplest method of combining estimates made in a number of different experiments is to take the arithmetic mean of the estimates. If, however, the experiments vary in size, or appear to be of different precision, the investigator may wonder whether some kind of weighted meani would be more precise. This paper gives recommendations about the kinds of weighted mean that are appropriate, the situations in which they
Changes in Antifeedant Activity of Limonin Double Salt in Potato Leaves

The uptake of limonin double salt through leaf petioles and transport in potato leaves were demonstrated by by significant feeding and growth reductions in short-term and long-term feeding bioassays with fourth stadium Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). However, limonin double salt was not an effective antifeedant when applied to leaf surfaces. It was converted to limonin (an antifeedant) within potato leaves, where it evoked feeding and growth reductions. The loss of antifeedant activity of limonin double salt revealed that the integrity of the D-ring was important for antifeedant activity of limonin. Limonin double salt or its converted product at high doses (≥50 μg/cm 2 ) was phytotoxic to potato leaves
Legal Positivism and the Moral Aim Thesis

According to Scott Shapiro’s Moral Aim Thesis, it is an essential feature of the law that it has a moral aim. In short, for Shapiro, this means that the law has the constitutive aim of providing morally good solutions to morally significant social problems in cases where other, less formal ways of guiding the activity of agents won’t work. In this article, I argue that legal positivists should reject the Moral Aim Thesis. In short, I argue that although there are versions of the Moral Aim Thesis that are arguably compatible with legal positivism, all of the different ways of making it compatible face serious philosophical difficulties. Following a discussion of what these difficulties are, I provide an alternative to the Moral Aim Thesis, a thesis that I call the ‘Represented-as-Moral Thesis’. This thesis avoids the problems that I raise for the Moral Aim Thesis and better resonates with some of the core intuitions behind legal positivism. Furthermore, a version of Shapiro’s Planning Theory of Law that is developed with the Represented-as-Moral Thesis (as opposed to the Moral Aim Thesis) can explain all of the things that Shapiro uses the Moral Aim Thesis to explain.
India and Colorism: The Finer Nuances

Most Indians show apparent ignorance about the practice of exclusion and discrimination based on the skin tone of a person although it is a deep-rooted problematic practice embraced by both the oppressor and the victim. This single practice has become so widespread in India, more so in the past four decades, that it has taken shape along the same lines as “colorism” of the Western world. However, the manifestation of the color discrimination in India differs as it hides behind various other variables. 1 The questions that are still unclear and remain unanswered are: Whether colorism was prevalent in ancient India; whether it is prevalent in Indian society now; how and when colorism found its roots in the Indian society; how deeply it influences the mass consciousness; and what are the reasons behind the prejudice and bias toward dark skin? Since India is a very complex and diversified society, the derivatives that play a role in the discrimination are also as diversified. These derivatives become the “variables” that in turn affect the overall premise that “darker skin color results in discrimination.” Caste, class, religion, region, gender and economics are a few of these variables. Through this study I will explore how all of the variables are connected and got connected over the period of time with the skin tone preference.  Neha Mishra, Head, School of Legal Studies, REVA University, Bangalore. 1. Colorism in the western countries emerged with the belief of alleged attached superiority of white skin of European race who were the power holder for a very long time as against the subverted class with a darker skin, who were taken as slaves. India however consists of varied color tones of its subjects ranging from very dark to very fair skin owing to the very different climatic and geographic conditions. Again, in Indian scenario, power was determined by more than just skin colorfactors like caste and class played vital role in determining the acceptability of a person. See COLE ET AL., infra note 63. Still, last 4 to 5 decades show that fair color of the skin is becoming more and more acceptable. Id. at 34–35. Washington University Open Scholarship 726 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW [VOL. 14:725
Harnack's Inequalities for a Class of Degenerate Elliptic Operators

A class of degenerate elliptic equations formed by Hrmander vector fields of the form ∑mi,j=1X*i(aij(x)Xju+diu)+∑mi=1biXiu+eu=f∑mi=1Xifi,are studied.By weighted Sobolev inequality,weighted embedding lemma related to degenerate Morrey space and classic Moser's iteration method,local boundedness of weak solution and Harnack's inequality for nonnegative weak solution are proved under the assumption that the coefficients of the lower order terms are in degenerate Morrey space.As a consequence,local Hlder continuity of weak solution is obtained.Some results in Euclidean case are extended to Hrmander vector fields.
Immunogenetic contributions to recurrent pregnancy loss

While sporadic pregnancy loss is common, occurring in 15 % of pregnancies, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts approximately 5 % of couples. Though multiple causes are known (including structural, hormonal, infectious, autoimmune, and thrombophilic causes), after evaluation, roughly half of all cases remain unexplained. The idiopathic RPL cases pose a challenging therapeutic dilemma in addition to incurring much physical and emotional morbidity. Immunogenetic causes have been postulated to contribute to these cases of RPL. Natural Killer cell, T cell expression pattern changes in the endometrium have both been shown in patients with RPL. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cytokine allelic variations have also been studied as etiologies for RPL. Some of the results have been promising, however the studies are small and have not yet put forth outcomes that would change our current diagnosis and management of RPL. Larger database studies are needed with stricter control criteria before reasonable conclusions can be drawn.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand-foot-mouth Disease in Hebei Province,2008-2011

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Hebei province from 2008 to 2011,and to provide basis for prevention and control measures for HFMD.Methods The epidemiological data and laboratory results were both collected from 2008 to 2011,and descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed.Results Cases reported from 2008 to 2011 were 29 563,110 148,95 830 and 71 871,respectively.The reported mobidity was 42.58/105,158.62 /105,136.23 /105 and 100.03/105 respectively,from 2008 to 2011.The cases were mainly distributed in the central-southern and central-eastern regions of the province.The cases were reported all year round,with a peak appeared from April to August.The cases were mainly children under 5 years,and the incidence in males was higher than that in females,mainly scattered children.EV71 and CA16 were the main pathogen of HFMD;EV71 infection accounted for the most proportion in severe cases,reached up to 81.02%.Conclusion HFMD appeared high epidemic trend in 2009 and 2011;control and prevention measures need to be enhanced during April to August yearly,focusing on the scattered children under 5 years.
EXPERIMENTAL LEUKOCYTOSIS. THE INEFFICACY OF P-CHLOROXYLENOL AND METHYL ACETAMIDE AS BONE MARROW STIMULANTS

1. Single and multiple injections of CXM (methyl acetamide and p-chloroxylenol) have a similar action in increasing the total number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peripheral blood of a group of 32 rats. No "shift to the left" takes place. 2. There is no stimulation of the myeloid elements of the bone marrow to suggest that this leukocytosis is due to hyperplasia. 3. The evidence suggests that the mechanism for the leukocytosis produced by the CXM consists of releasing blood cells from depots in the body. This action is selective for the granulocytes as the red cells and platelets are not affected. 4. There is progressive degeneration of the parenchymal cells of the liver after single and multiple injections of these substances. 5. If less toxic combinations of methyl acetamide and para-chloro-xylenol could be obtained, they might be of value in the treatment of certain patients with leukopenia or agranulocytosis more particularly when the bone marrow is hyperplastic but the granulocytes are not released. The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. Oscar Riddle for the generous provision of animal and laboratory facilities.
Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using Chamber Slides and Coverslips

Microscopy is a simple, direct technique for examining the morphology of cells and their organelles. Cells are immobilized on a solid support that is optically suitable for microscopy, and then fixed. When coupled with antibody-based immunofluorescent or immunocytochemical methods, the expression of specific proteins can be quantified and localized. Specialized stains and dyes can also be used to visualize nucleic acids or other cellular structures. See alternative protocols for fixation of suspension cells on Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using Cytospin and Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using 'Cell Blocks'.
Character selection and the quantification of morphological disparity

Abstract. A priori choices in the detail and breadth of a study are important in addressing scientific hypotheses. In particular, choices in the number and type of characters can greatly influence the results in studies of morphological diversity. A new character suite was constructed to examine trends in the disparity of early Paleozoic crinoids. Character-based rarefaction analysis indicated that a small subset of these characters (~20%of the complete data set) could be used to capture most of the properties of the entire data set in analyses of crinoids as a whole, noncamerate crinoids, and to a lesser extent camerate crinoids. This pattern may be the result of the covariance between characters and the characterization of rare morphologies that are not represented in the primary axes in morphospace. Shifting emphasis on different body regions (oral system, calyx, periproct system, and pelma) also influenced estimates of relative disparity between subclasses of crinoids. Given these results, morphologic...
Long-term cortisol measures predict Alzheimer disease risk

Objective: To examine whether long-term measures of cortisol predict Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. Method: We used a prospective longitudinal design to examine whether cortisol dysregulation was related to AD risk. Participants were from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and submitted multiple 24-hour urine samples over an average interval of 10.56 years. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) and creatinine (Cr) were measured, and a UFC/Cr ratio was calculated to standardize UFC. To measure cortisol regulation, we used within-person UFC/Cr level (i.e., within-person mean), change in UFC/Cr over time (i.e., within-person slope), and UFC/Cr variability (i.e., within-person coefficient of variation). Cox regression was used to assess whether UFC/Cr measures predicted AD risk. Results: UFC/Cr level and UFC/Cr variability, but not UFC/Cr slope, were significant predictors of AD risk an average of 2.9 years before AD onset. Elevated UFC/Cr level and elevated UFC/Cr variability were related to a 1.31- and 1.38-times increase in AD risk, respectively. In a sensitivity analysis, increased UFC/Cr level and increased UFC/Cr variability predicted increased AD risk an average of 6 years before AD onset. Conclusions: Cortisol dysregulation as manifested by high UFC/Cr level and high UFC/Cr variability may modulate the downstream clinical expression of AD pathology or be a preclinical marker of AD.
Law and Violence

The historical interdependence of law and violence is traced. Law may generate violence while at the same time law can prevent violence. Examples of laws to reduce violence are reviewed. The separation of law and violence in an ideal system is considered.
Direct Observation of Strain Transmission through the Microtubule Network of Cardiomyocytes

The stable microtubule (MT) network plays a significant role in regulating cardiomyocyte contractility and acts as a critical component for stretch-dependent activation of intracellular Ca2+ release. Our previous studies suggest that force transmission though the MT network enhances Ca2+ sparks in response to mechanical stress, yet stress transmission through the MT network has not been observed or characterized. To this end we have combined high-speed sub-diffraction limit microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to directly observe deformation of the MT network in response to localized stress. The radial spread of MT deflection and the timescale of network relaxation was quantified while directly probing myocyte mechanical properties. We find that the normalized radial propagation of strain in the MT network is inversely proportional to cardiomyocyte stiffness. Further, MT strain propagation is decreased by a post-translational modification of the MT network, detyrosination, which is increased in heart disease. To determine if MT deflections may be transmitting forces capable of enhancing Ca2+ release, the length and time dependence of calcium sparks were measured before, during and after localized mechanical stress. During the application of stress, a localized upregulation in calcium sparks occured over the same length-scale that deformations in the MT network propagated. These findings suggest that the stable MT-network may transmit mechanical signals through the cardiomyocyte that correlate with Ca2+ release and depend on MT detyrosination.
Biogenic Formaldehyde: Content and Heat Generation in the Wood of Three Tree Species

Global trends in allowable formaldehyde (CH2O) emissions from nonstructural wood-based composites require a renewed consideration of biogenic CH2O from wood. Increment cores from living Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and radiata pine (P. radiata) trees were used to measure CH2O and CH2O generation due to heating (200 °C, 10 min). Significant variations within and between trees of the same species were observed. Tissue types (juvenile/mature, heartwood/sapwood) sometimes correlated to higher CH2O contents and greater heat-generation potential; however, this did not always depend upon species. Heating increased CH2O levels 3–60-fold. Heating with high moisture levels generated more CH2O than that generated from dry specimens. Radiata pine generated extraordinarily high CH2O levels when heated, far exceeding the other species. It was suggested that pine extractives might catalyze CH2O generation, perhaps in lignin. Regarding wood-based composites, findings suggeste...
Here be dragons: DARPA in the age of hybrid war

If you’re a Washington policy wonk looking for a fresh way of thinking about how America and its military should adjust to new technologies, you might stroll down to the National Gallery and take i...
Concurrent Design: Preplanning and Design Tasks

The designer’s attention turns to design at this stage in the WBID Model. Essential design tasks move the design and development process from analysis through development. At this point in the WBID Model, project plans are developed, tasks assigned to personnel, and tasks such as writing objectives, creating assessments, and establishing timelines occur. Throughout the process, continuous improvement through evaluation and enhancement occurs.
Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the School Refusal Assessment Scale in a Multiethnic Sample

Kearney and Silverman (1993) developed the School Refusal Assessment Scale (SRAS) to assess the function of and to prescribe treatment for school refusal behavior. The present investigation examined the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the SRAS in a multiethnic sample. Participants were 30 children and their mothers who were identified as school refusers after an initial screening. Results indicated that scales measuring negatively reinforced school refusal were intercorrelated, whereas scales measuring positively reinforced school refusal were not. Concurrent validity of dimensional and categorical scoring algorithms was examined. Although parent–child agreement was relatively low, validity analyses suggested that each reporter contributed important information. Clinical implications and areas for future research were discussed.