cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Gas Exchange Measurement in the Premature

Accurate measurement of total body production and O2 consumption in premature infants would make possible estimates of total caloric production to guide nutritional replacement and assess adequacy of food substrate utilization. A practical method for making these measurements in extubated, premature infants following patent ductus (PDA) ligation was developed: the infant is placed in a clear plastic bag sealed except for a gas inlet opposite the face and gas and lead/tubing exit at the foot; using a computerized mass spectrometer already in use for automated respiratory monitoring in the surgical unit, O2 and CO2 concentrations are sampled at the inlet and outlet; gas flow (0.5 - 1.0 1/min/Kg) is measured by a timed Wright spirometer or Douglas Bag collection and corrected to STPD. , , RE and caloric estimates are calculated. Daily serial measurements in a 1.15 and a 1.41 Kg. infant were made for I week after FDA ligation. , averaged 2.6 = 0.8 cc/min and caloric production 17 ± 4 ana 22 ± 5 KCAL/day, both independent of actual caloric intake (range 24-100 KCAL/day) and below predicted levels. Insulin levels were normal. These low values suggest a depressed overall metabolic rate.
Importance of the cutoff value in the quadratic adaptive integrate-and-fire model

The quadratic adaptive integrate-and-fire model (Izhikevich, 2003, 2007) is able to reproduce various firing patterns of cortical neurons and is widely used in large-scale simulations of neural networks. This model describes the dynamics of the membrane potential by a differential equation that is quadratic in the voltage, coupled to a second equation for adaptation. Integration is stopped during the rise phase of a spike at a voltage cutoff value Vc or when it blows up. Subsequently the membrane potential is reset, and the adaptation variable is increased by a fixed amount. We show in this note that in the absence of a cutoff value, not only the voltage but also the adaptation variable diverges in finite time during spike generation in the quadratic model. The divergence of the adaptation variable makes the system very sensitive to the cutoff: changing Vc can dramatically alter the spike patterns. Furthermore, from a computational viewpoint, the divergence of the adaptation variable implies that the time steps for numerical simulation need to be small and adaptive. However, divergence of the adaptation variable does not occur for the quartic model (Touboul, 2008) and the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model (Brette & Gerstner, 2005). Hence, these models are robust to changes in the cutoff value.
Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation after influenza virus infection of human mononuclear leukocytes

Previous studies demonstrated that in vitro infection with influenza A viruses altered several functions of human monocytes-macrophages but did not detectably alter functions of human lymphocytes. However, both types of cells were infected, as determined by production and surface expression of viral antigens. In the current studies, human mononuclear leukocytes were infected in vitro and assayed for both influenza virus-induced proliferation and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin [PHA])-induced proliferation, as well as for ability to stimulate proliferative responses by normal autologous leukocytes. The leukocytes showed proliferation in response to the infectious virus, but concomitant depressed proliferative responses to PHA. Coculture experiments suggested suppression of PHA-induced responses by the virus-infected cells. However, upon coculture with fresh autologous leukocytes (without PHA stimulation), both virus-infected macrophages and virus-infected lymphocytes induced autologous lymphocyte proliferative responses. Altered proliferative responses to mitogen stimulation after exposure to the virus were not due to diminished interleukin-1 production or diminished expression of HLA-DR by monocytes-macrophages. The expression of influenza virus antigens and resulting induction of autologous proliferative responses, combined with depressed mitogen-induced proliferation, may be important in human antiviral defense.
Effect of turbulence on line-reversal temperature measurements

The effect of turbulent temperature fluctuations on line-reversal temperature measurements is examined in the thin gas, small fluctuation limit. It is shown that in this limit the fluctuations have no effect on the time average results. Only in case of a spacially uniform temperature can the fluctuating component of the temperature be directly measured. For the case of a spacially uniform mean temperature, a spacial average of the fluctuating component can be measured. For the completely nonuniform case, only a complex spacial average of the fluctuating and mean temperatures can be measured.
Enthalpy recovery and structural relaxation in layered glassy polymer films

Abstract Recent studies of physical aging in confined polymer glasses have revealed that aging behavior in confinement often differs from bulk behavior. This study used DSC to characterize physical aging and structural relaxation in bulk polysulfone (PSF) and co-extruded multilayered films of PSF and an olefin block copolymer (OBC) that have average PSF layer thicknesses of 640 nm, 260 nm, and 185 nm. The films were aged isothermally at 170 °C, and the recovered enthalpy upon reheating was measured over time. The films with 640 nm and 260 nm PSF layers had aging rates very similar to that of bulk PSF, while the film with 185 nm PSF layers had an aging rate slightly greater than the bulk value. The cooling rate dependence of the limiting fictive temperature (Tf′) in multilayered and bulk PSF samples was also characterized. Values of Tf′ were similar for all films at each cooling rate. The results of this work are in general agreement with our previous gas permeation aging study of multilayered PSF films aged at 35 °C, in which the effect of layer thickness on aging behavior was minimal. This stands in contrast to studies with thin, freestanding PSF films, which exhibit accelerated aging relative to bulk and have aging rates that depend strongly on film thickness.
Effects of stoichiometry on the radiation response of SiO 2

Defect center production in irradiated silica is shown to exceed that found in stoichiometric SiO 2 . The defect centers observed are the E′ type which are associated with oxygen vacancies. It is suggested that a large concentration of E′ centers is expected near the oxygen deficient Si-SiO 2 interface of irradiated MOS devices and that the presence of these defects is one source of positive space charge buildup within the first hundred Angstroms of the oxide. In addition, the 4500A emission band observed in irradiated SiO 2 has been shown to be associated with the decay of E′ centers.
A Three-Dimensional Statistical Micromechanical Theory for Brittle Solids with Interacting Microcracks:

A three-dimensional statistical micromechanical theory is presented to in- vestigate effective elastic moduli of brittle solids with many randomly located, penny- shaped microcracks. The macroscopic constitutive relations are statistically and microme- chanically derived by taking the ensemble average over all possible realizations which feature the same statistical distribution of microcracks. Approximate analytical solutions of a two-microcrack interaction model are presented to account for pairwise microcrack interaction among many randomly located, aligned microcracks. Therefore, the ensemble- averaged stress perturbations due to microcrack interaction can be constructed in closed- form. The overall effective compliances of microcrack-weakened brittle solids are derived by further taking the volume average of the ensemble-averaged stress-strain relations over the entire mesostructural domain of a representative volume element. Some numerical ex- amples are given to illustrate the behavior of the proposed method. Comparison with some existing methods is also appended. Finally, a higher-order ensemble-average formulation of microcrack interaction is briefly discussed. The proposed framework is fundamentally different from existing "effective medium methods" which do not depend on microcrack locations and configurations. It is emphasized that no Monte Carlo simulations are neces- sary in the proposed framework.
Fish bioassay monitoring of waste effluents

Spills of toxic materials into bodies of water receiving industrial waste discharges can be prevented only if frequent or continuous assessments of effluent quality can be made. Currently available methods can automatically measure individual physical or chemical waste components but cannot assess toxicity caused by the interaction of components or the presence of an unsuspected material. Aquatic organisms, in contrast, respond to their total environment and in this way integrate the effects of all the various chemical and physical waste parameters. This study evaluates the possibility of using the continuously and automatically recorded responses of fish to monitor the toxicity of industrial waste effluents. A review of previously developed toxicity monitoring systems is followed by a field evaluation of a method that uses the computer-monitored ventilatory patterns of 12 bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) to monitor the toxicity of an industrial waste effluent as it flows into a river. No known toxic spills occurred in the effluent during the operation of this system, but acetone added to the effluent waste caused responses from the fish at concentrations which peaked near the 96-hr LC50 level. Some responses were also noted when no known toxicant was present; these were related to environmental disturbances and system design problems. Recommendations are made for the design of future biologic monitoring units.
Impact of membrane oxygenators on pulsatile versus nonpulsatile perfusion in a neonatal model

We investigated the effects of two new hollow-fiber membrane oxygenators, the Capiox SX10 and the Lilliput 901, on pulsatile versus nonpulsatile perfusion in an in vitro model designed to simulate a 3 kg infant. The experiments were divided into eight groups (six pulsatile and two nonpulsatile), according to the equipment and settings used. Each group included six tests. In all experiments, the pseudo-patient's mean arterial pressure was 40 mmHg, and the pump flow rate was 550 ml/min. During pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, the pump's base flow was set at 30%, and the pump rate was set at 80, 100, 120, 140, or 150 beats/min. The PUMP START and PUMP STOP timing points were adjusted to produce different pulse-width settings. We were especially interested in evaluating the pre- and postoxygenator extracorporeal circuit pressure (ECP), the oxygenator pressure drop, and the precannula ECP. When used with a pulsatile roller pump, the Capiox produced a significantly lower preoxygenator ECP than the Lilliput (p < 0.001); moreover, the Capiox yielded a significantly lower oxygenator pressure drop (p < 0.001). During nonpulsatile perfusion, the Capiox again produced a lower preoxygenator ECP than the Lilliput (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the Capiox may be more suitable than the Lilliput when the pulsatile flow is employed, and pulsatile flow does not increase the ECP with either oxygenator.
Methylation of inorganic tin by decaying spartina alterniflora in estuarine water and by estuarine water

Methyltin compounds (MeSn) which do not originate from man–made pollution are common in estuaries and particularly in salt marshes containing the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. This study reports the results of experiments in which estuarine water containing S. alterniflora leaves is spiked with inorganic tin, and estuarine water alone is spiked with inorganic tin and MeSn. When decaying leaves are present, inorganic tin concentrations in the water decrease and there is a 10-fold increase in inorganic tin concentration in the leaves. This biosorption follows pseudo–first–order kinetics. MeSn3+ and Me2Sn2+ occur occasionally in the water. The Me2Sn2+ concentration decreases with time and the Me3Sn2+ concentration increases with time in S. alterniflora leaves. The results of estuarine water amended with inorganic tin and MeSn in the absence of leaves are quite different. The overall inorganic tin concentration decreases significantly during the experiment, the MeSn3+ concentration is approximately constant, and concentrations of Me2Sn2+ and Me3Sn+ increase. This means that net methylation of inorganic tin has occurred. We conclude that decaying S. alterniflora is likely to be important in the cycling of tin in salt marshes.
The effects of two teaching strategies utilizing manipulatives on the development of logical thought

Scientific literacy has many components: concept/content knowledge; science process ability; and reasoning ability. This latter component permits an individual to understand the content. According to Piaget, experience is one of the factors mediating the development of reasoning. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate what effects two different teaching strategies would have on the development of logical structures. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of gender on logical development. Four intact classes took part in this study; two (Control) classes receiving instruction involving working at desks and manipulation of materials based on predetermined behaviors and not children's interests; while the other two (Experimental) classes received instruction encouraging them to work on the floor and to examine whatever phenomenon they were exploring by moving about and/or moving and manipulating the apparatus, and to use them in a variety of ways dependent on their own interests. Data were collected using a battery of six Piagetian-type tasks. The chi-square one-sample procedure was used to determine if there was any direct treatment effect and also to see if gender had any effect on the development of reasoning. It was determined that gender had no effect, while treatment did effect the development of reasoning, experimental subjects outperformed control subjects. It was concluded that teachers must take an active role when their students are using manipulatives; they should act as guides encouraging students to examine materials from many vantage points and to utilize materials in ways which seem appropriate to the students' interests and level of understanding.
Development of administrative data algorithms to identify patients with critical limb ischemia

Administrative data have been used to identify patients with various diseases, yet no prior study has determined the utility of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)-based codes to identify CLI patients. CLI cases (n=126), adjudicated by a vascular specialist, were carefully defined and enrolled in a hospital registry. Controls were frequency matched to cases on age, sex and admission date in a 2:1 ratio. ICD-9-CM codes for all patients were extracted. Algorithms were developed using frequency distributions of these codes, risk factors and procedures prevalent in CLI. The sensitivity for each algorithm was calculated and applied within the hospital system to identify CLI patients not included in the registry. Sensitivity ranged from 0.29 to 0.92. An algorithm based on diagnosis and procedure codes exhibited the best overall performance (sensitivity of 0.92). Each algorithm had differing CLI identification characteristics based on patient location. Administrative data can be used to identify CLI patients within a health system. The algorithms, developed from these data, can serve as a tool to facilitate clinical care, research, quality improvement, and population surveillance.
PR gets personal: A framing analysis of coverage before and after a source's criticism of the media

Abstract Public relations practitioners emphasize the importance of positive source–reporter relationships, but what happens when sources are critical of the reporters who cover them? Using framing analysis, this study examined newspaper coverage both before and after a source's personal attack on the media and found few differences in how the reporters covered the source of the attack. Results from this study suggest a single, public outburst from a source may not be enough to create backlash among members of the media.
Photofield emission from transition-metal surface states

Studies of photofield emission from surface states on W(100), Mo(100), and Ir(111) are reported. The yield of photofield electrons from the W(100) surface states are analyzed for photon energies between 2.41 and 3.54 eV. The polarization dependence of the photofield current from W(100) and Ir(111) surface states is measured and found to depend on the normal component of the vector potential A. Little evidence for the nonlocal coupling of the different components of A at a transition-metal surface is found.
Tumor size predicts malignant potential in Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid.

Background A fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of a Hurthle cell neoplasm is associated with a 20% risk of malignancy. We sought to determine if the primary tumor size correlated with the risk of malignancy in patients with a preoperative FNA diagnosis of a Hurthle cell neoplasm.
IL-7: a limited resource during thymopoiesis

Comment on Munitic et al, page [4165][1] The tight regulation of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) during T-cell development occurs so that developing pro- and pre-T cells are uniquely poised to use limited IL-7, especially after the initial wave of T-cell production. S ignaling through the IL-
Identification of the copper regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by DNA microarrays

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, copper ions regulate gene expression through the two transcriptional activators, Ace1 and Mac1. Ace1 mediates copper-induced gene expression in cells exposed to stressful levels of copper salts, whereas Mac1 activates a subset of genes under copper-deficient conditions. DNA microarray hybridization experiments revealed a limited set of yeast genes differentially expressed under growth conditions of excess copper or copper deficiency. Mac1 activates the expression of six S. cerevisiae genes, including CTR1, CTR3, FRE1, FRE7, YFR055w, and YJL217w. Two of the last three newly identified Mac1 target genes have no known function; the third, YFR055w, is homologous to cystathionine gamma-lyase encoded by CYS3. Several genes that are differentially expressed in cells containing a constitutively active Mac1, designated Mac1(up1), are not direct targets of Mac1. Induction or repression of these genes is likely a secondary effect of cells because of constitutive Mac1 activity. Elevated copper levels induced the expression of the metallothioneins CUP1 and CRS5 and two genes, FET3 and FTR1, in the iron uptake system. Copper-induced FET3 and FTR1 expression arises from an indirect copper effect on cellular iron pools.
Psoriasis and the MAITing Game: A Role for IL-17A+ Invariant TCR CD8+ T Cells in Psoriasis?

Recent findings have indicated that the majority of IL-17A+CD8+ T cells in the blood belong to a subset of innate T cells named mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAITs). In this issue, Teunissen and colleagues (2014) demonstrate that, although MAIT cells are found in psoriatic skin, they are not increased in abundance and that the majority of IL-17A+CD8+ T cells in plaques of psoriasis are devoid of MAIT cell characteristics.
Empirical Therapy for the Management of Acute Proctitis in Homosexual Men

An effective empirical treatment regimen would provide a more rapid and less expensive approach to the management of homosexual men with acute proctitis. We conducted a randomized trial in 129 homosexual men who presented with acute proctitis, comparing treatment with an empirical regimen (4.8 million U of aqueous penicillin G procaine intramuscularly and 1.0 g of probenecid orally, followed by 100 mg of oral doxycycline twice daily for seven days) with specific therapy for each infection as it was recognized. Therapy with the empirical regimen resulted in more rapid resolution of the symptoms of proctitis, the objective signs of proctitis, and the infecting microorganisms. However, nearly one fourth of the patients, primarily those with unrecognized herpes simplex virus proctitis, did not respond to empirical therapy. We recommend empirical therapy coupled with appropriate pretreatment diagnostic testing for the initial management of acute proctitis in homosexual men with no clinical evidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex. (JAMA1988;260:348-353)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Stabilization of Acrylic Emulsion Polymers Using the Miniemulsion Approach

To enhance the grafting between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and acrylic monomers at the water/droplet interface, the miniemulsion polymerization approach was investigated. Miniemulsions of n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50/50 wt %) employing PVA as the stabilizer and hexadecane (HD) as the costabilizer were studied. HD played a critical role in determining the stability of the droplets. Miniemulsions prepared using cetyl alcohol as costabilizer were evaluated in terms of the concentration of cetyl alcohol and the time dependence of the droplet size. These miniemulsions showed a higher rate of degradation due to Ostwald ripening compared to miniemulsions prepared using hexadecane. The droplet size decreased exponentially with increasing PVA, with a lower limit being reached beyond which more PVA had no effect. The PVA partitioning on the surface of droplets was determined by serum extraction using a serum replacement cell. The amount of adsorbed PVA chains on the droplets increased from ∼1.0 to ∼1...
New neurotoxins on the horizon.

Toxins isolated from lethal bacteria allow for safe, versatile, and minimally invasive interventions that have revolutionized the field of cosmetic and therapeutic treatments. Botulinum toxins are high–molecular weight proteins produced by Gram-positive, spore-forming Clostridial bacteria. The toxins of 5 distinct strains (A, B, E, F, and G) affect humans. Currently, type A and B toxins are available for the treatment of human diseases in the United States, with type A being the only agent approved for cosmetic use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This article reviews the history of botulinum toxin as a cosmetic intervention, discusses its current role in cosmetic treatment, and provides an update of other neurotoxins on the horizon for therapeutic and cosmetic use.
Rates of return to education and income distribution

This paper examines the relationship between rate of return to education and income distribution with the help of cross-nation data on 30 developing and developed countries. The results indicate that the higher income groups in the society benefit the higher the rate of return to any level of education, and the bottom 40 percent and the middle 40 percent income groups lose; and the disadvantage for the poor income groups is the least at the primary level of education. As higher rates of return to education suggest higher levels of income inequalities, rapid expansion of the education system may reduce income inequalities through decline in rates of return to education. Secondly, it is also argued here that since high income groups benefit from all levels of education, education investments targeted specifically towards the poor may be preferred to overall investment in education.
Patient and Tumor Characteristics can Predict Nondiagnostic Renal Mass Biopsy Findings

Purpose: Identification of patient and tumor characteristics associated with nondiagnostic biopsies is necessary to improve prebiopsy counseling and patient selection.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the clinical records and prebiopsy imaging of all patients treated with percutaneous biopsy for a renal mass 7 cm or less. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association between biopsy outcome and clinical/radiographic features.Results: A total of 565 biopsies of renal tumors 7 cm or less in 525 patients were included in the study. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity score or gender between the patient cohorts with diagnostic and nondiagnostic biopsy. In 83 of 565 patients (14.7%) overall and in 72 of the 413 (17.4%) with a mass of 4 cm or less the biopsy findings were nondiagnostic. Overall 14.7% of masses were cystic and 85.3% were solid with a median tumor size of 2.75 cm (IQR 2.05–4.25). Independent predict...
Food Selection of Muskellunge Fry

Abstract Five genera of invertebrates, collected from a municipal sewage lagoon, were fed to muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) fry for 23 days. The fry preferred Moina brachiata during both day and night (1300 and 2300 h) and Cyclops vernalis at night; they did not prefer Asplanchna sieboldi, Potamocypris sp., and Daphnia spp. Organisms in the foregut of fry collected at 2300 h were significantly larger, but not more numerous, than those in the foregut of fry collected at 1300 h. As the fry grew and the mouth width increased, the size of ingested organisms increased. Fry initially selected the first and second instars of M. brachiata and tended to avoid the later instars and adults; by day 23 they selected adults over immature instars. Immature and adult M. brachiata appeared to be of adequate size to feed muskellunge fry during alimentary canal development.
On discrete transition matrices

A computationally simple method of generating a discrete state transition matrix Φ(k) is developed. This method eliminates the need to invert (zI-A) and thereby greatly simplifies the calculation Φ(k) = Σ residues of (zI - A)-1zk.
Differential kinetics of rat insulin I and II processing in rat islets of Langerhans

Synthesis and processing of radiolabelled rat insulin I and II were studied by pulse-labelling freshly isolated rat islets with [3H]leucine and chasing in 2 mM glucose for up to 270 min (which minimized insulin secretion, 85% of the radiolabelled insulin present. With longer periods of chase, the relative percentage of rat insulin II progressively increased so that by completion of proinsulin to insulin processing the two labelled rat insulins were present in the same proportion as the relative immunoreactive content, approx. 60:40% insulin I/insulin II. Thus, although islets synthesize the two insulins in proportion to their relative immunoreactive content, rat insulin I and II are processed with different kinetics.
Individual net-benefit maximization: a model for understanding breastfeeding cessation among low-income women.

Objectives We use economic theory of individual net benefit maximization to motivate a comprehensive look at 32 social, economic, and psychological disincentives that potentially influence breastfeeding cessation. Methods The sample consists of 1,595 low-income families participating in the Healthy Steps for Young Children National Evaluation. Participants were recruited from 24 pediatric sites across the United States. Infants were enrolled at birth and followed through age 30–33 months. Survival analysis was used to assess the relation of social, economic and psychosocial factors with duration of breastfeeding. Results Disincentives significantly associated with cessation in multivariate hazard analysis were: WIC participation at 2–4 months (HR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.74), mother’s returning to work for 20–40 h per week (HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.71), mother’s not attending a postpartum doctor’s visit (HR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.63), father’s not being in the home (HR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.57), a smoker in the household (HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.52), no receipt of breastfeeding instruction at the pediatric office (HR = 1.20; 95% CI:1.06, 1.37), the doctor’s not encouraging breastfeeding (HR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.39) and the mother experiencing depressive symptoms (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.33). Conclusions The decision to stop breastfeeding is often complex. Research on breastfeeding cessation has been limited with regard to the social and economic issues that may influence the behavior of low-income women. The results support the need to develop interventions and policies to minimize disincentives associated with breastfeeding cessation.
The Effects of Score Use on Musicians' Ratings of Choral Performances.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether viewing a musical score while listening (as opposed to not viewing the score) would affect musicians’ ratings of choral performance excerpts. University musicians (N = 240) listened to four excerpts of choral music (from Vivaldi’s Gloria) and rated them on a 10-point Likert-type scale for overall impression. Some of the participants heard a professional chorus and orchestra recording, and others heard a high school group recording. For both of the recordings, participants were divided into four groups in a counterbalanced design, with one group viewing the score for all four excerpts, another group never viewing the score,and the other two groups viewing the score for two of the excerpts but not the other two. Results of a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures indicated significant differences among groups. The group that never saw the scores gave significantly lower ratings than the group that saw all of the scores.The excerpts performed by the professi...
The effects of walking speed and prosthetic ankle adapters on upper extremity dynamics and stability-related parameters in bilateral transtibial amputee gait

Bilateral transtibial amputee (BTA) gait has been investigated less and is not as well understood compared to that of their unilateral counterparts. Relative to able-bodied individuals, BTAs walk with reduced self-selected speeds, increased step width, hip-hiking, and greater metabolic cost. The clinically observed upper body motions of these individuals have not been quantified, but appear substantially different from able-bodied ambulators and may impact upright balance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the upper extremity kinematics of BTAs during steady-state walking. We measured medial-lateral ground reaction forces, step width and extrapolated center-of-mass (XCoM) trajectory, and observed effects of walking speed and increased prosthetic ankle range-of-motion (ROM) on these parameters. Significantly, BTAs display greater lateral trunk flexion ROM and shoulder abduction than able-bodied individuals when walking at similar speeds, and the inclusion of prosthetic adaptors for increasing passive ankle ROM slightly reduced step width. Overall, exaggerated lateral trunk flexion ROM was invariant with step width. Results suggest that lateral trunk motion is useful for shifting the body center-of-mass laterally onto the leading stance limb while simultaneously unloading the trailing limb. However, exaggerated lateral trunk flexion may introduce an unstable scenario if the XCoM is displaced beyond the lateral base-of-support. Further studies would be useful to identify if either prostheses that assist limb advancement and/or gait training may be effective in reducing this lateral sway while still maintaining efficient ambulation.
Misanthropy and attitudes toward international affairs

is to be asserted in general of men," he stated, "that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous. . . . Love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of man, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage . . ." (7, pp. 130-31). It is not surprising to learn that he considered "no effective government . . . possible except absolute monarchy" (10, p. 343). On the other hand, Kropotkin's belief in an anarchistic society was based essentially upon his assumption that most men were co-operative, helpful, and unselfish. "There is the gist of human psychology," he said. "Unless men are maddened in the battle-
Analysis of benefits of using internal exhaust gas recirculation in biogas-fueled HCCI engines

This paper describes a numerical study that analyzed the influence of combustion products (CP) concentration on the combustion characteristics (combustion timing and combustion duration) of a biogas fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine and the possibility of reducing the high intake temperature requirement necessary for igniting biogas in a HCCI engine by using internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) enabled by negative valve overlap (NVO). An engine model created in AVL Boost, and validated against experimental engine data, was used in this study. The results show, somewhat counter-intuitively, that when CP concentrations are increased the required intake temperature for maintaining the same combustion timing must be increased. When greater NVO is used to increase the in-cylinder CP concentration, the in-cylinder temperature does increase, but the chemical dilution influence of CP almost entirely counteracts this thermal effect. Additionally, it has been observed that with larger fractions of CP some instability of combustion in the calculation was obtained which indicates that the increase of internal EGR might produce some combustion instability.
Review Essay For Profit or Delight? Richard Pervo’s Contributions to Lukan Studies

Given Pentecostal proclivity to (Luke-) Acts, it should come as no surprise that Pentecostals consider the work of the prolific Richard Pervo. In this essay, I offer a synopsis and evaluation of his work, particularly four recent volumes, on Acts for the Pneuma readership. On one hand, Pervo proves controversial (not only for Pentecostals) concerning questions about authorship, date, and historicity. On the other hand, Pervo offers fine insight on literary conventions and thematic motifs employed by the author of the Third Gospel and Acts. In the end, I suggest that a careful reading of Pervo produces some profit for readers. As for delight, this will depend on the reader’s needs and interests.
The Multilevel Structure of Four Adolescent Problems

This paper examines variability in adolescent self-reported behavior at the individual, cohort, and school levels for 8th and 11th graders. We examine four adolescent behaviors: substance use, antisocial behavior, depression, and academic performance. Research staff collected the data as part of the Oregon Healthy Teens survey of a population-based sample of 60,837 adolescents over three years in 92 communities. The results indicate that schools vary over time, but not necessarily systematically, and grade-level cohorts account for important variance within schools. The school and cohort combined, however, accounted for at most 4% of the overall variance. The results have implications for research and practice in schools and communities. For example, selection of communities for interventions based on high levels of adolescent problems may be unproductive if individuals account for at least 96% of the variance. Furthermore, in non-experimental designs, cohort variability, not an intervention, may account for apparent improvement across years.
A self-consistent estimator of marginal survival functions based on dependent competing risk data and an assumed copula

When the time to death, X, and the time to censoring, Y, are associated some additional information is need to identify the marginal survival functions. A natural function which provides this additional information is the copula of X and Y. Assuming that the copula is known, we use the notion of self consistency to construct an estimator of the marginal survival functions based on dependent competing risk data. Results of a small simulation study are shown to compare this estimator to other estimators of the marginal survival function based on an assumed copula.
Primary cardiac lymphoma

An 80-year-old man who initially presented with a left hemiparesis rapidly developed right-sided heart failure and died. Although an echocardiogram suggested the presence of a tumor, the diagnosis of a primary cardiac lymphoma was made only at autopsy. The tumor involved a leaflet of the tricuspid valve, a finding not previously reported in the literature. In 1977, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology defined a primary malignant lymphoma of the heart as that involving only the heart and pericardium. Many reports of primary cardiac malignant lymphomas have been published, however, most of which mention the presence of metastases. We have reviewed the world literature to determine the number of actual cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the heart. Only 15 reported cases, including the current case, were found to meet the current criteria.
Studies of Methods for in situ Observation of Gastric Motility in Domestic Turkeys

The normal gastroduodenal contraction cycle of turkeys is believed to be controlled and coordinated by the myenteric plexus which lies just under the serosa of the muscular stomach. Methods which would permit direct application of chemical and physical stimuli to these gastric nerves were studied in intact and decerebrate turkeys using both radiographic and direct observations to monitor contraction cycles. In intact turkeys, general anesthetics (sodium pentobarbital, halothane; and ketamine hydrochloride) inhibited gastric motility. A local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) injected into the skin and abdominal muscles caused a depression of motility. In both intact and chronically decerebrate turkeys laparatomy (after local anesthetic in intact birds) and a neuromuscular blocking agent (gallamine triethiodide) also depressed gastric motility. Motility was slightly reduced by artificial respiration and exposure of the serosal surface of the stomach and intestines to air via an abdominal fistula.
A consultation system for information center resource allocation

This paper demonstrates the viability of a rule-based consultation system as a mechanism for effective resource management through integration of knowledge about users, business problems, and resources. The specific domain within which the expert system will be tested is the Information Center (IC), which deals with end-user computing resources. In the last decade, the information center concept has been proposed as an organizational solution to resource management problems related to end user computing. As ICs become subjected to increased user expectations, they face the problem of trying to provide more service with limited staff. Just as the IC provides support for technology enhancement, technology can be used to support the IC.The research hypothesis is that the knowledge and methodologies of IC consultants, as well as institutional policies, can be represented in a knowledge base. The system will then draw conclusions about appropriate software or training solutions based on the interaction of user and resource profiles with the problem definition. The output of the model should be compatible with the situation which it is modeling. Currently, a rule-based expert system (ES) is being developed at the University of Arizona Department of Management Information Systems. This paper presents methodologies for design and implementation of the system. The development approach for the IC environment has three main parts, selected on the basis of compatibility with the work environment of the consultants: (1) User Profile, (2) Need Analysis, and (3) Tool/Resource Profile. Considerations of maintainability and transportability are also important. Because of changes in tool availability resulting in a need for new descriptions of the tool offerings, the design of an expert system for ICs must respond dynamically to unique flexibility, portability, and maintenance issues. The ability to transport such a system to similar, but not identical, ICs should be addressed in the design as well.An IC has been described as an organization specifically designed to produce guided services to help end users help themselves. A consultation expert system has been shown to be useful in reaching that goal.
The size distribution and mineralogy of the carbonate fraction of United States South Atlantic shelf and upper slope sediments

Abstract The carbonate fraction of 70 sediment samples from the southern United States continental shelf and slope has been studied. Molluscs are the principal contributors of carbonate materials on the shelf, while Foraminifera are the most important on the upper slope. The carbonate fraction on the shelf is generally highly fragmental and much worn, whereas slope carbonate materials tend to be in good physical condition. On the shelf, at least two distinct physical condition assemblages can be readily discerned in many samples, indicating dual sources or ages for the material. Removal of the carbonate fraction results in better sorting and finer mean grain sizes for both shelf and slope sediments. No obvious environmental effects on gross carbonate mineralogy were observed, although the mineralogy of the continental slope is more variable than that of the shelf. The carbonate mineralogy of the study area is quite similar to that reported from areas of dominantly carbonate sedimentation, except slightly larger percentages of high magnesium calcite are generally present in pure carbonate sediments.
A reply to [a discussion of shih and Komar's (1990) analysis of differential bedload transport rates in a gravel‐bed stream: A grain‐size distribution approach] by P. Diplas

Several points have been raised by Diplas concerning our analyses in Shih and Komar (1990) of bedload transport in gravel-bed streams, and our comparisons with the approach developed by Diplas (1987) as a modification of the dimensional analysis first undertaken by Parker et al. (1982). We disagree with Diplas' assessment that our approach [cannot be used for other streams] and that dimensional analysis necessarily expands the range of application of his analysis approach. We argue here that the dimensional analysis of Diplas obscures the relationship between the transport rate and grain size, and in fact leads to a complex and implausible dependence. In contrast, our approach allows one to better focus on the changing grain-size distributions as the flow discharge and mean bottom stress increase.
A TDDFT Study of the Optical Response of DNA Bases, Base Pairs, and Their Tautomers in the Gas Phase

We present calculations of the optical response of the DNA bases and base pairs both in their normal and tautomeric forms in the gas phase, using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). These calculations are performed in real time within the adiabatic approximation with a basis of local orbitals. Our results for the individual bases are in good agreement with experiment and computationally more demanding calculations of chemical accuracy. The optical response of base pairs indicates that the differences between normal and tautomeric forms in certain cases are significant enough to provide a means of identification.
Ciudadanía y turismo: Dos miradas y un destino

The text presents different eyes to the city of Mexico today. Its aim is to show and analyze images and opinions, memory, the imaginary and social representations of how brief and general. For this purpose has two social groups, domestic and foreign tourists are taken on the one hand, and of other habitants of the city. The methodology basically focuses on the application of interviews with both groups, review, comparison, analysis and interpretation. Finally there are coincidences and differences too in results obtained narratives, two eyes on the same object, the geographical and cultural, for the same destination. Something that refers to lot's people from a positive or a negative conception. Also the places, culture, history and activities seem positive to tourists. According to citizenship, fewer cars, better transport and more education and culture are desired.
Development of a computerized assessment of clinician adherence to a treatment guideline for patients with bipolar disorder

The adoption of treatment guidelines for complex psychiatric illness is increasing. Treatment decisions in psychiatry depend on a number of variables, including severity of symptoms, past treatment history, patient preferences, medication tolerability, and clinical response. While patient outcomes may be improved by the use of treatment guidelines, there is no agreed upon standard by which to assess the degree to which clinician behavior corresponds to those recommendations. This report presents a method to assess clinician adherence to the complex multidimensional treatment guideline for bipolar disorder utilized in the Texas Medication Algorithm Project. The steps involved in the development of this system are presented, including the reliance on standardized documentation, defining core variables of interest, selecting criteria for operationalization of those variables, and computerization of the assessment of adherence. The computerized assessment represents an improvement over other assessment methods, which have relied on laborious and costly chart reviews to extract clinical information and to analyze provider behavior. However, it is limited by the specificity of decisions that guided the adherence scoring process. Preliminary findings using this system with 2035 clinical visits conducted for the bipolar disorder module of TMAP Phase 3 are presented. These data indicate that this system of guideline adherence monitoring is feasible.
Oncostatin M promotes mucosal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and its expression is increased in patients with eosinophilic mucosal disease

Background Epithelial barrier dysfunction is thought to play a role in many mucosal diseases, including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and eosinophilic esophagitis. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the role of oncostatin M (OSM) in epithelial barrier dysfunction in human mucosal disease. Methods OSM expression was measured in tissue extracts, nasal secretions, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The effects of OSM stimulation on barrier function of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and nasal epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface were assessed by using transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran flux. Dual-color immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the integrity of tight junction structures in cultured epithelial cells. Results Analysis of samples from patients with CRS showed that OSM mRNA and protein levels were highly increased in nasal polyps compared with those seen in control uncinate tissue ( P P 2 -macroglobulin, a marker of epithelial leak, in localized nasal secretions ( r = 0.4855, P Conclusions These results suggest that OSM might play a role in epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with CRS and other mucosal diseases.