cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in gender and racial/ethnic disparities in rates of cigarette use, regular heavy episodic drinking, and marijuana use: ages 14 to 32

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to investigate disparities in substance use behaviors across gender and race/ethnicity as a flexible function of age from mid-adolescence through young adulthood. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the time-varying effect model (TVEM) was used to examine gender and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of cigarette use, regular heavy episodic drinking (HED), and marijuana use as a smooth function of developmental age. Results Prevalence of cigarette use, regular HED, and marijuana use was higher for males than females overall, although gender differences varied with age. With regard to race, prevalence of each substance was higher for White than Hispanic or Black individuals; these differences increased considerably from ages 16 to 20, particularly for cigarette use. Differences in cigarette use by race/ethnicity were found across age, but were largest at age 18, when cigarette use peaks for White individuals, but continues to climb throughout the 20s among Hispanic and Black individuals. Conclusions These results suggest that substance use, particularly for certain population subgroups, increases past early adolescence. Disparities in substance use behaviors fluctuate considerably throughout adolescence and young adulthood, suggesting that targeted intervention programs are more critical at particular ages. These findings also demonstrate that TVEM can advance our understanding of health risk behaviors and their correlates across developmental time.
Morphine-naloxone interactions: a role for nonspecific morphine excitatory effects in withdrawal.

The opiate antagonist naloxone precipitates withdrawal when given either 15 minutes after or 1 minute before a single injection of morphine in drug-naive mice. We propose that withdrawal signs arise from a synergistic mixture of excitatory influences that are direct (agonistic action on nonspecific opiate receptors) and indirect (sensory and affective disorders, stress, hormonal and neurotransmitter dysfunction, and so forth). The predominant effects during precipitated withdrawal are assumed to be direct, whereas during abstinence in tolerant animals they are indirect.
Chemistry in Nanodroplets: Studies of Protonation Sites of Substituted Anilines in Water Clusters Using FT-ICR

Water clusters of protonated substituted anilines generated by an electrospray ion source have been investigated using a Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. It is observed that evaporation kinetics and cluster distributions are highly dependent on sites of protonation in the substituted anilines. Based on the examination of the water cluster distributions of protonated aniline derivatives, the site of protonation is postulated to be the amine group for aniline, p-anisidine, p-thiomethylaniline, p-ethylaniline, and m-ethylaniline. The water cluster distributions of these compounds display magic number clusters ([M + nH2O]+) for n = 20, 27, 50, and 52. However, there is no indication of clusters with special stability for m-anisidine and m-thiomethylaniline, suggesting that these compounds protonate on the ring. DFT calculations have been performed to obtain proton affinities for the different sites of protonation in the substituted anilines and are in good agreement with experiment...
Misleading and defeating importance-scanning malware propagation

The scan-then-exploit propagation strategy is among the most widely used methods by which malware spreads across computer networks. Recently, a new self-learning strategy for selecting target addresses during malware propagation was introduced in [1], which we refer to as importance scanning. Under the importance-scanning approach, malware employs an address sampling scheme to search for the underlying group distribution of (vulnerable) hosts in the address space through which it propagates. The malware utilizes this information to increase the rate at which it locates viable addresses during its search for infection targets. In this paper, we introduce a strategy to combat importance scanning propagation.We propose the use of white hole networks, which combine several existing components to dissuade, slow, and ultimately halt the propagation of importance scanning malware. Based on analytical reasoning and simulations using real trace and address distribution information, we demonstrate how the white hole approach can provide an effective defense, even when the deployment of this countermeasure represents a very small fraction of the address space population.
Ferroelectric phase transitions in na-ca-halide perovskites

Abstract We have examined the possibility of structural phase transitions in the NaCaX3 compounds, where X is F, Cl, Br or I, using both lattice statics and molecular dynamics techniques. We find the structures of these materials to be distorted perovskites at room temperature. We predict that each of these compounds should become ferroelectric, with the fluoride having the highest polarization (21μC/cm2 at room temperature).
Racialized Media Coverage of Minority Candidates in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary

This article investigates the prominence of racial content in newspaper stories about Barack Obama and three other candidates running in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primary. Content analyses of stories appearing in six national newspapers sought to ascertain how frequent racial references appeared in news accounts of the presidential contest, how salient the racial content was, and what factors explained race-related coverage. Consistent with previous studies, the presence of one or more racial minorities in the stories increased the likelihood and presence of racial references found in the story. However, results challenge the conventional wisdom that racial content is salient enough to serve as a prominent racial cue activating readers’ or voters’ negative racial prejudices. This study finds that more than any other factor, journalists’ desire to heighten the election’s competitiveness influenced the presence and degree of racial content present in stories.
Space-time finite elements for the analysis of transient wave propagation in unbounded layered media

A new method is proposed for the analysis of transient wave propagation in a layered stratum. It makes use of the separation of variables technique and reduces the spatial dimension of analysis to one. The resulting system of hyperbolic partial differential equations is solved via element-by-element computations based on a space-time Galerkin finite element method. This method is shown to be more efficient than the methods based on convolution. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Current limitations and possible extensions are also discussed.
Is Self-Grooming by Male Prairie Voles a Predictor of Mate Choice?

Self-grooming by mammals is a form of scent dissemination in which individuals anoint themselves with salivary, anogenital, and other body odours. Self-grooming has been proposed to be a sexually selected trait favoured in reproductive competition and sexual attraction. We tested the hypothesis that females would show a mating preference for males that self-groomed more than a reproductive competitor that groomed less. In mate-choice experiments in which females had a choice of two tethered males, non pair-bonded females did not choose males based on their frequency of self-grooming. In a second experiment in which pair-bonded females in postpartum oestrus had access to their current mate and two strange males, strange males groomed significantly more than pair-bonded mates, yet attained the fewest copulations. Non pair-bonded females and pair-bonded males and females groomed significantly less often than did non pair-bonded males. Self-grooming behaviour was consistent with the sexual attraction hypothesis, but the frequency of self-grooming did not increase a male's mating success. We conclude that the frequency and time spent self grooming are not good predictors of mating success.
Discovery Learning and Teaching with Electronic Corpora in an Advanced German Grammar Course

This study describes the design and implementation of a usage-based and corpus-based advanced German grammar course. Teaching materials for the course included DWDS, or Digitales Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache: a large, representative, free and publicly available corpus of contemporary German texts. The article outlines specific theoretically informed principles for course design and presents a logical progression of corpus-based grammar-teaching activities as used in this course. It also reports participants’ post-course reactions which were very positive. The article contains practical recommendations for educators interested in trying out corpus-based activities for teaching German grammar at different proficiency levels as well as to different participant groups. Furthermore, it promotes a more holistic perspective toward grammar as a meaning-making resource compatible with innovative approaches to grammar pedagogy.
In practice—gone fishing

Based on what they knew about today's generation of college students and sound educational practice, the orientation staff at the University of Louisville reoriented its program using a philosophy from Seattle's world-famous fish market.
Active compensation of supply noise for a 5-GHz VCO in 45-nm CMOS SOI technology

This paper describes an active compensation circuit to reduce supply induced jitter for a 5-GHz VCO in 45-nm CMOS SOI technology. The VCO generates multiple-phases which are digitally-programmable and uses feed-forward inverting stages for faster operation. A comparison of variations in oscillation frequency of VCO due to supply noise, with and without active compensation across different process corners shows that the proposed circuit significantly reduces jitter.
Games for Teaching Information Literacy Skills

A didactic approach to teaching database research skills has proven to be dreadfully dull and ineffective for many students. One possible solution to this problem is to incorporate educational games with predetermined learning objectives into the curriculum. Chemistry/Biochemistry majors at the University of Notre Dame take a required information literacy skills course that introduces chemistry database search techniques. The course features several databases ? highlighting the distinct nuances of each database and the different search strategies required to access information. This paper describes active learning activities as a method for creating a higher level of engagement while maintaining the objectives of a traditional course format.
Task assignment on distributed-memory systems with adaptive wormhole routing

Assignment of tasks of a parallel program onto processors of a distributed-memory system is critical to obtain minimal program completion time by minimizing communication overhead. The paper presents task assignment heuristics for wormhole-routed systems. A Temporal Communication Graph is used to model task graphs and to identify spatial and temporal link contention. The interplay between degree of routing adaptivity, topology, application characteristics, and task assignment is studied by evaluating random task graphs using an event-driven simulator. The study indicates that even for systems supporting fully-adaptive routing, efficient task assignment is necessary to reduce program completion time, especially for communication-bound applications. >
Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Docetaxel and CG1940/CG8711 Followed by Radical Prostatectomy in Patients With High-Risk Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Background Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in American men. PC, which exhibits a slow growth rate and multiple potential target epitopes, is an ideal candidate for immunotherapy. GVAX for prostate cancer is a cellular immunotherapy, composed of PC-3 cells (CG1940) and LNCaP cells (CG8711). Each of the components is a prostate adenocarcinoma cell line that has been genetically modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Hypothesizing that GVAX for prostate cancer could be effective in a neoadjuvant setting in patients with locally advanced disease, we initiated a phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel and GVAX. For the trial, the clinical effects of GVAX were assessed in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods Patients received docetaxel administered at a dose of 75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. GVAX was administered 2-3 days after chemotherapy preoperatively for four courses of immunotherapy. The first dose of GVAX was a prime immunotherapy of 5×10(8) cells. The subsequent boost immunotherapies consisted of 3×10(8) cells. After RP, patients received an additional six courses of immunotherapy. Pathologic complete response, toxicity, and clinical response were assessed. The primary endpoint of the trial was a pathologic state of pT0, which is defined as no evidence of cancer in the prostate. Results Six patients completed neoadjuvant docetaxel and GVAX therapy. No serious drug-related adverse events were observed. Median change in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) following neoadjuvant therapy was 1.47 ng/ml. One patient did not undergo RP due to the discovery of positive lymph nodes during exploration. Of the five patients completing RP, four had a downstaging of their Gleason score. Undetectable PSA was achieved in three patients at 2 months after RP and in two patients at 3 years after RP. Conclusions Neoadjuvant docetaxel/GVAX is safe and well tolerated in patients with high-risk locally advanced PC. No evidence of increased intraoperative hemorrhage or increased length of hospital stay postoperatively was noted. These results justify further study of neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
The Macaque Gut Microbiome in Health, Lentiviral Infection, and Chronic Enterocolitis

The vertebrate gut harbors a vast community of bacterial mutualists, the composition of which is modulated by the host immune system. Many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are expected to be associated with disruptions of host-bacterial interactions, but relatively few comprehensive studies have been reported. We have used the rhesus macaque model to investigate forces shaping GI bacterial communities. We used DNA bar coding and pyrosequencing to characterize 141,000 sequences of 16S rRNA genes obtained from 100 uncultured GI bacterial samples, allowing quantitative analysis of community composition in health and disease. Microbial communities of macaques were distinct from those of mice and humans in both abundance and types of taxa present. The macaque communities differed among samples from intestinal mucosa, colonic contents, and stool, paralleling studies of humans. Communities also differed among animals, over time within individual animals, and between males and females. To investigate changes associated with disease, samples of colonic contents taken at necropsy were compared between healthy animals and animals with colitis and undergoing antibiotic therapy. Communities from diseased and healthy animals also differed significantly in composition. This work provides comprehensive data and improved methods for studying the role of commensal microbiota in macaque models of GI diseases and provides a model for the large-scale screening of the human gut microbiome.
Finding the zeros of linear phase FIR frequency sampling digital filters

The need for finding the zeros of FIR filters often arises in digital signal processing applications. If we want to convert linear phase finite-impulse response (FIR) filters into minimum phase FIR filters [1], [2], the problem of finding the zeros of the filter is encountered. This problem has been addressed in [3], but not solved. Here we introduce the idea of using frequency sampling filters for obtaining its zeros. The advantage of using this kind of filter resides in the fact that all the zeros on the unit circle are known. Furthermore, the zeros off the unit circle can be obtained with some simple processing. This type of filter is especially useful when high-order narrow-band filters are involved. Finding the zeros of very high-order equirriple low-pass filters can be a difficult, if not impossible, task.
The Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse Cases Legal Issues Related to Child Advocacy

Sexual abuse of children has recently been recognized as a social and legal problem, although the phenomenon has probably been present throughout the history of humankind. Child and adolescent psychiatric and mental health nurses must be aware of the legal implications of assessing, diagnosing or treating child victims of sexual abuse. The focus of this paper is on the legal implications of protecting children from sexual abuse, procedures for prosecuting perpetrators of child sexual abuse, and the constitutional implications of reform.
Toward a truly social epistemology: Babbage, the division of mental labor, and the possibility of socially distributed warrant

In what follows, I appeal to Charles Babbage’s discussion of the division of mental labor to provide evidence that—at least with respect to the social acquisition, storage, retrieval, and transmission of knowledge—epistemologists have, for a broad range of phenomena of crucial importance to actual knowers in their epistemic practices in everyday life, failed adequately to appreciate the significance of socially distributed cognition. If the discussion here is successful, I will have demonstrated that a particular presumption widely held within the contemporary discussion of the epistemology of testimony—a presumption that I will term the personalist requirement—fails to account for those very practices of knowers that I detail here. I will then conclude by suggesting that an alternate account of testimonial warrant, one that has heretofore been underappreciated, ought to be given more serious consideration—in particular because it is well suited to account for those actual practices of knowers that the personalist requirement leaves unrecognized.
The technical professional advancement program. . . strengthening IBM, strengthening America

The IBM Technical Professional Advancement (TPA) program is discussed. TPA is a focused educational path designed to assist technical professionals in acquiring emerging new skills necessary to perform successfully in an evolving workplace, i.e., skills formerly and commonly associated with management development such as business acumen, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, and communication skills. The environment which precipitated TPA is discussed together with the design of TPA and the development of a curriculum to fulfill a TPA skills inventory. >
Evidence for Exploitative Competition: Comparative Foraging Behavior and Roosting Ecology of Short-Tailed Fruit Bats (Phyllostomidae)

Chestnut short-tailed bats, Carollia castanea, and Seba’s short-tailed bats, C. perspicillata (Phyllostomidae), were radio-tracked (N = 1593 positions) in lowland rain forest at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana Province, Ecuador. For 11 C. castanea, mean home range was 6.8 ± 2.2 ha, mean core-use area was 1.7 ± 0.8 ha, and mean long axis across home range was 438 ± 106 m. For three C. perspicillata, mean home range was 5.5 ± 1.7 ha, mean core-use area was 1.3 ± 0.6 ha, and mean long axis was 493 ± 172 m. Groups of less than fi veC. castanea occupied day-roosts in earthen cavities that undercut banks the Tiputini River. Carollia perspicillata used tree hollows and buildings as day-roosts. Interspecific and intraspecific overlap among short-tailed bats occurred in core-use areas associated with clumps of fruiting Piper hispidum (peppers) and Cecropia sciadophylla. Piper hispidum seeds were present in 80 percent of the fecal samples from C. castanea and 56 percent of samples from C. perspicillata. Carollia perspicillata handled pepper fruits significantly faster than C. castanea; however, C. castanea commenced foraging before C. perspicillata emerged from day-roosts. Evidence for exploitative competition between C. castanea and C. perspicillata is suggested by our observations that 95 percent of ripe P. hispidum fruits available at sunset disappear before sunrise (N = 74 marked fruits). Piper hispidum plants produced zero to 12 ripe infructescences per plant each night during peak production. Few ripe infructescences of P. hispidum were available during the dry season; however, ripe infructescences of C. sciadophylla, remained abundant.
Epicardial radiofrequency ablation and aortic valve replacement through right mini-thoracotomy

The Cobra Adhere XL (Estech, San Ramon, CA, USA) is a multiple-electrode, temperature-controlled, monopolar radiofrequency probe with a vacuum-assisted stabilization system. We describe a new technique for epicardial ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement through right mini-thoracotomy.
CHRIE member perceptions of tenure requirements in hospitality education programs.

This study measures the perceptions regarding tenure requirements of mem bers at four-year institutions of CHRIE. They perceive the three most important attributes to gain tenure are (1) a Ph.D or an equivalent terminal degree, (2) a track record of publications, and (3) a track record of good teaching. Differences in perceptions are noted by type of university (public vs. private), level of degree granted by the members' hospitality program, location of the members' program within the university, and differences between faculty and administrators.
Trust-based anonymous communication: adversary models and routing algorithms

We introduce a novel model of routing security that incorporates the ordinarily overlooked variations in trust that users have for different parts of the network. We focus on anonymous communication, and in particular onion routing, although we expect the approach to apply more broadly.This paper provides two main contributions. First, we present a novel model to consider the various security concerns for route selection in anonymity networks when users vary their trust over parts of the network. Second, to show the usefulness of our model, we present as an example a new algorithm to select paths in onion routing. We analyze its effectiveness against deanonymization and other information leaks, and particularly how it fares in our model versus existing algorithms, which do not consider trust. In contrast to those, we find that our trust-based routing strategy can protect anonymity against an adversary capable of attacking a significant fraction of the network.
The Relationships Between Skin Color and Self-Perceived Global, Physical, and Sexual Attractiveness, and Self-Esteem for African Americans:

Skin color in relation to self-esteem and self-perceived physical, sexual, and global attractiveness was examinedfor a sample of9J African Americans. Based on marketplace theory and prior research,...
Variation and change in Chinese Korean: The case of vowel /y/

This study investigates the current status of the vowel /y/, a phoneme that has undergone complete diphthongization to [wi] in Seoul Korean (Choo & O'Grady, 2003; Kang, 1997; Kim, 1988; Martin, 1992), in Chinese Korean. Set in the context of language and dialect contact, where Chinese language and different local/supralocal Korean norms all come into play, especially when the closed local social network no longer exists, Chinese Korean develops unique patterns of variation for underlying /y/, patterns heretofore unreported in the studies of other Korean varieties. Chinese Korean provides a case in point toward the explanation for how effects exerted by linguistic and social factors within a speech community may alter the diffusion of a change with origins outside the local network.
The Prescription or Proscription of Exercise in Endometrial Cancer Care

Abstract Objective To determine the proportion of endometrial cancer patients who can be safely prescribed community/home based unsupervised exercise. A better understanding of the physical dysfunction secondary to comorbidities among endometrial cancer patients would assist clinicians in delineating which patients to send to medically-based supervised rehabilitation versus a community/home based unsupervised exercise program. Methods A literature review identified health issues which could impede patients from successfully completing an unsupervised exercise program after a cancer diagnosis. The charts of 479 endometrial cancer patients treated between 2006 and 2010 were reviewed to determine the health status at the time of diagnosis and the type and percentage of health-issues that could preclude an unsupervised exercise program in this population. Univariable modeling and multivariable modeling were used to evaluate the association of demographic, cancer-related characteristics and clinical variables with ability to participate in unsupervised exercise. Results We determined that 14.2% of endometrial cancer patients were able to exercise without supervision based on their health status at the time of diagnosis. After excluding common comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes and morbid obesity) from the identified health-issues, the proportion increased to 20.5%. Older at diagnosis (P=0.007) and higher BMI (P Conclusions Only 14.2% to 20.5% of endometrial cancer patients were deemed able to exercise without supervision based on their health status at diagnosis. Our data suggest that approximately 80% of endometrial cancer patients would benefit from a referral to a medically-based supervised exercise program.
Directional Distributions and Mean Square Slopes in the Equilibrium and Saturation Ranges of the Wave Spectrum

Abstract Field observations show that the crosswind component constitutes a significant portion of the ocean surface mean square slope. The average ratio between the crosswind and upwind mean square slope components is 0.88 in slick-covered ocean surfaces. This large crosswind slope component cannot be explained satisfactorily based on our present models of a unimodal directional distribution function of ocean waves. Two-dimensional spectral analysis of the 3D ocean surface topography reveals that a bimodal directional distribution is a common feature for wave components shorter than the peak wavelength. The calculated result of the upwind and crosswind mean square slope components using a bimodal directional distributions yields substantial improvement in agreement with field measurements. Also discussed in this paper is the transition of the spectral function from an equilibrium form to a saturation form. Through comparison with the mean square slope data of the slick cases under which short waves are s...
The immunologic problem of pregnancy. V. The effect of estrogen and progesterone on allograft survival.

Abstract The administration of relatively high doses of estradiol to mice delays the rejection of both first- and second-set skin allografts. In contrast. progesterone has no effect on allograft survival. The results are discussed with reference to the possible role of high local steroid concentrations in the privileged survival of ovarian, testicular, and trophoblastic tissue allografts.
Expression of multiple Bacillus subtilis genes is controlled by decay of slrA mRNA from Rho-dependent 3′ ends

Timely turnover of RNA is an important element in the control of bacterial gene expression, but relatively few specific targets of RNA turnover regulation are known. Deletion of the Bacillus subtilis pnpA gene, encoding the major 3′ exonuclease turnover enzyme, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), was shown previously to cause a motility defect correlated with a reduced level of the 32-gene fla/che flagellar biosynthesis operon transcript. fla/che operon transcript abundance has been shown to be inhibited by an excess of the small regulatory protein, SlrA, and here we find that slrA mRNA accumulated in the pnpA-deletion mutant. Mutation of slrA was epistatic to mutation of pnpA for the motility-related phenotype. Further, Rho-dependent termination was required for PNPase turnover of slrA mRNA. When the slrA gene was provided with a Rho-independent transcription terminator, gene regulation was no longer PNPase-dependent. Thus we show that the slrA transcript is a direct target of PNPase and that regulation of RNA turnover is a major determinant of motility gene expression. The interplay of specific transcription termination and mRNA decay mechanisms suggests selection for fine-tuning of gene expression.
Causal Inference in Archival Research

International relations scholars increasingly employ archival research in order to test a range of hypotheses that open up the ‘black box’ of foreign policymaking, to mitigate the biases that a reliance on secondary sources might impose, and to conduct richer case studies that assess causal mechanisms and account for psychological and other factors that affect decisionmaking (see e.g. Deborah Larson 2001), but several problems for successful causal inference remain unresolved. Alexander George and Andrew Bennett (2005: 103-104) warn that “the possibility of erroneous interpretation of the significance of archival documents is enormous” and lament the absence of research that “provides an adequate discussion of the problems of weighing the evidentiary worth of archival materials.” Larson, similarly, had observed that critics “complain that case studies are unscientific because history can say anything you want,” that political scientists should turn to primary documents to “discriminate between competing explanations of the same event,” but “there is no guidebook for political scientists on how to use primary sources”(2001, 342-343). Two important advances, by Marc Trachtenberg (2006, especially Chapter 5) and Scott Frisch et al (2012), have focused, respectively, on assessing individual documents’ content and interpreting this in the context of public sources and existing scholarly literature, and on measurement and data collection (particularly for future quantitative analysis).
Making role-playing real:

Recent research in public administration on governance, networks, and deliberative democracy, has highlighted the need to develop a skill set in graduates of Public Administration programs that pre...
Cloud Computing: The Future of it Industry

As a result of the research processing in the computing field, a new computing model appeared based on the development of many computing models such as parallel computing, distributed computing, and grid computing. Many normal distributed computers collaborate of achieve a function like a super computer. The computation will be assigned to this super computer rather than local computer or remote server. This is the basic concept of cloud computing. However, there is a new implementation of cloud computing was introduced based on using the internet millions of computers connected to a super cloud. Cloud computing has several advantages such as; user does not need to worry about how the cloud runs, viruses, maintenance, etc. We would expect that cloud computing is going to reshape the IT industry. In this paper we discuss cloud computing from different angles such as concept, characteristics and classifications of cloud computing.
Wege zur Optimierung des Reibsystems Kolbenring und Ringnut

Hohere Zunddrucke, reduzierte Emissionen sowie die Kraftstoff-Direkteinspritzung bedeuten steigende Belastungen fur das tribologische System Kolbenringflanke-Kolbennut. Die Folge sind Kolbennutbeschadigungen und Aufplattierungen von Kolbenmaterial vor allem auf der unteren Kolbenringflanke. Das immer haufigere Schadensbild hat die Aufmerksamkeit bei Federal-Mogul verstarkt auf die Ursachen des Problems sowie geeignete Gegenmasnahmen gelenkt.
Relationship between admissions committee review and student performance in medical school and internship.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate the association between tertiary reviewer (admissions committee member) comments and medical students' performance during medical school and into internship. Methods: We collected data from seven year-groups (1993–1999) and coded tertiary reviewer comments into 14 themes. We then conducted an exploratory factor analysis to reduce the dimensions of the themes (excluding the Overall impression theme). Subsequently, we performed Pearson correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analysis to examine the relationship between the factors and seven outcome measures: medical school preclinical grade point average (GPA), medical school clinical GPA, cumulative medical school GPA, U.S. Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 2 scores, and scores on a program director's evaluation measuring intern professionalism and expertise. Results: We extracted seven factors from the 13 themes and found small-to-moderate, significant correlations between the factors, the Overall impress...
The potential of children as eyewitnesses

This study examined children's capabilities in an eyewitness task. Subjects aged five to twenty-two years viewed a confederate interacting with the experimenter and later were asked to tell what had happened, to answer objective questions (including a leading question), and to identify the confederate from 6 photos. The results indicated that although young children were unable to freely narrate what they had observed as thoroughly as adults, they were as accurate as adults in answering objective questions and in identifying the confederate from 6 photos. Additionally, there were no age differences in susceptibility to leading questions.
Materials Characterization of Natural Adobe Plasters: New Approaches for Preservation Strategies Based on Traditional Practice

In the Southwestern United States, adobe buildings comprise a significant portion of our architectural heritage. The recognition of this fact has led to research to devise better methods to preserve buildings constructed of adobe, however, many of the new methods are not appropriate for buildings in-use or are to costly to implement in communities or organizations with limited means. In an effort to devise cost-effective preservation methods based on traditional plastering techniques, aged plasters of varying durability have been analyzed using modern materials characterization techniques in order to determine what factors lead to durable plasters. In addition, the laboratory work has been supplemented by oral histories and practical experience in the field.
On Certain Space Generalizations

(1911). On Certain Space Generalizations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 33-36.
Effect of Streptomycin and Pimaricin on Growth and Respiration of Pythium Species

In searching for a method to isolate Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. from soil, it was found that streptomycin inhibited growth of some Pythium spp. but not others. It was also found that pimaricin at relatively high rates did not affect growth of 5 Pythium spp. but was inhibitory to several other representative soil fungi. This knowledge was used in designing a technique to selectively isolate P. aphanidermatum from soil which will be reported elsewhere. Streptomycin, although primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria (3), has shown in-vivo activity against several plant pathogenic fungi including Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) D. By. (7), Pseudooperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curt.) Rostow (1), P. humnuli (Miy. & Tak.) G. W. Wils. (6), and Peronospora tabacina Adam (4). Pimaricin has been successfully used to isolate Phytophthora spp. from roots (2) and fruit (5). It has been incorporated with pentachloronitrobenzene to give quantitative enumeration of Pythium debaryanum Hesse and an undescribed Pythium sp. using dilution-plate and soil-plate techniques (9). The object of this paper is to report the effects of streptomycin and pimaricin on growth and respiration of several Pythium spp. and other representative soil fungi.
Studies on the association of flies (Diptera) with dung in southeastern Washington

Species of flies attracted to and/or reared from all available types of excrement in an area in southeastern Washington were recorded. Results are presented of studies on the relative attractiveness of 8 main types of dung to the fly population. One hundred thirty-nine species of Diptera were recorded, of which 48 are here considered to be members of the dung community. Cow dung, being most prevalent, attracted the largest number and widest variety of species. Information is given for each species concerning its clung preferences, seasonal distribution, geographic and climatic distribution, and other observations on bionomics.
Ultrafast Vibrational Relaxation Dynamics of a Rhenium Bipyridyl CO2–Reduction Catalyst at a Au Electrode Surface Probed by Time-Resolved Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

The vibrational relaxation dynamics of a rhenium bipyridyl CO2-reduction catalyst chemisorbed to a model Au electrode surface have been investigated using broadband time-resolved vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy. IR pump-VSFG probe spectra indicate a biexponential decay of the excited vibrational population, consisting of an ultrafast initial relaxation followed by complete recovery of the ground vibrational state within tens of picoseconds. The ultrafast decay is assigned to rapid population equilibration between the strongly coupled CO stretching modes of the rhenium bipyridyl complex (τυ–υ = 0.26 ps), whereas the slower decay is assigned to population relaxation from these coupled modes to lower frequency modes within the molecule (T1 = 14.8 ps). This study demonstrates the ability of time-resolved VSFG to selectively monitor the vibrational energy relaxation processes at the electrode surface in relevant electrocatalytic systems.
Matched Terrain Processing (MTP): Possibilities for waveform diversity design

A generic technique called Matched Terrain Processing (MTP) has been developed by the author that exploits the ever-increasing availability of high-resolution geo-spatial databases of the earth's terrain to enhance the capabilities of identification and localization of targets. This paper serves to expose the waveform diversity and design community to these techniques, as they can become the basis of both target and terrain adaptive (not just target adaptive) optimization to further enhance the capabilities of MTP. An example of the successful application of MTP is provided in this paper; the conference presentation will cite research directions where MTP can be used in the context of waveform diversity design.
Resection of an ameloblastoma in a pediatric patient and immediate reconstruction using a combination of tissue engineering and costochondral rib graft: A case report

Abstract Background and Overview Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumor predominantly occurring in patients who are in their 20s and 30s. Approximately 10% to 15% of ameloblastomas occur in patients younger than 18 years. Although it is a benign tumor, an ameloblastoma can have a devastating effect on children both physically and emotionally. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate how tissue engineering and surgical techniques can minimize morbidity and recovery time after extirpation and immediate reconstruction of a mandibular ameloblastoma. Case Description An 11-year-old girl was referred for surgical evaluation of a lesion found on a routine dental radiograph. Resection of a mandibular unicystic ameloblastoma resulted, including immediate reconstruction using a costochondral rib graft, allogeneic bone, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and recombinant human morphogenetic protein-2. One year postoperatively, the patient had no evidence of recurrence as well as excellent mandibular bone height and width with good facial form. The patient has returned to her daily life without any disabilities or disfigurement. Conclusions and Practical Implications Dentists are typically the first health care providers to discover oral pathology in patients. The coordination of care by the dental care providers and the oral and maxillofacial specialist was key to the successful outcome for this patient. With biotechnology and surgical techniques, the dental surgeon can extirpate an ameloblastoma and reconstruct the mandible defect to the ideal shape and size with minimal morbidity and recovery time.
Introduction to Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Applications in Biomolecular Modeling

Since the first molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a protein was performed over 30 years ago[87], MD has been used to study a variety of biomolecular systems, including proteins, nucleotides, lipid bilayers, and carbohydrates[88, 16, 64, 101]. Today, the problems tackled by MD range from large conformational changes in proteins to free energy differences associated with subtle modifications in ligands[65, 46, 62, 127]. Since the high spatial and temporal resolution of MD is rarely achieved in conventional experimental techniques, MD is increasingly used in combination with various experimental methods to provide a multiscale description of the structure, dynamics, and function of a biomolecule.
Democratic Theory and International Relations

It is possible to look at the liberal-democratic tradition in a number of different ways, and in general, an effort is made to link it with some form or other of freedom. For example, it was for long closely related and linked with laissez-faire capitalism, whereas others saw it intimately related to freedom of religion. Several forms of freedom have been seen as components of the liberal tradition, but they are merely components; they do not represent the totality or the “essence” of the system. The aspect under which I would like to consider liberalism this evening is as a system for the accomplishment of peaceful change or, to put in other terms, a system for conflict resolution. And the problem which will be central to our concerns this evening, and throughout the entire semester, turns on the relevance of liberalism as a system of conflict resolution for the problems of world politics. To assess this relevance, it is necessary to have some image of the means by which the liberal tradition has dealt with the problem of change, some image of the basic character of international politics, and an estimate of the possible bearing the experiences of that tradition might have on the problems of that area.
Nanophase iron-based liquefaction catalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and model compound reactivity

Ultrafine nanometer-scale iron-based catalyst precursor powders were generated using two novel technologies, the rapid thermal decomposition of precursors in solution (RTDS) and the modified reverse micelle (MRM) processes. The powders were characterized according to their phase and crystallite size and were evaluated for activity toward C-C bond scission using the model compound, naphthylbibenzylmethane, in the presence of elemental sulfur and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. The catalytic activities of the powders were found to be strongly dependent on their crystallographic phase. RTDS magnetite, six-line ferrihydrite, and ferric oxyhydroxysulfate were found to have very high activity toward conversion of the model compound whereas two-line ferrihydrite and hematite were determined to be poor or mediocre catalyst precursors
Mechanisms of Adenylate Cyclase Regulation in Gram-Negative Bacteria

This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of adenylate cyclase regulation in gram-negative bacteria. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate was first identified in Escherichia coli by Makman and Sutherland in 1965. This cyclic nucleotide is synthesized by a cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase, which is frequently found in association with the envelope fraction of disrupted cells. This chapter discusses the regulation of adenylate cyclase by the membrane potential and regulation by intracellular sugar phosphates. The intracellular sugar phosphates strongly inhibit adenylate cyclase under conditions that result in no apparent change in the membrane potential or cellular adenosine triphosphate levels, and where extracellular sugar is essentially absent. 2-deoxyglucose is accumulated in the cell cytoplasm as a result of the group translocation process catalyzed by the phosphotransferase system. Uptake is time and concentration dependent.
54-P: NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF ACTIVATING KIR GENES AND THE INCIDENCE OF CMV DISEASE IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

Aim Late onset CMV disease is an important complication in CMV seronegative transplant recipients (R-) receiving livers from CMV positive donors (D+) after discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis. Predicting the risk of developing CMV disease will allow for better targeted therapy. Natural Killer (NK) cells may play a role in modulating CMV disease. Increased number of NK activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genes has previously been associated with a lower rate of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients. Methods We assessed the relationship between recipient, or donor, KIR genotype and the incidence of CMV disease in a cohort of consecutive CMV D+R- liver transplant recipients (n = 170). All recipients received 3 months of standard anti-viral prophylaxis and were followed for 1 year post transplant or until death. Fifty six patients (33%) developed CMV disease post transplant. HLA and KIR genotyping of recipients and donors was performed by SSP and SSO methods respectively. Results We observed no association between the number or type of recipient, or donor, activating KIR genes and the incidence of CMV disease. There was a trend towards a lower incidence of CMV disease in patients who had 1) 3 recipient inhibitory KIR genes (2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3) compared to patients with only 1 or 2 genes (27.8% vs. 35.7%), 2) licensed donor NK cells with cognate recipient HLA-C ligands (28.8% vs. 39.3%), p > 0.05 for all comparisons. Conclusions Our results do not support a role for activating KIR in the control of CMV disease in the current setting. Inhibitory KIR may play a role in controlling CMV disease in liver transplant recipients and should be further explored in a larger study.