cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraspecies differentiation in the powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum determined with rDNA RFLPs.

The powdery mildew species Erysiphe cichoracearum has a described host range of over 300 plant species from among several families. Host-range testing indicates host-specialized subdivision within this taxonomic species. However, the extent of subdivision remains largely undetermined among host-limited forms. We have characterized diversity among field collections of E. cichoracearum from a variety of hosts, and from other powdery mildew species, with RFLPs from a PCR amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) segment The E. cichoracearum samples expressed six distinct RFLP haplotypes. Each haplotype was specific to either a single host or to a set of related host species. These haplotypes formed a continuum of divergence ranging from about 18–35% average pairwise distance from one another, while those from other mildew species clustered at consistently higher average pairwise distances from E. cichoracearum and from each other. Our findings support earlier suggestions, based on host-range and morphological characterizations, that E. cichoracearum is a complex of morphologically similar, but host-limited forms. Also, comparisons of rDNA haplotype distance between E. cichoracearum and Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis were consistently greater than between E. cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fulginea. This result supports earlier questions concerning the monophyletic nature of Erysiphe.
ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF BINARY MIXTURES USING GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHODS

Abstract A new method for estimating critical temperature (Tc ), critical pressure (Pc ), and critical volume (Vc ), of both nonpolar and polar binary mixtures displaying continuous critical loci is proposed. The methodology is based on the group contribution concept for estimation of critical constants of pure compounds, and the combining rule concept for estimation of mixture properties. Lydersen group contribution method is used to demonstrate the application of this methodology. The combining rules are formulated and their adjustable parameters are determined using 43 nonpolar and polar binary mixtures including 417 data points for (Tc ), 390 data points for (Pc ), and 219 data points for (Vc ), respectively. The method is then evaluated with 15 independently selected binary mixtures containing hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amine, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, chloroform, and hydrogen sulfide. The average deviations of the estimated (Tc ), (Pc ), (Vc ) are 1.60%, 7.26%, and 3.64%, r...
Synthesis of phenaleno[1,9-bc]thiophene

The cyclization of 2-acetonylthionaphthalene, prepared from 2-mercaptonaphthalene (1) and chloro-acetone in the presence of sodium hydroxide, with polyphosphoric acid gave 1-methylnaphtho[2,1-b]thiophene (4) in 64% overall yield from 1. By bromination with N-bromosuccinimide, 4 was converted in 40% yield into l-bromomethylnaphtho[2,1-b]thiophene (8). Treatment of 8 with potassium cyanide in a phase-transfer medium gave l-cyanomethylnaphtho[2,1-b]thiophene (10) in good yield. Compound 10 was reduced to the corresponding aldehyde 11 and then cyclized with polyphosphoric acid to phenaleno[l,9-bc]thiophene (12) in 24% overall yield from 10.
Communication and Society

Communication is a much more far-reaching term than language, even though one of the functions, if not the main function, of language is societal communication. In Study 9 I show how the ethologist Schleich (1973, 1995) explored a specific type of biological communication, which he called tonic. This term refers to the function that Schleidt ascribed to tonic communication, namely the establishment and maintenance of stable social bonds. On the basis of examples from birds and mammals, the ethologist speculated on the origin of human language in relation to characteristic human bonds.
Contrasting models of promiscuous gene expression by thymic epithelium

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express a broad spectrum of tissue- restricted self-antigens (TRAs), which are required for the development of central tolerance. A new study suggests that TRA expression is a specialized property of terminally differentiated mTECs. However, as discussed here, an alternative model—whereby TRA expression is regulated by conserved developmental programs active in developing mTECs—may be equally plausible.
Numerical prediction of the onset of blocking : A case study with forecast ensembles

Abstract The forecastability of a blocking episode during January 1985 over Europe and the eastern Atlantic Ocean is studied with forecast ensembles. Ten-member ensembles from version CCM2 (at T42 resolution) of the Community Climate Model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research are initialized at various lead times prior to the analyzed block onset and run out to 14 days. Particular attention is focused on the ensemble initialized five days prior to block onset since, of all the ensembles, this one was characterized by the greatest variability concerning the block-onset prediction. Two of the 10 members of this particular ensemble predicted a transition from unblocked to blocked flow over the Atlantic–Europe half of the Northern Hemisphere during the 14-day forecast range, but not without error; details regarding the timing and/or location of the block were misforecast. A comparison of these ensemble members, plus one other that did not predict a transition to blocking, with the corresponding ana...
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment For Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Mutton In Qatar

Background and Introductionâ€”Foodborne illness has been identified as one of the major hindrances to the advancement of health around the world and bacterial pathogens play a major role in this impediment. Although most of the infections are self-limited, different estimates of the cost of illnesses around the world indicate costly episodes with the numbers ranging from $1,600 to $3,000. The global risk of the foodborne pathogens has been exacerbated by globalization of trade and ease of travel around the world. Qatar is where these two factors intersect. Understanding the pathway by which these threats enter the food chain and pose risk to humans will help in developing risk mitigation strategies. In this study we assessed the potential risk of illness from the consumption of mutton contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Qatar and identified critical intervention points that would contribute to mitigating its associated risk. Methodsâ€”We used the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology us...
Molecular Advances Leading to Treatment Implications for Fragile X Premutation Carriers

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common single gene cause of intellectual disability and it is characterized by a CGG expansion of more than 200 repeats in the FMR1 gene, leading to methylation of the promoter and gene silencing. The fragile X premutation, characterized by a 55 to 200 CGG repeat expansion, causes health problems and developmental difficulties in some, but not all, carriers. The premutation causes primary ovarian insufficiency in approximately 20% of females, psychiatric problems (including depression and/or anxiety) in approximately 50% of carriers and a neurodegenerative disorder, the fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), in approximately 40% of males and 16% of females later in life. Recent clinical studies in premutation carriers have expanded the health problems that may be seen. Advances in the molecular pathogenesis of the premutation have shown significant mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurons which may be amenable to treatment. Here we review the clinical problems of carriers and treatment recommendations.
Hybrid resistor/FET-logic demultiplexer architecture design for hybrid CMOS/nanodevice circuits

Hybrid nanoelectronics are emerging as one viable option to sustain the Moorepsilas Law after the CMOS scaling limit is reached. One main design challenge in hybrid nanoelectronics is the interface (named as demux) between the highly dense nanowires in nanodevice crossbars and relatively coarse microwires in CMOS domain. The prior work on demux design use a single type of devices to realize the demultiplexing function, but hardly provides a satisfactory solution. This work proposes to combine resistor with FET to implement the demux, leading to the so-called hybrid resistor/FET-logic demux. Such hybrid demux architecture can make these two types of devices well complement each other to improve the overall demux design effectiveness. Furthermore, the effects of resistor conductance variability are analyzed and evaluated based on computer simulations.
Life history and systematics of the aquatic discomycete Mitrula (Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on cultural, morphological, and molecular studies

Mitrula species represent a group of aquatic discomycetes with uncertain position in the Helotiales and an unknown life history. Mitrula species were studied using a combination of cultural, morphological, and molecular techniques. Pure colonies were isolated from Mitrula elegans, and conidia were induced in vitro. Herbarium materials from Europe, Asia, and North America were studied. Sequences of rDNA, including partial small subunit rDNA, large subunit DNA and ITS, were used to infer phylogenetic relationships both within Mitrula and between Mitrula and other inoperculate discomycetes, with special attention to fungi that resemble Mitrula in morphology or ecology. Equally weighted parsimony analyses, likelihood analyses, constrained parsimony analyses, and Bayesian analyses were performed. Results suggest that (1) the anamorph of M. elegans produces brown bicellular conidia, (2) a new subalpine species M. brevispora is distinct, (3) more than six lineages and clades can be recognized in Mitrula, (4) the morphological species M. elegans is not monophyletic, (5) a close relationship between Mitrula and either Geoglossaceae or Sclerotiniaceae is not supported, (6) the Helotiaceae is paraphyletic, and (7) Mitrula belongs to a clade within the Helotiales that also includes other aero-aquatic genera, Cudoniella, Hydrocina, Vibrissea, Ombrophila, and Hymenoscyphus.
Current and historic distribution and abundance of the inarticulated brachiopod, Lingula reevii Davidson (1880), in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA

The inarticulated brachiopod, Lingula reevii Davidson (1880) is a filter-feeding invertebrate that burrows vertically in sandy or mixed sediments. Its only recorded occurrence is from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, southern Japan, and Ambon, Indonesia. Past surveys of Kaneohe Bay populations suggested a distinct decrease in abundance following the diversion of sewage effluent from the bay in 1978/1979. In the summer of 2004 and 2007, visual surveys were conducted in areas of historical L. reevii abundance as well as in areas appearing to have suitable habitat. In 2004, approximately 2,950 m2 at 20 sites within the bay were surveyed using quantitative belt transecting methods. A maximum density of 4 Lingula/m2 was observed, a decrease from previous maximum estimates of 500 individuals/m2 (Worcester, Dissertation, Zoology Department, University of Hawai′i, pp 49, 1969) and 100 individuals/m2 (Emig, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52:47–61, 1981). When these 20 sites were revisited in 2007, many had fewer or no L. reevii; therefore, broader scale presence/absence surveys were conducted at 16 additional sites in the bay (also surveyed in 2004). The highest density of L. reevii found in 2007 was 0.94 individuals/m2. The continued decline in abundance of L. reevii in Kaneohe Bay may be due, in addition to decreased organic enrichment from diversion of sewage discharge almost 30 years ago, to the more recent reduction of suitable habitat by the invasion of mat-forming alien algae species.
Eustatic Control on Alluvial Sequence Stratigraphy: A Possible Example from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Transition of the Tornillo Basin, Big Bend National Park, West Texas, U.S.A.

Paleosol-bearing alluvial strata of latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary age are continuously exposed along Dawson Creek, in Big Bend National Park, west Texas, U.S.A., and exhibit a three-tier hierarchy of depositional cyclicity. Meter-scale, fluvial aggradational cycles (FACs) occur as fining-upward successions that are gradation- ally overlain by paleosols or are sharply overlain by the coarser- grained base of the succeeding FAC without an intervening paleosol. FACs stack into decameter-scale, fluvial aggradational cycle sets (FAC sets) that also fine upward, and from base to top contain either a grad- ual upsection increase in soil maturity and soil drainage or a somewhat symmetrical pattern of increasing and decreasing paleosol maturity. Longer-period trends of FAC thickness, lithologic proportions, paleosol maturity, and paleosol drainage indicate that two complete, and two partial, hectometer-scale fluvial sequences occur within the study in- terval. From base to top, each sequence is characterized by an asym- metric increase and decrease in FAC thickness, a decrease in the pro- portion of sand-prone fluvial facies, an increase in paleosol maturity, and better paleosol drainage. Whereas FACs and FAC sets are interpreted to record cyclic epi- sodes of channel avulsion and stability, and longer-term avulsive chan- nel drift within the alluvial valley, respectively, fluvial sequences may coincide with third-order sea-level changes within the North American Western Interior Seaway. As such, the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) transition within the Tornillo Basin may provide an example of me- gascale stratigraphic cyclicity that is controlled by eustatic sea level within a fully fluvial succession. Thickening and thinning successions of FACs record a third-order period of accelerating (transgressive- equivalent) and decelerating (highstand-equivalent) base-level rise, and subsequent base-level fall (falling stage- to lowstand-equivalent). Se- quence boundaries are placed at the sharp inflection between thinning and thickening FACs. Sand-prone facies and immature, more poorly- drained paleosols are associated with the transgressive-equivalent por- tion of each sequence, and mudrock-dominated overbank facies and their associated mature, well-drained paleosols are associated with the highstand- and falling stage-equivalent.
The RNA Polymerase-associated Factor 1 Complex (Paf1C) Directly Increases the Elongation Rate of RNA Polymerase I and Is Required for Efficient Regulation of rRNA Synthesis

The rate of ribosome synthesis is proportional to the rate of cell proliferation; thus, transcription of rRNA by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is an important target for the regulation of this process. Most previous investigations into mechanisms that regulate the rate of ribosome synthesis have focused on the initiation step of transcription by Pol I; however, recent studies in yeast and mammals have identified factors that influence transcription elongation by Pol I. The RNA polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C) is a transcription elongation factor with known roles in Pol II transcription. We previously identified a role for Paf1C in transcription elongation by Pol I. In this study, genetic interactions between genes for Paf1C and Pol I subunits confirm this conclusion. In vitro studies demonstrate that purified Paf1C directly increases the rate of transcription elongation by Pol I. Finally, we show that Paf1C function is required for efficient control of Pol I transcription in response to target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling or amino acid limitation. These studies demonstrate that Paf1C plays an important direct role in cellular control of rRNA expression.
The Irrelevance of Prisoner Fault for Excessively Delayed Executions

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 5II. History of Prisoner Fault Argument in LackeyClaims 17A. Justice Thomas's Articulations of the Argument...... 18B. Pre-Lackey Precedent 19C. Views of Justices Breyer and Stevens 23D. Post-Lackey Precedent 28E. Conclusion 31III. Analogy to Sixth Amendment Speedy Trial Right 34A. The Speedy Trial Right Test 36B. Support for Prisoner Fault Argument 40C. Difficulties for Prisoner Fault Argument 441. Speedy Trial Right Analogy Presupposes Existence of Right to Timely Execution 452. Barker's Contextual Approach Inconsistent with Categorical Approach of Courts Rejecting Lackey Claims 463. Applying Entire Speedy Trial Right Analysis Supports Lackey Claim 48a. First Factor: Length of Delay 48b. Second Factor: Reason for Delay 49c. Third Factor: Defendant's Assertion of Right 52d. Fourth Factor: Prejudice to Defendant 53e. Balancing the Four Factors 55IV. Waiver of Eighth Amendment Right 55A. Waiver of Constitutional Rights, Generally 57B. Support for Prisoner Fault Argument 59C. Difficulties for Prisoner Fault Argument 631. Waiver Cannot Make Cruel and Unusual Punishments Constitutional 642. Waiver Cannot Make Death-Ineligible Capital Offenders Eligible 663. Limiting LaGrand 674. Lackey Claimants Cannot Satisfy Waiver Standard 695. Waiver of Right Presupposes Existence of Right 716. Justice Thomas Rejects Waiver Rationale 72V. Conclusion 74I. IntroductionHow long of a delay between sentencing and execution is too long before it violates the Eighth Amendment?1 How many years of death row incarceration are too many before a subsequent execution would be cruel and unusual punishment? Neither the nationwide average of nearly sixteen years2 nor the average of twenty-five years in the two leading death penalty states3 is enough. Not even individual instances exceeding thirty4 and nearing forty years suffice.5 Apparently, no length of delay and no duration of incarceration are too long according to the principal argument supporting the constitutionality of execution following decades of death row incarceration.6 According to this argument, delays between sentencing and execution are the prisoners' fault.7 As such, they cannot violate the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment regardless of the length of delay and duration of incarceration.8 Under this argument, execution following four decades (or conceivably more) of death row incarceration is no more troubling to the Eighth Amendment than execution delayed by one decade or one year.9 This Article contends, however, that prisoner fault lacks an underlying rationale related to the concerns of the Eighth Amendment and thus should be irrelevant in assessing the constitutionality of excessively delayed executions. …
Discussion of "Comparison of Base Shears Estimated from Floor Accelerations and Column Shears"

The author agrees with Dr. Pinho about difficulties associated with the use of different damping models in nonlinear dynamic analysis. However, the focus of the original manuscript was to illustrate the difference between base shear estimated from floor accelerations, denoted as inertial base shear, and base shear estimated from column shears, denoted as the structural base shear. The difference between the two base shears exists regardless of the damping model used in the nonlinear analysis. In order to illustrate this conclusion, the Los Angeles building of the original manuscript (Goel 2011) was re-analyzed for Earthquake No. 15 using two different Rayleigh damping models: C 1⁄4 α0mþ α1kinitial, in which the stiffness-proportional component is proportional to the initial elastic stiffness, kinitial, and C 1⁄4 α0mþ α1kcurrent, in which the stiffness-proportional component is proportional to the current stiffness, kcurrent.
CENTRAL RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY EFFECTS OF Gymnodinium breve TOXIN IN ANAESTHETIZED CATS

Abstract 1 In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, observations were made on respiration, spontaneous and evoked diaphragmatic electromyograms, blood pressure, heart rate, indirectly-induced contractions of the anterior tibialis muscle and nictitating membrane, and electrical excitability of the inspiratory centre in the medulla oblongata. 2 Gymnodinium breve toxin (GBTX) was administered intravenously, intra-arterially to the brain, and intracerebroventricularly. Physiological effects were recorded while alveolar PCO2 was controlled at a constant level except when changes in gas tension were made in order to measure CO2-ventilatory responsiveness. 3 Adequate doses of GBTX given intravenously by bolus injection elicited a non-tachyphylactic reflex response triad of apnoea, hypotension and bradycardia mediated by the vagus nerves independently of arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptor innervation. 4 After vagotomy, additional amounts of GBTX (i.v.) resulted in apneustic breathing, hypertension and tachycardia. The cardiovascular effects were abolished by ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium. 5 Smaller doses of GBTX were required intra-arterially and intracerebroventricularly than by the intravenous route of injection to produce respiratory irregularity and cardiovascular hyperactivity. 6 Evoked motor responses, electrical excitability of the medulla oblongata and CO2-ventilatory responsiveness were largely spared even though GBTX caused marked disturbances in respiratory rhythmicity and cardiovascular functions. 7 It is concluded that GBTX acts reflexly on vagally innervated receptors to evoke a Bezold-Jarisch effect but that the toxin further acts centrally to cause irregular breathholding and hypertension with tachycardia, leading ultimately to respiratory and circulatory failure.
Does metallic glass have a backbone? The role of percolating short range order in strength and failure

Abstract Simulation studies indicate that metallic glasses derive their exceptional strength from a percolating backbone of short range order. The percolation of this structure coincides with a high stresses prior to yield and the development of strain localization. Examples are presented from two- and three-dimensional molecular dynamics investigations.
Interpretation of contrastive pitch accent in six- to eleven-year-old English-speaking children (and adults).

Both off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch prominence. To test whether children achieve adult-like proficiency in processing contrast-marking prosody during school years, an eye-tracking experiment examined the effect of accent on referential resolution in six- to eleven-year-old children and adults. In all age groups, a prominent accent facilitated the detection of a target in contrastive discourse sequences (pink catpGREEN cat), whereas it led to a garden path in non-contrastive sequences (pink rabbitpGREEN monkey : the initial fixations were on rabbits). While the data indicate that children as young as age six immediately interpret contrastive accent, even the oldest child group showed delayed fixations compared to adults. We argue that the children’s slower recovery from the garden path reflects the gradual development in cognitive flexibility that matures independently of general oculomotor control.
NEW SPECIES OF CALAPPID CRABS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND RECONSIDERATION OF THE CALAPPIDAE SENSU LATO

Abstract Analysis of dorsal carapace characters of fossil and extant genera of the Calappidae sensu lato supports Bellwood's (1996) assignment of the group into four families based upon phylogenetic analysis, which was also supported by previous larval and morphologic studies. The Calappidae sensu stricto, Matutidae, and Hepatidae, recognized by Bellwood (1996), embrace both fossil and extant genera. The Orithyiidae is known from a single extant genus. Additionally, the Necrocarcininae Forster, known only from extinct genera, is elevated to family status. New taxa include Mursia aspina and Eriosachila rossi. Zanthopsis rathbunae Kooser and Orr, 1973, is here referred to Eriosachila orri, n. comb. and nomen novum. Emended descriptions are given for Mursia yaquinensis Rathbun, 1926, and Necrocarcinus hannae Rathbun, 1926. Biogeographic analysis indicates that each family has a distinct origination and dispersal history independent of the other families. Ecologic information for each group suggests that clim...
The Quiet Crisis

Throughout most of human history, freshwater resources have been more than adequate to serve human needs while maintaining the integrity and biological diversity of Earth’s ecosystems. However, an exponentially increasing human population is placing ever greater demands on Earth’s limited supply of fresh waters. Already more than half of all accessible surface fresh water is put to use by humanity with concomitant degradation or loss of habitat such that Earth’s freshwater ecosystems have been altered more profoundly than have terrestrial ecosystems (Allan and Flecker, 1993; Postel et al., 1996; Stiassny, 1996, in press; Pimentai et al., 1997; Vitousek et al., 1997). Some particular examples serve to illustrate the gravity of the situation. In the United States, 98% of an estimated 5.2 million km of streams are sufficiently degraded to be unworthy of federal designation as wild or scenic rivers (Benke, 1990); industrial agriculture around the Aral Sea in the last 30 years has resulted in an approximate halving of the lake’s surface area and depth, and a tripling of its salinity (Mainguet and Letolle, 1997; Pimentai et al., 1997); only 2 of Japan’s 30,000 rivers are neither dammed nor modified in some way (McAllister et al., 1997). Undoubtedly these types of habitat degradation, often coupled with the deleterious effects of the introduction of exotic species (Courtenay and Moyle, 1992), have profound impacts on the resident biota. Although the precise degree of freshwater impoverishment remains to be fully documented, there can be little doubt that the losses are already great.
Diagnostic Application and Interpretation of Tympanometry and the Acoustic Reflex

Tympanometry and the acoustic reflex constitute a powerful middle ear measurement battery. Together, these measurements provide us with direct objective information about the integrity and mobility of the middle ear system and the status of the sensorineural auditory function. A descriptive analysis of tympanograms involves a consideration of the amplitude and shape of the tympanogram as well as the location of the peak along the air pressure axis. The differential effect of pathology on tympanogram pressure peak location, amplitude and shape as well as on the acoustic reflex provides the capability for the application of this battery in the differential diagnosis of auditory disorders.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as therapeutic targets in inflammation.

For decades, advances in endocrinology were characterized by a process in which hormones were first identified based upon their physiologic roles and then purified, often from vast quantities of biologic material. This purified material was then used to identify the receptors through which the
The History of Mathematical Education

1. The Association and Mathematical Education. The inclusion of a survey of mathematical education as a part of the semi-centennial celebration of the Mathematical Association of America is appropriate for many reasons. For example, the by-laws of the Association state that one of its objectives is "to assist in promoting the interests of mathematics in America, especially in the collegiate field . .. by conducting investigations for the purpose of improving the teaching of mathematics.... " In pursuit of its goals the Association has published the Carus Monographs of which the fifth, The History of Mathematics in America before 1900, by David Eugene Smith and Jekuthiel Ginsburg implicitly contains much of significance for the history of mathematical education in the country, especially at the college level. However, the past concern of the Association for mathematical education at the secondary level should neither be ignored nor allowed to lapse. It was particularly significant that the Association was mentioned on page one of the first volume of The Mathematics Teacher to be issued under the aegis of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. In 1921 the newly founded Council took over this journal from the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Middle States and Maryland. In the first issue of that year C. M. Austin, first president of the National Council, explained, in words which have a familiar ring, the needs and reasons for the founding of this new organization as follows: "During this same period (the previous ten years) high school mathematics courses have been assailed on every hand. So-called educational reformers have tinkered with the courses and they, not knowing the subject and its values, in many cases have thrown out mathematics altogether or made it entirely elective. Individual teachers and local organizations have made a fine defense to be sure, but there could be no concerted action. Finally, the Mathematical Association of America came to the rescue and appointed a committee to study the situation and to make recommendations. Already two valuable reports have been issued and others are in preparation. The pity of it is that this work, wholly in the realm of the secondary schools, should have to be done by an organization of college teachers. True, they have generously called in high school teachers to help, but the fact is that it remained for the college people to initiate the work. They could do it because they possessed a live, vigorous organization [1]. (The final report of the committee of the Association to which Austin referred was the famous "1923 report.") It is, I believe, altogether appropriate that this Association which is still live and vigorous should continue its interest in mathematical education, not only by recognizing it in the program of this, its semi-centennial, but also in the continuing concern showed by the work of its Committee on the Undergraduate Program which has a panel on teacher training. I was, therefore, greatly pleased when the Committee asked me to speak on
Constitutional nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in the rat: defect of bilirubin conjugation.

Summary1. Broken-cell preparations of liver and of kidney from rats with constitutional nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia failed to synthesize bilirubin or o-aminophenol glucuronides. 2. Inhibition of β-glucuronidase with potassium saccharate failed to influence conjugation of bilirubin in these animals. 3. The evidence presented suggests that in constitutional nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in rats, glucuronyl transferase activity is absent or inhibited.
A vascular lesion with smooth muscle differentiation presenting as a coin lesion in the lung: glomus tumor versus hemangiopericytoma.

Abstract A 34-year-old black man presented with an asymptomatic coin lesion in the lung. The diagnosis was narrowed to a differential between glomus tumor and hemangiopericytoma. The authors found that the terminology applied to such tumors in the literature is confusing largely because of lack of consistency in criteria used to establish the diagnosis. The authors propose that the term glomus tumor be reserved for tumors composed of endothelial-lined vascular spaces surrounded by smooth muscle cells. Hemangiopericytoma should be used for similar tumors composed of pericytes with or without other types of perivascular mesenchymal cells. According to these criteria, this case is the third glomus tumor reported in the lung.
The Necessity of Entrepreneurship Education Throughout the Whole Process of School Education

Attaining the goal of education,promoting the comprehensive development of education objects,and adapting to the economic and social development,are the demands of the age for the entrepreneurship education to be carried out through the whole process of school education. The successful experience from the United States can be taken as reference: the national content standards blended in the school education system,the efforts to promote of the whole society,the government 's policy support. Finally,we put forward the available ways for promoting entrepreneurship education throughout the whole process of school education in our country: defining the connotation of the entrepreneurship education,strengthening the government action,playing a leading role of school education.
Multimodality Imaging with PET, MRI and CT

In this paper we discuss aspects of Multimodality imaging within the framework of Multisensor Fusion. We propose a methodology for Positron Emission Tomography(PET) reconstruction using Multi Sensor Fusion techniques. Improvement of spatial resolution of PET images is achieved with the proposed method. Fusion of the PET images with the correlated MRI(CT) images is performed using fuzzy set theory and belief functions. Using the a priori values obtained from the fusion process, we reconstruct the image using Bayes’ law. Simulation studies performed using the Shepp-Logan head phantom show the feasibility of the process and improvement in the reconstructed PET image.
Land Use Regulations and Housing Markets in Large Metropolitan Areas

This article examines the impacts of land use regulations on cross-metropolitan variations in housing prices, rents and housing starts. Based on a 2002 national survey of local jurisdictions' land ...
Mixed Methods as Methodological Innovations: Problems and Prospects:

One of the most recent methodological innovations has been in the area of what is now referred to as Mixed Methodology (hereafter MM). The most serious and comprehensive volume in this area is probably, The Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). The Handbook is a sophisticated compilation of various authors who explore the many dimensions of this emerging field. It is not my intention to review the volume, but rather to make the claim that MM still has a host of methodological issues that must be clarified before the potential development of this area can take their place as being relevant to the social and behavioural sciences. What I would like to do, then, is offer some ideas which can become the basis of further debate. The intent is to present an overview and summary of what I consider to be the major problems that still exist in the area of MM.
Composition of extracellular matrix of type II pulmonary epithelial cells in primary culture

Type II pulmonary epithelial cells in primary culture synthesize and deposit an extracellular matrix which has reciprocal biological effects on cellular differentiation. The present work establishes conditions for metabolic labeling of matrix constituents and for separation of cells from the associated matrix; it also defines matrix composition, which does not appear to change qualitatively between days 2 and 6 of primary culture. Type II cells synthesize and deposit a spectrum of radiolabeled components on the culture surface. These include fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, along with additional unidentified proteins. Few radiolabeled proteins in medium conditioned by type II cells bind nonspecifically to the culture surface in the absence of cells. Fibroblasts and macrophages, which may contaminate the primary cultures, do not appear to contribute substantially to the type II cell matrix. These results demonstrate that type II cells synthesize and deposit a complex multicomponent extracellular matrix. The work provides a basis for further investigations of bidirectional interactions between type II cells and the extracellular matrix.
Teaching Church Teaching: Theological and Pedagogical Reflections

This article describes a process of research and critical analysis of Catholic church pronouncements which I have used with both undergraduate and graduate students over the past ten years. Students are taught a method of “close reading” of Roman Catholic church pronouncements which involves their analysis of such issues as the statement's canonical significance, authorship, audience, historical context, content, and underlying ecclesiology. Through this method, students acquire a working knowledge of theological research methods and tools and learn how to practice a hermeneutics of suspicion and retrieval. They also learn how to recognize the various models of church which underlie particular formulations, the compromise nature of conciliar statements, and become acquainted with recent discussion concerning “reception” and the “hierarchy of truths.” Student awareness of the historically conditioned nature of dogmatic statements and of the need for reforming the way in which universal church teaching is formulated is also heightened.
Antidepressant-Induced Female Sexual Dysfunction

Because 1 in 6 women in the United States takes antidepressants and a substantial proportion of patients report some disturbance of sexual function while taking these medications, it is a near certainty that the practicing clinician will need to know how to assess and manage antidepressant-related female sexual dysfunction. Adverse sexual effects can be complex because there are several potentially overlapping etiologies, including sexual dysfunction associated with the underlying mood disorder. As such, careful assessment of sexual function at the premedication visit followed by monitoring at subsequent visits is critical. Treatment of adverse sexual effects can be pharmacological (dose reduction, drug discontinuation or switching, augmentation, or using medications with lower adverse effect profiles), behavioral (exercising before sexual activity, scheduling sexual activity, vibratory stimulation, psychotherapy), complementary and integrative (acupuncture, nutraceuticals), or some combination of these modalities.
If You Build It, They Will Come: Feasibility of Sexual Health Research Among Individuals Married Within the Latter Day Saint Faith

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of survey and interview research exploring views on sexual wellness among married individuals within the Latter Day Saint (LDS) faith community. Participants were asked questions about demographics, marital satisfaction, religious practice, sexual health and sexual satisfaction. Feasibility was measured by the expression of choice related to study participation: (1) electing to participate, (2) initiating participation, (3) selection of study engagement method, and (4) completion of each method. The sample included Utah residents married within the LDS faith, irrespective of whether currently practicing. Interested participants were given the option to volunteer through an anonymous online survey or interview. The majority (89.1) preferred to participate anonymously, and fully completed the online survey. Participants completed the full questionnaire despite being asked about “taboo” topics, such as with questions regarding sexual satisfaction. We concluded that it appears feasible to conduct sexual health research among individuals married within the LDS faith. This was the first empirical feasibility examination of sexual health studies among married Latter Day Saints. Future studies should continue to examine sexual health, while noting current church participation, and type of marriage, as this information seems to be essential when discussing sexual health with LDS married persons.
Vestibular neurectomy for Meniere’s Disease

The treatment of Meniere’s Disease is a continually evolving paradigm with prodigal options. When first-line medical management and dietary restrictions fail more aggressive methods including vestibular neurectomy may be indicated. The selective destruction of the vestibular nerve allows for reliable control of vertiginous symptoms with the preservation of residual hearing. To accomplish this various surgical approaches to the vestibular nerve have been designed. Within this article we detail the surgical technique and advantages of the retrosigmoid, retrolabrythine, and the middle fossa approach. When selected appropriately vestibular nerve section is a valuable nondestructive tool to combat the vertiginous symptoms of Meniere’s Disease.
Anti-Thrombotic Effects of Targeting Outside-in αIIbβ3 Signaling in Platelets

Abstract Platelet activation by agonists stimulates high affinity binding of adhesive ligands, such as fibrinogen, to integrin αIIbβ3. In turn, ligand binding initiates Src kinase-dependent outside-in signaling, platelet spreading on sub-endothelial matrices, and platelet aggregation. Short-term integrin blockade by parenteral αIIbβ3 antagonists is effectively anti-thrombotic in certain clinical situations, but long-term blockade by oral αIIbβ3 antagonists has been problematic. As an alternative approach, we evaluated the feasibility of disrupting outside-in αIIbβ3 signaling in vivo. A “β3(Δ760-762)” knock-in mouse was generated that lacked the three C-terminal β3 amino acid residues (RGT) necessary for αIIbβ3-dependent c-Src signaling, but retained β3 residues necessary for agonist- and talin-dependent fibrinogen binding. β3(Δ760-762) mice were compared with wild-type β3+/+ littermates, β3+/− heterozygotes, and “β3/β1(EGK)” knock-in mice where β3 RGT was replaced by three C-terminal residues in β1 (EGK) to potentially enable outside-in integrin signaling by certain Src kinases other than c-Src. Whereas β3+/+, β3+/− and β3/β1(EGK) platelets spread and underwent tyrosine phosphorylation normally on fibrinogen, β3(Δ760-762) platelets spread poorly and exhibited reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Src substrates, including the β3 cytoplasmic domain itself (Tyr-747). Furthermore, unlike the three groups of control mice, all of the β3(Δ760-762) mice tested were protected from carotid artery occlusive thrombosis following vessel injury with FeCl3. The median tail bleeding time for the β3(Δ760-762) mice was approximately two-fold longer than that of the control mice. However, β3(Δ760-762) mice did not exhibit spontaneous bleeding, excess bleeding after surgical exposure of the carotid artery, fecal blood loss or anemia. Fibrinogen binding to β3(Δ760-762) platelets was normal in response to saturating concentrations of agonists to the PAR4 thrombin receptor or the GP VI collagen receptor; however, responses to ADP were impaired. These studies establish that deletion of β3 RGT disrupts outside-in αIIbβ3 signaling and confers protection from arterial thrombosis in vivo. Currently available anti-platelet drugs either inhibit agonist-induced activation of αIIbβ3 or block fibrinogen binding to the integrin. The studies reported here suggest that targeting outside-in αIIbβ3 signaling may represent an alternative anti-thrombotic strategy.
RADIAL VARIATION IN SOLID DENSITY IN HIGH VELOCITY FLUIDIZATION

The radial variation of solid fraction in high velocity fluidized beds of laboratory scale is investigated experimentally. It is shown that a strong radial gradient exists in the lower dense phase region. The gradient moderates in the central transition region but persists through the upper dilute phase region.
Race or vitamin D: A determinant of intima media thickness in obese adolescents?

OBJECTIVE Carotid intima media thickness (IMT), a predictor of cardiovascular events, is reported to be higher in African-American (AA) vs White (AW) individuals. We investigated whether racial differences in IMT in obese adolescents could be explained by differences in 25 hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D]. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 63 obese adolescents had 25(OH)D levels, determination of IMT, body composition, insulin sensitivity (IS) by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, lipids and blood pressure (BP). RESULTS IMT was higher and 25(OH)D lower in AA vs AW. IMT correlated with 25(OH)D level (r = -0.38, P = .002) but not with IS. In multiple regression analysis, race, HbA1c, BP and age, and not 25(OH)D, BMI or IS, were the significant determinants of IMT (R2 = 0.44, P < .001). Without race in the model, 25(OH)D (β = -0.36, P = .009) contributed to the variance in IMT (R2 = 0.32, P = .007). CONCLUSION Obese AA adolescents vs AW, have higher IMT, explained by race, BP, and HbA1c. Although 25(OH)D levels contribute to the variance in IMT, the observed racial difference in IMT could be mediated through other unknown race-related factors besides 25(OH)D.
Eye in hand: Towards GPU accelerated online grasp planning based on pointclouds from in-hand sensor

This work proposes the usage of in-hand depth cameras in combination with GPU-based collision detection algorithms to realize robotics grasp planning for unknown objects on the fly. Based on pointcloud data captured during an exploratory hand motion we evaluate and optimize grasps with a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization process. The approach maximizes the contact surface while examining various grasp poses and allows a precise and model-free manipulation of arbitrary objects. Targeted end-effectors are anthropomatic multi-fingered hands with complex kinematics and geometries.
A New Theory of Chemically Induced Tumorigenesis: Key Molecular Events and Dose–Response Implications

Abstract The somatic mutation theory of tumorigenesis predicts that increased tumor risks posed by chronic, low-level exposures to mutagenic chemical carcinogens have linear-no-threshold low-dose dose–response (LDDR) relationships. A recently proposed alternative, dysregulated adaptive hyperplasia (DAH) theory does not imply this expectation, positing instead that tissue-specific tumors arise most efficiently only from a(ny) stem cell that (i) happens to be “activated” epigenetically (via a specific microRNA expression profile) to initiate and maintain a state of adaptive hyperplasia (AH) and (ii) additionally incurs a single, dysregulating mutation preventing transduction of the signal that normally terminates AH in that tissue (Bogen, 2013). Accumulating data support the hypothesis that sustained oxidative stress associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggers Keap1–Nrf2–ARE-mediated AH-stem-cell recruitment. Because Nrf2 activation is here demonstrated to have an unambiguously J-shaped LDDR, Nrf2 activation (even by chemical mutagens) could drive DAH-induced tumorigenesis. If so, despite experimental or epidemiologic evidence of increased tumor risk at higher doses, an Nrf2-driven DAH mechanism implies that sufficiently low-level chronic exposures to (even mutagenic) chemical carcinogens may typically increase tumor risk with a highly sublinear or threshold-like LDDR. This “Nrf2-DAH” theory is discussed in relation to key underlying concepts (stem cells, ROS, the Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway, inflammation, and autophagy), as well as experimental data that bear on this theory's plausibility and on its LDDR implications.
Abnormal environmental light exposure in the intensive care environment.

Purpose We sought to characterize ambient light exposure in the intensive care unit (ICU) environment to identify patterns of light exposure relevant to circadian regulation.