cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The politics of multifunctional green infrastructure planning in New York City

Abstract Cities are expanding green infrastructure and presenting it as a panacea for social and environmental challenges, but the reality is more complex and inherently political. We need to advance our understanding of these politics, which I divide into the politics of green infrastructure performance and planning. I use New York City as a case study to begin unpacking these politics of planning. New York City's green infrastructure program focuses on water quality, but aims to provide other sustainability benefits. How are potential benefits prioritized, factored into planning, and what are the implications of these decisions? I examine these questions by combining spatial analyses, survey, and interview data. I survey local stakeholders about the relative importance of six benefits of green infrastructure (managing stormwater, reducing social vulnerability, increasing access to green space, improving air quality, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and increasing landscape connectivity). Second, I use spatial multi-criteria analysis to identify priority neighborhoods for green infrastructure based on those criteria. I examine tradeoffs and synergies between criteria and compare modeled priorities with existing green infrastructure locations. Interviews with key decision-makers provide a deeper understanding of planning processes. Results illustrate why spatial planning represents a critical challenge for green infrastructure planning.
Constituent counting rule and ω photoproduction

The constituent counting ruling (CCR) has been found to hold for numerous hard, exclusive processes. It predicts the differential cross section at high energies and fixed $cos{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$ should follow $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{dt}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{{s}^{n\ensuremath{-}2}}$, where $n$ is the minimal number of constituents involved in the reaction. Conversely, there are hard, exclusive processes for which it has been found that the CCR does not work. The exact reasons for these have not been clearly established. One such example, for which the analysis of CLAS data deviates from the prediction of the CCR, is the omega photoproduction reaction. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}p$ at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\approx}{90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ using CLAS data with an energy range of $s=5\text{--}8\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, where the CCR has been shown to work in other reactions. We argue for a stringent method to select data to test the CCR. Na\"{\i}vely, this reaction would have $n=9$ and we would expect a scaling of ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. Instead, a scaling of ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}(9.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)}$ was observed. A careful analysis of conservation of angular momentum is proposed to explain the discrepancy, supporting the validity of the CCR when applied properly.
Of Comics and Charisma: Representing Transpacific White Masculinities

This article employs palimpsestuous reading practices to query the transpacific reach and imperial pedigree of the comic strip “Charisma Man.” Turning to Max Weber’s theory of “charismatic authority” to understand the comic’s humorous portrayals of white male heterosexual privilege in Asia, the article proposes that the comic strip illuminates the patterns of raced and gendered “hereditary charisma” that continue to haunt transpacific relations. “Charisma Man,” penned by a team of North American men living in Japan, links contemporary white migrants across Asia – especially native English teachers – with a longue duree of Euro-American imperial actors abroad and builds meaning through intertextual engagement with the iconic cultural texts Superman and Madame Butterfly. The article concludes that “Charisma Man” makes light of white male hereditary charisma in Asia through a layering of temporally-disjointed transpacific discourses and, in turn, adds one more layer to a palimpsestuous sedimentation of sexist and racist hierarchies, normalizing their continuation within contemporary globalization.
Long-term bowel function patient-reported outcomes after successful chemoradiation for carcinoma of the anal canal.

AIM We aimed to evaluate long-term changes in patient-reported bowel function from presentation of anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol using a patient-reported outcome measure for bowel function. METHOD This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected patient-reported outcomes for bowel function. We included patients that were successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol for anal SCC and had completed the Colorectal Functional Outcomes (COREFO) questionnaire at presentation, following the modified Nigro treatment (post-Nigro), and at subsequent surveillance visits (medium and long term). We compared the differences in mean domain and total COREFO scores using a paired t test for each paired time point. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Time from completion of the modified Nigro was post-Nigro at 3-6 months, medium-length follow-up at 8-12 months and long-term follow-up at 12-18 months. There was significant improvement in the stool-related aspects domain (pain, bleeding and anal skin irritation) from presentation to our short- and medium-length follow-up (42.5 to 23.7, P = 0.01). There was worsening in the frequency domain in the medium term (7.23 to 14.5, P = 0.02). There were no differences in any other domain or time point. CONCLUSION Global bowel function does not appear to change following successful treatment of anal canal SCC with the modified Nigro protocol in the long term. There are some improvements in stool-related aspects and worsening in bowel movement frequency at medium-length follow-up. These findings should help surgeons counsel patients with regard to bowel function expectations for those with anal canal SCC in the long term.
Combining Effect Estimates Across Cohorts and Sufficient Adjustment Sets for Collaborative Research: A Simulation Study.

Background Collaborative research often combines findings across multiple, independent studies via meta-analysis. Ideally, all study estimates that contribute to the meta-analysis will be equally unbiased. Many meta-analyses require all studies to measure the same covariates. We explored whether differing minimally sufficient sets of confounders identified by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) ensures comparability of individual study estimates. Our analysis applied four statistical estimators to multiple minimally sufficient adjustment sets identified in a single DAG. Methods We compared estimates obtained via linear, log-binomial, and logistic regression and inverse probability weighting, and data were simulated based on a previously published DAG. Results Our results show that linear, log-binomial, and inverse probability weighting estimators generally provide the same estimate of effect for different estimands that are equally sufficient to adjust confounding bias, with modest differences in random error. In contrast, logistic regression often performed poorly, with notable differences in effect estimates obtained from unique minimally sufficient adjustment sets, and larger standard errors than other estimators. Conclusions Our findings do not support the reliance of collaborative research on logistic regression results for meta-analyses. Use of DAGs to identify potentially differing minimally sufficient adjustment sets can allow meta-analyses without requiring the exact same covariates.
The Fundamentals of Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) and the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Examination

This chapter provides an introductory overview of basic body surface ultrasonography, focused transthoracic echocardiographic examination (TTE), and focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST). The overall goal is to provide the reader with the tools to utilize ultrasonography to facilitate clinical decision-making and impact patient management and outcome. The goal of this chapter is to aid the reader in learning how to perform a basic exam and recognize normal anatomy. We will concentrate on two-dimensional (2D) imaging, targeted color flow Doppler (CFD) valve assessment, and continuous wave Doppler (CWD).
R‐MACLO‐IVAM regimen followed by maintenance therapy induces durable remissions in untreated mantle cell lymphoma ‐ long term follow up results

We present long-term combined results of two clinical trials implementing R-MACLO-IVAM induction followed by thalidomide or rituximab maintenance in 44 patients with untreated mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The first 22 patients (UM-MCL1 ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00450801) received maintenance with thalidomide (200 mg daily until relapse/intolerable toxicity) and a subsequent cohort of 22 patients (UM-MCL2 ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00878254) received rituximab (375 mg/m2 IV weekly × 4, repeated every 6 months for 3 years). Considering all 44 patients, 41 (93.2%) achieved complete response (CR), two (4.5%) partial response (PR), and one (2.3%) was not evaluated for response. With a median follow up of 7.2 years (range < 1 month to 16 years), the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 55.6% (95% CI: 38.9%-69.4%) and median PFS 7.9 years (95% CI: 3.7-11 years). The 5-year OS was 83.3% (95% CI: 68.1%-91.7%) and median OS was not reached. Patients with blastic variant (n = 6) had a 5-year PFS and OS of 20.8% and 60%, respectively. Myelosuppression was the most common adverse event during immunochemotherapy. Long-term treatment-related mortality was 6.8%. Note, R-MACLO-IVAM followed by maintenance therapy is an effective regimen to induce long-term remission in MCL without need for consolidation with ASCT.
A Retrospective Analysis of Group-Based Boxing Exercise on Measures of Physical Mobility in Patients With Parkinson Disease:

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study is to further the limited body of evidence regarding the effects of a group-based boxing intervention for those with Parkinson’s disease (PD).Des...
Surgical Trainees and The Geriatric Patient: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE There is an increasing emphasis on surgical trainees learning how to appropriately provide care for the geriatric patient. We hypothesized that little published formal curriculum on the topic exists. We sought to perform a scoping review to test this hypothesis. DESIGN PubMed, OVID Medline, and EMBASE databases were queried from inception, supplemented by hand search of references and the grey literature. Included English language abstracts and articles described trainee perceptions of geriatric patients and/or description of dedicated geriatric curricula for trainees. RESULTS There were 21 included abstracts or papers, which were categorized into 8 survey-based studies, 6 descriptions of curricular design, and 7 interventional studies with pre- and post-intervention knowledge tests. General surgery residents were most frequently included. Self-rated confidence and comfort were typically higher than objective measures of resident performance in the care of geriatric patients. Residents were commonly unaware of the standardized assessment tools and recommendations that exist. Medication and delirium management were frequently-identified topics posing the widest gaps in resident knowledge. CONCLUSION There are few published examples of curricula on the care of geriatric patients for surgical trainees. More work is needed for the creation of specialty-specific and needs-based geriatric surgical curricula.
Emergence of sex differences in the development of substance use and abuse during adolescence

Substance use and abuse begin during adolescence. Male and female adolescent humans initiate use at comparable rates, but males increase use faster. In adulthood, more men than women use and abuse addictive drugs. However, some women progress more rapidly from initiation of use to entry into treatment. In animal models, adolescent males and females consume addictive drugs similarly. However, reproductively mature females acquire self-administration faster, and in some models, escalate use more. Sex/gender differences exist in neurobiologic factors mediating both reinforcement (dopamine, opioids) and aversiveness (CRF, dynorphin), as well as intrinsic factors (personality, psychiatric co-morbidities) and extrinsic factors (history of abuse, environment especially peers and family) which influence the progression from initial use to abuse. Many of these important differences emerge during adolescence, and are moderated by sexual differentiation of the brain. Estradiol effects which enhance both dopaminergic and CRF-mediated processes contribute to the female vulnerability to substance use and abuse. Testosterone enhances impulsivity and sensation seeking in both males and females. Several protective factors in females also influence initiation and progression of substance use including hormonal changes of pregnancy as well as greater capacity for self-regulation and lower peak levels of impulsivity/sensation seeking. Same sex peers represent a risk factor more for males than females during adolescence, while romantic partners increase risk for women during this developmental epoch. In summary, biologic factors, psychiatric co-morbidities as well as personality and environment present sex/gender-specific risks as adolescents begin to initiate substance use.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Illnesses in Older Ethnic Minority Adults

OBJECTIVES: To compare lifetime and 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of older Latino, Asian, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean adults with that of older non-Latino white adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2001 through 2004. SETTING: Urban and rural households in the contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand three hundred seventy-five community-dwelling residents aged 60 and older living in noninstitutional settings. Data are from the National Institutes of Mental Health Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies. METHODS: The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime and 12-month psychiatric disorders. Bayesian estimates compared psychiatric disorder prevalence rates of ethnic and racial groups. RESULTS: Older non-Latino whites exhibited a greater prevalence on several lifetime diagnoses than older Asian, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean respondents. Older Latinos did not differ from older non-Latino whites on any lifetime diagnosis and had higher 12-month rates of any depressive disorder. No differences were observed in the 12-month diagnoses between older non-Latino whites and the other racial and ethnic minority groups. Older immigrant Latinos had higher lifetime rates of dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) than U.S.-born Latinos. Older immigrant Asians had higher lifetime rates of GAD than U.S.-born Asians. Older immigrant Latinos had higher 12-month rates of dysthymia than older U.S.-born Latinos. CONCLUSION: Caution should be taken when generalizing the protective effects of ethnicity into old age. Older Asians and African-Americans exhibited lower prevalence rates of some psychiatric disorders, whereas older Latinos exhibited rates equal to those of older non-Latino whites. Also, the protective effect of nativity seems to vary according to age, psychiatric disorder, and ethnicity.
VAlloy - Virtual Functions Meet a Relational Language

We propose VAlloy, a veneer onto the first order, relational language Alloy. Alloy is suitable for modeling structural properties of object-oriented software. However, Alloy lacks support for dynamic dispatch, i.e., function invocation based on actual parameter types. VAlloy introduces virtual functions in Alloy, which enables intuitive modeling of inheritance. Models in VAlloy are automatically translated into Alloy and can be automatically checked using the existing Alloy Analyzer. We illustrate the use of VAlloy by modeling object equality, such as in Java. We also give specifications for a part of the Java Collections Framework.
B_d mixing and prospects for B_s mixing at D0

Measurement of the B_s oscillation frequency via B_s mixing analyses provides a powerful constraint on the CKM matrix elements. The study of B_d oscillations is an important step towards B_s mixing and a preliminary measurement of Delta m_d has been made with ~250 pb^-1 of data collected with the upgraded Run II D0 detector. Different flavor tagging algorithms have been developed and are being optimized for use on a large set of B_s mesons that have been reconstructed in different semileptonic decay modes.
The Content of Science, The Methodology of Science and Hempel's Models of Explanation and Confirmation

Peter Hempel’s generosity of spirit and sympathetic warmth are, of course, legendary. Let me add to the many examples others have related of how his life so deeply and positively affected their own by telling of my first meeting with him. In the middle of my first semester as a graduate student in theoretical physics at Princeton the growing awareness that I was not cut out for the life of a researcher into relativistic quantum field theory flashed into brilliant illumination: I needed out – and quickly! I crossed the short distance from Palmer Laboratory to McCosh Hall where Peter’s office was located and called on him to ask if there was any possibility whatever that I might be considered for transfer into the philosophy program – despite the facts that I had little formal training at all in philosophy and had made no formal application to the program. At best I expected some advice on how to start the procedures rolling so that I could apply for such a change of program, and, perhaps, some encouragement that there might be some possibility that I would be successful in my application. Needless to say it was with utter astonishment that I listened to his response to my sad tale of failure as a physicist and desire to change my field of studies: Of course, he said, I was welcome to the philosophy program. But didn’t I want to sit in on a few seminars first to make sure that this was a change I really wanted to make! The warmth of this initial welcome into the philosophy program was matched by the continuing support and encouragement that
Classification of Acute Leukemia Based on DNA Microarray Gene Expressions Using Partial Least Squares

Analysis of microarray data, when presented with raw gene expression intensity data, often take two main steps when analyzing the data. First pre-process the data by rescaling and standardizing so that overall intensities for each array are equivalent. Second, apply statistical methodologies to answer scientific questions of interest. In this paper, for the data pre-processing step, we introduce a thresholding algorithm for rescaling each array. Step 2 involves statistical classification and dimension reduction methodologies. For this we introduce the method of partial least squares (PLS) and apply it to the leukemia microarray data set of Golub et al. (1999). We also discuss the use of principal components analysis (PCA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and logistic discrimination (LD). Finally, we discuss other potential applications of PLS in analyzing gene expression data that address prediction of a target gene, prediction of the reaction in cell lines, assessment of patient survival, and generalisations in predicting multiple classes.
Iron Availability to Rats from Soybeans

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of endogenous phytic acid in soybean seeds (Glycine max, var. 'Amsoy') on the bioavailability of Te to iron-depleted rats. Soybean plants were grown in nutrient solutions labeled with â"¢Fesupplied at either 0.4 or 1.0 ppm iron in solution. Immature and mature soybean seeds were harvested and fed to male rats as a single dose. The phytic acid content of the immature and mature seeds averaged 0.61 and 1.71% dry weight, respectively. Varying the nutrient solution iron concentration supplied to the soybean plants did not significantly affect the iron concentration in the mature soybean seeds. When the Te- labeled seeds were fed to iron-deficient rats, â"¢Fefrom the mature seeds was more available than that from immature seeds even though the mature seeds contained ap proximately three times as much phytic acicl. Autoclaving the mature seeds did not affect the absorption of MFe by rats from the seeds. Immature soybean seeds contained much more insoluble â"¢Fethan did mature soybean seeds. It was concluded that the availability of 5BFefrom soybean seeds, as measured by whole-body counting, was not directly correlated to the phytate content of the seeds; also immature soybean seeds apparently contain a factor or factors (other than phytic acid) that depresses iron availability. J. Nutr. 105: 253-256, 1975.
Vertical Transport in Fine-Grained Suspension and Newly-Deposited Sediment

Much of the “action” in fine-grained sediment dynamics occurs at the suspension/sediment bed interface. Analyses were made of the effects of sediment bed fluxes on the vertical structures of overlying turbulent suspensions. Analytical and numerical approaches to examine vertical transport relationships were reviewed. Numerical model sensitivity tests were used to determine the behavior of turbulent suspensions. Vertical variations in turbulent suspensions were found to be governed by particle settling and diffusion times as well as on the flux of material at the bottom boundary. Results were compared to laboratory and field data. The vertical transport in high concentration suspensions (in the hindered-settling concentration range) was also reviewed. The structures of high concentration suspensions were found to change appreciably over short times and approach an equilibrium depending on the settling characteristics of the sediment.
A Malleable Map: Geographies of Restoration in Central Japan, 1600–1912. By Kären Wigen

In the wake of his country's annexation of Korea in 1910, the Japanese poet Ishikawa Takuboku (1886–1912) imagined this political act in cartographic terms: ‘As the ink blackly covers over the coun...
Says Who? An Experiment on Allegations of Corruption and Credibility of Sources

To hold politicians accountable for corrupt practices, voters must rely on reports from third parties and view these accusation sources as credible. We conducted a survey experiment varying sources for corruption accusations and measuring citizens’ evaluations of political candidates in Colombia. Consistent with prior surveys, we find that respondents trust newspapers more than the judiciary or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Corruption accusations coming from the leading national newspaper drive down levels of support and trust for corrupt politicians relative to identical accusations made against identical candidates by NGOs and the judiciary. Our results also indicate that people with lower levels of education were more responsive than more educated individuals to corruption accusations coming from newspapers when compared to those coming from the judiciary or an NGO. Perceptions of candidate competence did not move with perceived trustworthiness.
The multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) exporter superfamily

The multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) exporter superfamily (TC #2.A.66) consists of four previously recognized families: (a) the ubiquitous multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE)< family; (b) the prokaryotic polysaccharide transporter (PST) family; (c) the eukaryotic oligosaccharidyl-lipid flippase (OLF) family and (d) the bacterial mouse virulence factor family (MVF). Of these four families, only members of the MATE family have been shown to function mechanistically as secondary carriers, and no member of the MVF family has been shown to function as a transporter. Establishment of a common origin for the MATE, PST, OLF and MVF families suggests a common mechanism of action as secondary carriers catalyzing substrate/cation antiport. Most protein members of these four families exhibit 12 putative transmembrane alpha-helical segments (TMSs), and several have been shown to have arisen by an internal gene duplication event; topological variation is observed for some members of the superfamily. The PST family is more closely related to the MATE, OLF and MVF families than any of these latter three families are related to each other. This fact leads to the suggestion that primordial proteins most closely related to the PST family were the evolutionary precursors of all members of the MOP superfamily. Here, phylogenetic trees and average hydropathy, similarity and amphipathicity plots for members of the four families are derived and provide detailed evolutionary and structural information about these proteins. We show that each family exhibits unique characteristics. For example, the MATE and PST families are characterized by numerous paralogues within a single organism (58 paralogues of the MATE family are present in Arabidopsis thaliana ), while the OLF family consists exclusively of orthologues, and the MVF family consists primarily of orthologues. Only in the PST family has extensive lateral transfer of the encoding genes occurred, and in this family as well as the MVF family, topological variation is a characteristic feature. The results serve to define a large superfamily of transporters that we predict function to export substrates using a monovalent cation antiport mechanism.
Axillary dissection in breast-conserving surgery for stage I and II breast cancer: a National Cancer Data Base study of patterns of omission and implications for survival.

Abstract Background: Breast conservation (partial mastectomy, axillary node dissection or sampling, and radiotherapy) is the current standard of care for eligible patients with Stages I and II breast cancer. Because axillary node dissection (AND) has a low yield, some have argued for its omission. The present study was undertaken to determine factors that correlated with omission of AND, and the impact of the decision to omit AND on 10-year relative survival. Study Design: A retrospective review of National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) data for 547,847 women with Stage I and Stage II breast cancer treated in US hospitals from 1985 to 1995 was undertaken. A subset of 47,944 Stage I and 23,283 Stage II women treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was identified. Cross-tab analysis was used to compare patterns of surgical care within this subset. Relative survival was calculated as the ratio of observed survival to the expected survival for women of the same age and racial/ethnic background. Results: The rate of BCS with and without AND increased steadily from 17.6% and 6.4% of patients from 1985–1989, to 36.6% and 10.6% of patients from 1993–1995 respectively. AND was more likely to be omitted in women with Stage I than women with Stage II disease (14.5% versus 5.5%). Similarly, AND was omitted more frequently in women with Grade 1 than women with higher grades (Grade 1, 14.9%; Grade 2, 10.1%; Grade 3, 7.1%; Grade 4, 7%). Although the rate of BCS with AND varied considerably according to location in the breast, the overall rate of BCS without AND appeared independent of site of lesion. Women over the age of 70 years were more than twice as likely to have AND omitted from BCS than their younger counterparts. Women with lower incomes, women treated in the Northeast, or at hospitals with annual caseloads Conclusions: A significant number of women with Stage I breast cancer do not undergo AND as part of BCS. The trend is most pronounced for the elderly, but significant fractions of women of all ages are also being undertreated by current standards. Ten-year survival is significantly worse when AND is omitted. This adverse survival effect is not solely from understaging.
Unsteady shear flow of fluids with pressure-dependent viscosity

We study the unsteady shear flow of fluids with pressure-dependent viscosity, situated between two parallel horizontal plates with the upper plate moving while the flow is subjected to an oscillating pressure gradient. The dimensionless form of the momentum equation is solved numerically using a central difference approximation for the spatial derivative terms and a forward difference approximation for the time derivative term. In addition to providing the velocity profiles at the midsection between the two plates, the values of shear stress at the lower (stationary) plate for various values of the dimensionless numbers are also plotted.
Russian Nationalism Today: Organizations and Programs

Russian nationalists in the Soviet Union have, of course, always claimed to speak and act on behalf of the narod, the common folk, but the folk they have had in mind have been largely the inhabitants, and particularly the older inhabitants, of the fast-disappearing traditional Russian village. Aware that this narod has indeed been vanishing, Russian nationalist writers and publicists have stressed that the task at hand is to graft the “ethics and esthetics,” the accumulated wisdom and mores of this traditionalist populace, onto the life of deracinated modern Soviet man. The really existing and largely urbanized Russian narod—factory workers, miners, truck drivers, cashiers, and waitresses—has remained beyond the purview of most nationalists, with the exception of a few like the gifted writer and filmmaker Vasilii Shukshin (d. 1974), who focused upon the plight of a people torn away from its roots.
Induction of pathogenic sets of genes in macrophages and neurons in NeuroAIDS.

The etiology of the central nervous system (CNS) alterations after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, such as dementia and encephalitis, remains unknown. We have used microarray analysis in a monkey model of neuroAIDS to identify 98 genes, many previously unrecognized in lentiviral CNS pathogenesis, whose expression is significantly up-regulated in the frontal lobe of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected brains. Further, through immunohistochemical illumination, distinct classes of genes were found whose protein products localized to infiltrating macrophages, endothelial cells and resident glia, such as CD163, Glut5, and ISG15. In addition we found proteins induced in cortical neurons (ie, cyclin D3, tissue transglutaminase, α1-antichymotrypsin, and STAT1), which have not previously been described as participating in simian immunodeficiency virus or HIV-related CNS pathology. This molecular phenotyping in the infected brains revealed pathways promoting entry of macrophages into the brain and their subsequent detrimental effects on neurons. These data support the hypothesis that in HIV-induced CNS disease products of activated macrophages and astrocytes lead to CNS dysfunction by directly damaging neurons, as well as by induction of altered gene and protein expression profiles in neurons themselves which are deleterious to their function.
Microemulsions with high water solubilizing capacity at high hydrocarbon levels and very low surfactant concentrations

Abstract Phase diagrams have been determined showing the extent of the inverse micellar or microemulsion region for systems consisting of water-surfactant-cosurfactant or water-surfactant-hydrocarbon cosurfactant mixture with three surfactants and four cosurfactants. The surfactants are sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium laurate, and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide while the cosurfactants are pentanol, hexanol, pentylamine, and hexylamine. Hexylamine is found to be a very effective cosurfactant giving rise to very good water solubilizing capacity at extremely low surfactant concentrations and very low cosurfactant levels at rather high initial hydrocarbon levels.
CORRELATION OF LEAD, EP AND IRON STATUS IN A MULTIRACIAL POPULATION SURVEY

Venous blood samples were obtained from 615 pre-school children (6 mos-6yrs) by door-to-door screening in three Massachusetts communities. Samples were assayed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, for erythrocyte proto-prophyrin (EP) by hematofluorometry, for ferritin by radioimmunoassay and for hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte indices by Coulter counter. Correlation coeffecients among lead, EPWB, EPRBC ferritin, MCV and hemoglobin were calculated as follows: Simple Correlation Coefficients (n ≥ 566 Observations) When lead and EPRBC are corrected for MCV, the partial correlation of lead and EPRBC is only .086 (NS). Similarly, correcting for ferritin or hemoglobin, the partial correlation of lead and EPRBC is 0.12 (P = .01). We conclude that, after adjusting for iron status as indicated by ferritin, MCV or hemoglobin, there is a weak partial correlation between lead and EPRBC in tne population studied. As the criteria for defining lead toxicity continue to be lowered, the value of EP as a lead screening test should be re-examined when considering children with lower lead levels.
In situ chemistry of osteoporosis revealed by synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy

Abstract Reduced bone density is a well-known feature of osteoporosis, yet little is known about the changes in the chemical composition of bone or the impact of such chemical changes on fracture risks. Using ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) as a model for the menopausal onset of osteoporosis, we examined the microscopic chemical changes of bone measured by synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy as a function of time after ovariectomy. The results demonstrate that cortical bone formed 1 or 2 years after ovariectomy, as identified by fluorochrome labeling, has a higher phosphate content (PO43−/matrix ratio), a lower carbonate content (CO32−/matrix ratio), and more mature collagen cross-links (nonreducible cross-link/reducible cross-link ratio) than that formed in sham-operated controls. Trabecular bone after ovariectomy shows no changes in phosphate content, a lower carbonate content, and immature collagen cross-linking. Treatment with a bone turnover suppressor, (nandrolone decanoate) reverses most of the ovariectomy-induced chemical changes in the cortical bone to the levels of the ovary-intact controls, but has little effect on the trabecular bone. These results demonstrate that bone newly synthesized after ovariectomy is chemically different from healthy bone within specific bone regions, which may contribute to reduced bone quality in osteoporosis.
Ethanol increases urinary and tissue ascorbic acid concentrations in rats.

AbstractRats receiving a 20% ethanol drink for 24 days or 1 year were found to have an increased concentration of ascorbic acid in the urine, liver, kidney, spleen, and adrenals as compared to those receiving no ethanol or isocaloric intake of sucrose solution. This increase was not due to feed intake. In vitro, the enzymatic synthesis of the vitamin from glucuronolactone or gulonolactone by liver preparations of ethanol-treated rats was significantly higher than that of control and sucrose-fed animals. These results indicate that ethanol stimulates the capacity to synthesize ascorbate which, in turn, causes an increase of ascorbic acid contents in the urine and soft tissues.
General Estimates of the Intrinsic Variability of Data in Nonlinear Regression Models

Abstract A dependent variable is some unknown function of independent variables plus an error component. If the magnitude of the error could be estimated with minimal assumptions about the underlying functional dependence, then this could be used to judge goodness-of-fit and as a means of selecting a subset of the independent variables which best determine the dependent variable. We propose a procedure for this purpose which is based on a data-directed partitioning of the space into subregions and a fitting of the function in each subregion. The behavior of the procedure is heuristically discussed and illustrated by some simulation examples.
Accommodating family life: mentoring future female faculty members

The demands of family life are crucial factors in successfully retaining women in science. Retention efforts should focus on creating a family-friendly environment within the laboratory and the institute. Based on my own experiences, I suggest ways to attract top young scientists and support their development into leading researchers.
Electron scattering assisted by an intense electromagnetic field: Exact solution of a simplified model.

Electron scattering by a layered (stepwise constant) potential is calculated in the presence of strong electromagnetic radiation. The numerical solution converges to high accuracy. We study threshold phenomena, resonant emission and absorption of many photons, multiphoton ionization, and the interaction of decaying ''bound'' states with each other and with the continuum. We demonstrate the close connection between electron scattering and multiphoton ionization. A theoretical treatment in terms of dressed states accounts well for most of our results. 48 refs., 14 figs.
Results from a search for an electric dipole moment of 199Hg

Abstract We report the results of a search for the permanent electric dipole moment of Hg atoms. We find |d(199Hg)|
A high-speed tomographic PIV system for measuring zooplanktonic flow

Quantification of the hydrodynamic disturbance of free-swimming zooplankton provides insight into propulsion as well as organism sensory interactions. Current flow measurement techniques, such as planar particle image velocimetry (PIV), are limited by their two-dimensional nature. These techniques also are challenged by the small spatial scale of zooplankton, by the high speeds achieved by many zooplankton species, and by zooplankton photosensitivity to a broad range of wavelengths. We present a high-speed tomographic PIV system using near-infrared laser illumination that is capable of measuring three-dimensional velocity vectors in a volume surrounding a plankter. This technique is assessed by recording and analyzing the time-resolved flow field created by a high-speed escape of a copepod (Calanus finmarchicus). Persistent body and wake vortices are created by the impulsive momentum transfer to the fluid surrounding the animal. It is shown that some aspects of this flow can be analytically modeled as an impulsive stresslet. Azimuthal asymmetry of the strength and position of the wake vortex is analyzed and attributed to the strong ventral flows created by the metachronally beating swimming legs. In addition, the energy required by a copepod escape jump is estimated by calculating the viscous energy dissipation rate using the spatial gradients of the measured three-dimensional velocity field. Finally, the challenges and benefits of the tomographic PIV technique are discussed.
Use of Crystal MD Simulations to Speed Up Evaluation of Binding Free Energies of Dimannose Deoxy Analogs With M4-P51g-Cyanovirin-N

Molecular Dynamics (MD) presents an advanced tool for scoring of the binding free energies (ΔG) between a target protein and a set of candidate substrates, narrowed by extensive virtual screening process. Molecular mechanics(MM)/continuum model approach for evaluation of ΔG includes calculation of (i) a critically important solvation energy electrostatic contribution by means of solving the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) or generalized Born (GB) equation and (ii) nonpolar component estimated from the solvent accessible area (SA) of solutes. Both, MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA, methods imply averaging of ΔG over a set of snapshots generated through, preferably, explicit solvent MD simulation which is the most time demanding step. In this work we demonstrated a possibility to reduce time of conformational sampling using crystal environment simulation. Amber10 program and FF99SB/GLYCAM06 force fields combination were employed for MD simulations and free energy calculations. Six 3, 4 and 3,4-deoxy dimannose analogs were studied as ligands of the m4-P51G-CVN mutant of the potent anti-HIV carbohydrate binding agent Cyanovirin-N (1). The use of crystal over solution simulations results in at least 8 times faster generation of the equivalent length trajectories. Binding free energy ΔA estimated from crystal NVT simulation trajectories shows 0.93 and 0.94 correlation with ΔG from solution NPT simulations for MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA approaches, respectively. We also evaluated performance of the relatively new GLYCAM06 carbohydrate force field and found reasonable agreement between calculated ΔG and experimental value. Results of this study further support our earlier hypothesis about importance (for CVN specificity) of the eight-component H-bond interactions of dimannose and protein main chain atoms that also was recently observed in experiment. [1] Vorontsov and Miyashita (2009) Biophys. J., 97.
Differential response of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) to morphogens of bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-β family in the surface, middle and deep zones of articular cartilage

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a prominent non-collagenous component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in articular cartilage. The regulation of COMP synthesis and secretion is critical for the understanding of cartilage homeostasis in health and disease. We therefore investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-β (BMP/TGFβ) superfamily members on COMP. Articular chondrocytes were isolated from three distinct zones (surface, middle and deep) and cultured as monolayers in serum-free chemically defined medium. Protein levels of COMP were determined in the medium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TGFβ1 significantly stimulated the expression of COMP at the mRNA and protein levels in the superficial zone in a time-dependent manner. An unexpected discovery was that surface chondrocytes were more responsive to TGFβ isoforms than those in the deep layer. However, BMP-7 and growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) also upregulate COMP expression; the effects were not as potent as those of TGFβ1. Activins A, B and AB demonstrated no effects on COMP in any of the zones. In conclusion, COMP synthesis is differentially regulated by TGFβ1 in the surface and middle zones of bovine articular cartilage.
Application of the Baldrige Model for Innovation in Higher Education

The Malcolm Baldrige Quality guideposts provide a comprehensive model for systematic quality improvement and innovation in colleges and universities.
Application of the matrix-effective-potential formalism to electron-neon scattering at 150 - 700-eV impact energy and comparison to optical-potential calculations

We apply two methods to predict integral and differential elastic and absorption cross sections for electron-neon scattering at 150-700 eV: a matrix-effective-potential (MEP) formalism and an optical-potential formalism. For the optical potential we use the absorption potential that Green, Rio, and Ueda adjusted to give accurate absorption cross sections, and we show that the real part of the potential can be chosen so that the calculated elastic-scattering cross sections also agree with experiment. The MEP model, with no parameters adjusted to experiment, is even more successful. The agreement with available experimental elastic differential cross sections is better than 10% in many cases and is about 40% at worst; agreement with experimental total inelastic cross sections averages 3% at four energies. An interesting conclusion from the optical-potential calculations is that when the absorption potential is included in the optical potential, accurate elastic cross sections can be calculated even at high energy by using an adiabatic polarization potential.
Phases with modular ground states for symmetry breaking by rank 3 and rank 2 antisymmetric tensor scalars

Abstract Working with explicit examples given by the 56 representation in SU ( 8 ) , and the 10 representation in SU ( 5 ) , we show that symmetry breaking of a group G ⊃ G 1 × G 2 by a scalar in a rank three or two antisymmetric tensor representation leads to a number of distinct modular ground states. For these broken symmetry phases, the ground state is periodic in an integer divisor p of N , where N > 0 is the absolute value of the nonzero U ( 1 ) generator of the scalar component Φ that is a singlet under the simple subgroups G 1 and G 2 . Ground state expectations of fractional powers Φ p / N provide order parameters that distinguish the different phases. For the case of period p = 1 , this reduces to the usual Higgs mechanism, but for divisors N ≥ p > 1 of N it leads to a modular ground state with periodicity p , implementing a discrete Abelian symmetry group U ( 1 ) / Z p . This observation may allow new approaches to grand unification and family unification.
Some characteristics of the internal protein phage T2.

Abstract When particles of phage T2 are subjected to osmotic shock and the resulting solution is digested with deoxyribonuclease and centrifuged for 5 hours at 93,000 g , the supernatant fraction contains 7% of the acid-insoluble sulfur (or about 7% of the total protein) of the particles. The protein fraction (“internal protein”) separated in this way is virtually free from phage coat protein, contains all the internal antigen of the particles, and small amounts of at least one other protein. In solutions prepared by submitting phage particles to osmotic shock but without enzymatic treatment, the internal protein associates reversibly with the nucleic acid at low salt concentrations. It dissociates almost completely at NaCl concentrations greater than 0.1 M , at MgCl 2 concentrations greater than 0.01 M , or at pH greater than 10. In infected bacteria, protein accumulates that is a precursor of the internal protein of phage particles and can be assayed as such by radiochemical methods. Measured in this way, synthesis of internal protein begins promptly after infection, reaches a maximum rate after about 10 minutes, and falls to a somewhat lower rate thereafter. The rate of synthesis is about equal to the rate of incorporation into phage particles after these start to form. The precursor pools contain about 54 phage-equivalent units of internal protein, as compared to 28 units of phage coat protein and 45 units of nucleic acid. Synthesis of internal protein is stopped by addition of chloramphenicol to the culture under conditions that permit continued synthesis of nucleic acid. The rate of incorporation of labeled, early-synthesized internal protein into phage particles is independent of the amount of phage-precursor nucleic acid in the cells when the latter is varied by appropriate chloramphenicol treatment. This is true even when the amount of precursor nucleic acid exceeds the equivalent amount of precursor internal protein, and it shows that if internal protein makes any persistent attachment to phage nucleic acid inside bacteria, it does so at the time of maturation of phage particles, not at the time of synthesis of nucleic acid. Labeled internal protein of the infecting phage particles does not reappear as internal protein in the offspring phage particles.
Effects of cosmetics use on the physical attractiveness and body image of American college women.

Abstract Thirty-eight American female college students completed several body-image measures and were photographed while wearing their typical facial cosmetics and following the removal of their makeup, in a counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Results indicated more positive body-image cognitions and affect in the cosmetics-present than the cosmetics-absent condition. The more makeup typically worn by the subject, the greater the body-image differences between the two cosmetics conditions. Sixteen peer judges rated the attractiveness of the women in either the cosmetics-present or the cosmetics-absent photograph. Male judges were less favorable when the women were cosmetics free; female judges were not differentially affected. Findings are discussed in the context of a dynamic state-trait perspective that physical appearance is not simply a fixed, immutable attribute, but rather is altered by individuals to manage and control their self- and social images.