cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change of Urodynamic Patterns in Infants With Dilating Vesicoureteral Reflux: 3-Year Followup

Purpose: Reports concerning bladder dysfunction patterns in infants with high grade vesicoureteral reflux during the first year of life vs older children with reflux are contradictory. To describe the development of bladder function characteristics in children with congenital dilating reflux, we evaluated such infants urodynamically and followed them regularly for a 3-year period.Materials and Methods: A total of 89 males and 25 females with grade III to V dilating reflux were evaluated 3 times using videocystometry at mean ages of 6, 20 and 40 months.Results: Characteristics of the urodynamic pattern at 6 months could not be differentiated from normal patterns for that age, including low and normal bladder capacity, high voiding pressure levels, dyscoordination at voiding (80%) and overactivity during filling (60%). However, at 20 months the overall pattern was different, including increased bladder capacity and residual volume, normal voiding pressure, persistent overactivity during filling and dyscoord...
EMERGENT LITERACY: WHAT IS IT AND WHAT DOES THE TEACHER OF CHILDRENWITH LEARNING DISABILITIES NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IT?

Emergent literacy is explained, its importance is discussed, and related guidelines and activities are suggested for working with learning disabled students. Recent research on the conditions under which reading and writing develop suggests that the underpinnings of literacy may originate during the preschool years, well before formal schooling takes place. Through social interactions in a literate environment, many children acquire a broad base of knowledge about the conventions and purpose of print in their daily lives. In this view, called “emergent literacy,” reading and writing develop through complex sociocul‐tural exchanges in real‐life reading and writing situations. Individuals become better readers and writers partly through being “apprentices” in literacy situations. It is possible that learning disabled children who have difficulties with reading and writing do not think of literacy as a social, communicative exchange. During their very early years, they may not have been immersed in literacy ...
On sampling nonstationary spatial autocorrelated data

Abstract Sampling dependent random variables constituting a nonstationary spatial two-dimensional random process due to the presence of drift is a difficult problem consisting of determining the optimum sampling design and sampling density or number of samples, in order for one to attain a desirable precision as it is expressed by the Mean Square Error (MSE). The complexity of the problem prevents the development of a closed form solution expressing the number of samples needed to attain a given precision. Thus a user friendly FORTRAN program solving this problem for the situation of spherical semivariogram, the equilateral, square and hexagon designs, and no drift, linear, and quadratic, is given.
Conservative multizonal interface algorithm for the 3-D Navier-Stokes equations

A conservative zonal interface algorithm using features of both structured and unstructured mesh CFD technology is presented. The flow solver within each of the zones is based on structured mesh CFD technology. The interface algorithm was implemented into two three-dimensional Navier-Stokes finite volume codes and was found to yield good results.
Robust airfoil optimization to achieve drag reduction over a range of Mach numbers

An airfoil shape optimization method that reduces drag over a range of free stream Mach numbers is sought. We show that one acceptable choice is a weighted multipoint optimization method using more design points than there are free-design variables. Alternate methods that use far fewer design points are explored. A new method called profile optimization is developed and analyzed. This method has three main advantages: (a) it prevents severe degradation at the off-design points by using a smart descent direction, (b) there is no random airfoil shape distortion for any iterate it generates, and (c) it is not sensitive to the number of design points. For illustration purposes, we use the profile optimization method to solve a lift-constrained drag minimization problem for 2-D airfoil in Euler flow with 20 free-design variables. A comparison with other airfoil optimization methods is also included.
Task-based optimization and performance assessment in optical coherence imaging.

Optimization of an optical coherence imaging (OCI) system on the basis of task performance is a challenging undertaking. We present a mathematical framework based on task performance that uses statistical decision theory for the optimization and assessment of such a system. Specifically, we apply the framework to a relatively simple OCI system combined with a specimen model for a detection task and a resolution task. We consider three theoretical Gaussian sources of coherence lengths of 2, 20, and 40 μm. For each of these coherence lengths we establish a benchmark performance that specifies the smallest change in index of refraction that can be detected by the system. We also quantify the dependence of the resolution performance on the specimen model being imaged.
Flow between longitudinally corrugated cylinders

The flow between two longitudinally corrugated cylinders is studied through perturbation on the small amplitude of the corrugations. It is found that, due to nonlinear interaction of the boundaries the flow rate may be increased or decreased, depending on the phase shift and the number of waves.
Divisibility of generalized Catalan numbers

We define a q generalization of weighted Catalan numbers studied by Postnikov and Sagan, and prove a result on the divisibility by p of such numbers when p is a prime and q its power.
DIRECT TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AMNIOTIC MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS INTO CARDIAC PROGENITOR-LIKE CELLS

Epigenetic reprogramming by valproic acid (VPA) induces intermediate pluripotency in human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). The hAMSCs dedifferentiate into precardiac mesoderms to undergo direct transdifferentiation into cardiac progenitor-like cells, using Wnt-pathway specific small
The frequency of horizontal saccades in near and far symmetrical disparity vergence.

Abstract In a natural environment, saccade and vergence eye movements shift gaze in different directions and distances. In a laboratory setting, targets can be positioned precisely to elicit symmetrical vergence movements; however, saccades occur during the vergence movement even though the stimulus should not stimulate a saccadic response. These saccades may facilitate the response when the kinematics of the vergence component are modest as indicated by reduced velocities. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess whether the frequency of saccades within vergence responses are correlated with vergence peak velocity. Ten subjects with normal binocular vision participated in this study. Eye movements were quantified using a limbus tracking system. Stimuli included 4° symmetrical convergence and divergence steps with an initial vergence angle at far (2° and 6°, respectively) and near (12° and 16°, respectively) which are known to evoke different vergence peak velocities. A saccade detecting algorithm was utilized to compute the percentage of saccades present within all vergence responses. A repeated measures ANOVA confirmed with a post hoc Bonferroni test demonstrated that convergence steps at near were slower than convergence steps at far, whereas divergence steps at far were slower than divergence steps at near in all subjects ( p r = −0.41; p = 0.008), between 400 ms and 1 s of the response ( r = −0.35; p = 0.03) and within the steady-state period occurring between 1 s and 3 s of the response ( r = −0.44; p = 0.005). Peak velocity of vergence is dependent on the stimulus initial vergence angle. An increased prevalence of saccades was observed in vergence responses with reduced peak velocity, compared to responses with greater peak velocity. Prior research supports that saccades increase the peak velocity of vergence during combined vergence and saccadic tasks. This may in part explain the increased presence of saccades within vergence responses with reduced peak velocities. The recruitment of saccades may be utilized because of the longer period of diplopia resulting from slower vergence movements.
Transportation in a Capitalist Space-Economy: Transportation Demand, Circulation Time, and Transportation Innovations

Transportation, as the service of moving commodities between places, plays a unique role in a fully competitive capitalist space-economy. The commodity of transportation is consumed as a part of virtually every economic transaction, linking the production and consumption of a commodity; demand for transportation is derived from spatial configurations rather than being fixed by socially necessary techniques and real wages; and the circulation time taken in transportation is a deduction from capitalists' profits. The impact of circulation time on profits may be calculated precisely. The derived nature of the demand for transportation adds a level of uncertainty to the impact of cost-reducing technical change on profit rates. Given this, cost-reducing and time-reducing technical change in the transportation commodity is one of the few ways of ensuring an increased rate of profit for capitalists, ceteris paribus. The public nature of transportation improvements and the high investments in fixed capital that a...
Axi-symmetric dynamic response of circular plates with arbitrary elastic boundary restraints

Abstract The dynamic response of circular plates to axi-symmetric time-dependent loads is studied. The plate is analyzed according to classical plate theory, neglecting rotatory inertia and shear strains. The solution is obtained for a plate with axi-symmetric but arbitrary linear elastic restraints at the outer boundary. The edge restraints are with respect to both rotational and transverse motions. Particular attention is directed to a study of the effect of the transverse restraint on the maxima of the response. As a practical example, numerical results are presented for a plate subjected to an N -shaped pressure wave resulting from a sonic boom.
Comparative Evaluation of Serotonin Toxicity among Veterans Affairs Patients Receiving Linezolid and Vancomycin

Despite the theoretical risk of serotonin toxicity (ST) with linezolid, "real-world" clinical evaluations of the risk of ST in patients receiving linezolid have been limited to case reports and noncomparator studies. An observational, matched-cohort study was conducted to evaluate the risk of ST among hospitalized patients who received linezolid or vancomycin at the Upstate New York Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network (Veterans Integrated Service Network 2 [VISN-2]). Matching criteria included VISN-2 hospital, hospital ward, prior hospital length of stay, age, and baseline platelet counts. The patients' electronic medical records were evaluated for symptoms consistent with ST and the Hunter serotonin toxicity criteria (HSTC) using an intensive, natural word search algorithm. The study included 251 matched pairs. Demographics and comorbidities were similar between groups. Over half of the study population received at least one concurrent medication with serotonergic activity. Receipt of agents with serotonergic activity was more pronounced in the vancomycin group, and the higher frequency was due to concomitant antihistamine and antiemetic use. Antidepressant use, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), was similar between groups. No patients in either group were found to meet the criteria using the word search algorithm for ST. Fewer linezolid patients than vancomycin patients met the HSTC overall (3.2% versus 8.8%) and when stratified by receipt of a concurrent serotonergic agent (4.3% versus 12.4%). Of the patients meeting the HSTC, most had past or present comorbidities that may have contributed to or overlapped the HSTC. This study of hospitalized patients revealed comparably low frequencies of adverse events potentially related to ST among patients who received linezolid or vancomycin.
Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice

Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Brett J. Deacon, and Stephen P. H. Whiteside, New York: Guilford Press, 2011, 398 pp, ISBN: 978-1609180164 Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice is a compreh...
SIFamide peptides in clawed lobsters and freshwater crayfish (Crustacea, Decapoda, Astacidea): a combined molecular, mass spectrometric and electrophysiological investigation.

Abstract Recently, we identified the peptide VYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Val 1 -SIFamide) in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster Homarus americanus using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). Given that H. americanus is the only species thus far shown to possess this peptide, and that a second SIFamide isoform, Gly 1 -SIFamide, is broadly conserved in other decapods, including another astacidean, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii , we became interested both in confirming our identification of Val 1 -SIFamide via molecular methods and in determining the extent to which this isoform is conserved within other members of the infraorder Astacidea. Here, we present the identification and characterization of an H. americanus prepro-SIFamide cDNA that encodes the Val 1 isoform. Moreover, we demonstrate via MALDI-FTMS the presence of Val 1 -SIFamide in a second Homarus species, Homarus gammarus . In contrast, only the Gly 1 isoform was detected in the other astacideans investigated, including the lobster Nephrops norvegicus , a member of the same family as Homarus , and the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus , P. clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus , which represent members of each of the extant families of freshwater astacideans. These results suggest that Val 1 -SIFamide may be a genus ( Homarus )-specific isoform. Interestingly, both Val 1 - and Gly 1 -SIFamide possess an internal dibasic site, Arg 3 -Lys 4 , raising the possibility of the ubiquitously conserved isoform PPFNGSIFamide. However, this octapeptide was not detected via MALDI-FTMS in any of the investigated species, and when applied to the isolated STNS of H. americanus possessed little bioactivity relative to the full-length Val 1 isoform. Thus, it appears that the dodeca-variants Val 1 - and Gly 1 -SIFamide are the sole bioactive isoforms of this peptide family in clawed lobsters and freshwater crayfish.
Distributed Feedback Laser Biosensor Noise Reduction

Label-free biosensors based upon detection of shifts in the emission wavelength, which occur when biological analytes are adsorbed on the surface of a solid-state laser, represent an important new class of sensors that can simultaneously provide high sensitivity and high resolution. We report on a signal processing approach that enables detection of lasing wavelength shifts as small as Δλ ~ 1.5 pm from a distributed feedback laser biosensor (DFBLB) fabricated upon a flexible plastic substrate and incorporated into standard-format microplates. Because the DFBLB can be optically pumped in a pulsed mode at a repetition rate that is substantially faster than the rate of biomolecular binding interactions, noise may be reduced through the ability to average multiple independent readings through integration of many lasing spectra within a single spectral integration period, and to subsequently use boxcar averaging to collapse multiple readings in a time sequence to a single time point. We have observe that the DFBLB occasionally produces nonclassical output spectra that can lead to an increase in wavelength shift noise, and therefore we implement a statistical metric to automatically determine whether an acquired spectrum should be discarded from analysis. The combined approaches are used to demonstrate the ability to detect a protein-protein interaction with an analyte concentration that would not otherwise be observable over background noise.
Spectral methods using rational basis functions on an infinite interval

By using the map y = L cot(t) where L is a constant, differential equations on the interval yϵ [− ∞, ∞] can be transformed into tϵ [0, π] and solved by an ordinary Fourier series. In this article, earlier work by Grosch and Orszag (J. Comput. Phys.25, 273 (1977)), Cain, Ferziger, and Reynolds (J. Comput. Phys.56, 272 (1984)), and Boyd (J. Comput. Phys.25, 43 (1982); 57, 454 (1985); SIAM J. Numer. Anal. (1987)) is extended in several ways. First, the series of orthogonal rational functions converge on the exterior of bipolar coordinate surfaces in the complex y-plane. Second, Galerkin's method will convert differential equations with polynomial or rational coefficients into banded matrix problems. Third, with orthogonal rational functions it is possible to obtain exponential convergence even for u(y) that asymptote to a constant although this behavior would wreck alternatives such as Hermite or sinc expansions. Fourth, boundary conditions are usually “natural” rather than “essential” in the sense that the singularities of the differential equation will force the numerical solution to have the correct behavior at infinity even if no constraints are imposed on the basis functions. Fifth, mapping a finite interval to an infinite one and then applying the rational Chebyshev functions gives an exponentially convergent method for functions with bounded endpoint singularities. These concepts are illustrated by five numerical examples.
Low genetic variability in a Utah cherry-infesting population of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella

The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), has only recently been found in Utah infesting sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L. An electrophoretic comparison of flies from Utah cherries with flies from Illinois hawthorns, Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele (a native host within the native range of the fly), show a marked reduction of genetic variability in the Utah sample. This result is indicative of a genetic bottleneck associated with the establishment of the apple maggot population in Utah cherries. Resume La faible variabilite genetique de la population de Rhagoletis pomonella contaminant les cerisiers en Utah R. pomonella (Walsh), est originaire de Crataegus dans l'Amerique du N.E. Il attaque de nombreux autres fruits, y compris les pommes et les cerises aigres (Prunus cerasus). La mouche a ete recemment signalee en Utah, a la fois sur cerises et sur Crataegus douglasii. Nous avons compare les niveaux de variabilite genetique d'une population de l'Utah contaminant les cerises et d'une population de l'Illinois contaminant C. mollis (la population de l'Illinois est representative des niveaux de variabilite genetique dans l'aire d'origine de la mouche). La variabilite genetique a 17 loci a ete evaluee par electrophorese sur gel d'amidon. 10 de ces loci sont polymorphes dans la population d'Illinois, mais seulement 4 dans la population de l'Utah. Les frequences alleliques de ces 4 loci de R. pomonella different significativement en Utah et en Illinois. La population de l'Utah presente nettement moins d'alleles par locus, un plus faible pourcentage de loci polymorphes et une heterozygotie moyenne plus faible que la population de l'Illinois. Tous ces resultats sont conformes aux consequences previsibles d'un goulot d'etranglement. Deux explications existent pour cette perte de variabilite, toutes les deux liees a la combinaison de la faible taille de la population et de la derive genetique ulterieure. Pour la premiere, la colonisation du cerisier par les mouches venant de Crataegus peut avoir provoque un goulot d'etranglement genetique. Au contraire, la reduction de la variabilite peut avoir ete la consequence de la colonisation de l'Utah par R. pomonella. Nous retenons cette derniere comme la cause la plus vraisemblable de la variabilite genetique de la population de R. pomonella contaminant les cerises de l'Utah.
Influenza type B-related encephalopathy. The 1971 outbreak of Reye syndrome in Chicago.

Between Jan 15 and March 15, 1971, forty-eight grade-school patients living in western Chicago were hospitalized with an encephalopathic illness. Fourteen of these children had illnesses compatible with Reye syndrome (encephalopathy with liver impairment). Most of the children showed evidence of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction within ten days after onset of a febrile upper respiratory tract illness. Seizures developed in 11 of the 48 patients (including 4 of the 14 with Reye syndrome). Eight of the encephalopathic patients, including 6 of the 14 with Reye syndrome, died. Two children without Reye syndrome had abnormalities of liver enzymes coincident with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Sixteen of the 24 patients tested had titer rises in serum against influenza type B only; influenza type B was isolated from throat cultures of 2 patients. This, the seventh report of CNS complications (Reye syndrome) associated with influenza type B, suggests that surveillance for neurologic sequelae should become part of the epidemiologic evaluation of influenza epidemics. ( JAMA 231:817-821, 1975)
Online Learning for Multi-Channel Opportunistic Access over Unknown Markovian Channels

A fundamental theoretical problem in opportunistic spectrum access is the following: a single secondary user must choose a channel to sense and access at each time, with the availability of each channel (due to primary user behavior) described by a Markov Chain. The problem of maximizing the expected channel usage can be formulated as a restless multiarmed bandit. We present in this paper an online learning algorithm with the best known results to date for this problem in the case when channels are homogeneous and the channel statistics are unknown a priori. Specifically, we show that this policy, that we refer to as CSE, achieves a regret (the gap between the rewards accumulated by a model-aware Genie and the policy) that is bounded in finite time by a function that scales as O(log t). By explicitly learning the underlying statistics over time, this novel policy outperforms a previously proposed scheme shown to provide near-logarithmic regret.
The r0 structural parameters, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, and vibrational assignments for trans and gauche ethanol

Abstract The infrared spectrum (4000–400 cm −1 ) of the gas and variable temperature (−55 to −100 °C) spectra of xenon solutions of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), CH 3 CH 2 OH, have been recorded. From these data complete vibrational assignments have been made for both the trans (anti) and gauche conformers. By utilizing the conformer pair of the CH 3 rock fundamental modes in the xenon solution the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 62 ± 12 cm −1 (0.75 ± 0.14 kJ mol −1 ) with the trans form the more stable conformer from variable temperature spectra of xenon solutions. It is estimated that there is approximately 40 ± 1% of the trans form present at ambient temperature. By using the previously reported fifteen rational constants of the five heavy atom isotopomers for the trans conformer and the three rotational constants for the gauche form combined with the structural parameters predicted from the MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations, the adjusted- r 0 parameters have been obtained. The heavy atom structural parameters for the trans [ gauche ] are: the distance (A), C–O = 1.433(3) [1.430(3)], C–C = 1.518(3) [1.523(3)]; and angle (°), CCO = 107.6(5) [112.5(5)], HOCC = 180.0 [56.9(5)]. The Δ J , Δ JK , Δ K , δ J , δ K centrifugal distortion constants have been predicted from ab initio and density functional theory calculations which are compared to the corresponding experimentally determined values. The harmonic force field, infrared intensities, band contours, and vibrational frequencies have been obtained for both conformers from ab initio MP2 (full)/6-31G(d) calculations and the results are compared to the experimental values when appropriate. The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding quantities of some similar molecules.
Metal particles on the surfaces of heat-treated ceramic thin films

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the orientation relationships between small metal particles and heat-treated ceramic thin films. Thinned samples were prepared in a form suitable for imaging in the electron microscope and then heat-treated both to remove damage at the sample surface introduced during ion milling and to produce a well-defined surface morphology. Metal particles were then deposited onto the surface by heating the sample in the presence of a metal source. The material systems studied were SiC and Al2O3, as the thin film with the particles being copper and tungsten.
mRNA 3′ End Processing Factors: A Phylogenetic Comparison

Almost all eukaryotic mRNAs possess 3′ ends with a polyadenylate (poly(A)) tail. This poly(A) tail is not encoded in the genome but is added by the process of polyadenylation. Polyadenylation is a two-step process, and this process is accomplished by multisubunit protein factors. Here, we comprehensively compare the protein machinery responsible for polyadenylation of mRNAs across many evolutionary divergent species, and we have found these protein factors to be remarkably conserved in nature. These data suggest that polyadenylation of mRNAs is an ancient process.
Comparison of models for the Gaunt factor for free-free absorption

Abstract Within the dipole approximation to the radiation field for the free-free Gaunt factor, we compare various models of the electron-atom (ion) collisional process. These models range in sophistication from the static-exchange to the simple Born, point-charge representation. We also consider a number of local potential models such as the Thomas-Fermi and Free-Electron-Gas. The Born approximation is shown to be singularly unreliable for electron and photon energies between 10 and 100 eV. Of the local potential models, the FEG gives the most accurate results.
Isolation and identification of S-adenosylmethionine from human urine.

Abstract Procedures are described for the isolation and identification of adenosylmethionine from human urine. Previously described preliminary separative procedures using anion and cation exchange columns and an XAD-4 resin column have been extended to permit the separation of adenosylmethionine. The adenosylmethionine has been identified by conversion to methylthioadenosine followed by rechromatography of the latter compound with three different types of columns and elution systems. Mean adenosylmethionine values for urine were as follows: adults, 0.26; children, 0.36 nmole/μmole creatinine. Recovery of adenosylmethionine added to urine and determined by this separative procedure was 52%.
Study of load ratio for mode-i fatigue fracture of wood-FRP-bonded interfaces

This paper presents the fatigue behavior of interface bond between red maple wood and phenolic FRP substrates. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics concepts, the influence of load ratio on fatigue crack propagation rate is studied. A contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimen is adopted in this study in order to obtain constant strain energy release rate independent of crack length. The compliance method is used for measuring the crack growth rate. A modified Paris Law equation based on strain energy release rate range, ΔG, and mean value of strain energy release rate, Gmean, is proposed in this study for efficient evaluation of load ratio effect on fatigue crack propagation of the bonded interfaces. Follow-up environmental effects are being examined by means of the same energy parameters of the present study and without the need to consider crack closure. The proposed approach can further be extended to characterization of other bonded interfaces for dissimilar materials.
Repressive coping style and the experience and recall of emotion: a naturalistic study of daily affect.

ABSTRACT Research shows that people characterized as repressors display inhibited recall for unpleasant memories. In this study, the relationship between repressive coping style and the recall of affect near the time of the experience was compared to delayed recall. An experience sampling technique was used to collect affect data twice daily for 4 weeks. Repressive coping style was found to be related to low levels of average daily unpleasant affect and lowered delayed recall of unpleasant affect. Unlike repressors, high anxious individuals overestimated unpleasant affect during delayed recall. Repressors did not exhibit isolation of the dominant unpleasant affect from nondominant unpleasant affect in daily reporting. The overall pattern of results suggests that the effect of repressive coping style is to diminish the encoding of all unpleasant affect, whereas trait anxiety appears to promote overestimation in the recall of unpleasant affect.
Design issues for lunar in situ aluminum/oxygen propellant rocket engines

Design issues for lunar ascent and lunar descent rocket engines fueled by aluminum/oxygen propellant produced in situ at the lunar surface were evaluated. Key issues are discussed which impact the design of these rockets: aluminum combustion, throat erosion, and thrust chamber cooling. Four engine concepts are presented, and the impact of combustion performance, throat erosion and thrust chamber cooling on overall engine design are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each engine concept are presented.
The impact of family structure on issue selling by successor generation members in family firms

Abstract Input from members of the successor generation to the incumbent leader of the business is important to family firms that desire to grow into multi-generational entities. Although researchers have examined upward influence behavior in general, there is a dearth of studies discussing this phenomenon as it relates to family firms. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by focusing on issue selling behavior—one of the fundamental ways the successor generation pursues upward influence. Issue selling is defined as a discretionary behavior used to direct top managers’ attention toward important issues. Specifically, by integrating the extant issue selling literature with research on the impact of family structure on family decision-making, we help explain the strength of successor generation members’ intentions to sell issues and their choice of selling strategies.
Attenuated feeding responses to circadian and palatability cues in mice lacking neuropeptide Y

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that is implicated in the feeding response to a variety of stimuli. The current studies employed mice lacking NPY ( Npy −/−) and their wild-type ( Npy+/+ ) littermates to investigate the role of this peptide in the feeding response to circadian and palatability cues. To investigate the response to a circadian stimulus, we assessed food intake during the 4-h period following dark onset, a time of day characterized by maximal rates of food consumption. Compared to Npy+/+ controls, intake of Npy − / − mice was reduced by 33% during this period (0.6 ± 0.1 g versus 0.9 ± 0.1 g; p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, intake did not differ between genotypes when measured over a 24-h period (3.7 ± 0.2 g versus 3.5 ± 0.3 g; p = ns). Furthermore, reduced dark cycle 4 h food intake in Npy − / − mice was not evident after a 24-h fast (1.4 ± 0.1 g for both genotypes; p = ns), despite a pronounced delay in the initiation of feeding (636 ± 133 s versus 162 ± 29 s; p ≤ 0.05). To investigate the role of NPY in the feeding response to palatability cues, mice were presented with a highly palatable diet (HP) for 1 h each day (in addition to having ad libitum access to chow) for 18 days. Npy+/+ mice rapidly increased daily HP intake such that by the end of the first week, they derived a substantial fraction of daily energy from this source (41 ± 3%). By comparison, HP intake was markedly reduced in Npy −/− mice during the first week (24 ± 7% of daily energy intake, p ≤ 0.05 versus Npy+/+ ), although it eventually increased (by Day 9) to values comparable to those of Npy+/+ controls. These experiments suggest that NPY contributes to the mechanism whereby food intake increases in response to circadian and palatability cues and that mechanisms driving food intake in response to these stimuli differ from those activated by energy restriction.
"What's important to you?" The use of narratives to promote self-reflection and to understand the experiences of medical residents

Too often housestaff speak of residency training as a “test of survival.” However, faculty physicians know that these years of training are not lived in a vacuum but are inextricably interwoven int...
Modeling information agents: advertisements, organizational roles, and dynamic behavior

One of the most important uses of agent models is for problem-solving coordination. Coordination has been defined as managing the interdependencies between activities, or pragmatically as choosing, ordering, and locating actions in time in an attempt to maximize a possibly changing set of decision criteria. Coordination activities include not only localized agent interactions over specific problems, but also longer-term agent organizations that can support current and future problem-solving activity. Models that support coordination can be divided into three classes: models of other agents' current intended actions, schedules, and/or plans; models of other agents' objectives (desires, goals); and models of other agents' capabilities. This paper will focus on the longer-term models of capabilities that agents need in order to organize effectively to solve problems. Such models deal with an agent's capabilities and long-term commitments to certain classes of actions. Besides discussing the models themselves, we will discuss the basic behaviors agents should use to construct, communicate, and update these models. Finally, we will discuss how these models can support several different organizational forms such as economic markets, Wiederholdian federations, and bureaucratic functional units. The work will be presented in the context of an implemented agent architecture for Internet information gathering in dynamic domains such as financial portfolio management (called WARREN).
The Difficulty of Test Items That Measure More than One Ability.

Many test items require more than one ability to obtain a correct response. This article proposes a mul tidimensional index of item difficulty that can be used with items of this type. The proposed index describes multidimensional item difficulty as the direction in the multidimensional space in which the item provides the most information and the distance in that direction to the most informative point. The multidimensional dif ficulty is derived for a particular item response theory model and an example of its application is given using the ACT Mathematics Usage Test.
Comparison of Growth and Stress in Resident Redband Trout Held in Laboratory Simulations of Montane and Desert Summer Temperature Cycles

Abstract Within their native range in western North America, resident redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri occupy stream habitat from high mountains to low desert. To better understand the temperature tolerance, growth, and stress physiology of native redband trout populations and compare the resilience and responses to reciprocal environments of stocks adapted to desert or montane conditions, we conducted controlled laboratory trials. We tested groups of age-0 progeny from naturally reproducing desert and montane fish stocks in temperature cycles that simulated the summer conditions typical in regional desert and montane stream habitats. The diel cycles ranged from 8°C to 16°C for montane treatments and from 18°C to 26°C for desert treatments, and our tests were repeated over 2 years. We evaluated survival, growth, feed efficiency, plasma cortisol, heat shock protein levels, and body proximate composition in samples of fish collected during and at the completion of the trials. All of the stocks te...
Saturation and excited-state absorption in neodymium laser glass

The existence of excited-state absorption of 1.06-μ radiation in transitions from the upper laser level upward (4 F_{3/2} -4 G_{9/2} ) is suggested by the ground-state absorption spectrum of Nd3+in soda-lime glass. The strength of this absorption was measured as follows. In the unpumped material the upper laser level was populated at high temperatures (600 and 783°K) by saturating the laser transition with an intense 1.06-μ probe laser beam. The residual absorption was attributed to4 F_{3/2} -4 G_{9/2} transitions. The steady-state saturation behavior was calculated on the assumption of rapid spectral cross relaxation, using spectroscopic data appropriate to the elevated temperature. Comparison of theoretical and experimental saturation behavior yielded an effective excited-state absorption cross section equal to one-third the gain cross section of the laser transition. This sizable value may be expected to have a significant adverse effect on laser threshold and efficiency. Also, it provides a mechanism for internal fracture such that the fracture threshold decreases with increasing neodymium concentration and with increasing temperature.
An Annular Corrugated-Surface Antenna

The far-zone pattem of the symmetrically excited annular corrugated-surface antenna is shown to be uniform in the azimuthal direction and polarized in a direction perpendicular to the antenna surface, and to have the major lobe directed slightly above the plane of the antenna. An analysis of the antenna immersed in an infinite ground plane is presented and compared with experimental results on the antenna in a finite ground plane.
Constructing and Resisting Disability in Mathematics Classrooms: A Case Study Exploring the Impact of Different Pedagogies.

This study demonstrates the importance of a critical lens on disability in mathematics educational research. This ethnographic and interview study investigated how ability and disability were constructed over 1 year in a middle school mathematics classroom. Children participated in two kinds of mathematical pedagogy that positioned children differently: procedural and discussion-based. These practices shifted over time, as the teacher increasingly focused on memorization of procedures to prepare for state testing. Two Latino/a children with learning disabilities, Ana and Luis, used multiple cultural practices as resources, mixing and remixing their engagement in and identifications with mathematics. Ana, though mastering the procedural performances necessary for success in the second half of the year, authored herself as separate from mathematics, creating distance between herself and those she considered “smarties.” Luis was identified as a creative mathematical problem-solver and was initially positioned as a “top” mathematics student. As the pedagogy shifted towards memorization, Luis resisted the pedagogy of procedures and continued to identify as a creative thinker in mathematics. Yet, his teachers saw him as increasingly disabled and eventually placed him in a group only for those in special education. This group, which Luis named the “unsmartest group,” was seen as least competent in mathematics by both teachers and students. The narratives of Luis and Ana highlight mathematics classrooms as relational and emotional and demonstrate different strategies of resistance to the construction of mathematical disability.
Cost Analysis of Converting From Single-Bundle to Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Recent studies comparing double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have reported some biomechanical advantages but little or no short-term clinical benefit from the double-bundle technique. In the current healthcare environment, the potential economic implications of widespread conversion to a double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are an important consideration.Purpose: To determine the economic implications of widespread use of the double-bundle technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Study Design: Economic analysis; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: A cost model to assess the effect of double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was constructed using standard accounting methodology. The model was based on actual 2008 cost figures (in US dollars) for ligamentous allografts, fixation implants, and operating room time. Revision rate (4%) and time to revision surgery (mean, 4 years)...
From Drosophila development to adult: clues to Notch function in long-term memory.

Notch is a cell surface receptor that is well known to mediate inter-cellular communication during animal development. Data in the field indicate that it is also involved in the formation of long-term memory (LTM) in the fully developed adults and in memory loss upon neurodegeneration. Our studies in the model organism Drosophila reveal that a non-canonical Notch-Protein Kinase C (PKC) activity that plays critical roles in embryonic development also regulates Cyclic-AMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB) during LTM formation in adults. Here we present a perspective on how the various known features of Notch function relate to LTM formation and how they might interface with elements of Wingless/Wnt signaling in this process.
Mechanical properties of biaxially oriented poly(vinyl chloride)

This report describes the influence, of (a) degree of biaxial orientation, (b) stretching rate, and (c) stretching temperature on the tensile, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of non-impact modified PVC. A new parameter designated “planar strain” is used to correlate anisotropic property values with both equal and unequal biaxial stretching in a single two-dimensional plot, thereby providing a direct comparison of the effects of two or more biaxial stretching ratios. It is shown that optimum stretching conditions depend to some extent upon end use and that a 2 × 2 stretch ratio is optimum for impact resistance. The actual property/processing condition relationships exhibit very complicated interactions and are correlated empirically in this study. The dynamic measurements suggest that overall local segmental beta motion is increased after orientation but that the relative chain alignment makes it more difficult to activate this motion.
Sleeping beauty and the dynamics of de se beliefs

This paper examines three accounts of the sleeping beauty case: an account proposed by Adam Elga, an account proposed by David Lewis, and a third account defended in this paper. It provides two reasons for preferring the third account. First, this account does a good job of capturing the temporal continuity of our beliefs, while the accounts favored by Elga and Lewis do not. Second, Elga’s and Lewis’ treatments of the sleeping beauty case lead to highly counterintuitive consequences. The proposed account also leads to counterintuitive consequences, but they’re not as bad as those of Elga’s account, and no worse than those of Lewis’ account.
The vascular bed in COPD: pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular alterations

The loss of pulmonary vessels has been shown to be related to the severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The severity of hypoxaemia is also related to pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance in these patients, suggesting that the hypoxic condition probably plays an important role in this form of pulmonary hypertension. However, pulmonary hypertension also develops in patients with mild COPD without hypoxaemia. Oxygen supplementation therapy often fails to reverse the pulmonary hypertension in these COPD patients, thus suggesting that the pulmonary vascular alterations in those patients may involve different sites of the pulmonary vasculature or a different form of vascular remodelling. It has recently been demonstrated that pulmonary vascular remodelling, resulting in pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients, can develop independently from parenchymal destruction and loss of lung vessels. We wonder whether the changes in the lung microenvironment due to hypoxia and vessel loss have a causative role in the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD. Herein we review the pathobiological features of the pulmonary vasculature in COPD patients and suggest that pulmonary hypertension can occur with and without emphysematous lung tissue destruction and with and without loss of lung vessels.
Content and context in early lexical development

Investigators have targeted the onset of reference in children at varying points on the developmental continuum. Their viewpoints seem to be related to issues of the contextual flexibility, content and composition of the lexicon in comprehension and production. This study considered all of the variables in the early vocabularies of 32 children with a mean age of 1; 1·7. An intensive maternal interview was used to obtain data on the words comprehended and produced by the children and the contexts which supported their interpretation and use. The findings pointed to a relative independence between the domains of comprehension and production. Vocabulary size was related to all contextually flexible items in production while only related to the contextually flexible predicates in comprehension. Further, there was evidence for an early version of the referential style that has been reported at later stages of development.
Some P-Properties for Nonlinear Transformations on Euclidean Jordan Algebras

In this article, we introduce the concepts of P and P0 properties for a nonlinear transformation defined on a Euclidean Jordan algebra and study existence of solution in the associated complementarity problems. In particular, we show, in this general setting, that if a transformation has the P0 and R0 properties, then all associated complementarity problems have solutions. We also describe a necessary condition for a transformation to have the (global) uniqueness of solution property.
Origin of mafic magmas beneath northwestern Tibet: Constraints from 230Th‐238U disequilibria

[1] 238U-230Th disequilibria and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic and chemical data for young ( 10−3 kg m−3 yr−1) are permitted in the case of an eclogitic residue; hydrous metasomatic phases, if present, would lower these limits further. The source of the AKB magmas has probably been enriched in incompatible elements relative to bulk Earth since at least the middle Proterozoic (>1 Ga), likely via metasomatism by a relatively dry silicate melt, and, if the ultimate source of the lavas is mantle lithosphere, concentrations of incompatible trace elements in the source could be similar to those of xenoliths and massifs. The 230Th-238U disequilibria provide additional information to evaluate the methods previously proposed to explain melt generation beneath northern Tibet. The measured 230Th enrichments are uncharacteristic of melts generated by subduction but could potentially be produced during shear heating of the uppermost lithospheric mantle, by convective removal of the lower lithosphere and heating of the remaining lithospheric mantle, or by decompression during extension across a releasing bend of a strike-slip fault. The diversity of mechanisms that could be responsible for these relatively small-degree melts suggests that the cause of melt production may have varied over time and/or over space in northwestern Tibet and therefore that timing of volcanism may not be directly related to any single tectonic event.