cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Strain Fields on the Cross-Section of the Bovine Humeral Head Under Contact Loading

Abstract The objective of this study was to provide a detailed experimental assessment of the two-dimensional cartilage strain distribution on the cross-section of immature and mature bovine humeral heads subjected to contact loading at a relatively rapid physiological loading rate. Six immature and six mature humeral head specimens were loaded against glass and strains were measured at the end of a 5 s loading ramp on the textured articular cross-section using digital image correlation analysis. The primary findings indicate that elevated tensile and compressive strains occur near the articular surface, around the center of the contact region. Few qualitative or quantitative differences were observed between mature and immature joints. Under an average contact stress of ∼1.7 MPa, the peak compressive strains averaged −0.131±0.048, which was significantly less than the relative change in cartilage thickness, −0.104±0.032 ( p
A three-field arc technique (3-FAT) for treating prostate cancer☆

Abstract Purpose : We have previously designed two external beam radiotherapy techniques for treating prostate cancer. The seven-field, coplanar fixed beam technique resulted in dose distributions that were superior to other coplanar plans studied. The other technique using bilateral blocked arcs produced slightly higher doses to normal tissues complicated yet resulted in an improved dose distribution, i.e., to improve dose delivery to the clinical target volume (CTV) while minimizing doses to the rectum, bladder, and femoral heads. Methods and Materials : Twenty patients, previously treated at the University of California, San Francisco (USCF) with radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, were studied. Each patient was treated with an immobilizer, urethrogram, and a preplanning CT scan. A previously employed, seven-field, coplanar, fixed beam technique was compared with a newly designed three-field, arc technique (3-FAT). This 3-FAT was designed using two equally weighted rotational beams, with nonuniform blocks, beginning in the lateral gantry position and spanning anteriorly 35°. The two beams became noncoplanar by turning the table 20° to the inferior of anterior was included for 10% of the daily treatment. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were used to evaluate doses to adjacent critical structures. The dose to each critical structure was averaged and tabulated for the 20 patients. In addition, we compared normalized doses to adjacent structures using 3-FAT and seven-coplanar, fixed beams vs. a technique using four noncoplanar, fixed beams. Results : The three-field arc technique produced favorable dose distributions for the rectum, bladder, and femoral heads. Compared to the seven-field plan, employing the 3-FAT resulted in a 13% lower dose to 40% of the resulted in a 23% lower dose to 40% of the rectum, and 1% decrease in dose to 40% of the bladder. The three-field arc technique reduced the dose delivered to 40% of the femoral heads by approximately 45% when compared to the other techniques. Compared to other standard treatment techniques, the improvement in dose distribution was even greater. Conclusions : The 3-FAT represents a technical improvement in the treatment of cancer of the prostate and seminal vesicles by minimizing the dose delivered to adjacent critical structures. The 3-FAT can incorporate the advances of multileaf collimation and digitally reconstructed radiographs to deliver treatment with cost effectiveness and technological efficiency.
The Nanny State

A new book argues that we coddle the well-off in America. It's free markets for the rest of us. The author discusses the issues in this interview.
Intensity noise and spontaneous emission coupling in superluminescent light sources

A simple expression for the noise in the photocurrent generated by the detection of light from an ideal superluminescent source is derived using a quantum amplifier model. The excess noise factor X is found to be related to the photocurrent I/sub d/, electronic charge e, spontaneous emission coupling factor K, and full width at half maximum power of the emission spectrum Delta v/sub 1/2/ by the expression X=0.664 I/sub d//eK Delta v/sub 1/2/. Implications of this result for the performance of fiber-optic gyroscopes using superluminescent-diode (SLD) light sources and for the design of low-noise SLDs are discussed. >
PECVD Silicon Nitride Passivation of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures

This paper investigates the optimization of PECVD α-SiN-passivated AlGaN/GaN heterostructures to achieve higher 2-D electron gas (2DEG) densities and lower the electric fields residing in the AlGaN barrier layer. A model is developed to calculate the 2DEG density of passivated AlGaN/GaN heterostructures taking into account the piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization effects together with strain relaxation. The model is validated with 2DEG measurements and data from the literature. The optimized passivation layer thickness is calculated for different Al mole fractions and AlGaN thicknesses to achieve targeted 2DEG densities and polarization electric field. Fabrication of samples with different α-SiN thicknesses and effects of postannealing on 2DEG density are reported. The model accurately predicts the experimental results.
INSULIN SHOCK IN RELATION TO THE COMPONENTS OF THE ADRENALS AND THE HYPOPHYSIS

Adrenalin, by its hyperglycemic action, is known to antagonize the hypoglycemic effect of insulin and hence to prevent or diminish insulin shock (1, 2). Furthermore, that an increased discharge of adrenalin occurs in insulin hypoglycemia, thus helping to withstand the upset in homeostasis, was shown by Cannon, Mclver and Bliss (3); this important observation has been confirmed by Abe (4), Houssay, Lewis and Molinelli (5), and Pijoan (6), but Stewart and Rogoff (7) dissent. Still another method of indication that the adrenal medulla acts antagonistically to insulin is that of inactivation of the gland by denervation, followed by the administration of insulin. Such animals have been found from 4 to 10 times more sensitive to insulin than the normal by Cannon, Mclver and Bliss (3), Britton, Geiling and Calvery (8), Sahyun and Blatherwick (9), Dworkin (10), Barnes, Scott, Ferrill and Rogoff (11), and Freeman, Smithwick and White (12). Since total adrenalectomy causes removal of both medulla and cortex, it mig...
A security flow control algorithm and its denotational semantics correctness proof

We derive a security flow control algorithm for message-based, modular systems and prove the algorithm correct. The development is noteworthy because it is completely rigorous: the flow control algorithm is derived as an abstract interpretation of the denotational semantics of the programming language for the modular system, and the correctness proof is a proof by logical relations of the congruence between the denotational semantics and its abstract interpretation. Effectiveness is also addressed: we give conditions under which an abstract interpretation can be computed as a traditional iterative data flow analysis, and we prove that our security flow control algorithm satisfies the conditions. We also show that symbolic expressions (that is, data flow values that contain unknowns) can be used in a convergent, iterative analysis. An important consequence of the latter result is that the security flow control algorithm can analyse individual modules in a system for well formedness and later can link the analyses to obtain an analysis of the entire system.
A novel online boosting algorithm for automatic anatomy detection

This paper presents a novel online learning method for automatically detecting anatomic structures in medical images. Conventional off-line learning methods require collecting a complete set of representative samples prior to training a detector. Once the detector is trained, its performance is fixed. To improve the performance, the detector must be completely retrained, demanding the maintenance of historical training samples. Our proposed online approach eliminates the need for storing historical training samples and is capable of continually improving performance with new samples. We evaluate our approach with three distinct thoracic structures, demonstrating that our approach yields performance competitive with the off-line approach. Furthermore, we investigate the properties of our proposed method in comparison with an online learning method suggested by Grabner and Bischof (IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2006, vol. 1, pp. 260---267, 2006), which is the state of the art, indicating that our proposed method runs faster, offers more stability, improves handling of "catastrophic forgetting", and simultaneously achieves a satisfactory level of adaptability. The enhanced performance is attributed to our novel online learning structure coupled with more accurate weaker learners based on histograms.
Invariant-mass dependence of two-pion inclusive correlation functions

We study high-energy two-particle inclusive correlations as a function of the invariant mass M of the pair. Using data from 205-GeV/c pp interactions, we compare the correlation functions C (M) for (+-) and (--) pairs of produced pions. Strong positive correlations are observed in both distributions in the form of a broad threshold enhancement at small M. The decrease of C (M) as M increases is interpreted in the Mueller-Regge framework. From the M dependence of C/sup + -/ we extract an effective-trajectory intercept of roughly ..cap alpha.. (0) approx. = 0.5 +- 0.1, consistent with the (rho,f) pair. For the exotic (--) system, we find a low intercept, ..cap alpha.. (0) approx. = -0.5. A rho-resonance signal is observed above background in C/sup + -/(M). Near threshold, effects suggestive of Bose symmetry are seen but are not conclusive. In an exclusive picture, we relate most of the correlation in the threshold region to resonances involving three or more pions. We also examine the joint correlations in M and the azimuthal angle phi. (AIP)
Effects of contact with treatment users on mental illness stigma: Evidence from university roommate assignments

Mental illness stigma refers to negative stereotypes and prejudices about people with mental illness, and is a widespread phenomenon with damaging social, psychological, and economic consequences. Despite considerable policy attention, mental illness stigma does not appear to have declined significantly in recent years. Interpersonal contact with persons with mental illness has been identified as a promising approach to reducing mental illness stigma. This study investigates the effect of contact with mental health treatment users on stigma using an observational research design that is free of self-selection bias. The research design is based on the quasi-experiment in which university students are assigned to live together as roommates. Survey data were collected from first-year undergraduates at two large universities in the United States (N = 1605). Multivariable regressions were used to estimate the effect of assignment to a roommate with a history of mental health treatment on a brief measure of stigmatizing attitudes. Contact with a treatment user caused a modest increase in stigma (standardized effect size = 0.15, p = 0.03). This effect was present among students without a prior treatment history of their own, but not among those with a prior history. The findings indicate that naturalistic contact alone does not necessarily yield a reduction in mental illness stigma. This may help explain why stigma has not declined in societies such as the United States even as treatment use has risen substantially. The findings also highlight the importance of isolating the specific components, beyond contact per se, that are necessary to reduce stigma in contact-based interventions.
Kinetic analysis of the interaction between poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and model lipid membranes

We used fluorescence spectroscopy and surface tensiometry to study the interaction between low-generation (G1 and G4) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, potential vehicles for intracellular drug delivery, and model lipid bilayers. Membrane association of fluorescently labeled dendrimers, measured by fluorescence anisotropy, increased with increasing size of the dendrimer and with increasing negative charge density in the membrane, indicating the electrostatic nature of the interaction. When the membrane was doped with pyrene-labeled phosphatidyl glycerol (pyrene-PG), pyrene excimer fluorescence demonstrated a dendrimer-induced selective aggregation of negatively charged lipids when the membrane was in the liquid crystalline state. A nonlinear Stern-Volmer quenching of dendrimer fluorescence with cobalt bromide suggested a dendrimer-induced aggregation of lipid vesicles, which increased with the dendrimer's generation number. Surface tensiometry measurements showed that dendrimers penetrated into the lipid monolayer only at subphysiologic surface pressures (<30mN/m). We conclude that the low-generation PAMAM dendrimers associate with lipid membranes predominantly electrostatically, without significantly compromising the bilayer integrity. They bind stronger to membranes with higher fluidity and lower surface pressure, which are characteristic of rapidly dividing cells.
Orthopedic Resident Anatomy Review Course: A Collaboration between Anatomists and Orthopedic Surgeons.

A challenge for new residents and senior residents preparing for board examinations is refreshing their knowledge of basic science disciplines, such as human gross anatomy. The Department of Orthopaedics at the University of Utah School of Medicine has for many years held an annual Orthopedic Resident Anatomy Review Course during the summer months for all of its residents. The primary purpose of the course is to renew competencies in basic science disciplines so that incoming residents more quickly reach a level of functional proficiency and to afford senior residents a platform to teach their junior colleagues. Before 2005, this course was conducted with minimal participation from anyone outside of the Department of Orthopaedics. Many of the residents voiced concerns that the educational benefits were not proportionate to the time invested. To improve the teaching of orthopedic-related anatomy, an educational collaboration between the Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Orthopaedics was established in 2004 and continues to the present time. The major objectives of refining the course pedagogy, developing a Course Manual and Dissection Guide, and evaluating the results by administering a course survey questionnaire are described in this article. Implementation of all facets of the revised course has resulted in better participation by orthopedic faculty and more favorable reviews by the participating residents. Based on current levels of interest and positive comments from course participants, the Anatomy and Orthopedic faculty course directors plan to continue to develop course materials and pedagogy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Rice anther culture: callus initiation and androclonal variation in progenies of regenerated plants

Anthers from rice (Oryza sativa L.) subspecies japonica initiated more callus than their indica or indica x japonica counterparts. A mild stress, either by slow desiccation or heat shock, prior to the plating of anthers enhanced the ability to initiate callus. Slow dessication of anthers enhanced the ability of the japonica anthers to initiate callus even in medium that was supplemented with NaCl. The ability to initiate callus by the anthers plated on NaCl-supplemented medium decreased as the NaCl level in the medium increased. Among the regenerated plants 2.5% were albino and another 2% were haploid. Androclonal variation for tiller numbers, shoot height, plant dry matter and flowering were noticed in the progenies of the regenerated plants.
Assessing the Value of Open Access Information Systems: Making a Case for Community-Based Sustainability Models

ABSTRACT In 2010, the Cornell University Library adopted a new business model to broaden the funding base for arXiv.org. Although this community-based interim model has garnered strong support, it also generated a range of questions in regard to the sustainability of open-access online resources with a global user base such as arXiv. Making a case for such systems requires more than reliance on common quantitative measures that indicate submission and usage, statistics. Based on a sociotechnical systems approach, this article proposes a set of principles with which to evaluate return on investment as we consider the sustainability of open access subject repositories.
High resolution SETI: Experiences and prospects

Abstract Megachannel spectroscopy with sub-Hertz resolution constitutes an attractive strategy for a microwave search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), assuming the transmission of a narrowband radiofrequency beacon. Such resolution matches the properties of the interstellar medium, and the necessary Doppler corrections provide a high degree of interference rejection. We have constructed a frequency-agile receiver with an FFT-based 8 megachannel digital spectrum analyzer, on-line signal recognition, and multithreshold archiving. We are using it to conduct a meridian transit search of the northern sky at the Harvard-Smithsonian 26-m antenna, with a second identical system scheduled to begin observations in Argentina this month. Successive 400 kHz spectra, at 0.05 Hz resolution, are searched for features characteristic of an intentional narrowband beacon transmission. These spectra are centered on guessable frequencies (such as λ21 cm), referenced successively to the local standard of rest, the galactic barycenter, and the cosmic blackbody rest frame. This search has rejected interference admirably, but is greatly limited both in total frequency coverage and sensitivity to signals other than carriers. We summarize five years of high resolution SETI at Harvard, in the context of answering the questions “How useful is narrowband SETI, how serious are its limitations, what can be done to circumvent them, and in what direction should SETI evolve?” Increasingly powerful signal processing hardware, combined with ever-higher memory densities, are particularly relevant, permitting the construction of compact and affordable gigachannel spectrum analyzers covering hundreds of megahertz of instantaneous bandwidth.
Tubular reactor design—III. Three-dimensional model

Abstract When a highly exothermal reaction is occurring in a packed tubular reactor (such as the TVA ammonia converter), internal cooling tubes can be used to help remove the heat of reaction. Since the tube walls are at a lower temperature than the bed, transport occurs in the angular direction as well as in the radial and axial directions. Thus, three-dimensional energy and mass partial differential equations would be needed to find the temperature distribution over the cross section at any axial position. In this work, a simplified model of the converter having four tubes was used and the concentration was assumed to be uniform over the cross section. However, temperature was allowed to vary and this permitted the use of orthogonal collocation to solve for the temperature distribution, resulting in two ordinary differential equations to be solved for the axial variation of temperature and concentration. The TVA ammonia reactor was used in our example because kinetic and physical data were available. The results in terms of an average conversion, hot-spot temperature, and hot-spot location agreed qualitatively with a two-dimensional model used by Kjaer.
DDT Residues Absorbed from Organic Detritus by Fiddler Crabs

DDT and its metabolites accumulate in organic plant detritus estuaries and may persist there for many years. The residues appear to be most abundantly associated with particulates having diameters from 250 to 1000 microns. Detritus particles of this size are ingested by many organisms, sociated DDT residues may enter diverse food chains. Fiddler crabs Uca were fed natural detritus containing DDT residues (10 parts per million) an 11-day experiment and showed grossly modified behavior associated threefold increase in concentration of DDT residues in the muscle of the large claw.
A summary of the theory of the preferential sputtering of alloys

Abstract Preferential sputtering of alloys arises from mass differences, chemical binding differences and bombardment-induced gibbsian segregation. The relation underlying the mass effect with a binary alloy A–B is that the ratio of the sputtered fluxes scales as (MB/MA)2m where m is a number equal to 1 4 or less. A simple derivation of this scaling is given. The relation underlying the chemical binding effects is that the ratio of the sputtered fluxes scales as UB/UA where Ui is the surface binding energy. A simple derivation which relates UB/UA to nearest-neighbor binding energies is given. The relations underlying bombardment-induced gibbsian segregation take into account the fact that the steady state composition of the outermost atom layer is governed by mass and chemical binding effects but that of the second atom layer is governed by segregation such that the composition is depressed (for the component subject to segregation) by a factor K. There is no adequate theory of K but it is shown empirically that K is similar to the composition ratio observed in thermally activated gibbsian segregation.
Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and altered responsiveness of a mitochondrial membrane megachannel in p53-induced senescence.

There is accumulating evidence that mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(M)) is reduced in aged cells. In addition, a decrease of DeltaPsi(M) has been shown to be an early event in many forms of apoptosis. Here we use a mitochondrial potentiometric dye with in situ laser scanning confocal microscopic (LSCM) imaging to demonstrate that DeltaPsi(M) is dramatically decreased in both the p53-overexpressing, senescent EJ tumor cells and in pre-apoptotic PC12 cells compared to controls. Treatment with cyclosporin A (CSA), which facilitates closure of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), was able to reverse the decrease in DeltaPsi(M) in pre-apoptotic PC12 cells but not in the senescent EJ-p53 cells. The capacity to prevent dissipation of DeltaPsi(M) in response to agents that facilitate PTP closure may differentiate cells entering apoptosis from those participating in senescence. Therefore, regulation of the closure of the mitochondrial PTP in the presence of decreased DeltaPsi(M) may be a decisional checkpoint in distinguishing between growth arrest pathways.
Preschoolers at Risk: Social, Emotional and Cognitive Considerations.

This report examines the IQs of 75 preschool children perceived to be “at risk” by parents, nursery school teachers, and diagnostic nursery staff. Full Scale, verbal and Performance IQs of the WPPSI were correlated with: (a) assessment of problem area (b) socioeconomic and familial variables (c) gross assessments of speech and motor development and (d) attendance, participation and improvement in a special preschool program. Significant correlations were obtained between IQ and: (a) socioeconomic and familial variables, and (b) perceived improvement. The findings emphasize that social, emotional and cognitive factors are interrelated components in the child's global development.
Human $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -Globin Gene Transcription in Mouse Erythroleukaemia Cells

Human beta-globin genes introduced into mouse erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells by DNA co-transformation are correctly regulated when erythroid cell differentiation is induced by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). In contrast, cloned human alpha-globin genes are efficiently transcribed in MEL cells before induction, and no increase in the level alpha-globin mRNA is observed when the cells differentiate. These observations suggest that the mechanisms by which alpha- and beta-globin genes are activated during erythroid cell differentiation are fundamentally different. Analysis of the transcription of hybrid human alpha-beta-globin genes in MEL cells revealed that the sequences responsible for differences in transcription of the intact alpha- and beta-globin genes are located on the 3' side of the mRNA capping site of the two genes, suggesting that cis-acting regulatory sequences are located within the structural genes.
The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking

Taking notes on laptops rather than in longhand is increasingly common. Many researchers have suggested that laptop note taking is less effective than longhand note taking for learning. Prior studies have primarily focused on students' capacity for multitasking and distraction when using laptops. The present research suggests that even when laptops are used solely to take notes, they may still be impairing learning because their use results in shallower processing. In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand. We show that whereas taking more notes can be beneficial, laptop note takers' tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning.
Investigation on the Mean Field Assumptions for Switching Field Distribution Measurements

Since the transition of the research focus from longitudual to perpendicular recording system in early 2000, there has been significant progress in understanding and developing metrologies to characterize the switching field distribution (SFD). However, most of the metrologies developed for characterizing SFD have relied on mean field assumptions. In this paper, we investigate the mean field assumptions commonly used in the SFD metrologies. For micromagnetic simulation data without intergranular exchange interactions, we find that the interaction fields are independent of the local environment of the spins, which suggests that the mean field approximation is applicable. Moreover, the dependency between the interaction field and the magnetization is rather linear with and without thermal fluctuations. For the experimental data obtained from a sample with moderate intergranular exchange interactions, we find that the mean field approximation is reasonable in situations with thermal fluctuation. But for the case without thermal fluctuation, such approximation might be called into question.
IS COMPARATIVE HISTORY POSSIBLE

In recent years the trend toward comparative histories, frequently read in terms of transnational studies, has produced some remarkably exciting work. The prospect of the comparative is gaining broader appeal, a development we should applaud but at the same time begin to examine in a critical fashion. This essay lays out some of the problems involved in comparative work and suggests ways in which we might profitably utilize these potential snares in productive ways. Comparative history has the potential to operate as a “bridge-builder,” encouraging inventive thinking that moves scholars beyond the familiar terrain of their training. In this respect, it encourages original and innovative ways of approaching historical work. But there are lessons to be learned and problems to be faced in managing a complex scholarly enterprise of this kind. Comparative work runs the risk of reproducing and consolidating older models of universalist history that assume universal standards. It further runs the risk of assuming rather than historicizing the idea of the nation as a fixed point of historical reference rather than seeing the nation itself as a site for historical scrutiny. In this paper, my goal is to lay out these problems alongside the palpable rewards of comparative work, and then to suggest how we might turn such problems to our advantage.
Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial.

Rationale: Enteral administration of probiotics may modify the gastrointestinal environment in a manner that preferentially favors the growth of minimally virulent species. It is unknown whether probiotic modification of the upper aerodigestive flora can reduce nosocomial infections.Objectives: To determine whether oropharyngeal and gastric administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Methods: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 146 mechanically ventilated patients at high risk of developing VAP. Patients were randomly assigned to receive enteral probiotics (n = 68) or an inert inulin-based placebo (n = 70) twice a day in addition to routine care.Measurements and Main Results: Patients treated with Lactobacillus were significantly less likely to develop microbiologically confirmed VAP compared with patients treated with placebo (40.0 vs. 19.1%; P = 0.007). Although patients treated with probioti...
Hyper-thin organic membranes with exceptional H2/CO2 permeation selectivity: importance of ionic crosslinking and self-healing

Single Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) bilayers derived from calix[n]arene-based surfactants (n = 4, 5 and 6) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) exhibit exceptional H2/CO2 permeation selectivities. Evidence for the importance of ionic crosslinking and self-healing processes is presented.
Higher order mode coupling effects in feeding waveguide of a planar slot array

Higher-order mode coupling effects between coupling slots in the main waveguide of a planar slot array are investigated. At present, centered-inclined coupling slots are characterized as series elements based on their TE/sub 10/ mode scattering. Higher-order mode coupling between adjacent centered-inclined coupling slots in the main waveguide can introduce a small but significant error in the phase of the aperture electric field. This, in turn, can lead to significant errors in the excitation of branch waveguides, and in the input voltage standing wave ratio. Numerical results on the higher-order mode coupling effects are presented. >
The Emergence of Hybrid Organizational Forms: Combining Identity-Based Service Provision and Political Action:

After the 1960s, women, Blacks, and other ethnic groups mapped political objectives onto a more traditional form of voluntary association, along with investing in direct political protest and advocacy for civil and social rights. One result was the development of a hybrid organizational form that combines advocacy and service provision as its core identity and thus faces distinctive environmental uncertainties and boundary conditions. This article provides a community ecology framework for analyzing the development of the service/advocacy organizational form. The author argues that hybrid forms of organization, by expanding the resource infrastructure and legitimacy available to identitybased organizations, play a critical role in anchoring the continued viability of identitybased service organizations under newly politicized conditions. Data are drawn from a study of national women’s and racial and ethnic minority organizations since 1955.
“To Popularize the Nude in Art”: Comstockery Reconsidered

Of all the figures in the struggle over turn-of-the-century vice reform, Anthony Comstock is perhaps the last one might expect to encounter immortalized in the nude. He acquired his fame as a censor of nudity, among other offenses: from 1873 to his death in 1915, Assistant United States Postmaster Comstock lent his name and his enthusiasm for law enforcement to the prosecution of the “Comstock Laws,” the eponymous statutes which restricted the dissemination of vicious images and information through the United States mail. In his government post and as the head of New York City's private Society for the Suppression of Vice, Comstock prosecuted quack physicians, abortionists, lottery runners, purveyors of lewd literature and art, free love advocates and physical culture devotees. By the end of his career, he had arrested more than 3,700 people and burned over fifty tons of obscene books, 3,984,063 obscene pictures, and 16,900 photographic plates.
A Dedication in Memoriam of Dr. Richard Skalak

▪ Abstract Richard Skalak (1923–1997) played a leadership role in the formative decades of the discipline of biomedical engineering through his technical contributions in biomechanics, his educational influence on students, and his service to many developing societies and journals. But always, the distinguishing marks of his involvement with any activity or person were his generosity, respect and tolerance for others, integrity, and curiosity. These very qualities are what first brought him as a traditional engineer trained in engineering mechanics into the young field of biomedical engineering in the 1960s, and they are what led him to new approaches to cellular and molecular engineering, tissue engineering, and orthopedic biomechanics. His technical papers and lectures on blood cell mechanics, pulmonary circulation, dental implants, and tissue growth were models of clarity and often pointed the way to new areas of exploration, while his personal writings offer advice on life, academic organizations, an...
Microprocessor Simulation of Synchronous Machine Dynamics in Real-Time

A major shortcoming of real-time analog power system simulators has been the lack of an inexpensive and flexible dynamic generator model. This paper describes such a model, implemented using digital hardware. Issues which are addressed in the design include model-to-network interfacing, stability, accuracy, and processor architecture. Simulation results of the resulting model generator are presented. Real-time power system simulation is typically carried out on a scale model of the power system known as a Transient Network Analyzer (TNA), which consists primarily of passive component models of power system elements such as transmission lines and transformers. Several dynamic generator models have been constructed for use with TNA's with varying degrees of success. [1,2] The primary shortcomings of these implementations have been high cost and lack of flexibility. This paper describes a new model generator implementation in which a microprocessor solves the discretized generator dynamic equations. Interface to the TNA is via analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. A few of the advantages to this approach are: the parameter values are easy to change, the mathematical model itself is easily modified, and the hardware is inexpensive.
Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting With RNA Tumor Virus RNA

Recent advances in characterizing the genomic structure of RNA tumor viruses have been made by oligonucleotide fingerprinting of the viral RNA. With this sequencing technique, genetic relationships between viruses have been determined, the viral genome has been sized and mapped, and recombination has been studied. These topics, united by a common technique, oligonucleotide fingerprinting, are the subject of this review.
Good Conversations: An Enhanced Model to Teach Business Ethics.

Business practices are a constant matter of discussion by ethical theorists concerned with the conflicts between profitability and justice (Cherry, Lee, & Chien, 2003). Business decisions are complex and hence likely to be compromised by low-quality or questionable strategies (Carpenter & Sanders, 2008). The line between misbehavior and legal violations is sometimes crossed because individuals (leaders) are not fully aware of the biases in their judgment (Carpenter & Sanders, 2008). Business schools play an important role in the preparation of learners in ethics and responsible citizenship. Ethical decision-making models may be used to generate both strong justification and relevant application of rules and principles to an ethical issue, developing alternate ways of thinking (Beschorner, 2006). The use of the Integrative Model of Ethical Decision-Making in an upper-division management course at a public baccalaureate college in Southern Nevada increased students’ awareness about ethical issues, provided a framework for logical and moral reasoning, and enabled students to apply deontological and teleological evaluations in ethical judgments. Students acknowledged "good conversations" as a necessary step in ethical decision-making, increased their ethical assessment skills, and engaged in dialogical reasoning. Ethical-decision making models assist in developing better curricula, improving faculty performance, and preparing students with high levels of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Ocular neovascularisation and excessive vascular permeability

Diseases complicated by vascular leakage and/or neovascularisation in the eye are responsible for the vast majority of visual morbidity and blindness in developed countries. The molecular signals that control vascular permeability and neovascularisation in the eye are being defined. Members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family are key stimulators that interact with two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)1 and 2; binding to two other receptors that lack tyrosine kinase activity, the neuropilins, is also important. Signalling through the VEGF pathway is modulated by the Tie2 receptor and its binding partners, the angiopoietins. Each of the participants in these two signalling pathways provides a potential target for intervention. Several proteins with antiangiogenic activity balance the stimulators and the outcome is determined by the net balance. Endostatin suppresses vascular permeability as well as ocular neovascularisation, suggesting that vascular leakage may also be regulated by counteracting proteins. Gene transfer provides a useful way to influence these balances. Clinical trials are underway to test whether these mechanisms can be translated into new therapies.
Fusion by optimal dynamic mixtures of proposal distributions

We propose a fusion framework to integrate multiple cues for tracking by finding a set of optimal dynamic weights for different tracking modalities. In the setup of Bayesian sequential estimation, we give an optimal criterion to find the dynamic weight for each modality: Using a linear combination of the proposal distributions from multiple cues to approach the posterior distribution p(xt|yt). The fusion problem is then formulated as an optimization problem with a non-convex objective function. We further convert the optimization problem to a constrained convex programming problem. The equations for finding the global optimal solution are given and an approximate analytical solution is derived. The derived approximate analytical solution is justified by comparing to the fusion weights/mixture weights in. The fusion framework can find out reliable cues and rely more on them dynamically. We test the proposed fusion framework for human tracking on a very challenging surveillance video taken at crowded subway station. We also test the fusion framework for articulated tracking. The claim that the proposed fusion framework can integrate weak modalities to improve tracking performance is supported by the promising results.
Dayside convection aligned auroral arcs

[1] TIMED GUVI and IMAGE FUV observed a new phenomenon: Dayside Convection Aligned Auroral Arcs (DCAA) under conditions of high solar wind speed/dynamic pressure, and magnetic activity. The DCAA is observed near the dayside ionospheric convection throat and aligned with the convection direction. All the data suggest that DCAA is due to energetic proton/ions and/or electrons from the dayside ring current. The life time of the DCAA under northward IMF conditions is much longer than that of the DCAA under southward IMF conditions. The length of DCAA ranges from 5° to 8° in magnetic latitude.
A new approach to teaching electronics: content and methodology

Electronics is a required two-semester course for electrical engineering juniors at Bucknell University. Rather than following a more traditional approach focusing purely on circuit design, this course includes a solid foundation in the electronic devices themselves. The course addresses topics such as semiconductor properties, device physics, operation, modeling, as well as design applications of diodes and transistors. To educate productive engineers who can compete in today's economy, it is essential to introduce them to the key concepts underlying modern technologies. Also, given the rising importance of optoelectronics, introducing all undergraduates, not just those concentrating on optics, to simple optoelectronic devices seems imperative. Including such content changes can be exciting and it has a direct impact on the weekly laboratory which accompanies the course. Considerable effort went into developing the laboratory experiments dealing with semiconductor physics and basic device concepts. These labs ranged from exploring light emitting diodes of different wavelengths to using a human switch to illustrate the difference between types of transistors. Student feedback concerning the labs was positive. To encourage the students to be more involved and excited about the course, several innovative pedagogical techniques have also been employed. These include having students present informal oral reviews of the previous lecture at each class meeting and answer a question written by a classmate.
Space-time tradeoffs in the inverse B-W transform

Lossless text compression based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) has become popular. Compression-time issues-MTF coding or the avoidance thereof (Wirth 2000), encoding the MTF values, sorting fast (Seward 2000)-have seen considerable investigation. Decompression-time issues remain underinvestigated. For some applications, decompression-time behaviour is a critical issue. For example, boot-time decompression of the Linux kernel requires decompression in limited memory. On-the-fly disk compressors employing the BWT demand fast decompression. This paper presents a number of ways to implement the inverse B-W transform, giving a useful range of speed-memory tradeoffs. We show that, at one extreme, it is possible to invert the BWT, slowly, using just one byte per block-byte. At the other extreme, we argue that the maximum speed of BWT decompression is unavoidably constrained by the rate at which cache misses are serviced.
Appointment-Keeping Behavior is Not Related to Medication Adherence in Hypertensive African Americans

OBJECTIVE The relationship between appointment-keeping behavior, medication adherence (ADH), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was assessed in 153 hypertensive African Americans followed in a community-based practice.
Sensory Cause of Railroad Grade-Crossing Collisions: Test of the Leibowitz Hypothesis:

Railroad crossing collisions are costly in both lives and property damage and are a principal limitation preventing meaningful increases in train speed. At a recent TRB workshop on means of minimizing the frequency of these events, it was agreed that a major hypothesis aimed at explaining the collisions had never been tested. That hypothesis, attributed to Leibowitz, is that the speed of larger objects, like trains, is underestimated by observers owing to a normal deficiency of visual processing. The elements of this hypothesis have begun to be tested in a laboratory setting. While there are numerous aspects to the judgment of speed of approach, studied has been one narrow aspect of the problem that relates to the rapidity with which a gradual increase in the size (starting size 3.7 degrees, 5.3 degrees, and 7.6 degrees side) of a square is perceived by normal human observers. The object is a light gray rectangle set either in a dark gray surround or with no surround. The time required to react to the gradual change averages around 280 milliseconds (ms) after onset. In a significant number of tests on six individuals across conditions ranging from day to night light intensities, expansions in either width or height, and proportional increases in size or fixed increases, the time required to render the judgment increased with the starting size. The rate of increase was approximately 3 ms divided by the degrees of angle sub-tense (360 degrees = full circle). Apparently, the initial approach of larger objects is seen more slowly or later than that of smaller ones. If so, this can be shown to translate to a more slowly perceived object speed. Leibowitz may have been correct.
Comparison of Particle Level Set and CLSVOF Methods for Interfacial Flows

The level set method is susceptible to the numerical dissipation, which usually results in serious mass loss in the under-resolved regions at the interface. In this study, a hybrid particle level set method and a coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method, have been implemented with the aim at improving the mass conservation property of the level set method. A number of standard tests are conducted to evaluate their performances. The two methods are applied to simulate a water drop impact onto a liquid pool, and wave breakings over a submerged bump which is of particular relevance to ship hydrodynamics.
Mathematical unification of dynamic-element-matching methods for spectral shaping of hardware-mismatch errors

Multibit delta-sigma conversion requires an internal DAC so extraordinarily accurate that signal processing to move DAC hardware-mismatch error outside the signal band appears necessary. Here the error-shaping DACs reported previously are shown mathematically to be special cases of a general architecture convenient for analysis and simulation.
Enhancement of toxicity of anticholinesterases by central depressant drugs in rats.

Abstract The possibility that central-depressant drugs in general enhance the acute toxicity of anticholinesterases in rats was studied. The pesticides, carbaryl and parathion, were administered parenterally to animals pretreated with chlorpromazine, meprobamate, reserpine, chlordiazepoxide, hexobarbital, phenobarbital, and alcohol. Comparisons were made between carbaryl and carbaryl-drug combinations and between parathion and parathion-drug combinations, using mortality as an index of toxicity. In pharmacologically active doses that depress the central nervous system, an increased toxicity was observed with reserpine, chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbital in combination with carbaryl. All the drugs except alcohol showed some ability to increase the toxic effects of parathion significantly. While the data would seem to suggest that CNS depression generally enhanced the toxicity of anticholinesterases, a comparative analysis of the drugs and doses supports the conclusion that other pharmacologic actions of the drugs may be partly responsible for the effects noted.