cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framework for Solvent Recovery, Reuse, and Recycling In Industries

Abstract Solvents are commonly used in both fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries to aid chemical reactions and purification of products. In pharmaceutical industries, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are often formulated in batch organic reactions that utilize solvents as a reaction medium, which can vary depending on the process and physical properties of the system. The combined contribution of the current solvent usage rate and common solvent disposal method such as incineration can release toxic chemicals to the environment. The potential detrimental effects on the environment and safety considerations required the implementation and optimization of existing solvent recovery technologies to improve the greenness and overall sustainability of a given chemical process. To assess the feasible recovery pathways, General Algebraic Modeling Systems (GAMS) was employed to formulate and solve the optimization problem comprising of mathematical models that focus on the material and energy balance, utility requirements, equipment design, and costing around common separation and recovery technologies such as distillation, ultrafiltration, membranes, evaporation, and extraction. This work is part of the US EPA funded P2 (pollution prevention) project where the goal is to consult with industries and perform typical case-by-case analysis to develop a roadmap for selecting the best pathway for solvent recovery that minimizes cost, reduces the environmental impact, limits waste, and maintains safe operation.
Introduction to Quantum Computing

In just hours or days, a quantum computer can solve complex problems that would otherwise take billions of years for today's computers to solve. This has massive implications for research and workforce development for healthcare, energy, and environmental systems. Microsoft is focused on bringing the only scalable quantum system to the broadest set of customers and partnering with universities to ensure that we have the people ready to staff the quantum economy and ecosystem of tomorrow. This workshop includes: An overview of quantum computing. A brief landscape discussion on Microsoft's unique approach to quantum computing, including our "full stack" approach and why there is high demand for learning quantum computing these days. An overview and case study of hands-on, software-driven quantum computing curriculum. Our quantum computing experts partnered with University of Washington to bring a 10-week, for credit, course "Introduction to quantum computing and quantum programming in Q#" to the school of Computer Science. We discuss why it is important to bring quantum programming into quantum computing courses, showcase our approach to doing this and discuss the results. Demo and Hands-on: In this session you will learn one of the core quantum algorithms, Grover's search, in a hands-on quantum programming tutorial. You will implement the algorithm in Q# and see how it enables a quadratic speedup for solving search problems. You will also learn how students can get started with hands-on quantum programming quickly by completing a rich collection of self-guided quantum programming tutorials exercises in Q# (the Quantum Katas). Please bring laptop computers for hands-on portion.
Prominin2 Drives Ferroptosis Resistance by Stimulating Multivesicular Body/Exosome-Mediated Iron Export

Ferroptosis, regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lethal lipid reactive oxygen species, contributes to tissue homeostasis and numerous pathologies, and it may be exploited for therapy. Cells differ in their sensitivity to ferroptosis, however, and a key challenge is to understand mechanisms that contribute to resistance. Using RNA-Seq to identify genes that contribute to ferroptosis resistance, we discovered that pro-ferroptotic stimuli including inhibition of the lipid hydroperoxidase GPX4 and detachment from the extracellular matrix induce expression of prominin2, a pentaspanin protein implicated in regulation of lipid dynamics. Prominin2 facilitates ferroptosis resistance in mammary epithelial and breast carcinoma cells. Mechanistically, prominin2 promotes the formation of ferritin-containing multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) and exosomes that transport iron out of the cell, inhibiting ferroptosis. These findings reveal that ferroptosis resistance can be driven by a prominin2-MVB/exosome-ferritin pathway and they have broad implications for iron homeostasis, intracellular trafficking, and cancer.
Legionella effector MavC targets the Ube2N~Ub conjugate for noncanonical ubiquitination.

The bacterial effector MavC modulates the host immune response by blocking Ube2N activity employing an E1-independent ubiquitin ligation, catalyzing formation of a γ-glutamyl-e-Lys (Gln40Ub-Lys92Ube2N) isopeptide crosslink using a transglutaminase mechanism. Here we provide biochemical evidence in support of MavC targeting the activated, thioester-linked Ube2N~ubiquitin conjugate, catalyzing an intramolecular transglutamination reaction, covalently crosslinking the Ube2N and Ub subunits effectively inactivating the E2~Ub conjugate. Ubiquitin exhibits weak binding to MavC alone, but shows an increase in affinity when tethered to Ube2N in a disulfide-linked substrate that mimics the charged E2~Ub conjugate. Crystal structures of MavC in complex with the substrate mimic and crosslinked product provide insights into the reaction mechanism and underlying protein dynamics that favor transamidation over deamidation, while revealing a crucial role for the structurally unique insertion domain in substrate recognition. This work provides a structural basis of ubiquitination by transglutamination and identifies this enzyme's true physiological substrate.
Principles and Practice of SARS-CoV-2 Decontamination of N95 Masks with UV-C

A mainstay of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic is the N95 filtering facepiece respirator. N95 respirators are commonly used to protect healthcare workers from respiratory pathogens, including the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and are increasingly employed by other frontline workers and the general public. Under routine circumstances, these masks are disposable, single-use items, but extended use and reuse practices have been broadly enacted to alleviate critical supply shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. While extended-time single use presents a low risk of pathogen transfer, repeated donning and doffing of potentially contaminated masks presents increased risk of pathogen transfer. Therefore, efficient and safe decontamination methods for N95 masks are needed to reduce the risk of reuse and mitigate local supply shortages. Here we review the available literature concerning use of germicidal ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light to decontaminate N95 masks. We propose a practical method for repeated point-of-use decontamination, using commercially-available UV-C crosslinker boxes from molecular biology laboratories or a simple low-cost, custom-designed and fabricated device to expose each side of the mask to 800-1200 mJ/cm2 of UV-C. We measure the dose that penetrated to the interior of the respirators and model the potential germicidal action on SARS-CoV-2. Our experimental results, in combination with modeled data, suggest that a two-minute UV-C treatment cycle should induce a >3-log-order reduction in viral bioburden on the surface of the respirators, and a 2-log order reduction throughout the interior. The resulting exposure is 100-fold less than the dose expected to damage the masks, facilitating repeated decontamination. As such, UV-C germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a practical strategy for small-scale point-of-use decontamination of N95s.
Thermal extraction of water ice from the lunar surface - A 3D numerical model

Abstract We have used a three-dimensional thermal and gas diffusion model to study the heated extraction of water ice from lunar regolith. Both surface heating and the insertion of heated drills were investigated for various heating power levels and expected soil ice fractions. Our calculations rely on the use of the Crank-Nicolson finite difference method for the diffusion equations. We find that the extraction of water vapor from lunar regolith requires high levels of heating power in the investigated configurations. Any heating below about 1000 ​W per m2 or per heated drill produces negligible amounts of vapor. We also find that extraction efficiencies are highly dependent on the heating configuration, as well as the initial ice fraction present in the regolith. In addition, we find that, depending on the heating configuration, significant amounts of water escape the heated volume and are lost through refreeze in colder regions. We conclude that water extraction through heating will be a power-hungry process if not optimized through additional controls (e.g. volume confinement by heated walls). In addition, the choice of a heating configuration for optimal extraction efficiency depends on the ice content of the soil. Therefore, detailed prospecting will be essential to the design of future ISRU activities on the Moon.
Short-Term and Long-Term Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Director Commitment and Composition of Corporate Board Committees

This study analyzes the short-term and long-term effects on director commitment and composition of board committees following the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The first issue we address in the paper is “director commitment”, i.e., whether corporate directors were more or less committed in terms of time and effort to their “directorship” assignment after the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The second issue that will be examined in this study is the composition of board committees (namely, Audit, Compensation, Executive, Governance, and Nominating Committees) before and after Sarbanes-Oxley. The research intends to answer some of the following questions: Has Sarbanes-Oxley changed the boards’ structure? Have firms focused more on certain functions of the Board relative to the others after the Act was passed? Using over 124,000 observations in our sample period (covering both pre and post Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002) from Board Analyst Database, we analyze the trend in each of these variables over time. We run statistical tests to compare the trends in each variable before the Act was passed to the period after it was passed.
The Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S) Does Not Relate to Acute Muscular Endurance Performance.

Grit has been previously presented as a personality trait that reflects an individual’s perseverance of effort and consistency of interest for achieving their long-term goals. In resistance training this could mean that a “grittier” individual may perform more repetitions at a given intensity as they are better able to overcome metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if grit was related to back squat muscular endurance performance. Fifty-eight resistance-trained males and females volunteered for participation (age = 23±3 yrs; body height = 172.53 ± 8.64 cm; body mass = 80.64 ± 6.49 kg). The grit of each participant was assessed via the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S), and muscular endurance performance was tested via completion of a back squat set to volitional failure at 70% of the participant’s one-repetition maximum. Spearman rho or Pearson’s correlations, depending on normality, were used with 1000 bootstrapped replicate samples and revealed no relationship between GRIT-S scores (3.78 ± 0.52) and repetitions performed (14 ± 4) in a combined cohort of all 58 individuals (ρ = -0.051), males only (r = 0.057) or females only (ρ = -0.441). Supplementary investigation of the data also showed that the five “best” performers (i.e. the five individuals who performed the most repetitions) tended to have lower GRIT-S scores than the five “worst” performers. The results of the current study suggest that the GRIT-S has limited value in the context of muscular endurance performance. The skewed range of GRIT-S scores (2.75-5.0) observed in this investigation, also highlights the potential for social desirability to bias one’s self-perception of grit.
Impact of Turning Lane Storage Length and Turning Proportions on Throughput at Oversaturated Signalized Intersections

During oversaturated conditions, common objectives of signal timing are to maximize vehicle throughput and manage queues. A common response to increases in vehicle volumes is to increase the cycle ...
In vitro production of sterioid cataract in bovine lens. Part I: measurement of optical changes.

Fresh calf lenses incubated in nutritive media containing dexamethasone phosphate or ouabain in concentrations ranging from 1 × 10−4M to 1 × 10−8M developed cortical opacification and showed significant inhibition of Na+-K+ ATP'ase activity. Over a 3-day incubation period the decrease in Na+-K+ ATP'ase activity correlated well with the observed decrease in light transmission. The degree of enzyme inhibition and decrease in light transmission varied directly with the concentration of dexamethasone phosphate and ouabain, with significant changes observed at ‘physiologic’ and ‘pharmacologic’ concentrations of these agents. Lenses incubated for 4 days in dexamethasone phosphate or ouabain showed substantial increases in water content as well as an increase in Na+ and a decrease in K+ concentration. These data suggest that inhibition of the cation pump may play a significant role in the formation of steroid cataract in vitro.
Effects of acute cocaine treatment on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain.

Abstract 1. The effects of cocaine (20 mg/kg s.c.) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover were examined in rats. 2. In vivo cocaine administration resulted in decreased turnover of 5-HT, as indicated by the decreased accumulation of 5-HT after pargyline administration and the decreased accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) following probenecid injection. 3. A time-related decrease in 5-HIAA concentrations and a small fall in 5-HT concentrations in the whole brain were observed following the acute administration of cocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg). Tryptophan levels were found to be slightly decreased in the brain. 4. Enhanced reactivity, but neither stereotypy nor hyperthermia, was observed following cocaine injection (20 mg/kg). 5. It is concluded that cocaine inhibits the turnover of brain 5-HT and that this action of cocaine may be responsible for the differences in a number of pharmacological effects between cocaine and amphetamine.
The Indian Child Welfare Act: A Survey of the Legislative History

This paper is prepared for the University of Michigan Law School Native American Law Students Association's annual Indian Law Day, April 10, 2009. The materials in this paper derive from an early draft of an amicus brief filed by the American Indian Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan in the Michigan Supreme Court case, In re Lee. The paper focuses on the legislative history of the Indian Child Welfare Act, with particular emphasis on Michigan.
Activities of cerebral dihydropteridine reductase and tyrosine hydroxylase in chronic uremia in rats

The effect of chronic uremia on activities of cerebral dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and content of norepinephrine and dopamine was investigated in the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The uremic animals were fed diets containing either 8% or 18% casein ad libitum, and sham-operated pair-fed and ad libitum fed animals were used as controls. There were no significant differences in TH activity between the groups fed the two levels of protein. Uremic rats had lower activity of TH than pair-fed controls, and pair-fed controls had lower activity than ad libitum-fed animals. DHPR activity and norepinephrine and dopamine content did not differ among the groups. Our study suggests that the chronic uremic condition or restricted feeding causes a decrease in brain TH activity which is not mediated by decreased DHPR activity. Further, this decreased enzyme activity does not result in depressed catecholamine content, indicating the presence of a highly regulated mechanism controlling catecholamine levels.
Advancements in therapeutically targeting orphan GPCRs

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are popular biological targets for drug discovery and development. To date there are more than 140 orphan GPCRs, i.e., receptors whose endogenous ligands are unknown. Traditionally orphan GPCRs have been difficult to study and the development of therapeutic compounds targeting these receptors has been extremely slow although these GPCRs are considered important targets based on their distribution and behavioral phenotype as revealed by animals lacking the receptor. Recent advances in several methods used to study orphan receptors, including protein crystallography and homology modeling are likely to be useful in the identification of therapeutics targeting these receptors. In the past 13 years, over a dozen different Class A GPCRs have been crystallized; this trend is exciting, since homology modeling of GPCRs has previously been limited by the availability of solved structures. As the number of solved GPCR structures continues to grow so does the number of templates that can be used to generate increasingly accurate models of phylogenetically related orphan GPCRs. The availability of solved structures along with the advances in using multiple templates to build models (in combination with molecular dynamics simulations that reveal structural information not provided by crystallographic data and methods for modeling hard-to-predict flexible loop regions) have improved the quality of GPCR homology models. This, in turn, has improved the success rates of virtual ligand screens that use homology models to identify potential receptor binding compounds. Experimental testing of the predicted hits and validation using traditional GPCR pharmacological approaches can be used to drive ligand-based efforts to probe orphan receptor biology as well as to define the chemotypes and chemical scaffolds important for binding. As a result of these advances, orphan GPCRs are emerging from relative obscurity as a new class of drug targets.
Virus inactivation during the freeze‐drying processes as used for the manufacture of plasma‐derived medicinal products

BACKGROUND: Freeze-drying is a technology widely used during the production of plasma-derived medicinal products. Several studies have shown that freeze-drying can also result in virus inactivation and particularly of hepatitis A virus (HAV). To date, however, the variables critical for virus inactivation during freeze-drying have not been investigated systematically. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Five different lyophilization processes covering the range used for different plasma-derived medicinal products (Factor [F]VII, FVIII, F IX, FVIII inhibitor bypassing activity, and fibrin sealer protein [FSP]) were investigated for their potential to inactivate HAV as well as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). RESULTS: Our investigation demonstrates that freeze-drying results in significant inactivation of HAV, with reduction factors between 2.5 and 5.9 log [TCID50]. Also, BVDV and PRV were inactivated, although to a lesser extent. While the specific details of the freeze-drying processes investigated only had a minor influence on virus inactivation, the different compositions of product intermediates had a rather pronounced impact. CONCLUSION: Lyophilization contributes to the safety of plasma derivatives, in particular with the inactivation of HAV. The extent of HAV inactivation is strongly influenced by the respective product matrix rather than the design of the lyophilization cycle, which will require a case-to-case assessment for each product intermediate.
Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies

This is a review of the literature published in 2018 on topics related to hazardous waste management in water, soils, sediments, and air. The review covers treatment technologies applying physical, chemical, and biological principles for contaminated water, soils, sediments, and air. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The management of waters, wastewaters, and soils contaminated by various hazardous chemicals including inorganic (e.g., oxyanions, salts, and heavy metals), organic (e.g., halogenated, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides, and persistent organic chemicals) was reviewed according to the technology applied, namely, physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical methods for the management of hazardous wastes including adsorption, coagulation (conventional and electrochemical), sand filtration, electrosorption (or CDI), electrodialysis, electrokinetics, membrane (RO, NF, MF), photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical oxidation, sonochemical, non-thermal plasma, supercritical fluid, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction processes were reviewed. Chemical methods including ozone-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, persulfate-based, Fenton and Fenton-like, and potassium permanganate processes for the management of hazardous were reviewed. Biological methods such as aerobic, anaerobic, bioreactor, constructed wetlands, soil bioremediation and biofilter processes for the management of hazardous wastes, in mode of consortium and pure culture were reviewed.
Executive Power, the War on Terrorism, and the Idea of Rights

Wars challenge the principles, not just the will or resources, of a nation, especially if, as in the case of the United States, those principles include a commitment to the civil rights and liberties of its citizens. In waging its war on terrorism, the Bush Administration has exercised powers of surveillance, detention, and interrogation that critics condemn as unjust violations of some of our most cherished rights and liberties. Administration officials flatly reject the charge. One issue raised by this dispute is the now timeless question, how do we decide when, if ever, concerns for security outweigh those for rights to expression, association, privacy, or due process? The answer lies in the very idea of having and asserting rights. Policies grounded in the idea of rights meet the test of legitimacy; they succeed where those based on Mill’s harm principle or Michael Ignatieff’s theory of the lesser evil do not.
Impacts on Agriculture of Deregulating the Transportation System: Comment

Recent legislation, such as the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (4R Act) and the Staggers Act of 1980, has encouraged temporal flexibility in railroad pricing. In particular, the Staggers Act was a major step toward grain rail rate deregulation. The recent trend toward rail rate deregulation has received much attention because of its impacts on the U.S. grain industry. However, empirical research has not been able to evaluate rail rate deregulation based on the Staggers Act because of limited experience with flexible rail rates. Only conceptual studies on grain rail rate deregulation were discussed by Johnson and Fruin. Johnson's discussion based on theory praised grain rail rate deregulation. Johnson focused mostly on the positive effects of rail rate deregulation on the U.S. grain-marketing industry. He argued that regulation has been largely counterproductive for agriculture, concluding that deregulation offers many opportunities for creative marketing and procurement in agricultural industries. Johnson ignored fundamental problems of spatial and temporal flexibility in rail rates with deregulation. Fruin focused on the negative aspects of rail rate deregulation in his discussion of Johnson's paper. Although Fruin agreed with the general conclusion of Johnson's paper, he argued that the Staggers Act will allow railroads to discriminate. Fruin did not
Alcohol consumption among Chilean adolescents: Examining individual, peer, parenting and environmental factors

AIMS: This study examined whether adolescents from Santiago, Chile who had never drunk alcohol differed from those who had drunk alcohol but who had never experienced an alcohol-related problem, as well as from those who had drunk and who had experienced at least one alcohol-related problem on a number of variables from four domains - individual, peers, parenting, and environmental. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Community based sample. PARTICIPANTS: 909 adolescents from Santiago, Chile. MEASUREMENTS: Data were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression to compare adolescents who had never drunk alcohol (non-drinkers) with i) those that had drunk but who had experienced no alcohol-related problems (non-problematic drinkers) and ii) those who had drunk alcohol and had experienced at least one alcohol-related problem (problematic drinkers). The analyses included individual, peer, parenting, and environmental factors while controlling for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. FINDINGS: Compared to non-drinkers, both non-problematic and problematic drinkers were older, reported having more friends who drank alcohol, greater exposure to alcohol ads, lower levels of parental monitoring, and more risk-taking behaviors. In addition, problematic drinkers placed less importance on religious faith to make daily life decisions and had higher perceptions of neighborhood crime than non-drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention programs aimed at decreasing problematic drinking could benefit from drawing upon adolescents' spiritual sources of strength, reinforcing parental tools to monitor their adolescents, and improving environmental and neighborhood conditions. Language: en
Retrievable inferior vena cava filters in patients with cancer are safe but are they beneficial

The availability and insertion of permanent and retrievable inferior vena cava filter devices have increased substantially over the past decade. Our retrospective study provides the first detailed assessment of the safety and efficacy of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in a large cohort of cancer patients with predominantly advanced malignancies. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients with the diagnosis of cancer who underwent inferior vena cava filter placement at a single academic medical center from 2007 to 2012 with special attention to safety, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and survival data. Three hundred thirty-seven cancer patients were included in the analysis. Gastrointestinal, lung, and genitourinary malignancies were the most commonly represented malignancies [94 (27.8 %), 70 (20.8 %), and 37 (10.9 %) patients, respectively]. Immediate complications were diagnosed in one of 258 (1 %) evaluable patients following placement of a retrievable filter. Delayed complications occurred in 23 of 258 (8 %) patients. The 7, 14, 30, 90, and 365 day post-filter survival rates for patients with stage IV cancer were 0.91, 0.86, 0.71, 0.52, and 0.29, respectively. Patients with lung and gastrointestinal tumors demonstrated a significantly reduced post-filter survival rate compared with those with genitourinary, brain, and breast cancers. Retrievable and non-retrievable inferior vena cava filters are associated with an overall low rate of complications in patients with cancer. However, survival rates following filter placement are poor in this patient population.
Selective renal venography in patients with primary renal disease and the nephrotic syndrome

Fifteen patients with primary renal disease and renal vein thrombosis who presented with the nephrotic syndrome were investigated venographically. In 46% of the patients the cavogram was normal. Selective renal venography is necessary in such patients because the course of patients with renal vein thrombosis and membranous glomerulonephritis is identical to that of patients with membranous glomerolonephritis alone. Eighty per cent of our patients had membranous glomerulonephritis; renal vein thrombosis is now thought to be secondary to this disease.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish.

There is limited information on whether parasites act as vectors to transmit bacteria in fish. In this trial, we used Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and fluorescent Edwardsiella ictaluri as a model to study the interaction between parasite, bacterium, and fish. The percentage (23–39%) of theronts fluorescing after exposure to E. ictaluri was significantly higher than control theronts (~ 6%) using flow cytometry. Theronts exposed to E. ictaluri at 4 × 107 CFU mL−1 showed a higher percentage (~ 60%) of fluorescent theronts compared to those (42%) exposed to 4 × 103 CFU mL−1 at 4 h. All tomonts (100%) carried the bacterium after exposure to E. ictaluri. Edwardsiella ictaluri survived and replicated during tomont division. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that E. ictaluri was associated with the tomont surface. Among theronts released from tomonts exposed to E. ictaluri, 31–66% were observed with attached E. ictaluri. Sixty percent of fish exposed to theronts treated with 5 × 107E. ictaluri mL−1 were positive for E. ictaluri at 4 h as determined by qPCR or fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescent E. ictaluri were observed on trophonts in skin and gill wet mounts of dead fish. This study demonstrated that Ich could vector E. ictaluri to channel catfish.
Tight Disease Control in Early RA

The past decade has brought increasing evidence to support aggressive therapeutic intervention in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Treat-to-target strategies that focus on frequent monitoring and treatment adjustments to achieve states of low disease activity or clinical remission have shown superior long-term results. Both oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents are effective in treating early RA. It remains unclear if initial combination therapy or biologic use is more effective in early active disease as compared with the traditional approach. The authors review various studies on the treatment of early RA with a focus on studies with a treat-to-target approach.
A methodology for knowledge based decision support for facilities layout planning

Abstract The area of facilities layout planning contains a mix of specialized models in addition to a requirement for human experience and subjective judgments in the decision process. In this paper, we recognize that the task of choosing a suitable facilities layout planning model for a given problem is a non-trivial one, due to the unique requirements of individual situations, and the varying nature of the available models. To facilitate the selection of an appropriate model for facilities layout problems, we propose a methodology for the design of a knowledge based Decision Support System (DSS) which is calibrated with heuristics elicited from experienced layout planners. The rationale and structure of the model are discussed, as are its mode of usage and future research issues.
Factors Affecting the Coming Out Process for Lesbians

Cass' model (1979) of identity development and her Stage Allocation Measure (1984a) were assessed to determine their utility in describing the subjective experience of coming out as a lesbian and whether proposed stages could be tied to behavioral correlates of the Openness Questionnaire (Graham, Rawlings, & Girten, 1985). The process was considered in terms of a woman's differentiation from her family, sex-role attitudes, and levels of internalized homophobia. Eighty-one lesbians anonymously completed questionnaires. The results suggest that subjective labeling and behavior are congruent, but that rate of progression through stages does not imply integration of behavior. Four patterns of identity development were identified which suggest that relevant stages, speed of development, and stage attainment are characteristic of certain women. Intergenerational intimidation was significantly related to stage development, sex-role attitudes, openness behavior, and levels of internalized homophobia.
Dislocation configurations and the microstrain of polycrystalline beryllium

Abstract Optical and transmission electron microscopy studies show that annealing hot pressed beryllium at elevated temperatures produces considerable changes in the density and distribution of dislocations within a grain, without causing any change in grain size. Annealing also results in appreciable reductions in the microscopic yield stress, defined as the stress to cause a permanent strain of 2 × 10−6 in./in., and the rate of strain hardening in the microstrain region, which can be correlated with the observed changes in dislocation structure within a grain. From these experiments it is found that the stress (σ) in the microstrain region, both for beryllium with a dense dislocation structure and beryllium with only a few isolated dislocations within a grain, is given by: σ = C + Be 1 2 where e is the strain and C, B are some function of the dislocation density. Using this relation values of the stress to move the first dislocations in beryllium are derived. A comparison is made of the observed microstrain characteristics of beryllium with previous results on other metals.
Fluctuating resource availability increases invasibility in microbial microcosms

The fluctuating resource hypothesis (FRH) proposes that fluctuations in resource supply can temporally reduce competitive pressure from resident species, thereby providing ephemeral opportunities for invading species. Although FRH has the potential to integrate many existing hypotheses regarding mechanisms of community invasibility, previous tests and evaluations of FRH were based on single trophic level, did not take the timing effect into account, and had difficulties in distinguishing the effects of resource pulses from other simultaneous processes. Here we test FRH in multi-trophic aquatic microcosms by creating resource pulses, by controlling resource quantity, propagule supply and pulse recurrence frequency, and by manipulating the timing of pulses relative to the timing of the arrival of new species (i.e. invaders) to local communities. The novelty of our work lies in that we directly manipulate resource pulse timing relative to invader introduction events and thus demonstrate the importance of this timing effect for community invasibility. Our study supports FRH in general: invasion success was positively related to resource pulses, and invaders had strong performance in treatments receiving coincident pulses, although not all invaders gained more benefit when resources were supplied at large-magnitude than supplied at continuous rates. Since many ecosystems worldwide are experiencing high rates of anthropogenic nutrient input and increasing rates of precipitation, these ecosystems are potentially more fragile and susceptible to invasion. More experiments across multiple ecosystem types are needed to help formulate a general theory of community invasibility.
Host-finding by cabbage looper moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Learning of host odor upon contact with host foliage

Mated female cabbage looper months that were caged with cotton, celery, or soybean foliage were attracted significantly more often than inexperienced moths to the odor of the same species of plant the following night. Moths that were caged with cotton or celery foliage were attracted significantly more often the following night only to the foliage of the same species, and not to the foliage of the other plant species. Brief contact by a moth or a single oviposition on plant foliage was sufficient to increase subsequent attraction to plant foliage. This behavior appears to be associative learning of host odor.
Inhibition of “spontaneous,” notochord‐induced, and collagen‐induced in vitro somite chondrogenesis by the calcium ionophore, A23187

The present study represents a first step in investigating the possible involvement of calcium (Ca2+) in the stimulation of somite chondrogenesis elicited by extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord. The ionophore, A23187, a drug that facilitates Ca2+ uptake leading to elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, at concentrations of 0.25-1.0 microgram/ml severely impairs "spontaneous" somite chondrogenesis, i.e., inhibits the formation of the small amount of cartilaginous matrix normally formed by embryonic somites in vitro in the absence of inducing tissues. This inhibition is reflected in a considerable reduction in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation by A23187-treated somite explants. Furthermore, A23187 inhibits the striking stimulation of cartilaginous matrix formation and sulfated GAG accumulation normally elicited by the embryonic notochord and collagen substrates. In fact, 1.0 microgram/ml of A23187 reduces sulfated GAG accumulation by somites cultured in association with notochord or on collagen to a level even below that accumulated by somites cultured in the absence of these inductive agents. Although these results must be interpreted with caution, they provide incentive for considering a possible regulatory role for Ca2+ in the chondrogenic response of somites to extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord.
On vibrational population relaxation in solution

Abstract A model is presented for the vibrational population relaxation of a polyatomic molecule in solution. The coupling of molecular vibrations leads to a cascade of energy through a sequence of vibrational levels. At each step of the energy redistribution energy can be transferred to nonvibrational (solvent) degrees of freedom. The model is developed in detail for a two step cascade, incorporating variable coupling potentials between zero order vibrational and solvent eigenstates. The results of these calculations are discussed in the context of time resolved picosecond laser studies of vibrational relaxation in liquids.
Photoemission from the Si/La interface

Abstract We present photoemission results from the Si/La interface prepared by depositing increasing amount of La on Si(111)2×1 at room temperature. The interface appears to be reacted in the La coverage region 0.1–2 ML. Further deposition of La results in the growth of pure metal. A valence and core states analysis suggests that the chemical bond is more ionic at the lowest coverage and becomes silicide-like at 2 ML.
Dissociating Simon and affordance compatibility effects: silhouettes and photographs.

Abstract When a graspable object’s handle is oriented to the same side as the response hand, responses are quicker and more accurate than when it is oriented to the opposite side. This effect has been attributed to the affordance of the object’s handle (Tucker & Ellis, 1998). Recent findings suggest this effect results instead from an abstract spatial response code (i.e., Simon effect; Cho & Proctor, 2010). However, the stimuli used in these previous studies differ in the amount of object and environmental depth information they contain, which may be critical to conveying an affordance. This information could explain these disparate findings as well as dissociate Simon and affordance compatibility effects. Four experiments demonstrate that the Simon effect results from the absence of this information, as in a silhouette, and the affordance effect results from its presence, as in a photograph. A fifth experiment confirmed that modifying information associated with the affordance, rather than the modification itself, produced the effects observed in the previous experiments. These findings support the following: (a) the internal details of an object and environmental depth can dissociate Simon and affordance compatibility effects, (b) this information is necessary to convey the object’s graspable affordance, and (c) the outer shape of the object is not sufficient to elicit an affordance effect. These findings are discussed in relation to the theory of embodied cognition.
Antimicrobial efficacy of potassium salts of four parabens

The antimicrobial activity of the soluble potassium salts of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens were evaluated to determine whether they would be more effective than their respective parabens (esters ofp-hydroxybenzoic acids). The potassium salts of the methyl and ethyl parabens as well as methyl and ethyl parabens were microbiocidal against the fungusAspergillus niger and five bacteria, whereas the potassium salts of propyl and butyl parabens and their respective parabens were not microbiocidal against all the test organisms. In the presence of several ingredients frequently used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and magnesium hydroxide did not interfere with the antimicrobial activity of the potassium salts of parabens and appeared to be microbiocidal against three of four test organisms. Simethicone and Tween 80 interfered with the antimicrobial activity of the preservatives. At pH 4–6, the potassium salt of butyl paraben, the only preservative tested, was active against more organisms than at pH 7–8. Overall, the highly soluble potassium salts of parabens showed microbiocidal activity against more of the test organisms than the less soluble parabens.
Glaucoma research community and FDA look to the future, II: NEI/FDA Glaucoma Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium: measures of structural change and visual function.

At this daylong NEI/FDA Glaucoma Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium planned collaboratively by the NEI, the FDA, and glaucoma experts, the researchers and clinicians described OCT, stereophotography, SLP, and CSLO criteria for identifying clinically significant structural change related to glaucoma progression and treatment that is greater than that expected from normal aging and is associated with future visual function changes. The FDA presented its position on using the structural metrics for detecting progression of glaucoma in clinical trials of glaucoma drugs and devices. The position of the FDA is that it is the responsibility of the glaucoma research community to establish definitions of glaucoma progression and consensus about structural–functional relationships that characterize early, moderate, and late stages of the disease. With that, the FDA would be willing to accept a structural parameter as the basis for an approval of a drug or device to treat glaucoma. Dr. Chambers emphasized that any definition presented by the glaucoma community must have clinical relevance for the patient. Once researchers establish definitions empirically, the FDA will evaluate them. The FDA is also willing to consider drugs or devices for subgroups of patients with glaucoma. The agency reiterated its position from an earlier NEI/FDA clinical trial design and endpoints symposium that it will consider PROs as endpoints in clinical trials in ophthalmology. The key to using PROs is developing well-defined and reliable instruments. Similarly, the key to using structural endpoints in clinical trials of glaucoma is establishing an association with visual field measurements that the FDA already accepts as a surrogate functional metric that in turn strongly predicts a functional change that will be important in a patient's everyday life. It is anticipated that using optic disc and retinal structural characteristics in clinical studies of drugs and devices for detecting and treating glaucoma progression will reduce the time and cost of clinical trials and the burden of vision loss related to glaucoma.
The role of strontium in the densification of Sr-zeolite-A to the low dielectric ceramic, anorthite

Abstract Analysis, using x-ray diffraction and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS), of the reconstructive transition from strontium exchanged zeolite type-A through amorphous intermediates to Sr-anorthite has shown that, although long range order is lost, the environment around strontium remains essentially intact. EXAFS allows us to follow the mechanism of the solid state reaction which is dictated by the coordination requirements of strontium.
Clinical Uses of the Quality‐of‐Life in Epilepsy Inventory

The quality-of-life in epilepsy (QOLIE) inventory was designed to assess adult epilepsy patients. Responses to a draft 99-question inventory administered to patients with low to moderate seizure frequency will be used to generate two or three separate instruments. The largest and most comprehensive of these will serve as a research tool for investigators and may be helpful in designing studies that compare the effects of approved or investigational antiepileptic drugs. This instrument may also be useful in documenting patient outcomes following expensive diagnostic studies, such as video-electroencephalogram monitoring, or other therapeutic interventions, such as epilepsy surgery. An intermediate-sized instrument may serve as a clinical tool for neurologists and epileptologists. A brief instrument may serve as a quick clinical survey for primary care physicians, neurologists, and specialists in epileptology. The abbreviated clinical inventories are intended to provide rapid assessment of quality-of-life issues in the office setting. Such assessments can help physicians and patients identify previously unrecognized problems and may lead to changes in care.
Growth and Composition of Rye Seedlings Cultured in Sea Water

Two-week-old Balbo rye seedlings cultured in aerated sea water are similar in fresh weight and linear dimensions to plants grown in aerated fresh and brackish waters. No significant differences were found in dry matter, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus content but tissue chloride increased markedly. Most of the Cl uptake was retained as chloride, but a small quantity was water insoluble and possibly in organic combination. We suggest that rye is a good prospect for development of lines suitable for sea water agriculture.
Current fluctuations from various crystal faces of a clean tungsten field emitter

Abstract The temperature, frequency and current dependence of current fluctuations have been measured for the (310), (112) and (100) planes of a tungsten field emitter. The rms percent fluctuation of the current at 900 K was 8.7, 1.5 and 0.13% and the threshold temperature for current fluctuation was 300, 650 and 1000 K for the (310), (112) and (100) planes respectively. Based on the results reported here it is concluded that the current fluctuations arise from the generation of mobile atoms on net plane terraces.
Statistical Approaches to Failure for Ceramic Reliability Assessment

The paper examines the respective merits of the main statistical approaches to brittle failure. These approaches based upon the weakest-link concept are the Weibull approach, Batdorf's approach, and a multiaxial elemental strength model. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether these theories are capable of meeting the requirements of ceramic reliability prediction and component design. Also discussed is the legitimacy of these weakest-link theories for treating delayed fracture. Alternative solutions are outlined.
Testing measurement invariance of the protective behavioral strategies scale in college men and women.

This study tested whether the measurement parameters of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS; Martens et al., 2005) were equivalent for men and women in a college student sample. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses tested whether a similar 3-factor latent structure was shared across gender groups and whether item origins (i.e., thresholds) and the strength of associations between individual items and latent factors (i.e., factor loadings) were equivalent across gender groups. Multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) models tested whether gender differences in measurement parameters were explained by drinking patterns among college men and women. Results evidenced significant measurement bias (i.e., non-invariant measurement parameters) across gender groups at both the factor structure and individual item level. In addition, MIMIC models suggested that gender differences in item loadings and thresholds were not better explained by discrepancies in drinking patterns among male and female college students. Findings indicate that gender differences in latent factor scores may reflect measurement bias rather than true mean differences between gender groups, restricting meaningful comparisons of PBSS scores between college men and women. Implications for the assessment of specific strategies as well as clinical interventions among college students that include components on protective behavioral strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en