cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular responses in marine animals to hydrostatic pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure (HP), increasing by 1 atm per 10 m in the ocean, perturbs many cellular processes, for example, by rigidifying membranes and disturbing protein folding and ligand binding. Membranes can be fluidized to work under high HP by increasing unsaturated fatty acids, for example, docosahexaenoic acid. Over generations, some deep-sea proteins have evolved intrinsic resistance to HP, but often incompletely. These may be protected from HP with piezolytes, small organic molecules with pressure-counteracting properties. The key example is the osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which marine fishes and crustaceans accumulates linearly with depth. TMAO can effectively counteract many inhibitory effects of HP on numerous proteins. For short-term HP stress, cellular stress (transient) and homeostasis (persistent) responses (CSRs, CHRs) remain poorly characterized, but across different taxa of shallow and terrestrial organisms, they include common CSR/CHR mechanisms known for other stressors-heat shock proteins (HSPs), boosted energy metabolism, antioxidants, cellular repair systems. For vertically migrating marine animals, HP stress responses are even more poorly characterized. Some species (e.g., Anguilla silver eel, king crab Lithodes maja, snubnosed eel Simenchelys parasiticus) cope with HP changes in their habitat range by intrinsic adaptations, lipid desaturase activation, and metabolic adjustments, but perhaps not common CSR mechanisms. Such species may have constitutive stress proteins and/or are able to adjust membrane saturation and/or TMAO rapidly with depth. For permanent deep-sea species, CSR/CHR mechanisms have not been directly tested, but evidence in Mariana Trench amphipods and snailfish suggest that HSP and desaturase genes, and possibly piezolyte synthesis, have undergone habitat-related selection.
Aggregated Impulses: Towards Explanatory Models for Self-Similar Alpha Stable Network Traffic

Heavy-tailed models of computer network traffic have been shown to more accurately reflect the actual traffic distributions of many traffic features than methods based on exponential distributions. The power-law tail inherent to alpha-stable distributions better accommodates network traffic properties such as impulsiveness, self-similarity, and long-range dependence, enabling more precise models and more accurate network anomaly detection. Beginning from individual traffic processes, this work presents two explanatory mathematical methods for device aggregation which lead to either Gaussian or alpha-stable traffic distributions. The first method, based on the generalized central limit theorem, shows how self-similarity originates from an impulsive-noise-based representation of individual processes. A second method based on renewal theory supports the predictions of the first method and explains aggregation, in some networks, to Gaussian fractional Brownian motion. We develop working models to empirically validate the proposed approaches which can forecast the resulting aggregation based on the characteristics of the input devices.
The Role of IRBs in Research Involving Commerical Biobanks

Up to half the population of some states in the United States drink water from small systems not regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. The quality of the drinking water from these systems is generally unknown and may be suspect. In many jurisdictions, private wells are the primary source of water. In some instances, construction of wells may have met regulatory requirements but may not have adequately prevented disease transmission. Anecdotal information, periodic water-borne outbreaks, and recent well surveys suggest that there are public health concerns associated with these and similar systems. This article provides an assessment of the need for governmental oversight (regulatory and non-regulatory) of drinking water supplies, describes how a "systems-based" approach might be used to evaluate water supply systems and to identify and prevent possible contamination, and presents case studies describing the systems-based approach as well as a comprehensive approach to environmental health that includes drinking water regulation.
Corticosteroid Injections 1 Month Before Arthroscopic Meniscectomy Increase the Risk of Surgical-Site Infection.

Purpose To define the incidence of postoperative infections in patients who receive corticosteroid injections prior to arthroscopic meniscectomy, to determine whether there is a temporal relation between injections and the risk of surgical-site infections, and to identify corresponding risk factors. Methods The Humana administrative claims database was reviewed for patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy within 1 year of injection and those undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy without prior injection. Patients with preoperative injections were further stratified by the duration in months between the injection and the surgical procedure. Surgical-site infection within 6 months of surgery was recorded. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to determine independent risk factors for surgical-site infection. Statistical significance was defined as P Results We identified patients with (n = 11,652) and without (n = 37,261) a history of a knee corticosteroid injection within 1 year of arthroscopic meniscectomy with at least 6 months of database activity from 2007 to 2017. In patients who received knee injections within 1 month prior to surgery, the rate of development of postoperative infections was twice that in patients who did not receive an injection (1.28% vs 0.63%; odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.62; P = .001). Multivariate logistic regression identified male sex (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.14-1.71; P = .001), diabetes (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.19-1.85; P Conclusions Injections 1 month before arthroscopic meniscectomy significantly increase the risk of surgical-site infection. However, injections can be safely administered more than 1 month prior to surgery because there is no increased risk of postoperative infection at this time point. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Stress Fractures in Sport: Ankle

Stress fractures of the ankle, relatively rare in the general population, are markedly more common in athletes, especially running and jumping athletes. Athletes who participate in extreme training are at high risk, particularly when compounded with other risk factors such as poor mechanics, footwear, and/or acute changes in regimen. Females, especially elite-level athletes, may be at increased risk to due to the female athlete triad of amenorrhea, inadequate caloric intake, and decreased bone density. Athletes classically present with pain exacerbated by the activity, swelling, and focal tenderness. Diagnosis is often delayed, as initial radiographs are often negative. However, advanced imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals typical patterns of edema, and, in later stages, fracture lines. Concern for endocrine and/or metabolic abnormalities should prompt further workup, particularly if there is concern for the female athlete triad. Stress fractures at the ankle may be low-risk or high-risk based on their potential for healing. In both scenarios, stress fractures of the fibula, distal tibia, medial malleolus, and talus may be treated initially with rest from activity, and possibly immobilization and/or limited weight-bearing in specific cases. Certain factors may indicate operative management, including lack of response to nonoperative management, progression to sclerosis and/or cystic change at the stress fracture site, or potentially in elite athletes with time-sensitive return-to-play needs and/or high risk of progression. In the future, there may be a role for novel modalities, including teriparatide, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), bone stimulators, and orthobiologic agents, but further research is needed.
An Approach to a Patient with Joint Pain

Joint pain is a common presenting symptom in primary care. It is important to have a structured and efficient approach to the history and examination of patients with musculoskeletal disease. This chapter provides an approach that will enable the clinician to arrive at a differential diagnosis by utilising a systematic approach. The general rheumatological history is discussed, followed by a more specific enquiry focused on individual presentations for patients with mechanical joint pain, connective tissue disease and inflammatory arthritis. A diagnostic tree is used to aid decision-making. The principles of general and localised examination are also explored.
Does Alzheimer disease tilt the scales of amyloid degradation versus accumulation

Much recent Alzheimer disease research has focused on the mechanism by which amyloid precursor protein is processed to form amyloid β-peptide. Now, a new study suggests that improper clearance of amyloid β-peptide may play just as large a part as amyloid β-peptide production in amyloid deposition ( 143–150 ).
Automatic attribution of quoted speech in literary narrative

We describe a method for identifying the speakers of quoted speech in natural-language textual stories. We have assembled a corpus of more than 3,000 quotations, whose speakers (if any) are manually identified, from a collection of 19th and 20th century literature by six authors. Using rule-based and statistical learning, our method identifies candidate characters, determines their genders, and attributes each quote to the most likely speaker. We divide the quotes into syntactic classes in order to leverage common discourse patterns, which enable rapid attribution for many quotes. We apply learning algorithms to the remainder and achieve an overall accuracy of 83%.
Studies with compounds that compete with tryptophan binding to rat hepatic nuclei

Tryptophan has been demonstrated to affect hepatic RNA and protein metabolism. Binding of tryptophan to nuclear envelope proteins has been demonstrated to be saturable, stereospecific, and of high affinity. The hepatic nuclear envelope tryptophan binding protein (glycoprotein) has been purified to apparent homogeneity using either concanavalin A-agarose or tryptophan-agarose. The receptor has an Mr of approximately 34,000, which is the same as that observed when [3H]tryptophan has been crosslinked to nuclear proteins. In this study, we investigated whether analogs, metabolites or related compounds of tryptophan as well as other amino acids may bind to rat hepatic nuclei using in vitro [3H]tryptophan binding assays. Our results indicate that compounds that compete with [3H]tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei or nuclear envelopes contain the alpha-amino-propionic acid structure. Such compounds were 5-fluoro tryptophan, 7-aza tryptophan, 5-hydroxy tryptophan, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cysteine and cystine. It was of interest that, whereas tryptophan-methyl ester and tryptophan-ethyl ester competed, alpha-methyl tryptophan, N-formyl tryptophan, N-acetyl tryptophan, and N-methyl tryptophan did not compete with [3H]tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei or nuclear envelopes. Nonetheless, only the in vivo administration of L-tryptophan was able to stimulate nucleocytoplasmic efflux of hepatic RNA and protein synthesis.
Consistent Estimation of Faculty Rank Effects in Academic Salary Models.

Faculty rank is often included as an explanatory variable in academic salary models. Because there is reason to believe that this results in specification bias, rank effects should be estimated endogenously in salary models. A salary model in which faculty rank is endogenous is estimated in this article and the results are compared with those obtained from a conventional specification that treats rank as exogenous.
Love Your Husband – But Don’t Lend Him Money

This article discusses a California case where the husband’s note to his wife was held invalid for undue influence, and questions what unfair advantage means, its consequences, and how it can be rebutted.
Why We Must Worry

The World According to Pimm A Scientist Audits the Earth. Stuart L. Pimm. McGraw Hill, New York, 2001. 303 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-07-137490-6. In this slim, highly readable book, Pimm draws on his research experiences around the world to provide a vivid, detailed, and well documented account of our relation to our environment.
Feedback control of mevalonate synthesis by dietary cholesterol.

1. By means of a gas-liquid chromatographic technique the effect of exogenous cholesterol on the incorporation of acetate-2-14C into β-hydroxy-β-methylglutarate and mevalonate has been measured both in cell-free systems of liver and in intact liver cells. 2. It has been shown that mevalonate synthesis is markedly suppressed by cholesterol feeding while the synthesis of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutarate is unaffected by this regimen. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the major site of the cholesterol feedback system is located at the reaction responsible for the conversion of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutarate to mevalonate; namely β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl reductase. 3. The intracellular localization of mevalonate synthesis and its feedback control have been likewise examined. Mevalonate was found to be synthesized in both microsomal and soluble fractions of the liver cell; however, the major site of mevalonate synthesis, and hence of feedback control of cholesterol synthesis, is localized to the membranous fraction of the microsomes.
Gradient-Based Learning Updates Improve XCS Performance in Multistep Problems

This paper introduces a gradient-based reward prediction update mechanism to the XCS classifier system as applied in neural-network type learning and function approximation mechanisms. A strong relation of XCS to tabular reinforcement learning and more importantly to neural-based reinforcement learning techniques is drawn. The resulting gradient-based XCS system learns more stable and reliable in previously investigated hard multistep problems. While the investigations are limited to the binary XCS classifier system, the applied gradient-based update mechanism appears also suitable for the real-valued XCS and other learning classifier systems.
Rate-distortion in molecular signal sensing with ligand receptors

Molecular communication between biological entities is a new paradigm in which biological nodes sense the environment, communicate and cooperate with each other. Ligand receptors are among the most common mechanisms used by biological entities such as bacteria to sense the molecular signals in their surroundings. In such a mechanism, molecules (i.e., ligands) bind to certain proteins (i.e., receptors) and activate a signaling cascade inside the cell. In this paper, we study the distortion in sensing and estimation of the concentration of molecular signals by ligand receptors in biological agents. The sensing distortion is caused by both the randomness in the ligand reception and the quantization of the final receiver output. The random measurement of the signal by the binding activity differentiates this case from classical quantization problems. We propose an optimal random quantization technique that minimizes the overall distortion described above. The performance of this optimal technique is compared with a uniform quantizer design and the regions where the optimal quantizer can offer a considerable advantage are identified. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the number of the output levels (i.e., the output rate) on the overall distortion compared with the theoretical limit given by Shannon. Following this, the best practical number of levels beyond which no significant improvement can be made is presented.
Bacterial imaging and photodynamic inactivation using zinc(II)-dipicolylamine BODIPY conjugates†

Targeted imaging and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) are emerging methods for detecting and eradicating pathogenic microorganisms. This study describes two structurally related optical probes that are conjugates of a zinc(II)-dipicolylamine targeting unit and a BODIPY chromophore. One probe is a microbial targeted fluorescent imaging agent, mSeek, and the other is an oxygen photosensitizing analogue, mDestroy. The conjugates exhibited high fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen production, respectively. Fluorescence imaging and detection studies examined four bacterial strains: E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and B. thuringiensis vegetative cells and purified spores. The fluorescent probe, mSeek, is not phototoxic and enabled detection of all tested bacteria at concentrations of ∼100 CFU mL(-1) for B. thuringiensis spores, ∼1000 CFU mL(-1) for S. aureus and ∼10,000 CFU mL(-1) for E. coli. The photosensitizer analogue, mDestroy, inactivated 99-99.99% of bacterial samples and selectively killed bacterial cells in the presence of mammalian cells. However, mDestroy was ineffective against B. thuringiensis spores. Together, the results demonstrate a new two-probe strategy to optimize PDI of bacterial infection/contamination.
Selective modification of the active center of renal iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase by iodoacetate

Abstract Pretreatment of renal iodothyronine 5−deiodinase with sulfhydryl 1 reagents, iodoacetate, iodoacetamide and N -alkylmaleimides, results in irreversible loss of catalytic activity. Iodooactive and iodoacetamide were the most potent inhibitors, being 100- to 1000-time smore potent than N -alkymaleimides. Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with maximum inactivation rate constants of 1.56 min −1 and 0.87 min −1 , respectively. Thyroxine and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine and the competitive inhibitor iopanoate, protected the enzyme against iodoacetate inhibition. Protection by 3,3′,5′-triidothyronine was competitive with iodoacetate with dissociation constant ( K d ) of 113 nM; in close agreement with the K m for rT 3 of 190 nM determined under similar reaction conditions. [ 3 H]Carboxymethylation of renal membranes in the absence and presence of 3.3′ ,5′-triiodothyronine showed specific incorportion of iodo[ 3 H]acetate into substrate-protected sites of 35–40% of total when non-essential residues were first blocked with excess unlabeled iodoacetate. ‘Protectable’ [ 3 H]acetate incorporation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constant for incorporation was identical to the rate constant for inactivation. These results indicate that iodoacetate fulfills the minimum criteria for an active-site-directed reagent for renal 5′-deiodinase and that a sulfhydryl group is in close proximity to the iodothyronine-binding site.
Chromatographic and biologic analysis of ME and OVLT LHRH.

Abstract The luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing activities of pooled rat organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and median eminence (ME) tissues were evaluated for chromatographic and biologic similarity and compared to those of synthetic decapeptide LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). The LHRH detected in these extracts appeared similar chromatographically (Sephadex G-25) to synthetic LHRH. These extracts, as well as synthetic LHRH, were also capable of stimulating dose dependent gonadotropin release from cultured rat gonadotrophs. These findings suggest a physiological role of the LHRH present in the rat OVLT in the control of gonadotropin secretion.
The Influence of the Phonological Neighborhood Clustering Coefficient on Spoken Word Recognition

Clustering coefficient-a measure derived from the new science of networks-refers to the proportion of phonological neighbors of a target word that are also neighbors of each other. Consider the words bat, hat, and can, all of which are neighbors of the word cat; the words bat and hat are also neighbors of each other. In a perceptual identification task, words with a low clustering coefficient (i.e., few neighbors are neighbors of each other) were more accurately identified than words with a high clustering coefficient (i.e., many neighbors are neighbors of each other). In a lexical decision task, words with a low clustering coefficient were responded to more quickly than words with a high clustering coefficient. These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon (i.e., the similarity relationships among neighbors of the target word measured by clustering coefficient) influences lexical access in spoken word recognition. Simulations of the TRACE and Shortlist models of spoken word recognition failed to account for the present findings. A framework for a new model of spoken word recognition is proposed.
Staying the Macromarketing Course and Expanding Boundaries

The article presents a brief view of the "Journal of Macromarketing (JMM)" which is now in its twenty-fourth year of publication. It remains the preeminent scholarly outlet for meaningful research that examines marketing and society, marketing systems, marketing phenomena in the aggregate, marketing history, and marketing's effects on quality of life. It would be helpful to reflect on the genesis of JMM and to recap some thoughts expressed in editorial statements, particularly ideas pursuant to the mission, scope, and evolution of macromarketing and the Journal. The major goal of JMM is to provide a forum in which people can debate and clarify the role of marketing in society. To accomplish this it is hoped to identify social issues on which improvements in knowledge can lead to improvements in the way resources are managed in private and public organizations to serve society's interest. Examples of these issues include environmental deterioration and renewal, economic development of national economies and the influence of marketing on quality of life
Some properties of atmospheric turbulence for space vehicles.

Statistical properties and persistence of atmospheric turbulence associated with detailed vertical wind profiles for space vehicle response studies
Development and care of the premature infant's skin

: Recent advances in neonatal care have greatly decreased mortality and morbidity in premature infants. Those who survive, however, often have significant cutaneous abnormalities. This has led to enhanced understanding and care of the premature infant's skin. Future dermatologic research may develop methods both to control epithelial maturation and to deliver therapy through the skin.
Chemical deglycosylation of carcinoembryonic antigen for amino acid sequence studies.

Summary Two chemical methods are compared for the deglycosylation of the highly glycosylated glycoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Solvolysis of CEA in anhydrous HF removed all of the carbohydrate except for N-glycosidically linked GlcNAc. CEA deglycosylated by HF solvolysis has a single polypeptide chain, which has been sequenced in high yield through the first 30 amino terminal residues. It retained 15% of its original antigenic activity in a radioimmunoassay and was able to inhibit up to 85% of the binding of intact CEA to anti-CEA. CEA deglycosylated by mild methanolysis had 3% carbohydrate remaining and was concomitantly split into at least 10 peptides, which appear to be amenable to further sequence studies.
Biosynthesis of the cloned intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter

Abstract The initial stages in the biosynthesis of the cloned Na + /glucose cotransporter were examined by in vitro expression of the protein in the absence and presence of pancreatic microsomes. Glycosylation was detected by endoglycosidase-H shifts in the apparent size of the proteins on SDS-PAGE. In the presence of microsomes, M r increased from 52 000 to 58 000, and this was reversed by endo-H. This demonstrates that the protein is glycosylated and that there is no large cleavable signal sequence. Using partial transcripts and site-directed mutagenesis, we established that Asn-248 is glycosylated. Glycosylation was not required for the functional expression of the transporter in Xenopus oocytes. In terms of the topology of the protein, these results suggest that Asn-248 is on the external surface of the membrane.
Global existence and uniqueness of Schrödinger maps in dimensions d... 4

Abstract In dimensions d ⩾ 4 , we prove that the Schrodinger map initial-value problem { ∂ t s = s × Δ s on R d × R ; s ( 0 ) = s 0 admits a unique solution s : R d × R → S 2 ↪ R 3 , s ∈ C ( R : H Q ∞ ) , provided that s 0 ∈ H Q ∞ and ‖ s 0 − Q ‖ H ˙ d / 2 ≪ 1 , where Q ∈ S 2 .
Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA

Samples from several wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin were screened for the presence of 21 antibiotic compounds. These facilities spanned a range of community size served (average daily flow from 0.0212 to 23.6 million gallons/day), secondary treatment processes, geographic locations across the state, and they discharged the treated effluents to both surface and ground waters (for ground water after a soil passage). A total of six antibiotic compounds were detected (1-5 compounds per site), including two sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), one tetracycline (tetracycline), fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), macrolide (erythromycin-H(2)O) and trimethoprim. The frequency of detection of antibiotics was in the following order: tetracycline and trimethoprim (80%)>sulfamethoxazole (70%)>erythromycin-H(2)O (45%)>ciprofloxacin (40%)>sulfamethazine (10%). However, the soluble concentrations were in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range (<or=1.3 microg/L), and importantly were unaffected by the size of the wastewater treatment facility. The concentrations detected were within an order of magnitude of those reported for similar systems in Europe and Canada: they were within a factor of two in comparison to those reported for Canada but generally lower relative to those measured in wastewater systems in Europe. Only sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were detected in groundwater monitoring wells adjacent to the treatment systems. Future intensive wastewater monitoring programs in Wisconsin may be limited to the six antibiotic compounds detected in this study.
Effect of friction in wedging of elastic solids

In this paper the contact problem for an elastic wedge of arbitrary angle is considered. It is assumed that the external load is applied to the medium through a rigid wedge and the coefficient of friction between the loading wedge and the elastic solid is constant. The problem is reduced to a singular integral equation of the second kind with the contact pressure as the unknown function. An effective numerical solution of the integral equation is described and the results of three examples are presented. The comparison of these results with those obtained from the frictionless wedge problem indicates that generally friction has the tendency of reducing the peak values of the stress intensity factors calculated at the wedge apex and at the end points of the contact area.
Dissolved organic matter in anoxic pore waters from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda

Abstract Dissolved organic matter and dissolved inorganic chemical species in anoxic pore water from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda sediments were studied to evaluate the role of pore water in the early diagenesis of organic matter. Dissolved sulphate, titration alkalinity, phosphate, and ammonia concentration versus depth profiles were typical of many nearshore clastic sediments and indicated sulphate reduction in the upper 100 cm of sediment. The dissolved organic matter in the pore water was made up predominantly of large molecules, was concentrated from large quantities of pore water by using ultrafiltration and was extensively tudied by using elemental and stable carbon isotope analysis and high-resolution, solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that this material has a predominantly polysaccharide-like structure and in addition contains a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carboxyl groups). The 13C nulcear magnetic resonance spectra of the high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter resemble those of the organic matter in the surface sediments of Mangrove Lake. We propose that this high-molecular-weight organic matter in pore waters represents the partially degraded, labile organic components of the sedimentary organic matter and that pore waters serve as a conduit for removal of these labile organic components from the sediments. The more refractory components are, thus, selectively preserved in the sediments as humic substances (primarily humin).
Using a latent variable approach to inform gender and racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence: a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.

Abstract This study applies a latent variable approach to examine gender and racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence, to determine the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) or item-response bias to diagnostic questions of cocaine dependence, and to explore the effects of DIF on the predictor analysis of cocaine dependence. The analysis sample included 682 cocaine users enrolled in two national multisite studies of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Participants were recruited from 14 community-based substance abuse treatment programs associated with the CTN, including 6 methadone and 8 outpatient nonmethadone programs. Factor and multiple indicators–multiple causes (MIMIC) procedures evaluated the latent continuum of cocaine dependence and its correlates. MIMIC analysis showed that men exhibited lower odds of cocaine dependence than women (regression coefficient, β = −0.34), controlling for the effects of DIF, years of cocaine use, addiction treatment history, comorbid drug dependence diagnoses, and treatment setting. There were no racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence; however, DIF by race/ethnicity was noted. Within the context of multiple community-based addiction treatment settings, women were more likely than men to exhibit cocaine dependence. Addiction treatment research needs to further evaluate gender-related differences in drug dependence in treatment entry and to investigate how these differences may affect study participation, retention, and treatment response to better serve this population.
Calculation of electron density in planar-doped high electron mobility transistors

Abstract We analyze δ-doped High Electron Mobility Transitor (HEMT) structures by solving Schrodinger's equation and Poisson's equation self-consistently in one-dimension. The two equations are solved iteratively using the fixed convergence factor scheme. We consider the V-shaped quantum well formed by the δ-doped layer in addition to the “channel” quantum well. In practical devices, the population of the V-shaped quantum well should remain low. We study the effect of different spacer thicknesses on this population and also on the maximum achievable channel electron density. We describe the results for two structures that have been reported in the literature and show that the device performance can vary significantly with respect to parameters such as spacer thickness and doping density. Further, in the case of a double heterojunction structure with doping on either side, we show that the result of increased doping can be quite different depending on which δ-doped layer has larger doping density.
Computerization and controversy: value conflicts and social choices

Heads Up! Mental Models for Travelling through the Computer World Dreams of Technological Utopianism Economic, Cultural, and Organization Dimensions of Computerization Computerization and the Transformation of Work Social Relationships in Electronic Forums Privacy and Social Control System Safety and Social Vulnerability Ethical Perspectives and Professional Responsibilities for Information and Computer Science Professionals Subject Index
Investigation on Latent Factors Affecting Route Diversion Intentions

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) have the potential to mitigate freeway congestion. The success of ATIS depends to a great extent on understanding drivers' route switching behavior. This route diversion behavior is a complex process that depends on situational constraints, socioeconomic characteristics of motorists, and latent individual characteristics. Three latent factors, namely risk acceptance, trust in traffic information provided, and expectation level of quality of information provided, were identified in this study. These latent factors, as well as socioeconomic characteristics and situational constraints, were incorporated in a binary logit model of stated route diversion intentions. It is observed that the latent factors were statistically significant explanatory variables of the drivers' stated route diversion intentions.
The responses involved in the rote learning of verbal materials

Summary It is hypothesized that rote learning, both intentional and incidental, takes place as a result of “pronouncing” responses made by S to the stimulus items. In this view, instructions to learn facilitate learning because they serve to increase the frequency of critical pronouncing responses made by S . This implies that, if incidental learners can be induced to make pronouncing responses at a high enough rate, they should learn as efficiently as intentional learners. Two orienting tasks were designed to produce pronouncing responses to different degrees: (a) pronouncing each item over and over ( HP ); and (b) guessing a number presumably associated with each item ( LP ). Two groups of 20 S s each, one intentional and one incidental, were tested with each task. It was predicted that: (a) intentional learning would show considerable superiority over incidental learning when the orienting task does not require a high rate of pronouncing responses ( LP ); and (b) there would be no significant difference when the orienting task requires both kinds of learners to make pronouncing responses at a very high rate of frequency ( HP ). That is, a significant interaction between instructions (intentional or incidental) and orienting task ( LP or HP ) was predicted. Instructions and orienting task were varied in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Both independent variables produced significant variation in the learning scores. In accordance with the critical theoretical prediction, the interaction between the main variables was also significant. These findings support a pronouncing-response hypothesis and appear to be independent of whether recall is measured immediately or after a 6-min retention interval.
Extending the Torelli map to toroidal compactifications of Siegel space

It has been known since the 1970s that the Torelli map M g→A g, associating to a smooth curve its Jacobian, extends to a regular map from the Deligne–Mumford compactification \(\overline {\operatorname {M}}_{g}\) to the 2nd Voronoi compactification \(\overline {\operatorname {A}}_{g}^{\mathrm {vor}}\). We prove that the extended Torelli map to the perfect cone (1st Voronoi) compactification \(\overline {\operatorname {A}}_{g}^{\mathrm {perf}}\) is also regular, and moreover \(\overline {\operatorname {A}}_{g}^{\mathrm {vor}}\) and \(\overline {\operatorname {A}}_{g}^{\mathrm {perf}}\) share a common Zariski open neighborhood of the image of \(\overline {\operatorname {M}}_{g}\). We also show that the map to the Igusa monoidal transform (central cone compactification) is not regular for g≥9; this disproves a 1973 conjecture of Namikawa.
Variability Of Currents And Sediment Transport On Continental Shelves: Optical And Current Meter Studies Of The Bottom Boundary Layer

The Continental Margin Sediment Dynamics program of the U.S. Geological Survey has been using a variety of optical instruments to monitor water turbidity as part of our studies of sediment transport. Although we suspect that optical devices will eventually be supplanted by more direct measures of suspended sediments, results of several field experiments indicate that for now transmissometers and nephelometers offer the best solution to the problem of long term environmental monitoring in the ocean. The Continental Margin Sediment Dynamics (CMSD) program of the U.S. Geological Survey is structured to investigate those oceanographic and geological processes which influence and control the active transport of sediments and other materials over continental margins. The focus of this program is on active sedimentary processes, the mechanisms which create them, and the effects they produce (see Figure 1 for a diagrammatic depiction). Basically, we design our experiments to investigate (1) transport mechanisms of oceanic sediments and other materials as suspended load and bed load, and (2) relationships of erosion and deposition to the dynamical characteristics of oceanic bottom boundary layers. The purpose of this report is to describe briefly those aspects of equipment and experiments that relate to our study of suspended particulate matter and water turbidity. Much of our understanding of the spatial distribution and temporal variability of suspended sediments depends upon measurements from optical instruments. In this report we describe those instruments and give examples of their use and some results of two field experiments.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amino acid incorporation into proteins of degenerating and regenerating goldfish optic tracts.

Abstract The goldfish optic system was used to examine the patterns of incorporation of 3 H-amino acid into proteins of the degenerating and regenerating optic tract. On various days after unilateral enucleation, groups of fish were injected intraperitoneally with [ 3 H]-leucine and the contralateral optic tracts were examined for protein specific radioactivity 5.5 h later. Labeling of proteins in experimental tracts showed a biphasic increase over unoperated controls with the greatest increments occurring at 1 to 5 days and again at 10 to 14 days. Labeling increases of approximately 2.5-fold and 4- to 5-fold were observed in the first and second phase, respectively. Enhanced labeling was shown not to be due to increases in precursor pools and sham-operated animals showed only minimal increases in tract labeling. Parallel experiments were conducted on fish receiving optic nerve crush in which degeneration is followed by tract reinnervation. Results showed a biphasic pattern of isotope incorporation that was very similar in time course and magnitude to that seen in the totally degenerating tracts. The second phase was found to correspond in time of the entry of regenerating axons into the tract. These results have implications with reference to the probable origin of labeled cells, the possible function of the first and second phase of labeling, and the similarity in metabolic pattern between the degenerating and regenerating tracts.
Death receptors couple to both cell proliferation and apoptosis

No one will dispute that death receptors do exactly what their name suggests, induce programmed cell death. In addition, however, several reports have recently suggested that these receptors, or their downstream regulators, may also function in certain aspects of cell growth or differentiation. These claims might be met with justifiable skepticism. Certainly there is nothing more opposite in cell fate than growth and death. Yet the signal pathways used by these two processes appear to commingle, and the eventual outcome of the signaling vector may be bent toward one result over the other by seemingly subtle balances among these components. Here, following a brief review of the traditional signal pathways that lead from death receptor activation to apoptosis, I scrutinize the various reports of increased growth or differentiation mediated by these same receptors. I then consider newly identified signal pathways linked to death receptors that might promote growth and, finally, speculate on whether these events represent merely interesting in vitro manipulations or actual physiologically important processes.
Response of eight sugarcane cultivars to glyphosine and glyphosate ripeners

Studies were conducted on eight sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hydrid) cultivars during the 1982–83 (plant crop) and 1983–84 (ratoon crop) growing seasons to determine the effects of glyphosine (Polaris) (N,N-bis (phosphonomethyl) glycine) and glyphosate (Polado) (sodium-N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) on stalk sucrose content and yield. Difference due to crops (plant vs. ratoon) for sugarcane quality, kilograms of sugar per ton of cane (S/T), sugarcane yield, tons of cane per hectare (TCH), and sugar yield, tons of sugar per hectare (TSH) were significant. Significant differences were found in quality for the ratoon crop and cane and sugar yield in both crops due to ripener treatment. Cultivars in both crops differed significantly in quality and yield. Harvest dates were significantly different for all plant characteristics. Interactions of cultivar by treatment for the plant crop, harvest date by treatment for the ratoon crop, and cultivar by harvest date for both crops for cane quality also were significant. Time from ripener application to achievement of maximum sugar concentration also depended on cultivar. This is important in determining the economic benefits of a ripener treatment. Climatic conditions may also affect the benefits of such applications.
Current issues in the X-ray properties of active galactic nuclei

Some issues raised by soft X-ray spectra and hours variability observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN), made possible by improved energy calibration of the Einstein IPC and the launch of Exosat into a unique 72-hour highly elliptical orbit, are presented. Explanations for steep soft excesses in quasars include the emission from the hot tail of an accretion disk spectrum, and from optically thin bremsstrahlung at 1-2 x 10 to the 6th K from a large volume. Mechanisms for the approximately 1.0 slope in the 0.2-4 keV soft IPC X-ray band quasars include direct synchrotron emission, unsaturated Comptonization of an arbitrary seed spectrum, and synchro-Compton scattering from the infrared. The Exosat observation of NGC 4051 revealed six 1-hour cycles with spectral changes during the variations. AGN time variations may now be able to limit emission models through studying, for example, the lag times between soft and hard variations.
James J. Strang: The Prophet Who Failed

The founders of successful religious and social movements have received much attention from popular and scholarly writers. Would-be prophets who failed, on the other hand, generally have been ignored, except for a few sensational cases such as those of Sabbatai Sevi, the Jewish messianic pretender of the seventeenth century, or Jim Jones, whose charismatic leadership of a group suicide in Guyana shocked the nation and the world. Yet although religious leaders who fail usually attract little attention, they are often as interesting as those who succeed. Their lives vividly highlight aspects of new religious and social movements which we might otherwise overlook. One of the most remarkable religious failures in nineteenth- century America was James J. Strang, the schismatic Mormon prophet who set up a community of 2,500 on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan and ruled it for nearly ten years until he was assassinated in 1856. Strang was articulate and capable, a compelling intellect and speaker who seemed totally sincere to some yet an utter fraud to others. His life raises fundamental questions about the promise and the dangers inherent in prophetic leadership, not simply in early Mormonism but in many similar movements as well.
Urinary effects of morphine in preterm infants

Aim: To describe the association between morphine administration in preterm infants, hydronephrosis, and renal dysfunction. Methods: The findings were based on serial ultrasound examinations and blood studies. Results: Two preterm infants had bladder distension and hydronephrosis after they received intravenous morphine for analgesia. Morphine was used at a low dose. Each patient had a normal urine output and normal serum creatinine before the signs and symptoms of urinary retention were observed. Within 24 h of morphine administration, each infant concurrently developed oliguria and elevation of the serum creatinine. Cessation of morphine and urinary drainage resulted in rapid and complete resolution of the hydronephrosis and the elevated creatinine. Conclusion: Morphine, even at low dosages, can be associated with hydronephrosis in hospitalized preterm infants.
Hydrolysis of 2-Oxoquazepam in Alkaline Solution

□ 2-Oxoquazepam [7-chloro-1 -(AA2,2,2-trif luoroethyl)-5-(2’- fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2W-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, OQZ], a major pharmacologically active metabolite of quazepam, was hydrolyzed in NaOH solution to form a sodium salt of 2-(/V-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino- 5-chloro-a-(2’-fluorophenylbenzylidene)glycine. The hydrolysis product was formed via a rapidly established acid-base equilibrium, followed by a rate-determining, ring-opening reaction involving two negatively charged ions. Following neutralization, the hydrolysis product was isolated by reversed-phase HPLC and subsequently identified by its UV-vis absorption and MS analyses. Kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction in acetonitrile/water mixture was studied by reversed-phase HPLC analysis as a function of water content, NaOH concentration, temperature, and ionic strength. In acetonitrile:0.05 N NaOH (1:1, v/v), the hydrolysis of OQZ had an energy of activation of 14.4 kcal/ mol and at 25 °C {AH* = 13.8 kcal/mol, AS* = -31.2 cal/K/mol, and AG* = 23.1 kcal/mol).
PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE SIMULATION: HOW BATTERY WEIGHT AND CHARGING PATTERNS IMPACT COST, FUEL CONSUMPTION, AND CO2 EMISSIONS

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology is receiving attention as an approach to reducing U.S. dependency on foreign oil and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the transportation sector. Because plug-in vehicles require large batteries for energy storage, battery weight can have a significant impact on vehicle performance: Additional storage capacity increases the range that a PHEV can travel on electricity from the grid; however, the associated increased weight causes reduced efficiency in transforming electricity and gasoline into miles driven. We examine vehicle simulation models for PHEVs and identify trends in fuel consumption, operating costs, and GHG emissions as battery capacity is increased. We find that PHEVs with large battery capacity consume less gasoline than small capacity PHEVs when charged every 200 miles or less. When charged frequently, small capacity PHEVs are less expensive to operate and release fewer GHGs, but medium and large capacity PHEVs are more efficient for drivers that charge every 25–100 miles. While statistics on average commute length suggest that frequent charges are possible, answering the question of which PHEV designs will best help to achieve national goals will require a realistic understanding of likely consumer driving and charging behavior as well as future trends in electricity generation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME