cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term disease control in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma after suspension of lenalidomide therapy

There are no systematic data regarding nonmaintained induction for those patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who do not receive consolidative autologous stem cell transplantation. Of 173 patients with newly diagnosed MM treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (LenDex) as primary therapy, 31 patients had their lenalidomide discontinued for reasons other than progression or alternate therapy. Median progression free survival (PFS) from the time of discontinuing lenalidomide was longer in patients who received lenalidomide ≥1 year (39 vs. 13 months, P < 0.05); there was no difference in PFS for those treated for 1–2 years as compared to ≥2 years. Among those taking lenalidomide for ≥1 year PFS was superior in patients who were in very good partial response (VGPR) or better as compared to those with partial response (48.4 versus 14.8 months, P < 0.05). All patients who progressed and were rechallenged with LenDex responded. These analyses illustrate that discontinuation of lenalidomide after 1 year among those patients achieving a ≥VGPR can result in long-term disease control. Am. J. Hematol. 89:302–305, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectral characteristics of lunar impact melts and inferred mineralogy

Abstract– Two suites of lunar impact melt samples have been measured in NASA’s Reflectance Experiment Laboratory (RELAB) at Brown University. Suite 1 comprises seven Apollo 17 crystalline impact melt breccias and seven quenched glass equivalents. Suite 2 is made up of 15 additional impact melt samples (from Apollo 12, 15, 16, and 17) which exhibit a range of textures and compositions related to cooling conditions and glass abundance. A few of these samples have cooled slowly and fully crystallized, and thus have the same spectral properties as igneous rocks of similar texture and composition; they cannot be uniquely distinguished without geologic context. However, most of the impact melts and melt breccias contain either quantities of quenched glass and/or have developed microcrystalline nonequilibrium textures with well-defined, diagnostic spectral properties. The microcrystalline textures are associated with a distinctive 600 nm absorption feature, apparently due to submicroscopic ilmenite inclusions in a transparent host (typically fine-grained plagioclase). The reflectance properties of these lunar sample suites contribute to and constrain the identification and characterization of impact melts in remote sensing data.
Intelligent protocols based on sensor signal change detection

Embedded into the communication protocols, the signal change detection will allow data compression for improving network efficiency. It enhances reliability and security also. The proposed change detector employs a neural network function prediction in order to determine if the sensor outputs have changed In addition to the change detection system, a modification to a standard neural network function predictor is proposed that allows the change detection system to quickly learn how to accurately predict next sensor outputs. The parameter choice and the relationship between the threshold values and false alarm and change missing rates are studied The protocol is implemented and tested in real life environments with sensor networks built from Crossbow MICA-2 motes. Sensor network change detection system, which is designed to become a protocol core utility, is described The test results are analyzed and recommendations on applications are derived.
Single-Agent Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Paclitaxel was the first identified member of a new class of anticancer drugs known as the taxanes. This compound has significant single-agent activity against a number of solid tumors including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the first-line setting, single-agent paclitaxel has been studied on a number of different schedules and dose levels. Initial studies were done on the 24-h infusion schedule with doses of 200-250 mg/m2. Response rates were 21%-24%. Median survival ranged from six to nine months with one-year survival rates of 38%-42%. The major toxicity of this infusion schedule was myelosuppression, mainly neutropenia. Subsequent single-agent studies employed shorter infusion durations (three hours), with doses ranging from 175-225 mg/m2. The cumulative experience of the 3-h infusion schedule shows an overall response rate of 28.5% with median survival of 6-11 months and a one-year survival of 37.5%. Similar results were obtained in the one study examining the 1-h infusion schedule with doses ranging from 135-200 mg/m2. The major toxicities of the shorter infusion schedule include neutropenia, neuropathy, and myalgia/arthralgia syndrome. Weekly administration of paclitaxel also showed significant activity in advanced, metastatic NSCLC. Overall response rates have ranged from 30%-56% in the phase I/II setting with one-year survival rates of 42%-53%. A recently completed phase III trial comparing single-agent paclitaxel at 200 mg/m2 over three hours every three weeks to best supportive care (BSC) in advanced or metastatic NSCLC has shown a survival advantage for the single-agent paclitaxel arm (median survival 6.8 months for paclitaxel versus 4.8 months for BSC, p = 0.045). An ongoing phase III trial is comparing single-agent paclitaxel to the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel (CALGB 9730) in advanced, metastatic NSCLC. Paclitaxel has also been studied in the second-line setting. Infusion schedules have ranged from 1 h, 24 h and 96 h on an every-three-week schedule. Weekly paclitaxel has also been evaluated in the second-line setting. Although the overall experience is limited, response rates have ranged from 0%-38%. The overall role of single-agent paclitaxel in prolonging survival and improving quality of life remains uncertain in this setting. The cumulative experience of single-agent paclitaxel in advanced, metastatic NSCLC suggests that it is a highly active cytotoxic agent in this setting. The consistent finding of a 35%-40% one-year survival rate is notable. The major toxicities include neutropenia, neuropathy, and myalgia/arthralgia syndrome. Given the overall activity and impact on survival along with an acceptable toxicity profile, single-agent paclitaxel warrants comparison to other active agents and combination regimens in advanced, metastatic NSCLC.
Understanding the costs of asthma: the next step.

Abstract The authors comment on Dr. Murray Krahn and associates' findings on the direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada in 1990 (see pages 821 to 831 of this issue). They believe this study is the most meticulous of recent cost-of-illness analyses of the economic burden of asthma. They argue that although Krahn and associates' study is a useful addition to the economic literature on this common disorder, the cost-of-illness method of analysis cannot address the question of the relative costs and benefits of specific interventions. The next task in improving the management of asthma is therefore to undertake studies that will allow clinical and administrative decision-makers to assess the relative cost-effectiveness of a range of available treatments.
Dominant wave directions observed in synthetic aperture radar imagery of the ocean

Shows that apparent dominant wave directions in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the ocean can differ from true wave directions by as much as 40 degrees in certain conditions and can be rotated into either the range or azimuthal directions. The author simulates SAR spectra observed during the SAXON-FPN experiment for a variety of wave propagation directions using quasi-linear theory and directional wave spectra measured with a buoy during the experiment. In most cases the observed directions can be fitted very closely by simulations using parameters which differ only slightly from those measured on Forschungsplattform NORDSEE during SAXON-FPN. An exception to this rule is the phase of the hydrodynamic modulation transfer function.
Magnetic resonance microscopy and histopathology: comparative approach of bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat.

The development of magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy has provided new approaches to histology and histopathology. Recent work has shown the promise of increased sensitivity in animal models of chemically induced hepatotoxicity. However, the field is so new that there is little experience to relate changes seen in MR micrographs to the more traditional optical images stained with hematoxylin and eosin. This work compares the sensitivity and reproducibility of MR microscopy with conventional histopathology in detecting bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. A time-course study was undertaken to provide a range of histopathologies. Specimens were studied at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exposure to 10% of the median lethal dose of bromobenzene. Using 4 animals per group (a total of 32 rats) added statistical significance to the study and defined a range of interanimal variability over 96 hours. This work shows that MR microscopy, besides being nondestructive and three-dimensional, is at least as sensitive as conventional hematoxylin-eosin staining in detecting bromobenzene-induced centrilobular lesions and recovery of the hepatocellular architecture in the rat. This study further suggests that, as we begin to understand the underlying mechanisms of contrast in MR histology, MR may, in fact, supply even higher specificity than more traditional studies : variations were observed in MR images of treated livers at a given time point that could be not be differentiated based on the grading of necrosis and inflammation on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections.
A Novel Method for In Situ Uniaxial Tests at the Micro/Nanoscale—Part II: Experiment

Here, we experimentally investigate the sources of misalignment during uniaxial test and their substantial influence on mechanical measurement of microspecimens. To avoid possible misalignment errors, we propose a novel MEMS-based uniaxial testing stage and a specimen design for measuring the mechanical response of material samples in situ in scanning electron microscope (SEM). The proposed stage and the specimen ensure uniaxiality of loading due to the introduction of hingelike self-aligning mechanisms both in the stage and in the specimen. Using the stage and the sample, we measure the elastic modulus of single-crystal silicon (SCS) within 99.5% of the known value. We also experimentally demonstrate that the bending strain due to any misalignment can be limited to within 1% of the average strain by using the proposed stage and specimen.
Archbishop Ebbo of Reims (816–835): A Study in the Carolingian Empire and Church

It is almost a commonplace that the ideology and circumstances of the Carolingian empire made possible assertion by the Frankish episcopacy of an increasingly active role in the government of ninth-century Frankish Europe. Restoration of the ecclesiastical hierarchy begun in the mid-eighth century by Pepin the Short and completed under his son, the emperor Charles, resulted in the establishment of a class of able men whose common interests were closely bound up with preservation and extension of the imperial structure; in the reign of Charles' successors this group came to be involved more and more prominently in the workings of the empire, as events in the forty years following Charles' death necessitated rapid reinterpretation of that entity. In that process no member of the hierarchy played a more ubiquitous part than did Ebbo, archbishop of Reims from 816 until his deposition nineteen years later. Loyal to the principles of imperial rule while at the same time betrayer of the friendship and fealty owed his monarch, Ebbo was scholar, builder, missionary, high public official, rebel and outcast during a career inextricably bound up with the course and transmutations of the empire. In the range of his activities and influence almost a paradigm of those opportunities and tasks open to the Carolingian episcopate, his history is in no small measure that of the empire itself and of the church with which in the ninth century that empire was conceived to be coextensive, even identical. It is those two histories and their interrelations that form the subject of the present paper.
Calmodulin-controlled spatial decoding of oscillatory Ca2+ signals by calcineurin

Cells need to be able to communicate with other cells, and they employ a variety of molecules and ions to send messages to each other. When calcium ions are used for these communications, the concentration of the ions typically rises and falls in a wave-like pattern. The size and shape of these ‘calcium waves’ contains information that is needed by organs as diverse as the heart and the brain. Most cells detect calcium waves using a sensor molecule called calmodulin. This, in turn, activates an enzyme called calcineurin. However, relatively little is known about the ways in which calcium waves shape the activity of calcineurin, even though calcium signaling is very common. Mehta et al. have now clarified this relationship by studying how calcium ions affect the activity of calcineurin molecules inside pancreatic cells. The response of calcineurin to calcium depends on position inside the cell. In the cytosol and at the plasma membrane that encloses the cell, calcium waves trigger a very fast ‘step-like’ increase in calcineurin activity. By contrast, at the surface of certain organelles within the cell, the calcium waves cause the calcineurin activity to rise and fall in a wave-like pattern. Experiments designed to identify the molecular mechanism behind this difference revealed that the answer lies in the distribution of calmodulin, the intermediate between calcium and calcineurin. At the surface of organelles, there is less calmodulin available to activate calcineurin than in the cytosol or at the plasma membrane. As a result, calcineurin activity in the vicinity of organelles is vulnerable to being canceled out by the actions of other enzymes. When more calmodulin is available, this canceling out does not occur, which is how wave-like input can lead to step-like output. By identifying the mechanism by which a single signal—a calcium wave—generates distinct responses in the same target molecule—calcineurin—depending on subcellular location, Mehta et al. have identified a process that is relevant to a wide range of biological systems.
MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVITY OF TRANSAMINASES IN THE SERUM AS AN AID IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD

Measurements of transaminases in the serum have proven of value in the diagnosis of hepatic diseases in adults. It therefore seemed of interest to apply these techniques to the newborn infant. To establish the normal range of the activity of these enzymes in the serum for the neonatal period, studies were made of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in 63 normal newborn term infants for the first week of life. It was found that values for the activity of GPT up to 90 units must be considered physiologic for this early neonatal period. This compares to a physiologic neonatal range of activity up to 120 units for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), found in a previous investigation on these same infants. Thus the range of activity for these two enzymes in newborn infants is somewhat greater than that of adults in whom values up to 45 units for both enzymes are considered normal. In neonatal physiologic jaundice the degree of hyperbilirubinemia did not affect the activity of GPT, as was also the case, from previous studies, with respect to GOT. Serial determinations of the activity of GOT and GPT were also made in a small number of infants with jaundice due to pathologic conditions to determine the value of this test in the differential diagnosis of jaundice of unknown origin in the newborn infant. It was found that in hemolytic disease of the newborn, activity of these enzymes usually remains within the normal neonatal range. In very severe hemolysis, activity of GOT may be increased to about 300 to 400 units, temporarily, although activity of GPT remains within the normal neonatal range. In neonatal biliary obstruction there is a sustained increase of activity of transaminase in the serum which may reach values up to about 800 units for the duration of the obstruction, whether it be temporary, as in the "inspissated bile syndrome" or protracted, as in atresia of the bile ducts. It would appear that serial measurements of the transaminases in the serum may be of distinct diagnostic value in jaundice of unknown origin in the neonatal period, and it is suggested that this procedure be included in the investigation of a clinical problem involving this syndrome.
The pi mechanisms of W S Stiles: an historical review.

The origins, development, and status of the π mechanism theory are reviewed. The paper is divided into four sections. In the first section Stiles's general ideas about ‘color mechanisms’ are examined, and it is concluded that foremost amongst these is a mathematical theory that specifies certain formal rules or laws that should govern a certain class of observations. In the case of π mechanisms, the class of observations is that of two-color thresholds, and the defining laws are the two well-known displacement laws. Five other laws that two-color increment-threshold observations should obey, if the latter are governed by ideal π mechanisms, are abstracted from Stiles's writings. In the second section literature pertinent to the testing of the seven Stilesian laws is reviewed, and it is asked whether or not the seven π mechanisms of Stiles do in fact obey the laws. In the third section the relation of the π mechanism concept to physiological concepts is examined, and its relation to the ‘cone fundamental’ ...
In vitro biological response of micro- and nano-sized monosodium titanates and titanate-metal compounds.

Previous studies report that microsized monosodium titanates (MSTs) deliver metal ions and species to mammalian cells and bacteria with cell-specific and metal-specific effects. In this study, we explored the use of MST and a new synthesized nanosized monosodium titanate (nMST) to deliver gold(III), cisplatin, or platinum(IV) to two human cell lines with different population doubling times, in vitro. The effect was measured using a fluorescent mitochondrial activity assay (CellTiter-Blue® Assay). This fluorescence assay was implemented to mitigate optical density measurement errors owing to particulate titanate interference and allowed for the studies to be extended to higher titanate concentrations than previously possible. Overall, native MST significantly (p 50 mg/L. Native nMST significantly suppressed the rapidly dividing cell line (by 50%) over untreated cultures, but had no effect on the more slowly dividing cells. For both cell types, increased titanate concentrations resulted in increased effects from delivered metals. However, there was no difference in the effect of metal delivered from micro- versus nano-sized MST. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 254–260, 2015.
The random robin problem for laplace's equation

A random generalized solution to the Robin problem for Laplace's equation is defined in terms of the sections of the random boundary data. Existence, uniqueness, and properties are established for such a solution. Particularizations to the Dirichlet and Newmann problems as well as generalization to the Robin-Poisson problem are mentioned. Applications of the results are provided.
CHLORITE EXAMINATION BY ULTRAMICROTOMY AND HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Mafic chlorite from Benton, Arkansas was comminuted by rotary blending of a suspension, and the -- 2 ~m fraction separated by sedimentation in H~O. Droplets of suspension of the < 2 ~m fraction were dried on a layer of Epoxy resin and then addit!onal Epoxy was added and heat-cured at 48~ to form a resin sandwich. Cross-sections of 600-900 A thickness were cut on a Reichert auto- mated ultramicrotome. The sections were collected on standard electron microscope specimen screens, reinforced by vacuum evaporated C and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Phillips EM 200 electron microscope was equipped with a "microgun" source to minimize heating of the specimen and to improve contrast and high resolution (HREM). Images of the (001) chlorite crystallographic planes spaced at 13.9A intervals were visible on many of the particle sec- tions. Imaging of the planes depended upon their being nearly parallel to the electron beam (within 0 ~ 10') and therefore, many particles which had other orientations did not show the 13.9A image. Micrographs made beforeoappreciabte irradiation by the electron beam revealed images of fringes corresponding~ to the 7-22 A (002) spacing of chlorite. Loss of the 7.22 ~ fringes and reinforcement of those at 13.9A resulted from heating of the chlorite in the electron beam. This behavior is analogous to the well-known crystallographic effects of heating chlorite at 550-760~
Device Applications of Charge Rectifiers

Two circuit models of a semiconductor junction rectifier are presented. For times long compared to the effective minority carrier lifetime, the usual current rectifier concept obtains. For times short compared to the lifetime, a charge rectifier is better able to explain experimental results; reverse recovery is evidence of this. Viewed in this way, semiconductor junctions are suitable for certain types of digital information processing. Voltage gain is limited only by junction breakdown and driver capability but charge (current) gain is inevitably less than one. The amount of charge run-down is shown to depend on the time the information is in the circuit. Scan generators, shift registers, serial memories, and serial converters have been studied as examples of the wide range of applications for which these devices are suitable.
Interpreting Impedance Response of Silicon Carbide Whisker/Alumina Composites Through Microstructural Simulation

A three-dimensional, object-defined Monte Carlo simulation is applied to alumina-silicon carbide whisker ceramic matrix composites. The simulation takes whisker orientation and size distributions into account simultaneously, and calculates a connectivity factor that relates whisker conductivity to macroscopic conductivity. Simulation results are compared with electrical measurements taken on real samples via impedance spectroscopy. Results show that the effect of whisker clumping can be seen in the impedance response as a decrease in the overall measured conductivity. Results also show that interfacial resistance influences the overall resistivity strongly relative to connectivity at volume fractions far above the percolation threshold. The possible mechanisms for interfacial resistance in the composite and their effect on the impedance response are discussed.
Ferrets develop fatal influenza after inhaling small particle aerosols of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1)

There is limited knowledge about the potential routes for H5N1 influenza virus transmission to and between humans, and it is not clear whether humans can be infected through inhalation of aerosolized H5N1 virus particles. Ferrets are often used as a animal model for humans in influenza pathogenicity and transmissibility studies. In this manuscript, a nose-only bioaerosol inhalation exposure system that was recently developed and validated was used in an inhalation exposure study of aerosolized A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) virus in ferrets. The clinical spectrum of influenza resulting from exposure to A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) through intranasal verses inhalation routes was analyzed. Ferrets were successfully infected through intranasal instillation or through inhalation of small particle aerosols with four different doses of Influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1). The animals developed severe influenza encephalomyelitis following intranasal or inhalation exposure to 101, 102, 103, or 104 infectious virus particles per ferret. Aerosolized Influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) is highly infectious and lethal in ferrets. Clinical signs appeared earlier in animals infected through inhalation of aerosolized virus compared to those infected through intranasal instillation.
Effects of water molecules on tribological behavior and property measurements in nano-indentation processes - a numerical analysis

Nano/micro-manufacturing under wet condition is an important consideration for various tool-based processes such as indentation, scratching, and machining. The existence of liquids adds complexity to the system, changes the tool/work interfacial condition, and affects material behaviors. For indentation, it may also affect material property measurements. However, little effort has been made to study this challenging issue at nano- or atomistic scale. In this study, we tackle this challenge by investigating nano-indentation processes submerged in water using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. Compared with dry indentation in which no water molecules are present, the existence of water molecules causes the increase of indentation force in initial penetration, but the decrease of indentation force in full penetration. It also reduces the sticking phenomenon between the work and tool atoms during indenter retraction, such that the indentation geometry can be better retained. Meanwhile, nano-indentation under wet condition exhibits the indentation size effect, while dry nano-indentation exhibits the reverse indentation size effect. The existence of water leads to higher computed hardness values at low indentation loads and a smaller value of Young's modulus. In addition, the friction along the tool/work interface is significantly reduced under wet indentation.
Seaweed as an anticarcinogenic agent in breast cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4988 Seaweed has been used to treat breast cancer for at least 3,000 years. First mentioned in the Smith Papyrus, seaweed is also part of the antitumor pharmacopoeia of Ayurvedic Medicine in India, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and numerous folk healing traditions. Epidemiologic evidence supports an association between seaweed consuming cultures and low breast cancer rates. In addition to low breast cancer incidence rates, women who develop breast cancer in Japan live longer with breast cancer. Various in vivo studies have demonstrated that seaweed and seaweed extracts are remarkably effective at preventing carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. In our study of seaweed extracts in vitro we have identified several pathways. First, Undaria pinnatifida seaweed extracts appeared to inhibit cell proliferation, significantly reducing BrdU DNA synthesis, and caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest.As seaweeds have been shown to act as pathogen associated molecular patterns that block Toll Like Receptor 2, we used immunohistochemistry stains for TLR-2 on MDA-231 breast cancer cells. Although TLR-2 receptors have not previously been identified on MDA-231 cells, we identified TLR-2 specific staining on the MDA-231 cells. Seaweed extracts at 0.1% concentration almost completely blocked TLR-2 staining. Using Western Blot analysis, we identified a persistent down regulation of ERK in MDA-231 cells treated with seaweed, suggesting that seaweed may act via regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. To answer the question of whether this might be relevant to breast cancer patients, we are recruiting women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, providing 5 g/d seaweed supplements until 24 hours before surgery, and comparing histology of stereotactic biopsy tissue samples with tumor tissue removed during surgery. Our preliminary results suggest that estrogen receptor positivity increases with seaweed supplementation, and CXCR4 and CCR5, two well known breast cancer tumor cell surface receptor sites involved in metastases were internalized after seaweed supplementation. These lines of evidence, although preliminary, all support the use of seaweed in future breast cancer clinical trials. As seaweed is safely eaten everyday by millions of people in Japan and Korea, and is on the Generally Regarded as Safe list of the USDA, the incorporation of seaweed into the American diet would be possible.
Trisodium nitrilotriacetate in drinking water. Metabolic and renal effects in rats.

Trisodium nitrilotriacetate (Na-NTA) at either 0.01%, 0.10%, or 1% (W/V) was given to rats in drinking water with or without 200μg lead (Pb) per milliliter. At the 1% Na-NTA level, rats became ill and were autopsied after four weeks of the experiment. These rats had a vacuolar tubular nephropathy, hyperglycemia, and a marked glycosuria. Rats given 0.01% and 0.10% Na-NTA with or without Pb displayed no histologic changes in kidney, liver, brain, or pancreas but had elevated blood glucose levels. The Na-NTA atone lowered Pb content of kidneys, whereas Na-NTA with Pb did not enhance Pb deposition in kidney. The hyperglycemic effect of Na-NTA was confirmed in a second strain of rats. The mechanism whereby Na-NTA influenced blood glucose levels is unknown but may relate to trace metal chelation.
Detection of gapped phases of a one-dimensional spin chain with on-site and spatial symmetries

We investigate the phase diagram of a quantum spin-1 chain whose Hamiltonian is invariant under a global on-site ${A}_{4}$, translation, and lattice inversion symmetries. We detect different gapped phases characterized by a symmetry protected topological (SPT) order and symmetry breaking using matrix product state order parameters. We observe a rich variety of phases of matter characterized by a combination of symmetry breaking and symmetry fractionalization and also the interplay between the on-site and spatial symmetries. Examples of continuous phase transitions directly between topologically nontrivial SPT phases are also observed.
Feasibility Study of an Inverse Brayton UAV Propulsion System

The advancement of currently available propulsion systems, as well as new technologies, is necessary for the improvement of current and future Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) range and performance. The traditional gas turbine provides high reliability and power density, beneficial to aircraft applications. However, at the small power requirements of typical UAV's, the gas turbine suffers from significantly increased fuel consumption. A potential alternative to the traditional thermodynamic operation of the gas turbine is an Inverse Brayton cycle (IBC). The sub-atmospheric operating pressure of an IBC increases the size of the engine components in comparison to a traditional Brayton cycle. This increased size enables improved turbomachinery efficiencies. It is the goal of this study to investigate the potential for increased gas turbine-powered UAV range through the use of an IBC. Numerical Propulsion System Simulator (NPSS) was used to perform thermodynamic design point calculations for cycle comparisons, and literature sources were used to estimate compressor efficiency and overall engine weight scaling. Results show that linearly scaling the geometry of engine components for their use in an IBC results in an increase in component weight that counteracts the improvement in overall efficiency.
Single-material semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials

Layered semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials for the mid-infrared are grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a single material system, doped and undoped InAs. The onset wavelength for metamaterial behavior can be tuned from 5.8μm to beyond 10μm, while the fill factor ranges from 0.25 to 0.75, resulting in designer optical behavior. The reflection and transmission behavior were studied by Fourier transform spectroscopy and modeled using effective medium theory. We also conducted a geometric optics experiment to demonstrate negative refraction of our materials.
Photoresponsive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Networks with Shape Memory Behavior and Dynamic Ester Bonds

Functional polymers are intelligent materials that can respond to a variety of external stimuli. However, these materials have not yet found widespread real world applications because of the difficulties in fabrication and the limited number of functional building blocks that can be incorporated into a material. Here, we demonstrate a simple route to incorporate three functional building blocks (azobenzene chromophores, liquid crystals, and dynamic covalent bonds) into an epoxy-based liquid crystalline network (LCN), in which an azobenzene-based epoxy monomer is polymerized with an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid to create exchangeable ester bonds that can be thermally activated. All three functional building blocks exhibited good compatibility, and the resulting materials exhibits various photomechanical, shape memory, and self-healing properties because of the azobenzene molecules, liquid crystals, and dynamic ester bonds, respectively.
Using a Thermal Proxy to Examine Sediment–Water Exchange in Mid-Continental Shelf Sandy Sediments

Fluid exchange across the sediment–water interface in a sandy open continental shelf setting was studied using heat as a tracer. Summertime tidal oscillation of cross-shelf thermal fronts on the South Atlantic Bight provided a sufficient signal at the sediment–water interface to trace the advective and conductive transport of heat into and out of the seabed, indicating rapid flushing of ocean water through the upper 10–40 cm of the sandy seafloor. A newly developed transport model was applied to the in situ temperature data set to estimate the extent to which heat was transported by advection rather than conduction. Heat transported by shallow 3-D porewater flow processes was accounted for in the model by using a dispersion term, the depth and intensity of which reflected the depth and intensity of shallow flushing. Similar to the results of past studies in shallower and more energetic nearshore settings, transport of heat was greater when higher near-bed velocities and shear stresses occurred over a rippled bed. However, boundary layer processes by themselves were insufficient to promote non-conductive heat transport. Advective heat transport only occurred when both larger boundary layer stresses and thermal instabilities within the porespace were present. The latter process is dependent on shelf-scale heating and cooling of bottom water associated with upwelling events that are not coupled to local-scale boundary layer processes.
The Paradox of Guideline Implementation: How AHCPR’s Depression Guideline Was Adapted at Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region

Article-at-a-Glance Background To ensure implementation, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research's (AHCPR) Guideline for the Treatment of Depression in Primary Care was recently translated into a local document by a large health maintenance organization (HMO). The guideline revision process was studied on the basis of interviews with members of the guideline revision committee and others, observation of meetings, and documents and correspondence. Why the guideline was changed The HMO changed the AHCPR guideline for reasons of convenience, credibility, audience, purpose, and context. For example, in their roles as representative consumers, committee members perceived that the AHCPR guideline, although addressed to primary care clinicians, was actually written from a psychiatric perspective and based on a psychiatric literature not relevant to primary care. Comparison of the guidelines Although the guidelines differ dramatically in length and format, coverage, emphasis, and organizing principle, substantive conflict between the two guidelines' recommendations is minimal. For example, the emphasis on medication is greater in the adaptation, which adds considerable original material of a practical nature on drugs and drug use. In addition, the original guideline has a "research literature orientation." In contrast, the adaptation is described as "clinical decision oriented," identifying the key actions and decisions that a practicing clinician must make to treat depression. Discussion and implications Translation of science-oriented national guidelines into user-oriented documents tailored to local audiences and settings can add great value to the guideline development process without sacrificing science-derived integrity–and is probably essential to successful implementation.
Adolph Bandelier as Archaeologist

ABSTRACTThe anthropologist and historian Adolph Bandelier did much of his fieldwork (especially in the Southwest) under the auspices of archaeological organizations. In reality his interests were extremely varied and he combined archaeology, ethnology, and history to reconstruct culture. In spite of inadequate methods and techniques in archaeology, Bandelier's work does foreshadow the interpretive archaeology of the present day.
Mouse preferential incising force orientation changes during jaw closing muscle hyperalgesia and is sex dependent.

Abstract Introduction Mouse incising is controlled by a central pattern generator and this activity can change in the presence of pain. The incising frequency and maximum force generation decreases with pain. In this study, we used repetitive acidic injections in the left masseter muscle of male and female mice to determine differences between baseline and jaw muscle pain conditions and the effect of sex on preferential incising direction. Methods A within subject design was used to evaluate data previously acquired using multi-axis force data (X, Y and Z) from the 4th baseline recording day and day 7 post-injection (day of maximal pain response) for each mouse of each sex. A total of 34 female and male (age 3–9 months) CD-1 mice were evaluated. After mathematically rotating the X and Y axes to align the Y axis to be parallel to the wire struts of the cage top, data were analyzed to determine incising direction preference during baseline (non-pain) and pain (day 7) conditions and between sex. Radar plots of X-Y, X-Z and Y-Z axes depicted the average direction of incising preference between baseline and pain conditions for each sex. Statistical differences among groups were tested using a mixed model ANOVA. Results Similar to previous findings, female mice had a more robust difference in incising direction preference when comparing male and female pain conditions and this was most evident in the X-Z axes. The incising frequencies most commonly affected were 5.3, 6.2 and 7.6 Hz. Male mice varied little in their incising direction preference between the baseline and pain conditions. In addition, statistical comparison of ratios of the percent of time spent incising in the Z versus X axes for each incising frequency found that the incising preference was not different when comparing 5.3 and 7.6 Hz frequencies. Finally, female mice used a novel approach to minimize pain while incising by rotating their head and body nearly 180 degrees while males did not use this strategy as frequently. Conclusions The preferred incising direction changes in a jaw muscle pain condition and this information can be used to further characterize functional pain in the masticatory muscle system. The changes were dependent on the incising frequency generated by the central pattern generator for incising.
AMERICAN INDIAN ENTREPRENEURS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR SUCCESS IN ESTABLISHING BUSINESSES ON OR NEAR RESERVATIONS IN WISCONSIN

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore a sample of American Indian entrepreneurs' perceptions of why and how they became successful owners of businesses on or near reservations in Wisconsin. The results provide insight about how to encourage and support potential American Indian entrepreneurs to open more businesses on or near reservation lands to create viable economies. This explorative study used planned inquiry to gather qualitative data by conducting in-depth interviews and collecting supportive data through critical incidents. The participants in the study include seven current American Indian business owners. Based on the findings, analysis and results of the research study, recommendations have been developed for tribal leaders, tribal educators, government agencies, and for further research. The conclusions to the research, which addressed the six themes and their findings, show that successful American Indian entrepreneurs (a) have been exposed to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ideals; (b) have an understanding of business concepts; (c) have been educated and have sought additional knowledge; (d) have participated in special programs with tribal preferences; (e) are risk-adverse to personal financial distress and (f) have nurtured relationships between and among themselves and family as well as between and among their communities.
Extremely Slow Spontaneous Electron Trapping in Photodoped n-Type CdSe Nanocrystals.

The trapping dynamics of conduction-band electrons in colloidal degenerately doped n-CdSe nanocrystals prepared by photochemical reduction (photodoping) were measured by direct optical methods. The nanocrystals show spontaneous electron trapping with distributed kinetics that extend to remarkably long time scales. Shifts in nanocrystal band-edge potentials caused by quantum confinement and surface ion stoichiometry were also measured by spectroelectrochemical techniques, and their relationship to the slow electron trapping is discussed. The very long electron-trapping time scales observed in these measurements are more consistent with atomic rearrangement than with fundamental electron-transfer processes. Such slow and broadly distributed electron-trapping dynamics are reminiscent of the well-known distributed dynamics of nanocrystal photoluminescence blinking, and potential relationships between the two phenomena are discussed.
Nuevas tendencias en el género neopolicial mexicano del siglo XXI

En este articulo se analizan las nuevas formas literarias que estan emergiendo en el genero neopolicial mexicano del siglo veintiuno. Para identificar esta nueva narrativa que transgrede los parametros establecidos por su predecesor, el neopolicial, se propone un nuevo termino: el post-neopolicial. Se analizan seis caracteristicas sobresalientes: 1) la fragmentacion estructural, 2) la estetica del lenguaje, 3) la inclusion de personajes mas complejos y altamente psicologicos, 4) la disminucion de la importancia del detective, 5) la descentralizacion de los espacios narrativos y 6) la denuncia sociopolitica implicita que se presenta mediante la construccion de imagenes impactantes y situaciones caoticas. Como novelas prototipos de este nuevo genero se estudian La Mara de Rafael Ramirez Heredia, Yodo de Juan Hernandez Luna, La muerte me da de Cristina Rivera Garza y Muerte caracol de Ivonne Reyes Chiquete.
The Performance of Multilevel Models When Outcome Data Are Incomplete

ABSTRACTWhen data for multiple outcomes are collected in a multilevel design, researchers can select a univariate or multivariate analysis to examine group-mean differences. When correlated outcomes are incomplete, a multivariate multilevel model (MVMM) may provide greater power than univariate multilevel models (MLMs). For a two-group multilevel design with two correlated outcomes, a simulation study was conducted to compare the performance of MVMM to MLMs. The results showed that MVMM and MLM performed similarly when data were complete or missing completely at random. However, when outcome data were missing at random, MVMM continued to provide unbiased estimates, whereas MLM produced grossly biased estimates and severely inflated Type I error rates. As such, this study provides further support for using MVMM rather than univariate analyses, particularly when outcome data are incomplete.
Status of Chemical, Physical and Biological Treatment Processes in Hazardous Waste Management

In 1978, the NATO/CCMS Phase II Pilot Study on Disposal of Hazardous Waste started a project to develop information on the state-of-the-art of chemical, physical and biological (C/P/B) treatment processes as applied to hazardous wastes. This effort was directed at making member countries and waste generators aware of the alternatives to land disposal and incineration for management of industrial wastes.
Political Hypotheses and Mathematical Conclusions

When modeling or analyzing democratic processes, mathematicians may find themselves in unfamiliar territory: politics. How we proceed mathematically may depend heavily on our conception of representative democracy and theory of government. I will give a number of illustrations to show how contestable political principles lead to differing mathematical analyses. Our mathematical conclusions are inherently governed by our political hypotheses.
Proteome-Wide Characterization of Phosphorylation-Induced Conformational Changes in Breast Cancer

Because of the close link between protein function and protein folding stability, knowledge about phosphorylation-induced protein folding stability changes can lead to a better understanding of the functional effects of protein phosphorylation. Here, the stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX) and limited proteolysis (LiP) techniques are used to compare the conformational properties of proteins in two MCF-7 cell lysates including one that was and one that was not dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase. A total of 168 and 251 protein hits were identified with dephosphorylation-induced stability changes using the SPROX and LiP techniques, respectively. Many protein hits are previously known to be differentially phosphorylated or differentially stabilized in different human breast cancer subtypes, suggesting that the phosphorylation-induced stability changes detected in this work are disease related. The SPROX hits were enriched in proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity. These enriche...
Coronary Embolus: An Underappreciated Cause of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Abstract Coronary embolism is the underlying cause of 3% of acute coronary syndromes but is often not considered in the differential of acute coronary syndromes. It should be suspected in the case of high thrombus burden despite a relatively normal underlying vessel or recurrent coronary thrombus. Coronary embolism may be direct (from the aortic valve or left atrial appendage), paroxysmal (from the venous circulation through a patent foramen ovale), or iatrogenic (following cardiac intervention). Investigations include transesophageal echocardiography to assess the left atrial appendage and atrial septum and continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to assess for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The authors review the historic and contemporary published data about this important cause of acute coronary syndromes. The authors propose an investigation and management strategy for work-up and anticoagulation strategy for patients with suspected coronary embolism.
Revisiting the Living Human Web: Theological Education and the Role of Clinical Pastoral Education

This article addresses repercussions for Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) and theological education of the move in pastoral theology from the metaphor of the "living human document" to the "living web" to describe its subject of study, a question pastoral theologians have not explicitly considered. It focuses primarily on the descriptive task of understanding problems in theological education, CPE's turn to the document, and the evolution of the web as a new metaphor. Least controversially, it argues that the image of the web has both problems and undeveloped potential. More radically, it suggests that CPE's gift to theological education may still be its understanding of the document and its development of methods by which to attend to personhood. Ultimately, the "living document within the web" may be the best way to frame the subject matter of both CPE and pastoral theology.