cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration as a consumption activity.

While a generalized utility maximization approach to migration decision-making is not innovative, the principal extensions of this paper involve the search for an instrument capable of measuring changes in utility levels consistent with all preferences (i.e., with all forms of utility functions), requiring only data on observed behaviour. Our approach is to construct a Location-Specific Utility Index (LSUI), whose component variables serve as proxies for the arguments in households’ utility functions. The LSUI is calculated for households at two times (before and after the migration decision) and then compared to produce a utility change index (the Delta Index) for each household. The approach is distinctive in that the Delta Index measures only the direction of the change in a household’s utility level due to its migration. The ordinal nature of utility rankings thus is not violated through aggregation over housholds or cross-sectional comparisons of utility levels. Our database is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal nation-wide sample survey conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. It provides information on more than two hundred variables per household per year. The objective is to test empirically whether migration is appropriately modelled as utility-generating behaviour. The testable hypothesis is formulated as follows: Assuming constant household preferences and expansion of the household’s feasible set over time, the household’s utility level is greater following the migration decision. Stepwise discriminate analysis is used to measure the contributions of the component variables to the move decision. The conclusion reached through the stepwise discriminate analysis is that the LSUI and the Delta Index must be revised to include only six components: quality of life, proximity to relatives and cultural roots, net present value of future earnings, real household consumption activity by households to maximize utility.
Phased array weather / multipurpose radar

The first phased array radar dedicated to weather observation and analysis is now instrumented with eight simultaneous digital receivers. The addition of these additional channels will enable the use of advanced signal processing to improve signal/clutter in an adaptive mode. Elimination of strone point and ground clutter returns from the low-level, volumetrically-distributed weather cell returns is a new application of adaptive processing. The NSF funded 8-channel receiver has been added to the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) system in Norman, Oklahoma, to enable operation as a multi-function and/or adaptive processing system. Herein, we describe the system concept, system installation and early results from fielded weather data returns.
An analog integrated speech front-end based on the auditory periphery

The authors present an analog CMOS integrated circuit realization of an auditory periphery model which includes the middle ear, the basilar membrane, and the hair cells/synapses. With speech input, the pattern of the multichannel outputs resembles the neurogram of the auditory nerve fibers, i.e. the time-varying instantaneous firing rates of fibers having different characteristic frequencies. This real-time low-power-dissipation speech preprocessor can be used as the front-end to practical speech processing and recognition systems. >
Members of the Conserved DedA Family Are Likely Membrane Transporters and Are Required for Drug Resistance in Escherichia coli

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides is an increasing public health problem. Genes encoding integral membrane proteins belonging to the DedA family are present in most bacterial genomes, including Escherichia coli .A nE. coli strain lacking partially redundant DedA family genes yqjAandyghB(strain BC202) displays temperature sensitivity and cell division defects. These phenotypes can be corrected by overexpression of mdfA,anNa-K/Hantiporter of the major facilitator superfamily. We show that BC202 is hypersensitive to several biocides and cationic compounds that are known substrates of several multidrug resistance transporters, including MdfA, EmrE, and AcrB. The introduction of deletions of genes encoding these drug transporters into BC202 results in additional sensitivity. Expression of wild-type yghBoryqjAcan restore drug resistance, but this is eliminated upon mutation of two membrane-embedded acidic amino acids (E39 or D51 in either protein). This dependence upon membrane-embedded acidic amino acids is a hallmark of proton-dependent antiporters. Overexpression of mdfAin BC202 or artificially restoring proton motive force (PMF) restores wild-type resistance to substrates of MdfA as well as other drug resistance transporters such as EmrE and AcrAB. These results suggest that YqjA and YghB may be membrane transporters required for PMF-dependent drug efflux in E. coli.
Current-Voltage Characteristics of Single Layer Polymer Light Emitting Diodes Under High Intensity Electrical Excitation

We study the current-voltage characteristics of both double and single carrier polymer light emitting devices in the high intensity electrical excitation regime. Single layer devices are investigated with the orange-emitting MEH-PPV as the active polymer. Performing very low duty (≈0.001 %) pulsed electroluminescence measurements with electric fields up to 1*109 V/m, we observe for the hole-dominated devices a space charge limited current with a saturating mobility and a saturating external quantum efficiency of 1%. For double carrier devices, the current starts to saturate in the high-field regime, appoaching Ohmic-like behavior. We report current densities of 100 A/cm2and brightnesses of 7*105 cd/m2. The spectral features are monitored below the onset of degradation.
Feedback from plant species change amplifies CO2 enhancement of grassland productivity

Dynamic global vegetation models simulate feedbacks of vegetation change on ecosystem processes, but direct, experimental evidence for feedbacks that result from atmospheric CO2 enrichment is rare. We hypothesized that feedbacks from species change would amplify the initial CO2 stimulation of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of tallgrass prairie communities. Communities of perennial forb and C4 grass species were grown for 5 years along a field CO2 gradient (250–500 l LL 1 ) in central Texas USA on each of three soil types, including upland and lowland clay soils and a sandy soil. CO2 enrichment increased community ANPP by 0–117% among years and soils and increased the contribution of the tallgrass species Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass) to community ANPP on each of the three soil types. CO2-induced changes in ANPP and Sorghastrum abundance were linked. The slope of ANPPCO2 regressions increased between initial and final years on the two clay soils because of a positive feedback from the increase in Sorghastrum fraction. This feedback accounted for 30–60% of the CO2-mediated increase in ANPP on the upland and lowland clay soils during the final 3 years and 1 year of the experiment, respectively. By contrast, species change had little influence on the ANPP-CO2 response on the sandy soil, possibly because Sorghastrum increased largely at the expense of a functionally similar C4 grass species. By favoring a mesic C4 tall grass, CO2 enrichment approximately doubled the initial enhancement of community ANPP on two clay soils. The CO2-stimulation of grassland productivity may be significantly underestimated if feedbacks from plant community change are not considered.
Universal linear least-squares prediction

An approach to the problem of linear prediction is discussed that is based on previous developments in the universal coding and computational learning theory literature. This development provides a novel perspective on the adaptive filtering problem, and represents a significant departure from traditional adaptive filtering methodologies. In this context, we demonstrate a sequential algorithm for linear prediction whose accumulated squared prediction error, for every possible sequence, is asymptotically as small as the best fixed linear predictor for that sequence.
A Life Table Regression Analysis for Complex Survey Data

A methodology for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of life table regression coefficients from complex survey data is presented. Certain of the issues of writing a likelihood for survey data are presented and discussed. The proposed methodology includes consideration of the sampling design in any inference by using design based variance estimates for the parameters. An example is given using data from the 1973 United States National Survey of Family Growth.
Association between treatment at an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction center and neurologic recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Background For patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the American Heart Association recommends regionalized care at cardiac resuscitation centers that are aligned with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) centers. The effectiveness of treatment at STEMI centers remains unknown. Objective To evaluate whether good neurologic recovery after OHCA is associated with treatment at an STEMI center and if volume of admitted OHCA patients is associated with good neurologic recovery. Methods We included patients in the 2011 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database with a “present on admission” diagnosis of cardiac arrest. Primary outcome was good neurologic recovery at hospital discharge. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the association between treating hospital and good neurologic recovery after adjusting for patient factors (age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and ventricular arrest rhythm) and hospital factors (hospital size, intensive care unit bed days, trauma center designation, and teaching status). Results We included 7,725 patients; two-thirds (5,202) were treated at an STEMI center and 1,869 (24%, 95% CI 23%-25%) had good neurologic recovery. After adjustment, treatment at an STEMI center with ≥40 and Conclusions Treatment at an STEMI center—regardless of its annual OHCA volume—after resuscitation from OHCA is associated with good neurologic recovery. Regionalized systems of care should prioritize STEMI centers as destinations for resuscitated OHCA patients.
Market, State, and the Quality of New Self-Employment Jobs among Men in the U.S. and Western Germany

Recent scholarship suggests that a new form of low-quality, contingent self-employment is taking hold in postindustrial economies. Using longitudinal data on men from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio-Economic Panel, I find that on average men in Germany and the U.S. do not fare poorly in self-employment, and in both countries a substantial number of new self-employment jobs offer prospects for earnings and stability that rival the wage-and-salary sector. However, there is far more variability in the U.S., with a higher proportion of self-employment jobs ranking among the best and the worst new jobs in the labor market. New entrepreneurs benefited more in the U.S. than in Germany from exploiting the demand for skilled postindustrial services in the self-employment market. At the same time, loosely structured labor markets and weaker worker protections contributed to a larger proportion of low-paying and unstable self-employment jobs in the U.S.
Using behavioral data to identify interviewer fabrication in surveys

Surveys conducted by human interviewers are one of the principal means of gathering data from all over the world, but the quality of this data can be threatened by interviewer fabrication. In this paper, we investigate a new approach to detecting interviewer fabrication automatically. We instrument electronic data collection software to record logs of low-level behavioral data and show that supervised classification, when applied to features extracted from these logs, can identify interviewer fabrication with an accuracy of up to 96%. We show that even when interviewers know that our approach is being used, have some knowledge of how it works, and are incentivized to avoid detection, it can still achieve an accuracy of 86%. We also demonstrate the robustness of our approach to a moderate amount of label noise and provide practical recommendations, based on empirical evidence, on how much data is needed for our approach to be effective.
Women's Offending Behavior: Evidence-Based Review of Gender Differences and Gender Responsive Programs

Abstract In the past two decades, gender-responsive treatment and supervision programs have proliferated. Such programs provide comprehensive treatment and services that are tailored to address women's unique needs. Although gender-responsive programs vary greatly, their core components include trauma counseling, substance abuse treatment, and referrals for ancillary services—including health care, housing, child care, domestic violence treatment, employment, and other social services. This article reviews major findings on gender differences in offending, recidivism, substance abuse, and program outcomes. It also discusses directions for future research.
Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) in horses: a retrospective study to identify the age-related decline

Previous studies of the effect of age on maximal aerobic capacity (maximal rate of oxygen consumption, VO2max )i n horses have only grouped horses (young, middle-aged and old) for statistical analysis. Those experiments were not designed to determine a break point due to age. The purpose of this study was to utilize data collected over the last 15 years to test the nature of the association between age and VO2max, and secondarily, to determine whether there is a ‘breakpoint’ in the age-related decline in aerobic capacity. Data were acquired from 50 unfit Standardbred mares ranging in age from 4 to 29 years, and were used in a retrospective regression analysis in order to characterize the age-related decline in VO2max. All VO2max values were measured using the same incremental graded exercise test protocol. The data were analyzed using a curvilinear regression analysis predicting VO2max from age, and the break point was determined using univariate simple contrasts. There was a significant decline in VO2max with age (R 2 ¼ 0.554; P , 0.001). The data analysis demonstrated a notable downturn in cardiopulmonary function between the ages of 18 and 20 years (P , 0.001). Such results indicate similar responses to age between humans and horses. These results have implications for improving training methods in active older horses.
Phylogenetic analysis of HpnP reveals the origin of 2-methylhopanoid production in Alphaproteobacteria

Hopanoids are bacterial steroid-like lipids that can be preserved in the rock record on billion-year timescales. 2-Methylhopanoids are of particular interest to geobiologists because methylation is one of the few chemical modifications that remain after diagenesis and catagenesis. 2-Methylhopanes, the molecular fossils of 2-methylhopanoids, are episodically enriched in the rock record, but we do not have a robust interpretation for their abundance patterns. Here, we exploit the evolutionary record found in molecular sequences from extant organisms to reconstruct the biosynthetic history of 2-methylhopanoids using the C-2 hopanoid methylase, HpnP. Based on HpnP phylogenetic analysis, we find that 2-methylhopanoids originated in a subset of the Alphaproteobacteria. This conclusion is statistically robust and reproducible in multiple trials varying the outgroup, trimming stringency, and ingroup dataset used to infer the evolution of this protein family. The capacity for 2-methylhopanoid production was likely horizontally transferred from the Alphaproteobacteria into the Cyanobacteria after the Cyanobacteria's major divergences. Together, these results suggest that the ancestral function of 2-methylhopanoids was not related to oxygenic photosynthesis but instead to a trait already present in the Alphaproteobacteria. Moreover, given that early 2-methylhopane deposits could have been made solely by Alphaproteobacteria before the acquisition of hpnP by Cyanobacteria, and that the Alphaproteobacteria are thought to be ancestrally aerobic, we infer that 2-methylhopanoids likely arose after the oxygenation of the atmosphere. This finding is consistent with the geologic record—the oldest syngenetic 2-methylhopanes occur after the rise of oxygen, in middle Proterozoic strata of the Barney Creek Formation.
Spacetime meshing with adaptive refinement and coarsening

We propose a new algorithm for constructing finite-element meshes suitable for spacetime discontinuous Galerkin solutions of linear hyperbolic PDEs. Given a triangular mesh of some planar domain Ω and a target time value T, our method constructs a tetrahedral mesh of the spacetime domain Ω X [0,T] in constant running time per tetrahedron in R3 using an advancing front method. Elements are added to the evolving mesh in small patches by moving a vertex of the front forward in time. Spacetime discontinuous Galerkin methods allow the numerical solution within each patch to be computed as soon as the patch is created. Our algorithm employs new mechanisms for adaptively coarsening and refining the front in response to a posteriori error estimates returned by the numerical code. A change in the front induces a corresponding refinement or coarsening of future elements in the spacetime mesh. Our algorithm adapts the duration of each element to the local quality, feature size, and degree of refinement of the underlying space mesh. We directly exploit the ability of discontinuous Galerkin methods to accommodate discontinuities in the solution fields across element boundaries.
Kinetics of intramuscular triglyceride fatty acids in exercising humans

A pulse ([14C]palmitate)-chase ([3H]palmitate) approach was used to study intramuscular triglyceride (imTG) fatty acid and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics during exercise at ∼45% peak O2 cons...
Confining classical particles with magnetic fields in 2 dimensions

We study the dynamics of a classical charged particle moving in a bounded planar domain $\Omega$ under the influence of a purely magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$ which blows up at the boundary of the domain. We prove that under appropriate blow-up conditions the particle will never reach the boundary. As a corollary we obtain completeness of the magnetic flow. Our blow-up condition is that $\mathbf{B}$ should not be integrable along normal rays emanating from the boundary, while its tangential derivative should be integrable along the same rays.
Singlehop Collaborative Feedback Primitives for Threshold Querying in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network (WSN) deployments, Receiver-side Collision Detection (RCD) has been proposed for speeding up collaborative feedback collection from a single hop neighborhood. Using RCD, an initiator node can query the existence of a predicate P in its neighborhood in constant time by making all P-positive nodes answer simultaneously. Despite the collisions, the initiator is still able to infer useful information from a broadcast using RCD: an activity in the network means the predicate P holds for at least one node while silence indicates that P does not hold at any queried node in the network. In this study we investigate the threshold querying problem, where the initiator has to learn whether P holds in the network for at least threshold t number of nodes in single hop of the initiator. To answer the threshold queries in an efficient fashion, we present a number of adaptive RCD-based querying mechanisms that dynamically re-groups the queried nodes in the network. We evaluate our algorithms on a real sensor network implementation and also carry out several simulations to contrast our approach with the traditional techniques. The experiments reveal that our algorithms achieve significant time improvements in threshold queries over traditional techniques.
Lipoprotein(a) and Heart Failure: Another Reason to Study Interventions in Patients With Very High Levels of Lipoprotein(a)?

Kamstrup and Nordestgaard [(1)][1] in this issue of JACC: Heart Failure , have continued their studies examining the associations of high levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], LPA genotypes, and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and have provided novel information about risk for heart failure.
Roles of outward potassium currents in the action potentials of guinea pig ureteral myocytes

Outward currents of freshly dissociated ureteral myocytes consist mainly of Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IKCa) and a transient outward current (ITO). No delayed rectifier current was apparent. IKCa...
Torsion and Bending

When the transverse forces acting on the beam do not pass through the shear center of its cross section, the beam will experience torsional stresses in addition to those caused by bending. Beams and girders that are placed on the periphery of the building support floor as well as wall loads. These members will experience stresses due to bending and, in addition, torsion. This chapter is intended to present a brief discussion of the theory of torsion and the use of tables and charts to determine the magnitude of stresses caused by torsion.
Reports of cyanogenesis in selected basidiomycetes

(1988). Reports of Cyanogenesis in Selected Basidiomycetes. Mycologia: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 859-860.
Analysis and Intervention of Parental Psychological Status in the "Milk Powder Induced Sexual Precocity" Event

Parents' precocious milk powder "incident in the psychological status and stress response are: Things related to expansion of suspicion and lack of trust,extreme fear,panic and anxiety,tension,work on the doctor's clinic to ask too much.Health talks,larger,more efficient communication,active cooperation with the media,report the incident objectively true,correct direction to guide public opinion.To alleviate the negative emotions of parents,to avoid the expansion of the event,will be children's physical and mental damage and social instability to a minimum level.
Changes of important regulatory factors in PI-3K/Akt pathway and interventional effects of Chinese medicinal in rats with post-cerebroischemia depression

Objective To explore the pathogenesis of post-cerebroischemia depression and the mechanism of interventional effects of Yinaojieyu Formula(with the actions of tonifying kidney and regulating qi) based on PI-3K/Akt signal pathway.Methods Male Wistar rats(n=100) were randomly divided into the normal group,model group,sham-operation group,Chinese medicinal group and Western medicinal group(each n=20) after open-field scoring.The normal and sham-operation group were fed routinely.The model group,Chinese medicinal group and Western medicinal group were given cortical devascularization and after 7 days the model of post-cerebroischemia depression was established by chronic anpredictable mild stress and isolation rearing method for 21 days.Then the Chinese medicinal group was given Yinaojieyu Formula intragastrically and Western medicinal group was given fluoxertine hydrochloride intragastrically once a day for 6 weeks,respectively.The ethological review was carried out by the sucrose consumption,open-field scoring and Morris water maze after intragastric gavage.The changes of PI-3K and Akt content and the intervention of Yinaojieyu Formula were detected by applying Western blotting analysis.Results The content of PI-3K and Akt increased significantly in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the model group compared to the normal group,and decreased significantly in the Chinese medicinal group and Western medicinal group.Conclusion The onset of post-cerebroischemia depression may be related to PI-3K/Akt signal pathway,on which Yinaojieyu Formula and fluoxertine hydrochloride have interventional effects.PI-3K/Akt signal pathway may be the therapeutic target of post-cerebroischemia depression by Chinese and Western medicine.
The Chemical Constituents,Pharmacological and Combination Research of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch

Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines in China.In recent years,there have many studies on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and their combination in the clinical application of Rehmanniae with different pocessing methods.
Cranberry extract attenuates hepatic inflammation in high-fat-fed obese mice

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) consumption has been associated with health beneficial effects. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a comorbidity of obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a polyphenol-rich cranberry extract (CBE) on hepatic inflammation in high fat (HF)-fed obese C57BL/6J mice. Following dietary treatment with 0.8% CBE for 10 weeks, we observed no change in body weight or visceral fat mass in CBE-supplemented mice compared to HF-fed control mice. We did observe a significant decrease in plasma alanine aminotransferase (31%) and histological severity of NAFLD (33% decrease in area of involvement, 29% decrease in lipid droplet size) compared to HF-fed controls. Hepatic protein levels of tumor necrosis factor α and C-C chemokine ligand 2 were reduced by 28% and 19%, respectively, following CBE supplementation. CBE significantly decreased hepatic mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4, 63%) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB, 24%), as well as a number of genes related to the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome. In conclusion, CBE reduced NAFLD and hepatic inflammation in HF-fed obese C57BL/6J mice. These effects appear to be related to mitigation of TLR4-NFκB related signaling; however, further studies into the underlying mechanisms of these hepatoprotective effects are needed.
Inertial and frequency response of microgrids with induction motors

This paper presents an operation strategy for microgrids to provide inertial and frequency response using the kinetic energy stored in their induction motor (IM) loads. This is achieved by actively controlling the microgrid electrical frequency in systems that connect to the network through an asynchronous link. The strategy is demonstrated to provide an inertial response to disturbances inside a microgrid and to participate in the frequency support of the main grid without the need of energy storage devices nor affecting the mechanical torque of the motor. The results in this paper are validated numerically using two case studies.
Conflict of Laws in Mexico as Governed By the Rules of the Federal Code of Civil Procedure

Since NAFTA entered into force in 1994, international litigation between the United States and Mexico has grown- and continues to grow-exponentially. In recent years, the application of foreign law in California and Texas has become equivalent to Mexican law, and soon other states will follow suit, including Arizona, New Mexico, Florida and Illinois. Prior to 1988, the Mexican legal system was not legally equipped to consider the application of foreign law in that country. In other words, until that year, only Mexican law was applied by Mexican judges in Mexican courts. At the same time, Mexico's legal system virtually lacked legal provision in its codes and statutes that allowed for the conduct of certain procedural acts requested by foreign judges (i.e., American judges) such as serving summons, taking evidence, recording depositions and enforcing judgments in that country. However, all of this changed in 1988 when President Miguel de la Madrid made the necessary legislative amendments both to the Federal Civil Code and to the Federal Code of Civil Procedure with the addition of Book Four titled: International Procedural Cooperation. This article discusses in detail the principles and rules governing the conduct of International Judicial Cooperation between Mexico and other countries, notably the United States, involving service of summons, taking of evidence, and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards by means of letters rogatory with the assistance of Mexico's Central Authority (i.e., Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE) or Secretariat of Foreign Affairs) or that of the members of Mexico's consular service. These principles and rules are found in Articles 543-577 of Mexico's Federal Code of Civil Procedure.
Clinical Significance of Generalized Spike/Wave EEG

The clinical correlates of 154 children with epilepsy and generalized spike-and-wave (SW) EEG patterns were analyzed at the pediatric neurology units, HU de Getafe and Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
Proposing a frequency based real-time energy market and economic dispatch strategy

Smart grid technology and the Energy Internet are reliant on a new, competitive, deregulated energy market, that supports energy transactions among energy players: utilities, consumers, and prosumers, alike. Such an energy market is being developed to ensure grid reliability, health, and economic operation with the emergence of microgrids, distributed renewable generation, Distributed Energy Storage Devices (DESDs), controllable loads, and Energy Cells. The solid-state transformer (SST) presents a new opportunity to regulate power flow from Energy Cells to the grid in real-time. As the proposed Energy Router of the smart grid, the SST will facilitate energy transactions as an intelligent node, providing communication, frequency and power management. In this work, a frequency based real-time energy market is proposed. Here, it is demonstrated that the grid frequency is a real-time price signal (measured by the SST) which can be used to autonomously calculate the real-time energy price for all energy players, reducing the need to establish complicated networks to determine the market clearing price. In addition to providing a real-time price, frequency based pricing increases grid reliability as energy players respond to frequency deviations and provide frequency regulation as an ancillary service. A simulation was designed to respond to the steady-state frequency deviation in five minute intervals. A pricing curve and DESD response curve were designed to identify key parameters and solve for optimal solutions that benefit energy producers and consumers.
Effects of Added Copper on Concentrations of Volatile Materials Produced in Milk

Analyzing the steam distillate from milk enabled measurement of increases in concentrations of n-hexanal, n-pentanal, propanal, acetaldehyde in raw, laboratory-pasteurized, and plant-pasteurized-homogenized milk exposed to 0 and 5 ppm added copper. Greatest changes were in the copper-treated laboratory-pasteurized milk and the least in Vacu-Therm pasteurized-homogenized milk. The 2-thiobarbituric acid values (TBA) in the exposed milk, laboratory pasteurized, .090; raw, .078; plant pasteurized, .056, reflected changes in volatile materials. Acetaldehyde concentrations increased about the same in whole pasteurized-homogenized milk as in skimmilk exposed to 1 or 2 ppm copper. The other carbonyl compounds increased consistently in whole milk, but little or none in skimmilk. Increases in concentration of the carbonyl compounds (other than acetaldehyde, acetone, and butanone) produced in pasteurized-homgenized milk exposed to 4 ppm copper for 44 h were reduced by adding 150 mg of ascorbic acid per liter of milk...
Pressure sore care in Clwyd nursing homes.

A study of 2 245 people resident in 95 nursing homes (general elderly and elderly mentally ill) was carried out to look at the prevalence of pressure sores and the percentage of sores which had developed in the homes or had been present on admission. The study also examined the quality of pressure area care provided by the nursing homes, indicated by the use of risk assessment scales, the availability of pressure-relieving equipment and the training undertaken by both trained and untrained staff. The prevalence was found to be 7.5% and sores were concentrated in the hip, buttock and sacral areas. Fifty-seven per cent of patients' ulcers had developed in the homes and 3 2% occurred following admission to hospital. Seventy-seven homes reported training of some type. There was a range of equipment available and various assessment scales were in use. The prevalence and site of the ulcers were similar to those found in hospital studies and were in line with the Department of Health's estimate of national preva...
“You Need to Be a Good Listener”: Recruiters’ Use of Relational Communication Behaviors to Enhance Clinical Trial and Research Study Accrual

Medical and research professionals who discuss clinical trials and research studies with potential participants face an often daunting challenge, particularly when recruiting from minority and underserved populations. This study reports on findings from a focus group study of 63 research coordinators, study nurses, professional recruiters, and other professionals in Indianapolis, IN and Miami, FL who work to recruit from minority and underserved populations. These professionals discussed the importance of creating a sense of connection with potential participants as part of the recruitment and retention process. Building a relationship, however fleeting, involved a number of concrete behaviors, including listening to personal information, expressing empathy, and then providing reciprocal self-disclosures; having repeated contact, usually by working in the same environment over an extended period of time; demonstrating respect through politeness and the use of honorifics; going the extra mile for participants; offering flexibility in scheduling follow-up appointments; and creating a sense of personal and community trust by being truthful. The implications of these findings for clinical trial and research study accrual are discussed.
Insulin regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. Evidence for a transcriptional mechanism of down-regulation in rat hepatoma cells.

The role of insulin in regulating responsiveness to growth hormone (GH) remains unclear. Continuous insulin treatment reduces GH binding, which suggests that insulin may effect growth hormone receptor (GHR) levels. The present study used rat hepatoma cells to examine the effects of insulin and GH on GHR gene expression. Prolonged insulin treatment (greater than 3 h) significantly reduced GHR mRNA, and removal of insulin led to a gradual recovery. This effect of insulin occurred at physiologic concentrations, occurred many hours before the insulin-regulated decrease in GHR protein, and was mediated by reduction of GHR transcription. GH treatment dramatically reduced GHR protein, but caused only a modest reduction in GHR mRNA. These findings indicate that the heterologous reduction of GHR by insulin occurs via transcriptional downregulation, and the homologous reduction of GHR by GH occurs via a different mechanism. Furthermore, with insulin, extended time of exposure may be necessary for appreciable reduction of GHR.
Functional status and quality of life among breast cancer survivors with heart failure: results of the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey

The purpose of this population-based study was to examine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and functional status among breast cancer survivors with heart failure. We examined Medicare Health Outcomes Survey data from women aged 65 and older diagnosed with breast cancer in the past 5 years. Surveys were linked to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. Each woman identified with self-reported heart failure (n = 239) was matched to controls without heart failure (n = 685) using propensity scores. The Short Form-36/Veterans Rand-12 measured eight domains of HRQOL. Functional status impairment was measured by limitations in six activities of daily living (ADLs). Linear models estimated associations between heart failure status and HRQOL. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios for associations between heart failure and ADL impairment. We examined associations for the total study population and subgroups stratified by cancer stage. Among all study participants, heart failure was associated with significant deficits in every HRQOL domain and impairment in all ADLs (p < 0.01, ORs ranged from 1.74 to 2.47). After stratification by cancer stage, heart failure was associated with physical HRQOL deficits across all cancer stages (physical function, vitality, general health) and mental HRQOL deficits only in women with stage I/II cancer (role-emotional, social function). Women with early stage cancer experienced the greatest HRQOL deficits associated with heart failure. Heart failure in breast cancer survivors is associated with substantial HRQOL deficits and functional status impairment, particularly in early stage cancer. Tailored interventions are needed to improve physical function and mental wellbeing in this high-risk population.
Effect of Tripping on Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary-Layer Statistics

The effect of varying three-dimensional, cylindrical post-type trip size on the mean and turbulent velocity profiles of a Mach 7.6 turbulent boundary layer is examined using particle image velocime...
Pattern based priority assignment for multi aircraft conflicts in autonomous ATM

Priority rules are one of the most promising approaches to aircraft conflict resolution. This paper deals with the problem of priority assignment in autonomous Air Traffic Management with imperfect trajectory prediction. A robust solution is presented that relies on onboard traffic pattern classification using a data base common to all aircraft. The method allows reaching a common consensus in situation assessment in a timely and reliable manner and can also lead to conflict resolution improvement.
Community Game Day: Using an End-of-Life Conversation Game to Encourage Advance Care Planning

Abstract Context Advance care planning (ACP) is an important process that involves discussing and documenting one's values and preferences for medical care, particularly end-of-life treatments. Objectives This convergent, mixed-methods study assessed whether an end-of-life conversation card game is an acceptable and effective means for performing ACP for patients with chronic illness and/or their caregivers when deployed in a community setting. Methods Twenty-two games (n = 93 participants) were held in community settings surrounding Hershey, PA in 2016. Participants were recruited using random sampling from patient databases and also convenience sampling (i.e., flyers). Quantitative questionnaires and qualitative focus group interviews were administered to assess the game experience and subsequent performance of ACP behaviors. Results Both quantitative and qualitative data found that Community Game Day was a well-received, positive experience for participants and 75% of participants performed ACP within three months post-intervention. Conclusions These findings suggest that using a conversation game during community outreach is a useful approach for engaging patients and caregivers in ACP. The convergence of quantitative and qualitative data strongly supports the continued investigation of the game in randomized controlled trials.
The effect of upper-respiratory viral infection on leukocyte surveillance of the brain

Peripheral infections exacerbate symptoms of many neurological diseases, including the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that upper-respiratory viral infection induces glial activation and results in immune cell trafficking to the CNS, which may be detrimental to MS patients. To test this hypothesis we inoculated C57BL/6 mice with saline or influenza A virus (Puerto Rico/8/34; PR8). Glial activation and chemokine expression was evaluated by RNA-seq at days 0, 4, and 8 p.i.. Immune cell surveillance over the course of infection was assessed by flow cytometry. Chemokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients in remission and relapse were measured by luminex. Influenza infection caused transcriptomic changes to the cerebellum and spinal cord which was consistent with and glial activation and induced a predominantly A1 reactive astrocyte gene expression profile. Infection increased the expression of Ccl6 and Cxcl5 in the cerebellum and modulated expression of Ccl17, Ccl25, Ccl28, Ccl27a and Cx3cl1 in both the cerebellum and spinal cord. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that infection increased immune surveillance of the brain by monocytes and neutrophils as well as altered the profile of B-cells in the CNS. Finally, we found that CXCL5 was increased in the CSF of patients during relapse compared with those in remission.
Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Switchgrass Extract

The sorption/desorption of gallic acid, a simple phenolic compound, was studied experimentally in a batch system. The motivation for this project was to provide insight into the recovery of phenolic compounds from switchgrass. Recovery of phenolic compounds could enhance the sustainability and economics of biorefining facilities. The sorption/desorption of gallic acid was shown to be qualitatively similar to that of phenolics extracted from switchgrass; so more extensive studies were made using gallic acid as a surrogate for the complex mixtures of phenolic compounds leached from switchgrass. The kinetics indicate that an approximation of equilibrium was reached within 48 h. Activated carbon was demonstrated to sorb gallic acid and phenolics from water and aqueous switchgrass leachate. The loading capacity of activated carbon for the gallic acid–water-activated carbon system increased with temperature for 20 to 60 °C. Ethanol was shown to be a preferable elution agent for desorbing gallic acid from activa...
Causal Inference from Observational Studies with Clustered Interference

Inferring causal effects from an observational study is challenging because participants are not randomized to treatment. Observational studies in infectious disease research present the additional challenge that one participant's treatment may affect another participant's outcome, i.e., there may be interference. In this paper recent approaches to defining causal effects in the presence of interference are considered, and new causal estimands designed specifically for use with observational studies are proposed. Previously defined estimands target counterfactual scenarios in which individuals independently select treatment with equal probability. However, in settings where there is interference between individuals within clusters, it may be unlikely that treatment selection is independent between individuals in the same cluster. The proposed causal estimands instead describe counterfactual scenarios in which the treatment selection correlation structure is the same as in the observed data distribution, allowing for within-cluster dependence in the individual treatment selections. These estimands may be more relevant for policy-makers or public health officials who desire to quantify the effect of increasing the proportion of treated individuals in a population. Inverse probability-weighted estimators for these estimands are proposed. The large-sample properties of the estimators are derived, and a simulation study demonstrating the finite-sample performance of the estimators is presented. The proposed methods are illustrated by analyzing data from a study of cholera vaccination in over 100,000 individuals in Bangladesh.
Diversifying the Glowing Bioluminescent Toolbox.

Diversification strategies for bioluminescence imaging can provide bio-orthogonal tools for illuminating multicomponent in vivo processes.
Diseases That Can Mimic IBD

Malfunctioning of the gastrointestinal tract can present in only a finite number of ways. Thus patients with many maladies may complain of similar abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, distension, gassiness, diarrhea, and constipation. As described elsewhere in this volume, these could be symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), or indeterminate colitis. Yet there are a number of other diseases that can mimic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is with this differential diagnosis that this chapter deals. In broad categories these IBD-simulators can be grouped into: “non-IBD” inflammatory, infectious, vascular, iatrogenic, motility, and other idiopathic conditions.
Introducing Secure Coding in Undergraduate (CS0, CS1, and CS2) and High School (AP Computer Science A) Programming Courses: (Abstract Only)

The ACM CS 2013 curriculum includes Information Assurance and Security as a pervasive knowledge area, the ACM Community College curricular guidelines, CSTransfer2017, places great emphasis on cybersecurity as well. However, introducing security in introductory programming courses is challenging because of lack of appropriate teaching resources and training. This workshop will provide a well-tested strategy for introducing secure coding concepts in CS0, CS1, CS2, and AP CS A classes. We will introduce attendees to secure coding through hands-on exercises, and provide self-contained, lab-based modules designed to be injected into CS0-CS2 with minimal impact on the course (www.towson.edu/securityinjections). Participants will be encouraged to bring in their own syllabus and labs to modify to include learning objectives focused on cybersecurity based on ACM and CAE guidelines. Laptop recommended.
Virtually Historical: Performing Dark Tourism Through Alternate History Games

This chapter argues that performing dark tourism through alternate history games allows us to explore the violent trajectories that our almost-histories may have taken. By contrasting the Bioshock series as a foray into our fictionalized past against the Fallout series as a foray into our fictionalized future, Milligan explores where these gaming franchises find their root in the facts between. Virtual dark tourism does not have to stop at the digital representation of what has already happened, but may venture even darker into what may have been or will be. Gaming alternate timelines through dark tourism, from Bioshock’s past to Fallout’s future, involves the player in another side of the historical: the virtually historical.
Farmer Cooperation in the Context of Agro-clusters

The geographical concentration of farming activities can promote institutional innovations for farmers. Sharing resources, knowledge, and markets in clustered regions lead to the income improvements of farmers. We explore such advantages for smallholder farmers in West Java of Indonesia by accounting for their behaviors toward horizontal cooperation. The study distinguishes farmers from two major groups, namely the group of farmers who will and neglect to cooperate and the group of cooperating and non-cooperating farmers. These groups allow us to investigate potential factors that enable farmers to build such cooperation and to examine the effects of such cooperation on farmers’ income level. We carry out a double hurdle model to analyze these objectives and utilize the Heckman two-step model to attain more robust result. Our analysis is based on survey data from about 1,151 respondents. The analysis reveals a positive association between agricultural income and participation in cooperation. The attitudes of farmers toward cooperation are highly related to gender, the number of Household members and asset values. Furthermore, the age of farmers, the number of working hours and cultivated crops and frequency of face-to-face meetings are associated with increased likelihoods of establishing farmer cooperation. Agro-clusters allow smallholders to obtain benefits from cooperation alongside decreased costs and risks due to such cooperative productions. The findings imply that strengthening the ability of farmers to coordinate in agricultural production and marketing through vibrant farmer organizations could be a policy option.