cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of ordered and disordered α -brass

Alloys of copper and zinc (brass) have been widely used since Neolithic times due to the discovery that unlike regular copper this alloy can be worked ``cold'' around a 3:1 copper-to-zinc ratio. While it is now known that the as-grown system is a disordered fcc solid solution, no 3:1 ordered phase has yet been directly observed even though the negative mixing enthalpy of the disordered alloy suggests ordering tendencies. Moreover, neutron scattering experiments have been deduced that this disordered alloy contains peculiar chains of Zn atoms. We have expressed the first-principles calculated total energy of general Cu-Zn fcc-lattice configurations using a mixed-space cluster expansion. Application of Monte Carlo--simulated annealing to this generalized Ising-like Hamiltonian produces the predicted low-temperature ground state as well as finite-temperature phase diagram and short-range order. We find (i) that at low temperature the disordered fcc alloy will order into the ${\mathrm{DO}}_{23}$ structure, (ii) the high-temperature short-range order in close agreement with experiment, and (iii) chains of Zn atoms in the [001] direction, as seen experimentally. Furthermore, our model allows a detailed study of the influence and importance of strain on the phase stability.
The twenty-first century counsellor: An emerging role in changing times

A significant number of personal, social, cultural, and economic forces are encountering each other in our global environment. In order to maintain professional responses which reflect changing times, counsellors and counsellor education programs must attend to international, sociopolitical trends in an interdisciplinary context. In this article, the authors identify trends and recommendations relevant to the future of counselling.
Evaluation of performance metrics for the Wave Energy Prize converters tested at 1/20th scale

Abstract It is expected that wave energy technologies will play a future role in providing clean renewable energy and diversifying energy portfolios; however, they are still at an early stage of development compared to other renewables, with varying archetypes proposed. As technologies advance toward commercialization, benchmarking is needed to quantify performance and costs. In this review, experimental datasets of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) devices tested in the final stage of the Wave Energy Prize (WEPrize) are compared and ranked using performance metrics found in the literature and those developed as WEPrize judging metrics at both U.S. and European representative wave climates. Because the WEPrize devices were tested under a set of identical sea states, which ranged from typical operating conditions to extreme storm events, consistent datasets were produced to facilitate comparison. This allows for a rare addition to the open literature on device performance trends. In addition, a reevaluation of trends established in previous power performance benchmarking studies is given. Trends found in previous studies were confirmed, except for the absorbed energy per characteristic mass metric, in which some of the WEPrize devices had higher values. Each of the metrics considered in this study has limitations due to the assumptions in simplifying the economic potential (e.g., power absorbed vs. a proxy to cost). In addition, each of these proxies is limited to the capital cost of a device, unlike the final metric used in the WEPrize, HPQ, which includes limited proxies of operational and capital expenditures, as well as array considerations. Recommendations are given for the use and potential modification of the metrics considered. Specifically, it is recommended that the ACE metric (from the WEPrize) be modified to more accurately include the other important system costs, such as the PTO and mooring, as well as installation, operation and maintenance costs.
Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Reveals Key Pathways in the Anticancer Action of Methoxychalcone Derivatives in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive, heterogeneous disease with high recurrence and metastasis rates even with modern chemotherapy regimens and thus is in need of new therapeutics. Here, three novel synthetic analogues of chalcones, plant-based molecules that have demonstrated potency against a wide variety of cancers, were investigated as potential therapeutics for triple negative breast cancer. These compounds exhibit IC50 values of ∼5 μM in triple negative breast cancer cell lines and are more potent against triple negative breast cancer cell lines than against nontumor breast cell lines according to viability experiments. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics followed by gene set enrichment analysis and validation experiments using flow cytometry, apoptosis, and Western blot assays revealed three different anticancer mechanisms for these compounds. First, the chalcone analogues induce the unfolded protein response followed by apoptosis. Second, increases in the abundances of MHC-I p...
Posttraumatic Mental Contamination and the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide: Effects via DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Clusters

Research has yet to establish a relationship between posttraumatic mental contamination and suicide risk, despite theoretical overlap. The present study examined relationships between posttraumatic mental contamination and suicide risk via posttraumatic stress symptom clusters and appraisals of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Trauma-exposed participants (N=183) completed measures of posttraumatic mental contamination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide risk. Findings revealed significant indirect effects of posttraumatic mental contamination on suicide risk via all posttraumatic stress symptom clusters. Significant serial indirect effects of posttraumatic mental contamination on suicide risk were observed via posttraumatic avoidance and arousal/reactivity and, subsequently, via thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Serial models via posttraumatic re-experiencing and negative cognitions/mood symptoms were nonsignificant. Results suggest that posttraumatic mental contamination may increase suicide risk via posttraumatic stress symptom severity, and maladaptive interpersonal appraisals may explain these links through distinct symptom pathways. Implications for posttraumatic suicide risk are discussed.
Development and Evaluation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Predicting the Effects of Anti-FcRn Therapy on the Disposition of Endogenous IgG in Humans.

Abstract This work scaled up a previously developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the effects of anti-FcRn agents on the disposition of endogenous IgG in human subjects. Simulations were performed with the scaled model to predict the effects of single- and multiple-dose administration of anti-FcRn monoclonal antibodies (1-256 mg/kg) and high-dose intravenous immune globulin (0.4-2 g/kg). The model was evaluated for prediction accuracy through comparison to the effects of rozanolixizumab, an anti-FcRn monoclonal antibodies under current clinical evaluation, on the disposition of endogenous IgG in healthy human subjects. The model provided reasonably accurate predictions of the effects of rozanolixizumab. Prediction errors for the maximum reduction in endogenous IgG concentrations were −8.50% (90% model prediction interval: −14.0% to 1.44%), 3.33% (90% model prediction interval: −13.9% to 21.2%), and 6.85% (90% model prediction interval: −35.2% to 10.5%) for rozanolixizumab doses of 1, 4, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. Model simulations predict that anti-FcRn therapies will exhibit greater dose potency in healthy volunteers than in patients with elevated IgG production rates (e.g., as typically found in autoimmune disease). The model appears to have potential for use in assessing and predicting novel dosing strategies for anti-FcRn therapies.
City as borderland: Gentrification and the policing of Black and Latinx geographies in Oakland:

From the foreclosure crisis of 2008, to the tech boom-provoked housing crisis currently engulfing the San Francisco Bay Area, low-income residents of Oakland, California have been displaced from th...
Solubility, diffusivity, and O isotope systematics of H2O in rhyolitic glass in hydrothermal temperature experiments

Abstract In many volcanic settings, eruptive deposits experience prolonged cooling in the presence of water, such as in subglacial or submarine eruptions. Under these conditions, volcanic glass will rehydrate and record the isotopic composition of the water. This isotope exchange is moderated by H2O solubility and diffusivity in the glass. In this study, we report results from glass hydration experiments conducted at 175–375 °C to constrain H2O solubility and diffusivity under these hydrothermal conditions over timescales lasting hours to months. We use anhydrous high and low silica rhyolites as well as hydrous high silica rhyolite (perlites) with isotopically labeled water as starting materials. Measurements of bulk H2O by TC/EA of experimental glasses provide minimum H2O solubility estimates. High-Si rhyolitic glass has an H2O solubility between 2.75 wt.% (175 °C, 0.89 MPa) and 4.1 wt.% (375 °C, 21 MPa) while low-Si rhyolite H2O solubility is uniformly ∼0.5 wt.% higher at each temperature. We find a roughly linear relationship of solubility vs 1/T that is ∼1–2 wt.% greater than extrapolations from magmatic temperature solubility relationships. Furthermore, three independent methods of diffusion modeling – one in situ and two mass balance approaches – all produce H2O diffusivity (DH2O) values that up to 5.5 times greater than predicted by extrapolation of the 1/T – DH2O relationships above 400 °C to the experimental P-T-XH2O conditions. In situ H2O profiles in rhyolite particles measured by NanoSIMS have the characteristic “snowplow ” functional form that arises from the H2O concentration dependence of DH2O. We cannot detect diffusively driven kinetic fractionation of D relative to H with the NanoSIMS data. Diffusion and mass balance calculations that fit TC/EA time series of bulk H2O in particles of a single size distribution, and calculations that reconcile two sets of different sized particles at a single experimental duration, return similar DH2O constraints. We also present time series δ18O of bulk glass (δ18Obulk) and the δ18O of water-in-glass (δ18Owig) measurements, which indicate that molecular water (H2Om) dissolved in the glass is the primary driver of subsequent oxygen isotope exchange between glass and an external fluid. Local equilibrium between the δ18Owig and the δ18Obulk is rapidly established and ranges from approximately −14‰ at 175 °C to −10‰ at 375 °C. Both the δ18Obulk and δ18Owig then increase with time moving slowly towards estimated bulk glass δ18O equilibrium with the external experimental water. Oxygen isotope exchange between glass and a fluid is therefore strongly linked to – and is limited by – H2O diffusivity, which is slower at lower P-T conditions and lower H2O solubilities as H2Om diffusion is the main exchange mechanism.
Adipocyte ADAM17 plays a limited role in metabolic inflammation

The role of ADAM17, its substrates, and its natural inhibitor has been well studied in the context of inflammation, including metabolic inflammation, with mixed results. Previous studies examining global Adam17 knockdown models and ADAM17 inhibition using overexpression of endogenous ADAM17 inhibitors have shown improved metabolic health and decreased metabolic inflammation. However, there have been no studies examining the role of adipocyte ADAM17 using in vivo models. In this study, we developed an adipocyte-specific Adam17 knockout model using Adipoq-Cre-expressing mice crossed with Adam17-floxed mice. Using this model, we show that loss of adipocyte ADAM17 plays no evident role in baseline metabolic responses. Surprisingly, in a state of metabolic stress using high-fat diet (HFD), we observed that adipocyte ADAM17 had little effect overall on the metabolic phenotype as well as inflammatory cell populations. Using whole-body metabolic phenotyping, we show that loss of ADAM17 has no effect on energy utilization both at a baseline state as well as following HFD. However, lastly, using high-parameter flow cytometry, we show that loss of adipocyte ADAM17 alters macrophage and eosinophil populations following HFD. Overall, the studies presented here give more insight into the role of ADAM17 in metabolic responses and metabolic inflammation, specifically in adipocytes.
Temporal Changes in Cuticular Hydrocarbons During Worker-Reproductive Transition in the Eastern Subterranean Termite (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

In social insects, the reproductive division of labor is often regulated through communication using cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that indicate caste identity and reproductive status. In many termites, workers retain reproductive potential and can differentiate into ergatoid reproductives, and this process is mediated by the presence of reproductives in sex- and age-specific patterns. However, little is known about the variation of CHCs profiles during this transition. In this study, we analyzed the CHC profiles of workers in comparison with ergatoids of different age, sex, and mating status in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), one of the most widely distributed termite species in the world. Both female and male ergatoids were characterized by the presence of tricosane and a group of long-chain and methyl-branched hydrocarbons (chain length ≥ 33), which were found in significantly lower quantities from workers. In addition, CHC profiles differed between newly differentiated (3–4 d) and old (20–25 d) ergatoids, but no difference in CHC signatures was found between females and males based on identified compounds. Heneicosane, a previously reported royal recognition pheromone in R. flavipes, was not detected in ergatoids examined in this study. The results of caste- and age-dependent variations suggest that CHCs may act as releaser pheromones that mediate caste recognition and age-related interactions between reproductives, but analytical results of identified compounds in this study do not support CHCs as sex-specific primer pheromones that regulate nestmate fertility. Royal pheromones in termites may involve complex hydrocarbon blends and non-hydrocarbon substances that await further investigation.
Robotic Fetal Surgery: The Next Frontier?

The modern era of surgery has been characterized by the growing permeation of robotic surgery. Smaller incisions, enhanced dexterity in confined spaces, and magnification make robotic surgery ideally suited for the growing field of prenatal intervention, wherein fetal conditions are surgically addressed within the confines of the womb. In this chapter, we review the history of fetal surgery and the features that make it both challenging and unique, particularly the multidisciplinary nature of maternal-fetal intervention and the risk of precipitating premature labor. We discuss the growing bodies of evidence for fetal myelomeningocele closure, interventions for lower urinary tract obstruction, and various other conditions well-suited for robotic application. As robotic technology rapidly improves with newer platforms, smaller instruments, enhanced simulation, and telesurgery capabilities, the frontier of robotic fetal surgery will be propelled into the next era.
Survey of Agricultural Robot Applications and Implementation

With the increasing demand for crops, maintaining high efficiency with large quantities of production is required, and the traditional methods to control the farm is getting tedious and prone to decision making mistakes. Therefore, using robotics to carry on these tasks is useful, as robots can work under adverse weather conditions, and this will protect the farmworker from exposure to health risks, especially that skin cancer is more common among farmers. In this paper, a survey of the implementation and navigation of autonomous aerial and ground robots for monitoring plant health, ripeness, and soil moisture using different approaches is presented. This is a work-in-progress, and these techniques will be implemented on a low-cost affordable robotic vehicle such as the Turtlebot to perform these tasks efficiently, thereby minimizing the presence of human workers on the field during adverse weather conditions hence protecting their health and well-being.
Printed Feed Network on a Single Surface for Dual Polarized Antenna Array

A simplified packaged microstrip line (MSL) feeding network on a single surface for a dual-polarized array is presented. The MSL couples to a cross-slot-aperture of the antenna elements. A dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole is designed with two different types of feedlines. A Ka-band 4 × 4 dual-polarized array is designed. The array has better than 16 dBi gain with port isolation better than 30 dB and cross-polarization better that -20 dB within a 20% bandwidth. The presented feed scheme is valid for any dual-polarized array size.
Minimizing Opioids After Joint Operation: Protocol to Decrease Postoperative Opioid Use After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Background For decades, opioids have been the mainstay in pain management after total joint arthroplasty despite evidence that their use should be curtailed. To limit unnecessary prescribing of opioids, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Portland Health Care System Total Joints Service implemented the Minimizing Opioids After Joint Operation (MOJO) postoperative pain protocol in 2018 to reduce opioid use following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This protocol included reductions of inpatient and outpatient opioid prescribing, preoperative optimization, use of perioperative nerve blocks, and surgery without a tourniquet. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review that compared the first 20 consecutive patients undergoing TKA using the MOJO protocol with the last 20 patients using the prior routine. Outcomes included total inpatient opioid use, daily opioid use, emergency department (ED) visits or readmissions within 90 days, phone calls for pain or medication refills, length of stay (LOS), and pain during inpatient hospital stay. Results There were significant differences between the pre-MOJO and the MOJO groups with regard to daily inpatient morphine equivalent dose (MED) (82 mg vs 31 mg, P < .01) and total inpatient MEDs (306 mg vs 33 mg, P < .01). There was less self-reported pain on postoperative day 1 in the MOJO group (5.5 vs 4.1, P = .01), decreased LOS (4.4 days vs 1.1 days, P < .01), fewer total ED visits (6 vs 2, P < .07), and fewer discharges to skilled nursing facilities (12 vs 0, P < .01). Conclusions The MOJO protocol reduced postoperative opioid use after TKA in the VA setting without compromising pain control or increasing ED visits. The framework and routines described are potentially applicable to other institutions and surgical specialties.
Mothers’ baking blogs: negotiating sacrificial and postfeminist neoliberal motherhood in South Korea

Blogging among young, tech-savvy mothers has been a popular media outlet for discussing domestic activities since the early 2000s in South Korea. In “mommy blogs,” young mothers negotiate ideal motherhood through the meanings of the sacrificial mother and postfeminist, neoliberal values. Using the frameworks of sacrifice and self-enterprise in a neoliberal sense, I argue that mothers commodify the home space for their neoliberal aspirations while hiding their individual desires behind sacrificial motherhood. Mothers’ baking blog economy, especially the system of power blogger, reveals a sacrificial production of healthy consumable commodities that promotes neoliberal aspirations of mothers to earn social capital. The analysis of power blogging also speaks to the paradox of postfeminist, neoliberal values rooted in sacrificial motherhood. An internalized market rationality is the driving force of mothers’ work, successfully hidden behind the idea of sacrifice. South Korean mommy bloggers resist the prevailing idea of the super mom while reappropriating the relationship between domestic responsibilities and work to suit the motherly duties of sacrifice. This neoliberal aspiration arises from a mother’s sense of individualism and the blurring of the private and public, which reinforces the Confucian patriarchal system.
Origin, toxicity and characteristics of two amyloid oligomer polymorphs

There is compelling evidence that small oligomeric aggregates, emerging during the assembly of amyloid fibrils and plaques, are important molecular pathogens in many amyloid diseases. While significant progress has been made in revealing the mechanisms underlying fibril growth, understanding how amyloid oligomers fit into the fibril assembly process, and how they contribute to the pathogenesis of amyloid diseases, has remained elusive. Commonly, amyloid oligomers are considered to be metastable, early-stage precursors to fibril formation that are either on- or off-pathway from fibril growth. In addition, amyloid oligomers have been reported to colocalize with late-stage fibrils and plaques. Whether these early and late-stage oligomer species are identical or distinct, and whether both are relevant to pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we report on the formation of two distinct oligomer species of lysozyme, formed either during the early or late-stages of in vitro fibril growth. We further observe that the pH change from in vitro growth conditions to cell media used for toxicity studies induced distinct mesoscopic precipitates, two of which resemble either diffuse or neuritic plaques seen in Alzheimer's histology. Our biophysical characterization indicates that both oligomer species share morphological and tinctorial features considered characteristic for amyloid oligomers. At the same time, their sizes, morphologies, their immunostaining, detailed tinctorial profiles and, most prominently, their biological activity are clearly distinct from each other. Probing the conditions promoting the formation of these two distinct oligomer species suggests distinct roles of charge interactions, hydrophobicity and monomer flexibility in directing oligomer assembly.
Cholesterol-Induced Suppression of Endothelial Kir Channels Is a Driver of Impairment of Arteriolar Flow-Induced Vasodilation in Humans.

Dyslipidemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is an important factor in the progression of cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Our recent studies demonstrated tha...
Inflammatory and Infectious Bowel Disease

Colitis is defined radiographically as colonic wall thickening of 3 mm or more when the bowel is distended (Fig. 34.1). Often the bowel wall in colitis will enhance after intravenous contrast administration. There are three chief etiologies in the differential diagnosis of colitis: infection, inflammation, and ischemia.
The role of choice provision in academic dishonesty

Abstract This research investigated whether choice provision may reduce dishonesty and attitudes that justify cheating in an academic context. In Study 1, opportunities to make task choices and cheat by misreporting performance without being detected were manipulated. Differences in the pattern of scores reported across cheating opportunity conditions for choice versus no choice participants suggested that choice provision mitigated score misreporting and provided psychological benefits for positive self-beliefs and affect that were equal to those accrued by the opportunity to successfully misreport scores. Study 2 extended these findings, demonstrating that college students who read a hypothetical vignette describing a college course high in student choice opportunities anticipated greater perceived competence and control and greater opportunities for cheating compared to students who read a low choice course vignette. These variables in turn predicted attributions of blame for cheating to students versus teachers, favorable cheating attitudes, and anticipated cheating behavior in the hypothetical course in opposing directions. Results suggest that unethical behavior may depend in part on support for personal control, in addition to opportunities for acting unethically.
Geotechnical Testing Considerations in the Determination of Laboratory Permeability for Hazardous Waste Disposal Siting

The paper deals with the laboratory determination of permeability (hydraulic conductivity) as applied to hazardous waste disposal siting studies. Probably the most important hydrogeologic parameter in a hazardous waste siting study is permeability. It is also the most variable property of soils, and this variability causes many problems in the laboratory, especially in the fine-grained soils typically tested for hazardous waste siting studies. The determination of seepage velocity is discussed, and the importance of the groundwater level for hazardous waste disposal sites is considered. The best overall laboratory device to determine permeability appears to be the triaxial device, utilizing the proper application of backpressure. The use of rigid wall permeameters or consolidation theory to determine permeability is not recommended, since unconservative results are generally obtained.
Interior estimates for a low order finite element method for the Reissner–Mindlin plate model

Interior error estimates are obtained for a low order finite element introduced by Arnold and Falk for the Reissner–Mindlin plates. It is proved that the approximation error of the finite element solution in the interior domain is bounded above by two parts: one measures the local approximability of the exact solution by the finite element space and the other the global approximability of the finite element method. As an application, we show that for the soft simply supported plate, the Arnold–Falk element still achieves an almost optimal convergence rate in the energy norm away from the boundary layer, even though optimal order convergence cannot hold globally due to the boundary layer. Numerical results are given which support our conclusion.
A linear search strategy using bounds

Branch-and-bound and branch-and-cut use search trees to identify optimal solutions. In this paper, we introduce a linear search strategy which we refer to as cut-and-solve and prove optimality and completeness for this method. At each node in the search path, a relaxed problem and a sparse problem are solved and a constraint is added to the relaxed problem. The sparse problems provide incumbent solutions. When the constraining of the relaxed problem becomes tight enough, its solution value becomes no better than the incumbent solution value. At this point, the incumbent solution is declared to be optimal. This strategy is easily adapted to be an anytime algorithm as an incumbent solution is found at the root node and continuously updated during the search. Cut-and-solve enjoys two favorable properties. Its memory requirements are nominal and, since there is no branching, there are no "wrong" subtrees in which the search may get lost. For these reasons, it may be potentially useful as an alternative approach for problems that are difficult to solve using search tree methods. In this paper, we demonstrate the cut-and-solve strategy by implementing it for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP). We compare this implementation with state-of-the-art ATSP solvers to validate the potential of this novel search strategy. Our code is available at (Climer & Zhang 2004).
The take-off of MOTS avionic navigation systems for space/launch vehicle applications

Application of a Military-off-the-Shelf (MOTS) navigation system. The Honeywell H-764G, is being qualified as a primary navigation system for new generation low cost launch vehicles. Current commercial market needs are driving leading national aerospace companies to closely examine the new performance and cost advantages of high volume military-off-the-shelf products. Leveraging from existing military applications and heritage, Honeywell is opening the door with a smart, low-cost, Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI) system.
Mutations in the putative fusion peptide of Semliki Forest virus affect spike protein oligomerization and virus assembly.

The two transmembrane spike protein subunits of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) form a heterodimeric complex in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This complex is then transported to the plasma membrane, where spike-nucleocapsid binding and virus budding take place. By using an infectious SFV clone, we have characterized the effects of mutations within the putative fusion peptide of the E1 spike subunit on spike protein dimerization and virus assembly. These mutations were previously demonstrated to block spike protein membranefusionactivity(G91D)orcauseanacidshiftinthepHthresholdoffusion(G91A).Duringinfection ofBHKcellsat37&C,virusspikeproteinscontainingeithermutationwereefficientlyproducedandtransported to the plasma membrane, where they associated with the nucleocapsid. However, the assembly of mutant spike proteins into mature virions was severely impaired and a cleaved soluble fragment of E1 was released into the medium. In contrast, incubation of mutant-infected cells at reduced temperature (28&C) dramatically decreased E1 cleavage and permitted assembly of morphologically normal virus particles. Pulse-labeling studies showed that the critical period for 28&C incubation was during virus assembly, not spike protein synthesis. Thus, mutations in the putative fusion peptide of SFV confer a strong and thermoreversible budding defect. The dimerization of the E1 spike protein subunit with E2 was analyzed by using either cells infected with virus mutants or mutant virus particles assembled at 28&C. The altered-assembly phenotype of the G91D and G91A mutants correlated with decreased stability of the E1-E2 dimer.
Risk Communication on Climate: Mental Models and Mass Balance

Public confusion about the urgency of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions results from a basic misconception.
Disk Diffusion Method for Determining Susceptibilities of Candida spp. to MK-0991

We have developed an agar-based methodology for testing susceptibilities of Candida spp. to the new antifungal agent MK-0991, a glucan synthase inhibitor. Results obtained with this method correlated well with the results obtained by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A broth microdilution reference method. However, as noted with prior comparisons of broth- and agar-based systems, some isolates yielded inhibition zones which were not consistent with the MICs obtained for them. Understanding the implications of these differences will require testing in an in vivo system.
A Partitioning Method for Combinational Synthesis

A method of network synthesis for general combinational functions that uses a number of fixed threshold logic units not greatly in excess of the theoretical minimum is described. It can be used with adaptive logic in which case a minority of the interconnections are simply adapted once according to the rule originally suggested by Hebb. This network on its own has no capacity for ``generalization,'' and if used for pattern recognition must therefore be operated in conjunction with a suitable property filter, such as that of the previous paper.[1] In this case the present network could perform as a trainable ``categorizer.''
Active Control of Sound in Acoustic Waveguides, Part I: Theory

Abstract This is the first of two papers in which the performance of active noise control systems in rigid-walled, finite-length, rectangular waveguides is discussed. The theory is developed such that optimal secondary source strengths are found to minimize three performance criteria: pressure at a selected set of points within the waveguide; potential energy in a selected volume of the waveguide; and power in the downstream region of the waveguide. The minimum pressure solution is a double summation over all the modes in the duct. This solution is difficult to interpret unless a finite number of modes are considered, and the pressure is measured to take advantage of the orthogonal properties of the high order modes in the waveguide. When evanescent energy is neglected and the pressure is measured at proper locations, the solution of the pressure minimization problem is similar to the solution of the global problem (i.e., minimization of either potential energy or power). The pressure minimum solution converges to the optimal global solution when the waveguide is infinite or when modal control strategies are implemented.
Gandhi, The Mahatma: Evolving Narratives and Native Discourse in Gandhi Studies

The scholarship on Gandhi tends to situate him in one of three camps: political leader, nonviolent revolutionary, or spiritual figure. But for Gandhi, his methods of Ahis (nonviolence) and Satygraha (passive resistance or Soul Force) were interconnected with his asceticism. The overwhelming focus in recent years is on Gandhi's nonviolent strategy in solving personal, social and political conflicts; Gandhi's ascetic practices are dismissed as nonessential or contradictory to political processes. It is difficult for most modern peace activists and scholars, as it was for Gandhi's contemporaries, to understand the native discourse of his paradoxical ideology. Today, there is an emerging debate in the search for alternative responses to war. Gandhi's methods are being deliberated as a possible way to resolve modern problems. But the question remains: Can the modern world borrow Gandhi's political strategies and begin to succeed at the level he did without accepting renunciation, the core of Gandhi's personal and political philosophy?
Variation in development of rat embryos at the presomite period.

Rat embryos at a single gestational time in the presomite period were studied for their variation in development and their fate after culture. They were explanted at 8 A.M. on day 9 of gestation from timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats which were obtained by mating between 8 and 10 A.M. (plug day = day 0). In the first experiment, a total of 203 embryos from 20 litters were examined for their variation in development. Several dimensions of embryo/egg cylinder were measured and development of various embryonic/extraembryonic structures were assessed using a scoring system that we developed for the present study. Embryos were then divided into different stages of development based on their scores using the staging system that we developed previously. A large variation in developmental stage was demonstrated; the youngest embryo was at the early primitive streak stage with no signs of amniotic folds and the oldest one was at the late neural plate stage with a foregut pocket but without visible somites. No strong correlation was demonstrated between developmental stage and size of embryo/egg cylinder, nor between developmental stage and development of the proamniotic tube, ectoplacental cavity, or allantois. In the second experiment, embryos were explanted at the same time and those at different stages were cultured separately in rotating bottles and their outcomes were compared after 49 hours. The difference in mean somites number of embryos cultured from the mid primitive streak and late neural plate stages was 6.1. This difference corresponds to approximately 10 hours based on the known linear increase of somites number on day 11 of approximately 0.6 somites per hour. These results indicate a large variation in development of presomite period embryos supposedly of the same gestational age and suggest the importance of careful staging at the time of explantation if precision is needed for whole embryo culture experiments. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Revision Decision: Is Change Always Good? A Comparison of CELF–R and CELF–3 Test Scores in Children With Language Impairment, Focal Brain Damage, and Typical Development

Purpose The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) is a widely used, comprehensive test battery that assesses language in school-age children and adolescents. The CELF–R (E. Semel, E. ...
Load and Resistance Factors and Design Parameter Offsets for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide

An approach to developing load and resistance factors and design parameter offsets for inputs to the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is provided for the purpose of ensuring, with a high level of probability, that the MEPDG-predicted distress at any level of reliability does not exceed a given threshold. In the proposed approach, the two most significant sources of uncertainty in pavement design—input variability and model prediction error—are handled separately. The proposed method involves four major steps: experimental design, surrogate model estimation, model verification, and calculation of load and resistance factors and design offsets with the inverse first-order reliability method. The proposed method allows pavement engineers to account for uncertainty in loading and resistance parameters in a similar manner to the load and resistance factor design provisions of the American Institute of Steel Construction's Steel Construction Manual and the American Concrete Institute's ACI 31...
Cyclization of methacrylate–functional silane on particulate clay

Du τ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane physiquement adsorbe depose a partir d'alcool aqueux sur des particules d'argile existe comme polysilsesquioxanes de faible masse moleculaire cyclique en structure cage
Risky subjects: narrative, literary testimonio and legal testimony

This article compares the textual production of legal testimony with that of literary testimonio. Using the controversy sparked by David Stoll’s expose of Rigoberta Menchu’s less than “factual” account of her life lived amidst the genocide of indigenous peoples in Guatemala, the analysis asks why Menchu should be indicted or acquitted based on cultural notions of legal testimony. I use the concept of language ideologies to explore how listeners hold narrators to standards of truth. By suggesting that there are interpretive ideologies of narrative production and function at work, the argument is made that any detractor can find a way to discredit narrative truth. I show this by examining how Latina women and state actors create legal testimony about domestic abuse. While these narratives share much with the Menchu testimonio, in particular the risks they present to their narrators, I conclude that the everyday victim in the U.S. adversarial system has much more to lose, and inevitably has far less discursive power, than Menchu. I examine these topics and themes from sociolinguistic and discourse analytic perspectives.
“Barbary” in HENRY IV, PART 1: Another Shakespearean Allusion to 1 Corinthians

The eleven instances of the word barbary in Shakespeare seem to fall into three categories: one instance of the proper noun for the geographical region (“From Lisbon, Barbary, and India” in The Mer...
Fish and people: Aquaculture and the social sciences

Abstract The contributions of sociology, political economy, and anthropology to the development of aquaculture are examined. These disciplines have approached aqua‐culture from two perspectives. There is a body of literature that explores aquaculture's impact on rural communities, treating aquaculture as agriculture and focusing on issues of equity, labor patterns, nutrition, and health. Another approach stresses what aquaculture has in common with fisheries and is concerned with the use of shared resources such as bays and estuaries and an exploration of the possibility of turning fishermen into aquaculturists. Areas in which future work is needed are identified.
The Level of Protein in the Diet of Growing New Hampshire Chickens During Hot Weather

Abstract THE results of Hammond, Hendricks and Titus (1938) indicate that the optimum level of protein in a diet for growing chickens is about 21 percent. The National Research Council (1950) recommends that feed for chickens during their first eight weeks contain 20 percent protein. However, the diet intake of chickens decreases during periods of high environmental temperatures, such as during the summer months in the region where the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station is located. Because this decrease in total feed intake results in a decrease in the intake of nutrients needed for growth, it seemed possible that the dietary level of protein for growing chickens should be higher during hot than during cool weather. Mills (1943) found that when rats were kept at a temperature of 68 degrees F. both their growth and diet consumption were optimal at the 18 percent level of protein, but when they were kept at …
Simulation analysis of backside defects printability in 193nm photolithography

Backside defects a few micrometers in size are serious concern in lithography because they can degrade the image quality on a wafer. It was known that defects attached on the backside affected the printing images on a wafer by locally altering the partial coherence (σ) and the transmitted intensity of the illumination. The ability to detect and to simulate their impact of defects on the backside is one of the key components in ensuring quality of photomask. The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum size of defects on the backside which would be affected printability in 193nm photolithography. It was investigated to the influence of wafer critical dimension (CD) variation according to illumination and NA, that of refraction according to defect size. For this study, a reticle was designed to include line and space patterns, contact patterns and isolated patterns on the front side. And the type of defects attached on the backside was made of chrome to investigate the relation between transmittance of backside defects and its printability. The correlation of measurements made with UV and DUV-based inspection system; simulation performed with a 193nm aerial image measurement system. Besides the allowable size of backside defects was determined using the criterion of a maximum intensity variation of 10%.
Pharmacological effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior of the preweanling rat

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that sensitivity of ingestive behavior of infant rat to the pharmacological effects of ethanol changes between postnatal (P) days 9 and 12. The intake of 0.1% saccharin and water, general motor activity, and myoclonic twitching activity were assessed following administration of three doses of ethanol (0, 0.25, and 0.5 g/kg) while fluids were free available to the animals. The 0.5 g/kg dose of ethanol attenuated saccharin intake in P9 pups and enhanced saccharin intake in P12 rats. On P12 some sex-related differences emerged at 0.5 g/kg of ethanol, with saccharin intake being higher in females than in their male counterparts. Taste reactivity probe revealed that 0.5 g/kg of ethanol increased taste responsiveness to saccharin on P12 but only to infusions presented at a high rate. The results of the present study indicate that ontogenetic changes in sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior occur during the second postnatal week, with P9 animals being more sensitive to the inhibitory (sedative) effects on saccharin intake and P12 rats being more sensitive to the stimulatory effects of ethanol. We suggest that acute ethanol enhanced saccharin intake via sensitization of oral response to appetitive taste stimulation.
Fetuses of Obese Mothers Develop Insulin Resistance in Utero

OBJECTIVE Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetuses of obese women have increased obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation, supporting the concept of fetal programming. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-three lean and 68 obese women with singleton term pregnancies were evaluated at elective cesarean delivery. Maternal and umbilical cord blood was obtained for measures of insulin resistance and cytokines. Neonatal body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements within 24 h of delivery. RESULTS The fetuses of obese mothers had greater percent body fat (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 11.6 ± 2.9%, P = 0.02), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (1.51 ± 0.86 vs. 1.06 ± 0.70, P = 0.003), cord leptin (14.5 ± 13.5 vs. 8.2 ± 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001), and interleukin-6 (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4 pg/ml, P = 0.02) than fetuses of lean women. There was a strong positive correlation between fetal adiposity and insulin resistance ( r = 0.32, P = 0.0008) as well as maternal pregravid BMI and fetal insulin resistance ( r = 0.31, P = 0.007) even with adjustment for potential confounders. Cord leptin had a significant correlation with fetal insulin resistance ( r = 0.30, P = 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between any other umbilical cord cytokines and fetal insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth. Therefore, if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
Rates of nitric oxide dissociation from hemoglobin

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in human physiology and in many pathological states. Although oxyhemoglobin is known to destroy NO activity, NO activity can, in principle, be conserved through iron nitrosylation at vacant hemes. In order for this NO activity to be delivered, the NO must dissociate from the heme. Despite its study over the past few decades, our understanding of NO dissociation from hemoglobin is incomplete. In principle, there are at least four NO dissociation rates: kRα, kRβ, kTα, and kTβ, where the subscript refers to the quaternary state and the superscript to the hemoglobin chain. In the T-state, a proportion of the proximal histidine bonds break forming pentacoordinate α-nitrosyl hemoglobin. In vivo, α -nitrosyl hemoglobin predominates over β-nitrosyl hemoglobin. In this study we have used a fast NO trap, Fe(II)-proline-dithiocarbamate, to measure NO dissociation rates from hemoglobin. We have varied solution conditions so the rate of dissociation from pentacoordinate α -nitrosyl hemoglobin could be definitively measured for the first time; kTα = 4.2 ± 1.5 × 10−4 s−1. We have also found that the fastest NO dissociation rate is on the order of 10−3 s−1 and that NO dissociation from sickle cell hemoglobin is the same as that from normal adult hemoglobin.
Decomposition can harm the accuracy of behavioural frequency reports

In survey research, the use of decomposition can lead to pronounced reporting errors as seen by overreporting and overall reporting error. A total of 87 subjects answered either decomposed or undecomposed questions concerning telephone calls made by them while at work. The questionnaire conditions varied the length of the reference period (1 week or 6 months), and the type of call (local or long-distance). Decomposition conditions introduced either spatial or temporal cues. In all comparisons, decomposed questions increased overreporting bias relative to undecomposed questions. In addition, undecomposed questions with a 1-week reference period led to increased overreporting bias in comparison to undecomposed/6-month questions. Results are consistent with a category split estimation model in which smaller categories are predicted to lead to overreporting, and larger categories to underreporting. Decomposition is not recommended for gaining retrospective reports of non-distinctive, frequent events. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.