cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Linear Instability Modeling of the Cloud Level Venus Atmosphere

Based on the success of several two-dimensional (latitude, longitude) linear barotropic instability models at matching some of the observed characteristics of the cloud level, polar region of the Venus atmosphere, a more realistic, linear, three-dimensional (height, latitude and longitude) model has been developed to further test the hypothesis that the observed features can be described by linear instability theory. The approach taken is to vary the model input parameters to see whether it is possible to produce modes that resemble the observations of wave activity and to compare those input parameters with other observations of the mean state. Sensitivity studies show that in addition to a well-documented dependence on the mean zonal wind, the growth and propagation of unstable modes depends on the latitude variation of the mean temperature (and hence static stability). These studies have led to the specification of a model basic state wind and temperature field that produces modes which are matched to observations of spatial structure, preferred wavenumber and phase speed of the polar disturbances. Wavenumber 2 is found to have the shortest growth time and unlike the two-dimensional results, wavenumbers 1-3 share a nearly common period of about 3 days. The derived basic state has a temperature field that is quite similar to Pioneer Venus observations; however, in some regions the model basic state wind field departs from cyclostrophic values based on temperature observations.
TULIP at the University of California, part I: implementation and the lessons learned

This article discusses the implementation of the TULIP (The University Licensing Program) system at the University of California. It describes the design of the system itself, shares some of the experience gained so far from the implementation along with implications for the future, and discusses plans for delivery of electronic information to the university community.
Silver-stained accessory structures on human sex chromosomes.

Using a combination of silver-staining and light microscopic techniques on human male meiotic preparations, it is feasible to study the morphology and behavior of both autosomal synaptonemal complexes and sex chromosome axes. During leptotene and early zygotene, the X and Y chromosomes are separate; their axes appearing as thin, filamentous structures. During late zygotene/early pachytene, the sex chromosomes come close to each other and a distinct sex vesicle is formed. We confirm the existence of a short synaptonemal complex between the terminal ends of the X and Y chromosomes. In our preparations, a number of accessory structures can be seen along the axes of the sex chromosomes. These structures appear to be similar in morphology to those previously observed in several other mammalian species.
“Palevome”: Foundations of struggle and conflict in Greek interpersonal communication

A sense of contest and struggle permeates everyday life in Greece to a degree that is uncharacteristic of the typical Western orientation to interpersonal communication. The verb “palevome” is used to illuminate the Greek perspective on conflict and its role in interaction. Traditional cultural roots of palevome are discussed in relation to ingroup and outgroup distinctions and the importance of “philotimo.” Conversation style, competition, and the process focus of interaction are examined in light of the interpersonal struggle pervading Greek interaction.
Band-limited masks for TPF coronagraph

Abstract Band-limited image plane masks, in conjunction with appropriate Lyot stops, function effectively to suppress host star light while transmitting planet light to the final image for detecting and characterizing faint exo-solar terrestrial planets. In this article, we review various types of image plane masks, their design, fabrication, and characterization. Measured characteristics and performance of sample masks in simulations and in laboratory experiments are also discussed. Star light suppression contrast better than 10−9 in the 4 to 10 λ / D region has been demonstrated with such a mask in our laboratory testbed. To cite this article: K. Balasubramanian et al., C. R. Physique 8 (2007).
Engineering Escherichia coli for the synthesis of taxadiene, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of taxol

Taxadiene, the key intermediate of paclitaxel (Taxol) biosynthesis, has been prepared enzymatically from isopentenyl diphosphate in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli by overexpressing genes encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and taxadiene synthase. In addition, by the expression of three genes encoding four enzymes on the terpene biosynthetic pathway in a single strain of E. coli, taxadiene can be conveniently synthesized in vivo, at the unoptimized yield of 1.3 mg per liter of cell culture. The success of both in vitro and in vivo synthesis of taxadiene bodes well for the future production of taxoids by non-paclitaxel producing organisms through pathway engineering.
Invisible Women in Invisible Man

Women play a vital role in shaping the development of Ralph Ellison’s narrator in Invisible Man (1952). In fact, a relatively extensive bibliography on the topic of women in Ellison’s novel exists....
Compensation and Weights for Trade-offs in Engineering Design: Beyond the Weighted Sum

Multicriteria decision support methods are common in engineering design. These methods typically rely on a summation of weighted attributes to accomplish trade-offs among competing objectives. It has long been known that a weighted sum, when used for multicriteria optimization, may fail to locate all points on a nonconvex Pareto frontier. More recent results from the optimization literature relate the curvature of an objective function to its ability to capture Pareto points, but do not consider the significance of the objective function parameters in choosing one Pareto point over another. A parametrized family of aggregations appropriate for engineering design is shown to model decisions capturing all possible trade-offs, and therefore can direct the solution to any Pareto optimum. This paper gives a mathematical and theoretical interpretation of the parameters of this family of aggregations as defining a degree of compensation among criteria as well as a measure of their relative importance. The inability to reach all Pareto optima is shown to be surmounted by this consideration of degree of compensation as an additional parameter of the decision. Additionally, the direct specification of importance weights is common to many decision methods. The choice of a single point from a Pareto frontier by specifying importance weights alone is shown to depend on the degree of compensation implicit in the aggregation. Thus both the degree of compensation and weights must be considered to capture all potentially acceptable decisions. A simple truss design example is used here to illustrate the concepts.
Thermodynamic projection and extrapolation of high-variance mineral assemblages

A procedure is described whereby the effect of “extra” components on the plotting positions of minerals in projected phase diagrams may be accounted for rigorously. The method employs the equilibrium constraints of the mineral assemblage to extrapolate the compositions of the minerals to where the values of the “extra” components approach 0. The same procedure may also be used to extrapolate the compositions of natural assemblages over isothermal, isobaric composition diagrams or polythermal, polybaric diagrams.
Reading, typing, and driving: How interactions with in-vehicle systems degrade driving performance

In-vehicle information systems (IVISs) can assist drivers by increasing both safety and efficiency. However, these systems may also divert drivers’ attention away from the forward road and cause them to become distracted. This study examined the effect of entering and reading text while driving. Two constructs were manipulated as part of the study: text length and presence of task-irrelevant text. A driving simulator study was conducted with 28 drivers across four age groups. The findings suggest that driving performance is worse with increased task completion time. When task completion time was included as a covariate in the analytical models, text entry tasks with as few as four letters was shown to significantly degrade drivers’ longitudinal and lateral control compared to driving without any IVIS tasks. The outcomes suggests that shortening the time required for drivers to complete any text entry or reading tasks could potentially reduce the effect of distraction.
Dependence of the gain in stimulated rotational Raman scattering in H2 on the pump ellipticity

Abstract The intensity of the radiation resulting from stimulated rotational Raman scattering of an elliptically polarized pump beam by gaseous H2 was measured as a function of the pump ellipticity in an unseeded experiment. The results show excellent agreement with the predictions of a simple two-beam classical model of the process which incorporates only components at the pump and the Stokes frequencies but includes the effects of pump depletion.
Nucleation and growth kinetics of graphene layers from a molten phase

Nucleation and growth of graphene layers from Ni–C melts were investigated. It is shown that upon cooling of supersaturated liquids, graphite will grow either with flake or sphere morphology depending on the solidification rate and degree of supersaturation. At small solidification rates, graphite crystals are normally bounded by faceted low index basal and prismatic planes which grow by lateral movement of ledges produced by 2D-nucleation or dislocations. At higher growth rates, however, both interfaces become kinetically rough, and growth becomes limited by diffusion of carbon to growing interface. The roughening transition from faceted to non-faceted depends on the driving force and nature of growing plane. Due to high number of C–C dangling bonds in prismatic face, its roughening transition occurs in smaller driving force. As such, at intermediate rates, the prismatic interfaces become rough and grow faster while the basal plane is still faceted, leading to formation of flake graphite. At higher growth rates, both interfaces grow with a relatively similar rate leading to initiation of graphite sphere formation, which later grow by a multi-stage growth mechanism. An analytical model is developed to describe the size and morphology of graphite as a function of solidification parameters.
The echocardiographic diagnosis, characterization, and extraction guidance of cardiac foreign bodies.

Abstract Echocardiography is ideal for localizing cardiac foreign bodies and for characterizing associated cardiac and vascular injury before and during extraction. We report 5 cases of traumatic and iatrogenic cardiac foreign bodies that illustrate the central role of transthoracic and transesophageal ultrasonography in the management of these patients. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:232-39.)
When We Can’t Wait on Truth: The Nature of Rhetoric in The Rhetoric of Science

When Alan Gross published The Rhetoric of Science in 1990, he helped initiate a productive controversy concerning the place of rhetoric in science studies while arguing for the continued importance of the classical rhetorical tradition. However, in his 2006 revision, Starring the Text, Gross significantly draws back the classical emphasis while making more central the place of the American analytic philosophical tradition stemming from the foundational logical writings of W.V.O Quine. This essay interrogates this shift in Gross’s writings in order to find the working definition of rhetoric that threads throughout his work. This definition, I argue, turns out to be grounded more in Quine’s holistic theory of epistemology than in any sophistical or even Aristotelian conception of language as a vehicle for advocating judgment in times of deliberation and crisis. I argue that a return to the classical emphasis on situated practice can enrich the study of the rhetoric of science and build on the significant accomplishments of Gross’s work.
Practical leakage-resilient identity-based encryption from simple assumptions

We design the first Leakage-Resilient Identity-Based Encryption (LR-IBE) systems from static assumptions in the standard model. We derive these schemes by applying a hash proof technique from Alwen et.al. (Eurocrypt '10) to variants of the existing IBE schemes of Boneh-Boyen, Waters, and Lewko-Waters. As a result, we achieve leakage-resilience under the respective static assumptions of the original systems in the standard model, while also preserving the efficiency of the original schemes. Moreover, our results extend to the Bounded Retrieval Model (BRM), yielding the first regular and identity-based BRM encryption schemes from static assumptions in the standard model.The first LR-IBE system, based on Boneh-Boyen IBE, is only selectively secure under the simple Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption (DBDH), and serves as a stepping stone to our second fully secure construction. This construction is based on Waters IBE, and also relies on the simple DBDH. Finally, the third system is based on Lewko-Waters IBE, and achieves full security with shorter public parameters, but is based on three static assumptions related to composite order bilinear groups.
Riboswitches exert genetic control through metabolite-induced conformational change

Conserved RNA structures have traditionally been thought of as potential binding sites for protein factors and consequently are regarded as fulfilling relatively passive albeit important roles in cellular processes. With the discovery of riboswitches, RNA no longer takes a backseat to protein when it comes to affecting gene expression. Riboswitches bind directly to cellular metabolites with exceptional specificity and affinity, and exert control over gene expression through ligand-induced conformational changes in RNA structure. Riboswitches now represent a widespread mechanism by which cells monitor their metabolic state and facilely alter gene expression in response to changing conditions.
Improved Ultrasound-Mediated Molecular Imaging of Previously Ischemic Mouse Myocardium Using Dual-Targeted Microbubbles and Constant Infusion

Molecularly targeted ultrasound contrast agents have been shown to identify previously-ischemic regions of the myocardium by targeting cell adhesion molecules that are displayed on activated endothelial surfaces in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury. An improved method for targeted microbubble (MB) delivery using constant infusion and dual targeted microbubbles is presented to enable better characterization of microbubble interaction with activated endothelium. Ten male C57BL/6 mice underwent 15-minute Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary occlusion followed by 2-hour reperfusion. Immediately after the 2-hour reperfusion, mouse hearts were imaged with a Sequoia scanner and 15L8 transducer. All mice received three of five MB preparations in random order: Sialyl Lewis X MB (MB X ), anti-P-Selectin (MB P ), anti-VCAM MB (MB V ), Sialyl Lewis X + anti-VCAM MB (MB D ), and isotype control MB (MB I ). Subsequently, mouse hearts were excised and stained with TTC & Phthalo blue dyes to assess infarct size and area at risk, respectively. Video data indicated that the binding of targeted MB to ischemic regions was significantly higher for MB D , MB X , MB P , and MB V , compared to MB I (p D was higher than both MB X and MB V (p D (AUC = 0.90), MB X (AUC = 0.89), MB P (AUC = 0.87), and MB V (AUC = 0.97).
Use of CT and MRI in emergency department patients with acute pancreatitis

Purpose Assess the utility of CT and MRI in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) presenting to emergency department (ED).
Cocontaminant Effects on Degradation of Triazine Herbicides by a Mixed Microbial Culture

In most pesticide-contaminated agrichemical facilities, atrazine is found in combination with other widely used agricultural chemicals, and remediation strategies must account for the multiple-contaminant environment. The ability of an atrazine-mineralizing culture to degrade other s-triazines in liquid culture was evaluated. Cyanazine and simazine, added to liquid culture, either alone or combined with atrazine, were degraded in 6 days. Cyanazine was degraded to persistent metabolite(s), as yet unidentified. Metribuzin was not degraded. The culture completely degraded atrazine in the presence of cocontaminants including alachlor, metolachlor, and trifluralin. Atrazine degradation was not affected when cocontaminant herbicides were introduced singly. Mixtures of cocontaminants increased half-life values of atrazine plus hydroxyatrazine 2-3 times. Nitrate presence did not affect atrazine. These results suggest that our mixed culture could be successfully used to bioaugment s-triazine contaminated systems, in the presence of nitrate and commonly detected cocontaminant herbicides.
Two-color ionization with an intense low-frequency field.

We formulate a gauge-invariant approximation for treating the ionization of a one-electron atom by two lasers, one intense and of low frequency, the other weak and of high frequency. We have applied the approximation to hydrogen and obtained an intensity-dependent structure in the photoelectron angular distributions.
The Negative Ion of Hydrogen

The negative ion of hydrogen continues to be important in atomic physics and astrophysics. Correlations between the two electrons are strong already in the ground state, the only bound state in this three-body system. This state attracted early interest, especially for the description of stellar atmospheres by Chandrasekhar and others. More recently, the rich spectrum of doubly-excited states, and the nature of the double escape above the break-up energy of 14.35 eV, have been central to our understanding of highly-correlated, non-separable problems in quantum physics. This article is a survey of the story of H− as it has developed over the last seventy years.
Algorithms minimizing mean flow time: schedule-length properties

The mean flow time of a schedule provides a measure of the average time that a task spends within a computer system, and also the average number of unfinished tasks in the system. The mean flow time of a schedule is defined to be the sum of the finishing times of all tasks in the system. On a system of identical processors O(nlog n) algorithms exist for determining minimal mean flow time schedules for n independent tasks. In general, there will be a large class C of schedules, of widely differing lengths, that all minimize mean flow time. The problem of finding the shortest schedule in C is NP-complete. We give heuristics that find schedules in C that are no more than 25% longer than the shortest schedule in C. The advantage of a short schedule is that processor utilization is high.
Smith Normal Form and acyclic matrices

An approach, based on the Smith Normal Form, is introduced to study the spectra of symmetric matrices with a given graph. The approach serves well to explain how the path cover number (resp. diameter of a tree T) is related to the maximal multiplicity MaxMult(T) occurring for an eigenvalue of a symmetric matrix whose graph is T (resp. the minimal number q(T) of distinct eigenvalues over the symmetric matrices whose graphs are T). The approach is also applied to a more general class of connected graphs G, not necessarily trees, in order to establish a lower bound on q(G).
Molecular dynamics investigation of patterning via cold welding

We perform a series of molecular dynamics simulations of a subtractive cold-welding patterning process. The effects of film thickness and work of adhesion between the thin film and substrate are examined. For small works of adhesion, the film elastically debonds from the substrate before the onset of plastic deformation inside the film during stamp retraction. A simple model is proposed to describe the debonding and deformation of the film. The model provides an analytical framework that describes the playoff between adhesion, yield strength, and film thickness in determining the debond length of the film induced by stamp retraction.
Optical Headmounted Wearable Technology in Heart and Lung Organ Procurement

s S263 compared to 46.5 days in the study group (group 1). However the epithelialization [Group 1: 20 (58%) vs Group 2 (41%)] as well as the rate of complex removal [Group 1: 10 (47%) vs Group 2: 9 (40.9%) were not statistically significant. Conclusion: SEMS can epithelialize and granulate quickly. Short term follow up bronchoscopies and revision of SEMS will help prevent stent related complication.
Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder characterized by abnormally elevated blood pressure of the pulmonary circulation that results, over time, from extensive vascular remodeling and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology have led to the development of techniques for noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function, including hemodynamic parameters in the pulmonary circulation, which are superior in their identification of right ventricular morphologic changes. These advantages make cardiac MRI an attractive modality for following up and providing prognoses in patients with PAH. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the use of MRI for the diagnosis, assessment, and ongoing monitoring of patients with PAH. Over the coming decade, it can be anticipated that continued improvements in MRI image acquisition, spatial and temporal resolution, and analytical techniques will result in improved understanding of PAH pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognostic variables, and will supplement, and may even replace, some of the invasive procedures currently applied routinely to the evaluation of PAH.
Regulation of Bone Turnover by Sex Steroids in Men

Introduction: The mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate bone turnover in humans are unclear, and recent studies have suggested that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may play an important role in regulating bone resorption. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine men (median age, 69 yr) underwent suppression of sex steroids using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and aromatase blocker and were replaced with testosterone (T; 5 mg/d) and estradiol (E; 37.5 μg/d). After assessment of bone resorption markers (serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX] and TRACP5b), they were randomized to sex steroid deficiency (−T, −E), E alone (−T, +E), T alone (+T, −E), or both (+T, +E) and restudied 3 wk later. Bone marrow aspirates were obtained to isolate osteoblastic, T, and monocytic cells using magnetic-activated cell sorting. Results: Serum CTX and TRACP5b increased significantly (by 71% and 15%, p < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively) in the −T, −E group, and these increases occurred despite a 60% suppression of serum FSH levels (p < 0.001) caused by the GnRH agonist. There were significant E (but not T) effects on preventing increases in serum CTx and TRACP levels. There was a nonsignificant trend (p = 0.122) for E to suppress RANKL mRNA levels in bone marrow osteoblastic cells. Changes in mRNA levels for other cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IFN-γ) in bone marrow cells were not significant. Conclusions: E has greater suppressive effects on bone resorption than T, and increased bone resorption after sex steroid deficiency can occur independently of changes in FSH secretion. E effects on bone resorption may be mediated by regulation of RANKL production by osteoblastic cells, although further studies using more highly purified cells may reduce the variability of the mRNA measurements and allow for clearer definition of the mediators of sex steroid action in vivo.
Metal accumulation by bermudagrass grown on four diverse soils amended with secondarily treated sewage effluent

Land treatment is increasingly being utilized as a method of waste disposal for both sewage effluent and sludges. While there has been considerable attention directed toward the fate of metallic constituents of sewage sludges, there have been fewer studies of the fate and mobility of metals appled to soils in sewage effluent. This study was undertaken utilizing secondarily treated sewage effluent amended to contain less than 1 mg l−1 each of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The effluent was applied weekly for a period of 1 yr on large undisturbed monoliths of four diverse soils enclosed in lysimeters and sprigged to common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). Soil samples were collected periodically and extracted with DTPA to measure plant available metals. Vegetation was harvested, weighed, subsampled and analyzed for total metal content. Total plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Ni during the year was less than 1% of that applied. Vegetative uptake of Zn was as high as 2%. Metal uptake was greatest in the soil with the lowest initial pH. Heavy metal concentrations in plant tissue exhibited a cyclic trend. A similar increasing cyclic trend was evident in the DTPA extractable metals in the surface 0 to 12.5 cm of the treated soils. Decreases in plant and DTPA extractable metals occurred when the soils dried, allowing O2 to enter. Vegetative concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Ni exceeded normal ranges of 0.2 to 0.8, 4 to 15, and 1.0 mg kg−1, respectively, for vegetation while Pb and Zn were near normal. Only Cd concentration of vegetation posed a threat to grazing animals.
A chronometric study of sentence processing in deaf children.

Abstract It has been consistently reported the deaf children have tremendous problems in reading English sentences. Three experiments were conducted in the present study to investigate the nature of deaf children's reading inability. The first experiment looked into the letter-decoding process. It was found that deaf subjects took longer than normal-hearing subjects in encoding and decoding alphabetic letters. The second experiment employed a sentence-picture verification paradigm. The results showed that deaf subjects adopted a visual-imagery coding strategy rather than a general linguistic coding strategy as described by H. H. Clark and W. Chase ( Cognitive Psychology , 1972, 3 , 472–517) and by P. A. Carpenter and M. A. Just ( Memory and Cognition , 1975, 3 , 465–473) . However, when the sentence was presented in manual signs (Experiment 3), deaf subjects' verification time showed that they adopted a general linguistic coding strategy. Thus, deaf subjects are capable of linguistic coding strategy, but they do not apply it to process printed English sentences. A second-language hypothesis was advanced to account for the obtained data. Deaf children's reading inability was also discussed from this perspective.
Annexin II binds to SHP2 and this interaction is regulated by HSP70 levels

The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a positive effector of EGFR signaling. To improve our understanding of SHP2's function, we searched for additional binding proteins of SHP2. We found that Annexin II is an SHP2-binding protein. Physical interactions of SHP2 with Annexin II were confirmed in vivo. Furthermore, binding of SHP2 with Annexin II was regulated somewhat by EGF treatment and the extracellular Ca2+ chelator, EGTA. Previously, we reported that HSP70 levels can influence the binding of SHP2 with EGFR. Interestingly, increased HSP70 levels also inhibited the binding of SHP2 with Annexin II after EGF treatment in vivo. In addition, immunostaining experiments indicated that a fraction of SHP2 and Annexin II co-localized in the cell membrane region after EGF treatment. Our findings indicate that Annexin II is binding partner of SHP2 and the binding of SHP2 with Annexin II is affected by EGF stimulation, extracellular calcium levels, and the levels of HSP70.
Pulmonary Venous Sphincter Constriction Is Attenuated by α-Adrenergic Antagonism

Pulmonary veins of rats have regular thin bands of constriction (sphincters) that deepen when the animals are given a blow to the head that is sufficient to cause pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema caused by a stimulus to the brain is attenuated by α-adrenergic blockade. This study tested the hypothesis that α-adrenergic antagonism decreases this contraction in pulmonary veins. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given prazosin, an α1-specific antagonist, phentolamine, a combined α1- and α2-antagonist, or saline 10 min before their lungs were cast and they were given a blow on the head. The casts were fractured, causing the veins to break at the site of the constriction. Depth of contraction expressed as a percentage was 1 minus the ratio of the inner (constricted) and outer (total) diameters of the vein at the fracture. Resin that escaped the vascular space to cast alveoli and lymphatics was also measured. The average contraction of the veins at the site of the sphincters was 7.9 ± 1.1% in the saline ...
Scaling Hierarchical N-body Simulations on GPU Clusters

This paper focuses on the use of GPGPU-based clusters for hierarchical N-body simulations. Whereas the behavior of these hierarchical methods has been studied in the past on CPU-based architectures, we investigate key performance issues in the context of clusters of GPUs. These include kernel organization and efficiency, the balance between tree traversal and force computation work, grain size selection through the tuning of offloaded work request sizes, and the reduction of sequential bottlenecks. The effects of various application parameters are studied and experiments done to quantify gains in performance. Our studies are carried out in the context of a production-quality parallel cosmological simulator called ChaNGa. We highlight the re-engineering of the application to make it more suitable for GPU-based environments. Finally, we present performance results from experiments on the NCSA Lincoln GPU cluster, including a note on GPU use in multistepped simulations.
Folding mechanism of the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase, an alpha/beta barrel protein: global analysis highlights the interconversion of multiple native, intermediate, and unfolded forms through parallel channels.

A variety of techniques have been used to investigate the urea-induced kinetic folding mechanism of the α-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. A distinctive property of this 29 kDa...
I'd Like to Introduce You to My Desktop: Toward a Theory of Social Human-Computer Interaction

Entire industries have grown up around the physiological, cognitive, and economic demands of technology on users, but there is little research into the specific psychological processes and implicat...
Using many-core architectural templates for FPGA-based computing (abstract only)

Truly unleashing the computing potential of FPGAs, as well as widening their applicability, demands alleviating cumbersome HDL programming and relieving laborious manual optimization. Towards this end, we propose a Many-core Approach to Reconfigurable Computing (MARC) that enables efficient high-performance computing for applications expressed with imperative programming languages such as C/C++ without constructing FPGA computing machines from scratch when targeting various applications within the same or similar problem domains. A MARC system achieves high computing performance by leveraging a many-core architectural template, sophisticated logic synthesizing techniques, and state-of-art compiler optimization technology. In addition, MARC exploits abundant special FPGA resources such as distributed block memories and DSP blocks to implement complete single-chip high efficiency many-core microarchitectures. The key benefits of MARC include (i) allowing programmers to easily express parallelism through a high-level programming language, (ii) supporting coarse-grain multithreading and dataflow-style fine-grain threading while permitting bit-level resource control, and (iii) greatly reducing the effort required to re-purpose the hardware system for different algorithms or different applications.
Glycopeptide fractions prepared from purified central and peripheral rat myelin.

Myelin was purified from rat brain and sciatic nerve after invivo labeling with [3H]fucose and [14C]glucosamine to provide a radioactive marker for glycoproteins. The glycoproteins in the isolated myelin were digested exhaustively with pronase, and glycopeptides were isolated from the digest by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10. The glycopeptides from brain myelin separated into large and small molecular weight fractions, whereas the glycopeptides of sciatic nerve myelin eluted as a single symmetrical peak. The large and small glycopeptide fractions from central myelin and the single glycopeptide fraction from peripheral myelin were analyzed for carbohydrate by colorimetric and gas liquid chromatographic techniques. The glycopeptides from brain myelin contained 2.4 μg of neutral sugar and 0.59 μg of sialic acid per mg total myelin protein, whereas sciatic nerve myelin glycopeptides contained 10 μg of neutral sugar and 3.8 μg of sialic acid per mg total protein. Similarly, the gas-liquid chromatographic analyses showed that the glycopeptides from peripheral myelin contained 4- to 7-fold more of each individual per mg total myelin protein than those from central myelin. Most of the sialic acid and galactose in the glycopeptides from central myelin were in the large molecular weight fraction, and the small molecular weight glycopeptides contained primarily mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. The considerably higher content of glycoprotein-carbohydrate in peripheral myelin supports the results of gel electrophoretic studies, which indicate that the major protein in peripheral myelin in glycosylated while the glycoproteins in purified central myelin are quantitatevely minor components.
Spatial Trends in Marsh Sediment Deposition Within a Microtidal Creek System, Waccasassa Bay, Florida

Abstract Marsh surface deposition, suspended sediment concentrations, tidal hydrodynamics, and marsh surface characteristics were measured within a tidal creek system of a west-central Florida, microtidal, open marine Juncus roemerianus marsh to examine the depositional relationship between a creek system and the surrounding marsh during nonstorm conditions. Results suggest that short-term marsh deposition is highly episodic with deposition showing an inverse relationship with marsh surface inundation. Deposition was greatest at marsh sites adjacent to secondary creek segments over all examined timescales. Variations in hydroperiod, time–velocity asymmetry, vegetation density, and sediment availability could not explain the observed differences in short-term deposition.
The war on terror and accomplices: An exploratory study of individuals who provide material support to terrorists

Between 2000 and 2007, 255 individuals comprising 59 groups were prosecuted in US federal courts for providing material support to known terrorist organizations, a violation of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. In collaboration with the American Terrorism Study, data were collected from federal court records on the prosecution of these individuals. Patterns in the data were observed and these offenders were categorized into four groups. Logistic regression models were used to compare these offenders with conventional, violent terrorists. Results show significant differences (in regards to both demographic and legal variables) between those offenders providing material support and those carrying out violent actions. Implications of the data and results are discussed.
Young's modulus of nanocrystalline Fe measured by nanoindentation

Abstract Nanoindentation techniques were used to measure Young's modulus for nanocrystalline Fe samples produced by inert-gas condensation and warm consolidation. The samples had grain sizes of 4–20 nm and residual porosity of 2–30% calculated relative to conventional Fe. Values of Young's modulus for the nanocrystalline Fe are reduced relative to that of conventional, fully dense Fe. A review of Young's modulus for other nanocrystalline materials showed similar trends. Published results for porous conventional Fe showed similar reductions in Young's modulus for samples with comparable porosity levels. The observed reductions in Young's modulus for both the nanocrystalline and the conventional porous Fe can be described adequately by several theories utilizing spheroidal porosity.
Freeze-Dehydration for Permanent Mounts after Aceto-Orcein Stain

Fresh smears of mammalian material were stained 5 min (only) by La Cour's (1941) aceto-orcein method at 60°C, briefly rinsed and drained, and then dehydrated in a prechilled equal-parts mixture of absolute alcohol and anhydrous acetone held 2 hr or more at — 20°C or lower by means of dry ice. The preparations were differentiated 30 sec at room temperature in 95% alcohol containing 1% HCl, counterstained (optional) in a 0.01% solution of fast green FCF in absolute alcohol for 10 sec, passed through 2 changes of xylene and mounted in HSR or other synthetic resin.
Central-place foraging in a patchy environment*

Early models of central-place foraging treated animals that search for prey in identical, homogenous patches. If patches vary in quality, then optimal foraging requires strategies based on time spent in a patch, and not simply on the type or number of prey found. In particular, a forager that takes no more than one prey from a patch should leave a patch after searching unsuccessfully for a certain fixed time. When patches are more variable, the forager should stay a shorter time in each patch, and the resulting rate of delivering prey to the central place will be lower. This implies that aggregation should be favored by prey faced with a single-prey-loading predator.
ε-(γ-Glutamyl)lysine cross-links of spore coat proteins and transglutaminase activity in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Spores of Bacillus subtilis are resistant to proteolytic enzymes. Some of the spore coat proteins cannot be solubilized even by treatment with strong chemical agents like dithiothreitol. The spore coat has been suggested to possess cross-links between proteins in addition to disulfide bonds. We analyzed B. subtilis spore coat proteins to find specific cross-link structures. We detected ϵ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine in the spore coat proteins after sequential protease digestion followed by HPLC. We also detected transglutaminase activity in sporulating cells, which incorporated putrescine into N,N ′-dimethylcasein. This enzyme was suggested to create ϵ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds between spore coat proteins.
Heat capacity increments: conformational transitions in polypeptides

A thermodynamic treatment of the helix–coil transition of synthetic polypeptides in binary organic solvent mixtures is extended to describe isobaric heat-capacity increments associated with the phenomenon. This development resolves such increments into three components: two associated respectively with intrinsic differences between the ordered and disordered states of the macromolecule and between the coil–solvent complex and its components, and a third term derived from the temperature dependence in the fraction of coil residues bound to active solvent. Insights derived from this analysis are also applied to the discussion of some heat capacity increments associated with the denaturation of globular proteins.
A link-based variational inequality model for dynamic departure time/route choice

The dynamic user-optimal (DUO) departure time and route choice problem is to determine travelers' best departure times and route choices at each instant of time. In a previous paper, we presented a route-based two-level optimal control model for the DUO departure time/route choice problem. However, this model is not appropriate for large scale transportation networks because some degree of route enumeration is necessary to solve the model. In this paper, we present a link-based variational in equality (VI) formulation for the DUO departure time/route choice problem so that route enumeration can be avoided in both the formulation and the solution procedure. The model extends our previous VI model for the DUO route choice problem to the case where both departure time and route over a general road network must be chosen simultaneously. By proving the necessity and sufficiency of this VI, we establish the equivalence of the VI formulation and the link-based DUO departure time/route choice conditions.
Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Insect Herbivory: Implications for Community and Ecosystem Processes

The deposition of anthropogenically fixed nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere onto land and plant surfaces has strong influences on terrestrial ecosystem processes. Although recent research has expanded our understanding of how N deposition affects ecosystems directly, less attention has been directed toward the investigation of how N deposition may affect ecosystems indirectly by modifying interactions among organisms. Empirical evidence suggests that there are several mechanisms by which N deposition may affect interactions between plants and insect herbivores. The most likely mechanisms are deposition-induced shifts in the quality and availability of host plant tissues. We discuss the effects of N deposition on host plant chemistry, production, and phenology, and we review the evidence for the effects of N deposition on insect herbivores at the individual, population, and community levels. In general, N deposition has positive effects on individual insect performance, probably due to deposition-induced improvements in host plant chemistry. These improvements include increased N and decreased carbon-based defensive compound concentrations. The evidence to date suggests that N deposition may also have a positive effect on insect populations. These effects may have considerable ecological, as well as economic consequences if the rates of herbivory on economically important timber species continue to increase. Deposition-induced changes in plant–herbivore relationships may affect community and ecosystem processes. However, we predict that the larger-scale consequences of interactions between N deposition and herbivory will vary based on site-specific factors. In addition, interactions between N deposition and other global-scale changes may lead to nonadditive effects on patterns of herbivory.
The strength of laminated composite materials under repeated impact loading

When low velocity and energy impact is exerted on a laminated composite material, in a perpendicular direction to the plane of the laminate, invisible damage may develop. It is shown analytically and experimentally that the invisible damage occurs during the first stage of contact between the impactor and the laminate and is a result of the contact stresses. However, the residual flexural strength changes only slightly, because it depends mainly on the outer layers, and these remain undamaged. Repeated impact intensifies the damage inside the laminate and causes larger bending under equivalent impact load. Finally, when the damage is most severe, even though it is still invisible, the laminate fails because of bending on the tension side. If the repeated impact is halted before final fracture occurs the residual strength and modulus would decrease by a certain amount.
Acclimation to Very Low CO2: Contribution of Limiting CO2 Inducible Proteins, LCIB and LCIA, to Inorganic Carbon Uptake in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The limiting-CO2 inducible CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) of microalgae represents an effective strategy to capture CO2 when its availability is limited. At least two limiting-CO2 acclimation states, termed low CO2 and very low CO2, have been demonstrated in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and many questions still remain unanswered regarding both the regulation of these acclimation states and the molecular mechanism underlying operation of the CCM in these two states. This study examines the role of two proteins, Limiting CO2 Inducible A (LCIA; also named NAR1.2) and LCIB, in the CCM of C. reinhardtii. The identification of an LCIA-LCIB double mutant based on its inability to survive in very low CO2 suggests that both LCIA and LCIB are critical for survival in very low CO2. The contrasting effects of individual mutations in LCIB and LCIA compared with the effects of LCIB-LCIA double mutations on growth and inorganic carbon-dependent photosynthetic O2 evolution reveal distinct roles of LCIA and LCIB in the CCM. Although both LCIA and LCIB are essential for very low CO2 acclimation, LCIB appears to function in a CO2 uptake system, whereas LCIA appears to be associated with a HCO3− transport system. The contrasting and complementary roles of LCIA and LCIB in acclimation to low CO2 and very low CO2 suggest a possible mechanism of differential regulation of the CCM based on the inhibition of HCO3− transporters by moderate to high levels of CO2.
Educating for the archival multiverse

Diversity addresses issues of inclusivity and the systemic nature of exclusivity in various settings, including the role of archival education in preparing new generations of archival practitioners, educators, and researchers. This article discusses why pluralist approaches might help to achieve greater diversity and cultural sensitivity in practice and scholarship. It addresses three key components of such approaches: identifying ways in which dominant cultural paradigms narrow archival pedagogy and practice; envisioning and exploring alternatives to these paradigms; and developing an archival educational framework to promote a critique of professional and societal norms and include diverse perspectives on archival theory and practice. The article calls for a broader conversation on these issues engaging archival academics and students, professional associations, roundtables and caucuses, accrediting bodies, archival employers, funding agencies, and the diverse communities who create, manage, and use records.
Countershading is related to positional behavior in primates

Countershading is often thought to be an adaptation for increasing crypsis, yet few quantitative studies have examined this assumption. A recent study showed that large primates display weaker countershading compared with small species, possibly due to a reduced predation risk. In addition to body mass, other factors likely affect countershading intensity. We predicted that if countershading is related to crypsis, then countershading intensity should be negatively related to the frequency of being in a vertical postural position because dorsoventral countershading is most effective when an animal adopts a horizontal position. In addition, countershading intensity may be positively related to group size if individuals are more conspicuous living in large groups or negatively related to group size if countershading further enhances a cryptic life style. We used color-corrected digital photographs of museum skins to quantify the luminance values of the ventral and dorsal surfaces of 113 primate species. We analyzed these data in a multiple regression using phylogenetically independent contrasts. While accounting for body mass, we found a significant negative relationship between the degree of countershading and the frequency of being in a vertical postural position. In contrast, we did not find a strong effect of group size on countershading. Our results suggest that countershading is weak or absent in species of any size that often adopt vertical postural positions because a crypsis benefit is only gained when being horizontal. Finally, the increased conspicuousness of species in large groups does not have a major effect on countershading intensity.
Effects of bitterness, roughness, PROP taster status, and Fungiform papillae density on bread acceptance.

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation January 2010. Major: Food Science. Advisor: Dr. Zata Vickers. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 133 pages, appendices I-III. Ill. (some col.)