cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative education research: poststructuralist possibilities [1]

Various authors have charted the changing and intertwined emphases in comparative education over the last four decades, including modernisation and development, socially critical and neo-Marxist perspectives, and ethnography and phenomenology. Ideas from postpositivist thinking—postmodernism, poststructuralism, and postcolonialism—have been particularly challenging to comparative education, because they disrupt the power structures that imbue much of comparative education and challenge the metanarratives of progress, modernity, dominance and subordination that have been the life blood of the major sets of ideas in the field. In order to examine in part the way in which comparative education is opening itself up to these challenging paradigms, we examine the shifts, developments and omissions in the use of poststructural theoretical frameworks and methodologies in comparative education in the period 1991–1999 and provide a constructive contribution to the debates about the future directions of comparative ...
Three-Dimensional Profiles of Movements of Human Body Joint Centers

Certain results of an experimental ingestigation on motion profiles, in three-dimensional space for various body landmarks while the hand moves from one location to another are presented here. Grip, wrist, elbow and shoulder joint centers were of primary consideration for this study. A photogrammetric technique was adopted to record the movement and to extract the required information later. Seven subjects participated and 30 movements were performed by each of them under three different seat configurations and six controller locations. This research was initiated for the purpose of developing computer models in aircraft cockpits.
Digital laser ranging and tracking using a compound axis servomechanism.

Optical systems for tracking and ranging have advantages over other systems because of the inherent spatial efficiency of optical frequency energy. Plane-polarized, coherent laser beams provide a control of optical energy not previously available. Utilizing laser light, this system gives precise tracking and slant-range information at a real-time sampling rate of 200 c/s. A compound-axis servo system, made possible by a mirror system mounted on a tracking pedestal, provides angular data by tracking a laser-illuminated retroreflector mounted on the target. Slant range to the retroreflector is determined by a digital-mode, frequency-modulated, cw-laser ranging system, whose resolution and sampling rate are under independent control.
Impacting Children's Health and Academic Performance through Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programming.

Physical activity is associated with numerous academic and health benefits. Furthermore, schools have been identified as an ideal location to promote physical activity as most youth attend school regularly from ages 5-18. Unfortunately, in an effort to increase academic learning time, schools have been eliminating traditional activity opportunities including physical education and recess. To combat physical inactivity in you, numerous organizations are promoting a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program to encourage academic achievement and overall health. Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs include five components and should be centered around 1) quality physical education, 2) physical activity before and after school, 3) physical activity during school (both recess and classroom activity), 4) staff involvement, and 5) family and community engagement.
A Randomized Phase I and Pharmacological Trial of Sequences of 1,3-bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea and Temozolomide in Patients with Advanced Solid Neoplasms

Purpose: O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGAT) is modulated by methylating agents, which, in turn, abrogates nitrosourea resistance in preclinical studies. The feasibility of administering various sequences of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and temozolomide (TEM) in patients with advanced solid neoplasms was evaluated in this Phase I and pharmacological study to assess this premise in the clinical setting. The study also sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) levels of BCNU and TEM as a function of Seq, to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of TEM administered both before and after BCNU, assess AGAT fluctuations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and seek preliminary evidence of anticancer activity. Experimental Design: Sixty-three patients were randomized to receive treatment with oral TEM daily on days 1–5 and BCNU administered i.v., either on day 1 before TEM [Sequence (Seq) B→T] or day 5 after TEM (Seq T→B). Treatment was repeated every 6 weeks. Blood sampling for PK studies was performed on both days 1 and 5 of course one. PBMCs were sampled to evaluate major sequence-dependent effects on AGAT levels. Results: Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were the principal dose-limiting toxicities of the BCNU/TEM regimen. These effects were more prominent in patients receiving Seq T→B, resulting in a much lower MTD of 80/100 mg/m 2 /day compared with 150/110 mg/m 2 /day for Seq B→T. Notable antitumor activity was observed in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, sarcoma, and ovarian carcinoma. No sequence-dependent PK effects were noted to account for sequence-dependent toxicological effects. At the MTD level, AGAT activity in PBMCs decreased 3-fold, on average, and AGAT fluctuations did not appear to be sequence-dependent. Conclusions: The principal toxicities of the BCNU/TEM regimen were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, which were consistent and predictable, albeit sequence-dependent. Seq T→B was substantially more myelosuppressive, resulting in disparate MTDs and dose levels recommended for subsequent disease-directed evaluations (150/110 and 80/100 mg/m 2 /day for Seq B→T and T→B, respectively). Sequence-dependent differences in TEM PK do not account for this clinically relevant magnitude of sequence-dependent toxicity. The characteristics of the myelosuppressive effects of BCNU/TEM, the paucity of severe nonhematological toxicities, and antitumor activity at tolerable doses warrant disease-directed evaluations on this schedule.
Pregnancy Discrimination Litigation: Legal Erosion of Capitalist Ideology Under Equal Employment Opportunity Law

The mobilization of equal employment law for pregnant workers in the 1970s and 1980s accomplished more than many legal scholars presently believe. In supporting this claim, this article argues that pregnancy discrimination litigation uniquely revealed the gender bias of equal employment opportunity law and of capitalist economic relations. This litigation also elicited employers' beliefs about presumed economic imperatives for not accommodating pregnant workers and surprisingly eroded some of those imperatives in federal courts of appeal. The outcome of this legal struggle provided a necessary, but insufficient, condition for the development of accommodationists legislation in the 1980s and early 1990s. This new legislation for addressing work and family conflicts partially shifted responsibility for accommodating workers' family obligations from workers to employers
An Approach to Designing IT Interventions in Micro-Enterprises to Facilitate Development

Micro-enterprises have the potential to serve as the seedbed for industrialization. But in order to reach their potential, they face a myriad of challenges obstructing their path. A major obstacle to the cause is their inability to utilize technology to its full capability. Research has shown how IT enables organizations & even countries to leapfrog through stages of positive development. This paper goes through an innovative approach within a micro-enterprise to show how effective IT interventions may be administered to help them adopt and use IT. Findings from the case study shed insight for researchers & practitioners involved in using IT to assist micro-enterprises in underserved regions to facilitate development.
Parainfluenza and Influenza Virus Infections in Pediatric Organ Transplant Recipients

We retrospectively reviewed parainfluenza and influenza virus infections that occurred in pediatric organ transplant recipients at our hospital from January 1985 through September of 1992. Cultures of respiratory specimens revealed 45 infections in 42 transplant recipients (32 cases of parainfluenza and 13 cases of influenza virus infection). The following organs were transplanted: liver (28 patients), small bowel with and without liver (4), heart (3), lung with and without heart (5), and kidney (2). Clinical presentations of the patients and outcomes were similar regardless of the type of virus isolated or the type of organ transplanted. There were 20 cases in which patients had upper respiratory symptoms but did not require supplemental oxygen, nine cases in which patients required oxygen supplementation only, and eight cases in which the patients survived with mechanical ventilation. Eight patients died (five had parainfluenza, three had influenza virus infection); four children had serious concurrent infections (cytomegaloviral pneumonia in one patient, bacteremia in two, bacteremia and pneumonia in one). Factors associated with poor outcome for the entire group were age (increased morbidity and mortality if < 6 months old), augmentation of immunosuppression, and onset of infection within 1 month of transplantation. In this patient population, parainfluenza and influenza infections were important causes of morbidity and mortality.
The changing face of government: The trends and a solution architecture for citizen services

Governments across the world are facing unique, deeper and unprecedented challenges. Interesting trends are observed in citizen service delivery as a response to these challenges. A solution architecture that may help the governments to address these trends is presented in this paper.
CD4+ T Cells and Gamma Interferon in the Long-Term Control of Persistent Friend Retrovirus Infection

We have used the Friend virus model to determine the basic mechanisms by which the immune system can control persistent retroviral infections. Previously we showed that CD4+ T cells play an essential role in keeping persistent retrovirus in check. The present in vitro experiments with a Friend virus-specific CD4+ T-cell clone revealed that these cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which acts with two distinct mechanisms of antiviral activity. First, IFN-γ had a direct inhibitory effect on virus production. This inhibitory effect was noncytolytic and, interestingly, was not associated with decreased cell surface expression of viral antigens. The second mechanism of IFN-γ-mediated antiviral activity was an enhancement of CD4+ T-cell-mediated cytolytic activity. We also found an in vivo role for IFN-γ in the control of persistent Friend virus infections. Neutralization of IFN-γ in persistently infected mice resulted in significantly increased levels of virus in the spleen, and a significant percentage of IFN-γ-deficient mice were unable to maintain long-term control over Friend virus infections.
Freedom and knowledge: an experimental analysis of preference in pigeons.

Relative responding in initial links of concurrent-chain schedules showed that pigeons preferred free to forced choices and informative to uninformative stimuli. Variable-interval initial links on two lower keys (white) of a six-key chamber produced terminal links on either two upper-left keys (blue and/or amber) or two upper-right keys (green and/or red). Terminal.links in which pecks on either of two lit keys produced fixed-interval reinforcement (free choice) were preferred to links with only one lit fixed-interval key available (forced choice). Terminal links with different key colors correlated with concurrent fixed-interval reinforcement and extinction (informative stimuli) were preferred to links with these schedules operating on same-color keys (uninformative stimuli). Scheduling extinction for one of the two free-choice keys assessed preference for two lit keys over one lit key, but confounded number with whether stimuli were informative. Fixed-interval reinforcement for both keys in each terminal link, but with different-color keys in one link and same-color keys in the other, showed that preference for informative stimuli did not depend on stimulus variety. Preferences were independent of relative responses per reinforcement and other properties of terminal-link performance.
Regulators of blood lipids and lipoproteins? PPARδ and AMPK, induced by exercise, are correlated with lipids and lipoproteins in overweight/obese men and women

PPARδ is a transcription factor regulating the expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, which may regulate blood cholesterols through transcription of oxidative and lipoprotein metabol...
Improving the skills of health professionals in engaging patients in diabetes-related problem solving.

Introduction: Despite instruction, many patients do not employ diabetes-related self-management skills recommended by health professionals. One problem suggested by research is that many health professionals do not often use teaching and counseling skills widely considered to be effective. Among these are specific skills that help health professionals conduct adherence-related assessments, brainstorm workable solutions to obstacles, collaborate during long-term follow-up, and provide effective direct instruction. Methods: “Effective Patient Teaching and Problem Solving” was developed and taught in a block of 24 hours over 3 days to groups of health professionals. Course content emphasized 13 operationally defined skills in four major categories: (A) assessment, (B) brainstorming, (C) collaboration, and (D) direct instruction skills. To evaluate participants' (n = 33) use of the various skills, a standardized patient teaching exercise was videotaped at both the beginning and end of the course. Results: Total mean scores increased significantly (t = 7.7, p < .001) from 1.8 to 2.5 on a scale that ranged from 1 to 5. Skills improved in all four major categories (p <.003). The length of teaching sessions did not change, lasting 13.2 minutes before the course and 13.6 minutes after the intervention. Discussion: Health professionals play a crucial role in patient education but rarely receive training in effective teaching and counseling techniques. The “Effective Patient Teaching and Problem Solving” course improved several kinds of important skills. As standards of diabetes care for improved glycemic control become more widespread, and as health providers attempt not just to teach but also to help patients overcome considerable obstacles to consistent diabetes self-management, a premium will be placed on the ability of health professionals to counsel efficiently and effectively.
The steady motion of a particle of arbitrary shape at small Reynolds numbers

The results given by Brenner & Cox (1963) for the resistance of a particle of arbitrary shape in translation at small Reynolds numbers are generalized. Thus we consider here a single particle of arbitrary shape moving with both translation and rotation in an infinite fluid, the Reynolds number R of the fluid motion being assumed small. With the additional assumption that the motion is steady with respect to some inertial frame of reference, we calculate both the force and couple on the body as an expansion in the Reynolds number to O(R2 In R). This force and couple are expressed entirely in terms of various Stokes flows for the given body in rotation or translation.A discussion is given of the form taken by the formulae for the force and couple for cases in which the body possesses symmetry properties. Quantitative results are obtained for both a spheroid and a dumb-bell-shaped body in pure translation and also for a translating rotating sphere and for a dumb-bell-shaped body in pure rotation.The application of the general results to ‘quasi-steady’ problems is considered, with particular reference to a freely falling spheroid (of small eccentricity) which is shown to orientate itself so that it is broad-side on to its direction of motion.Finally the general results are compared with those that would be obtained by the use of the Oseen equations. By consideration of a particular example it is shown that the Oseen equations do not in general give the correct value of the force on the body to O(R).
Inhibitory and stimulatory effect of oestrogens upon ovarian 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase in immature hypophysectomized rats treated with gonadotrophin

A study was designed to compare the effects of exogenous and endogenous oestrogens upon the expression of steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) in the immature hypophysectomized rat ovary. C17,20-lyase activity was measured ex vivo using [21-14C]progesterone, while serum concentrations of androstenedione indicated in vivo activity. Immunocytochemistry was used to localize the enzyme within the ovary. Activity of CYP17 increased dramatically and remained high in thecal and interstitial cells after injection of equine chorionic gonadotrophin, even though serum oestradiol (OE2) levels exceeded 2 nmol/l. Production of comparable serum levels by the use of Silastic capsules containing OE2 greatly suppressed but did not stop, expression of the enzyme induced by repeated doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Subcutaneous implantation of Silastic capsules (1 cm) containing diethylstilboestrol (DES) stimulated follicular growth and increased ovarian weight by 67%, 5 days later. Injection of 50 IU hCG at various times after removal of the implant produced time-dependent changes in CYP17 activity and serum androstenedione levels, when measured 30 h later. Although the initial effect of removal of DES was an increase in CYP17 activity, delaying injection of hCG resulted in a reduced response. The results indicated that: (1) endogenous oestrogens do not inhibit CYP17 expression; (2) exogenous oestrogens only reduce the number of thecal/interstitial cells expressing CYP17 when they are exposed to hCG; (3) pretreatment with oestrogen removes the ovarian interstitial but not the thecal cell expression of CYP17 in response to hCG; and (4) oestrogens can be stimulatory for CYP17 expression in thecal cells.
A study of the use of materials circulated from an engineering library, March to May 1956

The purpose of this study undertaken from March to May 1956 was to determine how an academic engineering library was used by two groups of users, the undergraduates and graduate students–faculty. The part of the study reported here is the result of a questionnaire given to the user at the time he charged out an item at the circulation desk to ascertain for what purpose he selected the item(s) and how he learned about it as a source of information. Variations in the reasons for selecting items changed during the three periods the data were collected. The undergraduates borrowed less for classroom work as the semester progressed, while the graduate-faculty group borrowed increasingly for this reason. Supporting the conclusions of the other studies, the most important source for learning about an item was personal through recommendation; however, one of every four items charged out was discovered in browsing through the library's collection. From this study one can conclude that not only must librarians be acquainted with their users as individuals, but that the physical arrangement of library materials is an important factor in accessibility to information in an academic environment.
Baroreceptor control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system

Crandall, C. G., J. M. Johnson, W. A. Kosiba, and D. L. Kellogg, Jr. Baroreceptor control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system. J. Appl. Physiol.81(5): 2192–2198, 1996.—We sought to identify ...
Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance A Disorder With Discordant Cardiac and Vascular Sympathetic Control

BACKGROUND: Chronic orthostatic intolerance (COI) is a debilitating autonomic condition in young adults. Its neurohumoral and hemodynamic profiles suggest possible alterations of postural sympathetic function and of baroreflex control of heart rate (HR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 16 COI patients and 16 healthy volunteers, intra-arterial blood pressure (BP), ECG, central venous pressure (CVP), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were recorded at rest and during 75 degrees tilt. Spectral analysis of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities provided indices of sympathovagal modulation of the sinoatrial node (ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency components, LF/HF) and of sympathetic vasomotor control (LFSAP). Baroreflex mechanisms were assessed (1) by the slope of the regression line obtained from changes of RR interval and MSNA evoked by pharmacologically induced alterations in BP and (2) by the index alpha, obtained from cross-spectral analysis of RR and SAP variabilities. At rest, HR, MSNA, LF/HF, and LFSAP were higher in COI patients, whereas BP and CVP were similar in the two groups. During tilt, BP did not change and CVP fell by the same extent in the 2 groups; the increase of HR and LF/HF was more pronounced in COI patients. Conversely, the increase of MSNA was lower in COI than in control subjects. Baroreflex sensitivity was similar in COI and control subjects at rest; tilt reduced alpha similarly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: COI is characterized by an overall enhancement of noradrenergic tone at rest and by a blunted postganglionic sympathetic response to standing, with a compensatory cardiac sympathetic overactivity. Baroreflex mechanisms maintain their functional responsiveness. These data suggest that in COI, the functional distribution of central sympathetic tone to the heart and vasculature is abnormal.
Pulsed field gradient NMR investigation of solubilization equilibria in amino acid and dipeptide terminated micellar and polymeric surfactant solutions

Pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the association of toluene, chlorobenzene and benzyl alcohol with amino acid and dipeptide terminated polymerized surfactants (PS). The diffusion coefficient for each probe was measured in the presence and absence of the polymers and the mole fraction of bound probe molecules, fb, was calculated. For all solutions investigated, the probes associated more strongly with unpolymerized surfactant micelles than with corresponding PS. For example, the toluene fb values for association with sodium undecanoyl valinate micelles and the PS poly(sodium undecanoyl valinate) were 0.88 and 0.15, respectively. The relatively weak probe–polymer association was attributed to the polarity and fluidity of the polymers' hydrocarbon cores and to the fact that these PS have smaller aggregation numbers than the corresponding unpolymerized surfactant micelles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical, Electrochemical, Gravimetric, and Microscopic Studies on Antimicrobial Silver Films

Silver compounds are of interest because of their antimicrobial and other biological activity. Electrochemical and chemical (e.g., dissolution) properties of silver films of various origins, e.g., sputtered Acticoat antimicrobial silver samples, electrodeposited Ag metal and electrooxidized silver samples in various media have been studied with electrochemical techniques, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) gravimetry, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Examination of several sputtered antimicrobial silver samples with AFM reveals their nanometer grainy aggregate structures. The electrochemical results suggest that the sputtered antimicrobial films contain both Ag(0) and Ag(I) (in the form of Ag2O, AgOH, or a mixture of these). While the dissolution of metallic Ag or antimicrobial films that were completely reduced to the Ag(0) form is small in aqueous 1.0 M NaClO4 solution, films containing Ag(I) are soluble. The initial dissolution rate of an ...
Jaundice-associated acute kidney injury

After spontaneous vaginal delivery, a 32-week-gestation female baby presented immediately with respiratory distress, APGAR scores 0 (1 min) and 2 (5 min), generalized skin oedema and bilateral pleural effusion. The prenatal history was unremarkable. The clinical diagnosis was nonimmune hydrops fetalis, and treatment with mechanical ventilation, surfactant, prostaglandin and supportive measures was initiated. Complications included Escherichia coli sepsis and severe liver dysfunction during the fourth week of life with jaundice (total bilirubin 34.2 mg/dL (0.1–1.0), conjugated bilirubin 24.1 mg/dL (0–0.3), SGOT 231 U/L (8–37), SGPT 86 U/L (8–35), serum albumin 2.9 g/dL (3.5–5.0)). Subsequent acute kidney injury (blood urea nitrogen 184 mg/dL and serum creatinine 1.3 mg/dL) and multiple anuric episodes ensued. The baby died 2 weeks later. At autopsy, the finding of primary pulmonary lymphangiectasia was thought to be the cause of hydrops fetalis. The kidneys were green after formalin fixation (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Numerous pigmented casts were exclusively present within distal tubules or collecting ducts (Figure ​(Figure2)2) and not within proximal tubules. Most casts were brown red and many had additional greenish-yellow discoloration. A Hall's stain highlights bile pigment in green by converting bilirubin to biliverdin, which confirmed the presence of bile in all casts (Figure ​(Figure22 inset), and supports the diagnosis of jaundice-associated acute kidney injury. Occasional calcium oxalate crystals were also noted within distal nephron segments (not shown) of which some were green tinged. Fig. 1 Conversion of bilirubin to biliverdin after formalin fixation accentuates the green discolouration of the kidney. Fig. 2 Dark red and yellowish-green intratubular casts in the distal nephron segments consist of bile, as confirmed by the Hall's stain (inset, 400×) (H&E, 400×). Acute kidney injury associated with liver dysfunction in jaundiced patients (historically termed cholemic nephrosis) is not fully understood, but tubular injury by direct toxicity of bile salts and bilirubin has been proposed [1–3]. The renal function can recover if the jaundice is managed. The extensive intratubular bile casts observed in our case provide evidence that severe jaundice can lead to intratubular accumulation of bilirubin and bile salts, which may impair renal function either by direct tubular toxicity, nephron obstruction, or both. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
Correlation of quantity of dental students' clinical experiences with faculty evaluation of overall clinical competence: a twenty-two-year retrospective investigation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the quantity of a student’s clinical experiences in the final year of dental school and the student’s overall clinical competence at graduation, as evaluated by faculty at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry. Further, the authors sought to determine whether this correlation changed over time, as new generations of students come to dental school. Information including year of graduation, age at graduation, final grade in the course Clinical Competencies in Comprehensive Care, and final total Clinical Experience Units (CEUs) earned by each student in the D4 Family Dentistry Clinic was collected for 1987–2008 graduates of the University of Iowa College of Dentistry. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ( r s ) was computed for the association of final clinical course grade and final CEU total for each graduation year. The correlation between final course grade and final CEU total was variable, ranging from moderately strong ( r s =0.614, Class of 1991) to negligible ( r s =−0.013, Class of 2008). This correlation generally tended to become weaker over time. The results of this study suggest that the terminal quality of a dental student’s work is not solely a function of repetitions of prescribed procedures and that repetition of procedures may have even less influence on the quality of clinical performance for the new generation of dental students.
Distribution, Scaling, and Significance Problems

As the statistical interests of psychologists advanced, with expanding mathematical models, beyond those of psychophysics, reaction times, paired comparisons, stochastic processes in learning, and the like, they found themselves in domains which lacked the statisticomathematical landmarks to which they had been accustomed. ANOVA provided a tight, dependable system for examining the significance of experimental results in simple models; probability theory offered mathematically firm answers in other directions, and so on. It was largely in the factor analytic developments out of CORAN that psychologists found themselves having to make shrewd, even “artistic” judgments, and the more “precise” investigators found these rough pioneer customs not easily tolerable.
Abstract B8: Research on HIV/AIDS-related cancers among racial/ethnic minority and underserved persons in the United States

Purpose: To develop a community based participatory research (CBPR) program that establishes an effective way to engage Africans in Zambia and underserved Alabama Black Belt communities in HIV awareness, stigma reduction, voluntary HIV testing and engagement in care, active and appropriate prevention and early detection of HIV-related malignancies, and proper treatment, when necessary. Background: The Deep South Network for Cancer Control has trained over 800 community health advisors (CHAs) that have functioned to increase cancer awareness in their communities, leading to considerable improvement in breast and cervical cancer screening in the targeted communities. The UAB Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ) has reached over 500,000 women for preventing mother-to-child transmission and has enrolled over 200,000 HIV patients into care. They screen over 1,000 women per month for cervical cancer. A major common issue in both programs is the stigma associated with HIV. This leads to unwillingness to be screened, continuous transmission of disease, and subsequent development of HIV-related malignancies. Methodology: Bring the two communities together to learn from each other in order to develop an appropriate community based participatory research strategy to overcome the major issues. This would be accomplished by: (1) establishing an organizational infrastructure to form a foundational research program (2) conducting onsite meetings in the United States and Zambia to experience the unique attributes of each country (3) conducting a needs assessment to evaluate infrastructure addressing HIV testing and HIV-related cancer prevention, early detection and/or treatment at three levels: community, investigators and institution (4) developing a CBPR plan to insure underserved minorities in the Alabama Black Belt and Zambia receive appropriate HIV testing and HIV-related cancer prevention, early detection, and/or treatment. Results: There were many lessons learned in Lusaka and in Alabama: 1) Peer educators play a vital role in outreach and support. Peer educators who are a part of the program, must be involved in support groups as well. 2) Peer educators have more impact when they are trained individuals. 3) Community ownership is important; have to find the passion in the community and have the ownership working from the inside out. 4) Education offered in the work place yields positive results. 5) Mass media dissemination has a great influence on the message being carried. 6) Targeted campaigns have proven beneficial. 7) Health fairs are widely received. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B8.
Difference Between Human Anterior Pituitary Extract and Prolan.

Numerous investigations in the last few years have indicated that the effect of administering anterior hypophyseal substances is different from that with the gonadotropic substances found in pregnancy urine. The tests are many: differential morphological changes in mice ovaries (Engle); limitation of the size of the immature rat ovary irrespective of dosage of prolan (Evans); negative response of prolan in birds (Riddle, Schockaert, Reiss); differential effect on hypophysectomized animals (Reichert, Kraul, Smith and Leonard, White and Leonard, Collip and Selye, Wade); and the relative ovulating doses in rabbits (Leonard). In all cases heretofore, the action of prolan was compared with that of the hypophysis of species other than human, namely, the cow and sheep. Recently, it was shown that the human hypophysis was unlike prolan when tested by the ovulation test method (Leonard1) in which the minimal ovulating dose in rabbits in terms of rat units equalled 1/4 R.U., whereas with prolan it equalled 2 R.U. I...
Predicting social and communicative ability in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study of the Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice

The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice is introduced as a measure of implicit social cognitive ability in children, addressing a key challenge in quantification of social cognitive function in autism spectrum disorder, whereby individuals can often be successful in explicit social scenarios, despite marked social adaptive deficits. The 19-question Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice, which presents ambiguous stimuli meant to elicit social attribution, was administered to children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 23) and to age-matched and verbal IQ–matched typically developing children (N = 57). The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice performance differed between autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups, with typically developing children performing significantly better than children with autism spectrum disorder. The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice scores were positively correlated with age (r = 0.474) while being independent from verbal IQ (r = 0.236). The Soci...
How to Help the Poor to Save a Bit: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya

Partnering with a savings product provider in Kenya, we tested the extent to which behavioral interventions and financial incentives can increase the saving rate of individuals with low and irregular income. Our experiment lasted for six months and included a total of twelve conditions. The control condition received weekly reminders and balance reporting via text messages. The treatment conditions received in addition one of the following interventions: (1) reminder text messages framed as if they came from the participant's kid (2) a golden colored coin with numbers for each week of the trial, on which participants were asked to keep track of their weekly deposits (3) a match of weekly savings: The match was either 10% or 20% up to a certain amount per week. The match was either deposited at the end of each week or the highest possible match was deposited at the start of each week and was adjusted at the end. Among these interventions, by far the most effective was the coin: Those in the coin condition saved on average the highest amount and more than twice as those in the control condition. We hypothesize that being a tangible track-keeping object; the coin made subjects remember to save more often. Our results support the line of literature suggesting that saving decisions involve psychological aspects and that policy makers and product designers should take these influences into account.
The Future of Onco-Cardiology: We Are Not Just "Side Effect Hunters".

Cancer treatments in general share various detrimental effects in common, especially upregulation of cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the science of onco-cardiology should not be restricted in scope to the side effects of each specific cancer drug. In particular, premature aging induced by cancer treatment may contribute to the chronic health problems of cancer survivors. About 1 660 000 people, including more than 12 000 children below the age of 18 years, are newly diagnosed with a malignancy in the United States every year.1 The American Cancer Society reported that in 2016 there are 15.5 million cancer survivors in the United States (http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/news/report-number-of-cancer-survivors-continues-to-grow). At present, the 5-year survival rate of patients treated for cancer is 67%. Seventy-five percent of children in whom cancer is diagnosed today will live for at least 10 years; 20% will survive for longer than 35 years.1 Although these numbers are impressive compared with those from decades ago, further improvement of cancer survivors’ life span as well as quality of life and functional status is still necessary. Approximately 75% of cancer survivors have some form of chronic health problem. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, particularly after recurrent or second malignancy. The risk of CVD in cancer survivors is 8× higher than that of the general population. The relative risks of coronary artery disease and heart failure in cancer survivors are 10× and 15× higher, respectively, than their siblings without cancer.1 Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, can lead to both short- and long-term cardiovascular complications. Evidence of subclinical cardiac and vascular damage was observed in more than 50% of survivors 5 to 10 years after chemotherapy.1 Onco-cardiology is a medical subspecialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs and organ failure mediated by microcirculatory or macrocirculatory …
The Importance of Cultural Proximity in the Success of Turkish Dramas in Qatar

This research examines the importance of cultural similarities in the appeal of Turkish drama serials in Qatar. The cultural proximity theory is used as an analytical tool to identify the factors that facilitate the attraction and appeal of Turkish television dramas given the cultural and historical relationship between Arabs and Turks. The study centers on university students from various Arab backgrounds who are being educated at elite American universities within Qatar’s Education City Campus and applies a mixed-methods approach of focus group discussions and online surveys.
Treatment of tibial nonunion with posterolateral bone grafting.

Abstract Objectives Posterolateral bone grafting to treat nonunions of the distal two-thirds of the tibia avoids the often traumatized and more tenuous anterior soft-tissue envelope. Few modern reports of its effectiveness are available. We assessed whether posterolateral bone grafting leads to high union and low complication rates. Methods We conducted a retrospective review at a Level I trauma center. Our study group was 59 patients with distal two-thirds tibial fractures treated with posterolateral bone grafting. Patients included those with history of deep surgical site infection (SSI) before bone grafting (n = 17), established nonunions (n = 42), and impending nonunions associated with open fractures and bone gaps (n = 17). All patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months unless they achieved union before that time point. Our primary outcome measurement was fracture union. Secondary outcome measurements were any complication associated with the approach and infection requiring return to the operating room. Results Fracture union was achieved in 44 (75%) of 59 patients without further intervention. The mean interval to union was 9.9 months (range, 3–22). Of 11 infected nonunions treated, nine progressed to union. Seventeen of 23 patients with defects >2 cm, including defects up to 5.4 cm without infection, were successfully treated. Two patients who underwent grafting at least 10 years after initial injury achieved union. No complications were associated with the approach (specifically, no wound breakdown, vascular injury, or tendon injury). Fourteen percent of patients experienced SSI after bone grafting. Seven of eight deep SSI occurred in patients with previous infection or positive intraoperative cultures. Only one (3%) of 36 patients without infection pre- or intraoperatively experienced SSI. Conclusions Even in this relatively difficult patient cohort that included large bone gaps and history of infection, union was achieved at a relatively high rate with posterolateral bone graft. The approach seems to be safe, considering no known complications specifically associated with the approach occurred, and seems to reduce the risk of SSI in the absence of previous infection.
Optical microresonators as single-particle absorption spectrometers: Fano resonances, attometer sensitivity, and working toward single-molecule spectroscopic identification

We present a single-particle optical microresonator spectrometer capable of extremely low limit of detection. Spectroscopy of gold nanorods shows signatures of photonic-plasmonic hybridization, including formation of Fano interferences.
Multifunctional system for observing, measuring and analyzing stimulation-evoked neurochemical signaling

The ability to measure neurotransmitter activity using implanted electrochemical sensors offers researchers a potent technique for analyzing neural activity across specific neural circuitry. We have developed a wirelessly controlled device, WINCS Harmoni, to observe and measure neurotransmitter dynamics at up to four separate sensors, with high temporal and spatial resolution. WINCS Harmoni also incorporates a versatile neurostimulator that can be synchronized with electrochemical recording. The WINCS Harmoni platform is thus optimally suited for probing the neurochemical effects of neurostimulation, and may in turn enable the development of personalized therapies for multiple brain disorders.
A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History. By Michael Frisch

A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History. By Michael Frisch. Albany: State University of New York, 1990. 300 pages. Softbound, $33.95.The three reviews which f...
Pollen-induced oxidative DNA damage response regulates miRNAs controlling allergic inflammation

A mucosal oxidative burst is a hallmark response to pollen exposure that promotes allergic inflammatory responses. Reactive species constituents of oxidative stress signal via the modification of cellular molecules including nucleic acids. One of the most abundant forms of oxidative genomic base damage is 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), which is removed from DNA by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1). OGG1 in complex with 8-oxoG acts as a GDP-GTP exchange factor and induces acute inflammation; however, the mechanism(s) by which OGG1 signaling regulates allergic airway inflammation is not known. Here, we postulate that the OGG1 signaling pathway differentially altered the levels of small regulatory RNAs and increased the expression of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in ragweed pollen extract (RWPE)-challenged lungs. To determine this, the lungs of sensitized mice expressing or lacking OGG1 were challenged with RWPE and/or with OGG1's excision product 8-oxoG. The responses in lungs were assessed by next-generation sequencing, as well as various molecular and histological approaches. The results showed that RWPE challenge induced oxidative burst and damage to DNA and activated OGG1 signaling, resulting in the differential expression of 84 micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which then exacerbated antigen-driven allergic inflammation and histological changes in the lungs. The exogenous administration of the downregulated let-7b-p3 mimetic or inhibitors of upregulated miR-23a or miR-27a decreased eosinophil recruitment and mucus and collagen production via controlling the expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Together, these data demonstrate the roles of OGG1 signaling in the regulation of antigen-driven allergic immune responses via differential expression of miRNAs upstream of Th2 cytokines and eosinophils.
Measures of Hope and Optimism: Assessing Positive Expectations of the Future

In this chapter, we review several measures of hope and optimism–two distinct but related types of expectations for the future. We begin by reviewing dominant theoretical perspectives on these two constructs and explicating the meaning of each term, including the conceptual uniqueness and overlap of hope and optimism. We also review commonly used measures of hope (i.e., Adult Hope Scale, Herth Hope Scale and Index, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale, Integrative Hope Scale, Snyder State Hope Scale, Work Hope Scale) and optimism (Life Orientation Test, Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale, Personal and Social Optimism Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Expectancies Questionnaires, Cancer Patient Optimism Scale, HIV Treatment Optimism Scale). For heuristic purposes, we present the measures of hope and optimism separately and then further divide these measures into global measures and more context-specific measures. In each case, we review evidence supporting the reliability and construct validity of the relevant measurement instruments and make recommendations for appropriate use.
Design Considerations for a Large Display Touch Application in Informal Education

Large touch screens are an increasingly common platform for education. Effective design for this form factor will directly influence the effectiveness of these screens as educational tools. The sheer size of a large touch display can bring up issues related to distal access of touch targets and limited field of vision. The visibility of the screen at a distance and the ability for large groups to gather in front of such a display also mean that designers must create applications that are effective teaching tools for proximal visitors who only see part of the screen as well as attractive for distal visitors who see the screen from afar. We discuss our approach to these design challenges through the iterative design and qualitative evaluation of a touch screen exhibit about the life of Alfred Nobel hosted on an 82-inch touch screen. From this early investigation into the efficacy of large displays as informal educational tools, we present practical guidelines for designers working with this form factor.
Mesh-Free Semi-Lagrangian Methods for Transport on a Sphere Using Radial Basis Functions

Abstract We present three new semi-Lagrangian methods based on radial basis function (RBF) interpolation for numerically simulating transport on a sphere. The methods are mesh-free and are formulated entirely in Cartesian coordinates, thus avoiding any irregular clustering of nodes at artificial boundaries on the sphere and naturally bypassing any apparent artificial singularities associated with surface-based coordinate systems. For problems involving tracer transport in a given velocity field, the semi-Lagrangian framework allows these new methods to avoid the use of any stabilization terms (such as hyperviscosity) during time-integration, thus reducing the number of parameters that have to be tuned. The three new methods are based on interpolation using 1) global RBFs, 2) local RBF stencils, and 3) RBF partition of unity. For the latter two of these methods, we find that it is crucial to include some low degree spherical harmonics in the interpolants. Standard test cases consisting of solid body rotation and deformational flow are used to compare and contrast the methods in terms of their accuracy, efficiency, conservation properties, and dissipation/dispersion errors. For global RBFs, spectral spatial convergence is observed for smooth solutions on quasi-uniform nodes, while high-order accuracy is observed for the local RBF stencil and partition of unity approaches.