cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antifungal activity of cucumber β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase

Abstract An acidic β-1,3-glucanase and three isoforms of chitinase (A, B, C) were isolated and purified from cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) leaves inoculated with a necrogenic fungus, Colletotrichum lagenarium . Tests of antifungal activity to C. lagenarium in vitro were conducted with the purified β-1,3-glucanase, the three purified isoforms of chitinase and with intercellular wash fluids (ICF) from cucumber leaves above those inoculated with C. lagenarium or those treated with water. β-1,3-Glucanase alone significantly inhibited spore germination at a concentration of 250 μg ml −1 buffer solution and inhibited the growth of C. lagenarium at a concentration of about 7 μg ml −1 agar medium. The latter concentration is equivalent to the concentration in infected cucumber leaves 7 days after inoculation with C. lagenarium and in leaf 2 of induced plants 3 days after challenge with the fungus. Chitinase A and B did not inhibit spore germination or fungal growth at the concentrations tested, whereas chitinase C inhibited spore germination only at 1 mg ml −1 and inhibited fungal growth at 66 μg ml −1 agar medium, the highest concentration tested. β-1,3-Glucanase in combination with chitinase C inhibited fungal growth synergistically. Lysis of hyphal tips and abnormal growth were observed in the presence of a mixture of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase C. Intercellular wash fluid (ICF) and concentrated ICF (5×) from control and induced plants did not inhibit fungal growth. However, the crude ICF in the presence of purified β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase C had antifungal activity. The implications of these results are discussed.
Techniques for range-ambiguous clutter mitigation in space-based radar systems

Space-based radar (SBR) systems provide several important capabilities for the detection of moving targets that are not possible from an airborne platform. Although SBR systems have been studied for some time now, it is only recently with the rapid development of computational and antenna array technology that these systems have come closer to realisation. For this chapter, the authors focus on a notional SBR platform in the low-Earth orbit (LEO). First, notation and metrics are established for a moving target detection from an SBR with STAP followed by a discussion of the unique characteristics of ground clutter returns in SBR. In particular, the problem of range-ambiguous clutter is described. Next, the authors demonstrate the impact of range-ambiguous clutter on STAP performance and describe two means of overcoming the range-ambiguous clutter problem for pulse-Doppler waveforms, namely PRF diversity and an increase in elevation aperture. Lastly, the chapter considers the use of an alternative new waveform, namely a long single pulse waveform, that eliminates the ambiguities in both the range and Doppler of an SBR system.
A 3-D Kinetic Monte Carlo Study of the Growth of Si Thin Films Using Beams With Varying Angle of Incidence

Three-dimensional Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the deposition of a hyperthermal molecular beam at varying angles of incidence. The simulations incorporate incident atom-substrate interactions, many layer growth, and attempt to mimic deposition and growth of Si on a Si(100) substrate. At high angles of incidence, the formation of “flake”-like structures are seen. The growth of the flakes follow the same general trends as previous two-dimensional simulations where non-local shadowing produces a porous thin film and the columns grow into the incident beam. Increased substrate temperature increased the widths of the flakes perpendicular to the path of the beam and allowed the grown film to remain defect-free for a time before columnar structure begins.
United We Stand: Using Multiple Tools to Solve a Multi-dimensional Problem

Researchers at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) investigated the impacts of reducing the number and location of personnel assigned to a Combined Arms Battalion Headquarters on Soldier workload, fatigue, and performance. Initial requirements were for 24 personnel to be located within four armored vehicles. Due to design constraints, however, the number of personnel needed to be reduced or some personnel moved to other vehicles. To recommend a solution to this problem, the researchers had to consider multiple human factors issues such as function allocation, mental workload, work space, and fatigue. Therefore, they used multiple human performance modeling tools including JACK, IMPRINT, C3TRACE and FAST to evaluate the problem. Each of these tools provided the analysts with analytical results on a unique aspect of the problem. By integrating these results, the researchers demonstrated the impacts of multiple aspects of this problem. Their recommended solution was closer to optimal because it incorporated m...
Update on HCDstruct - A Tool for Hybrid Wing Body Conceptual Design and Structural Optimization

HCDstruct is a Matlab® based software tool to rapidly build a finite element model for structural optimization of hybrid wing body (HWB) aircraft at the conceptual design level. The tool uses outputs from a Flight Optimization System (FLOPS) performance analysis together with a conceptual outer mold line of the vehicle, e.g. created by Vehicle Sketch Pad (VSP), to generate a set of MSC Nastran® bulk data files. These files can readily be used to perform a structural optimization and weight estimation using Nastran’s® Solution 200 multidisciplinary optimization solver. Initially developed at NASA Langley Research Center to perform increased fidelity conceptual level HWB centerbody structural analyses, HCDstruct has grown into a complete HWB structural sizing and weight estimation tool, including a fully flexible aeroelastic loads analysis. Recent upgrades to the tool include the expansion to a full wing tip-to-wing tip model for asymmetric analyses like engine out conditions and dynamic overswings, as well as a fully actuated trailing edge, featuring up to 15 independently actuated control surfaces and twin tails. Several example applications of the HCDstruct tool are presented.
Concentrations of Hormones in Plasma from Cattle with Different Growth Potentials

Blood samples were taken from four large- and four small-frame steers each month for 12 mo to study the effect of size on plasma hormone concentrations in cattle from 5 to 17 mo of age. The rate of gain and daily feed intake were 45% (P less than .05) and 51% (P less than .001) greater for the large steers. The large-frame steers had higher mean concentrations of growth hormone (P less than .001), insulin (P less than .06), thyroxine (P less than .06) and cortisol (P less than .002). The concentration of growth hormone was highest in the young cattle (P less than .01) and gradually declined with increasing age. Insulin concentrations were lowest in the young cattle (P less than .01) and gradually increased with age. The results of this study suggested that there are differences in hormone concentrations that are related to size rather than being the result of differences in physiological maturity of different breeds of cattle.
Ultrastructural observations on polyspermic penetration of zona pellucida-free human oocytes inseminated in vitro.

Abstract An ultrastructural analysis of polyspermic human ova, obtained by insemination in vitro of zona pellucida-free oocytes, has demonstrated the following: 1. Sperm with an intact or reacted acrosome fuse equally well with the oocyte, and the sperm head is incorporated first. Sperm flagellum entry into the ooplasm is accomplished by sliding, while the sperm plasma membrane is being incorporated into the vitelline membrane. 2. Dismantling of the sperm flagellum within the ooplasm rapidly occurs by dispersion and disintegration successively of the mitochondria, the outer dense fibers of the midpiece, and the fibrous sheath of the principal piece. The axial filament complex persists much longer, and can be demonstrated by electron microscopy for 24 hours or more postinsemination. 3. The mode of assembly of the male pronucleus membrane and the incorporation of maternal chromosomes into the female pronucleus. 4. The vital role of the zona pellucida, which appears to be the essential, if not the unique, site of the block to polyspermy.
Therapeutics in the pediatric emergency room.

Specific therapeutic agents for treatment of acute asthma attacks, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, anaphylaxis, and poisoning are discussed. Emphasis is placed on care in avoiding overdosage or synergistic effects of drugs.
The Concept of Concepts: A Case Study from American Documentation

A core entity of information science is the “concept.” Agreement on the basic definition as a mental construct representing a concrete instance, conceals divergence in understanding of the nuances. A case study of the domain’s nascent era represented by American Documentation reveals some of the contours of the terms evolution. L’une des entites de base des sciences de l'information est le «concept». L’accord sur la definition de base comme construction mentale representant un cas concret cache la divergence dans la comprehension des nuances. Une etude de cas de l'ere naissante du domaine telle que representee par American Documentation revele quelques-uns des contours de l'evolution des termes.
Experimental Nerve Regeneration: A Review

The aim of peripheral nerve repair is to restore motor and sensory function, which requires more than just 10-0 sutures and a good microscope. The past decade has seen an explosion in the understanding of how nerves grow, and this information is being used to develop better treatments for nerve injuries. In the future, treatment will not be limited to the operating room, because postoperative adjuvant therapies will become increasingly more important in the management of nerve repairs. At the same time, advancement in manufacturing techniques, a better understanding of biomaterials, and the use of the laser will replace the time-honored techniques of surgical repair in many clinical settings.
The Foundations, 1760–70

On 25 October 1760, George II drank his morning cup of chocolate, retired to his closet, and fell over dead. The Prince of Wales was now King George III, and his tutor and friend, the Earl of Bute, was the dominant figure at Court. George III had been raised to exercise personally the constitutional powers of the monarchy. He had been taught that George II had surrendered his powers to selfish and corrupt politicians. At first the young King was dependent on Bute and the leaders of the government — the elderly Duke of Newcastle and the dynamic William Pitt. As he gained years and experience, he began to assert himself personally and exercise what he thought were the constitutional powers and responsibilities of the monarch.1
Social and Emotional Development II

As infants grow older and their interactions with others increase in number and complexity, newer types of social relations emerge. These new social relations involve more than just proximity-establishing and proximity-maintaining behaviors. To understand the nature of these new social relations, consider the following hypothetical situations. In the first, several infants are isolated from normal society and left to develop on their own, and we observe what interactional patterns emerge and evolve. We compare that group to a second group of infants who grow up in two-parent families comprising several siblings and who attend well-supervised day care programs followed by preschool, etc. Most people would probably agree that we would observe significant differences in the interactional patterns between both groups.
Hyperspectral classification using selected contourlet subbands

The contourlet transform is a promising multiscale multidirection image representation technique emerging in recent years. Although it has been adopted in some signal and image processing areas, its application to hyperspectral image analysis has not been adequately studied. In this paper, we explore feature selection in the contourlet domain for hyperspectral classification. We apply a previously developed similarity-based unsupervised band selection approach to all contourlet subbands obtained from a nonsubsampled contourlet decomposition of each spectral image. We then utilize the selected contourlet subbands as features for supervised classification experiments. The results show that, using selected contourlet subbands outperforms using all contourlet subbands, all original spectral bands, selected spectral bands, or principal components. We also examine how the transform parameter selections may impact classification accuracy.
Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Use in the Treatment of Bleomycin Pulmonary Toxicity

Pulmonary toxicity is a devastating complication of bleomycin chemotherapy. This insult is likely exacerbated by the free radical injury induced by high inspired oxygen content, which is required to support these patients. Traditional treatment consists of high-dose corticosteroids. We report the case of a 45-year-old man who developed bleomycin pulmonary toxicity, which failed to respond to treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. We used protective mechanical ventilatory settings while supported on veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using a bicaval dual-lumen, single cannula system to allow for lung recovery. This case demonstrates the feasibility of using veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to treat bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in a patient who has failed traditional therapy.
Characterizing Factor VIII Inhibitor Resistance of Platelet-Delivered Factor VIII in the Treatment of Hemophilia A.

Gene therapy strategies directed at expressing Factor (F) VIII in megakaryocytes may have several potential advantages in the treatment of severe hemophilia A. Among these is that platelet (p) FVIII may be protected from circulating inhibitors. We have previously described a murine transgenic line that expressed human B-domainless FVIII in a megakaryocyte-specific fashion and that this pFVIII was localized to within alpha granules. We also showed that these platelets contained FVIII equivalent to an infusion of 9% human FVIII into FVIII null mice. We further showed that these pFVIII mice, on a FVIII null murine background, formed stable clots in a FeCl 3 carotid artery injury model. We then tested the ability of infused anti-human FVIII inhibitors in this setting. Using up to 100 μL of ESH8 monoclonal antibody (Ab) to the FVIII C2 light chain (1 μg/mL), anti-human polyclonal Ab (11 mg/mL) or a monoclonal Ab to the A2 domain (5 mg/mL), we were unable to alter thrombus formation in the carotid artery model. However, by using a 1:1:1 mixture of these inhibitors, we were able to show a dose-response curve. None of these mice developed thrombocytopenia suggesting that pFVIII is not exposed on the surface of circulating platelets. We then compared these studies to an acute infusion of the same inhibitor mixture in a FVIII null mice receiving a 25% hFVIII correction. These studies showed that pFVIII/FVIII null mice were ∼100-fold more resistant to inhibitors than plasma FVIII infusion into a FVIII null mice in the carotid artery injury model. Since we had shown in the pFVIII mice that the FVIII is stored in alpha-granules, which can also store circulating Ab, we wondered whether the pFVIII/FVIII null mice would be more sensitive to inhibitors when exposed in a chronic model where animals receive repeat doses of the inhibitor mixture. We therefore infused 3 doses of the inhibitor over 10 days, measured plasma and platelet inhibitor levels, and found that despite detectable stores of inhibitor within their platelets, these mice still demonstrated a comparable ability to form thrombosis as mice in the acute model with comparable plasma inhibitor levels. These studies suggest that pFVIII provides limited improved protection in mice with inhibitors comparable to 100 BU/mL. We propose that the difference in outcome is due to the tail model being extremely sensitive to even low levels of pFVIII as exsanguinated, hypovolemic mice likely shunt blood away from their tail veins, and platelet activation and granular release are occurring in a low flow setting, while the FeCl 3 model used in this report requires a plasma equivalency of >3–5% human FVIII to show even partial correction.
Wandering of a Wing-Tip Vortex: Rapid Scanning and Correction of Fixed-Point Measurements

Oscillations of a wing-tip vortex over planes orthogonal to the freestream direction are typically ascribed to a specific fluid dynamic phenomenon, which is referred to as vortex wandering or meand...
Vegetarianism and Eating Disorders

Abstract Research links vegetarianism and eating-related pathology, such that prevalence of disordered eating behaviors is significantly higher in individuals who avoid animal products, compared to omnivores. Vegetarianism may play a role in maintaining eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine if vegetarianism is causal in the development of eating pathology. Some vegetarians may be overpathologized by commonly used eating disorder assessments that interpret heightened control over intake as indicative of problematic eating behaviors. Others may engage in meat avoidance to mask existing symptoms of disordered eating. Meat avoidance may complicate eating disorder treatment by encouraging continued adherence to strict dietary rules and by interfering with recovery from macronutrient deficiencies. Future research should systematically examine the suitability of current eating disorder assessments for use with vegetarians and should also differentiate more clearly between different types of meat avoiders, who appear to differ in important ways.
Novel elvitegravir nanoformulation approach to suppress the viral load in HIV-infected macrophages.

Abstract Purpose Monocytes serve as sanctuary sites for HIV-1 from which virus is difficult to be eliminated. Therefore, an effective viral suppression in monocytes is critical for effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study focuses on a new strategy using nanoformulation to optimize the efficacy of ART drugs in HIV-infected monocytes. Methods Poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based elvitegravir nanoparticles (PLGA-EVG) were prepared by nano-precipitation technique. The physicochemical properties of PLGA-EVG were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Cellular uptake study was performed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. All in vitro experiments were performed by using HIV-infected monocytic cell lines U1 and HIV-infected primary macrophages. Elvitegravir quantification was performed using LC-MS/MS. HIV viral replication was assessed by using p24 ELISA. Results We developed a PLGA-EVG nanoparticle formulation with particle size of ~ 47 nm from transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential of ~ 6.74 mV from dynamic light scattering. These nanoparticles demonstrated a time- and concentration-dependent uptakes in monocytes. PLGA-EVG formulation showed a ~ 2 times higher intracellular internalization of EVG than control group (EVG alone). PLGA-EVG nanoparticles also demonstrated superior viral suppression over control for a prolonged period of time. Conclusions PLGA-based EVG nanoformulation increased the intracellular uptake of EVG, as well as enhanced viral suppression in HIV-infected macrophages, suggesting its potential for improved HIV treatment in monocytic cells.
Fenofibrate-Induced Lichenoid Drug Eruption: A Rare Culprit

A lichenoid drug eruption is a rare side effect which can occur following the administration of several different medications. Here we describe a unique case of fenofibrate as the causative agent of a lichenoid drug eruption. This case highlights a rare and clinically significant dermatologic side effect of fenofibrate. In addition, we report a potential familial association which underscores the potential for underlying genetic mechanisms to be contributory to lichenoid drug eruptions. A reminder of the physical characteristics of lichen planus, knowledge of the temporal relation between administration of medications and a lichenoid drug eruption, recognition of the effect of UV exposure on lichenoid drug eruptions, and realization for the potential of symptoms to persist despite discontinuation of an offending agent can aid practitioners in promptly diagnosing lichenoid drug eruptions and initiating appropriate therapy.
Biexciton Auger Recombination Differs in Hybrid and Inorganic Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots.

We use time-resolved photoluminescence measurements to determine the biexciton Auger recombination rate in both hybrid organic–inorganic and fully inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals as a function of nanocrystal volume. We find that the volume scaling of the biexciton Auger rate in the hybrid perovskites, containing a polar organic A-site cation, is significantly shallower than in the fully inorganic Cs-based nanocrystals. As the nanocrystals become smaller, the Auger rate in the hybrid nanocrystals increases even less than expected, compared to the fully inorganic nanocrystals, which already show a shallower volume dependence than other material systems such as chalcogenide quantum dots. This finding suggests there may be differences in the strength of Coulombic interactions between the fully inorganic and hybrid perovskites, which may prove to be crucial in selecting materials to obtain the highest performing devices in the future, and hints that there could be something “special” about the hybrid ...
Opposite Sides of the Same Coin? Exploring the Connections between School Absenteeism and Student Mobility.

Mobile students and absent students are important subsets of at-risk students in schools and districts nationwide. As such, student mobility and school absenteeism are two challenges in K-12 educat...
VANET Adaptive Beaconing Based on Fuzzy Logic

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), there are two main types of messages, beacon messages and safety messages. Beacon messages are frequently exchanged and contain status information of the sending vehicle, while safety messages are broadcasted only in case of emergency and contain safety related information. Thus, vehicles exchange information periodically via beaconing messages to guarantee the freshness and increase cooperative awareness among them. This information is required for making decisions in routing protocols and for many safety and non-safety applications. In this paper, we propose an intelligent beacon rate control protocol based on fuzzy logic. Our system uses channel busy time (CBT), mobility and packet delivery ratio (PDR) factors to adjust the beacon rate of vehicles. NS-3 simulations have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of our proposed system in terms of average waiting time, total delay and average number of neighbors. The proposed protocol is shown to perform better than fixed rate of 10 beacons per second, JSRC and BRAIN-F protocols.
Correction to: Parenting and Child Self-Regulation in Chinese Families: A Multi-Informant Study

The original version of this article contained a mistake in the abstract. The original abstract stated that parental perceived responsibility was related to higher levels of self-regulation in children, whereas this relation was in fact negative. A corrected version of the abstract is given in this erratum.
Tie-Line Characteristics based Partitioning for Distributed Optimization of Power Systems

The convergence performance of distributed optimization algorithms is of significant importance to solve optimal power flow (OPF) in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we aim to provide some insights on how to partition a power system to achieve a high convergence rate of distributed algorithms for the solution of an OPF problem. We analyzed several features of the power network to find a set of suitable partitions with the aim of convergence performance improvement. We model the grid as a graph and decompose it based on the edge betweenness graph clustering. This technique provides several partitions. To find an effective partitioning, we merge the partitions obtained by clustering technique and analyze them based on characteristics of tie-lines connecting neighboring partitions. The main goal is to find the best set of partitions with respect to the convergence speed. We deploy analytical target cascading (ATC) method to distributedly solve optimization subproblems. We test the proposed algorithm on the IEEE 118-bus system. The results show that the algorithm converges faster with a proper partitioning, whereas improper partitioning leads to a large number of iterations.
Caliceal Fluid Temperature During High-Power Holmium Laser Lithotripsy in an In Vivo Porcine Model.

Abstract Introduction: With increasing use of high-power laser settings for lithotripsy, the potential exists to induce thermal tissue damage. In vitro studies have demonstrated that temperature el...
Bilingual Education as a Professional Responsibility for Public Schools and Universities

The passage of Proposition 227 in 1998 has not silenced the questions surrounding access to bilingual education in California. The political issues attendant to bilingual education––race, immigration, poverty, and equity––are still central to any discussion of education policy today. The current social and political context for bilingual education is evolving due to a variety of demographic and economic trends that will continue to influence the policies and practices of public schools. This chapter looks at the historical influences that shaped current policies in bilingual education, as well as the intended and unintended consequences of those policies. The chapter further explores the role that educators and their practices play in student achievement, and how current research in bilingual education suggests that access to bilingual education is critical to expanding educational and future career opportunities for all students.
Photochemistry and Photophysics of Lanthanide and Actinide Complexes

Complexes of the lanthanide and actinide ions are grouped together because of the similarities in their electronic configurations. Each series consists of 14 elements that result from the addition of electrons into the f orbitals. For the lanthanide series the electron configurations are 4f (1–14), and for the actinide series they are 5f (1–14). For the lanthanide series, the majority of the compounds have the metal ion in its trivalent (M3+) form, but for the actinide series, the compounds have the metal ion in a range of different oxidation states. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all of the metal ions have large spin-orbit coupling constants, resulting in the electronic states being defined by the angular momentum values J. The lanthanide series yields compounds that are primarily ionic in character, and coordination numbers up to 8 or 9 are common. The compounds are substitution labile in aqueous solution.(1)
Employment Interventions for Persons with Mild Cognitive Disorders

For purposes of this chapter, we will focus our review on people with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the employment interventions for this population. There are many similarities between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild TBI. MCI has been reported to be between 2.8 and 5.3% of the population (Larrieu et al. 2002) and typically presents as issues with memory, inefficient attention and concentration, and concerns with cognitive fatigue. Londos et al. (2008) indicate that these issues relate more to dementia in the elderly, but in a general cohort, issues such as vascular changes and depression can affect areas of cognitive functioning. Unfortunately, the annual rate of progression to dementia in MCI is in the 12–15% range (Palmer et al. 2003). People with other disabilities such as multiple sclerosis can also have cognitive limitations including fluctuations in memory capacity, word fluency, and speed of information processing (Clemmons et al. 2004). To understand clinical and vocational rehabilitation issues associated with MCI, we will utilize the mild brain injury paradigm because the cognitive issues at 6 months to a year post-injury are relatively stable. With MCI, rehabilitation and job coach personnel are generally dealing with a relatively stable condition rather than progressive cognitive deterioration, which may lead to supported or sheltered employment settings.
Silicosis in Switzerland.

Objectives The correlation between quartz dust concentrations in the Swiss enterprises and the incidence of silicosis and other related diseases acknowledged as occupational diseases (OD) was investigated. Material and methods Quartz dust concentrations were obtained from Suva's databases of occupational health surveillance measurements between 2005 and 2014. Information on quartz dust-related diseases was from medical dossiers of workers with OD acknowledged by Suva between 2005 and 2014. Results The median quartz dust concentration of the 2579 measurements between 2005 and 2014 was 0.09 mg/m3 (alveolar fraction). Out of all measurements, 28% were above the Swiss occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.15 mg/m3 (alveolar fraction). One hundred eighty-one individuals suffered from acknowledged quartz dust-related disease (179 silicosis and 2 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). Additionally, 8 out of these workers were diagnosed with lung cancer and 55 with COPD of a non-specified cause. Out of all workers, 46% were exposed to silica dust for the first time before 1975 when the current Swiss OEL was introduced. Out of the foreign workers, 63% began to work abroad, during which they could have at least partly acquired their silicosis. Out of all workers, 75% were ever-smokers. Conclusions The incidence of silicosis decreased drastically from approximately 300 cases/year in the 1970s to fewer than 20 cases/year 20 years ago. Several findings of this study that could help to interpret the ongoing occurrence of the disease include excessive exposure in or outside of Switzerland in former or current times, vulnerability to the development of silicosis due to cigarette smoke, or poor compliance with wearing breathing masks. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):659-676.
Special-Needs Companion Animals and Those Who Care for Them: Stories of Identity and Empathy

Through a series of in-depth interviews asking individuals about their decisions to adopt special-needs companion animals, we discovered that a combination of anthropomorphism and empathy are at play when individuals decide to adopt them. This tendency is explained using David Blouin’s typology of guardians: humanistic and protectionistic guardians anthropomorphized their companion animals, exhibited greater empathy, and were more willing to adopt animals with special needs.
Robust Radar-Based Human Motion Recognition with L1-Norm Linear Discriminant Analysis

We present a novel radar-based indoor human motion classifier, which employs L1-norm Linear Discriminant Analysis (L1-LDA) to identify low-rank subspaces whereon Doppler signatures from distinct motions are most differentiable. In contrast to standard LDA, L1-LDA exhibits resistance against any outliers that may lie among the training data, e.g., due to mislabeling. Using real data experiments, we show that the proposed method exhibits enhanced performance compared to LDA when the training data are corrupted and similar performance under nominal training.
Aliphatic C-H Oxidations for Late-Stage Functionalization.

The atomistic change of C(sp3)–H to C(sp3)–O can have a profound impact on the physical and biological properties of small molecules. Traditionally, chemical synthesis has relied on pre-existing functionality to install new functionality, and directed approaches to C–H oxidation are an extension of this logic. The impact of developing undirected C–H oxidation reactions with controlled site-selectivity is that scientists gain the ability to diversify complex structures at sites remote from existing functionality, without having to carry out individual de novo syntheses. This Perspective offers a historical view of why, as recently as 2007, it was thought that the differences between aliphatic C–H bonds of the same bond type (for example, 2° aliphatic) were not large enough to distinguish them preparatively with small-molecule catalysis in the absence of directing groups or molecular recognition elements. We give an account of the discovery of Fe(PDP)-catalyzed non-directed aliphatic C–H hydroxylations and ...
Onion‐bulb patterns predict acquired or inherited demyelinating polyneuropathy

INTRODUCTION Onion-bulbs (OB) are concentrically layered Schwann-cell processes, surrounding nerve fibers, occurring in both inherited and acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. We investigated whether OB patterns (generalized, mixed, or focal) correlate with acquired or inherited neuropathies. METHODS One hundred thirty-one OB-rich nerve biopsies were graded for OB pattern and inflammation without knowledge of clinical history. We classified inherited (n = 49) or acquired (n = 82) neuropathies based solely on clinical history. RESULTS Fifty-one biopsies had generalized (34 inherited vs. 17 acquired, P < 0.001), 54 mixed (48 acquired vs. 6 inherited, P < 0.001), and 26 focal/multifocal (inherited [n = 9], acquired [n = 17]) OB. Inflammation occurred more frequently in acquired (n = 54) than inherited (n = 14) neuropathy (P = 0.004). DISCUSSION Generalized OB correlates with inherited neuropathy; mixed OB with acquired. Inflammation occurs more in acquired neuropathy cases. OB patterns are best explained by ubiquitous Schwann-cell involvement in inherited and multifocal Schwann-cell involvement in acquired neuropathies and predict the electrophysiology of uniform demyelination in inherited and unequal demyelination in acquired neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 59:665-670, 2019.
Dual-matrix 3D culture system as a biomimetic model of epithelial tissues

Recent years have seen an unprecedented rise in the use of 3D culture systems, both in fundamental research and in more translational settings such as drug testing and disease modeling. However, 3D cultures often remain underused by cell biology labs, both due to technical difficulties in system setup and inherent drawbacks of many of the common systems. Here we describe an easy to use, inexpensive and rapidly assembled 3D culture system, suitable for generation of both normal polarized epithelial cysts and in-situ tumor spheroids. This system allows for exploration of many questions of normal and cancer cell biology, including morphogenesis, epithelial polarization, cell motility, intra- and intercellular communication, invasion, metastasis, and tumor-stoma interaction. The 3D cultures are made up of a stiffness tunable, dual-matrix model that can incorporate co-culture of multiple cell types. The model allows for increased physiological relevance by mimicking the organization, ligand composition and stiffness present in-vivo. The setup allows for a wide spectrum of manipulation, including removing cells from the system for DNA/protein expression, transfection and high-resolution imaging of live or fixed cells.
Evolution of Sikh family form and values in rural California: continuity and change 1904-1980.

This article examines changes in Punjabi Sikh family form and its underlying value structure as it evolved over an 8 decade period in California. Starting with the arrival of Sikh laborers on the West Coast of North America in 1904 the paper traces a difficult adjustment period which saw Sikhs begin as all-male sojourners and move through a period of out-marriage largely with Spanish-speaking women. It outlines the changes in post-World War II US immigration policy and the profound effects this had on the Sikh family including renewed immigration from India and the reassertion of traditional endogamous arranged as the culturally preferred pattern. Finally some of the intergenerational problems now emerging as Sikh youth reach marriageable age are noted as some sources of conflict within Sikh communities over definitions of what constitutes a "proper marriage" and a "good Sikh." This article includes a lengthy table comparing ideal real and perceived patterns of family life as seen by Sikhs in North America. (authors)
A Rhenium Isonitrile Complex Induces Unfolded Protein Response-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells

Complexes of the element Re have recently been shown to possess promising anticancer activity through mechanisms of action that are distinct from the conventional metal-based drug cisplatin. In this study, we report our investigations on the anticancer activity of the complex [Re(CO)3 (dmphen)(p-tol-ICN)]+ (TRIP) in which dmphen=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and p-tol-ICN=para-tolyl isonitrile. TRIP was synthesized by literature methods and exhaustively characterized. This compound exhibited potent in vitro anticancer activity in a wide variety of cell lines. Flow cytometry and immunostaining experiments indicated that TRIP induces intrinsic apoptosis. Comprehensive biological mechanistic studies demonstrated that this compound triggers the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response, and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, TRIP induced hyperphosphorylation of eIF2α, translation inhibition, mitochondrial fission, and expression of proapoptotic ATF4 and CHOP. These results establish TRIP as a promising anticancer agent based on its potent cytotoxic activity and ability to induce ER stress.
Voluntary acromioclavicular joint dislocation: a case report and literature review

Voluntary glenohumeral dislocations have been reported in academic literature; however, voluntary dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint are rare, with four cases previously reported in published literature. We present a case of an adolescent female with bilateral, atraumatic acromioclavicular joint dislocation who ultimately was treated with arthroscopic reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament. The case is discussed in addition to a review of previously reported cases of voluntary acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Treatment methods in each of the four previously reported cases are discussed with recommendation for surgeons that may encounter this rare shoulder problem in future patients.
Library of model implementations for sharing deep-learning image segmentation and outcomes models

An open-source library of implementations for deep-learning based image segmentation and outcomes models is presented in this work. As oncology treatment planning becomes increasingly driven by automation, such a library of model implementations is crucial to (i) validate existing models on datasets collected at different institutions, (ii) automate segmentation, (iii) create ensembles for improving performance and (iv) incorporate validated models in the clinical workflow. The library was developed with Computational Environment for Radiological Research (CERR) software platform. CERR is a natural choice to centralize model implementations due to its comprehensiveness, popularity, and ease of use. CERR provides well-validated feature extraction for radiotherapy dosimetry and radiomics with fine control over the calculation settings. This allows users to select the appropriate feature calculation used in the model derivation. Models for automatic image segmentation are distributed via Singularity containers, with seamless i/o to and from CERR. Singularity containers allow for segmentation models to be deployed with a variety of scientific computing architectures. Deployment of models is driven by JSON configuration file, making it convenient to plug-in models. Models from the library can be called programmatically for batch evaluation. The library includes implementations for popular radiotherapy models outlined in the Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic effort and recently published literature. Radiomics models include features from Image Biomarker Standardization features found to be important across multiple sites and image modalities. Deep learning-based image segmentation models include state of the art networks such as Deeplab and other problem-specific architectures. The library is distributed as GNU-copyrighted software at https://www.github.com/cerr/CERR.
Radiolysis of macromolecular organic material in Mars‐relevant mineral matrices

The fate of organic material on Mars after deposition is crucial to interpreting the source of these molecules. Previous work has addressed how various organic compounds at millimeter depths in sediments respond to ultraviolet radiation. In contrast, this study addressed how high‐energy particle radiation (200‐MeV protons, simulating the effect of galactic cosmic rays and solar wind at depths of <4–5 cm) inﬂuences organic macromolecules in sediments. Speciﬁcally, we report the generation of organic‐acid radiolysis products after exposure to radiation doses equivalent to geological time scales (1–7 Myr). We found that formate and oxalate were produced from a variety of organic starting materials and mineral matrices. Unlike ultraviolet‐driven reactions that can invoke Fenton chemistry to produce organic acids, our work suggests that irradiation of semiconductor surfaces, such as TiO2 or possible clay minerals found on Mars, forms oxygen and hydroxyl radical species, which can break down macromolecules into organic acids. We also investigated the metastability of benzoate in multiple mineral matrices. Benzoate was added to samples prior to irradiation and persisted up to 500 kGys of exposure. Our ﬁndings suggest that organic acids are likely a major component of organic material buried at depth on Mars.
Regulation of mTOR by the tumor suppressor p53

2511 Normal cell growth and proliferation require an intricate coordination between the stimulatory signals arising from nutrients and growth factors and the inhibitory signals arising from intracellular stresses. In mammals, mTOR is a master molecule integrating nutrient and growth factor signals, and the tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in sensing genotoxic stresses. Here we demonstrate that activation of p53 inhibits mTOR activity and regulates its downstream target programs. Etoposide treatment, which induces double-stranded DNA breaks and activates p53, decreases the activities of mTOR in wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) but not in p53−/− MEFs, as detected by the levels of the phosphorylated form of p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) at position thr-389, which is a specific mTOR phosphorylation site. Moreover, activation of a temperature sensitive form of p53 in a human cell line by temperature shift dramatically inhibits mTOR activity, while similar temperature shift has little effect on mTOR in the parental cell line that does not harbor the temperature sensitive p53. Other downstream targets of mTOR are also similarly affected. The levels of the phosphorylated form of 4EBP1 at thr-37, another mTOR specific phosphorylation target, decrease dramatically upon p53 activation. Autophagy, a known process that is negatively regulated by mTOR, is activated by p53 activation. The mechanism by which p53 regulates mTOR is apparently independent of its cell cycle regulation, since p53 activation inhibits mTOR in p21−/− MEFs similarly as it does in wild type MEFs. The inhibition of mTOR by p53 requires the TSC1/TSC2 complex, a known upstream negative regulator of mTOR. Neither etoposide treatment, nor overexpression of p53 by transient transfection, downregulates mTOR in TSC1−/− or TSC2−/− MEFs. Furthermore, p53 activation leads to rapid induction of the activity of AMPK, an AMP dependent kinase and a positive regulator of TSC2. Consistent with the role of AMPK in the p53-dependent mTOR regulation, treatment with an AMPK specific inhibitor blocks the effect of p53 on mTOR in both MEFs and the p53 temperature sensitive cell line. Thus p53 can regulate mTOR and consequently its downstream cellular programs, including autophagy, which is a novel tumor suppression mechanism. This regulation involves AMPK activation and requires the TSC1/TSC2 complex, a process that mimics energy deprivation, and this novel regulation by p53 might contribute to its tumor suppression function.
Guidelines for a Polycentric Region to Reduce Vehicle Use and Increase Walking and Transit Use

Problem, research strategy, and findings: The monocentric development pattern in the Alonso–Mills–Muth model underpinned theoretical discussions of urban form in the 1960s and 1970s and truly domin...
Indications and Outcomes for Contemporaneous Anteroposterior Surgery in Cervical Stenosis and Myelopathy: Single Center Experience.

Background Anterior or posterior approaches have been shown to be effective in the treatment of cervical stenosis and myelopathy (CSM). There exists, however, a group of patients in whom both the anterior and posterior approaches are necessary to treat the stenosis and deformity. To better identify the indications and outcomes of the contemporaneous anterior + posterior approaches (CAP), we retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who have been treated with this method. Methods Between 2006 and 2018, 37 patients were treated with CAP for kyphosis, stenosis, and subluxation, with a median follow-up of 20 months (range: 5–112 months). We examined their radiographic metrics, health-related outcomes, and complications. Results The indication for CAP was severe kyphosis in 12 cases, severe stenosis in 9, and subluxation in 7. Proximal junctional kyphosis was the indication in 4 cases, failure of instrumentation with kyphosis in 3 cases, and adjacent segment degeneration in 2. Kyphosis was corrected in all. Nine patients suffered a total of 14 complications. Six patients developed dysphagia, 2 developed spinal fluid leaks, 1 meningitis, 2 wound dehiscence, and 1 C5 palsy. None were life-threatening and all resolved with appropriate management. Conclusions The CAP approach, undertaken in cases of CSM associated with severe kyphosis, stenosis, and subluxation, led to a significant correction in kyphosis. There was total of 14 complications, comparable to previously published reports.
Assessing the impact of valence sd neutrons and protons on fusion

Experimental near-barrier fusion cross sections for $^{17}\mathrm{F}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are compared to the fusion excitation functions for $^{16,17,18}\mathrm{O}, ^{19}\mathrm{F}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ ions on a carbon target. Normalized or reduced fusion cross sections are utilized in order to compare the different systems and account for the differing static size of the incident ions as well as changes in fusion barrier. Fusion excitation functions for the case of the mirror nuclei $^{17}\mathrm{F}$ and $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ with a single $\mathit{sd}$ nucleon are compared. The $^{17}\mathrm{F}$ data are also juxtaposed with nuclei involving multiple $\mathit{sd}$ nucleons. Trends of the fusion cross section above the barrier beyond the expected systematic behavior are observed. These trends are interpreted as the interplay of the $\mathit{sd}$ protons and neutrons. The experimental data are also compared to a widely used analytic model of near-barrier fusion, a time-dependent Hartree-Fock model, and coupled channels calculations.
The “Geddes” Composable Platform - An Evolution of Community Clusters for a Composable World

New usage patterns of computing for research have emerged that rely on the availability of flexible, elastic, and highly specialized services, that may not be well suited to traditional batch HPC. A new approach that updates and evolves the research computing ecosystem is needed to respond to these needs. This new model, a Kubernetes-based "Community Composable Platform", builds upon Purdue's Community Cluster program to provide cost effective, highly responsive, and customizable composable computing solutions for domain science and education in a variety of communities.