cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Issues in Financial Risk Analysis: A Review for Practitioners

This paper presents a critical review of the conceptual issues involved in accounting for financial risk in project appraisal. It begins by examining three of the main approaches to assessing risk: the use of the probability distributions of project outcomes, such as the NPV, the use of a single risk-adjusted discount rate for the life of the project, and the use of certainty equivalents. The first two approaches are very common, while the third is used less often. Next, it proposes an approach based on annual "certainty equivalents" that is conceptually similar to using multiple risk-adjusted discount rates and which involves specifying the risk profile of a project over its lifetime. Finally, this approach is illustrated with a simple numerical example. The certainty equivalent approach is compelling because it clearly separates the time value of money from the issue of risk valuation. While the authors point out the analytical challenges of the certainty equivalent approach, they note that its informational requirements are no greater than those posed by the older, more traditional approaches, while avoiding the numerous inadequacies of the latter.
On septum-based photoelectrochemical cells

We earlier papers, which imply that so-called semiconductor septum (SC-SEP) photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) provide special advantages and higher power conversion efficiencies compared to conventional, two-electrode PEC cells. A simple electric circuit analysis of these cells shows that they are equivalent to a conventional dark galvanic or electrolytic cell wired in series with a conventional PEC cell. Failure to consider the overall electrochemical process (which involves four electrodes in two separate, series cells) has clouded the issue of power conversion efficiency in papers describing SC-SEP devices. In particular, claims of efficient visible-light water photolysis with CdSe-based cells need to be reconsidered. 5 refs., 1 fig.
Measurement of normal and anomalous diffusion of dyes within protein structures fabricated via multiphoton excited cross-linking

We demonstrate microscale spatial and chemical control of diffusion within protein matrixes created through the use of nonlinear multiphoton excited photochemistry. The mobility of fluorescent dyes of different mass and composition within controlled cross-linked environments has been measured using two-photon excited fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The diffusion times for several rhodamine and sulforhodamine dyes within these fabricated structures were found to be approximately 3-4 orders of magnitude slower than in free solution. The precise diffusion times can be tuned by varying the laser exposure during the fabrication of the matrix, and the diffusion can be correlated with the mesh size determined by TEM and Flory-Rehner analysis. We find that the hydrophobic Texas Red dyes (sulforhodamines) exhibit diffusion that is highly anomalous, indicative of a strong interaction with the hydrophobic cross-linked protein matrix. These results suggests the use of these cross-linked protein matrixes as ideal model systems in which to systematically study anomalous diffusion. Finally, the diffusion can be tuned within a multilayered protein matrix, and this in conjunction with slow diffusion also suggests the use of these structures in controlled release applications.
MECHANISM OF HOST-PLANT RECOGNITION

Recognition and preference of host plants involve the integration of a complex of neural and metabolic events. These include: the sensing and encoding characteristics of the sense organs, decoding mechanisms in the central nervous system, assessment of acrossfiber patterns and deterrent/stimulant ratios, pre- and post-ingestion factors such as level of satiety, nutritional balance, and experiential factors such as induction and aversionlearning. RESUME Mecanisme de reconnaissance de la plante-hote La reconnaissance et le choix de la plante-hote impliquent l'integration d'un ensemble d‘evenements neuraux et metaboliques. Ceux-ci comprennent: les caracteristiques de perception et de codage des organes sensoriels, les mecanismes de decodage du systeme nerveux central, la prise en compte de “l'across-fiber pattern” et l’evaluation des rapports entre substances dissuadantes et stimulantes, de facteurs pre et post ingestion tels que satiete, equilibre nutritionnel, et de facteurs experimentes tels que l'induction et l'apprentissage de l‘evitement.
Authentic and Hubristic Pride: Differential Relations to Aspects of Goal Regulation, Affect, and Self-Control.

Abstract This study examines the relationships of trait-like tendencies towards authentic and hubristic pride ( Tracy & Robins, 2004 ) with goal-regulation tendencies, affective tendencies, and impulsive traits. Undergraduates (n = 936) completed the 14-item measure of authentic and hubristic pride ( Tracy & Robins, 2007b ) and a battery of other self-report measures. The two types of pride correlated with distinct profiles of goal-regulation tendencies, affective tendencies, and self-control. Authentic pride correlated with measures of self-control, whereas hubristic pride was related to measures of impulsivity and aggression. Overall, the differential pattern of correlations fits with a model in which authentic pride is tied to adaptive achievement and goal engagement, whereas hubristic pride is tied to extrinsic values of public recognition and social dominance.
Radical retropubic prostatectomy reduces symptom scores and improves quality of life in men with moderate and severe lower urinary tract symptoms.

AbstractPurpose: We determine the impact of radical retropubic prostatectomy on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life due to urinary problems in men with clinically localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index, a symptom problem index and a quality of life due to urinary problems question were administered to 104 men before and 12 months after radical prostatectomy. Urinary continence and satisfaction with the decision to undergo radical prostatectomy were also examined.Results: In men with moderate or severe baseline urinary symptoms (AUA score 8 or greater) the total AUA symptom, symptom problem and quality of life question scores decreased by 51 (-6.39), 57 (-4.22) and 25% (-0.65), respectively, after radical prostatectomy. Except for nocturia statistically significant improvements were observed for all questions captured by the AUA symptom index. Radical prostatectomy did not significantly change mean AUA symptom score or symptom p...
The Relation of Peer Assessment to Future Law Enforcement Performance

The association of peer assessment techniques and law enforcement job performance was investigated. Participants were trainees at a law enforcement academy who were subsequently employed in diverse law enforcement agencies. Results indicated that peer rankings were significantly correlated with academy instructor rankings, with job supervisor evaluations, and with two of four objective measures of job performance (retention and absenteeism). These results indicate that peer assessment techniques evidence concurrent and predictive validity. Potential applications of peer assessment in law enforcement settings are discussed.
Nothing About Us Without Us! the Failure of the Modern Juvenile Justice System and a Call for Community-Based Justice

The modern juvenile justice system is failing our society. A literature review reveals resounding criticism of the system at all points — arrest, court processing/litigation, and incarceration. The current system does not effectively reduce recidivism, is wrought with racial disparities, operates with a minimal degree of cultural competence, violates human rights laws and norms, and fails to empower and reform individuals who are directly affected. Traditional juvenile justice shatters social bonds and does not hold governmental agencies accountable for wrongdoing or ineffectiveness. Statistical studies show that community-based approaches more effectively reduce crime, cost less, are more empowering and culturally competent, help ameliorative civic fragmentation, and are more socially responsible.
Calcium, a Necessary Mineral for Proper Body Function: Facts You Should Know

Calcium is an abundant mineral found in the body, 99% found in bone and teeth and 1% to 2% used to maintain proper metabolic functions. This column examines the forms of calcium found in foods and supplements and discusses some of the research on health as a result of calcium intake.
Histochemical characteristics of the masseter and temporalis muscles of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Departments of Physiology, 'Anthropology and 'Anatomy and 'the Center for ABSTRACT The histochemical characteristics, cross-sectional area and capillary of the skeletal muscle fibers of the anterior and posterior regions of the superficial masseter and the temporalis muscles are described for juvenile and adult rhesus monkeys of both sexes. Slow twitch fatigue resistant (9, fast twitch fatigue resistant (FR) and fast twitch fatigable (FF) fibers were found in varying proportions throughout the muscles; however some fibers with an intermediate myofibrillar ATPase activity were observed in the anterior masseter. No significant differences for any of the variables were found be- tween male and female juveniles for a specific muscle sample site. However, considerable variation was found between juvenile and adult and between adult male and female monkeys in the percentages of different fiber types and the cross-sectional area of fibers in specific regions of the superficial masseter and temporalis muscles. We conclude from these observations that significant dif- ferences in function exist both within and between the different masticatory muscles of rhesus monkeys. Functional differences may result from the pro- nounced sexual dimorphism evident in the dentofacial complex of the rhesus monkey. Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of three distinct fiber types which can be iden- tified histochemically. Physiological and his- tochemical characteristics have been corre- lated for the three fiber types of cat gastrocne- mius muscle (Burke et al., '71). Although most skeletal muscles tend to be heterogeneous with respect to fiber type, the proportion and cross-sectional area of each type often varies widely both within and between muscles. Var- iation in the proportion of fiber types has been found between young and adult animals (Max- well et al., '731, and for skeletal muscles both within and between species (Maxwell et al.,
Superior Vena Cava Bypass: Use of the Azygos Vein

Unexpected involvement of the superior vena cava with dense inflammatory and fibrous tissue was encountered during right pneumonectomy for a T3 N0 M0 squamous cell carcinoma. After expeditiously completing the lung resection, the azygos vein was utilized for a successful superior vena cava bypass.
Metabolic correlates of subthalamic nucleus activity in Parkinson's disease.

Overactivity of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons is a consistent feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is a target of therapy for this disorder. However, the relationship of STN firing rate to regional brain function is not known.We scanned 17 PD patients with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET to measure resting glucose metabolism before the implantation of STN deep brain stimulation electrodes. Spontaneous STN firing rates were recorded during surgery and correlated with preoperative regional glucose metabolism on a voxel-by-voxel basis.We also examined the relationship between firing rate and the activity of metabolic brain networks associated with the motor and cognitive manifestations of the disease. Mean firing rates were 47.2 � 6.1 and 48.7 8.5 Hz for the left and right hemispheres, respectively. These measures correlated (P_ 0.007) with glucose metabolism in the putamen and globus pallidus, which receive projections from this structure. Significant correlations (P_ 0.0005) were also evident in the primary motor (BA4) and dorsolateral prefrontal (BA46/10) cortical areas. The activity of both the motor (P_ 0.0001) and the cognitive (P_ 0.006) PD-related metabolic networks was elevated in these patients. STN firing rates correlated with the activity of the former (P_ 0.007) but not the latter network (P = 0.39). The findings suggest that the functional pathways associated with motor disability in PD are linked to the STN firing rate.These pathways are likely to mediate the clinical benefit that is seen following targeted STN interventions for this disease.
Aspergillus flavus diversity on crops and in the environment can be exploited to reduce aflatoxin exposure and improve health

Humans and animals are exposed to aflatoxins, toxic carcinogenic fungal metabolites, through consumption of contaminated food and feed. Aspergillus flavus, the primary causal agent of crop aflatoxin contamination, is composed of phenotypically and genotypically diverse vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Molecular data suggest that VCGs largely behave as clones with certain VCGs exhibiting niche preference. VCGs vary in aflatoxin-producing ability, ranging from highly aflatoxigenic to atoxigenic. The prevalence of individual VCGs is dictated by competition during growth and reproduction under variable biotic and abiotic conditions. Agronomic practices influence structures and average aflatoxin-producing potentials of A. flavus populations and, as a result, incidences and severities of crop contamination. Application of atoxigenic strains has successfully reduced crop aflatoxin contamination across large areas in the United States. This strategy uses components of the endemic diversity to alter structures of A. flavus populations and improve safety of food, feed, and the overall environment.
Internship and Initial Job Placements in Counseling Psychology A 26-Year Retrospective

A 26-year retrospective study was conducted on internship and initial job placements of counseling psychologists. The results indicated that university counseling centers consistently supported the highest percentage of the field’s predoctoral interns followed by Veteran Administration Medical Centers, other hospital settings, and community mental health centers. Initial job placements indicated relative parity among placements in academic, community mental health, counseling center, and private practice settings with Veterans Administration Medical Centers and other hospital settings accounting for significant percentages of the field’s initial job placements. In addition, changes in internship and job placements across time indicated that various contexts have waxed or waned in their contribution to the training and placement of counseling psychologists. Results are discussed in relation to the evolving identity of counseling psychology as a specialty and the contexts that support and challenge that dev...
MEMS-Based Microballoons Achieving Multidirectional Large-Strain for Cell Mechanics Studies

The influence of mechanical stresses on cells has been a topic of special interest [1]. Attention is being focused on the cell-to-cell and cell-to-surrounding interactions and the mechanical stimuli that could be directly linked with functional adaption and pathological conditions of each cell or cluster of cells [2]. The aim of this research is to understand the biomechanical roles of cellular junctions on epithelial cells, exposed to a large multidirectional and uniform strain, using a microballoon (MB) platform. Quantitative measurement on strain values can be used to determine the necessary strains at which intercellular and cell-to-substrate connections are disassembled. This will provide information for characterizing cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesions during biological development and/or diseases.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effects of Spatio-Temporal Aliasing on Pilot Performance in Active Control Tasks

Visual display systems such as the out-the-window or head-down displays of a simulator present a visual scene that is sampled in both the spatial domain (by the display resolution) and the time domain (by the display refresh rate). For a given human visual temporal sensitivity, spatial-frequency content of the scene, and speed of the image motion, spatiotemporal aliasing can occur when the image is sampled at a rate that is too low. The effects of spatio-temporal aliasing on visual perception are understood to some extend. However, not much is known about the effects on pilot performance in active control tasks. This paper presents the results of an experiment to determine the effects of spatio-temporal aliasing on pilot performance and control behavior in a target-tracking task. To induce different levels of spatio-temporal aliasing, the refresh rate of the experimental display was varied among five different levels. The results indicate that pilots adopt a different control strategy when the display refresh rate is increased from 60 to 120 Hz. The visual gain and neuromuscular frequency of the identified pilot model increase, while the visual time delay decreases. This change in control strategy allows for a higher tracking performance at higher display refresh rates as indicated by a decrease in root mean square of the error signal and an increase in crossover frequency.
Further studies of hormone‐sensitive sodium and potassium transport in red cells from developing chick embryos

Sodium and potassium transport in the definitive series of chick embryo red cells changes significantly, both qualitatively and quantitatively, during maturation. Sodium efflux and potassium influx consist of three parts: a ouabain-sensitive, a furosemide-sensitive, and a ouabain-furosemide-insensitive component. In chick red cells of most ages, the ouabain-sensitive and furosemide-sensitive parts of the cation fluxes do not overlap. Cation transport in the more mature red cells is increased significantly by epinephrine, whereas cation transport in red cells from younger embryos is stimulated much less. This is a beta-adrenergic effect of epinephrine and is mediated by cyclic AMP. The relative lack of response in younger embryos is not due to the absence of beta-adrenergic receptor or the lack of production of cyclic AMP. Ouabain has no effect on the hormone-sensitive sodium or potassium transport. On the other hand, furosemide nearly completely abolishes the effect of epinephrine. In addition, there is a good correlation between furosemide-sensitive components of both sodium and potassium transport and the epinephrine-sensitive component. Furosemide has no effect on cyclic AMP levels in the presence or absence of epinephrine. This suggests that furosemide may act directly on the cation transport system. In the red cells from younger embryos, furosemide-sensitive units are present but cannot be fully activated by epinephrine. Therefore, the lack of the hormone effect on cation movements in these cells is consistent with the view that the appropriate units are present, but do not respond fully to intracellular cyclic AMP levels.
High-resolution ultrasonic monitoring of cellular differentiation in an ex vivo produced oral mucosal equivalent (EVPOME)

Background, Motivation and Objective This study examines the use of high-resolution ultrasound to monitor an ex vivo produced oral mucosal equivalent (EVPOME) as it develops from oral keratinocytes being seeded on a dermal cadaveric scaffold, with surface variations, into a stratified uniform cellular layer. Ultrasonic profilometry should be able to detect filling and smoothing of surface irregularities as seeded cells proliferate. As these tissue-engineered structures develop, seeded cells stratify due to their differentiation in which they produce a keratinized protective upper layer. These cells change in shape and composition, lose water content, and accumulate proteins (keratins) - transformations which could alter ultrasonic backscatter. If non-invasive ultrasonic monitoring could be developed then tissue cultivation could be adjusted in-process to account for variations in the development and manufacture of the stratified cellular layer.
Sustained postexercise vasodilatation and histamine receptor activation following small muscle-mass exercise in humans.

New findings • What is the central question of this study?The role of histamine-mediated vasodilatation has been studied in the context of whole-body cycling but not small muscle-mass exercise. • What is the main finding and its importance?These data indicate that histamine receptors are activated following dynamic, but not resistance, exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that local factors associated with aerobic exercise, and not systemic factors, are responsible for activation of histamine receptors in the previously exercised muscle. A sustained postexercise vasodilatation, which is histamine receptor mediated, has been observed following single bouts of whole-body exercise, but the mechanisms that regulate activation of histamine receptors following exercise are undefined. Exploration of vasodilatation after small muscle-mass dynamic or resistance exercise could provide novel insight into the pathways responsible for histamine receptor activation. We hypothesized that there would be a vasodilatation of the previously exercised limb following small muscle-mass dynamic and resistance exercise, which would be mediated by histamine receptors. We studied men and women before and after single-leg dynamic (n= 9) or resistance knee-extension exercise (n= 12) on control and blockade days (combined oral H1 and H2 receptor antagonism with fexofenadine and ranitidine). We measured arterial blood pressure (automated brachial oscillometry) and femoral artery blood flow (Doppler ultrasound). Dynamic exercise elevated leg vascular conductance in the active leg by 27.2 ± 8.4% at 60 min postexercise (P < 0.05 versus pre-exercise), but did not alter conductance in the rested leg (change, 4.6 ± 3.5%; P= 0.8 versus pre-exercise). The rise in conductance was abolished on the blockade day (change, 3.7 ± 5.1%; P= 0.8 versus pre-exercise, P= 0.2 versus control). Resistance exercise did not produce a sustained vasodilatation (change, –4.3 ± 4.7% at 60 min postexercise; P= 0.7 versus pre-exercise). These data indicate that histamine receptors are activated following dynamic, but not resistance, exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that local factors associated with aerobic exercise, and not systemic factors or factors associated with high muscle force, are responsible for activation of histamine receptors in the previously exercised muscle.
Why the Radical Behaviorist Conception of Private Events is Interesting, Relevant, and Important

For radical behaviorists, talk about ―private events‖ could be about any of four things: (a) private behavioral events, (b) physiology, (c) dispositions, or (d) explanatory fictions. Talk about private events as behavioral engages the influence of feelings, sensations, and covert operant behavior. Analyses based on private behavioral events allow radical behaviorists to understand how those events contribute to contingencies controlling subsequent operant behavior, whether verbal or nonverbal. Talk about private events in physiological terms risks confounding explanatory categories. Although physiology necessarily participates in behavioral events, physiological events are not the same type as behavioral events, public or private. Rather, an organism's physiology is a material cause. To portray physiology as an autonomous, initiating cause, as traditional psychology often does, creates a variety of explanatory problems. Talk about private events as dispositions does not reflect anything literally private. Rather, dispositional talk reflects the probability of behavior engendered by contingencies. Dispositional talk is about effects, instead of causes or intervening variables as traditional psychology often portrays them. Finally, some talk ostensibly about private events is little more than an appeal to explanatory fictions. This talk, common in traditional psychology, owes its strength to the everyday social reinforcement inherent in ―folk psychology.‖ The talk represents a surrender to mentalism and methodological behaviorism, notwithstanding any claims that it is ―theoretical.‖
Longevity of the CMS ECAL and Scintillator-Based Options for Electromagnetic Calorimetry at HL-LHC

The CMS lead tungstate ( ${\hbox {PbWO}}_4$ ) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) has successfully achieved its first goal: the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. However, longevity studies show that part of the ${\hbox {PbWO}}_4$ ECAL will not maintain the required performance due to radiation damage incurred at the HL-LHC. The forward region of the detector will suffer the most from radiation damage, and the ECAL Endcaps (EE) will need to be replaced. A scintillator-based option for the EE replacement, Shashlik EE, is presented in the paper. The Shashlik EE is a sampling calorimeter. Tungsten absorber plates are interleaved with scintillator plates (LYSO or ${\hbox {CeF}}_3$ ), with quartz and wavelength-shifting (WLS) capillaries optically coupled to the scintillator plates for light output. The Shashlik EE maintains an excellent energy resolution, but compared to the current ${\hbox {PbWO}}_4$ EE, it is at least five times greater in radiation hardness and has a module size four times smaller allowing four times higher granularity laterally for pileup mitigation and particle identification. Irradiation tests and beam tests results have confirmed the high performance of the Shashlik EE.
Concentric Multipixel Silicon Photodiode Array Probes for Spatially Resolved Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance (SRDR) measurements provide photon path information, and enable depth-resolved tissue analysis. This paper introduces an innovative concentric multi-pixel photodiode array (CMPA) probe for SRDR measurements. The CMPA is a compact and densely packed semiconductor SRDR probe which was fabricated and tested on a 99% reflectance standard and two tissue mimicking liquid phantoms for probe validation. The experimental results agree well with forward Monte Carlo simulations.
Occurrence of acarid mites and breeding of Tyrophagus similis Volgin in rotten straws of rice

We let straws piled up and rot in the field, and investigated occurrence of acarid mites on them and fresh ones of rice. As a result, the number of acarid mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) reached its peak two months later, and decreased three months later on both straws. The number on the rotten straws was less than fresh straws. Then, we bred Tyrophagus similis Volgin by the rotten straws for 28 days at 24°C, 14L10D, starting with 20 mites. While the number of acarid mites on fresh straws amounted to about 1000 to 3700, it was 150 to 200 on rotten straws piled for three months. It may be possible to control their number by using rotten straws instead of fresh straws.
Topics for Marketing Research

EDITOR'S NOTE: Teachers of marketing and their students project at any university or business are in constant search for worthwhile research projects. school. In the first place, the main or They will be grateful to Dr. White for his pains-taking classifcation and listing of the opportunities in this possibly the only purpose may be to field. The editors of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING will train the student in research methods, welcome opportunity to publish the results of any studies using marketing as the field for that purundertaken as a result of this article. pose. In such instances, and they are T HIS Association has agreed upon a common where marketing research is definition of marketing research open as a course of study, the machinery which runs as follows: of research becomes more important Marketing Research-Marketing Research than the contents of the job which the is the study of all problems relating to the student may be doing. It is more necestransfer and sale of goods and services from sary that he go through the steps which producer to consumer involving relationare involved, giving some attention to ships and adjustments between production the alternate methods, than that he have and consumption, preparation of commodia sound set of conclusions to present as ties for sale, their physical distribution, his parting effort in the course. wholesale and retail merchandising, and is parting effort in the course. financial problems concerned. In the second place, the main objecThe use of the term Marketing Research tive or one objective may be to test old in preference to Market Research is recomtechniques or develop new ones. One or mended as the former indicates the study more students using the same data can of the entire marketing process and is dywork out their results by various methnamic in its implications while the latter is ods, the value being the conclusion static and indicates rather the study of a which is reached, concerning the fitness geographical area or group of buyers. of a method for certain uses or the virtue
Significance of amino acid residues in position 8 of vasopressin on contraction in rat blood vessels.

SummaryThe present quantitative results demonstrate that although an optimum interaction between length of side chain and a certain degree of basicity of the amino acid residue in position 8 is necessary for maximizing vasopressin-induced contractions of both rat aortas and mesenteric arterioles, basicity in position 8 is definitely not an absolute requirement for vasopressin-induced contractions of rat blood vessels. The length of the amino acid residue in position 8, in contrast to what is currently believed, may be quite important in determining the strength of vasopressin-induced contractions on both macro- and microscopic rat blood vessels. In view of the extremely low doses of arginine-vasopressin required to elicit arteriolar constriction, one must entertain the possibility that vasopressin plays an important role in control of arteriolar blood pressure.
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate complexes in eukaryotic membranes

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate (PHB-CaPolyPi) complexes exist as labile quasi-crystalline structures in bacterial plasma membranes. The composition, structure, and distribution of the complex suggest it may play a role in the regulation of intracellular calcium and in calcium signaling. The importance of these functions led to this investigation of the occurrence of PHB-CaPolyPi complexes in eukaryotes. A variety of plant and animal systems were analyzed and all were found to contain PHB associated with CaPolyPi. The intracellular location of the complex in bovine liver was primarily the mitochondria and microsomes, with smaller amounts in the plasma membranes. Eukaryotic PHB had the same narrow range of chain lengths (120-200 subunits) as PHB in bacterial membranes, and was associated with PolyPi of somewhat greater length (170-220) than the bacterial counterpart (130-170).
Peyronie’s Disease: An Unusual Location

An unusual case of a Peyronie's plaque presenting only as a septal mass without penile deformity is presented.
Emergence of white pine needle damage in the northeastern United States is associated with changes in pathogen pressure in response to climate change.

The defoliation of the eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) across the northeastern United States is an escalating concern threatening the ecological health of northern forests and economic vitality of the region's lumber industry. First documented in the spring of 2010 affecting 24 328 hectares in the state of Maine, white pine needle damage (WPND) has continued to spread and is now well established in all New England states. While causal agents of WPND are known, current research is lacking in both sampling distribution and the specific environmental factor(s) that affect the development and spread of this disease complex. This study aims to construct a more detailed distribution map of the four primary causal agents within the region, as well as utilize long-term WPND monitoring plots and data collected from land-based weather stations to develop a climatic model to predict the severity of defoliation events in the proceeding year. Sampling results showed a greater distribution of WPND than previously reported. WPND was generally found in forest stands that compromised >50% eastern white pine by basal area. No single species, nor a specific combination of species had a dominating presence in particular states or regions, thus supporting the disease complex theory that WPND is neither caused by an individual species nor by a specific combination of species. In addition, regional weather data confirmed the trend of increasing temperature and precipitation observed in this region with the previous year's May, June, and July rainfall being the best predictor of defoliation events in the following year. Climatic models were developed to aid land managers in predicting disease severity and accordingly adjust their management decisions. Our results clearly demonstrate the role changing climate patterns have on the health of eastern white pine in the northeastern United States.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XIX: Variants of the ERAS Program.

Abstract The integrated recovery pathway is a variant of the enhanced recovery pathway after surgery program, which saw a further decrease in complications and mean length of stay after a change in culture was instituted with more accountability of the staff to following the pathway. This was accomplished using a team-based comprehensive unit-based safety program. It has also been found that another variant of the enhanced recovery pathway after surgery program had a further improvement of patient outcomes after instituting a "preventive surgical site infection bundle."
A phase I trial of pazopanib and vorinostat: The role of TP53 mutations.

2576 Background: VEGF inhibition-mediated tumor hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of hypoxia-induced factors mediated by tumor hypoxia. Accordingly, we conducted this p...
Evaluation of a novel median power spectrogram for seizure detection by non-neurophysiologists.

Abstract Purpose (1) To evaluate how well resident physicians use a novel EEG spectral analysis tool (the median power spectrogram; MPS) to detect seizures. (2) To assess the capability of the MPS to identify different seizure types. Methods 120 EEG records from children with intractable seizures were converted to MPS by taking the median power across leads and using multi-taper spectral estimation. Twelve blinded neurology residents were trained to interpret the spectrogram with a five-minute video tutorial and post-test. Two residents independently assessed each set for presence of seizures. Their performance was compared to seizures identified using conventional EEG. Two blinded neurologists separately reviewed the EEGs and spectrograms to independently categorize the seizures. Their results were used to determine the spectrogram's capability to reveal seizures and visualize different seizure types for the user. Results Three key MPS features distinguished seizures from inter-ictal background: power difference relative to background, down-sloping resonance bands, and power in high frequencies. Using these features, residents identified seizures with 77% sensitivity and 72% specificity. 86% (51/59) of focal seizures and 81% (22/27) of generalized seizures were detected by at least one resident. Missed seizures included brief ( Conclusions The MPS is a novel qEEG modality that requires minimal training to interpret. It enables physicians without extensive neurophysiology training to identify seizures with sensitivity and specificity comparable to more complex multi-modal qEEG displays.
The coralline genera Sporolithon and Heydrichia (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) clarified by sequencing type material of their generitypes and other species.

Interspecific systematics in the red algal order Sporolithales remains problematic. To re-evaluate its species, DNA analyses were performed on historical type material and recently collected specimens assigned to the two genera Sporolithon and Heydrichia. Partial rbcL sequences from the lectotype specimens of Sporolithon ptychoides (the generitype species) and Sporolithon molle, both from El Tor, Egypt, are exact matches to field-collected topotype specimens. Sporolithon crassum and Sporolithon erythraeum also have the same type locality; material of the former appears to no longer exist, and we were unable to PCR amplify DNA from the latter. A new species, Sporolithon eltorensis, is described from the same type locality. We have not found any morpho-anatomical characters that distinguish these three species. No sequenced specimens reported as S. ptychoides from other parts of the world represent this species, and likely reports of S. ptychoides and S. molle based on morpho-anatomy are incorrect. A partial rbcL sequence from the holotype of Sporolithon dimotum indicates it is not a synonym of S. ptychoides, and data from the holotype of S. episporum confirm its specific recognition. DNA sequences from topotype material of Heydrichia woelkerlingii, the generitype species, and isotype material of Heydrichia cerasina confirm that these are distinct species; the taxon reported to be H. woelkerlingii from New Zealand is likely an undescribed species. Type specimens of all other Sporolithon and Heydrichia species need to be sequenced to confirm that they are distinct species; morpho-anatomical studies have proved inadequate for this task.
Chapter 29 – Implementation With GPUs

Graphics processing units, or GPUs, were originally designed to perform the rendering to provide a 3D visual effect on a 2D surface (the screen or monitor). This also includes adding texturing and shading effects and involves a considerable amount of mathematical computation with a high degree of parallel processing to achieve this. Most CPUs used in computers and tablets include a GPU coprocessor. For high performance graphics, such as with computer gaming, a separate graphics card containing a high-performance GPU is often used. The GPU market leader, NVIDIA, came to the conclusion that the GPU could also be used for general purpose compute acceleration, and the general purpose graphics processing unit was the result.
Double- and Single-Sided Risk Measures

Traditional measures of volatility, variance, and beta assign equal weight to the upside and downside components of these measures of systematic risk. Such symmetry reflects neither actual market conditions nor investors’ behavioral reactions to abnormal financial events. Single-sided versions of all of these measures better reflect the state of markets and their likely interpretation by investors on either side of mean returns. As a bonus, single-sided volatility is related to the traditional double-sided volatility through the Pythagorean theorem. That relationship facilitates the application of trigonometry to mathematical finance.
The Superior Mesenteric and Celiac Arteries

Atherosclerosis (most common), fibromuscular dysplasia, vasculitis, aortic dissection, isolated SMA dissection, neuro­fibromatosis. There is extensive collateral circulation between the celiac, superior mesenteric (SMA), inferior mesenteric (IMA), and internal iliac arteries. Atherosclerosis leading to occlusive disease of the mesenteric vessels is common and two-thirds of symptomatic patients will have symptomatic coronary, cerebrovascular, renal, or peripheral arterial disease (see Fig. 15.1). Typically, symptoms are associated with a significant stenosis of two of the three vessels, although a significant isolated SMA stenosis can cause symptoms as well (see Fig. 15.2).
An Educational Approach to Psychiatric Problems

Adequate coping skills are essential for the maintenance of a person’s emotional well-being. Well being is dependent on the balance and the quality of the prevaling feelings, emotions and moods experienced by the individual. Feelings and emotions, serve to facilitate effective interaction with the environment. The feelings engendered in the mother by the helpless cry of the baby impel her to feed the hungry child. Erotic sensations facilitate the association with members of the opposite sex and ultimately the continuity of the human race. Anger readies the individual to defend his rights, while fear induces him to flee and give up when the fight is likely to be lost.
A Community-Based Approach to HIV Prevention in Rural Guatemala

Background. HIV is one of the primary causes of death in Guatemala, and during the period 2005 to 2013, Guatemala exhibited a 95% increase in such deaths. HIV transmission rates are nearly 3 times ...
Instructing the Translating Ribosome to Sense l-Tryptophan During Synthesis of the TnaC Nascent Regulatory Peptide

The proteins specified by the tnaCAB operon, an operon present in Escherichia coli and other bacterial species, participate in several important reactions within the bacterial cell. Transcription of this operon is generally controlled by two mechanisms: by catabolite repression, and by an attenuation mechanism involving the inhibition of ribosome function by sensing the l-tryptophan level in the cell. Interactions between the TnaC nascent regulatory peptide and features of the ribosome peptide exit tunnel lead to the creation of a l-tryptophan-binding site within the ribosome. Once bound, l-tryptophan blocks the hydrolysis of TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA induced by release factor 2. This action stalls the translating ribosome at the end of the tnaC mRNA open reading frame, inhibiting the subsequent action of the Rho termination factor; this allows transcription of the tnaA and tnaB structural genes to proceed. These genes encode the enzymes tryptophanase and a l-tryptophan transporter, respectively. Understanding how l-tryptophan interacts with the ribosome, thus preventing transcription of the tnaA-tnaB region, which is an objective of our studies, would improve our understanding of this mechanism of gene regulation.
Carbocationic Copolymerization of Isobutylene and 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-Pentadiene

The copolymerization behavior of isobutylene (IB) and 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene (DMPD) was studied with the intent of producing random copolymers of these two monomers. Copolymerizations were conducted between −76 °C and −40 °C using either TiCl4 or ethylaluminum dichloride (EADC) catalysis in solvent mixtures ranging from pure methyl chloride to a 60/40 mixture of hexane and methyl chloride. Contrary to expectations based on prior literature reports, we observed overwhelmingly greater reactivity of DMPD relative to IB. NMR analysis gave evidence that the products of attempted copolymerizations were poly(DMPD-b-IB) block copolymers under all conditions employed, and monomer conversion data from FTIR revealed that a portion of the DMPD was lost to side products, likely cyclic and/or straight-chain DMPD oligomers. Furthermore, we observed a minor fraction of 1,2-additions of DMPD, which is typically not observed under these conditions for isoprene. Homopolymers of DMPD were synthesized to aid NMR structur...
Cellular metabolic rates and oxidative stress profiles in primary fibroblast cells isolated from virgin females, reproductively experienced females, and male Sprague-Dawley rats

Life-history theory posits that differences in reproductive strategies may dictate lifespans of organisms. Animals that have higher investments in reproduction in terms of litter size and frequency of litters tend to have shorter lifespans. The accumulation of oxidative stress damage has been proposed to be a cost of reproduction and a mediator of life-histories among animals, however, the implications of reproduction on oxidative stress still remain unclear. We tested physiological consequences of reproduction on metabolism and oxidative stress of Sprague-Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with various reproductive experiences at the cell level. We grew primary dermal fibroblasts from Sprague-Dawley rats which have the potential of having large litters frequently. Cells were isolated from virgin females, primiparous females, multiparous females, and reproductively-experienced males. We measured basal oxygen consumption (OCR), proton leak, ATP production, spare respiratory capacity, coupling efficiency and glycolysis using a Seahorse XF96 oxygen flux analyzer. Additionally, we measured rates of RS (reactive species) production, reduced glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial content, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage to quantify oxidative stress. There were no significant differences in any OCR or glycolytic parameters across any of our groups. However, reproductively-experienced females had significantly lower rates of LPO damage as compared with virgin females and males, as well as nonsignificant decreases in GSH concentration. Decreases in LPO damage and GSH indicate that reproductively-experienced females potentially use their endogenous antioxidant system to combat delirious effects of increased metabolism during reproduction. Our results suggest that reproduction may, in fact, have a protective effect in females.
Functional alterations of myeloid cells during the course of Alzheimer’s disease

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease and a significant component of the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Patients present with extensive microgliosis along with elevated pro-inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system and periphery. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in mediating and influencing AD pathogenesis remains unresolved. Peripheral myeloid cells were isolated from peripheral blood of patients with prodromal AD (n = 44), mild AD dementia (n = 25), moderate/severe AD dementia (n = 28), and age-matched controls (n = 54). Patients were evaluated in the clinic for AD severity and categorized using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale resulting in separation of patients into prodromal AD (CDR0.5) and advancing forms of AD dementia (mild-CDR1 and moderate/severe-CDR2/3). Separation of peripheral myeloid cells into mature monocytes or immature MDSCs permitted the delineation of population changes from flow cytometric analysis, RNA phenotype analysis, and functional studies using T cell suppression assays and monocyte suppression assays. During stages of AD dementia (CDR1 and 2/3) peripheral myeloid cells increase their pro-inflammatory gene expression while at early stages of disease (prodromal AD—CDR0.5) pro-inflammatory gene expression is decreased. MDSCs are increased in prodromal AD compared with controls (16.81% vs 9.53%) and have markedly increased suppressive functions: 42.4% suppression of activated monocyte-produced IL-6 and 78.16% suppression of T cell proliferation. In AD dementia, MDSC populations are reduced with decreased suppression of monocyte IL-6 (5.22%) and T cell proliferation (37.61%); the reduced suppression coincides with increased pro-inflammatory signaling in AD dementia monocytes. Peripheral monocyte gene expression is pro-inflammatory throughout the course of AD, except at the earliest, prodromal stages when pro-inflammatory gene expression is suppressed. This monocyte biphasic response is associated with increased numbers and suppressive functions of MDSCs during the early stages and decreased numbers and suppressive functions in later stages of disease. Prolonging the early protective suppression and reversing the later loss of suppressive activity may offer a novel therapeutic strategy.
Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration for High-Order Discontinuous Finite Element SN Transport Schemes and Application to Locally Refined Unstructured Meshes

Diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) schemes compatible with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) grids are derived for the SN transport equations discretized using high-order discontinuous finite elem...