cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and prognosis of ALL in children vs adults

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by genetic alterations that block differentiation, promote proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells, and are important for risk stratification. Although ALL is less common in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and adults than children, survival rates are inferior, and long-term prognosis for adults is poor. Thus, ALL remains a challenging disease to treat in the AYA and adult populations. A major contributing factor that influences prognosis in this population is the reduced prevalence of genetic subtypes associated with favorable outcome and a concomitant increase in subtypes associated with poor outcome. Recent advances in genomic profiling across the age spectrum continue to enhance our knowledge of the differences in disease biology between children and adults and are providing important insights into novel therapeutic targets. Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) ALL is one such subtype characterized by alterations that deregulate cytokine receptor or tyrosine kinase signaling and are amenable to inhibition with approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors. One of the greatest challenges now remaining is determining how to implement this breadth of genomic information into rapid and accurate diagnostic testing to facilitate the development of novel clinical trials that improve the outcome of AYAs and adults with ALL.
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks

Welcome to the 14th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2015) in Seattle, USA. IPSN is one of the flagship research conferences of the networked sensing and control community, and continues to serve as a major forum for cuttingedge research results.
ContextAiDe: End-to-End Architecture for Mobile Crowd-sensing Applications

Mobile crowd-sensing (MCS) enables development of context-aware applications by mining relevant information from a large set of devices selected in an ad hoc manner. For example, MCS has been used for real-time monitoring such as Vehicle ad hoc Networks-based traffic updates as well as offline data mining and tagging for future use in applications with location-based services. However, MCS could be potentially used for much more demanding applications such as real-time perpetrator tracking by online mining of images from nearby mobile users. A recent example is tracking the miscreant responsible for the Boston bombing. We present a new design approach for tracking using MCS for such complex processing in real time. Since MCS applications assume an unreliable underlying computational platform, most typically sample size for recruited devices is guided by concerns such as fault tolerance and reliability of information. As the real-time requirements get stricter coupled with increasing complexity of data-mining approaches, the communication and computation overheads can impose a very tight constraint on the sample size of devices needed for realizing real-time operation. This results in trade-off in acquiring context-relevant data and resource usage incurred while the real-time operation requirements get updated dynamically. Such effects have not been properly studied and optimized to enable real-time MCS applications such as perpetrator tracking. In this article, we propose ContextAiDe architecture, a combination of API, middleware, and optimization engine. The key innovation in ContextAiDe is context-optimized recruitment for execution of computation- and communication-heavy MCS applications in edge environment. ContextAiDe uses a notion of two types of contexts, exact (hard constraints), which have to be satisfied, and preferred (soft constraints), which may be satisfied to a certain degree. By adjusting the preferred contexts, ContextAiDe can optimize the operational overheads to enable real-time operation. ContextAiDe provides an API to specify contexts requirements and the code of MCS app, offload execution environment, a middleware that enables context-optimized and a fault-tolerant distributed execution. ContextAiDe evaluation using a real-time perpetrator tracking application shows reduced energy consumption of 37.8%, decrease in data transfer of 24.8%, and 43% less time compared to existing strategy. In spite of a small increase in the minimum distance from the perpetrator, iterations of optimization tracks the perpetrator successfully. Pro-actively learning the context and using stochastic optimization strategy minimizes the performance degradation caused due to uncertainty (
Azoospermia and Y Chromosome-Autosome Translocation in a Friesian Stallion.

This case report describes spermatogenic arrest and azoospermia in a stallion with a unique Y chromosome-autosome translocation. Clinical diagnosis of azoospermia was based on history of infertility and evaluation of ejaculates collected for artificial insemination. Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation of the external and internal genitalia did not reveal any abnormalities except for smaller than normal testicular size. Azoospermia of testicular origin was confirmed by determining alkaline phosphatase concentration in semen. Histological evaluation of testicular tissue after castration confirmed early spermatogenic arrest. Cytogenetic evaluation showed the presence of translocation between the Y chromosome and chromosome 13. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of azoospermia with a cytogenetically detected Y chromosome abnormality, suggesting that the horse Y chromosome may carry sequences critical for normal spermatogenesis.
Production of 28 μm zirconium carbide kernels using the internal gelation process and microfluidics

Abstract Studies using internal gelation and microfluidics have shown that the production of sintered spheres with diameters below 200 μm is possible. The addition of carbon can be problematic because of slow flow rates (100 μL/min) and long run times (4 h). However, a solution of dispersed carbon, Cabot’s TPX-101, was successfully used with solutions of zirconyl nitrate, urea, and hexamethylenetetramine to make zirconium microspheres with carbon. A simple carbothermic reduction using a maximum temperature of 2073 K and ultrahigh purity argon produced zirconium carbide kernels with an average diameter of 28 μm and a standard deviation of 2.3 μm.
Analysis of Inverse Lifetime Curves of TaO x Electron-Selective Contacts for Si Solar Cells

The analysis of Auger-corrected inverse minoritycarrier lifetime as a function of excess carrier concentration can impart information about many crucial solar cell material properties including: emitter saturation current density (J o ), surface recombination velocity (SRV), Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination in the bulk, trap density, band bending, surface Fermi-level pinning, and bandgap narrowing. This work demonstrates TaO x as a potential electron selective contact and passivation layer on silicon. Increasing TaO x thickness reduces the measured upper limit of effective surface recombination velocity (S eff, UL ) . The minimum S eff, UL is 55 cm/s for CZ n-Si/ 30 nm TaO x interfaces. S eff, UL increases for Si / TaO x / ITO structures due to unfavorable band bending.
Chapter 10 – Pregnancy

Fertilization occurs when a sperm and ovum fuse to become a zygote. The zygote then divides mitotically to form two blastomeres. These cells, in turn, divide to produce four smaller blastomeres, and so on. It has been estimated that it takes only about 42 such sets of mitotic cell divisions to produce a newborn baby! Thus, the number of cells in the developing human increases exponentially. Not only proliferation but also cell differentiation takes place so that cells become disparate in form and function: some become liver cells, some nerve cells, some muscle cells. The zygote gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta as well as to the embryo itself. This chapter describes the process of pregnancy, or gestation, during which the mother supports a developing human to a stage at which it can exist in the outside world.
Problems: Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

This chapter helps both groups of underprepared and knowledgeable students taking courses in AC electrical circuit analysis. In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems of important subjects of AC circuit analysis, that is, sinusoids and phasors, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, and AC power analysis, are presented. The problems of sinusoids and phasors include complex numbers; rectangular, polar, and exponential forms of phasors; phasor relationships for circuit elements; impedance and admittance and their combinations; resonance frequency; and bandwidth of frequency response of series and parallel RLC circuits. The problems of sinusoidal steady-state analysis include Kirchhoff’s laws in frequency domain; nodal and mesh analyses in frequency domain; sinusoidal steady-state response; superposition theorem; source transformation theorem; Thevenin and Norton theorems; and maximum average power transfer theorem. The problems of AC power analysis are concerned with root mean square (rms) and peak quantities; average power, active and reactive powers, apparent power, complex power; and lagging, unity, and leading power factors. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
Far infrared laser, high resolution submillimeter wave, far infrared, and infrared,spectroscopy of molecule of astrophysical significance: deuterated methanol species(CD3OD)

Abstract In this report, a wide range of spectroscopic studies was undertaken on the astrophysical significant deuterated methanol ( C D 3 O D ) species. In the submillimeter wave ( S M M W ) wave a large number of very accurate spectral line positions in the useful range of 130 - 750 G H z have been reported. The actual spectral recording of the spectrum in the range 325 - 344 G H z with a high signal to noise ratio ( S / N ) have been presented. These will serve the radio astronomers a laboratory back-up to detect this species in interstellar space which will help to determine the deuterium/Hydrogen (D/H) ratio to understand the evolution of chemistry and the formation process of large molecules in space. At the low temperature of interstellar space, the quantum tunneling effect can be better understood by the deuterium fragmentation process. The study is extended in the far-infrared ( F I R ) region by high-resolution Fourier transform measurements. The spectral lines originating in the first excited state and those terminating in the first excited states have been assigned. About 2500 lines have been identified and atlas of the assigned lines along with previously not repotted, lines have been reported. The Hamiltonian model used has been clearly explained in terms of rotation and torsional-rotational molecular motion. All the S M M W ( a c c u r a c y ± 100 k H z ) lines along with the FIR lines (accuracy ± 0.0004 cm - 1 ) have been fitted with the model and the parameters determined. The molecular parameters reproduce the measured transition wavenumbers approximately within the experimental uncertainty. It should be noted the exact term values for the connected ground state levels are included in an Appendix-1, for economy this is submitted as a depository. In the infrared ( I R ) region a number of vibrational bands have been recorded but the presence of water vapour hindered the analysis work. However, with the knowledge of the molecular parameters and low-resolution knowledge about 10 different C O 2 lasers pumped FIR laser system have been assigned and a number of FIR lines have been predicted.
Synchronous Distance Education and Being Live Online

How much has been lost in pursuit of convenience with the “learning anytime, anywhere” model? This aphorism stresses delivery and access as central goals of its broad application. Distance or technology-enhanced learning is an important step forward for education in general, but the learning effectiveness is low. Much of the challenge has come from a lack of learner engagement caused at least in part due to a lack of regular meeting times and personal connections. Education has surrendered to expediency in seeking learner access for an increasing heavy use of online education.
Development of Prototype Simplified Neutron Scatter Camera for Nuclear Safeguards Applications

Neutron scatter cameras are a type of directional neutron detectors that rely on multiple neutron scatters to generate images that can reveal the direction and distribution of neutron sources. Fast neutron cameras which have recently been developed rely on multiple detector volumes and make use of neutron time-of-flight measurements. These designs, though effective in localizing the source direction, relies on a large amount of detection and electrical equipment, thus increasing size, cost, and complexity of the systems to unreasonable levels for some applications. This project seeks to develop a compact scatter camera that is less expensive than systems relying on multiple detector volumes. Crucially, two components and capabilities are needed to achieve this: fast scintillation detection materials and picosecond electrical pulse timing. Utilizing such electronics, distinguishing between scintillation light pulses generated by the same neutron within one detector volume is possible. An MCNPX-PoliMi model of such a system has been developed to guide prototype designs. A cube of EJ-230 fast plastic scintillator and six photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were used to construct the prototype camera that localizes neutron sources based on the principle of cone back projection. Prototypes of the system in one, two, and three dimensions have shown promising initial results when coupled with a script that algorithmically identifies candidate neutron double scatter events and back projects probability cones in the direction of possible sources. Imaging resolution/quality, double scatter efficiency, and cost for the system are quantified. Paths forward for further improvement of a future system based on this camera’ operating principles are discussed.
Sintering Behavior of Overcompacted Shock-Conditioned Alumina Powder

The use of highly dynamic shock waves to alter ceramic and metal powders to enhance sinterability has been described in the literature for a variety of materials (1–4). Recently, a group of target materials has been intensively investigated, with the use of alumina as one of these focus materials here at North Carolina State University (5–8).
Temperature dependence of the structure and dynamics of myoglobin. A simulation approach.

The results of simulations of the structure and internal motions of carbonomonoxymyoglobin (MbCO) at two different temperatures (325 and 80 K) are presented and compared with experimental data. Properties calculated from the 120 ps trajectory at 325 K are used as a reference in the analysis of the motion of the protein at 80 K. Three separate 80 K molecular dynamics trajectories were calculated; they were started with different coordinate sets from the 325 K simulation and the lower temperature was achieved by scaling the velocities. The simulations yield results for the structural changes between 325 and 80 K that are in general accord with those from X-ray data. Both the experimental and calculated radii of gyration, distances from the center of mass and main-chain difference distance matrices show that there is a significant but inhomogeneous shrinkage with decreasing temperature. For the atomic fluctuations, by contrast, the calculated temperature dependence is very different from the X-ray results; i.e. the calculated root-mean-square backbone fluctuations decrease to 0.11 A at 80 K from 0.51 A at 325 K, while the fluctuations obtained from the X-ray B factors go from 0.56 A at 260 K to 0.47 A at 80 K. The smaller temperature dependence of the B factors suggests that there is significant conformational disorder in MbCO crystals at lower temperatures. This is in accord with the simulation results, which show that the protein is trapped in restricted regions of conformational space at 80 K, while at 325 K a much larger region is accessible to the protein. Analysis of the fluctuations at 325 K and 80 K shows that the room temperature flexibility of the protein is determined by the mobility of the loop regions and by side-chain torsional motions (in accord with earlier simulation results), while the low temperature fluctuations involve motion within a single well. Examination of the calculated iron atom fluctuations and comparison with Mossbauer data show good agreement. It is found that the dominant contribution to the iron motion arises from heme sliding; motion of the iron relative to the heme are much smaller.
Glaucoma Risk Factors: The Cornea

It has long been accepted that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a key parameter in the diagnosis of glaucoma. IOP is used in the assessment of disease progression and response to treatment. In fact, it is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Therefore, its accurate measurement is critical. For over half a century, Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) has been the most widely used method of measuring IOP. In their seminal article, Goldmann and Schmidt determined that, in accordance with the Imbert-Fick Law, IOP is equal to the force necessary to flatten a spherical surface, divided by the surface area of that flattened surface (the cornea). GAT utilizes a cone that applanates a circular area of the corneal surface with a diameter of 3.06 mm. With this circular applanation area, the force necessary to overcome the resistance of the cornea to flattening is equal to the surface tension of the tear film. This allows the force applied to equal the IOP.
Twists and Turns

Abstract Twists and turns are commonly felt by caregivers over the volatile trajectory of HIV disease; they report extraordinary challenges alongside existential transformations. This case study presents the complex experience of one HIV-affected mother who negotiated the psychological spaces of dying and caregiving while occupying the same physical space with a critically-ill son during an extremely stressful and sad time. Comments from the research respondent are included as end-notes. This story raises questions about the nature of the care relationship and suggests the utility of story-telling for HIV caregivers.
Defective transport as a mechanism of acquired resistance to methotrexate in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia

Although the mechanisms of resistance to methotrexate (MTX) are known in experimental tumors made resistant to this drug, little information is available regarding acquired resistance to MTX in patients. A competitive displacement assay using the fluorescent lysine analogue of MTX, N-(4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroyl)-N epsilon-(4′-fluorescein- thiocarbamyl)-L-lysine (PT430), was developed as a sensitive method of detection of transport resistance to MTX in cell lines, as well as in blast cells from patients with leukemia. Rapid uptake of PT430 at high concentrations (20 mumol/L) in leukemic blasts resulted in achievement of steady-state levels within 2 hours. Subsequent incubation with the folate antagonists, MTX and trimetrexate (TMTX), which differ in the mode of carrier transport, produced characteristic patterns of PT430 displacement. Flow cytometric analysis of the mean fluorescence intensity in the human CCRF-CEM T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cell line and its MTX-resistant subline clearly identified the presence of transport deficiency in the resistant subline. Analysis of blasts from 17 patients with leukemia, nine with no prior chemotherapy and eight previously treated with chemotherapy, found evidence of MTX transport resistance in two of the four patients who were treated with MTX and considered to be clinically resistant to the drug. The finding that blast cells of some patients with leukemia considered clinically resistant to MTX is due to decreased MTX transport has important implications for clinical use of this drug and for new drug development.
Disturbance attenuation via minimal order observers

The issue of the H/sub infinity / compensator design based on minimal order observers is addressed. A new approach for robust control design is proposed. Results and control algorithms pertaining to precise H/sub infinity / loop transfer recovery (H/sub infinity //LTR) are derived. A numerical example illustrating the proposed design procedure is also presented. >
Organic Guests within Zeolites: Xenon as a Photophysical Probe

Location and motion of aromatic guest molecules within Na X and Na Y zeolites have been probed with xenon. Xenon perturbs the photophysical properties of the excited singlet state of aromatic guest molecules through the external heavy atom effect. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene have been used as guests, and they are nonuniformly distributed within zeolites, as indicated by their multiexponential decay of excited singlet states. Of the many locations in which the guest molecules are speculated to be present, only one has photophysical properties which are influenced by the presence of xenon. Diffusion coefficients estimated by the photophysical method presented here compare favorably with the numbers obtained by other conventional methods.
Activity-driven local ATP synthesis is required for synaptic function

Cognitive function is tightly related to metabolic state, but the locus of this control is not well understood. Synapses are thought to present large ATP demands; however, it is unclear how fuel availability and electrical activity impact synaptic ATP levels and how ATP availability controls synaptic function. We developed a quantitative genetically encoded optical reporter of presynaptic ATP, Syn-ATP, and find that electrical activity imposes large metabolic demands that are met via activity-driven control of both glycolysis and mitochondrial function. We discovered that the primary source of activity-driven metabolic demand is the synaptic vesicle cycle. In metabolically intact synapses, activity-driven ATP synthesis is well matched to the energetic needs of synaptic function, which, at steady state, results in ∼106 free ATPs per nerve terminal. Despite this large reservoir of ATP, we find that several key aspects of presynaptic function are severely impaired following even brief interruptions in activity-stimulated ATP synthesis.
Rotation-invariant, time-integrating optical correlation recognition system

The speed at which one or more targets can be recognized in a time-sequencing rotation-invariant binary phase-only filter (BPOF) optical recognition system can be improved significantly by integrating sequential correlation responses and using the integrated peak responses as inputs to the same statistical correlation plane filter (CPF) used for individual sequential correlation responses. Since commercially available BPOFs can be written at very high frame rates (350 frames per second), more than 10 correlation responses can be integrated during the frame time of an output camera operating at video rates. Therefore, the use of of integrated rather than individual sequential correlation responses reduces the processing time by a factor of 10 or more if the same standard video rate camera is used at the correlation plane. This paper presents results obtained using a prototype time-integrating BPOF correlator to achieve near real-time rotation-invariant recognition of both single and multiple targets in a noisy and cluttered input scene.
Determining typical weather for use in solar energy simulations

Abstract Predicting the performance of a solar energy system by using simulation methods requires weather data input for the locality involved. The present paper describes a method of analyzing an optional number of years of weather data for a chosen month resulting in a “typical week” which is characterized in terms of solar radiation, ambient dry bulb temperature and wind speed. The “typical week” is allowed to vary in length between 5 and 10 days in the analysis in order to enable selection of a period that best represents a given month according to specified criteria. Verification of the method by comparative computer analysis was performed using two forms of weather data as inputs to the solar energy program “TRYNSYS”. The averaging method when compared to the “typical” weather method resulted in differences of less than 7 per cent. The use of “typical” weather appears to give results at least comparable with more established methods while at the same time providing a broad spectrum of the weather typical of an area. The use of “typical” weather can result in savings in computer time.
Spell Checking OCLC‐MARC Records

In an attempt to reduce typing errors when producing records in the OCLC Online Union Catalog, our Technical Processing Section is using a spelling checker on our PCs to check records in the Save file before taking final action on our record in the OCLC system.
Random-dot hologram

In an attempt to make an easily viewable and self-contained test for stereopsis, a white-light reflection hologram was made of a Juleszian random-dot stereogram. The resulting hologram was free of monocular cues.
Direct Measurements of Island Growth and Step-Edge Barriers in Colloidal Epitaxy

Epitaxial growth, a bottom-up self-assembly process for creating surface nano- and microstructures, has been extensively studied in the context of atoms. This process, however, is also a promising route to self-assembly of nanometer- and micrometer-scale particles into microstructures that have numerous technological applications. To determine whether atomic epitaxial growth laws are applicable to the epitaxy of larger particles with attractive interactions, we investigated the nucleation and growth dynamics of colloidal crystal films with single-particle resolution. We show quantitatively that colloidal epitaxy obeys the same two-dimensional island nucleation and growth laws that govern atomic epitaxy. However, we found that in colloidal epitaxy, step-edge and corner barriers that are responsible for film morphology have a diffusive origin. This diffusive mechanism suggests new routes toward controlling film morphology during epitaxy.
Statistical Analysis of Coins Lost in Circulation and Coins Carried

Vastly more coins are produced each year than are returned to banks. In this work, the rate at which coins fail to cycle through the economy (the rate of what will be called ``lost'' coins) is described by a power law with a universal negative exponent meaning coins of high value are less likely to be lost. This power law is then used in a simple statistical model of coin use which is employed to fit prior experimental results: the distribution of number of coins carried.
Quantitative determination of the induction of apoptosis in a murine B cell line using flow cytometric bivariate cell cycle analysis.

Abstract WEHI-231 cells have been used extensively as a model of tolerance induction in B cells. Recent evidence has shown that anti-IgM treatment of WEHI-231 cells resulted in the induction of apoptosis. In this study, using acridine orange staining and flow cytometric analysis, we demonstrated that apoptotic cells are detected as a distinct population of cells separate from the cells in normal cell cycle progression. The validity of analysis gates was confirmed by cell sorting of the apoptotic population versus normal cells and subsequent gel analysis. Using this technique, we have demonstrated that F(ab′) 2 anti-μ, A23187, or PMA induced apoptosis in the WEHI-231 cells. The addition of LPS reversed apoptotic induction as seen previously with the WEHI-231 cell line. In contrast, however, PMA did not prevent the induction of apoptosis in anti-μ-treated cells. Additionally, we were interested in determining if the induction of apoptosis was restricted to a specific phase of cell cycle. Since growth inhibition results in most cells arresting in the G 1 phase of cell cycle, we wanted to demonstrate apoptosis as a G 1 -dependent event. This was examined with WEHI-231 cells treated with known cell cycle inhibitors. Interestingly, inhibition of cells in each phase of cycle resulted in the induction of apoptosis. LPS was able to inhibit the induction of apoptosis with each of the cell cycle inhibitors except actinomycin D. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the WEHI-231 cells contain a Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -dependent preexisting endonuclease.
A partially masked mosaic of potatoes

Indexing of lots of Smooth and Russet Rurals in the greenhouse indicates that about a third of the tubers of these varieties is affected with a disease of the mosaic type which is ordinarily not detected in field inspections. Evidence obtained in inoculation experiments and other considerations suggest that this estimate is probably too low.
Serving XML: practical techniques for the dissemination of structured electronic information

The self‐describing nature of data marked up using extensible markup language (XML) allows the XML document itself to act in a manner similar to a database, but without the large file sizes and proprietary software generally associated with database applications. XML data can be made directly available to users using a variety of methods. This paper explores methods for both server‐side and client‐side processing and display of XML‐encoded data, using an annotated bibliography as an example.
Tunable p–n transition behaviour of a p-La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/n-CeO2 nanofibers heterojunction for the development of selective high temperature propane sensors

High temperature hydrocarbon sensors are of paramount importance to provide precise control of various combustion processes and directly evaluate the efficiency of catalytic converters. In this study, both p-type La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) and n-type CeO2 nanofibers (NFs) were prepared by electrospinning followed by facile two-step calcination. p-LSMO NFs/n-CeO2 NFs composites with different weight ratios (CeO2 NFs wt%: 0%, 25%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90% and 100%) were then prepared by physical mixing with the help of sonication and further were employed as sensing elements to systematically investigate their response to carbon monoxide (CO) and propane (C3H8) at 800 °C. Clear p–n transition behaviour was observed from p-LSMO NFs dominated composites to n-CeO2 NFs dominated composites in the presence of targeting gases. At the specific p-LSMO NFs/n-CeO2 NFs composition (CeO2 NFs wt% = 70%), the sensor exhibited an opposite response direction to CO and C3H8 which offers a simple way to differentiate them. Moreover, the p-LSMO NFs/n-CeO2 NFs composite with the CeO2 NFs content of 80% showed good sensitivity and selectivity to C3H8 over other reducing gases such as CO and CH4 at a high operation temperature of 800 °C. The mechanisms of enhanced selectivity and p–n transition behaviour are also proposed based on the observed experimental results. This study opens an avenue for tailoring the selectivity of high temperature gas sensors by simply tuning the p–n heterojunction.
Effects of anoxia on net uptake and unidirectional transport of glucose into the isolated dog brain.

Unidirectional glucose transport and diffusion and net glucose uptake were measured before, during and after perfusion of the isolated canine brain with anoxic blood. An indicator dilution technique with 22Na as the intravascular marker was used to measure unidirectional transport of d-[6-3H]glucose from blood into brain while the rate of unidirectional diffusion was estimated from similar studies using 22Na and d-[6-3H]fructose. Net glucose uptake was calculated by multiplying the arteriovenous concentration difference by the plasma flow rate. During the first 2 min of anoxia, the rate of net glucose uptake more than doubled, but by 10 min of anoxia it had declined to near the pre-anoxic level. Net uptake did not change significantly between 10 and 30 min of anoxia nor during the first hour of post-anoxic recovery. The kinetics of unidirectional glucose transport were unchanged after 1 min of anoxia; however, after 10 min, unidirectional transport was decreased to an average of 39% of the control rate. After 1 h of recovery from 30 min of anoxia, transport was 59% of the control rate. The rate of simple diffusion of glucose was unchanged during and after anoxia. It was concluded that the initial increase in net glucose uptake is due to a decrease in the rate of unidirectional efflux of glucose from the brain as a result of reduced brain glucose levels. The subsequent decrease in net uptake is caused by an impairment of unidirectional glucose transport. These data indicate that transport of glucose from the blood to the brain may be an energy dependent process.
Coherent Optical Multiple-Input Multiple-Output communication

We propose and demonstrate the Coherent Optical Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (COMIMO) communication technique. In analogy to the spatial diversity in wireless communication, the concept exploits the modal diversity, inherent in a multi-mode fiber (MMF), to transmit independent data channels through a single fiber without the need for wavelength division multiplexing. Central to the MIMO concept is the requirement for sufficient modal diversity in the fiber. The coherent-optics implementation is the key as it ensures that the diversity requirement is met for practically any fiber length and at any data rate. A 2x2 proof-of-concept COMIMO system is experimentally demonstrated.
Dexamethasone increases apolipoprotein A-I concentrations in medium and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA abundance from Hep G2 cells.

Abstract Glucocorticoid hormones increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in vivo. However, there is little known about the mechanism by which glucocorticoids alter HDL metabolism. Hep G2 cells were incubated with dexamethasone to determine the effect of glucocorticoids on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I secretion. Dexamethasone increased apo A-I concentration in a dose-dependent fashion. After 24 hours, 5.5 × 10 −5 mol/L dexamethasone increased apo A-I accumulation in culture medium by 54%. Detectable increases in apo A-I concentration were noted in medium by 5 hours of incubation and persisted up to 48 hours. Cellular apo A-I mRNA concentration increased by 28% after incubation with dexamethasone for 24 hours. The increase in apo A-I mRNA concentration was detectable within 3 hours after incubation with dexamethasone. In contrast, incubation with dexamethasone decreased apo B concentration by 43% in culture medium, but it had no effect on cellular apo B mRNA concentrations. Dexamethasone had little effect on cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation in the medium. Incubation with albumin alone did not affect apo A-I concentration, but it decreased apo B concentration by 30% in the medium. Incubation with albumin and dexamethasone had no effect on apo A-I concentration in medium and had no additive effect on apo B concentration. These data suggest dexamethasone increases secretion of apo A-I by Hep G2 cells by increasing mRNA levels.
Google Books: making the public domain universally accessible

Google Book Search is working with libraries and publishers around the world to digitally scan books. Some of those works are now in the public domain and, in keeping with Google’s mission to make all the world’s information useful and universally accessible, we wish to allow users to download them all. For users, it is important that the files are as small as possible and of printable quality. This means that a single codec for both text and images is impractical. We use PDF as a container for a mixture of JBIG2 and JPEG2000 images which are composed into a final set of pages. We discuss both the implementation of an open source JBIG2 encoder, which we use to compress text data, and the design of the infrastructure needed to meet the technical, legal and user requirements of serving many scanned works. We also cover the lessons learnt about dealing with different PDF readers and how to write files that work on most of the readers, most of the time.
Phenotypic switching of VEGF and collagen XVIII during hypoxia in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.

Abstract The present study sought to determine the potential role of stress activated MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in mediating phenotypic switching between angiogenic and angiostatic elements among squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. In particular, we investigated the effects of hypoxia and those of cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ), which mimics the hypoxic response including the production of reactive oxygen species, on such phenotypic shifts. The expression and production of collagen XVIII, and CBP2/Hsp47 provided a measure of an angiostatic phenotype, while vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was used to assess potential angiogenic states. These studies revealed that hypoxia produced a slight up-regulation of collagen XVIII and CBP2/Hsp47 that was inhibited by the stress kinase inhibitor SB203580 but was unaffected by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In addition, VEGF expression was increased following hypoxia and this effect was reversed with inhibition of by SB203580. Conversely, CoCl 2 significantly diminished the expression of both collagen XVIII and CBP2/Hsp47 and enhanced VEGF expression. These changes were reversed by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and by treating cells with NAC. These studies show that phenotypic switching between collagen XVIII and VEGF is controlled by stress activated kinases under hypoxia, and PI3K signaling pathways as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) following CoCl 2 treatment. Furthermore, modulation of the angiogenic switch is most profound during Akt activation than during activation of stress activated kinases.
1 /spl mu/m MOSFET VLSI technology. VII. Metal silicide interconnection technology - A future perspective

For pt.VI see ibid., vol.SC14, no.2, p.282 (1979). A major limitation of polycrystalline silicon as a gate material for VLSI applications is its limited conductivity which restricts its usefulness as an interconnection level. An alternative approach which combines a doped polycrystalline silicon layer with a high-conductivity metal silicide such as WSi/SUB 2/ (polycide) is described. Such polycide layers are demonstrated to provide at least an order of magnitude improvement in interconnection resistance relative to polycrystalline silicon while maintaining the reliability of the polycrystalline silicon gate and the ability to form passivating oxide layers under typical polycrystalline silicon processing conditions.
Evaluation of race and ethnicity on alcohol and drug testing of adolescents admitted with trauma

Objectives: To describe the incidence of alcohol and drug testing in adolescents admitted for traumatic injury and to analyze these results with reference to race, ethnicity, and gender differences. Methods: Data were collected on adolescents (aged 12 through 17 years) from the National Trauma Data Bank. Testing statuses for alcohol and drugs were the two primary outcome variables. The results of these tests were the secondary outcome variables. Additional casemix variables included: race, ethnicity, gender, age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Injury Severity Score, day and time of arrival, and payment source. Hierarchical, multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of race, ethnicity, and gender with the primary and secondary outcome variables. Results: Differences noted in the likelihood of alcohol and drug testing among the different racial, ethnic, and gender groups demonstrated an increased likelihood of Hispanic males and African American females to receive alcohol testing (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48; 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.06; and OR: 1.30; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.67, respectively). Results of testing revealed that females of all races were less likely than males to test positive for alcohol and drugs. Drug and alcohol testing was more common during evenings, nights, and weekends, as well as in the presence of neurologic injury. Conclusions: Whereas small disparities in alcohol and drug testing were noted in some minority race-based groupings, systematic racial bias is not evident in adolescent trauma patients.
Men's facial masculinity predicts changes in their female partners' sexual interests across the ovulatory cycle, whereas men's intelligence does not

A substantial body of work demonstrates that women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle. When fertile in their cycles, women are especially attracted to masculine features (e.g., faces, voices, bodies), socially dominant behavior, and male scents associated with body symmetry and social dominance. Women may also find intelligent men particularly attractive when fertile, though findings are mixed. Related research shows that, on average, romantically-involved women report stronger sexual attraction to men other than their pair-bond partners, but not partners, when fertile, and especially when their partners lack features fertile women prefer (e.g., symmetry). In the current study, we examined whether women's patterns of sexual interests across the cycle are similarly moderated by partners' facial masculinity, facial attractiveness, and intelligence. Results revealed predicted effects of male partners’ facial masculinity but none for partners’ intelligence. Facial attractiveness may have effects, but we find no evidence that it does so independently of facial masculinity.
Comparison of visual results in initial and re-treatment laser in situ keratomileusis procedures for myopia and astigmatism.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the results of initial and re-treatment laser in situ keratomileusis procedures for myopia and astigmatism. METHODS: A total of 1161 consecutive inital and retreatment laser in situ keratomileusis procedures in 697 patients performed between September 19, 1996, and June 20, 1998, were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline and postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, uncorrected visual acuity, spherical and cylindrical refractions, computerized video keratography, and biomicroscopy were measured or performed on each eye. RESULTS: Of 1,071 eyes, 900 (84%) underwent a single-laser in situ keratomileusis procedure, and 171 of 1,071 eyes (16%) underwent one or two re-treatment procedures. The preoperative mean ± SD spherical equivalent was −5.09 ± 3.15 diopters (range, −0.75 to −14.38 diopters) and the cylinder was 0.97 ± 1.09 diopters (range, 0.00 to 3.25 diopters) in the group that underwent a single laser in situ keratomileusis treatment. The preoperative mean ± SD spherical equivalent was −6.26 ± 3.04 diopters (range, −1.75 to −12.88 diopters) and the cylinder was 1.53 ± 1.11 diopters (range, 0.00 to 3.50 diopters) in the group that underwent re-treatment. Before re-treatment, 110 eyes (64.3%) in the group that underwent re-treatment achieved 20/40 or better uncorrected visual acuity and 23 eyes (13.5%) achieved 20/25 or better. Three months after re-treatment, 155 eyes (90.6%) achieved 20/40 or better, and 80 eyes (46.8%) achieved 20/25 or better. In the single-procedure group, uncorrected visual acuity at 3 months revealed 20/40 vision or better in 856 eyes (95.1%) and 20/25 vision or better in 572 eyes (63.6%). In this study group, 23.6% of eyes with a preoperative spherical equivalent greater than −6.0 diopters underwent re-treatment compared with 11.8% of eyes with a preoperative spherical equivalent of −6.0 diopters or less. CONCLUSIONS: Laser in situ keratomileusis appears to be an effective procedure for mild, moderate, and severe myopia. In eyes with residual refractive error, re-treatment laser in situ keratomileusis procedures can result in good visual outcomes.
Seed germination ecology of the summer annual Cyperus squarrosus in an unpredictable mudflat habitat

Abstract The purpose of our study was to better understand seed germination ecology of the summer annual sedge Cyperus squarrosus , which grows in various habitats, including mudflats and shallow soil over limestone bedrock (rock outcrops), where timing of the period favorable for germination and completion of the life cycle is unpredictable. Over a 28.5-month period, temperature and light:dark requirements for germination were determined at monthly intervals for seeds collected from mudflats and buried under flooded and under nonflooded conditions at natural temperature regimes. Data on dormancy and germination were compared to those published for seeds collected from plants growing on rock outcrops. Under both flooded and nonflooded conditions, seeds from mudflats exhibited an annual conditional dormancy/nondormancy cycle, similar to those from rock outcrops buried under nonflooded conditions. Seeds from mudflats germinated to higher percentages at mid-summer temperatures (35/20 °C) in mid-summer than those from rock outcrops. On the other hand, seeds from rock outcrops germinated to higher percentages at March temperatures (15/6 °C) in March than those from mudflats. Thus, seeds could germinate on mudflats any time from April through September if dewatering occurred, and they could germinate on rock outcrops any time from March through June and in September if soil moisture was nonlimiting; in both habitats light would be required for germination. Since seeds on mudflats may be flooded for several consecutive years, mudflats are more unpredictable than rock outcrops. Ability of seeds from mudflats to germinate to high percentages in light at 35/20 °C throughout the summer and those from rock outcrops not to do so may be related to the greater unpredictability of the mudflat. Each year for 11 years, seeds germinated in mudflat soil samples kept in a nonheated greenhouse, reaching a total of 22526 ± 1401 (mean ± S.E.) seeds m –2 ; thus, the species has the potential to form a large long-lived persistent soil seed bank.
Phenomenology, specific heat, and corrections to scaling in copper ammonium bromide.

Experimental data near the critical point for the spontaneous magnetization, the zero-field susceptibility, and the specific heat of the (S=1/2) insulating Heisenberg ferromagnet Cu (${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{4}$${2\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are compared with two extensions of asymptotic scaling. One is a previously described phenomenology which is equivalent to the predictions of the renormalization group (RG) when all irrelevant variables are neglected. The second results if one adds to the asymptotic scaling formulas the confluent singularities due to the leading irrelevant variable. We find that both sets of formulas are consistent with the data for all three quantities: the spontaneous magnetization, the zero-field susceptibility, and the specific heat, but that overall, the phenomenology requires fewer parameters. A discrepancy betwen the experimental and theoretical values for the susceptibility exponent is discussed.
Atypical antipsychotic medications for borderline personality disorder: What’s the story?

Atypical antipsychotic medications have been approved for treatment of schizophrenia and broad efficacy has led to trials for other illnesses. For borderline personality disorder (BPD), traditional antipsychotics had been demonstrated to reduce symptoms, but were not well tolerated. This paper reviews the new data emerging from trials assessing safety and efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic medications risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine (studies of ziprasidone and aripiprazole have not been published). To date, the results of studies with atypical antipsychotics have shown reduction of symptoms from across a broad number of domains. Also, early placebo-controlled trials show an advantage for these agents. Taken together, these new studies are pointing to a positive direction and offer hope for the treatment of BPD.