cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of interface reconstruction methods for multi-material ALE simulations

In this paper we compare the performance of different methods for reconstructing interfaces in multi-material compressible flow simulations. The methods compared are a material-order-dependent Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, a material-order-independent VOF method based on power diagram partitioning of cells and the Moment-of-Fluid method (MOF). We demonstrate that the MOF method provides the most accurate tracking of interfaces, followed by the VOF method with the right material ordering. The material-order-independent VOF method performs somewhat worse than the above two while the solutions with VOF using the wrong material order are considerably worse.
The impact of paleomagnetism on paleoclimatic studies

Paleomagnetism presents the paleo-bioclimatologist for the first time with an independent determination of latitude. In combination with paleogeography a reconstruction of climatic zones for the geologic periods can be attempted by taking into account the principles underlying the present distribution of climate. This was attempted for the Permian of Europe and the Triassic, Permian and Pennsylvanian (U. Carboniferous) of North America. An extension of this method can be of great importance in future paleo-ecological and bioclimatological studies if the underlying principles of Paleomagnetism prove to be correct.
Induction of the Tumor-Suppressor p16INK4a within Regenerative Epithelial Crypts in Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract p16 INK4a is a major tumor-suppressor protein, but its regulation and settings of fuction remain poorly understood. To explore the notion that p16 is induced in vivo in response to replicative stress, we examined p16 expression in tissues from human ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 25) and normal controls ( n = 20). p16 was expressed strongly in UC-associated neoplasms ( n = 17), as seen previously in sporadic colonic neoplasms. In non-neoplastic UC epithelium, p16 was expressed in 33% of crypts (the proliferative compartment) compared to P = .002)—a reflection of epithelial regeneration. In coimmunofluorescence studies with Ki67, p16 expression was associated with cell cycle arrest ( P
Seriality: What Have We Accomplished? What's Next?

SUMMARY Discusses the achievements and further goals of the revision of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules to accommodate various aspects of seriality. Focuses on the seriality of integrating resources (loose-leafs, Websites, databases) and explores their similarities to traditional serials as well as their differences, and the reasoning that led to the revised rules. Also analyzes decisions that have not been reached in the implementation of the rules at the time of this writing. Explains the decisions that will impact on both serials and integrating resources, and discusses the challenges that a new category of materials presents to the Program for Cooperative Cataloging's CONSER and BIBCO programs. Asks that readers consider how the seriality of these resources is being accommodated in their individual institutions. Highlights significant changes for serials and discusses the international harmonization effort and how it will benefit libraries in the United States of America.
Stability Analysis to Predict Vortex Street Characteristics and Forces on Circular Cylinders

The characteristics of the wake are predicted accurately by the critical point of the absolute instability supported by the wake profiles immediately behind the cylinder. Measured profiles at Rn = 56 provide Strouhal number St = 0.13 and at Rn = 140,000 St = 0.21 both in good agreement with experiment. It is also shown that at the undercritical Rn = 34 or for a symmetric array of vortices the instability is of the convective type, decaying behind the cylinder once the excitation is removed. Finally, it is shown that a model of the wake, based on the results of the instability analysis, is sufficient to obtain good estimates of the steady and unsteady forces on the cylinder. Closed-form expressions for the forces are obtained within this approximation.
Preparation and properties of some transition metal phosphorus trisulfide compounds

Abstract Transition metal phosphorus trisulfide compounds with the general formula MPS3, with M = Mn, Fe, Ni, have been prepared by chemical vapor transport, vapor sublimation, and direct combination of the elements. Chemical transport is accomplished by using 75 Torr of chlorine gas as a transport agent and a temperature gradient of 750° → 690°C or 700° → 640°C. The structure of these three compounds, which belongs to the monoclinic space group C2 m , is related to that of CdCl2 with a distorted cubic close-packing of the sulfur atoms. Metal atoms and phosphorus-phosphorus pairs occupy the trigonally distorted octahedral holes in a ratio of 2:1 and are ordered throughout the structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that all three compounds are antiferromagnetic. The paramagnetic moments indicate that the metal ions in each case exist in the divalent high-spin state.
Radiation‐initiated inverse emulsion polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone

The radiation-induced inverse emulsion polyerization of vinylpyrrolidone using an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon and nonionic emulsifier blend is described. High molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (1 million to 2 million Mv) was readily obtained at rapid polmerization rates (Rp ∼ 10–35 mol 1−1 s−1) to high conversions (90–95%). The polydispersity of the polymer varied from 2.6 to 4.4, suggesting that chain transfer to the polymer had occurred. Adding a polymeric surfactant to the nonionic blend modified the polymerization rate and particle-size distribution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paraganglioma-like dermal melanocytic tumor: a case report.

Paraganglioma-like dermal melanocytic tumor is a rare subtype of benign dermal melanocytic tumors. Its histopathologic features resemble those of paraganglioma, but the immunostaining characteristics are those of melanocytic lesions.
Behavioral sensitivity of rats to extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields.

Work in our laboratory has revealed autonomic and/or behavioral sensitivity of mice, rats, and a domestic fowl to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) or nominally static magnetic (B) fields at flux densities between 250 and 1700 FT (rms). To extend our work, an automated exposure and data-acquisition system was used with the technique of conditional suppression to assess behavioral sensitivity to time-varying B fields. Each of five rats was exposed aperiodically to a B field during 3 min warning periods that terminated in a brief electric shock. The difference between rates of lever pressing during B-field warning periods and rates during immediately antecedent, 3 min control periods was analyzed at frequencies of 7, 16, 30, 60, and 65.1 Hz. To produce equivalent induced voltages in the rat at each frequency, graded flux densities were established that ranged from 1900 FT at 7 Hz to 200 FT at 65.1 Hz. Analysis of differences in lever-pressing rates revealed that in a given session of testing the rats would increasingly suppress responding when exposed to a B field, but this trend was independent of frequency. This experiment provides evidence of behavioral sensitivity by a mammal to an ELF magnetic field. 01994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Cutting Performance of Turning Insert with Three-Arcs-Shaped Finishing Edge

In the turning of a shaft with a step of specified corner R, it is important whether the corner radiuses of the turning insert is the same as the specified corner R or lower than it. A turning tool with a large corner radius cannot adapt to cutting a shaft with a step of specified corner R. In this study, the surface roughness, cutting force, and tool wear were experimentally investigated in order to clarify the cutting performance of the turning insert with a three-arcs-shaped finishing edge. The machined surface of the insert with a three-arcs-shaped finishing edge was better than that of the normal insert. The wear progress of the insert with an arc-shaped finishing edge was slightly slower than that of the normal insert. The cutting force of the insert with an arc-shaped finishing edge was almost the same as that of the normal insert.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of an Apparatus for Material Compatibility Testing in Nitrate Salts at Temperatures Up to 700°C

Thermal energy storage is one of the key differentiators between Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and other renewable energy technologies. Molten salt is an effective and affordable method of storing thermal energy. Current salt storage systems charge at temperatures between 390°C and 585°C (oil filled parabolic trough systems to molten salt towers). It is highly desirable to increase the operating temperature of salt storage systems in order to increase the efficiency of the power cycle and to permit the use of alternative, high-temperature cycles. However, higher salt temperatures cause increased reactivity and thus increased corrosion rates in many materials. In order to utilize molten salt at higher temperature, it is necessary to test and understand these corrosion interactions at elevated temperature. A corrosion test system has been designed and built for evaluating molten salt/material interactions to 700°C. The primary components of this system are several salt containment vessels that are constructed of 6″ dia. × 24″ long stainless steel, aluminum diffusion treated pipes with flat plate welded to one end and a flanged lid on the other. The vessels are designed to operate with a charge of 10 kg of molten salt and accommodate a “sample tree” on which corrosion test coupons may be suspended. The salt vessels are heated and insulated on the bottom half, roughly to the salt fill level, and cooled on the top half to protect the flange gasket and feedthrough ports. The samples trees have a stainless plate that reduces radiative heat transfer from the molten salt to the lid. Finite element analysis was performed to determine the pipe length and heating and cooling requirements to maintain molten salt at 700°C while limiting the lid gasket to 300°C or less. The vessels are designed to have an oxygen atmosphere in the ullage region to mitigate nitrate decomposition. Oxygen systems for operation at 700°C require careful design including the sizing, routing, cleanliness, and material selection of components in order to reduce risk of fire. Additionally, the system is designed to run at 1–2 psig which requires specialized low pressure / high temperature components. In this paper we present the design of the molten salt corrosion test system including details related to the containment vessels, oxygen handling system, and control software along with a discussion of the safety considerations necessary for these high temperature, high oxygen partial pressure tests.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Thermodynamic modeling of fully coupled finite-deformation thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical behavior for multifunctional applications

Abstract In this paper, we model fully coupled thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical (TEMM) behavior in the finite-deformation regime by (i) developing for the first time a comprehensive catalogue of free energies, state variables, and state equations, and (ii) combining this catalogue with the first principles of nonlinear continuum electrodynamics. We develop our catalogue in a thermodynamically consistent manner, and circumvent the ambiguities and challenges inherent in nonlinear continuum electrodynamics, by connecting with classical equilibrium thermodynamics. We use its formalism as a blueprint for characterizing a fundamental energetic process, that is, one where internal energy is the characterizing potential, the independent variables are extensive, and the dependent variables are intensive. A key feature of identifying this fundamental energetic process is the resulting ability to transparently and rigorously introduce new free energies – many appearing in the finite-deformation TEMM literature for the first time – that employ any set of intensive or extensive quantities as independent variables. We also develop novel mathematical transformations that accommodate alternative electromagnetic work conjugates as independent variables. Each thermodynamic potential in our comprehensive catalogue characterizes a particular thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical process. Each process, in turn, correlates with a particular experiment, the independent variables being controlled and the dependent variables being the measured responses. Our framework will thus enable the development of constitutive models for multifunctional materials under different experimental conditions. Additionally, the research presented herein can be used to convert targeted performance properties that are inherently nonlinear, three dimensional, and anisotropic into a “recipe” for multifunctional material design.
Differentiated Dopaminergic MN9D Cells Only Partially Recapitulate the Electrophysiological Properties of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

The cell line MN9D, a fusion of embryonic ventral mesencephalic and neuroblastoma cells, is extensively used as a model of dopamine (DA) neurons because it expresses tyrosine hydroxylase and synthesiz
PEOPLE'S VIEWS ON MARIJUANA, OTHER DRUGS & DRIVING: AN UPDATE

This report updates information contained in two surveys conducted in January 1975 and 1977, which dealt with people's views on the effects of drugs on driving skills. The present survey, which was essentially the same as the previous surveys, was conducted in January 1980. To summarize, marijuana use in the age group sampled has stabilized over the past five years, but people's perceptions of its detrimental effects on driving have changed considerably. A large increase was noted in the percentage of respondents saying that marijuana impairs driving skills of other people; with respect to themselves, a similar but less dramatic trend has occurred. Alcohol is still regarded as more detrimental to driving than marijuana.
Laser Hair Removal in Pigmented Skin

A 50-year old African-American woman presented to her physician's office seeking treatment of excess hair and secondary hyperpigmentation of her chin. On exam, her skin was noted to be Fitzpatrick Type V and her hair was course and dark.
Switching-On Survival and Repair Response Programs in Islet Transplants by Bone Marrow–Derived Vasculogenic Cells

OBJECTIVE—Vascular progenitors of bone marrow origin participate to neovascularization at sites of wound healing and transplantation. We hypothesized that the biological purpose of this bone marrow–derived vascular component is to contribute angiogenic and survival functions distinct from those provided by the local tissue-derived vasculature. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS—To address this hypothesis, we investigated the functional impact of bone marrow–derived vascular cells on pancreatic islets engraftment using bone marrow–reconstituted Id1+/−Id3−/− mice, a model of bone marrow–derived vasculogenesis. We show that, in this model, bone marrow–derived vasculogenic cells primarily contribute to the formation of new blood vessels within islet transplants. In contrast, graft revascularization in a wild-type background occurs by tissue-derived blood vessels only. Using these distinct transplant models in which bone marrow–and tissue-derived vasculature are virtually mutually exclusive, we demonstrate that bone marrow–derived vasculogenic cells exhibit enhanced angiogenic functions and support prompt activation of islets survival pathways, which significantly impact on islets engraftment and function. Moreover, gene profiling of vascular and inflammatory cells of the grafts demonstrate that neovascularization by bone marrow–derived cells is accompanied by the activation of a genetic program uniquely tuned to downregulate harmful inflammatory responses and to promote tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS—These studies uncover the biological significance of bone marrow–derived vasculogenic cells in the response to injury during transplantation. Enhancing the contribution of bone marrow–derived vasculogenic cells to transplantation sites may help to overcome both limited angiogenic responses of the adult tissue-derived vasculature and untoward effects of inflammation on transplant engraftment.
ION ADSORPTION IN THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER : VARIATIONAL SOLUTION TO THE HYPERNETTED CHAIN EQUATIONS

In order to investigate the effect of specific adsorption of counterions onto a charged planar surface, the HNC/MSA equations were solved using a variational method. Ion adsorption is introduced th...
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome: a model of immune dysregulation.

Purpose of review Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome is a fatal syndrome of overwhelming autoimmunity. Recent identification of FOXP3 as the causative gene and realization that this same gene defect occurs in the mutant mouse Scurfy has yielded new insights and hopes of unraveling the mechanism of autoimmunity in this and possibly other diseases. In this review, we describe the clinical features of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome/Scurfy and compare this phenotype with similar syndromes caused by other single gene mutations. We examine therapeutic options to treat the syndrome, study its immunologic basis, and investigate the structure and function of the FOXP3 protein. Recent findings The Scurfy mutant mouse has a characteristic phenotype that causes death by approximately 3 weeks of age. It is known that the effector cells in the Scurfy mouse are CD4+ T cells and that a population of normal T cells can control the overwhelming autoimmunity that they induce. Recent data have demonstrated that this process requires antigenic stimulation and that the degree to which the immune system responds is inversely proportional to the level of FOXP3 protein (Forkhead box P3) expression in peripheral T cells. Suppression of immune activation by FOXP3 may occur due to its ability to bind to DNA through a putative forkhead DNA-binding motif and to repress transcriptional activation from certain promoters in T cells. Summary Because of the dramatic phenotype and rapidity of onset, immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome and Scurfy provide a powerful model in which to study mechanisms of T cell regulation. A more complete understanding of this syndrome will provide important insights into mechanisms of immune suppression, tolerance, and autoimmunity.
Reading Nanopore Clocks in Single-Molecule Electrophoresis Experiments

In this issue of the Biophysical Journal, Carson et al. (1) arrive at the provocative conclusion that the diffusion constant and the velocity of dsDNA in single molecule electrophoresis are proportional to each other at all voltages. Such a claim, if valid, would destroy the distinction between Newton’s law of projectiles and Einstein’s law of diffusion. Naturally, the authors’ claim cannot be valid. How did the authors come to their erroneous conclusion? The origin of this mishap lies in their data analysis, which uses a model inappropriate for their experiments.
Defining a Right to Culture, and Some Alternatives

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that `Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community'. As this suggests, the notion of cultural rights is both intuitively appealing and analytically vague. Assertions of cultural rights have gained prominence in both national and international policy contexts. This article considers some of the conceptual challenges, including a potential bias towards reification and traditionalism and the inherently contestable character of claims based on cultural rights. It also suggests a threshold test for identifying violations of cultural rights, and presents some alternatives to a rights-based framework for advancing cultural issues within public policy.
GABAergic cortical neuron chromatin as a putative target to treat schizophrenia vulnerability.

Abstract Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC) appear to play an important role in the regulation of intermittent pyramidal neuron columnary firing and in the neuronal plasticity that mediate cognitive functions. In schizophrenia (SZ), cognitive defects and dysfunctions in pyramidal neuronal columnary firing appear to depend on abnormalities of GABAergic neurons. These abnormalities include a decrease of GAD67 and reelin expression, which result in a reduction of cortical inhibitory input to spine postsynaptic densities as a result of the decrease of GABA concentration at the synaptic cleft, and of neurotrophic stimuli as a result of the decrease of reelin secreted into the extracellular matrix. Our studies show that alterations in chromatin remodeling related to a selective upregulation of DNA-5-cytosine methyltransferase (DNMT) expression in GABAergic neurons of SZ PFC may induce a hypermethylation of reelin and GAD67 promoter CpG islands, which downregulates their expression. In addition, we report preliminary evidence suggesting that by targeting this chromatin-remodeling deficit with inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC), it may be possible to reduce the DNMT upregulation via a covalent modification of nucleosomal histone tails, underscoring the possibility that by addressing a chromatin remodeling deficit, one may treat psychiatric disorders.
Some fatiguing effects in 8/65/35 plzt fine grained ferroelectric ceramic

Dielectric and optical fatigue effects in 8/65/35 lanthana modified lead zirconate-lead titanate (PLZT) ferroelectric ceramics have been observed in respense to 60 Hz sine wave switching. Erratic behavior in Ee is attributable to microcracking near the surface electrodes. In addition, after N ∼ 105 cycles, the remanent polarization, PR, decreases as the logarithm of N. The birefringence parameter decreases linearly with PR over the entire range of 102 << N << 108 cycles.
A High Frequency Active Voltage Doubler in Standard CMOS Using Offset-Controlled Comparators for Inductive Power Transmission

In this paper, we present a fully integrated active voltage doubler in CMOS technology using offset-controlled high speed comparators for extending the range of inductive power transmission to implantable microelectronic devices (IMD) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. This active voltage doubler provides considerably higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and lower dropout voltage compared to its passive counterpart and requires lower input voltage than active rectifiers, leading to reliable and efficient operation with weakly coupled inductive links. The offset-controlled functions in the comparators compensate for turn-on and turn-off delays to not only maximize the forward charging current to the load but also minimize the back current, optimizing PCE in the high frequency (HF) band. We fabricated the active voltage doubler in a 0.5-μm 3M2P std . CMOS process, occupying 0.144 mm2 of chip area. With 1.46 V peak AC input at 13.56 MHz, the active voltage doubler provides 2.4 V DC output across a 1 kΩ load, achieving the highest PCE = 79% ever reported at this frequency. In addition, the built-in start-up circuit ensures a reliable operation at lower voltages.
Geometry and bonding in substituted silacyclopropanes

Abstract Minimum energy geometries for silirane, 1; 1,1-difluoro-, 1; 1;1-difluorotetramethyl-, 3; 1,1-dimethyl-, 4; hexamethylsilirane, 5; 7-siladispiro[2.0.2.1]heptane, 6; and its 7,7-dimethyl derivative, 7, have been calculated using the CNDO/2 approximation. Good agreement has been obtained between the predicted structure for 7 and an experimental structure for a related compound. The calculations indicate that the enhanced stability observed for the spirocyclopropyl compounds such as 6 or 7 is due for the most part to increased overlap in the σ framework of the silirane ring resulting from increased contributions of the s orbitals of the spiro carbon atoms to the bonding. Hyperconjugation between filled Walsh orbitals of the spirocyclopropyl rings and acceptor orbitals on silicon does not contribute as much to the stabilization of 6 and 7 as does the increased σ overlap. The calculations predict that the 1,1-difluorosiliranes, 2 and 3, should have thermodynamic stability comparable to or greater than the other siliranes, but much higher reactivity due to charge separation.
Impact of a Medication Management System on Nursing Home Admission Rate in a Community-Dwelling Nursing Home–Eligible Medicaid Population

Abstract Background Community-dwelling frail elderly have an increased need for effective medication management to reside in their homes and delay or avoid admission to nursing homes. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a medication management system on nursing home admission within the community-dwelling frail elderly. Methods This prospective cohort study compared nursing home admission rates in intervention and control clients of a state Medicaid home and community-based waiver program. Groups were matched on age (±5 years), race, gender, and waiver program start date (±120 days). The medication management service consisted of 2 parts: 1) prescription medicines dispensed from the client's local pharmacy in a calendar card, and 2) a coordinating service by a health educator to address medication-related problems as they arose. The primary dependent variable was admission to a nursing home. Results A total of 273 clients agreed to participate, enrolled, and had at least 1 prescription dispensed. The matched control group was composed of 800 other clients. The client sample was 72 years of age, 73% (785/1073) non-white, 75% (804/1073) female, and enrolled in the waiver program approximately 50 months. The 2 groups were similar on all demographic variables examined. Six clients (2.2%) in the intervention group and 40 clients (5.0%) in the control group were admitted to a nursing home at least once during the study period. Logistic regression was used to test the model predicting at least 1 nursing home admission. Control group clients were 2.94 times more likely to be admitted to a nursing home than clients in the intervention group. Conclusions The medication management service implemented within this study was effective in reducing nursing home admissions in a group of frail community-dwelling elderly.
Angular distributions for electron-impact excitation of atomic oxygen

Differential cross sections for excitation of the 3s $^{3}$S\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 3p $^{3}$P states of atomic oxygen by electron impact are calculated in a close-coupling approximation at energies 13.87, 20, 30, and 50 eV. We include 2${\mathit{p}}^{4}$ $^{3}$P, 3${\mathit{s}}^{5,3}$S\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 3${\mathit{p}}^{5,3}$P, 4${\mathit{s}}^{5,3}$S\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 3 $^{5,3}$D\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 4${\mathit{p}}^{5,3}$P, and 3s' $^{3}$D\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} states of atomic oxygen in the close-coupling expansion. The present results are in good agreement with the recent experiments for the resonance $^{3}$P--3${\mathit{s}}^{3}$S\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} transition, but there are discrepancies between theory and experiment for the electric dipole-forbidden $^{3}$P--3${\mathit{p}}^{3}$P transition.
Phase Spectra And Phase Corrections In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Proper phase correction determines the accuracy and quality of the spectral information obtained by Fourier spectrometry. The spectrum produced by Fourier transforming an asymmetric interferogram is a complex function and the process of phase correction rotates the imaginary part of the spectrum into the real plane producing a real spectrum that contains all the spectral information and an imaginary part that contains only noise. For two-sided interferograms improper phase correction produces a second-order error in the intensity of the spectrum. In one-sided interferograms, the antisymmetric component of the interferogram transforms into the imaginary part of the line profile, and phase errors can have a first-order effect on the line position. Practical examples of phase spectra and both corrected and uncorrected power spectra will be presented.
SELF-REGULATION OF CHRONIC ARTHRITIC PAIN AND LONG-TERM ANALGESIC DEPENDENCE IN A HAEMOPHILIAC

Haemophilia is characterized by recurrent internal bleeding episodes, with repeated haemorrhages into the joint areas eventually resulting in a chronic condition similar to osteoarthritis. A 31-year-old haemophiliac, with a nine-year history of narcotic analgesic dependence secondary to chronic arthritis pain, learned self-regulation techniques consisting of progressive muscle relaxation exercises, meditative breathing, and guided imagery. Long-term follow-up evidenced clinically significant decreases in arthritic pain intensity and analgesic intake subsequent to self-regulation training.
An Investigation of the Control Mechanism of Plasma Actuators in a Shock Wave-Boundary Layer Interaction

Shock Wave-Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI) induced separation control using Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPAs) is investigated. The freestream Mach number is 2.3 and the boundary layer is fully turbulent (Re = 27,900). The impinging oblique shock wave is generated by a 10 compression ramp. The reflected shock is displaced upstream by approximately one boundary layer thickness (~ 5 mm) by the LAFPAs. The control objective was to exploit potential natural instabilities within the flow to manipulate the low frequency (St~0.03) unsteadiness associated with the upstream region of the interaction. Parametric studies of the LAFPAs’ effects seemed to indicate that unsteadiness manipulation is not the primary control mechanism but suggest that boundary layer degradation through heating is rather the primary control mechanism. Further examination of the boundary layer and interaction has shown this hypothesis to be correct.
Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation

Bone formation is a continuous process that begins during fetal development and persists throughout life as a remodeling process. In the event of injury, bones heal by generating new bone rather than scar tissue; thus, it can accurately be described as a regenerative process. To elucidate the extent to which fetal skeletal development and skeletal regeneration are similar, we performed a series of detailed expression analyses using a number of genes that regulate key stages of endochondral ossification. They included genes in the indian hedgehog (ihh) and core binding factor 1 (cbfa1) pathways, and genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and vascular invasion including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (mmp13). Our analyses suggested that even at the earliest stages of mesenchymal cell condensation, chondrocyte (ihh, cbfa1 and collagen type II-positive) and perichondrial (gli1 and osteocalcin-positive) cell populations were already specified. As chondrocytes matured, they continued to express cbfa1 and ihh whereas cbfa1, osteocalcin and gli1 persisted in presumptive periosteal cells. Later, VEGF and mmp13 transcripts were abundant in chondrocytes as they underwent hypertrophy and terminal differentiation. Based on these expression patterns and available genetic data, we propose a model where Ihh and Cbfa1, together with Gli1 and Osteocalcin participate in establishing reciprocal signal site of injury. The persistence of cbfa1 and ihh, and their targets osteocalcin and gli1, in the callus suggests comparable processes of chondrocyte maturation and specification of a neo-perichondrium occur following injury. VEGF and mmp13 are expressed during the later stages of healing, coincident with the onset of vascularization of the callus and subsequent ossification. Taken together, these data suggest the genetic mechanisms regulating fetal skeletogenesis also regulate adult skeletal regeneration, and point to important regulators of angiogenesis and ossification in bone regeneration.
Stitching (for) His Life: Morris William Larkin's Prisoner of War Sampler

AbstractOf the 143,374 Americans in the armed forces who were taken as prisoners of war (POWs) during the Second World War, Sergeant Morris William Larkin (1919–2009) was one. This essay tells the story of his capture and time as a POW, a story that is central to and embedded in the sampler he meticulously stitched while imprisoned. Sergeant Larkin's sampler acts as a synecdoche, a commemoration of the Second World War, a commemoration of the POW experience, and a personal commemoration of the time and experiences of Larkin and those who served in the Second World War with him. This article demonstrates how handcrafts play complex roles beyond the aesthetic—commemorating and memorializing experiences, acting as a form of discourse in abject spaces, railing against political forces, crafting identities, and working through trauma.
Reading units that include interword spaces: filling spaces around a letter can facilitate letter detection.

College students searched for the letter “a” in prose passages typed normally, with an asterisk (Experiments 1 and 2) or the letter “x” (Experiment 3) replacing every interword space, or with asterisks replacing only some of the interword spaces (Experiment 2). Contrary to predictions based on masking through lateral interference but consistent with predictions based on studies of eye movement monitoring and unitization, asterisks or instances of the letter “x” surrounding the word “a” actually made the letter “a” easier to detect in that word, but generally not in other words in the text. It is concluded that for very common words, reading units may extend beyond the word boundary to include the surrounding interword spaces.
Averaged evoked potential predictors of clinical improvement in hyperactive children treated with methylphenidate: an initial study and replication.

In two experiments certain measures of the visual evoked potential (VEP) discriminated between hyperactive children who were subsequently judged by their pediatrician to have shown significant improvement (responders) with methylphenidate (Ritalin) as compared to children who showed a poor or marginal response to this drug. The principal findings were: 1) With Ritalin, EP variability increased when responders went from a task requiring active attention (ATT) to one requiring passive observing (PAS). In contrast, EP variability decreased in nonresponders when they went from ATT to PAS. 2) The amplitude of the M40-P190 component in the ATT condition increased from placebo to Ritalin for the responders. It was suggested that the variability measure primarily reflects an abnormalizing effect of Ritalin on the nonresponder while the N140-P190 component represents an apparent deficit in responders that is normalized by Ritalin.
Residential satisfaction in scattered-site public housing projects

Abstract In the 1950s and 1960s public housing was built in big central projects. Since 1976 it has been dispersed. The change to smaller projects scattered throughout a city has raised questions about the satisfaction of the residents who have been separated from former neighborhoods of friends, relatives, and often jobs. This study interviewed 160 residents in eight scattered-site public housing projects in Charlotte, North Carolina. Despite relocation, the occupants clearly were satisfied. Their satisfaction was related to an improvement over previous residence, the quality of the dwelling unit, feeling at home in the neighborhood, shortness of time in residence, and overall satisfaction with life. Characteristics of the neighborhood in which residents expressed a high level of satisfaction were the size of the project, access to schools, and presence of “good” people. The neighborhood characteristics creating the greatest dissatisfaction and the greatest differences between the individual scattered-site projects were access to public transportation, shopping and jobs.
Molecular control of cardiac sodium homeostasis in health and disease.

INTRODUCTION Cardiac myocytes utilize three high-capacity Na transport processes whose precise function can determine myocyte fate and the triggering of arrhythmias in pathological settings. We present recent results on the regulation of all three transporters that may be important for an understanding of cardiac function during ischemia/reperfusion episodes. METHODS AND RESULTS Refined ion selective electrode (ISE) techniques and giant patch methods were used to analyze the function of cardiac Na/K pumps, Na/Ca exchange (NCX1), and Na/H exchange (NHE1) in excised cardiac patches and intact myocytes. To consider results cohesively, simulations were developed that account for electroneutrality of the cytoplasm, ion homeostasis, water homeostasis (i.e., cell volume), and cytoplasmic pH. The Na/K pump determines the average life-time of Na ions (3-10 minutes) as well as K ions (>30 minutes) in the cytoplasm. The long time course of K homeostasis can determine the time course of myocyte volume changes after ion homeostasis is perturbed. In excised patches, cardiac Na/K pumps turn on slowly (-30 seconds) with millimolar ATP dependence, when activated for the first time. In steady state, however, pumps are fully active with <0.2 mM ATP and are nearly unaffected by high ADP (2 mM) and Pi (10 mM) concentrations as may occur in ischemia. NCX1s appear to operate with slippage that contributes to background Na influx and inward current in heart. Thus, myocyte Na levels may be regulated by the inactivation reactions of the exchanger which are both Na- and proton-dependent. NHE1 also undergo strong Na-dependent inactivation, whereby a brief rise of cytoplasmic Na can cause inactivation that persists for many minutes after cytoplasmic Na is removed. This mechanism is blocked by pertussis toxin, suggesting involvement of a Na-dependent G-protein. Given that maximal NCX1- and NHE1-mediated ion fluxes are much greater than maximal Na/K pump-mediated Na extrusion in myocytes, the Na-dependent inactivation mechanisms of NCX1 and NHE1 may be important determinants of cardiac Na homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Na/K pumps appear to be optimized to continue operation when energy reserves are compromised. Both NCX1 and NHE1 activities are regulated by accumulation of cytoplasmic Na. These principles may importantly control cardiac cytoplasmic Na and promote myocyte survival during ischemia/reperfusion episodes by preventing Ca overload.
A critical review of endoscopic therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved 2 endoscopic devices for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease, and several thousand procedures have been performed to date. At least 6 other endoscopic devices designed to treat gastroesophageal reflux are in various stages of testing and may soon obtain approval for clinical use. Short-term follow-up studies uniformly report improvement in heartburn symptoms and quality-of-life scores, as well as decreases in use of antisecretory medications. However, esophageal acid reflux is not normalized after these treatments, nor is esophagitis improved. Although troubling efficacy and safety issues are currently unresolved, these techniques are becoming routine clinical procedures outside of clinical trials. Unless there is rigorous attention to scientific validation of these techniques, including comparative trials versus conventional treatments, there will remain a cloud of doubt and concern about their role and usefulness in clinical medicine. The rapid incursion of these devices into the clinical marketplace before they have undergone critical scientific scrutiny magnifies the urgency of addressing these issues.
Maternal and fetal distribution of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in rats after intravenous infusion.

BACKGROUND: Fetal uptake of an antisense oligonucleotide was evaluated after intravenous (i.v.) dosing of ISIS 2105, a 20-base phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, in timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: To maximize the potential for fetal exposure, ISIS 2105 was administered as a 3-hr infusion at 6.6 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 20 mg/kg, or as a continuous 7-day infusion at 0.35 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 59 mg/kg. This dosing regime is higher than a patient would be expected to receive in the clinical use of oligonucleotides. Infusions were delivered through a jugular vein cannula by syringe pump on gestation day (GD) 19 (3-hr exposure) or by osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) starting on GD 12 (7-day exposures). RESULTS: After a 3-hr infusion, maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of ISIS 2105 were >100 µg/ml and 1,000. Maternal regions of the placenta had twice the oligonucleotide concentration compared to fetal regions of the placenta (6 µg/g vs. 3 µg/g). After this acute exposure the concentrations in fetal kidney and liver were approximately 140- and 500-fold less than the maternal kidney and liver respectively. After 7-day infusion maternal plasma concentrations were 0.82 µg/ml and fetal concentrations were <0.22 µg/ml. By capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) only the fetal liver consistently had quantifiable oligonucleotide concentrations (range=1.01–4.95 µg/g) compared to a mean concentration of 50.11±1.71 µg/g in the maternal liver a maternal to fetal ratio of approximately 10:50 after 7 days of infusion. CONCLUSIONS: There was a low level of transfer from dam to fetus, consistent with a slow equilibrium but the permeability of placenta to this 6 kDa polyanionic compound seemed to be limited even at supraclinical doses. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 77:22–28, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
InterPlaNetary internet: state-of-the-art and research challenges

The developments in the space technologies are enabling the realization of deep space scientific missions such as Mars exploration. InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet is expected to be the next step in the design and development of deep space networks as the Internet of the deep space planetary networks. However, there exist significant challenges to be addressed for the realization of this objective. Many researchers and several international organizations are currently engaged in defining and addressing these challenges and developing the required technologies for the realization of the InterPlaNetary Internet. In this paper, the current status of the research efforts to realize the InterPlaNetary Internet objective is captured. The communication architecture is presented, and the challenges posed by the several aspects of the InterPlaNetary Internet are introduced. The existing algorithms and protocols developed for each layer and the other related work are explored, and their shortcomings are pointed out along with the open research issues for the realization of the InterPlaNetary Internet. The objective of this survey is to motivate the researchers around the world to tackle these challenging problems and help to realize the InterPlaNetary Internet.
The Idealist Dispute in Anglo-American Geography

Leonard Guelke proposes an ‘idealist’ approach to geography. His critics see it as either irrelevant or incorrect. But both Guelke and his critics adopt a misguided approach to the problem of geographical explanation, assuming that the resolution of this or some other philosophical dispute will provide us with a theory which can then be applied in geography. An approach that begins not with philosophical theories but with the world of people and places will be more useful. The idea of ‘forms of life’ is offered as a focus for that concern and as a tool for criticizing Guelke and his critics. Leonard Guelke propose une approche « idealiste »a la geographie. Ses critiques considerent ceci comme non pertinent et inexact. Mais Guelke et ses critiques adoptent une approche malencontreuse au probleme de l'explication geographique, assumant que la resolution de tel ou tel debat philosophique fournira une theorie applicable a la geographie. Une approche qui ne commencerait pas pardes theories philosophiques mais pale rnonde des hommes et des lieux s'avererait plus utile. Nous proposons le concept de « formes de vie » (lebensform) comme un point de base en ce qui concerne cette approche et comme un outil avec lequel critiquer Guelke et ses detracteurs.
Convolution method and CTV-to-PTV margins for finite fractions and small systematic errors.

The van Herk margin formula (VHMF) relies on the accuracy of the convolution method (CM) to determine clinical target volume (CTV) to planning target volume (PTV) margins. This work (1) evaluates the accuracy of the CM and VHMF as a function of the number of fractions N and other parameters, and (2) proposes an alternative margin algorithm which ensures target coverage for a wider range of parameter values. Dose coverage was evaluated for a spherical target with uniform margin, using the same simplified dose model and CTV coverage criterion as were used in development of the VHMF. Systematic and random setup errors were assumed to be normally distributed with standard deviations Sigma and sigma. For clinically relevant combinations of sigma, Sigma and N, margins were determined by requiring that 90% of treatment course simulations have a CTV minimum dose greater than or equal to the static PTV minimum dose. Simulation results were compared with the VHMF and the alternative margin algorithm. The CM and VHMF were found to be accurate for parameter values satisfying the approximate criterion: sigma[1 - gammaN/25] 0.2, because they failed to account for the non-negligible dose variability associated with random setup errors. These criteria are applicable when sigma greater than or approximately egual sigma(P), where sigma(P) = 0.32 cm is the standard deviation of the normal dose penumbra. (Qualitative behaviour of the CM and VHMF will remain the same, though the criteria might vary if sigma(P) takes values other than 0.32 cm.) When sigma << sigma(P), dose variability due to random setup errors becomes negligible, and the CM and VHMF are valid regardless of the values of Sigma and N. When sigma greater than or approximately egual sigma(P), consistent with the above criteria, it was found that the VHMF can underestimate margins for large sigma, small Sigma and small N. A potential consequence of this underestimate is that the CTV minimum dose can fall below its planned value in more than the prescribed 10% of treatments. The proposed alternative margin algorithm provides better margin estimates and CTV coverage over the parameter ranges examined here. This algorithm is not amenable to expression as a simple formula (e.g., as a linear combination of Sigma and sigma). However, it can be easily calculated. For 0.1 cm < or = sigma < or = 0.75 cm, 0 < or = gamma < or = 1 and 5 < or = N < or = 30, the VHMF underestimates margins by as much as 33%. With the alternative margin algorithm, the maximum underestimate is 7%. These results suggest that the VHMF should be used with caution for hypofractionated treatment and in adaptive therapy.
Stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation: correlation with direct electrical cortical stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a tool for presurgical functional mapping of human motor cortex. METHODS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation using a frameless stereotactic system was performed in two patients with tumors near the central sulcus. TMS motor function maps were plotted on the patients' three-dimensional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging data and compared with direct electrical cortical stimulation at surgery with the patient under local anesthesia. RESULTS: Stereotactic TMS was well tolerated by both patients and was consistent with known somatotopic representation of human motor cortex. The results demonstrated a good correlation between the TMS and electrical cortical stimulation maps, with all TMS responses eliciting more than 75% of the maximum motor evoked potential falling within 1 cm of the electrical cortical stimulation site. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that stereotactic TMS is feasible and can provide accurate noninvasive localization of cortical motor function. It may prove to be a useful method for presurgical planning.