cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiofrequency Ablation and Radiation Therapy Improve Local Control in Spinal Metastases Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation Alone.

Purpose:The spinal column is the most common location for osseous metastases and is associated with pain and decreased quality of life. This study evaluated combined radiofrequency ablation (RFA) w...
Peptidyl arginine deiminases: detection and functional analysis of protein citrullination

Citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that is catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs). Abnormal citrullination is observed in many autoimmune diseases and cancers. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are hallmarks of RA and used as diagnostic markers for disease diagnosis. Even though citrullination is associated with many different pathologies, its role remains unclear due to the challenges associated with the detection of citrullinated proteins since the mass change is only 0.984 Da. Moreover, the functional effects of protein citrullination remain mostly unknown. Herein, we discuss a brief overview of PAD structure and function, recent advances in the detection of citrullinated proteins in complex biological systems and the functional consequences of protein citrullination.
Going bust two ways? Epistemic communities and the study of urban policy failure

Urban geographers are becoming more concerned with “policy failure”. This raises questions about how “policy failure” should be conceptualized. The public policy literature, with its detailed class...
Implementation of a primary care physician-led Cavity Clinic using silver diamine fluoride.

Objectives Early childhood caries (ECC) disproportionately affects lower socioeconomic status households. In this article, we describe a novel intervention utilizing physician-applied silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in a primary care "Cavity Clinic." Methods Building on literature review and expert consultation, Cavity Clinic using SDF for children without dentists was implemented in a family medicine residency setting. Process outcomes were evaluated through chart review and structured field notes. Results From December 2017 to December 2018, 30 patients have been treated. Their average age is 5.5 years (2-9), 82 percent are African American, and all are insured by Medicaid. Most have severe ECC. Thirty-eight percent have successfully established dental homes through participation. Conclusions It is feasible and acceptable for physicians to treat ECC with SDF in a primary care setting. Partnership with an on-site hygienist is helpful but physician-only sessions were still beneficial. This strategy holds potential for addressing the epidemic of ECC.
Sleep duration and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: a twin study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Long and short sleep duration are associated with greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, it is unknown how genetic and environmental influences affect this relationship. Thus, we investigated the association between sleep duration and PTSD symptoms using twin models. METHODS Data were obtained from 1865 monozygotic and 758 dizygotic twin pairs enrolled in the community-based Washington State Twin Registry. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Events Scale (IES). A classical twin model decomposed the variances of sleep duration and IES score into additive genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental components. We used correlated factor models to examine the moderation of variance components of sleep duration and IES. RESULTS Shorter and longer sleep duration were associated with higher IES scores with a quadratic association (p < 0.001). The heritability of sleep duration was 36%, and IES 31%. Variance in sleep duration attributable to shared (b1C1 = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.40 to 4.43; p < 0.001) and unique (b1E1 = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.27; p < 0.001) environment was moderated by IES score. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, variance in IES attributable to additive genetics (b1A2 = -0.23, 95% CI = -0.45 to 0.00; p = 0.048) was moderated by sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS Greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with short and long sleep duration. Increasing PTSD symptoms increased variability in sleep duration primarily via shared environmental factors, whereas decreasing sleep duration increased variability in PTSD symptoms primarily via additive genetic factors. This suggests childhood experiences affect variability of sleep duration and genetic factors affect the variability of PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals.
Model for the Interaction p + p → d + π + in the BeV Region

The reaction $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ in the BeV region is studied within the one-pion-exchange model with final-state interaction between the neutron and proton to form the deuteron. A simple approximate evaluation of the loop integral gives the final differential cross section in terms of the pion-nucleon coupling constant, the deuteron wave function normalization, the $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ elastic scattering cross section, and the Ferrari-Selleri form factor. Comparisons with the limited experimental results are made and fairly good agreement is obtained. The large forward scattering cross section near c.m. energy 3.0 BeV is explained in terms of the large backward ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ elastic scattering cross section at $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ c.m. energy 1.92 BeV [$I=\frac{3}{2}$, $J=\frac{7}{2}$(?) resonance]. Further implications of the calculation are discussed.
Developing mouse models to identify novel therapeutic targets for anorexia nervosa

Genetic influences on eating behavior and eating disorders risk emerge in adolescence; the neural substrates remain unknown. We developed a mouse model to study gene x environment interactions that promote severe self-imposed dietary restriction. Using this paradigm, we discovered a novel therapeutic target for anorexia nervosa. However, our efforts to study the underlying circuits and to translate our findings into humans were hindered by the unpredictable and low-throughout nature of the model. We have now developed an acute feeding behavioral assay that is sensitive to genetic influences (conferred by the BDNF-Val66Met gene variant) during adolescence in female mice. We are leveraging this system to apply state-of-the-art unbiased whole-brain mapping approaches to identify causal relationships between brain plasticity and abnormal feeding behaviors. This platform will accelerate our efforts to map the underlying circuits and to identify and test novel therapeutic compounds.
Analysis of twisted internal carotid arteries in carotid endarterectomy

Background The twisted carotid artery is a variant, in which the internal carotid artery (ICA) courses medially to the external carotid artery. Due to the sparse descriptions in the literature, we, here, report our experience with cases of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for twisted carotid artery and its clinical features. Methods Fifty-seven consecutive CEA-treated patients were evaluated, and the twist angle was measured on the source images of axial slices of computed tomography angiography (CTA). Results Eight male patients (14.2%) demonstrated a twisted right ICA (mean age, 77.0 ± 2.6 years; and mean stenosis, 66.9% ± 19.9%). The mean twist angle was 30.1° ± 17.9°, while the normal ICA is angled at -23.0° ± 12.3°. No statistical differences in the distribution of coexisting diseases were found between the normal and twisted ICA cases. CEA was successfully performed with the correction of the carotid position in all cases; however, significant position correction was not observed in the postoperative evaluation. Right-side dominancy (P = 0.045) and prolonged clamping time (P = 0.053) were observed in the twisted cases. Conclusion Twisted ICA was preferentially found in the right ICA and men. CEA of the twisted ICA was safely performed with appropriate head rotation and wider longitudinal skin incision than usual without a significant increase in the operative time. CTA is useful for preoperative evaluation. This specific variation should be considered by the neurosurgeon involved in the evaluation and treatment of carotid stenoses.
The Role of an Electronic Resources Librarian in Procuring Accessible Online Resources

Per the 2019 NASIG Core Competencies for electronic resources librarians (ERL), ERLs “work with concepts and methods that are very much in flux … [they are] knowledgeable about the legal framework ...
Electric vehicle adoption: can short experiences lead to big change?

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) offer a promising pathway to decarbonizing the personal transportation sector, but PEV sales remains low. Prior research has found that direct experience with PEVs increases consumers' stated purchase consideration, but these studies have used relatively long exposure times (days to months) with a PEV. To assess the effect of shorter exposure times (e.g. minutes) on stated purchase consideration, we conducted an experiment at the 2019 Washington D.C. Auto Show. Participants (n = 6,518) were asked to rate their level of consideration to adopt a PEV before and after riding in one of four different PEVs for just three to five minutes. We find that the experience of riding in a PEV on average had a significant, positive effect on participants' consideration ratings. We also find that the vast majority of respondents were unable to correctly answer basic knowledge questions about refueling a PEV and federal subsidies available for purchasing a PEV. These results suggest that while consumer knowledge about PEVs remains low, short rides or drives in a PEV could be an effective, more scalable strategy for increasing PEV consideration across larger populations.
Economic Burden of Metastatic Ovarian Cancer in a Commercially Insured Population: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the tenth most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among females in the United States. The majority of incident ovarian cancer cases are ...
Invasive Anal Canal Neoplasia

Anal cancer is rare, accounting for <4% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Anal cancer often presents at advanced stages secondary to unfamiliarity with the disease by both the patients and health care practitioners. It has many subtypes but can be classified into anal squamous cell carcinoma, anal melanoma, anal gland adenocarcinoma and anal sarcoma. Forty-five percent of patients present with rectal bleeding, followed by anal pain or mass in 30%. Patients need to be thoroughly examined, pathologically confirmed with biopsies, and clinically staged with a local and metastatic workup. Typical treatment includes combined chemoradiation therapy (C-XRT), although resection still has a role for early stage lesions, failures/recurrences, and palliation.
Abstract PR08: Identifying the molecular and environmental factors mediating transformation of melanocyte stem cells to melanoma

Cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms and environmental factors that can promote melanoma initiation and development from skin without an identified precursor lesion are not well defined. In these studies, we found that proinflammatory stress induced by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation can generate a sufficient stimulus to induce melanoma initiation from melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) containing Braf and Pten mutations. Moreover, our data demonstrate a role for the nonhistone architectural chromatin factor Hmga2 as an important molecular mediator in the induction of inflammation in murine skin following UVB (ultraviolet B) exposure. Our findings show a reduced recruitment in immune cell populations to the skin after UVB irradiation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that McSCs are sufficient to act as melanoma cells of origin and that UVB-induced inflammation acts to accelerate tumor initiation. Understanding the underlying factors that can cause melanoma initiation can provide valuable insight for melanoma prevention and control. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A03. Citation Format: Hyeongsun Moon, Leanne R. Donahue, Jerry Zhu, Andrew C. White. Identifying the molecular and environmental factors mediating transformation of melanocyte stem cells to melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.
Pupillary light reflex of lamprey Petromyzon marinus.

Summary The discoveries of the photopigment melanopsin and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have revealed novel mechanisms of light detection now known to control several kinds of non-image-forming vision, including regulation of mood, the circadian rhythm, and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). These remarkable discoveries have been made mostly on mammals, but many vertebrates express melanopsin and adjust the diameter of the pupil to the ambient light intensity to extend the operating range of vision and reduce spherical aberration 1 . We were curious to know whether a PLR controlled by melanopsin is also present in lamprey, which are members of the only remaining group of jawless vertebrates (agnathans) which diverged from all other vertebrates about 500 million years ago 2 . We now show that lamprey have a robust PLR mediated by melanopsin apparently without any contribution from signals of rods and cones, suggesting that non-image-forming perception emerged long before the radiation of present vertebrate lines and was already present in the late Cambrian.
Endolymphatic Sac Tumor Screening and Diagnosis in von Hippel-Lindau Disease: A Consensus Statement

Objective Endolymphatic sac tumors (ELSTs) are a frequent cause of hearing loss and other audiovestibular dysfunction in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). Unified screening recommendations for VHL patients have not been established. To develop consensus guidelines, the VHL Alliance formed an expert committee to define evidence-based clinical screening recommendations. Patients and Methods Recommendations were formulated by using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework after a comprehensive literature review. Results Diagnosis of ELSTs in VHL requires a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging and audiometric findings. Audiovestibular signs/symptoms are often an early feature of small ELSTs, including those that are not visible on imaging. Diagnostic audiograms have the greatest sensitivity for the detection of ELST-associated sensorineural hearing loss and can help confirm clinically relevant lesions, including those that may not be radiographically evident. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be a more specific test for ELSTs in VHL particularly when supplemented with computed tomography imaging for the identification of small tumors. VHL patients between the ages 10 and 60 years carry high preponderance for ELST presentation. Conclusion We recommend that clinical evaluation (yearly) and diagnostic audiograms (every other year) be the primary screening tools for ELSTs in VHL. We suggest that screening be performed between the ages 11 and 65 years or with the onset of audiovestibular signs/symptoms for synchronicity with other testing regimens in VHL. We recommend that baseline imaging (MRI of the internal auditory canals) can be performed between the ages of 15 and 20 years or after positive screening.
Sensory Stimulation of Oxytocin Release Is Associated With Stress Management and Maternal Care

It has been shown that various types of stress initiate different physiological and neuroendocrine disorders. Oxytocin (OT) is mainly produced in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic OT has antistress effects and attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. One mechanism behind the antistress effects of OT is mediated through the inhibition from GABAA receptors on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression at the PVN. Various manual therapies such as acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and massage initiate the stimulation of somatosensory neurons of the body. It is well-known that TENS simulates OT expression, while it inhibits CRF expression at the PVN following chronic stress loading in rodents. Upregulation of OT expression at the hypothalamus is activated by the somatosensory stimulation, which is mediated via the spinothalamic pathway (the connection between the spinal cord and hypothalamus). Thus, somatosensory stimulation is beneficial in treating stress-associated symptoms. Hypothalamic OT is associated with the social behaviors, including maternal care and affiliation. Childhood neglect and/or child abuse are severely responsible for deleterious long-term effects on the cognitive/social activity and behavioral development. At parturition, a profound amount of OT is released into the systemic circulation in response to vaginal and cervical stimulation caused by the body of fetus, which induces the onset of maternal behavior. Peridural anesthesia effectively impairs the sensitivity to vaginal and cervical stimulation at parturition. OT levels in cerebrospinal fluid is significantly reduced following peridural anesthesia. The vaginal delivery mothers had significantly more OT pulses than the caesarian section (CS) mothers. Due to low levels of endogenous OT, maternal behavior could be interrupted by epidural anesthesia and CS at parturition because of the reduction of the usual sensory input from the genitalia.
The Reemergence of the Far-Right

The last ten years has witnessed a stunning reemergence of far-right political organizations that have become more mainstream than has been the case for same time. Though these groups have certainly always existed in the US, Europe, and less where, their newfound popularity has actually helped to normalize some of these ideas in ways that many believed was no longer possible. This process reached a new high with the election of Donald Trump and his open courting and embrace of far-popularist ideology. The danger which these groups evoke was on open display during the insurrection of the U.S. Capitol Building and revealed the degree to which these ideas have now breached the very foundation of American democracy.
COVID-19 Associated Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Adult (5002)

Objective: To describe a rare presentation of adult onset Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) following a COVID-19 infection. Background: ADEM is rare disease of central nervous system with myriads of presentation. More commonly affecting children in age group of 6–8 years following an antigenic challenge. Design/Methods: 64-year-old right-handed Hispanic Male with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and chronic kidney disease presented with complain of shortness of air, congestion and was being treated for pneumonia with COVID-19. On hospital day 9th patient had acute mental status change; non-contrast head was concerning for embolic stroke. On exam patient was obtunded, sluggish pupil, right facial droop, 2/5 strength in all extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain reported wide-spread diffusion restriction in white matter and cerebellum with corresponding T2 Flair hyper-intensities signal not following a vascular pattern. Further Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis, normal protein, glucose. Further infectious work up including serum and CSF autoimmune panel, meningoencephalitis panel, fungal, bacterial culture and COVID was negative. Given the MRI pattern, no history of any drug use and further unremarkable infectious work up diagnosis was most consistent with ADEM secondary to novel coronavirus infection. Results: Pt was started on methylprednisolone 1 g IV every 24 hours ×5 doses. Eventually, patient had multisystem organ failure requiring intubation and Dialysis. Complying with patients wishes, family made him comfort care after no improvement in mental status following five days of treatment. COVID-19 causing acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in adults is emerging as another neurological complication from this novel coronavirus. Conclusions: As more patients reach the weeks after initial infection with COVID-19, ADEM should be considered a potentially treatable cause of profound encephalopathy or multifocal neurological deficits. The lesions described in this case provides an insight into the potential para-infectious processes affecting in COVID-19 patients, which may direct clinical management and ongoing research into the disease. Disclosure: Dr. Naik has nothing to disclose. Satheesh Kumar Bokka, MD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tareen has nothing to disclose. Sahil Naik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sagi has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for SK Life Sciences. Dr. Remmel has nothing to disclose.
Overshooting the Inflation Target

Although transitory factors have largely driven the recent rise in inflation, expansionary policy to relieve unusual economic conditions also played a role.
Dissent-Sensitive Permissions

What makes it permissible to reach out to hold someone’s hand on a first date, or to rub a friend’s back when she is crying? This paper, a contribution to the special issue on Doug Husak, argues that conventions, context, and relationships play a role in shifting normative boundaries, such that the default rule becomes that it is permissible to touch someone until she dissents (thereby creating a ‘dissent-sensitive permission’). Part I of this paper focuses on convention-type cases, contrasting dates with the intentional touchings that occur on crowded streets or while playing football. Part II then addresses the range of normative justifications that track these different cases. Part III adds a different way that dissent-sensitive permissions can arise—from relationships and common ground. Part IV unearths the underlying rights-structure that my view presupposes and returns to the question of whether the theory I have on offer is one of consent. Part V argues that this approach, that these are alterations of permissibility, is superior to the view that conventions only impact the actor’s blameworthiness by rendering his belief reasonable. Part VI raises questions of whether our understanding of consent dictates our understanding of dissent.
Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Chemotaxis to chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii.

Abstract The adhesion/deadhesion apparatus of the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii (Yu, C., Lee, A., Bassler, B. L., and Roseman, S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24260-24267) probably catalyzes the first step in colonizing chitin. Evidence is presented here for a second step, chemotaxis to chitin hydrolysis products. V. furnissii swarms toward chitin oligomers (GlcNAc)n, n = 1-6, at initial concentrations as low as 10 microM. A modified capillary assay was used for quantitation; the cells exhibit low level constitutive taxis to GlcNAc but not to the oligosaccharides. A mutant defective in the GlcNAc receptor (IINag of the phosphotransferase system) showed inducible taxis to the oligosaccharides. Two (or more) independently inducible receptors with overlapping specificities recognize (GlcNAc)n, n = 2-4. (GlcNAc)5 and (GlcNAc)6 were inactive in the capillary assay; expression of this receptor(s) apparently require special induction conditions. The (GlcNAc)n, n = 1-4, chemoreceptors of V. furnissii may be the most potent reported for bacteria. L-Amino acids were weak, constitutive attractants; glutamine, not known to be an attractant in other bacteria, was the most effective amino acid. The most potent receptor in Escherichia coli, Tar (aspartate), is not expressed in V. furnissii. The chemotactic responses were greatly affected by growth and induction conditions and the presence of nutrients in the assay media. Taxis to GlcNAc and GlcNAc oligomers was optimally induced by growth in lactate medium containing 0.6 mM sugar, while growth on the sugar per se resulted in poor taxis. Chemotaxis to the sugars increased 2- to 3-fold when the cells were starved. Nutrients in the assay medium, especially compounds that feed into or are part of the Krebs cycle, were potent inhibitors of taxis to the sugars and Gln. With the exception of isocitrate, inhibition of taxis correlated with the rate of oxidation of these compounds. The results suggest a link between catabolism and taxis in this organism, i.e. interactions or "cross-talk" between systems that are regulated by protein phosphorylation (Stock, J. A., Ninfa, A. J., and Stock, A. M. (1989) Microbiol. Rev. 53, 450-490).
The impact of a shared pharmaceutical supply chain model on counterfeit drugs, diverted drugs, and drug shortages

The pharmaceutical supply chain in the United States of America (USA) is getting complicated and is often not controllable due to a globally open market, increasing online market, and many illegal activities. Some consumers who cannot afford to buy high priced genuine products are tempted by easily accessible counterfeit drugs on illegal web site pharmacies in or out of the USA. Corrupt participants including wholesalers or pharmacies in the supply chain take advantage of weak enforcement and a flawed drug supply chain for financial gain. The public health system and numerous patients are in, or could be in, painful situations caused from pharmaceutical supply chain problems including counterfeit drugs, diverted drugs, and drug shortage. In order to secure the drug supply chain, several solutions have been discussed, including a unit level serialized trace and tracking system, ePedigiree, and more. In this research, current problems and their causes will be discussed, and current solutions with their limitations will be presented. The proposed model, third party centralized integrated system (TPCIS) is presented, which overcomes some of barriers of existing solutions and several simulation models including ePedgiree, drug shortage, and recall models which have been developed for comparison. The simulation models show how the proposed model may help improve the current problems with public health systems.
Self-Organization in Models of Populations with Two-Parent Reproduction on a Rugged Fitness Landscape

The two-parent reproduction model of Derrida and Peliti is simulated on a rugged fitness landscape. Fixed fitness values for each possible genotype are assigned randomly, with all fit individuals having the same probability of reproduction. The previously observed transition to a self-organized state of the population with less recombinational load, implies an abrupt change of genetic overlap distributions, showing up characteristics of a phase transition. A crossover variant of the model has a smoother transition to the adapted regime, with a residual collective adaptation for small values of the threshold in fitness. When a geographical constraint (shortest possible distance) on pairwise reproduction in a population arranged one-dimensionally is imposed, a poised state results, suggestive of self-organized criticality.
Kinetic analysis of end plate currents altered by atropine and scopolamine.

The decay phase of end plate currents in voltage-clamped frog sartorius muscle follows a single exponential function whose rate varies with membrane potential. Atropine increased the end plate current decay rate and reduced its voltage sensitivity, but did not alter its exponential nature. Scopolamine transformed the end plate current decay into a biphasic waveform consisting of a rapid initial current, followed by a slow terminal current. Two kinetic models were examined for their ability to simulate these drug-induced alterations of the end plate current. The models were formulated on the assumption that the drug molecules bind to the activated transmitter-receptor complex and induce sequential conversion of the end plate channel from a transient state of high conductance to a prolonged state of low or zero conductance. Drug binding was irreversible according to model I, and the complex of drug with the end plate channel was partially conducting. In model II the binding step was made reversible, and the resulting drug-channel complex was considered to be nonconducting. The predictions from these kinetic models were compared with data from voltage-clamped end plates. The theoretical end plate currents from model II agreed closely with experimental values, while those from model I were in conflict with the data. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Ms. Mabel Alice Zelle for technical assistance, and Mrs. Margaret Shimkaveg for help in preparation of the manuscript.
Potentials of woody plant transformation.

Woody plants might well be considered to be one of the mosre intractable groups of experimental organisms in existence, yet they are some of the most valuable, both aesthetically and commercially. Manipulation of these plants can be difficult for the researcher, breeder, and grower alike, but because of the peculiarities and economic value of the woody plants, success can be particularly rewarding. This chapter deals with the use of genetic engineering to modify woody plants, describing how such modifications can serve the purposes of both researchers and commercial breeders.
The Effect of Ambient Light on Liquid Crystal Tapes

Abstract Previous data indicated that the color/temperature response of cholesteric liquid crystals is severely impaired by exposure to white light. A study was undertaken to determine the protective effects of different packaging materials on cholesteric liquid crystal tapes. The data indicated that light has a deleterious effect on the stability of liquid crystal tapes. It was also shown that degradation of the tape was due mainly to ultraviolet light and that packaging materials such as opaque papers and black polyethylene provide protection against the effect of light.
Interdisciplinary Training and Interdisciplinary Functioning: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices in Community Mental Health.

A survey of staff members and training-program directors suggests that inter-disciplinary functioning is the rule rather than the exception in community mental health centers, although there are significant differences by profession in time spent in interdisciplinary work and in attitudes toward it. Striking parallels are seen within each profession between attitudes of staff and of directors of training programs. Barriers to interdisciplinary functioning and training are identified and discussed.
Design of novel pharmaceutical products via combinatorial optimization

Abstract This paper describes a new methodology for the application of computer-aided molecular design to the design of pharmaceutical products with prespecified physical properties. For a pharmaceutical product to be effective, it must not only cause a desirable therapeutic effect, but it must also have proper values of physical properties such as solubility and density. In order to apply computer-aided molecular design to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals, it is therefore necessary to be able to first predict the physical and biological properties of a given molecule, and then optimize over an entire set of molecules to find one which matches target values on those properties. This work employs topological descriptors to predict the physical properties of pharmaceutical molecules. The descriptors used here, called connectivity indices, are easy to compute, yet contain valuable information about the internal molecular structure of a molecule. Property prediction, via connectivity indices, can be viewed as an improvement over group contribution methods, since these indices take into account molecular connectivity and internal electronic structure in addition to the identity of each group in the molecule. Thus these indices correlate well with physical properties which are important in pharmaceutical design. Furthermore, these indices are fairly simple to compute, and a proper choice of variables to describe the molecule allows the equations for these indices to be written in a linear form. The optimization problem used here combines a set of basic groups, which are defined as a non-hydrogen atom at a given valency state bonded to a given number of hydrogens, to form a candidate molecule. Each candidate molecule can then be tested by computing estimated property values and comparing those to prespecified target values. Structural constraints are also added to the problem to ensure a connected, stable molecule is generated. The set of constraints and the correlation equations for property prediction are then combined and reformulated, resulting in a mixed integer linear program (MILP). If a certain functional group is known to be required in the molecule, this requirement can also be added to the constraint set. For problems consisting of a smaller number of basic groups or property targets, commercial solvers can be employed to solve the resulting MILP. The effectiveness of this method is presented through the solution of a small example problem.
Preliminary spectroscopic characterization of a synthetic DNA oligomer containing a B–Z junction at high salt

Abstract It is well known that the local conformation of a segment of DNA is dependent upon both the sequence of the segment and the conditions under which the DNA is prepared. In extreme cases, the DNA may contain regions of both right and left-handed conformations, mandating the existence of a conformational junction between the two. These B-Z junctions have been observed in plasmids but, to date, no model systems have been characterized to determine the molecular nature of these junctions. Preliminary CD, UV, and NMR studies on such a model are presented here. A 16 base pair oligonucleotide, containing a potential B-Z junction, has been synthesized and characterized by the above techniques. The results suggest that this molecule contains both right and left-handed conformations under condition of high salt, and thus a B-Z junction.
Surface functionalization and metallization of Lexan® polycarbonate*

Polymer molecules disposed along the surface of aromatic polymers such as Lexan polycarbonate are first nitrated by contact with a nitrating solution comprised of nitric and sulfuric acids, and then ammonolytically cleaved by subsequent contact with a solution comprised of ammonium and potassium hydroxides. The surface chains of the solid polymeric substrate become terminated with phenolic and nitrophenolic moieties, rendering the surface hydrophilic. The chemically functionalized surface forms a chemical bond that promotes adhesion between an electrolessly deposited metal layer and the polymeric substrate.
Demographic Correlates of Domain-Based Life Satisfaction Reports of College Students

Despite the interest in assessing quality of life issues among college students, there is limited research on domain-specific life satisfaction. This preliminary study investigated the demographic correlates of the Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) from a sample of 522 students at a Midwestern University. A 4 × 2 × 2 between-groups analysis of variance was performed to detect differences in overall life satisfaction score means and for each individual BMSLSS domain (family, friends, school, self, living environment, and globally) in relation to year in school, gender, and race, and the interactions of these variables. Mean overall scores did not differ significantly by gender, year in school, or race. However, main effects were observed for race in the School and Self domains, where Caucasian students reported greater satisfaction with school and self than minority students. These preliminary data may provide a useful reference for researchers engaged in quality of life research with college students.
Disaggregation to a rolling horizon master production schedule with minimum batch-size production restrictions

Building on previous research in the area of hierarchical production planning and rolling schedules, this paper is concerned with the disaggregation of aggregate plans to a rolling horizon master production schedule when production lot-sizes require minimum batch-size production. Actual data from a process industry firm is used to test and validate the proposed rolling horizon master production scheduling model. The paper also examines the impact of forecast windows on the performance of a rolling schedule when production quantities of individual product items are based on minimum batch-size production. Results indicate that the model's performance is superior to actual company performance in terms of total cost and increasing the length of the forecast window can increase costs.
The electronic structure of transition metal-interstitial atom alloy superconductors

Abstract Simple electronic structures of transition metal alloys are considered through a comparison of superconducting critical temperatures. It is found that hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen act as electron donors in group V transition metals. With the exception of hydrogen, the interstitial elements only donate p -electrons. Interstitial elements apparently act as electron acceptors in group VII transition metals. Comparisons of materials with different crystal structures are necessary for an understanding of electronic structures.
Behavior of the Dense-Phase Transportation Regime in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

The dense-phase transportation regime is noted as a flow regime in a gas-solid circulating fluidized bed with large solids throughputs, high bed density, and low gas and solids back mixing. The quasi-three-dimensional images obtained by the ECT with the NN-MOIRT reconstruction technique reveal a significantly different solids concentration distribution in the dense-phase transportation regime from that in the dense-phase fluidization regimes, i.e., the bubbling, the turbulent, and the slugging regimes. The transient and time-averaged flow behavior in the dense-phase transportation regime is compared to that in the dense-phase fluidization regimes based on the statistical properties including the standard deviation, power spectra, and intermittency index of the local and cross-sectional averaged solids concentration fluctuations. Examining the statistical properties indicates a less segregated solids concentration distribution over the bed cross section in the dense-phase transportation regime than in the fast fluidization regime. In the dense-phase transportation regime, at a given gas velocity below U tr , choking takes place upward along the CFB riser at a decreasing solids concentration as the solids circulation rate increases.
Performance measurement in times of turbulence

Procurement of a major ADP System, particularly one including a large software conversion effort, is not a simple undertaking. The completion of such a procurement, however, even if seemingly successful, does not mean the end of automation problems for the receiving organization. In fact, it frequently ushers in a period of great turbulence and creates new challenges for management to bring the performance of the new computer and the supporting organization to a level expected by the using community.
Heavy-ion beam inertial-confinement fusion

This is a survey article covering the current status of inertial-confinement fusion driven by heavy-ion accelerator systems. Although developed only since 1975, system designs of this type appear to provide a convincing basis for developing commercial power from inertial-confinement fusion.
A method for isolation of mouse glomeruli for quantitation of immune deposits.

The isolation of mouse glomeruli in sufficient yield and purity to allow quantitation of immune deposits has not been previously described and was not considered in a recent review in this journal [I]. Reported attempts to isolate mouse glomeruli by differential sieving [2] and ultracentrifugation techniques [3] have been unsuccessful. Mice are the species with the most inbred and immunogenetically defined strains, have multiple autoimmune strains with glomerulonephritis, and are suitable for induction of renal disease with passively administered antibodies and antigens. For these reasons, a method for isolation of mouse glomeruli in high purity was developed, validated in the rat, and used to illustrate quantitation of immune deposits in mice.
Decision-Making Amid Public Violence; The Vienna Riots, July 15, 1927

Prevention of public violence is a primary task of an ordered state. If rioting occurs, it is usually a serious setback for the government in power, a sign of weakness or even forthcoming collapse, an injury to the citizens' commitment. During a riot, governmental leaders are often taxed to the ultimate because they may lose control of the society in the uncharted waters of the mob; their policy-decisions can sink while awaiting enforcement. The rioters who participate in collective public violence lose their restraint, their individuality that previously caused them to respect authority, and turn to irresponsible acts they would not normally commit. For these reasons established political leaders place a high priority on preventing violence. Should it break out, their automatic inclination is to contain it. Some revolutionaries, on the other hand, see creativity in violence, are even willing to stimulate it, hoping that it will sweep traditional institutions away.
Generational Patterns in Home Ownership and Housing Quality among Racial/Ethnic Groups in New York City, 1999

We use survey data for 1999 to evaluate how well the spatial assimilation model characterizes the generational patterns in housing conditions for racial/ethnic groups in New York City. Focusing on home ownership, crowding, and housing quality, bivariate analyses reveal that housing conditions improve across generations, but mainly for whites and other Hispanics. Among blacks, we find patterns of generational decline in housing conditions and socioeconomic status. Multivariate models reveal significant generational improvements among whites and Puerto Ricans with respect to home ownership and among whites, blacks, and other Hispanics, with respect to crowding. However, notable generational declines are evident for blacks in home ownership and housing quality. Broad support for spatial assimilation theory is evident in the associations of socioeconomic status with housing conditions, but the results for blacks raise questions about the overall primacy of the spatial assimilation model.
More Trouble With Henry: The Historiography of Medieval Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995

Horst Fuhrmann's recent survey of medieval hostility toward Germans and their political structures, chiefly the Empire, has a subtitle (Origins of German Imperialism), that might very well be applied to the fate of the historiography of medieval Germany in the English-speaking world from its considerable prominence up to the eve of the First World War to its low point in the aftermath of the second.
Electrocortical changes associated with minocycline treatment in fragile X syndrome

Minocycline normalizes synaptic connections and behavior in the knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Human-targeted treatment trials with minocycline have shown benefits in behavioral measures and parent reports. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may provide a sensitive method of monitoring treatment response and changes in coordinated brain activity. Measurement of electrocortical changes due to minocycline was done in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover treatment trial in children with FXS. Children with FXS (Meanage 10.5 years) were randomized to minocycline or placebo treatment for 3 months then changed to the other treatment for 3 months. The minocycline dosage ranged from 25-100 mg daily, based on weight. Twelve individuals with FXS (eight male, four female) completed ERP studies using a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Current source density (CSD) and ERP analysis at baseline showed high-amplitude, long-latency components over temporal regions. After 3 months of treatment with minocycline, the temporal N1 and P2 amplitudes were significantly reduced compared with placebo. There was a significant amplitude increase of the central P2 component on minocycline. Electrocortical habituation to auditory stimuli improved with minocycline treatment. Our study demonstrated improvements of the ERP in children with FXS treated with minocycline, and the potential feasibility and sensitivity of ERPs as a cognitive biomarker in FXS treatment trials.
Training in the radiation sciences: opportunities in the United States and internationally.

The need to improve the scientific bases for recommendations and regulations to protect human health from ionizing radiation and associated hazards has resulted in the creation by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) of a training program for radiation scientists at the University of Pittsburgh. In addition, the DOE's Office of International Health Programs (IHP), together with other national and international agencies, supports international meetings focused on health effects of radiation exposures. The IHP also provides fellowships to scientists from other countries, making it possible for them to attend relevant meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. These and other international collaborative efforts, in particular those focusing on research in conjunction with Russian scientists, are described.
Compound dual radiation action theory for 252Cf brachytherapy.

The existing dosimetry protocol that uses the concept of RBE for 2 5 2 Cf brachytherapy contains large uncertainties. A new formula has been developed to correlate the biological effect (i.e. cell survival fraction) resulting from a mixed n+γ radiation field with two physical quantities and two biological quantities. The formula is based on a pathway model evolved from that of the compound-dual-radiation-action (CDRA) theory, previously proposed by Rossi and Zaider. The new model employs the recently published data on radiation-induced DNA lesions. The new formula is capable of predicting quantitatively the synergistic effect caused by the interactions between neutron events and gamma ray events, and it is intended to be included into a new dosimetry protocol for future 2 5 2 Cf brachytherapy.
Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics for 3D Cell Culture

Methods for culturing mammalian cells ex vivo are increasingly needed to study cell and tissue physiology and to grow replacement tissue for regenerative medicine. Two-dimensional culture has been the paradigm for typical in vitro cell culture; however, it has been demonstrated that cells behave more natively when cultured in three-dimensional environments. Permissive, synthetic hydrogels and promoting, natural hydrogels have become popular as three-dimensional cell culture platforms; yet, both of these systems possess limitations. In this perspective, we discuss the use of both synthetic and natural hydrogels as scaffolds for three-dimensional cell culture as well as synthetic hydrogels that incorporate sophisticated biochemical and mechanical cues as mimics of the native extracellular matrix. Ultimately, advances in synthetic-biologic hydrogel hybrids are needed to provide robust platforms for investigating cell physiology and fabricating tissue outside of the organism.