cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Anaplastic carcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies and is usually deadly. Most patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer do poorly regardless of treatment. They typically die of either distant metastatic disease or from the effects of local tumor invasion; the median survival time is about 6 months, and the overall mortality rate is nearly 100 %. At initial examination, patients usually have a large (5–10 cm) fixed mass, and about 30 % already have distant metastases, often in the lungs. Many patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer also have coexistent well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Some of these tumors demonstrate progression from well-differentiated papillary cancers through the insular variant then into anaplastic cancer. Anaplastic thyroid cancers are more likely to have p53 and platelet-derived growth factor mutations than differentiated thyroid cancers.
Privacy is an essentially contested concept: a multi-dimensional analytic for mapping privacy

The meaning of privacy has been much disputed throughout its history in response to wave after wave of new technological capabilities and social configurations. The current round of disputes over privacy fuelled by data science has been a cause of despair for many commentators and a death knell for privacy itself for others. We argue that privacy's disputes are neither an accidental feature of the concept nor a lamentable condition of its applicability. Privacy is essentially contested. Because it is, privacy is transformable according to changing technological and social conditions. To make productive use of privacy's essential contestability, we argue for a new approach to privacy research and practical design, focused on the development of conceptual analytics that facilitate dissecting privacy's multiple uses across multiple contexts.This article is part of the themed issue 'The ethical impact of data science'.
Evaluation and calibration of Lombard effects in speaker verification

The Lombard effect is the involuntary tendency of speakers to increase their vocal effort in noisy environments in order to maintain intelligible communication. This study assesses the impact of the Lombard effect on the performance of a current speaker verification system. Lombard speech produced in the presence of several noise types and noise levels is drawn from the UT-Scope corpus. The performance of an i-vector PLDA (Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis) system is observed to degrade significantly with Lombard speech. The resulting error rates are found to be dependent on the noise type and noise level. A score calibration scheme based on Quality Measure Functions (QMFs) is adopted, allowing noise information to be incorporated into calibration. This approach leads to a reduction in discrimination error relative to conventional calibration.
Increased Retinal Oxygen Metabolism Precedes Microvascular Alterations in Type 1 Diabetic Mice

Purpose To investigate inner retinal oxygen metabolic rate (IRMRO2) during early stages of type 1 diabetes in a transgenic mouse model. Methods In current study, we involved seven diabetic mice (Akita/+, TSP1-/-) and seven control mice (TSP1-/-), and applied visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) to image functional parameters including retinal blood flow rate, oxygen saturation (sO2) and the IRMRO2 value longitudinally from 5 weeks of age to 13 weeks of age. After imaging at 13 weeks of age, we analyzed the imaging results, and examined histology of mouse retina. Results Between diabetic mice and the control group, we observed significant differences in venous sO2 from 9 weeks of age (P = 0.006), and significant increment in IRMRO2 from 11 weeks of age (P = 0.001) in diabetic mice compared with control group. We did not find significant differences in retinal blood flow rate as well as arterial sO2 during imaging between diabetic and control mice. Histologic examination of diabetic and control mice at 13 weeks of age also revealed no anatomical retinal alternations. Conclusions In diabetic retinopathy, complications in retinal oxygen metabolism may occur before changes of retinal anatomical structure.
Our Journal Unites Us: Global Responsibilities and Possibilities for Pediatric Physical Therapy.

Purpose This article was designed to describe personal and social responsibilities for strengthening the science of pediatric physical therapy and effective international research collaboration and communication. Key points Common flaws in research design and analysis are reviewed with recommendations for developing research students' design and analytical skills. Our social responsibility to be informed by global knowledge is highlighted. Barriers to scientific collaboration and communication including international disparities in scientific development and language barriers are presented. Suggestions to reduce these barriers are outlined. The importance of free access to scientific literature in developing countries is reviewed. Conclusion The journal should assume a leadership role in building a strong science of pediatric physical therapy through encouraging personal and social responsibility in research and serving as a model of international collaboration and communication. Clinical relevance Treatment for children with movement disorders will be improved by stronger science, international collaboration, and communication.
Modal Analysis of a Vertical-Axis Darrieus Wind Turbine Blade with a Troposkein Shape

Darrieus wind turbines with troposkein shaped blades are an important type of vertical axis wind turbines. When designing these blades it is important to consider vibration properties and how vibrations may affect failure and safe load margins. In order to avoid the occurrence of resonance, the natural frequencies of the blade structure needs to be determined and designed relative to the turbine operating ranges.
Numerical Concepts: Grey Parrot Capacities

Do humans and nonhumans share the ability to form abstract concepts, particularly with respect to number? Until the 1960s, many researchers questioned whether avian subjects could form categorical constructs, much less more abstract formulations, including concepts such as same-different or exact understanding of number. Here, I review research on numerical concepts in the Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), demonstrating that at least one subject, Alex, understood number symbols as abstract representations of real-world collections, in ways comparing favorably to those of apes and young human children. He also appeared to learn numerical concepts in ways more similar to those of humans than to apes.
A Test Platform for Systematic Investigation of Tribology in MEMS

Tribology remains an active area of research for the Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) community. At the micron scale, which is the scale relevant to commercial MEMS, a number of factors namely roughness, apparent contact area, surface topography, surface chemistry, etc. are known to have a significant impact on the tribological properties. Historically, researchers have found it difficult to study the effects of these factors individually. We report on a test platform designed and fabricated using a single mask scheme within a relatively smooth SOI wafer. The test platform includes several different micromechanisms on the same chip so that a systematic investigation of the factors that influence tribology in MEMS can be carried out. The test platform is therefore an ideal stage for testing and comparing the various strategies that can be used to address the tribological issues that are presently plaguing the MEMS community.
Examining the Orofacial Structures in Patients With Craniofacial Differences

Purpose Determining the integrity of oral structures and function is essential in diagnosing and intervening with patients who have craniofacial differences. The examination should be conducted in ...
AN ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR SUPPLY, HOME PRODUCTION, AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES

The United States saw a rapid transformation of its labor market when the female employment to population ratio nearly doubled from 1950 to 2000. As women shift their hours from the home sector to the market sector, goods that were previously produced in the home may be replaced by market services. This paper uses the Panel Study for Income Dynamics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and the American Time Use Survey to analyze the extent to which households replace home production with purchased market services, and how the relationship between men’s and women’s labor supplies affects these decisions. We show that women who are employed spend less time on home production activities that have close market alternatives than women who are not employed. Additionally, expenditures on market services that can replace home production are higher for married households in which the woman is employed compared to those with nonworking women.
Rates of abnormal aldosterone/renin ratio in African‐origin compared to European‐origin patients: A retrospective study

INTRODUCTION The aldosterone/renin ratio is the initial screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA), but little data exists regarding ethnic variations in this. METHODS Following clinical observation of a high prevalence of abnormal aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) in patients of African-origin, we retrospectively reviewed all ARR measurements in a single centre over 10 years. Rates of hypokalaemia, intraventricular septal thickness (IVS, by echocardiography) and adrenal imaging were recorded when available. RESULTS Aldosterone/renin ratio was available in 1473 patients, and abnormal in 374 (25.4%). Abnormal ARR was observed in 305/1349 (22.6%) of European-origin and 69/124 (55.6%) of African-origin patients (P < 0.001). Among those with abnormal ARR, hypokalaemia (<3.5 mmol/L) was documented on at least one occasion in 171/305 (56.1%) European-origin and 43/69 (62.3%) African-origin patients (P = 0.35). Median (range) IVS was 1.57 (0.78-2.80) cm in African-origin and 1.20 (0.69-2.18) cm in European-origin patients (P < 0.002); IVS did not correlate with aldosterone or ARR however. Adrenal adenoma was identified in 41/170 (24.1%) of European-origin and 4/29 (13.7%) African-origin patients (P = 0.15), while hyperplasia was identified in 35/170 (20.5%) of European and 8/29 (27.5%) African patients (P = 0.39). CONCLUSION In summary, ARR was abnormal in 55.6% of African-origin patients screened at an Irish hospital. Rates of hypokalaemia were similar between European-origin and African-origin patients. These findings have implications for the use of current screening guidelines for ARR in African-origin patients and also for the mechanistic role of aldosterone in hypertensive complications in African-origin patients.
RACIAL AND GENDER DISPARITIES IN OUTCOMES OF PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATIENTS

There is paucity of data on outcomes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients that are hospitalized and had percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Our study describes the characteristics and outcomes of HIV patients that were hospitalized and had PCI in the United States over a period of 16
Interdependence, Vulnerability and Contagion in Financial and Economic Networks

Financial and economic networks are neither static nor independent of one another, but are rather quite interconnected with a high level of dependence and mutual influence. In light of global economic convergence, countries depend on one another through trade relations, foreign direct investments, flow of funds in international capital markets, bank borrowing and lending operations, or foreign exchange trading. As economic entities and financial markets become increasingly intertwined, a shock in a financial network can provoke significant cascading failures throughout the global economic system. Here we attempt to understand potential sources of future shocks and whether bubbles and systemic risk build-up in financial networks can be anticipated. We review approaches to study global financial markets and bank networks to uncover system characteristics and relationships that might increase the vulnerability of economic networks. The efficiency of regulatory responses motivated by crisis and the proper level of regulation are extremely important for a sound global economic system.
Reusing label functions to extract multiple types of biomedical relationships from biomedical abstracts at scale

Abstract Knowledge bases support multiple research efforts such as providing contextual information for biomedical entities, constructing networks, and supporting the interpretation of high-throughput analyses. Some knowledge bases are automatically constructed, but most are populated via some form of manual curation. Manual curation is time consuming and difficult to scale in the context of an increasing publication rate. A recently described “data programming” paradigm seeks to circumvent this arduous process by combining distant supervision with simple rules and heuristics written as labeling functions that can be automatically applied to inputs. Unfortunately writing useful label functions requires substantial error analysis and is a nontrivial task: in early efforts to use data programming we found that producing each label function could take a few days. Producing a biomedical knowledge base with multiple node and edge types could take hundreds or possibly thousands of label functions. In this paper we sought to evaluate the extent to which label functions could be re-used across edge types. We used a subset of Hetionet v1 that centered on disease, compound, and gene nodes to evaluate this approach. We compared a baseline distant supervision model with the same distant supervision resources added to edge-type-specific label functions, edge-type-mismatch label functions, and all label functions. We confirmed that adding additional edge-type-specific label functions improves performance. We also found that adding one or a few edge-type-mismatch label functions nearly always improved performance. Adding a large number of edge-type-mismatch label functions produce variable performance that depends on the edge type being predicted and the label function’s edge type source. Lastly, we show that this approach, even on this subgraph of Hetionet, could add new edges to Hetionet v1 with high confidence. We expect that practical use of this strategy would include additional filtering and scoring methods which would further enhance precision.
Type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor: A calcium channel for all seasons

Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (ITPRs) are a family of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channels essential for the control of intracellular Ca2+ levels in virtually every mammalian cell type. The three isoforms (ITPR1, ITPR2 and ITPR3) are highly homologous in amino acid sequence, but they differ considerably in terms of biophysical properties, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution. Such differences underscore the variety of cellular responses triggered by each isoform and suggest that the expression/activity of specific isoforms might be linked to particular pathophysiological states. Indeed, recent findings demonstrate that changes in expression of ITPR isoforms are associated with a number of human diseases ranging from fatty liver disease to cancer. ITPR3 is emerging as the isoform that is particularly important in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Here we review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ITPR3 in various tissues and the mechanisms by which the expression of this isoform is modulated in health and disease.
Enchondroma protuberans of the hand: A case report

Enchondroma protuberans (EP) is a rare form of enchondroma which demonstrates exophytic growth outside the margins of the bony cortex. A previously healthy 18-year-old male presented with chronic painless palpable mass of the left third finger. Radiograph showed a well-circumscribed expansile lucent lesion in the middle phalanx of the left third finger. The magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an expansile cortical-based lesion extending through the cortex into the soft tissues, which demonstrated high T2 signal with internal foci with low to intermediate signal suggestive of internal chondroid matrix. The patient underwent surgical excision, curettage and bone grafting, and surgical pathology study confirmed the diagnosis of EP. A rare case of EP involving a phalanx of the hand was described in this study. Imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, plays a key role for accurate preprocedural diagnosis.
Pterygo-Maxillary Fissure as a Landmark for Localization of Internal Maxillary Artery for Use in Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass.

Background Internal maxillary artery (IMax) is a relatively new donor vessel used in the extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. However, unfamiliarity and relatively elaborate techniques of its harvest precluded its widespread use. Objective To present a simplified technique of IMax harvest based on constant anatomical landmarks without the need of extensive skull-base drilling while providing adequate space for proximal anastomosis. Methods Cadaveric dissection on 4 cadaveric heads (8 sides) was performed. Zygomatic osteotomy was performed and temporal muscle was dissected off the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and reflected inferiorly into the bony gap created by the zygomatic osteotomy. Posterior wall of the maxilla (PWoM) was palpated. Following PWoM inferiorly leads to pterygo-maxillary fissure (PMF), which is a constant landmark IMax passes through. Results IMax was localized following this technique before its entrance into PMF in every specimen. Proximal dissection was carried on to the exposed adequate length of the vessel. Depending on the relationship with the lateral pterygoid muscle, this might need to be incised to allow for identification of the IMax. After its transection, proximal stump is mobilized superiorly into the surgical field. Clinical application of this technique was demonstrated on an aneurysm case. Conclusion Using the palpation of the PWoM as a landmark for localization of PMF facilitates harvesting of IMax without need for extensive skull-base drilling and shortens the time of the surgery.
Seed production patterns of surviving Sierra Nevada conifers show minimal change following drought

Abstract Reproduction is a key component of ecological resilience in forest ecosystems, so understanding how seed production is influenced by extreme drought is key to understanding forest recovery trajectories. If trees respond to mortality-inducing drought by preferentially allocating resources for reproduction, the recovery of the stand to pre-drought conditions may be enhanced accordingly. We used a 20-year annual seed capture data set to investigate whether seed production by three tree genera commonly found in the Sierra Nevada (Abies, Pinus, and Calocedrus) was correlated with variation in local weather, which included an extreme drought spanning multiple years. We tested whether average seed production differed during the drought years, and whether annual seed counts could be explained by three weather variables: spring temperature, annual precipitation, and summer climatic water deficit (CWD). We fit models testing for four separate effects: (1) a priming year model (weather 1 year prior to reproductive bud initiation), (2) a bud initiation model (weather in the year of reproductive bud initiation), (3) a pollination year model (weather in the year of pollination), and (4) maturation year model (weather in the year of seed maturation). For genera with two-year reproductive cycles, the pollination and maturation models were combined. We found support for the summer CWD Abies maturation year model, which suggested higher seed outputs immediately following dry summer conditions. The spring temperature pollination year model was selected for Pinus, which suggested that seed output is higher following warm spring weather during pollination. The annual precipitation priming year model was selected for Calocedrus, which showed a negative association between seed production and wetter conditions two years prior to seed production. More parent tree basal area resulted in higher seed output for all genera, though the confidence intervals overlapped 0 for Calocedrus. Permutation tests suggested there was no systematic difference in mean seed production during the drought after accounting for live tree basal area, regardless of genus. These results highlight the variability in response across genera, and suggest that the influence of seed production on forest recovery following drought-related mortality may depend on affected species and the timing of the mortality event within the masting cycle. A greater understanding of species-level masting to drought stress is needed to more precisely predict community-level recovery following drought.
Tropical cyclone exposure is associated with increased hospitalization rates in older adults.

Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones have devastating effects on society. Previous case studies have quantified their impact on some health outcomes for particular tropical cyclones, but a comprehensive assessment over longer periods is currently missing. Here, we used data on 70 million Medicare hospitalizations and tropical cyclone exposures over 16 years (1999–2014). We formulated a conditional quasi-Poisson model to examine how tropical cyclone exposure (days greater than Beaufort scale gale-force wind speed; ≥34 knots) affect hospitalizations for 13 mutually-exclusive, clinically-meaningful causes. We found that tropical cyclone exposure was associated with average increases in hospitalizations from several causes over the week following exposure, including respiratory diseases (14.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9–17.9%); infectious and parasitic diseases (4.3%; 95%CI: 1.2–8.1%); and injuries (8.7%; 95%CI: 6.0–11.8%). Average decadal tropical cyclone exposure in all impacted counties would be associated with an estimated 16,772 (95%CI: 8,265–25,278) additional hospitalizations. Our findings demonstrate the need for targeted preparedness strategies for hospital personnel before, during, and after tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones can cause severe damage and can thus have devastating impacts on societies. Here, the authors use Medicare data to show that tropical cyclone exposure in the United States is associated with increased hospitalization rates for older adults from many different acute causes.
Intranasal Naloxone Administration.

Intranasal Administration of Naloxone Intranasal naloxone is used to treat patients with respiratory and central nervous system depression that is known or suspected to be caused by an opioid overd...
Ayni and Neltilitztli: The reconstitutions of the destituted:

“Market” in the past 500 years became synonymous with “capitalist market” (mercantile economy, industrial economy, technological and financial economy, market democracy). Before 1500 all organizati...
Forgiveness through Writing: Exploring the effects of narrative completeness, emotional expression, and physiology on forgiveness

Abstract Research has identified that writing can help individuals find forgiveness for their romantic partners in the wake of relational transgressions, but little is known about the actual narrative components that bring about changes in forgiveness. The current study sought to investigate the narrative components that contribute to month-long changes in forgiveness for romantic partners who have recently experienced a relational transgression. It also sought to uncover emotional and biological mechanisms that can help account for the associations between narrative components and forgiveness outcomes. The results revealed components of narratives that may both contribute to an increase and decrease in forgiveness over the course of one-month. Additionally, emotional expression and testosterone were identified as potential mediators and moderators of the associations between narrative components and changes in forgiveness.
JMML tumor cells disrupt normal hematopoietic stem cells by imposing inflammatory stress through overproduction of IL-1β.

Development of normal blood cells is often suppressed in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) of childhood, causing complications and impacting therapeutic outcomes. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains uncharacterized. To address this question, we induced the most common mutation identified in JMML (Ptpn11E76K) specifically in the myeloid lineage with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) spared. These mice uniformly developed a JMML-like MPN. Importantly, HSCs in the same bone marrow (BM) microenvironment were aberrantly activated and differentiated at the expense of self-renewal. As a result, HSCs lost quiescence and became exhausted. A similar result was observed in wild-type (WT) donor HSCs when co-transplanted with Ptpn11E76K/+ BM cells into WT mice. Co-culture testing demonstrated that JMML/MPN cells robustly accelerated differentiation in mouse and human normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Cytokine profiling revealed that Ptpn11E76K/+ MPN cells produced excessive IL-1β, but not IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, or other inflammatory cytokines. Depletion of the IL-1β receptor effectively restored HSC quiescence, normalized their pool size, and rescued them from exhaustion in Ptpn11E76K/+/IL-1R-/- double mutant mice. These findings suggest IL-1β signaling as a potential therapeutic target for preserving normal hematopoietic development in JMML.
The Importance of Linguistically Diverse Collections: Decolonizing the Theological Library

Although theological libraries in the United States serve speakers of many languages, they exist in a higher education environment where linguistic diversity is often absent from conversations about diversity, equity, and inclusion. This article argues for the importance of linguistically diverse library collections, surveys the state of holdings and acquisitions today, reports the results of a study of student, alumni, and faculty perceptions of their schools’ support for multilingual and non-English speaking students, examines the barriers to adequate non-English acquisitions, and proposes actions and strategies to improve access to non-English materials.
The Acquisition of Intraverbal Responding using a Speech Generating Device in School Aged Children with Autism

Powerful, portable, and readably available handheld computing technology has led to an increase in research investigating the use of such technology as a speech-generating device (SGD). The results of such research have been favorable and the use of such devices as a SGD has become common practice. However, despite this increased interest in such devices, little research has gone beyond the acquisition of a mand (i.e., requesting) repertoire. The focus of the current investigation sought to expand the preliminary evidence base for the use of devices such as the iPad® as a SGD, by evaluating its use on the acquisition of intraverbal responding in school aged children with autism, using a multiple baseline across responses design. To investigate this two-school aged children were taught using a 5-s time delay with full-physical prompts to respond to an intraverbal statement regarding personal information, using the iPad® and application Proloqu2Go™ as a SGD. The results of the study were favorable, as both children acquired the ability to respond to three different intraverbal statements. The results offer additional support to the use of the iPad® as a SGD for individuals with autism.
GENERATION Y AND VOCAL FRY

GEN Y AND VOCAL FRY By Paul Michael Valley, MFA Candidate A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts Theatre Pedagogy: Voice and Speech at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Janet B. Rodgers, Professor, Head of Performance, Voice and Speech, Department of Theatre In this thesis, the author explores a vocal phenomenon called “vocal fry” and why this dysphonia has emerged as one of the primary means of communication for the population referred to as “Generation Y.” The first chapter defines what vocal fry is and why it is of modest value to the stage actor. The second chapter defines the physiological means by which the human body creates sound, what good sound is and how vocal fry is created. The third and fourth chapters define several generations as well as what defines Gen Y, and the communication physiologies associated with those generations. The last chapter discusses the rise of narcissism within Gen Y and how this may relate to the arrival of vocal fry as a default register for theatre students. The conclusion outlines several solutions that may alleviate the problems associated with this dysphonia.
Neurovestibular adaptation to spaceflight: research progress

This double issue of the Journal of Vestibular Research contains eight vestibular research papers from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). NASA established the NSBRI in 1997 through a nationwide competition. Research teams of scientists were formed in several disciplines of physiology related to long duration spaceflight, including the neurovestibular function. During the first five years of NSBRI research, each team’s goal has been to define the biomedical problems associated with long duration spaceflight, to understand the basic mechanisms, and publish findings in peer-reviewed journals. The teams also have the important additional goal of defining, developing, and validating scientifically based countermeasures. In the neurovestibular domain, the most serious risks of spaceflight include motion sickness, particularly while wearing a space suit; disorientation caused by weightlessness or by the Coriolis cross-coupling effects of artificial gravity; disabling vertigo during re-entry and landing; and an inability to stand or walk upon return to Earth. Potential countermeasures include new methods for preventing, treating, and monitoring space motion sickness, sensory-motor training to facilitate adaptive responses to gravity transitions, the use of
Libertarianism and Federalism

Federalism is a political system with multiple levels of government, each of which has some degree of autonomy from the others. The United States has a federalist system that encompasses the national government, states, and localities. The United States adopted federalism in part to prevent abuses of power and to preserve individual liberty. Federalism serves those goals by helping individuals to “vote with their feet,” thereby fostering interjurisdictional competition. Such benefits are most likely to be found in federal systems where subnational governments have an incentive to compete for residents and businesses because they must raise most of their revenue from their own taxpayers, as opposed to receiving subsidies from the central government. In many ethnically divided societies, federalism can also enhance liberty by reducing ethnic conflict and oppression. However, federalism can also endanger liberty or property by empowering subnational governments to exploit owners of immobile assets, most notably land. Federalism can also permit local majorities to oppress local minorities. Contrary to James Madison’s expectations, federalism in the current era is unlikely to constrain the national government since states have incentives to support the expansion and centralization of power in Washington. Whether federalism enhances liberty depends on circumstances and institutional design.
Temporal Gene Regulation during the Chlamydial Developmental Cycle

This chapter reviews the mechanisms of temporal gene regulation utilized during the three main stages of the developmental cycle, as well as how transcription is silenced in elementary body (EB). It begins with midcycle because the majority of chlamydial genes are regulated during this stage of reticulate body (RB) growth and replication. The transcriptional regulation of midcycle genes, late genes, EBs, and early genes in sequence, mirroring the events that occur during replication, conversion of an RB into an EB, and then back again into an RB at the start of a new round of infection are discussed. Alternative sigma factors have important roles in the regulation of virulence gene expression in many bacteria. A study showed that a subset of early genes resemble midcycle genes in having promoters that are supercoiling responsive. There is emerging evidence that gene expression during the chlamydial developmental cycle is also regulated by small RNAs (sRNAs). Two complementary genome-wide studies have since identified many more sRNAs in C. trachomatis. Chlamydia spp. are likely to encode more sRNAs because neither study examined chlamydial RNA before 24 hpi, and both would therefore have missed sRNAs that are only present at earlier times.
Combining perfluorocarbon and superparamagnetic iron‐oxide cell labeling for improved and expanded applications of cellular MRI

Purpose The ability to detect the migration of cells in living organisms is fundamental in understanding biological processes and important for the development of novel cell-based therapies to treat disease. MRI can be used to detect the migration of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) or perfluorocarbon (PFC) agents. In this study, we explored combining these two cell-labeling approaches to overcome current limitations and enable new applications for cellular MRI. Methods We characterized 19F-NMR relaxation properties of PFC-labeled cells in the presence of SPIO and imaged cells both ex vivo and in vivo in a rodent inflammation model to demonstrate selective visualization of cell populations. Results We show that with UTE3D, RARE, and FLASH 19F images one can uniquely identify PFC-labeled cells, colocalized PFC- and SPIO-labeled cells, and PFC/SPIO-colabeled cells. Conclusion This new methodology has the ability to improve and expand applications of MRI cell tracking. Combining PFC and SPIO strategies can potentially provide a method to quench PFC signal transferred from dead cells to macrophages, thereby eliminating false positives. In addition, combining these techniques could also be used to track two cell types simultaneously and probe cell–cell proximity in vivo with MRI. Magn Reson Med 73:367–375, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The association of maternal and fetal factors with the development of cerebral palsy and epilepsy.

Abstract A study of the birth certificates of 561 cerebral palsied children born in Upper New York State between 1940 and 1947 showed that their mothers had significantly more complications of pregnancy and labor, prematurity, and previous infant loss than the population of births from which they were derived. The pattern of the association of these factors with cerebral palsy was similar to that found with regard to stillbirths and neonatal deaths. This led to postulating the existence of a continuum of reproductive casualty composed of a lethal component consisting of abortions, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths and a sublethal component consisting of cerebral palsy and perhaps other related conditions. Using this concept of a continuum as a working hypothesis, similar studies have been carried out in Baltimore with regard to epilepsy, mental deficiency, and behavior disorders of childhood. The results of the study of epileptic children are presented in detail while the results of the other studies are briefly summarized. The prenatal and paranatal records of mothers of 564 epileptic children born in Baltimore between 1935 and 1952 showed significantly more complications of pregnancy and delivery, prematurity and abnormal neonatal conditions than a similar number of matched controls. In addition, more mothers of the epileptic children had a history of previous reproductive casualties than the mothers of the controls. The fact that the pattern of association of these maternal and fetal factors with epilepsy, mental deficiency, and behavior disorders of childhood was similar to that found with regard to cerebral palsy indicates that these conditions should be included in the postulated continuum . The importance of the concept of the continuum as providing a conceptual framework for obstetrical research and practice is discussed.
Remarks on the angular derivative

Suppose that Ω is a simply connected domain in the w -plane, w = u + iv , and that w ∞ is an accessible boundary point of Ω located at w = ∞.
A Review of “The Business of Leadership: An Introduction”

Leadership is a topic of significant interest in business programs across the country. Whereas, some view the term management as equivalent with that of leadership, others see the two disciplines a...
Light and velocity variability in Proto-Planetary Nebulae

We have been carrying out a program of monitoring light and velocity variability in proto-planetary nebulae (PPN). Variability might arise due to binarity or pulsation. Many planetary nebulae display a bipolar shape, and it is suggested that this is caused by binarity. This can be investigated in PPN, particularly by radial velocity studies of those of spectral types F and G. Pulsation is known to exist in other types of post-AGB stars, and can be a means to learn more about the physical properties of the stars. No previous study of a sample of PPN has been published.
Nymphal RNAi: systemic RNAi mediated gene knockdown in juvenile grasshopper

Background Grasshopper serves as important model system in neuroscience, development and evolution. Representatives of this primitive insect group are also highly relevant targets of pest control efforts. Unfortunately, the lack of genetics or gene specific molecular manipulation imposes major limitations to the study of grasshopper biology.
Pediatricians' Experience with Clinical Ethics Consultation: A National Survey

Objective To conduct a national survey of pediatricians' access to and experience with clinical ethics consultation. Study design We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 3687 physician members of the American Academy of Pediatrics. We asked about their experiences with ethics consultation, the helpfulness of and barriers to consultation, and ethics education. Using a discrete choice experiment with maximum difference scaling, we evaluated which traits of ethics consultants were most valuable. Results Of the total sample of 3687 physicians, 659 (18%) responded to the survey. One-third of the respondents had no experience with clinical ethics consultation, and 16% reported no access to consultation. General pediatricians were less likely to have access. The vast majority (90%) who had experience with consultation had found it helpful. Those with fewer years in practice were more likely to have training in ethics. The most frequently reported issues leading to consultation concerned end-of-life care and conflicts with patients/families or among the team. Intensive care unit physicians were more likely to have requested consultation. Mediation skills and ethics knowledge were the most highly valued consultant characteristics, and representing the official position of the hospital was the least-valued characteristic. Conclusion There is variability in pediatricians' access to ethics consultation. Most respondents reported that consultation had been helpful in the past. Determining ethically appropriate end-of-life care and mediation of disagreements are common reasons that pediatricians request consultation.
DNA methylation remodeling in vitro and in vivo.

In mammals, global DNA demethylation in vivo occurs in the pre-implantation embryo and in primordial germ cells (PGCs) where it is hypothesized to create a blank slate or 'tabula rasa' upon which new DNA methylation patterns are written. However, global DNA demethylation in vivo is far from complete with a small number of loci protected from demethylation. Failure to demethylate, or overt demethylation results in compromised differentiation. Recent work has shown that reversion of primed human pluripotent stem cells to the naive state leads to unbridled DNA demethylation which has unknown consequences on the quality differentiated cells created in vitro. Taken together understanding DNA methylation remodeling is critical for understanding the epigenetic foundations of life, and the quality of stem cells for regenerative medicine.
Quantum fluctuations and the dynamic behavior of vortices along the vortex-glass melting line of Y1- xPrxBa2Cu3O6.97 and YBa2Cu3O6.5

Abstract The dynamic behavior of vortices in the high- T c cuprates YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5 and Y 1− x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 6.97 have been investigated over an unprecedented temperature – field range by means of electrical transport measurements in magnetic fields up to 45 tesla. The magnitude of the displacement of a single flux line due to quantum fluctuations of the vortex core in each system has been found and is seen to increase with temperature along the vortex-glass melting transition.
Global ( f,g )-invariance of nonlinear systems

Consider a nonlinear system $\dot x = f(x) + \sum _{j = 1}^m g_j (x)u_j $ and a nonsingular involutive distribution $\Delta $ defined on a state space M which is a $C^\infty $ manifold. The authors investigate the existence of nonlinear feedback $(\alpha ,\beta )$ such that $[f + g\alpha ,\Delta ] \subset \Delta $ and $[g\beta ,\Delta ] \subset \Delta $, i.e., $(f,g)$-invariance. A geometric interretation of weak $(f,g)$-invariance, i.e., $[f,\Delta ]$, $[G,\Delta ] \subset \Delta + G$ is given in terms of a transverse $GL(q,R)$-structure to the codimension q foliation $\mathcal{q}$ defined by $\Delta $. This interpretation allows a simplified proof of the Quaker Lemma—proved by other means in [15], [16] and [21]—and helps to somewhat clarify the global picture. As an application the case $M = S^3 $ is considered in detail. The introduction contains a discussion of the relation of this work to other studies of global $(f,g)$-invariance and to relevant foliation theory literature. Resolution of this proble...
Analysis of Logic Categories of People in U.S. HIV/AIDS Policy

Public policies are replete with category structures meant to sort and count target populations. This article analyzes categories for HIV risk exposure of U.S. federal policy beneficiaries. Close examination of the category scheme reveals that the categories are not perfectly logical or consistent. Furthermore, changing demographics of the affected population suggests focus should be on differently defined categories. Continued usage of the existing categories may be hindering more effective policy response to the changing demographics of HIV. This article applies Yanow's race and ethnic category analysis in a new context, further illustrating the implications of category definitions in public policies.
Women's "Justification" of Domestic Violence in Egypt

We explored the influences of women's social learning, marital resources and constraints, and exposure to norms about women's family roles on their views about wife hitting or beating among 5,450 participants in the 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. One half justified wife hitting or beating for some reason. Women from rural areas who were exposed to domestic violence more often justified such acts. Dependent wives whose husbands had more schooling, were blood relatives, and were coresident more often justified such acts. In settings where women tended to marry at older ages, women less often justified such acts. Women's resources and constraints in marriage accounted for the largest share of the variability in their attitudes about domestic violence against women.
Automatic analysis of gamma-ray spectra from germanium detectors

A review is given of techniques for the complete automatic analysis of multichannel gamma-ray spectra from high-resolution germanium detectors, and a FORTRAN computer program is described. Previously reported fitting methods, peak shape functions, and peak search techniques are discussed. A semi-empirical peak shape is presented which gives a good fit to the variety of peak shapes and intensities which may be found in a spectrum. Equivalence is shown between a peak search using the covariance of a general peak shape with the data and a search using a general zero-area transform on the data. A comparison is made of the sensitivities of four different transforms when used in a peak search.
Cooperation Enhancement for Message Transmission in VANETs

As one special case of the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), vehicular ad-hoc networking (VANET) is featured by its high mobility and constantly changing topology. In VANET, nodes can work properly only if the participating vehicles cooperate with each other during communications. However, as a distributed network, individual vehicles might be non-cooperative for their own benefits. In order to prevent non-cooperative vehicles from tampering packet relaying in the network, we propose a cooperation enhancement mechanism using "Neighborhood WatchDog" to generate "Trust Token" based on the first-hand observation. Therefore, trust relationships and packet-acceptance decisions of the receiving nodes are based on the instant observation and the token-proved relaying behavior of the benign neighboring vehicles. With the inherit mapping between the Electronic ID of one vehicle and its public key, keys can be distributed on-the-fly. As a network layer solution, the cooperation enhancement mechanism proposed in this paper is built on the top of our previous proposed Media Access Control (MAC) protocol: Relative Position Based-MAC (RPB-MAC).
PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO AND LEVELS OF SELECTED NUTRIENTS IN MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT

Three different types of mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) were obtained from a Pennsylvania poultry processing plant and studied for nutrient composition. Samples of MDPM included material from broiler skinless necks (protein 15.3%, fat 7.9%, moisture 76.7%), broiler backs (protein 11.9%, fat 24%, moisture 63.1%), and a combination of skinless necks and backs (protein 13.7%, fat 17.0%, moisture 69.0%). Protein efficiency ratios (PER) were determined for each type using casein as the standard diet. MDPM from skinless necks had an adjusted PER value of 2.65 which was comparable to the standard casein diet. The combination of necks and backs MDPM also resulted in a PER value that was comparable to the standard casein diet. PER values for MDPM from backs were significantly lower possibly due to protein alternation as a result of rancidity. Amino acids, fatty acids, caloric content and selected trace minerals were measured also.
The Development and Evaluation of a Microcomputerized Adaptive Placement Testing System for College Mathematics

A microcomputerized adaptive testing system was developed for placing students into various levels of college mathematics courses. Based on the student's math background, an initial cluster is identified for the testing. Using either a Bayesian or Maximum Likelihood decision, the testing is branched to a lower cluster or higher cluster depending on the student's performance. Based on the final estimate of math ability, appropriate courses are suggested. The feasibility of the system was examined with respect to three criteria: 1) item pool characteristics, 2) item performance, and 3) students' and advisors' reactions. Although the results show room for improvement, the system is promising as a placement instrument.
On splittable colorings of graphs and hypergraphs

The notion of a split coloring of a complete graph was introduced by Erdos and Gyarfas [7] as a generalization of split graphs. In this work, we offer an alternate interpretation by comparing such a coloring to the classical Ramsey coloring problem via a two-round game played against an adversary. We show that the techniques used and bounds obtained on the extremal (r,m)-split coloring problem of [7] are closer in nature to the Turan theory of graphs rather than Ramsey theory. We extend the notion of these colorings to hypergraphs and provide bounds and some exact results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 226237, 2002