cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SMN binding protein Gemin2 is not involved in motor axon outgrowth.

A paramount question in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) research is why reduced levels of SMN, a ubiquitously expressed protein, leads to a motoneuron-specific disease. It has been hypothesized that SMN may have a dual function: a role in snRNP assembly and a novel function that affects axons. We have previously shown that decreasing Smn levels in zebrafish causes defects in motor axon outgrowth. To determine whether decreasing other components of the snRNP complex would also cause motor axon defects, we knocked down Gemin2, a SMN binding protein involved in snRNP assembly. Moderate knockdown of Gemin2 yields a large percentage of morphologically abnormal embryos with shortened trunks and overall delayed development. Examination of motor axons revealed that only embryos with abnormal body morphology had aberrant motor axons indicating that the motor axon defects are secondary to the overall body defects observed in these embryos. To directly test this, we knocked down Gemin2 specifically in motoneurons using two separate approaches and found that motor axons developed normally. Furthermore, wild-type neurons transplanted into morphologically abnormal gemin2 morphants had aberrant motor axons indicating that the motor axon defects observed when Gemin2 is decreased are secondary to the defects in body morphology. These data show that reduction of Gemin2, unlike reduction of SMN, in zebrafish embryos does not directly cause motor axon outgrowth defects. Since Gemin2 and SMN both function in snRNP biogenesis yet only SMN knockdown causes motor axon defects, these data are consistent with an additional role for SMN that is snRNP independent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria of nonsyphilitic etiology in two children

Iron taken by mouth in sufficient quantities has been reported to produce various gastrointestinal disturbances including colicky pain, constipation, and sometimes diarrhea? A search of the literature revealed no report of the gastrointestinal side effects of iron-fortified formulas. One report stated that gastrointestinal disturbances were no more common in infants fed iron-fortified formulas than in the control group? Another stated that iron-enriched formula was taken well, and no gastrointestinal side effects were noted. ~ Neither of these reports presented any data to substantiate the conclusions. The data presented here suggest that in our population the use of iron-fortified formulas does not cause diarrhea or diaper rash. In fact, diaper rash is significantly less frequent in infants fed iron-fortified formulas. I t is possible that a rare infant may have a specific intolerance to iron, with resultant gastrointestinal symptoms. This study did not evaluate the effect of iron on regurgitation, vomiting, or colic, or differentiate between different brands of iron-fortified formulas.
Assimilation of Lightning Data Using a Nudging Method Involving Low-Level Warming

AbstractThis study presents a new method for assimilating lightning data into numerical models that is suitable at convection-permitting scales. The authors utilized data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network at 9-km grid spacing to mimic the resolution of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) that will be on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R). The assimilation procedure utilizes the numerical Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The method (denoted MU) warms the most unstable low levels of the atmosphere at locations where lightning was observed but deep convection was not simulated based on the absence of graupel. Simulation results are compared with those from a control simulation and a simulation employing the lightning assimilation method developed by Fierro et al. (denoted FO) that increases water vapor according to a nudging function that depends on the observed flash rate and simulated graupel mixing ratio. Results are presented for three severe ...
CHRISTIANS AMONG MUSLIMS: THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN THE NORTHERN SUDAN

Church Missionary Society missionaries arrived in the northern Sudan in 1899 with the goal of converting Muslims. Restricted by the Anglo-Egyptian government and by local opposition to their evangelism, they gained only one Muslim convert during sixty years of work. The missionaries nevertheless provided medical and education services in urban centers and in the Nuba Mountains, and pioneered girls' schools. Yet few of their Sudanese graduates achieved functional Arabic literacy, since missionaries taught ‘romanized Arabic', a form of written colloquial Arabic, in Latin print, that lacked practical applications. Thus the history of the CMS in the northern Sudan yields insights into issues of education, power and religious identity within a colonial context.
A comparative study of multiple amplifier active RC biquadratic sections

Biquadratic sections play an important role in the design of high order active filters. This paper compares a number of popular multiple amplifier active RC biquads on the basis of their sensitivities as well as ω0 and Q enhancement effects due to finite amplifier gain–bandwidth products (GB). For sensitivity comparison, statistical sensitivity measures, which take into account the tolerances of various passive and active elements, are used. Simple expressions for gain, phase and transfer function sensitivities are derived for the case of uncorrelated element variations. Graphic illustrations of the effects of increasing ω0 and Q on the sensitivity measures are presented. In addition, root-loci, which show the effects of GB on the network poles are included. To further facilitate the comparison, graphs demonstrating changes in ω0 and Q due to GB are also presented.
Remanufacturing and the Component Commonality Decision

Firms often determine whether or not to make components common across products by focusing on the manufacturing and sales of new products only. However, component commonality decisions that ignore remanufacturing can adversely affect the profitability of the firm. In this article we analyze how remanufacturing could reverse the OEM's commonality decision that is based on the manufacturing and sales of new products only. Specifically, we determine the conditions under which the OEM's optimal decision on commonality may be reversed and illustrate how her profit can be significantly higher if remanufacturing is taken into account ex ante. We illustrate the implementation of our model for two products in the Apple iPad family.
The boundary model: A geographical analysis of design and conservation of nature reserves

Abstract It is widely recognised that nearly all parks and reserves are too small to protect their biological diversity. In response to this problem, we have been developing a multidisciplinary ‘boundary model’ that focuses upon the processes of exchange across the administrative edges of nature reserves. The model incorporates known dynamics from various disciplines and describes the interactions of these forces across the boundary. These disciplines include biogeography, ecology, and human effects, influences and attitudes in an understanding of reserve boundary vulnerability and effectiveness. The boundary model recognises the development of edges in association with the establishment of the administrative boundary. However, it discerns between ‘natural’ and ‘generated’ edges that are based upon the differing stimuli for their development and change. Segmentation of the boundary is recognised as a manifestation of environmental heterogeneity. The boundary model suggests that exposure of the reserve is a major determinate of potential vulnerability. Effectiveness of reserve protection is hypothesised to be more dependent upon what crosses the boundary than upon any internal processes alone.
Human Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone: Absence of a Synergistic Effect

Abstract Studies of the human health effects of exposure to a combination of ozone and sulfur dioxide have produced somewhat conflicting results; the possibility of a synergistic enhancement of toxicity when the two gases are present simultaneously remains equivocal. We evaluated the effects of 0.40 ppm sulfur dioxide, 0.40 ppm ozone, and the combination of these two under one environmental condition ,(25°C and 45% relative humidity). Subjects alternately walked and rested during a 2-hr exposure. Subjects exposed to filtered air or to 0.40 ppm sulfur dioxide showed no significant changes in pulmonary function. When exposed to either ozone or ozone plus sulfur dioxide, significant decreases in maximum expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and inspiratory capacity were observed. There were no significant differences in response between ozone alone and ozone plus sulfur dioxide exposures, thus, in our subjects no synergistic effects were discernible.
Monte Carlo study of finite-size effects at a weakly first-order phase transition.

A new kind of finite-size phenomenon in the five-state Potts model in two dimensions, a ``false'' ground state, was recently reported by Katznelson and Lauwers based on Monte Carlo studies of large lattices. We reexamine the behavior of this weakly first-order system by performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations, and demonstrate that the ``novel'' states previously observed in internal-energy-distribution histograms tend to disappear when runs of sufficient length are used. We present evidence that very strong critical slowing down and a pseudodivergent correlation length are responsible for the observed effects. Our additional analysis of finite-size effects in the ten-state Potts model on small lattices (L\ensuremath{\le}10) shows a crossover of scaling from ${L}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}d}$ behavior (observed earlier on larger lattices) to a nonanalytic form. This result is used to discuss the observed nonanalytic scaling of thermodynamic quantities in the five-state Potts model.
Purification of a high-affinity discoidin I-binding proteoglycan from axenic Dictyostelium discoideum growth medium.

Abstract The axenic Dictyostelium discoideum growth medium HL-5, prepared using Difco proteose peptone No. 2, contains an extremely potent inhibitor of the binding of 125 I-labeled discoidin I to glutaraldehyde-fixed, cohesive D. discoideum cells. Axenic strain A3 D. discoideum cells bind or internalize the inhibitor during growth in HL-5 medium and subsequently shed or excrete it while differentiating in suspension. The inhibitor has been purified from Difco proteose peptone No. 2 by sequential gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and affinity adsorption using discoidin I-Sepharose. The inhibitor is heterogeneous in molecular weight (4 · 10 5 −2 · 10 6 ), but is relatively homogeneous in density on CsCl density gradients. The size and activity of the inhibitor are resistant to periodate, reduction and maleylation, proteases, nucleases and heating in the absence or presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Mild alkali causes a partial reduction in activity and converts the higher molecular weight fraction of the inhibitor to a lower molecular weight. The purified inhibitor contains neutral hexose, hexosamine and amino acid in an approximate molar ratio of 4 : 3 : 2. These and other properties suggest that the inhibitor is an unusual proteoglycan. Certain well-characterized glycosaminoglycans are relatively potent inhibitors of discoidin I binding. The proteoglycan reported here is the most potent discoidin I-binding inhibitor ever identified.
Selectivity of hemicholinium mustard, an affinity ligand, for the high-affinity choline transport system.

Abstract The selectivity of the irreversible inhibition of high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) by hemicholinium mustard (HCM; 2,2′-(4,4′-biphenylene)bis[2-hydroxy-4-(2-bromoethyl)-morpholine] hydrochloride) with respect to other cholinergic proteins and other sodium-dependent transport systems was examined. Preincubation of rat forebrain membranes with HCM, followed by washing and measurement of [ 3 H]-hemicholinium-3 binding to the high-affinity choline transporter, was shown to decrease binding capacity (B max ) by 70% without affecting the apparent affinity of the ligand. However, a similar preincubation, wash and binding experiment using [ 3 H]-NMS as a ligand for muscarinic receptors showed no HCM effect on binding parameters. To measure the effects of HCM on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), synaptosomes were incubated in HCM, then washed. The synaptosomes were lysed and ChAT activity was measured. Treatment with 50 μM. HCM, a concentration that inhibits 100% of synaptosomal HACU, results in a 24% decrease in ChAT activity. HCM demonstrates little residual inhibition of other sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporter transporters: preincubation with 50 μM HCM results in a decrease of 12% in transport of [ 3 H]-dopamine and a decrease of 6% in the transport of [ 3 H]-GABA. The binding of HCM, like that of hemicholinium-3 is sodium-dependent. HCM preincubation in the presence of sodium results in inhibition of HACU to 32% of control; in the absence of sodium HACU is 65% of control. This represents a loss of 51% of the observed irreversible inhibition produced by HCM. Irreversible inhibition by HCM can also be prevented by co-incubation with hemicholinium-3. Co-incubation with hemicholinium-3 results in residual HACU inhibition that decreases from 51% (HCM alone) to 28% (HCM + hemicholinium-3). When atropine instead of hemicholinium-3 is co-incubated with HCM, HCM still inhibits 40% of transport, demonstrating the pharmacological specificity of the protective effect of hemicholinium-3. Experiments in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus preparation demonstrate a gradual recovery from the residual effects of HCM. Evoked ACh release decreases to 24% immediately following treatment with 1 μM HCM. After 2 hr of recovery, tissues have recovered to about 50% of control levels, after which recovery continues at a slower rate.
Creep of Metals under Multiaxial States of Stress

Abstract This paper is concerned principally with the basis for the formulation of a creep model that represents creep data of metals sufficiently accurately and that lends itself to numerical stress analysis of creep under multiaxial states of stress. A phenomenological approach is taken. Several forms of creep relations and flow conditions for multiaxial creep are considered. Comparisons of analytical predictions with experimental results are shown. Recommendations for numerical stress analysis of creep in engineering machines and structures subject to multiaxial stress states are given, and a promising technique for collection of the voluminous data that result from numerical stress analysis is indicated. An extensive reference list is included.
Submillimeter-Wave Measurements and Analysis of the Ground and ν2 = 1 States of Water

In order to facilitate further studies of water in the interstellar medium, the envelopes of late-type stars, jets, and shocked regions, the frequencies of 17 newly measured H_2 ^(16)O transitions between 0.841 and 1.575 THz are reported. A complete update of the available water line frequencies and a detailed calculation of unmeasured rotational transitions and transition intensities as a function of temperature are presented for the ground and ν_2 = 1 state levels below 3000 cm^(-1) of excitation energy. The new terahertz transitions were measured with a recently developed laser difference frequency spectrometer. Six of these transitions arise from the ν_2 = 1 state, and the other 11 are in the ground state; all have lower state energies from 700 to 1750 cm^(-1) and should be accessible to Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) through the atmosphere. The transitions near 0.850 THz are accessible from the ground with existing receivers. Observations of the newly measured ν_2 = 1 state transitions, which include the 1_(1, 1)-0_(0, 0) fundamental at 1.2057 THz and five other very low J transitions, should provide valuable insights into role played by the ν2 = 1 state in the cooling dynamics of jets, shocks, masers, and strongly infrared-pumped regions. The line list is presented to assist in the planning of observational campaigns with the Far-Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST) and other proposed space missions with which a full suite of water observations can be carried out.
Quantitative reproducibility of measurements from Coomassie Blue-stained two-dimensional gels: Analysis of mouse liver protein patterns and a comparison of BALB/c and C57 strains

Using the ISO-DALT system for two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and the TYCHO system for computer analysis of the resulting protein maps, we obtained high quality quantitative protein abundance data from Coomassie Brilliant Bluestained gels of mouse liver samples. High resolution gels allow more than 100 proteins to be measured with coefficients of variation less than 15 %. A comparison of results from two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) and the cross between them (BCF1) shows that a large number of qutive polymorphisms can be detected, and that, as expected, the amount of protein produced in the heterozygote is intermediate between the parental values. The system described is shown to be capable of reliably detecting decreases in protein abundance such as those expected to result from radiation-induced deletion of one copy of a gene. The implications of these results for the study of gene regulation are discussed in relation to applications in genetics, toxicology, and differentiation.
Promoting consistent use of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) in outpatient pharmacies: Removing administrative barriers and increasing awareness of Rx drug abuse.

Abstract Background Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are proving to be valuable resources in fighting the prescription drug abuse epidemic through improved access to patient drug histories. Ninety-four percent of Indiana pharmacists have heard of Indiana's PDMP (INSPECT), only 71% of them reported using the program in 2012. Objective To identify barriers to PDMP use in outpatient pharmacies and determine the impact these barriers have on utilization. Methods A cross-sectional study examined pharmacists' knowledge and use of INSPECT. Bivariate analyses on utilization and perceived barriers were conducted using cross-tabulations and chi-squared tests. Multiple logistic regression examined the relationship between pharmacists' level of concern with prescription drug abuse and reported utilization. Results Pharmacists were significantly less likely to use INSPECT if they reported at least one barrier and 3 times more likely to use INSPECT if they reported no barrier. Pharmacists were 10 times more likely to use INSPECT and 18 times more likely to use it more consistently if they were extremely concerned about prescription drug abuse in their community as compared to those not at all concerned. Conclusion Strategies to improve utilization of PDMPs should look for innovative ways to limit barriers and build outpatient pharmacists' awareness of prescription drug abuse and misuse within their community.
Physical Anthropology: The Understanding and Interpretation of Human Evolution

Introductory Physical Anthropology Texts Human Evolution: An Introduction to the New Physical Anthropology. Second ed. Joseph B. Birdsell. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1975. xvii + 582 pp. $12.95 (cloth). Physical Anthropology: An Introduction. Second ed. Jack A. Kelso. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1974. xx + 357 pp. $10.95 (cloth). Physical Anthropology. Second ed. Gabriel W. Lasker. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976. xii + 420 pp. $11.95 (cloth). Physical Anthropology. Philip L. Stein and Bruce M. Rowe. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974. xii + 424 pp. $11.95 (cloth), $8.95 (paper). Human Biology and Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. Mark L. Weiss and Alan E. Mann. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. 498 pp. $11.95 (cloth).
FlexIO: I/O Middleware for Location-Flexible Scientific Data Analytics

Increasingly severe I/O bottlenecks on High-End Computing machines are prompting scientists to process simulation output data online while simulations are running and before storing data on disk. There are several options to place data analytics along the I/O path: on compute nodes, on separate nodes dedicated to analytics, or after data is stored on persistent storage. Since different placements have different impact on performance and cost, there is a consequent need for flexibility in the location of data analytics. The FlexIO middleware described in this paper makes it easy for scientists to obtain such flexibility, by offering simple abstractions and diverse data movement methods to couple simulation with analytics. Various placement policies can be built on top of FlexIO to exploit the trade-offs in performing analytics at different levels of the I/O hierarchy. Experimental results demonstrate that FlexIO can support a variety of simulation and analytics workloads at large scale through flexible placement options, efficient data movement, and dynamic deployment of data manipulation functionalities.
Pre-validation and inference in microarrays

In microarray studies, an important problem is to compare a predictor of disease outcome derived from gene expression levels to standard clinical predictors. Comparing them on the same dataset that was used to derive the microarray predictor can lead to results strongly biased in favor of the microarray predictor. We propose a new technique called "pre-validation'' for making a fairer comparison between the two sets of predictors. We study the method analytically and explore its application in a recent study on breast cancer.
Interactions of molecules with nucleic acids. IX. Evaluation and presentation of electrostatic contours on a steric surface with the removal of hidden lines

A technique to generate electrostatic contours on a steric surface is presented and applied to the presentation of molecules that interact with DNA. A set of electrostatic points at predetermined values along with their derivatives are obtained on the steric contours as they are generated. The steric contours are generated in a set of parallel planes. Points with given electrostatic values are then connected between and within the contours mathematically with a Taylor's expansion and two rules: the first to tentatively line up points that can be connected, and the second to check to insure that the remaining points can be connected. This method insures that contours will not cross by requiring that a possible connection of two points leaves an even number of remaining points for each electrostatic value in isolated regions of unused points bounded by points that have already been connected. The hidden line algorithm used previously to draw molecules in a space-filling model within the context of steric contours is applied to the complete problem of the presentation of a molecule bound to DNA with steric contours in parallel planes, and with electrostatic contours drawn on this steric surface.
The Use of Internal State Variable Plasticity Model via a User Subroutine to Evaluate the Effect of Materials Testing Modes on Hard Machining Simulation

Hard machining involves large strain, high strain rate, high temperatures, strain rate/temperature coupling, and potential loading history effects. The accuracy of characterizing the dynamic mechanical behavior in hard machining using any constitutive models is strongly affected by materials testing data in which a constitutive model is fitted. Tension or compression tests have been widely used to approximate material properties in various manufacturing processes. However, it has been a critical question whether tension or compression test should be utilized for capturing the true nature of material deformations in a hard machining process. In this study, the influences of two material testing modes on mechanical behavior of AISI52100 steel (62 HRc) were investigated using the internal state variable (ISV) plasticity model. Twenty material constants have been found by nonlinear fitting the ISV plasticity model to the base line test data obtained from each deformation mode. To understand the true nature of hard turning mechanics, a numerical model that incorporate the internal state variable plasticity model via a material user subroutine has been developed with the material constants from the compression and tension tests. A global material failure/damage evolution model was implemented to simulate chip formation which solely depends on the material deformation state. Orthogonal hard turning experiments have been performed to validate the numerical model. It has shown that the material testing modes have profound effects on some materials constants of the ISV model. The stress sensitivity study to ISV model parameters has identified the critical material constants for reflecting the nature of material deformation. The different testing modes have significant influence on the material constants associated with isotropic hardening rather than kinematic hardening. The numerical and experimental results have shown that the material constants from the compression test capture the true nature of a hard machining process. The compression mode of material deformation prevails in hard machining.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Suboptimal Medication Use and Mortality in an Older Adult Community-Based Cohort: Results From the Hispanic EPESE Study

Background. Numerous methods have been used to evaluate medication management quality in older adults; however, their predictive validities are unknown. Major medication quality indicators include polypharmacy, drug–drug interactions, and inappropriate medication use. To date, no study has attempted to evaluate the three approaches systematically or the effect of each approach on mortality in a Hispanic population. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between polypharmacy, drug–drug interactions, and inappropriate medication use on the mortality of a community-based population of Mexican American older adults. Methods. We used a life table survival analysis of a longitudinal survey of a representative sample of 3050 older Mexican Americans of whom 1823 were taking prescription and over-the-counter medications. Results. After adjustment for relevant covariates, use of more than four different medications (polypharmacy) was independently associated with mortality. The presence of major drug interactions and the use of inappropriate medications were not significantly associated with mortality in our study sample. Conclusion. Polypharmacy (.4 medications) is significantly associated with mortality in Mexican American older adults. This community-based study is the first to demonstrate a direct association between polypharmacy and mortality in this population.
Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory

The income–achievement gap is a formidable societal problem, but little is known about either neurocognitive or biological mechanisms that might account for income-related deficits in academic achievement. We show that childhood poverty is inversely related to working memory in young adults. Furthermore, this prospective relationship is mediated by elevated chronic stress during childhood. Chronic stress is measured by allostatic load, a biological marker of cumulative wear and tear on the body that is caused by the mobilization of multiple physiological systems in response to chronic environmental demands.
Principles of a resonant cavity optical modulator.

We describe the principles of a resonant cavity optical modulator capable of modulation frequencies in the 10-GHz range. The dispersive properties of waveguides are used to achieve phase matching of the optical and rf waves, which differ in velocity by a factor of 3 in bulk electrooptic materials. The difference in propagation velocities also allows us to form a rectangular cavity with two opposite sides open through which the optical beam may be easily passed. A modulator employing this design is thus both efficient in its use of rf power and is easily optically aligned.
Role of transforming growth factor‐β and hepatocyte growth factor in late normal tissue effects of radiation

Conventional radiation therapy practice (i.e., dose, field size, beam arrangement, fraction size, etc.) has been largely derived empirically from decades of clinical observation. Much emphasis has been placed upon maximizing the dose to the tumor while minimizing the risk of complications. In practice, however, it is often the normal tissues that limit the total dose of radiation that can be delivered to the tumor since excessive doses of radiation frequently result in severe fibrotic reactions developing in the exposed normal tissues. It is now becoming apparent that growth factors, in particular Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), are important mediators in the repair of normal tissue injury under a variety of circumstances, including following radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Herein, we have discussed the evidence implicating HGF and TGF-β in normal tissue repair and fibrosis formation, and describe their potential usefulness as predictors of late normal tissue damage. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disposable Heroes: The Betrayal of African American Veterans. By Benjamin Fleury‐Steiner. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. 200 pp. $36.00.

Disposable Heroes: The Betrayal of African American Veterans.By Benjamin Fleury-Steiner. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. 200 pp. $36.00.It is not often that one reads an academic book and is transported into another world, where the words of research subjects dominate, and the stories are left bare to expose the raw, entangled webs that make up people's lives. Benjamin Fleury-Steiner's Disposable Heroes accomplishes this task in an eminently readable and engaging book that details how racism and poverty shape the lives of African- American veterans. Fleury-Steiner's decision to excerpt at length from interview transcripts, while eschewing the heavy hand of theory, results in a book that shows how racial hierarchies are made, created, and sustained, while also decentering the gaze of tradi- tional studies of racial inequality and criminality.Disposable Heroes begins, according to Fleury-Steiner, "with a simple observation: For a grossly disproportionate number of African-American soldiers, the end of military service signals a return to a largely unforgiving civilian world that has little use for them" (6). Fleury-Steiner details the lives of 30 veterans and uncovers how systematic racism, contem- porary mass incarceration, and policies of ghettoization, urban renewal, and integration weave through the life histories of vet- erans. Joining up, serving, and returning to civil society all are infused with racial hierarchy, experience, and stigmatization, despite the military's reputation as the most successful story of affirmative action (Moskos 1995). Veterans recalled lives tinged not just with racial inequality, but also the struggles that ensue when returning from war, when serving in military zones, or when discharged without a support network. Veterans in this book must confront the racial exigencies of modern society while also grappling with service related disabilities, recovering from post-traumatic stress disorder, or navigating the complex laby- rinth of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits.Despite these common themes, the experience of racial exclusion emerges not from the larger structural issues that many veterans confront, but from the micro-operation of power. Military service, for many, was a way to be included in the "Ameri- can dream," but after service, that inclusion is revealed as partial, contingent, and as yet another site for the encoding of difference. A striking example was of veterans who joined up as a way to "do something with their lives" or "get on the right track," only to have military experience expose them to trauma that com- pounded the difficulties of living and surviving in an ongoing racial war at home. While structural racism is certainly demon- strated throughout the book, it is the very real and palpable way that structures are embedded, contested, and recreated through person-to-person interactions that are revealed through the veteran's words. …
Notes on Ovid's Poems from Exile

I would refer to the introductory paragraphs of J. Diggle's ‘Notes on Ovid's Tristia, Books I-II’ (CQ n.s. 30 (1980), 401–19). His list of modern editions does not include F. Della Corte, I Tristia (Genoa, 1973), which I too have not seen. For Book IV we have an edition (not without merit) by T. J. de Jonge (Groningen, 1961).
AIRSAR and POLARSCAT cross-calibration using point and distributed targets

It has become common practice over the past few years to use point calibration targets with known scattering properties as a means for calibrating imaging SAR systems. The calibration accuracy associated with this approach is vulnerable to two sources of error. The first is related to the linearity of the system transfer function. To meet the required high signal-to-clutter ratio, the point calibration targets are designed to have a very large radar cross section, which places the return from such targets in the extreme upper part of the system's dynamic range. In contrast most terrain targets produce returns in the lower part of the system's dynamic range. Nonlinearities between the lower and upper segments of the system transfer function will translate into a calibration bias error. The second error source is related to the calibration algorithm itself, namely the fact that "point" targets are used to calibrate radar intended for measuring "distributed" targets. To evaluate the SAR calibration accuracy, a cross-calibration experiment was conducted involving the JPL AIRSAR and the University of Michigan's truck-mounted polarimetric scatterometer (POLARSCAT). The experiment was conducted at a test site near Pellston, Michigan. Two calibration algorithms were used with the SAR. The first was based on the responses from trihedral corner reflectors that had been deployed in the field. The second algorithm was based on the responses from distributed targets (bare soil surfaces, short grass, and tall grass fields) whose Mueller matrices were accurately measured by the calibrated polarimetric scatterometer. The results of this study demonstrate that calibrating a SAR using distributed targets is inherently a more accurate process. >
Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction and the State in Kenya

Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction and the State in Kenya. Lynn M. Thomas. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2003. 300 pp. ISBN 0-520-23540-1. $24.95 (paper). Referencing the complicated meanings of sexuality, intimacy, and family, a recent article in the New York Times Magazine asked, "Why is it so hard to loosen the grip of AIDS on southern Africa?" (2004). The answer to that question lies at the heart of Lynn M. Thomas's very fine book, Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction and the State in Kenya. Politics of the Womb explores the political significance of campaigns by both colonial and postcolonial states and the White missionaries within them to police women's sexuality and reproduction in 20th-century Kenya. Through her lucid investigation of campaigns to control female initiation, abortion, childbirth, and premarital sex and pregnancy, Thomas skillfully provides a multilayered analysis of the symbolic meanings and tactical gains of the policies enacted by state and missionary actors, and the local efforts to adopt and resist them. This book is organized into five substantive chapters. The first examines both the efforts to control rituals of female initiation (clitoral excision) and the campaigns against abortion. Thomas shows how these issues became intertwined as babies born to uninitiated women came to be seen as a moral danger to their communities. Equally problematic, the new policies required male involvement in this traditionally female realm. Building on this framework, Chapter 2 identifies how the introduction of hospitalbased maternity services emerged from-and created-struggles between colonial governance and local autonomy, and in gender and generational relationships. This chapter not only engages the goals of policymakers, including their desire to transform female initiators into officially trained midwives, but also provides a thoughtful examination of the local meanings of such policies to the women they targeted. Chapter 3 provides a fascinating account of how young women ignored the ban on excision and began to circumcise themselves. Although this was a conscientious effort to resist state policy, it also represented an intergenerational challenge in which young women rejected the tools and ceremonies that belonged to the older women, formerly charged with performing excision. According to Thomas, other theorists have identified '"the female circumcision controversy' of 1928-1931 as a crucial moment in the emergence of nationalist politics within Kenya" (p. 80). Yet, she rightly points oui that most analyses of this political moment ignore the powerful gender and generational forces at work, and do not adequately explain why so many women chose to defy the ban. Striving to provide this analysis, she clarifies, "Their faith in the ability of excision to transform girls into women and ensure proper reproduction was something that both preceded and exceeded anticolonial resistance" (p. …
Visualizing object-oriented software in virtual reality

The paper describes a system, Imsovision, for visualizing object-oriented software in a virtual reality Environment. A visualization language (COOL) is defined that maps C++ source code to a visual representation. Our aim is to develop a language with few metaphors and constructs, but with the ability to represent a variety of elements with no ambiguity or loss of meaning. In addition, the visualization has to maximally use the potential of the used media. The design of the OO software system and its attributes are represented in the visualization. Class information, relationships between classes, and metric information is displaced. VRML is used for the visualization and it is rendered in the CAVE environment.
Raman spectroscopy of ripple formation in suspended graphene.

Using Raman spectroscopy, we measure the optical phonon energies of suspended graphene before, during, and after thermal cycling between 300 and 700 K. After cycling, we observe large upshifts (∼25...
MECHANISMS OF PARTICULATE MATTER FORMATION IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES. 1: EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS

A combined experimental and modeling effort was performed in order to understand how particulate matter (PM) is formed in spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. Parameters that affect global and local air/fuel ratios strongly affect PM. Minimum PM number and mass concentrations are emitted at a global air/fuel ratio within 10% of stoichiometric, and concentrations increase by as many as 3 orders of magnitude when the air/fuel ratio is either increased or decreased 30% from stoichiometric. Burning liquid fuel is a significant source of PM, as evidenced by the fact that open valve fuel injection increases PM concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude relative to closed valve injection. Coolant and oil temperatures, spark timing, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) affect PM through their effect on intake port and cylinder temperatures as well as through the effect on the availability of liquid fuel in the cylinder. Particle sizes as a function of engine operating conditions are discussed.
Pathogen Shifts and Changing Cure Rates for Otitis Media and Tonsillopharyngitis

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use has caused a decrease in the incidence of recurrent and refractory acute otitis media in the United States and a shift in the predominant pathogens. Now Haemophilus influenzae is the most commonly isolated organism (about 60% of the total), and more than half the strains make beta-lactamase, rendering them resistant to amoxicillin. Penicillin nonsusceptible pneumococci, the main target of antibiotic therapy in the 1990s, has become a much less common isolate (10%- 25% of the total). These changes impact antibiotic selection for acute otitis media. Penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis does not meet the minimum United States Food and Drug Administration standards for first-line treatment, which is 85% or greater eradication at the end of therapy. Recent results with amoxicillin suggest its efficacy is also waning. Cephalosporins have the highest bacteriologic and clinical efficacy. This has implications for optimal antibiotic therapy.
Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis?

Evaluation of: Segal BM, Constantinescu CS, Raychaudhuri A et al. Repeated subcutaneous injections of IL12/23 p40 neutralising antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a Phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-ranging study. Lancet Neurol. 7, 796–804 (2008).IL-12 and IL-23 are two cytokines that appear to play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Blocking these cytokines via a neutralizing antibody caused dramatic improvements in animal models of the disease, and Phase I trials found the antibody to be safe in humans. The paper under review is a Phase II clinical trial of ustekinumab, an anti-IL-12/23p40 antibody for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Investigators found no clinical or radiologic improvement in any treatment group compared with placebo controls. We consider the known mechanisms of action for IL-12/23 in multiple sclerosis and suggest that ustekinumab’s lack of efficacy was partially due to the study’s inclusion of ...
Special Section Guest Editorial:Solid-State Lighting: Photonics and Technologies

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Section Guest Editorial:Solid-State Lighting: Photonics and Technologies” for JPE Vol. 5 Issue 01
Doing Justice to the Complex Legacy of John Howard Yoder: Restorative Justice Resources in Witness and Feminist Ethics

John Howard Yoder’s reclamation of Christ’s law of love as normative for Christian ethics makes important contributions to the field, but this pacifist legacy is tainted by his sexual violence against women. Prominent “witness” and “feminist” ethicists either defend or condemn Yoder, reflecting retributive approaches to wrongdoing. Restorative justice models—with their emphasis on truth-telling, particularity, and communal responses to violence—illuminate common ground between these often antagonistic groups of ethicists, whose specific resources are needed to “do justice” to Yoder’s legacy. Yoder claimed that “Christian identity itself calls for feminist engagement,” but he failed to fully develop this claim in his theology or embody it in his life. By collaborating in such a truly feminist pacifist politics, witness and feminist ethicists not only strengthen their own internal projects with respect to the church’s mission and the promotion of women’s flourishing but also more effectively address sexual violence.
Composite Approximations to the Solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld Equation

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to derive composite approximations to the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation which satisfy Olver's completeness requirement. It is shown that the inner expansions can be obtained to all orders in terms of a certain class of generalized Airy functions, and these expansions are then used to derive approximations to the connection formulae. Because of the linearity of the problem it is possible and convenient to fix the normalization of the inner and outer expansions separately and then to relate them through the central matching coefficients. The Stokes multipliers can then be expressed in terms of the central matching coefficients and the coefficients which appear in the connection formulae. Once the inner and outer expansions have been matched they can be combined, if desired, to form composite approximations of either the additive or multiplicative type. For example, the ‘modified’ viscous solutions of Tollmien emerge in a natural way as first-order composite approximations obtained by multiplicative composition; similarly, the form of the ‘viscous correction’ to the singular inviscid solutions which I conjectured some years ago emerges as a first-order additive composite approximation. Because of the completeness requirement, however, these composite approximations are valid only in certain wedge shaped domains; approximations which are valid in the complementary sectors can then be obtained by the use of the connections formulae. The theory thus provides a relatively simple and explicit method of obtaining higher approximations, and its structure permits a direct comparison of the present results not only with the older heuristic theories but also with the comparison equation method.
Insect Pheromone Biosynthesis

Pheromones are utilized by many insects in a complex chemical communication system. This review will look at the biosynthesis of sex and aggregation pheromones in the model insects, moths, flies, cockroaches, and beetles. The biosynthetic pathways involve altered pathways of normal metabolism of fatty acids and isoprenoids. Endocrine regulation of the biosynthetic pathways will also be reviewed for the model insects. A neuropeptide named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide regulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Juvenile hormone regulates pheromone production in the beetles and cockroaches, while 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates pheromone production in the flies.
Toxic Justice: Catholic Social Teaching and Genocidal Ideology

When it comes to examining the role of the Rwandan Catholic church in the decades leading up to the 1994 genocide, there seems to be only two conclusions available: 1) the Catholic church was a systemic contributor to the genocidal ideology that killed almost one million Rwandans, 2) the church should not be included in the equation any more than any other institution. As we continue to refine the collective memory of the Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and moderate Hutu, this research looks at the role of the Catholic church from an unlikely source: The tradition of Catholic Social Teaching. This research shows several striking parallels between the ideology and agenda of the young Hutu revolution of the late 1950s and the Catholic social justice movement emanating from Europe. While the mountains between Rome and Habyarimana’s seminary at Nyakibanda may seem insurmountable, this research supports the idea that the Hutu Revolution took ideas and concepts directly from the catholic tradition. As the movement progressed, the teaching became distorted and politicized to meet the practical and violent needs of the Hutu extremists. This is kind of historical scrutiny is important because it allows us to see how the teachings of the church were influential, perhaps even crucial, to the young liberation movement. It also presents a challenge to rethink the church’s denial of its structural role in the genocide. It is also an invitation to add nuance and understanding to our collective memory of how a genocidal ideology was born.
Ecologic Inter-Relations in Zoocecidia

We have in zoocecidia a highly specialized and complex community, in which the character species is the cecidozoa. With its localized concentration of highly nutritive substances and its marked succulence, a gall provides extremely favourable breeding conditions to a great variety of organisms. Nearly every gall is associated with diverse organisms, animals, fungi and bacteria, other than the true cecidogenetic species. The gall of Biorrhiza pallida (OL.) has, for example, over seventy-five different species of insects, associated with it. In 1883 Beauvisage applied the term locatari for the ceci-docole and cecidophile Arthropods, other than the true cecidozoa. Stefani-Perez 1094 and Stegagno 1097 devoted considerable attention to these cecidocole and cecidophile species, with special reference to the gall of cynipids on Quercus.