cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiwavelet systems with disjoint multiscaling functions

This paper describes the first steps toward a multiwavelet system that may retain the advantages of a traditional multiwavelet system while alleviating some of its disadvantages. We attempt to achieve this through the introduction of a novel property-the disjoint support of the multiscaling functions. We derive the conditions on the matrix filter coefficients that guarantee the disjoint support of multiscaling functions. The preliminary results demonstrate that multiwavelet systems with this property may be arbitrarily complex. We then establish the existence of multiwavelet systems with two scaling functions and approximation order=2.
Invited Commentary: Integrating a Life-Course Perspective and Social Theory to Advance Research on Residential Segregation and Health

In this issue of the Journal, the article by Kershaw et al. (1) exemplifies a burgeoning body of research documenting that racial residential segregation is associated with health among racial minority groups. Kershaw et al. found that high segregation is associated with lower obesity prevalence among Hispanic women but higher obesity prevalence among black women. Their article contributes to our growing understanding of causes of obesity by assessing an important distal cause of racial/ethnic disparities in obesity—racial residential segregation. Racial residential segregation is high in the United States and represents a powerful engine of racial stratification and urban inequality. According to the 2010 dissimilarity segregation measure, in order to attain racial neighborhood integration with whites, on average across the United States, 59% of blacks, 48% of Hispanics, and 41% of Asians would have to move from their current neighborhoods (2). This stark separation of residential contexts, especially in highly segregated regions like Detroit, Michigan, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois, means that segregation exposes different racial groups to vastly different health resources and risks across the life course (3–5). Over the past decade, segregation-health hypotheses have typically been tested using multilevel, population-based, slice-in-time (cross-sectional) methods (6–13). Such an approach utilizes hierarchical modeling, often among minority groups only, using prevalent (rather than incident) health outcome measures. A typical analysis uses 2 racial/ethnic group indices of residential segregation at the metropolitan area unit (approximating housing markets) and nationwide population-based (generalizable) survey or vital statistics data of metropolitan dwelling populations. Although this approach has contributed to our understanding of the relationship between segregation and health, the epidemiologic literature would benefit from incorporating additional concepts, theories, and methods to help us understand whether, how, and why racial residential segregation is associated with health.
An integrated error-recovery scheme for multicomputers

The paper examines the problem of recovering from processing node failures in multicomputers. A general-purpose, application-transparent integrated error-recovery scheme is presented to recover the multicomputer from processing node failures in the absence of concurrent fault detection and diagnosis facilities. In the scheme, a distributed system-level fault diagnosis algorithm and error recovery algorithms cooperate to obtain a set of consistent and error-free checkpoints. The integration of fault diagnosis and error recovery algorithms permits the implementation of an effective and comprehensive fault tolerance scheme for a wide variety of distributed systems and multicomputer networks. >
Incorporating demographic diversity into food web models: Effects on community structure and dynamics

Abstract Life history strategies affect population dynamics; however, their effects on community dynamics remain poorly understood. A food web model with stage-structured populations (structured food web) and an equivalent model with unstructured populations (unstructured food web) were developed, and their structures and dynamics were compared. Both models incorporated energetic processes and allowed populations to go extinct and invade over time. The results from the two models shared some similarities. For example, all of the initial randomly formed food webs were unstable, but the extinction and invasion rates of populations declined over time. However, there were also clear differences between them. For example, preventing trophic interactions among similar-sized organisms led to a large increase in the number of persisting consumer populations under the unstructured food web, but the number was almost unchanged under the structured food web. Furthermore, an increase in the carrying capacity of primary producers caused an increase in the population extinction rate of consumers under the structured food web, but the extinction rate declined under the unstructured food web. Finally, the average trophic level of consumers in the unstructured food web was often at 2, indicating the food web primarily consisted of herbivores. On the other hand, the average trophic level in the structured food web was significantly higher, indicating the existence of trophic interactions among consumers. These results suggest the importance of incorporating stage structures into food web models to bridge the current theories of food web dynamics and empirical observations because nature consists of structured populations. In particular, I conclude that if one wants to study trophic interactions beyond herbivory, it is crucial to incorporate structured populations into food web models.
William Phelps’s 'Paracletes': An Early Witness to Joseph Smith’s Divine Anthropology

Mormon founder Joseph Smith proposed a radical response to Protestant ideas about human fate and the nature of God, what I call his "divine anthropology." Various of his close followers have attempted in various ways to interpret that divine anthropology, and perhaps the earliest sustained attempt is a piece of speculative fiction written by William Phelps in 1845. This story, "Paracletes," written by someone very close to Smith and intimately involved in his public writing in the 1840s, contains most of the key elements of later versions of the divine anthropology. This essay introduces "Paracletes" and provides a detailed apparatus for understanding the dense allusive network in a copy of the version published in the church organ.
Bivalvia of the Americas: Introduction*

* From the Symposium “Bivalvia of the Americas” presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Society, in conjunction with the Society of Malacology of Mexico, the Latinoamerican Society of Malacology, and the Western Society of Malacologists on June 24–25, 2014 in Mexico City, Mexico. Symposium manuscripts were reviewed and accepted by the Symposium Co-Organizer and Guest Editor, Dr. Diego Zelaya. In June 2014 the fi rst joint meeting of four malacological societies was held at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in Mexico City. Named Mollusca 2014, The Meeting of the Americas, it joined together members of the American Malacological Society, the Western Society of Malacologists, the Asociacion Latinoamericana de Malacologia, and the Sociedad de Malacologia de Mexico. In total there were over 330 oral and poster presentations, given by nearly 300 contributors. Participants traveled from almost all countries in North and South America, as well as Europe, Africa, and Asia. The goal of the Mollusca 2014 symposium Bivalvia of the Americas was to bring together disparate bivalve researchers and students and facilitate collaborative projects in the future. In addition, we hoped to access the current state of bivalve research in our hemisphere and highlight strengths or weaknesses in our collective knowledge of this fascinating group of mollusks. Twenty-seven oral presentations were given in Bivalvia of the Americas, along with 13 posters. With over 35 participants in the symposium our initial goal was accomplished. Attendees were rewarded with discussions on marine and freshwater bivalve ecology, biogeography, reproductive biology, conservation, systematics, phylogeny, parasitology, and aquaculture. Equally important was the broad swath of countries represented in the symposium including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, the United States, and Uruguay. Many bivalve researchers met for the fi rst time during the meeting and symposium, and undoubtedly new collaborations were initiated. Of the many excellent presentations during the symposium we invited a number of researchers to submit manuscripts for the proceedings, to be published in the American Malacological Bulletin. Geographically we have included manuscripts covering marine bivalves from the United States, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, along with one paper discussing development of a “cosmopolitan” bivalve. These fi ve manuscripts highlight the diverse interests in bivalve research in the Americas, but also humble us by our rudimentary knowledge of even the most common species and large geographic regions in the Americas.
Effects of Mineralogy on the Sorption of Strontium and Cesium Onto Calico Hills Tuff

Sorption and desorption measurements were made of strontium and cesium onto clinoptilolite and Calico Hills tuff. The object was to see whether there was a correlation between sorption of strontium and cesium onto Calico Hills Tuff and the clinoptilolite based on the content of clinoptilolite in the Calico Hills Tuff. If sorption onto Calico Hills Tuff is solely due to the presence of clinoptilolite, then the ratios of the sorption ratios on tuff to those on clinoptilolite at similar conditions should be the weight fraction of the clinoptilolite in the tuff. Since the tuff contained about 50% clinoptilolite, the ratios would be expected to be about 0.5 if sorption was due solely to clinoptilolite. The experimental evidence showed that the ratios were generally near 0.5 for both cesium and strontium sorption and that ion-exchange processes were operative for both the clinoptilolite and the tuff. However, the ratios differed to a small extent for different conditions, and there were indications that other sorption processes were also involved.
Climate change: Time to navigate

![Figure][1] PHOTO: PESKY MONKEY/GETTY IMAGES Thank you for the enlightening 4 July Policy Forum set exploring how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC's) AR5 WGIII “Summary for Policymakers” (SPM) reached its final version (“IPCC lessons from Berlin,” B. Wible, p. [34][2]). With scientists as the “mapmakers” and policy-makers as the “navigators” (“Mapmakers and navigators, facts and values,” p. [37][1]), O. Edenhofer and J. Minx describe how the former had to acquiesce to the latter's demands that certain data depictions and analyses in the original SPM be removed, allegedly because they were politically “toxic” (“Getting serious about categorizing countries,” D. G. Victor et al. , p. [34][3]). Yet if the SPM is to provide an accurate if abbreviated map for the navigators to guide us to a low-carbon future, how is it that the navigators also get to modify this influential map by deleting the mapmakers' work? Shall we also allow judges to change the testimony of witnesses, or doctors to modify the charts of patients? In any case, thanks to the exemplary work by the IPCC and many other scientific organizations, maps of where we've been and depictions of the landscape that we now face regarding climate change (and in parallel, ocean acidification) are not what is lacking. Rather, it is now time for the “navigators” to act on this information and finally do their job. [1]: pending:yes [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/34.full [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/34.2.full
The relationship among dysfunctional leadership dispositions, employee engagement, job satisfaction, and burnout

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine, from the subordinate’s perspective, the relationship of dysfunctional leadership dispositions to employee engagement, job satisfaction and burnout. Design/methodology/approach: A field study survey was used to capture three categories of dysfunctiona
A Tale of Two CD'S

These are indeed exciting times in the world of Mathematics. Stirred by the NCTM Standards, the winds of change are blowing through every level of the K-12 curriculum. At the same time, in colleges and universities the finest minds of our profession are turning their attention to the forging of a Calculus for a New Century. Earlier this year, we even saw the unexpected verification of Fermat's Last Theorem, something which surely none of us thought we would see in this lifetime. There is so much to talk about when mathematicians get together these days, yet, because we are teachers, we have so little time for talking. That is why I have chosen to write this article about none of these things. Instead, I would like to write about records. I have collected records since I was in grade school. By the time I was in graduate school, I owned more than two thousand 45's, three hundred albums, and miscellaneous 78's and EP's. I shared my hobby with friends, including some memorable years as music director and station manager of the college radio station at Holy Cross. I was one of those guys who could, upon hearing a golden oldie on the radio, quote the title, artist, and year of the song, and quite often the label and songwriter as well. My interest in the music of the moment naturally declined about the time disco music became popular, but by that time I had accumulated enough vinyl classics to keep myself and my party guests entertained forever. For example, one of my favorite ways to pass an evening with friends is to stage a "nostalgia playoff" between two guests, playing alternately the hit songs from their respective high school graduation years, until the quality of one year's hits is clearly unable to keep up with the quality of the other's. (In case you are interested, no guest has ever gone up against a graduate of 1957 without conceding after the 15th round or so.) As a student of the recording industry, I would always sit up and take notice when some new product emerged which the prophets predicted would change the way people listened to music. The first big pretender to the vinyl throne was the 8-track tape. "The 8-track tape," they predicted, "will redefine the recording industry." It required no threading onto a spool, it did not scratch or shatter, it did not collect dust, it required no needle, it produced high fidelity sound for multiple speakers, and you could play it an your cart I was momentarily impressed, but I continued to buy records, and so did apparently a lot of other people. Today if you want to buy an 8-track tape you have to go to an antique show. Then came the cassette tape. "The cassette tape," they predicted, "will refine the recording industry." It was smaller than the clumsy 8-track, but it had all its same advantages, including that of being playable in your automobile. Moreover, you could actually stick a few into your glove compartment. You could also buy a "portable tape player" which would play your cassettes on an arbitrary street corner at an arbitrary volume level. I myself continued to buy records, although I
Chicken Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Application of a Kinetic Assay and Investigation of Phenylalanine and Homoarginine as Selective Inhibitors

Abstract A kinetic method for the determination of alkaline phosphatase (AP) was applied to chicken serum. A buffer system of 2,2′dihydroxy-diethylamine (DEA) was found to give 3 to 5 times the activity of glycine, barbital, or carbonate buffers. The conditions for AP assay were: 1.0 M DEA-HCl, pH 9.9, 15 mM. p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and 5 mM. Mg++ at a temperature of 25° C. The initial rate of enzyme activity was followed at 405 nm. for 1 to 3 min. in a recording spectrophotometer. Thirty μl. of serum were sufficient for assay. The kinetic method allows assay of samples with a wide range of AP activity. Adult males had AP values of 336 ± 43 mU./ml. of serum. Laying hens consuming a diet adequate in calcium had 626 ± 104 mU./ml. of serum. When the diet was deficient in calcium the serum AP activity of laying hens increased to 5,517 ± 1,107 mU./ml. l -homoarginine (Harg) inhibited serum AP activity to a greater extent than an equimolar concentration of l -phenylalanine (Phe). The serum AP activity of cocks was more sensitive to both Harg and Phe than that of laying hens. In mammals Phe is a specific inhibitor of intestinal AP and Harg an inhibitor of bone and liver AP. Although serum AP activity of laying hens was increased 8 fold by a dietary calcium deficiency, there was not a differential response to inhibition by Harg and Phe.
Crónica de un desencuentro: Le Corbusier en las Américas

Resumen: La relacion de Le Corbusier con el continente americano abarca virtualmente toda su vida activa. Plasmada en una veintena de viajes trasatlanticos y en un conjunto heterogeneo de propuestas, proyectos y obras, esta relacion estuvo marcada por frecuentes malentendidos y desencuentros que condicionaron la concrecion de algunos de sus proyectos. No obstante, el valor de su obra americana, representada por dos obras extraordinarias –la Casa Curutchet en Argentina y el Carpenter Center en Estados Unidos— y por una serie de proyectos notables que no llegaron a materializarse, merece un tratamiento especifico. Este articulo esta dedicado a presentar una sintesis de la relacion y reciproco desencuentro entre Le Corbusier y el continente americano. Abstract: The relationship between Le Corbusier and the American continent virtually encompasses his entire professional life. Embodied by about twenty transatlantic trips and a series of heterogeneous projects and buildings, this relationship was marked by frequent misunderstandings that conditioned the materialization of some of his projects. However, the significance of Le Corbusier’s work for the Americas, represented by two extraordinary buildings –the Curutchet House in Argentina and the Carpenter Center in the United States— and by a series of noteworthy projects that remained unbuilt, deserves special consideration. This article is dedicated to present an outline of the relationship and reciprocal misunderstanding between Le Corbusier and the American continent. Palabras clave: Americas; Planes urbanos; Casa Curutchet; Carpenter Center; Viajes y Proyectos. Keywords: Americas; Urban Plans; Curutchet House; Carpenter Center; Travels and Projects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.985
Electrolyte changes in renal cortex, inner medulla and papilla in renal artery clamp hypertension.

ConclusionChronic hypertension was produced in rats by renal artery clamps and the renal tissues (cortex and a combined sampling of papilla and inner medulla) were examined for water, sodium, potassium content, and osmolarity.In hypertensive rats with a contralateral untouched kidney, the cortex on the side bearing the clamp showed evidence of volume depletion compared to the opposite intact side, i.e., significance tests showed a decreased water content, an unchanged sodium, and increased potassium content per kilo of tissue water; a decreased sodium and an unchanged potassium content when expressed per unit of dry weight. In the three hypertensive rats in which the contralateral kidney was excised after placement of the renal artery clamps, no significant difference was noted from the cortex of control uninephrectomized animals.Unlike the cortex, tissue from the inner medulla and papilla did not exhibit a difference between the clamped and the untouched kidney with respect to water or sodium content. Th...
Selective-area growth of heavily n–doped GaAs nanostubs on Si(001) by molecular beam epitaxy

Using an aspect ratio trapping technique, we demonstrate molecular beam epitaxy of GaAs nanostubs on Si(001) substrates. Nanoholes in a SiO2 mask act as a template for GaAs-on-Si selective-area growth (SAG) of nanostubs 120 nm tall and ≤100 nm in diameter. We investigate the influence of growth parameters including substrate temperature and growth rate on SAG. Optimizing these parameters results in complete selectivity with GaAs growth only on the exposed Si(001). Due to the confined-geometry, strain and defects in the GaAs nanostubs are restricted in lateral dimensions, and surface energy is further minimized. We assess the electrical properties of the selectively grown GaAs nanostubs by fabricating heterogeneous p+–Si/n+–GaAs p–n diodes.
Mechanix: A Sketch-Based Tutoring System that Automatically Corrects Hand-Sketched Statics Homework

With the rise in classroom populations—in both physical classrooms and online learning environments such as massively open online courses—instructors are struggling to provide relevant and personalized feedback on student work. As a result, many instructors choose to structure their homework assignments and assessments via multiple-choice questions or other more automatable techniques, rather than assign complete problems and diagrams. In this work, we aim to provide a new solution to the instructors of introductory engineering courses. We leveraged the power of sketch-recognition and artificial intelligence to create Mechanix, a sketch-based system that tutors students through drawing and solving free-body diagrams. Mechanix can support problems that have only a single answer, as well as questions for which many answers might apply (i.e. design this vs. solve this).
Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis

The current body of evidence currently supports modest efficacy for glucosamine and chondroitin in the treatment of OA symptoms. The products are safe and could play a valuable role in the management of this disorder. Nevertheless, further independent studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the clinical applicability of these compounds. Physicians need to become involved in these treatment decisions but are confused by wide variability in the formulation and purity of the numerous preparations available to consumers. The notion that glucosamine and chondroitin might have disease-modifying effects in OA is highly appealing and supported by preliminary data. Research is needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate the impact of glucosamine and chondroitin on all aspects of OA progression.
Epidemiology of Substance Use among Forced Migrants: A Global Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Forced migration is occurring at unprecedented levels. Forced migrants may be at risk for substance use for reasons including coping with traumatic experiences, co-morbid mental health disorders, acculturation challenges and social and economic inequality. This paper aimed to systematically review the literature examining substance use among forced migrants, and identify priority areas for intervention and future research. METHODS: Seven medical, allied health and social science databases were searched from inception to September 2015 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to identify original peer-reviewed articles describing any findings relating to alcohol and/or illicit drug use among refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs), asylum seekers, people displaced by disasters and deportees. A descriptive synthesis of evidence from quantitative studies was conducted, focusing primarily on studies which used validated measures of substance use. Synthesis of evidence from qualitative studies focused on identifying prominent themes relating to the contexts and consequences of substance use. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists were used to assess methodological quality of included studies. RESULTS: Forty-four quantitative (82% cross-sectional), 16 qualitative and three mixed-methods studies were included. Ten studies were rated as high methodological quality (16%), 39 as moderate quality (62%) and 14 as low quality (22%). The majority of research was conducted among refugees, IDPs and asylum seekers (n = 55, 87%), predominantly in high-income settings. The highest-quality prevalence estimates of hazardous/harmful alcohol use ranged from 17%-36% in camp settings and 4%-7% in community settings. Few studies collected validated measures of illicit drug use. Seven studies compared substance use among forced migrants to other migrant or native-born samples. Among eight studies which conducted multivariable analysis, male sex, trauma exposure and symptoms of mental illness were commonly identified correlates of substance use. CONCLUSION: Our understanding of substance use among forced migrants remains limited, particularly regarding persons displaced due to disasters, development and deportation. Despite a growing body of work among refugee-background populations, few studies include refugees in low and middle-income countries, where over 80% of the global refugee population resides. FINDINGS suggest a need to integrate substance use prevention and treatment into services offered to forced migrants, particularly in camp settings. Efforts to develop and evaluate interventions to reduce substance use and related harms are needed. Language: en
Isolation and characterization of Acidobacterium ailaaui sp. nov., a novel member of Acidobacteria subdivision 1, from a geothermally heated Hawaiian microbial mat

A novel member of Acidobacteria was isolated from a microbial mat growing on a geothermally heated dead tree trunk in Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park (HI, USA). The rod-shaped, Gram-negative capsulated cells of strain PMMR2T were non-motile and catalase and oxidase negative. Growth occurred aerobically from 15 to 55 °C (optimum, 40 °C) and at pH values from 4.5 to 7.0 (optimum, 6.5). A limited range of sugars and organic acids supported growth. However, results of a genomic analysis suggested that various polysaccharides might be hydrolysed as carbon sources, and evidence for pectin degradation was observed in liquid cultures. A genomic analysis also revealed genes for a Group 1f uptake hydrogenase; assays with liquid cultures confirmed hydrogen consumption, including uptake at sub-atmospheric concentrations. Nitrate was not dissimilated to nitrite. Major membrane fatty acids included iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The G+C content was 57.2mol%. A comparative genome analysis revealed an average nucleotide identity of 72.2 % between PMMR2T and its nearest cultured phylogenetic neighbour, Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196T (=JCM 7670T); analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed a 96.8 % sequence identity with Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196T. These results and other phenotypic differences indicated that strain PMMR2T represents a novel species in the genus Acidobacterium , for which the name Acidobacterium ailaaui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain, PMMR2T (=DSM 27394T=LMG 28340T), is the second formal addition to the genus Acidobacterium .
Acute Liver Failure: Perioperative Management

Management of patients with acute liver failure requires a multidisciplinary approach with intensive monitoring and intervention to achieve a successful outcome. Until the efficacy of alternative therapies is demonstrated, timely transplantation remains the treatment of choice in those at high risk for mortality.
The use of vignettes to empower effective responses to attempted sexual assault.

Objective: Women assertively resisting sexual aggression have the best chances of avoiding completed rape. Especially with acquaintances, there are significant social and psychological barriers to ...
Abdominal imaging post bariatric surgery: predictors, usage and utility

Abstract Purpose A lack of well-defined postoperative imaging guidelines for bariatric patients may lead to false-positive findings, radiation exposure, additional cost, and patient anxiety. We investigated our institutional usage and utility of nonroutine postoperative abdominal imaging. Methods and materials Laparoscopic gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy patients over a 5-year period were retrospectively identified. All bariatric-related nonroutine initial and all subsequent prompted abdominal and pelvic imaging was included. Results A total of 578 patients were included (399 gastric bypass, 179 sleeve gastrectomy); 907 nonroutine studies in 69% of patients were performed, and 36% patients underwent computed tomography (CT). Only 20.3% of findings were symptom-related, 26% had benign incidental findings, and 50% were negative. Incidental findings prompted 71 additional studies. Bypass procedure (sleeve versus bypass, odds ratio [OR] .3), older age (median 43 versus 48 years), and lower initial body mass index (BMI) (median 43 versus 45) increased the likelihood of imaging. History of prior abdominal surgery and dyspepsia increased the probability of undergoing CT by an odds ratio of 1.8 and 2.0, respectively ( P P P Conclusions Postoperative abdominal imaging in the bariatric population is common, with almost 70% of patients undergoing imaging and 70% of findings not related to patient symptoms. Bypass procedure, older age, and lower initial BMI were associated with a higher likelihood of patients undergoing imaging. Heightened understanding of this important subject is necessary to help streamline cost-effective imaging protocols for these patients.
Quantum Control via a Genetic Algorithm of the Field Ionization Pathway of a Rydberg Electron

Quantum control of the pathway along which a Rydberg electron field ionizes is experimentally and computationally demonstrated. Selective field ionization is typically done with a slowly rising electric field pulse. The $(1/n^*)^4$ scaling of the classical ionization threshold leads to a rough mapping between arrival time of the electron signal and principal quantum number of the Rydberg electron. This is complicated by the many avoided level crossings that the electron must traverse on the way to ionization, which in general leads to broadening of the time-resolved field ionization signal. In order to control the ionization pathway, thus directing the signal to the desired arrival time, a perturbing electric field produced by an arbitrary waveform generator is added to a slowly rising electric field. A genetic algorithm evolves the perturbing field in an effort to achieve the target time-resolved field ionization signal.
Mechanistic Probes of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Photocatalytic Application

In this work, we report a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) with remarkable activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER): 40 500 μmol H2/g of metal organic framework (MOF). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest activity achieved by any MOF system. This result necessitated assessment of the atomic-scale mechanistic function of ZIF-67 in HER, using advanced spectroscopy techniques, including time-resolved optical (OTA) and in situ X-ray-absorption (XAS) spectroscopy. Through the correlation of the OTA results with the catalytic performance, we demonstrated that the electron transfer (ET) pathway, rather than the energy transfer (ENT) pathway, between the photosensitizer and ZIF-67 is the key factor that controls the efficiency of HER activity, because HER activity that undergoes the ET pathway is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that which undergoes the ENT process. Using in situ XAS, we unraveled the spectral features for key intermediate species, which are likely responsible for t...
Performance, Blood and Ruminal Characteristics of Cows Receiving Monensin and a Magnesium Supplement

Forty-eight Angus and Hereford cows were used in a completely random design with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of monensin and two sources of Mg on performance, ruminal characteristics and mineral status of mature beef cows. Cows were fed wheat straw treated with NH3 during late gestation and straw treated with NH3 plus bromegrass haylage after calving along with a protein supplement that contained either MgO (7.5 g/kg) or MgSO4 (11 g/kg). One half of the cows received monensin (1 g/kg) in their protein supplement. During the precalving period, MgO without monensin increased (P less than .01) plasma Mg compared with Mg in plasma of cows receiving MgSO4 or MgO with monensin. Magnesium oxide also increased cow weight gains during late gestation (P less than .05) compared with weight gains of cows supplemented with MgSO4, but magnesium source had no effect on weight gain postcalving. Plasma glucose was increased by monensin (P less than .05) and by MgSO4 (P less than .01) during early lactation. Monensin increased the proportion of propionate before (P less than .05) and after (P less than .10) calving in the ruminal fluid of cows. Monensin also increased (P less than .05) cow weight gain precalving and tended to decrease (P less than .10) milk fat in lactating cows. Calf weight gains were not affected by treatment of dam. Magnesium oxide appeared to have higher Mg bioavailability than MgSO4 for cows precalving, but Mg bioavailability was not different postcalving. Monensin increased cow weight gains precalving and improved feed efficiency postcalving.
Small Cell Carcinoma of Prostate: A Case Report of a Patient With Concomitant Transitional Cell Cancer of the Bladder:

Small cell carcinomas (SCCs) are aggressive neoplasms commonly associated with a pulmonary origin. However, albeit rare, extrapulmonary SCC can occur in a variety of sites with an incidence in North America approximated to be 0.1% to 0.4%. Among these sites, approximately 10% of extrapulmonary SCC cases occur in the prostate and are associated with a poor mortality with a median survival of 10 months. Because of the rarity of the prostatic SCC, there is no formal treatment protocol. In this case report, we present a patient who was diagnosed with SCC in the prostate as primary origin. Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy was started, which he is tolerating so far. While the management of metastatic disease is well documented with the use of chemotherapy, specific data on nonmetastatic disease is lacking. As some studies suggest, a combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach is helpful in localized disease. In our case, this approach has led to a good clinical outcome in a disease that does not usually allow such results.
The DØ detector upgrade

The Fermilab collider program is undergoing a major upgrade of both the accelerator complex and the two detectors. Operation of the Tevatron at luminosities upwards of ten times that currently provided will occur in early 1999 after the commissioning of the new Fermilab Main Injector. The DO upgrade program has been established to deliver a detector that will meet the challenges of this environment. A new magnetic tracker consisting of a superconducting solenoid, a silicon vertex detector, a scintillating fiber central tracker, and a central preshower detector will replace the current central tracking and transition radiation chambers. We present the design and performance capabilities of these new systems and describe results from physics simulations that demonstrate the physics reach of the upgraded detector.
Highly Compact Virtual Active Counters for Per-flow Traffic Measurement

Ahstract-Per-flow traffic measurement is a fundamental problem in the era of big network data, and has been widely used in many applications, including capacity planning, anomaly detection, load balancing, traffic engineering, etc. In order to keep up with the line speed of modern network devices (e.g., routers), per-flow measurement online module is often implemented by using on-chip cache memory (such as SRAM) to minimize per-packet processing time, but on-chip SRAM is expensive and limited in size, which poses a major challenge for traffic measurement. In response, much recent research is geared towards designing highly compact data structures for approximate estimation that can provide probabilistic guarantees for per-flow measurement. The state of art, called Counter Tree (CT), requires at least 2 bits per flow in memory consumption and more than 2 memory accesses per packet in processing time. In this paper, we propose a novel design of a highly compact and efficient counter architecture, called Virtual Active Counter estimation (VAC), which achieves faster processing speed (slightly more than 1 memory access per packet on average) and provides more accurate measurement results than CT under the same allocated memory. Moreover, VAC can perform well even with a very tight memory space (less than 1 bit per flow or even one fifth of a bit per flow). Theoretical analysis and experiments based on real network traces demonstrate the superior performance of VAC.
Family Caregiver Marginalization is Associated With Decreased Primary and Subspecialty Asthma Care in Head Start Children.

Abstract Background Urban minority children are at risk for poor asthma outcomes and might not receive appropriate primary or subspecialty care. We hypothesized that preschool children with asthma whose caregivers reported more barriers to care would be less likely to have seen their primary care provider (PCP) or an asthma subspecialist and more likely to have had a recent emergency department (ED) visit for asthma. Methods The Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ) is used to measure expectations, knowledge, marginalization, pragmatics, and skills. We assessed asthma control using the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids and these outcomes: PCP visits for asthma in the past 6 months, subspecialty care (allergist or pulmonologist) in the past 2 years, and ED visits in the past 3 months. Results Three hundred ninety-five caregivers (96% African-American, 82% low-income, 96% Medicaid) completed the BCQ. Sixty percent (n = 236) of children had uncontrolled asthma, 86% had seen a PCP, 23% had seen a subspecialist, and 29% had an ED visit. Barriers related to marginalization were associated with decreased likelihood of PCP (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; P = .014) and subspecialty visits (OR, 0.92; P = .019). Overall BCQ score was associated with decreased likelihood of subspecialty care (OR, 0.98; P = .027). Barriers related to expectations, knowledge, pragmatics, and skills were not associated with any of the care outcomes. Conclusions Among low-income, predominantly African-American preschool children with asthma, primary and subspecialty care were less likely if caregivers reported past negative experiences with the health care system (marginalization). Clinicians who serve at-risk populations should be sensitive to families' past experiences and should consider designing interventions to target the most commonly reported barriers.
Neighborhoods and Birth Outcomes

The rising trends in the incidence of preterm birth, low birth weight, and very low birth weight in the United States over the past two decades have prompted in-depth investigations into the populations most affected and the neighborhoods in which mothers reside and unhealthy infants are born. Historically, researchers have focused on individual-level risk factors to explain adverse birth outcomes, such as maternal demographic and behavioral characteristics. Although the findings from this research have been informative and extremely important, there is also a growing interest among researchers to understand how the local neighborhood environment impacts reproductive and infant health. This article reviews characteristics of the social, physical, and built environment of neighborhoods and the known and suspected pathways by which these hazards may lead to poor reproductive and infant health. Social characteristics refer to mean income, poverty and levels of wealth, social capital, social cohesion, and safety and security in the neighborhood. Physical characteristics refer to pollutants and contaminants in the air, water, and soil. The built environment refers to the design of the neighborhood, the age and type of housing, and the availability of amenities and services. The ability of high-quality preconception, prenatal, and neonatal–perinatal health care to offset some of the detrimental effects associated with neighborhood risk factors is also examined. Finally, neighborhood characteristics that may impact racial/ethnic disparities in reproductive and infant health are also discussed.
T cell control of antibody production.

The discovery that the thymus was involved in the development of the immune system (Miller, 1961; Archer et al, 1962; Jankovic et al, 1962) ushered in the “golden age of ‘thymology’” (Miller, 1967). A second golden age (Miller, 1967) began with the discovery that thymus-derived lymphocytes [soon to be christened T cells (Roitt et al, 1969)] did not themselves make circulating antibodies, but rather assisted other nonthymus-derived lymphocytes to do so (Miller and Mitchell, 1969; Davies, 1969; Claman and Chaperon, 1969). This second class of lymphocytes was christened B cells (Roitt et al, 1969), a term with sufficient ambiguity to gain the acceptance of those who thought these cells differentiated to a functional state in mammalian bone marrow and those who thought a mammalian equivalent of the bursa of Fabricius played a role in their differentiation.
Biomimetic encoding model for restoring touch in bionic hands through a nerve interface.

OBJECTIVE Hand function can be restored in upper-limb amputees by equipping them with anthropomorphic prostheses controlled with signals from residual muscles. The dexterity of these bionic hands is severely limited in large part by the absence of tactile feedback about interactions with objects. We propose that, to the extent that artificial touch mimics its natural counterpart, these sensory signals will be more easily integrated into the motor plan for object manipulation. APPROACH We describe an approach to convey tactile feedback through electrical stimulation of the residual somatosensory nerves that mimics the aggregate activity of tactile fibers that would be produced in the nerve of a native hand during object interactions. Specifically, we build a parsimonious model that maps the stimulus-described as time-varying indentation depth, indentation rate, and acceleration-into continuous estimates of the time-varying population firing rate and of the size of the recruited afferent population. MAIN RESULTS The simple model can reconstruct aggregate afferent responses to a wide range of stimuli, including those experienced during activities of daily living. SIGNIFICANCE We discuss how the proposed model can be implemented with a peripheral nerve interface and anticipate it will lead to improved dexterity for prosthetic hands.
Understanding the influence of perceived fatigue on coordination during endurance running.

During the course of a training programme, runners will typically increase running velocity and volume possibly encountering fatigue during a run, which is characterised as a feeling of general tir...
Fault Prognostics of Multilevel Inverters Using On-State Resistance Evolution

This paper proposes a fault prognostic method of multilevel inverters based on logic combinations that track the evolution of on-state resistance of semiconductor switches during their degradation. The proposed method utilizes the decreasing trend of semiconductor's on-state resistance when its degradation starts. The changed electrical properties and quantities in the circuit due to the change of the on-state resistance are used as indicators to prognose the failure of the semiconductor. Existing fault diagnosis and prognosis methods are first overviewed, and the limitations of these methods are highlighted. The advantages of the proposed prognostic method are 1) Need for a small amount of data for training and 2) Its computational requirements are simpler and faster than existing methods. A 5-level neutral-point-clamped inverter is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed prognostic method.
The Fibers Over a Plane Domain

Consider a uniform algebra 𝔄 on a compact space X having maximal ideal space M. Fix f ∈ 𝔄. Consider an open set W contained in C\f(X). For each λ in W the fiber over λ shall mean {p ∈M|f(p) = λ{ In Section 11 we saw that if f -1 (W) is non-empty and if for sufficiently many λ in W the fiber over λ is a finite set, then f -1 (W) possesses analytic structure.
Use of an On-Site Outpatient Pharmacy for Acquisition of Antiretroviral Medications Compared to Off-Site Pharmacy Options: Impact on Retention in Care and Clinical Outcomes in People Living With HIV:

Background:Few published studies have examined the relationship between pharmacy location and retention in care or clinical outcome in people living with HIV (PLWH).Objective:The study purpose was ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels correlate with susceptibility to mouse skin tumorigenesis

5664 Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is involved in tissue homeostasis, COX-2 is highly inducible, is frequently overexpressed in cancers, and plays roles in inflammation, immune function, angiogenesis, and tumor invasiveness. Both general COX inhibitors, as well as COX-2-specific inhibitors, have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in a number of animal models. However, COX inhibitors have been shown to have COX-independent effects. So we have used both COX-2 transgenic and COX-2 knockout mice to determine the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis using the mouse skin model. FVB mice overexpressing COX-2 in the skin via the keratin 14 (K14) promoter were initially shown to be resistant to skin tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion. However, using DMBA only or using the nonphorbol ester tumor promoter, anthralin, with DMBA, K14.COX2 transgenic mice developed many more tumors (3.7 and 5.5 fold, respectively) than wild type FVB mice. Thus, overexpression of COX-2 appears to promote skin tumorigenesis and resistance to tumorigenesis is limited specifically to TPA tumor promotion, which correlated to a reduced TPA induction of proliferation, ornithine decarboxylase, interleukin-1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in transgenic versus wild type mice. Similarly, when SKH-1 hairless mice overexpressing COX-2 in the skin via the keratin 5 (K5) promoter were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light-induced tumorigenesis, transgenic mice developed 2.5 fold more tumors/mouse than wild type SKH-1 mice. To complement these studies with transgenic overexpressing mice, COX-1 and COX-2 knockout mice were backcrossed onto the SKH-1 background for UV carcinogenesis studies (others have already shown that COX-1 and COX-2 knockout mice are resistant to DMBA/TPA skin tumorigenesis; Cancer Res., 62:3395, 2002). However, since homozygous COX-2 -/- mice do not survive beyond ~6 weeks of age on the SKH-1 background, heterozygous COX-1 +/- and COX-2 +/- mice were used. While COX-1 +/- mice developed UV-induced tumors similarly to wild type SKH-1 mice, COX-2 +/- mice developed 3 fold fewer tumors/mouse with a 10-week increase in latency compared to wild type mice. Thus, loss of only one allele of COX-2 was enough to decrease tumorigenesis in this system. Overall, mouse skin COX-2 expression levels were directly correlated to susceptibility to tumorigenesis. Supported by NIH grants CA100140, ES07784.