cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Feeding Fusarium moniliforme Culture Material, Containing Known Levels of Fumonisin B1, on the Young Broiler Chick

The effects of feeding Fusarium moniliforme culture material, containing known concentrations of fumonisin B1 (FB1), were studied in broiler chicks. Day-old chicks were allotted randomly to dietary treatments containing 0, 1.02, 2.04, 3.06, 4.08, 5.10, 6.12, and 7.14% fumonisin culture material (FCM). These levels of FCM supplied 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, and 525 mg of FB1/kg of feed. Each dietary treatment was fed to four pen replicates of six birds each for 21 days. Chicks fed FCM that supplied 450 and 525 mg FB1/kg diet had lower (P < .05) feed intakes and BW gains; increased (P < .05) liver and kidney weights; and increased (P < .05) mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentrations. Compared with controls, chicks fed FCM had increased (P < .05) free sphinganine levels and sphinganine:sphingosine ratios. Treatment-associated histological lesions were only observed in the liver of chicks fed diets containing FCM that supplied 225 mg FB1/kg or higher. Diets containing FCM that supplied levels as low as 75 mg FB1/kg affected the physiology of chicks by increasing free sphinganine levels and sphinganine:sphingosine ratios. Because inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis has been hypothesized as the mechanism of action of FB1, this suggests that diets containing 75 mg FB1/kg FCM may be toxic to young broiler chicks.
Laser-induced Hertzian fractures on the exit surface of silica glass deposited with metal micro-spheres

We study the formation of laser-induced Hertzian fractures on silica output surfaces at high incident influences initiated by surface bound metal particles. Hertzian fracture initiation probability as a function of incidence influence is obtained for two particle materials. The resulting modified damage density curve shows prototypical features determined by the surface-bound particles population. The data is further used to calculate the coupling coefficient between incident energy and the ejected plasma momentum.
Alexander Hamilton: What if Aaron Burr Missed?

In this article, the author speculates about the further impact Alexander Hamilton could have had on the development of American public administration and the shape and direction of American government had he survived the duel with Aaron Burr.
Predictors of Postschool Education/Training and Employment Outcomes for Youth With Disabilities:

Youth with disabilities have consistently poor postschool engagement outcomes in employment and postsecondary education and training. At least once every 6 years, states are required to submit a State Performance Plan in which they report performance on the progress of students with disabilities (20 U.S.C. 1416(b)(1)). Indicator 14 requires states to collect postschool outcome data 1 year after students exit high school. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the impact of student-, school-, district-level, and combined (student + school + district) factors on engagement outcomes for youth with high incidence disabilities across 3 years. Findings from logistic regression analyses indicate that student-level, district-level, and combined factors were significant in predicting postschool outcomes of employment and postsecondary education.
Criterion-based assessment in a norm-based world: How can we move past grades?

In the United States, the medical education community has begun a shift from the Flexnerian time-based model to a competency-based medical education model. The graduate medical education (GME) community is substantially farther along in this transition than is the undergraduate medical education (UM
Transcriptomal Signatures of Vaccine Adjuvants and Accessory Immunostimulation of Sentinel Cells by Toll-Like Receptor 2/6 Agonists

An important component of vaccine development is the identification of safe and effective adjuvants. We sought to identify transcriptomal signatures of innate immune stimulating molecules using next-generation RNA sequencing with the goal of being able to utilize such signatures in identifying novel immunostimulatory compounds with adjuvant activity. The CC family of chemokines, particularly CC chemokines 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, 18, 20, and 23, were broadly upregulated by most Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLR) stimuli. Extracellular receptors such as TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 induced the transcription of CXC chemokines including CXCL5, CXCL6 and CXCL8, whereas intracellular receptors such as TLR7 and TLR8 upregulated CXC chemokines 11 and 12. Both TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 agonists induced strong chemokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Human skeletal muscle cells and fibroblasts respond with chemokine production only to TLR2/6 agonists, but not TLR1/2 agonists, consistent with strong expression of TLR2 and TLR6, but not of TLR1, in fibroblasts. TLR2/6 stimulated fibroblasts demonstrated functional chemotactic responses to human T cell and natural killer cells subsets. The activation of non-hematopoietic, adventitial cells such as fibroblasts and myocytes may contribute.
A Structural Model of Data Warehousing Success

Data warehousing is an important area of practice and research, yet few studies have assessed its practices in general and critical success factors in particular. Although plenty of guidelines for ...
(Re)defining Journalistic Expertise in the Digital Transformation: A Content Analysis of Job Announcements

In the last decade or so, the attempt to rethink journalism expertise has been made in the context of a radically changing media environment. While many new journalism skills and knowledge areas ha...
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS TO DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING OF PATIENTS

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to discuss some methods of statistical computing which are being employed in an interdisciplinary attempt to allow a diagnostic separation of patients with multiple myeloma (a malignant condition) from those with plasma cell dyscrasias of unknown significance (a benign condition). The statistical methods basically involve a stepwise discriminant analysis. Some consideration is given to various approaches which deal with variable selection. These methods could have applications for other areas of early cancer diagnosis.
A Study on the Traveling Salesman Problem with a Drone

A promising new model for future logistics networks involves the collaboration between traditional trucks and modern drones. The drone can pick up packages from the truck and deliver them by air while the truck is serving other customers. The operational challenge combines the allocation of delivery locations to either the truck or the drone, and the coordinated routing of the truck and the drone. In this work, we consider the scenario of a single truck and one drone, with the objective to minimize the completion time (or makespan). As our first contribution, we prove that this problem is strongly NP-hard, even in the restricted case when drone deliveries need to be optimally integrated in a given truck route. We then present a constraint programming formulation that compactly represents the operational constraints between the truck and the drone. Our computational experiments show that solving the CP model to optimality is significantly faster than the state-of-the-art exact algorithm. For larger instances, our CP-based heuristic algorithm is competitive with a state-of-the-art heuristic method.
Effects of leakage rate and liner seam orientation on detection monitoring configurations at waste impoundments

A modeling study examined the effect of leakage rate and liner seam orientation on configurations of contaminant detection wells in groundwater. Monitoring networks took into account the unknown lo...
Scalar predictors of premixed gas ignition by a suddenly-starting hot jet

Abstract Hot-jet ignition is usually designed to reduce emissions in lean-burn combustion engines, and has potential in enabling novel pressure-gain combustion. Inspired by our experimental observations related to wave-rotor combustion chamber ignition, this work employs a numerical method to examine the sudden injection of a hot jet into a quiescent mixture of CH4–H2-air and the subsequent ignition. The goal is to provide the range of thermo-physical scalars that are supportive of successful ignition. The evolution of scalar fields is evaluated using large-eddy simulation (LES). The temporal evolution of mixture fraction, the squared gradient of mixture fraction (as indicative of scalar dissipation rate), strain rate, and intermediate species are investigated in order to find the appropriate physical conditions which support ignition. Independent distribution of stain rate and squared gradient of mixture fraction, especially in the leading head vortex, shows the necessity of correlated scalar analysis of the ignition process. Experimental and numerical methods are then employed to provide the qualitative and quantitative understanding of ignition process for fuels with two distinct hydrogen contents. Results show the meaningful difference in spatial distribution of local ignition as hydrogen content of the fuel increases.
Predictive Caching for AR/VR Experiences in a Household Scenario

Augmented/virtual reality (ARNR) technologies can be deployed in a household environment for applications such as checking the weather or traffic reports, watching a summary of news, or attending classes. Since AR/VR applications are highly delay sensitive, delivering these types of reports in maximum quality could be very challenging. In this paper, we consider that users go through a series of AR/VR experience units that can be delivered at different experience quality levels. In order to maximize the quality of the experience while minimizing the cost of delivering it, we aim to predict the users’ behavior in the home and the experiences they are interested in at specific moments in time. We describe a deep learning based technique to predict the users’ requests from ARNR devices and optimize the local caching of experience units. We evaluate the performance of the proposed technique on two real-world datasets and compare our results with other baselines. Our results show that predicting users’ requests can improve the quality of experience and decrease the cost of delivery.
Chapter 50 – Pocket Gopher

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current and potential uses of pocket gophers as laboratory animals. The evolved physiological and behavioral characteristics required for life underground render the pocket gopher valuable for a variety of investigations. Restrictions imposed by the subterranean ecotope make pocket gophers ideal subjects to examine the impact of reduced sensory modalities upon communication and energy costs associated with burrowing. Further, the solitary lifestyle of the pocket gopher allows a model system to investigate parasite–host relationships where transmission rates are relatively low. Recent advances in the husbandry of pocket gophers now make large-scale laboratory studies feasible. Information concerning the biology of pocket gophers and diseases to which they are susceptible is provided as well in this study. Pocket gophers do not readily transmit disease. Minor health issues common to newly captured animals, for example, ectoparasite infestations or skin irritations, are eliminated during quarantine. Dental problems, such as incisor breakage or malocclusions, can occur. Malocclusions are rare, but can cause serious threat to an individual's health. If properly clipped, nail injuries are minimal. Once established, maintaining the health of a pocket gopher colony is not difficult.
Myeloid cell responsiveness to interferon-gamma is sufficient for initial resistance to Listeria monocytogenes.

Abstract The type II interferon (IFNγ) promotes resistance to intracellular pathogens. Most immune and somatic cells also express the IFNγ receptor (IFNGR) and respond to IFNγ. While myeloid cell have been implicated as important targets of IFNγ, it remains unknown if IFNγ signaling to myeloid cell types suffices for resistance to infection. Here, we addressed this question by generating mice in which IFNGR1 is selectively expressed by myeloid cells. These “MSGR1” (myeloid selective IFNGR1) mice express an epitope-tagged Ifngr1 transgene (fGR1) from the myeloid-specific c-fms promoter in a background lacking endogenous Ifngr1. IFNGR staining was selectively observed on myeloid cells in the MSGR1 mice and correlated with responsiveness of these cells to IFNγ. During systemic infection by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, activation marker staining was comparable on monocytes from MSGR1 and control B6 mice. Bacterial burdens and survival were also equivalent in MSGR1 and wildtype B6 animals at a timepoint when B6.Ifngr1−/− mice began to succumb. These data confirm that activation of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils is a key mechanism by which IFNγ promotes innate anti-bacterial immunity and suggest that IFNγ targeting of myeloid cells is largely sufficient to mediate protection against systemic L. monocytogenes.
Epidemiological and molecular characterization of a novel adenovirus of squirrel monkeys after fatal infection during immunosuppression.

Adenoviruses are a frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections that can also cause disseminated disease in immunosuppressed patients. We identified a novel adenovirus, squirrel monkey adenovirus 1 (SqMAdV-1), as the cause of fatal infection in an immunocompromised squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) at the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (KCCMR). Sequencing of SqMAdV-1 revealed that it is most closely related (80.4 % pairwise nucleotide identity) to the titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) adenovirus (TMAdV). Although identified in the titi monkey, TMAdV is highly lethal in these monkeys, and they are not thought to be the natural host. While SqMAdV-1 is similar to other primate adenoviruses in size and genomic characteristics, a nucleotide polymorphism at the expected stop codon of the DNA polymerase gene results in a 126 amino acid extension at the carboxy terminus, a feature not previously observed among other primate adenoviruses. PCR testing and partial sequencing of 95 archived faecal samples from other squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis and Saimiri sciureus) housed at the KCCMR revealed the presence of three distinct, and apparently endemic species of adenoviruses. A grouping of ten squirrel monkey adenovirus variants has high similarity to SqMAdV-1. A single adenovirus variant (designated SqMAdV-3), detected in five monkeys, has similarity to tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella) adenoviruses. The largest group of adenovirus variants detected (designated SqMAdV-2.0–2.16) has very high similarity (93–99 %) to the TMAdV, suggesting that squirrel monkeys may be the natural host of the TMAdV.
TiO2/graphene and MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS Nanocomposite-based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell: Design, Fabrication, Characterization, and Investigation

Abstract In this paper, the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was improved through the development of a new TiO2/graphene nanocomposite as a photoanode electrode and MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite as a counter electrode. Prepared products were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), BET-BJH and Raman spectroscopy. TiO2/graphene and MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS-based solar cell demonstrated an open circuit voltage of 0.2 V and the fill factor 0.44 and 0.34 conversion efficiency under the one sunlight irradiation.
Behavioral and Neurophysiological Evidence of Speech Processing in Chinese-Speaking Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review and Future Directions

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with core deficits in language and social communication areas. Past decades have witnessed a growing number of studies concerning this population’s language and communication skills. However, studies focusing on Chinese-speaking individuals with ASD are rare and have just begun to accumulate. This review focuses on prosody and lexical tone perception and production in Chinese-speaking individuals with ASD. We also briefly review the evidence from general ASD literature for cross-language comparisons. Similar to patterns seen in many non-tonal language speakers with ASD, Chinese-speaking individuals with ASD generally demonstrate atypical pitch in terms of both average and range of values in verbal productions. Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence suggest atypicality, such as enhanced lower-level auditory processing and reduced higher-level linguistic processing in Chinese-speaking individuals with ASD. We also report some preliminary neural intervention data on bilingual English–Mandarin-learning children with ASD. Future directions on advancing theory and practice are discussed.
Wise interventions in organizations

Abstract The subjective meanings employees assign to their understandings of themselves, others, and their environments influence an array of important work attitudes and behaviors. We review theory and research on wise interventions that illustrate three fundamental motives that underlie this subjective meaning-making process: the need to understand, the need for self-integrity, and the need to belong. Understanding how employees respond to organizational contexts that call into question or threaten these fundamental motives can potentially enable both organizations and their employees to achieve their goals better. Prior research has shown that wise interventions can bring about long-term beneficial outcomes in the domains of academic performance, stress and health, relationship satisfaction, and conflict reduction. We seek to integrate wise interventions and organizational behavior to explore where, when, and how addressing the fundamental needs of understanding, self-integrity, and belonging can lead to behaviors and attitudes that are beneficial for employees and employers alike. We examine when employees’ subjective meanings are likely to be amenable to influence by wise interventions, such as during key transition points that may be person-centered (e.g., when employees take a new job) or organization-centered (e.g., the introduction of organizational change). We review interventions that have occurred within organizational settings and consider how interventions tested in other contexts (e.g., education) may be applied to organizations. A potentially fruitful liaison awaits organizational behavior researchers interested in the application of wise interventions.
Sex-specific Associations Between Traumatic Experiences and Resting-state Functional Connectivity in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort

Background: Traumatic experiences during childhood or adolescence are a significant risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders and adversely affect cognitive functions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate the effects of traumatic experiences on functional connectivity, but the impact of sex differences has not been well documented. This study investigated sex-specific associations between resting-state functional connectivity and traumatic experiences in typically developing youth. Methods: The sample comprised 1395 participants, ages 8 to 21 years, from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Resting-state functional connectivity was characterized by voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Traumatic experiences were assessed based on a structured psychiatric evaluation. Sex, the number of traumatic events, and their interaction were regressed onto voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values. Brain regions that passed cluster correction were used as seeds to define resting-state networks. Results: After quality control, the final sample included 914 participants (mean (SD) age, 14.6 (3.3) years; 529 (57.8%) females; 437 (47.8%) experienced at least one kind of traumatic event). Four discrete anatomical clusters showed decreased functional connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by using these four clusters as seeds corresponded with the somatomotor network. Sex-specific associations were identified in another four clusters for which males showed increased connectivity, and females showed decreased connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by the four sex-specific clusters corresponded with the default mode network. Conclusions: Traumatic experiences are associated with an alteration of resting-state functional connectivity in the somatomotor network in youth without psychiatric diagnoses. The associations differ in direction between males and females in the default mode network, suggesting sex-specific responses to early exposure to trauma.
Adaptive Droop Control of Coupled Microgrids for Enhanced Power Sharing and Small-Signal Stability

With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources in the distribution system, coupled microgrids can enhance the system reliability and stability and help accommodate higher penetration of renewable sources. This paper proposes an operating condition based adaptive control framework for coupled microgrid systems to achieve effective load sharing and improved system wide small signal stability. The proposed framework consists of three levels of hierarchical control performed at different time scales. Device level control which tracks a provided voltage and angle reference set-point is used at the primary level. At the secondary level, the power exchange between the microgrids is regulated by an adaptive gain based droop control which adapts with the system operating condition and considers the coupled relation between $|V|, \delta$ and P, Q. At the tertiary level, an AC power flow based supervisory control updates the active and reactive power flow reference setpoints to control the power transfer between the coupled microgrids. Simulation results on a coupled microgrid system based on the modified IEEE 123-node test feeder demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control framework at the secondary level for improved stability of coupled microgrids.
Learning Grammar of Complex Activities via Deep Neural Networks.

Motivated by the growing amount of publicly available video data on online streaming services and an increased interest in applications that analyze continuous video streams such as autonomous driving, this technical report provides a theoretical insight into deep neural networks for video learning, under label constraints. I build upon previous work in video learning for computer vision, make observations on model performance and propose further mechanisms to help improve our observations.
The symbolic uses of platforms: The politics of platform governance in the United States

Unlike many other countries around the world, the United States has taken relatively little substantive action in the realm of platform governance, despite the United States being directly impacted by occurrences such as Russian interference in the 2016 election, domestic disinformation related to the 2020 election, the Cambridge Analytica data breach scandal and the ‘infodemic’ of misinformation that has accompanied the Coronavirus pandemic. Yet the past four years have involved numerous Congressional hearings on various aspects of platform governance and a multitude of bills have been introduced addressing a similarly wide range of platform governance issues. With so many indicators of potential government action over the past half-decade, but so few actual policy interventions, platform governance appears to be a prime example of a policy-making context in which symbolic actions are taking precedence over substantive actions. This article illustrates this dynamic through an analysis of recent platform governance developments in the United States.
The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) stabilization plan for working with patients with suicide risk.

The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) provides clinicians with an evidence-based suicide-focused therapeutic framework to help patients understand and manage suicidal thoughts and behaviors. A key component in CAMS suicide-focused treatment planning is the development and use of the CAMS Stabilization Plan (CSP). The CSP is used to ensure between-session safety and stability by helping patients learn to cope differently, enabling clinicians to care for suicidal patients on an outpatient basis, and thereby rendering suicidal-oriented coping obsolete. While implementing and maintaining the CSP, clinicians work to identify, target, and treat patient-identified suicidal drivers aimed at lowering the patient's suicide risk. The CSP employs a collaborative, flexible, and problem-focused approach creating a unique dynamic between clinician and patient as they work together to address the patient's suicidal struggle. CAMS allows clinicians to be flexible in their approach to treating suicidal behavior, utilizing techniques and tools they know, while providing them with a unique framework to engage their suicidal patients. Additionally, there is an overt and ongoing emphasis on encouraging patients to cultivate purpose and meaning in their lives with plans, goals, and hope for the future-ultimately leading patients to discover a life worth living, which is the final focus in CAMS-guided care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Functions of bounded variation and the Riemann-Stieltjes integral

In earlier chapters we developed the basic properties of functions on ℝ1 and ℝ n Of particular interest are conditions which determine when functions are continuous, differentiable of any order, analytic, and integrable. There are many problems, especially in the applications to physical sciences, in which we require more precise information than we have obtained so far about the behavior of functions. In the simplest case of functions from ℝ1to ℝ1, it is useful, for example, to be able to measure how rapidly a function oscillates. However, the oscillatory character of a function is not easily determined from its continuity or differentiability properties. For this reason, we introduce the notion of the variation of a function, defined below. This quantity turns out to be useful for problems in physics, engineering, probability theory, Fourier series, and so forth. In this section we establish the principal theorems concerning the variation of a function on ℝ1, and in Section 12.2 we show that this concept can be used to define an important extension of the Riemann integral, one which enlarges substantially the class of functions which may be integrated.
Multi-level adaptive fuzzy filter for mixed noise removal

Combination or hybrid filters utilize linear and nonlinear techniques to remove noise from an image while preserving details. Typically these filters are trained to remove either Gaussian or impulsive noise. They cannot remove large amounts of mixed noise. In this paper we present a new multi-level adaptive fuzzy (MLAF) filter for mixed noise removal during image processing. This filter utilizes fuzzy sets to combine linear and nonlinear techniques and effectively removes large amounts of mixed Gaussian and impulsive noise while preserving the image details. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed filter.
Electromagnetic processes in three-nucleon systems

Electromagnetic processes associated with the three-nucleon systems are discussed with an emphasis on recent developments. These include the asymptotic behavior of the 3He charge form factor, electro- and photo-disintegrations and the electric dipole sum rule for total photo absorption cross-sections.
The Constitution and the Americans with Disabilities Act: Some First Impressions

If experience under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was any guide, then passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") should have marked not the end of a struggle for equality but its beginning. The author offers some initial reflections on the ADA and its constitutionality soon after the passage of the Act.
Rail–Truck Multimodal Freight Collaboration: Truck Freight Carrier Perspectives in the United States

AbstractDue to the impacts of highway congestion, truck driver shortage, the need for energy security, and the increasing revenue gaps to finance highway infrastructure construction and renewal, there is a critical need to explore the opportunities and barriers to rail-truck multimodal transportation paradigms. This study proposes a two-step modeling approach to explore truck freight carrier perspectives on the factors that foster/impede their willingness to collaborate with rail freight carriers through multimodal freight collaboration, and how these factors are correlated with their operational and behavioral characteristics. Understanding these correlations can provide rail freight carrier decision makers insights for the design of targeted mechanisms that will be required for such collaborations to come to fruition, including: (1) adjusting the rail carrier operations; (2) adopting technology that is synergistic with those of truck freight carriers; (3) designs for uncontainerized cargo; and (4) impro...
The use of etomidate for rapid sequence induction in septic patients

There is continued debate about the clinical ramifications of single-dose etomidate for rapid sequence induction (RSI) in patients with sepsis. This history of this debate includes early studies identifying an association between etomidate infusions and mortality with adrenal suppression as a hypothesized mechanism. More recent data describing the high prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in patients with sepsis has prompted additional investigation as to the clinical effects of single-dose etomidate when utilized as an agent in RSI. Acknowledging the small number and heterogeneity of studies on this topic, we feel that the recent meta-analysis by Gu et al. provides an accurate and complete assessment of the existing literature on this topic. We continue to utilize etomidate for the purposes of RSI in this critically ill patient population and feel that the current data supports this position.
Understanding Needs Is Important for Assessing the Impact of Food Assistance Program Participation on Nutritional and Health Status in U.S. Elderly Persons

This study aimed to assess the impact of food assistance programs on nutritional and health status of nutritionally needy elderly persons. Two cross-sectional and one longitudinal data sets were used: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-94), Nutrition Survey of the Elderly in New York State (1994) and Longitudinal Study of Aging (1984-1990). Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine whether food assistance participants among food insecure elderly (i.e., those whose needs for food assistance programs are met) have better nutrient intake, skinfold thickness and self-reported health status and less nutritional risk, hospitalization and mortality than nonparticipants (i.e., those whose needs are unmet) and whether the benefit is larger than that among food secure elderly persons. Across three data sets, food insecure elderly persons had poorer nutritional and health status than food secure elderly persons. Contrary to the hypotheses, among food insecure elderly persons, food assistance participants had similar or poorer nutrient intakes, skinfold thickness, nutritional risk, self-reported health status, hospitalization and mortality than nonparticipants. Food secure participants had similar nutritional and health status as food secure nonparticipants. Lack of information on the dynamic nature and changes in needs with program participation in the three data sets likely did not allow accurate estimation of the impact of food assistance participation. Different study designs, as well as theory and knowledge of needs that clarifies need status and its change within each older individual across an appropriate time interval, are necessary to accurately assess impacts of food assistance programs.
Continuous cyclic load reduces proteoglycan release from articular cartilage

Abstract Objective: to study the effect of a continuous cyclic mechanical load on the release of newly synthesized proteoglycans (PGs) from mature bovine articular cartilage. Methods: Viable cartilage explants were continuously loaded with 1 MPa cyclic stress at 1 Hz frequency for 24 h, and the release of labeled ( 35 SO 4 ) PGs measured before, during and after application of the compressive load. To separate the effect of active chondrocyte catabolism from that of passive PG release, PG release in live explants, with and without protease inhibitors to inhibit PG breakdown, was compared to PG release in explants whose chondrocytes were killed prior to loading. Results: In live explants, a continuous cyclic load significantly reduced PG release by as much as 50% compared to unloaded explants. In killed explants which were unloaded, the PG release increased five to 10 times, while a cyclic load reduced PG release to that found in viable, loaded explants. Twenty-four hours after load removal PG release in all loaded explants returned (increased) to that of the unloaded explants. Conclusions: These results indicate that PG release from the cartilage matrix is inhibited by continuous cyclic mechanical loading, independent of cellular metabolism, and suggest that a primary mechanism for reducing PG release is by decreasing the interstitial porosity through which the PGs can escape.
Use of ethotoin in phenytoin-related hypersensitivity reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin (PHT) usually result in abandoning the use of hydantoin compounds in the treatment of epilepsy. We report two cases of patients experiencing allergic reactions to PHT who were successfully switched to a related phenylhydantoin, ethotoin, and who remained free of hypersensitivity reactions. Potential mechanisms for differences in hypersensitivity are discussed.
Estimation of signal-to-noise: a new procedure applied to AVIRIS data

To make the best use of narrowband Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, an investigator needs to know the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The signal is land cover dependent and varies with both wavelength and atmospheric absorption, and random noise comprises sensor noise and intrapixel variability (i.e. variability within a pixel). The three existing methods for estimating the SNR are inadequate, since typical laboratory methods inflate, while typical dark-current and image methods deflate the SNR value. The authors propose a procedure called the geostatistical method that is based on the removal of periodic noise by notch filtering in the frequency domain and the isolation of sensor noise and intrapixel variability using the semivariogram. This procedure was applied easily and successfully to five sets of AVIRIS data from the 1987 flying season and could be applied to remotely sensed data from broadband sensors. >
In Vivo Tumor-Targeted Fluorescence Imaging Using Near-Infrared Non-Cadmium Quantum Dots

This article reported the high tumor targeting efficacy of RGD peptide labeled near-infrared (NIR) non-cadmium quantum dots (QDs). After using poly(ethylene glycol) to encapsulate InAs/InP/ZnSe QDs (emission maximum at about 800 nm), QD800-PEG dispersed well in PBS buffer with the hydrodynamic diameter (HD) of 15.9 nm and the circulation half-life of ∼29 min. After coupling QD800-PEG with arginine−glycine−aspartic acid (RGD) or arginine−alanine−aspartic acid (RAD) peptides, we used nude mice bearing subcutaneous U87MG tumor as models to test tumor-targeted fluorescence imaging. The results indicated that the tumor uptake of QD800-RGD is much higher than those of QD800-PEG and QD800-RAD. The semiquantitative analysis of the region of interest (ROI) showed a high tumor uptake of 10.7 ± 1.5%ID/g in mice injected with QD800-RGD, while the tumor uptakes of QD800-PEG and QD800-RAD were 2.9 ± 0.3%ID/g and 4.0 ± 0.5%ID/g, respectively, indicating the specific tumor targeting of QD800-RGD. The high reproducibility...
Exhaust Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Engine Fueled with Gasoline, Methanol, and Ethanol

Abstract Measurements of the emissions of nitrogen oxide and unburned hydrocarbons, as well as the power output and fuel consumption, have been made for a range of air-fuel ratios with gasoline (Indolene), methanol, and ethanol as fuels. Comparison of the results shows that gasoline produces more unburned hydrocarbons than methanol, but about the same as ethanol. Nitrogen oxide emission is about the same for the two alcohols, but less than those for gasoline.
The binding energy of Λ-particles in nuclear matter

From an analysis of the existing data on the binding energy of Λ particles in hyperfragments a fairly reliable value of the binding energy of Λ particles in nuclear matter can be obtained. This value isV0≈22 MeV. It is proposed that this number gives an independent check on the validity of potentials deduced from the very light hyper-fragments. Some simple calculations using the techniques ofBrueckneret al. are carried out with the potential of Lichtenberg and Kovacs (which contains a hard core). It is found that if onlys wave interactions are considered one finds good agreement with the above number. If higher partial waves are included one obtains far too much binding energy and it is suggested that the Λ-nucleon interaction may be weakened by an exchange force in these states.
Species differences in approach-behaviour as a function of developmental environment.

Summary Cats, domestic fowl, guppies, and rats (n=441) were raised (1) in groups or individually and (2) with or without manipulable objects beginning at different ages and for varying periods of time before administration of a preference test which presented either another animal or the manipulable objects. In chickens the longer the duration of the environment, the greater approach to the animal, although this relationship is influenced by the environmental condition. In cats both the nature of the environment and its duration affect preference. In rats, regardless of environment, preference is between 58 and 82 per cent of the time for the animal. Guppies of all ages and in all environments prefer object over animal.
A Novel Monte Carlo Approach for Diagnostic Fiber Optic Probe Design

A radiative transport method based on efficient coupled forward-adjoint Monte Carlo simulations is used for the analysis of diagnostic fiber optic probes. Results are shown for various probe geometries within a layered tissue model.
Aptorchis aequalis Nicoll, 1914 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) is a senior synonym of Dingularis anfracticirrus Jue Sue & Platt, 1999 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae).

Examination of the type-specimen of Aptorchis aequalis Nicoll, 1914 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) revealed anatomical features not included in the original description; most notably the intestinal caeca extend to near the posterior end of the worm instead of terminating just posterior to the ventral sucker. A comparison of the type of A. aequalis with specimens identified as Dingularis anfracticirrus Jue Sue & Platt, 1999, from the author's collection yielded no differences that would justify the recognition of two genera. Therefore, Dingularis Jue Sue & Platt, 1999, is considered a junior subjective synonym of Aptorchis Nicoll, 1914. Principal components analysis of specimens of Aptorchis collected from three species of freshwater turtles at various localities in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia revealed no differences between these specimens and the type-specimen of Dingularis anfracticirrus. Therefore, D. anfracticirrus is considered a junior subjective synonym of A. aequalis. Aptorchis Nicoll, 1914, includes the following species: A. aequalis (= Dingularis anfracticirrus new synonymy);A. pearsoni (Jue Sue & Platt, 1999) n. comb.; and A. megapharynx (Jue Sue & Platt, 1999) n. comb.
PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS IN RIPARIAN WETLANDS—A TEST OF BIODIVERSITY THEORY

In this study, flood frequency, productivity, and spatial heterogeneity were correlated with plant species richness (SR) among wetlands on a coastal island in southeast Alaska. Studies of 16 sites in or near the Kadashan River basin demonstrated nonlinear, unimodal relations between flood frequency and SR, productivity and SR, and linear re- lations between SR and the spatial variation of flood frequencies (SVFF) within a site. SVFF is caused by microtopographic variation in elevation. A nonlinear regression model relating SR to flood frequency and SVFF explained much of the variation in SR between wetland communities. Sites with intermediate flood frequencies and high SVFF were spe- cies-rich, while sites frequently, rarely, or permanently flooded and with low SVFF were species-poor. The data suggest that small-scale spatial variation can dramatically alter the impact of disturbances. The data also support Michael Huston's dynamic-equilibrium model of species diversity, which predicts the effects of productivity and disturbance on diversity patterns. Species- rich sites had low to intermediate levels of productivity and intermediate flood frequencies, and species-poor sites had very low or high flood frequencies and low productivity, sup- porting the model's predictions. The model was tested at contrasting spatial scales (1000 m2 and 1 M2). At the 1000-M2 scale, Huston's model predicted 78% of the variation in SR. At the microplot scale, relationships between SR and flood frequency were weaker, and the dynamic-equilibrium model predicted only 36% of the variation in SR.
A variational formulation of constrained dislocation dynamics coupled with heat and vacancy diffusion

Abstract We present a formulation of the discrete Dislocation Dynamics (DD) method based on Onsager׳s variational principle. The motion of discrete dislocations is treated as a generalized irreversible flux associated with conjugate thermodynamic forces causing internal production of entropy. Intrinsic in the variational principle is the role of physical constraints that limit the choice of generalized fluxes. We leverage the concept of constrained maximization to introduce the requirement that dislocation climb must be sustained by the flux of vacancies into the dislocation core. The constrained variational approach results naturally in the coupling between plastic deformation induced by discrete dislocations, vacancy diffusion, and heat propagation in solid crystals. In particular, this coupling requires that dislocation velocity and chemical potential of vacancies at the dislocation core be found simultaneously. A new numerical formulation of DD that accounts for generalized constraints imposed on dislocations is presented, based on a network discretization of the dislocation configuration. Applications illustrate the significance of constrained motion of dislocations confined in channels and pillars, and the attainment of heterogeneous dislocation structures.
MULTILINGUAL GENERALIZATION OF THE MODELCREATOR SOFTWARE FOR MATH ITEM GENERATION

This paper reports on the process of modifying the ModelCreator item generation system to produce output in multiple languages. In particular, Japanese and Spanish are now supported in addition to English. The addition of multilingual functionality was considerably facilitated by the general formulation of our natural language generation system, which proceeds in three stages, whereby the first two stages are largely language-independent. This multilingual capability is very promising for the domain of educational assessment because, when combined with item modeling, it provides the potential to produce a large pool of automatically constructed items, with difficulty estimates and balanced forms for speakers of different languages.
A REMARKABLE NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTEROID MIRIDAE FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA)*

Carvalhoma, a new genus of Miridae (Phylinae: Phylini) is described for two species, malcolmae sp. n. (type-species) and taplini sp. n., which are described and figured.
Factors Affecting the Polymorphic Outcome of Glycine Crystals Constrained on Patterned Substrates

The primary goal of crystallization process is to generate particles with controlled size, shape and solid form, and the desired chemical purity. Many different types of approaches including molecular level strategies have been devised and employed to control the final structure of crystals. One promising approach is the utilization of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as templates. Recently, we reported that single glycine crystals can nucleate on patterned metallic square islands, with the size and morphology of the particles controlled by the dimensions of the islands or the concentration of the solution. Herein, the effect of the solution concentration on the polymorphic outcome of glycine crystals confined to hydrophilic metallic islands is investigated. Furthermore, we examine how variations in the solvent evaporation rate can impact the polymorph distribution of glycine.
Equivalence relation groupoids associated with certain linearly ordered dimension groups

Abstract We consider linearly ordered, Archimedean dimension groups ( G , G + , u ) for which the group G / 〈 u 〉 is torsion-free. It will be shown that if, in addition, G / 〈 u 〉 is generated by a single element (i.e., G / 〈 u 〉 ≅ Z ), then ( G , G + , u ) is isomorphic to ( Z + τ Z , ( Z + τ Z ) ∩ R + , 1 ) for some irrational number τ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . This amounts to an extension of related results where dimension groups for which G / 〈 u 〉 is torsion were considered. We will prove, in the case of the Fibonacci dimension group, that these results can be used to directly construct an equivalence relation groupoid whose C ∗ -algebra is the Fibonacci C ∗ -algebra.
Turbidimetric methods for measuring fat content of homogenized milk.

Abstract Homogenized milk can be analyzed for fat by light scattering with the same apparatus used for protein determination by dye binding. A separate standard curve may be needed for each homogenizer, since the slope of the curve when absorbance is plotted against per cent fat depends on the homogenization efficiency.
Secondary central nervous system involvement by follicular lymphoma: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background We report a patient with indolent stage IV follicular lymphoma, grade 1, initially successfully treated with chemotherapy, who later developed aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the parieto-occipital lobe 8 years after initial presentation. The differing patterns of lymphomatous involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) are briefly reviewed, with a focus on the patterns seen in secondary CNS spread by low-grade lymphomas. Case Description A 53-year-old man was diagnosed with stage IV follicular lymphoma, grade 1, in 1996. Although initial chemotherapy was successful, he developed several recurrences of lymphoma over the following years. In May 2004, he presented with a discrete, single, massive parieto-occipital lobe brain lesion. The mass failed to regress with empiric cranial external beam radiotherapy. Because of suspicion of an unusual infection, the lesion was surgically excised in its entirety. The mass proved to be an aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, transformed from his previous follicular cell lymphoma, with retention of strong Bcl-2 and Bcl-6 immunoreactivity. Conclusions Parenchymal brain involvement, as opposed to dural or leptomeningeal, is a relatively uncommon pattern of spread to the CNS for systemic lymphomas. More significantly, follicular lymphomas are one of the least frequent types of indolent lymphomas to develop clinically apparent, secondary CNS spread. The presentation of an indolent follicular lymphoma with transformation to an aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma within the brain parenchyma is rare. Its manifestation as a massive, singular lesion is unique and prompted diagnostic confusion.