cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription factor levels in medullary thyroid carcinoma cells differentiated by Harvey ras oncogene: C-jun in increased

In the TT cell line of human medullary thyroid carcinoma, the viral Harvey ras (v-rasH) oncogene induces differentiation, marked by morphological changes, diminution of growth, and increased expression of the calcitonin gene. Here, we show that the transcriptional factor c-jun is increased during v-rasH induced differentiation of TT cells both at the mRNA and functional protein levels. In contrast, nuclear proteins with binding activities related to AP2, AP3, NF1/CTF, and Sp1 were unchanged in v-rasH differentiated TT cells.
An international approach to Problem Solving for Better Health Nursing (PSBHN).

Purpose: This paper describes the Problem Solving for Better Health Nursing™ (PSBHN) model, launched by the Dreyfus Health Foundation in 2002, and now operational in 14 countries at varying stages of development. Process: Through a training workshop, participants are introduced to the model’s five-step process of identifying local health problems and applying a systematic methodology for project design. Results: Since the inception of PSBHN, 80 nursing workshops have been held, with more than 3000 participants (nurses and nursing students). Nurse participants have designed more than 2000 projects, and more than 1000 of these projects have been sustained beyond the initial start-up period. Examples of both recently implemented and successfully completed projects are included for the purpose of illustrating the PSBHN process. Evaluation: Workshop evaluation results are included for 151 nurse participants, indicating a positive impact of the workshop training. Future Plans: Plans for the future are described. These include a focus on additional evaluations, particularly of the long-term benefits of the projects implemented; enhanced sustainability of projects; dissemination of the project activities and results; and creation of key partnerships with global nursing and healthcare organizations.
Using English as a High-Level Robot Command Language

To facilitate expedient communication with robots, a very high-level hierarchical robot command language (Hirob) has been designed and implemented. Hirob uses the full and comprehensive syntax of the English imperative, allowing users to control a robot without the need of learning an esoteric programming language. A Parser/Scanner/Recognizer (PSR) performs a lexical analysis of a Hirob command stream, and identifies which portions of the command stream already exist as fully defined procedures in the files of the Procedure Management System (PMS). Those portions which do not exist must be defined using either existing Hirob procedures (English phrases), or by using the primitive commands of the low-level robot command language (Lorob). This process is fully recursive, so that Hirob procedures may consist of defined or undefined Hirob procedures, as well as Lorob commands, with the understanding that a high-level command cannot be executed until all of its hierarchical subcommands have been fully defined. A user-friendly editor has been incorporated into the PMS to allow convenient creation, modification, and testing of Hirob commands.
Trust dynamics in multi-agent coalition formation

We present a rigorous treatment of coalition formation based on trust interactions in multi-agent systems. Current literature on trust in multi-agent systems primarily deals with trust models and protocols of interaction in noncooperative scenarios. Here, we use cooperative game theory as the underlying mathematical framework to study the trust dynamics between agents as a result of their trust synergy and trust liability in cooperative coalitions. We rigorously justify the behaviors of agents for different classes of games, and discuss ways to exploit the formal properties of these games for specific applications, such as unmanned cooperative control.
Gendered Power Relations among Women: A Study of Household Decision Making in Black, Lesbian Stepfamilies:

Same-sex partners 'familial expectations, including the division of household labor, are not well-understood in the existing research?research that largely references the experiences of white, middle- and upper-income lesbians who develop relationships with egalitarian goals. This article uses qualitative and survey research methods to evaluate the common view that two elements of feminist egalitarian ideology?economic independence and the equal distribution of housework and childrearing?are the defining features of lesbian-headed households. Analyses of 32 black women in lesbian stepfamilies suggest that partners share the providing role but biological mothers undertake significantly more household chores. More chore responsibility is used as a trade-off for greater authority over other aspects of household organization, including family finances and childrearing. The biological mothers control in a family is largely a function of her legal tie to a child and greater perceived responsibility for the child's well-being. Notably, this pattern persists even when she earns less than her mate. Without the gender structure of male privilege or the material advantage of high income, these families associate control over household labor with greater relationship power. These findings, while derived from analyses of a unique population, hold implications for broader conceptions of gender and power within families, the bases of interactional power, and the internal manifestations of power across various family and couple types.
Legacies of empire

Using methods and themes from Charles Tilly’s work, this paper presents a number of propositions related to empire-to-state transformation. We argue that variations in national state development from imperial metropole origins can be explained, at least in part, by variations in imperial administration, finance, development, identity, and inequality. Capacity is a critical determinant of the results of state transformation, while decisions about finance and investment are both economic and political. Identity and inequality are inextricably linked to empire, and our exploration of these concepts demonstrates that they are the outcomes of variable processes linked to concrete, if inadvertent, lines of imperial decisions.
Discoidin domain receptor 2 is a critical regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is a collagen receptor that is expressed during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cellular transformation that mediates many stages of embryonic development and disease. However, the functional significance of this receptor in EMT is unknown. Here we show that Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), a common stimulator of EMT, promotes increased expression of type I collagen and DDR2. Inhibiting expression of COL1A1 or DDR2 with siRNA is sufficient to perturb activity of the NF-κB and LEF-1 transcription factors and to inhibit EMT and cell migration induced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, knockdown of DDR2 expression with siRNA inhibits EMT directly induced by type I collagen. These data establish a critical role for type I collagen-dependent DDR2 signaling in the regulation of EMT.
Comparison of response plasticity between the eyeblink and vertex potential in humans.

Abstract The eyeblink and vertex potential were measured simultaneously while human subjects were presented with brief white-noise bursts at various intensities and interstimulus intervals (ISIs). The plasticity of the two response systems was compared. The amplitude of the eyeblink increased during initial stimulus presentation or when weak stimulus intensities were presented in the context of strong intensities (sensitization). It decreased when the ISI was reduced (temporal recovery) and also decreased across the recording session (habituation). Across individual subjects, the magnitude of habituation between various parts of the session correlated positively to the magnitude of habituation across other parts of the session. In addition, magnitude of habituation correlated negatively to the rate of temporal recovery. On the other hand, sensitization seemed to be relatively independent, since it did not correlate to either habituation or temporal recovery. The vertex potential showed sensitization and temporal recovery but did not habituate. Despite the fact that both response systems showed parallel changes in many instances, the magnitude of these changes did not correlate between the two response systems and suggests that earlier reports that have concluded that the eyeblink and vertex potential are highly related systems may have limited generality.
Electronic decision aids: Integration of a consumer perspective

Merchants and manufacturers are rapidly adopting electronic decision aids to help sell a variety of merchandise. These systems provide product information or recommendations based on input from the consumer and affect the way consumers process information. A conceptual framework, based on information processing theory and three strategic consumer difference variables — goal orientation, autonomy, and expertise — is presented. Based on these differences, propositions are derived to guide design of effective electronic decision aids.
Single motor unit activity in levator veli palatini during speech and nonspeech tasks.

Abstract Objective: This article assesses the control of velar movement by relating observed recruitment patterns of single motor unit activity in levator veli palatini observed during speech and nonspeech tasks in a single subject to intraoral pressure demands. Methods: Electromyographic activity was recorded from a single motor unit in levator veli palatini during repetitions of “Say ____ again” with selected consonant-vowel-consonant and consonant-vowel syllables, sustained high pressure consonants, and blowing tasks. Single motor unit firing characteristics (e.g., frequency of occurrence, firing frequency) were related to intraoral air pressures recorded during the sustained consonant and blowing tasks. Results: Levator single motor unit activity was always present during the /s/ in “say” and the first and second /s/ in /sis/. Activity was observed less consistently during the production of the /s/ in /sus/, the /p/ in /p /, and the /g/ in “again.” Single motor unit firing frequency ranged from 16.1 H...
Equilibrium dialysis and carborydrate-binding studies on the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl-binding lectin from bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds

Abstract The carbohydrate-binding specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin II (BS II lectin) has been studied by quantitative precipitin and hapten-inhibition analysis. The BS II lectin precipitated biopolymers having nonreducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranosyl residues, such as antigen A. Dextran B-1355-S and rabbit-liver glycogen also afforded precipitin curves with high concentrations of the BS II lectin. Phenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside, the best inhibitors of the BS II lectin-p-azophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside-bovine serum albumin conjugate precipitin-system, were 4 times as active as 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranose. Of the free monosaccharides tested, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranose was the most potent inhibitor, being over 100 times better than d -fructose and 400 times better than d -glucose. Comparison of the inhibiting capacity of methyl or p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside with their corresponding β anomers showed that the α anomer was bound 6 to 8 times more avidly than the β anomer. Replacement of the C-3, C-4, or C-6 hydroxyl group of d -glucose by a methoxyl group or a fluorine atom abolished the capacity of the resulting sugar to bind the BS II lectin, but substitution of the C-2 hydroxyl group of d -glucose, by either a methoxyl group or a fluorine group, had no appreciable effect on binding to the lectin. N,N′-Diacetylchitobiose was as active as N,N′,N″-triacetylchitotriose, and they were both twice as potent as disaccharides having a nonreducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl residue. Disaccharides having β- d -(1 → 6) glycosidic bonds were very poor inhibitors. Equilibrium-dialysis experiments with p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside as binding ligand indicated that the BS II lectin possesses approximately one carbohydrate-binding siteper subunit for the tetrameric protein (Mr 113,000), with association constants of 1.3 x 105M−1 at 4°, and 0.4 x 105M−1 at 37°.
Entropy-Based Method for Bivariate Drought Analysis

AbstractDrought duration and severity are two main properties for characterizing droughts. These drought properties are mutually correlated and may have different marginal distributions. A bivariate (or joint) distribution of drought duration and severity is therefore needed that is capable of accommodating their different marginal distributions. This study proposes a method, based on entropy theory, for constructing the bivariate distribution of drought duration and severity with different marginal distribution forms. By specifying constraints for drought duration and severity, the entropy-based bivariate distribution can be derived and then marginal distributions can be obtained accordingly. Monthly streamflow data from Brazos River at Waco, Texas, are employed to illustrate the application of the proposed method to model drought duration and severity for drought analysis. The copula method is also applied for comparison with the proposed entropy method.
Sensitivity enhancement of fluorescent pH indicators using pH-dependent energy transfer

Abstract The concept of energy transfer is examined, in view of its application to enhance pH sensitivity of fluorescent dyes. Two fluorescent pH sensitive indicators are chosen such that they have nearly the same pKa values and have maximum spectral overlap between the emission spectrum of the donor and the excitation spectrum of the acceptor. In this work we studied the pH dependent energy transfer between 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (HCA) as the donor with fluorescein and 5- (and 6-) carboxy-4',5'-dimethyl fluorescein (CDF) as the acceptors. The extent of energy transfer was measured experimentally by following the increase in acceptor emission at different pH values. The sensitivity of the acceptor dye is almost double when excited via energy transfer, provided the donor emission itself exhibits a similar dependence on pH. The pH sensitivity of fluorescein ( ΔI ΔPH ), was observed to increase from 0.28 when excited directly, to 0.71 when excited via energy transfer. CDF also shows a similar increase from 0.49 to 0.71.
An Experimental Approach to Mapping the Binding Surfaces of Crystalline Proteins

Porcine pancreatic elastase has been used as the model enzyme in the design and development of a crystallographic method that allows mapping of the binding surface of a protein by solving its crystal structure in a variety of organic solvents. The ultimate goal of this method is to aid in the process of drug design, where each of the chosen organic molecules represents a given functional group in a larger inhibitor molecule. This method of multiple solvent crystal structures (MSCS) has a theoretical counterpart in the method of multiply copy simultaneous search (MCSS) (Miranker, A.; Karplus, M. Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 1991, 11, 29−34) and is the first experimental method that can be used as a check to the theory. The MSCS method is presented here with acetonitrile as the probe organic solvent. The procedure involved does not cause significant changes in the structure of elastase as compared to the structure in aqueous solution, and the positions found for the acetonitrile molecules in the activ...
A cross-layer middleware for context-aware cooperative application on mobile ad hoc peer-to-peer network

Mobile ad hoc peer-to-peer (P2P) applications become popular for providing the file sharing, voice communicating, and video streaming services due to entertainments and disaster recovery. However, both the topology of wireless network and the overlay of P2P network are dynamic, so the middleware is proposed to integrate such architectures of service-oriented applications. Therefore, we propose context-aware cooperative application (CACA) to overcome the frequent churn and high mobility problems. CACA proposes a cross-layer middleware to integrate DHT-based lookup, anycast query, and P2P delivery via the IPv6 routing header. Through anycast query, the response delay can be shortened and the query duplication can be minimized. Via IPv6 routing header, the delivery efficiency can be improved. Through the cross-layer design, the finger table in overlay layer is combined with the routing table in network layer to heighten proximity. The simulation results demonstrate that CACA has the outstanding performances of short download delay, high playback continuity, and low signaling overhead in mobile ad hoc network.
Orthogonalized factors and systematic risk decomposition

Abstract In the context of linear multi-factor models, this study proposes an egalitarian, optimal and unique procedure to find orthogonalized factors, which also facilitates the decomposition of the coefficient of determination. Importantly, the new risk factors may diverge significantly from the original ones. The decomposition of risk allows one to explicitly examine the impact of individual factors on the return variation of risky assets, which provides discriminative power for factor selection. The procedure is experimentally robust even for small samples. Empirically we find that even though, on average, approximately eighty (sixty-five) percent of style (industry) portfolios’ volatility is explained by the market and size factors, other factors such as value , momentum and contrarian still play an important role for certain portfolios. The components of systematic risk, while dynamic over time, generally exhibit negative correlation between market , on one side, and size , value , momentum and contrarian , on the other side.
Intrinsic difficulties of certain reading materials

(1939). Intrinsic difficulties of certain reading materials. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 149-160.
Optical-approximation analysis of sidewall-spacing effects on the force between two squares with parallel sidewalls

Using the ray-optics approximation, we analyze the Casimir force in a two-dimensional domain formed by two metallic blocks adjacent to parallel metallic sidewalls, which are separated from the blocks by a finite distance $h$. For $hg0$, the ray-optics approach is not exact because diffraction effects are neglected. Nevertheless, we show that ray optics is able to qualitatively reproduce a surprising effect recently identified in an exact numerical calculation: the force between the blocks varies nonmonotonically with $h$. In this sense, the ray-optics approach captures an essential part of the physics of multibody interactions in this system, unlike simpler pairwise-interaction approximations such as proximity force approximations (PFA). Furthermore, by comparison to the exact numerical results, we are able to quantify the impact of diffraction on Casimir forces in this geometry.
Role of Cellular Casein Kinase II in the Function of the Phosphoprotein (P) Subunit of RNA Polymerase of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

The phosphorylation of the P protein of vesicular stomatitis virus by cellular casein kinase II (CKII) is essential for its activity in viral transcription. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that CKII converts the inactive unphosphorylated form of P (P0) to an active phosphorylated form P1, after phosphorylation at two serine residues, Ser-59 and Ser-61. To gain insight into the role of CKII-mediated phosphorylation in the structure and function of the P protein, we have carried out circular dichroism (CD) and biochemical analyses of both P0 and P1. The results of CD analyses reveal that phosphorylation of P0 to P1 significantly increases the predicted α-helical structure of the P1 protein from 27 to 48%. The phosphorylation defective double serine mutant (P59/61), which is transcriptionally inactive, possesses a secondary structure similar to that of P0. P1, at a protein concentration of 50 μg/ml, elutes from a gel filtration column apparently as a dimer, whereas both P0 and the double serine mutant elute as a monomer at the same concentration. Interestingly, unlike wild-type P1 protein, the P mutants in which either Ser-59 or Ser-61 is altered to alanine required a high concentration of CKII for optimal phosphorylation. We demonstrate here that phosphorylation of either Ser-59 or Ser-61 is necessary and sufficient to transactivate L polymerase although alteration of one serine residue significantly decreases its affinity for CKII. We have also shown that P1 binds to the N-RNA template more efficiently than P0 and the formation of P1 is a prerequisite for the subsequent phosphorylation by L protein-associated kinase. In addition, mutant P59/61 acts as a transdominant negative mutant when used in a transcription reconstitution assay in the presence of wild-type P protein.
Life History and Energetics of Ancyronyx variegata (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in Northwest Arkansas and Southeast Texas

Larvae and adults of Ancyronyx variegata (Germar) were collected monthly from the White River and Illinois River in northwest Arkansas, and from Harmon Creek in southeast Texas. In both locations, A. variegata showed a univoltine life cycle of 6 larval instars. Field data combined with laboratory rearing indicated that the cohort production interval was 353 d. Growth rate of the larvae was similar in both locations. The main periods of recruitment were April and May in Arkansas, and March and April in Texas. However, 1st instars were present in at least small numbers in both locations during most months. Egg incubation took 14 d. Sixth-instars crawled out of the water on submerged wood and pupated in wood that was moist but not saturated; emergence began 14 d after pupation began. Adults were present in both locations during the entire year, indicating that adults probably have extended life spans. Annual production was 1.78 g/m 2 /yr, mean standing stock biomass was 0.54 g/m 2 , and the cohort production/biomass ratio was 3.31 in Arkansas. In Texas, annual production was 0.98 g/m 2 /yr, mean standing stock biomass was 0.20 g/m 2 , and the cohort production/ biomass ratio was 4.82.
Forelimb amputation-induced reorganization in the cuneate nucleus (CN) is not reflected in large-scale reorganization in rat forepaw barrel subfield cortex (FBS)

We examined reorganization in cuneate nucleus (CN) in juvenile rat following forelimb amputation (n=34) and in intact controls (n=5) to determine whether CN forms a substrate for large-scale reorganization in forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) cortex. New input from the shoulder first appears in the FBS 4 weeks after amputation, and by 6 weeks, the new shoulder input comes to occupy most of the FBS. Electrophysiological recording was used to map CN in controls and in forelimb amputees during the first 12 weeks following deafferentation and at 26 and 30 weeks post-amputation. Mapping was confined to a location 300 μm anterior to the obex where a medial-to-lateral row of electrode penetrations traversed through a complete complement of cytochrome-oxidase stained clusters (called barrelettes) that are associated with the representation of the glabrous forepaw digits and pads and adjacent non-cluster zones that are associated with the representation of the wrist, arm, and shoulder. Following amputation, non-cluster zones became occupied with new input from the body/chest and head/neck, while the cluster zone remained largely devoid of new input except at the border. A regression analysis comparing controls and amputees over the first 12 weeks post-amputation found significant differences for the total area of new input from the body/chest and head/neck in the non-cluster zones, while no significant differences were found for any new input into the cluster zone. When the averaged areas of a body-part representation were re-examined as a percentage of the averaged zonal area, a non-significant increase in new input from the body was observed within the cluster zone during post-amputation weeks 2-3 that returned to baseline in the subsequent weeks. In contrast, significant differences in averaged area of body-part representations for body/chest and head/neck were found in non-cluster zones over the first 12 weeks post-amputation. The present findings suggest that reorganization occurs only within the non-cluster zones whereby new input from the body/chest and head/neck moves in and occupies the deafferented territory immediately after amputation. Additionally, the lack of significant differences in new shoulder input in either cluster or non-cluster zones over the first 12 weeks after amputation suggests that CN provides an unlikely substrate for large-scale reorganization in the FBS.
Photochemical modification and patterning of polymer surfaces by surface adsorption of photoactive block copolymers

We report a simple photolithographic approach for the creation and micropatterning of chemical functionality on polymer surfaces by use of surface-active block copolymers that contain protected photoactive functional groups. The block copolymers self-assemble at the substrate-air interface to generate a surface that is initially hydrophobic with low surface tension but that can be rendered hydrophilic and functional by photodeprotection with UV radiation. The block copolymer employed, poly(styrene-b-tert butyl acrylate), segregates preferentially to the surface of a polystyrene substrate because of the low surface tension of the polyacrylate blocks. The strong adsorption of block copolymers causes a bilayer structure to form presenting a photoactive polyacrylate layer at the surface. In the example described, the tert-butyl ester groups on the polyacrylate blocks are deprotected by exposure to UV radiation in the presence of added photoacid generators to form surface carboxylic acid groups. Surface micropatterns of carboxylic acid groups are generated by UV exposure through a contact mask. The success of surface chemical modification and pattern formation is demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements along with imaging by optical and fluorescence microscopy methods. The resultant chemically patterned surfaces are then used to template patterns of various biomolecules by means of selective adsorption, covalent bonding and molecular recognition mechanisms. The surface modification/patterning concept can be applied to virtually any polymeric substrate because protected functional groups have intrinsically low surface tensions, rendering properly designed block copolymers surface active in almost all polymeric substrates.
Mechanisms underlying inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by inflammation that results from the interaction between the various components of the mucosal immune system and the microenvironment. Luminal antigens, intestinal epithelial cells, T lymphocytes, cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and their secreted mediators contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of gut inflammation in the genetically predisposed individuals. The progress in genetics and mucosal immunology over the past decade has brought new insights into understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Reviewing and Critiquing Computer Learning and Usage Among Older Adults

By searching the keywords of “older adult” and “computer” in ERIC, Academic Search Premier, and PsycINFO, this study reviewed 70 studies published after 1990 that address older adults' computer learning and usage. This study revealed 5 prominent themes among reviewed literature: (a) motivations and barriers of older adults' usage of computers, (b) age-related differences in computer learning and usage, (c) instructional tips and design, (d) changes in attitudes and benefits, and (e) Internet usage. The limitations of the studies are reviewed and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Photoconductivity and recombination dynamics for a-Si: H at different thicknesses

Abstract The photoconductivity σph of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) of various thicknesses is described as a function of temperature, wavelength and light intensity. The room temperature σph is very dependent on the dark Fermi level and the sensitization is a consequence of a change in the energy band bending. Under illumination, the power dependence of σph on intensity K can be divided into several regions for all thicknesses. However, there are more variations in K when light is injected. The K value covers the range of 0.2−>1.0. This indicates that the slope of distribution of density of states in the gap varies considerably for the different cases. Different wavelengths of illuminating light also reveal a similar situation. The temperature dependence of σph and activation energy Ea for films of various thicknesses show the same trend. Both σph and Ea decrease with temperature. The rate of decrease for thin samples is less than that for thick ones. This result is analyzed and explained by means of a model.
Republicanism, Rhetoric, and Roman Political Thought: Sallust, Livy, Tacitus

Daniel Kapust studies the historical ties of rhetoric and political thought by engaging debates over republicanism through texts of Roman historiography. Reading Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus alongsid...
EFFECTS OF PIOGLITAZONE ON PLATELET P2Y12 MEDIATED SIGNALING IN CLOPIDOGREL TREATED PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Insulin reduces platelet activation by inhibiting P2Y12 mediated signaling. However, platelets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reduced sensitivity to insulin, which results in upregulation of the P2Y12 pathway. This may contribute to their reduced responsiveness to the P2Y12
Antecedents of injury among youth in agricultural settings: a longitudinal examination of safety consciousness, dangerous risk taking, and safety knowledge.

Abstract Problem: Injuries are the leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States. Methods: This study longitudinally examined three psychological mediators of injury among 3,081 youths in agricultural settings: (a) safety consciousness, (b) dangerous risk taking, and (c) safety knowledge. These variables are examined within a nomological network of contextual variables. Results: Cross-sectional results revealed that safety consciousness and dangerous risk taking were the strongest predictors of reported injury at Time 1 and Time 2. Safety knowledge had an unexpected negative association with injury, albeit weak. As predicted, participating in safety activities was positively associated with safety consciousness, and time spent working was strongly associated with safety knowledge. Furthermore, self-esteem had both positive and negative safety outcomes, suggesting a more complex functioning. Males exhibited fewer safety cognitions than females as predicted. Longitudinal data also revealed that injury at Time 1 and dangerous risk taking were the strongest predictors of Time 2 injury. Impact on Industry: Results from this study emphasize the importance of assessing dangerous risk-taking perceptions when attempting to predict future injuries.
A partitioning algorithm for solving systems of linear equations

An interesting new partitioning algorithm for solving simultaneous linear equations is presented. The partitioning algorithm consists of a procedure called matrix reduction which is followed by back substitution. During the matrix reduction procedure the algorithm generates a sequence of partitioned augmented matrices which are successively reduced in size by computing their Schur complements. A numerical example problem for a linear system of equations for an electrical network is solved.
Microelectrophoretic application of SCH-23390 into the lateral septal nucleus blocks ethanol-induced suppression of LTP, in vivo, in the adult rodent hippocampus

Ethanol intoxication produces deficits in the acquisition of new information and blocks the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a candidate neurophysiological correlate for learning and memory. We report that, in adult rats, local application of the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 into the lateral septum (LS) blocks ethanol-induced suppression of LTP and alterations of paired-pulse responses in the dentate gyrus. This suggests a primary role for an extra-hippocampal circuit and neurotransmitter system mediating ethanol's ability to suppress LTP.
Ribonuclease-Activated Cancer Prodrug

Cancer chemotherapeutic agents often have a narrow therapeutic index that challenges the maintenance of a safe and effective dose. Consistent plasma concentrations of a drug can be obtained by using a timed-release prodrug strategy. We reasoned that a ribonucleoside 3′-phosphate could serve as a pro-moiety that also increases the hydrophilicity of a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Herein, we report an efficient route for the synthesis of the prodrug uridine 3′-(4-hydroxytamoxifen phosphate) (UpHT). UpHT demonstrates timed-released activation kinetics with a half-life of approximately 4 h at the approximate plasma concentration of human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1). MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with UpHT showed decreased proliferation upon coincubation with RNase 1, consistent with the release of the active drug—4-hydroxytamoxifen. These data demonstrate the utility of a human plasma enzyme as a useful activator of a prodrug.
Bulk and Single-Molecule Characterization of an Improved Molecular Beacon Utilizing H-Dimer Excitonic Behavior

Pairs of fluorophores in close proximity often show self-quenching of fluorescence by the well-known H-dimer mechanism. We use a pair of fluorophores in the new dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) dye family in the design and characterization of a new fluorescent probe for nucleic acid detection, which we refer to as a self-quenched intramolecular dimer (SQuID) molecular beacon (MB). We obtain a quenching efficiency of 97.2%, higher than the only other reported value for a MB employing fluorophore self-quenching by H-dimer formation. Furthermore, the excellent single-molecule (SM) emitter characteristics of the DCDHF dyes allow observation of individual SQuID MB-target complexes immobilized on a surface, where the doubled SM emission intensity of our target-bound beacon ensures a higher signal-to-background ratio than conventional fluorophore-quencher MBs. Additional advantages of the SQuID MB are single-pot labeling, visible colorimetric detection of the target, and intrinsic single-molecule two-step photobleaching behavior, which offers a specific means of discriminating between functional MBs and spurious fluorescence.
On the Asymptotic Variances of û Terms in Loglinear Models of Multidimensional Contingency Tables

Abstract Loglinear models are classified as direct or indirect depending on whether the maximum likelihood estimates of cell values are explicit functions of the sufficient statistics or not. For saturated (hence, direct) models, Goodman (1970) and Bishop, Fienberg, and Holland (1975) used the δ method to calculate the asymptotic variances of various u terms in the loglinear models. In the present paper, this approach has been generalized to direct unsaturated hierarchical loglinear models. General rules for determining closed form expressions for asymptotic variances in such situations are obtained; bounds for the asymptotic variances of u terms in indirect models are considered; and these rules are compared with other methods of producing asymptotic variances.
Superposition of Cenozoic extension on Mesozoic compressional structures in the Pioneer Mountains metamorphic core complex, central Idaho

Part of the Pioneer Mountains of central Idaho is a metamorphic core complex in which Mesozoic(?) fabrics have been over-printed by early Tertiary extension. The earlier deformation (Mesozoic?) affected all pre-Tertiary rocks in the core and resulted in macroscopic, northeast-vergent folding and complex mesoscopic folding of a Precam-brian basement gneiss complex and an overlying upper Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic metasedimentary sequence. A synkinematic granodiorite pluton intruded between the gneiss complex and the metasedimentary sequence records a relatively simple strain indicative of east-northeast-directed ductile thrusting of the hanging wall. The pre-Tertiary structures are probably a deep-seated manifestation of Sevier/Laramide compression. The early Tertiary extension is demonstrated by (1) a conjugate set of ductile shear zones showing normal offset; (2) a lineated "carapace" of mylonitic quartzite at the structurally highest levels of the core; and (3) a brittle, oblique-slip fault system along the northern edge of the core. Kinematic indicators from all three types of Tertiary structures suggest northwest/southeast transport. The lineated mylonitic quartzites, which are cut by the brittle fault system, are interpreted as the basal portion of a large ductile shear zone created during extension which subsequently passed into brittle deformation conditions. Exposure of the metamorphic core apparently occurred prior to Eocene Challis volcanism as shown by quartzite clasts apparently derived from the metasedimentary sequence volcanics within the core, however, suggests that extension continued during volcanism. Neogene Basin and Range extension is super-imposed on the older core-complex-type extension; the two extension directions are nearly 90° apart. The early Tertiary extension is coeval and coaxial with regional Eocene extension observed in northern Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia and may have been caused by strike-slip complications or escape tectonics during rapid Farallon/North American plate convergence.
Frontiers in terahertz sources and plasmonics

The development of innovative tools and techniques is vital for improving research capabilities and opening up new research directions in the terahertz regime. Terahertz sources and plasmonics are just two examples of current exciting advances.
Algorithm 768: TENSOLVE: a software package for solving systems of nonlinear equations and nonlinear least-squares problems using tensor methods

This article describes a modular solftware package for solving systems of nonlinear equations and nonlinear problems, using a new class of methods called tensor methods. It is intended for small- to medium-sized problems, say with up to 100 equations and unknowns, in cases where it is reasonable to calculate the Jacobian matrix or to approximate it by finite differences at each iteration. The software allows the user to choose between a tensor method and a standard method based on a linear model. The tensor method approximates F(x) by a quadratic model, where the second-order term is chosen so that the model is hardly more expensive to form, store, or solve than the standard linear model. Moreover, the software provides two different global strategies: a line search approach and a two-dimensional trust region approach. Test results indicate that, in general, tensor methods are significantly more efficient and robust than standard methods on small- and medium-sized problems in iterations and function evaluations.
Social Character and Sensitivity Training

Both opponents and proponents of sensitivity training often link the effects of the training experience with inneror other direction. The purpose of this paper was to study a number of sensitivity training groups to see whether there is a shift toward one or the other of these social character types after a one-semester sensitivity training course. Ten groups were given the 1-0 scale-a measure of inner-other-direction-before and after training. There were no significant changes either in means or variances, which indicates that social character may not be one of the variables being affected by the training.
Significant figures in the rehabilitation of chronic mental patients

Abstract This paper is a report of an attempt to apply basic psychiatric concepts regarding schizophrenic patients to the organization of rehabilitation activities. The project was conducted in a setting containing a comprehensive treatment program for regressed patients which had produced remarkable results but which needed some modification to produce further gains in these patients. The major focus was an attack on the social isolation and lack of productivity of regressed schizophrenics. The method involved training a few key figures to work as allpurpose rehabilitation therapists with patients thus serving as significant figures to them and using their relationship with the patients to instruct, motivate, and direct the patients to more social and productive modes of behavior. Flexibility of programming was another feature of the project. The sample consisted of experimental and control groups of 38 patients each from two wards of chronic, regressed schizophrenic patients with poor prognoses. Average hospitalization was in excess of 8 years. The experimental and control groups were divided in two with each experimental group having a rehabilitation team consisting of nurses, aides, rehabilitation, and recreational therapists working together with the same patients for the entire day. Controls remained on the conventional hourly schedule of discreet activities under the supervision of different therapists. The experimental period was 6 months. Comparison of groups showed certain significant differences. Relative to the control group the experimental group increased productivity, obtained more grounds privileges and more advanced technical or industrial assignments, and showed a greater increase in patient-patient interaction. No differences were found for changes in social and work interaction but both groups showed a large increase in interaction. Part of the convergence was surmised to result from the keen rivalry between control and experimental patients and the desire of control staff and patients alike to emulate the experimental group. The results support the application of this new approach to rehabilitation therapy for the chronic mental patient and raise the possibility of further application of psychiatric concepts to rehabilitation.
Phase transformation studies on a synthetic hedenbergite up to 26 GPa at 1200° C

Phase transformations in a synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6) have been observed with X-ray diffraction up to 26 GPa at ∼ 1200° C in a diamond anvil cell with a YAG laser heating system. Hedenbergite first decomposes into spinel, stishovite, and cubic perovskite phases at ∼ 16 GPa, and spinel further decomposes into wustite and stishovite at ∼ 19 GPa. Between 19 GPa and 26 GPa, the phase assemblage is wustite + stishovite+ perovskite. On decompression to 0.1 MPa, all the highpressure phases are retained except the cubic perovskite, which reverts to a retrogressive phase of CaSiO3. A comparison of the results of this study with those from a previous study on a natural hedenbergite suggests that the garnet phase formed from natural hedenbergite is stabilized by manganese.
Fas ligand but not complement is critical for control of experimental Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE. To determine the role of complement and Fas Ligand (FasL) in the host defense against Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. METHODS. C3 -/- , FasL defective gld, and C57/BL6 (wild-type [WT]) mice were infected intravitreally with 500 and 5000 CFU S. aureus, and the course of infection was followed by determining the intraocular bacteria counts, retinal function by ERG, and morphologic damage and inflammation by histopathology and flow cytometry. RESULTS. In WT eyes injected with 500 CFU, S. aureus grew to 1 X 10 7 CFU/mL by 24 hours, but was cleared by 96 hours. In the WT eyes injected with 5000 CFU, S. aureus grew to 2 X 10 9 CFU/mL by 72 hours, resulting in corneal perforation. C3 -/- eyes injected with 500 CFU reached transiently higher levels than their WT counterparts (P < 0.001), but eventually followed a similar course. Bacterial counts in gld eyes infected with 500 CFU were similar to those in WT eyes infected with 5000 CFU. In WT and C3 -/- eyes injected with 500 CFU, retinal function decreased only transiently and recovered to 66% in 72 hours. In WT eyes injected with 5000 CFU and gld eyes infected with 500 CFU, retinal function was completely lost by 24 hours. By 24 hours, WT and C3 -/- eyes injected with 500 CFU were infiltrated with a similar number of granulocytes, but recruitment was significantly impaired in gld eyes (P < 0.005). Cell counts in WT and C3 -/- eyes decreased thereafter without overt retinal disease. In eyes injected with 5000 CFU and gld eyes infected with 500 CFU, inflammatory cells completely filled the intraocular space by 48 hours. Retinal and uveal tissue was destroyed by that time. CONCLUSIONS. The tipping point for a good versus a bad outcome in this murine model of endophthalmitis lies between 500 and 5000 CFU S. aureus. This point is identical in animals deficient in complement activation, suggesting that complement does not play a significant role in the ocular defense against intraocular bacteria. In contrast, FasL was found to be critical for clearance, since animals deficient in FasL signaling were unable to control infection with 500 CFU.
Variability in concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine cloud–topped boundary layer

In previous work, we suggested there may be two equilibrium states for the well-mixed marine cloud–topped boundary layer, each characterized by a limited range of values of the condensation nucleus concentration, N . We now extend that study, introducing a new parameterization for drizzle as a function of N and r , the mean cloud droplet radius. This parameterization leads to functional relationships between the particle source rate and the cloud albedo at equilibrium. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.45.issue5.1.x
Characteristics and motives of problem drinkers seeking help from moderation management self-help groups

Moderation Management (MM) is a relatively new self-help/mutual aid organization that adopts a cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of alcohol abuse. Specifically, MM construes problem drinking as a habit that can be brought under control through the application of cognitive-behavioral principles in the context of a network of supportive peers. MM therefore serves as an alternative to the spiritually oriented disease model of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), as well as to the abstinence goal orientation of AA and other self-help organizations (e.g., Women for Sobriety and SMART Recovery). To provide cognitive-behavioral therapists and researchers more information about MM, this paper describes the MM organization and presents survey data on the characteristics and help-seeking motives of 467 individuals who contacted the organization by telephone over a 1-year period. Callers to MM's national telephone number had significantly less severe drinking problems and greater educational and economic resources than typical help-seeking populations of alcohol-dependent persons (e.g., AA members). Study participants, particularly women, typically experienced MM as a better “fit” with their drinking problem, life experiences, and valuation of personal mastery than disease-model, abstinence-based approaches. Although the organization has never been subjected to a controlled outcome study, cross-sectional data indicate that MM members appear to reduce their level of alcohol-related harm over time. Cognitive-behavioral treatment professionals working with nondependent problem drinkers may thus wish to consider referring clients to MM.
Control of myogenic fusion in B.W. 10139 mouse rhabdomyosarcoma by calcium and cyclic AMP

Abstract The effects of Ca 2+ concentration, cyclic AMP (cAMP) analogs and theophylline were investigated on fusion of myoblasts of B.W. 10139 mouse rhabdomyosarcoma (RS). Ca 2+ concentrations of 2+ >1000 μM produced only limited multinucleated muscle fibers, implying that a majority of RS lacked a signaling system for CA 2+ . The occurance of surface microvilli and filopodia at various Ca 2+ concentrations and after treatment with cAMP analogs are discussed.