cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional genomic approach to identify novel genes involved in regulation of IGF-I and mTOR signaling pathways

AACR Centennial Conference: Translational Cancer Medicine-- Nov 4-8, 2007; Singapore C60 The IGF-I and mTOR signaling pathways are intimately involved in human cancers. These signaling pathways are also highly conserved evolutionally. We have used C. elegans, a genetically amenable system, to identify novel genes involved in these pathways. In C. elegans, loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding DAF-2 (the insulin/IGF-I-receptor like molecule) and AGE-1 (the PI 3-kinase homolog), respectively, lead to dramatic increase of resistance towards ROS (reactive-oxygen species) and enhancement of animal lifespan. Consistently, null mutations in the daf-18 gene, which encodes the C. elegans homolog of PTEN tumor suppressor, cause sensitivity towards ROS and shorten animal lifespan. We have carried out functional genomic screens using RNAi to identify novel genes involved in regulation of ROS resistance and animal lifespan. In our primary screen, we screened for RNAi clones that could confer resistance towards paraquat, a ROS generating agent. The positive clones were then screen for ability to extend animal lifespan (secondary screen). To this date, we have screened one-third of the C. elegans genome to completion and identified 84 genes that are positive in these two sequential assays. Most of the genes identified are novel for their function in regulation of ROS resistance and animal lifespan. By genetic interaction tests, we have found that 29 of these genes potentially encode novel regulators of the DAF-2/insulin-receptor like signaling pathway. Our subsequent biochemical studies in mammalian cells have confirmed that some of their human homologs indeed function in the IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I) signaling pathway. In addition, we have identified several genes that encode proteins likely function in the TOR (target-of-rapamycin) signaling pathway. Studying the functions of these genes may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which the TOR pathway is activated by a variety of stimuli. Our studies illustrate the power of functional genomic approach in identifying novel players in these important signaling pathways. These new molecules may serve as targets for developing anti-cancer chemotherapies.
Reservation Protocols for Internetworks: A Comparison of ST-II and RSVP

Although efforts on reservation protocols for internetworks started quite some time ago, the research community is now becoming particularly active in this area, as proved by the high interest generated by protocols such as ST-II and RSVP. These two protocols, starting from different assumptions, have the common goal of providing guaranteed communication by reserving network bandwidth. This paper provides a short comparison of the two protocols. It describes and compares their mechanisms, focusing on the data forwarding, multicast, and quality of service aspects for multimedia communication. Rather than trying to decide which protocol is superior, we have identified the classes of applications which are better supported by one or the other protocol.
Dynamic network-based secure VPN deployment in GPRS

A dynamic network-based virtual private network (VPN) deployment, which is established between the general packet radio services (GPRS) border gateway and a corporate intranet gateway, is presented and analyzed. By relying on a sequence of concatenated protection mechanisms (GPRS ciphering and VPN deployment), it is possible to provide secure remote access to mobile users without requiring an extra tunnel overhead on the radio link or the implementation of computationally intense encryption algorithms in the mobile station. The VPN functionality is based on IPsec. For VPN initialization and key agreement procedures, an Internet key exchange (IKE) protocol proxy scheme is proposed, which enables the mobile user to initiate a VPN, while shifting complex key negotiation to the network infrastructure. The required enhancements for security service provision can be integrated in the existing network infrastructure, and therefore, the proposed security scheme can be used as an add-on feature of the GPRS.
Clapper v. Amnesty International: Two or Three Competing Philosophies of Standing Law?

In its 2013 decision Clapper v. Amnesty International, the Supreme Court invoked separation of powers principles in holding that public interest groups alleging that the Government was spying on their foreign clients failed to demonstrate Article III standing because they could not prove that the future surveillance injury that they purportedly feared was “certainly impending.” Justice Breyer’s dissenting opinion argued “commonsense” suggested that the Government was spying on the plaintiffs’ foreign clients and proposed a “reasonable” or “high” probability standing test. Implicitly, the Clapper decision presented a third approach to standing decisions. In footnote 5, the majority opinion acknowledged that it had sometimes found standing based on a “substantial risk” standard that is arguably distinct from the “certainly impending” test. Justice Kennedy is the most likely supporter of a “substantial risk” standing test. Lower court decisions have divided in their interpretation of Clapper, but the Second and Federal Circuits have suggested that the substantial risk standard is applicable in some cases. The future of Article III standing depends on the three competing philosophies of standing in Clapper.
Web-based speed control of induction motor with inverter dead-time compensation

A web-based induction motor drive using constant v/f speed control is presented. The controller model is built in Matlab and executable codes for C2000 DSP are generated, creating the major part of this application. A Labview web client is designed for reference signal generation and output measurements via Internet. The data interconnection is established between the motor controller and the local host computer using the serial communication. Inverter dead-time effects are analyzed and compensated based on the pulse-based method. Experimental results are presented to confirm the performance of the induction motor drive.
Temperature influences in developing tadpoles. I. Influence of temperature on the enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The ability of Rana pipiens embryos and tadpoles to acclimate to environmental temperature has been studied in animals obtained in the spring after the winter dormancy and in the fall before the winter dormancy period. Fall Rana pipiens embryos and tadpoles grow faster at 10 °C and 20 °C than do spring embryos and tadpoles. Enzymatic acclimation, as measured by changes in the specific activity of G6PDH, occurs in spring tadpoles raised at 10 °C and 20 °C, and not in fall tadpoles. It is postulated that development at 10 °C prevents the hybrid genome from being fully expressed. In the fall tadpoles, the maternal genetic influence has a more lasting effect.
Discretization of Target Attributes for Subgroup Discovery

We describe an algorithm called TargetCluster for the discretization of continuous targets in subgroup discovery. The algorithm identifies patterns in the target data and uses them to select the discretization cutpoints. The algorithm has been implemented in a subgroup discovery method. Tests show that the discretization method likely leads to improved insight.
Media reporting on research presented at scientific meetings: more caution needed.

Objective: To examine media stories on research presented at scientific meetings to see if they reported basic study facts and cautions, and whether they were clear about the preliminary stage of the research. Design and setting: Three physicians with clinical epidemiology training analysed front-page newspaper stories (n = 32), other newspaper stories (n = 142), and television/ radio stories (n = 13) identified in LexisNexis and ProQuest searches for research reports from five scientific meetings in 2002–2003 (American Heart Association, 14th Annual International AIDS Conference, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Society for Neuroscience, and the Radiological Society of North America). Main outcome measures: Media reporting of basic study facts (size, design, quantification of results); cautions about study designs with intrinsic limitations (animal/ laboratory studies, studies with < 30 people, uncontrolled studies, controlled but not randomised studies) or downsides (adverse effects in intervention studies); warnings about the preliminary stage of the research presented at scientific meetings. Results: 34% of the 187 stories did not mention study size, 18% did not mention study design (another 35% were so ambiguous that expert readers had to guess the design), and 40% did not quantify the main result. Only 6% of news stories about animal studies mentioned their limited relevance to human health; 21% of stories about small studies noted problems with the precision of the finding; 10% of stories about uncontrolled studies noted it was not possible to know if the outcome really related to the exposure; and 19% of stories about controlled but not randomised studies raised the possibility of confounding. Only 29% of the 142 news stories on intervention studies noted the possibility of any potential downside. Twelve stories mentioned a corresponding “in press” medical journal article; two of the remaining 175 noted that findings were unpublished, might not have undergone peer review, or might change. Conclusions: News stories about scientific meeting research presentations often omit basic study facts and cautions. Consequently, the public may be misled about the
Effect of copper impurity on polycrystalline silicon solar cells

The presence of copper impurity, up to 10 to the 15th atoms/cc, in single crystal silicon has been shown to have no deleterious effect on the p-n junction solar cell performance. However, in polycrystalline silicon, copper atoms tend to migrate to the defect sites because of the structural sensitive properties of copper. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of this behavior of copper impurity on the performance of p-n junction solar cells fabricated from structurally imperfect silicon. Two sets of polycrystalline silicon substrates containing copper were examined. In one set of samples, copper was incorporated during growth, whereas in the other, copper was diffused. Solar cells were fabricated on both the sets of substrates by a standard process. Dark and light I-V and spectral response characteristics of the cells were measured and compared with copper-free polycrystalline silicon solar cells. The results and the model are discussed.
Using Triangles to Improve Community Detection in Directed Networks

In a graph, a community may be loosely defined as a group of nodes that are more closely connected to one another than to the rest of the graph. One common theme is many formalizations is that flows should tend to stay within com- munities. Hence, we expect short cycles to play an impor- tant role. For undirected graphs, the importance of trian- gles - an undirected 3-cycle - has been known for a long time and can be used to improve community detection. To identify communities in directed networks, we propose an undirected edge-weighting scheme based on directed trian- gles. We also propose a new metric on quality of the com- munities that is based on the number of 3-cycles that are split across communities. To demonstrate the impact of our new weighting, we use the standard METIS graph partition- ing tool to determine communities and show experimentally that the resulting communities result in fewer 3-cycles be- ing cut. The magnitude of the e!ect varies between a 10% and 50% reduction. We also find that this weighting scheme improves a task where plausible ground-truth communities are known.
Calcinosis Cutis in Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases

Calcinosis cutis is a chronic condition involving insoluble calcified deposits of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is commonly associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases and can be a source of pain and functional disability. The likelihood of developing calcinosis varies among the autoimmune connective tissue diseases, with systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis being the most commonly associated. Identification of therapy for this challenging disorder has been hampered by a paucity of large controlled trials. Although there is no uniformly effective treatment for calcinosis cutis, several surgical and medical therapies have demonstrated varying degrees of benefit in the treatment of calcinosis, including surgical excision, laser therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, diltiazem, minocycline, colchicine, and topical sodium thiosulfate, along with others. Recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of calcinosis cutis in patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases are discussed.
On Error Evaluation and Non-Unity Feedback

Abstract The concept of error as applied to feedback systems is considered. Error constants and coefficients are developed for application to systems with non-unity feedback. Non-unity scalar feedback factors are considered as well as feedback functions of s.
Nearest-neighbor graphs on the cantor set

Let X n be a collection of n uniform, independent, and identically distributed points on the Cantor ternary set. We consider the asymptotics for the expected total edge length of the directed and undirected nearest-neighbor graph on X n . We prove convergence to a constant of the rescaled expected total edge length of this random graph. The rescaling factor is a function of the fractal dimension and has a log-periodic, nonconstant behavior.
The treatment of early syphilis with crystalline penicillin G in peanut oil and beeswax (P.O.B.) employing a treatment schedule of 300,000 units given twice a week for a period of 8 weeks; report of 113 cases.

In the evaluation of syphilis therapy with penicillin, it has become increasingly evident that the optimum treatment schedule has not yet been determined. The questions of solution versus delayed absorption or excretion preparations, continuous or discontinuous treatment, time interval, etc., are still the subjects of extensive laboratory and clinical investigation.
Measurements of pulsed radiation-induced fiber fluorescence and darkening

Spectral temperature measurements were made of the DIAMOND FORTUNE event at the Nevada Test Site. A large core fiber was used to gather light from the fireball produced in a large diameter cavity. To correct these spectral data for radiation effects on the fiber, a Fiber Monitor consisting of another fiber optic cable identical to that used to gather fireball light (but made blind to it) was used to measure changes in the fiber optic spectral transmission during the event. The data on the Fiber Monitor show a narrow induced-light pulse, followed by a long (approximately equals 1.5 ms) decay fluorescence signal. Following these induced signals a reduction in the preshot transmitted signals, caused by fiber darkening, was measured. DIAMOND FORTUNE event data will be presented and compared with data obtained from the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Hermes III gamma simulator and the SNL SPR III pulsed neutron facility. The radiation-induced fiber darkening thus determined will be presented.
An explanation of the continuing federal government mandate of single-member congressional districts

A formal rational expectation model is developed to explain why congressional single-member districts (SMD’s) were mandated in 1842 and why that mandate has repeatedly been re-affirmed. The tendency of voters to moderate the dominant party in the federal government combined with the single-party sweep effect of multi-member districts (MMD’s) creates the incentives for the strongest party to support a SMD mandate. This model performs empirically much better than alternative theories. The model’s prediction that the current SMD mandate is permanent is an example of how an institutional change can endure even if it no longer reflects voter preferences.
Effects of obesity and gender on exercise capacity in urban children.

Abstract Background The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has been rising steadily over the last few decades and is now considered one of the most important issues worldwide. Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of body mass on fitness in a healthy cohort of urban children and adolescents and to evaluate the difference in the cardiovascular responses, as measured by heart rate and endurance time, elicited with exercise in each gender. Methods This observational study was conducted in an exercise laboratory. Participants were healthy boys and girls aged 4 to 18 years. The study evaluated heart rate and endurance time during exercise testing on a treadmill. Outcome measures were endurance time and heart rate. Results The study comprised 303 boys and 222 girls ranging in age from 4 to 18 years (mean [SD], 12.2 [3.48] years). Obese children had a significantly lower endurance time than nonobese children (boys, P P = 0.0001). The mean (SEM) decrease in endurance time for obese versus nonobese children was 1.90 (0.38) minutes for boys and 1.52 (0.39) minutes for girls. A decrease in mean endurance time of 0.69 minute for each unit increase in BMI was noted. Obese boys and girls performed at a higher heart rate than their nonobese counterparts, although there was no statistically significant difference in maximum heart rate achieved by obese and nonobese children (boys, P = 0.71; girls, P = 0.79). Conclusions Endurance time was significantly decreased in these obese boys and girls, and they performed at a higher heart rate earlier in exercise than nonobese children. There was no significant difference in maximum heart rate between obese and nonobese children.
Ecological Patterns in the Antifungal Activity of Root Extracts from Rocky Mountain Wetland Plants

AbstractCurrent pressures in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries have placed emphasis on improved efficiency in new drug and agrochemical discovery. In the area of natural products, much attention has focused on improving collection strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of environmental details in prospecting for antifungal compounds from wetland plants. A survey was conducted of the in vitro antifungal activity of root extracts from 28 species of Rocky Mountain wetland plants against three medically and five agriculturally important fungal pathogens. Plants were collected at early and late stages in the growing season from wetland and upland sites of four low (2800–2950 m) and three high (3000–3300 m) altitude Rocky Mountain subalpine meadows and trends in levels of antifungal activity were assessed. Wetland plant species exhibited higher antifungal activity when collected late in the growing season from wetland-soil areas of high altitude meadows. In contrast, ...
A sex-associated protein in liver tissues of the male rat

Abstract Antigenic differences between the tissues of male and female inbred rats and mice prevent skin homotransplants when the donor is male and the recipient female. However, the reverse procedure is typically successful. In both the rat and the mouse, the reaction has been attributed to histocompatibility genes on the Y chromosome ( Billingham and Koprowski, 1959 ; Billingham and Silvers, 1958, 1959 ; Eichwald et al. , 1957 ). That protein differences should exist between male and female rats and mice may be inferred from the skin transplantation studies. This report demonstrates the presence of a protein component present in the liver of the male rat and absent from the female.
A Bayesian dose finding design for oncology clinical trials of combinational biological agents

Treating patients with novel biological agents is becoming a leading trend in oncology. Unlike cytotoxic agents, for which efficacy and toxicity monotonically increase with dose, biological agents may exhibit non-monotonic patterns in their dose-response relationships. Using a trial with two biological agents as an example, we propose a dose-finding design to identify the biologically optimal dose combination (BODC), which is defined as the dose combination of the two agents with the highest efficacy and tolerable toxicity. A change-point model is used to reflect the fact that the dose-toxicity surface of the combinational agents may plateau at higher dose levels, and a flexible logistic model is proposed to accommodate the possible non-monotonic pattern for the dose-efficacy relationship. During the trial, we continuously update the posterior estimates of toxicity and efficacy and assign patients to the most appropriate dose combination. We propose a novel dose-finding algorithm to encourage sufficient exploration of untried dose combinations in the two-dimensional space. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed design has desirable operating characteristics in identifying the BODC under various patterns of dose-toxicity and dose-efficacy relationships.
Sizing of a stand-alone hybrid wind-photovoltaic system using a three-event probability density approximation

Abstract The PV-array and battery storage sizing of a stand-alone hybrid wind-photovoltaic system is being addressed here. A probabilistic approach is used to arrive at the results. A new technique using a three event probability density instead of the traditional two event approximation is developed. This technique is then used to determine the optimum relationship between the number of PV panels and the number of storage batteries required for the stand-alone hybrid wind-photovoltaic system, to meet a certain loss of power probability. This method uses long term data of wind speed, irradiance and ambient temperature taken every hour for 30 yr and the load specifications for a “typical New England house” that is going to be powered by the hybrid system.
The Importance of Peer Review: Thoughts on Knudson, Morrow, and Thomas (2014)

Knudson, Morrow, and Thomas (2014) recently summarized a number of important issues related to the quality of peer review and current peer-review practice in kinesiology. This writer endorses their six recommendations for improving peer review in kinesiology journals. The purpose of this commentary is to further highlight the importance of reviewer and associate editor recommendations to the editor, and the importance of editor decisions, in determining what becomes part of a discipline's body of knowledge. These recommendations and decisions ultimately affect what students learn, and what professionals practice, in their disciplines. This kind of power over the control of knowledge and the application of that knowledge is cause for all involved in science to do everything possible to improve our stewardship over peer review.
Differential Subcellular Distribution of Bioactive Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Pseudopregnant Rat Ovary

The subcellular metabolism of internalized hCG was examined by monitoring the distribution of bioactive and immunoreactive hCG in subcellular fractions of pseudopregnant rat ovaries. Homogenates of ovaries from rats injected with 1.0 μg (12.8 IU; bioasssay) hCG were fractionated on self-generating Percoll gradients into three hCG-containing compartments: soluble proteins (cytosolic fraction), a combined plasma membrane/ prelysosomal vesicle fraction, and lysosomes. The hCG level in each fraction was measured by RIA and in vitro bioassay. When necessary, receptor-bound hCG was dissociated at low pH before assay. Levels of cytosolic hCG were highest 1–3 h after injection, attaining peak immunoreactive concentrations of 18 ng/ovarian pair. Cytosolic hormone was not primarily derived from nonspecific trapping of serum or interstitial fluid, because after 1.0 μg [125I]iodobovine γ-globulin was injected into rats, cytosolic globulin levels (nanograms per ovarian pair) were approximately 7–10 times lower than th...
The Politics of Toxic Waste

Toxic waste, and the public policy that deals with it, is a complex issue. Much of the complexity stems from the science and technology embedded in the topic, but a great deal also results from the intricate interactions between the social organizations and institutions involved. The politics of toxic waste plays out within three key aspects of this complexity. The first of these is the nature of the intergovernmental relations involved. For toxic waste issues, these intergovernmental relations can be between sovereign states or between a nation and an international governing organization, or they may be restricted to a domestic context. If the later is the case, the relationship can be between federal, state, and local governments or between different bureaus, departments, or agencies within the same level of government. A second feature of this complexity can be seen in the consequences of divergent organizational or institutional interests. When conflicting organizational or institutional perspectives, positions, or concerns arise, public policy outcomes are affected.The tug and pull of competing actors move policy in the direction favored by the winner. This may or may not be the most rational alternative. A third aspect of this interorganizational puzzle involves the question of wheremore » the locus of authority for decisionmaking resides and to what extent stakeholders, who do not possess direct authority, can influence policy outcomes.« less
Die Bestimmung von Phasengleichgewichten in den Systemen Gas/Fest und Gas/Flüssig mittels der gas‐chromatographischen Dampfraumanalyse

Die gas-chromatographische Dampfraumanalyse — „Headspace analysis” — beruht auf der Verteilung von fluchtigen Stoffen zwischen einer festen oder flussigen Probe und der umgebenden Gasphase in einem geschlossenen Gefas und liefert die quantitative Zusammensetzung der Gasphase. Kennt man die Zusammensetzung der Probe, lassen sich Verteilungsgleichgewichte in den Systemen Gas/Fest und Gas/Flussig bestimmen. Damit kann die gas-chromatographische Dampfraumanalyse neben der praktisch-analytischen Anwendung auch fur physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen eingesetzt werden. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung der Adsorptionsisothermen von Athanol an Silikagel und Aktivkohle gezeigt, sowie die Bestimmung der Dampfzusammensetzung uber dem ternaren Gemisch aus Methanol, Aceton und Chloroform. Durch die Kopplung mit der chromatographischen Trennung eignet sich das Verfahren besonders fur die Untersuchung von Mehrstoffgemischen und durch den weiten linearen Bereich der gas-chromatographischen Detektoren auch fur Gemische mit grozen Konzentrationsunterschieden. Headspace analysis by gas chromatography utilizes the partition of volatile compounds between a solid or liquid sample in a closed sample container and as a result of the analysis the quantitative composition of the gas phase is obtained. Provided the composition of the sample itself is known, the partition equilibrium in the systems gas/liquid or gas/solid can thus be investigated. This adds an interesting possibility for studying the thermodynamics of solute-solvent interactions in mixed phases to the well known analytical applications of headspace analysis. Examples for such physico-chemical applications as shown here comprises the determination of adsorption isotherms of ethanol on both activated charcoal and silicagel, as well as the determination of the gas phase composition above a ternary mixture of methanol, acetone and chloroform. The on-line combination with the chromatographic separation makes this procedure particularly useful for the investigation of multicomponent mixtures and also for mixtures with large differences in concentration, since these are covered by the wide linear range of gas chromatographic detectors.
Nucleotide sequence and analysis of deletion mutants of the Escherichia coli gpt gene in plasmid pSV2gpt

Abstract The complete sequence of the HindIII-BamHI/BgHI fragment of plasmid pSV2 gpt, which contains the E. coli gpt gene, has been determined and used to predict the amino acid sequence of the protein. The nucleotide sequence was used to create a map of eight gpt gene deletion mutants which were generated in mammalian cells.
Marijuana Botany. An Advanced Study: The Propagation and Breeding of Distinctive Cannabis.

(1981). Marijuana Botany. An Advanced Study: The Propagation and Breeding of Distinctive Cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 13, Drugs, Crime and Criminal Justice, pp. 395-395.
Significant reduction in dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) eye dose through the use of leaded glasses

Objective In light of the increased recognition of the potential for lens opacification after low-dose radiation exposures, we investigated the effect of leaded eyeglasses worn during dental cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) procedures on the radiation absorbed dose to the eye and suggest simple methods to reduce risk of radiation cataract development. Study design Dose measurements were conducted with the use of 3 anthropomorphic phantoms: male (Alderson radiation therapy phantom), female (CIRS), and juvenile male (CIRS). All exposures were performed on the same dental CBCT machine (Imtec, Ardmore, OK) using 2 different scanning techniques but with identical machine parameters (120 kVp, 3.8 mA, 7.8 s). Scans were performed with and without leaded glasses and repeated 3 times. All measurements were recorded using calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters and optical luminescent dosimetry. Results Leaded glasses worn by adult and pediatric patients during CBCT scans may reduce radiation dose to the lens of the eye by as much as 67% (from 0.135 ± 0.004 mGy to 0.044 ± 0.002 mGy in pediatric patients). Conclusions Leaded glasses do not appear to have a deleterious effect on the image quality in the area of clinical significance for dental imaging.
CHANGES IN U.S. NATIONAL MOBILITY LEVELS

This paper investigates the decline in the national mobility level that occurred during 1970-1983. The effects of generation size are discussed in detail; bigger generations may move at lower rates because of the increased competition for jobs and housing. The changing age composition of the population will imply further mobility declines during coming decades if age-specific mobility rates remain constant. A consideration of anticipated changes in the size of the young adult cohort suggests that the national mobility rate may increase slightly over the next decade, before beginning a relatively modest decline during 1995-2040.
931 NEWBORNS HAVE DIMINISHED NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY

Natural killer N(NK) cells appear to be an important first line of host defense against viral infections. Because a decrease in the number or functional activity of such cells could contribute to the increased susceptibility to virus infections which occurs in the newborn period, we sought to compare the NK cell activity of newborns and adults. Blood lymphocytes from 11 newborns and 9 normal adults were tested for spontaneous cell mediated lysis against standard tumor target cell line K562 in a 4 hr. chromiumrelease assay. The NK activity of newborn lymphocytes was considerably less than that of adult lymphocytes. At effector/target ratio 33/1 the mean % specific lysis by newborn vs adult cells was 9% vs 45% (p<0.001). Moreover the plateau level of maximum lysis at high effector/target ratios was significantly lower for newborn lymphocytes (29% vs 90%, p<0.001) suggesting that newborn lymphocytes contain cells which inhibit NK lytic activity. In support of this, newborn lymphocytes caused 20% inhibition of adult NK cell activity when present in the ratio of 1 newborn to 8 adult lymphocytes. The diminished NK activity documented here may be a major factor rendering newborns susceptible to overwhelming viral infections.
Discussion of Dr. Solnit's paper "Who Deserves Child Psychiatry? A Study in Priorities".

The Program Committee's choice of the three speakers for this Annual Meeting session points up the fact that child psychiatrists have come from a variety of backgrounds and present different interests and opinions yet remain unified in their basic aims, namely, to provide professional help for children who are emotionally ill or likely to become so. I suspect that the Committee's choice reflects as well their hope for a little lively controversy this morning. Dr. Solnit and Dr. Eisenberg were trained in university settings and, as Professors of Child Psychiatry at Yale and Johns Hopkins, have continued their professional activities within the university milieu. Dr. Solnit came into psychiatry as a trained pediatrician; he is further a psychoanalyst of children and adults. His work as clinician, research investigator, teacher, and administrator reflects this wide range of professional preparation. Dr. Eisenberg has pursued an interest in the pediatric and neurological aspects of child psychiatry and of late has become a spokesman for those who believe social action a compelling function of the child psychiatrist. As a facile hard-hitting author and speaker, he has placed his trenchantly developed point of view before many audiences. He makes clear to us today, as always, that he is not a psychoanalyst. Perhaps my reaction when asked to follow Dr. Eisenberg in discussion of Dr. Solnit's paper illustrates nicely his impact upon all of us as a critic and challenger: my first thought as I put down the telephone some months ago was that I'd be a Daniel in Leon's den!
A Need for Improved Training Interventions for the Remediation of Impairments in Social Functioning following Brain Injury

Social functioning deficits are a prominent feature of many neurological and psychiatric conditions, and may include disruption in the acquisition or application of basic or complex social skills. Such disturbances are often resistant to treatment, and individuals with such conditions are often faced with lifelong difficulties in maintaining personal relationships, employment, and independent living. In recent years, a number of psychosocial treatments have been developed to address this growing problem. In this article, we review studies investigating the use of psychosocial training interventions in individuals with acquired brain injuries, which frequently require intervention for impairments in cognitive and social functioning. We then discuss limitations of these studies and highlight specific areas in which such treatments might be improved in the future.
Suppression of trophoblast uterine spiral artery remodeling by estrogen during baboon pregnancy: impact on uterine and fetal blood flow dynamics.

The present study was conducted to determine the impact of suppressing trophoblast remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries by prematurely elevating estrogen levels in the first trimester of baboo...
Endogenous Switching Regression Models with Limited Dependent Variables

Social research often involves estimating the effects of a categorical treatment on a dependent outcome variable. Endogenous switching regression models are natural extensions of classical experime...
Learning to See Random-Dot Stereograms:

In the present study some specific properties of the learning effects reported for random-dot stereograms are examined. In experiment 1 the retinal position-specific learning effect was reproduced and in a follow-up experiment it was shown that the position specificity of learning can be accounted for by selective visual attention. In experiments 2 and 3 evidence was obtained that suggests that observers can learn, to a certain degree, monocular random-dot patterns and that this learning facilitates the depth percept. This result indicates that the traditional belief that random-dot stereograms are devoid of monocularly recognizable or useful forms should be reconsidered. In the second set of experiments the learning of two binocular surface properties of random-dot stereograms, depth edges and internal depth regions, was investigated. It was shown in experiment 4 that the depth edges of random-dot stereograms are not learned, whereas the results of experiment 5 indicate that the internal depth regions are learned. Finally, in experiment 6 it was shown that depth edges are learned when the internal depth regions of the stereogram are ambiguous. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of the particular type of stimulus used in the learning process and in terms of perceptual learning and attention.
Consumer profiles in reality vs fantasy‐based virtual worlds: implications for brand entry

Purpose – Virtual environments (VEs) are computer‐based, three‐dimensional virtual worlds where users create avatars and interact socially and competitively within the environment. Users spend millions of dollars every year consuming items for their avatars. Marketers have begun offering branded items in these communities with mixed results. The purpose of this paper is to examine motivational, usage, and demographic differences in VEs across two popular VE types: reality and fantasy‐based platforms.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 106 users of reality and fantasy based VEs was collected using an online survey methodology.Findings – Results indicate that both reality and fantasy worlds are outlets for escapism and immersion. Reality VE users are more motivated to seek social relationships with other users and are more highly involved in the VE than fantasy users. Fantasy‐users are motivated by achievement and manipulation of others and are slightly more likely to be male, younger, and engage in t...
In vitro studies of beating heart cells in culture. XII. The utilization of ATP and phosphocreatine in oligomycin and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited cells.

Abstract 1. The ATP concentration in the cultured rat heart cells did not change significantly when either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited with 2-deoxyglucose and oligomycin, respectively. When both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors were present simultaneously, the ATP level dropped significantly. The combined effect of both inhibitors exceeded the sum of the effects of the individual inhibitors. 2. The utilization of ATP in the presence of either oligomycin or 2-deoxyglucose and in the presence of both inhibitors simultaneously was reflected in a decrease in phosphocreatine concentration. 3. The rate of high energy phosphate utilization in quiescent cells was calculated to be 0.289 ± 0.040 nmole/mg protein per min. The utilization of energy for contraction was calculated to be 0.055 ± 0.010 nmole/mg protein per contraction. 4. Taking into consideration the energy requirements of beating cells and the change in ATP + phosphocreatine when the inhibitors were present singly and simultaneously, it was concluded that a control of metabolism involving glycolysis and oxydative phosphorylation is operating under normal oxidative conditions. The sum to the rates of the two pathways, when operating alone, is greater than the sum of their rates when operating simultaneously.
Necessary and sufficient condition on the fixed-energy scattering data for the potential to be spherically symmetric

Consider the Schrodinger equation for fixed energy and a real-valued compactly supported potential q(x) epsilon Lloc2, x epsilon R3. Let A( theta ', theta ) be the corresponding scattering amplitude for incident and exit directions theta and theta ' respectively. It is proved that the potential is spherically symmetric if and only if A( theta ', theta ) for this single energy depends only on the angle between theta and theta ', that is A( theta ', theta )=A( theta '. theta ) for all theta ', theta epsilon S2, the unit sphere. Thus, if this condition holds a single energy kappa 2> 0 it holds for all kappa >0 under the above assumption about q(x).
Nuclear parameters of the Be9(d, p)Be10 reaction

Abstract The parameters of the reaction Be 9 (d, p)Be 10 have been studied from the standpoint of the direct reaction theory. Intermediate coupling shell model wave functions were assumed for the nuclear states involved. Agreement was obtained for all quantities except the proton polarization, which may indicate that the neglect of spin-orbit coupling in the distorted waves is not justified.
Constructability of Offshore Platforms

As part of the effort to achieve an economical development of offshore fields, focus is directed towards reducing construction cost while ensuring that the quality of construction details is maintained. This construction quality is particularly important for deepwater developments because of the increased demand for higher structural integrity to minimize in-service inspection, maintenance, and repairs. High structural integrity requires that particular attention is given to improved welding details. Achieving high integrity, while maintaining adequate control on cost, requires a thorough evaluation of the constructability factors that have major influence on a project CAPEX. These factors include project organization, contracting plans, materials and welding specifications, fabrication schemes and erection and load-out procedures. While significant benefits may be achieved through knowledge base transfer and lessons learned, these factors are typically design specific and can vary on a project by project basis. I this paper, constructability parameters will be discussed along with yard selection criteria and impact of design requirements on construction cost.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dissolved organic carbon in oligotrophic waters: experiments on sample preservation, storage and analysis

Abstract Different methods of preservation and storage of samples for analysis of abundance of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in oligotrophic waters were evaluated and compared to shipboard measurements. DOC concentrations in samples stored frozen (−20°C) in acid-cleaned polypropylene tubes, high-density polyethylene bottles, and combusted glass ampoules, even for extended periods (up to 5 months after collection), were indistinguishable from those measured on ship at the time of collection. Addition of phosphoric acid (0.025% H 3 PO 4 final concentration in seawater) was necessary to preserve samples at 4°C. Filtration prior to storage was not necessary for the oligotrophic ocean samples analyzed in this study. Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon can be accomplished by bubbling with either high-purity nitrogen or oxygen with no effects on DOC abundance measurements. An estimate of the analytical blank was determined by injecting distilled water which was exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet light, acidified and purged with nitrogen to remove inorganic carbon. The analytical blank measured in this study was 18.7 ± 1.5 μ m C for a 100 μl injection volume. This value was applied as the minimum correction to DOC abundance measurements of seawater. Using the methods described in this paper we observed DOC concentrations of approximately 90–115 μM C for the upper 50 m of the water column at the US-JGOFS Station Aloha (22°45′N, 158°W). DOC concentrations decreased with depth to concentrations of approximately 50 μM C at 500 m and remained relatively constant at greater depths.
Earthquake doublets in the Solomon Islands

Large, shallow, thrust earthquakes in the Solomon Islands region tend to occur in closely related pairs. Two recent sequences are July 14, 1971 (M_S = 7.9) and July 26, 1971 (M_S = 7.9) and 14^h37^m, July 20, 1975 (M_S = 7.9) and 19^h54^m, July 20, 1975 (M_S = 7.7). The mechanism of these seismic doublets has important bearing on the triggering mechanism of earthquakes in subduction zones. Detailed analysis of the seismic body waves and surface waves were performed on the 1971, 1974, and 1975 doublets, providing a better understanding of: (1) the mechanics of seismic triggering, (2) the state of stress on the fault plane, and (3) the nature of subduction between the Pacific and Indian plates. The results indicate that although the geometry of the subduction zone in the Solomon Islands is complicated by the presence of several sub-plates, the slip direction of the Indian plate with respect to the Pacific plate is relatively uniform over the entire region. The large seismic moments of the 1971 sequence (1.2 · 10^28 and 1.8 · 10^28 dyne cm) indicate that these events directly represent the underthrusting of the Indian and Solomon plates beneath the Pacific plate. The body waves from these doublets, recorded on the WWSSN long-period seismograms, are remarkably impulsive and simple compared with those from events of comparable seismic moment in other subduction zones. In addition, the source dimensions of the body waves are 30–70 km in length, substantially smaller than the overall rupture surfaces radiating the surface waves which are 100–300 km in length. These facts suggest the existence of relatively large, isolated high-stress zones on the fault plane. This type of stress distribution is distinct from other regions which have more heterogeneous stress distribution on the fault plane, and this is proposed as the principal characteristic of this region responsible for the occurrence of the doublets and for the apparent efficiency of triggering in the Solomon trench. Prior to the 1971 sequence, similar sequences have occurred in the same area in 1919–1920 and 1945–1946. From the amount of slip (1.3 m) determined for the 1971 sequence and the apparent recurrence interval of 25 years, a seismic slip rate of 5 cm yr^−1 is determined. This value is a significant portion of the convergence rate between the Indian and Pacific plates indicating that the plate motion here is taken up largely by seismic slip.
WE‐D‐332‐03: How Well Does CTDI Estimate Organ Dose to Patients From Multidetector (MDCT) Imaging?

Purpose: Although CTDI was designed to characterize CT scanner performance, it is often used to estimate patient dose. This study uses voxelized patient models based on actual patient anatomy and Monte Carlo based MDCT simulations to answer the question: how well does CTDI predict patient organdose?Method and Materials: 26 voxelized models of female anatomy of various sizes were created from clinical CT data. Breast tissue was contoured by a radiologist and glandular and lungtissues automatically segmented. A previously validated Monte Carlo model of an MDCT scanner was used taking into account source spectra, filtration, collimation, and geometry. Two fixed mA clinical acquisition protocols were simulated: Chest CT and retrospectively gated coronary CTA. For each exam, doses were calculated for breast and lungtissues, and compared to CTDIvol (=CTDIw/pitch), CTDI100center/pitch, and CTDI100periphery/pitch. Percent difference between each CTDI value and organdose was calculated and the mean of these differences was reported. Results: For the Chest CT Protocol: CTDIvol measurements differ from breast and lungdose by an average of 84% and 52% respectively. CTDIperiphery/pitch differs from breast and lungdose by an average of 117% and 80% respectively; CTDIcenter/pitch differs from breast and lungdose by an average of 18% and 3% respectively. For the CTA Protocol: CTDIvol measurements differ from breast and lungdose by an average of 34% and 16% respectively. CTDIperiphery/pitch differs from breast dose and lungdose by an average of 58% and 37% respectively; CTDIcenter/pitch differs from breast and lungdose by an average of 15% and 26% respectively. Conclusion:CTDIvol generally overestimates organdose, while CTDIcenter /pitch provides better estimates of organdose;Organdose is affected by patient size (i.e. perimeter); therefore, future work will look into the possibility of scaling CTDI measurements to estimate organdose based on patient size.