cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Impact of Instant Messaging (IM) on Subjective Task Complexity and User Satisfaction

Instant messenger is being rapidly deployed in the workplace. Current studies largely focus on the adoption of IM and how IM is used. Little research has been conducted to understand the potential impact of using IM in the workplace. This paper theorized and empirically tested how the frequency and social network characteristic of IM interruptions could interact with an individual’s polychronic orientation, i.e. multitasking preference, and jointly influence employee satisfaction and subjective task complexity. The study illustrates that polychrons are more satisfied with the multitasking work process deploying IM technology than monochrons. In addition, the effect of interruptions is dependent upon an individual’s polychronic orientation. The increase in interruption frequency only reduces the process satisfaction of monochrons but not polychrons. Further, the polychronic orientation of message receivers also influences how they process information. When IM messages are sent from their supervisors, monochrons tend to prioritize tasks and perceive a lower level of overall task complexity. The information processing of polychrons seem to be less influenced by the social characteristic of interruptions.
Under the influence: Effects of adolescent ethanol exposure and anxiety on motivation for uncertain gambling-like cues in male and female rats

Gambling disorder (GD) frequently co-occurs with alcohol use and anxiety disorders, suggesting possible shared mechanisms. Recent research suggests reward uncertainty may powerfully enhance attraction towards reward cues. Here, we examined the effects of adolescent ethanol exposure, anxiety, and reward uncertainty on cue-triggered motivation. Male and female adolescent rats were given free access to ethanol or control jello for 20days. Following withdrawal, rats underwent autoshaping on a certain (100%-1) or uncertain (50%-1-2-3) reward contingency, followed by single-session conditioned reinforcement and progressive ratio tasks, and 7days of omission training, during which lever pressing resulted in omission of reward. Finally, anxiety levels were quantified on the elevated plus maze. Here, we found that uncertainty narrowed cue attraction by significantly increasing the ratio of sign-tracking to goal-tracking, particularly amongst control jello and high anxiety animals, but not in animals exposed to ethanol during adolescence. In addition, attentional bias towards the lever cue was more persistent under uncertain conditions following omission training. We also found that females consumed more ethanol, and that uncertainty mitigated the anxiolytic effects of ethanol exposure observed in high ethanol intake animals under certainty conditions. Our results further support that reward uncertainty biases attraction towards reward cues, suggesting also that heightened anxiety may enhance vulnerability to the effects of reward uncertainty. Chronic, elevated alcohol consumption may contribute to heightened anxiety levels, while high anxiety may promote the over-attribution of incentive value to reward cues, highlighting possible mechanisms that may drive concurrent anxiety, heavy drinking, and problematic gambling.
Measurement in Education: A Primer on Designing Assessments

You want to measure the skills or attitudes of your students: you’ll need to choose or design an assessment, which isn’t always easy. It’s important to think clearly, to focus on the details. Designing an assessment is a process. This chapter poses nine key questions for anybody involved in assessment design. To answer these questions is to follow a rigorous process. In time, statistical skills will be important, but not right away. Understanding the intuition behind the assessment design process is more important. This chapter is written to introduce newcomers to the world of assessment, but it’s also designed to sharpen the thinking of people experienced in assessment. In the complicated world of surveys and ratings and tests, it’s easy to lose sight of the basics of assessment design. This chapter brings us back to the basics.
Community mobility MAUP-ing: A socio-spatial investigation of bikeshare demand in Chicago

Abstract The expansion and evolution of bikesharing systems is a global phenomenon, which has motivated research to characterize “best practices” in both system operations and policy transferability across regions. Little is known, however, about the pros and cons of different approaches to define scale and zoning schemes in bikesharing evaluation. This research begins to address this challenge by juxtaposing station-level and community-level approaches to model and estimate the Annual Average Daily Bicyclist (AADB). We use the demand information from 459 Divvy stations in Chicago between June 1, 2015 and May 31, 2016 to assess the aggregation approaches concerning variable impacts, model specification, and prediction accuracy. Elasticity calculations, prediction error comparisons, and influence analysis reveal the importance of both built environment and sociodemographic variables in bikeshare modeling and the need to develop context-sensitive interventions. The detailed comparison of different levels of aggregation for analysis of bikeshare demand and user impact highlights that each level contributes insights to planners and policymakers. While the disaggregate approach provides the most information for planners in terms of improving bikeshare systems, there is value in adopting an aggregated approach for transport policy that accounts for potential neighborhood effects. In addition, the control for socio-demographic factors around stations highlights the variation in socio-spatial effects that planners need to account for when measuring outcomes and equity impacts.
Algeria: nation, culture and transnationalism, 1988–2015

Over the last decade, Algeria has often been studied through the twin analytical frames of violence and transition. The Civil War and its consequences (Roberts 2003; Moussaoui 2006; Mundy 2015), as...
Cathepsin D plays a role in endothelial–pericyte interactions during alteration of the blood–retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. We have previously demonstrated the effect of cathepsin D (CD) on the mechanical disruption of retinal endothelial cell junctions and increased vasopermeability, as well as increased levels of CD in retinas of diabetic mice. Here, we have also examined the effect of CD on endothelial-pericyte interactions, as well as the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor on CD in endothelial-pericyte interactions in vitro and in vivo. Cocultured cells that were treated with pro-CD demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, a tyrosine kinase receptor that is required for pericyte cell survival; N-cadherin, the key adherens junction protein between endothelium and pericytes; and increases in the vessel destabilizing agent, angiopoietin-2. The effect was reversed in cells that were treated with DPP4 inhibitor along with pro-CD. With pro-CD treatment, there was a significant increase in the phosphorylation of the downstream signaling protein, PKC-α, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in endothelial cells and pericytes, which disrupts adherens junction structure and function, and this was significantly reduced with DPP4 inhibitor treatment. Increased CD levels, vasopermeability, and alteration in junctional-related proteins were observed in the retinas of diabetic rats, which were significantly changed with DPP4 inhibitor treatment. Thus, DPP4 inhibitors may be used as potential adjuvant therapeutic agents to treat increased vascular leakage observed in patients with diabetic macular edema.-Monickaraj, F., McGuire, P., Das, A. Cathepsin D plays a role in endothelial-pericyte interactions during alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy.
Survey of Ultra-wideband Radar

The development of UWB radar over the last four decades is very briefly summarized. A discussion of the meaning of UWB is followed by a short history of UWB radar developments and discussions of key supporting technologies and current UWB radars. Selected UWB radars and the associated applications are highlighted. Applications include detecting and imaging buried mines, detecting and mapping underground utilities, detecting and imaging objects obscured by foliage, through-wall detection in urban areas, short-range detection of suicide bombs, and the characterization of the impulse responses of various artificial and naturally occurring scattering objects. In particular, the Naval Research Laboratory’s experimental, low-power, dual-polarized, short-pulse, ultra-high resolution radar is used to discuss applications and issues of UWB radar. Some crucial issues that are problematic to UWB radar are spectral availability, electromagnetic interference and compatibility, difficulties with waveform control/shaping, hardware limitations in the transmission chain, and the unreliability of high-power sources for sustained use above 2 GHz.
Neumann control of unstable parabolic systems: numerical approach

The present article is concerned with the Neumann control of systems modeled by scalar or vector parabolic equations of reaction-advection-diffusion type with a particular emphasis on systems which are unstable if uncontrolled. To solve these problems, we use a combination of finite-difference methods for the time discretization, finite-element methods for the space discretization, and conjugate gradient algorithms for the iterative solution of the discrete control problems. We apply then the above methodology to the solution of test problems in two dimensions, including problems related to nonlinear models.
Failure to Protect from Exposure to Domestic Violence in Private Custody Contests

All 50 states and the District of Columbia require courts to consider domestic violence committed by one parent against the other in resolving a custody or visitation dispute between the parents. A significant number of states also have statutes or case law that requires courts to consider the occurrence of violence in a child’s household or proposed household in resolving such disputes, regardless of who commits the violence or at whom it is directed. This kind of law may be used against a parent, often a victim, who fails to protect a child from being exposed to the violence. This article examines and critiques these laws in light of how this issue is handled in juvenile court child protective proceedings. In the child welfare context, widely-accepted reforms promote leaving children with their mothers who have been battered and offering services to these mothers to help them escape from the violence. The paper argues that the lessons and techniques from the child welfare system can and should be brought to bear in private custody disputes involving claims of exposure to domestic violence.
High Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored Ions

Physical limitations to the achievement of accurate, high resolution spectroscopy on stored ions are briefly discussed. For experiments on ion clouds, a compromise between frequency stability and second order Doppler shift uncertainty must be made. Expected performance for specific examples using single ions and ion clouds is discussed.
Unintended consequences of class-based ontological commitment

Domain ontologies can promote shared understanding of a domain using standardized constructs to represent domain semantics. Building upon this promise, libraries of domain-specific ontologies have been created. However, we argue that adopting any particular domain ontology can in fact hinder domain understanding and reduce the quality of data made available through a shared ontology. This paper examines unintended consequences of class-based ontological commitment and advocates instead an instance-andproperty ontological foundation. The proposed approach can better inform the practice of information sharing and can, in participative domains, enable users to contribute higher quality information with fewer constraints.
National Burden of Heart Failure Events in the United States, 2006 to 2014.

Background: Heart failure (HF)—a serious and costly condition—is increasingly prevalent. We estimated the US burden including emergency department (ED) visits, inpatient hospitalizations and associ...
A Bridge between Kingdoms: Introduction of a Golden Gate-Based Tool Kit for Cyanobacteria.

One goal of synthetic biology is to build artificial pathways for bioengineering of high-value compounds. To this end, pathways are not only split into individual reactions, but the expression of one enzyme is also split into individual parts (e.g. promotors, ribosomal binding sites, coding
The Genetic Regulation of Human Sleep-Wake Rhythms and Patterns

Abstract The application of forward genetic approaches to heritable human sleep and circadian traits has greatly refined our understanding of these indispensable processes. Familial advanced sleep phase is a circadian condition where affected individuals awaken and sleep significantly earlier compared with unaffected family members but have otherwise normal sleep. Causative genetic variants have led to an in-depth appreciation of the pathways of posttranslational regulation for known circadian proteins to affect the timing of sleep-wake behavior. The homeostatic drive to sleep, which is defined as an increasing propensity to sleep after periods of wakefulness, is altered in natural short sleep subjects who require significantly shorter sleep than conventional sleepers. Investigations into this condition led to the recent identification of a novel sleep gene/mutation, providing the first insight into a pathway regulating sleep need. A better understanding of the molecular regulation of sleep will undoubtedly set the stage for improving therapies for sleep disturbances.
Physicochemical structure of a polyacrylic acid stabilized nanoparticle alum (nanoalum) adjuvant governs TH1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells

The growing shift to subunit antigen vaccines underscores the need for adjuvants that can enhance the magnitude and quality of immune response. Aluminum salts or alums are the first adjuvants with a long history of clinical use. Alum predominantly induces T helper 2 (TH2) type immunity in animal models, characterized by antibody production with little to no induction of antigen-specific T cells. The lack of cell-mediated or T helper 1 (TH1) immunity makes alum adjuvants ineffective in mounting durable responses against diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. Here we show that the clinically approved adjuvant, Alhydrogel, reformulated as a stable nanoparticle (nanoalum) with the anionic polymer polyacrylic acid (PAA) induces structure-dependent TH1 response against the recombinant tuberculosis antigen ID93. We found that PAA adsorption to Alhydrogel was a key parameter affecting nanoalum adjuvanticity. Adsorption depended on various factors, most notably formulation pH, and directly correlated with immunological response in mice, enhancing known hallmarks of a murine TH1 type response: induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4+ T cells and IgG2c subclass of antibodies. Our results demonstrate a correlation between a measurable nanoalum property and immunological response, providing a structural basis to derive a beneficial immunological outcome from a clinically approved adjuvant.
Visual Artists' Resale Royalty: An Application of the Principal and Agent Model

The visual artist's resale royalty right entitles an artist to a percentage of the price received by subsequent owners when her works are resold. Adopted by the integrity of EU countries in 2006, the question of the Federal recognition of this right in the US is currently discussed. Economic analysis of this right mostly concluded its inefficiency. In this paper we examine the issue from the stand point of incentives provided by each legal framework, with and without this right, for the artists. We argue that an optimal mechanism designed to implement a maximum level artistic effort in the society coincides with the adoption of this right.
Exclusion rates of patients living with HIV from cancer immunotherapy clinical trials.

e19035Background: Although patients living with HIV are at increased risk for developing several cancers, they have often been excluded from practice-changing immunotherapy clinical trials across m...
Epidemiology and persistence of rhinovirus in pediatric lung transplantation

Background Infection with rhinovirus (HRV) occurs following pediatric lung transplantation. Prospective studies documenting frequencies, persistence, and progression of HRV in this at-risk population are lacking. Methods In the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplant in Children prospective observational study, we followed 61 lung transplant recipients for 2 years. We quantified molecular subtypes of HRV in serially collected nasopharyngeal (NP) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and correlated them with clinical characteristics. Results We identified 135 community-acquired respiratory infections (CARV) from 397 BAL and 480 NP samples. We detected 93 HRV events in 42 (68.8%) patients, 22 of which (23.4%) were symptomatic. HRV events were contiguous with different genotypes identified in 23 cases, but symptoms were not preferentially associated with any particular species. Nine (9.7%) HRV events persisted over multiple successive samples for a median of 36 days (range 18-408 days). Three persistent HRV were symptomatic. When we serially measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 23 subjects with events, we did not observe significant decreases in lung function over 12 months post-HRV. Conclusion In conjunction with our previous reports, our prospectively collected data indicate that molecularly heterogeneous HRV infections occur commonly following pediatric lung transplantation, but these infections do not negatively impact clinical outcomes.
Percutaneous Tracheostomy in COVID-19 Patients: The Miami Model

The surge in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic has strained healthcare systems globally. With the increasing need for critical care resources, tracheostomy can facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation and potentially increase availability of critical care resources. In this case series of three patients, we describe our technique for performing bedside percutaneous tracheostomy on patients with persistently positive SARS-CoV-2 real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We hope to provide proceduralists with a specific method for percutaneous tracheostomies that is both safe for the patient and provider.
Glaucoma-Related Adverse Events at 10 Years in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Glaucoma-related adverse events constitute serious complications of cataract removal in infancy, yet long-term data on incidence and visual outcome remain lacking. Objective To identify and characterize incident cases of glaucoma and glaucoma-related adverse events (glaucoma + glaucoma suspect) among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) by the age of 10.5 years and to determine whether these diagnoses are associated with optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) assessment. Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract who were aged 1 to 6 months at surgery. Data on long-term glaucoma-related status and outcomes were collected when children were 10.5 years old (July 14, 2015, to July 12, 2019) and analyzed from March 30, 2019, to August 6, 2019. Interventions Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary intraocular lens (IOL), or aphakia (contact lens [CL]). Standardized definitions of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were created for IATS and applied for surveillance and diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Development of glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect in operated-on eyes up to age 10.5 years, plus intraocular pressure, axial length, RNFL (by optical coherence tomography), and ONH photographs. Results In Kaplan-Meier analysis, for all study eyes combined (n = 114), risk of glaucoma after cataract removal rose from 9% (95% CI, 5%-16%) at 1 year, to 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) at 5 years, to 22% (95% CI, 16%-31%) at 10 years. The risk of glaucoma plus glaucoma suspect diagnosis after cataract removal rose from 12% (95% CI, 7%-20%) at 1 year, to 31% (95% CI, 24%-41%) at 5 years, to 40% (95% CI, 32%-50%) at 10 years. Risk of glaucoma and glaucoma plus glaucoma suspect diagnosis at 10 years was not significantly different between treatment groups. Eyes with glaucoma (compared with eyes with glaucoma suspect or neither) had longer axial length but relatively preserved RNFL and similar ONH appearance and visual acuity at age 10 years. Conclusions and Relevance Risk of glaucoma-related adverse events continues to increase with longer follow-up of children following unilateral cataract removal in infancy and is not associated with primary IOL implantation. Development of glaucoma (or glaucoma suspect) after removal of unilateral congenital cataract was not associated with worse visual acuity outcomes at 10 years. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00212134
Implementation of Prefabrication and Modular Offsite Construction using BIM and Lean Construction Techniques

The construction industry continues to experience productivity rates that lag behind other industries. Additionally, an increasingly competitive market and a decreasing skilled labor pool are challenging construction firms. Prefabrication and offsite modular construction techniques offer alternatives to traditional site-built construction methods that have the potential to provide improved productivity as well as other added benefits. Prefabrication methods, applied effectively, offer results that produce value to the project team. Such value includes improved productivity and efficiency in construction operations, reduced project costs, reduced schedule durations, and improved safety, increased levels of quality and improved sustainability and waste reduction. Currently the implementation of prefabrication and offsite construction techniques on the construction project remains subjective and unstandardized. The aim of this research is to develop a framework that will assist the project team to make decisions regarding the use of prefabrication and modular construction based on factors that have proven to be the most successful in implementing modern methods of construction. The concentration is on emphasizing the use of Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction methods as catalysts to maximize the effectiveness of the use of modular offsite construction. This research is primarily toward the use of prefabrication and modular construction methods for vertical construction and should prove valuable for all project players including Owners, Designers and Constructors. The development of this framework utilizes information compiled through interviews and case studies to develop a proposed framework for implementing prefabrication and off-site modular construction techniques at the project level. The framework will be validated in the future using a Delphi survey to qualitatively generate quantified data on the best methods to implement prefabrication and offsite construction techniques.
Shaping American Power: Federal Preemption and Technological Change

This article predicted how a little-noticed Supreme Court decision would change American industry, and as of 2020, those earlier predictions had come true in fact. For more than half a century, Federal Power Act (FPA) created a demilitarized zone between competing federal and state jurisdiction over electric power regulation. Chronic legal friction between federal state regulatory authority erupted virulently over the construction of costly and unnecessary power plants during the 1980s. For America's most capital-intensive industry, a single decision can have a multi-billion dollar effect. In 1988 a divided United States Supreme Court expansively underscored the preemptive power of federal regulatory agencies. The Court's landmark decision, Mississippi Power & Light Co. v. Mississippi, conscripted state regulators to follow contemporaneous federal regulatory decisions. This article charts the evolution of Supremacy Clause precedent and the culmination of a line of cases in the Mississippi Power filed rate doctrine. On its face, Mississippi Power addresses yesterday's electric power industry. At the same time, however, this decision sowed the seeds of radical change in a traditional, highly regulated industry. In ways unanticipated by the Supreme Court majority, Mississippi Power will speed the transition to a more independent and decentralized future. The Supreme Court decision will promote a least-cost and environmentally more benign power supply. This article forecasts Mississippi Power's long-term impact on technical and regulatory growth by analyzing, in separate sections, the effect of the decision on traditional state utility regulation, the emerging independent power and Qualifying Facility sectors of the industry, and energy efficiency strategies now implemented in many states. Mississippi Power will have three principal, unintended impacts. First, the decision will promote a technological shift to independent power generation: Hundreds of independent power projects will replace conventional electric utility plants by the year 2000 and after. Second, Mississippi Power leaves open the possibility of coextensive state and federal regulatory jurisdiction. Third, state actions will encourage the growth of unregulated, independent non-utility companies. These companies will come to dominate the independent power sector, thus fundamentally altering the future of electric power. This article demonstrates how Mississippi Power had and will continue to have several profound, unanticipated impacts on the future of power in America. These impacts will endure because of the interaction of law, technology and regulation. Specifically, new technological alternatives will serve to subvert the preemption of state regulation that Mississippi Power dictates. State regulators will use these alternatives in order to reassert their currently preempted authority and these forces will transform the American power industry.
Multiplex spatial systems analysis of local nanodose drug responses predicts effective treatment combinations of immunotherapies and targeted agents in mammary carcinoma

SUMMARY Better methods are needed to identify effective combinations of immunotherapies with chemotherapies and targeted anti-cancer agents. Here we present a Multiplex Implantable Microdevice Assay (MIMA) system for rapid in vivo assessment of the effects of multiple, spatially separate anticancer drugs directly in the complex tumor microenvironment. In prototypic experiments, olaparib, lenvatinib, palbociclib, venetoclax, panobinostat, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel and combinations thereof were administered simultaneously to murine mammary tumor models. Quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry and spatial systems analyses of each local drug response defined cellular relations of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune lineages, immunogenic cell death, tumor proliferation and/or cancer stem cells that were used to predict effective drug combinations. A predicted combination of panobinostat, venetoclax and anti-CD40 showed long-term anti-tumor efficacy in multiple mouse models with no observable toxicity when administered systemically. Future MIMA use promises to design effective drug combinations for tumor cell control and immune activation on a personalized basis.
APPN—a continuous evolution336764

In the previous five articles in this series on managing APPN lAdvanced Peer to Peer Networkingr we have gone through a lot of basics on APPN architecture, its functions and how it all works and can be managed. In this sixth and final article we will take a look at the major developments in APPN now and in the future. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inorganic Formation of Ultrafine-Grained Magnetite

Within the last 15–20 years, an increasing number of environmental scientists have become interested in investigating the magnetic properties of a range of earth surface materials, from atmospheric dusts, soils, and all kinds of sediments — deep-sea, lacustrine, estuarine, terrestrial —, to organic tissues of insects, fish, even Man. This upsurge of interest in ‘environmental magnetism’ is based on several factors. First, magnetic measurements of natural materials are highly sensitive; they can detect the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals, such as magnetite, at concentrations as low as ten parts per million. Second, variations in the magnetic mineralogies, concentrations and grain sizes of natural materials are often diagnostic of their pathway of formation. Hence, such variations can be used to identify environmental processes; for example, in identifying sediment sources, tracing the movement and transformation of iron in soils, detecting atmospheric pollution over historical timescales, and so on (Thompson & Oldfield (1986)).
Development of hardware-in-the-loop microgrid testbed

A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) microgrid testbed for the evaluation and assessment of microgrid operation and control system has been presented in this paper. The HIL testbed is composed of a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) for modeling of the microgrid, multiple NI CompactRIOs for device level control, a prototype microgrid energy management system (MicroEMS), and a relay protection system. The applied communication-assisted hybrid control system has been also discussed. Results of function testing of HIL controller, communication, and the relay protection system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed HIL microgrid testbed.
Cornual heterotopic pregnancy and cornual resection after in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer. A report of two cases.

BACKGROUND : Heteratopic pregnancy occurs in about 1% of pregnancies achieved with assisted reproductive technologies. The incidence of cornual pregnancy is approximately 1% of all ectopics. CASES : Two patients became pregnant after treatment with IVF-ET. Both presented during the first trimester with evidence of an acute abdomen and ultrasonographic suspicion for cornual heterotopic pregnancies. The diagnoses were confirmed by laparoscopy, and treatment was undertaken with laparotomy with cornual resection. Both delivered viable infants by cesarean section ; the first patient delivered a twin gestation at 28 weeks and the second a singleton pregnancy at 37 weeks. All infants were doing well two months after delivery. CONCLUSION : Abnormal pregnancies can be detected after IVF-ET with careful follow-up, transvaginal ultrasound studies, serial hCG measurements and pelvic examinations. Cornual heterotopic pregnancies can be successfully treated with cornual resection, especially in cases presenting during the second trimester or when there is clinical evidence of an acute abdomen. All deliveries should be performed by cesarean section at term prior to labor or when tocolysis for premature labor has failed.
Translocations between the X and the Y Chromosomes of Drosophila Melanogaster.

A sample of 86 T(X;Y)'s was recovered from irradiated X/Y sperm and a cytological and genetic analysis performed. The results of this analysis are tabulated and discussed. (C.H.)
Atomic energy in industry

The potential value of atomic energy to industry is currently the subject of much speculation. An evaluation of the situation indicates that although atomic energy is not producing commercially useful power as yet, such production is technically possible. However, it is likely that by-products of atomic energy such as radioactive isotopes and fission products will prove of more immediate importance to society.
Public Access Failure at PubMed

The NIH public access policy requests that NIH-supported investigators submit final peer-reviewed primary research manuscripts to the PubMed Central database (PMC) upon acceptance for publication ([1][1]). The policy went into effect 2 May 2005. As of January 2006, only approximately 3.8% of NIH-
Agency and Interactive Data Displays: Internet Graphics as Co-Created Rhetorical Spaces

Much has been written about how to evaluate static graphics from the perspective of clarity, ethics, efficiency, and power relations. However, when considering interactive graphics, agency must enter the conversation. This article develops a typology to understand the balance of agency between the designers and users of interactive graphics. The authors use this typology to interrogate 2 contemporary theories of rhetorical agency advanced by Miller and by Herndl and Licona.
An Exploration of Possible Pre- and Postnatal Correlates of Autism: A Pilot Survey:

Summary.-Biological mothers of children, diagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder, and biological mothers of children without developmental delays and matched on age and sex, were surveyed about a number of possible pre- and ~ostnatal correlates of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. A regression analysis for boys showed the mother not vomiting in the first trimester, not having smell aversions, not craving sweets, the mother reporting fewer food aversions during the pregnancy, and having an infection while pregnant significantly predicted a later diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. Not vomiting in the first trimester was the only significant predictor of a diagnosis of autism or a pervasive developmental disorder in girls. Autism is a complex neur~ps~chological disorder involving sensory abnormalities, communication problems, and a lack of appropriate social behavior. Males are two to four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than females (Lord & Schopler, 1987), and diagnosis usually does not occur until age 3 or 4 (Siegel, Pliner, Eschler, & Elliot, 1988), although recent studies suggest that autism can be recognized before one year of age (Werner, Dawson, Osterling, & Dinno, 2000). There is disagreement about whether an "autism epidemic" is occurring, but without question, the diagnosis of autism is more common now than it was a decade ago (see Gernsbacher, Dawson, & Goldsmith, 2005). Genetic factors play a role in autism, but even monozygotic (identical) twins are not equally affected. If one monozygotic twin is diagnosed with autism, the probability that the other twin will receive that same diagnosis is 60%, and the likelihood of some autistic behaviors in the other twin is 86%. The concordance rate for dizygotic (fraternal) twins and nontwin siblings drops to 4 to 8%, which is still higher than the 0.16% likelihood of autism in the general population (Rodier , 2000). Previous research has established that in utevo exposure to rubella, ethanol, valporic acid, or thalidomide increases the risk of autism; however, these risk factors are encountered infrequently and account for only a small number of cases of autism (Stodgell, Ingram, & Hyman, 2001). Childhood
Predictive Validity of the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) for Non-Rated Officer Specialties

The Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) is used to qualify applicants for officer commissioning and aircrew training programs. The current study examined its predictive validity for 14 office...
Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology

Pre-eclampsia is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria at ≥20 weeks of gestation. In the absence of proteinuria, hypertension together with evidence of systemic disease (such as thrombocytopenia or elevated levels of liver transaminases) is required for diagnosis. This multisystemic disorder targets several organs, including the kidneys, liver and brain, and is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Glomeruloendotheliosis is considered to be a characteristic lesion of pre-eclampsia, but can also occur in healthy pregnant women. The placenta has an essential role in development of this disorder. Pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in pre-eclampsia include defective deep placentation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, autoantibodies to type-1 angiotensin II receptor, platelet and thrombin activation, intravascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and the presence of an antiangiogenic state, among which an imbalance of angiogenesis has emerged as one of the most important factors. However, this imbalance is not specific to pre-eclampsia, as it also occurs in intrauterine growth restriction, fetal death, spontaneous preterm labour and maternal floor infarction (massive perivillous fibrin deposition). The severity and timing of the angiogenic imbalance, together with maternal susceptibility, might determine the clinical presentation of pre-eclampsia. This Review discusses the diagnosis, classification, clinical manifestations and putative pathogenetic mechanisms of pre-eclampsia.
The Effects of Four Profiles of Oboe Reeds on Intonation.

UNLIKE MOST OTHER wind instruments, which have some sort of permanent mouthpiece or embouchure plate, the whole "mouthpiece" of the oboe must be constructed of a material that is not of a permanent nature. The oboist attempts to make a reed that will satisfy his personal requirements but, because of the destructibility of the oboe reed cane, it is important to be able to dupaicate each reed as closely as possible. In the past, oboists have used a number of methods for making reeds. Before the introduction of the brass staple, upon which the reeds are now tied, oboists would use a piece of cane 55/8 inches long. This would be bent double, wrapped in silk around its bottom half, and inserted in the opening at the top of the instrument. This method did not allow for very constant or precise reed making. The shrinking that occurred when the cane dried would cause the reed to respond differently each time it was used. However, with the development of the brass tube, more effective procedures became possible. Although oboists prepare reeds in a similar manner by using cane mounted on a brass tube, they differ in the scrape, or profile, that provides the reed with a thin vibrating area. The profile is that part of the cane from the tip downwards, that has been scraped and thinned with the reed knife after tying the cane on the staple. There are many different types of scrapes to suit different embouchures and methods of playing, and the scrape must also vary according to the type, gouge, and shape of the cane being used. Bhosys (3) states that:
Characterization of Francisella tularensis outer membrane proteins

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is capable of causing severe, fatal disease in a number of mammalian species, including humans. Little is known about the proteins that are surface exposed on the outer membrane (OM) of F. tularensis, yet identification of such proteins is potentially fundamental to understanding the initial infection process, intracellular survival, virulence, immune evasion and, ultimately, vaccine development. To facilitate the identification of putative F. tularensis outer membrane proteins (OMPs), the genomes of both the type A strain (Schu S4) and type B strain (LVS) were subjected to six bioinformatic analyses for OMP signatures. Compilation of the bioinformatic predictions highlighted 16 putative OMPs, which were cloned and expressed for the generation of polyclonal antisera. Total membranes were extracted from both Schu S4 and LVS by spheroplasting and osmotic lysis, followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, which separated OMs from cytoplasmic (inner) membrane and other cellular compartments. Validation of OM separation and enrichment was confirmed by probing sucrose gradient fractions with antibodies to putative OMPs and inner membrane proteins. F. tularensis OMs typically migrated in sucrose gradients between densities of 1.17 and 1.20 g/ml, which differed from densities typically observed for other gram-negative bacteria (1.21 to 1.24 g/ml). Finally, the identities of immunogenic proteins were determined by separation on two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis. This is the first report of a direct method for F. tularensis OM isolation that, in combination with computational predictions, offers a more comprehensive approach for the characterization of F. tularensis OMPs.
A high stability vibrating wire profile monitor

Abstract The excellent energy stability of the electrostatic accelerator is in general not matched by the spatial stability of its emergent beam. This is usually of minor importance in a stand-alone environment but becomes a serious performance limitation in a coupled accelerator system. This work describes a particle beam profile monitor intended for use at beam levels of 10 −9 A or greater as a sensing element in an active spatial stabilization system.
Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells

The room-temperature solvent–solvent extraction (SSE) concept is used for the deposition of hybrid-perovskite thin films over large areas. In this simple process, perovskite precursor solution is spin-coated onto a substrate, and instead of the conventional thermal annealing treatment, the coated substrate is immediately immersed in a bath of another solvent at room temperature. This results in efficient extraction of the precursor-solvent and induces rapid crystallization of uniform, ultra-smooth perovskite thin films. The mechanisms involved in the SSE process are studied further, and its versatility in depositing high quality thin films of controlled thicknesses (20 to 700 nm) and various compositions (CH3NH3PbI(3−x)Brx; x = 0, 1, 2, or 3) is demonstrated. Planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on SSE-deposited CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films deliver power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 15.2%, and most notably an average PCE of 10.1% for PSCs with sub-100 nm semi-transparent perovskite thin films. The SSE method has generic appeal, and its key attributes—room-temperature process, rapid crystallization, large-area uniform deposition, film-thickness control, ultra-smoothness, and compositional versatility—make the SSE method potentially suitable for roll-to-roll scalable processing of hybrid-perovskite thin films for future multifunctional PSCs.
Outsourcing and Performance in Entrepreneurial Firms: Contingent Relationships with Entrepreneurial Configurations*

This article develops and examines an empirical typology of entrepreneurial firms, based on organizational and life cycle characteristics. Results indicate five entrepreneurial configurations representing the essential contingent features of age, size, innovation, and governance structure (Elders, Giants, Innovators, and Owners) and one configuration representing a mix of all features (Balanced). We found that (i) outsourcing affected financial performance in entrepreneurial firms and (ii) configurations moderated this relationship. Results support the use of salient contingent features of age, size, innovation, and governance structure to predict outsourcing effectiveness in the entrepreneurial configurations. That is, entrepreneurial firms that aligned their configurational characteristics with outsourcing tended to have greater gains in financial performance. From a resource dependency perspective, managing these alignments has important implications for entrepreneurial firm performance.
The effect of the partial replacement of nickelin LaNi5 hydride with iron, cobalt, and copper on absorption and desorption kinetics

Abstract A study was done to compare the absorption and desorption kinetics of a series of LaNi4.5T0.5 hydrides (T=Fe, Co or Cu) with those of LaNi5−H. Measurements were done under essentially isothermal and isobaric conditions. Experiments were also designed so that the ratio of the equilibrium plateau pressure to the opposing pressure was the same in all cases. It was found that, under identical reaction conditions, partial substitution of the lanthanum in LaNi5 with copper, cobalt or iron generally decreases desorption rates. Among the LaNi4.5T0.5 hydrides desorption rates decreased in the following order: T=Ni>Cu>Co>Fe. Since this is the same order as the plateau pressures in these materials, it appears that in alloys having similar crystallographic and electronic properties, the reaction rate is inversely proportional to hydride stability. The absorption experiments differed in that LaNi5 absorbed hydrogen slower than any of the ternary alloys. This anomalous behavior indicates that absorption proceeds by a different mechanism than does desorption and that the presence of copper, cobalt or iron may be altering the rate-limiting process.
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for stage III (N2/3) non-small-cell lung cancer: a review of prospective studies

SUMMARY Trimodality therapy, a maximal combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection, for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer promises improved outcomes through optimizing local, regional and distant control. Phase II trials of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy have explored a number of different radiotherapy dose and fractionation schemes, and have identified an important subset of patients who achieve mediastinal nodal clearance and may achieve long-term survival. Phase III trials of various combinations of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery have demonstrated mixed results with regard to each modality’s impact on progression-free or overall survival. In this review, we focus on the historical lessons learned from prospective trials of trimodality therapy completed over the last 30 years and set the stage for future studies of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer.
ED50 determination of corneal lesions produced by 1318-nm laser radiation pulses

High-energy use of 1318 nm laser systems is becoming more prevalent in military and industrial settings. Threshold, ED50, exposure data and mechanism of laser-tissue interaction need to be determined for this wavelength using appropriate animal models that allow for extrapolation to control human exposures. Threshold, ED50, exposure data at 1318 nm for retinal and corneal injury have previously been undertaken and reported for rhesus monkeys. Using comparable methods, we examine exposure data at 1318 nm to determine the ED50 and laser-tissue interaction in the rabbit model to evaluate cornea. We present preliminary data for the ED50 threshold on the cornea from exposure to 1318 nm single laser pulses. Delivery of laser energy is accomplished using an Nd:YAG system producing 1318 nm light in the 0.5 millisecond time exposure regime and in the range of 0 to 500 mJ. Results from this work will aid in the establishment of safety standards for near infrared laser systems.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.