cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
InAlAs/InGaAs(P) double heterojunction bipolar transistors with high breakdown voltage grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE)

InAlAs/InGaAs single(S) and double(D) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been grown by Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE). The DHBT features an InGaAsP precollector that greatly increases the breakdown voltage from 2V to 8V and decreases the collector emitter offset voltage from 360mV to 210mV in comparison to the SHBT. The common emitter current gain /spl beta/ remains high in both structures. Microwave measurements performed on the DHBT reveal that f/sub t/ increases monotonically with J/sub c/ up to at least 10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ showing no signs of base pushout. These results show that CBE grown DHBTs are promising devices for high power applications. >
Biological data classification using rough sets and support vector machines

Biological data classification is an important data mining research area in biomedical applications. The current challenge problem is that there is a large number of condition attributes (features) in biological data, with which it is difficult for classification methods to deal. In this paper, a new approach based on rough sets and support vector machines is proposed for biological data classification. Rough sets theory is a good mathematical tool to make attribute reduction by removing redundant condition attributes (features). Furthermore, the new rough support vector machines use the new information entropy of rough sets as uncertainty measurement to reflect the whole uncertainty information. Simulation results demonstrate that this new approach is useful in terms of classification accuracy and the number of attributes.
Optimizing application level multicast trees over wireless networks

Widespread delivery of the same data content continues to be a challenging problem especially in a wireless network. For a network it is desirable to have more than one way to multicast data from source to destinations. Multicasting, especially with a tree structure, has been shown to be an effective methodology to distribute data. By using a multicast tree the source node is not burdened by trying to uni-cast data to each client. In a given multicast tree, the burden of data delivery is distributed among the participating client nodes. Multiple multicast trees provide the ability to use alternate multicast trees to distribute the data which improves the efficiency of data distribution. Multiple multicast trees are designed to manage the dynamic behavior of the clients where the target connectivity is constantly changing. We introduce a scheme which improves the current multiple multicast methodologies using a feedback mechanism to determine the most efficient multicast tree to reduce the overall time to distribute the data.
An anti‐hapten camelid antibody reveals a cryptic binding site with significant energetic contributions from a nonhypervariable loop

Conventional anti-hapten antibodies typically bind low-molecular weight compounds (haptens) in the crevice between the variable heavy and light chains. Conversely, heavy chain-only camelid antibodies, which lack a light chain, must rely entirely on a single variable domain to recognize haptens. While several anti-hapten VHHs have been generated, little is known regarding the underlying structural and thermodynamic basis for hapten recognition. Here, an anti-methotrexate VHH (anti-MTX VHH) was generated using grafting methods whereby the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were inserted onto an existing VHH framework. Thermodynamic analysis of the anti-MTX VHH CDR1-3 Graft revealed a micromolar binding affinity, while the crystal structure of the complex revealed a somewhat surprising noncanonical binding site which involved MTX tunneling under the CDR1 loop. Due to the close proximity of MTX to CDR4, a nonhypervariable loop, the CDR4 loop sequence was subsequently introduced into the CDR1-3 graft, which resulted in a dramatic 1000-fold increase in the binding affinity. Crystal structure analysis of both the free and complex anti-MTX CDR1-4 graft revealed CDR4 plays a significant role in both intermolecular contacts and binding site conformation that appear to contribute toward high affinity binding. Additionally, the anti-MTX VHH possessed relatively high specificity for MTX over closely related compounds aminopterin and folate, demonstrating that VHH domains are capable of binding low-molecular weight ligands with high affinity and specificity, despite their reduced interface.
Interactive effects of photoperiod and light intensity on blood physiological and biochemical reactions of broilers grown to heavy weights

The effects of photoperiod, light intensity, and their interaction on blood acid-base balance, metabolites, and electrolytes in broiler chickens under environmentally controlled conditions were examined in 2 trials. A 3 × 3 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was used in this study. In each trial, all treatment groups were provided 23L:1D with 20 lx of intensity from placement to 7 d, and then subjected to the treatments. The 9 treatments consisted of 3 photoperiods [long/continuous (23L:1D) from d 8 to 56, regular/intermittent (2L:2D), and short/nonintermittent (8L:16D) from d 8 to 48 and 23L:1D from d 49 to 56, respectively] and exposure to 3 light intensities (10, 5.0, and 0.5 lx) from d 8 through d 56 at 50% RH. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Venous blood samples were collected on d 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Main effects indicated that short/nonintermittent photoperiod significantly (P < 0.05) reduced BW, pH, partial pressure of O2, saturated O2, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cl(-), osmolality, triiodothyronine (T3), and total protein along with significantly (P < 0.05) elevated partial pressure of CO2, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and lactate concentrations. In addition, there were no effects of photoperiod on HCO3(-), glucose, anion gap, and thyroxine (T4). Plasma corticosterone was not affected by photoperiod, light intensity, or their interaction. There was no effect of light intensity on most of the blood variables examined. Acid-base regulation during photoperiod and light intensity exposure did not deteriorate despite a lower pH and higher partial pressure of CO2 with normal HCO3(-). These results indicate that continuous exposure of broiler chickens to varying light intensities had a minor effect on blood physiological variables, whereas the short photoperiod markedly affected most blood physiological variables without inducing physiological stress in broilers.
Transient detection using a homogeneity test

A simple yet effective statistic is proposed for detecting a transient buried in partially unknown ambient noise. The transient model is frequency scattered increased variance observations. We pose the transient detection problem as a homogeneity test and the statistic is derived as the (generalized) likelihood ratio test of overdispersion when the underlying observation sequence follows a double exponential distribution. Numerical testing focuses on the comparison of this scheme with the CFAR power-law detector.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Productivity and Performance Quality in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry

Output quality in the context of transportation productivity is investigated. The major findings relate to two distinctions: network density versus capacity utilization and productivity versus input cost efficiency. It was found that greater transportation network density is associated with increased productivity, lower output costs, and most interestingly, improved output quality. In contrast, increased capacity utilization is not associated with lower output costs or with improved quality. For the productivity versus efficiency distinction, increased productivity is associated with lower total output costs and greater output quality yet higher input costs. Thus, higher factor input costs can be justified on the basis of output costs and quality advantages. Implications for governmental policy and managerial decision making are that improvements in network density and productivity are more likely to have lasting benefits than are increases in capacity utilization or input efficiency.
An infantile case of Hinman syndrome with severe acute renal failure

A 1-year-6-month-old Japanese girl with Hinman syndrome manifested urosepsis and severe obstructive nephropathy. Her voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) revealed high-grade vesicoureteral reflux with hydronephrosis; urodynamic study was compatible with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. She was treated conservatively, including clean intermittent catheterization. At 3 years old, bladder function had not improved, and estimated creatinine clearance was in the subnormal range. Hinman syndrome is a potential cause of acute and chronic renal failure in infancy. Taking account of the possibility of this condition in any neonates or infants who present urinary tract infection (UTI) appears to be necessary, since early recognition and proper management of this syndrome may prevent serious complications.
Using Measured RCS in a Serial, Decentralized Fusion Approach to Radar-Target Classification

A decentralized fusion problem is a hypothesis-testing problem where the decision algorithm is not provided with raw measurements but rather is provided only with results from so-called local decision functions. In a serial decentralized fusion problem, these local decisions are fused into a global decision one-by-one until all local decisions have been included or until a stopping criterion is achieved. In this paper, we consider serial decision fusion with a single radar sensor using a local decision function based on the radar cross section (RCS) characteristics measured across multiple dwells. In a single-sensor situation, the serial topology is convenient because local decisions are naturally sequential in time. A serial topology also supports the calculation of system performance measures and adapts easily to a distributed or multi-sensor situation. From dwell to dwell, measured RCS fluctuates due to noise, errors, and target scintillation. By examining the results from multiple dwells, the measured RCS can be separated into fixed-amplitude and Rayleigh components. The relative magnitudes of these components vary depending on both target type and sensor-to-target geometry. Spreading measurements and local decisions in time allows the sensor to observe a moving target from different aspect angles and thus introduces changing geometry into the decision data. In this way local decisions at different times are based on observations of different fixed to Rayleigh-amplitude ratios. Results based on a high-fidelity radar simulation along with different fixed- versus-Rayleigh RCS profiles are used to investigate issues related to serial multi-hypothesis decentralized fusion. Simulation results and performance measures demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method are presented and sensitivities with respect to RCS profiles and to local- decision rates are investigated.
GRP78/BIP is Involved in Ouabain-Induced Endocytosis of the Na/K-ATPase in LLC-PK1 Cells

We have demonstrated that ouabain causes dose- and time-dependent decreases both in 86Rb+ uptake and plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase content of LLC-PK1 cells, which is related to ouabain-induced endocytosis of plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase in LLC-PK1 cells through a clathrin-dependent mechanism. GRP78/BiP is a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and acts as a molecular chaperone. Recently, several studies have shown that GRP78/BiP is also expressed on the cell surface and forms heterogeneous, high molecular weight complexes with other proteins. To identify the proteins that are possibly involved in ouabain-induced endocytosis of the Na/K-ATPase in LLC-PK1 cells, we separated and identified endosomal proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis and MS/MS from both control and ouabain-treated LLC-PK1 cells. GRP78/BiP was identified by MS/MS as one of the several up-regulated proteins and confirmed by Western Blot. By using a cell surface protein biotinylation technique to isolate the cell surface membrane proteins, we found that GRP78/BiP is also expressed on the cell surface of LLC-PK1 cells, and surface-expressed GRP78/BiP is down regulated in a time-dependent manner in response to ouabain. By comparing the cellular redistributions, our data suggest that both the Na/K-ATPase alpha-1 subunit and GRP78/BiP follow the same redistribution pattern in response to ouabain.
Direct-to-Consumer Racial Admixture Tests and Beliefs About Essential Racial Differences:

Although at first relatively disinterested in race, modern genomic research has increasingly turned attention to racial variations. We examine a prominent example of this focus-direct-to-consumer racial admixture tests-and ask how information about the methods and results of these tests in news media may affect beliefs in racial differences. The reification hypothesis proposes that by emphasizing a genetic basis for race, thereby reifying race as a biological reality, the tests increase beliefs that whites and blacks are essentially different. The challenge hypothesis suggests that by describing differences between racial groups as continua rather than sharp demarcations, the results produced by admixture tests break down racial categories and reduce beliefs in racial differences. A nationally representative survey experiment (N = 526) provided clear support for the reification hypothesis. The results suggest that an unintended consequence of the genomic revolution may be to reinvigorate age-old beliefs in essential racial differences.
Gen-Adler: the Generalized Adler's equation for injection locking analysis in oscillators

Injection locking analysis based on classical Adler's equation is limited to LC oscillators as it is dependent on quality factor. In this paper, we present the Generalized Adler's equation applicable for injection locking analysis on oscillators independent of the circuit topology. The equation is obtained by averaging the PPV phase macromodel. The procedure is considerably simple and handy to determine the locking range for arbitrary shape small AC injection signal. Analytical equations for injection locking dynamics are formulated using the Generalized Adler's equation and validated with the PPV simulations.
U.S. Baby Boomers’ Desire to Age in Place and Residential Satisfaction

This study examines the relationships between U.S. baby boomers’ desire to age in place and residential satisfaction with their housing unit, neighborhood, and access to services. An online survey was conducted and 403 valid responses were obtained. Respondents who had higher residential satisfaction with their housing unit and neighborhood were more likely to desire to age in place. However, satisfaction with access to services was not significantly related to desire to age in place. Results of the study suggest that housing practitioners and policy makers should consider offering services and implementing policies to support baby boomers’ desire to age in place.
Comment on the Supplemental-Jurisdiction Statute

This Article discusses the supplemental-jurisdiction statute of 1990, 28 U.S.C. § 1367, which has generated more commentary than perhaps any other jurisdictional section. Together, § 1331, which traces its history to the Judiciary Act of 1875, and § 1332, which dates back to the Judiciary Act of 1789, did not undoubtedly promote more examination in their first eight years of existence. One might speculate why § 1367 has been the focus of so much commentary, largely critical: critical of the speed with which § 1367 was enacted, critical of the narrow range of persons involved in its drafting, critical of its scope, and critical of particular subsections, such as § 1367(b), which limits the use of supplemental jurisdiction in diversity and alienage controversies. While the scholarly literature has served the useful purpose of targeting areas of the statute that may need to be reconsidered, it has, to some degree, obscured the many benefits the statute has wrought. This Comment has three goals: (1) to examine the benefits achieved through the enactment of § 1367, (2) to explore the genuine policy issues that underlie the critical commentary, and (3) to suggest, in general terms, subsections that might benefit from amendment.
Conodont Biostratigraphy of Part of the Devonian of the Alberta Rocky Mountains

ABSTRACT Reconnaissance of the Devonian Flume, Perdrix, Mt. Hawk, Alexo and Palliser Formations in the Alberta Rocky Mountains was undertaken for comparison with biostratigraphic data in the Utah-Nevada area. Samples from several of these formations have yielded significant conodont faunas which allow precise correlation and zonation for part of the Alberta Devonian section. The middle and upper part of the Flume Formation at Cold Sulphur Springs, north of Jasper, is distinguished by two upper Middle Devonian zones. The uppermost beds of the Flume, containing the Spirifer jasperensis fauna, have an abundant and well preserved Polygnathus asymmetrica fauna, indicative of the lowest Upper Devonian in Germany. Four distinct conodont assemblages are present in the overlying Perdrix and Mt. Hawk Formations which allow correlation with the detailed Upper Devonian zonation now recognized in Europe and western United States. The Palliser Formation at Mt. Rundle has yielded meager faunas whose preservation does not allow precise correlation.
NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF Sc$sup 44$ AND Sc$sup 44$m

The nuclear moments of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$ and ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44m}$ have been measured using the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. The results are: $I=2, |\ensuremath{\mu}|=2.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 \mathrm{nm}, |Q|=0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 \mathrm{b}, \mathrm{with} \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{Q}g0;$ $I=6, |\ensuremath{\mu}|=3.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 \mathrm{nm}, |Q|=0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.29 \mathrm{b}, \mathrm{with} \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{Q}l0.$ Observations of multiple quantum transitions in the $I=2$ state give a value for ${g}_{J}$ in the $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ electronic state of 1.2008\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003 if $\ensuremath{\mu}(I=2)g0$, ${g}_{J}=1.1997\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003$ if $\ensuremath{\mu}(I=2)l0$. These results are discussed with emphasis on the pertinence of the odd-group model for odd-odd nuclei in this region of the periodic table.
13C NMR Analysis of Carbon-13 Enriched Ethylene Copolymers with Propylene

Abstract Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) has been used rather extensively in the characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers. Chemical shift assignments on these copolymers were first made by Carman and revised only slightly by him recently. Despite all the work that has been done to assign the lines in the 13C NMR spectrum to the various sequence structures in ethylene-propylene copolymers, ambiguity still remains in some of the assignments, such as the assignment of the Sαβ line. It still is not known whether it is attributable entirely to two propylenes with one of them inverted, to an ethylene sandwiched between two propylenes with one of them inverted, or to an equal population distribution of these two structures. Carman and coworkers state that inversion of propylene in their copolymers is certain, but because of the large error in the calculation, the degree of inversion can be between 10 and 40% of the propylene content. His suggestion is that the Sαβ line is ...
Epithelial subtypes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas: EUS and cyst fluid analysis

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) e1–e94 e87 postoperative parameters were equal to the patients without gastrectomy. The accumulation of knowledge and skill will needed for the improvement of surgical outcome.
Abstract B124: Genetic variants in sex hormone production, energy regulation and vitamin C and D uptake influence risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

Infectious and autoimmune diseases associated with B‐cell lymphomas involve inflammation, chronic activation and proliferation of lymphocytes. Since most lymphomas develop in the absence of any known chronic antigenic stimulation, genetic polymorphisms may provide alternative means to exert proinflammatory responses that fuel lymphoproliferation and promote B‐cell growth and survival that contribute to lymphoma risk. We have previously reported associations between non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk and genetic polymorphisms in pathways involving sex hormone synthesis/metabolism, energy regulation, and uptake and metabolism of dietary nutrients. To further corroborate the relevance of these pathways and to identify additional risk loci, we used data from our recent genome‐wide association study of NHL (748 cases, 811 controls) and conducted focused candidate gene/pathway analyses. A number of SNPs in the estrogen related genes, ESR1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and HSD17B2, influenced risk of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or follicular lymphoma (FL) in men and women. ESR1 encodes estrogen receptor 1 (ER) and regulates estrogen production by direct modulation of the CYP19A1 promoter. CYP17A1, CYP19A1 and HSD17B2 produce important enzymes involved in estrogen and testosterone synthesis. Estrogen and testosterone exert dose‐dependent biphasic immunomodulatory effects. Thus, SNPs in these genes may mediate sex hormone levels and influence B‐cell survival and growth characteristics, and possibly the potential for B‐cells with pre‐neoplastic lesions to undergo transformation. Several SNPs in LEP and/or LEPR, involved in energy regulation, were associated with risk of FL and DLBCL. Leptin, the LEP gene product, is a proinflammatory adipokine that once bound to its receptor (LEPR) exerts immune‐mediated responses including pro‐survival signals to B‐cells. SNPs in the vitamin C (SLC23A2) and vitamin D (VDR) receptor genes were associated with FL risk. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that may play a key role in preventing oxidative‐stress related DNA damage and genotoxicity to B‐cells. Vitamin D inhibits proliferation and induces lymphocyte differentiation. An inverse association with lymphoma risk and UV exposure supports a role for low vitamin D in lymphomagenesis. These studies provide further evidence for the important roles of sex hormones, leptin, and vitamins C and D in the etiology of lymphoma. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B124.
Educational Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategies

Educational interventions to improve prescriber and patient knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use are a key component of successful antimicrobial stewardship campaigns in diverse healthcare settings. Provider education may be an impactful strategy for reducing unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Educational interventions designed to improve adherence to prescribing guidelines are more consistently able to impact prescribing of a specific class of medications (e.g., third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones) than overall adherence to a set of specific treatment recommendations. Further research is needed to assess the independent impact of educational programs in bundled stewardship efforts and the duration of their effect on prescribing. Facilitating evidence-based discussions on antimicrobial use between patients and providers has been shown to reduce inappropriate prescribing. However, the impact of these programs on other important metrics in primary care, including duration of physician-patient time, wait times, and number of return office visits, has not been addressed. Educational campaigns in non-clinical settings may be effective ways to educate adults and children on principles of antimicrobial stewardship. Future studies should examine the impact of education outside of the physician’s office on future patient behavior.
Surface antigen phenotype can predict TEL-AML1 rearrangement in childhood B-precursor ALL: a Pediatric Oncology Group study

The t(12;21)(p13;q22) is the most common translocation in childhood B-precursor ALL. It results in a TEL-AML1 rearrangement and is associated with a good prognosis. Because many chromosomal alterations in leukemia are associated with distinct cell surface phenotypes, we investigated whether there was an association seen between surface marker expression and the TEL-AML1 rearrangement. Of 166 unselected cases of B-precursor ALL studied by Southern hybridization, 45 cases (27%) showed TEL rearrangement. Blasts of patients with TEL rearrangement were much more likely to be CD9-negative, CD45-positive, CD13 positive, and CD20 negative, but the predictive value of any of these markers for the rearrangement was very low. However, 93% of patients with the TEL rearrangement had blasts that were either negative or only partly positive for CD9; this phenotype was only seen in 27% of patients without the rearrangement. Only information about CD20 expression added to the predictive value of CD9 alone. The predictive value of the phenotype CD9 (negative or partly positive) and CD20 (negative or partly positive), for the TEL rearrangement was prospectively tested on an additional 223 cases, and found to be 88% sensitive and 71% specific for the rearrangement, with a positive predictive value of 47%. Hyperdiploidy, previously shown to correlate negatively with the rearrangement, was a slightly more sensitive indicator (94%) but had a much lower predictive value (28%). Three of eight cases found to be rearranged by Southern hybridization but lacking the characteristic phenotype failed to show evidence of the TEL-AML1 rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction, suggesting that at least some of the discordant cases may involve partner genes other than AML1 in the TEL rearrangement. We conclude that immunophenotyping is highly predictive of the TEL rearrangement. For every 100 patients with B-precursor ALL, we estimate that prescreening by phenotyping would eliminate the need for molecular testing on 57 patients and only two or three of an expected 24 patients with the TEL rearrangement would not be detected.
Intrauterine gene transfer: gestational stage-specific gene delivery in mice

Intrauterine gene transfer in mice by intraplacental microinjection of recombinant adenoviral or retroviral vectors carrying β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter gene was analyzed in relation to gestational stage, viral titer and promoters. After injections of viral vectors on days 9.5, 11.5 or 14.5 post coitum (p.c.), embryos, fetuses and adult animals were analyzed for β-gal expression on days 13.5 p.c., 18.5 p.c. and at 2 months of age, respectively. Injection of adenoviral vectors on day 9.5 or day 11.5 p.c. resulted in high β-gal expression in the heart or liver, respectively. Injection on either day also gave expression in other tissues including vasculature and hindbrain. This temporal pattern of adenoviral transduction correlated with the expression level of integrin β3 subunit, which is known to be a component involved in adenoviral transduction. Adenovirus-mediated intrauterine gene transfer resulted in persistent β-gal expression in multiple cell foci in the liver and hearts of 2-month-old adult animals treated in utero, indicating stable integration of the transgene into the host cell genome at a low frequency. Although at low efficiency, injection of retroviral vector on day 9.5 and 11.5 p.c. resulted in β-gal expression in embryonic liver, while day 9.5 p.c. injection resulted in persistent β-gal expression in 2-month-old adult heart. This is the first study to show gestational stage-specific gene transfer via intraplacental microinjection of adenoviral vectors.
Magnesium nutriture of the hen: influence on retention of magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen, and on ration metabolizable energy value.

Abstract MAGNESIUM (Mg) deficiency has been described for many animal species including chicks (Almquist, 1942; and Gardiner et al, 1960), ducks (Van Reen and Pearson, 1953) and laying hens (Sell et al., 1967). Signs of this deficiency include impaired reproduction, hypomagnesemia, anorexia and death. Despite considerable data describing clinical manifestations of Mg deficiency, little information is available concerning mineral and nitrogen balance, or utilization of dietary energy as related to Mg status of chickens. Marked disturbances in calcium (Ca) metabolism due to Mg deficiency have been observed in several species (Aikawa, 1963). Bunce et al. (1963) reported that dietary protein and Mg were interrelated in a manner whereby the Mg requirement of chicks and rats increased as dietary protein level increased. Mazzocco et al. (1966) found that rats fed a Mg deficient ration suffered from aminoaciduria and retained less dietary nitrogen than their counterparts fed a ration supplemented with Mg. The…
Impact of a critical care pathway for unstable mechanically ventilated patients.

This article describes outcomes-oriented care through the development and implementation of a multidisciplinary critical pathway for the patient with hemodynamic or respiratory instability. The pathway outlines high quality care based on practice guidelines designed to maintain or improve outcomes while minimizing the financial burden to the institution. This article focuses on critical pathway development and implementation, includes specific goals and interventions for each phase of illness, and describes the multidisciplinary process used in conjunction with pathway implementation. Evidence-based practice changes were based on the literature and resulted in streamlined nursing documentation, demonstration of quality outcomes, highlighting the value of the pathway as a cost efficient tool.
Restricted Stock Versus Other Sources of Managerial Incentives

The number of firms granting restricted stock and the proportion of incentive compensation it represents increased dramatically over the last several years. Firm value is positively related to incentives from restricted stock, but is unrelated to incentives from unrestricted stock and vested and unvested options. We document that the mean vesting period for restricted stock is longer than that of the other incentive sources, and then study the effects of restricted stock in the context of corporate acquisitions, which are long-term investments. Acquirer announcement returns are positively related to restrict stock incentives, but are unrelated to incentives from the other incentive sources. Restricted stock incentives also positively affect pre- to post-acquisition changes in operating performance and negatively affect premiums paid for targets. The positive effect of restricted stock incentives on acquirer returns is driven by incentives with long vesting periods.
Paths to Development in Asia: Rethinking Developmental States

In this book I have been concerned with the origins of developmental states. The state is by far the most important of all political institutions, and its role in economic development has long been central in the study of modern politics. However, this book leaves aside policy explanations for rapid economic growth. Nor do I engage in the debate between neoclassical economists and many political economists concerning the appropriate economic roles for states. The literature on developmental states has produced excellent studies that address these issues (e.g., Evans 1995, esp. ch. 2). Rather, I am interested in the structures of these states. The puzzle is, what gives, or gave, successful developmental states their cohesive bureaucracies, centralized government organizations, progrowth class alliances, and firm ideological foundations? This question has rarely been asked in the political economics literature. Cohesive structures do not guarantee that state leaders at any point in time are committed to economic growth. Yet without cohesive state structures, growth-conducive policies are unlikely to generate the intended impact. In this chapter, I revisit the assumptions underlying my conceptual framework of state formation politics. These assumptions are about elite alignment patterns, the role of foreign forces, and the ability of the framework to predict events. I also consider three implications of this study for understanding developmental states: the role of colonial legacies, the importance of ideologies, and the conditions under which state elites choose to launch developmental policies.
Control of Anther Cell Differentiation by the Small Protein Ligand TPD1 and Its Receptor EMS1 in Arabidopsis

A fundamental feature of sexual reproduction in plants and animals is the specification of reproductive cells that conduct meiosis to form gametes, and the associated somatic cells that provide nutrition and developmental cues to ensure successful gamete production. The anther, which is the male reproductive organ in seed plants, produces reproductive microsporocytes (pollen mother cells) and surrounding somatic cells. The microsporocytes yield pollen via meiosis, and the somatic cells, particularly the tapetum, are required for the normal development of pollen. It is not known how the reproductive cells affect the differentiation of these somatic cells, and vice versa. Here, we use molecular genetics, cell biological, and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that TPD1 (TAPETUM DETERMINANT1) is a small secreted cysteine-rich protein ligand that interacts with the LRR (Leucine-Rich Repeat) domain of the EMS1 (EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1) receptor kinase at two sites. Analyses of the expressions and localizations of TPD1 and EMS1, ectopic expression of TPD1, experimental missorting of TPD1, and ablation of microsporocytes yielded results suggesting that the precursors of microsporocyte/microsporocyte-derived TPD1 and pre-tapetal-cell-localized EMS1 initially promote the periclinal division of secondary parietal cells and then determine one of the two daughter cells as a functional tapetal cell. Our results also indicate that tapetal cells suppress microsporocyte proliferation. Collectively, our findings show that tapetal cell differentiation requires reproductive-cell-secreted TPD1, illuminating a novel mechanism whereby signals from reproductive cells determine somatic cell fate in plant sexual reproduction.
LAMEN: leveraging resources on anonymous mobile edge nodes

The increased intelligence on network devices opened the horizon for a new computation approach, i.e., Edge Computing, to push computations away from the network's core. In this work, we present LAMEN, an initial attempt to use end devices at the edge to execute complex applications instead of offloading to the cloud, e.g., Augmented Reality. Unlike crowd-sensing where end devices are used as data collectors wasting their bandwidth in raw data transmission for cloud processing. LAMEN proposes a hierarchical architecture to group devices by location. Each group elects a head node, i.e., mediator, to control service delivery and execution. Within a group, mediators name and organize devices in terms of resources they hold. This enables efficiently locating suitable resources per application. We envision pushing application's execution to end devices to hold the following benefits: (a) avoid sharing user's data with cloud to maintain their privacy (b) minimize bandwidth misuse through local processing instead of raw data transmission to cloud and (c) introduce mediators as local cloud for composing homogenous large resources out of heterogeneous end devices and anonymizing user's identity. Our evaluation shows LAMEN to enhance resource lookup by 70% compared to similar approaches, i.e., Chord, and speeds up application distribution 500x than regular application download per device. In addition to, scalability in handling large networks up to 8k device per group.
Changes in components and structure of atherosclerotic lesions developing from childhood to middle age in coronary arteries

The composition and structure of adaptive intimal thickening and of atherosclerotic lesions that can develop in human coronary arteries is described. Adaptive thickening occurs in defined locations from birth and represents a self-limited response of the intima to hemodynamic forces present within specific locations. Adaptive thickening does not indicate or presage an atherosclerotic lesion. However, some of the identical intima locations (progression-prone locations) accumulate more lipoprotein in persons exposed to risk factors of atherosclerosis and are first to develop advanced lesions if such lesions develop at all.
Hyperuricemia and Acute Renal Failure in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated With High-Dose Mizoribine.

Abstract Background Hyperuricemia is a common adverse event frequently found in renal transplant recipients with mizoribine (MZ). Hyperuricemia itself will be a cause of renal dysfunction, and renal dysfunction also will be a cause of hyperuricemia simultaneously. This study investigates frequency of hyperuricemia and renal failure in renal transplant recipients treated with high-dose MZ. Patients and Methods From December 2007 to October 2015, there was a total of 32 living related renal transplant recipients treated with high-dose MZ. Of the 32 patients, 28 were treated with urate-lowering medications. Results One patient received allopurinol (AP) and 13 patients received benzbromarone (BB). For 6 of them, their urate-lowering medications were converted to febuxostat (FX) form AP or BB. In the remaining 14 patients, FX was administered from the beginning. In 2 cases of ABO-incompatible living related renal transplant recipients who were maintained with high-dose MZ and BB, severe hyperuricemia and acute renal failure occurred. One patient was a 48-year-old man, and his creatinine (Cr) level increased to 8.14 mg/dL and his serum uric acid (UA) was 24.6 mg/dL. Another patient was a 57-year-old man, and his Cr level increased to 3.59 mg/dL and his UA was 13.2 mg/dL. In both cases Cr and UA were improved, and no finding of acute rejection and drug toxicity was observed in graft biopsy specimens. BB was switched to FX and discontinuance or reduction of MZ was done. Conclusion Combination of MZ and BB has the risk of acute renal dysfunction after renal transplantation. Latent renal dysfunction should be watched for in renal transplant recipients receiving high-dose MZ.
Skin Malignancies Associated with HYDROXYUREA Use in MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERs and Sickle Cell Patients: Incidence and Significance.

Abstract Abstract 4969 BACKGROUND Hydroxyurea (HU) is one of the mainstay agents used to treat myeloproliferative disorders as well as sickle cell anemia. There has been lately increasing reports of secondary skin malignancies in patients receiving Hydroxyurea therapy but the literature consists essentially of case reports. Current incidence of melanoma skin cancer in the general population in the United States is 15 per 100 000 person, and of non melanoma skin cancer is 230 per 100 000 lightly pigmented individuals and 3.4 per 100 000 darkly pigmented individuals. METHODS We reviewed 292 charts of patients treated with HU in our institution. 237 patients carried a diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorder, 14 patients were treated for sickle cell anemia and 41 patients were being treated with HU for HIV as part of a regimen to decrease viral load. Charts were reviewed looking for development of skin malignancies. RESULTS Among the patients with sickle cell anemia, the incidence of skin cancer was nil. Among the patients with HIV there were 2 cases of non melanoma skin cancer. Among patients with myeloproliferative disorders, there were 16 cases of skin cancer. The pathology was non-melanoma skin cancer. Subgroup analysis based on skin phenotype revealed that the incidence was higher than the general population in both dark and light-skinned individuals: the rate was 0.9434 per 100 among the dark skinned individuals, statistically significant when compared to the established rate of 0.0034 per 100 dark-skinned individual in the general population. Similarly among light-skinned individuals, the calculated rate was 12.0968 per 100-person, which is statistically significant compared to the rates in light-skinned individuals in the general population of 0.2300 per 100 person with a p-value of 0.001. CONCLUSION Our study showed a significantly higher incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer among patients treated with HU. While HU is well known to have cutaneous side effects in terms of hyperpigmentation, skin ulcers, scaling or skin atrophy, its implication in skin cancers had only been in the form of case reports. Our study thus highlights a true risk of skin malignancies with HU. It is worth noting though that there were only non-melanoma skin cancers, which are non-aggressive, localized and treatable. Thus this heightened incidence of skin cancer does not appear to bear a mortality or morbidity burden on patients treated with HU. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The life stories of adults with amnesia: Insights into the contribution of the medial temporal lobes to the organization of autobiographical memory

Autobiographical memories are not stored in isolation but rather are organized into life chapters, higher-order knowledge structures that represent major themes conveying the arc of one's life. Neuropsychological studies have revealed that both episodic memory and some aspects of personal semantic memory are impaired in adults with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage. However, whether such impairment compromises the retrieval and formation of life chapters is unknown. Therefore, we had 10 adults with MTL amnesia and 20 control participants narrate their life stories, and we extracted life chapters from these narratives using a novel scoring protocol. For the retrograde and anterograde time period separately, we evaluated the number of life chapters and assessed their quality, as indexed by measures of complexity and richness. Additionally, to investigate the idea that formation of life chapters occurs on a protracted time scale, we separated the amnesic participants into an early-life and a later-life onset subgroup. Results revealed that early-onset, but not later-onset, amnesic participants generated fewer retrograde life chapters than controls. The higher-order temporal relation among retrograde chapters, but not their thematic relation or the richness of individual life chapters, was impaired in both amnesic subgroups. The amnesic participants also generated fewer anterograde life chapters than controls, and the richness of their anterograde chapters was reduced in terms of content, but not self-reflection. Findings suggest that the organization of autobiographical content into life chapters is a protracted process that depends on the MTL, as does retrieval of higher order temporal relations among life chapters.
Pirfenidone and nintedanib for pulmonary fibrosis in clinical practice: Tolerability and adverse drug reactions.

Background and objective The real-world tolerability of pirfenidone and nintedanib in non-clinical trial patients is unknown. Many patients with pulmonary fibrosis have significant medical co-morbidities or baseline characteristics that exclude them from clinical trial participation. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review study on subjects prescribed nintedanib or pirfenidone for pulmonary fibrosis treatment (any aetiology) from September 2014 to February 2016. A total of 186 subjects were included: 129 received pirfenidone and 57 were prescribed nintedanib and followed up for mean observation periods of 52 ± 17 weeks for pirfenidone and 41 ± 15 weeks for nintedanib. The primary outcome was drug discontinuation as a result of an adverse event. Results Subjects had significant respiratory impairment at baseline, 63% required home oxygen therapy and mean diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) was 36 ± 14% predicted. Drug discontinuation as a result of an adverse event occurred in 20.9% of subjects on pirfenidone and 26.3% on nintedanib. Drug discontinuation rates for both pirfenidone and nintedanib did not significantly differ from corresponding large clinical trials (ASCEND/CAPACITY and INPULSIS 1 and 2, respectively). Adverse events that occurred with highest frequency on pirfenidone were nausea (26.4%), rash/photosensitivity (14.7%) and dyspepsia/gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (12.4%). Diarrhoea (52.6%) and nausea (29.8%) were reported most often with nintedanib therapy. Conclusion Patients with pulmonary fibrosis treated with nintedanib or pirfenidone in routine clinical practice had drug tolerability and adverse event profiles comparable with subjects enrolled in clinical trials despite having a greater degree of respiratory impairment and a high prevalence of co-morbid medical conditions.
Coagulopathy Before and After Liver Transplantation: From the Hepatic to the Systemic Circulatory Systems

The hemostatic environment in patients with cirrhosis is a delicate balance between prohemostatic and antihemostatic factors. There is a lack of effective laboratory measures of the hemostatic system in patients with cirrhosis. Many are predisposed to pulmonary embolus, deep vein thrombosis, and portal vein thrombosis in the pretransplantation setting. This pretransplantation hypercoagulable milieu seems to extend for at least several months post-transplantation. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, inherited thrombophilia, portal hypertension in the absence of cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma often require individualized approach to anticoagulation. Early reports suggest a potential role for low-molecular-weight heparins and direct-acting anticoagulants.
Introduction to SU (5) and SO (10) GUTs

This chapter provides an introduction to grand unification in non-supersymmetric theories. We discuss charge quantization, grand unification of the gauge couplings and nucleon decay. The unification groups SU(5) and SO(10) are considered. We start however by first considering the Pati-Salam group, SU(4) C ⊗ SU(2) L ⊗ SU(2) R .
Esophageal Epithelial Resistance

Tissue resistance is an important esophageal defense mechanism against acid-peptic injury from reflux. This is shown by the ability of esophageal epithelium to avoid injury despite low luminal pH for considerable periods. Tissue resistance, however, is not a single factor but a group of complex proc
Ectasia following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE): a review of the literature.

Purpose Four cases of corneal ectasia after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) have been reported. In this review, we provide an overview of the published literature on corneal ectasia after SMILE and risk factors associated with this complication. Methods Case reports were identified by a search of seven electronic databases for pertinent heading terms between 2011 and July 2017. We identified patient characteristics and surgical details including preoperative topography, central corneal thickness, and anterior keratometry (Km). Residual stromal bed (RSB) values not reported were computed using VisuMax ReLEx SMILE software Version 2.10.10. Preoperative ectasia risk was measured using the Randleman Ectasia Risk Score System (ERSS). Percent tissue alteration was calculated for each patient as described by Santhiago et al. Results Seven eyes of four patients developed corneal ectasia post SMILE. Two patients had abnormal topography in both eyes. One patient had abnormal topography in one eye. Only one patient was noted to have normal topography in both eyes and later developed ectasia in one eye in the absence of any known risk factors. The mean Randleman ectasia risk score was 4±3 (range: 1-8). The mean calculated percent tissue altered (PTA) was 38%±6% (range: 30%-47%). Conclusion A majority of reported ectasia cases occurred in patients with subclinical keratoconus. These conditions may be exacerbated by SMILE and should be considered absolute contraindications to the procedure. Three patients were identified to have high risk based on the ERSS, and one patient exhibited a PTA ≥40%. We formulated a modification to the current calculation of PTA that takes into account the differences in tissue altered between SMILE and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). More studies are needed to fully quantify the risk of ectasia. For now, we propose adopting the same exclusion criteria used for LASIK in the SMILE procedure until more specific metrics have been validated.