cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of naloxone on the neural control of the urinary bladder of the cat.

Abstract Naloxone in doses ranging from 0.5 to 512μg/kg i.v., enhanced reflex contractions of the urinary bladder of the cat. At the lowest doses (threshold, 0.5–5 μg/kg) the drug increased the frequency of spontaneous bladder contractions. In large doses (10–100 μg/kg) the drug produced an initial tonic contraction of bladder lasting 15–40 min followed by a period of high frequency rhythmic activity. Multiunit firing in parasympathetic postganglionic nervs on the surface of the urinary bladder was also enhanced. Bursts of firing which in untreated animals occured during large bladder contractions continously during the entire sustained contraction of the bladder following large doses of naloxone. Various evidence indicates that the site of action of naloxone is in the central nervous system. These findings suggest that the parasympathetic reflex pathway to the urinary bladder may be subject to tonic enkephalinergic inhibitory control.
Relations between prototype, exemplar, and decision bound models of categorization

Abstract Categorization models make assumptions about: (1) the representation of the stimulus and the contrasting categories; (2) the exact information that must be collected before a response can be made; and (3) response selection—how the subject selects a response after all the relevant information has been collected. Equivalence relations are derived between prototype, exemplar, and decision bound models with respect to these three assumptions. An exemplar model that assumes a deterministic response selection process is proposed that includes the generalized context model (GCM) as a special case. The general linear classifier of general recognition theory (GRT) is shown to contain the probabilistic weighted prototype model as a special case. The set of all percepts that are equivocal with respect to category membership define the equivocality contour. The GCM is shown to predict the same equivocality contour as the GRT optimal classifier under certain restrictive distributional conditions. Several more general exemplar models are proposed that can mimic the equivocality contour of the GRT optimal classifier under less restrictive conditions.
On the Theory of Osmotic Water Movement.

In explaining osmotic movement of water, it is customary in plant physiology to regard water movement between cells as taking place along gradients of diffusion pressure deficit or suction force. Efforts to describe water movement quantitatively are based on the assumption that the rate of water movement between two cells should be proportional to the difference between the diffusion pressure deficits (or suction forces) of the two cells. The purpose of this paper is to consider some aspects of the theory of osmotic water movement which arise out of this elementary rate problem, and indicate some fundamental difficulties in the concepts currently in use. First we shall examine critically the meaning of the concepts "suction force" and "diffusion pressure deficit". Then their applicability as parameters of osmotic water movement will be considered. Finally, the value of rate measurements in indicating the mechanism of osmosis will be reviewed, and a hypothesis concerning the mechanism of osmotic flow will be presented.
Can Illiteracy Be Prevented

Adult illiteracy stems from failure to progress at early stages of reading development, often because of lack of language experience and stimulation.
The carbocyclic analog of cytidine, synthesis and antineoplastic activity

The carbocyclic analog (VI) of cytidine was prepared from the carbocyclic analog (I) of uridine. The intermediate stages were a tetrabenzoyl derivative of I, the tribenzoyl derivative of the uridine analog, and the tribenzoyl 4-chloropyrimidinone obtained from the latter derivative. The cytidine analog (VI) is active against KB cells in culture and against L1210 leukemia in mice. In the initial tests against L1210 leukemia, the highest dose (200 mg./kg./day, q.d. 1-9), of three active doses, increased lifespan by 82% and showed no evidence of toxicity.
Dynamic arrays of nonlinearly coupled mode-locked laser oscillators applied to agile beam steering

Dynamic arrays of nonlinearly coupled mode-locked laser oscillators offer a means of generating arrays of ultrashort optical pulses where the arrays are both susceptible to rapid reconfiguration in response to small externally introduced electronic signals and yet also stable against random perturbations. We examine one specific example where the pulses in the array can be approximated as lowest order, weakly coupled solitons, propagating on multicore optical fiber.
Insider trading behavior prior to Chapter 11 bankruptcy announcements

Abstract This study uses non-parametric methods to examine the difference in trading behavior between Chapter 11 bankruptcy firms and non-bankruptcy firms traded on New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)/American Stock Exchange (AMEX) exchanges. It documents new evidence about the anomaly of insider purchases rather than sales prior to Chapter 11 bankruptcy announcements. Insiders of Chapter 11 bankruptcy firms purchase significantly fewer shares than insiders of the control firms before the bankruptcy announcement. Although insider trading volume declines long before the announcement, the decline is statistically significant only during the 3-month period before the announcement. The study, however, finds no significant difference in trading behavior between insiders of firms that ceased to trade on and those that continue to trade on the NYSE/AMEX within 5 years after the bankruptcy announcements.
Application of the “bioeffects” algorithm of a treatment planning system

In this study, both a four-field box and two-field APPA treatment plan are combined with two insertions of Cs-137 in a tandem and ovoids setup, to evaluate the bioeffects program of a treatment planning system. External beam energies studied are 18 and 6 MV. It is shown that there is a slight difference in the 50–70 time dose fractionation (TDF) isolines when comparing 6 MV and 18 MV, for the APPA setup. There is practically no difference for TDF isoline values larger than 80 for both energies with either the four-field or the two-field setup. This is because the brachytherapy contributed the majority of the dose to the regions near the applicator and the TDF values reflect the higher dose delivered by the brachytherapy relative to the external beams in that region. For this simple evaluation of the bioeffects program, the combination of the external beam plan and the brachytherapy plan does not give us enhanced information on the effectiveness of the plan.
Organizational portfolio theory and international not-for-profit organizations

Abstract The organizational portfolio theory is used to explain performance-driven organizational changes in international not-for-profit organizations. The forces that push international not-for-profit organizations to adapt are those that exacerbate the effect of the downward swing in organizational performance that results from misfit. On the other hand, the forces that retard adaptive change in these organizations are those that counteract the effect of the downward swing in organizational performance that results from misfit. Each of seven factors analyzed may push the international not-for-profit organizations to adapt or to not adapt, depending on their effect on organizational performance.
The Cingulo-Opercular Network Provides Word-Recognition Benefit

Recognizing speech in difficult listening conditions requires considerable focus of attention that is often demonstrated by elevated activity in putative attention systems, including the cingulo-opercular network. We tested the prediction that elevated cingulo-opercular activity provides word-recognition benefit on a subsequent trial. Eighteen healthy, normal-hearing adults (10 females; aged 20–38 years) performed word recognition (120 trials) in multi-talker babble at +3 and +10 dB signal-to-noise ratios during a sparse sampling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was elevated in the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and frontal operculum in response to poorer speech intelligibility and response errors. These brain regions exhibited significantly greater correlated activity during word recognition compared with rest, supporting the premise that word-recognition demands increased the coherence of cingulo-opercular network activity. Consistent with an adaptive control network explanation, general linear mixed model analyses demonstrated that increased magnitude and extent of cingulo-opercular network activity was significantly associated with correct word recognition on subsequent trials. These results indicate that elevated cingulo-opercular network activity is not simply a reflection of poor performance or error but also supports word recognition in difficult listening conditions.
Thin steel plate shear walls behavior and analysis

Abstract Steel plate shear walls have been used in buildings in North America and Japan. Until recently, the design practice has been to limit the strength of the wall to the buckling strength of the plate. The post-buckling strength of thin plates subjected to shear has been recognized for more than 60 years, since it was outlined by Wagner in the early 1930s. Tests of a quarter and one third scale specimens of thin steel plate shear walls under cyclic loading were performed; the tests are described and the results are summarized. An analytical model to determine the behavior of thin steel plate shear walls was developed and is given. The model is capable of depicting the behavior of walls with plates welded or bolted to the surrounding beams and columns of the building frame. Comparisons between the analytical and experimental results are made.
Ranking tourist attractions using time series GPS data of cabs

Global Position System (GPS) is a widely used satellite-based navigation system. Popular use of these devices has produced large collections of data, some of which have been archived. These archived data sets and sometimes real time GPS data are now readily available over the internet and their analysis through computational methods can generate meaningful insights. These insights when applied appropriately can be used in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to make the case that automated analysis can provide insight that can otherwise be difficult to achieve due the large volume and noisy characteristics of GPS data. We present experiments that were performed on archived data which contains GPS traces of over 500 yellow cabs in the San Francisco Bay area. Using data analysis we determine the most visited tourist destinations within the San Francisco Bay area during the time period of the captured data.
An Unusual Presentation of Amyloidosis

A 47-year-old man presented with sudden onset of nontraumatic back pain. MRI showed multiple compression fractures within the thoracic and lumbar spine (Fig. 1). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan demonstrated osteoporosis. Biochemical studies were unremarkable (normal serum and urine protein electrophoresis, parathyroid hormone, testosterone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 24-hour urine calcium). The patient failed conservative management and underwent a laminectomy with spinal fusion. An iliac crest biopsy was performed intraoperatively to look for secondary causes of osteoporosis. Figure 1. MRI showing multiple compression fractures (arrows) along with narrowing of the spinal canal (arrowheads). The biopsy showed replacement of bone marrow with amorphous material which demonstrated apple-green birefringence on polarization (Fig. 2). No monoclonal plasma cells were seen. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detected a peptide profile consistent with AL (light-chain)–type amyloidosis. At the time of diagnosis, no other organs were involved; however, two years later the patient developed significant proteinuria and worsening renal function. Figure 2. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrating apple-green birefringence on polarization. Secondary osteoporosis is more common than primary osteoporosis in men and premenopausal women.1 It is associated with inflammatory diseases, exposures, and nutritional deficiencies that adversely impact bone metabolism. Although bone involvement manifesting as osteoporosis and pathological fractures is rare in AL amyloidosis,2 amyloidosis should be suspected when characteristic findings of amyloid are found on biopsy or when substantial proteinuria is present.
DNA sequence and genetic organization of the unique short (US) region of the simian varicella virus genome.

Abstract Simian varicella virus (SVV) infection of nonhuman primates is a model for the study of human varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections. The DNA sequence of the entire SVV unique short (U s ) region and adjacent flanking sequences of the inverted repeats were determined. The U s region is 4904 bp in size and has a 60.9% A + T base composition. Four potential open reading frames (ORFs), designated SVUS 1, SVUS 2, SVUS 3, and SVUS 4, were identified and found to be remarkably similar in size, genetic content, and transcriptional orientation to their respective VZV U s counterparts; ORF 65, ORF 66 (U s PK), ORF 67 (gpIV), and ORF 68 (gpl). The SVUS 1 ORF encodes a putative 9 kDa homolog of the herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) U s 9 tegument phosphoprotein. The SVUS 2 ORF encodes a predicted 345 amino acid polypeptide that contains a number of sequence domains conserved in cellular and viral serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinases and exhibits extensive homology with previously reported alphaherpesviral U s S/T PKs, including VZV ORF 66, HSV-1 U s 3, pseudorabies virus (PRV) PK, and equine herpesvirus (EHV-1) ORF 69. The SVUS 3 and SVUS 4 ORFs exhibit features characteristic of membrane glycoproteins: an amino terminal signal sequence, potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and a large hydrophobia transmembrane domain. The predicted 353 amine acid protein encoded by SVUS 3 ORF is homologous to the VZV gpIV (ORF 67), HSV-1 gl (U s 7), PRV gp63, and EHV-1 gl (ORF 73) gene products. The SVUS 4 ORF encodes a putative 604 amino acid polypeptide which exhibits extensive homology with VZV gpl and more limited homology with HSV-1 gE (U s 8), PRV gpl, and EHV gE (ORF 74). This report describes the initial characterization of individual SVV genes and further defines the evolutionary relationships between SVV, VZV, and other alphaherpesviruses.
The cardiovascular effects of centrally and peripherally administered indoramin in conscious rats

Abstract Indoramin has centrally mediated hypotensive effects in anesthetized animals. In the present study, the cardiovascular effect of central and peripheral indoramin was determined in conscious, freely moving rats. Animals were instrumented with femoral arterial and venous catheters and miniaturized pulsed-Doppler flow probes were placed on the superior mesenteric and renal arteries and lower abdominal aorta. Injection of indoramin (25–100 μg) in the lateral cerebroventricle produced an immediate (1.5 min) increase in arterial pressure which was accompanied by vasoconstriction in all three vascular beds. By 10 min all values had returned to control except for heart rate which was decreased. Vehicle alone or intravenous indoramin (100 μg) had no effect. In baroreceptor-denervated rats smaller effects were seen. Intravenous indoramin (3.0–13.5 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and hindquarter vascular resistance. The 13.5 mg/kg dose blocked to a similar degree the cardiovascular effect produced by intravenous norepinephrine or stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus. These data suggest that indoramin is an effective peripheral α-adrenergic receptor antagonist but does not appear to be centrally active as a hypotensive agent.
The formation of kish graphite

Abstract The formation mechanism of kish graphite has been studied by observing the morphology developed under a number of experimental conditions. Kish graphite is formed on the free surface of molten iron and grows in a foliated dendritic manner. However, this surface formation mode may be suppressed in favor of graphite formation within the melt by increasing the cooling rate and avoiding the presence of oxygen at the melt surface. Oxygen not only affects the graphite morphology by attacking the growth front of kish graphite crystal, but promotes nucleation of graphite on the melt surface. Increased cooling rates and exposure of the melt to oxygen favor the formation of a foliated dendritic structure. On the other hand, slow cooling and avoidance of oxygen result in the formation of a graphite sheet over the melt surface. In addition, sulfur has been shown to play an important role in the formation of kish graphite.
Structural correlation decompositions for business cycle analysis

Abstract This note demonstrates a decomposition of correlations into contributions of structural shocks. The method is useful for analysis of complex models that can be expressed as linear state-space models, e.g., DSGE, SVAR or dynamic factor models.
Responses of Planktothrix agardhii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to Copper Sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) and a Chelated Copper Compound (Cutrine®-Ultra)

Reliable viability measures are needed to predict responses of algae to phytotoxic exposures. Non-axenic laboratory cultures of Planktothrix agardhii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were exposed to a series of concentrations of CuSO4 · 5H2O (0.1–0.5 and 1.0–8.0 mg Cu/L) and a chelated copper compound with an adjuvant, Cutrine®-Ultra (0.05–0.25 and 1.0–8.0 mg Cu/L) in 7-day static laboratory experiments. Algal viability measures in terms of cell density, uptake of mortal stain (erythrosin b), chlorophyll a concentration, pheophytin a concentration, and respiration (measured as 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium formazan absorbance (INT)) were discerned daily. The time and concentration required to achieve algal control, 96-h EC50s, potency slopes, and doubling times were calculated from algal responses if algal viability measures were accurate and precise. Cell densities and erythrosin b-stained cells had sufficient accuracy and precision to differentiate responses of P. agardhii and P. subcapitata from resident algae while chlorophyll a concentrations and INT formazan absorbances did not discriminate. In this study, pheophytin a concentrations lack precision and accuracy. P. agardhii was an order of magnitude more sensitive than P. subcapitata, and Cutrine®-Ultra was more than twice as potent as CuSO4 · 5H2O. This laboratory study corroborates previous laboratory and field studies suggesting that chelated copper-based algaecides when applied in the field can selectively control specific target algae at a lower copper concentration than CuSO4 · 5H2O. Individual algal viability measures such as cell density and erythrosin b staining can measure the relevant change in algal assemblage as a result of exposure.
Tests of a holistic chunking model of sentence memory through analyses of noun intrusions.

A holistic chunking model of sentence acquisition and retrieval is described and tested by a prompted sentence recall procedure. In this procedure, subjects first study a list of unrelated sentences and later receive single-word prompts to cue sentence recall. The model assumes that (1) words in sentences are grouped into propositions during acquisition, (2) the propositions are encoded holistically and later retrieved as units, and (3) the retrieval of one proposition does not automatically lead to recovery of other propositions in a sentence. The model was tested by patterns of intrusion errors. Noun intrusions for elements within a recovered proposition were always related conceptually to the presented nouns, even when a noun violated the co-occurrence restrictions of the verb (e.g., the tray loved the house). In contrast, noun intrusions for elements outside of the scope of a recovered proposition were often unrelated to presented nouns. It was argued that patterns of intrusion errors provide more appropriate tests for sentence structure than do quantitative patterns of correct recall, at least from the framework of the holistic chunking model.
Polysilicon transistors in VLSI MOS memories

The recent progress on the use of as-deposited, small grain LPCVD polysilicon transistors in VLSI memories is discussed with the emphasis on their applications for static and dynamic RAMs. Some process and device related issues are discussed. Successful implementation of an experimental stacked CMOS 64K sRAM proves the utility of these devices for three dimensional integration in a VLSI environment.
Sediment accumulation along a glacially impacted mountainous coastline: north‐east Gulf of Alaska

Tectonically active coastal regions of the world recently have been suggested to supply the bulk of sediment from land to the oceans. Seabed sampling on the continental shelf and in coastal embayments of the north-east Gulf of Alaska (Alsek River to Prince William Sound) was performed to examine the temporal and spatial variability of sediment accumulation in a mountainous coastal setting. Cores of varying lengths (30–300 cm) were collected at 84 stations to provide information on sedimentary processes using radiochemical (210Pb and 137Cs) techniques. Four types of 210Pb activity profiles were observed, dominantly reflecting steadystate sediment accumulation. However, nonsteady-state profiles also were measured, resulting in part from episodic deposition near glacier-fed rivers and on the Copper River Delta. Sediment accumulation rates in the eastern half of the study area are highest at midshelf depths (≈100 m) (>10 mm yr−1) and near rivers draining the Bering Glacier (≈20 mm yr−1). On the Copper River Delta, sediment accumulation rates are highest for the delta front (> 20 mm yr−1) and decrease westward along the sediment dispersal route. Total annual sediment accumulation is 90–140×106 tons yr−1 on the shelf in the study area. Annual sediment accumulation for the total marine environment in the study area (including Icy and Yakutat Bays) exceeds 250×106 tons yr−1, potentially making this region the largest sink for sediment in North America. Spatial patterns in sediment accumulation on the shelf are similar between centennial and Holocene time-scales, reflecting the dominance of the Copper River and Bering and Malaspina glaciers as sediment sources. Temporal variability in accumulation rates between centennial and Holocene time-scales exists for portions of the study area near fiords and demonstrates the considerable changes that occur in sediment supply during glacial advances and retreats.
Phosphorylation of serines 635 and 645 of human Rad17 is cell cycle regulated and is required for G1/S checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage

ATR [ataxia–telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)- and Rad3-related] is a protein kinase required for both DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoint responses and the DNA replication checkpoint that prevents mitosis before the completion of DNA synthesis. Although ATM and ATR kinases share many substrates, the different phenotypes of ATM- and ATR-deficient mice indicate that these kinases are not functionally redundant. Here we demonstrate that ATR but not ATM phosphorylates the human Rad17 (hRad17) checkpoint protein on Ser635 and Ser645 in vitro. In undamaged synchronized human cells, these two sites were phosphorylated in late G1, S, and G2/M, but not in early–mid G1. Treatment of cells with genotoxic stress induced phosphorylation of hRad17 in cells in early–mid G1. Expression of kinase-inactive ATR resulted in reduced phosphorylation of these residues, but these same serine residues were phosphorylated in ionizing radiation (IR)-treated ATM-deficient human cell lines. IR-induced phosphorylation of hRad17 was also observed in ATM-deficient tissues, but induction of Ser645 was not optimal. Expression of a hRad17 mutant, with both serine residues changed to alanine, abolished IR-induced activation of the G1/S checkpoint in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest ATR and hRad17 are essential components of a DNA damage response pathway in mammalian cells.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for LTI representations of adaptive systems with sinusoidal regressors

Establishes necessary and sufficient conditions for an adaptive system with a sinusoidal regressor (i.e., a regressor comprised exclusively of sinusoidal signals) to admit an exact linear time-invariant (LTI) representation. These conditions are important because a large number of adaptive systems used in practice have sinusoidal regressors, and the stability, convergence and robustness properties of systems having LTI representations can be completely analyzed by well-known methods.
Machine-negotiated, ontology-based EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

1. EDI is held back by inflexibility and complexity for users. This is partly due to the antiquated X12 and EDIFACT standards. 2. Truly automatic translation between two disparate databases, or between EDI and a database not set up just for EDI, requires machine representation of the concepts and meaning of the data schema, not just the schema. 3. The database world has reluctantly begun to recognize this, and that common ontologies are needed for true automated integration. The EDI community, due to its particular culture, may never realize it. 4. The real-world “common ontology” is actually the most valuable thing about EDIFACT and X12, but it is informal, in English, and unavailable for any computational use. 5. The current major Artificial Intelligence efforts to build large generic ontologies should be applied to automate EDI translations and do useful inference; also, AI ontologists can exploit thousands of practical real-world concept-categories from EDI standards EDIFACT and X12. These provide good target concepts for us to define.
Child abuse: An existential process

This paper discusses child abuse as an existential crisis. It describes exostential counseling as an approach to helping abusive parents to become more responsible and better able to cope with this particular crisis of their existence. Three types of crises are identified: developmental or maturational, acute, and chronic. each appears receptive to existential counseling within a framework of crisis intervention. Themes and the basic philosophy of existentialism are discussed. A case example provides an illustration of existential couseling in child abuse. Suffering is viewed as a dynamic concept within the framework of the existential psychotherapy of Victor Frankl, called Logotherapy, which is the primary one employed in this paper.
Flexibility of the C-terminal, or CII, ring of KaiC governs the rhythm of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria

In the cyanobacterial circadian oscillator, KaiA and KaiB alternately stimulate autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation of KaiC with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. KaiA activates autophosphorylation by selectively capturing the A loops of KaiC in their exposed positions. The A loops and sites of phosphorylation, residues S431 and T432, are located in the CII ring of KaiC. We find that the flexibility of the CII ring governs the rhythm of KaiC autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation and is an example of dynamics-driven protein allostery. KaiA-induced autophosphorylation requires flexibility of the CII ring. In contrast, rigidity is required for KaiC-KaiB binding, which induces a conformational change in KaiB that enables it to sequester KaiA by binding to KaiA’s linker. Autophosphorylation of the S431 residues around the CII ring stabilizes the CII ring, making it rigid. In contrast, autophosphorylation of the T432 residues offsets phospho-S431-induced rigidity to some extent. In the presence of KaiA and KaiB, the dynamic states of the CII ring of KaiC executes the following circadian rhythm: . Apparently, these dynamic states govern the pattern of phosphorylation, ST → SpT → pSpT → pST → ST. CII-CI ring-on-ring stacking is observed when the CII ring is rigid, suggesting a mechanism through which the ATPase activity of the CI ring is rhythmically controlled. SasA, a circadian clock-output protein, binds to the CI ring. Thus, rhythmic ring stacking may also control clock-output pathways.
3-dimensional Morphologies of Truncated Ferrite Nanoparticles

In nanoparticles, there is an increased fraction of atoms at the surface that are not fully coordinated and therefore contribute differently to properties than do atoms in the bulk material. The justification for the relative importance of surfaces in nanoparticles must be naturally extended to consider the crystallography of the surfaces present. NiZn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using an RF plasma torch [1], exhibit cuboctahedral morphologies with exclusively (100) and (111) type surfaces. These surfaces contribute differently [2] to surface magnetic anisotropy, which determines the high frequency magnetic response in these materials. In this paper, we explore the 3-dimensional morphologies of the ferrite nanoparticles using electron tomographic techniques. The 2-dimensional TEM projection images indicated that the small particles (< 20 nm) were octahedral (only (111) surfaces) while the larger particles (20-50 nm) were truncated octahedral (having both (100) and (111) surfaces) in shape. To confirm the 3-dimensional nanoparticle morphologies, tilt experiments were performed on selected areas of the sample using a TECNAI FEG TEM (F20 model) with a single-tilt specimen holder. A series of 2D tilt images (at 2° tilt intervals) over a tilt range of ± 45° (with respect to the primary electron beam) were recorded using the attached CCD camera. Image shifts and focus changes were performed for all tilt angles to always keep the specimen in the field of view in proper focus. The ferrite nanoparticles were quite stable to electron exposure over long time periods, and hence, electron irradiation damage to the sample is not a critical issue while obtaining a series of around 45 images in a specific area. The recorded series of 2D images was manually aligned, stacked and then rotated in the corresponding tilt axis to obtain the 3D perspective of the particle morphology, instead of using conventional 3D reconstruction routines [3]. These image series for the small [Fig. 1 (a)-(i)] and large [Fig. 2 (a)-(i)] particles were then compared to the 3D rotation models of the octahedron and truncated octahedron (rotated in 2° steps) respectively. The different projections of the model octahedron [Fig. 1 (a1), (e1) and (i1)] and the truncated octahedron [Fig. 2 (a1), (d1) and (i1)], along with the corresponding projection axes, are shown for comparison. For example, Fig. 1(a1) is the projection image of the model octahedron representing the particle in Fig. 1(a). The 3D nanoparticle morphological observations are consistent with the nucleation and growth models [4] of the ferrite particles in plasma. These models predict that the critical nucleus shape (corresponding to the small particles) is a perfect octahedron while the growth forms (corresponding to the large particles) are truncated octahedral in shape.
Image segmentation using association rule features

A new type of texture feature based on association rules is described. Association rules have been used in applications such as market basket analysis to capture relationships present among items in large data sets. It is shown that association rules can be adapted to capture frequently occurring local structures in images. The frequency of occurrence of these structures can be used to characterize texture. Methods for segmentation of textured images based on association rule features are described. Simulation results using images consisting of man made and natural textures show that association rule features perform well compared to other widely used texture features. Association rule features are used to detect cumulus cloud fields in GOES satellite images and are found to achieve higher accuracy than other statistical texture features for this problem.
A Rank Minimization Approach to Video Inpainting

This paper addresses the problem of video inpainting, that is seamlessly reconstructing missing portions in a set of video frames. We propose to solve this problem proceeding as follows: (i) finding a set of descriptors that encapsulate the information necessary to reconstruct a frame, (ii) finding an optimal estimate of the value of these descriptors for the missing/corrupted frames, and (iii) using the estimated values to reconstruct the frames. The main result of the paper shows that the optimal descriptor estimates can be efficiently obtained by minimizing the rank of a matrix directly constructed from the available data, leading to a simple, computationally attractive, dynamic inpainting algorithm that optimizes the use of spatio/temporal information. Moreover, contrary to most currently available techniques, the method can handle non-periodic target motions, non-stationary backgrounds and moving cameras. These results are illustrated with several examples, including reconstructing dynamic textures and object disocclusion in cases involving both moving targets and camera.
Location of sites that inhibit progression of replication forks in the terminus region of Escherichia coli.

Abstract We used a Southern hybridization assay to locate precisely the sites at which DNA replication is arrested in the terminus region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. The assay was based on the properties of restriction fragments that contain stalled replication forks. Replication forks that entered the terminus from the clockwise direction with respect to the genetic map were inhibited near manA at a site called T2, which we located at kilobase 442 on the physical map of Bouche (J. P. Bouche, J. Mol. Biol. 154:1-20, 1982). Those that entered the terminus region traveling in the counterclockwise direction were inhibited near pyrF at a site called T1, which we located at kilobase 90. In each case we found only a single, precise site of arrest. Inhibition at T1 was not detectable in our assay in strains lacking the trans-acting locus tus, which is located near T2 and is required for T1 to function. We demonstrated that the sites of inhibition are also used during termination of replication in exponentially growing, wild-type cells. In all previous studies on the terminus of E. coli, inhibition has only been detected in strains that were modified so that the origin used was placed near the terminus to force the use of the sites of inhibition.
Application of information sharing to bullwhip effect restraining

The reason of bullwhip effect was analyzed, the necessary and the method of restraint of it were introduced. Three-echelon supply chain model was established in Matlab/Simulink, and terminal customer order was introduced into upstream enterprisespsila decision making system. The simulation result shown that information distortion is reduced, and the bullwhip effect is effectively restrained by information sharing.
Sustained knowledge acquisition among Rwandan physicians participating in six-month ultrasound training program

Introduction Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is ideal for diagnostic use in resource-limited environments, but its use is often limited by lack of local expertise. Some training courses have been established to bridge this knowledge gap, but little is known about the efficacy of these courses. This study evaluated the effectiveness and sustainability of a six-month POCUS training program for Rwandan physicians. Methods A prospective observational cohort study of Rwandan physicians was conducted over six-months. Participants completed a ten-day course introducing ultrasound skills, followed by a six-month clinical phase. Trainees used ultrasound independently with remote image review, completed regular observed structured clinical examinations (OSCE) in POCUS, and received ongoing feedback and web-based mentorship. An image-based assessment (IBA) was administered before and after the ten-day course, and again after six months. Hands-on image acquisition skills were assessed via OSCEs administered at four time points. All calculations were by paired t -test. Results Seventeen Rwandan physicians completed the initial course. All completed the IBA prior to and at the completion of the training phase. Seven trainees were lost to follow up at the six-month mark due to reassignment. Ten trainees completed the six-month IBA. Mean scores on the IBA increased from 36.9% to 74.3% after the training phase ( p = p =0.04) at the end of the clinical phase. Ten trainees completed at least three OSCEs. The average score on the initial OSCE was 81.7%. Of ten trainees who completed at least three OSCEs, scores were preserved (mean 82.9%). Conclusions Trainees demonstrated significant knowledge improvement after an intensive introductory ultrasound course, which increased through the training program. Mean OSCE scores remained above 80% throughout the course. Participants in an ultrasound training program with an initial training phase and periodic skill reinforcement can acquire and retain ultrasound knowledge and scanning skills.
Saccadic Corollary Discharge Underlies Stable Visual Perception

Saccadic eye movements direct the high-resolution foveae of our retinas toward objects of interest. With each saccade, the image jumps on the retina, causing a discontinuity in visual input. Our visual perception, however, remains stable. Philosophers and scientists over centuries have proposed that visual stability depends upon an internal neuronal signal that is a copy of the neuronal signal driving the eye movement, now referred to as a corollary discharge (CD) or efference copy. In the old world monkey, such a CD circuit for saccades has been identified extending from superior colliculus through MD thalamus to frontal cortex, but there is little evidence that this circuit actually contributes to visual perception. We tested the influence of this CD circuit on visual perception by first training macaque monkeys to report their perceived eye direction, and then reversibly inactivating the CD as it passes through the thalamus. We found that the monkey9s perception changed; during CD inactivation, there was a difference between where the monkey perceived its eyes to be directed and where they were actually directed. Perception and saccade were decoupled. We established that the perceived eye direction at the end of the saccade was not derived from proprioceptive input from eye muscles, and was not altered by contextual visual information. We conclude that the CD provides internal information contributing to the brain9s creation of perceived visual stability. More specifically, the CD might provide the internal saccade vector used to unite separate retinal images into a stable visual scene. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual stability is one of the most remarkable aspects of human vision. The eyes move rapidly several times per second, displacing the retinal image each time. The brain compensates for this disruption, keeping our visual perception stable. A major hypothesis explaining this stability invokes a signal within the brain, a corollary discharge, that informs visual regions of the brain when and where the eyes are about to move. Such a corollary discharge circuit for eye movements has been identified in macaque monkey. We now show that selectively inactivating this brain circuit alters the monkey9s visual perception. We conclude that this corollary discharge provides a critical signal that can be used to unite jumping retinal images into a consistent visual scene.
Selecting patients for monoclonal antibody therapy.

The role of the pharmacist in defining and implementing criteria for selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from monoclonal antibody therapy is discussed. The introduction of new biotechnology products has raised concerns about rationing of health-care services, particularly in view of the costs of drug research and development. Traditional antimicrobial therapy has not reduced morbidity and mortality from gram-negative sepsis. Early clinical trials indicate that immunotherapy with new agents that supplement the host immunological response to these infections may be effective. Criteria must be developed to identify patients who will obtain maximum benefits from these newer interventions. Severity-stratification systems (e.g., the APACHE II scoring system) have been used to classify disease and monitor treatment outcome. These techniques have been applied in clinical trials assessing E5 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with gram-negative sepsis and in others evaluating the use of imipenem versus tobramycin and clindamycin in the treatment of intraabdominal infection. Pharmacists with a knowledge of infectious-disease processes and pharmacotherapeutics can play a major role in developing criteria for identifying patients who are most likely to benefit from the products of biotechnology and thereby ensuring the cost-effective use of these products.
Omphalina in North America

Probably no genus of the Tricholomataceae has had as many interpretations as Omphalina Quelet or Omphalia (Fr.) Kummer non S. F. Gray, and few investigators have agreed on the limits, the diagnostic characters, or the species to be included. Notable among the more modern treatments are those of Cejp (1936), J. Lange (1936), Kiihner and Romagnesi (1953), Moser (1967), Kauffman (1918), Murrill (1916), and Singer (1951, 1956, 1962). Numerous descriptions of individual species of Omphalina by many authors are scattered throughout the literature as well. The earlier workers of course did not have
Electric organ corollary discharge pathways in mormyrid fish

Corollary discharge signals associated with the motor command that elicits the electric organ discharge are prominent in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid fish (Gnathonemus petersii). Central pathways and structures that convey these signals from the motor command nucleus to the electrosensory lobe are known anatomically, but these structures and their contributions to the various corollary discharge phenomena have not been examined physiologically. This study examines one such structure, the mesencephalic command associated nucleus (MCA).
Understanding Nicotinic Receptor Assembly in the Endoplasmic Reticulum with Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that are expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Some subtypes of these channels have been shown to upregulate in the presence of nicotine resulting in changes in expression levels and stoichiometry of receptors on the plasma membrane. We have developed a method capable of isolating intact and functional nAChRs from the endoplasmic reticulum using cell-derived vesicles. These nanoscale vesicles enable us to isolate single receptors in their native membrane providing a method to perform organelle specific single molecule stoichiometry measurements. I will explain the progress we have made using these methods to determine that nicotine and several other nAChR ligands alter the assembly of these receptors. Some ligands, including nicotine and its metabolites, lead to increased fractions of high sensitivity alpha4 beta2 nAChRs and others lead to higher fractions of the low sensitivity receptor. Additionally, many of these ligands lead to changes in receptor trafficking. Our results indicate that nAChR ligands act in the endoplasmic reticulum to assist in the assembly of nascent receptor subunits.
Survivorship and tunneling activity of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in response to termiticide soil barriers with and without gaps of untreated soil

In laboratory tests, survivorship and tunneling response of Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), to termiticide soil barriers were dependent on active ingredient in the formulation and termiticide concentration. At 0.5 ppm, Pryfon® (isofenphos), Durs®ban TC® (chlorpyrifos), Tribute® (fenvalerate), Chlordane 8 EC® (chlordane), Dragnet® (permethrin), Torpedo® (permethrin), Prevail® (cypermethrin), and Demon® (cypermethrin) were ineffective in preventing termites from breaching a 5-cm wide soil barrier. Performance of these termiticides at 5 ppm was inconsistent. In contrast, all were effective at 50 ppm in preventing termite access to a protected food and aggregation substrate. The termiticides tested were placed into three categories based on termite survivorship and tunneling response after 7 d. Cypermethrin did not affect termite survivorship but did reduce termite tunneling activity after contact with treated soil. Permethrin and fenvalerate did not affect survivorship or tunn...
The Impact of Rituximab in the Development of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

We investigated the safety and efficacy of administering rituximab in combination with a standard myeloablative conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide (Cy, 60 mg/kg daily x 2 doses) and total body irradiation (TBI, 12 Gy in four daily fractions) with allogeneic SCT in adult patients (pts) with ALL. Pts were eligible if their disease expressed CD20 in >20% blasts by flow cytometry. Rituximab was administered at 375 mg/m 2 on days 6, −1, +7 and +14 following stem cell infusion. 24 pts were entered on study. The results were retrospectively compared with those of a historical control group of 31 pts receiving the same preparative regimen without rituximab. The two treatment groups had similar numbers of matched sibling and unrelated donor grafts. Pt and donor characteristics are detailed in Table 1. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus and methotrexate for nearly all pts in both study and control groups; 4 pts in the control group and 1 pt in the study group received pentostatin in addition to tacrolimus and methotrexate. Preliminary data suggests that pentostatin reduces the incidence of acute GVHD (de Lima et al . Blood2004;104:727a). The cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM) at 2 years was 18% for the study group and 33% for the controls. There was no delay in engraftment or increased incidence of infection in pts treated with rituximab. Despite the greater use of pentostatin in the control group, the incidence of grade II–IV acute GVHD tended to be lower in pts treated with rituximab as compared to controls: 17% vs. 39%, p=0.07. The incidence of chronic extensive GVHD was not significantly different between the two groups: 37% vs. 34%, p=0.7. OS at 2 years was 45% for the study group and 38% for the controls, p=0.5. PFS at 2 years was 31% for the study group and 38% for the control group, p=0.8. Treatment outcomes are summarized in Table 1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the addition of rituximab to standard Cy/TBI conditioning for allogeneic SCT in ALL is associated with a relatively low rate of acute GVHD and NRM. Differences in pt characteristics preclude direct comparison. However, there is no apparent benefit for the addition of rituximab on disease relapse.
Three-dimensional ALE-FEM method for fluid flow in domains with moving boundaries part 1: algorithm description

A three-dimensional finite element method for simulating fluid flow in domains containing moving objects or boundaries is developed. This method is a type of arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian, based on a fixed mesh that is locally fitted at the moving interfaces and recovers its original shape once the moving interfaces go past the elements. The moving interfaces are defined by marker points so that the global mesh is not affected by the interfaces motion, eliminating potential for mesh entanglement. The result is an efficient and robust formulation for multi-physics simulations. The mesh never becomes unsuitable by continuous deformation, thus eliminating the need for repeated re-meshing. The interface boundaries are exactly imposed Dirichlet type. The total domain volume is always calculated exactly thus automatically satisfying the geometric conservation law. This work supports the internal combustion engines simulator KIVA developed at Los Alamos National Laboratories; in this paper, only the interface moving aspect is addressed.