cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scheduling Jobs on Parallel Systems Using a Relaxed Backfill Strategy

Backfill is a technique in which lower priority jobs requiring fewer resources are initiated before one or more currently waiting higher priority jobs requiring as yet unavailable resources. Processors are frequently the resource involved and the purpose of backfilling is to increase system utilization and reduce average wait time. Generally, a scheduler backfills when the user-specified run times indicate that executing the lower priority jobs will not delay the anticipated initiation of the higher priority jobs. This paper explores the possibility of using a relaxed backfill strategy in which the lower priority jobs are initiated as long as they do not delay the highest priority job too much. A simulator was developed to model this approach; it uses a parameter ? to control the length of the acceptable delay as a factor times the wait time of the highest priority job. Experiments were performed for a range of ? values with both user-estimated run times and actual run times using workload data from two parallel systems, a Cray T3E and an SGI Origin 3800. For these workloads, overall average job wait time typically decreases as ? increases and use of user-estimated run times is superior to use of actual run times. More experiments must be performed to determine the generality of these results.
Efficient Algorithms for Listing Combinatorial Structures

This thesis is concerned with the design of efficient algorithms for listing combinatorial structures. The research described here gives some answers to the following questions: which families of combinatorial structures have fast computer algorithms for listing their members, What general methods are useful for listing combinatorial structures, How can these be applied to those families that are of interest to theoretical computer scientists and combinatorialists? Among those families considered are unlabeled graphs, first-order one properties, Hamiltonian graphs, graphs with cliques of specified order, and k-colorable graphs. Some related work is also included that compares the listing problem with the difficulty of solving the existence problem, the construction problem, the random sampling problem, and the counting problem. In particular, the difficulty of evaluating Polya's cycle polynomial is demonstrated.
Guidelines for Teachers Using Religious Materials

eligion in public middle and secondary school classrooms continues to engender controversy. Public school students represent a wide range of philosophical persuasions and religious beliefs. Even so, the importance of religious beliefs to most individuals and the effects of religion upon our laws and ethics are commonly accepted realities. It is important for public school teachers to understand the relationship between religion and the public schools in order to ensure that what takes place in classrooms is legal and proper.
Accentuated type I reversibility of maize DNA denaturation thermal stability conferred by guanine-cytosine-rich tracts.

Abstract Maize seedling DNA has been characterized with respect to the reformation of double-stranded structures after heat denaturation. Two types of reversibility [Geiduschek, E. P. (1962) J. Mol. Biol. 4, 467–487] are demonstrated. Type II reversibility, the intermolecular reassociation of complementary sequences in completely separated strands, is followed as a decrease in absorbance. Type I, the intramolecular reannealing of partially separated strands, is demonstrated by three independent techniques (absorbance change, binding to nitrocellulose filters and thermal chromatography on hydroxyapatite). Type I reversibility in maize DNA is accentuated both in its ubiquity (half the base pairs are reformed) and in the stability (at 99 °C in 0.18 M Na + ) of the nucleation sites responsible for this behavior. Data are presented which indicate that such stability is due to the presence of regions of greater than 70 % guanine-cytosine base pairs in DNA of overall base composition 46 % G+C . Such regions occur an average of once per 4800 base pairs, have a maximum mean length of 250 base pairs and are distributed among adjacent segments of both high and low G+C content.
On the Achievable Rate of a Class of Acoustic Channels and Practical Power Allocation Strategies for OFDM Systems

In this paper, we consider a class of single-input–multiple-output (SIMO) underwater acoustic communication channels, where each propagation path can be characterized by a complex-valued Gaussian block-fading model. The capacity of such channels is computed and analyzed using three power allocation strategies: waterfilling, uniform, and on–off uniform power allocation across the signal bandwidth. Our analysis considers the effects of imperfect channel estimation, delayed feedback, and pilot overhead, which are found to contribute to about 1 (b/s)/Hz loss from 4 (b/s)/Hz at 20-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the experimental channel. We find that given the long feedback delays associated with acoustic channels, all-on uniform power allocation, which does not require feedback and is simple to implement, emerges as a justified practical solution that outperforms the other strategies. Furthermore, when considering acoustic-specific propagation effects, such as frequency-dependent attenuation and colored noise, considerable gain can be achieved by selecting the frequency band according to the attenuation pattern and the available transmit power, e.g., at least 6-dB gain for a 10-km link when compared to transmission over a preselected frequency band of 10–15 kHz.
Wave operators for multi-channel long-range scattering

We consider a multichannel scattering system composed of N ⩾ 2 spinless, distinguishable, nonrelativistic particles, each with configuration space ℝ3 and interacting pairwise by local potentials V ij (1 ⩽ i < j ⩽ N) consisting of long-range and short-range parts. Each V ij can be chosen, roughly, with the same degree of generality as in ALSHOLM [3], when the configuration space in the latter reference is taken as ℝ3. Using techniques similar to those of ALSHOLM [2,3], we have proved for the class of potentials considered that suitable modified wave operators μ ± α . exist and have a generalized intertwining property for each channel α such that the corresponding bound states have a mild decay property of infinity. For the present class of V ij 's, this property is known to be possessed by those bound states corresponding to eigenvalues of the discrete spectrum of the pertinent cluster Hamiltonian, or even to arbitrary nonthreshold eigenvalues if in addition the V ij 's are dilatation analytic. We have also proved that the usual range-orthogonality property of the μ ± α holds under the conditions stated below. The results of this paper can be readily generalized to the case when the single-particle configuration space is ℝv(v ⩾ 1).
Au-delà de la pensée binaire en traductologie : esquisse d’une analyse sociologique des positions traductives en traduction littéraire

En traductologie, les notions generalement admises, telles que « source » et « cible », « propre » et « etranger », « domestication » et « foreignization », « adequacy » et « acceptability » ont tendance a offrir de la traduction une image binaire. Cet article tente de penser la traduction au-dela du binarisme, en particulier du couple « interne/externe », en redefinissant de facon succincte les notions d’habitus, de champ, de capital symbolique, d’homologie, d’illusio (Bourdieu) et de signifiance (Meschonnic) en sociologie de la traduction. La notion d’habitus est examinee a propos de Maurice-Edgar Coindreau et de Marcel Duhamel, et celle d’illusio est appliquee, conjointement avec celle de signifiance, aux traductions de The Grapes of Wrath (J. Steinbeck) par Karin de Hatker et Albert Debaty ainsi que de A Farewell to Arms (E. Hemingway) par Maurice-Edgar Coindreau. L’article conclut a l’utilite des notions heritees de Bourdieu et de Meschonnic pour penser la traduction en dehors du binarisme.
Hormonal Regulation of Riboflavin Metabolism

The endocrine glands play an important role in the control of various aspects of riboflavin metabolism. The conversion of the vitamin into its active coenzyme derivatives, FMN and FAD, is subject to hormonal regulation. Hormones influence the metabolic utilization of the vitamin, the magnitude of tissue concentrations, the rate of excretion in urine, and, in certain species, the transport of the vitamin in plasma. Disturbances in the metabolism of riboflavin accompany endocrine disorders both in experimental animals and in man.
Design of predatory generation control in electric power systems

Previous work has demonstrated the potential for coordinated control of a group of generators in a manner that destabilizes other machines in the system, while maintaining (nearly) completely satisfactory performance within this control group, thereby achieving an anti-competitive objective. However, that analysis did not allow selective targeting of the area of the system experiencing the instability. The work refines the design technique to demonstrate that anti-competitive control can indeed selectively target competing generators. This is intended as evidence that the risk of predatory control is more severe than earlier analysis might have suggested, providing a cautionary note that an entity responsible for system security must have tools to guard against such behavior.
January 2006 seafloor-spreading event at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise: Ridge dike intrusion and transform fault interactions from regional hydroacoustic data

[1] An array of autonomous underwater hydrophones is used to investigate regional seismicity associated with the 22 January 2006 seafloor-spreading event on the northern East Pacific Rise near 9°50′N. Significant earthquake activity was observed beginning 3 weeks prior to the eruption, where a total of 255 earthquakes were detected within the vicinity of the 9°50′N area. This was followed by a series of 252 events on 22 January and a rapid decline to background seismicity levels during the subsequent 3 days. Because of their small magnitudes, accurate locations could be derived for only 20 of these events, 18 of which occurred during a 1-h period on 22 January. These earthquakes cluster near 9°45′N and 9°55′N, at the distal ends of the young lava flows identified posteruption, where the activity displays a distinct spatial-temporal pattern, alternating from the north to the south and then back to the north. This implies either rapid bilateral propagation along the rift or the near-simultaneous injection of melt vertically from the axial magma lens. Short-duration T wave risetimes are consistent with the eruption of lavas in the vicinity of 9°50′N on 22 January 2006. Eruptions on 12 and 15–16 January also may be inferred from the risetime data; however, the locations of these smaller-magnitude events cannot be determined accurately. Roughly 15 h after the last earthquakes were located adjacent to the eruption site, a sequence of 16 earthquakes began to the north-northeast at a distance of 25–40 km from the 9°50′N site. These events are located in vicinity of the Clipperton Transform and its western inside corner, an area from which the regional hydrophone network routinely detects seismicity. Coulomb stress modeling indicates that a dike intrusion spanning the known eruptive zone to the south (9°46′–9°56′N) would act to promote normal faulting or a combination of normal faulting and transform slip within this region, with stress changes on the order of 1–10 kPa.
Normal flow boundary conditions in 3D circulation models

SUMMARY The problem of enforcing normal transport conditions on 3D velocity fields is considered in the context of ‘wave equation’ finite element models. A procedure for strong enforcement of the transport constraint is given. The procedure is identical for Neumann (transport known) and Dirichlet (pressure known) problems, which are treated reversibly. All local mass and force balance relations are retained in the FEM system. A global mass conservation property is proven for the general 3D, discrete-time case. Examples demonstrate the quality of the solutions and the practicality of the approach.# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Algorithm for 2-User Downlink SDMA Beamforming with Limited Feedback for MIMO-OFDM Systems

Recent information theoretic results on MIMO broadcast channels have promoted research attention on devising practical transmit-receive strategies that achieve a reasonable fraction of the broadcast capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm for SDMA weight construction for two users. The weights are chosen to represent a subspace that lies between the dominant signal subspace of one user and the nullspace of the other. This proposal is unique due to its practical considerations - a broadband MIMO broadcast channel employing OFDM, imperfect CSI at the transmitter in the form of codebook based limited feedback, coded BER as a performance metric, and the ability to choose the users for SDMA arbitrarily. Simulation results in an IEEE 802.16e-style setup show that a coded BER within 1-2 dB of the case of perfect CSI can be achieved with a feedback of less than 1 bit per subcarrier. Additionally, maximum ratio combining receivers suffice and they may be oblivious to the multi-user nature of the SDMA transmission.
Differences in predation among morphotypes of the rotifer Asplanchna silvestrii

Summary 1. Interactions were observed between three morphotypes of the predatory rotifer Asplanchna silvestrii and six different prey (Brachionus plicatilis, B. rotundiformis, B. pterodinoides, B. satanicus, Hexarthra jenkinae and copepod nauplii) to understand the differences in feeding abilities among morphotypes that may have led to the evolution of this predator polymorphism. The outcome of predation events was affected significantly, both by predator morphotype and prey type. Predator morphotypes also interacted differently with different prey types. 2. The two smaller morphotypes, the saccate and the cruciform, responded similarly to prey overall, except that the smallest morphotype (saccate) was unable to ingest the most mobile prey (nauplii) and less able to ingest relatively large prey (B. plicatilis). The largest morphotype, the campanulate, had the highest encounter rate with prey, but the lowest probability of attack after encounter, so that it consumed far fewer prey per feeding bout than did the smaller morphotypes. This may have been because campanulates prefer larger prey than used in this study. 3. Highly mobile prey (H. jenkinae and copepod nauplii) were much less susceptible to predation than the less mobile Brachionus species. While evasiveness reduced attacks by saccates and cruciforms, campanulates did not have a significantly lower attack rate on H. jenkinae and copepod nauplii than on less evasive prey. Large body size moderately defended B. plicatilis against ingestion by saccates only. The short-spined B. satanicus was the only prey that was rejected after capture, resulting in lower ingestion probabilities for B. satanicus than other brachionid prey.
Merits and potential downsides of the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines

Abstract New guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association on cholesterol management introduced substantial changes from the previous Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines and generated an immediate storm of controversy upon their release in November 2013. Four categories of individuals that can benefit from statin therapy, including three high-risk groups, have been identified. The fourth category of primary prevention has proven to be the most contentious, with criticism centering on the algorithm used to estimate ten-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the optimal threshold for statin therapy. Although the risk assessment algorithm can be further refined, it represents an improvement from the previous calculator since it better captures risk in women and African Americans. However, the elimination of lipid targets in the new guidelines discounts a wealth of clinical trial and epidemiological evidence indicating that, with regards to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, “lower is better.” Recommendations regarding the use of nonstatin drugs, while appropriate, could potentially be revised in the future. In general, the new guidelines stress the necessity of addressing the multiple factors that contribute to cardiovascular risk, and they provide a valuable opportunity for physicians to address the importance of lifestyle modifications to lower a patient's overall risk.
Incremental Validity of Anxiety Sensitivity in Terms of Motivation to Quit, Reasons for Quitting, and Barriers to Quitting Among Community-Recruited Daily Smokers

The present investigation examined the relationships between anxiety sensitivity and motivation to quit smoking, barriers to smoking cessation, and reasons for quitting smoking among 329 adult daily smokers (160 females; M age =26.08 years, SD=10.92). As expected, after covarying for the theoretically relevant variables of negative affectivity, gender, Axis I psychopathology, nonclinical panic attack history, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and current levels of alcohol consumption, we found that anxiety sensitivity was significantly incrementally related to level of motivation to quit smoking as well as current barriers to quitting smoking. Partially consistent with the hypotheses, after accounting for the variance explained by other theoretically relevant variables, we found that anxiety sensitivity was significantly associated with self-control reasons for quitting smoking (intrinsic factors) as well as immediate reinforcement and social influence reasons for quitting (extrinsic factors). Results are discussed in relation to better understanding the role of anxiety sensitivity in psychological processes associated with smoking cessation.
Comparison of Numerical Schemes for a Realistic Computational Aeroacoustics Benchmark Problem

In this work, a nonlinear block-structured CAA solver, the NASA Glenn Research Center BASS code, is tested on a realistic CAA benchmark problem in order to ascertain what effect the high-accuracy solution methods used in CAA have on a realistic test problem. In this test, the nonlinear 2-D compressible Euler equations are solved on a fully curvilinear grid from a commercial grid generator. The solutions are obtained using several finite-difference methods on an identical grid to determine the relative performance of these spatial differencing schemes on this benchmark problem.
Culture of impact: faculty as mentors for student entrepreneurs.

![Figure][1] Dr. Glenn D. Prestwich There is an evolutionary—some might say revolutionary—change occurring at universities. In the traditional “ivory tower” model, if you get grant funding, publish in top journals, and win awards, then your faculty colleagues respect you. This
Inferring router statistics with IP timestamps

This paper describes our initial experiences with using the IP timestamp option to infer router statistics such as traffic shape and CPU load. By deducing this information through the use of an IP option, we can gather these statistics without administrative access to the router under study. This creates the potential for researchers to gather basic statistics from routers in wide-area networks which support this option.
Meanings and practical knowledge of people with long-term urinary catheters

The lived experience of people with long-term indwelling urethral catheters is described and interpreted. This hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenologic study used Merleau-Ponty's philosophy and van Manen's methodology. Fourteen adults aged 35 to 95 years who had worn a catheter more than 4 months (range = 6 months to 18 years) comprised the purposive sample. Data were obtained through audiotaped and transcribed interviews conducted in the homes of participants. The study provided both meanings and practical knowledge related to the experience of catheter use. Despite its drawbacks, participants recognized the device's value in their daily lives and weighed its positive features against concerns associated with long-term use. Individual meanings included making aesthetic harmony with a new catheter, the convenience of the catheter compared with the inconvenience of incontinence, and the catheter as a symbol and reminder of one's mortality. Practical knowledge related to participants' awareness of their catheter needs and practices, such as features of supplies, intervals for changes, catheter insertions, emptying the urine bag, and changes associated with sex. Knowledge of the lived experience with a urinary catheter can assist nurses in sensitive decision making about care and help them become better patient advocates.
Severe vision loss and neovascular glaucoma complicating superior ophthalmic vein approach to carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.

Purpose To report a patient with unilateral vision loss and neovascular glaucoma after attempted superior ophthalmic vein embolization in the treatment of a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Methods A 69-year-old man with a history of a left dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula underwent attempted treatment with superior ophthalmic vein embolization. The procedure was unsuccessful, and the left superior ophthalmic vein was ligated. Results Uncontrolled left proptosis and intraocular pressure necessitated urgent orbital decompression with severe vision loss and neovascular glaucoma. Conclusion Superior ophthalmic vein embolization in the management of carotid-cavernous fistula may be associated with vision-threatening complications.
48 Urinary Acid Excretion in the Intact Lamb Fetus

The role of the fetal kidney in regulating acid-base elimination in the intact fetus has not been elucidated. This study was designed to investigate the response of the intact fetus to acute acid loading with hydrochloric acid. The lamb fetus is delivered by Caesarean section onto a warm table adjacent to the mother. The umbilical cord was protected and the fetal pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature were monitored continuously. The fetal external jugular, carotid artery and both ureters were cannulated. The glomerular filtration rates, urine ammonia, titratable acidity (TA), phosphate, chloride and blood pH, pCO2 and chloride were measured during two 30 minute control periods. 0.3 molar hydrochloric acid was then infused into the fetus at a rate to maintain the fetal blood pH between 6.9 and 7.1. The results during the control (Basal) and test periods are shown below for 7 fetal preparations:
Introduction to the Special Issue: African Americans and Tourism

Abstract The relationship between African Americans and tourism is a complex and conflicted one given the highly discriminatory history of hospitality in the USA and the inequalities that still characterize the industry. Yet, African American tourists are an increasingly important and profitable segment of the travel market and there are a growing number of destinations that are decidedly antiracist in their message. Social justice is attracting more attention from tourism scholars than in the past, but the African American experience remains underanalyzed, thus prompting the organization of this Special Issue.
Integrating Informative Priors from Experimental Research with Bayesian Methods: An Example from Radiation Epidemiology

Informative priors can be a useful tool for epidemiologists to handle problems of sparse data in regression modeling. It is sometimes the case that an investigator is studying a population exposed to two agents, X and Y, where Y is the agent of primary interest. Previous research may suggest that the exposures have different effects on the health outcome of interest, one being more harmful than the other. Such information may be derived from epidemiologic analyses; however, in the case where such evidence is unavailable, knowledge can be drawn from toxicologic studies or other experimental research. Unfortunately, using toxicologic findings to develop informative priors in epidemiologic analyses requires strong assumptions, with no established method for its utilization. We present a method to help bridge the gap between animal and cellular studies and epidemiologic research by specification of an order-constrained prior. We illustrate this approach using an example from radiation epidemiology.
Anglo‐Saxon innovation and the use of the senses in the Old English Physiologus poems

(1997). Anglo‐Saxon innovation and the use of the senses in the Old English Physiologus poems. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Promoting physical activity in teen girls: insight from focus groups

Purpose To describe adolescent girls' views about physical activity and explore strategies that nurses can use to promote physical activity. Study design and methods A qualitative study using focus groups and interviews with 28 girls (12-18 years of age) recruited from schools and neighborhood health centers in a Midwest metropolitan area. An interview guide with 15 open-ended questions was used, and data were analyzed using content analysis. Results Most girls preferred the phrase "physical activity" over "exercise." The benefits most frequently mentioned included positive physical attributes, mental health benefits, and staying healthy. Three major themes were identified: autonomy (ask them what they like to do, and then provide choices), fun (being with friends, variation, and enjoyment), and body image (gaining weight, appearance, and self-confidence). Clinical implications Nursing interventions to promote physical activity and other healthy lifestyle changes that may prevent obesity should include active listening and a focus on the goals of the teen. Nurses need to evaluate their teaching and counseling approach, because the teens emphasized two points: "Don't tell me what to do" and "Don't put me down."
Inflammation compromises renal dopamine D1 receptor function in rats

We tested the effects of inflammation on renal dopamine D1 receptor signaling cascade, a key pathway that maintains sodium homeostasis and blood pressure during increased salt intake. Inflammation was produced by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 4 mg/kg ip) to rats provided without (normal salt) and with 1% NaCl in drinking water for 2 wk (high salt). Control rats had saline injection and received tap water. We found that LPS increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the rats given either normal- or high-salt intake. Also, these rats had higher levels of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde and nitrotyrosine, and lower levels of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in the renal proximal tubules (RPTs). The nuclear levels of transcription factors NF-κB increased and Nrf2 decreased in the RPTs in response to LPS in rats given normal and high salt. Furthermore, D1 receptor numbers, D1 receptor proteins, and D1 receptor agonist (SKF38393)-mediated 35S-GTPγS binding decreased in the RPTs in these rats. The basal activities of Na-K-ATPase in the RPTs were similar in control and LPS-treated rats given normal and high salt. SKF38393 caused inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity in the primary cultures of RPTs treated with vehicle but not in the cultures treated with LPS. Furthermore, LPS caused an increase in blood pressure in the rats given high salt but not in the rats given normal salt. These results suggest that LPS differentially regulates NF-κB and Nrf2, produces inflammation, decreases antioxidant enzyme, increases oxidative stress, and causes D1 receptor dysfunction in the RPTs. The LPS-induced dysfunction of renal D1 receptors alters salt handling and causes hypertension in rats during salt overload.
Thyroxine-induced calorigenesis in frog liver: insensitivity to ouabain.

Abstract Oxygen consumption of liver tissue from leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens complex) given five daily injections of thyroxine (2 μg/l0 g body wt) was 20% higher than the oxygen uptake by liver tissue from control animals. Since inhibition of Na + K + ATPase with ouabain (10 −3 M ) had no detectable effect on oxygen consumption of liver tissue from either hyperthyroid or control frogs, it seems that the contribution of active Na + transport to the overall metabolism of liver tissue was too small to be detected by the method of respirometry used in this study. Thus, the thyroxine-induced calorigenesis manifest by liver of leopard frogs cannot be attributed to stimulation of the “sodium pump.”
Extracellular calcium and action potentials of soma and dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells

Abstract Calcuim activity ([Ca2+]0) and focal potentials were recorded from dendritic and cell body layers of CA1 and CA3 regions of slices of hippocampal tissue. Responses were evoked by focal stimulation of afferent fiber bundles. In order to evoke a detectable decrease of [Ca2+]0, stimulation had to be intense enough to cause postsynaptic discharge of action potentials; evoking EPSPs alone was insufficient. Responses of [Ca2+] were consistently greater in stratum pyramidale than in stratum radiatum. It is concluded that in hippocampal tissue activation of soma and proximal dendritic membranes is the most important contribution to the decrease of [Ca2+]0 in response to afferent stimulation.
On bowtie rings, universal survival rings and universal lying-over rings

If (R,M) is a quasilocal integral domain of Krull dimension n, 1<n≤∞, and E is the direct sum of denumerably many copies of R/M, then T:=R⋈E is a reduced n-dimensional universal survival ring which is not a universal lying-over ring. In fact, T is a new kind of such ring, as T is not (isomorphic to) an A+B construction and T is not a ring of continuous real-valued functions. The analysis includes identifying all the prime ideals of T and showing that T is its own total quotient ring and satisfies Property A. The assertion would fail if n=1, as T would be a universal lying-over ring in this case. It is also shown that a (commutative unital) ring A satisfies Property A if and only if each ideal of A that consists only of zero-divisors survives in the complete ring of quotients of A.
Anomalous Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering From Evolving Microstructures during Tensile Creep

Ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering provides quantitative and statistically significant information on the size distribution of electron density inhomogeneities with dimensions between ≈100 A and ≈5 μm. All sizes are sampled simultaneously with a single experiment, removing the possibility of observational bias. In a material such as commercial silicon nitride, where the inhomogeneities are due to populations of intergranular secondary phases and voids of similar dimensions, the scattering contains contributions from each individual population. A single USAXS scan cannot separate overlapping populations of scatterers due to the different contrasts of the microstructural components. Anomalous USAXS (A-USAXS) is an elementspecific contrast variation method to vary the scattering contribution from one of the populations while holding that of the other populations fixed. To follow the size evolution under tensile creep of both the cavities and the Yb disilicate secondary phases, A-USAXS data was measured near the Yb LIII absorption edge. Creep cavity and disilicate size distributions were each determined as a function of deformation.
Comments on Heap, Boblitt, Moore, and Hord's “Behavior-Milieu Therapy with Chronic Neuropsychiatric Patients”

A recent study by Heap, Boblitt, Moore, and Hord (1970), comparing the combined effects of token economy, milieu, and attitude therapies with a no-treatment chronic ward control group, is criticized because of several methodological deficiencies: confounding of several treatment modalities, incomparable living arrangements for experimentals and controls, and the absence of an “attention-placebo” control group. An alternative experimental design is offered and suggestions for further research employing token economic methods are outlined.
Influence of temperature on cyclic stress response, strain resistance, and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 2524

Abstract In this paper, the cyclic stress response, strain resistance, and cyclic fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 2524 is examined. Test specimens of the alloy was cycled at both the ambient and elevated temperatures using, tension-compression loading (load-ratio of −1.0), under total strain control, over a range of plastic strains giving less than 10 4 cycles to failure. The alloy displayed combinations of hardening and softening in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the wrought plate. The alloy followed the Coffm–Manson relation, and exhibited a single slope for the variation of cyclic plastic strain amplitude with reversals to failure. Fracture of the alloy samples was predominantly transgranular for both orientations, with microscopic crack propagation along the grain boundaries. The stress response characteristics, and fracture behavior of the alloy are discussed in terms of competing and synergistic influences of cyclic plastic strain amplitude, response stress, intrinsic microstructural effects, and dislocation-microstructure interactions during cyclic straining.
Evaluating the uncertainty induced by the virtual salt flux assumption in climate simulations and future projections

Abstract The unphysical virtual salt flux (VSF) formulation widely used in the ocean component of climate models has the potential to cause systematic and significant biases in modeling the climate system and projecting its future evolution. Here a freshwater flux (FWF) and a virtual salt flux version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1) are used to evaluate and quantify the uncertainties induced by the VSF formulation. Both unforced and forced runs with the two model versions are performed and compared in detail. It is found that the differences between the two versions are generally small or statistically insignificant in the unforced control runs and in the runs with a small external forcing. In response to a large external forcing, however, some biases in the VSF version become significant, especially the responses of regional salinity and global sea level. However, many fundamental aspects of the responses differ only quantitatively between the two versi...
Imipramine associations with plasma components and its uptake by cultured human cells

Abstract It has been proposed that in vivo variability in response to certain hydrophobic chemicals or drugs, such as imipramine, may be due in part to the varying plasma lipid levels in patients. The distribution of [3H] imipramine into the lipoproteins of human plasma was therefore studied. Differential density centrifugation of plasma containing [3H] imipramine resulted in flotation of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL) and approximately one-third of the total 3H radioactivity. Twelve percent of the radioactivity was present in the sedimented fraction which included most of the plasma proteins. There appeared to be little specific binding of [3H] imipramine to VLDL or LDL, as shown by ultracentrifugation, dialysis and column chromatography. [3H] Imipramine was readily incorporated into cultured human fibroblasts; no differences were observed in cellular uptake whether it was added to the medium in plasma, LDL or HDL. Also, no differences in uptake of [3H] imiprramine by LDL-receptor positive and receptor negative cells were noted. These experiments indicate that LDL is not a major vehicle for the transport of this drug and that both the bound and free fractions are available for cellular uptake.
An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST)

An automated version of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test is described that employs a relatively inexpensive, commercially available microcomputer to present and score the task. Advantages of the automated DSST include: (1) objective scoring of both speed and accuracy of test performance, (2) printed copies of test scores, (3) convenient administration under standardized test conditions, and (4) the capacity for repeated assessment of an individual’s performance over time. Task performance data for individual subjects following doses of pentobarbital are presented; these data illustrate both the stability of task performance under constant conditions and the within-subjects sensitivity of task performance to experimental manipulations.
Sketch-based modeling of smooth surfaces using adaptive curve networks

We present a new 3D surface modeling method that enables a rapid creation and modification of globally smooth surfaces from curve networks. The key feature of the proposed method is that it assumes the sketched curve networks to be malleable rather than rigid, thus enabling a mediation between curve interpolation versus surface smoothness. In the first step, the user sketches a network topology in the form of cubic feature edges. The curve network serves as an initial control mesh, from which a subdivision surface is computed. The subdivision surface is then iteratively modified to make the limit surface interpolate the original curve network at an arbitrary number of points, while minimizing the curvature variation energy of the surface. For networks in which this forced interpolation causes undesirable distortions to the surface, the network is automatically adjusted to make it conform to a smoothed version of the surface. This approach enables a concurrent modeling of the curve network and the underlying surface, thus eliminating the need for a laborious, iterative adjustment of the curve network for smooth surface creation.
Competition between Dipolar Relaxation and Double Proton Transfer in the Electronic Spectroscopy of Pyrroloquinolines

The molecule 1-H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline (1-HPQ) (alternatively pyrido[3,2-g]indole) and its 1-methyl derivative (1-MPQ) are shown to exhibit a pronounced dipolar-relaxation red shift of their principal fluorescence in protic solvents. For 1-HPQ, the red shift is Δν = 2232 cm-1, comparing methanol with methylcyclohexane solutions (λmax 363−395 nm for 1-HPQ, 298 K). For 1-HPQ a second, weaker long-wavelength fluorescence is observed at λmax 565 nm in methanol at 298 K, a shift of 7617 cm-1 from the fluorescence band maximum of the normal tautomer (at 395 nm); this is shown to be a proton-transfer tautomer fluorescence. The dual fluorescence of 1-HPQ in protic solvents is evidently the result of an unusual competition between the competing pathways of dipolar relaxation and excited state proton transfer. Two models are discussed for the excitation dynamics, leading to the conclusion that two populations of solvated 1-HPQ molecules exist in protic solvents, one promoting excited state double proton transfer ...
Preferred Homo- and Hetero-Dimeric Configurations of All Major Opioid Receptor Subtypes as Predicted by Simulated Self-Association in Explicit Lipid-Water Environment

Recent crystallographic structures of G protein-coupled receptors, including members of the opioid receptor subfamily, have shown inter-protomer contacts between parallel orientations of the receptors within the crystal. Although it is tempting to speculate that these parallel arrangements are indicative of physiologically relevant dimeric configurations, it is unclear whether they would preferentially form within a lipid environment. We have performed a series of unbiased, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to compare the ability of mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid receptors (MOP, KOP and DOP, respectively) to freely associate into homo- or heteromeric configurations in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/cholesterol bilayer. Twenty-five independent system setups, each containing sixteen equally spaced and randomly oriented parallel receptors, were simulated for 10 microseconds each, to investigate spontaneous self-assembly of DOP, MOP, or KOP homomers, as well as DOP-MOP and DOP-KOP heteromers, using the MARTINI coarse-grained force field. From these 250 microseconds of simulation we have identified several common dimeric arrangements, predominantly involving specific combinations of transmembrane helices TM1, TM2, TM4, TM5 and TM6, and the juxtamembrane helix 8. Unlike the TM5/TM6 and TM1/TM2/H8 interfaces observed in the MOP crystal structure, the TM1/TM2/H8 interface presented by the KOP crystal structure was reliably reproduced during spontaneous association of the KOP, DOP, and DOP-KOP dimers within the lipid environment. MOP dimers did reproduce other crystallographic dimers sporadically, namely the TM1/TM2/H8 and TM5/TM6 interfaces from the beta2-adrenergic receptor and CXCR4 crystal structures, respectively. These extensive simulation data provide testable hypotheses of likely homo- and hetero-dimerization interfaces, as well as diffusion rates, for all major opioid receptor subtypes, contributing important insights into the nature of association of these receptors in a lipid membrane environment.
Real-Time and Robust Estimation of Biodiesel Blends Using NOx Sensor

Biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel produces lower exhaust emissions with the exception of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) when compared to the conventional diesel fuel. Reducing nitrogen oxides produced from engines running on biodiesel is a challenging task to be able to meet the emission requirements. Knowledge of fuel blend could be very helpful for control and adaptation purposes to tune the engine control system parameters leading to lower NOx emission and improved engine performance. Proposed in this paper is a NOx sensor-based biodiesel blend estimation strategy. This strategy is fitted in a robust adaptive estimation structure for achieving a robust estimation. Sensitivity analysis has been done to check the robustness of the estimators against measurement errors.Copyright © 2011 by ASME and General Motors
Combinatorial group testing methods for the BIST diagnosis problem

We examine an abstract formulation of BIST diagnosis in digital logic systems. The BIST diagnosis problem has applications that include identification of erroneous test vectors, faulty scan cells, faulty modules, and faulty logic blocks in FPGAs. We develop an abstract model of this problem and show a fundamental correspondence to the well-established subject of combinatorial group testing (CGT) [Ding-Zhu Du et al., (1994)]. Armed with this new perspective, we show how to improve on a number of existing techniques in the VLSI diagnosis literature. In addition, we adapt and apply a number of CGT algorithms that are well-suited to the diagnosis problem in the digital realm. We also propose completely new methods and empirically evaluate the different algorithms. Our experiments show that results of the proposed algorithms outperform recent diagnosis techniques [J. Ghosh-Dastidar et al. (1999), (2000), J. Rajski et al. (1997)]. Finally, we point out future directions that can lead to new solutions for the BIST diagnosis problem.
Individual differences in childhood neurobehavior disinhibition predict decision to desist substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder in young adulthood: A prospective study

Genetic, physiological and psychological investigations have demonstrated that deficient inhibitory regulation amplifies the risk for substance use disorder (SUD). This study extends this line of research by determining the association between childhood neurobehavior disinhibition and decision to desist substance use following prevention intervention during adolescence. The sample consisted of 302 boys who were evaluated at ages 10-12, 12-14, 16, and 19. Results indicated that childhood neurobehavior disinhibition negatively covaried with decision to desist substance use during adolescence. These two variables predicted acceleration of drug consumption frequency during adolescence and DSM-IV diagnosis of SUD by age 19. Decision to desist drug use did not mediate the association between neurobehavior disinhibition and substance use/SUD. The findings indicate that substance abuse prevention would be potentiated by ameliorating childhood neurobehavior disinhibition.
Circumventing anxiety during interpersonal encounters to promote interest in contact: An implementation intention approach

Abstract Interactions with new acquaintances are often filled with anxiety that can reduce the desire for long-term contact. The present research tested whether providing participants with implementation intentions (“if–then” plans) that specify how to act when feeling anxious boosted interest in sustained contact and close interpersonal distance. Implementation intentions led to increased interest in sustained contact during anxiety-provoking interactions in the laboratory (Study 1) and daily interracial interactions (Study 2). They also led to closer interpersonal distance in anticipation of interracial interactions (Study 3). Implementation intentions were more effective than forming goal-directed responses (Studies 1, 2, & 3), or not forming a self-regulation strategy (Studies 2 & 3), and were effective over multiple interactions and across time, despite being learned only once (Study 2). Participants across conditions reported similar levels of anxiety, suggesting that promoting an interest in sustained contact can be accomplished without reducing anxiety, but rather, by shielding individuals from the negative effects of anxiety during social interactions.
The uniform asymptotic stability of certain neutral differential-difference equations

Abstract In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a general class of neutral differential-difference equations to be exponentially stable. This condition is expressed in terms of certain bilinear functionals which are the equivalent of quadratic Liapunov functions for finite-dimensional systems.
Reciprocal Interactions of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Receptor-Mediated Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Although the blood-brain barrier limits free passage of peptides and proteins from the peripheral circulation to the central nervous system, specific transport systems for insulin and IGF-I have been identified. To further determine whether insulin and IGF-I share the same transport system, and if not, whether the two transport systems interact with each other, we performed multiple-time regression analysis in mice after iv injection and in situ brain perfusion of these peptides. Insulin and IGF-I caused reciprocal inhibition of each other's transport, although the effect of insulin was detected only by the in situ brain perfusion system. The interaction took place mainly at the step of cell surface binding as seen in cultured rat brain endothelium 4 brain microvessel endothelial cells. Further studies in 3T3 cells stably overexpressing the insulin receptor showed that the sharing of the transport systems was only partial. We conclude that insulin and IGF-I are mainly transported by their own transport systems, but a small amount can enter the brain by their "noncognate" transporters. The redundancy of their transport systems illustrates the regulatory function of the blood-brain barrier and reflects the importance of blood-borne insulin and IGF-I in the central nervous system.