cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of neuroscience and its social impact

Abstract The history of the brain sciences is replete with “breakthroughs” later found to be unsupported by the evidence, advanced prematurely without unbiased results, based on inadequate sampling, and/or promoted by ulterior motives. Growing attention is being directed at reproducibility in science, with calls for more rigor in the assessment of methods, transparency in reporting results, and establishing best practices. Some famous erroneous theories, along with current unsupported practices, are pointed out. A call for the Popperian principle of falsifiability, not advancing a hypothesis until it has been adequately tested and has survived the gauntlet of skepticism from the experimenter, is made. In addition, we consider the transition from the tyranny of behaviorism and the lack of free will to an approach based on the intrinsic activity of the brain and its interaction with the environment to create thought and action as emergent properties. Armed with such a powerful and hopeful avenue anchored in free will and enormous potential, we look forward to the application of the best principles that science has to offer society. One of these is the acceptance and respect for those with mental disorders in our courts.
Immunotherapy-induced severe neutropenia with neurotoxicity: A case of a 75-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis diagnosed with melanoma.

IntroductionImmune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the field of oncology moving immuno-oncology to the forefront of cancer treatment. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors can result in seri...
Fuzzy Petri Nets-Based Intelligent Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network

Ad hoc network is a collection of devices with wireless communications. The issue in this network is energy conservation that is equipped with limited batteries, scalability, low-quality communication, and resource-constrained computation that defines limited amount of network bandwidth. To minimize this uncertainty problem in the network, a soft computing technique is used, i.e., Fuzzy Petri Net. The proposed method consists of two phases such as evaluation of fuzzy cost and route selection. The first phase evaluates fuzzy cost of node and link using fuzzy logic. The second phase is used to evaluate the optimal route with the help of FPN model. The proposed method is simulated in Python in terms of some network resources and validate different feasible paths of the network.
Perfusion controls muscle glucose uptake by altering the rate of glucose dispersion in vivo

These studies test, using intravital microscopy (IVM), the hypotheses that perfusion effects on insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake (MGU) are 1) capillary recruitment independent and 2) mediat...
The Association between Gestational Weight Gain in Each Trimester and Pregnancy Outcomes in Twin Pregnancies.

Objective Adequate maternal weight gain in twin pregnancies is associated with improved outcomes such as increased fetal growth and decreased incidence of preterm birth. However, it remains unclear when gestational weight gain has the greatest influence on pregnancy outcomes. Our objective was to identify at which time in a twin pregnancy does inadequate maternal weight gain have the greatest association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of women with twin pregnancies and normal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) who delivered at ≥24 weeks' gestation by a single maternal–fetal medicine practice between 2005 and 2017. Baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with and without adequate average gestational weight gain (weight gain per week based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations). This analysis was performed for weight gain over the entire pregnancy, as well as from 0 to 16, 16 to 24, and 24 weeks to delivery. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to control for potential confounding variables. Results A total of 609 women with twin pregnancies and normal prepregnancy BMI were included, of whom 386 (63.4%) had adequate average gestational weight gain over the entire pregnancy and 223 (36.6%) did not. Inadequate average gestational weight gain between 0 and 16 weeks' gestation was associated with a higher incidence of birthweight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.51) and less than the 5th percentile for gestational age (aOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.29–3.40). Inadequate gestational weight gain between 16 and 24 weeks was associated with lower birthweight of the larger twin (β: –0.09; p = 0.04). Inadequate weight gain from 24 weeks to delivery was associated with spontaneous preterm birth Conclusion In twin pregnancies, gestational weight gain between 0 and 16 weeks as well as between 16 and 24 weeks is most associated with fetal growth, whereas gestational weight gain after 24 weeks is most associated with preterm birth. This may help elucidate the mechanism of action of the impact of gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies.
Factors Affecting Dimensional Accuracy of 3-D Printed Anatomical Structures Derived from CT Data

Additive manufacturing and bio-printing, with the potential for direct fabrication of complex patient-specific anatomies derived from medical scan data, are having an ever-increasing impact on the practice of medicine. Anatomic structures are typically derived from CT or MRI scans, and there are multiple steps in the model derivation process that influence the geometric accuracy of the printed constructs. In this work, we compare the dimensional accuracy of 3-D printed constructs of an L1 vertebra derived from CT data for an ex vivo cadaver T-L spine with the original vertebra. Processing of segmented structures using binary median filters and various surface extraction algorithms is evaluated for the effect on model dimensions. We investigate the effects of changing CT reconstruction kernels by scanning simple geometric objects and measuring the impact on the derived model dimensions. We also investigate if there are significant differences between physical and virtual model measurements. The 3-D models were printed using a commercial 3-D printer, the Replicator 2 (MakerBot, Brooklyn, NY) using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. We found that changing parameters during the scan reconstruction, segmentation, filtering, and surface extraction steps will have an effect on the dimensions of the final model. These effects need to be quantified for specific situations that rely on the accuracy of 3-D printed models used in medicine or tissue engineering applications.
Enhancing Teachers' Competence in Building Students' Numeracy in Grades K-3

Supporting growth in problem solving is key to capacity development for both teachers and students. When teachers engage in rich academic conversations that inquire deeply into content and pedagogy, they have an opportunity to cultivate student capacity to engage in rich academic discourse, problem solving and mathematical learning. In this study, we examined an intensive professional development training intervention in which teacher participants learned to use and understand the Teaching Learning Community (TLC) approach, design and connect standards-based lessons, and nurture a mindset of learning and thinking like a problem solver among students and teachers alike. We further examined whether there were any differences in students’ MAP test scores over time among students whose teachers participated in the intervention and students whose teachers did not participate. Findings from the Analysis of Variance of students’ MAP test scores indicated that students whose teachers participated in the intervention demonstrated more growth in mathematical proficiency, particularly in Grade 3. Thus, implementing an intervention like the one described herein that provides the appropriate resources to teachers, education in the form of high-quality professional development, and an opportunity to collaborate with peers and experts can result in direct improvement to student achievement in math.
Implications of additive manufacturing on supply chain and logistics

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has attracted the interest of industrial professionals and researchers in the last years. This interest lies primarily in understanding the trends, benefits, and implications of AM technology on supply chain (SC) and logistics, as it requires reconfiguring the supply chain based on a distributed manufacturing strategy, closer to the consumer market, with shorter lead times and less raw materials. It still is an emerging field, and needs further study. Therefore, a better understanding of main trends will contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about AM technology and its consolidation. This article seeks to investigate the implications of AM, as an advanced manufacturing model, on SC and logistics. A four-step research method was used to develop a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis on the AM implications in SC and logistics. The main implications of AM on SC and logistics were classified in seven key issues gathered as result of the literature review. Additionally, bibliometric study allowed understanding researches major trends in this field. The key aspects highlighted and characterized as major implications of AM on SC and logistic are: supply chain complexity reduction; more flexible logistics and inventory management; better spreading and popularization of mass customization; decentralization of manufacturing; greater design freedom and rapid prototyping; increasing of resource efficiency and sustainability, and the need to have clearly defined legal and safety aspects.
Ammonia Recovery from Hydrolyzed Human Urine by Forward Osmosis with Acidified Draw Solution.

Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-pressure membrane process that can selectively separate low molecular weight neutral compounds such as ammonia from urine. However, an understanding of how un-ionized ...
Residual Fringe Visibility for Enhancing Image Contrast of Numerical Reconstruction in Digital Off-Axis Holography

We show that background fringe pattern subtraction is a useful technique in removing static noise from off-axis holographic reconstructions and can enhance image contrast in volumetric reconstructions by an order of magnitude.
Leptin Decreases Energy Expenditure Despite Increased Thyroid Hormone in Patients With Lipodystrophy.

CONTEXT Leptin is an adipokine that signals energy sufficiency. In rodents, leptin deficiency decreases energy expenditure (EE), which is corrected following leptin replacement. In humans, data are mixed regarding leptin-mediated effects on EE. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of metreleptin on EE in patients with lipodystrophy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Nonrandomized crossover study of 25 patients with lipodystrophy (National Institutes of Health, 2013-2018). INTERVENTION The initiation cohort consisted of 17 patients without prior exposure to metreleptin, studied before and after 14 days of metreleptin. The withdrawal cohort consisted of 8 previously metreleptin-treated patients, studied before and after 14 days of metreleptin withdrawal. MAIN OUTCOMES 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), autonomic nervous system activity [heart rate variability (HrV)], plasma-free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. RESULTS In the initiation cohort, TEE and REE decreased by 5.0% (121 ± 152 kcal/day; P = 0.006) and 5.9% (120 ± 175 kcal/day; P = 0.02). Free T3 increased by 19.4% (40 ± 49 pg/dL; P = 0.01). No changes in catecholamines or HrV were observed. In the withdrawal cohort, free T3 decreased by 8.0% (P = 0.04), free T4 decreased by 11.9% (P = 0.002), and norepinephrine decreased by 34.2% (P = 0.03), but no changes in EE, epinephrine, dopamine, or HrV were observed. CONCLUSIONS Metreleptin initiation decreased EE in patients with lipodystrophy, but no changes were observed after metreleptin withdrawal. Thyroid hormone was higher on metreleptin in both initiation and withdrawal cohorts. Decreased EE after metreleptin in lipodystrophy may result from reductions in energy-requiring metabolic processes that counteract increases in EE via adipose tissue-specific neuroendocrine and adrenergic signaling.
Management Options for Sialadenosis

Sialadenosis (sialosis) is a chronic, noninflammatory, nonneoplastic, bilateral, often painless enlargement of the salivary glands, most frequently affecting the parotid glands. Approximately 50% of cases are associated with an underlying disease process. The pathogenesis of sialadenosis is unknown but likely results from an autonomic neuropathy. The key to management is diagnosis and management of any poorly controlled underlying medical process.
003 Autoimmune encephalitis antibody biomarkers: frequency, age and sex associations

Objective To determine the frequency, age and sex associations for autoimmune encephalitis antibody biomarkers (AE-Abs). Methods There were 42032 patients tested in the Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology Laboratory between January 2018-December 2019 for AE-Abs in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) including; NMDA-R-IgG, AMPA-R-IgG, GABAB-R-IgG, CASPR2-IgG, LGI1-IgG, GAD65-IgG, CRMP5-IgG, amphiphysin-IgG, PCA1/2/Tr-IgGs, ANNA1/2/3-IgGs, GFAP-α-IgG, mGluR1-IgG, DPPX-IgG, MOG-IgG1, were examined to determine frequency of antibody positivity. Age and sex associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Results Adult serum analysis (22,472 patients; 56% female) revealed 814 (4%) were positive: NMDA-R-IgG (25%) > GAD65-IgG (22%) > LGI1-IgG (21%) > others. Of children (5,649; 50% female), 250 (4%) were positive: NMDA-R-IgG (53%) > MOG-IgG1 (32%) > GAD65-IgG (7%) > others. Adult CSF analysis (18,745 patients; 54% female) revealed 709 (4%) were positive; NMDA-R-IgG (45%) > GAD65-IgG (19%) > LGI1-IgG (13%) > others. Of children (5136; 50% female), 276 (5%) were positive: NMDA-R-IgG (90%) > GAD65-IgG (7%) > others. Age 65 years was associated with GABAB-R-IgG, LGI1-IgG, CASPR2-IgG and ANNA1-IgG (OR=7.33, 14.98, 3.67, 14.53, p Conclusion The most frequently detected were NMDA-R-IgG, LGI1-IgG, GAD65-IgG and MOG-IgG1. Age and sex associations may suggest paraneoplastic, endocrinological or aging influences on neurological autoimmunity.
The Makings of a Culturally Savvy Lawyer: Novel Approaches For Teaching and Assessing Cross-Cultural Skills in Law School

All 205 American Bar Association-accredited Law schools in the U.S. must now define learning outcomes for their credit-bearing Juris Doctorate (JD) courses, and publish them. There is a developing trend for law schools to formulate and include learning outcomes that go beyond the minimal requirements. One emerging learning outcome that is presently adopted by about a quarter of all U.S. law schools relates to teaching and assessing cultural competency as a JD learning outcome. In this Article, I focus on this JD student learning outcome and develop three key points. First, I highlight and discuss why cultural awareness and inter¬cultural skills is an increasingly critical skill set for all law students. Second, I review the various stages of cultural competency, highlight the barriers to acquiring a more nuanced cross-cultural skill set, and discuss habits that can foster law students’ cross-cultural skills development. I next discuss the law school curriculum and how strategies could be adopted to introduce, or increase exposure to, “culture” in both non-clinical doctrinal law courses and law school clinics, providing options for law professors for incorporating and assessing these emerging student learning outcomes in a law school setting. The Article ends by offering options for more general intervention strategies that law school Deans and administrators can consider to raise cultural awareness on a law school campus-wide basis.
Bases of Transcultural Agreement in Response to Art

In the early days of experimental aesthetics, agreement among different persons in affective response to stimuli was often attributed to a very simple form of intrinsic motivation. If a particular color or shape was generally liked or disliked, this fact was attributed to human nature—that is, people were assumed to share, simply as human beings, inborn dispositions to like or dislike particular stimuli or particular positions along sensory dimensions. The graduate students in psychology, who were often each others’ subjects in those days, were thought of as representative of humankind. The intrinsic pleasure or displeasure of their sensory experience was a consequence of the universal human nature they shared. Until the most recent decades, experimental aesthetics did not greatly advance beyond this simplistic approach.
Transit Industry Educational Interests

In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on the role of mass transit in urban America. In order to facilitate communications between transit industry and academic institutions, a questionnaire was distributed to representatives of the transit industry in order to define the types of educational background and broad areas of program emphasis felt to be most desirable. As preparation to enter the transit industry, a majority of transit operators felt a 4-year college education was suitable. Stress was placed on having the educational background span a broad interdisciplinary mix with emphasis in program areas such as management, business administration, public policy, economics, and engineering. The present nature of involvement between educational institutions and transit operations centers on research and providing continuing education through part-time studies, seminars, and short courses. The questionnaire indicated that during the past 5 years, much has been accomplished in fostering closer liaison between institutions of higher learning and the transit industry.
The Anatomy of a Bibliographic Search System for Music.

Traditional library catalog systems have been extremely effective in providing access to collections of books, films, and other material. However, they have many limitations when it comes to finding musical information, which has significantly different, and in many ways more complex, structure. The Variations2 search system is an alternative system, designed specifically to aid users in searching for music. It leverages a rich set of bibliographic data records, expressing relationships between creators of music and their creations. These records enable musicians to search for music using familiar terms and relationships, rather than trying to decipher the methods libraries typically use to organize musical items. This paper describes the design and implementation of the system that makes these searches possible.
Parallel processing with windows NT networks

Workstation-based parallel processing is an area that is still dominated by Unix-based systems. We have been building new methods for shared-memory parallel processing systems on top of Windows NT based networks of machines. As of present we have been involved in four related systems, called Calypso NT, Chime, Malaxis and MILAN. All of these are middleware, that is they are system level libraries and utility programs that allow programmers to utilize a network efficiently for high volume computations. Calypso was first built on Unix [BDK95], and then ported to Windows NT. Chime and Malaxis are NT systems and MILAN is still under the design phase. This paper describes the systems, the techniques used to implement them on Windows NT and the roadblocks from a Unix programmer's point of view.
A three essays dissertation on agricultural and environmental microeconomics

Microeconomics is a branch of economics which studies how individual agent behaves unlike macroeconomics which studies the behavior of several agents. By focusing on the behavior of individual sole microeconomics can provide insights and solutions to market failures. This feature has made this branch of economics increasingly important. Even the modern macroeconomics is built upon microeconomics foundation.This three essays thesis applies microeconomics to answer key issues on agriculture and the management of natural resources. The first essay examines the question of asymmetric information introduced by the emergence of the genetically modified technology in the food system. The second essay looks at the problem of moral hazard in the financing of the rural population in developing countries by supermarket. While these two essays use a theoretical framework to provide insights on concrete issue, the last essay not only develops a microeconomics conceptual framework but also confronts it with real data to understand the behavior of fishermen. In doing so this thesis shows how powerful microeconomics is in understanding the behavior of economic agent and in providing insights to a wide range of question.
Acute aspiration of graphene sheets evokes transient airway hyperreactivity to methacholine in mice (660.4)

Concern exists that the use of graphene sheets (GS) in composite materials might expose manufacturing workers to an inhalation hazard. Studies have shown that GS are cytotoxic in vitro (PC12 cells, fibroblasts) and in vivo in mice (lung granuloma), and Roberts et al. (2013) found non-oxidized GS with larger lateral dimensions (蠅 5 μm) and a greater number of layers (~20) produced more lung inflammation up to 7 d after aspiration in mice when compared to smaller GS (<1 μm laterally, ~ 4 layers). The lung toxicity of various forms of GS has not been characterized completely. Here, we investigated the effects of GS on basal lung resistance (RL), basal dynamic compliance (CDyn), and reactivity to inhaled methacholine (MCh) aerosol. Mice were given a non-oxidized GS (5 μm x 5 μm laterally, 7 nm thick equal to ~ 20 layers; 40 µg) suspended in dispersion medium (DM; Porter et al., 2008) or DM (control) via aspiration. RL and CDyn and reactivity to increasing concentrations of MCh aerosol were measured 4 h - 2 mo...
Optical properties of the Cm3+ ion in single crystals

The Cm3+ ion, atomic number 96, has the electronic configuration and is the actinide analog of the lanthanide ion Gd3+. The ground term has only approximately 87 percent 8S7/2 parentage due to the large spin-orbit interaction as compared to the almost 100 percent 8S7/2 parentage for Gd3+. The electrostatic interaction between equivalent electrons in the f7 shell results in a large gap between the octet state of the ground term and the sextet states of the excited multiplets. For Gd3+ this splitting results in a gap greater than 30,000 cm-1. The greater spatial extent of the 5f electron shell results in a smaller electrostatic interaction between equivalent electrons in the 5f shell than in the 4f shell. Thus for Cm3+, this splitting is on the order of 16,000 cm-1. The ground term multiplet splitting is small, because the largest component of the ground multiplet has zero angular momentum. However for Gd3+ in most crystals, this ground term splitting is much less than approximately 1 cm-1. Early detailed studies of the Cm3+ optical spectra were performed with the 244Cm isotope. During the past decade or so, multi-milligram quantities of 248Cm have become available. A number of single crystals have been doped with the 248Cm isotope and optical studies of these samples have been performed using laser selective excitation and fluorescence techniques. Excited state absorption studies allowed the collected of data to 40,000 cm-1 using two visible lasers. Results from these experiments will be reviewed and comparisons will be made between the 5f and 4f series.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GeOx interface layer reduction upon Al-gate deposition on a HfO2∕GeOx∕Ge(001) stack

The metallization of HfO2∕Ge by Al at room temperature was studied using photoemission and inverse photoemission. Upon deposition, Al reduces the GeOx interfacial layer between Ge and HfO2, and a thin Al2O3 layer is formed at the Al∕HfO2 interface. The band alignment across the Al∕HfO2∕Ge stacks is also addressed.
Thermoelectric Transport in Sb2Te3/Bi2Te3 Quantum Dot Nanocomposites

We investigate the thermoelectric transport properties of Sb2 Te3 /Bi2 Te3 quantum dot nanocomposites with spherical Sb2 Te3 quantum dots arrays embedded in Bi2 Te3 matrix through a two-channel transport model. In this model, the transport of quantum-confined electrons through the hopping mechanism is studied by tight-binding model together with Kubo formula and Green’s function method. The formation of minibands due to the quantum confinement and the phonon-bottleneck effect on carrier-phonon scattering are considered. The transport of bulk-like electrons is studied by Boltzmann-transport-equation-based model. We consider the intrinsic carrier scatterings as well as the carrier-interface scattering of these bulk-like electrons. Thermoelectric transport properties are studied with different quantum dot sizes, inter-dot distances, doping concentrations, and temperatures. We find that electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient can be enhanced simultaneously in Sb2 Te3 /Bi2 Te3 quantum dot nanocomposites because of the formation of minibands and the phonon-bottleneck effect on carrier-phonon scattering. Our results could shed some light on the design of high-efficiency thermoelectric materials.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Analysis of Germline Stem Cell Differentiation Following Loss of GLP-1 Notch Activity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Stem cells generate the differentiated progeny cells of adult tissues. Stem cells in the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germline are maintained within a proliferative zone of ∼230 cells, ∼20 cell diameters in length, through GLP-1 Notch signaling. The distal tip cell caps the germline and supplies GLP-1-activating ligand, and the distal-most germ cells that occupy this niche are likely self-renewing stem cells with active GLP-1 signaling. As germ cells are displaced from the niche, GLP-1 activity likely decreases, yet mitotically cycling germ cells are found throughout the proliferative zone prior to overt meiotic differentiation. Following loss of GLP-1 activity, it remains unclear whether stem cells undergo transit-amplifying (TA) divisions or more directly enter meiosis. To distinguish between these possibilities we employed a temperature-sensitive (ts) glp-1 mutant to manipulate GLP-1 activity. We characterized proliferative zone dynamics in glp-1(ts) mutants at permissive temperature and then analyzed the kinetics of meiotic entry of proliferative zone cells after loss of GLP-1. We found that entry of proliferative zone cells into meiosis following loss of GLP-1 activity is largely synchronous and independent of their distal-proximal position. Furthermore, the majority of cells complete only a single mitotic division before entering meiosis, independent of their distal-proximal position. We conclude that germ cells do not undergo TA divisions following loss of GLP-1 activity. We present a model for the dynamics of the proliferative zone that utilizes cell cycle rate and proliferative zone size and output and incorporates the more direct meiotic differentiation of germ cells following loss of GLP-1 activity.
Distinct patterns of DNA methylation in conventional adenomas involving the right and left colon

Recent studies have shown two distinct non-CIMP methylation clusters in colorectal cancer, raising the possibility that DNA methylation, involving non-CIMP genes, may play a role in the conventional adenoma-carcinoma pathway. A total of 135 adenomas (65 left colon and 70 right colon) were profiled for epigenome-wide DNA methylation using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. A principal components analysis was performed to examine the association between variability in DNA methylation and adenoma location. Linear regression and linear mixed effects models were used to identify locus-specific differential DNA methylation in adenomas of right and left colon. A significant association was present between the first principal component and adenoma location (P=0.007), even after adjustment for subject age and gender (P=0.009). A total of 168 CpG sites were differentially methylated between right- and left-colon adenomas and these loci demonstrated enrichment of homeobox genes (P=3.0 × 10(-12)). None of the 168 probes were associated with CIMP genes. Among CpG loci with the largest difference in methylation between right- and left-colon adenomas, probes associated with PRAC (prostate cancer susceptibility candidate) gene showed hypermethylation in right-colon adenomas whereas those associated with CDX2 (caudal type homeobox transcription factor 2) showed hypermethylation in left-colon adenomas. A subgroup of left-colon adenomas enriched for current smokers (OR=6.1, P=0.004) exhibited a methylation profile similar to right-colon adenomas. In summary, our results indicate distinct patterns of DNA methylation, independent of CIMP genes, in adenomas of the right and left colon.
A composite approach for improving the DC performances of current-feedback amplifiers

A new approach for improving the performances of the increasingly popular current-feedback amplifiers is proposed. It utilizes the composite amplifier concept to null out the offset voltage and input bias current of the amplifier while the current-feedback technique is used to improve the ac performances of the overall amplification block. The new proposal is verified by extensive simulations and a prototype is also constructed. The fabricated amplifier presents excellent ac performances, such as 250-MHz bandwidth, 2.8-ns rise-time with 10-Vp-p swing, and a settling time of 19 ns to 0.1% and 25 ns to 0.02% with 10-Vp-p swing, all on a load of 100 Ω. At the same time, the dc parameters that are the traditional problems of the current-feedback amplifiers are improved to be around 25 μV offset voltage and 500-nA input bias current. The paper also presents an evaluation of the other techniques that are recently proposed to improve the dc performances of the current-feedback amplifiers so that a comparison can easily be made between the new approach and the other approaches. Both simulation results and measurements from the prototype are included in this paper.
A Prescriptive Analysis of Search and Discovery

I develop a prescriptive model of entrepreneurial search and discovery, which operationalizes constrained, systematic search. This approach appears to be superior to the alertness perspective in both the number and the wealth-creating potential of the opportunities that it can assist entrepreneurs to discover. Essentially, this research shows how entrepreneurs can improve their search effectiveness by systematically restricting their searching to known domains, which I elaborate prescriptively. Finally, I discuss the implications of the approach for researchers, educators and entrepreneurs.
Pathogenic mechanisms of Acute Graft versus Host Disease

Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT). Older BMT recipients are a greater risk for acute GVHD after allogeneic BMT, but the causes of this association are poorly understood. Using well-characterized murine BMT models we have explored the mechanisms of increased GVHD in older mice. GVHD mortality and morbidity, and pathologic and biochemical indices were all worse in old recipients. Donor T cell responses were significantly increased in old recipients both in vivo and in vitro when stimulated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from old mice. In a haploidential GVHD model, CD4+ donor T cells mediated more severe GVHD in old mice. We confirmed the role of aged APCs in GVHD using bone marrow chimera recipient created with either old or young bone marrow. APCs from these mice also stimulated greater responses from allogeneic cells in vitro. In a separate set of experiments we evaluated whether alloantigen expression on host target epithelium is essential for tissue damage induced by GVHD. Using bone marrow chimeras recipients in which either MHC II or MHC I alloantigen was expressed only on APCs, we found that acute GVHD does not require alloantigen expression on host target epithelium and that neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 prevents acute GVHD. These results pertain to CD4-mediated GVHD and to a lesser extent in CD8-mediated GVHD, and confirm the central role of most APCs as well as inflammatory cytokines.
Late Pleistocene piñon pines in the Chihuahuan Desert

Examination of late Pleistocene packrat middens from the northern and central Chihuahuan Desert disclosed macrofossils of Colorado pinon (Pinus edulis) and Texas pinon (P. remota). Radiocarbon dating indicates that Texas pinon was widespread in Trans-Pecos Texas and northeastern Mexico between 30,000 and 11,000 yr B.P. Today it is found in small refugia east of its former range. In the late Pleistocene Colorado pinon occurred at lower elevations on the northern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert. Both species occurred in the Hueco Mountains, near El Paso, Texas. No clear evidence was found of the presence of Mexican pinon (P. cembroides), though today it is abundant in the Davis and Chisos Mountains. A paleoclimate is postulated that had the following characteristics: increased winter precipitation from Pacific frontal sources, reduced summer temperatures and precipitation, and milder winter temperatures due to a reduced frequency of Arctic airmass incursion. Winter precipitation appears to have decreased from north to south, while winter temperatures, and, possibly, summer precipitation, increased from north to south. During the late Pleistocene, the northern Chihuahuan Desert was dominated by woodlands of pinon pines, junipers, and oaks. The desert-scrub communities that characterize the area today are a Holocene phenomenon.
Subsonic flows in the coronal-interplanetary regions of closed field lines

In the coronal-interplanetary space the plasma motion, in a reference frame corotating with the Sun, is aligned with the magnetic field. Just like the solar wind, which is the supersonically expanding flow along open field lines, the flow along closed field lines is mainly driven by the pressure gradient. The flow in the regions of closed field lines is subsonic, being determined by the conditions at the two footpoints of the magnetic flux tube.
A bias in growth-rate comparisons of capitalist and socialist economies☆

An economy is described by an n-sector linear production matrix and a fixed vector of consumption needs. There are many ways in which goods may be priced and many ways in which “surplus labor” may be allocated among sectors. Depending on which vector of prices and which distribution of surplus labor prevails, the average growth rate of the economy will differ. It is shown that the surplus-labor-price constellation likely to prevail in oligopolistic, free-enterprise economies overestimates the “true” growth rate, and in a centrally planned socialist economy underestimates it. This raises the question whether actual growth rates are systematically biased in the directions indicated. J. Comp. Econ.,
Reflection and penetration depth of millimeter waves in murine skin

Millimeter (mm) wave reflectivity was used to determine murine skin permittivity. Reflection was measured in anesthetized Swiss Webster and SKH1-hairless mice in the 37-74 GHz frequency range. Two skin models were tested. Model 1 was a single homogeneous skin layer. Model 2 included four skin layers: (1) the stratum corneum, (2) the viable epidermis plus dermis, (3) fat layer, and (4) muscle which had infinite thickness. We accepted that the permittivity of skin in the mm wave frequency range results from the permittivity of cutaneous free water which is described by the Debye equation. Using Fresnel equations for reflection we determined the skin parameters best fitting to the reflection data and derived the permittivity of skin layers. The permittivity data were further used to calculate the power density and specific absorption rate profiles, and the penetration depth of mm waves in the skin. In both murine models, mm waves penetrate deep enough into tissue to reach muscle. In human skin, mm waves are mostly absorbed within the skin. Therefore, when extrapolating the effects of mm waves found in animals to humans, it is important to take into account the possible involvement of muscle in animal effects.
Vibrational energy transfer in atom–polyatomic collisions: The role of intramolecular dynamics in Li+/CO2 and Li+/N2O

Using a quantal many‐body theory of hyperthermal atom–polyatomic collisions, we present a detailed study of the role of intramolecular dynamics in vibrational energy transfer. In this approach, differential vibrational cross sections are given by time‐correlation functions (TCFs) of the motions of the target atoms. Slow rotations of polyatomic molecules are decoupled from vibrations, and we concentrate on vibrational energy transfer. The dependence of the TCFs on collision energy, scattering angle, and changes in vibrational quantum numbers is examined in detail for a general polyatomic, and it is shown how each target atom contributes to vibrational energy transfer. For the systems Li+/CO2 and Li+/N2O, we present vibrational differential cross sections calculated with new multicenter short‐range potentials obtained from the uniform electron‐gas model. Comparison of theoretical results with experimental measurements of the Li+/CO2 system shows good agreement for several collision energies and scattering a...
Structural Studies of Enantiomers, Racemates, and Quasiracemates: N-(4-Methylbenzoyl)methylbenzylamine and N-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)methylbenzylamine

Cocrystallization of equal portions of (R)-N-(4-methylbenzoyl)-α-methylbenzylamine and (S)-N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-α-methylbenzylamine yields bimolecular crystals that exhibit quasiracemic behavior. Derived from a slight chemical modification of one component of the “true” racemate, this quasiracemate compound extends the current knowledge base of structural features responsible for the construction of quasiracemic molecular arrays. A crystallographic comparison of the quasiracemate structure with its enantiomeric components and racemic counterpartsa total of five structuresdemonstrates the importance of molecular shape to the self-assembly of crystalline architectures. Inspection of the quasiracemate structure reveals local molecular packing that closely mimics the centrosymmetric alignment of the racemates. Unlike our prior investigations of the quasiracemate phenomena, however, the current set of enantiomeric, racemic, and quasiracemic compounds lacks any prominent long-range isostructural correlation as in...
Geochemistry and origin of Archaean quartz-cordierite gneisses from the Godthåbsfjord region, West Greenland

We report new data on the major, minor and trace element compositions of metasedimentary quartzcordierite gneisses (QCG), an important member of the Archaean Malene supracrustal suite found throughout the Godthabsfjord region of West Greenland. The analyzed QCG contain assemblages of quartz+cordierite+biotite±garnet±anthophyllite/gedrite±staurolite±sillimanite±plagioclase (with abundant accessory zircon, and minor rutile, monazite and allanite), and broadly resemble cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks found in a great number of other metamorphic terrains. Chemically, the QCG are characterized by: (1) high but variable SiO2 (59–87 wt%), relative enrichments in MgO, FeO, and Al2O3 (mg∼0.35–0.85), and depletions in Na2O, K2O and especially CaO; (2) low concentrations of Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, and Sr; (3) high concentrations of Y, Nb, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th, U, and REE (rare earth elements)-with prominent negative Eu-anomalies in each case; (5) high concentrations of Ga (18–55 ppm), with variable Ga/Al ratios that are significantly higher than average crustal material. Low Cr and Ni, together with enriched and fractionated REE (displaying negative Eu-anomalies), distinguish the Malene QCG from published accounts of most other Archaean sedimentary rocks. Furthermore, all of the above-mentioned trace element characteristics distinguish the QCG from “ordinary” Malene clastic metasediments (quartzites, psammites, and pelites), suggesting a separate origin for the QCG. These data point towards chemically evolved felsic igneous rocks being the source of the QCG. Consequently, we propose that the Malene QCG represent metamorphosed felsic volcaniclastic sediments that underwent hydrothermal alteration by heated seawater prior to metamorphism, which resulted in gain of Mg (and Fe?), loss of alkalis and lime, and possibly Eu and Sr. The overall trace-element characteristics of the QCG (elevated Ga, Zr, Nb, REE, etc.) are features shared by A-type granites and their volcanic equivalents. Such igneous rocks may represent the ultimate source material for the QCG protolith.
The Science of Internet Interventions

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in research focused on the development and evaluation of health-based treatment and prevention programs delivered via the Internet. A plethora of terms have been used to both categorize the related field (e.g., e-therapy, online treatment, Internet therapy, and interactive health communication), as well as the specific applications (e.g., web-based programs, Internet applications, and web systems). The programs or “Internet interventions,” as they are more apt to be called, typically target behavioral or mental health problems. Prior to these Internet-based programs, computer-based applications to change behavior or treat mental disorders had been created and tested intermittently during the previous two decades as computers were popularized. The breadth of literature on these systems, particularly those that utilize the Internet, has become quite substantive [1]. Outcome trials of Internet interventions have consistently demonstrated greater symptom improvements or changes in behavior compared with controls, and for some problems, outcomes from Internet interventions rival those seen in face-to-face interventions. Hundreds of peer-reviewed papers have now been published in this area, most since the year 2000. There is already quite a number of review articles focused specifically on Internet intervention research. Some of these reviews are now older, highlighting early, but important findings in the field [2]; some are systematic and fairly detailed [3]; and some are large scale, comprehensive reviews [1, 4]. There are many reviews focused on specific areas, such as pediatrics [5]; physical activity [6]; obesity [7]; alcohol and tobacco use [8, 9]; cardiac disease [10]; depression and anxiety [11]; and traumatic stress [12]. There are also a surprising number of published meta-analyses for such a young field [13–15]. The conclusion drawn from most reviews and metaanalyses is that Internet interventions yield positive treatment outcomes, symptom reduction, and improved quality of life. However, despite considerable attention devoted to Internet intervention research, there is remarkably little literature on the underlying science of the field. This special series aims to build the scientific foundation of Internet interventions and provide a structurally sound basis from which this field can continue to expand. While the outcome literature has helped establish Internet interventions as a viable and important prevention and treatment option, the papers here will focus on conceptual and methodological issues facing the field, including the development of definitions and categories to classify these interventions; a proposal of a model to guide creation and evaluation of Internet interventions; research and design challenges; and L. M. Ritterband (*) Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 801075, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA e-mail: LEER@virginia.edu
Evaluation of the 34S/32S ratio of Soufre de Lacq elemental sulfur isotopic reference material by continuous flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry

Abstract Soufre de Lacq elemental sulfur reference material (IAEA-S-4) isotopically is homogeneous in amounts as small as 41 μg as determined by continuous flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The δ 34 S value for this reference material is +16.90±0.12‰ (1 σ ) on a scale (Vienna Canon Diablo troilite, VCDT) where IAEA-S-1 Ag 2 S is −0.3‰ and IAEA-S-2 Ag 2 S is +22.67‰.
Selective emotional detachment from family after right temporal lobectomy

Behavioral changes, such as mood disorders, anxiety, psychosis, and nonepileptic seizures often occur after temporal lobectomy. We report a man who selectively lost emotional attachments to family members after right temporal lobectomy. However, emotional responsiveness to strangers was normal or increased.
Adapting a Model for Literacy Learning to the Learning of Mathematics.

This article explores the possibility of applying an effective model for literacy learning to the learning of mathematics so that elementary teachers will be able to infuse what they know to be effective literacy methods into their mathematics teaching. Cambourne's eight conditions of learning are defined and applied to both literacy and mathematics settings. The author concludes that the conditions are necessary when learning mathematics but may not be sufficient.
Purification of a fatty acid-stimulated protein-serine/threonine phosphatase from bovine brain and its identification as a homolog of protein phosphatase 5.

Abstract An arachidonic acid-stimulated Ser/Thr phosphatase activity was detected in soluble extracts prepared from rat pituitary clonal GH4C1 cells, rat or bovine brain, and bovine heart. The enzyme activity was purified to homogeneity from bovine brain as a monomer with aM r of 63,000 and a specific activity of 32 nmol of Pi released per min/mg of protein when assayed in the presence of 10 μm phosphocasein in the absence of lipid. Arachidonic acid stimulated activity 4–14-fold, with half-maximal stimulation at 50–100 μm, when assayed in the presence of a variety of phosphosubstrates including casein, reduced carboxamidomethylated and maleylated lysozyme, myelin basic protein, and histone. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid also stimulated activity; however, saturated fatty acids and alcohol or methyl ester derivatives of fatty acids did not significantly affect activity. The lipid-stimulated phosphatase was identified as the bovine equivalent of protein phosphatase 5 or a closely related homolog by sequence analysis of proteolytic fragments generated from the purified enzyme. When recombinant rat protein phosphatase 5 was expressed as a cleavable glutathione S-transferase fusion protein, the affinity-purified thrombin-cleaved enzyme exhibited a specific activity and sensitivity to arachidonic acid similar to those of the purified bovine brain enzyme. These results suggest that protein phosphatase 5 may be regulated in vivo by a lipid second messenger or another endogenous activator.
LIFT: taking GUI unit testing to new heights

The Library for Interface Testing (LIFT) supports writing unit tests for Java applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Current frameworks for GUI testing provide the necessary tools, but are complicated and difficult to use for beginners, often requiring a significant amount of time to learn. LIFT takes the approach that unit testing GUIs should be no different than testing any other type of code. By providing a set of frequently used filters for identifying GUI components and a set of operations for acting on those components, LIFT lets programmers quickly and easily test their GUI applications.