cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brownian motion far from equilibrium: a hypersonic approach

An investigation is carried out on the effects of Brownian agitation in the motion of small particles in a carrier gas in situations far from equilibrium. Although the standard near-equilibrium closure of the hydrodynamic equations is not valid for the heavy particles, the smallness of their speed of thermal agitation allows an alternative systematic hypersonic closure. The hypersonic equations are solved for two known instances where the kinetic Fokker–Planck equation describing the non-equilibrium particle distribution function admits exact solutions. These problems are characterized by a null or a spatially constant value for the gradient of the velocity field in the carrier gas, both being free from boundary surfaces. In the first case, where the background velocity is uniform, a fundamental solution (expressed as an integral) is obtained for the steady flow of particles from a point source; this result has obvious applications for the description of the Brownian broadening of particle streamlines. An asymptotic integration of the fundamental solution yields analytical expressions for the particle hydrodynamic properties valid everywhere except near the source, where a direct integration of the Vlasov equation completes the description. The exact solution for the second example, where the background velocity field gradient is uniform, is taken from the literature. Once these reference solutions have been established, the hypersonic equations are attacked by a variety of methods. In particular, for the uniform steady flow, a boundary-layer analysis yields analytical results identical to those obtained from the asymptotic evaluation of the kinetic fundamental solution. In both problems, the agreement found between kinetic and hydrodynamic solutions is excellent even for values of order one of the inverse particle Mach number, the expansion parameter of the hypersonic theory.
In-situ Mössbauer effect spectroscopy of adsorbed species on high surface area electrodes

Abstract The feasibility of in-situ Mossbauer transmission spectroscopy of species adsorbed on high surface area electrodes has been demonstrated using iron phthalocyanine on high surface area carbon. The choice of an appropriate cell geometry has allowed detection of strong absorption signals at room temperature without resorting to isotope enrichment of the compound. The quadrupole splitting of the doublet assigned to FePc adsorbed on the carbon surface was found to decrease from 0.88 mm/s for the dry specimen to 0.68 mm/s upon immersion of the sample into an arsaline electrolyte with a nearly constant isomer shift of ∼0.35 mm/s with respect to α-Fe (metal). This phenomenon is antributed to the formation of an octahedral complex with a hydroxyl ion coordinated in the axial position. Mossbauer spectra at several potentials have been obtained and no significant differences were observed in any of the relevant parameters.
Warming-Up, Action Methods, and Related Processes

The idea of warming-up did not start only with Moreno. Other pioneers of spontaneity training and further applications deserve recognition. Some new books on warm-up techniques and new developments in neuroscience invite a reconsideration of this fundamental dynamic in psychology.
The Butyrylcholinesterase K-Variant Shows Similar Cellular Protein Turnover and Quaternary Interaction to the Wild-Type Enzyme

A recent study has linked the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) K-variant and the apolipoprotein epsilon4 isoform to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. These findings have been controversial and have led us to examine the differences between wild-type and K-variant BChE in enzyme activity, protein stability, and quaternary structure. J-variant BChE (E497V/A539T) was also studied because it is associated with the K-variant mutation. The K-variant mutation (A539T) is located in the C-terminal tetramerization domain. Wild-type, K-variant, and J-variant BChE were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified. The purified enzymes had similar binding affinity (Km) values and catalytic rates for butyrylthiocholine and benzoylcholine. In pulse-chase studies the K-variant, J-variant, and wildtype BChE were degraded rapidly within the cell, with a half-time of approximately 1.5 h. Less than 5% of the intracellular BChE was exported. The C-terminal peptide containing the K-variant mutation interacted with itself as strongly as did the wild-type peptide in the yeast two-hybrid system. Both K-variant and wild-type BChE assembled into tetramers in the presence of poly-L-proline or the proline-rich attachment domain of the collagen tail. The native K-variant BChE in serum showed the same proportion of tetramers as the native serum wild-type BChE. We conclude that the K-variant BChE is similar to wild-type BChE in enzyme activity, protein turnover, and tetramer formation.
CALHM1 is an Extracellular Ca2+- and Voltage-Gated ATP Permeable Ion Channel

We identified CALHM1 as a pore-forming subunit of a plasma membrane ion channel with weak ion selectivity and unique coupled allosteric gating regulation by voltage and extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) (PNAS 109: E1963 (2012)). CALHM1 is expressed in mouse cortical neurons where it accounts for low [Ca2+]o-enhanced conductance and action potential firing. We recently determined that a CALHM1 channel is a hexamer with an estimated effective pore diameter ∼14A.Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays critical roles in physiological and signal transduction processes. We examined whether ATP can permeate CALHM1 channels. Reducing [Ca2+]o to activate CALHM1 induced ATP release from hCALHM1-expressing HeLa and COS-1 cells, and Xenopus oocytes. Neither CALHM1 expression nor lowering [Ca2+]o caused cell damage. Involvement of other possible mechanisms was ruled out because ATP release was unaffected by Brefeldin A (vesicular release), DCPIB (volume-sensitive Cl− channels), A438079 (P2X7 receptors), heptanol and carbenoxolone (connexins and pannexins). In contrast, ruthenium red (RuR), which inhibits CALHM1 currents, abolished low [Ca2+]o-evoked ATP release. Thus, CALHM1 expression induces a novel ATP permeability. Ca2+o inhibited ATP release with IC50 = 495 μM and Hill coefficient of 1.9, kinetic properties similar to those of its gating regulation. Membrane depolarization activates CALHM1 channels in normal [Ca2+]o. hCALHM1-expressing but not mock-transfected cells released ATP in response to high [K+]o-induced depolarization in normal [Ca2+]o, which was inhibited by RuR but not by connexin and pannexin-1 blockers. Thus, regulation of ATP release is correlated with the gating properties of CALHM1 channels, indicating that the CALHM1 channel is the conduit for ATP release. These results demonstrate that CALHM1 is a voltage-gated ATP release channel that may contribute to ATP release in physiological and pathological conditions.
Implications of Accurate Determination of Gleason Scores in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Radiation: Are Routine Biopsies Adequate for Accurate Risk Stratification?

Results:Using theD’Amicorisk definitions,theproportionsoflow-risk(LR), intermediate-risk (IR), and high-risk(HR)caseswhen bGS was used were 56%, 32%, and 12%, respectively, vs. 29%, 53%, and 17%, respectively, when sGS was used (chi-square p\ 0.001). ForLRcases determinedbybGS, theproportions of LR, IR, andHRcases bysGSwere49%,50%,and1%, respectively. For IR cases determined by bGS, the proportions of LR, IR, and HR cases by sGS were 6%, 73%, and 21%, respectively. For HR cases determined by bGS, the proportions of LR, IR, and HR cases by sGS were 1%, 17%, and 82%, respectively. Most notably, 50% of LR cases were upgraded to IR, 21% of IR cases were upgraded to HR, and 17% of HR cases were downgraded to IR. The proportion of incorrect risk group assignment was 51%, 27%, and 18% for LR, IR, and HR groups. In this cohort of surgical cases, 41% were assigned to incorrect risk groups due to Gleason score discrepancies. For a typical cohort of cases treated with radiotherapy, an estimated34%ofcases wouldbeassignedtotheincorrect riskgroup.IfaccurateGleasonscoreswereassignedbasedonthe availability of pathologic review of the entire prostate gland and prostatic tumor(s), 50% of LR cases would be treated as IR (possibly adding seminal vesicle coverage and/or short course hormones), 21% of IR cases would be treated as HR (requiring longer courses of hormones and possibly pelvic node coverage), and 17% of HR cases would be treated as IR (indicating overtreatment with hormones). Conclusions: Due to the heterogeneous and multifocal nature of prostate cancers, and the inherent random nature of standard biopsy techniques, current risk group assignments can be misleading. The implications of incorrect risk group assignment with respect to radiotherapy technique and hormonal therapy use/duration are significant, potentially affecting more than a third of all patientstreatedwithradiotherapy.Accurateriskgroupassignmentrequiresmoreextensivebiopsiesorreevaluationofcurrenttreatment strategies for each risk group. Author Disclosure: P.A. Kupelian, None; C.A. Reddy, None; J.P. Ciezki, None; E.A. Klein, None.
Procedures for using signals from one sensor as substitutes for signals of another

Long-term monitoring of surface conditions may require a transfer from using data from one satellite sensor to data from a different sensor having different spectral characteristics. Two general procedures for spectral signal substitution are described in this paper, a principal-components procedure and a complete multivariate regression procedure. They are evaluated through a simulation study of five satellite sensors (MSS, TM, AVHRR, CZCS, and HRV). For illustration, they are compared to another recently described procedure for relating AVHRR and MSS signals. The multivariate regression procedure is shown to be best. TM can accurately emulate the other sensors, but they, on the other hand, have difficulty in accurately emulating its shortwave infrared bands (TM5 and TM7).
Correlation of physicohemical and antigenic properties of human leukocyte interferon subspecies

Human leukocyte interferon produced in primary cultures of buffy coat cells and human fibroblast interferon from cultures of the FS-4 foreskin cell strain were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Leukocyte interferon could be resolved into three major components (pI 5.5, 6.2 and 6.6, respectively) and one minor component (pI 7.0). Fibroblast interferon activity focused in a broad pH range of 6.8–7.8.
Evolution of hairpin vortices in a shear flow

Recent experimental studies suggest that the hairpin vortex plays an important (and perhaps dominant) role in the dynamics of turbulent flows near walls. In this study a numerical procedure is developed to allow the accurate computation of the trajectory of a 3-D vortex having a small core radius. For hairpin vortices which are convected in a shear flow above a wall, the calculated results show that a 2-D vortex containing a small 3-D disturbance distorts into a complex shape with subsidiary hairpin vortices forming outboard of the original hairpin vortex. As the vortex moves above the wall, it induces unsteady motion in the viscous flow near the wall: numerical solutions suggest that the boundary-layer flow near the wall will ultimately erupt in response to the motion of the hairpin vortex and in the process a secondary hairpin vortex will be created. The computer results agree with recent experimental investigations.
A physics-based linear parametric model of room temperature in office buildings

Abstract This paper presents a physics-based autogregressive moving average (ARMAX) model of room temperature in office buildings. Thermodynamic equations are used to determine the structure and order of the model. Extensive measurements over 109 days are used to develop and validate the model. The model can be used to predict the room temperature variations accurately in both short-term and long-term periods, as long as ten weeks with a mean squared error less than 0.01 and a coefficient of determination larger than 0.99. This model also provides an analytical foundation of the previously proposed spatial and temporal partition strategy of VAVs for fault detection of HVAC systems, and is suitable for real-time fault detection and control applications.
Aberrant Signaling Pathways in Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma

Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring non-cutaneous cancer in the United States with the highest mortality rate among both men and women. In this study, we utilized three lung cancer microarray datasets generated by previous researchers to identify differentially expressed genes, altered signaling pathways, and assess the involvement of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. The three datasets contain the expression levels of tens of thousands genes in normal lung tissues and squamous cell lung carcinoma. The datasets were combined and analyzed. The dysregulated genes and altered signaling pathways were identified using statistical methods. We then performed Fisher's exact test on the significance of the association of Hh pathway downstream genes and squamous cell lung carcinoma. 395 genes were found commonly differentially expressed in squamous cell lung carcinoma. The genes encoding fibrous structural protein keratins and cell cycle dependent genes encoding cyclin-dependent kinases were significantly up-regulated while the ones encoding LIM domains were down. Over 100 signaling pathways were implicated in squamous cell lung carcinoma, including cell cycle regulation pathway, p53 tumor-suppressor pathway, IL-8 signaling, Wnt-s-catenin pathway, mTOR signaling and EGF signaling. In addition, 37 out of 223 downstream molecules of Hh pathway were altered. The P-value from the Fisher's exact test indicates that Hh signaling is implicated in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Numerous genes were altered and multiple pathways were dysfunctional in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Many of the altered genes have been implicated in different types of carcinoma while some are organ-specific. Hh signaling is implicated in squamous cell lung cancer, opening the door for exploring new cancer therapeutic treatment using GLI antagonist GANT 61.
The Structure of Autism Symptoms as Measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule

The current study tested several competing models of the autism phenotype using data from modules 1 and 3 of the ADOS. Participants included individuals with ASDs aged 3–18 years (N = 1,409) from the AGRE database. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on total samples and subsamples based on age and level of functioning. Three primary models were tested, including a one-factor model, the DSM-IV model, and the anticipated DSM-V model. Results indicated all models fit similarly. Module 1 ratings yielded better indices of fit across all models and higher inter-factor correlations than Model 3. Model fits were impacted by age and level of functioning. The lack of differentiation between models suggests that the structure of ASD symptoms is complex to measure statistically.
La lengua que heredamos: Curso de español para bilingües. 6th ed. by MARQUÉS, SARAH ¡Sí se puede! Un curso transicional para hispanohablantes by CARREIRA, MARIA, & MICHELLE GEOFFRION–VINCI ¡Sí se puede! Student Activities Manual/Cuaderno de actividades

The article reviews the books "La lengua que heredamos: Curso de espanol para bilingues," 6th ed. by Sarah Marques, "Si se puede! Un curso transicional para hispanohablantes," by Maria Carreira and Michelle Geoffrion-Vinci, and "Si se puede! Student Activities Manual/Cuaderno de actividades," by Maria Carreira and Michelle Geoffrion-Vinci.
Effects of age on nerve fibers in the rhesus monkey optic nerve.

During normal aging there is a reduction in white matter volume in the cerebral hemispheres and structural abnormalities in myelin in some parts of the central nervous system, but whether nerve fibers are lost with age and whether the myelin changes are ubiquitous is not known. Studying the optic nerve, which is a circumscribed bundle of nerve fibers, offers an opportunity to gain further insight into the effects of normal aging on white matter. The present study examined the optic nerves from young (4 ‐10 years) and old (27‐33 years) rhesus monkeys using light and electron microscopy. These nerves had been perfused transcardially to obtain optimal preservation of the tissue. Varying degrees of degeneration were encountered in all the optic nerves from the old monkeys. The changes included myelin abnormalities, similar to those reported in other parts of the central nervous system; the presence of degenerating axons and their sheaths; changes in neuroglial cells; and thickening of the trabeculae of connective tissue in the nerve. The total number of nerve fibers was reduced from an average of 1.6 3 10 6 in the young optic nerves to as few as 4 3 10 5 in one old monkey, and with one exception in all of the old optic nerves the packing density of nerve fibers was less than in any of the young optic nerves. The degenerative changes were most marked in those optic nerves that contained the fewest nerve fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 429: 541‐553, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Field, force and transport analysis for magnetic particle-based gene delivery

Magnetic particles are used to deliver gene vectors to target cells for uptake in a process known as magnetofection. Magnetic particle-based gene delivery has been successfully demonstrated for all types of nucleic acids and across a broad range of cell lines. It is well suited for multiwell culture plate systems wherein magnetic particles with surface-bound gene vectors are introduced into culture wells, and a magnetic force provided by rare-earth magnets beneath and aligned with the wells attracts the particles to the cells for uptake. In this paper, models are presented for analyzing and optimizing this process. These include closed-form equations for predicting the magnetic field and force and a drift–diffusion equation for predicting the transport and accumulation of particles in a well. The closed-form equations enable rapid parametric analysis of the spatial distribution of the field and force in a well as a function of key parameters including its dimensions, the magnet-to-well spacing, the strength of the magnet, the influence of neighboring magnets and the properties of the particles. The particle transport equation accounts for the field-induced drift of particles as well as fluidic drag and Brownian diffusion. It is solved numerically using the finite volume method. The theory is demonstrated via application to a multiwall plate magnetofection system and the impact of various factors that govern gene delivery is assessed. The models provide insight into gene delivery and are well suited for parametric analysis of particle accumulation in the wells. They enable the rational design of novel magnetofection systems.
Molecular diversity of Ca2+ channel alpha 1 subunits from the marine ray Discopyge ommata.

Abstract In many neurons, transmitter release from presynaptic terminals is triggered by Ca2+ entry via dihydropyridine-insensitive Ca2+ channels. We have looked for cDNAs for such channels in the nervous system of the marine ray Discopyge ommata. One cDNA (doe-2) is similar to dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type channels, and two cDNAs (doe-1 and doe-4) are similar to the subfamily of dihydropyridine-insensitive non-L-type channels. doe-4, which encodes a protein of 2326 aa, most closely resembles a previously cloned N-type channel. doe-1, which encodes a protein of 2223 aa, is a member of a separate branch of the non-L-type channels. Northern blot analysis reveals that doe-1 is abundant in the forebrain. doe-4 is more plentiful in the electric lobe and, therefore, may control neurotransmitter release in motor nerve terminals. These results show that the familial pattern of Ca(2+)-channel genes has been preserved from a stage in evolution before the divergence of higher and lower vertebrates > 400 million years ago. The cloning of these channels may be a useful starting point for elucidating the role of the Ca2+ channels in excitation-secretion coupling in nerve terminals.
Review of the evidence on the management of blunt renal trauma in pediatric patients

Due to the size and location within the pediatric patient, the kidneys are susceptible to injury from blunt trauma. While it is clear that the goal of management of blunt renal trauma in children is renal preservation, the methods of achieving this goal have not been well established in the current literature. Therefore, we have set out to summarize and clarify the current published information on the management strategies for blunt renal trauma in children. While there is extensive literature available, it consists mostly of retrospective series documenting widely varied management styles. The purpose of this review is to display the current information available and delineate the role for future studies that may allow us to develop consistent management strategies of pediatric patients, who have sustained blunt renal trauma, in a safe and cost-effective manner.
The Storage and Composition of Inflected Forms in Adult-Learned Second Language: A Study of the Influence of Length of Residence, Age of Arrival, Sex, and Other Factors.

It remains unclear whether adult-learned second language (L2) depends on similar or different neurocognitive mechanisms as those involved in first language (L1). We examined whether English past tense forms are computed similarly or differently by L1 and L2 English speakers, and what factors might affect this: regularity (regular vs. irregular verbs), length of L2 exposure (length of residence), age of L2 acquisition (age of arrival), L2 learners’ native language (Chinese vs. Spanish), and sex (male vs. female). Past tense frequency effects were used to examine the type of computation (composition vs. storage/retrieval). The results suggest that irregular past tenses are always stored. Regular past tenses, however, are either composed or stored, as a function of various factors: both sexes store regulars in L2, but only females in L1; greater lengths of residence lead to less dependence on storage, but only in females; higher adult ages of arrival lead to more reliance on storage. The findings suggest that inflected forms can rely on either the same or different mechanisms in L2 as they do in L1, and that this varies as a function of multiple interacting factors.
Theoretical Penning electron-energy distributions for alkali-metal atoms: He(2 1,3S) collisions with sodium and potassium.

Penning electron-energy distributions are calculated for collisions ofHe(2 /sup 1/S) and He(2 /sup 3/S) with sodium and potassiumatoms. The formulation is in terms of quantum-mechanical wave functions, whichare determined using previously published complex potentials for the initialstates and available experimental or presently calculated Hartree-Fockpotential curves for the final state. Sensitivities to these potentials aretested. The mechanisms for the observed energy structure are analyzed, and theeffects of experimental finite energy resolution and collisional velocityspread on the structure are shown.
Afghanistan's Legacy: Emerging Lessons of an Ongoing War

The war in Afghanistan is not over. Nor is it ending any time soon. The U.S. role may end in 2016, in whole or in part, but the war will continue—and its ultimate outcome is very much in doubt. The...
The heat of fusion of copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene

The Clapeyron equation has been applied to determine the heat of fusion of two copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The values obtained are within experimental uncertainty of that for the homopolymer, PTFE. This study supports the conclusion of earlier workers that the CF3 side groups are included in the crystal lattice. In both PTFE and polyethylene, C1 side groups are included in the crystal but have little if any effect on its density. We believe that the same relationship between the crystallinity and the heat of fusion can be used for both PTFE and copolymers of TFE and HFP.
Pulmonary embolism in a patient with catatonia: an old disease, changing times.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), that is, formation of a blood clot within the venous system and subsequent embolisation, haunts every service in the hospital, and psychiatry is no exception. When arising in the deep veins of the lower extremities, these thrombi put patients at risk for potentially fatal pulmonary embolism (PE). Virchow’s well-known triad describes the three factors that influence thrombogenesis: (1) damage to the endothelial lining of the blood vessels, (2) stasis or turbulence of blood flow, and (3) blood hypercoaguability. Conditions that increase a patient’s risk of developing VTE include smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, pregnancy, cancer, inherited hypercoaguable states, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, surgery, and history of previous VTE. Medical inpatients carry a 10% to 20% risk of developing clots in their deep veins, although only a portion of these occur in proximal locations most likely to embolize to the lungs. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurs in about one per 1000 persons per year, and is the third most common reason for hospital deaths. Two-thirds of VTE occur as DVT alone, while one-third of the cases of VTE present as PE. Approximately 350,000 to 600,000 Americans each year suffer from DVT and PE, and at least 100,000 deaths may be directly or indirectly related to these diseases. Like healthcare-associated infections, PE is largely preventable when healthcare workers, including those in mental health, implement current recommendations for prevention, screening, and management. A recent review noted over 100 guidelines related to DVT and PE prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in general and specific populations. A risk assessment tool and management algorithm for psychiatric inpatient settings has been proposed to guide VTE prophylaxis. However, even in medical-
Reinvestigation of trilithium phosphide, Li3P

The crystal structure of Li3P has been reinvestigated and confirmed by single-crystal data. The structure is built of Li+ and P3− ions stacked in two kinds of layers perpendicular to the c axis. Atoms Li1, Li2 and P reside at positions of \overline{6}m2, 3m and \overline{6}m2 site symmetry, respectively. The only free parameter, z, for Li2 is found to be 0.5839 (4).
Ecological patterns in the glucosinolate content of a native mustard,Cardamine cordifolia, in the rocky mountains

Insect use of native crucifers may be related to patterns in mustard oil content. Consequently, in 1979 we measured glucosinolate content of Rocky Mountain bittercress,Cardamine cordifolia (Cruciferae), using paper and gas chromatography, in relation to: plant organ, phenology, elevation, habitat, leaf position and weight, and plant consumption by two adapted insect herbivores. Results for each are as follows. (1) The predominant constituent in all vegetative organs was 2-butylglucosinolate; concentration of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates (IYG) was highest in roots (1.11 mg/gfr. wt) and lowest in stems (0.07 mg/g). (2) Concentration of IYG appeared to be higher in plants lacking oxazolidinethione-yielding glucosinolates (OYG) than in those with OYG. (3) Terminal cauline leaves had a higher content of IYG than leaves in other positions on a plant. (4) Heavy leaves had significantly higher concentrations of IYG than did lighter leaves. (5) IYG concentrations were not directly related to elevation. (6) Leaves of plants occurring naturally in the sun had concentrations of IYG similar to those of plants in the usual shaded habitat. However, experimental removal of overhanging willows caused a significant, stress-induced increase in IYG concentrations. Finally, (7) feeding by two adapted herbivores, chrysomelids and psyllids, was associated with lower, rather than higher, IYG concentrations. The results demonstrate significant variation in glucosinolate content in a native crucifer and suggest that some of this variation can be partitioned in relation to the ecological and environmental axes examined.
Adaptive RTT-driven transport-layer flow and error control protocol for QoS guaranteed image transmission over multi-hop underwater wireless networks: Design, implementation, and analysis

With the rapid advances in data transmission over various advanced underwater acoustic networks, it is important to develop the efficient protocol to obtain a high data-rate with QoS guarantee requirements for acoustic wireless communications. Because of the harsh underwater acoustic environments, such as time-varying network topology and channel conditions, limited bandwidth and constrained underwater signal propagation, we develop and implement the multi-hop adaptive RTT-driven transport layer flow and error control protocol (ARTFEC) for QoS guaranteed image transmission in underwater wireless networks. ARTFEC is based on the congestion window size control and the Q-learning optimal timeout selection with QoS provisioning. For the congestion window size control, we propose an RTT-based data flow control policy to adapt to the varying acoustic channel environments, aiming to guarantee the reliability and high data rate of data transmission. In addition, we develop a Q-learning based optimal timeout selection algorithm to improve the channel utilization efficiency, which can increase the end-to-end throughput while decreasing the packet loss rate. We implement ARTFEC using our lab testbed, which consists of the Aqua-Net protocol stack and the acoustic OFDM modems. The simulation results obtained show that our developed ARTFEC transport layer protocol outperforms the other existing reliable data transmission schemes, in terms of end-to-end throughput and packet loss rate.
My first job: combining theory and practice

I consider myself an applied physicist who practices his profession primarily by working in the field of electrical/electronic engineering, hence my association with the IEEE as both a 53-year member and past president of the organization. I obtained my undergraduate degree, B.A.Sc., from the University of Toronto (U of T). While attending the U of T, the school calendar permitted an approximately five-month period between years that enabled students to earn money and gain professional experience if they were fortunate enough to receive such summer employment.
Atypical nucleosome spacing of rat neuronal identifier elements in non-neuronal chromatin

Abstract Rat neuronal identifier (ID) elements are located in chromatin regions that are organized in nucleosomal structures in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. A subpopulation of ID sequences in chromatin of liver and kidney cells are relatively resistant to micrococcal nuclease digestion and are organized in nucleosomes exhibiting an atypically short repeat length. Other repetitive elements do not show this organization.
Organization of Enzymes in the Synthesis of Peptides

We have undertaken the investigation of the nature of the intracellular peptidases and transpeptidases in the belief that the information will be pertinent to an understanding of the genetic behaviour and growth of an organism or, simply, the synthesis of protein. It cannot be argued that the peptidases and transpeptidases are responsible for all steps in protein synthesis; the participation of peptidases in the synthesis of peptides and proteins would require that energy be derived from coupled reactions. Nevertheless, it would seem obvious that the peptidases are concerned with the synthesis of protein; peptidase activity is greatest in rapidly growing tissue and may be correlated with the mitotic rate of various types of cells. In addition, it is easily demonstrated that the peptidases can, in the presence of a suitable linked source of energy, catalyze the formation of dipeptides. Energy mechanisms are required, but these energy mechanisms are probably coupled with exchange reactions of many different types and specificities; these specificities may well be furnished by the peptidases. Our studies have indicated that the peptidase activities of a cell are a property of the polynucleotides of the cell (Binkley 1952). In our studies of the hydrolysis of glutathione (Olson & Binkley 1950) it became necessary to study the hydrolysis of the cysteinylglycine. Our most highly purified preparations of the enzyme have been found to be non-specific in nature and to hydrolyze all dipeptides not having an amino-acid of the D-configuration as the initial amino-acid. Leucylglycine, a substrate for the so-called leucine aminopeptidase activity of cells, is easily prepared and is an excellent substrate for studies of the non-specific dipeptidase; this substrate has been used in all our more recent work.
Path Planning Algorithms for Robotic Underwater Sensing in a Network of Sensors

Monitoring lakes, rivers, and oceans is critical to improving our understanding of complex large-scale ecosystems. In this work, we develop and analyze three path planning algorithms for underwater robots to optimize sensing in conjunction with networks of underwater sensors. The algorithms require different levels of knowledge about the environment: global, local, and decentralized control of the robot by the sensor network. We find our global Voronoi approach produces paths that are typically best for sensing, but are longer, which can be problematic if the robot has limited endurance. The local algorithm, inspired by Tangent Bug, produces paths that are usually shorter while still having good sensing. The decentralized controller also has good sensing and short paths and has the advantage that it can also adapt the depths of the underwater sensors to jointly optimize the sensor network and robot sensing and the robot path length. The drawback is the somewhat higher communication and processing requirements. For each of these algorithms we perform a detailed analysis and comparison in simulation. We identify limitations of each and provide framework for future improvements.
Effect of Perturbed Orbital Motion on a Spinning Symmetrical Satellite

This paper extends the "Thomson problem," motion of a symmetrical rigid body in an inverse-square central-force circular orbit under gravity-gradient torques, to the case of a precessing circular orbit under the gravitational attraction of an oblate primary. The averaging method is applied to the modal equations of motion. It is shown that as the spin rate increases, the deviations of the body symmetry axis from the orbit normal become large, due to resonance. In this large motion, for spin rate greater than a certain critical value, the spin axis ceases to remain near the orbit normal and describes a wandering path in inertial space.
Stimulation of microsomal prostaglandin synthesis by a vasoactive material isolated from blood plasma

Abstract Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by a material with coronary vasoconstrictor activity extracted from blood plasma was examined. The vasoactive material decreased the Km for arachidonate in the overall synthesis of prostaglandins by rabbit renal microsomal preparations but did not change Vmax. Increases in prostaglandin synthesis caused by the vasoactive material and L-tryptophan or L-epinephrine were additive or synergistic, whereas increases produced by the vasoactive material and hemin or hemoglobin were not. However, hemin and hemoglobin stimulated synthesis of all prostaglandins equally whereas the active material increased the synthesis of prostaglandin F 2α at the expense of other prostaglandins, both in the presence and absence of heme compounds. The increase in prostaglandin F 2α with respect to the other prostaglandins occurred in the presence of reduced glutathione. The vasoactive material attenuated inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis induced by indomethacin or aspirin but not that produced by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid. The interaction of the vasoactive material and indomethacin was competitive whereas hemin attenuated the effects of only low concentrations of indomethacin. Epinephrine enhanced indomethacin inhibition. These data indicate that mode of action of the vasoactive material in prostaglandin synthesis is unlike that of glutathione, aromatic amines, or heme containing compounds.
Developing Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Applications: A Framework and Design Issues

The rapid growth of mobile technology has expedited ubiquitous information access via handheld devices. However, the fundamental natures of mobile information systems are different from those of desktop applications in terms of purpose of use, device features, communication networks, and working environments. This poses various challenges to mobile information systems on how to deliver and present multimedia content in an effective and adaptive manner. One of the major challenges is to deliver personalized information to the right person in a preferred format based on the changing environment. This paper proposes an innovative framework for developing mobile applications that deliver personalized, context-aware, and adaptive content to mobile users. The framework consists of four major components: information selection, content analysis, media transcoding, and customized presentation. It can be applied to a variety of mobile applications such as mobile web, news alert services, and mobile commerce.
Accessibility control and machinery of immunoglobulin class switch recombination

Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching is a process by which B lymphocytes shift from production of IgM to other Ig classes and subclasses via Ig class switch recombination (CSR). Multiple cellular and molecular processes are involved in CSR. Induction of a given IgH germline transcription initiates CSR processes. Ig germline transcription is selectively activated and induced by specific cytokine(s) via cytokine-specific signal pathways, synergized by CD40 signaling, and optimized by the 3' Ig alpha enhancers through locus control region function. Following Ig germline transcription, the switch-region DNA undergoes conformational changes so that it can serve as an appropriate substrate for nicking and cleavage by switch recombination machinery. Finally, the double-strand breaks in donor and acceptor switch DNAs are processed, repaired, and ligated through a general nonhomologous end join pathway. CSR generates a new transcriptional unit for production of a class-switched Ig isotype.
Somatostatin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in culture.

We have previously shown that somatostatin (SRIF) is synthesized in B and T lymphocytes of rat spleen and thymus and released into the medium of cultured lymphocytes. To determine the role of SRIF in the control of lymphocytes proliferation, the expression of SRIF in normal lymphocytes was inhibited using a 3'-terminal phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a sequence that includes the translation start site of the rat SRIF messenger RNA. Spleens were obtained from adult male rats, and their lymphocytes were cultured for 24 or 72 h to measure SRIF content and cell proliferation, respectively. For the proliferation studies, [3H]thymidine was incorporated during the final 18 h. The lymphocytes were incubated with 15-30 micrograms/ml SRIF antisense and control antisense. SRIF antisense (25 micrograms/ml) increased lymphocyte proliferation 15-fold (P < or = 0.001), reaching a plateau (25- to 30-fold increase) between 25-30 micrograms/ml SRIF antisense. SRIF was extracted from lym...
Differential Phospholamban Gene Expression in Murine Cardiac Compartments: Molecular and Physiological Analyses

Abstract Phospholamban, the regulator of the Ca 2+ pump in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, is differentially expressed between murine atrial and ventricular muscles. Quantitative analyses of RNA isolated from atrial flaps and ventricular apices indicated that the phospholamban gene transcript copy number is 2.5-fold higher in the ventricle compared with the atrium of the FVB/N mouse and 6-fold higher in the ventricle compared with the atrium of the B6D2/F1 mouse strain. These findings were corroborated by in situ hybridization studies of cardiopulmonary sections from both murine strains, and phospholamban transcripts were also observed in pulmonary myocardia of both strains. Analyses of phospholamban transcript levels relative to α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) revealed a 3-fold higher phospholamban abundance in the ventricle compared with the atrium of the FVB/N murine strain. However, the relative mRNA level of Ca 2+ -ATPase (ratio of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase [SERCA2] to α-MHC) in the ventricle was 80% of that in the atrium. Consequently, the relative ratio of phospholamban to SERCA2 mRNA was 4.2-fold lower in the atrium than in the ventricle. The lower transcript ratio of phospholamban to SERCA2 in the atrium was associated with significantly shortened times to half-relaxation (17.40±0.71 milliseconds for atrium versus 30.58±2.04 milliseconds for ventricle), assessed in isolated superfused cardiac tissue preparations recorded at maximum length tension. Contraction times, measured as times to peak tension, were also significantly shortened in atrial muscle (27.36±0.82 milliseconds) compared with ventricular muscle (44.60±2.55 milliseconds), assessed in the same tissue preparations. These findings suggest that phospholamban gene expression is differentially regulated in murine atrial and ventricular muscles and that this differential expression may be associated with differences in the contractile parameters of these cardiac compartments.
Spectra of chemical trees

A method is developed for obtaining the spectra of trees of NMR and chemical interests. The characteristic polynomials of branched trees can be obtained in terms of the characteristic polynomials of unbranched trees and branches by pruning the tree at the joints. The unbranched trees can also be broken down further until a tree containing just two vertices is obtained. The effectively reduces the order of the secular determinant of the tree used at the beginning to determinants of orders atmost equal to the number of vertices in the branch containing the largest number of vertices. An illustrative example of a NMR graph is given for which the 22 x 22 secular determinant is reduced to determinants of orders atmost 4 x 4 in just the second step of the algorithm. The tree pruning algorithm can be applied even to trees with no symmetry elements and such a factoring can be achieved. Methods developed here can be elegantly used to find if two trees are cospectral and to construct cospectral trees.
Using graphs for fast error term approximation of time-varying datasets

We present a method for the efficient computation and storage of approximations of error tables used for error estimation of a region between different time steps in time-varying datasets. The error between two time steps is defined as the distance between the data of these time steps. Error tables are used to look up the error between different time steps of a time-varying dataset, especially when run time error computation is expensive. However, even the generation of error tables itself can be expensive. For n time steps, the exact error look-up table (which stores the error values for all pairs of time steps in a matrix) has a memory complexity and pre-processing time complexity of O(n2), and O(1) for error retrieval.Our approximate error look-up table approach uses trees, where the leaf nodes represent original time steps, and interior nodes contain an average (or best-representative) of the children nodes. The error computed on an edge of a tree describes the distance between the two nodes on that edge. Evaluating the error between two different time steps requires traversing a path between the two leaf nodes, and accumulating the errors on the traversed edges. For n time steps, this scheme has a memory complexity and pre-processing time complexity of O(n log(n)), a significant improvement over the exact scheme; the error retrieval complexity is O(log(n)). As we do not need to calculate all possible n2 error terms, our approach is a fast way to generate the approximation.
Orthogonal Automatic Steering into the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) Using Achromatic Magnets

In the past, steering of the 50-MeV proton beam into the main ring of the ZGS was performed empirically. The method was unsatisfactory because of the heterogeneity of the magnet adjustments. An algorithm was developed that described the orthogonal position of the beam in terms of exit position, exit angle, and position in the center achromat. Any combination of steering parameters can be made by adjustment of the achromatic magnets. The necessary modes of operation, functions, and readouts are combined in a consolette. The consolette is interfaced with the central control computer as an on-line, time-shared input/output (I/O) device. When a steering change is desired, the computer, via stepping motors, adjusts the four magnets for the required solution.
Prevention and Early Identification of Elder Abuse

Elder abuse is a public health problem growing more pervasive despite being grossly underreported and underdetected. Annually, many vulnerable older adults suffer various forms of abuse threatening their overall health, quality of life, and survival. To better protect our aging population, we must overcome obstacles such as ageism, lack of geriatric health professional training, and low screening practices in clinical settings. Addressing these challenges is not sufficient for eliminating the abuse of older adults, but it is necessary for diminishing the potential for abuse and the associated negative health outcomes.
The First Year of Practice: An Investigation of the Professional Learning and Development of Promising Novice Physical Therapists

Background. The goal in studying expertise is not merely to describe ways in which experts excel but also to understand how experts develop in order to better facilitate the development of novices. The study of novice progression helps us to understand what successful versus unsuccessful learning looks like. This understanding is critical, as autonomous practice places increased demands for advanced clinical judgments and the ability to assume professional responsibilities. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences, learning, and development of promising novice therapists throughout their first year of practice in the United States.