cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of 1.2kV SiC-MOSFET EV traction inverter on urban driving

Replacement of an electric vehicle conventional Si-IGBT traction inverter with a SiC-MOSFET inverter can achieve reductions in urban driving cycle average loss by a factor of four, reduction in peak loss by a factor of three, and reduction in semiconductor die area by a factor of two. An 80 kW EV powertrain based on the Nissan LEAF is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and EPA standard driving cycles such as UDDS, HWFET, and US06 are simulated. Scenarios of a 600V Si-IGBT inverter based on the Nissan LEAF, a 1200V Si-IGBT inverter based on the Toyota Prius, and a 1200V SiC-MOSFET inverter are designed using currently available devices. A comprehensive loss model including switching and conduction loss is developed and the total loss of the SiC-MOSFET traction inverter over EPA standard driving cycles shows a reduction in urban driving cycle average loss by a factor of four and peak loss by a factor of three, as well as semiconductor die area by a factor of two, relative to the Si-IGBT traction inverter.
The British Reception of Genlis’S Adèle et Théodore, Preceptive Fiction and the Professionalization of Handmade Literacies

ABSTRACTMadame de Genlis’s Adele et Theodore played a pivotal role in the development of the novel of education and its distinctive protagonist type, the powerful educating heroine. Genlis also had a lasting impact on the popularization and professionalization of handmade literacies, or hand-crafted children’s texts that are made for specific children within an intimate, domestic setting. Genlis’s particular contribution to the discourse of handmade literacies in Adelaide and Theodore is to turn a mother’s handmade literacies into mass-produced commodities. She not only describes how to create these items, she turns them into bestselling books. Genlis’s impressive and semi-autobiographical female heroine, the Baroness d’Almane, had a powerful impact on female British education writers such as Clara Reeve, Sarah Trimmer, and Anna Barbauld, who, in turn, mass-marketed their own literacy works and pedagogical fictions.
Biotic and Abiotic Predictors of Larval Salamander Size and Density

Both abiotic and biotic factors influence population and community structure. However, the simultaneous assessment of the relative importance of both types of factors is rarely performed for multiple traits of a population, such as body size and abundance. Comparisons among different demographic rates are necessary for teasing apart the importance of species interactions and/or environmental conditions on both population and community structure. We tested whether biotic (e.g., larval competition) or abiotic factors influenced larval salamander density and body size in natural populations of two known salamander competitors, Ambystoma talpoideum and A. maculatum. Over six years, we surveyed 33 ponds where these species co-occur in western Kentucky, USA. We found that larval densities between species were positively correlated, and that habitat features had contrasting, species-specific effects. Larval sizes for each species showed negative intra- and interspecific relationships with larval densities of eac...
Efficient L-shape fitting for vehicle detection using laser scanners

The detection of surrounding vehicles is an essential task in autonomous driving, which has been drawing enormous attention recently. When using laser scanners, L-Shape fitting is a key step for model-based vehicle detection and tracking, which requires thorough investigation and comprehensive research. In this paper, we formulate the L-Shape fitting as an optimization problem. An efficient search based method is then proposed to find the optimal solution. Our method does not rely on laser scan sequence information and therefore supports convenient data fusion from multiple laser scanners; it is efficient and involves very few parameters for tuning; the approach is also flexible to suit various fitting demands with different fitting criteria. On-road experiments with production-grade laser scanners have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.
Thiabicyclononane-Based Antimicrobial Polycations

Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (BCN) polycations were synthesized by the reaction of the bivalent electrophile thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dinitrate with a series of simple bis(pyridine) nucleophiles. Oligomers of moderate chain length were formed in a modular approach that tolerated the inclusion of functionalized and variable-length linkers between the pyridine units. Post-polymerization modification via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cyloaddition was enabled by the inclusion of terminal alkyne groups in these monomers. Most of the resulting polymers, new members of the polyionene class, inhibited the growth of bacteria at the μg/mL level and killed static bacterial cells at polymer concentrations of tens of ng/mL, with moderate to good selectivity with respect to lysis of red blood cells. While resistance to the BCN polymers was developed only very slowly over multiple passages, a degradable version of the polycation was observed to make E. coli cells more susceptible to other quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial...
New Approaches to Economic Efficiency

Measuring productive efficiency of firms or enterprises and analyzing their policy implications have been a central topic of research in microeconomic theory. Recently some new approaches have been proposed, since the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was first proposed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978). These new approaches develop a nonparametric class of measurement of relative efficiency of firms within an industry, which uses observed input output data to characterize a production frontier. The concept of technical efficiency underlies the production frontier i.e., an input output vector is said to be technically efficient, if and only if increasing any output or decreasing any input is possible only by decreasing some other output or increasing some other input. Fare, Grosskopf and Lovell (1994) have surveyed this field of production frontiers and discussed the contributions of Koopmans, Debreu, Farrell and others.
Are Pachucos Subalterns?: Crime, Liminality, and the Uncanny in Early Chicano Literature

This article studies the novels of Daniel Venegas, Jovita Gonzalez, and Americo Paredes that they wrote between 1928-1938. Indigeneity, marriage, liminality, and volition are major themes in the works of each author, all of which analyze the state of Chicanos in the Southwest during the first decades after the Mexican Revolution. While their plots and characters differ, they are all rooted in the conflict between First Nations and colonial settlers and had to grapple with the existence of pachucos. Because it was necessary for pachucos and pachucas to mediate between their Mexican-born relatives and Euro-Americans, they best represented the state of Mexican America during that era.
Influence of exposure to pesticide mixtures on the metabolomic profile in post-metamorphic green frogs (Lithobates clamitans).

Abstract Pesticide use in agricultural areas requires the application of numerous chemicals to control target organisms, leaving non-target organisms at risk. The present study evaluates the hepatic metabolomic profile of one group of non-target organisms, amphibians, after exposure to a single pesticide and pesticide mixtures. Five common-use pesticide active ingredients were used in this study, three herbicides (atrazine, metolachlor and 2,4- d ), one insecticide (malathion) and one fungicide (propiconazole). Juvenile green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) were reared for 60–90 days post-metamorphosis then exposed to a single pesticide or a combination of pesticides at the labeled application rate on soil. Amphibian livers were excised for metabolomic analysis and pesticides were quantified for whole body homogenates. Based on the current study, metabolomic profiling of livers support both individual and interactive effects where pesticide exposures altered biochemical processes, potentially indicating a different response between active ingredients in pesticide mixtures, among these non-target species. Amphibian metabolomic response is likely dependent on the pesticides present in each mixture and their ability to perturb biochemical networks, thereby confounding efforts with risk assessment.
Syndromic Spinal Deformities in the Growing Child

The term “syndrome” is derived from the Greek, meaning “to run together.” By defi nition, therefore, syndromes are diverse. The term “syndrome” implies that a condition is defi ned by its evident features and not by a single underlying etiologic principle. Congenital syndromes are often characterized by differences in connective tissue structure and neurological control that affect the spine. However, there are some general principles which govern the management of spinal deformities in children. This chapter will highlight these principles and then discuss in detail several syndromes which present with early onset scoliosis: Marfan, Loeys–Dietz, Shprintzen-Goldberg, Ehlers–Danlos, Prader–Willi, Rett and Down syndromes.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6: Molecular Mechanisms and Calcium Channel Genetics

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 6 is an autosomal dominant disease affecting cerebellar degeneration. Clinically, it is characterized by pure cerebellar dysfunction, slowly progressive unsteadiness of gait and stance, slurred speech, and abnormal eye movements with late onset. Pathological findings of SCA6 include a diffuse loss of Purkinje cells, predominantly in the cerebellar vermis. Genetically, SCA6 is caused by expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat in the last exon of longest isoform CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19p13.1–p13.2. Normal alleles have 4–18 repeats, while alleles causing disease contain 19–33 repeats. Due to presence of a novel internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) with the mRNA, CACNA1A encodes two structurally unrelated proteins with distinct functions within an overlapping open reading frame (ORF) of the same mRNA: (1) α1A subunit of P/Q-type voltage gated calcium channel; (2) α1ACT, a newly recognized transcription factor, with polyglutamine repeat at C-terminal end. Understanding the function of α1ACT in physiological and pathological conditions may elucidate the pathogenesis of SCA6. More importantly, the IRES, as the translational control element of α1ACT, provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SCA6.
C–C Bond Formation (Part 1) by Addition Reactions: Higher-order Cycloadditions

Metal-catalyzed and metal-mediated [m + n +…(+ x)] higher-order cycloaddition reactions comprise a broad and versatile class of reactions that give access to rings of seven or more members. In this review, 17 different reaction classes, including two-, three-, and four-component processes, that provide methods for the synthesis of seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered rings are surveyed covering the literature from 1993 to mid-2005.
The Use of a Computer Competency Exam Requirement in Undergraduate Accounting Programs: The Experience of University of Hawaii

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of a computer competency exam requirement in undergraduate accounting programs at the University of Hawaii. In response to the impact of information technology in accounting and the disparities in students' computer background when entering the college, the faculty at the College of Business Administration (CBA), University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM) has instituted the requirement of successfully completing the Computer Competency Exam (CCE) as a prerequisite for entering its undergraduate business program. There are several ways that students can prepare for this exam. One is self-study, but this requires a great deal of discipline. Another is to take an introductory computer course at the high school, or college level. A third way is to take the Computer Competency Course offered by the College of Continuing Education, and Community Services. This nonrequired, noncredit course is specifically geared to the exam. In spite of the reorientation of the CCE toward the use of spreadsheet/ DOS, the faculty still identified a great disparity in student's spreadsheet/ DOS skills when entering the CBA.
Increasing Enzyme Stability

Enzymes are active only when their polypeptide chain is folded into a unique globular conformation with a functional active site. In most naturally occurring enzymes, this globular conformation is only 5 to 10 kcal/mole more stable than unfolded, biologically inactive conformations (1). The conformational stability of a protein is defined as the free energy change for the reaction: $$ \textup{folded}\;\textup{(native)}\; \;\textup{unfolded\;(denatured)} $$ (1) under ambient conditions, such as water at 25°C. The most convenient methods of estimating the conformational stability of a protein are urea (or guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)) unfolding curves and thermal unfolding curves. Estimates of the conformational stability based on urea unfolding curves are designated ΔG(H2O), and estimates from thermal unfolding curves are designated ΔG(25°C). In the first part of this article, we describe how to measure ΔG(H2O) and ΔG(25°C).
Necessary yet insufficient: Contextualizing trans* Identities in campus climate research

The authors rely upon data from the 2017 Student Experience in the Research University (SERU) survey to address a gap in the campus climate literature by sharing analyses specific to trans* student communities in higher education. Troubling the campus climate framework and the quantitative measures on which it relies, schneider, Alexander, and Mitchell point to campus climate research as necessary yet insufficient to creating meaningful change in higher education institutions to best serve trans*-identified students.
Knowledge of Exercise Recommendations in Adults with HF

Introduction Moderate-vigorous exercise, an important self-care behavior, is recommended in multiple clinical practice guidelines. In HF, exercise improves clinical outcomes but participation rates are low. Knowledge of exercise and physical activity guidelines may play a role in exercise participation; however, prior studies have included small samples from single sites. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between demographic and clinical factors and exercise knowledge levels of patients with HF. Methods This sub-analysis of a multi-site (5 USA and 1 Swedish site) correlational study enrolled a convenience sample. Demographics (gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, highest education, and employment), clinical and HF characteristics (including NYHA class, BMI, depression, comorbidity score, previous cardiac rehabilitation, type of physician seen), past and current participation in physical activity, and knowledge about endurance exercise levels (higher scores greater knowledge), were collected. Correlations and ANOVA were used to determine relationships and differences in exercise knowledge levels by demographic and clinical characteristics. Results Of 492 participants, mean (SD) age was 63 (13.6) years and BMI 29.3 (6.73) kg/ml/m2. Other characteristics were 65.8% male; 76.2% Caucasian; 58.9% married; 30.9% NYHA class III/IV. Only 46% exercised moderately-vigorously. Mean (SD) exercise knowledge was poor, 35% (20%) on a 0-100% scale and US knowledge scores were higher than Swedish scores (36.2 vs 29.2, p = 0.001). Those who described past (p Conclusions Among patients with HF, exercise knowledge level was low, and knowledge differed by several demographic and clinical characteristics. Exercise behaviors are modifiable and educational interventions targeted to individuals with lower knowledge levels are necessary.
Mesoscopic Structure Facilitates Rapid CO2 Transport and Reactivity in CO2 Capture Solvents.

Mass transfer coefficients of CO2 are anomalously high in water-lean solvents as compared to aqueous amines. Such phenomena are intrinsic to the molecular and nanoscale structure of concentrated organic CO2 capture solvents. To decipher the connections, we performed in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ionization mass spectroscopy on a representative water-lean solvent, 1-((1,3-Dimethylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)amino)propan-2-ol (IPADM-2-BOL). Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) chemical mapping of the solvent revealed that IPADM-2-BOL exhibited a heterogeneous molecular structure with regions of CO2-free solvent coexisting with clusters of zwitterionic carbonate ions. Chemical mapping were consistent with molecular dynamic simulation results, indicating CO2 diffusing through pockets and channels of unreacted solvent. The observed mesoscopic structure promotes and enhances the diffusion and reactivity of CO2, likely prevalent in other water-lean solvents. This finding suggests that if the size...
A rAAV2-producing yeast screening model to identify host proteins enhancing rAAV DNA replication and vector yield

Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) are promising therapies for genetic diseases. Although current platforms for recombinant vector production can generate drug material for pre-clinical and clinical studies, rAAV biomanufacturing will eventually face commercial supply challenges if per cell vector productivity and process scalability are not improved. Because considerable efforts have traditionally focused on optimizing rAAV plasmid design, herein we investigate the impact of host cell proteins on vector production to identify proteins that may enhance rAAV yield. Using a rAAV2-GFP-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae model in combination with the yeast Tet Hughes Collection screening library, we identified 22 gene candidates that improved rAAV DNA replication (rAAV-GFP/18s rDNA ratio) and vector yield (benzonase-resistant rAAV DNA vector genome titer) as high as 6-fold and 15-fold relative to control, respectively. The candidate proteins participate in biological processes such as DNA replication, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA and protein processing. The best five candidates (PRE4, HEM4, TOP2, GPN3, and SDO1) were further screened by generating overexpression mutants in the YPH500 yeast strain. Subsequent clone evaluation was performed to confirm the rAAV-promoting activity of selected candidates under plate-based and bioreactor-controlled fermentation conditions. Digital droplet PCR analysis of cell lysate and AVB resin-purified material confirmed HEM4 and TOP2 overexpression mutants displayed the highest per cell total rAAV DNA productivity (1.6 and 1.7-fold increase over control, respectively) and per cell vector productivity (3 and 4-fold over control, respectively). This evaluation confirmed that overexpression of HEM4 and TOP2 proteins enhanced total and benzonase-resistant rAAV DNA yield. Further studies are needed to understand their mechanism of action and to assess their potential application in molecular strategies for rAAV production. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2725, 2019.
The democratic deficit on salient issues: immigration and healthcare in the states

We update past work on the democratic deficit, defined as incongruence between majority public preference and public policy in the American states. We reconsider public opinion and state policy on seven issues related to immigration and health questions. Using original data from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey as well as new data on state policy and other predictors, we show that these seven issues have distinct qualities from Lax and Phillips’s larger basket of 39 policy questions in different issue areas. From 2008 to 2014, the democratic deficit on these issues diminished somewhat in the presence of a heightened level of issue salience.
Conceptualizing leakage and storage contributions from long open interval wells in regional deep basin flow models

Deep basin aquifers are increasingly used in water‐stressed areas, though their potential for sustainable development is inhibited by overlying aquitards and limited recharge rates. Long open interval wells (LOIWs)—wells uncased through multiple hydrostratigraphic units—are present in many confined aquifer systems and can be an important mechanism for deep basin aquifers to receive flow across aquitards. LOIWs are a major control on flow in the deep Cambrian–Ordovician sandstone aquifers of the upper Midwest, USA, providing a source of artificial leakage from shallow bedrock aquifers and equilibrating head within the sandstone aquifers despite differential pumpage. Conceptualizing and quantifying this anthropogenic flow has long been a challenge for groundwater flow modellers, particularly on a regional scale. Synoptic measurements of active production wells and well completion data for northeast Illinois form the basis for a transient, head‐specified MODFLOW model that determines mass balance contributions to the region and estimates LOIW leakage to the aquifers. Using this insight, transient LOIW leakage was simulated using transiently changing KV zones in a traditional, Q‐specified MODFLOW‐USG model, a novel approach that allows the KV in a cell containing a LOIW to change transiently by use of the time‐variant materials (TVM) package. With this modification, we achieved a consistent calibration through time, averaging 19.9 m root mean squared error. This model indicates that artificial leakage via LOIWs contributed a minimum of 10–13% of total flow to the sandstone aquifers through the entire history of pumping, up to 50% of flow around 1930. Removal from storage exceeds 40% of flow during peak withdrawals, much of this flow sourced from units other than the primary sandstone aquifers via LOIWs. As such, understanding the timing and magnitude of LOIW leakage is essential for predicting future water availability in deep basin aquifers.
Parental Involvement Among Collegiate Student-Athletes: An Analysis Across NCAA Divisions

Despite emerging evidence of a link between parental involvement and student-athletes’ (SA) experiences, and the desire for educational programming for parents of these SAs, previous research has been limited to the Division I level. This has prevented the ability to inform, develop, and deliver parent programming across the NCAA’s diverse membership. The present study was designed to descriptively assess SA reports of parental involvement (i.e., support, contact, academic engagement, athletic engagement) across NCAA Division I, II, and III member institutions and examine the potential impact of this involvement on SAs’ experiences (i.e., academic self-efficacy, athletic satisfaction, well-being, individuation). Participants were 455 SAs (53% female; 81% Caucasian; Mage = 19.81, SD = 1.65) from DI (30%), DII (37%), and DIII (33%) institutions, who completed an online survey with items assessing parental involvement and SA experiences. Regarding academic classification, 32% were freshmen, 24% sophomores, 22% juniors, and 22% seniors. Results provide novel evidence for an absence of division-wide differences in average levels of involvement and no variability in links between involvement and SA experiences across divisions. Results complement and extend previous research by offering a clearer understanding of differential associations between involvement and SAs’ experiences regardless of division, notably that involvement bolstered well-being but also strongly detracted from individuation. Findings highlight the importance of developing programs to promote positive and developmentally-appropriate parental involvement across the spectrum of intercollegiate athletics, especially given the absence of evidence-based resources presently offered by the NCAA.
“I just want to be skinny.”: A content analysis of tweets expressing eating disorder symptoms

There is increasing concern about online communities that promote eating disorder (ED) behaviors through messages and/or images that encourage a "thin ideal" (i.e., promotion of thinness as attractive) and harmful weight loss/weight control practices. The purpose of this paper is to assess the content of body image and ED-related content on Twitter and provide a deeper understanding of EDs that may be used for future studies and online-based interventions. Tweets containing ED or body image-related keywords were collected from January 1-January 31, 2015 (N = 28,642). A random sample (n = 3000) was assessed for expressions of behaviors that align with subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) 16.0. Demographic characteristics were inferred using a social media analytics company. The comprehensive research that we conducted indicated that 2,584 of the 3,000 tweets were ED-related; 65% expressed a preoccupation with body shape, 13% displayed issues related to food/eating/calories, and 4% expressed placing a high level of importance on body weight. Most tweets were sent by girls (90%) who were ≤19 years old (77%). Our findings stress a need to better understand if and how ED-related content on social media can be used for targeting prevention and intervention messages towards those who are in-need and could potentially benefit from these efforts.
Perioperative Evaluation and Management of Patients With Cirrhosis: Risk Assessment, Surgical Outcomes, and Future Directions.

Background and Aims Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We provide a narrative review of the available data regarding perioperative morbidity and mortality, risk assessment, and management of patients with cirrhosis undergoing non-hepatic surgical procedures. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature from 1998-2018 and identified 87 studies reporting perioperative outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. We extracted elements of study design and perioperative mortality by surgical procedure, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score reported in these 87 studies to support our narrative review. Results Overall, perioperative mortality is 2-10 times higher in patients with cirrhosis compared to patients without cirrhosis, depending on the severity of liver dysfunction. For elective procedures, patients with compensated cirrhosis (CTP class A, or MELD 15) are at high risk for mortality; liver transplantation or alternatives to surgery should be considered. Very little data exist to guide perioperative management of patients with cirrhosis, so most recommendations are based on case series and expert opinion. Existing risk calculators are inadequate. Conclusions Severity of liver dysfunction, medical comorbidities and the type and complexity of surgery, including whether it is elective versus emergent, are all determinants of perioperative mortality and morbidity in patients with cirrhosis. There are major limitations to the existing clinical research on risk assessment and perioperative management that warrant further investigation.
Reference Standards for Ventilatory Threshold Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: The Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database

Background Established reference standards for the ventilatory threshold (V t ) are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop reference standards for the V t derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) using treadmill and cycle ergometry. Methods Seven laboratories experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND) from April 2014 through February 2019. V t data from 27 states in the United States and the Ontario Province in Canada, comprising 9,350 tests (treadmill: n = 1,195; cycle ergometer: n = 8,155) in men (n = 7,540) and women (n = 1,810) 20 to 79 years of age who were free from smoking and known cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, and/or neoplastic disease were used to develop the reference standards. Comparisons of V t values were made between exercise testing modes, sex, and age groups. Results V t values on the treadmill were higher than cycle ergometry; men had higher V t values than women on both test modalities, and the highest V t values achieved were in the 20- to 29-year-old age group compared with all other age groups (all P t values from age groups 20 to 29 through 70 to 79 years of age were 23% and 35% in men and 47% and 30% in women for treadmill and cycle ergometry tests, respectively. Conclusions In addition to previous reference standards from FRIEND for cardiorespiratory fitness, the V t reference standards reported herein provide valuable information on functional metric. These data have important implications for CPX interpretation and aerobic exercise prescription in the clinical and fitness settings.
Child Rearing by Blind Parents

One somewhat neglected area in the literature dealing with the daily life of blind persons is the responsibilities and problems faced by blind parents. The editors of the New Outlook, therefore, ha...
Simulating cyber-physical systems: Identifying vulnerabilities for design and manufacturing through simulated additive manufacturing environments

Abstract Cyber-physical systems have been widely adopted in a number of industries, including healthcare, critical infrastructure, and manufacturing. The connectivity of machines, which characterizes cyber-physical systems and provides many of their benefits, leaves them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Within manufacturing, cyber-attacks can compromise end-use parts, resulting in catastrophic part failure. Researchers have recently started to investigate the vulnerabilities within connected additive manufacturing machines, demonstrating vulnerabilities and proposing mitigation strategies. While informative, findings from past work are limited by the physical machines used in experiments, making results difficult to generalize to other systems. Further, physical experiments take time, waste stock material, and may not be generalizable for other machines. The goal of this work is to provide a digital testbed for future research to characterize the vulnerabilities of manufacturing CPS and develop new methods to effectively identify compromised parts. This paper proposes and validates an inexpensive and accessible simulation to accurately predict the physical output of a fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing machine. This simulation allows for efficient testing of attack vectors and determine the probability of attack detection using quality control methods. This study lays the groundwork for future research exploring the vulnerabilities in engineering design processes as manufacturers become increasingly reliant on connected production equipment.
Oscillating Electron Mobility in DoubleV-shaped Quantum Well based Field Effect Transistor Structure

The electron mobility µ exhibits oscillatory behavior with gate electric field F in an asymmetrically doped double V-shaped Al x Ga 1-x As quantum well field effect transistor structure. By changing F, single-double-single subband occupancy of the system is obtained. We show that µ oscillates within double subband occupancy as a function of F near resonance of subband states due to the relocation of subband wave functions between the wells through intersubband effects.
Supporting Teacher Visioning of Justice-Oriented Engineering in the Middle Grades

There are well-documented justice-related issues in engineering education. How do teachers begin to develop a way of seeing forward in their teaching, both in how they understand their role and the...
Wildfire-driven changes in the abundance of gas-phase pollutants in the city of Boise, ID during summer 2018

Abstract During summer 2018, wildfire smoke impacted the atmospheric composition and photochemistry across much of the western U.S. Smoke is becoming an increasingly important source of air pollution for this region, and this problem will continue to be exacerbated by climate change. The Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption and Nitrogen (WE-CAN) project deployed a research aircraft in summer 2018 (22 July – 31 August) to sample wildfire smoke during its first day of atmospheric evolution using Boise, ID as a base. We report on measurements of gas-phase species collected in aircraft ascents and descents through the boundary layer. We classify ascents and descents with mean hydrogen cyanide (HCN) > 300 pptv and acetonitrile (CH3CN) > 200 pptv as smoke-impacted. We contrast data from the 16 low/no-smoke and 16 smoke-impacted ascents and descents to determine differences between the two data subsets. The smoke was transported from local fires in Idaho as well as from major fire complexes in Oregon and California. During the smoke-impacted periods, the abundances of many gas-phase species, including carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), formaldehyde (HCHO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) were significantly higher than low/no-smoke periods. When compared to ground-based data obtained from the Colorado Front Range in summer 2015, we found that a similar subset of gas-phase species increased when both areas were smoke-impacted. During smoke-impacted periods, the average abundances of several Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs), including benzene, HCHO, and acetaldehyde, were comparable in magnitude to the annual averages in many major U.S. urban areas.
Insect melanogenesis. III. Metabolon formation in the melanogenic pathway-regulation of phenoloxidase activityy by endogenous dopachrome isomerase (decarboxylating) from Manduca sexta.

Tyrosinase initiates melanogenesis in a variety of organisms. The nature of melanin formed is modified subsequently by dopachrome isomerase and other melanogenic proteins. Earlier, we reported the partial purification of dopachrome isomerase (decarboxylating) from the hemolymph of Manduca sexta and demonstrated the generation of a new quinone methide intermediate during melanogenesis (Sugumaran, M., and Semensi, V. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6073-6078). In this paper, we report the purification of this enzyme to homogeneity and a novel inhibition mechanism for regulation of phenoloxidase activity. The activity of phenoloxidase isolated from M. sexta was markedly inhibited by purified dopachrome isomerase. In turn, phenoloxidase also reciprocated by inhibiting the isomerase activity. Preformed dopaminechrome did not serve as the substrate for the isomerase; but dopaminechrome that generated in situ by phenoloxidase was readily converted to melanin pigment by the phenoloxidase/isomerase mixture. Furthermore, the isomerase, which has a molecular weight of about 40,000 in native state, exhibited retardation during affinity electrophoresis on sodium dodeyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel copolymerized with tyrosinase and migrated with a molecular weight of 50,000, indicating complex formation with phenoloxidase. Electrophoresis of pupal cuticular extract on polyacrylamide gel, followed by activity staining revealed the presence of a protein band carrying both phenoloxidase and isomerase activity. Accordingly, a high-molecular-weight melanogenic complex was isolated from the pharate cuticle of M. sexta. The complex catalyzed the generation of melanochrome from dopa, while the free phenoloxidase produced only dopachrome from the same substrate. When the complex was treated with trace amounts of SDS, which inhibited the activity of dopachrome isomerase present in the complex, then only the conversion of dopa to dopachrome was observed. These studies confirm the formation of a melanogenic complex between phenoloxidase and dopachrome isomerase. By forming a complex and regulating each other's activity, these two enzymes seem to control the levels of endogenous quinones.
Factors Leading to the Malfunctioning of Credit Markets in Less-Developed Economies and the Role of Microfinance Institutions in Poverty Alleviation

This mimeo discusses the relative significance of Microfinance to the poor in developed Economies. We analyse different vehicles of microfinance to the poor in less developed Countries (LDCs hereafter). The analysis also covers a global overview for Microfinance activity, and the dominant factors leading to the malfunction of credit lending in the LDCs and its contribution to the persistence of poverty. It concludes with an emphasis on the role of microfinance institutions in availing credit and the importance of innovative perspectives in dealing with conventional hurdles.
Switched-capacitor circuits using polysilicon on quartz thin-film technology

It is shown that switched capacitor amplifiers and digital-to-analog converters can be built with adequate speed, voltage swing, and precision for AMLCDs (active-matrix liquid crystal displays) and other large-area electronic applications. Fully integrated polysilicon TFT (thin-film transistor) analog switched-capacitor circuits offer an alternative approach to data driver design. Switched capacitor circuits built entirely using polysilicon thin-film devices on quartz substrates has been demonstrated. Charge redistribution amplifiers and digital-to-analog converters are shown to operate at clock rates above 50 kHz, despite the relatively poor performance of polysilicon TFTs in comparison to conventional MOSFETs. Better than 8 b DAC accuracy is demonstrated. These results offer the possibility of greatly increased functionality on large-area devices such as flat-panel displays, page-width scan arrays, or page-width print heads. >
Minable Data Warehouse

Data warehouses have been widely used in various capacities such as large corporations or public institutions. These systems contain large and rich datasets that are often used by several data mining techniques to discover interesting patterns. However, before data mining techniques can be applied to data warehouses, arduous and convoluted preprocessing techniques must be completed. Thus, we propose a minable data warehouse that integrates the preprocessing stage in a data mining technique within the cleansing and transformation process in a data warehouse. This framework will allow data mining techniques to be computed without any additional preprocessing steps. We present our proposed framework using a synthetically generated dataset and a classical data mining technique called Apriori to discover association rules within instant messaging datasets.
The World We Live In

This Essay focuses on a threat to our constitutional order - the curtailment of freedom of speech in the name of fighting terrorism. Specifically, my subject is the Supreme Court’s decision last June in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, which upheld the authority of Congress to criminalize political advocacy on behalf of foreign terrorist organizations. Like warrantless wiretapping, the risk of a criminal prosecution for political advocacy - for example, an utterance by an American citizen in an American forum that a foreign terrorist organization has a just cause - poses a threat to our democracy, but the danger is greater. The risk of warrantless wiretapping inhibits speech; the risk of a criminal prosecution stops it altogether.
Structural Studies of The N-terminal Domain of Plasmodium Falciparum Copper P-ATPase (PfCuP-ATPase)

Plasmodium falciparum is one of the four parasites that cause malaria in humans. Resistance of malarial parasites to some of existing drugs calls for a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Integral membrane proteins which are metal transporters are potential targets for drug development. PfCuP-ATPase, a copper-transporting ATPase in Plasmodium parasites, is a potential target for new antimalarials. PfCuP-ATPase has one copper binding motif in the N-terminal region. The C-terminal portion of the protein has ten predicted trans-membrane helices and multiple inserts of unknown function. The structural organization of PfCuP-ATPase has not been elucidated. Our objective is to understand the structure and function of the N-terminal region. We have applied protein modeling tools to predict structured sub-domains in the N-terminal domain of PfCuP-ATPase (Fig. 1 &2). Circular Dichroism and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy methods were used to study the biophysical properties of the predicted domains (Fig...
Chapter 23 Public Intervention in Post-Secondary Education

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the nature of state and federal subsidies to higher education and the empirical evidence on the impacts on students' college enrollment decisions. The discussion includes a brief discussion of the incentives created by federal and state subsidies for institutions and for students, a summary of trends in enrollment rates by race and income, a survey of the empirical evidence on the impacts of financial aid policies, and a discussion of the possible role supply constraints may have played on the rise in the payoff to schooling over the last two decades.
Multihormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes. Insulin's effects oppose those of cAMP and dexamethasone.

Abstract The multihormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was studied using chimeric genes composed of various regions of the PEPCK gene promoter region fused to the coding sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. These constructions, transfected into H4IIE hepatoma cells, are regulated like the endogenous PEPCK gene: dexamethasone and cAMP both stimulate PEPCK-CAT gene expression and their effects are additive; insulin inhibits the individual or combined effects of these stimulatory agents; and insulin inhibits dexamethasone-stimulated PEPCK-CAT fusion gene expression in a concentration-dependent fashion that is half-maximal at 10(-11) M. The induction by dexamethasone and the inhibition by insulin is specific for the DNA sequences that flank the 5' end of the PEPCK gene because similar effects were not observed for a plasmid in which the promoter and enhancer sequences of simian virus 40 (SV40) are fused to CAT. These results imply that the DNA adjacent to the transcription start site of the PEPCK gene contains the cis-acting hormone response elements responsible for the multihormonal regulation of this gene, including the insulin response.
Regenerating afferent fibers stimulate the recovery of mauthner cell dendritic branching in the axolotl

In the medulla of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), Mauthner cells (M-cells) occur as a pair of large identifiable neurons at the level of entry of the vestibular nerve (nVIII). Each receives synapses from the ipsilateral nVIII; the terminals can be identified as club endings and are restricted to a specific set of M-cell dendritic branches. We have examined these branches for morphologic changes following long-term deafferentation in the presence and absence of nerve regeneration. Deafferentation was brought about in a group of young larvae by unilaterally severing nVIII. The nerve was allowed to regenerate in half of the larvae. In those remaining, the nVIII ganglion was damaged to preclude or limit nerve regeneration. The contralateral side served as control. After 3 months survival, the larvae were killed and the medullae prepared for microscopy. To estimate the extent of nerve regeneration, axons in the experimental nVIII tract were counted and compared with the number in the control. The mean number of axons in the nVIII tract ipsilateral to intact ganglia indicated that 69% of the fibers had regenerated. In contrast, only 31% regenerated in larvae with damaged ganglia. Electron microscopic analysis of selected sections revealed that the mean number of nVIII terminals per section through M-cells ipsilateral to destroyed ganglia was significantly less than the mean number in analogous sections through either control cells or cells ipsilateral to intact ganglia. Control and experimental M-cells were reconstructed from serial sections. Deprived M-cells had significantly reduced dendritic branching patterns in the region that normally receives nVIII input. On the other hand, the extent of branching on cells receiving regenerated afferents from intact ganglia was like that of their contralateral controls. The distribution of dendritic branches on many reinnervated M-cells, however, was broader than that on control cells. Electron microscopic examination of the displaced dendritic branches (those extending into adjacent tracts) revealed that they received vestibular synapses. Thus, in some animals, regenerated vestibular fibers were not restricted to the nVIII tract. Deafferentation of the M-cells results in a reduction of dendritic branches in the region deprived of vestibular contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effective Hamiltonian study of PbZr 0.95 Ti 0.05 O 3

An effective Hamiltonian ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is constructed for ${\mathrm{PbZr}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.05}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ It is parametrized using primarily ab initio results computed in the virtual-crystal approximation. The phase diagram depends sensitively on the energetic competition between the stable orthorhombic antiferroelectric ${(A}_{O})$ and the metastable ``low temperature'' rhombohedral ferroelectric ${(F}_{R(\mathrm{LT})})$ structures at 0 K. By incorporating a temperature-dependent thermal-expansion term into ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and modifying ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ to adjust the relative energies of the ${A}_{O}$ and ${F}_{R(\mathrm{LT})}$ phases, we obtain a ferroelectric phase intervening between the low-temperature antiferroelectric ground state and the high-temperature paraelectric phase, in qualitative agreement with experiments. We also discuss the temperature-dependent disordering of the oxygen octahedral tilts responsible for the experimentally observed space group of the ferroelectric phase.
Functional hierarchy of the N-terminal tyrosines of SLP-76.

The adaptor protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) plays a central role in T cell activation and T cell development. SLP-76 has three functional modules: an acidic domain with three key tyrosines, a central proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal Src homology 2 domain. Of these, mutation of the three N-terminal tyrosines (Y112, Y128, and Y145) results in the most profound effects on T cell development and function. Y112 and Y128 associate with Vav and Nck, two proteins shown to be important for TCR-induced phosphorylation of proximal signaling substrates, Ca 2+ flux, and actin reorganization. Y145 has been shown to be important for optimal association of SLP-76 with inducible tyrosine kinase, a key regulator of T cell function. To investigate further the role of the phosphorylatable tyrosines of SLP-76 in TCR signaling, cell lines and primary T cells expressing SLP-76 with mutations in individual or paired tyrosine residues were analyzed. These studies show that Tyr 145 of SLP-76 is the most critical tyrosine for both T cell function in vitro and T cell development in vivo.
Constrained Navigation Environments

Finding one's way through a complex virtual environment is a standard task in 3D graphics and virtual reality applications. Constrained navigation is a method that appropriately restricts the user's degrees of freedom when there is a poor match between the goal of an exploration activity, the control device, and the user's familiarity with the exploration domain. The fundamental prerequisite for the adoption of constrained navigation is that the designer can significantly improve the quality of the user's experience by choosing a predetermined parametric set of viewing parameters or algorithms. We discuss families of constrained navigation methods appropriate to desktop and immersive virtual reality applications. We illustrate the approach with a variety of examples, emphasizing the possibility of topologically nontrivial navigation spaces, and present the results of a preliminary user study.