cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of psychiatric pharmacogenomics.

Clinical need for biomarkers that predict treatment outcome Psychiatric disorders are common and have high levels of morbidity and mortality. They strike early in life and are usually lifelong and chronic disorders. Currently, mental illness is ranked as the second in leading source of disease burden in established market economies by the WHO. It is estimated that 10–15% of the general population will experience clinical depression during their lifetime and 5% of men and 9% of women will experience a depressive disorder in a given year (as established by the WHO) [1]. Although there are a variety of pharmacological treatments available, response and tolerability to drugs are highly variable with some patients responding to one treatment but not another. In general, response and remission rates to pharmaco logical treatment are limited [2,3]. There are several potential explanations for these poor drug response rates, including clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic uncertainty, comorbidity, environmental, social and genetic factors. Identification of genetic biomarkers, that can help to predict treatment response of psychotropic medications and aid in the effective treatment of mental illness, would greatly enrich current clinical practice and it is thus of high importance to the field.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is extraordinarily sensitive to killing by a vitamin C-induced Fenton reaction

Drugs that kill tuberculosis more quickly could shorten chemotherapy significantly. In Escherichia coli, a common mechanism of cell death by bactericidal antibiotics involves the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. Here we show that vitamin C, a compound known to drive the Fenton reaction, sterilizes cultures of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. While M. tuberculosis is highly susceptible to killing by vitamin C, other Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens are not. The bactericidal activity of vitamin C against M. tuberculosis is dependent on high ferrous ion levels and reactive oxygen species production, and causes a pleiotropic effect affecting several biological processes. This study enlightens the possible benefits of adding vitamin C to an anti-tuberculosis regimen and suggests that the development of drugs that generate high oxidative burst could be of great use in tuberculosis treatment.
Side channel vulnerability metrics: the promise and the pitfalls

Side-channels enable attackers to break a cipher by exploiting observable information from the cipher program's execution to infer its secret key. While some defenses have been proposed to protect information leakage due to certain side channels, the effectiveness of these defenses have mostly been given only qualitative analysis by their authors. It is desirable to have a general quantitative method and metric to evaluate a system's vulnerability to side-channel attacks.In this paper, we define the features of a good side-channel leakage metric. We review a recently proposed metric called the Side-channel Vulnerability Factor (SVF) and discuss its merits and issues. We suggest the CSV metric, which tries to show how to overcome some of the shortcomings of the SVF metric, without completely changing its character. We use software cache side-channel attacks and defenses as an example to compare the metrics with known and measurable results on system leakiness.
Project performance and the liability of group harmony

There have been numerous debates about the proper makeup and behavior of effective project teams, and the literature is contradictory with regard to this issue. In the present study, 44 members of 14 project teams who worked on the same complex computer-simulated project were observed. A survey administered four times during the life of the project revealed that initial ratings of group attributes were good predictors of later success. Teams which ultimately performed well began the project with lower opinions of their respective groups than did teams which ultimately did not perform well. Peer ratings of individual members' contributions were generally lowest in the high-performing teams. Additionally, technical expertise appears to have been valued more highly in the high-performing groups than in low-performing groups. These results suggest that project teams which begin with harmonious interpersonal relations may not perform as well as those which experience early disharmonics. The managerial implications of these results are discussed in relation to the literature on groups, with special attention to 'groupthink' theories. >
The Predictors of Surgical Procedure and the Effects on Functional Recovery in Elderly With Subcapital Fractures

Background. It has been demonstrated that the majority of hip fracture patients do not regain their prefracture level of functioning and usually decline in function following fracture. Little is known about the effectiveness of surgical procedure performed (hemiarthroplasty vs internal fixation) on functional recovery of subcapital fracture patients. This study examines the factors related to the type of the surgical procedure chosen and the effect of this selection on physical activities of daily living (PADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Methods. The sample consists of 312 patents with subcapital fractures age 65 and older admitted from the community to one of seven Baltimore area hospitals between 1984 and 1986. Baseline information was obtained during hospitalization through structured interviews with both patients and their significant others (proxy). The follow-up interviews were administered to proxies at two months, six months, and one year after discharge from hospital. Information on disease diagnoses, fracture severity, and surgical procedures performed was obtained from medical charts. Results. Patients with a displaced fracture were seven times more likely to receive a hemiarthroplasty (OR = 7.0,95% Cl 3.7-13.1). During the short-term recovery (2 months after surgery), patients who received hemiarthroplasty were doing better in transferring, meal preparation, and shopping than those who received internal fixation. For the long-term functional recovery (one year), the overall PADL and IADL functions were not statistically significantly different between the two surgical procedures performed. Conclusions. The severity of fracture was found to be the most important determinant of surgical procedure. Patients with a subcapital fracture who received hemiarthroplasty tended to have a better functional recovery in the short term. Further study of other benefits of using a hemiarthroplasty is needed.
Solution-Precipitation Creep Model for Superplastic Ceramics with Intergranular Liquid Film

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed the existence of continuous intergranular thin amorphous film at the two-grain junctions in some ceramics1. The residual amorphous phase results from the liquid-phase sintering of Si3N4 with metal oxides as additives. Very small amount of liquid forming impurities such as SiO2 in starting powder also forms the amorphous film in some ceramics for example in ZrO2 2. The thickness of the film is from 0.6 nm to a few nm. The excess amount of amorphous phase accumulates at triple points. The amorphous phase becomes liquid at elevated temperatures. The dynamic phenomena, creep, liquid-phase sintering, phase transformation and grain growth, are influenced by the interaction between the intergranular liquid film and crystal, namely, solution-precipitation process.
Hepatitis B and the Immune System

As a persistent virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is believed to be noncytopathic in most circumstances, with its disease pathogenesis mediated by host innate and adaptive immune responses. Although HBV may initially avoid activating critical innate intracellular defenses (eg, type I interferons), T cells exert both cytopathic and noncytopathic antiviral effects toward resolution of HBV infection. With chronic HBV infection, various immune regulatory or tolerance mechanisms are induced with varying degrees of effector T-cell dysfunction and liver inflammation, which contributes to liver disease progression. This review highlights some components of host immune response relevant for HBV infection, including the more recent appreciation of immune regulatory mechanisms induced during chronic viral infection. Although therapeutic options are evolving for HBV, a better understanding of its immune pathogenetic and regulatory mechanisms may help develop better approaches to treat HBV infection and prevent disease progression.
Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: Snapchat and the rise of ephemeral communication

Purpose – The traditional library image that comes to mind upon hearing this word is of vertical files filled with newspaper clippings, photos, brochures, flyers on a popular topic or event. Design/methodology/approach – The modern image of ephemera, however, is now more nuanced and complex, as the increased creation of digital ephemera provides opportunities and challenges for libraries and archives. Findings – There now need to be considerations for dealing with digital materials and artifacts that are short-lived and temporary. These digital ephemera are increasing every day, with a presence in the world that is anything but temporary. Originality/value – The Library of Congress announced that it would be digitally archiving every public tweet since Twitter’s inception in March 2006 (Raymond, 2010). As of 2013, they had archived 170 billion tweets and were receiving nearly a half billion tweets a day (Allen, 2013). However, the magnitude of the project is being grappled with and currently the project a...
Hispanic/Latino LGBT Elders

The purpose of this chapter is to understand the challenges faced by LGBT Hispanic/Latino LGBT persons in older age. In order to provide the reader with a contextual framework of Latino elders, a statistical profile is presented. Similar to other ethnic groups in the USA, Hispanics have intracultural as wells as intercultural differences. Information is presented on the Latino community’s perceptions of LGBT persons, current characteristics and values and the role of acculturation, service delivery models for LGBT Hispanic elders and health policy. Attention is given to the generational difference and immigrant and US-born influences among Latinos.
My Grandmother: The Historicity of Personal Experience

On June 28, 1950, soldiers executed a woman in a field just outside of Seoul, Korea. Presumably they buried her body on the site. Her grave, however, bears no marker. In the fifty years since her execution, the city expanded, encompassing the field and her grave. Today, some of Seoul's poorest people reside in small apartments in that field. Their tenements serve as her only gravestone.My grandmother Kim Soo Im was the woman executed fifty years ago. Her life exemplifies the historicity of personal experience. Her biography demonstrates that personal experiences and historical events never exist independently or exclusively. Her story intersects with patriarchy and poverty in rural Korea, Korean independence, Korean revolutionary movements, the Cold War, American imperialism, and the Korean War.
Frequent Dosing of Topical Cyclosporine A for Severe Ocular Surface Disease

Abstract Purpose: To study the systemic safety and patient tolerability of frequent dosing of cyclosporine A (CsA) 0.05% eyedrops in the treatment of ocular surface disease. This is a retrospective case series. Patients with significant ocular surface diseases who were treated using topical CsA higher than the usual twice daily dosing (3–8 times daily and over a treatment period of 1–70 months). The main outcome measures are plasma levels of CsA and local tolerability. Methods: Symptom assessment, corneal staining using fluorescein, conjunctival staining using lissamine green, tear film breakup time, and other signs according to the disease process were monitored. Discontinuation of treatment due to intolerability was recorded. CsA levels were measured in the plasma at a clinical laboratory. Results: Plasma levels of CsA were below the level of detection (7 ng/mL) in all the 41 patients included. All patients tolerated the treatment well with none discontinuing due to any treatment-related local adverse e...
Game Theory with Learning for Cyber Security Monitoring

Recent attacks show that threats to cyber infrastructureare not only increasing in volume, but are getting moresophisticated. The attacks may comprise multiple actions that arehard to differentiate from benign activity, and therefore commondetection techniques have to deal with high false positive rates. Because of the imperfect performance of automated detectiontechniques, responses to such attacks are highly dependent onhuman-driven decision-making processes. While game theory hasbeen applied to many problems that require rational decisionmaking, we find limitation on applying such method on securitygames when the defender has limited information about theopponent's strategies and payoffs. In this work, we propose Q-Learning to react automatically to the adversarial behavior ofa suspicious user to secure the system. This work comparesvariations of Q-Learning with a traditional stochastic game. Simulation results show the possibility of Naive Q-Learning, despite restricted information on opponents.
An Example of How to Supplement Goal Setting to Promote Behavior Change for Families Using Motivational Interviewing

The purpose of this study was to describe the components and use of motivational interviewing (MI) within a behavior change intervention to promote healthful eating and family meals and prevent childhood obesity. The Healthy Home Offerings via the Mealtime Environment (HOME) Plus intervention was part of a two-arm randomized-controlled trial and included 81 families (children 8-12 years old and their parents) in the intervention condition. The intervention included 10 monthly, 2-hour group sessions and 5 bimonthly motivational/goal-setting phone calls. Data were collected for intervention families only at each of the goal-setting calls and a behavior change assessment was administered at the 10th/final group session. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the MI call data and behavior assessment. Overall group attendance was high (68% attending ≥7 sessions). Motivational/goal-setting phone calls were well accepted by parents, with an 87% average completion rate. More than 85% of the time, families reported meeting their chosen goal between calls. Families completing the behavioral assessment reported the most change in having family meals more often and improving home food healthfulness. Researchers should use a combination of delivery methods using MI when implementing behavior change programs for families to promote goal setting and healthful eating within pediatric obesity interventions.
Advantages found for 10 fs pulses in multiphoton microscopy

After compensation of high-order chromatic dispersion 10 fs pulses are found to produce much greater signal, less photobleaching, and allow deeper penetration in two-photon microscopy.
The Role of Diet and Nutritional Status in Recovery from Hip Fracture in the Elderly

Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for poor functional recovery following hip fracture. General undernutrition can be assessed using nutrition assessment screening tools. Identification of nutritionally at risk individuals may prevent complications and poor recovery following a fracture. Simple nutritional supplementation has not resulted in meaningful changes in health outcomes following fracture. However, newer multidisciplinary approaches to improving nutritional status are showing improved health care outcomes. Data on the effectiveness of individual nutrients on hip fracture recovery are limited. Therefore, future studies on combined nutrition interventions (calories, protein, and individual nutrients) are warranted, using a multidisciplinary team approach, both acutely and at home following fracture.
Investigation of Knowledge-Attitude-BehaVior About Food Safety of Primary and Secondary School Students in Minhang District of Shanghai

OBJECTIVE To explore the current situation of Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior about food safety of primary and secondary school students in Minhang District, so as to provide the basis for designing and implementing the effective health interventions about food safety. METHOD It investigated some students and their parents in grade four and seven by completing the questionnaire about Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviorof food safety by mulitstage cluster sampling method. The data were analyzed by software. RESULT Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior about food safety of primary students were 74.2%, 88.7% and 81.9%, respectively, compared with77.4%, 85.3% and 77.5% of secondary students. There was no significant difference among age groups and gender groups,respectively(P0.05). The main sources of gaining the relevant knowledge were "education of parents", "health education of school" and"radio or television". CONCLUSION Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior about food safety was from social practice. Usual Curriculum education could not meet the need of students. It appeals to carrying out the health education and interventionactivities of food safety by the "parents-school" interaction platform and opening unified curriculum about food safety.
Sacral injection and massage for lumbar disc herniation

Objective: To observe the effet of the combination therapy of sacral in jection and massage on lumbar disc hernation.Methods: In the study,81 cases of lumbar disc herniation were divided into two groups randomly. The 47 cases in the treated group were treated with sacral in jection and massage ,and the 34 cases in the control group were treated with acupuncture and moxibustion.Results: The treated group in the cared rate and the total effective rate was superior to the control group (p0.05,p0.05).Conclusion: Sacral in jection and massage have good therapecti effects for lumbar disc heniation.
Proximate Outcomes of Service-Learning Among Family Studies Undergraduates

Attitudes in academics, career, civic responsibility, and empowerment were reported before and after 143 undergraduate Family Studies students completed a service- learning project. Results suggested improved academic and career post-test scores. Civic responsibility and empowerment improved but not significantly. Open-ended responses suggested three additional outcomes: group work, leadership, and empathy. Implications for academic programs focused on engaging students in service-learning projects working with or on behalf of families are discussed.
Using Game Theory to Model Channel Relationships

Moorthy (1985) introduced into the marketing literature a selective exposition of the basic concepts of noncooperative game theory and their application to various marketing decisions, including the modeling of channel relationships. Applications of game theory, however, are not new in marketing. Bargaining research has long used gaming matrices (e.g. the prisoner's dilemma game) as a means of operationalizing exchanges between individuals who have been brought together in a mixed motive, interdependent relationship (e.g. Dwyer and Walker, 1981; Green, Gross and Robinson, 1967, 1970; Slusher, Roering and Rose, 1970; Tedeshi, Schlenker and Bonoma, 1973). The purpose of this paper is to introduce interested reader to the major conceptual limitations of game theory and then to suggest needed areas of research. Within this context, Kelley and Thibaut’s (1978) Theory of Interdependence will also be discussed.
Acute Stroke: It's All About Process and Team Improving Patient Outcomes in the Emergency Department

Abstract Earlier focused care from prehospital has demonstrated that stroke teams from prehospital to rehabilitation improve the care of stroke patients. Time is brain is the impetus for identifying patients quickly with stroke symptoms and initiating neuroprotective treatments. This article will discuss how effective team process: the merging of multidisciplinary care teams is the foundation of safe stroke care for patients in both the community and the hospital.
Information Integration and Analysis: A Semantic Approach to Privacy

The balance between privacy and security concerns is a hotly debated topic, especially as government (and private) entities are able to gather and analyze data from several disparate sources with ease. This ability to do large scale analytics of publicly accessible data leads to significant privacy concerns. In particular, for the government, there is the fear of a fishing expedition against individuals. The model in this paper describes a way to address these concerns in a multi-user and multi-database owner environment. The model provides an assurance system where database owners are able to test and audit the assurances given by users thereby increasing the trust in the system. The concept of segregating data used for processing from data needed for final end use and providing different levels of access to them through a mediator machine has been used. The audit component consisting of a justification mechanism increases the trust in the system.
Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum care and contraception in California's Medicaid program.

Background Considerable racial and ethnic disparities have been identified in maternal and infant health in the United States, and access to postpartum care likely contributes to these disparities. Contraception is an important component of postpartum care that helps women and their families achieve optimal interpregnancy intervals and avoid rapid repeat pregnancies and preterm births. National quality measurements to assess postpartum contraception are being developed and piloted. Objective To assess racial/ethnic variation in receipt of postpartum care and contraception among low-income women in California. Study Design We conducted a prospective cohort study of 199,860 Californian women aged 15−44 with a Medicaid-funded delivery in 2012. We examined racial/ethnic variation of postpartum care and contraception using multivariable logistic regression to control for maternal age, language, cesarean delivery, Medicaid program, and residence in a primary care shortage area (PCSA). Results Only one-half of mothers attended a postpartum visit (49.4%) or received contraception (47.5%). Compared with white women, black women attended postpartum visits less often (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71−0.76), were less likely to receive any contraception (aOR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78−0.89) and were less likely to receive highly effective contraception (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.58−0.71). Women with Spanish as their primary language were more likely to get any contraception (aOR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.11−1.19) but had significantly lower odds of receiving a highly effective method (aOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90−0.99) compared with women with English as their primary language. Similarly, women in PCSAs had a greater odds of getting any contraception (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03−1.09), but 24% lower odds of getting highly effective contraception than women not living in PCSAs (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.73−0.79). Conclusion Significant racial/ethnic disparities exist among low-income Californian mothers' likelihood of attending postpartum visits and receiving postpartum contraception as well as receiving highly effective contraception.
The Role of Electrical Coupling in Rhythm Generation in Small Networks

Generation of rhythmic activity in numerous systems has been shown to depend on electrical coupling. Small networks provide a strong advantage for studying electrical coupling because, thanks to the accessibility and limited number of neurons, their role in network activity and even behavior can be determined accurately and rigorously. We discuss the known role of electrical coupling in the generation of rhythmic activity, describing experimental and theoretical work. Interestingly, a large body of work indicates that electrical coupling–based rhythmogenesis may be prevalent during early development. The best known effect of electrical coupling in rhythmic networks is the regulation of synchronization and pattern generation, which we describe in the context of electrical coupling, both rectifying and nonrectifying, and its interactions with chemical synaptic coupling. Finally, we discuss the important issue of neuromodulation of gap junctions and its role in regulation of pattern generation and behavior.
Surgical Implications and Variability in the use of the Flat Epithelial Atypia Diagnosis on Breast Biopsy Specimens

Objectives Flat epithelial atypia (FEA) is a relatively new diagnostic term with uncertain clinical significance for surgical management. Any implied risk of invasive breast cancer associated with FEA is contingent upon diagnostic reproducibility, yet little is known regarding its use.
General Hospital Psychiatry: Referral Source and the Outcome of Treatment

The outcome of treatment of psychiatric in-patients depends on several groups of factors which are related to: 1. the patient, 2. his illness, 3. the quality of the treatment used.
Irreversible Protein Labeling by Paal-Knorr Conjugation

The application of new chemical reactions in a biological context has advanced bioconjugation methods for both fundamental research and commercial arenas. Recent adaptations of reactions such as Huisgen 1,3-dipolar or Diels-Alder cycloadditions have enabled the labeling of specific residues in biomolecules by the attachment of molecules carrying azides, alkynes, or strained alkenes. Although these are fundamental tools, there is a need for the discovery of reactions that can label native proteins. We report herein the adaptation of the Paal-Knorr reaction to label lysine residues in proteins via pyrrole linkages.
P-21 Evaluating the use of the carers support needs assessment tool (csnat): a pilot study

Aim and objective To assess feasibility, acceptability and benefits of using the Carers Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) in a Day Therapy Unit (DTU) in a hospice setting. Background The CSNAT is an evidence-based copyright tool designed by Dr G. Ewing and Prof. G. Grande which was introduced to the social work team on a study day organised by Hospice UK. It is designed to assess carers’ needs in supporting a family member/friend at home towards the end-of-life. It uses a person-centred approach; providing carers with the opportunity to take control in considering, expressing and prioritising need - ultimately enabling the development of a shared action plan to support carers. It was identified that this tool dovetailed well with the current practice in undertaking an assessment in the DTU whilst giving the opportunity to undertake a more holistic assessment. Method A six-month pilot commenced September 2015 in the DTU. A total of 36 carers were assessed using the CSNAT, adhering to the 14 support domains. There was representation of carers across Barking and Dagenham (B&D), Havering, Brentwood and Redbridge boroughs. Results Overview of the findings showed 100% of B&D carers, 88% of Havering carers, 86% of Brentwood carers and 63% of Redbridge carers had needs. Concerns from carers were raised regarding illness progression, future symptoms and where to seek help if circumstances changed. Carers were able to prioritise need and demonstrate how they were managing them. Conclusion This pilot study showed that the CSNAT is feasible and acceptable by carers with identified benefits, including carers knew they had been assessed; it promoted carers’ autonomy and choice and enabled the development of action plans to provide support and timely signposting. Implication CSNAT is being used routinely in the DTU and consideration will be made to use it within the inpatient unit and community services.
Distributed control of systems with uncertain initial conditions

This paper focuses on the control of distributed systems with uncertain initial conditions, where the constituent subsystems are interconnected over directed graphs and represented by discrete-time, linear time-varying models. Specifically, we consider distributed systems where the individual subsystems are eventually time-periodic, by which we mean that the state-space matrices of the subsystems are aperiodic for an initial amount of time and then become time-periodic afterwards. The information transfer between the subsystems is subjected to a delay of one sampling period. Independent norm constraints are placed on the disturbance input and the uncertain initial state. We present convex synthesis conditions for control design in this setting, employing a square l 2 induced norm as the performance measure. The synthesis conditions become finite-dimensional when the underlying graph has a finite set of vertices. An illustrative example on formation control of fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is also provided.
Overview of EPRI Long Term Operations Work on Nuclear Power Plant Concrete Structures

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been engaged in collaborative research and development activities related to concrete in nuclear applications over the past several years in concert with the nuclear generation industry, foreign and domestic national laboratories and regulatory bodies and universities. The EPRI Long Term Operations program is focused on performing research activities that will help the industry extend operation beyond the first period of license renewal, which for US plants means operation beyond 60 years. In this overview talk, three subjects will be addressed—radiation damage in boiling and pressurized water reactor concrete biological shields, boric acid attack of pressurized water reactor spent fuel pool concrete substructures and alkali-silica reaction degradation of concrete structures. The results of these and other studies are expected to support utilities as they demonstrate technical bases to regulatory bodies for long term operation of commercial nuclear plants.
Collateral Effects of Youth Disruptive Behavior Disorders on Mothers’ Psychological Distress: Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, or Typical Development

Disruptive behavior disorders were assessed in 160 youth aged 13 years, with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, n = 48), intellectual disability (ID, n = 28), or typical development (TD, n = 84). Mothers' reported collateral effects on their psychological adjustment were related to both youth disability status and clinical level behavior disorders. More youth with ASD or ID had clinical level behavior disorders than their TD peers, and their mothers reported significantly higher personal stress and psychological symptoms, as well as lower positive impact of the youth on the family. The youth's clinical level behavior disorders accounted for these differences more than the diagnostic status. Mothers high in dispositional optimism reported the lowest stress and psychological symptoms in relationship to youth behavior challenges.
Letter to the editor response.

Author(s): Fowler, Kathryn J; Potretzke, Theodora A; Hope, Thomas A; Costa, Eduardo A; Wilson, Stephanie R; Sirlin, Claude B; Tang, An; Kielar, Ania
Phase separation of self-propelled ballistic particles

Self-propelled particles phase-separate into coexisting dense and dilute regions above a critical density. The statistical nature of their stochastic motion lends itself to various theories that predict the onset of phase separation. However, these theories are ill-equipped to describe such behavior when noise becomes negligible. To overcome this limitation, we present a predictive model that relies on two density-dependent timescales: ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{F}$, the mean time particles spend between collisions; and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{C}$, the mean lifetime of a collision. We show that only when ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{F}l{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{C}$ do collisions last long enough to develop a growing cluster and initiate phase separation. Using both analytical calculations and active particle simulations, we measure these timescales and determine the critical density for phase separation in both two and three dimensions.
New Polymers, Renewables as Raw Materials

Recent advances in genetic engineering, composite science, and natural fiber development offer significant opportunities for developing new, improved materials from renewable resources that can biodegrade or be recycled, enhancing global sustainability. A wide range of high-performance, low-cost materials can be made using plant oils, natural fibers, and lignin. By selecting the fatty acid distribution function of plant oils via computer simulation and the molecular connectivity, chemical functionalization and molecular architecture can be controlled to produce linear, branched, or cross-linked polymers. These materials can be used as pressure-sensitive adhesives, elastomers, rubbers, foams, and composite resins. This entry describes the chemical pathways that were used to modify plant oils and allow them to react with each other and various comonomers to form materials with useful properties.
Impact of Novel Active-Learning Approaches Through iBooks and Gamification in a Reformatted Pharmacy Course

Objective. To compare pharmacy students' assessment and evaluation ratings of a newly formatted nonprescription products course that used innovative technology and gaming to that for a traditional nonprescription products course. Methods. Examination scores and course evaluations of students who completed the traditional course on nonprescription products were analyzed and compared with those of students who completed a revised course on nonprescription products that used teaching techniques in educational technology. Results. Students in the traditional course significantly outperformed those in the comparator group in eight nonprescription categories on examinations, while students in the new course significantly outperformed those in the comparator group in four categories. Students in the new course outperformed those in the traditional course in two additional examination categories, however these were not significant. Almost all students in both courses agreed or strongly agreed with each course evaluation item, including those items where use of gamification and iBooks were most likely considered. Conclusion. Improvements in student examination performance and course satisfaction may not be immediately seen in a course in which new teaching techniques using educational technology including gamification and iBooks are introduced.
A study of the mechanism of electron transfer in cytochrome c. Chromium as a probe.

Abstract Cytochrome c is swiftly and quantitatively reduced by chromous ion. In the course of the reduction chromium is bound to the protein. At pH 4.78 and 7.0 the ratio of chromium to cytochrome c is approximately 0.5 mole per mole. When phosphate is present during the reduction, the ratio increases to approximately unity, and 1 mole of phosphate is also bound. The chromium-ferrocytochrome c complex can be reoxidized with ferricyanide with little loss of chromium and can be reduced again with dithionite. However, if chromous ion is used to reduce ferricytochrome c-chromium, only partial reduction occurs. The cytochrome c-chromium-phosphate complex is active with cytochrome oxidase and with the cytochrome c reductase of a bovine heart submitochondrial preparation. In the latter system, however, rates are markedly lower. The cytochrome c-chromium-phosphate complex has been digested with pepsin, and a crude fraction has been isolated which still contains iron, chromium, and phosphate.
Education of Advanced Practice Nurses Serving Vulnerable Populations.

Vulnerable populations are camouflaged, stigmatized, and often lacking in health care services. They may also be distrustful of assistance from traditional health care providers. To better serve vulnerable populations, professionals guiding intervention programs need specialized knowledge and skills as well as problem-solving abilities.
Semi-synthetic strategy

Semi-artificial photosynthesis offers advantages over purely natural or synthetic routes to producing chemicals from solar energy, but devices based on it have remained elusive. Now, researchers couple a dye-sensitized photoanode with natural components to generate H2 photoelectrochemically from water without additional bias.
Trends in critical chemotherapy drug manufacturing: Implications for future drug shortages and treatment.

e17522 Background: In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration identified 178 reported drug shortages, 132 of which involved sterile injectable drugs, such as cancer drugs. These shortages may lea...
Crotty, William J., Ed. Winning the Presidency 2016: New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. 202 pages. $135 (hardcover); $44.95 (softcover)

Winning the Presidency 2016 is one of the first books in the “election retrospective” genre to interpret the election of 2016. Crotty’s contributors show readers the ways in which the 2016 contest ...
On a Class of Integral Operators with Discontinuous Symbol

Given finite or infinite intervals I and J we consider the integral operator on L2(I) with kernel $$\frac{\alpha } {{2\pi }}\int {_J } \,e^{i\alpha \xi \left( {x - y} \right)} \sigma \left( {x, \xi } \right)d\xi$$ where σ is a function belonging to the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing functions on R2. If σ is hermitian matrix-valued then the operator is almost self-adjoint in a sense which will be made precise and we denote its real part by A(σ). The main result of the paper describes the second-order asymptotics as α → ∞ of tr f(A(σ)) where f is a suitable function of a real variable.
‘The fastest skaters in the world’: the Transcontinental Roller Derby, 1935–1937

During the Depression Era, American entrepreneur and promoter, Leo Seltzer, invented a new sport – roller derby. Combining the endurance of entertainment spectacles, such as dance marathons and wal...
Novel Rabies Vaccines

Novel rabies vaccines that are less expensive and more immunogenic than current vaccines are needed to reduce the human death toll of rabies. Such vaccines would also allow for more widespread use of rabies vaccines in childhood immunization programs. A number of adjuvants that would allow for dose sparing of current vaccines as well as alternative vaccine prototypes including protein vaccines, genetically modified rabies viruses, pseudotyped viruses, and different types of genetic vaccines are being explored pre-clinically. Some of those have reached early clinical testing. This chapter describes the potential of these different rabies vaccines for use in pre- or post-exposure vaccination.
The role of cryoprecipitate in massively transfused patients: Results from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database may change your mind.

BACKGROUND Cryoprecipitate was developed for the treatment of inherited and acquired coagulopathies. The role of cryoprecipitate in hemorrhaging trauma patients is still speculative. The aim of our study was to assess the role of cryoprecipitate as an adjunct to transfusion in trauma patients. METHODS We performed a 2-year (2015-2016) analysis of the American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement Program data set and included all adult trauma patients who received 4 or greater packed red blood cells (pRBCs)/4 hours. Patients were stratified based on receipt of cryoprecipitate within the first 24 hours (cryoprecipitate vs. no-cryoprecipitate). Outcomes were blood products transfused, in-hospital complications, and mortality. Regression analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 19,643 (cryoprecipitate, 4,945; no-cryoprecipitate, 14,698) were included. Mean age was 40 ± 22 years, median Injury Severity Score was 27 [18-40], and Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9 [3-14]. The overall complication rate was 45%, mortality was 47%, and 29% of the patients died in the first 24 hours. Patients in the cryoprecipitate group received a lower volume of plasma (p < 0.01), and pRBCs (p < 0.01). Additionally, patients who received cryoprecipitate had lower rates of 24-hour mortality (p < 0.01) and in-hospital mortality (p < 0.01). However, there was no difference between the two groups regarding complications (p = 0.36) or volume of platelet transfused (p = 0.22). On multivariate logistic regression, the use of cryoprecipitate was associated with decreased (odds ratio [OR], 0.78 [0.63-0.84]; p = 0.02), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.79 [0.77-0.87]; p = 0.01), but had no association with in-hospital complications (OR, 1.48 [0.71-1.99]; p = 0.31). On linear regression analysis, the use of cryoprecipitate was not associated with 24-hour pRBCs (β = -0.12 [-0.28 to 0.27], p = 0.47), 24-hour plasma (β = -0.06 [-0.21 to 0.43], p = 0.29), and 24-hour platelets (β = -0.24 [-0.09 to 0.33], p = 0.17) transfusion requirements. CONCLUSION The adjunctive use of cryoprecipitate in hemorrhaging trauma patients may reduce mortality without affecting in-hospital complications and transfusion requirements. Further studies are needed to better understand its potentially beneficial effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, level IV.
Are we really better together? A bottom-up aggregation of communal orientation and its effect on interdependent decision-making:

Though communal orientation impacts how people interact, and members’ interactions influence interdependent decision-making, communal orientation’s impact on interdependent decision-making has rece...
Operating Room Traffic in Total Joint Arthroplasty: One Simple Measure Toward Solving a Complex Problem.

Background Periprosthetic joint infection remains a devastating complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The literature suggests that unnecessary operating room (OR) traffic increases the risk of surgical site infection by increasing bacterial load in the OR. We attempted to determine whether the posting of "restricted access" signs on the outside and inside of OR doors during primary TJA procedures would result in a reduction of OR door openings. Methods This prospectively designed, 2-phase study investigated the number of door openings per case for primary TJA. An independent observer collected data for each TJA case; the OR staff were blinded to the data collection to avoid bias. The first phase of this study recorded OR traffic without the use of "restricted access" signs. In the second, interventional phase of the study, OR traffic was monitored with the concomitant application of "restricted access" signs on the doors. The number of openings per case, from the time of incision to the time of dressing application, was collected. Results The average number of openings per case during the first phase was 75, with 0.59 door openings per minute. The average number of openings per case during the second phase was 40, with 0.28 door openings per minute. Therefore, a 47% reduction in openings per case and a 53% reduction in the number of openings per minute during primary TJA cases were observed. Conclusions We demonstrated that the simple addition of "restricted access" signs on the outside and inside of OR doors produced a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in OR traffic during primary TJA. Clinical Relevance Posting signs can decrease door openings, potentially decreasing infection.
Short-Bowel Syndrome: Epidemiology, Hospitalization Trends, In-Hospital Mortality, and Healthcare Utilization

Introduction Short-bowel syndrome (SBS) is a common cause of chronic intestinal failure and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, poor quality of life, and an increased burden on healthcare costs. Methods We used the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2005 to 2014. We identified adult SBS hospitalizations by using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. We studied the demographics of the patients with SBS and analyzed the trends in the number of hospitalizations, in-hospital mortality, and healthcare costs. We also identified the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 53,040 SBS hospitalizations were identified. We found that SBS-related hospitalizations increased by 55% between 2005 (N = 4037) and 2014 (N = 6265). During this period, the in-hospital mortality decreased from 40 per 1000 to 29 per 1000 hospitalizations, resulting in an overall reduction of 27%. Higher mortality was noted in SBS patients with sepsis (6.7%), liver dysfunction (6.2%), severe malnutrition (6.0%), and metastatic cancer (5.4%). The overall mean length of stay (LOS) for SBS-related hospitalizations was 14.7 days, with a mean hospital cost of $34,130. We noted a steady decrease in the LOS, whereas the cost of care remained relatively stable. Conclusions The national burden of SBS-related hospitalizations continues to rise, and the mortality associated with SBS has substantially decreased. Older SBS patients with sepsis, liver dysfunction, severe malnutrition, and metastatic cancer had the highest risk of mortality. Healthcare utilization in SBS remains high. healthcare utilization; hospitalization trend; mortality; research and diseases; short-bowel syndrome.
UCHL1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, regulates lung endothelial cell permeability in vitro and in vivo.

Increasing evidence suggests an important role for deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in modulating a variety of biological functions and diseases. We previously identified the upregulation of the DUB...
The Effect of State and Local Housing Policies on County-Level Rent and Evictions in the United States, 2004-2016

Housing instability is a constant fact of life for many people in the United States – a fact which is made more urgent and salient during periods of economic disruption such as that caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A relatively new line of research has illuminated the degree to which housing instability, in the form of eviction, is a substantial contributor to health risks, such as “deaths of despair” from alcohol or drug-related accidental poisonings. While eviction is a persistent threat in the U.S., there is almost no research available to guide decision makers about which policies are more or less effective at lowering evictions. We provide a theoretical framework of the eviction process, highlighting the role that policy might be expected to play in determining the level of local evictions. We test association between policies, local rent, and evictions for nearly all U.S. counties from 2004-2016 with a panel of state-level landlord-tenant laws and a panel of local housing-specific investments by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. We find evidence that some state and local policies are effective at reducing the number of evictions without increasing average rental costs.
Intraoperative Evaluation of the Liver, Extrahepatic Bile Ducts, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Evaluation of frozen sections of the liver and pancreatobiliary tree is one of the most challenging tasks in surgical pathology. Pathologists may be called upon to perform intraoperative consultations on hepatic tumors, both for primary diagnosis and assessment of resection margins. On the other hand, benign bile ductular proliferations can pose diagnostic challenges when encountered during curative operations for carcinomas derived from extrahepatic sites because some closely simulate metastatic carcinoma. A substantial proportion of gallbladder adenocarcinomas are not suspected prior to cholecystectomy; these cases may prompt frozen section evaluation for diagnosis and assessment of tumor extent. Evaluation of pancreatic resection margins (i.e., distal pancreatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy) is also a common indication for frozen section consultation, in which case correct interpretation may be hampered by tumor-related chronic pancreatitis and/or neoadjuvant therapy, both of which cause changes that closely mimic neoplasia. The aim of this chapter is to provide surgical pathologists with a framework for dealing with hepatic and pancreatobiliary specimens in the frozen section area by covering common clinical scenarios and histologic findings. It emphasizes distinction between primary hepatic neoplasia and metastatic diseases and emphasizes features of benign mimics of malignancy. Finally, assessment of donor liver biopsy for organ transplant evaluation is discussed.