cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Microcellular Research

This paper is a survey of research on microcellular techniques. Of particular interest are those techniques that are appropriate for realization by modern batch-fabrication processes, since the rapid emergence of reliable and economical batch-fabricated components represents probably the most important current trend in the field of digital circuits.First the manufacturing methods for batch-fabricated components are reviewed, and the advantages to be realized from the application of the principles of cellular logic design are discussed. Also two categorizations of cellular arrays are made in terms of the complexity of each cell (only low-complexity cells are considered) and in terms of the various application areas.After a survey of very early techniques that can be viewed as exemplifying cellular approaches, modern-day cellular arrays are discussed on the basis of whether they are fixed cell-function arrays or variable cell-function arrays. In the fixed cell-function arrays the switching function produced by each cell is fixed; the cell parameters are used only in the modification of the interconnection structure. Several versions of NOR gate arrays, majority gate arrays, adder arrays, and others are reviewed in terms of synthesis techniques and array growth rates.Similarly, the current status of research is summarized in variable cell-function arrays, where not only the interconnection structure but also the function produced by each cell is determined by parameter selection. These arrays include various general function cascades, outpoint arrays, and cobweb arrays, for example. Again, the various cell types that have been considered are pointed out, as well as synthesis procedures and growth rates appropriate for them.Finally, several areas requiring further research effort are summarized. These include the need for more realistic measures of array growth rates, the need for synthesis techniques for multiple-function arrays and programmable arrays, and the need for fault-avoidance algorithms in integrated structures.
Differential control of Helios+/− Treg development by monocyte subsets through disparate inflammatory cytokines

Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in control of autoimmunity and pathological immune responses. Helios, the Ikarus family transcription factor, binds to the Foxp3 promoter, stabilizing its expression, and is expressed in 70% of peripheral Tregs of healthy individuals. This frequency is altered during malignancy, infection, and autoimmunity, although the mechanisms that control proliferation and relative numbers of Helios+/− Tregs remain largely unknown. Using a T-cell–monocyte in vitro stimulation assay, we now show that proliferation of Helios+ Tregs is inhibited by CD16+ monocyte subset. Antibody blocking with anti–interleukin (IL)-12 reversed this inhibition, whereas addition of IL-12 suppressed Helios+ Treg expansion, indicating that CD16+ monocyte control of Helios+ Treg numbers is mediated through IL-12. In contrast, proliferation of Helios− Tregs, which express higher levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII), was suppressed by TNF-α, whereas anti–TNF-α and anti-TNFRII reversed the inhibition. CD16− monocyte subset was mainly responsible for TNF-α–mediated control of Helios− Treg expansion. Altogether, these data suggest a differential role for monocyte subsets in control of Helios+/− Treg development that is mediated by distinct inflammatory cytokines. These data may have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis as well as control of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
DISSECTION OF THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPOOE BINDING SITE FOR THE GLOBAL REGULATOR ABRB REVEALS SMALLER RECOGNITION ELEMENTS

AbrB is a global transcriptional regulator of many genes that are expressed asBacillus subtilis exits from active growth into stationary phase and sporulation. Previous results have suggested that binding of AbrB at some promoters involves multiple sites of recognition and is a cooperative process. It is shown here that the binding site atspo0E can be subdivided into 5′ and 3′ halves, each capable of directing AbrB binding. In addition, the central portion of the intact site can promote AbrB binding. Examination of various heterologous and homologous tandem combinations of the half-sites confirms that the native site is a complex array of overlapping suboptimal sites, the precise arrangement of which is required for optimal AbrB binding. Other data suggest that binding of multiple AbrB units is needed for stable complex formation. A binding mechanism involving numerous steps of intermediate affinity is envisioned.
Enhanced apoptosis of T cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): role of defective CD28 co-stimulation.

CVID is a primary immune disorder in which hypogammaglobulinaemia may be associated with a number of T cell defects including lymphopenia, anergy, impaired lymphocyte proliferation and deficient cytokine secretion. In this study we show that T cells of CVID subjects, in comparison with control T cells, undergo spontaneous apoptosis in culture and markedly accelerated apoptosis after γ-irradiation. Although costimulation of the CD28 receptor following engagement of the TCR/CD3 receptor normally provides a second signal necessary for IL-2 secretion, CD28 costimulation in CVID does not significantly increase IL-2 production, nor does this combination of activators enhance the survival of irradiated CVID T cells, as it does for cultured normal T cells. Addition of IL-2 enhances CVID T cell survival, suggesting that the IL-2 signalling pathways are normal. CVID T cells have similar expression of Bcl-2 to control T cells. CD3 stimulation up-regulates T cell expression of bcl-xL mRNA for normal T cells, but anti-CD28 does not augment bcl-xL expression for CVID subjects with accelerated apoptosis. Defects of the CD28 receptor pathway, leading to cytokine deprivation and dysregulation of bcl-xL, could lead to poor T cell viability and some of the cellular defects observed in CVID.
Synovial sarcoma of the prostate.

Synovial sarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm that typically arises in the para-articular soft tissues of the lower extremities in young adults. While it has been described in a variety of sites including the parapharyngeal space, abdominal wall and retroperitoneum, involvement in the genitourinary tract is exceedingly rare. We report a case of synovial sarcoma of prostatic origin that invaded the cavernous bodies.
Large-Area 3D Nanopatterning Using Nanoimprint and Self-Perfection and Applications in Nanoplasmonics

New technologies for large-area 3D-nanopatterning using nanoimprint and self-perfection, and new 3D nanoplasmonic structures have been developed and applied to drastically enhance performance of sensors (fluorescence and Raman by orders of magnitude) and solar cells.
Vertical ionization energies of cubane

Abstract Electron propagator calculations in the outer valence Green function approximation are applied to cubane, an O h isomer of C 8 H 8 , with various basis sets. The order of the vertical, cationic states is consistent in all basis sets and levels of electron correlation: 2 T 2g , 2 T 2u , 2 E 2g , 2 T 1u , 2 A 2u , 2 A 1g The third and fourth states, 2 E g and 2 T 1u , have nearly identical energies at the equilibrium geometry of cubane. Qualitative interpretations at the molecular orbital level and correlation effects on splittings of final states are discussed.
Design of a lens-to-channel waveguide system as a solar concentrator structure

We present a lens-to-channel waveguide solar concentrator, where the lens array and the channel waveguide act as the primary and the secondary concentrator. Sunlight collected by the lens array is coupled into channel waveguides and exits from one end of the tapered waveguide directly onto photovoltaic cells. A 45°coupler is placed at each lens focal point to couple light into the waveguides. This configuration eliminates any inherent decoupling losses. We provide a detailed math model and simulation results using exemplar system parameters, showing that this structure can achieve 800x concentration at 89.1% optical efficiency under ±0.7° incidence angle.
Dispersion equation for a wave on the free nematic surface in the presence of an applied magnetic field

Abstract The dispersion relation for a wave on the free surface of a nematic is derived, explicitly, including the magnetic field. A new term involving the anisotropy of the nematic is found. Typically, for a frequency of 100 Hz this term would change the wavelength by 1% in a 20 kG field.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor—Background, Pathology, Treatment

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) represents the most common mesechymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Discovery of the relationship between unregulated KIT kinase and GIST transformation has led to diagnostic and therapeutic targeting. Imatinib is the recommended first-line treatment of metastatic GIST. In addition, the combination of surgery and imatinib for primary GIST is indicated in the adjuvant setting of high-risk patients and there may be benefit for this combination in the neoadjuvant setting. The success of molecular targeted therapy in GIST represents an important and exciting advance in solid tumor oncology.
Fish fossils as paleo-indicators of ichthyofauna composition and climatic change in Lake Malawi, Africa

Abstract Numerous biological and chemical paleorecords have been used to infer paleoclimate, lake level fluctuation and faunal composition from the drill cores obtained from Lake Malawi, Africa. However, fish fossils have never been used to examine changes in African Great Lake vertebrate aquatic communities nor as indicators of changing paleolimnological conditions. Here we present results of analyses of a Lake Malawi core dating back ∼ 144 ka that describe and quantify the composition and abundance of fish fossils and report on stable carbon isotopic data (δ13C) from fish scale, bone and tooth fossils. We compared the fossil δ13C values to δ13C values from extant fish communities to determine whether carbon isotope ratios can be used as indicators of inshore versus offshore pelagic fish assemblages. Fossil buccal teeth, pharyngeal teeth and mills, vertebra and scales from the fish families Cichlidae and Cyprinidae occur in variable abundance throughout the core. Carbon isotopic ratios from numerous fish fossils throughout the core range between − 7.2 and − 27.5‰, similar to those found in contemporary Lake Malawi benthic and pelagic fish faunas. These results are the first paleo-record of fish fossils from a Lake Malawi sediment core and the first reported δ13C values from Lake Malawi fish fossils. This approach provides a new methodology and framework for interpreting pelagic versus inshore fish faunas, lake level fluctuations and the evolution of the Lake Malawi fish assemblages.
Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1

There is growing recognition that HIV-1 infection leads to an activation of the immune system that includes perturbations of cytokine expression, redistribution of lymphocyte subpopulations, cell dysfunction, and cell death. Here, we explored the relationships between HIV-1 infection and immune activation in chronically HIV-1–infected human lymph nodes. In addition to CD4 T-cell depletion, we found increased effector T-cell frequencies associated with profound up-regulation of an activation marker CD38 in naive, central memory, and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Likewise, Fas death receptor (CD95) was more frequently detectable on T cells from HIV-1 nodes. Dendritic cell (DC) depletion was dramatic, with plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) 40-fold and myeloid DCs (MDCs) 20-fold less frequent in HIV+ nodes than in control nodes. Cytokine dysregulation was evident, with IL-2 and IL-15 as much as 2 or 3 logs greater in infected nodes than in control nodes. Thus, activated effector cells are inappropriately attracted and/or retained in lymphoid tissue in chronic HIV-1 infection. High-level cytokine expression in turn activates and retains more cells at these sites, leading to lymphadenopathy and massive bystander activation that characterizes HIV-1 infection. Strategies targeting these activation pathways may lead to new therapies.
SOLUTIONS OF THE PION-PION PARTIAL WAVE DISPERSION RELATIONS

It is shown that a minimum of 3 parameters are required for a realistic solution of the low-cnergy pion-pion problem. Numerical solutions falling within the uncertainty of present experimental data are presented. The coupled S- and P- wave pion-pion dispersion equations are solved numerically including left-hand cuts satisfying crossing symmetry up to a cutoff point. The remaining left-hand cut of each partial-wave amplitude is replaced by a pole together with a subtraction constant at the symmetry point nu = - 2/3, where nu is the center- of-mass momentum squared in pion units, No further reduction in the number of parameters seems possible if only low waves are kept in all absorptive amplitudes. (L.N.N.)
Let them eat gelatin and horsemeat! science, philanthropy, state, and the redefinition of good nutrition in nineteenth-century France

A conviction emerged in 19th-century France that science could help secure adequate nutrition. Indeed, the very idea that individuals could meet their basic nutritional requirements as determined by science and that this act constituted nutritious eating was something novel. The application of chemical and physiological knowledge to diet came about by means of government-supported but primarily private-philanthropic projects to feed the poor, the sick, and workers. Instead of merely trying to prevent starvation and hunger by feeding people enough food—long the central object of food relief—reformers now sought to provide food of sufficient nutritive value as well. These reformers, many of them scientists and doctors themselves, expended much effort in identifying simultaneously nutritious and economical food sources for their projects. In France, most of these relief efforts focused on nitrogen-rich products, including gelatin, horsemeat, and beef, the meat par excellence . Scientists and philanthropists throughout the 19th century agreed that nitrogen, protein and meat served as the fundamental indicators of good nutrition. Originally implemented in philanthropic and institutional contexts, these scientifically guided notions of good nutrition were in turn applied to individual dietary practices by the end of the 19th century. A more generalized dietary knowledge thus developed out of the initial application of science to diet in the philanthropic context. The examples of gelatin and horsemeat illustrate the interaction of science, philanthropy and the state in the redefining of good nutrition.
Wetting layers caused by surface ionization in a near-critical binary liquid mixture.

Kayser [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1831 (1986)] has proposed that surface ionization provides the long-range force responsible for the wetting layers seen in the binary liquid mixture ${\mathrm{CS}}_{2}$+${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ on borosilicate glass substrates. We use scaling theory to find the equation of state for the near-critical mixtures, and then derive a free-energy functional for the wetting layer that incorporates surface ionization forces. This model includes critical adsorption effects and is well suited for calculations of wetting layers in the single-phase region. Within the uncertainties of the material properties, reflectivities of the glass-liquid interface derived from the theoretical concentration profiles do agree with experimental reflectivity values for wetting layers in the one-phase region. We confirm that surface ionization produces the dominant long-range force in ${\mathrm{CS}}_{2}$+${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ on glass.
Endoglin, a TGF-β binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multisystemic vascular dysplasia and recurrent haemorrhage. Linkage for some families has been established to chromosome 9q33−q34. In the present study, endoglin, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) binding protein, was analysed as a candidate gene for the disorder based on chromosomal location, expression pattern and function. We have identified mutations in three affected individuals: a C to G substitution converting a tyrosine to a termination codon, a 39 base pair deletion and a 2 base pair deletion which creates a premature termination codon. We have identified endoglin as the HHT gene mapping to 9q3 and have established HHT as the first human disease defined by a mutation in a member of the TGF-beta receptor complex.
EFFECTS OF SHOCK INTENSITY ON SHUTTLEBOX AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING IN GOLDFISH

40 goldfish were subjected to shuttlebox avoidance acquisition at 4 shock intensity levels from 3 V to 9 V. The results showed an inverted U-shaped curve, similar to that found in dogs, with an optimum at 7 V. The curve for intertrial responding was similar to the acquisition function. Conditioning at 10 V was unsuccessful, so that 9 V may approach the physical limit to which the fish can withstand shock. The response decrement at 9 V may be due to the debilitating effects of shock.
The unsteady evolution of the singularity at separation

The unsteady boundary layer equations are studied close to a separation point. A perturbation procedure, based on an idea of Kaplun, leads to a nonlinear integro-differential equation for the skin-friction. A uniformly valid small-time analysis of this equation shows how an initial square-root singularity at a separation point is smoothed out by unsteady processes.
Managing Spenser, Managing Shakespeare in Comus

Recently John Guillory and Maggie Kilgour have described Milton's apparent uneasiness in Comus with Shakespeare's presence throughout this masque and his preference for – and possible endorsement of – Spenser in the poem's resolution. Nevertheless, despite efforts to clarify the value and nature of Milton's relation to Shakespeare, Spenser, and their works, the precise meaning of each literary predecessor for Milton in Comus remains to be defined. This essay provides that definition, in the process confirming Guillory's and Kilgour's argument and further refuting Harold Bloom's claim about the relationship of Spenser and Shakespeare to Milton's masque. Among this essay's new readings of elements of Comus are a fresh interpretation of the threat posed by Shakespeare's profuse "fertility" to Milton and his poem as well as a description of the significance of Spenser's art for Milton that involves a thorough decoding of the allegory of the notorious passage concerning the Shepherd Lad (ll. 617–41). This decoding reveals a Miltonic achievement – the poet's managing Spenser to manage Shakespeare – in the process fashioning his own creative space.
Automatic, intuitive zooming for people who are blind or visually impaired.

In this paper we present a novel technique of automatic, "intuitive" zooming of graphical information for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. The idea is to automatically choose for the user only zoom levels with significantly different content than the last and which preserve the cognitive grouping of information (such as whole objects or whole object parts) thereby making "intuitive" sense. The algorithm uses wavelet analysis to localize the details of a graphic. It then uses methods looking at the clustering of details to decide on the levels of zoom. An initial pilot study is presented that uses this zooming method with three individuals who are visually impaired and four who are sighted. Results show that all participants liked intuitive zooming over areas of details and being prevented from zooming when no details were present. Almost all participants required zooming to perform the identification task, which had an 86% correct rate.
Acoustic and Perceptual Cues to Contrastive Stress in Dysarthria

Purpose In this study, the authors sought to understand acoustic and perceptual cues to contrastive stress in speakers with dysarthria (DYS) and healthy controls (HC). Method The production experim...
Effects of food processing on the stability of food allergens

The ubiquitous presence of allergens in the human food supply coupled with increased awareness of food allergies warrants undertaking appropriate preventive measures to protect sensitive consumers from unwanted exposure to offending food allergens. Attempts to reduce or eliminate food allergenicity through food processing have met with mixed results. The rationale for using food processing to reduce/eliminate allergenicity and limitations to using this approach are discussed.
Chronic but not acute treatment with antidepressants enhances the electroconvulsive seizure response in rats.

Abstract The effects of the chronic administration of antidepressants on threshold electroconvulsive (ECS) seizures were evaluated in rats. Initially, tonic-clonic seizures were induced in 90% of the animals. Of those animals responding with tonic-clonic seizures, 42% had hindlimb extension (extensors); the remainder showed only hindlimb flexion (flexors). No alteration in the pattern of seizures was observed 24 hr after a single oral dose of any of the antidepressant drugs. The rats were then treated with a total of 20 consecutive daily doses of antidepressants and threshold electroconvulsive seizure responses were evaluated 24 hr after the last dose. A significantly greater percentage of rats responded with extensor seizures after chronic treatment with amoxapine, chlorimipramine, pargyline and mianserin. There was no change in the pattern of seizures of the rats treated chronically with desipramine, but the duration of the clonic phase was reduced. After a 7 day period free of drugs a significantly greater percentage of animals had extensor seizures in the groups treated with amoxapine, chlorimipramine, pargyline and desipramine but not mianserin. In the light of evidence that chronic treatment with antidepressants reduces the activity of norepinephrine- or isoproterenol-sensitive adenylate-cyclase, and that the norepinephrine system is an important endogenous anticonvulsant factor in electroconvulsive seizures, these results suggest that the same mechanism may mediate both the therapeutic and proconvulsant effects of the chronic administration of antidepressants.
Design techniques for portable systems

Principles that can be applied in design of portable electronic systems (e.g., portable TVs, compact disc players, and cordless phones) are reviewed. Power availability, general-purpose computation, user interface hardware, and low power design are considered. >
Moderating Factors of Natural Mentoring Relationships, Problem Behaviors, and Emotional Well‐being

This study examines naturally occurring mentors by the quality and presence of a mentor (no mentor, low quality, high quality), type of mentors (adult mentors vs. peer mentors), and mentor quality within mentor type. A sub‐sample of adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent‐Health is used. Results indicate the effect of mentoring is dependent upon the quality and type of mentor and is different for different measured outcomes, as various characteristics of the mentoring process are associated with later problem behaviors and emotional affect in different ways. Specifically, high‐quality mentoring is significantly related to increasing self‐esteem, fewer alcohol problems and less depressed affect when compared to low‐quality mentors. Mentees with adult mentors are significantly lower in depressed affect and have fewer alcohol problems when compared to mentees with peer mentors. Implications for the use of mentoring with specifically at‐risk students are discussed to help improve positi...
Energy Environment and Economic Sustainable Growth

The question of energy and enviorment is a hot question in the world, it is a hot and difficult problem in China also.To issue the sustainable growth of economy is the problem that all countries in the world care about including our country. So, this text sets up endogenous economic growth model by restricted energy and enviorament and discusses the condion of the economy sustainable development, and obtains the balanced economic growth path and some policy meanings.
Thick-filament-linked calcium regulation in vertebrate striated muscle.

CALCIUM is the trigger initiating muscular contraction, and relaxation occurs on its removal. As contraction is caused by the cyclic attachment and detachment of myosin-crossbridges of the thick filament with actin of the thin filament, calcium, in principle, could modify muscular activity by affecting regulatory systems on either the thick or the thin filaments. It is generally accepted that a thin-filament-linked Ca2+-regulatory system, involving troponin and tropomyosin, is responsible, at least in part, for the on-off switch governing contraction in vertebrate striated muscle1,2. Several studies also suggest the possibility of a simultaneously operating Ca2+-regulatory system on the thick filaments, presumably involving the myosin molecules3–6. However, the actin-activated Mg-ATPase of purified vertebrate striated muscle myosin has not been shown to be Ca2+ dependent, and hence direct evidence for a thick-filament-linked regulatory system is lacking6. Nonetheless, it is debatable whether the latter evidence precludes the existence of a thick-filament-linked system. The effect may simply result from an essential component of the thick filament being lost or denatured during standard myosin purification procedures. Alternatively, actomyosin which is routinely formed from repolymerised pure proteins may not assume the proper quaternary structure allowing for expression of myosin's Ca2+ sensitivity. In view of the ambiguities inherent in these studies, we adopted another approach and report here our attempts to test for thick-filament-linked Ca2+ regulation in actomyosin preparations in which we had removed troponin–tropomyosin from the thin filaments. The Ca2+ sensitivity of intact thick filaments could then be measured with both the residual and added pure actin. Our results do suggest the presence of a thick-filament-linked Ca2+-regulatory system.
The Phosphoproteomes of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii Reveal Unusual Adaptations Within and Beyond the Parasites' Boundaries

Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites that rapidly invade and extensively modify host cells. Protein phosphorylation is one mechanism by which these parasites can control such processes. Here we present a phosphoproteome analysis of peptides enriched from schizont stage P. falciparum and T. gondii tachyzoites that are either "intracellular" or purified away from host material. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified over 5,000 and 10,000 previously unknown phosphorylation sites in P. falciparum and T. gondii, respectively, revealing that protein phosphorylation is an extensively used regulation mechanism both within and beyond parasite boundaries. Unexpectedly, both parasites have phosphorylated tyrosines, and P. falciparum has unusual phosphorylation motifs that are apparently shaped by its A:T-rich genome. This data set provides important information on the role of phosphorylation in the host-pathogen interaction and clues to the evolutionary forces operating on protein phosphorylation motifs in both parasites.
New ternary quasi-cyclic codes with better minimum distances

One of the most important problems of coding theory is to construct codes with best possible minimum distances. In this article, using the structure of quasi-cyclic (QC) codes with a BCH-type bound given by Lally and Fitzpatrick (see WCC '99, Workshop on Coding and Cryptography, Paris, France, 1999), we have found 20 new ternary quasi-cyclic codes with improved minimum distances.
Differential Response in the Male and Female Tracheal Epithelium following Exposure to Tobacco Smoke

Histochemical quantification of goblet cells and measurements of the epithelial thickness were made in the trachea of male and female rats exposed to fresh whole tobacco smoke for 30 consecutive days. Exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in an increase in the total goblet cell count in both sexes, with the female rats differentially responding to a greater degree than the male rats. There was a shift from PAS-positive to alcian blue-positive goblet cells, an increase in the number of both "large" and "small" goblet cells, and an increase in the epithelial thickness. PAS-positive "small" cells, the major glycoprotein-reactive cell in the rat tracheal epithelium, increased in the female rats but showed no increase in the male rats. On the other hand, male rats contained a substantially higher proportion of alcian blue-positive cells than did female rats, both before and after exposure to the smoke. The significance of these observations in relation to the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in human smokers is discussed.
Implementation of whole slide imaging in surgical pathology: A value added approach.

Background: Whole slide imaging (WSI) makes it possible to capture images of an entire histological slide. WSI has established roles in surgical pathology, including support of off-site frozen section interpretation, primary diagnosis, educational activities, and laboratory quality assurance (QA) activities. Analyses of the cost of WSI have traditionally been based solely on direct costs and diagnostic accuracy; however, these types of analyses largely ignore workflow and cost issues that arise as a result of redundancy, the need for additional staffing, and customized software development when WSI is integrated into routine diagnostic surgical pathology. The pre-scan, scan, and post-scan costs; quality control and QA costs; and IT process costs can be significant, and consequently, pathology groups can find it difficult to perform a realistic cost-benefit analysis of adding WSI to their practice. Materials and Methods: In this paper, we report a value added approach developed to guide our decisions regarding integration of WSI into surgical pathology practice. The approach focuses on specific operational measures (cost, time, and enhanced patient care) and practice settings (clinical, education, and research) to identify routine activities in which the addition of WSI can provide improvements. Results: When applied to our academic pathology group practice, the value added approach resulted in expanded and improved operations, as demonstrated by outcome based measures. Conclusion: A value added can be used to perform a realistic cost-benefit analysis of integrating WSI into routine surgical pathology practice.
Ancistroceroides de Saussure, a Potter Wasp Genus New for the United States, with a New Key to the Genera of Eumeninae of America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The eumenine genus Ancistroceroides is reported from the southwestern United States; the genus is otherwise neotropical. Two new species are described: Ancistroceroides evansi Carpenter from Texas and Mexico, and A. levis Carpenter from Arizona. Ancistroceroides cordovae Carpenter is proposed as a replacement name for A. conspicuus (de Saussure) non Smith. New combinations are: A. acuminatus (Brethes), A. domingensis (Bequaert and Salt), A. erythraeus (Brethes), A. fabienii (Brethes), A. gribodoi (Zavattari), A. mearimensis (Zavattari), A. schulzi (Zavattari), A. sylveirae (de Saussure), and A. venustus (Brethes). A new key to the genera of Wasps of the vespid subfamily Eumeninae are commonly known as potter wasps, after the elegant pot-shaped mud nests made by species of the genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802, and related taxa. There have been 294 species recorded from America North of Mexico, plus another four unrecognized (as well as 79 additional subspecies, most of which should be synonymized; see Carpenter, 1988, 2003). As elsewhere in the world, the subfamily thus comprises most of the diversity in the Vespidae: 363 total species in five subfamilies have been recorded from this area. The key to North American eumenine genera by Carpenter and Cumming (1985) included 26 known at that time; subsequently Menke and Stange (1986) reported two invasive genera established in Florida. The present paper adds another genus. The genus Ancistroceroides de Saussure, 1855, has had a turbulent taxonomic history, even for eumenine genera. It was originally described as a division of the subgenus Ancistrocerus Wesmael, 1836, of the genus Odynerus Latreille in de Saussure's worldwide monograph of Vespidae, which was published in parts from 1852-1858 (see Griffin, 1939). At the time the name was proposed there were four included species. Bequaert (1925:61) subsequently designated as type species Odynerus cruentus de Saussure, 1855; the genus was otherwise ignored. When van der Vecht (1967) requested that de Saussure's infrasubgeneric eumenine names be declared available by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature from their date of publication (editions of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature prior to 1985 did not treat such names as available), he followed that type species designation, and Opinion 893 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1970) accordingly did as well. However, van der Vecht later determined that O. cruentus is a species of the Australian genus Paralastor de Saussure, 1856, which has been treated as a genus since Perkins (1914), and currently includes 138 species. In order to avoid setting aside the name Paralastor in favor of Ancistroceroides, van der Vecht (1983) requested that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature set aside Bequaert's designation, and designate as type species Odynerus alastoroides de Saussure,
The Influence of Prior Abiraterone Treatment on the Clinical Activity of Docetaxel in Men with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Background Taxanes may partly mediate their effect in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) through disruption of androgen-receptor trafficking along microtubules. This raises the possibility of cross-resistance between androgen-directed agents and docetaxel.
Adult attachment and psychological well-being in cancer caregivers: the mediational role of spouses' motives for caregiving.

Objective: Caring for a spouse with cancer can be challenging on many levels. How caregivers adjust to this challenge may be influenced both by their personal orientation to the relationship and by their motives for providing care. In this study we examined the prediction of caregiver well-being from the relationship qualities specified by attachment theory and from motives specified by self-determination theory. Design: Cross-sectional data reported here are from the American Cancer Society’s Quality of Life Survey for Caregivers. Main Outcome Measures: Three measures were included as indicators of the caregiver’s psychological adjustment: benefit finding in cancer caregiving experience, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Results: In structural equation models, among both husband (n 154) and wife (n 160) caregivers, attachment security (assessed with respect to the spouse) related positively to autonomous motives for and finding benefit in caregiving; attachment anxiety related to introjected motives for caregiving and more depression. Among husbands (but not wives), autonomous motives also related to less depression, and introjected motives related to less life satisfaction and more depression. Among wives (but not husbands), autonomous motives related to greater benefit finding. Conclusion: Variations in attachment orientations and in reasons for providing care are important elements in understanding the psychological well-being of cancer caregivers.
Quantum mechanical modeling of hydrolysis and H2O-exchange in Mg-, Ca-, and Ni- silicate clusters: Implications for dissolution mechanisms of olivine minerals

Barrier heights (BHs) for hydrolysis and H 2 O exchange reactions at M-O-Si (M = Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ) linkages on olivine (M 2 SiO 4 ) mineral surfaces were determined via DFT calculations. BHs for hydrolysis of protonated Ni-O-Si, Mg-O-Si, and Ca-O-Si sites are 76, 54, and 27 kJ/mol, respectively, and are 69 and 24 kJ/mol for H 2 O exchange reactions of protonated Mg-O-Si and Ca-O-Si sites, respectively. Rate constants were calculated via classical transition state theory (TST) using these BHs. For protonated Ni-O-Si, Mg-O-Si, and Ca-O-Si sites, these are 7.2 × 10 −1 , 4.7 × 10 4 , and 1.5 × 10 9 s −1 [pseudo-first-order where (H 2 O) is assumed to be constant], respectively, and for H 2 O exchange at protonated Mg-O-Si and Ca-O-Si sites are 2.6 × 10 1 and 3.7 × 10 9 s −1 [pseudo-first-order where (H 2 O) is assumed to be constant], respectively. Approach of an H 2 O molecule from the second hydration sphere toward a protonated Ni-O-Si site leads to breakage of the Ni-O bond and subsequent release of Ni 2+ to solution. For protonated Mg-O-Si sites, however, H 2 O exchange does not lead to rupture of the Mg-O bond and would not be a step toward dissolution of the mineral. Potential energy surface (PES) scans of H 2 O exchange indicated formation of a hepta-coordinated Ca 2+ , so neither H 2 O exchange nor hydrolysis of the Ca-O-Si linkage occurred in this case. Calculated rate constants are consistent with experimental data for end-member composition olivine minerals where observed rates of dissolution increase in the order Ni 2+ 2+ 2+ .
Measurement of fine aerosols in workplaces. A review

Coarse aerosol fractions in workplaces are sampled if it is felt that particles of all sizes may pose a risk to health. Although the so-called ‘total’ aerosol has been widely used to refer to the relevant coarse fraction, practical measurement has been very dependent on the actual sampling instrument used. This in turn has led to great uncertainty about what was being measured. In the 1980s, the concept of inhalability was proposed, based on the aerosol particle size fraction that enters the human head through the nose and/or mouth during breathing. Now there is substantial agreement by most of the world's major criteria-setting bodies on a quantitative definition taking the form of a single curve describing the probability of inhalation as a function of particle aerodynamic diameter. This definition now forms a truly health-related ‘yardstick’ against which to assess the performances of practical sampling devices. In turn, more and more countries are beginning to adopt the new criterion for health-related aerosol measurement in their standards, replacing the old ‘total’ aerosol concept. Experiments in wind tunnels to investigate the performances of previous samplers for ‘total’ aerosol show that most of them do not satisfactorily match the new inhalability criterion. A small number of samplers designed specifically for the inhalable fraction have been proposed and are available commercially. They include samplers for both static (or area) and personal sampling.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence 71. Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescent Properties of Selected Dipyrromethene-BF2 Dyes

The photochemistry, electrochemistry, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of five boron-based laser dyes (BODIPY, PM 546, PM 567, PM 580, PM 597) have been investigated. These show high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ > 0.85) for all dyes except PM 597 (Φ ≈ 0.41), because of the high degree of substitution and inductive effects of the substituents. Moderately intense ECL was observed from the three dyes, exhibiting reversible electrochemical oxidation and reduction with ECL efficiencies of ∼0.009 for PM 567, ∼0.007 for PM 580, and ∼0.003 for PM 597. The parent fluorophore, BODIPY, displayed both irreversible oxidation and reduction, because of the lack of substituents at positions 2, 6, and 8, and, hence, higher reactivity of the electrogenerated radical ions. Substituting a methyl group at position 8 stabilized the radical anion, causing a reversible reduction, as shown in PM 546. However, for both BODIPY and PM 546, irreversible chemical side reactions, such as oxidative polymerization, were res...
Equivalent Integer Programs and Canonical Problems

A theory of equivalent integer programs is developed that shows that every all-integer integer programming problem is equivalent to infinitely many other integer programming problems. The equivalence is such that the solution to any one problem in the equivalence class determines the solution to every other problem in the class. Procedures to construct certain canonical problems in each equivalence class are described. The relationship of this theory to computational algorithms is discussed.
Os isotope systematics in the Azores: implications for mantle plume sources

Abstract Os isotopes were measured in 25 Holocene alkali basalts and trachybasalts from 6 islands in the Azores Archipelago. Extreme variations in 187 Os 188 Os signatures extending to very radiogenic values (up to 0.195) are found in samples with less than 20 pg/g Os. This trend is similar to that found in St. Helena, and is attributed to minor assimilation of marine sediment [1]. In contrast, a relatively limited range in 187 Os 188 Os (0.128-0.137) characterizes the basalts with greater than 20 pg/g Os. This range in 187 Os 188 Os is inferred to represent the Os isotopic signature of the Azores plume. High Os concentration samples from the island of Sao Miguel range in 187 Os 188 Os from 0.131 to 0.137, a surprisingly limited variation given the very large ranges on this island of Sr, Nd, Pb, He and Th isotopic signatures [2–5]. This is consistent with a model in which the Sao Miguel EMII signature is produced by high degree plume melts which mix with low degree melts of shallowly residing subcontinental lithospheric mantle [2], although an origin due to sediment recycling cannot be ruled out based on the Os isotope data. The Azores and many other plumes appear to be characterized by a relatively narrow range in Os isotopic composition despite variable Pb isotopic compositions. The Os isotopic compositions of these plumes are, in general, more radiogenic than depleted MORB mantle and than any chondrite groups, and indicate that plumes contain an additional source of radiogenic Os. Because Os is a highly compatible element, it is likely that Os only records large percentage crustal recycling, such as that inferred for the end-member HIMU islands [1,6,7]. We propose that the radiogenic Os isotope signatures in other plumes are due to the incorporation of radiogenic lower mantle, perhaps ultimately due to an outer core contribution [8,9].
Solving the semi-definite generalized eigenvalue problem with application to ESPRIT

Two methods are developed for computing the generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the matrix pair {A,B} , where A and B are singular hermitian matrices with the range space of A a subset of the range space of B. Conventional methods of solution break down for this case. An application is described based on the recently reported Estimation of Signal Parameters by Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm. ESPRIT possesses remarkable advantages over other high-resolution direction-of-arrival estimation algorithms in terms of speed, storage, and indifference to array calibration.
Barriers to the design of vehicles for mature adults.

Abstract There are three barriers that must be overcome in designing vehicles to meet the needs of mature adults. These barriers are (a) the ages of the designers of the product, (b) young designers (and most of society's) perceptions of the capabilities of older adults, and (c) the lack of applied research on the interaction of older adults with their vehicles. This article addresses each of the three barriers and the challenges it brings to the vehicle design process. Emphasis is placed on the third barrier—the serious lack of applied research in the topic to support product designers in their work—because it is the most difficult to surmount.
Genetic variance-covariance matrices: a critique of the evolutionary quantitative genetics research program

This paper outlines a critique of the use of the genetic variance–covariance matrix (G), one of the central concepts in the modern study of natural selection and evolution. Specifically, I argue that for both conceptual and empirical reasons, studies of G cannot be used to elucidate so-called constraints on natural selection, nor can they be employed to detect or to measure past selection in natural populations – contrary to what assumed by most practicing biologists. I suggest that the search for a general solution to the difficult problem of identifying causal structures given observed correlation’s has led evolutionary quantitative geneticists to substitute statistical modeling for the more difficult, but much more valuable, job of teasing apart the many possible causes underlying the action of natural selection. Hence, the entire evolutionary quantitative genetics research program may be in need of a fundamental reconsideration of its goals and how they correspond to the array of mathematical and experimental techniques normally employed by its practitioners.
Müllerian inhibiting substance: an instructive developmental hormone with diagnostic and possible therapeutic applications.

Dr. Alfred Jost pioneered the field of reproductive endocrinology with his seminal observation that two hormones produced by the testes are required for the male embryo to develop a normal internal reproductive tract. T induces the Wolffian ducts to differentiate into epididymides, vasa deferens, and seminal vesicles. Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) causes regression of the Mullerian ducts, which in its absence would normally develop into the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina as is observed in female embryos. This review will summarize our current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the function of MIS both as a fetal gonadal hormone that causes Mullerian duct regression and as an adult hormone, the roles for which are currently being investigated, i.e., inhibition of steroidogenesis, germ cell development, and cancer. We will also address the regulation of MIS expression as one of the first genes expressed after the commitment of the bipotential gonads to differentiate into test...
Sequence Independent Lifting for Mixed-Integer Programming

We show that superadditive lifting functions lead to sequence independent lifting of inequalities for general mixed-integer programming. As an application, we note that mixed-integer rounding (MIR) may be viewed as sequence independent lifting. Consequently, we obtain facet conditions for MIR inequalities for mixed-integer knapsacks.
From academic writing to job-related writing: achieving a smooth transition

Do university writing experiences prepare students for future job-related writing tasks? If not, how can we create a smoother transition from the academy to the workplace? The author analyzes the differing discourse communities of academic writing and technical communication which may limit the transfer of skills from one arena to the next. The discussion considers the ways process, collaborative learning, writing across the curriculum, and language theories can form the foundation for constructive communication among disciplines. As the focus of academic writing moves from an emphasis on the individual to social context and wider audiences, it bridges the gap between disciplines and can ease the movement from the classroom to real-world settings. >
A modular look at Farkas’ identities

Recently H. Farkas introduced a new simple arithmetic function and found an identity which involves this function. It is immediate to rewrite this identity as an identity between modular forms and reprove it in this way. We discuss natural generalizations of Farkas’ identity. Surprisingly, in a certain sense, there is only one identity which is an exact analogue of that found by Farkas. At the same time, we present a way to produce infinitely many similar identities. As an application, we obtain a result on non-vanishing of the central critical value of L-functions associated to a cusp Hecke eigenform.