cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violence and its relationship to substance use in adolescent pregnancy

We surveyed 342 pregnant adolescents 17 years old and younger for a history of physical or sexual assault and substance use to investigate whether victims of childhood violence are at increased risk of smoking and using alcohol or drugs. A total of 95% of new patients who attended the university's teen pregnancy clinic between May 8, 1989, and December 8, 1990, were interviewed. Substance use was reported seven times more often in those with a history of combined physical and sexual assault, five times more frequently by those who had been sexually assaulted, and three times more often in those who had been physically assaulted than adolescents without a history of assault. Violence was associated with substance use in all ethnic groups although this relationship was modified by ethnicity. Among Hispanics, an association was observed between physical assault and tobacco use. Sexual and combined physical and sexual assault were strongly associated with use of alcohol among blacks. All categories of violence were associated with drug use among all ethnic groups. When use of each substance was analyzed by the adolescent's relationship to the perpetrator, drug use was most strongly associated with assault by a mate, whereas tobacco or alcohol use was more often associated with assault by a member of the victim's family of origin.
An inverse method for the determination of full field stresses from experimentally measured normal strains

Certain diffraction-based techniques that measure strains in bulk samples are limited to determination of normal strains. A numerical inverse method is developed to determine full field stresses from the experimentally determined normal strains in isotropic solids under plane stress conditions. The method is based on satisfying the equations of equilibrium and the constitutive relations. The finite difference method is employed to solve the equations and to determine the complete stress field. Furthermore, a least-squares procedure is used to determine the unknown functions of integration in conjunction with known values of shear stress along a reference line. The method is verified by using the normal strain fields in various specimens obtained using both finite element analysis and exact elasticity solutions. It is found that the proposed method predicts the shear stresses accurately in the examples considered.
Reoperative hemispherectomy for intractable epilepsy: a report of 36 patients.

BACKGROUND: In patients with medically intractable epilepsy and diffuse unilateral hemispheric disease, functional or disconnective hemispherectomy is a widely accepted and successful treatment option. If recurrent seizures develop after disconnective hemispherectomy, management options become more complex and include conversion to anatomic hemispherectomy. OBJECTIVE: To present the outcomes of all patients undergoing reoperative hemispherectomy in 1 institution by 1 surgeon since 1998. METHODS: The medical records, operative reports, and imaging studies for 36 patients undergoing reoperative hemispherectomy for continuing medically intractable epilepsy from 1998 to 2011 at Cleveland Clinic were reviewed. Patient characteristics, cause of seizure, imaging findings, surgery-related complications, and long-term seizure outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients presented with a variety of seizure origins, including Rasmussen encephalitis, perinatal infarction, cortical dysplasia, and hemimegalencephaly. Overall, 19% of patients were seizure free after conversion to anatomic hemispherectomy, and 45% reported a decrease in seizure frequency by ≥ 90%. An additional 36% reported no improvement. Generalized ictal electroencephalography tended to confer a poorer prognosis, as did cortical dysplasia as the underlying diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The possibility that residual epileptogenic tissue in the operated hemisphere remains connected should be considered after failed functional hemispherectomy because our data suggest that improvement in seizure frequency is possible after reoperative hemispherectomy, although the chance of obtaining seizure freedom is relatively low. The decision to proceed with reoperative hemispherectomy should be made after proper discussion with the patient and family and informed consent is given.
The work that parks do: towards an urban environmentality

Cities today are typically framed as sites of capitalist development, while the urban park is theorized as an indirect response to the emerging hegemony of industrial production in the nineteenth century. Yet, this historical framing tells us little about the process through which our notions of ‘the city’ and of ‘nature’ are produced, or how this knowledge affects the formation of urban people's identities. The discursive formation of the capitalist city can be traced to specific historical moments, one of which is the construction of urban parks during the mid- to late-nineteenth century, which I argue was instrumental in producing a new knowledge of the capitalist city by creating a boundary between the social space of the city and the natural space of the park. Using Philadelphia's Fairmount Park as a case study, I draw on archival photographs and annual park commission reports to explore the formation of park subjects during this period and shed light on diverse economic practices that were once wide...
The role of cervical afferent nerve fiber inhibition of the crossed phrenic phenomenon.

Abstract High cervical spinal cord hemisection produces a permanent paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. In many species, function is restored to this paretic hemidiaphragm if the contralateral hemidiaphragm is paralyzed by transecting the phrenic nerve. This response is termed the “crossed phrenic phenomenon.” The present study determines the long-term effects on diaphragmatic function after anesthetization or crushing the contralateral phrenic nerve, or after cutting its dorsal roots in rats subjected to a high cervical spinal cord hemisection. Dorsal root transection was the only procedure which resulted in a partial functional recovery of the hemidiaphragm paralyzed by the spinal cord hemisection without a loss of function in the contralateral hemidiaphragm. The results suggest that afferent nerve fibers in the contralateral phrenic nerve may normally inhibit the functional expression of the crossed phrenic pathway, although the precise mechanism for this inhibition is not yet known.
Management problems unique to on-line real-time systems

In the latter 1950's, the SAGE air defense system began operating and thus became the first of the large real-time computing systems. Initially such systems were feasible for only military use or for a few very large commercial applications. Today this is no longer the case. Modern managers need better and more timely information to keep pace with the rate of change, the complexity and the competition within the business environment. Therefore, an increasing number of organizations will, of necessity, be designing and implementing on-line, real-time systems. To better prepare for this evolution, management must understand the unique problems such systems will cause; both in terms of the initial design and implementation phase, and the potential effects such systems will have on the organization. The purpose of this paper is to outline the particular problems that managers will have to deal with in an on-line, real-time (OLRT) environment.
Aurora-A mitotic kinase induces endocrine resistance through down-regulation of ERα expression in initially ERα+ breast cancer cells.

Development of endocrine resistance during tumor progression represents a major challenge in the management of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast tumors and is an area under intense investigation. Although the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, many studies point towards the ‘cross-talk’ between ERα and MAPK signaling pathways as a key oncogenic axis responsible for the development of estrogen-independent growth of breast cancer cells that are initially ERα+ and hormone sensitive. In this study we employed a metastatic breast cancer xenograft model harboring constitutive activation of Raf-1 oncogenic signaling to investigate the mechanistic linkage between aberrant MAPK activity and development of endocrine resistance through abrogation of the ERα signaling axis. We demonstrate for the first time the causal role of the Aurora-A mitotic kinase in the development of endocrine resistance through activation of SMAD5 nuclear signaling and down-regulation of ERα expression in initially ERα+ breast cancer cells. This contribution is highly significant for the treatment of endocrine refractory breast carcinomas, because it may lead to the development of novel molecular therapies targeting the Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis. We postulate such therapy to result in the selective eradication of endocrine resistant ERαlow/− cancer cells from the bulk tumor with consequent benefits for breast cancer patients.
Phase transitions in argon films.

We present heat-capacity data detailing the evolution of the first six layers of argon adsorbed on graphite foam. The second and third layers have liquid-solid-gas triple points similar to the first layer. These layers exhibit a phase diagram consisting of two-dimensional solid, liquid, and gas phases on top of a solid film. Above the temperatures of the individual-layer triple points, the melting transition for each layer appears to be first order, and the first two layers show evidence of registry transitions prior to melting. For films of a total thickness of about four layers and up, the melting of each of the first three layers occurs at temperatures above the bulk triple point, as reported by Zhu and Dash [Phys. Rev. B 38, 11 673 (1988)]. Our results confirm those of an ellipsometry study [H. S. Youn and G. B. Hess, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 918 (1990)] that found layering transitions above what were believed to be the layering critical-point temperatures. We observe heat-capacity peaks identified with these transitions and with melting transitions that join them with the low-temperature layering transitions. A phase diagram based on these data may represent the signature of a preroughening transition and a disordered flat phase in the bulk-crystal interface.
Mechanical Conditioning of Superelastic Nitinol Wire for Improved Fatigue Resistance

Metallic wire used in medical devices contains small defects that must be accounted for in design to guard against failure. Sites of probable failure are often constituent inclusion particles, pores, or surface defects that behave as crack-like, stress concentrators. The aim of this research is to examine the effects of mechanical overload conditioning applied to medical-grade nitinol wire on fatigue performance. A mechanical overload conditioning treatment comprising a single axial tensile strain cycle of 11.5 % was applied at room temperature (300 K) to nominally Ti 50.9 at. % Ni wires with active Af 280 K. The conditioning strain cycle was applied to both plain wire samples with only process and melt-intrinsic defects and to samples which were milled by focused ion beam to produce a transverse 10×0.5×3 μm notch. Transmission electron microscopy was used to probe the root of the milled notch before and after overload conditioning in order to ascertain microstructural parameters responsible for property changes. Evidence of a plasticity-locked, mixed-phase, microstructure at the sharp defect root was found after conditioning. Samples were loaded in a rotary beam fatigue apparatus and cycled in air at 60 s−1 to a maximum of 109 cycles. The fatigue strain limit was increased by more than 20 % at 107 cycles in the conditioned versus non-conditioned plain wire.
Structure-activity relationship between carboxylic acids and T cell cycle blockade.

Abstract This study was designed to examine the potential structure–activity relationship between carboxylic acids, histone acetylation and T cell cycle blockade. Toward this goal a series of structural homologues of the short-chain carboxylic acid n -butyrate were studied for their ability to block the IL-2-stimulated proliferation of cloned CD4+ T cells. The carboxylic acids were also tested for their ability to inhibit histone deacetylation. In addition, Western blotting was used to examine the relative capacity of the carboxlic acids to upregulate the cyclin kinase-dependent inhibitor p21cip1 in T cells. As shown earlier n -butyrate effectively inhibited histone deacetylation. The increased acetylation induced by n -butyrate was associated with the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip1 and the cell cycle blockade of CD4+ T cells. Of the other carboxylic acids studied, the short chain acids, C3–C5, without branching were the best inhibitors of histone deacetylase. This inhibition correlated with increased expression of the cell cycle blocker p21cip1, and the associated suppression of CD4+ T cell proliferation. The branched-chain carboxylic acids tested were ineffective in all the assays. These results underline the relationship between the ability of a carboxylic acid to inhibit histone deacetylation, and their ability to block T cell proliferation, and suggests that branching inhibits these effects.
Strange quark condensate in the nucleon in 2 + 1 flavor QCD.

We calculate the 'strange quark content of the nucleon', , which is important for interpreting the results of some dark matter detection experiments. The method is to evaluate quark-line disconnected correlations on the MILC lattice ensembles, which include the effects of dynamical light and strange quarks. After continuum and chiral extrapolations, the result is =0.69(7){sub stat}(9){sub syst}, in the modified minimal subtraction scheme (2 GeV) regularization, or for the renormalization scheme invariant form, m{sub s}(partial derivM{sub N}/partial derivm{sub s})=59(6)(8) MeV.
Research on health care and the family: A methodological overview☆

Abstract Despite increased interest on the part of behavioural scientists in the role of the family in health and illness, empirical research has remained relatively limited, plagued by methodological imprecision and minimal integration with family theory. Some of the major empirical problems involved and potential areas for future research are examined in this methodological overview.
Evaluation of lead acrylic as a filter for contaminant electrons in megavoltage photon beams.

Electron contamination of megavoltage photonbeams increases the dose at the entrance surface and throughout the buildup region. Measurements on Co‐60, 4‐ and 6‐MV photonbeams show that lead acrylic is an effective filter for removing contaminant electrons while also overcoming a number of disadvantages preventing routine use of previously proposed techniques.
Heterogeneous silicon integration by ultra-high vacuum wafer bonding

Heterogeneous integration of technologically important materials, such as SiC/Si, GaN/Si, Ge/Si, Si/nano-Si/Si, SiC-on-insulator (SiCOI), and ZrO2/SiO2/Si, was successfully made by ultra-high vacuum (UHV) wafer bonding. A unique, UHV bonding unit, especially designed to control interface structure, chemistry, and crystallographic orientation within narrow limits, was used to produce homophase and heterophase planar interfaces. In-situ thin-film-deposition capability in conjunction with the wafer bonding offered even more flexibility for producing integrated artificial structures. Prebonding surface preparation was critically important for the formation of strong bonded interfaces. The substrate-surface morphology was examined by atomic-force microscopy (AFM) prior to bonding. In-situ Auger spectroscopy measurements of surface chemistry were invaluable predictors of bonding behaviors. Plasma processing very effectively cleaned the substrates, achieving a near-perfect interfacial bond at the atomic scale. The integrity of the bonded interfaces was studied in the light of their structural and chemical characteristics analyzed by high-resolution, analytical electron microscopy.
Evidence of hyperglycemic hyperalgesia by quinpirole.

Abstract Male albino rats were tested for antinociception following injections (IP) with saline, quinpirole (Quin) (1 mg/kg), morphine sulfate (M.S.) (5 mg/kg), or both Quin and M.S. (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Quin reduced and M.S. increased tail-flick latency as compared to controls. Tail-flick latencies of the animals injected with both drugs were significantly reduced as compared M.S. alone. Quin increased blood glucose levels by 96 percent, as compared to saline controls. In competitive binding studies Quin displaced 3H-DAGO (IC50 = 29.8 μM). CD-1 mice demonstrated a naloxone-reversible analgesia following ICV Quin (100 μg). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hyperglycemic effects of Quin attenuate M.S. analgesia while the antinociceptive effects of Quin may be mediated through opioid receptors.
Chemical synthesis of carnitine and coenzyme a esters of the β-substituted intermediates of hexadecanoic acid metabolism

Abstract 1. 1. The chemical syntheses of l (−)-carnitine esters of hexadecanoic, trans-2-hexadecenoic, 3-ketohexadecanoic and dl -β-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, labeled with 14C in the carboxyl carbon atom of the fatty acyl moieties, are described. 2. 2. Procedures for the chemical syntheses of hexadecanoyl-S-CoA, trans-2-hexadecenoyl-S-CoA, dl -3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-S-CoA and 3-ketohexadecanoyl-S-CoA are also given.
PULMONARY REHABILITATION AND SURGERY FOR END–STAGE LUNG DISEASE

Numerous disease processes may lead to advanced lung disease. The pathophysiology and mechanisms of lung injury may differ, but the symptoms and results are often similar. Advancing lung disease, when left unchecked, leads to disabling dyspnea, with or without associated symptoms of cough, sputum, wheezing, chest discomfort, and hemoptysis. Lung transplantation for end–stage lung disease remains the ultimate therapeutic intervention to reverse what is often otherwise irreversible. The goals of lung transplantation are aggressive: Restore normal lung function, restore normal exercise capacity, prolong life, and limit morbidity from the procedure and immunosuppressive medications. Unfortunately, stringent patient selection criteria and limited availability of organs limit this option to a small proportion of individuals with end–stage lung disease. Lung volume reduction surgery has been proposed as a surgical intervention for the most common cause of end–stage lung disease—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—but the goals of lung volume reduction surgery are somewhat more modest. The goals of that procedure are palliative, consisting of relief of symptoms and improvement of exercise capacity ( Table 1 ). Future studies will determine whether life span is improved by that procedure. Once again, the surgical approach is limited to a minority of individuals with end–stage lung disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation represents a comprehensive approach to the management of advanced lung disease that is applicable to virtually all affected individuals. Although cost–benefit studies comparing surgical intervention and pulmonary rehabilitation have not addressed the optimal approach, it is clear that transplantation is associated with a cost far exceeding the other two options and that lung volume reduction surgery is likely a more expensive option than pulmonary rehabilitation. The goals of pulmonary rehabilitation, according to the American Thoracic Society, 1 are: “(1) to lessen airflow limitation, (2) to prevent and treat secondary medical complications such as hypoxemia and infections, and (3) to decrease respiratory symptoms and improve quality of life.” With the advent of the aforementioned surgical options, the role of pulmonary rehabilitation undertakes a fourth major goal not addressed in the American Thoracic Society statement. Its goal prior to surgical intervention is to optimize physical and emotional health on the assumption that the intervention will improve the likelihood of a positive outcome. After surgical intervention, pulmonary rehabilitation might serve to enhance the benefits resulting from successful surgery. An overview of pulmonary rehabilitation is provided in this article. The role of pulmonary rehabilitation associated with lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery is reviewed.
Enhancing the psychology of memory by enhancing memory of psychology

Perhaps the classic introduction of mnemonic techniques to introductory psychology students is the textbook or the instructor describing a few simple examples. However, such examples may be insuffi...
Effect of oxygen vacancy sites on CO2 adsorption dynamics : The case of rutile (1 × 1)-TiO2(110)

Abstract The adsorption of CO 2 has been studied by molecular beam scattering on slightly and strongly reduced TiO 2 (1 1 0). The defect density has qualitatively been characterized by CO 2 TDS. Two peaks are present in TDS, which can be assigned to CO 2 adsorption on pristine and oxygen vacancy sites. Interestingly, the initial reactivity, S 0 , towards CO 2 adsorption decreases with increasing defect density and increases with increasing oxygen preexposure. The latter is related to the vanishing of the defect structure in TDS. In contrast, hydrogen preexposure leads to a decrease in S 0 as well as the intensity of both TDS peaks decrease in sympathy.
Unavoidable low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts

A major portion of aflatoxin contamination of peanuts probably occurs when decayed or discolored peanuts are incompletely removed by sorting. Quality control measures have been instituted in the United States to insure that unavoidable aflatoxins in consumer peanuts and peanut products do not exceed 20 μg/kg. However, low level aflatoxin contamination, from trace amounts to about 50 μg/kg in sound mature unblemished peanuts, can occur before peanuts are dug. This low level contamination is not related to high levels of Aspergillus flavus infection or to current production practices. Low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts may be endemic, and current sorting procedures may not be effective in removing unblemished contaminated peanuts.
When do firms prefer individual action to collective action in the pursuit of corporate political strategy? A new perspective on industry concentration

In this study we advance the current research on corporate political strategy by examining how firms decide on their level of engagement in political action. This study proposes a contingency approach that identifies conditions in which firms prefer individual action to collective action in their pursuit of political strategy and introduces a framework that addresses this preference. Our results show that even in concentrated industries, a firm's preference of individual action over collective action varies when government contracts or research and development intensity are important considerations.
Adenylate cyclase from the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria solani

Adenylate cyclase activity of Alternaria solani bound to the particulate cell fraction was solubilized by 2.5% Ficoll. The apparent Km of the solubilized enzyme for adenosine 5′-triphosphate was 2.5 mM, and it required Mn2+ for maximum activity. Mr as determined by gel filtration was approximately 500. Fluoride ions at millimolar concentrations, GTP, adenosine, and N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine at micromolar concentrations did not stimulate adenylate cyclase activity. The enzyme was inhibited 25–55% by millimolar concentrations of 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-0 methyl adenosine, 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl adenosine and 2′-3′-isopropylidene adenosine. Partially purified enzyme obtained after DEAE-BioGel chromatography was very unstable. The amount of extractable enzyme activity varied during the fungal growth cycle.
Longitudinal associations between HIV risk reduction and out-of-school time program participation.

Abstract Purpose The study aimed to determine the longitudinal associations between several variables assessing positive youth development and HIV risk-reduction practices. Methods Participants were 329 youth enrolled in out-of-school time programs in New York City. Longitudinal data were collected in three waves during 2008-2009 (baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up). Because of the nested nature of the data, multivariate analyses were performed using multilevel models. Results At baseline, HIV risk reduction was associated with female gender, greater individual-level program participation, and greater school connectedness. Over time, HIV risk reduction was associated with program-level participation: Individuals in groups with program-level participation scores 1 standard deviation below the average showed significant declines in risk reduction practices over the 1-year study period compared with individuals in more participatory programs. Conclusions This study provides support for the out-of-school environment as an important context for sustaining HIV risk reduction and positive health promotion practices.
Organizational structure and similarity of campus student organizations

Abstract The studies reported here are part of a research program focused on identification and measurement of environmental factors responsible for behavior variance (S. B. Sells, Ed., Stimulus Determinants of Behavior. Ronald Press, New York, 1936). The group Dimensions Description Questionnaire, developed by Hemphill and Westie (J. Psychol., 1950 , 29, 325–342) was selected as a promising but neglected instrument intended to quantify and measure organizational dimensions, which constitute a major segment of the human social environment. The first study reported involved a factor analysis of thirteen organizational scales based on the administration of this questionnaire to 967 undergraduate students at Texas Christian University who were members of 60 campus student organizations. The second study represents an analysis, using a computerized hierarchical grouping procedure, of the similarity of the 60 organizations, which are classified formally into seven categories by goals and objectives.
Physics of computing as an introduction to computer engineering

This paper describes a new required course in the Georgia Tech computer engineering curriculum, ECE 3030, Physical Foundations of Computer Systems. Traditional introductory courses take a constructive approach to logic design and computer organization. 3030, in contrast, introduces the major physical concepts underlying computation. It shows how they determine basic properties of computers such as speed and energy consumption. It also explores design trade-offs by showing how changes that improve one type of property inevitably, due to physics, cause another useful property to degrade. The course emphasizes CMOS but many of its principles apply to other logic technologies as well. Students do not directly design logic or learn assembly language-for example, delay and energy consumption are studied for inverter chains. However, they have time in the course to study in detail the basic physical phenomena that underlie design choices in digital systems. Those principles help students absorb material in later classes such as VLSI design. 3030 introduces certain topics to students much earlier in the curriculum than is traditional. We believe that an early introduction to principles is important not just for students who become logic designers but for all computer engineers.
Receiver Characteristics in Safety Communications

Safety instructions and warnings are communications. It is important that characteristics of receivers, the target audience, be taken into account in designing such communications. Four categories ...
The dynamic scientific-information user

In this paper we shall explore the concept, “information user”. Recently, our research has been directed at examining some of the variations in scientific-information-user behavior in order to detect and describe the underlying themes. Our assumption is that by understanding and organizing these dynamic processes, we should be able to arrive at a more efficient matching of the output of information services with the user’s information needs. We shall attempt to describe some of the dynamics of the information user by presenting our findings relative to two variations in the scientific-communication behavior of scientists. First, we shall discuss “intra-individual variations”; changes which occur within individual scientists as their scientific work progresses. Second, we shall discuss “inter-individual variation”; differences between individual scientists (traditionally referred to as “individual differences”).
Translucent tissue defect in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers is associated with oxidative stress accompanying an accelerated aging phenotype

Translucent tissue defect (TTD) is an undesirable postharvest disorder of potato tubers characterized by the development of random pockets of semi-transparent tissue containing high concentrations of reducing sugars. Translucent areas turn dark during frying due to the Maillard reaction. The newly released cultivar, Premier Russet, is highly resistant to low temperature sweetening, but susceptible to TTD. Symptoms appeared as early as 170 days after harvest and worsened with time in storage (4–9 °C, 95 % RH). In addition to higher concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose, TTD resulted in lower dry matter, higher specific activities of starch phosphorylase and glc-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, higher protease activity, loss of protein, and increased concentrations of free amino acids (esp. asparagine and glutamine). The mechanism of TTD is unknown; however, the disorder has similarities with the irreversible senescent sweetening that occurs in tubers during long-term storage, where much of the decline in quality is a consequence of progressive increases in oxidative stress with advancing age. The respiration rate of non-TTD ‘Premier Russet’ tubers was inherently higher (ca. 40 %) than that of ‘Russet Burbank’ tubers (a non-TTD cultivar). Moreover, translucent tissue from ‘Premier Russet’ tubers had a 1.9-fold higher respiration rate than the average of non-translucent tissue and tissue from non-TTD tubers. Peroxidation of membrane lipids during TTD development resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde and likely contributed to a measurable increase in membrane permeability. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione were substantially higher in translucent tissue. TTD tubers also contained twofold less ascorbate than non-TTD tubers. TTD appears to be a consequence of oxidative stress associated with accelerated aging of ‘Premier Russet’ tubers.
Excitation of Spiral Bands in Hurricanes by Interaction Between the Symmetric Mean Vortex and a Shearing Environmental Steering Current

Abstract In hurricanes, linear, stationary, asymmetric, inertia-buoyancy oscillations can be resonantly forced at a radius where their tangential wavenumber times the orbital frequency of the mean swirling flow is equal to the local inertia frequency. If the hurricane is advected by an environmental geostrophic steering current without shear, the Coriolis force arising from the motion balances the environmental pressure gradient. However, if the motion of the storm differs from the geostrophic wind or if that wind has a horizontal shear, this balance is disrupted. For a uniform shear, resolution of the imbalance into radial and tangential components leads to a forcing that has a symmetric component and asymmetric components with tangential wavenumbers ±1 and ±2. The symmetric and wavenumber ±1 components have exponential horizontal structure, but the ±2 components have sinusoidal structure and are amplified by the wave action conservation mechanism of Willoughby (1978a,b). These waves resemble the spiral ...
Comparisons of Beginning Versus Experienced Elementary Music Educators in the Use of Teaching Time

This study quantified and compared the amount of time three groups of nine teachers spent during elementary music classes pursuing various music classroom activities. Experienced teachers, teaching...
Propagation of the little club-spur orchid (Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed germination and its ecological implications

Abstract Propagation of the auto-pollinated terrestrial orchid, Platanthera clavellata , using symbiotic seed germination is described. Seed from three populations in the southern Appalachians (Tennessee, South Carolina, GA) were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi ( Epulorhiza spp.) in vitro; seed germination and protocorm (seedling) developmental stages were evaluated up to 1 year after sowing. Seed obtained from Tennessee and South Carolina populations had a significantly higher percent germination (76.4 and 81.5%, respectively) than those collected from Georgia (16.2%); however, the Georgia population yielded more advanced seedlings suitable for soil transfer. A single fungal isolate ( E. inquilina ) originally obtained from the roots of P. clavellata , promoted advanced seedling development; three other isolates from additional Platanthera taxa ( P. ciliaris , P. cristata , P. integrilabia ), were ineffective. The ecological role of this orchid with its associated fungi is discussed with respect to the other co-habiting Platanthera species.
In pursuit of better policy outcomes

Abstract The underlying motivation for the work of Elinor and Vincent Ostrom is to promote decision making that leads to better policy outcomes. They have pursued this goal by focusing on how individuals make choices, and on how humanly created institutions constrain choice. Their approach, and their use of an amazingly wide array of theories, methods, and cases, has made a significant impact on our understanding of human behavior and policy outcomes.
High temperature measurement using luminescence of Pr3+ doped YAG and Ho3+ doped CaF2

Calibration plots have been developed for temperature sensing by measuring luminescence from Pr3+ doped YAG and Ho3+ doped CaF2. 1D2 lifetime of Pr3+ doped YAG decreased linearly from 187 μs to 110 μs as the sample temperature was changed from 20 °C to 1000 °C. 5F5 lifetime of Ho3+ doped CaF2 varied linearly from 380 μs to 188 μs as the sample temperature was changed from 20 °C to 1000 °C. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Symptomatic ischemia resulting from late upper extremity venous graft occlusion

Summary Reconstruction of traumatic or occluded vessels with vein grafts to treat ischemia of the hand is common in current upper-extremity surgery. Late symptomatic occlusion of the venous graft, however, has seldom been reported. We report two cases involving patients who developed acute symptomatic ischemia in their hands from occlusion of their vein grafts > 15 years after their initial surgery. Our management strategy was additional arterial reconstruction. An extensive review of the literature on late vein graft occlusion in the upper extremity was performed to compare presentations, management strategies, and outcomes for this disease. In both cases, computed tomography angiogram results confirmed clinical suspicions of late venous graft occlusions. Conservative management was attempted first with no resolution of symptoms. Repeated arterial or venous grafting was performed to bypass the diseased segments. PubMed searches with the separate key phrases “late graft occlusion”, “late vein graft occlusion”, and “late vein graft occlusion hand” were entered. Titles and abstracts were filtered and relevant full texts were reviewed. Limited studies have been reported on symptomatic late vein graft occlusions of the upper extremity. Experimental studies have shown that intra-arterial microvenous grafts undergo the same vessel remodeling as macrovenous grafts in animal models. The same mechanism of neointima proliferation and subsequent atherosclerotic events were considered the main causes of graft occlusions in these cases. After regrafting, their symptoms subsided during follow-ups at 1 year and 6 years, respectively. We present two rare clinical case reports of patients who suffered ischemic symptoms in their hands from late (> 15 years) occlusion of vein grafts. Both patients were assessed with preoperative computed tomography angiograms and successfully treated with regrafting. In cases of late occlusion with ischemic symptoms, a repeat arterial reconstruction with venous or arterial grafting is recommended.
The thermal decomposition of sodium N-chlorobenzene sulfonamide in KBr

Abstract Infrared spectra of sodium N -chlorobenzine sulfonamide 4000-250 cm −1 have been obtained on samples prepared in KBr disc and stored for several hours at 110°C. The subject compound undergoes a thermal decomposition by two mechanisms; the first is a hydrolysis of the nitrogen to chlorine bond to yield the corresponding sodium salt of benzene sulfonamide while the second involves an intramolecular rearrangement to form the sodium salt of 2-chlorobenzene sulfonamide.
Clinical, virologic and immunologic responses of children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease treated with protease inhibitors.

Objective. To determine the effects of combination antiretroviral therapy including a protease inhibitor (PI combination therapy) in children with advanced HIV-1 disease. Study design. An observational study of HIV-1 plasma RNA, lymphocyte subsets, delayed type hypersensitivity and physical growth after initiation of PI combination therapy. Results. In nine children the median HIV-1 plasma RNA decreased 1.7 log 10 (mean, 1.57; range, 0.7 to 2.2) following PI combination therapy and CD4 cells increased a median of 499 (mean, 528; range, 9 to 1088) cells/μl. A rebound of RNA, associated with the development of resistance to the PI, occurred in three subjects. Three of six children were no longer anergic and all nine achieved normal weight-growth velocities. Ritonavir was well-tolerated, despite its bitter taste; however, four of five children treated with indinavir developed renal complications. Conclusions. PI combination therapy in children with advanced HIV-1 disease was associated with a decrease in HIV-1 RNA, improved immunologic measures and normal or better weight gain. Of concern was the rebound in plasma HIV-1 associated with resistance to the PI observed in one-third of patients. This emphasizes the need for larger studies to define optimal PI containing regimens with long term efficacy in children.
A comparative Raman study of the structures of conventional and gel-derived glasses in the SiO2GeO2 system☆

Abstract Normal and differential Raman spectroscopic techniques are used to investigate the effect of preparation procedures on the structure of glasses in the SiO 2 GeO 2 system prepared using both sol-gel and conventional melt techniques. The structure, hydroxyl content, and the crystallization behavior of gels depend on the gel processing conditions such as the type of alkoxides used, pH of the sol and the atmosphere under which sintering is done. Under certain gel synthesis conditions when a random molecular scale distribution of GeO 4 networks in silica network is likely, high silica gel-monoliths are transformed into glass without any crystallization by sintering at temperatures around T g ; and Raman spectra of these gels and gel-derived glasses closely resemble the corresponding spectra of glasses prepared by the melting of conventional batches. Raman spectra of SiO 2 -rich (94 SiO 2 · 6 GeO 2 ) gels heated at various temperatures up to 1300°C show the presence of SiOH groups. In GeO 2 -rich (30 SiO 2 · 70 GeO 2 ) gels, both GeOH and SiOH groups are present along with small crystallites of hexagonal GeO 2 . On heating to 350°C, GeOH and SiOH groups react to form TOT bonds where T = Si or Ge and the gel becomes poorly crystalline. On further heating the GeO 2 -rich gel to higher temperatures, 750°C, the concentration of OH groups decreases and the crystallinity of hexagonal GeO 2 increases.
Action of nicotine on the ascending reticular activating system

Abstract Synchronization of the electroencephalogram was produced by midpontine brainstem transection in the rabbit, cat and dog, and by high pontine transection in the monkey. After transection, i.v. injections of 10–20 μg/kg of nicotine produced EEG activation responses in all four species. The mechanism and site of action of the EEG activation effect of nicotine was explored in the dog. It has been shown that peripheral nerve receptors are not essentially involved in nicotine induced EEG activation. Furthermore, the EEG activation effect of nicotine does not appear related to fluctuations in blood pressure, or to increases in circulating levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or vasopressin. Studies in reserpine-pretreated dogs suggest nicotine does not owe its EEG activation effect to the release of central stores of catechol amines of 5-hydroxytryptamine. No evidence was obtained, however, which denies the possibility that nicotine produced EEG activation by a cholinergic mechanism. It is tentatively concluded that a likely mechanism by which nicotine produces EEG activation is by mimicking, or possibly releasing, acetylcholine in the central nervous system. Because nicotine did not produce EEG activation in prepontine or postmammillary dogs, but altered electrical activity of the dog reticular slab, a ponto-mesencephalic site of action for the EEG activation effect of nicotine is proposed. Although nicotine induced EEG activation does not appear to be mediated by an increase in circulating levels of vasopressin, attention is drawn to the possibility that the release of vasopressin may be involved in the central nervous system pharmacology of nicotine, perhaps in regard to the development of acute tolerance to certain central actions of nicotine. It is noted that in all four species studied, the 10–20 μg/kg EEG activation dose of nicotine corresponds to blood levels of nicotine which are commonly achieved in the habitual use of tobacco by man. Study of the central effects of nicotine analogs, particularly non-quarternary analogs, is suggested.
Outcomes of cataract surgery following radiation treatment for retinoblastoma

Purpose To report the outcomes after cataract extraction in eyes previously treated for retinoblastoma. Methods We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients treated with cataract extraction at our institution for radiation-induced cataract following retinoblastoma treatment between 1992 and 2007. Results Twelve eyes of 11 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma was 7.4 months. The median quiescent interval before cataract surgery was 34.6 months (range, 17-240 months). All patients underwent limbal-based extracapsular cataract extraction with scleral-tunnel wound construction. Anterior vitrectomy and posterior capsulotomy were performed in 7 eyes; an intraocular lens was placed in 10 eyes. A laser capsulotomy was subsequently performed in 5 eyes. No postoperative complications occurred. One patient underwent a pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage and proliferative retinopathy 5 years after cataract extraction. The median follow-up after surgery was 6.0 years (range, 1.1-12.3 years). Final visual acuity was between 20/20 and 20/60 in 6 eyes, between 20/70 and 20/200 in 2 eyes, and worse than 20/200 in 4 eyes. No intraocular tumor recurrences or metastases occurred. Two patients developed secondary rhabdomyosarcomas; 1 patient succumbed to the disease. Conclusions Limbal-based cataract extraction in our series was not associated with tumor recurrence or metastasis. The optimal quiescent interval is not known; however, no tumor recurrences occurred in our series when a minimum 17-month quiescent period was achieved. Visual improvement was noted in every patient, although several patients only experienced modest gains.
Posterior sternoclavicular joint injuries in the adolescent population: a meta-analysis.

Background:Sternoclavicular dislocations are relatively infrequent and are generally divided into anterior and posterior disruptions, the former being the most common. While posterior sternoclavicular joint (PSCJ) injuries are very rare, they may be associated with life-threatening complications. The ideal management of these injuries, particularly in the adolescent population, has not been well described.Purpose:Through a meta-analysis of PSCJ injuries in the adolescent, we aimed to (1) describe the epidemiology of PSCJ injuries in relation to the mechanism of injury, associated complications, and treatment preferences; (2) compare the success of closed reduction when attempted 48 hours after the initial injury; and (3) compare the outcomes of closed versus open treatment.Study Design:Meta-analysis.Methods:A thorough review of the English literature was performed to identify all cases of PSCJ dislocations or medial clavicular physeal fractures in patients aged 12 to 18 years. Patient-level da...
Determining the quality of breast cancer care: do tumor registries measure up?

Data from tumor registries were found to provide accurate measures for hospital-based surgical treatments but not for outpatient treatment. Unverified tumor registry data should not be used to meas...
Examining the factors of a technology professional development intervention

This article discusses technology integration literature used to guide the design and implementation of a technology professional development intervention (TPDI) for secondary education teachers. Qualitative multiple-case research methods were used to examine teachers’ perceptions of the TPDI factors to provide a deeper understanding of which factors teachers’ perceived to be beneficial to the quality of the TPDI. A content analysis methodology was used to compare teachers’ perceptions at two different phases throughout the study: Phase 1: while participating in the TPDI and, Phase 2: after transferring the knowledge and skills taught in the TPDI to teaching practice. The results demonstrated seven beneficial factors to include when designing technology curriculum for adult learners: relevant, learning, access, reactions, interactions, clear and easy, and instructor. While this study examined a specific TPDI, the instructional design incorporated factors rooted in constructivist design principles, making the implications of the findings relevant to the instructional design of technology learning environments for higher education and business environments.
LISE++: Radioactive beam production with in-flight separators

Abstract The program LISE ++ is designed to predict intensity and purity for future experiments using radioactive beams with in-flight separators, and for tuning experiments where its results can be quickly compared to on-line data. The name LISE ++ denotes the new generation of the LISE program, in which any separator can be built through the use of different sections labeled “blocks”. Its user-friendly interface can be used to quickly construct many separator configurations from the available blocks. The LISE ++ package already includes configuration files for most of the existing fragment and recoil separators such as the A1900 and the S800 at the NSCL, LISE3 at GANIL, FRS and SuperFRS at GSI, BigRIPS and RIPS at RIKEN. Projectile fragmentation, fusion–evaporation, fusion–fission, Coulomb fission, abrasion–fission and two body reactions models are included in this program and can be used as the production reaction mechanism to simulate experiments at beam energies above the Coulomb barrier. This program can be downloaded free of charge from the following web site: .