cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Difficult Questions and Variations in Lifestyles

In the study of development, the same difficult questions arise over and over. Is development inevitable? Must everyone go through each stage to be normal? Who decides what is normal? Is development a cross-cultural phenomenon? What about the effects of education, social class, and money? In this chapter we will address such questions and relate them to concepts of adult development by discussing, as examples, such psychosocial phenomena as the effects of remaining single, divorcing, being widowed, and being homosexual.
Peter Corning: The fair society: the science of human nature and the pursuit of social justice

By definition, ambitious books think big. Peter Corning’s new book, The Fair Society, takes “thinking big” to a whole new level. Corning aims to provide a definition of the social contract that accounts for human nature and our biological needs. Corning also argues that we need a new definition of the social contract that takes account of human nature and our biological needs. It wasn’t always clear which of those two propositions Corning was aiming to tackle, or if he perhaps meant both in some interchangeable sense. Corning begins by giving the reader some examples of situations that most people would find unfair, such as wage discrimination (e.g., paying two people differently for doing the exact same work with the exact same level of competence). Next Corning attempts tomake sense ofwhy it is that people think anything is unfair, but also whypeople in different cultures around theworldfindcertain similar things to beunfair. In subsequent chapters he outlines research in evolutionary psychology and economics (much of it crossover work that tests models of economic rationality with crosscultural comparison groups) that gives rise to a provocative idea: humans have an innate sense of right and wrong, or fairness, and it is universal. Corning then takes the reader on a whirlwind, albeit hurried, tour of moral philosophy past and present and gives a variety of reasons why he thinks capitalism and socialism have led people astray when considering distributions of wealth. Capitalism is unfair because it makes no provisions, by itself, to care for those left behind in the economic dust. The reason capitalism is implicitly unfair has nothing to do with abstract arguments of the sort advanced by John Rawls in his monumental A Theory of Justice, but has to do with the fact that society is a survival endeavor. We don’t live in societies necessarily to trade skills we don’t have for those that others do have. Rather, we live in societies to help each other stay alive. This may well be the most important
Chapter 17 Mechanisms of transport of proteins into microbodies

Abstract The microbodies are a class of electron-dense, single-membrane-bound organelles. They include evolutionarily related subcellular compartments such as peroxisomes, glyoxysomes and glycosomes. Proteins destined to reside in the matrix or membrane of these organelles are synthesized on free cytoplasmic polysomes and transported post-translationally, in a targeting signal-dependent manner, to these compartments. Our work has led to the discovery of two types of signals that transport proteins into the matrix of these organelles. The first (PTS-1) is a conserved, consensus, C-terminal tripeptide which serves as a general microbody targeting signal (McTS). This signal does not need to be part of the primary amino acid sequence of the protein in order to function. The second signal, PTS-2, is an 11 amino acid sequence which functions at the amino-terminus and at least in one internal location to target proteins to peroxisomes. Its ability to function as a general microbody targeting signal remains to be tested. While the PTS-1 signal is found in numerous microbody proteins, the PTS-2 signal has been identified in only one protein, the peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase. Cells from patients with a peroxisomal deficiency known as Zellweger's syndrome are deficient in the transport of proteins containing PTS-1 but not of those possessing PTS-2. Genetic evidence in Sacchar-omyces cerevisiae also supports the idea that there may be at least two distinct mechanisms for protein transport into peroxisomes.
Rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water using an immunoelectrochemical method.

An immunoelectrochemical method coupled with immunomagnetic separation was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. Samples of chicken carcass wash water were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium at different cell numbers. Possible nonspecified inhibitors in the wash water were minimized by filtration and centrifugation. An approximately 9.4% loss of Salmonella cells was found after filtration (P 0.01).
The association of environmental, meteorological, and pollen count variables with asthma-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations in the Bronx

Objective: To better understand how meteorological variables, air quality variables, and pollen counts collectively contribute to asthma-related emergency department visits (AREDV) and asthma-related hospitalizations (ARH) among pediatric and adult patients in the New York City borough of the Bronx. Methods: The numbers of daily adult and pediatric AREDV and ARH from 2001 to 2008 were obtained from three Bronx hospitals. After removing outliers, interpolating missing data, and standardizing variable values by scaling the data using z-scores, data were analyzed using Spearman rank tests and linear regression models for the full year and each season. Results: There were a total of 42,065 AREDV and 1,664 ARH at both Bronx hospitals. With the exception of a spring peak in AREDVs, AREDVs and ARHs follow a cyclical pattern, climbing in the fall, plateauing in the winter, dropping in the spring, and reaching a low in the summer. Among the 11 air quality, meteorological, and pollen count variables, temperature and tree pollen made the greatest contribution to AREDV with scaled coefficients of -0.337 and 0.311 respectively; equating to an additional AREDV for every 5.0-unit decrease in temperature and an additional AREDV for every 186.0-unit increase in tree pollen. These two variables were confirmed to have independent associations with AREDV prior to the data interpolation. Grass pollen was also found to have a relatively large contribution to AREDV during the summer with a scaled coefficient of 0.314, equating to an additional AREDV for every 2.3-unit increase in grass pollen. Conclusion: There are distinct peaks of increased AREDVs that are closely associated with increased tree pollen counts in the spring and decreasing temperatures in the fall. Early anticipation of these air quality, meteorological, and pollen factor changes based on ongoing surveillance could potentially guide clinical practice and minimize AREDVs in the Bronx.
Blending cottonseed meal products with different protein contents for cost-effective wood adhesive performances

Abstract Water washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) is an excellent bio-adhesive resource because of its cost-effective extraction process and environmentally friendly performance. To evaluate the effects of protein content on the adhesive performance of cottonseed meal-based adhesives, we reconstituted cottonseed meal products with protein contents ranged from 34.9% to 94.8% by blending different amounts of WCSM, cottonseed protein isolate (CSPI), and residues after protein extraction (CSIR). Their physicochemical properties and three types of adhesive strengths (dry, wet, and soaked) were measured with press temperatures at 100, 150 and 170 °C. The morphological and rheological data showed that the low-protein-content adhesives with a high amount of residual cotton hull and fiber possessed poor spreadability and adhesive strength. Molecular and thermal analysis suggested that protein ratio had a stronger influence than press temperature to thermal property and adhesive strength. With these data, multiple linear regression models were established, providing analytical tools to predict the bonding strength affected by protein content and press temperature in cottonseed meal-based adhesives. On the other hand, the blends with 65–70% of protein content demonstrated the bonding performance and flowability comparable to highest protein product CSPI (94.8% protein) within the acceptable standard deviations. Thus, these observations and data could be helpful in set-up of industrial standard requirements and quality control for protein content in cost-effective adhesive-grade WCSM products.
Framing Hate with Hate Frames: Designing the Codebook

Hate groups increasingly use social media to promote extremist ideologies. They frame their online communications to appeal to potential recruits. Informed by sociological theories of framing, we develop the "Hate Frames Codebook", a hand-coding scheme for analyzing online hate. The "Hate Frames Codebook" offers a two-fold outlook on hateful communications. First, it adopts a Collective Action perspective to analyze how hate groups identify problems in the social groups they target, suggest solutions to the problems, and motivate their supporters. Then, the codebook highlights strategies of influence through the lens of Propaganda Devices. We validate our codebook by applying it to a sample of 250 publicly available tweets sent by 15 Southern Poverty Law Center-designated hate groups. The codebook fosters future research by outlining the dimensions of framing in hate group communications, thus laying theoretical grounds for curating datasets and building computational models of hateful language.
Bariatric surgery reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in severe obese subjects undergoing sleeve gastrectomy

Abstract Background Obesity is a major independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objectives Our goal in this study was to analyze the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in the risk reduction of developing T2D in middle-aged, severely obese nondiabetes patients. Setting University Hospital, United States. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively collected database from 2010 to 2016. All severely obese patients between 45 and 64 years of age without diabetes at baseline that underwent sleeve gastrectomy were included in our study. The T2D risk score for predicting the incidence of diabetes was measured preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively and was based on the Framingham Offspring Study that calculates an 8-year risk of developing T2D. Results Of the 1330 patients included in this study, 6.5% (n = 86) met the criteria for the T2D risk score calculation. The population was predominantly composed of females (68.9%; n = 59) with a mean age of 52.8 ± 5.3 years. Preoperative body mass index was 43.1 ± 6.9 kg/m2 with a percentage of estimated body mass index loss and percentages of total weight loss were 72.2 ± 26.3% and 26.39 ± 18.15%, respectively, with fasting plasma glucose of 103.3 ± 14.9 mg/dL. The preoperative risk for T2D was 13.9 ± 11.6%, with an absolute risk reduction 12 months after surgery of 10.3%, corresponding to a 74.2% relative risk reduction. When comparing between sexes, risk reduction in females was slightly better than in males; however, this was not statistically significant. At 12-month follow-up, all measured variables were significantly improved, except for diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy significantly decreases the risk of developing T2D in middle-aged severely obese patients. Prospective studies are needed to further understand these findings.
Optimizing Sedation in the Pediatric ICU

Historically, in pediatric critical care, the patient’s ultimate survival has been our overriding priority. As mortality rates have decreased in the PICU over the last decades, we can now focus our efforts on minimizing the morbidities that may result from the experience of pediatric critical illness. Evidence indicates that it is time to restructure our traditional approach to sedation in critically ill children, in order to improve patient outcomes. In this chapter, we will review sedation practices that have been embraced in the past and contrast them to a more modern approach. Although still controversial, we will provide data supporting a minimalist approach to sedation in the majority of critically ill children.
TRPC6 in diabetic kidney disease: good guy or bad guy?

An association of altered activity of transient receptor potential cation channel C6 (TRPC6) with the development of various diabetic complications was previously reported. In this issue, Wang et al. tested the contribution of TRPC6 in type 1 diabetes setting by breeding Akita mice with TRPC6 knockout mice. The authors revealed that the knockout of TRPC6 decreased proteinuria and attenuated tubule injury but promoted mesangial expansion in Akita mice. Therefore, TRPC6 has both beneficial and detrimental effects on glomeruli function.
Adnexal mass staging CT with a disease-specific structured report compared to simple structured report

To assess a disease-specific structured report (dsSR) for CT staging of ovarian malignancy compared to a simple structured report (sSR). This is a HIPAA-compliant, IRB-approved study with waiver of informed consent. An adnexal mass-specific structured reporting CT template was developed in collaboration between gynecologic oncologists and diagnostic radiologists. The study population included 24 consecutive women who had a staging CT prior to undergoing debulking surgery for a primary ovarian malignancy. Objective evaluation by radiologists for the presence of 19 key features and subjective evaluation by gynecologic oncologists were performed to assess the clarity and usefulness for procedural planning of dsSR and sSR. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were assessed using operating room notes and pathology reports as the reference standard. Fewer key features were missing from dsSR than sSR: 0.2 ± 0.8 (range 0–2) vs.10.2 ± 1.7 (range 7–14), respectively (p < 0.0001). Compared to sSR, gynecologic oncologists deemed dsSR more helpful (4.3 ± 0.7 vs. 3.7 ± 0.8, p < 0.0001) and easier to understand (4.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.9 ± 0.7, p = 0.0057) (on a scale 0–5, 0 not helpful/very difficult to understand; 5 extremely helpful/very clear to understand). Gynecologic oncologists reported a higher rate of potential to modify their surgical approach based on dsSR (33–42%) compared to sSR (13–17%), p = 0.004. Disease-specific structured reports were more reliable than simple structured reports in describing key features essential for procedural planning. dsSR was described as more helpful and easier to understand and more likely to lead to modification of the surgical approach by gynecologic oncologists compared to sSR. • Disease-specific structured report is easier to understand and more helpful for planning gynecological surgery as compared with simple structured report. • Disease-specific structured report for pre-operative evaluation of ovarian cancer provides better documentation of essential features required for surgical planning as compared with simple structured report. • Disease-specific structured report has the potential to modify the surgical approach as assessed by gynecologic oncologists.
Fast domain-aware neural network emulation of a planetary boundary layer parameterization in a numerical weather forecast model

Abstract. Parameterizations for physical processes in weather and climate models are computationally expensive. We use model output from the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) climate model to train deep neural networks (DNNs) and evaluate whether trained DNNs can provide an accurate alternative to the physics-based parameterizations. Specifically, we develop an emulator using DNNs for a planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization in the WRF model. PBL parameterizations are used in atmospheric models to represent the diurnal variation in the formation and collapse of the atmospheric boundary layer – the lowest part of the atmosphere. The dynamics and turbulence, as well as velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles within the boundary layer are all critical for determining many of the physical processes in the atmosphere. PBL parameterizations are used to represent these processes that are usually unresolved in a typical climate model that operates at horizontal spatial scales in the tens of kilometers. We demonstrate that a domain-aware DNN, which takes account of underlying domain structure (e.g., nonlocal mixing), can successfully simulate the vertical profiles within the boundary layer of velocities, temperature, and water vapor over the entire diurnal cycle. Results also show that a single trained DNN from one location can produce predictions of wind speed, temperature, and water vapor profiles over nearby locations with similar terrain conditions with correlations higher than 0.9 when compared with the WRF simulations used as the training dataset.
A New Metric Yielding a Richer Class of Unbounded Functions Having Compact Hulls in the Shift Flow

Compact subspaces of function spaces with the shift flow figure prominently into the study of dynamical systems where the evolution variable (usually time) is $$\mathbb {R}, \mathbb {Z}, \mathbb {R}^+$$ or $$\mathbb {Z}^+$$ , i.e. continuous or discrete flows or semi-flows. Many important theories depend on this compactness. Up to this point theorems guaranteeing compactness have been limited to three function spaces. These are the functions continuous on $$\mathbb {R}$$ with the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of $$\mathbb {R}$$ , the space $$L^p_{loc}(\mathbb {R})$$ with the $$L^p_{loc}(\mathbb {R})$$ topology and finally the non metrizable space $$L^{\infty }_{loc}(\mathbb {R})$$ with an induced weak $$^*$$ topology. In this publication we introduce a new metric that takes e.g. unbounded rapidly oscillatory functions and shows that their hulls are compact in the shift flow. This extends the results obtained in the 1970’s on Lifting Theorems and Spectral Theory by the author and George Sell, as well as any application involving a compact dynamical system.
Key sector analysis for a subnational region with leakages

Key sector analyses have a long and rich history. However, almost all the previous analyses were conducted only within an input–output (IO) framework for a national economy. The present study (1) performs the analysis for a subnational (or regional) economy suffering severe leakages of industries’ revenues due to a large amount of imports and a large fraction of factor income earned by non-residents, and (2) extends the previous IO-based analyses to an analysis within a social accounting matrix (SAM) model and, further, to a multi-regional SAM (MRSAM) model. Comparing the results from the three alternative models shows that the key sectors identified with the alternative models are considerably different. This finding points to the necessity of using SAM-based models for an accurate key sector analysis and offers valuable implications for regional policymakers whose main interest is identifying the industries that they target for the economic development of their regions.
Omunanamwengu (The Mad One): A Multiple Case Study of Individual and Familial Experiences of Madness Among the Northern Namibian Aawambo:

To understand mental illness in cultural contexts, research should focus on locally informed concepts of illness and the lived experiences of such conditions. Understanding mental illness, its prev...
Sixty-One Years Following Registration, Phorate Applied In-Furrow at Planting Suppresses Development of Late Leaf Spot on Peanut.

Late and early leaf spot are caused by Nothopassalora personata and Passalora arachidicola, respectively, and are damaging diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) capable of defoliation and yield ...
FORMATION RATES OF POPULATION III STARS AND CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT OF HALOS DURING THE REIONIZATION ERA

The first stars in the universe formed out of pristine primordial gas clouds that were radiatively cooled to a few hundreds of degrees kelvin either via molecular or atomic (Lyman-?) hydrogen lines. This primordial mode of star formation was eventually quenched once radiative and/or chemical (metal enrichment) feedbacks marked the transition to Population II stars. In this paper, we present a model for the formation rate of Population III stars based on Press-Schechter modeling coupled with analytical recipes for gas cooling and radiative feedback. Our model also includes a novel treatment for metal pollution based on self-enrichment due to a previous episode of Population III star formation in progenitor halos. With this model, we derive the star formation history of Population III stars, their contribution to the reionization of the universe and the time of the transition from Population III star formation in minihalos (M 106 M ?, cooled via molecular hydrogen) to that in more massive halos (M 2 ? 107 M ?, where atomic hydrogen cooling is also possible). We consider a grid of models highlighting the impact of varying the values for the free parameters used, such as star formation and feedback efficiency. The most critical factor is the assumption that only one Population III star is formed in a halo. In this scenario, metal-free stars contribute only to a minor fraction of the total number of photons required to reionize the universe. In addition, metal-free star formation is primarily located in minihalos, and chemically enriched halos become the dominant locus of star formation very early in the life of the universe?at redshift z 25?even assuming a modest fraction (0.5%) of enriched gas converted in stars. If instead multiple metal-free stars are allowed to form out of a single halo, then there is an overall boost of Population III star formation, with a consequent significant contribution to the reionizing radiation budget. In addition, the bulk of metal-free stars are produced in halos with M 2 ? 107 M ?.
Noisy Deductive Reasoning: How Humans Construct Math, and How Math Constructs Universes

We present a computational model of mathematical reasoning according to which mathematics is a fundamentally stochastic process. That is, in our model, whether or not a given formula is deemed a theorem in some axiomatic system is not a matter of certainty, but is instead governed by a probability distribution. We then show that this framework gives a compelling account of several aspects of mathematical practice. These include: 1) the way in which mathematicians generate research programs, 2) the applicability of Bayesian models of mathematical heuristics, 3) the role of abductive reasoning in mathematics, 4) the way in which multiple proofs of a proposition can strengthen our degree of belief in that proposition, and 5) the nature of the hypothesis that there are multiple formal systems that are isomorphic to physically possible universes. Thus, by embracing a model of mathematics as not perfectly predictable, we generate a new and fruitful perspective on the epistemology and practice of mathematics.
Study on Measurement of Electromagnetic Environment Characteristics of UHV AC GIL Test Line

The electromagnetic environment of UHV AC transmission project mainly considers the electric field, magnetic field, radio interference (RI) and audible noise. Based on the condition of electrified test of UHV AC Gas insulated line (GIL) test line, the measurement of electromagnetic environment was carried out, the limits of these impact factors were sorted out, the field measurement was carried out, and the conformity to the limits was analyzed. The electromagnetic environment around GIL was measured under different conditions of current and voltage. The measurement results have shown as follows: The electric field strength increased significantly after voltage was applied, and the electric field strength generated by line structure above GIL and VFTO device was dominant. After current and voltage were applied, the magnetic flux density around GIL increased significantly, and the maximum value was near the middle of the straight line or at the corner. The farther away the GIL is, and the higher the GIL is from the ground, the lower the magnetic flux density is. While voltage was applied and no current was applied, RI increased significantly, and RI generated by line architecture above GIL and VFTO was dominant. Considering the horizontal attenuation, the distance above 20 m can meet the limit requirements. After applying voltage and current, even if there were buildings under construction nearby, the Zone-0 daytime limit of 50 dB(A) was not exceeded. In general, the electromagnetic environment level of UHV AC GIL test line meets the requirements of relevant limits.
TREM2 Deficiency Disrupts Network Oscillations Leading to Epileptic Activity and Aggravates Amyloid-β-Related Hippocampal Pathophysiology in Mice

Background Genetic mutations in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) have been strongly associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other progressive dementias. In the brain, TREM2 protein is specifically expressed on microglia suggesting their active involvement in driving disease pathology. Using various transgenic AD models to interfere with microglial function through TREM2, several recent studies provided important data indicating a causal link between TREM2 and underlying amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology. However, mechanisms by which TREM2 contributes to increased predisposition to clinical AD and influences its progression still remain largely unknown. Objective Our aim was to elucidate the potential contribution of TREM2 on specific oscillatory dynamic changes associated with AD pathophysiology. Methods Spontaneous and brainstem nucleus pontis oralis stimulation-induced hippocampal oscillation paradigm was used to investigate the impact of TREM2 haploinsufficiency TREM2(Het) or total deficiency TREM2(Hom) on hippocampal network function in wild-type and Aβ overproducing Tg2576 mice under urethane anesthesia. Results Partial (TREM2(Het)) or total (TREM2(Hom)) deletion of TREM2 led to increased incidence of spontaneous epileptiform seizures in both wild-type and Tg2576 mice. Importantly, deficiency of TREM2 in Tg2576 mice significantly diminished power of theta oscillation in the hippocampus elicited by brainstem-stimulation compared to wild-type mice. However, it did not affect hippocampal theta-phase gamma-amplitude coupling significantly, since over a 60%reduction was found in coupling in Tg2576 mice regardless of TREM2 function. Conclusion Our findings indicate a role for TREM2-dependent microglial function in the hippocampal neuronal excitability in both wild type and Aβ overproducing mice, whereas deficiency in TREM2 function exacerbates disruptive effects of Aβ on hippocampal network oscillations.
Fast reconstruction of off-axis digital holograms

Hologram reconstruction via the angular spectrum method utilizes fast Fourier transforms which quickly but inefficiently shift between image and pupil planes. We demonstrate hologram reconstruction using discrete transforms over limited regions, decreasing computation time 10x.
Who to Tell? A Latent Class Analysis of Adolescents’ Intentions to Disclose Dating Violence

Adolescents’ willingness to disclose violence in romantic relationships has important implications for their safety and overall well-being. However, research is limited on adolescent intentions to seek help for dating violence. Using self-report data from 493 rural youth (54% male, 49.7% African American), this study examined heterogeneity of adolescent help-seeking in relation to different forms of violence and sources of potential disclosure. Latent class analyses identified four distinct groups of adolescents: (a) multi-help-seekers (20.5%) who are likely to seek help for any form of dating violence from multiple sources, (b) reluctant help-seekers (21.1%) who are unlikely to seek help for any form of violence from any source, (c) informal help-seekers (28.8%) who are willing to disclose dating violence primarily to caregivers and friends, and (d) selective help-seekers (29.5%) with varied intentions to disclose some forms of violence to select people. Results further revealed that class membership was differentially related to gender and caregiver’s level of education. Additionally, findings confirmed expectations that variation in adolescent well-being and safety measures was a function of membership in help-seeking classes. The article discusses these findings in the context of targeted programs and services to promote help-seeking among rural youth.
Ethical Considerations in the Use of Artificial Womb/Placenta Technology

Abstract Despite improvements in survival over the past few decades, pulmonary immaturity and the use of mechanical ventilation have stunted reduction in short- and long-term morbidities for infants at the borderline of viability (22-24 weeks of gestation). It has long been suspected that the use of an artificial womb or artificial placenta to preserve native fetal physiology and maintain fluid- rather than air-filled lungs would help to improve outcomes for these infants. As such, several institutions have ongoing efforts to develop this technology, bringing the field of neonatology within sight of clinical trials. Prior to use in humans, several important ethical issues should be considered and discussed, including the moral status of these patients and the term used to describe them, whether neonate, fetus, or another term entirely. These determinations will guide when it is appropriate to use the technology and when it is permissible to withdraw this support, as well as how to ascribe parental rights and the legal status of these patients.
9 – MASSIEU FUNCTIONS

A Legendre transformation resulting from the replacement of one ore more extensive variables by the conjugate intensive variable in the entropy representation defines a Massieu function. Massieu functions are useful in manipulations based on the entropy representation. Thus, they find application in irreversible thermodynamics and in statistical mechanics. In this chapter, only the Massieu functions for a single-component simple system is considered. The intensive parameters of this system in the entropy representation are 1/T, P/T, and μ/T. Massieu functions from first and second-order Legendre transformations has been discussed. For the single-component simple system the third order Legendre transformation is a complete transformation. There is only one Massieu function, the Gibbs–Duhem equation in the entropy representation. It is a relation among the intensive parameters of the single component simple system in the entropy representation.
Licci ideals and the non-almost complete intersection locus

We extend results of Huneke and Ulrich on the structure of ideals in the linkage class of a complete intersection, for the class of ideals which are linked to a complete intersection in an even number of steps. In particular for such ideals the non-almost complete intersection locus has codimension at most ten.
Trans/Gender/Sexuality

Abstract This paper discusses a research agenda for trans (transgender and transsexual) experience in the U.S., both how and what to study. As the field of trans studies develops, researchers should primarily utilize a community-based participatory action research model. Research remaining to be done includes: documenting the size of trans communities across the U.S., exploring the short and long-term effects of hormonal and surgical interventions, studies that focus on resiliency and wellness (i.e., those who are able to fend off pathology), explorations of who is likely to oppress or discriminate against trans people, and the legal issues faced by trans people.
Pretest/Posttest Plus Prompts: Tools for Research and Evaluation

We conducted a series of summer workshops on bioinformatics to increase educators’ knowledge of this new field of inquiry with the assumption that their knowledge will, in turn, impact student achievement. The workshops incorporated experiential learning and self-reflection (loucks-horsley et al. 1998). educators demonstrated significant increases in knowledge as revealed by pretest and posttest scores on the same test that was used during the field-testing of the module, Bioinformatics and the Human Genome Project, a component of the workshop. Qualitative analyses revealed that the workshop introduced methodologies (including guided inquiries, hands-on, problem-based and role-playing activities for teaching bioinformatics) that educators valued and planned to incorporate into their own classrooms. The only area in which teachers expected more than they received was in laboratory experiences. This exception may be explained by the fact that the nature of biological experimentation has now broadened to include computer-based or “in-silico” experiments (Bloom 2001). Biology educators, like research biologists, must learn the new language of biology and embrace a new tool for biological research.
School Characteristics That Make a Difference for the Achievement of All Students: A 40-Year Odyssey.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to trace a 40‐year research journey to identify organizational properties that foster the achievement of all students, regardless of socio‐economic status (SES).Design/methodology/approach – The author describes a search for school properties that have an impact on the cognitive and social‐emotional development of faculty and students, with special emphasis on academic achievement.Findings – Three characteristics of schools were identified that make a positive difference for student achievement controlling for the SES: collective efficacy, collective trust in parents and students, and academic emphasis of the school. Further these three measures are elements of a latent construct, academic emphasis of school, which is a powerful predictor of student achievement regardless of SES.Originality/value – The paper identifies school variables that are often as important, or more important, than SES in explaining academic achievement, and a new model is created to explain ho...
Optical Spectroscopy of Green Vanadium Apophyllite from Poona, lndia

Emission spectrographic anaiysis of a light green apophyllite from Poona, India, indicates that 1600 ppm V and 350 ppm Mn are the principal trace constituents. Only 70 ppm Fe was found. Optical spectra have been obtained which indicate that tetravalent vanadium is primarily responsible for the color and dichroism of this material.
Review of Package Warning Labels and Their Effect on Consumer Behaviour with Insights to Future Anticounterfeit Strategy of Label and Communication Systems

This paper investigates and reviews literature regarding a range of topics important to the research question – the themes apply across all the topics. The topics include label and package warnings, including tamper-evident features, to review their effect on the consumer behaviour of changing usage or purchase decisions. This information was then applied to gain insight into anticounterfeit product/package efforts. Based on this research, it appears that there is value for brand marketers to enhance their anticounterfeit efforts and consumer confidence by utilizing warning labels and information labels on their labels or packages. Currently, consumer perception of a domestic counterfeit product threat (promoted as genuine products), even for pharmaceuticals by healthcare professionals, although increasing has still been very low. Generally, the consumers believe and expect that the product purchased from retailers is safe and genuine. The study reviewed many key warning and label communication areas: consumer behaviour review, technical specifications, anticounterfeit, tamper evidence/tamper resistance, over-the-counter drugs, alcohol, cigarette, nutrition food and nutrition supplements. To complete the insight on communicating with the consumer, a review of label legibility was included. Before brand marketers consider adding anticounterfeit warning labels, extensive consumer behaviour research should be conducted in areas such as fear appeals and involuntary risk outrage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophoretic Mobility of Serum Fluoride

EVIDENCE has been given that there are two types of fluoride in human serum. The observation that 80–90 per cent of the fluoride is not made available as exchangeable fluoride ion until after ashing suggests that it might be bound in some fashion to the serum proteins1. I have therefore determined the distribution of exchangeable and non-exchangeable fluoride relative to the serum proteins, after electrophoresis.
Partners and post-translational modifications of nuclear lamins

Nuclear intermediate filament networks formed by A- and B-type lamins are major components of the nucleoskeleton that are required for nuclear structure and function, with many links to human physiology. Mutations in lamins cause diverse human diseases ('laminopathies'). At least 54 partners interact with human A-type lamins directly or indirectly. The less studied human lamins B1 and B2 have 23 and seven reported partners, respectively. These interactions are likely to be regulated at least in part by lamin post-translational modifications. This review summarizes the binding partners and post-translational modifications of human lamins and discusses their known or potential implications for lamin function.
Oxidation of alkyl nitronates catalyzed by 2-nitropropane dioxygenase from Hansenula mrakii.

Abstract 2-Nitropropane dioxygenase from Hansenula mrakii was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified in active and stable form using 60% saturation of ammonium sulfate and a single chromatographic step onto a DEAE column. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric and spectrophotometric analyses of the flavin extracted by heat or acid denaturation of the enzyme indicated that FMN, and not FAD as erroneously reported previously, is present in a 1:1 stoichiometry with the protein. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of the enzyme established that H. mrakii 2-nitropropane dioxygenase contains negligible amounts of iron, manganese, zinc, and copper ions, which are not catalytically relevant. Anaerobic substrate reduction and kinetic data using a Clark oxygen electrode to measure rates of oxygen consumption indicated that the enzyme is active on a broad range of alkyl nitronates, with a marked preference for unbranched substrates over propyl-2-nitronate. Interestingly, the enzyme reacts poorly, if at all, with nitroalkanes, as suggested by lack of both anaerobic reduction of the enzyme-bound flavin and consumption of oxygen with nitroethane, nitrobutane, and 2-nitropropane. Finally, both the tight binding of sulfite ( K d = 90 μM, at pH 8 and 15 °C) to the enzyme and the formation of the anionic flavosemiquinone upon anaerobic incubation with alkyl nitronates are consistent with the presence of a positively charged group in proximity of the N(1) C(2) O atoms of the FMN cofactor.
Enhancement of Enzymatic Synthesis of Citrate in vitro by Indole‐3‐Acetic Acid

Indoleacetic acid in physiological concentrations was shown to enhance the synthesis of citiate by purified citrate condensing enzyme from castor beans and pig heart. Michaelis constants reveal that with indoleacetic acid in the reaction mixture a higher concentration of acetyl-CoA was necessary to give maximal velocity. V values with indoleacetic acid in the reaction (physiological concentrations) exceeded V without indoleacetic acid in reaction. Citric acid synthesized from 14C acetyl CoA was highly radioactive when indoleacetie acid was present in the reaction, indicating that indoleacetic acid did in fact enhance the synthesis. The data were discussed from the point of view that these studies may provide the basis for studies directed at ultimate understanding of the mechanism of action of indoleacetic acid.
PREDICTION OF ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR CREEP AND SELF-DIFFUSION FROM HOT HARDNESS DATA.

It is shown that the activation energy for creep or self-diffusion for pure metals can be determined from hot hardness data above 0.75T m by means of the expressionH/E=G expQ L/nRT· HereH is the hot hardness,E is the elastic modulus,G is a material constant,Q L is the lattice self-diffusion activation energy,R is the gas constant,T is the absolute temperature, andn is the stress exponent for creep assumed equal to five. Hot hardness data above 0.5T m plotted as logarithmH/E against reciprocal absolute temperature reveal two straight lines with a break observed at about 0.75T m. It is shown that the break occurs at a value of strain rate, ∈, over lattice self-diffusivity,D L, of about 109, a value associated with power-law breakdown for creep. These observations suggest two conclusions regarding the rate-controlling process during hot indentation testing of pure metals. Between 0.75 and 1.0T m, the deformation process is associated with lattice self-diffusion and creep flow in the power. law region. Between 0.5 and 0.75T m the rate-determining process is associated with dislocation pipe diffusion and creep flow in the power-law breakdown region.
The noneffect of lesions of the corpus striatum upon amphetamine-induced stereotypy

Stereotyped behavior produced by d-amphetamine (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) in male Holtzman rats with electrolytic lesions of the corpus striatum was compared with that produced in striatal sham operates and normal controls. While ratings of behavior over three test sessions demonstrated a highly significant drug dose effect (p <.001), amphetamine-induced stereotypy in the striatal lesion group did not differ significantly from that observed in the other two groups. These findings were discussed in reference to the importance of degree of striatal damage, time after surgery, and the proposed role of other dopaminergic sites to the mediation of the drug’s effect. The need for a critical examination of all experimental contingencies surrounding the proposed mediational role of the striatum is also stressed.
Biophysical inhibition of synthetic lung surfactants.

Abstract The biophysical activity and inhibition of a series of synthetic surfactant mixtures was studied and correlated with physiological effectiveness in restoring pressure-volume (P-V) mechanics of excised lungs. Results showed that several simple mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with fatty acids or diacylglycerols could be formulated to give good adsorption facility and dynamic surface tension lowering to 30 mN/m even at high surfactant concentrations (5–20 mg lipids/ml). Th sensitivity to biophysical inhibition was markedly increased compared to LS and CLSE, and had direct consequences for physiological efficacy: in spite of initially high activity, synthetic surfactants did not exert beneficial effects of P-V mechanics when instilled into surfactant-deficient excised rat lungs. Endogenous protein material was shown to be present upon surfactant recovery by lavage, and bubble measurements confirmed surface activity well below pre-instillation levels. Moreover, full biophysical activity was restored when lavage fluid was extracted to separate the synthetic surfactants from endogenous inhibitors. These results show that it is important to define relative sensitivity to biophysical inhibition in the development of effective lung surfactant substitutes. In addition, the existence of inhibition effects can generate an apparent lack of correspondence between initial biophysical activity and ultimate physiological actions of exogenous surfactant mixtures.
What are the local and systemic implications of third molar retention

Purpose To establish a relationship between visible third molars (M3s) and increased periodontal probing depths on teeth other than M3s and to examine the hypothesis that the presence of M3s and/or increased probing depths and local inflammation associated with M3s was associated with increased levels of serum inflammatory markers. Patients and Methods The data from three previous population studies (Dental Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities [DARIC], Oral Conditions and Pregnancy [OCAP], and National Health and Nutrition Estimates Study [NHANES III]) and the third molar clinical trials of young adults (White et al) are summarized. A secondary analysis determined whether the presence or absence of visible M3s was associated with an increased prevalence of clinical signs of periodontal disease using adjusted logistic regression models. In addition, serum samples collected from the OCAP, DARIC, and White studies were used to measure the markers of systemic inflammation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Results In young adults, asymptomatic M3s were associated with an increase in periodontal probing depths of at least 4 mm on second molars and an increase in probing depth of at least 2 mm in 24% of subjects after 2 years. Retention of asymptomatic M3s for 6 years led to a significant increase in the number of subjects with a probing depth of 4 mm or more in non-M3 regions of the mouth. Findings from the DARIC, OCAP, and NHANES III further confirmed the association between the M3 probing depth and periodontal inflammation on non–M3s. Retention of M3s in the presence of periodontal inflammation was associated with significant increases in the serum interleukin-6, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and C-reactive protein levels. Conclusion Patients deciding to retain M3s should consider the potential long-term effects on their periodontal status and the potential for the retained M3s to serve as a chronic source of inflammation that stresses their systemic health.
Cathepsin L — A latent proteinase in guinea pig sperm

Guinea pig spermatozoa were found to contain a fully-latent cysteine proteinase that could be unmasked by incubating epididymal sperm for 2 hr at pH 3.5 and 37 degrees C. The proteinase was identified as cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) on the basis of its optimal hydrolysis of benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg-7-(4-methyl)coumarylamide (Z-Phe-Arg-NMec) at pH 5.5; lack of action on Z-Arg-Arg-NMec and Arg-NMec; urea-enhanced digestion of azocasein; marked sensitivity to thiol reagents, leupeptin, Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2, and L-trans-epoxy-succinylleucylamido(3-methyl)butane (Ep-475 or E-64-c); and insensitivity to pepstatin and serine proteinase inhibitors. Gossypol, a male antifertility agent, was inhibitory. The unmasking phenomenon was reversibly inhibited by HgCl2 and mersalyl acid, and prevented by leupeptin and Ep-475, but not by pepstatin.
Whole-community mutualism: associated invertebrates facilitate a dominant habitat-forming seaweed

Many habitat-forming, or foundation, species harbor diverse assemblages of associated taxa that benefit from the refuges from predators or harsh physical conditions that foundation species provide. Growing numbers of studies show how specific taxa associated with foundation species can benefit their hosts, but the aggregate effects of the entire community of associated species remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the role that a diverse assemblage of invertebrates plays in mediating the dominance of a foundation species, the green filamentous seaweed Cladophora columbiana Collins, in rocky intertidal habitats. Cladophora is a fast-growing seaweed with a high nitrogen demand, and we suggest that it persists in nutrient-limited high-intertidal pools because of local-scale nitrogen excretion by the invertebrate taxa living within its filaments. Removal of associated invertebrates resulted in a fourfold increase in the rate of water-column nitrogen depletion by Cladophora, and ammonium concentrations inside Cladophora turfs with invertebrates present were seven times higher than in the adjacent tide-pool water. The ammonium excreted by invertebrate meiofauna far surpassed the nitrogen used by Cladophora, suggesting that all of Cladophora's nitrogen requirements could be met by the invertebrates associated with it. This study links host performance to the total aggregate biomass of mutualists rather than the particular traits of any one species, suggesting the potential for important feedbacks between individual hosts and the communities of associated species that they support.