cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium

Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin, PGI2), a substance synthesized in the wall of blood vessels, has been previously shown to inhibit the aggregation of platelets in stirred platelet-rich plasma. We used a method in which segments of deendothelialized rabbit aorta are perfused at arterial shear rates with human blood and found that both platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium was inhibited in blood containing 10 nM PGI2. PGI2 appears to reduce adhesion by inhibiting platelet spreading. These findings suggest that PGI2 could regulate the deposition of platelets on vascular surfaces.
Efficiency and equity considerations in pricing and allocating irrigation water

Economic efficiency has to do with how much wealth a given resource base can generate. Equity has to do with how that wealth is to be distributed in society. Economic efficiency gets far more attention, in part because equity considerations involve value judgements that vary from person to person. The authors examine both the efficiency and the equity of different methods of pricing irrigation water. After describing water pricing practices in a number of countries, they evaluate their efficiency and equity. In general they find that water use is most efficient when pricing affects the demand for water. The volumetric, output, input, tiered, and two-part tariff schemes all satisfy this condition and can be efficient although whether efficiency is short-run or long-run, first- or second-best, varies. Pricing schemes that do not directly influence water input -- per-unit areas fees for example -- lead to inefficient allocation. But they are usually easier to implement and administer and require less information. The extent to which water pricing methods can effect income redistribution is limited, the authors conclude. Disparities in farm income are mainly the result of factors such as farm size and location and soil quality, but not water (or other input) prices. Pricing schemes that do not involve quantity quotas cannot be used in policies aimed at affecting income inequality. The results somewhat support the view that water prices should not be used to effect income redistribution because water prices are a poor vehicle for reducing income inequality. But pricing schemes that involve water quota rules can reduce income inequality. The authors demonstrate this with a two-rate tiered pricing scheme combined with equal quotas of the cheaper water.
Human Carbonic Anhydrases IV. PROPERTIES OF A MUTANT B TYPE ISOZYME

A mutant erythrocyte B type carbonic anhydrase has been found in a Caucasian. The isozyme was isolated in crystalline form and various of its properties were explored. It was similar in electrophoretic properties to the P isozyme previously found in pooled erythrocytes of normal individuals. It differs from the normal B and P isozymes in that 1 aspartic acid residue is substituted by valine. This variation was localized to a chymotryptic undecapeptide whose sequence was determined.
Developmental changes in glucose and butyrate metabolism by isolated sheep ruminal cells

The ontogeny of glucose and butyrate metabolism in developing sheep ruminal epithelium was determined using an isolated ruminal cell system. Ruminal cells were isolated from 21 lambs at seven ages before weaning. Rumen weight increased in proportion to increases in body weight, except between 28 and 42 d, when rumen weight increased threefold, whereas body weight increased only 33%. Glucose oxidation rates [expressed as nmol/(1 x 10(6) ruminal cells.120 min)] by ruminal cells were low at birth (14.2 +/- 5.08), increased sharply by 14 d (71.38 +/- 16.71), and remained elevated until 42 d. Following 42 d, glucose oxidation declined to rates lower than those observed at birth (6.11 +/- 0.83). Butyrate oxidation to CO2 increased from birth (20.03 +/- 3.41) to a peak at 4 d (134.0 +/- 31.71) and decreased throughout the remainder of the preweaning period (56 d; 36.32 +/- 7.48). Butyrate inhibited glucose oxidation by ruminal cells isolated at 14, 28 and 42 d. Similarly, glucose inhibited butyrate oxidation by ruminal cells isolated from 4 d to 28 d following birth. beta-Hydroxybutyrate production [nmol/(1 x 10(6) ruminal cells.120 min)] from butyrate by ruminal cells was undetectable at birth, but measurable by 4 d (3.28 +/- 2.15). Rates of beta-hydroxybutyrate production remained unchanged through 42 d; however, by 56 d, production had increased 10-fold (36.71 +/- 0.67). The metabolic adaptations of the ruminal epithelium are intimately associated with the physical development of the tissue, and major shifts in the fate of glucose and butyrate carbon occur prior to weaning.
Development of Visual Capabilities

Human infants are born with rudimentary vision. They can recognize their mother’s face, detect biological motion, and see color. They may have many more capabilities, which cannot be observed because of the inability of a newborn to respond. Certainly they can detect depth from a variety of cues to depth perception, and integrate contours into the perception of a complete object within a few months after birth. Probably their light and dark adaptation is close to normal at birth. On the other hand, their acuity is very poor—less than 1/10th normal, which makes them legally blind in many states. This acuity develops rapidly over the first 6 months of age, and along with it, so does contrast sensitivity, vernier acuity, stereoscopic acuity, and orientation, direction, and motion sensitivity. Eye movements are also present, but need to be developed. They have saccades, smooth pursuit eye movements, some vergence eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus, and can fixate. All these movements become more accurate as acuity, motion perception, and depth perception improve. Good fixation depends on high acuity, accurate vergence on accurate depth perception, and accurate smooth pursuit on accurate motion perception in a set of feedback loops. Eye movements and perception develop in tandem, each depending on the other for improvement.
First known fossil bird tracks (Pleistocene) on San Salvador island, Bahamas

Two avian footprints discovered in the Grotto Beach Formation (Pleistocene) of San Salvador Island (Bahamas) are the first known vertebrate trace fossils on this well-studied island. The trace fossils, preserved as beddingplane impressions in an oolitic-bioclastic grainstone, match the size and form of tracks made by modern gulls. The tracks are in beach facies located below a paleosol dated from Marine Isotope Substage 5e (~120,000kya). These tracks add to a record of Pleistocene bird tracks reported from Eleuthera Island and bode well for the recognition of more vertebrate trace fossils on San Salvador and other Bahamian islands.
Impact of geometry of embedded pattern layer on signal integrity of coupled microstrips

In this paper, the interconnect performance of closely spaced microstrip lines with embedded patterned layers (EPL) are presented. The EPL is an added patterned layer of printed sub wavelength elements that is placed between the ground and signal layers of the microstrip. A comparison of the performance of the microstrips with various EPL geometries is conducted. A study of the pattern density and the shape of the EPL patterns on insertion loss, return loss, and far-end cross talk (FEXT) is provided. The purpose of this work is to evaluate how the EPL geometry can be optimized to improve signal integrity in tightly spaced interconnects.
Anxiety of Elective Surgical Patients ' Family Members RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY LEVELS, FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS

Technological advances in the OR create new practices and procedures; however, humanistic and holistic approaches to nursing care remain the foundation of clinical practice. Perioperative nurses recognize that family members experience anxiety during surgery, especially during the time the patient is in the OR. Ironically, it is during this time period that little or no meaningful communication occurs between family members and health professionals. Patients continue to be discharged sooner, and in sicker condition, to be cared for by their family members. Families require information about how to provide postoperative care. Anxiety levels need to be decreased sufficiently to allow family members to use the information they are taught and ask appropriate questions. Interventions that reduce family members' anxiety need to be developed and tested so that family members can help patients after surgery. Using research findings as a basis for perioperative nursing practice may mean changing traditions and attitudes about family members of surgical patients. In the consumer-oriented climate of current health care, doing the "new" may make a difference in the market share. This "new" may be independent nursing interventions designed to reduce family members' anxiety during the intraoperative waiting period.
Application of Replica Plating and Computer Analysis for Rapid Identification of Bacteria in Some Foods: II. Analysis of Microbial Flora in Irradiated Dover Sole (Microstomus pacificus)

This investigation was carried out to determine the nature of the microbial flora shifts in dover sole as a result of irradiation and storage at 6 C. The relationship was determined between the microorganisms which initially survive irradiation and those making up the final spoilage flora. A total of 2,723 isolates were examined by use of the replica-plating and computer analysis method. The spoilage of the unirradiated control samples during storage at 6 C was almost entirely due to the growth of Pseudomonas. This group, which occupied 25% of the fresh flora, grew to nearly 100% in 2 days of storage. In contrast, irradiation doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 Mrad favored the growth of Achromobacter and yeasts. The Micrococcus, which survived radiation, did not grow at 6 C. At 0.5 Mrad, spoilage of fish samples was due entirely to the growth of yeasts.
Counseling Centers and the Issue of Accountability.

The authors discuss responses that college and university counseling centers have made to the budgetary attacks now occurring. They stress the importance of accountability and suggest types of data that counseling center personnel might use in developing effective justifications for the expenditure of funds on the services that they provide.
Nosocomial streptococcal blood stream infections in the SCOPE program: Species occurrence and antimicrobial resistance

Nosocomial blood stream infections due to streptococci represent an increasingly important problem, particularly among neutropenic cancer patients. This problem is compounded by the emerging resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used for empiric or prophylactic treatment of hospitalized patients. In this study, we examined the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 295 streptococcal nosocomial blood stream isolates from more than 30 U.S. medical centers (SCOPE National Surveillance Program). Streptococci accounted for 5.9% of all nosocomial blood stream isolates reported. The viridans group streptococci (VGS) were the most frequently isolated streptococci (50.8%), followed by the beta-haemolytic streptococci (31.9%) and pneumococci (13.2%). The beta-haemolytic streptococci were dominated by serogroup B strains (63%), followed by serogroups A and G. Of these organisms, 193 strains were referred for subsequent monitor susceptibility testing. Approximately 14% of S. pneumoniae, 9.2% of VGS, and 0% of beta-haemolytic streptococci were resistant to penicillin. Ceftriaxone was highly active against virtually all isolates (93-100% susceptible) except the VGS (77% susceptible). The rank order for activity of the four agents tested against the 193 isolates was vancomycin > ceftriaxone > penicillin > erythromycin. Importantly, 69% of the penicillin intermediate and resistant strains of VGS were also resistant to at least one additional antimicrobial (31% resistant to ceftriaxone, 51% resistant to erythromycin, 15% resistant to both ceftriaxone and erythromycin). The relatively poor activity of erythromycin against virtually all streptococci and the frequent association of macrolide resistance with penicillin resistance among the VGS suggests that both macrolides and beta-lactam agents might have limited value as prophylactic agents for dental procedures and in empiric or prophylactic use in neutropenic patients.
Nondestructive evaluation of repairs on aircraft composite structures

Composite sandwiches have been used widely in flight controls of aircraft for many years; solid laminates have also begun to appear in primary structures such as the empennage. In their normal service life, composite parts may suffer damages and require repair and post-repair inspection. Nondestructive inspection is also needed for many of the rebuilt and refurbished parts in the maintenance, repair and overhaul industry. This paper describes the development of fieldable nondestructive inspection methods and instruments for composite structures and their repairs. For composite sandwiches the method developed is an instrumented tap test using the Computer Aided Tap Test (CATT) system. For repairs in solid laminates, the method used is ultrasonic pulse-echo C-scan using the Dripless Bubbler. The CATT system maps out the repaired region and produces an image of the local stiffness. Such images reveal voids and unbonds in a repair as areas of anomalously low stiffness; it also maps out areas of increased stiffness due to core potting and splicing. A number of examples of composite repairs inspected with the CATT system will be described. For engineered flaws in solid laminate repair panels from Boeing, scan images obtained with the Dripless Bubbler as a function of depth will be shown.
Shaping the Future: Writing up the Method on Qualitative Studies.

As the qualitative method editor for HRDQ, I report my observations on qualitative manuscripts to the editorial board at the annual Academy of Human Resource Development meeting. The problem areas identified in the manuscripts reviewed are organization and format, the relationship of the conceptual and method, the method (type of study, conceptual framework, sample, data collection, data analysis, integrity measures, and data management), and discussion and data presentation. Here, I share the portion of the report on method and data presentation with novice researchers in an effort to improve submissions. Method Overall, the organization of the method section depends on the logic the author uses to present the method—for instance, a chronological order or measures taken to ensure integrity, such as triangulation or trustworthiness. Subheadings could refer to the sample, data collection, data analysis, and data management. A systematic description of the methods used and the rationale for using them should be provided to allow readers to understand the researcher’s design decisions. There are other ways to organize the description of method. Conceptual Framework. The manuscripts reviewed demonstrate a lack of understanding that there is a need to provide a rationale for design decisions and that this rationale should be grounded in the extensive body of qualitative inquiry literature. Many methods sections and abstracts describe the study simply as “a qualitative study,” citing only textbooks to support this position. Qualitative is not a type of study, and qualitative inquiry does not have a unified theoretical orientation. Some maintain that it is a paradigm or a way to see the world encompassing diverse orientations. In the inquiry literature, Denzin
Dynamics of Orbits Close to Asteroid 4179 Toutatis

We use a radar-derived physical model of 4179 Toutatis to investigate close-orbit dynamics around that irregularly shaped, non-principal-axis rotator. The orbital dynamics about this body are markedly different than the dynamics about uniformly rotating asteroids. The results of this paper have a wider application to orbit dynamics about bodies in a non-principal-axis rotation state.
Studies on the relative rates of intracellular transport of egg white proteins

In order to determine if the rates of intracellular transport of oviduct secretory proteins are coordinate, oviduct minces were first incubated with either [3H]methionine or [3H]leucine. 2 h later, the minces were exposed to either [35S]methionine or [14C]leucine in addition to the 3H-labeled amino acid. After incubating for an additional 90–120 min, aliquots of the media were subjected to immunoprecipitation to isolate ovalbumin, conalbumin and lysozyme. From the 3H/35S or 3H/14C ratios in the isolated proteins, relative rates of intracellular transport were determined. The data obtained indicate that conalbumin and lysozyme exhibit similar rates of intracellular transport, whereas ovalbumin lags behind these proteins considerably. The basis for this effect is discussed in light of current knowledge concerning the synthesis and secretion of ovalbumin.
The effect of dispersion on optical bistability

Abstract We generalize a previously derived master equation for resonant absorptive optical bistability to include non resonant or dispersive effects. We examine the consequences of dispersion in both the mean field and fluctuation behavior of optical bistability.
Collaborative learning in a virtual classroom: highlights of findings

Software to support teaching and learning activities was added to a computer-mediated communication system to create a “Virtual Classroom.” Goals included improving access to and the effectiveness of college-level courses, particularly by facilitating collaborative learning. Process and outcomes were compared for sections of several courses taught in the traditional classroom, totally online, or in mixed mode. On the average, students report that the Virtual Classroom provides a better learning experience.
Comparison of the Release of Adipokines by Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue Matrix, and Adipocytes from Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissues of Obese Humans

The purpose of this study was to examine the source of adipokines released by the visceral and sc adipose tissues of obese humans. Human adipose tissue incubated in primary culture for 48 h released more prostaglandin E(2), IL-8, and IL-6 than adiponectin, whereas the release of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and hepatocyte growth factor was less than that of adiponectin but greater than that of leptin. IL-10 and TNFalpha were released in amounts less than those of leptin, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor and IL1-beta were released in much lower amounts. The accumulation of adipokines was also examined in the three fractions (adipose tissue matrix, isolated stromovascular cells, and adipocytes) obtained by collagenase digestion of adipose tissue. Over 90% of the adipokine release by adipose tissue, except for adiponectin and leptin, could be attributed to nonfat cells. Visceral adipose tissue released greater amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 compared with abdominal sc tissue. The greatly enhanced total release of TNFalpha, IL-8, and IL-10 by adipose tissue from individuals with a body mass index of 45 compared with 32 was due to nonfat cells. Furthermore, most of the adipokine release by the nonfat cells of adipose tissue was due to cells retained in the tissue matrix after collagenase digestion.
Characteristics Associated With the Acceptance of Patient Medication Information Sheets Among Michigan Pharmacists

The dilfusion of innovation theory was used as a framework to examine differences between purchasers and nonpurchasers of a set of written medication information sheets sponsored by the Michigan Pharmacists Association. Self-administered questionnaires (n = 154) and follow-up telephone interviews 18 months later (n = 33) obtained data from Michigan pharmacists regarding socioeconomic, personality, communication, and practice behavior variables. Pharmacists' cynicism and their exposure to mass media about Ule sheets were the most highly correlated and predictive variables for purchasing the sheets. Pharmacists who purchased the sheets tended to use them as an innovation to improve their patient counseling behavior. The findings of the study suggest that pharmacists extensively involved in their professional organizations are more innovative in the distributive aspects of pharmacy and are more willing to try new practice ideas in patient counseling.
An interpretation of the resonance scattering of neutrons by cobalt in terms of the Breit-Wigner equation

The neutron transmission of a Co foil (8.67 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) was measured for epi-thermal pile neutrons which were filtered through various thicknesses of ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$. The detector consisted of an annular B${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ counter. As used for the transmission measurements this counter was set up to count only neutrons scattered by a second Co foil (9.55 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$). The counter sensitivity as a function of neutron energy was studied. Effective total cross sections of 3100 b and over were calculated from observed transmissions. By means of ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ absorption, a resonance was located at 108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 ev and this was associated with resonance scattering of the neutrons. The total resonance cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ was estimated to be 12,500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1250 b and the magnitude of the resonance scattering, expressed by $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}({E}_{r})$, was estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}45,000 ev-b, here $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ denotes the total level width and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}({E}_{r})$ denotes the elastic scattering cross section at resonance. The neutron transmission was calculated from the single-level Breit-Wigner equation for the case where scattering is the predominant process. This equation was written in a conventional form involving, besides energy dependence, the parameters $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, $R$, and $j$; where the neutron width is $\ensuremath{\Gamma}{(\frac{E}{{E}_{r}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$; where $4\ensuremath{\pi}{R}^{2}$ represents the scattering from the surface of the initial nucleus, and where $j$ is the spin quantum number of the compound nucleus. Calculated transmissions agreed with experimental transmissions in two instances: (1) $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ ev, $R=+0.93\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ cm, $j=4$, and (2) $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=5.0+0.5$ ev, $R=+0.97\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ cm, $j=3$. However, the value ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}=12500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1250$ b is consistent only with $j=4$. A negative $R$ will mean that the minimum of the "dispersion" curve ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}(\mathrm{E})$ vs. $E$ occurs above the resonance energy ${E}_{r}$ and such was found to be inconsistent with the data. Finally, mention is made of the similar scattering resonance which takes place in manganese, ${E}_{r}\ensuremath{\approx}300$ ev; here ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ lies between 4000 and 5000 b and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}10$ ev.
Organization of the Influenza Virus Replication Machinery

Influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) are central to the viral life cycle and in adaptation to new host species. RNPs are composed of the viral genome, viral polymerase, and many copies of the viral nucleoprotein. In vitro cell expression of all RNP protein components with four of the eight influenza virus gene segments enabled structural determination of native influenza virus RNPs by means of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cryo-EM structure reveals the architecture and organization of the native RNP, defining the attributes of its largely helical structure and how polymerase interacts with nucleoprotein and the viral genome. Observations of branched-RNP structures in negative-stain electron microscopy and their putative identification as replication intermediates suggest a mechanism for viral replication by a second polymerase on the RNP template.
Excess129Xe in a terrestrial sample as measured in a pristine system

Abstract The isotopic composition of xenon from CO 2 gas from the Bueyeros Field, Harding County, New Mexico (U.S.A.) has been redetermined in a brand new mass spectrometer and sample system into which no previous sample had ever been inserted except for small calibration samples of air. The large excess found for 129 Xe agrees perfectly with earlier work on this sample and thus can in no way be attributed to meteoritic contamination of the measuring systems. An important constraint on the thermal history of the Earth implied by this result is valid as far as the experimental observations are concerned.
High temperature thermal stability of Au/Ti/WSix Schottky contacts on n-type 4H-SiC

Abstract The thermal stability of Au/Ti/WSi x contacts on 4H-SiC was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy and current–voltage measurements. The silicide-based contacts on SiC are found to exhibit improved thermal stability compared to pure W contacts. The Au/Ti/WSi x contacts show a maximum Schottky barrier height of ∼1.15 eV as obtained from current–voltage ( I – V ) measurements. After 500 °C anneals, the Ti diffuses to the surface of the contact structure, followed by a Au-rich layer and finally the WSi x . After 1000 °C anneals, the Ti and Au showed significant mixing. Particulates formed on the surface in the latter case were Au-rich phases.
Peritrophic envelope permeability in herbivorous insects

Abstract A sensitive method was developed for measuring the size and flux of marker substances that permeate the peritrophic envelopes (PEs) of insects. Seven species of herbivorous insects were fed polydisperse fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans (FITC-dextrans), and the average size and amount of FITC-dextrans that diffused through their PEs were measured using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. The diameters of FITC-dextrans that diffused through the PEs of four species of larval Lepidoptera and three species of Orthoptera ranged from 21 to 29 and from 24 to 36 nm, respectively. The flux of FITC-dextrans through the PEs of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera ranged from 32 to 159 and from 91 to 2821 ng/h, respectively. We conclude that: (1) on average, the PEs of Orthoptera are more permeable than those of Lepidoptera; (2) that pores in the peritrophic membranes of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera are too large to allow the PE to function as an effective size-dependent ultrafilter for digestive enzymes and free plant allelochemicals; and (3) that the permeability of the PE to some digestive enzymes and ingested plant allelochemicals is determined by the chemical properties of the matrix.
The politics and history of AIDS treatment in Brazil

The politics and history of AIDS treatment in Brazil, by Amy Nunn, New York, Springer, 2009, 186 pp., including notes, US$79.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-387-09617-9 Utilising a rights-based, integra...
Renal Artery Endarterectomy for Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension Combined with Infrarenal Aortic Reconstruction: Analysis of Surgical Results

From June 1995 to February 2000, 16 patients with renovascular hypertension had bilateral transaortic renal artery endarterectomy (RA TEA) combined with either infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair (8 patients) or infrarenal aortodistal bypass for occlusive disease (8 patients). Aortic clamp level for RA TEA was supraceliac in eight patients and suprarenal in eight patients with a mean clamp time of 19 min (range 14 to 25 min). Perioperative complications occurred in four patients. These included respiratory insufficiency with prolonged intubation (1 patient), prolonged intubation with transient renal failure requiring temporary dialysis (1 patient), acute thrombosis of right limb of aortofemoral bypass graft (1 patient) and major left hemispheric cerebrovascular accident (1 patient). Results from this contemporary patient series demonstrate acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality when RA TEA for treatment of renovascular hypertension is combined with infrarenal aortic reconstruction. In this setting, either supraceliac or suprarenal aortic clamping for short time periods appears to be well tolerated. Clinical outcome is enhanced by salvage of renal function, decrease in medication requirement, and improvement in blood pressure control.
FURTHER STUDIES ON PHAGE REACTION WITH SPHEROPLASTS AND L-FORMS OF PROTEUS MIRABILIS.

1. From all possible combinations of 9 Proteus mirabilis strains, a lysogenic phage was isolated. Strain 1578 was adopted as host bacterium, on which the virus formed small, dense plaques. A clear-plaque mutant was isolated and propagated on the same bacterial strain. 2. Both phage types were tested for adsorption and propagation in spheroplast and l-form suspensions. 3. The dense-plaque type did not show a reaction with any of the forms produced under the influence of penicillin. 4. The clear-plaque mutant was adsorbed to and multiplied in spheroplasts as hosts. 5. l-form suspensions reduced the phage titer but did not propagate the viruses.
Factor analysis calculations by tabulating machines

I.B.M. tabulating equipment can be of considerable help in reducing the time and increasing the accuracy of multiple factor analysis, even if used for only a part of the calculations. Once the plugboard is wired and those cards punched which are used over and over again, problems involving any number of variables can be handled with dispatch. The correlation matrix is listed, the totals verified, and the signs changed on the tabulator. Then the factors and the residual coefficients are calculated by means of a calculator. Tucker's procedure has been modified by using a calculator instead of a multiplying punch, by reducing the number of cards used, by simplifying checks on calculations, by simplifying plugboard wiring, and by preparing work sheets on tabulator paper. Extraction of factors from 24 variables at the rate of one in four hour's time seems to justify the use of the tabulating equipment on small problems.
THE BACKGROUND IN MISSING MASS EXPERIMENTS

Abstract We propose a mechanism whereby one can determine the background in missing mass experiments in the resonance region by extending two component duality to absorptive amplitudes with external regeons. It is shown to explain naturally the very different trend of the background in the reactions p + p → p + X and π− + p → p + X at available energies. The implications and limitations of this mechanism for the analysis of the spectrum are discussed.
Interrelationship of genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder and alcohol and marijuana dependence symptoms.

Data from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry were analyzed to explore the degree to which the same genetic and environmental factors contribute to childhood conduct disorder symptoms and to alcohol and marijuana dependence symptoms. Data on conduct disorder and alcohol and marijuana dependence were obtained from administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to 1,856 monozygotic and 1,479 dizygotic male-male twin pair members of the VET Registry. Multivariate genetic models were compared to determine the genetic and environmental influences common and or specific to all three phenotypes. A full model that allowed for common genetic and environmental influences to all three phenotypes gave a good fit to the data, but the best fitting reduced model did not allow for a genetic influence on conduct disorder symptoms. Under the best fitting reduced model, genes explained 44.7% of the variance in risk for alcohol dependence symptoms. The genetic liability for symptoms of marijuana dependence was due to a 36.3% specific contribution and a 7.6% contribution from genes common with alcohol dependence symptoms. Family environmental contributions common to all three phenotypes explained 46.7%, 11.9%, and 21.3% of variance in risk for symptoms of conduct disorder, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence, respectively. Common family environmental factors contribute to risk of conduct disorder symptoms and alcohol and marijuana dependence symptoms. Common genetic influences contribute to risk of symptoms of alcohol dependence and marijuana dependence. While our findings suggest genes do not contribute to co-morbid conduct disorder symptoms, comparisons with other twin studies suggest that the role of genes in risk for conduct disorder remains uncertain.
Surface Reflectivity from Absorbed Films of Pulmonary Surfactant at the Air-Liquid Interface

Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is the complex mixture of lipids and proteins that forms a thin film on the liquid layer that lines the alveolar air-sacks of the lungs. When compressed by the decreasing alveolar surface area during exhalation, the surfactant films reduce surface tension to exceptionally low levels. This behavior in situ contrasts with the performance of spread monolayers in vitro that contain the complete set of surfactant constituents, which collapse promptly when compressed below the equilibrium spreading pressure. The structural characteristics that provide the basis for this functional difference remain controversial. The studies here used X-ray reflectivity to compare the structure of adsorbed films and spread monolayers of extracted calf surfactant on the air-water interface. Our results show the presence in the adsorbed film of additional double layers of distinct electron densities underneath the interfacial monolayer. These results support previous evidence that adsorbed films of pulmonary surfactant have multilamellar thickness, and that the additional layers may have functional significance.
The Escherichia coli gene encoding the UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphatase of lipid A biosynthesis.

Abstract UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase is believed to catalyze the fourth step of lipid A biosynthesis inEscherichia coli. This reaction involves pyrophosphate bond hydrolysis of the precursor UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine to yield 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate and UMP. To identify the gene encoding this hydrolase, E. coli lysates generated with individual λ clones of the ordered Kohara library were assayed for overexpression of the enzyme. The sequence of λ clone 157[6E7], promoting overproduction of hydrolase activity, was examined for genes encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function. The amino acid sequence of one such open reading frame, ybbF, is 50.5% identical to a Haemophilus influenzae hypothetical protein and is also conserved in most other Gram-negative organisms, but is absent in Gram-positives. Cell extracts prepared from cells overexpressing ybbF behind the T7lac promoter have ∼540 times more hydrolase activity than cells with vector alone. YbbF was purified to ∼60% homogeneity, and its catalytic properties were examined. Enzymatic activity is maximal at pH 8 and is inhibited by 0.01% (or more) Triton X-100. The apparent K mfor UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine is 62 μm. YbbF requires a diacylated substrate and does not cleave CDP-diacylglycerol.31P NMR studies of the UMP product generated from UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine in the presence of 40% H2 180 show that the enzyme attacks the α-phosphate group of the UDP moiety. Because ybbF encodes the specific UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase involved in lipid A biosynthesis, it is now designated lpxH.
Modeling and analysis of a cracked composite cantilever beam vibrating in coupled bending and torsion

The coupled bending and torsional vibration of a fiber-reinforced composite cantilever with an edge surface crack is investigated. The model is based on linear fracture mechanics, the Castigliano theorem and classical lamination theory. The crack is modeled with a local flexibility matrix such that the cantilever beam is replaced with two intact beams with the crack as the additional boundary condition. The coupling of bending and torsion can result from either the material properties or the surface crack. For the unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite, analysis indicates that changes in natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes depend on not only the crack location and ratio, but also the material properties (fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction). The frequency spectrum along with changes in mode shapes may help detect a possible surface crack (location and magnitude) of the composite structure, such as a high aspect ratio aircraft wing. The coupling of bending and torsion due to a surface crack may serve as a damage prognosis tool of a composite wing that is initially designed with bending and torsion decoupled by noting the effect of the crack on the flutter speed of the aircraft.
Estimation of a Common Group Delay between Two Multiple Time Series

Abstract The group delay at frequency λ between two univariate time series represents the time lag of the harmonic component at frequency λ of the first series behind the corresponding harmonic component of the second series. This article proposes an estimate of group delay under conditions that arise in dendrochronology where each of A tree ring time series shares a common group delay with each of B other tree ring time series and where the common group delay is constant over a frequency band. The asymptotic properties of the estimation procedure are investigated, and the application of the procedure to dendrochronology is emphasized and illustrated.
On the conclusive validation of symbol manipulative processes (How do you know it has to work

Abstract This paper discusses the ramifications of the problem of proving that the design of a symbol manipulating processor conclusively does what the designer intended. More specifically, it explores such questions as: ( 1 ) What different interpretations can be given to the expression “the intent of the process”? ( 2 ) Does the process, or should the process end? In either event, how do we prove it? ( 3 ) If the process does end, how do we prove that it does what was intended? This question may be meaningful even if the process does not end. ( 4 ) Is there a whole class of processes that stand or fall together? Can we adapt our proof of conclusiveness to cover the whole class? ( 5 ) Do the processes of the class yield the same or different results, and whichever it is, how do we prove it? The example of formal differentiation from the calculus is used to illustrate these problems; and question number four is developed in detail to illustrate the mixture of mathematical, logical, linguistic, computer science, procedural and even psychological insights involved. References are given for the methods of attack on the other questions.
Faculty Expectations for Student Success in Community College Developmental Math

Community college faculty involved in developmental math instruction play a unique and leveraging role in helping large numbers of underprepared students navigate college success (Cejda & Murray, 2010). Based on a case study in a mainstreamed math department at one community college, this paper highlights how academic policy implementation can influence faculty expectations in developmental math classes and interact with the learning environment to enhance or dissuade student success. Theories of social perception and concepts of academic press provided the framework for analysis. Qualitative inquiry and grounded theory techniques were used to explore the foundational perceptions that shaped developmental math instructors’ expectations for student success. Contrary to previous findings, faculty participants viewed developmental math instruction as a teaching challenge, not a burden. Participants’ expectations were rooted in academic policy and tempered by perceptions of student motivation. Implications fo...
Delayed cerebrovascular consequences of therapeutic radiation. A clinicopathologic study of a stroke associated with radiation-related carotid arteriopathy.

A young woman, successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease with radiation and MOPP chemotherapy, incurred a devastating stroke months after radiation therapy to the neck and other areas. There was no premonitory clinical history of cerebrovascular attacks. Autopsy showed unilateral thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery unassociated with neoplastic or fibrotic annular constriction of the vessel. There was medial thickening and fibroblastic proliferation within the carotid artery. Areas of focal elastic membrane degeneration involved the cervical portions of the carotid. Thrombus was organized to the damaged vessel wall and was propagated into the intracranial vessels. Aneurysm formation and arterial hemorrhages were absent. These vascular changes occurred in an area of extensive radiation (7200 rads). Pathoanatomical studies in this patient indicate that radiation-induced vascular changes were associated with a “delayed” stroke.
Emissivities of Copper and Aluminum

The total hemispherical emissivities of copper and aluminum were determined over the approximate range of temperatures from 100°C to 400°C. The material under test was formed into a hollow sphere 4.5 cm in diameter which was mounted concentrically in an evacuated spherical glass flask 28 cm in diameter. The metal sample was heated electrically from within and the flask was kept at a constant temperature by the circulation of ice water over its outer surface. Temperatures of the specimens were measured on the inner surfaces with copper-constantan thermocouples. Heat losses through the thermocouple and power leads were evaluated by a substitution method. Polishing was done mechanically using a modified metallographic procedure with levigated alumina. The emissivity of copper was found to be practically constant at 0.03 but for aluminum the value was considerably higher and showed a temperature dependence. Comparison of the results with those predicted by the theory of Davisson and Weeks shows moderate agreement for aluminum and disagreement for copper.
Sources of Holocene variability of oxygen isotopes in paleoclimate archives

Abstract. Variability in water isotopes has been captured in numerous archives and used to infer past climate changes. Here we examine water isotope variability over the course of the Holocene using the water-isotope enabled, coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, GISS ModelE-R. Eight Holocene time slices, ~1000 years apart are simulated and driven by estimated changes in orbital configuration, greenhouse gases, and ice sheet extent. We find that simulated water isotope archives match well with those seen in ice cores, ocean sediment cores, and speleothems. The climate changes associated with the water isotope changes, however, are more complex than simple modern spatial slope interpretations might suggest. In particular, water isotope variability in Asian speleothems is linked to alterations in landward water vapor transport, not local precipitation, and ice sheet changes over North America lead to the masking of temperature signals in Summit, Greenland. Salinity-seawater isotope variability is complicated by inter-ocean basin exchanges of water vapor. Water isotopes do reflect variability in the hydrology, but are better interpreted in terms of regional hydrological cycle changes rather than as indicators of local climate.
Endothelial Lipase Is Increased In Vivo by Inflammation in Humans

Background— Endothelial lipase (EL) is a plasma lipase that we previously reported to be significantly correlated with all features of the metabolic syndrome in humans, including directly with measures of adiposity and inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. We hypothesized that inflammation associated with obesity results in upregulation of EL. We determined the relationship between inflammatory markers and EL levels in a cohort of healthy persons recruited on the basis of family history of coronary disease. Furthermore, we directly tested the hypothesis that plasma EL concentrations would increase with induction of an inflammatory state by low-dose endotoxin in humans. Methods and Results— High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, leptin, and adiponectin were measured in plasma of 858 subjects. Significant direct correlations (P<0.001 for all) were found between EL concentrations and high-...
Impact of a Faculty Orientation and Development Committee

This paper describes the faculty enrichment activities and outcomes of a faculty orientation and development committee at a college of pharmacy. The committee used a continuous quality improvement (CQI) framework that included needs assessment, planning and implementation of programs and workshops, assessment of activities, and evaluation of feedback to improve future programming. Some of the programs established by the committee include a 3-month orientation process for new hires and development workshops on a broad range of topics including scholarship (eg, research methods), teaching (eg, test-item writing), and general development (mentorship). Evidence of the committee's success is reflected by high levels of faculty attendance at workshops, positive feedback on workshop evaluations, and overall high levels of satisfaction with activities. The committee has served as a role model for improving faculty orientation and retention.
An agent-based business automated system with self-adjusting visibility for reliability

Abstract This paper describes an agent-based model, called HAM, for business automation in large, distributed, and real-time systems. With resource bounds and time constraints, reliability and efficiency are difficult to achieve. We propose a self-restraining and self-stimulating control of agent interactions to meet the deadlines and to prevent agents from overloading system resources. The agent visibility and invisibility concepts are introduced and used to regulate the scopes of agent interactions and communications when it is needed. A mechanism, called DYVIREM, is designed to adjust agent visibility dynamically according to the deadlines and the resource limits. Through simulation experiments we also analyze the effects of agent visibility on the performance and on the quality of service of the proposed agent-based business model.
Agency and the Body in Adolescent Menstrual Talk

Girls’ bodies are often constructed negatively and passively in their dominant cultures, but at the same time, girls may collectively construct menstruation and the body in creative ways. By exploring menstrual talk in individual and group interview data from mostly white, high school age girls and boys in the US, this study finds that girls draw on their bodies in social interaction to exert agency in their negotiations with the gendered world and social structure. These types of agency are based within the girls’ sense of responsibility and management of menstruation, their knowledge of menstruation and their social interpretations of menstruation.
The seismic determination of deep‐seated crustal structure in California

The determination of deep-seated geologic structure from the study of earthquakes has much in common with the determinations made of more shallow structure by the seismographic refraction-method of prospecting. But the earthquake solution presents more difficulties. (1) We do not know just where earthquakes will originate. Therefore, we must build seismographic stations scattered throughout the domain to be investigated. These stations are expensive to establish and maintain, and, since the results of the investigations are not of any obvious economic value, the funds to support the stations are difficult to obtain. We cannot, therefore, have stations distributed every few miles from our sources. (2) We do not know when an earthquake will originate. Therefore, the stations must be kept in continuous operation with the resultant cost of maintenance and supplies. We cannot operate our recording drums at very high speeds (with resultant high accuracy in times measured), because of the expense of photographic paper for continuous operation.