cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fabric and Tape

Abstract Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is a versatile element to form advanced lightweight materials. In contrast, metals provide a different suite of properties including low cost, high conductivities, and scalability, while ceramics provide abrasion resistance and fire retardancy. An obstacle in materials science has been the inability to manufacture a material that integrates carbon materials and metals or ceramics together into a reproducible material whose properties can be customized to meet specific design requirements. One application is to produce electrically and thermally conductive nanotube hybrid sheet for use as performance fabrics and textiles. Thus, an area that will benefit from interdisciplinary research is developing a process to synthesize carbon nanotube hybrid materials. This chapter describes initial research into developing a continuous manufacturing process to integrate metal and ceramic nanoparticles (NPs) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and produce continuous materials (sheet, tapes, and yarn) whose properties can be customized based on the constituent metals.
Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Diseases

Images in this chapter show peritoneal processes as bacterial and TB peritonitis, chylous, mucinous ascites and CSF pseudocyst. Mesenteric lesions such as retractile mesenteritis, carcinoid, desmoid, gossipiboma and other tumor like lesions are shown. Omental torsion and infarction are also included. In the retroperitoneum are hemorrhage and gas extending to mediastinum are shown along with tumors.
Exact Boundary Controllability of Thermo-Elastic Plates with Variable Coefficients

We study a controllability problem (exact in the mechanical variables {w, w t } and, simultaneously, approximate in the thermal variable θ) of thermo-elastic plates by means of boundary controls when the ‘thermal expansion’ term is variable in space (and, possibly, in time)
Estimated Global, Regional, and National Cardiovascular Disease Burdens Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: An Analysis from the Global Dietary Database (FS01-01-19)

Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake contributes to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the impacts of fruits and vegetables on CVD risk worldwide has not been well established by country, age, and sex. Our objective was to derive comprehensive and accurate estimates of the burdens of CVD attributable to fruit and vegetable consumption using the largest standardized global dietary database currently available. National intakes of fruit and vegetables (including legumes) were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model using individual-level intake data from nationally and sub-nationally representative diet surveys and country-level availability data (266 surveys representing 1,630,069 individuals from 113 of 187 countries─82% of the world's population). The effects of fruits and vegetables on coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality, collectively referred to as CVD mortality, were derived from the most recent meta-analyses of prospective cohorts. Disease specific mortality data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases study. A comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportional attributable fraction (PAF) and number of disease-specific deaths. In 2010, suboptimal intakes of fruit were estimated to result in 521,395 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 498,254-542,808) CHD deaths (PAF: 7.5%; 7.2–7.8%) and 1,255,978 (1187,716–1325,879) stroke deaths (PAF: 21.7%; 20.5–22.9%) globally per year. Suboptimal intakes of vegetables were estimated to result in 809,425 (783,362–836,687) CHD deaths (PAF: 11.6%; 11.3–12.0%) and 210,849 (196,297–226,577) stroke deaths (PAF: 3.6%; 3.4–3.9%). The proportion of CVD deaths from suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake was higher in males and younger adults. Among the 20 most populous countries, China (541,564; 482,709–608,314; PAF: 20.3%) had the largest absolute CVD deaths from suboptimal fruit intake and India (199,364; 176,961–222,688; PAF: 11.6%) from vegetables. Results for the global burden of fruits and vegetables on CVD in 1990 and 2015 will be presented at the meeting. Suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake each contribute to significant CVD mortality, demonstrating a pressing need for public health and policy priorities to increase intake. Gates Foundation.
Indigenous biosensors for in situ hydrocarbon detection in aquatic environments

Abstract The use of microbial biofilms for the detection of hydrocarbon contamination in aquatic environments was investigated in this study. Two different microbial biofilms consisting of mixed culture bacteria and microalgae were used as biocatalysts and sensing organisms in the anode and cathode chambers of a bioelectrochemical system, respectively. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of this method for sensing hydrocarbon contamination and to study the effect of gasoline (varied between 0.04% (v/v) and 1% (v/v)) and background chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations on the sensor response. A linear relationship was observed for gasoline concentrations between 0 and 0.1% (v/v), while an exponential relationship was noted for the gasoline concentration in the range of 0 to 1% (v/v). Reproducibility and resilience of the biosensor in detecting the presence of hydrocarbons were studied. Finally, the ability of the biosensor to remove COD (∼70%) indicated its possible use in the bioelectrochemical treatment of polluted waters.
The grey zone of collegiate sexual regret: questionable consent and sexual victimisation.

Research identifies sexual regret as the most common source of regret in the USA; however, few studies have explored this phenomenon. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach to explore sexual ...
Occupational Engagement and Partisanship in the United States

In this article, I present a portrait of the American power elite and their relationship with the party system. I focus on occupational categories as institutional positions and take up three quest...
Romantic Relationship Quality of Youth with Two Biological Parents and Stepfathers

This study uses data from a sample of 7,404 respondents from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine how the quality of relationships...
Association Between Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation and Hospital Mortality in Post Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE To assess the role for intravenous fluid (IVF) resuscitation in the postarrest state. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge and 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were associations with amount of vasopressor use and mechanical ventilation days. DESIGN Retrospective study design. SETTING Single-center tertiary hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PATIENTS All patients admitted to the intensive care unit between 2018 and 2019. INTERVENTIONS Patients were divided into two groups based on amount of IVF received within 24 h 30 mg/kg) group. There was no difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups with 146 (73%) deaths in the restrictive groups and 44 (69%) deaths in the liberal group (P = 0.53). There was also no significant difference between those who survived to hospital discharge in the liberal and restrictive groups on Kaplan-Meier analysis (Log-rank = 1.476 P = 0.224). However, there was a significant difference between restrictive and liberal groups with the duration of mechanical ventilation (4 ± 6 days vs. 6 ± 9 days; P = 0.03) and in the rates of two or more vasopressor use (38% vs. 59%; P = 0.002). End-stage renal disease (ESRD) (OR = 2.39; P = 0.03) and volume of fluids in mL/kg/24 h (OR = 1.025; P < 0.0001) were independently associated with higher vasopressor need. Volume of fluid in mL/kg/24 h (P = 0.01), ESRD (P = 0.015), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with duration of mechanical ventilation, even after adjusting for demographic factors, comorbidities, and mortality. CONCLUSIONS A liberal strategy of IVF used in resuscitation after cardiac arrest is not associated with higher mortality. However, it predicts higher vasopressor use and duration of mechanical ventilation.
Heterogeneous catalyst stability during hydrodenitrogenation in supercritical water

Abstract The catalytic removal of heteroatoms from renewable bio-oils in supercritical water (SCW) is challenged by the lack of sufficiently stable catalysts. We identified a library of catalytic materials that are thermodynamically stable under hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) conditions, based on oxygen fugacity–pH diagrams. From among these, we selected a Pt/TiO2 catalyst for HDN of propylamine in SCW at 380–500 °C and 22–38 MPa. Flow experiments with aqueous feeds of formic acid, ammonia, and propylamine were designed to isolate interactions between the catalyst, the SCW solution, and the reactants and products. The Pt/TiO2 catalyst was highly active and experienced negligible dissolution at 500 °C, 2% Pt loss at 380 °C, and no changes in oxidation state. Overall, the experimentally observed hydrothermal stabilities of the catalyst agreed with the thermodynamic stabilities predicted. The results and methodology applied in this work may be useful to identify and design catalysts for bio-oil upgrading in hydrothermal media.
Standards and Best Practices for Monitoring and Benchmarking Insects

Benchmark studies of insect populations are increasingly relevant and needed amid accelerating concern about insect trends in the Anthropocene. The growing recognition that insect populations may be in decline has given rise to a renewed call for insect population monitoring by scientists, and a desire from the broader public to participate in insect surveys. However, due to the immense diversity of insects and a vast assortment of data collection methods, there is a general lack of standardization in insect monitoring methods, such that a sudden and unplanned expansion of data collection may fail to meet its ecological potential or conservation needs without a coordinated focus on standards and best practices. To begin to address this problem, we provide simple guidelines for maximizing return on proven inventory methods that will provide insect benchmarking data suitable for a variety of ecological responses, including occurrence and distribution, phenology, abundance and biomass, and diversity and species composition. To track these responses, we present seven primary insect sampling methods – malaise trapping, light trapping, pan trapping, pitfall trappings, beating sheets, acoustic monitoring, and active visual surveys – and recommend standards while highlighting examples of model programs. For each method, we discuss key topics such as recommended spatial and temporal scales of sampling, important metadata to track, and degree of replication needed to produce rigorous estimates of ecological responses. We additionally suggest protocols for scalable insect monitoring, from backyards to national parks. Overall, we aim to compile a resource that can be used by diverse individuals and organizations seeking to initiate or improve insect monitoring programs in this era of rapid change.
Bone marrow involvement and subclonal diversity impairs detection of mutated CXCR4 by diagnostic next-generation sequencing in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

CXCR4 mutations impact disease presentation and treatment outcomes in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM). Non-uniform testing for CXCR4 mutations may account for discordant findings in WM clinical trials. We compared two approaches used in these trials for detection of the most common CXCR4 (S338X) variant: targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) using unselected bone marrow (BM) samples, and combined allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) and Sanger sequencing with unselected and CD19-selected BM samples. Our findings showed that targeted NGS frequently yielded false-negative results. Both CD19 selection and AS-PCR markedly improved detection of CXCR4S338X mutations. Sensitivity was adversely impacted by low BM involvement and CXCR4 mutation clonality.
CrowdSolve: Managing Tensions in an Expert-Led Crowdsourced Investigation

Investigators in fields such as journalism and law enforcement have long sought the public's help with investigations. New technologies have also allowed amateur sleuths to lead their own crowdsourced investigations - that have traditionally only been the purview of expert investigators - with mixed results. Through an ethnographic study of a four-day, co-located event with over 250 attendees, we examine the human infrastructure responsible for enabling the success of an expert-led crowdsourced investigation. We find that the experts enabled attendees to generate useful leads; the attendees formed a community around the event; and the victims' families felt supported. Additionally, the co-located setting, legal structures, and emergent social norms impacted collaborative work practice. We also surface three important tensions to consider in future investigations and provide design recommendations to manage these tensions.
On-chip spectrometers using stratified waveguide filters.

We present an ultra-compact single-shot spectrometer on silicon platform for sparse spectrum reconstruction. It consists of 32 stratified waveguide filters (SWFs) with diverse transmission spectra for sampling the unknown spectrum of the input signal and a specially designed ultra-compact structure for splitting the incident signal into those 32 filters with low power imbalance. Each SWF has a footprint less than 1 µm × 30 µm, while the 1 × 32 splitter and 32 filters in total occupy an area of about 35 µm × 260 µm, which to the best of our knowledge, is the smallest footprint spectrometer realized on silicon photonic platform. Experimental characteristics of the fabricated spectrometer demonstrate a broad operating bandwidth of 180 nm centered at 1550 nm and narrowband peaks with 0.45 nm Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) can be clearly resolved. This concept can also be implemented using other material platforms for operation in optical spectral bands of interest for various applications. Compact spectrometers that are simple and scalable in design can enable many applications. Here the authors demonstrate a silicon photonics based single-shot spectrometer that uses a group of waveguide frequency filters to construct the spectrum.
Myocardial Blood Flow Control by Oxygen Sensing Vascular Kvβ Proteins.

Rationale: Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels in vascular smooth muscle are essential for coupling myocardial blood flow (MBF) with the metabolic demand of the heart. These channels consist of a transmembrane pore domain that associates with auxiliary Kvβ1 and Kvβ2 proteins, which differentially regulate Kv function in excitable cells. Nonetheless, the physiological role of Kvβ proteins in regulating vascular tone and metabolic hyperemia in the heart remains unknown. Objective: To test the hypothesis that Kvβ proteins confer oxygen sensitivity to vascular tone and are required for regulating blood flow in the heart. Methods and Results: Mice lacking Kvβ2 subunits exhibited suppressed MBF, impaired cardiac contractile performance, and failed to maintain elevated arterial blood pressure in response to catecholamine-induced stress. In contrast, ablation of Kvβ1.1 reduced cardiac workload, modestly elevated MBF, and preserved cardiac function during stress compared with wild type mice. Coronary arteries isolated from Kvβ2-/-, but not Kvβ1.1-/-, mice, had severely blunted vasodilation to hypoxia when compared with arteries from wild type mice. Moreover, vasodilation of small diameter coronary and mesenteric arteries due to L-lactate, a biochemical marker of reduced tissue oxygenation and anaerobic metabolism, was significantly attenuated in vessels isolated from Kvβ2-/- mice. Inducible enhancement of the Kvβ1:Kvβ2 ratio in Kv1 channels of arterial smooth muscle abolished L-lactate-induced vasodilation and suppressed the relationship between MBF and cardiac workload.Conclusions: The Kvβ proteins differentially regulate vascular tone and myocardial blood flow, whereby Kvβ2 promotes and Kvβ1.1 inhibits oxygen-dependent vasodilation and augments blood flow upon heightened metabolic demand.
Neutralizing interleukin-6 in tumor-bearing mice does not abrogate behavioral fatigue induced by Lewis lung carcinoma.

Abstract Tumor growth is associated with metabolic reprogramming of various organs including the liver. This metabolic reprogramming is responsible for the development of behavioral fatigue represented by decreased voluntary wheel running in a murine model of lung cancer. To determine whether interleukin (IL-)6 induced by the tumor is responsible for the metabolic reprogramming, mice injected with Lewis lung carcinoma cells in the flank were treated with an anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal neutralizing antibody using a 2 × 2 factorial design (+/- tumor and +/- anti-IL-6 antibody). Endpoints were represented by behavioral, metabolic and immune phenotypes. Despite its ability to abrogate the increase in plasma levels of IL-6 that was apparent in tumor-bearing mice and decrease inflammatory signaling in the liver, immunoneutralization of IL-6 had no effect on voluntary wheel running and did not modify the tumor-induced alterations in hepatic gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic factors. These negative results indicate that IL-6 does not mediate the communication between tumor and host in mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma
Two Unusual but Treatable Causes of Refractory Ascites After Liver Transplantation

Refractory ascites (RA) is thought to complicate the postoperative course of 5–7 % (Nishida et al. in Am J Transplant. 6: 140–149, 2006; Gotthardt et al. in Ann Transplant. 18: 378–383, 2013) of liver transplant recipients. RA after liver transplantation is often a frustrating diagnostic dilemma with few good management options unless an obvious mechanical factor is identified. Supportive therapies often fail until a treatable precipitating cause is identified and removed. We describe two patients who developed RA following liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis, and hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease, respectively. The cause for RA was hyperkinetic portal hypertension secondary to splenomegaly in the first case and a pancreatic AVM in the 2nd case. After failure of other interventions, surgical splenectomy resulted in immediate and durable resolution of the previously intractable ascites.
Sandwich ELISA Microarrays: Generating Reliable and Reproducible Assays for High-Throughput Screens

The sandwich ELISA microarray is a powerful screening tool in biomarker discovery and validation due to its ability to simultaneously probe for multiple proteins in a miniaturized assay. The technical challenges of generating and processing the arrays are numerous. However, careful attention to possible pitfalls in the development of your antibody microarray assay can overcome these challenges. In this chapter, we describe in detail the steps that are involved in generating a reliable and reproducible sandwich ELISA microarray assay.
The Family Court: An Historical Survey

The New York Family Court this year celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary. Hailed as an "experimental" tribunal, designed to resolve society's most intractable problems, including family dissolution, delinquency and child neglected, the court has been perceived as a radical development which altered the then existing legal rules governing family affairs. The Family Court Act indeed incorporates several creative provisions. But the court's foundations were built upon solid jurisprudential underpinnings, principles which had evolved over the course of the preceding century. Establishment of the court was neither radical nor experimental; in reality, Family Court represents the latest increment in the development of legal principles to protect children and adjudicate family disputes. In view of the controversies which have surrounded the court since its inception, an historical silver anniversary analysis may be helpful.
Age‐related differences in motivation in learning English among Mainland Chinese students

Despite the fact that the majority of English learners in China are children, much of what is known about English learners in China is restricted to studies of high school and adult populations. Learning English is an experience that spans many years for Chinese students, yet little is known about how or if motivations change across age groups. The limited amount of research which does explore age-related differences has been restricted to European populations. This study provides findings from a survey of 1,213 school-age students, grades 1 to 11 in Mainland China. Findings demonstrated significant differences in motivation separating middle school from their elementary and high school peers. Suggestions for future research and classroom instruction are given. 在中国，中、小学生占英语学习人口的绝大多数。尽管如此，目前有关中国英语学习的研究对象多限于高中学生和成年人。英语学习对中国学生而言是一个跨越数年的经历，但是他们的英语学习动机是否随着年龄的增长而变化及如何变化却鲜为人知。为数不多、与年龄有关的英语学习动机的研究仅限于欧洲地区。本论文通过对1213名、一至十一年级中国学生的问卷调查发现：中学生的英语学习动机明显不同于小学和高中学生的学习动机。论文也对未来的研究及课堂教学提供了建议。
The Golgi Arf-GEFs Gea1 and Gea2 are regulated by their HDS3 domains and the Rab GTPase Ypt1 (LB157)

The Golgi Arf GTPases control the sorting of membranes and proteins through all eukaryotic cells, recruiting adapters and cargo to sites of vesicle formation when in their activated GTP-bound form. Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Arf-GEFs) are the master regulators of Arf activation and are conserved throughout eukaryotes. Two Arf-GEFs, Gea1 and Gea2, function at the cis-Golgi in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but we know relatively little about how these GEFs are regulated. Recent work with their close relative at the trans-Golgi network, Sec7, has revealed that recruitment of Sec7 to the trans-Golgi network and relief of its autoinhibition are dependent on its C-terminal domains, as well as on positive feedback from Arf1 and other protein interactions. The Golgi Arf-GEFs share predicted domain architecture, suggesting that Gea1/2 may be regulated by mechanisms similar to those of Sec7. However, the specific proteins which orchestrate the activation and localization of Sec7 do not appear to act upon ...
Developing emotional intelligence in student nurse leaders: a mixed methodology study.

Objective: The purpose of this mixed method, exploratory study was to measure the impact of a peer coaching program on the measured emotional intelligence (EI) of a group of student nurse leaders. Methods Participation in the study was offered to nurses in the Student Ambassador program. Students who consented received instruction on EI and its importance in leadership. Participants then took a preintervention EI test (The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso EI Test, version 2 [MSCEIT]) to obtain a baseline EI ability score. Students then participated in a series of peer coaching sessions across a semester. Participants then completed a postintervention MSCEIT test, and also a qualitative survey. Results: The analysis of the paired sample t-test showed that there was not a statistically significant difference in the total group EI scores from pre to posttest, t (8) = 0.036 >0.05; however, 80% of participants reported perceived changes in EI ability due to the intervention and 90% reported that peer coaching was beneficial to their leadership development. Conclusions: This study contributes to the body of EI literature and research on nursing education and leadership development.
A TIP About Rabs

Are Rab guanosine triphosphatases involved in the formation as well as the targeting of transport vesicles containing protein cargo? In this Perspective, [Segev][1] explains new findings showing that this is indeed the case. Not only does Rab9 recruit its effector TIP47 to budding vesicle membranes, it also enhances interactions between TIP47 and the mannose-6-phosphate cargo receptor. A complex among Rab9, TIP47, and mannose-6-phosphate receptors is probably important for vesicle budding. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5520/1313
Unsaturated fatty acid synthesis is not required for induction of lactose transport in Escherichia coli.

Abstract In 1969, Fox (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 63, 850–855) reported that induction of lactose transport in Escherichia coli required the simultaneous synthesis of lipids containing unsaturated fatty acids. Later experiments from other laboratories gave differing results. We have reinvestigated this relationship. We starved cells for unsaturated fatty acid by several different methods and examined induction of lactose transport and of β-galactosidase, synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acid, phospholipid synthesis, and cell growth. We find that the induction of lactose transport to be normal under conditions allowing only about 4% of the normal rate of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.
Cosmic ray transport in AGNs and jets

The transport of cosmic rays in astrophysical fluid flows thought to be present in AGN's and jets is discussed in terms of diffusive particle transport equations; pitch angle evolution transport equations; and hydrodynamical equations governing the interaction of the energetic particles with the background flow. As an example of the use of these equations a discussion is given of the transport of energetic charged particles in an accretion flow onto a Schwarzchild black hole.
Dementia Special Care Units

Abstract Despite continued interest and growth in special care units in the United States, there is no uniform agreement on characteristics for these units, specific outcomes, or satisfaction with them. This study examined family satisfaction with Dementia Special Care Units (SCUs) using a modified standardized instrument and follow-up interviews. The study included five SCUs in one state, three participating in a dementia SCU demonstration project. Family outcomes were evaluated using surveys and interviews. The only significant difference between facilities in the demonstration project and the comparison facilities was one variable noting family with residents in the demonstration project had more positive perceptions regarding resident safety. The study illustrates a need for policy makers to more clearly identify and regulate special aspects of SCUs, taking family perceptions into consideration.
Extending and expanding the life of older current meters

The EG&G Model 610 VACM and Model 630 VMCM are standards for ocean current measurements. It is simple to add peripheral sensors to the data stream of the VACM by use of add-on CMOS circuitry. The firmware control of the VMCM makes it virtually impossible to add sampling of additional sensors. Most of the electronic components used in the VACM are obsolete or difficult to replace and the VMCM will soon follow suit. As a result, the USGS joined WHOI in the development of a PCMCIA data storage system to replace the cassette recording system in the VACM. Using the same PCMCIA recording package as the controller and recorder for the VMCM, a user-friendly VMCM is being designed. PCMCIA cards are rapidly becoming an industry standard with a wide range of storage capacities. By upgrading the VACM and VMCM to PCMCIA storage systems with a flexible microprocessor, they will continue to be viable instruments.
The energy levels of palladium in silicon

Abstract A study is undertaken of the energy levels of palladium in silicon. It is shown that electronically active palladium exists in silicon in the form of two independent species. The first, designated Pd I , is amphoteric and exhibits an acceptor level at 0.22±0.01 eV below the conduction band edge, as well as a donor level at 0.33±0.01 eV above the valence band edge. The second species, designated Pd II , exhibits an acceptor level at 0.32±0.1 eV above the valence band edge. The ratio of Pd I to Pd II which is incorporated into the silicon varies from 40 to 5 for diffusion temperatures from 900 to 1200°C respectively.
Changes in Locus of Control Beliefs in Polish University Students before and after Democratization

Abstract In 1985, 100 Polish university students completed a Polish translation of Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. A second group of 100 Polish students, selected for similarity of age, sex, major, and university to the first group, completed this same scale in 1991, following the profound sociocultural changes associated with democratization. As hypothesized, from 1985 to 1991 Political Control subscale scores showed a significant change toward internality, whereas Personal Control subscale scores showed no change.
Microwave measurements and beam dynamics simulations of the BNL/SLAC/UCLA emittance-compensated 1.6-cell photocathode rf gun

A dedicated low energy (2 to 10 MeV) experimental beam line is now under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory/Accelerator Test Facility (BNL/ATF) for photocathode RF gun testing and photoemission experiments. Microwave measurements of the 1.6 cell photocathode RF gun have been conducted along with beam dynamics simulations of the emittance compensated low energy beam. These simulations indicate that the 1.6 cell photocathode RF gun in combination with solenoidal emittance compensation will be capable of producing a high brightness beam with a normalization rms emittance of (epsilon) n,rms approximately equals 1 (pi) mm mrad. The longitudinal accelerating field Ez has been measured as a function of azimuthal angle in the full cell of the cold test model for the 1.6 cell BNL/SLAC/UCLA #3 S-band RF Gun using a needle rotation/frequency perturbation technique. These measurements were conducted before and after symmetrizing the full cell with a vacuum pump out port and an adjustable short. Two different waveguide to full cell coupling schemes were studied. Experimental and theoretical studies of the field balance versus mode separation were conducted. The dipole mode of the full cell using the (theta) - coupling scheme is an order of magnitude less severe before symmetrization than the Z- coupling scheme. The multi-pole contribution to the longitudinal field asymmetry are calculated using standard Fourier series techniques for both coupling schemes. The Panofsky- Wenzel theorem is used in estimating the transverse emittance due to the multipole components of Ez. Detailed beam dynamics simulations were performed for the 1.6 cell photocathode RF gun injector using a solenoidal emittance compensation technique. The design of the experimental line along with a proposed experimental program using the 1.6 cell photocathode RF gun developed by the BNL/SLAC/UCLA RF gun collaboration is presented. This experimental program includes measurements of beam loading caused by dark current, higher order mode field measurements, integrated and slice emittance measurements using a pepper-pot and RF kicker cavity.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recoil-emanation theory applied to radon release from mineral grains

Abstract In this paper the α-recoil emanation theory is presented as a major mechanism for Rn release from solid materials. The basic theory is developed for Rn emanation from geometrical shapes: spheres and cylinders having variable thickness of precursor-Ra containing material. Subsequently, a sphere-pore model of emanation from mineral grains (like those in rocks, soils, etc.) is developed. In this model a surface of the grain is constructed as a superposition of in- and out-directed spherical caps and cylindrical pores. The model incorporates processes like Rn embedding, pore overlap, water effect and emanation from the edges. Using such a geometrical model it is shown how the Rn emanating-power measurements can give a clue to the Ra distribution and surface properties of the samples. In particular, it is shown that for grains reasonably larger than the recoil range and for surface Ra distribution, the emanating power is independent of the grain size but the total Ra concentration varies with the reciprocal of the grain size. The opposite is true for Ra distributed uniformly throughout the volume of the grain. It is shown how the Rn emanating power is related to the surface porosity of the grain. Also, implications are made with respect to U transport in nature, and with respect to low emanating power from lunar soil. Finally, a failure of the emanation theory is discussed to reproduce emanation curves for the samples having high specific surface areas and Ra distributed throughout the volume.
Systolic and diastolic function of pressure-overloaded right atria of children: Insights from right atrial pressure-area loops. 93

The right atrium (RA) is playing an increasing role in congenital heart surgeries, however, RA function has never been evaluated in children. We studied 4 children (age: 0.75-2.2 years) with pressure-overloaded RA(tetralogy of Fallot, TOF) and 4 age and weight matched controls (C). RA pressure-area loops were generated from RA pressure recorded by a micromanometer and RA area measured simultaneously by automatic border detection technique of echocardiography. RA loading conditions were altered by a rapid fluid bolus. RA systolic function was assessed from the slope of RA end-systolic pressure-area relationship, generated by volume loading and was termed RA end-systolic elastance (RA Ees). RA diastolic function was assessed from the chamber stiffness constant (k) using an exponential relationship P=bekA, where P is RA pressure, b is Y intercept, e is base of natural logarithm and A is RA area (fig. 1B). RA mean pressure was increased in TOF vs C group (10.6±2.6 vs 5.4±2.1 mm Hg, p>0.05). RA pressure-area loops have a typical“figure-of-eight” appearance defined by A and V loops (fig. 1A). RA Ees remained unaltered in TOF vs C group (1.31±1.1 vs 1.21±0.08 mm H g cm-2 p>0.05), however k was increased (0.28±0.09 vs 0.11±0.06. mm Hg·cm-2 p<0.05).
Use of Thiazides and Spironolactone in Preterm Infants with or Developing Chronic Lung Disease (CLD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Use of Thiazides and Spironolactone in Preterm Infants with or Developing Chronic Lung Disease (CLD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Attempts to condition homing pigeons to magnetic cues in an outdoor flight cage

An attempt was made to train 9 homing pigeons to respond to the presence or absence of bar magnets by turning either left or right after flying the length of a 20-ft outdoor flight cage. During initial training, color cues were placed in front of feeding stations on the left and right sides of the cage. The color cues were paired with magnetic cues by attaching either bar magnets or brass bars to the backs of the birds. The color cues were then deleted, leaving only the magnetic cues. Each pigeon received about 300 trials of color training followed by about 200 trials of magnet testing. When only magnetic cues remained, none of the pigeons were able to choose the correct feeder at greater than chance levels of probability.
Does gallbladder ejection fraction predict outcome after cholecystectomy for suspected chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction? A systematic review

The clinical utility of cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy with calculation of a gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) in patients with suspected chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction (CAGD) remains controversial. It was our aim to critically evaluate the literature on the utility of the GBEF to predict outcome of patients with suspected CAGD. We performed an electronic search of the MEDLINE database for articles published between 1980 and 2002 and a manual search of references from bibliographies of identified articles. Only articles in English that concerned adults were screened. Data extracted included both qualitative and quantitative data reported on the study groups, cholescintigraphic technique, interventions, treatment outcomes, and trial methodologic characteristics. Twenty-three publications met the inclusion criteria. All were considered of poor methodologic quality. All but three studies were retrospective case series, only one was randomized, and none were adequately blinded, used adequate controls, or enrolled a sufficient number of patients. Five studies used a cut-off value for an abnormal GBEF that was different than the value used by the others, one study did not provide a cut-off value, and several did not report details of the cholescintigraphic technique (namely, the rate of cholecystokinin infusion). Studies varied in their outcome measures and the criteria for success. The overall assessment of outcome in 19 studies concluded that calculation of a GBEF was useful in patients with suspected CAGD. The low methodologic quality of the studies precluded a meta-analysis approach to the data. Use of a calculated GBEF to diagnose and predict treatment outcome in suspected CAGD has not been adequately studied. Although most studies report utility of GBEF in predicting symptom outcome after cholecystectomy in patients with suspected CAGD, quality evidence is lacking, thereby precluding a definitive recommendation regarding its use. More high quality trials are needed.
Analysis: Overcoming Skin's Barrier: The Search for Effective and User-Friendly Drug Delivery

Although hypodermic needles rapidly deliver large doses of drugs such as insulin across the skin for systemic administration, the pain, local trauma, and difficulty to achieve sustained or complex delivery profiles has motivated development of novel alternative technologies. Microneedles, jet injectors, and thermal poration make micron-scale holes in skin through which drugs can be driven in a user-friendly manner. Chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, electroporation, and ultrasound increase skin permeability by making submicron alterations in skin microstructure for continuous delivery over time.
parallel electric fields in discrete arcs

We present a large-scale model of the parallel electric fields in the upward current region of the aurora. The model, called the “Transition Layer Model”, applies to intense, discrete arcs. It is based on 1-D spatial, 2-D velocity static Vlasov simulations and observations from the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) satellite. The model depicts three regions along the magnetic field that are separated by two transition layers which contain parallel electric fields. The current-voltage properties closely follow the Knight relation.
Developmental plasticity of descending motor pathways.

Juvenile animal brains are highly plastic and thus often achieve better functional recovery after injury compared with adult brains. Recently, Umeda et al. (Umeda T, Takahashi M, Isa K, Isa T. J Neurophysiol 104: 1707–1716, 2010) have shown that the remodeling of both corticospinal and extra-pyramidal pathways can contribute to the recovery of grasping and reaching ability in hemidecorticated juvenile rats. They have further unveiled the strengthening of the cortico-reticulo-spinal pathway after injury, that mediates the fast excitation of ipsilateral motoneurons for functional recovery.
Metadata, metadata, everywhere – but where is the hook?

Encoded Archival Description (EAD) and Dublin Core (DC) are metadata standards with different purposes. EAD fully supports archival descriptive practices, but lacks the robust mechanisms for Web resource discovery that DC provides. This article explores the relationship between the two standards and pinpoints areas where there could be a more direct relationship.
Low cycle fatigue of as-HIP and HIP+forged rené 95

The continuous cycling and hold time low cycle fatigue properties of the Ni base superalloy Rene 95 were studied at 649°C using powder products (−60 mesh) in the as-HIP and HIP + forged conditions. It was shown that cracks were initiated by pores, by ceramic particles and by a classical stage I mechanism for both materials and for both cycle characters. For the continuously cycled as-HIP material, deformation was restricted to well defined bands at low strains and became homogeneous as the strain level increased. The total energy to fracture increased abruptly in the low strain regime and this was also reflected by a break in the Coffin-Manson plot. In all cases cracks initiated at pores. The hold time specimens exhibited an extremely high dislocation density and surface connected initiation yet without a significant life reduction. The observations were essentially similar for the HIP + forged material except that deformation tended to be confined to well defined slip bands even at high strains and to some extent even for the hold time tests. This behavior was attributed to the fact that theγ′ were smaller, more coherent and more readily sheared by dislocations which were strongly paired. There was a marked tendency for crack propagation to change from transgranular to intergranular (also observed for the as-HIP material) at a unique combination of crack length and plastic strain. The transition occurred at shorter crack lengths for the HIP + forged material except when crack initiation was subsurface. In this case the transition was delayed and the life was greatly enhanced, indicating that the environment plays a major role in determining the fatigue life.
Managing and coping with electronic serials: a report from the ACRL New England Chapter Serials Interest Group’s Fall 1996 program

Presents a summary report of the Association of College and Research Libraries New England Chapters Serials Interest Group’s Fall 1996 program, which dealt with electronic serials. The program’s four principal speakers each dealt with a major aspect of electronic serial management: collection development, public services, cataloging and systems. This summary report focuses on the management aspects of each of these four areas.
Computer simulation of novel augmentative communications devices

Investigation into novel and useful communication aids for the deaf and nonverbal that are portable, cost-effective, and easy to operate has been hampered in the past by the lack of funding to develop prototype systems capable of satisfactorily testing new augmentative communication methodologies. A computer-based simulator was designed and clinically tested to allow the development and clinical trial of a wide selection of different portable communications devices. Suggested designs were then tested through repeated redesign cycles at minimal cost, allowing for the design and proving of multiple configurations and leading to an expedient series of final designs for actual prototype construction and field testing. >
Unsteady transonic flows with shock waves in an asymmetric channel

Abstract : Two-dimensional inviscid, unsteady transonic flows with shock waves in asymmetric channels with arbitrary wall shapes are investigated, using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. With the exception of thin regions in the neighborhood of the channel throat and the neighborhood of the shock wave, solutions found using linearized governing equations are valid. In the regions enclosing the shock wave, an inner solution which satisfies the shock jump conditions and matches with the outer solutions, is presented. The shock shape is found as part of the solution, which is obtained numerically using the method of integral relations. A composite solution, uniformly valid throughout the channel, and the relation between the instantaneous shock wave position and back pressure far downstream are presented. (Author)
An Automated System for Chemical Analyses

Automated fluorescent antibody for chemical analysis, discussing system design and instrument calibration
Evaluation and use of a rapid Staphylococcus aureus assay by an antimicrobial stewardship program

Purpose The performance of a rapid test for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a large community hospital was investigated. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate an immunochromatographic assay (Alere PBP2a Culture Colony Test, Alere Scarborough, Inc.) for rapid differentiation of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains using isolates cultured overnight on common laboratory media. S. aureus isolates cultured for 12–24 hours were tested with the assay, which detects penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) and provides results in six minutes. The test results were compared with data from standard overnight antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine the assay’s sensitivity and specificity. Changes in therapy associated with use of the rapid assay were evaluated. Results Over an 11-month period, 661 inpatient isolates from mostly nonhematologic sites were tested. There were six false-negative results, indicating assay sensitivity of 98.4%, with no false positives (specificity of 100%). Eight invalid test results were documented. During designated evaluation periods, a total of 169 patient cases involving PBP2a testing were reviewed by the hospital’s antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist. In 63 of those cases (37%), changes in therapy were implemented on the day of test result posting. Interventions often involved switching patients from inappropriate to appropriate MRSA therapy or optimizing MRSA- or MSSA-targeted therapy. Conclusion An assay for quickly differentiating between MRSA and MSSA was highly sensitive, highly specific, and inexpensive in actual hospital use and led to rapid prescription of appropriate antistaphylococcal therapy 24–48 hours after culture specimens were collected.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of the agonist-dependent D3 dopamine receptor tolerance property

The D3 dopamine receptor has the highest affinity for dopamine, many antipsychotics as well as agonists used to treat Parkinson's disease and related disorders. We and others have reported that the D3 receptor exhibits a tolerance property wherein repeated agonist stimulation of the receptor results in a progressive loss of agonist-induced signaling response. Recently we reported that the D3 receptor tolerance property is agonist dependent and identified a novel agonist, ES609, which does not elicit D3 receptor tolerance. Here, we used the classical tolerance-inducing D3 receptor agonist, PD128907, and the novel agonist, ES609, to demonstrate that the D3 receptor tolerance property is exhibited not only in cellular signaling in vitro and in vivo, but also manifests at the behavior level. Using AtT-20 cells stably expressing D3 receptors we show that PD128907, but not ES609, induces tolerance in the D3 receptor-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Using the novel drd3-EGFP reporter mice, we demonstrate that 0.05 mg/kg PD128907 and 10 mg/kg ES609 selectively activate the D3 receptor-MAPK signaling pathway in vivo; however, only PD128907 induces tolerance. Locomotor behavior assessment showed that both PD128907 and ES609 decreased locomotor activity of the drd3-EGFP mice. While the agonist-induced decrease in locomotor activity was attenuated in drd3-EGFP mice administered two sequential doses of tolerance-inducing agonist PD128907, this attenuation was not seen in mice repeatedly administered the novel agonist, ES609. Together the results suggest that the D3 receptor tolerance property is exhibited in MAPK signaling in vitro and in vivo and also affects agonist-induced locomotor behavior.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a cDNA Encoding Salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) Liver Transglutaminase

We isolated cDNA clones encoding a transglutaminase (TGase: EC 2.3.2.13) from a salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) cDNA library prepared from the liver. In the cDNA sequence combined, an open reading frame coding for a protein of 680 aa was found. The deduced sequence showed a considerable similarity (62.4%) to that of red sea bream TGase. By comparison of sequence similarity to other TGases, the structure of salmon TGase was like tissue type TGases, rather than membrane-associated type or plasma type TGases. As a structural feature of salmon TGase, 3 aa residues were substituted in the 25 aa sequence around the active site Cys residue, which is conserved among several tissue type TGases. The critical residues thought to form the catalytic-center triad (Cys272, His331, and Asp301) were found in the highly conserved region, but the region surrounding Tyr511, which corresponds to the residue participates in hydrogen-bond interactions of active center domain, was less similar to other TGases, except for red sea bre...