cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The removal of particle-reactive radionuclides in shallow water: Bottom scavenging versus particle settling of iodine-131 and beryllium-7.

In pelagic waters, the removal of particle-reactive radionuclides is controlled by nuclide sorption to particles and subsequent settling by gravity. However, in shallow nearshore waters, the dominant mechanism of nuclide scavenging is not so clear. Understanding how particle-reactive radionuclides are scavenged from the water column is critical if these tracers are to be used as proxies of particle flux in shallow aquatic systems. In this study, we present evidence that the removal of particle-reactive radionuclides in nearshore and turbulent waters is primarily controlled by bottom scavenging. Specifically, we measured both water column and bottom sediment activities of sewage-sourced iodine-131 (131I, t ½ = 8.02 days) and atmospherically-sourced beryllium-7 (7Be, t ½ = 53.3 days) in a semi-enclosed harbor. We show that the water column 7Be/131I flux ratio that is required to sustain observed harbor bottom inventories of both nuclides is incongruent with 7Be/131I activity ratios on water column particles, and (2) 131I and 7Be derived mass fluxes of particulate matter to the harbor bottom are in concordance with each other and independently made estimates of river sediment loading to the harbor only when bottom scavenging of both particle-bound and dissolved (<0.7 μm) nuclide fractions are considered.
Intimate Partner Violence, Small for Gestational Age Birth and Cigarette Smoking in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.

Abstract Background: Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in the perinatal period is associated with obstetric complications, poor maternal mental health, neonatal complications, and increased risk of infant mortality and morbidity. Less is known about how IPV may influence small for gestational age (SGA) birth. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained for 231,081 United States mothers who delivered neonates from 2004 to 2011 and completed the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System survey 2–9 months after delivery. Weighted descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Results: IPV in the year before or during pregnancy was related to SGA bivariately (odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28, 1.51), and after adjustment for demographic and obstetric factors, this association attenuated after further adjustment for perinatal smoking patterns, (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06, 95% CI 0.97, 1.15). Compared with nonabused women, women experiencing perinata...
Integrating Decay and Interference: A New Look at an Old Interaction

An old but important debate about human memory concerns whether decay (indexed by time) or interference (indexed by amount of distracting information) is the cause of forgetting. We argue, based on a simple functional analysis, that this is a false dichotomy. Both processes must be at work, in that distracting information must decay to allow the cognitive system to have any hope of retrieving target information amidst the unavoidable clutter of a well-stocked memory. This analysis predicts that subtle decay effects should be pervasive, even in data produced by interference theorists to show that decay was impossible. A re-analysis of data from Waugh and Norman (1965) does indeed reveal decay effects that were dismissed by the authors as inconsequential and have been ignored by most investigators since. We fit a formal model integrating decay and interference to the Waugh and Norman data, and to the decay data of Peterson and Peterson (1959) to show that one model provides an improved account of two ostensibly divergent data sets.
What Is the Role of Business in Education

The public schools have failed to educate well, having been an unchallenged monopoly all these years. Putting the schools on a competitive footing, as suggested by many business leaders and academicians, would help cure the failures of the system. A free market approach such as vouchers would eradicate many of today’s educational ills.
In Good Times or in Bad? Market Conditions, Fundamentals, and the Equity Issuance Decision

We show that there are strong interactions between firm fundamental characteristics and market conditions on a firm’s decision to issue equity. Good market conditions can overcome even severe deficiencies in firm fundamentals in the equity issuance decision. A firm whose fundamentals are among the worst 10% of sample firms, but whose recent stock return is in the highest quintile is as likely to issue equity as a firm whose fundamentals are among the best 10% but whose recent stock return is only at the median. Overall our results suggest that good market conditions could mitigate “bad” issuers’ adverse selection problems.
Energy Saving Recommendations and User Location Modeling in Commercial Buildings

Commercial buildings consume a large portion of the total electricity in the United States. One method for energy saving in commercial buildings targets inefficiencies of unoccupied spaces by relaxing the setpoint temperature. However, energy savings are severely limited when occupants are assumed to be "immovable objects"; instead, by encouraging occupant participation in the optimization, a much greater amount of energy savings can be achieved. In this work, we build on this idea and introduce energy saving recommendations based on occupant location. We introduce two types of energy saving recommendations based on location: move recommendations, which recommends the occupant to move from one space to another, and shift schedule recommendations, which recommends the occupant to arrive or depart a set amount of time earlier or later. To investigate the effects of the energy saving recommendations, we introduced a tightly coupled system composing of a simulator and a recommender system. Simulations in our building testbed revealed that energy saving recommendations coupled with occupancy-based HVAC energy management saves 25% more energy than occupancy-based HVAC energy management alone.
Analyzing the function of the insert region found between the α and β-subunits in the eukaryotic nitrile hydratase from Monosiga brevicollis.

Abstract The functional roles of the (His)17 region and an insert region in the eukaryotic nitrile hydratase (NHase, EC 4.2.1.84) from Monosiga brevicollis (MbNHase), were examined. Two deletion mutants, MbNHaseΔ238−257 and MbNHaseΔ219−272, were prepared in which the (His)17 sequence and the entire insert region were removed. Each of these MbNHase enzymes provided an α2β2 heterotetramer, identical to that observed for prokaryotic NHases and contains their full complement of cobalt ions. Deletion of the (His)17 motif provides an MbNHase enzyme that is ∼55% as active as the WT enzyme when expressed in the absence of the Co-type activator (e) protein from Pseudonocardia thermophila JCM 3095 (PtNHaseact) but ∼28% more active when expressed in the presence of PtNHaseact. MbNHaseΔ219−272 exhibits ∼55% and ∼89% of WT activity, respectively, when expressed in the absence or presence of PtNHaseact. Proteolytic cleavage of MbNHase provides an α2β2 heterotetramer that is modestly more active compared to WT MbNHase (kcat = 163 ± 4 vs 131 ± 3 s−1). Combination of these data establish that neither the (His)17 nor the insert region are required for metallocentre assembly and maturation, suggesting that Co-type eukaryotic NHases utilize a different mechanism for metal ion incorporation and post-translational activation compared to prokaryotic NHases.
Public Order Preserving Cipher Generation Scheme for Distributed Computing

Ordering is a widely used operation in distributed settings. However certain distributed settings like an on-line auction, place unique requirements on the protocol design. Firstly, all entities participate in the ordering with a communication channel(s) only with a coordinator(s), completely oblivious to other participants. This lack of intra-party communication channels makes traditional secure multi-party computations unsuitable for this scenario. Secondly, the security and functionality of the protocol should not depend on a single piece of secret information such as a secret symmetric key, ( as in the case of order-preserving encryption, OPE ). It is so because now every participating entity has to be communicated the secret key in order for them to encrypt their private data. However this means that even if just one of the entities is corrupt, the security of all the honest entities is compromised. These restrictions render both SMPC and OPE ill-suited for the above distributed setting. In this paper we propose a public order-preserving cipher generation scheme (POPC) that addresses the aforementioned challenges. POPC encodes a transform of the plaintext using a public order-preserving probabilistic encoding and generates the cipher in a two round interactive protocol. In POPC neither the correctness nor the security of the scheme depends on the possession of a single secret key. Moreover POPC needs no intra-party communication for its execution. We show POPC achieves the ideal security guarantee for any total order-preserving scheme, which is to reveal no information about the plaintexts beside the order, with a ciphertext space that is polynomial in size of the plaintext.
MioStream: a peer-to-peer distributed live media streaming on the edge

The typical centralized cloud model is poorly suited to latency-sensitive applications requiring low-latency and high-throughput. This paper proposes an integrity-preserving serverless framework for live-video streaming that runs on the edge of the network. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel P2P service based on WebRTC (web browsers with Real-Time Communications) called MioStream. MioStream is an open-source alternative for distributed media streaming that runs on the edge of the network without incurring in costly and extensive CDN infrastructure. We contribute a unique mix of algorithms using WebRTC data channels. For instance, under network degradation and high-churn environments, MioStream restructures the topology dynamically. MioStream provides authentication, privacy, and integrity of video chunks. This paper exposes a set of micro-benchmarks to measure the quality of service under network degradation and high churn environment (inducing failures). The Mesh topology offers the highest goodput per peer; the stalled playback on a node equals 1.8% of the total video play. Our results show the feasibility of this proof of concept under high-churn environments. The total stream interruptions in the topology are not longer than one second under a binomial distributed series of failures. The integrity check applied to each package includes a considerable overhead and impact the quality of service.
Simple Flux-Side Formulation of State-Resolved Thermal Reaction Rates for Ring-Polymer Surface Hopping

Employing the recently developed isomorphic Hamiltonian framework for including nuclear quantum effects in mixed quantum–classical nonadiabatic dynamics, we present a flux-side formulation of state-resolved thermal reaction rates for ring-polymer surface hopping (iso-RPSH). An appealing aspect of the new approach is that calculation of multiple state-resolved nonadiabatic thermal reaction rates is enabled with only a single free-energy surface calculation, whereas previous nonadiabatic flux-side formulations for surface hopping involve multiple free-energy surface calculations. The method is shown to be robust and straightforwardly implemented, and numerical results reveal that RPSH in the isomorphic Hamiltonian framework leads to better dividing surface independence than alternative RPSH methods due to improved preservation of the path-integral statistics.
Enhanced Thermochemical Heat Capacity of Liquids: Molecular to Macroscale Modeling

Thermal fluids have many applications in the storage and transfer of thermal energy, playing a key role in heating, cooling, refrigeration, and power generation. However, the specific heat capacity...
Opportunities for Self-Evaluation Increase Student Calibration in an Introductory Biology Course.

Students overestimate their performance on introductory biology exams early in the semester, but the accuracy of most students’ exam predictions improves over time. Instructional strategies can inc...
HyperProtect: Enhancing the Performance of a Dynamic Backup System Using Intelligent Scheduling

The extraordinary increase in the scale of the backup system and the daily data generated by large enterprise companies are making it extremely challenging to perform data protection efficiently. Traditionally this challenge is left for the backup administrators who are tasked with ensuring the backup and recovery goals are met by designing elaborate static backup schedules. However, the inability of the static backup schedules to adapt alongside the dynamic backup environment results in backup systems that miss their goals. The inefficiency of static backup schedules makes designing an intelligent scheduling algorithm for dynamic backup systems significantly necessary and important. In our paper, we propose an intelligent backup scheduler, HyperProtect, to effectively and efficiently allocate the vast amount of backup contents generated by large scale backup systems to the storage units. To perform empirical comparison of various schedulers, we propose three metrics, storage throughput utilization, backup time consistency, and storage switching to evaluate the backup and restore performance. Based on the experimental results, our scheduler, HyperProtect, achieves more than 55% decrease on storage switching while maintaining good storage throughput utilization and backup time consistency within 1% and 10% of the existing backup scheduler, respectively.
Adaptable UAV Swarm Autonomy and Formation Platform

This ongoing study delves into an autonomous swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that takes mission requirements and moves in formations based on user input. We utilize commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and open source software to create a low-cost accessible platform for the potential use in commercial and research applications. The system is scalable, with the capability of swarm formation in both static and dynamic configurations using real-time path planning and optimized target assignment. The group of UAVs used in this study consists of multiple quadcopters, each equipped with an on-board computer, a flight controller, and COTS telemetry and GPS modules. Commands are sent to the swarm via a ground station. The ground station and UAVs communicate via a WiFi datalink. The system has demonstrated path-planning with collision avoidance capabilities through simulations. This study shows via simulation and partially through experimentation that swarm autonomy can be implemented effectively and cost-efficiently. This creates an ease of access for the use of a swarm of UAVs for a variety of applications including 3D mapping, and search and rescue across a variety of terrains with increasing difficulty. By integrating other sensors and instruments, this swarm can be used to measure a variety of parameters, locating targets and creating formations around them to best study the targets in areas where ground navigation and viewpoints are non-optimal.
Dual Task Timed Up-and-Go for Older Adults With and Without Balance Deficits

AbstractAims: Dual task conditions of the Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) add a cognitive (C-TUG) and a manual (M-TUG) task. The purpose of this study was to determine if balance ability differentially affec...
Improved strategy for isoleucine 1 H/ 13 C methyl labeling in Pichia pastoris

Site specific methyl labeling combined with methyl TROSY offers a powerful NMR approach to study structure and dynamics of proteins and protein complexes of high molecular weight. Robust and cost-effective methods have been developed for site specific protein 1H/13C methyl labeling in an otherwise deuterated background in bacteria. However, bacterial systems are not suitable for expression and isotope labeling of many eukaryotic and membrane proteins. The yeast Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) is a commonly used host for expression of eukaryotic proteins, and site-specific methyl labeling of perdeuterated eukaryotic proteins has recently been achieved with this system. However, the practical utility of methyl labeling and deuteration in P. pastoris is limited by high costs. Here, we describe an improved method for 1H/13C-labeling of the δ-methyl group of isoleucine residues in a perdeuterated background, which reduces the cost by ≥ 50% without compromising the efficiency of isotope enrichment. We have successfully implemented this method to label actin and a G-protein coupled receptor. Our approach will facilitate studies of the structure and dynamics of eukaryotic proteins by NMR spectroscopy.
Emergent Sound-Letter Correspondences in the Early Biliterate Writing Development of Simultaneous Bilingual Children

Using a psycholinguistic and a holistic bilingual perspective, this study examined the writing conceptualization progressions in Spanish and English of 16 simultaneous bilinguals from preschool thr...
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Partially Labeled and Shuffled Data Sets

This work outlines a method for an application of empirical Bayes in the setting of semi-supervised learning. That is, we consider a scenario in which the training set is partially or entirely unlabeled. In addition to the missing labels, we also consider a scenario where the available training data might be shuffled (i.e., the features and labels are not matched).Specifically, we propose to train model-based empirical Bayes separately on the set of features and the set of labels and combine/mix the two models based on the proportion of unlabeled pairs. The method then can be used to recover the missing labels (i.e., create pseudo-labels) of the data set and, in addition, if the data is shuffled, recover the correct permutation of the data. The technique is evaluated for a multivariate Gaussian model and is shown to consistently outperform a maximum likelihood approach. Moreover, the procedure is shown to be a consistent estimator for a multivariate Gaussian model with an arbitrary (non-degenerate) covariance matrix.
Applying LSTM to Enable Cache Prefetching to Optimize Flow Table Update Efficiency in SDN Switches

Due to the fast growth of the Internet and social network, a massive amount of data has been generated and move to the cloud. With the ability to separate the control and data plane, SDN (Software Defined Network) provide an emerging solution for data transportation management tasks in the data center. In recent years, more literature focused on using SDN to manage data center network. It has been shown that SDN switch can support fine-grained rule matching with more than 12-tuple flow. However, Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM), which used to store the flow table in SDN switch, has limited capacity and power-hungry. The performance of the data center throughput would reduce dramatically due to flow table overflow. Previous literature proposed two kinds of solutions, rule replacement and rule caching. In this paper, we propose a new rule caching method based on Long short-term memory (LSTM) to improve the cache hit ratio in SDN switches. From the experiment result, we surprisingly find that the deep learning based prefetching model can predict future flow rules with high accuracy. And then improve the cache hit ratio on TCAM compare with the famous FIFO and LRU cache.
The Role of Religion in Hegel’s Phenomenological Justification of Philosophical Science

Hegel suggests in various statements that the beginning concept of philosophical science has a religious dimension. This chapter examines the way the proof procedure developed in the Phenomenology of Spirit justifies the beginning concept of philosophy and determines precisely how religious transcendence is preserved in it.
Sampling Efficacy and Survival Rates of Labarrus pseudolividus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Using Flotation and Sieve-Separation Methodology

Understanding collection methodologies and their limitations are essential when targeting specific arthropods for use in habitat restoration, conservation, laboratory colony formation, or when holistically representing local populations using ecological surveys. For dung beetles, the most popular collection methodology is baited traps, followed by light traps and unbaited flight-intercept traps during diversity surveys. A less common collection method, flotation, is assumed to be laborious and messy, and so only a handful of papers exist on its refinement and strengths. Our purpose was threefold: First, we tested the recovery and survival rates of Labarrus (=Aphodius) pseudolividus (Balthasar) and Onthophagus taurus (Schreber) when floating beetle-seeded dung pats to determine potential collection and safety issues. We collected 72.4 and 78% of the seeded L. pseudolividus and O. taurus, respectively, with >95% survival rating. Second, we developed a flotation-sieving technique that enables users to rapidly collect and passively sort dung beetles with less time and effort. Specifically, we often collected 50-100 g of wild dung beetles within a couple of hours of gathering dung and sorted them in a couple more by allowing dung beetles to sort themselves by size within a series of sieves; Third, we reviewed flotation-based advantages and disadvantages in comparison to other methodologies.
Target detection in healthy 4-week old piglets from a passive two-tone auditory oddball paradigm

Passive auditory oddball tests are effort independent assessments that evaluate auditory processing and are suitable for paediatric patient groups. Our goal was to develop a two-tone auditory oddball test protocol and use this clinical assessment in an immature large animal model. Event-related potentials captured middle latency P1, N1, and P2 responses in 4-week old (N = 16, female) piglets using a custom piglet 32- electrode array on 3 non-consecutive days. The effect of target tone frequency (250 Hz and 4000 Hz) on middle latency responses were tested in a subset of animals. Results show that infrequent target tone pulses elicit greater N1 amplitudes than frequent standard tone pulses. There was no effect of day. Electrodes covering the front of the head tend to elicit greater waveform responses. P2 amplitudes increased for higher frequency target tones (4000 Hz) than the regular 1000 Hz target tones (p < 0.05). Two-tone auditory oddball tests produced consistent responses day-to-day. This clinical assessment was successful in the immature large animal model.
The sickening consequences of too much SYK signaling

Immune responses require a delicate balance: a weak response can cause immunodeficiency, whereas an excessive response can lead to hyperinflammatory disease and hematological malignancy. Because spleen tyrosine kinase has roles in multiple signaling pathways, its gain-of-function alterations in humans cause hypogammaglobulinemia as well as autoinflammation and predisposition to B cell lymphoma.
Liver glycogen-induced enhancements in hypoglycemic counterregulation require neuroglucopenia

It is well known that iatrogenic hypoglycemia is a barrier to optimal glycemic regulation in patients with diabetes. Our data confirm that increasing liver glycogen content 75% above fasting levels...
Myocardial Perfusion and Viability Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease: Clinical Value in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Guidance

Abstract Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Noninvasive imaging tests play a significant role in diagnosing coronary artery disease, as well as risk stratification and guidance for revascularization. Myocardial perfusion imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, has been widely employed. In this review, we will review test accuracy and clinical significance of these methods for diagnosing and managing coronary artery disease. We will further discuss the comparative usefulness of other noninvasive tests—stress echocardiography, coronary computed tomography angiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging—in the evaluation of ischemia and myocardial viability.
The Sound Factor in Autoplay Mobile Video Ads

Autoplay video ads are prevalent across different digital media platforms, including mobile apps. These ads usually default to the 'sound-on' option to draw more attention from users, while they can also default to “sound-off”. However, whether a sound-on or sound-off autoplay video ad in a mobile app performs better is unknown at this time. The current study tested the effects of the sound factor in mobile autoplay video ads on consumer memory and attitude toward the ad and the brand. A potential moderating role of consumers' expectancy about mobile video ads was also tested. Guided by the limited capacity model of mediated messages, expectancy violations theory, and the mere exposure effect, a field experiment with a two-stage procedure of data collection was conducted. The results show that: 1) a sound-on autoplay video ad generated stronger recall of ad content than a sound-off ad, and 2) a sound-on ad generated significant changes of ad attitude in a positive direction over time, while a sound-off ad did not. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The themes of Quine's philosophy : meaning, reference, and knowledge

Preface Acknowledgements 1. Conventionalism and the linguistic doctrine of logical truth 2. Analyticity and synonymy 3. The indeterminacy of translation 4. Ontological relativity 5. Criticisms and extensions Concluding remarks: conventionalism and implications Bibliography Index.
Lithographically‐Fabricated SERS Substrates: Double Resonances, Nanogaps, and Beamed Emission

Enhancement factors (EFs) and angular emission profiles of SERS from molecules on nanoparticles can be modified and optimized by engineering their surrounding environments, namely other nanoparticles, and dielectric and metal films. This chapter discusses structures that are termed “double resonance” SERS substrates. It is known that when SERS is performed with nanoparticles having a single plasmon resonance, maximum signals will be obtained when the resonance is situated between the laser and Stokes frequencies. Next, the chapter presents results from studies that demonstrate SERS substrates with double resonances, to enable strong intensity enhancements to be achieved at both the laser and Stokes frequencies. The chapter discusses a technique for forming nanogaps. Nanoparticle dimers with nanoscale gaps present the opportunity for very high EFs, due to the substantial electromagnetic field enhancement occurring in these gaps. Finally, the chapter describes the observation of beamed Raman scattering using Yagi‐Uda (YU) optical antennas.
Impact Assessment: Assessing a Local Biological Effect With Before and After Data

The design and analysis of monitoring studies to assess chronic biological effects of anthropogenic environmental change when data can be gathered before the change are discussed. Intervention Analysis compares Before and After time series at an Impact site. A special case, sometimes useful when the anticipated effects are “local,” is Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI), using comparison sites as covariates to reduce extraneous variance and serial correlation. Both sampling error and natural temporal processes cause uncertainty in inferences: both must be modeled. The models are themselves uncertain. The Impact site is not randomly selected, so these are observational studies, not experiments. Whether and how the change caused the “effects” must be based on their timing and on studies of mechanisms. Keywords: BACI ; impact assessment; intervention analysis; monitoring; observational studies; time series
Updated List of Taxa for Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma

The following is a list of vascular plants of the redbed plains and gypsum areas of southwestern Oklahoma based on specimens collected by the author and deposited in the Oklahoma State Herbarium and the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma. In addition, 26 taxa collected by previous workers and four observed, but not collected, are included and so indicated. Each taxon is listed alphabetically within its family and families are listed in order according to the Engler-Prantl classification scheme. Nomenclature originally followed that of Correll and Johnston (1970) and Waterfall (1969), but has been updated by Bruce Hoagland of the Oklahoma Biological Survey according to the National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA accessed January 2009.
Transcription from two promoters and autoregulation contribute to the control of expression of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar regulatory gene flgM.

The flgM gene product has been shown to be a negative regulator of flagellin transcription in Salmonella typhimurium (K. L. Gillen and K. T. Hughes, J. Bacteriol. 173:2301-2310, 6453-6459, 1991; K. Ohnishi, K. Kutsukake, H. Suzuki, and T. Iino, Mol. Microbiol. 6:3149-3157, 1992). Mud-lac fusions to the flgM gene were isolated and used to characterize the regulation of flgM gene expression. Transcription of the flgM gene was decreased more than 30-fold in strains with the flagellar master regulatory genes, flhC and flhD, deleted. A class 2 flagellar defect caused a slight increase of flgM gene transcription unless a wild-type copy of the flgM gene was present, in which case transcription was decreased threefold. A deletion in the gene for the alternative sigma factor sigma 28 (FliA) caused a fourfold decrease in flgM expression. Insertional inactivation of a gene upstream of the flgM gene (flgA) in a fliA mutant strain caused transcription of the flgM gene to be decreased to a basal level. Northern (RNA) blot analysis confirmed the presence of two transcripts through the flgM gene, one which initiates upstream of the flgM gene and a second which initiates upstream of the flgA gene. Images
Performance evaluation of point-spread function engineering to reduce the impact of depth-induced aberrations on extended depth-of-field microscopy

In this study, we evaluated a point-spread function (PSF) engineered using wave front encoding (WFE) and a generalized cubic phase mask (GCPM) design selected to reduce the impact of depth-induced spherical aberration (SA) on extended depth-of-field (EDOF) microscopy with high NA lenses. Mean-square-error based metrics computed from three-dimensional (3D) depth-variant WFE-PSFs with increasing amounts of SA were used to quantify the engineered PSF's sensitivity to SA and to compare it to the sensitivity of the cubic-phase mask (CPM) PSF traditionally used for EDOF microscopy. The potential performance of the engineered PSF with resilience to SA was further evaluated with simulations in which EDOF images of a 3D object were obtained by processing WFE images with and without SA. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the EDOF images with the true object show that the WFE-PSF engineering with the selected GCPM design provides better performance in reducing the impact of SA. In addition, the GCPM-based EDOF images do not suffer from the known lateral shift of object features located away from the plane of focus encountered in traditional CPM-based EDOF images.
Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model forUnderstanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development

Acetabularia acetabulum is the organism that provided the first compelling experimental evidence both for the role of an organelle whose function was unknown, the nucleus, and for the existence of morphogenetic substances, the behavior of which presaged the discovery of mRNA in other organisms. This giant unicell holds special appeal as a model system, because the contribution of its diploid nucleus to cellular processes can be assessed using simple amputation and grafting experiments and because it lends itself to a wide range of methods in cell, molecular, and developmental biology. It remains an excellent model system for understanding how body regions are functionally and structurally distinguished from each other without cellular compartmentation. Advances in genetics (that is, mutant selection and analysis, large-scale transformation) will greatly increase the power of this system to address fundamental questions in development and morphogenesis. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of the system and outline the body of knowledge that would make the system more powerful. and broadly appealing.
Role of the Vagus Nerves in the Cardiovascular Changes Induced by Coronary Occlusion

The importance of vagus nerves to the heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure, and incidence of fatal arrhythmias produced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Occlusion performed in 20 animals with intact vagus nerves produced significant decreases in heart rate (23 ± 5.3 beats/min), contractile force (23 ± 6.6%), and blood pressure (20 ± 2.7 mm Hg). Time to onset of arrhythmias was 2.6 ± 0.4 minutes and death due to ventricular fibrillation occurred in four of 20 animals. Occlusion performed in 20 animals with bilateral vagotomy and 20 animals with intact vagus nerves but pretreated with atropine did not decrease heart rate and resulted in significantly more deaths. Time to onset of the arrhythmia was significantly less in both cases. Occlusion produced the usual decrease in contractile force and blood pressure. In addition, a delayed (i.e., after sinus rhythm was restored) decrease in blood pressure and contractile...
The travelling salesman problem: selected algorithms and heuristics†

This paper is an overview of the classic travelling salesman problem, and selected algorithms and heuristics that solve the problem. Four algorithms or heuristics are presented. They were chosen because of their diverse modes of attack and their implications for efficiency. Two of the algorithms are exact: an exhaustive approach and a dynamic programming approach. The other two are heuristics (approximate algorithms): the nearest neighbour approach and the nearest addition approach. The nearest insertion algorithm, which is similar to the nearest addition algorithm, is also discussed. Examples are given for each algorithm, and its worst case behaviour is analysed. Finally, there is discussion of guaranteed bounds on the costs of tours produced by the heuristics. †This work was supported by a grant from the James Madison University Program of Grants for Faculty Educational Leaves.
The progressive effects of athletic training on the red and white blood cells and the total plasma protein.

Previous studies have shown that hard physical training first lowers, then gradually raises the total amount of hemoglobin. Variable results have been reported on the white blood cell count and the total plasma protein. This study was undertaken in an attempt to obtain progressive data on human subjects throughout an entire season of training for sports. Three graduate students served as subjects. One underwent an extremely hard athletic training program. The second participated in a program of moderate intensity. The third subject served as a constant control. No marked hematological changes related to the training program were observed in the subject undergoing a moderate athletic training program. In the subject who underwent a hard athletic training program, the hemoglobin percentage showed an initial drop followed by a subsequent rise. A similar trend was observed in the hemoglobin per erythrocyte values. A slightly higher number of leucocytes was noted at the end of the training period. These changes are interpreted as caused by the physical training. The differential white count and the total plasma protein showed no appreciable changes directly attributable to the training involved.
Preparation and characterization of some alumosiloxanes as single-source MOCVD precursors for aluminosilicate coatings

Alumosiloxanes [Al(OSiMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 , (Me 3 SiO) 2 Al[OSi(OBu-t) 3 ], [(acac)Al(OSiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , (Ox)Al[OSi(OBu-t) 3 ] 2 , (Me=CH 3 ; Bu-t= t-C 4 H 9 ; acac = C 5 H 7 O 2 ; Ox = C 9 H 6 NO) have been synthesized and their thermal properties have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis in Ar over the temperature range of 25-500°C. The compounds [Al(OSiMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 and [(acac)Al(OSiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 showed substantial volatility during heating regardless of their dimeric structures in the solid state; while the other compounds were largely decomposed under the same conditions. Therefore, [Al(OSiMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 and [(acac)Al(OSiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 have been chosen as prospective precursors for the MOCVD of aluminosilicate coatings. Investigation of these compounds by laser mass-spectrometry (laser excitation at 355nm) has shown that the decomposition pathway proceeds through the formation of a number of heavy species originating from dimeric [>Al Al<] fragments of [Al(OSiMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 and [(acac)Al(OSiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 molecules and silicon-containing light species of m/z 52 (C 2 Si) and 55(C 2 H 3 Si) originating from OSiMe 3 ligands. Initial experiments have been carried out on the deposition of aluminosilicate coatings on silicon carbide from the precursors described.
The Relative Usefulness of Multiple Measures for Differentiating among Groups of People

An index is suggested that measures the change in Wilks' lambda that occurs when a variable is removed from a complete set that is purported to differentiate among groups.
Direct interaction theory of inelastic scattering. Part I

In this paper the direct interaction theory of inelastic scattering of nucleons on nuclei is developed. The method of distorted waves is required since the plane wave approximation for the projectile is not sufficient for a detailed analysis of these processes. Several interesting selection rules are derived and comparison of these rules with experiments are presented. In particular, it is shown how information about level spins in nuclei can be derived from inelastic scattering experiments.
Red Blood Cells of a Transgenic Mouse Expressing High Levels of Human Hemoglobin S Exhibit Deoxy-stimulated Cation Flux*

and Na+ transport in RBCs from control mice (C57Bl/6J) and a transgenic (αHβS[βMDD]) mouse line that expresses high levels of human αH and βS-chains and has a small percent dense cells but does not exhibit anemia. In transgenic mouse RBCs (n= 5) under oxygenated conditions, K+ efflux was 0.22 ± 0.01 mmol/L cell × min and Na+ influx was 0.17 ± 0.02 mmol/L cell × min. Both fluxes were stimulated by 10 min deoxygenation in transgenic but not in control mice. The deoxy-stimulated K+ efflux from transgenic mouse RBCs was about 55% inhibited by 5 nm charybdotoxin (CTX), a blocker of the calcium activated K+-channel. To compare the fluxes between human and mouse RBCs, we measured the area of mouse RBCs and normalized values to area per liter of cells. The deoxy-simulated CTX-sensitive K+ efflux was larger than the CTX-sensitive K+ efflux observed in RBCs from SS patients. These results suggest that in transgenic mice, deoxygenation increases cytosolic Ca2+ to levels which open Ca2+-activated K+ channels. The presence of these channels was confirmed in both control and transgenic mice by clamping intracellular Ca2+ at 10 μm with the ionophore A23187 and measuring Ca2+-activated K+ efflux. Both types of mouse had similar maximal rates of CTX-sensitive, Ca2+-activated K+ efflux that were similar to those in human SS cells. The capacity of the mouse red cell membrane to regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels was examined by measurements of the maximal rate of calmodulin activated Ca2+-ATPase activity. This activity was 3-fold greater than that observed in human RBCs thus indicating that mouse RBC membranes have more capacity to regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels.
The call center couple: India's new middle class

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the concept of the “call center couple” (CCC) as a symbol of the new middle class (NMC) and how it will influence markets, work, and family in India.Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the demographic shifts taking place in India's urban centres.Findings – The rise of the NMC will forever democratize the family and employment markets.Originality/value – The paper provides insights into the emerging middle class through the experiences of “CCCs”.
Integrability lost: Chaotic dynamics of classical strings on a confining holographic background

Abstract It is known that classical string dynamics on pure AdS 5 × S 5 is integrable and plays an important role in solvability. This is a deep and central issue in holography. Here we investigate similar classical integrability for a more realistic confining background and provide a negative answer. The dynamics of a class of simple string configurations on AdS soliton background can be mapped to the dynamics of a set of non-linearly coupled oscillators. In a suitable limit of small fluctuations we discuss a quasi-periodic analytic solution of the system. Numerics indicates chaotic behavior as the fluctuations are not small. Integrability implies the existence of a regular foliation of the phase space by invariant manifolds. Our numerics shows how this nice foliation structure is eventually lost due to chaotic motion. We also verify a positive Lyapunov index for chaotic orbits. Our dynamics is roughly similar to other known non-integrable coupled oscillator systems like Henon–Heiles equations.
Nickel(0) stilbene complexes and the structure of bis(tri-p-tolylphosphine)(trans-stilbene)nickel(0) hemitetrahydrofuranate

Abstract A series of nickel(0)—stilbene complexes has been prepared by the reaction of triarylphosphines or tert-butyl isocyanide with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) in hexane. The structure of the complex bis(tri-p-tolylphosphine)(trans-stilbene)nickel(0) hemitetrahydrofuranate, Ni[P(C6H4CH3)3]2[(C6H5)HCCH(C6H5)] · 0.5(C4H8O), has been determined at room temperature from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to a final R index (on F) of 0.092 based on 2417 observations above background. The material crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group D102h-Pccn, with eight molecules of complex and four molecules of solvent in a cell of dimensions a = 19.548(8), b = 26.145(12), c = 19.718(9) ». The Ni atom has trigonal coordination if the olefin is regarded as a monodentate ligand. The five atoms of the inner coordination sphere are distorted planar and the two olefinic carbon atoms are essentially equidistant from the nickel atom. The structure is compared with that of bis(tri-p-tolylphosphine)(azobenzene)nickel(0) determined previously. Observed differences in the bonding of the olefin and the isoelectronic azo complex are discussed.
In quest of methods for measuring 3D mechanical properties of composites

Abstract Accurate and efficient full three-dimensional characterization of mechanical properties of composite materials, including stress–strain curves and strength characteristics, is essential for understanding complex deformation and failure mechanisms of composites and optimizing material qualification efforts. This work summarizes the ongoing effort by the authors in pursuit of methods for measuring multiple mechanical properties of composite materials from a single experiment; and presents a new method enabling simultaneous assessment of the shear stress–strain curves in all three principal material planes. The method uses a small rectangular plate torsion specimen. The method is relying on digital image correlation to capture deformation including the out-of-plane strain components; and on finite element-based stress calculation. Nonlinear interlaminar shear stress–strain constitutive properties, generated in the 1–3 principal material plane, are compared with existing data for a practical carbon/epoxy tape material system. In addition, a stress–strain curve characterizing the nonlinear interlaminar shear properties in the 2–3 principal material plane at all strain levels including large shear strain, is captured in this work for the first time.
Physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen an wasserlöslichen Chlorophyllderivaten

Ultraspektrophotometrische Untersuchungen von wasserloslichen Chlorophyllderivaten (CD) wurden vor und nach Bestrahlung mit kurzwelligem Licht vorgenommen. Die Wirkung hangt von der Konzentration der CD und von der Intensitat der Bestrahlung ab. Kontrollversuche wurden mit reinem Chlorophyll durchgefuhrt. Rontgenbeugungsbilder der CD zeigten zwei diffuse Ringe mit Abstanden entsprechend 4,12 und 10,5 A. Elektrophoretische Messungen zeigten, das CD mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 2,7×10−5 cm/Sek. und Volt wandern. Kombinierte elektrophoretische und kolorimetrische Messungen geben praktisch keinen Hinweis auf eine Fraktionierung durch den elektrischen Strom. Nach Versuchen mit der Technik vonWarburg beeinflussen CDs den Sauerstoffmetabolismus verschiedener tierischer und pflanzlicher Gewebe nicht.
From Agitation to Institutionalization: The Student Anti-Sweatshop Movement in the New Millennium

This article provides an overview of the student anti-sweatshop movement and argues that the movement has been somewhat successful at changing policies. The primary objectives are twofold: first, to supplement existing literature on the anti-sweat-shop movement by offering an account of its emergence and evolution at Indiana University—Bloomington; and second, to describe the Designated Suppliers Program (DSP), a United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) initiative that proactively seeks to improve conditions for workers producing university-licensed apparel.
Dog, cat, and human bites: A review

It is estimated that half of all Americans will be bitten by an animal or another human being during their lifetimes. The vast majority of the estimated 2 million annual mammalian bite wounds are minor, and the victims never seek medical attention. Nonetheless, bite wounds account for approximately 1% of all emergency department visits and more than $30 million in annual health care costs. Infection is the most common bite-associated complication; the relative risk is determined by the species of the inflicting animal, bite location, host factors, and local wound care. Most infections caused by mammalian bites are polymicrobial, with mixed aerobic and anaerobic species. The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of infected bite wounds vary according to the causative organisms. Human bite wounds have long had a bad reputation for severe infection and frequent complication. However, recent data demonstrate that human bites occurring anywhere other than the hand present no more of a risk for infection than any other type of mammalian bite. The increased incidence of serious infections and complications associated with human bites to the hand warrants their consideration and management in three different categories: occlusional/simple, clenched fist injuries, and occlusional bites to the hand. This article reviews dogs, cat, and human bite wounds, risk factors for complications, evaluation components, bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and recommended treatments. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of infections caused by Pasteurella multocida, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Eikenella corrodens, and rhabdovirus (rabies only) receive particular emphasis.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN THE TERPENOIDS OF JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM (CUPRESSACEAE)—SUMMER VERSUS WINTER

Samples of Juniperus scopulorum taken in January, 1977, were compared to samples of July, 1975. Only one significant difference was found in the winter sample compared to thirteen in the summer, 1975 sample. Five compounds showed significant changes from day to day in the winter compared to eleven in the summer. Thirty-two compounds showed significant differences among trees in the winter in contrast to thirty-six significant differences in the summer. Diurnal variation can apparently be minimized by sampling during the most dormant period and is strongly encouraged for chemosys-