cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial auction-based allocation of virtual machine instances in clouds

Most of the current cloud computing providers allocate virtual machine instances to their users through fixed-price allocation mechanisms. We argue that combinatorial auction-based allocation mechanisms are especially efficient over the fixed-price mechanisms since the virtual machine instances are assigned to users having the highest valuation. We formulate the problem of virtual machine allocation in clouds as a combinatorial auction problem and propose two mechanisms to solve it. The proposed mechanisms are extensions of two existing combinatorial auction mechanisms. We perform extensive simulation experiments to compare the two proposed combinatorial auction-based mechanisms with the currently used fixed-price allocation mechanism. Our experiments reveal that the combinatorial auction-based mechanisms can significantly improve the allocation efficiency while generating higher revenue for the cloud providers.
Macroeconomic adjustment under alternative lending arrangements

Abstract This paper investigates macroeconomic adjustment for a small open economy under alternative lending arrangements. The arrangements considered all have the common feature of a link between international lending rates and measures of creditworthiness. By employing an intertemporal maximizing model of a small open economy, the paper analyzes adjustment paths for the stock of international debt, the real exchange rate, and consumption in response to economic shocks. The paper finds that arrangements linking interest rates on lending to the outstanding stock of debt are consistent with a stable adjustment trajectory, whereas arrangements linking interest rates to performance on the trade balance are likely to be unstable.
Trace expansions for elliptic cone operators with stationary domains

We analyze the behavior of the trace of the resolvent of an ellip- tic cone differential operator as the spectral parameter tends to infinity. The resolvent splits into two components, one associated with the minimal exten- sion of the operator, and another, of finite rank, depending on the particular choice of domain. We give a full asymptotic expansion of the first compo- nent and expand the component of finite rank in the case where the domain is stationary. The results make use, and develop further, our previous investi- gations on the analytic and geometric structure of the resolvent. The analysis of nonstationary domains, considerably more intricate, is pursued elsewhere.
Finite-resolution hidden surface removal

We propose a hybrid image-space/object-space solution to the classical hidden surface removal problem: Given n disjoint triangles in Real^3 and p sample points (``pixels'') in the xy-plane, determine the first triangle directly behind each pixel. Our algorithm constructs the sampled visibility map of the triangles with respect to the pixels, which is the subset of the trapezoids in a trapezoidal decomposition of the analytic visibility map that contain at least one pixel. The sampled visibility map adapts to local changes in image complexity, and its complexity is bounded both by the number of pixels and by the complexity of the analytic visibility map. Our algorithm runs in time O(n^{1+e} + n^{2/3+e}t^{2/3} + p), where t is the output size and e is any positive constant. This is nearly optimal in the worst case and compares favorably with the best output-sensitive algorithms for both ray casting and analytic hidden surface removal. In the special case where the pixels form a regular grid, a sweepline variant of our algorithm runs in time O(n^{1+e} + n^{2/3+e}t^{2/3} + t log p), which is usually sublinear in the number of pixels.
An approach to chaos in some mixed $$p$$-spin models

We consider the problems of chaos in disorder and temperature for coupled copies of the mixed \(p\)-spin models. Under certain assumptions on the parameters of the models, first we prove a weak form of chaos by showing that the overlap is concentrated around its Gibbs average depending on the disorder and then obtain several results toward strong chaos by providing control of the overlap between two systems in terms of their Parisi measures.
On the use of transfer coefficients in dynamic process models

Abstract The question of what conditions are necessary in order for lumped transfer coefficients to be useful in dynamic process models is considered. The unsteady state analog of the Graetz problem is used as an example. An expression is derived for a characteristic time required for transport to approach the steady state rate in the radial direction of a tube with constant wall temperature or concentration. Disturbances in the bulk properties occurring on a longer time scale can be considered in quasi-steady state in the radial direction although there may be significant dynamic effects in the axial direction. In this regime the dynamics can be described by a one-dimensional model with appropriate lumped transport coefficients. The characteristic time for radial dynamics is found to be maximum far from the tube inlet. It is directly proportional to the fluid Peclet number. The time constant is a function of the fluid velocity profile, decreasing to zero as the velocity approaches plug flow. Numerical results are presented for a parabolic velocity profile.
Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. An analysis of 21 cases

Twenty-one cases of clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium are analysed in an effort to characterize the histologic features and biologic behavior of this type of neoplasm in the uterus and thereby to shed further light on the histogenesis of clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract. The clinical profile of the patients closely paralleled that of women with the usual types of carcinoma of the endometrium. Fifteen (71%) were stage I, five were stage II, and one was stage IV at diagnosis. An assessment of the clinical stage and depth of myometrial invasion are useful in predicting the prognosis. The actuarial survival for all stages is 55.3% at 5 years, which is somewhat lower than that of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in general. Operation alone or combined with radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for stage 1 clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. The most cogent evidence for a mullerian rather than a mesonephric origin for clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract is its presence in the endometrium, a Mullerian derivative. More specific points that support this concept are the findings of clear cell carcinoma confined to an otherwise benign endometrial polyp in two instances, the initimate admixture of clear cell and typical adenocarcinoma in three other instances, and the absence of mesonephric remnants in any of the 21 cases.
A DOWN-TO-EARTH VIEW OF SPACE FLIGHT

In many respects, the rocket capital of the United States is White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. Here, in the 40-mile-wide basin between the San Andres and Sacramento mountains, rocket vehicles designed and built in widely different parts of the country are tested and fired. This is where the Viking established a record altitude for single stage rockets of 136 miles and where the two-stage Bumper Wac ascended 250 miles, the highest altitude reached by a man-made vehicle. There is a saying among the rocket technicians who meet and discuss their work at White Sands-a phrase which goes like this, “You have either just had trouble, or you are now having trouble, or you are about to have trouble.” A few successful flights have received wide publicity; the public seldom learns about the many rockets which do not fulfill predictions. Nor is it explained that great odds were overcome to produce a record flight-a flight that would have been nullified by the failure of one component in several thousand. In a rocket-everything must work. It is because I have spent much of the last six years at White Sands that I have such a downto-earth attitude toward space travel.
Inter-organizational networks: Stringing wires across administrative boundaries

Abstract The fundamental difference between computer-communication networks that operate across administrative boundaries and more traditional interorganizational communication modes is that a user in one organization can cause some event to occur automatically within the domain of another organization, without any human intervention or auditing. We discuss four categories of network application, each of which provides a different range of capabilities to external users and a different degree of control over external-usage to an organization. We generalize on the organizational-policy issues identified in these four categories and provide an example of a policy problem that arises across the full spectrum of network applications, the pairwise connection problem. We then describe the concerns that might commonly arise across two types of administrative boundary, budget and proprietary; for example, cost accounting, security, and control of transit. We also comment on the difficulty of employing existing technical mechanisms to implement policy controls in gateways. Of the three arenas of inter-organizational network activity that we describe, the research-center/university arena employs the most sophisticated technology and applications. We attribute the relative intensity of organizational-policy problems encountered in this arena to the degree of integration of each participating organization's internal facilities with its external-communication facilities. Similarly, we speculate that the absence of such integration in existing industry-wide and supplier-customer communication arenas partially accounts for the rarity with which organizational-policy problems have been encountered to date. We conclude by speculating on a number of public-policy questions that inter-corporate network interconnection will pose: in particular the implications for public versus private telecommunications services, and the implications for competition and/or cooperation among firms.
Bandwidth allocation in fair distributed queue (FDQ) networks

Fair distributed queue (FDQ) is a high speed metropolitan area network^3^,^5. It has been shown^3^,^5 that FDQ has fair throughput and delay characteristics and is a highly scalable protocol, in that its performance is little affected by growing network sizes and/or transmission speeds. FDQ allocates equal bandwidth to all active nodes. In this paper, we focus on dividing the capacity arbitrarily among the active nodes. Under heavy load, this results in nodes achieving throughput rates equal to their allocated bandwidths. Under normal load conditions, we aim to provide equal Quality of Service (QoS) to the nodes in terms of message delay, if their arrival rates turn out to be equal to their allocated bandwidths. We present the bandwidth allocation FDQ (BA-FDQ) protocol, which achieves this objective subject to propagation delays. The delay characteristics of BA-FDQ are compared via simulation with FDQ, DQDB and DQDB with BWB under symmetric load (an important special case in the absence of known arrival rates). We also consider arbitrary bandwidth allocations and study the delay characteristics of BA-FDQ by simulation. Our studies show that BA-FDQ makes the mean message delays of individual nodes close to each other (as intended) for transmission on one of the buses when the arrival rates match allocated bandwidth.
Thermal cleavage of the 3,4 bond in a cyclobutane-1,2-dione

Abstract Pyrolysis of trans-3,4-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylcyclobutane-1,2-dione results in an isomerization interpreted to involve formation of a dioxatetramethyleneethane biradical. This biradical would arise from a hitherto unprecedented 3,4 bond cleavage.
Enantiospecific synthesis of N-benzyl-2-alkyl pyrrolidines and piperidines mediated by chiral organoborane reagents

Abstract A new general method for synthesizing N-benzyl-2-alkylpyrrolidines and N-benzyl-2-alkylpiperidines, having very high enantiomeric excess, has been achieved starting from aldehydes and organoborane reagents.
Religion and Economy

Religion has a two-way interaction with political economy. With religion viewed as a dependent variable, a central question is how economic development and political institutions affect religious participation and beliefs. With religion viewed as an independent variable, a key issue is how religiosity affects individual characteristics, such as work ethic, honesty and thrift, and thereby influences economic performance. In this paper, we sketch previous studies of this two-way interaction but focus on our ongoing quantitative research with international data.
Neural mechanisms to improve timing

Abstract We use probabilistic techniques to study neural systems which improve the timing accuracy of action potential firing. A striking example of such accuracy was discovered in the columnar region of the VNLL by Covey and Casseday (J. Neurosci. 11 (1991) 3456). In response to sound stimulation, these VNLL cells fire an action potential whose latency under repeated trials has a standard deviation of approximately 100 μs . This is remarkable because the typical standard deviation in the auditory nerve is 1 ms . In simple systems, we show how the improvement in timing depends on the number of incoming fibers and the number of hits required in a small time window.
A built-in table lookup arithmetic unit

A novel approach to arithmetic operations in digital computers is described which requires fewer stages of logic and fewer components than conventional adder circuitry. This is accomplished by using the decimal digits in an arithmetic field to complete memory addresses which in turn are used to reference a set of answers prestored in magnetic core storage. Multiple non-contiguous memory addresses stored in the machine hardware then reference the various digit positions of the sum, difference, or partial product at the proper time in the arithmetic cycle to develop the result. The accuracy of all results is easily verified by simply performing an automatic validity check on the data paths within the computer system.The machine operator need not concern himself with the "hardware" method used within the computer, since the arithmetic commands commonly found in digital computers (Add, Subtract, etc.) are available in the instruction set for the system shown; table lookup circuitry does the work.
Heat generation in sealed batteries

Analytical method predicting heat generation in sealed batteries, noting overcharge ratio effects
Root System of a Perturbation of a Selfadjoint Operator with Discrete Spectrum

We analyze the perturbations T + B of a selfadjoint operator T in a Hilbert space H with discrete spectrum \({\{ t_k\}, T \phi_k = t_k \phi_k}\). In particular, if tk+1 − tk ≥ ckα - 1, α > 1/2 and \({\| B \phi_k \| = o(k^{\alpha - 1})}\) then the system of root vectors of T + B, eventually eigenvectors of geometric multiplicity 1, is an unconditional basis in H (Theorem 6). Under the assumptions \({t_{k+p} - t_k \geq d > 0, \forall k}\) (with d and p fixed) and \({\| B \phi_k \| \rightarrow 0}\) a Riesz system {Pk} of projections on invariant subspaces of T + B, Rank Pk ≤ p, is constructed (Theorem 3).
Techniques for user testing of the 68882

Abstract The paper describes a user's approach to testing the 68882 floating-point coprocessor. The primary reason for the development of the test program was not for incoming inspection but for vendor evaluation. The test vectors were developed functionally by executing instructions on a 68882, while using tester software to emulate a microprocessor system. A description of the testing strategy, and specific examples from the 68882 program are included.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: A premalignant lesion

Putative premalignant changes in the prostate have been recognized for a number of years. A variety of synonyms have been given to the most commonly described lesion, characterized by proliferation and dysplasia of the normal two cell layers lining prostatic acini and ductules; prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the term most often used. A premalignant prostatic lesion should have morphologic features similar to invasive carcinoma (CA), a spatial association with microinvasive cancer arising from the lesion, and should occur at a greater frequency, severity and extent in organs harboring CA. Most definitively, progression from the premalignant lesion into CA should be observed over time. PIN fulfills all but the last of these requirements. High grade PIN is cytologically indistinguishable from prostate carcinoma (CAP). The major differentiating feature between PIN and CAP is the presence, although frequently disrupted, of the basal cell layer in the former. We have studied the basal cell layer in PIN using antibodies to high molecular weight cytokeratins and have found a correlation between PIN grade and the percent disruption of the basal cell layer. The cells making up PIN are phenotypically similar to those of CAP. We have used a variety of markers including cytokeratins, vimentin and the lectin Ulex euroapaeus to demonstrate this similarity. Additionally, we and others have noted decreased PIN immunoreactivity with antibodies directed against prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase. Other investigators have noted additional phenotypic similarities between PIN and CAP, including the ABH and Lewis antigens. PIN incidence and grade correlate well with the presence of CAP elsewhere in the prostate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Self-gravitating Magnetically Supported Protostellar Disks and the Formation of Substellar Companions

Isolated low-mass stars are formed, in the standard picture, from the collapse of dense cores condensed out of strongly magnetized molecular clouds. The dynamically collapsing inflow traps nearly half of the critical magnetic flux needed for the core support and deposits it in a small region surrounding the protostar. It has been argued previously that the deposited flux can slow down the inflow, allowing matter to pile up and settle along field lines into a magnetically supported, circumstellar disk. Here we show that the disk typically contains ~10% of the stellar mass and that it could become self-gravitating under plausible conditions during the rapidly accreting, "Class 0" phase of star formation. Subsequent fragmentation of the self-gravitating, magnetically subcritical disk, driven by magnetic diffusion, could produce fragments of substellar masses, which collapse to form brown dwarfs and possibly massive planets. This scenario predicts substellar object formation at distances of order 100 AU from the central star, although orbital evolution is possible after formation. It may provide an explanation for the small, but growing, number of brown dwarf companions found around nearby stars by direct imaging. The relatively large formation distances make the substellar companions vulnerable to dynamic ejection, particularly in binary (multiple) systems and dense clusters. Those ejected may account for, at least in part, the isolated brown dwarfs and perhaps free-floating planetary mass objects.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Employment Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Turkey

Summary Employing a unique panel of 691 private firms that accounted for 26% of total value added in manufacturing in Turkey, the paper explores the impacts of exchange rate volatility on employment growth during the period of 1983–2005. The empirical analysis using a variety of specifications, estimation techniques, and robustness tests suggests that exchange rate volatility has a statistically and economically significant employment growth reducing effect on manufacturing firms. Using point estimates, the results suggest that for an average firm a one standard deviation increase in real exchange rate volatility reduces employment growth in the range of 1.4–2.1 percentage points.
Reasoning and planning with sensing actions, incomplete information, and static causal laws using answer set programming

We extend the 0-approximation of sensing actions and incomplete information in Son and Baral (2001) to action theories with static causal laws and prove its soundness with respect to the possible world semantics. We also show that the conditional planning problem with respect to this approximation is NP-complete. We then present an answer set programming based conditional planner, called ASCP, that is capable of generating both conformant plans and conditional plans in the presence of sensing actions, incomplete information about the initial state, and static causal laws. We prove the correctness of our implementation and argue that our planner is sound and complete with respect to the proposed approximation. Finally, we present experimental results comparing ASCP to other planners.
The standing wave model of the mesons and baryons

Abstract Only photons are needed to explain the masses of the π 0 , η, Λ, Σ 0 , Ξ 0 , Ω − , Λ c + , Σ c 0 , Ξ c 0 and Ω c 0 mesons and baryons with the sum of the energies contained in the frequencies of standing electromagnetic waves in a cubic black body. Only neutrinos are needed to explain the mass of the π ± mesons with the sum of the energies of standing oscillations of muon and electron neutrinos in a cubic lattice plus the energies contained in the rest masses of the neutrinos. Neutrinos and photons are needed to explain the masses of the K ± mesons. Surprisingly the mass of the μ ± mesons can also be explained without an additional assumption by the oscillation energies and rest masses of a neutrino lattice. From the difference of the masses of the π ± mesons and μ ± mesons we find that the rest mass of the muon neutrino is 47.5 meV/c 2 . From the difference of the masses of the neutron and proton we find that the rest mass of the electron neutrino is 0.55 meV/c 2 . The potential of the weak force between the lattice points can be determined from Born’s lattice theory. From the weak force between the lattice points follows automatically the existence of a strong force between the sides of two lattices. The strong nuclear force is the sum of the unsaturated weak forces at the sides of each lattice and is therefore about 10 6 times stronger than the weak force.
Potential Pitfalls in Determining Multiple Structural Changes With an Application to Purchasing Power Parity

We investigate the empirical performance of the Bai and Perron multiple structural change tests and show that the use of their critical values may cause severe size distortions in persistent series. To correct these size distortions while maintaining a good power, we implement the Bai structural change test and extend it in two directions, developing a new procedure to choose the number of breaks and a restricted version that specifically models breaks that imply mean or trend reversion. Using our new methodologies, we reconcile the results of unit root tests with those of tests for structural change when testing for long-run purchasing power parity.
Stereospecific Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Potassium Alkenyltrifluoroborates with Alkyl Halides

A general method for the alkenylation of alkyl electrophiles using nearly stoichiometric amounts of the air- and moisture-stable potassium organotrifluoroborates has been developed. Various functional groups were tolerated on both the nucleophilic and electrophilic partner. Reactions of highly substituted E- and Z-alkenyltrifluoroborates, as well as vinyl- and propenyltrifluoroborates, were successful, and no loss of stereochemistry or regiochemistry was observed.
Modeling of the phase behavior in Ternary triblock copolymer/water/oil systems

Ternary poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO)/water/oil systems have been studied theoretically with a lattice mean-field theory. Phase diagrams for three PEO−PPO−PEO block copolymers are presented, and the existence of the ordered cubic micellar, hexagonal, lamellar, reverse hexagonal, and reverse cubic micellar phases as well as disorded water-rich and water-poor phases was considered. It was found that the length of the EO blocks strongly affected the phase behavior. The lamellar phase was studied in more detail with respect to the domain spacing and interfacial area per PEO block at different compositions and to the polymer conformations. The degree of looplike conformations and of bridging conformations across the apolar domain (PO + oil) was found to be dependent on the apolar domain thickness. Comparison with experimentally determined phase diagrams and lamellar domain spacings was also made.
Financial Crises and Labor Market Turbulence

Abstract Financial crises in emerging markets trigger a significant reallocation of labor as exchange rate depreciations and interest rate increases cause relative prices to change drastically. Household survey data for Mexico reveal that individuals who switched industry or occupation during the 1994–1995 crisis lost about 10% of their hourly earnings on average compared to similar workers who did not move. This suggests that many workers became less productive in the process of migrating to different economic activities. These productivity losses, in turn, can explain about 40% of the observed fall in TFP in Mexico in 1995.
Magnetic fields in molecular clouds: Observations confront theory

This paper presents a summary of all 27 available sensitive Zeeman measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds together with other relevant physical parameters. From these data input parameters to magnetic star formation theory are calculated, and predictions of theory are compared with observations. Results for this cloud sample are the following: (1) Internal motions are supersonic but approximately equal to the Alfv?n speed, which suggests that supersonic motions are likely MHD waves. (2) The ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures ?p ? 0.04, implying that magnetic fields are important in the physics of molecular clouds. (3) The mass-to-magnetic flux ratio is about twice critical, which suggests but does not require that static magnetic fields alone are insufficient to support clouds against gravity. (4) Kinetic and magnetic energies are approximately equal, which suggests that static magnetic fields and MHD waves are roughly equally important in cloud energetics. (5) Magnetic field strengths scale with gas densities as |B| ?? with ? ? 0.47; this agrees with the prediction of ambipolar diffusion driven star formation, but this scaling may also be predicted simply by Alfv?nic motions. The measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds make it clear that magnetic fields are a crucial component of the physics governing cloud evolution and star formation.
Four High-Temperature Ferromagnets in the Hf–Fe–Sn System

We report the synthesis and characterization of four new ferromagnetic compounds discovered using Sn flux: Hf1.823(16)Fe5Sn3.815(14), HfFe2–xSnx, and two polymorphs of Hf1–xFe2Snx. All are closely related to HfFe2 Laves phase parent structures. HfFe2–xSnx (x ≈ 0.3–0.4) adopts the MgZn2-type (C14) crystal structure, whereas Hf1–xFe2Snx (x ≈ 0.1–0.4) adopts both the MgCu2-type (C15), and MgNi2-type (C36) structures. They crystallize in P63/mmc, Fd3m, and P63/mmc, respectively, with measured unit-cell parameters of a = 4.9238(7) A and c = 7.9643(12) A; a = 7.068(2) A; and a = 4.9944(4) A and c = 16.2604(15) A, although phase width leads to a range of unit cell edge lengths. Hf1.823(16)Fe5Sn3.815(14) adopts a more complicated, incommensurately modulated structure in the superspace group Xmmm(00γ)000 with an orthorhombic subcell a = 9.7034(12) A, b = 16.823(2) A, and c = 8.4473(10) A, three centering vectors of (1/2 0 0 1/2), (0 1/2 0 1/2), and (1/2 1/2 0 0), and a single-component modulation vector q = 0.276...
Chemical synthesis of sulfated oligosaccharides with a β-d-Gal-(1→3)-[β-d-Gal-(1→4)-(α-l-Fuc-(1→3)-β-d-GlcNAc-(1→6)]-α-d-GalNAc sequence

Abstract The syntheses of two sulfated pentasaccharides: β- d -Gal6SO 3 Na-(1→3)-[β- d -Gal-(1→4)-α- l -Fuc-(1→3)-β- d -GlcNAc-(1→6)]-α- d -GalNAc→OMe ( 1 ) and β- d -Gal6SO 3 Na-(1→3)-[β- d -Gal-(1→4)-α- l -Fuc-(1→3)-β- d -GlcNAc6SO 3 Na-(1→6)]-α- d -GalNAc→OMe ( 2 ) by using Lewis X trisaccharides 12 and 16 as glycosyl donors are described. Sulfated oligosaccharides 1 – 2 and intermediate compounds are fully characterized by 2D 1 H– 1 H DQF-COSY and 2D ROESY experiments.
Coarse lattice results for glueballs and hybrids

Abstract A review of new results from lattice simulations of glueballs and heavy-quark hybrid mesons is presented.
On source radiation

The power output from given sources is usually ascertained via an energy flux integral over the normal directions to a remote (farfield) surface; an alternative procedure, which utilizes an integral that specifies the direct rate of working by the source on the resultant field, is described and illustrated for both point and continuous source distributions. A comparison between the respective procedures is made in the analysis of sound radiated from a periodic dipole source whose axis rotates in a plane, on a full or partial angular range, with prescribed frequency. Thus, adopting a conventional approach, Sretenskii [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 2, 89(1956)] characterizes the rotating dipole in terms of an infinite number of stationary ones along a pair of orthogonal directions in the plane and, through the farfield representation of the latter, arrives at a series development for the instantaneous radiated power, whereas the local manner of power calculation dispenses with the equivalent infinite aggregate of sources and yields a compact analytical result.
In Praise of Weakness: Chartering, the University of the United States, and Dartmouth College

American higher education has been broadly successful in serving its society, in large part because American colleges and universities, and the system of which they are part, were created under conditions of weakness, both academic and financial. This was in part a consequence of the transformation between the American Revolution and the Civil War of the process by which colleges were granted charters. The paper also explores the impact of the failure during the same period to establish a national university, the University of the United States, as recommended by George Washington and his successors in the presidency, as well as the ground-breaking decision of the Supreme Court in the Dartmouth College Case, which prevented its takeover by the State of New Hampshire.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

Energy-efficient applications in the electrical power systems are discussed with reference to the energy losses in the electrical equipment. Simple guidelines for economic evaluation of high-efficiency motors, lighting systems, transformers and cable sizing are presented. Energy-efficient equipment is recommended for all new installations and can also be justified for some retrofit applications. Operating conditions requird for running inplant generators at reduced frequency are discussed and the potential for energy savings is quantified.
A large N chiral transition on a plaquette

Abstract We construct a model of a chiral transition using the well known large N transition in two dimensional U ( N ) lattice gauge theory. Restricting the model to a single plaquette, we introduce Grassmann variables on the corners of the plaquette with the natural phase factors of staggered fermions and couple them to the U ( N ) link variables. The classical theory has a continuous chiral symmetry which is broken at strong couplings, but is restored for weak couplings in the N → ∞ limit.
Energy Conservation From Systematic Tire Pressure Regulation

The majority of U.S. drivers do not consistently monitor the tire pressures in their vehicles. The 2000 TREAD Act, which requires automakers to gradually provide tire pressure monitoring systems for vehicles sold in the U.S. will correct this problem for new vehicles. This law does not impact the problem in previously deployed vehicles, which have a turnover time of ~20 years. A solution is provided here to address under­ inflated tires on the current 220 million vehicles and the concomitant wasted energy due to increased rolling resistance in the U.S. automobile fleet. This communication reports on a preliminary study of tire pressures in randomly chosen vehicles, which were undergoing oil changes at a combined retail/auto­care facility. The study indicates that substantial benefits would accrue if car care facilities systematically offered complimentary tire pressure checks with oil changes including: i) increased safety by decreasing all crashes and saving more than 100 lives, ii) reduced petroleum consumption by over a billion gallons/year, which would iia) provide over $4 billion in economic savings for U.S. consumers that could in part be recouped in retail/auto­care facilities, iib) reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 13.5 million tons and automobile pollution and iic) enhance national security.
Unobserved punishment supports cooperation

Costly punishment can facilitate cooperation in public-goods games, as human subjects will incur costs to punish non-cooperators even in settings where it is unlikely that they will face the same opponents again. Understanding when and why it occurs is important both for the design of economic institutions and for modeling the evolution of cooperation. Our experiment shows that subjects will engage in costly punishment even when it will not be observed until the end of the session, which supports the view that agents enjoy punishment. Moreover, players continue to cooperate when punishment is unobserved, perhaps because they (correctly) anticipate that shirkers will be punished: Fear of punishment can be as effective at promoting contributions as punishment itself.
Precision of the calibration of the AXAF engineering test article (VETA) mirrors

Measurements of the VETA encircled energies have been performed at 5 energies within 16 radii ranging from 0.05 to 200 arcseconds. We report here on the analysis of the accuracy of those measurements. A common 'error tree' structure applies, and we present representative numbers for the larger terms. At 0.277, 1.5, and 2.07 keV, and for radii of 3 arcsec and larger, our measurements have estimated 1 sigma errors of 0.6 to 1.5 percent. Effects of measurement statistics and of the VETA test mount limit the accuracy at smaller angles, and modulation by the counter window support structure together with the imperfect position repeatability limit the accuracy for the 0.93 and 2.3 keV energies. We expect to mitigate these limitations when calibrating the complete AXAF flight mirror assembly.
Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Induced by the Spin Hall Effect

We demonstrate that the spin Hall effect in a thin film with strong spin-orbit scattering can excite magnetic precession in an adjacent ferromagnetic film. The flow of alternating current through a Pt/NiFe bilayer generates an oscillating transverse spin current in the Pt, and the resultant transfer of spin angular momentum to the NiFe induces ferromagnetic resonance dynamics. The Oersted field from the current also generates a ferromagnetic resonance signal but with a different symmetry. The ratio of these two signals allows a quantitative determination of the spin current and the spin Hall angle.
Glaucoma and Mobility Performance: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project

Objective To determine the impact of glaucoma on mobility in a population-based cohort. Design Population-based observational study. Participants Persons examined as part of a population-based eye disease study. Methods Subjects performed a series of tasks, including walking an obstacle course, climbing stairs, performing tandem stands, and walking a 4-meter course. Persons with glaucoma were compared with those without glaucoma to identify differences in mobility. Main Outcome Measures Speed to complete an obstacle course, number of bumps, ability to perform tandem stands, and walking and stair climbing speed. Results One thousand two hundred fifty subjects participated in the study. In an analysis adjusting for age, race, and gender, walking speed through the obstacle course was 2.4 m/minute slower for persons with bilateral glaucoma, and these individuals experienced 1.65 times the number of bumps when compared with persons without glaucoma ( P Conclusions Bilateral glaucoma reduces mobility performance as measured in multiple ways in this population-based study of community-dwelling individuals. Persons with bilateral glaucoma completed the walking course more slowly and had more bumps even after adjusting for use of a mobility aid, comorbidities, and VA. After adjusting for all other factors, persons with bilateral glaucoma walked on average 2.4 m less per minute through the course than those without glaucoma.
Highly enantioselective Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins catalyzed by (S)-pyrrolidine arenesulfonamide

Abstract A new type of catalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition reaction has been designed and synthesized. This catalyst, ( S )-pyrrolidine arenesulfonamide 1 , resulted in high yields (up to 93%), excellent diastereoselectivities ( syn / anti ratio up to 99/1), and excellent enantioselectivities (ee up to 99%) for various cyclic ketones and nitroolefins.
Lasing on higher harmonics

Abstract Lasing at short wavelengths with an accelerator of modest energy can be achieved only with a wiggler of short period and high field, operating, perhaps, at a high harmonic of the fundamental frequency. We discuss the characteristics of wigglers of this kind, designed to lase with harmonic numbers as large as 50 or so, emphasizing their gain, efficiency, and sensitivity to emittance and energy spread.
A continuum description of the energetics and evolution of stepped surfaces in strained nanostructures

As a departure from existing continuum approaches for describing the stability and evolution of surfaces of crystalline materials, this article provides a description of surface evolution based on the physics of the main feature imposed by the discrete nature of the material, namely, crystallographic surface steps. It is shown that the formation energy of surface steps depends on the sign of extensional strain of the crystal surface, and this behavior plays a crucial role in surface evolution. The nature of this dependence implies that there is no energetic barrier to nucleation of islands on the growth surface during deposition, and that island faces tend toward natural orientations which have no counterpart in unstrained materials. This behavior is expressed in terms of a small number of parameters that can be estimated through atomistic analysis of stepped surfaces. The continuum framework developed is then applied to study the time evolution of surface shape of an epitaxial film being deposited onto a substrate. The kinetic equation for mass transport is enforced in a weak form by means of a variational formulation. It is found that islands form without nucleation barriers and they evolve to shapes with natural surface orientations. The implications of the calculations are shown to be consistent with the behavior observed during deposition of semiconductor materials in recently reported experiments. Finally, it is verified that the predictions of the continuum model are essentially the same as those of the discrete step model for an isolated strained island. The development in this article is limited to two-dimensional plane strain deformation to keep the arguments transparent, but this is not a fundamental limitation of the approach.
Theory for the secondary eclipse fluxes, spectra, atmospheres, and light curves of transiting extrasolar giant planets

We have created a general methodology for calculating the wavelength-dependent light curves of close-in extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) as they traverse their orbits. Focusing on the transiting EGPs HD 189733b, TrES-1, and HD 209458b, we calculate planet/star flux ratios during secondary eclipse and compare them with the Spitzer data points obtained so far in the mid-infrared. We introduce a simple parameterization for the redistribution of heat to the planet's night side, derive constraints on this parameter (Pn), and provide a general set of predictions for planet/star contrast ratios as a function of wavelength, model, and phase. Moreover, we calculate average dayside and nightside atmospheric temperature/pressure profiles for each transiting planet/Pn pair with which existing and anticipated Spitzer data can be used to probe the atmospheric thermal structure of severely irradiated EGPs. We find that the baseline models do a good job of fitting the current secondary eclipse data set, but that the Spitzer error bars are not yet small enough to discriminate cleanly among all the various possibilities.
Photolabile Protecting Groups: Structure and Reactivity

This Review focuses on the structure-reactivity relationship of three main classes of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs), that is, the 2-nitrobenzyl (NB) series of PPGs, carbonyl-based PPGs, and benzyl-based PPGs. Recent efforts in developing new PPGs for protection of carbonyl and hydroxy groups are also discussed.
Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions - II. Origin of chromitite layers and similar deposits of other magmatic ores

Abstract A mechanism of origin for chromite-rich layers in stratiform ultramafic-gabbroic intrusions is proposed whereby the layers are precipitated on occasions when the basic parental magma of the intrusion is suddenly extensively contaminated with granitic liquid melted from salic roof rocks. It is inferred that the increase of silica and alkalies in the basic liquid should cause it to become more polymerized with a lower frequency of octahedral sites, so that on continued crystallization, Cr3+ is preferentially expelled (into chromite) owing to its large octahedral crystal-field stabilization energy. The feasibility of this process is demonstrated by experimental data on forsterite-picroohromite crystallization relations in the system K2O-MgO-Cr2O3-SiO2, and its apparent applicability to magmas is illustrated through a comparison of the differentiation patterns of Cr and Ni in the Muskox intrusion. The granitic melt is produced because most of the crystals formed in the intrusion accumulate on its floor, leaving the roof rocks to be continuously exposed to the high temperature of the basic magma. Between episodes of contamination, the melt tends to accumulate on top of the basic magma and to remain separate because of its low density and high viscosity. If not assimilated, it eventually resolidifies as granophyre. In the Muskox intrusion there are two chromite-rich layers, each occurring in a stratigraphic unit showing the layer sequence, peridotite-chromitite-orthopyroxenite. This sequence is explained in a model in which the basic magma is contaminated while coprecipitating olivine and minor chromite. A period follows when chromite precipitates alone, and then, because the liquid is enriched in silica, orthopyroxene crystallizes instead of olivine. Variations on the model are described that simulate the main layer sequences involving chromitite in the Stillwater, Great Dyke and Bushveld intrusions. Evidence of contamination is found in the concentrated chromite crystals in the form of small spherical, composite silicate inclusions, rich in alkalies, apparently representing trapped droplets of the contaminant granitic melt in various stages of assimilation. It is suggested that the same type of contamination mechanism may also yield concentrated deposits of magnetite and of immiscible sulphide liquid.
Liquid-metal flow in a thin conducting pipe near the end of a region of uniform magnetic field

This paper treats the liquid-metal flow in a straight circular pipe with a thin metal wall. A strong magnetic field is applied by a magnet with parallel poles that end abruptly. In the plane midway between the magnet poles: (a) far upstream, the flow is uniform, fully developed in a uniform magnetic field; (b) as the flow enters the non-uniform magnetic field near the end of the magnet, the flow moves away from the central part of the pipe and becomes concentrated as two jets near the points where the magnetic field is tangential to the pipe wall; (c) further downstream where the magnetic field strength is O(c⅙) compared with its value upstream, the flow migrates from these jets back towards a uniform flow distributed over the entire pipe cross-section. Here, c is the wall conductance ratio, which is assumed to be small. The analysis also applies to flow into the magnetic field, because inertial effects and induced magnetic fields are neglected. There are circulations of electric current in planes parallel to the magnet poles. These currents produce a pressure drop in addition to that for two fully developed flows in a uniform magnetic field and in no magnetic field, joined at the end of the magnet. This pressure drop is given by 0.9336 times the pressure gradient for the fully developed flow in the uniform magnetic field.
RAMANUJAN CONGRUENCES FOR A CLASS OF ETA QUOTIENTS

We consider a class of generating functions analogous to the generating function of the partition function and establish a bound on the primes l for which their coefficients c(n) obey congruences of the form c(ln + a) ≡ 0 (mod l). We apply this result to obtain a complete characterization of the congruences of the same form that the sequences cN(n) satisfy, where cN(n) is defined by . This last result answers a question of H.-C. Chan.
The implications of domestic violence for home care providers.

Abstract The effects of domestic violence are revealed in shelters for battered women, but with more emphasis on prevention, cues to violence may first be detected in home settings. The most common injury sites involve the upper body. Based on a 2-year record (N = 153) review at a shelter for battered women, prevalence of injuries, health conditions and substance use were examined. Most women (82%) reported injuries, and most had past injuries severe enough to require surgery or hospitalization. This article educates home care providers about the types of abuse they are likely to find in women from violent homes and their health implications. (Int J Trauma Nurs 2000;6:48–53.)
Quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation from asymmetric coupled quantum wells

Optical second-harmonic generation of visible light in a superlattice of asymmetric coupled GaAs quantum wells has been measured for the first time to our knowledge. The orientation of the asymmetric quantum wells was periodically reversed such that the quantum-well contribution to the radiated second-harmonic signal was quasi-phase matched when it was excited by a λ = 1.319 μm fundamental in the reflection geometry. The second-harmonic intensity generated in this superlattice was approximately 3.6 times that generated in a homogeneous GaAs reference. The measured superlattice second-harmonic susceptibilities are ∣χyzy(2)∣=1.5×10-11 m V-1 and ∣χzyy(2)∣=1.3×10-11 m V-1.
Ion Source Development For The Proposed FNAL 750 keV Injector Upgrade

Currently there is a Proposed FNAL 750 keV Injector Upgrade for the replacement of the 40 year old Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL) Cockcroft‐Walton accelerators with a new ion source and 200 MHz Radio Frequency Quadruple (RFQ). [1] The slit type magnetron being used now will be replaced with a round aperture magnetron similar to the one used at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL). Operational experience from BNL has shown that this type of source is more reliable with a longer lifetime due to better power efficiency [2]. The current source development effort is to produce a reliable source with >60 mA of H− beam current, 15 Hz rep‐rate, 100 μs pulse width, and a duty factor of 0.15%. The source will be based on the BNL design along with development done at FNAL for the High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) [3].