cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitosis in eukaryotic cells: an overview of chromosome distribution.

The usual outcome of mitosis is 2 daughter cells with equal numbers and kinds of chromosomes (euploidy) rather than unequal numbers (aneuploidy). The more we learn about the underlying mechanisms the more remarkable this seems: the precise distribution of chromosomes depends critically upon structural disorder and instability, which would more commonly be associated with imprecision, that is, with aneuploidy. My aim is to review what is known about chromosome distribution in eukaryotes and to relate disorder and instability both to the normal outcome and to the origin of aneuploidy. The discussion is limited to orthodox mitosis and meiosis in organisms with localized kinetochores (on unorthodox mechanisms, see, e.g., Ref. 19; for broader reviews of mitosis, see Ref. 16 and 24).
Beyond gastric adenocarcinoma: Multimodality assessment of common and uncommon gastric neoplasms.

Despite advances in molecular biology, imaging, and treatment, gastric neoplasms remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality; gastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most common malignancy and third most common cause of death worldwide (Brenner et al., Methods Mol Biol 472:467–477, 2009; Howson et al. Epidemiol Rev 8:1–27, 1986; Roder, Gastric Cancer 5(Suppl 1):5–11, 2002; Ferlay et al., GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2013). Because of both the frequency at which malignant gastric tumors occur as well as the worldwide impact, gastric neoplasms remain important lesions to identify and characterize on all imaging modalities. Despite the varied histologies and behaviors of these neoplasms, many have similar imaging features. Nonetheless, the treatment, management, and prognosis of gastric neoplasms vary by pathology, so it is essential for the radiologist to make every effort to differentiate between these lesions and raise the less common entities as differential diagnostic considerations when appropriate.
Emotion and false memory: The context-content paradox

False memories are influenced by a variety of factors, but emotion is a variable of special significance, for theoretical and practical reasons. Interestingly, emotion's effects on false memory depend on whether it is embedded in the content of to-be-remembered events or in our moods, where mood is an aspect of the context in which events are encoded. We sketch the theoretical basis for this content-context dissociation and then review accumulated evidence that content and context effects are indeed different. Paradoxically, we find that in experiments on spontaneous and implanted false memories, negatively valenced content foments distortion, but negatively valenced moods protect against it. In addition, correlational data show that enduring negative natural moods (e.g., depression) foment false memory. Current opponent-process models of false memory, such as fuzzy-trace theory, are able to explain the content-context dissociation: Variations in emotional content primarily affect memory for the gist of events, whereas variations in emotional context primarily affect memory for events' exact verbatim form. Important questions remain about how these effects are modulated by variations in memory tests and in arousal. Promising methods of tackling those questions are outlined, especially designs that separate the gist and verbatim influences of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record
Spin Relaxation via Quantum Molecular Systems

Very often one has to consider the quantum nature of the molecular systems whose modulation induces spin relaxation. We first consider a "gas-like" model wherein strong collisions randomize the molecular degrees of freedom, more specifically the rotational states. Then we generalize the results to cover more general descriptions of the way that the molecular degrees of freedom relax through thermal contact.
Manipulation and quantification of microtubule lattice integrity

Microtubules are structural polymers that participate in a wide range of cellular functions. The addition and loss of tubulin subunits allows the microtubule to grow and shorten, as well as to develop and repair defects and gaps in its cylindrical lattice. These lattice defects act to modulate the interactions of microtubules with molecular motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. Therefore, tools to control and measure microtubule lattice structure will be invaluable for developing a quantitative understanding of how the structural state of the microtubule lattice may regulate its interactions with other proteins. In this work, we manipulated the lattice integrity of in vitro microtubules to create pools of microtubules with common nucleotide states, but with variations in structural states. We then developed a series of novel semi-automated analysis tools for both fluorescence and electron microscopy experiments to quantify the type and severity of alterations in microtubule lattice integrity. These techniques will enable new investigations that explore the role of microtubule lattice structure in interactions with microtubule-associated proteins.
RIMPA: A New Reconfigurable Dual-Mode In-Memory Processing Architecture with Spin Hall Effect-Driven Domain Wall Motion Device

This paper presents a new Reconfigurable dualmode In-Memory Processing Architecture based on spin Hall effect-driven domain wall motion device called RIMPA. In this architecture, a portion of spintronic memory array can be reconfigured to either non-volatile memory or in-memory logic. Accordingly, computation can be performed within memory without long distance data transfer or large in-memory logic area overhead concerning conventional Von-Neumann or in-memory computing architecture, respectively. The device to architecture simulation results show that, with 17% area increase, RIMPA improves the operating energy by 72.2% as compared with the conventional non-volatile in-memory logic schemes. We show that the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm which is widely used in secure big data storage, can be efficiently mapped to RIMPA with 68.8% and 20.8% energy saving in comparison to CMOS-ASIC and recent DW-AES implementations, respectively.
Depression and Approach Motivation: Differential Relations to Monetary, Social, and Food Reward

Depression is associated with blunted reward functioning. It remains unknown, however, whether depression is linked to diminished motivation to approach reward across categories of reward stimuli, or if depression is differentially related to approach motivation. The current study tested associations between depression and behavioral approach motivation to specific reward stimuli (i.e., money, social, food reward). In a two-visit study, university females (N = 122, M age = 18.67) completed measures of depression and three behavioral approach motivation tasks (completed across visits). Differential findings emerged across behavioral reward tasks. Specifically, depressive symptoms were associated with decreased motivation to approach monetary and social reward but increased motivation to approach food reward. Results suggest a category-specific conceptualization of depressive symptomatology in relation to behavioral approach motivation, whereby women with elevated symptoms may be less likely to approach certain rewards, but more likely to approach others.
Securing extraocular muscles in strabismus surgery: biomechanical analysis of muscle imbrication

An experimental study was performed to quantitatively evaluate the tensile strength of extraocular muscle imbrication as it relates to the positioning of the imbricating suture. The study was conducted in a controlled fashion using fresh ex vivo pig eyes with extraocular muscles attached and a precision digital force gauge. The study provides clinically translatable data to inform surgical technique regarding secure muscle imbrication. Results suggest that imbrications performed 0.5 mm or less from the cut muscle edge or 0.5 mm or less from the lateral margin may be prone to tensile failure.
Central Antarctica: Atmospheric Chemical Composition and Atmospheric Transport

Central Antarctica, by virtue of its remoteness and the lack of local anthropogenic pollution sources, can probably be considered the cleanest location on earth. It is a true pristine background environment in the most fundamental sense. Indeed, it may be the last true pristine background environment. Yet, airborne materials of anthropogenic origin are detected there, albeit at very small concentrations, thanks to long-range transport and mixing processes in the atmosphere. The Antarctic troposphere plays an important role in global climate because it links the global atmosphere and oceans with the Antarctic ice sheet and stratosphere. Tropospheric transport processes occur on fairly short time scales, of the order of days to weeks; whereas stratospheric processes (e.g., interhemispheric exchange processes) may occur on the order of years.
The genetics of Alzheimer's disease and mutations in the amyloid β-protein precursor gene

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mutations in the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) gene. The most convincing evidence supporting the importance of a genetic component comes from the existence of a number of large, multiply affected families in which the disease segregates in a manner consistent with fully penetrant autosomal dominant inheritance. In familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) pedigrees the age of onset is fairly consistent between affected members of the same pedigree but differs markedly between pedigrees. AD neuropathology is characterized by the presence of large numbers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, with extensive neuronal cell loss, primarily in the temporal cortex and hippocampus. Senile plaques are extracellular deposits consisting of a central core of amyloid fibrils, surrounded by a rim of dystrophic neurites together with reactive microglia and astrocytes. The APP gene appeared to be excluded as the chromosome 21 FAD locus, when several studies reported recombination between FAD and the APP locus. It is found that APP and AD were genetically distinct unless these crossovers occurred within the APP gene.
Dobutamine pharmacokinetics in severe heart failure

Dobutamine pharmacokinetics was investigated in 7 patients with severe cardiac failure. Dobutamine was administered by a constant intravenous infusion at rates of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 microgram/kg/min. Steady-state plasma levels increased in proportion to the infusion rate, indicating that there was no saturation of the disposition processes. The average total body clearance was found to be 2.35 +/- 1.01 L/min/m2. After termination of the final infusion, plasma levels of dobutamine were monitored to determine the elimination half-life. The disappearance half-life of dobutamine was calculated to be 2.37 +/- 0.7 min and the distribution volume was 0.202 +/- 0.084 L/kg. The limited data suggest that the volume of distribution of dobutamine was related to the extent of edema.
KDMAS: a multi-agent system for knowledge discovery via planning

In the real world, there are some domain knowledge discovery problems that can be formulated into knowledge-based planning problems, such as chemical reaction process and biological pathway discovery problems (Khan et al. 2003). A view of these domain problems can be re-cast as a planning problem, such that initial and final states are known and processes can be captured as abstract operators that modify the environment. For example, approaching biological pathway discovery with an AI planning approach would mean that a valid plan that transfers the initial state into the goal state is a hypothetical pathway that prescribes the order of events that must occur to effect the goal state. We believe that AI planning technology can provide a modeling formalism for this task such that hypotheses can be generated, tested, queried and qualitatively simulated to improve the domain knowledge and rules. Our current approach is to build toward a general multiagent system for knowledge discovery (KDMAS) via planning. The plans produced are hypotheses capturing relevant qualitative information regarding domain knowledge. We will use the biological pathway domain as an application to present our approach, focusing on acquiring planning knowledge and hypothesis generation. As shown in Figure 1, KDMAS integrates: xThe domain knowledge, which is built up with the domain experts’ aid, and can be translated into the planning formalism automatically by the planning formalism agent. xOther domain knowledge from data that is retrieved from heterogeneous sources including human experts by information gathering multi agents and used for hypothesis generation. xComputer interpretable plans capturing relevant qualitative information regarding the domain problems such as signal transduction pathways. xTestable hypotheses regarding gaps in knowledge of the domain such as a biological pathway to drive future research.
Robust Identification and Model (In)Validation of Active-vision Systems

Recent hardware advances have rendered active-vision a viable option for a diverse spectrum of applications ranging from MEMS manufacture to assisting individuals with disabilities. However, there are relatively few instances where these techniques have been successfully applied in uncontrolled environments. This can be traced to the fragility of activevision systems designed using classical methods. In this chapter we show how a combination of robust identification and model (in)validation tools can be used to obtain models of these systems that combine the dynamics of the physical hardware and the image-processing algorithms, along with an associated worst-case uncertainty description, suitable to be used in the context of modern robust control tools. As shown here, this combination leads to systems that achieve good tracking performance under a wide range of conditions. These results are experimentally validated using a BiSight/UniSight robotic head-eye platform.
The Microbial Endocrinology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a model pathogen with which to advance the notion that microbial endocrinology plays a central role in the pathogenesis of bacteria and other microbes. P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that can infect a variety of host species, including Arabidopsis, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, rodents, and man. Like many opportunistic pathogens, virulence expression in P. aeruginosa is not an invariant phenotype. Some investigators consider P. aeruginosa to be an accidental pathogen to man given that it does not appear to have co-evolved with the human immune system; as such it has been assumed to be rarely part of the normal commensal flora. Yet more comprehensive genome-based analyses of the human intestinal microflora suggest that P. aeruginosa is present in up to 20% of normal healthy individuals (Marshall 1991). Although primarily considered to be a nosocomial pathogen that infects the injured and immunocompromised host, P. aeruginosa appears to be the most common cause of infection-related deaths among patients with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder of the respiratory epithelium. In this latter host, P. aeruginosa is a chronic colonizer that can persist for many years where it often exerts only moderate virulence.
Effects of erythropoietin on strength and functional status of patients on hemodialysis

The strength, endurance, and functional status of 15 anemic (HCT 21.2 +/- 4.6) hemodialysis patients was quantified prior to the administration of erythropoietin (epoetin) and after the anemia was partially corrected (HCT 35.4 +/- 2.3). Subjects showed significant increases in strength, measured isometrically (p < .01) and isokinetically (p < .01 at four of five speeds). They also demonstrated improved endurance and rated their functional ability higher. Anemia contributes to significant debilitation in hemodialysis patients and, when reversed with epoetin therapy, results in significantly improved muscle function and endurance.
Rituals Captured in Context and Time: Charm Use in North Dallas Freedman’s Town (1869–1907), Dallas, Texas

Freedman’s Cemetery was the primary burial ground for virtually all of the African American community of Dallas, Texas, between 1869 and 1907. From 1991 through 1994, the Texas Department of Transportation sponsored archaeological investigations exhuming 1,150 in situ burials (containing a total of 1,157 individuals) from the path of highway construction. Fifteen burials were found with pierced coins, interpreted here as charms. The origins of coins modified as charms are first traced to the British Isles and the Middle Ages, and then an explanatory model for their adoption by enslaved (and later freed) African Americans is presented. Turning to the Freedman’s Cemetery burial data, a detailed appraisal of the demographics of charm utilization within a late-19th-century urban African American community is given. Comparisons of the cemetery charm sample are made to the demographic profile of charm use compiled from the Works Progress Administration ex-slave narratives. The manner of coin alteration (and thus charm creation) is also documented. Important differences between the historical documentary data and the archaeological evidence reveal the strengths and weaknesses inherent within each kind of data.
Chapter 20 Elk Foraging Behavior: Does Predation Risk Reduce Time for Food Acquisition?

Theme Large herbivores that inhabit seasonal environments face considerable challenges when trying to balance the conflicting demands of satisfying physiological requirements and avoiding predation. The harsh environment imposes strong nutritional constraints which influence activity patterns and foraging strategies. In addition, the need to evade predators strongly determines the way in which prey behave (Lima and Dill 1990). The traditional view is that prey manage food acquisition and predation risk by trading one behavior at the expense of the other. However, if a range of anti-predator behaviors can collectively be adopted at appropriate temporal scales, then this trade-off may be somewhat reduced (Lind and Cresswell 2005). Plasticity in prey behaviors may balance the need to forage and minimize predation risk, thereby allowing prey to remain in an environment that both provides adequate forage resources but also poses a high threat of predation. We observed the behavior of elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Madison headwaters area of Yellowstone National Park during 15 consecutive winter field seasons, accruing approximately 3100 h of behavioral data before and after wolf (Canis lupus) reintroduction to Yellowstone, when elk were exposed to varying degrees of wolf predation risk. We hypothesized that environmental and temporal factors would play a fundamental role governing the likelihood of winter foraging by elk. We proposed competing hypotheses regarding the effect of wolves. Based on the traditional view of the foraging-vigilance trade-off, we suspected that the addition of wolves to the system would manifest a higher degree of behavioral alertness in elk and reduce the likelihood of foraging. Alternatively, increasing behavioral alertness when wolves were actively hunting at night would manifest increased diurnal foraging. Furthermore, we incorporated our knowledge of the range of other behavioral responses exhibited by elk to determine if they behaviorally compensated to mediate any fitness costs associated with behaviors that reduced predation risk.
On the Fidelity of Multiattribute Preference Representations: Some Analytical Considerations

This paper defines a quantity, called fidelity, which measures the degree of correspondence between a multiattribute utility function and a decision maker’s actual preferences. It ranges from zero to one, and indicates the probability that a given utility function correctly predicts the ordinal preference (of the decision maker) for a randomly selected pair of alternatives. This concept of fidelity is extended to one which determines how well a particular method for constructing utility functions performs. Experimental procedures for estimating these fidelities are discussed.
Professional Preparation: Peace Corps and Professional Preparation

(1967). Professional Preparation. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 77-78.
Automated radiosynthesis of [18F]FBEM, a sulfhydryl site specific labeling agent for peptides and proteins.

Abstract In the process of developing [18F]FBEM coupled target peptide, we have instituted a robust automated synthesis of [18F]FBEM, a sulfhydryl (-SH) site specific agent for radiolabeling of peptides and proteins. The radiosynthesis generated 1.67–3.89 GBq (45.1–105.1 mCi, 7.5–18.8% non-decay corrected yield) of [18F]FBEM from 22.2 GBq (600 mCi) of starting [18F]fluoride with molar activity of 31.8 ± 5.3 GBq/µmol (0.86 ± 0.14 mCi/nmol) (n = 3) at the end of synthesis. Radiochemical purity was greater than 98%, and total synthesis time was ~90 min.
Unsupervised CNN-Based Co-saliency Detection with Graphical Optimization

In this paper, we address co-saliency detection in a set of images jointly covering objects of a specific class by an unsupervised convolutional neural network (CNN). Our method does not require any additional training data in the form of object masks. We decompose co-saliency detection into two sub-tasks, single-image saliency detection and cross-image co-occurrence region discovery corresponding to two novel unsupervised losses, the single-image saliency (SIS) loss and the co-occurrence (COOC) loss. The two losses are modeled on a graphical model where the former and the latter act as the unary and pairwise terms, respectively. These two tasks can be jointly optimized for generating co-saliency maps of high quality. Furthermore, the quality of the generated co-saliency maps can be enhanced via two extensions: map sharpening by self-paced learning and boundary preserving by fully connected conditional random fields. Experiments show that our method achieves superior results, even outperforming many supervised methods.
Oversizing Donors - Is It Necessary for ACHD Patients?: An Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry

Purpose Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) among adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients triggers debate as to optimal donor sizing. Outcomes related to donor-to-recipient size ratios have never been analyzed in the ACHD population. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of adults with ACHD undergoing OHT in the USA from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2017 using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare survivors versus those deceased at last follow-up. Chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Cox proportional hazard modeling was performed for time to death, cardiac graft failure, and post-OHT dialysis to assess the effects of donor-to-recipient ratios of height, weight, BMI, and LV mass ratios using a priori selected covariates. Results 827 patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. At a median follow-up of 1,462 days, there were 279 (33.7%) deceased ACHD OHT recipients. Renal dysfunction, ischemic time , and gender mismatch were all significantly associated with death and graft dysfunction using multivariate survival analysis. However, donor-to-recipient ratios of height, weight, BMI, and LV mass were not associated with the outcomes of interest. Conclusion This study is the first to show that ACHD patients undergoing OHT do not have differential survival based on donor sizing. Survival and freedom from graft dysfunction among ACHD patients undergoing OHT is similar to the non-ACHD population and is associated with reduced ischemic times, a lack of gender mismatch, and a lack of pre- and post-operative renal dysfunction. Our findings demonstrate that intentional donor oversizing in the ACHD population as a protective measure against post-operative right ventricular dysfunction does not reduce mortality, decrease risk of graft dysfunction or post-OHT need for dialysis.
Inhibition of Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis by L127Δ, an Altered form of Dinitrogenase Reductase

Dinitrogenase reductase (NifH) has three important roles in the nitrogenase enzyme system: (i) as the obligate physiological electron donor to dinitrogenase during catalysis; (ii) as a required participant for the synthesis of FeMo-co, which uses at least six nif genes, nifQ, V, B, H, N and E (but not nifK and D); and (iii) as a participant in the maturation of apodinitrogenase, when NifH mediates the association of a γ protein with the α2β2 form of apodinitrogenase to yield a hexameric (α2β2γ2) FeMo-co-activatable species (Allen et al, 1993). γ is a non-nif protein and has been shown to function as a chaperone-insertase during the formation of dinitrogenase (Homer et al, 1995). Mutations in nifH that render dinitrogenase reductase inactive in substrate reduction do not necessarily affect its ability to function in cofactor synthesis and apodinitrogenase maturation. This observation suggests that NifH contains distinct domains associated with each of its functions. The 4Fe-4S cluster of NifH is not required for its function in cofactor synthesis and apodinitrogenase maturation (Rangaraj et al, unpublished).
Custom Wafer Dose Patterning for Automated Process Control in Semiconductor Device Fabrication

VIISta ion implanters now offer a combination of nonuniform dose implantation (SuperScan 3) and advanced process control (APC) capabilities, which enables delivery of custom doses and/or patterns tailored to the individual wafer in a production environment. The APC implementation allows changing dose patterns without retuning the beam, thus minimizing the transition time between dose map changes. By implementing nonuniform mapping implants with APC in DRAM device fabrication, SK hynix has achieved significant improvement in within-wafer uniformity of peripheral-transistor on-current (I on ) and cell transistor threshold voltage (V t ).
Serum biomarkers for detection of cardiomyopathy in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort.

e21526Background: Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the utility of cardiac biomarkers (NT-proBNP, cardiac troponin-T...
Microwave-Assisted synthesis of Anisotropic copper–silver nanoparticles

Abstract This paper focuses on the synthesis of shaped copper-silver nanoparticles (CuAg NPs) via microwave irradiation (MW). CuAg NPs were formed by reacting aqueous copper(II) nitrate hemi(pentahydrate) (Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O), silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium acrylate (C3H3NaO2) at room temperature (RT) and hydrothermal temperature (HT). Shape formation was influenced by the HT and the sequence of reducing the precursors. By reducing Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O and AgNO3 with C3H3NaO2 at different temperatures and manipulating the reduction sequence, variable sizes and shapes of CuAg core-shell NPs were formed. When Ag+ ions were reduced on preformed Cu NPs at RT, spherical NPs that featured (111) faucets were produced. The MW synthesis produced octahedra and rods NPs depending on whether Cu2+ and Ag+ ions were co-reduced or Ag+ ions were reduced on preformed Cu NPs. The morphology was examined by high transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The NP compositions were examined via scanning transmission electron microscopy - energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Metacognitive study strategies in a college course and their relation to exam performance

Several strands of prior work have evaluated students' study strategies and learning activities. In this work, we focus on integrating two of those strands. One has focused on student self-reports of their study practices from a cognitive psychology perspective. The other has focused on classifying student learning activities from a learning sciences perspective using the Interactive, Constructive, Active, and Passive (ICAP) framework (Chi & Wylie, 2014). The current study aims to integrate these two strands of research by testing the implications of the ICAP framework with students' self-reports in a classroom context. Another goal was to address the measurement limitations of the metacognitive study strategy literature by using assessment-specific self-reports with both closed and open-ended questions. Across three noncumulative exams, 342 undergraduates self-reported their study practices before each exam. We then categorized their strategies as either active or constructive in alignment with the ICAP framework. Next, we examined whether these strategies were related to each other and then tested the hypothesis that constructive strategies would be positively associated with better exam performance than active strategies. Students reported using a variety of study practices in which a few active strategies were related to constructive strategies, but constructive strategies were more likely to be related to each other. Lastly, supporting the ICAP framework, many of the constructive strategies were positively related to exam performance, whereas the active strategies were not. This work provides insight into the measurement of students' study strategies and their relations to each other and learning outcomes.
Efficient Infringement and the Rule of Law

These comments were presented at the Federalist Society's 2020 National Lawyers Convention at the panel titled "Intellectual Property Rights and the Rule of Law". They address a trending narrative that casts opposition to the demands of patent holders as a form of lawlessness. This narrative specifically takes aim at a practice that has been termed “efficient infringement” – the idea that a firm may rationally decide to infringe patents either because it will be too costly for the patent holder to enforce its rights in court, or because it is happy to take its chances in court, where an asserted patent may be invalidated and where damages eventually assessed against the infringer years later will likely be no higher than the royalties that the infringer would have paid anyway under a licensing agreement. Reasonable people can differ over optimal patent scope and policy. Likewise, the PTO and the PTAB can issue and uphold more or fewer patents, and the courts can interpret the Patent Act in ways that we like or dislike. Reasonable people can also seek change through litigation, legislation and administrative channels. All of these mechanisms are organic parts of our tripartite system of government. We will never have a situation in which all partisan interests are equally happy with the rules or the outcome of every case – this is part and parcel of an adversarial legal system. But this is no reason to question the legitimacy of the system itself. So, far from a departure from the rule of law, what we see today in the patent system is the operation of a well-functioning legal regime seeking to address the interests of competing, but largely law-abiding, stakeholders.
Large cross-polarized Raman signal in CrI 3 : A first-principles study

We find unusually large cross-polarized (and antisymmetric) Raman signature of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{g}}$ phonon mode in ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$, in agreement with experiments. The signal is present only when the following three effects are considered in concert: ferromagnetism on Cr atoms, spin-orbit interaction, and resonant effects. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the relevant spin-orbit interaction potential originates from iodine atoms, despite magnetism being mostly on chromium atoms. We analyze the Raman signature as a function of magnetic order, the direction of the magnetic moment, energy, and polarization of light used for Raman scattering, as well as carrier lifetime. In addition to a strong cross-polarized Raman signal, we also find unusually strong phonon modulated magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) in ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$.
Trypanosoma brucei Tim50 Plays a Critical Role in Cell Cycle Regulation and Parasite Infectivity

Tim50 is a receptor subunit of the preprotein-translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane, TIM23. Trypanosoma brucei, the infective agent for African trypanosomiasis, possesses a homologue of Tim50 (TbTim50) with a pair of characteristic DXDX(T/V) phosphatase signature motifs. Here, we demonstrated that besides its protein phosphatase activity, the recombinant TbTim50 binds and hydrolyzes phosphatidic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. In silico structural homology models identify the putative binding interfaces that may accommodate different phospho-substrates. Interestingly, TbTim50 depletion in the bloodstream form (BF) of T. brucei reduced cardiolipin (CL) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}). TbTim50 knockdown (KD) also reduced the population of G2 phase and increased G1 phase; thus, BF cell growth was reduced. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed a defect in regulation of kinetoplast (kDNA) replication due to TbTim50 KD. Depletion of TbTim50 increased the levels of AMPK phosphorylation, and parasite morphology was changed to stumpy-like with upregulation of few stumpy marker gene expressions. Importantly, we observed that TbTim50-depleted parasites were unable to establish infection in mice and rats. Proteomics analysis showed reductions of the translation factors, flagellar transport proteins, and many proteasomal subunits, including the mitochondrial HslVU that is known to play a role in kDNA replication. Reduction of the level of HslV in TbTim50 KD cells was further validated by immunoblot analysis. Altogether, our results showed that TbTim50 is essential for mitochondrial function, regulation of kDNA replication, and cell cycle in the BF. Therefore, TbTim50 is an important target for structure-based drug design to combat African trypanosomiasis. ImportanceAfrican trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, is transmitted by the tsetse fly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. During its digenetic life cycle, T. brucei undergoes multiple developmental changes to adapt in different environments. T. brucei BF, dwelling in mammalian blood, generates ATP from glycolysis and hydrolyzes ATP in mitochondria for inner membrane potential. We found that TbTim50, a HAD-family phosphatase, is critical for T. brucei BF survival in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of TbTim50 in BF reduced CL levels and mitochondrial {Delta}{Psi} and caused a detrimental effect on many cellular functions. Cells accumulated in G1-S phase, and kinetoplast was over-replicated due to depletion of mitochondrial proteasomes, HslVU, a master-regulator of kDNA replication. Cell growth inhibition was accompanied by changes in morphology, AMPK phosphorylation, and upregulation of stumpy-specific gene expression. TbTim50 is essential for T. brucei survival and an important T. brucei therapeutic target.
HDAC Expression and Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells is Regulated by Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key enzyme in the glucose metabolism, regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and function. In proteomic analysis, we discovered that G6PD formed a complex with histone acyltransferase (KAT6A) and deacetylase (HDAC5) in VSMCs. Therefore, we investigated whether HDAC expression and activity is regulated by G6PD in pulmonary artery and aortic smooth muscle cells. G6PD knock down decreased HDAC5 expression and G6PD inhibition decreased HDAC activity by 70-80%. G6PD inhibition also decreased cell proliferation and increased myocardin and myocardin-dependent gene expression. In summary, we propose that: 1) G6PD-dependent HDAC function is involved in the regulation of VSMC-specific genes and VSMC phenotype, and 2) G6PD-dependent HDAC activation could be important in down-regulating myocardin gene expression and activity and in switching smooth muscle cell phenotype that mediates remodeling of arteries in diseases like pulmonary hypertension and metaboli...
Strain and Age Effects on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in the Mouse.

Purpose We evaluated differences in aqueous humor dynamics (AHD) among several mouse strains within younger and older age groups. Methods Albino (A/J, BALB/cJ) and pigmented (C3H/HeJ, C57-BL/6J) mice (young [2½-4½ months] and aged [10-12 months]) were studied. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured. In cannulated eyes, episcleral venous pressure (Pe) was assessed (blood reflux). Other AHD parameters (outflow facility [C], aqueous humor formation rate [Fin]) were assessed (constant flow infusion). Uveoscleral outflow rate (Fu) was obtained by calculation (Fu(calc)) using the modified Goldmann equation, and in additional eyes (for comparison), by FITC-dextran perfusion (Fu(FITC-dex)). Results Intraocular pressure was higher in pigmented strains, but did not exhibit age-dependence, except in the C57-BL/6J strain. Fu(calc) decreased with age in BALB/cJ (↓83.3%), C3H/HeJ (↓78.0%), and C57-BL/6J (↓85.0%) strains. In the A/J strain, Fu(calc) decreased with age (↓70.0%), but not significantly. Fin decreased with age in the C3H/HeJ (↓53.6%) strain. In C57-BL/6J and A/J strains, Fin decreased with age, but not significantly. C in the BALB/cJ strain increased with age (↑62.5%). In C3H/HeJ and C57-BL/6J strains, C increased with age, but not significantly. Episcleral venous pressure ranged from 6.0 to 6.6 mm Hg (albino strains) to 8.5 to 8.9 mm Hg (pigmented strains). Pe was not age dependent, but was higher in pigmented animals. Conclusions In mouse, Fu and Fin diminish with age. C tends to increase as animals progress to middle life. There are strain differences in Fu, IOP, C, Fin, and Pe. The current findings provide an important foundation for comparisons among different strains in different study reports.
Isolation and characterization of glycolipids from some photosynthetic bacteria.

Abstract Glycosyl glycerides have been found in substantial amounts in Chloropseudomonas ethylicum but could not be detected in two strains of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Rhodospirillum molischianum possibly contains small amounts of monoglycosyl diglyceride. The glycolipids of C. ethylicum have been separated into two components. One of these, glycolipid I, is a monogalactosyl diglyceride. Glycolipid II, upon acid hydrolysis, yields galactose, rhamnose, and a third, unidentified sugar. The glycolipids or total lipids of the photosynthetic bacteria examined contained saturated and monounsaturated, but none of the more highly unsaturated, fatty acids.
Modern Compiler Implementation in Java

From the Publisher: The first part of the book, Fundamentals of Compilation, is suitable for a one-semester first course in compiler design. The second part, Advanced Topics, which includes the compilation of object-oriented and functional languages, garbage collection, loop optimization, SSA form, instruction scheduling, optimization for cache-memory hierarchies, can be used for a second-semester or graduate course.
Capillary controls on methane hydrate distribution and fracturing in advective systems

[1] We simulate 1-D, steady, advective flow through a layered porous medium to investigate how capillary controls on solubility including the Gibbs-Thomson effect in fine-grained sediments affect methane hydrate distribution in marine sediments. We compute the increase in pore fluid pressure that results from hydrate occluding the pore space and allow fractures to form if the pore fluid pressure exceeds a fracture criterion. We apply this model to Hydrate Ridge and northern Cascadia, two field sites where hydrates have been observed preferentially filling cm-scale, coarse-grained layers. We find that at Hydrate Ridge, hydrate forms in the coarse-grained layers reaching saturation of 90%, creating fractures through intervening fine-grained layers after 2000 years. At northern Cascadia, hydrate forms preferentially in the coarse-grained layers but 2 × 105 years are required to develop the observed hydrate saturations (∼20%–60%), suggesting that hydrate formation rates may be enhanced by an additional source of methane such as in situ methanogenesis. We develop expressions to determine the combinations of sediment physical properties and methane supply rates that will result in hydrate-filled coarse-grained layers separated by hydrate-filled fine-grained layers, the conditions necessary to fracture the fine-grained layers, and the conditions that will lead to complete inhibition of hydrate formation as pore space is constricted. This work illustrates how sediment physical properties control hydrate distribution at the pore scale and how hydrate distribution affects fracturing behavior in marine sediments.
Using Theory to Examine Fatal Child Maltreatment Among a Sample of Children Known to Child Protective Services

The purpose of this study was to use theory to test different models to predict fatal maltreatment: parental psychopathology, social/economic stress, and ecological theory. These models were tested using a subsample of children who were identified as “prior victims” in the National Child Abuse & Neglect Data Set from 2008 to 2012. At the multivariate level, the analyses suggest a statistically significant relationship between social/economic stress variables, including partner violence, inadequate housing, and financial problems. Repeated reports to child protective services and interactions between the age of child and financial problems often acted as protective factors. Implications for research and the child welfare field are discussed.
Sortilin, SorCS1b, and SorLA Vps10p sorting receptors, are novel γ-secretase substrates

Background The mammalian Vps10p sorting receptor family is a group of 5 type I membrane homologs (Sortilin, SorLA, and SorCS1-3). These receptors bind various cargo proteins via their luminal Vps10p domains and have been shown to mediate a variety of intracellular sorting and trafficking functions. These proteins are highly expressed in the brain. SorLA has been shown to be down regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains, interact with ApoE, and modulate Aβ production. Sortilin has been shown to be part of proNGF mediated death signaling that results from a complex of Sortilin, p75NTR and proNGF. We have investigated and provide evidence for γ-secretase cleavage of this family of proteins.
Attitudes of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American Students toward Marriage Roles

(1963). Attitudes of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American Students toward Marriage Roles. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 11-15.
Grain Growth and Its Kinetics of Nanophase Niobium Aluminide Produced by Mechanical Alloying

Grain growth and its kinetics studies were conducted on an intermetallic compound, NbAl 3 powders produced by mechanicaI alloying of elemental Nb and Al powders with 5.5 mass% Ti in a ball mill under Argon atmosphere for 1800 ks at ambient temperature. The initial grain size of as-MAed powders and grown grain size of annealed powders were measured from X-ray line broadening. Isochronal annealings of MAed powders were conducted from 653 to 1473 K, and it was found that a significant grain growth takes place only in a temperature range of 973 to 1373 K and temporarily ceases at 1473 K by reaching approximately 78 nm regardless of anneal time
Bacterial and plant enterotoxin B subunit-autoantigen fusion proteins suppress diabetes insulitis

Several bacterial and plant enterotoxin B subunit-islet autoantigen fusion proteins were compared for their ability to serve as islet autoantigen carriers and adjuvants for reduction of pancreatic islet inflammation associated with type 1 diabetes. The cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), the heat-labile toxin B subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LTB), the Shigella toxin B subunit (STB), and the plant toxin ricin B subunit (RTB) were genetically linked to the islet autoantigens proinsulin (INS) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The adjuvant-autoantigen gene fusions were transferred to a bacterial expression vector and the corresponding fusion proteins synthesized in E. coli. The purified adjuvant-autoantigen proteins were fed to 5-wk-old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice once a week for 4 wk. Histological examination of pancreatic islets isolated from inoculated mice showed significant levels of insulitis reduction in comparison with uninoculated mice. The ratio of serum anti-INS and anti-GAD IgG2c to IgG1 antibody isotype titers increased in all ligand-autoantigen inoculated animal groups, suggesting an increase in effector Th2 lymphocytes in B subunit-mediated insulitis suppression. The results of these experiments indicate that bacterial and plant enterotoxin B subunit ligand-autoantigens enhance insulitis reduction in NOD mice. This research prompts further exploration of a multiadjuvant/autoantigen co-delivery strategy that may facilitate type 1 diabetes prevention and suppression in animals and humans.
Chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical carcinoma: an analysis of cisplatin dosing and other clinical prognostic factors.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of number of chemotherapy cycles and other clinical and pathologic factors on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with newly diagnosed cervical cancer. Methods We identified 118 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (stages IB2–IVA) treated with combination weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m 2 ) and radiation therapy (RT) between 2003 and 2007. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to evaluate PFS and OS for associations with number of chemotherapy cycles and other factors. Results The majority of patients had stage IB2 or II disease (70%), squamous histology (91%), and size p =0.0045) and OS (HR 4.47; 95% CI 1.83–10.9; p =0.001). Advanced stage, longer time to RT completion, and absence of brachytherapy were also associated with decreased OS and PFS ( p p =0.03) but not OS. Age, race, BMI, tumor size, smoking, histology, and IMRT were not statistically significant for OS or PFS. Conclusions Aggressive supportive care to minimize missed chemotherapy treatments may improve survival after chemoradiation.
Walls and goals: the Israeli–Palestinian encounter in football films and literature

Since its introduction to Israel/Palestine in the late nineteenth century, soccer has been an arena where contested identities, loyalties and struggles are manifested. From ‘mixed’ leagues and teams during the early years of the British Mandate to contemporary Islamic leagues, racist fans and bombed soccer fields, the game has reflected and shaped perceptions and realities of class, nationalism and gender. This study examines the way soccer has expressed some of the larger political and social aspects of the conflict, and how these are presented in fiction, poetry and film. In addition to literary treatments, several recent films are examined: ‘Goal Dreams’ (Maya Sanbar and Jeffrey Saunders, 2006) about the struggles of the Palestinian national soccer team under occupation and its fostering of national unity and identity; ‘The Team’ – about a student and player living in a West Bank refugee camp (Nabil Shoumali, 2009); ‘We Too Have No Other land’ (Jerrold Kessel, 2006) which follows the Galilee team of Sa...