cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional regulation of secretin gene expression.

Expression of the gene encoding the hormone secretin is restricted to a specific enteroendocrine cell type and to β-cells in developing pancreatic islets. To characterize regulatory elements in the secretin gene responsible for its expression in secretin-producing cells, we used a series of reporter genes for transient expression assays in transfection studies carried out in secretin-producing islet cell lines. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of deletion mutants identified a positive cis regulatory domain between 174 and 53 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional initiation site which was required for secretin gene expression in secretin-producing HIT insulinoma cells. Within this enhancer were sequences resembling two binding sites for the transcription factor Spl, as well as a consensus sequence for binding to helix-loop-helix proteins. Analysis of these three elements by site-directed mutagenesis suggests that each is important for full transcriptional activity. The role of proximal enhancer sequences in directing secretin gene expression to appropriate tissues is further supported by studies in transgenic mice revealing that 1.6 kilobases of the secretin gene 5' flanking sequence were sufficient to direct the expression of either human growth hormone or simian virus 40 large T-antigen reporter genes to all major secretin-producing tissues.
Growth of ice particle mass and projected area during riming

Abstract. There is a long-standing challenge in cloud and climate models to simulate the process of ice particle riming realistically, partly due to the unrealistic parameterization of the growth of ice particle mass (m) and projected area (A) during riming. This study addresses this problem, utilizing ground-based measurements of m and ice particle maximum dimension (D) as well as theory to formulate simple expressions describing the dependence of m and A on riming. It was observed that β in the m − D power law m = α Dβ appears independent of riming during the phase 1 (before the formation of graupel), with α accounting for the ice particle mass increase due to riming. This semi-empirical approach accounts for the degree of riming and renders a gradual and smooth ice particle growth process from unrimed ice particles to graupel, and thus avoids discontinuities in m and A during accretional growth. Once the graupel with quasi-spherical shape forms, D increases with an increase in m and A (phase 2 of riming). The treatment for riming is explicit, and includes the parameterization of the ice crystal–cloud droplet collision efficiency (Ec) for hexagonal columns and plates using hydrodynamic theory. In particular, Ec for cloud droplet diameters less than 10 µm are estimated, and under some conditions observed in mixed-phase clouds, these droplets can account for roughly half of the mass growth rate from riming. These physically meaningful yet simple methods can be used in models to improve the riming process.
Effects of danazol on pulsatile gonadotropin patterns and on serum estradiol levels in normally cycling women.

The effect of danazol on pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) secretion was examined in eight premenopausal women by serial blood sampling on day 10 of the control and first treatment cycles and during 2 subsequent months of treatment. The mean frequency of LH pulses decreased, while the mean pulse amplitude and increment increased (P
The Role of Thin and Mobile Electric Double Layer in Water Purification and Energy Storage

It is well known that the electric double layer plays important roles in a variety of applications, ranging from biology to materials sciences. Many studied the electric double layer using a variety of techniques, and as a result our understanding is mature, although not complete. Based on detailed understanding, I expect that by manipulating the electric double layer we could advance tremendously applications in the water-energy nexus. This is particularly true for electric double layer capacitors and capacitive desalination devices. However, such manipulation is not straightforward because of a competition of phenomena that occur within the electric double layer itself, including solvation effects, excluded volume phenomena, and ion-ion correlations. Using molecular dynamics simulations, I designed a composite graphene-based electrode to manipulate structural and dynamical properties of the electric double layer. My design favours the formation of the compact Helmholtz layer. Inherent to my design is that the compact Helmholtz layer not only is atomically thick, but it is also highly mobile in the direction parallel to the charged surface. I suggest here how to exploit the properties of the engineered electric double layer towards developing a new continuous desalination process that combines the advantages of membrane and capacitive desalination processes, reducing their shortcomings. Insights on the molecular mechanisms relevant to the water-energy nexus are provided.
Performance analysis of fast frequency-hopped DBPSK spread spectrum communications in AWGN

The performance of a fast frequency-hopped (FFH) spread-spectrum communication system using differential binary phase-shifted-keying (DBPSK) modulation and differentially coherent demodulation is studied. The hop timing error causes phase imperfection, and therefore degrades system performance. The receiver utilizes a hop-timing tracking loop to lock the hop clock. Through this tracking loop, the differentially coherent demodulation of an FFH signal is made possible. The hop-timing error is modeled as a finite Markov chain, and error performance of this system in a phase-distorted channel is presented. The numerical results show that with proper parameters, the degradation due to phase imperfection caused by timing error is only about a fraction of one decibel additive white Gaussian noise in an (AWGN) environment. The grouping number should be increased when the phase distortion becomes more serious. >
Application reliability validation of GaN power devices

Standard qualification methodology or “qual” does not specify product-level testing due to the diverse range of products and use conditions, a limited ability for system-level acceleration, and complication from system-level failures. This is a concern for emerging power-management technologies, since the fundamental switching transitions are not covered. We show that hard-switching with the well-known double-pulse tester is predictive of device performance under system-level testing. It simplifies the problem of product reliability testing to one of a device and a tester. It enables us to detect devices that pass qual but perform poorly in application. As a result, our devices pass qual and perform well in application.
Using Cell Phones for Data Collection: Benefits, Outcomes, and Intervention Possibilities with Homeless Youth

While many homeless youth use cell phones to stay socially connected, and maintaining positive social ties can contribute to pathways out of homelessness, little is known about how using cell phones for data collection can improve these young people's lives. We conducted baseline and follow-up interviews with 150 homeless youth as well as provided them with a cell phone for 30 days to gather daily data using short message service (SMS) surveying. This paper examines youths' opinions about study participation and how they used the cell phone. Results revealed that youth liked participating in the study because the SMS texting portion, for example, made them feel that someone still cared about them, prompted them to self-reflect on their life, and allowed them to make a difference (e.g. educating the public about homelessness). Despite numerous benefits of study participation, improvements that youth discussed for future studies included changing the format of our text questions to allow for explanations and the use of higher quality phones. In terms of study phone usage, youth reported using the phone to schedule appointments, contact employers, and to keep in touch with family and friends. Finally, we highlight ways in which cell phones via SMS could be used with homeless youth to provide informational resources along with educational and employment opportunities, all of which are important intervention strategies in improving life situations for this population.
Does torture work

In this book, John W. Schiemann asks an important but controversial question, and he acknowledges early on that some readers might wonder whether it is appropriate or ethical to even ask it: does t...
Emerging Reading and the Social Practice Turn in Literacy: Still "Becoming a Nation of Readers".

In this article, we focus on the past, the present, and the future. We consider the ways in which Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading (BNR) (Anderson, Hiebert, Sco...
A one-dimensional model of 3-D structure for large deformation: a general higher-order rod theory

A higher-order one-dimensional model in a curvilinear cylindrical coordinate system and associated finite element model are presented. A general displacement field of the cross section of the rod or the structures in the polar coordinate system is assumed, and the associated governing equation of motion in the Lagrangian frame of reference is derived. Since the displacement field considered is very general, the theory is not limited to rods but can be used to analyze thick, solid, or hollow arbitrary cross section members or a shell structure whose axis can be given as a space curve. A nonlinear finite element model of the theory which can model large deformation is developed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness and accuracy of the model in analyzing shell structures (e.g., spiral duct), whose central axis is a space curve, subjected to point loads and internal or external pressure.
Multi-modality Imaging for the Simulation of Cerebral Aneurysm Blood Flow Dynamics

Cerebral aneurysms are pathological local expansions of intracranial arteries. These expansions can affect only a portion of the artery wall (sidewall aneurysms), the whole wall (fusiform aneurysm) or can occur at the bifurcation of arteries (bifurcation aneurysm, Fig. 1).
The Importance of Plasma Mixing in Bolus Flow

The fluid-mechanical and biochemical processes which occur during the movement of a red blood cell through a capillary are exceedingly complex. The small scale and complexity of the capillary flow system makes quantitative experimental description very difficult and prevents a direct empirical modeling of the system at the present time. A theoretical approach directed at certain basic features of the fluid mechanics and transport processes in the microcirculation can indicate those features which must be considered in the development of a capillary flow model.
Einfluß der variablen Porosität auf die laminare Konvektion in einem einheitlich geheizten vertikalen porösen Kanal

Die vorliegende Untersuchung befast sich mit einer voll entwickelten Mischkonvektionsstromung in einem vertikalen Kanal. Die seitlichen Anderungen der Porositat und der Temperaturleitfahigkeit in dem Bett in Wandnahe werden durch Exponentialfunktion angenahert. Die Beziehung zwischen Permeabilitat und Porositat sind durch eine Kozney-Carman Approximation aufgestellt. Die eindimensionale Impulsgleichung fur niedrige Geschwindigkeiten mit gemitteltem Volumen nach Vafai wird fur die Analyse des Problems herangezogen. Ergebnisse werden fur stetiges Heizen des aufsteigenden kalten Fluids und fur stetiges Kuhlen des aufsteigenden heisen Fluids erhalten. Fur die oben genannten physikalischen Vorgange wird festgestellt, das die Warmeubertragungsrate und der Reibbeiwert mit dem Ansteigen des PorositatsParameters zunehmen, wohingegen die Stoffubertragungsrate mit Ansteigen des Porositats-Parameters sinkt. Die Geschwindigkeitsprofile zeigen hydrodynamische Kanalbildung auf und die Maximalgeschwindigkeit verschiebt sich in Richtung der Wand fur einen groseren Porositats-Parameter. Mit zunehmender Rayleigh-Zahl bei stetigem Heizen des aufsteigenden kalten Fluids steigen die Warmeubertragungs- und Stoffubertragungsraten an, wahrend der Reibbeiwert sinkt. Eine entgegengesetzte Tendenz wird fur den Fall des stetigen Kuhlens des aufsteigenden heisen Fluids festgestellt.
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of Motivational Interviewing to Change Attitudes about Adherence to Medications for Asthma

The day-to-day management of asthma relies on patient self-care practices; in particular, adherent use of asthma medications is fundamental for asthma management. However, most persons with asthma do not use their medications to clinically acceptable standards. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a brief educational intervention to enhance knowledge and skills relevant to asthma self-care, and the efficacy of motivational interviewing to improve attitudes toward taking medications as prescribed. Twenty-five adults with asthma were randomly assigned to receive a brief educational intervention alone, or education plus motivational interviewing. Over time, all participants improved their knowledge of asthma and skills using a metered dose inhaler. Participants who received education alone showed a decreased level of readiness to adhere with their medications over time, whereas participants who received motivational interviewing were more likely to show a stable or increased level of readiness to adhere over time. Among participants who described themselves as not consistently adhering with their medications at the first evaluation, those who received motivational interviewing endorsed more positive attitudes toward taking medications over time. The results are supportive of the utility of motivational interviewing in enhancing participants' attitudes toward adherent medication use. Future research should test if attitude change is reflected in change in medication use.
Visceral adiposity as a predictor of survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer receiving platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy.

e17031Background: Obesity has been linked to worse outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), due to underlying metabolic dysfunction. Visceral fat (i.e. central obesity) compared to subcutaneous...
Intravenous Fluid Therapy Is Associated with a Reduced Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy but not with a Reduced Long-Term Incidence of Renal Dysfunction After Cardiac Catheterization

Abstract Background Intravenous fluid (IVF) administration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is considered standard of care, but the effect of IVF therapy on longer-term outcomes after radiocontrast dye administration is not well known. Methods and results We studied 4367 patients undergoing coronary and peripheral angiography and intervention at a veterans' administration medical center. 2653 patients (61%) received IVF prior to the procedure and 1714 (39%) did not. Of the 4367 subjects 1962 (45%) had repeat creatinine values at 72 h and 3100 (70%) had repeat creatinine values at 3 months. CIN at 72 h occurred in 68 (6.7%) patients in the IVF group and in 87 patients (9.8%) in the group receiving no IVF (odds ratio [OR] 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–0.99; p = 0.004). At 3 months, renal dysfunction was seen in 224 (11.5%) patients of the IVF group versus 152 (13.1%) of the group receiving no IVF (OR 0.98, CI 0.96–1.01; p = 0.18). In adjusted analyses using a propensity score, IVF therapy was associated with a significant reduction in CIN occurrence at 72 h (OR = 0.97, (95% CI 0.94–0.99, p = 0.01) but was not associated with a change in the incidence of renal dysfunction at 3 months (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.01. p = 0.18). Conclusion In this cohort of US veterans, IVF administration was associated with a decreased incidence of CIN at 72 h but was not associated with a decreased incidence of renal dysfunction at 3 months.
Three Waves of Basic Income Support

Widerquist shows that since the early twentieth century, Basic Income has experienced three distinct waves of support, each one larger than the last. Basic Income experienced a small wave of support between 1910 and 1940, followed by a down period in the 1940s and 1950s. A second and larger wave of support happened in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by another down period in most countries until the early 2000s. Basic Income’s third and largest wave of support took off around 2010, has increased every year since, and shows no signs of dissipating. This chapter attempts to understand today’s Basic Income movement in the context of that history, drawing lessons from when and where the discussion tends to come and go.
Revision surgery in proximal junctional kyphosis

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a relatively common complication following spinal deformity surgery that may require reoperation. Although isolating the incidence is highly variable, in part due to the inconsistency in how PJK is defined, previous studies have reported the incidence to be as high as 39% with revision surgery performed in up to 47% of those with PJK. Despite the discordance in reported incidence, PJK remains a constant challenge that can result in undesirable outcomes following adult spine deformity surgery. A comprehensive literature review using Medline and PubMed was performed. Keywords included “proximal junctional kyphosis,” “postoperative complications,” “spine deformity surgery,” “instrumentation failure,” and “proximal junctional failure” used separately or in conjunction. While the characterization of PJK is variable, a postoperative proximal junction sagittal Cobb angle at least 10°, 15°, or 20° greater than the measurement preoperatively, it is a consistent radiographic phenomenon that is well defined in the literature. While particular studies in the current literature may ascertain certain variables as significantly associated with the development of proximal junctional kyphosis where other studies do not, it is imperative to note that they are not all one in the same. Different patient populations, outcome variables assessed, statistical methodology, surgeon/surgical characteristics, etc. often make these analyses not completely comparable nor generalizable. The goal of adult spine deformity surgery is to optimize patient outcomes and mitigate postoperative complications whenever possible. Due to the multifactorial nature of this complication, further research is required to enhance our understanding and eradicate the pathology. Patient optimization is the principal guideline in not only PJK prevention, but overall postoperative complication prevention. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Regulating Public Relations: How U.S. Legal Policies and Regulations Shaped Early Corporate Public Relations

Nineteenth and twentieth century developments in corporations’ legal duties involving “public relations” activities gave rise to professional public relations practice. During the nineteenth and ea...
Gore-Tex implant extrusion following revision medialization thyroplasty: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Objective To review current literature and experience with Gore-TexⓇ implant extrusion following medialization thyroplasty, as well as to report the unique case of Gore-TexⓇ implant extrusion following revision medialization thyroplasty. Methods Review of existing literature and description of personal experience with unique case of Gore-TexⓇ implant extrusion following revision medialization thyroplasty. Results Review of existing literature found no prior reported cases of Gore-TexⓇ implant extrusion following revision medialization thyroplasty. Risk factors for implant extrusion include the pressure of the implant on insertion and the inability to secure the implant. Cases of implant extrusion can be managed operatively via an endoscopic or via an external open approach. Conclusion This is the first reported case of Gore-TexⓇ implant extrusion following revision medialization thyroplasty. Careful consideration should be given in revision medialization thyroplasty as additional implant material may cause increased pressure, a risk factor for implant extrusion.
Central pain syndromes

The management of pain in persons with neurological injuries is challenging and complex. A holistic view and clinical approach are necessary when addressing pain in patients with neurological impairment because interpreting signs and symptoms and deciphering sources of pain is never a straightforward process. This problem is further magnified with the management of central pain syndromes. The best approach is to have a good understanding of the clinical characteristics commonly found in this patient population, in particular for patients with stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), or spinal cord injury (SCI), as central pain manifests differently between these groups. This paper will focus on the history, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of central pain in patients with these types of neurological conditions. In addition to being at risk for a decline in quality of life, patients with pain syndromes are also prone to adverse responses to treatments (e.g., opioid addiction). It is therefore important to methodically analyze the similarities and differences between patients with different pain syndromes.
Caring for the Family Caregiver: Palliative Care Communication and Health Literacy: by Elaine Wittenberg, Joy V. Goldsmith, Sandra Ragan, and Terri Ann Parnell, Oxford University Press; 1st edition (September 15, 2020), $44.95 (Paperback) ISBN-10: 0190055235, ISBN-13: 978-0190055233

In Caring for the Family Caregiver: Palliative Care Communication and Health Literacy, Elaine Wittenberg, Joy V. Goldsmith, Sandra Ragan, and Terri Ann Parnell provide readers an intimate examinati...
Experimental and numerical investigation on deflection and behavior of portable construction barrier subjected to vehicle impacts

Abstract Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on impact performance and deflection of precast, portable concrete construction barrier, referred to as a portable concrete barrier (PCB), with a free-standing and a box-beam stiffened configuration. A 61-m long PCB system, consisting of ten 6.1-m long PCBs, was initially evaluated with two full-scale crash tests in a free-standing configuration and a box-beam stiffened configuration according to safety performance guidelines in Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) 2016 for Test Level 3 (TL-3). Finite element models were developed using LS-DYNA and validated with these crash tests to ensure their feasibility to estimate barrier deflections and evaluate safety performance. The validated numerical models were used to conduct numerical simulations and investigate effects of concrete constitutive models and barrier length on the performance of PCB system with a box–beam stiffened configuration. Numerical results provided information on the selection and use of concrete constitutive models for evaluation of reinforced concrete barrier impact performance. Furthermore, the reduced-length analysis demonstrated that a reduction in the total system length resulted in decreased dynamic barrier deflection during impact events, as the ends of each system were pinned. This reduced-length analysis provided useful guideline on PCB system design and application for traffic control plan.
Shape Memory Alloys

This special issue on shape memory alloys (SMA) is an encore to a special issue on the same topic edited by us six years ago (Smart Mater. Struct. 9 (5) October 2000). A total of 19 papers is offered in this issue, organized into the three broad categories of modeling, characterization and applications. In addition to thermally activated shape memory alloys, this issue includes papers on magnetic shape memory alloys. This is reflective of the trends in the SMA research community where magnetic SMAs have gained prominence in recent years. We would also like to highlight that this issue, like the previous one, is novel in that it presents contributions from experts drawn from the mechanics as well as the materials community. This is our modest effort to provide a common forum to both communities. In conclusion, we thank the many reviewers who made this issue a reality.
Multi-Frequency Sparse Array-Based Massive MIMO Radar for Autonomous Driving

In this paper, we propose the concept of high-resolution massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with large-aperture sparse arrays for autonomous driving by exploiting multi-frequency signaling. The diversity offered by multi-frequency signals renders a high number of virtual sensors that effectively increase the degrees of freedom. Two strategies are developed to synthesize virtual sparse arrays by jointly utilizing MIMO radar sum coarray and multi-frequency signaling, respectively with and without further incorporating the difference coarray concept. As an example, we synthesize sparse arrays with an aperture of around 100 normalized half-wavelength using only 7 physical array elements in the context of the proposed multi-frequency MIMO radar.
Preservice Teachers Taking Action: Enacting Teaching Practices and Pedagogical Theories in an After-School Literacy Club Field Experience:

This article examines the teaching practices and pedagogical theories preservice teachers (PSTs) enacted in a newly designed after-school literacy club field placement. We draw from sociocultural a...
Southern California’s Flipped Congressional Districts: Bumpy Roads to Reelection and Defeat

Five Southern California congressional districts flipped from Republicans to Democrats in the 2018 midterm elections, apparently a tipping point in the California Republican Party’s long decline. Yet, the star of the freshman class, Katie Hill, resigned after extramarital affair allegations went viral, leading to a close special election victory for Republican Mike Garcia. The newly minted incumbent barely held on to the seat and two other seats flipped back to Republicans. Extraordinarily high turnout, Democratic miscues on strategy and campaign finance, and high name recognition for the Republican challengers contributed to split-ticket voting. Korean Americans Young Kim and Michelle Steele were elected part of a more diverse Republican freshman class even as Democrat Katie Porter was easily reelected and assumed the mantle of rising star.
Characterizing tropical overshooting deep convection from joint analysis of CloudSat and geostationary satellite observations

[1] Tropical overshooting deep convection (ODC) plays an important role in affecting the heat and constituent budgets of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. This study investigates the properties and behaviors of such intense deep convection using a combination of CloudSat observations and geostationary satellite data. Our study approaches the subject from two unique perspectives: first, W-band cloud profiling radar (CPR) observations from CloudSat are used, which add to our knowledge of the internal vertical structure of tropical ODC; second, each snapshot observation from CloudSat is cast into the time evolution of the convective systems through joint analysis of geostationary satellite data, which provides a lifecycle view of tropical ODC. Climatology of tropical ODC based on CloudSat data is first presented and compared with previous works. Various parameters from CloudSat observations pertaining to cloud vertical extent, convective intensity, and convective environment are analyzed. Although results broadly agree with previous studies, we show that CloudSat CPR is capable of capturing both small cloud particles and large precipitation-size particles, thus presenting a more complete depiction of the internal vertical structure of tropical ODC. Geostationary satellite observations are analyzed in conjunction with CloudSat data to identify the life stage of the convective systems (CSs) in which ODC is embedded. ODC associated with the growing, mature, and dissipating stage of the CSs represents, respectively, 66.2%, 33.4%, and 0.4% of the total population. Convective intensity of the ODC is found to be stronger during the growing stage than the mature stage.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FEMALE CHOICE, MALE-MALE COMPETITION, AND SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AS CAUSES OF SELECTION ON MALE MATING SIGNALS

Selection on advertisement signals arises from interacting sources including female choice, male-male competition, and the communication channel (i.e., the signaling environment). To identify the contribution of individual sources of selection, we used previously quantified relationships between signal traits and each putative source to predict relationships between signal variation and fitness in Enchenopa binotata treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). We then measured phenotypic selection on signals and compared predicted and realized relationships between signal traits and mating success. We recorded male signals, then measured lifetime mating success at two population densities in a realistic environment in which sources of selection could interact. We identified which sources best predicted the relationship between signal variation and mating success using a multiple regression approach. All signal traits were under selection in at least one of the two breeding seasons measured, and in some cases selection was variable between years. Female preference was the strongest source of selection shaping male signals. The E. binotata species complex is a model of ecological speciation initiated by host shifts. Signal and preference divergence contribute to behavioral isolation within the complex, and the finding that female mate preferences drive signal evolution suggests that speciation in this group results from both ecological divergence and sexual selection.
Partisanship in a social setting

No factor appears more powerful in explaining how individuals evaluate political information and form political preferences than partisanship. Yet, virtually all work on the effects of partisanship on preference formation neglects the crucial role of social settings. In this study, I examine how social settings can fundamentally change the influence of partisanship on preferences. I demonstrate that, in fact, social settings exert an independent influence over preference formation�one that is even larger than the influence of partisan ambivalence. The central implication of these findings is that, going forward, we cannot fully explore how citizens apply their partisanship in evaluating political information without also accounting for the social settings in which individuals find themselves.
Valleys of Death and Darwinian Seas: Financing the Invention to Innovation Transition in the United States

The basic science and technology research enterprise of the United States—sources of funding, performing institutions, researcher incentives and motivations—is reasonably well understood by academics and policy makers alike. Similarly corporate motivations, governance, finance, strategy, and competitive advantage have been much studied and are relatively well understood. But the process by which a technical idea of possible commercial value is converted into one or more commercially successful products—the transition from invention to innovation—is highly complex, poorly documented, and little studied. In this paper we discuss the process by which basic research is converted into successful commercial innovations. Following Arrow (1962) and Zeckhauser (1996), we explore the hypothesis that asymmetries of informaion and motivation, as well as institutional “gaps,” may systematically deter private investment into early stage technology development. We describe the role of governments—federal and state (or provincial)—in promoting the commercial transition from an invention to an innovation. We conclude by suggesting some lessons that may be learned from the experience of the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) of the United States Department of Commerce, among the few Federal programs specifically intended to meet this need.
Rate adjustable NRZ-DPSK modulation scheme with fixed interferometer

A novel rate adjustable NRZ-DPSK modulation scheme using a single fixed delay interferometer is presented. This approach realizes a higher sensitivity than other rate agile non-coherent modulation formats. Initial proof-of-concept results are provided.
The Policies and Politics of Control: Countering Argentina's Uniformed and Unemployed Protesters

Like many new democracies, Argentina has struggled with contentious movements that have challenged its precarious stability. Two very different sectors have led particularly powerful opposition movements: the military—associated historically with the abuse of power—and the unemployed workers, with important support from prestigious human rights organizations. This article looks both at how the political standing of the sector (military versus civil society) influences policy choices and at how these policy choices influence whether opposition movements remain mobilized and contentious. It argues that situation-alleviating policies—those that successfully address interests of the sector as a whole—tend to be more successful in defusing contentious movements than policies relying on coercion, concessions, or co-optation of mobilized opposition groups. Situation alleviation depletes the contentious groups of possible recruits, while policies targeting the mobilized opposition may inadvertently motivate those actors to remain mobilized.
Kombinationen der Wechselwirkungsterme in der Theorie des Β-Zerfalls

Bestimmte lineare Kombinationen der funf Invarianten in der Wechselwirkungstheorie desΒ-Zerfalls werden als Basisvektoren von den Darstellungen der dreielementigen Permutationsgruppe B3 angegeben. Fur diese Kombinationen haben die Zerfallsparameter derΜ-Mesonen besonders einfache Formen. Die Forderungen der Antisymmetrie beiFierz-Austausch und Invarianz bei Massenumkehr sondern, bei Anwendung dieser Basisvektoren, eindeutig die Kombination (ST+P) aus.
Why Do Some Accelerated Filers with SOX Section 404 Material Weaknesses Provide Early Warning under Section 302

SUMMARY: During the first year of the SOX Section 404 reporting requirements (effective November 15, 2004), many adverse Section 404 audit reports were a “surprise” in that management had not previously warned investors of the internal control deficiencies (ICDs) in SEC filings under Section 302 (effective August 29, 2002). Based on 451 accelerated filers with adverse initial Section 404 reports, we look back in time to previous disclosures under Section 302 and find that only 27 percent of the companies provided early warning of any of the ICDs during the fiscal year. We examine the association of early warning during the fiscal year under Section 302 with material weakness characteristics, litigation risk, subsequent financing, auditor characteristics, and management and governance traits. We find that early warning of ICDs is positively associated with the severity and number of material weaknesses, prior earnings restatements, auditor independence and effort, CFO change, the number of institutional in...
Mid-Paleozoic latitudinal predation gradient: Distribution of brachiopod ornamentation reflects shifting Carboniferous climate

Shell ornamentation in modern oceans increases toward the tropics in conjunction with an equatorward increase in shell-breaking predation. Latitudinal gradients in antipredatory ornamentation were previously documented for Devonian brachiopods. We examined the latitudinal distribution of shell ornamentation in Tournaisian, Visean, and Namurian articulate brachiopods to test the hypothesis that the latitudinal gradient in antipredatory ornamentation was present in the Carboniferous. We found a statistically significant latitudinal ornamentation gradient, which was most pronounced in the Tournaisian, when the latitudinal temperature gradient was most steep. These results support the hypothesis that a latitudinal gradient in defensive morphology occurred as a result of the mid-Paleozoic increase in predation. Although the mid-Paleozoic and late Mesozoic intervals of predator-prey escalation may have differed in dynamics and intensity, both episodes produced adaptations in prey morphology that varied along a latitudinal gradient.
It is time to give the new technologies a try.

“I think technology is the only solution to our fast-paced world and staying connected to each other.” The number one complaint I hear from nurses is the lack of communication in their organizations, but nobody seems to have a good answer as to how to find the time to communicate face-to-face during a busy workday. There are technology solutions, but this week, I was told by one nurse that the electronic medical record is a horrible solution and that nurses need to go back to communicating face-to-face and using paper charts. Some administrators believe that people should be banned from texting on their mobile phones during the workday. However, at the same time, nurses are so busy that they have no time to take breaks. One solution that nursing has come up with to decrease the amount of time spent in shift report is the 12-hour work shift. Nurses believe that 12-hour shifts benefit the patients because they are caring for these patients all day and there is one less shift report per 24 hours. I am confused by this. If nurses do not have time for breaks and are communicating less due to reductions in shift report, how can they have time for face-toface communication? I think electronic communication is the only effective solution to conveying the abundance of information in our fast-paced world. Why can't we give the new technologies a try?
Body Image: Linking Aesthetics and Social Psychology of Appearance:

Body image is the mental picture we have of our bodies, has both perceptual and affective components, affects how we interact with clothes, and affects how that clothed appearance is presented publ...
ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL TESTS FOR LOSS OF MATERIAL STABILITY

Material instability occurs when ellipticity is lost for symmetric constitutive equations. Prior to loss of ellipticity it is possible that the second-order work of Hill or Drucker becomes negative. There are implications in the literature that numerical solutions cease to be meaningful when a material strain softens and the second-order work is not positive. The instant that the second-order work is zero or negative simultaneously with the additional restriction that the strain increments satisfy compatibility is equivalent to the loss of the ellipticity criterion for symmetric constitutive relations. The loss of ellipticity criterion is the appropriate one for identifying when numerical solutions cease to show convergence and may also be a suitable criterion for identifying the instant at which material failure is initiated. An analytical development is provided for loss of ellipticity together with an explicit expression for the normal to the bifurcation plane. Numerical solutions are given for several sample problems. For all cases, the numerical solutions based on the finite element method conform to the theoretical expectations that unique numerical solutions exist prior to the point at which ellipticity is lost.
TRECing long-term success in SCID.

In this issue of Blood, Sarzotti-Kelsoe and colleagues provide strong evidence that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in primary T-cell deficiencies provides long-term maintenance of thymopoiesis and T-cell function.
Temperature-dependent isotope shifts and phonon-induced zero-field splitting

Abstract The Debye model is used to calculate the mean-square displacement of the magnetic ions in host lattices. The theory is able to account for the observed temperature dependence of the isotope shift in the zero-field splitting.
Performance of select color-difference formulas in the blue region

The main objective of this work was to test the performance of major formulas for assessment of small suprathreshold color differences in the blue region. The models examined include CIELAB color space based equations, including CIELAB, CIE94, CIEDE2000, CMC (l:c), BFD (l:c), and formulas based on more uniform color spaces, such as DIN99d, CAM02-SCD, CAM02-UCS, OSA-GP, and OSA-Eu in comparison against data obtained via visual assessments. For this purpose, a dataset around the CIE high-chroma blue color center, hereafter called NCSU-B2, was developed. The NCSU-B2 dataset comprised 65 textile substrates and a standard, with a mean ΔEab* color difference of 2.72, ranging from 0.54–5.72. Samples were visually assessed by 26 subjects against the reference gray scale in three separate trials with at least 24 h between assessments. A total of 5070 assessments were obtained. The standardized residual sum of squares (STRESS) index was used to examine the performance of various formulas for this dataset, as well as a previously developed NCSU-B1 low-chroma blue dataset [Color Res. Appl.36, 27, 2011], and blue centers from other established visual datasets. Results show that formulas based on more recent uniform color spaces provide better agreement with perceptual data compared with models based on CIELAB space.
2-carboxy-d-hexitol 1,6-bisphosphate: An inhibitor of d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Abstract 2-Carboxy- d -hexitol 1,6-bisphosphate (CHBP) has been prepared from d -fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and cyanide. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography separated the reaction products into two fractions which were identified as CHBP and CHBP-lactone. CHBP is presumably a mixture of two diastereomers, 2-carboxy- d -glucitol 1,6-bisphosphate and 2-carboxy- d -mannitol 1,6-bisphosphate, but an attempt to separate these compounds was not successful. The material in the CHBP-lactone peak had no effect on d -ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase. However, CHBP was a potent reversible inhibitor of RuBP carboxylases. This compound displayed an inhibition constant (Ki at pH 8.0 and 30 °C) of 1–2 μ m with the enzymes from spinach and barley, while the Ki was 60–70 μ m with bacterial RuBP carboxylases from Pseudomonas oxalaticus and Rhodospirillum rubrum. The mode of inhibition was competitive with respect to RuBP for all the carboxylases, and noncompetitive with respect to CO2 for the enzymes from spinach, P. oxalaticus and R. rubrum. The results indicate that, in the binding of certain organic phosphates by RuBP carboxylases, there may be a fundamental difference between the enzymes isolated from microbial and from higher plant sources. RuBP oxygenase activities from spinach and P. oxalaticus were also inhibited by CHBP, with Ki values which were similar to those obtained with the carboxylase activity of the same enzymes. The mode of inhibition of the oxygenase activities was also competitive with respect to RuBP. Thus, it seems that the binding of CHBP is similar for the carboxylase and oxygenase reactions of the same enzyme.
Rethinking the Technology Integration Challenge: Cases from Three Urban Elementary Schools

AbstractCase studies of three urban elementary schools were conducted to document the integration of technology given identical resources from a local university’s PT3 grant. Data sources for this qualitative study included participant observers’ field notes and journal entries, school personnel interviews, timeline and chronicle of technology-related priorities and events, and children’s and teachers’ technology artifacts. Cases were summarized with respect to prior technology context, agents of growth and development, and changes and future directions. The analysis identified three scaffolds that appear to have a significant influence on—and redefine the challenge of—technology integration: alignment with the curriculum/mission, teacher leadership, and public/private roles for technology recognition.
TU‐C‐351‐02: Alignment Error Due to Speed Artifact in Stereotactic Ultrasound Image Guidance

Purpose:USimage guidance systems which are calibrated for soft tissue applications will introduce errors in depth‐from‐transducer representation when used in media with a different speed of sound propagation (e.g. fat). In this study we utilized a standard US phantom to demonstrate the existence of the speed artifact when using a commercial USimage guidance system to image through simulated layers of body fat, and compared the results with calculated/predicted values. Method and Materials A General Purpose Ultrasound Phantom (speed of sound‐SOS = 1540 m/s) Model ATL 040 (CIRS, Norfolk, VA) was imaged on a LightSpeed RT CT scanner (GE Health Care, Waukesha, WI) at 0.625‐mm slice thickness and 0.5mm pixel. Target‐simulating wires inside the phantom were contoured and later transferred to the BAT Sxi unit (Nomos Corp., Cranberry, PA). Various thicknesses (1–8cm) of fat simulating material (SOS = 1435 m/s), manufactured by CIRS, were placed on top of the phantom to study the depth‐related alignment error. In order to demonstrate that the speed artifact is not caused by adding additional layers on top of the phantom, we repeated these measurements in an identical setup using tissue simulating material (SOS=1540 m/s) for the top layers. Result and Discussion: For the fat simulating material used in this study, we observed the magnitude of the depth‐related alignment errors resulting from this speed artifact to be 0.73 mm per cm of fat imaged‐through. The measured alignment errors caused by the speed artifact agreed with the calculated values within measurement uncertainties for the five different thicknesses of fat simulating material studied here. Conclusion: We demonstrated the depth‐related alignment error due to speed artifact when using USimage guidance for radiation treatment alignment. When possible, care should be taken to avoid imaging through a thick layer of fat for larger patients in US alignments.
Investigation into the mechanism by which cyclodextrins influence transdermal drug delivery.

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) increases transdermal permeation. Hairless mouse skin was pretreated with HPCD solutions for up to 4 h. After removing the HPCD, corticosteroid-containing suspensions were applied and the transdermal flux and skin accumulation of two model drugs were investigated. After pretreatment, changes to the stratum corneum endothermic melting transitions were determined as an indication of HPCD-induced lipid disorganization. Results demonstrated that HPCD pretreatment had no significant effect on the transdermal permeation or skin accumulation of the model corticosteroids. These findings suggest that HPCD functions to enhance the apparent solubility of the drug in the formulation, thus increasing transdermal permeation rather than extracting lipids from the skin.
Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire

The present report describes the development of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to measure the trait of worry. The 16-item instrument emerged from factor analysis of a large number of items and was found to possess high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The questionnaire correlates predictably with several psychological measures reasonably related to worry, and does not correlate with other measures more remote to the construct. Responses to the questionnaire are not influenced by social desirability. The measure was found to significantly discriminate college samples (a) who met all, some, or none of the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder and (b) who met criteria for GAD vs posttraumatic stress disorder. Among 34 GAD-diagnosed clinical subjects, the worry questionnaire was found not to correlate with other measures of anxiety or depression, indicating that it is tapping an independent construct with severely anxious individuals, and coping desensitization plus cognitive therapy was found to produce significantly greater reductions in the measure than did a nondirective therapy condition.