cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperandrogenism induces a proinflammatory TNFα response to glucose ingestion in a receptor-dependent fashion.

Context: Hyperandrogenism and inflammation are related in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperandrogenemia can induce inflammation in reproductive-age women, but the mechanism for this phenomenon is unclear. Objective: We examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of hyperandrogenism on mononuclear cell (MNC)-derived androgen receptor (AR) status and TNFα release. Design: This study combined a randomized, controlled, double-blind protocol with laboratory-based cell culture experiments. Setting: This work was performed in an academic medical center. Participants: Lean, healthy, reproductive-age women were treated with 130 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or placebo (n = 8 subjects each) for 5 days and also provided untreated fasting blood samples (n = 12 subjects) for cell culture experiments. Main Outcome Measures: AR mRNA content and TNFα release were measured before and after DHEA administration in the fasting state and 2 hours after glucose ingestion. TNFα release in the fasting state was also mea...
Structure from motion of rigid and jointed objects

A method for recovering the three-dimensional structure of moving rigid and jointed objects from several single camera views is presented. The method is based on the fixed axis assumption: all movement consists of translations and rotations about an axis that is fixed in direction for short periods of time. This assumption makes it possible to recover the structure of any group of two or more rigidly connected points. The structure of jointed objects is recovered by analyzing them as collections of rigid parts, and then unifying the structures proposed for the parts. The method presented here has been tested on several sets of data, including movies used to demonstrate human perception of structure from motion.
Counterattack reagents: Thiosilanes in the conversion of nitro compounds to thiohydroxamic acids and thiohydroximates

Abstract Various primary nitro compounds were reacted sequentially with KH and Me 3 SiSSiMe 3 in THF to give thiohydroxamic acids in 56–92% yields. By the same strategy, a thiohydroxamic acid was obtained in 50% yield by treatment of trans -β-nitrostyrene with i -PrSLi in THF and then with Me 3 SiSSiMe 3 . Reaction of primary nitro compounds with n -BuLi and then with MeSSiMe 3 or PhSSiMe 3 produced the corresponding thiohydroximates in 61–78% yields. Secondary nitro compounds were converted to oximes in 68–96% yields by reaction with KH and Me 3 SiSSiMe 3 or MeSSiMe 3 in THF or 1,4-dioxane. In these “one-flask” reactions, thiosilanes Me 3 SiSSiMe 3 , MeSSiMe 3 , and PhSSiMe 3 acted as “counterattack reagents”
Effective Field Theory of the Linear O(N) Sigma Model

Abstract The low energy structure of a theory containing light and heavy particle species which are separated by a mass gap can adequately be described by an effective theory which contains only the light particles. In this work we present a thorough analysis of the effective field theory of the linear O ( N ) sigma model in the spontaneously broken phase. In particular, we present a detailed discussion of two techniques, a short-distance expansion and a method based on loop-integrals, which can be used to explicitly evaluate the functional relationships between the low energy constants of the effective theory and the parameters of the underlying theory. We furthermore provide a detailed analysis of the matching relation between the linear sigma model and its effective theory, in order to clarify some discrepancies which can be found in the literature.
Comet Encke: Meteor Metallic Ion Identification by Mass Spectrometer

Metal ions including Na-40(+), Mg-24(+), Si-28(+), K-39(+), Ca-40(+), Sc-45(+), Cr-52(+), Fe-56(+), and Ni-58(+) were detected in the upper atmosphere during the beta Taurids meteor shower. Abundances of these ions relative to Si(+) show agreement in most instances with chondrites. A notable exception is 45(+), which is Sc(+), is 100 times more abundant than neutral scandium found in chondrites.
Does online participation matter? A case study of a hybrid theatre arts course

Purpose – To examine whether students have higher retention rates of material when they participate in online quizzes or online alternative student‐centered assignments on the material presented in the F2F class.Design/methodology/approach – Reviews the literature; and analyzes data from the implementation of both types of assessment for the online sessions of the course (student‐centered and faculty‐centered) as correlated with mid‐term and final examination scores.Findings – A significant difference was found on both mid‐term and final examination scores by participants and non‐participants in the assessments. A significant difference was not found in the participation levels in the various assessment types. In addition, a minimal relationship was found between the assessment type and the act of participating in the assessment. The assessment type was not found to have a significant effect, though the participation in the assessment type did have an effect.Research limitations/implications – Only two te...
Synthesis of N‐[4‐[2‐(2,4‐Diamino‐1,6‐dihydro‐6‐oxo‐5‐pyrimidinyl)‐ethylamino]benzoyl]‐L‐glutamic acid. An acyclic analogue of 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrofolic acid

The synthesis of N-[4-[2-(2,4-diamino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)ethylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (2), a two carbon analogue of 5-DACTHF (1) and an acyclic analogue of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, is reported. The pyrimidinylacetaldehyde diethyl acetal 3, which was prepared in 2-steps from 2-chloro acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, was converted to 2 in four steps. Compound 2 was less cytotoxic toward Detroit 98 or L cells than 5-DACTHF (1).
The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Evolution of Void Statistics from z ~ 1 to z ~ 0

We present measurements of the void probability function (VPF) at z ~ 1 using data from the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe 2 (DEEP2) Redshift Survey and its evolution to z ~ 0 using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We measure the VPF as a function of galaxy color and luminosity in both surveys and find that it mimics trends displayed in the two-point correlation function, ξ: namely, that samples of brighter, red galaxies have larger voids (i.e., are more strongly clustered) than fainter, blue galaxies. We also clearly detect evolution in the VPF with cosmic time, with voids being larger in comoving units at z ~ 0. We find that the reduced VPF matches the predictions of a "negative binomial" model for galaxies of all colors, luminosities, and redshifts studied. This model lacks a physical motivation but produces a simple analytic prediction for sources of any number density and integrated two-point correlation function, . This implies that differences in the VPF across different galaxy populations are consistent with being due entirely to differences in the population number density and . We compare the VPF at z ~ 1 to N-body ΛCDM simulations and find good agreement between the DEEP2 data and mock galaxy catalogs. Interestingly, we find that the dark matter particle reduced VPF follows the physically motivated "thermodynamic" model, while the dark matter halo reduced VPF more closely follows the negative binomial model. The robust result that all galaxy populations follow the negative binomial model appears to be due primarily to the clustering of dark matter halos. The reduced VPF is insensitive to changes in the parameters of the halo occupation distribution, in the sense that halo models with the same will produce the same VPF. For the wide range of galaxies studied, the VPF therefore does not appear to provide useful constraints on galaxy evolution models that cannot be gleaned from studies of alone.
The new heavy mesons: A status report

Abstract A survey of the experimental, phenomenological, and theoretical status of the new heavy mesons is presented. States discussed are the B c , h c , η c ′ , D s ( 2317 ) , D s ( 2460 ) , X ( 3872 ) , X ( 3940 ) , Y ( 3940 ) , Z ( 3930 ) , and Y ( 4260 ) . Quark models for spectra, strong decays, and hadronic interactions are reviewed and used to interpret the new states. New results for strong decay models, bound state decays, mesonic molecules, properties of the X ( 3872 ) , and the chiral doublet model are also presented.
Financing Choice and Liability Structure of Real Estate Investment Trusts

We conduct an analysis of public financial offerings of equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), with a focus on liability structure effects and whether or not firms target longer-run debt ratios. Our major findings are that (1) proceeds from equity offers are more likely to fund investment, whereas public debt offer proceeds are typically used to reconfigure the liability structure of the firm; (2) public debt issuers are often capital constrained and target total leverage ratios to retain an investment grade credit rating; and (3) the preoffer liability structure affects the issuance choice decision, in that firms with higher preoffer levels of secured (unsecured) debt tend to issue equity (public debt). Other notable findings are that the market for public REIT debt is integrated with the broader debt markets and that higher credit quality firms issue longer-maturing bonds.
Large N Expansion for Frustrated and Doped Quantum Antiferromagnets

A large N expansion technique, based on symplectic (Sp(N)) symmetry, for frustrated magnetic systems is studied. The phase diagram of a square lattice, spin S, quantum antiferromagnet with first, s...
Anomalous swelling behavior of FM 5055 carbon phenolic composite

Carbonized rayon-based phenolic composites are used extensively as ablative surfaces in the design of aerospace hardware. Historically, their performance has been inconsistent. Many of the anomalous events documented to occur in these materials can be traced to the material's volatile constituents. The largest volatile component (>80%) is known to be water. Water not only acts as a pore pressure producing gas but has been shown to plasticize cured phenolic resins. The location of water within the material and the relative hydroscopic tendencies of the various components of the composite are of interest in understanding the mechanism of these various anomalous events. This study measured the swelling response of a typical carbon phenolic composite in the three primary material directions
Resolved chiral 3,4-diazaphospholanes and their application to catalytic asymmetric allylic alkylation.

One-pot condensation of PhPH2, phthaloyl chloride, and the azine of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde (1) results in the new phosphine, rac-N,N‘-phthaloyl-2,3-(2-carboxyphenyl)-phenyl-3,4-diazaphospholane (rac-2), in 88% yield. Resolution via selective crystallization of the diastereomeric α-methylbenzylamine salts followed by coupling with amino acids and other amines provides rapid access to new collections of chiral phosphines (3). Pd-catalyzed alkylation of 1,3-dimethylallyl acetate and 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate at room temperature in the presence of 3 exhibits enantioselectivities as high as 92% ee and 97% ee, respectively, with strong sensitivity to the nature of the amino acid appendages. The presence of PF6- salts profoundly affects both the yield and the selectivity of catalytic allylic alkylation.
On some local cohomology modules

We give an explicit description of a certain high order local cohomology module with support in an ideal in terms of some combinatorial information about the minimal primes of the ideal. As a consequence, we give a combinatorial necessary and sufficient condition for an upper bound on the cohomological dimension of the ring with support in the ideal.
A practical stopping rule for iterative signal restoration

Iterative signal restoration is a common and simple approach for recovering degraded signals. Unfortunately, iterative algorithms often converge slowly, and the convergence point is usually not the best restoration because of noise amplification. Therefore, a stopping rule should be imposed to maximize the effectiveness of the iterative algorithm. We demonstrate the value of randomized generalized cross-validation (RGCV) as a stopping rule for linear iterative restoration algorithms with simple initial conditions and show that it can be used on relatively small data sets with confidence. We also illustrate the performance of the RGCV criterion for various degrees of blurring and noise. >
On the Markov sequence problem for Jacobi polynomials

Abstract We give a simple and entirely elementary proof of Gasper's Theorem on the Markov sequence problem for Jacobi polynomials. It is based on the spectral analysis of an operator that arises in the study of a probabilistic model of colliding molecules introduced by Marc Kac, and the methods developed here yield new estimates relevant to the collision model.
Cancer Trial Enrollment After State-Mandated Reimbursement

Background: Recruitment of patients into cancer research studies is exceedingly difficult, particularly for early phase trials. Payer reimbursement policies are a frequently cited barrier. We examined whether state policies that ensure coverage of routine medical care costs for cancer trial participants are associated with an increase in clinical trial enrollment. Methods: We used logistic Poisson regressions to analyze enrollment in National Cancer Institute phase II and phase III Clinical Trials Cooperative Group trials and compared changes in trial enrollment rates between 1996 and 2001 of privately insured cancer patients who resided in the four states that enacted coverage policies in 1999 with enrollment rates in states without such policies. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Trial enrollment rates increased in the coverage and noncoverage states by 24.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 22.8% to 27.0%) and 28.8% (95% CI = 27.7% to 29.8%) per year, respectively, from 1996 through 2001. After implementation of the coverage policies in 1999 in four states, there was a 21.7% (95% CI = 3.8% to 42.6%) annual increase in phase II trial enrollment in coverage states, compared with a 15.6% (95% CI = 8.8% to 21.8%) annual decrease in noncoverage states (P<.001). After accounting for secular trend, cancer type, and race in multivariable analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for a phase II trial participant residing in a coverage versus a noncoverage state after 1999 was 1.59 per year (95% CI = 1.22 to 2.07; P =.001). In a multivariable analysis of phase III trial participation, there was a decrease in the odds of residing in a coverage state after 1999 (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.98; P =.011). Conclusion: State coverage policies were associated with a statistically significant increase in phase II cancer trial participation and did not increase phase III cancer trial enrollment.
Entry, Descent, and Landing With Propulsive Deceleration

The future exploration of the Solar System will require innovations in transportation and the use of entry, descent, and landing (EDL) systems at many planetary landing sites. The cost of space missions has always been prohibitive, and using the natural planetary and planet s moons atmospheres for entry, descent, and landing can reduce the cost, mass, and complexity of these missions. This paper will describe some of the EDL ideas for planetary entry and survey the overall technologies for EDL that may be attractive for future Solar System missions.
Spin Hall Effects in Metals

Spin Hall effects convert charge currents into spin currents and vice versa even in nonmagnetic conductors due to spin orbit coupling. This enables spin Hall effects to be utilized both for the generation and detection of spin currents and magnetization dynamics. This paper reviews the experimental characterization of these effects in metallic systems, which have so far shown the highest efficiency in using spin Hall effects for charge-to-spin interconversion. The advantages and disadvantages of complimentary measurement techniques are discussed and in addition an outlook of the possible impact on applications is presented.
Low-Mass Dwarf Template Spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We present template spectra of low-mass (M0-L0) dwarfs derived from over 4000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra. These composite spectra are suitable for use as medium-resolution (R ~ 1800) radial velocity standards. We report mean spectral properties (molecular band-head strengths, equivalent widths) and use the templates to investigate the effects of magnetic activity and metallicity on the spectroscopic and photometric properties of low-mass stars.
Optical control of DNA base radio sensitivity.

We describe manipulation of the radio sensitivity of the nucleotide base driven by the spin blockade mechanism of diffusive free radicals against ionizing radiation. We theoretically propose a mechanism which uses the simultaneous application of circularly polarized light and an external magnetic field to control the polarization of the free radicals and create S = 1 electron−hole spin excitations (excitons) on a nucleotide base. We deploy an ab initio molecular dynamics model to calculate the characteristic parameters of the light needed for optical transitions. As a specific example, we present the numerical results calculated for a guanine in the presence of an OH free radical. To increase the radio resistivity of this system, an energy gap for the optical pumping and induction of excitons on guanine is predicted. The effect of spin injection on the formation of a free energy barrier in diffusion-controlled chemical reaction pathways leads to the control of radiation-induced base damage. The proposed m...
Exchange rate stabilization in the ERM: identifying European monetary policy reactions

Abstract We develop the structural VAR models for European countries (France, Denmark, and Germany) during the ERM period, to examine the monetary policy reactions, especially the within-ERM exchange rate stabilization. In addition to analyzing the impulse responses and variance decomposition, we present the full monetary reaction function in an interpretable manner, without introducing additional assumptions. The results suggest some asymmetry in exchange rate stabilization (non-German exchange rate stabilization is stronger than German exchange rate stabilization), but do not support the hypothesis that German monetary policy was independent of the ERM.
Radiative Ignition of Double Base Propellants: II. Pre-ignition Events and Source Effects

In this second paper of a two-part study, emphasis is on the pressure dependent pre-ignition events in double base propellants and the influence of radiation source (arc image vs laser) on observed ignition behavior. The pressure-dependent (< 21 atm) ignition domain of a PNC/MTN double base propellant is examined using controlled exposure lengths together with high speed movies and an infrared detector to monitor flame development. There is a brief flux-dependent period of transient flame development after gasification begins; this is followed by a relatively long, flux-dependent period of steady-state, radiation assisted burning before a selfsustaining condition is reached. The nature of this condition for self-sustainment is not yet well-defined. The ignition behavior seen with an arc furnace or a laser is generally quite close for both double base and composite propellants, if optical effects (reflection, penetration) are factored out. An exception is fast deradiation extinction, seen only with the laser; greater radiation penetration in the arc image wavelength region precludes this phenomenon. I. Introduction A S pointed out in the companion paper,l thermal zmradiation is a convenient energy input for studying solid propellant ignition behavior. By varying such factors as radiant flux, ambient pressure, and propellant compositions, much can be learned about the processes underlying the macroscopic ignition response, e.g., which of these factors controls that behavior in differing ambient conditions and what is needed to predict ignitability quantitatively in new circumstances. At the same time, one must be aware that the unique nature of radiation and the characteristics of the devices used to produce it can affect the test results. The present study is a systematic survey of radiation ignition behavior of a variety of propellants, intended to illustrate both these positive and negative aspects. In the companion paper,1 a generalized ignition behavior 4'map'* (log °f irradiation time vs log of radiant flux) was presented. The boundaries on this map were discerned by go/no-go testing and by monitoring of IR radiation from the developing flame. For clarity, we summarize them again here in the order they are encountered as irradiation time increases: Lla = first gas evolution; Llb = first IR signal from the surface region indicating the beginning of exothermicity; L]c = incipient flame indicated by a roughly 50-fold increase in IR signal; Lld = self -sustained flame indicated by steady burning if flux is removed; L2 = deradiation extinction boundary indicated by disappearance of a well-developed flame when radiation is removed too quickly. The companion paperl concentrated on certain propellant formulation effects; it illustrated how these boundaries are shifted strongly by the optical properties of the propellants. This was shown to obscure the comparison of different types of propellants, but unmodified double base propellants
On the Nature of the Solar Corona, with some Suggestions for Work at the next Total Eclipse

On the Nature of the Solar Corona, with some Suggestions for Work at the next Total Eclipse
The Intrinsically X-Ray-weak Quasar PHL 1811. II. Optical and UV Spectra and Analysis* **

This is the second of two papers reporting observations and analysis of the unusually bright (mb = 14.4), luminous (MB = -25.5), nearby (z = 0.192) narrow-line quasar PHL 1811. The first paper reported that PHL 1811 is intrinsically X-ray-weak and presented a spectral energy distribution (SED). Here we present HST STIS optical and UV spectra, and ground-based optical spectra. The optical and UV line emission is very unusual. There is no evidence for forbidden or semiforbidden lines. The near-UV spectrum is dominated by very strong Fe II and Fe III, and unusual low-ionization lines such as Na I D and Ca II H and K are observed. High-ionization lines are very weak; C IV has an equivalent width of 6.6 ?, a factor of ~5 smaller than measured from quasar composite spectra. An unusual feature near 1200 ? can be deblended in terms of Ly?, N V, Si II, and C III* using the blueshifted C IV profile as a template. Photoionization modeling shows that the unusual line emission can be explained qualitatively by the unusually soft SED. Principally, a low gas temperature results in inefficient emission of collisionally excited lines, including the semiforbidden lines generally used as density diagnostics. The emission resembles that of high-density gas; in both cases this is a consequence of inefficient cooling. PHL 1811 is very unusual, but we note that quasar surveys may be biased against finding similar objects.
Epidemiology of Pulmonary Embolism

The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has notoriously been challenging because the disease often has no specific clinical presentation, can at times be completely asymptomatic, and can masquerade as other illnesses. To further complicate matters, the rules for coding VTE in the presence of other illnesses changed in 1983 so that among patients who died of VTE and other causes, VTE was omitted from the coding. The International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry enrolled 2454 consecutive pulmonary embolism (PE) patients from 52 participating hospitals in 7 countries. The aim was to establish the 3-month all-cause mortality rate and to identify factors associated with death. Three-month follow-up was completed in 98% of the patients. The all-cause mortality rate was 11.4% during the first 2 weeks after diagnosis and 17.4% at 3 months. Especially troubling among survivors was the high rate of recurrent VTE after anticoagulation was discontinued. Age is a potent risk factor for the development of VTE. The two most common genetic mutations that predispose to VTE are the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin gene. VTE can be precipitated by oral contraceptives, pregnancy, or hormone replacement therapy.
Ranking of Signals in Multitask Agency Models

Abstract A lift zonoid criterion is proven to be necessary and sufficient for ranking signals in multi-task agency models, and can be applied to a broader set of signals than a multivariate MPS criterion. The two criteria coincide under certain conditions.
Integrated TiO2 resonators for visible photonics

We demonstrate waveguide-coupled titanium dioxide (TiO2) racetrack resonators with loaded quality factors of 2.2×104 for the visible wavelengths. The structures were fabricated in sputtered TiO2 thin films on oxidized silicon substrates using standard top-down nanofabrication techniques, and passively probed in transmission measurements using a tunable red laser.
Symplectic Actions of 2-Tori on 4-Manifolds

In this paper the author classifies symplectic actions of $2$-tori on compact connected symplectic $4$-manifolds, up to equivariant symplectomorphisms. This extends results of Atiyah, Guillemin-Sternberg, Delzant and Benoist. The classification is in terms of a collection of invariants of the topology of the manifold, of the torus action and of the symplectic form. The author constructs explicit models of such symplectic manifolds with torus actions, defined in terms of these invariants.
Spectral characters of finite-dimensional representations of affine algebras

We introduce the notion of a spectral character for finite-dimensional representations of affine algebras. These can be viewed as a suitable q=1 limit of the elliptic characters defined by Etingof and Moura for quantum affine algebras. We show that these characters determine blocks of the category of finite-dimensional modules for affine algebras. To do this we use the Weyl modules defined by Chari and Pressley and some indecomposable reducible quotient of the Weyl modules.
Unusual stereoselectivity in sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed aldol condensations: Synthesis of both enantiomers of high carbon monosaccharides

An inversion of stereoselectivity in aldol condensations catalyzed by sialic acid aldolase (from Escherichia coli, Shinko American Inc.) was observed when L-mannose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose, L-talose, 2-deoxy-L-glucose, 2-deoxy-L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-L-mannosamine, D-gulose, D-arabinose, and 2-azido-2-deoxy-L-mannose were used as acceptor substrates. In all substrates tested, except the last three, a complete inversion of stereoselectivity was observed; i.e., the C-nucleophile of pyruvate attacks the re face of the acceptor carbonyl instead of the si face as in the normal case for the enantiomeric substrates
Asymmetric synthesis of highly functionalized cyclopentanes by a rhodium- and scandium-catalyzed five-step domino sequence

A domino sequence has been developed between vinyldiazoacetates and racemic allyl alcohols, involving five distinct steps. The sequence generates highly functionalized cyclopentanes with four new stereogenic centers as single diastereomers in 64–92% ee. The first step is a rhodium-catalyzed oxygen ylide formation, which is then followed by a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, an oxy-Cope rearrangement, a keto/enol tautomerization, and then finally a carbonyl ene reaction. With appropriate substrates, a further silyl deprotection and a 6-exo-trigcyclization can be added to the domino process.
The total synthesis of robustadial A and B dimethyl ethers

Synthese des composes du titre a partir de (+)-nopinone et de dimethoxy-2',4' hydroxy-6' acetophenone
Automorphic forms for elliptic function fields

Let F be the function field of an elliptic curve X over \({\mathbb{F}_q}\). In this paper, we calculate explicit formulas for unramified Hecke operators acting on automorphic forms over F. We determine these formulas in the language of the graph of an Hecke operator, for which we use its interpretation in terms of \({\mathbb{P}^1}\)-bundles on X. This allows a purely geometric approach, which involves, amongst others, a classification of the \({\mathbb{P}^1}\)-bundles on X. We apply the computed formulas to calculate the dimension of the space of unramified cusp forms and the support of a cusp form. We show that a cuspidal Hecke eigenform does not vanish in the trivial \({\mathbb{P}^1}\)-bundle. Further, we determine the space of unramified F′-toroidal automorphic forms where F′ is the quadratic constant field extension of F. It does not contain non-trivial cusp forms. An investigation of zeros of certain Hecke L-series leads to the conclusion that the space of unramified toroidal automorphic forms is spanned by the Eisenstein series E( · , s) where s + 1/2 is a zero of the zeta function of X—with one possible exception in the case that q is even and the class number h equals q + 1.
Computational simulation of damping in composite structures

A computational methodology is developed for the prediction of passive damping in composite structures. The method involves multiple levels of damping modeling by integrating micromechanics, laminate, and structural damping theories. The effects of temperature and moisture on structural damping are included. The simulation of damping in the structural level is accomplished with finite-element discretization. Applications are performed on graphite/epoxy composite beams, plates, and shells to illustrate the methodology. Additional parametric studies demonstrate the variation of structural modal damping with respect to ply angles, fiber volume ratio, and temperature.
The Relation Between Insider‐Trading Restrictions and Executive Compensation

In this study I investigate the relation between firm-level insider-trading restrictions and executive compensation. Using a trading-window proxy for the existence of such restrictions, I test predictions that insiders will demand compensation for these restrictions and that firms will need to increase incentives to restricted insiders. I find that firms that restrict insider trading pay a premium in total compensation relative to firms not restricting insider trading, after controlling for economic determinants of pay. Furthermore, these firms use more incentive-based compensation and their insiders hold larger equity incentives relative to firms that do not restrict insider trading. These results hold after controlling for the endogenous decision to restrict insiders and are consistent with the notion that insider trading plays a role in rewarding and motivating executives.
The Effects of Asset Liquidity: Evidence from the Contract Drilling Industry

Abstract I use both the depth of the buyers' market and the trading volume to measure asset liquidity in the contract drilling industry and I find that drilling rigs are less liquid than oil wells. The results indicate that managers avoid selling illiquid assets unless they face high costs for alternative sources of funds. The evidence also suggests that managers follow a “pecking order” of asset sales, selling liquid assets before illiquid assets. Finally, I find evidence that the liquidity of a firm's asset portfolio increases its debt capacity. I conclude that asset liquidity is an important consideration in investment and capital structure decisions. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G3, G31, G32, G33, L71.
The Anatomy of a quadruply imaged gravitational lens system

The key to using a strong gravitational lens system to measure the Hubble constant is to obtain an accurate model of the lens potential. In this paper, we investigate the properties of gravitational lens B1608+656, a quadruply-imaged lens system with an extended source intensity distribution. Our analysis is valid for generic quadruply-lensed systems. Limit curves and isophotal separatrices are defined for such systems, and we show that the isophotal separatrices must intersect at the critical curves and the satellite isophotes must be tangent to the limit curves. The current model of B1608+656 (Koopmans et al. 2003) satisfies these criteria for some, but not all, of the isophotal separatrices within the observational uncertainty.We study a non-parametric method of potential reconstruction proposed by Blandford, Surpi & Kundic (2001) and demonstrate that although the method works in principle and elucidates image formation, the initial potential only converges to the true model when it is within {approx} 1 percent of the true model.
Improve project leadership with the aid of a communication infrastructure

An effective organizational structure can enhance two-way information flow as well as facilitate project supervision and control. Progress books other than standard engineering or laboratory notebooks are recommended to document task progress without technical detail. Regular project meetings and more frequent sub-unit meetings are the primary modes of communication. Basic agendas for both initial and subsequent meetings are provided.
Unique Conservative Solutions to a Variational Wave Equation

Relying on the analysis of characteristics, we prove the uniqueness of conservative solutions to the variational wave equation \({u_{tt} - c (u) (c(u)u_{x}) x = 0}\). Given a solution u(t, x), even if the wave speed c(u) is only Hor continuous in the t – x plane, one can still define forward and backward characteristics in a unique way. Using a new set of independent variables X, Y, constant along characteristics, we prove that t, x, u, together with other variables, satisfy a semilinear system with smooth coefficients. From the uniqueness of the solution to this semilinear system, one obtains the uniqueness of conservative solutions to the Cauchy problem for the wave equation with general initial data \({u(0, \cdot) \in H^{1}(I\!R), u_{t} (0, \cdot) \in L^{2}(I\!R).}\)
Amandroid: A Precise and General Inter-component Data Flow Analysis Framework for Security Vetting of Android Apps

We propose a new approach to conduct static analysis for security vetting of Android apps, and built a general framework, called Amandroid for determining points-to information for all objects in an Android app in a flow- and context-sensitive way across Android apps components. We show that: (a) this type of comprehensive analysis is completely feasible in terms of computing resources needed with modern hardware, (b) one can easily leverage the results from this general analysis to build various types of specialized security analyses -- in many cases the amount of additional coding needed is around 100 lines of code, and (c) the result of those specialized analyses leveraging Amandroid is at least on par and often exceeds prior works designed for the specific problems, which we demonstrate by comparing Amandroid's results with those of prior works whenever we can obtain the executable of those tools. Since Amandroid's analysis directly handles inter-component control and data flows, it can be used to address security problems that result from interactions among multiple components from either the same or different apps. Amandroid's analysis is sound in that it can provide assurance of the absence of the specified security problems in an app with well-specified and reasonable assumptions on Android runtime system and its library.
Regiochemistry of intramolecular photocycloaddition of 1,3-dioxin-4-ones tethered through the ketal carbon

Abstract 1,3-Dioxin-4-one photosubstrates were prepared by condensation of alkenones with ketoesters or formyl Meldrum's Acid. The resulting dioxinones contained enone and alkene chromophores, linked through the ketal carbon of the dioxinone ring. The dioxinones were irradiated and the regiochemistry of the photoproducts was established. Substrates with a two carbon tether gave head to head products, while substrates with a three or four carbon tether gave predominantly head to tail products.
Numerical homogenization of the acoustic wave equations with a continuum of scales

In this paper, we consider numerical homogenization of acoustic wave equations with heterogeneous coefficients, namely, when the bulk modulus and the density of the medium are only bounded. We show that under a Cordes type condition the second order derivatives of the solution with respect to harmonic coordinates are L^2 (instead H^-1 with respect to Euclidean coordinates) and the solution itself is in L∞(0,T,H^2(Ω)) (instead of L∞(0,T,H^1(Ω)) with respect to Euclidean coordinates). Then, we propose an implicit time stepping method to solve the resulted linear system on coarse spatial scales, and present error estimates of the method. It follows that by pre-computing the associated harmonic coordinates, it is possible to numerically homogenize the wave equation without assumptions of scale separation or ergodicity.
Anti-ferromagnetic ordering and crystal electric field in Ce:GSAG and Ce:LLGG garnets

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of Ce:Gd 3 Sc 3 Al 3 O 12 (Ce:GSAG) and Ce:La 3 Lu 2 Ga 3 O 12 (Ce:LLGG) has been studied in the temperature range from 15 to 293 K. Both the Ce-doped garnets Ce:GSAG and Ce:LLGG show anti-ferromagnetic ordering at 18 and 27 K, respectively. Crystal electric field split energy levels have been used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility following Van Vleck's model. The calculated susceptibility values reasonably agree with the experimental susceptibility data of Ce:LLGG but differ for that of Ce:GSAG system. Contribution from long-range ordering between Ce and Gd ions for anomaly in Ce:GSAG system is speculated.
On the speed of gravity and the jupiter/quasar measurement

I present the theory and analysis behind the experiment by Fomalont and Kopeikin involving Jupiter and quasar J0842 + 1845 that purported to measure the speed of gravity. The computation of the v{sub J}/c correction to the gravitational time delay difference relevant to the experiment is derived, where v{sub J} is the speed of Jupiter as measured from Earth. Since the v{sub J}/c corrections are too small to have been measured in the Jupiter/quasar experiment, it is impossible that the speed of gravity was extracted from the data, and I explain what went wrong with the data analysis. Finally, mistakes are shown in papers by Fomalont and Kopeikin intended to rebut my work and the work of others.
In situ generation and trapping of aryllithium and arylpotassium species by halogen, sulfur, and carbon electrophiles.

A general method has been developed for in situ trapping of arylmetal intermediates by halogen, sulfur, ketone, and aldehyde electrophiles affording the functionalization of the most acidic positio...
Joint antenna selection and link adaptation for MIMO systems

Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver, are anticipated to be widely employed in future wireless networks due to their predicted tremendous system capacity. To protect the transmitted data against random channel impairment, it is desirable to consider link adaptation, such as rate adaptation and power control, to improve the system performance and guarantee certain quality of service. Based on the observation that link adaptation and antenna selection problems are often coupled, we propose a joint antenna subset selection and link adaptation study for MIMO systems. After the formulation of the multidimensional joint optimization problem, the main contribution of this paper lies in the design of efficient algorithms approaching the optimal solution for both uncorrelated and correlated MIMO channels. Specifically, we propose one simplified antenna selection and link adaptation rule based on the expected optimal number of active antennas for uncorrelated MIMO with Rayleigh fading and one for correlated MIMO channels only based on the slowly varying channel correlation information. Our proposed algorithms are verified through numerical results, demonstrating significant gains over traditional MIMO signaling, while feasible for practical implementation.
High-Temperature Cobalt-Tungsten Alloys for Aerospace Applications

High temperature capability and workability of cobalt-tungsten alloys for aerospace applications
THE DISCOVERY OF A NOVEL AND POTENT BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR PHARMACOPHORE

Abstract 1-(Indol-5-yl)pyrido[2,3-b]imidazoles and 1-(indol-5-yl)benzimidazoles (1) have been found to be unique, novel templates for potent benzodiazepine receptor affinity. The “molecular switch” for this activity lies in the imidazole N3 atom: replacement of this nitrogen for carbon [i.e., as in 5-(indol-1-yl)indoles (2)] affords compounds devoid of affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor (Figure 1).
On Core XPath with inflationary fixed points

In this report, we prove the undecidability of Core XPath 1.0 (CXP) extended with an Inflationary Fixed Point (IFP) operator. We prove that the satisfiability problem of this language is undecidable. In fact, the fragment of CXP+IFP containing only the self and descendant axes is already undecidable.
Transfer Functions of One-Dimensional Distributed Parameter Systems

Distributed parameter systems describe many important physical processes. The transfer function of a distributed parameter system contains all information required to predict the system spectrum, the system response under any initial and external disturbances, and the stability of the system response. This paper presents a new method for evaluating transfer functions for a class of one-dimensional distributed parameter systems. The system equations are cast into a matrix form in the Laplace transform domain. Through determination of a fundamental matrix, the system transfer function is precisely evaluated in closed form. The method proposed is valid for both self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint systems, and is extremely convenient in computer coding. The method is applied to a damped, axially moving beam with different boundary conditions.
The SLD asymmetry in view of the LEP results

Abstract LEP determines sin 2 θ eff , by combining the various asymmetry measurements to be 0.2321 ± 0.0005. On the other hand, the left-right asymmetry as measured at SLC corresponds to sin 2 θ eff = 0.2292 ± 0.0010. I will discuss the possibilities of this being i) a statistical fluctuation, ii) a hint for New Physics or iii) an experimental discrepancy.
New Precision Orbits of Bright Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries. I. RR Lyncis, 12 Bootis, and HR 6169

Radial velocities from the 2.1 m telescope at McDonald Observatory supplemented with radial velocities from the coude feed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory provide new precise orbits for the double-lined spectroscopic binaries RR Lyn (A3/A8/A6), 12 Boo (F8 IV), and HR 6169 (A2 V). We derive orbital dimensions (a1 sin i and a2 sin i) and minimum masses (m1 i and m2 i) with accuracies of 0.06%-0.9%. The three systems, which have V magnitudes of 5.53, 4.82, and 6.42, respectively, are all sufficiently bright that they are easily within the grasp of modern optical interferometers and so afford the prospect, when our spectroscopic observations are complemented by interferometric observations, of fully determined orbits, precise masses, and distances. In the case of RR Lyn, which is also a detached eclipsing binary with a well-determined orbital inclination (i = 8745 ± 011), we are able to determine the semimajor axis of the relative orbit, a = 29.32 ± 0.04 R⊙; primary and secondary radii of 2.57 ± 0.02 and 1.59 ± 0.03 R⊙, respectively; and primary and secondary masses of 1.927 ± 0.008 and 1.507 ± 0.004 M⊙, respectively. Comparison of our new systemic velocity determination, γ = -12.03 ± 0.04 km s-1, with the earlier one of Kondo, γ = -11.61 ± 0.30 km s-1, shows no evidence of any change in the systemic velocity in the 40 yr separating the two measurements, a null result that neither confirms nor contradicts the presence of the low-mass third component proposed by Khaliullin & Khaliullina. Our spectroscopic orbit of 12 Boo is more precise than that of Boden et al. but confirms their results about this system. Our analysis of HR 6169 has produced a major improvement in its orbital elements. The minimum masses of the primary and secondary are 2.20 ± 0.01 and 1.64 ± 0.02 M⊙, respectively. Although all three systems have eccentric orbits, the six components of the systems are either pseudosynchronously rotating or very nearly so.
The Subprime Panic

Understanding the ongoing credit crisis or panic requires understanding the designs of a number of interlinked securities, special purpose vehicles, and derivatives, all related to subprime mortgages. I describe the relevant securities, derivatives, and vehicles to show: (1) how the chain of interlinked securities was sensitive to house prices; (2) how asymmetric information was created via complexity; (3) how the risk was spread in an opaque way; and (4) how trade in the ABX indices (linked to subprime bonds) allowed information to be aggregated and revealed. These details are at the heart of the origin of the Panic of 2007. The events of the panic are described.
Theological roots of Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism has been with us now for three quarters of a century. But in spite of the scholarship of recent years, the origins and background of this movement are still unclear. This is in part due to the fact that most interpretations-whether historical, theological, psychological, or sociological-have focused on Pentecostalism's most distinctive feature, the practice of "speaking in tongues" or "glossolalia." This orientation not only obscures the fact that Pentecostalism asserts a distinctive gestalt of broader theological ideas, but makes difficult any effort to contextualize the movement-whether historically or theologically.
UNIVERSAL NON-COMPLETELY-CONTINUOUS OPERATORS

A bounded linear operator between Banach spaces is calledcompletely continuous if it carries weakly convergent sequences into norm convergent sequences. Isolated is a universal operator for the class of non-completely-continuous operators fromL1 into an arbitrary Banach space, namely, the operator fromL1 into ⊆∞ defined byT0(f) = (∫rnfdμ)n>-0, wherern is thenth Rademacher function. It is also shown that there does not exist a universal operator for the class of non-completely-continuous operators between two arbitrary Banach spaces. The proof uses the factorization theorem for weakly compact operators and a Tsirelson-like space.
When are fixed exchange rates really fixed

Abstract This paper analyzes the sustainability of fixed exchange rates by extending the time inconsistency framework to a fully dynamic context in which the level of a state variable (in this case debt) determines the payoffs available to the government at each point in time. The model yields the following results. If debt is sufficiently low, there is an equilibrium in which the government does not devalue. For an intermediate range of debt levels, the government devalues in response to an attack but not otherwise, so that self-fulfilling attacks can occur. Finally, for yet another debt range there can also be sunspot equilibria in which an attack (and the corresponding devaluation) occurs with positive probability.