cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Both the lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor pathways are involved in experimental murine models of colitis

Abstract Background & Aims: Membrane lymphotoxin (LT) α/β, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of immune regulatory molecules, is involved both in the development of secondary lymphoid tissues and the maintenance of organized lymphoid tissues in the adult. Defects observed in the mucosal immune system in animals with a genetically disrupted LTα/β pathway coupled with the expression of LTα/β in activated T cells motivated an examination of the importance of this pathway in experimental colitis. Methods: Soluble LTβ receptor (LTβR) immunoglobulin fusion protein was used to inhibit the LTα/β/light axis in two independent rodent models of colitis: CD45RB hi CD4 + –reconstituted SCID mice and bone marrow–transplanted tgϵ26 mice (BM → tgϵ26). Results: Treatment with LTβR immunoglobulin attenuated the development of both the clinical and histological manifestations of the disease in these two murine models of colitis. Given the success of TNF inhibitors in the treatment of human Crohn's disease, the effects of LTβR immunoglobulin have been compared with antibody to TNF in the BM → tgϵ26 model, and both treatments were equally efficacious. Conclusions: The LT pathway plays a role in the development of colitis as important as that of the TNF system and, therefore, represents a potential novel intervention point for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:1464-1475
Exploring historical trends using taxonomic name metadata.

Authority and year information have been attached to taxonomic names since Linnaean times. The systematic structure of taxonomic nomenclature facilitates the ability to develop tools that can be used to explore historical trends that may be associated with taxonomy. From the over 10.7 million taxonomic names that are part of the uBio system [4], approximately 3 million names were identified to have taxonomic authority information from the years 1750 to 2004. A pipe-delimited file was then generated, organized according to a Linnaean hierarchy and by years from 1750 to 2004, and imported into an Excel workbook. A series of macros were developed to create an Excel-based tool and a complementary Web site to explore the taxonomic data. A cursory and speculative analysis of the data reveals observable trends that may be attributable to significant events that are of both taxonomic (e.g., publishing of key monographs) and societal importance (e.g., world wars). The findings also help quantify the number of taxonomic descriptions that may be made available through digitization initiatives. Temporal organization of taxonomic data can be used to identify interesting biological epochs relative to historically significant events and ongoing efforts. We have developed an Excel workbook and complementary Web site that enables one to explore taxonomic trends for Linnaean taxonomic groupings, from Kingdoms to Families.
Imaging dopamine neurotransmission in live human brain.

Dopamine is an important regulator of cognition and behavior, but its precise influence on human brain processing remains unclear because of the lack of a reliable technique to study dopamine in the live human brain. In the recent years, a number of techniques have been developed to detect, map, and measure dopamine released during task performance. Most of these techniques are based on molecular imaging methods and have varying degrees of sensitivity. We developed a single-scan dynamic molecular imaging technique for the detection of dopamine released during task performance in the live human brain. This technique is extremely sensitive and has test–retest reliability. Using this technique, we detected dopamine released during the processing of a number of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional tasks. Since this technique acquires data that cannot be obtained using any other techniques, it extends the scope of neuroimaging research.
On making the illustration illustrative: a comment on Banker, Conrad, and Strauss

Hospitals are firms which produce multiple outputs. Taking account of the multiproduct nature of the firm is important for appropriate analyses of hospital technology to be conducted. This paper comments on a recent study which was aimed at comparing two methods of analyzing hospital costs which incorporate multiple outputs and inputs. The comment focuses on how outputs are defined and problems related to aggregation of outputs. Limitations on the ability to interpret results reported by Banker, Conrad and Strauss are identified.
Somatostatin is increased in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder characterized by premature cell death, predominantly in the neostriatum. Decreased concentrations of several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been reported in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease. We now report that concentrations of radioimmunoassayable somatostatin are increased in extracts of the caudate (mean +/- standard error of the mean, ng/gm net weight; 247 +/- 24 versus 85 +/- 11), putamen (275 +/- 48 versus 74 +/- 11), external globus pallidus (100 +/- 10 versus 27 +/- 6), and internal globus pallidus (108 +/- 21 versus 21 +/- 8) in the disease. The concentrations of immunoreactive substance P measured in the same extracts were markedly reduced in caudate (mean +/- standard error of the mean, pmol/gm wet weight; 25 +/- 3 versus 109 +/- 20), putamen (28 +/- 7 versus 88 +/- 28), external globus pallidus (39 +/- 9 versus 196 +/- 62), and internal globus pallidus (60 +/- 17 versus 263 +/- 39), as well as in both subdivisions of the substantia nigra. Gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography showed radioimmunoassayable somatostatin to include peptides with physicochemical properties of the tetradecapeptide somatostatin and larger substances, including somatostatin-28-like material. A single peak of immunoreactive substance P corresponding to synthetic substance P was found by high performance liquid chromatography. These results suggest that immunoassayable somatostatin-containing neuronal elements in the neostriatum and globus pallidus in Huntington disease are affected differentially by the disease process from neurons that contain immunoreactive substance P.
Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyp Syndromes in Children A Clinical and Endoscopic Survey

In children, most colonic polyps are juvenile polyps with negligible risk for malignant transformation. The exception is juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) where there is a risk for developing colon cancer. The authors studied differences in clinical features and colonoscopic findings in children with solitary juvenile polyps (SJP), multiple juvenile polyps (MJP), and JPS. Methods. Children were identified as SJP (1 polyp), MJP (2-4 polyps), or JPS (>5 polyps). Demographic data, laboratory values, family history, and colonoscopic findings were recorded. Results. Children having polypectomy had juvenile polyps (93%), adenomatous polyps (5%), and Peutz–Jegher syndrome (3%). Juvenile polyps were classified as SJP (67%), MJP (16%), and JPS (17%). Children with SJP were younger, were more likely to have polyps limited to the rectosigmoid colon, and had larger polyps than children with MJP and JPS. Anemia was more common in JPS than MJP and SJP. Conclusion. Clinical and endoscopic findings differ between SJP, MJ...
Responses to superficial heating and cooling differ in men and women with knee osteoarthritis

This investigation assessed differences between the response of men and women with knee osteoarthritis to superficial heat, cold, or contrast therapy applied with a water-circulating system or a standard heating pad, and rest. We further analyzed data from a previous study to better understand the influence of gender on the response to treatment based on Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales and a visual analog pain scale (VAS). Using a within-subject, randomized order design, 34 patients received each treatment in 1-week blocks. A KOOS questionnaire and VAS were completed at baseline and twice each week. Women were more likely to report clinically meaningful improvement in pain and symptoms on the KOOS with the use of heat, cold, and a heating pad. There were no significant differences in response to treatment between men and women for the function-daily living and quality of life subscales or percent pain reduction on the VAS. Men and women reported improved quality of life with intervention. Women are more likely to report clinically meaningful improvement in pain and symptoms associated with knee OA following the use of superficial heat, cold, or a heating pad than men.
Distribution of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Protein and mRNA in the Normal Adult Rat CNS: Evidence for Anterograde Axonal Transport

A sensitive immunohistochemical technique was used, along with highly specific affinity-purified antibodies to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), to generate a detailed mapping of BDNF immunoreactivity (BDNF-ir) throughout the adult rat CNS. A parallel analysis of sites of BDNF synthesis was performed with in situ hybridization techniques using a cRNA probe to the exon encoding mature rat BDNF protein. These combined data revealed (1) groups of cell bodies containing diffuse BDNF-ir throughout the CNS that were strongly correlated with fields of cells containing BDNF mRNA; (2) varying degrees of BDNF-ir outside of cell bodies, in what appeared to be fibers and/or terminals; and (3) many regions containing extremely heavy BDNF-immunoreactive fiber/terminal labeling that lacked BDNF mRNA (e.g., medial habenula, central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum, and spinal cord). The latter observation suggested that in these regions BDNF was derived from anterograde axonal transport by afferent systems. In the two cases in which this hypothesis was tested by the elimination of select afferents, BDNF immunostaining was completely eliminated. These data, along with the observation that BDNF-ir was rarely found within dendrites or fibers en passage, suggest that BDNF protein produced in adult CNS neurons is polarized primarily along axonal processes and is preferentially stored in terminals within the innervation target.
Physical mechanisms controlling self‐aggregation of convection in idealized numerical modeling simulations

[1] We elucidate the physics of self-aggregation by applying a new diagnostic technique to the output of a cloud resolving model. Specifically, the System for Atmospheric Modeling is used to perform 3- D cloud system resolving simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium in a nonrotating framework, with interactive radiation and surface fluxes and fixed sea surface temperature (SST). We note that self-aggregation begins as a dry patch that expands, eventually forcing all the convection into a single clump. Thus, when examining the initiation of self-aggregation, we focus on processes that can amplify this initial dry patch. We introduce a novel method to quantify the magnitudes of the various feedbacks that control self-aggregation within the framework of the budget for the spatial variance of column-integrated frozen moist static energy. The absorption of shortwave radiation by atmospheric water vapor is found to be a key positive feedback in the evolution of aggregation. In addition, we find a positive wind speed-surface flux feedback whose role is to counteract a negative feedback due to the effect of air-sea enthalpy disequilibrium on surface fluxes. The longwave radiation feedback can be either positive or negative in the early and intermediate stages of aggregation; however, it is the dominant positive feedback that maintains the aggregated state once it develops. Importantly, the mechanisms that maintain the aggregate state are distinct from those that instigate the evolution of self-aggregation.
The effect of vortex pairing on particle dispersion and kinetic energy transfer in a two-phase turbulent shear layer

The transport of heavy, polydispersed particles and the inter-phase transfer of kinetic energy due to the viscous drag forces is measured experimentally in a turbulent shear layer. To study the effect of the large-scale vortex pairing event, the shear layer is forced simultaneously with a fundarmental and subharmonic perturbation. It is shown that vortex pairing plays a homogenizing role on the particulate field, but hte amount of homogenization is strongly dependent upon the particle's viscous relaxtion time, the eddy turnover time, as well as the time the particles interact with each scale prior to a pairing event. Thus, even though the smaller size particles become well-mixed across the large eddies, the larger sizes are still dispersed in an inhormogeneous fashion. It is also found that the kinetic energy transfer between the phases occurs inhomogeneously with energy being exchanged predominantly in a sublayer just outside the region of maximum turbulence intensity. The kinetic energy transfer is shown to exhibit notable positive and negative peaks located beneath the cores and stagnation points of the large-scale eddy field, and these peaks are shown to result from the irrotational velocity perturbations created by the vortices. This energy exchange mechanism remains a prominent process as long as the Stokes number of the particles relative to the vortices is of order unity.
High-speed low-power direct-coupled complementary push-pull ECL circuit

A high-speed, low-power, AC-coupled complementary push-pull ECL (AC-PP-ECL) circuit is presented. The circuit utilizes two capacitors to couple a transient voltage pulse from the common-emitter node of the switching transistors to the bases of a pair of complementary p-n-p/n-p-n push-pull transistors to provide a large transient current during switching. In addition to a reduction of the power consumption and improvement in the pull-up and pull-down capability of the output stage, the circuit scheme completely decouples the collector load resistor R/sub c/ from the delay path, thus allowing a very small switching current to be used for the logic (current switch) stage without degrading the performance. Based on a 0.8- mu m double-poly self-aligned complementary bipolar process at a power consumption of 0.5 mW/gate, the circuit offers 2.1* improvement in both the speed and load driving capability for a loaded gate compared with the conventional ECL circuit. The design and scaling considerations of the circuit are discussed. >
LIMITS ON LINE BISECTOR VARIABILITY FOR STARS WITH EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

We present an analysis of high-resolution synoptic spectra of ten F- and G-type stars, seven of which exhibit periodic radial velocity variations due to the presence of one or more substellar companions. We searched for subtle periodic variations in photospheric line asymmetry, as characterized by line bisectors. In principle, periodic variations in line asymmetry observed at lower spectral resolution could mimic the radial velocity signature of a companion, but we find no significant evidence of such behavior in our data. Observations were obtained from 1998 March to 1999 February using the National Solar Observatory (NSO) 1.52-m McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope Facility on Kitt Peak in conjunction with the solar-stellar spectrograph, achieving a resolving power of 1.2x10(exp5). To characterize line asymmetry, we first measured line bisectors for the unblended Fe I photospheric line at 625.26 nm. To improve sensitivity to small fluctuations, we then combined points in each bisector to form a velocity displacement with respect to the line core. We searched for periodic variations in this displacement, finding no substantial difference between stars with substellar companions and those without reported companions. We find no correlation between bisector velocity displacement and the known orbital phase of substellar companions around our target stars. Simulations of a periodic signal with noise levels that mimic our measurement errors suggest that we can exclude bisector variations with amplitudes greater than about 20 m/s. These results support the conclusion that extrasolar planets best explain the observed periodic variations in radial velocity.
Prion switching in response to environmental stress.

Evolution depends on the manner in which genetic variation is translated into new phenotypes. There has been much debate about whether organisms might have specific mechanisms for “evolvability,” which would generate heritable phenotypic variation with adaptive value and could act to enhance the rate of evolution. Capacitor systems, which allow the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation and release it under stressful conditions, might provide such a mechanism. In yeast, the prion [PSI+] exposes a large array of previously hidden genetic variation, and the phenotypes it thereby produces are advantageous roughly 25% of the time. The notion that [PSI+] is a mechanism for evolvability would be strengthened if the frequency of its appearance increased with stress. That is, a system that mediates even the haphazard appearance of new phenotypes, which have a reasonable chance of adaptive value would be beneficial if it were deployed at times when the organism is not well adapted to its environment. In an unbiased, high-throughput, genome-wide screen for factors that modify the frequency of [PSI+] induction, signal transducers and stress response genes were particularly prominent. Furthermore, prion induction increased by as much as 60-fold when cells were exposed to various stressful conditions, such as oxidative stress (H2O2) or high salt concentrations. The severity of stress and the frequency of [PSI+] induction were highly correlated. These findings support the hypothesis that [PSI+] is a mechanism to increase survival in fluctuating environments and might function as a capacitor to promote evolvability.
Estimates of echo correlation and measurement bias in acoustic radiation force impulse imaging

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is a novel imaging modality in which pulses from a diagnostic ultrasound scanner are used to displace tissue and track its motion. The region displaced has lateral and elevational dimensions of similar scale to the ultrasound beams used to track the motion. Therefore, there is a range of tissue displacements present within the tracking beam, leading to decorrelation of the echo signal. Expressions are derived for the expected value of the displacement estimate and the cross-correlation at the expected displacement. Numerical simulations confirm the analytical model.
Application modeling and representation for automatic grid-enabling of legacy applications

To best exploit the potential of the grid, it is necessary to "grid-enable" legacy applications that were not originally developed to run on a grid. In this paper, a generic framework to grid-enable legacy applications is presented. In particular, this paper focuses on a general approach to model and represent an application in a way that is supportive of the key properties of the grid-enabling framework: generality, automatic generation and integration of grid applications, plug-and-play deployment, and interoperability. Based on the model, a configuration language is developed to describe a wide range of command-line applications and their execution requirements. It is easy to use and does not require the application enabler to know the details of the grid middleware. A case study is presented to illustrate the automated grid-enabling of a legacy application in In-VIGO (in-virtual information grid organizations), a grid computing infrastructure that makes extensive use of visualization technology
PAQO: a preference-aware query optimizer for PostgreSQL

Although the declarative nature of SQL provides great utility to database users, its use in distributed database management systems can leave users unaware of which servers in the system are evaluating portions of their queries. By allowing users to merely say what data they are interested in accessing without providing guidance regarding how to retrieve it, query optimizers can generate plans with unintended consequences to the user (e.g., violating user privacy by revealing sensitive portions of a user's query to untrusted servers, or impacting result freshness by pulling data from stale data stores). To address these types of issues, we have created a framework that empowers users with the ability to specify constraints on the kinds of plans that can be produced by the optimizer to evaluate their queries. Such constraints are specified through an extended version of SQL that we have developed which we call PASQL. With this proposal, we aim to demonstrate PAQO, a version of PostgreSQL's query optimizer that we have modified to produce plans that respect constraints specified through PASQL while optimizing user-specified SQL queries in terms of performance.
A retroviral repetitive element confers tissue-specificity to the human alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C) gene

The human ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C genes encode alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) that metabolize ethanol. They evolved by recent tandem duplications and have similar proximal cis-acting elements, but differ in tissue-specificity. We hypothesized that distal cis-acting elements confer tissue-specificity. In this article, we identify multiple cis-acting elements in the ADH1C upstream region. Negative elements in the fragments from bp -1078 to -622 and from bp -3957 to -2651 decreased transcription activity to 41 and 14%, respectively. A tissue-specific regulatory element in the region between bp -1503 and -1053 stimulated transcription sixfold in H4IIE-C3 hepatoma cells but reduced transcription to 23% in HeLa cells. This regulatory element was mapped to a repetitive sequence that is similar to the U3 repeat within the long terminal repeat of human endogenous retrovirus ERV9. The 30-fold difference in expression between two cell lines demonstrates that this upstream U3 element, which inserted after the duplicat...
Draft Chapters 1-3 of Administrative Law: A Context and Practice Casebook

These are the first three chapters of a forthcoming casebook on administrative law. The book aims to offer administrative law teachers something completely different from other casebooks. You can appreciate three of the main differences if you understand that this book is really meant to be a textbook, not a casebook:• First. The book does not excerpt any judicial opinion unless (1) having students read the excerpt is the most effective way of teaching them specific knowledge, skills, or perspective; or (2) the opinion is part of the U.S. administrative law canon – i.e., the opinion is one that every well-educated administrative lawyer has studied. You might be surprised by how few judicial opinions fit the bill.• Second. The book becomes progressively more challenging as students become increasingly well-grounded in administrative law principles, themes, and problem solving skills. The book’s organization is transparent throughout. Earlier chapters, however, give more scaffolding for student’s construction of knowledge and analytic skills than later chapters.• Third. The book includes multiple methods – including, but not limited to the use of problems – for getting students to think. The book includes problems at the beginning of most chapters to (1) illustrate what kinds of situations raise issues that are analyzed using the material they are about to learn; and (2) to provide opportunities to practice applying what they have learned from the chapter. But the use of problems is not the only way to encourage active learning, and overreliance on problems poses, well, problems for students who learn best by beginning with broad principles before descending to the particulars. (I call these students “top down” learners.) The book thus includes, for example, exercises that help students learn to construct their own scaffolding by making outlines, checklists, and graphic organizers. The other aspect of the book that may strike the reader is its militant embrace of a practitioner’s perspective, rather than an academic perspective. For example, whenever the book raises policy issues, the book explains why they matter to an attorney whose client has a matter before, or is itself, an agency. When the book questions the reasoning of court opinions or the soundness of current law, the book does so to suggest opportunities for advocates to change the law. To cite another example of its practitioner perspective, the book continually emphasizes the importance of building a favorable record for agency decision making and suggests ways to build such a record in various settings. I hope you like these chapters. In any event, I will be grateful for your constructive feedback.
The ethnic-specific natureof mechanisms forcoronary heart disease

Cardiovascular disease extracts an enormous toll from the life and health of America’s black population. The increased differential effect of cardiovascular disease on African Americans is particularly marked in women [(1)][1]. [Figure 1][2]shows the annual rate of first heart attack by age in the
The Forever War: Haldeman's Lessons for Contemporary Wars

This case study examines the background and context of The Forever War to develop several lessons that are useful to combat leaders in the Global War on Terrorism. Specifically, this paper examines the parallels a Viet Nam era novel contains to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; how soldiers are alienated by their military service; how the nature of combat has changed; and how leaders use their skills to mitigate the impacts of military service on their soldiers.
Influence of diet composition on intake and utilization of protein and energy in diabetic and control rats

Influence of diet composition on intakes of protein (PI) and metabolizable energy (MEI) of male Sprague-Dawley diabetic and control rats was studied to identify diet compositions appropriate for either weight maintenance or growth. Twenty-five diets containing varying proportions of gross energy derived from protein (% P), fat (% F) and carbohydrate (% C) were fed ad libitum to diabetic and control rats for 21 d. Regardless of diet composition, diabetic rats had greater PI and MEI than their corresponding controls. MEI of both diabetic and control rats were affected by an increase in % P, while that of the control rats, only by an increase in % F. When compared to the controls, diabetic rats lost less body weight at 2.25 % P, gained less at 11.1, 22.2 or 33.3 % P, and did not differ at 5.5 % P, the level at which both groups nearly maintained their body weights. Protein and energetic efficiency for diabetic and control rats were maximal at 11.1 % P. This study showed that, for adult diabetic and control rats, 5.5 % P was adequate for maintenance. For growth, 11.1 % P was optimal for diabetic rats compared with 22.2 % P for the controls. For both the groups, 22.2 % F or lower was preferable.
Optimal state estimation of controllable quantum dynamical systems

We present system-theoretic quantum state reconstruction methods that minimize estimation error by combining optimal quantum control with asymptotically efficient estimation. Introducing the notion of optimal observability of a quantum dynamical system---a concept that does not exist in classical control theory---we formulate and solve the Pareto optimal control problem of maximizing state estimation accuracy while minimizing the expenditure of available control and measurement resources. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal observability, based on the quantum optimal observability Gramian, are presented. We examine the finite sample efficiency of the estimation methodology for two- and three-level systems using ideal and noisy control fields, and demonstrate the advantages of state reconstruction schemes based on optimal observability theory for experimentally realistic sample sizes. These results indicate that the optimal control of quantum measurement bases can be used to minimize state reconstruction errors by fully exploiting the information geometry of quantum states.
Multiphoton Sub-Band-Gap Photoconductivity and Critical Transition Temperature in Type-II GaSb Quantum-Dot Intermediate-Band Solar Cells

Quantum dots can provide electronic states that act as ``stepping stones'' in absorbing light, thereby improving the efficiency of solar cells. The authors identify a transition temperature at which a significant gain in solar energy absorption is seen in GaSb/GaAs quantum dots, and show that this gain is due to a particular alignment of bands in the underlying electronic structure. Related behaviors could also be valuable in optoelectronics and quantum information processing.
Establishing the need for health communication research: best practices model for building transdisciplinary collaborations

ABSTRACTThe benefits of transdisciplinary collaboration for addressing complex health problems are widely accepted; however, acknowledging the bumps and twists along the road that are inherent in those collaborations is often considered taboo. Academic norms that prevent open discussion of these challenges can have counter-productive results. This essay describes the major education efforts, milestones, and footfalls in the development of an effective partnership between communication-trained researchers in a College of Journalism and Communications and medical researchers in a College of Medicine. We hope it can serve as “best practice” for understanding the value of team science and interdisciplinary research collaborations.
Mutations, apical cells, and vegetative reproduction

The fixation or loss of somatic mutations is considered in terms of apical initials and apical meristem organisation. Two general kinds of apical meristems are mathematically modelled: structured and stochastic. Structured apices have permanent apical initials whereas stochastic apices are more dynamic systems with apical initials randomly selected from an apical cell pool. With regard to neutral or completely recessive mutations, the probabilities of fixation or loss of mutations are identical for both structured and stochastic apices. For mutations which have a disadvantageous effect in heterozygous cells, diplontic selection occurs. In such cases, stochastic apices are purged of mutations more effectively than structured apices. The majority of ferns have highly structured apices based upon single apical cells. Since such apices are the least able to be purged of disadvantages mutations, mutational load may be a significant aspect of the biology of these plants. Ferns that exhibit primarily asexual reproduction (either apogamy or vegetative reproduction) may also exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium between loci due to mutation.
Multiband effects and possible Dirac states in LaAgSb 2

Here, we report the possible signature of Dirac fermions in the magnetoresistance, Hall resistivity, and magnetothermopower of LaAgSb${}_{2}$. The opposite sign between the Hall resistivity and Seebeck coefficient indicates the multiband effect. Electronic-structure calculations reveal the existence of the linear bands and the parabolic bands crossing the Fermi level. The large linear magnetoresistance was attributed to the quantum limit of the possible Dirac fermions or the breakdown of weak-field magnetotransport at the charge-density-wave phase transition. Analysis of Hall resistivity using a two-band model reveals that Dirac holes which dominate the electronic transport have much higher mobility and larger density than conventional electrons. The magnetic field suppresses the apparent Hall carrier density, and also induces the sign change of the Seebeck coefficient from negative to positive. These effects are possibly attributed to the magnetic field suppression of the density of states at the Fermi level originating from the quantum limit of the possible Dirac holes.
Development and application of on-line relay protection action analysis software for regional power network

This paper applies expert system theory to on-line relay protection action analysis for regional power network.And it also summarizes various rules according to the experience of scheduling operators and relay protection operators for several years.All these rules are suitable for 110kV and 220kV regional networks.This paper not only analyzes three-step current protection,zero-sequence current protection,distance protection etc,but also deeply discusses some special kinds of relay protections such as dead zone and sequential action zone of cross differential protection for parallel coupling lines,low voltage lockout over-current protection for transformer,far reserve protection,etc.The software has been on-line applied to Liaoyuan regional network of Jilin province,which can meet the demands of actual application.
Bruno Bettelheim: culture in man, man in culture, and a language for both

For Bettelheim, a psychoanalyst and ego psychologist, the social and personal were deeply imbricated. When he wrote about the sense of one's community, he was writing about psychoanalysis. He believed that our language reflected our thinking and was profoundly embedded in our culture. Hence, translation was a treacherous enterprise: a word carries the mycelia of one's culture, background, religion, and myths.
Passive Aggressiveness and Learning

Passive aggressive behavior is a disruptive force in the educational process. Arising out of distortions in the parent-child relationship, it manifests itself as a continual struggle against authority figures. Pupils or teachers can manifest this behavior syndrome, with its pouting sullenness, stubborn defiance, and hostile withdrawal. Comment is made on both the passive aggressive child and the passive aggressive teacher, and guidelines for prevention are noted and discussed.
Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room

A toddler with new-onset seizures, photophobia, and irritability is scheduled for a brain MRI. Additional cases outside the operating room include a young boy for cerebral angiography following a stroke, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for reflux, a preschooler for intrathecal chemotherapy, and a patient with prior contrast allergy scheduled for a contrast study.
Idiopathic erythema multiforme: Evidence of underlying Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription activation and successful treatment with tofacitinib

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, typically self-limited mucocutaneous eruption characterized by distinctive target lesions. In a subset of patients, EM has a more chronic course, with recurrent episodes or even persistent disease. In some of these patients, EM is related to chronic infections, most commonly herpes simplex virus (HSV), and will respond to antiviral therapy. However, in up to 58% of patients, the etiology is unknown,1 and in these cases treatment is often difficult.
What Is the Timing of General Health Adverse Events That Occur After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Despite extensive research regarding risk factors for adverse events after total joint arthroplasty (TJA), there are few publications describing the timing at which such adverse events occur. (1) On which postoperative day do certain adverse events occur? (2) What adverse events occur earlier after TKA than after THA? (3) For each adverse event, what proportion occurred after hospital discharge? We screened the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) to identify all patients undergoing primary THA and primary TKA between 2005 and 2013, resulting in a study population of 124,657 patients evaluated as part of this retrospective database analysis. For each of eight different adverse events, the median postoperative day of diagnosis, interquartile range for day of diagnosis, and middle 80% for day of diagnosis were determined. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to test whether there is a difference of timing for each adverse event as stratified by TKA or THA. The proportion of adverse events occurring after versus before discharge was also calculated. The median day of diagnosis (and interquartile range; middle 80%) for stroke was 2 (1–10; 1–19), myocardial infarction 3 (2–6; 1–15), pulmonary embolism 3 (2–7; 1–19), pneumonia 4 (2–9; 2–17), deep vein thrombosis 6 (3–14; 2–23), urinary tract infection 8 (3–16; 2–24), sepsis 10 (5–19; 2–24), and surgical site infection 17 (11–23; 6–28). For the later occurring adverse events (surgical site infection, sepsis), the rate of occurrence remained high at the end of the 30-day postoperative period. Timing was earlier in patients undergoing TKA for pulmonary embolism (day 3 [interquartile range 2–6] versus 5 [3–17], p < 0.001) and deep vein thrombosis (day 5 [2–11] versus 13 [6–22], p < 0.001). The proportion of events occurring after discharge for myocardial infarction was 97 of 283 (34%), stroke 42 of 118 (36%), pulmonary embolism 223 of 625 (36%), pneumonia 171 of 426 (40%), deep vein thrombosis 576 of 956 (60%), urinary tract infection 958 of 1406 (68%), sepsis 284 of 416 (68%), and surgical site infection 1147 of 1212 (95%). As lengths of hospital stay after TJA continue to decrease, our findings suggest that caution is in order because several acute and immediately life-threatening findings, including myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism, might occur after discharge. Furthermore, the timing of surgical site infection and sepsis suggests that even the 30-day followup afforded by the ACS-NSQIP may not be sufficient to study the latest occurring adverse events. Additionally, both pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis tend to occur earlier after TKA than THA, and this should guide clinical surveillance efforts in patients undergoing those procedures. These findings also indicate that inpatient-only databases (such as the Nationwide Inpatient Sample) may fail to capture a very large proportion of postoperative adverse events, weakening the conclusions of many published studies using those databases. Level III, therapeutic study.
New Econometric Techniques for Textile Market Research

The work presented here is part of a detailed study on the nature and origin of fluctuations in international wool prices. Special attention is drawn to the usefulness of recent developments in statistical time-series analysis for market studies of this type. These make it possible to show that the “textile cycle” evident in wool (and other textile) prices for more than a century is fundamentally a strongly amplified version of a similar broadband fluctuation in general business conditions in the major manufacturing countries. However, it is seen that more recently this simple pattern has been disrupted somewhat, probably by the impact of a sequence of capacity expansions in the synthetic fiber industry
Velocity of P waves in the earth calculated from the Macelwane P curve, 1933

Summary The Macelwane P curve is based on the data of the Tango, Hawke Bay, and Long Beach earthquakes, all of 10–12 km. focal depth. This curve was modified and adjusted to fit a spheroid of 6355 km. radius, the outer part of which has the same properties as those immediately under the Mohorovicic discontinuity in Japan. The original and the adjusted P curve are given as well as the velocity-depth and depth-distance data obtained by applying the Herglotz-Wiechert method to the adjusted P curve. The inversion and slight decrease of the velocity-depth function at 2730 km. depth are discussed and the continued validity of the Herglotz-Wiechert method under those circumstances is shown.
Comments on prediction of the aqueous solubility using the general solubility equation (GSE) versus a genetic algorithm and a support vector machine model.

The general solubility equation (GSE) is the state-of-the-art method for estimating the aqueous solubilities of organic compounds. It is an extremely simple equation that expresses aqueous solubili...
Reduction of Syndecan Transcript Levels in the Insulin-Producing Cells Affects Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Drosophila melanogaster.

Signaling by direct cell–matrix interactions has been shown to impact the transcription, secretion, and storage of insulin in mammalian β cells. However, more research is still needed in this area. Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans that function independently and in synergy with integrin-mediated signaling to mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. In this study, we used the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to determine whether knockdown of the Syndecan (Sdc) gene expression specifically in the insulin-producing cells (IPCs) might affect insulin-like peptide (ILP) production and secretion. IPCs of adult flies produce three ILPs (ILP2, ILP3, and ILP5), which have significant homology to mammalian insulin. We report that flies with reduced Sdc expression in the IPCs did not show any difference in the expression of ilp genes compared to controls. However, they had significantly reduced levels of the circulating ILP2 protein, higher circulating carbohydrates, and were ...
The influence of place attachment on campers’ evaluations of ecological impacts due to recreation use

Abstract Impacts to ecosystem functions, structures, and aesthetics resulting from recreational use may influence the quality of outdoor recreation experiences as well as the integrity of recreation resources. Effectively managing outdoor recreation resources requires understanding impacts in addition to recreationists’ perceptions of impacted conditions, particularly in high-use popular outdoor recreation areas. However, emotional bonds or feelings of attachment to a particular place may influence the relationship between impact and perception. Previous literature indicates mixed findings regarding how feelings of attachment to a place (i.e., place attachment) influence outdoor recreationists’ evaluations of impacts to ecosystem elements and processes. To contribute to this literature, this study used normative theory and visual methods to examine the relationship between place attachment and evaluations of recreation-based ecological impacts at campsites in Utah's Wasatch National Forest. An onsite survey administered to 234 campers indicated that place dependence did not influence campers’ evaluations of impacts, but as campers’ place identity increased, their acceptance of ecological impacts born from recreational use also increased. These findings suggest that the type and level of place attachment may have a differential influence on campers’ evaluations of ecological impacts and site conditions. Management implications This study only considers the use during peak seasons (May – August) and did not investigate all possible user groups and their different norms and thresholds for ecological impacts (e.g. people engaging in hunting, fishing, ATV, motorcycle or RV recreation). These considerations aside, based on results of this study, there are some possible management strategies for consideration. • First, managers might consider keeping current dispersed campsites available for recreationists to prevent further impact to other areas that would may become impacted if recreationists were denied campsites due to recovery or closure. • Secondly, recognizing that campers have moderate to high levels of place attachment, managers might consider guaranteeing consistent maintenance, clean up, and education to sustain recreationist expectations and to prevent displacement. Finally, educational practices to inform visitors of low-impact camping techniques may provide an avenue to prevent further impact.
Characterization of rice transformed via an Agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence approach

Rice inflorescences were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying plasmid pJD4 with application of vacuum infiltration. After co-cultivation, callus was initiated and subjected to hygromycin selection, and plants were regenerated from resistant callus lines. Based on the total number of co-cultivated inflorescences bearing flowers 1 to 3 mm in length, the average frequency for recovering independent transgenic rice plants was at least 30%. Seeds from selfed R0 plants were harvested within 6 months after initiation of the experiments. Genomic DNA blot analysis showed that genes in the T-DNA of the binary plasmid were stably integrated into the rice genome, typically at low copy number. In most, but not all, cases the transgene was transmitted to R1 progeny at a frequency characteristic for Mendelian inheritance of a single dominant trait. For selfed progeny of one two-locus insertion line, reactivation of GUS expression was observed for a single copy locus that segregated from a silenced multicopy locus. For this line and some additional plants, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to visualize the chromosomal location of the transgene insert.
Clonal Hematopoiesis: A new layer in the liquid biopsy story in lung cancer

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a unique biospecimen that contains multiple sources of DNA, including tumor, germline, fetal, and others. Clonal hematopoiesis, a process that leads to expansion of mutations in peripheral blood cells, is an additional source of DNA that adds a layer of complexity when interpreting results. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4352-4. ©2018 AACRSee related article by Hu et al., p. 4437.
Case 1: Tainted Money

Set in a nonprofit university, this case example asks the question, “Should a nonprofit take a donor’s money if it was made through questionable means?” Through this case, Handy and Russell push readers to tackle the age-old question of whether charities can clean dirty money, or whether they should avoid donations of money made through potentially unethical means. Discussion questions challenge readers to look at this question from new perspectives and justify their opinions by applying ethical frameworks introduced in Chapter 3.
Future Directions in IC Interconnects and Related Low-κ Ild Planarization Issues

Fully planarized advanced interconnect structures with copper metallization and ultra low-κ ILDs fabricated by dual damascene patterning currently prevent conventional ICs from being interconnect limited. However, as CMOS scaling and lithography advances reduce the minimum feature size below 50 nm, interconnects will again become a performance limiter and probably a manufacturing cost enhancer. Unlike the situation in the late 80s, new materials and a new patterning process used with an increasing amount of interconnect levels will not be a viable solution. After copper metallization with atomic-scale liners and dielectrics with κ<1.8, conventional approaches are not compatible with the performance needed with sub-50nm devices.
Why are Intrapsychic Dynamic Issues Left out of this Family Therapy Model? Discussion of Dr. Combrinck-Graham’s Paper

Dr. Combrinck-Graham’s paper makes a forceful presentation of the need to include family, child and environment in our thinking in child psychiatry and then demonstrates the power of structural family therapy in dealing with these three components.
The Rationalization of Miracles

1. The congregatio sacrorum rituum 2. The living saint 3. The acolytes 4. The devil's advocate and the doctor 5. Manufacturing true miracles.
Behavioral Issues in Multiattribute Utility Modeling and Decision Analysis

The case for the normativeness of decision analysis has primarily been made on logical rather than empirical grounds. In this paper we address several empirical issues relevant to decision analysis in general, and MAU modeling in particular. The first one concerns the need for empirical validations as to premises underlying normative decision theory. The second addresses the nature of multiattribute preference functions, particularly their mathematical complexity or lack thereof. The third issue concerns method bias and the need for a theory of judgmental errors. Finally, some possible meanings of relative importance judgments are examined, as these underlie several multiple criteria decision making methods. Although the various issues raised will not be fully resolved here, it is hoped that their identification and preliminary discussion will inspire subsequent research.