cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fasten their seatbelts: legal restraint of children in car seats and road ambulances.

Registered nurses transport sick children in ambulances and other road vehicles every day in the United Kingdom (U.K.). Safely restraining the child, the equipment and the accompanying adults is a matter which should be addressed by all departments who transport children. A motor vehicle collision may cause an unrestrained child to be seriously injured. An unrestrained child is likely to inflict serious injury on the accompanying nurse or parent. Recent changes in child seat law require that appropriate measures must be put in place to ensure sick children receive the safest possible care. The use of a Regulation 44 compliant child-seat or an appropriately sized five-point stretcher harness should be the default standard when transporting a child in a road vehicle under any circumstances. Recent research also indicates that young infants must never be allowed to sleep in car seats on the ward because of the increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. Language: en
Learning and student life quality of public and private school youth.

Conclusions from the 1981 public-private schooling report of Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore are for the most part unsupported by data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Behavior. With the exception of a slight gain in verbal achieveme'nt for Hispanics in private schools, and a slight gain in vocational achievement for white students in public schools, the sectors do not differ in the amount of learning produced, once the appropriate background and curriculum controls are introduced. Attending Catholic school does slightly raise expected educational attainments. Consistent sector differences do appear in the rated quality of student life-instructional quality, discipline, safety, and peer relations are rated higher in private schools, while learning freedom and job counseling opportunities are rated higher in public schools. The discussion emphasizes the crucial difference between learning and quality of student life as criteria for making policy recommendations.
(2S,4aR,8aS)‐6‐Oxoperhydronaphthalene‐2‐acetic acid: `conglomerate' crystallization and catemeric hydrogen bonding in a bicyclic η‐keto acid

The title compound, C12H18O3, produces crystals of a single enanti­omer from a racemic solution; these associate in the solid state in a translational acid-to-ketone catemeric mode [O⋯O = 2.7087 (15) A and O—H⋯O = 175 (2)°], producing two screw-related hydrogen-bonded chains. The ring-fusion and side-chain stereochemistry arise during the synthesis from a 4-substituted cyclo­hexa­none.
Risk factors for failure of aortic valvuloplasty in aortic insufficiency with ventricular septal defect.

Abstract Background . Aortic insufficiency (AI) associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is often repaired using a modification of Trusler's aortic valvuloplasty technique. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for failure of aortic valve (AV) repair in patients who underwent repair of associated VSD. Methods . A univariate analysis was performed in this retrospective study to identify the possible risk factors for failure of the repair resulting in the need for AV replacement (AVR). Results . The study included 24 patients, 15 (62%) boys and 9 (38%) girls, with a mean age of 9.1 ± 1.2 (SEM) years. The VSD was perimembranous in 15 (62%) and subarterial in 9 (38%). The prolapsed aortic cusp was the right in 13 (54%), the noncoronary in 6 (25%), and both in 5 (21%). Plication was performed at one end of the free edge of the prolapsed cusp(s) in 12 (50%) and at more than one end in 12 (50%) of the patients. The VSD was closed by use of a patch in 21 (88%) and by direct suture closure in 3 (12%). At the mean follow up of 7.3 ± 1.3 years, the degree of AI was none in 6 (25%), trivial in 5 (21%), mild in 9 (38%), moderate in 1 (4%), and severe in 3 (12%). The 15-year actuarial freedom from reoperation was 81% ± 19% (95% confidence limit). By univariate analysis, the possible risk factors for AV repair failure were the degree of AI at hospital discharge ( p = 0.004), direct closure of the VSD ( p = 0.061), smaller size of the VSD ( p = 0.081), and plication of more than one end of the prolapsed cusp(s) ( p = 0.095). Conclusions . Trusler's AV repair is an effective and durable technique for the surgical treatment of patients with VSD-AI syndrome. The adequacy of the initial repair is the most important determinant of the long-term results.
Urological manifestations of Down syndrome.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We identified the urological anomalies seen in patients with Down syndrome.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the literature on Down syndrome and its associated genitourinary pathology.Results: Associated defects have been reported throughout the genitourinary tract. The most common renal anomalies seen are renal hypoplasia, obstructive uropathy and glomerular microcysts. Decreased creatinine clearance has also been noted. Developmental anomalies, such as megaureter and vesicoureteral reflux, have been reported. Dysfunctional voiding and urinary retention have been found in these patients. Posterior urethral valves and hypospadias have also been seen. The testicular abnormalities most frequently reported are cryptorchidism, testicular cancer and infertility.Conclusions: Improved understanding and identification of the various urological anomalies associated with Down syndrome will aid in the care of these patients. In addition, an awareness of perioperative issues will further facilitate ...
Coronary steal in awake dogs: a real phenomenon

Nine mongrel dogs were instrumented with left circumflex coronary artery (LCf) flow probes and balloon occluders and the LCf narrowed so that peak hyperaemia following release of a 15 s coronary occlusion was diminished by 40.4±5.9%. Following insertion of a 16-gauge catheter through an LCf branch immediately distal to the stenosis and advancement to the branch's junction with the main vessel, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was ligated in its middle third. The dogs were studied 7 to 14 days following recovery from surgery. Haemodynamics and myocardial blood flow were measured under control conditions and again during adenosine infusion, 280 to 320 μ g·min−1, through the LCf catheter. After the start of treadmill running measurements before and during adenosine infusion were repeated. At rest the gradient across the LCf stenosis averaged 2.4 kPa. During adenosine infusion there were no detectable systemic haemodynamic effects, but average distal LCf pressure fell from 11.4 to 7.3 kPa in the eight dogs responding to the vasodilator. This decrease in coronary perfusion pressure was associated with a significant decrease in collateral flow. Under control conditions ischaemic LAD flow averaged 60% of normal flow. Adenosine doubled coronary flow to the LCf areas directly perfused with this agent, while the average flow to the collateral-dependent area beyond the LAD stenosis decreased by 20%. The single dog with no increase in LCf flow or fall in distal LCf pressure induced by adenosine also had no change in collateral flow. During exercise LCf flow again double and distal LCf pressure diminished. Ischaemic LAD flow did not change in 3 of 6 exercising animals despite two- to three-fold increases in flow to other left ventricular areas. The fall in ischaemic LAD flow was obscured in three other animals by changes accompanying the exercise state, eg, increased aortic pressure and increased perfusion of collaterals not affected by the coronary steal occurring in the distal LCf vascular bed. Thus, the arteriolar dilating agent adenosine increases coronary flow and decreases perfusion pressure resulting in a coronary flow redistribution, or coronary steal. The metabolic vasodilatation of exercise also creates the haemodynamic milieu for a coronary steal, but other factors accompanying the exercise state may hide the expected decrease in ischaemic flow.
Effect of pressure dependent quantum interference on the ac Stark shifting of a four-photon resonance.

We report an experiment in xenon which confirms theoretical predictions [Payne et al., Phys. Rev. A 48, 2334 (1993)] on the pressure dependent suppression of the ac Stark shifting of even-photon resonances. In the copropagating configuration the ac Stark shift introduced by a second laser is totally suppressed at elevated concentrations due to a very complete destructive interference between two pumping pathways. The ac Stark shift persists in the counterpropagating configuration.
Factors affecting diagnostic judgments of manifest dream content in schizophrenia.

Judges with diverse professional training and experience were asked to discriminate the dreams of hospitalized schizophrenics from those of hospitalized nonschizophrenics, a task which proved to be subjectively and objectively extraordinarily difficult. Performing barely above chance expectation as a group, judges tended to be misled by an invalid assumption that material depicting loss of body integrity would be more frequent in the dreams of schizophrenics and relatively insensitive to a valid clue, indications of thought disorder. When judges of similar experience were compared, lengthier experience was unrelated to more accurate judgments. However, when judges with different kinds of experience were contrasted, the kind of experience was strikingly related to accuracy. Judges familiar with dreams and psychotic patients (therapists) were most accurate, judges familiar with psychotic patients but typically not dreams (hospital professionals) were next most accurate while nonprofessionals were least accu...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARNINGS YIELD AND MARKET VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM THE AMERICAN STOCK EXCHANGE

This paper provides new evidence on the empirical anomalies known as the earnings/price (E/P) effect and the size effect in the pricing of common stock. Previous authors have arrived at contradictory conclusions regarding the existence and relative importance of the anomalies, and the intent of this paper is to help clarify the issues. An empirical method used in a previous study of these issues is replicated and applied to a new set of firms—those traded on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). This approach assures comparability with previous results and provides a sample with different market value and E/P distributions. The results from the AMEX suggest that the size effect and the E/P effect both exist and that the size effect is predominant. These results persist even after accounting for the January effect.
On the calculation of a possibilistic equivalent value

We describe the idea of a possibilistic variable and introduce the problem of obtaining an equivalent value for a possibilistic variable. This value is seen as being analogous to the expected value in probability theory. A number of properties required of the equivalent value are describe. Two approaches for obtaining the equivalent value for a possibilistic variable are introduced. These approaches are then synthesized to yield a generalized approach for obtaining a possibilistic equivalent value. A novel aspect of this approach is that it is parametrized by a weak ordering. We discuss the effect of the parametrizing weak ordering on the process used to calculate the possibilistic equivalent value.
A Cobalt Diffusion Based Model for Predicting Crater Wear of Carbide Tools in Machining Titanium Alloys

In machining titanium alloys with cemented carbide cutting tools, crater wear is the predominant wear mechanism influencing tool life and productivity. An analytical wear model that relates crater wear rate to thermally driven cobalt diffusion from cutting tool into the titanium chip is proposed in this paper. This cobalt diffusion is a function of cobalt mole fraction, diffusion coeficient, interface temperature and chip velocity. The wear analysis includes theoretical modeling of the transport-diffusion process, and obtaining tool‐chip interface conditions by a nonisothermal visco-plastic finite element method (FEM) model of the cutting process. Comparison of predicted crater wear rate with experimental results from published literature and from high speed turning with WC/Co inserts shows good agreement for different cutting speeds and feed rate. It is seen that wear rates are independent of cutting time. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1839192#
Psychological predictors of admission and discharge Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores for geropsychiatric inpatients

This study examined psychological predictors of Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores (GAF) at intake and at discharge for geropsychiatric inpatients. A total of 301 predominantly male geropsychiatric inpatients were recruited from the Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Path analysis was used to test a model proposing causal paths of psychological predictors (cognitive status, depression, agitation, general psychiatric status) to GAF scores on admission and discharge. At admission, all four psychological predictors had positive paths to the admission GAF scale scores but at discharge, only two (i.e., cognitive status and general psychiatric status) of the four psychological predictors had positive paths to the discharge GAF scale scores. The admission GAF scale scores also had a positive path to the discharge GAF scale scores. The overall functioning level of geropsychiatric inpatients may be predicted by measures which assess overall cognitive status and general psychiatric functioning duri...
Iterative learning control for near-field scanning optical microscope applications

Near-field scanning optical microscopes (NSOMs) construct images from optical properties recorded by a scanning probe as a sample is passed under a solid immersion lens (SIL) and a laser source. An air gap between the SIL and the sample must be maintained at a distance given in nanometers that is less than the wavelength of the laser source. Regulation of the air gap demands an accurate and fast controller. While lead-lag compensation has been successfully implemented as the feedback controller, the addition of feedforward or iterative learning control (ILC) can offer improved transient performance with significantly reduced overshoot. A serial ILC design is implemented upon a closed-loop system and the resulting performance is evaluated.
In‐Class Simulation of Pooling Safety Stock

In managing business process flows, safety stock can be used to protect against stockouts due to demand variability. When more than one location is involved, the concept of aggregation enables the pooling of demands and associated inventories, resulting in improved service levels without increasing the total level of safety stock. This pooling of safety stock can be done physically by consolidating inventory in one location, or by using virtual centralization, where inventories are kept at decentralized locations, but information is centralized. In teaching the concept of pooling safety stock, a simple in-class simulation can be helpful in demonstrating why the approach works. The approach presented here involves operations for a company where total product demand is constant, but there are two products and product mix can vary. The simulation can also be implemented using an electronic spreadsheet for classes that are taught on the Internet. A quiz was given to two sections, one that experienced the simulation and one that did not. A comparison of the results from the quiz provided evidence of the effectiveness of the simulation in helping students understand the impact of pooling safety stock. In addition, a brief anonymous survey that was administered in the section that had the simulation provided further support for the effectiveness of the simulation.
Telling a Story or Telling it Straight: The Effects of Entertaining Versus Accurate Retellings on Memory

SUMMARY People retell events for different reasons. Sometimes they try to be accurate, other times entertaining. What characterizes retellings from different perspectives? How does retelling perspective affect later recall of events? In the current research, participants retold a story either three times or not at all. By instruction, retellings were either entertaining or accurate. Compared to accurate retellings, entertaining retellings contained more affect, but fewer sensory references. On a subsequent memory test, participants who retold with an accuracy goal recalled the greatest number of story events, and their recall protocols were the most accurate and detailed, and least exaggerated. However, recognition memory did not differ across groups, suggesting that differences in retrieval structures (necessary for recall but not recognition) were key to understanding later differences in memory. Compared to telling it straight, the creative process of telling a story leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in later recall. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Vibration on Mechanical Properties and Biomass Allocation Pattern ofCapsella bursa-pastoris(Cruciferae)

Abstract The herbaceous dicot species Capsella bursa-pastoris (Cruciferae) was used to determine the influence of chronic mechanical perturbation on the biomass allocation pattern (i.e. dry weight distribution among roots, stems and reproductive structures) and the mechanical properties of roots and stems (i.e. tensile breaking stress and Young's modulus). It was hypothesized that mechanically stimulated plants would allocate more of their total biomass to root systems and less to shoots compared to control plants and that the breaking stress (a measure of strength) and Young's modulus (a measure of material stiffness) would increase for roots and decrease for stems because these responses would adaptively reduce the bending moment at the base of shoots and increase the anchorage strength of root systems. It was also hypothesized that mechanical perturbation would maladaptively reduce the relative fitness of individuals by reducing biomass allocation to their reproductive organs and the ability to broadcast seeds by means of elastic stem flexure. These hypotheses were tested by vibrating cultivated plants for 60 s every day during the course of growth to maturity and comparing their dry weight distributions and the mechanical properties of their body parts (measured in tension) to those of undisturbed control plants. Based on a total of 51 experimentally manipulated and 44 control plants for which mechanical properties were successfully tested, chronic organ flexure resulted in more massive root systems and less massive vegetative shoots, increased the magnitudes of root breaking stress and Young's modulus and had the reverse effect on stems, reduced the dry weight of reproductive structures at maturity, delayed the formation of the first mature flower and fruit, and accelerated the on-set of plant senescence compared to control plants. These responses to chronic organ flexure are interpreted to be vegetatively adaptive, since they reduce the probability of stem and root failure as a consequence of wind-pressure or foraging, and to be reproductively maladaptive, since they reduce reproductive effort and the ability to mechanically discharge seeds.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I RESCUES SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS FROM HYPEROSMOTIC INDUCED PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the type I IGF receptor are widely distributed in developing and adult mammalian nervous systems. In vitro, IGF-I is a mitogen for primary neurons and also for cells from the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, a well-characterized model system of neuronal growth. In the current study, we examined the effects of osmotic stress on SH-SY5Y cell viability and the mechanism by which IGF-I serves as a neuronal osmoprotectant. Within 24 hr, exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to hyperosmotic serum-free media decreased (1) the number of viable cells, (2) the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation, and (3) cell cycle progression. The inclusion of 10 nM IGF-I with hyperosmotic media prevented the loss of cell viability. The osmoprotective effects of IGF-I were inhibited by α-IRJ, a blocking antibody of the type I IGF receptor. The observed loss of SH-SY5Y cell viability following hyperosmotic shock was due to an induction of programmed cell death as determined by flow cytometry and gel electrophoresis. Our results suggest that IGF-I can protect SH-SY5Y cells from hyperosmotic induced programmed cell death. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of analytical preprocessing in computational electromagnetics or why it may pay a lot to do a little analysis before jumping head-on into heavy computation

Summary form only given. It is shown that it is sometimes possible to alleviate problems in computational electromagnetics with a little analytical preprocessing, carried out before the relevant equations are translated into forms that are suitable for numerical computation. Three examples are considered. The first is that of the body of revolution problem, solved by the method of moments, for the oblique illumination case that requires a large number of azimuthal harmonics. The second example is the problem of scattering by a frequency-selective surface, which calls for a time-consuming evaluation of double summations that are characteristic of doubly periodic surfaces. The third example deals with the problem of mesh truncation when partial differential equation methods are used to solve the scattering problem. It is shown that for each of these cases it is possible to reduce significantly the computational time and/or memory over the brute-force approach. >
Differential sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis strains to inhibitory effects of gamma interferon.

Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is an important cytokine in host defense against chlamydial infection. An in vitro cell culture system was used to show that IFN-γ inhibition of chlamydial growth, as determined by diminished recovery of infectious elementary bodies, differed markedly among chlamydial strains. These differences in sensitivity among chlamydial strains to IFN-γ-mediated inhibition may profoundly influence the clinical outcome of infection.
Self-checking self-repairing computer nodes using the Mirror Processor

Circuitry added to fault-tolerant systems for concurrent error detection usually reduces performance. Using a technique called micro rollback, it is possible to eliminate most of the performance penalty of concurrent error detection. Error detection is performed in parallel with intermodule communication, and erroneous state changes are later undone. The author reports on the design and implementation of a VLSI RISC microprocessor, called the Mirror Processor (MP), which is capable of micro rollback. In order to achieve concurrent error detection, two MP chips operate in lockstep, comparing external signals and a signature of internal signals every clock cycle. If a mismatch is detected, both processors roll back to the beginning of the cycle when the error occurred. In some cases the erroneous state is corrected by copying a value from the fault-free processor to the faulty processor. The architecture, microarchitecture, and VLSI implementation of the MP, emphasizing its error-detection, error-recovery, and self-diagnosis capabilities are described. >
A non-dimensional correlation for the external thermal characteristics of surface mount metal quad flat packs

A non-dimensional correlation has been developed for the external thermal characteristics (case-to-air thermal resistance) of a surface mount metal quad flat pack in the mixed convection regime. This correlation uses Reynolds, Prandtl and modified Nusselt and Raleigh numbers, and is based on the model proposed by Churchill for correlating heat and mass transfer from simple surfaces, like flat plates. This modified Nusselt number can be interpreted as a non-dimensional external (case-to-air) thermal resistance. Cavity-down type 28 mm 208-leaded metal quad flat packs were tested to determine their thermal characteristics over a range of powers and air flow velocities. All the data up to 2 m/s air flow velocity was fitted to the proposed non-dimensional correlation with a maximum deviation of 5%. Such a non-dimensional correlation for the thermal characteristics of electronic packages provides a convenient basis for interpolating and extrapolating the test data. It also provides a simple way for using the laboratory test data at nominal temperatures and sea level conditions to estimate the thermal performance at higher temperatures and altitudes. This paper describes the tests that were done for characterizing the thermal performance of surface mount metal quad flat packs, and reviews the development of the non-dimensional correlation to represent the external thermal resistance. >
On the effects of a dipping axis of symmetry on shear wave splitting measurements in a transversely isotropic medium

SUMMARY We derive the explicit expressions for the phase velocities and polarizations of quasi-shear waves propagating in a transversely isotropic medium. The normal to the plane defined by the phase normal and the symmetry axis gives the exact polarization of S1, while the polarization of S2 also depends on the elastic parameters of the medium and is thus more complicated. Therefore, we propose that the polarization of the slow S1 wave, instead of the fast S2 wave, as is common practice, should be determined from seismic data. For a dipping fast axis of symmetry, a 360 ◦ periodic variation of the apparent slow axis is predicted, with an amplitude given by arctan(tanθ/tan θ0), where θ is the incidence angle and θ 0 the angle between the symmetry axis and the vertical. For a significant dip of the symmetry axis (larger than 20 ◦ ) and for large incidence angles these variations should be observable in shear wave splitting measurements. This suggests that SKKS, and S waves generated by deep earthquakes, which are characterized by larger incidence angles in comparison to SKS waves, should be able to constrain a possible dip of the symmetry axis. In contrast, constraining the dip of the symmetry axis from the delay times turns out to be much more difficult owing to their complicated (and non-linear) dependence on azimuth and on the elastic parameters.
Frameproof codes and compressive sensing

Fingerprinting of digital content is often employed to prevent a small coalition of legitimate users from constructing a copy whose fingerprint is registered to a user not in the coalition. Sets of fingerprints that prevent t or fewer users from framing another user in this way are frameproof codes. A frameproof code is termed secure when no fingerprint constructed by a coalition of t or fewer users can also be constructed by a disjoint coalition of t or fewer users. Secure frameproof codes are related to cover-free families arising in combinatorial group testing. Here a different connection is explored. Interpreting frameproof codes and secure frameproof codes as certain types of separating hash families, it is shown that each underlies a useful measurement matrix for compressive sensing. Indeed frameproof codes for coalitions of t users underlie measurement matrices that admit l 0 -recoverability of t-sparse vectors, while secure frameproof codes for coalitions of t users underlie measurement matrices that admit l 1 -recoverability of t-sparse vectors. Consequences for the construction of measurement matrices are briefly outlined, but the focus is on the combinatorial similarities of frameproof codes, separating and distributing hash families, and measurement matrices.
Multinuclear solid‐state NMR investigation of the moisture distribution in PEEK‐PBI and PEKK‐PBI blends

Blends of polyaryletherketones (PAEK), such as polyetheretherketones (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketones (PEKK), with polybenzimidazole (PBI) are of commercial interest due to their improved high-temperature stability and wear properties. The changes of PBI and its PEEK- and PEKK-blends (50 : 50 wt %) after immersing them in liquid H2O and D2O, and exposing them to D2O steam at elevated temperatures and pressures are investigated by multinuclear solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy. Macroscopic morphological and chemical changes on the molecular scale, which take place upon high-temperature steam-treatment and the extent and reversibility of moisture uptake have been investigated. Interactions and reactions of water, steam, and aqueous solutions of LiCl and ZnBr2 with the functional groups of the polymer components have been studied using D2O in combination with IR, 1H wideline, 2H, 7Li, and 79Br MAS, as well as 13C and 15N CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Different locations and types of water and protons in the blends have been described and PBI has been proven to be mainly responsible for water and salt uptake into the blends. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41421.
Footwear and Falls in the Home Among Older Individuals in the MOBILIZE Boston Study

Background: Whether certain types of footwear, such as slippers, socks without shoes, and going barefoot, increase the risk for falls among the elderly is uncertain. Our purpose was to examine the relationship between footwear and falls within the home in MOBILIZE Boston, a prospective cohort study of falls etiology among non-institutionalized women and men, mainly aged 70 years and older, from the Boston MA, USA area. Methods: The 765 participants were from households randomly selected from town lists. They were followed for a median of 27.5 months. At baseline, participants were administered a questionnaire that included questions on footwear usually worn, and were given a comprehensive examination that included measurement of many risk factors for falls. During follow-up participants were asked to record each day whether they had fallen; those reporting falls were asked about their footwear when they fell. Results: At the time of in-home falls, 51.9% of people were barefoot, wearing socks without shoes...
Whole-genome sequencing of a laboratory-evolved yeast strain.

Experimental evolution of microbial populations provides a unique opportunity to study evolutionary adaptation in response to controlled selective pressures. However, until recently it has been difficult to identify the precise genetic changes underlying adaptation at a genome-wide scale. New DNA sequencing technologies now allow the genome of parental and evolved strains of microorganisms to be rapidly determined. We sequenced >93.5% of the genome of a laboratory-evolved strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its ancestor at >28× depth. Both single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number amplifications were found, with specific gains over array-based methodologies previously used to analyze these genomes. Applying a segmentation algorithm to quantify structural changes, we determined the approximate genomic boundaries of a 5× gene amplification. These boundaries guided the recovery of breakpoint sequences, which provide insights into the nature of a complex genomic rearrangement. This study suggests that whole-genome sequencing can provide a rapid approach to uncover the genetic basis of evolutionary adaptations, with further applications in the study of laboratory selections and mutagenesis screens. In addition, we show how single-end, short read sequencing data can provide detailed information about structural rearrangements, and generate predictions about the genomic features and processes that underlie genome plasticity.
Teaching grounded audiences: Burke's identification in Facebook and composition

Abstract More college students than ever are participating in social networking sites such as Facebook and are engaged in composing messages to their virtual audience through these sites. Composition scholars have continued to stress the potential these sites have in their use in composition and analysis. Many have responded to this call in expanding the pedagogy about Facebook's uses in composition, but more research is needed regarding the theory of “transfer” to use students’ previous experience and prior knowledge with audience in social media to help them learn audience awareness in academic writing. Therefore, because Facebook and other social media sites demonstrate so much user generated text that students are familiar with, students can transfer their prior knowledge with audience awareness and appeal on social media to formal and academic writing. Facebook users consciously or unconsciously appeal to a specific audience, their friends. Rhetorician Kenneth Burke described this interaction as identification. He described how individuals will persuade their audience by “identifying” with them in certain ways. I claim Facebook can be used in composition to accomplish “high road” transfer with what students already know about friends and user profiles to teach them about audience awareness and appeal through Burke's identification theory. By implementing strategies of Kenneth Burke's rhetorical identification, students can better understand, analyze, and appeal to their potential audiences in both their social networking, in their academic writing, and in their everyday communication.
The Impact of Severity and Time of Tipping and Hedging on Performance of Primocane-fruiting Blackberry in a Tunnel

Summer pruning systems were compared for ‘Prime-Jan’ primocanefruiting blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) grown in a fully closed, plastic covered tunnel in Aurora, OR. Individual canes were soft-tipped (by removing 0.10 m) or hard-tipped (removing 0.45 m) to a 1-m height on each of four dates in 2008 and 2009. On average, canes that were hard-tipped produced more branches and had more fruit/cane than soft-tipped canes. Canes that were tipped early (22–27 June) produced more fruit/cane than those tipped later (7–24 July). When canes were hard-tipped early in the season, the number of fruit/cane was increased threefold compared with soft-tipping canes early. In contrast, when plots were hedged to 1-m tall lightly (‘‘soft’’ hedge removing 0.10 m) on 22–27 June or more severely (‘‘hard’’ hedge, removing 0.45 m) on 29 June–2 July, using shears, there was no significant effect on yield/plot. The hard-hedge treatments may have performed better if they had been done earlier or at the same time as the soft-hedge treatments; this would only have been possible if canes had been cut back (hedged) to a shorter height than 1 m. Hard hedging, done 1 week later than soft hedging, delayed the fruiting season by 10–14 days. Fruit harvest continued until early to mid-November. Daily average air temperature in the closed tunnel was 2–7 F warmer than the outside and fruit were protected from autumn rainfall. Hard-tipping individual canes, by hand, or hedging primocanes mechanically early in the season shows promise in this crop for maximizing economic returns.
The State and Market Development in Pre-Colonial West Africa

The role of the market and that of the state are often treated as antithetical factors in the long-run process of economic development: free markets, through the invisible hand, produce development; state interference with markets constrains development. The importance of the market in the development process is generally accepted. But very little scholarly attention has been focused on detailed studies of how predominantly subsistence economies, which existed in every society at different points in history, became predominantly market economies at some point in time; and on the role played by the state in this transformation. Recent advances in institutional economics make it possible to view the process of market development and that of state formation as interdependent. This paper examines the extent of market development in West Africa from early times to 1900 and discusses factors that explain the level of development over the period. The analysis is spread over four periods: early times to the mid-fifteenth century; the mid-fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth; the mid-seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth; and the mid-nineteenth century to 1900.
Intimacy Outside of the Natural Family: The Limits of Privacy

This paper undertakes a pragmatic and focused consideration of whether it is possible to rework existing legal concepts of privacy in a way that would be ideologically compatible with dominant social norms in order to shield single mothers from excessive state regulation and supervision. Modern families differ in important respects from their historic antecedents and well-defined, legally enforced gender roles are no longer widely considered to be appropriate. 'The family' has undergone serious structural revision in actual and ideological terms. A contemporary family privacy doctrine should take this revision into account. However, the privacy concept developed in constitutional doctrine is too focused on the rights of individuals to accomplish this end – focusing on sexual and reproductive choices in a classless paradigm that assumes an individual’s freedom to act outside of state enmeshment. Additionally, the traditional concept of the nuclear family that underlies the common law idea of 'family privacy' seems so embedded in our collective culture that doctrine will not be easily adapted to accommodate and protect contemporary family situations.The development of privacy doctrine has been limited by societal assumptions about intimacy, families, and individuality, and by ideas concerning fairness and just deserts. Ultimately, protecting the decision-making autonomy and the dignity of the poor and/or single mothers cannot be satisfied by resort to this area of law.
Topics in Evolutionary Ecology

Various topics in evolutionary ecology are discussed, ranging from evolution as optimization, the joint evolution of avoidance and tolerance of toxins, dispersal and dormancy as adaptations in variable environments, seed dispersal models, and diffuse coevolution of chemical defenses and detoxification mechanisms.
The Income Tax Penalty on Rental vs Owner-Occupied Housing: An Argument for Apartment Rent Tax Exemption

This paper presents a novel analysis of the differential incidence and effect of Federal income tax policy on owner-occupied and rental housing in the U.S. The objective is to examine whether, and how, rental housing is penalized relative to owner-occupied housing, and if so to estimate the magnitude of any such penalty that is caused by Federal income tax policy. The findings of the analysis suggest that a penalty does exist on rental housing relative to owner-occupied housing, and that the magnitude is substantial. On a present value capitalized basis the relative penalty is likely on the order of one-quarter the value of the housing. The model presented in this paper is novel in that it applies the basic tenets of modern corporate finance theory to identify the sources and magnitude of the differential tax impact. The causes of the differential impact that are thusly identified suggest a policy remedy that differs from the one traditionally proposed, which is simply to eliminate the home mortgage interest tax deduction. Instead, the analysis herein suggests that the home mortgage tax deduction is not the source of the differential tax impact (for one thing, interest on mortgages financing rental apartments is also deductible from the landlord’s taxable income, and for another, lenders providing the mortgage capital are generally taxable investors on the margin). Rather, the model presented here implies that the more direct and appropriate policy remedy would be to allow apartment investment income to be deductible from taxable income. This could also be a more politically feasible policy than to remove the mortgage deduction.
Statistical Reasoning and Methods in Epidemiology to Promote Individualized Health: In Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Epidemiology is concerned with determining the distribution and causes of disease. Throughout its history, epidemiology has drawn upon statistical ideas and methods to achieve its aims. Because of the exponential growth in our capacity to measure and analyze data on the underlying processes that define each person's state of health, there is an emerging opportunity for population-based epidemiologic studies to influence health decisions made by individuals in ways that take into account the individuals' characteristics, circumstances, and preferences. We refer to this endeavor as "individualized health." The present article comprises 2 sections. In the first, we describe how graphical, longitudinal, and hierarchical models can inform the project of individualized health. We propose a simple graphical model for informing individual health decisions using population-based data. In the second, we review selected topics in causal inference that we believe to be particularly useful for individualized health. Epidemiology and biostatistics were 2 of the 4 founding departments in the world's first graduate school of public health at Johns Hopkins University, the centennial of which we honor. This survey of a small part of the literature is intended to demonstrate that the 2 fields remain just as inextricably linked today as they were 100 years ago.
A Selective Differential Medium for Histotoxic Clostridia

A new medium for the isolation and differentiation of the histotoxic Clostridia commonly encountered in clinical specimens is described. The medium contains lecithin and lactose, and is made selective by the addition of neomycin and sodium azide. A simplified scheme for the speciation of these Clostridia is presented.
The hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Egyptian North Red Sea basin

Abstract Recent work by a multi-disciplinary team has led to a significantly better understanding of the prospectivity of the North Red Sea. New regional biostratigraphic and environmental analysis from north to south through the Gulf of Suez and into the Red Sea have placed the Nubian sequences into a regional chronostratigraphic framework. The Nubian Upper Cretaceous pre-rift sandstones are observed in the field on both the Egyptian and Saudi Arabian side of the North Red Sea. This regionally extensive sequence was deposited in a continental to shallow marine setting fringing the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean, which lay further north. Extensive onshore fieldwork and mapping of sediment input points, fault orientations and fault linkages have helped to develop an understanding of the expected controls on syn-rift sandstone and carbonate deposition offshore. Thick halite with interbedded evaporite and clastics in the Late Miocene sequences of the Red Sea pose seismic imaging challenges. Recent reprocessing and newly acquired seismic data have produced a step change improvement in imaging of the prospective pre-rift section. Petroleum systems modelling incorporating new information on rift timing and crustal thinning as well as onshore core analysis for source rock properties and temperature variation through time indicates that oil expulsion occurs in the inboard section of North Red Sea – Block 1. This is supported by hydrocarbon shows in the drilled offshore wells which can be typed to pre-rift source rocks from stable isotope and biomarker data. All the key elements of the Gulf of Suez petroleum system exist in the North Red Sea. An integrated exploration approach has enabled prospective areas in the North Red Sea – Block 1 to be high-graded for drilling in early 2011.
Execution ritual: Media representations of execution and the social construction of public opinion regarding the death penalty

EXECUTION RITUAL: MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF EEXECUTION AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC OPINION REGARDING THE DEATH PENALTY
The Socialization of Music Teachers A Review of the Literature

Many institutions provide an undergraduate experience that can lead to professional certification to teach music. Each institution provides a unique socialization experience in the music teaching p...
Patterns of Host Specificity in Pseudacteon Parasitoid Flies (Diptera: Phoridae) that Attack Solenopsis Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Pseudacteon phorids that parasitize the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in South America are not present in the introduced range of this pest species in the United States. Sequential host specificity tests were conducted with 4 South American Pseudacteon species, P. litoralis Borgmeier, P. wasmanni (Schmitz), P. tricuspis Borgmeier, and P. curvatus Borgmeier, to investigate the degree to which these species attack the native North American fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (F.). Three species, P. litoralis, P. wasmanni , and P. tricuspis , showed little interest in ovipositing on S. geminata , even when highly motivated to oviposit on S. invicta . By comparison, P. curvatus oviposited on S. geminata readily. Larval development of P. curvatus did occur in S. geminata , but no adult flies emerged. Methods for assaying host specificity and the biocontrol potential of these unique insects are discussed.
Resistance of Pearl Millet Cultivars to Sitophilus oryzae, Sitotroga cerealella , and Rhyzopertha dominica

The relative resistance of 76 pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke, cultivars to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was evaluated, and 37 of these were evaluated for resistance to the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). The reactions of the entries to the rice weevil and Angoumois grain moth were more similar than when either was compared with reactions to the lesser grain borer. No entry ranked most resistant or most susceptible to all insect species, but the inbred 4055 and ‘Senegal Bulk’ were somewhat resistant to all three species. Seed size varied inversely with resistance to the rice weevil and Angoumois grain moth, but it was less related to resistance to the lesser grain borer.
Investigation into Diaphragm Bolthole Crack in LP Casing of a 135 MW Steam Turbine

Aiming at the diaphragm bolthole crack in LP casing of turbine under normal operating conditions in some power plant,modeling-based computational analysis is made of the bolthole.Upon stress calculation,it is indicated that the main reason for the crack was the irrational design and material used,which led to the rubbing between movable and static parts,the ensuing continuous alternating stress on the diaphragm,and the eventual crack at stress-concentrating position.Proposals for improvement and prevention are posed according to analysis and specific structural elements.
Big Data Analytics: Besser als der Blick in die Glaskugel – Daten sind das Öl des 21. Jahrhunderts

Das weltweite Datenvolumen wachst rasant und das Thema Big Data ist in aller Munde. Doch was ist Big Data und welche Daten sollten Unternehmen auswerten? Welche Methoden versprechen den grosten Nutzen, welche Vorteile konnen Finanzabteilungen und wirtschaftsberatende Berufe aus der Datenauswertung ziehen und wie wird die Zukunft der Datenanalyse aussehen? Ein fundamentaler Wandel entsteht durch kognitive Systeme – eine neue Ara, in der Menschen und Maschinen intelligente Dialoge in naturlicher Sprache fuhren, bei denen beide Seiten gleichermasen dazulernen und voneinander profitieren.
Complex Thermodynamic Behavior of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid Adsorption to Graphene Surfaces

In just over a decade since its discovery, research on graphene has exploded due to a number of potential applications in electronics, materials, and medicine. In its water-soluble form of graphene oxide, the material has shown promise as a biosensor due to its preferential absorption of single-stranded polynucleotides and fluorescence quenching properties. The rational design of these biosensors, however, requires an improved understanding of the binding thermodynamics and ultimately a predictive model of sequence-specific binding. Toward these goals, here we directly measured the binding of nucleosides and oligonucleotides to graphene oxide nanoparticles using isothermal titration calorimetry and used the results to develop molecular models of graphene–nucleic acid interactions. We found individual nucleosides binding KD values lie in the submillimolar range with binding order of rG < rA < rC < dT < rU, while 5mer and 15mer oligonucleotides had markedly higher binding affinities in the range of micromol...