cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Oxymorphone in Hypovolemic Dogs

Summary Blood was withdrawn from 15 dogs over the course of about 1 hour until the mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 60 mm Hg. Small aliquots of additional blood were withdrawn in order to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure near 60 mm Hg for an additional hour. Oxymorphone (0.4 mg/kg) was then administered intravenously to ten dogs, and all measurements were repeated in 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Five dogs served as controls. Heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, oxygen extraction, and pH significantly decreased after oxymorphone administration, while systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, systemic vascular resistance (transiently), breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, venous admixture, venous oxygen, arterial and venous carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate concentration increased significantly. Cardiac output was also increased, but the change was not statistically significant. Oxymorphone was associated with significantly lower heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, and pH, and higher systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, venous oxygen, and arterial and venous carbon dioxide, compared to the control group, which did not receive oxymorphone. Oxymorphone significantly improved cardiovascular performance and tissue perfusion in these hypovolemic dogs. Oxymorphone did cause a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in arterial oxygenation. Oxymorphone is an opioid agonist that may represent a reasonable alternative for the induction of anesthesia in patients who are candidates for induction hypotension.
Differentially expressed alternatively spliced genes in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma identified using massively parallel transcriptome sequencing

Analyses of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) databases suggest that most human genes have multiple alternative splice variants. The alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is tightly regulated during development and in different tissue types. Changes in splicing patterns have been described in disease states. Recently, we used whole-transcriptome shotgun pryrosequencing to characterize 4 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tumors, 1 lung adenocarcinoma and 1 normal lung. We hypothesized that alternative splicing profiles might be detected in the sequencing data for the expressed genes in these samples. We developed a software pipeline to map the transcriptome read sequences of the 4 MPM samples and 1 normal lung sample onto known exon junction sequences in the comprehensive AceView database of expressed sequences and to count how many reads map to each junction. 13,274,187 transcriptome reads generated by the Roche/454 sequencing platform for 5 samples were compared with 151,486 exon junctions from the AceView database. The exon junction expression index (EJEI) was calculated for each exon junction in each sample to measure the differential expression of alternative splicing events. Top ten exon junctions with the largest EJEI difference between the 4 mesothelioma and the normal lung sample were then examined for differential expression using Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the 5 sequenced samples. Two of the differentially expressed exon junctions (ACTG2.aAug05 and CDK4.aAug05) were further examined with qRT-PCR in additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung specimens. We found 70,953 exon junctions covered by at least one sequence read in at least one of the 5 samples. All 10 identified most differentially expressed exon junctions were validated as present by RT-PCR, and 8 were differentially expressed exactly as predicted by the sequence analysis. The differential expression of the AceView exon junctions for the ACTG2 and CDK4 genes were also observed to be statistically significant in an additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung samples examined using qRT-PCR. The differential expression of these two junctions was shown to successfully classify these mesothelioma and normal lung specimens with high sensitivity (89% and 78%, respectively). Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing, combined with a downstream bioinformatics pipeline, provides powerful tools for the identification of differentially expressed exon junctions resulting from alternative splice variants. The alternatively spliced genes discovered in the study could serve as useful diagnostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets for MPM.
Joint regression analysis of survival and quality-adjusted survival.

Summary. In this paper, a semiparametric bivariate linear regression model for survival and quality-adjusted survival is investigated. Even with a parametric specification for the joint distribution, maximum likelihood is not applicable because of induced informative censoring. We propose inference procedures based on estimating functions. The estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Hypothesis tests and confidence intervals may be constructed with easy-to-implement resampling techniques. Simultaneous regression modeling of survival and quality-adjusted survival has not been studied formally. Our methodology gives parameter estimates that are highly interpretable in the context of a cost-effectiveness analysis. The usefulness of the proposal is illustrated with a breast cancer dataset.
Boolean modeling of neural systems with point-process inputs and outputs. Part I: theory and simulations.

This paper presents a new modeling approach for neural systems with point-process (spike) inputs and outputs that utilizes Boolean operators (i.e. modulo 2 multiplication and addition that correspond to the logical AND and OR operations respectively, as well as the AND_NOT logical operation representing inhibitory effects). The form of the employed mathematical models is akin to a “Boolean-Volterra” model that contains the product terms of all relevant input lags in a hierarchical order, where terms of order higher than first represent nonlinear interactions among the various lagged values of each input point-process or among lagged values of various inputs (if multiple inputs exist) as they reflect on the output. The coefficients of this Boolean-Volterra model are also binary variables that indicate the presence or absence of the respective term in each specific model/system. Simulations are used to explore the properties of such models and the feasibility of their accurate estimation from short data-records in the presence of noise (i.e. spurious spikes). The results demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining reliable estimates of such models, with excitatory and inhibitory terms, in the presence of considerable noise (spurious spikes) in the outputs and/or the inputs in a computationally efficient manner. A pilot application of this approach to an actual neural system is presented in the companion paper (Part II).
Attenuated effects of experimenter-administered heroin in adolescent vs. adult male rats: physical withdrawal and locomotor sensitization.

Objectives Early onset of heroin use during adolescence might increase chances of later drug addiction. Prior work from our laboratory suggests, however, that adolescent male rats are actually less sensitive than adults to some enduring effects of heroin self-administration. In the present study, we tested two likely correlates of sensitivity to behavioral reinforcement in rats: physical withdrawal and locomotor sensitization.
MAGNETIC X-RAY CIRCULAR DICHROISM IN PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND DIFFRACTION

In this paper, we discuss a series of photoelectron-spectroscopy (PS) and photoelectron-diffraction (PD) studies utilizing magnetic x-ray circular dichroism and fully spin-specific, multiple-scattering calculations for analysis of the experimental results. The test system used was perpendicularly magnetized, ferromagnetic monolayer Fe/Cu(001), prepared and probed at low temperature. Two sets of states were used: the Fe2p at binding energies of over 700 eV (large spin–orbit and small exchange splittings) and the Fe3p at a binding energy of near 53 eV (spin–orbit and exchange splittings approximately equal). The PS and PD measurements made were angularly resolving and compared to calculational results which were similarly angularly dependent. Both “exchange shifts” and intensity variations of spectral structure were observed. The impact of “j-state mixing” was seen in both the Fe2p and 3p spectra. Our results indicate a ferromagnetically ordered FCC Fe with a lattice parameter near that of bulk Cu. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the multiple-scattering calculations of both the Fe2p and Fe3p simulations to local order has been used to show that the overlayer structure posseses some level of imperfection or disorder as well.
Spatial charge distribution in as-deposited and UV-illuminated gate-quality nitrogen-rich silicon nitride

Gate-quality N-rich amorphous SiN/sub 1.6/:H films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at substrate temperatures of 250 and 400 degrees C are discussed. Films of different thicknesses t, ranging from 20 to 1100 nm, were obtained by varying the deposition time. The flat-band voltage shift was found to be proportional to t and t/sup 2/ before and after UV illumination, respectively. The linear dependence before illumination suggests a centroid of the positive charge located close to (within a region narrower than 20 nm of) the silicon/nitride interface. After UV illumination the distribution of the positive charge throughout the film is uniform. The bulk value of the positive photoinduced fixed charges is around 9*10/sup 16/ and 3*10/sup 16/cm/sup -3/ for N-rich films deposited at 250 and 400 degrees C, respectively. >
Evaluation of Fabrics Woven with Durable Polymeric Sizing Agents

From a laboratory evaluation of yarns treated with various polymers, two poly acrylates and a polyurethane offered the potential for further evaluation in full scale slashing and weaving trials. These aqueous polymeric emulsions were applied at room temperature in various combinations to cotton warp yarns (19.7 mg/m). The warps were woven into a 163 g/m ² poplin fabric. Weaving evaluation demonstrated that some formulations presented problems with yarn clinging and polymer deposits, but one formulation produced a weaving performance equivalent to that of a warp slashed with a conventional starch formulation. The polymers were still present on warp yarns after pilot plant scouring and bleaching of fabrics. Durability was determined by fabric properties and confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Data are presented on the physical properties of bleached fabrics and the effect of laboratory dyeing, mercerization, and durable-press treatment of experimental fabrics compared to a control fabric. Polymers, used as permanent sizing agents, offer opportunities for energy savings, less water pollution, and improved fabric properties after finishing.
Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation 2. Comparison of Vesicle Formation, Morphology, and Membrane Lipids during Storage in AS-1 and CPDA-1

The changes in morphology, the quantitative changes in membrane lipids and the shedding of exocytic vesicles by red blood cells (RBC) stored for 42 and 56 days in AS-1 and CPDA-1 were compared. RBC stored in AS-1 shed significantly less vesicle membrane cholesterol, phospholipid and protein and maintained better morphology scores. RBC membrane cholesterol remained higher after 56 days in AS-1 than in CPDA-1. The data suggest that during the first weeks of storage cholesterol is lost from the RBC membrane followed by a larger release of phospholipids accompanied by alterations in the phosphoinositides. The shedding of exocytic vesicles appears to be secondary to the changes in morphology resulting from the perturbation of the membrane lipids.
Anatomy of an Iranian Political Crowd: The Tehran Bread Riot of December 1942

During the morning of December 8, 1942, a large group of university students paraded through the streets of Tehran to the parliament building on Baharistan Square to demand higher bread rations and prompt action on critical problems by an incompetent government and an inactive parliament. Spectators and organized groups from South Tehran added their numbers to the already large crowd. Police forces withdrew from the square and the demonstration became a riot. The crowd occupied the parliament building and moved toward the commercial district, smashing windows and signs and looting stores along the way. On the morning of December 9, students again instigated a march to the parliament building, but this time army troops firing machine guns met and dispersed them. Although city shops were closed on December 9, some reopened on December 10, and all reopened on December 11; normality had returned. The bread riot claimed over 20 people killed, 700 wounded, 150 arrested, and 150 stores sacked and burned.
Advanced module systems (invited talk): a guide for the perplexed

The past three decades have seen a plethora of language features for large-scale software composition. Some of these are fairly simple, others quite sophisticated. Each embodies an implicit claim that its particular combination of features is both necessary and sufficient for some problem domain. But there have been few attempts to compare module systems, or to explain the practical and theoretical issues that motivate the choices they embody. This can make it difficult to evaluate which features are really needed for a given setting, and which may be overkill.
Stochastic approach to secret message length estimation in ±k embedding steganography

In this paper, we propose a new method for estimation of the number of embedding changes for non-adaptive ±k embedding in images. By modeling the cover image and the stego noise as additive mixture of random processes, the stego message is estimated from the stego image using a denoising filter in the wavelet domain. The stego message estimate is further analyzed using ML/MAP estimators to identify the pixels that were modified during embedding. For non-adaptive ±k embedding, the density of embedding changes is estimated from selected segments of the stego image. It is shown that for images with a low level of noise (e.g., for decompressed JPEG images) this approach can detect and estimate the number of embedding changes even for small values of k, such as k=2, and in some cases even for k=1.
The assay of ammonium nitrate and ethylenediamine dinitrate

Ammonium nitrate and ethylenediamine dinitrate in a composite have been determined by potentiometric titration with standard base after reaction with formaldehyde. Ethylenediamine dinitrate yields two breaks, while ammonium nitrate exhibits only a single potentiometric break. Both components can therefore be resolved. The first potentiometric break is a measure of the ethylenediamine dinitrate content, while the second break is a measure of the sum of the components.
Response of the radiation belt electron flux to the solar wind velocity: Parameterization by radial distance and energy

Abstract The solar wind velocity is the primary driver of the electron flux variability in Earth's radiation belts. The response of the logarithmic flux (“log-flux”) to this driver has been determined at the geosynchronous orbit and at a fixed energy [Baker, D.N., McPherron, R.L., Cayton, T.E., Klebesadel, R.W., 1990. Linear prediction filter analysis of relativistic electron properties at 6.6 RE. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(A9), 15,133–15,140) and as a function of L shell and fixed energy [Vassiliadis, D., Klimas, A.J., Kanekal, S.G., Baker, D.N., Weigel, R.S., 2002. Long-term average, solar-cycle, and seasonal response of magnetospheric energetic electrons to the solar wind speed. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, doi:10.1029/2001JA000506 ). In this paper we generalize the response model as a function of particle energy (0.8–6.4 MeV) using POLAR HIST measurements. All three response peaks identified earlier figure prominently in the high-altitude POLAR measurements. The positive response around the geosynchronous orbit is peak P 1 ( τ =2±1 d; L =5.8±0.5; E =0.8–6.4 MeV), associated with high-speed, low-density streams and the ULF wave activity they produce. Deeper in the magnetosphere, the response is dominated by a positive peak P 0 (0±1 d; 2.9±0.5 R E ; 0.8–1.1 MeV), of a shorter duration and producing lower-energy electrons. The P 0 response occurs during the passage of geoeffective structures containing high IMF and high-density parts, such as ICMEs and other mass ejecta. Finally, the negative peak V 1 (0±0.5 d; 5.7±0.5 R E ; 0.8–6.4 MeV) is associated with the “ D st effect” or the quasiadiabatic transport produced by ring-current intensifications. As energies increase, the P 1 and V 1 peaks appear at lower L , while the D st effect becomes more pronounced in the region L P 0 effectively disappears for E >1.6 MeV because of low statistics, although it is evident in individual events. The continuity of the response across radial and energy scales supports the earlier hypothesis that each of the three modes corresponds to a qualitatively different type of large-scale electron acceleration and transport.
Humoral mechanisms in drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis.

Abstract Sera from nine patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis were assayed for circulating anti-tubular basement membrane (anti-TBM) antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescent technique, and IgE levels by radioimmunosorbent. Circulating anti-TBM antibodies were detected in two of nine sera studied; titers of antibody were unrelated to the activity of the disease. Passive transfer of anti-TBM antibody failed to reproduce the disease in animals. Immunofluorescence studies of five renal biopsies showed the following patterns: linear deposits of IgG (one biopsy) and C3 (two biopsies) along TBM, IgG plasma-bearing cells in the interstitium (one biopsy); and patchy interstitial deposits of fibrinogen and IgG (one biopsy). IgE levels were increased in three of seven specimens studies; sequential assays on a single patient showed a rise during the acute phase of the illness. These observations suggest the possibility of heterogenous mechanisms in the induction of this form of renal disease.
Managing Analysis Models in the Design Process

Design of large, complex space systems depends on significant model-based support for exploration of the design space. Integrated models predict system performance in mission-relevant terms given design descriptions and multiple physics-based numerical models. Both the design activities and the modeling activities warrant explicit process definitions and active process management to protect the project from excessive risk. Software and systems engineering processes have been formalized and similar formal process activities are under development for design engineering and integrated modeling. JPL is establishing a modeling process to define development and application of such system-level models.
Influence of Triparanol (M/E/R/29®) on Growth, Egg Production, and Cholesterol Metabolism of Chickens

Abstract A REPORT by Avigan et al. (1960) shows that triparanol 2 lowered serum cholesterol of male rats. The reduction in serum cholesterol varied according to the concentration of triparanol fed and the length of time it was fed. Growth was reduced as dosage was increased. Steinberg and Avigan (1960) postulated that triparanol blocks cholesterol synthesis at the desmosterol to cholesterol step. With in vitro liver homogenates, triparanol treatment inhibited the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol. Because of the work of Steinberg and Avigan, it was thought that triparanol might also lower serum cholesterol in the chick and possibly even lower egg yolk cholesterol values. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Chick Experiment 1. Duplicate pens of 30 broiler-type chicks, with equal numbers of males and females in each pen, were fed rations containing 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg. triparanol per pound of feed. The basal chick ration is shown in Table 1. The birds …
Endosomal Trafficking of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy Facilitates Drug Particle Carriage and HIV Clearance

ABSTRACT Limitations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) include poor patient adherence, drug toxicities, viral resistance, and failure to penetrate viral reservoirs. Recent developments in nanoformulated ART (nanoART) could overcome such limitations. To this end, we now report a novel effect of nanoART that facilitates drug depots within intracellular compartments at or adjacent to the sites of the viral replication cycle. Poloxamer 407-coated nanocrystals containing the protease inhibitor atazanavir (ATV) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. These drug particles readily accumulated in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). NanoATV concentrations were ∼1,000 times higher in cells than those that could be achieved by the native drug. ATV particles in late and recycling endosome compartments were seen following pulldown by immunoaffinity chromatography with Rab-specific antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads. Confocal microscopy provided cross validation by immunofluorescent staining of the compartments. Mathematical modeling validated drug-endosomal interactions. Measures of reverse transcriptase activity and HIV-1 p24 levels in culture media and cells showed that such endosomal drug concentrations enhanced antiviral responses up to 1,000-fold. We conclude that late and recycling endosomes can serve as depots for nanoATV. The colocalization of nanoATV at endosomal sites of viral assembly and its slow release sped antiretroviral activities. Long-acting nanoART can serve as a drug carrier in both cells and subcellular compartments and, as such, can facilitate viral clearance. IMPORTANCE The need for long-acting ART is significant and highlighted by limitations in drug access, toxicity, adherence, and reservoir penetrance. We propose that targeting nanoformulated drugs to infected tissues, cells, and subcellular sites of viral replication may improve clinical outcomes. Endosomes are sites for human immunodeficiency virus assembly, and increasing ART concentrations in such sites enhances viral clearance. The current work uncovers a new mechanism by which nanoART can enhance viral clearance over native drug formulations.
Investigation of burst generation by the electrically coupled cyberchron network in the snail Helisoma using a single‐electrode voltage clamp

This paper describes the results of investigating burst generation by the cyberchron network in the snail Helisoma. The cyberchron network is composed of aproximately 20 electrically coupled neurons and controls the feeding behavior of the snail. The electrical coupling between network members has made it particularly difficult to distinguish between the importance and involvement of single-cell and network properties in burst generation by this system. The present investigations utilized the new single-electrode voltage clamp to examine the membrane properties and network interactions of the cyberchron neurons: (1) A slow outward current is activated by moderately large depolarizing commands (-40 to 0 mV) and does not undergo inactivation decay (i.e., decline in magnitude) during a command potential step maintained for 10 sec or more. The lack of inactivation of the outward current in cyberchron neurons appears to be due to the dominating role of a Ca-dependent K current. (2) There are two functionally distinct classes of cyberchrons--current generator cyberchrons and follower cyberchrons. (3) Primary current generator cyberchrons have membrane properties similar to endogenous bursting neurons (e.g., persistent inward Ca current and negative resistance region in I-V plot) and appear to provide the main driving and timing current for the rest of the network. (4) The vast majority of cyberchrons are secondary current generator cyberchrons with membrane properties which exhibit inward-going rectification and appear to burst as a result of regenerative excitation with one another and the primary current generator cyberchrons. (5) The second class of cyberchrons are driven by the electrical synaptic input from the current generator cyberchrons, do not exhibit inward-going rectification, and are called follower cyberchrons. (6) Burst termination is due to activation of a slow outward tail current in most cyberchrons during the burst (probably Ca-activated K current) which causes a hyperpolarization in individual cyberchrons, terminating the burst. (7) Decay of the outward tail current causes the cyberchrons to depolarize, which activates the persistent inward Ca current in the primary current generator cyberchrons, starting the burst cycle anew.
WE‐E‐500‐01: Physics Pheud!

Come on down! This symposium adopts the format and excitement of a television game show to highlight important and contemporary issues in the science, education, and professional practice of medical physics. Hosted by Dr. Kessler and moderated by our President Elect Dr. Bayouth, two teams of physicists captained by our President Dr. Hazle and Chair of the Board Dr. Ezzell will vie for supremacy in debate, trivia, and audience participation. Questions will test the mental mettle of the teams and audience alike on topics ranging from physics fundamentals to the cutting edge, along with debates drawn from the Point‐Counterpoint series in the Medical Physics Journal. Audience participation is an important part of the symposium, so be sure to bring an Audience Response Unit (ARU) if you have one. Everyone will be a winner!
Dynamic model for preventing mental retardation in the population: the importance of poverty and deprivation

A dynamic simulation model is used to answer the question, "What is the most effective child health policy initiative for the prevention of mental retardation (MR)?" The impact of medical strategies is contrasted with social interventions to see how they affect the prevalence of MR in the general population. The model is based on data from four U.S. Census and California Vital Statistics reports (1960, 1970, 1980, 1990). An interstate comparison (California and South Carolina) uses 1990 data. The results of the simulations reveal that medical interventions to improve the developmental outcome of low birth weight (LBW) infants did not cause a reduction in the rate of MR in the population after a 24-year trial period. In contrast, reducing the proportion of children living in poverty who are exposed to environmental deprivation significantly decreased (10%) MR at the end of the model's time period. This analysis supports the view that long-term reduction in MR prevalence is attainable by modifying public policies that influence children's development. Effective MR prevention calls for public policy committed to multifaceted health and educational services for both affected parents and their young children.
Nanoscale imaging of domains in supported lipid membranes.

The formation of domains in supported lipid membranes has been studied extensively as a model for the 2D organization of cell membranes. The compartmentalization of biological membranes to give dom...
Neurocognitive correlates of white matter quality in adolescent substance users.

Abstract Background Progressive myelination during adolescence implicates an increased vulnerability to neurotoxic substances and enduring neurocognitive consequences. This study examined the cognitive manifestations of altered white matter microstructure in chronic marijuana and alcohol-using (MJ + ALC) adolescents. Methods Thirty-six MJ + ALC adolescents (ages 16–19) and 36 demographically similar controls were evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging ( Bava et al., 2009 ) and neurocognitive tests. Regions of group difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were analyzed in relation to cognitive performance. Results In users, lower FA in temporal areas related to poorer performance on attention, working memory, and speeded processing tasks. Among regions where users had higher FA than controls, occipital FA was positively associated with working memory and complex visuomotor sequencing, whereas FA in anterior regions was negatively associated with verbal memory performance. Conclusions Findings suggest differential influences of white matter development on cognition in MJ + ALC using adolescents than in non-using peers. Neuroadaptation may reflect additive and subtractive responses to substance use that are complicated by competing maturational processes.
Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 increases the velocity of thrombus growth and strength in human plasma

Carbon monoxide derived from degradation of heme by heme oxygenase or carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) has been demonstrated to decrease thrombosis in vivo and to weakly inhibit platelet aggregation. We tested the hypothesis that carbon monoxide released from tricarbonyldichlororuthenium
Temperature sensing by band gap optical absorption in semiconductors

A new sensor for measuring high temperature in harsh environments is presented. The sensor concept is based on the fact that the band gap energy of semiconductors, and accordingly the cut-on optical wavelength, depend strongly on temperature. The optical wavelength at which these semiconductors start transmitting light typically increases as the temperature increases. Durable optical fibers transmit light to and from the semiconductive material. This paper addresses the feasibility of the concept at temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius, and presents results using different semiconductors including gallium arsenide, silicon, and gallium phosphide.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Responses of male rats to sex odors

Abstract A series of 4 experiments investigated the responses of Sprague-Dawley male rats to the odors from sexually receptive females. Having established that Sprague-Dawley male rats prefer the odors of estrous females and that the preferences are not a function of the female's movements or sounds (Experiment 1), the contribution of the various components of the males' copulatory pattern to the development of preferences was examined (Experiment 2). The results showed that sexually naive males fail to show a sex odor preference and that mounting experience is sufficient for the preferences to appear. Experiment 3 investigated the relationship between the presence or absence of the testes and the sex odor preferences; approximately 3 weeks following castration the preferences disappear. Experiment 4 examined whether neonatal testicular secretions are necessary if the male rat is to display a sex odor preference in adulthood. Following testosterone propionate administration and mounting experience, Day 1 castrates showed a sex odor preference.
A Note on Regularity Properties with Respect to Ideals

The object of this article is to study the regularity properties of elements of a ring with respect to a given ideal I. As expected, several concepts that are equivalent in the case of I = R turn out to be distinct for a general ideal I and we consider the relations between these properties. In particular, we replace the set of units U(R) of the ring R by the set U I (R) = {u|uI = Iu = I} and use these “relative units” to obtain generalizations of notions such as stable range and unit-regularity. We also see that on assuming the set of “relative units” to have no zero divisors, we can obtain several interesting results.
FAD and GSH participate in macrophage synthesis of nitric oxide.

Following partial purification of macrophage nitric oxide (NO) synthase, enzyme activity requires L-arginine, NADPH, and constitutive cytosolic factors, one of which is tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) (Kwon, N.S., Nathan, C.F. and Stuehr, D.J. [1989] J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20496). Here we identify FAD and GSH as two additional cofactors needed for full enzyme activity. With all defined cytosolic cofactors in excess, NO synthesis was linear over 3 h and was approximately 50% dependent on exogenous FAD, approximately 50% on glutathione (GSH), 84% on tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 95% on NADPH, and 98% on L-arginine. The concentrations of added FAD, GSH, and BH4 required for optimal activity were consistent with their levels in macrophage cytosol. Kinetic studies showed that GSH (or DTT) had little or no effect on the rate of NO generation over the first 20-30 min of the reaction, but prevented a subsequent dropoff in rate. This effect was distinct from thiol participation in BH4 regeneration. In contrast, exogenous FAD doubled the rate of NO synthesis throughout the assay period, consistent with a cofactor role. The role of NADPH was not to regenerate BH4, furnish NADP+, nor form reactive oxygen intermediates. These findings demonstrate NO synthesis by a partially purified enzyme in an otherwise defined system, and suggest that an NADPH-utilizing FAD flavoprotein may participate in the reaction.
Johne's disease: its significance, diagnosis and control

Johne's disease is an insidious, chronic disease which causes significant, yet frequently underestimated loss within the national herd. Determining status on a herd and particularly on an individual animal level can be difficult. Control depends on risk assessment and management, particularly if animals are to be purchased, and on attention to hygiene, especially around the time of calving and during the first days and weeks of life. This may be, of course, easier said than done but to ignore this disease and its consequences is not a sustainable option.
Opening the window to lifelong learning: Applying the Johari Window framework in engineering communication curriculum

Providing long-term access to writing and communication support can be a significant challenge for engineering faculties. When writing instruction is restricted to just one semester, the challenge for instructors, as a result, is to utilize the short time they have with engineering students in ways that will help students to self-initiate long-term communication learning. An educational tool that shows promise in achieving this goal is the Johari Window-a long-established psychological concept that is heavily examined in many disciplines but thus far has been under-explored in the literature on engineering communication. When applied in this new context, the Window provides a framework for students to continually self-assess their skills and to build better awareness of how their communication is perceived by others. Furthermore, it has significant potential to illustrate the interrelationship of stakeholder communication needs in which professional engineers must participate. Most importantly, however, it is a tool that students can continue to use without the ongoing assistance of a communication instructor. This paper will explore the implications of applying the Johari Window framework to engineering communication courses, and will examine specific curriculum applications of the tool.
Capacity analysis of a wireless backhaul for metering in the Smart Grid

Many application scenarios envisioned as part of the ‘Smarter’ Grid depend on an effective underlying communication infrastructure for power distribution. To this end, a linear chain wireless communication architecture is proposed in this work to meet communication requirements at the distribution level of the power grid. A theoretical study is done to understand the capacity limitations of using such linear chain wireless technologies at the distribution level. The application of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) that encourages customer participation in energy delivery is used as a case study to understand the implications of any limitations imposed by the proposed communication architecture.
The Cognitive Computer: On Language, Learning, and Artificial Intelligence

This book has two purposes. First, its intent is to inform the public about the subject of Attificial Intelligence, not from the perspective of a science-oriented journalist, who may or may not understand what he or she has seen and read, but from the viewpoint of one who is involved deeply in the subject. Second, it seems important to ponder the reasons why this obscure field has hit the front pages. The public has discovered AI but according to the author, is not quite sure what it is. The book tries to address 3 questions; 1. What do we have to know about computers in order to live in a world that is full of them. 2. What can we learn about what it means to be intelligent through our development of computers that can understand. 3. How will intelligent computers affect the world we live in.
Friction and heat-transfer in the flow induced by a subsonic heat source.

For the case of negligible thrust dependency a. « 0 or for very ambitious missions v ;» a/y, this relative variation approaches e0/(l — so), the ratio of expellant to nonexpellant mass. For negligible power dependency 7 ~ 0 or very modest missions v <*C a/y, no such simple limit exists. It may be shown further that designs at optimum expellant loading have a final normalized exhaust velocity value which is a function of only the other nondimensional parameter (1 + @)T/yv = E. Solving Eq. (3) for ln(l + e0) and substituting into Eq. (2) yields
Using Quasi-EZ-NAND Flash Memory to Build Large-Capacity Solid-State Drives in Computing Systems

Future flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) must employ increasingly powerful error correction code (ECC) and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques to compensate the negative impact of technology scaling on NAND flash memory device reliability. Currently, all the ECC and DSP functions are implemented in a central SSD controller. However, the use of more powerful ECC and DSP makes such design practice subject to significant speed performance degradation and complicated controller implementation. An EZ-NAND (Error Zero NAND) flash memory design strategy is emerging in the industry, which moves all the ECC and DSP functions to each memory chip. Although EZ-NAND flash can simplify controller design and achieve high system speed performance, its high silicon cost may not be affordable for large-capacity SSDs in computing systems. We propose a quasi-EZ-NAND design strategy that hierarchically distributes ECC and DSP functions on both NAND flash memory chips and the central SSD controller. Compared with EZ-NAND design concept, it can maintain almost the same speed performance while reducing silicon cost overhead. Assuming the use of low-density parity-check (LDPC) code and postcompensation DSP technique, trace-based simulations show that SSDs using quasi-EZ-NAND flash can realize almost the same speed as SSDs using EZ-NAND flash, and both can reduce the average SSD response time by over 90 percent compared with conventional design practice. Silicon design at 65 nm node shows that quasi-EZ-NAND can reduce the silicon cost overhead by up to 44 percent compared with EZ-NAND.
Elektronenspinpolarisation und zeitaufgelöste Elektronenspinresonanz: Anwendungen auf die Paradigmen der molekularen und supramolekularen Photochemie

An den meisten molekularen und supramolekularen photochemischen Reaktionen sind reaktive paramagnetische Intermediate beteiligt, wie molekulare Triplettspezies, Triplett-Radikalpaare und freie Radikale. In vielen Fallen entstehen diese Spezies mit „anomalen“ Spinpopulationen, die weit vom thermischen Gleichgewicht entfernt sind. Solche paramagnetischen Spezies nennt man spinpolarisiert. Sie lassen sich mit der zeitaufgelosten paramagnetischen Elektronenresonanz (time resolved electron paramagnetic resonance, TREPR) direkt beobachten. Die TREPR-Technik kann so betrieben werden, dass die Spinpolarisation gemessen wird. Zum einen ergibt sich dadurch eine enorme Verstarkung des Signal/Rausch-Verhaltnisses, zum anderen werden auch die Mechanismen photochemischer Reaktionen zuganglich. Die TREPR-Spektroskopie bietet ein Moglichkeit, die Reaktion von Radikalen mit Molekulen und die nichtreaktiven Wechselwirkungen von Radikalen untereinander in Echtzeit zu verfolgen. Anhand der letztgenannten Wechselwirkungen ist die systematische Untersuchung supramolekularer Wechselwirkungen von Zwillingsradikalpaaren in Micellen moglich.
DIRECT PARENTAL CONTROLS AND DELINQUENCY

Until recently, “direct controls” by parents have been summarily dismissed by delinquency researchers as theoretically and empirically unimportant. Although prior research indicates that various measures of direct parental controls (e.g., the amount of time spent interacting with parents) are related to delinquency, the correlations are uniformly weak and often not significant. However, when the term “direct control” is reconceptualized to include specific components—normative regulation, monitoring, and punishment—the results indicate that direct controls by parents have as great an impact on delinquency as that of “direct controls” or parental “attachments.” Further, the results suggest that the form of the relation between direct controls and delinquency is not simple, direct, and linear. Depending on which specific component of direct control is examined, its relationship to delinquency may be either linear or nonlinear, positive or inverse.
Using regression trees to classify fault-prone software modules

Software faults are defects in software modules that might cause failures. Software developers tend to focus on faults, because they are closely related to the amount of rework necessary to prevent future operational software failures. The goal of this paper is to predict which modules are fault-prone and to do it early enough in the life cycle to be useful to developers. A regression tree is an algorithm represented by an abstract tree, where the response variable is a real quantity. Software modules are classified as fault-prone or not, by comparing the predicted value to a threshold. A classification rule is proposed that allows one to choose a preferred balance between the two types of misclassification rates. A case study of a very large telecommunications systems considered software modules to be fault-prone, if any faults were discovered by customers. Our research shows that classifying fault-prone modules with regression trees and the using the classification rule in this paper, resulted in predictions with satisfactory accuracy and robustness.
Improving the performance of an LVCSR system through ensembles of acoustic models

This paper describes our work on applying ensembles of acoustic models to the problem of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). We propose three algorithms for constructing ensembles. The first two have their roots in bagging algorithms; however, instead of randomly sampling examples our algorithms construct training sets based on the word error rate. The third one is a boosting style algorithm. Different from other boosting methods which demand large resources for computation and storage, our method present a more efficient solution suitable for acoustic model training. We also investigate a method that seeks optimal combination for models. We report experimental results on a large real world corpus collected from the Carnegie Mellon Communicator dialog system. Significant improvements on system performance are observed in that up to 15.56% relative reduction on word error rate is achieved.
The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Role of External Factors on Heterosexual Men's Monogamy and Condom Use1

Although the majority of prevention efforts have focused on women, reduction of heterosexual transmission of STDs also requires interventions for men, necessitating understanding of men's safer sex decision making. In a random sample of 486 heterosexually active men, the theory of reasoned action (TRA) was used to predict intentions to use condoms with casual partners, as well as 2 steady-partner safer sex behaviors: mutual monogamy and condom use. The basic TRA model fit the data well. Expanded models identified the mediated (via attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy) and, for some, direct effects on intentions and behavior of selected intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural variables. Results suggest that the role of external variables might vary depending on the behaviors in question.
The citrus-like scent of crested auklets: reviewing the evidence for an avian olfactory ornament

The body odor of birds has the potential to alter fundamentally our interpretation of avian social behavior by challenging the traditional view that conspecific interactions are primarily guided by sight and sound. Here, I review studies of the crested auklet (Aethia cristatella), a socially monogamous seabird with a seasonally elevated citrusy scent associated with an unusual display behavior. Work on A. cristatella includes investigations of chemistry, social function, and adaptive value of odor. Several lines of evidence are consistent with the notion that odor acts as an olfactory ornament. First, birds exhibit a conspicuous, seasonal display (the “ruff-sniff”) that focuses on scented nape plumage, enabling odor transmission and possibly scent assessment or scent marking. Second, similar to visual ornaments such as facial crests, odor is produced shortly before the breeding season and is lost by the end. Third, crested auklets recognize and are attracted to both natural plumage odor and synthetic mixtures of chemical components. Finally, individuals respond more to male models treated with synthetic odor compounds than to scented female models or unscented controls, suggesting an emphasis of odor in social contexts involving a male. It is presently unclear whether auklet odor effectively deters ectoparasites or acts as an “honest signal” of individual quality, though odor emission rates vary between individuals and concentration appears to correlate with social rank in captivity. Future investigations are needed to reveal whether odor concentrations that mimic a single individual can protect against parasites or pathogens, as are studies of the relationship(s) between scent and secondary sexual traits, such as facial crest length. Such data promise to provide insight into the adaptive value and social function of odor.
A model of suboxic sedimentary diagenesis suitable for automatic tuning and gridded global domains

+ , and solid phase MnO2. The model misses some of the very high sediment surface MnO2 concentrations observed in, for example, the California Borderlands. We believe that these sites must receive a higher input of reactive Mn than the crustal abundance of the clay rain. The model was deployed on every 2� � 2� grid point below 1000 m of the global seafloor, using gridded maps of organic carbon rain to the seafloor and overlying water chemistry. The deep-sea carbon burial efficiency is 7%, with 95% of respiration by oxic metabolism. The model was also run against a new depth-oxygen hypsometry of the global ocean, with sediment area as a function of overlying oxygen concentration and average depth related to carbon fluxes, to include the effects of shallow water sediments. This analysispredictsthat shallow waters(<1000 m)account for 88% ofrespiration, and oxygen accounts for 66% of respiration overall. Denitrification is closely coupled to organic nitrogen fluxes to the sediment, and the global rate is estimated to be 1.4 � 10 14 mol yr � 1 , a factor of 6–8 higher than the corresponding estimate from Middelburg et al. [1996], throwing the nitrogen cycle in the ocean into imbalance. INDEX TERMS: 4863 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Sedimentation; 4851 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Oxidation/reduction reactions; 4804 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Benthic processes/benthos; 4805 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles (1615); KEYWORDS: diagenesis