cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Clear Air Turbulence in Large Scale Meteorology

In 1956 Norman Phillips, then at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, published a very important paper in which he demonstrated that dominant features of the large scale atmospheric circulation could be accounted for by numerical integration using a fairly simple mathematical model. This paper was awarded the first Sir Napier Shaw Prize by the Royal Meteorological Society, and it greatly stimulated subsequent numerical modeling research on the general circulation. In the course of the paper Phillips assumed that horizontal stress can be neglected throughout most of the atmosphere. This assumption was fully consistent with the prevailing views of meteorologists of the day. Phillips mentioned that if stress could not be neglected, that is that if stress at 500mb should be an appreciable fraction of stress at the ground, the computations would have to be viewed with some skepticism. This caution must be recorded as demonstrating Phillips’s unusual wisdom, for few would have bothered to make it, and the reservation was probably overlooked by nearly all who read the paper.
Asking practical ethical questions about youth participation

This paper is based on case study research conducted in an economically depressed, immigrant gateway neighborhood of Escondido, California. This study has been in progress since 2005 and involves working with children at the local middle school on rights-based community environmental action research projects in coordination with student facilitators in an upper-division university class titled “Children and the Environment.” This case study has suggested inquiry into the practical ethical dimensions of working with children, administrators, and university students on action research. Examples of the ethical questions which arose during this study include: how can continuity for the middle school children be achieved as different groups of university students move in and out of the project as they take and finish the “Children and the Environment” class, and is it ethical for the middle school children’s work to be facilitated by university students only freshly trained in the action research technique? This paper explores these and other ethical questions involving power, coercion, tension over expectations, and obligation and provides direction for on-going ethical questions scholars should pursue in involving children in rights-based community environmental action research.
Control of Gene Expression by Oligonucleoside Methylphosphonates

A major goal in understanding the processes of aging, cancer and differentiation is to understand gene expression and thus the function of various proteins in the overall biochemical processes of the cell. One of the classical ways to study gene expression is through the use of temperature sensitive mutants. Although this approach has been particularly effective in studying gene expression in bacteria and viruses, it is technically more difficult in eukaryotes, particularly mammalian cells. It would be desirable to have an alternative approach which would allow selective inhibition of gene expression either at the level of transcription or at the mRNA level. Recent studies have shown that such regulation may be achieved through the use of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) or anti-sense RNAs. The expression of mRNA can be regulated both in the test tube and in cells by cDNAs which selectively hybridize to a target mRNA. Control of cell-free mRNA translation in this manner is termed hybridization arrest (1). This procedure has been used to study the location and arrangement of adenovirus 2 genes within the viral genome and to analyze mRNA populations in mouse liver (2). Hybridization arrest has also been used to study the function of the 3′-non-coding region of globin mRNA (3).
Principals' Socialization: Whose Responsibility Is It?.

This conceptual article attempts to answer the question, who should be responsible for the socialization of principals? In reaction to the criticism targeting educational leadership programs in the...
After the Election: Speaking Arabic, Speaking English

Speaking Arabic in America is dangerous, but speaking English as a second language can also be risky. For some, it might feel safer to speak Arabic—quietly and, if possible, in private spaces. With...
Self-Efficacy Mediates the Association Between Physical Function and Perceived Quality of Life in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background Research has shown that individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) value quality of life (QoL) above and beyond cognitive function or other potential outcomes in MCI. There is evidence supporting the negative impact of poor physical function on QoL ratings. Objective The study explored whether a modified measure of self-efficacy for managing MCI and education mediated and/or moderated the relationship between physical function and QoL in persons with MCI. Methods Baseline data from 200 participants with MCI were obtained from a larger study assessing the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention. Physical function was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery. QoL was assessed with the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale. Memory-related self-efficacy was assessed using a modified 9-item version of the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scales. Mediation and moderation analyses tested the hypotheses that self-efficacy and education alter the association between physical function and QoL in individuals with MCI. All analyses were adjusted for age, cognitive severity, and sex. Results Self-efficacy for managing MCI was a significant mediator of the association between physical function and perceived QoL. Individuals with better physical function reported higher self-efficacy which was associated with higher QoL ratings. Conclusions Greater self-efficacy for managing MCI mediated the negative association between physical function and quality of life in this exploratory study. Interventions aimed at enhancing memory self-efficacy in MCI may improve perceived QoL, even in the presence of poor physical function. Future research is needed to investigate this further.
Phase I trial of endoxifen gel versus placebo gel in women undergoing breast surgery.

TPS1588Background: Despite large Phase III clinical trials that have established the success of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for breast cancer prevention and therapy of duct carci...
Face detection in infants and adults: Effects of orientation and color

Abstract Humans rapidly locate and recognize human faces, even in complex environments. In the current study, we explored some of the social and perceptual features of faces that may contribute to this ability. We measured infant and adult attention to complex, heterogeneous image arrays containing human and animal faces. Arrays were upright or inverted 180° and in color or grayscale. Infants, aged 3–5 months (n = 51) and 10–11 months (n = 34), viewed 6-item arrays (Experiment 1), whereas adults (n = 120) searched 64-item arrays (Experiment 2). We found that 3- to 5-month-olds already displayed strong own-species biases in face detection—in attention capture, attention holding, and overall detection—suggesting a surprisingly early specialization for human face detection. Furthermore, this remarkable ability was robust, evident even when color and orientation were disrupted, and grew stronger with age. Interestingly, infants’ face detection was reduced by low-level manipulations in a species-specific way, negatively affecting only animal face detection but not affecting human face detection. In contrast, adults’ face detection efficiency was equally reduced by low-level manipulations across species, suggesting potential age differences in own-species face detection. For infants, social relevance (species) may play a more important role than low-level perceptual features, ensuring that infants attend to, connect with, and learn from the people around them. Efficient human face detection during infancy may reflect the uniqueness of own-species faces as a category, perhaps due to their social relevance.
Management of Pituitary Adenomas Invading the Cavernous Sinus

Cavernous sinuses are complex dural venous sinuses that house important neurovascular structures, which often preclude full surgical access for tumor resection. Neuro-imaging and anatomic grading scales have corroborated that more invasive tumors are less likely to undergo gross total resection and biochemical remission. Endoscopic approaches are increasingly favored over microsurgical techniques. Direct transcavernous approaches have yielded even greater degrees of resection. Radiosurgery is a powerful adjuvant therapy for residual, recurrent, and/or inaccessible cavernous sinus disease that provides excellent tumor control rates and favorable risk-benefit ratios for the achievement of biochemical remission with minimal endocrine morbidity.
Elite coordination and popular protest: the joint effect on democratic change

ABSTRACTAuthoritarian elections offer a window of contestation where a democratic opposition may increase the pressure on authoritarian regimes to implement democratic change. Pressure may come eit...
Quantitative metrics for evaluating thermonuclear design codes and physics models applied to the National Ignition Campaign

Physics models and design codes for hot dense plasmas undergoing thermonuclear burn are evaluated objectively using statistical metrics that compare the difference between calculations and data relative to the experimental uncertainties. The analysis is applied to the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) because it is relevant, comprehensive, and well documented. The statistics confirm that a key process afflicting NIC performance is mix driven by hydrodynamic instabilities as approximated here using the KL model [G. Dimonte and R. Tipton, Phys. Fluids 18, 085101 (2006)]. New physics models are also presented for instability-driven magnetic fields [B. Srinivasan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165002 (2012)] and the Coulomb logarithm for electron–ion thermal relaxation [G. Dimonte and J. Daligault, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 135001 (2008)]. The plasma-generated magnetic fields improve the agreement between code and data in a statistically significant manner by reducing the electron thermal conduction in the hot-spot via the Hall term. The Coulomb logarithm is presented in a numerically practical form that incorporates recent theoretical advances. However, it does not improve the agreement between the code and data because the thermal relaxation is so fast in non-ignited NIC plasmas that the typical 20% error does not change the tight coupling between electrons and ions. Even with these improved physics models, the one-dimensional simulations presented here are not able to describe the high-convergence NIC implosions in a statistically acceptable manner. Of the heroic multi-dimensional simulations of Clark et al. [Phys. Plasmas 23, 056302 (2016)], only those in three-dimensions satisfy the statistical acceptance criterion.
Induced Hypothyroidism Alters the Articular Cartilage in Juvenile Miniature Swine

Purpose: Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints and is composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Despite numerous attempts to replicate this tissue in vitro, relatively little is known about its growth and development. Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are implicated in the growth and development of articular cartilage, but they have unknown effects on the tissue in a disease state such as hypothyroidism. Juvenile human articular cartilage is difficult to obtain from pediatric patients for research purposes. Therefore, a …
The COVID-19 pandemics and the relevance of biosafety facilities for metagenomics surveillance, structured disease prevention and control.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic represents an enormous challenge to all countries, regardless of their development status. The manipulation of its etiologic agent SARS-CoV-2 requires a biosafety containment level 3 laboratories (BSL-3) to understand virus biology and in vivo pathogenesis as well as the translation of new knowledge into the preclinical development of vaccines and antivirals. As such, BSL-3 facilities should be considered an integral part of any public health response to emerging infectious disease prevention, control and management. Differently from BSL2, BSL-3 units vary considerably along the range from industrialized to the least developed countries. Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) such as Brazil, which excelled at controlling the 2015-2017 Zika epidemic, had to face a serious flaw in its disease control and prevention structure: the scarcity and uneven geographic distribution of its BSL-3 facilities, including those for preclinical animal experimentation.
Harvard, Again: Considering Articulation and Accreditation in Rhetoric and Composition’s History

First-year composition emerged at Harvard largely because of administrative attempts to address institutional, as opposed to pedagogical, issues. In particular, Harvard administrators sought to improve articulation with public high schools in order to increase enrollments, attract new populations of students, and retain matriculants. First-year composition provided a mechanism for doing so. Because of first-year composition’s value for articulation, it was endorsed by accreditation associations and consequently spread across the country as accreditation did. Articulation and accreditation were not expressly concerned with writing instruction, but they ultimately had profound effects on the development of writing instruction in American higher education.
Singularity: Designing Better Software (Invited Talk)

Five years ago, frustrated by the never-ending process of finding bugs that developers had cleverly hidden throughout our software, I started a new project with Galen Hunt to rethink what software might look like if it was written, from scratch, with the explicit intent of producing more robust and reliable software artifacts. The Singularity project [1] in Microsoft Research pursued several novel strategies to this end. It has successfully encouraged researchers and product groups to think beyond the straightjacket of time-tested software architectures, to consider new solutions that cross the bounds of academic disciplines such as programming languages, operating systems, and tools.
An architecture for interactive target-oriented e-Learning systems

In this paper, an architecture is proposed for the development of an e-Learning system based on Petri Nets and on a hybrid LDAP-SQL database. In this approach, e-Learning paths are initially tailored to the userpsilas aims and, during the learning process, are dynamically adapted to his needs. By means of an ad hoc user-system interface, each learner is allowed to specify his initial target and, if he decides to deepen some issues, is authorised to redefine such target over time. This process is guided by a ldquoPath Decision Modulerdquo based on Petri Nets, which checks the userpsilas learning level and consequently decides whether further issues can be faced or not. The underlying LDAP-SQL database benefits from the joint use of directory services and relational databases, used for the storage of learning material and dynamical paths respectively. Although the focus is on the e-Learning module, this architecture can be considered for a possible integration with m-Learning facilities.
High-Temperature Effects in Hypersonic Flight

The high temperatures encountered at hypersonic speeds trigger complex thermochemical effects in the surrounding medium and have a substantial impact on the vehicle. In addition to the excitation of internal energy modes, chemical reactions such as dissociation and ionization may also occur. The resultant species can then interact with the vehicle surface to produce diverse thermal effects. In this chapter, some of the main concepts are summarized. The notion of nonequilibrium is introduced and related to collisionality. The mechanisms by which chemical reactions occur, the rates at which they proceed, their effect on momentum and energy balance and the coupling between internal energy and chemistry are exposed by deriving the principal conservation equations. Methods of obtaining the equation of state, as well as various transport properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are presented. The chapter concludes with an illustrative example of a waverider vehicle traveling at Mach 8. Keywords: thermochemical nonequilibrium; internal energy modes; high-temperature effects; thermochemistry; dissociation; ionization; nonequilibrium; high-temperatures; transport properties
Node state multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks

Multicasting is an essential service in wireless ad hoc net-works. Applying multicasting concepts developed for wireline networks is inappropriate since they create stateful solutions (i.e. nodes learn to react to the receipt of a multicast packet) which are short lived when topology varies. They require frequent exchanges among nodes with an attendant overhead that increases dramatically with the size of the network, its volatility, and the number of multicast groups. Nevertheless, most proposals for multicasting in ad hoc networks follow the same approach. Our proposal creates a stateless solution that uses the network state information that is already disseminated as part of the node state routing (NSR) protocol. node state multicasting (NSM) uses this information and various packet formats to enable a rich set of multicasting capabilities. Multicast routing is implemented by explicitly listing end destinations or regions in packet headers. Intermediate nodes assume responsibility for the delivery of packets to the end destinations or regions listed in the header. Routing decisions are based on the NSR routing tables. This approach is very generic and can support both traditional wireline multicast scenarios and additional scenarios typical of wireless applications.
Abstract 2798: Targeting IL13R alpha2 heterogeneity in malignant glioma with engineered T cells

A majority of malignant glioma exclusively expresses Interleukin 13 receptor alpha chain variant 2 (IL13Rα2), making it an ideal candidate for targeted immunotherapy. A number of immunotherapeutic molecules have been developed against IL13Rα2 with varied levels of therapeutic efficacy. However, the importance of IL13Rα2 as a successful immunotherapy candidate is under scrutiny due to its heterogeneous expression on the tumor. We have used an IL13-chimeric antigen receptor (IL13CAR) expressing T cells to target the IL13Rα2 heterogeneity on malignant glioma. IL13Rα2 was over-expressed on U251MG human glioma cell line by stable transfection (IL13Rα2 Hi ) to evaluate the effects of its increased expression in tumor progression and immunotherapeutic efficacy, compared to the regular U251 cells (IL13Rα2 Lo ) and IL13Rα2-knocked down U251 cells (IL13Rα2KD). Tumor cells readily formed neurospheres under established culture conditions. Increased expression of IL13Rα2 was observed in IL13Rα2 Hi -neurosphere derived tumor cells when compared to those derived from IL13Rα2 Lo neurospheres, as well as the parental IL13Rα2 Hi cells. IL13Rα2 Hi -neurosphere derived tumor cells were also resistant to radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy when compared to those IL13Rα2 Lo neurospheres-derived tumor cells, as well as parental cell lines. Higher levels of IFN gamma and TNF alpha in the culture supernatants, increased T cell proliferation, and CAR + TCR enrichment were observed when IL13CAR T cells were co-cultured with IL13Rα2 Hi -neurosphere derived tumor cells, in comparison to co-culture with IL13Rα2 Lo -neurosphere derived tumor cells, as well as the parental cells. IL13CAR T cells, upon co-culture with IL13Rα2 Hi -neurosphere derived tumor cells exerted highest levels of cytotoxicity. Together, these results predict that IL13Rα2 heterogeneity can be addressed by a combination of established therapeutic regimen and targeted immunotherapy. While those cells expressing lower levels of IL13Rα2 are susceptible to radiation and chemotherapy, the high IL13Rα2-expressing tumor cells that escape these treatments can be candidates for IL13Rα2-targeted immunotherapy. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Sadhak Sengupta, Irina Balyasnikova, Seema Naheed, Maciej S. Lesniak, Richard P. Junghans, Prakash Sampath. Targeting IL13R alpha2 heterogeneity in malignant glioma with engineered T cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2798. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2798
The Mwave technology platform: virtual signal processing

Through the use of virtual signal processing the Mwave technology platform from IBM provides the developer with the means to use digital signal processing, whether on a native CPU or in special-purpose processors. The flexibility of the components combined with an affordable development environment make Mwave attractive to multimedia providers at all levels of involvement. >
Paradigm Function Morphology and the Morphology–Syntax Interface

Syntactic representations of a language’s phrases and sentences accommodate the insertion of morpholexical (= morphological or lexical) expressions drawn or projected from its lexicon. Morphologists disagree about the sorts of morpholexical expressions that are inserted and about the sorts of nodes into which insertion takes place. Some argue that stems and affixes are inserted into separate nodes, hence that the syntactic representation of a single word may involve several instances of morpholexical insertion; in such an approach, words have the status of syntactic complexes, so that a word’s interaction with rules of syntax is mediated by the constellation of nodes (“morphemes”) of which it is constituted. Others argue that words are instead syntactic atoms—that they are inserted into syntactic structure as wholes and that their own internal morphological structure is unavailable to syntactic manipulation; in this approach, a word’s interaction with rules of syntax is entirely determined by the unordered set of morphosyntactic properties associated with the node that it occupies. Scrutiny of the empirical evidence reveals that the latter, WORD-BASED conception of the morphology/syntax interface is more compatible with the range of behaviors exhibited by natural-language morphology than the former, MORPHEME-BASED conception of this interface.
Visual phototransduction components in cephalopod chromatophores suggest dermal photoreception

ABSTRACT Cephalopod mollusks are renowned for their colorful and dynamic body patterns, produced by an assemblage of skin components that interact with light. These may include iridophores, leucophores, chromatophores and (in some species) photophores. Here, we present molecular evidence suggesting that cephalopod chromatophores – small dermal pigmentary organs that reflect various colors of light – are photosensitive. RT-PCR revealed the presence of transcripts encoding rhodopsin and retinochrome within the retinas and skin of the squid Doryteuthis pealeii , and the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Sepia latimanus . In D. pealeii , G qα and squid TRP channel transcripts were present in the retina and in all dermal samples. Rhodopsin, retinochrome and G qα transcripts were also found in RNA extracts from dissociated chromatophores isolated from D. pealeii dermal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining labeled rhodopsin, retinochrome and G qα proteins in several chromatophore components, including pigment cell membranes, radial muscle fibers, and sheath cells. This is the first evidence that cephalopod dermal tissues, and specifically chromatophores, may possess the requisite combination of molecules required to respond to light.
Geographic diversity of inter-county migration in the United States, 1980–1995

This study focuses on the dynamics of internal migration since the 1970s nonmetropolitan turnaround period. In the first part of the study we analyze nationwide and regional net migration dynamics within an urban hierarchyframework for the three five-year periods 1980–85, 1985–90, and 1990–95.The analysis reveals the great diversity in spatial situations across the UnitedStates and provides a basis for evaluating alternative frameworks of populationredistribution trends. We find that both the deconcentration and the restructuring perspective are helpful for understanding the situation in certain regions at particular points in time, but should not be applied to conceptualize metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population redistribution for the nation as a whole. The second part of the study identifies the factors associated with the dynamics of county level migration that are revealed in the descriptive analysis. Using both residual method and actual migration stream data in amultivariate regression framework, the study reveals that job-related and socioeconomic well being variables are the most important and most consistent determinants of inter-county migration differentials regardless of the direction of net migration exchanges among counties up and down the settlement structure. Finally, we find that factors associated with attracting migrants also frequently increase out-migration and thus the direction of net migration istypically a function of whether a particular variable is more strongly associated with in-or out-migration.
Single-point intermittent action for cutting serial sections of calcified bone and teeth.

Abstract The following features greatly extend the usefulness of this method: a circular saw blade which cuts along a straight line; an intermittent cutting action which keeps the temperature down to a minimum; a single-point chiseling action which minimizes the friction and which is effective with paraffin used as an embedding medium; the efficient use of copper shims for necessary lateral support. The attachment of workable units to a readily available Minot microtome, as already described, affords a method for the preparation of single or serial sections of teeth and bones for careful study interpretation.
Clinical presentation and treatment considerations of a ruptured posterior spinal artery pseudoaneurysm

Spinal artery pseudoaneurysms are rare vascular lesions with poorly defined natural history, diagnostic paradigms, and treatment strategies. We present a 68-year-old woman with severe back pain and left lower extremity weakness with spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured T5 region posterior spinal artery pseudoaneurysm, and review issues related to radiologic diagnosis and endovascular and open neurosurgical interventions.
Shoplifting Can It Be Prevented

As an exploratory study the survey raised more questions than it answered and a few suggestions for further research have been noted. Most retailers surveyed admitted a shoplifting problem and half of them saw the problem increasing. Although many retailers use preventive techniques, apparently none of the techniques have been totally successful. Most retailers seemed willing to prosecute shoplifters and the adverse publicity to shoplifters alone may act as a deterrent torce (10). Few retailers had any new preventive techniques in mind although most felt that increased convictions would help. A demographic profile of shoplifters could not be identified.
Analysis of Shear-Wave Polarizations From a Nine-Component 3-D Dataset, Cedar Hill, New Mexico

A multicomponent 3-D seismic survey was conducted by the Colorado School of Mines’ Reservoir Characterization Project over a coal bed methane reservoir near Cedar Hill, New Mexico. The purpose of the survey was to characterize fractures in the coal beds which are of importance to the production of natural gas. Primary objectives were to determine the dominant direction of fracturing, the variations in fracture direction, and the amount of fracturing in the reservoir. Polarization analysis was carried out on the pre-stack data to determine the dominant direction of anisotropy, from which the direction of fracturing may be infered. Statistical methods were applied to aid in the automated analysis of these data. The dominant direction was established as northwest, which agrees with that determined from a VSP. The variance of the polarizations noted on the pre-stack data may be attributed to spatial variations of the polarization directions as determined by analysis of the poststack data. Comparison of the post-stack polarization variations with fault locations mapped from the P-wave data indicates that the major faults separate zones of variable polarization and the polarizations are aligned perpendicular to dip where dip is significant. These findings are consistent with local stress variations caused by a wrench fault system. Significant variations are noted in the degree of anisotropy which are believed to be related to variable fracturing of the coals.
Effect of Polymer Chemistry and Fabrication Method on Protein Release and Stability from Polyanhydride Microspheres

The release kinetics and stability of ovalbumin encapsulated into polyanhydride microspheres with varying chemistries were studied. Polymers based on the anhydride monomers sebacic acid (SA), 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), and 1,8-bis (p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) were utilized. Microspheres were fabricated using two non-aqueous methods: a solid/oil/oil double emulsion technique and cryogenic atomization. The studies showed that the two fabrication methods did not significantly affect the release kinetics of ovalbumin, even though the burst release of the protein was a function of the fabrication method and the polymer chemistry. Antigenic stability of ovalbumin released from microspheres prepared by cryogenic atomization was studied by western blot analysis. These studies indicate that the amphiphilic CPTEG:CPH polyanhydrides preserved protein structure and enhanced protein stability by preserving the immunological epitopes of released protein.
Manufacturing engineering education for underrepresented populations in the southeast

Abstract The manufacturing sector of the southeast United States is experiencing impressive growth and is becoming a driving force for economic development. To sustain this momentum, a large workforce professionally educated in manufacturing principles and technology is needed. This can only be realized if the region's underrepresented populations are included. This paper discusses the development of a manufacturing engineering curriculum to be implemented at high schools with large percentages of underrepresented students. The curriculum is designed to create interest in manufacturing engineering among underrepresented students and to encourage and prepare them to study engineering in college.
Growth and Metabolism of the Ovine Placenta During Mid-gestation

Abstract The timing and metabolic basis for the rapid increase then cessation of placental growth in sheep and the accompanying changes in tissue cellularity were defined in the present study. Placental growth proceeded rapidly from day 40 ofgestation to an apex at day 75–80 with no change is tissue dry matter content observed thereafter to day 100. These macroscopic growth patterns are similar to those observed previously, but present results define an earlier apex in placental mass. Absolute growth rate of the placenta reached a maximum near day 55, as derived from the Gompertz equation, concomitant with a period of maximum hyperplastic growth between days 50 and 60. A rapid increase in DNA synthesis and tissue mass per nuclei number from day 40–50 was followed by proliferative growth to day 70. Net cellular proliferation apparently ceased by day 80 as indicated by the apex in DNA content and the beginning of a static, low rate of DNA synthesis that continued to day 100. Patterns of change in the fractional rates of protein synthesis ( K s ) and accretion ( K g ) were similar suggesting that changes in K s explain much of the change in K g . This study, through its identification of key phases in the cellular growth of the ovine placenta, has laid the foundation for future research on mechanisms of placental growth regulation.
CHALLENGES IN MODELING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY PROCESSES IN RIPARIAN ZONES

This paper presents key challenges in modeling water quality processes of riparian ecosystems: How can the spatial and temporal extent of water and solute mixing in the riparian zone be modeled? What level of model complexity is justified? How can processes at the riparian scale be quantified? How can the impact of riparian ecosystems be determined at the watershed scale? Flexible models need to be introduced that can simulate varying levels of hillslope-riparian mixing dictated by topography, upland and riparian depths, and moisture conditions. Model simulations need to account for storm event peak flow conditions when upland solute loadings may either bypass or overwhelm the riparian zone. Model complexity should be dictated by the level of detail in measured data. Model algorithms need to be developed using new macro-scale and meso-scale experiments that capture process dynamics at the hillslope or landscape scales. Monte Carlo simulations should be an integral part of model simulations and rigorous tests that go beyond simple time series, and point-output comparisons need to be introduced. The impact of riparian zones on watershed-scale water quality can be assessed by performing simulations for representative hillsloperinarian scenarios.
Use of an intraoral bandage instead of sutures after removal of torus palatinus.

Abstract By applying a new intraoral bandage, identified as Orahesive bandgage, over the surgical wound left by removal of torus palatinus, we have eliminated the need for suturing the delicate palatal tissue. The bandage holds the flap in place and provides a protective covering for about 48 hours after application. The bandage is nonirritating and well tolerated, and patients apparently find it more comfortable than sutures.
Sexual dimorphism in the aging kidney: differences in the nitric oxide system

Females-both rats and women-are substantially protected against the age-dependent decrease in renal function that occurs in males of the species. In part, this finding reflects the cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of estrogens, but estrogen has multiple actions, not all of which are beneficial. In addition, the low androgen level in women might be protective against a decline in renal function, but animal and clinical data on possible adverse effects of androgens are controversial. Androgens also have multiple actions, one of which-aromatization to estrogen-is likely to be protective. Sex steroids clearly have many complex actions, which explains the conflicting information on their relative benefits and dangers. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) deficiency contributes importantly to cardiovascular risk and intrarenal NO deficiency is clearly linked to chronic kidney disease progression in animal models. Endothelial dysfunction develops with increasing age but is delayed in females, correlating with a delayed rise in asymmetric dimethylarginine level. There is no clear link between aging and arginine (the NO synthase substrate) deficiency. Animal data suggest that the aging kidney develops NO deficiency as a result of changes in neuronal NO synthase. The increased oxidative stress that occurs with aging affects multiple stages of the NO biosynthetic pathway and results in decreased production and/or action of NO. NO production is better preserved in females than in males, partly as a result of the actions of estrogens.
Do Universes with Parallel Cosmic Strings or Two-dimensional Wormholes have Closed Timelike Curves?

Regions of empty spacetime with one translation symmetry and no gravitational waves can be examined with the equations of 2+1 gravity. Such regions are locally Minkowskian but may include parallel cosmic strings or wormholes that extend to infinity in the third space dimension. The time evolution problem is set in the framework of a recent constrained Hamiltonian formulation for 2+1 gravity. A wormhole developes closed timelike curves in a finite amount of time for roughly half of all possible initial conditions. A pair of cosmic strings with relative angular momentum, unlike a spinning string, does not have closed timelike curves.
Application of resonance Raman spectrometry to the determination of vitamin B12.

The resonance Raman effect has been known for many years’. Its potential for trace analysis was pointed out by Brandmiiller2 in 1959. However, full exploitation of resonance Raman spectrometry did not begin until the development of high power, multiline gas lasers as Raman excitation sources. The recent application of tunable dye lasers as excitation sources3 promises even broader applications of resonance Raman spectrometry. The resonance Raman effect is extremely sensitive: Rimai et cd.” have observed resonance Raman spectra from /I-carotene solutions as dilute as IO-’ M. Moreover, Raman bands are typically .quite narrow. IO-20 cm-l half-width. This width corresponds to 0.3-0.6. nm at 500 nm. Thus, while resonance Raman spectrometry has a sensitivity comparable to that of spectrophotometry, it offers a selectivity which spectrophotometry cannot match. In the present work, resonance Raman spectrometry was investigated as an alternative to spectrophotometry for the determination of vitamin B, 2. The standard spectrophotometric determination at 360 nm offers good sensitivity, but suffers from many potential interference$. Microbiological methods have detection limits approaching log M, but require very careful control of experimental conditions in order to achieve reproducibility6. Recently, Hester st al. 7-g have examined the resonance Raman spectra of . . vttarnrn B12, cyanocobalamin. Similar. less extensive work has been reported by George and Mendelsohn”. Wozniak and Spiro l l have shown that various cobalt corrins have resonance Raman spectra similar to that of cyanocobalamin. Although several bands of the cyanocobalamin Raman spectrum are resonance-enhanced. the strongest is a ring stretching vibration at 1504 cml. This band can be strongly enhanced using either the 488,O nm or 514.5 nm line of an Ar+ laser. Both of these lines lie in the a-/I band system of the absorption spectrum of cyanocobalamin. Previous researchers have worked with solutions in the 10-4-10-3 M range. Such concentrations yield excellent spectra in which all the minor bands
Software engineering in CS 2013

This paper discusses how software engineering topics are included in the CS2013 Curriculum Guidelines and presents several challenges to be addressed in collaboration with the software engineering community before final publication of the CS2013 volume.
Experimental determination and interpretation of the solubility of corundum in H2O between 350 and 600°C from 0.5 to 2.2 kbar

Abstract Corundum solubility was measured in H2O between 350° and 600°C from 0.5 to 2.2 kbar. The base-10 logarithm of molality of Al in equilibrium with corundum along the 0.5 kbar isobar decreases with increasing temperature from −3.44 at 400°C to −5.52 at 600°C, but at 2.0 kbar the logarithm of molality of Al increases from −3.25 at 400°C to −3.09 at 600°C. Electrostatic energetics appear important in stabilizing the dominate Al species as isotherms of solubility are a linear function of the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of H2O. These results together with values reported for corundum solubility in KOH solutions (Pascal and Anderson, 1989; Azaroual et al., 1996) are used to constrain the dominant Al species in pure H2O solutions to Al(OH)30. The base-10 logarithm of the molal equilibrium constants for the reaction: Al(OH)4− + H+ = Al(OH)30 + H2O at 2.0 kbar and 400°, 500°, 600°, and 700°C are computed to be 6.33, 5.74, 6.39, and 6.75, respectively. It is argued that KAl(OH)40 is not an important species in KOH aqueous solutions as increasing Al(OH)4− plus Al(OH)30 with increasing pH and ionic strength can account for the increased corundum solubility within experimental uncertainty.
One-stage Hypospadias Repair: Experience of 367 Cases

Summary— Over a 6½-year period we performed 374 primary hypospadias repairs, all but 7 as single-stage procedures. We usually employed the MAGPI, tubed preputial island flap and Mathieu reconstructions. Complications were comparatively few, with an overall incidence of 5% fistulae, 3% anastomotic strictures and 7% meatal retraction or stenosis. The cosmetic results were superior to those of staged procedures in that it was almost always possible to obtain a glanular meatus which was both terminal and realistic.
The mating response cascade does not modulate changes in the steady-state level of target mRNAs through control of mRNA stability.

Many extracellular signals trigger changes in gene expression by altering the steady-state level of target transcripts. This modulation of transcript levels is typically ascribed to changes in transcription of target genes; however, there are numerous examples of changes in mRNA processing and stability that contribute to the overall change in transcript levels following signalling pathway activation. The α-factor-stimulated mating pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a receptor-operated MAP kinase cascade that results in increased levels of a large number of target mRNA transcripts when stimulated acutely. A previous study identified many of the transcripts modulated in response to α-factor and argued, based on genetic studies, that the response occurred solely at the level of gene transcription (Roberts et al., 2000). We directly examined whether enhanced mRNA stability contributes to the increase in the steady-state level of α-factor target transcripts by exploiting a temperature-sensitive RNA Polymerase II mutant, a Ste12 transcription factor import mutant, and tet-regulated synthetic mating factor minigene reporters. Examination of a panel of α-factor-responsive transcripts reveals no change in mRNA stability in response to α-factor stimulation, providing direct evidence that this signal transduction pathway in S. cerevisiae does not function through modulating transcript stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G468(P) The majority of referrals from gp to general paediatric outpatient clinic could be managed by alternative methods

Aims Audit 100 referrals made to a hospital general paediatric outpatient clinic from General Practice to assess (i) Appropriateness (ii) Possible alternative methods of management Implement alternative and innovative methods of management using a multi-professional approach Improve quality of care for patients Methods Using a proforma, each referral was assessed by 3 people: A Paediatrician (taken from a pool of 3 Consultants), A GP physician (taken from a pool of 2) and A Paediatric nurse specialist Results 76–97% of patients seen in paediatric general outpatients could have been managed with at least one alternative method. The range reflects variation in assessor’s opinions (Figure 1 and Table 1). Conclusions The majority of cases seen in general paediatric outpatients in this sample did not require secondary care. Importantly, this study suggests that, with the support and partnership of secondary care, General Practice has the potential to be able to provide a safe, more rapidly accessible and cost-effective paediatric service than that currently being offered at the level of a general paediatric outpatient clinic. In terms of our progress: (i) Telephone hotline will be rolled out shortly (ii) Rapid access clinic opens in April 2015 (ii) Roll out of Community nurses (multi-professional approach) (iii) Development of email service and virtual clinic (iv) Increased support for GPs
A proof on the minimum and permissible sampling rates for the first-order sampling of bandpass signals

In this paper, we present a rigorous mathematical proof on the minimum sampling rate as well as all acceptable sampling rates (independent of band position) for the first-order sampling of bandpass signals. It is shown that the minimum sampling rate is between [email protected] (Nyquist rate) and [email protected], where @s is the bandwidth of a bandpass signal. It is also noted that the Nyquist rate is actually an asymptotic sampling rate for the first-order sampling of bandpass signals. A so-called csinc interpolator is used in the reconstruction of a bandpass signal from its samples, which makes the sampling theorem for bandpass signals congruent with the sampling theorem for lowpass signals.
Toxicity of Trichome Exudates of Nicotiana and Petunia Species to Tobacco Hornworm Larvae

Leaves of Nicotiana and Petunia species that are highly toxic to larvae of the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), possess trichomes with liquid or sticky exudates. The liquid exudates of N. benthamiana Domin and N. gossei Domin can be removed by washing the leaves briefly with water. The sticky exudates of N. repanda Willd., N. nesophila Johnst., and N. stocktonii Brande. are not removed by washing with water for brief periods but are removed by washing with ethyl alcohol or water plus a detergent. Removing the trichrome exudates reduced greatly the toxicity of the leaves to tobacco hornworn larvae. The sticky exudates of leaves of P. inflata Lindl., P. violaceae Lindl., and P. axillaris (Lam) were not removed by washing with water. The toxicity of leaves of the first two species was not reduced by washing with ethyl alcohol, but the toxicity of P. axillaris was reduced to some extent.
Relationship between cancellous bone induced magnetic field and ultrastructure in a rat ovariectomy model.

Abstract The site-dependent variations in trabecular bone morphology were studied in the rat tibia by magnitude and phase difference three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy and image processing, and the implications of ovariectomy were evaluated. Specimens excised from the proximal tibial metaphysis in ovariectomized (n = 7) and intact control (n = 4) rats were imaged at 9.4T with their anatomic axes parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. An echo-offset 3D rapid spin-echo excitation pulse sequence was used to generate phase difference maps, from which the standard deviation of the phase difference, σ(Δφ), was calculated. In addition, a fictitious rate constant, R′2, was calculated from the slope of the exponential portion of the Fourier transform of the phase difference histogram. Trabecular bone volume fraction was also determined in the same volume of interest. The results show strong correlations between bone volume fraction and both σ(Δφ) and R′2, suggesting that these parameters could be useful for nondestructive assessment of trabecular bone volume.
New Developments in Flow-Through Apparatus for Measurement of Adsorption Mass-Transfer Rates by Frequency Response Method

A new flow-through frequency response method based on a sinusoidal modulation of pressure is developed to measure gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics simultaneously. The transfer phenomena of pure N2 and O2 gases in carbon molecular sieve are investigated for different pressures and particle sizes by this method. Also, this apparatus has been extended to measure data for mixtures at different compositions at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. This is the first application of the flow FR system for a mixture. A negative cross-term diffusivity is reported. It shows that for co-diffusion, the fast diffusing molecule O2 is decelerated by the slow diffusing molecule N2, and the slower moving molecule N2 is sped up by the faster moving O2. The main-term diffusivities agree with the pure component diffusivities.