cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After Oregon's insanity defense:. A comparison of conditional release and hospitalization

Abstract This paper is one in a series of reports on the characteristics of persons committed to the Oregon Psychiatric Security Review Board (PSRB) and their treatment and disposition while subject to its jurisdiction. For the purpose of this discussion, we have focused on conditional release and attempt to answer a number of questions. How do the individuals who are placed in the community differ from those who remain hospitalized? Do the two mechanisms of conditional release in this system, by judges or the PSRB, differ in terms of the kinds of people that they are likely to release? Lastly, what features distinguish those individuals who manage to succeed in their release plans from those who do not?
First-order classical modal logic: applications in logics of knowledge and probability

The paper focuses on extending to the first order case the semantical program for modalities first introduced by Dana Scott and Richard Montague. We focus on the study of neighborhood frames with constant domains and we offer a series of new completeness results for salient classical systems of first order modal logic. Among other results we show that it is possible to prove strong completeness results for normal systems without the Barcan Formula (like FOL + K) in terms of neighborhood frames with constant domains. The first order models we present permit the study of many epistemic modalities recently proposed in computer science as well as the development of adequate models for monadic operators of high probability. We conclude by offering a general completeness result for the entire family of first order classical modal logics (encompassing both normal and non-normal systems).
Using polynomial regression for data representation in wireless sensor networks: Research Articles

Unlike conventional sensor networks, wireless sensors are limited in power, have much smaller memory buffers, and possess relatively slower processing speeds. These characteristics necessitate minimum transfer and storage of information in order to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we exploit the spatio-temporal nature of sensor data to approximate the current values of the sensors based on readings obtained from neighbouring sensors and itself. We propose a tree based polynomial regression algorithm (TREG), that addresses the problem of data compression in wireless sensor networks. Instead of aggregated data, only the coefficients computed by the regression function, TREG are passed to achieve the following goals: (i) the sink can get attribute values in the regions devoid of sensor nodes, and (ii) readings over any portion of the region can be obtained at one time by querying the root of the tree. As the size of the data packet from each tree node to its parent remains constant, the proposed scheme scales very well with growing network density or increased coverage area. Since physical attributes exhibit a gradual change over time, we propose an iterative scheme, UPDATElCOEFF, which obviates the need to perform the regression function repeatedly and uses approximations based on previous readings. Extensive simulations are performed on real world data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the aggregation algorithm, TREG. Results reveal that for a network density of 0.0025, a complete binary tree of depth 4 could provide the absolute error to be less than 6p. A data compression ratio of about 0.02 is achieved using our proposed algorithm, which is almost independent of the tree depth. In addition, our proposed updating scheme makes the aggregation process faster while maintaining the desired error bounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foreign Assistance and Economic Development

Programmes of public assistance to less developed countries have increased rapidly over the past decade in the United States and Western Europe. Since private investment has stagnated during this period, public grants and loans now provide over $6 billion of the total of about $9 billion of capital transferred. For most underdeveloped countries, foreign assistance is already a critical source of development finance and one of the main hopes for accelerated growth in the future.
Application of statistical tools and methods for high density substrate process development [printed circuit board fabrication]

Statistical tools and methodologies were used in a process development application to develop the alignment process for high density substrate fabrication. Improved. capability of the alignment process was realized by reducing variation of the scale alignment mode. First, the data range of interest was determined for scale alignment mode. Then, over the determined data range of interest, the measurement capabilities of the measurement systems used in the work were determined by MSA (measurement system analysis). By use of a DOE (design of experiment), the measurement systems were determined to give significantly different measurements, indicating algorithms were necessary to translate available data from one measurement system to the reference measurement system for reducing scaling variation in the alignment process. The available data was found to highly correlate to the reference measurement system. Subsequently, using regression modeling techniques, algorithms were developed that translated available data to scale factors for compensation of the placement of through-vias and outermetal in relation to the microvias, the identified limiting factor to alignment capability.
On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture

On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Setha M. Low. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. 296 pp.
INNOVATION ON DEMAND

This article explains how managers can create innovations on demand. Currently, innovations are derived from inspirations or as spin-offs of new technology. Unfortunately, both of these sources are not controllable by management; they happen through ser..
Phason dynamics and threshold electric field in charge and spin density waves

Abstract A recent theory on depinning threshold electric field both in charge density wave (CDW) and spin density wave (SDW) in quasi-one dimensional conductors is reviewed. The present theory describes the temperature dependence of threshold field observed in CDWs in NbSe 3 and in SDW in (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 quite well.
MO‐D‐332‐06: Dose Reduction in CT Using a Novel Fourier‐Based Iterative Reconstruction Method

Purpose: A novel Fourier‐based iterative acquisition and reconstruction method, termed Equally‐Sloped Tomography (EST), has been developed for reconstructing an image from an undersampled number of projections. We review this method and present the first series of comparative experiments and simulations quantifying the image quality and the dose reduction through this method. Method and Materials: Using the MOBY whole body mouse phantom and the Zubal whole body human phantom, CT simulations of EST vs. filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative algebraic methods were performed as function of number of projections and flux. The reconstruction image quality was quantified using SNR and CNR of contoured organs,modulation transfer function(MTF), and Fourier ring correlation (FRC). The simulations were experimentally verified using a cone‐beam x‐ray microCT scanner. A microfluidic resolution phantom and a MTF phantom were manufactured to quantify the experimental image quality. Using the microCT phantoms, the resolution, SNR, and CNR were tabulated as a function of flux and number of projections. Using this data, a dose reduction factor was calculated by determining the flux and number of projections that resulted in an equivalent SNR and resolution for EST relative to conventional reconstructions.Results: For the same number of projections and flux, all simulated and experimental reconstructions via EST resulted in better or equivalent SNR, FRC, and resolution relative to FBP. The dose reduction factor based on the SNR and resolution equivalence criteria was 35–45% for reconstructions with the number of projections above the Nyquist criteria and 40–50% dose reduction when the number of projections is undersampled. Conclusion: The results indicate that EST provides an effective method for dose reduction in CT and warrants further investigation. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by TomoSoft Technologies corporation.
The Process Is the Punishment: Thirty Years Later

This essay reviews the arguments and impacts of the classic work, The Process Is the Punishment by Malcolm Feeley, originally published in 1979 and republished with a new foreword and preface in 1992. This essay examines how the book has been used in sociolegal research since 1979 by empirically tracing its citation in published work. I also examine missed opportunities where The Process Is the Punishment could still expand its impact in the literature, as well as reviewing the major arguments and criticisms of the book.
Effects of ammonium chloride on urinary pH and cigarette smoking behavior

We determined the effects of acidification of urinary pH on cigarette smoking behavior to assess the postulated relationships between stress, urinary pH, and cigarette smoking. Urine was acidified by short-term administration of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg ammonium chloride and long-term adminstration of 50 mg/kg ammonium chloride. Measurements of cigarette smoking behavior included the number of cigarettes smoked as well as automated measures of puff frequency and duration. Short- and long-term administration of ammonium chloride induced decreases in urinary pH but failed to induce any substantial changes in number of cigarettes smoked, puff frequency, or puff duration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 762–770; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.108
Sport in America: New Historical Perspectives

This stimulating anthology provides a scholarly perspective on the history of sport. New and exciting dimensions of sport history are introduced by exploring its political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. Race relations and racism in sport, the interaction of sports and politics, sexism and the role of women in sports, and the role that the profit motive plays in sports are among the topics covered. The impact of American attitudes toward violence as they apply to sport, and sport's powerful role in reinforcing class values are also reviewed from a historical perspective.
An experimental determination of kinetic friction for hardened dry steel pairs

Abstract The effect of pressure-velocity and time on the friction of selected metal combinations at sliding speeds of 22.3 and 54.4 ft min −1 was studied. A pin-disc friction machine was used and friction tests were conducted in which the pin traced a wear path (track) on the outside circumferential edge of the disc. The pressure-velocity value was varied by changing both the force on the pin and the angular velocity of the disc and was based on the Hertz contact pressure and area. The pressure-velocity values were 1.05 × 10 6 and 3.23 × 10 6 Ibf in −2 ft min −1 . The specimen material combinations studied were Stellite and boronized and carburized steel pins in dry sliding contact with carburized steel discs. With increased sliding time, surface films were worn away, the real area of contact increased and the friction coefficient increased. The friction values indicated an approach to a steady state value, especially for the low pV tests. The friction coefficients for both pV values were significantly different for the three material combinations tested. The Stellite pin sliding on the carburized disc had the lowest kinetic friction coefficient and the carburized pin sliding on the carburized disc had the highest friction coefficient. The boronized pin sliding on the carburized disc exhibited an initial coefficient comparable with that in the carburized-on-carburized test. Steady state values from the boronized-on-carburized test were, however, significantly lower.
Belief and/in the Law

Abstract This article examines how ‘belief’ has emerged as the privileged site of religion in human rights law, rendering some forms of ethical life unintelligible to secular-modern law and politics. I first analyze models of ethical personhood in which actions like veiling or praying do not only signify piety but are also integral to achieving it. I next turn to tracing how the 2004 French ban on headscarves in public schools was seen as a non-violation of religious liberty, examining the particular relationship between interiority and exteriority, mind and body, and belief and practice that underlay arguments for the ban. I then show how these distinctions produce another distinction between conscience and its manifestation, one that is institutionalized in secular legal conventions that make the freedom to believe unalienable but the freedom to manifest that belief alienable. Finally, I examine the paradox of legislating the inviolability of the freedom to believe.
Heat and mass transfer to, from, and within cellulosic solids burning in air

In this paper, the problem of cellulosic material burning in air is explored in the following three ways: o 1. The free-convection heat-and-mass-transfer coefficients for fuel-soaked wicks burning in air are determined for a number of wick geometries and orientations. In brief, orientation, shape, and size have little effect on the coefficients for turbulent flames. 2. Gross characteristics of cellulose cylinders burning in air are examined. X-ray photographs show similarities between the burning process and drying of porous materials. The burning rate is found to depend on time and on the initial diameter of the specimen. Examination of the data suggests that the burning rate depends on the rate at which an isotherm propagates into the solid. 3. Detailed studies of temperature-time histories of pyrolyzing cylinders are employed to determine local heat source and sink strengths. These are in turn compared with Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) data for cellulose. The decomposition appears to take place endothermically at 300°–400°C, and exothermically, above 500°C. The temperature-time history is strongly influenced by the movement of vapor in two distinct ways. Moisture resulting from the thermal decomposition diffuses, and re-evaporates to yield a thermostatic effect in the neighborhood of 100°C. Vapors produced by the endothermic pyrolysis of the solid in the interior of the specimen undergo exothermic pyrolysis in the hot char near the surface.
Student Ownership of Service-Learning Projects: Including Ourselves in Our Community

Service-learning projects can be an effective tool to actively engage students with learning disabilities while also providing needed community service. The incorporation of academic skills, personal development, and emphasis of volunteerism are fundamental attributes of service-learning projects. This article details a five-phase construction plan designed to guide students through the process of planning service-learning projects. Students are responsible for all steps of the process with the teacher assuming the role of facilitator and guide. Active participation in the planning process results in student ownership of the project. Appropriately planned and implemented service-learning projects help students with disabilities include themselves in their community and allow all students the opportunity to use academic skills and assume personal responsibility.
Some effects of rotation and centrifugally produced high gravity on taste aversion in rats

Rats were exposed to a single pairing of grape juice and rotation or rotation plus high gravity (5 g or 10 g). They were then tested separately for grape juice consumption over the next several days. High gravity did not reduce the amount of grape juice consumed, and nonrotated controls drank significantly more throughout testing. A high resistance to extinction was evidenced by the fact that drinking suppression was maintained for the experimental groups throughout five tests.
Public concern for exposure to agents of bioterrorism leading to emergency department visits in New Jersey, 2001

Abstract Study objectives: Media coverage after the September 11, 2001, attacks included warnings about possible bioterrorism. Concerns increased in New Jersey after several Trenton postal workers were diagnosed with anthrax on October 12, 2001. Patients presented to New Jersey emergency departments (EDs) with concerns of possible exposure (CE visits). Our objective is to determine the volume of CE visits during that time at 15 New Jersey EDs. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a computerized database of ED visits. The setting was 15 New Jersey EDs within a 55-mile radius of Trenton, with annual ED volumes from 20,000 to 65,000. The participants were consecutive patients treated by emergency physicians from August 11, 2001, to December 11, 2001. We determined the number of CE visits to selected EDs by counting visits having the following International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision descriptors: "Feared Complaint–No Diagnosis" and "Screening for Infectious Disease." We calculated rates of CE visits for all hospitals and for Trenton versus non-Trenton hospitals as a percentage of ED visits for the following 4 periods in 2001: 1 month before September 11, 1 month after September 11, 1 month after October 12, and the second month after October 12. We used χ 2 analysis to test for statistical significance, with α set at .01 to account for multiple comparisons. Results: For the 4 periods, there were 225,403 total ED visits, of which 657 were CE visits. The rates of CE visits for the 4 periods were 0.06%, 0.06%, 0.92%, and 0.10%, respectively. Using the first period as the baseline, only the third period showed a statistically significant increased rate of CE visits (0.92%, P P Conclusion: We found an increase in CE visits in the 1-month period after the identification of a Trenton postal facility as an exposure site, whereas there was no increase in the month after September 11, 2001. During the peak month, there was a greater increase in the Trenton EDs than in other EDs in the state.
Cloning and expression of a murine histone deacetylase 3 (mHdac3) cDNA and mapping to a region of conserved synteny between murine chromosome 18 and human chromosome 5.

Abstract Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that play a pivotal role in transcription, differentiation, and cell cycle progression. We previously cloned human HDAC3 cDNA and showed that its transfection into THP-1 cells results in G2/M cell cycle accumulation. Using bioinformatic screening and PCR, we have now cloned the murine Hdac3 cDNA, which encodes a 428-amino-acid protein with near complete identity to its human ortholog. To establish a link to a potential disease locus, we performed PCR-based chromosomal mapping for the m Hdac3 gene and chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the human gene. m Hdac3 localizes to chromosome 18 and human HDAC3 gene localizes to a syntenic region in chromosome 5 at band q31.3–q32 telomeric to the cytokine gene cluster. Transfection of m Hdac3 into HeLa cells led to accumulation in G2/M. Our results suggest a cell cycle function for murine Hdac3, reflecting the complex regulatory roles of this gene family.
Binding of activated α2-macroglobulin to its cell surface receptor GRP78 in 1-LN prostate cancer cells regulates PAK-2-dependent activation of LIMK

Two characteristics of highly malignant cells are their increased motility and secretion of proteinases allowing these cells to penetrate surrounding basement membranes and metastasize. Activation of 21-kDa activated kinases (PAKs) is an important mechanism for increasing cell motility. Recently, we reported that binding of receptor-recognized forms of the proteinase inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M*) to GRP78 on the cell surface of 1-LN human prostate cancer cells induces mitogenic signaling and cellular proliferation. In the current study, we have examined the ability of alpha2M* to activate PAK-1 and PAK-2. Exposure of 1-LN cells to alpha2M* caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in phosphorylated PAK-2 and a similar increase in its kinase activity toward myelin basic protein. By contrast, the phosphorylation of PAK-1 was only negligibly affected. Silencing the expression of the GRP78 gene, using either of two different mRNA sequences, greatly attenuated the appearance of phosphorylated PAK-2 in alpha2M*-stimulated cells. Treatment of 1-LN cells with alpha2M* caused translocation of PAK-2 in association with NCK to the cell surface as evidenced by the co-immunoprecipitation of PAK-2 and NCK in the GRP78 immunoprecipitate from plasma membranes. alpha2M*-induced activation of PAK-2 was inhibited by prior incubation of the cells with specific inhibitors of tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. PAK-2 activation was accompanied by significant increases in the levels of phosphorylated LIMK and phosphorylated cofilin. Silencing the expression of the PAK-2 gene greatly attenuated the phosphorylation of LIMK. In conclusion, we show for the first time the activation of PAK-2 in 1-LN prostate cancer cells by a proteinase inhibitor, alpha2-macroglobulin. These studies suggest a mechanism by which alpha2M* enhances the metastatic potential of these cells.
Scaling of saturation and hue

The study concerns the relation of saturation to the purity and luminance of aperture colors viewed in a dark surround. For the primary hues, red, yellow, green, and blue, and the intermediate hues, orange and yellowish green, the saturations increased as power functions of colorimetric purity. An IS-dB increase in luminance caused a threefold increase in the exponent for yellow, but luminance had little effect on the exponents of the other colors. The direct heterochromatic matching of saturation to saturation confirmed the validity of the scales determined by magnitude estimation and led to the construction of families of saturation scales based on a common unit called a crome. Equisection and jnd scales were also determined. Their nonlinearity suggests that saturation is a prothetic continuum. It was found that mixing red or green with yellow behaves much the same as mixing red or green with achromatic light. The changes in hue behave as prothetic continua, for the equisection and jnd scales are nonlinearly related to the power-function scales obtained by magnitude estimation and matching.
Discovery of Lobesia botrana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]) in California: An Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract. The European grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana ([Denis and Schiffermuller]), is one of the most destructive pests of grape in the Palearctic Region. Larvae feed on fruit, causing direct damage and promoting secondary infection by Botrytis cinerea Persoon (botrytis bunch rot or gray mold). On September 30, 2009, tortricid larvae damaging grapes in the Napa Valley of California were identified as L. botrana, representing the first records of this species in North America. The presence of L. botrana could have a significant impact on California agriculture— wine, table, and raisin grapes are grown on more than 800,000 acres throughout the state. We provide descriptions and illustrations to aid in the identification of this newly arrived pest, along with a brief history of its discovery.
New methods and materials for solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography

This paper describes methods for solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following are described: Effects of Resin Sulfonation on the Retention of Polar Organic Compounds in Solid Phase Extraction; Ion-Chromatographic Separation of Alkali Metals In Non-Aqueous Solvents; Cation-Exchange Chromatography in Non-Aqueous Solvents; and Silicalite As a Stationary Phase For HPLC.
Generalized image warping using enhanced lookup tables

Image warping includes a wide variety of algorithms used in the spatial transformation of images. Warping typically involves a geometric transformation governed by a set of polynomial equations followed by some form of interpolation. When the geometric transformation does not change from one image to the next, or a more generalized warp is desired, a spatial lookup table (LUT) composed of precalculated inverse (or forward) mapping coordinates has been used instead of performing the same geometric transformation on every image. This article presents an algorithm that takes the LUT approach one step further. It uses an enhanced LUT (ELUT) that incorporates precomputed data transfer and interpolation information. Once computed, it speeds up processing by making data transfers more efficient and eliminating the need for the pixel address and interpolation coefficient calculations. This article also describes the implementation of ELUT-based image warping on the high-performance TMS320C80 Multimedia Video Processor (MVP). To produce an interesting and difficult generalized warp on a 512 × 512 8-bit gray-scale and 32-bit color image, it takes only 15.1 and 32.4 ms, respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 9: 475–483, 1998
Evaluation of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and negative angiography.

Objective The evaluation of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with negative initial catheter-based angiography is a diagnostic challenge. Better diagnostic strategies based on hemorrhage patterns are needed. Methods We retrospectively investigated the yield of focused history taking, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cervical spine, follow-up vascular imaging, laboratory investigations, and craniotomy for vessel exploration in 100 patients with SAH and negative initial catheter-based angiography. Results The most common distribution of hemorrhage was in a "classic" aneurysmal pattern filling the basal cisterns or posterior fossa (44 patients). A cause was determined in 13 patients (13%), the most common of which was aneurysm (7 patients). Repeat angiography was the most useful diagnostic modality, detecting seven lesions. The yield of the second angiogram was best in patients with a classic hemorrhage pattern (10%) and worse in patients with a negative computed tomographic scan and positive lumbar puncture (0%). The most common reason that a lesion was not detected on initial angiography was aneurysmal thrombosis (five patients). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cervical spine detected one cervical ependymoma. Factors that may contribute to SAH, such as antiplatelet agent use and drug use, were found in 13 patients (13%). Adjunctive laboratory studies alerted practitioners to modifiable risk factors. Conclusion These data suggest useful modifications to current diagnostic paradigms for patients with angiographically negative spontaneous SAH.
SA-MAC: Self-Stabilizing Adaptive MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A common method of prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks is to use low power duty cycling protocol. Existing protocols consist of two categories: sender-initiated, and receiver-initiated. In this paper, we present SA-MAC, a Self-stabilizing Adaptive MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. SA-MAC dynamically adjusts the transmission time-slot, waking up time-slot, and packet detection patten according to current network working condition, such as packet length and wake-up patterns of neighboring nodes. In the long run, every sensor node will find its own transmission phase so that the network will enter a stable stage when the network load and qualities are static. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the energy consumption, packet reception rate of SA-MAC in real sensor networking systems. Our results indicate that SA-MAC outperforms other existing protocols.
PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE MORE RESISTANT THAN PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS TO SYNERGISTIC CYTOTOXICITY FROM NITRIC OXIDE (NO) AND HYPEROXIA (HYP).† 1553

PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE MORE RESISTANT THAN PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS TO SYNERGISTIC CYTOTOXICITY FROM NITRIC OXIDE (NO) AND HYPEROXIA (HYP).† 1553
Generation of bivariate solar radiation and temperature time series

Abstract A bivariate periodic time series model for daily sequences of dry bulb air temperature and solar radiation is developed. An autoregressive model is first used to produce a monthly time series. A temporal disaggregation process is then employed to produce the daily series from the monthly series. When applied to an historical time series, the models preserve the first- and second-order moment properties as well as the correlation properties of the monthly and daily historical data. In addition, the skewness coefficient of the observed sequence is reasonably well preserved at both temporal levels. The model can provide multilevel synthetic meteorological data that is important in simulating solar energy systems that consider both short- and long-term performance.
Learner-instructor similarity: a social attribution approach to learning

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test a model in which instructor’s attributes (i.e. personality, age) are specified as social stimuli. Drawing on a constructivist view of learning (Palincsar, 1998) and similarity-attraction paradigm (Byrne, 1971), the authors hypothesize that instructor’s attributes influence learners’ reactions and dictate key attributions for learning: instructor’s competence and goodwill. The authors place these attributions as antecedents of learning results. Design/methodology/approach – In a quasi-experimental design, undergraduate business students (n=133) participated in a training program of managerial skills over a three-week period. Regression and path analyses were utilized in testing the hypothesized model. Findings – Results provide partial support to the hypothesized model and suggest that learning is a social event wherein learners’ attributions play a key role. Results also indicate that learner-instructor similarity in personality is an important antecedent of ...
Prospective Health-related Quality of Life Analysis for Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion

Objective To better define health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion. Materials and Methods Patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion for urothelial carcinoma by 1 of 2 surgeons (G.D.S. or N.D.S.) had a HRQOL assessment at baseline and at follow-up using the validated, bladder cancer–specific Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index questionnaire. The primary outcome was change in HRQOL between baseline and follow-up. Results From September 15, 2011, to July 23, 2012, 74 of 103 eligible patients were enrolled, and all but 1 completed the baseline Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index leaving 73 patients in the study. Median age was 68 years (interquartile range, 60-74 years), 58 (78%) were Caucasian, 53 (73%) were ≥cT2, 45 (62%) underwent incontinent diversion, and the mean age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 2.4 ± 1.8, with no significant differences among the 73 participants and 30 nonparticipants. The median time from surgery to response was 175 days (interquartile range, 102-232 days), and the response rate was 67%, with 9 deaths during follow-up. Baseline HRQOL scores did not significantly differ between respondents and nonrespondents or between those living vs deceased. Overall, RC-specific, physical, social, and functional HRQOL scores did not differ from baseline to follow-up, whereas emotional HRQOL scores were significantly improved (15.7 ± 5.8 vs 18.1 ± 3.9, P = .03). Overall or domain-specific HRQOL measures did not differ significantly between patients undergoing incontinent (n = 27) vs continent (n = 16) diversions. Conclusion Overall, HRQOL scores did not statistically differ from baseline to the median 6-month follow-up for patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion for urothelial carcinoma. Patients undergoing continent vs incontinent urinary diversions had similar overall HRQOL scores at follow-up.
An integrated, noninvasive, fiber optic sensor for electric and magnetic field measurement applications

We describe a ruggedized, nonmetallic, fiber optic sensor utilizing nonlinear crystals for measurements of electric and magnetic fields. Extensive field test results in a variety of RF sources (from dc to 20 GHz) are reported.
Bistatic scattering behaviour of forested hills at grazing incidence

Bistatic radar clutter levels from forested hills are presented. Measurements were made using copolarised transmitter and receiver antennas at vertical and horizontal polarisations viewing hilly terrain at depression angles between 0.5 and 2.0/spl deg/. Observed clutter levels are 10-20 dB higher than similar results obtained at lower depression angles.
Facile and efficient synthesis of star-shaped oligomers from a triazine core

Abstract A facile and efficient synthetic approach to tripodal star-shaped oligomers is described. Several generations of hydroxyl-terminated tripodal star-shaped oligomers were prepared in high yield from 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) as a core by alternating amine-catalyzed thiol-ene and acrylate esterification reactions. The compounds were fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis. The combination of thioether groups and hydrogen bonding moieties suggests that these products can be used as metal chelating ligands.
Extrinsic geometry of superstrings

Abstract The action for spinning strings in terms of the extrinsic geometry of the embedding of the surface into a flat space-time is presented. It is derived from the covariant action of both the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond and Green-Schwarz strings by the integration over fermionic fields. The integration is performed in the ghostless “covariant light-cone” gauge. The conformal anomaly is calculated.
The Contrived Defense and Deterrent Threat Doctrines: A Reply to Professors Finkelstein & Katz

What is the relationship between the permissibility/impermissibility of the part and the permissibility/impermissibility of the whole? Does the moral or legal status of a constituent part of an actor’s course of conduct govern the status of the actor’s whole course of conduct or, conversely, does the moral and legal status of the actor’s whole course of conduct govern the status of the constituent parts? This broader issue is examined in the more specific contexts of the contrived defense and deterrent threat doctrines. The latter doctrine concerns whether a prima facie impermissible act of carrying out a threatened action may be rendered permissible if embedded within an overall permissible course of action including the issuance of a deterrent threat that fails to induce compliance. The contrived defense doctrine addresses the permissibility of an actor who contrives or culpably causes the conditions of her own defense. This essay considers the claim—advanced by Claire Finkelstein and Leo Katz—that the contrived defense and deterrent threat doctrines are sufficiently related such that the preferable approach to each doctrine informs and supports the preferable approach to the other. In each, the permissible/impermissible status of the whole governs the status of the part. Regarding contrived defenses, the impermissibility of the actor’s whole course of conduct renders the otherwise permissible constituent part relating to the defense also impermissible. And regarding deterrent threats, the permissibility of the actor’s whole course of conduct renders the otherwise impermissible constituent parts also permissible. This essay challenges the claimed linkage between the contrived defense and deterrent threat doctrines by proposing hypothetical situations in which the claimed parallel doctrines collapse into each other. As a result, the application of the preferred approaches to each doctrine generates a contradiction.
Mechanisms underlying status epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a state of prolonged or recurrent seizure activity that is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. At a cellular level, status epilepticus results from a failure of normal inhibitory pathways, primarily mediated by gamma-n-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting via GABA(A) receptors. This loss of inhibitory drive allows the activation of excitatory feedback loops, leading to repetitive, synchronous firing of large groups of neurons. As seizure activity continues, there is further decline in GABAergic function. Continued excitatory input mediated primarily by glutamate leads to neuronal cell death. These alterations in inhibitory and excitatory pathways have important implications for the pharmacologic management of status epilepticus. Currently recommended agents act primarily through the GABA(A) receptor and have been shown to become less effective in status epilepticus of longer duration. Agents designed to inhibit glutamate activity show promise both in the treatment of status epilepticus and in the prevention of associated neuronal injury.
An optimisation principle for sex allocation in a temporally varying environment 1

This paper extends the theory of sex allocation to the case of temporal variation in male against female fitness options. In particular, it derives a product theorem for the phenotypic equilibrium allocation to pollen versus seeds in a cosexual plant.
Ethics, an emerging subdiscipline of obstetric ultrasound, and its relevance to the routine obstetric scan

Ethics is an emerging subdiscipline of obstetric ultrasound because there are clinical dimensions of obstetric ultrasound that only ethics can identify and address. These dimensions concern the ethical obligations of physicians to their patients. Ethics is defined as the disciplined study of morality. Two fundamental principles of ethics are described, beneficence and respect for autonomy. How ethics can bring to light clinical dimensions of obstetric ultrasound that are insufficiently appreciated is illustrated with the example of the routine use of obstetric ultrasound in the second trimester. The authors conclude that prenatal informed consent for sonogram should be an integral part of obstetric care in countries, such as the United States, in which routine ultrasound is not endorsed.
The setwise stream classification problem

In many applications, classification labels may not be associated with a single instance of records, but may be associated with a data set of records. The class behavior may not be possible to infer effectively from a single record, but may be only be inferred by an aggregate set of records. Therefore, in this problem, the class label is associated with a set of instances both in the training and test data. Therefore, the problem may be understood to be that of classifying a set of data sets. Typically, the classification behavior may only be inferred from the overall patterns of data distribution, and very little information is embedded in any given record for classification purposes. We refer to this problem as the setwise classification problem.The problem can be extremely challenging in scenarios where the data is received in the form of a stream, and the records within any particular data set may not necessarily be received contiguously. In this paper, we present a first approach for real time and streaming classification of such data. We present experimental results illustrating the effectiveness of the approach.
Allosteric response is both conserved and variable across three CheY orthologs.

A computational method to identify residues likely to initiate allosteric signals has been developed. The method is based on differences within stability and flexibility profiles between wild-type and perturbed structures as computed by a distance constraint model. Application of the approach to three bacterial chemotaxis protein Y (CheY) orthologs provides a comparison of allosteric response across protein family divergence. Interestingly, we observe a rich mixture of both conservation and variability within the identified allosteric sites. While similarity within the overall response parallels the evolutionary relationships, >50% of the best scoring putative sites are only identified in a single ortholog. These results suggest that detailed descriptions of intraprotein communication are substantially more variable than structure and function, yet do maintain some evolutionary relationships. Finally, structural clusters of large response identify four allosteric hotspots, including the β4/α4 loop known to be critical to relaying the CheY phosphorylation signal.
Safety impacts of auxiliary lanes at isolated freeway on-ramp junctions

This article presents a two-part study to quantify the safety impacts of auxiliary lanes at isolated on-ramp junctions on freeways. In the first part of this study, the safety performance of on-ramp junctions with auxiliary lanes was compared with isolated on-ramp junctions without an auxiliary lane. Sixteen sites with auxiliary lanes and 19 sites without an auxiliary lane were selected in Texas. Two thousand and twenty-six crash records from 2003 to 2008 were analyzed in terms of total crash rate, crash severity, and major crash types. The results show that isolated freeway on-ramp junctions with auxiliary lanes have a significantly lower average total crash rate and average rear-end crash rate. In the second part of this study, regression models were developed to relate crash rate with influencing factors for on-ramp junctions with auxiliary lanes. The best regression model shows that the crash frequency is positively proportional to the number of lanes on the freeway and the average daily traffic per l...
Multiple end products of anaerobiosis in diving vertebrates.

Abstract 1. 1. When O 2 availability to working muscle in diving animals is limited by peripheral vasoconstriction, the muscle ferments carbohydrate and amino acids simultaneously, in effect coupling two additional energy-yielding reactions to those of glycolysis. 2. 2. Multiple anaerobic end products accumulate as a result. 3. 3. Succinate is the chief end product of anaerobic amino acid catabolism, alanine is a minor end product, while pyruvate and lactate are produced by glycolysis. 4. 4. During recovery following diving, increased blood concentrations of all four metabolites can be readily measured in the green sea turtle, the harbor seal, the sea lion and the porpoise.
Symposium on hot springs

A joint meeting of the Sections of Volcanology and Geophysical Chemistry of the American Geophysical Union was held at the Carnegie Institution of Washington on April 18, 1923, and was devoted to a symposium and discussion on the temperatures of hot springs and the sources of their heat and water supply. Ten papers were presented. The temperatures of hot springs range all the way from those found in warm springs in the mountains of Virginia, some of which are only slightly above the annual mean temperature, up through boiling springs and mud pots such as are found in our western volcanic regions, to fumarole temperatures of about 650°C, the highest temperature found in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, reported on by E. G. Zies in his paper on “Hot Springs and Fumaroles of the Katmai Region.”
The Relationship Between Work and Workplace Attitudes and Perceived External Prestige

This study explores the relationship between work and workplace attitudes and perceived external prestige (PEP) among both employees and employers of law firms in Israel. PEP refers to a belief held by members regarding how outsiders view the organization (Dutton et al., 1994; Smidts et al., 2001). Participants were chosen at random from the Israel Bar Members' Guidebook. They were asked to report on their work attitudes (eg, organizational citizenship behavior — altruistic and compliance) and workplace attitudes (eg, a.ective and continuance commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions), and their PEP. The results of multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that PEP was predicted by a.ective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior-compliance and job satisfaction. So far, studies have addressed PEP as a predictor or a prophecy of firm's financial performance and stock market value. This study goes one step further by exploring the relationship between an employee's work and workplace attitudes, and PEP. The article concludes with suggestions regarding further investigation of the relationship between work and workplace attitudes, and PEP.
Alternative networks for solving the traveling salesman problem and the list-matching problem

The authors demonstrate that Hopfield-type networks can find reasonable solutions to the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the optimal list-matching problem (LMP). They show how to avoid the difficulties encountered by G.V. Wilson and G.S. Pawley (1988) by using a modified energy functional which yields better solutions to the TSP than J.J. Hopfield and D.W. Tank's (1985) original formulation. In addition, two fixed-parameter networks are described, one for the TSP and the other for the LMP. The performance of the network for the TSP is comparable to the performance of the modified energy functional formulation, while the network for the list-matching problem is shown to perform better than a simple heuristic method. A major feature of these two networks is that the problem-dependent cost data are contained entirely in the linear term of the energy functional-the quadratic part contains only constraint information. This feature has the advantage that all costs can be presented to the network as inputs rather than as connection weights, much reducing hardware complexity. >
The diversity of T‐cell co‐stimulation in the induction of antitumor immunity

Summary: T-cell activation has now been shown to require at least two signals. The first signal is antigen-specific, is delivered through the T-cell receptor (TCR) via the peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC). and causes the T cell to enter the ceil cycle. The second, or co-stimulatory, signal is required for cytokine production and proliferation, and is mediated through ligand interaction on the surface of the T cell. This chapter deals with: 1) comparative studies on the use of a dual-gene construct of a recombinant vaccinia (rV) vector containing a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) gene and a co-stimulatory molecule gene vs che use of admixtures of rV-TAA and rV containing the co-stimulatory molecule to induce and-tumor immunity; 2) the use of an admixture of vaccinia viruses containing a lAA gene and the B7-1 co-stimulatory molecule gene to induce a therapeutic response in a lung metastasis tumor model: 3) the antitumor efficacy of whole-tutnor-cell vaccines in which the B7-1 co-stimulatory molecule is expressed in a tumor-cell vaccine via a vaccinia vs a retroviral vector; 4) the use of recombinant poxviruses containing the genes for the co-stimulatory molecules tCAM-l or LFA-3 to induce antitumor immunity: and 5) the use of poxvirus vectors containing a triad of co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1. ICAM-1 and LFA-3) that synergize to enhance both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to a new threshold.
Reclaiming the Subject Matter as a Guide to Mutual Understanding: Effectiveness and Ethics in Interpersonal Interaction.

Personal identity and mutual understanding are primary products of interpersonal interaction. Descriptive accounts of interpersonal relationships need to be augmented by consideration of the ethical issues raised by the nature of identity formation and mutual understanding. Ethical ideals developed in the enlightenment tradition fail to account for the ethical concern with social systems and the manners by which personal identity and meaning are formed. This essay presents Gadamer's ontology of understanding as a developmental foundation for interpersonal system ethics. Interaction is conceptualized in terms of the demand that the subject matter places on openly formed mutual understanding and unethical interaction is shown as practices which prohibit this development. Several examples are given of the processes by which understanding is blocked. The essay concludes with descriptions of ways of overcoming these blocks.