cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace elements in the sea surface microlayer: rapid responses to changes in aerosol deposition

Natural and anthropogenic aerosols are a significant source of trace elements to oligotrophic ocean surface waters, where they provide episodic pulses of limiting micronutrients for the microbial community. However, little is known about the fate of trace elements at the air-sea interface, i.e. the sea surface microlayer. In this study, samples of aerosols, sea surface microlayer, and underlying water column were collected in the Florida Keys during a dusty season (July 2014) and non-dusty season (May 2015) and analyzed for the dissolved and particulate elements Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Microlayer samples were collected using a cylinder of ultra-pure SiO2 (quartz glass), a novel adaptation of the glass plate technique. A significant dust deposition event occurred during the 2014 sampling period which resulted in elevated concentrations of trace elements in the microlayer. Residence times in the microlayer from this event ranged from 12 to 94 minutes for dissolved trace elements and from 1.3 to 3.4 minutes for particulate trace elements. These residence times are potentially long enough for the atmospherically derived trace elements to undergo chemical and biological alterations within the microlayer. Characterizing the trace element distributions within the three regimes is an important step towards our overall goals of understanding the rates and mechanisms of the solubilization of trace elements following aeolian dust deposition and how this might affect microorganisms in surface waters.
Cross-cultural perspectives on personality.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cultural and personality variation. Culture is related to personality which is not supported by empirical research because there is too much variation in personality within cultures. Culture can be conceptualized as providing a “tool kit” of habits, skills, styles, perspectives, norms, roles, and values out of which each individual can construct a potentially unique strategy for action. This strategy depends on the way the situation is perceived by the individual. There are three interrelated cultural syndromes—complexity, tightness, and individualism-collectivism. Complexity contrasts are the modern, industrial, and affluent cultures, such as the hunters and gatherers or the residents of a monastery. Tightness contrasts cultures where norms are imposed very tightly, allowing very little deviation from proper behavior. Individualism is a cultural syndrome whose elements are organized around autonomous individuals, and is maximal in environments that are complex and loose. Collectivism is a syndrome in which the elements are organized around one or more collectives and is maximal in environments that are simple and tight. Collectivism is characterized by higher rates of association with the in-group and of dissociation with the out-group in comparison with individualism.
Genetic and Extracardiac Anomalies Are Associated With Inferior Single Ventricle Palliation Outcomes.

Background We examined the effect of genetic syndromes and extracardiac (GS/EC) anomalies on single-ventricle (SV) palliation with focus on hospital and interstage death and progression toward subsequent palliation stages. Methods First-stage palliation was performed in 530 neonates with SV: Norwood in 284 (53%), shunt in 173 (33%), and band in 73 (14%). Outcomes were compared between those with GS/EC anomalies (121 [23%]) and without GS/EC anomalies (409 [77%]). Regression analyses were adjusted for other risk factors (age, sex, prematurity, weight, SV anomaly, and first-stage palliation operation). Results GS/EC anomalies varied among SV defects (range, 3% for double-inlet left ventricle to 100% for atrial isomerism). Patients with GS/EC anomalies required significantly longer durations of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit and hospital stay. Although patients had comparable rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (13% vs 11%, p = 0.552) and unplanned reoperation (16% vs 11%, p = 0.189), hospital mortality was higher in patients with GS/EC anomalies (24% vs 12%, p = 0.0008). After discharge, patients with GS/EC anomalies had higher interstage death, with lower progression to Glenn (60% vs 77%, p = 0.002) and lower 10-year survival (56% vs 76%, p Conclusions The presence of GS/EC anomalies varies among SV anomalies and is associated with additional risk factors such as prematurity and low weight. After adjusting for other risk factors, GS/EC anomalies are associated with prolonged recovery after first-stage palliation and increased hospital and interstage death, with subsequently fewer patients progressing toward Glenn shunt. The increased death risk in those patients is highest in the first 6 months and persists for 2 to 3 years after first-stage palliation, suggesting the need for more vigilant monitoring and outpatient care in these high-risk patients.
Crack spacing statistics and spalling area fractions for indented silica-coated bismaleimide (BMI)

Indentation loading of thin, continuous silica coatings adhered to Bismaleimide (BMI) polymeric substrates induces a concentric array of cracks in the silica coating. For Vickers indentation, the array consists of diamond-shaped concentric cracks, while Hertzian indentation gives circular concentric cracks. This paper characterizes the indentation-induced crack damage in the coating in terms of: (1) fs, the area fraction of the coating (within the indentation-cracked region) that spalls off the substrate due to the indentation and (2) the spacing between the cracks in the crack array. For a given indentation crack field, the crack spacing was uniform as a function of radial distance outward from the center of the indentation. One of the key results of this study was that the curing temperature for the coating dramatically affected both the coating spalling area fraction, fS, and the manner in which the crack spacing changed as a function of the applied indentation load.
Introduction: Models and Applications

The purpose of this introductory chapter is the illustration of some of the wide variety of difficult and important problems that can be treated by means of heavy traffic analysis. Many good examples can be drawn from communications and computer systems and networks, manufacturing systems, and other queueing-type networks in many areas. Only a few examples can be given. Any selection depends on the interests and tastes of the author, and one can select these examples in many ways. But the examples selected are canonical in that each is representative of a large class of current interest. These examples should provide some flavor for the type of problems that are of interest.
Convening the Family

Bringing the family of a patient together for a family meeting or conference is a basic skill that is essential for family-oriented medical care. Why convene the family? Although one can obtain a considerable amount of information about the family from an individual patient, we believe that it is often essential to assemble the family to assess adequately the patient and family system. The extra time and effort involved in arranging family conferences is usually minimal and repays itself many times over. The health care provider can obtain a more thorough assessment of a specific problem, determine the impact on the family, negotiate a comprehensive treatment plan, and obtain the family’s assistance in carrying out that plan.
Enabling Value Net Collaboration

The concept of Value Net collaboration in which enterprises share values/risks and make business-critical decisions has attracted significant interest. However, lack of trust and support for cross-enterprise integration for collaborative decision-making has so far prevented this vision from becoming reality. This chapter examines the latter issue. Emerging technologies that support Value Net partners to connect their business processes and enable distributed decision making will be discussed. These technologies, and the trust they enable, fuse the boundaries between enterprises and between business and IT. They represent the critical first step to enable the Value Net to be adaptive and sense and respond to environmental changes.
Hydrogel Gold Nanoparticle Switch

Design and operation of a metal-oxide hydrogel field-effect transistor (MOHFET) with channel composed of a hydrogel embedded with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) is discussed. Hydrogels have low ionic and electronic conductivities that change as a function of their ionic contents. AuNP incorporated in the hydrogel increases its conductivity by ${>}2{\times}$ and also introduces large conduction non-linearity (field focusing by AuNP and smaller soft breakdown field) as a function of channel electric fields. The hydrogel provides a convenient medium with distributed springs connecting AuNPs to the MOHFET drain and source. The measured electrical conductivity in our pure hydrogel was 611 S/m and it increased to 1540 S/m in AuNP hydrogel. The hydrogel Young’s modulus was 14 ± 2 kPa that increased to 21 ± 2 kPa with Au-NP incorporation. The ${I} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ ratio of MOHFET was ~104 and its subthreshold swing was 148.72 mV/dec at ${V} _{\text {ds}}= 2$ V. Hydrogels’ porous structure and very flexible electrical and mechanical characteristics make them excellent candidate as binding media to incorporate suitable nanoparticles in sensors and electronic devices.
Ethical Considerations Related to Studies of the Exposome

The exposome encompasses the totality of human environmental exposures from conception onwards, complementing the genome. The concept was first proposed in 2005 by Christopher Wild in an article en...
Edward Durell Stone. Dallo Stile Internazionale allo stile personale

Edward Durell Stone (1902-1978) was an American modernist who developed a unique signature style of ‘new romanticism’ during the middle phase of his career between 1954 and 1966. The style was employed in several dozen major architectural projects and it coincided with his second marriage. His first signature style project was the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, and the most famous one is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. He achieved temporary global renown with his design for the U.S. Pavilion at the Brussels World’s Fair in 1958. Sadly, his best projects are widely scattered and he has no significant signature style works in New York City, where he based his career. His current obscurity is explained by the eccentric character of his signature style, his transition from personal design to corporate replication, and the abandonment of signature design principles after the breakdown of his second marriage.
The Free Will Debate and Basic Desert

A familiar claim in the free will debate is that the freedom in dispute between compatibilists and incompatibilists is limited to the type required for an agent to deserve blame for moral wrongdoing, and to deserve it in a sense that is basic. In this paper, I seek a rationale for this claim, offer an explanation of basic desert, and then argue that the free will debate can persist even when divorced from basic desert.
Peak Flood Discharge Confidence Limits

Confidence limits along with a lower bound for the corresponding level of confidence are developed for evaluating the effect of the sampling error on flood risk evaluation from base-flow flood data. It is assumed that the number of flood peak occurrences is Poisson-distributed with exponentially distributed magnitudes. A confidence region is obtained for the Poisson and exponential distribution parameters from the asymptotic joint distribution of their maximum likelihood estimators. It is shown how this region can be used to obtain confidence limits for measures of risk which are calculated using the estimates. The limits are easy to calculate and, if desired, a graphical technique can be used. The technique is restricted, however, to situations where the base-flow record is sufficiently long so that the sampling distribution for the estimators can be approximated by a limiting normal distribution.
Practical Reformulation of Deductive Databases

Database Reformulation is the process of rewriting the data and rules in deductive databases in a functionally equivalent manner, ideally in ways that decrease query processing time while keeping storage costs within acceptable bounds. Early research in this area focussed on materializing existing views, i.e. caching those views as data. Subsequent research investigated the problem of inventing new views to afford different opportunities for materialization. The Bounding Theorem, introduced in this latter effort, is significant in that it gives a finite bound on the number of useful reformulations for conjunctive queries. Unfortunately, the number of possibilities allowed by the Bounding Theorem is doubly exponential in the size of the query (not the database instance). In this paper, we show that we can reduce that double exponential to a single exponential. We first present an improved version of the Bounding Theorem, called the Subgoal Theorem. We then present an additional result, called the Projection Theorem. Finally, we present a reformulation algorithm that runs in exponential time; and, using the Subgoal Theorem and the Projection Theorem, we show that the algorithm is correct for all conjunctive queries, i.e. it produces reformulations that are as good as or better than any other reformulation (in terms of worst-case query evaluation performance with at most linear growth in storage space).
Co-infiltration of Nickel and Mixed Conducting Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2−δ and La 0.6 Sr 0.3 Ni 0.15 Cr 0.85 O 3−δ Phases in Ni-YSZ Anodes for Improved Stability and Performance

Liquid-phase infiltration of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles in Ni/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) cermet anodes for solid oxide fuel cells can improve anode performance provided that the infiltrated nanoparticles on YSZ connect to form conducting pathways and the Ni nanoparticles do not coarsen significantly. This study explores liquid phase co-infiltration of Ni with mixed conducting oxides, the latter providing microstructural stability and conductive pathways between Ni nanoparticles. Two mixed conducting oxides have been studied: Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ (GDC), a predominantly ionic conductor, and La0.6Sr0.3Ni0.15Cr0.85O3−δ (LSNC), a predominantly electronic conductor. Experimental results show that both oxides improve the nickel nanoparticle stability and charge transfer kinetics. However, the electrochemical performance of the Ni-GDC-infiltrated electrode is much better than that of the Ni-LSNC-infiltrated electrode. This is attributed to the citrate–nitrate combustion reaction required to form LSNC, which fills the pores of the anode and inhibits gas diffusion, reducing the performance of the Ni-LSNC-infiltrated electrode.
Texts 4 Romantic Relationships – A Randomized Controlled Trial

Although online and app-based relationship interventions have been developed to promote relationship well-being, they require a computer, tablet, or smartphone and a high-speed data connection. Ins...
Paget's disease of bone: updates for clinicians.

Purpose of reviewTo provide clinicians an overview to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Paget's disease, including recent guideline recommendations, with comparison of the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (JCEM 2014) with the new Clinical Guideline review endorsed by the Inter
Revision of Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) is a bariatric procedure that is rarely performed today, but was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. In the long term, a large percentage of VBG patients require reoperation. Not infrequently, these patients present to the bariatric surgeon with complications, weight regain, or both and require a technically challenging revisional operation. This chapter aims to explain the decision-making process and technical steps involved in a safe and successful revision. By summarizing the history of VBG, its evolution, and ultimately, its decline, the reader will gain a deeper understanding which could be applied to revisional bariatric surgery in general, including other more modern restrictive procedures.
Breast brain metastases are associated with increased risk of leptomeningeal disease after stereotactic radiosurgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Brain metastases are the most common malignant tumors of the brain. Leptomeningeal dissemination is a late-stage complication of intracranial metastasis and portends an extremely poor prognosis. An increased risk of leptomeningeal disease (LMD) from metastatic breast cancer compared to other cancer types after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been reported. Validation of this observation has significant public health ramifications. The aim of this study was to determine the consistency of this association in the available literature via formal meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Searches of seven electronic databases from inception to August 2019 were conducted following PRISMA guidelines and appropriate selection criteria. Prognostic hazard ratios (HRs) for LMD in breast cancer brain metastases derived from multivariate regression analysis were analyzed using meta-analysis of proportions. Our search strategy identified 8 studies meeting inclusion criteria which provided data on 2555 unique brain metastases patients treated with SRS. The risk of LMD in the setting of breast cancer brain metastasis was significantly greater compared to other histologic cancer types (pooled HR = 2.22; 95% CI 1.69–2.93; P < 0.001). Statistical assessment of small studies bias and heterogeneity were negative. Outcome certainty was low. Breast cancer brain metastases are associated with an increased risk of LMD compared to other cancer types after SRS. The certainty of this outcome will be improved with future prospective studies. Providers should factor this increased susceptibility for LMD in breast cancer brain metastasis to allow for appropriate risk stratification and the development of appropriate surveillance paradigms.
Economic Value of Florida Water Resources: Contributions of Tourism and Recreation to the Economy

This paper is a part of the EDIS series “Economic Value of Florida Water Resources” and it presents results from economic studies examining benefits from water-based recreation in Florida. Our special focus is freshwater-based recreation. Specifically, studies examining the “economic contribution” or “economic impact” of recreation activities around various natural sites are discussed. Interested reader can pick and choose the studies most relevant to his/her area of interests or those discussing recreational sites nearby.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1065
The Terms komos and paraclausithyron

The terms are often employed in confused ways: the Plutarchan hapax παρακλαυσ ί θυρον is only the lover’s song, while his conduct as a whole is a κ ῶμος .
Heat acclimation during low-intensity exercise increases and Hsp72, but not markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation, in skeletal tissue

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Heat acclimation increases tolerance to exercise performed in the heat and may improve maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and performance in temperate environments. However, it is unknown if HA affects the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. What is the main finding and its importance? We showed that heat acclimation increased VO2 max in a temperate environment but did not change markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle. ABSTRACT Heat acclimation (HA) increases tolerance to exercise performed in the heat and may improve maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) in temperate environments. However, it is unknown if HA affects the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HA on skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in recreationally trained adults. Thirteen (7 males and 6 females) individuals underwent 10 days of HA. Participants performed two 45 min bouts of exercise (walking at 30-40% maximal velocity at 3% grade) with 10 min rest per session in a hot environment (∼42°C and 30-50% relative humidity). VO2max , ventilatory thresholds (VT), and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-IV, and heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) in skeletal muscle were measured pre- and post-HA. Comparing day 1 to day 10, HA was confirmed by lower resting core temperature (Tcore ) (P = 0.026), final Tcore (P < 0.0001), mean heart rate (HR) (P = 0.002), final HR (P = 0.003), mean ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (P = 0.026) and final RPE (P = 0.028). Pre- to post-HA VO2max (P = 0.045) increased but VT1 (P = 0.263) and VT2 (P = 0.239) were unchanged. Hsp72 (P = 0.007) increased, but skeletal muscle protein expression (PGC-1α, P = 0.119; TFAM, P = 0.763; CaMK, P = 0.19; ETC I, P = 0.629; ETC II, P = 0.724; ETC III, P = 0.206; ETC IV, P = 0.496) were not affected with HA. HA during low-intensity exercise increased VO2max in a temperate environment and Hsp72 but it did not affect markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle.
How New England Island Residents View the Influence of the Natural Environment in Their Lives

Although the multiple benefits of natural environments on individual's lives have been well noted, one population that is scarcely studied in current literature is adults who live on islands in the...
Clonal expansion of personalized anti-tumor T cells from circulation using tumor organoid-immune co-cultures

Abstract Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells are effective tools for cancer immunotherapy, but the ability to generate them continues to be a challenge. Furthermore, there are no compelling approaches to empirically identify tumor-targeting T cells and T cell receptors by exploiting the multitude of antigens on tumor cell surfaces. Here, we use patients’ peripheral blood and autologous tumor organoids to enrich tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells with patient-specific killing mechanisms and a tissue-resident memory phenotype. We further demonstrate that these organoid-primed T (opT) cells undergo several orders of magnitude of clonal expansion and express T cells receptors and check-point proteins unique to each patient. Importantly, transferring the TCRs to heterologous T cells was sufficient to confer tumor recognition in a patient-specific manner. Thus, we report a patient-specific and antigen-agnostic platform for expansion of tumor-targeting T cells and identification of cancer-targeting TCRs from the peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patients that can be exploited for immunotherapy applications.
Moving while you're stuck: a macroscopic demonstration of an active system inspired by binding-mediated transport in biology

Diffusive motion is typically constrained when particles bind to the medium through which they move. However, when binding is transient and the medium is made of flexible filaments, each association or dissociation event produces a stochastic force that can overcome the medium stickiness and enable motion. This mechanism is amply used by biological systems where the act of balancing binding and displacement robustly achieves key functionalities, including bacterial locomotion or selective active filtering in cells. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of making a dynamic system with macroscopic features, in which analogous binding-mediated motion can be actively driven, precisely tuned, and conveniently studied. We find an optimal binding affinity and number of binding sites for diffusive motion, and an inverse relationship between viscosity and diffusivity.
Modeling Chromate Removal Using Ion Exchangers in Drinking Water Applications

Chromates are widely used for their anticorrosive properties. Unfortunately, they are highly hazardous with environmental agencies regulating their levels to below 10 ppb in drinking water. As anion exchange resins are typically used for removal, predictive dynamic models are necessary to make quick decisions rather than relying on experimental data that could take several days to implement. With various dynamic models currently applied to simulate the ion exchange process, the Thomas model was picked for its simplicity and better accuracy when compared to other models. The Thomas model contains two parameters, the constant (KT) and the maximum resin capacity (qm), which are empirically calculated. Unfortunately, the model demonstrated large parameter fluctuations with no correlation to varying contact times or inlet chromate concentrations. Therefore, fixing both parameters will lead to failed model predictive behavior. By fixing the value of qm and proposing a linear relationship of KT with resin contact time and inlet chromate concentration, the accuracy of the model was improved five-fold, demonstrating its potential for better process controls.
Accelerating Transformer-based Deep Learning Models on FPGAs using Column Balanced Block Pruning

Although Transformer-based language representations achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the large model size has been challenging the resource constrained computing platforms. Weight pruning, as a popular and effective technique in reducing the number of weight parameters and accelerating the Transformer, has been investigated on GPUs. However, the Transformer acceleration using weight pruning on field-programmable gate array (FPGAs) remains unexplored. This paper investigates the column balanced block-wise pruning on Transformer and designs an FPGA acceleration engine to customize the balanced blockwise matrix multiplication. We implement the Transformer model with proper hardware scheduling, and the experiments show that the Transformer inference on FPGA achieves 10.35 ms latency with the batch size of 32, which is $10.96 \times$ speed up comparing to CPU platform and $2.08 \times$ speed up comparing to GPU platform.
Analysis of Post-operative Adjuvant Chemotherapy Versus Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy Outcomes in Non-metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma: an NCDB Review.

Each year, approximately 8000 cases of cholangiocarcinoma are recorded in the USA. Surgical resection is considered to be the only curative option. Despite surgery as a curative approach, many patients will require adjuvant therapies in the form of chemotherapy (ChT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). As such, we sought to analyze outcomes in patients with non-metastatic cholangiocarcinoma receiving adjuvant ChT or CRT following surgical resection. We queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients with a diagnosis of non-metastatic cholangiocarcinoma between the years 2010 and 2015 who underwent adjuvant ChT or CRT following surgery. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan Meier method. Cox proportional hazard ratios were used to identify predictors of overall survival, and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of receiving each treatment. A total of 875 patients were identified who met the above eligibility criteria. Of these patients, 818 received adjuvant chemotherapy alone with 57 patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The median OS in patients receiving CRT was 19.8 months versus 11.9 months for ChT (p value < 0.0238). The 1- and 5-year survival rates between ChT and CRT were 50% vs 61% and 6% vs 13%, respectively (hazard ratio 0.7005; 95% CI 0.51–0.97; p value < 0.0294). The results of this study suggest a potential benefit of chemoradiation therapy in the adjuvant setting, although the trends appear to show rare utilization. Given the limitations of our study, prospective corroboration is warranted.
How Market Power Affects Dynamic Pricing: Evidence from Inventory Fluctuations at Car Dealerships

This paper investigates empirically the effect of market power on dynamic pricing in the presence of inventories. Our setting is the auto retail industry; we analyze how automotive dealerships adju...
Assessing the Impact of Structured Reports for Fluoroscopic Double-Contrast Barium Esophagrams

Fluoroscopic barium swallow examinations are a commonly performed radiologic study in the evaluation of dysphagia. These studies remain essential in the diagnostic work-up despite the increasing utilization of endoscopy, but current residents are often less experienced with fluoroscopy. Structured reporting has been demonstrated to improve comprehensiveness of reports in multiple settings, but has not been evaluated for barium swallow examinations. A retrospective review identified patients who underwent barium swallow examinations pre-structured reporting in 2017 and followed a multidisciplinary proposal for and adoption of an optional structured report in 2020. Reports were assessed for comprehensiveness by evaluating presence/absence each element (total of 10 elements). Differences in report elements between groups and multiple subgroups was performed utilizing a Mann-Whitney U test. χ2 tests were also utilized to evaluate inclusion of each individual element of the report. A total of 487 reports from 2020 and 757 reports from 2017 were analyzed. Certain elements showed substantial differences in reporting, with greater than 90% of structured reports including them, but much lower numbers including them in non-structured reports from 2017 and 2020. Reports generated in 2020 had a statistically significant increase in report elements included when compared to 2017 (p < 0.01). This statistically significant increase was also observed in comparison of structured reports and non-structured reports from either period (p < 0.01). Adoption of structured reporting for fluoroscopic barium swallow examinations led to significant increase in report comprehensiveness and should be considered after a multidisciplinary approach to development.
Logical Fictions in Medieval Literature and Philosophy

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, new ways of storytelling and inventing fictions appeared in the French-speaking areas of Europe. This new art still influences our global culture of fiction. Virginie Greene explores the relationship between fiction and the development of neo-Aristotelian logic during this period through a close examination of seminal literary and philosophical texts by major medieval authors, such as Anselm of Canterbury, Abelard, and Chretien de Troyes. This study of Old French logical fictions encourages a broader theoretical reflection about fiction as a universal human trait and a defining element of the history of Western philosophy and literature. Additional close readings of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and modern analytic philosophy including the work of Bertrand Russell and Rudolf Carnap, demonstrate peculiar traits of Western rationalism and expose its ambivalent relationship to fiction.
Real-Time Mesoscale Forecast Support During the CLAMS Field Campaign

This paper reports the use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weather prediction (NWP) system and a satellite imaging and prediction system that were set up to support the CLAMS (Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites) field campaign during the summer of 2001. The primary objective of CLAMS was to validate satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties and vertical profiles of the radiative flux, temperature and water vapor. Six research aircraft were deployed to make detailed coincident measurements of the atmosphere and ocean surface with the research satellites that orbited overhead. The mesoscale weather modeling system runs in real-time to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for forecasts that are delivered via the World Wide Web along with a variety of satellite imagery and satellite location predictions. This system is a multi-purpose modeling system capable of both data analysis/assimilation and multi-scale NWP ranging from cloud-scale to larger than regional scale. This is a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic compressible model in a terrain-following coordinate. The model employs advanced numerical techniques and contains detailed interactive physical processes. The utility of the forecasting system is illustrated throughout the discussion on the impact of the surface-wind forecast on BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) and the description of the cloud/moisture forecast versus the aircraft measurement.
Modeling concept acquisition in the context of a unified theory of cognition

This dissertation presents a process model of human learning in the context of supervised concept acquisition. I describe SCA (Symbolic Concept Acquisition), a computational model that acquires and retrieves category prediction rules. SCA is a fully symbolic approach that retrieves prediction rules searching from specific to general. From training examples, it acquires general rules but then incrementally learns more specific ones. SCA's plausibility as a model of human learning is motivated by its functionality, its ability to replicate human behavior and its constitution within a unified theory of cognition. Functionally, SCA meets task demands by performing incremental, noise-tolerant learning within real time. For replicating human behavior, SCA mirrors psychological data along the dimensions of response time, accuracy and learning rate as a function of various instance and category structures including typicality, linear boundedness, category level and definitional complexity. For its role within a unified theory of cognition, SCA's learning principles are composed from the basic processing mechanisms posited by Soar, a candidate theory.
Nonholonomic stabilization and isospectral flows

In this paper we derive a discontinuous class of controllers for a Lie algebraic generalization of a class of kinematic nonholonomic systems discussed by Brockett (1988). We use a mix of isospectral and double bracket matrix flows.
U.S. demand for organic and conventional vegetables: a Bayesian censored system approach

Demand for organic and conventional vegetables is investigated using data from A.C. Nielsen’s 2006 Homescan panel. We use a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo technique, along with data augmentation, to estimate a large linear approximate Almost Ideal Demand System with censored dependent variables. Demands are price elastic, and expenditure elasticities are very high for organic vegetables, whilst demands for conventional vegetables are primarily inelastic. We find a mix of gross substitution and complementarity among the vegetable products, but net substitution is the dominant pattern. Socio-demographic characteristics also play important roles in demands. These findings can inform deliberations about marketing campaigns, nutrition education and policy interventions.
Effect of Low Zinc Intake on Absorption and Excretion of Zinc by Infants Studied with 70Zn as Extrinsic Tag

The effect of low dietary intake of zinc was studied in six normal infants with the use of 70Zn as an extrinsic tag. Of the two study formulas, one provided a zinc intake similar to that of customary infant formulas ("high" intake), whereas the other provided a "low" zinc intake. Two zinc absorption studies were performed with each formula (sequence: high-low-low-high). Extrinsically labeled formula was fed for 24 h and excreta were collected for 72 h. Zinc isotope ratios were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). When zinc intake was high, net zinc absorption was 9.1 +/- 8.7% (mean +/- SD) of intake and net zinc retention was 74 +/- 91 micrograms/(kg.d). True zinc (70Zn) absorption was 16.8 +/- 5.8% of intake and fecal excretion of endogenous zinc was 78 +/- 56 micrograms/(kg.d). When zinc intake was low, net absorption of zinc increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 26.0 +/- 13.0% of intake, but net retention was not significantly different at 42 +/- 33 micrograms/(kg.d). True absorption of zinc also increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 41.1 +/- 7.8% of intake, whereas fecal endogenous zinc decreased (P less than 0.05) to 34 +/- 16 micrograms/(kg.d) during low zinc intake. Thus, infants maintain zinc balance in the face of low zinc intake through increased efficiency of absorption and decreased excretion of endogenous zinc.
Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and pasture landscapes in Costa Rica

The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH4, and N2O, both radiatively active gases, between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa Rica; and to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly terrain. Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of both actively grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were significantly different for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not significantly different for CH4, but were significantly different for N2O. The forest landscape was partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop, slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas for each of these were multiplied by their respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the entire forested area of 618 ha. Nitrous oxide flux ranged from 16,181 to 17,100 g N d−1. Similarly, CH4 flux ranged from −6,201 to −6,658 g CH4 d−1. Errors associated with both estimating mean emission rates for each hillslope position and judgmental errors in partitioning the landscape into hillslope positional classes are important to making landscape-scale estimates of flux.
Medical and surgical options in the management of patients with gastrinoma

Abstract We reexamined our experience with the surgical and medical management of 53 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to gastrinoma during the past decade. Surgical "cure" (defined here as resection of all identifiable tumor with normalization of serum gastrin and gastric secretory variables) appeared possible in 7 patients (of 44 explored, or 16%). Five of the 7 "cured" patients had duodenal wall tumors. Currently, these 7 receive no therapy, and none has apparent metastasis or multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1. Excluding patients who have metastasis or multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 by preoperative screening would have increased the relative chance of surgical "cure" from 16% to 20% (7 of 35). Patients with unresectable or recurrent gastrinomas had a much worse prognosis than did patients whose tumors did not recur after resection or patients with a negative laparotomy. In any case, therapy with H 2 -receptor antagonists offered a satisfactory fallback position for management of gastric hypersecretion and its consequences. Adequate control by their use was achieved in 16 of 18 patients who were followed up an average of 28.9 mo (range 7–59 mo) without major side effects. Total gastrectomy, while undoubtedly the most effective therapy of gastric hypersecretion, is not free of significant sequelae, as evidenced by long-term follow-up of 18 gastrectomized patients. We concluded that (a) patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome without multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 or metastasis should undergo exploratory laparotomy and potential resection of identifiable gastrinomas; (b) chronic therapy with H 2 -receptor antagonists is preferable to total gastrectomy and satisfactory control may be achieved in most patients, and (c) tumor death is currently the major threat to survival for patients with unresectable gastrinomas, particularly nonmultiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1.
n−3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease

The results of prospective cohort studies indicate that consuming fish or fish oil containing the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with decreased cardiovascular death, whereas consumption of the vegetable oil-derived n-3 fatty acid a-linolenic acid is not as effective. Randomized control trials (RCTs) in the context of secondary prevention also indicate that the consumption of EPA plus DHA is protective at doses 3 g/d, EPA plus DHA can improve cardiovascular disease risk factors, including decreasing plasma triacylglycerols, blood pressure, platelet aggregation, and inflammation, while improving vascular reactivity. Mainly on the basis of the results of RCTs, the American Heart Association recommends that everyone eat oily fish twice per week and that those with coronary heart disease eat 1 g/d of EPA plus DHA from oily fish or supplements. Directions for future research include (1) RCTs to confirm the initial trials showing that EPA plus DHA decreases cardiovascular death and additional studies to determine whether this effect is due to EPA, DHA, or the combination; the dosage of the effective components; and whether the mechanism of action in humans is prevention of fatal arrhythmias. (2) Clinical studies to determine whether the reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors is due to EPA, DHA, or the combination and the dosage of the effective components. (3) Clinical studies to determine whether vegetable oil-derived alpha-linolenic acid added to a diet enriched in n-6 fatty acids can effectively substitute for fish oil-derived EPA plus DHA.
Aligning Climate Change Adaptation Planning with Adaptive Governance: Lessons from Exeter, NH

Adaptive governance has been recognized as an integrative approach for analyzing the social, institutional, ecologic, and economic aspects of decision-making to build resilience against climate change. Although closely aligned with adaptive co-management and ecosystem management, adaptive governance is a distinct framework that explicitly focuses on decentralized decision-making through social processes such as collaborative learning, networking, and the promotion of cross-sectoral partnerships to enhance adaptive capacity. In this paper, we explore an ongoing engagement process for climate change adaptation planning in Exeter, New Hampshire, and its alignment with key principles of adaptive governance. Climate change poses multiple challenges to Exeter, including increased flooding, reduced low flows, water quality degradation, and associated threats to estuarine ecosystems and public health. Engagement strategies include community conversations, workshops, experiential activities, and a community advisory board comprised of different stakeholder representatives (Citizens' Working Group) collaborating with the scientific team on water resources modeling and scenario analysis. We present important lessons about conveying expectations and timeframes of technical modeling to participants, developing multiple forums for interaction between researchers and other stakeholders, and making climate change locally relevant to residents by drawing connections to the community's experiences, cultural memory, values, and upcoming decisions. This study contributes to the literature on adaptive governance and climate change adaptation by evaluating stakeholder involvement in a local institutional setting, an important arena where adaptation decisions must be deliberated. It is also among the first studies to evaluate the ways in which a climate change adaptation stakeholder engagement process aligns with adaptive governance principles, particularly through boundary objects and experiences.
Investigations of Scattering and Multipath Properties of Ionospheric Propagation at Radio Frequencies Exceeding the MUF

Some results are given of studies of ionospheric forward scatter propagation at frequencies exceeding normal muf in the high hf and low vhf range with the view of investigating potential point-to-point communications. Approximately 13,000 hours of data were analyzed from measurements conducted since late 1951, on several frequencies and paths, predominantly 1,000 to 1,100 miles in length, in mid-latitudes. Signal level characteristics are presented in summary form and discussed. Most of the work was conducted at 49.6 mc on the 1,066 mile Cedar Rapids, Ia. to Round Hill, Mass. path. Nominal 30 kw transmitters and large rhombic transmitting antennas were employed. The median received signal levels were relatively weak, of the order of 100 db below free space values. Fading during short periods in the absence of meteoric or sporadic E enhancements was found to be Rayleigh distributed. For longer periods, of the order of an hour, the fading was essentially Gaussian, although meteoric and sporadic E enhancements often changed the slope of the fading distribution curves at higher signal levels. The normalized median levels were generally lower and the diurnal variations less marked than those reported by CRPL for the shorter Cedar Rapids to Sterling path (773 miles). Seasonally, the median levels were higher in winter and summer and lower in spring and fall. There was an indication of lower levels with decreasing sunspot activity.
Delays in puberty, growth, and accrual of bone mineral density in pediatric Crohn's disease: despite temporal changes in disease severity, the need for monitoring remains.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an immune-mediated process causing injury to the small intestinal and colonic mucosa, leading to local and systemic inflammation (1). Although hallmarked by symptoms such as weight loss, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, CD can have an insidious onset that escapes clinical detection. CD has been associated with shortfalls in linear growth and—when disease onset occurs prior to puberty—with substantial delays in the timing of puberty (2). The insidious onset and linear growth failure are primarily associated with small bowel involvement (3, 4) and are generally not seen in ulcerative colitis (UC), another inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which disease activity is restricted to the colonic mucosa. The delay in puberty in CD can exacerbate other potential disease sequelae, including decreased bone mineral density (BMD, from multiple factors including a lack of sex steroids at an appropriate age), short stature (from potential loss of pubertal growth spurt)(2, 5), and decreased self-esteem (from timing of puberty later than one’s peers). The potential for these sequelae raises the need for close monitoring of pubertal status among adolescents with CD. Although the prevalence of these findings in the setting of CD has been reported historically to be relatively common, more current evidence suggests continued but overall more modest delays in puberty and growth failure in the advent of more modern treatments—a trend also seen in other pediatric chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis. In this review we will cover data regarding these endocrine sequelae of CD, consider mechanisms related to their pathophysiology and discuss potential approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
Seasat visible and infrared radiometer.

The visual and infrared radiometer (VIRR) system on Seasat is described, and methods used in the geophysical evaluation of digital data from this system are discussed. The main function of the radiometer system is to provide images of visual reflection and thermal infrared emission from ocean, coastal and atmospheric features to facilitate interpretation of data from other Seasat sensors; in addition, it is expected to provide some derived quantitative measurements of such factors as sea-surface temperature and cloud-top height. Some results of a statistical comparison of Seasat VIRR-derived sea-surface temperatures in a cloud-free region with a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) analysis based on surface measurements made in the same region are presented. The data sets were in agreement of plus or minus 1.7 deg K root-mean-square. The means of the two sets of temperatures were 293.9 deg K (VIRR) and 293.1 deg K (NOAA), and the standard deviations were 3.21 deg and 3.2 deg K, respectively.