cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cantilever tip probe arrays for simultaneous SECM and AFM analysis

A cantilever transducer system with platinum tip electrodes in sub-micron regime has been fabricated for simultaneous Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis. Sharpened High Aspect Ratio Silicon (HARS) tips are shaped combining isotropic and anisotropic deep-reactive etch processes and form the body of the transducer. Deposition of a silicon nitride followed by a back etch step allows embedding these silicon tips in a silicon nitride layer so that they protrude through the nitride. This way, embedded silicon tips with a diameter smaller than 600 nm, a radius smaller than 50 nm, and an aspect ratio higher than 20 can be achieved. Subsequently, a platinum layer and an insulator layer are deposited on these tip structures. Introducing a metal masking technology utilizing Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology, a precise exposure of the buried metal layer can be achieved to form ultra micro-electrodes on top of the tip. Finally, cantilever structures are shaped and released by etching the silicon substrate from the backside. Electrochemical and mechanical characterization show full functionality of the transducer system. Due to the high aspect ratio topography of the tip structure and low spring constant of silicon nitride cantilevers, these probes are particularly suited for high resolution SECM and AFM analysis. Furthermore, this technology allows a production of both linear probe arrays and two-dimensional probe arrays.
Occurrence and determinants of increases in blood lead levels in children shortly after lead hazard control activities.

Abstract This study is an examination of the effect of lead hazard control strategies on children's blood lead levels immediately after an intervention was conducted as part of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development's Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Fourteen state and local government grantees participated in the evaluation. The findings indicated an overall average reduction in the blood lead levels of 869 children soon after the implementation of lead hazard controls. However, 9.3% of these children (n=81) had blood lead increases of 5 μg/dL or more. Data routinely collected as part of the evaluation, as well as additional information supplied by the individual programs, were used to determine potential reasons for these observed increases in blood lead. A logistic regression analysis indicated that three principal factors were associated with the blood lead increases: the number of exterior deteriorations present in the child's home (prior to intervention), the educational level of the female parent or guardian of the child, and the child's age. The statistical analysis did not find evidence that children living in households that either did not relocate or relocated for less than the full work period were significantly more likely to have a blood lead increase equal to or greater than 5 μg/dL than children living in households that fully relocated. Statistical analyses also did not reveal any single interior strategy to be more or less likely than others to be associated with a blood lead increase of 5 μg/dL or more.
Development of a School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Curriculum for High-Risk Youths

This paper presents the rationale for and description of the empirical curriculum development process in Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND), which is a five-year grant funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. First, the target population is described, continuation high-school youths who are at high risk for drug abuse. The rationale for developing a classroom-based curriculum tailored for them is also provided. Second, a brief description is provided of state-of-the-art generic social influences drug abuse prevention programming, which has been found to be the most effective among young adolescents. There is a the need to consider other prevention activities, particularly those that include motivational variables, to maximize prevention efforts among higher-risk youths. Third, five types of curriculum development studies are discussed that led to a curriculum that is being implemented with continuation high-school students at schools in five counties in southern California. Finally, the contents of the final curriculum product is provided, which consists of motivation, skills-training, and decision-making components.
Factors affecting luminance additivity at threshold among normal and color-blind subjects and elaborations of a trichromatic-opponent colors theory

Abstract In experiments which supplement earlier findings it was found that (a) gross failures of Abney's law occurred in field sizes ranging from 20′ to 2°, (b) two-alternative temporal forced-choice procedures yielded nonadditive effects similar to those obtained with adjustment methods, (c) protanopes and deuteranopes differed from normals in that they showed complete additivity with mixtures of reds and greens, but were similar to normals in the extent to which they demonstrated blue plus green additivity failures. The data from color-blindSs suggested that each type of dichromat possesses only one of the three possible classes of opponent-color cells which can be constructed using two of three possible receptor systems.
Relationship of age at eye opening to first optokinetic response in deermice (Peromyscus)

The relationship between visual development and age at eyelid separation was studied in three stocks of Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi, two stocks of P.m. gracilis, P. polionotus, and P. eremicus. The maniculatus subspecies had each been selectively bred for early and late age at eye opening. Mice were tested in a transparent chamber suspended within a rotating drum, which was lined with alternating 3/4-in. black and white vertical stripes. Beginning within 8 hr of eye opening, each mouse was given 5, 15 sec trials daily, until it responded. Criterion of vision was an optokinetic response in 2 of the 5 trials. Of 75 mice tested, only the early eye opening selected line of P. m. bairdi failed to respond on the day of eye opening. The results indicate that Peromyscus can see conspicuous environmental features at the age of eyelid separation. The delayed optokinetic response in the early selected bairdi line, requiring an average of 2.4 additional days of maturation, indicates the genetic independence of eyelid separation and visual development. The same line did not respond significantly earlier than wild type bairdi, indicating that the extra visual experience afforded by early eye opening did not increase the rate of maturation of the system (s) governing the optokinetic response.
Transhumant grazing in the Snow Belt of New South Wales

(1959). Transhumant grazing in the Snow Belt of New South Wales. Australian Geographer: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 129-140.
Pairwise long-range compensation for strongly ionic systems

We propose a pairwise compensation method for long-range electrostatics, as an alternative to traditional infinite lattice sums. The approach represents the third generation in a series beginning with the shifted potential corresponding to counterions surrounding a cutoff sphere. That simple charge compensation scheme resulted in pairwise potentials that are continuous at the cutoff, but forces that are not. A second-generation approach modified both the potential and the force such that both are continuous at the cutoff. Here we introduce another layer of softening such that the derivative of the force is also continuous at the cutoff. In strongly ionic liquids, this extension removes structural artifacts associated with the earlier pairwise compensation schemes, and provides results that compare well with Ewald sums.
The ternary system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4

Abstract Melting and subsolidus relations in the system K 2 SO 4 MgSO 4 CaSO 4 were studied using heating-cooling curves, differential thermal analysis, optics, X-ray diffraction at room and high temperatures and by quenching techniques. Previous investigators were unable to study the binary MgSO 4 CaSO 4 system and the adjacent area in the ternary system because of the decomposition of MgSO 4 and CaSO 4 at high temperatures. This problem was partly overcome by a novel sealed-tube quenching method, by hydrothermal synthesis, and by long-time heating in the solidus. As a result of this study, we found: (1) a new compound, CaSO 4 ·3MgSO 4 (m.p. 1201°C) with a field extending into the ternary system; (2) a high temperature form of MgSO 4 with a sluggishly reversible inversion. An X-ray diffraction pattern for this polymorphic form is given; (3) the inversion of β-CaSO 4 (anhydrite) to α-CaSO 4 at 1195°C, in agreement with grahmann ; (1) (4) the melting point of MgSO 4 is 1136°C and that of CaSO 4 is 1462°C (using sealed tube methods to prevent decomposition of the sulphates); (5) calcium langbeinite (K 2 SO 4 ·2CaSO 4 ) is the only compound in the K 2 SO 4 CaSO 4 binary system. This resolved discrepancies in the results of previous investigators; (6) a continuous solid solution series between congruently melting K 2 SOP 4 ·2MgSO 4 (langbeinite) and incongruently melting K 2 SO 4 ·2CaSO 4 (calcium langbeinite); (7) the liquidus in the ternary system consists of primary phase fields of K 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , CaSO 4 , langbeinite-calcium langbeinite solid solution, and CaSO 4 ·3MgSO 4 . The CaSO 4 field extends over a large portion of the system. Previously reported fields for the compounds (K 2 SO 4 ·MgSO 4 ·nCaSO 4 ), K 2 SO 4 ·3CaSO 4 and K 2 SO 4 ·CaSO 4 were not found; (8) a minimum in the ternary system at: 740°C, 25% MgSO 4 , 6% CaSO 4 , 69% K 2 SO 4 ; and ternary eutectics at 882°C, 49% MgSO 4 , 19% CaSO 4 , 32% K 2 SO 4 ; and 880°, 67·5% MgSO 4 , 5% CaSO 4 , 27·5% K 2 SO 4 .
SU‐FF‐T‐256: High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy with Surface Applicators — Treatment for Nonmelanomatous Skin Cancer

Purpose: To assess the use of HDR surface applicators as an alternative radiotherapy modality to external radiation for the treatment of skin lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 17 patients were treated to 18 sites, which included lesions of the face, scalp, trunk and extremities. Thermoplastic casts were fitted with Leipzig Surface Applicators and custom molded to the patient for non‐melanomatous carcinomas ⩽ 2cm in diameter. A custom surface mold applicator (Freiburg Flap) was used for lesions up to 4cm. PTV included the tumor plus a 5mm margin. Photographs of the treatment volume were taken for monitoring of reactions. Prescribed dose was 5Gy/fraction, twice per week for four weeks to a 5mm depth. TLD's were placed at the center of the treated volume under the applicator and at critical structures (i.e. lateral canthus) twice during the course of treatment.Results: Patients' setup and reproducibility were accurate and treatment time was short. With the HDR surface applicators, dose distribution was uniform at the skin surface and at 5mm depth in the whole area of the applicator. Differences between the areas of maximum and minimum dose at this depth did not reach values higher than 5% of the prescribed dose. At the edges of the applicators, the dose gradient was sharp, with the detected dose at 5mm from the applicator negligible. An exudative radiation reaction was noted in some patients, which reversed with appropriate therapy. Conclusions: HDR Brachytherapy offers a highly effective treatment of skin carcinomas.Surface applicators, used with HDR brachytherapy equipment, enable a uniform dose distribution and sharp dose gradient at the edge of the treatment field. Surface applicators are easy and safe to use and offer reproducibility for subsequent treatment fractions. These applicators have the ability to become the standard treatment for skin carcinomas in the near future.
Murine models of brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases

In the past, structural changes in the brain with aging have been studied using a variety of animal models, with rats and nonhuman primates being the most popular. With the rapid evolution of mouse genetics, murine models have gained increased attention in the neurobiology of aging. The genetic contribution of age-related traits as well as specific mechanistic hypotheses underlying brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases can now be assessed by using genetically-selected and genetically-manipulated mice. Against this background of increased demand for aging research in mouse models, relatively few studies have examined structural alterations with aging in the normal mouse brain, and the data available are almost exclusively restricted to the C57BL/6 strain. Moreover, many older studies have used quantitative techniques which today can be questioned regarding their accuracy. Here we review the state of knowledge about structural changes with aging in outbred, inbred, genetically-selected, and genetically-engineered murine models. Moreover, we suggest several new opportunities that are emerging to study brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases using genetically-defined mouse models. By reviewing the literature, it has become clear to us that in light of the rapid progress in genetically-engineered and selected mouse models for brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, there is a great and urgent need to study and define morphological changes in the aging brain of normal inbred mice and to analyze the structural changes in genetically-engineered mice more carefully and completely than accomplished to date. Such investigations will broaden knowledge in the neurobiology of aging, particularly regarding the genetics of aging, and possibly identify the most useful murine models.
Neonatal antidepressant exposure has lasting effects on behavior and serotonin circuitry.

A significant fraction of infants born to mothers taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during late pregnancy display clear signs of antidepressant withdrawal indicating that these drugs can penetrate fetal brain in utero at biologically significant levels. Previous studies in rodents have demonstrated that early exposure to some antidepressants can result in persistent abnormalities in adult behavior and indices of monoaminergic activity. Here, we show that chronic neonatal (postnatal days 8–21) exposure to citalopram (5 mg/kg, twice daily, s.c.), a potent and highly selective SSRI, results in profound reductions in both the rate-limiting serotonin synthetic enzyme (tryptophan hydroxylase) in dorsal raphe and in serotonin transporter expression in cortex that persist into adulthood. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to citalopram produces selective changes in behavior in adult rats including increased locomotor activity and decreased sexual behavior similar to that previously reported for antidepressants that are nonselective monoamine transport inhibitors. These data indicate that the previously reported neurobehavioral effects of antidepressants are a consequence of their effects on the serotonin transporter. Moreover, these data argue that exposure to SSRIs at an early age can disrupt the normal maturation of the serotonin system and alter serotonin-dependent neuronal processes. It is not known whether this effect of SSRIs is paralleled in humans; however, these data suggest that in utero, exposure to SSRIs may have unforeseen long-term neurobehavioral consequences.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: Long‐Term Response to Therapy

Summary: Data from 50 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) were analyzed retrospectively to assess the response to drug therapy–long-term seizure control, relapse rates, and confounding factors in seizure recurrence. Valproate is the only available antiepileptic drug that has been shown to be effective in controlling the generalized seizure components of JME–myoclonic, tonoclonic, and absence seizures–without significant side effects. Data were collected using the EpiMonitor software and represented case follow-up from 2 months to 9 years. Forty-three patients (86%) were seizure free for at least 1 year; 25 patients (50%) relapsed at some point during follow-up. Relapses were precipitated most frequently by fatigue, noncompliance, stress, sleep deprivation, and alcohol consumption. With accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy, seizures in JME can be adequately controlled, although JME is a chronic disorder that may require lifelong therapy. To minimize relapse, patient management must also focus on patient lifestyle to eliminate or control lifestyle-associated precipitants of seizure relapse.
Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of water into the earth's mantle

For more than 50 years, observations of earthquakes to depths of 100 to 650 kilometers inside Earth have been enigmatic: at these depths, rocks are expected to deform by ductile flow rather than brittle fracturing or frictional sliding on fault surfaces. Laboratory experiments and detailed calculations of the pressures and temperatures in seismically active subduction zones indicate that this deep-focus seismicity could originate from dehydration and high-pressure structural instabilities occurring in the hydrated part of the lithosphere that sinks into the upper mantle. Thus, seismologists may be mapping the recirculation of water from the oceans back into the deep interior of our planet.
Antagonism of neuromuscular block by physostigmine in man.

In 20 adult patients undergoing inguinal herniorhaphy neuromuscular block was induced with tubocurarine 10 mg. In 10 patient, neostigmine 1–2 mg antagonized the block and restored the twitch response to its baseline value. Physostigmine, up to 4 mg, did not produce significant antagonism of the neuromuscular block.
Hyperdeterminantal relations among symmetric principal minors

Abstract The principal minors of a symmetric n × n -matrix form a vector of length 2 n . We characterize these vectors in terms of algebraic equations derived from the 2 × 2 × 2 -hyperdeterminant.
Coupled surface dielectric barrier discharge reactor-ozone synthesis and nitric oxide conversion from air

Abstract A coupled surface dielectric barrier discharge is reported and compared with a surface dielectric barrier discharge with respect to the spatial distribution of the plasma streamers, the energy dissipation in the discharge plasma, the scalability of the discharges, and their efficiency for ozone synthesis and nitric oxide conversion from air. Negative streamers were found to be more effective for the chemical reactions than positive streamers. Scaling of the discharges was achieved by: (i) employing multiple inter-connected electrodes in the same space and (ii) operating stacked discharge chambers in parallel in a compact configuration. The increase in efficiency caused by the two scaling methods allowed us to obtain ozone concentrations of 1–9 g/N m 3 with an energy yield of 100–70 g/kWh and nitric oxide conversions of 10–95% with an energy cost of 20–80 eV/molecule from an initial concentration of ∼330 ppm in air. The results are explained on the basis of the streamer development in the two barrier discharge configurations and the results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Improved performance of the natural-gas-sweetening Benfield-HiPure process using process simulation

Abstract Natural gas processing plants are an essential part of the energy industry, providing clean burning fuels and valuable chemical feedstock. The importance and complexity of gas processing plants have increased over the years, leading to improvements in energy efficiency and integration with petrochemical plants. These improvements are aided by the use of computer simulation models as tools for designing, troubleshooting, and optimizing gas treating plants. This work discusses the major optimization techniques based on the Benfield HiPure process at Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Limited (ADGAS) and the use of a process simulation tool, ProMax®. At ADGAS' Train 3 plant in Das Island, high pressure natural gas containing 6 to 7 mol % acid gas first comes into contact with a 30 wt. % Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) solution promoted with 3 wt. % diethanolamine (DEA). The gas is then contacted with a 20 wt. % DEA solution downstream. The results from the simulations show a close match with the plant operating data. The simulation model was then used to explore the effect of changes in process parameters on ADGAS' plant performance.
The effect of complex charge on the racemisation of L-alanine in Co(III) Complexes

Abstract The effect of change on the racemisation of Lalanine in Co(III) complexes has shown that racemisation rates are directly proportional to the charge on the complex from a − through zero to a +2 charge. Although Co(III) complexation increases the rates of racemisation of amino acids, complexation of dipeptides to Co(III) reduces the rates of racemisation. The larger the positive charge on the complex, however, the faster is the rate racemisation.
Soft-pulse dynamical decoupling in a cavity

Dynamical decoupling is a coherent control technique where the intrinsic and extrinsic couplings of a quantum system are effectively averaged out by application of specially designed driving fields (refocusing pulse sequences). This entails pumping energy into the system, which can be especially dangerous when it has sharp spectral features like a cavity mode close to resonance. In this work we show that such an effect can be avoided with properly constructed refocusing sequences. To this end we construct the average Hamiltonian expansion for the system evolution operator associated with a single ``soft'' $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse. To second order in the pulse duration, we characterize a symmetric pulse shape by three parameters, two of which can be made zero by shaping. We express the effective Hamiltonians for several pulse sequences in terms of these parameters and use the results to analyze the structure of error operators for a controlled Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian. When errors are cancelled to second order, numerical simulations show excellent qubit fidelity with strongly suppressed oscillator heating.
Root stress and nitrogen deposition: consequences and research priorities

Stress within tree roots may influence whole-tree responses to nutrient deficiencies or toxic ion accumulation, but the mechanisms that govern root responses to the belowground chemical environment are poorly quantified. Currently, root production is modeled using rates of forest production and stoichiometry, but this approach alone may be insufficient to forecast variability in forest responses when physical and chemical stressors alter root lifespan, rooting depth or mycorrhizal colonization directly. Here, we review key research priorities for improving predictions of tree responses to changes in the belowground biogeochemical environment resulting from nitrogen deposition, including: limits of the optimum allocation paradigm, root physiological stress and lifespan, contingency effects that determine threshold responses across broad gradients, coupled water-biogeochemical interactions on roots, mycorrhizal dynamics that mediate root resilience and model frameworks to better simulate root feedbacks to aboveground function. We conclude that models incorporating physiological feedbacks, dynamic responses to coupled stressors, mycorrhizal interactions, and which challenge widely-accepted notions of optimum allocation, can elucidate potential thresholds of tree responses to biogeochemical stressors. Emphasis on comparative studies across species and environmental gradients, and which incorporates insights at the cellular and ecosystem level, is critical for forecasting whole-tree responses to altered biogeochemical landscapes.
Structural identification of a novel pro-inflammatory epoxyisoprostane phospholipid in mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein

One of the earliest steps in the development of the atherosclerotic lesion is the accumulation of monocyte/macrophages within the vessel wall. Oxidized lipids present in minimally modified-low density lipoproteins (MM-LDL) contribute to this process by activating endothelial cells to express monocyte-specific adhesion molecules and chemoattractant factors. A major focus of our group has been the isolation and characterization of the biologically active oxidized lipids in MM-LDL. We have previously characterized three oxidized phospholipids present in MM-LDL, atherosclerotic lesions of fat fed rabbits, and autoxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC) that induced human aortic endothelial cells to adhere human monocytes in vitro. We have used sequential normal and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography to isolate various isomers of an oxidized phospholipid from autoxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The fatty acid in the sn-2 position of this biologically active isomer and its dehydration product was released by phospholipase A(2) and characterized. Hydrogenation with platinum(IV) oxide/hydrogen suggested a cyclic moiety, and reduction with sodium borohydride suggested two reducible oxygen-containing groups in the molecule. The fragmentation pattern produced by electrospray ionization-collision induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry was consistent with a molecule resembling an E-ring prostaglandin with an epoxide at the 5,6 position. The structure of this lipid was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of the free fatty acid isolated from the dehydration product of m/z 828.5. Based on these studies, we arrived at the structure of the biologically active oxidized phospholipids as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5, 6-epoxyisoprostane E(2))-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The identification of this molecule adds epoxyisoprostanes to the growing list of biologically active isoprostanes.
Developmental relationship between the appearance of lymphocytes and lymphopoietic activity in the thymus and lymph nodes of the fetal cat.

The origin and development of the lymphocyte populations of the thymus and the lymph nodes have been studied in the fetal cat. Fetuses ranging in age from 25 days (16 mm) to 50 days (98 mm) of gestation have been examined following formol-sublimate-acetic acid fixation, parlodion-paraffin embedding and subsequent staining with toluidine blue, hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff methods. These studies have shown an occasional lymphocyte in the primitive lymph nodes as early as the thirtieth day of gestation. A number of small- and medium-sized lymphocytes are scattered randomly in the mesenchymal condensation of the developing lymph nodes by 33 days. Lymphocyte proliferation proceeds relatively slowly, and morphological evidence suggests that lymphocytes appear to develop from the mesenchymal or reticular cells of the developing lymph nodes without the intermediate formation of lymphoblasts. In the thymus, the first lymphocytic cells formed are lymphoblasts. These cells appear initially between 31 and 33 days. Lymphoblastic transformation is not generalized until the thirty-fifth day; at this time, an occasional medium-sized lymphocyte is evident and vascularization of the thymus begins. Development proceeds rapidly and the thymus is filled with medium-sized and small lymphocytes by 40 days. At this time, large clusters of small lymphocytes are evident in the capsular connective tissue, and these cells soon enter lymphatic vessels located in the capsular connective tissue. These observations indicate that the initial appearance of lymphocytes in lymph nodes precedes the appearance of lymphocytic precursors (lymphoblasts) in the thymus by 1–2 days and the development of lymphocytes in the thymus by approximately five days. Therefore, the early lymphocyte population in the lymph nodes is not dependent upon the dissemination of thymic lymphocytes or their precursors. Thymic lymphocytes, however, may contribute to the lymphocyte population of the lymph nodes at later stages of fetal development, after vascularization of the thymus and after the formation of lymphatic vessels in the capsule.
Geriatric pain competencies and knowledge assessment for nurses in long term care settings

Pain in older adults is a prevalent problem that affects quality of life and challenges nurses, particularly those caring for older adults living in long term care settings. Despite the national priority of pain management, insufficient knowledge of nurses about geriatric pain is a documented barrier to effective geriatric pain management in all long term care settings. To address this knowledge gap, a website (GeriatricPain.org) was developed by the National Geriatric Pain Collaborative with a grant from the MayDay Fund to provide a single site for evidenced-based, easy-to-use, downloadable resources on pain management. This paper describes the development of the most recent addition to the website, a set of evidence-based core geriatric pain management competencies and a geriatric pain knowledge assessment, and discusses their potential uses in improving pain care for older adults.
Is word recognition automatic? a cognitive-anatomical approach

What are the implications of anatomical localization of component mental operations for cognitive models? In this paper we use the anatomical localizations of visual and auditory word processing that were previously reported from PET studies (Petersen, Fox, Posner, Mintun & Raichle, 1988. We hypothesize that two operations performed simultaneously by the same or heavily interconnected anatomical areas will produce specific interference. One task is repeating back (shadowing) auditory words as quickly as possible. This task is shown to interfere with shifts of visual attention in the direction of peripheral cues. Both tasks are known to require common attentional operations localized to the medial frontal lobe. The shadowing task does not interfere with operations involving priming of a visual word form. This kind of priming involves areas of the ventral occipital lobe not used during shadowing. Finally, both shadowing and semantic priming involve anterior semantic and intentional areas. Accordingly, they can interfere. The conditions under which they produce interference suggest that the interference involves operations performed by the anterior attention system. These experiments support the idea that words automatically activate visual word forms, but involve shared attentional systems for higher level processes.
The Emergence of the Dandy

During the Romantic period, arguably the most famous man ever to be famous for not doing much of anything moved through the streets of London and the imaginations of his contemporaries. George “Beau” Brummell, whose name is still immortalized in clothing stores, regency romance novels, and a song by Billie Joel, and whose impact on masculine fashion still shapes what people wear and how they see clothing, made accomplishing nothing more than being well (if austerely) dressed a virtue and an art form. Although he left little or no writing in his own hand, iconographic literary depictions of him or of what he represented were immediately generated by Byron, Hazlitt, Bulwer-Lytton, Disraeli, Carlyle, Balzac, D’Aureivilly and others during the first part of the nineteenth century, and reflections on his image and on the dandies who followed him continued to reverberate throughout literature and art well into the twentieth century. By the mid-nineteenth century, the regime of the “man in black” seemed absolute (and lasted at least through to the “man in the grey flannel suit” of mid-twentieth century America); throughout this period Brummell frequently represented all that was abjected by modern masculinity: love of fashion, of fabric, of the shape and cut of one's clothes. Brummell himself bore a complex relationship to the emerging regime of masculine fashionable austerity. He dressed austerely, in blacks and whites, and encouraged the future George IV to do the same (no small personal challenge), but he also paid keen public attention to the details of masculine dress. Men may have been in the process of renouncing the pleasures of personal display during Brummell's lifetime, but Brummell, who turned heads wherever he went, troubled emerging boundaries that at least by the mid-nineteenth century were often to seem natural, permanent, and unquestionable.
Millimagnitude‐Precision Photometry of Bright Stars with a 1 m Telescope and a Standard CCD

This paper summarizes a three-night observing campaign aimed at achieving millimagnitude-precision photometry of bright stars (V < 9.0 mag) with the 1 m Swope Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. The test targets were the main-sequence stars HD 205739 and HD 135446. The results show that by placing a concentric diaphragm in front of the aperture of the telescope, it is possible to avoid saturation and achieve a photometric precision of 0.0008-0.0010 mag per data point, with a cadence of less than 4 minutes. It is also possible to reach an overall precision of less that 0.0015 mag for time series of 6 hr or more. The photometric precision of this setup is only limited by scintillation. Scintillation could be reduced, and therefore the photometric precision further improved, by using a neutral-density filter instead of the aperture stop. Given the expected median depth of about 0.01 mag for extrasolar-planet transits, plus their typical duration of several hours, the results of this paper show that 1 m telescopes equipped with standard CCDs can be used to detect planet transits as shallow as 0.002 mag around bright stars.
Activase Region on Chloroplast Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase NONCONSERVATIVE SUBSTITUTION IN THE LARGE SUBUNIT ALTERS SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF PROTEIN INTERACTION

Abstract In the active form of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39), a carbamate at lysine 201 binds Mg2+, which then interacts with the carboxylation transition state. Rubisco activase facilitates this spontaneous carbamylation/metal-binding process by removing phosphorylated inhibitors from the Rubisco active site. Activase from Solanaceae plants (e.g. tobacco) fails to activate Rubisco from non-Solanaceae plants (e.g. spinach andChlamydomonas reinhardtii), and non-Solanaceae activase fails to activate Solanaceae Rubisco. Directed mutagenesis and chloroplast transformation previously showed that a proline 89 to arginine substitution on the surface of the large subunit ofChlamydomonas Rubisco switched its specificity from non-Solanaceae to Solanaceae activase activation. To define the size and function of this putative activase binding region, substitutions were created at positions flanking residue 89. As in the past, these substitutions changed the identities of Chlamydomonasresidues to those of tobacco. Whereas an aspartate 86 to arginine substitution had little effect, aspartate 94 to lysine Rubisco was only partially activated by spinach activase but now fully activated by tobacco activase. In an attempt to eliminate the activase/Rubisco interaction, proline 89 was changed to alanine, which is not present in either non-Solanaceae or Solanaceae Rubisco. This substitution also caused reversal of activase specificity, indicating that amino acid identity alone does not determine the specificity of the interaction.
BH3 mimetic ABT-737 and a proteasome inhibitor synergistically kill melanomas through Noxa-dependent apoptosis.

The Bcl-2 family is important in modulating sensitivity to anticancer drugs in many cancers, including melanomas. The BH3 mimetic ABT-737 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2/Bcl-XL/Bcl-w. In this report, we examined whether ABT-737 is effective in killing melanoma cells in combination with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, and further evaluated the mechanisms of action. Viability, morphological, and Annexin V apoptosis assays showed that ABT-737 alone exhibited little cytotoxicity, yet it displayed strong synergistic lethality when combined with MG-132. In addition, the detection of Bax/Bak activation indicated that the combination treatment synergistically induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis revealed that this combination treatment induced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa- and caspase-dependent degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. Finally, siRNA-mediated inhibition of Mcl-1 expression significantly increased sensitivity to ABT-737 in these cells, and knocking down Noxa expression protected the cells from cytotoxicity induced by the combination treatment. These findings demonstrate that ABT-737 combined with MG-132 synergistically induced Noxa-dependent mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. In summary, this study indicates promising therapeutic potential of targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in treating melanoma, and it validates rational molecular approaches that target anti-apoptotic defenses when developing cancer treatments.
In vitro status epilepticus but not spontaneous recurrent seizures cause cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons

It is established that the majority but not all of the seizure-induced cell death is associated with status epilepticus while spontaneous recurrent seizures associated with epilepsy do not cause neuronal death. Extracellular effects and compensatory changes in brain physiology complicate assessment of neuronal death in vivo as the result of seizures. In this study we utilized a well-characterized in vitro hippocampal neuronal culture model of both continuous high-frequency epileptiform discharges (status epilepticus) and spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (acquired epilepsy) to investigate the direct effects of continuous and episodic electrographic epileptiform discharges on cell death in a carefully controlled extracellular environment. The results from this study indicate that continuous high-frequency epileptiform discharges can cause neuronal death in a time-dependent manner. Episodic epileptiform seizure activity occurring for the life of the neurons in culture was not associated with increased neuronal cell death. Our data confirm observations from clinical and some animal studies that spontaneous recurrent seizures do not initiate cell death. The hippocampal neuronal culture model provides a powerful in vitro tool for carefully evaluating the effects of seizure activity alone on neuronal viability in the absence of various confounding factors and may provide new insights into the development of novel therapeutic agents to prevent neuronal injury during status epilepticus.
Phase I study investigating the safety and feasibility of combining imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) with sorafenib in patients with refractory castration-resistant prostate cancer

Phase I study investigating the safety and feasibility of combining imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) with sorafenib in patients with refractory castration-resistant prostate cancer
Biodegradation of hydrophobic compounds in the presence of surfactants

A study was conducted to determine the availability of hydrophobic compounds within surfactant micelles for microbial uptake. Several of the surfactants tested were toxic to the test bacteria and prevented biodegradation of biphenyl and phenanthrene at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The rate of biodegradation was reduced at a surfactant concentration above but not below the CMC only when the test bacterium grew on biphenyl in the presence of Triton X-100. This decrease was correlated with the CMC and was more pronounced at a biphenyl concentration of 0.2 μg/ml than at 2.0 μg/ml. Such a correlation was not observed when bacteria grew on 1.0 μg glutamate per ml, even though the rate of glutamate degradation was reduced by Triton X-100. Analysis of the data with a mathematical model suggested that the experimental observations were probably not the consequence of the unavailability to bacteria of biphenyl within Triton X-100 micelles.
Retrograde Signaling Is Regulated by the Dynamic Interaction between Rtg2p and Mks1p

Activation of retrograde signaling (RS) by mitochondrial dysfunction or by inhibition of TOR kinases in yeast results in nuclear accumulation of the transcription factors, Rtg1p and Rtg3p. This process requires Rtg2p, a novel cytoplasmic protein with an N-terminal ATP binding domain. We show that Rtg2p controls RS by reversibly binding a negative regulator, Mks1p. The inhibitory form of Mks1p is phosphorylated and complexed with the 14-3-3 proteins, Bmh1p and Bmh2p, which are also negative regulators of RS. A hypophosphorylated form of Mks1p bound to Rtg2p is inactive. Point mutations in the Rtg2p ATP binding domain simultaneously block RS and Mks1p-Rtg2p interaction. We propose that activation of RS via mitochondrial dysfunction and TOR inhibition intersect at the Rtg2p-Mks1p switch.
Mechanical Properties and Swelling Behavior of End-Linked Poly(diethylsiloxane) Networks

Linear α,ω-vinyl-terminated poly(diethylsiloxane) (PDES) chains were synthesized and fractionated to obtain melts of low polydispersity. The fractionated samples were characterized using gel permeation chromatography and dilute solution viscometry. PDES elastomers were also prepared from the melts using hydrosilylation end-linking. The effects of chain stiffness on solution viscometric properties and on network swelling in toluene were compared to previously obtained results with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The mechanical behavior of the PDES elastomers in uniaxial extension was studied with a Perkin-Elmer dynamic mechanical analyzer. The dry networks exhibit a stress-induced amorphous-to-mesophase transition, which results in a discontinuous stress−strain relationship. The effects of molecular-level structure on network mechanical properties were deduced by studying PDES elastomers with well-defined molecular weight between chemical cross-links.
From simulation to characterization - integrated approach for Self Aligned Double Patterning defectivity

SADP (Self Aligned Double Patterning) is one of the major options to be implemented to bridge the lithography resolution gaps for 40 nm half pitch nodes and below. A natural concern for IC manufacturers when developing and/or implementing this kind of module is defectivity control strategy to ensure all defect sources are understood and an appropriate inspection strategy can be implemented to ensure high die yields. In this paper we will share a comprehensive study done to understand & characterize the major defect types in the SADP module developed by the Maydan Technology Center of Applied Materials. The implications of this work in terms of setting an optimized inspection strategy in the module will be discussed.
Efficacy of double gloving as a protection against blood exposure in dermatologic surgery.

Double gloving has been widely suggested as a means of decreasing exposure to blood and other body fluids. However, most dermatologists do not routinely follow this practice when performing surgical procedures because it reduces manual dexterity and increases costs. To determine whether double gloving should be routinely practiced in dermatologic surgery, pairs of sterile surgical gloves worn during weekly UCLA dermatologic surgery clinics were collected over a period of 3 months and examined for perforations. The procedures gloves were used for ranged from excision of benign lesions, lasting 15 minutes, to hair trans-plants, lasting 3 hours. Upon completion of the procedures, 8 (5.5%) of 144 pairs of single gloves, 2 (3.7%) of 54 pairs of double inner gloves, and 3 (5.5%) of 54 pairs of double outer gloves were found to have perforations. There were no instances of both the double outer and the double inner gloves having perforations when worn on the same hand. This suggests that double gloving offers a protective advantage by providing extra protection for both the surgeon and the patient during dermatologic surgery.
The relaxation of a turbulent boundary layer in an adverse pressure gradient

Reattached turbulent boundary layer relaxation downstream of a wall fence is investigated. An adverse pressure gradient is imposed upon it which is adjusted to bring the boundary layer into equilibrium. The pressure gradient is adjusted so as to bring the Clauser parameter G down to a value of about 11.4 and then maintain it constant. In the region from the reattachment point to 2 or 3 reattachment lengths downstream, the boundary layer recovers from the initial major effects of reattachment. Farther downstream, where G is constant, the pressure-gradient parameter changes very slowly and profiles of non-dimensionalized eddy viscosity appear self-similar. However, pressure gradient and eddy viscosity are both roughly twice as large as expected on the basis of previous equilibrium turbulent boundary layer studies.
Overloading and Inelastic Response of Steel Multigirder Bridges

Highway bridges may be designed in accordance with the allowable stress, load factor, or load and resistance factor design approach. When these bridges are loaded with the regular design vehicles the response of the structure will be linearly elastic, or very close to it. The collapse load levels of these bridges can be computed by any one of the accepted methods available in the literature, However, the overloading of the bridge may propel its structural response to a level that is above the proportional limit but far below the collapse load. In the bridge engineering literature there exists a major gap in the prediction of the structural response of the bridge at post-proportional limit, and also the determination of the extent of damage to the superstructure. This paper provides an overview of the inelastic response of highway bridges composed of steel girders, rolled, built-up or plate girders, and reinforced concrete deck slab.
Representing Gay Men on American Television

This essay examines the representation of gay men on American television programs from the late 1960s to the present. It explores the impact of the process of media representation on the lived realities of gay males past and present, revealing not only how much progress has been made in recent decades regarding the representation of gay men on American television, but also how much progress has yet to be made. Such representations are examined briefly in the context of numerous television shows (including 21 Jump Street; All My Children; Dawson's Creek; Leg Work; Marcus Welby, M.D.; and Will & Grace) and more extensively with regard to three popular Fox prime-time series (Beverly Hills, 90210; Melrose Place; and Party of Five).
LA NOVELA HISTÓRICA DE FIN DEL SIGLO XX: DE INFLEXIÓN LITERARIA Y GESTO POLÍTICO A RETÓRICA DE CONSUMO

This work reviews, in the first place, some features of the development of the historical novel in Latin America, and secondly, its recent production, starting from two predictable but fundamental questions: why the historical novel should resuscitate in the final decades of the 20th century, with these characteristics, and what role it is to play in the socio-historical and cultural context of the continent’s fin de siecle. It starts out from a basic premise: the historical novel is a representation that reflects a certain consciousness as well as the material or symbolic conditions of the production of social reality. Changes in these conditions are therefore reflected in recent historical novels.
Epigenomics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease of unknown etiology. Development of IPF is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Gene-expression profiling studies have taught us quite a bit about the biology of this fatal disease, but epigenetic marks may be the missing link that connects the environmental exposure in genetically predisposed individuals to transcriptome changes associated with the development of IPF. This review will begin with an introduction to the disease, followed by brief summaries of studies of gene expression in IPF and epigenetic marks associated with exposures relevant to IPF. The majority of the discussion will focus on epigenetic studies conducted so far in IPF, the limitations, challenges nd future directions in this field.