cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diminished material properties and altered bone structure in rat femora during pregnancy

Summary: Pregnancy and lactation are known to cause structural and mechanical changes in bone, but the effects of pregnancy alone have not been evaluated thoroughly. This study used radiographic measurements, torsion testing, mineral analyses, and histological evaluation to determine whether there are changes in bone material and geometric properties during pregnancy in the growing rat, as implied by earlier biochemical and histological studies. The bones of pregnant 9 to 12-week-old rats and controls that were not pregnant and were matched by age (but not weight) were evaluated at times corresponding to 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of the 23-day gestation period to address the following questions: (a) How is the growth of whole bone affected by pregnancy in the growing rat (as determined by radiographic analyses)? (b) How are the mechanical properties (structural and material) of whole bone affected by pregnancy (as assessed by torsion testing)? (c) Are there changes in the characteristics of bone mineral during pregnancy (as determined by measurement of mineral content and x-ray diffraction analyses)? and (d) Are there detectable morphological or ultrastructural differences between the bones of pregnant and control rats (as assessed by analyses based on histology and back-scattered electron imaging)? The presence of statistically significant differences in this study was determined initially on the basis of a two-factor analysis of variance. In general, significant differences were noted only at late gestation (day 20), when the bones were longer and had a greater outer radius and cortical thickness; this indicates that more growth occurred during pregnancy. At day 20, biomechanical testing showed that the femora of pregnant rats had a 20% decrease in rotational angle to failure and a 30% increase in shear stiffness. No alterations in maximum torque or energy to failure were noted. Calculation of the properties of bone material revealed a 54% decrease in ultimate shear stress, a 50% decrease in shear modulus, and no alteration in shear strain when the bones from rats pregnant for 20 days were compared with controls. The bones of the pregnant rats at day 20 also differed from controls in terms of both mineral characteristics and morphology. X-ray diffraction showed larger mineral crystallites in the specimens from pregnant rats as compared with controls, whereas the mineral contents (ash weights) were similar. Scanning electron microscopy revealed qualitative differences, including increased periosteal vascularity and numerous large cortical cavities thought to be areas of resorption in the bones from rats pregnant for 20 days as contrasted with controls. These changes are consistent with the observed alteration in mechanical properties.
Cubic yttria stabilized zirconia sintering additive impacts: A comparative study

Abstract To evaluate the impact sintering additives have on the processing and performance of 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ), the 25–1525 °C sintering kinetics, phase purity, microstructure, and electrical properties of a single batch of 8YSZ powder surface-coated with 1, 3 and 5 mol% of barium, bismuth, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, strontium or zinc were investigated via constant heating rate dilatometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and AC impedance spectroscopy. For electrochemical applications where dense 8YSZ is required, iron was found to give the best combination of 8YSZ cubic zirconia phase stability, high oxygen ion conductivity, and enhanced densification kinetics. 5 mol% iron was found to reduce the 8YSZ sintering temperature by ~150 °C.
Control of embryonic lung branching morphogenesis by the Rho activator, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1.

Background. Lung development is sensitive to physiological stresses, and its development may be impaired by physical distortion, as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Yet, little is known about how mechanical forces can influence lung morphogenesis. Studies with cultured cells suggest that cytoskeletal tension may play a key role in growth control. Since the small GTPase Rho plays an important role in the control of cell tension generation, we carried out studies to test the hypothesis that changes in Rho-mediated cell tension may influence branching morphogenesis. Methods. Embryonic lung buds from timed pregnant Swiss Webster mice were microdissected on Embryonic Day 12 (E12), and whole organs were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of the Rho activator cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF-1) for 48 h. Serial measurements of the degree of epithelial branch formation and tissue maturation were performed using light microscopy and computerized image analysis. Results. At 48 h, embryonic lungs treated with 2 ng/ml CNF-1 increased their terminal bud count by 236 ± 18% (P = 0.01) compared with 132 ± 2% for untreated controls. However, dose–response experiments revealed biphasic behavior: at a higher dose of CNF-1 (200 ng/ml), bud number was actually decreased relative to controls (43 ± 1%, P < 0.001). Histological analysis revealed that individual glands appeared to be more highly developed at low-dose CNF-1, whereas the high dose produced gland contraction. Conclusions. These data support a potential role for Rho and cytoskeletal tension in control of epithelial pattern formation during lung development.
James W. Abert (1820–1897): Artist, Naturalist, Land Developer, and Topographical Engineer

ABSTRACT James W. Abert was an important explorer and scientist who called Kentucky home during the 1850s and for most of the period following the Civil War. At various times in his life Abert served as a government explorer in the southwest, an engineer for Ohio River navigational improvements, a military topographical engineer in the Mexican, Seminole, and Civil wars, a U.S. Examiner of Patents, a professor at two universities, and a land developer in northern Kentucky. His important contributions to the nation and to the state are often overlooked by scholars.
Mediation of the depolarization-induced [ca2+]i increase in rat sublingual acini by acetylcholine released from nerve terminals

Abstract In sublingual mucous acini, membrane depolarization induces a threefold transient increase in cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ). The underlying mechanism was examined by using the Call-sensitive fluorescent indicator fura-2. Membrane depolarization with high K + induced a transient [Ca 2+ ] i increase in acini, but not in single acinar cells. Atropine, pirenzepine and 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -methylpiperidine methiodide prevented the [Ca 2+ ] i increase, suggesting the involvement of muscarinic receptor activation. Inhibition of the inositol trisphosphate OP,)-sensitive Ca 2+ release pathway with 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate prevented the depolarization-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . Blockade of nicotinic receptors and L-, N-, and P-type voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (hexamethonium, nifedipine, diltiazem, ω-conotoxin GVIA and ω-agatoxin IVA) did not inhibit the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . However, Cd 2+ (0.2 mM) blocked > 85% of the [Ca 2+ ] i increase. The depolarizationinduced [Ca 2+ ] i increase was also extracellular Ca 2+ -dependent. These results suggest that the membrane depolarization-induced Ca 2+ increase in sublingual acini is mediated by activating Cd 2+ -sensitive, voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels in nerve terminals associated with the dispersed acini and stimulating release of acetylcholine, which then triggers the [Ca 2+ ] i increase in acinar cells.
Endoscopic approaches for third ventricular tumors

Abstract Endoscopic approaches for third ventricular tumors, both transcortical and transcallosal approaches, are described. A 4-mm diameter, 0-degree rod-lens endoscope is used in both procedures, and angled rod-lens endoscopes are used for angled views. The transcortical transventricular approach is made via a burr hole placed at the nondominant frontal area, 1-inch lateral to the midline along the coronal suture. A folded vinyl tube, which can be expandable to a 1-cm tube by unfolding, is placed into the lateral ventricle toward the tumor under an image-guidance system. The transcallosal approach is made via a burr hole placed along the lateral margin of the superior sagittal sinus at the nondominant frontal area. The surgical corridor is made along the interhemispheric fissure. A rolled, cigarette-shaped, cotton patty is placed anteriorly and posteriorly along the surgical trajectory to keep the corridor open. The corpus callosum is opened, and the tumor is removed with surgical instruments inserted through the supported corridor parallel with the endoscope, which is mounted to an endoscope holder. Endoscopic transcortical and transcallosal approaches for the removal of third ventricular tumors are described. Compared with endoscopy performed through fixed working-channels, these techniques increase flexibility for surgeons to maneuver surgical instruments for delicate microdissection and tumor removal.
“Topping from the Bottom”: Relational Convergence of Meaning in Domestic Discipline Relationships

Domestic discipline (DD) is a relational approach that advocates wifely submission and male dominance through the use of disciplinary tactics such as spanking. Because DD is seen as a deviant behavioral approach to relationships, women often turn to the blogs in order to chronicle their experiences with DD. The purpose of this study is to explore how women in DD relationships document their journey and make sense of participating in a dominant–submissive relationship. In this study, we qualitatively analyzed 592 blog posts. Our analysis revealed that the women construct a meaning of relationships which conflicts with contemporary understandings of feminism, marriage, and relationship empowerment. These women’s blogs provide an explanation of relationships which (1) showcases women’s struggles with letting go of their independence, (2) positions men as dominant, and (3) celebrates feminine submissiveness and gender inequality.
Engaging materialist, poststructuralist and postcolonial rhetorics: When whiteness, feminisms, and nations collide/collude

CONTROL AND CONSOLATION IN AMERICAN CULTURE AND POLITICS: RHETORICS OF THERAPY. By Dana Cloud. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1998; pp. 224. Cloth $67.95; Paper $31.95. DANGEROUS LIAISONS: GENDER, NATION, AND POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES. By Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1997; pp. 560. Cloth $62.95; Paper $24.95. WHITENESS: THE COMMUNICATION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY. Edited by Thomas Nakayama and Judith Martin. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1999; pp. xiv + 314. Cloth $73.95; Paper $36.95.
Response of thin conical shells to dynamically applied axial force

Abstract The response of an elastic truncated conical shell to a dynamically applied axial force is investigated by means of non-linear equations governing the finite deformations of the shell. Initial imperfections of the shell are considered. Numerical solutions to the governing equations indicate that the magnitude of the buckling load as well as the number of longitudinal waves increases for increased rates of loading.
Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin: A Comparison of Efficacy of Seizure Prophylaxis and Adverse Event Risk Following Acute or Subacute Subdural Hematoma Diagnosis

Background Although both levetiracetam and phenytoin are used for seizure prophylaxis in subdural hematomas (SDHs), there is little data on their comparative efficacies. We compared the efficacy and risk of using levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis following acute or subacute SDH diagnosis.
Using hyperspectral remote sensing to detect and quantify southeastern pine senescence effects in red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) habitat

Abstract Conservation of threatened and endangered species requires maintenance of critical habitat. The red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis (RCW) is a threatened bird species, endemic to the mixed conifer forests of the southeastern United States. RCW nests and forages preferentially in mature longleaf pine Pinus palustris , but also uses mature loblolly pine Pinus taeda and shortleaf pine Pinus echinata forests. In the last century, the extent of mature pine forests has been greatly reduced by logging. The RCW, in contrast to other woodpeckers, excavates nest cavities in living trees and senescence symptoms (year round leaf chlorosis and leaf mortality) have been observed in mature pine stands across the southeast. Widespread mortality of the mature pine forests would threaten the long-term survival of the RCW. We used airborne hyperspectral data across a portion of Ft. Benning Military Installation, Georgia, U.S.A., to determine if senescent trees can be identified and mapped and assess the likely persistence of mature pines in the RCW habitat. Univariate analysis of variance showed good separation between asymptomatic, senesced and dead physiological conditions with asymptomatic trees having significantly higher reflectance for all bands in the wavelength range between 0.719 and 1.1676 µm, senescent trees having significantly lower reflectance for bands in the range between 1.1927 and 1.3122 µm, and dead trees having significantly higher reflectance for bands in the range between 1.8151 and 1.9471 µm. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models achieved correct classification rates and kappa statistics above 70%. CART models selected information from wavelength regions similar to those identified from the ANOVA, which likely explains their performance. Our aggregated CART model of tree senescence estimated that 141.4 ha (3%) of the study area is affected. RCW nests occurred in areas with significantly higher tree cover, and trees within foraging and home ranges did not have significantly more senescence than areas without RCW. These results indicate that although tree senescence is widespread, mortality is yet to significantly affect RCW habitat. Results and analysis of critical habitat similar to those exemplified in this study can extend our knowledge about the stressors of these important and imperiled components of biodiversity.
Use of Rotating Coordinates in Magnetic Resonance Problems

The use of a rotating coordinate system to solve magnetic resonance problems is described. On a coordinate system rotating with the applied rotating magnetic field the effective field is reduced by the Larmor field appropriate to the rotational frequency. However, on such a coordinate system problems can more readily be solved since there is no time variation of the field. The solution in a stationary frame of reference is then obtained by a transformation from the rotating to the stationary frame. This procedure is equally valid in classical and in quantum-mechanical problems. The method is applied both to the molecular beam magnetic resonance method and to resonance absorption and nuclear induction experiments.
On the tyrosinate involvement in the Schiff base deprotonation in the proton pump cycle of bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract— The ultraviolet transient absorption assigned to the tyrosinate species in bacteriorhodopsin is followed in time and as a function of pH. Both its rise time and titration curve closely resemble those observed for the production of the M412 intermediate. These results may support a recently proposed mechanism that couples tyrosinate production to the Schiff base deprotonation in the proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin.
THE BARRON-WELSH ART SCALE AS A PREDICTOR OF ADOLESCENT CREATIVITY

Although there was a consistent trend for the creative adolescents to score higher on the Revised Art Scale (RA) than the controls, the only significant difference was found in the boys' artistic field. Studies using the scale will have to allow for sex and specialty differences in performance.
A microprogramming project for a course in computer systems

This paper describes a microprogramming project in a course in Computer Systems and Architecture. The project requires the students to write a machine language emulator on a simple microarchitecture. The limited scope of the machine language and the simplicity of the microarchitecture reduce the project to a manageable size. A simulator implements the microarchitecture, producing tracing output which allows students to follow the flow of their microprograms. The project and the simulator have proved to be a useful tools in teaching the concepts of emulation and microcoding.
Hydrodynamic spinodal decomposition: Growth kinetics and scaling functions.

We examine the effects of hydrodynamics on the late-stage kinetics in spinodal decomposition. From computer simulations of a lattice Boltzmann scheme we observe, for critical quenches, that single-phase domains grow asymptotically like ${\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, with \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.66 in two dimensions and \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approxeq}1.0 in three dimensions, both in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.
Evidence for possible shape transitions in neutron-rich Ru isotopes: Spectroscopy of Ru 109 , 110 , 111 , 112

The spectroscopy of neutron-rich $^{109,110,111,112}\mathrm{Ru}$ nuclei was studied by measuring the prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays that originate from fission fragments, produced by the $^{238}\mathrm{U}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},f)$ fusion-fission reaction, in coincidence with the detection of both fragments. For $^{109,111}\mathrm{Ru}$, both the negative-parity (${h}_{11/2}$ orbitals) and $K=5/2$ positive-parity (mainly ${g}_{7/2}$ and ${d}_{5/2}$ orbitals) bands were extended to substantially higher spin and excitation energy than known previously. The ground-state and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational bands of $^{110,112}\mathrm{Ru}$ also were extended to higher spin, allowing observation of the second band crossing at the rotational frequency of $\ensuremath{\approx}450$ keV in $^{112}\mathrm{Ru}$, which is $\ensuremath{\approx}50$ keV above the first band crossing. At a similar rotational frequency, the first band crossing for the ${h}_{11/2}$ band in $^{111}\mathrm{Ru}$ was observed, which is absent in $^{109}\mathrm{Ru}$. These band crossings most likely are caused by the alignment of the ${g}_{9/2}$ proton pair. This early onset of the band crossing for the aligned $\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{9/2}$ orbitals may be evidence of a triaxial shape transition from prolate to oblate occurring in $^{111}\mathrm{Ru}$. The data together with a comparison of cranked shell\penalty1000-\hskip0ptmodel predictions are presented.
Progress in Snow Hydrology Remote-Sensing Research

Snow hydrology research conducted as part of the AgRISTARS Conservation and Pollution Project was reviewed along with other relevant studies. The major areas of emphasis were visible snow cover analysis, snowmelt-runoff modeling, and microwave snow investigations. Results from these areas of investigation were very positive and contributed greatly to our scientific understanding. Based on the AgRISTARS results, specific components of additional snow research have been defined that will permit future operational applications.
Optimal dynamic scheduling in Jackson networks

A Jackson-like network that supports J types of interactive traffic (e.g., interactive messages) as well as I types of noninteractive traffic (e.g., file transfers, facsimile) is considered. The service-time distributions and the internal routing are homogeneous for all traffic types but can be node (queue) dependent. The problem is to find a scheduling control that minimizes a weighted sum of the average end-to-end delay for the interactive types and at the same time ensures that the average end-to-end delays for the interactive types will be below given design constraints. Conservation laws are first established and shown to yield the base of a polymatroid. The optimal control problem is then transformed into a linear program with the feasible region being the polymatroid base truncated by delay constraints. An optimal control is identified that partitions the traffic types into I+r (0 >
Gaussian-based adaptive fuzzy control

Fuzzy logic controllers are well known for robustness and performance, and it has been proven that fuzzy logic controllers can approximate an optimal controller with arbitrary accuracy. However, adapting fuzzy rule bases towards an optimal solution has proven challenging. This paper describes a new adaptive algorithm for a fuzzy logic controller. Previously studied adaptive algorithms such as Lyapunov methods and neural-network methods effectively reduce error, but they are complex and potentially distort the rule base so that it loses robustness. The proposed method “shapes” the fuzzy rule base as a normal distribution to maintain robustness. The algorithm is tested on a robotic clamping operation; in three experiments, it reduced the error variance by 35%, 44%, and 53%.
On Muthen's Maximum Likelihood for Two-Level Covariance Structure Models.

Data in social and behavioral sciences are often hierarchically organized. Special statistical procedures that take into account the dependence of such observations have been developed. Among procedures for 2-level covariance structure analysis, Muthen’s maximum likelihood (MUML) has the advantage of easier computation and faster convergence. When data are balanced, MUML is equivalent to the maximum likelihood procedure. Simulation results in the literature endorse the MUML procedure also for unbalanced data. This paper studies the analytical properties of the MUML procedure in general. The results indicate that the MUML procedure leads to correct model inference asymptotically when level-2 sample size goes to infinity and the coefficient of variation of the level-1 sample sizes goes to zero. The study clearly identifies the impact of level-1 and level-2 sample sizes on the standard errors and test statistic of the MUML procedure. Analytical results explain previous simulation results and will guide the design or data collection for the future applications of MUML.
Differential mRNA stability to endogenous ribonucleases of the coding region and 3′ untranslated regions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) manganese superoxide dismutase genes

The sequences of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were found to be quite variable with different predicted thermostabilities. The degradation rates of the 3′ UTR variants and the coding region were measured following exposure to endogenous nucleases. The degradation rates of the 3′ UTR variants for 15 min were not significantly different, meaning the degradation rates of the 3′ UTR variants were not directly related to the thermostabilities. However, the degradation rate of the coding region was significantly faster than those of the 3’ UTR variants. Further investigation revealed the coding region seemed to have specific sites for degradation, indicating a possibility of increasing MnSOD expression by the degradation site alteration.
An overview and classification of thermal-aware scheduling techniques for multi-core processing systems

Abstract Thermal-aware scheduling of parallel jobs is becoming an increasingly critical issue in software design for computing platforms ranging from embedded systems to large servers and entire data centers. In addition to the obvious implications of unrestricted temperature, such as thermal emergencies resulting in hardware failure, effective thermal management reduces the cost of thermal packaging for processors while achieving long-term savings from reduced secondary cooling costs. In embedded systems, hardware temperature control mechanisms in conjunction with software and other dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques have been effectively utilized to avoid overheating. Server systems can also optimally take advantage of advanced DTM and efficient task scheduling to exert a positive impact on overall cooling costs as well as on prolonging the life of system components. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of recent research on thermal-aware task scheduling techniques for multi-core systems. The paper starts with the motivation behind managing temperature through task mapping and scheduling and then addresses the problems faced in such an approach, while providing commonly used thermal and task models as well as contemporary temperature control mechanisms of modern multi-core processors. A number of objectives of optimization with different combinations of temperature and performance constraints are elaborated. Also described in the context of above mentioned issues is a structured coverage of recently published research work. This leads to grouping of existing techniques in a taxonomical manner as well as to some conclusive observations that can help in identifying possible new research directions.
Interferometric thickness calibration of 300 mm silicon wafers

The "Improved Infrared Interferometer" (IR3) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a phase-measuring interferometer, operating at a wavelength of 1550 nm, which is being developed for measuring the thickness and thickness variation of low-doped silicon wafers with diameters up to 300 mm. The purpose of the interferometer is to produce calibrated silicon wafers, with a certified measurement uncertainty, which can be used as reference wafers by wafer manufacturers and metrology tool manufacturers. We give an overview of the design of the interferometer and discuss its application to wafer thickness measurements. The conversion of optical thickness, as measured by the interferometer, to the wafer thickness requires knowledge of the refractive index of the material of the wafer. We describe a method for measuring the refractive index which is then used to establish absolute thickness and thickness variation maps for the wafer.
QSAR models for predicting cathepsin B inhibition by small molecules—Continuous and binary QSAR models to classify cathepsin B inhibition activities of small molecules

Cathepsin B is a potential target for the development of drugs to treat several important human diseases. A number of inhibitors targeting this protein have been developed in the past several years. Recently, a group of small molecules were identified to have inhibitory activity against cathepsin B through high throughput screening (HTS) tests. In this study, traditional continuous and binary QSAR models were built to classify the biological activities of previously identified compounds and to distinguish active compounds from inactive compounds for drug development based on the calculated molecular and physicochemical properties. Strong correlations were obtained for the continuous QSAR models with regression correlation coefficients (r2) and cross-validated correlation coefficients (q2) of 0.77 and 0.61 for all compounds, and 0.82 and 0.68 for the compound set excluding 3 outliers, respectively. The models were further validated through the leave-one-out (LOO) method and the training-test set method. The binary models demonstrated a strong level of predictability in distinguishing the active compounds from inactive compounds with accuracies of 0.89 and 0.94 for active and inactive compounds, respectively, in non-cross-validated models. Similar results were obtained for the cross-validated models. Collectively, these results demonstrate the models’ ability to discriminate between active and inactive compounds, suggesting that the models may be used to pre-screen compounds to facilitate compound optimization and to design novel inhibitors for drug development.
Colorectal cancer screening and prevention in women

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer in women. Screening for CRC increases early detection of cancer and premalignant polyps and decreases morbidity from this disease. However, adherence to the screening guidelines continues to remain inadequate both at the physician and patient levels. Several factors are of special importance to women. Presence of prior gynecological malignancies may increase the risk of CRC in women. Furthermore, new studies have shown other factors such as obesity and smoking to increase the risk of CRC in women. This article highlights issues unique to women with regards to CRC and outlines special considerations for determining screening intervals in women, identifies factors that make screening more difficult in women, and reviews studies that identify preventative strategies which, together with screening, may reduce the burden of CRC.
Analytical integration and a numerical method for 1-D compressible flow with diffusive transport

A new analytic integral and a numerical method are presented for 1-D compressible flow; the method is suitable for problems in which diffusive scales are of the same order as the length scale of the flow. The conventional, Eulerian formulation of the compressible flow equations is converted to a Lagrangian formulation by coordinate transform. Thereafter, the balance of linear momentum is integrated once analytically. This procedure yields a set of two nonlinear partial differential equations for the particle position and total energy fields; these equations are easily solved using finite differences. As a consequence of the analytic integration, the system is characterized by easily controlled numerical dispersion and dissipation for a very broad range of Reynolds or Mach numbers. Solutions are presented for the well-known piston problem; comparison with available analytical results is excellent.
Geology and Geochemistry of Reefs, Carbonate Sediments, and Waters, Gulf of Aqaba (Elat), Red Sea

The Gulf of Aqaba, a slightly hypersaline body of partially enclosed marine water, forms the northern segment of the Red Sea. The Gulf occupies a narrow tectonic valley, about 10 to 26 km wide, bounded by fault planes which form submarine slopes that are virtual precipices and by shores which are equally steep. Near the reef communities, on the shelf of the northern gulf, salinities, which vary seasonally, range from 41.5 to 43.0 per thousand . The climate is hot and dry. Evaporation exceeds rainfall by 157 mm per year; the deficit is made up by inflow of waters from the Red Sea (normal salinity 38 to 40 per thousand ). North and northeast winds blow steadily along the Gulf ("chimney effect"), and waves and currents on the northwestern coast studied are predominantly from these directions. Around the margin of the Gulf of Aqaba is a narrow shelf(1/4 to 1 or 2 km wide) on which the water is 1 per thousand is termed high-magnesium aragonite. Molluscan shells in the area studied are composed of low-magnesium aragonite and skeletons of corals of high-magnesium aragonite. The magnesium content of the carbonate sands reflects the relative abundance of corals, coralline algae, and molluscs. Approximately linear relationships can be shown between barium and magnesium, barium and manganese, magnesium and manganese, iron and manganese, and iron and barium for coral, coralline algal, and molluscan skeletons, and carbonate sands derived from them. By comparison with molluscs, the skeletons of corals tend to be slightly enriched in barium, manganese, and iron, and those of coralline algae are enriched even more. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of calcareous skeletons and carbonate sands overlaps with that of comparable Quaternary material from other areas; slight differences from those described from other areas are, however, noted in 16 O enrichment of corals and 18 O enrichment of a barnacle, reflecting the effect of taxonomic position on isotopic fractionation.
Quantifying moisture perturbations leading to stacked lenticular clouds

The origin of horizontal striations in lenticular clouds was qualitatively described by Richard Scorer as being due to a vertically layered moisture field, although the magnitude of the required moisture perturbations has not previously been quantified. Sensitivity tests using high-resolution numerical simulations of these clouds are used here to confirm Scorer's hypothesis, and show that only minute and essentially unmeasurable variations in moisture with height are required to generate striations of the size observed in nature. Relative humidity (RH) perturbations of only ±0.25% can create an indentation into the cloud of approximately 170 m. RH perturbations of this scale are likely to be commonplace in nature, and are an order of magnitude smaller than the accuracy of standard measuring equipment.
Decentralization, Strategy, and Effectiveness of Strategic Business Units in Multibusiness Organizations

The relationship between decentralization and the effectiveness of strategic business units (SBUs) within multibusiness organizations is examined. Three strategic continua are considered—Gupta and Govindarajan's (1984) build-harvest, Porter's (1980) differentiation-low cost, and Miles and Snow's (1978) prospector-defender; in each case it is proposed that the degree of decentralization of decision-making authority delegated to the general manager of the SBU should be closely aligned with the SBU's strategy to optimize the effectiveness of the SBU.
National trends with a laparoscopic liver resection: results from a population based analysis

Abstract Background Interest in laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) has grown since the International ‘Louisville Statement’ regarding laparoscopic liver surgery was published in 2009. However, limited population based data on LLR utilization patterns and outcomes are available. Methods LLR data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS, 2000–2012) and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP, 2005–2012) were compared before and after the Louisville Statement in 2009. Results In total, 1131 and 642 LLR were identified from NIS and NSQIP, respectively. Three quarters of patients underwent LLR for a malignant indication (NIS primary malignancy, 29.6% versus metastasis, 45.1%; NSQIP primary malignancy, 35.5% versus metastasis, 46.1%). The annual volume of LLR increased from 2000–2008 versus 2009–2012 (NIS: 63 versus 168, P P = 0.001). The peri operative mortality associated with LLR was 2.8% in NIS and 2.2% in NSQIP. The morbidity was 38.1% in NIS and 30.7% in NSQIP. Mortality and morbidity did not change over time (both P > 0.050). After 2009, LLR was associated with a shorter length of stay (LOS) (NIS: 5 versus 6 days, P = 0.007). Conclusion Since the Louisville Statement in 2009, utilization of LLR has increased. LLR is associated with a modest decrease in LOS and appears to be safe with mortality and morbidity similar to open surgery.
Normal lipase drug-induced pancreatitis: a novel finding

Acute pancreatitis (AP) in the setting of a normal serum amylase has been previously reported in the literature. Serum lipase on the other hand has a negative predictive value approaching 100% and therefore is an excellent test to rule out AP in the emergency department. The occurrence of AP with a normal lipase is extremely rare and has never been reported in the setting of drug-induced pancreatitis. Thiazide diuretics have been implicated as a cause of pancreatic injury via a number of proposed mechanisms. However, all such cases have been in the setting of elevated serum amylase or lipase. We report the first case of radiographically proven hydrochlorothiazide-induced pancreatitis with a normal lipase.
The Individual and Society in Biological and Cultural Anthropology

My argument in this article may be briefly outlined as follows: I will show that the parallel developments in cultural and biological anthropology emphasizing individuals as strategizing agents offer a favorable climate for an attempt at reconciliation between the two subfields. Then I will lay out, as best I can, the point of view prevalent in current evolutionary biology about how the posited central goal of individual strategizing, namely inclusive reproductive fitness, is to be understood. The reader must understand that in my exposition of this material I intend neither to espouse nor criticize it, but rather simply to grasp it. Finally, I will present arguments to show why the evolutionary argument, though plausible and valid in part, cannot in principle account exhaustively for social and cultural facts; while at the same time showing that considerations of reproductive strategizing cannot, in principle, be excluded from the understanding of social and cultural facts either. One of the enduring differences of opinion among anthropologists, as among all students of human life, concerns the degree to which society is understood to be an entity in itself, with some power to determine the behavior of its constituent members, as opposed to a position according to which society is nothing other than the product of the summed behavior of a number of individuals. The matter is very concisely stated by Holy and Stuchlik (1983:2) as a fundamental disagreement over the "autonomy of agency":
Fast algorithms for finding O(congestion+dilation) packet routing schedules

Leighton, Maggs and Rao (1988) showed that for any network and any set of packets whose paths through the network are fixed and edge-simple, there exists a schedule for routing the packets to their destinations in O(c+d) steps using constant-size queues, where c is the congestion of the paths in the network, and d is the length of the longest path (the dilation). The proof, however, used the Lova/spl acute/sz (1975) local lemma and was not constructive. In this paper, we show how to find such a schedule in O(NE+Elog/sup /spl epsiv//E) time, for any fixed /spl epsiv/>0, where N is the total number of packets, and E is the number of edges in the network. We also show how to parallelize the algorithm so that it runs in NC. The method that we use to construct efficient packet routing schedules is based on the algorithmic form of the Lova/spl acute/sz local lemma discovered by Beck (1991). >
Effects of Resistance vs. Aerobic Training Combined With an 800 Calorie Liquid Diet on Lean Body Mass and Resting Metabolic Rate

Objective: Utilization of very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) for weight loss results in loss of lean body weight (LBW) and a decrease in resting metabolic rate (RMR). The addition of aerobic exercise does not prevent this. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intensive, high volume resistance training combined with a VLCD on these parameters.Methods: Twenty subjects (17 women, three men), mean age 38 years, were randomly assigned to either standard treatment control plus diet (C+D), n=10, or resistance exercise plus diet (R+D), n=10. Both groups consumed 800 kcal/day liquid formula diets for 12 weeks. The C+D group exercised 1 hour four times/week by walking, biking or stair climbing. The R+D group performed resistance training 3 days/week at 10 stations increasing from two sets of 8 to 15 repetitions to four sets of 8 to 15 repetitions by 12 weeks. Groups were similar at baseline with respect to weight, body composition, aerobic capacity, and resting metabolic rate.Results: Maximum oxygen co...
Inflammation and Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury

Importance Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern that affects individuals in all demographics. With increasing interest in the medical and public communities, understanding the inflammatory mechanisms that drive the pathologic and consequent cognitive outcomes can inform future research and clinical decisions for patients with TBI. Objectives To review known inflammatory mechanisms in TBI and to highlight clinical trials and neuroprotective therapeutic manipulations of pathologic and inflammatory mechanisms of TBI. Evidence Review We searched articles in PubMed published between 1960 and August 1, 2014, using the following keywords:traumatic brain injury, sterile injury, inflammation, astrocytes, microglia, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, reactive oxygen species, alarmins, danger-associated molecular patterns, purinergic receptors, neuroprotection,andclinical trials.Previous clinical trials or therapeutic studies that involved manipulation of the discussed mechanisms were considered for inclusion. The final list of selected studies was assembled based on novelty and direct relevance to the primary focus of this review. Findings Traumatic brain injury is a diverse group of sterile injuries induced by primary and secondary mechanisms that give rise to cell death, inflammation, and neurologic dysfunction in patients of all demographics. Pathogenesis is driven by complex, interacting mechanisms that include reactive oxygen species, ion channel and gap junction signaling, purinergic receptor signaling, excitotoxic neurotransmitter signaling, perturbations in calcium homeostasis, and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, among others. Central nervous system resident and peripherally derived inflammatory cells respond to TBI and can provide neuroprotection or participate in maladaptive secondary injury reactions. The exact contribution of inflammatory cells to a TBI lesion is dictated by their anatomical positioning as well as the local cues to which they are exposed. Conclusions and Relevance The mechanisms that drive TBI lesion development as well as those that promote repair are exceedingly complex and often superimposed. Because pathogenic mechanisms can diversify over time or even differ based on the injury type, it is important that neuroprotective therapeutics be developed and administered with these variables in mind. Due to its complexity, TBI has proven particularly challenging to treat; however, a number of promising therapeutic approaches are now under pre-clinical development, and recent clinical trials have even yielded a few successes. Given the worldwide impact of TBI on the human population, it is imperative that research remains active in this area and that we continue to develop therapeutics to improve outcome in afflicted patients.
‘I don't want to burden my family’: handling communication challenges in geriatric oncology

Oncologists need excellent communication skills to effectively handle challenging conversations regarding prognosis, transition to palliative care, code status, and other sensitive topics. Foundational skills include: 1) posing open-ended, exploratory questions, 2) allowing for appropriate silence in the conversation, 3) listening actively, 4) recognizing emotions, 5) responding to emotions with empathy rather than biomedical information, and 6) speaking with clarity by avoiding technical jargon and offering small chunks of information. Conversations about sensitive topics can be particularly challenging with geriatric patients, who experience functional and sensory limitations. The risk-benefit ratio of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions tips precariously in older patients as many develop geriatric syndromes. Older cancer patients have the unique perspective of looking back on a long life and looking forward to impending death. Higher order skills can be very powerful in helping geriatric cancer patients find meaning and dignity at the end of life. These skills include exploring spirituality and coping strategies and engaging the patient in conversation and reflection about their legacy.
Web Spam, Social Propaganda and the Evolution of Search Engine Rankings

Search Engines have greatly influenced the way we experience the web. Since the early days of the web, users have been relying on them to get informed and make decisions. When the web was relatively small, web directories were built and maintained using human experts to screen and categorize pages according to their characteristics. By the mid 1990’s, however, it was apparent that the human expert model of categorizing web pages does not scale. The first search engines appeared and they have been evolving ever since, taking over the role that web directories used to play.
Ka Loko Dam Break

On March 14, 2006, the Ka Loko Dam broke on the North Shore of Kauai, Hawaii, sending millions of gallons of water downstream. Seven people were killed and dozens of homes and properties were damaged. Multiple parties faced liabilities for the disaster, including the owner of the dam, the State of Hawaii, and the County of Kauai. This paper aims to provide information regarding the history of the dam and a discussion of the case issues. The owner faces charges for the disaster because he allegedly filled an emergency spillway, although no direct observations of him doing so exist. The State of Hawaii came under scrutiny for the break because they failed to follow their own regulations regarding dam inspections. The state was also vulnerable because water originating on state lands was being diverted to the Ka Loko Reservoir at the time of the break. The County of Kauai was accountable because it did not properly manage illegal construction activities by the owner that probably led to the filling of the sp...
Characterization of Photopolymerization of Dentin Adhesives as a Function of Light Source and Irradiance

Manufacturers have attempted to address the limitations associated with dentin bonding by eliminating as many steps as possible in the bonding protocol. Theoretically, this approach increases the efficiency of the procedure and reduces technique sensitivity. These trends are reflected in the introduction of all-in one, single-step adhesive systems; the increased concentration of acidic resin monomers in these systems allows for simultaneous etching and priming of the prepared dentin surface. Ideally, the degree of monomer conversion would be high enough that the acidic reaction would be self-limiting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of light irradiance and source on the photopolymerization of three commercial dental adhesives by monitoring the double bond conversion as a function of time during and after irradiation. The photopolymerization curing efficiency of the commercial adhesives investigated in this study varied as a function of light source and distance. The use of LED performed better than the halogen light in terms of polymerization rate and degree of conversion for the commercial single-step, sixth generation adhesive, Adper Prompt. In contrast, polymerization of commercial single-bottle, fifth generation adhesive, Single Bond and One-Up Bond F, was mainly a function of exposure time, irrespective of the two light units or intensities.
Harborlines, Underwater Lots, and Coastal Development

The evolution of the concept of harbor-lines is discussed along with their current legal status. Recent efforts towards integrated harbor management, particularly in Rhode Island and Connecticut, are examined.
USE OF THE POST-TETANIC COUNT TO MONITOR RECOVERY FROM INTENSE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE IN CHILDREN

The post-tetanic count was investigated as a method of monitoring intense neuromuscular blockade in children. One of five myoneural blockers (atracurium, vecuronium, pancuronium, tubocurarine or alcuronium) was given to groups of six children during nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anaesthesia. During recovery, the first post-tetanic response always preceded the first train-of-four response. The interval between the appearance of the first post-tetanic response and the first train-of-four response was typically 5–10 min for the intermediate-acting agents vecuronium and atracurium, and 20–30 min for the long-acting agents pancuronium, alcuronium and tubocurarine. A post-tetanic count of 6 with alcuronium and tubocurarine, or 7 with vecuronium, atracurium and pancuronium indicated that recovery of the first train-of-four response was imminent.