cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejection of allogeneic tumor is not determined by host responses to MHC class I molecules and is mediated by CD4-CD8+ T lymphocytes that are not lytic for the tumor.

Abstract In previous studies, the murine SaI (A/J derived, K k D d sarcoma was transfected with the allogeneic MHC class I H-2K b gene, and expressed high levels of H-2K b antigen. Contrary to expectations, the tumor cells expressing the alloantigen (SKB3.1M tumor cells) were not rejected by autologous A/J mice. Because these results contradict the laws of transplantation immunology, the present studies were undertaken to examine the immunogenicity of SKB3.1M and SaI cells in allogeneic hosts. Similar to SKB3.1M. SaI cells are lethal in some allogeneic strains, despite tumor-host MHC class I incompatibilities. Tumor challenges of SKB3.1M and SaI cells, however induce MHC class I-specific antibodies and CTL in both tumor-resistant and -susceptible hosts. Although the tumors induce specific CTL, tumor cells are not lysed in vitro by these CTL, suggesting that the tumor cells are resistant to CTL-mediated lysis. Since growth of these tumors does not follow the classical rules of allograft transplantation, and because the tumor is not susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis, we have used Winn assays to identify the effector lymphocyte(s) responsible for SaI rejection. Depletion studies demonstrate that the effector cell is a CD4 − CD8 + T lymphocyte. Collectively these studies suggest that the host's response to MHC class I alloantigens of SK-B3.1M and SaI cells does not determine tumor rejection, and that effector cells other than classically defined CTL, but with the CD4 − CD8 + phenotype, can mediate tumor-specific immunity.
SENSITIVITY OF Porphyromonas AND Prevotella SPECIES IN LIQUID MEDIA TO ARGON LASER

The phototoxicity of argon laser irradiation was studied in aqueous suspensions of Porphyromonas endodontalis (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 35406), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Prevotella denticola (ATCC 33184) and two strains of Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 15033 and 49046), all "black-pigmented bacteria," BPB, that accumulate cellular porphyrins. Several of these species have been implicated in the etiology of periodontal disease. Non-black-pigmented bacteria were also studied to test the specificity of irradiation as a potential photodynamic treatment for periodontal infections. Cell suspensions were irradiated with an argon laser at fluences of 20-200 J/cm2. When cultured in hemin-supplemented media, ATCC 15033 was the most sensitive to irradiation. However, a second strain of the same species (ATCC 49046) was resistant. The photosensitivity of other species ranked ATCC 33277 > 35406 = 33184 = 35496. When hemin was replaced in media by hemoglobin, ATCC 33277 became resistant to irradiation. Protoporphyrin IX content in BPB cells was shown not to be a major factor determining photosensitivity. Oxygen was required during irradiation for BPB species to be affected. Non-black-pigmented bacteria were much less sensitive to irradiation than BPB.
Cross-presentation: avoiding trafficking chaos?

Cross-presentation of antigens is essential for the responses of cytotoxic T cells to tumors and viruses. Two new papers offer insights into the subcellular compartment and types of dendritic cells that mediate cross-presentation.
Outcome of Split-Thickness Skin Grafts After External Beam Radiotherapy

There are many technical considerations in patients who require radiotherapy after oncologic reconstruction. A traditional tenet is to avoid skin grafts in this setting. However, this is not always avoidable. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the wound healing and functional outcome of patients in the authors' institution whose skin grafts were subsequently irradiated. A retrospective analysis of all patients treated with split-thickness skin grafts and postoperative radiotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1995 to 2002 was performed. Parameters evaluated included indications for skin graft, defect size, time to postoperative radiotherapy, total radiotherapy dose, delays and interruptions in radiotherapy, wound complications, and the need for further skin grafting. There were 30 patients (23 men, 7 women) with a mean defect size of 152 +/- 132 cm2. All split-thickness skin grafts were placed on healthy vascular tissue beds. In most instances (67%) skin grafts were used to cover muscle flaps. Median time to initial radiotherapy after grafting was 8 weeks (range, 4-60 weeks). There was 1 delay and 4 interruptions in radiotherapy treatment. There were 2 partial skin graft losses (<20%) after radiation that healed with conservative treatment. There was 1 complete skin graft loss after radiotherapy that required regrafting. Split-thickness skin grafts can tolerate postoperative radiotherapy without significant complications. Postoperative external beam radiation can begin as early as 6 to 8 weeks after skin grafting. If the requirement for postoperative radiotherapy is known, split-thickness grafts should ideally be placed on well-vascularized muscle beds. Minor skin graft loss resulting from postoperative radiotherapy can usually be treated conservatively without the need for additional surgery.
From Hot Towers to TRMM: Joanne Simpson and Advances in Tropical Convection Research

Joanne Simpson began contributing to advances in tropical convection about half a century ago. The hot tower hypothesis jointly put forth by Joanne Simpson and Herbert Riehl postulated that deep convective clouds populating the “equatorial trough zone” were responsible for transporting heat from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere. This hypothesis was the beginning of a 50-year quest to describe and understand near-equatorial deep convection. Tropical field experiments in the 1970s [Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX)] in which Joanne participated documented the mesoscale structure of the convective systems, in particular the deep, stratiform, dynamically active mesoscale clouds that are connected with the hot towers. In the 1980s these new data led to better understanding of how tropical mesoscale convective systems vertically transport heat and momentum. The role of the mesoscale stratiform circulation in this transport was quantified. Tropical field work in the 1990s [especially the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), in which Joanne again participated] showed the importance of a still larger scale of convective organization, the “supercluster.” This larger scale of organization has a middle-level inflow circulation that appears to be an important transporter of momentum. The mesoscale and supercluster scale of organization in tropical convective systems are associated with the stratiform components of the cloud systems. Joint analysis of satellite and radar data from COARE show a complex, possibly chaotic relationship between cloud-top temperature and the size of a stratiform precipitation area. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, for which Joanne served as project scientist for nearly a decade, is now providing a global census of mesoscale and supercluster-scale organization of tropical convection. The TRMM dataset should therefore provide some closure to the question of the nature of deep convection in the equatorial trough zone.
Experimental model of large pulmonary embolism employing controlled release of subacute caval thrombus in swine

Abstract Purpose To develop a catheter-based model of large pulmonary embolism (PE) in swine based on in situ venous thrombus formation. Materials and Methods Ten Yorkshire swine underwent transjugular implantation of a retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. A thrombin and collagen mixture was injected into a confined space created by two balloons inflated proximal and distal to the IVC filter. Animals were left to survive for 7 days ± 3 to allow thrombus to organize in situ. The caval thrombus was released on transcatheter retrieval of the IVC filter and embolized into the main and branch pulmonary arteries. The severity of PE was scored based on digital subtraction angiography with the Miller index. At necropsy, thrombi were recovered and analyzed histopathologically. Results Large PE was induced in all animals (Miller index score of 15 ± 5). Two animals developed saddle embolus with bilateral pulmonary artery occlusion, and five developed proximal occlusion of the left or right pulmonary artery. Nevertheless, no animal exhibited significant hemodynamic compromise. Large tubular thrombi were explanted in the size range of 5–10 cm long and 0.5–1 cm wide. Histologic analysis indicated an organized thrombus with infiltration of white blood cells and fibrin deposition. Conclusions Large caval thrombi can be formed in vivo and released at a predetermined time to induce large PE in a large animal model. This may help in the development and testing of new therapeutic approaches for PE.
An Autonomous Artificial Designer of Thermal Energy Systems: Part 2—Solution Algorithm

A knowledge-based approach to automated conceptual design (flowsheet synthesis) of thermal energy systems with strong interactions between heat/power/chemical transformations is presented. Formulation of a thermal design problem is stated in terms of input/output specification, component interaction, feasibility constraints, and penalty function. The problem is then decomposed in inner problems that deal with a set of elementary processes, and outer problems that find a network of components approximating the optimum set of elementary processes. A design state is evaluated using a special form of fundamental equation for steady-state open thermodynamic systems based on a temperature interval concept. An algorithm is presented. The algorithm makes use of the state evaluation function, transformation operators, and the plausible move operator to search through a space of the design states. A simple closed-cycle gas turbine is employed to illustrate the behavior of the artificial designer as it advances to more sophisticated schemes.
Intrinsic cardiac neurons express cardiac-type sodium channels implicated in arrhythmias.

t c o r n s r p e n n r p e n i t m t i t d t o h The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in djusting cardiac function to meet the ever-changing deands generated by daily activities. Dysfunction of this ystem has been implicated in the development of heart ailure and in the triggering of atrial and ventricular arhythmias. Many studies have focused on elucidating echanisms by which sympathetic noradrenergic nerves ontribute to cardiac disease, but far fewer studies have een devoted to evaluating the intrinsic cardiac neurons that re located in an extensive plexus of interconnected ganglia n the surface of the heart. The report by Scornik et al in his issue of Heart Rhythm is unique in providing the first etailed analysis of voltage-dependent sodium currents resent in canine intrinsic cardiac neurons and making the ovel observation that these neurons express functional cardiac-type” sodium channels (Nav1.5) in addition to the sual neuronal type. The study by Scornik et al used a multidisciplinary pproach to obtain complementary lines of evidence estabishing the presence of Nav1.5 channels in cardiac neurons. nitial identification and characterization of the channel ere accomplished by patch clamp experiments using disociated neurons. Results from these experiments suggested he presence of functional Nav1.5 channels in cardiac neuons. It is particularly significant to note that these channels ere able to support action potential generation after blockde of the “neuronal-type” channel with tetrodotoxin. This nding implies that Nav1.5 channels could have a signifiant impact on the activity of cardiac neurons and thereby nfluence information processing within the intrinsic cardiac ervous system and output from this system to the myocarium. Well-controlled immunohistochemical experiments ith intact ganglia next provided evidence that Nav1.5 proein is localized to many intrinsic cardiac neurons. Definiive identification of Nav1.5 expression within the ganglia as established by reverse transcription-polymerase chain eaction analysis of mRNA from freshly isolated ganglia nd sequencing of products that spanned the entire coding egion of the SCN5A gene, which encodes the primary omponent of Nav1.5 channels.
Effect of amphetamine on human macronutrient intake.

Abstract Six male subjects participated in a 15-day residential study examining the effects of amphetamine on macronutrient intake. During the first 11 days, carbohydrate intake was manipulated by providing lunch meals high (155 g) or low (25 g) in carbohydrate. Subjects received oral d-amphetamine (5, 10 mg/70 kg, BID) or placebo. Total daily caloric intake was similar under both lunch conditions (∼ 3400 Kcal), but carbohydrate contributed more energy under the high-carbohydrate condition. Both doses of amphetamine decreased total caloric intake to ∼ 2600 Kcal, by decreasing the number of eating bouts, without affecting macronutrient selection. During the last four days subjects received a higher daily dose of amphetamine (30 mg/70 kg in four doses) or placebo, and were allowed to self-select lunch. Although 30 mg amphetamine decreased intake of all macronutrients, the relative contribution of carbohydrate to total caloric intake was increased from 54% to 62%, while the contribution of fat was decreased from 32% to 26% and the contribution of protein was decreased from 14% to 12%. Thus, at a high dose, amphetamine altered the relative contribution of specific macronutrients to total caloric intake.
Identifications and Typifications of Rosa (Rosaceae) Taxa in North America Described or Used by E. W. Erlanson, 1925–1934

During her main publication period at the University of Michigan from 1926 to 1937, E. W. Erlanson described 18 new Rosa L. species and varieties (Rosaceae), most from the midwestern United States. The majority were grown and hybridized at the University of Michigan Botanical Garden, where she collected many specimens for the University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH) over a period of years. Some living collections were hers, but most were from others who sent living plants usually without voucher specimens. For this reason and the inability until recently to use sheets as types from living collections under specific circumstances, type selections were at times inappropriate. Nevertheless, seven (almost half) of the cited holotypes here are in MICH, in addition to three lectotypes designated here, as well as isotypes and isolectotypes. A total of 40 taxa with either type data or in synonymy are identified in 10 categories of Rosa species, subspecies, and nothospecies following the Flora of North America treatment. Lectotypes are designated here for the following 19 names: R. acicularioides Schuette, R. acicularis Lindl. var. bourgeauiana Crep., R. arkansana Porter, R. blanda Aiton fo. carpohispida Schuette, R. blanda var. glandulosa Schuette, R. blanda var. hermannii Erlanson, R. blanda var. nuda Schuette, R. blanda var. subgeminata Schuette, R. californica Cham. & Schltdl., R. carolina L. var. aculeata (Schuette) Erlanson, R. carolina var. litoralis Erlanson, R. deamii Erlanson, R. gemella Willd., R. nitida Willd., R. carolina var. inermis Schuette, R. carolina var. sepalorelevata Schuette, R. pensylvanica Michx., R. ×rudiuscula (Greene) Erlanson, and R. suffulta Greene var. valida Erlanson. One neotype is designated, R. palustris. In addition, holotypes of the following taxa are identified for the first time: R. blanda var. setigera Crep., R. blanda var. hispida Farw., and R. blanda fo. alba (Schuette ex Erlanson) Fernald.
Chemical vapor deposition of coatings on glass

Chemical vapor deposition has been used to deposit films of a wide variety of materials. Those of particular interest to the glass industry include coatings of silicon, titanium nitride, and the oxides of silicon, aluminum, tin, zinc and transition metals, which can add very useful electrical and optical properties to glass. Several different chemical sources and reactions are used to deposit these materials. Comparison of these processes will be made in terms of ease of use of the precursors, attainable deposition rates, and safety and cost of the precursors. Equipment has been developed to deposit these materials with excellent thickness uniformity over large areas of glass. Fluorine-doped tin oxide and zinc oxide efficiently reflect infrared heat (low emissivity), thereby increasing the insulating ability of windows. These materials also conduct electricity, leading to a variety of applications, including solar cells, flat-panel displays, touch control panels, and static dissipation. Titanium nitride provides near-infrared reflectivity, which can provide high-performance rejection of solar heat (solar control glass). Silicon/silicon dioxide/silicon trilayers form durable mirror coatings with high reflectivity to visible light. Amorphous aluminum oxide films are excellent barriers to diffusion of sodium out of soda-lime glass.
VP16CREB-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma.

Objective Drug-induced differentiation is commonly used as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of neuroblastoma tumors. Increased level of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) mediates terminal differentiation in some neuroblastoma cell lines through activation of several signaling networks, including cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Objective was to test whether cAMP-induced differentiation in a murine neuroblastoma cell line (NBP2) is partly mediated by CREB.
Thermal Vacuum Testing of a Proto-flight Miniature Loop Heat Pipe with Two Evaporators and Two Condensers

This paper describes thermal vacuum testing of a proto-flight miniature loop heat pipe (MLHP) with two evaporators and two condensers designed for future small systems applications requiring low mass, low power and compactness. Each evaporator contains a wick with an outer diameter of 6.35 mm, and each has its own integral compensation chamber (CC). Miniaturization of the loop components reduces the volume and mass of the thermal system. Multiple evaporators provide flexibility for placement of instruments that need to be maintained at the same temperature, and facilitate heat load sharing among instruments, reducing the auxiliary heater power requirement. A flow regulator is used to regulate heat dissipations between the two condensers, allowing flexible placement of radiators on the spacecraft. A thermoelectric converter (TEC) is attached to each CC for control of the operating temperature and enhancement of start-up success. Tests performed include start-up, power cycle, sink temperature cycle, high power and low power operation, heat load sharing, and operating temperature control. The proto-flight MLHP demonstrated excellent performance in the thermal vacuum test. The loop started successfully and operated stably under various evaporator heat loads and condenser sink temperatures. The TECs were able to maintain the loop operating temperature within b1K of the desired set point temperature at all power levels and all sink temperatures. The un-powered evaporator would automatically share heat from the other powered evaporator. The flow regulator was able to regulate the heat dissipation among the radiators and prevent vapor from flowing into the liquid line.
Determination of in vivo light fluence distribution in a heterogeneous prostate during photodynamic therapy

Light fluence delivered to the tumor volume is an important dosimetry quantity in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The in vivo measurements in four patients showed that light fluence rates varied significantly in a prostate during PDT. The maximum and the mean fluence rates in a quadrant varied from 74 to 777 mW cm(-2) and from 45 to 385 mW cm(-2), respectively, among 13 quadrants of four patients' prostates. To determine three-dimensional (3D) light fluence rate distribution in a heterogeneous prostate, a kernel model was developed. The accuracy of the model was examined with a finite-element-method (FEM) model calculation, a phantom measurement, and the in vivo measurements. The kernel model calculations showed good agreements with the FEM model calculation and the measurements. The maximum and the mean deviations of the kernel model calculation from the in vivo measurements in the four patients were 23% and 4%, respectively. The kernel model, which is based on an analytic expression of a point source in a spherically symmetrical heterogeneity, has the advantage of fast calculation and is suitable for real-time PDT treatment planning.
Diagnostic accuracy of frozen-section analysis of cancer-containing bladder transurethral resection specimens for the presence of muscularis propria invasion

Aims Frozen section (FS) consultation is generally an accurate diagnostic modality. At our institution, we are frequently asked to assess transurethral resection specimens (TURBT) at FS for muscularis propria (MP) invasion by carcinoma. This study documents our experience in evaluating cancer-containing TURBT specimens at FS for MP invasion. Methods 32 TURBT sent for FS from 2008–2010 were identified. The FS and permanent section (PS) diagnoses were reviewed. Cases excluded from the calculation of test performance included: (1) cases without cancer on FS or PS slides, (2) FS diagnosis deferred, (3) cases without MP on FS and subsequent PS slides. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPEC), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for identifying MP invasion at FS were calculated. Results In 6 cases, no cancer was present in FS or PS slides (18%). The FS diagnosis was deferred on 3 cases (9%). In one case (3%) MP was not present in the FS or the subsequent PS slides. Of the remaining 22 cases, 2 false positive and 6 false negative diagnoses of MP invasion were identified. The test performance for FS assessment of MP invasion in TURB were SEN=33%, SPEC=84%, PPV=60%, and NPV=64%. Conclusions Identifying MP invasion on PS can be difficult, and our results suggest that this is more difficult at FS. Though this study is based on small numbers, our results point to the conclusion that examination of TURBT specimens for MP invasion is best done on PS.
Polarography of bismuth(III)-gluconate complexes

Abstract The polarographic behavior of the bismuth(III)-gluconate complex in alkaline solution has been studied. For a solution containing 0.1 F sodium gluconate and 1 F NaOH, a well-defined irreversible reduction wave is obtained with a half-wave potential of −0.80 V vs. S.C.E. and a diffusion current constant, I max , of 4.26 ± 0.04. The diffusion current is proportional to bismuth (III) concentration for metal ion concentrations from 10 −5 to 10 −2 F . The data indicate that the complex contains one gluconate group and one and one-half hydroxide ions per metal ion. Polarographic determinations of the solubility of bismuth(III) in KOH solutions has permitted the formation constant for the reaction Bi(OH) 3 (s) + OH−→ Bi(OH) 4 − to be evaluated, K = 5.1 × 1O −5 .
Parental decision-making for medically complex infants and children: an integrated literature review.

Background Many children with life-threatening conditions who would have died at birth are now surviving months to years longer than previously expected. Understanding how parents make decisions is necessary to prevent parental regret about decision-making, which can lead to psychological distress, decreased physical health, and decreased quality of life for the parents.
Wavelength diversity assessment of fiber bundle receiver under misalignment and turbulence

We have constructed a fiber-bundle based FSO receiver and investigated its performance as a function of transmission misalignment, turbulence, and weather. We also investigate a wavelength diversity scheme, which consists of switching between multiple transmission wavelengths, for reducing the impact of turbulence. Three wavelengths, 850nm, 1310nm, and 1550nm, are emitted by one or more transmitting fibers, and the effects of turbulence and misalignment experimentally evaluated in an indoor environment. The receiver retained the link for a reduced range of misalignment at all wavelengths without adjustments. Initial outdoor experiments were conducted using 1550nm under various lighting, wind, and turbulence conditions.
SENSITIZATION POTENTIALS OF METHYL, ETHYL, AND n-BUTYL METHACRYLATES AND MUTUAL CROSS-SENSITIVITY IN GUINEA PIGS

Guinea pigs could be strongly sensitized to methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylates in ethanol or olive oil by the topical route, or in saline by the intradermal route. For elicitation of skin reactions, topical challenge with the compounds in olive oil or intradermal challenge with saline as the solvent was necessary. Topical challenge with the methacrylates in ethanol failed to elicit any allergic skin reactions because of their volatility. All sensitized animals responded strongly not only to the inducing methacrylate but also to the other methacrylates, showing that mutual cross-sensitivity had occurred. Since methyl methacrylate has been reported to be a potent sensitizer in humans, the guinea-pig model described here may be useful for screening products before marketing.
Sensitivity of RBC Membrane Ca2+—Adenosine Triphosphatase to Calmodulin Stimulation: Variations in Patients With Bipolar Affective Disorders

• The sensitivity of RBC membrane (RBCM)Ca 2+ —adenosine triphosphatase (Ca 2+ -ATPase) to calmodulin stimulation was repeatedly studied in healthy volunteers and in 12 patients with affective disorders. Whereas control response was relatively stable, the patients showed great variability. This phenomenon was not due to formation of resealed vesicles in the RBCM nor to the quantity of calmodulin remaining in the RBCM preparations present in the cells before hemolysis. Changes in calmodulin sensitivity did not correlate with changes of mood or of drug treatment. When Ca 2+ -ATPase was relatively unresponsive to calmodulin, considerable enzyme activity was maintained at low calcium concentrations without calmodulin. In samples showing a large response to calmodulin, virtually no enzyme activity was detected at low calcium concentrations without exogenous calmodulin. Thus, calcium dependence and calmodulin sensitivity of the Ca 2+ -ATPase appeared to correlate positively with each other. As a similar phenomenon has been linked to changes in the composition of membrane phospholipids responsible for the regulation of Ca 2+ -ATPase activity, variations in baseline activity and calmodulin-induced stimulation of this enzyme may represent a fundamental defect in systems regulating membrane phospholipid composition.
Keying the Past to the Present: Collective Memories and Continuity in Collective Identity Change

This article directs attention to a characteristic of collective identity that is often implied, but seldom studied: namely, its continuity through times of social movement change. While other studies have examined the conditions in which movements persist and/or endure over time, continuity is examined here as a shared sense of a consistent relation between the past and the present of the group. Drawing on ethnographic data collected from a Native American educational social movement, it examines how, through a process called collective memory associating, the continuity of a social movement's collective identity can be interactively established when elements of the identity are in flux. It is argued that the apparent continuity of a collective identity is interactively created as members key present collective identity elements to the past, and use the key to influence current collective identity development.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective aromatase expression regulators in breast cancer cells.

Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens and is a particularly attractive target in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. The enzyme is encoded by the CYP19 gene, which is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the major product of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), stimulates aromatase gene expression via protein kinase A and C signaling pathways. Our previous study demonstrated that COX-2 selective inhibitor nimesulide decreased aromatase activity from the transcriptional level in breast cancer cells. In this manuscript, the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of nimesulide analogues as potential selective aromatase expression regulators are described. Several novel sulfonanilide compounds demonstrate IC50 values from 0.33 to 2.68 μM in suppressing aromatase enzyme activity in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and are 10- to 80-fold more active than nimesulide. Also, the sulfonanilide compounds selectively decrease aromatase gene expression in breast cancer ce...
Sterilization and storage of heart valves. Evaluation of a laboratory technique.

Abstract A technique has been described for sterilizing heart valve grafts with ethylene oxide and storing them at 4°C. in Hanks' solution. The simplicity and dependability of the method are enhanced by the fact that the structures are neither handled nor exposed to the atmosphere subsequent to sterilization. The reduction in the tensile strength of grafts so prepared is less than that attending the use of betapropiolactone or certain other methods of sterilization with ethylene oxide.
A Comparison of Rehabilitation Methods After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Systematic Review

Context:Despite the significant attention directed toward optimizing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, there has been less focus on rehabilitation after rotator cuff repair surgery.Objective:To det...
Per capita alcohol sales, heavy drinker prevalence and alcohol problems in Iowa for 1958-1985.

Summary A series of drinking practices surveys spanning an extended period of uninterrupted alcohol sales growth in Iowa revealed that while per capita alcohol sales were doubling, and the prevalence of drinkers increased 27%, heavy drinker prevalence failed to increase, and a majority of seven survey indicators of problem drinking trended up. The findings have implications for the integrity of the distribution of consumption prevention model.
Differential Cementation of Pleistocene Carbonate Fanglomerate, Guadalupe Mountains: ABSTRACT

Pleistocene fanglomerates, extending southeastward from the Guadalupe Mountains, consist of predominantly micritic carbonate particles (limestone and dolostone) eroded from the Permian reef complex. Accessory particles consist of detrital monocrystalline grains of calcispar, quartz, and chert. The fanglomerate is firmly cemented by low-magnesium calcite. The fanglomerate was cemented in the vadose zone. Predominantly micritic particles are coated by bilaminar films, consisting of inner calcimicrite laminae and outer rims of drusy, dogtooth spar. Bilaminar films do not completely occlude porosity in large neighboring interstices. Monocrystalline carbonate grains are concentrated in the sand-size fraction and are enveloped by thin, discontinuous micrite films and thick over rowth aureoles which expand outward to occlude porosity in adjacent interstices. The following lines of evidence suggest that overgrowth aureoles on monocrystalline grains were precipitated at much greater rates than outer drusy rims of bilaminar film-coated grains: (1) both monocrystalline grains and bilaminar film-coated grains are enveloped by thin inner micrite films, suggesting that outer drusy rims are homologous with overgrowth halos; (2) overgrowth rims on monocrystalline grains are 3-10 times thicker than outer rims of dogtooth spar on similar-sized, bilaminar film-coated particles; (3) where overgrowth halos expand outward and engulf neighboring grains, outer drusy rims are missing or poorly developed. Bilaminar films, especially outer drusy rims, thicken downward from lower grain boundaries into interstices in response to a gravitational effect (downward thickening of water films). End_of_Article - Last_Page 786------------
Attending the news: A grounded theory about a daily regimen

This article proposes a theory about how people negotiate news as a daily regimen. The theory of purposive attending proposes a feedback loop in which awareness increases relevance, which can incre...
Minor Physical Anomalies: Modifiers of Environmental Risks for Psychiatric Impairment?

ABSTRACT Objective To test the hypothesis that minor physical anomalies (MPAs) modify an adolescent's vulnerability to environmental risk factors for psychopathology. Method One hundred eighteen unreferred male adolescents who had been evaluated as 7-year-olds received a comprehensive neuropsychiatric evaluation. The evaluation included standardized assessments of environmental risk factors for psychiatric impairment, neurological signs, IQ, MPAs, and psychiatric impairment. The relationship between psychiatric status and environmental risk was examined as a function of the MPA profile. Results There was a significant interaction between MPAs and environmental risk in predicting psychiatric status. Environmental risk was more predictive of psychiatric impairment at age 17 in subjects with high scores on the MPA scale than in subjects with low scores on the scale. This relationship was particularly apparent in subjects with conduct disorder. MPAs also exhibited relationships with two childhood factors, neurological soft signs and Verbal IQ, that had been shown to predict adolescent psychopathology in prior reports on this cohort. Conclusions MPAs may contribute to psychiatric impairment by influencing an individual's vulnerability to environmental risk factors for psychopathology. These suggestive findings are consistent with an emerging body of literature examining the role of biopsychosocial interactions in psychiatric disorders.
Approaches to group research with children

Approaches to conducted group discussions with children, those aged six to twelve, are examined in detail. Three approaches, representing alternative expectations about children in group marketing research situations, are identified: the Creative-drama Approach, the Structural Approach, and the Adult-oriented Approach. The Structural Approach is recommended because it better deals with the cognitive skills of children while addressing the need for structure in encouraging and channeling task participation.
Immunization of opioid analgesia: Effects of prior escapable shock on subsequent shock-induced and morphine-induced antinociception

Abstract In Experiment 1, it was shown that experience with escapable foot shock 4 hr prior to a session of 80 inescapable tail shocks prevented the occurrence of an analgesic response normally observed immediately following the tail shock. It has been suggested by J. W. Grau, R. L. Hyson, S. F. Maier, J. Madden, and J. D. Barchas ( Science , 1981 , 213 , 1409–1411) that the analgesia that occurs following this number of inescapable tail shocks is mediated by endogenous opioid systems. To further explore the influence of escapable shock on opiate-mediated analgesia, Experiment 2 examined the effects of prior escapable shock on the long-term analgesia reaction that occurs upon brief exposure to shock 20 hr after morphine administration. Rats were given escapable shock, inescapable shock, or no shock 4 hr prior to a morphine injection. Twenty hours following the injection, all subjects received 5 brief foot shocks and were then immediately given tail-flick analgesia tests. Subjects which received inescapable shock or no shock prior to the morphine injection displayed a significant analgesic response. However, subjects which received escapable shock prior to morphine were not analgesic following brief exposure to shock. Thus, escapable shock seems to directly influence the activation of opioid analgesia systems.
Improved chromatographic fractionation and characterization of human plasma proteins

Abstract The human plasma proteins have been successfully separated into a number of fairly pure fractions by a single pass with DEAE-cellulose. The elution technique utilized, with 0.00 to 0.20 M NaCl in the presence of 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 to 6.5, in the chromatographic separation of the plasma proteins was termed as the gradient stepwise elution. The effluent was continuously monitored by a Vanguard automatic UV analyzer. The methods developed for the plasma protein fractionation are accurate, precise, and result in considerable saving of analytical and preparative time, especially for routine laboratories analyzing a large number of samples. Total time necessary in this clution chromatographic technique for obtaining a number of fractions from plasma is about 15 hr (previously 60–70 hr). The initial loss of euglobulins can be avoided by introducing the optimum amount of proteins compared to the size of column. To a lesser extent DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of plasma protein has been simultaneously studied. Characterization of the chromatographically separated protein fractions in made by microzone (cellulose acetate), disk, and immuno-electrophoresis.
Suppurative Cutaneous Granulomata Caused by Microascus cinereus in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

We describe a patient with chronic granulomatous disease who presented with erythematous papular skin lesions on the chest, back, and arm. Examination of biopsy specimens from the lesions on the arm and back showed suppurative granulomata in association with acute and chronic inflammation. Histopathologic examination of a specimen from the lesion on the arm revealed fungal elements, and cultures yielded Microascus cinereus. The patient was treated with 2.5 g of intravenous amphotericin B, and the lesions resolved. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first case of invasive disease due solely to M. cinereus.
The Relation of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness to Willingness to Engage in Traditional/Nontraditional Career Activities

The relation of self-efficacy and assertiveness to the willingness of women to engage in traditional or nontraditional career activities was studied. One hundred and twenty-two undergraduate females took the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (Taylor & Betz, 1983) and the Assertive Behavior Assessment for Women (Osborn & Harris, 1975) and were asked to rate their willingness to engage in the career-related activities of ten traditional and ten nontraditional occupations for women. Strong self-efficacy expectations and assertiveness were related to the willingness to engage in the career-related activities of nontraditional occupations, but not traditional ones. However, regardless of level of self-efficacy or of assertiveness, women were more willing to engage in the career-related activities of traditional occupations. Implications of the results for career counseling are discussed.
Parallel computation and computers for artificial intelligence

I: Parallel Computation.- 1. Parallel Processing in Artificial Intelligence.- 2. Parallel Computing Using Multilisp.- 3. Execution of Common Lisp Programs in a Parallel Environment.- 4. Qlisp.- 5. Restricted AND-Parallel Execution of Logic Programs.- 6. Parlog: Parallel Programming in Logic.- 7. Data-driven Processing of Semantic Nets.- II: Parallel Computers.- 8. Application of the Butterfly Parallel Processor in Artificial Intelligence.- 9. On the Range of Applicability of an Artificial Intelligence Machine.- 10. Low-level Vision on Warp and the Apply Programming Model.- 11. AHR: A Parallel Computer for Pure Lisp.- 12. FAIM-1: An Architecture for Symbolic Multiprocessing.- 13. Overview of AI Application-Oriented Parallel Processing Research in Japan.- A Survey on Special Purpose Computer Architecture for AI Benjamin W. Wah and Guo-Jie Li.
An efficient and reliable reservation algorithm for mobile transactions

In a mobile computing environment, a user carrying a portable computer can execute a mobile t11m,,· action by submitting the ope.rations of the transaction to distributed data servers from different locations. M a result of this mobility, the operations of the transaction may be executed at different servers. The distribution oC operations implies that the transmission of messages (such as those involved in a two phase commit protocol) may be required among these data servers in order to coordinate the execution ofthese operations. In this paper, we will address the distribution oC operations that update partitioned data in mobile environments. We show that, for operations pertaining to resource allocation, the message overhead (e.g., for a 2PC protocol) introduced by the distribution of operations is undesirable and unnecessary. We introduce a new algorithm, the RenlnJation Algorithm (RA), that does not necessitate the incurring of message overheads Cor the commitment of mobile transactions. We address two issues related to the RA algorithm: a termination protocol and a protocol for non_partition.commutotive operation". We perform a comparison between the proposed RA algorithm and existing solutions that use a 2PC protocol.
The Cooperative Extension Service System: Response and Educational Resource in the Field of Stress and Families

Educational materials and programs disseminated through the Cooperative Extension Services in each state serve as resources to help people understand stress and to reduce their stress levels. This meta-analysis references information provided by the Cooperative Extensions Services that can be accessed by anyone in any state: educators, practitioners, general public. The Cooperative Extension Service systems “extend” their resources, solving public need with college or land-grant university resources through non-formal non-credit programs (USDA CSREES, 2004). Reports from Cooperative Extension Service indicate work with audiences in stress topics primarily related to 1) parenting; 2) divorce, separation and co-parenting; 3) grandparenting and aging; and 4) joblessness, disaster and trauma. Finding that information is often difficult as contact information for each state Cooperative Extension Service appears to vary from state to state and county to county. An attempt to remedy this is the impending develop...
Maximum Sustainable Work Rate for Five Protective Clothing Ensembles with Respect to Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate and Air Permeability

Abstract The fabrics associated with protective clothing affect heat stress, which influences productivity and risks of heat-related disorders. This study compared the work limiting effects of five protective coveralls and a semiclothed condition (t-shirt and shorts). Two fabric characteristics determined from bench tests, moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), and air permeability were also examined as possible predictors of ensemble performance. A progressive metabolic rate protocol was used where environmentalconditions (Tdb = 32°C; Tpwb = 26°C) were held constant while treadmill speed was slowly increased. The limiting metabolic rate to just maintain thermal equilibrium was the critical point. At this point, critical speed and critical metabolic rate were noted and total evaporative resistance was calculated for each ensemble. Five acclimatized subjects wore each of the six clothing conditions in a random order. Statistically significant differences were found among the five protective garments and ...
PORGUENIA PERUVIANA GEN. ET SP. NOV., A MARINE CENTRIC DIATOM WITH AN UNUSUAL OCELLUS1

A new diatom genus and species, Porguenia peruviana Sullivan, is described from an Eocene marine deposit from the Paracas Peninsula, Peru. The value outline is circular and the areolation is best described as pseudoloculate; spines of any type are lacking. A ring of elongated, densely packed rimoportulae is situated on the secondary marginal ridge. Externally, each rimoportula consists of a long, flattened, fluted upper portion supported by a shorter cylindrical stalk. The processes are winged and exhibit various degrees of curvature of the major axis. Typically, six reniform ocelli of unusual structure are situated centrifugally to the ring of rimoportulae and interrupt the true marginal ridge. Because the perforation plate differs from that of all other ocellus-bearing diatoms, a new term has been introduced for this structure, the diaphoron. The placement and structure of this newly discovered “perforation plate” do not allow Porguenia to be placed in any circumscribed family, although the Triceratiaceae would appear at present to be the most closely related family.
Distribution of Blood (Fe59) and Plasma (I131) Volumes of Rats Determined by Liquid Nitrogen Freezing

A standard method is described which gives reproducible blood volume values for rats and their various organs and tissues.
Lipid Biosynthesis in the Chick. A Consideration of Site of Synthesis, Influence of Diet and Possible Regulatory Mechanisms

Studies in vitro and with intact chicks support the view that liver is the major site of lipid biosynthesis in the chicken. Adipose tissue is relatively unimportant as a site of fatty acid biosynthesis in this species although it does have the ability to esterify fatty acids to triglycerides. The available evidence, therefore, suggests that in the chicken, and presumably other avian species, fatty acids are synthesized in liver and are transported as triglycerides in the plasma low-density lipoproteins to the adipose tissue for storage. Fasting, even for short periods of time, markedly depresses the capacity for hepatic lipogenesis in the chick. Food restriction for 2 hr. depresses hepatic lipogenesis by about 90% and refeeding for 1 hr./or/the intravenous administration of glucose or fructose restores the lipogenic capacity. Feeding diets high in fat or protein cannot be adequately explained on the basis of the reduction of dietary carbohydrate which accompanies increased dietary protein or fat levels. Dietary fat and protein appear to exert their effects on hepatic lipid synthesis by different mechanisms. The depression in hepatic fatty acid synthesis brought about by fasting or fat-feeding is accompanied, and probably preceded, by an increased plasma free fatty acid level. Under these conditions hepatic fatty-acyl CoA levels increase while free CoA levels are reduced. Long-chain acyl CoA derivatives are capable of inhibiting acetyl CoA carboxylase activity as well as citrate transport. The reduced availability of free CoA may limit the citrate cleavage reaction. Dietary alterations influence the hepatic lactate-pyruvate ratio of chicks, however the changes observed are not always consistent with the changes observed in rat liver. Chicks fed high-protein diets have a decreased hepatic lactate/pyruvate ratio indicative of a more oxidized cytoplasmic environment. This change in redox state may be associated with control of fatty acid synthesis in chicks fed high-protein diets. Thyroxine and glucagon affect hepatic fatty acid synthesis in the chick, however insulin appears to play a lesser role.
Spreadsheet Modeling for the Classroom: The Value of Position on the Web Page

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the authors' experience with a little-used quality of spreadsheets–the ability to construct spatial models. The article follows the development of a Web page layout model for classroom use. The model presents students with the problem of balancing out value of position, color, movement and other input factors in developing overall Web page strategy.
1D-to-2D tunneling in electron waveguides.

We present a comprehensive experimental study of the tunneling and transport characteristics of split-gate ``leaky'' one-dimensional (1D) electron waveguides implemented in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs heterostructures. In a leaky electron waveguide, electrons can tunnel out of the 1D channel through a thin side wall barrier into an adjacent 2D electron bath. A sharp peak and valley structure is observed in the 1D-to-2D tunneling current as the carrier concentration is modulated in the 1D waveguide through the field-effect action of the split gates. A semiclassical model confirms that the tunneling features originate from the 1D subbands in the channel.