cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare coexistence of sarcoidosis and lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Case An eighty year old African-American female was evaluated for cough, chest pain, asymptomatic anemia and 21 pound weight loss over a six month period. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed a spiculated 2.8 cm right upper lobe lung nodule, other smaller nodules and lymphadenopathy. Gallium scan revealed abnormal uptake of radiotracer in lacrimal, hilar and mediastinal glands. Broncho-alveolar lavage showed CD4/CD8 ratio of 2:1 with 15% lymphocytes. Biopsy of right upper lobe lesion and mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy showed numerous matured uniform non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, however stains and culture for Acid fast bacilli (AFB)/fungal organisms were negative. Patient improved on oral steroids. Six months later she returned with worsening dyspnea and chest X-ray showed bilateral pleural effusions. Thoracocentesis revealed Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) positive adenocarcinoma cells and Video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) procedure revealed numerous pleural, pericardial, diaphragmatic metastasis. Biopsy also was positive for TTF1 adenocarcinoma and positive for Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, however negative for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). Talc pleurodesis was performed. She was treated with erlotinib while steroid was kept on hold. Initial tumor burden decreased but follow-up PET scan six months later showed progression of tumor with lymphadenopathy. After discussion with patient and family, patient opted for hospice care. Discussion Oncocentric theory postulates sarcoidosis as an immunological reaction to dispersal of tumor antigen. Sarcocentric theory postulates that cell-mediated immune abnormalities induced by sarcoidosis in CD4 and CD8 cells is involved in the onset of lung cancer. Thus considerable controversy exists regarding sarcoidosis and malignancy. In our case, TTF1 adenocarcinoma cells from thoracocentesis suggest peripheral nodules in right upper lobe and lingula were likely metastatic, presenting as malignant pleural effusions. However if noncaseating granulomatous inflammation is expected as an immunological reaction to tumor antigen, it is very interesting to observe that initial tissue biopsy of primary right upper lobe mass and mediastinal lymph nodes showed matured uniform non-caseating granulomatous inflammation and no evidence of adenocarcinoma. This being said, it would be highly unlikely for sarcoidosis to progress to lung adenocarcinoma within six months. This adds further controversy to whether granulomatous inflammation is a precursor to future malignancy or whether this elderly African-American female was predisposed to develop granulomatous inflammation in presence of a tumor antigen. One can also speculate whether repeat tissue sampling from right upper lobe mass would have shown granulomatous inflammation or TTF1 adenocarcinoma. Conclusion While evidence is still lacking regarding association between sarcoidosis and lung adenocarcinoma, it is important for clinicians to exclude metastatic malignancy in patients exhibiting clinical and radiographic findings consistent with sarcoidosis.
Synchronization Properties of a Near-Comma-Free

Comma-free binary orthogonal codes, as described by Stiffler [1] [2], exhibit properties that are desirable for word synchronization purposes. Hall and Stiffler [3] have shown that, unfortunately, there are no such codes of length 8. It is shown that, despite the lack of comma freedom, the particular biorthogonal (8,4) code discussed has excellent word synchronization capabilities when treated as being comma free.
Systolic and diastolic pressure relationships in the isolated rat heart.

This report deals with variations in intraventricular pressure in the excised, beating rat heart. A negative early diastolic pressure developed, the magnitude of which correlated with the vigor of contraction.
The Clinical Role and Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. Long-acting antiretroviral therapy (LA-ART) is currently under development and could improve outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with poor daily ART adherence. Methods. We used a computer simulation model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 3 LA-ART strategies vs daily oral ART for all: (1) LA-ART for patients with multiple ART failures; (2) second-line LA-ART for those failing first-line therapy; and (3) first-line LA-ART for ART-naive patients. We calculated the maximum annual cost of LA-ART at which each strategy would be cost-effective at a willingness to pay of $100 000 per quality-adjusted life-year. We assumed HIV RNA suppression on daily ART ranged from 0% to 91% depending on adherence, vs 91% suppression on LA-ART regardless of daily ART adherence. In sensitivity analyses, we varied adherence, efficacy of LA-ART and daily ART, and loss to follow-up. Results. Relative to daily ART, LA-ART increased overall life expectancy by 0.15–0.24 years, and by 0.51–0.89 years among poorly adherent patients, depending on the LA-ART strategy. LA-ART after multiple failures became cost-effective at an annual drug cost of $48 000; in sensitivity analysis, this threshold varied from $40 000–$70 000. Second-line LA-ART and first-line LA-ART became cost-effective at an annual drug cost of $26 000–$31 000 and $24 000–$27 000, vs $28 000 and $25 000 for current second-line and first-line regimens. Conclusions. LA-ART could improve survival of HIV patients, especially those with poor daily ART adherence. At an annual cost of $40 000–$70 000, LA-ART will offer good value for patients with multiple prior failures. To be a viable option for first- or second-line therapy, however, its cost must approach that of currently available regimens.
Natural hydrous amorphous silica: Quantitation of network speciation and hydroxyl content by 29Si MAS NMR and vibrational spectroscopy

Natural and synthetic hydrous amorphous silicas were investigated with single-pulse ^(29)Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and with vibrational spectroscopic methods. Samples included a volcanically derived silica coating on young basalt from Kilauea, Hawaii, as well as hyalite (opal-AN), silica sinters, and synthetic silica gels and silicic acid. Pulse delays of up to an hour were employed for silica samples with slow spin lattice relaxation rates, and nearly fully relaxed spectra (90–100%) were demonstrably achieved for all samples. ^(29)Si NMR spectra consisted of two broad, overlapping peaks at −111 and −102 ppm and a smaller peak at −92 ppm, corresponding to Q^4, Q^3, and Q^2 sites, respectively. The Hawaiian silica coating and silicic acid samples displayed high Q^3 and Q^2 contents; in particular, the structural Si-OH content of the coating was unusually high for a natural silica (5.4 ± 0.4 wt% H_(2)O). Saturation-recovery spectra of the Hawaiian silica with increasing delay times were consistent with “stretched exponential” relaxation behavior and three-dimensional distribution of paramagnetic centers. Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) and Raman spectra of the silica powders indicated fully amorphous structures, and displayed hydrous (SiO_(3)OH) and anhydrous silicate vibrational bands in positions consistent with previous work. Raman spectra of some samples indicated modest grain to grain heterogeneity. Inferred Si-OH contents from ATR-IR band ratios were strongly correlated with hydroxyl contents calculated from NMR spectra. The high Si-OH content of the Hawaiian silica coating suggests it is diagenetically immature and has not been exposed to elevated temperatures.
An ethical imperative for technical communicators

Utilitarianism, the ethical system of free-market capitalism, is limited in that it sanctions contingencies. Immanuel Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative-to treat ourselves and others not merely as means but also as ends-offers a clear and powerful ethic that enables technical communicators to subordinate contingencies to an understanding of people as rational entities possessed of full human dignity. John Rawls's (1971) model of an ideal society derives from and extends Kant's thinking on the primacy of human dignity in an ethical system. >
Modelling land-cover types using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis in a desert city

Spectral mixture analysis is probably the most commonly used approach among sub-pixel analysis techniques. This method models pixel spectra as a linear combination of spectral signatures from two or more ground components. However, spectral mixture analysis does not account for the absence of one of the surface features or spectral variation within pure materials since it utilizes an invariable set of surface features. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), which addresses these issues by allowing endmembers to vary on a per pixel basis, was employed in this study to model Landsat ETM+ reflectance in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Image endmember spectra of vegetation, soils, and impervious surfaces were collected with the use of a fine resolution Quickbird image and the pixel purity index. This study employed 204 (3×17×4) total four-endmember models for the urban subset and 96 (6×6×2×4) total five-endmember models for the non-urban subset to identify fractions of soil, impervious surface, vegetation and shade. The Pearson correlation between the fraction outputs from MESMA and reference data from Quickbird 60 cm resolution data for soil, impervious, and vegetation were 0.8030, 0.8632, and 0.8496 respectively. Results from this study suggest that the MESMA approach is effective in mapping urban land covers in desert cities at sub-pixel level.
Older patient, physician and pharmacist perspectives about community pharmacists' roles

Objectives To investigate older patient, physician and pharmacist perspectives about the role of pharmacists in pharmacist-patient interactions. Methods Eight focus-group discussions were held in senior centres, community pharmacies and primary care physician offices. Participants were 42 patients aged 63 years and older, 17 primary care physicians and 13 community pharmacists. Qualitative analysis of the focus-group discussions was performed. Key findings Participants in all focus groups indicated that pharmacists are a good resource for basic information about medications. Physicians appreciated pharmacists' ability to identify drug interactions, yet did not comment on other specific aspects related to patient education and care. Physicians noted that pharmacists often were hindered by time constraints that impeded patient counselling. Both patient and pharmacist participants indicated that patients often asked pharmacists to expand upon, reinforce and explain physician–patient conversations about medications, as well as to evaluate medication appropriateness and physician treatment plans. These groups also noted that patients confided in pharmacists about medication-related problems before contacting physicians. Pharmacists identified several barriers to patient counselling, including lack of knowledge about medication indications and physician treatment plans. Conclusions Community-based pharmacists may often be presented with opportunities to address questions that can affect patient medication use. Older patients, physicians and pharmacists all value greater pharmacist participation in patient care. Suboptimal information flow between physicians and pharmacists may hinder pharmacist interactions with patients and detract from patient medication management. Interventions to integrate pharmacists into the patient healthcare team could improve patient medication management.
Chemical Structure Effects on Bone Response to Mechanical Loading

Using solid state NMR (SSNMR) we show that bone mineral and bone matrix both undergo measurable deformations in response to compressive loading. Using bovine cortical bone, load-induced changes in both protein conformation and mineral ion spacings are observed even under sub-physiological loads. Our finding that matrix distortion involves changes in the position of (proline) is not unexpected. Proline and hydroxyproline are the most abundant amino acids in X,Y positions of the repeat gly-X-Y unit of collagen. The local conformation is determined by enthalpic forces stabilizing hydroxyproline and hydrogen bonding stabilizing proline position. Mechanical forces would be expected to be greater, leading to some change in the local orientation. Substitution of another amino acid for glycine, as in most types of osteogenesis imperfecta and in other genetic defects, would have the effect of weakening the stabilizing forces on proline and hydroxyproline, thus allowing greater distortion of the collagen fibrils than would occur in normal bone. In turn, this weakness would contribute to the fragility of the tissue.
Vocalizations of toddlers with cleft lip and palate

Abstract This study examined the early vocalizations of toddlers with cleft lip and palate. Ten toddlers, ranging in age from 12 to 14 months, served as subjects: five toddlers with cleft lip and palate and five noncleft toddlers. Samples of the toddler's spontaneous vocalizations were obtained while they interacted with their mothers during an unstructured play session. All speech-like vocalizations were transcribed, and comparisons were made between the cleft and noncleft groups for (1) size of consonant inventory, (2) type and frequency of occurrence of consonants, and (3) frequency and type of multisyllabic productions. Results indicated differences in the consonant inventories and multisyllabic productions of the two groups of toddlers.
Ship–Ship Interactions in Calm Water and Waves. Part 1: Analysis of the Experimental Data

Part 1 of this two-part paper presents detailed analysis of the previously conducted ship–ship experiments for Bob Hope and Bobo free to heave and pitch in deep calm water and waves (Van’t Veer and Van Engelenburg, 2006). Interactions are quantified, recommendations for future experiments are provided, and the results are used as basis for selection of simulation conditions in Part 2. Calm water interactions include induced side forces and rolling and yawing moments on both ships. Effects of changing the configuration, decreasing the spacing, and increasing the speed are to intensify or diminish these induced effects, depending on the variable and the test conditions. In waves, the important effects include increased interactions in resonance region, sheltering of one ship by the other in oblique waves, and elevated amplitudes of forces and moments at high frequencies where the motion amplitudes are nearly zero. Effects of configuration, speed, and heading are studied both on trends with frequency and averaged over all frequencies, showing different effects depending on the test conditions. Part 2 provides validation studies for selected conditions, as well as further investigation of the physics through comparison with single-ship simulations and analysis of the global and local flow variables.
Hospitalization for Varicella and Zoster in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective To evaluate the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and varicella- and herpes zoster–related pediatric hospitalizations. Study design We performed a cross-sectional inpatient study using the triennial Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for years 1997-2012 to evaluate the association between a secondary diagnosis of IBD and a primary diagnosis of varicella or herpes zoster for hospitalized children ages 5-20 years. Billing codes were used to identify varicella, herpes zoster, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other immunocompromising conditions. A logistic regression model was fitted to quantify the odds of varicella or zoster between these categories. Results There were 8 828 712 weighted admissions meeting the study criteria, 4434 with varicella and 4488 with herpes zoster. There was an association of IBD and immunocompromising conditions with hospitalization for varicella and herpes zoster. This association was stronger among children with Crohn's disease (varicella OR, 12.75; 95% CI, 8.30-19.59; zoster OR, 7.91; 95% CI, 5.60-11.18) compared with children with ulcerative colitis (varicella OR 4.25; 95% CI 1.98-9.12, zoster OR 3.90; 95% CI 1.98-7.67). Conclusions IBD in children is associated with hospitalizations for varicella and herpes zoster. These results highlight the importance of efforts to vaccinate patients with IBD without varicella immunity, ideally before the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Furthermore, research is needed on the safety and efficacy of the varicella vaccine in children with IBD on immunomodulators or biologic therapy.
2-(Pyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole

The title compound, C12H9N3, is an unhydrated analogue of the previously reported trihydrate. The mol­ecule is essentially planar, with a 3.62 (11)° angle between the pyridine and benzimidazole planes. In the crystal, N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds result in chains of mol­ecules parallel to [010], which are additionally linked by weak π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7469 (17) A], resulting in extended sheets of molecules parallel to (103).
Mechanisms of Tritrichomonas foetus Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis

Almost 20 years has passed since trichomonosis was first recognized as a potential cause of diarrhea in domestic cats. Despite progress in confirming disease causation, developing means for diagnosis, and identifying approaches to treatment of the infection, we still know very little about how this parasite causes diarrhea. With increasing recognition of resistance of trichomonosis to treatment with 5-nitroimidazole drugs, new treatment strategies based on an understanding of disease pathogenesis are needed. In this review, lessons learned from the pathogenesis of venereal trichomonosis in people and cattle are applied to clinical observations of trichomonosis in cats in effort to generate insight into areas where further research may be beneficial.
Seasonal abundance of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on California dairies.

Abundance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was studied on six Tulare County, Calif., dairies from April to July 1985 and on six Riverside County, Calif., dairies from April 1985 to July 1986. Stable flies were common from late April through June in both areas, and the house fly, Musca domestica L., was predominant in late summer and fall in Riverside County. Stable fly sticky trap catches averaged 25 flies per leg were common in 1986 during peak abundance. Stable flies seem to be an important seasonal problem on California dairies.
Some Factors Influencing Outbreaks of, and the Control of Shade-Tree Insects

Insect infestations of shade trees present complex problems. These infestations are best prevented and controlled when we carefully consider all of the factors involved. These factors include climate or weather, the conditions under which the trees were grown and are growing, and many features of insect behavior. Today, with the steady improvement in the work of the tree expert, as regards both knowledge and technic, it is important for members of this profession to have a broad view of their problems. They should strive toward the prevention of tree-insect troubles as well as their control and endeavor to aid in the accumulation of information on shade-tree insects that will be available to all. The means for this accumulation of data lie in the full study of all phases of every problem and the recording of the information thus obtained.
The paradoxes of learning from failures

Drawing on and extending the research related to escalation of commitment and organizational learning, this paper intends to elaborate upon inherent difficulties of learning from relatively large f...
Studies of Renovation of Pulp Mill Waste Water

Lime-treated water of unbleached kraft pulp wash wastewater (lignin concentration 1226ppm, COD 2544ppm) and pretreated water of bleached kraft pulp caustic soda extract wastewater (lignin concentration 33120 ppm) treated by activated sludge, followed by lime were offered the pilot plant tests for adsorption on granular activated carbon and the possibility of renovation of these treated waters was investigated.Adsorption isotherms of several wastewater samples including treated waters were simultaneously determined and the relationship between adsorption isotherm and the carbon usage obtained from plant tests was developed.At a superficial velocity of 1.7m/hr and contact time of 140 min., the carbon usages of lime-treated water were 3, 530l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough curve and 3, 090l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of COD breakthrough curve.In order to examine the effect of lime treatment for wash wastewater, dilute water of wash wastewater equal to lignin concentration of lime-treated water was prepared and offered the pilot plant test in the same condition as lime-treated water.The carbon usages on the basis of lignin and COD were 310 and 3, 670l/kg·air-dried carbon respectively.From these results, it is apparent that the adsorption of lignin on activated carbon by lime treatment increases but the adsorption of COD hardly increases.These results are consistent with the results obtained from adsorption isotherms of lime-treated water and dilute water.Similarly, the carbon usage of pretreated water of caustic soda extract wastewater was 130l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough curve. This small carbon usage mainly may be ascribed to high lignin concentration of influent because at the same initial lignin concentration adsorption capacity of pretreated water of caustic soda extract wastewater is rather larger than lime-treated water of wash wastewater.
Hume and the Value of the Beautiful

Hume is plausibly interpreted as asserting that an artwork is beautiful if and only if it pleases ideal critics. Jerrold Levinson maintains that Hume's commitment to this biconditional gives rise to a problem that occurs neither to Hume nor to his any of his interpreters—the problem of explaining why you should care what pleases ideal critics if you are not one yourself. I argue that this problem arises only if you hold an empiricist theory of aesthetic value—that is, a theory that reduces the aesthetic value of a work to the value of the experience it affords-as Levinson does. I argue that Levinson's own attempted solution to the problem cannot succeed. And I argue that the problem never arises for Hume because his commitment to the biconditional is not a commitment to an empiricist theory of aesthetic value, but to an empiricist theory of aesthetic evaluation.
Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Imaging of Individual Chirality-Assigned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Femtosecond transient absorption microscopy was employed to study the excited-state dynamics of individual semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with simultaneously high spatial (∼200 nm) and temporal (∼300 fs) resolution. Isolated SWNTs were located using atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy was employed to determine the chiral index of select nanotubes. This unique experimental approach removes sample heterogeneity in ultrafast measurements of these complex materials. Transient absorption spectra of the individual SWNTs were obtained by recording transient absorption images at different probe wavelengths. These measurements provide new information about the origin of the photoinduced absorption features of SWNTs. Transient absorption traces were also collected for individual SWNTs. The dynamics show a fast, ∼1 ps, decay for all the semiconducting nanotubes studied, which is significantly faster than the previously reported decay times for SWNT suspensions. We attributed this fast relaxation to coupling between the excitons created by the pump laser pulse and the substrate.
Construction of Harpin expression engineering strain FZBHarpin and evaluation of its biocontrol activity

HpaG Xooc,from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,is a member of the Harpin group of proteins,eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants,inducing disease and insect resistance in plants and enhancing the plant growth.Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has been used as powerful weapons for the suppression of plant pathogenic organisms and plant growth promotion in the world. In this study,two recombinant Harpin protein expression vectors pGAprEHS and pUNprEKHS were constructed and integrated into the aprE,nprE site of FZB42. These two vectors were composed of powerful promoter P43 and nprB signal peptide,which leads to the expression of Harpin protein continuously and secretes into the medium. The result of hypersensitive response( HR) on tobacco also indicates that Harpin protein is secreted in the extracellular. RT-PCR analysis reveals the hpa1 gene can be transcribed normally. After tobacco seeds soaking by FZB derived strains,FZBHarpin exhibits an excellent effect of plant growth promotion; the tobacco root length is about 64. 05 mm and is 30% higher than control. The greenhouse experiment revealed that engineered strain FZBHarpin is the best one for the control of rice bacterial leaf blight; the control efficacy is 51. 9%. This study provides a fundamental basis for genetically modification of biocontrol agent by using of HR-elicitors from plant pathogens.
Problems of and competencies needed by men physical education teachers at the secondary level.

Abstract The objectives of this study were: (a) to identify and to rank in order of importance the problems teachers of boys physical education at the secondary level were faced with in performing their roles as directors of learning, and (b) to identify and to rank the competencies needed by these teachers to deal more effectively with the problems. Thirty teachers and 10 administrators were interviewed in the states of California and Utah. Data from these interviews provided the basic material for the development of an inquiry form that was mailed to 526 physical education teachers and 176 administrators in California and Utah. Of the 702 forms mailed, 456 usable returns, or 65 percent, were received. Twenty-one problems and 144 competencies were identified and rated. The general areas in which teachers were most often lacking competence were: (a) dealing with classes that have large enrollments, (b) grading and reporting pupil progress, (c) working in the area of adaptive physical education, and (d) ev...
17 beta-Estradiol metabolism by hamster hepatic microsomes. Implications for the catechol-O-methyl transferase-mediated detoxication of catechol estrogens.

We have shown that the metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol in hamster liver microsomes is concentration-dependent. At low ( 10 mM inhibited the metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol, as evidenced by i) the increased recovery of substrate; ii) a decrease in the formation of estriol, estrone, and 2-, and 4-hydroxy-17 beta-estradiol; iii) a decrease in the recovery of water-soluble metabolites when incubations were performed in the presence of glutathione (GSH) to trap the reactive electrophilic metabolites; and iv) a decrease in the amount of reactive electrophilic metabolites bound to microsomal protein. GSH also decreased the covalent binding of electrophilic metabolites of [4-(14)C]17 beta-estradiol to microsomal protein, with the concomitant formation of water-soluble metabolites. Thus, both COMT and GSH combine to limit the formation of electrophilic metabolites from 17 beta-estradiol. The relative importance of each of these pathways to the disposition of the catechol estrogens remains to be determined.
Active Gases and Species

Atomic hydrogen is employed for research in the surface science field as a reagent for rapidly producing chemisorbed hydrogen on semiconductor surfaces and also on metal surfaces that do not readily dissociate molecular H2. The surface chemistry of atomic hydrogen has been investigated as early as the work of Langmuir (J Am Chem Soc 34:1310, 1912, J Am Chem Soc 37:417, 1915) who first produced it on a hot tungsten filament.
Electron Transfer in Heme Protein-CdSe/CdS Nanorod Complexes

Electron transfer in protein-protien complexes is highly engineered and regulated by high fidelity interactions and tight control over geometry. Achieving such exquisite control over electron transfer in colloidal systems is a standing goal in the engineering of nanoscale systems for energy conversion and other applications. We show that by mutating an electron transfer protein, cytochrome c, we can enable reversible photoinduced electron transfer with colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods. Further, we can use site directed mutagenesis of protein surface residues to control protein orientation on the nanoparticle surface, thus modulating electronic coupling and electron transfer efficiency. These results represent and important step in gaining rational control over electron transfer processes in nanoscale systems using the protein framework. Furthermore, we show that the photo-reduction process can be exploited to probe rapid ET coupled protein dynamics.
Progress in Myeloma - A Monoclonal Breakthrough.

In the past decade, we have witnessed more progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma than any other cancer. An improved understanding of disease pathogenesis coupled with biomarker discovery has led to a new disease definition.1 The pronounced depth of response that is possible with new treatments has prompted the development of the assessment of minimal residual disease.2 More importantly, overall survival among patients with myeloma has more than doubled, which is attributable in large part to the effective incorporation of lenalidomide (an immunomodulatory, cereblon-binding drug) and bortezomib (a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor) into the modern therapy for the disease. In . . .
Exploring the Spatial Decay Effect in Mass Media and Location-Based Social Media: A Case Study of China

The rapid development of big data analytics provides tremendous possibilities to investigate large-scale patterns in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. In this research, we utilize a unique open dataset, the Global Database on Events, Location, and Tone (GDELT), and a geotagged social media dataset (Weibo) to analyze connections between Chinese provinces. Specifically, this study constructs a gravity model to compare the distance decay effect between the GDELT data (i.e., mass media data) and the Weibo data (i.e., location-based social media [LBSM] data). The results demonstrate that mass media data possess a weaker distance decay effect than LBSM data for Chinese provinces. This study generates valuable input to interpret regional relations in a fast-growing, developing country—China. It also provides methodological references to explore urban relations in other countries and regions in the big data era.
What Kinds of Message Frames Influence Sailors to Intervene to Prevent Sexual Assault

Sexual assault has serious detrimental effects on individuals, families, and organizations. Intervention by bystanders can prevent assaults, thereby saving all parties from painful consequences. Th...
The safety of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The approval of ibrutinib has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Currently ibrutinib is indicated for patients that are both treatment naive as well as those with relapsed CLL. Ibrutinib is generally well-tolerated with durable responses that improve over time in most patients. Important toxicities include atrial fibrillation and bleeding.Areas cover: This review covers the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and efficacy of ibrutinib in the treatment of CLL. We also compare ibrutinib with other kinase inhibitors and chemoimmunotherapy regimens using data from clinical trials. A literature search utilized the PubMed database.Expert opinion: Despite the efficacy and tolerability of ibrutinib, important questions remain, which include selection of patients receiving ibrutinib in the first and subsequent lines of treatment, optimal dosing, sequential use of ibrutinib versus other kinase inhibitors and combination therapy. Prospective s...
Engineering Antibody Reactivity for Efficient Derivatization to Generate NaV1.7 Inhibitory GpTx-1 Peptide–Antibody Conjugates

The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is a genetically-validated pain target under investigation for the development of analgesics. A therapeutic with a less frequent dosing regimen would be of value for treating chronic pain, however functional NaV1.7 targeting antibodies are not known. In this report we describe NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates as an alternate construct for potential prolonged channel blockade through chemical derivatization of engineered antibodies. We previously identified NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide GpTx-1 from tarantula venom and optimized its potency and selectivity. Tethering GpTx-1 peptides to antibodies bifunctionally couples FcRn-based antibody recycling attributes to the NaV1.7 targeting function of the peptide warhead. Herein, we conjugated a GpTx-1 peptide to specific engineered cysteines in a carrier anti-2,4-dinitrophenol monoclonal antibody using polyethylene glycol linkers. The reactivity of thirteen potential cysteine conjugation sites in the antibody scaff...
Identification of ions in experimental electrostatic potential maps

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) directly images the distribution of electrostatic potential (ESP) within macromolecules, and thus can provide much more information about atomic charge than X-ray crystallography. The electron-scattering length of an isolated ion is quite different from that of the corresponding neutral atom. The difference is very large at small scattering angles where the effects of electron distributions are largest, but becomes smaller at high scattering angles where nuclear charge determines outcomes. For this reason, in cryo-EM maps that have been solved at resolutions lower than ∼2.5 A, peaks corresponding to anions will always be less prominent than those of cations, and may even be negative. Furthermore, if a map of this kind is smeared computationally after the fact, which reduces its effective resolution, anion peaks will diminish in size, cation peaks will grow and peaks that represent uncharged atoms will remain about the same. These effects can be used to determine the sign of the charges carried by the ions associated with a macromolecule and even estimate their magnitudes. The ESP value for a cation in a cation–anion pair is smaller than the value of the cation in isolation, but the ESP value for the anion in the ionic pair is greater than the value of the anion in isolation. The experimental range of ESP values for Mg2+ relative to that of the closest C1′ atom is found to be between 0.57 and 1.27.
Ctrl-Alt-Revolt?: Online and Offline Networks during the 2011 Egyptian Uprising

Analyses of the 2011 Egyptian uprising assign a significant mobilizing role to the interpersonal networks created through Facebook and Twitter. However, these studies fail to investigate online networks in comparison with more traditional “offline” networks, which are similarly theorized to mobilize members to protest participation. In this paper, we analyze nationally representative Arab Barometer survey data from Egypt 2011 to compare the mobilizing effects of memberships in four different types of networks: online, union, community, and religious. We test whether these networks were distinct and operated in competition, or overlapping and operated in tandem to mobilize Egyptians to protest. We demonstrate that different networks mobilized different segments of the population, consistent with theories about the negative revolutionary coalition necessary for successful uprisings. We also show that multiple network membership increases protest propensity, and that individuals at the intersection of online networks and community group networks, such as those formed through membership in charity groups or sports clubs, are most likely to engage in revolutionary protest. These results speak to an important interactive effect between online and offline networks in terms of facilitating successful revolutionary uprisings.
Teaching Problem-Solving Skills to Chronic Psychiatric Patients

Recent developments in psychological treatment are built upon the concept that pathological behavior is best modified through the application of the empirical and scientific approach to clinical treatment. Consistent with this approach, significant advances in treatment have occurred when behavior was objectively observed, manipulated, and evaluated. The foundations of many of these modern treatments are found in learning theory that were originally based on laboratory data generated from research with animals and were later successfully applied to human behavior (e.g., Watson & Rayner, 1920). Although some of the mechanistic assumptions required for the functional analysis of behavior have been criticized on humanistic grounds, the heuristic contributions of these theories in the development and refinement of treatment techniques must be acknowledged. As learning theory has been applied in psychological and educational settings, differing procedural approaches have developed. Educational applications have emphasized procedures that led to cognitive awareness, understanding, and mental development. Psychological applications of learning theory, especially in areas of mental health treatment, have emphasized procedures leading to behavioral change and enhanced performance. Most recently, the techniques of psychological and educational practice have been brought together, and this has lead to effective programs of psychoeducational treatment (Bedell, Archer, & Marlowe, 1980; Bedell & Weathers, 1979).
Economic Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing (CT) has been a major component of the interventions used to prevent HIV infection in the US during the past ten years. According to data gathered from 65 states, cities, and territories fully or partially funded by HIV prevention cooperative agreements from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of reported HIV tests increased from more than one million in 1989 to 2.7 million in 1992, with a slight decrease to 2.4 million in 1994.1 In 1994, the largest proportion of these publicly funded tests were performed in HIV CT sites (30.8%) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics (28.0%). Approximately 12% of the tests were performed in family planning clinics, 8.5% in health departments, 5.9% in prenatal/obstetric clinics, and 4.8% in drug treatment centers.
Convective Flow Interaction and Heat Transfer Between Fluid and Porous Layers

Convective flow and heat transfer in composite systems of fluid and porous layers may be modeled by employing either a two-domain approach with slip conditions at the fluid/porous layer interface or a continuum approach. Both of these formulations have been used in the literature to study the onset of convection in horizontal layers of various configurations. Experimental and numerical results for heat transfer rates are, however, reported for only fluid-superposed porous layers heated from below. Flow visualization pictures show interesting effect of fluid layer height and porous matrix structure. Strong interaction between the overlying fluid layer and the porous bed is demonstrated even when the porous layer is densely packed and the Rayleigh number is low. Studies on volumetrically heated porous bed and vertical cavity are also reviewed.
Enhancing rigor and reproducibility in maternal immune activation models: practical considerations and predicting resilience and susceptibility using baseline immune responsiveness before pregnancy

Abstract Despite the potential of rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for a range of psychiatric disorders, their value is currently limited by issues of scientific rigor and reproducibility. Here, we report three sources of variability—the immunogenicity of the poly(I:C), the baseline immune responsiveness (BIR) of the females prior to pregnancy, and differences in immune responses in C57/B6 dams across vendors. Similar to the variable effects of human maternal infection, MIA in mice does not cause disease-related phenotypes in all offspring and the magnitude and type of maternal response, determined by a combination of poly(I:C) dose and BIR, predicts offspring outcome. Together, our results provide recommendations for optimization of MIA protocols to enhance rigor and reproducibility and reveal new factors that drive susceptibility of some pregnancies and resilience of others to MIA-induced abnormalities in offspring.
Methods for Running a Successful Women-in-STEM Organization on an Academic Campus

Abstract The current academic culture facing women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields in the United States has sparked the formation of grassroots advocacy groups to empower female scientists-in-training. However, the impact of these initiatives often goes unmeasured and underappreciated. Our Women in Science and Engineering (WiSE) organization serves post-doctoral researchers, graduate students, and research technicians (trainees) at a private research institute for biological sciences. Here we propose the following guidelines for cultivating a successful women-in-STEM-focused group based upon survey results from our own scientific community as well as the experience of our WiSE group leaders. We hope these recommendations can provide guidance to advocacy groups at other research and academic organizations that wish to strengthen their efforts. While our own group specifically focuses on the underrepresented state of women in science, we hope these guidelines may be adapted and applied to groups that advocate for any minority group within the greater scientific community (i.e. those of gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, etc.).
Abstract A109: Repurposing low dose of quinoline methanol derivatives as a novel treatment for pediatric glioblastoma

Both primary brain tumors and secondary brain metastases that start in another part of the body and spreads to the brain, such as lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, nasopharynx, and colon cancers have limited or no response to chemotherapy. Through repurposing drug screen using pediatric glioblastoma cells established from newly diagnosed and recurrent patients, we identified that FDA-approved compound mefloquine have significant cancer killing properties. A growing body of evidence suggests that this extensively used anti-malaria drug may cause adverse neurological effects after crossing the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in the brain at relatively high concentration. To the amelioration of this problem, an analog campaign was conducted in selecting compounds lacking penetration but maintaining the anti-malarial properties using mefloquine as the leading compound. We therefore thought to take advantage of this unique characteristic and use low dose of these compounds and target the infiltrative disease reservoir while avoiding the neurological side effects. While this program focuses on high anti-malaria potency, low neurotoxicity (against rat neurons), and low brain absorption, we are interested in high anti-malaria potency, low general toxicity, and high brain/tumor concentration. Among these compounds, we selected TQM due to its promising results in efficacy, potency, and selectivity in killing brain tumor cells at a much lower range compared to mefloquine based on our quantitative structure-activity relationship model. Studies suggested that this group of drugs induce cell apoptosis in host and parasites through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even though for a long time ROS is believed to promote cell proliferation; however, brain cancer cells, due to their high basal metabolic rate, are more susceptible to ROS. Inducing an increased intracellular ROS levels in brain cancer cells may trigger cell death and destroy malignant cells, while sparing normal cells. Our preliminary results confirmed that mefloquine and its derivatives induce apoptosis through autophagy and ROS signaling in brain cancer cells at a much lower concentration, and these compounds reduces tumor growth and extends animal survival in mouse models. Our results pave the way for translation of those compounds to the clinic. Citation Format: Jian Teng, Litia Carvalho, Elie Tabet, Bakhos Tannous. Repurposing low dose of quinoline methanol derivatives as a novel treatment for pediatric glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A109. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-A109
Metabolite accumulation & subsequent recovery from short-term, intense exercise to exhaustion: A review

This review focuses on the metabolic byproduct accumulation as evidenced after short-term, intense exercise, as well as on the effect varying modes of recovery has on byproduct accumulation and subsequent exercise performance. A majority of the paper is dedicated to the hydrogen ion (proton or H +) and lactate molecule accumulation and removal, what is clearly understood about these metabolites, and what has yet to be discerned. Varying exercise modes and intensities alter the recovery kinetics of these metabolites, and specific sections address these topics.
Small Intestinal Obstruction

Small intestinal obstruction in children can have a wide range of etiologies. Neonatal intestinal obstructions are often related to specific gastrointestinal pathology such as intestinal atresias, meconium ileus, meconium plug syndrome, small left colon syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, anorectal malformation, necrotizing enterocolitis, malrotation with midgut volvulus, incarcerated inguinal hernia, anterior abdominal wall defects and more. In older children, intestinal obstruction are also seen in the setting of intussusception, vitelline duct remnants, perforated appendicitis, malrotation with or without midgut volvulus, foreign bodies, tumors and more. This chapter will focus on post-operative adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) in children including incidence, epidemiology, management and outcomes.
Potential Medical Impact of Endogenous Retroviruses

The recent in vitro observation that porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) can infect human cells has ignited tremendous fear among investigators in the xenotransplantation field and health officials. This chapter reviews the available experience with other endogenous retroviruses in different animal situations, with the aim of better understanding the potential impact of such organisms in the field of xenotransplantation. All mammals that have been examined so far, including pigs and baboons, have endogenous retrovirus DNA sequences integrated in their genomes. Although transmitted in the germ line, they exhibit a very significant sequence homology to exogenous retroviruses. The true source of endogenous retroviruses remains to be elucidated. One hypothesis is that they are viral remnants of remote infections with exogenous forms of the virus. Alternative explanations include that retroviruses may be derived from retrotransposons or that endogenous retroviruses are the precursors of exogenous retroviral agents. The majority of endogenous retroviruses act as colonizers in the germ line of the host and are noninfectious. The exact functions of the remaining "competent" or partially defective endogenous retroviruses remain enigmatic. It is speculated that, among a number of possible functions, they may enhance the pathogenicity of exogenous retroviruses by the recombination and production of a hybrid virus with altered receptor specificity and species tropism, now capable of infecting a new range of hosts. New animal viruses are being discovered on a regular basis, as detection methods are becoming more sophisticated. Similarly, many more animal endogenous retroviruses are yet to be discovered and fully characterized.