cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Actin Dynamics by Allosteric Regulation of Actin Binding Proteins

Abstract The regulated assembly and organization of actin filaments allows the cell to construct a large diversity of actin-based structures specifically suited to a range of cellular processes. A vast array of actin regulatory proteins must work in concert to form specific actin networks within cells, and spatial and temporal requirements for actin assembly necessitate rapid regulation of protein activity. This chapter explores a common mechanism of controlling the activity of actin binding proteins: allosteric autoinhibition by interdomain head–tail interactions. Intramolecular interactions maintain these proteins in a closed conformation that masks protein domains needed to regulate actin dynamics. Autoinhibition is typically relieved by two or more ligand binding and/or posttranslational modification events that expose key protein domains. Regulation through multiple inputs permits precise temporal and spatial control of protein activity to guide actin network formation.
Acute cortisol reactivity attenuates engagement of fronto-parietal and striatal regions during emotion processing in negative mood disorders

Abstract Objective Depression and bipolar disorder (negative mood disorders, NMD) are associated with dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function and disrupted emotion processing. The neural networks involved in attenuation of HPA-axis reactivity overlap with the circuitry involved in perception and modulation of emotion; however, direct links between these systems are understudied. This study investigated whether cortisol activity prior to undergoing fMRI was related to neural processing of emotional information in participants with NMD. Methods Forty-one adults (Mage = 40.33, SD = 15.57) with major depression (n = 29) or bipolar disorder (n = 12) and 23 healthy control comparisons (Mage = 36.43, SD = 17.33) provided salivary cortisol samples prior to completing a facial emotion perception test during 3-Tesla fMRI. Results Overall, pre-scan cortisol level was positively associated with greater engagement of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), inferior parietal lobule, insula, putamen, precuneus, middle and medial frontal and postcentral gyri, posterior cingulate, and inferior temporal gyrus during emotion processing of all faces. NMD status moderated this effect; in NMD participants’ pre-scan cortisol was associated with attenuated activation of the insula, postcentral gyrus, precuneus, and putamen for fearful faces and the medial frontal gyrus for angry faces relative to HCs. Cortisol-related attenuation of activation among NMD participants was also observed for facial identification in the dACC, putamen, middle temporal gyrus, precuneus, and caudate. Conclusions Across all participants, cortisol was associated with greater activation in several regions involved in the perception and control of emotion. However, cortisol responsivity was associated with hypoactivation of several of these regions in the NMD group, suggesting that HPA-axis activity may selectively interfere with the potentially adaptive recruitment of circuits supporting emotion perception, processing and/or regulation in mood disorders.
A Low-Cost Apparatus for Laboratory Exercises and Classroom Demonstrations of Geometric Optics

Current trends in research towards the teaching of geometric suggest a constructivist approach. Student experimentation dealing directly with student misconceptions through repetition of examples in many contexts to confront conflicting reasoning allow students to construct definitions with their experiences and observations. Developing the scientific method of observation, prediction/experimental design, conducting experiments and repeating is reinforced with these techniques. Cataloguing student misconceptions and redesigning course material and laboratory experiments in their context has only recently begun. Use of technology has also been shown to increase student interest in course material and 3D printers have recently become common tools in schools. Additionally, experiments that lend themselves towards computer modeling are sought after as an interface to reconcile conflicting reasoning in student misconceptions. An apparatus and set of experiments is described that deal with student misconceptions in iterative experiments. Overall cost of the system is decreased by 3D printing expensive optical components. The system highlights complex interactions of propagating light waves and seeks to explain the effects of media on image formation.
Dispersity control in atom transfer radical polymerizations through addition of phenylhydrazine

Molar mass dispersity in polymers affects a wide range of important material properties, yet there are few synthetic methods that systematically generate unimodal distributions with specifically tailored dispersities. Here, we describe a general method for tuning the dispersity of polymers synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Addition of varying amounts of phenylhydrazine (PH) to the ATRP of tert-butyl acrylate led to significant deviations in the reaction kinetics, yielding poly(tert-butyl acrylate) with dispersities Đ = 1.08–1.80. ATRP reactions in the presence of the reducing agent tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, under otherwise comparable reaction conditions, did not drive similar increases in dispersity. We therefore deduced that PH does not function primarily as a reducing agent in these syntheses. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed the incorporation of aromatic polymer end-groups upon PH addition, suggesting that the ATRP-active halide termini of the growing polymer chains underwent irreversible nucleophilic substitution reactions with PH that led to chain termination. A kinetic model including this irreversible chain termination by PH was in excellent agreement with experimentally measured reaction kinetics. To demonstrate the generality of this approach, we conducted ATRP syntheses of polystyrene in the presence of PH to achieve dispersities of Đ = 1.07–2.30. This study suggests that PH addition is an effective, facile, and flexible method of dispersity control in polymers synthesized by ATRP.
A Quantitative Perceptual Model for Tactile Roughness

Everyone uses the sense of touch to explore the world, and roughness is one of the most important qualities in tactile perception. Roughness is a major identifier for judgments of material composition, comfort, and friction, and it is tied closely to manual dexterity. The advent of high-resolution 3D printing technology provides the ability to fabricate arbitrary 3D textures with surface geometry that confers haptic properties. In this work, we address the problem of mapping object geometry to tactile roughness. We fabricate a set of carefully designed stimuli and use them in experiments with human subjects to build a perceptual space for roughness. We then match this space to a quantitative model obtained from strain fields derived from elasticity simulations of the human skin contacting the texture geometry, drawing from past research in neuroscience and psychophysics. We demonstrate how this model can be applied to predict and alter surface roughness, and we show several applications in the context of fabrication.
Authoritarian Practices in the Digital Age| Information, Security, and Authoritarian Stability: Internet Policy Diffusion and Coordination in the Former Soviet Region

This article examines Internet policies across the former Soviet region, showing that many of the region’s nondemocratic regimes have adopted similar approaches to control Internet content and use within their territories. The implication that specific control practices are diffusing or being coordinated on within the region is substantiated by close examination of particular approaches and their origins. While these states have made relatively limited use of static content censorship, alternative, less overt controls have spread across the region. Tracing the roles of diffusion and coordination mechanisms, the article demonstrates how, even as overall Internet repression levels have increased, the particular legal frameworks, technical systems, and other control practices used have been deeply influenced by complex regional interdependencies.
Management Forecasts and Competition for Limited Investor Resources

This paper documents a dual role for disclosure. In addition to the traditional role of alleviating information asymmetry, firms are motivated to disclose to attract limited investor resources and order flow away from other firms (Fishman and Hagerty, 1989). Higher competition for investors increases the incentive to disclose, but the resulting excessive disclosure implies diminishing marginal returns to disclosure. Consistent with this investor-seeking role for disclosure, we find that when firms compete more for investors, they issue more guidance, especially capital expenditure forecasts. The guidance increases liquidity and price efficiency, but the effects decrease as guidance serves more of an investor-seeking role.
Intersubjectivity, Normativity, and Grammar:

Interactants depend on background knowledge and commonsense inferences to establish and maintain intersubjectivity. This study investigates how the resources of language—or more specifically, of gr...
Healthcare spending in the State of Louisiana

The State of Louisiana spends the most on Medicare beneficiaries per capita, but reports greater disparities in health status and death rates than other states. This project sought to investigate the associations between healthcare intensity, healthcare spending, and mortality in Louisiana. We used a 100% sample of 2014 Medicare claims data with beneficiaries assigned to hospital referral regions in Louisiana using small area analysis. We used simple and multivariable linear regression modelling to evaluate associations between healthcare intensity, healthcare spending rates, and mortality rates. We adjusted for age, sex, race, and population health risk factors. We found no statistically significant associations between our measured variables when adjusted for age, sex, and race. These results were consistent after further adjusting mortality for population health risk factors. To our knowledge, no prior studies have investigated the associations between healthcare intensity, healthcare spending, and mortality in Louisiana. Our findings suggest that increased healthcare spending in Louisiana may not improve survival. Identifying more granular aspects of healthcare contributing to spending patterns in Louisiana may provide targets for future quality improvement work.
The effect of the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone on BRCA1 gene expression in mice

2088 Breast-Cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene that when mutated predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. The BRCA1 protein participates in multiple functions, including DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle control. Hereditary breast cancers account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, and inherited mutations of the BRCA1 gene account for about 45% of these hereditary cancers. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a member of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. There are three subtypes; PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. While PPARα and PPARβ/δ are implicated in cell proliferation, activation of PPARγ has been shown to inhibit cell growth, inhibit aromatase activity in adipose tissue, inhibit estrogen receptor activity, and play a role in breast tumor regression. PPARγ ligands could be used as chemopreventive agents in women with familial breast cancer history. The role of PPARγ in breast cancer is evident, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Studies have shown that rosiglitazone, a PPARγ ligand, significantly increased the endogenous nuclear levels of BRCA1 protein in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that PPARγ could represent an important role in the molecular pathway for the regulation of BRCA1 gene expression. To evaluate the possibility of up-regulating BRCA1 gene expression in vivo, wild-type mice were administered a dose of 400 mg/kg rosiglitazone in the diet for two weeks. A control group received the same diet with no rosiglitazone supplementation. Mammary gland morphology will be examined using mammary gland whole mounts and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Real time RT-PCR will be used to study changes in BRCA1 gene expression in the mammary gland as well as other gene targets that could help us better understand chemopreventive properties of this type of agents. The long-range goal of this study is to identify genetic and molecular events in which PPARγ ligands might up-regulate BRCA1 gene expression to eventually translate these results to people. This approach introduces a promising new era of drug treatment in which patients that are screened genetically and exhibit predisposition for familial breast cancer could have the possibility of reducing the chances of developing breast cancer.
School Climate as “Social Order” and “Social Action”: A Multi-Level Analysis of Public Elementary School Student Perceptions

The present study employed a sample of 25,087 students enrolled in 117 elementary schools to test whether student perceptions obtained in a general survey of school learning and social environment conformed to the dimensions of Stockard and Mayberry's (1992) conceptual framework for school climate, and whether data could be summarized as grouped (school) or non-grouped (individual) data. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the proposed framework adequately fits student perceptions of school climate. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses showed between-school differences. Although school membership accounted for a small amount of variance in school climate measures, school climate means showed relatively high reliability. School climate dimensions most immediate to the student (Action-Instrumental support and Action-Expressive support) showed the strongest relations to both student self-reported academic performance and student satisfaction, and these relations were generally the same across the schools. As predicted, expressive support as opposed to instrumental support was more beneficial (in terms of self-reported academic performance) to students in schools having proportionally more socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Implications of results for educational research and educational practice regarding school climate are discussed.
A Desire for Growth? An Exploratory Study of Growth Aspirations Among Nascent Nonprofit Entrepreneurs:

This research note examines the growth aspirations, and beliefs about growth, based on survey responses from 57 nascent nonprofit entrepreneurs. About 21% of the respondents displayed strong growth...
Satellite Radar Imagery for Detection and Monitoring of Geohazards

This paper presents three case studies that were part of a 1-year study that explores the feasibility of using commercially available satellite and other aerial imagery to monitor the right of way ...
A heuristic approach to in-season capacity allocation in a multi-product newsvendor model

Abstract Based on an actual problem, we develop and test two heuristics for optimizing the newsvendor’s response to new in-season demand information for a multi-product single-period problem. In this model, in addition to the quantities produced prior to the beginning of the selling season, the newsvendor can produce additional quantities of some products after the selling season begins. Sales data of all products is updated daily, and using these updates, the newsvendor can test if the quantities already produced are still optimal. If the newsvendor finds that the actual demand of a product up to a point in time indicates that the quantity already produced is too small, then the product becomes a candidate for an incremental production quantity. In Heuristic I, we fix the pre-season production quantities to those that are optimal for the classic newsvendor model. In Heuristic II, because the newsvendor may have some recourse during the selling season, we allow for reductions in the pre-season production quantities from the optimal classic newsvendor model production quantities. Using a simulation experiment, we show that even under an unbiased forecast, both heuristics result in higher profit, with Heuristic II outperforming Heuristic I. The increase in profits from using the heuristics increases significantly with the number of products for which the forecast is biased. In addition, the improvements in profits decrease significantly as the lead time and the penalty for late production increase.
Lifestyle and Psychosocial Patterns and Diabetes Incidence Among Women with and Without Obesity: a Prospective Latent Class Analysis

We conducted latent class analyses to identify women with homogeneous combinations of lifestyle and behavioral variables and tested whether latent classes were prospectively associated with diabetes incidence for women with or without baseline obesity. A total of 64,710 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years without prevalent diabetes at baseline (years 1993-1998) were followed until 2018 with a mean follow-up of 14.6 years (sd = 6.4). Lifestyle variables included smoking, diet quality, physical activity, and sleep quality. Psychosocial variables included social support, depression, and optimism. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models tested associations between latent classes and diabetes incidence controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and education. During follow-up, 8076 (12.4%) women developed diabetes. For women without baseline obesity, five latent classes were identified. Compared with a lower risk referent, diabetes incidence was higher in classes characterized by high probability of multiple lifestyle and psychosocial risks (HR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.28, 1.64), poor diet and exercise (HR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.13, 1.33), and psychosocial risks alone (HR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.12, 1.29). For women with baseline obesity, four latent classes were identified. Compared with a lower risk referent, diabetes incidence was higher for women with obesity in classes characterized by high probability of multiple lifestyle and psychosocial risks (HR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.32, 1.66), poor diet and exercise (HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.19, 1.47), and intermediate probabilities of multiple risks (HR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.05, 1.30). Diabetes prevention efforts that focus on diet and exercise may benefit from attention to how lifestyle behaviors interact with psychosocial variables to increase diabetes risks, and conversely, how psychological or social resources may be leveraged with lifestyle changes to reduce the risk for women with and without obesity.
Study on the status of multi-drug resistance and molecular characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium in Foshan city,Guangdong

本研究对2012年佛山市分离到的28株鼠伤寒沙门菌进行多重耐药谱分析,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法进行分型,分析耐药谱和分子分型之间的关系.1.材料与方法:(1)菌株来源:26株来源于2012年佛山市食源性疾病监测项目中感染性腹泻患者(2株菌株分离自同一名反复感染沙门菌的患儿)的肛拭子标本;另外2株菌株来源于2只宠物乌龟外表涂抹样本. 关键词：鼠伤寒沙门菌;脉冲场凝胶电泳;多重耐药
Integrating top-down and bottom-up effects of local density across scales and a complex life cycle

Effects of group size (local conspecific density) on individual performance can be substantial, yet it is unclear how these translate to larger-scale and longer-term outcomes. Effects of group size can be mediated by both top-down and bottom-up interactions, can change in type or direction across the life cycle, and can depend on the spatial scale at which group size is assessed. Only by determining how these different processes combine can we make predictions about how selection operates on group size or link hierarchical patterns of density dependence with population dynamics. We manipulated the density of a leaf beetle, Leptinotarsa juncta, at three nested spatial scales (patch, plant within a patch, and leaf within plant) to investigate how conspecific density affects predator-mediated survival and resource-mediated growth during different life stages and across multiple spatial scales. We then used data from field predation experiments to assess how L. juncta densities at hierarchical scales affect different aspects of predation. Finally, we incorporated predator- and resource-mediated effects of density in a model to explore how changes in group size due to density-dependent predation might affect mass at pupation for survivors. The effects of L. juncta density on predation risk differed among scales. Per capita predation risk of both eggs and late instars was lowest at high patch-scale densities, but increased with plant-scale density. The final mass of late instars declined with increasing plant-scale larval density, potentially because of truncated development of high-density larvae. Predation incidence (i.e., group attack rate) increased with larval density at all spatial scales. A high coefficient of variation (i.e., greater aggregation) of L. juncta density was associated with lower predation incidence at some scales. Our model suggested that predator- and resource-mediated effects of density interact: lower survival at high larval density is mitigated by high final mass of larvae in the resulting smaller groups. Our results emphasize the importance of spatial scale and demonstrate that effects of top-down and bottom-up interactions are not necessarily independent. To understand how group size influences fitness, predator- and resource-mediated effects of density should be measured in their demographic and spatial context, and not in isolation.
Are We Minding the Gap? Examining Teacher Self-Efficacy as Teachers Transition from Teacher Candidates to Full-Time Teaching

Clark examines the critical juncture from teacher preparation to in-service teaching practice with respect to the malleability of teacher self-efficacy. Results indicate that overall, teacher candidates reported higher perceptions of their ability to perform instructional tasks at the conclusion of their program than they did at the completion of the first year of teaching. For those teacher candidates with the highest scores, there was even a greater drop in their self-efficacy score by the end of their first year of teaching. This chapter author purports that the transition from teacher education to in-service leaves questions about what is strong or high self-efficacy relative to years of practice. Readers are encouraged to ponder about whom holds the responsibility to enhance self-efficacy in novice teachers: teacher educators, mentor teachers, school districts, professional learning providers, and/or the novice teachers themselves? Clark provides implications and recommendations for school leaders and teacher educators in this chapter.
Catholic Social Teaching, the Corporation, and Management Education.

Through technological advancements, people and organizations are capable today of interaction and impact in ways unimaginable a few years ago; such interactions are apparent from micro-level relationships among individuals, groups, and communities, to the macro-level interactions of business, governments, and societies. However, without foundational knowledge regarding human dignity, the common good, and human progress in the light of Truth, the capacity to understand the capabilities of individuals, organizations, and humankind is limited. This lack of understanding becomes particularly problematic when business organizations and the extent of their influence are viewed against the management education business people often receive. This paper discusses the basic concept areas found in management teaching, links those management concept areas with key principles of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) in the light of calls for change in business education, and offers an individual framework for incorporating CST into management learning.
Training the Self of the Therapist through Marriage and Family Therapy Role-Plays

The self of the therapist is an important component of marriage and family therapy training and treatment outcomes. There are several training exercises that focus on developing the self of the the...
Analysis of floating-point round-off error in linear algebra routines for graph clustering

We explore the various ways rounding errors can impact the power method for calculating the Fielder vector for graph clustering. A rounding error analysis reveals that the best eigenpair that is computable with a certain floating point precision type has a worst-case error that scales to its unit round-off. Although rounding errors can accumulate in the power method at the worst-case bound, this behavior is not reflected in some practical examples. Furthermore, our numerical experiments show that rounding errors from the power method may satisfy the conditions necessary for the bounding of the mis-clustering rate and that the approximate eigenvectors with errors close to half precision unit round-off can yield sufficient clustering results for partitioning stochastic block model graphs.
Better Mistakes in Patent Law

This Article analyzes patent mistakes — that is, mistakes made by the patent system when it decides whether a particular invention has met the patentability requirements. These mistakes are inevitable. Given resource constraints, some might even be desirable. This Article evaluates the relative costs of patent mistakes, so that we can make better ones.Three characteristics drive the costs of mistakes: their type (false positive or false negative), timing (early or late), and doctrinal basis (utility, novelty, nonobviousness, and so on). These characteristics make some mistakes more troubling than others.This Article compares the costs of making mistakes of different types, at different times, and on different doctrinal bases. These comparisons produce some surprising results — for example, under certain plausible conditions, it will be better to wrongly refuse to grant a patent than to wrongly invalidate a patent that had already been granted. The conclusions here have important implications for persistent issues in patent law, including how closely courts should scrutinize the validity of issued patents and how the Patent and Trademark Office should allocate scarce enforcement resources.
Dislocation content of grain boundary phase junctions and its relation to grain boundary excess properties

We analyze the dislocation content of grain boundary (GB) phase junctions, i.e., line defects separating two different GB phases coexisting on the same GB plane. While regular GB disconnections have been characterized for a variety of interfaces, GB phase junctions formed by GBs with different structures and different numbers of excess atoms have not been previously studied. We apply a general Burgers circuit analysis to calculate the Burgers vectors $\mathbf{b}$ of junctions in two $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}5$ Cu boundaries previously simulated with molecular dynamics. The Burgers vectors of these junctions cannot be described by the displacement shift complete (DSC) lattice alone. We show that, in general, the normal component of $\mathbf{b}$ is not equal to the difference in the GB excess volumes but contains another contribution from the numbers of GB atoms per unit area $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{N}^{*}$ required to transform one GB phase into another. In the boundaries studied, the latter component dominates and even changes the sign of $\mathbf{b}$ . We derive expressions for the normal and tangential components of b in terms of the DSC lattice vectors and the non-DSC part due to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{N}^{*}$ and additional GB excess properties, including excess volume and shears. These expressions provide a connection between GB phase transformations driven by the GB free energy difference and the motion of GB junctions under applied normal and shear stresses. The proposed analysis quantifies b and therefore makes it possible to calculate the elastic part of the energy of these defects, evaluate their contribution to the nucleation barrier during GB phase transformations, and treat elastic interactions with other defects.
Springing the ‘Tacitus Trap’: countering Chinese state-sponsored disinformation

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is waging a disinformation campaign against the U.S.-led international system. China uses disinformation to translate its economic power into Great Power presti...
Chapter 7 Data Science and Resilience

Our modern digitized socio-technological systems are vulnerable to destructive events such as disease, floods, and terrorist attacks. Data science might help these systems to become more resilient if a variety of challenges described in this paper can be addressed.
Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps using novel blue light imaging classification among trainee endoscopists.

Background Blue light imaging (BLI) has been shown to improve the characterization of colorectal polyps among the endoscopy experts. We aimed to determine if this technology could be taught to endoscopy trainees while maintaining high accuracy and interobserver agreement. Methods Twenty-one gastroenterology trainees (fellows) from two academic institutions participated in this prospective study. Each trainee completed a web-based learning comprising four modules: pre-test, didactic videos explaining the BLI Adenoma Serrated International Classification (BASIC), interactive examples, and post-test assessment. The pre- and post-test modules consisted of reviewing video images of colon polyps in high definition white light imaging and BLI and then applying the BASIC classification to determine if the polyps were likely to be adenomatous. Confidence in adenoma identification (rated '1' to '5'), accuracy in polyp (adenoma vs. non-adenoma) identification, and agreement in characterization per BASIC criteria were derived. Results Trainee accuracy in the adenoma diagnosis improved from 74.7% (pre-test) to 85.4% (post-test) (P Conclusion The novel BLI classification can be easily taught to gastroenterology trainees using an online module and accuracy improves with years of training reaching >90% for colorectal polyp characterization.
Management of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Background Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare, aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis. The majority of cases occur in the lung and the gastrointestinal tract; however, it can occur throughout the body. Recently advances in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of this disease have paved the way for additional novel promising therapies. This review will discuss the current best evidence for management of LCNEC and new directions in the classification and treatment of this rare disease. Methods We performed a PubMed search for "Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" and "High grade neuroendocrine carcinoma." All titles were screened for relevance to the management of LCNEC. Papers were included based on relevance to the management of LCNEC. Results Papers were included reviewing both pulmonary and extra pulmonary LCNEC. We summarized the data driven best practices for the management of both early and advanced stage LCNEC. We describe emerging therapies with promising potential. Discussion LCNEC are rare and aggressive neoplasms. In advanced disease, the historical regimen of platinum based therapy in combination with etoposide or irinotecan remains among the commonly used first line therapies, however for extra thoracic LCNEC regimens like FOLFOX, FOLFOIRI and CAPTEM can also be used. Further effective and safe treatment options are desperately needed. Recently, new advances including a new understanding of the genetic subcategories of LCNEC and immunotherapy agents may guide further treatments.
Terrible twos: intravenous iron ameliorates a toddler's iron deficiency and sleep disturbance.

The relation between iron deficiency and restless legs syndrome has been widely described and investigated in both adults and children. However, the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome relies on patients voicing their symptoms, which is very difficult for patients less than 5 years of age. Frequently, we evaluate children between the ages of 2 and 4 years whom parents describe as "restless sleepers," "difficult to settle down," or as having "frequent awakening," or "bedtime resistance." Parents are concerned that their child's poor sleep quality is leading to daytime dysfunction such as increased sleepiness, behavioral outbursts, or hyperactivity. Many of these children are diagnosed with behavioral insomnia of childhood, and behavior modification therapy is recommended with variable degree of success. Herein, we describe a 2-year-old with similar symptoms of restless sleep, bedtime resistance, and daytime sleepiness who was found to have an underlying iron deficiency without anemia that was treated successfully with iron infusion. We highlight the importance of evaluating for underlying iron deficiency even without anemia in patients with restless sleep and associated poor daytime behavior. We also describe some common challenges associated with iron therapy and clarify iron therapeutic targets.
Intimate Partner Violence, Disability, and Pain: A Retrospective Study

This study explores pain among female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) with disabilities. Women with disabilities are subject to higher rates of IPV than nondisabled women, and experience health problems related to abuse, including chronic pain. Resident records (N = 114) from a disability-focused domestic violence shelter were reviewed to examine relationships between demographic characteristics, histories of abuse, and pain characteristics including pain severity rating, pain’s impact on daily functioning, and cause of pain. Results suggest that pain impacts the daily functioning of IPV survivors with disabilities. Close to 60% had a physical disability and almost half had a psychiatric diagnosis; residents were racially and ethnically diverse, with 41% identifying as Black and 40% Latinx. Residents, on average, rated their pain severity close to 5 (on a 0–10 scale; SD = 2.71), with half indicating that pain affecting their activities of daily living (50.0%). Residents reporting difficulty participating in life roles had significantly higher pain ratings than those who did not, as did those who reported that pain affected their daily functioning. The type of abuse experienced may also influence pain severity, and disability type is related to how pain impacts daily functioning. The study’s findings underscore the need for trauma-sensitive approaches to pain management for IPV survivors with disabilities. Given the complex interrelationships between pain severity, physical and mental health, and abuse, an interdisciplinary approach to working with IPV survivors with disabilities is warranted.
Suffering at the Margins: Applying Disability Critical Race Studies to Human Trafficking in the United States

This Note explores human trafficking in the United States through Disability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit). First, the Note offers background on trafficking and applicable federal law. The Note shows that not only does trafficking disable people, but that people with preexisting disabilities are especially at risk for trafficking. Next, the Note indicates that trafficking law follows a Law-and-Order framework that retraumatizes marginalized survivors. Then, the Note introduces DisCrit and justifies its use for anti-trafficking advocacy. Finally, the Note applies DisCrit. By looking at trafficking law through DisCrit, it becomes clear that trafficking law must work with—not against—survivors to end human suffering.
Diagnostic Uncertainty in Dyspneic Patients with Cancer in the Emergency Department.

Author(s): Hunold, Katherine M.; Caterino, Jeffrey M.; Bischof, Jason J. | Abstract: Objective: Dyspnea is the second most common symptom experienced by the approximately 4.5 million patients with cancer presenting to emergency departments (ED) each year. Distinguishing pneumonia, the most common reason for presentation, from other causes of dyspnea is challenging. This report characterizes the diagnostic uncertainty in patients with dyspnea and pneumonia presenting to an ED by establishing the rates of co-diagnosis, co-treatment, and misdiagnosis.Methods: Visits by individuals ≥18 years old with cancer who presented with a complaint of dyspnea were identified using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey between 2012-2014 and analyzed for rates of co-diagnosis, co-treatment (treatment or diagnosis for g1 of pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and heart failure), and misdiagnosis of pneumonia. Additionally, we assessed rates of diagnostic uncertainty (co-diagnosis, co-treatment, or a lone diagnosis of dyspnea not otherwise specified [NOS]) .Results: Among dyspneic cancer visits (1,593,930), 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.1-20.5%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, 22.5% (95% CI, 16.7-29.7%) with COPD, and 7.4% (95% CI 4.7-11.4%) with heart failure. Dyspnea NOS was diagnosed in 32.3% (95% CI, 25.7-39.7%) of visits and as the only diagnosis in 23.1% (95% CI, 16.3-31.6%) of all visits. Co-diagnosis occurred in 4.0% (95% CI, 2.0-7.6%) of dyspneic adults with cancer and co-treatment in 12.1% (95% CI, 7.5-18.9%). Agreement between emergency physician and inpatient documentation for presence of pneumonia was 57.7% (95% CI, 37.0-76.1%).Conclusion: Diagnostic uncertainty remains a significant concern in patients with cancer presenting to the ED with dyspnea. Clinical uncertainty among dyspneic patients results in both misdiagnosis and under-treatment of patients with pneumonia and cancer.
A Novel Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor for Microparticle Sensing and Quantification

This paper presents a new method for sensing and the quantification of the number of solid microparticles using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. In contrast to the standard mass loaded delay line approach, microcavities with varying geometrical shapes and sizes are formed between SAW interdigitated transducer pairs. The system operation relies on the resonance condition occurring inside the microcavity through the coupling of Rayleigh waves to the sample, and the output phase angle is used for obtaining measurement results. It is shown through measurements that it is possible to interact with polystyrene solid microbeads trapped inside the microcavity and extract information about the size of the sample. Furthermore, the number of microbeads placed in a single file along the microcavity width can be quantified using this platform. Experimental results are compared and verified with finite-element method simulations. In essence, this novel approach resulted in a platform capable of analyzing sample volumes less than 10 pL in a non-invasive manner. For size differentiation, experimental phase shifts of 0.14° ± 0.05°, 0.81° ± 0.26°, and 3.54° ± 0.49° were obtained in rectangular microcavities for 10, 15, and 20 $\mu \text{m}$ microbeads, respectively. On the other hand, a distribution of phase shifts as 0.51° ± 0.19°, 0.98° ±0.12°, and 1.34° ± 0.15° are obtained for counting one, two, or three microbeads, respectively. The proposed system was designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested successfully.
The Petroleum Mentality-Bane or Boon

For people who were born, brought up, educated, and matured in a climate of using and depending on petroleum, it is most logical to think in terms of the resources, processes and products that are used to produce petroleum. If the resulting experience, knowledge and expertise is put to use, this "petroleum mentality" can be a tremendous asset in our search for and the development of new energy sources. However, only a small fraction of this pool of know-how is now being applied to new energy. Open mindedness, proper attention, and rational consideration can and should change this to a positive approach where the know-how can be far more effective.
The Cult-ivation of Executive Power

This short review of Gene Healy's "The Cult of the Presidency" argues that the powerful modern presidency, for all the perversities it can produce, is not the principal threat to our security or our liberties. The best recent example of the relatively modest presidency envisioned by many of the Constitution's framers, moreover, has been underappreciated by those most worried about executive imperialism.
Cell surface and intracellular functions for ricin galactose binding

The role of the two galactose binding sites of ricin B chain in ricin toxicity was evaluated by studying a series of ricin point mutants. Wild-type (WT) ricin and three ricin B chain point mutants having mutations in either 1) the first galactose binding domain (site 1 mutant, Met in place of Lys-40 and Gly in place of Asn-46), 2) the second galactose binding domain (site 2 mutant, Gly in place of Asn-255), or 3) both galactose binding domains (double site mutant containing all three amino acid replacements formerly stated) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and then reassociated with recombinant ricin A chain. The different ricin B chains were mannosylated to the same extent. Cytotoxicity of these toxins was evaluated when cell entry was mediated either by galactose-containing receptors or through an alternate receptor, the mannose receptor of macrophages. WT ricin and each of the single domain mutants was able to kill Vero cells following uptake by galactose containing receptors. Lactose blocked the toxicity of each of these ricins. Site 1 and 2 mutants were 20-40 times less potent than WT ricin, and the double site mutant had no detectable cytotoxicity. WT ricin, the site 1 mutant, and the site 2 mutant also inhibited protein synthesis of mannose receptor-containing cells. Ricin can enter these cells through either a cell-surface galactose-containing receptor or through the mannose receptor. By including lactose in the cell medium, galactose-containing receptor-mediated uptake is blocked and cytotoxicity occurs solely via the mannose receptor. WT ricin, site 1, and site 2 mutants were cytotoxic to macrophages in the presence of lactose with the relative potency, WT greater than site 2 mutant greater than site 1 mutant. The double site mutant lacked cytotoxicity either in the absence or presence of lactose. Thus, even for mannose receptor-mediated toxicity of ricin, at least one galactose binding site remains necessary for cytotoxicity and two galactose binding sites further increases potency. These results are consistent with the model that the ricin B chain galactose binding activity plays a role not only in cell surface binding but also intracellularly for ricin cytotoxicity.
Why gentrification theory fails in ‘much of the world’

In Schafran's (2014, 321) paper for City’s re-inaugurated Debates section, he writes that ‘gentrification has never been more relevant as a global urban force’. Noting that ‘Mumbai is gentrifying, ...
Moving Through the Landscape

How does our brain compute our heading as we move through the environment? In his Perspective, Bradley discusses new findings (Froehler and Duffy) that pinpoint a region of the brain called MST as the center for integrating information about path, place, and heading during self-movement.
The Cognitive Map of a City: Fifty Years of Learning and Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a research that describes the acquisition of spatial information about a city during a four-year period of residence and the subsequent loss of this information over a period of 46 years. This is a study of long-term memory. The chapter presents the administration of five subtests, which yield 23 indicants of knowledge. The interrelations among these indicants provide a broad view of the available spatial information. The method of cross-sectional adjustment is used to compensate for the lack of control over the variables of acquisition and rehearsal. The acquisition data for most indicants show that more knowledge is gained during the first three weeks of residence than during the later periods of comparable length. After the first three weeks, street names and locations are learned at an even rate of about 2–3 streets per academic year without diminution at the end of four years. This rate is approximately the same for indicants of free recall, verbally or visually cued recall, or matching tests and includes the indicants of verbal and spatial knowledge. Intercorrelations among all indicants of performance are calculated at the five stages of learning. When performance is stabilized, these intercorrelations reflect primarily the nature of the knowledge and scoring system, but during the acquisition process, the correlations reflect individual differences in the speed of learning. The result is a family of contour retention curves reflecting the estimated effect of changes in one rehearsal variable on the particular indicant of retention.
Embedded phase shifting: Robust phase shifting with embedded signals

We introduce Embedded PS, a new robust and accurate phase shifting algorithm for 3D scanning. The method projects only high frequency sinusoidal patterns in order to reduce errors due to global illumination effects, such as subsurface scattering and interreflections. The frequency set for the projected patterns is specially designed so that our algorithm can extract a set of embedded low frequency sinusoidals with simple math. All the signals, patterns high and embedded low frequencies, are used with temporal phase unwrapping to compute absolute phase values in closed-form, without quantization or approximation via LUT, resulting in fast computation. The absolute phases provide correspondences from projector to camera pixels which enable to recover 3D points using optical triangulation. The algorithm estimates multiple absolute phase values per pixel which are combined to reduce measurement noise while preserving fine details. We prove that embedded periodic signals can be recovered from any periodic signal, not just sinusoidal signals, which may result in further improvements for other 3D imaging methods. Several experiments are presented showing that our algorithm produces more robust and accurate 3D scanning results than state-of-the-art methods for challenging surface materials, with an equal or smaller number of projected patterns and at lower computational cost.
Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster Seasonal variation.

Linkage disequilibrium among ten polymorphic allozyme loci and polymorphic inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3 in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined early and late in the annual season. Similar to previous studies, little linkage disequilibrium was observed among allozymes. The two significant cases that were observed in the first sample behaved in a contradictory way. One declined much more rapidly than expected due simply to recombination; the other declined slowly as expected. There was little change in allozyme or inversion frequencies during the season.
UBVRI Photometric Study of the Totally Eclipsing Very Short Period W Ursae Majoris Binary GSC 2765-0348

ABSTRACT.GSC 2765-0348 is a very short period (P = 0.2835 dP=0.2835 d), solar type, G4V contact binary. Complete BVRIBVRI and partial UU light curves covering the secondary eclipse are presented, along with a period study, surface temperature determination, and a simultaneous UBVRIUBVRI light-curve solution. Our light curves show low-level ripples, surface activity, and asymmetries due to magnetic activity. Light curve amplitudes vary from 0.4–0.6 mag (VV) in the primary and secondary eclipses. The difference in adjacent maxima varies from ∼3–5%∼3–5%. Modeled results include two spot regions, one hot and one cool, both at equatorial positions of the primary, more massive component. A firm 34% fill-out and a small mass ratio of 0.31 is also determined. A total eclipse of 33 minutes is found to occur in the secondary eclipse, making GSC 2765-0348 a WW-type (less massive star is hotter), W UMa variable.