cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelet Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Their Interpretations

Platelet counts below and above the normal range, thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, respectively, are encountered frequently in clinical practice. Because both thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis can be associated with bleeding and with arterial and venous thrombosis, they engender substantial and appropriate concern by treating physicians. However, the number of circulating platelets in normal individuals is far in excess of the number required for normal hemostasis, and thrombocytosis due to concurrent illness is not generally associated with hemostatic abnormalities. Thus, understanding normal platelet physiology and pathophysiology is essential so that patients at risk are appropriately evaluated and treated, while patients who are not are spared unnecessary expense and worry. The nature of this problem is illustrated by patients admitted to intensive care units. Approximately 30–50 % of patients in intensive units become thrombocytopenic at some point during their intensive care unit stay (Crowther et al. 2005). Thrombocytopenia in this setting has been associated with increased bleeding, increased transfusion of blood products, longer intensive care unit stays, and increased intensive care unit and hospital mortality. Nonetheless, workups to identify specific and treatable causes for the thrombocytopenia, while often extensive, are usually futile.
915 MHz SAW wireless passive sensor system performance

Over the last 13 years, our group has been developing passive, wireless SAW device technology and the system has been continually evolving, providing gains in all aspects of the technology. Initial system proof-of-concept moved from 250 MHz to the current 915 MHz, which is a good choice from device and antenna size, and wireless RF component availability. Range has increased from less than a meter, to over 25 meters, and current testing is moving towards 100 meters for a NASA application. Several successful custom transceivers were developed and delivered to NASA and the US government. From custom-made systems, current efforts use a software defined radio (SDR) Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) transceiver approach as the interrogator-receiver. This commercially off the shelf (COTS) hardware greatly reduces development time and cost and ensures rapid future improvements. The advantageous and SDR approach will be discussed, which include RF parameter adaptability in center frequency and bandwidth. The current status of the SAW wireless temperature sensors sensitivity and range will be used as the performance parameter measure, since it is the most ubiquitous of all sensor applications.
Implementing an Electronic Patient-Based Orthopaedic Outcomes System: Factors Affecting Patient Participation Compliance.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Few studies have reported on the optimization of patient compliance within outcome registries and no studies exist on orthopaedic outcome registries in the military to date. Our aim is to report on the compliance rate of an electronic, web-based, patient-reported outcomes program, with particular emphasis on the effect of variables in data acquisition on survey compliance at a single military installation. Methods: 1,814 patients were entered into the database allowing patients to complete subjective preoperative validated scores. Patient compliance and completeness was calculated. Furthermore, we compared compliance rates for paper vs. electronic platforms and length of survey. Results: 40% complied without staff intervention. This increased to 73% with staff intervention. The electronic platform had a higher compliance rate (67%) and lower incompletion rate (3%) than paper (59%, p = 0.044). Short form compliance was 89% compared to standard form of 70% (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Th...
Regulating capital flows in emerging markets: The IMF and the global financial crisis

Abstract In the wake of the financial crisis the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began to publicly express support for what have traditionally been referred to as ‘capital controls’. This paper empirically examines the extent to which the change in IMF discourse on these matters has resulted in significant changes in actual IMF policy advice. By creating and analyzing a database of IMF Article IV reports, we examine whether the financial crisis had an independent impact on IMF support for capital controls. We find that the IMF’s level of support for capital controls has increased as a result of the crisis and as the vulnerabilities associated with capital flows accentuate.
Radiation Sensitivity of the Liver: Models and Clinical Data

Radiation-induced liver toxicity constitutes a major limiting factor to dose escalation in hepatic malignancies. In this chapter, we review the histopathology of radiation-induced toxicity and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling with specific focus on the liver. We discuss modeling for both conventional fractionation as well as more recent hypofractionated treatment regimens such as SBRT in cases of metastatic and primary liver tumors with respect to injury and functional damage. We highlight the necessary NTCP modeling adjustments in the case of SBRT and current deficiencies. Moreover, we review the confounding role of tolerance dose modifying factors such as cirrhosis and hepatitis viral infection. Finally, we discuss the prospects of including non-dosimetric variables into NTCP models and the role of advanced computational modeling.
A framework for relating the structures and recovery statistics in pressure time-series surveys for dust devils

Abstract Dust devils are likely the dominant source of dust for the martian atmosphere, but the amount and frequency of dust-lifting depend on the statistical distribution of dust devil parameters. Dust devils exhibit pressure perturbations and, if they pass near a barometric sensor, they may register as a discernible dip in a pressure time-series. Leveraging this fact, several surveys using barometric sensors on landed spacecraft have revealed dust devil structures and occurrence rates. However powerful they are, though, such surveys suffer from non-trivial biases that skew the inferred dust devil properties. For example, such surveys are most sensitive to dust devils with the widest and deepest pressure profiles, but the recovered profiles will be distorted, broader and shallow than the actual profiles. In addition, such surveys often do not provide wind speed measurements alongside the pressure time series, and so the durations of the dust devil signals in the time series cannot be directly converted to profile widths. Fortunately, simple statistical and geometric considerations can de-bias these surveys, allowing conversion of the duration of dust devil signals into physical widths, given only a distribution of likely translation velocities, and the recovery of the underlying distributions of physical parameters. In this study, we develop a scheme for de-biasing such surveys. Applying our model to an in-situ survey using data from the Phoenix lander suggests a larger dust flux and a dust devil occurrence rate about ten times larger than previously inferred. Comparing our results to dust devil track surveys suggests only about one in five low-pressure cells lifts sufficient dust to leave a visible track.
Group norm violations in an online environmental social network: Effects on impression formation and intergroup judgments:

Much research has demonstrated the power of social norms to affect proenvironmental behavior and conservation-related attitudes and beliefs in traditional “offline” social contexts. With the emerge...
Obama and the United States–Pakistan Marriage of Convenience

Despite lofty expectations, United States–Pakistan relations worsened during the Obama administration. This souring of the relationship was brought about principally by Pakistan’s position as a frontline state in the US Global War on Terrorism. While that status helped Pakistan obtain substantial US aid during the Obama administration, it also came with frequent US violations of Pakistani sovereignty. The critical year of 2011 saw the near rupture in United States–Pakistan ties. While both Washington and Islamabad ultimately needed one another, considerable distrust continued for the remainder of the Obama administration. That distrust was amplified by the continued improvement in United States–India relations. And an effort to improve United States–Pakistan relations through a large multiyear commitment of US foreign aid failed to overcome elite disagreements as well as popular disapproval in Pakistan. Ultimately, US efforts to cultivate a positive image in Pakistan were insufficient to overcome a long history of mutual mistrust.
A MODEL FOR SUPERPLASTC FLOW OF Al-Li Alloy

TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope) observation show that besides dislocation slip and diffusion creep, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization obviously occur in 8090 alloy r at optimum condition of superplastic deformation. It is indicated by investigations that in mechanisms of superplastic deformatation of 8090 alloy there are two process of rate-controlling: 1. process of grain boundary sliding rate-controlled by dislocation climb at boundary; 2. process of grain boundary sliding rate-controlled by dynamic recrystallization of block-grain at triple junction of grains. A complex model of grain boundary sliding accomodated by the participation of dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) for superplastic deformation is submitted in this paper.
NitroxylFluor: A Thiol-Based Fluorescent Probe for Live-Cell Imaging of Nitroxyl

Detection of nitroxyl (HNO), the transient one-electron reduced form of nitric oxide, is a significant challenge owing to its high reactivity with biological thiols (with rate constants as high as 109 M–1 s–1). To address this, we report a new thiol-based HNO-responsive trigger that can compete against reactive thiols for HNO. This process forms a common N-hydroxysulfenamide intermediate that cyclizes to release a masked fluorophore leading to fluorescence enhancement. To ensure that the cyclization step is rapid, our design capitalizes on two established physical organic phenomena; the alpha-effect and the Thorpe-Ingold effect. Using this new trigger, we developed NitroxylFluor, a selective HNO-responsive fluorescent probe. Treatment of NitroxylFluor with an HNO donor results in a 16-fold turn-on. This probe also exhibits excellent selectivity over various reactive nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur species and efficacy in the presence of thiols (e.g., glutathione in mM concentrations). Lastly, we successfully...
Physician gender and apologies in clinical interactions.

Abstract Objective We examine whether patients have a preference for affective (i.e., focused on patient’s emotions) or cognitive (i.e., focused on the process that led to the error) apologies that are dependent on the apologizing physician’s gender. We hypothesize patients will prefer gender-congruent apologies (i.e., when females offer affective apologies and males offer cognitive apologies). Methods We randomly assigned analogue patients (APs: participants instructed to imagine they were a patient) to read a scenario in which a female or male physician makes an error and provides a gender-congruent or incongruent apology. APs reported on their perceptions of the physician and legal intentions. Results An apology-type and gender congruency effect was found such that APs preferred apologies congruent with the gender of the apologizing physician. An indirect effect of congruency on legal intentions through physician perceptions was confirmed (b = −0.24, p = 0.02). Conclusion Our results suggest that physician gender plays a role in patient reactions to different apology types. Practice implications Apology trainings should incorporate how physician characteristics can influence how patients assess and respond to apologies.
Moral Responsibility as Guiltworthiness

It is often alleged that an agent is morally responsible in a liability sense for a transgression just in case s/he deserves a negative interpersonal response for that transgression, blaming responses such as resentment and indignation being paradigms. Aside from a few exceptions, guilt is cited in recent discussions of moral responsibility, if at all, as merely an effect of being blamed, or as a reliable indicator of moral responsibility, but not itself an explanation of moral responsibility. In this paper, I argue that an agent is morally responsible in a liability sense for a transgression just in case s/he deserves to feel moral guilt for that transgression. I argue that this alternative view offers all that the predominant blame-focused view offers, while also solving some puzzling features of moral responsibility. Specifically, it offers a compelling way to reconcile conflicting intuitions about the suberogatory, and allows those who do not understand what Darwall calls ‘second-personal’ reasons to be morally responsible for their immoral acts.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) Related Complications and Management

EUS was regarded as the best staging modality of GI tract and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) was a safe procedure for obtaining cytopathological specimens from tumor adjacent to GI tract and lymph nodes. The complication rate was 0.03–0.15% for diagnostic EUS which was comparable to that of upper gastrointestinal tract diagnostic endoscopy, while the complication rate of EUS-FNA is 0.3–6.3%, comparable to colonoscopy with polypectomy. The insertion or advancement of echoendoscopes either radial or linear type carried the risk of esophageal or duodenal perforation due to their specific mechanical (diameter and nonflexible tip) and optic properties (oblique-viewing). The prolonged procedure is also prone to sedative complications on cardiopulmonary system. The common complications of EUS-FNA depend on the target lesions and methods of intervention, such as iatrogenic pancreatitis, bleeding, and infection. Rare complications include bile peritonitis, pneumoperitoneum, and malignant seeding along needle tract. IDUS carries the low complication rate of 0–1.5%, comparable to that of ERCP, including pancreatitis and cholangitis. To prevent or minimize the complications of EUS/EUS-FNA, one should receive adequate supervised EUS training, follow the updated practice guideline, identify high-risk lesions (stenotic cancer, pancreatitis and pancreatic cystic lesions) for adjuvant prophylaxis, and patient’s underlying factors (anti-thrombotic use and adverse sedation history). With the advances of EUS technique for new interventional indications avoiding radiation risk, EUS will gain popularity and advantage over CT scan, fluoroscopy, and laparotomy in the pancreaticobiliary disorders in near future.
Compatibility and efficacy of the lady beetle Thalassa montezumae and the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea for biological control of the green croton scale: laboratory and greenhouse investigations

The lady beetle Thalassa montezumae and the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr) were assessed alone and in combination to suppress green croton scale, Phalacrococcus howertoni, populations on croton plants using laboratory bioassays and greenhouse cage studies. The acquisition of Ifr blastospores by beetle larvae (3rd instar) and adults during contamination in well plates was used to simulate exposure to direct spraying and subsequent possible fungal infection was assessed. Spore dispersal by the insects was determined after the blastospore-contaminated T. montezumae life stages roamed on agar plates for 24 h by counting the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) produced in the plates. There were no significant differences in survival times at 14 days post-treatment between beetle larvae and adults exposed to Ifr and those exposed to water only. Mean survival time of larvae exposed to Ifr was 14 days and water 12 days, whereas for adults it was 13 days compared to 13 days, respectively. Plates with Ifr blastospore-contaminated T. montezumae adults roaming on the agar surface displayed significantly more fungal trails as CFUs compared to plates with larvae. In greenhouse cage studies, the mean mortality rates of the scale exposed to beetle larvae, either alone (80.8%) or in combination with Ifr (89.1%), were not significantly different. Scale mortality rates in the fungus-only (60.5%) and beetle larvae-only treatments were statistically similar. The treatment with both biocontrol agents had a significantly higher scale mortality rate compared to the treatment with Ifr only. Therefore, spraying Ifr prior to releasing T. montezumae is an effective and compatible biological control strategy for management of the green croton scale on croton plants.
Implementing Business Rules

Many enterprise systems require the implementation of a large set of so-called business rules, which interact in complex ways and tend to be hard to change and hard to document. Junior programmers often think that as a program gets more complex, it will be necessarily larger and have more interactions, but Edsger Dijkstra’s 1968 discovery of structured programming shows that this isn’t necessarily the case. When a program gets to a certain level of complexity, its actual text can become radically simpler by thinking of logic as input data, and translating the input data to interpreted code.
Electronic Structure and Properties of Small Be-Clusters

Equilibrium geometries and electronic structure of Be-clusters up to four atoms per cluster are obtained by complete geometry optimization using selfconsistent ab initio theories. The exchange and correlation contribution to total energy are obtained both from Hartree-Fock configuration interaction and local spin density schemes. The interaction between atoms in charged Be2 clusters is also studied as a function of inter-nuclear distance to illustrate the role of charge polarization. The results from both theories are compared.
Following others through an information maze: The impact of social navigation on information seeking behavior

Abstract “Social Navigation” for the Web has been created in response to the problem of disorientation in an information space. It helps users tackle the information overload challenge by visualizing the traces of behavior of other users and adding social affordances to the information space. Despite the popularity of the concept of social navigation, very few studies of information systems with social navigation can be found in the research literature. In this paper, we report on our study of the impact of social navigation support in the context of task-centered information access. We explore the design of our information access interface which is designed to offer integrated social navigation support, as well as our experiment to systematically assess how social navigation support influenced participants’ information seeking behavior. This experiment will identify situations in which social navigation support is most useful and to investigate the effect of interpersonal trust as an individual factor on the likelihood of following social navigation cues. The results of the study show that social navigation support can successfully guide participants to relevant documents, enabling them to achieve higher search performance. The study also revealed that the effect of social navigation cues on participants’ information seeking behaviors varies under different circumstances, especially under time constraints and for those with high levels of interpersonal trust.
Foes and allies: the Catholic Church, Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO), and the emergence of the indigenous movement in Cauca, Colombia

ABSTRACTLiterature on Latin American social movements has discussed the contributions of post-Second Vatican Council (SVC) (1963–1965) progressive branches of the Catholic Church in the formation o...
Learning and informational stability of dynamic REE with incomplete information

Abstract In the context of dynamic models of incomplete information, we show that slight perturbations to the agents' information sets can lead to vastly different Rational Expectations Equilibria (REE). The difference is due to a hidden instability (i.e., an exact cancellation of an explosive autoregressive root) that is a property of the full-information equilibrium but not present in the partial-information equilibrium. Due to the multitude of potential equilibria, we use least-squares learnability as a refinement mechanism. We find that models with complete information revelation are not least-squares learnable, while information structures that do not fully reveal the underlying shocks are learnable. We show that learnability relates to the informational stability properties of an equilibrium, whereby an equilibrium is said to be informationally unstable if it vanishes when information is slightly perturbed. We present application to a model with productivity shocks and nominal rigidities. In both cases we show that equilibria with complete information are informationally unstable, and thus not learnable; while equilibria that preserve incomplete information are informationally stable and learnable.
Ethics and AI

This chapter is the first of two chapters to explicitly consider artificial intelligence (AI). In this chapter I look at the ethical issues of AI, both in its creation and whether AI can possess a sense of ethics. The desire of cyborgs to live without suffering and the possession of self-awareness directly challenge the dehumanizing label of “artificial beings” and require a discussion of our relationship to the technology we create. Ethical frameworks that have been proposed in science fiction, such as Asimov’s Three Laws, will be analyzed.
Investigation of metal mixing in laser keyhole welding of dissimilar metals

Abstract Laser keyhole welding of dissimilar metals has broad applications in various industrial fields. However, dissimilar metal mixing in the molten pool often causes the formation of detrimental intermetallic compounds that can undermine the performances of the dissimilar metal joints. In this study, the metal mixing process in laser keyhole welding of dissimilar metals is investigated with a combination of experimental and modeling approaches. The parametric experimental study is conducted to reveal the effects of laser power, welding speed, and heat input on the metal mixing in the fusion zone. Ex-situ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy element mapping is used to characterize the metal mixing status in the fusion zone. To investigate the underlying physics of the welding process, a numerical model is developed to simulate the heat transfer, fluid flow, and metal mixing in the molten pool. It is found that the recoil pressure contributes to an upward flow that pushes copper to migrate from the bottom of the molten pool to the top. Meanwhile, the Marangoni force generates one backward flow and two side vortices that facilitate the metal mixing. An increase of laser power increases both the recoil pressure and the Marangoni stress, which drives more copper to migrate upward and mix with aluminum. An increase of welding speed reduces the molten pool lifetime, which reduces the metal mixing by the fluid flow. The investigation of dissimilar metal redistribution provides insights regarding the formation of intermetallic compounds in the joints, which is valuable for the design and optimization of the welding process in different industries.
Validating Social Media Monitoring: Statistical Pitfalls and Opportunities from Public Opinion

Social media are a promising new data source for real-world behavioral monitoring. Despite clear advantages, analyses of social media data face some challenges. In this paper, we seek to elucidate some of these challenges and draw relevant lessons from more traditional survey techniques. Beyond standard machine learning approaches, we make the case that studies that conduct statistical analyses of social media data should carefully consider elements of study design, providing behavioral examples throughout. Specifically, we focus on issues surrounding the validity of statistical conclusions that may be drawn from social media data. We discuss common pitfalls and techniques to avoid these pitfalls, so researchers may mitigate potential problems of design.
Paracellular Filtration Secretion Driven by Mechanical Force Contributes to Small Intestinal Fluid Dynamics

Studies of fluid secretion by the small intestine are dominated by the coupling with ATP-dependent generation of ion gradients, whereas the contribution of filtration secretion has been overlooked, possibly by the lack of a known mechanistic basis. We measured apical fluid flow and generation of hydrostatic pressure gradients by epithelia of cultured mouse enterocytes, Caco-2 and T-84 cells, and fibroblasts exposed to mechanical force provided by vigorous aeration and in response to ion gradients, inhibitors of ion channels and transporters and in vitro using intact mouse and rat small intestine. We describe herein a paracellular pathway for unidirectional filtration secretion that is driven by mechanical force, requires tight junctions, is independent of ionic and osmotic gradients, generates persistent hydrostatic pressure gradients, and would contribute to the fluid shifts that occur during digestion and diarrhea. Zinc inhibits the flow of fluid and the paracellular marker fluorescein isothyocyanate conjugated dextran (MW = 4 kD) across epithelia of cultured enterocytes (>95%; p 40%; p = 0.03). We propose that mechanical force drives fluid secretion through the tight junction complex via a "one-way check valve" that can be regulated. This pathway of filtration secretion complements chloride-coupled fluid secretion during high-volume fluid flow. The role of filtration secretion in the genesis of diarrhea in intact animals needs further study. Our findings may explain a potential linkage between intestinal motility and intestinal fluid dynamics.
Prokaryote playhouse: A low-cost, laser-cut acrylic incubator for optogenetic bacterial culture

Abstract Bacterial photography is a printing technique that replaces conventional photochemistry with a living film of engineered Escherichia coli. Many biology teaching labs have adopted monochrome bacterial photography because it offers a captivating playground for illustrating central concepts and lab techniques in biological engineering, particularly in the fields of synthetic biology and optogenetics. Recent improvements have increased the number of color channels from one to three. A key practical challenge in three-color printing is to expose a Petri dish loaded with engineered bacteria to a trichromatic image while maintaining it at 37 °C. Prokaryote Playhouse is a compact, inexpensive, open-source, benchtop incubator for light-sensitive bacterial cultures that makes bacterial photography and similar bacterial optogenetic methods more accessible to teaching labs, makerspaces, and research labs. The system includes a laser-cut, light-tight enclosure; digital thermostat; heated sample shelf; single-board computer; and miniature projector. We built a fleet of Prokaryote Playhouses that students have used to produce hundreds of bacterial photographs in a wide range of educational experiences, ranging from a four-hour introduction to synthetic biology and wet lab techniques to a six-week exploratory class for first-year students at MIT.
Reconsideration of the nomenclature and disease definition of burning mouth syndrome: an international Delphi survey

Objectives We sought to determine whether the nomenclature, disease definition, and diagnostic criteria for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) should be revised on the basis of expert agreement using the Delphi method of consensus. Methods An international group of 30 BMS experts was invited to participate (April 2019). The study consisted of 3 iterative survey rounds, and findings were presented and participant feedback obtained in a fourth round. QualtricsXM survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) was used to create an electronic self-administered questionnaire. The first survey included closed-ended and open-ended questions intended to generate suggested changes and gauge each participant's agreement (predefined as 70% in agreement) with the existing International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, and disease definition for BMS. Subsequent rounds summarized and presented data from the previous round. Round 2 presented suggested changes and asked if participants agreed or disagreed (dichotomous variable); open-ended questions were for additional changes, comments, and rationales for their selections. Round 3 presented items that met with >50% but Results Thirty screening e-mails were sent to international experts in BMS, and 22 expressed interest in participating. Nineteen experts completed round 1, 17 completed round 2, and 15 completed round 3 for 86%, 89%, and 88% response rates, respectively. Consensus was reached that BMS should not be classified as a syndrome (15 of 17) and that it should be renamed (15 of 19) “burning mouth disorder.” Consensus included that the following should be removed from the diagnostic criteria: (1) emotional distress or functional disability and (2) the number of hours per day that symptoms occur. All other items that reached consensus clarified the disease definition and diagnostic criteria, including delineating the local and systemic causes of oral burning that should be evaluated before diagnosis. Conclusions International consensus among selected experts indicated that the proposed ICD-11 nomenclature, disease definition, and diagnostic criteria can be improved and clarified.
Lesion conspicuity on synthetic screening mammography compared to full field digital screening mammography.

Abstract Objective To compare lesion conspicuity on synthetic screening mammography (SM) plus digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) versus full field digital mammography (FFDM) plus DBT. Materials and methods Seven breast imagers each prospectively evaluated 107–228 screening mammograms (FFDM, DBT, and SM; total 1206 examinations) over 12 weeks in sets of 10–50 consecutive examinations. Interpretation sessions alternated as follows: SM + DBT, then FFDM, or FFDM + DBT, then SM. Lesion conspicuity on SM versus FFDM (equal/better versus less) was assessed using proportions with 95% confidence intervals. DBT-only findings were excluded. Results Overall 1082 of 1206 (89.7%) examinations were assessed BI-RADS 1/2, and 124 of 1206 (10.3%) assessed BI-RADS 0. There were 409 evaluated findings, including 134 masses, 119 calcifications, 72 asymmetries, 49 architectural distortion, and 35 focal asymmetries. SM conspicuity compared to FFDM conspicuity for lesions was rated 1) masses: 77 (57%) equal or more conspicuous, 57 (43%) less conspicuous; 2) asymmetries/focal asymmetries: 61 (57%) equal or more conspicuous, and 46 (43%) less conspicuous; 3) architectural distortion: 46 (94%) equal or more conspicuous, 3 (6%) less conspicuous; 4) calcifications: 115 (97%) equal or more conspicuous, 4 (3%) less conspicuous. SM had better conspicuity than FFDM for calcifications and architectural distortion and similar conspicuity for most masses and asymmetries. Conclusion Compared to FFDM, SM has better conspicuity for calcifications and architectural distortion and similar conspicuity for most masses and asymmetries.
Learning the Narrative Characteristic: Perspective Taking in Written Japanese as a Foreign Language

Narratives written by L2 learners are often awkward even after linguistic elements such as grammatical errors and vocabulary choices are corrected. This unnaturalness may be caused by not exploiting the appropriate cultural and language specific aspects in the target language. The current study focuses on a narrative characteristic of Japanese; perspective taking consistency in writing a story, and the uses of its associated structures. By examining intermediate L2 learners of Japanese whose L1 is English, this study seeks to prove whether classroom instruction helps to overcome unnaturalness caused by the inappropriate uses of perspective taking and not using its associated structures in the short- and long terms. The results of this study show that instruction helps L2 learners to maintain the consistent perspective both in the short- and long-terms. However, the instruction seems to have not affected the L2 learners’ utilization of a variety of perspective taking structures. Taken together, this study offers implications for earlier instruction on the learning of the narrative characteristic.
Assessing Diet Quality Where Families Share Their Meals: Evidence from Malawi.

Background Where families eat together from a common dish, the shared meal must be nutrient dense enough in each nutrient to meet the needs of the highest-need member. Objectives This study aimed to develop an aggregate household nutrient requirement benchmark that satisfies all members' needs in a context in which meals are shared and to illustrate how that metric could inform food and nutrition policy making. Methods We merged nationally representative survey data for Malawi in 2010, 2013, and 2016-2017 with individual nutrient requirements and local food composition data to compute the adequacy of each household's aggregate consumption given its demographic composition and primary occupation. To meet each person's nutrient needs at any level of energy balance, the nutrient density of their shared diet needs to be within boundaries of the most restrictive member. We classified the adequacy of each household's diet using these energy-adjusted densities and examined differences by sociodemographic characteristics. Results Accounting for meal sharing and nutrient density needs of the highest-need member, virtually all households' food consumption is insufficiently nutrient dense in riboflavin, selenium, lipids, and vitamin B-12, and most consumption is insufficiently nutrient dense in zinc and phosphorus as well. Meeting needs of women, adolescent girls, and young children using shared diets would on average require 145% more iron, 98% more zinc, and approximately 70% more phosphorus and vitamin C than if their needs were met with individualized diets. Conclusions Establishing shared nutrient requirements is feasible using existing survey data and can help set sufficiency criteria in settings in which families share meals. In Malawi, current diets and food composition are inadequate for many nutrients, especially in households with more women and adolescent girls. The results call for concerted investment to increase access to and use of more nutrient-dense foods.
Framing Injustice: Social Movement Narratives in a Partisan Media Environment

This paper examines how partisan online news websites framed the killing of Philando Castile. In a content analysis of web-sourced breaking news and editorial articles covering Castile’s murder and subsequent BLM protests, this study explicates the assortment of partisan narratives concerning racism and policing in the United States through the use of three types of media frames defined in the paper: injustice framing (drawn from Gamson 1992), oppositional framing, and informational framing. Findings indicate that the selected sites, from right to left, use thematic and verbal cues that largely frame the killing of Castile as an injustice; yet, sites ideologically diverge in their coverage of subsequent protests of Castile’s death. Some sites recognize police violence as a systemic, thematic injustice, some see the Castile story as one episode, and still other media platforms frame violence against the police as a systemic injustice. With this case study, I elucidate the apparatus of online partisan media framing of Black death and policing, including the use and misuse of statistics, the potential impact of outsourced wire-service coverage, the focus on violent protestors and silence on policing tactics, and the framing of an issue as a systemic matter rather than a political flashpoint. Lastly, the paper considers the challenges posed to activists in a polarized media environment, where different sources diverge on the facts and fictions of a movement.
Der Faktor Wirtschaft im Leben der Gemeinde

Dieses Kapitel handelt nicht wie die vorangegangenen Abschnitte von dem Berufsleben der Arbeiter in den Betrieben.
‘Hermann Heller and the European Crisis: Authoritarian Liberalism Redux?’

This essay tentatively buttresses Alexander Somek's view that Hermann Heller's 1933 essay, ‘Authoritarian Liberalism’, provides a useful starting point for thinking about the ongoing European crisis, in which European authorities are favouring rigid austerity and pro-business policies while undermining basic liberal and democratic rights. Heller's unfortunate neglect, especially in Anglophone scholarship, is discussed. Nonetheless, Somek and other recent scholars who have turned to Heller to make sense of the European crisis downplay some of the tough questions raised by any attempt to apply Heller's analysis of the Weimar crisis to the contemporary setting. In particular, Heller's theory relied on a robust social democratic statism which has become increasingly unpopular even among theorists on the political left.
Anonymity Networks: New Platforms for Conflict and Contention

Access to information is critical during population uprisings against repressive regimes. As a venue for information and data exchange, cyberspace offers many powerful social platforms for exchange of information. But the infrastructure of the Internet allows government to block or censor such platforms. In turn, anonymity networks emerged as conventional mechanisms for Internet users to circumvent government censorship. In this paper we show that anonymity networks became “terrains” for government-population conflict as they enable citizens to overpower governments’ conventional control mechanisms over cyber-information exchanges. We delineate escalations of this cyber-conflict by studying two notable cases: Egypt, a simple case, and Iran, a more complex case. We take Tor network as the anonymity network that is subject of investigation. We highlight the range of actions that each actor can take to retaliate via anonymity networks. We conclude that design specifications and protocols of anonymous communication determine the strategies of escalation. Finally, we lay out the foundation for monitoring and analyzing dynamics and control point analysis of anonymous networks.
Taming Superacids: Stabilization of the Fullerene Cations HC60+ and C60·+

A new superacid, H(CB11H6X6) (where X = chlorine or bromine), whose conjugate base is the exceptionally inert CB11H6X6- carborane anion, separates Bronsted acidity from oxidizing capacity and anion nucleophilicity in a manner not previously achieved. Reaction of this superacid with C60 gives HC60+ as a stable ion in solution and in the solid state. In a separate experiment, an oxidant was developed such that the long-sought C60.+ ion can be synthesized in solution. The preparation of these two fullerene carbocations is a notable departure from the prevalent chemistry of C60, which is dominated by the formation of anions or the addition of nucleophiles. The H(CB11H6X6) superacid overcomes the major limitations of presently known superacids and has potentially wide application.
Dysregulated cytokine production by leukocytes, mediated by SOCS1 deficiency, is correlated to skin pathology: implications for therapeutic targeting. (THER6P.851)

Dysregulated leukocyte activation and cytokine signaling are known to contribute to autoimmunity. Notably, although Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1(SOCS1) is important in the regulation of both leukocyte activation and cytokine signaling, how deficiencies in SOCS1 relate to autoimmunity is not well understood. Therefore we analyzed leukocytes from mice bearing heterozygous expression of SOCS1 (SOCS1+/-) for dysregulated immune function. LPS stimulated SOCS1+/- leukocytes exhibited enhanced production of IL6, and IL12. Notably we observed that SOCS1+/-IFNγ-/- mice, but not IFNγ-/-, SOCS1+/-, or wild-type mice exhibited significant skin pathology on the back and ears. The observed skin pathology in SOCS1-/-IFNγ-/- mice was correlated to leukocyte accumulation within draining lymph nodes and spleen. In vitro, SOCS1+/-IFNγ-/- leukocytes activated with αCD3/αCD28 were hyper-proliferative and produced higher levels of IL17 when compared SOCS1+/+ littermates. Finally, a peptide capable of partially mimicking SOCS1 (SOCS1-KIR) was sufficient to reduce excessive proliferation, and aberrant IL12 and IL6 production of SOCS1+/- leukocytes in vitro. Together these results implicate an important role of SOCS1 in the regulation of immune responses. Moreover these results suggest that targeting SOCS1 deficiency, by a mimetic of SOCS1, may have implications in the regulation of skin pathologies mediated by immune dysregulation.
STUDIES OF A STRONGLY COUPLED PLASMA PRODUCED IN A CAPILLARY DISCHARGE

We have carried out an experiment measuring the properties of a strongly coupled (/Gamma/ /approximately/ 0.8) plasma produced in a capillary discharge. Using an analytical model and some 1-D MHD calculations along with the measurements, we were able to determine the density, temperature, strong coupling parameter /Gamma/, and the resistivity of this plasma. We then compared our resistivity measurements to various theories. 5 refs., 5 figs.
The era of multi-core chips: a fresh look on software challenges

In the past few months, the world has witnessed the impressive pace that the microprocessor chip vendors' switching to multi-core chip technology. However, this is preventing steep software challenges – both in the migration of application software and in the adaptation of system software. In this talk, we discuss the challenges as well as opportunities facing software technology in the era of the emerging multi-core chips. We review the software effort failures and lessons learned during the booming years on parallel computing – in the 80s and early 90s, and analyze the issues and challenges today when we are once more trying to explore large-scale parallelism on multi-core chips and systems. We then predict major technology innovations that should be made in order to assure a success this time. This talk will begin with a discussion based on our own experience on working with fine-grain multithreading from execution/architecture models, system software technology, and relevant application software studies in the past decade. We then outline our recent experience in working on software issues for the next generation multi-core chip architectures. We will present a case study on a mapping of OpenMP on two representative classes of future multi-core architecture models. We discuss several fundamental performance issues facing system software designers.
Population Dynamics of Sugar Beets, Rhizoctonia solani, and Laetisaria arvalis: Responses of a Host, Plant Pathogen, and Hyperparasite to Perturbation in the Field

Rhizoctonia solani causes crown rot of sugar beets, a severe disease that has destroyed up to 60% of the plants in a test field in western Nebraska. Laetisaria arvalis, a natural hyperparasite of Rhizoctonia spp., was isolated from fields in western Nebraska. To test for the potential for biological control of R. solani, in November 1980 (following harvest) we applied various combinations of a nematicide (Telone II; Dow Chemical Co.), a nutrition source (sugar beet pulp), and an inoculum of L. arvalis in a randomized block design. Populations of R. solani, L. arvalis, and sugar beets were monitored monthly through October 1981 (just after harvest). In control and nematicide plots, the R. solani population did not change significantly through time. In plots inoculated with L. arvalis, the R. solani populations declined through March, concomitant with an increase in L. arvalis. L. arvalis then declined with a corresponding increase in the R. solani populations. Beet plant numbers declined significantly in all treatments. We suggest that reduction of the R. solani populations with the hyperparasite L. arvalis is possible but that a stable equilibrium naturally exists.
New media literacies as social action: The centrality of pedagogy in the politics of knowledge production

In this article, the author illustrates the blurring lines of youth cultural production and participatory politics from the perspective of new media literacies. Drawing on design-based action research, the author discusses pedagogical considerations in the conceptualization of new media literacies in a semester-long course that culminated in inquiry-based social action projects created by university students in the urban Midwest. Noteworthy in the course was an emerging ethos developed through collaboration, participation, and distributed expertise leading to the production of video documentaries and interactive websites. New media literacies served as core cultural competencies and social skills in a new media landscape, but more importantly emerged as key practices toward youth cultural production and participatory politics. The latter offers insights into the centrality of pedagogy in the politics of knowledge production.
Friction and wear properties of rhenium

Abstract Rhenium is a hard metal with a hexagonal crystal structure and high ratio of c to a lattice dimensions. Friction and wear tests show that, in agreement with theoretical predictions, rhenium gives low friction and very low wear, sliding either against itself or against other metals. Rhenium can be electroplated, and lubricants are effective on this metal.
A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking

The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region historically implicated in reward and motivation, but the identity of the neurotransmitters involved are unknown. The orexins (or hypocretins) are neuropeptides recently identified as neurotransmitters in lateral hypothalamus neurons. Although knockout and transgenic overexpression studies have implicated orexin neurons in arousal and sleep, these cells also project to reward-associated brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This indicates a possible role for these neurons in reward function and motivation, consistent with previous studies implicating these neurons in feeding. Here we show that activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons is strongly linked to preferences for cues associated with drug and food reward. In addition, we show that chemical activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons reinstates an extinguished drug-seeking behaviour. This reinstatement effect was completely blocked by prior administration of an orexin A antagonist. Moreover, administration of the orexin A peptide directly into the ventral tegmental area also reinstated drug-seeking. These data reveal a new role for lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in reward-seeking, drug relapse and addiction.
Mortality of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) after Sublethal Stress with the CryIIIA δ-Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and Subsequent Exposure to Beauveria bassiana

Acute or chronic sublethal exposure of Colorado potato beetle larvae to the CryIIIA δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner did not significantly (P > 0.05) alter their subsequent susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. During the period of exposure to B. bassiana there was continued mortality from previous exposure to δ-endotoxin, and B. bassiana also caused significant mortality. Acute and chronic exposure to δ-endotoxin significantly prolonged larval development. The weights of prepupae and adults were significantly reduced by exposure to δ-endotoxin, with the greatest effect being from chronic exposure. Separation of the manifestations of stress in time (feeding vs soil stages) and space (toxin damage to the insect gut vs fungal penetration of the cuticle and activity in the hemocoel) may have precluded alteration of insect susceptibility to infection by B. bassiana. Endemic populations of B. bassiana are not expected to influence the development of resistance in the Colorado potato beetle to the δ-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis.