cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Risk and the Buffering Hypothesis: The Role of Just World Beliefs and Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Although perceptions of risk have been studied extensively by both social and cognitive psychologists, relatively little work has focused on individual differences in these perceptions. Across two studies, the authors examined the relationship of perceived risk to just world beliefs (BJW) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Both studies showed that these two variables have interactive effects on perceived risk across a wide variety of different types of threats (e.g., getting hijacked, contracting AIDS). Among high authoritarians, participants felt much less at risk if they believed in a just world than if they did not. Among low authoritarians, however, BJW and perceived risk were unrelated. Results are conceptualized in terms of a buffering hypothesis, which suggests that the extent to which self-protective variables (such as BJW) mediate risk are most pronounced among persons who view the world in threatening terms (i.e., high authoritarians). Implication of these findings for previous models of ris...
The identity of the genus neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae)

On the basis of newly acquired morphological evidence gathered in the course of floristic studies, the monotypic genus Neowawraea Rock is now recognized as a species of Flueggea Willd. and is renamed F. neowawraea W. J. Hayden. Taxonomic documentation presented for F. neowawraea includes an expanded morphological description, a map showing its widely scattered distribution in the Hawaiian Islands to which the species is endemic, and discussions of type specimens, common names, and its extreme rarity. The combination of flowers in pedicellate axillary clusters, the lobed staminate disk, pistillode, extrorse anthers, hemitropous ovules, and, especially, the smoothish dry seeds with a deep sub-hilar pit indicate placement in section Flueggea subsection Flueggea. The newly recognized species appears most closely related to F. flexuosa Muell. Arg.
Orbiter BLT Flight Experiment Wind Tunnel Simulations: Nearfield Flowfield Imaging and Surface Thermography

This paper reports a series of wind tunnel tests simulating the near-field behavior of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Boundary Layer Transition Detailed Test Objective (BLT DTO) flight experiment. Hypersonic flow over a flat plate with an attached BLT DTO-shaped trip was tested in a Mach 10 wind tunnel. The sharp-leading-edge flat plate was oriented at an angle of 20 degrees with respect to the freestream flow, resulting in post-shock edge Mach number of approximately 4. The flowfield was visualized using nitric oxide (NO) planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Flow visualizations were performed at 10 Hz using a wide-field of view and high-resolution NO PLIF system. A lower spatial resolution and smaller field of view NO PLIF system visualized the flow at 500 kHz, which was fast enough to resolve unsteady flow features. At the lowest Reynolds number studied, the flow was observed to be laminar and mostly steady. At the highest Reynolds number, flow visualizations showed streak instabilities generated immediately downstream of the trip. These instabilities transitioned to unsteady periodic and spatially irregular structures downstream. Quantitative surface heating imagery was obtained using the Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP) technique. Comparisons between the PLIF flow visualizations and TSP heating measurements show a strong correlation between flow patterns and surface heating trends.
Spectral sensitivity of cat cones to rapid flicker

Records obtained from the flicker photometric electroretinogram indicate that only a single spectral mechanism (λMAX = 555 nm) in the cat eye contributes to the response to 50 Hz flicker. A photopic mechanism (λMAX = 500–510 nm) detected in earlier studies does not respond to high frequency flicker.
Role of hydroxide impurities in the thermoluminescent behavior of lithium fluoride

The influence of OH ion impurities on thermoluminescent sensitivity and supralinearity in LiF:Mg, Ti is analyzed. Available evidence is shown to be consistant with the presence of Ti‐OH and Mg‐OH complexes. The track interaction model is used to explain the data, with competing centers decreasing sensitivity and supralinearity at high concentrations.
Improved broadband NMR spectrometer scheme

Abstract Improvements upon an earlier spectrometer modification are described. Using basically the same frequency derivation strategy that was reported earlier, a different radio frequency gating-scheme is introduced, employing the inherent isolation of a radio frequency mixer, resulting in improved low-frequency gating. A second gating device provides blanking pulses for the broadband waiver section by gating the local oscillator signal. Excellent results have been obtained at frequencies from 4 to 51 MHz.
Surface stress-dependent adhesion to fluorinated polymers

Irradiation of thin commercial sheets of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) or a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) yield essentially the same results with mass spectroscopy or x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For both gas phase and surface (ca. 30 A) products of irradiation, the same product distributions and exposure dependencies are observed. In addition, XPS of chemically etched (with sodium naphthalenide) PTFE and FEP shows the same extent of surface defluorination. In contrast to the more surface-sensitive XPS, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy of etched PTFE shows that the defluorination extends to depths of ca. 3000 A, while with etched FEP defluorination extends to only a few hundred Angstroms. Scanning electron microscopy shows the FEP surface to be smooth and featureless both before and after chemical etching, while etched PTFE is characterized by a crazed surface with a high density of unidirectional cracks oriented perpendicular to long macroscopic scratches existing in the virgin surface. Adhesion of Cu to this etched PTFE has previously been shown to be sufficiently strong that failure is a result of near-cohesive failure in the PTFE and not adhesive failure. Conversely, weak adhesion of Cu to etched FEP or to other smooth forms of fluorinated polymers, including polished PTFE, is observed. This correlation of strong adhesion with surface roughness and not with surface chemical changes is consistent with previous suggestions that a major component of adhesion to fluorinated polymers is mechanical interlocking. The differences between FEP and PTFE are discussed in terms of a model involving surface stresses expected from their different methods of manufacture: extrusion from the melt in the case of FEP and skiving from pressed cylinders in the case of PTFE. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rotation invariant object recognition using Gabor filters

In recent years, Gabor filters have found effective for feature extraction as they possess many properties such as tunable to specific orientation, spectrally localized, spatially localized etc. In this paper, a rotation invariant object recognition system is proposed using Gabor filters. A set of Gabor filters are considered and directional features are extracted from an image. A Gabor Vector Set is created from an unknown image sample, which may be rotated. A combined classification approach using K-Nearest Neighbor classifier and Minimum distance classifier is developed to predict the class label of the unknown sample. Experiments are conducted on electric component images which are rotated between 0° to 360° angle. An overall recognition rate of 96.02% is observed on database of size 3971 images.
The incorporation of mevalonic acid-2-C14 and dimethylacrylic acid-3-C14 into carotenes.

Abstract Results are presented which show that dimethyl acrylic acid-3-C 14 serves as a substrate in the biosynthesis of β-carotene in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Blakeslea trispora , but not in ripening tomatoes. Mevalonic acid-2-C 14 serves as a substrate in the biosynthesis of β-carotene in Blakeslea trispora and ripening tomato fruit, but not in Chlorella pyrenoidosa . Mevalonic acid-2-C 14 is also incorporated into phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, neurosporene, lycopene, γ-carotene, and β-carotene in ripening tomatoes. In addition it is incorporated into several unknown, noncarotene, nonsaponifiable compounds that do not have the properties of intermediates in the biosynthesis of squalene and do not appear to be intermediates in the biosynthesis of carotenes. These compounds were separated from the colorless polyenes and carotenes by chromatography on alumina or calcium hydroxide columns. Lycopene and β-carotene were purified through crystallization, and the other compounds were converted to perhydrolycopene or perhydro-γ-carotene. The specific activities of the highly purified colorless polyenes and carotenes from tomato are very different from those recently reported by Purcell, Thompson, and Bonner and do not support their conclusion that the biosynthetic route of sequential desaturation in carotene biosynthesis is impossible. Finally, another C 14 -labeled substance, an unidentified colorless polyene less polar than phytoene, has been isolated. Hydrogenation and ozonolysis studies of this substance show that it is isoprenoid in structure and that it may possibly be lycopersene.
K- and L-shell x-ray spectroscopic measurements of fuel and pusher dopants in indirectly driven ICF implosions

Abstract Time resolved x-ray spectroscopy is used to study the implosion of indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsules on the Nova laser. Through the use of high- Z dopants (Ar and Xe) in the fuel, measurements of the peak temperature, from emission line ratios, and density, from line broadening, are obtained. These measurements indicate peak electron temperatures of ∼ 1–1.6 keV and electron and deuteron densities in the range of 1.0–2.0 x 10 24 cm -3 , depending on the type of laser drive used. The higher densities are achieved on targets that are driven with a shaped laser drive that allows a more isentropic compression of the fuel. The spectra of high- Z pusher dopants have also been studied. These dopants can provide information on pusher conditions and can be used to study hydrodynamic mix at the pusher fuel interface.
Growth Rates of Juvenile Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides): Effects of Habitat and Predation Risk

Predation is often the largest source of mortality for juvenile fish and the risk of predation can influence growth rates by either forcing young fish into suboptimal foraging habitats or reducing the amount of time spent foraging. We used field experiments to test effects of predation risk by gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta) on juvenile pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) growth rates by measuring changes in length and weight in three habitats (sand, low density, and high density shoalgrass,Halodule wrightii) in Perdido Key, Florida. Benthic cores, seagrass samples, and stomach contents were also analyzed to examine differences in pinfish prey densities, grass densities and epiphyte coverage, and diet, respectively, among habitat and predator treatments. Both length and weight growth rates were determined and showed similar results. We found that pinfish inhabiting seagrass habitats, particularly low densityHalodule displayed the fastest growth rates in the beginning of the growing season (June) and those in sand had the fastest growth rates later in the season (October). These differences in growth rates did not appear to be influenced by densities of pinfish prey items since the treatment having the highest density of prey was not that in which growth rates were the greatest. This seasonal shift may be attributed to increasing pinfish size. Larger pinfish in October may have been inhibited by high density grass, reducing foraging efficiency. These results demonstrate how occupying a suboptimal foraging habitat can affect juvenile pinfish growth rates. Predation risk significantly reduced length and weight growth rates of pinfish in June, but not October. This suggests that smaller pinfish early in the season traded time spent foraging for predator avoidance, while larger pinfish were likely to have reached a size refuge from predation. This study demonstrates that nonlethal effects from predation are also important influences on juvenile pinfish.
Articulator-generated amalgam stops for complete dentures

Balanced occlusion in eccentric positions for complete denture occlusion is an acceptable and widely practiced concept. Many methods have been described for achieving balanced occlusion. The technique outlined in this article uses amalgam stops generated on a programmed Hanau Model H2 articulator. The posterior occlusal scheme used to facilitate this technique is also described.
Competitive Reactions of Diene Cation Radicals Formed on Irradiated Metal Oxide Surfaces

Abstract The heterogeneous photochemical oxygenation of conjugated dienes induced by long wavelength UV irrradiation of TiO2 powders suspended in oxygenated CH3CN was studied. In nearly all cases, products resulting from the oxidative cleavage of the double bonds were observed, in parallel to that previously reported for monoolefins. A mechanism is proposed which involves the intermediacy of a diene cation radical generated by transfer of an electron from the adsorbed diene to a photogenerated hole localized at the surface of the excited TiO2 particle. Non-oxidative cleavage products are also observed, and the effect of the semiconductor surface in controlling reactivity of the photogenerated cation radical is discussed. The first examples of aromatization and Diels-Alder dimerization mediated by irradiated semiconductor suspensions are presented.
SU‐E‐T‐645: Radiobiologic Evaluation of Lung Toxicity in Treatment Plan Quality Comparisons for Hypofractionated Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Using Relative Damaged Volume Modeling

Purpose: We proposed using relative damaged volume (RDV) models to evaluate lung toxicity in treatment plans for hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) of lungcancer, and performed plan comparisons using RDV with helical tomotherapy (HT), 3‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D‐CRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plans for lungcancerSBRTtreatments. Methods: Ten lungcancer patients treated with SBRT were retrospectively selected. Four treatment plans were generated for each patient to deliver 50 Gy in five fractions to the planning target volume (PTV). HT plans were generated using 1.0 cm or 2.5 cm jaw size. 3D‐CRT plans with 6 MV (3D‐6MV) and 10 MV (3D‐10MV) photon energy were generated using 12 non‐coplanar beams. VMAT plans were generated using one single arc field. The dose volume histogram (DVH) for the normal lung was first normalized to the biologic equivalent DVH. The lung RDV was then calculated with both the S‐shaped and logistic function models, respectively. The sensitivity of the RDV to the model parameter of 50% local dose effect level (D_L50) was evaluated. Results: The logistic function model gave higher RDV than the S‐shaped model. With D_L50 increasing from 20 Gy to 30 Gy, the average RDV decreased by 30.1% and 29.4% using the S‐shaped and logistic function models, respectively. The VMAT plans achieved similar average RDV with non‐coplanar 3D‐CRT plans. The HT plans showed the lowest average RDV compared to the other treatment modalities. The average maximum dose to the PTV was 61.3+\−2.2 Gy, 67.0+\−3.7 Gy, 67.1+\−4.4 Gy, and 61.8+\−2.6 Gy in the HT, 3D‐6MV, 3D‐10MV, and VMAT plans, respectively. Conclusions: The lung RDV allowed for efficient lung toxicity evaluation. Based on RDV evaluation, HT treatment plans could provide lower lung toxicity compared to non‐coplanar 3D‐CRT and single‐arc VMAT plans for SBRTtreatment of lungcancer.
Contesting expertise: The politics of environmental knowledge in northern Indian groundwater practices

Abstract The world is facing a severe water crisis. According to the UN, by 2025 50% of the world’s population will face water scarcity. In India, where 70% of irrigation and 80% of domestic needs are met with groundwater, demand for this resource is expected to exceed supply by 2020. This has led to recent calls for groundwater governance reforms within India, and specifically within the state of Rajasthan, where no regulation exists today. The success of these reforms hinges on the interaction of the state and its agents with local users and managers of groundwater resources. Underpinning these encounters, though, are tensions between local and state forms of groundwater knowledges. The question analyzed here is in what ways do conflicting environmental knowledges adversely affect the management of overexploited groundwater resources in water-scarce India? To address this question, I examine the coevolution of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence groundwater and irrigation knowledges and technologies in Rajasthan, India to expose the ways that they are produced, contested, legitimated, and hybridized. The paper argues the following three claims. First, the relationship between the state and local producers of groundwater knowledge practices is non-linear and porous. For instance, the way that state subjects experience the state is uneven because within and in-between historical moments the state may attempt to assimilate, reorganize, plagiarize, or disparage local knowledge. Second, these attempts produce or exacerbate existing historically rooted tensions between farmers and state groundwater engineers. But in response, farmers often seek out non-state avenues of expertise, such as tubewell drilling firms. This results in the further hybridization of knowledge practices and also in the present-day marginalization of the state. Third, the relationship between farmers and the state is further strained because of a current lack of state visibility in the study area and also because the state continues to “see like a state”. These shifting meanings and power relations around groundwater and irrigation knowledges produce tensions that will undoubtedly negatively impact future groundwater governance strategies.
Lymph node size does not correlate with the presence of prostate cancer metastasis

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether lymph node size is a surrogate marker for lymph node metastasis. Methods. We reviewed 980 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically localized prostate cancer, of whom 63 had lymph node metastases. A comparable group of patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy who did not have lymph node involvement was identified using the following parameters: serum prostate-specific antigen level, clinical and pathologic stage, and pre- and postoperative Gleason score. The axial and longitudinal dimensions of the nodes from patients with and without metastases were analyzed to assess the significance of lymph node size in predicting the presence of metastases. All patients had negative preoperative computed tomography (CT) and bone scans. Of the 63 patients with lymph node metastases, 48 had tissue available for measuring the dimensions of the lymph nodes. Results. A total of 76 metastatic and 92 negative lymph nodes were identified from the patients with and without metastatic nodes, respectively. The mean nodal longitudinal size was 1.65 cm (range 0.2 to 6.5) and 3.50 cm (range 0.5 to 9) for positive and negative nodes, respectively (P = 0.0001). The mean axial nodal size was 0.8 cm (range 0.2 to 3.2) and 1.0 cm (range 0.2 to 2.2) for positive and negative lymph nodes, respectively. In 56 metastatic nodes (74%), the axial size was less than 1 cm and in 20 (26%) less than 5 mm. Conclusions. Lymph node size should not be used as a surrogate for the presence of lymph node metastases. Although no patient had enlarged lymph nodes by CT scan criteria (greater than 1.5 cm), 6 (8%) of 48 and 19 (12%) of 48 patients with and without lymph node metastases, respectively, had nodes with an axial dimension greater than 1.5 cm.
Improving patient satisfaction in hospital care settings

Health-care managers have to address many aspects of the organization, and patient satisfaction is clearly one of the critical aspects for managers. To respond to the need of health-care managers, there have been many patient satisfaction studies. However, these studies focus on which attributes (factors such as nursing care and physician care) are more influential; they do not provide specific aspects for each attribute. In order to develop an effective intervention programme to improve patient satisfaction, more specific research outcomes are needed. This study utilized data collected between January 2007 and June 2008 from 32 hospitals representing a large, national private not-for-profit hospital system. The patient satisfaction survey included the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, Hospital version questionnaire items, and there are 31,471 cases. Two-stage multiple linear regression analyses were conducted with control variables (age, gender, perceived health, education and race). It was found that patients' highest priority is to be treated with courtesy and respect by nurses and physicians. An effective intervention programme to improve patient satisfaction would include a training programme, where care providers understand that patients want them to show courtesy and respect. Then, well-trained and empathetic nurses and staff members can comfort patients, and consequently improve patient satisfaction.
Early Colonic Damage and Invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in Experimentally Challenged Infant Macaca mulatta

Experimental challenge studies with Campylobacter jejuni were conducted in 3.5-month-old infant Macaca mulatta. One infant monkey (92-1) was challenged with 2.7 x 10(10) cfu of strain 78-37. A second infant was infected intentionally by natural transmission. The infants developed diarrhea 32 h after challenge of infant 92-1. Electron microscopic observations indicate that cell invasion is the primary mechanism of colon damage and diarrheal disease caused by C. jejuni. Intracellular C. jejuni were located in membrane-bound vacuoles and were free in the cytoplasm. Damaged epithelial cells exhibited premature apoptosis and were exfoliated into the lumen of the colon. C. jejuni were also located extracellularly in the mucosa and submucosa. Some cells had dilated endoplasmic reticulum, indicating possible alteration in ion and water transport.
Developmental Bouldering for Elementary School Student

(2004). Developmental Bouldering for Elementary School Student. Strategies: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 7-9.
WAVE PASSAGE EFFECTS ON THE RESPONSE OF EARTH DAMS

ABSTRACT An analytical model is presented for steady-state lateral response of earthfill and rockfill dams in canyons subjected to a steady train of harmonic SH waves incident at an arbitrary angle θ. The dam is idealized as a 2-dimensional shear beam with a triangular cross-section, while the canyon is considered rectangular and consisting of elastic rock. A parametric study is undertaken to investigate the influence on the steady-state response of (a) the angle of incidence θ of the incoming waves, (b) the impedance ratio and (c) the canyon narrowness. It is shown that the acceleration amplification is considerably less for a dam built in flexible canyon than for a dam in a rigid canyon and, hence, the effect of radiation damping may be very important. For obliquely incident waves travelling from the left to the right, the response of the dam depends mainly on the interference of the waves transmitted through the base and the left boundary, leading to a maximum response at a θ about 30°-35°. For very long dams subjected to high frequency obliquely incident waves, it is found that there is no amplification of the motion by the dam. For low-frequency excitation, the response of the dam shows little variation along the crest and approaches the response of the elastic half-space. The results are in agreement with published results for the response of alluvial valleys subjected to incident SH waves.
Perturbation of the magneto-optical properties of nanocrystalline CdSSe

The excited state dynamics of CdSe and CdSSe nanocrystals is complex, involving exciton-polaron formation and state mixing. Evidence of symmetry breaking in a $3.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ CdSSe sample shows evidence of exciton-polaron excited state character, in addition to lowering of the exciton symmetry. The lowered symmetry results in new exciton levels that can mix as evidenced in the field dependent polarization ratio, spinor intensities, and energy shifts of the circular polarized magnetophotoluminescence experiment. Coupling of the individual spinor levels results in loss of spin polarization for the CdSSe alloy.
Invariant two‐dimensional structures of vorticity field in nonviscous fluid

It is generally shown that the dynamics of three‐dimensional nonviscous flows possesses invariant two‐dimensional structures if these flows are invariant under translations along their vorticity field directions. In such a two‐dimensional fluid, the vorticity field direction is fixed in time everywhere, while its intensity obeys a scalar equation similar to that in the two‐dimensional line‐vortex case. The most general flow having such a two‐dimensional structure is perhaps the helically invariant flow. Expressed in terms of some generalized coordinates according to its spatial symmetry, the dynamics of such a flow admits a Hamiltonian description. A general steady‐state condition for such a flow is also derived. Furthermore, using Boltzmann statistics, the equilibrium distribution of the intensity of the vorticity field is shown to satisfy a nonlinear partial differential equation, similar to the sinh‐Poisson equation for the line‐vortex case.
Relationships of Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse to Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among Incarcerated Adolescents

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationships of sexual, physical and emotional abuse to emotional (internalizing) and behavioral (externalizing) problems among incarcerated girls and boys. Participants were youth who were remanded to the correctional facilities within a statewide juvenile correctional system in a southern state in the United States of America. Each participant completed a structured interview regarding abuse history, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and demographic characteristics. Multiple regression analyses indicated that girls were more likely than boys to internalize their problems. The only abuse variable that was positively and significantly associated with emotional problems was emotional abuse. Greater behavioral problems were significantly related to youths being younger in age, white ethnicity, history of sexual abuse, and history of physical abuse. There were overall gender differences for internalizing problems, but not for externalizing problems among incarcerated ad...
Diverticula in association with the proximal left subclavian artery: a cause of mediastinal mass lesions.

Abstract The case reports of 5 patients with an aortic arch diverticulum associated with the proximal left subclavian artery are presented. In 3 patients, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a right aortic arch and traversed the retroesophageal area to the opposite arm. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a left aortic arch; this represents the second instance of this anomaly to be reported in the literature. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery was not attached to the aorta, and a diverticulum was present in the expected area of attachment. Confusion of these anomalies with solid mediastinal mass lesions and with aortic aneurysms may occur. Treatment is predicated on symptomatology, and resection is usually not indicated. It is necessary to remain cognizant of aortic diverticula and to differentiate them from other mediastinal mass lesions.
Relationships of neuronal spike populations and EEG activity in chronic cats

Neuronal spike populations and EEG activity in chronic unrestrained cats, noting multiple unit responses of acceleration/inhibition during behavioral conditioning procedures
On the Exact Representation of the Boundary Surfaces of the Swept Volume of a Cylinder Undergoing Rational Bézier and B-Spline Motions

This paper develops methods for the exact analysis and representation of the swept volume of a circular cylinder undergoing rational Bezier and B-spline motions. Instead of following the traditional approach of analyzing the point trajectory of an object motion for swept volume analysis, this paper develops a new method for swept volume analysis by studying the plane trajectory of a rational motion. It brings together recent work in swept volume analysis, plane representation of developable surfaces, as well as computer aided synthesis of freeform rational motions. The results have applications in design and approximation of freeform surfaces as well as tool path planning for 5-axis machining of freeform surfaces. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1357539#
A Note on the Use of the Instant Center as a Reference Point for Angular Momentum Theorems

The use of the instant center as a reference point in angular momentum theorems has the advantage that unknown contact forces do not appear in the equations of motion. However, care must be taken to distinguish the point as being on the body or the space centrode.
Echocardiographic segmental approach to complex congenital heart disease in the neonate.

A segmental echocardiographic approach to complex congenital heart disease in the neonate allows accurate and precise assessment of intracardiac, as well as extracardiac, anomalies. Determination of abnormalities of atrial and visceral situs, as well as the cardiac situs, provides a fundamental background for the echocardiographic examination. Subsequently, a segmental approach allows precise determination of abnormalities of atrioventricular and ventricular great artery connections. Recent echocardiographic advances including high-frequency (7.5 and 10 MHz) and color flow imaging capabilities have dramatically improved our ability to accurately define abnormalities of anatomy and connection in the neonate. These advances now have expanded our previous echocardiographic criteria and allow application of the echocardiographic segmental approach to characterize complex congenital heart disease in the neonate. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, July 1991)
Direct and Indirect Blood Pressure during Exercise

In 27 subjects, we compared rest and exercise blood pressure (BP) measurements determined directly by catheterization of the radial artery with simultaneous values obtained indirectly by auscultation of the brachial artery. As work increased, the systolic BP increased, whereas the diastolic BP did not change. Considering all comparisons, direct BP was greater than indirect BP by a mean of 29.0 mm Hg for systolic BP and 12.3 mm Hg for diastolic BP. As exercise level increased, the difference between direct and indirect systolic BP decreased whereas the difference between direct and indirect diastolic BP did not change. Both methods have advantages for assessment of BP response to exercise: normality of BP response is best assessed by auscultation, whereas beat-by-beat trends in BP are more accurately defined by the direct method.
Hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes with increasing isokinetic angular velocity

Our purpose was to determine if females demonstrate decreased hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque (H/Q) ratios compared to males and if H/Q ratios increase with increased isokinetic velocity in both sexes. Maturation disproportionately increases hamstrings peak torque at high velocity in males, but not females. Therefore, we hypothesised that mature females would demonstrate decreased H/Q ratios compared to males and the difference in H/Q ratio between sexes would increase as isokinetic velocity increased. Studies that analysed the H/Q ratio with gravity corrected isokinetic strength testing reported between 1967 and 2004 were included in our review and analysis. Keywords were hamstrings/quadriceps, isokinetics, peak torque and gravity corrected. Medline and Smart databases were searched combined with cross-checked bibliographic reference lists of the publications to determine studies to be included. Twenty-two studies were included with a total of 1568 subjects (1145 male, 423 female). Males demonstrated a significant correlation between H/Q ratio and isokinetic velocity (R=0.634, p<0.0001), and a significant difference in the isokinetic H/Q ratio at the lowest angular velocity (47.8+/-2.2% at 30 degrees /s) compared to the highest velocity (81.4+/-1.1% at 360 degrees /s, p<0.001). In contrast, females did not demonstrate a significant relationship between H/Q ratio and isokinetic velocity (R=0.065, p=0.77) or a change in relative hamstrings strength as the speed increased (49.5+/-8.8% at 30 degrees /s; 51.0+/-5.7% at 360 degrees /s, p=0.84). Gender differences in isokinetic H/Q ratios were not observed at slower angular velocities. However, at high knee flexion/extension angular velocities, approaching those that occur during sports activities, significant gender differences were observed in the H/Q ratio. Females, unlike males, do not increase hamstrings to quadriceps torque ratios at velocities that approach those of functional activities.
Numerical prediction of confined swirling jets

Abstract The axisymmetric flow of a swirling viscous, incompressible fluid jet inside confining cylindrical boundaries has been numerically investigated using the well-known implicit finite-difference scheme. For a swirling jet confined by cylindrical tube, the vortex-breakdown or the formation of an axisymmetric isolated eddy occurs at high values of swirl ratios at a moderate flow rate or Reynolds number. With the introduction of artificial adverse pressure gradients, such as one studied in the case of a step-up cylindrical tube, the vortex-breakdown occurs at a relatively lower swirl ratio at a given flow rate. For a swirling jet discharging in a coaxial non-rotating surrounding stream enclosed by a cylindrical tube, the vortex-breakdown and its structure depend on various parameters such as the flow rate of the jet, surrounding stream velocity, the swirl of the jet and on the radius of the enclosing cylindrical tube. In general increasing Reynolds numbers, swirl ratio, decreasing surrounding stream velocity and increasing size of the cylindrical tube enhance the occurrence and size of the vortex-breakdown.
Four peptides decrease human colon adenocarcinoma cell number and DNA synthesis via cyclic GMP.

Background: Mortality from colon cancer is significant with an expected 30,350 colon cancer deaths in 2005 with current treatment(s). Long-acting natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, and atrial natriuretic peptide have significant anticancer effects in breast and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Aim of Study: Whether these peptide hormones have anticancer effects in colon adenocarcinoma cells and whether these effects are specifically mediated by cyclic GMP has not been determined. Methods: These peptide hormones were evaluated for anticancer effects in human colon adenocarcinoma cells and to determine whether their anticancer effects are specifically mediated by cyclic GMP. Results: There was a 89–97% decrease (p<0.001 for each) in colon adenocarcinoma cells within 24 h with 1 mM of these peptide hormones. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in human colon cancer cell number with each 10-fold increase in concentration from 1 to 1000 µM (i.e., 1 mM) of these four peptide hormones without any proliferation in the 3 d following this decrease. These same hormones decreased DNA synthesis 65–83% (p<0.001). Cyclic GMP antibody inhibited 75–80% of these peptides’ ability to decrease colon adenocarcinoma cell number and inhibited 92–96% of their DNA synthesis effects and 97% of cyclic GMP’s effects. Western blots revealed that for the first time natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR) A and C were present in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Conclusions: Four peptide hormones eliminate up to 97% of colon cancer cells within 24 h with their DNA effects specifically mediated by cyclic GMP.
Regional localization of estrogenic metabolites in the brain of male and female rats.

Abstract The female rat, but not the male, responds to estrogen stimulation in adulthood with the display of lordosis, the characteristic mating posture in this species. This male-female difference in response to estrogen reflects an androgen-induced sexual differentiation process. To obtain additional information about the nature of this difference adult gonadectomized male and female rats were administered 3 H-estradiol and sacrificed two hours later. Brain and pituitary samples were taken for analysis. The samples were subjected to steroid extraction and thin-layer chromatography. The anterior hypothalamus and pituitary were found to contain predominantly estradiol. The posterior hypothalamus, however, contained significant amounts of both estradiol and estrone, suggesting a functional difference between these two brain loci. No male-female differences in the regional distribution of estrogenic metabolites were found, however.
Effect of flow rate on the distribution kinetics of a drug from perfusate to a perfused organ.

A pharmacokinetic analysis of the distribution of a drug into a perfused organ or hypothetical compartment of the body yields mathematical expressions which may be useful for ascertaining if the distribution of a drug is rate limited by the flow of the perfusate, by the diffusion of the drug from the perfusate into the organ, or if it is a function of both of these processes. These expressions have been used to analyze the distribution of a drug from a perfusing fluid into the isolated perfused rat liver, and of several drugs from a hypothetical central compartment to a hypothetical peripheral compartment in man.
Characterization of voltage and charge transfer in ac gas discharge displays

New techniques have been applied to the characterization of voltage and charge transfer in ac gas discharge display cells. This paper presents a new method of measuring the voltage transfer curve and several aspects of the operation of the cells which are revealed by these measurements. In the steady sustain region the voltage transfer is nearly equal to the initial gas voltage. Over most of the voltage transfer curve, the voltage transferred is independent of the history and operating environment of the test cell. On the other hand, the charge transfer does depend upon these factors. The voltage and charge transferred vary differently with the initial gas voltage, so the effective wall capacitance depends upon the initial wall voltage as well as on history and environment. This is attributed to the dependence of the lateral spread of the discharge upon its strength.
Hysteroscopic fluid management

Many of the technical difficulties and hazards associated with operative hysteroscopy revolve around management of the liquid distending medium. For the nurse, this involves vigilance in determining when the reservoir bag needs to be changed and when the return canister is full, and the task of calculating inflow-outflow deficits. The last is made more difficult by the fact that 3-L bags of dilute sorbitol or glycine most often used in hysteroscopy are not filled precisely, and readings of residual reservoir volume and canister levels are often made in darkened operating rooms. For the surgeon, the first issue is to achieve satisfactory intrauterine visualization that relates to the pressure and the flow of medium. Both surgeon and patient are understandably concerned about problems of excessive absorption of water from the electrolyte-free medium causing potentially life-threatening hyponatremia and hypervolemia. A system to manage hysteroscopic fluid was developed that addresses these concerns.
Enhancing the performance of CZTSSe solar cells with Ge alloying

Abstract The ability to alloy Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 with Ge provides a unique ability to band-gap engineer the absorber film by controlling the relative cation ratios. In here, a preliminary study on adjusting the Ge to Sn ratio is shown to significantly improve the device performance of CZTSSe thin film solar cells. CZTGeSSe solar cell with total area power conversion efficiency as high as 8.4% has been realized using a nanocrystal-based thin film deposition process. The selenized CZTGeSSe thin film exhibits a bi-layer structure where the thin sintered large-grain layer could be responsible for the poor red-response in external quantum efficiency of the resulting solar cell.
Measurement of the equibiaxial elongational viscosity of polystyrene using lubricated squeezing

The equibiaxial elongational viscosity of polystyrene was determined using a lubricated squeezing technique. Constant strain rates up to Hencky strains of 4.5 could be maintained by a newly constructed instrument. Test results from controlled stress and controlled strain rate measurement were consistent and yielded well-defined steady-state viscosities. Measurements appeared to be unaffected by sample geometry, although proper lubrication is important in achieving steady state. The measured biaxial viscosity appeared to be strain rate thinning above a biaxial strain rate of ≈ 0.01 s−1 at 160°C. As anticipated in the Newtonian region, biaxial elongational viscosity was approximately six times the shear viscosity. Thinning indices of both shear and biaxial elongational viscosities were 0.75. Data obtained at various temperatures were shifted following the timetemperature superposition principle. The resulting master curve could be fitted by a Carreau model with n ≈ 0.3 and a time constant of 110 s.
A partial mechanistic understanding of the North American monsoon

An understanding of the major governing processes of North American monsoon (NAM) is necessary to guide improvement in global and regional climate modeling of the NAM, as well as NAM's impacts on the summer circulation, precipitation, and drought over North America. A mechanistic understanding of the NAM is suggested by incorporating local- and synoptic-scale processes. The local-scale mechanism describes the effect of the temperature inversion over the Gulf of California (GC) on controlling low-level moisture during the 2004 NAM. The strong low-level inversion inhibits the exchange between the moist air in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and the overlying dry air. This inversion weakens with increasing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in GC and generally disappears once SSTs exceed 29.5°C, allowing the moist air, trapped in the MBL, to mix with free tropospheric air. This leads to a deep, moist layer that can be transported by across-gulf (along-gulf) flow toward the NAM core region (southwestern U.S.) to form thunderstorms. On the synoptic scale, climatologies from 1983 to 2010 exhibit a temporal correspondence between coastal warm tropical surface water, NAM deep convection, NAM anticyclone center, and NAM-induced strong descent. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this correspondence, based on limited soundings at the GC entrance (suggesting this local mechanism may also be active in that region), the climatologies, and the relevant literature. The warmest SSTs moving up the coast may initiate NAM convection and atmospheric heating, advancing the position of the anticyclone and the region of descent northward.
Land Use: The Multiple Use Concept

The 1964 Wilderness Preservation Act exemplifies how public policy can use the concept of multiple use to balance competing interests, but decision makers and politicians need to be reminded again that is is important to retain a workable compromise between those who want to lock up all wilderness and those who want no preservation. Land management is comparable to the rooms of a house, each having its own functions which combine to form a multipurpose structure. Each area of public land performs essential roles from public use and resource development to a small percentage excluded for wilderness. (DCK)
The dynamic landscape of the cell nucleus

While the cell nucleus was described for the first time almost two centuries ago, our modern view of the nuclear architecture is primarily based on studies from the last two decades. This surprising late start coincides with the development of new, powerful strategies to probe for the spatial organization of nuclear activities in both fixed and live cells. As a result, three major principles have emerged: first, the nucleus is not just a bag filled with nucleic acids and proteins. Rather, many distinct functional domains, including the chromosomes, resides within the confines of the nuclear envelope. Second, all these nuclear domains are highly dynamic, with molecules exchanging rapidly between them and the surrounding nucleoplasm. Finally, the motion of molecules within the nucleoplasm appears to be mostly driven by random diffusion. Here, the emerging roles of several subnuclear domains are discussed in the context of the dynamic functions of the cell nucleus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 19–28, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Private placements of convertible securities: stock returns, operating performance and abnormal accruals

This study examines long-run stock returns, operating performance and abnormal accruals of private placements of convertible securities. We investigate the effects surrounding private placements to test and differentiate the implications of several competing hypotheses. While the monitoring and certification hypotheses suggest positive effects, the managerial entrenchment, overvaluation and windows-of-opportunity hypotheses suggest the opposite. We find that placing firms generally experience positive effects in the pre-periods and negative effects in the post-periods. Our overall findings are more consistent with the predictions of the overvaluation and windows-of-opportunity hypotheses while our post-placement evidence is also consistent with the predictions of the managerial entrenchment hypothesis.
Evaluation of Mobile Work Zone Alarm Systems

Highway maintenance often involves the use of mobile work zones for various types of low-speed moving operations, such as striping and sweeping. The speed differential between the moving operation and traffic and the increasing problem of distracted driving can lead to potential collisions between approaching vehicles and the moving work zone. One novel tool for mitigating this problem is a mobile work zone alarm system. This paper describes the field evaluation of two types of mobile work zone alarm devices: an alarm device and a directional audio system (DAS). Three modes of operation were tested: continuous, manual, and actuated. The components of the evaluation included sound level testing, analysis of merging distances and speeds, and observations of driving behavior. The sound levels for the tested configurations were within national noise standards. All tested configurations increased the merging distance of vehicles except for the alarm actuated setup. The DAS continuous setup also reduced vehicle merging speeds and the standard deviation of merging distance. Some undesirable driver behaviors were occasionally observed, but it was unclear whether these driver behaviors were caused by the presence of the mobile work zone alarm device. Factors such as horizontal and vertical curves and movement of the vehicle with the truck-mounted attenuator caused false alarms and false negatives. The research demonstrated that mobile work zone alarms have the potential to be an effective tool in improving safety. Further refinements to the systems could improve effectiveness.