cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional hierarchy of redundant actin assembly factors revealed by fine-grained registration of intrinsic image fluctuations

Highly redundant pathways often contain components whose functions are difficult to decipher from the responses induced by genetic or molecular perturbations. Here, we present a statistical approach that samples and registers events observed in images of intrinsic fluctuations in unperturbed cells to establish the functional hierarchy of events in systems with redundant pathways. We apply this approach to study the recruitment of actin assembly factors involved in the protrusion of the cell membrane. We find that the formin mDia1, along with nascent adhesion components, is recruited to the leading edge of the cell before protrusion onset, initiating linear growth of the lamellipodial network. Recruitment of Arp2/3, VASP, cofilin, and the formin mDia2 then promotes sustained exponential growth of the network. Experiments changing membrane tension suggest that Arp2/3 recruitment is mechano-responsive. These results indicate that cells adjust the overlapping contributions of multiple factors to actin filament assembly during protrusion on a ten-second timescale and in response to mechanical cues.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDED TREATMENT OF NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum that ranges from benign steatosis to steatohepatitis. It has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease, and yet there continues to be a lack of effective therapeutic options. This article reviews current concepts underlying the pathophysiological basis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from development of insulin resistance to the establishment of fibrosis. Then using a physiology-based approach, specific targeted therapeutics are reviewed along with their drawbacks. The evidence behind current therapies is based predominantly on small trials and, thus, no recommendations can be made until larger randomized trials are conducted.
Closing Knowledge Gaps: Toward Evidence-Based Crime Prevention Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean

This publication identifies the main areas of research that the Citizen Security and Justice Cluster of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) will undertake in the next four years. The Latin American and Caribbean region is the most violent region in the world. Crime and violence are the population's key concerns. Crime, however, has been a consistently understudied field in the region. While most of the knowledge originates from the United Kingdom and the United States, the issues that arise in Latin America and the Caribbean compels the research community to produce evidence on the cause of the high prevalence of crime in the region and on what models work or do not work to reduce and prevent crime. For more than 15 years, the IDB has been a major partner to the region's countries, providing technical and financial support for crime prevention interventions. The expertise of the IDB and its presence in most Latin American and Caribbean countries are comparative advantages to advocate a comprehensive research agenda.
The association of osteoarthritis risk factors with localized, regional and diffuse knee pain

Summary Objective To identify determinants of different patterns of knee pain with a focus on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design The Knee Pain Map is an interviewer-administered assessment that asks subjects to characterize their knee pain as localized, regional, or diffuse. A total of 2677 participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were studied. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationship between risk factors for OA and knee pain patterns. We examined the bivariate and multivariate relationships of knee pain pattern with age, body mass index (BMI), sex, race, family history of total joint replacement, knee injury, knee surgery, and hand OA. Results We compared 2462 knees with pain to 1805 knees without pain. In the bivariate analysis, age, sex, BMI, injury, surgery, and hand OA were associated with at least one pain pattern. In the multivariate model, all of these variables remained significantly associated with at least one pattern. When compared to knees without pain, higher BMI, injury, and surgery were associated with all patterns. BMI had its strongest association with diffuse pain. Older age was less likely to be associated with localized pain while female sex was associated with regional pain. Conclusions We have shown that specific OA risk factors are associated with different knee pain patterns. Better understanding of the relationship between OA risk factors and knee pain patterns may help to characterize the heterogeneous subsets of knee OA.
A Monte Carlo study of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature

Abstract We employ Monte Carlo methods to study SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in the absence of fermions, on a lattice, at finite temperature. We determine the temperature at which a second-order transition takes place between confined and unconfined phases, in terms of the string tension.
The economic determinants of internal migration in Korea.

(1977). The economic determinants of internal migration in Korea. Applied Economics: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 307-318.
Histopathological effects of intermittent chlorine exposure on bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Fish were exposed to multiple pulses of free residual chlorine in the water at four concentrations ranging from sublethal to lethal levels. Histological examinations were made of moribund fish and those surviving the exposures. Sublethal concentrations caused moderate gill hyperplasia and swelling of the lamellar epithelial cells. Lethal concentrations caused extensive hyperplastic lesions of gill epithelium. No kidney damage was seen in any of the fish. Liver glycogen was severely depleted, probably as a result of the hypoxemia produced by the gill damage. Hepatic necrosis was seen in fish exposed to high chlorine concentrations and these lesions were more extensive at elevated temperatures. From these observations and other physiological studies, it is concluded that death in fish from exposure to several pulses of free residual chlorine is due primarily to histological damage to the gills causing blockage of respiratory gas transport across the gill epithelium.
Mineral Composition and Dispersal Patterns of Deep-Sea Sands in the Western North Atlantic Petrologic Province

The western North Atlantic petrologic province consists of terrigenous sands of glacial and postglacial age on the shelf and in the deep sea, north of a line extending east of Cape Fear, North Carolina. The province includes the northern part of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain, all of the Sohm Abyssal Plain, and an undefined area east of the Mid-ocean Canyon. Within the province a western, light-mineral subprovince extends northward from Cape Fear, and eastward through the Hatteras Abyssal Plain and the central Sohm Abyssal Plain, to the Southeastern Newfoundland Ridge; this area is characterized by numerous glauconitic quartzose sands derived by selective sorting and a brasion of arkosic glacial detritus on the shelf. An eastern light-mineral sub-province contains relatively unmodified arkosic sands transported southward around the Southeastern Newfoundland Ridge to the eastern part of the Sohm Abyssal Plain. The glacially derived, heavy-mineral assemblage of the western North Atlantic province is complex; the nonopaque, nonmicaceous minerals are characterized by amphibole (44 per cent), garnet (19 per cent), and pyroxene (5 per cent). Five heavy-mineral subprovinces are mapped by areal variations in the proportions of kyanite-sillimanite-staurolite, epidote, tourmaline, and pyroxene plus the ratio of garnet to kyanite-staurolite. None of these indices correlates with mean grain size of the sands and silts. Amphibole increases and garnet decreases in the finer sands and silts. In the more quartzose sands the light-mineral assemblages are relatively mature, whereas the heavy-mineral assemblages are immature. This is because modification of the light minerals toward an ultra-stable quartz-chert composition occurs more rapidly than does modification of the heavy minerals toward an analogous zircon-tourmaline-rutile ultrastable assemblage. The light minerals are thus a more sensitive indicator of abrasion history than are the heavy minerals, which better reflect source-rock lithology. Bottom topography largely controls sand-dispersal patterns. Submarine canyons act as sediment traps that funnel the downslope movement of sand to deep-sea fans. The sand is then transported across the abyssal plains.
Electrochemistry of Sulfur Adlayers on the Low-Index Faces of Silver

The formation and reactivity of sulfur adlayers on single-crystal Ag electrodes ((111), (110), and (100) orientations) in aqueous solutions (pH = 13) containing HS- are reported. Oxidative adsorption of HS- (Ag + HS- → AgSH + e-) occurs on all three low-index surfaces at potentials ranging between −0.5 and −0.7 V of the thermodynamic value for bulk Ag2S formation. Voltammetric and electrochemical quartz crystal measurements demonstrate that the resulting AgSH adlayer undergoes a second one-electron oxidation (AgSH + Ag + OH- → Ag2S + H2O + e-) at the (111) and (110) surfaces prior to bulk Ag2S formation, yielding an underpotential deposited Ag2S adlayer (surface coverages (S/Ag): θAg(111) = 0.46 ± 0.02 and θAg(110) = 0.54 ± 0.03). In contrast, the AgSH adlayer on Ag(100) is chemically inert prior to bulk Ag2S formation. Structural models indicate that the formation of a nearly stoichiometric Ag2S adlayer (i.e., θ ∼ 0.5) is feasible on the (111) and (110) surfaces without significant reconstruction of the...
348 ONTOGENY OF THE β-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR IN RABBIT PLACENTA

β-Adrenergic stimulation of the placenta causes increased glycogenolysis and cAMP production. These effects are presumably mediated through the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR). In this study the βAR in rabbit placenta was characterized and shown to increase with gestational age. Binding of the β-adrenergic antagonist dihydroalprenolol, (-)[3H]DHA, to rabbit placental membranes was saturable to a single class of sites, KD=1.67±.07(nM), n=11 and Bmax=326±33 fmoles/mg. Agonist competition for the βAR was performed in the presence of the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog Gpp(NH)p (required for Hill coefficient = 1) and showed the potency order (-)iso ≫ (-)epi > (-)norepi characteristic of the β2 subtype. However, competition experiments with subtype specific agents metoprolol (β1) and zinterol (β2) indicated that the rabbit placenta contained approximately equal populations of βAR subtypes (51% β1, 49% β2). Rabbit placenta βAR/DNA increased 5.3 fold from day 16 to day 27 of gestation (410±120 fmoles/mg DNA to 2184±354 p<.001). During this interval protein/DNA (25±1.8mg/mg DNA to 34.2± 4.1) and DNA (4.0±.2mg/gm tissue to 3.5±.2) changed less markedly. KD did not change with gestation. (−)[3H]DHA binding was coupled with catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase (1.5 fold stimulation, p<.01). Rabbit placenta has two βAR (β1 and β2) in high density coupled to adenylate cyclase. Maximal βAR density occurs in late gestation coincident with the known catecholamine surge in fetal rodents suggesting a regulatory role for catecholamines in placental metabolism.
Temozolomide in the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma

BACKGROUND Options for chemotherapy at the time of recurrence in patients with malignant glioma are limited. The authors describe the efficacy and safety results of their institution's open-label, compassionate-use protocol of temozolomide for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. METHODS Patients with recurrent malignant glioma at any time during recurrence were treated with oral temozolomide at a dose pf 150 mg/m2 per day on a 5-day schedule every 28 days. If this dose was tolerated, then escalation to 200 mg/m2 was allowed. Clinical evaluations and assessments of tumor response were performed every 2 months. All patients or their surrogates signed approved Institutional Review Board consent forms. RESULTS Among 213 patients who were treated, 33% had Grade 3 tumors, and 67% had Grade 4 tumors. The overall objective response rate was 16% in both of these patient groups; and an additional 51% and 30% of patients with Grade 3 and Grade 4 tumors, respectively, had stable disease as their best response. The 6-month progression-free survival rates were 41% and 18% for patients with Grade 3 and Grade 4 tumors, respectively. The median survival was 49 weeks for patients with Grade 3 tumors and 32 weeks for patients with Grade 4 tumors. The major toxicity was hematologic toxicity. In multivariate analysis, the Karnofsky performance score was a significant predictor of survival for patients with Grade 4 tumors. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide was well tolerated in patients with recurrent malignant glioma and had modest efficacy, even at the time of multiple recurrences. Cancer 2004. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Protease Inhibitors for Hepatitis C: Economic Implications

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a blood-borne virus, is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver transplantation worldwide. Chronic HCV infection is usually asymptomatic in the early stages of the disease, making an estimation of the total population affected difficult to elicit. The gold standard treatment option to date has been a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Recent developments have led to the introduction of two protease inhibitors for use in chronic HCV—boceprevir and telaprevir. Phase III studies have shown both agents have the potential to significantly increase the probability of attaining a sustained virologic response (the primary outcome of interest in chronic HCV) in genotype 1 infections. However, the added cost of these agents also presents the need for decision makers to determine their place on drug formularies. The protease inhibitors are to be administered as triple therapy with the existing gold standard. However, significant variation exists as to the proposed duration of triple therapy, use of lead-in pegylated interferon and ribavirin and subsequent pegylated interferon therapy after finishing the course of triple therapy. Treatment algorithms also exist for the use of stopping rules in the case of early non-responders.
The effect of intermittent auditory stimulation on the occipital alpha rhythm

Three groups of college students were monitored for alpha EEG production during eight daily sessions lasting 46 min each. No differential treatment was in effect for the first two sessions in which baselines were estabUshed. Over the subsequent six sessions, the feedback group received auditory stimulation (clicks) contingent upon alpha production, the taped-feedback group received the same type of auditory stimulation in a noncontingent fashion, and the control group received no auditory stimulation. Unexpectedly, the taped-feedback group showed the most reliable increases in alpha production (relative to baseline) over the six treatment sessions. Only half of the contingent feedback subjects demonstrated reliable increases, mostly during the last two sessions, while no control group subject showed reliable increases. The importance of using both a noncontingent feedback group and a no-feedback group in alpha conditioning studies is stressed.
Metascience could rescue the ‘replication crisis’

Independent replication of studies before publication may reveal sources of unreliable results, says Jonathan W. Schooler.
Genomic organization of the human SCN5A gene encoding the cardiac sodium channel.

The voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel, SCN5A, is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Mutations in the human SCN5A gene cause susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in the long QT syndrome (LQT). In this report we characterize the genomic structure of SCN5A. SCN5A consists of 28 exons spanning approximately 80 kb on chromosome 3p21. We describe the sequences of all intron/exon boundaries and a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 16. Oligonucleotide primers based on exon-flanking sequences amplify all SCN5A exons by PCR. This work establishes the complete genomic organization of SCN5A and will enable high-resolution analyses of this locus for mutations associated with LQT and other phenotypes for which SCN5A may be a candidate gene. 40 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Archaeological Observations On the Problem of Post-Glacial Extinction

In a recent paper notable for its lucid presentation of certain of the wider problems confronting the American anthropologist in his attempt to unravel New World prehistory, Dr. A. L. Kroeber has touched, doubtless with justified trepidation, upon the problem of Folsom man in America. That subject has indeed suffered but little illumination in so far as its relation to the rest of the American archaeological record is concerned, and Dr. Kroeber, with sturdy honesty, minces no words in pointing out the hiatus which intervenes between this early horizon and later cultures. It is, he warns, dangerous to produce “speculative bridges that quickly tend to run into fantasy.” He notes that “the earlier date, the longer time span, have an inherent attractiveness to most human minds.” “So long,” he says, “as there is a real possibility that some of the associations of human artifacts with extinct animals may be no more than three thousand years old, it is certainly not wise to build interpretations on the contrary possibility that some of them may be twenty-five thousand years old.”
Irony and Exile in Hérémakhonon and Mission terminée

The widely divergent and sometimes hostile reactions to literary texts whose writers use irony signal the complexity of this type of interaction between writer, reader, and text. Particularly when there is also an ironic main character, varied understandings of these texts can reveal a shifting network of discursive communities. Linda Hutcheon's Irony's Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony analyzes how and why these communities are formed or disrupted. Maryse Conde's Heremakhonon and Mongo Beti's Mission terminee are examples of texts whose writers were criticized for reasons that appear to be related to the ways in which the irony of both writer and narrator led to a disruption of the discursive communities whose shared contexts make irony possible.
Improvement of Bioenergetics Model Predictions for Fish Undergoing Compensatory Growth

Abstract A previous evaluation of a bioenergetics model applied to juvenile hybrid sunfish (F1 hybrid of female green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus × male bluegill L. macrochirus) undergoing compensatory growth (CG) indicated that the model substantially overestimated growth and underestimated cumulative consumption. This result suggested that fish bioenergetics models might not adequately account for physiological shifts that occur during CG. However, we demonstrate that application of a recently developed procedure for correcting consumption- and growth-rate-dependent systematic errors common among bioenergetics models negates much of the predictive error that had been attributed to the physiological complexities of CG. Correction equations for estimating the model-relative growth rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed mean daily consumption rate (g · g−1 · d−1) and the consumption rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed relative growth rate (g · ...
Arterial pressures in tourniquet shock.

SummaryArterial pressure in rats with fatal tourniquet shock shows 3 main phases: (1) an abrupt fall immediately after tourniquet release, (2) sustained hypotension within a relatively narrow range during most of the shock state, and (3) a terminal more or less rapid decline associated with death. Only in the terminal period does profound hypotension intervene, with levels below 40 mm. Although arterial pressure is not a reliable index of the severity of tourniquet shock, the-absence of drastic hypotension might help explain why this form of shock is not irreversible.
The Emerging role of therapeutic botulinum toxin in the treatment of cerebral palsy

Therapeutic injections of botulinum toxin have been used for the past decade to decrease muscle tone in children with cerebral palsy. Although this unique intervention has been shown to provide safe localized spasticity reduction, functional benefits have been more difficult to demonstrate. Appropriate selection of patients and clearly defined goals are key factors in the success of a treatment program. The therapeutic approach to treating children with cerebral palsy should include a variety of complementary interventions that address the effect of abnormal muscle tone on the abilities of these children as they grow and develop.
CONSTRUCTING CHAINS OF EXCELLENT RINGS WITH LOCAL GENERIC FORMAL FIBERS

ABSTRACT Let ( ) be a complete local ring such that no integer is a zero divisor, , and the cardinality of the residue field is at least the cardinality of the real numbers. Let be a chain of distinct prime ideals of T such that intersected with the prime subring of T is the zero ideal and if Q is an associated prime ideal of T then Q is contained in . Then there exists a chain of local domains such that for every , the completion of is T and the generic formal fiber ring of is local with maximal ideal , where is the quotient field of . Furthermore, if, in addition to the above stated hypotheses, ( ) is a complete regular local ring containing the rationals, then we can construct the chain so that each is excellent.
Statistical outlier analysis in litigation support: the case of Paul F. Engler and Cactus Feeders, Inc., v. Oprah Winfrey et al.

In the 1990s three decisions of the United States Supreme Court raised standards for admissibility of scientific and special knowledge testimony in Federal trials. Many states have adopted comparable standards. Expert economic testimony that seeks to prove facts from statistical generalizations has received considerable scrutiny in litigation. This article focuses on the nitty-gritty of performing regression studies that can meet the new standards for admissibility. The article redefines chance outliers in terms of tail probabilities of distributions. Tests for presence of outliers produced by anomalous factors are specified in terms of number of diagnosed outliers and waiting-times of their occurrence.
A unified model of settlement and trial expenditures: The Priest–Klein model extended

Abstract Settlement and trial expenditures are crucially interrelated. The literature on settlement, however, takes no account of models of trial. In this paper, we develop a unified model of settlement and trial expenditures. We do this by discarding the usual assumption of settlement models that trial costs are constant across cases. Instead, we follow the literature on trial by permitting trial costs to vary with the legal merit of the plaintiff's case. Our approach can be used to extend standard models of settlement such as the well-known Priest–Klein model as well as models based on asymmetric information. As a demonstration, we extend the Priest–Klein model and generally overturn that model's canonical results. In particular, we show that even in a fully symmetric model, predicted win rates at trial can deviate substantially from 50 percent. Furthermore, win rates will vary in response to legal reforms that shift the decision standard.
A variational formulation for the stability of flows with temperature gradients

Abstract A general local potential is written for the study of the stability of parallel flows with an imposed temperature gradient (normal or ‘adverse’). This local potential has two well defined limits: the Benard problem for a Reynolds number equal to zero, and the Orr-Sommerfeld problem for a vanishing Rayleigh number. The variational technique introduced by Prigogine and Glansdorff, leads us formally to a characteristic equation, from which it is possible to deduce the influence of a laminar flow on the Benard instability: the critical Rayleigh number increases with the Reynolds number. On the other hand, heating a fluid from above seems to delay turbulence.
An electron-positron pair spectrometer for high energy decays of nuclei

A highly segmented phoswich array of plastic scintillators has been constructed for measurements of (e+, e−) pairs emitted in high energy electromagnetic transitions in nuclei. Electron (positron) energies of 2–30 MeV can be measured by each individual element, with a total transition energy resolution of δEE = 13% for a 20 MeV transition. The array covers 29% of 4π and its efficiency is 1.6% for a 6 MeV E0 internal pair decay, and 1.1% for an 18 MeV E1 transition. These efficiency values include cuts which reduce background and optimize energy resolution. Experimental results are compared with GEANT simulations demonstrating the detector's ability to determine transition multipolarities.
Growth and toxigenesis of C. botulinum type E in fishes packaged under modified atmospheres

Abstract Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh fish is used to market high quality products in some European countries. The potential risk of C. botulinum growth in these extended shelf-life foods is still a concern; especially since toxigenesis may precede organoleptic spoilage. This paper will present toxigenic data from rockfish, salmon and sole muscle tissues which were inoculated with a pool of non-proteolytic C. botulinum type E at seven levels (10 −2 −10 4 spores/sample), and stored under vacuum and 100% CO 2 , at incubation temperatures between 30 and 4°C, for up to 60 days. Factorial experimental design allowed predictive formulae to be developed able to describe the lag time prior to C. botulinum toxigenesis and the probability of one spore to initiate toxigenesis based upon the storage conditions. Accurate characterization of the microbial ecology of C. botulinum in modified atmosphere-packaged fish, will support safe exploitation of these packaging systems in the market place, and identify critical control points for potential product or process abuses.
Urbanization and Migration in Brazil

Brazils rural to urban migration has been dramatic. In 1940 only 15 percent of the countrys population lived in urbanized areas. By 1970 more than 50 percent were so classified. This trend in population concentration continues. Studies of the causes and the consequences of population shifts in Brazil when based upon "choice models" of decision making are inconclusive. The current trend in urban migration reflects the impact of structural changes in Brazils economy including industrialization agricultural automation and the accompanying modifications of programs and policies of Brazils changing governmental elite. Governmental policies designed to stem the flow of population to the cities will require structural changes in the economy comparable to those which precipitated the migration. (authors)
Sedimentation of DNA of Dictyostelium discoideum lysed on alkaline sucrose gradients: Role of single-strand breaks in gamma ray lethality of sensitive and resistant strains

Abstract The nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum have been labeled with [ methyl - 3 H]thymidine by allowing them to grow on Escherichia coli 15T − containing this label in its DNA. Neutral CsCl gradients were used to identify the labeled molecules. Alkaline sucrose sedimentation profiles of cells lysed directly on the gradients revealed two high molecular weight species, one of about 90 S (single-strand mol wt = 1.4 × 10 8 ) identified by alkaline CsCl rebanding as nuclear DNA, and another of 43 S (single-strand mol wt = 2.3 × 10 7 ), identified as mitochondrial DNA. These alkaline sucrose gradients were used to study the production of single-strand breaks and their rejoining in DNA of a gamma ray-resistant strain (NC-4; 10% survival dose for cell proliferation, D 10 = 300 krad) and in two radiation-sensitive daughter mutants (γs-18, D 10 = 75 krad; γs-13, D 10 = 4 krad). With 60 Co gamma rays, breaks were produced in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA at an efficiency of one break per 33 eV in all three strains. At doses up to about 100 krad, these single-strand breaks were closed equally well during post-irradiation incubation of NC-4, γs-18 and γs-13, even though their survivals were widely different, indicating no apparent correlation between parental strand rejoining and survival in the sensitive strains. At higher doses, post-irradiation treatment with 1 mg caffeine/ml sensitized NC-4 and retarded strand-rejoining, suggesting that lethality in this resistant strain may be related to strand breaks. It is concluded that single-strand rejoining is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for radiation survival in this organism. The nature of the apparently unrepaired lesions leading to lethality in the sensitive strains is not known.
Modeling of the surface roughness of thin TiSi2 films at the point of rupture

Abstract When a polycrystalline thin film on a substrate is annealed, grooving at grain boundaries will eventually lead to film rupture, followed by island formation. Two models were developed to predict the surface roughness at the point of rupture (interface roughening effect included) of polycrystalline thin films of TiSi2 on Si based on 2-D and 3-D film analysis. The modeling results predicted that the rms roughness at rupture (RMS*) is essentially linear with film thickness (verified for thickness up to 150 nm), and that RMS* is not sensitive to grain size, 2R (for R=1–10 μm). Comparison is made with experimental data obtained with the atomic force microscope from thermal stability testing of two TiSi2 thin film specimens on (111)-Si, for annealing treatments carried out at 950°C in argon gas. The two specimens had the same thickness of about 150 nm but were formed under different silicide formation schemes. The experimental rms roughness values at rupture were approximately two times higher than predictions of the 3-D film model. The positive deviation is attributed to one or more of the following possibilities: initial film roughness due to intrinsic roughness of the silicide grains and presence of film defects like hillocks, faceting and relative subsidence of grains due to anisotropy and grain orientation effects, and hole formation and impingement.
Cholecystokinin-containing and nociceptive neurons in rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus.

Abstract The putative peptide neurotransmitter cholecystokinin (CCK) is co-localized witsubstance P (SP) in a dense cluster of neurons located in the rat Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus. In an attempt to record electrophysiologically from these CCK-containing neurons, we have identified a group of nociceptive neurons located within the confines of the EW nucleus. The firing pattern of these nociceptive neurons is erratic, sometimes wita bursting pattern and at other times witfairly regular rates whicvary generally from 1 to 7 Hz. These neurons respond to noxious stimuli, sucas toe pinch, witan increase in rate and sometimes enter an apparent depolarization blockade (preceded by an increase in the duration and a decrease in the amplitude of the action potential). Systemically administered morphine suppresses botthe spontaneous firing rate and the toe pinch-induced increase in firing rate. Naloxone is able to reverse the effects of morphine. Althougwe have identified in the EW area a moderate density of terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, morphine locally applied via microiontophoresis is largely without effect on the firing of these neurons. We hypothesize that the opiate-induced suppression of these nociceptive neurons is not mediated directly on the EW cells, but rather indirectly througafferent systems.
Structural polypeptides of parvoviruses.

Abstract The structural polypeptides of X14 virus and adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) types 1 and 4 were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The capsid of each defective parvovirus consists of two minor and one major polypeptide, but the capsid of X14 virus consists of only two polypeptides. The smallest polypeptide of each virus is the most abundant. The naturally occurring empty capsids of AAV type 4 and X14 have proteins indistinguishable in size and concentration from those of complete virions. The isolated structural polypeptides of the two hemagglutinating viruses, AAV4 and X14, did not show any hemagglutinating activity.
On the sources of global land surface hydrologic predictability

Abstract. Global seasonal hydrologic prediction is crucial to mitigating the impacts of droughts and floods, especially in the developing world. Hydrologic predictability at seasonal lead times (i.e., 1–6 months) comes from knowledge of initial hydrologic conditions (IHCs) and seasonal climate forecast skill (FS). In this study we quantify the contributions of two primary components of IHCs – soil moisture and snow water content – and FS (of precipitation and temperature) to seasonal hydrologic predictability globally on a relative basis throughout the year. We do so by conducting two model-based experiments using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model, one based on ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) and another based on Reverse-ESP (Rev-ESP), both for a 47 yr re-forecast period (1961–2007). We compare cumulative runoff (CR), soil moisture (SM) and snow water equivalent (SWE) forecasts from each experiment with a VIC model-based reference data set (generated using observed atmospheric forcings) and estimate the ratio of root mean square error (RMSE) of both experiments for each forecast initialization date and lead time, to determine the relative contribution of IHCs and FS to the seasonal hydrologic predictability. We find that in general, the contributions of IHCs to seasonal hydrologic predictability is highest in the arid and snow-dominated climate (high latitude) regions of the Northern Hemisphere during forecast periods starting on 1 January and 1 October. In mid-latitude regions, such as the Western US, the influence of IHCs is greatest during the forecast period starting on 1 April. In the arid and warm temperate dry winter regions of the Southern Hemisphere, the IHCs dominate during forecast periods starting on 1 April and 1 July. In equatorial humid and monsoonal climate regions, the contribution of FS is generally higher than IHCs through most of the year. Based on our findings, we argue that despite the limited FS (mainly for precipitation) better estimates of the IHCs could lead to improvement in the current level of seasonal hydrologic forecast skill over many regions of the globe at least during some parts of the year.
Impact of a Student Leadership Development Program

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of the Student Leadership Development Series (SLDS), an academic-year--long, co-curricular approach to developing leadership skills in pharmacy students. Design. Participants met once per month for activities and a college-wide guest speaker session. Students also completed monthly forms regarding what they had learned, participated in poster presentations, and created a personal leadership platform. Assessment. One hundred twenty-three students participated in the program between 2008 and 2013. On monthly evaluation forms and a summative evaluation, students indicated that the program helped them feel prepared for leadership opportunities and increased their desire to pursue leadership. They valued interacting with pharmacy leaders from the community and learning how they could distinguish themselves as leaders. Conclusions. The SLDS provided pharmacy students with an opportunity to explore personal leadership styles and develop broader understanding of leadership, and increased their desire to pursue leadership positions in the future.
Student privacy rights involving strip searches

The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution provides protection of all citizens against unreasonable search and seizure. The US Supreme Court has affirmed that the basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against unreasonable intrusive searches by governmental officials. Since students possess constitutional rights and public school officials are considered governmental officials for Fourth Amendment purposes, privacy protection is afforded students in public schools within reasonable limits. A reasonable search is one that clearly does not violate the constitutional rights of students. What is reasonable, however, depends on the context within which a search occurs. Strip searches involving students in public schools are the most intrusive form of all searches. Extreme caution should be exercised by school officials regarding these types of searches.
An analysis method for deep drawing process design

Abstract An analysis method has been developed that predicts the strain distribution in deep drawn sheet parts. The method is based on plane stress characteristic theory, which neglects both normal and shear stresses acting across the thickness of the material, as well as variations through the thickness of in-plane stresses. Isotropic hardening and normal anisotropy have been introduced, and the von Mises yield condition and associated flow rule are employed. The theory is valid for regions in the sheet which are characterized by drawing as opposed to stretching deformation. The process model has been implemented as a computer program capable of modeling circular, square, and rectangular cups. The model considers only the deformation taking place in the flange region of the part, where most of the work of deformation occurs, but the resulting strain distribution is displayed on a geometric model of the entire part by making geometric assumptions about the movement of the material on the face of the punch. Computed strains are compared with experimental results and causes for discrepancies are discussed.
Linear bounds on the North-East model and higher-dimensional analogs

The North-East model is a combinatorial model arising from statistical physics in which counters are placed at or removed from lattice points in a quadrant, according to certain rules, while bounding the total number of occupied sites. We show that any site may be reached with a number of counters linear in the distance of the site from the origin. We also show that in contrast with the one-dimensional East model, a linear number of counters is necessary. We extend the North-East model to n dimensions with corresponding linear upper and lower bounds. In two dimensions, a polynomial number of steps are sufficient to achieve the linear upper bound.
Sensitivity enhancement in two-dimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy by transverse mixing.

The sensitivity of two-dimensional (2D) 13 C- 13 C solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning (MAS) is shown to be enhanced by the use of transverse polarization transfer in place of the conventional longitudinal polarization transfer. Experimental results are reported for 2D spectroscopy of a 20-residue, filament- forming peptide derived from the E. coli RecA protein, containing five uniformly 13 C-labeled residues, performed at 14.1 T with high-speed MAS and with finite-pulse radio-frequency-driven recoupling of dipolar interactions in the mixing period. Significant sensitivity enhancements observed at short mixing periods result from a more-rapid build-up of cross-peaks under transverse mixing than under longitudinal mixing and from the 2 gain inherent in 2D meawrements in which both orghogonal transverse polarization components in the t 1 period contribute to each free-induction decay signal detected in the t 2 period.
Oligodendroglioma of the posterior fossa in childhood

Oligodendrogliomas are uncommon intracranial tumors of childhood, especially when these tumors arise in the posterior fossa. Oligodendrogliomas are usually treated with local radiation therapy. The authors report four children, median age 7.5 years, cared for over a 7-year period, who had oligodendrogliomas (all histologically malignant) of the cerebellar region. Three patients received local radiation therapy and all had recurrent disease at a median of 11 months posttreatment outside their radiation field; at the time of relapse, disease at the primary tumor site was stable. One child treated with craniospinal and local radiation therapy is disease-free 15 months after diagnosis. These results suggest that oligodendrogliomas of the posterior fossa should be considered potentially malignant lesions and treated with local plus presymptomatic craniospinal radiation therapy.
Pairwise balanced designs whose line sizes do not divide six

Abstract A proper PBD(L, v) is a pairwise balanced design (with λ = 1) on v points whose line sizes are less than v and do not divide six. The existence or nonexistence of a proper PBD(L, v) is determined for all v different from thirty.
THE SYLACAUGA, TALLADEGA COUNTY, ALABAMA, AEROLITE: A RECENT METEORITIC FALL THAT INJURED A HUMAN BEING (CN = 0863,332)*

This paper describes the circumstances relating to the finding and identification of the aerolites that fell at Sylacauga, Alabama, one of which struck and injured a human being. The fall occurred on November 30, 1954, at about 1:00 P.M., CST, in the Sylacauga area, Talladega County, Alabama. Two aerolites have been recovered. The larger, weighing 8.5 pounds, pierced the roof of a dwelling and injured a sleeping occupant; the smaller, weighing 3.75 pounds, fell into an open area. The specimens of aerolite are irregular and angular in shape and are covered with a satiny, black coating. Most of the surfaces are plane, in some cases perpendicular to one another, with distinct, but well-rounded edges. Certain surfaces are covered with thumb-marks (piezoglyphs). One minor surface exhibits a remarkably regular series of parallel bands approximately one-half inch wide, extending the full length of the face. No perceptible surface relief is associated with these bands, but only a variation in color from black to gray. Such a feature does not seem to have been noted heretofore in connection with meteorites.
Transient failure analysis of liquid-filled shells PART II: Applications☆

Abstract In this paper, applications of the theory developed in the companion paper by Liu and Uras [1] are presented. The effects of various types of ground motion on the dynamic stability of the fluid-structure system are analyzed. The stability criteria of liquid-filled shells subjected to horizontal and rocking excitation, shear loading, bending/shear combined loading, and vertically applied load are established. The resulting instability regions and stability charts are given in tables and in ω-ϵ plots. Under horizontal and rocking motion, modal coupling in the circumferential direction as well as in the axial direction is observed. The possible buckling modes for a tall tank can be identified as cos2θ, cos3θ and cos4θ under horizontal and rocking motion, and cos5θ and cos6θ, under vertically applied load. For a broad tank two sets of instability modes are found: cos6θ through cos9θ, and cos12θ through cos14θ under horizontal and rocking motion. When subjected to vertically applied load, the failure modes of a broad tank shift to cos10θ through cos12θ, and cos14θ through cos15θ. The effect of shear load on a broad tank appears to be important only if damping is relatively small. Under bending/shear combined loading, the bending forces dominate the stability of the fluid-filled shells.
Effect of Porosity on Deformation, Damage, and Fracture of Cast Steel

A combined experimental and computational study is performed to investigate the effect of centerline shrinkage porosity on deformation, damage, and fracture of cast steel under tensile testing. Steel plates containing shrinkage porosity are cast in sand molds, machined into test coupons, and tensile tested to fracture. The average volumetric porosity in the gage section of the specimens with porosity ranges from 0.10 to 0.27 pct. Ductility in the test castings with porosity is markedly reduced with the percent elongation data ranging from 12.8 to 19.6 pct; vs 22 pct elongation for the sound material. Radiographic imaging is used to measure and reconstruct the porosity field in the test specimens. The reconstructed porosity field is then used in a finite-element stress analysis simulating the tensile testing. Local elastic properties are reduced according to the porosity fraction present. Porous metal plasticity theory is used to model the damage due to porosity and the fracture. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and predicted stress–strain curves and fracture behaviors. The reduction in ductility is predicted well by comparing the measured and the simulated elongations. The computational modeling approach used in this study allows for a detailed evaluation of the effect of porosity, including its size, shape, and location, on the fracture behavior of steel castings.
Instability of a tilted vortex line in magnetically coupled layered superconductors.

We calculate the line tension of a tilted stack of magnetically coupled two-dimensional pancake vortices held at the ends and show that the line tension becomes negative at an angle of 52\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. We further calculate the tilt modulus at arbitrary angle \ensuremath{\theta} and show that it becomes negative starting at the same angle 52\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for long wavelengths. A structure for the vortex line is given, which is shown to have a lower energy. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Diabetes, smoking, and other medical conditions in relation to Parkinson's disease risk.

Abstract Associations of Parkinson's disease (PD) with diabetes mellitus (DM) and other medical conditions were investigated in a case–control study of 352 newly diagnosed PD case and 484 control subjects. Men with DM had a significantly lower risk of PD, than men without DM (odds ratio (OR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.28, 0.97), whereas the association in women was weaker (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.35, 1.83). PD risk was reduced among male and female smokers, with and without diabetes. However, among diabetics, the PD risk was especially reduced in non-smoking men (OR=0.09, 95% CI=0.02, 0.44). Other medical conditions showed no strong relations with PD.
INDECOMPOSABLE LINEAR ORDERINGS AND HYPERARITHMETIC ANALYSIS

A statement of hyperarithmetic analysis is a sentence of second order arithmetic S such that for every Y⊆ω, the minimum ω-model containing Y of RCA0 + S is HYP(Y), the ω-model consisting of the sets hyperarithmetic in Y. We provide an example of a mathematical theorem which is a statement of hyperarithmetic analysis. This statement, that we call INDEC, is due to Jullien [13]. To the author's knowledge, no other already published, purely mathematical statement has been found with this property until now. We also prove that, over RCA0, INDEC is implied by and implies ACA0, but of course, neither ACA0, nor ACA0+ imply it. We introduce five other statements of hyperarithmetic analysis and study the relations among them. Four of them are related to finitely-terminating games. The fifth one, related to iterations of the Turing jump, is strictly weaker than all the other statements that we study in this paper, as we prove using Steel's method of forcing with tagged trees.