cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of a musculoskeletal model of the elbow joint complex

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a musculoskeletal model that represents human elbow flexion-extension and forearm pronation-supination. The length, velocity, and moment arm for each of the eight musculotendon actuators were based on skeletal anatomy and position. Musculotendon parameters were determined for each actuator and verified by comparing analytical torque-angle curves with experimental joint torque data. The parameters and skeletal geometry were also utilized in the musculoskeletal model for the analysis of ballistic elbow joint complex movements. The key objective was to develop a computational model, guided by parameterized optimal control, to investigate the relationship among patterns of muscle excitation, individual muscle forces, and movement kinematics. The model was verified using experimental kinematic, torque, and electromyographic data from volunteer subjects performing ballistic elbow joint complex movements.
On the Timing History of PSR:B1509-58

The measurement of the third frequency derivative of PSR B1509-58 reported by Kaspi et al. is consistent with a constant magnetic moment. If a more accurate, stable measurement can be made, it should be possible to test directly models in which the magnetic moment varies
Heterogeneity of the cardiovascular response to hemofiltration

Heterogeneity of the cardiovascular response to hemofiltration. Twenty–one stable maintenance hemodialysis patients were studied in a crossover format with hemofiltration to determine whether the lower incidence of symptomatic hypotension noted with hemofiltration could be correlated with changes in baroreflex function as tested using the cold pressor test and amyl nitrite inhalation study. Baroreflex function remained abnormal and unchanged in all patients in the face of a reduced incidence of symptomatic hypotension. Subdivision of the patients into frequent (> 1 episode/treatment) and infrequent (
Color Development in Lactose Solutions during Heating with Special Reference to the Color of Evaporated Milk

Summary 1. Reproducible color standards for measuring the color of lactose solutions in which heat has produced varying shades of brown have been described and defined in numerical terms according to the Munsell system of color measurement. 2. The presence of the phosphate radical in lactose solutions during heating has been shown to exert a specific effect in causing darkening in the color of these solutions. 3. Color development in lactose solutions during heating is increased with increasing concentration of hydroxyl-ions, lactose, amino acids, ammonium salts, phosphate and oxygen. The presence of copper or iron catalyzes the color reaction while tin retards color formation. A very small quantity of formaldehyde increases color while larger amounts markedly restrict color development. Sodium bisulfite will entirely prevent the appearance of color. When amino acids or proteins are present during heating, color is probably due both to the formation of a complex material formed from the lactose and an amino group and to a polymerization of the sugar to lacto-caramel. Either reaction may occur at the hydrogen-ion concentration found in milk. 4. An effective means of preventing color development in lactose solutions during heating which would be suitable for use in improving the color which appears in evaporated milk during sterilization was not found. However, the results obtained with lactose solutions substantiate the fact that the objectionable darkening in color of evaporated milk which occurs during storage can be materially lessened by shortening the storage period or lowering storage temperature.
Conversion of carboxyl groups of mucopolysaccharides into amides of amino acid esters

Abstract The carboxyl groups of mucopolysaccharides were converted into substituted amides of amino acids by the activation of the carboxyl group with a water-s
Tu1487 Serrated Polyps Do Not Increase the Risk of Metachronous Advanced Adenomatous Neoplasia

Serrated Polyps Do Not Increase the Risk of Metachronous Advanced Adenomatous Neoplasia Carole Macaron*, Hongha T. Vu, Rocio Lopez, Rish PAI, Carol a. Burke Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Gastroenterology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO Background: The U.S. Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) recommends surveillance colonoscopy in individuals with serrated polyps (SP) because of the risk of metachronous advanced adenomatous neoplasia (MAAN) . The quality of evidence supporting the USMSTF recommendation is low and the Task Force calls for longitudinal studies providing additional data. Aims: To determine the risk of MAAN in patients with SP found at baseline colonoscopy. Methods: Pathology and colonoscopy reports from individuals with a hyperplastic polyp (HP) 9 mm, or sessile serrated polyp (SSP) or traditional serrated adenoma(TSA) of any size with or without adenomas on first colonoscopy performed between 2004-2007 were identified. Randomly selected subjects with only adenomas and the same baseline procedure date as individuals with SP were identified. Only individuals with a post-polypectomy colonoscopy by 2012 were included. Subjects were grouped according to baseline polyp characteristics: 1) SP only;2) Advanced Adenoma (AA) only ( 2 adenomas, adenoma 9 mm, or villous features or high grade dysplasia (HGD); 3) Non Advanced Adenoma (NAA) only (1-2, 10 mm, tubular adenomas); 4) SP NAA; 5) SP AA . Rates of MAAN based upon baseline polyp characteristics were determined by a time to event analysis. Advanced neoplasia was defined as a tubular adenoma or HP 9mm, 2 adenomas, adenoma with villous component or HGD, SSP, TSA, or adenocarcinoma. Results: 224 patients followed for a mean of 43.3 17.8 months were included. Subjects with SP AA had similar rates of MAAN as subjects with AA (figure). These rates are much higher than subjects with SP only, SP NAA, and NAA only (p 0.001). At 5 years, subjects with SP AA and AA had a similar incidence of MAAN (52.4% versus 40.7%, p 0.44). Subjects with SP only, SP NAA, and NAA had a similar incidence of MAAN (12.2% versus 4.8% versus 16.3%, p 0.75). Conclusion: The presence of SP in individuals with either NAA or AA does not increase the rates of metachronous advanced adenomatous neoplasia compared to the presence of only NAA or AA at baseline.
Influence of Specific Emotional States on Autonomic Reactivity and Pulmonary Function in Asthmatic Children

ABSTRACT Objective Research relating depression/hopelessness to cholinergic activation suggests the hypothesis that sad emotional states evoke patterns of autonomic reactivity that predispose to cholinergically mediated airway constriction in asthma. A corollary hypothesis is that positive (e.g., happy) emotional states evoke opposing effects. The purpose of the current study is to assess whether specific emotional states (sadness and happiness) can be reliably induced, physiologically differentiated, and related to asthma-relevant physiologic (autonomic) reactivity and pulmonary function in asthmatic children. Method Twenty-four children, aged 8 to 17 years, with moderate to severe asthma, viewed the movie E.T., The Extra-Terrestrial while having their heart and respiration rate and oxygen saturation continuously recorded. Specific scenes were identified and preselected to evoke sadness, happiness, and a mixture of happiness and sadness. Self-report of emotion and indices of physiologic response were analyzed for these targeted scenes. Results Sadness was associated with greater heart rate variability and instability of oxygen saturation compared with happiness, with mixed results for mixed happiness and sadness. Conclusion Results support sadness as evoking patterns of autonomic influence consistent with cholinergically mediated airway constriction. Happiness appears to effect autonomic patterns that would tend to relieve airway constriction. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):669–677.
Mitral insufficiency in association with the syndrome of idiopathic hypercalcema of infancy

of the 4 patients with SSPE (Table I I ) . Normal levels for individuals in the age group are < 8 to 64 with the complement fixation method and < 8 to 256 with the hemagglutination inhibition technique. None of the parents or siblings of these patients showed unusually elevated titers with either the CF or H I methods. Three pairs of siblings in 3 separate families had clinical measles during the same year as the affected patients. One sibling had live measles immunization at age 3 years.
Fungal sporocarps from Triassic peat deposits in Antarctica

Abstract Several different fossil fungi are described from silicified peat deposits collected in Antarctica. Some are characterized by the presence of an interwoven hyphal wall layer surrounding a central cavity devoid of contents. Others show an outer wall layer which is composed of isodiametric cells and a thin acellular inner layer which surrounds membranous sacs or globose spores. The structures of these fossils are interpreted and potential relationships discussed.
Early one-stage orthotopic jejunal pedicle-graft interposition in long-gap esophageal atresia

Since 1988, four children with long-gap esophageal atresia have undergone one-stage orthotopic jejunal pedicle-graft interposition at the age of 2 to 3 months. Obtaining enough jejunal length was no problem and major early complications did not occur. In one patient stenosis of the distal anastomosis was problematic and required corrective surgery. None of the patients demonstrated jejunitis as a result of gastroesophageal reflux. With follow-up periods of 12, 27, 46, and 60 months, all patients are doing well. It is concluded that the jejunum is a better esophageal substitute than is generally appreciated.
Components of Geriatric Assessments Predict Thoracic Surgery Outcomes

Background No tool currently exists to rapidly allow surgeons to objectively quantify surgical risk in geriatric patients. The goal of our prospective study was to determine if individual questions extracted from validated screens for common geriatric syndromes would have predictive value for surgical risk in geriatric patients with thoracic neoplasms. Methods Patients ≥ 70 y old were recruited to participate in a prospective, IRB-approved study involving the preoperative administration of validated screening tests. Patients were given the geriatric depression scale (GDS), nutrition screening initiative nutritional health checklist (NSI NHC), mini mental status exam (MMSE), brief fatigue inventory (BFI), and assessed for activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). All patients enrolled in this study were scheduled for thoracic surgery. Results Patients who responded to having a dependency in the IADL “shopping” were more likely to have major complications and to be discharged to a non-home location than those without a dependency ( P = 0.011, 0.003). Patients who answered “yes” to questions 1, 9, and 10 of the NSI NHC had a longer mean length of stay compared with patients who answered “no” ( P = 0.039, 0.010, 0.031). Answering “yes” to GDS question 2 correlated with the incidence of major complications (r = 0.270 P = 0.037). Answering “yes” to GDS question 12 increased the likelihood of being discharged to a non-home location postoperatively (odds ratio = 11.64, 95% CI, 0.68–202.86, P = 0.047). Conclusions Our data indicate that an abbreviated, rapid presurgical assessment can be developed for estimating operative risk, length of stay, and discharge destination in geriatric patients with thoracic malignancies using individual questions from previously validated screening tools.
Monthly-Averaged Utilizability for Multiple Aperture Solar Systems

New solar utilizability correlations for solar collectors with apertures at various orientations are developed. These correlations use the functional form and an Aperture Configuration Ratio descriptive of the collector's aperture arrangement. Various glazing areas and aperture orientations were considered in several climates. Good accuracy is found for the new correlations which can be used for thermal collector performance prediction as well as sensible cooling load calculation.
Activation of latent herpes simplex encephalitis by chemical means.

Human infection with herpes simplex virus is occasionally characterized by periodic recurrence of herpetic lesions. Persons exhibiting repeated attacks of "fever blisters" are regarded as carriers of latent virus which, due to an unknown stimulus, periodically becomes active and reinitiates infection. The apparent dissociation between specific antibody and resistance to herpes simplex, as evidenced by recurrences in persons with high levels of circulating antibody (1-2), suggests the possibility that nonspecific physiological stimuli may alter resistance to infection. Conditions reported to activate or predispose to recurrent herpetic infection include febrile diseases, artificial fever therapy, menstruation, vaccine administration, emotional stress, trauma, severe sunburn, allergic stages, chemical irritants, secondary dentition, coitus, trichlorethylene anesthesia and digestive disturbances (3-11). Nevertheless, in spite of general recognition of the possible influence of such stimuli as activators of latent infection, the mechanism responsible for recrudescence remains undetermined.
Fit in the Classroom: Predictors of Student Performance and Satisfaction in Management Education

The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of person-environment fit and examine its effectiveness in predicting student performance and satisfaction in the management education field. Three person-environment fit measures were used: (a) values congruence (the congruence between a student’s ideal value set and the existing value set in a classroom), (b) personality congruence (the fit between a student’s and their professor’s personalities), and (c) classroom environment congruence (the fit between a student’s ideal classroom environment and their perceptions of the existing environment). Data were collected from 171 students in five different sections of management classes taught by 3 different instructors from state-funded educational institutions in the western United States. The results indicated that student-professor personality congruence was a significant predictor of student performance and that classroom environment congruence and values congruence were significant predictors of s...
Assessment of the performance of the Stanford online calculator for the prediction of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in sentinel node positive breast cancer patients.

Abstract #1005 Background: Several models for the prediction of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis (+NSLN) in sentinel lymph node positive (+SLN) breast cancer patients have been published. Multiple variables have been shown to be important in prediction of +NSLN. To this date, models that utilize 7-8 variables have been significantly more discriminatory than models using only 2-3 variables. In this study, we evaluate the performance of the newly created Stanford online calculator (SOC) to predict the likelihood of +NSLN. The SOC uses 3 variables: primary tumor size, sentinel lymph node metastasis size, and presence/absence of lymphovascular invasion. Methods: From 1997-2004, 465 breast cancer patients with clinically negative axillae were found to have a +SLN and underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the Mayo Clinic. Using the SOC the probability of having +NSLN was determined for each patient. Complete variable data was available for 464 patients which make up the cohort reported here. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was created and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) was calculated. Mean probabilities of patients with and without +NSLN were compared. Additionally, patients with a low Stanford probability were examined to determine the model9s accuracy in discriminating patients who could potentially be spared ALND. These results were compared to the results of the Mayo Clinic and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomograms which have been previously applied to this same cohort of patients. Results: The AUC of the Stanford model was 0.72 (95% CI 0.67-0.77). The mean Stanford probabilities for patients with and without NSLN disease were 0.75 (range 0.06 to 1.0) and 0.50 (range 0.05 to 1.0), respectively (p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1005.
Tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer. Correlation with urinary steroid excretion.

Urinary excretion of t ryptophan metabolites, etiocholanolone, androsterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHc.s.), was measured in 25 patients with breast cancer a n d i n 12 similarly aged control women. Twelve of the 25 patients had elevated excretions of metabolites of the kynurenine-niacin pa thway, and, in these patients, t he excretion of etiocholanolone was significantly lower t h a n in controls or in patients with normal t ryp tophan metabolism.
Effects of configuration on the paired-associate learning of blissymbols by preschool children with normal cognitive abilities.

Translucency appears to be a potent variable in the learning of Blissymbols by preschool children with normal cognitive abilities. Complexity does not appear to influence learning for these individuals when there is a concurrent condition of high translucency. However, a condition of high complexity seems to enhance the learnability of Blissymbols having low translucency. For the present experiment, an attempt was made to determine if symbol configuration affects the learning of highly complex Blissymbols that bear little relationship to their referents. A paired-associate learning paradigm was used to present 30 Blissymbols to 20 cognitively normal preschool children. These symbols were evenly divided into superimposed and nonsuperimposed groups. Results indicated that the children learned more superimposed symbols than their nonsuperimposed counterparts. The implications of this finding for the teaching of Blissymbols are discussed.
Raman results in the Na β- and β″-gallate superionic conductors

Abstract Raman results of two superionic conducting materials, Na β-and β″-gallate, are reported. The spectra divide clearly into a high energy part, above 160 cm-1, and a low energy part that varies as Na is replaced with K or Rb. The low energy line, associated with the so called attempt frequency, occurs at 57 and 69 cm-1 for Na β- and β″-gallate respectively. Rather surprisingly, the lines are much narrower than observed in the aluminate analogues. We measure 5.6 and 3.0 cm-1 respectively. The high energy lines are very similar for the β- and β″-gallate crystals.
Field measurements of O3 and N2O produced from corona discharge

Abstract Presented here are the results from a field study concerning the measurement of O 3 and N 2 O produced by corona discharge from a grounded metal tube with a sharp point during thunderstorms. We observed as much as a tenfold increase in the 03 concentration as well as a four percent increase in the N 2 O concentration as a result of corona discharge. The concentrations of both O 3 and N 2 O returned to the original ambient levels after the thunderstorm ended.
Minimization of Aberrations in Beam Line Design

The aberrations present in a beam line represent the departure from the ideal first-order design. Such aberrations may be of second and higher order. Individual second-order terms may be represented by a matrix T. We derive a formalism for representing the net contribution of such terms to the beam dimensions. Corrective elements such as sextupoles or non-linearities in bending magnets may be employed. A method for minimizing the effects of second-order aberrations has been derived. This method has been incorporated into the program TRANSPORT. Higher-order effects may now arise from the coupling of second-order terms. A computer program TURTLE is used to evaluate such effects.
Differential effects of neurotoxic destruction of descending noradrenergic pathways on acute and persistent nociceptive processing

Although many pharmacological studies indicate that bulbospinal noradrenergic projections contribute to antinociception, lesions of the major brainstem noradrenergic cell groups have provided conflicting evidence. Here we used a new immunotoxin, anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase-saporin, to re-examine the contribution of noradrenergic pathways to nociception and to morphine analgesia. We treated rats intrathecally by lumbar puncture with the immunotoxin and examined dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) immunoreactivity seven and 14 days after treatment. There was no change in DβH staining at 7 days; however, 14 days after treatment we demonstrated significant destruction of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and in the A5 and A7 cell groups. There was a concomitant loss of noradrenergic axons in the dorsal and ventral horns of the lumbosacral and cervical cord. Consistent with the lack of anatomical changes, we found no difference in nociceptive responses in the hot-plate, tail-flick or formalin tests one week post-toxin. On day 14 we examined the behavioral response to injection of formalin into the hindpaw and found that responses during the second phase of pain behavior were significantly reduced. There was no change during the first phase. Formalin-evoked fos expression in the spinal cord was also reduced. We also evaluated morphine analgesia in the formalin test and found that toxin-treated animals exhibited enhanced morphine analgesia. These results establish the utility of using this immunotoxin to selectively destroy subpopulations of noradrenergic cell groups and provide evidence that acute and persistent nociception are differentially regulated by descending noradrenergic pathways.
The discovery of vitamin C.

The term 'scurvy' for the disease resulting from prolonged vitamin C deficiency had origins in 'scorbutus' (Latin), 'scorbut' (French), and 'Skorbut' (German). Scurvy was a common problem in the world's navies and is estimated to have affected 2 million sailors. In 1747, James Lind conducted a trial of six different treatments for 12 sailors with scurvy: only oranges and lemons were effective in treating scurvy. Scurvy also occurred on land, as many cases occurred with the 'great potato famine' in Ireland in 1845. Many animals, unlike humans, can synthesize their own vitamin C. Axel Holst and Theodor Frolich fortuitously produced scurvy in the guinea pig, which like humans requires vitamin C in the diet. In 1928, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi isolated a substance from adrenal glands that he called 'hexuronic acid'. Four years later, Charles Glen King isolated vitamin C in his laboratory and concluded that it was the same as 'hexuronic acid'. Norman Haworth deduced the chemical structure of vitamin C in 1933.
Non‐mirror‐symmetric patterns of callosal linkages in areas 17 and 18 in cat visual cortex

In the cat, callosal connections in area 17 are largely confined to a 5-6-mm-wide strip at the 17/18 border. It is commonly thought that callosal fibers extending from between the 17/18 border regions interconnect loci that are mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline of the brain, but this idea has not been tested experimentally. The present study examined the organization of callosal linkages in the 17/18 border region of normal adult cats by analyzing the patterns of connections revealed in one hemisphere after small injections of different fluorescent tracers into the opposite 17/18 callosal region. The location of the injection sites within areas 17 and 18 was assessed by examining architectonic data and by inspecting the labeling pattern in the ipsilateral visual thalamus. Area 17 and 18 were separated by a 1-1.5-mm-wide zone of cytoarchitectonic transition rather than by a sharp border. The results show that, in general, callosal fibers interconnect loci that are not mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline. Thus, area 17 injections placed nearly 3 mm away from the 17/18 transition zone produced discrete labeled areas located preferentially within the contralateral 17/18 transition zone. However, when the injection site was within the 17/18 transition zone, labeled cells were found primarily medial and lateral to, but not within, the 17/18 transition zone in the contralateral hemisphere. Previous studies have indicated that the 17/18 transition zone contains a representation of a strip of the ipsilateral visual field. Comparison of the retinotopy of the 17/18 border region with the mirror-reversed pattern of callosal linkages found in the present study suggests that callosal fibers link points that are in retinotopic correspondence in both hemispheres.
Fibronectin Extra Domain-A Promotes Hepatic Stellate Cell Motility but Not Differentiation Into Myofibroblasts

Background & Aims Myofibroblasts are the primary cell type involved in physiologic wound healing and its pathologic counterpart, fibrosis. Cellular fibronectin that contains the alternatively spliced extra domain A (EIIIA) is up-regulated during these processes and is believed to promote myofibroblast differentiation. We sought to determine the requirement for EIIIA in fibrosis and differentiation of myofibroblasts in rodent livers. Methods We used a mechanically tunable hydrogel cell culture system to study differentiation of primary hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts from rats into myofibroblasts. Liver fibrosis was induced in mice by bile duct ligation or administration of thioacetamide. Results EIIIA was not required for differentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells or portal fibroblasts into fibrogenic myofibroblasts. Instead, hepatic stellate cells cultured on EIIIA-containing cellular fibronectin formed increased numbers of lamellipodia; their random motility and chemotaxis also increased. These increases required the receptor for EIIIA, the integrin α 9 β 1 . In contrast, the motility of portal fibroblasts did not increase on EIIIA, and these cells expressed little α 9 β 1 . Male EIIIA −/− mice were modestly protected from thioacetamide-induced fibrosis, which requires motile hepatic stellate cells, but not from bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis, in which portal fibroblasts are more important. Notably, myofibroblasts developed during induction of fibrosis with either thioacetamide or bile duct ligation in EIIIA −/− mice. Conclusions EIIIA is dispensable for differentiation of hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, both in culture and in mouse models of fibrosis. Our findings, however, indicate a role for EIIIA in promoting stellate cell motility and parenchymal liver fibrosis.
Chronic ethanol exposure inhibits distraction osteogenesis in a mouse model: role of the TNF signaling axis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that modulates osteoblastogenesis. In addition, the demonstrated inhibitory effects of chronic ethanol exposure on direct bone formation in rats are hypothetically mediated by TNF-α signaling. The effects in mice are unreported. Therefore, we hypothesized that in mice (1) administration of a soluble TNF receptor 1 derivative (sTNF-R1) would protect direct bone formation during chronic ethanol exposure, and (2) administration of recombinant mouse TNF-α (rmTNF-α) to ethanol naive mice would inhibit direct bone formation. We utilized a unique model of limb lengthening (distraction osteogenesis, DO) combined with liquid diets to measure chronic ethanol's effects on direct bone formation. Chronic ethanol exposure resulted in increased marrow TNF, IL-1, and CYP 2E1 RNA levels in ethanol-treated vs. control mice, while no significant weight differences were noted. Systemic administration of sTNF-R1 during DO (8.0 mg/kg/2 days) to chronic ethanol-exposed mice resulted in enhanced direct bone formation as measured radiologically and histologically. Systemic rmTNF-α (10 μg/kg/day) administration decreased direct bone formation measures, while no significant weight differences were noted. We conclude that chronic ethanol-associated inhibition of direct bone formation is mediated to a significant extent by the TNF signaling axis in a mouse model.
Image formation in near-field infrared microscopy

In this paper we discuss the mechanisms of image formation in the mid-IR of a transmission mode near-field microscope are studied. It is found that the amount of light propagating from a sub-wavelength aperture through a flat substrate strongly increases the tip nears the same. This effect tends to generate topographic artifacts in near-field images that can be eliminated through the use of flat sample preparation techniques. The transmitted power is strongly influenced by the refractive index of the sample, leading to a substantial difference between a near-field and a far- field spectrum. A phenomenological model, which makes predictions in good agreement with experiment, describing tunneling of light through a sub-wavelength aperture into a substrate is developed. The model predicts spectral sensitivity enhancement with decreasing aperture size.
A model of human thermoregulation during water immersion.

Abstract A mathematical model for thermoregulation in humans immersed in time-varying water baths is described. The model is readily adaptable to other exposure conditions and control assumptions. Blood flow appears explicitly as a major factor in transferring heat from deep layers to the surface, and its distribution and magnitude at the surface is controlled in the model by the deviations of head core and local skin temperatures, as well as the rate of change of local skin temperature. The model results are compared with data from two water bath immersion experiments, one in which the temperature of the bath was periodically varied between 34 and 39°C, and in the other as a ramp-step function between 28 and 32°C. The resulting agreement demonstrates the feasibility of the control scheme, and also indicates ways in which distributed models of thermoregulation can be improved. The difficult inverse problem of solving the model equations for blood flow rates for a given temperature distribution is discussed, and some sample solutions are given. Extension to other exposure conditions is discussed.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis — Migration of early T cells from the circulation into the central nervous system

Study of lymphocytes from the blood of guinea pigs with acute EAE induced by isologous spinal cord in adjuvant reconfirmed that in comparison to normals, the percentage of early (active or high affinity rosetting) T cells decreases dramatically and that these changes can be correlated with clinical signs. In addition, we have investigated matching samples of CNS infiltrating cells recovered by ultrasonication and have found that coinciding with the decrease in early T cells in the circulation, significantly higher levels (P < 0.001) of these cells appear within the CNS compartment. It is concluded that the decrease of early T cells in the circulation is caused by their migration to the target organ, the CNS.
Heat Transfer and Phase Transformations in Laser Annealing of Thin Si Films

Recrystallization of thin amorphous silicon (a-Si) films can yield polysilicon (p-Si) material with functional properties suitable for fabrication of electronic devices, including high definition large area active matrix liquid crystal displays. Pulsed laser-effected melting and recrystallization is exceptionally effective since it avoids damage to the underlying insulator structure. The ensuing phase transformations and ultimately the quality of the produced p-Si material strongly depend on the temperature history. This article presents a review of research aiming to understand the complex nucleation, resolidification and crystal growth phenomena that evolve under severely non-equilibrium conditions. It is shown that elucidation of the fundamental thermodynamic processes enables conception of novel practical thin film crystal growth techniques.
Interpersonal Processes in Depression

Humans have an intrinsic need for social connection; thus, it is crucial to understand depression in an interpersonal context. Interpersonal theories of depression posit that depressed individuals tend to interact with others in a way that elicits rejection, which increases their risk for future depression. In this review, we summarize the interpersonal characteristics, risk factors, and consequences of depression in the context of the relevant theories that address the role of interpersonal processes in the onset, maintenance, and chronicity of depression. Topics reviewed include social skills, behavioral features, communication behaviors, interpersonal feedback seeking, and interpersonal styles as they relate to depression. Treatment implications are discussed in light of the current research on interpersonal processes in depression, and the following future directions are discussed: developing integrative models of depression, improving measurement of interpersonal constructs, examining the association between interpersonal processes in depression and suicide, and tailoring interventions to target interpersonal processes in depression.
Dietary ω-3 fatty acid and fish intake and incident age-related macular degeneration in women.

Objective To examine whether intake of ω-3 fatty acids and fish affects incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in women. Design A detailed food-frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline among 39 876 female health professionals (mean [SD] age: 54.6 [7.0] years). A total of 38 022 women completed the questionnaire and were free of a diagnosis of AMD. The main outcome measure was incident AMD responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse based on self-report confirmed by medical record review. Results A total of 235 cases of AMD, most characterized by some combination of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial changes, were confirmed during an average of 10 years of follow-up. Women in the highest tertile of intake for docosahexaenoic acid, compared with those in the lowest, had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of AMD of 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.87). For eicosapentaenoic acid, women in the highest tertile of intake had a relative risk of 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.92). Consistent with the findings for docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, women who consumed 1 or more servings of fish per week, compared with those who consumed less than 1 serving per month, had a relative risk of AMD of 0.58 (95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.87). Conclusion These prospective data from a large cohort of female health professionals without a diagnosis of AMD at baseline indicate that regular consumption of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and fish was associated with a significantly decreased risk of incident AMD and may be of benefit in primary prevention of AMD.
Augmented reality for immersive remote collaboration

Video conferencing systems are designed to deliver a collaboration experience that is as close as possible to actually meeting in person. Current systems, however, do a poor job of integrating video streams presenting the users with shared collaboration content. Real and virtual content are unnaturally separated, leading to problems with nonverbal communication and the overall conference experience. Methods of interacting with shared content are typically limited to pointing with a mouse, which is not a natural component of face-to-face human conversation. This paper presents a natural and intuitive method for sharing digital content within a meeting using augmented reality and computer vision. Real and virtual content is seamlessly integrated into the collaboration space. We develop new vision based methods for interacting with inserted digital content including target finding and gesture based control. These improvements let us deliver an immersive collaboration experience using natural gesture and object based interaction.
Entrepreneurship and firm heterogeneity with limited enforcement

The presence of credit constraints can shape the entry, growth, and size distribution of firms. In this paper, I consider the optimal contract between banks and entrepreneurs in an economy in which limitations in the punishments for default induce limitations in the credit available to entrepreneurs. I derive a very simple characterization of the optimal contract at the time of inception of firms and show how this optimal contract shapes the evolution of the size distribution of firms and the aggregate levels of entrepreneurial activity and output.
Adrenal cortical tumors in childhood.

In a 41-year period, 18 children with a diagnosis of an adrenal cortical tumor were identified (14 carcinoma : 4 adenoma). The majority of patients had clinical signs of endocrine dysfunction at presentation, with virilization (11 patients) and a cushingoid appearance (8 patients) the commonest findings. Abnormal biochemical activity was identified in 16 tumors (94%). The primary treatment in 17 patients was surgical. In addition, 12 children, all with carcinomas, had radiotherapy. Of those children with a carcinoma, 12 are dead, with a median survival of 52 months (range 1–317 months). The three second primary tumors all developed at sites within the field of previous radiotherapy, and proved fatal at 127, 176, and 317 months (median 207 months). This series confirms the poor prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma in childhood, but a complete resection is compatible with cure of the primary disease. The frequency of second, fatal, primary tumors is of particular concern and long-term follow-up is mandator...
Contribution of strategy use to performance on complex and simple span tasks

Simple and complex span tasks are widely thought to measure related but separable memory constructs. Recently, however, research has demonstrated that simple and complex span tasks may tap, in part, the same construct because both similarly predict performance on measures of fluid intelligence (Gf) when the number of items retrieved from secondary memory (SM) is equated (Unsworth & Engle, Journal of Memory and Language 54:68–80 2006). Two studies (n = 105 and n = 152) evaluated whether retrieval from SM is influenced by individual differences in the use of encoding strategies during span tasks. Results demonstrated that, after equating the number of items retrieved from SM, simple and complex span performance similarly predicted Gf performance, but rates of effective strategy use did not mediate the span-Gf relationships. Moreover, at the level of individual differences, effective strategy use was more highly related to complex span performance than to simple span performance. Thus, even though individual differences in effective strategy use influenced span performance on trials that required retrieval from SM, strategic behavior at encoding cannot account for the similarities between simple and complex span tasks.
The calculus of nominal inductive constructions: an intensional approach to encoding name-bindings

Although name-bindings are ubiquitous in computer science, they are well-known to be cumbersome to encode and reason about in logic and type theory. There are many proposed solutions to this problem in the literature, but most of these proposals, however, have been extensional, meaning they are defined in terms of other concepts in the theory. This makes it difficult to apply these proposals in intensional theories like the Calculus of Inductive Constructions, or CIC.In this paper, we introduce an approach to encoding name-bindings that is intensional, as it attempts to capture the meaning of a name-binding in itself. This approach combines in a straightforward manner with CIC to form the Calculus of Nominal Inductive Constructions, or CNIC. CNIC supports induction over data containing bindings, comparing of names for equality, and associating meta-language types with names in a fashion similar to HOAS, features which have been shown difficult to support in practice.
Removal of Distortion from Indicator Dilution Curves with Analog Computer

A method has been developed for characterizing quantitatively, and for removing from indicator dilution curves, the distortion introduced by catheter sampling systems. The method involves a specially constructed cuvette and analog computer analysis of the curves recorded by densitometers placed at the entrance of the catheter and at points downstream. This method of correction of distortion is based on a general theory of function transformation which is applicable to all situations and not upon empirically established constants which are only valid in special situations. The geometry (coiling, bending) of the catheter has been found to affect the distortion. Disruption of the flow pattern by insertion of a braided wire in the lumen causes less variation of the distortion caused by bending and coiling. Distortion was not significantly affected by change in blood temperature in our system.
Quality indicators for the management of osteoarthritis in vulnerable elders.

Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic condition affecting older persons. Several studies have shown regional and subspecialty variations in the use of pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, and surgi...
The bovine herpesvirus-1 LR ORF2 is critical for this gene's ability to restore the high wild-type reactivation phenotype to a herpes simplex virus-1 LAT null mutant.

During neuronal latency of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, the latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only viral gene readily detectable. LAT is required for the high-level reactivation phenotype in animal models. LAT's anti-apoptotic activity was recently demonstrated by our group and it was proposed that LAT's anti-apoptotic function is involved in enhancing the reactivation phenotype. Recently, using chimeric virus CJLAT, it was shown that the reactivation phenotype of LAT− mutant dLAT2903 can be restored to wild-type levels by inserting the bovine herpes virus (BHV)-1 latency-related (LR) gene into the LAT locus of this HSV-1 LAT deletion mutant. Although transcription of the LR gene, like LAT, inhibits apoptosis, LR appears to be multifunctional. To investigate whether the LR gene's anti-apoptotic function was responsible for restoring the high-reactivation phenotype, a mutated BHV-1 LR gene was inserted into the LAT locus of HSV-1 generating the chimeric virus CJLATmut. This mutation consists of three stop codons inserted just after the ATG of the first LR open reading frame (ORF2). In plasmids and in a BHV-1 mutant, this mutation eliminated the LR gene's anti-apoptotic activity, strongly suggesting that ORF2 encodes a protein responsible for LR's anti-apoptotic activity. Reactivation of the CJLATmut virus, in both rabbits and mice, was significantly lower than in wild-type McKrae virus (P=0·0001 and P=0·0003, respectively) and CJLAT virus, containing wild-type LR in place of LAT (P<0·0001) and was similar to LAT− dLAT2903 (P=0·8 and P=0·7, respectively). Thus, disruption of BHV-1 LR ORF2 eliminated the high-reactivation phenotype.
A novel dynamic power limiter for a smart micro grid

This paper proposes a novel strategy of control of the active power flow from the power system grid to a micro grid by a power electronic transformer (PET), consisting of controllable loads and distributed energy resources (DER), both renewable and non-renewable. A 60 Hz, step down transformer is generally used at the Point of common coupling (PCC) of a micro grid to connect to the power system grid. A power electronic transformer at the PCC 1) Restricts the active power flow at a desired value determined by the utilities. 2) Allows the micro grid to utilize the change in its local grid frequency, due to a restricted macro grid power, to dynamically control the active power generation or consumption within the micro grid. 3) Ensures decentralized control of the DERs as well as the controllable loads that operate synchronously to supply to the demand within the micro grid. 4) Provides smooth transition from islanding to grid-dependent mode without the need of grid synchronization. To investigate the dynamic power control a simplified representation of the smart micro grid as interconnected power systems is considered and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The results obtained demonstrate the dependence of dynamic control of the micro grid's DERs on the change in its grid frequency.
Advances in pretransfusion infectious disease testing: ensuring the safety of transfusion therapy.

At the dawn of the third millennium, the American blood supply is exquisitely safe. This high level of transfusion safety is the result of a multi-tiered approach to donor evaluation and infectious disease testing, including most recently the application of nucleic acid testing for HIV and Hepatitis C virus. Nonetheless, despite the overall safety of the blood supply, problems and challenges remain. Bacterial contamination, particularly involving platelets, has emerged as the leading infectious complication of transfusion therapy. In addition, the epidemic of mad cow disease and new variant Creuztfeldt-Jakob disease in Europe has elicited new fears about the potential for blood transmissibility of this new type of pathogen. In response to these concerns and the potential emergence of other infectious agents, various strategies for pathogen inactivation are likely to evolve during the next several years as the newest chapter in the quest for transfusion safety.
Effects of slope angle on mass movement by tree uprooting

Abstract An examination of 189 well-delineated mounds and pits in sandy soils of northern lower Michigan, all presumably formed by tree uprooting, was used to determine the effects of slope angle on morphology and volume, and to assess the potential importance of uprooting to mass movement. Slopes ranged from zero to 54%. Data indicate that mound and pit volumes increase with increasing slope angle, suggesting that on gentle slopes more of the disturbed soil wastes off the mound, back into the new pit. Mounds are often elongated in the downslope direction on steep slopes. Based on regression analyses, slopes of ⇌47° are generally sufficient for all mound soil to slump or wash off in a downslope direction, rather than into the upslope pit. Thus, on steep slopes pit volumes provide a better representation of root plate volume. Pit depth can also be used as a surrogate for rooting depth on steep slopes where infilling from the mound is minimal.
Modeling exchangeable NH4+ adsorption in marine sediments: Process and controls of adsorption1,2

The process and controls of ammonium adsprption in marine sediments have been studied using data from adsorption experiments with sediments from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, and with standard reference clays. The average NH,+ adsorption constant dctcrmined experimentally for a Saanich Inlet core of 5.3 k 1.8 liters*mol-’ was not significantly different from the constant measured in situ of 6.1 liters * mol-‘. Equations similar to a Langmuir-type isotherm are derived which express ammonium adsorption in terms of equilibrium exchange expressions (selectivity coefficients) and activities of the major cations. An ammonium adsorption constant calculated from the model for a montmorillonitc clay of 12.6 + 1.7 liters*mol-’ agrees very well with the experimentally measured values of 11.7 + 0.3 for a montmorillonite reference clay and 11.8 k 1.2 for a montmorillonite-rich pelagic sediment. The proposed model is also general enough to describe the adsolFtion of any minor component in seawater which undergoes ion exchange. Comparison of ammonium adsorption constants before and after the extraction of organic matter indicates that in organic-rich sediments a “clay-humic complex” may be controlling ammonimn adsorption. However, in organic-poor scdimcnts, the clay mineralogy will tend to dictate ammonium adsorption behavior.