cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of reynolds and prandtl number on the frequency response of concentric tube heat exchangers

An analytical and experimental investigation was made of the frequency response of both the shell and tube fluid outlet temperatures of a six foot concentric tube exchanger to disturbances in either flow rate. The fluid Reynolds and Prandtl numbers were varied from 4,000 to 20,000 and 3 to 40 respectively. The effect of increasing either the tube fluid Reynolds or Prandtl number, for both shell and tube flow disturbances, was to increase the attenuation and phase shift of the tube outlet temperature and decrease it for the shell outlet temperature. The “resonance effect”, was observed experimentally. On a fait une etude analytique et experimentale de la frequence de la reponse des temperatures, a la sortie d'un fluide des tubes exterieur et interieur (en utilisant un echangeur a tubes concentriques de six pieds), aux perturbations dans l'un ou l'autre debit. On a fait varier respectivement les nombres de Reynolds et de Prandtl du fluide de 4,000 a 20,000 et de 3 a 40. L'effet produit en augmentant soit le nombre de Reynolds, soit celui de Prandtl, dans le cas des perturbations dans l'ecoulement pour les tubes exterieur et interieur, a ete d'accroǐtre l'attenuation et le changement de phase de la temperature a la sortie du tube interieur et de les diminuer a la sortie du tube exterieur. On a observe experimentalement “l'effet de resonance”.
A short history of plant biotechnology

The foundations of modern plant biotechnology can be traced back to the Cell Theory of Schleiden (Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med (J Muller) 1838:137–176, 1838) and Schwann (Mikroscopische Untersuchungen uber die Ubereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum des Tiere und Pflanzen. W Engelmann: Leipzig No 176, 1839), which recognized the cell as the primary unit of all living organisms. The concept of cellular totipotency, which was inherent in the Cell Theory and forms the basis of plant biotechnology, was further elaborated by Haberlandt (Sitzungsber K Preuss Akad Wiss Wien, Math-Naturwiss 111:69–92, 1902), who predicted the production of somatic embryos from vegetative cells. This brief historical account traces the development of technologies for the culture, regeneration and transformation of plants that led to the production of transgenic crops which have become central to the many applications of plant biotechnology, and celebrates the pioneering men and women whose trend-setting contributions made it all possible.
Biliary epithelial metastasis of squamous carcinoma of the anus.

Introduction The liver and biliary tree are common sites of initial metastasis for many primary tumors. However, we recently encountered a patient who presented with biliary-tree tumor encasement as a first metastasis from squamous carcinoma of the anus.
Comparison of on-road emissions for B-0, B-10, and B-20 in transit buses.

Biodiesels are often marketed as being cleaner than regular diesel for emissions. Emission test results depend on the biodiesel blend, but laboratory tests suggest that biodiesels decrease particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxins when compared to regular diesel. Results for the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have been less conclusive. Tests have also not evaluated the commonly available ranges of biodiesel blends in the laboratory. Additionally, little information is available from on-road studies, so the effectiveness of using biodiesels to reduce actual emissions is unknown. A more complex relationship exists between engine operation and the rate of emission production than is typically evaluated using engine or chassis dynamometer tests. On-road emissions can vary dramatically because emissions are correlated to engine mode. Additionally, activity such as idling, acceleration, deceleration, and operation against a grade can produce higher emissions than more stable engine o...
Limit distributions of U-statistics resampled by symmetric stable laws

If (Y i) and (V i) are independent random sequences such thatY i are i.i.d. random variables belonging to the normal domain of attraction of a symmetric α-stable law, 0<α<2, andV i are i.i.d. random variables, then the limit distributions of U-statistics $$n^{ - 1/\alpha } \sum\limits_{1 \leqq i_t , \ldots ,i_d \leqq n} {Y_{i_1 } \ldots Y_{i_d } f(V_{i_1 } , \ldots ,V_{i_d } )} $$ , coincide with the probability laws of multiple stochastic integralsX d f =∫ ...∫ f (t 1, ... ,t d)dX(t d) with respect to a symmetric α-stable processX(t).
Computational science for the undergraduate environment

Computational science, defined as the intersection of mathematics, computing and science, can be naturally integrated into existing undergraduate mathematics and science curricula. The interdisciplinary nature of computational science integrates ideas from applied mathematics, computing, and visualization to solve problems from diverse areas in science, engineering and finance. Supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and Battelle, Capital University (USA) is creating a comprehensive program culminating in a minor in computational science. The program is designed for the undergraduate Liberal Arts Environment. Components of the program could also be easily integrated into existing engineering curricula. The curriculum provides a collection of courses defined as core and electives. Core courses educate students in modeling using various computational science tools, while electives provide more in-depth understanding in the computational fields of biology, chemistry, environmental science, psychology and neuroscience.
TIP47 is a key effector for Rab9 localization

The human genome encodes ∼70 Rab GTPases that localize to the surfaces of distinct membrane compartments. To investigate the mechanism of Rab localization, chimeras containing heterologous Rab hypervariable domains were generated, and their ability to bind seven Rab effectors was quantified. Two chimeras could bind effectors for two distinctly localized Rabs; a Rab5/9 hybrid bound both Rab5 and Rab9 effectors, and a Rab1/9 hybrid bound to certain Rab1 and Rab9 effectors. These unusual chimeras permitted a test of the importance of effector binding for Rab localization. In both cases, changing the cellular concentration of a key Rab9 effector, which is called tail-interacting protein of 47 kD, moved a fraction of the proteins from their parental Rab localization to that of Rab9. Thus, relative concentrations of certain competing effectors could determine a chimera's localization. These data confirm the importance of effector interactions for Rab9 localization, and support a model in which effector proteins rely on Rabs as much as Rabs rely on effectors to achieve their correct steady state localizations.
Contralateral attenuation of pain after short-duration submaximal isometric exercise.

Abstract Only a small amount of research has been conducted examining whether exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) occurs after isometric exercise. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine whether EIH occurred in women after short-duration submaximal isometric exercise and whether the responses were restricted to the exercised hand (ipsilateral) or also occurred in the nonexercised (contralateral) hand. Fourteen healthy women (mean age=19.5 years) completed 2 sets of submaximal (40% to 50% of max) isometric exercise consisting of squeezing a dynamometer for 2 minutes with the dominant hand. A pressure stimulus was applied to the forefinger on the dominant and nondominant hands for 2 minutes before and after isometric exercise. Participants pressed a button when the stimulus became painful, indicating pain threshold (PT), and also rated the intensity of the stimulus every 15 seconds, using a pain rating scale (PR). Results indicated that there were significant trials effects ( P P > .05). PTs were found to be elevated, whereas PRs were reduced for both hands after isometric exercise. It is concluded that submaximal isometric exercise performed for 2 minutes resulted in ipsilateral and contralateral hypoalgesic responses. Perspective The findings from the present study demonstrated that short-duration nonexhaustive isometric exercise was associated with hypoalgesic responses in the exercised and nonexercised hands. It appears that short-duration submaximal isometric exercise resulted in generalized (ie, ipsilateral and contralateral) pain-inhibitory responses in healthy young women.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FINANCIAL CRISES AMONG MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 1993-2003

One of the puzzling phenomena in the emerging financial market was that financial crises often took place in middle-income countries rather than in lowincome countries. This study empirically studies the financial crises between 1993 and 2003 and finds that the over-reliance on foreign debt, particularly shortterm debt and volatility of net income for these countries were the most important factors which caused financial crises in the middle-income countries. Therefore, for the developing countries, prudent policy towards foreign debt, particularly short-term debt, and financial income stability are the two most important preventive measures against financial crises.
Monte Carlo analysis of pulse neutron based cargo interrogation system

The nondestructive method to detect explosive and chemical threats hidden in a cargo is based on determination of its bulk isotopic content under the fast neutron irradiation using the neutron-induced fingerprint photons. The computational analysis of nuclear processes in the active interrogation system consisting of a 14-MeV pulse neutron generator, neutron and photon detectors, and a cargo truck was carried out. The system's geometry, material composition of the cargo, and the mass of TNT and HD objects hidden in the cargo were varied to study the time structure of the interrogating neutron flux and energy distributions of neutron and gamma-ray flux in the detectors. The results of the Monte Carlo analysis are discussed.
The initial scientific program at the NSLS infrared beamline

Unique extraction optics (90 × 90 mrad) at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) U4IR line offer high-brightness beams at up to millimeter wavelengths with a ∼ 1 ns pulse structure. Radiation from this port has now been carefully characterized and agrees well with calculations; it is 100–1000 times brighter than conventional sources in the middle and far infrared regions. Using rapid-scan Michelson interferometers with liquid-He-cooled bolometer detectors, we have been able for the first time to measure molecule substrate vibrations in surface science. We have also made the first measurements of the transmission of a film of the high-Tc superconducting material YBaCuO in the BCS gap region. These initial experiments have demonstrated the advantages of the superior signal-to-noise ratio available from this infrared beamline.
A Novel Series of Potent and Selective Pde5 Inhibitors with Potential for High and Dose-Independent Oral Bioavailability

Sildenafil (5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-methyl-3-n-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one), a potent and selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, provided the first oral treatment for male erectile dysfunction. The objective of the work reported in this paper was to combine high levels of PDE5 potency and selectivity with high and dose-independent oral bioavailability, to minimize the impact on the Cmax of any interactions with coadministered drugs in the clinic. This goal was achieved through identification of a lower clearance series with a high absorption profile, by replacing the 5‘-piperazine sulfonamide in the sildenafil template with a 5‘-methyl ketone. This novel series provided compounds with low metabolism in human hepatocytes, excellent caco-2 flux, and the potential for good aqueous solubility. The in vivo oral and iv pharmacokinetic profiles of example compounds confirmed the high oral bioavailability predicted from these in vitro screens....
Aging, Motor Control, and the Performance of Computer Mouse Tasks

Because of the increased presence of computers in work and everyday life and the demographic "graying" of America, there is a need for interface designs that promote accessibility for older people....
Development of a MATLAB based model for the biological water processor of the water recovery system of an advanced life support program

The water recovery system (WRS) is one of the necessary systems of an advanced life support (ALS) program that regenerates potable water by sequentially processing wastewater through its four subsystems. The biological water processor (BWP) is one of the complex subsystems of a WRS that involves processes described by both continuous time dynamics as well as discrete event dynamics. It consists of two reactors, the organic carbon oxidation reactor and the nitrification reactor, where wastewater is treated and then it is stored in a gas-liquid separator. A part of the stored water is recycled back to the first reactor and the remaining water is fed to the next subsection for further processing. In this paper, wastewater flow through an organic carbon oxidation reactor and a nitrification reactor is analyzed and the dynamics of the gas-liquid separator are studied. The state variables of the BWP are identified and distributed models are developed for each unit of BWP. Further, these distributed models are integrated and the dynamics of the BWP is studied as a complete subsystem. The state variables description of the subsystem is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.
Nucleoprotein Transitions During Spermiogenesis in Mice with Transition Nuclear Protein Tnp1 and Tnp2 Mutations

Chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis is characterized by a series of nuclear protein replacements. Histones are replaced by transition nuclear proteins, which are in turn replaced by protamines. The transition nuclear proteins, TP1 and TP2, and the protamines, PRM1 and PRM2, are the major nuclear proteins involved in this process. Biochemical studies of mice with null mutations in one of the Tnp genes showed that the absence of one TP led to an apparent elevation in the amount of the remaining TP in the testis. To investigate the mechanism of changes of protein levels and effects of one Tnp mutation on other nuclear proteins, we used immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the distribution of these nuclear proteins. In contrast to previous biochemical analyses, which indicated that nuclear protein replacement was sequential with little overlap between the protein types, we found considerable overlap in the nucleoprotein types during spermiogenesis. The TPs, which appear in the nucleus before histone displacement is complete, were shared among genetically inequivalent spermatids. The absence of one TP did not affect the time of appearance of the other TP or of the protamines, but it did affect the displacement of the other TP, leading to its abnormal retention in the nucleus. The elevated levels of the remaining TP in Tnp-mutant mice appeared to be a consequence of the prolonged retention, rather than increased synthesis. Thus the absence of one of the TPs did not significantly affect transcription or translation of the other basic proteins, but it did affect posttranslational events.
A CONVERSATION BETWEEN JOHN DEWEY AND RUDOLF STEINER: A COMPARISON OF WALDORF AND PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION

John Dewey and Rudolf Steiner were contemporaries who each launched radical worldwide educational approaches: Progressivism and Waldorf schools. Each wrote and spoke about his philosophy and formulated concrete ways to put it into practice in schools. Steiner wrote over sixty books and 6,000 essays, lectures, and artic1es.l Dewey was such a prolific writer that whole books have been published as Dewey bibliographies.2 In many respects, Dewey and Steiner differed greatly in their philosophies and methods, but they also shared some common premises about education. With many professional parents sending their children to Waldorf schools, it is time to look at Waldorf education from a Deweyan perspective. Although John Dewey and Rudolf Steiner were born only three years apart and both published extensively on philosophy and education, there is no evidence that they ever met. Since Dewey was a person who exchanged ideas as if conversants were learners in a common enterprise, and since Steiner had an almost missionary zeal to share his approach to education, one can imagine them having a lively dialogue, had they ever met.3 Presented here is an imaginary conversation between the two that elucidates the similarities and contrasts in their approaches to education. Whenever appropriate, direct quotations are used to preserve their own styles of expression. While I have tried to present both men’s philosophies as fairly as possible, I find it easier to present Dewey than Steiner. My apologies to Steiner fans for any slant this paper has toward Dewey. Throughout this conversation, certain deeply held principles of each man will be evident. Both believed in evolution. Steiner was of the Hegelian camp which believed that spirit, Absolute Reason, was behind all evolution. Dewey was of the pragmatist camp that
Measuring Skills Mismatch New York City in the 1980S

The author develops a new methodology to measure occupational skill requirements in New York City. The analysis matches locally derived skill ratings for detailed census occupations to years of local schooling and then estimates the change in mean skill requirements for employed New York City residents and the change in local employment of occupational skills classed by level of required education during the 1980s. The results show insignificant change in employment weighted skill means for all occupations. But the disaggregated analysis shows skill requirements bifurcated during the decade, with employment growth concentrated in college-level and sub–high school graduate–level occupations relative to high school graduate–level occupations. The findings suggest that demand-side forces are destroying mid-skilled jobs, casting doubt on the efficacy of supply-side policy measures intended to improve labor market outcomes for workers with less than a college education.
Wireless Activation of Neurons in Brain Slices Using Nanostructured Semiconductor Photoelectrodes

Nanostructured narrow band-gap semiconductor photoelectrodes have been prepared on the surface of glass micropipettes and used as wireless photoelectrodes to activate nearby neurons in brain tissue. Photoelectrical measurements suggest that a photoinduced potential is formed near the photoelectrode when visible or near-infrared light irradiation is used for excitation. Tissue studies show that the photoelectric activation of neurons with near-infrared light signals has the same effect as the activation with regular direct current injection. Measurements suggest that the localized photopotential arises from electric field effects caused by one-photon excited charge carriers at the nanostructure grain boundaries of the photoelectrodes. The same technology will likely prove useful clinically to activate brain regions and damaged nerves.
Topology-Aware peer-to-peer on-demand streaming

In this paper, we consider large-scale high-bandwidth on-demand media streaming in a dynamic and heterogeneous environment. We present MetaStream, a scalable and distributed content discovery protocol that enables clients across the Internet to self-organize into a topology-aware overlay network, in which they can “cache and relay” a stream among nearby peers. We present the design and implementation of MetaStream and show experimental results obtained in a large-scale emulated environment. Our evaluation shows that MetaStream distributes relaying load among the clients in a topology-aware manner, imposing low link cost to the underlying network and low streaming load on the media server. MetaStream is also highly resilient to node or network failures and is capable of quickly recovering the streaming quality at clients even at high failure rates.
Multiple-resolution divide and conquer neural networks for large-scale TSP-like energy minimization problems

We describe a multiple-resolution divide-and-conquer ANN approach for large-scale constrained optimization problems like the TSP. The goal of the approach is to divide a problem into sub-problems, solve them with parallel ANNs, then combine the resulting sub-solutions. The divide-and-conquer approach is based on a mathematical principle of orthogonal division errors, which provides the criteria for optimal problem division. The resulting division minimizes the cross-correlation among sub-problems, and hence the necessary communication among them. It therefore provides a minimum-communication allocation of sub-problems to parallel processors. Moreover, the divide and conquer can be done recursively, so that it occurs at all resolutions of the data. We show how wavelets can perform the necessary multiple-resolution data clustering. The divide-and-conquer approach is particularly effective for large-scale fractal data, which exhibits clustering over a large number of resolutions.
Bringing History Into Range Management

On the Ground Range scientists, managers, and practitioners can benefit by including history in their current monitoring and restoration efforts. A symposium at the 2012 SRM Annual Meeting explored three questions: How did certain assumptions toward the ecology and use of rangelands influence the development of range science and its application? How can land managers apply history to their current work? How can range science evolve in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century? The symposium highlighted the need for an interdisciplinary approach toward understanding the past and confronting the future of rangelands.
Limits to Fourier theory in high thermal conductivity single crystals

We report the results of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) experiments that examine the ability of Fourier theory to predict the thermal response in single crystals when heater dimensions are small. We performed TDTR measurements on Al-coated diamond, 6H-SiC, GaP, Ge, MgO, GaAs, and GaSb single crystals with a wide range of laser spot size radii, 0.7 μm < w0 < 12 μm. When the laser spot-size is large, w0 ≈ 12 μm, TDTR data for all crystals are in agreement with predictions of Fourier theory with bulk thermal conductivity values. When the laser spot-size is small, w0 < 2 μm, there are significant differences between the predictions of Fourier theory and TDTR data for all crystals except MgO.
Evaluation of hidden HIV infections in an urban ED with a rapid HIV screening program.

Abstract Background To investigate the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infections in an emergency department (ED) with an established screening program. Methods Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for HIV from an 8-week (June 24, 2007–August 18, 2007) identity-unlinked HIV serosurvey, conducted at the same time as an ongoing opt-in rapid oral-fluid HIV screening program. Testing facilitators offering 24/7 bedside rapid testing to patients aged 18 to 64 years, with concordant collection of excess sera collected as part of routine clinical procedures. Known HIV positivity was determined by (1) medical record review or self-report from the screening program and/or (2) presence of antiretrovirals in serum specimens. Results Among 3207 patients, 1165 (36.3%) patients were offered an HIV test. Among those offered, 567 (48.7%) consented to testing. Concordance identity-unlinked study revealed that the prevalence of undiagnosed infections was as follows: 2.3% in all patients, 1.0% in those offered testing vs 3.0% in those not offered testing ( P P = .077). Higher median viral loads were observed in those not offered testing (14255 copies/mL; interquartile range, 1147-64354) vs those offered testing (1865 copies/mL; interquartile range, undetectable-21786), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions High undiagnosed HIV prevalence was observed in ED patients who were not offered HIV testing and those who declined testing, compared with those who were tested. This indicates that even with an intensive facilitator-based rapid HIV screening model, significant missed opportunities remain with regard to identifying undiagnosed infections in the ED.
Management of Hyperglycemia in a Patient with Acromegaly Treated with Pasireotide LAR: A Case Study

ABSTRACT Objective: Pasireotide long-acting release (LAR) demonstrated superior efficacy versus octreotide LAR in a phase III study (C2305) in medically naive patients with acromegaly. Adverse events associated with pasireotide LAR were similar to those with octreotide LAR, except for a higher rate of hyperglycemia. The clinical outcomes and management of pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia in a patient from the C2305 study are reported here. Methods: C2305 was a prospective, double-blind study in medically naive patients randomized to receive pasireotide LAR 40 mg or octreotide LAR 20 mg every 28 days. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were measured at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. Glycemic parameters were assessed based on criteria established by the American Diabetes Association. Results: The patient was a 56-year-old woman with acromegaly who had elevated GH and baseline IGF-1 levels 2-fold greater than the upper limit of normal. After 24 months of pasireotide...
Hierarchical Summarization: Scaling Up Multi-Document Summarization

Multi-document summarization (MDS) systems have been designed for short, unstructured summaries of 10-15 documents, and are inadequate for larger document collections. We propose a new approach to scaling up summarization called hierarchical summarization, and present the first implemented system, SUMMA. SUMMA produces a hierarchy of relatively short summaries, in which the top level provides a general overview and users can navigate the hierarchy to drill down for more details on topics of interest. SUMMA optimizes for coherence as well as coverage of salient information. In an Amazon Mechanical Turk evaluation, users prefered SUMMA ten times as often as flat MDS and three times as often as timelines.
The Effects of Risk Decision Aid Orientation, Client Risk, and Repeat Client Experience on Risk Factor Identification and Audit Test Planning

In auditing, risk management involves identifying client facts or issues that may affect engagement risk and planning evidence-gathering strategies accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether auditors' identification of risk factors and planning of audit tests is affected by decision aid design. Specifically, we expect that auditors will identify more risk factors using a negatively oriented decision aid, but only when engagement risk is relatively high. We address this issue in the context of auditors' knowledge of actual clients, manipulating decision aid orientation as negative or positive (i.e., relatively high or low emphasis on client risk and its consequences) in a matched-pair design. Results show that auditors using the negative decision aid orientation identify more risk factors than those using a positive orientation, for their higher-risk clients. We also find that decisions to apply substantive tests are more directly linked to specific risk factors identified than to the level of risk assessed. Further, our results show that auditors with repeat engagement experience with the client identify more risk factors. The findings of this study imply that audit firms may improve their risk management strategies through simple changes in the design of decision aids used to support audit planning.
Impact of Strong ENSO on Regional Tropical Cyclone Activity in a High-Resolution Climate Model in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) activity in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans is known to be affected by the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study uses the GFDL Forecast Oriented Low Ocean Resolution Model (FLOR), which has relatively high resolution in the atmosphere, as a tool to investigate the sensitivity of TC activity to the strength of ENSO events. This study shows that TCs exhibit a nonlinear response to the strength of ENSO in the tropical eastern North Pacific (ENP) but a quasi-linear response in the tropical western North Pacific (WNP) and tropical North Atlantic. Specifically, a stronger El Nino results in disproportionate inhibition of TCs in the ENP and North Atlantic, and leads to an eastward shift in the location of TCs in the southeast of the WNP. However, the character of the response of TCs in the Pacific is insensitive to the amplitude of La Nina events. The eastward shift of TCs in the southeast of the WNP in response to a strong El Nino is due to an eastward shift o...
The Economics of Wine, Weather, and Climate Change

Abstract In this article, we provide an overview of the extensive literature on the impact of weather and climate on grapes and wine, with the goal of identifying how climate change is likely to af...
AB0085 Macrophages are modulated by factors secreted by adipocytes

Background Obesity has been associated with development and progression of osteoarthritis. Although the biological mechanisms underlying this association are unknown, several studies have indicated that adipose tissue secretes a large variety of soluble factors that can influence whole-body metabolism. We have recently shown that the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), an adipose tissue organ in the knee joint, is a source of inflammatory mediators that could influence joint pathology. Moreover, we identified obesity-related changes in cytokine release by IFP. Both adipocytes and immune cells present in IFP could constitute the source of these inflammatory mediators. Among the IFP-infiltrating immune cells, macrophages are the most abundant and previous studies have indicated that cytokine release by adipose tissue macrophages depends on adiposity. However, the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. In the present study, we explored the possibility that adipocytes modulate the phenotype of macrophages, thereby contributing to obesity-induced changes in adipose tissue. Methods Adipocyte conditioned media (ACM) were generated by culturing adipocytes from IFP (OA patients) or subcutaneous adipose tissue (ScAT, healthy donors) for 24hrs. Protein and lipid fractions of ACM were isolated using TBME and resuspended in medium. Macrophages were obtained by differentiating purified CD14 + monocytes of healthy individuals in the presence of GM-CSF for 7 days. ACM or different fractions were added for the last 48h, while LPS was added during the last 24hrs of culture. IL-12 and TNFα cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA. The T cell stimulatory capacity of ACM-conditioned macrophages was measured in a 4-day mixed lymphocyte reaction. T cell proliferation was measured by tritium-thymidine incorporation. Results Treatment of macrophages with ACM resulted in a strong reduction in IL-12 secretion upon LPS stimulation, whereas TNFα remained unaffected. In addition, ACM–conditioned macrophages had an increased T cell stimulatory capacity. These effects were observed with both IFP- and ScAT-derived ACM. Interestingly, the inhibition of IL-12 release correlated to the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the IFP adipocyte donor. Separation of protein and lipid fractions of ACM indicated that the IL-12 inhibition was mediated by the lipid fraction. Current research investigates the lipid(s) responsible for the observed effects. Conclusions Soluble factors secreted by adipocytes modulate macrophage function and this effect seems to reside in the lipid fraction of ACM. Interestingly, the inhibition of IL-12 release correlates with BMI of the adipocytes donor, indicating that obesity-related changes in macrophage phenotype could be mediated by adipocytes. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Cognitive Complexity-Simplicity as a Determinant of Internal-External Control

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship for 208 junior high school students between the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test, a measure of cognitive complexity, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale which measures locus-of-control. No significant correlation appeared.
Effects of a Tailored Positive Psychology Intervention on Well-Being and Pain in Individuals With Chronic Pain and a Physical Disability: A Feasibility Trial.

Objectives To determine the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a computer-based positive psychology intervention in individuals with a physical disability and chronic pain. Methods Individuals with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disease, or postpolio syndrome and chronic pain were randomly assigned to a positive psychology or a control condition. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to practice 4 personalized positive psychology exercises. Participants in the control group were instructed to write about life details for 8 weeks. Participants completed online well-being and pain-related questionnaires at baseline, posttreatment, and at the 2.5-month follow-up, and rated treatment satisfaction at posttreatment. Results Ninety-six participants were randomized and 68 (70%) completed follow-up assessments. Participants in the positive psychology intervention group reported significant pretreatment to posttreatment improvements in pain intensity, pain control, pain catastrophizing, pain interference, life satisfaction, positive affect, and depression. Improvements in life satisfaction, depression, pain intensity, pain interference, and pain control were maintained to the 2.5-month follow-up. Participants in the control group reported significant pretreatment to posttreatment improvements in life satisfaction, and pretreatment to follow-up improvements in pain intensity and pain control. Significant between-group differences, favoring the treatment group, emerged for pretreatment to posttreatment improvements in pain intensity and pain control. Participants were similarly satisfied with both treatments. Discussion/conclusions The results support the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a computer-based positive psychology intervention for improving well-being and pain-related outcomes in individuals with physical disabilities and chronic pain, and indicate that a full trial of the intervention is warranted.
Psychology of Conflict and Development

Any policy analyst or policymaker dedicated to conflict-sensitive development would have to consider the psychology of reactions to development policies. This chapter examines how psychological mechanisms can help to explain levels of inter-group conflict, and how to apply these insights in designing conflict-sensitive development strategies. The mechanisms are complementary rather than competing, as no single theory can speak to all of the contextual nuances or the wide range of development policies. We explore the psychological elements—predispositions, perceptions, expectations, group identities, and other beliefs and attitudes—that mediate between development strategies and inter-group conflict. Unlike most analyses of the psychological constructs associated with violent conflict, we look specifically at the cognitive and motivational factors that are influenced by consequences of economic development initiatives: magnitudes and changes of contestable assets, income inequalities, coincidence of economic roles and economic variations with ethnic or religious differences, and so on. Even if the expected economic consequences of development initiatives do not materialize, the individual and group perceptions of the motives and possible consequences of adverse impacts such as expropriation, exclusion, or other unfair treatments have important psychological impacts on the predispositions to peace or conflict. By linking development strategies to their socioeconomic outcomes as well as to the perceptions of their motivations and potential effects, we can map them onto the specific conflict-relevant behaviors mediated by psychological mechanisms.
Enhancement of Do-Not-Exceed Limits With Robust Corrective Topology Control

In recent years, the penetration of renewable resources in electrical power systems has increased. These renewable resources add more complexities to power system operations, due to their intermittent nature. As a result, operators must acquire additional reserves in order to maintain reliability. However, one persistent challenge is to determine the optimal location of reserves and this challenge is exacerbated by the inability to predict key transmission bottlenecks due to this added uncertainty. This paper presents robust corrective topology control as a congestion management tool to manage power flows and the associated renewable uncertainty. The proposed day-ahead method determines the maximum uncertainty in renewable resources in terms of do-not-exceed limits combined with corrective topology control. The day-ahead topology control formulation is based on the direct current optimal power flow; therefore, topology control solutions obtained from these algorithms are tested for AC feasibility and system stability. The numerical results provided are based on the IEEE-118 bus test case and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) test system.
A reappraisal of mortality after epilepsy surgery.

Objective: To assess whether epilepsy surgery is associated with a reduction in mortality rate and if postoperative seizure frequency and severity affect mortality. Methods: A total of 1,110 patients were evaluated (1,006 surgically and 104 nonsurgically treated) for a total follow-up of 8,126.62 person-years from 1986 to 2013. Deaths were ascertained through database and Social Security Death Index query. Patients were grouped by surgery type and seizure status; standardized mortality ratio and deaths per 1,000 person-years were calculated. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression were performed. Results: Eighty-nine deaths were observed. Surgically treated patients had a lower mortality rate (8.6 per 1,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.58–11.15]) than nonsurgically treated patients (25.3 per 1,000 person-years [14.50–41.17]; p p = 0.03). More frequent postoperative tonic-clonic seizures (>2 per year) were associated with increased mortality ( p = 0.006) whereas complex partial seizure frequency was not related to death rate. Mortality was similar in temporal and extratemporal epilepsy patients ( p = 0.7). Conclusions: Brain surgery is associated with a reduction in mortality rate in drug-resistant epilepsy, both when seizures are abolished and when it results in significant palliation of tonic-clonic seizure frequency. These observations provide further rationale for earlier consideration of epilepsy surgery.
Evaluation of the Role of In Vivo Proteolysis (Fibrinogenolysis) in Prolonging the Thrombin Time of Human Umbilical Cord Fibrinogen

These studies have been directed at evaluating the role played by proteolysis (fibrinogenolysis) in vivo in prolonging the thrombin time of human umbilical cord (“fetal”) fibrinogen. The aggregation rate of cord fibrin compared with that from adult plasma is always delayed when the reaction is carried out under conditions of relatively high ionic strength (e.g., 0.29); this difference is not apparent at relatively low ionic strength (e.g., 0.09). In addition, as assessed by turbidimetric techniques, the maximum absorbance attained by cord fibrin is considerably less than that attained by adult fibrin. Coagulable fibrinogen catabolites (i.e., fraction I-5) are present in cord plasma and, like their counterparts from adult plasma, lack various portions of the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain. However, their presence in plasma does not explain the behavioral differences between cord and adult fibrin. Moreover, differences revealed by turbidimetric comparison of cord and adult fibrin from plasma fraction I-2 persist in fibrin from fraction I-5; it therefore appears that the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain does not contain the structure(s) accounting for the unique behavior of “fetal” fibrinogen.
Analysis of Forecast Method for Heavy Maintenance Cost of Construction Machinery

The question which exists when construction enterprise is making aunual maintenance costs is pointed out.The fundamental principle and calculating method of exponential smoothing and season cycle forecasting are studied.Based on the analysis and the contrast of example,the advantage and disadvantage of two methods used in forecasting heavy maintain cost of construction machinery are pointed out.The results indicate that season cycle forecasting is more precise in forecasting heavy maintenance cost of construction machinery,and could satisfy the demand of construction enterprise for making annual maintenance cost plan.
Stimulate Interest in Studying History Happy Experience by Learning

The psychological characteristics of students,to stimulate students interest in learning so that students enjoy learning,love of learning,increased knowledge can be pleasant,the best results for the classroom to improve the quality of history teaching.
Marriage Equality and its Relationship to Family Law

This Essay is a Response to Professor Douglas NeJaime’s article Marriage Equality and the New Parenthood. NeJaime’s piece offers critical new insights into the evolution of legal parenthood and its relationship to marriage. First, NeJaime shows how evolving protections for nonbiological parents served as stepping stones in the march toward marriage equality. Surprisingly, few scholars have acknowledged, much less carefully explored, this connection. Second, NeJaime uses his meticulous parentage case study to complicate our understanding of the extent to which this earlier parentage advocacy directly challenged marriage’s privileged role in our society. Finally, NeJaime argues that this history suggests more progressive possibilities with regard to the future legal treatment of nonmarital children post-Obergefell.After highlighting these three key contributions, this Essay makes two additional points. First, this Essay considers why this important story about parentage law and its relationship to marriage equality has attracted less attention than it deserves. Second, this Essay considers a critical possibility not addressed by NeJaime. NeJaime uses parentage law to show how Obergefell might facilitate, rather than foreclose, additional protections for nonmarital children. This Essay posits an even more radical proposition: it argues that marriage equality might open up progressive possibilities not just for nonmarital children, but also for nonmarital adult relationships.
Nature's unknown unknowns

US university students who want to tick the "science" box on their list of graduation requirements without much effort often choose courses on natural hazards.
Conflicting mechanisms of AT2 cardioprotection revealed.

This editorial refers to ‘The angiotensin II type 2 receptor activates flow-mediated outward remodelling through T cells-dependent interleukin-17 production’, by A. Caillon et al., pp. 515–525. Coronary artery disease is a major cause of mortality in the developed world due to the death of cardiac muscle because of inadequate delivery of oxygen-rich blood. The knowledge gained from basic research on preventing cardiac muscle loss by enhancing the formation of new arteries in the heart (angiogenesis) has not translated to date into clinical benefit. An alternative, perhaps more promising strategy is to foster arteriogenesis, which refers to the remodelling of pre-existing collateral resistance vessels to form arteries that effectively bypass major arterial obstructions.1–4 Indeed, a positive correlation is observed between the number of collateral arteries and extent of their coverage and survival in patients with coronary artery disease,4 although similar remodelling if it occurs in an atherosclerotic artery may increase the propensity for plaque destabilization and rupture.5 Notably, several pro-arteriogenic mechanisms or treatments promote atherosclerotic plaque development and instability, while conversely anti-atherogenic factors may inhibit arteriogenesis.6 The structural changes in the vessel wall that occur with arteriogenesis reflect outward remodelling, which is an increase in lumen diameter and relative reduction in wall thickness. The primary stimulus that drives arteriogenesis is sheer stress due to increases in blood flow and entails activation of endothelial cells (EC), basal membrane degradation, infiltration of immune cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and changes in the extracellular matrix.1 Specific factors involved in the outward remodelling include nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor, chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2 (CCL2; also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 …
The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft rotation on knee biomechanics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on knee biomechanics of rotating the distal end of the bone-patellar tendon graft 90° in anatomic single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a porcine model. Twenty (n = 20) porcine knees were evaluated using a robotic testing system. Two groups and three knee states were compared: (1) intact ACL, (2) deficient ACL and (3) anatomic SB ACL reconstruction with (a) non-rotated graft or (b) rotated graft (anatomic external fibre rotation). Anterior tibial translation (ATT), internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) and the in situ tissue force were measured under an 89-N anterior tibial (AT) load and 4-N m internal and external tibial torques. A significant difference from the intact ACL was found in ATT at 60° and 90° of knee flexion for rotated and non-rotated graft reconstructions (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the in situ force from the intact ACL with AT loading for rotated and non-rotated graft reconstructions at 60° and 90° of knee flexion (p < 0.05). Under IR loading, the in situ force was significantly different from the intact ACL at 30° and 60° of knee flexion for rotated and non-rotated graft reconstructions (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ATT, IR, ER and the in situ force between rotated and non-rotated reconstructions. Graft rotation can be used with anatomic SB ACL reconstruction and not have a deleterious effect on knee anterior and rotational biomechanics. This study has clinical relevance in regard to the use of graft rotation to better reproduce the native ACL fibre orientation in ACL reconstruction.
Poor School Achievement: A Psychiatric Study and Classification

Over the past few years, the au thor has developed a classification of children's emotional disorders4 and, in Part I, has presented and discussed the place of school achievement problems in this classi fication. 5 A recapitulation of Part I will be found in the summary. The categories of the classification sug gest a direction of management.Part II continues the analysis of the case records of the 162 con secutively referred children who are the subjects of these papers. It de scribes the treatment methods ap plied as determined by the classifi cation categories, the case manage ment decisions made at the end of the evaluation period, and the re sults of a two-year follow up study.Case Management Methods
Why do banks choose to finance with equity

Abstract A majority of U.S. banks between 1973 and 2012 held equity capital significantly beyond the required minimum. We study the risk-return tradeoff in connection with a bank’s capital structure, and identify several new significant market factors that drive the level of equity capital in banks. During normal growth periods, bank leverage is negatively related to a level of competition and loan portfolio diversification, while high bank leverage is associated with low past liquidity. During recessions and expansions, the roles of those factors change following distortions in risk-return tradeoff. In distress, when banks approach regulatory capital requirements, market determinants of book leverage lose their significance; however, leverage does not decrease until a bank is within 1% of the minimal capital threshold.