cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of laser-induced free-electron heating and impact ionization in wide-band-gap solids

A microscopic theory for the interaction of intense laser radiation at visible and near-infrared wavelengths with free electrons in a wide-band-gap solid is presented. We calculate the free-electron mediated energy transfer from the laser field to the solid and the electron-multiplication rate due to band-to-band ionization as a function of laser intensity at wavelengths in the range 250 nm10 \ensuremath{\mu}m, using ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ as an example. The formalism is based on a Monte Carlo integration of the Boltzmann transport equation. The electron interaction with the lattice is described in terms of polar and acoustic-phonon scattering. Band-to-band impact ionization is included using an empirical, Keldysh-type impact ionization rate. The interaction of the laser radiation with the free electrons is treated both within the standard classical approximation and quantum mechanically using second-order perturbation theory. We find that the classical approach to the electron-laser field interaction is valid for \ensuremath{\lambda}g2 \ensuremath{\mu}m, while reliable results for short wavelengths, \ensuremath{\lambda}1 \ensuremath{\mu}m, can only be obtained by using the quantum approach. Second-order perturbation theory is found to fail at long wavelengths, \ensuremath{\lambda}g1 \ensuremath{\mu}m. Both methods are inaccurate for \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}1 \ensuremath{\mu}m, yielding only upper and lower bounds for calculated quantities. For \ensuremath{\lambda}g2 \ensuremath{\mu}m the calculated quantities are found to be close to the values obtained in the dc limit, using a dc field equal to the rms value of the ac field. For \ensuremath{\lambda}1 \ensuremath{\mu}m the electron-multiplication rates decrease dramatically as wavelengths become shorter indicating that multiphoton absorption becomes the dominant mechanism for free-electron generation at visible wavelengths. At all wavelengths the theory predicts efficient free-electron mediated energy transfer from the laser field to the lattice. It is therefore possible to observe significant lattice heating caused by free electrons generated via multiphoton absorption in the prebreakdown regime. These findings are shown to be consistent with recent laser experiments [S. Jones, P. Braunlich, R. Casper, X. Shen, and P. Kelly, Opt. Eng. 28, 1039 (1989)].
Mantle fault zone beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Relocations and focal mechanism analyses of deep earthquakes (>/=13 kilometers) at Kilauea volcano demonstrate that seismicity is focused on an active fault zone at 30-kilometer depth, with seaward slip on a low-angle plane, and other smaller, distinct fault zones. The earthquakes we have analyzed predominantly reflect tectonic faulting in the brittle lithosphere rather than magma movement associated with volcanic activity. The tectonic earthquakes may be induced on preexisting faults by stresses of magmatic origin, although background stresses from volcano loading and lithospheric flexure may also contribute.
Evaluation of the performance of existing non-laboratory based cardiovascular risk assessment algorithms

Background The high burden and rising incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in resource constrained countries necessitates implementation of robust and pragmatic primary and secondary prevention strategies. Many current CVD management guidelines recommend absolute cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment as a clinically sound guide to preventive and treatment strategies. Development of non-laboratory based cardiovascular risk assessment algorithms enable absolute risk assessment in resource constrained countries. The objective of this review is to evaluate the performance of existing non-laboratory based CV risk assessment algorithms using the benchmarks for clinically useful CV risk assessment algorithms outlined by Cooney and colleagues.
Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Studies of Carprofen in Gout

Carprofen, a carbazole derivative, has been found to be highly potent as anti-inflammatory agent. After a single dose of 100 mg, plasma caprofen peaked in 1 to 2 hours, and t 1/2 was estimated to be 4.4 +/- 1.4 hours, based on a monoexponential fit of the data. Cumulative urinary excretion of total carprofen in 24 hours was almost 30% of the dose, chiefly as glucuronide conjugate. With simultaneous administration of carprofen and probenecid, peak plasma carprofen doubled. The t 1/2 was somewhat prolonged, and urinary excretion was significantly reduced. The t 1/2 of probenecid was not changed, and probenecid uricosuria was unaffected. Carprofen was found to be quite effective for acute gouty arthritis. The drug was well tolerated. Some mild diarrhea developed in one of the 14 patients. No other side effects were observed. The efficacy of carprofen for acute gouty arthritis deserves further trial.
Documenting the “Flower of Reunification”: Lim Su-gyeong and the memories of Korean border crossing

In 1989, 20-year-old South Korean college student Lim Su-gyeong crossed the Military Demarcation Line between the two Koreas while thousands of spectators around the world witnessed this controversial act. To this day, citizens of both Koreas cannot cross the border freely without both Korean governments’ permission, which is nearly impossible to obtain. Hence, when Lim visited North Korea, unbeknownst to the South Korean government, to participate in the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students as a one-person delegation representing the League of South Korean University Students, she shocked many with her daring act, which eventually resulted in her imprisonment in South Korea. She was vilified for breaching the National Security Law, therefore causing a huge embarrassment to the South Korean intelligence community, but enjoyed a completely opposite reception in the North. Dubbed the “Flower of Reunification,” Lim was hailed by the North Korean government as a heroic martyr who sacrificed herself at th...
Selective Expression of an Endogenous Inhibitor of FAK Regulates Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Extracellular matrix signaling via integrin receptors is important for smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation during vasculogenesis and for phenotypic modulation of SMCs during atherosclerosis. We previously reported that the noncatalytic carboxyl-terminal protein binding domain of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is expressed as a separate protein termed FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK) and that ectopic expression of FRNK can attenuate FAK activity and integrin-dependent signaling (A. Richardson and J. T. Parsons, Nature 380:538–540, 1996). Herein we report that in contrast to FAK, which is expressed ubiquitously, FRNK is expressed selectively in SMCs, with particularly high levels observed in conduit blood vessels. FRNK expression was low during embryonic development, was significantly upregulated in the postnatal period, and returned to low but detectable levels in adult tissues. FRNK expression was also dramatically upregulated following balloon-induced carotid artery injury. In cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, overexpression of FRNK attenuated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced migration and also dramatically inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation upon stimulation with PDGF-BB or 10% serum. These effects were concomitant with a reduction in SMC proliferation. Taken together, these data indicate that FRNK acts as an endogenous inhibitor of FAK signaling in SMCs. Furthermore, increased FRNK expression following vascular injury or during development may alter the SMC phenotype by negatively regulating proliferative and migratory signals.
NOAA and EUMETSAT agree to continued cooperation

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) have agreed to continue their long-term cooperation on satellite-based weather monitoring. NOAA acting administrator Kathryn Sullivan and EUMETSAT director general Alain Ratier signed the agreement at a ceremony at the European Union Delegation in Washington, D. C., on 27 August.
High-grade tumor differentiation is an indicator of poor prognosis in African Americans with colonic adenocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND To identify the factors that contribute to poorer colon carcinoma survival rates for African Americans compared with Caucasians, the authors evaluated survival differences based on the histologic grade (differentiation) of the tumor.
The Status of Rural Elderly in Southern Italy: a Political Economic View

Discussions of the position of the elderly have typically been cast in terms of demographic considerations and/or level of industrialisation. In contradistinction to this approach we employ a political economic perspective which reveals the contradictions present in the situation of aged small farmers in southern Italy. Using a dialectic approach, it is argued that the function performed by the small farm sector, that of keeper of the surplus labour force, is extended to deal with the elderly population. Within this context, rurality assumes a permanent posture as the aged farmers are maintained at the margin of the labour market and are eventually expelled from it. At the same time, this farming segment substitutes for other social agencies as a caretaker for a portion of the older population. This function, however, creates social tensions for it mandates continuous State support for the survival of these farms, demands which are resisted by the bourgeoisie and certain segments of the working class. Even if it were deemed appropriate, the State cannot extend its support to small farms without simultaneously calling forth a fiscal and legitimation crisis stemming from its policy coverage.
Prevalence of any size adenomas and advanced adenomas in 40- to 49-year-old individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy because of a family history of colorectal carcinoma in a first-degree relative

Background Per current guidelines, patients with a first-degree relative (FDR) with colorectal cancer (CRC) should get screened at least at age 40. Data about the prevalence of adenomas and advanced adenomas (AAs) in these patients are lacking. Objective To examine the prevalence of adenomas and AAs in 40- to 49-year-old individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy for family history of CRC. Design Retrospective chart review. Patients Asymptomatic patients 40 to 49 years of age undergoing their first screening colonoscopy at the University of Michigan during the period 1999 to 2009 because of an FDR with CRC. Main Outcome Measurements Prevalence of adenomas (any size), AAs, and risk factors associated with adenomas. Results Among 640 study patients, the prevalence of adenomas (any size) was 15.4% and 3.3% for AAs. Adenoma prevalence was lower if the FDR with CRC was younger than 60 years of age versus an FDR with CRC older than 60 years of age (12.4% vs 19%, P = .034). Male sex (odds ratio 2.6; 95% CI, 1.06-4.4) and advancing age (odds ratio 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.31) were associated with adenomas. Limitations Limited data on risk factor exposure and insufficient sample size to assess risk factors for AAs. Conclusions Among 40- to 49-year-old patients undergoing screening colonoscopy because of an FDR with CRC, the prevalence of adenomas and AAs is low. Further research should determine whether these individuals have a higher prevalence of adenomas compared with average-risk individuals.
A study of the purification and properties of ricin.

Ricin, the highly toxic, hemagglutinating protein of the castor bean, has always been of great interest to the chemist and the immunologist (l-4), partly because it, may readily be obta.ined in considerable quantities. Earlier methods of preparation were carried out before the development of modern physicochemical and immunochemical methods for characterizing proteins and data are therefore lacking on the purity and homogeneity of the products obtained. In the present report a summary is given of a portion of a study carried out during 1943-45 in consultation and collaboration with other laboratories engaged in parallel investigations which, it is hoped, will soon be published. Since results and materials were freely exchanged, some of the data included here were obtained on material from other laboratories, as indicated in the text.
Latency-tolerant software distributed shared memory

We present Grappa, a modern take on software distributed shared memory (DSM) for in-memory data-intensive applications. Grappa enables users to program a cluster as if it were a single, large, non-uniform memory access (NUMA) machine. Performance scales up even for applications that have poor locality and input-dependent load distribution. Grappa addresses deficiencies of previous DSM systems by exploiting application parallelism, trading off latency for throughput. We evaluate Grappa with an in-memory MapReduce framework (10× faster than Spark [74]); a vertex-centric framework inspired by GraphLab (1.33× faster than native GraphLab [48]); and a relational query execution engine (12.5× faster than Shark [31]). All these frameworks required only 60-690 lines of Grappa code.
Clinicians' practices regarding blind versus open weighing among patients with eating disorders

Background Empirically supported treatments for eating disorders, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-based treatment, stress the importance of weighing patients during therapy and using this information as part of treatment. However, weighing practices vary widely across eating disorders professionals, including those that purport to provide empirically supported interventions. Objectives To characterize clinicians' practices regarding the decision to share (open weighing) or withhold (blind weighing) weight information with patients, a topic that has received limited prior attention. Method Clinicians (N = 114; 85% female) who regularly treat individuals with an eating disorder completed an online survey to identify factors that might impact their decision to practice blind or open weighing. Results Approximately half of the clinicians reported generally using open weighing procedures (n = 53; 46.49%). Endorsement of cognitive-behavioral or family-based therapeutic orientation was not significantly associated with open weighing. However, clinicians who endorsed therapeutic modalities that do not specifically encourage open weighing were significantly more likely to engage in blind weighing. Clinicians working with clients with anorexia nervosa were significantly more likely to practice blind weighing, compared to clients with other eating disorder diagnoses, and cognitive or emotional impairment from malnutrition emerged as the strongest predictor of clinicians' decisions to practice blind weighing, controlling for all other variables. Discussion Development of specific training modules may be useful for improving adherence to empirically supported protocols that recommend open weighing. More importantly, however, our results highlight the need for future treatment studies to identify whether blind or open weighing is beneficial for improving patient outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:905–911)
Method of Slewing the Spacecraft to Minimize Settling Time

The low-frequency flexible modes of solar arrays on spacecraft are excited by the minimum-time bang-bang control during a slew maneuver. These flexible modes limit the control bandwidth and degrade the pointing error at the end of slew maneuver, resulting in a longer settling time. The objective of this investigation is to develop and verify methods to shape the torque profile of reaction wheels for the slew maneuver such that, at the end of slew, vibration are minimized and the settling time is reduced. Effectiveness of the smooth versine input profiles, torque feedforward, and input shaping are accessed. Both numerical simulation results and ground simulated experimental results are presented in this paper.
Physicalism and Immortality

To many it seems obvious that any reduction of the nature of man to purely physical components involves an (at least) indirect attack on the doctrine of human immortality. To so reduce human nature, it may be argued, is to eliminate the soul and it is this essential component of man, rather than his body, which is the foundation of his immortality. This seems to me an altogether mistaken notion. My purpose in this paper, therefore, is to clarify the relation of physicalism and immortality and thereby to reveal the error in this alleged incompatibility.
Radiation profile of THz generation in air with different convergence conditions

We report the relationship between the divergence angle of the terahertz radiation generated in air and the convergence conditions of the optical beam. We find that tighter focusing produces wider divergence angles, but higher power.
Degradation signals in ErbB-2 dictate proteasomal processing and immunogenicity and resist protection by cis glycine-alanine repeat.

ErbB-2 is ubiquitinated and degraded when dissociated from its membrane chaperone or bound by specific antibody. Reagents which induce such degradation have demonstrated antitumor activity and may impact ErbB-2 immunogenicity. To further understand ErbB-2 degradation and immunogenicity, a glycine-alanine repeat (GAr) or the reverse proline-alanine repeat (PAr) which protects certain proteins from proteasome degradation, was inserted after amino acid 5 (GAr5/PAr5) or 55 (GAr55/PAr55) of ErbB-2. When dissociated from the membrane with geldanamycin, E2-GAr5 and E2-PAr5 were not protected and still ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, despite the presence of GAr. Insertional mutagenesis with GAr sequences at a.a. 55 of E2 enhanced proteasome degradation rendering E2-GAr55 and E2-PAr55 unstable on the membrane, but rescued in the cytosol by proteasome inhibitors. Immunization with E2-GAr induced antitumor immunity and CTL which lysed tumor cells expressing chimeric E2-GAr or wild-type E2 proteins, demonstrating efficient presentation through MHC I pathway. Improved understanding of the strong degradation signals in ErbB-2 may facilitate the development of anticancer agents or vaccines.
Viruses and the DNA Damage Response: Activation and Antagonism.

Viruses must interact with their hosts in order to replicate; these interactions often provoke the evolutionarily conserved response to DNA damage, known as the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR can be activated by incoming viral DNA, during the integration of retroviruses, or in response to the aberrant DNA structures generated upon replication of DNA viruses. Furthermore, DNA and RNA viral proteins can induce the DDR by promoting inappropriate S phase entry, by modifying cellular DDR factors directly, or by unintentionally targeting host DNA. The DDR may be antiviral, although viruses often require proximal DDR activation of repair and recombination factors to facilitate replication as well as downstream DDR signaling suppression to ensure cell survival. An unintended consequence of DDR attenuation during infection is the long-term survival and proliferation of precancerous cells. Therefore, the molecular basis for DDR activation and attenuation by viruses remains an important area of study that will l...
Equations for part-of-speech tagging

We derive from first principles the basic equations for a few of the basic hidden-Markov-model word taggers as well as equations for other models which may be novel (the descriptions in previous papers being too spare to be sure). We give performance results for all of the models. The results from our best model (96.45% on an unused test sample from the Brown corpus with 181 distinct tags) is on the upper edge of reported results. We also hope these results clear up some confusion in the literature about the best equations to use. However, the major purpose of this paper is to show how the equations for a variety of models may be derived and thus encourage future authors to give the equations for their model and the derivations thereof.
Differential Interaction and Attribution in Collocated and Distributed Large-Scale Collaboration

Large-scale, group-to-group collaboration is an emerging trend, yet has so far not received much attention. We performed an ethnographic study of a large-scale space mission design team composed of collocated teams distributed at three different sites. We examined how interaction differs between the collocated and distributed settings. We discovered that subgroup interaction occurred very differently within sites compared to across sites, which impacted negotiation and information seeking. We also found that the distributed team could successfully create new common terms and methodologies, but failed to adopt them. Last, we found a number of misattributions that occurred in the distributed interaction, i.e. beliefs that the technology is conveying one's actions across distance as they believe that others locally would perceive them. We discuss how such differences in distributed collaboration can lead to risk in design and how technology can better support large-scale distance interaction.
Ion channels in Drosophila.

In this review we explore the ways in which the classical and molecular genetics of Drosophila melanogaster can be used to study the structure and function of ion channels. Two different approaches can be used to isolate the genes for ion channels in Drosophila. In one approach, classical genetic techniques are used to generate mutant flies that may have defective channels. Often, these mutants are initially identified as interesting because they behave abnormally. Sub­ sequently, they are studied electrophysiologically to see whether synaptic transmission or ionic currents have been affected by the mutation. Once a physiologically interesting gene has been identified and its chromosomal location has been determined, the gene can be cloned. This approach can lead to molecular analysis of channel genes and the proteins they encode, even if the channel has not previously been purified. In the second approach, channel genes that have been cloned in other organisms are used to isolate homologous genes from Drosophila. After mapping these genes to chromo­ somal locations, classical genetic techniques can be used to obtain deletions and mutations. The phenotype of these mutations can reveal the function of the wild-type gene product in vivo. This second approach is sometimes referred to as "reverse genetics. " Once a channel gene has been cloned and mutants have been isolated, the molecular genetic techniques of Drosophila can be applied. For example, P element-mediated transformation (61, 75) of the wild-type gene into mutant flies should restore normal function. Furthermore, mutant alleles, generated in vitro by site-specific mutagenesis of either coding sequences or potential
Branched polyelectrolytes as gene delivery agents

Despite years of prudent research, there are still many unanswered questions associated with the fundamental mechanisms that govern nonviral gene delivery. Our work aims to elucidate clear structuretransfection relationships in the delivery of plasmid DNA into cells. In this study, we evaluate the influence of branching on the transfection activity of polycationic gene delivery agents. Conventional free radical polymerization was used to synthesize various molecular weights of linear and randomly branched cationic polyelectrolytes based on poly(2-N,N’dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). Randomly branched topologies were synthesized utilizing an ethylene glycol based dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a branching agent, shown in Figure1. Our work has focused on the influence of the level of branching on the in vitro transfection efficiency and toxicity in human brain microvascular endothelial (HBMEC) and COS-7 cells. We described the level of branching using the well established, semiquantitative, g’ contraction factor, which is the ratio of intrinsic viscosities of branched and linear polymers at equivalent molar mass. 3 A series of linear and randomly branched polyelectrolytes were synthesized and grouped according to similar molecular weight. Experimental Materials. 2-(N,N’-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) was passed through a neutral alumina column to remove inhibitor. 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) used as received. The branching agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was passed through a neutral alumina column to remove inhibitor. 1-Dodecanethiol (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as received. All other solvents and reagents were used as received from commercial sources unless stated otherwise. Instrumentation. 1 H NMR spectra were obtained at room temperature using either a Varian Unity 400 or Varian Inova 400 spectrometer operating at 400 MHz. Samples were dissolved in D2O for NMR experiments. Aqueous SEC experiments were run in a buffer solution consisting of 0.7M sodium nitrate (99.0%, Alfa Aesar), 0.1 M TRIS (99.8%, Alfa Aesar) adjusted to pH
Analyzing bond characteristics between composites and quasi-brittle substrates in the repair of bridges and other concrete structures

Abstract: During the last two decades, externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been widely used for strengthening, repairing, and rehabilitating reinforced concrete (RC) structural members. The bond characteristics contribute to the effectiveness of the stress transfer achieved between the FRP composite and the concrete substrate. Debonding of the FRP composite reinforcement is the most critical concern in this type of application. Under monotonic and fatigue-loading conditions, FRP–concrete shear debonding has been idealized as a Mode-II fracture problem along the bi-material interface. A cohesive material law is used to describe the interfacial stress transfer at the macroscopic level. The area under the entire curve represents the fracture energy, and is related to the load-carrying capacity of the interface. In this chapter, previous experimental results published by the author are discussed to show how the fracture energy can be considered a true fracture parameter. The results are instrumental in discussing the strain limits provided in international codes and guidelines. Future research needed and newly developed composites are introduced at the end of the chapter.
Edwin R.A. Seligman and the Beginnings of the U.S. Income Tax

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a group of political economists led the conceptual campaign for a fundamental transformation in the American system of public finance. Responding to the social and political conditions of their times, these public finance economists helped build a new fiscal state - one that was concerned not only about raising revenue, but also about the equitable distribution of fiscal obligations. One of the chief visionaries or architects of this new fiscal order was the Columbia University professor, Edwin R.A. Seligman.This article focuses on how Seligman and his like-minded colleagues were able to apply their social and political theories to the development of American tax laws and policies. More specifically, this article contends that academics like Seligman played a pivotal role in supplanting the "benefits theory" of taxation with a more equitable principle of taxation based on one's "faculty" or "ability to pay." Using Seligman as a prism for understanding the spirit of the times, this article explores Seligman's personal background, his ideas, and his influence on the development of American tax laws and policies.
Predictive Modeling of Textural Quality of Almonds During Commercial Storage and Distribution

The textural properties of almonds may be assessed using a predictive model consisting of the moisture adsorption isotherms, Fick’s second law of water diffusion, and Fermi’s distribution function. The experimental data of moisture adsorption and the mechanical properties of almonds were measured and fitted into the preceding three models, respectively. A GAB model was used to describe the equilibrated moisture contents of almonds under different temperatures and water activity (a w) levels; the diffusion coefficients (D eff) of water in almonds were determined using Fick’s second law; Fermi’s distribution function was used to describe the relationship between the mechanical properties and a w at different temperatures. A computer-aid model was developed to calculate the moisture content and the mechanical properties (fracture force, toughness, stiffness, firmness) of almonds during storage using the coefficients of each model and initial conditions (initial moisture content, relative humidity, and temperature).
Excitation of the 2.65 MeV state in the 20Ne(p,n)20Na reaction at 135 MeV.

The {sup 20}Ne({ital p},{ital n}){sup 20}Na reaction at 135 MeV was studied experimentally using the beam-swinger neutron time-of-flight facility at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. Backgrounds {similar_to}10{times} lower than an earlier experiment were obtained using the ``stripper loop`` storage ring to achieve {similar_to}2 {mu}s between beam bursts. We were able to see a weakly excited state at 2.65 MeV in {sup 20}Na with a {Delta}{ital l}=2 angular distribution. The angular distribution is consistent with a DWIA calculation assuming a 3{sup +} final state. The characteristics of this state are important to know for considerations of possible breakout in the hot CNO cycle in supernovae explosions.
A New Species of Stricticimex from Kenya (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Stricticimex intermedius , collected in bat caves near Mombasa, is the third known species of the genus. The other two have been taken only in South Africa.
Antibacterial spectrum and physiochemical property of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-ZLL5

To add value to Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) products, extraction of bacteriocins from Bt fermentation supernatants is needed. This paper aimed to study the extraction methods and the property of Bt bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances(BLIS). In this study, antibacterial spectrum and physiochemical property of Bt BRC-ZLL5 BLIS were investigated using Listeria monocytogenes(Lm) as one of the indicator strains. The results showed that BRC-ZLL5 BLIS were active against Listeria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis, but not against itself and 4 probiotics. The activity of BRC-ZLL5 BLIS against Lm 100525 existed for 6-18 h after incubation, peaking at 12 h after incubation. The molecular weight(Mr) of BRCZLL5 BLIS was less than 1.43 × 104. The BRC-ZLL5 BLIS were pH stable(pH 3-9) and heat-resistant: compared with that at 4 °C, the activity of BRC-ZLL5 BLIS was significantly increased after treatment at 50-90 °C for 30 min; it retained 32% activity after treatment at 121 °C for 15 min. The antibacterial activity of BRC-ZLL5 BLIS was increased with addition of lipase II(P 0.01) while completely lost after treatment with proteinase K, α-chymotrypsin VII and α-chymotrypsin II(P 0.01). This study provides a model for utilization of Bt fermentation supernatants with high efficiency.
MICROMANIPULATION OF GAMETES FOR MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY

SUMMARY Techniques such as PZD, SZI, and ICSI are advantageous in cases of extreme male factor infertility. They are adjunctive techniques, applicable in the laboratory only during an IVF cycle. They can be used either simultaneously on sibling oocytes or, if indicated, individually. The present results demonstrate a lack of correlation between quantitative sperm parameters and outcome of assisted fertilization procedures. Preliminary results strongly suggest that ICSI will replace SZI and PZD for treatment of severe male factor infertility. Hundreds of viable pregnancies have been established well below the normal cut-off values for regular assisted conception procedures. Fertilization and pregnancy occurred following the use of spermatozoa without progressive motility and without normal morphology. In some patients sperm counts were correspondingly reduced and spermatozoa could be visualized only after centrifugation of the semen specimen. The current results provide evidence that spermatozoa from extremely oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men can produce normal offspring after the application of micromanipulation techniques, even when fertilization previously failed following standard IVF. Currently, investigators have not been able to identify, on the basis of conventional semen evaluations, subgroups of patients who would not benefit from microsurgical techniques. Findings published to date suggest approximately 24% clinical pregnancy rates per cycle when SZI and PZD are used together, but 35% clinical pregnancy rate per cycle for ICSI. Preliminary results suggest that the application of these techniques does not increase the risk of birth defects for subsequent offspring. However, continued observation of the potential effects of these procedures on progeny will be required.
Objects Left, Individuals Remembered: “Making Memory Real” at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial

The spontaneous ritual of leaving objects at Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial (VVM), the most visited site in the nation’s capital, has resulted in a collection of over 30,000 objects currently stored in a warehouse in nearby Maryland. Part of a contemporary war memorial pilgrimage experience, these objects offer a key to exploring the way individuals negotiate the conceptual distance between public and private, experience and memory — the way they “make memory real.” These relics, gifts for the dead, objects of shared experience, and commentary suggest various personal strategies for mourning and remembering, as well as different responses to the Vietnam War. Each implicitly transforms the meaning of the memorial and its site. Together the VVM objects constitute a unique archive, material evidence of the existence of collected memory.
Adaptive control for post-dock maneuvers with an unknown semi-cooperative object

Autonomous docking in space has been demonstrated on numerous occasions. These missions have relied on detailed information about the target vehicle for success. However, for autonomous docking applications such as spacecraft servicing, debris capture, and space robotics operations, unknown and changing parameters stress current attitude control systems. Adaptation may assist with control under such conditions. This paper explores the trade-space in which an adaptive controller can maintain attitude control authority when a spacecraft joins with an object with limited physical parameter information, with the goal of charting a path for controller validation via future spaceflight experimentation. Controller analysis and test are based on working with the Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellite (SPHERES) testbed developed at MIT and now a facility of the International Space Station (ISS) National Laboratory managed by NASA Ames Research Center. A comparison is made between a baseline attitude and position proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system and an adaptive PID approach. The jointed spacecraft inertia, mass, and location of center of mass, are varied to assess the limitations, performance and robustness of these controllers. Attention is given to identifying the most pressing areas for improvement. Conclusions are drawn from both simulation and three degree of freedom ground testing using the SPHERES.
Special events during the seminar

The scientific program was complemented by a number of special events that included both professional and social activities.
TV Channel Cards and Office Directories are Searched Faster When Alphabetized

There are millions of television cable channel cards in hotels, motels and homes around the world. Almost all of these lists are organized with TV channel numbers arranged in numerical order on the left and corresponding station call letters on the right. Office buildings have the building directories organized in a similar way. Such organization may be inefficient in terms of the time needed to find a specific channel. It may be more efficient to organize such lists with the station call letters arranged alphabetically at the left. To test this hypothesis participants were presented with lists of TV channels or personal names organized either in the traditional numerical order format or in an alphabetical format. The task was to find eight different TV channels or names on the two types of lists. Lists arranged alphabetically were searched significantly faster than those arranged in the traditional numerical sequence format.
Control of complex dynamical systems based on Direct Torque Control of an asynchronous machine

In this article, we present a modeling of Direct Torque Control to improve the whole inconvenient by a system with discrete events, which is used to control asynchronous machines. This model is designed through the description of three-phase to two-phase transformation, torque and flux estimator, stator flux comparator, stator flux position detector, switching table and machine model. The complications of the stator voltage reference calculations were developed. The result of this control has shown an optimal torque response time, it controls almost perfect undulation of the torque and flux.
Virtualization Technology and Security

Virtualization is a process through which one can create something that is there in effect and performance but in reality not there—that is, virtual. It is a physical abstraction of the company’s computing resources like storage, network servers, memory, and others. VMware.com, a software developer and a global leader in the virtualization market, defines virtualization as a process in which software creates virtual machines (VMs) including a virtual machine monitor called “hypervisor” that allocates hardware resources dynamically and transparently so that multiple operating systems, called “guest operating systems,” can run concurrently on a single physical computer without even knowing it [1]. For example, using software virtualization, one can, using the existing underlying hardware and software resources like operating systems, create and run several independent virtual operating systems on top of one physical operating system using the existing hardware resources to execute independent system tasks. Hardware virtualization also takes the same concept where several servers or client machines can be created based on one underlying hardware. The virtualization concept has been with us for sometime.
A Social Cooperative Needs Saving: When Sales are Based on Values Sharing (a)

In March 2014, Marco and Nicola were anxious. They were preparing for a meeting that would be vital to the future of Paolo Babini, a social cooperative that they led, that served the people of Forli, Italy. Due to a 30% cut in Paolo Babini's funding, Marco and Nicola were going to pitch a new project to the cooperative's supervisory board that would help the organization become more financially self-sufficient.This case is part of the Giving Voice to Values (GVV) curriculum. To see other material in the GVV curriculum, please visit http://store.darden.virginia.edu/giving-voice-to-values. Excerpt UVA-OB-1205 Rev. Oct. 26, 2017 A Social Cooperative Needs Saving: When Sales are Based on Values Sharing (A) It was a cloudy day in March 2014 in Forli, Italy. Marco and Nicola were anxious. They were preparing for a meeting that would be vital to the future of Paolo Babini, a social cooperative that they led that served the people of Forli. Due to a 30% cut in Paolo Babini's funding, Marco and Nicola were going to pitch a new project to the cooperative's supervisory board that would help the organization become more financially self-sufficient. Without a new source of revenue, the organization would shrink substantially, meaning that fewer of the people who needed Paolo Babini's services would be able to receive them. Marco and Nicola knew, on the one hand, this could be the last chance to gain economic security for their organization but, on the other hand, that opening a restaurant could be perceived as a profound change in Paolo Babini's operating model and image. And this change could compromise the stakeholders' perception of the value of the organization, and Paolo Babini could lose their support. Although Marco and Nicola had determined that pursuing the new project was the right course of action, they knew that convincing key stakeholders would be challenging. Paolo Babini . . .
Determination of the impact of melanoma surgical timing on survival using the National Cancer Database.

Background The ideal timing for melanoma treatment, predominantly surgery, remains undetermined. Patient concern for receiving immediate treatment often exceeds surgeon or hospital availability, requiring establishment of a safe window for melanoma surgery. Objective To assess the impact of time to definitive melanoma surgery on overall survival. Methods Patients with stage I to III cutaneous melanoma and with available time to definitive surgery and overall survival were identified by using the National Cancer Database (N = 153,218). The t test and chi-square test were used to compare variables. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results In a multivariate analysis of patients in all stages who were treated between 90 and 119 days after biopsy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.18) and more than 119 days (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.22) had a higher risk for mortality compared with those treated within 30 days of biopsy. In a subgroup analysis of stage I, higher mortality risk was found in patients treated within 30 to 59 days (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.1), 60 to 89 days (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07-1.25), 90 to 119 days (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12-1.48), and more than 119 days after biopsy (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.21-1.65). Surgical timing did not affect survival in stages II and III. Limitations Melanoma-specific survival was not available. Conclusion Expeditious treatment of stage I melanoma is associated with improved outcomes.
Investigations of Wave-induced Nonlinear Response of Minor Species with the KBM Averaging Method

An analytical solution to the continuity equation of minor species was for a long time obtained only with a linear treatment owing to the fact that secularity would arise when a direct perturbation expansion was applied to the equation. Recently, Huang et al. (2003) applied the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky (KBM) averaging method to remove the higher-order secular terms in the perturbation expansion series, and what remained in the series were the terms that oscillate at frequencies that are an integer multiple of the forcing wave frequency. A vertical drift velocity demonstrated to be the Eulerian drift was required to remove the secular terms. Following the previous work, a coupled chemical-dynamical gravity wave model with the application of the KBM method is presented here to investigate the wave-induced nonlinear response. The significance of the higher-order nonlinear response will be investigated. Results indicate that higher-order terms are significant when the scale height of the minor species is small.
Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling Contributes to Re-escalation of Oxycodone Self-administration Under Extended Access Conditions

Prescription opioid abuse is a significant global problem, and opioid addiction is well-characterized by compulsive drug seeking, motivational withdrawal and chronic relapse. The goal of this study was to investigate escalation of opioid intake with extended access to intravenous oxycodone self-administration and re-engagement of drug seeking (re-escalation) following detoxification. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to short-access (ShA, 1-h) and long-access (LgA, 12-h) groups and trained to self-administer oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg/infusion) using a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) response contingency and evaluated on a progressive-ratio (PR) procedure incorporating dose-substitution of oxycodone (0.06–0.3 mg/kg/infusion). Both groups underwent an abstinence period (4 weeks) and were tested for re-escalation. Rats given LgA to oxycodone earned more infusions than rats trained with ShA during acquisition. PR test results demonstrated an increase in drug-intake and breakpoints in rats assigned to LgA training relat...
Effects of Trauma in Adulthood and Adolescence on Fear Extinction and Extinction Retention: Advancing Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Evidence for and against adolescent vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is mounting, but this evidence is largely qualitative, retrospective, or complicated by variation in prior stress exposure and trauma context. Here, we examine the effects of development on trauma vulnerability using adult and adolescent (early and mid adolescence) rats and two types of trauma: an established animal model of PTSD, single prolonged stress (SPS), and a novel composite model - single prolonged stress-predation version (SPSp). We demonstrate for the first time that early and mid adolescent rats are capable of fear and safety learning, as well as the retention of safety learning. Our results also demonstrate that both types of trauma attenuated the retention of safety learning (fear extinction), a hallmark of PTSD-like phenotype after trauma in adulthood, but not after early or mid adolescence trauma, suggesting that adolescence might convey resilience to SPS and SPSp traumas. Across all three life stages, the effects of SPS exposure and a novel predation trauma model, SPSp, had similar effects on behavior suggesting that trauma type did not affect the likelihood of developing PTSD-like symptoms, and that the predation-based trauma model may have convergent validity with SPS, a prominent model of behavioral, physiological, and neurological PTSD symptomatology.
Hollow-core fiber compression of a commercial Yb:KGW laser amplifier

High-repetition-rate high-harmonic sources are desired for novel attosecond and time-resolved spectroscopies. One route to generating these sources is the nonlinear compression of high-average power Yb fiber and solid-state amplifiers, which can achieve >100 fs pulse duration with microjoule to millijoule pulse energy. Here, we demonstrate compression of 280 fs, 400 μJ pulses from a moderately high power (20 W) Yb:KGW laser amplifier to 15 fs. Few-cycle pulses (<5 cycles) with an energy of up to 200 μJ are obtained with a relatively simple scheme utilizing a xenon-filled hollow-core fiber and chirped mirror compressor and are used to generate XUV harmonics.
Link Mining: Models, Algorithms, and Applications

This book offers detailed surveys and systematic discussion of models, algorithms and applications for link mining, focusing on theory and technique, and related applications: text mining, social network analysis, collaborative filtering and bioinformatics.
"Am I Never Going to Be Free of All This Crap?": Upsetting Encounters with Algorithmically Curated Content About Ex-Partners

Every day on social media, people see streams of content curated by algorithms that leverage their relationships, preferences, and identities. However, algorithms can oversimplify the complexity of people's social contexts. Consequently, algorithms can present content to people in ways that are insensitive to their circumstances. Through 19 in-depth interviews, our empirical study examines instances of contextually insensitive content through the lens of people's upsetting encounters with content about their ex-romantic partners on Facebook. We characterize the encounters our participants had with content about their exes, including where on Facebook it occurred, the types of social connections involved in the content, and participants' perceptions of why the content appeared. Based on our findings, we describe the "social periphery"---the complex social networks and data that enable inferred connections around otherwise explicit relationships---and discuss the design challenges that the periphery presents designers.