cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DYSWIS: Crowdsourcing a home network diagnosis

Existing failure diagnostic techniques for end users are insufficient to pinpoint the root causes of network failures due to their limited capabilities to probe other network elements. We present DYSWIS, an automatic network fault detection and diagnosis system for end-users. DYSWIS leverages user collaboration to distinguish important network faults from false positive indications, and diagnoses the root cause of the fault using diagnostic rules that consider diverse information from multiple nodes. Our rule system is specially designed to support crowdsourcing and distributed probes. We have implemented DYSWIS and compared its performance with other tools to prove that several network failures which are difficult to be diagnosed by the single-user probe can be detected and diagnosed successfully with our approach. Keywords-Network troubleshooting, Crowdsourcing, Network failure, Distributed system
Clinical characteristics of pathologically proved cholesterol emboli to the brain

Cholesterol emboli (CE) to the brain are an important but often unrecognized cause of stroke. The authors reviewed 29 cases of brain CE identified on autopsy. Most patients were elderly (mean age, 74 years) and presented with encephalopathy and acute renal failure. Ten patients developed symptoms spontaneously, 19 after a procedure involving manipulation of the aorta. Brain imaging revealed multiple, small ischemic lesions and border zone infarcts in 11 of 17 patients. Pathology in most patients demonstrated multiple CE mixed with emboli of other types.
Characterization of Groups N and D Streptococci Isolated from Rumen Fluids

Twelve strains of streptococci of serological groups N and D were isolated from rumen fluids of nine cows on four rations although both groups were not isolated from the same animal. The twelve were representative of a larger number of streptococci isolated by enrichment in milk. Generally, the physiological characteristics of the isolates indicated members of the lactic or enterococcus groups; however, several were atypical in one or more of the tolerance tests. Physiologically typical Streptococcus lactis but not S. cremoris, were isolated.
Effect of γ′ precipitation during hot isostatic pressing on the mechanical property of a nickel-based superalloy

Abstract The effect of the precipitation of γ′ phase during hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) on the mechanical property of a nickel-based superalloy, GTD-111, was evaluated by conducting tensile and creep-rupture tests at 871 °C. In the 4-h two-step HIP process, the coupons were isostatically compressed (at 120 MPa) and heated to 1230 °C, well above the dissolution temperature of γ′ precipitates into the γ matrix, for the first 2 h, and cooled down to a temperature to induce the precipitation of γ′ phase and held for the last 2 h at 120 MPa or at ambient pressure. The precipitates were controlled in size by varying the temperature for the last half of the process. According to the result of the tensile test, the mechanical properties of the alloy were varied upon the microstructural evolution, and improved more than 40%, compared to those of the untreated ones. The precipitation of γ′ phase under high pressure further improved in the properties, suggesting that the precipitation of γ′ phase at high pressure provides an advantage for the rigidity of the structure. Based on these findings, a 6-h three-step HIP process was tried, and proved to be an effective substitute for the normal heat treatment, especially in terms of creep properties. This feature was mostly attributed to the homogenized microstructure of HIPed ones, as evidenced by the X-ray diffraction patterns.
SR Proteins in Vertical Integration of Gene Expression from Transcription to RNA Processing to Translation

SR proteins have been studied extensively as a family of RNA-binding proteins that participate in both constitutive and regulated pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cells. However, SR proteins were first discovered as factors that interact with transcriptionally active chromatin. Recent studies have now uncovered properties that connect these once apparently disparate functions, showing that a subset of SR proteins seem to bind directly to the histone 3 tail, play an active role in transcriptional elongation, and colocalize with genes that are engaged in specific intra- and interchromosome interactions for coordinated regulation of gene expression in the nucleus. These transcription-related activities are also coupled with a further expansion of putative functions of specific SR protein family members in RNA metabolism downstream of mRNA splicing, from RNA export to stability control to translation. These findings, therefore, highlight the broader roles of SR proteins in vertical integration of gene expression and provide mechanistic insights into their contributions to genome stability and proper cell-cycle progression in higher eukaryotic cells.
Social Implications of Nutrition and Disease

The associated malnutrition and infectious disease of early childhood in less developed countries is a strong limiting factor in their economic and social progress. Together these disorders interfere with physical growth and development; evidence accumulates that they also have an inhibitory effect on mental maturation. The difficulty centers in the first two years of life, exaggerated by a synergism between the two diseases. The excess morbidity and mortality associated with short intervals between births, large families, and in some places, differential rates of illness and death between boys and girls, are features which further a social pathology. As deaths tend to decrease with improved medical care, morbidity persists at high levels, as do birth rates. One result is a growing population pressure. The quality of survival gathers added significance; many children now live who formerly would have died. This gives added importance to occurrence of impaired growth and development, to questions of future ...
The role of prostate needle biopsy in evaluation of chemopreventive agents

Needle biopsy of the prostate safely furnishes tissue that can be studied for the effects of promising chemopreventive agents on biomarkers. The modulation of biomarkers, such as those for apoptosis (TUNEL, Bcl-2, or nuclear morphometry), angiogenesis (factor 8), and cell proliferation (Ki-67), can indicate the potential of a new agent without waiting for the definitive evaluation of traditional endpoints, such as reduction in cancer mortality. A recent modification of prostate biopsy technique, including additional cores taken from the lateral peripheral zone, may improve the cancer yield by as much as 35% without increasing major complications, facilitating serial in vivo tests on cancer tissue. The serial biopsy approach may be especially valuable in "watchful waiting" cohorts.
The Effect of Gold on Hydrogenolysis, Isomerization and Dehydrocyclization Reactions on Polycrystalline Platinum and Iridium Foils,

Abstract The effect of the addition of gold to polycrystalline platinum and iridium foil samples on the initial reaction rates for the hydrogenolysis of propane, isobutane and n-heptane, the isomerization of isobutane, and the dehydrocyclization of n-heptane to toluene has been studied. These studies were carried out on samples of area ~1 cm2 cleaned and maintained under UHV (ultrahigh vacuum) conditions and in a 5:1 hydrogen to hydrocarbon ambient at a total pressure in the 10−4-Torr range. Mass spectroscopy was used to monitor the reactions in a temperature range of 100–500 °C. The platinum-gold and iridium-gold samples were prepared by evaporating several monolayers of gold on the cleaned surfaces and annealing under vacuum until the desired surface concentration of gold was obtained as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The nature of the resulting surfaces was further studied by chemisorption of carbon monoxide. The rates of hydrogenolysis and isomerization on the pure platinum and iridium surfaces were found to be within a factor of 5 of the corresponding rates measured by others at higher pressures (48 Torr-1 atm), suggesting that the hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio is more important to the rates than absolute pressure. Absolute pressure was found to play a more important role in dehydrocyclization where a two-order-of-magnitude difference in the rate on platinum was observed between the low pressure studies described in this paper and the high pressure studies carried out by others. Platinum was found in general to be more active for hydrogenolysis and isomerization while iridium was the more active for dehydrocyclization. Time-dependent poisoning of the rates, the existence of a rate maximum as a function of temperature, and the predominance of low molecular weight hydrogenolysis products are attributed to the lower hydrogen pressures used in this work. The addition of gold to the platinum and iridium surface decreases the rates for all reactions studied. An approximately linear decrease in isomerization rate as a function of gold coverage was observed while hydrogenolysis and dehydrocyclization decreased in a similar fashion with each other and much more rapidly than isomerization. Thus the selectivity for isomerization as compared to hydrogenolysis is increased with increasing gold coverage while little change is expected for dehydrocyclization. These results coupled with differences in the time-dependent poisoning of the various reactions suggest that different surface sites are responsible for isomerization than for hydrogenolysis and dehydrocyclization.
Contextual classification of multispectral image data

Abstract Compound decision theory is invoked to develop a method for classifying image data using spatial context. Methods for characterizing contextual information in an image are proposed and tested. Experimental results based on both simulated and real multispectral remote sensing data demonstrate the effectiveness of the contextual classifier. A number of practical problems associated with this approach are discussed and possible solutions are explored.
The Effect of Change in Vegetation Cover and Erosion Patterns on Albedo and Texture of Landsat Images in a Semiarid Environment

Abstract This study examines the relationship between changes in vegetation cover and surface erosion in a semiarid environment and changes in albedo and texture estimates made from Landsat Multispectral Scanner digital images. Albedo emerges as the single most important indicator of change in vegetation cover, though the addition of texture measures assists in the distinction between surface classes that exhibit similar albedo. Texture measures appear to provide further information on the condition of surfaces, whereas albedo change indicates relative increase or decrease in vegetation amount. Analysis of high-frequency components of albedo variation indicates that directional and size biases in vegetation and erosion patterns are important in identifying changes in the distribution of vegetation amount and that these biases further affect image texture related to the development of erosion patterns. As expected, physical explanations of the relationship between changes in erosion patterns and temporal c...
Study of the mixed-conducting SrFeCo0.5Oy system

Mixed-conducting Sr-Fe-Co oxides have potential applications in dense ceramic membranes for high-purity oxygen separation and/or methane conversion to produce syngas (CO + H2), because of their combined high electronic/ionic conductivity and significant oxygen permeability. SrFeCo0.5Oy has been synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. Conductivities were measured at elevated temperatures in various gas environments and increased as temperature and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) increased in the surrounding environment. Neutron powder diffraction experiments revealed that in a high pO2 environment the SrFeCo0.5Oy material consists of three different phases. The relative concentration of each component phase is dependent on temperature and pO2 in the surrounding environment. In air, Sr2(Fe, Co)3Oy (236-phase) is the majority phase and consists of >75 wt% of the total, whereas the perovskite and rocksalt phases account for ∼20 and <5 wt%, respectively. However, in a reducing environment, the 236-phase decomposes and converts to perovskite and rocksalt phase at high temperature. In an environment of pO2 < 10−12.2 atm, the 236-phase is completely converted into perovskite (brownmillerite) and rocksalt phases.
The Diagnosis and Management of Pleural Effusions in the ICU

Pleural effusions are common in critically ill patients. Most effusions in intensive care unit (ICU) patients are of limited clinical significance; however, some are important and require aggressive management. Transudative effusions in the ICU are commonly caused by volume overload, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, and regions of altered pleural pressure attributable to atelectasis and mechanical ventilation. Exudates are sequelae of pulmonary or pleural infection, pulmonary embolism, postsurgical complications, and malignancy. Increases in pleural fluid volume are accommodated principally by chest wall expansion and, to a lesser degree, by lung collapse. Studies in mechanically ventilated patients suggest that pleural fluid drainage can result in improved oxygenation for up to 48 hours, but data on clinical outcomes are limited. Mechanically ventilated patients with pleural effusions should be semirecumbant and treated with higher levels of positive-end expiratory pressure. Rarely, large effusions can cause cardiac tamponade or tension physiology, requiring urgent drainage. Bedside ultrasound is both sensitive and specific for diagnosing pleural effusions in mechanically ventilated patients. Sonographic findings of septation and homogenous echogenicity may suggest an exudative effusion, but definitive diagnosis requires pleural fluid sampling. Thoracentesis should be carried out under ultrasound guidance. Antibiotic regimens for parapneumonic effusions should be based on current pneumonia guidelines, and anaerobic coverage should be included in the case of empyema. Decompression of the pleural space may be necessary to improve respiratory mechanics, as well as to treat complicated effusions. While small-bore catheters inserted under ultrasound guidance may be used for nonseptated effusions, surgical consultation should be sought in cases where this approach fails, or where the effusion appears complex and septated at the outset. Further research is needed to determine the effects of pleural fluid drainage on clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients, to evaluate weaning strategies that include pleural fluid drainage, and to better identify patients in whom pleural effusions are more likely to be infected.
Making Sense of the APA: A History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Military

The American Psychological Association (APA) has been steadfast in its position that psychologists must have the right to participate in interrogations in U.S.-run illegal detention centers. One wonders why the APA is so resolute in this view especially in light of the opposition to involvement in these sites by all other relevant professional organizations. This paper offers an answer to this question by means of an exploration of the historical bond between American psychology and the military. It is demonstrated that the dramatic growth of psychology after World War II is attributable to resources supplied by the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency. It is argued that the historical and current dependency of psychology on the military for research funds as well as clinical training and treatment has resulted in a historical and current debt on the part of psychology to both of these organizations. This debt is repaid by an unquestioned endorsement of military policy, no matter how ...
Performance evaluation of a memory-based TCP-friendly rate adaptation algorithm for a real-time radar application

Implementing a TCP-friendly congestion control mechanism is imperative for emerging UDP-based real-time, high-bandwidth applications such as multimedia. VCHILL project for digitized radar data transfer over the Internet is one such application for which a source based TCP-friendly rate adaptation based on loss (TRABOL) algorithm is deployed and shown to be TCP-friendly over applicable timescales. Comparison of the TRABOL-based radar application with other non-congestion controlled UDP flows shows that the application performs better with TRABOL and is fair towards neighboring TCP flows. Implementation of a simple memory-based mechanism as an add-on to the TRABOL algorithm enhances the performance of the application.
Fortification of sugar with iron sodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate (FeNaEDTA) improves iron status in semirural Guatemalan populations

A 32-mo-long, double-blind field study involving one highland control community receiving only vitamin A-fortified sugar and three vitamin A- and FeNaEDTA-sugar-fortified communities, two in the lowlands and one in the highlands of Guatemala, was undertaken to test the effectiveness of this approach in controlling iron deficiency. The communities' population ranged between 1200 and 17000. Sugar fortified with 1 g FeNaEDTA and 15 mg retinol as retinyl palmitate/kg was stable, did not segregate, and was well accepted by the communities. The impact of fortification on iron nutrition was estimated at 8, 20, and 32 mo of intervention. All pregnant women and subjects with severe anemia received supplements or treatment and were excluded from the analysis. Iron stores in the fortified communities increased significantly except for women 18-48 y of age in one lowland community and > 49 y in the highland community. Iron stores in the control community remained unchanged except for a rise among adult males.
A smooth nonparametric approach to process capability

The determination of the capability of a stable process using the standard process capability indices requires that the quality characteristic of interest be normally distributed. Departures from normality can result in erroneous conclusions when using these indices. In this paper we propose assessing the capability of a process using a nonparametric estimator. This estimator is based on kernel estimation of the distribution function. Bandwidth selection for this method can be based either on a normal reference distribution or on a nonparametric estimate. An example is presented that applies this proposed method to non-normal process data. The performance of the resulting estimator is then compared with the sample proportion and a normal-based estimate in a simulation study. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant vitamins and coronary artery disease risk

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains by far the leading killer of men and women in the United States, despite a 2% per year decline over the past 2 decades. While CAD becomes the leading cause of death in U.S. women after 60, it becomes so in men after age 40. Heart disease is responsible for one of every three deaths in women as well as men. Thus, any intervention that can reduce CAD risks could have a tremendous public health impact among U.S. adults. Over the past several decades, the atherogenic potential of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol has been clearly identified. Recent evidence suggests that oxidation of LDL may enhance its atherogenicity, raising the possibility that antioxidant vitamins, which inhibit the oxidation of LDL, may reduce the risk of CAD. Although antioxidants can preserve endothelial function, inhibit platelet aggregability, and reduce atherosclerotic plaque progression in animals, whether supplementation with antioxidant vitamins will reduce the risk of CAD in humans remains unclear. The epidemiologic studies that have explored the antioxidant vitamin hypothesis in humans have included descriptive and cross-sectional studies, analytic investigation using case-control and prospective cohort study designs, as well as a few small trials in secondary prevention. The findings from these studies are not totally consistent, but generally support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins may reduce risk of CAD. At present, therefore, antioxidant vitamins represent a promising, but as yet unproven, means to decrease risks of CAD. Several large-scale randomized trials will provide reliable evidence on this question over the next several years. In primary prevention, the recently begun Women's Health Study of 40,000 female health professionals is testing alternate-day doses of beta-carotene (50 mg) and vitamin E (600 mg), and the ongoing Physicians' Health Study of >22,000 male physicians is also testing a 50 mg combination of beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C among approximately 8,000 women not eligible for the Women's Health Study due to a prior history of cardiovascular disease. These and other trials will provide reliable, direct evidence concerning the role of antioxidant vitamins in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Such data are crucial both for individual clinical decision making as well as for formulating rational public health policies.
Prevalence and Predictors of Complementary Therapy Use in Advanced-Stage Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose: Information on the use of complementary therapies in patients with advanced-stage cancer is limited. Given the disease and treatment complexities associated with the care of patients with metastatic cancer, oncology clinicians would benefit from having an appreciation of the extent of usage of unconventional, adjunctive therapies among these patients. This study evaluated the prevalence and demographic predictors of complementary therapy use in a sample of women with metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Subjects with stage IV breast cancer were recruited from six treatment facilities in New England. A written, mailed survey assessing complementary therapy use and sociodemographic information was completed by each subject, while disease and treatment information was obtained from medical records. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Of the 173 participants, 78% used at least one type of complementary therapy, 43% used two or more types, and 23% used three or more types, excluding spiritual practices and physical exercise. When including spiritual practices and physical exercise, 90% used at least one complementary therapy, 70% used two or more types, and 45% used three or more types. Visits to alternative health practitioners were predicted by younger age (P .009) and higher education level (P .002). Younger participants (P .045) were more likely to use and spend more money on vitamins and herbal products (P .02). Conclusions: Use of unconventional therapies is pervasive among metastatic breast cancer patients, particularly among those who are younger and highly educated. Oncology providers need to assess patients’ complementary therapy use and consider potential interactions with prescribed treatment protocols.
Digital techniques for integrated frequency synthesizers: A tutorial

Frequency synthesizers are essential components of modern, integrated wireless transceivers. Traditional analog and mixed-signal circuit design techniques are proving ineffective in achieving the challenging performance demands placed on these synthesizers, particularly in very fine fabrication technologies. Digital-intensive architectures and related digital signal processing techniques offer a robust, scalable alternative. A tutorial of the basic problems with frequency synthesizers, and a slew of recent digital techniques devoted to improving their performance, is presented.
Deceased donor kidney transplantation in elderly patients: is there a difference in outcomes?

Abstract Introduction There is a paucity of data on long-term outcomes of older kidney recipients. Our aim was to compare the early and long-term outcomes of deceased donor kidney transplantation in patients aged ≥60 years with outcomes in younger recipients. Materials and Methods From 1998 to 2005, we performed 271 deceased donor kidney transplants. There were 76 recepients (28.1%) >60 years old. Older candidates were carefully selected based on their physiologic, cardiac, and performance status. Demographic data, including clinical characteristics, early complications, mortality, and patient and graft survival rates, were collected and analyzed. Results Older patients had comparable perioperative mortality and morbidity, incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), length of stay, and readmissions compared with younger patients. The rates of acute rejection and major infections were also comparable between the 2 study groups. Among older recipients, 25/76 (32.1%) patients received extended criteria donor kidneys compared with only 35/195 (17.9%) of younger patients ( P Conclusion Kidney transplantation in appropriately selected elderly recipients provides equivalent outcomes compared with those observed in younger patients. These observations support the notion that older recipients should not lose access to deceased donor kidney transplantation in the effort to achieve a perceived gain in social utility.
Division and Discord: The Supreme Court Under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953

Division and Discord offers a comprehensive appraisal of the Supreme Court during the fractious period that bridged the court-packing fight of the Hughes years and the rights explosion of the Warren era. During the dozen years that Melvin I. Urofsky reviews in this volume, the Court ruled on a range of controversial cases, including the internment of the Japanese, the guilt of the Rosenbergs, and the crimes of Nazi saboteurs. At the same time the judicial body struggled internally to balance the strong wills of some of the most important figures in U.S. judicial history-Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, and Robert H. Jackson. Urofsky contends that these years play a critical role in modern constitutional history and are not merely a colorful interlude between two better-known eras of Supreme Court history. These years signaled a fundamental upheaval in U.S. jurisprudence-the shift in focus from the protection of private property to the protection of individual liberties.
Flexible mechanisms: the diverse roles of biological springs in vertebrate movement

The muscles that power vertebrate locomotion are associated with springy tissues, both within muscle and in connective tissue elements such as tendons. These springs share in common the same simple action: they stretch and store elastic strain energy when force is applied to them and recoil to release energy when force decays. Although this elastic action is simple, it serves a diverse set of functions, including metabolic energy conservation, amplification of muscle power output, attenuation of muscle power input, and rapid mechanical feedback that may aid in stability. In recent years, our understanding of the mechanisms and importance of biological springs in locomotion has advanced significantly, and it has been demonstrated that elastic mechanisms are essential for the effective function of the muscle motors that power movement. Here, we review some recent advances in our understanding of elastic mechanisms, with an emphasis on two proposed organizing principles. First, we review the evidence that the various functions of biological springs allow the locomotor system to operate beyond the bounds of intrinsic muscle properties, including metabolic and mechanical characteristics, as well as motor control processes. Second, we propose that an energy-based framework is useful for interpreting the diverse functions of series-elastic springs. In this framework, the direction and timing of the flow of energy between the body, the elastic element and the contracting muscle determine the function served by the elastic mechanism (e.g. energy conservation vs power amplification). We also review recent work demonstrating that structures such as tendons remodel more actively and behave more dynamically than previously assumed.
Beam coupling impedance of fast stripline beam kickers

A fast stripline beam kicker is used to dynamically switch a high current electron beam between two beamlines. The transverse dipole impedance of a stripline beam kicker has been previously determined from a simple transmission line model of the structure. This model did not include effects due to the long axial slots along the structure as well as the cavities and coaxial feed transition sections at the ends of the structure. 3-D time domain simulations show that the simple transmission line model underestimates the low frequency dipole beam coupling impedance by about 20% for our structure. In addition, the end cavities and transition sections can exhibit dipole impedances not included in the transmission line model. For high current beams, these additional dipole coupling terms can provide additional beam-induced steering effects not included in the transmission line model of the structure.
Hopping transport in hostile reaction-diffusion systems

We investigate transport in a disordered reaction-diffusion model consisting of particles which are allowed to diffuse, compete with one another (2A-->A) , give birth in small areas called "oases" (A-->2A) , and die in the "desert" outside the oases (A-->0) . This model has previously been used to study bacterial populations in the laboratory and is related to a model of plankton populations in the oceans. We first consider the nature of transport between two oases: In the limit of high growth rate, this is effectively a first passage process, and we are able to determine the first passage time probability density function in the limit of large oasis separation. This result is then used along with the theory of hopping conduction in doped semiconductors to estimate the time taken by a population to cross a large system.
Functional ambulation in patients with myelomeningocele.

The factors important in achieving good walking status in myelomeningocele include level of paraplegia, the additional anomalies of brain and kidney, the intelligence, and the home environment. In a group of fifty-six patients none of those with lesions of the thoracic level walked and all of those with lesions of the sacral level walked. In those with lesions at lumbar levels (twenty-one lower and nineteen upper) fourteen were community ambulators and five household ambulators. The other twenty-one were either wheel-chair (nineteen) or non-functional ambulators (two) and the level of paraplegia did not seem to matter nor did the extent of surgery. Some very young non-functional ambulators rose in functional level, but in most instances the trend was to deteriorate.
Hegel's Political Philosophy in Italy

The political philosophy of Hegel, in particular his concept of the state, acquired new impulse early in the 1930a. The crisis of the perlimentary system in Italy or rather of its liberal cultural tradition was apparently the reason for it. Yet this return to Hegel also brought about an improved ability of Italian philosophers to face the mushrooming trends of historical materialism, sociology, socialism and, of course, nationalism. They were all legacies of the very end of the past century which became realities to be deal with just afterwards. They demanded a more appropriate hermeneutic than could be provided by the spiritualism of Platonic origin or by the neo-Kantism previously dominant. Quite simply, Hegel came to be the answer of the Italian academia to a period of intense change and crisis in both political and cultural spheres. Hegel supplied a systematic rational framework within which experience could find the deeper understanding that the time seemed to require. Nonetheless his philosophy unified and internationalised the Italian cultural scene. Unification here does not imply a homogeneity of interpretation. Hegel's system had not been thoroughly mastered and so a ‘true’ understanding could not be possible. Single parts of Hegel's philosophy were not read or interpreted in keeping with the whole system, and connection, when realised, coincided more with the belief of the reader than with the intentions of the author.
Investigation Into the Microstructure of Iron-Chromium Oxyhydroxide Fine Particles

The study of nanoparticles is rapidly becoming an area of major interest. Iron oxide based materials are important in this field due to their many industrial uses, including magnetic storage capability, composite multi-layer film structures, and a new generation of catalysts. The goal of these studies is a greater understanding of the microscopic arrangement of individual atoms, and of the property differences of bulk materials and fine particles.
The Puzzling Return of Jury Sentencing: Misgivings About Apprendi

The Supreme Court's decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey reinserted the jury into the sentencing process by requiring juries to find any facts that increase the defendant's sentence above the statutory maximum. The case is puzzling because the trend for over 200 years has to been to limit, not increase, the jury's involvement in sentencing. Many commentators have nonetheless praised Apprendi because it promises to undermine the existing sentencing system and reduce the sentences of hundreds, if not thousands, of defendants. This Article suggests that Apprendi has a hidden cost: it will result in more convictions, even as it reduces the average sentence. This is because Apprendi, like jury sentencing more generally, presents the jury with multiple "guilty" options from which to choose. Modern behavioral economics shows that when decisionmakers are given such additional choices, the tendency is to increase the overall selection of that category of choice. The result is that after Apprendi, more defendants will be convicted at trial. This Article then considers whether the trade-off created by Apprendi - more convictions for lower sentences - might make sense. The general rejection of jury sentencing, which promises the exact same trade-off, suggests that the answer is no. Jury sentencing, however, has expanded in one area - capital punishment. Thus, this Article examines whether Apprendi might be analogized to the capital sentencing decisions, but concludes that it is difficult, although not impossible, to justify Apprendi's trade-off.
Low-phytic acid barley improves calcium and phosphorus utilization and growth performance in growing pigs.

Thirty-five crossbred barrows averaging 13.5 kg starting BW were used in a 35-d experiment to compare the availability of P and the nutritional value of two near-isogenic progeny of the barley cultivar 'Harrington'. Low-phytic acid barley (LPB, 0.35% total P, 0.14% phytic acid P) was homozygous for the low-phytic acid 1-1 allele, and the normal barley (NB, 0.35% total P, 0.24% phytic acid P) was homozygous for the normal allele of that gene. Pigs were fed individually twice daily in metabolism pens. Barley was the only source of phytate in semipurified diets, 1 to 3. Diet 1 contained 75% NB, 0.14% estimated available P (aP), and 0.50% Ca. Diet 2 contained 75% LPB, 0.22% aP, and 0.50% Ca. No inorganic P (iP) was added to Diets 1 and 2 in order to measure the animal response to the different concentrations of aP in these cultivars. Diet 3 was NB Diet 1 supplemented with iP to equal the concentration of aP in LPB Diet 2. Practical barley-soybean meal (SBM)-type diets, NB Diet 4 and LPB Diet 5, were formulated to meet all minimum nutrient requirements, and contained 0.30% aP and 0.65% Ca. For the semipurified diets, pigs fed LPB Diet 2 had higher (P or = 0.3) in growth performance, fresh bone weight, fat-free dry bone weight, bone ash, bone breaking strength, or N utilization. This indicates that LPB and NB were equal in nutritional value after supplementation of NB with iP to equal the estimated aP in LPB. For the practical barley-SBM diets, there were no differences (P > or = 0.4) between pigs fed NB Diet 4 or LPB Diet 5 for growth performance, fresh bone weight, bone breaking strength, the percentages of P and Ca utilization, or N, DE, and ME utilization. The use of LPB in pig diets reduced P excretion in swine waste by 55% and 16% in our semipurified and practical diets, respectively, compared with NB. Using our in vitro procedure designed to mimic the digestive system of the pig, the availability of P for pigs was estimated at 52% for LPB and 32% for NB.
Local Planning for Wind Power: Using Programmatic Environmental Impact Review to Facilitate Development

Permitting agencies of wind power projects faces a dilemma: on the one hand, the importance of seeking energy independence and clean energy compels decision-makers to minimize the costs of providing the benefits of wind power; on the other hand, decision-makers are bound to insure that the permitting process exhibits the informational purposes secured by environmental impact review. This brief article proposes the use of planning-based, programmatic environmental impact review as a tool that can be used by local governments to encourage wind energy development. After a brief discussion of the impacts of wind energy and the environmental impact review process, this article discusses the experiences and efforts of two agencies - the Bureau of Land Management and Klickitat County, Washington - that have prepared programmatic environmental impact statements (PElS) to facilitate wind energy development. Finally, this article discusses the potential benefits of wind planning in the programmatic process.
Employment With a Human Face

In this article, the author of Employment with a Human Face: Balancing Efficiency, Equity, and Voice responds to the four commentary essays that appeared in the June 2005 issue of this journal.
Comparing human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and intentions among parents of boys and girls

ABSTRACTBackground/Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Previous research suggests some differences between male and female adolescents in correlates of vaccine receipt and reasons for non-vaccination; few studies examine both sexes together. This analysis assessed knowledge and attitudes related to HPV disease and vaccination, intention to vaccinate, and reasons for delayed vaccination or non-vaccination among parents of boys and girls 13–17 y old in 50 states, the District of Columbia, and selected local areas. Methods: National Immunization Survey-Teen 2013 data were analyzed and gender differences examined. Results: In this sample, adolescent boys were more likely than girls to be unvaccinated and less likely to have completed the HPV vaccination series (p < 0.005 for both). Parents of girls were more likely than parents of boys to report a provider recommendation for HPV vaccination (65.0% vs. 42.1%). Only 29% of girls' parents ...
Personality Traits and Teaching Attitudes

Abstract This study was concerned with determining whether or not undergraduate male students majoring in physical education at Purdue University project the same personality traits and attitudes toward teaching as do successful male teachers of physical education who received their undergraduate training at Purdue. The instruments used to measure personality and attitudes were the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey and the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory. Significant differences between the means were not obtained when comparing personality and attitude mean scores as projected by students and teachers. However, an item analysis revealed that many items were hidden behind personality and attitude mean scores which would significantly discriminate between teachers and students.
How Alike are Two Trees

(1980). How Alike are Two Trees? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 7, pp. 552-553.
Preparation of Alkyl 4,5-Dihydro-2H-benz[g]indazole-2-carboxylates and Methyl 4,5-Dihydro-2H-benz[e]indazole-2-carboxylates from Dilithiated 1-Tetralone or 2-Tetralone Carboalkoxyhydrazones and Aromatic Esters

Dilithiated 1-tetralone or 2-tetralone carboalkoxyhydrazones were prepared in excess lithium diisopropylamide and condensed with a variety of aromatic esters followed by acid cyclization of C-acylated intermediates to give substituted dihydrobenzindazoles, alkyl 4,5-dihydro-2H-benz[g]indazole-2-carboxylates and methyl 4,5-dihydro-2H-benz[e]indazole-2-carboxylates. These fused-ring heterocyclic products have considerable application potential.
Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: The role of the metabolic burst

Human monocytes respond to opsonized microorganisms with a “metabolic burst” composed of an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated the role of the metabolic burst in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by human monocytes toward anti-D coated erythrocyte target cells because recent studies suggested a role for oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanisms in ADCC. In normal monocytes, we found that ADCC was nearly halved under hypoxic conditions. Several agents known to impair activation of the burst, such as vincristine, cation chelators, and a sulfhydryl reagent, all decreased cytotoxicity if added before initiation of contact between target and effector cells. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose but not fluoride, suggesting a nonglycolytic role for glucose in ADCC, perhaps in the HMPS pathway. Although these data suggested a role for the metabolic burst in ADCC, scavengers of ROS did not impair cytotoxicity, and monocytes from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients who had a defective metabolic burst had normal levels of ADCC. We conclude that ADCC toward anti-D coated erythrocyte target cells was the result of at least two independent but closely related cytotoxic pathways. Although one of these pathways appeared to involve the metabolic burst, the potentially cytotoxic reactive oxygen species did not appear to play a role in this system.
The Impact of the Teen Outreach Program on Sexual Intentions and Behaviors.

Abstract Purpose We evaluated the impact of a positive youth development program on adolescent pregnancy, sexual behavior, risky sex, and intentions in nonmetropolitan Florida high schools. Methods Between 2012 and 2014, the Teen Outreach Program (TOP) was compared to standard school curriculum content using a cluster randomized controlled trial design with 7,976 youth in two cohorts. The majority of youth were 14 years old and in the ninth grade at baseline. Treatment group youth received TOP in health-related classes. After using multiple imputation to account for missing data, we analyzed baseline and follow-up survey data using generalized linear mixed-effects models with logit link function. Results In the cohort 1 sample, compared to the control condition, males and females receiving TOP showed lower odds of engaging in recent sex (odds ratio [OR], .71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .58–.86) compared to control males and females. Cohort 1 treatment females who did engage in recent sex were less likely to have risky sex (OR, .54; 95% CI: .32–.89). There were fewer significant findings in cohort 2, though TOP females and combined gender had lower odds of risky sex intentions (OR, .53; 95% CI: .33–.84 and OR, .65; 95% CI: .44–.96, respectively). Overall, cohort 1 females in the TOP condition were the group most likely to benefit from TOP. Conclusions Consistent with previous research, TOP was more effective regarding sexual health outcomes among female versus male youth; this was especially true for the outcome of risky sex. However, results were not consistent across cohorts, prompting questions for future research.
Custom Gene Capture and Next Generation Sequencing to Resolve Discordant ALK Status by FISH and IHC in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Introduction We performed a genomic study in lung adenocarcinoma cases with discordant anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene ( ALK ) status by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Methods DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 16 discordant (four FISH-positive/IHC–negative and 12 FISH-negative/IHC–positive) cases by Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH and ALK IHC testing (ALK1 clone) were subjected to whole gene capture and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of nine genes, including ALK, echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 gene ( EML4 ), kinesin family member 5B gene ( KIF5B ), staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 gene ( SND1 ) , BRAF, ret proto-oncogene ( RET ), ezrin gene ( EZR ) , ROS1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ). All discordant cases (except one FISH-negative/IHC–positive case without sufficient tissue) were analyzed by IHC with D5F3 antibody. In one case with fresh frozen tissue, whole transcriptome sequencing was also performed. Twenty-six concordant (16 FISH-positive/IHC–positive and 10 FISH-negative/IHC–negative) cases were included as controls. Results In four ALK FISH-positive/IHC–negative cases, no EML4-ALK fusion gene was observed by NGS, but in one case using fresh frozen tissue, we identified EML4 –baculoviral AIP repeat containing 6 gene ( BIRC6 ) and AP2 associated kinase 1 gene ( AAK1 ) -ALK fusion genes. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed a highly expressed EML4-BIRC6 fusion transcript and a minimally expressed AAK1 transcript. Among the 12 FISH-negative/IHC–positive cases, no evidence of ALK gene rearrangement was detected by NGS. Eleven of 12 FISH-negative/IHC–positive cases detected by ALK1 clone were concordant by repeat ALK IHC with D5F3 antibody (i.e., FISH-negative/IHC–negative by D5F3 clone). Among the 16 ALK FISH-positive/IHC–positive positive controls, whole gene capture identified ALK gene fusion in 15 cases, including in one case with Huntington interacting protein 1 gene ( HIP1 ) -ALK . No ALK fusion gene was observed in any of the 10 FISH-negative/IHC–negative cases. Other fusion genes involving ROS1, EZR, BRAF, and SND1 were also found. Conclusions ALK FISH results appeared to be false-positive in three of four FISH-positive/IHC–negative cases, whereas no false-negative ALK FISH case was identified among 12 ALK FISH-negative/IHC–positive cases by ALK1 clone, which was in keeping with the concordant FISH-negative/IHC–negative status by D5F3 clone. Our targeted whole gene capture approach using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples was effective for detecting rearrangements involving ALK and other actionable oncogenes.
Delayed puberty in the female patient.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose is to review current recommendations for the evaluation and management of delayed puberty in the female patient.Recent findingsKisspeptin activation has emerged as an important factor for initiation of pubertal development. Causes of delayed puberty can be considered in
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Publisher Summary The basic physics of an electric generator is that it provides electricity for the modern society. In general, a changing magnetic field creates an electric field. That is defined as Faraday's law of induction. The directions of the induced electric field and the induced electric current, if there is a complete circuit, are governed by Lenz's law. Lenz's law is a law of opposition and essentially a law of conservation of energy. The chapter provides an overview of Faraday's law when applied to a few circuits. It discusses Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The chapter presents a picture of electromagnetic induction in terms of Faraday's magnetic field lines. Whenever a conductor or portion of a conductor moves across a magnetic field, an emf is generated. If that induced emf is not balanced by other emfs, charges will flow. In low-resistance circuits, the currents may be quite large. Those internal circulating currents are called eddy currents because of their resemblance to the eddies in the flow of fluids. As described by Lenz's law, the eddy currents will circulate in such a way as to oppose the motion that induced them.
Patient perceptions of weight loss: Implications for patients, providers, and trainees.

ObjectivesThe prevalence of overweight and obese individuals in the United States is growing, and primary health care represents a setting in which providers may address weight with their patients....