cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of 157-nm excimer laser radiation with fluorocarbon polymers

Abstract Two important fluoropolymers, polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE—(C 2 F 4 ) N ] and polyvinylidene fluoride [PVDF—(C 2 H 2 F 2 ) N ], respond to 157-nm laser radiation in dramatically different ways. At fluences sufficient to produce rapid etching, the volatile emissions from PTFE are dominated by (CF 2 ) N fragments. The velocities of the fastest (CF 2 ) N molecules at each mass are consistent with kinetic energies on the order of an electron volt—and change little with fluence. This fluence independence suggests that the velocities are not affected by collisions after emission. To account for the high kinetic energies and the unusual, half-monomer mass distribution, we propose that these fragments are produced by photochemical scission of the polymer backbone, and that a fraction of the excitation energy is delivered to each fragment as kinetic energy. In contrast, the principle neutral species from PVDF is HF. HF is produced by the scission of C–F bonds, followed by chemical reactions with nearby hydrogen. This process is accompanied by the conjugation of backbone C–C bonds. The photochemical cleavage of C–C bonds in PTFE and C–F bonds in PVDF is consistent with the lower C–C bond energy of PTFE.
DIMINISHED BRAIN SYNAPTIC PLASMA MEMBRANE CA2+-ATPASE ACTIVITY IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS : ASSOCIATION WITH REDUCED ANESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS

We have recently reported that plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase ( PMCA) pumping activity in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) was reduced by in vitro or prior in vivo exposure to inhalation anesthetics (IA). In addition, rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes were found to have diminished brain synaptic PMCA pumping and a decrease in the partial pressures of several IA required to prevent movement in response to stimulation, defined as the minimum effective dose or MED. Diminished PMCA activity in erythrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) has been noted. Because PMCA is ubiquitous, it seemed possible that PMCA pumping might be decreased in the brain of SHR and perhaps associated with decreased IA requirement. Eighteen SHR and 18 control, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were studied. PMCA activity was assessed by measurement of Ca2+ uptake into synaptic plasma membrane vesicles prepared from cerebrum and diencephalon-mesencephalon (D-M) in WKY and SHR. Ca2+ pumping was significantly less in SHR than in WKY, 85% of control in the cerebrum and 90% in the D-M (p < 0.01). The MEDs for halothane, isoflurane and desflurane were also lower in SHR than in WKY, 91%, 90% and 89%, respectively, of control (p < 0.05). Thus, an animal model of primary hypertension (SHR) manifested diminished brain synaptic PMCA activity and reduced MED for several volatile anesthetics. These findings provide further evidence for a role for PMCA in anesthetic action.
Monitoring stem cell proliferation and differentiation in primary midgut cell cultures from Heliothis virescens larvae using flow cytometry

In the midgut of Heliothis virescens larvae, proliferation and differentiation of stem cell populations allow for midgut growth and regeneration. Basic epithelial regenerative function can be assessed in vitro by purifying these two cell type populations, yet efficient high throughput methods to monitor midgut stem cell proliferation and differentiation are not available. We describe a flow cytometry method to differentiate stem from mature midgut cells and use it to monitor proliferation, differentiation and death in primary midgut stem cell cultures from H. virescens larvae. Our method is based on differential light scattering and vital stain fluorescence properties to distinguish between stem and mature midgut cells. Using this method, we monitored proliferation and differentiation of H. virescens midgut cells cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or AlbuMAX II. Supplementation with FBS resulted in increased stem cell differentiation after 5 days of culture, while AlbuMAX II-supplemented medium promoted stem cell proliferation. These data demonstrate utility of our flow cytometry method for studying stem cell-based epithelial regeneration, and indicate that AlbuMAX II-supplemented medium may be used to maintain pluripotency in primary midgut stem cell cultures.
IMPROVING THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY OF TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION: MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER OF STIMULATIONS AND TREATMENT LOCATION IN TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION

Objective To assess the efficacy of increasing the number of fast left repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS) (10 Hz @ 120% of motor threshold (MT) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)) needed to achieve remission in treatment resistant depression (TRD). And, to determine if patients who do not remit to fast left will remit using slow right rTMS (1 Hz @ 120% MT over the right DLPFC).
Fijiensin, the first phytotoxin from Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causative agent of black Sigatoka disease.

Fijiensin, a novel phytotoxic metabolite, was isolated from a culture of the fungusMycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of Black Sigatoka disease of banana. Fijiensin is phytotoxic on various banana cultivars, but not toward non-host plants. The structure of fijiensin was determined by X-ray analysis.
A Holistic Human Factors Evaluation Framework for the Design of Consumer Health Informatics Interventions

Health-related activities frequently occur outside of formal healthcare institutions, often in consumers' – “laypeople's” – homes. Within and near their homes, laypeople may use devices to self-monitor and self-manage wellness activities and chronic illnesses. They may keep health-related information records, using information technology applications to locate and retrieve information and communicate with formal and informal caregivers. Laypeople's engagement with the healthcare system and care outcomes rest on the quality of their interactions with, and use of, these devices and applications – jointly named consumer health informatics (CHI) interventions. Yet, engineering design and human factors evaluation methods are often omitted from the CHI intervention development process. This article presents a holistic human factors evaluation framework, and demonstrates how physical, cognitive and macroergonomic human factors perspectives can each improve the design and use of CHI interventions.
Conscious and nonconscious processes: An ERP index of an anticipatory response in a conditioning paradigm using visually masked stimuli

This study investigates the nonconscious elicitation of a previously conditioned response by using a differential conditioning paradigm with visually masked affectively valent facial schematics. Electrodermal (skin conductance response [SCR] and brain (event-related potential [ERP]) activity were main dependent measures. Following a preconditioning phase in which subjects viewed energy masked pleasant and unpleasant facial schematics, conditioning with an aversive shock was established to unmasked presentations of an unpleasant face in a partial factorial design. A postconditioning phase of masked presentations, when compared with the preconditioning phase, revealed how the conditional effect within awareness might affect the same stimuli when presented outside awareness. An adaptive staircase technique was used to establish individual threshold levels, which represented a methodological advance over procedures typically used in visual masking research. The results revealed that responses to the CS+ (unpleasant face) changed significantly in predicted directions from preconditioning to postconditioning phase when compared with responses to the CS- (pleasant face). The SCR results systematically replicated recent Ohman, Dimberg, and Esteves (1988) findings, with the pattern of responses resembling a resistance to extinction effect. A new finding emerged for the brain responses. For the CS+, distinct slow wave activity occurred just before the point at which the shock had been delivered in the conditioning phase; no such activity was found for the CS-. This slow wave activity is similar to what has been described by others as an expectancy wave. The results indicate that an anticipatory process, as indexed by different physiological systems, can be elicited entirely outside awareness. Implications are discussed in regard to the nature of conscious and nonconscious processes.
High Dose Pimozide Does Not Block Amphetamine-Induced Euphoria in Normal Volunteers

Studies with laboratory animals have shown that dopamine antagonists block the rewarding and interoceptive effects of amphetamine. However, studies using dopamine antagonists with humans have not consistently shown blockade of amphetamine-induced euphoria. The unexpected results in humans may relate to the low doses of dopamine antagonists tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a relatively high acute dose (8 mg) of the dopamine receptor antagonist, pimozide, on responses to d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) in normal volunteers. Male and female volunteers (N = 12) attended six sessions on which they received pimozide or placebo (7:30 am) followed by d-amphetamine or placebo (9:30 am). Subjective, physiological and behavioral measures were obtained at baseline (7:15 am) and hourly over a 5 h period. d-Amphetamine and pimozide, when administered alone, produced significant and opposite effects on ratings of Elation and Vigor, as well as on psychomotor performance and physiological measures. However, there were few significant interactions between pimozide and d-amphetamine. Thus, pimozide failed to consistently antagonize the effects of d-amphetamine, even at doses of pimozide that had behavioral and physiological effects when administered alone. Possible reasons for lack of robust dopamine antagonism of amphetamine-induced euphoria in humans are discussed.
Application of an attribution-affect-action model of caregiving behavior

An attribution model was used to examine how staff perceptions of behavior of a resident with Alzheimer's disease influenced the way the behavior was managed. A sample of 54 female nursing staff members responded to a vignette describing a caregiving situation of a demented resident who was not feeding himself or herself. Caregiver attribution of resident behavior to reversible causes significantly predicted expectations for improved self-feeding in the future, and future expectations for self-feeding were significantly related to caregiving behavior to encourage self-feeding. Caregivers expected greater participation in self-feeding by female residents than by male residents.
Three-dimensional natural convection flow around two interacting isothermal cubes

Abstract Laminar steady buoyancy-driven flow around two interacting isothermal cubes in an infinite medium is investigated by employing a control-volume finite difference technique and holographic inter-ferometry. The two cubes are positioned along the diagonal direction. Parametric investigations are performed by varying the center-to-center cube spacing and by varying the Rayleigh number while the Prandtl number is kept constant. To validate the numerical solutions, the calculated isothermal contours are qualitatively compared with the isophase lines in pathlength-integrated holographic interferograms. The heat transfer results are presented in terms of the average Nusselt number and the face-average Nusselt numbers at individual walls of each cube.
What Is Hypopnea, Anyway?

Quantitation of apneas and hypopneas is routinely included in studies of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The definition of apnea appears clear-cut in the sleep literature. In contrast, the literature contains remarkable variety in both recording techniques and definitions of hypopnea. The purpose of this study was to characterize the variety in the definitions and techniques used to identify hypopnea in clinical sleep laboratories. One hundred surveys were mailed to 100 accredited sleep laboratories. Each laboratory was asked to provide its criteria and equipment used to define hypopnea. Forty-five surveys (45 percent) were returned. No two laboratories used the same definition and measures of hypopnea. We conclude that there is no consensus about either recording techniques or definitions of hypopnea. Thus, epidemiologic studies and reports of interventions on SDB that do not include precise definitions of hypopnea must be interpreted with caution.
Assessment of teacher interruptions on learners during oral case presentations.

Background:Studies have only recently begun to investigate the effects of interruptions on physicians in the emergency department (ED). Objectives:To determine the frequency and nature of interruptions by the training physician that occur when medical trainees do oral case presentations (OCPs) in the ED. Methods:This was an observational study. Learner OCPs to attending emergency physicians were observed in the ED of an urban Level 1 trauma center at a major teaching hospital. A single investigator followed attending physicians blinded to the study objective in a nonrandomized convenience sampling of all ED shifts, recording information regarding teacher interruptions during new patient presentations. Learners completed a brief questionnaire after each OCP. Results:A total of 196 OCPs were observed. The mean (±SD) duration of OCPs was 3.30 (±1.85) minutes, and the mean (±SD) number of interruptions was 0.75 (±0.60) per minute and 2.49 (±1.95) per OCP. The number of interruptions (per OCP) and duration of OCP varied by learner level of training, with more experienced learners giving shorter presentations and being interrupted less often. Frequency (per minute) of interruptions did not vary by learner level. In 40.3% of OCPs, attending physicians interrupted to give an assessment and/or a plan before the learner had done so, but 8.3% of interrupted learners believed that teacher interruptions were “disruptive” to their OCP. Conclusions:Attending emergency physicians frequently interrupt learners during new patient OCPs, with the number of interruptions varying by learner level of training. Teacher interruptions appear to have minimal, if any, detrimental effect on the perceived effectiveness of OCPs as a learning experience.
Base duality theorem for stochastic and parametric linear programming

Consider the primal and dual bases of a basic optimal solution to a linear-programming problem with a given set of parameters (coefficients of objective function, technology matrix, and restriction vector). For brevity, call those bases themselves optimal. If the parameters are subject to variation (controlled or uncontrolled according as one deals with parametric or stochastic programming, respectively) the initial bases are optimal throughout certain subregions of parameter space, termed optimality regions of the respective bases.
Swinburne on credal belief

Richard Swinburne devotes much of his book Faith and Reason 1 to determining the standard of propositional belief required for belief in a religious creed. 2 As the book demonstrates, a key issue in the analysis of religious faith is the degree to which adherents of a creed must believe that creed to be true (in order to count as adherents). After considerable discussion, Swinbume settles on the following standard: "[A]ll that is needed in respect of belief in a creed is belief that it is more probable that that creed is true than that any rival creed is true, a rival creed being one that justifies the pursuit of a different religious way" (p. 162). He claims that this standard is a version of what he calls "weak" credal belief and weak belief, on his view, is all that can be demanded of believers in a creed. In this paper I challenge several of Swinburne's claims about credal belief. First, I argue that his concept of "belief relative to alternatives" and the weak credal belief it endorses have highly counterintuitive features. Second, I show that Swinburne confuses weak belief with a distinct (and independent) standard of belief and that the confusion undermines the argument for his preferred standard. Finally, I defend a more satisfactory standard of credal belief (which I call "complete" credal belief) against Swinbume's charge that it demands too much of religious adherents.
Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-impacted pasture soil amended with nitrate and glucose

There is little information concerning N2O fluxes in the pasture soil that has received large amounts of nutrients, such as urine and dung, for several years. The aims of this study were to (1) experimentally quantify the relationship between mineral N input and N2O emissions from denitrification, (2) describe the time course of N2O fluxes resulting in N inputs, and (3) find whether there exists an upper limit of the amount of nitrogen escaping the soil in the form of N2O. The study site was a grassland used as a cattle overwintering area. It was amended with KNO3 and glucose corresponding to 10–1,500 kg N and C per hectare, covering the range of nutrient inputs occurring in real field conditions. Using manual permanent chambers, N2O fluxes from the soil were monitored for several days after the amendments. The peak N2O emissions were up to 94 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1, 5–8 h after amendment. No upper limit of N2O emissions was detected as the emissions were directly related to the dose of nutrients in the whole range of amendments used, but the fluxes reflected the soil and environmental conditions, too. Thus, in three different experiments performed during the season, the total cumulative losses of N2O–N ranged from 0.2 to 5.6% of the applied 500kg % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX!% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciOtaiGac+% eadaWgaaWcbaGaaG4maaqabaGcdaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTaaakiab% gkHiTiGac6eaaaa!3B6A! $$\operatorname{N} \operatorname{O} _{3} ^{ - } - \operatorname{N} $$ ha−1. Splitting of high nutrient doses lowered the rate of N2O fluxes after the first amendment, but the effect of splitting on the total amount of N2O–N released from the soil was insignificant, as the initial lower values of emissions in the split variants were compensated for by a longer duration of gas fluxes. The results suggest that the cattle-impacted soil has the potential to metabolize large inputs of mineral nitrogen over short periods (∼days). Also, the emission factors for % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciOtaiGac+ % eadaWgaaWcbaGaaG4maaqabaGcdaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTaaakiaa % ykW7cqGHsislciGGobaaaa!3CF5! $$ \operatorname{N} \operatorname{O} _{3} ^{ - } \, - \operatorname{N} $$ did not exceed values reported in literature.
Gibberellic Acid: Action in Barley Endosperm Does Not Require Endogenous Auxin

Endogenous auxin is not required for the increase in amylolytic activtiy induced by gibberellic acid in barley endosperm, as shown by the response of the system to anti-auxin. The action of gibberellic acid in this system is independent of the presence or absence of auxin.
What was "Shostakovich," and what came next?

The title of this article is borrowed from anthropologist Katherine Verdery9s 1996 study What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next? In her book Verdery surveyed the recent changes in Eastern Europe, and specifically Romania, from her vantage point in the uncertain period following the momentous events from 1989 to 1991 in the former Soviet bloc. Similarly, this article explores how Shostakovich, widely perceived in 1975 as the musical representative of socialism, influenced what came after him. It details how Soviet composers from the younger generations, including Edison Denisov, Mieczysllaw Weinberg, Boris Tishchenko, Alfred Schnittke, and Valentin Sil9vestrov, dealt with Shostakovich9s legacy in their compositions written in his memory, including Denisov9s DSCH , Weinberg9s Symphony no.12, Tishchenko9s Symphony no. 5, Schnittke9s Prelude In Memoriam Dmitri Shostakovich and Third String Quartet, and Sil9vestrov9s Postludium DSCH . In their memorial works, as they wrestled with the legacy of Shostakovich and his overwhelming influence, these composers also grappled with the shifting nature of the Soviet state, changing musical styles both foreign and domestic, and fundamental issues of aesthetic representation and identity associated with the move from modernism to postmodernism then affecting all composers in the Western art music tradition. The 1970s came at the heels of a decade of remarkable change in Soviet music and society, but at the time of Shostakovich9s death, change in Soviet life began to seem increasingly unlikely. Despite recent interpretations by scholars such as anthropologist Alexei Yurchak that emphasize the fundamental immutability of the 1970s, however, these memorial compositions show that audible and significant developments were indeed occurring in the musical styles of the 1970s and early 1980s. Examining Shostakovich9s legacy therefore also reveals the larger changes of the Soviet 1970s and early 1980s, both musical and otherwise.
Graft-versus-host disease prevention by rapamycin: Cellular mechanisms

Understanding the cellular mechanisms that lead to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) may lead to alternative approaches in the prevention or therapy of this disease process. In this manuscript, we investigated the mechanisms of action of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin for the prevention of GVHD. GVHD-free long-term survival was achieved in BALB/c (H2d, Mls-2a, Mls-3a) recipients of B10.D2/nSnJ (H-2d, Mls-2a, Mls-3a) bone marrow and spleen cells after a 30-day course of high-dose rapamycin (5 mg/kg per day). Low responses to recipient and third-party cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were observed as well as decreased mature T-cell numbers in the spleen. This low response was not due to defective interleukin (IL)-2 production, because exogenous IL-2 did not improve the responses in the MLR. However, GVHD-free long-term survival was associated with a large number of infiltrating mononuclear cells in the target organs of GVHD. This observation suggested the possibility that these cells were responsible for suppressing the immune response. Regulatory cells, which could suppress both antirecipient and third-party responses in vitro, were demonstrated to be present in the spleens of these GVHD-free long-term survivors. These results suggest that in addition to impaired cellular immune function, the presence of non-specific regulatory cells (ie, suppression) may contribute to maintenance of GVHD-free long-term survival induced by short-course rapamycin.
Expression cloning of 2-5A-dependent RNAase: A uniquely regulated mediator of interferon action

2-5A-dependent RNAase, an interferon-induced enzyme that is activated by 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), is implicated in both the molecular mechanisms of interferon action and the fundamental control of RNA stability in mammalian cells. Here we report the expression cloning and analysis of murine and human 2-5A-dependent RNAases. The 2-5A binding properties and RNAse activities of recombinant and naturally occurring forms of 2-5A-dependent RNAase were identical. Interferon induction of 2-5A-dependent RNAse expression was demonstrated by measuring the mRNA levels in cells treated with interferon and cycloheximide. Analysis of aligned murine and human 2-5A-dependent RNAse sequences revealed several intriguing features, including similarity to RNAase E, which is implicated in the control of mRNA stability in E. coli. Interestingly, a duplicated phosphate-binding loop motif was determined by deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis to function in the binding of 2-5A.
Efficacy of the organic-certified insecticide Diatect II against the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in cotton.

The efficacy of the organic insecticide Diatect II against boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas was assessed in small-plot field trials and greenhouse cage tests using azinphos-methyl treatments as a standard for comparison. Plastic sheets were placed in the furrows of the treated plots to retrieve boll weevils which dropped from the plants after being killed by the insecticides. Samples of live weevils taken by a tractor-mounted vacuum sampler revealed a modest, but significant, reduction in boll weevil populations in Diatect II plots. However, samples of dead weevils indicated that this reduction was due to movement of weevils out of the plots rather than to mortality. This interpretation is supported by greenhouse cage studies, where mortality in Diatect II treated cages was no greater than that in untreated control cages. The effects of insecticide treatments in small plots can be confounded easily and quickly by interplot movement of target insects. Although the relative effects of various compounds can usually be assessed by sampling the populations in plots soon after treatment, the best measure of efficacy is obtained by directly sampling insects that have died in the plot. This parameter is insulated from the effects of interplot movement, unless the toxicant is slow to immobilize the target insect. Taken together, our results indicate little efficacy by Diatect II against boll weevil under our test conditions. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Guidelines for treatment of skin diseases in children with HIV infection

Bacterial infection. Bacterial skin infections, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis, may occur in the child with HIV infection. Most skin lesions are caused by infection with staphylococci or streptococci; if there is doubt as to the cause of the skin infection, a skin biopsy specimen should be taken for both culture and histologic examination. Obvious impetigo may be treated with appropriate oral antibiotics effective against both staphylococci and streptococci; most HIV-infected children will require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotic therapy effective against staphylococci and streptococci for therapy of more involved skin infections. Candidiasis. Oral thrush and recalcitrant monilial diaper dermatitis are the most common mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection in children. Monilial infection also may involve intertriginal areas (axilla, neck folds) and the proximal nail folds (paronychia). In addition to topical therapy, a therapeutic regimen for these infections may include oral therapy to eradicate a gastrointestinal source of the fungus. The first line of therapy for oral thrush during infancy consists of nystatin solution (100,000 U/ml) in a dose of 1 to 2 ml four times per day. In older children clotrimazole troches may be more effective. For infants who do not respond to nystatin, these troches also may be inserted into a plastic nipple and used four times a day as a pacifier. Ketoconazole at 5 to 10 mg/kg /day or fluconazole (not licensed for use in children) at 3 to 6 mg/kg /day may be required for the treatment of oral thrush that does not respond to these measures. The development of feeding difficulty or dysphagia in the child with oral thrush may signal the presence of candidal esophagitis. Topical nystatin or an imidazole cream are effective in treating candidal infection of the skin. Dermatophyte infection. Children with HIV infection may develop severe or widespread tinea corporis or tinea capitis. The presence of fungal infection should be verified by either a potassium hydroxide preparation or a fungal culture. Tinea corporis may be treated with twice daily application of an imidazole cream. Tinea capitis will not respond to topical antifungals and requires a 4to 6-week course of oral griseofulvin 10 to 20 mg/kg/day. Viral infection Herpes simplex. Severe, chronic, or recurrent infection with herpes simplex virus is a complication of HIV infection in children. The most common presentation is the development of severe and persistent erosions of the lips and tongue. However, vesicular and ulcerative lesions of the fingers and other cutaneous surfaces sometimes are seen. Any chronic ulcer of the mouth or skin should be cultured for herpes simplex.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of Unactivated C sp 3H Bonds

The Pd(0)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H amination of unactivated C(sp 3 )–H bonds using aryl amines as the nitrogen source is disclosed. Either the C–N cross-coupling product or the C–H amination product could be accessed selectively by adjusting the steric environment of the substrate.
Activity of the thiopeptide antibiotic nosiheptide against contemporary strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Activity of the thiopeptide antibiotic nosiheptide against contemporary strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Neotypification of Lulworthia fucicola.

There are no herbarium specimens or cul- ture material for the type of Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl. With the absence of original material, and to preserve current usage of the name, a neotype is designated hereby. The neotype chosen for L. fuci- cola is a specimen from Chile.
Loss of the multifunctional RNA-binding protein RBM47 as a source of selectable metastatic traits in breast cancer

The mechanisms through which cancer cells lock in altered transcriptional programs in support of metastasis remain largely unknown. Through integrative analysis of clinical breast cancer gene expression datasets, cell line models of breast cancer progression, and mutation data from cancer genome resequencing studies, we identified RNA binding motif protein 47 (RBM47) as a suppressor of breast cancer progression and metastasis. RBM47 inhibited breast cancer re-initiation and growth in experimental models. Transcriptome-wide HITS-CLIP analysis revealed widespread RBM47 binding to mRNAs, most prominently in introns and 3'UTRs. RBM47 altered splicing and abundance of a subset of its target mRNAs. Some of the mRNAs stabilized by RBM47, as exemplified by dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1, inhibit tumor progression downstream of RBM47. Our work identifies RBM47 as an RNA-binding protein that can suppress breast cancer progression and demonstrates how the inactivation of a broadly targeted RNA chaperone enables selection of a pro-metastatic state.
Genetic evidence for larger African population size during recent human evolution.

Genetic evidence suggests that the long-term average effective size of sub-Saharan Africa is larger than other geographic regions. A method is described that allows estimation of relative long-term regional population sizes. This method is applied to 60 microsatellite DNA loci from a sample of 72 sub-Saharan Africans, 63 East Asians, and 120 Europeans. Average heterozygosity is significantly higher in the sub-Saharan African sample. Expected heterozygosity was computed for each region and locus using a population genetic model based on the null hypothesis of equal long-term population sizes. Average residual heterozygosity is significantly higher in the sub-Saharan African sample, indicating that African population size was larger than other regions during recent human evolution. The best fit of the model is with relative population weights of 0.73 for sub-Saharan Africa, 0.09 for East Asia, and 0.18 for Europe. These results are similar to those obtained using craniometric variation for these three geographic regions. These results, combined with inferences from other genetic studies, support a major role of Africa in the origin of modern humans. It is less clear, however, whether complete African replacement is the most appropriate model. An alternative is an African origin with non-African gene flow. While Africa is an important region in recent human evolution, it is not clear whether the gene pool of our species is completely out of Africa or predominately out of Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:251–260, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Survey design for detecting rare freshwater mussels

A common objective when surveying freshwater mussels is to detect the presence of rare populations. In certain situations, such as when endangered or threatened species are potentially in the area of a proposed impact, the survey should be designed to ensure a high probability of detecting species presence. Linking survey design to probability of detecting species presence has been done for quantitative surveys, but commonly applied designs that are based on timed searches have not made that connection. I propose a semiquantitative survey design that links search area and search efficiency to probability of detecting species presence. The survey can be designed to protect against failing to detect populations above a threshold abundance (or density). I illustrate the design for surveys to detect clubshell (Pluerobema clava) and northern riffleshell (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) in the Allegheny River. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the proposed survey design performs well under a range of spatial distributions and low densities (,0.05 m 2 ) where search area is sufficient to ensure that the probability of detecting species presence is predicted to be � 0.85.
Admission process and final qualification of medical students.

Summary Several ways of admission are compared as to their effect on the final drop-out rate under an unlimited system of examinations within the Medical School. Out of 8260 students admitted during 10 years via several admission systems, 5927 graduated within 16 years from enrolment. A larger drop-out rate (as well as a longer delay in graduating) was observed with students admitted without entrance examinations. An important number of students entering after examinations (45%) were also late in graduating. Among the admission systems used the findings point to the fact that a closed system provides the school with a majority of competent students but excludes a number of students who proved capable of graduating when enrolled in the same school. The findings also point to the need of improvement of the admission process in the closed system or the need for strict first- or second-year evaluation of students in the open system.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, AND THE MAINTENANCE OF A FEMALE-LIMITED POLYMORPHISM

A central problem in evolutionary biology is to understand how spatial and temporal variation in selection maintain genetic variation within and among populations. Brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) exhibit a dorsal pattern polymorphism that is expressed only in females, which occur in “diamond,” “bar,” and intermediate “diamond-bar” morphs. To understand the inheritance of this polymorphism, we conducted a captive breeding study that refuted several single-locus models and supported a two-locus mode of inheritance. To describe geographic variation in morph frequencies, we surveyed 13 populations from two major islands in The Bahamas. Morph frequencies differed substantially between major islands but were highly congruent within each island. Finally, we measured viability selection on each island to test two hypotheses regarding the maintenance of the polymorphism: (1) that spatial variation in selection maintains variation in morph frequencies between islands, and (2) that temporal variation in selection across years maintains variation within islands. Although bar females had relatively lower survival where they were rare, our data do not otherwise suggest that selection varies spatially between islands. However, diamond-bar females were subject to positive frequency-dependent selection across years, and the relative fitness of bar and diamond females alternated across years. We propose that this polymorphism is maintained by temporal variation in selection coupled with the sheltering of alleles via a two-locus inheritance pattern and sex-limited expression.
Optimal LQG performance of linear uncertain systems using state-feedback

In this paper the state-feedback control problem for linear uncertain systems is considered. The performance objective is the expectation of a quadratic integral cost function, and the "worst-case" state-feedback controllers is designed to accommodate uncertain parameter. We give computable bounds for such performance. For an LTI system, our bounds are the square of /spl Hscr//sub 2/ norm of the system actually.
Root system hydraulic conductivity in species with contrasting root anatomy

cause the variability in root hydraulic properties that exists among plant species. Previous research suggested that the hydraulic properties of root systems of intact plants could be Key words: Endodermis, exodermis, hypodermis, cortex, described by two parameters: the hydraulic conduc- drought, water transport, root hydraulics. tivity (Lp r ) or the slope of the flow-density/water potential gradient relationship, and the offset or minimum
Nonexercise movement in elderly compared with young people

The association between free-living daily activity and aging is unclear because nonexercise movement and its energetic equivalent, nonexercise activity thermogenesis, have not been exhaustively studied in the elderly. We wanted to address the hypothesis that free-living nonexercise movement is lower in older individuals compared with younger controls matched for lean body mass. Ten lean, healthy, sedentary elderly and 10 young subjects matched for lean body mass underwent measurements of nonexercise movement and body posture over 10 days using sensitive, validated technology. In addition, energy expenditure was assessed using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Total nonexercise movement (acceleration arbitrary units), standing time, and standing acceleration were significantly lower in the elderly subjects; this was specifically because the elderly walked less distance per day despite having a similar number of walking bouts per day compared with the young individuals. The energetic cost of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, total daily energy expenditure, and nonexercise activity thermogenesis were not different between the elderly and young groups. Thus, the energetic cost of walking in the elderly may be greater than in the young. Lean, healthy elderly individuals may have a biological drive to be less active than the young.
Translinear circuits: a proposed classification

An important and expanding branch of analogue circuits is the `translinear? group. Their primary function arises from the exploitation of the precise proportionality of transconductance to collector current in bipolar transistors so as to result in fundamentally exact, temperature-insensitive behaviour. The basic translinear principle is derived and several examples given.
Continuity of measures of technical efficiency

Abstract The paper introduces continuity—in “technologies” as well as input and output quantities—into the axiomatic structure of the measurement of technical efficiency. Impossibility results show that continuity rules out other axioms (including indication of efficient input/output combinations), as well as some specific measures. Possibility results suggest that the natural choice for the measurement of technical efficiency is the extended Debreu/Farrell measure (the inverse of the distance function defined on the free-disposal hull of the upper level set).
Projecting Library Automation Costs

Five consultants address the challenge of projecting automation costs. The various cost‐components of automation are identified, as are the factors that contribute most to cost miscalculation. Rules‐of‐thumb for projecting costs, and the risk associated with their use, are reviewed. The importance of life‐cycle planning is stressed.
Complication rates of percutaneous brachial artery access in peripheral vascular angiography

The brachial artery has been considered a secondary choice for percutaneous access due to reported increased complication rates compared to femoral access despite potential advantages in peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients. A prospectively collected database of 1326 PVD patients undergoing angiography with percutaneous brachial access between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1999 was retrospectively reviewed. All patient charts with coded brachial pathology during this time period were reviewed to ensure complete data capture. The protocol for patients undergoing brachial access included a vascular surgery evaluation after each angiogram and telephone follow-up by a nurse at 24 hr. During this 10-year period, a percutaneous brachial artery approach was used to perform 1084 angiograms in men and 242 angiograms in women. A subset of 111 patients had multiple studies (range: 2 to 7) via brachial access without complication. Rates of failed access (2.1% female vs. 0% male, p <0.001) and brachial thrombosis (1.24% female vs. 0.28% male, p <0.04) were significantly higher in women. The complication rate for all patients was 1.28%. Percutaneous brachial access for angiography can be safely and repetitively performed in PVD patients, although women have an increased risk of thrombosis and failed access. The brachial approach allows early ambulation and discharge, and can be considered a primary choice for diagnostic angiographic access.
Life’s Beginnings — Origin or Evolution?

The alleged disproof of the concept of spontaneous generation is examined. The gene theory and the prebiological systems theory of the origin of life are evaluated. The former is considered not feasible. The latter may be feasible but present experimentation tends more to demonstrate the possibility of neobiogenesis (present-day re-origin of life) than of biopoesis (fiirst origin of life). The uniqueness of biopoesis is questioned as is the heterotroph hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis is attempted.
Involvement of SenC in Assembly of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus

SenC, a Sco1 homolog found in the purple photosynthetic bacteria, has been implicated in affecting photosynthesis and respiratory gene expression, as well as assembly of cytochrome c oxidase. In this study, we show that SenC from Rhodobacter capsulatus is involved in the assembly of a fully functional cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase, as revealed by decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity in a senC mutant. We also show that a putative copper-binding site in SenC is required for activity and that a SenC deletion phenotype can be rescued by the addition of exogenous copper to the growth medium. In addition, we demonstrate that a SenC mutation has an indirect effect on gene expression caused by a reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity. A model is proposed whereby a reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity impedes the flow of electrons through the respiratory pathway, thereby affecting the oxidation/reduction state of the ubiquinone pool, leading to alterations of photosystem and respiratory gene expression.
PHOTOINDUCTION AND PHOTOREVERSAL OF THE NOSTOCACEAN DEVELOPMENTAL CYCLE1

The developmental cycle of Nostoc muscorum, a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga, is controlled by the spectral quality of illumination. Red light with peak activity at 650 mμ induces development of filaments from a nonfilamentous (aseriate) stage of the life cycle. Red-light photoinduction is reversed by simultaneous or subsequent exposure to light from a broad band in the green region of the spectrum. Photo-reversibility of the red-light induction, by green light, decays very slowly, remaining at an appreciable level for over 24 hr after the primary stimulus. Allophycocyanin is indicated to be the photoreceptor for red-light induction. One or more phyco-erythrins may operate as photoreceptors for reversal of induction. The dosage response and wavelength dependence of developmental photocontrol in Nostoc muscorum A indicate that a nonphotosynthetic mechanism is involved in both developmental photoinduction and its photor ever sal.
Interbirth intervals: Intrafamilial, intragenomic and intrasomatic conflict.

Background and objectives: Interbirth intervals (IBIs) mediate a trade-off between child number and child survival. Life history theory predicts that the evolutionarily optimal IBI differs for different individuals whose fitness is affected by how closely a mother spaces her children. The objective of the article is to clarify these conflicts and explore their implications for public health. Methodology: Simple models of inclusive fitness and kin conflict address the evolution of human birthspacing. Results: Genes of infants generally favor longer intervals than genes of mothers, and infant genes of paternal origin generally favor longer IBIs than genes of maternal origin. Conclusions and implications: The colonization of maternal bodies by offspring cells (fetal microchimerism) raises the possibility that cells of older offspring could extend IBIs by interfering with the implantation of subsequent embryos.
An Urban Community-Based Intervention to Advance Social Interactions:

Blighted urban environments can be detrimental to community life and result in alienation and isolation. An intervention was developed in 2003 in Portland, Oregon, to engage low- to moderate-income, urban communities in creating pleasant amenities in the public right-of-way, including ecologically built information kiosks, benches, trellises for hanging gardens, and interactive art features such as large street paintings and art walls. As part of a postintervention survey of 359 residents within a two-block radius at three project sites, 53% rated their neighborhood better than before and 44% or 53% rated their present neighborhood as an excellent or good place to live, respectively. In open-ended qualitative comments, 30% mentioned increased social interactions, 13% revealed an enhanced sense of place, 43% described neighborhood participation, and 20% discussed aesthetic aspects of their local environment. Community involvement in urban design can enrich social networks with direct benefits for social capital and well-being.
A new methodology for information presentations on the web

The rapid growth of on-line information including multimedia contents during the last decade caused a major problem for Web users – there is too much information available, most of it poorly organized and hard to find. To help a user to find proper information, web news search functions are devised and developed. Although those search engines provide some solutions, users still suffer from reading huge amounts of hyperlinks. Also, users of new media now have great expectations of what they can see on the Web. To provide better user satisfaction, we proposed a story model (story structures) that can be dynamically instantiated for different user requests from various multi-modal elements. The proposed story model defines four domain-independent story types. We compared traditional web news search functions and our story model by using usability test. The result shows that our multimedia presentation methodology is significantly better than the current search functions.
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction precedes diastolic dysfunction during myocardial ischemia in conscious dogs.

We studied the initial effects of regional and global left ventricular (LV) ischemia induced by left circumflex and left main coronary artery occlusion (CAO), respectively, on indexes of systolic a...