cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sero-epidemiologic investigation on hepatitis E viral infection status among different populations in Hangzhou City

Objective To investigate the infection status of hepatitis E virus( HEV) among different groups of people in Hangzhou city. Methods Using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method,393 individuals from pig and cow raising households,pig slaughter workers,pork salesmen and pet feeding workers and other vocations in Gongshu District and Tonglu County were selected. Cases survey data and blood samples were then collected from those populations. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay( ELISA) was adopted to detect anti-HEV-IgM and IgG. Results The standardized infection rate in Hangzhou city was 36. 87%. There was no significant difference between males and females( P 0. 05), however,there was significant difference among different age groups( P 0. 05),and the highest infection rate was found in 50-59 year group. The standardized infection rates of population in rural areas and urban areas were 46. 89% and 29. 63% respectively( P 0. 05). The positive rates for anti-HEV in pig and cow raising households and pork salesman were higher than others( P 0. 05) and it increased with working years. Conclusion The people who frequently contact with pig or cow have a higher risk of infecting HEV.
Improved relationships in eastern Kenya from water interventions and access to water.

OBJECTIVES Global health interventions focus on providing solutions to unaddressed public health issues in low- and middle-income countries. Providing nearby access to safe drinking water is a primary public health concern and a frequent public health intervention throughout sub-Saharan Africa; access to water eliminates long gathering and transport time and provides an individual with more personal time. Previous research has not reviewed the aspect of time and relationship changes after implemented water interventions. METHOD A qualitative phenomenological approach used 52 semistructured interviews to examine relationship experiences among primary water gatherers and their families after receiving nearby access to water. This study took place throughout the historically semiarid eastern region in Kitui, Kenya, where community members have been beneficiaries of various water interventions. RESULTS Before the water intervention, family members experienced difficulties with irregular meal times and food availability, infrequent family conversations, irritation with lack of bathing and cleanliness, and general discontent without the availability of 1 able-bodied family member. Participants' experiences after implemented water interventions revealed enhanced relationships within household family units; additional personal time was gained and used to rebuild relationships. The newly established relationships included constructive discussions and conversations built around understanding and developing solutions to address economic or individual challenges encountered by the family. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings suggest that relationships significantly improved after households receive access to nearby water. Furthermore, this research provides evidence of an increased need for access to quality water for communities throughout the world to positively contribute to constructive family relationships.
Pre-Clinical Cytological Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer

AbstractThe records’ of 100 recent urology service patients with bladder neoplasms were evaluated for correlation of cytological findings with clinical and histological diagnoses. At the time of diagnosis 83 patients had synchronous positive biopsies and cytologies, 3 had negative cytologies (even though urothelial cancer was present) and the remaining 14 had abnormal cytologies but clinical examination was negative. Of these 14 patients invasive cancer has been identified subsequently in 11, while 3 have not yet returned for clinical followup.Analysis of the 11 patients in whom cancer was proved eventually reveals 14 distinct periods, ranging from 1 to 37 months, in which cytologies were abnormal and concurrent clinical examinations and histological diagnoses were negative. Ten of these periods preceded tumor recurrence and the other 4 antedated the first occurrence of cancer. A relationship was found between a cytological diagnosis of carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia and the presence or future appe...
US Reputation and Soviet Expansion

In assessing the impact of reputation on deterrence we face a problem that is both theoretical and operational. The interconnectedness theory predicts that defeats or other evidence of weakness or inattention will erode a country’s reputation and encourage challenges to its commitments, but supporters of this notion have not indicated how soon these effects take hold, how long they last, or, more generally, how susceptible to change are the images leaders have of their adversaries. Because one event or series of events may shape images of credibility so strongly that several future episodes are affected, there are potential pitfalls in sole reliance on a case by case approach. Hence, it seems wiser to begin with an examination of a much larger ‘unit of analysis’, an entire turn of the cycle in the US-Soviet rivalry, taken as a whole.
Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences

Publisher Summary Statistical considerations play an important role in many aspects of the analysis of protein sequence and structural data. This chapter presents a review of methods that find application in the analysis of protein primary sequences. The methods are organized according to whether they require single sequences, pairs of sequences, or multiple sequences as input. Protein primary sequences as well as protein three-dimensional structural data are now abundantly available. Distinct primary sequences number in the ten thousands, and distinct structures with atomic coordinates resolved by crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance range in the hundreds. These data are a rich source for studies concerned with protein structure, function, and evolution. Statistically significant sequence features in terms of global and local composition, spatial distribution of residues along the primary sequences, and pairwise or multiple similarities are viewed as starting points for further interaction with the data. It is postulated that because of the continued accumulation of molecular sequence data, the statistical screening of the data has become a virtual necessity in the interpretation and design of biomolecular experimental studies as well as a source of novel molecular hypotheses.
Perrhenate sorption kinetics in zerovalent iron in high pH and nitrate media.

Abstract Technetium(Tc)-99 is one of major risk drivers in low level radioactive liquid waste at the U.S. Department of Energy sites. Cementitious waste technology (CWT) has been considered immobilizing pertechnetate, Tc(VII)O4−, in brine and alkaline waste solutions, as Tc(IV) oxides and/or sulfides with the use of reducing agents like slag. In this study, zero valent iron (ZVI) was evaluated as a potential reducing agent in CWT as a function of pH and [nitrate] (0–0.1 M) using perrhenate, Re(VII)O4−, as an analogue for Tc(VII)O4−. Batch Re(VII)O4− sorption experiments in conjunction with X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis showed that the Re(VII) sorption occurred via the reductive precipitation of Re(IV)O2(s) and the extent of sorption decreased with increasing pH from 8 to 10. Interestingly, pseudo 2nd order kinetic rates increased with increasing [nitrate] which was attributed to co-adsorption of NH4+ (i.e., a reaction product of reduced nitrate by ZVI), facilitating electrostatic attraction towards ReO4− under alkaline conditions. Considering the thermodynamically favorable reduction of Tc(VII) over Re(VII), ZVI might have potential for improving the reduction capacity of the current CWT.
Chapter 128 - Arachidonic Acid-regulated Ca 2+ Channel

The arachidonic acid-regulated Ca 2+ (ARC) channel is a recently identified Ca 2+ -selective conductance that is distinct from the store-operated conductances (e.g. CRAC channels). These ARC channels play a key role in [Ca 2+ ] i signaling in non-excitable cells in that they appear to provide the predominant pathway for the receptor-activated entry of Ca 2+ at low, physiologically relevant, agonist concentrations. The demonstration that ARC channels represent a Ca 2+ entry pathway that is spatially distinct from those activated by store depletion immediately raises the potential for the specific activation of different targets within the cell, as has already been demonstrated for the SOC channels and certain adenylyl cyclases. Moreover, the fact that these pathways are independently activated at different agonist concentrations adds a new level of complexity to cellular Ca 2+ signaling. Thus, the appropriate targeting of downstream Ca 2+ -sensitive effectors to sites in close proximity to either ARC or SOC/ CRAC channels may result in the specific selective regulation of these effectors at different agonist concentrations
In-Situ Microscopic Study of Morphology Changes in Natural Hematite and Cu-Spinel Particles During Cyclic Redox Gas Exposures for Chemical Looping Applications

Efficiency of the chemical looping combustion technology is adversely influenced by surface properties of oxygen carrier materials during oxidation–reduction process changes at elevated temperatures. In this work, natural hematite (Fe2O3) and alumina (Al2O3) supported Cu-spinel (CuFe2O4) oxygen carrier particles were isothermally exposed to redox gas cycles (air and 10 vol% CO–90 vol% Ar) at approximately 800 °C and studied using a high temperature confocal scanning laser microscope for real time alterations in surface morphology, roughness, and particle volume. 3D topological scans from each cyclic gas exposure indicated hematite particles exhibited noticeable volume expansion in reduction and shrinkage in oxidation, corresponding to respective phase transformations. Materials surface changes during the redox gas cycles are discussed.
Rapid acquisition of multi-channel biomechanical data due to open field blasts

To date, the underlying mechanisms of blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) are still not fully understood. Biomechanical responses such as intracranial pressure (ICP), head linear accelerations, and head angular velocities measured in live animals can provide crucial information on injury response and tolerance of the brain exposed to blast. However, the acquisition of these data, using large animal test subjects, in open-field blasts is a major undertaking and, there are only limited biomechanical data available from shock tube testing which cannot fully simulate an open field blast. In this study, swine subjects were exposed to free-field blasts generated by 3.6 kg of C4 charge. Three incident overpressures (IOP) were generated by placing the charge at three standoff distances from the swine. Five swine were exposed to a total of 19 blasts, during which ICP, 3D linear acceleration, and 3D angular velocity were recorded simultaneously throughout the blast. A 4th order phaseless low pass Butterworth software filter was applied to the data.
Structure-aware sparse reconstruction and applications to passive multistatic radar

Passive radar systems operate by exploiting signals of opportunity that are designed for other applications, such as broadcasting, communications, and satellite navigation. Passive radars have recently attracted attention in military applications, mainly because of their covertness, low-cost implementation, and no requirement of signal emissions [1], [2]. Whereas the primary use of passive radars is in the defense sector, these same features make them attractive in commercial applications. Unlike conventional active radar systems, which typically operate in a monostatic mode, passive radar can operate in a multistatic mode (thus called passive multistatic radar, or PMR) by using multiple transmitters. Multiple networked receivers can also be exploited for an expanded PMR network size.
WiFi Enabled Speech Recognition Controller Node

Automation and devices that make daily activities easier are increasingly apparent in today's society. The ability to walk into a room, verbally output what it is that you want done around you, or have it recited back to you at another time is something that should be seen as normal with the technology that is readily available. This design is ultimately going to bring a natural, human action, and combine it with a device that will make it readily available and accessible to other technologies. A WiFi Enabled Human Speech Recognition Controller Node aims to take human speech in through a microphone, convert it from analog to digital, and transmit that digital stream via WiFi network to a web service where it will be broken down into text, saved, and be used to issue commands‥
Ni(OH)2 as Hole Mediator for Visible Light-Induced Urea Splitting

Urea is a small molecule produced in millions of tons per day and is ubiquitous in nature. Biological treatment is commonly used to oxidize the urea wastewater produced each day across the world, which produces additional solid waste and eliminates any potential for utilizing the stored chemical energy within. A solar waste-to-fuels concept is presented to synergistically produce hydrogen fuel from visible sunlight while remediating urea wastewaters. A cascade semiconductor-catalyst electrode assembly was designed to drive the photoconversion of urea to hydrogen. Proper band energy alignment facilitates catalyst activation via hole transfer across the semiconductor–catalyst interface. Specifically CdS-sensitized TiO2 with Ni(OH)2 urea electrocatalyst on fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass was employed as photoanode. The steady-state response of the semiconductor–catalyst electrode is investigated in a photoelectrochemical cell, and charge transfer and recombination kinetics are elucidated to identify li...
ESTIMATION FOR STATIONARY TIME SERIES WHEN DATA ARE IRREGULARLY SPACED OR MISSING

In Section II some examples of, and models for, missing and irregular data patterns will be reviewed. In Section III nonparametric estimation of covariances and spectra will be discussed and some general large sample theory for the estimates of covariances will be given. Various estimation schemes for parametric models will be reviewed in Section IV. Sections V and VI are concerned with estimation based on maximizing the Gaussian likelihood. The effect of various amounts and types of missing data on the distributional properties of these estimates is investigated via simulations and large sample theory. In particular the large sample information matrix for the first order autoregression is derived and it is indicated that the autoregressive coefficient can sometimes be more efficiently estimated by taking M observations over N > M time points than by taking M consecutive observations. In Section VII some pollution data is reanalyzed.
Improving Sustainability through Usability

This article proposes methodologies and applications for sustainability solutions through usability. Usability and sustainability are defined in the context of human factors and ergonomics. Economic, social and ecological considerations form the basis for the three leg platform for sustainable development. A return to fundamentals in human factors, ergonomics and industrial and operations engineering can provide insight into effective implementation of sustainability solutions. Principles such as learning curves and economies of scale are highlighted in the context of sustainable energy. It is also suggested that exposure-response curves can be derived using Bayesian networks, giving insight into potential causal effects in existing ecotoxicology data. Ergonomists have used these tools in the past to evaluate performance of other engineering implementations while toxicology can initially provide some common basis for the historical and modern view of ergonomics in the context of sustainability. Sustainability can benefit from such tools that can evaluate potential interventions under uncertainty. From other engineering literature it appears that technical solutions are already available to support sustainability, while the lag may be occurring in coordinating the social, organizational and cultural response. Lessons learned in human factors and ergonomics can support sustainability related interventions building on experience in human-system interface design and visualizations that have been an integral part of the digital human modeling community especially over the last two decades.
Critical Aspects of Bacterial Protein Toxins

Bacterial protein toxins could be classified as the most dangerous group of agents faced by the human population as well as by other groups of biological systems. Consideration of the potency of toxins makes them dreadful. For example, based on the lowest minimal lethal dose consideration, botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum, tops the list of known toxins of both proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous nature with a mouse lethal dose of 0.3 ng, which on molar basis is 300, 2 million, 5 million and 100 million fold lower than diphtheria, cholera, cobrotoxin, and sodium cyanide, respectively (Middlebrook, 1989). In addition, there are other important factors contributing to the dangerous nature of bacterial toxins. One such factor is the ubiquitous nature of bacteria that makes toxins’ access to an unlimited target hosts easily permissible. Second, the invisible nature of bacteria to naked eye leaves only the option of preventive measures rather than avoidance, unlike in cases of most animal and plant toxins. Lastly, the short duplication time of bacteria provides them with ample opportunities to go through genetic evolution to produce bacterial strains adapted for the adversarial environmental conditions. Such trait perhaps also allows them to develop resistance to antibiotics. Short duplication time also helps bacteria to spread extensively and faster to cover a wide area of target population.
Optimum on-time duty cycle for a transversal ultrasound machine.

Purpose To evaluate the optimum on-time setting for the most efficient removal of lens fragments using micropulse ultrasound (US) and Ellips FX transversal US in the Whitestar Signature Pro phacoemulsification machine. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Porcine lens nuclei were soaked in formalin for 2 hours and cut into 2.0 mm cubes. The US machine was used with a bent 0.9 mm phaco tip and a 30-degree bevel. The off time was set to 6 milliseconds (ms) and the on time varied from 4 to 10 ms in 1 ms increments. Efficiency (time for fragment removal) and chatter (number of times the fragment bounced from the tip) were measured. Results A linear incremental increase in efficiency was observed between 4 ms and 6 ms. The most statistically significant efficiency was achieved with an on time of 6 ms. On times shorter than 6 ms were significantly less efficient (P = .05). Greater on times (7 to 10 ms) did not result in a significant difference in efficiency (P = .72), but did appear to have more chatter events when comparing on-time settings of 7 to 10 ms with 4 to 6 ms (P = .02). Conclusions With micropulse transversal US, 6 ms of on time was as efficient as longer on times. To maximize phacoemulsification efficiency and minimize chatter events, an on time of 6 ms is recommended.
Abstract LB-190: CDC25A suppression of apoptosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma depends on 14-3-3ε

Cytoplasmic relocalization of the dual-specificity phosphatase, CDC25A, occurs during nonmelanoma skin cancer development and progression, leading to suppression of cell death. Cytoplasmic CDC25A is phosphorylated at Ser178, which allows for its association with 14-3-3e. 14-3-3e is a member of the 14-3-3 family of proteins that bind phosphoserine/threonine-containing proteins and are involved in various processes including scaffolding, nuclear transport, protein degradation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cell signaling. We hypothesized that CDC25A9s antiapoptotic function depends upon 14-3-3e binding to trigger activation of prosurvival signaling pathways in SCC cells. Co-immunoprecipitation of CDC25A from the SCC cell line SCC12B.2 followed by immunoblotting for 14-3-3e confirmed an association between CDC25A and14-3-3e. CDC25A over-expression in SCC12B.2 cells reduced apoptosis by approximately 50%, as assessed by a caspase 3/7 glo assay. However, inhibition of 14-3-3e with the peptide R18, or silencing of 14-3-3e, blocked the anti-apoptotic effect of CDC25A in SCC cells. Treatment with serial dilutions of R18 increased cell death with an IC50 of 8.9 μM in SCC12B.2 cells. Interestingly, over-expression of CDC25A significantly increased P-Akt (p=0.011), P-BAD (p=0.034) and Survivin (p=0.036) when compared to control. Consistent with our hypothesis that 14-3-3e facilitates CDC25A9s antiapoptotic activity, silencing of 14-3-3e decreased P-Akt (p=0.044), P-BAD (p=0.034) and Survivin (p=0.008). Taken together, these results indicate that cytoplasmic CDC25A and 14-3-3e interact in skin carcinomas to suppress apoptosis through a mechanism involving activation of Akt/BAD/Survivin signaling, rendering SCC cells sensitive to 14-3-3e or CDC25A inhibition, a mechanism that requires further study. Citation Format: Thomas R. Holmes, Jenan Al-Matouq, Brianna Hammiller, Yawah T. Nicholson, Matti J. Holmes, Laura A. Hansen. CDC25A suppression of apoptosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma depends on 14-3-3e [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-190.
Spiritual Heroes, Miracle Tales, and Rāmsnehī Foundations: Constructing Hagiographies of a Rajasthani Sant

In 1982, a Rāmsnehī sant named Vintiram wrote a Hindi prose biography of his lineage’s founder, Rāmcaraṇ of Shahpura (1720–98), quoting liberally from previous hagiographical verse. Although the late verse narratives showcase miracles, the earliest presents a believable story about a sant from a mercantile caste attracting initial followers among people of similar backgrounds, who spread their new sect through caste networks and make strategic political interventions. The paper examines the significance of Rāmcaraṇ as a sant in post-Mughal Rajasthan and Vintiram’s representation of him to his own contemporaries.
Public (Mis)perceptions of Individuals Who Sexually Abuse Children and the Implications Thereof

Abstract The public perceives individuals who sexually abuse children as monsters who will continue harming vulnerable children. This chapter delves into the nature of public (mis)perceptions on this topic and the ineffective and reactionary legislation that results. First, to highlight inaccuracies, public beliefs about sexual abusers of children are reviewed and compared with empirical findings about offenders. The second part of this chapter applies Cohen’s theory of moral panic and reviews the cyclical nature of sexual moral panics in the United States. Multiple waves of moral panic drawing on rare cases of strangers abducting and murdering children have resulted in the adoption of punitive and reactionary legislation over time. Such legislation gives the appearance of addressing the issue of child sexual abuse but is not truly effective in preventing it, introducing the concept of crime control theatre. The third part of this chapter discusses the need for better terminology to describe sexual abusers of children, demonstrating that the increasingly popular label of ‘paedophile’ activates faulty beliefs and a mythical construction of the individuals who commit such acts. Using terms that do not establish individuals perpetrating child sexual abuse as ‘other’ might be a promising way of communicating about the issue with the public, to convey that they are otherwise normal individuals who use their position as a family member or acquaintance to commit their crime.
Can Concerns for Social Status Mitigate the ‘Lemons Problem’? Experimental Evidence from the Indian Caste Hierarchy:

We conducted a lab-in-the-field experiment to analyse if and how information about an individual’s social status influences efficient choices in a two-party hidden information game in which trust a...
The Effect of Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Gait in People with Stroke.

Abstract Objective: Gait of people with unilateral stroke is characterized by pronounced asymmetry. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cognitive and motor tasks on asymmetry of gait in people with stroke. Materials and Methods: Nine individuals with stroke walked over the GAITRite walkway while performing motor (holding a cup with water) or cognitive (reciting the alphabet) tasks or walked with no additional task. Gait velocity, cadence, and symmetry indexes for the stance phase, swing phase, and single support phase of a gait cycle were calculated. Results: The motor and cognitive tasks negatively affected gait velocity (P
Evaluating the Career Impact of Faculty Development Using Matched Controls.

Background and objectives Faculty development (FD) is required for medical educators, yet few studies address its long-term career impact on graduates. This project presents the impact of FD on career development, as perceived by physician faculty graduates of a longitudinal primary care FD educator program, compared to nonenrollees. Methods Between 2011 and 2016, 33 physician faculty from three departments participated in monthly half-day in-class FD for 20 months, emphasizing educator skills and career development. After physician-graduates were stratified by year, 10 were randomly selected and matched with 10 nonparticipants (controls) by specialty, gender, academic rank, and time in academic medicine. Narrative responses from semistructured interviews were recorded in a common template. Qualitative analysis methods identified themes, with agreement obtained by researchers. Results Median time in academic medicine for FD graduates (50% male) was 5.5 years; controls 7.5 years (40% male). Common themes across all respondents included that they: value their roles as clinical teachers; define success as training high-quality, competent physicians; align their professional aims with organizational priorities; manage commitments; develop and sustain colleague networks; and seek continued growth. Within themes, FD graduates differed from controls, detailing greater perceived success and growth as educators, placing higher value on scholarly products and academic promotion, and having more expansive local and national colleague networks. Conclusions FD graduates, compared to matched controls, report expanded clinician-educator scope and roles, and a greater value on scholarly activity. This evaluation provides the groundwork for further investigations.
Molecular identification of the species of Biomphalaria snails in Shenzhen reservoir based on 16S rDNA sequences

Objective To identify the species of Biomphalaria snails collected in Shenzhen reservoir, based on the mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Methods The 16S rDNA fragments were amplified by PCR from the genome DNA of Biomphalaria snails, and inserted in plasmid pMD-18T for sequencing. The sequence of 16S rDNA fragment and its phylogenetic relationships with those of other species of Biomphalaria snails were analyzed with BLAST and MEGA4 software. Results The amplified 16S rDNA fragment of the Biomphalaria snails was about 466 bp in length. As aligned with the corresponding sequences of the related Biomphalaria species, the identity of nucleotides was 99% with 1 isolate of Biomphalaria straminea (B. straminea), 98% with 3 isolates of B. kuhniana, 95% with 1 isolate of B. intermedia, and 94% with 1 isolate of B. edisoni. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, the results of phylogenetic analysis with neighbor-joining (NJ) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) indicated that the snails had close genetic relationships with the B. straminea isolate(Genbank accession NO. AY030213.1) Conclusion The Biomphalaria snails collected in Shenzhen reservoir could be classified as B. straminea based on the characteristics of 16S rDNA sequence. Key words: Biomphalaria snails; DNA, Mitochondrial; Molecular phylogenetic analysis
Resilient Supervisory Multiagent Systems

Accidental or deliberate disruption of the coordination function in a multiagent system has been discussed and referred to in the social sciences literature as leader decapitation; this article outlines a methodology for making multiagent networks resilient to this type of failure, enabling a timely restoration of operation normalcy by leveraging machine learning techniques. The approach involves endowing the agents with a cascade of independent learning modules that enable them to discover over time their role in the overall system coordinating strategy, so that they are able to autonomously implement it when central coordination seizes to function. Through these machine learning algorithms, the agents incrementally identify the overall system’s task specification and simultaneously optimize their strategy to serve the common goal.
Payer perceptions on the use of economic models in oncology decision making.

BACKGROUND: To support oncology formulary decisions, especially with accelerated regulatory approvals and niche populations, payers desire data beyond what regulators review. Economic models showin...
Neuropsychological Aspects of Stroke

This chapter discusses neuropsychological aspects of stroke. Neuropsychological measures are sensitive to brain changes associated with stroke and have implications for adaptive behavior outside clinical settings. Neuropsychological assessment can provide unique information about stroke disability. The evidence for focal or lateralized neuropsychological deficits following brain hemorrhage is less consistent than following ischemic stroke. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage often display a broad range of neuropsychological deficits that frequently cannot be correlated with the site of the aneurysm. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) often produce impairments of general adaptive abilities; they less consistently produce lateralized or focal neuropsychological deficits than ischemic stroke. When neuropsychological signs of asymmetry are clearly present; the laterality of AVMs can be predicted as accurately as the laterality of thrombotic-embolic strokes. The integration of neuropsychological and pathophysiological data requires more basic research relating improved neuropsychological functioning during recovery to changes in regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, structural damage, and edema.
On-the-job search in a labor market model: Ex ante choices and ex post outcomes

Abstract This paper builds a multi-sector labor market model including wage dualism, open unemployment, underemployment, on-the-job search, and expected wage equalization. The innovative feature of this model is the distinction between the ex ante allocation of the labor force among search strategies and the ex post allocation of the labor force among labor market outcomes. Among the findings are: more efficient on-the-job search lowers the equilibrium unemployment rate; in a rational expectations equilibrium, the average rural and urban wages will not be equal; modern sector enlargement may leave labor market conditions in one of the sectors unchanged, even when wages and employment in that sector are fully flexible.
Investigations on the Use of Laser Dyes as Quantum Counters for Obtaining Corrected Fluorescence Spectra in the Near Infrared

Several laser dyes were evaluated as quantum counters for obtaining corrected fluorescence spectra in the near infrared regions. Preliminary results indicate that hexamethylindotricarbocyanine (HITC) and LDS-798 (Exciton Chemical Co., Overlook, OH) both have quantum yields that are independent of wavelength and can extend the limits of spectral correction to 800 and 700 nm, respectively. A binary quantum counter containing a mixture of Rhodamine B (RhB) and HITC was also evaluated. The quantum yields of HITC and LDS-798 were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.14, respectively, compared to a value of 0.95 attributed to RhB. Examples of corrected spectra obtained using LDS-798 and HITC are compared with absorbance spectra and other accepted standards. Preliminary stability tests are discussed and further studies suggested.
A prospective, longitudinal study of the functional status and quality of life of older patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy

OBJECTIVES: To examine the toxicity experienced by a cohort of older women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and the longitudinal effect on their functional status and quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: A geriatric assessment measuring functional status, comorbidity, mood, nutritional status, and QOL was performed before chemotherapy, at the end of chemotherapy, and 6 months later. SETTING: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients aged 65 and older with Stage I to III breast cancer receiving any adjuvant chemotherapy; 49 were evaluable. MEASUREMENTS: The chemotherapy regimen and the toxicity to chemotherapy were recorded. A geriatric assessment was performed before the start of chemotherapy, on completion of chemotherapy, and 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. QOL testing was performed at the same times. RESULTS: Patients (mean age 68, range 65–84) received an anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimen (n=15) or cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 intravenously (IV), methotrexate 40 mg/m2 IV, 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 IV every 3 weeks for eight cycles (n=34). Grade 3 or 4 toxicity occurred in 53% (n=26), hematological toxicity in 27% (n=13), and nonhematological toxicity in 31% (n=15). Despite toxicity, there was no significant longitudinal change in functional status or QOL. CONCLUSION: Despite toxicity from adjuvant chemotherapy, this cohort of relatively young older patients maintained their functional status and QOL from before chemotherapy to 6 months postchemotherapy. Subtle changes in higher-order functioning would require assessment using different geriatric assessment tools.
Automatic Theorem Generation in Plane Geometry

We introduce a conceptual framework for discovery of theorems in geometry and a mechanism which systematically discovers such theorems. Our mechanism incrementally generates geometrical situations, makes conjectures about them, uses a geometry theorem prover to determine the consistency of situations, and keeps valid conjectures as theorems. We define geometry situations, situation descriptions, theorems, and their relationships important to understand our discovery task. An exhaustive generator of situation descriptions has enormous combinatorial complexity. We analyze various ways to reduce that complexity. Ideally, the generator should create a single description of each situation, should generate more general situations before more specific ones, and should use the previously discovered theorems to constrain its generation mechanism. We describe our generator which possesses most of these properties, and we outline further improvements. Our theorem prover is based on Wu's algebraic method for proving geometry theorems. We discuss the interface between our situation generator and theorem prover and the limitations of our discovery system. Examples of theorems discovered by our system are also presented.
Determinants of Timberland Use by Ownership and Forest Type in Alabama and Georgia

Land use changes and timberland use by ownership and forest type in Alabama and Georgia between 1972 and 2000 are analyzed using a modified multinomial logit approach. Low average land quality, federal cost-share incentives, and favorable returns to forestry relative to agriculture were the main factors associated with timberland increase. Higher forestry returns helped increase industrial timberland but not nonindustrial private forests. An increase in hardwood forests at the expense of softwood and mixed forests was driven by increasing hardwood returns. Increasing softwood returns and tree planting assistance programs alleviated declines in softwood forests. Because factors influencing timberland use changes differ by ownership and forest type, treating all timberland as one major category may lead to incorrect predications.
Translation and Political Engagement

AbstractThe possibility of using translation for geopolitical agenda and political engagement has stimulated substantial interest in the last decade within translation studies and in other disciplines. Defining engagement in translation studies as translation with an activist component, this article reviews the discourse pertaining to translation and engagement. The case study of the translation of Irish literature into English over the last century, from the epoch of Irish cultural nationalism through Irish political independence to the present, is used as an exemplar of a translation movement that has been effective in achieving significant geopolitical results. Desiderata for a theory of translation and engagement are discussed, in the context of which a criticism is offered of Venuti’s contribution to the discourse of translation and engagement. The article concludes with the identification of characteristics shared by translation movements that have effectively contributed to political engagement and...
Semiconductor core-level to valence-band maximum binding-energy differences: Precise determination by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Angle-resolved core-level and valence-band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data for GaAs(110), Ge(110), and Ge(111) surfaces are analyzed to determine core-level to valence-band maximum binding-energy differences to a precision of the order of the room-temperature thermal energy. A method for markedly improving the precision with which the position of the valence-band maximum in XPS data can be located is presented. This method is based on modeling the XPS valence-band spectrum in the vicinity of the valence-band maximum by an instrumentally broadened theoretical valence-band density of states and fitting this model to the experimental data by using the least-squares method. The factors which influence the attainable precision for determining core-level to valence-band maximum binding-energy differences are quantitatively discussed. These factors include the presence of occupied surface states, band bending, surface chemical shifts, background effects associated with inelastic processes, instrumental line shape, and spectrometer calibration accuracy. The spin-orbit-split components of the Ga, As, and Ge $3d$ core lines are resolved and binding energies of these components, measured relative to the valence-band maxima in GaAs and Ge, are reported.
The Role of Residential Location in Conditioning the Effect of Metropolitan Economic Structure on Male Youth Employment

Youths have increasingly experienced labor market problems over the last several decades. One fruitful line of explanation focuses on structural changes in the demand for labor stemming from deindustrialization, changing skill requirements for employees, and increasing supply competition from women and recent immigrants. While these explanations merit attention, they have not adequately considered facts that condition their impact. This paper considers the argument that intra-metropolitan residential location conditions the effects of metropolitan labor market structure on black and white male youths' employment probabilities. Using a sample of individual-level data drawn from the 1990 census combined with metropolitan-level indicators of economic structure, it was found that some structural effects varied between central-city and suburban male youths. The conditioning role of residential location, and the subsequent nature of the structural effects, varied considerably between black and white male youths...
Food thought suppression: A matched comparison of obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder

Preliminary studies of non-clinical samples suggest that purposely attempting to avoid thoughts of food, referred to as food thought suppression, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in obese individuals. Despite possible implications for the treatment of obesity and eating disorders, little research has examined food thought suppression in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED). This study compared food thought suppression in 60 obese patients with BED to an age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched group of 59 obese persons who do not binge eat (NBO). In addition, this study examined the associations between food thought suppression and eating disorder psychopathology within the BED and NBO groups and separately by gender. Participants with BED and women endorsed the highest levels of food thought suppression. Food thought suppression was significantly and positively associated with many features of ED psychopathology in NBO women and with eating concerns in men with BED. Among women with BED, higher levels of food thought suppression were associated with higher frequency of binge eating, whereas among men with BED, higher levels of food thought suppression were associated with lower frequency of binge eating. Our findings suggest gender differences in the potential significance of food thought suppression in obese groups with and without co-existing binge eating problems.
Axisymmetric shapes and stability of pendant and sessile drops in an electric field

Abstract The equilibrium shapes and stability of an axisymmetric conducting drop of fixed volume that is surrounded by a fluid insulator and is pendant or sessile on a face of a parallel-plate capacitor are governed by electrical and gravitational Bond numbers, N e and G . These measure, respectively, the relative importances of electrical and gravitational forces compared to surface tension forces. When both N e and G vanish, equilibrium drop shapes are sections of a sphere and are stable with respect to all perturbations having an infinitesimal amplitude. When N e and G are nonzero, drop shape and stability can be found by solving simultaneously, by Galerkin's method with finite element basis functions, the free boundary problem composed of the augmented Young—Laplace equation for surface shape and the Laplace equation for electric field. Asymptotic analysis for small values of N e , when G = 0, agrees well with numerical calculations and predicts that drops that are hemispherical in the absence of electric field evolve into a family of spheroidal shapes when the contact angle is prescribed and a family of conical shapes when the contact line is fixed. The locus of singular points marking the loss of existence of static drops is determined. The theoretical results are found to be in excellent agreement with available experiments. As expected, the results show that drops with their contact lines fixed are more stable than ones whose contact angles are prescribed.
Splenic Immune Cells in Experimental Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia

Neuroimmune processes contribute to hypoxic-ischemic damage in the immature brain and may play a role in the progression of particular variants of neonatal encephalopathy. The present study was designed to elucidate molecular mediators of interactions between astrocytes, neurons and infiltrating peripheral immune cells after experimental neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Splenectomy was performed on postnatal day-7 Sprague-Dawley rats 3 days prior to HI surgery; in which the right common carotid artery was permanently ligated followed by 2 hours of hypoxia (8% O2). Quantitative analysis showed that natural killer (NK) and T cell expression was reduced in spleen but increased in the brain following HI. Elevations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression after HI by immune cells promoted interleukin-15 expression in astrocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells to site of injury; additionally, down-regulated the pro-survival protein, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, resulting in caspase-3 mediated neuronal death. The removal of the largest pool of peripheral immune cells in the body by splenectomy, COX-2 inhibitors, as well as rendering NK cells inactive by CD161 knockdown, significantly ameliorated cerebral infarct volume at 72 hours, diminished body weight loss and brain and systemic organ atrophy, and reduced neurobehavioral deficits at 3 weeks. Herein we demonstrate with the use of surgical approach (splenectomy), with pharmacological loss-gain function approach using COX-2 inhibitors/agonists, as well as with NK cell-type specific siRNA that after neonatal HI, the infiltrating peripheral immune cells may modulate downstream targets of cell death and neuroinflammation by COX-2 regulated signals.
Spatial and Temporal Scales of Neuronal Correlation in Visual Area V4

The spiking activity of nearby cortical neurons is correlated on both short and long time scales. Understanding this shared variability in firing patterns is critical for appreciating the representation of sensory stimuli in ensembles of neurons, the coincident influences of neurons on common targets, and the functional implications of microcircuitry. Our knowledge about neuronal correlations, however, derives largely from experiments that used different recording methods, analysis techniques, and cortical regions. Here we studied the structure of neuronal correlation in area V4 of alert macaques using recording and analysis procedures designed to match those used previously in primary visual cortex (V1), the major input to V4. We found that the spatial and temporal properties of correlations in V4 were remarkably similar to those of V1, with two notable differences: correlated variability in V4 was approximately one-third the magnitude of that in V1 and synchrony in V4 was less temporally precise than in V1. In both areas, spontaneous activity (measured during fixation while viewing a blank screen) was approximately twice as correlated as visual-evoked activity. The results provide a foundation for understanding how the structure of neuronal correlation differs among brain regions and stages in cortical processing and suggest that it is likely governed by features of neuronal circuits that are shared across the visual cortex.
How to communicate unit error messages in spreadsheets

In previous work we have designed and implemented an automatic reasoning system for spreadsheets, called UCheck, that infers unit information for cells in a spreadsheet. Based on this unit information, UCheck can identify cells in the spreadsheet that contain erroneous formulas. However, the information about an erroneous cell is reported to the user currently in a rather crude way by simply coloring the cell, which does not tell anything about the nature of error and thus offers no help to the user as to how to fix it.In this paper we describe an extension of UCheck, called UFix, which improves the error messages reported to the spreadsheet user dramatically. The approach essentially consists of three steps: First, we identify different categories of spreadsheet errors from an end-user's perspective. Second, we map units that indicate erroneous formulas to these error categories. Finally, we create customized error messages from the unit information and the identified error category. In many cases, these error messages also provide suggestions on how to fix the reported errors.