cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for Large-Scale Deformation in Eolian Dunes: ABSTRACT

Large-scale deformation of laminae in ancient sandstone of supposed eolian origin has perplexed geologists for many years. Other workers have described several types of deformation related to lee-side avalanching, but none at the scale observed in some ancient eolian sandstone. Our observations on the surface and in trenches of a transverse dune in the Killpecker dune field in southwestern Wyoming suggest that incorporation of snow into dunes may provide such a mechanism. During periods of snowfall, large snow cornices form on the crests of dunes. In the spring the cornices are covered by blown dry sand which is remobilized after most other snow has melted. Subsequent warming causes the sand-covered cornices to melt, become unstable, and slide at least part way down the slipface. Both folding and brecciation take place in the sand covering the snow during melting and sliding. Folding of laminae in sand under the snow also occurs. Further burial of this deformed mass of snow and sand results in its incorporation into the internal structure of the dune. Collapse breccia is formed where climatic conditions and depth of burial permit the continued melting of incorporated snow. In some cases, however, the covering sand provides sufficient insulation to prev nt further melting and the snow becomes a permanent or semipermanent part of the dune. End_of_Article - Last_Page 806------------
Family Strength and Satisfaction as Functions of Family Communication Environments

Using Koerner and Fitzpatrick's general theory of family communication, this study examined the extent to which three dimensions of family communication environments (i.e., expressiveness, structural traditionalism, and conflict avoidance) were associated with family strengths and satisfaction. Participants included 426 young adults from first-marriage families. Results indicated that family expressiveness was positively associated with family strength and satisfaction, whereas structural traditionalism and conflict avoidance were inversely associated with both outcomes. Collectively, all three dimensions accounted for 43% of the variance in family strength, although expressiveness and structural traditionalism emerged as the only significant predictors in the model. Likewise, family expressiveness, structural traditionalism, and an interaction effect of expressiveness and traditionalism accounted for 43% of the variance in family satisfaction.
The Community's Response to Substance Misuse: Evaluation of a Half-Way House: Integrated Community Approach in the Rehabilitation of Narcotic Addicts

(1969). The Community's Response to Substance Misuse: Evaluation of a Half-Way House: Integrated Community Approach in the Rehabilitation of Narcotic Addicts. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 65-76.
Partitioning boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) mortality associated with high temperature: desiccation or thermal death?

Mortality of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, larvae and pupae resulting from exposure to high temperatures can be partitioned into two categories, “desiccation” and thermal death. Larvae and pupae that die from thermal death turn a greybrown color after death, do not move when probed or squeezed, and lose the resiliency of their integument. Those dying from “desiccation” will show the same characteristics but do not turn the grey-brown color; they generally retain the same color as live insects but have a very dried-out appearance. Thermal death is a function of exposure time and high temperatures. Low levels of thermal mortality appear in ≤3 h at 54.4°C. An estimated 99% mortality should result from a 2-h 18-min exposure at 60°C. Because soil surface temperatures sometimes reach 60°C, high temperatures may be an important cause of mortality in some locations. A model for forecasting time and temperature thresholds for thermal mortality is presented.
The design of the UAL processor

Abstract This paper deals with the RISC design and the first stage evaluation of the UAL processor. UAL stands as Universal Assembly Language. The design and the implementation of the UAL processor will support and speed up the operation of the UAL-E automated environment. UAL-E is used as an environment for the translation and evaluation of assembly programs. The design of the UAL processor is done on a superscalar and pipeline configuration, and the UAL evaluation is based on a set of primitive functions such as procedure call, interrupt service, sorting, search and max, matrixes multiplication, etc. Results from the first stage evaluation of UAL in comparison with other RISC processors are also provided.
Trade Union Responses to the Contemporary Economic Problems in Western Europe: The Context of Current Debates and Policies in the Federal Republic of Germany

Unions in most advanced capitalist societies have faced new challenges as a consequence of the lasting economic crisis since the mid-1970s. This rather unsettling situation has called for a strategic and conceptual reorientation on the part of most organized labor movements, including the West German. Although still very much in the stage of general formulation, the unions are in the process of rethinking their priorities in the area of collective bargaining, their relationship to the state and political parties, and their view of technology and economic growth; in short, we are witnessing a period of the reevaluation of previously-held positions. In specific, our paper focuses on this formative period in connection with economic policy in West Germany and analyzes the strident debates which have transpired in the daily formulation of actual strategies. Concretely, we delineate the unions' conceptions in opposition to the dominant theories in the West German political economy and highlight additional impo...
Mechanism of the Inhibitory Action of Epidermal Growth Factor on Testicular Androgen Biosynthesis in Vitro

The mechanism whereby epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits gonadotropin-stimulated production of testosterone by primary cultures of testicular cells was investigated. Testicular cells from adult hypophysectomized rats were maintained for 8 days. Media were changed, and appropriate treatments were administered for 48 h before the collection of media for steroid RIA. Highly purified LH or hCG stimulated testosterone production by these cells, whereas concomitant EGF treatment inhibited LH and hCG action. In contrast, the administration of fibroblast growth factor or nerve growth factor did not affect hCG action. The inhibitory effect of EGF upon hCGstimulated testosterone production was detected 12 h after treatment and was associated with increases in cellular protein, but not DNA, content. Both cholera toxin (10 ng/ml) and (Bu)2cAMP (0.5 mg/ml) stimulated testosterone production, whereas EGF inhibited the actions of these stimulatory agents, with ED50 values of 0.2 and 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. EGF also...
Changes in plasma gelsolin concentration during acute oxidant lung injury in mice.

Oxidant stress may contribute to acute lung injury under some circumstances. The rapid depletion of plasma gelsolin following major trauma in patients who subsequently develop respiratory distress suggests that this actin-scavenging protein might protect against delayed pulmonary complications. The specific aim of these experiments was to explore the temporal and quantitative relationship between gelsolin levels and lung damage. Gelsolin levels were measured in three murine models of oxidant injury: immunotargeting of pulmonary endothelium with an H2O2-generating enzyme; continuous exposure to >95% O2; and single high-dose thoracic radiation. The degree of lung injury was inversely related to gelsolin levels in mice treated with glucose oxidase-conjugated antibodies against platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (p <0.0001). By 60–72 hours of hyperoxic exposure, gelsolin levels had dropped precipitously in all mice who sustained major lung damage (p <0.0001), establishing a quantitative association between gelsolin concentration and hyperoxic lung injury (r = -0.72; 95% confidence interval: ?0.81 to ?0.59). Gelsolin levels modestly but progressively fell in irradiated mice over the 3 days following treatment (p = 0.012) despite the development of only microscopic lung damage during this timeframe. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gelsolin depletion is involved in the pathogenesis of acute oxidant lung injury.
Percolating Conduction in Finite Nanotube Networks

The percolating conductance of a new class of nanocomposite thin-film transistors, with channels composed of isotropic ensembles of nanotubes or nanowires, is analyzed as a function of wire/tube density and channel length. The conductance exponents are validated against analytical results for short channel transistors, and against available experimental data for longer channel devices. Our plots of conductance exponents as a function of tube-to-tube coupling strength provide a unified framework to interpret future experiments and should help design better nanocomposite transistors.
Cogrowth of groups and a matrix of redheffer

Abstract We describe a relationship between the cogrowth function (and other similarly defined functions) of a presentation of a torsion-free group and the Riemann hypothesis. This relationship is determined using a certain matrix of Redheffer.
Mild Anemia and the Risk of Falls in Older Adults From Nursing Homes and the Community

Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine if a relationship exists between a history of falls and anemia in older adults and to compare the findings by place of residence. Design The authors conducted a retrospective and observational study. Participants One hundred forty-five adults (60–97 years of age) from nursing homes and the community hospitalized for hip fracture over a 2-year period were included in this study. Measurements Laboratory values (hemoglobin [Hb], hematocrit [Hct]), medical history, and demographics were measured. Results Falls occurred similarly in both nursing home patients and community patients (19% vs. 17%, P = 0.785). Nursing home and community patients also had similar Hb ( P = 0.0899), Hct ( P = 0.1929), and rates of anemia ( P = 0.187). Nursing home residents were older ( P = 0.0188) and had lower serum albumin levels ( P = 0.0007) than community patients. When the two groups were combined, falls were more common in anemic individuals (30% vs. 13% P = 0.028). Furthermore, those with a history of falls were older ( P = 0.0447), had lower Hb ( P = 0.0257) and Hct levels ( P = 0.0310). After controlling for age, gender, place of residence, and arthritis in a logistic regression model, anemia predicted a threefold increased risk of falls ( P = 0.041), and a 45% decreased risk of falls was predicted for every 1.0-g/dL increase in Hb ( P = 0.005). Falls risk increased 7% per year of age ( P = 0.040), whereas musculoskeletal disease increased the falls risk 3.2-fold, both increases being independent of Hb levels or anemia. Finally, falls were not associated with gender or other comorbidity, nor did these variables alter the falls risk attributed to low Hb or anemia. Conclusions These findings suggest a new and potentially important link between anemia and the risk of falls in patients sustaining hip fractures from both nursing homes and the community. Further studies will help determine if this risk is modified or eliminated with treatment of anemia and if the relationship applies to larger samples of older adults in different settings. (J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004; 5: 395-400)
Simple 2-GaAs-read-diode-oscillator power-combiner module

The letter describes a simple 2-oscillator power-combiner module which is easily fabricated, has a high circuit efficiency, is mode free, is relatively insensitive to lead changes and differences in oscillator characteristics and has excellent near-carrier f.m.-noise properties.
Triticum aestivum cDNAs homologous to nuclear-encoded mitochondrion-localized small heat shock proteins

Two cDNAs, TaHSP23.5 and TaHSP23.6, encoding proteins with homology to mitochondrion-localized (MT) small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) were isolated from a heat shock cDNA library from Triticum aestivum (wheat). TaHSP23.5 specified a 214 amino acid protein and TaHSP23.6 specified a 216 amino acid protein. Amino acid sequence identity was only 45.7% between the two proteins. However, both proteins showed greater identity to MT sHSPs of other plant species than to any other sHSPs from wheat. Amino acid sequence alignments with other MT sHSPs identified the putative amino terminus of the mature proteins and consensus regions specific to this class of sHSPs. Transcripts of both genes were absent from control tissues, but strongly induced by heat stress. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these two wheat genes arose by duplication after the divergence of monocots and dicots.
Speech Recognition Technology Applications in Communication Disorders

Speech recognition (SR) is the process whereby a microprocessor-based system, typically a computer with sound processing hardware and speech recognition software, responds in predictable ways to sp...
Twisting space: are rigid and non-rigid mental transformations separate spatial skills?

Cognitive science has primarily studied the mental simulation of spatial transformations with tests that focus on rigid transformations (e.g., mental rotation). However, the events of our world are not limited to rigid body movements. Objects can undergo complex non-rigid discontinuous and continuous changes, such as bending and breaking. We developed a new task to assess mental visualization of non-rigid transformations. The Non-rigid Bending test required participants to visualize a continuous non-rigid transformation applied to an array of objects by asking simple spatial questions about the position of two forms on a bent transparent sheet of plastic. Participants were to judge the relative position of the forms when the sheet was unbent. To study the cognitive skills needed to visualize rigid and non-rigid events, we employed four tests of mental transformations—the Non-rigid Bending test (a test of continuous non-rigid mental transformation), the Paper Folding test and the Mental Brittle Transformation test (two tests of non-rigid mental transformation with local rigid transformations), and the Vandenberg and Kuse (Percept Motor Skills 47:599–604, 1978) Mental Rotation test (a test of rigid mental transformation). Performance on the Mental Brittle Transformation test and the Paper Folding test independently predicted performance on the Non-rigid Bending test and performance on the Mental Rotation test; however, mental rotation performance was not a unique predictor of mental bending performance. Results are consistent with separable skills for rigid and non-rigid mental simulation and illustrate the value of an ecological approach to the analysis of the structure of spatial thinking.
Efficient Design Method for Non-Synchronous Vibrations Using Enforced Motion

This paper presents the results of a new enforced motion method using harmonic balance computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to design for NSV. Currently, most researchers employ a time domain CFD technique to directly find the frequency of the underlying flow instability which can take significant computational time. NSV is said to occur when the frequency of the instability coincides with a blade mode frequency. The enforced motion design method uses blade motion to attempt to force the fluid frequency to lock-on to the blade vibration frequency at a specified amplitude. For a fixed critical amplitude and blade mode frequency, a range of interblade phase angles (IBPAs) is investigated to determine the aerodynamic damping. A negative value of damping at any IBPA deems the design unacceptable. Furthermore, a procedure for blade re-design (frequency changing) is presented. At the least stable IBPA, the damping is determined for a range of blade frequencies and amplitudes to determine the Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO) amplitude. A better design is then at the blade frequency that minimizes the blade vibration amplitude. Therefore, these preliminary results indicate that it is advantageous to include blade motion in NSV design approaches. Most significantly, it gives designers a quick and efficient method to assess a design for NSV.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Philosophy of psychopathology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Psychiatry is increasingly aware of its own conceptual foundations and the role that philosophy plays in shaping research and practice. This growing awareness is especially prominent in the area of psychopathology, where both philosophers and psychiatrists are actively investigating the basic assumptions and values that influence the science. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing attention to the role of values in understanding both the concepts of psychopathology, and the philosophical assumptions that underlie research strategies for studying it. Provocative work is being done to clarify the concept of 'mental disorder', to identify the influence of values in the classification and diagnosis of psychopathology, and to use values to argue for comprehensive research efforts. Psychometricians increasingly question the interplay between the philosophical theory and empirical study of psychopathology. SUMMARY Both epistemology and value theory are central to the conceptualization and research of psychopathology. This prominence is recognized not only by philosophers and psychiatrists interested in philosophy, but by investigators who must grapple with the mutual influence of philosophical concepts and research methods. By making our philosophical views explicit and maintaining our awareness of them, we are well poised to develop and question both our philosophical and our research methods in meaningful ways.
On the state‐dependent nature of infant head orientation

The relationship between infant state and head orientation after the head is held in a midline or lateral position was investigated longitudinally in infants 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. Across the four ages, there was a general decrease in the amount of time spent in an active-awake state, whereas the amount of time spent crying remained fairly stable. Overall, infants turned more often to the right than to the left, but this difference was more pronounced when the infants were quietly alert or active-awake than when they were crying. The results thus indicate that state variables influence the expression of headorientation biases in early infancy.
Measuring currents in submarine canyons: Technological and scientific progress in the past 30 years

The development and application of acoustic and optical technologies and of accurate positioning systems in the past 30 years have opened new frontiers in the submarine canyon research communities. This paper reviews several key advancements in both technology and science in the field of currents in submarine canyons since the1979 publication of Currents in Submarine Canyons and Other Sea Valleys by Francis Shepard and colleagues. Precise placements of high-resolution, high-frequency instruments have not only allowed researchers to collect new data that are essential for advancing and generalizing theories governing the canyon currents, but have also revealed new natural phenomena that challenge the understandings of the theorists and experimenters in their predictions of submarine canyon flow fields. Baroclinic motions at tidal frequencies, found to be intensified both up canyon and toward the canyon floor, dominate the flow field and control the sediment transport processes in submarine canyons. Turbidity currents are found to frequently occur in active submarine canyons such as Monterey Canyon. These turbidity currents have maximum speeds of nearly 200 cm/s, much smaller than the speeds of turbidity currents in geological time, but still very destructive. In addition to traditional Eulerian measurements, Lagrangian flow data are essential in quantifying water and sediment transport in submarine canyons. A concerted experiment with multiple monitoring stations along the canyon axis and on nearby shelves is required to characterize the storm-trigger mechanism for turbidity currents.
FcγRIIIa polymorphisms and cetuximab induced cytotoxicity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

The interaction of Fc fragments of antibodies with the Fcγ receptors is an essential checkpoint in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Specific polymorphisms at position 158 enhance FcγRIIIa affinity for IgG1 and are associated with improved clinical outcome in lymphoma patients treated with IgG1 anti-CD20 antibody. The role of ADCC in the therapeutic effects of the α-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mAb, cetuximab, in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is poorly defined. We employed three SCCHN cell lines to test two hypotheses: (1) SCCHN is susceptible to cetuximab-mediated ADCC, (2) efficacy of ADCC is associated with polymorphisms at position 158 of FcγRIIIa. FcγRIIIa-158 polymorphisms were determined for healthy donors, and their purified NK cells were used as effector cells against three SCCHN cell lines in ADCC assays. Cytotoxicity levels were compared for each polymorphism class. Proliferation and cell cycle assays were done to examine the direct effects of cetuximab. Our results indicate that SCCHN is susceptible to cetuximab-mediated ADCC in vitro. NK cytotoxic efficiency correlates with donor 158-polymorphisms in FcγRIIIa. Overall cytotoxicity was greatest for individuals having a single V allele when compared to homozygous F/F individuals; the cumulative percent cytotoxicity for each polymorphism among the cell lines was 58.2% V/V, 50.6% V/F, and 26.1% F/F (P < 0.001). Additionally, the presence of a V allele correlated with superior natural cytotoxicity against NK sensitive targets. These data have both prognostic and therapeutic relevance and support the design of a prospective trial to determine the influence of FcγRIIIa polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of patients with SCCHN treated with α-EGFR mAbs.
Significance of His and Left Bundle Recordings from the Left Heart in Man

Eight patients were studied by simultaneous intracardiac recordings of the specialized conduction system from left and right heart. Five patients had normal A-V conduction, one had left axis deviation (LAD), and two had bundle-branch block. Bundle of His (BH) and right bundle (RB) recordings from the right heart were obtained and validated as previously described. In addition a bipolar electrode catheter was introduced into the root of the aorta and left ventricle via the right brachial artery. BH and left bundle (LB) electrograms were recorded at the level of the aortic cusps and just below the aortic valve, respectively. BH recordings from both sides could be temporally superimposed and were similar in onset and duration. In patients with normal A-V conduction the duration of these deflections was BH 15 to 20, LB 15, and RB 10 msec. The conduction time from the proximal LB to ventricular (V) activation (LB-V) ranged from 20 to 25 msec. The LB-V and RB-V conduction times from comparable points were similar and support the previous observations that interventricular septal activation occurs almost simultaneously on both sides. In the patient with right bundle-branch block (RBBB) and LAD with a slightly prolonged H-V time (50 msec), the delay was localized distal to the main LB (LB-V = 30 msec). During ectopic "ventricular," probably left bundle rhythm, retrograde activation of the BH was demonstrated. Aberration (RBBB) of the supraventricular impulse resulting from invasion of the RB by the preceding interpolated premature "ventricular" beat is suggested.
A reconceptualization of state transnationalism: South Korea as an illustrative case

Our reconceptualization of state transnationalism underlines the active role that states can play in generating and sustaining cross-border flows between a nation's homeland and its diasporic communities. This represents a sort of ‘middle ground’ between formerly hegemonic state centric’ approaches to global processes (focusing heavily on the ‘international’) and more recent ones emphasizing ‘transnational’ dynamics (which primarily arise through the agency of cross-border migrants). We discuss a typology of approaches and avoid the tendency to set nation-states against global and transnational processes. In fact, we highlight the various ways in which states often initiate key transnational flows, such as migration and the integration of diasporic communities into the sending nation, as well as maintain and regulate various processes instigated by immigrants. As an iconic case, we present an illustrative study of the South Korean government and Korean diasporic communities in the USA. Finally, in a brief conclusion, we outline some challenges for future research.
Coregulated expression of loline alkaloid-biosynthesis genes in Neotyphodium uncinatum cultures.

Epichloe endophytes (holomorphic Epichloe spp. and anamorphic Neotyphodium spp.) are systemic, often heritable symbionts of cool-season grasses (subfamily Pooideae). Many epichloae provide protection to their hosts by producing anti-insect compounds. Among these are the loline alkaloids (LA), which are toxic and deterrent to a broad range of herbivorous insects but not to mammalian herbivores. LOL, a gene cluster containing nine genes, is associated with LA biosynthesis. We investigated coordinate regulation between LOL-gene expression and LA production in minimal medium (MM) cultures of Neotyphodium uncinatum. Expression of all LOL genes significantly fit temporal quadratic patterns during LA production. LOL-gene expression started before LA were detectable, and increased while LA accumulated. The highest gene expression level was reached at close to the time of most rapid LA accumulation, and gene expression declined to a very low level as amounts of LA plateaued. Temporal expression profiles of the nine LOL genes were tightly correlated with each other, but not as tightly correlated with proC and metE (genes for biosynthesis of precursor amino acids). Furthermore, the start days and peak days of expression significantly correlated with the order of the LOL-cluster genes in the genome. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated three pairs of genes-lolA and lolC, lolO and lolD, and lolT and lolE-expression of which was especially tightly correlated. Of these, lolA and lolC tended to be expressed early, and lolT and lolE tended to be expressed late, in keeping with the putative roles of the respective gene products in the LA-biosynthesis pathway. Several common transcriptional binding sites were discovered in the LOL upstream regions. However, low expression of P(lolC2)uidA and P(lolA2)uidA in N. uncinatum transformants suggested induced expression of LOL genes might be subject to position effect at the LOL locus.
Optimal design and integration of an air separation unit (ASU) for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with CO2 capture

Abstract The air separation unit (ASU) plays a key role in improving the efficiency, availability, and operability of an oxygen-fed integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. An optimal integration between the ASU and the balance of the plant, especially the gasifier and the gas turbine (GT), has significant potential for enhancing the overall plant efficiency. Considering the higher operating pressure of the GT, an elevated-pressure air separation unit (EP-ASU) is usually favored instead of the conventional low-pressure air separation units (LP-ASU). In addition, a pumped liquid oxygen (PLOX) cycle is usually chosen if the operating pressure of the gasifier is high. A PLOX cycle helps to improve plant safety and availability and to decrease the capital cost by reducing the size of the oxygen compressor or by eliminating it completely. However, the refrigeration lost in withdrawn liquid oxygen must be efficiently recovered. This paper considers five different configurations of an ASU with PLOX cycle and compares their power consumptions with an EP-ASU with a traditional gaseous oxygen (GOX) cycle. The study shows that an optimally designed EP-ASU with a PLOX cycle can have similar power consumption to that of an EP-ASU with GOX cycle in the case of 100% nitrogen integration. In the case of an IGCC with pre-combustion CO2 capture, the lower heating value (LHV) of the shifted syngas, both on a mass and volumetric basis, is in between the LHV of the unshifted syngas from an IGCC plant and the LHV of natural gas, for which the GTs are generally designed. The optimal air integration in the case of a shifted syngas is found to be much lower than that of an unshifted syngas. This paper concurs with the existing literature that the optimal integration occurs when air extracted from the GT can be replaced with the nitrogen from the ASU without exceeding mass/volumetric flow limitations of the GT. Considering nitrogen and air integration between the ASU and the GT, this paper compares the power savings in an LP-ASU with a PLOX cycle to the power savings in an EP-ASU with GOX cycle and EP-ASU with PLOX cycle. The results show that an LP-ASU with a PLOX cycle has less power consumption if the nitrogen integration levels are less than 50–60%. In addition, a study is carried out by varying the concentration of nitrogen and steam in the fuel diluents to the GT while the NOx level was maintained constant. The study shows that when the nitrogen injection rate exceeds 50%, an EP-ASU with a PLOX cycle is a better option than an LP-ASU with a PLOX cycle. This paper shows that an optimal design and integration of an ASU with the balance of the plant can help to increase the net power generation from an IGCC plant with CO2 capture.
Decay-lepton distributions from photoproduced heavy leptons

We discuss heavy-lepton pair production via the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{+}+{L}^{\ensuremath{-}}+Z$ followed by the decays ${L}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+\ensuremath{\nu}+\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ or ${L}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+\ensuremath{\nu}+\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$. Particular attention is given to the energy and angular distributions of the final detected leptons. The only reasonable signal for heavy-lepton production seems to be the detection of $\ensuremath{\mu}e$ pairs in relatively quiet events. In the case of $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}$ pairs the signal from the decay of the heavy-lepton pairs is much smaller than the background due to regular Bethe-Heitler production for both the cross section and for all the differential spectra.
CD43, the major sialoglycoprotein of human leukocytes is proteolytically cleaved from the surface of stimulated lymphocytes and granulocytes.

CD43, the major sialoglycoprotein of human leukocytes, whose expression is defective in patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, was down-regulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on granulocytes but not on lymphocytes. However, CD43 expressed on both of these leukocyte subpopulations was down-regulated after crosslinking by anti-CD43 monoclonal antibodies, a stimulation that may simulate the effect of a natural CD43 ligand. Soluble, labeled CD43 molecules were isolated from culture supernatants of both surface-iodinated granulocytes activated by PMA and lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD43 antibodies. Thus, in this case down-regulation represents release from the cell surface into the culture medium, rather than internalization. The apparent molecular masses of the released molecules and of soluble CD43 isolated from human serum were identical. Importantly, PMA-induced down-regulation of CD43 on granulocytes was markedly blocked both by the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline and by the serine protease inhibitors N alpha-(p-tosyl)-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and Pefabloc SC, which inhibit two different classes of proteases, thus indicating that the release is proteolytic.
Lifestyle risk factors for atherosclerosis in adults with type 1 diabetes

The objective of this study was to compare the amount of self-reported physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use in a large sample of adults with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects. A second aim is to test the hypothesis that these lifestyle risk factors are associated cross-sectionally with coronary artery calcification. In 2000—2002, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study applied validated questionnaires for smoking, alcohol and physical activity to 582 type 1 diabetes subjects and 724 non-diabetic subjects. More type 1 diabetes subjects reported current smoking than non-diabetic subjects (12.3% versus 8.6%, p=0.027). Overall, reported physical activity did not differ by diabetes status (p=0.79). More type 1 diabetes subjects reported never having consumed alcohol (10% versus 4%, p<0.0001) and those who drank consumed less alcohol (p=0.0015) than non-diabetic subjects. Physical activity and smoking were significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery cal...
Ca2+-dependent hormonal stimulation of ciliary activity.

It has been demonstrated that calcium modulates ciliary activity in protozoa1 and also in epithelial cilia of the mussel gill2. Changes in the frequency of ciliary beat in the oviduct of the salamander have also been associated with movement of Ca2+ across the cell membrane3. However, the control of ciliary activity in mammals is poorly understood and the function of calcium in mammalian cilia and its role in coupling hormonal effects to changes in ciliary activity have been only preliminarily investigated4. The evidence presented here suggests that the stimulus–response coupling of the stimulating effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on ciliary activity of the rabbit oviduct is carried out by release of intracellular Ca2+.
A modified distance variable for the Hill formalism for kinetic models of muscle contraction.

Abstract The distance variable of the Hill formalism for kinetic models of muscle contraction is compared to a modified distance variable. Instead of measuring the distance from a fixed point on the myosin filament to a neighboring actin, the modified variable measures the deviation of the myosin cross-bridge from its equilibrium position. Although for attached cross-bridges the two definitions are equivalent, the new variable is an index of cross-bridge conformation for cross-bridges of all states. The modified variable may be used to complement the use of the Hill variable, or to replace it. The utility of the modified variable is illustrated by an example which matches cross-bridge structures to biochemical kinetic data and to the free energy functions necessary for the design of a kinetic model.
From Medieval Microbiology to Modern Medicine: A Concise History of How We Got to Where We Are Today

Review of : Germ Theory: Medical Pioneers in Infectious Disease ; Robert P. Gaynes; (2011) . ASM Press, Washington, DC. 342 pages.
Effects of ICG concentration on the optical properties of erythrocyte-derived nano-vectors

Erythrocyte-based nanoparticle platforms can offer long circulation times not offered by traditional drug delivery methods. We have developed a novel erythrocyte-based nanoparticle doped with indocyanine green (ICG), the only FDA-approved near-infrared chromophore. Here, we report on the absorption and fluorescence emission characteristics of these nanoparticles fabricated using ICG concentrations in the range of 161-323 μM. These nanoparticles may serve as biocompatible optical materials for various clinical imaging and phototherapeutic applications.
PlexinA1 Signaling Directs the Segregation of Proprioceptive Sensory Axons in the Developing Spinal Cord

As different classes of sensory neurons project into the CNS, their axons segregate and establish distinct trajectories and target zones. One striking instance of axonal segregation is the projection of sensory neurons into the spinal cord, where proprioceptive axons avoid the superficial dorsal horn-the target zone of many cutaneous afferent fibers. PlexinA1 is a proprioceptive sensory axon-specific receptor for sema6C and sema6D, which are expressed in a dynamic pattern in the dorsal horn. The loss of plexinA1 signaling causes the shafts of proprioceptive axons to invade the superficial dorsal horn, disrupting the organization of cutaneous afferents. This disruptive influence appears to involve the intermediary action of oligodendrocytes, which accompany displaced proprioceptive axon shafts into the dorsal horn. Our findings reveal a dedicated program of axonal shaft positioning in the mammalian CNS and establish a role for plexinA1-mediated axonal exclusion in organizing the projection pattern of spinal sensory afferents.
Near-infrared spectroscopy reflects changes in mesenteric and systemic perfusion during abdominal compartment syndrome.

Abstract Background. Continuous and minimally invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived gastric tissue oxygen saturation (GStO 2 ) and muscle tissue oxygen saturation (MStO 2 ) were evaluated in a clinically relevant porcine model of hemorrhagic shock and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Methods. Phenobarbital-anesthetized swine underwent pulmonary artery catheter insertion for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2 ) measurement and midline laparotomy to permit placement of a gastric NIRS probe, a jejunal (regional carbon dioxide [PrCO 2 ]) tonometer, superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow probe, and a portal vein oxygen saturation (SpvO 2 ) catheter. A muscle NIRS probe was placed on the front limb. After randomization, Group 1 underwent hemorrhage and resuscitation. Group 2 had no hemorrhage or resuscitation. ACS was induced by peritoneal fluid infusion in both groups. A significant decrease in SMA flow, SpvO 2 , GStO 2 , SvO 2 , and MStO 2 was observed after hemorrhage in Group 1 and with abdominal hypertension in both groups. Results. GStO 2 significantly correlated with SMA flow (Group 1: r 2 = 0.90; Group 2: r 2 = 0.83) and mesenteric oxygen delivery (mesenteric oxygen delivery, Group 1: r 2 = 0.73; Group 2: r 2 = 0.89). MStO 2 significantly correlated with SvO 2 (Group 1: r 2 = 0.99; Group 2: r 2 = 0.65) and systemic oxygen delivery (SDO2, Group 1: r 2 = 0.60; Group 2: r 2 = 0.88). Tonometer-derived PrCO 2 values did not change at any time point in either group. Conclusions. NIRS measurement of GStO 2 and MStO 2 reflected changes in mesenteric and systemic perfusion respectively during hemorrhage and ACS. (Surgery 2001;129:363-70.)
The incidence of perioperative anastomotic complications after sleeve lobectomy is not increased after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Background Concurrent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy can potentially impact on the results of sleeve lobectomy. The purpose of this study was to examine this effect in terms of morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival in patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Methods Clinical records of patients with non–small cell lung cancer undergoing sleeve lobectomy between 1983 and 2008 were reviewed for age, sex, type of sleeve resection, clinicopathologic TNM stage, complications, and 90-day mortality. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy regimens were recorded for the patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared. Results There were 64 patients identified as having undergone sleeve resection for non–small cell lung cancer. Of the 64 total patients, 43 did not receive concurrent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy [NCR] versus 21 patients who did [CRS]. All of the CRS patients underwent platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation (range, 2,000 to 6,100 cGy). Thirteen patients (62%) were downstaged, with 4 complete responders. The 90-day mortality was 2.7% (2 patients) in the NCR group and 0% in the CRS group. The incidence of major complications in the NCR group was 46.5% (20 of 43) with 4.7% (2 of 43) anastomosis-related complications (stenosis, 1; bronchovascular fistula, 1). The incidence of major complications in the CRS group was 42.9% (9 of 21) with no anastomosis-related problems. Five-year survival in the NCR group was 48% compared with 41% in the CRS group ( p = 0.63). There were 9% (4 of 43) of patients with local recurrence in the NCR group versus 10% (2 of 21) of patients in the CRS group ( p = 0.65). Conclusions Anastomosis-related complications were not increased among the patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy compared with those who did not. In addition, local recurrence was also similar between the two groups. Furthermore, the survival of the two groups was not statistically different. Sleeve lobectomy after chemoradiotherapy for advanced non–small cell lung cancer can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality.
Enabling Seamless Contextual Collaborations for Mobile Enterprises

Enterprise workers are increasingly becoming mobile and this is creating scenarios for anytime-anywhere collaboration, using different sets of devices, services and modalities at different times. One of the challenges is to enable seamless contextual collaborations, where people get the best possible collaboration experience at all times. This paper describes a method for generating the most appropriate view of an active collaboration context for a user, in terms of combinations of devices-media-services, using specified constraints. As the user moves from one set of devices to another, these combinations are seamlessly adapted.
Improved use of thromboprophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis following an educational intervention.

BACKGROUND We evaluated venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis rates in hospitalized medical patients in a teaching hospital, the State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center–University Hospital of Brooklyn, before and after implementation of a multifaceted VTE prophylaxis quality improvement intervention that combined regular education, dissemination of a decision support tool, and regular audit-and-feedback to resident physicians. METHODS The charts of 312 hospitalized medical patients were retrospectively reviewed to assess baseline rates of appropriate VTE prophylaxis. Rates of appropriate VTE prophylaxis were then determined 12 and 18 months after implementation of the quality improvement intervention. Data collected included risk factors for VTE, contraindications to anticoagulant prophylaxis, type of VTE prophylaxis prescribed, and whether the prophylaxis was appropriate. RESULTS Most of the hospitalized medically ill patients had 3 or more risk factors for VTE. At baseline, the proportion of patients receiving any form of VTE prophylaxis, primarily unfractionated heparin, was 47%. The proportion of patients for whom a physician provided appropriate prophylaxis was 43%. After the intervention, the proportion of patients receiving prophylaxis significantly increased, to 86% at 12 months, and this level was maintained at 18 months. The rate of appropriate prophylaxis increased to 68% and 85% after 12 and 18 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of hospitalized medical patients receiving appropriate VTE prophylaxis as recommended by evidence-based guidelines can be increased significantly by combining regular education, a decision support tool, and regular audit-and-feedback. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:331–338. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
HOTLINE IN CHINA: ONE WAY TO HELP CHINESE PEOPLE '

Due to lack of sufficient professional counselors and psychologists, telephone hotlines were established as a way to reach Chinese people.
A Phenomenological Analysis of Exergy Destruction During Hydrogen Combustion With Electronically Excited Oxygen

This study investigates the effects of introducing electronically excited oxygen on trends in exergy destruction during hydrogen combustion. Electronically excited oxygen enhances many properties of combustion. By understanding how it alters the chemical kinetics, and hence the destruction of exergy, it may be possible to improve the overall exergetic efficiency of combustion thereby reducing fuel use to achieve desired energy conversion.A numerical model was developed of an adiabatic plug flow reactor using CHEMKIN-PRO; in conjunction with a hydrogen oxidation mechanism that includes explicit reaction pathways for various electronically excited species. Exergy destruction was calculated for cases where singlet oxygen composed 0%–100% of the oxidizer while maintaining a stoichiometric oxidizer-fuel ratio; all other inlet conditions were held fixed.Results show that an optimal range of exergetic combustion efficiency exists between 0%–20%, with the maximum occurring at approximately 10%. A detailed assessment of the total exergy destruction reveals that, for the optimal range of exergetic combustion efficiencies, as much as 60% of the total exergy destruction occurs prior to ignition. For inlet percentages of singlet oxygen greater than 20%, the majority of the total exergy destruction occurs after ignition. This paper examines the phenomenological events taking place in the reaction mechanism that give rise to the destruction of exergy during combustion. Understanding these mechanisms and the effects of introducing excited oxygen into the combustion process, sheds light on how we might use excited oxygen to increase the exergetic efficiency of combustion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Long-Term Mechanical Cardiac Assist in Children: A Work in Progress

50 The article by Sachdeva et al. in this issue of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography describes the echocardiographic findings in pediatric patients with heart failure supported with the Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist device (VAD) (Berlin Heart AG, Berlin, Germany). Chronic heart failure as a result of cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease is diagnosed with increasing frequency in pediatric patients. As in the adult population, heart transplantation is the principal treatment for childrenwith end-stage heart failure. However, the limited availability of size-matched pediatric organ donors, particularly in neonates and infants, is associated with a prolonged median waiting time from listing to transplantation of 69 days. Currently, mortality for pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation is 20%. Mechanical support of the severely failing heart may be used as a bridge to transplantation when pharmacologic therapy is no longer adequate. The resulting improvement in cardiac output stabilizes end-organ function, reduces mortality risk, and optimizes the patient’s overall condition before transplantation. A wide variety of devices are available for adult patients, but options for thepediatric population, particularly infants and small children, remain limited. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the most frequently used form of mechanical assist in children. Advantages include widespread availability, ease of cannulation (via the right internal jugular vein and right common carotid artery), and applicability in neonates, infants, and older children. The primary disadvantage of ECMO is limited durability. Complications including infection, surgical site bleeding, and intracranial bleeding generally preclude support for longer than 3 to 4 weeks, severely reducing the utility of ECMO as a bridge to transplantation.
Two Captains from Carolina: Moses Grandy, John Newland Maffit, and the Coming of the Civil War. By Bland Simpson. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 187. $28.00.)

The ever‐changing sea holds an aesthetic appeal to most people, but it is the sheer freedom of life afloat that captures others—the desire to experience the unknown, to steer oneself along the wate...