cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voyager 1 photopolarimeter experiment and the phase curve and surface microstructure of Ganymede

Results are reported for optical-wavelength photopolarimetry of Ganymede from Voyager 1. A phase coefficient of 0.011 + or - 0.001 mag/deg and an opposition effect of 0.17 + or - 0.03 mag are derived. It is shown that Ganymede's surface is probably more porous than Callisto's and that micrometeoroids may continuously roughen the surface of Ganymede.
Using audit information to adjust parameter estimates for data errors in clinical trials

BackgroundAudits are often performed to assess the quality of clinical trial data, but beyond detecting fraud or sloppiness, the audit data are generally ignored. In an earlier study, using data from a nonrandomized study, Shepherd and Yu developed statistical methods to incorporate audit results into study estimates and demonstrated that audit data could be used to eliminate bias.PurposeIn this article, we examine the usefulness of audit-based error-correction methods in clinical trial settings where a continuous outcome is of primary interest.MethodsWe demonstrate the bias of multiple linear regression estimates in general settings with an outcome that may have errors and a set of covariates for which some may have errors and others, including treatment assignment, are recorded correctly for all subjects. We study this bias under different assumptions, including independence between treatment assignment, covariates, and data errors (conceivable in a double-blinded randomized trial) and independence betw...
DNA Topoisomerase II-alpha as a marker of cell proliferation in endocrine and other neoplasms.

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that are able to link and unlink DNA strands. They are classified as type I or type II topoisomerase if they catalyze transient single-strand (topo I) or double-strand (topo II) DNA breaks. Topo II-alpha has been used as a proliferation marker and it can also serve as a molecular target for a variety of anticancer drugs that are used clinically.
Community Participation and Internet Use after September 11: Complementarity in Channel Consumption

Crises spark off a wide variety of communicative activities; extant research documents the critical role of the community during crises. The terrorist attacks of September 11 fundamentally challenged the very fabric of American society. How did Americans respond to the crisis posed by the terrorist attacks of September 11 in their communicative choices? Based on the theory of channel complementarity, this article argues that individuals who participated in online communities to post and read thoughts about the attacks were also more likely to participate in real communities. An analysis of the data gathered by the Pew Center immediately after the 9/11 attacks demonstrates support for the theory of channel complementarity in the realm of community participation.
Nevil Shute and the Decline of the Imperial Idea' In Literature

After John Buchan, Nevil Shute. In the long progression of popular British writers who have woven stories around the social facts and cultural values of empire, a progression which extends from Charles Kingsley and G. A. Henty through Paul Scott and, arguably, Ian Fleming, Nevil Shute occupies a distinguishable and important place. Both in his own right and as a representative figure he deserves analysis on account of his part in the literary re-statement of what has fairly been called the ‘imperial idea,’ that matrix of assumptions, beliefs, and attitudes which had sustained and rationalized the endeavors of several generations of politicians, publicists, and civil servants, but whose relevance to Great Britain's circumstances after the Second World War was increasingly open to doubt. This essay offers the elements of such an analysis and suggests some lines along which further inquiry might proceed.For at least a decade before his death in January 1960, Nevil Shute had been the best selling of English novelists. Altogether, his nearly two dozen works of light fiction have sold over 14 million copies. When he died his books were earning him an income of about $175,000 a year. Such extended popularity can hardly have been fortuitous. Without venturing too far into the psychology of literary response, it seems reasonable to conclude that Shute must have gauged accurately the issues and situations which, imaginatively presented, would interest his readers, and further, that he must have expressed in his work a pattern of values which conformed generally to their moral predispositions (or at least did not offend them.) Hence it should prove worthwhile to take a close and comprehensive look at his themes and ideas on the premise that they can tell us something useful about his audience.
Rho and RNA: models for recognition and response

Summary Escherichia coli Rho factor Is required for termination of transcription at certain sites by RNA polymerase. Binding to unstructured cytosine-containing RNA target sites, subsequent RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis, and an RNA-DNA helicase activity that presumably facilitates termination, are considered essential for Rho function. Yet the RNA recognition elements have remained elusive, the parameters relating RNA binding to ATPase activation have been obscure, and the mechanistic steps that integrate Rho's characteristics with its termination function in vitro and in vivo have been largely undefined. Recent work offers new insights into these interactions with results that are both surprising and satisfying in the context of Rho's emerging structure. These include the requirements for binding and ATPase activation by a variety of RNA substrates, dynamic analyses of Rho tracking, helicase and termination activity, and the participation of a new factor (NusG) that interacts with Rho. Models for Rho function are considered in the light of these recent revelations.
Some Basic Issues Related to Contextual Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Human Resource Management

Abstract This article examines some basic issues that might pose conceptual challenges in applying ideas related to contextual performance and organizational citizenship behavior to human resource management. It considers labeling issues and differences between the origins and definitions of the terms, contextual performance, and organizational citizenship behavior, and argues that the labeling issues are less important than careful definition and measurement of the behavioral dimensions that these terms embrace. It also considers the conceptual status of organizational citizenship behavior and contextual performance as latent constructs or aggregate constructs according to distinctions presented by Law, Wong, and Mobley. And finally, it explores questions related to consequences of behavioral patterns connoted by these terms for organizational effectiveness and individual motivation, job satisfaction, and commitment.
Ophthalmic and cerebral blood flow velocities in preterm infants: Influence of ambient lighting conditions

Doppler ultrasound was used to study ophthalmic and middle cerebral artery flow velocities at different ambient lighting conditions in 28 preterm infants in the first week of life. We found significant increases of ophthalmic and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities when ambient light was increased from moderate to intense. Flow velocities in the ophthalmic artery increased significantly more than in the middle cerebral artery. Doppler ultrasound studies of ophthalmic blood flow velocity may assist in answering the intriguing question whether light-induced changes of ocular perfusion play a role in the development of retinopathy of prematurity.
The determination of content

I identify a notion of compositionality at the intersection of the different notions philosophers, linguists, and psychologists are concerned with. The notion is compositionality of expression content: the idea that the content of a complex expression in a context of its utterance is determined by its syntactic structure and the contents of its constituents in the contexts of their respective utterances. Traditional arguments from productivity and systematicity cannot establish that the contents of linguistic expressions are compositionally determined in this sense. I present a novel argument for this thesis.
Energy trapping and detrapping by wild type and mutant reaction centers of purple non-sulfur bacteria.

Time-correlated single photon counting was used to study energy trapping and detrapping kinetics at 295 K in Rhodobacter sphaeroides chromatophore membranes containing mutant reaction centers. The mutant reaction centers were expressed in a background strain of Rb. sphaeroides which contained only B880 antenna complexes and no B800-850 antenna complexes. The excited state decay times in the isolated reaction centers from these strains were previously shown to vary by roughly 15-fold, from 3.4 to 52 ps, due to differences in the charge separation rates in the different mutants (Allen and Williams (1995) J Bioenerg Biomembr 27: 275–283). In this study, measurements were also performed on wild type Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rb. sphaeroides B880 antenna-only mutant chromatophores for comparison. The emission kinetics in membranes containing mutant reaction centers was complex. The experimental data were analyzed in terms of a kinetic model that involved fast excitation migration between antenna complexes followed by reversible energy transfer to the reaction center and charge separation. Three emission time constants were identified by fitting the data to a sum of exponential decay components. They were assigned to trapping/quenching of antenna excitations by the reaction center, recombination of the P+H− charge-separated state of the reaction center reforming an emitting state, and emission from uncoupled antenna pigment-protein complexes. The first varied from 60 to 160 ps, depending on the reaction center mutation; the second was 200–300 ps, and the third was about 700 ps. The observed weak linear dependence of the trapping time on the primary charge separation time, together with the known sub-picosecond exciton migration time within the antenna, supports the concept that it is energy transfer from the antenna to the reaction center, rather than charge separation, that limits the overall energy trapping time in wild type chromatophores. The component due to charge recombination reforming the excited state is minor in wild type membranes, but increases substantially in mutants due to the decreasing free energy gap between the states P* and P+H−.
Children's understanding of conversational principles

Abstract Sixteen preschool, first-, and third-grade children were presented with short stories ending with a verbal statement by a story character. Two alternative ending statements were provided. One alternative violated a postulate ( H. P. Grice, 1975 , in P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3), New York: Academic Press) or a reasonable request condition ( D. Gordon & G. Lakoff, 1971 , Conversational postulates, papers from the seventh regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago, Department of Linguistics), while the other alternative did not. The child's task was to choose the “funny or silly“ ending, i.e., the violation. Data analysis showed that 100% of the third-graders, 83% of the first-graders, and 19% of the preschoolers performed with significant (P
More Workshop than Toolbox

Mangel, Marc. 2006. The theoretical biologist's toolbox: quantitative methods for ecology and evolutionary biology. Cambridge University Press, New York. xiv + 375 p. $95.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-0-521-83045-4; $50.00 (paper), ISBN: 978-0-521-53748-3.
Effect of Hydroxocobalamin on Surface Oximetry in Nonexposed Humans

IntroductionThe newer cyanide antidote, hydroxocobalamin, due to its pigmentation, has been found to cause interferences in some laboratory assays. Co-oximetry may also be affected by hydroxocobalamin, leading to false elevations in hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and false decreases in oxyhemoglobin. The Masimo Radical-7 is a medical device that performs noninvasive oximetry and estimates hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and percent carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), methemoglobin (MetHb), and oxyhemoglobin saturation (O2Hb).Study ObjectivesThe study sought to determine the effect of hydroxocobalamin on noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin indices using the Masimo Radical-7 monitor.MethodsSeven asymptomatic volunteers who were unexposed to cyanide had baseline heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and oximeter measurements recorded followed by an infusion of five grams of hydroxocobalamin over 15 minutes. The above parameters were subsequently recorded at: 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes post infusion. Data were analyzed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for each variable and comparing the results to expected values by paired t tests. Expected AUC values were calculated by extrapolating baseline values across the entire time period.ResultsThe mean differences from baseline values with 95% confidence intervals and t tests of mean difference were: SBP: 11 mm Hg (95% CI, 0-22; P = .051); HR: -9 (95% CI, -15 to -3; P = .01); Hb: -0.1 (95% CI, -0.7 to 0.4; P = .57); O2Hb: 0 g/dL (95% CI, -1 to 1; P = .41); COHb: -1 (95% CI, -3 to 1; P = .25); MetHb: -0.2 (95% CI, -0.3 to 0; P = .03).DiscussionAfter infusion of hydroxocobalamin there was a significant elevation of systolic blood pressure and decrease in heart rate. There were no significant differences in Hb, O2Hb, and COHb. Although percent methemoglobin concentrations were statistically lower, the authors feel this difference is of trivial clinical significance.ConclusionThe administration of hydroxocobalamin does not significantly impact noninvasive oximetry.CashinB, MatlockA, KangC, ReynoldsP, WillsB. Effect of Hydroxocobalamin on Surface Oximetry in Nonexposed Humans. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-3.
On block diagonal and Schur complement preconditioning

We study symmetric positive definite linear systems, with a 2-by-2 block matrix preconditioned by inverting directly one of the diagonal blocks and suitably preconditioning the other. Using an approximate version of Young's "Property A", we show that the condition number of the Schur complement is smaller than the condition number obtained by the block-diagonal preconditioning. We also get bounds on both condition numbers from a strengthened Cauchy inequality. For systems arising from the finite element method, the bounds do not depend on the number of elements and can be obtained from element-by-element computations. The results are applied to thep-version finite element method, where the first block of variables consists of degrees of freedom of a low order.
Trends in racial attitudes in Detroit, 1968-1992

Using survey data from the 1960s and 1990s, the authors examine trends in racial attitudes in Detroit in the post-civil rights era. They investigate the degree to which African-Americans and whites see themselves as victims of their racial circumstances and how each group has changed its perceptions of the other group. Whereas whites seem more accepting of residential integration than they were earlier, they are more likely to see themselves as victims of discrimination and less likely to see African-Americans as victims. The authors find no indication of improving racial perspectives among African-Americans but do uncover signs of heightened tensions.
Small scale materials behavior from X-ray microdiffraction and imaging: Part II

To read more about her, turn to page 8. To join TMS, visit www.tms.org/Society/Membership.aspx. This special set of papers is a continuation of the topic started in the JOM December 2010 issue.1–4 It highlights several novel applications of xray microdiffraction and imaging to study structural properties of materials at small length scales. The development of ultra-brilliant synchrotron x-ray sources together with the development of new software provides new insights for the analysis of local material structures at the mesoand nanoscales. The special JOM topic starts with a manuscript by Kerber et al. which presents the state-of-the-art x-ray line profi le analysis. The authors demonstrate that x-ray line-profi le analysis can be very useful for quantifying structural parameters in nanomaterials. The authors use this method to study dislocation distributions in crystalline materials. They present models for line broadening effects caused by fi nite crystallite size, lattice strain, planar faults, internal stresses, and point defects. Several example applications for nanostructured materials are described. This manuscript shows that modern line-profi le-analysis is a useful tool for studies of nanomaterials. The next paper, by Lienert et al., describes high-energy diffraction microscopy (HEDM) at the Advanced Photon Source. These experiments can provide important information about deformation and structure evolution at the mesoscale. HEDM can be performed in the two possible geometries: near-fi eld and far-fi eld. Near-fi eld geometry is used for mapping grain boundary topology, while far-fi eld geometry gives inforSmall Scale Materials Behavior from X-ray Microdiffraction and Imaging: Part II
Ethnic Variation in Optic Disc Size by Fundus Photography

AbstractPurpose: To compare optic disc size among Caucasian, Chinese, African, Filipino and Hispanic subjects recruited from a university-based general ophthalmology clinic.Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, optic disc size was calculated from fundus photographs. Differences in age, sex and spherical equivalent among the ethnic groups were examined with either Kruskal--Wallis test or Chi-square test. Ethnic differences in optic disc size were evaluated with linear mixed-effects regression models that adjusted for age, sex, spherical equivalent, glaucoma status, lens status and use of both eyes in the same subject.Results: Five hundred and seventy-four eyes of 305 subjects were analyzed. The mean and standard deviation of the optic disc size were 2.16 ± 0.41 mm2 for Caucasian, 2.30 ± 0.56 mm2 for Chinese, 2.31 ± 0.41 mm2 for Filipino, 2.38 ± 0.40 mm2 for African and 2.40 ± 0.38 mm2 for Hispanic subjects. Age and spherical equivalent differed among the ethnic groups by Kruskal--Wallis tes...
Do Impaired Older Persons With Health Care Needs Occupy U.S. Assisted Living Facilities? An Analysis of Six National Studies

Objectives. The assisted living facility (ALF) is the fastest-growing noninstitutional long-term care alternative for frail older persons in the United States. This analysis assesses the extent to which older persons with physical and cognitive disabilities and health care needs occupy ALFs in the United States. Methods. Information on study design and six indicators of the occupancy patterns of older persons in ALFs were abstracted from six national studies. The collected data were based on reports by the administrators of ALFs. Results. The six reviewed studies had several methodologic weaknesses, resulting in different statistical populations of ALFs, samples with very different numerical and attribute properties, and findings based on disparate indicators. The older residents in ALFs were less physically and cognitively impaired than those in nursing homes. ALF facilities were more likely to admit or retain frail older persons when they had relatively minor or less serious physical or cognitive impairment or health care needs. Discussion. ALFs are currently serving older residents who require less nursing care and who are less functionally and cognitively impaired than those found in nursing homes. The more restrictive admitting and discharge criteria of a substantial share of ALFs guarantee their less frail occupant profile. This is, however, an extraordinarily diverse shelter and care alternative, and very frail older persons with serious chronic health problems can be found in ALFs. Average duration of stays may be as long as 3 years. Researchers must conduct more carefully executed studies with replicable methodologies that produce unbiased and generalized findings.
Decomposing memory performance: data structures and phases

The memory hierarchy continues to have a substantial effect on application performance. This paper explores the potential of high-level application understanding in improving the performance of modern memory hierarchies, decomposing the often-chaotic address stream of an application into multiple more regular streams. We present two orthogonal methodologies. The first is a system called DTrack that decomposes the dynamic reference stream of a C program by tagging each reference with its global variable or heap call-site name. The second is a technique to determine the correct granularity at which to study the global phase behavior of applications. Applying these twin analysis methods to twelve CSPEC2000 benchmarks, we demonstrate that they reveal data structure interactions that remain obscured with traditional aggregation-based analysis methods. Such a characterization creates a rich profile of an application's memory behavior that highlights the most memory-intensive data structures and program phases, and we illustrate how this profile can lead system and application designers to a deeper understanding of the applications they study.
Differential characteristics of the thoracic and abdominal mammary glands from mice

The anatomical and physiological characteristics of thoracic and abdominal mammary glands were investigated in order to understand why the incidence of mammary tumors is higher in the former. Epithelium in explants from both sets of glands required DNA synthesis, insulin, cortisol, and prolactin for full differentiation as measured by alpha-lactalbumin accumulation. The temporal pattern and magnitude of response were the same with respect to both DNA synthesis and differentiation; however, the epithelium in explants from the thoracic glands required concentrations of hormones for alpha-lactalbumin accumulation only one-half to one-third those from abdominal glands. Tumor distribution did not appear to correlate with mammary gland histology, size, or epithelial content.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD RESTRICTION ON KIDNEY MEMBRANE STRUCTURES OF AGING RATS

Food restriction (FR) was tested for its ability to protect against age-related membrane deterioration of kidney. Mitochondria and microsomes were isolated from male Fischer 344 rats that were either fed ad libitum (AL) or food restricted (60% of ad libitum). The result show the yields of isolated membranes decreased considerably with age in AL fed rats, but much less so in FR rats. Additional information on membrane protection by food restriction came from the analysis of membrane fatty acid composition: the amount of total saturated membrane fatty acid and highly oxidizable arachidonic acid increased in AL rats, and this was effectively modulated by food restriction.
Experimental determination of the effective strong coupling constant

Abstract We present a first attempt to experimentally extract an effective strong coupling constant that we define to be a low Q 2 extension of a previous definition by S. Brodsky et al. following an initial work of G. Grunberg. Using Jefferson Lab data and sum rules, we establish its Q 2 -behavior over the complete Q 2 -range. The result is compared to effective coupling constants inferred from different processes and to calculations based on Schwinger–Dyson equations, hadron spectroscopy or lattice QCD. Although the connection between the experimentally extracted effective coupling constants and the calculations is not established it is interesting to note that their behaviors are similar.
Manganese Dosimetry: Species Differences and Implications for Neurotoxicity

Manganese (Mn) is an essential mineral that is found at low levels in food, water, and the air. Under certain high-dose exposure conditions, elevations in tissue manganese levels can occur. Excessive manganese accumulation can result in adverse neurological, reproductive, and respiratory effects in both laboratory animals and humans. In humans, manganese-induced neurotoxicity (manganism) is the overriding concern since affected individuals develop a motor dysfunction syndrome that is recognized as a form of parkinsonism. This review primarily focuses on the essentiality and toxicity of manganese and considers contemporary studies evaluating manganese dosimetry and its transport across the blood-brain barrier, and its distribution within the central nervous system (CNS). These studies have dramatically improved our understanding of the health risks posed by manganese by determining exposure conditions that lead to increased concentrations of this metal within the CNS and other target organs. Most individuals are exposed to manganese by the oral and inhalation routes of exposure; however, parenteral injection and other routes of exposure are important. Interactions between manganese and iron and other divalent elements occur and impact the toxicokinetics of manganese, especially following oral exposure. The oxidation state and solubility of manganese also influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of manganese. Manganese disposition is influenced by the route of exposure. Rodent inhalation studies have shown that manganese deposited within the nose can undergo direct transport to the brain along the olfactory nerve. Species differences in manganese toxicokinetics and response are recognized with nonhuman primates replicating CNS effects observed in humans while rodents do not. Potentially susceptible populations, such as fetuses, neonates, individuals with compromised hepatic function, individuals with suboptimal manganese or iron intake, and those with other medical states (e.g., pre-parkinsonian state, aging), may have altered manganese metabolism and could be at greater risk for manganese toxicity.
Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been linked to rising rates of obesity in the United States. The standard explanation is that energy-containing liquids are less satiating than are solid foods. However, purely physiologic mechanisms do not fully account for the proposed links between liquid sugar energy and body weight change. First, a reevaluation of published epidemiologic studies of consumption of sweetened beverages and overweight shows that most such studies either are cross-sectional or are based on passive surveillance of temporal trends and thus permit no conclusions about causal links. Second, research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive. Numerous clinical studies have shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss. The principal ingredient of liquid meal replacement shakes is sugar, often high-fructose corn syrup, which is present in amounts comparable to those in soft drinks. Far from suppressing satiety, one such liquid shake is marketed on the grounds that it helps control hunger and prevents hunger longer when consumed for the purpose of weight loss. These inconsistencies raise the question whether the issue of sugars and body weight should continue to be framed purely in metabolic or physiologic terms. The effect of sugar consumption on body weight can also depend on behavioral intent, context, and the mode of use, availability, and cost of sweetened liquids.
Stability and Hop Count of Node-Disjoint and Link-Disjoint Multi-path Routes in Ad Hoc Networks

The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to provide benchmarks for the stability and hop count of node-disjoint and link- disjoint multi-path routes in mobile ad hoc networks. For a given source s and destination d, the stability of a link-disjoint and node-disjoint multi-path routing approach is the number of multi-path sets of s-d routes determined over the duration of a network simulation session. We persist with the determined multi-path set of s-d routes as long as at least one path in the set exists. The average hop count of a multi-path set of s-d routes is the time averaged hop count of the constituent s-d routes according to the duration of their utility. We observe that for different conditions of network density and node mobility, node-disjoint paths are as stable as link-disjoint paths and also there is not much difference in the hop count of these paths.
Spin transport in a quantum wire

We study the effect of electron-electron backscattering interactions on spin transport in a quantum wire. Even if these interactions have no significant effect on charge transport, they strongly influence the transport ofspin. We use the quantum Boltzmann equation in the collision approximation to derive equations of motion for spin current and magnetization. In the limit of small perturbations from equilibrium, we explain the existence of "precessional" and "diffusive" behaviors. We also discuss the low-temperature nonlinear decay of an uniform spin current outside the hydrodynamic regime.
Single‐Dose Study of Nabilone in Anxious Volunteers

: The effects of single oral doses of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, were studied in eight anxious volunteer subjects. Each subject had two exposures to placebo and three dose levels of nabilone at one-week intervals in a single-blind balanced Latin-square design after the nabilone dose range was determined by each subject's response to a test dose. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. The Profile of Mood States (POMS), a self-rating adjective checklist, was used as the quantitative measure of subjective effects. Four subjects performed a continuous avoidance procedure. High doses (4 or 5 mg) of nabilone produced orthostatic hypotension in these subjects. Mild dose-related increases in heart rate also occurred. Despite the occurrence of highly significant levels of sedation, there were no significant effects of nabilone on the continuous avoidance procedure. Two of these four subjects experienced an antianxiety effect from low (1 or 2 mg) nabilone doses. Four other subjects received comparatively lower doses of nabilone and performed on three behavioral tasks at intervals before and after drug: a recognition memory procedure, a task requiring spaced responding at a controlled rate, and a reaction time task. In these subjects there were no reliable effects on blood pressure or heart rate, no significant subjective effects on the POMS, and no antianxiety effects. Drug effects were also minimal on the three behavioral tasks.
Las independencias comparadas: las Américas del Norte y del Sur*

A fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX la mayor parte de las Americas se independizo de las potencias europeas. Existian siempre motivos de descontento, pero en cada caso sucesos acaecidos en Europa contribuyeron al estallido revolucionario. La transformacion politica y social que produjo el movimiento en Angloamerica fue de una relativa moderacion, mientras que el haitiano fue producto de un cambio profundo tanto politico como social. En las colonias espanolas, escenario de la lucha militar mas larga y en menor grado en el Brasil, el ambio de sistema politico fue mas abrupto que en el caso de la America inglesa, mientras el alcance social resulto desigual pero no despreciable.
Development of Defined Cultures of Indigenous Cecal Bacteria to Control Salmonellosis in Broiler Chicks

An in vitro continuous-flow (CF) culture system was utilized to isolate and maintain a defined mixed culture of indigenous cecal bacteria from adult broilers. The protective effects of the defined CF culture and dietary lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonization were evaluated in broiler chicks. The CF culture was administered to chicks by crop gavage on the day of hatch. Lactose was provided as 5% (wt/wt) of the feed ration. The chicks were challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age and evaluated for Salmonella colonization 7 days after challenge. The experiment was repeated in six separate trials using newly hatched chicks and CF culture that was maintained in continuous steady-state conditions from 42 to 190 days. Compared with controls, the mean number of S. typhimurium in the cecal contents of the chicks given CF culture and dietary lactose decreased significantly (P < .01) by 4.2 log10 units. Similarly, the numbers of Salmonella cecal culture-positive chicks was significantly decreased (P < .01) by 55% in the chicks given CF culture and lactose. The results indicated that a defined culture of indigenous cecal bacteria isolated and maintained in CF culture, together with dietary lactose, effectively controlled S. typhimurium cecal colonization in newly hatched broiler chicks.
Surgical Morbidity and Mortality Conference using teleconferencing allows for increased faculty participation and moderation from satellite campuses and saves costs.

Introduction Surgical faculty participation in Morbidity and Mortality Conference (MMC) satisfies criteria for Continuing Medical Education (CME) credit. We hypothesize that using teleconferencing between the main campus to 2 satellite campuses will quantitatively increase faculty attendance and participation as a moderator at surgical MMC. We also want to perform a cost-benefit analysis of teleconferencing. Methods In this retrospective descriptive study, faculty attendance at MMC at the main campus and 2 satellite campuses was observed from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010. Groups were compared with nonparametric statistics, using an α = 0.05. We performed an annual cost-benefit analysis of teleconferencing with consultation of an economist/financial advisor. The explicit and implicit costs of teleconferencing were compared with the opportunity cost-benefit of travel prevention. Results In 2010, there were 45 MMC activities. A total of 236 Continuing Medical Education credit hours were reported, with 186 credit hours at the main campus and 68 credit hours at the satellite campuses. A Mann-Whitney U test showed an increase in the median total attendance (5 per conference) with the addition of the satellite campus attendance (2 per conference) (p 0.99). Cost benefits per faculty member was $96.70 per conference at 1 satellite campus and $193.60 per conference at the second satellite campus. A total of 73.1 hours of travel time was prevented, with a total annual net benefit of $7624. Conclusions Teleconferencing allows for increased faculty attendance at MMC and allows for faculty to stay at their respective hospitals for patient care. Teleconferencing also results in significant cost savings. We recommend that institutions with similar resources consider teleconferencing as a way to increase faculty member attendance at surgical MMC and to save hospital costs.
Clinically relevant advances in on-chip affinity-based electrophoresis and electrochromatography

Clinical and point-of-care disease diagnostics promise to play an important role in personalized medicine, new approaches to global health, and health monitoring. Emerging instrument platforms based on lab-on-a-chip technology can confer perfomance advantages successfully exploited in electrophoresis and electrochromatography to affinity-based electrokinetic separations. This review surveys lab-on-a-chip diagnostic developments in affinity-based electokinetic separations for quantitation of proteins, integration of preparatory functions needed for subsequent analysis of diverse biological samples, and initial forays into multiplexed analyses. The technologies detailed here underpin new clinical and point-of-care diagnostic strategies. The techniques and devices promise to advance translation of until now laborabory-based sample preparation and analytical assays to near-patient settings.
The Arabidopsis Homolog of Yeast TAP42 and Mammalian α4 Binds to the Catalytic Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A and Is Induced by Chilling

Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2A) have been implicated as important mediators of a number of plant growth and developmental processes. In an effort to identify plant PP2A substrates and/or regulators, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using an Arabidopsis PP2A catalytic subunit cDNA as bait. All true positives identified by this screen were derived from the same gene, which we have named TAP46 (2A phosphatase associated protein of 46 kD). The TAP46 gene appears to be a single-copy gene and is expressed in all Arabidopsis organs. Transcripts derived from this gene are induced by chilling treatment but not by heat or anaerobic stress. Immunoprecipitation assays using antibodies generated to a peptide spanning amino acids 356 to 366 of TAP46 indicate that TAP46 is associated with a type 2A protein phosphatase in vivo. A search of the database identified TAP46 as a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TAP42 and mammalian α4. These two proteins are known to bind to the catalytic subunit of PP2A and to function in the target-of-rapamycin signaling pathway. Our results identify TAP46 as a plant PP2A-associated protein, with a possible function in the chilling response, and suggest that a target-of-rapamycin-like signaling pathway may exist in plants.
BioTAP-XL: Cross-linking/Tandem Affinity Purification to Study DNA Targets, RNA, and Protein Components of Chromatin-Associated Complexes.

In order to understand how chromatin complexes function in the nucleus, it is important to obtain a comprehensive picture of their protein, DNA, and RNA components, as well as their mutual interactions. This unit presents a chromatin cross-linking approach (BioTAP-XL) that utilizes a special BioTAP-tagged transgenic protein bait along with mass spectrometry to identify protein complex components, and high-throughput sequencing to identify RNA components and DNA binding sites. Full protocols are provided for Drosophila cells and for human cells in culture, along with an additional protocol for Drosophila embryos as the source material. A key element of the approach in all cases is the generation of control data from input chromatin samples. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: chromatin; formaldehyde cross-linking; LC-MS/MS; next-generation sequencing
The Theoretical Foundation of Computer-Aided Architectural Design

This paper tries to elucidate some of the basic unifying theoretical concepts which form the foundation of much of the work that has been done in computer-aided architectural design, to relate these concepts to their historical predecessors, and to use the theoretical framework that is developed to make some comparison between computer-aided and manual design methods. The question of how design problems are defined, how potential solutions are represented, how they are generated, and how they are evaluated, are taken in turn. A distinction is drawn between well-defined and ill-defined design problems. The issue of originality and style are considered, and the division of tasks between human designers and machine is discussed
Lysosomes in the spleen of the chick embryo. II. Changes during the graft-versus-host reaction.

The graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) was induced in developing chick embryos by inoculation of competent allogeneic cells. The enzyme contents and some properties of lysosomes from the host spleens were examined. Lysosomal enzymes were found to increase markedly during the GVHR. Changes also were found in the distribution of the enzymes within subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation. A higher proportion of the enzymes was not sedimented with the particulate fractions, and in addition, the proportion of nonlatent enzyme activity in homogenates was significantly increased. These results could be correlated with those of a cytochemical analysis of acid phosphatase in the spleen during the GVHR. The activity increased markedly and the reaction product was located in small particles, as well as in large vacuoles and inclusion bodies within giant cells. Both granulocytes and mononuclear cells were found with increased amounts of demonstrable enzyme. Many cells showed diffuse staining within their cytoplasm, which suggests that the lysosomes had broken down in these cells. Similar changes in content and properties of lysosomes have been shown to occur in other systems in which phagocytes are active, or are subjected to stress, as with toxins or antibodies. The present findings are interpreted to reflect an extensive mobilization of host phagocytes in the GVHR, both in terms of their appearance, and of their phagocytic activation.
Transformational Learning In Business Education: The Pivotal Role Of Experiential Learning Projects

In this paper, we posit experiential learning projects in business as a valuable alternative to internships to meet the new AACSB standards for accreditation. While internships have traditionally been used as the main method to provide hands-on learning experiences for students in business schools, their effective implementation imposes stringent demands on faculty, curriculum, and program resources. The pedagogical and administrative benefits of experiential learning projects (ELP) are analyzed using the Kolb model and the literature on learning. We illustrate the versatility of the ELP learning tool by describing two very different applications currently in use at a small private university and advance guidelines for the effective implementation and assessment of experiential learning projects in business curricula.
Prevalence Of The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Gene In Foodborne Pathogens Isolated From Animals And Humans In Qatar

Background and objectives-Foodborne illness has been determined to be one of the major limitations to the advancement of world health and with the ease of travel around the world and the increase in trade of food and animal products, the risk has been exacerbated in recent years. It has been proclaimed as one of the high priority issues in the Qatar National Food Security Master Plan. Different estimates of burden of disease consistently indicate a high cost per episode, irrespective of the country where the study is conducted. The mechanism by which foodborne pathogens cause disease is complex and the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) has been identified as one of the virulence factors that contributes to gastroenteritis. The CDT is a trimeric subunit toxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that causes cell-cycle arrest and causes affected cells to die by apoptosis. In an effort to understand the mechanisms by which foodborne pathogens put humans at risk of chronic gastroenteritis sequelae, this study i...
Effect of Surface Deformations on Contact Conductance

This study experimentally investigates the influence of surface deformations on contact conductance when two dissimilar metals are brought into contact. Most relations between the contact conductance and the load use the surface hardness to characterize surface deformations. This inherently assumes that deformations are predominantly plastic. To check the validity of this assumption, five tests were conducted in the contact pressure range of 30 kPa to 4 MPa, with sample combinations of (I) smooth aluminum-rough stainless steel, (II) rough aluminum-smooth stainless steel (III) rough copper-smooth stainless steel, (IV) smooth copper-rough stainless steel, and (V) smooth aluminum-smooth stainless steel. The experimental results of tests I, II, and IV indicate that the conductance of the first load-unload cycle showed hysteresis, suggesting that the plastic deformation was significant. However, for subsequent load cycles, no conductance hysteresis was observed, implying that elastic deformation was predominant. In contrast, no conductance hysteresis was observed for all load-unload cycles of tests III and V. Therefore, the surface deformation for this combination was always predominantly elastic. In practical applications where plastic deformation is significant for the first loading, mechanical vibrations can produce oscillating loads, which can finally lead to predominance of elastic deformation. Comparison of the results of testsmore » II and V show that even though plastic ;reformation was significant for the first loading of a rough aluminum surface, elastic deformation was always predominant for the smoother aluminum surface. 25 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.« less
All-Optical Active Plasmonics Based on Ordered Au Nanodisk Array Embedded in Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

We propose a new approach towards all-optical active plasmonics based on ordered Au nanodisk arrays embedded in azobenzene-doped liquid crystals (LCs). Upon photoirradiation, the doped LCs went through phase transition induced by trans-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene molecules. The phase transition led to the change in the refractive index of the LCs experienced by incident light, and enabled reversible tuning of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the embedded Au nanodisks. The tuning utilized the sensitivity of the LSPR of the Au nanodisks to the change in the surroundings’ refractive index. Experimental observations on both peak shift and intensity change of the LSPR matched those from discrete dipole approximation (DDA) calculations.
A Practical Approach for Training Pharmacists and Pharmacy Students to Prevent Disease by Immunizations

Immunization provides an important means for preventing communicable diseases. In recent years, administering immunizations has become part of contemporary pharmacy practice. Some view pharmacist-administered immunizations as a significant advance in the practice of pharmacy for providing care to patients. In Ohio, pharmacists may administer immunizations and pharmacists are not required to notify the patient’s physician or the local health department. There is a need for pharmacy students to obtain immunization certification so they are prepared for practice in the pharmacies of today. Including a training program for pharmacy students as immunizers is consistent with the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education Educational Outcomes 2004. The objective of this article is to describe an immunization certification program for pharmacists and pharmacy students based on the requirements of Ohio Law and guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control an...
Power conditioner control and protection for distributed generators and storage

This paper describes an integrated control and protection scheme for the power conditioner used by the medium rating grid-connected distributed generators and storage devices. The proposed control scheme consists of two loops: a steady-state loop that achieves optimum harmonic output by selective elimination of low-order harmonics and a transient loop based on space vector methods that enhances the transient response of the generator and provides overcurrent protection and fault rejection. The paper presents simulation studies of a grid-connected storage device equipped with a controller based on the proposed scheme. The results of these studies demonstrate the robustness of the controller to varying line conditions and disturbances.
On the assessment of tolerance limits under inverse gaussian distribution

Inverse Gaussian distribution has been used in a wide range of applications in modeling duration and failure phenomena. In these applications, one-sided lower tolerance limits are employed, for instance, for designing safety limits of medical devices. Tang and Chang (1994) proposed lowersided tolerance limits via Bonferroni inequality when parameters in the inverse Gaussian distribution are unknown. However, their simulation results showed conservative coverage probabilities, and consequently larger interval width. In their paper, they also proposed an alternative to construct lesser conservative limits. But simulation results yielded unsatisfactory coverage probabilities in many cases. In this article, the exact lower-sided tolerance limit is proposed. The proposed limit has a similar form to that of the confidence interval for mean under inverse Gaussian. The comparison between the proposed limit and Tang and Chang's method is compared via extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation results suggest th...