cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on Free Surface Phenomena

Abstract This paper reviews an experimental program in which predictions from domain perturbation theory for motions which perturb the rest state are used in conjunction with experimental measurements on free surface deformations associated with the Weissenberg effect at low rates of shear to obtain values for certain rheological parameter. The experiments include free surface measurements on a liquid near a circular rod rotating in steady motion and oscillatory motion in a large volume of fluid, secondary flows and circumferential velocity measurements in steady rod climbing, normal stress amplification effects, and free surface shapes on a fluid confined between rotating cylinders. Temperature effects are noted, and interesting instability phenomena at high rates of shearing are demonstrated.
POPULATION CONSEQUENCES OF RESTRICTED DISPERSAL FOR AN INSECT HERBIVORE IN A SUBDIVIDED HABITAT

This paper addresses how dispersal ability of the geometrid moth Itame andersoni interacts with habitat subdivision to impact population structure, importance of different habitat types (e.g., patch sizes, habitat configurations), and regional distribution patterns in a subdivided habitat of patches of its host plant Dryas drummondii (Rosaceae). Habitat subdivision occurs both on the patch scale and on the larger spatial scale of sites due to patchy successional patterns. Itame distribution is patchy within areas colonized by Dryas. This research combines observational and experimental approaches to examine individual movement behavior, immigration, and emigration rates of both caterpillars and adult females at the scale of discrete Dryas patches. Itame caterpillars will cross bare ground separating plant patches; however, movement of caterpillars on bare ground was more restricted than predicted by a correlated random walk due to large turning angles which led to area-restricted search. Caterpillar immig...
EFFECTS OF TYPES AND LEVELS OF FAT AND RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON THE PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FRANKFURTERS

— Frankfurter emulsions containing either 25% or 35% beef fat, pork fat, or cottonseed oil were prepared by comminuting at 1500, 2500, or 5000 rpm to temperatures ranging from 45°–85°F. Data were obtained on the viscosities of the emulsions; except for initially high viscosities for which unmelted fat was responsible, the viscosities of emulsions containing the fats, or oil, were similar: viscosities tended to decrease with increasing time and temperature of chopping. The frankfurters were stuffed, smoked, and cooked, and data were obtained on shrinkage, fat retention, ease of peeling, specific gravity, and texture. Shrinkage was inversely related to content of fat. Fat separation mainly occurred in processing frankfurters containing beef fat; the data suggest that emulsions containing beef fat should be comminuted to 65°–75°F to avoid possible under or overchopping: the results show that optimum conditions were time as well as temperature dependent. The air content of frankfurters varied inversely with the maximum temperature attained during communition. Frankfurter skin strength was lessened on increasing the temperatures to which emulsions were communited; elasticity, the equivalent of rubberiness, decreased under these conditions.
Identification of Rab 5 but not Rab 3A in rat pancreatic zymogen granule membranes.

Abstract Low molecular weight GTP-binding (LMWG) proteins are known to be present on secretory organelles and a role for Rab 3A in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles has been postulated. Pancreatic zymogen granules possess multiple LMWG proteins which were shown to be on the outside of the granules by pronase susceptability. Rab 3A, however, could not be identified in rat pancreatic acinar cells or on zymogen granules by immunoblots or by northern blots or PCR amplification although all three techniques demonstrated its presence in rat brain, RINm5F and AR42J cells. Immunoblots revealed expression of Rab 5, Rab 7, Rab 11 and ARF in acini. Of these, Rab 5 was identified in purified zymogen granule membranes where it may be involved in the endocytotic retrieval of granule membrane following exocytosis.
Ontogeny of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor immunoreactivity in the developing rat brain

In this study, we investigated the regional and temporal emergence of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor immunoreactivity in the developing rat brain. In a qualitative immunocytochemical analysis using an antibody against the rat 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor protein, we visualized cells expressing the receptor in the pontine tegmentum, caudate nucleus, basal forebrain, hippocampus and neocortex of developing rats. Three potentially important periods in the developmental regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors were identified: the time of onset, a period of accelerated expression and hyper-elaboration, and a period of regression. In general, the onset of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor immunoreactivity occurred relatively late in the ontogeny of cells in these regions, in the late prenatal and early postnatal periods. Following the perinatal onset of receptor expression, there was a rapid increase in the number of immunoreactive neurons during the first week after birth. In neocortex, there appeared to be a relative over-expression of the receptor, with an elevated density and hyper-elaboration of immunopositive neurons relative to the adult, reaching a peak at the end of the second week. There was then a gradual decrease in both the density and morphological complexity of cortical 5-hydroxytryptamine2-labelled neurons, until the adult pattern of expression was achieved at about four weeks of age. In all areas studied, cells positive for the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor were first detected within the regions in which they would ultimately reside, and after the known periods of cell proliferation for these regions. These observations would argue against a role for the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor as a transducer of the early developmental influences of serotonin in the central nervous system, but leave open the possibility that the receptor may participate in regulating some aspect of terminal differentiation or late maturation of the neurons on which it is found. The identification of important developmental periods in the ontogeny of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors suggests time-points at which events that disrupt the normal ontogenetic pattern of expression could produce long-lasting effects on central serotonergic neurotransmission.
Mode of Childbirth and Long-Term Outcomes in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis] often affect women in their reproductive years. Few studies have analyzed the impact of mode of childbirth on long-term IBD outcomes. We used a multi-institutional IBD cohort to identify all women in the reproductive age-group with a diagnosis of IBD prior to pregnancy. We identified the occurrence of a new diagnosis code for perianal complications, IBD-related hospitalization and surgery, and initiation of medical therapy after either a vaginal delivery or caesarean section (CS). Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential confounders were used to estimate independent effect of mode of childbirth on IBD outcomes. Our cohort included 360 women with IBD (161 CS). Women in the CS group were likely to be older and more likely to have complicated disease behavior prior to pregnancy. During follow-up, there was no difference in the likelihood of IBD-related surgery (multivariate hazard ratio 1.75, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.40–7.75), IBD-related hospitalization (HR 1.39), initiation of immunomodulator therapy (HR 1.45), or anti-TNF therapy (HR 1.11). Among the 133 CD pregnancies with no prior perianal disease, we found no excess risk of subsequent new diagnosis perianal fistulae with vaginal delivery compared to CS (HR 0.19, 95 % CI 0.04–1.05). Mode of delivery did not influence natural history of IBD. In our cohort, vaginal delivery was not associated with increased risk of subsequent perianal disease in women with CD.
Inhibition of mammary tumor growth in rats and mice by administration of agonistic and antagonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

Abstract Experiments were undertaken with estrogen-dependent mammary carcinomas in rats and mice to determine the antitumor activities of agonistic and antagonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Chronic administration of the agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH or of antagonist 1 ( [NAc-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2-Phe3,D-Arg6-D-Ala10]LH-RH) at doses of 25 and 50 micrograms/day, respectively, for 21 days to mice bearing the MXT mammary carcinoma significantly decreased tumor weight and volume. The weight of the ovaries and serum progesterone levels in mice treated with [D-Trp6]LH-RH or antagonist 1 were also significantly reduced. In rats bearing the MT/W9A mammary adenocarcinoma, chronic administration of [D-Trp6]LH-RH at a dose of 25 micrograms twice a day or of antagonist 2 ( [NAc-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10]LH-RH) at a dose of 50 micrograms twice a day for 28 days significantly decreased tumor weight and volume. Chronic treatment with either [D-Trp6]LH-RH or antagonist 2 markedly diminished the weight of the ovaries and serum levels of both estrogen and progesterone. Serum luteinizing hormone was significantly decreased in rats treated with antagonist 2 but not in rats treated with [D-Trp6]LH-RH. There was a significant drop in serum prolactin levels in rats treated with [D-Trp6]LH-RH but not in those receiving antagonist 2. Regression of mammary tumors in rats and mice in response to chronic administration of [D-Trp6]LH-RH and the two antagonistic analogs of LH-RH suggests that these compounds should be considered for the development of a new hormone therapy for breast cancer in women.
Aspartate 458 of human glutathione synthetase is important for cooperativity and active site structure.

Abstract Human glutathione synthetase (hGS) catalyzes the second ATP-dependent step in the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) and is negatively cooperative to the γ-glutamyl substrate. The hGS active site is composed of three highly conserved catalytic loops, notably the alanine rich A-loop. Experimental and computational investigations of the impact of mutation of Asp458 are reported, and thus the role of this A-loop residue on hGS structure, activity, negativity cooperativity and stability is defined. Several Asp458 hGS mutants (D458A, D458N and D458R) were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis and their activities determined (10%, 15% and 7% of wild-type hGS, respectively). The Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m ) was determined for all three substrates (glycine, GAB and ATP): glycine K m increased by 30–115-fold, GAB K m decreased by 8–17-fold, and the ATP K m was unchanged. All Asp458 mutants display a change in cooperativity from negative cooperativity to non-cooperative. All mutants show similar stability as compared to wild-type hGS, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The findings indicate that Asp458 is essential for hGS catalysis and that it impacts the allostery of hGS.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE VEGETATIVE SHOOT APEX OF EQUISETUM SCIRPOIDES

Equisetum scirpoides Michx., propagated from a single clone, was grown in a controlled growth chamber at 24 ± 1 C under a photoperiod of 16 hr light/8 hr darkness. The apical cell of aerial vegetative shoots gives rise to derivatives (merophytes) in a helical sequence. Each newly formed merophyte divides anticlinally to form two superposed cells that are parallel to a lateral face of the apical cell. Radial longitudinal divisions then take place in the two superposed cells. Shoot tips were fixed every 2 hr for 24 hr to determine the mitotic index of the apical cell, six subjacent cells, and the remaining cells above the level of leaf initiation. Average mitotic indices for the 24-hr period were 3.9%, 3.9%, and 7.0%, respectively. The results indicate that the apical cell is quite active mitotically; there was no clear evidence of endopolyploidy in cells of the shoot apex, young leaves or in the developing cortex, based upon cytophotometric measurements of DNA content.
From Gene Trees to Organismal Phylogeny in Prokaryotes:The Case of the γ-Proteobacteria

The rapid increase in published genomic sequences for bacteria presents the first opportunity to reconstruct evolutionary events on the scale of entire genomes. However, extensive lateral gene transfer (LGT) may thwart this goal by preventing the establishment of organismal relationships based on individual gene phylogenies. The group for which cases of LGT are most frequently documented and for which the greatest density of complete genome sequences is available is the γ-Proteobacteria, an ecologically diverse and ancient group including free-living species as well as pathogens and intracellular symbionts of plants and animals. We propose an approach to multigene phylogeny using complete genomes and apply it to the case of the γ-Proteobacteria. We first applied stringent criteria to identify a set of likely gene orthologs and then tested the compatibilities of the resulting protein alignments with several phylogenetic hypotheses. Our results demonstrate phylogenetic concordance among virtually all (203 of 205) of the selected gene families, with each of the exceptions consistent with a single LGT event. The concatenated sequences of the concordant families yield a fully resolved phylogeny. This topology also received strong support in analyses aimed at excluding effects of heterogeneity in nucleotide base composition across lineages. Our analysis indicates that single-copy orthologous genes are resistant to horizontal transfer, even in ancient bacterial groups subject to high rates of LGT. This gene set can be identified and used to yield robust hypotheses for organismal phylogenies, thus establishing a foundation for reconstructing the evolutionary transitions, such as gene transfer, that underlie diversity in genome content and organization.
Performance of windows multicore systems on threading and MPI

SUMMARY We present performance results on a Windows cluster with up to 768 cores using Message Passing Interface (MPI) and two variants of threading—Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR) and Task Parallel Library (TPL). CCR presents a message-based interface, while TPL allows for loops to be automatically parallelized. MPI is used between the cluster nodes (up to 32) and either threading or MPI for parallelism on the 24 cores of each node. We look at the performance of two significant bioinformatics applications; gene clustering and dimension reduction. We find that the two threading runtimes offer similar performance with MPI outperforming both at low levels of parallelism but threading much better when the grain size (problem size per process/thread) is small. We develop simple models for the performance of the clustering code. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work release and periodic detention in New South Wales: The custodial model and role experimentation

Abstract The custodial model is singled out from among the possible alternative models for work-release programs. Although custody-oriented staff typically are conservative and oppose change, work release programs press them into unfamiliar relationships with residents and with members of the free community. Without formal guidance, personnel engage in role experimentation that holds potential as a prelude to significant penal reform. Implications are suggested through analysis of periodic detention and work release as different schemes followed in New South Wales.
Active material based active sealing technology: Part 1. Active seal requirements vs. active material actuator properties

Current seals used for vehicle closures/swing panels are essentially flexible, frequently hollow structures whose designs are constrained by numerous requirements, many of them competing, including door closing effort (both air bind and seal compression), sound isolation, prevention of water leaks, and accommodation of variations in vehicle build. This paper documents the first portion of a collaborative research study/exploration of the feasibility of and approaches for using active materials with shape and stiffness changing attributes to produce active seal technologies, seals with improved performance. An important design advantage of an active material approach compared to previous active seal technologies is the distribution of active material regions throughout the seal length, which would enable continued active function even with localized failure. Included as a major focus of this study was the assessment of polymeric active materials because of their potential ease of integration into the current seal manufacturing process. In Part 1 of this study, which is documented in this paper, potential materials were evaluated in terms of their cost, activation mechanisms, and mechanical and actuation properties. Based on these properties, simple designs were proposed and utilized to help determine which materials are best suited for active seals. Shape memory alloys (SMA) and electroactive polymers (EAP) were judged to be the most promising.
Second harmonic generation in laser ablated zinc oxide thin films

We have observed large second-order nonlinear optical response from zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited on sapphire substrates by pulsed laser ablation. By comparing the second harmonic signal generated in a series of ZnO films with different crystallinity and thickness, we conclude that a significant part of the second harmonic signal is generated at the grain boundaries and interfaces.
XMM-Newton Detection of the Rare Fanaroff-Riley Type II Broad Absorption Line Quasar FIRST J101614.3+520916

We have detected FIRST J101614.3+520916 with the XMM-Newton X-ray observatory. FIRST J101614.3+520916, one of the most extreme radio-loud, broad absorption line (BAL) quasars so far discovered, is also a Fanaroff-Riley type II radio source. We find that, compared to its estimated intrinsic X-ray flux, the observed X-rays are likely suppressed and that the observed hardness ratio indicates significant soft X-ray photons. This is inconsistent with the simplest model, a normal quasar spectrum absorbed by a large neutral H I column density, which would primarily absorb the softer photons. More complex models, involving partial covering, an ionized absorber, ionized mirror reflection, or jet contributions need to be invoked to explain this source. The suppressed but soft X-ray emission in this radio-loud BAL quasar is consistent with the behavior displayed by other BAL quasars, both radio-loud and radio-quiet.
Reductive Dehalogenation of Trichloroethene Vapors in an Anaerobic Biotrickling Filter

Until now, it has not been possible to use biofiltration to treat trichloroethene (TCE) from waste gases generated by soil vapor extraction or dual-phase extraction at remediation sites because aer...
The evidence for "repression": An examination of Holmes (1990) and the implications for the recovered memory controversy.

ABSTRACT A literature review by Holmes (1990) has been frequently cited as being evidence against the reality of recovered memories of child sexual abuse. In the current article, the specifics of Holmes' review and its implications for the recovered memory controversy are examined. Based on the focus of his review, the type of data that he examined, and the specifics of his conclusions, it is concluded that Holmes (1990) has clearly been cited out of context. His conclusions do not allow one to make inferences about the reality of amnesia for trauma or subsequent recovery of memories. Furthermore, a wealth of clinical and experimental data do support the existence of such phenomena.
AN END THEOREM FOR STRATIFIED SPACES

We show that a manifold-stratified space X is the interior of a compact manifold-stratified space with boundary if and only if X is tame-ended and a K-theoretic obstruction γ*(X) vanishes. The obstruction γ*(X) is a localization of Quinn's mapping cylinder neighborhood obstruction. The main results are Theorem 1.6 and Theorem 1.7 below. In particular, this explains when a G-manifold is the interior of a compact G-manifold with boundary. One of our methods is a new transversality theorem, Theorem 1.16.
Cross-sensitivity reaction between tacrolimus and macrolide antibiotics

A patient with an allergy to a macrolide antibiotic was given tacrolimus and developed a sudden cutaneous reaction.
A Rapid Method for the Synthesis of Methylmalonyl-Coenzyme A and Other CoA-Esters

A rapid and high-yield synthesis of methylmalonyl coenzyme A is reported. The two-step procedure involves preparation of the thiophenyl ester of methylmalonic acid using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent, followed by transesterification with coenzyme A, to yield methylmalonyl coenzyme A in 80% overall yield. Inclusion of an additional step, methylation of malonic acid with iodomethane, affords the opportunity for introducing a stable or radioactive isotope into the product. This method should be applicable for the syntheses of other coenzyme A esters that are of biochemical interest such as succinyl coenzyme A.
Integrating Social Comparison Theory and Self-Esteem within Objectification Theory to Predict Women’s Disordered Eating

This study integrated social comparison theory and self-esteem into the objectification theory framework to broaden our understanding of sexual objectification as it relates to body shame and disordered eating. Women (N = 274) from a Midwestern U.S. college completed measures of sexual objectification via appearance feedback, body surveillance, body shame, body comparison, self-esteem, and disordered eating. Structural equation modeling indicated that this expanded model fit the data. Appearance feedback predicted body surveillance, body comparison, self-esteem and—unexpectedly—disordered eating. Body surveillance, body comparison, and self-esteem predicted body shame. Furthermore, hierarchical moderated regression revealed that body comparison moderated the body surveillance—disordered eating link; women who frequently monitored their body and compared it to others’ bodies reported the highest disordered eating.
HIV, international travel and tourism: global issues and Pacific perspectives.

AIDS, like plagues throughout human history, has been blamed repeatedly on foreigners. This has heightened ramifications, from the personal to the geopolitical, in an era of escalating population movement and rapid international travel. By the end of 1990, the World Health Organization had estimated that the total number of AIDS cases worldwide was close to 1.3 million1. Recent estimates suggest that by the year 2000, 38-100 million adults and over 10 million children will have been infected with HIV2. Seventy-five to eighty-five percent of that number will be from the developing world.AIDS has rapidly become pandemic, with wide-ranging consequences for humankind. Human population movement is an important component in the natural history of AIDS. With respect to this, a central consideration is the relationship between AIDS and international travel, especially tourism. In this paper, after reviewing HTV in the Asia-Pacific region, we present the epidemiology of HIV in the Pacific Islands, discuss its impa...
Miscibility in systems containing aqueous solutions of various alkylbenzenesulfonates, toluene and, n-butanol

Miscibility relationships in four-component systems containing sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates, toluene, n-butanol, and water were studied at 25°C in the hope of clarifying the complex systems used in the “micellar flood” enhanced oil recovery process. Phase boundary curves for the pseudo three-component systems (constant sulfonate/water ratios, 2.5 moles sulfonate per kg water) were determined. The sulfonates included those of benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, mesitylene, cymene, methyl-t-butylbenzene, and diisopropylbenzene, in all of which the alkyl substituents are smaller than in the usual surfactants. The phase boundary curves have similar and fairly symmetrical shapes. The amount of n-butanol (cosolvent) required to produce miscibility decreases with increasing number of alkyl carbons on the benzene ring of the sulfonates and seems relatively independent of the isomeric structure. The sodium salt of diisopropylbenzenesulfonate gives the lowest phase boundary curve (least n-butanol required for miscibility) among the nine sulfonates studied.
Form and Function of the Glycocalyx on Free Cell Surfaces

Selected examples of the glycocalyx or cell coat on rickettsiae, bacteria, amoebae, sea-urchin eggs and the cat intestinal microvilli are illustrated and their functional roles are discussed. The differences in the form of various surface coats are noted; while many surface components are truely extraneous expend-able coatings, others are so firmly attached that they seem to be a permanent part of the cell. The fuzzy surface coat on the cat intestinal microvilli have been considered in some detail and some new observations on the form of the glycocalyx are presented. The enteric surface coat is not readily visualized in fractured surface replicas of glycerinated tissue but fixed cells frozen in distilled water when replicated after freeze-etching reveal a flamboyant array of a filamentous meshwork attached to the microvilli. This fuzzy coat layer is at least twice as thick in the freeze-etched preparations when compared to thin sectioned material. Fresh tissue frozen without fixation or glycerin treatment did not have a thick fuzzy coat. In its place a thin amorphous blanket-like layer was found.
Coherence‐induced artifacts in large‐flip‐angle steady‐state spin‐echo imaging

High-resolution imaging of trabecular bone aimed at analyzing the bone's microarchitecture is preferably performed with spin-echo-type pulse sequences. Unlike gradient echoes, spin-echoes are immune to artifactual broadening of trabeculae caused by local static field gradients near the bone–bone marrow interface and signal loss from chemical shift dephasing at k-space center. However, the previously practiced 3D fast large-angle spin-echo (FLASE) pulse sequence was found to be prone to a low-frequency modulation artifact in both the readout and slice direction. The artifact is caused by deviations in the effective flip angle of the nonselective 180° pulse, which converts a fraction of the phase-encoded transverse magnetization to longitudinal magnetization. The latter recurs as transverse magnetization in the subsequent pulse sequence cycle forming a spurious stimulated echo. The objective of this work was to perform a k-space analysis of this steady-state artifact and propose two modifications of the original 3D FLASE that effectively remove it. The results of the simulations were in exact agreement with the experiments and the proposed remedy was found to eliminate the artifact. Magn Reson Med 52:346–353, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Multigrid Method for a Model of the Implicit Immersed Boundary Equations

Explicit time stepping schemes for the immersed boundary method require very small time steps in order to maintain stability. Solving the equations that arise from an implicit discretization is difficult. Recently, several different approaches have been proposed, but a complete understanding of this problem is still emerging. A multigrid method is developed and explored for solving the equations in an implicit time discretization of a model of the immersed boundary equations. The model problem consists of a scalar Poisson equation with conformation-dependent singular forces on an immersed boundary. This model does not include the inertial terms or the incompressibility constraint. The method is more efficient than an explicit method, but the efficiency gain is limited. The multigrid method alone may not be an effective solver, but when used as a preconditioner for Krylov methods, the speed-up over the explicit time method is substantial. For example, depending on the constitutive law for the boundary force, with a time step 100 times larger than the explicit method, the implicit method is about 15-100 times more efficient than the explicit method. A very attractive feature of this method is that the efficiency of the multigrid preconditioned Krylov solver is shown to be independentmore » of the number of immersed boundary points.« less
Spatial heterogeneity, source-sink dynamics, and the local coexistence of competing species.

Abstract: Patch occupancy theory predicts that a trade‐off between competition and dispersal should lead to regional coexistence of competing species. Empirical investigations, however, find local coexistence of superior and inferior competitors, an outcome that cannot be explained within the patch occupancy framework because of the decoupling of local and spatial dynamics. We develop two‐patch metapopulation models that explicitly consider the interaction between competition and dispersal. We show that a dispersal‐competition trade‐off can lead to local coexistence provided the inferior competitor is superior at colonizing empty patches as well as immigrating among occupied patches. Immigration from patches that the superior competitor cannot colonize rescues the inferior competitor from extinction in patches that both species colonize. Too much immigration, however, can be detrimental to coexistence. When competitive asymmetry between species is high, local coexistence is possible only if the dispersal ...
Hierarchical perspective of bone toughness – from molecules to fracture

Osteoporotic and age-related fractures are a significant public health problem. The current standard of osteoporosis assessment via bone mineral density has been shown to be inadequate for fracture...
Characterization of the human EPLIN (Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm) gene reveals distinct promoters for the two EPLIN isoforms.

Abstract EPLIN is a novel LIM domain protein that co-localizes to the actin stress fibers and focal adhesion plaques. We previously have demonstrated that two isoforms, the 600 aa EPLIN-α and the 759 aa EPLIN-β, are generated from a single gene. In the majority of human breast and prostate cancer cell lines, the expression of EPLIN-α is significantly reduced, while the expression of EPLIN-β is either up-regulated or unchanged. To understand the basis of this differential regulation, we have determined the organization of the human EPLIN gene. The human EPLIN gene spans >100 kb and consists of 11 exons. The EPLIN-β mRNA requires all 11 exons, while the EPLIN-α mRNA requires Exons 4–11. The transcriptional start sites of EPLIN-α were mapped within the third intron by 5′ RACE and S1 nuclease protection. Similarly, the 5′ ends of EPLIN-β were mapped upstream of Exon 1. The DNA sequences flanking the EPLIN-α or EPLIN-β transcriptional start sites were capable of stimulating the expression of promoter reporter constructs. Interestingly, the endogenous transcription of EPLIN-α, but not EPLIN-β, could be stimulated by serum, indicating that the expression of two EPLIN isoforms can be independently regulated. A consensus serum response element was present within 100 bp upstream of the transcriptional start sites of EPLIN-α. The activity of 0.7 kb EPLIN-α promoter reporter construct could be enhanced by activated RhoA, indicating that this serum response element is functional.
Effect of Dietary Proteins and Amino Acids on the Susceptibility of Mice to Bacterial Infections.

Young mice were maintained for periods of 1 to 6 weeks on experimental diets containing all known growth factors, but differing in their protein and amino acid contents. All diets were supplemented with L-cystine. The effect of the nutritional regimen on infection was tested by inoculating the animals with either one of four pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae type C), and by observing the survival time. The infective dose was administered by either one of three routes: intravenous, intraperitoneal, or air-borne (aerosol). In some experiments, the animals were maintained in groups of five throughout the tests. In other experiments they were housed in individual cages. This difference in housing did not affect the results in a detectable manner. Mice fed diets containing 5 or 8 per cent casein as sole source of amino acid (except for cystine supplementation) proved more susceptible to the experimental diseases than did mice fed diets containing 15 or 20 per cent of the same protein. Susceptibility to infection developed when wheat gluten, or soybean α-protein, was substituted for casein—even in high concentrations (15 or 20 per cent). In one experiment, mice were fed a diet containing as sole source of amino acids a mixture of soybean and rice flour, so designed as to provide a protein concentration of 15 per cent, with an amino acid pattern similar to that of casein. These animals gained weight at the same rate as those fed a diet containing 15 per cent casein and they exhibited a satisfactory level of resistance to bacterial infection. The infection-enhancing effect of low casein concentration (5 and 8 per cent) could be corrected by supplementing the diet with the proper mixture of amino acids. This could be done using either synthetic or natural amino acids. In contrast, susceptibility to infection developed when low casein diets were supplemented with unbalanced mixtures of amino acids. The infection-enhancing effect of gluten diets could not be corrected by supplementing the latter with lysine even though this supplementation markedly improved weight gains in uninfected animals. It appears in conclusion that the relative proportion of the various amino acids in the diet is as important a factor as their total amount in conditioning resistance to bacterial infections. This effect of nutrition on resistance can be detected irrespective of the route of infection: intravenous, intraperitoneal, or air-borne. Moreover, the effect has been observed with two strains of mice differing markedly in their natural resistance to bacterial infection.
Large scale highly organized single-walled carbon nanotube networks for electrical devices

Large-scale room-temperature liquid-phase directed assembly of highly organized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) over large areas is demonstrated. The presented process utilizes lithographically patterned template to guide the fluidic self-assembly of SWNTs on a silicon-dioxide substrate. The width of these highly organized SWNT structures are in the micron range while their heights are in orders of nanometers. Room temperature electrical I–V characterization of these fabricated high coverage SWNT wires show linear ohmic behavior. The resistivity of these assembled SWNT network is in the order of 10−6 Ω m demonstrating their metallic characteristics during conductance. Scaling of the assembly processes on a wafer level with high yield is demonstrated. Our developed assembly process is compatible with complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes and provides a simple and flexible way of building SWNT nanotube-based electronics in a large scale.
Citizen Participation in Local Planning: A Comparison of US and British Experiences

In both the United States of America and Great Britain, there have been widespread but inconsistent attempts over the past two decades to involve ordinary citizens in local land-use planning decisions. These illustrate the tension between the representative and participatory principles in local politics generally. Efforts to analyze them must distinguish between six different types of planning decisions and five categories of participation within these decision types. A survey of the literature from both nations indicates that participatory programs have a mixed record of accomplishments, according to the local political culture and structures, the attitudes of public officials and political leaders, and the aims and skills of the participants. At its best, citizen participation has provided certain benefits to local planning systems, but it has displayed such limitations that it must continue to take place within a framework of responsive and accountable representation.
ANTERIOR CERVICAL APPROACH FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL MYELOPATHY

Compression of the spinal cord by the degenerating cervical spine tends to lead to progressive clinical symptoms over a variable period of time. Surgical decompression can stop this process and lead to recovery of function. The choice of surgical technique depends on what is causing the compression of the spinal cord. This article reviews the symptoms and assessment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (clinically evident compression of the spinal cord) and discusses the indications for decompression of the spinal cord anteriorly.
Local spin dynamics of magnetic moments on metal surfaces

We present a theory of the local spin dynamics of an isolated magnetic moment either embedded within or adsorbed on a metal surface, within the framework of an itinerant electron description of the combined system. We explore issues that are relevant to probes of local spin dynamics via scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tips. Explicit calculations are presented for Co and Mn moments on the Cu(100) surface. We describe the system via a mean-field description of the ground state, and a treatment of the spin dynamics via the random-phase approximation. Thus, the discussion is appropriate to a system at temperatures above the Kondo temperature, and in a magnetic field sufficiently high the moment is pinned parallel to the field. Attention is directed to the following issue. If, in the absence of spin-orbit coupling or other terms in the Hamiltonian that breaks spin rotation invariance, any experiment (such as electron-spin resonance) which measures the total magnetic moment of the system necessarily sees a response with zero linewidth, at precisely $g=2.$ However, we show that a local probe such as a STM tip will see a broad structure with origin in decay of the moment's precession to particle-hole pairs, whose peak displays an appreciable g shift. We illustrate with explicit calculations directed to the systems mentioned above.
Battle Exhortation: The Rhetoric of Combat Leadership, by Keith Yellin

Battle Exhortation is a disturbing book. An attempt—to be sure, unique—“to understand battle exhortation … and to offer insight for improving it” (4), the book conceives of its subject as “a distin...
American college of obstetricians and gynecologists practice bulletins: ascertaining their citation, influence, and utilization.

Objective To ascertain the influence and utilization of the American College Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletins (PBs) by measuring their citations in three different search tools. Study Design PBs in obstetrics (OB-PBs) and gynecology (GYN-PBs) published from September 1998 to December 2009 were identified. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science were utilized to determine how often PBs were cited. The citations were quantified by three parameters, most citations, highest citation rate, and highest impact factor. Results The OB-PB with the most citations (125) was PB no. 33 (Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia), highest citation rate (44) was PB no. 101 (Ultrasonography in Pregnancy), highest OBGYN impact factor (4.39) was PB no. 71 (Episiotomy), and highest non-OBGYN impact factor (53.49) was PB no. 38 (Perinatal Care at Threshold of Viability). The GYN-PB with the highest citation rate (103) was PB no. 109 (Cervical Cytology Screening), highest OBGYN impact factor (3.85) was PB no. 103 (Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome), and highest non-OBGYN impact factor (20.89) was PB no. 35 (Cervical Carcinoma). Conclusions No one PB had the most citations, highest citation rate, and highest impact factor.
Will population slowdowns yield resource conservation? Some social demurrers.

Recent movements and social programs for American population limitation are premised on the expectation that reduced fertility will lower consumption, and hence conserve resources. This premise suffers from the fallacy ofceteris paribus: that, at the familial level, fertility reductions occur with no other familial change. In fact, recent history suggests that reduced childrearing has permitted greater income attainment and consumption by families foregoing childbearing. Moreover, even if families attempted to maintain lower consumption, the aggregate impacts on the economy would be defined as depressive, and lead to macrostructural counteractive strategies by the private and public sectors. This points to the automaticmutatis mutandis fallacy of the populationist movement: the notion that fertility reduction alone will cause economic and environment changes. Resource conservation efforts must deal with both these facts and social scientists have an obligation to present this realistic picture rather than accepting the assumptions of Zero Population Growth.
Cell proliferation, survival, and death in the Drosophila eye.

The Drosophila retina has a precise repeating structure based on the unit eye, or ommatidium. This review summarizes studies of the cell proliferation and survival episodes that affect the number of cells available to make each ommatidium. Late in larval development, as differentiation and patterning begin, the retinal epithelium exhibits striking regulation of the cell cycle including a transient G1 arrest of all cells, followed by a "Second Mitotic Wave" cell cycle that is regulated at the G2/M transition by local intercellular signals. Reiterated episodes of cell death also contribute to precise regulation of retinal cell number. The EGF receptor homolog has multiple roles in retinal proliferation and survival.
Novel trifluoroethanol mediated synthesis of benzo[ a ]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide adducts at the N 2 -position of deoxyguanosine and the N 6 -position of deoxyadenosine

Abstract The exocyclic amino groups of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine readily add to C-10 of the benzo[ a ]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxides at room temperature overnight in trifluoroethanol. Whereas the dG adducts are obtained as a mixture of cis - and trans -opened diastereomers, the dA adducts arise exclusively by cis -opening.
pMB9 plasmids bearing the Salmonella typhimurium his operon and gnd gene.

Abstract A plasmid containing the entire Salmonella typhimurium his operon was constructed from plasmid pMB9 and an Eco RI fragment of φ80 his imm λ DNA. The recombinant pST41 also includes the gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( gnd ) gene and has one Eco RI endonuclease cleavage site in the integrated fragment. This plasmid served as a source for the construction of two additional plasmids, one carrying the OGD -region of the his operon and the other a BHAFIE segment of the his gene along with the gnd gene. The presence of the his operon in the constructed plasmids was confirmed by hybridization to S. typhimurium his RNA. The location of the gnd gene in the BHAFIE fragment of the his gene was confirmed genetically: after transfection with the plasmid bearing the gnd gene, a gnd recipient gained the capacity to utilize gluconate as a sole carbon source. The DNAs of the three hybrid plasmids were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. By comparing the Eco RI endonuclease cleavage pattern of these three hybrid plasmids with the DNA cleavage pattern of φ80 his imm λ, φ80 imm λ and λ phages, the Eco RI cleavage map of φ80 his imm λ was obtained.
Reduction of laser-induced pathologic tissue injury using pulsed energy delivery☆

Abstract Continuous-wave (CW) laser irradiation of cardiovascular tissues is characterized by 2 distinctive histologic findings: a superficial zone of coagulation necrosis and a subjacent zone of polymorphous lacunae. The present investigation was designed to determine whether such injury could be eliminated by altering the temporal profile of laser energy delivery. One hundred forty-five myocardial slices were irradiated with an air-tissue interface using CW laser irradiation at wavelengths of 488 to 515 nm (argon), 1,064 nm (Nd-YAG) and 10,600 nm (CO2). Pulsed laser irradiation included 248 nm (excimer); 355, 532 and 1,064 nm (Nd-YAG); and 515 nm (mode-locked argon). Energy profiles in the pulsed mode included a range of repetition rates (1 Hz to 256 MHz), pulse duration (0.2 to 358 ns) and pulse energies (2 nJ to 370 mJ). Resultant average powers were 0.1 to 38 W. Grossly visible charring of myocardial tissue was observed at all laser wavelengths when the laser energy profile was CW or pulsed at high repetition rates (more than 2 KHz) and low pulse energies (less than 3 mJ) independent of the wavelengths used. In contrast, when laser energy was pulsed at low repetition rates (less than 200 Hz) and large pulse energies (more than 10 mJ), neither gross nor histologic signs of thermal injury were observed. Pathologic injury associated with laser-induced tissue ablation may thus be substantially reduced by use of pulsed energy delivery at low repetition rates. Potential advantages of pulsed laser energy include a more benign healing process, a less thrombogenic surface, and improved preservation of structural tissue integrity.
Further tests of screening on education and observed ability

Abstract Various interpretations of the positive influence of education on wages and earnings exist, including signaling hypotheses in which employers use education — and also readily observable measures of ability — as indicators of unmeasured dimensions of ability. This paper presents tests of signaling, relying on the differences in earnings functions for salaried individuals assumed to be in screened occupations versus self-employed individuals in unscreened positions. The results are based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the class of 1972, a data set with sufficient detail to preclude various biases that might otherwise affect the tests. The results indicate that vocational Associate degrees are used as screens, as are high school grades; in contrast, the baccalaureate degree does not operate as a signal since it increases earnings substantially more in unscreened than in screened positions. Corrections for self-selection into salaried versus self-employed employment indicate that such selection does not affect the findings. These conclusions also suggest that the labor market for subbaccalaureate credentials works differently than does that for baccalaureate degrees.
Potentiation of thiopental anaesthesia: wlith tigan®, panectyl®, benadryl®, gravol®, marzine®, histadyl®, librium®, and haloperidol (R 1625)

A standardized cross-over experiment was used on dogs with three recently introduced drugs—Tigan (anti-emetic), Librium (neurosedative), and Halo-peridol (psychosedative and anti-emetic)—to determine whether they affect the duration of thiopental narcosis. These were compared with some antihistaminic and anti-emetic drugs (Panectyl, Benadryl, Gravol, Marzine, and Histadyl). The dose selected for each drug was based on clinical experience and was adjusted if necessary so that severe cardiorespiratory depression would not occur when they were administered after thiopental.