cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended criteria donors in liver transplantation—from marginality to mainstream

Further to refinements in immunosuppression and the significant gains witnessed in outcomes over recent decades, liver transplantation has firmly established itself as the definitive treatment for end stage liver disease and selected instances of hepatic malignancy.
Social Information Processing in Williams Syndrome

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a distinct social behavior profile characterized by indiscriminate friendliness and willingness to approach and engage with strangers. Yet, persons with WS experience difficulties making and keeping friends, and their atypical social phenotype may place them at risk for exploitation. To date, the reasons for and mechanisms of such hypersocial behavior are not fully understood. This review summarizes the available behavioral, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging data examining different stages (from detection to analysis, interpretation, and response) of social information processing in WS. We also outline gaps in the current knowledge and suggest areas for further study.
Thermodynamic framework for non-local transport-damage modeling of fluid driven fracture in porous media

Abstract We present a novel non-local damage transport model for hydraulic fracture in porous media. The new model is sought to provide an enhanced description for the long-range damage and transport interactions in the fracture process zone. The non-local model is derived from thermodynamic principles, where a new thermodynamic potential expression for non-local transport is introduced. The thermodynamically consistent model is reduced to a gradient non-local permeability relationship that simultaneously provides a non-local transport description and regularized damage growth via a permeability-stress relationship. The analogy of the proposed model to Darcy-Brinkman fluid flow is demonstrated and discussed. A monolithic 3-field ( u − P − κ ˜ ) mixed finite element framework is then used to discretize and solve the nonlinear coupled physics poromechanics problem. The hydraulic fracture continuum models previously presented in the literature rely on using different fluid flow laws inside and outside the fracture zone, which introduces a discontinuity in the continuum model. Our model prescribes Darcy type fluid flow all over the domain with a non-linear permeability constitutive law that allows for elevated fluid velocity in the crack zone, which preserves the continuity of all quantities within the domain. The numerical examples confirm the capability of the proposed model in capturing the essential features of hydraulic fracture simulation. The significance of the non-local transport modeling is demonstrated through modeling hydraulic fracturing in materials with pre-existing high permeability zones. The incorporation of non-local transport effects in hydraulic fracture modeling is proved to uncover possible flow paths through pre-existing high permeability zones. The proposed model can act as a platform for quantifying the fluid leak-off from hydraulic fracture and can be further used to analyze the hydraulic fracture interaction with neighboring geological material.
Wheel-Based Lidar Data for Plant Height and Canopy Cover Evaluation to Aid Biomass Prediction

Biomass estimation is fundamental for a variety of plant ecological studies. Direct measurement of aboveground biomass by clipping and sorting is destructive, time-consuming and laborious, thus reducing the ability of extensive sampling. Various plant traits, such as plant height, canopy cover, and leaf and plant structure contribute towards its biomass. In this study, we focus on exploiting wheel-based LiDAR data over an agricultural field to perform growth monitoring and canopy cover estimation, which would play a crucial role in the future to develop a non-invasive technique for biomass prediction.
Periodicity as Symmetry in Time: Housman

Natural systems, like molecules, cells, organisms, solar systems, stars and galaxies, exhibit stability that persists for awhile, and then disperses. Their stability is manifest in geometric forms that are often highly symmetrical, and that express a ‘low’ energetic state in contrast to other more highly excited, unstable possible states of the same system. It is also manifest in the successful accomplishment of functions that allow the system to interact with its environment while maintaining its own integrity. Integrity is once again linked to shape, as well as to periodicity, which—as Bas van Fraassen observes—is symmetry in time (Van Fraassen 1989: 252). It would be a philosophical mistake to conclude either that the stability of natural systems is an illusion (with Heracleitus) or that their dispersal is an illusion (with Parmenides). The things of the world inhabit the middle kingdom between Being and Becoming; in fact, they constitute that middle kingdom.
MitochonTrakr: a reference collection of high-quality mitochondrial genomes for detecting insect species in food products

Methods for detecting and identifying insects or insect fragments in food provides essential data to underpin regulatory responses aimed at protecting consumers. Complete mitochondrial genomes have...
Bacterial natural products in the fight against mosquito-transmitted tropical diseases

Covering: up to 2019 Secondary metabolites of microbial origin have long been acknowledged as medically relevant, but their full potential remains largely unexploited. Of the countless natural compounds discovered thus far, only 5–10% have been isolated from microorganisms. At the same time, while whole-genome sequencing has demonstrated that bacteria and fungi often encode natural products, only a few genera have yet been mined for new compounds. This review explores the contributions of bacterial natural products to combatting infection by malaria parasites, filarial worms, and arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, and West Nile. It highlights how molecules isolated from microorganisms ranging from marine cyanobacteria to mosquito endosymbionts can be exploited as antimicrobials and antivirals. Pursuit of this mostly untapped source of chemical entities will potentially result in new interventions against these tropical diseases, which are urgently needed to combat the increase in the incidence of resistance.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the failed superior capsular reconstruction

Abstract Background Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) of the shoulder is an increasingly common procedure in the treatment of patients with massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears lacking significant osteoarthritis. Post-operatively, the appearance of failed grafts has only been described in isolated case reports and review articles. Methods From January 2016 through December 2017, surgical records at a single tertiary-care facility were queried to identify all patients undergoing SCR. Patient records were reviewed for patient demographic information, reason for post-operative MRI, and post-operative surgeon assessment. 74 patients underwent SCR, of whom 12 received a follow-up MRI post-operatively. One patient was excluded due to missing records; the remaining 11 patients comprise the study cohort. Post-operative MRIs were obtained at mean six months after surgery. Results On review of post-operative MRIs, three distinct locations of failure were identified. Four patients (40%) had midsubstance failure of the allograft with all glenoid and humeral head fixation remaining intact. One patient (10%) had complete detachment of the allograft from both glenoid and humeral head fixation. Five patients (50%) had detachment of the allograft from the glenoid. Conclusion In this series of ten failed SCRs, the most common mode of failure was loss of fixation on the glenoid, followed closely by midsubstance rupture. We found no instances of isolated fixation failure on the humeral head. This series illustrates the need for careful imaging in patients whose post-operative course suggests clinical failure. These findings suggest that strengthening glenoid fixation may provide better clinical outcomes as this procedure becomes more common. Level of evidence: III - Retrospective study.
Java and Threaded Containers

Java was developed as an object-oriented language especially suited to programming for the World Wide Web. It can be regarded as a kind of hybrid between C++ and Smalltalk. Syntactically, it resembles the former. Java is more similar to Smalltalk, however, in several semantic respects. It is interpreted rather than compiled into executable form. Its suitability as an open language for Web programming stems from the fact that source code is translated into an intermediate form, called bytecode, which can be interpreted on major platforms such as PCs, Macs, and Unix workstations. This enables code residing on a server to be sent to a client for interpretation. This means that users can transparently run applications, called applets, that were developed at some other remote site.
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN UNTREATED KAWASAKI DISEASE

Sequelae of Kawasaki Disease (KD) includes coronary aneurysms (CA) leading to coronary thrombi. Ischemia can predispose typically younger individuals to sudden cardiac death (SCD). A 21 year old male with giant CA from untreated KD presented with SCD due to ventricular tachycardia, degenerating to
Early Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department With Machine-Learning Methods Applied to Electronic Health Record Data.

Study objective Acute kidney injury occurs commonly and is a leading cause of prolonged hospitalization, development and progression of chronic kidney disease, and death. Early acute kidney injury treatment can improve outcomes. However, current decision support is not able to detect patients at the highest risk of developing acute kidney injury. We analyzed routinely collected emergency department (ED) data and developed prediction models with capacity for early identification of ED patients at high risk for acute kidney injury. Methods A multisite, retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed at 3 EDs between January 2014 and July 2017. All adult ED visits in which patients were hospitalized and serum creatinine level was measured both on arrival and again with 72 hours were included. We built machine-learning-based classifiers that rely on vital signs, chief complaints, medical history and active medical visits, and laboratory results to predict the development of acute kidney injury stage 1 and 2 in the next 24 to 72 hours, according to creatinine-based international consensus criteria. Predictive performance was evaluated out of sample by Monte Carlo cross validation. Results The final cohort included 91,258 visits by 59,792 unique patients. Seventy-two–hour incidence of acute kidney injury was 7.9% for stages greater than or equal to 1 and 1.0% for stages greater than or equal to 2. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for acute kidney injury prediction ranged from 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.82) to 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.74 to 0.75), with a median time from ED arrival to prediction of 1.7 hours (interquartile range 1.3 to 2.5 hours). Conclusion Machine learning applied to routinely collected ED data identified ED patients at high risk for acute kidney injury up to 72 hours before they met diagnostic criteria. Further prospective evaluation is necessary.
Consequences of childhood memories: Narcissism, malevolent, and benevolent childhood experiences

Abstract Background Previous research has shown that narcissistic personality traits can differentiate in those with childhood abuse and rejection. However, narcissism has not been evaluated in various family systems, with the consideration for negative and positive childhood experiences. Objective The following study evaluates differences in narcissism in those who are raised in various childhood environments that sometimes result in adverse long-term outcomes. We examine the extent to which both traumatic and benevolent childhood experiences that manifest from parent-child relationships increase or decrease the likelihood of narcissistic traits. Participants and setting Adoptees (N= 71), former foster children (N = 59), and those who were neither adopted nor former foster children (N = 207) were assessed for early maladaptive schemas (EMS), benevolent childhood memories (BCE), and narcissistic personality traits. Methods Participants were recruited through Facebook support groups and non-profit organizations specifically created for adult adoptees or former foster children to complete an online survey. Others were recruited from a participant pool at a large, public university in the American Southeast to serve as a comparison group. Results Individuals who were fostered or adopted had lower levels of narcissism compared to those who are neither. These differences were partially explained by differences in BCE and EMS, with BCE increasing the likelihood of narcissism and EMS decreasing the likelihood. The impact of EMS became non-significant when controlling for BCE. Conclusions Those from less privileged backgrounds are unlikely to develop narcissism as a protective mechanism but are more likely to have maladaptive schemas. Interventions for those from less privileged backgrounds should aim at providing more benevolent childhood experiences to lessen the impact of maladaptive schemas.
The Colonel's Finest Campaign: Robert R. McCormick and Near v. Minnesota

Today, media corporations and their professional and trade associations, along with organizations like Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the American Civil Liberties Union, carefully monitor litigation that implicates First Amendment values and decide whether, when, and how to intervene. It was not always so. Litigation by an institutional press to avoid or create doctrinal precedent under the First Amendment really began with the appointment of Col. Robert R. McCormick to head the ANPA's Committee on Freedom of the Press in the spring of 1928 and his involvement in Near v. Minnesota beginning that fall. Because of McCormick's intervention, Near's holding that prior restraints are anathema to the Constitution has been a bulwark of our legal system ever since. Part I of this article briefly outlines the background of the Near case, while Part II discusses the role of incorporation in making a First Amendment challenge feasible. Part III traces McCormick's efforts to draw the institutional press into the Near litigation. Part IV covers the proceedings before the Supreme Court, while Part V describes the landmark opinion itself. Finally, Part VI discusses the aftermath of Near v. Minnesota and the mobilization of the institutional press.
Adversarial Occupancy Monitoring using One-Sided Through-Wall WiFi Sensing

Through-wall sensing systems can aid in performing building security, and collecting analytics or more ominously be leveraged for surveillance. With the pervasive nature of WiFi routers and devices in our office buildings and homes, we essentially place an unencrypted (at the frame level) transmitting source directly in our buildings which can then be leveraged for surveillance by adversaries. In this work, we study such a device-free WiFi sensing system for occupancy monitoring and crowdcounting and evaluate it in a number of through-wall conditions. We demonstrate that with a proper analysis of Channel State Information (CSI) collected from the WiFi signals, we can recognize both the presence of targets as well as their moving direction in a hallway environment which can be leveraged to track and count the flow of traffic throughout a building. We specifically demonstrate through real world experiments how an adversary with very limited physical access to a building can still successfully collect surveillance data of a target area through the wall.
Estimating reliable gas rate with transient-temperature modeling for interpreting early-time cleanup data during transient testing

Abstract In drillstem testing (DST), analyses of transient data are generally restricted to the post-cleanup period because rates often go unmonitored at early times during the cleanup phase, unless aided by multiphase flow metering. The value of early-time production data monitoring may be overlooked for two reasons: first, transients may be difficult to interpret because of two-phase flow in the formation; second, two-phase flow metering becomes a requirement. The objective of this study is two-fold: to estimate rate from multipoint-temperature sensor (MTS) data available for downhole telemetry with a rigorous transient analytical model, and to show the possible use of the computed rates to perform transient analysis for both the pre- and post-cleanup periods. Comparing and contrasting permeability estimates from the two periods provides guidance on the suitability of this approach. To that end, this study compares and contrasts rate computation with analytical methods. The new methods entail transient-temperature modeling with and without superposition effects. Two field examples strengthened the new rate-computation methods introduced here, and simulated examples probed the possibility of extracting meaningful information from the cleanup data.
Economic Growth and Immigration

The Solow model clearly shows that growth through factor accumulation cannot cause permanent improvements in living standards. Continuous improvements in per capita income can only occur if there is technological progress. The Schumpeterian model of innovation shows that immigration is likely to stimulate technological progress in destination countries, which means immigration contributes to the destination country’s rate of economic growth, all other things equal. There are four channels through which immigration may influence technological progress: Immigrants can (1) facilitate the transfer of technology, (2) contribute to innovation as entrepreneurs and workers in innovative activities, (3) change the size of economies, and (4) increase innovative competition by reducing the ability of vested interests to take protectionist measures to slow the process of creative destruction. The effects of emigration on the source country are more ambiguous, however.
Transport and Turnover of Microtubules in Frog Neurons Depend on the Pattern of Axonal Growth

The transport of axonal microtubules in growing neurites has been a controversial issue because of clear but conflicting results obtained with fluorescence-marking techniques. We have attempted to resolve the discordance via analysis of the relationship between apparent microtubule translocation and cell adhesion. Neuronal cultures were prepared from Xenopus embryos 1 d after injection of Cy3-conjugated tubulin into one of the blastomeres of two-cell-stage embryos. Anterograde translocation of axonal microtubules was observed in neurons cultured on a laminin-coated surface, in agreement with previously published data for Xenopus embryonic neurons. However, when neuronal cultures were prepared on a concanavalin A-treated surface, the axonal microtubules were stationary, as reported for all other neurons investigated previously. Neuronal cultures prepared on laminin- and concanavalin A-coated surfaces also demonstrated dramatic differences in the pattern of axonal growth, dynamics of axonal microtubules, and response to brefeldin A treatment. Our findings suggest that transport and dynamics of axonal microtubules may be directly affected by the mechanical tension produced by growth cone activity.
The costs and utility of imaging in evaluating dizzy patients in the emergency room.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine the usefulness and the costs of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with dizziness in the emergency department (ED). Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Charts of patients with a specific health maintenance insurance plan presenting with dizziness and vertigo to a large health system's ED between January 2008 and January 2011 were reviewed. Patient demographics, signs/symptoms, and CT and MRI results were assessed. CT and MRI charges were determined based on positive versus unremarkable findings. Data analysis included stepwise logistic regressions. Results Of 1681 patients identified, 810 (48%) received CT brain/head scan totaling $988,200 in charges. Of these, only 0.74% yielded clinically significant pathology requiring intervention. However, 12.2% of MRI studies yielded discovery of significant abnormalities. Logistic regression analysis revealed that older patients (P = .001) were more likely to receive a CT scan. Conclusions In the 3-year period studied, CT scans for ED patients with dizziness and vertigo yielded a low predictive value for significant pathology. These data reveal a great opportunity for cost savings by developing stricter guidelines for ordering CT scans for this set of ED patients. The use of MRI in all cases of dizziness was found to be neither practical nor useful. However, appropriately directed MRI of the brain is recommended in patients with dizziness and other neurological signs or symptoms. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 123:2250–2253, 2013
Cheating to get better roommates in a random stable matching

This paper addresses strategies for the stable roommates problem, assuming that a stable matching is chosen at random. We investigate how a cheating man should permute his preference list so that he has a higher-ranking roommate probabilistically. In the first part of the paper, we identify a necessary condition for creating a new stable roommate for the cheating man. This condition precludes any possibility of his getting a new roommate ranking higher than all his stable roommates when everyone is truthful. Generalizing to the case that multiple men collude, we derive another impossibility result: given any stable matching in which a subset of men get their best possible roommates, they cannot cheat to create a new stable matching in which they all get strictly better roommates than in the given matching. Our impossibility result, considered in the context of the stable marriage problem, easily re-establishes the celebrated Dubins-Freedman Theorem. The more generalized Demange-Gale-Sotomayor Theorem states that a coalition of men and women cannot cheat to create a stable matching in which everyone of them gets a strictly better partner than in the Gale-Shapley algorithm (with men proposing). We give a sharper result: a coalition of men and women cannot cheat together so that, in a newlycreated stable matching, every man in the coalition gets a strictly better partner than in the Gale-Shapley algorithm while none of the women in the coalition is worse off. In the second part of the paper, we present two cheating strategies that guarantee that the cheating man's new probability distribution over stable roommates majorizes the original one. These two strategies do not require the knowledge of the probability distribution of the cheating man. This is important because the problem of counting stable matchings is #P-complete. Our strategies only require knowing the set of stable roommates that the cheating man has and can be formulated in polynomial time. Our second cheating strategy has an interesting corollary in the context of stable marriage with the Gale-Shapley algorithm. Any womanoptimal strategy will ensure that every woman, cheating or otherwise, ends up with a partner at least as good as when everyone is truthful.
Characterization and catalytic activity of coal mineral matter: 1. Effect of hydrogen pretreatment and exposure to sulphur and nitrogen compounds

Low temperature ash (LTA) samples prepared from nine US coals were characterized by X-ray diffraction. X-ray fluorescence, and surface area analyses. The results showed that illite, kaolinite, quartz and pyrite are major components in LTAs and that SFe ratios of some LTAs decreased significantly after H2 treatment implying the occurrence of a partial reduction of pyrite during this treatment. Surface areas of LTAs increased drastically on H2 treatment but decreased after exposure to sulphur and nitrogen compounds in activity testing. Correlations for the surface areas of LTAs before and after H2 treatment were found in terms of clay content and element concentrations.
Characterization and Fourier transform infrared studies of the effects of TiO2 crystal phases during CO oxidation on PtTiO2 catalysts

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of CO was investigated on Pt TiO 2 catalysts in an infrared cell reactor to study the influence of strong metal-support interaction effects on oxidation reactions and of using different crystal forms of TiO2. Catalysts were prepared using rutile and anatase TiO2 and were characterized by chemisorption, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Hydrogen reduction at 500 °C suppresses CO and H2 chemisorption and leads to changes in Pt 4f 7 2 electron binding energies for both phases of TiO2. The anatase catalysts show an infrared absorption band around 2091 cm−1 which is assigned to linear-bonded CO; whereas, the rutile catalysts show an absorption doublet for adsorbed CO around 2094 and 2075 cm−1 and bands around 1840 cm−1 assigned to bridge-bonded CO. Both catalysts show the adsorption of CO2 as a carbonate-like species which is demonstrated to be adsorbed onto the support. The effects of reduction temperature and of support material on CO oxidation activity were compared through temperature-programmed reaction experiments. The catalysts reduced at 200 °C show slightly higher activity and lower ignition temperatures than those reduced at 500 °C. The rutile-supported catalysts show much higher CO oxidation activity with lower ignition temperatures; the increased activity is speculated to result from a lower activation energy for oxygen desorption. A morphological model of metalsupport interactions involving oxygen transfer from the rutile support is proposed to coexist with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism.
Financing and organization of China's health care

The development of a health-care sys-tem depends on a country’s economic, political, social and cultural background. Because of China’s transformation over the last 20 years from a socialist economy to a market economy, China’s health-care services have been converted from social and public goods to market goods without government planning or intervention. Liu’s article (1) in this issue clearly describes the transformation and its consequences for both urban and rural health-care systems. Differences in economic growth and in ﬁnancing, orga-nization and resources between urban and rural regions have made China a country with two health-care systems. The urban system has more resources and is better organized, but is faced with major ﬁnancing and organization issues and concerns about cost-contain-ment, whereas the rural system lacks resources and is not well organized, and difﬁculty of access causes concern.Liu correctly points out that two key control points in health-care reform are organization and ﬁnancing: they are interrelated and require coordination for health-care services to function efﬁciently and equitably. In China, however, the ﬁnancing and administration of health services are segmented: the Ministry of Labour and Social Security is responsible for the urban health insurance sector, the Ministry of Health for the rural sector, and the Ministry of Civic Affairs for poor urban and rural households. The Ministry of Health is therefore in a weak position to lead the necessary reform of the health-care system at the central government level.In towns, decentralized health insurance organizations manage health-care ﬁnancing for at least half the population, and this structure can be built on to expand and reinforce the ﬁnancing and delivery of health services at the local level. In rural areas, however, such facilities are lacking. Numerous rural health insurance experiments
Kappa-opioids decrease excitatory transmission in the dentate gyrus of the guinea pig hippocampus

In the guinea pig hippocampus, kappa 1-opioid binding sites were primarily localized in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus as shown by autoradiography using either the kappa 1-selective radioligand 3H-U69,593 or the nonselective radioligand 3H-diprenorphine in the presence of unlabeled mu- and delta-blocking ligands. In this region, the electrophysiological effects of kappa 1-receptor activation were identified using extracellular and intracellular recordings of dentate granule cell responses. The amplitude of the extracellularly recorded population spike was reduced by U69,593 with an EC50 of 26 nM; this effect was reversible and blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone. The kappa 1-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine also blocked the effect of U69,593 with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Ki) of 0.26 nM determined by Schild analysis in the physiologic assay. This value agreed well with the Ki for norbinaltorphimine at kappa 1-binding sites measured by radioligand binding displacement (0.24 nM). These results indicate that the electrophysiologic response observed was likely mediated by kappa 1-receptors. As seen with U69,593, dynorphin B, an endogenous opioid peptide that is present in the dentate gyrus, also inhibited the population spike response. mu- and delta-selective opioid agonists had no effect on the amplitude of the maximally evoked response. Intracellular recordings of dentate granule cells showed no direct effects of U69,593 on the granule cells themselves. However, analysis of synaptic potentials revealed that U69,593 significantly reduced the amplitude of glutaminergic EPSPs evoked by afferent stimulation without affecting IPSP amplitudes. The specific effect of U69,593 application on granule cell EPSPs indicates that presynaptic kappa 1-receptor activation inhibits glutamate release from perforant path terminals in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that endogenous dynorphins present in the granule cells may act as feedback inhibitors of the major excitatory input to the dentate gyrus.
X-ray Spectra of Young Supernovae

X-ray spectra of young supernovae (SNe) can provide information on the progenitor star and the interaction of the supernova ejecta and the circumstellar material. I will discuss some examples, with particular emphasis on SN 1998S, whose X-ray spectrum revealed for the first time in a young supernova a wealth of heavy element emission features (Ne, Al, Si, S, Ar, and Fe). By comparison with detailed calculations of supernova explosion elemental yields, these data can be used to constrain the progenitor mass. With increasingly sophisticated models and additional high quality data, application of this technique could result in many more reliable progenitor mass determinations. In addition, high resolution X-ray spectra allow us to measure the temperature evolution of a supernova and can give us a detailed picture of the progenitor’s pre-supernova evolution. As we build up additional examples from the great diversity of core collapse supernovae, we hope to come to a better understanding of the last stages of massive star evolution.
d-Glucose Transport System of Zymomonas mobilis

The properties of the d-glucose transport system of Zymomonas mobilis were determined by measuring the uptake of nonmetabolizable analogs (2-deoxy-d-glucose and d-xylose) by wild-type cells and the uptake of d-glucose itself by a mutant lacking glucokinase. d-Glucose was transported by a constitutive, stereospecific, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion system, whereby its intracellular concentration quickly reached a plateau close to but not above the external concentration. d-Xylose was transported by the d-glucose system, as evidenced by inhibition of its uptake by d-glucose. d-Fructose was not an efficient competitive inhibitor of d-glucose uptake, indicating that it has a low affinity for the d-glucose transport system. The apparent Km of d-glucose transport was in the range of 5 to 15 mM, with a Vmax of 200 to 300 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1. The Km of Z. mobilis glucokinase (0.25 to 0.4 mM) was 1 order of magnitude lower than the Km for d-glucose transport, although the Vmax values for transport and phosphorylation were similar. Thus, glucose transport cannot be expected to be rate limiting at concentrations of extracellular glucose normally used in fermentation processes, which greatly exceed the Km for the transport system. The low-affinity, high-velocity, nonconcentrative system for d-glucose transport described here is consistent with the natural occurrence of Z. mobilis in high-sugar environments and with the capacity of Z. mobilis for rapid conversion of glucose to metabolic products with low energetic yield.
Immunofluorescent study of the replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in trout and Atlantic salmon cell cultures.

Abstract Cell cultures of trout gonad tissue (RTG-2) and Atlantic salmon heart, kidney, liver, and spleen tissue were inoculated with 50 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and released virus was determined from 2 to 16 h postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected over the same period and stained for IPN viral antigen by the direct immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 2 to 4 h and reached a peak titer of 108.2 to 108.4 TCID50 per ml at 8 to 10 h PI. The release of virus was more rapid in Atlantic salmon cells than in RTG-2 cells. Viral antigen was first detected by FA from 3 to 4 h PI. Approximately 75 to 80% of the cells contained antigen in the cytoplasm 9 to 11 h PI. The direct FA technique was found to be a sensitive method for detecting IPN virus in infected cells. Three strains of IPN virus were tested for serological cross reactions by FA and virus neutralization tests.
Crucial Role of IL-4/STAT6 in T Cell-Mediated Hepatitis: Up-Regulating Eotaxins and IL-5 and Recruiting Leukocytes

T cell-mediated immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of liver disorders; however, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Con A injection is a widely accepted mouse model to study T cell-mediated liver injury, in which STAT6 is rapidly activated. Disruption of the IL-4 and STAT6 gene by way of genetic knockout abolishes Con A-mediated liver injury without affecting IFN-gamma/STAT1, IL-6/STAT3, or TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling or affecting NKT cell activation. Infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils in Con A-induced hepatitis is markedly suppressed in IL-4 (-/-) and STAT6(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. IL-4 treatment induces expression of eotaxins in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells isolated from wild-type mice but not from STAT6(-/-) mice. Con A injection induces expression of eotaxins in the liver and elevates serum levels of IL-5 and eotaxins; such induction is markedly attenuated in IL-4(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) mice. Finally, eotaxin blockade attenuates Con A-induced liver injury and leukocyte infiltration. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-4/STAT6 plays a critical role in Con A-induced hepatitis, via enhancing expression of eotaxins in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, and induces IL-5 expression, thereby facilitating recruitment of eosinophils and neutrophils into the liver and resulting in hepatitis.
Constructing Kinds of Persons in 1886: Corporate and Criminal

This essay is about the United States Supreme Court's discursive creation of two kinds of persons, one corporate the other criminal, during its 1886 term. The aim is to contrast the Supreme Court's construction of corporate personhood in County of Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad with its view of the criminal's body in Ex parte Royall, a habeas corpus case. The Court's purpose in deciding these two cases was to design a way to disperse newly emergent and conflicting interests in particular directions within the judicial apparatus. The result is that both criminal and corporate bodies come to be understood through discourse, not outside of it. So the body which is being introduced can be described as a discursive body, not as an anatomical given.
FAR1, a Negative Regulatory Locus Required for the Repression of the Nitrate Reductase Gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the genes required for nitrate assimilation, including the gene encoding nitrate reductase (NIT1), are subject to repression by ammonia. To study the mechanism of ammonia repression, we employed two approaches to search for mutants with defective repression of NIT1 gene expression. (1) PF14, a gene required for flagellar function, was used as a reporter gene for expression from the NIT1 promoter. When introduced into a pf14 mutant host, the NIT1:PF14 chimeric construct produced a transformant (T10-10B) with a conditional swimming phenotype. Spontaneous mutants with defective ammonia repression of the NIT1 promoter were screened for by isolating cells that gained constitutive motility. (2) Insertional mutagenesis was performed, followed by screening for chlorate sensitivity in the presence of ammonia ion. One insertional mutant and six spontaneous mutants were allelic and defined a new gene, FAR1 (free from ammonia repression). FAR1 was mapped to Linkage Group I, 7.7 cM to the right of the centromere. The far1-1 mutant strain was used to clone DNA adjacent to the site of plasmid insertion, which was then used as a hybridization probe to clone the FAR1 gene from wild type.
Vibronic effects on solvent dependent linear and nonlinear optical properties of push-pull chromophores: Julolidinemalononitrile

The linear absorption spectra and absolute resonance Raman excitation profiles of the “push-pull” chromophore julolidinemalononitrile have been measured in cyclohexane, 1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and methanol solution at excitation wavelengths spanning the strong visible charge-transfer absorption band. Numerical simulation of the spectra using time-dependent wave-packet propagation methods yields the excited-state geometry changes along the ∼15 strongly Raman-active vibrations as well as the solvent reorganization energies. The distribution of the total vibrational reorganization energy among the various normal modes is solvent dependent, indicating solvent polarity effects on the electronic structure. These results are compared with those previously obtained for two other push-pull chromophores, p-nitroaniline and julolidinyl-n-N,N′-diethylthiobarbituric acid. The frequency dispersion of the molecular first hyperpolarizability, β, is also calculated in each solvent using a time-domain form of the standard Oudar–Chemla two-state model modified to incorporate solvent reorganization, inhomogeneous broadening, and the vibronic structure of the charge-transfer state. We show that accurate extrapolation of β measured at frequencies in the near-infrared to zero frequency requires a realistic description of the excited state as the measuring wavelength approaches a two-photon resonance. This is particularly relevant to the high chromophore concentrations needed for device applications, where intermolecular interactions can strongly perturb the electronic transitions.
Cation-exchange separations in organic solvent-dithizone media

Abstract Numerous elements can be adsorbed on a column of the strongly acidic cation-exchange resin Dowex 50 from a mixture consisting of tetrahydrofuran and 1 M nitric acid (19:1). These elements include Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, rare earths, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, U, Th, Fe, Co, Zn and Cd; Hg and Sb are not retained and so can be separated from the adsorbed elements. Fractionation of the adsorbed elements can be effected by using as eluent 0.01 M dithizone in tetrahydrofuran-1 M nitric acid(19:1);; the dithizonates of silver, copper and bismuth are selectively eluted while the other adsorbed metal ions are still retained. The technique is suitable for the separation of tracer and macro amounts of elements.
Environment and development

Quatre articles traitent des problemes poses dans les pays en voie de developpement par la prevention de la pollution dans le cadre du developpement economique. Dans le premier article, les pays industrialises, ayant tire les lecons de leurs erreurs passees, tentent de prevenir les dirigeants des pays interesses. Dans le deuxieme, l'exemple de la Chine montre que malgre la bonne volonte des autorites, il est complexe d'introduire les techniques de controle de l'environnement dans un contexte d'economie mixte. Dans le troisieme, on vise a determiner les relations qui existent entre differents environnements: physique (ecosphere, geosphere), physique transforme (technosphere), socio-economique (sphere de production) et politico-culturel (sphere de consommation). Dans le quatrieme, on etudie le cas du Bangladesh qui est au debut de son developpement
Deformable template models: a review

Abstract In this paper, we review the recently published work on deformable models. We have chosen to concentrate on 2D deformable models and relate the energy minimization approaches to the Bayesian formulations. We categorize the various active contour systems according to the definition of the deformable model. We also present in detail one particular formulation for deformable templates which combines edge, texture, color and region information for the external energy and model deformations using wavelets, splines or Fourier descriptors. We explain how these models can be used for segmentation, image retrieval in a large database and object tracking in a video sequence.
Cross-protection experiments in pigs vaccinated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae subtypes 1A and 1B.

Abstract Cross-protection experiments were conducted to determine whether antigenic differences located within the lipopolysaccharides (LPS0 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae subtypes 1A and 1B were important with respect to the efficacy of whole cell, formalin-inactivated bacterins. Based on clinical signs, lung lesion scores and mortality rates, pigs immunized with A. pleuropneumoniae subtype 1A were partially protected against severe challenge with both subtypes 1A and 1B. In contrast, 1B vaccinated pigs were not protected against severe challenge with subtype 1A but were partially protected against 1B challenge. Cross-reactive serum antibody levels were measured with an ELISA using outer membranes of subtype 1A or 1B as the coating antigen. Serum antibodies were detected against both subtypes within 2 weeks after the first immunization. Antibody levels increased with time and were generally higher against the homologous subtype coating antigen. We conclude that antigenic variation within a capsular serotype, due to antigenic variation within LPS, can result in the failure of whole cell bacterins to provide protection against challenge with the same capsular serotype. This lack of cross-protection within a capsular serotype provides partial explanation for vaccination failures observed under field conditions.
Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity in Cross-Linked Polybutadienes Subjected to Uniaxial Elongation

Anisotropic thermal transport in cross-linked polybutadienes deformed in simple elongation is investigated experimentally. Using a novel optical technique based on forced Rayleigh scattering, two c...
Syndrome of Diminished Vasodilator Reserve of the Coronary Microcirculation (Microvascular Angina or Syndrome X): Diagnosis by Combined Atrial Pacing and Thallium 201 Imaging—A Case Report:

Patients with angina-like chest pain without evidence of epicardial coronary artery disease or coronary arterial vasospasm are becoming increasingly recognized. These are often related to noncardiac causes including esophageal, musculoskeletal, and hyperventilatory or panic states. However, recently a subgroup of such patients are being recognized as having true myocardial ischemia and chest pain on the basis of diminished coronary microvascular vasodilatory reserve (microvascular ischemia or Syndrome X). The authors describe such a patient who was found to have replication of anginal pain associated with a reversible ischemic defect on thallium 201 imaging during atrial pacing, suggesting ischemia in this myocardial segment. Resolution of angina and ST segment electrocardiographic changes of ischemia occurred with cessation of pacing. We believe this is the first report of a patient with this form of myocardial ischemia diagnosed by this method and should be considered in patients with anginal chest pain after significant coronary artery disease and coronary vasospasm have been excluded.
Benign extracerebral fluid collections: A cause of macrocrania in infancy

In order to determine the frequency and natural history of benign extracerebral fluid collections, computed tomography reports from a period of 26 months at Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital were reviewed (total scans: 3,411). Bilateral frontal extracerebral fluid collections were found in 94 infants under 1 year of age. Eighty-two infants had computed tomography scans as part of the evaluation for macrocrania. Thirteen patients had the typical findings of benign extracerebral fluid collections but otherwise were completely asymptomatic. Longitudinal observation for up to 30 months failed to reveal any changes in neurologic status of these patients. Benign extracerebral fluid collections are a relatively common cause of macrocrania in infants. The presence of these fluid collections is not of immediate concern, providing that clinical evaluations fail to identify either neurologic or developmental abnormalities.
Inhibition of DNA-enzyme binding by an RNA polymerase inhibitor from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli

Two different methods have been used to study the effect of an RNA polymerase inhibitor on DNA-enzyme binding. They show that the inhibitor, isolated from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli, prevents binding of RNA polymerase to T4 and T7 DNA.
Models of the geomagnetic effect in the earth's thermosphere

Abstract A study was made of the variations in exospheric temperature in the disturbed thermosphere as a function of geomagnetic latitude and local time and of the level of disturbance. Temperatures were derived from the N 2 densities measured by the gas analyzer aboard the polar-orbiting satellite ESRO 4. Results indicated two maxima in the temperature response in high geomagnetic latitudes that are probably associated with particle precipitation. These maxima occur near the poleward limit of the auroral belts, at about 9 and 0 hours of local magnetic time. There is also evidence of the effect of Joule heating due to the auroral electrojets in the morning and evening auroral belts. Enhancement of the temperature response in middle latitudes is observed throughout the night side and in a region centered in the late afternoon.