cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AIDS-related lymphoma

The incidence of intermediate and high grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in HIV-infected individuals is approximately 60 times greater than in the general population. These AIDS-related lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) are a late manifestation of HIV infection and may increase in frequency as patients live longer with highly active antiretroviral therapy and effective prophylaxis of opportunistic infections. AIDS-NHL have unique clinical and pathological features that are different from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in the general population. Histologically AIDS-NHL are either high (2/3) or intermediate (1/3) grade lymphomas. Clinically AIDS-NHL have a preponderance for extranodal involvement with central nervous system being the most common site for this. In addition to the clinical and pathological features of AIDS-NHL, a current knowledge of their pathogenesis and treatment options are presented in this review.
Seismic Evaluation of Differential Tectonic Subsidence, Compaction, and Loading in an Interior Basin

Quantitative analysis of depth-converted reflection times defines long-term differential motion across individual structures in a central Appalachian interior basin known as the Rome trough. Differential motion decreases exponentially with time. Rotation about a hinge defining the trough's west margin reached approximately 37% of total displacement in about 63-78 million years (m.y.). Displacement across the trough's faulted east margin occurred more rapidly and reached 37% of the total in 13-51 m.y. A major fault in the interior of the trough developed rapidly with 37% of total displacement reached in from 16 to 23 m.y. Longer term rotation across the west margin may be due to its participation in the overall subsidence of the craton during the Paleozoic. The time spanned by the formation of the East-Margin and Interior faults was restricted to the Cambrian in the northern part of the area, but to the south, movement along the East-Margin fault continued through the Middle Ordovician.
Photoperiod and stress regulation of corticosteroid receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glucose transporter GLUT3 mRNA in the hippocampus of male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Abstract In response to changing day lengths, small photoperiodic rodents have evolved a suite of adaptations to survive the energetic bottlenecks of winter. Among these adaptations are changes in metabolism, adiposity, and energy balance. Whereas hypothalamic and neuroendocrine regulation of these adaptations has been extensively studied, the impact of day length, and interaction of day length and stress, on the energy balance of neurons within the central nervous system remains unspecified. Thus, we exposed male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) to either short or long day lengths for 14 weeks to induce the full suite of adaptive responses, exposed them to 4 h of restraint, and then measured relative mRNA expression in the hippocampus for low- and high-affinity glucocorticoid receptors (glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the neuron-specific glucose transporter GLUT3. Independent of photoperiod, restraint elevated plasma cortisol (CORT) concentrations and reduced expression of GR, MR, and BDNF. Neither restraint nor photoperiod significantly altered GLUT3 expression. Among all groups, plasma cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with GR and MR expression. MR, BDNF, and GLUT3 levels were positively correlated with one another, even when controlling for photoperiod and CORT. Taken together, these results suggest that, as peripheral energy balance changes across day length in this photoperiodic species, the neurons of the hippocampus do not alter relative gene expression levels of three proteins involved in monitoring neuronal glucose regulation and morphology.
The Influence of Representations of Attachment, Maternal–Adolescent Relationship Quality, and Maternal Monitoring on Adolescent Substance Use: A 2‐Year Longitudinal Examination

The present study examined the hypotheses that more secure representations of attachments to parents are associated with less adolescent substance use over time and that this link is mediated through relationship quality and monitoring. A sample of 200 adolescents (M = 14-16 years), their mothers, and close friends were assessed over 2 years. Higher levels of security in attachment styles, but not states of mind, were predictive of higher levels of monitoring and support and lower levels of negative interactions. Higher levels of security in attachment styles had an indirect effect on changes in substance use over time, mediated by maternal monitoring. These findings highlight the roles of representations of attachments, mother-adolescent relationship qualities, and monitoring in the development of adolescent substance use.
From Operational Semantics to Abstract Machines

We consider the problem of mechanically constructing abstract machines from operational semantics, producing intermediate-level specifications of evaluators guaranteed to be correct with respect to the operational semantics. We construct these machines by repeatedly applying correctness-preserving transformations to operational semantics until the resulting specifications have the form of abstract machines. Though not automatable in general, this approach to constructing machine implementations can be mechanized, providing machine-verified correctness proofs. As examples we present the transformation of specifications for both call-by-name and call-by-value evaluation of the untyped λ-calculus into abstract machines that implement such evaluation strategies. We also present extensions to the call-by-value machine for a language containing constructs for recursion, conditionals, concrete data types, and built-in functions. In all cases, the correctness of the derived abstract machines follows from the (generally transparent) correctness of the initial operational semantic specification and the correctness of the transformations applied.
Effects of Metformin on Energy Intake and Satiety in Obese Children

Aims Metformin’s ability to promote weight loss is believed to be at least partly attributable to decreased energy consumption. There are few data regarding the effects of metformin on energy intake in children. We therefore investigated metformin’s effects on appetite and energy intake in obese hyperinsulinemic children.
Exploring alternative knowledge representations for protein secondary-structure prediction

Methods for 3-class secondary-structure prediction are thought to be reaching the highest achievable accuracy. Their accuracy on β-sheet residue class is considerably lower than for the other two classes. We analysed the relevance of 315 individual input attributes for a predictor with the usual framework of using sequence-profile based data with an input window of fixed size. We propose two alternative knowledge representations with significantly smaller sets of input attributes. We also investigated the possibility of exploiting the prediction of connected pairs of β-sheet residues and the prediction of residue contact maps for the improvement of accuracy of secondary-structure prediction.
Demonstration of a relaxed waveguide semipolar InGaN/GaN laser diode

Growth on relaxed buffers provides a potential route to reduce difficulties caused by high strain (∼ 3%) in the In 0.3 Ga 0.7 N active regions of green laser diodes (LDs). We demonstrate a blue LD with partially relaxed n- and p-side waveguide/cladding interfaces.
Ecophysiology and geochemistry of microbial arsenic oxidation within a high arsenic, circumneutral hot spring system of the Alvord Desert

Microbial metabolism of arsenic has gained considerable interest, due to the potential of microorganisms to drive arsenic cycling and significantly influence the geochemistry of naturally arsenic-rich or anthropogenically arsenic-polluted environments. Alvord Hot Spring in southeastern Oregon is a circumneutral hot spring with an average arsenic concentration of 4.5 mg L−1 (60 μM). Hydrogeochemical analyses indicated significant arsenite oxidation, increased pH and decreased temperature along the stream channels flowing into Alvord Hot Spring. The dynamic range of pH and temperature over the length of three stream channels were 6.76–7.06 and 69.5–78.2 °C, respectively. Biofilm samples showed As(III) oxidation ex situ. 16S rRNA gene studies of sparse upstream biofilm indicated a dominance of bacteria related to Sulfurihydrogenibium, Thermus, and Thermocrinis. The lush downstream biofilm community included these same three groups but was more diverse with sequences related to uncultured OP10 bacterial phylum, uncultured Bacteroidetes, and an uncultured clade. Isolation of an arsenite oxidizer was conducted with artificial hot spring medium and yielded the isolate A03C, which is closely related to Thermus aquaticus based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. Thus, this study demonstrated the bacterial diversity along geochemical gradients of temperature, pH and As(III): As(V), and provided evidence of microbial arsenite oxidation within the Alvord Hot Spring system.
Constraining the location of gamma-ray emission in blazar jets - High-energy emission in Blazars

The location of γ -ray emission in blazar jets has remained elusive as wetry to understand jet emission despite the extensive multiwavelength campaigns and vigorous theoretical efforts to understand the multiwavelength spectra. The synergy between multiwavelength campaigns and VLBA studies has resulted in correlation between the majority of γ -ray events and disturbances propagating down the parsec-scale jet. This implies that the γ -ray emission might originate beyond the broad line region (BLR), perhaps on scales comparable to the size of the dusty torus. On the other hand, external Compton models in which γ -ray emission is limited to sites inside the BLR have been used to explain the high-energy emission of many blazars. Thus, comprehending the time-dependent impact of all the three external components of seed photon field, namely the accretion disk, the BLR, and the dusty torus, on the evolution of the spectral energy distribution (SED) can be used as an important tool for connecting the origin of γ -ray emission of a flare to its multiwavelength properties. Here, we use a multi-zone time-dependent leptonic jet model, with radiation feedback, to address this aspect of blazar jet emission. We let the system evolve to beyond the BLR and within the dusty torus. We explore the effects of varying the contribution of the disk, the BLR, and the dusty torus on the resultant seed photon field and their manifestation on the simulated SED of a typical blazar to gain insight on the location of the γ -ray emission region.
Giving advice about preferred actions to reinforcement learners via knowledge-based kernel regression

We present a novel formulation for providing advice to a reinforcement learner that employs support-vector regression as its function approximator. Our new method extends a recent advice-giving technique, called Knowledge-Based Kernel Regression (KBKR), that accepts advice concerning a single action of a reinforcement learner. In KBKR, users can say that in some set of states, an action's value should be greater than some linear expression of the current state. In our new technique, which we call Preference KBKR (Pref-KBKR), the user can provide advice in a more natural manner by recommending that some action is preferred over another in the specified set of states. Specifying preferences essentially means that users are giving advice about policies rather than Q values, which is a more natural way for humans to present advice. We present the motivation for preference advice and a proof of the correctness of our extension to KBKR. In addition, we show empirical results that our method can make effective use of advice on a novel reinforcement-learning task, based on the RoboCup simulator, which we call Breakaway. Our work demonstrates the significant potential of advice-giving techniques for addressing complex reinforcement learning problems, while further demonstrating the use of support-vector regression for reinforcement learning.
Per-unit-length RLGC extraction using a lumped port de-embedding method for application on periodically loaded transmission lines

As the speed of signal bus increases, an accurate and efficient modeling of periodically loaded transmission lines is becoming more critical for the simulation of high-speed signaling. The modeling of periodically loaded transmission lines requires full-wave electromagnetic tools due to the 3-dimensional nature of the structures. This paper describes a unique and efficient method to extract per-unit-length RLGC for the periodically loaded transmission lines from S-parameters using a lumped port de-embedding technique, which is suitable for commercial electromagnetic simulation tools and overcomes the drawbacks of the other known solutions. The per-unit-length RLGC parameters extracted by the method presented are compared with those by a method referenced, verifying the validity of the method. It is also demonstrated that the method can be applied to a realistic structure to extract frequency-dependent RLGC parameters over a wide frequency range.
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Organ Injuries

Alcohol is readily distributed throughout the body in the blood stream and crosses biological membranes, which affect virtually all biological processes inside the cell. Excessive alcohol consumption induces numerous pathological stress responses, part of which is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. ER stress, a condition under which unfolded/misfolded protein accumulates in the ER, contributes to alcoholic disorders of major organs such as liver, pancreas, heart, and brain. Potential mechanisms that trigger the alcoholic ER stress response are directly or indirectly related to alcohol metabolism, which includes toxic acetaldehyde and homocysteine, oxidative stress, perturbations of calcium or iron homeostasis, alterations of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, and abnormal epigenetic modifications. Interruption of the ER stress triggers is anticipated to have therapeutic benefits for alcoholic disorders.
Redescription of Polylekithum catahoulensis (Trematoda) and Anatomical Differentiation from Polylekithum ictaluri

New collections of Polylekithum from catfishes in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, U.S.A., provided material for a redescription of Polylekithum catahoulensis and an evaluation of the characters used to diagnose species in the genus. The new collections demonstrated that the relative size of the forebody is not a reliable diagnostic feature of P. catahoulensis, because the feature changes linearly as worms grow; similarly, the location of the maximum width of worms is not diagnostic because it depends on the number of eggs in the uterus. However, egg size reliably distinguishes between P. catahoulensis (small eggs) and Polylekithum ictaluri (large eggs). Other morphometric and relational characteristics did not distinguish between species.
Neoadjuvant treatment of melanoma: case reports and review

Neoadjuvant therapy is an under-utilized regimen for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The use of this approach has been increasing in other tumor types. Neoadjuvant therapy may reduce occult circulating tumor cell burden in the face of bulky disease and afford a real time evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Neoadjuvant approach can also provide preoperative histologic and molecular analysis of treated tissue that may guide the postoperative treatment planning in patients with resectable metastatic melanoma lesions. The putative benefits of better margin control and clearance of occult systemic disease would theoretically improve surgical outcome. With the advent of effective agents against metastatic melanoma, this common approach to the treatment of rectal cancer, metastatic colon cancer, and breast cancer should also be evaluated as a viable treatment strategy for advanced stage melanoma.
The Abusive Behavior Inventory–Revised

Measuring experiences of intimate partner violence is critical for researchers and advocates. One measure, the Abusive Behavior Inventory (ABI), has limited testing but is used more frequently by advocates in domestic violence organizations. This article describes the psychometric evaluation of the ABI through confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses among data collected with 457 female survivors of abuse in seven states and Puerto Rico. The findings provide evidence for the reliability of a revised ABI (ABI-R) with three factors: physical violence, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse.
An improved digital watermarking technique for protecting JPEG images

A new semi-blind digital watermarking technique is proposed using the modified discrete cosine transformation (MDCT). The results show that the quality of the watermarked image is high and is robust to compression, noise, filtering and geometric transformations.
ContrastRank: a new method for ranking putative cancer driver genes and classification of tumor samples

Motivation: The recent advance in high-throughput sequencing technologies is generating a huge amount of data that are becoming an important resource for deciphering the genotype underlying a given phenotype. Genome sequencing has been extensively applied to the study of the cancer genomes. Although a few methods have been already proposed for the detection of cancer-related genes, their automatic identification is still a challenging task. Using the genomic data made available by The Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium (TCGA), we propose a new prioritization approach based on the analysis of the distribution of putative deleterious variants in a large cohort of cancer samples. Results: In this paper, we present ContastRank, a new method for the prioritization of putative impaired genes in cancer. The method is based on the comparison of the putative defective rate of each gene in tumor versus normal and 1000 genome samples. We show that the method is able to provide a ranked list of putative impaired genes for colon, lung and prostate adenocarcinomas. The list significantly overlaps with the list of known cancer driver genes previously published. More importantly, by using our scoring approach, we can successfully discriminate between TCGA normal and tumor samples. A binary classifier based on ContrastRank score reaches an overall accuracy >90% and the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) >0.95 for all the three types of adenocarcinoma analyzed in this paper. In addition, using ContrastRank score, we are able to discriminate the three tumor types with a minimum overall accuracy of 77% and AUC of 0.83. Conclusions: We describe ContrastRank, a method for prioritizing putative impaired genes in cancer. The method is based on the comparison of exome sequencing data from different cohorts and can detect putative cancer driver genes. ContrastRank can also be used to estimate a global score for an individual genome about the risk of adenocarcinoma based on the genetic variants information from a whole-exome VCF (Variant Calling Format) file. We believe that the application of ContrastRank can be an important step in genomic medicine to enable genome-based diagnosis. Availability and implementation: The lists of ContrastRank scores of all genes in each tumor type are available as supplementary materials. A webserver for evaluating the risk of the three studied adenocarcinomas starting from whole-exome VCF file is under development. Contact: ude.bau@oidime Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tuberculosis and Antihistaminics

1) The present knowledge of antihistaminics, particularly the pharmacologic considerations are presented. 2) Tuberculous allergy and tuberculous anaphylaxis are presented as widely different mechanisms and carefully differentiated. 3) Neo-Antergan and phenergan (RP3277) were given for several months in a series of thirty patients with tuberculosis. Although small changes in symptoms with slight improvement were noted in some cases, no definitive x-ray changes could be attributed to the use of these antihistaminics. 4) A further study using mainly cases with exudative lesions is planned.
View matching for outer-join views

Prior work on computing queries from materialized views has focused on views defined by expressions consisting of selection, projection, and inner joins, with an optional aggregation on top (SPJG views). This paper provides a view matching algorithm for views that may also contain outer joins (SPOJG views). The algorithm relies on a normal form for outer-join expressions and is not based on bottom-up syntactic matching of expressions. It handles any combination of inner and outer joins, deals correctly with SQL bag semantics, and exploits not-null constraints, uniqueness constraints and foreign key constraints.
Power switching transistors based on GaN and AlGaN channels

We investigate Al2O3/AlGaN interface in GaN MOSHEMTs to engineer channel mobility and threshold voltage suitable for power switching applications. Using oxygen-plasma and annealing treatments, we find the optimal window for high mobility and threshold voltage. Next, we discuss the power switching figure of merit of high composition AlGaN based HEMTs and their potential to achieve large threshold voltages. Finally, we characterize the electrical properties of the interface between Al2O3/high composition Al0.7Ga0.3N, and measure the conduction band offset of approximately 1 eV with a low positive interface fixed charge density of +2.5 × 1012 cm−2.
Integrin Ligation Results in Nephrin Tyrosine Phosphorylation In Vitro

Nephrin is expressed at the basolateral aspect of podocytes and is an important signaling protein at the glomerular slit diaphragm. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Nephrin phosphorylation-dependent signaling is able to assemble a protein complex that is able to polymerize actin. However, proximal signaling events that result in nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation are not well understood. Nephrin deletion in mice and human nephrin mutations result in developmental failure of the podocyte intercellular junction resutling in proteinuria. This has been presumed to be due to a failure to respond to an external polarized cue in the absence of nephrin or a failure to transduce an outside-in signal in patients with nephrin mutations. The nephrin extracellular domain binds to itself or neph1 across the foot process intercellular junction. Nephrin is tyrosine phosphorylation-silent in healthy glomeruli when presumably the nephrin extracellular domain is in an engaged state. These observations raise the possibility of an alternate proximal signaling mechanism that might be responsible for nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we present data showing that integrin engagement at the basal aspect of cultured podocytes results in nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation. This is abrogated by incubating podocytes with an antibody that prevents integrin β1 ligation and activation in response to binding to extracellular matrix. Furthermore, nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in podocytes expressing a membrane-targeted nephrin construct that lacks the extracellular domain. We propose, integrin-activation based signaling might be responsible for nephrin phosphorylation rather than engagment of the nephrin extracellular domain by a ligand.
A Typology of Cults

The development of a concept of "cult" usefulfor empirical research has lagged behind the refinement of terms used to analyze otherforms of religious organization. Utilizing Troeltsch's "technical mysticism" concept, the article defines cults as non-traditional religious groups that are based on a belief in a divine element within the individual. Three ideal types of cults are posited: a mystically-oriented illumination type; an instrumental type, in which inner experience is sought for its effects; and a service-oriented type, which is focused on aiding others. The usefulness of the typology is tested in its application to the analysis of six groups: Theosophy, Wisdom of the Soul, Spiritualism, New Thought, Scientology, and Transcendental Meditation.
Acute liver injury associated with a newer formulation of the herbal weight loss supplement Hydroxycut

Despite the widespread use of herbal and dietary supplements (HDS), serious cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported. The popular herbal weight loss supplement, Hydroxycut, has previously been implicated in acute liver injury. Since its introduction, Hydroxycut has undergone successive transformations in its formulation; yet, cases of liver injury have remained an ongoing problem. We report a case of a 41-year-old Hispanic man who developed acute hepatocellular liver injury with associated nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fatigue and asterixis attributed to the use of a newer formulation of Hydroxycut, SX-7 Clean Sensory. The patient required hospitalisation and improved with supportive therapy. Despite successive transformations in its formulation, potential liver injury appears to remain an ongoing problem with Hydroxycut. Our case illustrates the importance of obtaining a thorough medication history, including HDS, regardless of new or reformulated product marketing efforts.
Cost and Effectiveness of Horn Fly and Face Fly Control Programs in Semi-Isolated Range Herds in Central Missouri

Standard control programs and a ronnel-supplement feed program for control of Haematobia irritans (L.) and Musca autumnalis De Geer were used under large herd-large pasture conditions. Cost accounts showed the following per cow-calf unit: $1.07 for free-choice backrubbers, $0.98 for 5 toxaphene sprays, and $7.58 for 214 days of feeding ronnel supplement. The only method that produced satisfactory control of horn flies without supplementary control measures was usage of sprays. Control of the horn fly with ronnel supplement was erratic during each of the years this product was tested. Use of free-choice backrubbers without a supplementary spray produced little if any control. Ronnel supplement provided additional benefits by reducing the levels of face flies and eliminating cattle grubs in the herd in which this program was tested. No control program produced significant control of lice during the following winter.
Morphometric Analyses of Antarctic Cirques from Photogrammetric Measurements

The morphometry of 56 cirques in the Victoria Valley system, Antarctica, was analyzed with the aid of X, Y, Z terrain coordinates obtained by photogrammetric techniques from 1:60 000 scale high-alt...
Atomistic Study of Helium Bubbles in Fe: Equilibrium State

In the fusion irradiation environment, helium created by transmutation will play an important role in the response of structural materials to neutron radiation damage. Recently we have developed a new 3-body potential to describe the Fe-He interaction in an Fe matrix. We have used this potential to investigate the equilibrium state of He bubbles embedded into the bcc Fe matrix. We have investigated bubble size, He content and temperature effects. It was found that the equilibrium He content is rather low and at a room temperature it is ~0.38 to 0.5 He per vacancy for bubble diameters from 1 to 6 nm. At constant bubble size, the equilibrium He/vacancy ratio decreases with temperature increase. For bubbles of 6 nm diameter it goes down as low as ~0.25 at 900K. The results are compared with the capillarity model often used for estimating the equilibrium pressure of He bubbles.
Developing School-Based Prevention Curricula

This chapter presents the history, current practice, and horizon of developing school-based drug prevention curricula. We discuss various considerations in developing such curricula, including pragmatic considerations in deploying curricula in public schools, use of a logic model, risk/resiliency and vulnerability models for curriculum development, developmental appropriateness of materials, and the role of culture. We then present exemplars of the three drug prevention curricula that the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration found to be the most cost-effective, returning US$32, 27, and 19 for every dollar spent: All Stars, keepin’ it REAL (kiR), and LifeSkills Training (LST). We include advice from two curriculum developers and conclude by examining several trends that are on the horizon of curriculum development. Curriculum writers are increasingly being asked to develop interventions with implementation or the end user in mind, to integrate new media and account for changing social milieus, and to continuously improve curricula. Increasingly, too, there is a need to coordinate school, family, and community interventions to address multiple outcomes. While challenging, effective curriculum development holds promise of positively influencing the future of our nation’s youth.
The Research on Overvoltage Insulation Protection Coordination of 66 kV MOA with Series Gap and Cable

The paper calculated and researched the length of cable lines l0 and insulation properties by selecting arrester body parameters and designing series gap,developed 66 k V MOA with series gap,which can be compatible over-voltage protection with 66 k V cable. The arrester is maintenance-free under normal operating conditions,and could protect cables.
Infrastructure: Defining Matters

Abstract by Sir Rod Eddington AO, Chairman Infrastructure AustraliaInfrastructure is critical to our economy, our community and our pursuit of a sustainable environment. But what do we mean by the term “infrastructure” and do different understandings of that term confuse our attempts to decide on our future investment and development priorities?In this important paper “Infrastructure – Defining Matters”, Drs Beeferman and Wain explore how we should consider and define “infrastructure”. They focus on enterprise and people and argue that context is critical. It is an important contribution to our thinking on this crucial topic.They use both formal analysis and practical application to inform this different approach. A number of US Pension Funds contributed to the analysis via a comprehensive survey.Beeferman and Wain challenge our understanding and definition of “infrastructure”. They argue that understanding infrastructure’s important role in our society is key to informed analysis. Th at this provides a context for economic and community analysis in both developed and developing countries.This paper is a very useful contribution to an issue that is increasingly important to economies and communities around the world.
The Fate of the Remaining Bladder following Supravesical Diversion

AbstractA retrospective study of 30 adults who underwent supravesical diversion for a variety of benign and malignant conditions was done with special attention to the fate of the residual bladder. Diversion was performed for diverse conditions, including radiation cystitis, cyclophosphamide cystitis, interstitial cystitis, incontinence and trauma. All groups experienced significant morbidity from the remaining in situ bladder. Over-all, 80% of the patients experienced at least 1 complication, chief among which were pyocystis (67%), hemorrhage (23%), severe pain (13%), and unremitting feelings of incomplete emptying and spasm (17%). Complications of sufficient severity to require rehospitalization occurred in 43% of the patients. Several patients required multiple rehospitalizations. Reoperation requiring general or regional anesthesia was necessary in 9 patients (30%) and included 4 cystectomies. Serious consideration should be given to performing primary cystectomy at the time of supravesical diversion ...
The Emotional Brain Hypothesis: Emotional, Social, and Religious Vetting in the Evolution of Rational Decision Making and Scientific Modeling

While sociability has been recognized as a foundation of human evolution and is now well integrated into models of human origins, emotionality has received less attention. It is proposed here, in this preliminary concept paper, that emotionally-informed decision-making developed to the benefit of members of the genus Homo, as an integral part of the evolution of sentience in the hominin line. Emotionality is especially important in the higher expressions of sentience – science, religion, and art – but also in vetting all rational and scientific thought. The authors propose that future researchers in the cognitive science of religion, archaeology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology incorporate analysis of both emotionality and sociability into their protocols. A brief scenario of early hominin interaction in the search for food is presented, along with a discussion of the emotions involved. In the future, rational decision-making that is vetted by both social and emotional intelligence, as well as religious and ethical precepts, will help to provide solutions to world problems. Emotionality remains critically important for members of the genus Homo as an aspect of their attainment of sentience.
Chromatic Transformations in Nineteenth-Century Music: Chromatic mediant relations in musical contexts

INTRODUCTION In addition to progressions between tonics or tonicized chords, such as those presented in chapter 2, chromatic third relations may occur within progressions and phrases in any number of other musical contexts. Like juxtapositions of tonics, some of the most basic and recurrent of these also come to act as normative relationships within common-tone tonality. Chromatic mediants may be separated by intermediary relative mediants. They may involve dominants in relation to tonics or two dominants in relation to each other. They may occur as third-dividers. Multiple chromatic mediant relations may group by affinity pairs; they may be chained into circles of thirds. And they may involve more than one of these contexts at a time. This chapter provides musical examples to illustrate these circumstances. CHROMATIC MEDIANT RELATIONS WITH INTERMEDIATE CHORDS Tovey's table of key relations (Plate 5.18) contains examples of third relations in which relative mediants appear as chords intermediary to the tonic and the chromatic mediant goals. If one allows for the plain juxtaposition of chromatic mediants, it follows that the relative mediants are not necessary intermediary chords, and that the controlling relation in a progression containing both kinds of mediants may well be the non-contiguous one between the tonic and the chromatic mediant. Two short examples will demonstrate this: one from Schubert, the other from Chopin.
Considerations in the management of giant frontal mucoceles with significant intracranial extension: A systematic review.

Background Giant frontal mucoceles, characterized by significant intracranial and/or intraorbital extension, can present with significant neurologic symptoms. Although typical mucoceles are managed endoscopically, giant mucoceles are often treated with an open or combined approach due to various concerns, including frontal lobe displacement, size, and rapid decompression of the intracranial component. The impact of significant intracranial extension on outcomes is not well described. Objective This review studied key neurologic considerations in the management of giant frontal sinus mucoceles and analyzed outcomes of different management strategies. Methods Systematic literature review by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Results Thirty-two articles, which represented 85 cases, met inclusion criteria. Neurologic symptoms on presentation ranged from headache (24.7%) and vision loss (12.9%) to extremity weakness (1.2%), frontal lobe syndrome (2.4%), and seizures (4.7%). Twenty-eight patients were treated endoscopically (34.1%), and 54 (65.9%) were treated with an external approach. Twenty-five of the open procedures included a craniotomy. Indications for the open approach included subdural empyema, enucleation, or large anterior table defects. Perioperative antibiotics were not consistently used. No perioperative seizures were reported with any approach. There were six cerebrospinal fluid leaks, all in the patients who underwent open procedures. The overall recurrence rate was 3.5%, with no recurrences reported in patients treated with an open approach. Follow-up ranged from 1 week to 8 years. Conclusions Giant frontal mucoceles often present with various neurologic symptoms. Both open and endoscopic techniques offer excellent results. Endoscopic management is effective and preferred, except in special circumstances. An interdisciplinary team approach should be used to optimize surgical planning.
Toxicity and Outcomes in Patients With and Without Esophageal Stents in Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer

Purpose Esophageal stenting is often considered to relieve dysphagia in patients with locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer. We sought to determine the effects of stenting on the incidence of acute toxicity and oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Methods and Materials The data from patients treated with curative intent CRT for locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer at the University of Utah were retrospectively analyzed. The χ2 or Fisher exact test was used to compare the demographic and tumor characteristics between patients with and without esophageal stenting before RT. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression modeling were used to identify the predictors of acute toxicities. A propensity score–matched analysis with shared frailty Cox hazard regression was performed according to stent status to identify the stent effect on survival. Acute toxicities were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4. Results From 2005 to 2013, 103 consecutive patients received CRT. Of the 103 patients, 28 had a stent in place during CRT. The median dose was 50.4 Gy for all patients. Grade ≥3 acute toxicities were seen in 71% of the stent versus 27% of the no-stent patients (P Conclusions In patients undergoing CRT with curative intent, esophageal stenting was associated with significantly increased grade ≥3 acute toxicities, fewer patients proceeding to esophagectomy, and worse overall survival.
The Changing Landscape of Randomized Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Disease

Large randomized clinical trials in cardiovascular disease have proliferated over the past 3 decades, with results that have influenced every aspect of cardiology practice. Despite these advances, there remains a substantial need for more high-quality evidence to inform cardiovascular clinical practice, given the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease around the world. Traditional clinical trials are increasingly challenging due to rising costs, increasing complexity and length, and burdensome institutional and regulatory requirements. This review will examine the current landscape of cardiovascular clinical trials in the United States, highlight recently conducted registry-based clinical trials, and discuss the potential attributes of the recently launched pragmatic clinical trial by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute's National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, called the ADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-centric Trial Assessing the Benefits and Long-term Effectiveness) trial.
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water using high quality meta-GGA functionals

We have used ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to characterize water properties using two meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) functionals, M06-L-D3 and B97M-rV, and compared their performance against a standard GGA corrected for dispersion, revPBE-D3, at ambient conditions (298 K, and 1 g cm−3 or 1 atm). Simulations of the equilibrium density, radial distribution functions, self-diffusivity, the infrared spectrum, liquid dipole moments, and characterizations of the hydrogen bond network show that all three functionals have overcome the problem of the early AIMD simulations that erroneously found ambient water to be highly structured, but they differ substantially among themselves in agreement with experiment on this range of water properties. We show directly using water cluster data up through the pentamer that revPBE-D3 benefits from a cancellation of its intrinsic functional error by running classical trajectories, whereas the meta-GGA functionals are demonstrably more accurate and would require the simulation of nuclear quantum effects to realize better agreement with all cluster and condensed phase properties.
Modeling of lithium granule injection in NSTX with M3D-C1

Abstract In this paper we present initial simulations of pedestal control by Lithium Granule Injection (LGI) in NSTX. A model for small granule ablation has been implemented in the M3D-C1 code [1] , allowing the simulation of realistic Lithium granule injections. 2D simulations in NSTX L-mode and H-mode plasmas are done and the effect of granule size, injection angle and velocity on the pedestal gradient increase are studied. For H-mode cases, the amplitude of the local pressure perturbation caused by the granules is highly dependent on the solid granule size. In our simulations, reducing the granule injection velocity allows one to inject more particles at the pedestal top.
Smoking and Disease Outcomes in Patients With Malignant Germ Cell Tumors.

Abstract Background To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the association between smoking and stage at diagnosis or survival among men with germ cell tumors (GCTs). We therefore evaluated the association between smoking and GCT presentation and outcomes. Methods Electronic medical records of 1161 patients with GCT treated at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 1997 and 2013 were reviewed. Outcomes of interest were stage at diagnosis, relapse from clinical stage I (CSI) disease, relapse after first-line chemotherapy, and death from disease. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between smoking and tumor characteristics at diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between smoking at diagnosis and risk of relapse and GCT cancer death. Results In men diagnosed with CSI disease, smokers were 86% more likely to have a large tumor (≥ 4 cm) compared with nonsmokers (odds ratio [OR] 1.86; 95% CI, 1.28-2.71) and had a statistically significant increased risk of relapse (HR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.41-2.97). Among men with metastatic disease at diagnosis, the heaviest smokers (> 15 pack-years) were more likely to present with intermediate- or poor-risk disease compared with nonsmokers (OR 3.12; 95% CI, 1.29-7.55) and any smoking was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of relapse (HR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.26-2.73) and GCT death (HR 2.56; 95% CI, 1.55-4.23). Conclusion Smoking is associated with more advanced disease at diagnosis and poorer GCT outcomes, including increased risk of relapse, for both CSI and metastatic disease.
Methods for Assessing Therapeutic Change in Clinical Case Reports

A major aspect of the present research is the clinical context in which the treatment was conducted. The Austen Riggs Center, a relatively small, private, intensive, inpatient, open treatment facility, is dedicated to the long-term clinical care of seriously disturbed late adolescents and adults. There is an excellent patient-staff ratio and all patients are seen in intensive psychotherapy at least four times weekly. Considerable attention is also given to the therapeutic community. An extensive array of educational and recreational activities and other support services is provided. In many ways, the Austen Riggs Center approaches the ideal long-term treatment facility; for some time now, throughout the mental health field, it has been considered as offering clinical care of the highest quality. In addition, most patients in the present study came from families of at least middle socioeconomic status and usually had access to reasonable levels of material support both during and following hospitalization. Hospital costs, however, of a significant number of the patients were covered, at least to some degree, by third-party payment.
Nonlinear graphene metasurface to enhance third harmonic generation at terahertz frequencies

Nonlinear processes have an extremely weak nature at terahertz (THz) frequencies, which is detrimental to several potential applications, such as nonlinear THz spectroscopy and noninvasive THz imaging. To alleviate this severe limitation, we propose an ultrathin nonlinear THz metasurface composed of patterned graphene micro-ribbons to significantly enhance third harmonic generation (THG). The nonlinear THG conversion efficiency can be increased by several orders of magnitude benefiting from the large nonlinear conductivity of graphene, as well as, the enhancement of the incident THz field due to the excitation of localized plasmons. In addition, the nonlinear response of the proposed metasurface can be dynamically tuned by varying the Fermi energy of graphene without changing its geometry. The proposed nonlinear metasurface provides a new way to realize compact and efficient nonlinear chip-scale THz devices that can be used as tunable and adaptive THz sources or wave mixers.
Residency Training in Robotic General Surgery: A Survey of Program Directors

Objective. Robotic surgery continues to expand in minimally invasive surgery; however, the literature is insufficient to understand the current training process for general surgery residents. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the current approach to and perspectives on robotic surgery training. Methods. An electronic survey was distributed to general surgery program directors identified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education website. Multiple choice and open-ended questions regarding current practices and opinions on robotic surgery training in general surgery residency programs were used. Results. 20 program directors were surveyed, a majority being from medium-sized programs (4–7 graduating residents per year). Most respondents (73.68%) had a formal robotic surgery curriculum at their institution, with 63.16% incorporating simulation training. Approximately half of the respondents believe that more time should be dedicated to robotic surgery training (52.63%), with simulation training prior to console use (84.21%). About two-thirds of the respondents (63.16%) believe that a formal robotic surgery curriculum should be established as a part of general surgery residency, with more than half believing that exposure should occur in postgraduate year one (55%). Conclusion. A formal robotics curriculum with simulation training and early surgical exposure for general surgery residents should be given consideration in surgical residency training.