cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After Culture: Reflections on the Apparition of Anthropology in Artificial Life, a Science of Simulation

Kingdom at least, where the concept has traveled from anthropological enunciation into popular consciousness, most scientists are happy to describe their work as emblematic of their disciplinary culture or as textured by its location in academic, corporate, and/or military cultures. They have accepted C. P. Snow's founding assumption in The Two Cultures (1959) that science, like the humanities, is a cultural formation. So, although Sharon Traweek famously found that the American physicists of whom she wrote possessed "a culture of no culture" (1988:162), we might note that many scientists have in fact come self-consciously to dwell in "culture," to view themselves through an anthropological optic. Moreover, a recent volume of interviews with contemporary scientists entitled The Third Culture (Brockman 1995) suggests that such figures as chaos theorist J. Doyne Farmer and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins have taken on the work of bridging the gap between Snow's estranged humanists and scientists, creating the "third culture" that Snow, in the second edition of his book, The Two Cultures: A Second Look (1963), hoped would emerge from the ranks of literary intellectuals and social historians.' John Brockman, editor of The Third Culture, declares that "what traditionally has been called 'science' has today become 'public culture' "(1995:18), "rendering visible the deeper meanings of our lives, redefining who and what we are" (1995:17).2 But if many scientists have come to see science as culture, it is only in partial connection with their anthropological interlocutors. The science wars of the 1990s made this much clear. Nonetheless, tuning into how scientists invoke "culture" in their self-descriptions is essential if anthropologists of science are to understand "science as culture" as well as the public legacies of their own discipline's articulations of the culture concept. What effects does an awareness of abiding in "culture" have on how scientists understand the work they do? How have distinctively anthropological
Trace-driven and program-driven simulation: a comparison

We compare the program-driven and trace-driven approach to simulating the parallel execution of a program on a multiprocessor. To obtain the traces, we used a program-driven simulator that actually executes the instructions in an input program. Our simulator is coded in the process-oriented simulation language SimCal and is guided by a parameterized computational model that describes the target multiprocessor. We have used the program-driven multiprocessor simulator to execute parallel threads produced by our parallelizing compiler and we have validated the simulator by comparing the simulation results to results obtained through execution of the threads on an actual multiprocesser, the AT&T 3B2. To compare the trace-driven and program-driven approaches, we used the program-driven simulator to obtain traces of the execution of the threads. We conclude that the trace-driven approach is faster than the program-driven approach since it doesn't actually execute the threads. However, the trace-driven approach must store the traces and therefore requires more space than the program-driven approach. >
Data-flow transformations for critical path time reduction in high-level DSP synthesis

The minimum unfolding factor necessary to reduce the critical path time of the data-flow graph to less than or equal to the required iteration period of the associated algorithm is determined. Minimizing the unfolding factor is important because the time complexity for scheduling and allocation increases linearly with the unfolding factor. An iterative unfolding algorithm that calculates the minimum unfolding factor necessary to achieve a given sample rate is introduced. The unfolding factor can be further reduced to achieve a given sample rate, in many cases with the use of retiming. The algorithm can be utilized to preprocess a data-flow graph prior to resource scheduling and allocation. >
Growth and leaf nutrient responses of loblolly and slash pine families to intensive silvicultural management

Intra-specific variation in foliar nutrient response to fertilization treatments and associated growth performance is largely unknown in southern pines. Sixteen open-pollinated families from each of three pine taxa—genetically improved loblolly pine (PTI; Pinus taeda), improved slash pine (PEI; Pinus elliottii var. elliottii), and unimproved slash pine (PEU)—were planted in two locations under a common split–split plot experimental design in north Florida. At each site, two levels of silvicultural treatments (low intensity—no fertilization; high intensity—fertilization and weed control) were implemented. Vector analysis suggested that N, P, and K were nutrients mostly commonly limiting growth, while Mg and Ca were generally not deficient for the three taxa over four different sampling periods during the growing season. The period of highest nutrient demand occurred during the growing season from June to September, with deficiencies easing throughout the remainder of the year. Differential family responses in foliar nutrient levels (especially N and P) were closely associated with current-year foliage biomass production and annual height growth for the three taxa. PTI and PEI families with constant, but minor, foliar N and P deficiencies during the growing season had higher foliage biomass production and height increments than those exhibiting excess, dilution, or severe deficiency. PEU families generally had lower nutrient requirements than PTI and PEI families. Differences in nutrient demand for growth existed between PEU and PEI. Differences between PEI and PEU in foliar nutrient response to intensive management from this study, along with findings in growth performance and crown structure, suggested that PEI had growth strategies more closely aligned with PTA than with PEU. Significant intra-specific differences in growth and nutritional characteristics also indicated that family forestry could be a viable option suited for intensive plantation management because family-specific fertilizer prescriptions may be needed to further improve stand growth.
Long-term effects of elevated nitrogen on forest soil organic matter stability

Nitrogen addition may alter the decomposition rate for different organic-matter pools in contrasting ways. Using a paired-plot design, we sought to determine the effects of long-term elevated N on the stability of five organic-matter pools: organic horizons (Oe+a), whole mineral soil (WS), mineral soil fractions including the light fraction (LF), heavy fraction (HF), and a physically recombined fraction (RF). These substrates were incubated for 300 days, and respiration, mineralized N, and active microbial biomass were measured. Samples with elevated N gave 15% lower cumulative respiration for all five substrates. Over the 300-day incubation, the Oe+a gave twice the cumulative respiration (g C kg−1 initial C) as the LF, which gave slightly higher respiration than the HF. Respiration was 35% higher for the WS than for the RF. Mineralized N was similar between N treatments and between the LF and HF. Net N mineralized by the LF over the course of the 300-day incubation decreased with higher C:N ratio, due presumably to N immobilization to meet metabolic demands. The pattern was opposite for HF, however, which could be explained by a release of N in excess of metabolic demands due to recalcitrance of the HF organic matter. Mineralized N increased with respiration for the HF but showed no pattern, or perhaps even decreased, for the LF. WS and RF showed decreasing active microbial biomass near the end of the incubation, which corresponded with decreasing respiration and increasing nitrate. Our results show that long-term elevated N stabilized organic matter in whole soil and soil fractions.
XQuery: An XML query language

The World Wide Web Consortium has convened a working group to design a query language for Extensible Markup Language (XML) data sources. This new query language, called XQuery, is still evolving and has been described in a series of drafts published by the working group. XQuery is a functional language comprised of several kinds of expressions that can be nested and composed with full generality. It is based on the type system of XML Schema and is designed to be compatible with other XML-related standards. This paper explains the need for an XML query language, provides a tutorial overview of XQuery, and includes several examples of its use.
Owning What You Eat: The Discourse of Food

Discussions of animal treatment within the global food industry often devolve into debates about animal rights. Such detours needlessly distract from an ongoing social and environmental catastrophe. This essay attempts to reframe the global food debate in a manner that more directly acknowledges our obligations to and the needs of the billions of animals enslaved within the industrial food apparatus.Industrial agriculture has refashioned animal husbandry into a mechanized process that ignores historic methods of human/nonhuman animal interaction (methods that evolved over millennia) as well as ethical mores. These industrial methods – cloaked in the mantle of efficiency – have become deeply entrenched despite clear evidence of their unsustainability and unworkability. This intractability results from a systemic flaw inherent in the role of efficiency in society. Not only is efficiency an amoral concept devoid of any normative component, but those who lionize it also routinely exclude externalities from their calculus. This makes any cost-based risk equation potentially unsound and misleading. Consequently, using efficiency as an ethical barometer is flawed both hermeneutically and practically. It should never have acquired a normative aspect and it should never have been defined to exclude externalities. The upshot of this double mistake is that the prevailing mode of human/animal interaction is unsustainable (inefficient) and ethically bankrupt. Reframing that interaction will require refashioning the legal system that enables it.Part II of this essay examines the role of communication in the formation of law and social norms and the implications of that role for animal law and ethics. Part III contextualizes animal law within contemporary risk society. Part IV looks at how efficiency has transformed from an economic concept into a normative guideline and discusses how that transformation has affected animals and agriculture. It tracks the rise of industrial agriculture and ties it to this fundamental misunderstanding of the concept of efficiency. The essay concludes with some thoughts on how to reformulate contemporary notions of efficiency and ethics to account for the idealism that should be a necessary component of communication and, consequently, of law.
Invited Commentary: The Contribution of the BACH Survey to the Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence

Despite a substantial number of epidemiologic studies of urinary incontinence over the past two decades, relatively little is known about urinary incontinence in non-White women or in men. By enrolling White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey has added to our limited knowledge of incontinence in these groups. In general, the results from BACH, reported in the current issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology (Tennstedt et al., Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:390-399), confirm prior findings in women while extending our knowledge of the prevalence of and risk factors for incontinence in men. Interpretation of the BACH Survey results must be tempered by the low enrollment rate (less than 25% of eligible community members). The associations between cardiovascular disease and incontinence reported for some gender/race-ethnicity subgroups should be considered exploratory.
Sickle Cell Disease in Children and Adolescents: The Relation of Child and Parent Pain Coping Strategies to Adjustment

Examined pain coping strategies in 72 children and adolescents with sickle cell disease and their parents using the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and found that pain coping strategies could be reliably assessed. Children high on Negative Thinking and Passive Adherence were less active, required more health care services, and were more psychologically distressed during painful episodes. Children high on Coping Attempts were more active and required less frequent health care services. Parents high on Coping Attempts and low on Passive Adherence had children who were more active.
Ethics: A Model Curriculum for Teaching Professional Issues in University Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Programs

Abstract Educating graduate level speech-language pathology and audiology students has become a truly daunting task. As the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA's) Scope of Practice (...
Design of an Extended-Range Electric Vehicle for the EcoCAR Challenge

The EcoCAR Challenge team at The Ohio State University has designed a range-extending electric vehicle capable of 40 miles all-electric range via a 22 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, with range extension and limited parallel operation supplied by a 1.8 L dedicated E85 engine. This vehicle is designed to drastically reduce fuel consumption, with an estimated fuel economy of 89 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpgge), while meeting Tier II Bin 5 emissions standards. This paper documents the team’s control system development effort, starting with the vehicle architecture selection and specifying the powertrain configuration, explaining a detailed control system development process, summarizing the selected control hardware architecture at vehicle and component level, describing supervisory control algorithm design and implementation for fuel economy optimization and performance improvement, and concluding with the use of MIL and HIL techniques for system development and validation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Critical thinking and debugging software

This paper examines various difficulties that beginning programmers sometimes encounter when attempting to debug software. Unfortunately, some beginning programmers make repetitive guesses in an attempt to solve a problem. First, this paper examines how to break this cycle of guessing. Second, although there are a number of definitions of critical thinking, this paper will examine one of the original ones proposed by John Dewey. Next, it looks at how critical thinking can be employed when walking through code to debug a logic error. Lastly, it offers some suggestions and provides some closing thoughts. The audience for this paper is primarily instructors, teaching assistants, lab assistants, and tutors, especially ones new to their roles, but it can be helpful to beginning programmers as well. For those who may already possess debugging skills, it might help articulate what they have already been practicing.
Biexcitons In GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells –their Approach to Chemical Equilibrium and Transport

There have been several reports over the years of biexcitonic species in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells, where the reduced dimensionality enhances the binding energy of excitonic molecules.1-3 The appearance of a photoluminescence peak 1 to 2 meV below the free exciton emission with increasing excitation density is credibly but not exclusively interpreted as a biexcitonic molecule. Despite these recurrent reports, the literature reflects a lack of consensus on the biexciton's binding energy, lineshape, and density dependence.
Meet the New Boss - Same as the Old Boss: A Look at Foster v. University of Maryland Eastern Shore and Title VII Retaliation Claims Post-Nassar.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit determined the Supreme Court’s holding in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar — that an employee claiming Title VII retaliation must prove that retaliatory animus was a but-for cause of the adverse employment action — does not alter the causation standard in McDonnell Douglas pretext cases. Since Nassar, many appellate courts are split on how to apply Nassar’s but-for causation standard. Does it apply only to those who proceed under mixed-motive cases? Does it apply to those who proceed under McDonnell Douglas? If so, does it apply at the prima facie stage, the pretext stage, or both? The answers to these questions lie in the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Foster v. University of Maryland Eastern Shore. This case note explains the two methods used in Title VII retaliation cases: mixed motive and McDonnell Douglas pretext. It also reviews the Supreme Court’s majority and dissenting opinions in Nassar. The majority of this Article focuses on the trial court’s decision, how the Fourth Circuit ruled on appeal, and how the Fourth Circuit reached the decision that McDonnell Douglas pretext cases are not altered by Nassar. Finally, this Article explains why the real-reason standard expounded in Foster is the appropriate standard rather than Nassar’s but-for standard for Title VII retaliation cases, and how the Fourth Circuit’s decision promotes judicial efficiency and fairness.
Numerical Analysis of Dual-Core Optical Fiber Crosstalk via Supermode Theory

Numerical analysis of crosstalk for dual-core fibers is performed via the supermode theory. The method is compared with the coupled mode theory. Core distance, index difference, and bending effects are studied.
Correction to "The Political Determinants of International Trade"

Efforts to replicate our study of the effects of politics on trade flows between the major powers have revealed that the computer program written to calculate the estimates produced errors in both the coefficients and the standard errors. Furthermore, these errors have some consequences for the results. In this brief corrigendum, we present corrected tables for our research note and a slightly modified interpretation of the results.Our study examined evidence to assess three arguments about how politics may affect trade. The first contends that positive political relations in a dyad result in higher levels of trade. This argument leads to two hypotheses: States in conflict will have a lower level of trade than those not in conflict, and trade will increase with the degree of common interests between a pair of states. The second argument concludes that democratic dyads will have a higher level of trade than other dyads. The third argument focuses on the security concerns of states and leads to the hypotheses that alliances will increase trade in a bipolar system but will have no effect in a multipolar system. We refer readers to the original article for a fuller statement of the logic of these arguments, their respective hypotheses, and a complete statement of our research design and operationalization of the variables (Morrow, Siverson, and Tabares 1998).
Prospective comparison of contrast-enhanced computed tomography versus magnetic resonance venography in the detection of occult deep pelvic vein thrombosis in patients with pelvic and acetabular fractures.

ObjectiveTo determine the rate of pelvic vein thrombosis following acetabular or pelvic fracture identified by enhanced computed tomography venography or magnetic resonance venography.DesignProspective evaluation of computed tomography venography and magnetic resonance venography in patients with pe
Immunomodulatory approaches to CNS injury: extracellular matrix and exosomes from extracellular matrix conditioned macrophages.

After central nervous system (CNS) injury, a pro-inflammatory, innate immune response contributes to permanently lost neuronal function by promoting changes in the micro-environment and extracellular matrix (ECM) that lead to CNS neuronal degeneration and death and permanent scarring. This pro-inflammatory immune response is largely due to activated resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages adopting a predominantly pro-inflammatory, M1-like, phenotype. Activated, M1-like, microglia and macrophages release additional pro-inflammatory factors, including cytokines and microvesicles like exosomes, that recruit additional cell types, including activated microglia and astrocytes and naive blood macrophages, M0, that enter the injured tissue and polarize toward M1-like phenotypes that can lead to secondary tissue damage and increased scarring (Figure 1A). After the initial inflammatory response resolves, M1-like macrophages and microglia persist due to pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling cascades that act by both autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms to maintain pro-inflammatory signaling, ultimately leading to permanent scarring. Scar tissue also appears to promote persistent inflammatory signaling. Thus, a logical approach to treating CNS injuries is to develop immunomodulatory strategies that interrupt cyclical pro-inflammatory signaling cascades while promoting anti-inflammatory, M2-like, signaling, ultimately altering the default healing response in the CNS from tissue destruction and scarring toward positive tissue and ECM remodeling.
Meeting at the Thin Places: Synchronicities in Clinical Practice

AbstractUnusual events, beyond mere coincidences, may occur during the course of psychotherapy. Yet, clinical training often does not prepare therapists how to understand and potentially engage with these encounters. The aim of this report is to explore the emergence of synchronistic events in therapy, while providing two clinical case composites to illustrate the author’s central points. Drawing on the Celtic concept of “thin places,” a new understanding of synchronicities and the therapeutic relationship is offered.
Arterialization of the coronary sinus in occlusive coronary artery disease. III. Coronary flow in dogs with aorticocoronary sinus anastomosis of six months' duration.

SUMMARY 1. Retrograde blood flow and oxygen content from the distal cut end of the ligated and transected circumflex artery have been determined in dogs in which the coronary sinus has been arterialized for a period of six months. These determinations have been performed with the graft open and closed. 2. With the graft open, coronary sinus pressure is within the range of systemic pressure and the coronary sinus blood is of high oxygen content. 3. When the graft is occluded, coronary sinus pressure and blood oxygen content revert to normal levels. 4. With the graft open, retrograde circumflex arterial blood flow is five times greater than the expected normal, but is less than that present in the four- to eight-week group of animals. This blood is arterial in nature, approximating the oxygen content of aortic blood. This retrograde blood flow is probably due to an increase in the interarterial coronary collateral circulation. 5. Occlusion of the graft does not significantly alter these findings, which points toward its dispensability after six months. 6. The mortality rate following circumflex coronary arterial ligation, which was 20 per cent in the four- to eight-week sinus arterialized animals, rose to 66 per cent in the six-month group. 7. Retroperfusion of the myocardial capillary bed, which was demonstrated in the four- to eight-week animals, could no longer be demonstrated in the six-month group of animals. 8. A significant fivefold increase in the retrograde blood flow, occurring via intercoronary arterial anastomoses, persists between the second and sixth month after arterialization of the coronary sinus.
Use of balloon flotation catheters in critically ill patients.

The development of the Swan-Ganz flow directed catheter represents one of the most significant advances in the care of critically ill patients. All physicians responsible for these patients should not only be able to insert the catheter but also be able to utilize the information in judging the need and effectiveness of therapy.
Future career paths--is it time to phase out AS-CLT programs?

1. Heidi A Mannion, MS MT(ASCP) 1. Associate Professor/Program Director MLT and MT Programs, University of Alaska Anchorage, Medical Laboratory Technology Department AHS 172, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508. (907) 786-6924, (907) 786-6938 (fax). (afham{at}uaa.alaska.edu) In reviewing Dr Kathy Doig's editorial, “The Case for the Professional Doctorate in Clinical Laboratory Science (DCLS)”, I agree with her statement that there is a high degree of overlap between the entry-level positions of a clinical laboratory technician (CLT) and a clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) in some facilities which may lead to dissatisfaction and a higher attrition for both. I also agree that the current career paths need to be revised. However, requiring a master's degree (MS) for entry-level or a clinical doctorate (DCLS) is not the solution to the problem. I do not believe there is a market for the DCLS. In addition to the clinical pathologists who are already providing consultations, recent advances in information technology allow physicians and other healthcare professionals access to information on ordering and interpreting laboratory tests. It is time to consider phasing out the CLT. The addition of new content makes it difficult to adequately cover the required material in the 60 credits necessary for an associate degree. A bachelor's degree should be mandatory for entry-level positions, with phlebotomists and clinical assistants (CA) performing blood collection, waived testing, and appropriate tests at the clinical assistant level, according to standard operating procedures. In order to accommodate new content BS-CLS curricula need to be revised to eliminate coursework that is no longer necessary due to automation and other advances in laboratory science. CLT programs could be converted to either BS-CLS or Clinical Assistant Programs and certifying agencies could revise the CLT/MLT examinations and utilize…
Ensino religioso nas escolas públicas: a tensí£o do caso brasileiro

Resumo: O texto trata do ensino religioso nas escolas publicas de ensino fundamental, poliamica no Brasil a partir da previsi£o literal em norma constitucional. Embora de matri­cula facultativa, lei geral relativa i educai§i£o e o Acordo celebrado pelo Estado brasileiro com a Santa Se esti£o sendo questionados no Supremo Tribunal Federal, com base no princi­pio do Estado laico. Conclui-se que o modelo interconfessional ni£o viola a Constituii§i£o e mesmo o confessional (desde que ni£o haja envolvimento excessivo do Estado) pode ser compatibilizado, respeitados valores constitucionais basicos. Palavras-chave: Ensino religioso. Escolas publicas. Estado laico. Constitucionalidade. Resumen: El texto trata de â€œeducacion religiosaâ€ en las escuelas publicas de primaria, polemica en Brasil a partir de la prevision literal en la norma constitucional. Aunque de matri­cula facultativa, la ley general relativa a la educacion y el acuerdo celebrado por el Estado brasileno con la Santa Sede estan siendo discutidos en la Corte Suprema con base en el principio de Estado laico. Se concluye que el modelo interconfesional no viola a la Constitucion y mismo el confesional (desde que no haya participacion excesiva del Estado) puede ser compatibilizado, desde que sean respetados los valores constitucionales basicos. Palabras clave: Educacion religiosa. Escuelas publicas. Estado laico. Constitucionalidad. DOI: 10.7764/RLDR.2.16
Understanding sexual deviations. 2. Homosexuality.

Most sexual deviations cause little physical or psychologic harm and few involve physical force. Whether they are considered deviate or criminal depends on the social setting. The first part of this article explained exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadomasochism, rape and incest. The conclusion presents views on homosexuality, lesbianism, transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia and “sex crimes.”
Crop Load Adjustment in ‘Seyval Blanc’ Winegrape: Impacts on Yield Components, Fruit Composition, Consumer Wine Preferences, and Economics of Production

Crop load management treatments were applied to ‘Seyval Blanc’ grapevines (Vitis hybrid) as a 2 · 2 factorial design: no shoot thinning (ST)/no cluster thinning (CL) (i.e., control), ST combined with CL (ST + CL), ST only, and CL only. All treatments reduced yield and crop load (yield/pruning weight) in 2009 and had a smaller impact in 2010 due to the carryover effect of previous year treatments on crop potential. Soluble solids were improved by up to 3.2% by the ST + CL treatment in 2009, but were not impacted by treatments in the second year when the range of yield was smaller and the ripening conditions more favorable. Rank sum analysis for the 2009 vintage indicated that wines produced from the CL treatment were preferred by the sensory panel compared with the control wine, but there were no differences in consumer preference for wines produced in the 2010 season. Grower preferred price in 2009 (required to compensate the grower for labor costs and lost yield) increased from $556/t in the control to $824/t in the CL treatment, an increase which could be justified by the demonstrated consumer preference for the CL wine. Grower preferred price was $1022/t in the ST + CL treatment in 2009, a price increase that was not justified by a demonstrated consumer preference for the wine. In 2010, grower preferred price ranged from $541/t for the control to $610/t for the ST + CL treatment, an unjustified increase based on the lack of demonstrated consumer preference for the wines.
Appraisal of Free Skin Flaps in the Reconstruction of Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus

Regardless of the advances in surgery there are still some handicaps in the reconstruction of hypopharynx and esophagus, such as insufficiency or stricture of the anastomotic site and disturbances in swallowing. Recent development in microsurgery provides a new approach to these problems.
Refugees and Immigrants

During the past four decades, from the beginning of the dictatorial regime of Francois ‘Papa Doc’ Duvalier in 1957 to the end of the term of the first democratically elected president of the republic, Jean Bertrand Aristide, in 1996, tens of thousands of Haitians left the island and resettled in New York, Miami, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, Washington DC, New Orleans, and other American cities.
RNA binding to APOBEC deaminases; Not simply a substrate for C to U editing

Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide-like 1 or APOBEC1 was discovered in 1993 as the zinc-dependent cytidine deaminase responsible for the production of an in frame stop codon in apoB mRNA through modification of cytidine at nucleotide position 6666 to uridine. At the time of this discovery there was much speculation concerning the mechanism of base modification RNA editing which has been rekindled by the discovery of multiple C to U RNA editing events in the 3' UTRs of mRNAs and the finding that other members of the APOBEC family while able to bind RNA, have the biological function of being DNA mutating enzymes. Current research is addressing the mechanism for these nucleotide modification events that appear not to adhere to the mooring sequence-dependent model for APOBEC1 involving the assembly of a multi protein containing editosome. This review will summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of APOBEC proteins and examine how RNA binding to them may be a regulatory mechanism.
Native Tissue Repairs for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a generalized term that refers to prolapse of any of the three vaginal compartments: anterior (cystocele), posterior (rectocele), and apical (uterine and vault prolapse). POP may affect up to 50% of parous women, and as a result, one in nine women will undergo at least one surgery for POP in her lifetime. Native tissue repair is the cornerstone of prolapse surgery, especially in light of the scrutiny placed on the use of mesh for prolapse. Refinements in the procedures over time have been based on both basic anatomy and fundamentals of surgery, as well as the ongoing acquisition of new knowledge through clinical studies.
Performance Benchmarking of the R Programming Environment on the Stampede 1.5 Supercomputer

We present performance results obtained with a new single-node performance benchmark of the R programming environment on the many-core Xeon Phi Knights Landing and standard Xeon-based compute nodes of the Stampede supercomputer cluster at the Texas Advanced Computing Center. The benchmark consists of microbenchmarks of linear algebra kernels and machine learning functionality that includes clustering and neural network training from the R distribution. The standard Xeon-based nodes outperformed their Xeon Phi counterparts for matrices of small to medium dimensions, performing approximately twice as fast for most of the linear algebra microbenchmarks. For matrices of medium to large dimensions, the Knights Landing nodes were competitive with or outperformed the standard Xeon-based nodes with most of the linear algebra microbenchmarks, executing as much as five times faster than the standard Xeon-based nodes. For the clustering and neural network training microbenchmarks, the standard Xeon-based nodes performed up to four times faster than their Xeon Phi counterparts for many large data sets, indicating that commonly used R packages may need to be reengineered to take advantage of existing optimized, scalable kernels.
Referenceless magnetic resonance temperature imaging using Gaussian process modeling

Purpose During magnetic resonance (MR)-guided thermal therapies, water proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS)-based MR temperature imaging can quantitatively monitor tissue temperature changes. It is widely known that the PRFS technique is easily perturbed by tissue motion, tissue susceptibility changes, magnetic field drift, and modality-dependent applicator-induced artifacts. Here, a referenceless Gaussian process modeling (GPM)-based estimation of the PRFS is investigated as a methodology to mitigate unwanted background field changes. The GPM offers a complementary trade-off between data fitting and smoothing and allows prior information to be used. The end result being the GPM provides a full probabilistic prediction and an estimate of the uncertainty. Methods GPM was employed to estimate the covariance between the spatial position and MR phase measurements. The mean and variance provided by the statistical model extrapolated background phase values from nonheated neighboring voxels used to train the model. MR phase predictions in the heating ROI are computed using the spatial coordinates as the test input. The method is demonstrated in ex vivo rabbit liver tissue during focused ultrasound heating with manually introduced perturbations (n = 6) and in vivo during laser-induced interstitial thermal therapy to treat the human brain (n = 1) and liver (n = 1). Results Temperature maps estimated using the GPM referenceless method demonstrated a RMS error of <0.8°C with artifact-induced reference-based MR thermometry during ex vivo heating using focused ultrasound. Nonheated surrounding areas were <0.5°C from the artifact-free MR measurements. The GPM referenceless MR temperature values and thermally damaged regions were within the 95% confidence interval during in vivo laser ablations. Conclusions A new approach to estimation for referenceless PRFS temperature imaging is introduced that allows for an accurate probabilistic extrapolation of the background phase. The technique demonstrated reliable temperature estimates in the presence of the background phase changes and was demonstrated useful in the in vivo brain and liver ablation scenarios presented.
A review of East and Central African species of Letheobia Cope, revived from the synonymy of Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, with descriptions of five new species (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)

The genus Letheobia Cope 1869 is revived for the “worm-like blind-snakes” which were assigned to the genus Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger 1843 by Roux-Esteve in 1974 (her Groups IV to VII). Letheobia pallida is restricted to Zanzibar, and the specimens from Pemba Island, the East African coast, southern Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia are described as four new species. Three species included by Roux-Esteve (1974) in the polyphyletic genus Typhlops Oppel, T. uluguruensis Barbour & Loveridge (Group II), T. obtusus Peters and T. decorosus Buchholz & Peters (Group V) are considered basal forms in the genus Letheobia and a related species, L. jubana sp. nov., is described from southern Somalia.
Estimating the Collateral Costs of Fundraising

What is the effect that fundraising solicitations have on the solicitees' total donations? Are the revenues created by increased demand, or are givers substituting away from other kinds of giving? ...
The Control and Operation of Distributed Generation in a Competitive Electric Market

Small scale power generating technologies, such as gas turbines, small hydro turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines and fuel cells, are gradually replacing conventional generating technologies in various applications, in the electric power system. These distributed technologies have many benefits, such as high fuel efficiency, short construction lead time, modular installation, and low capital expense, which all contribute to their growing popularity. The prospect of independent ownership for distributed and other new generators, as encouraged by the current deregulation of the generation sector, further broadens their appeal. In addition, the industry restructuring process is moving the power sector in general away from the traditional vertical integration and cost-based regulation and toward increased exposure to market forces. Competitive structures for generation and alternative regulatory structures for transmission and distribution are emerging from this restructuring process.
Muscle activation pattern during gait and stair activities following total hip arthroplasty with a direct anterior approach: a comprehensive case study

Muscle activation following total hip arthroplasty with a direct anterior approach has not previously been reported in the literature. This case report details the electromyography outcome of a 60-year-old male patient with unilateral direct anterior approach-total hip arthroplasty during walking and stair activities. Outcome reports the continuation of altered muscle activation 12 months postoperatively, even with a good clinical outcome.
Altered Mental Status as a Complication of Maxillofacial Surgery

The reversible and controlled alteration of the mental state by anesthesia is a hallmark of the clinical practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Polypharmacy and medical comorbidities can place patients at risk of uncontrolled changes in mental status with consequences. It is incumbent upon the oral and maxillofacial surgeon to be prepared to recognize, understand, and manage a multitude of adverse situations involving unintended alterations in mental status.
Validation of the Total Body Score/Accumulated Degree-Day Model at Three Human Decomposition Facilities

A few studies have examined the accuracy of the Megyesi et al. (2005) total body score/accumulated degree-day (TBS/ADD) method; however, no study has investigated the validity of the method using human remains at known ADD intervals. The current study validates the TBS method for human cadavers placed in three different human decomposition facilities in the United States. Twenty-eight donated cadavers, with known ADD and dates of death, in the first (fresh) stage of decomposition, were placed in sun and shade environments four times per year. The validity of the method was examined by conducting an interobserver error test of the TBS and analyzing the accuracy of the equation at predicting ADD. Nine individuals, experienced with the TBS method, participated in the interobserver error test. The results of the interclass correlation coefficient show that there was no statistically significant difference between observers for any of the body sections (trunk = 0.975, head = 0.959, limbs = 0.940, p < 0.001). Using the TBS regression equation, mean ADD with error ranges was calculated for all subjects and compared to actual ADDs of 100, 300, 500, and 1,000. Results show that mean ADD estimates do not correlate well with actual ADD for any of the actual ADDs (100, 300, 500, and 1,000). The accuracy of the TBS equation is insufficient in estimating mean ADD and error is largely unpredictable, other than it increases with postmortem time. KEYWORDS: forensic anthropology, taphonomy, total body score, accumulated degree-days
Targeted education reduces marine protected area boundary encroachments: a case study from the Florida Keys

Compliance with marine protected area (MPA) regulations is considered a primary determinant of MPA success, though few studies have directly quantified this. The Florida Keys (USA) contain several types of MPAs that are managed by multiple state and federal agencies. The present study evaluated the use of lobster traps, relative to control areas, in two types of MPAs that protect coral reef habitat and prohibit lobster trap fishing: MPAs with marked boundaries vs MPAs with unmarked boundaries. The number of traps, trap owners, and trap location coordinates were recorded in replicate MPAs before and after an educational outreach effort to promote better recognition of trap fishing regulations in MPAs. The mean density of traps (number of traps km–2) was greatest in unmarked MPAs during both pre- [40.5 (SE 7.1) traps] and posteducation [23.9 (SE 4.5) traps] surveys; however, the reduction in trap density was not significant. Traps observed in unmarked MPAs were typically distributed throughout each area. In contrast, the density of traps in marked MPAs pre- [5.4 (SE 1.47) traps] and posteducation [1.3 (SE 0.6) traps] was significantly different, and traps were mostly concentrated near MPA boundaries. The density of trap owners posteducation was reduced in both marked and unmarked MPAs; however, the reduction was only significant in marked MPAs [2.1 (SE 0.5) to 0.6 (SE 0.3)]. The results of the this research highlight the critical roles of communication and fisher behavior in the management of MPA compliance and performance.
Ribozymes and Evolution

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can carry out enzymatic function by speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction. There are nine known classes of ribozymes extant in nature, and many more that have been designed in the laboratory. The known biological ribozymes are phylogenetically widespread, although more have been discovered from viruses and bacteria than from other groups. Ribozymes play a central role in the evolutionary history of life on the Earth. They may in fact have been part of the first self-replicating biological entities that arose some 4 billion years ago, and today they are found in central positions in cellular biochemistry as a result of their antiquity.
Numerical Modeling of Transient Wave Propagation for High Frequency NDT

Electromagnetic nondestructive testing (NDT) methods use frequencies ranging from low (dc) to high (microwave) frequencies [1]. Applications of numerical methods to model two- and three-dimensional low-frequency (dc or eddy current) nondestructive testing phenomena, where displacement currents can be omitted, were extensively examined, [2,3]. These are all interior boundary value problems. Finite element study of ultrasonic wave propagation and scattering in metals, which is again an interior boundary value problem, was recently reported in [4]. However, modeling of wave propagation for high-frequency NDT problems have not yet been attempted. Recently, finite difference methods in time domain have been successfully applied to solve transient electromagnetic wave propagation problems over the atmosphere and the ground [5], and time-dependent eddy current problems [6]. The method used here is a generalization of this work and is designed for numerical modeling of high-frequency electromagnetic wave propagation arising from nondestructive testing applications. The physical situation includes examination of the scattering effects by cracks inside a piece of material (especially dielectrics) or due to surface variations when the material is illuminated by a TM plane wave. This leads to an interface type problem.
Idiopathic CD4 Lymphopenia

Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by low CD4 T lymphocyte counts at <300 cells/μl on at least two occasions in the absence of a known infection or intercurrent illness. The clinical manifestations of ICL vary greatly, from asymptomatic lymphopenia to severe opportunistic disease, autoimmunity, or neoplasia (frequently related to persistent viral infections). Most common infections reported in ICL include cryptococcal disease, human papilloma, and herpes zoster viruses. The diagnosis of ICL requires exclusion of genetic immune deficiencies and other hematologic diseases or infections, and confirmation of low CD4 lymphocyte counts. Although cytokine therapies and allogeneic stem cell transplantation have been rarely used with variable success, there is currently no specific therapy for ICL. Treatment of underlying infections and antibiotic prophylaxis are the mainstay of available therapy of ICL. A better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of ICL will assist in improved therapeutic approaches.
Non-iterative resolution recovery method for emission tomographic image reconstruction

1770 Objectives: The research goal is to develop a non-iterative method for sinogram estimation with resolution recovery that is reproducible for use in emission tomography. Key criteria include incorporation of imaging system models to optimize resolution, good image signal-to-noise-ratios, and a computationally simple single pass algorithm for rapid throughput. Methods: The proposed method estimates projection images using a single iteration 2D local regression to describe shapes within the projection image. The mathematical relationship between the measured sinogram and the true object sinogram using imaging system spatial resolution models is then approximated yielding an expression that describes the measured sinogram as the linear sum of the true object sinogram and the second and fourth order derivatives of the measured sinogram weighted by the moments of the imaging system response function. This enables estimation of the true object sinogram which is reconstructed using filtered backprojection with a ramp filter. Simulation studies, phantom measurements, and small animal PET imaging data sets were used to test the performance of this algorithm. The simulation studies enabled comparisons of achievable spatial resolution and image signal-to-noise estimates with conventional reconstruction algorithms. Results: Imaging data from the Data Spectrum Micro-Deluxe phantom with cold spot inserts demonstrated that all cold spots could be clearly resolved, including 1.2 mm rods, using the proposed algorithm. Simulation studies demonstrate both enhanced spatial resolution and image SNR when compared to conventional reconstruction algorithms (see table). Imaging studies in mice demonstrate significant qualitative improvements in spatial resolution and image SNR consistent with the simulation and phantom study observations. Conclusions: The proposed method has been shown to improve transaxial image resolution while simultaneously controlling image SNR. The algorithm is simple to apply, is non-iterative, and overcomes convergence problems associated with iterative reconstruction algorithms. Research Support (if any): Indiana Genomics Initiative/Lilly Endowment, Inc.