cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modal interactions in a frame under support motions

This paper presents the results from an experimental investigation into the planar, multimode response of a metallic portal frame to a harmonic support excitation. Forcing frequency and amplitude sweeps near the frequencies of the eighth and tenth modes of the structure revealed multimode responses. In the frequency interval surrounding that of the eighth mode, two additional lower-frequency modes, the fourth and the sixth, were excited. The mechanism responsible for the multimode behaviour of the frame is a combination internal resonance of the additive type. In addition, for a brief interval, a non-resonant interaction involving the eighth mode and the first mode was observed. Forcing amplitude sweeps for forcing frequencies below the eighth linear natural frequency produced a saturation-type phenomenon and a chaotically modulated motion. For the frequency interval surrounding that of the tenth mode, the response contained contributions from seven modes; these modes were excited through the simultaneous satisfaction of several internal resonance conditions.
Evaluations of residual axial stresses and interfacial friction in Nicalon fibre-reinforced macro-defect-free cement composites

The residual axial stress and the interfacial frictional stress of Nicalon fibre-reinforced macro-defect-free cement composites have been evaluated using the indentation technique. In these composites, both the residual axial stress in the fibre and the interfacial bonding are relatively high compared to other ceramic composites. Owing to the high residual axial stress, Poisson's effect can be ignored in analysing the stress-displacement relation of the fibre, and the interfacial frictional stress along the sliding length can be assumed to be a constant during indentation loading and unloading. Because of the strong interfacial bonding, consideration of the upper bound of the sliding zone length during unloading is essential. The sliding zone length during unloading is limited by the debond length at peak loading. The theoretical predictions of stress-displacement relations are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Productivity of algae in sewage disposal

Abstract One of the highly significant and rapidly developing methods of applying solar energy to environmental problems is that of waste disposal. Many of the liquid wastes from our residences, industries and farms provide a suitable medium for micro-algae in the environment to proliferate with extreme rapidity converting solar energy to the energy in their cellular matter and to heat. The efficiency of conversion of solar energy to plant tissue often reaches 5 per cent, and the efficiency of conversion of solar energy to heat apparently reaches in excess of 90 per cent. The heat so produced is beneficial to waste disposal in several ways: for example, it accelerates both aerobic and anaerobic microbiological waste oxidation and reduction and hastens the death of pathological organisms which may be present in the waste. The release of oxygen from water during photosynthesis provides aerobic microbiological waste oxidation; and the absorption of carbon dioxide which also accompanies photosynthesis raises the p H of the waste to a point which may be lethal to any pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Depending upon the availability of solar energy and the efficiency attained, production rates for oxygen may reach 500 pounds per acre per day-a rate sufficient to continuously and fully oxidize the wastes of more than 2500 persons. Under average environmental conditions, oxygen production rates of 200 lb/day may be dependably produced.
A gamma goodness-of-fit test based on characteristic independence of the mean and coefficient of variation

Abstract Characterization theorems in probability and statistics are widely appreciated for their role in clarifying the structure of the families of probability distributions. Less well known is the role characterization theorems have as a natural, logical and effective starting point for constructing goodness-of-fit tests. The characteristic independence of the mean and variance and of the mean and the third central moment of a normal sample were used, respectively, by Lin and Mudholkar [1980. A simple test for normality against asymmetric alternatives. Biometrika 67, 455–461] and by Mudholkar et al. [2002a. Independence characterizations and testing normality against skewness-kurtosis alternatives. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 104, 485–501] for developing tests of normality. The characteristic independence of the maximum likelihood estimates of the population parameters was similarly used by Mudholkar et al. [2002b. Independence characterization and inverse Gaussian goodness-of-fit. Sankhya A 63, 362–374] to develop a test of the composite inverse Gaussian hypothesis. The gamma models are extensively used for applied research in the areas of econometrics, engineering and biomedical sciences; but there are few goodness-of-fit tests available to test if the data indeed come from a gamma population. In this paper we employ Hwang and Hu's [1999. On a characterization of the gamma distribution: the independence of the sample mean and the sample coefficient of variation. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math. 51, 749–753] characterization of the gamma population in terms of the independence of sample mean and coefficient of variation for developing such a test. The asymptotic null distribution of the proposed test statistic is obtained and empirically refined for use with samples of moderate size.
UV microbeam irradiation of chromosomes during mitosis in endosperm.

Abstract 1. 1. Using endosperm of Haemanthus katharinae as material, some hundred kinetochores and chromosome arms in different stages of mitosis have been irradiated with heterochromatic UV microbeams 2 and 4 μ in diameter. 2. 2. It was found that, if the dose is high enough, a pale spot appears and is followed by a sticky bridge in the irradiated place during anaphase. Pale spot shows a tendency to swell and spread. 3. 3. In experiments with much higher doses effects on the whole cell, such as formation of restitution nuclei, very irregular anaphases, death of cell, etc., were obtained. 4. 4. Chromosomes with kinetochores irradiated during prophase, prometaphase and metaphase do not show any striking difference in respect to their movements as compared to non-irradiated ones, until the anaphase begins. In anaphase they have a tendency to occupy the equatorial position until formation of the phragmoplast. 5. 5. Normal activity of previously irradiated kinetochores is also proved by the way they are stretched during prometaphase and anaphase. 6. 6. Chromosomes with kinetochores irradiated during anaphase change their normal behavior and show some features of prometaphase chromosomes, e.g., they have a strong tendency to move towards the equatorial position. 7. 7. Some explanations of chromosome behavior after irradiation have been suggested.
Intraseasonal Circulation and Outgoing Longwave Radiation Modes During Northern Hemisphere Winter

Abstract An eigenvector analysis is used to characterize global-scale, intraseasonal variability in satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation fields and NMC analyzed circulation fields. Five-day average covering November-March of 1974–75 through 1979–80 comprise the data sample. The results show that circulation eigenvector 2 and 3 (CEV2 and CEV3) describe wavenumber 1 and wavenumber 2 index cycles of the extratropical windfield, while radiation eigenvectors 2 and 4 describe large-scale fluctuations in tropical cloudiness In most winters studied, the tropical cloudiness fluctuations display a tendency for eastward propagation in the region from Africa to the central equatorial Pacific. In some winters, the intraseasonal fluctuations in the extratropical windfield are closely coupled to the propagating feature in tropical cloudiness. The “period” displayed by the fluctuations in different winters (November-March) ranges from 35 to 80 days.
Introduction of dissolution error as a result of different openings in vessel covers.

Vessel covers are required in dissolution studies to retard solvent evaporation. Sufficient openings on the cover are required by the current United States Pharmacopeia (USP) "to allow ready insertion of a thermometer and for withdrawal of specimens/samples." However, the area of the opening has not been regulated by the USP. The purpose of this work was to measure the loss of the dissolution solvent as a result of openings in vessel covers and to investigate errors caused by the solvent loss. The method used in the study involved measurements of the opening areas in three commercial vessel covers and determinations of solvent loss under a typical dissolution condition. The results showed that the openings in the three covers varied from 75 mm2 to 2285 mm2; this was 1-30% of the total vessel open area for a USP standard vessel. The volume of the dissolution solvent was reduced by 0.6-3.4% for an 8-hr dissolution study, and 1.7-9.7% for a 24-hr study when the three different vessel covers were used. The rate of solvent loss exhibited a linear relationship with the area of the opening in the covers. A slower rate of reduction was found for a smaller initial volume of the solvent. The conclusion was that higher dissolution results were produced if the solvent loss was not considered.
trans-bis(benzoato-O)tetrakis(methanol-O)iron(II): ligand bulk is not structure-determining.

The title compound, [Fe(C7H5O2)2(CH4O)4], is a centrosymmetric six-coordinate FeII complex coordinated by two axial monodentate benzoate ligands and four methanol ligands in the equatorial plane [Fe—Obenzoate 2.0935 (7) A, and Fe—Omethanol 2.1310 (7) and 2.1290 (7) A]. The benzoate ligands adopt monodentate ligation, rather than a bridged polymeric structure, because of strong intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the methanol ligands. This structure is nearly identical to that obtained with a much bulkier carboxyl­ate ligand [Chavez, Que & Tolman (2001). Chem. Commun. pp. 111–112].
Agriculture, Writing, and Cato's Aristocratic Self-Fashioning

Abstract This article investigates the interplay of agriculture and writing in the elder Cato9s aristocratic self-fashioning (both his individual self-representation, that is, and his construction of aristocracy more broadly). I argue that the De Agricultura represents Cato and his contemporaries as individual, small-plot farmers by making explicit the agricultural inflection of a more general masterly extensibility, i.e., that slaves were prosthetic tools with which owners accomplished various tasks, a move that in turn reveals the ubiquitous, assiduous ““labor”” of the individual owner. The preface9s valorization of small-plot farmers, past and present, contextualizes the owner9s ““labor”” both culturally and historically (the one by means of the other), and thereby seeks to bridge the agricultural and temporal divide that separates Cato and his contemporaries from their esteemed predecessors.
Dispersibility maps for treated titanium dioxide powders

Abstract The dispersion behavior of titanium dioxide powders having surfaces modified with silica and/or alumina has been studied in various media. The results are characterized in terms of the individual effects of powder—solvent interactions and powder—powder interactions. Acid/base interactions predominantly determine the energetics of the incorporation of the powder into the dispersion medium. Dispersibility maps plotted in terms of acceptor and donor number coordinates enable classification of solvents as poor and good dispersion media. The boundary between stable and unstable dispersions is identified bv a critical heat of dispersion curve. However, some solvents provided a dispersion environment that apparently contradicts this categorization. In these cases, the magnitude of powder—powder interactions was examined. Superposition of a zero zeta potential line on the dispersibility map augments the interpretation of dispersion stability. Shifts in the dispersibility windows with surface treatment of the powders are described.
Generalized markushevich bases

Conditions for the embedding of a Banach space as a dense subspace of a continuous function space are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a Banach space to be isomorphic to aP1 space are found.
Development of Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion Maps

Abstract The 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings use a design procedure that is based on spectral response acceleration rather than the traditional peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, or zone factors. The spectral response accelerations are obtained from maps prepared following the recommendations of the Building Seismic Safety Council's (BSSC) Seismic Design Procedures Group (SDPG). The SDPG‐recommended maps, the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Ground Motion Maps, are based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) probabilistic hazard maps with additional modifications incorporating deterministic ground motions in selected areas and the application of engineering judgement. The MCE ground motion maps included with the 1997 NEHRP Provisions also serve as the basis for the ground motion maps used in the seismic design portions of the 2000 International Building Code and the 2000 International Residential Code. Additionally the design maps prepared for the...
Living with(out) borders: The intimacy of oppression

Abstract Recounting the multiple oppressions of the queer Chicana, Anzaldua describes this as the “intimate terror” of being caught in-between the different worlds she inhabits. In this paper I argue that the theme of intimacy is crucial for understanding the political life and its hold on the subject's body. My discussion of intimacy and oppression begins in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy because it presents an influential and constructive way to think about intersubjective relations and the intimate way we inhabit our worlds. I am particularly interested in his description of the body as a desiring body that is without borders and encroaches on other bodies. The writings of Anzaldua, Hooks, Fanon, and Ahmed importantly complicate the initial analysis. While understanding bodies as “living without borders” is helpful for beginning to understand the intimate structure of oppressive relations, it does not yet make sense of the very real and oppressive borders that we might encounter on a daily basis. I suggest that we understand such borders as equally intimate, that is, as enacted sedimentations of the lived body. Thus I conclude that *because we are boundless* we engage in an intimate intersubjective relationship that is *boundary creating* and thus potentially violent.
Propagation Path Loss Estimation Using Nonlinear Multi-Regression Approach

Some theoretical and experimental models have been considered for the prediction of the path loss in mobile communication systems. This paper presents an alternative method to model the path loss characteristics, taking into account data analytical methods to discover dependency pattern among propagation model parameters. We applied the concept of nonlinear multi-regression to predict path losses from the collected data, such as considering carrier frequency, path loss exponent, and distance between transmitter and receiver. Based on this information, the pseudo gradient search approach is adopted to determine the optimal search direction, build propagation knowledge, and accurately estimate the path loss. Finally, the free space path loss is adopted in order to validate our approach. The results are found to be well in agreement with theoretical results.
In vitro assays for chemotherapy sensitivity

Human tumors are complex systems often consisting of multiple classes of cancer cells, in addition to supporting stroma, normal cells, and lymphocytes. Each tumor is a unique, dynamic system. Even tumors that are classified under the same histotype are highly individualistic. Researchers have been aware of this characteristic for a long time and have concluded that each tumor has a specific drug-response spectrum. The major problem has been how to devise a system in which to accurately predict the drug-response of an individual patient’s tumor. Both the method of culturing the tumors and the endpoint to be measured as response to drug treatment are of critical importance. In this review, the major attempts to design clinically useful in vitro drug response assays will be critically considered.
The glow phenomenon in colloidal hydrous oxides

Abstract The thermal behavior of the gelatinous residues obtained by slowly evaporating sols of hydrous oxides of aluminum, iron and chromium has been studied. Some of the systems exhibited the “glow phenomenon,” i.e. glowed brightly when heated rapidly in open tubes, and gave exotherms with the differential thermal apparatus. The incidence of this behavior has been correlated with particle size of the oxides, as revealed by electron micrographs of the sols, as well as with the conditions under which the sols were prepared. Only single oxide systems showed the glow phenomenon. These results are reminiscent of the findings of Milligan et al. in X-ray studies of oxide systems. They found that oxides which undergo crystal growth when heated alone, fail to do so in the presence of other hydrous oxides.
Ribeiroia marini: Pathogenesis and larval trematode antagonism in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata

Abstract Larval trematode antagonism between Ribeiroia marini and Schistosoma mansoni was studied in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. A laboratory-raised Puerto Rican strain of B. glabrata was exposed to single and double infections with given numbers of: (1) embryonated eggs of R. marini from laboratory rats, and (2) miracidia of S. mansoni from mice. Snails were maintained in outside environmental tanks in San Juan, Puerto Rico and larval trematode interactions were examined in a series of five experiments. Snails of all sizes were highly susceptible to single infections with R. marini. Rediae and cercariae caused extensive damage to the digestive gland and ovotestis resulting in premature death of snails. Heavily infected snails were castrated and stopped laying eggs. Snails infected first with S. mansoni were only partly susceptible to superinfection with R. marini given on Day 23. In a reverse experiment, snails infected first with R. marini were only partly susceptible to a second infection with S. mansoni given on Day 23. In simultaneous exposures, snails developed double infections (22%) with R. marini dominant and S. mansoni sporocyst and cercaria production reduced. While R. marini is not a strong direct antagonist against established S. mansoni infections, it has several attributes as a possible biological control agent: hardy eggs easily produced in rats; high infectivity to snails of all ages; and ability to castrate and prematurely kill B. glabrata. The R. marini-rat system described here provides a convenient laboratory and field model for the study of intrasnail trematode antagonism and biological control.
Computation of Compressible Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Duct With Inclined Ribs and a 180-Degree Bend

Computations were performed to study the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in a U-shaped duct of square cross section with and without ribs under rotating and staggered inclined ribs of rounded cross sections on the leading and trailing walls. Parameters investigated include: two rotation numbers (0, 0.24), two density ratios (0.13, 0.22), and smooth versus ribbed walls at a Reynolds number of 25,000 and an inlet Mach number of 0.05. For the conditions of the present study, rib-induced secondary flows were found to dominate over those induced by the Coriolis force in terms of flow pattern. This shifted tendency for flow separation induced by centrifugal buoyancy from the leading wall to the outer-side wall for radially outward flow. The secondary flows induced by the 180-degree bend were found to be comparable to that induced by the ribs, creating very complex interactions in flow and surface heat transfer characteristics. The computations are based on the ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum (compressible Navier-Stokes), and energy closed by a low Reynolds number k-ω model of turbulence. Solutions were generated by using a cell-centered finite-volume method based on flux-difference splitting and a diagonalized alternating-direction implicit scheme with multigrid.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Ceramic-based microelectrode arrays: Recording surface characteristics and topographical analysis

Abstract Amperometric measurements using microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provide spatially and temporally resolved measures of neuromolecules in the central nervous system of rats, mice and non-human primates. Multi-site MEAs can be mass fabricated on ceramic (Al 2 O 3 ) substrate using photolithographic methods, imparting a high level of precision and reproducibility in a rigid but durable recording device. Although the functional capabilities of MEAs have been previously documented for both anesthetized and freely moving paradigms, the performance enabling intrinsic physical properties of the MEA device have not heretofore been presented. In these studies, spectral analysis confirmed that the MEA recording sites were primarily composed of elemental platinum (Pt°). In keeping with the precision of the photolithographic process, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Pt recording sites have unique microwell geometries post-fabrication. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that the recording surfaces have nanoscale irregularities in the form of elevations and depressions, which contribute to increased current per unit area that exceeds previously reported microelectrode designs. The ceramic substrate on the back face of the MEA was characterized by low nanoscale texture and the ceramic sides consisted of an extended network of ridges and cavities. Thus, individual recording sites have a unique Pt° composition and surface profile that has not been previously observed for Pt-based microelectrodes. These features likely impact the physical chemistry of the device, which may influence adhesion of biological molecules and tissue as well as electrochemical recording performance post-implantation. This study is a necessary step towards understanding and extending the performance abilities of MEAs in vivo .
Escatología, bestialismo y fetichismo en "Yo, inspector de alcantarillas" de Ernesto Giménez Caballero

Ernesto Gimenez Caballero (1899–1988) es una de las figuras mas sugerentes de la prosa vanguardista espanola. Desde su aparicion en la escena literaria con sus Notas de un soldado espanol en Marrue...
SU‐E‐T‐291: How Many Sets of Four‐Dimensional Computed Tomography (4DCT) Images Are Needed to Determine the Internal Target Volume (ITV) for Lung Radiation Therapy?

Purpose: For the treatment of patients with lungcancer, internal target volume (ITV) is frequently determined by contouring of gross tumor volumes (GTV) on 10 phases of a four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan. This study investigated the possibility of generating ITV by using selective phases of a 4DCT scan. Methods: The 4DCT scans of 20 patients with lungcancer were included in this study. GTVs were contoured on all 10 phases in Focal4D (CMS, St. Louis, MO). Different ITVs were derived by encompassing volumes of contours from selective phases. ITV10 was derived from contouring GTV on all 10 phases and served as the gold standard. All the other ITVs were smaller and within ITV10. The ratios of the volume of ITVs to ITV10 were calculated and used as a criterion to determine the similarity of ITVs to ITV10. ITV2 represented the ITV derived by using end of inhalation and end of exhalation (0%+50%). ITV3E was derived from contouring the three phases at end‐inhalation, mid‐exhalation, end‐exhalation (0%+20%+50%). ITV3I was derived from contouring the three phases at end‐inhalation, mid‐inhalation, end‐exhalation (0%+70%+50%). ITV4 was created by contouring the fours phases at end‐inhalation, mid‐inhalation, end‐exhalation, mid‐exhalation (0%+20%+50%+70%). ITV6E was derived from contouring the six consecutive phases during exhalation (0%+10%+20%+30%+40%+50%). ITV6I was derived from contouring the six consecutive phases during inhalation (50%+60%+70%+80%+90%+0%). Results: ITV6I showed excellent agreement with ITV10 (Volume ratio ITV6I/ITV10=0.975). ITV4 and ITV6E showed good agreement with ITV10 (ITV6E/ITV10=0.939, ITV4/ITV10=0.944). The volume ratio ITV3I/ITV10 and ITV3E/ITV10 was 0.927 and 0.906 respectively. ITV2 did not agree well with ITV10 (ITV2/ITV10 =0.888). Conclusions: Contouring all phases during inhalation will give a good estimate of the internal target volume, while helping to minimize the clinical load and work time during treatment planning. However, the ITV will be underestimated if only contouring on two extreme phases.
Mucin gene expression and mouse middle ear epithelium

Objectives To investigate the expression of recently identified human mucin genes in an in vitro model of cultured mouse middle ear epithelial cells (MMEEC).
Marginal tax rates and state economic growth

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of state-local tax structures on state economic performance. Specifically, growth rates in Gross State Product over the 1969–1986 period are related to several measures of a state's marginal tax environment in addition to more traditional growth determinants. Estimates of marginal tax rates for individual states are derived and utilized alternately with other tax climate surrogates in explaining variations in economic growth. We report both output and productivity equations in order to distinguish separate impacts resulting from taxation; the endogeneity problem is also addressed in this fashion. The findings suggest that, after controlling for overall tax burdens, higher marginal tax rates impede output growth.
Acute Alcohol Action and Desensitization of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ethanol exerts its biological actions through multiple receptors, including ion channels. Ion channels that are sensitive to pharmacologically relevant ethanol concentrations constitute a heterogeneous set, including structurally unrelated proteins solely sharing the property that their gating is regulated by a ligand(s). Receptor desensitization is almost universal among these channels, and its modulation by ethanol may be a crucial aspect of alcohol pharmacology and effects in the body. We review the evidence documenting interactions between ethanol and ionotropic receptor desensitization, and the contribution of this interaction to overall ethanol action on channel function. In some cases, such as type 3 serotonin, nicotinic acetylcholine, GABA-A, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors, ethanol actions on apparent desensitization play a significant role in acute drug action on receptor function. In a few cases, mutagenesis helped to identify different areas within a receptor protein that differentially sense n-alcohols, resulting in differential modulation of receptor desensitization. However, desensitization of a receptor is linked to a variety of biochemical processes that may alter protein conformation, such as the lipid microenvironment, post-translational channel modification, and channel subunit composition, the relative contribution of these processes to ethanol interactions with channel desensitization remains unclear. Understanding interactions between ethanol and ionotropic receptor desensitization may help to explain different ethanol actions 1) when ethanol is evaluated in vitro on cloned channel proteins, 2) under physiological or pathological conditions or in distinct cell domains with modified ligand concentration and/or receptor conformation. Finally, receptor desensitization is likely to participate in molecular and, possibly, behavioral tolerance to ethanol, which is thought to contribute to the risk of alcoholism.
Educators Supporting Families in Times of Crisis: Military Reserve Deployments

With the large number of National Guard members and reservists being deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, public educators find themselves endeavoring to support the emotional and academic needs of military children and their families. Military children may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties during these deployments. Educator awareness of the factors impacting the adjustment and resiliency of deployed reservists' children, their unique needs, and academic, emotional, and behavioral supports can ensure these children's educational success. In this article, the authors discuss issues of needs, recommend supports, and provide resources for educators. They also present examples of schoolwide, teacher-focused, student-focused, and family-focused supports and describe activities that educators can incorporate into specific instructional areas.
Early improvement in albuminuria in non-diabetic patients after Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery.

Obesity is a growing epidemic in the USA that has been shown to be associated with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria. Bariatric surgery is an effective means of achieving long-term weight loss and improvements in metabolic derangements including albumin excretion over the long term. We report changes in urinary albumin excretion levels in the early post-operative period for a euglycemic, predominantly Hispanic American cohort undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Our cohort of 38 patients was largely female (89.5%) and predominantly Hispanic (76.3%) with a mean BMI of 46 ± 8.0 kg/m2. Over half (53.3%) of the patients with significant preoperative albumin excretion in our cohort lowered their albumin excretion levels to <20 mg/g of creatinine. This early reduction in albumin excretion in our cohort correlated significantly with the level of albumin excretion preoperatively but not with the degree of weight loss experienced in this early post-operative period. Improvements in microalbuminuria in the early post-operative period after Roux-en-Y surgery may result from an interplay between changes in gastrointestinal hormones, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and adipose tissue—and needs further study.
Prediction of impact pressure induced by breaking waves on vertical cylinders in random seas

Abstract This paper presents a method to statistically predict the magnitude of impact pressure (including extreme values) produced by deep water waves breaking on a circular cylinder representing a column of an ocean structure. Breaking waves defined here are not those whose tops are blown off by the wind but those whose breaking is associated with steepness. The probability density function of wave period associated with breaking waves is derived for a specified wave spectrum, and then converted to the probability density function of impact pressure. Impacts caused by two different breaking conditions are considered; one is the impact associated with waves breaking in close proximity to the column, the other is an impact caused by waves approaching the column after they have broken. As an example of the application of the present method, numerical computations are carried out for a wave spectrum obtained from measured data in the North Atlantic.
Frost heave modelling using porosity rate function

Frost-susceptible soils are characterized by their sensitivity to freezing that is manifested in heaving of the ground surface. While significant contributions to explaining the nature of frost heave in soils were published in late 1920s, modelling efforts did not start until decades later. Several models describing the heaving process have been developed in the past, but none of them has been generally accepted as a tool in engineering applications. The approach explored in this paper is based on the concept of the porosity rate function dependent on two primary material parameters: the maximum rate, and the temperature at which the maximum rate occurs. The porosity rate is indicative'of ice growth, and this growth is also dependent on the temperature gradient and the stress state in the freezing soil. The advantage of this approach over earlier models stems from a formulation consistent with continuum mechanics that makes it possible to generalize the model to arbitrary three-dimensional processes, and use the standard numerical techniques in solving boundary value problems. The physical premise for the model is discussed first, and the development of the constitutive model is outlined. The model is implemented in a 2-D finite element code, and the porosity rate function is calibrated and validated. Effectiveness of the model is then illustrated in an example of freezing of a vertical cut in frost-susceptible soil.
A comprehensive data base for the design of manual materials handling

Abstract The main objective of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive data base of the material handling capabilities of the industrial work force. The data base encompasses the following: (1) five different types of manual materials handling activities, namely, lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, and pulling, (2) worker variables (e.g., sex), and (3) task variables (e.g., frequency, and container size). The data base was developed for the IBM personal computer using the software package DBASE III PLUS.
A salt-induced conformational change in crystals of the synthetic DNA tetramer d(CpGpCpG).

Abstract From a low-salt solution, d(CpGpCpG) crystallizes in space group P 6 1 22 with a = b = 30.8 A and c = 43.6 A . From a high-salt solution, d(CpGpCpG) crystallizes in space group C222 1 with a = 19.5 A , b = 31.3 A , and c = 64.7 A . The transition between these two forms appears to be fully reversible in the crystalline state. Native data sets have been collected and Patterson maps calculated from both low and high-salt crystals in preparation for structure analysis.
Influenza Vaccination in Elderly Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Purpose: To examine influenza vaccination use in patients undergoing chemotherapy for advanced cancer. Methods: All Medicare patients treated for stage IV colorectal cancer between 1993 and 1998 while living in one of the regions monitored by the Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results Program who were alive in the fall months and who survived at least 4 months with their cancer were considered eligible to have received vaccination. Their medical bills were analyzed to determine receipt of influenza vaccination and subsequent outcomes. Results: Eligibility criteria were met by 1,225 patients who were undergoing chemotherapy during 1,577 person-years of observation. Overall, 39.7% of patients received influenza vaccination, increasing from 26% in 1993 to 43% in 1998. When vaccination was administered, it was provided by primary care physicians 68% of the time. Vaccinated patients were more likely to be white, of higher socioeconomic status, and to have more comorbidity. Fewer diagnoses of influenza and pne...
Merkel cells in neurofibromas and neurilemomas

Merkel cells are an integral component of the cutaneous nervous system. They are commonly associated with dermal nerves under normal physiological conditions. We postulated that Merkel cells may be present in increased numbers within the epidermis overlying benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours such as neurilemomas and neurofibromas. Paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens from 21 patients with neurilemomas and 26 with neurofibromas, were analysed for the presence of Merkel cells using a standard immunohistochemical assay (avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex system) with an antibody to cytokeratin 8 (CAM 5.2). Ten cases of leiomyomas were examined as controls. Merkel cells were identified in the interfollicular area of the basal cell layer overlying 14 of 21 (67%) neurilemomas and nine of 26 (35%) neurofibromas. Merkel cells were more frequently observed in increased numbers in a linear array within the basal cell layer in neurilemomas than in neurofibromas, where they were found as individual cells. No Merkel cells were found in the epidermis overlying leiomyomas. The results of this study suggest that Merkel cells are quantitatively increased in the basal cell layer of the epidermis overlying benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours, particularly neurilemomas.
Demonstration of Magnetic Domain‐Wall Storage and Logic

The operations of read-in, shifting, conditional erase, and fan-out in a system of domain-wall storage and logic proposed by Smith have been experimentally demonstrated. The several operations were performed by controlling the current flowing through a configuration of wires placed closely under a 5 to 40 mil wide, 50 to 300 A thick Permalloy strip, and the sequence of events was observed on the top side of the film using the Bitter technique. The basic wiring geometry was a narrow-spaced grid of series-connected parallel wires that made an angle of 50° to 75° with the strip of film, the smaller angles being necessary for the thinner films. Conditional erase was most successful in films below 100 A thick, as in this thickness range walls of the same sense form double walls which require relatively large fields for erasure.
Methods of Detection and Identification of Bacteria. Brij M. Mitruka. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1976, 256 p., $52.95.

Methods of Detection and Identification of Bacteria. Brij M. Mitruka. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1976, 256 p., $52.95.
Transformative design practices: Comparing face-to-face and technology-mediated design experiences among engineering students

Digital technology has become a central element of how students learn and engineers work. This paper presents findings from a naturally occurring quasi-experiment that compares the design experience of two sophomore-level engineering design teams and their use of technology. Both teams met regularly during normal class hours, but outside of class one team exclusively used technology for collaboration whereas the second team met face-to-face. The collection of data occurred over the course of a semester and included in-class and out-of-class video, logs and transcripts of online interaction, and focus groups. Analysis consisted of an iterative examination of the data followed by grounded analysis to identify students' collaborative practices. It was determined that the interaction patterns among the teams lead to designs that were similar in nature but were reached through varying processes. While there were reports of several benefits for collaboration, technology was seen to affect students' thinking and design process. The results from the study shed new light on role technology plays not only in supporting traditional design processes but also in creating novel practices. It highlights the support technology can provide to designers in industry and the classroom.
Ontogeny of behavior in Przewalski horses

Abstract Twelve colts and 12 fillies were observed during their first 2 years of life. Data on the foal's nearest neighbor, distance to dam and stallion, and time budget were compiled by age. The birth of one foal was witnessed. During their first month of life, Przewalski foals were dependent on the dam. She provided most of their nourishment and foals spent 54% of their time within 1 m of her. The biggest change in behavior of foals occurred between Months 1 and 2. The amount of time spent resting and nursing declined, while the amount of time spent foraging increased sharply. Foals began to leave their mothers and interact with peers by 3 weeks of age, and at 2 months they were interacting with older herd members. By 5 months of age, the amount of time spent in most behaviors was identical to that of adults, except that vocalization rates and involvement in aggression were lower than for adults. Juveniles spent less time stand-resting than adults throughout their first year, but more time in recumbent rest. Foals spent far less time with their sire than with their dam. However, an orphaned foal spent more time with his sire than did mothered foals, indicating that the sire assumed part of the role of the missing dam.
Where is the debugger for my software-defined network?

The behavior of a Software-Defined Network is controlled by programs, which like all software, will have bugs - but this programmatic control also enables new ways to debug networks. This paper introduces ndb, a prototype network debugger inspired by gdb, which implements two primitives useful for debugging an SDN: breakpoints and packet backtraces. We show how ndb modifies forwarding state and logs packet digests to rebuild the sequence of events leading to an errant packet, providing SDN programmers and operators with a valuable tool for tracking down the root cause of a bug.
Educational Theory, Practice, and Policy and the Wisdom of Social Psychology

The power of psychologically based interventions has garnered much interest in the general public and in the social sciences, especially in social psychology. Among the lessons that such social-psychological interventions provide are two of special importance for educational practice and social policy. The first is that different students can perceive the same classroom differently and that these perceptions can lead to substantial differences in outcomes. The second is that timely and well-placed interventions, almost irrespective of their duration, can change students’ perceptions of school and the classroom for the better. Randomized double-blind experiments show that such change is possible and can trigger lasting improvements in students’ academic trajectories. In the context of closing achievement gaps, these insights offer practical solutions and a better understanding of motivation. This article focuses on how wise interventions and insights from social psychology can further apply to improve huma...
Distortions in amphibian development induced by ultraviolet-B enhancement (290-315 NM) of a simulated solar spectrum.

— Effects of increased intensity of UV-B radiation (290–315nm) on the systemic development and viability of boreal toad tadpoles were studied. When compared with animals exposed to UV-B deficient radiation of similar irradiance, tadpoles exposed to UV-B enhanced radiation displayed (1) abnormal development of the presumptive cornea, (2) areas of hyperplasia in the integument, (3) an anomalous, concave curvature of the spine, and (4) increased mortality. Daily exposure to photoreactivating radiation (> 315nm) following UV-B insult mitigated the potentially lethal damage to the tadpole population.
Natural history of ischemic heart disease in relation to arteriographic findings: a twelve year study of 224 patients.

The severity of the atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries is demonstrated to be an important predictor of survival in a group of 224 patients followed from 5 to 12 years after coronary arteriography. The group consisted of young patients (average age 41.8 years) without hypertension or congestive heart failure, who were studied during the stable phase of their disease. The current status of 218 or 97% of this group of patients is known.
Workouts, Deep Pockets, and Fire Sales: An Analysis of Distressed Real Estate

This paper presents a conceptual analysis of issues that relate to the management of distressed real estate assets. The paper examines the decision implications of the major characteristics of real estate assets and real estate markets in the light of information and incentive problems that emerge when assets fail to perform as anticipated. The paper focuses on the determination of commitments of additional resources to a troubled property, the identification of efficient holders of distressed assets, and the consideration of policies toward the disposition of distressed assets. The paper concludes that in many instances asset sales, rather than causing further destabilization as suggested by the fire sale image, are likely to contribute to reducing the costs associated with distress.
Carboxy-terminal Determinants of Conductance in Inward-rectifier K Channels

Previous studies suggested that the cytoplasmic COOH-terminal portions of inward rectifier K channels could contribute significant resistance barriers to ion flow. To explore this question further, we exchanged portions of the COOH termini of ROMK2 (Kir1.1b) and IRK1 (Kir2.1) and measured the resulting single-channel conductances. Replacing the entire COOH terminus of ROMK2 with that of IRK1 decreased the chord conductance at Vm = −100 mV from 34 to 21 pS. The slope conductance measured between −60 and −140 mV was also reduced from 43 to 31 pS. Analysis of chimeric channels suggested that a region between residues 232 and 275 of ROMK2 contributes to this effect. Within this region, the point mutant ROMK2 N240R, in which a single amino acid was exchanged for the corresponding residue of IRK1, reduced the slope conductance to 30 pS and the chord conductance to 22 pS, mimicking the effects of replacing the entire COOH terminus. This mutant had gating and rectification properties indistinguishable from those of the wild-type, suggesting that the structure of the protein was not grossly altered. The N240R mutation did not affect block of the channel by Ba2+, suggesting that the selectivity filter was not strongly affected by the mutation, nor did it change the sensitivity to intracellular pH. To test whether the decrease in conductance was independent of the selectivity filter we made the same mutation in the background of mutations in the pore region of the channel that increased single-channel conductance. The effects were similar to those predicted for two independent resistors arranged in series. The mutation increased conductance ratio for Tl+:K+, accounting for previous observations that the COOH terminus contributed to ion selectivity. Mapping the location onto the crystal structure of the cytoplasmic parts of GIRK1 indicated that position 240 lines the inner wall of this pore and affects the net charge on this surface. This provides a possible structural basis for the observed changes in conductance, and suggests that this element of the channel protein forms a rate-limiting barrier for K+ transport.
Fickian Diffusion in Discrete-Fractured Media from Chemical Potential Gradients and Comparison to Experiment

Fickian diffusion can be an important oil recovery mechanism from fractured reservoirs by gas injection, especially when gravitational drainage is inefficient. Without diffusion, injected gas will flow predominantly through the fractures, resulting in early breakthrough and low oil recovery, but compositional gradients between the fractures and the matrix can drive considerable cross-flow. Additionally, this species exchange can lead to favorable phase behavior, such as swelling and viscosity reduction of oil in the matrix. The modeling of Fickian diffusion in fractured reservoirs has been hampered by two deficiencies in existing simulators. The first is the use of the generalized classical Fick’s law for multicomponent mixtures, which violates molar balance. The second is the computation of diffusive fluxes across grid edges aligned with phase boundaries. Traditionally, diffusive fluxes are derived from gradients in compositions, computed by finite differencing of compositions in neighboring grid cells. ...
Characterization of the partial RNA1 and RNA2 3′ untranslated region of Tomato ringspot virus isolates from North America

Abstract The 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA1 and RNA2 of Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) are 1.3 kb in size and virtually identical. In this study, sequences containing most of the 3′ UTRs (1168–1265 bp) were determined from 18 ToRSV isolates collected from fruit trees, small fruits and grapevines in North America. Pairwise nucleotide sequence comparisons with sequences of two isolates available in GenBank showed identities ranging from 95.1 to 100% for the majority of ToRSV isolates. Most genetic variation occurs as point mutations and single insertions and/or deletions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 17 of the 20 isolates grouped together into a major cluster and three isolates grouped into two minor clusters, with genetic divergence rates among the three clusters of 11.8% to 23.8%. No correlation was found between the 3′ UTR sequences and symptom expression on Nicotiana benthamiana, host plant or geographic origin of ToRSV isolates. RT-PCR using primers designed within the highly conserved 3′ U...