cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligence Analysis as Discovery of Evidence, Hypotheses, and Arguments: Connecting the Dots

This unique book on intelligence analysis covers several vital but often overlooked topics. It teaches the evidential and inferential issues involved in 'connecting the dots' to draw defensible and persuasive conclusions from masses of evidence: from observations we make, or questions we ask, we generate alternative hypotheses as explanations or answers; we make use of our hypotheses to generate new lines of inquiry and discover new evidence; and we test the hypotheses with the discovered evidence. To facilitate understanding of these issues and enable the performance of complex analyses, the book introduces an intelligent analytical tool, called Disciple-CD. Readers will practice with Disciple-CD and learn how to formulate hypotheses; develop arguments that reduce complex hypotheses to simpler ones; collect evidence to evaluate the simplest hypotheses; and assess the relevance and the believability of evidence, which combine in complex ways to determine its inferential force and the probabilities of the hypotheses.
Human agency and convergence: Gaus’s Kantian Parliamentarian

Public reason is justified to the extent that it uses (only) arguments, assumptions, or goals that are allowable as “public” reasons. But this exclusion requires some prior agreement on domains, and a process that disallows new unacceptable reasons by unanimous consent. Surprisingly, this problem of reconciliation is nearly the same, mutatis mutandis, as that faced by micro-economists working on general equilibrium, where a conceit—tâtonnement, directed by an auctioneer—was proposed by Leon Walras. Gaus’s justification of public reason requires the “as if” solution of a Kantian Parliamentarian, who rules on whether a proposal is “in order.” Previous work on public reason, by Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls, have all reduced decision-making and the process of “reasoning” to choice by a unitary actor, thereby begging the questions of disagreement, social choice, and reconciliation. Gaus, to his credit, solves that problem, but at the price of requiring that the process “knows” information that is in fact indiscernible to any of the participants. In fact, given the dispersed and radical situatedness of human aims and information, it is difficult for individuals, much less groups, to determine when norms are publicly justified or not. More work is required to fully take on Hayek’s insight that no person, much less all people, can have sufficient reasons to endorse the relevant norm, rule or law.
MDCT vs. MRI for incidental pancreatic cysts: measurement variability and impact on clinical management

To investigate incidental pancreatic cysts (IPCs) size discrepancy in a cohort of patients receiving both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its impact on clinical management based on the 2010 American College of Radiology (ACR) guidelines. This was a HIPAA-compliant, retrospective, IRB-approved study. Informed consent was waived. Patients with known IPCs and at least one case-pair, consisting of an abdominal CT and MRI examination within 180 days between 05/1999 and 12/2011, were included. Maximum diameter of cysts was measured in both the CT and MR examinations. A subset of 30 patients was measured by three radiologists independently to assess inter-observer variability. Absolute difference in diameter measurements between CT and MRI was calculated. Influence of cyst size, cyst location, and patient characteristics such as weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) on variability of size measurements were evaluated. Clinical impact in terms of current ACR guidelines was assessed. Overall, 267 case-pairs of cysts in 113 patients were included in this study. 59/267 cysts were visualized on MRI but not on CT (22.1%, 95% CI 17.1%–27.1%; 32 patients, 64.6 ± 11.7 years, BMI 28.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2), with a median MRI cyst size of 7.8 mm, IQR 6.0–9.0 mm, range 2–17.8 mm. 208 case-pairs in 113 patients with a mean BMI of 26.9 ± 5.1 kg/m2 (range 16.9–39.5 kg/m2) and mean cysts size of 13.4 ± 8.1 mm (range 3–49 mm) were seen in both CT and MRI. The mean absolute size difference for IPCs measured on MRI and CT was 2.1 ± 1.8 mm (median 1.5 mm, IQR 0.9–2.9 mm, range 0–9 mm). Absolute size difference between CT and MRI measurements increased with size of the cyst (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), whereas location of the cyst did not influence the absolute difference between CT and MRI measurements (p = 0.44). Patient weight and BMI had a negative correlation with the difference in cyst size between CT and MRI (weight r = −0.17, p = 0.023; BMI r = −0.17, p = 0.027), with cyst measurements being larger on MRI in thin patients and on CT in obese patients. Inter-reader variability was excellent (ICC = 0.99). In 12/208 (5.7%, 95% CI 2.7%–9.1%), variability between CT and MRI would have changed ACR-based follow-up recommendation. There was a median difference of 1.5 mm between measurements of IPCs on CT vs. MRI. If imaging modality was switched during follow-up, variability of measurements may lead to inappropriate change of follow-up regimen in 6% of all cases. A single follow-up CT for incidental IPCs does not seem sufficient due to a high number (22%) of missed IPCs on CT.
Developing therapy for acute ischemic stroke.

Actuellement, la seule therapeutique admise pour le traitement de l'accident ischemique aigu est l'administration intraveineuse d'un activateur tissulaire du plasminogene recombinant (rt-Pa) initiee tres rapidement, moins de 3 heures apres la survenue des premiers symptomes. Toutefois, cette strategie de prise en charge n'est utilisee que chez un tres petit nombre de patients meme dans des centres experimentes. De nombreux autres essais cliniques ont ete realises avec des medicaments thrombolytiques administres dans la fenetre des 3 heures mais aussi avec des medicaments neuroprotecteurs. Toutefois, aucun d'entre eux n'a rapporte de resultats positifs. Plusieurs tentatives d'explications a ces essais infructueux ont ete avancees et de nombreuses lecons importantes en ont ete tirees. La mise en oeuvre de techniques d'imagerie comme l'imagerie par resonance magnetique (IRM) de diffusion/reperfusion et les applications de tomographie (CT)-perfusion devrait ameliorer les resultats des prochains essais si ces techniques sont associees a des protocoles d'etude adaptes et a une selection rigoureuse des patients. La mise au point de therapeutiques nouvelles dans le traitement de l'accident ischemique aigu est un objectif difficile mais essentiel pour ameliorer la prise en charge de cette pathologie grave mais actuellement sous traitee.
Denying Visas to Doctors in the United States.

International medical graduates (IMGs) compose almost one quarter of the physicians working in the United States. Two such physicians explain the insecurity they feel because of proposals by national leaders to restrict the visas that many IMGs depend on.
Uncertainty issues and management in adult children’s stories of their estrangement with their parents:

Framed in the uncertainty literature, the present study explores the uncertainty issues and management practices of adult children who are in the estrangement process with their parents. Results fr...
FAS: Federated Auditing for Software-defined exchanges

The Software-defined exchange (SDX) allows multiple independent administrative domains to share computing, storage, and networking resources. One variation on the SDX applies software-defined networking (SDN) technologies to the fabric of an Internet exchange point (IXP) to support rich policy expression among participants. Similarly, Research and Education (R&E) networks are introducing SDN at exchange points to enable network operators to provision network policies over multiple independent administrative domains. The federated nature of R&E exchange points is based on a chain of trust between participant domains. However, trust and verifiability go hand in hand, an old adage says “trust, but verify”, so a responsible network operator would like to verify that his or her policies are honored by the SDN domains participating at an SDX. Moreover, some SDX participants do not want to reveal internal topology information while proving they correctly deployed the requested policies. For these reasons, we propose Federated Auditing for SDX (FAS), a federated auditing framework for SDX configuration verification, which reveals the minimal necessary information to an SDX central controller. We also show our initial proof-of-concept and preliminary evaluation.
The Politics of Russian-Language Film Showings in Post-Soviet Georgia

A law was implemented in Georgia in 2011 that required all foreign films to be shown with Georgian state language dubbing or subtitling. At that time, Russian was the default language of film showings. A year later, the largest movie theater in Tbilisi was fined for showing films in Russian language without Georgian state language subtitling or dubbing. This fine, however, had little effect on film-showing practices. I describe how media-language politics involved collaboration among social actors in the Georgian Ministry of Culture, the movie theater industry, and the film-dubbing industry. To do so, I develop the concept of dormant law: a mostly unenforced hard law that codifies aspirational conditions. Through the possibility of selective activation, dormant law functions as a latent instrument of politics. In political and popular discourse during President Saakashvili's era (2004–2013), social actors framed Russian as a potentially hazardous symbolic resource embedded in infrastructure, whereas they framed English as either harmless or enriching to “Georgianness.” In film-language debates, citizens and politicians reflected on the meanings of “international” languages, in contrast with Georgian. The Film Law manifested a hierarchy of social value in which English and Russian were competing codes, iconic of possible future Georgian modernities.
Accept the Patient as a Person: With His or Her Complete Individualization.

The target article “When Respecting Autonomy Is Harmful: A Clinically Useful Approach to the Nocebo Effect” (Fortunato, Wasserman, and Menkes 2017) adds a new dimension to a question first raised i...
Perception of the length of an object through dynamic touch is invariant across changes in the medium.

Rotational inertia—a mechanical quantity that describes the differential resistance of an object to angular acceleration in different directions—has been shown to support perception of the properties of that object through dynamic touch (wielding). The goal of the present study was to examine if perception of the length of an object through dynamic touch depends on its rotational inertia, independent of the medium in which it is wielded. The participants (n = 14) wielded 12 different objects held in air or completely immersed in water and reported perceived lengths of those objects. Each object consisted of a rod of a particular density with a particular number of stacked steel rings attached at a particular location along its length. Perceived length was invariant across medium. In addition, a single-valued function of the major eigenvalue, I 1, and the minor eigenvalue, I 3, of the rotational inertia, I, of the 12 objects predicted the perceived lengths of those objects in both air and water, and the perceived lengths were invariant across the two media. These results support the hypothesis that the informational support for perception of the length of an object through dynamic touch is invariant across changes in the medium.
Nike: An Innovation Journey

Nike is an American multinational company that has evolved to become a global leader in athletic wear with annual sales exceeding $21 billion in 2016, more than half of which is attributed to international markets. Since its inception in 1964, Nike has been an innovation leader in product development, marketing and consumer experience. Due to a dedication to continuous innovation, Nike has been able to sustain a competitive advantage within the athletic apparel and footwear marketplace. This case highlights key points in Nike’s journey of innovation and examines how Nike has successfully emerged as a global champion within the athletic wear industry. Based on these analyzed strategies, this case provides implications that are relevant for practitioners and academics.
Carotid Dosimetry and the Risk of Carotid Blowout Syndrome After Reirradiation With Head and Neck Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose To correlate carotid dose and risk of carotid blowout syndrome (CBOS) after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), hypothesizing that carotid dose does not correlate with CBOS. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed 186 patients with recurrent, previously irradiated head and neck cancer treated between January 2008 and March 2013. Patients treated early in our experience with incomplete dosimetry were excluded from analysis (n = 111). A total of 75 patients were identified, providing 150 carotid arteries for analysis. Median follow-up was 8 months (range, 1-91 months) for all patients, and 37 months for surviving patients (range, 31-91 months). Patients were treated with linear accelerator–based SBRT to a median dose up to 44 Gy (range, 40-50 Gy) in 5 fractions delivered on a twice-weekly basis. Concurrent cetuximab was used in 63 patients (84%). The bilateral common, internal, and external carotid arteries were delineated 2 cm above and below the planning target volume. The maximum dose to 0.1 cm3 (D0.1cc), 1 cm3 (D1cc), and 2 cm3 (D2cc) of the carotid and the mean carotid dose from SBRT were recorded and analyzed for association with carotid bleeding events, using binary logistic regression. Results Median reirradiation interval was 20 months (range, 3-423 months), and median prior radiation dose was 70 Gy (range, 52.5-140 Gy). Sixteen patients (21.3%) received more than 1 course of SBRT, and the cumulative carotid doses from fused summary plans were recorded. The overall median D0.1cc, D1cc, D2cc, and mean carotid doses were 40.8 Gy (interquartile range [IQR], 21.6-47.6 Gy), 26.8 Gy (IQR, 14.1-42.1 Gy), 15.4 Gy (IQR, 8.4-32.7 Gy), and 15.0 Gy (IQR, 8.9-23.3 Gy), respectively. There were a total of 4 bleeding events (5.3%): 2 patients (2.7%) had mucosal bleeds that resolved after embolization of carotid branches, and 2 patients (2.7%) died from complications of CBOS. In the 2 patients with CBOS the D0.1cc was 48.4 Gy and 47.6 Gy, respectively. There was no significant association between bleeding events and D1cc (P = .280), D2cc (P = .571), or mean dose (P = .568). There was a trend toward increased risk of bleeding and D0.1cc (P = .080). Conclusions These results demonstrate a low risk of bleeding after reirradiation with SBRT when 5 fractions are delivered on nonconsecutive days, even when tumor is completely encasing the carotid artery. Although limited by the low number of events, no significant association was found between dose-volume parameters and the risk of carotid bleeding. No CBOS was noted when D0.1cc was
A Quadratic Programming Based Optimal Power and Battery Dispatch for Grid-Connected Microgrid

In this paper, the concept of end-user-driven microgrid is introduced, and an economic dispatch framework is proposed for optimal power and battery scheduling of such a microgrid. The main advantage is that unlike other centralized approaches reported in the literature, the proposed architecture provides end-user flexibility, optimally manages the battery minimizing the power required from the grid, and at the same time ensures grid-level reliability. The proposed optimal scheduling is first validated on a grid-connected microgrid, including a photovoltaic (PV) farm and a battery, considering the grid as a dispatchable power source. Then, the architecture is compared with one of the existing centralized optimization approaches. To demonstrate the applicability and scalability, the architecture is further evaluated on a modified IEEE 33 bus distribution feeder, including multiple microgrids suitable for real-time implementation. The test results indicate that the approach is optimal, scalable, feasible, improves feeder reliability, and provides maximum utilization of the PV arrays.
Neurologic and Sensory Complications Associated with HSCT

Severe neurologic complications associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been reported in approximately 14–25% of all pediatric HSCT patients. The majority of severe neurologic events occur within the first 100 days after HSCT. Risk factors for developing severe neurologic events in the context of HSCT include the age of the HSCT recipient (children <3 years old), underlying disease, prior therapy, conditioning regimen, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) source, unrelated donor, graft versus host disease (GvHD), immunosuppressive agents, metabolic disorders, and prior central nervous system (CNS) infections. The most common causes of developing a severe neurologic complication are medications (particularly calcineurin inhibitors), radiation-induced, hemorrhage-related, immune-mediated, and infection-induced. The most common severe neurologic events are seizures, cerebral vascular events as well as change in consciousness (mental status changes), and encephalopathy/leukoencephalopathy. Severe neurologic events account for 10–15% of all deaths in HSCT patients. Sensory complications such as radiation-induced cataracts, platinum-induced high-frequency hearing loss, and high-dose chemotherapy-induced taste dysfunction are seen quite often in pediatric HSCT recipients. Because pediatric HSCT recipients are still developing, effort needs to be made to minimize neurologic and sensory complications.
Reading’s Work in VMT

This chapter presents a systematics of chat interaction. Online chats are advantageous sites for examining the organization of social interaction as achieved through computer-mediated communication. Chats differ from talk-in-interaction since the composition and visual inspection of text and graphical objects by any given actor is not observable by other participants. These structural constraints on the organization of interaction require that actors deploy alternative procedures for achieving what turn taking achieves in talk-in-interaction.
Hepatitis infection in immunocompromised patients.

SUMMARY The current literature fails to address the long-term course of hepatitis infection in the immunocompromised patient, in large part because of the characteristically slow progression of this disease. An overview of the literature available fails to demonstrate evidence that immunosuppression per se promotes progression of hepatitis. In fact, many studies document a relatively low incidence of chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients; however, properly designed, prospective studies of sufficient numbers of patients with long-term follow-up are not available. Thus, no reliable conclusions are possible at this time.
Structure learning in Bayesian networks and session analysis of people search within a professional social network

We study the problem of learning Bayesian network structures from data. Koivisto and Sood (2004) and Koivisto (2006) presented algorithms that can compute the exact posterior probability of a subnetwork, e.g., a single edge, in O(n2n) time and the posterior probabilities for all n(n − 1) potential edges in O(n2n) total time, assuming that the in-degree, i.e., the number of parents per node, is bounded by a constant. One main drawback of their algorithms is the requirement of a special structure prior that is non uniform and does not respect Markov equivalence. In this paper, we develop an algorithm that can compute the exact posterior probability of a subnetwork in O(3n) time and the posterior probabilities for all n(n− 1) potential edges in O(n3n) total time. Our algorithm also assumes a bounded in-degree but allows general structure priors. We demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm on several data sets with up to 20 variables.
Genes and Behavior: Animal Models

Genes and environment interact to influence behavior. Animal models that examine the effects of natural genetic variation, the effects of mutations, and the effects of targeted genetic engineering on behavior have been instrumental in understanding the influence of genes on behavior and the influence of behavior on gene expression. Multiple animal models that include Drosophila (fruit fly), Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans, nematode), and mice (Mus musculus) have been instrumental in the study of behavioral genetics because of the high degree of homology across species.
A Case for Adaptive Redundancy for HPC Resilience

Redundancy both in space and time has been widely used to detect and in some cases correct errors in High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. With the HPC community seeking exascale class supercomputers by the end of the decade, unrealistic expectations for correct system behavior will result in exorbitant costs in terms of performance lost and energy expended. Resilience strategies will need to find balance between fault coverage and the overheads incurred. In this work, we propose an adaptive approach that factors in application level knowledge together with runtime inference about the fault tolerance state of the system to dynamically enable redundant multithreading (RMT). Our approach is based on simple programming language extensions, tightly integrated with a compiler infrastructure and a runtime framework that enables managing the performance overheads of redundant computation.
Dosimetric Analysis of Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Neuroblastoma: Should the spine be included in the treatment field? (P3.151)

Objective: This study analyzes 4 different radiotherapy plans for neuroblastoma to determine the most optimal treatment. Background: Conventional radiation therapy (CRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have been used in treating pediatric neuroblastoma. With these methods, the treatment field has, at times, included the spine. However, uneven and higher doses of radiation to the spine have been shown to cause musculoskeletal abnormalities. This study analyzes 4 different radiotherapy plans for neuroblastoma to determine the most optimal treatment. Design/Methods: The anatomical CT data from a 4 year old boy with stage IV neuroblastoma were used to generate 4 different radiation treatment plans (IMRT with and without the inclusion of the adjacent spine and CRT with and without the inclusion of the spine). The plans were analyzed in terms of coverage of the planning target volume (PTV) and doses to critical organs at risk (OAR) including the kidneys and spine. Results: For CRT + spine, the PTV mean dose was 21.57 Gy; the ipsilateral kidney mean dose was 15.71 Gy. For CRT -spine, the PTV mean dose was 21.21 Gy; the ipsilateral kidney mean dose was 15.86 Gy. For IMRT + spine, the PTV mean dose was 22.04 Gy; the ipsilateral kidney received 10.22 Gy. For IMRT - spine, the PTV mean dose was 22.07; the ipsilateral kidney mean dose was 7.88 Gy. Conclusions: Our results suggest that IMRT without inclusion of the spine is the best of the 4 treatment plans. IMRT delivers not only good coverage to PTV but also exposes the kidneys to less radiation than CRT does. Disclosure: Dr. Wandrey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eng has nothing to disclose.
Experimental Study of PID and Robust Feedback Linearization Controllers Using a 2-DOF Five Link Planar Robot

PID and robust feedback linearization controllers were studied experimentally using a 2-DOF Planar Quanser robot with an open architecture design. The PID controller was designed independent of system dynamics. The gains were tuned using the results of multiple runs of joint angle commands. The system dynamics were taken into consideration for the design of robust feedback linearized (RFL) controller which allowed the system to perform more efficiently than the PID controller. Actual performance of the two controllers is evaluated after running the robot with two distinct commands assigning joint angle and sinusoidal which resulted in a straight line and traced path respectively.
Bystander Phage Therapy: Inducing Host-Associated Bacteria to Produce Antimicrobial Toxins against the Pathogen Using Phages

Brevibacillus laterosporus is often present in beehives, including presence in hives infected with the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), Paenibacillus larvae. In this work, 12 B. laterosporus bacteriophages induced bactericidal products in their host. Results demonstrate that P. larvae is susceptible to antimicrobials induced from field isolates of the bystander, B. laterosporus. Bystander antimicrobial activity was specific against the pathogen and not other bacterial species, indicating that the production was likely due to natural competition between the two bacteria. Three B. laterosporus phages were combined in a cocktail to treat AFB. Healthy hives treated with B. laterosporus phages experienced no difference in brood generation compared to control hives over 8 weeks. Phage presence in bee larvae after treatment rose to 60.8 ± 3.6% and dropped to 0 ± 0.8% after 72 h. In infected hives the recovery rate was 75% when treated, however AFB spores were not susceptible to the antimicrobials as evidenced by recurrence of AFB. We posit that the effectiveness of this treatment is due to the production of the bactericidal products of B. laterosporus when infected with phages resulting in bystander-killing of P. larvae. Bystander phage therapy may provide a new avenue for antibacterial production and treatment of disease.
Wireless Sensor Patch Suitable for Continuous Monitoring of Contact Pressure in a Clinical Setting

The system described in this paper is intended for prevention of pressure ulcers by alerting the patient or caregiver to a potentially harmful level of contact pressure that could cause irreversible tissue damage. Experimental results are presented demonstrating pressure measurement techniques on a euthanized animal model. A Sprague-Dawley rat was euthanized and an alloy sheet steel disc was implanted under the latissimus dorsi muscle. Pressure was applied using various Neodymium Iron Boron alloy magnets. The data were communicated wirelessly to a base station. Measurement results show that applied contact pressure can be measured in real time, which can eventually alert a caregiver to a condition requiring intervention.
Water-Soluble Sulfonate Schiff-Base Ligands as Fluorescent Detectors for Metal Ions in Drinking Water and Biological Systems

The ability to detect and selectively identify trace amounts of metal ions is of major importance for drinking water identification and biological studies. Herein, we report a series of water-soluble Schiff-base ligands capable of being fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for metal ions. Upon coordination of the metal ion to the ligand, quenching of fluorescence is observed, typically in a 1:1 ratio. The selectivity of metal ions Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, and Co2+ is exhibited via fluorescence quenching accompanied by colorimetric changes, whereas that of Ag+ and Co2+ is observed through colorimetric changes alone. Additionally, pH sensing studies were performed for the potential use of these ligands in biological applications.
Tissue-resident cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells in tumor immunosurveillance

Innate lymphocytes play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis at steady state and during inflammation. The population of innate lymphocytes is incredibly diverse and heterogeneous with the successive identification of new subsets including innate lymphoid cells that arise from progenitors distinct from those of natural killer cells. Although generally considered as T helper-like lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells with cytotoxic potential can be identified in many tissues. The tissue-resident cytotoxic innate lymphocytes derived from innate lymphoid cell and/or natural killer cell lineages are well positioned in sensing malignant transformation and initiating antitumor immunity. This review provides an overview of innate lymphocyte biology and discuss their roles in tumor immunosurveillance.
Ethnic variance between Asian and European American women in a six month prospective model of eating disorder and social anxiety symptom comorbidity

Eating disorders and social anxiety are highly comorbid. Understanding this comorbidity may improve treatment outcomes, as social anxiety can impair the ability to benefit from eating disorder trea...
Cardiovascular and metabolic responses of active sitting while performing work-related tasks.

Stability balls and active-balance sitting chairs have recently emerged as a way to reduce sedentary behaviours in office settings. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in caloric...
Party Animals? Extreme Partisan Polarization and Dehumanization

The affective, identity based, and often negative nature of partisan polarization in the United States has been a subject of much scholarly attention. Applying insights from recent work in social psychology, we employ three novel large-N, broadly representative online surveys, fielded over the course of 4 years, across two presidential administrations, to examine the extent to which this brand of polarization features a willingness to apply dehumanizing metaphors to out-partisans. We begin by looking at two different measures of dehumanization (one subtle and one more direct). This uncovers striking, consistent observational evidence that many partisans dehumanize members of the opposing party. We examine the relationship between dehumanization and other key partisan intensity measures, finding that it is most closely related to extreme affective polarization. We also show that dehumanization “predicts” partisan motivated reasoning and is correlated with respondent worldview. Finally, we present a survey experiment offering causal leverage to examine openness to dehumanization in the processing of new information about misdeeds by in- and out-partisans. Participants were exposed to identical information about a melee at a gathering, with the partisanship of those involved randomly assigned. We find pronounced willingness by both Democrats and Republicans to dehumanize members of the out-party. These findings shed considerable light on the nature and depth of modern partisan polarization.
Abstract P2004: Neural Inflammation in Stellate Ganglia Mediates Lung Injury-Induced Arrhythmogenesis

Background: People who suffer lung injury, incurred through a variety of means, are at greatly increased risk of developing cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment options remain limited. We propose that st...
Effects of SiO 2 content on the nanomechanical properties of CoCrPt-SiO 2 granular films

CoCrPt material is used for perpendicular magnetic recording media due to its high magneto-crystalline anisotropy that brings good thermal stability on the media. The addition of SiO2 between the CoCrPt grains offers benefits including lower noise and better thermal stability. It has been reported that the SiO2 content has strong effects on the media’s recording performance such as coercivity, anisotropy and noise. In this work, we focus on studying the effects of the SiO2 content on the nanomechanical properties of the media which are critical for the head-disk interface reliability. Variations of these properties with SiO2 content provide guidelines for optimum designs considering both recording and mechanical interface performance.
Osteichthyes or Bony Fishes

Abstract Osteichthyes are characterized by a bony endoskeleton, in contrast to cartilaginous fishes or chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras). Bony fishes comprise the largest clade of vertebrates, which includes both the piscine and tetrapod (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) sarcopterygian lineages. The main osteichthyan lineages include actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes) and two sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes): actinistians (coelacanthiforms) and dipnoans (lungfishes), which are highly morphologically diversified making comparisons difficult. Short descriptions of the main characters identifying these groups are presented, as well as their taxonomy to the family and genus levels. Piscine sarcopterygians were well-diversified in the past, especially during the Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago), but actinistians have only one living genus with two species and dipnoans just six living species among three families. In contrast to actinistians and dipnoans, actinopterygians had an important diversification in the Paleozoic (e.g., palaeonisciforms) and Mesozoic (e.g., amiiforms), and though many forms are long extinct, teleost actinopterygians are by far the most diverse living vertebrates. With a modest beginning in the Early Triassic-Middle Triassic, teleosts greatly diversified over the past 200 million years, and today teleosts dominate all aquatic environments across the globe with more than 30,000 species.
Pulmonary artery catheter use in acute myocardial infarction‐cardiogenic shock

AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the contemporary use of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) in acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort of AMI-CS admissions using the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2014) was identified. Admissions with concomitant cardiac surgery or non-AMI aetiology for cardiogenic shock were excluded. The outcomes of interest were in-hospital mortality, resource utilization, and temporal trends in cohorts with and without PAC use. In the non-PAC cohort, the use and outcomes of right heart catheterization was evaluated. Multivariable regression and propensity matching was used to adjust for confounding. During 2000-2014, 364 001 admissions with AMI-CS were included. PAC was used in 8.1% with a 75% decrease during over the study period (13.9% to 5.4%). Greater proportion of admissions to urban teaching hospitals received PACs (9.5%) compared with urban non-teaching (7.1%) and rural hospitals (5.4%); P < 0.001. Younger age, male sex, white race, higher comorbidity, noncardiac organ failure, use of mechanical circulatory support, and noncardiac support were independent predictors of PAC use. The PAC cohort had higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 1.07 [95% confidence interval 1.04-1.10]), longer length of stay (10.9 ± 10.9 vs. 8.2 ± 9.3 days), higher hospitalization costs ($128 247 ± 138 181 vs. $96 509 ± 116 060), and lesser discharges to home (36.3% vs. 46.4%) (all P < 0.001). In 6200 propensity-matched pairs, in-hospital mortality was comparable between the two cohorts (odds ratio 1.01 [95% confidence interval 0.94-1.08]). Right heart catheterization was used in 12.5% of non-PAC admissions and was a marker of greater severity but did not indicate worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In AMI-CS, there was a 75% decrease in PAC use between 2000 and 2014. Admissions receiving a PAC were a higher risk cohort with worse clinical outcomes.
12 – Animal Subjects

Publisher Summary Research animal welfare was recognized formally by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) has the responsibility for implementation of Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) policy. If research involves vertebrate animals in any way, one must check “Yes” in Item 5 of PHS 398 form page 1, and indicate the assurance that proposal was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) by entering the IACUC approval date and the animal welfare assurance number in Items 5a and 5b. The NIH will not allow a study section to review a proposal involving animals unless IACUC certification is included with the proposal, or is received by the SRA within 60 days after the submission deadline. The use of animals in research is under increasing attack from a growing population of ethicists and antivivisectionists. The essence of NIH Policy is that the responsibility for protection of animal welfare lies with grantee universities, which must file an OLAW assurance and establish, according to DHHS guidelines, committees to review all institutional use of animals. These bodies, responsible to a high official at the university, are called Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. They must review every activity that involves the use of a live vertebrate animal. They must ascertain that the proposed use is justified in terms of benefit to mankind, is scientifically sound, and does not involve excessive numbers of animals or avoidable suffering.
Impact of oxidation processes on the composition and biodegradability of soluble organic nutrients in wastewater effluents

The characteristics and bioavailability of wastewater derived organic nutrients and their susceptibility to removal technologies have implications in nutrient loading to aquatic environments and their contributions to eutrophication. Therefore, a better understanding of treatability of effluent organic nutrients is of interest for water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) and regulators. Oxidation processes (OPs) can reduce concentrations of soluble organic nutrients and convert them into more biodegradable forms. In this study, three WRRF effluents were treated with low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and combined UV/H2 O2 . Untreated and treated effluents were subjected to nitrogen and phosphorus speciation analyses and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) biodegradability assays. The OP treatments did not change SON concentrations significantly. For two WRRFs, OP treatments decreased soluble organic phosphorus (SOP) and seemed to convert it into soluble acid hydrolyzable phosphorus (SAHP), indicating possible increases in phosphorus bioavailability. Fingerprinting and quantification of dissolved organic matter (DOM) using fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis revealed changes in DOM pool composition in response to OPs treatments, which suggests likely organic nutrients composition changes. Based on biodegradability assessments, OP treatments likely changed the composition and biodegradability of effluent SON compounds. Combined UV/H2 O2 treatment seemed more effective than other OPs at oxidizing some of the organic nutrients. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Treatment of secondary or tertiary effluent with UV, H2 O2 , or UV/ H2 O2 was generally not effective at mineralizing SON and SOP, when applied at the doses used in this study. Treatment resulted in observable changes in DOM compositions, likely including SON and SOP compounds. Combined UV/H2 O2 treatment was more effective than UV or H2 O2 alone at oxidizing some DOM compounds. The BSON (bioavailable SON) assay indicated that the composition of the SON pool in the effluents was likely changed by the OP treatments. This was supported by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis.
Comity and the New Federalism through the Lens of School Vouchers

In anticipation of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in the Ohio school-voucher case Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, this article explores the parallel treatment of Zelman in state and federal courts in the broader context of Ohio’s venture into the new federalism. Under this doctrine, state courts may rely on their own constitutions to provide greater protections for certain rights and liberties than exist under the United States Constitution. The Ohio Supreme Court has begun to develop its own body of state constitutional law, and to rely on its own analysis of federal law, and will likely continue to do both.
History of pharmacy

Abstract History of Pharmacy provides a brisk overview of the contributions of pharmacy and pharmacists to Western civilization. Emphasis is placed on the changing role of the pharmacist, especially in the context of practice in the United States.
BIOLOGY OF BONE INDUCTION AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

SUMMARY Bone induction is a process readily defined during prenatal development of the human skeleton, a process that represents homodimer and heterodimer BMPs' signaling, a process that requires BMP mediated signal transduction, and a process that continues throughout the lifespan of the individual to regulate skeletal renewal during postnatal growth, maturation, and senescence. Bone induction throughout the life span involves a skeletal homeostasis that likely involves normal age-related changes in the skeleton as well as pathophysiologic changes associated with diseases.15 BMPs are a family of remarkably similar gene products that in turn closely resemble the TGF-β /inhibin supergene family. Available data indicate that endogenous BMP are multifunctional regulatory proteins that serve as chemotactic agents to recruit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to emigrate from the bone marrow to sites of bone formation; enhance cell-cell interactions to form aggregates of chondrogenic and osteogenic precursor cells; synergistically function to enhance the effects of other growth factors, e.g., TGF-β isoforms; and stimulate and enhance ectopic bone formations. On the other hand, BMPs are not the sole inducer involved in initiating bone induction. Rather, BMPs, along with other chemotactic agents, participate in a complicated but precisely regulated process to induce new bone formation. The recent advent of recombinant DNA technology has enabled protein-engineering strategies to produce rhBMPs in large quantities and thereby overcome one of the major previous constraints for clinical applications of BMP. Clinical studies testing various combinations of BMP homodimers and heterodimers have learned that the heterodimer rhBMP-2/rhBMP-7 is an extremely effective inducer of new bone formation to augment mandibular and/or maxillary bone growth in vivo. Finally, a number of novel strategies have been developed to deliver BMPs to complex bone fracture or wound sites, such as collagenous, coral (calcium carbonate), and apatite (carbonate and calcium apatites) matrices. Such delivery systems provide effective approaches to obtain optimal dose effects for protracted periods of time and thereby enhance the predictability of new bone formation in defined regions of the craniofacial- oral-dental complex. These advances should additionally nurture the intellectual appreciation of molecular strategies to attain bone growth rather than biomechanical solutions to these orthopedic challenges.
Netra: An RFID-Based Android Application for Visually Impaired

For a visually impaired person, the position and orientation of daily objects such as furniture and other personal items are based on routine. It is very difficult for visually impaired persons to locate missing assets as well as to get the information of an asset present in front of them without disturbing anyone. The most difficult task is to choose a pair of clothes that matches on a daily basis. An RFID based android application proposed in this paper is an attempt to solve problems. It will give information of the asset present in front of a blind person. From a group of objects, the system will help identify a particular object. It will also help blind people to choose the appropriate clothes from a set of clothes without any assistance.
Methylation of FKBP5 is associated with accelerated DNA methylation ageing and cardiometabolic risk: replication in young-adult and middle-aged Black Americans

Background . Methylation of FKBP5 is involved in the regulation of the stress response and is influenced by early stress exposure. Two CpG sites, cg20813374 and cg00130530, have been identified as potential reporters of early stress. We examined whether FKBP5 methylation was associated with accelerated DNA methylation aging and indirectly predicted poorer cardiovascular health among both young adult and middle-aged Black Americans. Methods . 449 young adults, with a mean age of 28.67 and N = 469 middle-age parents and their current partners with a mean age of 57.21, provided self-reports, biometric assessments, and blood draws. Methylation values were obtained using the Illumina Epic Array. Cardiometabolic risk was calculated by summing the standardized log-transformed scores for the body mass index, mean arterial blood pressure, and HbA1c. We also used a more standard index of risk, the Framingham 10-year cardiometabolic risk index, as an alternative measure of cardiometabolic risk. To measure accelerated aging, four widely used indices of accelerated, DNA-methylation based aging were used controlling sex, age, other variation in FKBP5, and cell-type. Results Exposure to community danger was associated with demethylation of FKBP5. FKBP5 methylation was significantly associated with accelerated aging for both young-adult and middle-aged samples, with significant indirect effects from FKBP5 methylation to cardiometabolic risk through accelerated aging for both. Conclusions Early exposure to danger may influence FKBP5 methylation. In turn, FKBP5 methylation may help explain intrinsic accelerated aging and elevated cardiometabolic risk in adulthood for Black Americans.
Long-distance romantic relationships among college students: Prevalence, correlates, and dynamics in a campus probability survey.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of long-distance relationships (LDRs) among college students and explore how relationship dynamics differed between LDRs and geographically close relationships (GCRs). PARTICIPANTS Data were from romantically involved students (N = 2075) who participated in the 2020 College Sexual Health Survey. METHODS Students completed an online survey in which they reported their current romantic relationship status, if they were in a long-distance relationship, and relationship dynamics (happiness, commitment, and conflict). RESULTS Overall, 34.2% of romantically involved students were in LDRs, which were more common for first-year students, students in longer duration relationships, dating relationships, and Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial students. LDRs were less common for older students. Based on χ2 tests, relationship happiness, commitment, and conflict did not differ based on LDR status. CONCLUSIONS As LDRs are common, providing students with resources focused on navigating LDRs may help them manage their romantic relationships.
ARFI Variance of Acceleration for Diagnostic Breast Cancer Imaging in Women, in vivo

Early detection of breast cancer greatly aids survival. However, the specificity of current screening methods for identifying malignancy is poor, requiring costly and invasive additional tests and causing anxiety for the patient. Although some ultrasound methods have used mechanical properties to discriminate benign and malignant lesions, they are complicated by tissue features like fluid and necrosis. We propose a new metric, ΔLog(VoA), which can be calculated from ARFI ultrasound data and incorporates the mechanical and acoustic properties of tissue into one parameter. ΔLog(VoA) is statistically significantly lower in fluid- and necrosis-containing masses than solid ones (Wilcoxin, p<0.006). ΔLog(VoA) does not significantly differ between malignant and benign masses. However, it is significantly lower in the surrounding tissue of malignant masses than in the surrounding tissue of benign ones (Wilcoxin, p<0.02). These results suggest that ΔLog(VoA) can differentiate clinically relevant lesion features such as fluid and necrosis, and detect tissue characteristics that coincide with malignancy.
Comparison of Sulfur Dioxide Estimates from the Model RAM with St. Louis Raps Measurements

Since the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments in August 1977, air quality simulation models have seen increased use for projecting air pollutant impacts of proposed sources for comparison with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued guidelines on air quality modeling (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).