cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive Programming and Automated Mathematics

The theme of these symposium proceedings is Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics. Certainly, there can be little confusion about the basic meaning or broad fundamentals of applied mathematics. However, questions as to the value of the experimental approach toward mathematics are an entirely different matter. The present state-of-the-art is so scant in empirical or theoretical guidelines that this approach must be acknowledged as an expression of faith that a computer, used to explore ill-defined mathematical constructs and problems, might yield powerful insights and a fruitful methodology. The term interactive is difficult to define and I cannot pretend that I fully understand the relevance of the term as applied to some specific systems. However, in some sense, we would suppose that what we mean is close to the definition used by the physicist. When two effects interact, they do so in a nonseparable and usually nonlinear way. Usually, the effect of the interaction is that the whole is not simply equal to the sum of its parts, and that the characteristics of the interacted system can be surprisingly different from the qualities of its constituent parts. Therefore, in the man-machine interaction, we would expect more than in the old process of inputting a well-formulated set of directions with the machine performing in its capacity as an idiot savant. Obviously we can expect that any serious attempt at man-machine interaction will involve on-line response. However, I would not entirely exclude the possibility that significant interaction can occur off-line.
The Role of TGFβ in Bone-Muscle Crosstalk

The role of bone-derived factors in regulation of skeletal muscle function is an important emerging aspect of research into bone-muscle crosstalk. Implications for this area of research are far reaching and include understanding skeletal muscle weakness in cancer, osteoporosis, cachexia, rare diseases of bone, and aging. Recent research shows that bone-derived factors can lead to changes in the skeletal muscle. These changes can either be anabolic or catabolic, and we focus this review on the role of TGFβ in driving oxidative stress and skeletal muscle weakness in the setting of osteolytic cancer in the bone. The bone is a preferred site for breast cancer metastasis and leads to pathological bone loss. Osteolytic cancer in the bone leads to release of TGFβ from the bone via osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. Our appreciation of crosstalk between the muscle and bone has recently expanded beyond mechanical force-driven events to encompass a variety of signaling factors originating in one tissue and communicating to the other. This review summarizes some previously known mediators of bone-to-muscle signaling and also recent work identifying a new role for bone-derived TGFβ as a cause of skeletal muscle weakness in the setting of osteolytic cancer in the bone. Multiple points of potential therapeutic intervention are discussed.
Localized stress fluctuations drive shear thickening in dense suspensions

Dense particulate suspensions exhibit a dramatic increase in average viscosity above a critical, material-dependent shear stress. This thickening changes from continuous to discontinuous as the concentration is increased. Using direct measurements of spatially resolved surface stresses in the continuous thickening regime, we report the existence of clearly defined dynamic localized regions of substantially increased stress that appear intermittently at stresses above the critical stress. With increasing applied stress, these regions occupy an increasing fraction of the system, and the increase accounts quantitatively for the observed shear thickening. The regions represent high-viscosity fluid phases, with a size determined by the distance between the shearing surfaces and a viscosity that is nearly independent of shear rate but that increases rapidly with concentration. Thus, we find that continuous shear thickening arises from increasingly frequent localized discontinuous transitions between distinct fluid phases with widely differing viscosities.
Adding Examples to the ASA-Physical Status Classification Improves Correct Assignment to Patients.

Background:Despite its widespread use, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-Physical Status Classification System has been shown to result in inconsistent assignments among anesthesiologists. The ASA-Physical Status Classification System is also used by nonanesthesia-trained clinicians an
PERI-OPERATIVE PATELLAR FRACTURES: NO EASY OUT

Patella fracture after total knee arthroplasty has a variety of etiologies and has been reported to occur with an incidence ranging from 3% to 21%. Heavy patients with full flexion are at greatest risk for sustaining patella fracture. Overstuffing the patellofemoral joint with an oversized femoral component, an anteriorised femoral component or a femoral component placed in excessive extension can also overload the underlying patella. A similar phenomenon may be seen with underrsection of the patella or use of a thick button. Excessive patellar resection can predispose to patellar fracture as well. It has been demonstrated that a residual patella thickness of less than 15 mm can substantially increase anterior patellar strain. Asymmetric patellar resection can also critically alter the mechanical strength of the patella making it vulnerable to failure. Elevation of the tibiofemoral joint line, from excessive femoral resection and hastened by posterior cruciate ligament release, will result in a relative patella baja. This can cause early patellofemoral articulation, which may result in patellar impingement on the tibial insert in late flexion and ultimately predispose the patella to fracture. Surgical approach and soft tissue dissection should be as atraumatic to the patellar blood supply as possible to preserve the superolateral geniculate artery when performing a lateral retinacular release. The classification used by Goldberg, et al is helpful for planning appropriate intervention: Type I fractures: Avulsion type fractures generally involving the periphery of the patella without involving the implant. Type II fractures: Disrupt the cement-prosthesis interfaces of the quadriceps mechanism. Type IIIA fractures: Involve the pole of the patella with disruption of the patella ligament. Type IV fractures: Fracture dislocations of the patella. Non-operative treatment is preferred when fractures are non-displaced.
Chronic myeloid leukemia in 2007.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a potentially fatal stem cell cancer that comprises approximately 14% of all leukemias. Although it is estimated that 4,600 people will be diagnosed with CML in the united States in 2007, only 12% of those individuals will die from the disease. That low mortality rate is due to the availability and efficacy of the new kinase inhibitors that target the BCR-ABL oncogene and other targets to hold disease progression in check. OBJECTIVE: To review the molecular pathogenesis of CML, describe the clinical course of the disease, and explain the current application of cytogenetics and molecular testing for diagnosis and treatment. SUMMARY: CML is caused by the translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 to create what is called the Philadelphia chromosome. This translocation removes a critical regulatory domain from the tyrosine kinase, ABL, such that its protein product is constitutively active. This means that the cell escapes the constraints of normal cell growth and pro...
Heavy-tailed limits for medium size jobs and comparison scheduling

We study the conditional sojourn time distributions of processor sharing (PS), foreground background processor sharing (FBPS) and shortest remaining processing time first (SRPT) scheduling disciplines on an event where the job size of a customer arriving in stationarity is smaller than exactly k≥0 out of the preceding m≥k arrivals. Then, conditioning on the preceding event, the sojourn time distribution of this newly arriving customer behaves asymptotically the same as if the customer were served in isolation with a server of rate (1−ρ)/(k+1) for PS/FBPS, and (1−ρ) for SRPT, respectively, where ρ is the traffic intensity. Hence, the introduced notion of conditional limits allows us to distinguish the asymptotic performance of the studied schedulers by showing that SRPT exhibits considerably better asymptotic behavior for relatively smaller jobs than PS/FBPS.
Dechanneling measurements of defect depth profiles and effective cross-channel distribution of misaligned atoms in ion-irradiated gold

Defect depth profiles for self ion and He$sup +$ irradiated gold are obtained from single and multiple scatter dechanneling analysis in single crystal gold films. Quantitative defect densities are obtained through use of atomic scattering cross sections. Integral damage profiles are extracted from the dechanneling spectra and subsequently differentiated to yield the volume concentration of defects as a function of depth. Results from the self ion irradiations suggest that incident ions produce defect distributions across depths much greater than predicted by random stopping theory. This is in agreement with TEM observations of others. Comparison of the experimental profiles is made with theoretical vacancy distributions predicted by defect diffusion in a radiation environment. Similarities are observed for the low fluence irradiations suggesting that profile characteristics may be controlled by rapid migration and loss of interstitials to the film surfaces during irradiation. Information on the across-channel distribution of misaligned atoms in the damaged films is obtained with the steady increase of transverse energy model applied to the dechanneling spectra. A predominance of slight misalignment is observed with no contribution to dechanneling coming from atoms displaced significantly close to the center of the channels. This is in keeping with what is expected formore » crystal distortions caused by the strain fields associated with vacancy cluster defects. (auth)« less
Analyzing and improving MIMO radar detection performance in the presence of cybersecurity attacks

As a complicated distributed system, distributed MIMO radars are vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks against its three key components: the transmitters, the receivers, and the communication links that connect them and the fusion center. In this paper, we investigate the impact of cybersecurity attacks on detection performance of a distributed MIMO radar. We show that the detection performance degrades significantly if the MIMO radar is not aware of the attacks. To mitigate the attacks, we develop robust detection schemes which can greatly improve detection performance when the radar is under attack.
A simple, picojoule sensitive ultraviolet autocorrelator based on two-photon conductivity in sapphire

We present a simple autocorrelator for picojoule 226–278 nm pulses from femtosecond-picosecond laser oscillators based on two-photon conductivity in sapphire. The sub-20 W peak power sensitivity is over 10X better than previous UV autocorrelators.
The Combinatorics of Steenrod Operations on the Cohomology of Grassmannians

Abstract The study of the action of the Steenrod algebra on the mod p cohomology of spaces has many applications to the topological structure of those spaces. In this paper we present combinatorial formulas for the action of Steenrod operations on the cohomology of Grassmannians, both in the Borel and the Schubert picture. We consider integral lifts of Steenrod operations, which lie in a certain Hopf algebra of differential operators. The latter has been considered recently as a realization of the Landweber–Novikov algebra in complex cobordism theory; it also has connections with the action of the Virasoro algebra on the boson Fock space. Our formulas for Steenrod operations are based on methods which have not been used before in this area, namely Hammond operators and the combinatorics of Schur functions. We also discuss applications of our formulas to the geometry of Grassmannians.
On the Development of Above-Anvil Cirrus Plumes in Extratropical Convection

AbstractExpansive cirrus clouds present above the anvils of extratropical convection have been observed in satellite and aircraft-based imagery for several decades. Despite knowledge of their occurrence, the precise mechanisms and atmospheric conditions leading to their formation and maintenance are not entirely known. Here, the formation of these cirrus “plumes” is examined using a combination of satellite imagery, four-dimensional ground-based radar observations, assimilated atmospheric states from a state-of-the-art reanalysis, and idealized numerical simulations with explicitly resolved convection. Using data from 20 recent events (2013–present), it is found that convective cores of storms with above-anvil cirrus plumes reach altitudes 1–6 km above the tropopause. Thus, it is likely that these clouds represent the injection of cloud material into the lower stratosphere. Comparison of storms with above-anvil cirrus plumes and observed tropopause-penetrating convection without plumes reveals an associat...
Cross-Selectivity Enhancement of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)-Based Sensor Arrays for Detecting Acetone and Ethanol

Two methods for cross-selectivity enhancement of porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/carbon black (CB) composite-based resistive sensors are provided. The sensors are tested with acetone and ethanol in the presence of humid air. Cross-selectivity is enhanced using two different methods to modify the basic response of the PVDF-HFP/CB sensing platform. In method I, the adsorption properties of PVDF-HFP/CB are altered by adding a polyethylene oxide (PEO) layer or by treating with infrared (IR). In method II, the effects of the interaction of acetone and ethanol are enhanced by adding diethylene carbonate (DEC) or PEO dispersed in DEC (PEO/DEC) to the film. The results suggest the approaches used in method I alter the composite ability to adsorb acetone and ethanol, while in method II, they alter the transduction characteristics of the composite. Using these approaches, sensor relative response to acetone was increased by 89% compared with the PVDF-HFP/CB untreated film, whereas sensor relative response to ethanol could be decreased by 57% or increased by 197%. Not only do these results demonstrate facile methods for increasing sensitivity of PVDF-HFP/CB film, used in parallel they demonstrate a roadmap for enhancing system cross-selectivity that can be applied to separate units on an array. Fabrication methods, experimental procedures and results are presented and discussed.
Recursive Representations of Arbitrary Virasoro Conformal Blocks

We derive recursive representations in the internal weights of N -point Virasoro conformal blocks in the sphere linear channel and the torus necklace channel, and recursive representations in the central charge of arbitrary Virasoro conformal blocks on the sphere, the torus, and higher genus Riemann surfaces in the plumbing frame.
Regeneration of injured skin and peripheral nerves requires control of wound contraction, not scar formation

We review the mounting evidence that regeneration is induced in wounds in skin and peripheral nerves by a simple modification of the wound healing process. Here, the process of induced regeneration is compared to the other two well-known processes by which wounds close, i.e., contraction and scar formation. Direct evidence supports the hypothesis that the mechanical force of contraction (planar in skin wounds, circumferential in nerve wounds) is the driver guiding the orientation of assemblies of myofibroblasts (MFB) and collagen fibers during scar formation in untreated wounds. We conclude that scar formation depends critically on wound contraction and is, therefore, a healing process secondary to contraction. Wound contraction and regeneration did not coincide during healing in a number of experimental models of spontaneous (untreated) regeneration described in the literature. Furthermore, in other studies in which an efficient contraction-blocker, a collagen scaffold named dermis regeneration template (DRT), and variants of it, were grafted on skin wounds or peripheral nerve wounds, regeneration was systematically observed in the absence of contraction. We conclude that contraction and regeneration are mutually antagonistic processes. A dramatic change in the phenotype of MFB was observed when the contraction-blocking scaffold DRT was used to treat wounds in skin and peripheral nerves. The phenotype change was directly observed as drastic reduction in MFB density, dispersion of MFB assemblies and loss of alignment of the long MFB axes. These observations were explained by the evidence of a surface-biological interaction of MFB with the scaffold, specifically involving binding of MFB integrins α1 β1 and α2 β1 to ligands GFOGER and GLOGER naturally present on the surface of the collagen scaffold. In summary, we show that regeneration of wounded skin and peripheral nerves in the adult mammal can be induced simply by appropriate control of wound contraction, rather than of scar formation.
Baroreflexes Prevent Neurally Induced Sodium Retention in Angiotensin Hypertension

14 Recent studies indicate that renal sympathetic nerve activity is chronically supressed during angiotensin (ANG II) hypertension. To determine whether cardiopulmonary reflexes and/or arterial baroreflexes mediate this chronic renal sympathoinhibition, experiments were conducted in 5 conscious dogs subjected to unilateral renal denervation and surgical division of the urinary bladder into hemibladders to allow separate 24-h urine collection from denervated (DEN) and innervated (INN) kidneys. Dogs were studied before and after deafferentation of cardiopulmonary receptors and arterial baroreceptors (CPD + SAD). After control measurements, ANG II was infused for 5 days at a rate of 5 ng/kg/min; this was followed by a 5-day recovery period. In the intact state, 24-h control values for mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the ratio for urinary sodium excretion from DEN and INN kidneys (DEN/INN) were 98±4 mm Hg and 1.04±0.04 respectively. As expected, sodium retention occurred for several days during ANG II infusion before sodium balance was achieved at an increase in MAP of 30-35 mm Hg. Throughout ANG II infusion, there was a substantially greater rate of sodium excretion from INN versus DEN kidneys (day 5 DEN/INN-sodium = 0.51±0.05), indicating chronic suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity. CPD + SAD did not influence baseline values for either MAP or the DEN/INN-sodium, nor did it alter the severity of ANG II hypertension. However, after CPD + SAD there was an appreciably lower, rather than a greater, rate of sodium excretion from INN versus DEN kidneys during ANG II hypertension (day 5 DEN/INN-sodium = 2.02±0.14). These data indicate that cardiac and/or arterial baroreflexes chronically inhibit renal sympathetic nerve activity during ANG II hypertension and that in the absence of these reflexes, ANG II has sustained renal sympathoexcitatory effects that promote sodium retention.
Tuftelin, mutans streptococci, and dental caries susceptibility

The purpose of this study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to dental caries susceptibility, either alone or in combination with environmental factors. Dental examinations were performed and buccal swab samples collected from 3- to 5-year-old children with at least 4 surfaces of decay, or with no evidence of decay. SNP assays for each of 6 candidate genes were performed for all cases and controls. Chi-square analysis and regression analysis were used for the evaluation of individual gene effects, environmental effects, and gene-environment interactions. There were no significant associations between single candidate genes and caries susceptibility. Levels of S. mutans were positively and Lactobacilli were negatively associated with caries. Regression analysis revealed a significant interaction between tuftelin and S. mutans, with 26.8% of the variation in dmfs explained by the interaction. Future research will focus on the identification of these additional factors and the development of functional assays so that these interactions can be better understood.
Downwash-aware trajectory planning for large quadrotor teams

We describe a method for formation-change trajectory planning for large quadrotor teams in obstacle-rich environments. Our method decomposes the planning problem into two stages: a discrete planner operating on a graph representation of the workspace, and a continuous refinement that converts the non-smooth graph plan into a set of Ck-continuous trajectories, locally optimizing an integral-squared-derivative cost. We account for the downwash effect, allowing safe flight in dense formations. We demonstrate the computational efficiency in simulation with up to 200 robots and the physical plausibility with an experiment with 32 nano-quadrotors. Our approach can compute safe and smooth trajectories for hundreds of quadrotors in dense environments with obstacles in a few minutes.
Heterogeneous impact transport on the Moon

Impact cratering is the dominant process for transporting material on the Moon's surface. An impact transports both proximal material (continuous ejecta) locally and distal ejecta (crater rays) to much larger distances. Quantifying the relative importance of locally derived material versus distal material requires understandings of lunar regolith evolution and the mixing of materials across the lunar surface. The Moon has distinctive albedo units of darker mare basalt and brighter highland materials, and the contacts between these units are ideal settings to examine this question. Information on the amount of material transported across these contacts comes from both the sample collection and remote sensing data, though earlier interpretations of these observations are contradictory. The relatively narrow (~4–5 km wide) mixing zone at mare/highland contacts had been interpreted as consistent with most material having been locally derived from underneath mare plains. However, even far from these contacts where the mare is thick, highland material is abundant in some soil samples (>20%), requiring transport of highland material over great distances. Any model of impact transport on the Moon needs to be consistent with both the observed width of mare/highland contacts and the commonality of nonmare material in mare soil samples far from any contact. In this study, using a three-dimensional regolith transport model, we match these constraints and demonstrate that both local and distal material transports are important at the lunar surface. Furthermore, the nature of the distal material transport mechanism in discrete crater rays can result in substantial heterogeneity of surface materials.
The effects of hierarchy, centralization and formalization on municipal fiscal health: An empirical test of the bureaucratic ideal

This research examines the effects of three defining features of bureaucratic organizations – hierarchy, centralization of decision-making, and the formalization of administrative procedures and rules – on the fiscal health of city governments in the US. It utilizes data from a national survey of top appointed city officials in the US to measure the bureaucratic features of city governments, and assesses budgetary solvency using actual financial data from audited financial reports. Using factor analysis to develop a composite bureaucracy index, and addressing unobserved heterogeneity and possible simultaneity bias through least squares dummy variable regression and instrumental variable regression, the empirical analysis shows that excessive bureaucracy leads to poorer fiscal health. Analysing the effects of the individual components of the index, the results indicate that centralization and formalization exert a statistically significant and negative effect on city budgetary solvency.
Silicene growth through island migration and coalescence

We perform massively-parallel classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the long timescale monolayer silicene growth on an Ir (111) surface. We observe an intricate multi-stage growth process driven by atomic and cluster migration on the surface. Initial growth involves formation of sub-nanometer clusters via adatom surface diffusion. Subsequently, these clusters rearrange spontaneously with each additional Si atom, forming clusters containing 4–7 member rings. Growth of each cluster through adatom adhesion is accompanied by the formation of larger islands through cluster migration and coalescence. Coalescence of smaller, more mobile islands into larger clusters is aided by the internal rearrangement of rings within each cluster. This flexibility, both of clusters and their constituent atoms, allows the impinging clusters to reorient after first contact and form a more perfect union. We also report on the effect of temperature and flux on the growth process and the final nanostructure. Our study provides atomistic insights into the early stage growth mechanisms of silicene which can be significant for controlled synthesis of its 2D monolayers.
ANALYSIS OF THE POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE IN CLINICAL NEONATAL HIP SCREENING FOR INSTABILITY IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP

Purpose There is concern that the positive predictive value (PPV) of neonatal screening for instability may have deteriorated over recent years, this study aims to evaluate this. Method This is a prospective observational longitudinal study from 2012 – 2016. Patients that were referred from paediatric neonatal screening with hip instability (Ortolani / Barlow positive, clunks) were identified and underwent ultrasound and clinical examination in the one stop hip clinic by the senior author. Referrals were taken from a range of screeners from paediatric doctors to midwives and advanced neonatal practitioners. Syndromic or neurological dislocated hips were excluded. The outcome measures were the presence of a subluxated / dislocated hip on ultrasound as per Graf and Harcke classification and a positive provocative manoeuvre on examination. This allowed a PPV to be evaluated for both ultrasound and clinical examination. Results 139 neonates were referred for a suspected dislocated or dislocatable hip from paediatric screening services. These were seen at a mean 14.0 days (95% C I, 12.28 to 15.72). 20 patients had a Graf type 4 hip on ultrasound and 5 had a positive provocative test on examination. This represents an ultrasound PPV of 14.4% and clinical exam PPV of 3.6%. This has deteriorated from 15 year data from our unit (PPV 24% clinical, 49% sonographic). Our overall surgical rate for DDH has increased to 1.07 per 1000, and our overall rate of open reductions has increased to 0.7 per 1000. This is based upon figures from 2012 – 2014. Conclusion The PPV of screening has decreased over the last 5 years. The concern is too many screeners who, with regards screening the paediatric hip, are poorly trained, inexperienced, not adequately supervised. We need to learn the lessons of Sweden and ensure better quality screening by limiting screening to a small number of experienced practitioners.
Microfinance and Vulnerability to Seasonal Famine in a Rural Economy: Evidence from Monga in Bangladesh

This paper takes advantage of a unique data set on 143,000 poor households from northern Bangladesh to analyze the effects of microfinance membership on a household’s ability to cope with seasonal famine known as Monga. We develop an instrumental variables strategy that exploits a jump and a kink at the 10 decimal (0.1 acre) land ownership threshold driven by MFI screening process to ensure repayment by excluding the ultra-poor. Evidence from the local 2SLS estimator (Dong, 2017) shows that microfinance membership improves food security during the hungry season, especially for the poorest households who struggle to survive at the margin of 1 and 2 meals a day. Microfinance membership also reduces the probability of short-term migration for work during Monga, but is ineffective in reducing the incidence of advance sale of labor at low wages. These conclusions are also supported by estimates from minimum-biased IPW estimator of Millimet and Tchernis (2013) that reduces bias without imposing exclusion restrictions.
Eliminating dead code on recursive data

This paper describes a powerful method for dead-code analysis and elimination in the presence of recursive data constructions. We describe partially dead recursive data using liveness patterns based on general regular tree grammars extended with the notion of live and dead, and we formulate the analysis as computing liveness patterns at all program points based on constraints constructed from the program and programming language semantics. The analysis yields the most precise program-based grammars that satisfy the constraints. The analysis algorithm takes cubic time in terms of the size of the program in the worst case but is very efficient in practice, as shown by our prototype implementation. The analysis results are used to identify and eliminate dead code. The framework for representing and analyzing properties of recursive data structures using general regular tree grammars applies to other analyses as well.
Pediatric Outpatient Anesthesia

Children are excellent candidates for outpatient (ambulatory) surgery. The typical pediatric surgical patient has no serious systemic disorder. Furthermore, most surgical procedures in children are simple and require less complicated techniques than those used in adults. From the child’s perspective, the two greatest advantages of ambulatory surgery are the minimization of parental separation and the reduction of exposure to hospital-acquired infections.
1,500 Renal Transplants at One Center: Evolution of a Strategy for Optimal Success

Summary From analysis of results of more than 1,500 renal transplants has evolved a plan for donor selection and immunosuppressive management whereby patients with end-stage renal disease can obtain maximum graft and patient survival. With superior results in both patient and graft survival with living-related transplantation, this modality should be considered initially. Pretreatment with third party blood transfusions appears effective in all donor categories. Donor-specific blood transfusions have afforded 1-haplotype mixed lymphocyte culture-incompatible recipients enhanced opportunity for successful transplantation. Current results with living-related transplantation suggest realistic expectations of 1 and 2 year graft survival rates of greater than 90 percent. Curtailment of steroid therapy has resulted in improved patient survival at 1 and 2 years: 98 and 97 percent for recipients of living-related grafts, and 91 and 88 percent for recipients of cadaver grafts. These results, in combination with proper donor selection and appropriate recipient pretreatment with blood transfusions, have made renal transplantation a very effective therapeutic method in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Nontraditional post develop inspection and review strategy for via defects

A viable in-line monitor for missing vias in the back end of line (BEOL) has traditionally been challenging due to the nature of the defects. Today's available solutions do not meet the requirements of a true in-line and at-level monitor strategy. These solutions either indirectly monitor the defect further down the line, put production at risk of damage or contamination due to exceeding strict queue times, or inspect a very small percentage of the wafer. In this paper, we propose a new, nontraditional approach to this problem. By inspecting the wafer at post develop and reviewing at final etch, we were able to simultaneous achieve better signal to the defects and evaluate their impact to the final pattern. This methodology provides a full wafer in-line monitor strategy that was previously unavailable. The methodology was further extended to improve our lithographic process window qualification procedure and drive improvements in lithography that could not be achieved otherwise.
HANDHELD NAVIGATION IN TKA: THE ORTHOPAEDIST'S SMART PHONE

The optimal overall lower extremity and component alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has recently been questioned, yet the majority of studies demonstrate TKA positioning to effect the rate of implant loosening, polyethylene stresses, knee kinematics, and gait. Most commonly, extramedullary tibial and intramedullary femoral alignment guides are used to set coronal alignment in TKA, but these “conventional” methods have a limited degree of accuracy. The goal of obtaining more precise and accurate component positioning has led to the development of computer-assisted surgical (CAS) techniques. Although numerous comparative studies have shown significant improvements with the use of CAS techniques, concerns over increased operative times, large capital costs, and the learning curve associated with their use have limited their widespread acceptance. Recently, handheld navigation devices have been introduced with the goal of providing the accuracy of large-console CAS systems in an easy-to-use manner. These devices rely on accelerometer-based navigation to set cutting guide alignment relative to the mechanical axes of the femur and tibia. Unlike most CAS systems, handheld navigation systems avoid the use of additional pin sites and reference arrays in the femur and tibia, do not require a large computer with an infrared camera, and thus eliminate intraoperative line of site issues between the camera and tracking arrays. Several investigations have demonstrated handheld navigation devices to provide the same degree of alignment accuracy as large-console CAS systems, thus improving the ability of a surgeon to achieve their intraoperative targets for coronal alignment during TKA.
An Experiment on Innovation and Collusion

This paper examines the relationship between product innovation and the success of price collusion using novel laboratory experiments. Average market prices in low innovation experiments are significantly higher than those in high innovation, but otherwise identical experiments. This price difference is attributed to low innovation experimental subjects' greater common market experience. The data illustrate how collusion can be perceived as the "only way to make it" in low innovation markets where product innovation is not a viable strategy for increasing profits. They suggest that product homogeneity can be a proximate cause, and product innovation an ultimate cause, of collusion.
Maximizing Intervention Effectiveness

Frequently, policy makers seek to roll out an intervention previously proven effective in a research study, perhaps subject to resource constraints. However, because different subpopulations may re...
Emittance preservation in plasma-based accelerators with ion motion

In a plasma-accelerator-based linear collider, the density of matched, low-emittance, high-energy particle bunches required for collider applications can be orders of magnitude above the background ion density, leading to ion motion, perturbation of the focusing fields, and, hence, to beam emittance growth. By analyzing the response of the background ions to an ultrahigh density beam, analytical expressions, valid for nonrelativistic ion motion, are derived for the transverse wakefield and for the final (i.e., after saturation) bunch emittance. Analytical results are validated against numerical modeling. Initial beam distributions are derived that are equilibrium solutions, which require head-to-tail bunch shaping, enabling emittance preservation with ion motion.
Olfactory identification in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: Association with tau but not amyloid positron emission tomography

Abstract Introduction We investigated the association between olfactory identification and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, including amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration. Methods Thirty-four older adults, including 19 cognitively normal (CN), 10 subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and 5 mild cognitive impairment, underwent amyloid positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Twenty-six also underwent tau positron emission tomography. Associations between the UPSIT and regionally sampled amyloid, tau, and temporal atrophy were evaluated. Voxel-wise regression models were also utilized. Analyses were conducted with the full sample and only CN/SCD. Results Lower UPSIT scores were associated with increased temporal and parietal tau burden in regional and voxel-wise analyses in the full sample and in CN and SCD only. Temporal lobe atrophy was associated with lower UPSIT score. Amyloid was not associated with the UPSIT. Discussion Impairment on the UPSIT may be a good marker for tau and neurodegeneration in preclinical or prodromal Alzheimer's disease.
The Role of Overbilling in Hospitals’ Earnings Management Decisions

This paper examines the role of overbilling in hospitals’ earnings management choices. Overbilling by hospitals is a form of revenue manipulation that involves misclassifying a patient into a diagnosis-related group that yields higher reimbursement. As overbilling allows hospitals to increase revenues without altering operations, affecting costs, or having to reverse such behavior in the future, I propose and find that overbilling reduces hospitals’ use of managing accruals or cutting discretionary expenditures. Next, I find that hospital managers prefer overbilling to managing accruals (cutting discretionary expenditures) when cutting discretionary expenditures (managing accruals) is constrained, and vice versa. Collectively, my findings suggest that overbilling is an important alternative manipulation tool in hospitals.
Inequality and Philanthropy: High-Income Giving in the United States 1917-2012

Abstract From 1917 to 2012, donations by high-income households in the USA have moved inversely with income inequality. This association contradicts historical narratives and prevailing theory, both of which that imply that high-income households donate rising income shares when inequality increases. The negative correlation holds both unconditionally and after conditioning on other explanatory variables, at both the national and US state levels. Low payout ratios of foundations and endowed charities, combined with this observed relationship, imply that differences in charitable giving will tend to entrench, not reduce, inequality across places over time.
The design of order-of-addition experiments

I introduce systematic methods to create optimal designs for order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, those that study the order in which m components are applied—for example, the order in which chemicals are added to a reaction or layers are added to a film. Full designs require m! runs, so I investigate design fractions. Balance criteria for creating such designs employ an extension of orthogonal arrays (OAs) to OofA–OAs. A connection is made between D-efficient and OofA–OA designs. Necessary conditions are found for the number of runs needed to create OofA–OAs of strengths 2 and 3. I create a number of new, optimal, designs: 12-run OofA–OAs in 4 and 5 components, 24-run OofA–OAs in 5 and 6 components, and near OofA–OAs in 7 components. I extend these designs to include (a) process factors and (b) the common case in which component orderings are restricted. I also suggest how such designs may be analyzed.
Accuracy of Retrospective Reports of Family Environment.

Retrospective reports of family environments are often the only way to collect the data concerning the influence of a child’s experience in the family on later development. However, the accuracy of retrospective measures can be problematic because of social desirability or potential failures of memory. The purpose of this study is to compare retrospective and prospective measures of family environment. In this unique study, 198 parents and 241 adolescent children (mean age 15.7) described their family environment, and then 25 years later, completed retrospective reports. We test the effects of memory, positivity, gender, and generation on retrospective reports, as well as testing the ability of prospective and retrospective measures to predict adult well-being and adult–child/elder–parent relationships. Results show moderate correlations of 0.30–0.45 between prospective and retrospective measures. In examining the relative effectiveness of prospective and retrospective measures to predict later life outcomes, we find that retrospective reports of the family environment most validly capture influences on the child in domains of strong emotional content but are less successful in cognitive domains.
A Fully Integrated Quartz MEMS VHF TCXO

We report on a 32-MHz quartz temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) fully integrated with commercial CMOS electronics and vacuum packaged at wafer level using a low-temperature MEMS-after quartz process. The novel quartz resonator design provides for stress isolation from the CMOS substrate, thereby yielding classical AT-cut f/T profiles and low hysteresis which can be compensated to $\le 300~\mu \text{m}$ as part of the wafer-level eutectic encapsulation. Full integration with large state-of-the-art CMOS wafers is possible using carrier wafer techniques.
Generation Recombination Noise in GaN Photoconducting Detectors

Low frequency noise measurements are a powerful tool for detecting deep traps in semiconductor devices and investigating trapping-recombination mechanisms. We have performed low frequency noise measurements on a number of photoconducting detectors fabricated on autodoped n-GaN films grown by ECR-MBE. At room temperature, the noise spectrum is dominated by 1/f noise and thermal noise for low resistivity material and by generationrecombination (G-R) noise for high resistivity material. Noise characteristics were measured as a function of temperature in the 80K to 300K range. At temperatures below 150K, 1/f noise is dominant and at temperatures above 150K, G-R noise is dominant. Optical excitation revealed the presence of traps not observed in the dark, at room temperature.
Algorithms, ontology, and social progress:

Recently, media and communication researchers have shown an increasing interest in critical data studies and ways to utilize data for social progress. In this commentary, I highlight several useful...
Size-dependent tax enforcement and compliance : global evidence and aggregate implications

This paper studies the prevalence and consequences of size-dependent tax enforcement and compliance. The identification strategy uses the ranking of industries' average firm size in the United States as an instrument for the size ranking of the same industries in developing countries. Data on 125,000 firms in 140 countries show that tax enforcement and compliance increase with size. Size-dependence is more prevalent in low-income countries, and concentrated at the top of the size distribution. When quantified in a general equilibrium model, removing size dependent enforcement leads to gains in Total Factor Productivity of up to 0.8 percent.
Law and Corporate Governance

Abstract Pragmatic and effective research on corporate governance often turns critically on appreciating the legal institutions surrounding corporate entities—yet such nuances are often unfamiliar or poorly specified to economists and other social scientists without legal training. This chapter organizes and discusses key legal concepts of corporate governance, including statutes, regulations, and jurisprudential doctrines that “govern governance” in private and public companies, with concentration on the for-profit corporation. We review the literature concerning the nature and purpose of the corporation, the objects of fiduciary obligations, the means for decision making within the firm, as well as the overlay of state and federal law pertaining to how that decision-making authority is exercised within publicly traded companies. A core feature of this analysis is that while the basic structures pertinent to corporate law and governance are familiar and in some ways predictable, they are also in a constant state of flux, shaping and being shaped by institutional adaptations of firms, regulators and courts. This chapter is most appropriate for social science researchers and/or students who are new to the legal dimensions of firm governance.
Finite Element Analysis of Origami-Based Sheet Metal Folding Process

There are challenges in the conventional sheet metal folding for mass production; those are summarized by high tooling and energy costs and lack of dimensional accuracy. High cost per product is due to the need of specific manufacturing tools and equipment like dies and molds that are shape dedicated to certain product range and specifications. Lack of high accuracy is resulted from involved forming process, machine structure and springback effects in workpiece.Origami-based Sheet Metal (OSM) folding fabrication process has been utilized to overcome these challenges. This novel approach is an extension of the origami technique to sheet metal folding process and it requires creating numerous features along the bend line, called Material Discontinuities (MD). MD are fabricated by removal of material completely or partially through thickness direction of sheet metal along the bend line using laser cutting process or progressive stamping. MD can also be created by stamping where no material removal is present, rather stamping creates deformed pattern along the bend line to guide the folding. MD controls the material deformation during bending and results in reduced bending force, minimal tooling and machinery requirements. Despite the promising potential of OSM, there is little understating of the effect of the selected MD shape and geometry on the final workpiece, specifically this is of interest when comparing the energy and cost allocations for OSM with a well-establish process for sheet metal such as stamping.In this work, the effect of several types of MD on sheet metal folding process is investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In particular, wiping die bending of aluminum sheet with different MD shapes and geometries along the bend line is compared to the traditional sheet bending of final part in terms of stress distribution along the bending line and required bending force. FE simulations are carried out using structural and thermo-mechanical FE solver Code_Aster. Aluminum 2036-T4 is chosen as sheet metal material. Constitutive model in the simulation is J2 flow theory plasticity with isotropic hardening. The FEA results are validated by comparing it to the available empirical models in terms of bending forces.This study finds that the OSM technique reduced the required bending force significantly, which has important significance in energy and cost reduction. It also ranked the MD in terms of the required force to bend the same sheet metal type and thickness for further future investigation. However, the MD leads to localized high stress regions along the bending line, which may affect load-bearing capability of the final part. In addition, it may lead to cracks or fractures of sheet metal part in the high stress region, especially if MD are densely arranged along the bend line.Copyright © 2016 by ASME