cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A likelihood ratio test for goodness-of-fit of recessive and dominant models for case–control studies

Testing goodness-of-fit of commonly used genetic models is of critical importance in many applications including association studies and testing for departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Case–control design has become widely used in population genetics and genetic epidemiology, thus it is of interest to develop powerful goodness-of-fit tests for genetic models using case–control data. This paper develops a likelihood ratio test (LRT) for testing recessive and dominant models for case–control studies. The LRT statistic has a closed-form formula with a simple null asymptotic distribution, thus its implementation is easy even for genome-wide association studies. Moreover, it has the same power and optimality as when the disease prevalence is known in the population. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 341–352; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada Il est d'une importance capitale de tester l'adequation des modeles genetiques couramment utilises dans plusieurs applications, y compris pour les etudes d'association et les tests d'ecart par rapport a l'equilibre de Hardy-Weinberg. Comme les plans d'experience cas-temoin sont maintenant largement utilises en genetique des populations et en epidemiologie genetique, il est interessant d'elaborer des tests d'adequation puissants pour les modeles genetiques utilisant des donnees provenant de ces plans. Dans cet article, les auteurs developpent un test du rapport de vraisemblance pour les modeles recessifs et dominants dans les etudes cas-temoin. La statistique de test basee sur le rapport de vraisemblance possede une formule explicite dont la distribution asymptotique suit une sous l'hypothese nulle, ce qui favorise son utilisation meme pour les etudes d'association pangenomiques. De plus, le test a la meme puissance et la meme optimalite que lorsque la prevalence de la maladie dans la population est connue. La revue canadienne de statistique 41: 341–352; 2013 © 2013 Societe statistique du Canada
Critical thickness of GaAs/InGaAs and AlGaAs/GaAsP strained quantum wells grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

In this paper we describe a study of strained quantum wells (QWs) as a means to experimentally observe the critical thickness (hc) for the formation of interfacial misfit dislocations. Two material systems were investigated: GaAs/In0.11Ga0.89As, in which the QW layers are under biaxialcompression, and Al0.35Ga0.65As/GaAs0.82P0.18, in which the QW layers are under biaxialtension. Samples were grown by atmospheric pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition, and characterized by low-temperature photoluminescence (PL), x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and Hall measurements. For both material systems, the observed onset of dislocation formation agrees well with the force-balance model assuming a double-kink mechanism. However, overall results indicate that the relaxation is inhomogeneous. Annealing at 800–850° C had no significant effect on the PL spectra, signifying that even layers that have exceededhc and have undergone partial relaxation are thermodynamically stable against further dislocation propagation.
Measuring temporally complex ultrashort pulses using multiple-delay crossed-beam spectral interferometry

We introduce a spectral-interferometry (SI) technique for measuring the complete intensity and phase of relatively long and very complex ultrashort pulses. Ordinarily, such a method would require a high-resolution spectrometer, but our method overcomes this need. It involves making multiple measurements using SI (in its SEA TADPOLE variation) at numerous delays, measuring many temporal pulselets within the pulse, and concatenating the resulting pulselets. Its spectral resolution is the inverse delay range—many times higher than that of the spectrometer used. Our simple proof-of-principle implementation of it provided 71 fs temporal resolution and a temporal range of 100 ps using a few-cm low-resolution spectrometer.
Growth of IrSi3 by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Epitaxial IrSi 3 films have been grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy at temperatures ranging from 630 to 800°C. Good surface morphology was observed for IrSi 3 layers grown at temperatures below 680°C, and an increasing tendency to form islands is noted in samples grown at higher temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the IrSi 3 layers grow epitaxially on Si(111) with three epitaxial modes. A minimum channeling yield of 52% was observed for the IrSi 3 layer MBE grown at 630°C by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy.
Impacting teacher mathematical knowledge and attitudes with grade‐appropriate methods

Sixty‐five fourth‐grade, fifth‐grade and sixth‐grade teachers in the Midwestern United States participated in professional development opportunities designed to increase their mathematics content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge over a two‐year series of workshops. Through the use of pre‐tests and post‐tests assessing content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge, the researchers show that teachers can increase both content and pedagogical knowledge through professional development using grade‐appropriate methods. In addition, researchers found that teachers showed positive changes in five areas of beliefs and attitudes, including perceptions of student ability in mathematics. Taken together, these changes indicate a strong potential for changes in classroom practices.
Conformal Field Theory Representation and Background Independent Action for Superstring Field Theory

Abstract The two-dimensional conformal field theory representation of Witten's open superstring field theory is discussed. We argue that the previously suggested cubic action for the superstring is actually dependent on the spacetime background, and suggest a modification which formally removes this dependence. The transformation from the new version of the superstring cubic action to Witten's action for open string states is discussed. A class of linearized solutions to the equations of motion of the open superstring cubic action are exhibited. These solutions are in one-to-one correspondence with the physical excitations (both massless and massive) of the open and closed type I superstrings.
Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Support in Preterm Infants after Birth

As compared to term infanst, preterm infants have low blood pressure especially during the first days of life. Mean arterial blood pressure increases with gestational age and with postnatal age. However, is there a blood pressure threshold for poor outcome and does treating low blood pressure improve outcome of preterm infants? The aim of treating low blood pressure is to improve regional oxygen delivery and thereby to improve long term outcome.
Generation of High Aspect Ratio Micro Holes by a Hybrid Micromachining Process

Drilling a micro hole with an aspect ratio above 10 is a challenging task for any-micromachining process. In micro electro discharge machining (micro EDM), a proven metallic micromachining process, this is due to the problems associated with debris removal. In such cases, where the capabilities of existing macro machining methods are constantly being challenged, innovative micro manufacturing approaches are required to make progress. Hybrid micromachining is one such approach in which the synergy of constituent processes is exploited to achieve desired results. In this paper, the results of ultrasonic vibration assisted micro electro discharge machining process are presented. This hybrid process is capable of deep hole drilling with aspect ratio of 20 in austenitic stainless steel by overcoming the limitations in the debris removal faced in the typical micro EDM process. Other benefits of ultrasonic vibration are the savings in machining time, and less tool wear. It is also noticed that the ultrasonic vibration causes some shape distortion and produces rougher machined surface.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The new Langley Research Center advanced real-time simulation (ARTS) system

Based on a survey of current local area network technology with special attention paid to high bandwidth and very low transport delay requirements, NASA's Langley Research Center designed a new simulation subsystem using the computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) network. This required significant modifications to the standard CAMAC system and development of a network switch, a clocking system, new conversion equipment, new consoles, supporting software, etc. This system is referred to as the advanced real-time simulation (ARTS) system. It is presently being built at LaRC. This paper provides a functional and physical description of the hardware and a functional description of the software. The requirements which drove the design are presented as well as present performance figures and status.
Geometrical image transformation to compensate for MRI distortions

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being one of the most promising neuro-imaging modalities in medical diagnosis suffers from spatial inaccuracy when it comes to high precision processes such as neuro-stereotactic surgery. Spatial distortions of several millimeters are possible. The distortion originates from the fact that highly controllable magnetic fields are used to encode the positions of the spins. When the fields are perturbed by unknown interferences such as the para- and/or dia-magnetism of the patient or inhomogeneity in the main field the spatial encoding becomes inaccurate. However the distortions are not without helpful characteristics. For instance using an SE pulse sequence one may observe that 1) the distortion vectors are collinear 2) they are along an axis which is determined by the gradients and 3) the integral of image intensity between homologous coaxial points is unaffected by the inhomogeneity. With such an observation we propose a method that uses a pair of images from the same object that are acquired using a set of gradients having a prescribed relationship. While these two images are both distorted a set of independent first order ordinary differential equations have been derived to relate the two images. Based upon this relation we show that a distortion-compensated image can be derived. We also show some preliminary phantom study results as well as computer simulation results. The objective of this study is to arrive at spatially accurate MRI
Multitone jamming of hybrid SFH/DS-MFSK communication systems

The performance of hybrid SFH/DS-MFSK systems under partial band multitone jamming is considered. The BER equation derived is appropriate for communication signals consisting of many M-ary symbols per DS code period, jammed by equally-spaced tones with random phase and possibly tone placement errors. This may be used to study the effects of system design alternatives and of jammer tone offsets. Systems with fixed bandwidth and non-overlapping FH channels may be optimised, as can systems with overlapping channels.
You know my Steez: An ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of styleshifting in a Black American speech community

Samy Alim . You know my Steez: An ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of styleshifting in a Black American speech community . Duke University Press, 2005. pp. Xi, 309. Hb $20.00. Samy Alim's book is a balanced blend of hip hop linguistics, ethnography, and advocacy. There is an underlying intensity to his writing that challenges all researchers to become more active in applying their research to the benefit of the community. Most impressively, Alim puts his money where his mouth when it comes to linguistic advocacy. Paying lip service to the idea that African American English or Black Language is linguistically and socially legitimate is one thing; it is another to employ it in written form in a scholarly text. Yet Alim seamlessly shifts back and forth between a hip hop form of Black Language and Standard English, alerting the reader to his own stylistic range while serving to legitimize the language he uses. Furthermore, he does so in a style that is both lucid and transparent for readers less familiar with linguistic jargon.
On Null States in Sub-Critical Strings

It is shown that in a generic theory of sub-critical strings (or alternatively, two-dimensional gravity coupled to matter) the physical states are in one-to-one correspondence with the primary fields of the matter (critical) theory.
The Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP2 Is Required for Cyclooxygenase 2–Mediated Mammary Hyperplasia

Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis, and COX-2 enzyme inhibitors reduce breast cancer incidence in humans. We recently showed that COX-2 overexpression in the mammary gland of transgenic mice induced mammary cancer. Because prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) is the major eicosanoid and because the EP2 subtype of the PGE 2 receptor is highly expressed in the mammary tumors, we tested if this G protein–coupled receptor is required for tumorigenesis. We crossed the MMTV-COX-2 transgenic mice with Ep2 −/− mice and studied tumor development in bigenic mice. Lack of EP2 receptor strongly suppressed COX-2–induced effects such as precocious development of the mammary gland in virgins and the development of mammary hyperplasia in multiparous female mice. Interestingly, the expression of amphiregulin, a potent mammary epithelial cell growth factor was down regulated in mammary glands of Ep2 −/− mice. Total cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were reduced in Ep2 −/− mammary glands suggesting that PGE 2 signaling via the EP2 receptor activates the G s /cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. In mammary tumor cell lines, expression of the EP2 receptor followed by treatment with CAY10399, an EP2-specific agonist, strongly induced amphiregulin mRNA levels in a protein kinase A–dependent manner. These data suggest that PGE 2 signaling via the EP2 receptor in mammary epithelial cells regulate mammary gland hyperplasia by the cAMP-dependent induction of amphiregulin. Inhibition of the EP2 pathway in the mammary gland may be a novel approach in the prevention and/or treatment of mammary cancer.
Telephone triage liability: protecting your patients and your practice from harm.

Pediatricians receive more telephone calls than any other medical specialty. The American Academy of Pediatrics reports that 30% of office-hours pediatric care is provided over the telephone, as well as 80% of after-hours care [1]. Sometimes physicians are sued for the telephone advice they give. Pediatricians rank fourth in frequency of lawsuits after internal medicine, family medicine, and obstetricians. The purpose of this article is to help pediatricians prevent errors in telephone triage that could cause harmful outcomes for their patients, not to mention medical liability for their practice. After-hours calls (when the office is closed) account for most of the adverse outcomes. Therefore, preventive measures for these calls will be covered in more depth than office-hours calls. Lawsuits against pediatricians have a better outcome than most specialties [2]. In 68% of cases, the claim was dropped, withdrawn, or dismissed. In 27%, a settlement was reached without going to court. Only 5% of cases go to trial, and of those, in 80% the verdict goes in favor of the physician. These data come from all pediatric lawsuits, not those just involving telephone care. MALPRACTICE DEFINITION To sustain a malpractice lawsuit, a plaintiff’s attorney must prove the following: damage to the patient, duty to treat, direct cause (damage caused by our care), and deviation (departure) from standard of care. We will examine each of the 4 Ds in some depth. Damage usually means permanent harm or injury to the patient. This can include death (eg, from shock), disability (eg, from kernicterus), disfigurement (eg, from necrotizing fasciitis), or unnecessary loss of all or part of an organ (eg, torsion of the testicle). In fact, the severity of the damage often determines the size of the malpractice award. Of the total paid claims in pediatrics from 1985 to 2005, death accounted for 30%, major permanent injury for 29%, significant permanent injury for 12%,
Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Wireless Interval Training Guidance System

Interval training has been shown to improve the physical and psychological performance of users, in terms of fatigue level, cardiovascular build-up, hemoglobin concentration, and self-esteem. Despite the benefits, there is no known automated method for formulating and tailoring an optimized interval training protocol for a specific individual that maximizes the amount of calories burned while limiting fatigue. Additionally, an application that provides the aforementioned optimal training protocol must also provide motivation for repetitious and tedious exercises necessary to improve a patient's adherence. This paper presents a system that efficiently formulates an optimized interval training method for each individual by using data mining schemes on attributes, conditions, and data gathered from individuals exercise sessions. This system uses accelerometers embedded within iPhones, a Bluetooth pulse oximeter, and the Weka data mining tool to formulate optimized interval training protocols and has been shown to increase the amount of calories burned by 29.54% as compared to the modified Tabata interval training protocol. We also developed a behavioral cueing system that uses music and performance feedback to provide motivation during interval training exercise sessions. By measuring a user's performance through sensor readings, we are able to play songs that match the user's workout plan. A hybrid collaborative, content, and context-aware filtering algorithm incorporates the user's music preferences and the exercise speed to enhance performance.
Social Citizenship and Workfare in the US and Western Europe: From Status to Contract:

A major goal in workfare policies is to re-integrate the socially excluded into full citizenship. I examine the experience in the US and compare the current reforms in selected Western European countries. I argue that current policies of inclusion necessarily exclude. Workfare contemplates an individual `contract' between the agency and the client. I concentrate on the implementation issues - the characteristics and constraints on the welfare worker-client relationship. While there are positive achievements, there is disturbing evidence that the most vulnerable are still being excluded. I suggest reforms for those who remain - separating benefits from services, re-designing incentives for service workers, and eliminating sanctions.
The classical metapopulation theory and the real, natural world: a critical appraisal

Classical metapopulation (CM) theory considers that species persistence in the landscape depends on a turnover of extinction-(re)colonisation of suitable habitat patches at each generation. Therefore, metapoputation dynamics are approximated by binary changes in the state of individual patches. This approach has allowed rigorous mathematical analyses of metapopulation dynamics, establishing links with general laws in ecology or deriving operational concepts in conservation biology. However, a critical review of the literature shows that only a few spatially structured populations function according to CM theory. Moreover, empirical studies of CMs usually focus on species (1) at the margin of their distribution range, (2) with small or extremely small local population sizes and (3) declining in the study area (expanding in one case). Such non-equilibrium population systems are far from the equilibrium world idealised in CM models. Furthermore, empirical comparisons of metapopulations in highly fragmented landscapes show that extinction-(re)colonisation dynamics match those predicted by the theory only when local populations are very small. The lack of correspondence between CM theory and the real, natural world may explain why models and concepts derived from the theory are not used in population viability analysis or conservation strategies. The final message of this paper is three-fold: (1) exclusive, implicit assimilation of spatially structured populations to CMs should be avoided, (2) attempts to manage any population using CM theory should be preceded by careful examination of the correspondence between the field situation and assumptions of the theory (particularly regarding the high rate of local population turnover and the equilibrium state of the metapopulation) and (3) theorists should avoid to present CM theory and derived concepts as the only conservation framework for populations confronted with habitat loss and fragmentation. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Involvement in tasks and choice behavior

Abstract This study explores deviations from the EV model when making preferences between luck tasks in which the subject is only partially involved with varying objective probabilities of success. Thirty-nine subjects in a laboratory experiment were required to select one of two mutually exclusive tasks characterized by an identical probability of success. Each task consisted of two events: in one of these events the subject himself was involved, and in the other, another individual was simultaneously involved. Subjects were presented with the individual probabilities of success associated with each of the events as well as with the joint probability of success. The probability of success associated with the event in which the subject was involved differed between the two tasks. An EV model would predict that the subjects would be indifferent in their selection between the two tasks. However, the subjects systematically preferred tasks in which higher probability of success attached to the event in which they were involved. This preference generally persisted throughout variations in experimental conditions designed to test for the stability of the effect. Some explanations for the observed phenomenon are offered.
Gonadotropin regulation of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA and immunoreactive protein in cultured chicken granulosa cells.

Gonadotropin regulation of the inhibin alpha-subunit was investigated in chicken granulosa cell cultures. Granulosa layers were isolated from the F(1) and F(3) + F(4) follicles from three to four hens, pooled according to size, dispersed, and cultured (n = 3 replications for each experiment). In Experiments 1 and 2 either ovine LH or FSH was added to the cultures at doses of 0, 5, and 25 ng/ml. The cultures were terminated at 4, 24, and 48 h after plating. For both follicle sizes the expression of mRNA for the inhibin alpha-subunit was less (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h in untreated cells than in those treated with both doses of LH. Expression of the mRNA for the inhibin alpha-subunit was significantly increased only by the 25 ng/ml dose of FSH and only in the F(1) follicle at 24 and 48 h compared to the untreated cells. After 48 h of culture, immunoreactive alpha-subunit protein accumulation was greater for both follicle types in the media of cells treated with the highest dose of LH and FSH than in the media from untreated cells. In Experiment 3, doses of 0, 5, 25, or 50 ng/ml of either LH or FSH were added to F(1) and F(3) + F(4) granulosa cells. All cultures were terminated at 48 h. LH and FSH increased the expression of the mRNA and immunoreactive protein for the inhibin alpha-subunit equally in a time-dependent manner. These experiments indicate that gonadotropins enhance the expression of both the mRNA and the protein for the inhibin alpha-subunit in chicken granulosa cells.
Plasmaphosphate und Milchsäure in normalen und adrenalektomierten Tieren während Änderungen im Kohlehydratstoffwechsel

1. Intravenose Injektion einer nichtkonvulsiven Dose kristallisierten Insulins rief bei normalen Kaninchen stets einen Abfall der anorganischen Plasmaphosphate hervor. Im Mittel betrug dieser Abfall 0,88 mg 30 Minuten und 1,46 mg 60 Minuten nach der Injektion. 2. Nach Adrenalektomie betrug der durchschnittliche Abfall 30 und 60 Minuten nach der Injektion nur 0,27 und 0,04 mg P. 3. Subkutane Adrenalininjektionen fuhrten sowohl bei normalen wie bei adrenalektomierten Kaninchen zu einer deutlichen Abnahme des anorganischen P im Plasma. 4. Wahrend Insulinhypoglykamie war die Blutmilchsaure normaler Kaninchen auf das Doppelte erhoht, hingegen blieb die Blutmilchsaure adrenalektomierter Kaninchen unverandert. 5. Auf Grund von fruheren Versuchen, in denen unter ahnlichen Bedingungen Hexosephosphat im Muskel bestimmt wurde, und auf Grund der eben mitgeteilten Resultate wird die Annahme gemacht, das der im normalen hungernden Tier durch Insulin hervorgerufene Abfall des anorganischen P und Anstieg der Blutmilchsaure auf sekundare Adrenalinabgabe seitens der Nebenniere zuruckzufuhren sind. 6. Intravenose Glukoseinjektionen waren nur von geringen Anderungen im anorganischen P des Plasmas begleitet. Gleichzeitige Injektion von Glukose und Insulin rief bei adrenalektomierten Kaninchen einen kurzdauernden Abfall des anorganischen Phosphates hervor; d. h. mit Auftreten von Hypoglykamie kam es zu einem Wiedererscheinen des anorganischen P. Im normalen Tier hingegen kam es auf den Hypoglykamiereiz hin zu einem weiteren Abfall des anorganischen Phosphates. 7. Es wird die Moglichkeit erortert, das bei schneller Zuckerverwertung die Anhaufung einer bisher nicht identifizierten organischen P-Verbindung in den Geweben zum Falle des anorganischen P des Plasma beitragt.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT‐EXTRACTABLE WATER CAPACITY OF SOIL

Plant-extractable water capacity of soil is the amount of water that can be extracted from the soil to fulfill evapotranspiration demands. It is often assumed to be spatially invariant in large-scale computations of the soil-water balance. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that this assumption is incorrect. In this paper, we estimate the global distribution of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil. A representative soil profile, characterized by horizon (layer) particle size data and thickness, was created for each soil unit mapped by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/Unesco. Soil organic matter was estimated empirically from climate data. Plant rooting depths and ground coverages were obtained from a vegetation characteristic data set. At each 0.5°×0.5° grid cell where vegetation is present, unit available water capacity (cm water per cm soil) was estimated from the sand, clay, and organic content of each profile horizon, and integrated over horizon thickness. Summation of the integrated values over the lesser of profile depth and root depth produced an estimate of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil. The global average of the estimated plant-extractable water capacities of soil is 8ċ6cm (Greenland, Antarctica and bare soil areas excluded). Estimates are less than 5, 10 and 15 cm—over approximately 30, 60, and 89 per cent of the area, respectively. Estimates reflect the combined effects of soil texture, soil organic content, and plant root depth or profile depth. The most influential and uncertain parameter is the depth over which the plant- extractable water capacity of soil is computed, which is usually limited by root depth. Soil texture exerts a lesser, but still substantial, influence. Organic content, except where concentrations are very high, has relatively little effect.
The sea surface is aerodynamically rough even under light winds

The sea surface is generally considered to be aerodynamically rough at high winds (U>7 m/s), where the roughness length increases with wind velocity; below this velocity, the atmospheric surface layer enters a transition region and then becomes aerodynamically smooth as the wind velocity further decreases. The sea surface is shown, however, to reach its smoothest condition at a wind velocity of about 5 m/s, and then become rough again at lower velocities. In the latter case, the roughness length increases as the wind velocity decreases in accordance with the surface-tension relation governing wind-wave interactions.
On the mechanism of DNA replication in isolated nuclei from HeLa cells.

Abstract DNA replication has been studied in a system of washed S-phase nuclei, suspended in bovine serum albumin. The nuclei have negligible amounts of ATP, thus allowing studies on ATP independent activity. In the absence of ATP, both continuous and discontinuous modes of synthesis can be demonstrated in both density shift and alkaline sucrose sedimentation experiments. ATP stimulates both types of synthesis. The final size of the discontinuous pieces appears to be about 5–6 S in the absence of ATP and about 8–10 S in its presence. The 5–6 S DNA elongates during chase experiments in the presence of ATP, suggesting that ATP either stimulates their elongation in a stepwise manner or by joining of 5–6 S pieces. The average size of the labeled continuous chains made either in the presence or absence of ATP is about 40 S, which is consistent with the idea that this synthesis represents the elongation of replicons that were growing in vivo. The results suggest a model in which one chain replicates continuously and the other discontinuously; ATP independent and dependent reactions contribute to both types of synthesis. Both ATP dependent and independent DNA synthesis require all four deoxyribonucleotides for maximal activity and have low apparent K m values for TTP. The two reactions differ, however, in their sensitivities to N- ethylmaleimide and heat, suggesting that a polypeptide mediates the action of ATP.
Immediate and delayed effects of victim suffering on the attacker's aggression

Abstract On the first day of a two-day experiment, male undergraduates were either angered or not, and they were given either high, low, or no metered pain feedback after each shock they supposedly delivered to their previous evaluator for his errors on a learning task. After the learning task the subjects made a number of ratings, including how much they had enjoyed this first session. On the second day, all subjects were simply required to administer shocks to a different person for his mistakes on the same learning task. The angered subjects were more punitive on both days toward both learners than the nonangered men. On the first day the angered men also increased the intensity of the shocks they delivered over trial blocks. Most interestingly, the angered men showed more enjoyment of the first session of the experiment as their victim's pain increased, and this enjoyment rating was related to the angered subjects' level of aggression on the second day of the experiment when they punished an “innocent” victim. The results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesized reinforcement process which essentially states that signs and/or knowledge of the victim's suffering can reinforce impulsive or angry aggressive behavior.
Topography of nucleic acid helices in solutions. II. Structure of the double-stranded rA-rU, rI-rC, acid rA, and the triple-stranded rA-rU2 and rA-rI2 helices.

Information concerning the structures of rA–rU, rA–rU2 rI–rC, rA–rI2, and acid rA helices in solutions is reported. Through the use of diquaternary ammonium salts of the general structure, (I), it is shown that (1) the distances between adjacent negatively charged oxygen atoms on the helix increases in the following order rA–rI2 < rI–rC < rA–rU ⩽ rA–rU2; (2) the density of the helices increases in the order. rA–rI2 < rA–rU < rA–rU2 < rI–rC; (3) there is a large hydrophobia site in rA–rI2 and possibly also in rA–rU, rA–rU2, and rI–rC helices; (4) the results of the interactions between the salts of type I and the helices may be formulated in semi-quantitative terms by the use of two parameters, α, and β which are shown to be related to the charge separation and the density of the helices, respectively; (5) the studies in solutions compare favorably with the x-ray studies on the fibers; and (6) the acid rA helix differs significantly from the other helices by the fact that the electrostatic interstrand interactions between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a phosphate group and the positively charged 10-amino group of adenine contribute significantly to the stabilization of the helix, and thus it is found that the presence of the salts, I, leads to a significant destabilization of the acid rA helix.
Preparation of poly(cyanoacetylene) using late-transition-metal catalysts

Poly(cyanoacetylene) has been prepared by polymerization of cyanoacetylene using a variety of late-transition-metal (Pd- and Ni-based) catalysts. The effect of reaction conditions on molecular weight and polymer yield was explored. Significant catalyst residues remain in the polymer samples. However, spectra are consistent with the proposed poly(cyanoacetylene) structure. Notable differences in molecular weight, effective conjugation length, and ability to undergo thermal cyclization to a supposed aromatic ladder polymer were observed between these polymers and those prepared using conventional anionic or radical initiators.
Creating Safer and More Usable Kitchens.

THIS ARTICLE is the second in a twopart series that examines universal design in the home as a component of stroke rehabilitation. Universal design seeks to shape objects and environments as inclusively as possible so that they are usable by the broadest range of human abilities. Nowhere in the home is this design philosophy more relevant than the kitchen. The kitchen is often the most vital area of the household, serving as the gathering point for family and friends. The preparing and sharing of food is an enriching family/community experience, and many find these activities integral to maintaining their quality of life. Through universal design, safety and usability can be maximized in this central room so that the stroke survivor can exercise greater functional independence. Moreover, because universal design stresses inclusive environments over specialized areas, a kitchen designed for maximum usability potentially allows all household members— children and grandparents alike, for example—to participate in and enjoy familial rituals like meal preparation. Most everyday kitchen tasks can prove difficult, even impossible, for people with limitations of height, mobility, or reach: putting away groceries; cooking and baking; setting the table; washing dishes and putting them away; cleaning food preparation areas; operating appliances; retrieving food from high or low cabinets, the refrigerator, or freezer; and simply maneuvering safely throughout the space. A study examining how mobility impairments affect the performance of household activities noted that modifications to facilitate reaching are of paramount concern in the kitchen, since most
What does it take to prove Fermat's Last Theorem? Grothendieck and the logic of number theory

This paper explores the set theoretic assumptions used in the current published proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, how these assumptions figure in the methods Wiles uses, and the currently known prospects for a proof using weaker assumptions.
Large format narrow-band, multi-band, and broad-band quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays for remote sensing

A 640×512 pixel, long-wavelength cutoff, narrow-band (Δλ/λ~10%) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a four-band QWIP FPA in the 4-15 μm spectral region, and a broad-band (Δλ/λ~42%) QWIP FPA having a 1 5.4 μm cutoff have been demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss the electrical and optical characterization of these FPAs. and their performance. In addition, we discuss the development of a very sensitive (NEDT-10.6 mK) 640×512 pixel thermal imaging camera having a 9 μm cutoff.
Three-dimensional vorticity dynamics in a coflowing turbulent jet subjected to axial and azimuthal perturbations

The effect of axial and azimuthal forcing on the spreading and mixing characteristics in the near field (x/D 2000) water jet is studied by means of planar, laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) visualizations. Measurements of both the initial spreading rate of the jet and the decay of the concentration along the centerline of the jet show a marked increase in the mixing of the jet as a result of the axial forcing. The mixing enhancement, which is shown to depend on the wavenumber of the azimuthal forcing, the frequency of the axial forcing, and the Reynolds number of the jet, results from the formation of vortex loops caused by the global induction of the jet's vorticity. This vortex induction mechanism appears to be similar to the vorticity modes earlier found in laminar coflowing jets (Lasheras et al., Lect. Appl. Math., 28, 1991).
Influences of temperature and humidity on oxygen consumption of five Chihuahuan desert ants.

Abstract 1. Oxygen consumption in five sympatric species of Chihuahuan desert ants was measured at three relative humidities at 15, 25 and 35°C. 2. The rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) exhibited non-linear increase in Formica perpilosa, Pogonomyrex desertorum, Novomessor cockerelli and Trachymyrmex smithi neomexicanus, but was linear in Pogonomyrmex californicus. 3. Vapor pressure deficit had a significant effect on QO2 of P. desertorum, T. s. neomexicanus and F. perpilosa but not on the other two species. 4. Activity increased at higher vapor pressure deficits in P. desertorum, N. cockerelli and T. s. neomexicanus. 5. The highest vapor pressure deficits at 35°C resulted in deaths of all species except P. californicus and T. s. neomexicanus died at intermediate and high vapor pressure deficits at all temperatures.
Hot water process development for Utah tar sands

Abstract The hot water process for Utah tar sands differs significantly from that used for Canadian tar sands due to the inherent differences in the respective bitumen viscosities and the nature of sand-bitumen association. Specifically, the high viscosity of Utah bitumen and the direct bonding to sand particles necessitates phase disengagement by hot water digestion in a high shear force field under appropriate conditions of pulp density and solution alkalinity. Interestingly, phase separation is accompanied by a modified froth flotation technique inasmuch as the dispersed bitumen droplets which are collected in the froth phase are not hydrophobic but, nevertheless, entrap air bubbles and are recovered in the bitumen concentrate.
Comparing the Psychometric Characteristics of Ratings of Face-to-Face and Videotaped Structured Interviews

Videotaped interviews are used for both research and for making selection decisions in organizations. However, little research has examined the extent to which the psychometric characteristics of ratings of videotaped interviews are comparable with those of ratings made on the basis of face-to-face (FTF) interviews. Within a simulated selection setting, we compared ratings of interviewers who conducted FTF structured interviews to ratings of interviewers who viewed videotapes of those interviews. Results revealed that FTF ratings were significantly higher than video ratings of the same interviewees. We also found that the two sets of interviewers rated the relative performance of interviewees differently. For example, the correlation between FTF and video ratings (r 5.31) was significantly smaller than the correlation between ratings of interviewers who conducted FTF panel interviews with the same interviewees (r 5.73). Overall results suggest that researchers and practitioners should be cautious about generalizing research findings and selection decisions made on the basis of videotaped interviews to FTF interviews.
Quantum Numbers for Bloch Electrons in a Magnetic Field

Landau functions characterize the motion of an electron in a plane perpendicular to a magnetic field. They have the degeneracy parameter ky. This parameter is resolved into four quantum numbers by a periodic crystalline potential. Two are phase angles; two are restricted to a finite set of values. Only one of the latter is a degeneracy parameter. A constructive proof is given for this proposition; it is valid under wide conditions, the only restriction being the famous ‚rationality condition’. The two discrete quantum numbers have as their range the numerator and denominator of the representative fraction. Group theory yields three of the numbers; the fourth labels the subbands, that is the equivalent representations within the spectrum. In the Peierls-Onsager low field approach, the same four quantum numbers arise from one (two-dimensional) Bloch band. Landau-Funktionen beschreiben die Bewegung eines Elektrons in der Ebene senkrecht zu einem Magnetfeld. Sie haben den Entartungsparameter ky. Ein periodisches Kristallfeld lost diesen Parameter in vier Quantenzahlen auf. Zwei sind Phasenwinkel; zwei sind auf eine endliche Zahl von Werten beschrankt. Nur eine der letzteren ist ein Entartungsparameter. Ein konstruktiver Beweis wird fur diese Behauptung gegeben. Er ist unter weiten Bedingungen gultig; die einzige Einschrankung ist die beruhmte ‚Rationalitatsbedingung’. Die beiden diskreten Quantenzahlen haben als ihren Bereich den Zahler und Nenner des reprasentierenden Bruchs. Drei der Quantenzahlen liefert die Gruppentheorie; die vierte numeriert die Unterbanden, das heist die aquivalenten Darstellungen im Spektrum. Dieselben vier Quantenzahlen entwickeln sich aus einem (zweidimensionalen) Bloch-Band in der Peierls-Onsagerschen Theorie fur kleine Felder.
Understanding the Sociostructural Correlates of Terrorism in Turkey

Social disorganization theory was used to frame a test of the sociostructural correlates of terrorism across 81 provinces in Turkey. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression (ZINB) models were used to estimate the relationship between terrorism and poverty, residential mobility, and ethnic heterogeneity. Initial regression models found that measures of poverty and residential mobility were predictive of terrorism. Subsequent models found ethnic heterogeneity was predictive of terrorism, while controlling for the influence of poverty and residential mobility.
The science of visual analysis at extreme scale

Driven by market forces and spanning the full spectrum of computational devices, computer architectures are changing in ways that present tremendous opportunities and challenges for data analysis and visual analytic technologies. Leadership-class high performance computing system will have as many as a million cores by 2020 and support 10 billion-way concurrency, while laptop computers are expected to have as many as 1,000 cores by 2015. At the same time, data of all types are increasing exponentially and automated analytic methods are essential for all disciplines. Many existing analytic technologies do not scale to make full use of current platforms and fewer still are likely to scale to the systems that will be operational by the end of this decade. Furthermore, on the new architectures and for data at extreme scales, validating the accuracy and effectiveness of analytic methods, including visual analysis, will be increasingly important.
Sustainable agriculture in the Corn Belt: Production-side progress and demand-side constraints

This paper explores the constraints to sustainable agriculture in the Com Belt stemming from the trend toward increased farm size and the continued dependence of the region on undifferentiated farm commodities produced for regional, national, and international markets. It is based on a three-county comparison of 14 full-time farmers who have embraced sustainable principles and practices, and a randomly sampled group of 25 farmers. An encouraging finding was the substantial progress made towards lower-input production of com and soybeans by the nine farmers who had adopted the ridge tillage system, which uses elevated seedbeds, banded herbicides, and post-plant nitrogen application to reduce both soil erosion and synthetic chemical inputs while maintaining yields. However, operators of large farms that depend on hired labor and highly dispersed field sites regarded these practices as too risky at their scale of production despite their short-term economic and long-term environmental benefits. The region's commercial farmers appear split between family farmers who wish to avoid the headaches of scale expansion and hired labor, and therefore, embrace more efficient low-input systems such as ridge tillage versus those who reject the increased management intensity and risks of lower-input systems in favor of scale expansion via more chemical-intensive no-till systems. Although ridge tillage represents movement toward low-input cash grain production, low-input production systems alone are not sufficient to improve the underlying social welfare of rural areas. Arresting the trend towards fewer and larger farms will also require development of more specialized or more localized markets for sustainably produced commodities.
Toward Assessing and Improving Survey Questions on Religion: The ARDA's Measurement Wizard

Developing survey measures of religion is deceptively difficult. As religion in America becomes more diverse and research projects become more global, finding a shared vocabulary that taps into concepts of interest and selecting response categories that capture the full range of choices becomes ever more challenging. This research project introduces new tools and techniques for exploring and evaluating past survey measures of religion, including a new software tool that draws on the ARDA's massive collection of survey measures. We offer two examples to demonstrate how these resources can serve to evaluate past survey measures of religion and improve future measures.
Preparation and Characterization of Fine‐Grained 3Y‐TZP/BaFe12O19 In Situ Composites

Composites of BaFe12O19 particles dispersed throughout a 3-mol%-yttria-doped zirconia (3Y-TZP) matrix have been prepared using the pressureless reactive sintering of 3Y-TZP, BaCO3, and γ-Fe2O3 powders. The reaction behavior of the mixed powder was studied with an in situ, high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction technique. The composite that was sintered at 1300°C consisted of submicrometer-sized 3Y-TZP grains and BaFe12O19 particles; the size of the 3Y-TZP grains was ∼100-300 nm, and the size of the BaFe12O19 particles was ∼200-500 nm. Based on the grain size, most of the BaFe12O19 grains presumably had a single-magnetic-domain structure. The 3Y-TZP/20-wt%-BaFe12O19 composite showed high magnetization and coercivity values, despite the low concentration of ferromagnetic phase. Preliminary mechanical tests revealed that the composite possessed moderately good mechanical properties.
La Evolución del 'Escritor De Provincias': Sabino Ordás Y Luis Mateo Díez En la Transición Española a la Democracia

La llamada ‘normalizacion’ cultural que se produce durante la transicion a la democracia en el estado espanol potencia las poeticas narrativas y ‘arraigadas’ de escritores de provincias que, como Luis Mateo Diez, habian sido marginalizados por la industria editorial durante el auge del experimentalismo. Pero, al mismo tiempo, la creciente especializacion del escritor que se produce en el nuevo panorama, tiende a separar a esos escritores de provincias de los sustratos civicos y culturales en los que se habian formado como narradores: las contra-culturas regionalistas y anti-franquistas que proliferaron durante la transicion. De esta forma, se verifica la ambiguedad de una ‘democratizacion’ de la cultura que supuso el agotamiento del modelo ciertamente elitista y minoritario vigente durante el franquismo, pero tambien la adopcion de un paradigma mercantil que tendio a desmantelar las conexiones entre las artes y el resto de procesos colectivos sociales, al crear una escena cultural fuertemente especializada.
Physical properties of low temperature solders and die attach materials

The properties at the temperature range of -55/spl deg/C to 180/spl deg/C of several common solders used in electronic packaging are analyzed for mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield point, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and creep) and physical properties (microstructure and thermal expansion coefficient). Numerous experimental methods are utilized and correlated. The finite element method is used to model thermal stresses (thermal fatigue) induced by the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion using all the results obtained in this work. Some preliminary data are presented together with previous data obtained in our laboratories for the Au-Sn eutectic alloy.