cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canine pedal injury resulting from metal landscape edging

Background – This study was performed to document the frequency and severity of limb injuries that occur when dogs come in contact with metal landscape edging. A retrospective study from 1997 to 2007 was performed at Colorado State University veterinary teaching hospital. Sixty dogs were admitted to hospital for traumatic limb injuries resulting from metal landscape edging identified by a computerized medical records search. Key Findings – Most dogs were young, large breed dogs. All 60 dogs suffered traumatic pedal lacerations when contacting metal landscape edging, the majority of which occurred on the forelimbs. Eighty-five percent required surgical repair. All 60 dogs were discharged from the hospital and 30 were available for long-term follow-up. While most dogs healed with a perfect cosmetic outcome, 3 dogs with tendon involvement developed residual digital deformities. Significance – Dogs are at risk of injury when exposed to metal landscape edging. Severity of pedal injury determines treatment protocol and prognosis for recovery.
Aspiring Teachers Becoming Strategic Readers: Instructional Scaffolds and Social Supports

If teachers are to be informed, aware actors in today’s labyrinthine policy environment, they need to be knowledgeable about the issues and interests that so extensively impact their work lives. One skill needed to construct such a knowledge base is the ability to read strategically. This article is an account of an attempt to make learning about strategic reading a more explicit element of coursework for preservice teachers. Findings revealed that a lack of prior knowledge often limited students’ understanding of authors’ points and purposes. Implications are offered for how teacher educators can best design instructional scaffolds and social supports aimed at improving teacher candidates’ strategic reading.
Scattering from ice crystals at 94 and 220 GHz millimeter wave frequencies

Polarimetric scattering from cloud ice crystals modeled as hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates and stellar crystals are calculated at 94 and 220 GHz frequencies using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Two orientation models are considered, In the first model the long axes of columns and broad surfaces of plates and stellar crystals are parallel to the horizontal plane and randomly oriented on this plane. The second model assumes uniform random orientation in three dimensions (3-D). The ratio of the backscattering cross sections at 220 and 94 GHz exhibits a steady decrease with increasing size up to about 1000 /spl mu/m (2000 /spl mu/m for columns) for horizontally aligned ice crystals at side incidence as well as for 3-D random orientation. This dual frequency ratio (DFR) may be useful in gauging the size of ice crystals, DFR may also be useful in discriminating between ice crystal types since it shows major differences between columns and planar crystals. The linear depolarization ratio (LDR), i.e. the ratio of the cross-polar to co-polar backscattering cross sections, at vertical incidence for the horizontal alignment model is much higher for columns (over 20 dB) compared to plates and stellar crystals. As a result LDR also has the potential for discriminating columns from planar crystals, Furthermore, the normalized Mueller matrices for horizontally aligned columns at vertical incidence are shown to be diagonal and a function of only LDR. This same result applies to the 3-D random orientation model for all three crystal types. >
Arrest of 5HT neuron differentiation delays respiratory maturation and impairs neonatal homeostatic responses to environmental challenges

Serotonin (5HT) is a powerful modulator of respiratory circuitry in vitro but its role in the development of breathing behavior in vivo is poorly understood. Here we show, using 5HT neuron-deficient Pet-1 (Pet-1 −/− ) neonates, that serotonergic function is required for the normal timing of postnatal respiratory maturation. Plethysmographic recordings reveal that Pet-1 −/− mice are born with a depressed breathing frequency and a higher incidence of spontaneous and prolonged respiratory pauses relative to wild type littermates. The wild type breathing pattern stabilizes by postnatal day 4.5, while breathing remains depressed, highly irregular and interrupted more frequently by respiratory pauses in Pet-1 −/− mice. Analysis of in vitro hypoglossal nerve discharge indicates that instabilities in the central respiratory rhythm generator contribute to the abnormal Pet-1 −/− breathing behavior. In addition, the breathing pattern in Pet-1 −/− neonates is susceptible to environmental conditions, and can be further destabilized by brief exposure to hypoxia. By postnatal day 9.5, however, breathing frequency in Pet-1 −/− animals is only slightly depressed compared to wild type, and prolonged respiratory pauses are rare, indicating that the abnormalities seen earlier in the Pet-1 −/− mice are transient. Our findings provide unexpected insight into the development of breathing behavior by demonstrating that defects in 5HT neuron development can extend and exacerbate the period of breathing instability that occurs immediately after birth during which respiratory homeostasis is vulnerable to environmental challenges. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lipid Peroxidation and Platelet Activation in Murine Atherosclerosis

Background Lipid peroxidation and platelet activation are thought to be important contributors to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The relevance of their interaction in vivo, however, is unknown. Methods and Results LDL receptor–deficient (LDLR−/−) mice on a high-fat diet developed extensive atherosclerosis and had increased urinary levels of 8,12-iso-isoprostane (iP) F2α-VI and 2,3-dinor-thromboxane (Tx) B2, markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation and platelet activation, respectively. Vitamin E supplementation suppressed 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI biosynthesis and reduced atherosclerosis (65%) without having a significant effect on lipid levels or TxB2 biosynthesis. Addition of the platelet inhibitor indomethacin to vitamin E simultaneously suppressed 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI and TxB2, significantly reduced soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and remarkably, further reduced atherosclerosis (80%). Conclusions These results indicate that in vivo lipid peroxidation and plate...
Sub-slab seismic anisotropy and mantle flow beneath the Caribbean and Scotia subduction zones: Effects of slab morphology and kinematics

Subduction systems are vitally important to plate tectonics and mantle convection, but questions remain about many aspects of subduction dynamics, particularly the nature of sub-slab mantle flow. Observations of seismic anisotropy can shed light on the pattern of mantle flow in subduction systems, but major uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation of sub-slab anisotropy. Here, we present measurements of shear wave splitting due to anisotropy in the sub-slab mantle beneath the Caribbean and Scotia subduction zones. These subduction systems are morphologically similar, with high arc curvature and short arc length, but there are differences between them in terms of their kinematic and tectonic settings. We apply the source-side shear wave splitting technique to direct teleseismic S phases originating from slab earthquakes. We restrict our analysis to seismic stations at which we have examined the receiver-side splitting in detail to ensure accurate corrections for anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath the station. We observe a well-defined pattern of trench-parallel fast directions ( f )i n the northern half of the Caribbean subduction zone, with a transition to dominantly trenchperpendicular f at the southern end. There is more scatter in the measurements for Scotia, but we observe generally trench-parallel f in the northern portion of the subduction system, with a mix of trench-parallel, -perpendicular, and -oblique fast directions to the south. Our preferred interpretation of these splitting patterns is that they reflect 3-D return flow of the sub-slab mantle due to trench rollback. In both systems, we infer that sub-slab flow is being driven from south to north. Beneath Scotia, this is likely driven by differential migration of the Scotia trench along strike. Beneath the Caribbean, we hypothesize that mantle flow around the southern edge of the slab is inhibited by the presence of the South American continental keel, enabling trench-perpendicular stretching in the subslab mantle and forcing mantle flow to escape to the north. The similarities and differences we observe between the two systems yield insight into the relative contributions of slab morphology and plate kinematics in controlling mantle flow beneath subducting slabs.
Thermal Transport in Novel Silicon Transistors

This manuscript investigates the relevance and impact of nanoscale thermal phenomena in the state-of-the-art semiconductor device technologies such as: silicon-on-insulator (SOI), strained silicon, and tri-gate CMOS transistors. The experimental data and predictions for thin silicon layer thermal conductivity and the solutions of the Boltzmann transport equations (BTE) for phonon transport in strained-Si/Ge bi-layer configuration are used to estimate the thermal resistance of the SOI, tri-gate, and strained-silicon-on-SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) transistors, respectively. In particular, the impact of SiGe underlayer and interface roughness on the lateral thermal conductivity of the silicon layer at room temperature is investigated. In order to avoid the complexity of the BTE for predictions of the temperature distribution, Lumped Analytical (LA) models are introduced that are simple to implement and also adequate enough to capture the sub-continuum effects. It is concluded that the SOI, SGOI and tri-gate transistors are all susceptible to self-heating for very thin silicon device layers.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Hydrogen-treated TiO 2 Nanowire Arrays

Here we report studies of photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties and ultrafast charge carrier relaxation dynamics of hydrogen-treated TiO2 (H:TiO2) nanowire arrays. PEC measurements showed the photocurrent density of the H:TiO2 was approximately double that of TiO2, attributed to increased donor density due to the formation of oxygen vacancies in H:TiO2 due to hydrogen treatment Charge carrier dynamics of H:TiO2, measured using fs transient absorption spectroscopy, showed a fast decay of ∼20 ps followed by slower decay persisting to tens of picoseconds. The fast decay is attributed to bandedge electron-hole recombination and the slower decay is attributed to recombination from trap states. Visible absorption is attributed to either electronic transitions from the valence band to oxygen vacancy states or from oxygen vacancy states to the conduction band of the TiO2, which is supported by incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) data. H:TiO2 represents a unique material with improved photoelectrochemical properties for applications including PEC water splitting, solar cells, and photocatalysis.
Comparison of three nonlinear and spline regression models for describing chicken growth curves

This study compared three non-linear growth models (Richards, Gompertz, and logistic) and the spline linear regression model using BW measurements from an unselected, randombred chicken population. Based on the goodness of fit criteria, the nonlinear models (NLM) fitted the data better than the spline regression model. The four-parameter Richards model was expected to have the best overall fit; however, because the shape parameter predicted was close to 1.0, which corresponded with the Gompertz curve, there were no differences between the Richards and Gompertz models for the data used. The growth parameters predicted with the logistic model were different from those predicted by the Richards and Gompertz models. It was concluded that growth parameters predicted with different models with fixed inflection points are not directly comparable. The spline linear regression model is a compound function consisting of a series of linear models. It can be used to compartmentalize growth into segments and also substitute as an alternative to asymptotic models when the data are truncated before the asymptote is attained. The relationship between the growth trajectory (m) and carcass composition measurements were also investigated. Carcass yields among the different growth trajectories (m) were similar within sexes. However, the proportions of the major breast muscle and abdominal fat differed according to the m a bird followed.
Polyphosphate Kinase Protects Salmonella enterica from Weak Organic Acid Stress

Mutants of Salmonella enterica lacking polyphosphate kinase (ppk) grow poorly in the presence of the weak organic acids acetate, propionate, and benzoate. This sensitivity is corrected by methionine and seems to result from destabilization of MetA (homoserine transsuccinylase), the first enzyme in methionine biosynthesis. The MetA protein is known to be sensitive to thermal inactivation, and ppk mutants are more sensitive to heat-induced methionine auxotrophy. Peroxide increases the sensitivity of ppk mutants to both heat and acid and may oxidatively damage (carbonylate) destabilized MetA. While acid appears to impair methionine biosynthesis, it leads to derepression of MetA and may inhibit growth by causing toxic accumulation of denatured protein. This is supported by the observation that the overexpression of MetA in ppk mutants causes acid sensitivity that is not corrected by methionine. We propose that polyphosphate acts as a chemical chaperone that helps refold MetA and/or may stimulate proteolysis of toxic denatured protein. The instability of MetA protein may provide a metabolic fuse that blocks growth under conditions that denature proteins; the sensitivity of this fuse is modulated by polyphosphate.
Lysyl Oxidase Binds Transforming Growth Factor-β and Regulates Its Signaling via Amine Oxidase Activity

Lysyl oxidase (LOX), an amine oxidase critical for the initiation of collagen and elastin cross-linking, has recently been shown to regulate cellular activities possibly by modulating the functions of growth factors. In this study, we investigated the interaction between LOX and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a potent growth factor abundant in bone, the effect of LOX on TGF-beta1 signaling, and its potential mechanism. The specific binding between mature LOX and mature TGF-beta1 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pulldown assay in vitro. Both proteins were colocalized in the extracellular matrix in an osteoblastic cell culture system, and the binding complex was identified in the mineral-associated fraction of bone matrix. Furthermore, LOX suppressed TGF-beta1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation likely through its amine oxidase activity. The data indicate that LOX binds to mature TGF-beta1 and enzymatically regulates its signaling in bone and thus may play an important role in bone maintenance and remodeling.
Input modeling for hospital simulation models using electronic messages

Health care organizations function in a complex, non-integrated setting, yet the coordination of information, tasks, and equipment across multiple units is essential for productive operations. A variety of simulation models of hospitals exist; however, few reflect resource sharing across multiple departments. Furthermore few models capture the inherent heterogeneity of a hospital's patient mix which plays a crucial role in determining how care is delivered and resources allocated. Patient flow paths can be used as input data to provide systematic insight into resource allocation processes and medical care within a hospital. To date, flow path approaches to studying hospital operations have been hindered by lack of a comprehensive data source. This tutorial describes how electronic communication exchanges between hospital departments are used to create an input model for hospital simulations.
Suppression of Posttreatment Recurrence of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in T-Cell-Deficient Mice by Oral Miltefosine

T-cell-deficient nude mice infected with Leishmania donovani were treated with miltefosine and then given either no treatment or intermittent miltefosine. Intracellular visceral infection recurred in untreated mice but was suppressed by once- or twice-weekly oral administration of miltefosine. Miltefosine may be useful as oral maintenance therapy for T-cell-deficient patients with visceral leishmaniasis.
Utility of customized PEG linkers for the delivery of oligonucleotides without the use of transfection reagents

C119 Background: Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) represents the latest antisense technology with high target binding affinity and tissue stability. Nanomolar to sub-nanomolar concentrations of LNAs can inhibit mRNA expression when tissue culture cells are treated with LNAs in the presence of transfection reagents (e.g. lipofectamine). Therefore, LNA has emerged as a promising new therapeutic for many human diseases including cancer. Systemic delivery of LNA, as well as any oligonucleotide, would benefit from advances involving pharmacological properties such as cell penetration and important pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. We describe here the utility of Customized PEG linkers that mediate potent down regulation of target mRNA in human tumor cells in vitro in the absence of transfection reagents. Material and Methods: Positively charged Customized PEG linkers were synthesized by incorporating either peptide fragments, or synthetic positive moieties into the backbone of PEG polymers. These PEG polymers were then converted to releasable linkers before being conjugated with LNA. An anti-survivin LNA oligonucleotide was used as a model compound for proof-of-concept of our technology development. This oligonucleotide was also conjugated with FITC dye at the 3’-end for cellular uptake study by fluorescence and confocal microscopy technology and FACS method. Target gene down modulation of PEG-LNA conjugates was studied using Real-Time QPCR technique in a panel of tumor cell lines in the absence of any transfection agents (i.e. lipofectamine). Results: The PEG-LNA conjugates are stable under physiological conditions and have shown enhanced stability in plasma. Excellent intracellular delivery of PEG-LNA-FITC conjugate was demonstrated by fluorescence and confocal microscopy method with the transfection efficiency comparable to cells transfected with lipofectamine. PEG-LNA conjugates have shown concentration-dependent and specific target mRNA gene down modulation by Real-Time QPCR study in a panel of tumor cell lines without using lipofectamine. Three lead constructs have been identified with IC50 values below 200 nM in A549 human lung cancer cells. Conclusions: Delivery of LNA oligonucleotides using Customized PEG linkers has improved the in vitro cellular uptake into cancer cells. PEG-LNA conjugates can knock down target mRNA in a concentration dependent fashion with great sequence specificity. The lead compounds have achieved IC50 values of less than 200 nM in A549 human lung cancer cells. Positively charged Customized PEG linkers may provide a promising approach for more efficient in vivo delivery of oligonucleotides including LNA and siRNA. Preclinical human xenograft models will be used to assess biodistribution, tumor-specific down-modulation of target mRNA, and efficacy of Customized PEG Linker technology.
China's Impending Patent Valuation Crisis: How the CCP's IP Talisman Dilutes Patent Value

Patent institutions and governments believe patents are fundamental to the growth of domestic innovation. China above all else has chosen a strategic patent regime as a talisman for economic change; a national solution to moving away from reliance on manufacturing and low-cost consumer products to high-yield technology. As such, the CCP has over the past 5 years instituted nationwide policies dedicated to expanding its patent office (the Sino Intellectual Property Office, or "SIPO"), and enacting a robust reward system for patent filers. This has resulted in a massive patent filing movement in China, characterized by expedited rubber-stamping of new applications and culminating in the fastest growing patent filing numbers any patent office has ever experienced. However, the long-term effect of China’s planned economic approach to patent filing may have unintended consequences. The current system awards filers for meeting the lowest filing standards. This could lead to a widespread misunderstanding and distrust of the Chinese patent system when patent holders realize their filings lack the same value of patents filed outside of China, or foreigners become frustrated by unreliable Chinese patent law. In a country long criticized for poor IP protection, future disillusionment with the national patent system may exacerbate the situation.
Ventricular Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

More than 25 years have passed since Sir Russell Brock[1] proposed the idea of functional obstruction to left ventricular outlet. Within another year from that date, Donald Teare[2] published the pathological finding encountered in eight hearts with severe but asymmetric hypertrophy affecting the interventricular septum and because of cellular disarray likened it to a “muscular hamartoma”. Spodick and Littman[3] emphasized the malignant nature of idiopathic hypertrophy when symptoms had appeared in a publication about the same time. The physiologic and clinical features of obstructive cardiomyopathy were detailed by Braunwald with the conclusion that there was a dynamic obstruction to left ventricular outlet during systole.
Isotope Effects Reveal the Mechanism of Enamine Formation in l-Proline-Catalyzed α-Amination of Aldehydes

The mechanism of l-proline-catalyzed α-amination of 3-phenylpropionaldehyde was studied using a combination of experimental kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and theoretical calculations. Observation of a significant carbonyl 13C KIE and a large primary α-deuterium KIE support rate-determining enamine formation. Theoretical predictions of KIEs exclude the widely accepted mechanism of enamine formation via intramolecular deprotonation of an iminium carboxylate intermediate. An E2 elimination mechanism catalyzed by a bifunctional base that directly forms an N-protonated enamine species from an oxazolidinone intermediate accounts for the experimental KIEs. These findings provide the first experimental picture of the transition-state geometry of enamine formation and clarify the role of oxazolidinones as nonparasitic intermediates in proline catalysis.
The Converse of Fermat's Theorem

1. Basic theorems. In this paper, we discuss some of the known results concerning the use of the converse of Fermat's theorem as a test for primeness, and prove several results, believed to be new, which clarify certain points and also delimit to some extent the nature of possible improvements. The proofs of the known results are included, so that only the standard material of elementary number theory is presupposed. Fermat's theorem states that if N is prime and (a, N) = 1, then
Cross-Validation: An Alternative Bandwidth-Selection Method in Kernel Equating

The development of the kernel equating (KE) method enhanced the theory of observed-score equating. In KE, discrete test score distributions are converted into continuous distributions through the u...
The Debt Crisis and the Loss of Freedom: A Call for Moral Imagination:

The author posits that the value of individual freedom is best realized within the context of the Moral Imagination concept of philosopher Rudolph Steiner and that when freedom is seen more as a licence for deception and exploitation not only does the greater community suffer but also the party itself suffers character destruction. Thus, laissez-faire capitalism, as exemplified by the mortgage banking meltdown of 2008 and subsequent debt-based unemployment crisis, has not only impoverished millions, destroyed savings and bankrupted long-established investment firms, but also has further bonded the perpetrators to the morally undeveloped self-centredness of Lawrence Kohlberg’s least advanced moral stage (Kohlberg, 1981). Following a discussion of the folly and futility of the consumerist culture, the author argues that the solution lies in practicing the time tested values of caring and social responsibility on the part of government and mortgage bankers coupled with self-restraint and moderation on the pa...
Total laparoscopic Wertheim's radical hysterectomy versus Wertheim's radical abdominal hysterectomy in the management of stage I cervical cancer in Singapore: a pilot study.

Introduction For many decades, Wertheim's radical hysterectomy via laparotomy, also known as Wertheim's radical abdominal hysterectomy (RAH), has been the traditional surgical approach for operable stage IB cervical cancer. However, many established cancer centres worldwide have recently shown total laparoscopic Wertheim's radical hysterectomy (TLRH) to be a safe and feasible alternative to the conventional abdominal route for early cervical cancer management. This technique was introduced in Singapore in 2009. Methods This was a prospective pilot study comparing TLRH with RAH in a single large tertiary institution in Singapore. Inclusion criteria included surgically fit patients with early cervical cancer and no radiological evidence of regional or distant metastases. Results From November 2009 to February 2011, a total of 18 TLRHs and 30 RAHs were performed. The median blood loss in the TLRH group was significantly lower than that in the RAH group (300 mL vs. 500 mL; p = 0.04). However, there was no statistically significant difference found between the two techniques in terms of operative time, hospital stay, bladder recovery, total lymph node yield or adjuvant treatment. No intraoperative bladder, ureteric or bowel complications were observed in the two groups. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 (11.1%) TLRH patients and 4 (13.3%) RAH patients. With a median follow-up of 37.3 (range 10-68) weeks, the rate of recurrence was found to be 5.6% for the TLRH group and 10.0% for the RAH group. Conclusion The results of our study suggest that with appropriate patient selection and increased experience, TLRH can be a safe and effective procedure for the management of early cervical cancer in Singapore.
Avian Influenza Virus in Occupational Exposure Employees and Their Working Environment in Zhaoqing

ObjectiveTo analyze the infection status of avian influenza in occupational exposure population and the distribution of the virus in the external environments in Zhaoqing. Methods A total of 200 specimens from occupational exposure employees were detected of HI for H5N1 antibodies with horse erythrocyte,and 103 environment specimens were detected of FluA,AH5,AH7 and AH9 subtypes by PCR assay. Results All the 200 specimens from occupational exposure were negative. Twenty one FluA subtype( 20. 39%) and 11 AH9 subtypes( 52. 38%) and 1 AH7 subtype( 4. 76%) were detected as positive. No AH5 was detected. Conclusion Avian influenza virus exists in the external environment in Zhaoqing and needs to be closely monitored.
Preparation and Properties of Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2-δ)

Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cellI(IT-SOFC)δ was prepared by co-precipitation method.Its properties are tested.The XRD measurement shows that the powder from precursor calcination is of mono-cubic fluorite-type structure.SEM testing shows that the calcination temperature has important influence on powder morphology and density of the sintered body,relative density of which reached 96.4% upon sintering at 1 350 ℃.And the results of impedance spectroscopy showed that ionic conduction of the said electrolyte reached 0.003 S/cm at 700 ℃.
HBO Therapy in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Anoxia and Coma

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used in a number of conditions characterized by global ischemia (as opposed to focal ischemia of stroke), and anoxia, and leading to impairment of consciousness. Conditions such as coma due to brain injury and anoxia associated with drowning and hanging are discussed under the following headings: (1) pathophysiology, (2) rational basis of HBO therapy, (3) review of animal experimental studies, and (4) review of human clinical studies. Finally case studies are given.
Bereavement and Grief

About 3.5 million Americans, or 1 % of the population, die every year. Nearly every death disrupts multiple relationships—relationships the decedent had with a spouse, parents, children, other relatives, friends, or colleagues. As a result the death leaves multiple grieving survivors, who must reconfigure their futures without the decedent. Some survivors can work through that process on their own, but others need help. Seeking to address that need, grief care for survivors has become a key part of comprehensive end-of-life care.
Angiosarcoma of the tongue: A case series and literature review.

Abstract Purpose Angiosarcoma of the tongue is an exceedingly rare malignancy of the head and neck. Such lesions can be primary in nature or occur in a previously irradiated field. We examine a series of cases with relation to clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes. Materials and methods Retrospective chart review of all patients with angiosarcoma of the tongue at a tertiary academic institution yielded a single case between 2005 and 2016. The MEDLINE database was additionally searched for all case series or reports of angiosarcoma arising in the tongue, and pertinent clinical data were extracted. Results The clinical presentation, disease course, and management of a patient with angiosarcoma of the tongue are presented. Institutional and literature search yielded a total of eight patients with angiosarcoma of the tongue. The most common primary sites were dorsal and lateral oral tongue. Treatment consisted of surgical resection in 63% of cases with adjuvant therapy administered in 75% of cases. Follow-up times varied per patient, but 63% had persistent or recurrent disease and 67% died of or with disease within two years of index presentation. Conclusion Angiosarcoma of the tongue is a rare and highly aggressive tumor, accounting for fewer than 1% of all head and neck malignancies. The mainstay of treatment is surgical resection with negative margins followed by adjuvant chemoradiation for high-risk features. Due to rarity of the disease, consensus on optimal treatment approach is lacking, and multi-center prospective studies would be helpful to set clinical guidelines.
Aggressive gastrointestinal food allergy in neonates and its possible relationship to necrotizing enterocolitis.

Introduction The incidence of gastrointestinal food allergy (FA) in neonates is increasing. Despite this, cases of patients with gastrointestinal FA who develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) requiring laparotomy are extremely rare.
Current Research and Future Dreams: The Second Generation of Hard Tissue Lasers

While all commercially available dental lasers can be clinically used for soft tissue procedures, the quest continues for the ideal instrument to safely and efficiently interact with dental hard tissue. This chapter will describe several years of research that has resulted in the second generation of hard tissue lasers. The interaction of carbon dioxide laser photonic energy with tooth enamel and dentin has been studied for several decades, with first publications in the 1960s. Carbon dioxide lasers at 9.3 μm and 9.6 μm wavelength show the highest absorption of all dental lasers in dental hard tissues. Laboratory studies have shown that these short-pulsed CO2 lasers can efficiently be used to render enamel caries resistant by transforming the originally carbonated apatite into the much acid less soluble hydroxyapatite. Adding fluoride after the laser treatment additionally reduces the acid solubility of enamel and creates the desired least acid-soluble fluorapatite. Irradiation with the 9.3 μm laser wavelength can reduce mineral loss by 55% over untreated enamel. Safety studies have shown that without harmful effects to the pulpal tissue these lasers can efficiently and safely be used on vital teeth. The first in vivo clinical study engaging an orthodontic bracket model showed over 4 weeks a 46% and over 12 weeks a 87% reduction in mineral loss. The first in vivo occlusal caries prevention by pulsed CO2 laser and additional fluoride varnish application demonstrated that a microsecond-pulsed 9.6 μm CO2 laser with additional fluoride varnish applications significantly inhibited the formation of carious lesions in fissures of molars in vivo in comparison to a non-irradiated control tooth in the same arch over a 1-year observation interval. Using ICDAS and the SOPROLIFE daylight and fluorescence assessment tools proved the reduction in caries. Moreover, the 9.3 and 9.6 μm CO2 μs short-pulsed lasers are very efficient in cutting dental hard and soft tissue. Results of shear-bond strength testing with multiple bonding agents to such laser cuts are promising.
Pornography Use and Marital Separation: Evidence from Two-Wave Panel Data.

As pornography use continues to increase in the U.S., studies have sought to understand its potential influence on marital relationships. Yet, the primary focus of such studies has been pornography’s association with marital quality, not stability. Consequently, we still know relatively little about whether pornography consumption at one time predicts marital disruption later on. Drawing on data from the 2006 and 2012 waves of the nationally representative Portraits of American Life Study (N = 445), this article examined whether married Americans who viewed pornography in 2006, either at all or in greater frequencies, were more likely to experience a marital separation by 2012. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that married Americans who viewed pornography at all in 2006 were more than twice as likely as those who did not view pornography to experience a separation by 2012, even after controlling for 2006 marital happiness and sexual satisfaction as well as relevant sociodemographic correlates. The relationship between pornography use frequency and marital separation, however, was technically curvilinear. The likelihood of marital separation by 2012 increased with 2006 pornography use to a point and then declined at the highest frequencies of pornography use. Ancillary analyses, however, showed that this group of married Americans with high frequencies of 2006 pornography viewing and low likelihood of later marital separation was not statistically distinguishable from either abstainers or moderate viewers in terms of marital separation likelihood. All findings held regardless of gender. Data limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Why and how firms use operating cash flow in compensation

This study considers the choice of operating cash flow (OCF) in contracts and further examines the sensitivity of the CFO's and CEO's compensation to OCF performance, conditional on our stylized indicator of the importance of working capital management (WCM). The analysis depicts OCF as conveying distinct information about WCM, and predicts that firms for which WCM is an important source of value are more likely to contract on OCF. The importance of WCM is instrumented by firm conditions that create strong demand for WCM, including large working capital, rapid growth in working capital, highly volatile working capital, and large debt relative to total assets. Using a sample of firms whose incentive plans explicitly include OCF measures and a control sample of firms without such plans, we show that all four indicators of the importance of WCM have positive association with the likelihood of contracting upon OCF, individually and collectively. In compensation regressions, we find that WCM importance has a p...
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis through the lens of ultra-high-field MRI.

Abstract The long-standing relationship between ultra-high-field (7 T) MRI and multiple sclerosis (MS) has brought new insights to our understanding of lesion evolution and its associated pathology. With the recent FDA approval of a commercially available scanner, 7 T MRI is finally entering the clinic with great expectations about its potential added value. By looking through the prism of MS diagnosis, this perspective article discusses current limitations and prospects of 7 T MRI techniques relevant to helping clinicians diagnose patients encountered in daily practice.
FUELS – HYDROGEN PRODUCTION | Photothermally and Thermally-Assisted Photovoltaic

Photoelectrochemical Cells: Dye-Sensitized Cells; Fuels – Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrolysis; Photoelectrochemical Cells: Dye-Sensitized Cells; Fuels – Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrolysis; Photoelectrochemical Cells: Dye-Sensitized Cells; Fuels – Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrolysis; Photoelectrochemical Cells: Dye-Sensitized Cells; Fuels – Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrolysis; Photoelectrochemical Cells: Dye-Sensitized Cells; Fuels – Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrolysis. An overview of solar direct, solar indirect, and hybrid thermal processes for the generation of hydrogen is presented, and compared with non-thermal solar-based alternatives. The energy source (sun) and reactive media (water) for solar water-splitting are readily available and provide a renewable source, and the resultant fuel (hydrogen) and its discharge product (water) are each environmentally benign. In particular, a hybrid solar–thermal plus electrochemical process substantially increases the hydrogen that can be produced with solar energy via a decrease in the water-splitting voltage that occurs with increasing temperature. Unlike other processes, this uses the complete solar spectrum to increase solar efficiency, i.e., both the visible light to drive photovoltaics and also solar–thermal radiation that would normally be wasted as sub-bandgap energy. The hybrid process combines photovoltaics with the excess sub-bandgap heat to deliver efficient, elevated-temperature, solar water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. High-temperature electrolysis components are available, and solar concentration can provide the high temperature and diminish the surface area of the components for solar conversion to electrical energy.Fundamental thermodynamics are used to show that solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies of about 50% are accessible over a wide range of insolation, temperature, pressure, and photovoltaic band-gap condition.
Pathogenesis and Management of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis

The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) represent a group of three heterogeneous syndromes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly Churg–Strauss syndrome). They share a primary necrotizing small vessel vasculitis with propensity to involve the kidneys and the respiratory tract. The majority of patients with these syndromes have ANCA detectable in the serum at the time of diagnosis. Two types of ANCA are of clinical significance: C-ANCA reacting with the neutrophil enzyme proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) occur in over 80 % of patients with GPA and P-ANCA reacting with myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) occur in less than 10 % of patients with GPA but in the majority of patients with MPA. MPO-ANCA is also the predominant type of ANCA encountered in patients with EGPA, where PR3-ANCA is the exception. The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but there is mounting evidence for a genetic predisposition, environmental triggers including infections, and ANCA all playing significant roles in the development of the syndromes. The outcome of untreated AAV with renal involvement is usually fatal. Treatment with the combination of glucocorticosteroids and cyclophosphamide (CYC) has turned these syndromes into manageable chronically relapsing disorders. Not all patients respond satisfactorily to CYC, and even for those who do, the subsequent relapse rate is high. Up to half of the patients who achieve remission relapse within the first 3–5 years. The need for retreatment exposes patients to significant long-term toxicities of glucocorticoids and less toxic alternatives have been sought. Rituximab has recently emerged as an alternative for CYC and currently represents the only FDA-approved treatment for remission induction in patients with severe AAV. This chapter reviews recent advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of AAV.
Management of Malignant Pericardial Effusions

The optimal treatment of patients with symptomatic pericardial effusion remains controversial. The goals of treatment are complete drainage of the effusion and acquisition of tissue and fluid for pathological analysis and microbiologic culture. Ideally, this should be performed using a method with minimal morbidity and a low risk for recurrence of the effusion. Therapeutic options include pericardiocentesis, percutaneous catheter drainage, open subxiphoid pericardial drainage (with or without the creation of a pericardioperitoneal window), and transthoracic drainage with creation of a pericardiopleural window. The choice of drainage procedure is significantly influenced by the physiological reserve of the patient and the need for a definitive diagnosis of the cause of the effusion.
Glucose-6-phosphatase

Glucose-6-phosphatase (D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase; EG 3.1.3.9) is unique among gluconeogenic enzymes in a variety of respects. Not only is the enzyme either a part of, or extremely tightly bound to, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (Ernster et al., 1962) and nucleus (Gunderson and Nordlie, 1973, 1975), but it also manifests a multiplicity of functions including the synthesis of glucose-6-P* at rates which may equal or actually exceed that of glucose-6-P hydrolysis (Lueck et al., 1972). And intimate, activity-discriminant interrelationships exist between catalytic characteristics of the enzyme and the origin, nature, and physical state of the biomembranes with which it is associated.
Immunology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting cells within the islets of Langerhans and Type 1 diabetic patients generally require exogenous insulin to survive. The autoimmune nature of this disease was elegantly demonstrated when a recipient affected by T1DM was transplanted with pancreatic tissue from a discordant monozygotic twin. In the absence of immunosuppression, the pancreatic β cells within the graft were destroyed by an autoimmune reaction. The fact that in both humans and animal models of autoimmune diabetes a number of immunosuppressive treatments can alter the disease course strengthens the latter observation. Pancreas or islet transplantation can reverse hyperglycemia, but unfortunately require lifelong immunosuppression and mechanisms controlling transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity may be potentially different. The association of certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles with T1DM is very strong, and this genetic locus is estimated to account for approximately 50% of genetic contributions to disease susceptibility. The search for non-HLA susceptibility genes has received great attention in recent years and genome wide scans yielded a stampede of data suggesting the association of numerous non-MHC loci with T1DM that still require careful follow-up examination.
ME2.1 - Self-configuring Photonic Architectures and Algorithms (Tutorial)

By combining complex meshes of interferometers with photodetectors and simple feedback loops, sophisticated photonic systems can configure and stabilize themselves without calibration, and can be directly, progressively and adaptively trained to perform arbitrary linear functions. Key architectures and algorithms will be introduced and explained.
Stabilization of Homoclinic Orbits of Two Degree-of-Freedom Underactuated Systems

A hybrid controller for stabilization of homoclinic orbits of two degree-of-freedom (DOF) underactuated systems is proposed. The controller is comprised of continuous-time inputs, impulsive brakings, and virtual impulsive inputs for resetting of the passive coordinate. Impulsive brakings of the active coordinate result in instantaneous negative changes in the mechanical energy of the system. An impulsive dynamical system framework is adopted for modeling the hybrid dynamics and a Lyapunov function is defined for stabilization of the orbit. Sufficient conditions for stabilization are presented such that the Lyapunov function decreases monotonically under the action of the continuous inputs and undergoes negative jumps due to impulsive brakings. The control design is implemented on an inverted pendulum on a cart example. Simulation results indicate fast convergence of system trajectories to the homoclinic orbit corresponding to the upright equilibrium configuration.
Synoptic Hα Full-Disk Observations of the Sun from Big Bear Solar Observatory – I. Instrumentation, Image Processing, Data Products, and First Results

The Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) has a long tradition of synoptic full-disk observations. Synoptic observations of contrast enhanced full-disk images in the Ca ii K-line have been used with great success to reproduce the H i Lα irradiance variability observed with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Recent improvements in data calibration procedures and image- processing techniques enable us now to provide contrast enhanced Hα full-disk images with a spatial resolution of approximately 2′′ and a temporal resolution of up to 3 frames min−1. In this first paper in a series, we describe the instruments, the data calibration procedures, and the image-processing techniques used to obtain our daily Hα full-disk observations. We also present the final data products such as low- and high-contrast images, and Carrington rotation charts. A time series of an erupting mini- filament further illustrates the quality of our Hα full-disk observations and motivate one of the future research projects. This lays a solid foundation for our subsequent studies of solar activity and chromospheric fine structures. The high quality and the sunrise- to-sunset operation of the Hα full-disk observations presented in this paper make them an ideal choice to study statistical properties of mini-filament eruptions, chromospheric differential rotation, and meridional flows within the chromosphere, as well as the evolution of active regions, filaments, flares, and prominences.
4 Social and Emotional Development in Infancy

The study of “socioemotional” development reflects the intertwining nature of the processes of social and emotional growth. In this chapter, we focus on social and emotional development of infants and toddlers. We begin by outlining the contextual frames that inform our review: psychobiological, relational, and cultural. Emotions have been referred to as the “language of infancy,” and our profile of early emotional development focuses on several key aspects of emotions and how they shape, and are shaped by, social interactions; we include discussions of temperament, the importance of face-to-face social interactions, the role of social relationships in emotion regulation, and the growth of self-understanding. In the section that follows, we focus on attachment relationships between infants and their caregivers, addressing central questions related to individual differences in attachment security, and the influence of infants' attachment relationships on later developmental functioning. Our orientation in this chapter highlights that the contours of emotional development in the early years both are informed by, and contribute to, social interactions and relationships. Keywords: infancy; emotion; relationships; temperament; attachment; socioemotional