cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of Battery SOC Estimation Errors Under Sensor Bias and Variance

This paper provides a theoretic and systematic analysis on the battery state of charge (SOC) estimation errors caused by sensor noises. The considered noises include the bias and the variance of both current and voltage sensors. Specifically, the bias and the variance of the SOC estimation error are derived as explicit functions of sensor noises, battery parameters, and observer tuning parameters. The derivation is performed for the Kalman filter, which is the most commonly used method for SOC estimation, and the least squares method. It is found that the observer parameter tuning is subject to a tradeoff between suppressing the estimation bias and variance. Either one of these two errors becomes dominant under different observer parameter ranges. The fundamental estimation error that cannot be mitigated through observer tuning has also been identified. The results have been validated by both simulation and experiment. The obtained theoretical findings are of great practical significance as they could be used to guide sensor selection and observer design, as well as enable online uncertainty management.
Jurisdiction over Jihad: Islamic Law and the Duty to Fight

A serious deficiency in the current discourse on jihād involves the failure to adequately evaluate competing jurisdictional claims over lawful violence, specifically warfare. While limitations and guidelines in armed conflict are frequently discussed, there is rarely any mention of who can legitimately regulate Islamic law’s duty to fight. This duty emerged shortly after Islam’s founding in the 7th century A.D. and was a collective one (farḍ kifāya), meant to support the state’s war efforts in the absence of standing armies. The duty was regulated by the state and responsibility for it was shared across society: if at least some people performed, then the obligation was satisfied for everyone else. However, colonial rule and the advent of weak post-colonial states contributed to circumstances that transformed the duty into an individual obligation (farḍ 'ayn); required of every person with legal capacity and not subject to state oversight. This Article makes a number of contributions. First, it utilizes pre- modern historical sources to construct a detailed understanding of how the duty to fight functioned in classical Islamic law. Second, it reveals how a variety of factors caused jihād to shift from a collective to individual duty and the impact this has on state jurisdiction over violence. Third, it provides a new reading of colonial resistance, suggesting a predilection for statist frameworks among actors engaged in anti-colonial jihād. Finally, the Article analyzes a pivotal 20th-century fatwā (advisory legal opinion) that reframed the classical jihād- duty, making it a perpetual obligation required of all Muslims. The Article contends that this reframing led to the state losing oversight over jihād and lawful violence, contributed to the militancy of non-state actors and created distorting effects in Islamic law’s interpretation and application, with consequences that continue to manifest.
The Role of Human Acellular Dermis in Preventing Fistulas After Bladder Neck Transection in the Exstrophy-epispadias Complex.

Objective To evaluate human acellular dermis (HAD) as an adjunct during bladder neck transection (BNT) by comparing surgical outcomes with other types of tissue interposition. Methods A prospectively maintained institutional database of exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) patients was reviewed for those who underwent a BNT with at least 6 months follow-up. The primary outcome was the occurrence of BNT-related fistulas. Results In total, 147 EEC patients underwent a BNT with a mean follow-up time of 6.9 years (range 0.52-23.35 years). There were 124 (84.4%) classic exstrophy patients, 22 (15.0%) cloacal exstrophy patients, and 1 (0.7%) penopubic epispadias patient. A total of 12 (8.2%) BNTs resulted in fistulization, including 4 vesicoperineal fistulas, 7 vesicourethral fistulas, and 1 vesicovaginal fistula. There were 5 (22.7%) fistulas in the cloacal exstrophy cohort and 7 (5.6%) fistulas in the classic bladder exstrophy cohort (P = .019). Using either HAD or native tissue flaps resulted in a lower fistulization rate than using no interposed layers (5.8% vs 20.8%; P = .039). Of those with HAD, the use of a fibrin sealant did not decrease fistulization rates when compared to HAD alone (6.5% vs 8.8%, P = .695). There was no statistical difference in surgical complications between the use of HAD and native flaps (8.6% vs 5%, P = .716). Conclusion Use of soft tissue flaps and HAD is associated with decreased fistulization rates after BNT. HAD is a simple option and an effective adjunct that does not require harvesting of tissues in patients where a native flap is not feasible.
Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders

Clinical and basic personality psychologists interact less than they should, given their similar interests. In clinical personality psychology, available evidence supports a transition from the cur...
Management of osteolysis around total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract The indications for treatment of osteolysis are based on osteolysis severity and progression. At present, there is a trend toward selective retention of well-fixed, undamaged components of satisfactory design, but long-term results of limited procedures with component retention for osteolysis are lacking. An algorithm for treatment of osteolysis around THA can be constructed. Such algorithms can help guide treatment, although it is important to note that judgment is still needed about the optimal treatment for each individual case. Regular follow-up of joint arthroplasty patients-especially those who are young and active and those with problematic implant designs--is important to identify osteolysis early and facilitate more limited intervention. There is increased understanding that osteolysis is a progressive process in the great majority of cases, and thus, most surgeons tend to consider intervention earlier than once was the case. Plain radiographs frequently underestimate the severity of osteolysis, particularly in the pelvis and greater trochanter, and metallic implants can obscure bone loss on routine radiographs. Therefore, when operative treatment is undertaken, the surgeon must be prepared for more severe bone loss than is visible on plain radiographs.
Pupil light reflex in normal and diseased eyes: diagnosis of visual dysfunction using waveform partitioning.

Abstract Objective To evaluate changes in pupil size (corresponding to neuronal firing) within different time windows of the pupil light reflex in patients and normal subjects to understand which segments of the pupil waveform are best able to differentiate normal from abnormal subjects. Design Comparative, observational case series. Participants Forty-nine normal subjects and 25 patients with known unilateral or asymmetric visual field damage were tested. Methods A dual-channel infrared pupillograph was used to simultaneously record the right and left pupil diameters at a rate of 60 Hz. Each eye was stimulated alternately (30° full-field, 200 milliseconds duration every 3 seconds) over 10 different stimulus intensities. The recorded waveform of the pupil light reflex was subdivided into six time windows based on landmarks corresponding to contraction onset, maximum contraction velocity, peak contraction, and maximum dilation velocity to assess which portion was most affected by disease. Main outcome measures The linear correlation between pupil contractions elicited by right versus left full-field stimulation at different light intensities provided diagnostic parameters (slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient R 2 ) that were useful for differentiating normal subjects from patients and for categorizing disease. Sensitivity and specificity of the time windows were evaluated with receiver-operator curve analysis. Results The diagnosis of asymmetric disease was greatest at time windows that included pupil contraction but not dilation. When the contraction phase was subdivided into an early phase and into a late phase, the late phase was the most diagnostic compared with the entire phase of contraction amplitude (onset to peak contraction). Conclusions By use of a range of light intensity, the change in pupil size measured between the time at which maximum contraction velocity occurs and the time to peak contraction provided the best response parameter for objective diagnosis of asymmetric disease of the anterior visual pathway. The waveform of the pupil light reflex may be an expression of the firing of retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, understanding which segment of the pupil light reflex provides maximal diagnostic power may give insight into how disease affects the pattern of neuronal firing rate.
DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, AND MORPHOLOGY OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT APEX

Abstract: Tidal and spatial changes in the morphology and concentrations of suspended solids, particulate carbon and nitrogen, the particulate metals Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, and chlorophyll a were determined over a tidal cycle at seven stations during 3 June 1975 on a transect between Sandy Hook, New Jersey and Rockaway Point, New York (the entrance to New York Harbor). Most of the particulate matter in the suspended solids consisted of diatom frustules which were present in relatively large abundances near Sandy Hook. Near Rockaway Point, both diatoms and dinoflagellates were found in the suspended matter. Other particulates included organic aggregates, mineral grains, and some opaque particles which were assumed to be anthropogenic in origin. The organic aggregates appeared as a large amorphous matrix containing a wide size range of mineral grains including some spherical and irregular opaque particles. Some of the opaque particles were reddish-brown in color and were therefore probably iron hydrous oxides. There was a strong correlation among the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, suggesting that these metals were associated with each other. Fine mineral grains were found attached to the surfaces and edges of phytoplankton cells.
Probation and Parole

This chapter surveys the application of behavioral techniques to probationers and parolees. As we discuss later in the chapter, probation and parole officers face a set of demands that can be reconceptualized in behavioral terms. Principles of behavioral intervention and case management can then be derived that would be predicted to be effective change techniques for the probationers/ parolees. Polakow (1974), an early advocate of behavioral approaches to probation, has developed behavioral reconceptualizations of traditional probation activities such as record keeping, treatment plans, structures of contact with the probationer, accountability, and the use of incentives with probationers (see Nietzel, 1979, p. 191). The goals of these reconceptualizations have been to (1) reduce the use of aversive control with offenders, (2) tailor interventions to the individual needs of each client, (3) provide efficient, relatively easily learned techniques that can be applied in the natural environment, and (4) increase the chances that probation and parole will lead to the successful adjustment of the offender in the community.
The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance. By Simon R. Doubleday. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016. Pp. 304. $29.99.)

Can one unequivocally argue that the thirteenth‐century Castilian King Alfonso X's reign is an embryonic source of the Renaissance? In a rhythmic and enticing style of writing Simon R. Doubleday ha...
Associations between maternal depression and mother and infant oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR_rs53576) polymorphisms

Polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene, OXTR_rs53576, have been linked to differences in maternal sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Although some studies suggest the A allele confers risk for mood disorders, individuals homozygous for the G allele may exhibit greater sensitivity to both positive and negative social experiences, including in the mother-infant dyad. Given the bi-directional nature of mother-infant influences on maternal mood, we tested the association between both mothers' and infants' OXTR_rs53576 genotype and maternal depression, as assessed through a self-report inventory. Although Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores were significantly higher for GG in comparison to AG/AA mothers, and for mothers of GG in comparison to AG/AA infants, an ANCOVA revealed that after sociodemographic risk factors had been controlled, infants', but not mothers', OXTR genotype predicted maternal depression scores, with no significant interaction between the two. The effect of infant OXTR on maternal depression was not explained by maternal reports of difficult infant temperament. We propose that GG infants have an enhanced capacity for processing both positive and negative socially meaningful contextual information, first amplifying and then differentially perpetuating negative affectivity in mothers who exhibit depressive characteristics.
The Internal Structure of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability Subscale: Implications for Studies of Irritability in Treatment-Seeking Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Given the prominence of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Irritability Subscale (ABC-I), in treatment outcome studies, we conducted a critical examination of its internal consistency and relationship to other measures of irritability in 758 psychiatrically hospitalized youth with autism spectrum disorder. In exploratory and confirmation samples, we conducted factor and bifactor analyses to describe the internal structure of the ABC-I. Our results suggest that the ABC-I roughly represents a unidimensional construct of irritability, as indicated by a general factor in bifactor analysis. In addition to irritability, subordinate factors are presented that represent tantrums, verbal outbursts, self-harm, and negative affect. Notably, self-harm items explain a large proportion of variance independent of irritability. Therefore, their contribution in analyses of treatment effects should be considered. Further study or revision of the ABC-I may improve convergent validity with transdiagnostic formulations of irritability as well as prevent confound from self-harm in treatment studies for irritability in ASD.
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System after Hemispheric Cerebrovascular Disorders: An Update

Autonomic and cardiac dysfunction may occur after vascular brain injury without any evidence of primary heart disease. During acute stroke, autonomic dysfunction, for example, elevated arterial blood pressure, arrhythmia, and ischemic cardiac damage, has been reported, which may hinder the prognosis. Autonomic dysfunction after a stroke may involve the cardiovascular, respiratory, sudomotor, and sexual systems, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. In this review paper, we will discuss the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system and discuss the mechanism(s) suggested to cause autonomic dysfunction after stroke. We will further elaborate on the different cerebral regions involved in autonomic dysfunction complications of stroke. Autonomic nervous system modulation is emerging as a new therapeutic target for stroke management. Understanding the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism(s) of parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction after stroke will facilitate the implementation of preventive and therapeutic strategies to antagonize the clinical manifestation of autonomic dysfunction and improve the outcome of stroke.
On the Multi-Activation Oriented Design of D2D-Aided Caching Networks

Caching at the wireless edge has proven to be a promising approach for efficient video distribution, especially when aided by device-to-device communication. A widely explored scheme is to sub- divide a cell into clusters, and allow one pair of users within each cluster to communicate in each time slot. As more devices are raising frequent requests for popular videos, activating multiple links simultaneously can potentially improve the throughput. However, allowing multiple links at the same time requires to solve the problems of avoiding request clashes, i.e., multiple users requesting transmission from the same caching node, as well as interference management. To address these issues, this paper proposes new designs of both the caching policy and the transmission policy (i.e., link scheduling and power control). Furthermore, the duration of each time slot is optimized to improve the throughput. Finally, some numerical results demonstrate the performance gain of the proposed designs.
Risk Factors Portending Extended Length of Stay After Suboccipital Decompression for Adult Chiari I Malformation.

Objective For adult patients undergoing surgical decompression for Chiari malformation type I (CM-I), the patient-level factors that influence extended length of stay (LOS) are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of patient-baseline comorbidities, demographics, and postoperative complications on extended LOS after intervention after adult CM-I decompression surgery. Methods A retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample years 2010–2014 was performed. Adults (≥18 years) with a primary diagnosis of CM-I undergoing surgical decompression were identified. Weighted patient demographics, comorbidities, complications, LOS, disposition, and total cost were recorded. A multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio for risk-adjusted LOS. Results A total of 29,961 patients were identified, 6802 of whom (22.7%) had extended LOS. The extended LOS cohort had a significantly greater overall complication rate (normal LOS, 10.6% vs. extended LOS, 29.1%; P 1 complication. Conclusions Our study shows that extended LOS after adult CM-I decompression surgery may be influenced by multiple patient-level factors.
Using rapid cycle deliberate practice to improve primary and secondary survey in pediatric trauma

Optimal performance of the primary and secondary survey is the foundation of Advance Trauma Life Support care. Despite its importance, not all primary surveys completed at level 1 pediatric trauma centers are performed according to established guidelines (Gala et al., Pediatr Emerg Care 32:756–762, 2016, Carter et al., Resuscitation 84:66–71, 2013). We hypothesize that rapid cycle deliberate practice (RCDP) will improve surgical residents’ confidence in performing the primary and secondary survey. We developed a curriculum to teach surgical interns the principles of performing the primary and secondary survey using RCDP. Surveys distributed after each session assessed the impact of the curriculum on learner confidence and perception that this curriculum would benefit patient care. Questions were scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Sixteen surgical interns participated during intern orientation and 100% of the participants completed the post curriculum survey. Thirteen (81%) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the simulation would impact future performance in the pediatric trauma bay. The curriculum also significantly improved the confidence of our learners to perform trauma surveys (p < 0.001). This curriculum improves the confidence of junior surgical residents in learning the primary and secondary survey. Most learners enjoyed the session and felt that the curriculum would positively impact their performance.
Nearshore wave energy resource characterization along the East Coast of the United States

Abstract A feasibility level nearshore wave energy resource characterization is conducted for the East Coast of the United States using a 32-year (1979–2010) hindcast from a high-resolution unstructured-grid Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model with a spatial resolution of 200 m along the coastline. Wave energy resource attributes including wave energy potentials, seasonal variability, frequency and directional spreading, and extreme sea states are characterized using a broad range of resource parameters from which opportunities, risks, and constraints for wave energy conversion (WEC) projects are assessed. Cross-shore and alongshore variations of these parameters due to varying wave energy climate and coastline orientation relative to the dominant wave systems are examined. The present study also introduces a zero-crossing method for delineating wave energy climate regions based on a broad range of resource attributes beyond just wave power. Applying this method, eight nearshore wave energy climate regions are delineated for the East Coast; each region with a unique set of resource attributes to inform regional energy planning, WEC project development, conceptual WEC design, and the operation and maintenance of WEC projects.
Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXXXVI: Teamwork and the Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program.

ABSTRACT The Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program or CUSP is a methodology to enhance teamwork and improve safety by building on the TeamSTEPPS program, the concepts of a safety culture, knowledge of safety science, engaging patients and their families, and standard change management techniques. It can be used with multiple other approaches to help healthcare organizations achieve high reliability.
Multiscale investigation of corrosion damage initiation and propagation in AA7075-T651 alloy using correlative microscopy

Abstract The evolution of the overall microstructure and contribution of constituent second phase particles during the accelerated corrosion of AA 7075-T651 warrants further scrutiny. A correlative microscopy-based approach was employed to study corrosion damage evolution in the microstructure of AA 7075-T651 subjected to potentiodynamic polarization. X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and scanning electron microscopy were used to track corrosion damage initiation and propagation globally and at specific regions of the microstructure starting from the first breakdown potential. Additionally, Focused Ion Beam and Electron Backscattered Diffraction were used to investigate local corrosion processes such as pitting and intergranular corrosion. Interesting concentric corrosion patterns, Fe-rich intermetallic particle dissolution and exfoliation corrosion were observed and mechanisms for the same have been proposed.
Asking the Right Question in Business Ethics

Based on an address the author gave in Paris in December 2009 at an international program entitled "Revisiting Business Ethics," the present paper attempts to clarify, both philosophically and ethically, the most important aspects of what are called "ethical business practices" and "corporate social responsibility" as these themes present themselves to the individual corporate employee confronted with ethical problems.
Integrated constellation analysis tools to support new observing strategy mission design

NASA’s New Observing Strategies (NOS) thrust provides a framework for identifying technology advances needed to exploit newly available observational capabilities, including high-quality instruments on constellations of SmallSats and CubeSats, that enable measurement of phenomena that could not be studied using previously available techniques. Satellite developers and operators require software tools to simulate new technologies and validate new mission concepts that can incorporate a dynamic set of observing assets with various instruments located at different vantage points. These new mission concepts include many more design variables than traditional missions, requiring tools to facilitate trade analysis and concept validation in an iterative fashion, similar to an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) framework. Several recent projects address design and operational trades by designing software packages such as the Trade-space Analysis Tools for Constellations (TAT-C) co-developed by Stevens Institute of Technology, the Simulation Toolset for Adaptive Remote Sensing (STARS) developed by The Ohio State University, and the Virtual Constellation Engine (VCE) developed by the University of Southern California. Each tool has different but complementary capabilities and can be run independently. However, linking capabilities using modern web-based service application programming interfaces (APIs) contributes to a powerful modeling ecosystem for the Earth Science community with well-defined interfaces that facilitate interoperability with existing mission planning tools. This presentation will describe the capabilities of each individual software tool as well as recent efforts to integrate their capabilities to evaluate and mature constellation mission concepts as part of the NOS thrust.
Nanostructured silicon for biological modulation

Abstract In this chapter, we discuss synthetic methods and biocompatibility concerns of silicon nanowires and their functionality. This is followed by a presentation of nanowire-relevant approaches to precision medicine and microbial modulation applications. We end with a description of the outlook on future challenges facing silicon nanowires moving to the commercial market.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: The Impact of Genotype and Clinical Phenotype on Adiposity and Resting Energy Expenditure.

Context Mutations in type I collagen or collagen-related proteins cause Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). Energy expenditure and body composition in OI could reflect reduced mobility, or intrinsic defects in osteoblast differentiation increasing adipocyte development. Objective Compare adiposity and resting energy expenditure (REE) in OI and healthy controls (HC), for OI genotype- and Type-associated differences. Design/setting/participants We studied 90 participants, 30 with OI (13 COL1A1 Gly, 6 COL1A2 Gly, 3 COL1A1 non-Gly, 2 COL1A2 non-Gly, 6 non-COL; 8 Type III, 16 Type IV, 4 Type VI, 1 Type VII, 1 Type XIV) and 60 HC with sociodemographic characteristics/BMI/BMIz similar to the OI group. Participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine lean mass and fat mass percentage (FM%) and REE. FM% and REE were compared, adjusting for covariates to examine the relationship of OI genotypes and phenotypic Types. Results FM% did not differ significantly in all patients with OI versus HC (OI: 36.6±1.9%, HC: 32.7±1.2%, p =0.088). FM% was, however, greater than HC for those with non-COL variants (p=0.018). FM% did not differ from HC among OI Types (p's>0.05). Overall, covariate-adjusted REE did not differ significantly between OI and HC (OI: 1376.5±44.7 kcal/d, healthy controls: 1377.0±96 kcal/d p=0.345). However, those with non-COL variants (p=0.034) and Type VI OI (p=0.04) had significantly lower REE than HC. Conclusions Overall, patients with OI did not significantly differ in either extra-marrow adiposity or REE from BMI-similar HC. However, reduced REE among those with non-COL variants may contribute to greater adiposity.
History and Status of Host Plant Resistance in Cotton to Insects in the United States1

Publisher Summary Prior to 1892, only the cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea , the bollworm, principally Helicoverpa zea , and the aphid or plant louse, principally Aphis gossypii were considered pest of cotton, and then only occasionally. This situation apparently meant that very little natural selection for resistance to the myriad of insect pests that attack cotton today took place from the time that cotton was introduced as a commercial crop in the United States through the 1800s. But the situation changed dramatically in 1892 when the Mexican boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) migrated into South Texas. Thus, began a continuing battle between the American cotton producer and insects that would deprive the producer of the fruits of his labor. By 1965 over 100 species of insects and mites were known to attack cotton in the United States. To understand the present status of host plant resistance in cotton to insects, one must follow the evolution of cotton production in the United States since its introduction in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia, and its continual, and expanded, production in this country. It is found that plant breeding research teams in the United States have made giant strides toward controlling cotton's insect pests through host plant resistance (HPR). Another benchmark is on the horizon. Genetically engineered plants await the identification of genes in almost any organism for transplant into cotton's genome. Genes from bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, that code for the production of a deadly toxin that dissolves the gut membrane of the tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, and the pink bollworm have already been transferred into cotton.
Adolescents' views of and preferences for sexual and reproductive health services in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda : original research article

Adolescents' views of and preferences for sexual and reproductive health services highlight promising directions and persistent challenges in preventing pregnancy and HIV and treating sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) in this population. Results from nationally-representative surveys of 12-19 year olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda in 2004 show that contraceptive and STI services and HIV testing are still under-utilized. A substantial proportion of sexually-active adolescents do not know of any source to obtain contraception or get STI treatment, and social-psychological reasons (e.g., embarrassment or fear) and financial cost remain common barriers to getting services. Adolescents' preferences are overwhelmingly for public clinics, with strongly positive perceptions of confidentiality, accessibility and cost. Some gender and country differences exist, yet overall females and males' views are similar. Results highlight the need to inform youth about sources, increase availability of government health facilities and improve youth's access to them, especially by reducing social barriers. Opinions des adolescents sur, et leurs preferences pour, les services de la sante sexuelle et de reproduction au Burkina-Faso, au Ghana, au Malawi et en Ouganda Les opinions des adolescents sur, et leurs preferences pour, les services de la sante sexuelle et de reproduction mettent l'accent sur les directions prometteuses et sur les defis persistants dans la prevention de la grossesse et du VIH et le traitement des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) dans cette population. Les resultats obtenus des enquetes a representation nationale des adolescents âges de 12-19 ans au Burkina-Faso, au Ghana, au Malawi et en Ouganda en 2004 montrent que les services des contraceptifs et des IST et le test de depistage sont encore sous-utilises. Une grande proportion des adolescents qui sont sexuellement actifs ne connaissent pas les sources pour obtenir la contraception ou le traitement pour les IST; ensuite, des raisons socio-psychologiques (l'embarras et la peur) et le cout financier demeurent des obstacles a l'obtention des services. Les preferences des adolescents sont largement pour des cliniques publiques avec leur fortes perceptions positives de la confidentialite, de l'accessibilite et du cout. Il existe aussi certaines differences au niveau des genres et des pays, pourtant, en general, les opinions des mâles et des femelles sont similaires. Les resultats mettent l'accent sur la necessite de renseigner la jeunesse sur les sources, d'augmenter la disponibilite des etablissements de sante et d'ameliorer l'acces de la jeunesse a ces etablissements, surtout par la reduction des obstacles sociaux.
A new system for formatting estimation tables

I present an entirely rewritten version of the outreg command, which creates tables from the results of Stata estimation commands and generates formatted Microsoft Word or LATEX files. My objective is to provide as complete control as is practical over the layout and formatting of the estimation tables in both file formats. outreg provides a wide range of estimation statistics (including confidence intervals and marginal effects), can control the number and arrangement of the statistics displayed, and can merge subsequent estimation results into the same table. Users can specify numeric formats, font sizes, and font types at the table cell level, as well as lines in the table and row spacing. Multiple tables can be written to the same document, making it possible to create a fully formatted statistical appendix from a do-file. I demonstrate in examples the numerous formatting options for the outreg command.
General relationships among sound speeds: I. New experimental information

Abstract New ultrasonic data on some crystal structures important in mantle mineralogy are presented for compounds of Mg2GeO4, Fe2GeO4 and Fe2SiO4, both in olivine and spinel structures, and of GeO2, SnO2 and SiO2 in the rutile structure, as their elastic parameters were determined by a powder—matrix method. With these new elasticity data, a power law for the velocity-density relationship arising from lattice dynamics is examined. Specific conclusions made are: (1) ultrasonic measurements on germanate compounds become very useful for estimating the elastic parameters of their silicate analogs: (2) the power law describes the velocity-density relationship for high-pressure polymorphs better than Birch's linear law: and (3) the power law is useful in our study of the elasticity and constitution of the elasticity and constitution of the deep interiors of the earth and other planets.
El Atlántico y la reinvención de lo humano en las Silvas Americanas (1823-1826) de Andrés Bello

Este articulo analiza la construccion de la America postcolonial despues del proceso de independencia. A partir de la lectura de las Silvas de Andres Bello, se analiza interconectadamente la historia y la poesia para guiar la atencion hacia el nuevo Occidente en las Americas. Andres Bello, y sus Silvas Americanas, ofrece elementos para entender la construccion historica y politica de una America occidental, independiente y poscolonial.
Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines

In experimental animals, stress and catecholamines stimulate endogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion, whereas glucocorticoids inhibit it. To examine whether physical stress alters the secretion of IL-6 in humans, and to what extent this is correlated with catecholamines and modified by glucocorticoids, we performed high-intensity treadmill exercise test runs on 15 male volunteers, in a double-blind crossover design, after pretreatment with placebo, hydrocortisone, or dexamethasone. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations peaked 15 min after the start of exercise, whereas plasma IL-6 concentrations peaked twice, 15 min and 45 min after the onset of the test run. There was no difference in either the epinephrine or norepinephrine peaks among the three treatments, but the net area under the curve for IL-6 was smaller after hydrocortisone or dexamethasone than after placebo and smaller after dexamethasone than after hydrocortisone. A positive correlation was observed between peak plasma epinephrine or norepinephrine and IL-6 levels at 15 min. These findings suggest that IL-6 secretion is stimulated during exercise, possibly by catecholamines, whereas exogenous glucocorticoids attenuate this effect without affecting the catecholamine levels.
Hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor cells produce IL-17, IL-21 and other cytokines in response to TLR signals associated with late apoptotic products and augment memory Th17 and Tc17 cells in the bone marrow of normal and lupus mice.

We studied effects of early and late apoptotic (necroptotic) cell products, related damage associated alarmins and TLR agonists, on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Surprisingly, normal HSPC themselves produced IL-17 and IL-21 after 1½days of stimulation, and the best stimulators were TLR 7/8 agonist; HMGB1-DNA; TLR 9 agonist, and necroptotic B cells. The stimulated HSPC expressed additional cytokines/mediators, directly causing rapid expansion of IL-17(+) memory CD4 T (Th17), and CD8 T (Tc17) cells, and antigen-experienced IL-17(+) T cells with "naive" phenotype. In lupus marrow, HSPC were spontaneously pre-stimulated by endogenous signals to produce IL-17 and IL-21. In contrast to HSPC, megakaryocyte progenitors (MKP) did not produce IL-17, and unlike HSPC, they could process and present particulate apoptotic autoantigens to augment autoimmune memory Th17 response. Thus abnormally stimulated primitive hematopoietic progenitors augment expansion of IL-17 producing immune and autoimmune memory T cells in the bone marrow, which may affect central tolerance.
Transposon Insertions in the Promoter of the Zea mays a1 Gene Differentially Affect Transcription by the Myb Factors P and C1

The understanding of control of gene regulation in higher eukaryotes relies heavily on results derived from non-in vivo studies, but rarely can the significance of these approximations be established in vivo. Here, we investigated the effect of Mutator and Spm insertions on the expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic gene a1, independently regulated by the transcription factors C1 and P. The a1-mum2 and a1-m2 alleles carry Mu1 and Spm insertions, respectively, in a cis-element (ARE) of unknown function located between the P- and C1-binding sites. We show that the insertions of Mu1 and Spm similarly influence the expression of a1 controlled by C1 or P. The P-controlled a1 expression in a1-m2 is Spm dependent, and the mutant phenotype of a1-mum2 is suppressed in the pericarp in the absence of the autonomous MuDR element. Footprints within the ARE affect the regulation of a1 by C1 and P differently, providing evidence that these factors control a1 expression using distinct cis-acting regulatory elements. Together, our findings contribute significantly to one of the best-described plant regulatory systems, while stressing the need to complement with in vivo experiments current approaches used for the study of control of gene expression.
On adaptive implementations of Pisarenko's harmonic retrieval method

The problem of locating spectral lines (sinusoids) in white noise has been studied intensively in the past few years, especially since the work of Pisarenko who showed that unbiased estimates of the sinusoidal frequencies could be obtained from the λ 0 eigenvector (i.e. the eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue) of the covariance matrix of the process. Recently, adaptive implementations of Pisarenko's method have been developed in which the estimates can be updated as new data is observed, and so these algorithms have the ability to track slowly time-varying processes. In this paper, a new adaptive algorithm based on the inverse power method is developed and compared by simulation to other methods. Conclusions are drawn which affect any adaptive implementation of Pisarenko's method.
Glaucoma associated with keratoprosthesis

Abstract Objective This study aimed to review the authors clinical experience with glaucoma associated with keratoprosthesis in patients with severe corneal disease. Design The study design was a retrospective review of case series. Participants The authors studied 55 eyes in 52 patients with keratoprostheses with follow-up of 21 ± 16 months (range, 3–77 months). Intervention Glaucoma drainage devices were implanted in 36 eyes (35 Ahmed valves, 1 Krupin valve) with 21 ± 15 months' follow-up (range, 3–64 months). Main outcome measures Clinical outcome assessment included vision, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual fields, optic disc appearance, and identification of complications. Results Glaucoma was found in the majority (64%) of eyes treated with keratoprostheses, identified in 20 eyes (36%) before surgery and an additional 15 eyes (28%) after surgery. Of the 36 eyes treated with glaucoma drainage devices, IOP was controlled in 29 eyes (81%), with 9 eyes (25%) requiring additional medications. Continued progression of glaucoma occurred in 5 (14%) of 36 eyes with keratoprostheses and glaucoma drainage implants (4 of these eyes had advanced glaucomatous optic nerve damage before surgery). There were nine nonvision-threatening complications due to drainage implants. Compared with the preoperative visual acuity, vision was markedly improved in 63%, unchanged in 17%, and worse in 20% of eyes after keratoprosthesis surgery. Conclusion Elevation of IOP is common in patients with keratoprosthesis, and prevention or treatment with glaucoma drainage implants is effective.
IVIM-based MRI method to study the microcirculation in the heart: preliminary results in dogs

In living organs, microcirculation in the capillaries and high order branches can be seen as a macroscopically random process. The Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) method uses a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequence to register this pseudo-random motion. It is able to observe perfusion in addition to the brownian diffusion by its relatively large distance of movement. The dependence of the MR signal (S) on the diffusion weighting b can be approximated as a bi-exponential relation: (S/S 0 )=(1-f).exp(-bD)+f.exp[-b(D+D*)], where S 0 is the signal intensity for b=0, f the vascular volume fraction, D the molecular diffusion coefficient and D* a flow index. This effect, largely investigated in the brain, has never been applied in the heart, where the diffusion-weighted sequence is highly sensitive to bulk motion. We have studied microcirculation in the canine heart in vivo, with a well-controlled cardiac and respiratory gating protocol that overcomes the bulk motion effects. We demonstrated that the IVIM effect could be applied in the myocardium. The IVIM parameters were found equal to D=1.26*10 -3 mm 2 /s, f=11.98%, D*=12.87*10 -3 mm 2 /s. Moreover, the microcirculation is directionally anisotropic. The preferred direction of capillaries/small vessels is aligned with the myofibers in mid-myocardium in the left ventricle.
A Note on Gender Stereotyping of Research Topics

Women and men in general psychology classes were surveyed about their interest in signing up for psychological research. The topics in the survey previously had been judged as masculine, feminine, or neutral Women had a greater preference for feminine topics than did men, while men had a greater preference for masculine topics than did women. Thus, it is possible that men and women are volunteering differentially for gender-stereotyped research topics. Implications of this potential sample bias for the study of sex differences are discussed.
Downstream signalling and specific inhibition of c-MET/HGF pathway in small cell lung cancer: implications for tumour invasion.

The c-MET receptor can be overexpressed, amplified, or mutated in solid tumours including small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In c-MET-overexpressing SCLC cell line NCI-H69, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) dramatically induced c-MET phosphorylation at phosphoepitopes pY1230/1234/1235 (catalytic tyrosine kinase), pY1003 (juxtamembrane), and also of paxillin at pY31 (CRKL-binding site). We utilised a global proteomics phosphoantibody array approach to identify further c-MET/HGF signal transduction intermediates in SCLC. Strong HGF induction of specific phosphorylation sites in phosphoproteins involved in c-MET/HGF signal transduction was detected, namely adducin-α [S724], adducin-γ [S662], CREB [S133], ERK1 [T185/Y187], ERK1/2 [T202/Y204], ERK2 [T185/Y187], MAPKK (MEK) 1/2 [S221/S225], MAPKK (MEK) 3/6 [S189/S207], RB [S612], RB1 [S780], JNK [T183/Y185], STAT3 [S727], focal adhesion kinase (FAK) [Y576/S722/S910], p38α-MAPK [T180/Y182], and AKT1[S473] and [T308]. Conversely, inhibition of phosphorylation by HGF in protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase R (PKR), and also CDK1 was identified. Phosphoantibody-based immunohistochemical analysis of SCLC tumour tissue and microarray established the role of c-MET in SCLC biology. This supports a role of c-MET activation in tumour invasive front in the tumour progression and invasion involving FAK and AKT downstream. The c-MET serves as an attractive therapeutic target in SCLC, as shown through small interfering RNA (siRNA) and selective prototype c-MET inhibitor SU11274, inhibiting the phosphorylation of c-MET itself and its downstream molecules such as AKT, S6 kinase, and ERK1/2. Investigation of mechanisms of invasion and, ultimately, metastasis in SCLC would be very useful with these signal transduction molecules.
Management of a patient with patellofemoral pain syndrome using neuromuscular training in decreasing medial collapse: a case report.

AbstractBackground and purpose: Medial collapse has been reported to increase patellofemoral stresses. This case describes the examination and treatment of a patient with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), displaying medial collapse during functional activities. The purpose of this case is twofold: (1) to describe a clinical movement pattern assessment using a 2-dimensional (2D) assessment; and (2) to describe a clinical neuromuscular training program focused on optimal movement patterns. Case description: A 19-year-old female diagnosed with PFPS. Initially, the patient exhibited medial collapse. A treatment approach focused on optimization of functional movement patterns to correct medial collapse through visual input and neuromuscular training was implemented. Interventions focused on correction of faulty movement patterns. Outcomes: After four sessions over 3 weeks, the patient reported cessation of pain and displayed an improved movement pattern without medial collapse during functional activities. ...
Lanthanum staining of coronary microvascular endothelium: effects of ischemia reperfusion, propranolol, and atenolol.

Abstract Cat isolated hearts were perfused via the aorta with normothermic arterial blood from donor cats. After 1 hr of equilibration, dl-propranolol (1.9 mg/kg), atenolol (1.65 mg/kg), or physiological saline solution was infused via the aortic cannula. The hearts were made globally ischemic for 1 hr and reperfused for 1 hr. Hearts given saline but not made ischemic, and hearts from blood-donor cats served as controls. The hearts were flushed with physiological saline for 2 min, then perfused with cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde containing 1% LaCl3. Samples of left ventricle were postfixed in osmium and prepared for electron microscopy. Microvessels in nonischemic tissues had heavy La3+ staining on luminal surfaces of endothelial cells. Many plasmalemmal vesicles along luminal surfaces of endothelial cells were filled with La3+. Several vesicles appeared to open onto both surfaces thus forming channels through the endothelium. Lanthanum penetrated into, and occasionally through, interendothelial junctions. Endothelial cells lining vessels in ischemic myocardium were swollen, had pale cytoplasm, and showed little La3+ on the luminal surfaces. Few plasmalemmal vesicles were present and the mitochondria contained deposits of La3+. Extravascular spaces were distended but interendothelial junctions seemed to be intact. Lanthanum staining and morphology of endothelial cells in hearts treated with propranolol or atenolol were very similar to nonischemic myocardium. The data suggest that the β-blocking agents, propranolol and atenolol, maintain the integrity of coronary vascular endothelium during ischemia.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: An overview of central nervous system complications and neuropsychological sequelae

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been associated with a series of central nervous system (CNS) complications, including focal and nonfocal neurological indications. Overall, the most common form of CNS dysfunction is diffuse cerebral atrophy pathologically characterized by neuronal loss, glial nodules, and microfocal demyelination. Consequent neuropsychological deficits present an insidious course initially typified by poor memory and concentration, along with psychomotor retardation and blunted affect which resembles psychological depression. Gradually over several weeks to months, patients exhibit marked global cognitive impairment and can become severely disoriented and delusional. Clinical research relevant to these CNS complications and neuropsychological sequelae are reviewed.