cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated tectonic-genetic model for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits

Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits exhibit a continuous range in metal composition from copper-dominated (Cyprus type) to lead-rich zinc (+ copper) deposits (Kuroko type). This spectrum is best viewed as a progressive enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) in the ores (e.g., Pb, Ba) and the magmatic systems (e.g., K) responsible for their generation. Thus, lead-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits are associated with calc-alkalic magmatism in mature are systems (e.g., Buchans) or in back-arc sites, where older continental crust can be implicated in magma genesis. At the copper-rich end of the spectrum, ores are related to plagiogranites in supra-subduction-zone ophiolite complexes, and LILE enrichment is minimal. The ancient back-arc assemblages that now constitute greenstone belts host Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposits associated with tholeiitic-calc-alkalic magmatic systems of intermediate LILE enrichment. I suggest that these variations in both the metal composition of such ores and the petrochemistry of coeval intrusions relate in a fundamental way to the siting of their emplacement in arc and back-arc systems and the duration of the subduction process.
The value of assessing pulmonary venous flow velocity for predicting severity of mitral regurgitation: A quantitative assessment integrating left ventricular function.

Although alteration in pulmonary venous flow has been reported to relate to mitral regurgitant severity, it is also known to vary with left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction. There are few data relating pulmonary venous flow to quantitative indexes of mitral regurgitation (MR). The object of this study was to assess quantitatively the accuracy of pulmonary venous flow for predicting MR severity by using transesophageal echocardiographic measurement in patients with variable LV dysfunction. This study consisted of 73 patients undergoing heart surgery with mild to severe MR. Regurgitant orifice area (ROA), regurgitant stroke volume (RSV), and regurgitant fraction (RF) were obtained by quantitative transesophageal echocardiography and proximal isovelocity surface area. Both left and right upper pulmonary venous flow velocities were recorded and their patterns classified by the ratio of systolic to diastolic velocity: normal (>/=1), blunted ( 0.3 cm(2)) were 69%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the normal pulmonary venous flow pattern for detecting a small ROA ( .05) than in those with normal LV function (r = -0.57, P <.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the peak systolic to diastolic velocity ratio was independently correlated with RF (P <.001) and effective stroke volume (P <.01), with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.71 (P <.001). In conclusion, reversed pulmonary venous flow in systole is a highly specific and reliable marker of moderately severe or severe MR with an ROA greater than 0.3 cm(2), whereas the normal pattern accurately predicts mild to moderate MR. Blunted pulmonary venous flow can be seen in all grades of MR with low predictive value for severity of MR, especially in the presence of LV dysfunction. The blunted pulmonary venous flow pattern must therefore be interpreted cautiously in clinical practice as a marker for severity of MR.
Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse silica colloids loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Silica colloids embedded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by combining commercial ferrofluids with the well-known Stober process. In a typical procedure, organophilic iron oxide nanoparticles were extracted from a ferrofluid and redispersed in toluene. The suspension was then added to an alcoholic medium to produce emulsion drops consisting of aggregates of iron oxide nanoparticles and toluene. When tetraethylorthosilicate was introduced into the system, it hydrolyzed and formed silica coating around each emulsion drop. The final size of silica colloids depended on the concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles and the type of solvent used for the Stober synthesis. Larger colloids were obtained at lower concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles and in alcohols with higher molecular weights.
Antioxidant Effects of Protein-Bound Riboflavin and Free Riboflavin

We studied the antioxidant effects of protein-bound riboflavin and free riboflavin using methyl linoleate in a water system in the dark. The protein-bound riboflavin inhibited the formation of hydroperoxides. After exposure to light, the protein lost its antioxidant effect, which suggested that it was not the protein-bound riboflavin but the riboflavin itself that had the antioxidant effect. These results showed that riboflavin inhibited the formation of hydroperoxides, which suggested that it did have an antioxidant effect.
Genetic and structural analysis of G protein α subunit regulatory domains

Genetic and structural analysis of the alpha chain polypeptides of heterotrimeric G proteins defines functional domains for GTP/GDP binding, GTPase activity, effector activation, receptor contact and beta gamma subunit complex regulation. The conservation in sequence comprising the GDP/GTP binding and GTPase domains among G protein alpha subunits readily allows common mutations to be made for the design of mutant polypeptides that function as constitutive active or dominant negative alpha chains when expressed in different cell types. Organization of the effector activation, receptor and beta gamma contact domains is similar in the primary sequence of the different alpha subunit polypeptides relative to the GTP/GDP binding domain sequences. Mutation within common motifs of the different G protein alpha chain polypeptides have similar functional consequences. Thus, what has been learned with the Gs and Gi proteins and the regulation of adenylyl cyclase can be directly applied to the analysis of newly identified G proteins and their coupling to receptors and regulation of putative effector enzymes.
Li loss during the growth of (Li,La)TiO3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The structure and composition of pulsed laser deposited films of (Li,La)TiO 3 was related to the initial target composition and the deposition conditions. Loss of Li during both the target sintering and film growth led to films being poor in Li compared to the target. A target made from powders of composition Li 1.57 La 0.56 TiO 3 produced a single phase perovskite structured film of composition Li 0.64 La 0.49 TiO 3 . Films on Pt-coated Si substrates were polycrystalline and showed cracks due to thermal mismatch, while an epitaxial film on (001) SrTiO 3 was tetragonally distorted with c / a =0.99 due to lattice mismatch.
GaAs and silica-based integrated optical time-shift network for phased arrays

We compare the GaAs and Silica-based approaches for realizing integrated time-shift networks. The performance of a fully functional 2-cm X 2-cm monolithic GaAs circuit is reviewed in detail. In addition, we describe the design of an optoelectronic- switched network that uses Silica-based star-couplers and waveguide arrays.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enterprise Liability-Let the Vendor Prepare

This paper shows how Product Liability common law has developed over the decades. The kinds of defects with which one must deal are classified into manufacturing, design, marketing, and puffing. They are analyzed with respect to their product liability implications. No-fault enterprise liability is described and analyzed.
The winged helix/forkhead transcription factor Foxq1 regulates differentiation of hair in satin mice

Summary: Satin (sa) homozygous mice have a silky coat with high sheen arising from structurally abnormal medulla cells and defects in differentiation of the hair shaft. We demonstrate that the winged helix/forkhead transcription factor, Foxq1 (Forkhead box, subclass q, member 1) is mutant in sa mice. An intragenic deletion was identified in the radiation-induced satin mutant of the SB/Le inbred strain; a second allele, identified by an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, has a missense mutation in the conserved winged helix DNA-binding domain. Homozygous mutants of the two alleles are indistinguishable. We show that Foxq1 is expressed during embryogenesis and exhibits a tissue-restricted expression pattern in adult tissues. The hair defects appear to be restricted to the inner structures of the hair; consequently, Foxq1 has a unique and distinct function involved in differentiation and development of the hair shaft. Despite an otherwise healthy appearance, satin mice have been reported to exhibit suppressed NK-cell function and alloimmune cytotoxic T-cell function. We show instead that the immune defects are attributable to genetic background differences. genesis 29:163–171, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimization of individualized dynamic treatment regimes for recurrent diseases.

Patients with cancer or other recurrent diseases may undergo a long process of initial treatment, disease recurrences and salvage treatments. It is important to optimize the multi-stage treatment sequence in this process to maximally prolong patients’ survival. Comparing disease-free survival for each treatment stage over-penalizes disease recurrences but under-penalizes treatment-related mortalities. Moreover, treatment regimes used in practice are dynamic, i.e., the choice of next treatment depends on a patient’s responses to previous therapies. In this article, using accelerated failure time models, we develop a method to optimize such dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs). This method utilizes all the longitudinal data collected during the multi-stage process of disease recurrences and treatments, and identifies the optimal DTR for each individual patient by maximizing his/her expected overall survival. The application of this method is illustrated using data from a study of acute myeloid leukemia. The optimal treatment strategies for different patient subgroups are identified.
Use of multidimensional fluorescence resonance energy transfer to establish the orientation of cholecystokinin docked at the type A cholecystokinin receptor.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a powerful tool to establish relative distances between donor and acceptor fluorophores. By utilizing several donors situated in distinct positions within a docked full agonist ligand and several acceptors distributed at distinct sites within its receptor, multiple interdependent dimensions can be determined. These can provide a unique method to establish or confirm three-dimensional structure of the molecular complex. In this work, we have utilized full agonist analogues of cholecystokinin (CCK) with Aladan distributed throughout the pharmacophore in positions 24, 29, and 33, along with receptor constructs derivatized with Alexa546 at positions 94, 102, 204, and 341 in the helical bundle and first, second, and third extracellular loops, respectively. These provided 12 FRET distances to overlay on working models of the CCK-occupied receptor. These established that the carboxyl terminus of CCK resides at the external surface of the lipid bilayer, adjacent to the receptor amino-terminal tail, rather than being inserted into the helical bundle. They also provide important experimentally derived constraints for understanding spatial relationships between the docked ligand and the flexible extracellular loop regions. Multidimensional FRET provides a new independent method to establish and refine structural insights into ligand–receptor complexes.
Joint Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: from Epidemiology to Mechanisms

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) frequently occur together within families and in the same individual. The co-occurrence of T1D and AITD in the same patient is one of the variants of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 [APS3 variant (APS3v)]. Epidemiological data point to a strong genetic influence on the shared susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic association between T1D and AITD. At least three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD: human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Moreover, the first whole genome linkage study has been recently completed, and additional genes will soon be identified. Not unexpectedly, all the joint genes for T1D and AITD identified so far are involved in immune regulation, specifically in the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells. One of the lessons learned from the analysis of the joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD is that subset analysis is a key to dissecting the etiology of complex diseases. One of the best demonstrations of the power of subset analysis is the CTLA-4 gene in T1D. Although CTLA-4 showed very weak association with T1D, when analyzed in the subset of patients with both T1D and AITD, the genetic effect of CTLA-4 was significantly stronger. Gene-gene and genetic-epigenetic interactions most likely play a role in the shared genetic susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Dissecting these mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of T1D and AITD, as well as autoimmunity in general.
High-resolution NMR in inhomogeneous fields

Abstract A new NMR technique is presented that yields high-resolution, 1-D NMR spectra of solutes in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The method exploits the nuclear Overhauser effect which couples the longitudinal relaxation of solvent and solute nuclear spins. Effectively, the solvent spins serve as reporters or local gaussmeters for the solute spins. Both 2-D and 1-D versions of this new experiment are reported. Potential applications of the method include in vivo NMR spectroscopy, where the field homogeneity is alwats degraded by the magnetic susceptibilities of the various tissues.
Effects of Obesity on Lipid-Lowering, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiatherosclerotic Benefits of Atorvastatin or Pravastatin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (from the REVERSAL Study)

The effect of obesity on atherosclerotic burden and its modulation by lipid-lowering therapy is unknown. The Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) study was analyzed to determine the influence of increasing body mass index (BMI) on plasma lipids, C-reactive protein, plaque burden as determined by intravascular ultrasound, and the serial change in these parameters with a moderate or intensive lipid-lowering strategy. Patients with a higher BMI were younger, more likely to be women, and had a greater prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Although a higher BMI was associated with a lower high-density lipoprotein level and higher triglyceride and C-reactive protein levels, there was no apparent influence of BMI on plaque burden. However, with the intensive lipid-lowering strategy, a greater BMI was associated with a lower proportionate decrease in low-density lipoprotein (49.1 +/- 21.4% vs 43.0 +/- 22.4%, p = 0.008) and a greater proportionate decrease in C-reactive protein (39.7% vs 33.3%, p <0.04). Further, although moderate and intensive lipid-lowering strategies halted plaque progression in subjects with a lower BMI (median progression rates +1.5% and +1.2%, respectively), a significant effect on plaque progression rates was seen only with adoption of an intensive lipid-lowering strategy in the most obese subjects (median progression rate -1.88% vs +6.5% with the moderate lipid-lowering strategy, p = 0.01). In conclusion, plaque progression in obese patients is attenuated using an intensive, but not moderate, lipid-lowering strategy. These results highlight the need for aggressive risk factor modification and a decrease in vascular inflammation in obese patients.
Autoluminescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis for Rapid, Real-Time, Non-Invasive Assessment of Drug and Vaccine Efficacy

Preclinical efforts to discover and develop new drugs and vaccines for tuberculosis are hampered by the reliance on colony-forming unit (CFU) counts as primary outcomes for in vivo efficacy studies and the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The utility of bioluminescent M. tuberculosis reporter strains for real-time in vitro and ex vivo assessment of drug and vaccine activity has been demonstrated but a simple, non-invasive, real-time surrogate marker to replace CFU counts for real-time evaluation of drug and vaccine efficacy in vivo has not been described. We describe the development of a fully virulent and stable autoluminescent strain of M. tuberculosis and proof-of-concept experiments demonstrating its utility for in vivo bioluminescence imaging to assess the efficacy of new drugs and vaccines for tuberculosis in a mouse model. Relative light unit (RLU) counts paralleled CFU counts during the active phase of bacterial growth, with a lower limit of detection of approximately 106 CFU in live, anesthetized mice. Experiments distinguishing active from inactive anti-tuberculosis drugs and bacteriostatic drug effects from bactericidal effects were completed in less than 5 days. The ability of a recombinant BCG vaccine to limit bacterial growth was demonstrated within 3 weeks. Use of this autoluminescent reporter strain has the potential to drastically reduce the time, effort, animals and costs consumed in the evaluation of drug activity in vitro and the in vivo assessment of drug and vaccine efficacy.
New agents and strategies for the hormonal treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Importance of the field: Hormonal therapy with medical or surgical castration is the mainstay of systemic therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Depletion of gonadal testosterone in circulation is typically initially effective, although responses are transient and metastatic disease progresses as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).Areas covered in this review: CRPC is accompanied by a gain of function in the androgen receptor (AR), which may occur at the level of AR itself or through intratumoral repletion of androgens that in turn stimulate AR. Investigational drugs in clinical trials have promising activity in CRPC. Abiraterone acetate is a CYP17A1 inhibitor that blocks the synthesis of adrenal androgens. MDV3100 is a nonsteroidal AR antagonist with a greater binding affinity than other AR antagonists currently in clinical use. Insights into the mechanisms of intratumoral steroidogenesis in CRPC have defined other potential targets. Metabolism from DHEA to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone re...
Additional Investigations of a New Kinetic Method To Follow Transition-Metal Nanocluster Formation, Including the Discovery of Heterolytic Hydrogen Activation in Nanocluster Nucleation Reactions

A few years ago we developed a new kinetic method for following transition-metal nanocluster formation in which the resultant nanocluster's catalytic activity was used as a reporter reaction via the pseudoelementary step concept. This method in turn yielded insights into a new, broadly applicable mechanism of nanocluster formation under H2 consisting of (a) slow, continuous nucleation, A → B, followed by (b) fast autocatalytic surface growth, A + B → 2B (A = the nanocluster precursor, [Bu4N]5Na3[(1,5-COD)Ir·P2W15Nb3O62], B = the resultant nanocluster's surface metal atoms), in which the nanocluster behaves as a “living metal polymer”. Herein, this new kinetic method is investigated and tested further: (i) by following the Ir(0)∼300 nanocluster's kinetics of formation more directly via the H2 uptake reaction of the [Bu4N]5Na3[(1,5-COD)Ir·P2W15Nb3O62] precursordoes this also show an autocatalytic H2 uptake curve?; (ii) by seeing if the predicted initially small, then larger (past the induction period) size...
Infection of leucocytes by measles vaccine viruses Edmonston—Zagreb and Enders—Moraten has different consequences: potential mechanism for increased vaccine efficacy or aberrant activity in field trials

The abilities of two measles vaccine virus strains, Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) and Enders-Moraten (E-M), to infect and modify the activities of U937 monocytoid and peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (PBMLs) were compared with each other and with changes resulting from infection of these cells by a wild-type measles virus (MV). Both the E-Z and wild-type MV were shown to infect U937 and PBMLs and (1) to markedly increase expression of leucocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) on leucocytes present in infected cultures; (2) to increase cell-cell interaction; (3) to grow and disseminate readily in both types of leucocyte cultures; and (4) to persist for more than 7 days in these cultures despite the presence of MV-specific neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, the E-M virus did not grow well in unstimulated PBMLs and, although it did grow well in U937 cells, it did not noticeably alter the expression of LFA-1 on these cells, did not induce significant cell-cell interaction, and was rapidly eliminated from these cultures if MV-specific neutralizing antibodies were present. The possible relationship of these findings to the increased protective efficacy and untoward effects associated with the E-Z MV vaccine is discussed.
Extension of the case formulas to Lp. Application to half and full space problems

The singular eigenfunction expansions originally applied by Case to solutions of the transport equation are extended from the space of Holder‐continuous functions to the function spaces Xp = {f‖μf (μ) ‐ Lp}, where the expansions are now to be interpreted in the Xp norm. The spectral family for the transport operator is then obtained explicitly, and is used to solve transport problems with Xp sources and incident distributions.
Transfusion medicine management for reconstructive spinal repair in a patient with von Willebrand's disease and a history of heavy surgical bleeding.

STUDY DESIGN A case report of a multidisciplinary approach to a second reconstructive back surgery in a patient with von Willebrand's disease, flatback syndrome, and a history of heavy surgical bleeding is presented. OBJECTIVE To review the perioperative planning and assessment of hemostasis and transfusion medicine management, including administration of Humate P, a Factor VIII preparation with high von Willebrand factor content. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Reconstructive spinal procedures may require significant transfusion support even in patients with normal preoperative hemostasis. In addition to the hemostatic problem caused by von Willebrand's disease, the reported patient requested minimal exposure to allogeneic blood products because of hepatitis C infection acquired from previous transfusions. METHODS The multidisciplinary team included the patient, hematologist, blood bank medical director, anesthesiologist, and operating surgeon. Preoperative assessment showed a Type 2A von Willebrand's disease variant. A careful planning process included a test infusion of desmopressin and extensive autologous donations of red cells, plasma, and platelets, which were collected before the procedure. RESULTS Anterior and posterior spine fusions were performed during a 14-hour procedure. Hemostasis and clinical response were excellent. Humate P was administered perioperatively as assessed by the baseline Factor VIII and von Willebrand's disease levels, the plasma volume, the half-life of infused Humate P, and the anticipated risk and tolerance for bleeding. The estimated blood loss was 5 L. Replacement included 9 units of autologous red cells, 6 units of autologous plasma, 2 autologous plateletpheresis collections, a single allogeneic plateletpheresis product, and 17,000 units of Humate P administered over the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS Using a careful multidisciplinary approach, excellent hemostasis can be achieved with minimal exposure to untreated allogeneic blood products during aggressive spinal surgery in a patient with a clinically significant congenital coagulopathy.
Hal Drake's Constantine and the Bishops

The subtitle of Drake's book, ‘The Politics of Intolerance’, provides an apt starting place. First, ‘Politics’: it is Drake's contention that many earlier scholars’ investigations of Constantine have run amok by adopting largely theological perspectives, by worrying whether Constantine was ‘sincere’ in his Christian profession. Indeed, much in Constantine's practices and discourse (such as we can recover them) suggested to previous commentators that he had little understanding of theological niceties, and that his Christian commitment was to some degree feigned. Drake argues that we should rather look to the political problems that Constantine faced and the policy options available to him. (For one, Diocletian's persecution had proved a massive and costly failure: where to go from there?) If ‘politics’ is the arena in which we assess Constantine, scholars should investigate social processes, not theological puzzles. We have been using the wrong map: ‘political symptoms’ should not be treated with ‘theological remedies’ (465). Public policy studies, in particular, is the field to which we should turn.
The control of alkalies and uranium in seawater by ocean crust alteration

Abstract Alteration of the oceanic crust during hydrothermal circulation of seawater produces fluxes of K, Rb and Cs between these reservoirs which are significant compared to the river input of these elements. The ocean crust U flux, on the other hand, is probably not significant. The upper crust, altered at low temperature, is a sink for all of these elements (as shown by direct analysis of upper crustal materials). The lower crust is a source for K, Rb, and Cs, based on the observation that high-temperature fluids exiting the crust as “host springs” are enhanced over seawater in K, Rb and Cs concentration. While the sign of the hot spring fluxes may be correct, the absolute magnitudes cannot be, as the calculated yearly hot spring flux of Rb and Cs significantly exceeds the total Rb and Cs inventory of newly formed unaltered crust. By modelling the crust as a melt/cumulate combination, we show that the crust as a whole is a sink for K, Rb, Cs, and probably U, with yearly fluxes of1.1 × 1013, 2.6 ×1010, 6.0 × 108 and 1.0 × 109g, respectively (com to yearly river dissolved fluxes of7.4 × 1013, 3.5 × 1010, 6.4 × 108and1.0 × 1010g, respectively). The alteratio oceanic crust appears capable of quantitatively balancing the river inputs of Rb and Cs. For K, an additional sink comprising∼ 85% of the river input is necessary. Because this missing K sink cannot be arbitrarily manipulated without destroying the Rb and Cs balances, a sink with K/Rb higher than the continental crust is required, and may possible be found in the sediments of the continental shelves.
Interactive neurobehavioral toxicity of diazinon, malathion, and ethoprop to juvenile coho salmon.

In western North America, mixtures of current use pesticides have been widely detected in streams and other aquatic habitats for threatened and endangered Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus sp.). These include organophosphate insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in the salmon nervous system, thereby disrupting swimming and feeding behaviors. Several organophosphates have been shown to interact as mixtures to produce synergistic AChE inhibition at concentrations near or above the upper range of surface water detections in freshwater systems. To evaluate potential synergism at lower concentrations (near or below 1 part per billion), juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were exposed to a range of mixtures of diazinon-malathion and ethoprop-malathion below a cumulative 0.05 of the predicted EC50 for AChE inhibition, as determined from single chemical concentration–response curves. Brain enzyme inhibition was concentration-dependent, with a 90% reduction and a significa...
Differential sample response schedules in the acquisition of conditional discriminations by pigeons

Pigeons were trained on four matching-to-sample tasks with various schedule requirements in effect on the sample key. Differential sample-schedule requirements (a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates of 3 sec in the presence of one sample and a fixed-ratio 16 in the presence of the other) produced rapid rates of acquisition that did not differ across tasks. Nondifferential sample-schedule requirements (fixed-ratio 1, fixed-ratio 16 or a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates of 3 sec in the presence of both samples) produced slower rates of acquisition, which depended on the difficulty of the discriminations between samples and between comparisons. Patterns of stimulus and position preferences were influenced both by the comparison stimuli in each task and by the sample-schedule requirements. Detailed analyses of acquisition revealed frequent instances of complete differential sample control of comparison responding at intermediate levels of overall “accuracy”.
Dilemmas of Teaching Inquiry in Elementary Science Methods.

Because various definitions of inquiry exist in the science education literature and in classroom practice, elementary science methods students and instructors face dilemmas during the study of inquiry. Using field notes, instructor anecdotal notes, student products, and course artifacts, science methods course instructors created fictional journal entries to represent the experiences of both the instructors and students during instruction on inquiry. Identified dilemmas were varying definitions of inquiry, the struggle to provide sufficient inquiry-based science-learning experiences, perceived time constraints, determining how much course time should be slated for science instruction versus pedagogy instruction, instructors' and students' lack of inquiry-based learning experiences, grade versus trust issues, and students' science phobia. Instructors' attempts at dealing with these dilemmas included using analogies, increased field-experience time, modeling, and detailed rubrics.
Localization of GroEL determined by in vivo incorporation of a fluorescent amino acid

The molecular chaperone GroEL is required for bacterial growth under all conditions, mediating folding assistance, via its central cavity, to a diverse set of cytosolic proteins; yet the subcellular localization of GroEL remains unresolved. An earlier study, using antibody probing of fixed Escherichia coli cells, indicated colocalization with the cell division protein FtsZ at the cleavage furrow, while a second E. coli study of fixed cells indicated more even distribution throughout the cytoplasm. Here, for the first time, we have examined the spatial distribution of GroEL in living cells using incorporation of a fluorescent unnatural amino acid into the chaperone. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that GroEL is diffusely distributed, both under normal and stress conditions. Importantly, the present procedure uses a small, fluorescent unnatural amino acid to visualize GroEL in vivo, avoiding the steric demands of a fluorescent protein fusion, which compromises proper GroEL assembly. Further, this unnatural amino acid incorporation avoids artifacts that can occur with fixation and antibody staining.
Constructive episodic simulation: temporal distance and detail of past and future events modulate hippocampal engagement.

Behavioral, lesion and neuroimaging evidence show strik- ing commonalities between remembering past events and imagining future events. In a recent event-related fMRI study, we instructed partici- pants to construct a past or future event in response to a cue. Once an event was in mind, participants made a button press, then generated details (elaboration) and rated them. The elaboration of past and future events recruited a common neural network. However, regions within this network may respond differentially to event characteristics, such as the amount of detail generated and temporal distance, depending on whether the event is in the past or future. To investigate this further, we con- ducted parametric modulation analyses, with temporal distance and detail as covariates, and focused on the medial temporal lobes and fron- topolar cortex. The analysis of detail (independent of temporal distance) showed that the left posterior hippocampus was responsive to the amount of detail comprising both past and future events. In contrast, the left anterior hippocampus responded differentially to the amount of detail comprising future events, possibly reflecting the recombination of details into a novel future event. The analysis of temporal distance revealed that the increasing recency of past events correlated with activ- ity in the right parahippocampus gyrus (Brodmann area (BA) 35/36), while activity in the bilateral hippocampus was significantly correlated with the increasing remoteness of future events. We propose that the hip- pocampal response to the distance of future events reflects the increasing disparateness of details likely included in remote future events, and the intensive relational processing required for integrating such details into a coherent episodic simulation of the future. These findings provide further support for the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (Schacter and Addis (2007) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362:773-786) and high- light the involvement of the hippocampus in relational processing during elaboration of future events. V C 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensing lesions in tissues with light

The use of light for probing and imaging of biomedical media offers the promise for development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. Various properties of light together with the ways it interacts with biological tissues may provide ‘multiple windows’ to peer inside body organs. Principles and methods for extraction of information about body functions and lesions that capitalize on temporal, spectral, polarization, and spatial characteristics of transmitted light are briefly outlined. As illustrations of the potential and efficacy of light-based techniques, time-sliced and spectroscopic images of normal and cancerous human breast tissues recorded with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser and a broadly tunable Cr:forsterite laser, respectively, are presented.
BIFORE or Hadamard transform

BIFORE or Hadamard transform is defined and several of its properties are developed. BIFORE power and phase spectra are developed and their frequency-sequency composition is explored. Using matrix partitioning, fast algorithms for efficient computation of BIFORE coefficients and power and phase spectra are developed. Multidimensional BIFORE transform is defined and a physical interpretation of its power spectrum is presented. Advantages and as well the limitations of the BIFORE transform in its application in information processing are cited.
Das Tropylium‐Ion

Die Entdeckung des salzartigen Cycloheptatrienyliumbromids, dessen Eigenschaften schon vor langerer Zeit durch quantenmechanische Arbeiten vorausgesagt waren, brachte eine weitere wichtige Stutze der 6-Regel des aromatischen Zustands. Darstellungen und Strukturbeweis werden beschrieben. Das Tropylium-Ion reagiert meist als elektrophiles Reagens unter Bildung 7-substituierter Tropilidene. Zu seinen Derivaten zahlen Tropon, Tropolon und Azulen.
A Molecular Phylogeny of Reptiles

The classical phylogeny of living reptiles pairs crocodilians with birds, tuataras with squamates, and places turtles at the base of the tree. New evidence from two nuclear genes, and analyses of mitochondrial DNA and 22 additional nuclear genes, join crocodilians with turtles and place squamates at the base of the tree. Morphological and paleontological evidence for this molecular phylogeny is unclear. Molecular time estimates support a Triassic origin for the major groups of living reptiles.
Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction. I. Characteristics of the antigen-independent-binding of guinea pig thymocytes and lymphocytes to syngeneic macrophages.

The nature of the physical interaction between guinea pig non-glass-adherent lymphoid cells and syngeneic macrophages in vitro was investigated. This cellular interaction was found to require the presence of metabolically intact macrophages but neither serum nor antigen. Peritoneal, splenic, or alveolar macrophages were significantly more capable of interacting with thymocytes than either polymorphonuclear leukocytes or fibroblasts. The role of the non-glass-adherent cell was passive in that heat-killed or metabolically poisoned thymocytes were bound by normal macrophages. Two normal lymphoid cell populations, thymocytes, and lymph node lymphocytes, were bound to macrophages in significantly larger numbers than either L2C leukemia cells or erythrocytes. Thus, specificity for each of the participant cell types was demonstrated. These data indicate that macrophages possess a unique ability to recognize and bind lymphocytes and thymocytes by a mechanism which is distinguishable from other known macrophage receptors.
Getting Students Excited About Services: Providing a Context for Applying Their newly Acquired Knowledge

Students make investments every semester when they spend their tuition credits, time, and limited opportunities on elective courses. Naturally, they expect reasonable returns in terms of the knowledge and skills they can gainfully employ immediately or in the near future. Their investments in general-purpose competencies such as information technology, software engineering, design, and management science are further augmented when provided with specific contexts for creativity and problem-solving. A graduate program at Carnegie Mellon University has been introducing students to a body of knowledge in service management by providing them with a layer of concepts, principles, and methods. Guest lectures from business executives and managers complement the instruction with practical insight, thereby removing any remaining causal ambiguity and also revealing new challenges and opportunities to be addressed.
Analysis of seismological and tsunami data from the 1993 Guam earthquake

The fault parameters of the Guam earthquake of August 8, 1993 are estimated from seismological analyses, and the possibility of identifying the actual fault plane from tsunami waveforms is tested. The Centroid Moment Tensor solution of long-period surface waves shows one nodal plane shallowly dipping to the north and the other nodal plane steeply dipping to the south. The seismic moment is 3.5 × 1020 Nm and the corresponding moment magnitude is 7.7. The Moment Tensor Rate Function inversion of P waves also yields a similar focal mechanism and seismic moment. The point source depth is estimated as 40–50 km.
A Rapid Method for Preparation of Nucleic Acid Extracts from Potato Psyllids1 for Detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solancearum’ and Molecular Analysis

Abstract. A rapid method was developed and validated for PCR analysis of potato psyllids for Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), the causal agent of zebra chip disease of potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L. The method is also suitable for PCR amplification and high-resolution melting analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene of potato psyllids, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), which is useful for psyllid population studies. The new method takes less than 30 minutes to complete, requires only common laboratory reagents, uses one inexpensive enzyme and no organic solvents, and no lengthy centrifugation steps are necessary. The method should be suitable for rapid testing of large numbers of potato psyllids for studies on zebra chip disease epidemiology and genetic analysis of psyllid populations.
On codes with local joint constraints

We study the largest number of sequences with the property that any two sequences do not contain specified pairs of patterns. We show that this number increases exponentially with the length of the sequences and that the exponent, or capacity, is the logarithm of the joint spectral radius of an appropriately defined set of matrices. We illustrate a new heuristic for computing the joint spectral radius and use it to compute the capacity for several simple collections. The problem of computing the achievable rate region of a collection of codes is introduced and it is shown that the region may be computed via a similar analysis.
Representation of external ear transfer function via a beamforming model

The modeling of the behavior of the external ear with a beamformer is proposed. The output of a beamformer is a weighted combination of the data received at any array of spatially distributed sensors. The beamformer weights and array geometry determine its spatial and temporal filtering characteristics. A least squares procedure for choosing the weights so the beamformer response approximates the measured response of the external ear is described. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated by designing a beamformer of several hundred weights which duplicates and interpolates the measured external ear response of a cat over broad ranges of frequency and direction. >
Evolution of the HIV-1 env Gene in the Rag2−/− γC−/− Humanized Mouse Model

Rag2(-/-) gamma(C)(-/-) mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (DKO-hu-HSC mice) mimic aspects of human infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), including sustained viral replication and CD4(+) T-cell decline. However, the extent of HIV-1 evolution during long-term infection in these humanized mice, a key feature of the natural infection, has not been assessed fully. In this study, we examined the types of genotypic and phenotypic changes in the viral env gene that occur in the viral populations of DKO-hu-HSC mice infected with the CCR5-tropic isolate HIV-1(JRCSF) for up to 44 weeks. The mean rate of divergence of viral populations in mice was similar to that observed in a cohort of humans during a similar period of infection. Many amino acid substitutions were common across mice, including losses of N-linked glycosylation sites and substitutions in the CD4 binding site and in CD4-induced epitopes, indicating common selective pressures between mice. In addition, env variants evolved sensitivity to antibodies directed at V3, suggesting a more open conformation for Env. This phenotypic change was associated with increased CD4 binding efficiency and was attributed to specific amino acid substitutions. In one mouse, env variants emerged that exhibited a CXCR4-tropic phenotype. These sequences were compartmentalized in the mesenteric lymph node. In summary, viral populations in these mice exhibited dynamic behavior that included sequence evolution, compartmentalization, and the appearance of distinct phenotypic changes. Thus, humanized mice offer a useful model for studying evolutionary processes of HIV-1 in a complex host environment.
Using the biological two-stage model to assess risk from short-term exposures.

Two assumptions used in risk assessment are investigated: (1) the assumption of fraction of lifetime dose rate assumes that the risk from a fractional lifetime exposure at a given dose rate is equal to the risk from full lifetime exposure at that same fraction of the given dose rate; (2) the assumption of fraction of lifetime risk assumes that the risk from a fractional lifetime exposure at a given dose rate is equal to that same fraction of the risk from full lifetime exposure at the same dose rate. These two assumptions are equivalent when risk is a linear function of dose. Thus both can be thought of as generalizations of the assumption that cancer risk is proportional to the total accumulated lifetime dose (or average daily dose), which is often made to assess the risk from short-term exposures. In this paper, the age-specific cumulative hazard functions are derived using the two-stage model developed by Moolgavkar, Venzon, and Knudson for situations when the exposure occurs during a single period or at a single instant. The two assumptions described above are examined for three types of carcinogens, initiator, completer, and promoter, in the context of the model. For initiator and completer,more » these two assumptions are equivalent in the low-dose region; for a promoter, using the fraction of lifetime risk assumption is generally more conservative than that of the fraction of lifetime doser rate assumption.« less
Large-scale impacts of herbivores on the structural diversity of African savannas

African savannas are undergoing management intensification, and decision makers are increasingly challenged to balance the needs of large herbivore populations with the maintenance of vegetation and ecosystem diversity. Ensuring the sustainability of Africa’s natural protected areas requires information on the efficacy of management decisions at large spatial scales, but often neither experimental treatments nor large-scale responses are available for analysis. Using a new airborne remote sensing system, we mapped the threedimensional (3-D) structure of vegetation at a spatial resolution of 56 cm throughout 1640 ha of savanna after 6-, 22-, 35-, and 41-year exclusions of herbivores, as well as in unprotected areas, across Kruger National Park in South Africa. Areas in which herbivores were excluded over the short term (6 years) contained 38%‐80% less bare ground compared with those that were exposed to mammalian herbivory. In the longer-term (>22 years), the 3-D structure of woody vegetation differed significantly between protected and accessible landscapes, with up to 11-fold greater woody canopy cover in the areas without herbivores. Our maps revealed 2 scales of ecosystem response to herbivore consumption, one broadly mediated by geologic substrate and the other mediated by hillslope-scale variation in soil nutrient availability and moisture conditions. Our results are the first to quantitatively illustrate the extent to which herbivores can affect the 3-D structural diversity of vegetation across large savanna landscapes. ecological sustainability ecosystem heterogeneity Kruger National Park park management protected areas South Africa vegetation structure
Association Between Sulfotransferase 1A1 Genotype and Survival of Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Tamoxifen Therapy

Background Human sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) catalyzes the sulfation of a variety of phenolic and estrogenic compounds, including 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH TAM), the active metabolite of tamoxifen. A functional polymorphism in exon 7 of the SULT1A1 gene (SULT1A1*2) has been described that generates an enzyme that has approximately twofold lower activity and is less thermostable than that of the common allele SULT1A1*1. We investigated the hypothesis that that high sulfation activity would increase the elimination of 4-OH TAM by examining whether the presence of this polymorphism affects the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy. Methods We examined the relationship between the SULT1A1*2 allele and survival in a cohort of 337 women with breast cancer who received tamoxifen (n = 160) or who did not (n = 177). SULT1A1 genotype was determined by restriction fragment polymorphism analysis. Patient survival was evaluated according to SULT1A1 genotype using Kaplan-Meier survival functions. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated from adjusted Cox proportional hazards modeling. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Among tamoxifen-treated patients, those who were homozygous for the SULT1A1*2 low-activity allele had approximately three times the risk of death (HR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 7.6) as those who were homozygous for the common allele or those who were heterozygous (SULT1A1*1/*2). Among patients who did not receive tamoxifen, there was no association between survival and SULT1A1 genotype (HR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.3 to 1.5). Conclusions Sulfation of 4-OH TAM provides a previously unanticipated benefit, possibly due to alterations in the bioavailability of the active metabolite or to undefined estrogen receptor-mediated events. These data alternatively suggest that variability in the metabolism of tamoxifen may affect its efficacy.