cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Emission, Fuel-Flexible Combustion of Liquid Fuels

In this chapter, we will show that with proper fuel injector and combustor designs, it is possible to cleanly combust different liquid fuels (diesel, straight vegetable oil, and highly viscous glycerol) in the same combustion system without requiring upstream processing and/or hardware modifications. The results challenge the traditional combustor design approach relying upon strict fuel property specifications. Instead, we illustrate that fuels with widely different physical and chemical properties can be cleanly utilized in a combustion system specifically designed to achieve fuel flexibility. Wide-spread application of this latter combustor design strategy can result in significant economic benefits in the emerging markets for the alternative fuels. The impetus of this study is to engineer innovative liquid combustion systems to handle conventional and alternative fuels while reducing harmful environmental impact from various emissions. We will focus on continuous flow combustion systems, thereby precluding reciprocating systems such as diesel engines from the scope of the present study.
Homelessness in the child welfare system: A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of housing subsidies on foster care placements and costs.

Abstract Inadequate housing and homelessness among families represent a substantial challenge for child and adolescent well-being. Child welfare services confront housing that threatens placement into foster care with little resources and evidence to guide practice. The present study provides the first rigorous test of the Family Unification Program (FUP) – a federal program that offers housing subsidies for inadequately housed families under investigation for child maltreatment. A randomized controlled trial assesses program impact on foster care placement and costs. The experiment referred intact child welfare-involved families whose inadequate housing threatened foster placement in Chicago, IL to FUP plus housing advocacy (n = 89 families with 257 children) or housing advocacy alone (n = 89 families with 257 children). Families were referred from 2011 to 2013, and administrative data recorded dates and costs of foster placements over a 3-year follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses suggested families randomly assigned for FUP exhibited slower increases in rates of foster placement following housing intervention compared with families referred for housing advocacy alone. The program generates average savings of nearly $500 per family per year to the foster care system. Housing subsidies provide the foster care system small but significant benefits for keeping homeless families together. Findings inform the design of a coordinated child welfare response to housing insecurity.
Extreme Sports Injuries to the Pelvis and Lower Extremity

Extreme sports are growing in popularity, and physicians are becoming increasingly aware of injuries related to these activities. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosing and determining clinical management of many of these injuries. This article describes general imaging techniques and findings in various injuries specific to multiple extreme sports.
Virtual Periacetabular Osteotomy and Anatomical Measurements

OBJECTIVE To report on a CT scan virtual periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) process to evaluate the potential risk of different PAO cutting planes. METHODS A total of 123 patients (64 men and 59 women) underwent virtual PAO. We defined two retroacetabular cutting (RC) planes: the RC plane and the RC+ plane (10 mm posteriorly as compared to the RC plane). Subsequently, we measured the anatomical minimum distance between the acetabulum and the sciatic notch, the minimum distance between the acetabulum and the retroacetabular cutting plane (osteotomy of the posterior column), and the osteotomy length in the cranio-caudal direction. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation [SD]) minimum distance between the acetabulum and the sciatic notch was 25.82 ± 3.52 mm (95% confidence intervals [CI], 25.36-26.25 mm). In men, the mean (SD) minimum distance between the acetabulum and sciatic notch (27.18 ± 3.47 mm; 95% CI, 26.56-27.78 mm) was significantly (3 mm) larger than in women (24.34 ± 2.92 mm; 95% CI, 23.82-24.89 mm; P < 0.001). The mean (SD) minimum distance between the acetabulum and the retroacetabular plane was significantly larger for the RC+ plane (6.97 ± 0.91 mm) than for the RC plane (P < 0.001). In men, this distance (10.23 ± 3.84 mm) was significantly (2.3 mm) larger than in women (7.94 ± 3.45 mm; P < 0.001). The mean (SD) osteotomy length was significantly larger for the RC+ plane (61.78 ± 6.75 mm) than for the RC plane (68.48 ± 6.65) mm; P < 0.001). All three evaluated parameters had significantly shorter lengths in women than in men. CONCLUSION The safety space for PAO in women was narrower than in men. By shifting the RC plane 10 mm into the posterior direction, the RC+ plane provides a safer cutting distance and shorter osteotomy line in the PAO than the RC plan, which is important to avoid intraarticular penetration.
Engaging users in the design of an mHealth, text message-based intervention to increase physical activity at a safety-net health care system

Author(s): Avila-Garcia, Patricia; Hernandez-Ramos, Rosa; Nouri, Sarah S; Cemballi, Anupama; Sarkar, Urmimala; Lyles, Courtney R; Aguilera, Adrian | Abstract: Objectives:Text-messaging interventions are a promising approach to increasing physical activity in vulnerable populations. To better inform the development of a text-messaging intervention, we sought to identify barriers and facilitators to using text messaging and engaging in physical activity among patients with diabetes and comorbid depression. Materials and Methods:We conducted interviews with primary care patients at a safety-net health care system (N = 26). Data were collected at 3 stages, including a focus group (stage 1), and individual interviews (stage 2 and 3). Patients in stage 1 and 2 previously participated in a text-messaging intervention as part of depression treatment. Discussions focused on participant experience of previously using a text-messaging intervention, influences and perceptions of physical activity, and mobile phone use. We analyzed all transcripts for emerging themes. Results:Participants were 56.2 years (±9.7); 69.2% were female, 65.4% identified as Hispanic/Latino(a), and 46.2% reported having less than a high school education. All had depression and 61.5% had diabetes. Specific barriers that emerged included low literacy and only basic use of mobile phones in everyday life, in combination with a high prevalence of comorbid health conditions and limited mobility. These were each addressed with a specific content or intervention delivery change in the overall intervention design. Conclusions:Conducting a focus group and individual interviews with end users of an mHealth intervention under development has implications for tailoring and modifying components of the content and format to ensure that the final intervention will engage end users most effectively.
Temperature Effects on Cohesive Geomaterial Erodibility

AbstractCurrent laboratory procedures to predict the erosion potential of cohesive geomaterials test undisturbed or remolded samples at ambient laboratory temperatures, which may not represent fiel...
The Disbanding Attack: Exploiting Human-in-the-Loop Control in Vehicular Platooning.

Due to advances in automated vehicle technology and inter-vehicle communication, vehicular platoons have attracted a growing interest by academia and industry alike, as they can produce safe driving, regularize traffic flow, and increase throughput. Research has demonstrated, however, that when platoons are placed in an adversarial environment, they are vulnerable to a variety of attacks that could negatively impact traffic flow and produce collisions and/or injuries. In this work, we consider an attack that seeks to exploit human-in-the-loop control of compromised vehicles that are part of a platoon. Specifically, we demonstrate that should a human operator need to suddenly take control of a platooned vehicle, significant upstream effects, which threaten the safety of passengers in other vehicles, may be induced. To counter this so-called disbanding attack, we present an optimal centralized mitigation approach. Due to scalability, security, and privacy concerns, such an approach may not be practical in reality. Hence, we also propose a decentralized mitigation algorithm that reduces excessive speed changes and coordinates inter-platoon behaviors to minimize the attack impacts. Our algorithm is compared to the aforementioned optimal approach and is shown to produce nearly equivalent results while requiring fewer resources. Experimental results on a hardware testbed show that our countermeasure permits graceful speed reductions and can provide safety, i.e., no collisions.
Project and Forget: Solving Large Scale Metric Constrained Problems

Given a set of dissimilarity measurements amongst data points, determining what metric representation is most "consistent" with the input measurements or the metric that best captures the relevant geometric features of the data is a key step in many machine learning algorithms. Existing methods are restricted to specific kinds of metrics or small problem sizes because of the large number of metric constraints in such problems. In this paper, we provide an active set algorithm, Project and Forget, that uses Bregman projections, to solve metric constrained problems with many (possibly exponentially) inequality constraints. We provide a theoretical analysis of \textsc{Project and Forget} and prove that our algorithm converges to the global optimal solution and that the $L_2$ distance of the current iterate to the optimal solution decays asymptotically at an exponential rate. We demonstrate that using our method we can solve large problem instances of three types of metric constrained problems: general weight correlation clustering, metric nearness, and metric learning; in each case, out-performing the state of the art methods with respect to CPU times and problem sizes.
Combination of AMG 160, a PSMA x CD3 half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager (HLE BiTE) immune therapy, with an anti-PD-1 antibody in prostate cancer (PCa).

155Background: AMG 160 is an HLE BiTE immune therapy that binds prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on tumor cells and CD3 on T cells, leading to T cell activation, cytokine production, and t...
The Internet and the International Management Literature: Its development and intellectual foundation

Abstract The Internet is now a common medium for consumers and an indispensable business tool globally. Despite this reality, research involving the Internet in international management has been limited. This is surprising in that, the Internet, as an external environmental force, is consequential in terms of its restrictions, privacy concerns, and preferred patterns of use which, as with other environmental imperatives, should supersede the smooth functioning of managerial functions. With this in mind, we examine the development of the literature in international management/businesses incorporating the Internet and unfold its intellectual structure in an effort to motivate future investigations. Specifically, we develop an interpretable spatial configuration of knowledge nodes in the strategy, general management, entrepreneurship, and international business literature. However, the literature for human resources and organizational behavior did not result in an interpretable MDS configuration. As a precursor to the three contributions to this special issue, we offer future research opportunities based on our analysis of the knowledge structure in the field as well as via a framework involving Internet regulations and firm structure.
Emergence of urban clustering among U.S. cities under environmental stressors

Abstract Cities are the hotspots of global human–environment interactions, and their sustainable development requires proactive strategies to mitigate and adapt to emergent environmental issues. Nevertheless, most of the existing studies and strategies are based on specific (and often singular) environmental processes, and their efficacy is largely undermined by their heavy dependence on locality. Here we present a novel modeling framework for urban studies to capture spatial connectivity and teleconnection among cities in response to different environmental stressors. For illustration, a generic message-passing-based algorithm is used to identify spatial structures among U.S. cities. Urban structures are analyzed under two types of environmental stressors, i.e., extreme heat and air pollution, based on remotely sensed land surface temperature data during short-term heat wave events and a yearlong remotely sensed aerosol optical depth dataset, respectively. Results show that U.S. cities are clustered as locally and regionally connected groups, while the hub–periphery organization manifest via environmental similarity and atmospheric transport under both event-scale meteorological extremes and long-term environmental stressors. The physics-driven urban agglomeration reveals that cities are multilevel interconnected complex systems rather than isolated entities. The proposed framework provides a new pathway to shift goal- or process-based urban studies to system-based global ones.
Is there evidence for the use of FLT3 inhibitors as maintenance therapy in AML

It is often assumed that all patients with FLT3 (FMS-Like Tyrosine kinase-3)-mutated AML who undergo an allogeneic transplant should receive maintenance therapy with a FLT3 inhibitor. The validity of this assumption is controversial.
Abstract TP332: Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume to Edema Volume Ratio Predicts Poor Functional Outcome in Young Patients with Non-Lobar Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: Cerebral edema is known to contribute to clinical decline in patients with spontaneous ICH. We sought to evaluate the significance of cerebral edema on outcome in young pati...
Tele-dermatology Recruitment during COVID-19: An Application of Behavioral Economic Principles

In the ever-changing state of healthcare during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, our system has innovated rapidly using tele-dermatology in acute and chronic patient management. To combat barriers such as low patient enrollment, behavioral economics theories were implemented. Underlying principles in choice architecture, include choice inertia, the way in which humans favor the status quo; and choice overload, where humans fail to make an optimal choice when presented with multiple options. Using these theories, we modified support-staff scripts in our dermatology clinic used when rescheduling appointments. Our baseline script group allowed for patients to choose from a list of options whereas our improvement script applied behavioral economic principles and used tele-dermatology as the default. This quality improvement initiative was employed with the hypothesis that the “improvement” group would lead to an increase in tele-dermatology enrollment over an 8-week period. Our results are clinically significant and demonstrate the effect behavioral economics has on patient enrollment in tele-dermatology, which will serve as an asset during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Identification of missing concepts in biomedical terminologies using sequence-based formal concept analysis.

Background As biomedical knowledge is rapidly evolving, concept enrichment of biomedical terminologies is an active research area involving automatic identification of missing or new concepts. Previously, we prototyped a lexical-based formal concept analysis (FCA) approach in which concepts were derived by intersecting bags of words, to identify potentially missing concepts in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus. However, this prototype did not handle concept naming and positioning. In this paper, we introduce a sequenced-based FCA approach to identify potentially missing concepts, supporting concept naming and positioning. Methods We consider the concept name sequences as FCA attributes to construct the formal context. The concept-forming process is performed by computing the longest common substrings of concept name sequences. After new concepts are formalized, we further predict their potential positions in the original hierarchy by identifying their supertypes and subtypes from original concepts. Automated validation via external terminologies in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and biomedical literature in PubMed is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Results We applied our sequenced-based FCA approach to all the sub-hierarchies under Disease or Disorder in the NCI Thesaurus (19.08d version) and five sub-hierarchies under Clinical Finding and Procedure in the SNOMED CT (US Edition, March 2020 release). In total, 1397 potentially missing concepts were identified in the NCI Thesaurus and 7223 in the SNOMED CT. For NCI Thesaurus, 85 potentially missing concepts were found in external terminologies and 315 of the remaining 1312 appeared in biomedical literature. For SNOMED CT, 576 were found in external terminologies and 1159 out of the remaining 6647 were found in biomedical literature. Conclusion Our sequence-based FCA approach has shown the promise for identifying potentially missing concepts in biomedical terminologies.
SU-D-213-07: Initial Characterization of a Gel Patch Dosimeter for in Vivo Dosimetry

Purpose: In vivo dosimetry, despite being the most direct method for monitoring the dose delivered during radiation therapy and being recommended by several national and international organizations (AAPM, ICRU, NACP), is underutilized in the clinic due to issues associated with dose sensitivity, feasibility, and cost. Given the increasing complexity of radiation therapy modern treatments, there is a compelling need for a robust, affordable in vivo dosimetry option. In this work we present the initial characterization of a novel gel patch in vivo dosimeter. Methods: DEFGEL (6%T) was used to make 1-cm thick small cylindrical patch dosimeters. The optical density of each dosimeter was read before and after irradiation by an in-house laser densitometer. The dosimeters were irradiated using a Varian Clinac EX linac. Three separate batches of gel patches were used to create dose response curves and evaluate repeatability. The development time of the dosimeter was also evaluated. Results: The dose response of the dosimeter was found to be linear from a range of approximately 1-Gy to 20-Gy, which is a larger window of linearity compared to other in vivo dosimeters. At doses below 1-Gy, the cumulative uncertainties were on the order of the measured data. When compared, the threemore » batches demonstrated repeatability from 1-Gy to approximately 13-Gy, with some variation at higher doses. For doses of >8-Gy, the dosimeter reached full optical density after 4-hours, whereas low doses developed within an hour. Conclusion: Initial results indicate that the gel patch dosimeter is a reliable and simple way to measure a large range of doses, including high doses such as those delivered during hypofractionated treatments (e.g. SBRT or MR-guided radiotherapy). The simple fabrication method for the dosimeter and the use of a laser densitometer would allow for the dosimeter to used and read in-house, cheaply and easily.« less
Ubiquitination modulates expression of the serine arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) in activated T cells and in SLE patients (HUM7P.305)

T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are poor producers of the vital cytokine interleukin (IL)-2. We recently showed that SLE T cells express lower levels of the serine arginine- rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), more so in patients with active disease. Forced expression of SRSF1 restores IL-2 production, indicating that SRSF1 is important in T cell function, and its reduced expression is a potential molecular defect in SLE T cells. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism/s regulating SRSF1 expression in human T cells and in SLE patients. T cell activation increased mRNA expression of SRSF1 by 3- to 4-fold within 24 hours, while protein expression did not alter much. This discrepancy between mRNA and protein expression was not due to reduced RNA stability. Activating T cells in presence of specific proteolysis inhibitors revealed that proteasome- but not lysosome-mediated mechanisms contribute to reduced SRSF1 expression. Accordingly, immunoprecipitation (IP) studies showed increased ubiquitination of SRSF1 in activated T cells compared with resting cells. More interestingly, SRSF1 showed increased ubiquitination in SLE patients compared to healthy controls and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Our results identify a novel mechanism of SRSF1 protein regulation in human T cells and suggest that increased ubiquitination and proteasome degradation represent a molecular mechanism that contributes to reduced SRSF1 expression in SLE T cells.
A CURRENT RIBBON MODEL FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND RELEASE WITH APPLICATION TO THE FLARE OF 7 JANUARY 1992

Observations of the flare on 7 January 1992 are interpreted using a topological model of the magnetic field. The model, developed here, applies a theory of three-dimensional reconnection to the inferred magnetic field configuration for 7 January. In the model field a new bipole (∼ 1021 Mx) emerges amidst pre-existing active region flux. This emergence gives rise to two current ribbons along the boundaries (separators) separating the distinct, new and old, flux systems. Sudden reconnection across these boundary curves transfers ∼ 3 ×1020 Mx of flux from the bipole into the surrounding flux. The model also predicts the simultaneous (sympathetic) flaring of the two current ribbons. This explains the complex two-loop structure noted in previous observations of this flare. We subject the model predictions to comparisons with observations of the flare. The locations of current ribbons in the model correspond closely with those of observed soft X-ray loops. In addition the footpoints and apexes of the ribbons correspond with observed sources of microwave and hard X-ray emission. The magnitude of energy stored by the current ribbons compares favorably to the inferred energy content of accelerated electrons in the flare.
The relocation and transfer of older persons: when decision-making combines with ethics.

Abstract With an ever increasing number of older persons projected in the next 30 years, there will be countless relocation and transfer decisions required in order to provide proper housing and health care. The realities of caregiving to older persons will require attention to the decision-making process and ethical issues surrounding such transfers. This paper identifies various instances when relocation and transfers occur and introduces a practice model to assist service providers in considering the ethical dimensions of the decision-making process.
Teaching the Use of Complex IT in Specific Domains: Developing, Assessing and Refining a Curriculum Development Framework

Information technology holds the promise of increased productivity. However, rapidly evolving tools require a professional able to incorporate these tools into their careers effectively, which signals the need for IT curriculum development initiatives that incorporate the use of complex, domain-specific IT applications in specific professional fields. This paper reports on a study that addresses this need, by developing, assessing and refining a curriculum development framework. The Information Technology Fluency (ITF) framework is a methodology for constructing components (case studies) for inclusion into existing or newly proposed courses to help students develop the skills needed for this challenge. Results obtained using the framework are reported, compared to similar work at a different institution, and used to suggest improvements to the framework.
Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos, and the Realm of the Gods

Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos, and the Realm of the Gods. David Lewis-Williams and David Pearce. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2005. 320 pp.
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure in Regurgitant Valvular Diseases: Relation to Ventricular Dysfunction and Clinical Debility

Regurgitant valvular heart diseases and, most particularly, insufficiency of the aortic and/or mitral valves (AR, MR), are among the more common, and most predictable, causes of congestive heart failure. Current data suggest that these conditions also confer a proclivity for sudden death, even among asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients (1,2,3).
Long-Term Trends in Eastern North American Monarch Butterflies: A Collection of Studies Focusing on Spring, Summer, and Fall Dynamics

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae, Danainae), is one of the most familiar and appreciated insects in North America and is an iconic symbol of insect conservation (Gustafsson et al. 2015); attention on this charismatic species has increased since declines of their Mexican overwintering colonies were reported (Brower et al. 2012). These declines are alarming, yet they may or may not be representative of the patterns for other phases of this species’ ontogeny or its phenology. The collection of articles in this special feature was produced by researchers associated with a variety of nation-wide citizen science projects that have been tracking monarchs for many years, with the overarching goal of identifying long-term trends in their abundance or distribution outside of the wintering period. The articles in this feature include: 1) a study that reports patterns of spring recolonization within the breeding range (Howard and Davis); 2) two articles that examined long-term changes in reproductive output (Stenoien et al., Nail et al.); 3) a paper that analyzes censuses of summer adult monarchs from two butterfly monitoring programs (Ries et al.); 4) two studies focusing on fall migration censuses (Badgett and Davis, Crewe and McCracken); and 5) a paper examining 18 yr of migration tagging and recovery data from one site (Steffy). The collective results of these studies should have a significant impact on our current understanding of eastern monarch population dynamics. For example, despite dramatic reductions in overwintering size, there has been no detectable change in the recolonization of the overall breeding range of monarchs in the past 18 yr (Howard and Davis), and at least one model suggests …
Transportation of programs

There is a problem with transporting programs so that they will efficiently execute in a new object environment. A review in dicates that the Transportable Programming Language (TPL) method leads to greater execution-time efficiency. However, a hardware implementation of the emulation method can increase the flexibility of the TPL method.
A stochastic model for facilitated transport of oxygen through tissue slices.

Abstract Longmuir and co-workers have reported that respiration of certain tissue slices is approximated by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. From this and other experimental findings, Longmuir proposed that a carrier is involved in tissue oxygen transport. Gold developed a deterministic model to examine this hypothesis. This report presents a stochastic model for a fixed site carrier in a more general framework that includes the stochastic counter-part to Gold's deterministic model as a special case. The kinetics of tissue oxygen consumption predicted by the model are examined for various cases.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake fluctuations in the Sevier Lake basin, Utah, USA

Sevier Lake is the modern lake in the topographically closed Sevier Lake basin, and is fed primarily by the Sevier River. During the last 12000 years, the Beaver River also was a major tributary to the lake. Lake Bonneville occupied the Sevier Desert until late in its regressive phase when it dropped to the Old River Bed threshold, which is the low point on the drainage divide between the Sevier Lake basin and the Great Salt Lake basin. Lake Gunnison, a shallow freshwater lake at 1390 m in the Sevier Desert, overflowed continuously from about 12000 to 10000 yr B.P., into the saline lake in the Great Salt Lake basin, which continued to contract. This contrast in hydrologic histories between the two basins may have been caused by a northward shift of monsoon circulation into the Sevier Lake basin, but not as far north as the Great Salt Lake basin. Increased summer precipitation and cloudiness could have kept the Sevier Lake basin relatively wet.
Numerical Simulation Of Gain-Guided Diode Laser Arrays

Numerical simulation of gain -guided diode laser arraysG. Ronald HadleyDivision 1124, Sandia National LaboratoriesP. 0. Box 8500, Albuquerque, NM 87185AbstractWe present a self- consistent numerical model of light propagation in diode laser arrays.This model has been used to study the free -running modes of a five -element gain -guided ar-ray operated just below threshold. The resulting calculations show that, in contrast toindex- guided arrays, the modeshapes in general bear little or no resemblance to the "su-permodes" obtained previously from linear perturbation theories. In addition, we find morethan 5 modes for an 5- element device, so that the intensity maxima in the near -field arenot necessarily centered over the stripes. These observations are explainable in terms ofa simple plane wave model of the array cavity.IntroductionGain -guided diode laser arrays have recently been the subject of an intense research ef-fort. Although index -guided arrays tend to emit their radiation in a more useful single -lobed far -field pattern', gain -guided arrays have nonetheless been widely used because oftheir relative simplicity and resulting ease of fabrication'. Gain -guided arrays have alsoproduced the highest total output powers in a diffraction -limited beam'. As a result, sig-nificant efforts have been expended towards the design of gain -guided arrays which will emitinto a single -lobed far -field pattern4
Sexual selection on alleles that determine body size in the swordtail Xiphophorus nigrensis

In a natural population, we document changes in the frequencies of alleles influencing body size and size-correlated alternative male reproductive tactics, and we examine the possible role of sexual selection in producing these changes. Male swordtails (Xiphophorus nigrensis, Rio Choy) exhibit three body size classes (small, intermediate, and large) that primarily derive from allelic variation (s, I, L) at the Y-linked pituitary (P) locus. Some XX individuals are male. They are small and can be fathered either by XX or XY males. We compared the frequencies of Y-linked P alleles across two generations in a natural population. There was a significant decrease in the Y-s genotype relative to Y-I and Y-L genotypes. Laboratory experiments suggest that the disadvantage of Y-s resulted, at least in part, from female preference for larger courting males relative to small chasing males. All larger courting males are of the Y-I or Y-L genotypes. Although the frequency of Y-linked P alleles changed across generations, there was no change in the distribution of male body size classes. The stability of the phenotypic distribution across generations, despite changes in P allele frequencies, was maintained by the production of small XX sons by Y-I and Y-L males.
Linking the Keynesian Cross and the Production Possibilities Frontier

This artidc shows how linking the Keynesian cross and the production possibilities frontier can yield worthwhile results while maintaining analytical simplicity. It demonstrates how this particular blend of Keynesian and classical tools can show the scope and limitations of each and provide the basis for teaching about other schools of macroeconomic thought.
Phosphorylation and Activation of 13S Condensin by Cdc2 in Vitro

13S condensin is a multisubunit protein complex essential for mitotic chromosome condensation in Xenopus egg extracts. Purified 13S condensin introduces positive supercoils into DNA in the presence of topoisomerase I and adenosine triphosphate in vitro. The supercoiling activity of 13Scondensin was regulated by mitosis-specific phosphorylation. Immunodepletion, in vitro phosphorylation, and peptide-mapping experiments indicated that Cdc2 is likely to be the kinase that phosphorylates and activates 13S condensin. Multiple Cdc2 phosphorylation sites are clustered in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the XCAP-D2 (Xenopus chromosome-associated polypeptide D2) subunit. These results suggest that phosphorylation of 13Scondensin by Cdc2 may trigger mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro.
Maintenance of the energy charge in the presence of large decreases in the total adenylate pool of Escherichia coli and concurrent changes in glucose-6-p, fructose-p2 and glycogen synthesis.

Abstract Lowered aeration and lowered aeration in the presence of chloramphenicol cause a respective 40% and 60% decrease in the total adenylate concentration of nitrogen-starved E. coli W4597 (K). These decreases are accompanied by maintenance of the adenylate energy charge and adenylate kinase mass action ratio, increases in fructose-1,6-P2 and glucose-6-P, and decreases in the net rates of glycogen synthesis. The important new observation is that a drastic decrease in the total adenylate pool is accompanied by complete maintenance of the energy charge. These decreases in the adenylate pool are correlated with the accompanying metabolic changes.
Relativistically corrected masses of ground-state baryons in hyperspherical harmonic quark model

The masses of the ground-state light baryons are calculated in the quark model. The unperturbed wave functions correspond to a hyperspherical harmonic confinement. The perturbation includes a short-range potential and all the relevant relativistic corrections of the order ofv2/c2. Results are compared with the experimental values and found to be in good agreement. This may be a test not of the hyperspherical harmonic model so much as of the feasibility of a simple (but consistent) relativistically corrected fit of the light baryon masses.
Mechanisms of flux line lattice motion in a peak effect superconductor

Abstract The abrupt change in voltage-current characteristic of a Nb-10 at.% Mo alloy observed as H is increased past a peak in the critical current implies a change in the mechanism of flux line lattice motion at the peak.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as a tool for combating discrimination against women: general observations and a case study on Algeria*

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is vital to protecting the human rights of women. This is reflected in the substantive rights which the treaty guarantees and its procedural emphasis on non-discrimination. The ICESCR now has 151 State Parties, as compared with 180 states that have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). While the latter is a lightning rod for opposition to the advancement of women's rights, the former is not. It may, therefore, be a particularly useful tool for combating discrimination against women, especially in the Muslim world where resistance to CEDAW in conservative quarters is strong. Still, some argue that the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which monitors implementation of the ICESCR, needs to further elaborate its jurisprudence on women's issues. Against such a complex backdrop, this study will explore the utility of the ICESCR in combating discrimination against women, looking in particular at the example of Algeria, which became a State Party in 1989.
Microwave-optical double resonance of the triplet state of cyclopentanone

Abstract Fine structure and hyperfine structure information on the chemically reactive 3nπ* state of cyclopentanone is obtained by the low field microwave-optical double resonance (MODOR) technique. The hyperfine structure is interpreted tentatively to indicate that the magnetic z axis lies perpendicular to the carbonyl bond and nearly parallel to the C5C1C2 plane. The principal values of the fine structure spin hamiltonian are D/hc = ±0.1404±0.0001 cm−1, E/hc = +- 0.0271 ± 0.0001 cm−1.
Role of Bcl2 in Osteoclastogenesis and PTH Anabolic Actions in Bone

Introduction: B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) is a proto-oncogene best known for its ability to suppress cell death. However, the role of Bcl2 in the skeletal system is unknown. Bcl2 has been hypothesized to play an important anti-apoptotic role in osteoblasts during anabolic actions of PTH. Although rational, this has not been validated in vivo; hence, the impact of Bcl2 in bone remains unknown. Materials and Methods: The bone phenotype of Bcl2 homozygous mutant (Bcl2−/−) mice was analyzed with histomorphometry and μCT. Calvarial osteoblasts were isolated and evaluated for their cellular activity. Osteoclastogenesis was induced from bone marrow cells using RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and their differentiation was analyzed. PTH(1–3;34) (50 μg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily to Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice (4 days old) for 9 days to clarify the influence of Bcl2 ablation on PTH anabolic actions. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed to detect Bcl2 expression in calvarial osteoblasts in response to PTH ex vivo. Results: There were reduced numbers of osteoclasts in Bcl2−/− mice, with a resultant increase in bone mass. Bcl2−/− bone marrow–derived osteoclasts ex vivo were significantly larger in size and short-lived compared with wildtype, suggesting a pro-apoptotic nature of Bcl2−/− osteoclasts. In contrast, osteoblasts were entirely normal in their proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Intermittent administration of PTH increased bone mass similarly in Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice. Finally, Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that Bcl2 levels were not induced in response to PTH in calvarial osteoblasts. Conclusions: Bcl2 is critical in osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. Osteoclast suppression is at least in part responsible for increased bone mass of Bcl2−/− mice, and Bcl2 is dispensable in PTH anabolic actions during bone growth.
EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE CONCENTRATION ON N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE FORMATION IN FRANKFURTERS

The effect of nitrite concentration on N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA) formation using frankfurter emulsion was investigated. Sodium nitrite was usually added to the emulsion to give levels of 150, 750, 1050, 1500 and 2500 mg/kg of meat. The frankfurters were cooked with light smoke for either 2 or 4 hr. DMNA was determined in all samples by GLC with an alkali flame ionization detector and confirmed by GLC-MS when sufficient amounts were present. Residual nitrite analysis indicated that about one-half of the sodium nitrite added was still present after processing. 19 μg DMNA per kg meat was found in frankfurters that contained 2500 mg sodium nitrite per kg of meat and processed for 2 hr. Indications of DMNA in levels of 3–14 μg/kg meat were obtained with frankfurters containing 750–1500 mg sodium nitrite per kg meat and processed for either 2 or 4 hr depending on the nitrite level. There appeared to be some tendency for an increase in DMNA formation on increasing processing time.
An averaging method for determination of temporal relationship between epileptogenic foci.

Abstract A method for averaging activity preceding and following an epileptogenic spike is described with illustrations of its application to the determination of temporal relationship between multiple epileptogenic foci. This method is also applicable to the differentiation of “primary” from “secondary bilateral synchrony”.
ISOPRENE EMISSION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN A TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Isoprene emission by plants is the principal source of photochemically active reduced compounds in the troposphere, and tropical forest ecosystems are the largest single source of isoprene. The oxidation of isoprene plays a major role in controlling the redox potential of the troposphere and the dynamics of carbon monoxide, ozone, and methane. We used a combination of infrared gas analysis and gas chromatography/photoionization detection in the first study of isoprene emission and photosynthesis from canopy leaves in a tropical wet forest under controlled light and temperature conditions. Twelve of the 33 tree species surveyed produced isoprene. This is a similar proportion of emitting species to that found in other species-rich ecosystems surveyed to date. Canopy leaves did not show temperature saturation in their isoprene-emission responses, although isoprene emission saturated at high light intensities for some species. Photosynthesis rates saturated at high light intensities and declined at high tempe...
Effects of Strategy Training and Incentives on Students' Performance, Confidence, and Calibration

This study examined the effect of strategy instruction and incentives on performance, confidence, and calibration accuracy. Individuals (N = 107) in randomly assigned treatment groups received a multicomponent strategy instruction intervention, financial incentives for high performance, or both. The authors predicted that incentives would improve performance, while strategy instruction would improve performance, confidence, and calibration accuracy as a result of better monitoring and self-regulation of learning. The authors compared pre- and posttest items and 20 new posttest-only items. They found significant effects for strategy training on performance, confidence, and calibration accuracy, as well as the interaction between strategy training and time on calibration accuracy. Incentives improved performance and calibration accuracy, either directly, or through an interaction with strategy training. Implications for future research are discussed.
Paclitaxel, epirubicin, and cisplatin (TEP) regimen as neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced cervical cancer: Long-term results

Abstract Objective We evaluated the rates of response, operability and long term survival and toxicities in a large series of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients administered neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) with paclitaxel, epirubicin and cisplatin (TEP) followed by radical surgery (RS). Patients and methods The study included 75 consecutive stages IB2–IVA patients administered NACT with paclitaxel (175mg/m 2 ), epirubicin (100mg/m 2 ) and cisplatin (100mg/m 2 ) on day 1 of a 3-weekly cycle for 2–4cycles. Patients were evaluated for objective response by RECIST criteria and triaged to RS. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the date of diagnosis to recurrence/progression of disease or death, respectively. Results Complete and partial clinical response was observed in 13 and 28 patients (56.1% objective responses); radical surgery was amenable in 52 patients (71.2%): 14 patients showed complete/microscopic response to treatment. Overall, recurrence/progression of disease was observed in 36 patients, and all of them experienced death of disease. In the whole series median PFS was 48months (5-year PFS=51.0%), and median OS was 72months (5-year OS=53.0%). Overall, 195 courses were administered; treatment was delayed in 6.7% of patients, while dose reduction was required in 36.5% of patients. Grade 3 leukopenia affected 22 patients (29.7%), while Grades 3 and 4 neutropenia was documented in 17 (22.9%) and 6 (8.1%) patients. In the whole series, we recorded 1 death whose relation with treatment-induced toxicity could not be ruled out. Conclusions TEP provided favorable rates of response and operability in LACC patients, and allowed the obtainment of encouraging survival data without carrying out an excessive toxicity.
3D 2D Multiplanar Stereotactic Planning System: Hardware And Software Configuration

"Real time" surgical treatment planning utilizing multimodality imaging (CT, MRI, DA) has been developed to provide the neurosurgeon with 2D multiplanar and 3D views of a patient's lesion for stereotactic planning. Both diagnostic and therapeutic stereotactic procedures have been implemented utilizing workstation (SUN 1/10) and specially developed software and hardware (developed in collaboration with TOMO Medical Imaging Technology, Southfield, MI). This provides complete 3D and 2D free-tilt views as part of the system instrumentation. The 2D Multiplanar includes reformatted sagittal, coronal, paraaxial and free tilt oblique vectors at any arbitrary plane of the patient's lesion. The 3D includes features for extracting a view of the target volume localized by a process including steps of automatic segmentation, thresholding, and/or boundary detection with 3D display of the volumes of interest. The system also includes the capability of interactive playback of reconstructed 3D movies, which can be viewed at any hospital network having compatible software on strategical locations or at remote sites through data transmission and record documentation by image printers. Both 2D and 3D menus include real time stereotactic coordinate measurements and trajectory definition capabilities as well as statistical functions for computing distances, angles, areas, and volumes. A combined interactive 3D-2D multiplanar menu allows simultaneous display of selected trajectory, final optimization, and multiformat 2D display of free-tilt reformatted images perpendicular to selected trajectory of the entire target volume.
Shear flow characteristics and crystallization kinetics during steady non-isothermal flow of Vitreloy-1

Abstract The steady non-isothermal channel flow of Vitreloy-1 (Zr 41.25 Ti 13.75 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 ) is simulated by means of finite element modeling. Non-Newtonian flow behavior is accounted for by employing a self-consistent shear-rate dependent flow law. Transition to non-Newtonian flow and shear localization is obtained by superimposing the computed flow evolution onto an experimentally developed flow diagram. The coordinate points that mark transition to shear localization form a narrow boundary layer ∼23% of the channel thickness. The deformation-induced enhancement of crystallization kinetics is approximately accounted for by utilizing the shear-rate dependent viscosity law to shift the transformation time in the apparent TTT diagram. The kinetics of crystallization during flow are assessed by superimposing the temperature evolution onto the “shifted” TTT diagram. The coordinate points that mark the onset of crystallization form a boundary layer ∼15% of the channel thickness, which are narrower than the shear localization boundary layer suggesting that crystallites will form in the shear-banded region.
Heart Rate in Coronary Artery Disease: Should We Lower It?

Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with and without coronary artery disease. In patients with known coronary artery disease, elevated heart rate reduces diastolic filling time and increases cardiac workload, resulting in supply demand mismatch with consequent ischemia and angina. While lower heart rate is associated with better prognosis, it is not known if pharmacological reduction in heart rate is beneficial and if heart rate is merely a marker for increased risk and worse outcomes. Certainly, physiologically lower resting heart rate as attained by exercise improves morbidity and mortality. While physiological reduction in heart rate is mainly a manifestation of increased parasympathetic drive, pharmacological reduction of heart rate with beta-blockers is mediated via the sympathetic pathway and associated with mixed outcomes. In addition, beta-blockers have other cardiovascular effects (lowering blood pressure), are metabolically active, and it is unknown if the beneficial effects (if any) are mediated via reduction in heart rate versus other cardiovascular effects. Ivabradine is a new medication that lowers heart rate selectively by inhibiting the If current without other cardiovascular effects, offering for the first time a therapeutic agent that selectively targets heart rate. The medication has shown promise in early trials in patients with heart failure, but it is unclear if this agent will be beneficial in patients with stable coronary artery disease without heart failure.