cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Reduction of Linear Multivariable Digital Control Systems Via Frequency Matching

Abstract In this paper, a technique of simplifying linear multivariable digital control systems is presented. The simplified digital control system is obtained by matching the frequency responses of the given and the simplified systems. To achieve this, an error function between the frequency responses of the given and the reduced system is defined and the optimal coefficients of the reduced system are obtained by minimizing this error function. The technique is computer-aided and easy to use. An example is given to illustrate the technique.
Hyperpolarized 13 C Spectroscopic Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in a Rodent Model of Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become highly prevalent, now considered the most common liver disease in the western world. Approximately one-third of patients with NASH develop non-alchoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), histologically defined by lobular and portal inflammation, and accompanied by marked oxidative stress. Patients with NASH are at increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and diagnosis currently requires invasive biopsy. In animal models of NASH, particularly the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) model, profound changes are seen in redox enzymes and key intracellular antioxidants. To study antioxidant status in NASH non-invasively, we applied the redox probe hyperpolarized [1-13C] dehydroascorbic acid (HP DHA), which is reduced to Vitamin C (VitC) rapidly in the normal liver. In MCD mice, we observed a significant decrease in HP DHA to VitC conversion that accompanied hepatic fat deposition. When these animals were subsequently placed on a normal diet, resonance ratios reverted to those seen in control mice. These findings suggest that HP DHA, a potentially clinically translatable imaging agent, holds special promise in imaging NASH and other metabolic syndromes, to monitor disease progression and response to targeted therapies.
Analysis of a Multi-Year Record of Size-Resolved Hygroscopicity Measurements from a Rural Site in the U.S.

ABSTRACTHygroscopic growth factor (GF) distributions of 13, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 nm particles measured with a Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) from 2009 to 2012 at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Oklahoma, U.S. were used to describe time of day- and annually-averaged hygroscopicity parameters (κ). A diel pattern was often observed with an average daytime κ that was higher than that at other times, especially on days with new particle formation (NPF) events. The average hygroscopicity of the smaller and larger particles at the tails of the measured size range was higher than that in between, with the minimum for each of the 4 years at 50 nm. This pattern is thought to result in part from addition of soluble inorganic and organic compounds formed through gas phase and aqueous phase reactions for the smaller and larger particles, respectively. The size dependence is reflected in the averaged κ and in the frequency with which GF distributions possessed modes categorized as nearly-hydrophobic, less hygroscopic, and hygroscopic. A hygroscopicity-based mixing state parameter, MShyg, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation (SD) of a measured GF distribution to the size specific threshold SD roughly separating internal and external mixtures, was used to study the diel and seasonal variation in particle mixing state. Internal mixtures were found to be more common during the daytime and during the summer, likely reflecting more rapid photochemical processing and growth at those times.
Observing Covert Behavior (“Mind-Reading”) with Chevreul’s Pendulum

The main purpose of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that Chevreuls Movement (CM) can be used to detect covert behavior (“read minds”). CM is defined as movement of a hand-held pendulum in a direction consistent with a subject’s thinking when the subject reports that he/she did not voluntarily attempt to move it. The “mind-reading” test consisted of having the subject hold the pendulum while thinking of one of three printed trigrams oriented in different locations beneath the pendulum. Results indicated that the pendulum moved in the direction of the trigram the subject selected on 46% and 68% of 15 test trials in two different groups. In addition, CM improved under standard training conditions and transferred to the mind-reading test. It was concluded that CM represents implicit in-terbehavior as discussed by Kantor (1933).
Postoperative sinonasal morbidity in sellar reconstruction: mucosal autograft versus acellular dermal allograft

Background Sellar pathology is increasingly addressed using the expanded endonasal approach (EEA). Although avascular graft reconstruction is an acceptable means to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leak, there are few data regarding sinonasal morbidity in these patients. In this study we compare rates of persistent postoperative crusting (PPC) and rhinosinusitis in patients undergoing sellar reconstruction with mucosal autografting and acellular dermal allografting (ADA). Methods Patients undergoing the EEA between 2008 and 2014 were categorized into 2 subgroups: mucosal reconstruction and ADA reconstruction. Univariate analyses were performed to compare differences in PPC and rhinosinusitis in these groups and to identify risk factors for sinonasal morbidity. Multivariate propensity matching analysis was performed to match ADA and mucosa reconstruction groups with respect to age, race, gender, smoking status, diabetes status, tumor type, tumor size, and revision vs primary surgery. Results A total of 149 patients were identified. There were 105 patients reconstructed with autologous mucosa (70.5%) and 44 reconstructed with ADA (29.5%). Overall, PPC was seen in 20 patients (13.4%) and rhinosinusitis in 10 patients (6.7%). Propensity matching generated 39 patients reconstructed with ADA and 39 reconstructed with mucosa. There was a significant increase in PPC in patients reconstructed with ADA compared to those reconstructed with mucosa (8 of 39 [20.5%] vs 2 of 39 [5.1%], p = 0.04). There was no association between reconstruction with ADA and increased rhinosinusitis (3 of 39 [7.7%] vs 4 of 39 [10.3%], p = 0.64). Conclusion Sinonasal morbidity is not uncommon after sellar reconstruction. Patients undergoing sellar reconstruction with ADA may be at increased risk of postoperative crusting compared with those undergoing reconstruction with mucosa.
Environmental Permitting and Development of Citrus Groves in Southwest Florida

Since the introduction of sweet oranges to Florida with the establishment of the settlement at St. Augustine in 1565, the citrus industry has been steadily moving south. Prior to the “big freeze”, of 1894–95, the main citrus growing region was the hammocks of north-central Florida. The major citrus producing counties in the 1890’s were Orange, Alachua, Volusia, Lake, Putnam, Hillsborough, Pasco, Brevard and Polk, in that order. In 1889–90, Alachua county accounted for about one-third of the total citrus production. The freezes of the 1890’s caused the citrus belt to move south a hundred miles or so. By 1955, the leading counties were Polk, Lake, Orange, Hillsborough, Indian River, Highlands, Brevard and Volusia. Due to the strong influx of new residents in the 1950’s, the best drained areas along the coasts and central portion of the state were being converted to residential sub-divisions. Citrus growers were forced into less desirable locations. An attempt was made to expand citrus plantings along the upper west coast, but the winters of 1957–58 and 1962–63, with their severe freezes, again forced the industry south. The latest freezes of 1977 and the mid-1980’s have had a profound effect on the industry. In 1986–87 the major citrus producing counties were Polk, St. Lucie, Indian River, Highlands and Hendry. Lake County produced 40 million boxes of fruit in 1975–76 and less than 2 million in 1986–87. The most recent freezes have renewed interest in the undeveloped pastureland of southwestern Florida. As of January, 1988, 300 square miles of citrus have been permitted in Hendry, Glades, Collier and Lee Counties. Applications for another 100 square miles are pending.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Technetium Stabilization in Low-Solubility Sulfide Phases: A Review

Technetium contamination remains a major environmental problem at nuclear reprocessing sites, e.g., the Hanford Site, Washington, USA. At these sites, Tc is present in liquid waste destined for immobilization in a waste form or has been released into the subsurface environment. The high environmental risk associated with Tc is due to its long half-life (214 000 years) and the mobility of the oxidized anionic species Tc(VII)O4–. Under reducing conditions, TcO4– is readily reduced to Tc(IV), which commonly exists as a relatively insoluble and therefore immobile, hydrous Tc-oxide (TcO2·nH2O). The stability of Tc(IV) sequestered as solid phases depends on the solubility of the solid and susceptibility to reoxidation to TcO4–, which in turn depend on the (biogeo)chemical conditions of the environment and/or nuclear waste streams. Unfortunately, the solubility of crystalline TcO2 or amorphous TcO2·H2O is still above the maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the U.S. EPA (900 pCi/L), and the kinetics of...
Social Media Usage by Law Firms: Correlation to Revenue, Reputation, and Practice Areas

Social media can be used for multiple purposes within the legal profession, such as client development, networking, disseminating information, and building awareness of the firm and its practices. ...
Assessing the cumulative adverse effects of offshore wind energy development on seabird foraging guilds along the East Coast of the United States

Offshore wind farms are rapidly being permitted along the East Coast of the U.S., and with subsequent development could cumulatively affect seabird populations. Yet, the seabird guilds most likely at risk of cumulative effects have not been identified. Assessments of cumulative effects must first calculate the cumulative exposure of seabirds to areas suitable for offshore wind farms and then estimate how exposure will affect populations. This paper addresses this first need, and quantifies how three different wind farm siting scenarios could cumulatively expose seven seabird foraging guilds. The coastal bottom gleaner guild (sea ducks) would be exposed at similar rates regardless of siting decision, while other coastal guilds would be exposed at a higher rate when projects are built in shallow areas and close to shore rather than in high-wind areas. The pelagic seabird guild would be exposed at high rates when projects are built in high-wind areas. There was no single offshore wind siting scenario that reduced the cumulative exposure for all guilds. Based upon these findings, we identify the foraging guilds most likely to be cumulatively exposed and propose an approach for siting and mitigation that may reduce cumulative exposure for all guilds.
High lithium levels in tobacco may account for reduced incidences of both Parkinson’s disease and melanoma in smokers through enhanced β-catenin-mediated activity

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have higher rates of melanoma and vice versa, observations suggesting that the two conditions may share common pathogenic pathways. β-Catenin is a transcriptional cofactor that, when concentrated in the nucleus, upregulates the expression of canonical Wnt target genes, such as Nurr1, many of which are important for neuronal survival. β-Catenin-mediated activity is decreased in sporadic PD as well as in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and β-glucosidase (GBA) mutation cellular models of PD, which is the most common genetic cause of and risk for PD, respectively. In addition, β-catenin expression is significantly decreased in more aggressive and metastatic melanoma. Multiple observational studies have shown smokers to have significantly lower rates of PD as well as melanoma implying that tobacco may contain one or more elements that protect against both conditions. In support, smoker's brains have significantly reduced levels of α-synuclein, a pathological intracellular protein found in PD brain and melanoma cells. Tobacco contains very high lithium levels compared to other plants. Lithium has a broad array of neuroprotective actions, including enhancing autophagy and reducing intracellular α-synuclein levels, and is effective in both neurotoxin and transgenic preclinical PD models. One of lithium's neuroprotective actions is enhancement of β-catenin-mediated activity leading to increased Nurr1 expression through its ability to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β). Lithium also has anti-proliferative effects on melanoma cells and the clinical use of lithium is associated with a reduced incidence of melanoma as well as reduced melanoma-associated mortality. This is the first known report hypothesizing that inhaled lithium from smoking may account for the associated reduced rates of both PD and melanoma and that this protection may be mediated, in part, through lithium-induced GSK-3β inhibition and consequent enhanced β-catenin-mediated activity. This hypothesis could be directly tested in clinical trials assessing lithium therapy's ability to affect β-catenin-mediated activity and slow disease progression in patients with PD or melanoma.
Routine surveillance endoscopy and biopsy after isolated intestinal transplantation-Revisiting the gold standard

The value of endoscopy and biopsy after intestinal transplantation in the absence of clinical concerns has never been investigated. We examined clinical yield of routine surveillance endoscopy and biopsy (control group, n = 28, Jan 2011 to Jun 2014). Most episodes of acute rejection were diagnosed when there were clinical symptoms or signs such as increased stoma output, fever, or bacteremia, but not by routine surveillance endoscopy and biopsy. The new protocol abandoned routine surveillance. Intestinal allografts were examined only when relevant clinical symptoms and/or signs raised concern for graft dysfunction. We compared outcomes between control and study groups (new protocol, n = 25, Jul 2014 to Dec 2016). Incidence of acute rejection (32% vs 32%), graft salvage rate after acute rejection treatment (78% vs 63%), patient survival (75% vs 88% 1 year, 71% vs 83% 3 years after intestinal transplantation), and graft survival (68% vs 80% 1 year, 61% vs 76% 3 years after intestinal transplantation) were similar between control and study groups. Protocol-driven, routine surveillance endoscopy, and biopsy do not appear to confer any survival advantage to patients or grafts. Endoscopy and biopsy "for cause" without routine surveillance seem to be effective and adequate to monitor intestinal allografts.
A Noninvasive Approach to Recovering the Lost Force Feedback for a Robotic-Assisted Insertable Laparoscopic Surgical Camera

Fully insertable laparoscopic cameras feature more locomotive flexibility in a larger workspace compared to conventional trocar-based laparoscopes and thus represent a promising future of minimally invasive surgery. These cameras are principally anchored and actuated by transabdominal magnetic coupling. Although several proof-of-concept prototypes have shown the technical feasibility in terms of camera actuation and laparoscopic imaging, none of them are getting close to clinical practice due to concerns about safety. One common problem lies in that the interaction force between the camera and the abdominal wall tissue is completely unknown and not controlled. The camera is being manipulated in an open loop which exposes the patient to a high risk of being injured. In this paper, a noninvasive real-time camera-tissue interaction force measurement approach for an insertable laparoscopic camera is proposed, implemented, and validated.Ex-vivo experiments using a simulated abdominal cavity have demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach during anchoring, translation, and rotation camera behaviors. Potential surgical impacts enabled by the force feedback have also been exemplified by a robotic-assisted camera control experiment using shared autonomy.
MerTK Blockade Fuels Anti-tumor Immunity.

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells via the receptor MerTK is important for immune tolerance. In this issue of Immunity, Zhou et al. report that blockade of MerTK-mediated phagocytosis mobilizes anti-tumor immunity through a mechanism that involves the transport of tumor-derived cGAMP into macrophages via the ATP-activated channel P2X7R.
Single Stage Three-Level Interleaved Buck Converter with Current Self-Balancing for Improved Point-of-Load Performance

Voltage regulators for embedded controllers in applications such as data centers, automotive, etc. typically require two-stage converters (for example, 48 V to 12 V and 12 V to 5 V). In this paper, a four-phase three-level interleaved buck converter is proposed as a single-stage power conversion option from 48 V to 5 V. EPC2023, 30 V GaN MOSFETs are used as power devices. A current self-balancing scheme is proposed to eliminate multiple current sharing control loops. In addition, a variable switching frequency operation is introduced to improve the efficiency under light load conditions. The converter has a maximum efficiency of 97.6 %, with losses below 3.5 % for over 80 % of the operating range.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Nutrient Dynamics and Ecosystem Metabolism in a Hyper-eutrophic Reservoir Differ Between a Wet and Dry Year

Climate change alters hydrologic regimes, including their variability. Effects will be pronounced in aquatic ecosystems, where resource subsidies (e.g., nutrients, carbon) drive key ecosystem processes. However, we know little about how changing hydrologic regimes will modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of lake biogeochemistry and ecosystem metabolism. To address this, we quantified ecosystem metabolism and nutrient dynamicsat high spatial resolution in Acton Lake, a hyper-eutrophic reservoir in the Midwestern US. We captured two consecutive growing seasons with markedly different watershed discharge and nutrient loading. Temporal variability often exceeded spatial variability in both wet and dry years. However, relative spatial variability was higher in the dry year, suggesting that internal processes are more important in structuring spatial dynamics in dry years. Strikingly, marked differences in watershed discharge and nutrient loading between years produced relatively small differences in many lake metrics, suggesting resilience to hydrologic variability. We found little difference in gross primary productivity between wet and dry years, but ecosystem respiration was higher in the wet year, shifting net ecosystem production below zero. Discrete storm events produced strong, yet ephemeral and spatially explicit effects, reflective of the balance of stream input and discharge over the dam. Increases in limiting nutrients were restricted to near stream inlets and returned to pre-storm baseline within days. Ecosystem metabolism was suppressed during storm events, likely due to biomass flushing. Understanding how changing hydrologic regimes will mediate spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystem metrics is paramount to preserving the ecological integrity and ecosystem services of lakes under future climates.
Analysis on the demands for nursing consulting service in the obstetric out-patient

Objective To establish a professional nursing consulting room in the obstetric out-patient in order to understand the demand on health knowledge of pregnant women and theirs dependents and provide the theoretical supports for the development of nursing and nurses education.Methods The data of 513 cases of pregnant women and theirs dependents from January 2008 to January 2011 were collected and analyzed according to early stage,middle stage and late stage of pregnancy.Results In the early pregnancy stage,the effect of drugs and disease,computer and mobile phone,bad living habits on pregnancy,effects of pregnant on their body,mental problems,and nutrition were the main requirements; in midtrimester and late pregnancy,The preparation for childbirth,rehabilitation during postpartum,breast feeding,and neonatal care were the main requirements.The pregnant women were higher education and higher demand for consulting service (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions A professional nursing consulting room in obstetric department can take the rational and effective health service to pregnant woman.The consulting room can provide a development basis for the professional establishment of nurse team. Key words: Obstetric; Nursing specialist consultation clinic; Health promotion
Effects of antiandrogens on prolactin levels among transgender women on estrogen therapy: A systematic review

Gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender women includes estrogen and antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists). Both estrogen and antia...
A Multi-Dimensional Perspective on Electronic Doping in Metal Halide Perovskites

While research on derivatives of both bulk and low-dimensional metal halide perovskite (MHP) semiconductors has grown exponentially over the past decade, the understanding and intentional applicati...
Burnt by the sun: disaggregating temperature's current and future impact on mortality in the Turkish context

Our study plans to quantify the effect of higher temperatures on different critical Turkish health outcomes mainly to chart future developments and to identify locations in Turkey that may be potential vulnerable hotspots. The general structure of the temperature mortality function was estimated with different fixed-level effects, with a specific focus on the mortality effect of maximum apparent temperature. Regional models were fitted to pinpoint the thresholds where the temperature–mortality relation changes, thus investigating whether the thresholds are determined nationally or regionally. The future patterns were estimated by extrapolating from future temperature trends: analyzing possible future mortality trends under the restricting assumption of minimal acclimation. Using the fixed effect regression structure, social and developmental variables acting as heat effect modifiers were also identified. In the largest dataset, the initial fixed effect regression specification supports the hypothesis summarized by the U-shaped relationship between temperature and mortality. This is a first corroboration for Turkish climate and health research. In addition, intermediation effects were substantiated for the level of urbanization and population density, and the human development and health development within provinces. Regional heterogeneity is substantiated by the mortality–temperature relationship and the significant threshold deviations from the national average.
Evaluating bowel movements, self-initiations, and problem behavior with the emergence of urinary continence.

Much of the research evaluating toilet training interventions for children with ASD has focused on urinations as the primary dependent variable. As a result, the effects that toilet training interventions targeting urinations may have on other related dependent variables remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data obtained by Perez et al. (2020), who evaluated the effects of a treatment package on urinary continence in children with ASD. We examined the relation between the emergence of urinary continence and multiple nontargeted dependent variables: bowel movements, self-initiation correspondence, percentage of appropriate urinations that were self-initiated, self-initiation rate, and problem behavior. Results showed that improvements in urinary continence were strongly correlated with improvements in all nontargeted dependent variables. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
The Conceptual Content of Mental Activity

The ability to infer mental states in other people depends on knowledge gained from various kinds of experience, including experiencing our own needs and mental states, creating plans and carrying out actions that express and provide for those needs, and observing similar actions in others. Generalization over many similar such experiences results in acquisition of conceptual knowledge in the form of action and mental event schemas that form the basis for theory of mind. Storage, retrieval, and manipulation of this conceptual knowledge occur in a distributed brain network implicated in many conceptual processing domains, and not exclusively in mentalizing. From a neurobiological and theoretical perspective, mentalizing is best viewed as a special case of conceptual cognition.
Effects of Gabapentin on Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex GABA and Glutamate Levels and Their Associations With Abstinence in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective:Although gabapentin has demonstrated efficacy in mitigating alcohol withdrawal symptoms and preventing relapse drinking in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), the neurobiological...
Myosin light chain kinase-driven myosin II turnover regulates actin cortex contractility during mitosis

The actin cortex drives cell shape changes. Here we report that myosin light chain kinase regulates myosin II turnover at the cortex, cortex tension, and membrane blebbing during mitosis.
The effects of housing density on mouse thermal physiology depend on sex and ambient temperature.

Abstract Objective To improve understanding of mouse energy homeostasis and its applicability to humans, we quantitated the effects of housing density on mouse thermal physiology in both sexes. Methods Littermate wild type and Brs3-null mice were single- or group- (three per cage) housed and studied by indirect calorimetry with continuous measurement of core body temperature, energy expenditure, physical activity, and food intake. Results At 23 °C, below thermoneutrality, single-housed males had a lower body temperature and unchanged metabolic rate compared to group-housed controls. In contrast, single-housed females maintained a similar body temperature to group-housed controls by increasing their metabolic rate. With decreasing ambient temperature below 27 °C, only group-housed mice decreased their heat conductance, likely due to huddling, thus interfering with the energy expenditure vs ambient temperature relationship described by Scholander. In a hot environment (35 °C), the single-housed mice were less heat stressed. Upon fasting, single-housed mice had larger reductions in body temperature, with male mice having more torpor episodes of similar duration and female mice having a similar number of torpor episodes that lasted longer. Qualitatively, the effects of housing density on thermal physiology of Brs3-null mice generally mimicked the effects in controls. Conclusions Single housing is more sensitive than group housing for detecting thermal physiology phenotypes. Single housing increases heat loss and amplifies the effects of fasting or a cold environment. Male and female mice utilize different thermoregulatory strategies to respond to single housing.
The Microenvironment of Injured Mucosa Stimulates a Local Pro-restitutive Microbiota

Restitution of mucosal injury involves induced and coordinated proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial cells. The commensal microbiota of the intestine is integral to the repair of dam...
Nonlinear Waves and the Origin of Bubbles in Fluidized Beds

Early experiments in the mid-1940s established two different regimes of behavior of fluidized systems. These are broadly classified into systems that exhibit massive phase segregation, leading to particle-free regions called ‘bubbles’, and those that do not. Explaining the origin of bubbles and of these two regimes has represented both a technological and scientific challenge since then. The late 1960s through the 1970s saw a series of illuminating experiments that established many features of the flow regimes and their characteristics through both flow visualizations and quantitative measurements. Recent numerical and theoretical work has come close the resolving the problem. This paper represents the written version of the talk given at the Symposium in honor of Leen van Wijngaarden’s retirement. In it, I review the history of progress on the problem in two giant 25-year steps.
Inter-relationships of performance metrics and system parameters in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, the network behavior of a routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks is investigated. Extensive simulations are performed using ns-2 in a variety of mobility scenarios and offered load regimes. In the literature, performance metrics (goodput, delay and path length) are often obtained through ensemble averaging of many flows. Here we advocate an alternate graphical interpretation of simulation results similar to that used by Holland and Vaidya (see Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, August 1999). Performance metrics of individual monitored flows are plotted instead. By identifying the correlations between performance metrics and system parameters, inter-relationships between them are revealed. For example, we have shown that path length is dependent on system parameters such as mobility, offered load and even the node distribution. These observations often give us insights to the mechanisms that underline the network behavior. In particular we have resolved a conjecture that goodput improvement under high mobility is due to the load balancing effect. We show that at high mobility, goodput improvement for heavy offered load regimes is a consequence of the reduction of path length in the flows. Furthermore, we have introduced the concept of fraction of congested flows as a new performance metric. This and some other metrics such as fairness can be visualized from our graphs and are important in characterizing network performance.
Authentic Reproductive Regulation

In this review essay written for the Minnesota Law Review Headnotes, Professor Crawford evaluates I. Glenn Cohen’s Regulating Reproduction: The Problem with Best Interests, 96 MINNESOTA L. REV. 101 (2011). Professor Cohen’s questioning of “best interests” logic destabilizes assumptions commonly shared by many legal scholars. This review essay applies Professor Cohen’s critique to the context of income taxation of surrogates. The “unmasking” project of Regulating Reproduction — designed to reveal the authentic reasons for reproductive regulation — enhances the discourse about reproductive law and policy.
Guideline models, process specification, and workflow

Many clinical practice guidelines use flowcharts to aid the description of recommendations specified in the guidelines. Similarly a number of computer-interpretable guideline formalisms use graphical task networks to organize knowledge formalized in these models. However, the precise meaning encoded in these graphical structures is often unclear. In this presentation, I will survey some of the computer-interpretable formalisms and analyzed the graphical representations that are used to express process information embodied in clinical guidelines and protocols. I will argue that we can distinguish a number of process types: (1) flowcharts for capturing problem-solving processes, (2) disease-state maps that link decision points in managing patient problems over time, (3) plans that specify sequences of activities that contribute toward a goal, (4) workflow specifications that model care processes in an organization, and (5) computational processes that generates recommendations for specific clinical situations. These process types may be related to each other. A plan of actions, for example, may be mapped to a workflow process when its actions are assigned to healthcare providers playing different roles. A flowchart may depict decisions and actions that are performed over time. Furthermore, a guideline formalism may not make a commitment to the nature of processes being modeled. Its process-specification language may be used to encode different types of processes. Nevertheless, understanding the nature of process being modeled is crucial when it comes to enacting the encoded guidelines and protocols to provide decision support in clinical workflow. A process description that models the problem-solving steps depicted in a narrative guideline, for example, may contain steps that are not appropriate as part of human-computer interactions in a busy clinic.
Analysis of pole position from 1846 to 1970.

An analysis of polar-motion data for 125 years, spanning the period from 1846 to 1971, is shown to indicate that a model with at least two degrees of freedom is necessary for a determination of the polar motion. The natural frequencies of the earth are 428 and 437.5.
Abstract 5: Mcl-1-mediated resistance to ABT-263 is combated by mTOR inhibition in luminal breast cancers

We found that 8.1% of luminal breast cancer cases curated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), harbor gene amplification of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, warranting further study of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (A1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w and Mcl-1) in luminal breast cancers. A complex balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins guides activation versus repression of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, with overexpression of anti-apoptotic factors tipping the balance towards cell survival. This mechanism is commonly used by cancers to evade apoptosis. We used the BH3-mimetic ABT-263 to inhibit Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w in a panel of human luminal breast cancer lines, causing only modest apoptosis in monolayer and growth inhibition in three-dimensional (3D) matrix. Expression and activity of Mcl-1, another anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, was rapidly upregulated in response to ABT-263 through increased cap-dependent MCL1 translation. Mcl-1 knock-down decreased tumor cell growth and improved ABT-263-mediated tumor cell killing. Inhibition of cap-dependent translation using the mTOR inhibitor RAD001/everolimus or the EIF4 complex inhibitor 4E1RCat blocked Mcl-1 induction in ABT-263 treated cells, enhancing apoptosis and growth inhibition. In vivo, single agent ABT-263 was ineffective at reducing tumor growth in xenografted human breast cancers and in transgenic WAP-Myc luminal mammary tumors. However, RAD001 decreased Mcl-1 levels and decreased WAP-Myc tumor growth by 40%. These results demonstrate that heightened cap-dependent translation of Mcl-1 prevents therapeutically induced tumor cell killing in ABT-263 treated luminal tumors, highlighting the importance of Mcl-1 regulation in therapeutic resistance, and identifying Mcl-1 as a potential therapeutic target in luminal breast cancers. These studies suggest that targeted inhibition of Mcl-1 alone or in combination with other Bcl-2 family inhibitors will enhance tumor cell killing in luminal breast cancers. Citation Format: Michelle M. Williams, Linus Lee, Violeta Sanchez, Meghan M. Morrison, Donna Hicks, Rebecca S. Cook. Mcl-1-mediated resistance to ABT-263 is combated by mTOR inhibition in luminal breast cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5
Detection of genes encoding multidrug resistance and biofilm virulence factor in uterine pathogenic bacteria in postpartum dairy cows.

Reckless use of antibiotics and/or development of biofilm are the rationale for the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of the present study was to detect MDR genes in Trueperella pyogenes and to detect biofilm virulence factor (VF) genes in Escherichia coli isolated from the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Uterine secretions from different parity postpartum Holstein cows (n = 40) were collected using cytobrush technique after a sterile procedure from cows with varying degree of uterine inflammatory conditions. The cytobrush was stored in a specimen collector, placed in a cooler with ice, and transported to the laboratory within 2 hours. The pathogens were isolated and were identified initially by their colony morphology and biochemical characteristics. To further identify and classify the single species, and to determine the presence of MDR and VF genes, the genes fragments were amplified using the respective primers by either singleplex or multiplex polymerase chain reaction protocol, and amplicons were detected by electrophoresis method. T pyogenes was isolated in 17 of 40 (42.5%) cows in the study population as recognized by the 16S rRNA gene. Of the positive T pyogenes samples, 8 of 17 (42.1%) were positive for integron type 1 (intI I), and none were positive for integron type 2 (intI II). Of those 8 positive for intI I, six of eight (66.7%) were positive for amplicons aadA5 and aadA24-ORF1 at 1048 and 1608 bp, respectively, associated with specific drug resistance. Presence of addA5 indicated resistance to sulfadiazine, bacitracin, florfenicol, and ceftiofur. Presence of addA24-ORF1 indicated resistant to sulfadiazine, bacitracin, penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. E coli was isolated in 18 of 40 (45.0%) cows in the study population. The genes for VF, Agn43a, and Agn43 b, associated with biofilm production, were found in 6 of 18 (33.3%) of the positive isolates. Both T pyogenes MDR gene and E coli biofilm VF existed in more severe form of uterine diseases than subclinical endometritis. In conclusion, 35% of T pyogenes isolates found were positive for a gene cassette associated with antibiotic resistance, and 33% of the E coli isolates contained genes for the VF associated with biofilm production.
APPLICATIONS OF THE THICK DISTRIBUTIONAL CALCULUS

We give several applications of the thick distributional cal- culus. We consider homogeneous thick distributions, point source elds,
Subclinical Depression is Associated with Lower Birth Weight in Obese Women

Clinical depression has been previously associated with lower birth weight and preterm deliveries. Subclinical depression levels may also influence birth outcomes in at risk populations. This study...
Stop the Press: The Future of Journalism Is Not Post-Political

Discussions of the future of journalism center on new economic models, digital modes of distribution, and how to attract young audiences. But what of how future journalism might represent, describe, and critique issues of race, gender, class, and sexuality? And what of the race, gender, class, and sexuality of future journalists themselves? Issues of industry survival take center stage in debates about journalism’s future. Issues of integrity, wisdom, and increased levels of equity in coverage and employment have less success finding the spotlight. Concern over how to deliver news in the coming decades generally trumps debate about who might deliver it and the character of what might be delivered. The importance of political economy analyses of new journalism, coupled with keeping gender, race, and sexuality identities front and center, is emphasized.
X-ray-edge problem in metals. II. Alkali-metal atoms adsorbed on alkali and other metal surfaces.

Outer-core spectra are reported for Cs and Rb adsorbed on clean surfaces of the alkali metals and Mg. In most cases the spectrum at threshold resembles a broadened resonance line close to the energy of the atomic transition, with additional structure on the high-energy side. With increasing electron density of the substrate, the line broadens and disappears into a profile which increases approximately linearly from zero at a red-shifted threshold. In no case does the adsorbate spectrum resemble the sharp edge and overshoot observed for the bulk metal. Above about one monolayer in many cases, a discrete feature occurs on the red wing of the threshold line and grows systematically with coverage into the dominant spectrum of the pure bulk adsorbate at about 5 monolayers. The general behavior is qualitatively consistent with the behavior of alkali-alkali alloys, reported in the paper which immediately precedes this one.
The Merton Theorem Revisited and Restated: Conservatism and Fascism as Functional Analogues

The paper revisits and restates the Merton Theorem of American religious conservatism (Puritanism) and European fascism (Nazism) as functional analogues. The original formulation the Merton Theorem identifies and describes them as functional analogues in nativism or nationalism through exclusion of and aggression against non-native out-groups. The paper offers an extended restatement of the Merton Theorem in which American conservatism and European fascism function as functional analogues in that both represent the model of a closed, or the antithesis to an open, society, of which nativism is a special case. In the extended Merton Theorem they are functional analogues specifically in terms of such indicators or dimensions of a closed society as political absolutism, closure and oppression, religious absolutism and nihilism, moral absolutism and repression, and extremism.
Investigating the effect of construction management strategies on project greenhouse gas emissions using interactive simulation

Abstract The challenges posed by global climate change are motivating the investigation of strategies that can reduce the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of products and processes. While new construction materials and technologies have received significant attention, there has been a limited emphasis on understanding how construction processes can be best managed to control GHG emissions. Unexpected disruptive events tend to adversely affect construction costs and delay project completion. They also tend to increase project GHG emissions. The objective of this paper is to investigate ways in which project GHG emissions can be controlled by appropriately managing disruptive events. First, an empirical analysis of a specific highway construction project is used to illustrate the impact of unexpected schedule delays in increasing project GHG emissions. Next, a simulation based method is introduced to assess the effectiveness of alternative project management strategies in controlling GHG emissions. It demonstrates that appropriately selected strategies can reduce project GHG emissions without increasing the contractor's financial burden or causing project schedule delays. The contribution of this paper is that it explicitly considers project emissions, in addition to cost and project duration, in developing project management strategies. Practical application of the method discussed in this paper will help construction firms reduce their project emissions through strategic project management, and without significant investment in new technology. In effect, this paper lays the foundation for best practices in construction management that will optimize project cost and duration, while minimizing GHG emissions.
Reduction of short channel effects in self-aligned AlInAs/GaInAs HEMTs by lateral bandgap engineering for high f/sub max/

Advances in materials and processing technology have made possible the fabrication of HEMTs with f/sub /spl tau// as high as 340 GHz (f/sub max/=250 GHz). However it is difficult to simultaneously obtain a high f/sub /spl tau// and f/sub max/. This is because a high f/sub /spl tau// requires a self-aligned FET structure. However the reduced source-drain separation results in short channel effects like drain induced barrier lowering and high output conductance. Also the gate-drain capacitance Cgd is increased. This reduces the f/sub max/ of the device. In this abstract we present a novel lateral bandgap engineering technique which reduces the short channel effects in a self-aligned HEMT and makes it possible to achieve a f/sub max/ in a high f/sub /spl tau// FET structure.
Studies in Aphasia: Classification of Aphasic Speech by the Noun-Pronoun Ratio

“Language as an apparatus for the communication of thought within a speech community has by convention three main aspects: Phonemic system, Lexicon and Grammar. there is a far-reaching similarity between the members of the speech community, not only in the phonemic system, the vocabulary and grammar, but also in the frequency of use of particular phonemes, lexicon items (words) and particular grammatical forms and structures; in other words, a similarity not only in what is used, but also in how often it is used” (Herdan, 1956).
Ductflow heat transfer at a smooth wall which faces a wall covered by protuberances

Abstract Measurements were made to determine quasi-local heat transfer coefficients at the smooth principal wall of a flat rectangular duct whose other principal wall is covered by an array of blocklike elements (to be termed modules). The hydraulic-diameter Reynolds number ranged from about 3000 to 18,000. The fully developed Nusselt numbers agreed well with those for smooth-walled ducts when the hydraulic diameter was based on the rectangular cross-section between the tops of the modules and the smooth wall. Heating at both the smooth wall and the modules yielded slightly higher coefficients than did heating at the smooth wall alone. The enhancement of the smooth-wall heat transfer by barriers seated in the space between successive rows of modules was investigated. Substantial enhancement was achieved at the lower Reynolds numbers and for the higher barriers. The major enhancement did not occur immediately after a barrier but, rather, farther downstream, at the point where the barrier-induced separated flow reattached to the smooth wall.
Robust fault detection and reconfiguration in sampled-data uncertain distributed processes

This paper focuses on robust model-based fault detection and fault-tolerant control of spatially distributed processes described by parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) subject to time-varying external disturbances, control actuator faults and measurement sampling rate constraints. Using an approximate finite-dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamics of the PDE, an observer-based output feedback controller is initially designed to enforce robust stability with an arbitrarily small ultimate bound on the closed-loop state in the absence of faults. A finite-dimensional inter-sample model predictor is then embedded within the controller to provide the observer with estimates of the measured output between the sampling times, and the state of the model is updated using the measured output at each sampling time. By formulating the sampled-data finite-dimensional closed-loop system as a combined discrete-continuous system, a necessary and sufficient condition for robust closed-loop stability is obtained and used to explicitly characterize the tradeoffs between the sampling rate, the degree of model uncertainty, the disturbance size, the size of the achievable ultimate bound on the closed-loop state, and the choice of actuator/sensor locations. Based on this analysis, a time-varying alarm threshold on the fault detection residual is obtained, together with an actuator reconfiguration law that determines the set of feasible fall-back actuators that preserve robust closed-loop stability. Finally, the result is illustrated through an application to a representative diffusion-reaction process.
Comparative judgments of distal size: A chronometric analysis

Observers were required to make comparative judgments of the distal sizes of squares at various perceived distances in a pictorial array. It was predicted that observers would normalize distance prior to judgment. Chronometric analyses indicated that the time to make “same” judgments increased systematically with the relative distance of the two stimuli. The time required to make “different” judgments depended on the nature of the difference. When the stimuli differed in proximal size, distal size, and distance, response time increased with distance ratio. However, when the stimuli differed in distal size and distance but not proximal size, response time decreased with distance ratio. In addition, when the stimuli differed in both distal and proximal size but not distance, RT decreased with size ratio. These results are consistent with a class of models that incorporate distance normalization into the comparative size-judging process. These and alternative models are discussed.