cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Power Photodiodes for Analog Applications

High-power, high-speed photodiodes are being used in an increasing number of applications including fiber optic antenna links, radio frequency (RF) over fiber, and photonic generation of low phase noise microwave signals. The fact that the photodiode (PD) can be operated at high photocurrent levels provides several improvements in these systems including high dynamic range, high link gain, and low noise figure. In photonic wireless systems an antenna integrated photodiode can help to increase radiated RF power without the need for electronic amplification and hence simplify the RF circuitry at the antenna unit. To achieve high RF output power, various photodiode structures have been developed [1]–[4] among which the uni-traveling carrier (UTC) photodiode [3] has demonstrated high saturation current and high bandwidth. We have developed charge-compensated modified uni-traveling carrier (MUTC) photodiodes flip-chip bonded on high-thermal conductivity substrates to address the two primary effects that limit the RF output power of photodiodes, space-charge and thermal.
Diffusive logistic equation with constant yield harvesting, I: Steady states

We consider a reaction-diffusion equation which models the constant yield harvesting to a spatially heterogeneous population which satisfies a logistic growth. We prove the existence, uniqueness and stability of the maximal steady state solutions under certain conditions, and we also classify all steady state solutions under more restricted conditions. Exact global bifurcation diagrams are obtained in the latter case. Our method is a combination of comparison arguments and bifurcation theory.
A Dynamical Framework for Human Skill Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an outline of the theory of learning derived from coordination dynamics. A key concept of coordination dynamics is that each individual enters the learning environment not as a blank slate but with preferences and preexisting capabilities. In the language of coordination dynamics, such predispositions and susceptibilities are referred to as intrinsic dynamics. This concept does not refer necessarily to innate mechanisms, but rather to the set of capacities that exist at the time the new task is to be learned. The constraints imposed by the learning environment, the task to be learned, the learner's intention, and so on constitute a source of behavioral or functional information. Functional information and intrinsic dynamics are complementary aspects of coordination dynamics. The chapter reviews some generic principles derived from empirical work at the behavioral level and explores how these findings are supported at the level of brain structure and function.
Residential Landlord-Tenant Appeals in the Appellate Term--Part III

This is the final part of a 4-part series that discusses residential landlord-tenant appeals in new York.
Monitoring Infection with Epstein-Barr Virus among Seromismatch Adult Renal Transplant Recipients

Patients who undergo Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) seromismatch (D+/R-) transplants have a higher risk for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Adult renal transplant recipients at a single institution were prospectively monitored for EBV during the first year post-transplant. Over a 2-year period, 34 patients (7.78%) were identified as being EBV D+/R-recipients. Patients who developed symptoms or had persistent viremia were pre-emptively administered rituximab. Six recipients were discharged without monitoring on the protocol. Of those six, three (50%) developed PTLD and all three lost their grafts. Twenty (60.6%) of the 34 recipients developed viremia during the first year post-transplant. Of the recipients who became viremic, six (30%) received rituximab. None of the six who received rituximab-developed PTLD. We found that recipients who were not monitored on the protocol were more likely to have PTLD and graft loss compared to those who were (p = 0.008). Post-transplant monitoring of adults who undergo EBV D+/R-kidney transplants for viremia and symptoms associated with EBV infection may prompt intervention which reduces the incidence of PTLD within the first year. Use of rituximab in preventing PTLD among patients with primary EBV infection requires further prospective study to determine its overall safety and efficacy.
Energy optimization for a two-device data flow chain

Many applications running on today's portable devices use multiple power-consuming devices simultaneously, often in the form of a dataflow chain which involves transfer of data between devices through buffers. Some of these devices have the ability to scale their performance and power simultaneously by tuning one of their parameters (generically called the device speed). We address the problem of minimizing the energy consumed by a two-device data flow chain by choosing the speed profiles of the two devices and the "cycle time" of the intermediate buffer. Determining the speed profiles (functions of time) to minimize the energy functional, in general, requires variational techniques. However, based on certain observations about device power-speed relations and application performance constraints, we were able to solve the problem analytically in two steps - device characterization and cycle time optimization. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated for two practical applications of dataflow chains - CD recording and VCD playback with up to 45% and 64% energy improvements, respectively.
Mapping the Domain of Service Science

The emerging discipline of service science currently lacks coherence because it calls on knowledge from many disciplines and covers topics ranging from services involving human interaction and discretion through invisible services that are hidden in computerized infrastructures. This paper explains the service domain framework, which is designed to help in understanding, analyzing, and researching service topics across the entire domain of service science. This framework is presented as four concentric layers, with the inner layer most closely related to specific service processes and activities, and each of the other layers successively broader in scope and further from action related to specific services. Figures in the paper illustrate the location of topics from different disciplines, synergies between quadrants, links within layers, the location of service-dominant logic, the location of various aspects of SaaS, and the path for bypassing the gap between human and machine services.
Experience-based reinforcement learning to acquire effective behavior in a multi-agent domain

In this paper, we discuss Profit-sharing, an experience-baised reinforcement learning approach (which is similar to a Monte-Carlo based reinforcement learning method) that can be used to learn robust and effective actions within uncertain, dynamic, multi-agent systems. We introduce the cut-loop routine that discards looping behavior, and demonstrate its effectiveness empirically within a simplified NEO (non-combatant evacuation operation) domain. This domain consists of several agents which ferry groups of evacuees to one of several shelters. We demonstrate that the cut-loop routine makes the Profit-sharing approach adaptive and robust within a dynamic and uncertain domain, without the need for predefined knowledge or subgoals. We also compare it empirically with the popular Q-learning approach.
Multi-pinhole collimation device for small animal micro-SPECT/CT using a clinical scanner

474 Objectives: The large number of installed clinical hybrid SPECT/CT scanners presents an opportunity for dual-use as micro-SPECT/CT scanners for research, as a low cost alternative to dedicated small animal scanners. A portable multi-pinhole collimation device using existing clinical detectors has been developed to produce micro-SPECT images with sub-millimeter resolution that are co-registered to CT images. Methods: The device consists of a lead cylinder with 22 tungsten pinholes (0.9 mm diameter) mounted horizontally to a rotary stage, with an animal bed inside the cylinder attached to a linear stage. The entire device is placed on the patient table of a clinical SPECT-CT scanner with SPECT collimators removed. The cylinder rotates step-and-shoot in tandem with the SPECT detectors, and the animal bed is stepped for non-circular sampling (helical or novel “ordered subsets” orbits). Point sources are imaged along with the animal in order to calibrate the system geometry in-place. After SPECT acquisition, the linear stage and patient table are moved to position the animal outside the cylinder and within the CT field of view for imaging. Results: Feasibility and performance of the device are evaluated with phantom studies. Reconstructed SPECT images show high spatial resolution (micro-Derenzo phantom, 0.75 mm diameter rods), good uniformity, sufficient axial sampling (micro-Defrise phantom), and acceptable quantitative accuracy. The spatial resolution (15 line-pairs per cm) and contrast of the CT images are sufficient for anatomic mapping and for SPECT attenuation correction. Conclusions: This collimation device uses a clinical hybrid SPECT/CT scanner to produce micro-SPECT/CT images of very good quality. Although the CT images are not true micro-CT images, they are acceptable for many small animal research studies. Research Support: NIH grant R01-CA119199
Optical Floating Zone Growth of Single Crystal α-Fe2O3 from a CaFe4O7-Based Solvent

Large single crystals (Φ 5 × L 33 mm) of hematite (α-Fe2O3) have been grown using a CaFe4O7-based solvent and 8 bar of oxygen in a four-mirror optical floating zone furnace in the traveling solvent zone configuration. The crystals grow along the [001] direction, are of excellent quality, and contain no residual Ca contamination from the solvent.
Flame acceleration and the transition to detonation of stoichiometric ethylene/oxygen in microscale tubes

Abstract Flame propagation in capillary tubes with smooth circular cross-sections and diameters of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm are investigated using high-speed photography. Flames were found to propagate and accelerate to detonation speed in stoichiometric ethylene and oxygen mixtures initially at room temperature in all three tube diameters. Ignition occurs at the midpoint along the length of the tube. We observe for the first time transition to detonation in micro-tubes. Detonation was observed with both spark and hot-wire ignition. Tubes with larger diameters take longer to transition to detonation. In fact, transition distance scales with the diameter in our 1.0 and 2.0 mm cases with spark ignition. Flame structures are observed for various stages of the process. Three types of flame propagation modes were observed in the 0.5 mm tube with spark ignition: (a) acceleration to Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation speed followed by constant CJ wave propagation, (b) acceleration to CJ speed, followed by the detonation wave failure, and (c) flame acceleration to a constant speed below the CJ speed of approximately 1600 m/s. The current detonation mechanism observed in capillary tubes is applicable to predetonators for pulsed detonation, micro propulsion devices, safety issues, and addresses fundamental issues raised by recent theoretical and numerical analyses.
Observation of alignment in a quenched liquid crystal with the Mössbauer effect

Abstract We have incorporated the Mossbauer isotope 129 I in the nematic liquid crystal 6-heptyloxy-5-iodo-2-naphthoic acid. Samples heated to the nematic phase in a magnetic field and then rapidly quenched showed substantial alignment. The relative intensities of the Mossbauer transitions depend on the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect as well as on the alignment of the molecules. We have derived expressions that include both effects and we show how the alignment and Goldanskii-Karyagin parameters can be determined from the Mossbauer spectra measured for different absorber angles.
A Wide Locking Range and Low Power V-band Frequency Divider in 90nm CMOS

A new topology for injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) is proposed to achieve high speed, wide locking range and quadrature phase operation. The dividing mechanism is analyzed and agrees well with the simulation. A prototype is implemented in TSMC 90 nm CMOS and realizes 4 GHz locking range (55.8 GHz-59.8 GHz) with -3 dBm input power and 5 mW DC power consumption. The divider attains the widest locking range with the lowest power consumption to date for V-band frequency dividing applications.
Characterization of Pyroelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting from Human Body

Pyroelectric energy harvesting is one of the feasible ways to harvest waste heat from human body. Heat is constantly lost from human body to maintain a constant temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. The maximum heat lost from the human body to the environment occurs through the skin. The heat loss varies throughout the human body, but, the most at the feet, the palms, and the exterior back which are the optimal areas for pyroelectric energy harvesting. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of harvesting energy from the human body to power portable electronic devices such as computer mice. Current computer mice use either batteries or USB ports for power and run continuously, consuming significant amount of power. We present the design of a pyroelectric computer mouse, that uses the heat of the user's palm to power or supplement the energy demand of the mouse. Important parameters such as the heat generation rate of users, the design of the pyroelectric system, and the optimal op...
Using Early Language Outcomes to Predict Later Language Ability in Children with Cochlear Implants

The increased access to sound that cochlear implants have provided to profoundly deaf children has allowed them to develop English speech and language skills more successfully than using hearing aids alone. The purpose of this study was to determine how well early postimplant language skills were able to predict later language ability. Thirty children who received a cochlear implant between the years 1991 and 2000 were study participants. The Reynell Developmental Language Scales (RDLS) and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) were used as language measures. Results revealed that early receptive language skills as measured using the RDLS were good predictors of later core language ability assessed by the CELF. Alternatively, early expressive language skills were not found to be good predictors of later language performance. The age at which a child received an implant was found to have a significant impact on the early language measures, but not the later language measure, or on the ability of the RDLS to predict performance on the CELF measure.
SU-F-BRE-14: Uncertainty Analysis for Dose Measurements Using OSLD NanoDots

Purpose: Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLD) are an increasingly popular dosimeter for research and clinical applications. It is also used by the Radiological Physics Center for remote auditing of machine output. In this work we robustly calculated the reproducibility and uncertainty of the OSLD nanoDot. Methods: For the RPC dose calculation, raw readings are corrected for depletion, element sensitivity, fading, linearity, and energy. System calibration is determined for the experimental OSLD irradiated at different institutions by using OSLD irradiated by the RPC under reference conditions (i.e., standards): 1 Gy in a Cobalt beam. The intra-dot and inter-dot reproducibilities (coefficient of variation) were determined from the history of RPC readings of these standards. The standard deviation of the corrected OSLD signal was then calculated analytically using a recursive formalism that did not rely on the normality assumption of the underlying uncertainties, or on any type of mathematical approximation. This analytical uncertainty was compared to that empirically estimated from >45,000 RPC beam audits. Results: The intra-dot variability was found to be 0.59%, with only a small variation between readers. Inter-dot variability was found to be 0.85%. The uncertainty in each of the individual correction factors was empirically determined. When the raw counts from each OSLD were adjusted for the appropriate correction factors, the analytically determined coefficient of variation was 1.8% over a range of institutional irradiation conditions that are seen at the RPC. This is reasonably consistent with the empirical observations of the RPC, where the coefficient of variation of the measured beam outputs is 1.6% (photons) and 1.9% (electrons). Conclusion: OSLD nanoDots provide sufficiently good precision for a wide range of applications, including the RPC remote monitoring program for megavoltage beams. This work was supported by PHS grant CA10953 awarded by the NIH (DHHS).
Examination of grief among family members of individuals with serious and persistent mental illness

Many family members experience a profound sense of loss when a relative becomes mentally ill. The adjustment to this loss is similar to grief as a response to death. The extent of this grief may be explained by personal characteristics of family members, the severity of the illness, and the extent of social support available. A family member's emotional response to a relative's mental illness may be exacerbated by increases in both objective and subjective burden. While grief among families with a seriously mentally ill relative is the emotional response to reflecting on the loss of an emotionally healthy relative, burden reflects the present state of responsibility for the ill relative, expressed in both subjective and objective terms. In this study, family member characteristics, social support, objective burden and subjective burden contributed to explaining expressed grief among 225 family members of seriously mentally ill individuals. Mental health and family support professionals are encouraged to recognize the grief response in family members with a mentally ill relative.
Uncovering motives for social networking site use among practitioners at non-profit organizations

My dissertation investigates how practitioners at non-profit organizations (NPOs) utilize social networking sites (SNS) as a tool to achieve their organization-level goals. My study contributes to our understanding of user behavior on SNS by comparing researcher observations (user-contributed content from Facebook and Twitter) with user perception (qualitative data from NPO practitioners) through a theoretical lens (Activity Theory).
Sequence analysis of the 5' region of the human DF3 breast carcinoma-associated antigen gene.

DF3 antigen is a high molecular weight glycoprotein detectable in human breast carcinomas. Recent studies have demonstrated that the gene coding for the DF3 core protein consists in part of highly conserved 60 base pair tandem repeats. The present work extends these findings by identifying the region of the DF3 gene 5′ to the repeats. The results of primer extension studies demonstrate that the transcription start site of the cDNA is 384 base pairs upstream to the first tandem repeat. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences has demonstrated that the sequences transcribed upstream to the repeats are interrupted by the presence of an intron at 124 bases after the start site. We have also identified the putative promoter region of the DF3 region. This region has several elements, including a TATA sequence and multiple GC boxes, that may be involved in the regulation of DF3 gene transcription.
Genetic selection for high and low fasting blood glucose levels in mice. I. Fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance and isolated tissue studies.

Swiss-Hauschka mice have been selected for high (HG) and low (LG) fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels for four generations. All matings were brother to sister. Differences in mean FBG levels have remained relatively constant (20 to 30 mg%) between the two lines since initiation of selection (p<0.001). Body weights have declined more rapidly with inbreeding in the LG line as compared to the HG line through F3, but no further decline was noted in the F4 generation. Fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels were variable and mean levels for the two lines did not differ significantly. A comparison of glucose tolerance data between F3 HG and LG line animals showed generally higher mean glucose levels in the HG line in both fasted and randomfed states. The mean delta glucose levels during the test, however, were nearly identical in both lines. A dietary influence on glucose tolerance was shown. Severalin vitro tissue studies revealed no significant differences in hepatic glycogen and pancreatic insulin content between HG and LG line animals. Isolated tissue sensitivity to insulin appeared indistinguishable between the lines; however, hepatic gluconeogenesis and retinal glucose-6-14C oxidation rates in HG line mice may be enhanced.
Cannabinoid-induced upregulation of serotonin 2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and anxiety-like behaviors in rats

Recent behavioral reports suggest that repeated exposure to cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid agonists is linked with mental disorders associated with dysfunction of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor neurotransmission such as anxiety and depression. Here, we studied the effect of a nonselective cannabinoid agonist, CP55940, on the activity of 5-HT2A receptors in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We detected that repeated exposure to CP55940 enhanced the prolactin and corticosterone neuroendocrine responses mediated by 5-HT2A receptors and increased the membrane-associated levels of 5-HT2A receptors in PVN. Importantly, we also detected increased anxiety-like behaviors in CP55940 treated rats compared to controls. The data presented here suggest that the mechanisms mediating the cannabinoid-induced upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors would be brain-region specific, as we were unable to detect a CP55940-induced upregulation of 5-HT2A mRNA. Our results might provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which repeated exposure to cannabinoids could be associated with the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Travel safety concerns: feedback from international students in the USA.

The purpose of the study was to understand the travel safety concerns of international students in the USA and how the concerns influence their travel decision-makings. Through the analysis of textual data from 20 in-depth interviews, the study unearthed major safety concerns of international students in the USA. Results showed that the students demonstrated various safety concerns about transportation, accommodation, food and beverages, other travellers and selection of destinations. The students make a conscious effort to estimate risks and protect the physical body in an unfamiliar physical and cultural environment. They also use existing cultural beliefs and knowledge about destinations to determine if a place is either safe or risky to visit. The study yields theoretical implications for travel safety studies and practical ones for the travel and tourism industry.
Physiologic evaluation of translesion pressure gradients in peripheral arteries: comparison of pressure wire and catheter-derived measurements.

Background: Catheter-derived pressure gradient (CPG) measurements across vascular lesions are used to determine the hemodynamic significance of a stenosis prior to peripheral vascular intervention. We tested the hypothesis that CPGs overestimate the true translesion gradient during hemodynamic interrogation. Methods: We evaluated 20 lesions (iliac, subclavian, or renal) in 16 patients undergoing angiography for peripheral vascular disease. Mean arterial pressure gradients were measured across each lesion using a 4- or 5-Fr fluid-filled catheter and compared to gradients measured with a 0.014″ pressure wire (PWG). Results: In all lesions, the CPG was higher than the PWG (28.3 ± 4.5 mmHg vs 11.6 ± 1.8 mmHg; P < 0.05). Both CPG and PWG correlated with diameter stenosis (CPG = 0.78 [DS]− 29; r2= 0.44; P < 0.05 and PWG = 0.30 [DS]− 10.5; r2= 0.43; P < 0.05), but the CPG overestimated the pressure gradient compared with the PWG. Conclusion: Peripheral arterial vascular lesion pressure gradients assessed with large diameter catheters consistently overestimate the actual PG. Although both CPG and PWG correlated with anatomic stenosis, the overestimation of the physiologic significance of these lesions may lead to inappropriate intervention. Use of a pressure wire for hemodynamic interrogation may be a better tool for assessment of the hemodynamic significance of a peripheral vascular lesion.
Preoperative embolization of retroperitoneal hemangiopericytomas as an aid in their removal

The first reported cases of preoperatively embolized hemangiopericytomas are presented. Both lesions presented in the retroperitoneum where most lesions are now considered to be malignant. In the past, the highly vascular nature of these tumors has made resection in these areas difficult. Since the angiographic picture of hemangiopericytomas is now thought to be specific, it became feasible to add preoperative embolization to the overall management of these cases. In the first case, the diagnosis had been established 15 years previously. When first seen at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, extensive bone destruction of the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae were present. Preoperative Gelfoam embolization aided in the palliative debulking of the tumor at operation. With this experience, preoperative embolization became part of the management in the second case and aided in the complete surgical removal of the tumor. Radiation therapy in the dosage of 5000 rad was given postoperatively in this case and should also be part of the treatment plan for these lesions.
Expert systems in manufacturing: promises and perils

Abstract Expert systems play a key role as a tool to enhance productivity, improve quality, increase profits and capture expertise in many business and industrial environments. Although the potential of expert systems is well-understood, it has been a challenging, and often elusive, task to make an expert system operational in the “real-world” environment. One of the major reasons why many expert systems fail to be integrated into the operational environment is a lack of knowledge and techniques on how to test an expert system. The implications of an inadequately-tested expert system in a manufacturing environment are serious. In this paper, we take a look at the many applications of expert systems in manufacturing and utilize a three-pronged approach to develop robust and reliable expert systems.
Sleep Quality Moderates the Relation between Depression Symptoms and Problematic Cannabis Use among Medical Cannabis Users

Objectives: This study sought to extend research on the relation between depression symptoms and problematic cannabis use by evaluating the potential moderating role of perceived sleep quality among medical cannabis users. Methods: This employed a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 162 adults (mean age = 42.05 years, SD = 14.8; 22% female), with current recommendations from a doctor for medical cannabis, recruited from a medical cannabis dispensary. Results: Consistent with previous research, individuals with heightened depression symptoms had greater problematic cannabis use. In addition, perceived sleep quality moderated this relation, such that depression symptoms differentially related to problematic cannabis use as a function of perceived quality of sleep (ΔR2 = .03, p = .02). Participants with higher levels of depression and good perceived sleep quality had the greatest rates of problematic cannabis use. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals with heightened depression may ...
Two-photon absorption in conjugated phenylacetylene dendrimers with unsymmetrical branching

Two-photon excitation spectra and cross sections are compared for phenylacetylene dendrimers of different generation. The effect on the two-photon cross section of incorporating donor/acceptor pairs in the dendrimer structure is also studied.
Working and walking on small asteroids with circumferential ropes

Abstract The low gravity of a small asteroid would present a challenge for an astronaut attempting to work on its surface. Extravehicular activities (EVAs) of the sophistication of the Apollo Moon missions are not likely to be possible if astronauts attempt to walk freely on the asteroid, hover above its surface, or anchor locally into the regolith. Manipulating large rocks, drilling, and excavating at multiple locations is a high priority science objective, but would be difficult without a hold-down mechanism. If the asteroid has even a small rotation rate, maneuvering precisely over its surface could be cumbersome. A plausible means of conducting complex EVAs is to tie ropes entirely around the asteroid, under which the astronaut is pushed downward onto the asteroid surface by the tension in the rope. The downward force provides an artificial gravity that permits the astronaut to drill, excavate, hammer, and carefully document materials on the surface without the worry of being thrown from the asteroid. An astronaut could also use the ropes as handholds or guides to maneuver freely over the surface.
The Asphalt Identikit: Old Age and the Driver's License

A recent study of fifty older adults from a small community is used to explore the asphalt identikit-possession of a valid driver's license and driving-and its use as a disidentifier of old age. Interview material is used to illustrate the substantive issues of identity that underlie the practical activity of driving. Resistance to giving up driving is strong even as self-imposed limits curtail the kind and amount of driving that is done. Older adults use and maintain this asphalt identikit to ward off the stigma of an old age identity.
Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in gerbil hippocampus following forebrain ischemia

Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, the characteristics feature of programmed cell death, was demonstrated in gerbil hippocampus following 10 min of forebrain ischemia. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of DNA fragments as early as 12 h after ischemia, reaching a maximum at 48 h. Measurable DNA fragmentation was still present in 3/3 subjects 96 h after the ischemic insult. In situ staining of hippocampus demonstrated pronounced DNA fragmentation that was localized in the CA1 region. The localization of fragmented DNA to the CA1 is consistent with the vulnerability of this layer to ischemic insult, and indicates that DNA fragmentation may be associated with the delayed loss of CA1 neurons in this model of forebrain ischemia.
Coupling of an atmospheric-samling ion source with an ion-trap mass spectrometer

Abstract An atomospheric-sampling glow-discharge ionization source has been interfaced with an ion-trap mass spectrometer. Under optimum conditions, the efficiency of ion injection is 1–5%. Several factors have a significant effect on the ion injection efficiency, including the voltages on the three-element lens system situated between the ion-source exit and the ion-trap entrance end-cap, the pressure of the bath gas present in the ion-trap vacuum housing, the nature of the bath gas and the amplitude of the radiofrequency voltage applied to the ring electrode during ion injection. Collision-induced dissociation (and electron detachment from anions) is also observed for some ions on injection, depending on the conditions. The most important experimental variables in determining the extent to which dissociation (or electron detachment) occurs are the nature of the bath gas, the bath gas presure and the radiofrequency voltage applied to the ring electrode during injection. These effects are illustrated with data obtained for polyatomic anions injected from the golw-discharge ion source.
SAFETY AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A 1000-MWe FAST SODIUM-COOLED REACTOR DESIGN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the status of technology of large, fast nuclear reactors in the mid-1960's, exemplified by description of a design approach using the state-of-the-art technology. The approach has been to update a previous study with respect to safety criteria and operating limits for fuel, cladding, and coolant in the light of present knowledge. Within these bounds, a preliminary reference reactor core, coolant system, and containment design have been selected, based on parametric studies. Once the design was established, hazard analyses were performed to predict the dynamic response of the reactor and plant to credible plant accidents. The hazards analyses were extended to include the severe accidents, which are deemed “hypothetical” because of the chain of improbable events required. A reactor containment concept was designed and an analysis was made to prove its adequacy for the hypothetical accident event. The plant economics were estimated, with emphasis on the effect of the safety assumptions on the fuel cycle costs. The possible effect on fuel cycle costs of physics data uncertainties and changes in fuel performance limits were determined. The approach taken is conditioned by analysis of safety considerations affecting design. The selection of conservative safety criteria continues to be a fundamental question, not only of technology, but also of policy.
Human Rod Visual Delay

IN 1922, Pulfrich1 noticed that when a swinging pendulum bob is viewed binocularly with a neutral density filter over one eye the bob appears to describe an ellipse. The effect is caused by the extra delay associated with the lower illumination level in the filtered eye (Fig. 1). This promoted interest in finding the relation between visual delay and intensity.
Exercise testing with concurrent beta-blocker usage: is it useful? What do we learn?

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been used for the assessment of severity of heart failure (HF), secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Initial studies determined that oxygen consumption (VO2) during exercise, as a measure of functional capacity, correlated well with the hemodynamic responses related to chronic HF. These studies led to the use of peak VO2 as a prognostic indicator in chronic HF. In addition, the use of several ventilatory parameters, eg, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production during submaximal and peak exercise, were shown to have additive and (in some studies) superior prognostic value in patients with chronic HF. However, most of these studies were performed before s-adrenergic blockade became the main focus of therapy in chronic HF. Unlike other drugs used in the treatment of HF, these drugs do not consistently improve exercise capacity as measured by peak VO2. Several retrospective studies and one prospective study have examined the effect of long-term s-blocker therapy on the prognostic value of CPET in patients with chronic HF. These studies indicate that patients on s-blockers have improved overall cardiovascular outcomes compared with patients not on these drugs. In addition, peak exercise VO2 still has prognostic value in s-blocked patients; however, the thresholds for increased risk and need for transplantation have to be lower than in patients not on these drugs. There appears to be a real demand for a comprehensive survival score tool that includes the use of s -blockade, along with CPET performance.
The Reconceptualization of Kingship in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic Historys Transformation of Torah

Because the royal ideology of ancient Israel was largely identical to that of the broader ancient Near East, the points of divergence are the more remarkable. In particular, the legal corpus of Deuteronomy conceptualizes the king in a way that rejects all prevailing models of monarchic power, both Israelite and Near Eastern. Deuteronomy submits a utopian manifesto for a constitutional monarchy that sharply delimits the power of the king. This redefinition of royal authority takes place as part of a larger program (Deut. xvi 18-xviii 22) whereby the authors of Deuteronomy redefine the jurisdiction of each branch of public office (local and central judicial administration, kingship, priesthood, and prophecy). Each is subordinated, first, to the requirements of cultic centralization, and, second, to the textual authority of deuteronomic Torah. This utopian delimitation of royal power never passed from constitutional vision into historical implementation: it represented such a radical departure from precedent that the Deuteronomistic Historian, precisely while seeming to implement deuteronomic law, pointedly reversed the deuteronomic program and restored to the monarch all that Deuteronomy had withheld.
FGF15/19 Regulates Hepatic Glucose Metabolism by Inhibiting the CREB-PGC-1α Pathway

Regulation of hepatic carbohydrate homeostasis is crucial for maintaining energy balance in the face of fluctuating nutrient availability. Here, we show that the hormone fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), which is released postprandially from the small intestine, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, like insulin. However, unlike insulin, which peaks in serum 15 min after feeding, FGF15/19 expression peaks approximately 45 min later, when bile acid concentrations increase in the small intestine. FGF15/19 blocks the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis through a mechanism involving the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB). This in turn blunts expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and other genes involved in hepatic metabolism. Overexpression of PGC-1α blocks the inhibitory effect of FGF15/19 on gluconeogenic gene expression. These results demonstrate that FGF15/19 works subsequent to insulin as a postprandial regulator of hepatic carbohydrate homeostasis.
THE INDUCTION OF MELANIZATION IN GOLDFISH SCALES WITH ACTH, IN VITRO Cellular and Subcellular Changes

The induction of melanization in xanthic goldfish scales with ACTH in vitro has been studied by light and electron microscopy utilizing ammoniated silver nitrate staining of premelanin and melanin. The melanized cells (melanophores and melanocytes) and the yellow pigmented cells (lipophores and the newly described lipocytes) were found to possess many similarities at the levels of cellular and subcellular structure. The latter cells contain characteristic cytoplasmic bodies which react positively to the premelanin stain. Changes accompanying ACTH stimulation of goldfish scales in tissue culture suggest that these bodies in the lipocytes and lipophores can become melanized. Electron micrographs illustrate the intermediate staining of newly formed melanin granules in an induced melanocyte and the appearance of a transitional melanolipophore. It is postulated that ACTH can promote the association of the enzyme tyrosinase with the preformed structure of unmelanized granules.
Direct reticular projections of trigeminal sensory fibers immunoreactive to CGRP: potential monosynaptic somatoautonomic projections.

Few trigeminal sensory fibers project centrally beyond the trigeminal sensory complex, with only projections of fibers carried in its sensory anterior ethmoidal (AEN) and intraoral nerves described. Fibers of the AEN project into the brainstem reticular formation where immunoreactivity against substance P and CGRP are found. We investigated whether the source of these peptides could be from trigeminal ganglion neurons by performing unilateral rhizotomies of the trigeminal root and looking for absence of label. After an 8-14d survival, substance P immunoreactivity in the trigeminal sensory complex was diminished, but we could not conclude that the sole source of this peptide in the lateral parabrachial area and lateral reticular formation arises from primary afferent fibers. Immunoreactivity to CGRP after rhizotomy however was greatly diminished in the trigeminal sensory complex, confirming the observations of others. Moreover, CGRP immunoreactivity was nearly eliminated in fibers in the lateral parabrachial area, the caudal ventrolateral medulla, both the peri-ambiguus and ventral parts of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, in the external formation of the nucleus ambiguus, and diminished in the caudal pressor area. The nearly complete elimination of CGRP in the lateral reticular formation after rhizotomy suggests this peptide is carried in primary afferent fibers. Moreover, the arborization of CGRP immunoreactive fibers in these areas mimics that of direct projections from the AEN. Since electrical stimulation of the AEN induces cardiorespiratory adjustments including an apnea, peripheral vasoconstriction, and bradycardia similar to those seen in the mammalian diving response, we suggest these perturbations of autonomic behavior are enhanced by direct somatic primary afferent projections to these reticular neurons. We believe this to be first description of potential direct somatoautonomic projections to brainstem neurons regulating autonomic activity.
Circumferential-Slot Virtual Impactors with Stable Flow

Flow instabilities in a virtual impactor designed for bioaerosol concentration (size range about 2 to 10 μ m AD) can seriously degrade performance. When the flow in a 100 L/min circumferential slot virtual impactor (CSVI) was unstable, the transmission efficiency was 30% for 7.2 μ m AD aerosol particles, but when the instability problems were corrected, the transmission efficiency was increased to above 90%. Three-dimensional CFD simulations have been used to examine flows in two CSVIs, a nominal 10 L/min device in which the flow was stable, and the 100 L/min device in which the flow was initially unstable. From the CFD flow patterns in the 100 L/min device, the principal instability was in the minor flow region and was caused by overly rapid flow deceleration, too large of a volume, and too low of a jet velocity in that region. Changes were made to the geometry of the CSVI, and CFD was used as the diagnostic tool to determine when stable flow was achieved. Also, for the 100 L/min unit, wake effects from ...
Inverse analysis of weak and strong motion downhole array data from the Mw7.0 Sanriku-Minami earthquake

Abstract A hybrid optimization scheme, comprising a genetic algorithm in series with a local least-squares fit operator, is used for the inversion of weak and strong motion downhole array data obtained by the Kik-Net Strong Motion Network during the M w 7.0 Sanriku-Minami Earthquake. Inversion of low-amplitude waveforms is first employed for the estimation of low-strain dynamic soil properties at five stations. Successively, the frequency-dependent equivalent linear algorithm is used to predict the mainshock site response at these stations, by subjecting the best-fit elastic profiles to the downhole-recorded strong motion. Finally, inversion of the mainshock empirical site response is employed to extract the equivalent linear dynamic soil properties at the same locations. The inversion algorithm is shown to provide robust estimates of the linear and equivalent linear impedance profiles, while the attenuation structures are strongly affected by scattering effects in the near-surficial heterogeneous layers. The forward and inversely estimated equivalent linear shear wave velocity structures are found to be in very good agreement, illustrating that inversion of strong motion site response data may be used for the approximate assessment of nonlinear effects experienced by soil formations during strong motion events.
Light-dark adaptation of bacteriorhodopsin in Triton-treated purple membrane

Abstract Solubilization of purple membrane with Triton X-100 yields Triton micelles containing bacteriorhodopsin monomers. The absorption maximum of darkadapted solubilized bacteriorhodopsin is blue-shifted to 549 nm. Light adaption increases the absorbance by 4% and shifts the absorption maximum to 553 nm, i.e., the extent of light adaptation is considerably less than in intact purple membrane. Extraction of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin in Triton yields a 13- cis - to all- trans -retinal ratio of 58 : 42 which changes after light adaptation to 38 : 62. It has been shown by Sperling et al. (Sperling, W., Carl, P., Rafferty, Ch.N. and Dencher, N.A. (1977) Biophys. Struct. Mech. 3, 79–94) that light adaptation in intact purple membrane occurs through a branching of the 13- cis photoreaction cycle, so that part of the pigment during each cycle crosses over into the all- trans photoreaction cycle. We explain the decreased extent of light adaptation in solubilized bacteriorhodopsin by assuming a significant back reaction from the all- trans to the 13- cis cycle. This assumption predicts a wavelength dependence of the extent of light adaptation, which is born out by experiment.
Photoemission studies of the surface and bulk electronic structure of the Cu-Ni alloys

We report new photoemission studies on single-crystal Cu-Ni alloys in the photon energy range $6\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}21.2$ eV. The short electron escape length at 21.2 eV allows the electronic structure of the first few atomic layers (i.e., surface electronic structure) to be studied. Data are presented on the annealed and sputtered surfaces of the (100) oriented 50-at.%-Cu-50-at.%-Ni and 10-at.%-Cu-90-at.%-Ni bulk composition samples, as well as alloy surfaces of different compositions prepared by interdiffusing a sandwich structure of a thin layer of $\mathrm{Cu}(\ensuremath{\simeq}0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$ on top of a single-crystal Ni (100) substrate. A first-order model density of states was deduced for alloy surfaces of arbitrary composition. It consists of two broad peaks 2 eV apart, corresponding to contributions from the Cu and Ni. The positions of maxima are independent of surface composition or condition, but the relative peak amplitude is a function of the surface composition. At lower photon energies, the escape length increases considerably, thus allowing the electronic structure of the inner atomic layers (i.e., bulk density of states) to be studied. In addition to the Ni $d$ peak at the Fermi level, a Ni derived peak at approximately 1 eV below ${E}_{F}$ was resolved for both the 50-at.%-Cu-50-at.%-Ni and 10-at.%-Cu-90-at.%-Ni samples. The deduced models of the bulk density of states for these two compositions are in accord with theories based on the coherent-potential approximation and the average $T$-matrix approximation. High-resolution data for the 10-at.%-Cu-90-at.%-Ni sample, in the energy range $10\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}25$ eV, taken using synchrotron radiation, are also presented.
Clinical Use of Radionuclide Bone Imaging in a University Medical Center

To assess the diagnostic utility of radionuclide bone imaging, we reviewed all examinations performed during a two-year period in a university medical center. The indication(s) for each bone image and its interpretation were compared by reviewing requisition forms and medical records. Thirty-nine percent of 988 studies demonstrated relevant abnormalities. Yields of pertinent positive findings were greatest in patients with cancers of the breast (40%) and prostate (38%) and lowest in women with uterine cancer (15%), patients with previously normal bone images, and individuals with suspected but unconfirmed malignancy. Incidental findings, unrelated to the indication for imaging, occurred frequently (up to 41% of cases). We did not find a sizable number of negative studies that could readily be labeled as unnecessary, suggesting that bone imaging is generally a useful procedure as applied by physicians in this setting. ( JAMA 1982;248:439-442)