cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal effects on single-well chemical-tracer tests for measuring residual oil saturation

This paper reports on the single-well chemical-tracer (SWCT) test for measuring residual oil saturation, S{sub or}, which often involves injecting cool fluid containing a reactive tracer into a warm formation. The S{sub or} estimation with this method depends on the separation between reactant and product tracers. Because the reaction rate is temperature-dependent, accounting for the thermal effects may be necessary to obtain reliable results. Two simulator models are normally used to interpret SWCT tests. The ideal model is used for relatively homogeneous sandstone formations. The pore-diffusion model is used for heterogeneous carbonate formations. Both models have now been solved with appropriate heat-balance equations. THese nonisothermal models have been used to reinterpret several previously reported field tests. For the worst case, the estimated S{sub or} value from the nonisothermal model is 5% PV higher than that from the isothermal model. Inequality conditions have been developed that divide the parameter space of SWCT tests into two regions, depending on the location isothermal and nonisothermal models are essentially equal. The inequality conditions have been extended to include the effects of over and underburden layers and intervening shales in layered systems.
Avoiding the Limits to Growth: Gross National Happiness in Bhutan as a Model for Sustainable Development

In their 30-year update to Limits to Growth, Meadows et al. call for a vision of sustainable development that includes systemic change brought on by new perspectives on the purpose of development, new ways of measuring progress, and changes in social norms. Here, I discuss Meadows et al.’s work in the context of the literature on sustainable development and well-being as well as the development trajectory of Bhutan. I suggest that Bhutan’s development approach mirrors Meadows et al.’s recommendations and provides one model for sustainable development. The ideal of maximizing Gross National Happiness (GNH) exemplifies Bhutan’s commitment to holistic development and dovetails with arguments about the shortcomings of approaches that emphasize economic growth. I provide examples of how GNH has been put into practice, describe how happiness is being measured, and discuss the emergence of social norms and a shared Bhutanese identity that may contribute to sustainable development. Bhutan’s development success suggests that an alternative to growth-centric development is viable. However, while Bhutan’s standard of living has increased, the country faces challenges, the most important of which may be their ability to manage rising consumption levels. Importantly, other nations have begun measuring well-being and considering similar development approaches.
Paget's Disease of Bone and Previous Pet Ownership in the United States: Dogs Exonerated

Paget's disease of bone is currently believed to be the result of a paramyxovirus infection of osteoclasts. Previously reported immunohistological data have suggested that a virus resembling either the measles virus or a respiratory syncytial virus is the probable causative agent, but no organism has been isolated or definitively identified to date. A recent study reporting an increased exposure to dogs during childhood and adolescence in a small series of cases from the North West of England proposed that a canine virus, possibly distemper, might be the primarily infectious agent. To study this hypothesis further, we examined prior dog and cat ownership from childhood through adulthood in 433 cases of Paget's disease and an equal number of matched controls living in the US. We found no differences related to prior pet ownership. We conclude that past dog (or cat) ownership is not a risk factor for the development of Paget's disease.
Analysis of segmental duplications reveals a distinct pattern of continuation-of-synteny between human and mouse genomes

About 5% of the human genome consists of large-scale duplicated segments of almost identical sequences. Segmental duplications (SDs) have been proposed to be involved in non-allelic homologous recombination leading to recurrent genomic variation and disease. It has also been suggested that these SDs are associated with syntenic rearrangements that have shaped the human genome. We have analyzed 14 members of a single family of closely related SDs in the human genome, some of which are associated with common inversion polymorphisms at chromosomes 8p23 and 4p16. Comparative analysis with the mouse genome revealed syntenic inversions for these two human polymorphic loci. In addition, 12 of the 14 SDs, while absent in the mouse genome, occur at the breaks of synteny; suggesting a non-random involvement of these sequences in genome evolution. Furthermore, we observed a syntenic familial relationship between 8 and 12 breakpoint-loci, where broken synteny that ends at one family member resumes at another, even across different chromosomes. Subsequent genome-wide assessment revealed that this relationship, which we named continuation-of-synteny, is not limited to the 8p23 family and occurs 46 times in the human genome with high frequency at specific chromosomes. Our analysis supports a non-random breakage model of genomic evolution with an active involvement of segmental duplications for specific regions of the human genome.
Landscape influences on aluminium and dissolved organic carbon in streams draining the Hubbard Brook valley, New Hampshire, USA

Concentrations of both aluminium (Al) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream waters are likely to be regulated by factors that influence water flowpaths and residence times, and by the nature of the soil horizons through which waters flow. In order to investigate landscape-scale spatial patterns in streamwater Al and DOC, we sampled seven streams draining the Hubbard Brook valley in central New Hampshire. We observed considerable variation in stream chemistry both within and between headwater watersheds. Across the valley, concentrations of total monomeric aluminium (Alm) ranged from below detection limits (<0·7 µmol l−1) to 22·3 µmol l−1. In general, concentrations of Alm decreased as pH increased downslope. There was a strong relationship between organic monomeric aluminium (Alo) and DOC concentrations (R2 = 0·92). We observed the highest Alm concentrations in: (i) a watershed characterized by a steep narrow drainage basin and shallow soils and (ii) a watershed characterized by exceptionally deep forest floor soils and high concentrations of DOC. Forest floor depth and drainage area together explained much of the variation in ln Alm (R2 = 0·79; N = 45) and ln DOC (R2 = 0·87; N = 45). Linear regression models were moderately successful in predicting ln Alm and ln DOC in streams that were not included in model building. However, when back-transformed, predicted DOC concentrations were as much as 72% adrift from observed DOC concentrations and Alm concentrations were up to 51% off. This geographic approach to modelling Al and DOC is useful for general prediction, but for more detailed predictions, process-level biogeochemical models are required. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employment, Day Labor, and Shadow Work Among Homeless Assistance Clients in the United States

Due to various barriers that keep homeless people away from regular work, a considerable proportion of them resort to day labor or subsistence “work,” such as peddling and panhandling, to earn income. Using the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC) data, this study compares the personal characteristics of currently homeless and nonhomeless persons and examines how demographic characteristics, physical health and mental health problems, and substance abuse affect the employment status and income-earning approaches of homeless assistance clients. It finally provides suggestions for public assistance programs and future research.
Low-Temperature Performance Characterization of Biomodified Asphalt Mixtures That Contain Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

The sustainability movement in paving materials has led to the increased use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). New developments in this area in the recent past include the use of biomodified asphalt binders (BMBs) such as those containing bio-oils derived from swine manure. The study reported in this paper examined the low-temperature properties of RAP and virgin BMB mixtures to determine if these mixtures exhibited better low-temperature performance than conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Disk-shaped compact tension [DC(T)], Superpave® indirect tension (IDT), and acoustic emission (AE) tests were employed to characterize low-temperature properties of the asphalt mixtures. BMB mixtures exhibited higher DC(T) fracture energies than HMA at all RAP levels. In addition, BMB mixture fracture energy displayed a reduced dependence on RAP content. The difference in average fracture energy between BMB and HMA mixtures increased with higher RAP contents. Furthermore, BMB mixtures displayed consistently higher c...
IAM: an RDBMS implementation architecture for microcomputers

An RDBMs (relational database management system) implementation architecture for microcomputers (named IAM) is introduced. IAM provides data independence, data integrity, data consistency, system security, and user privacy. It treats each domain as an independent entity and supports a domain structure which leads to data preservation. The security mechanism is discussed along with the IAM header. >
The Ethics of Cesarean Section by Choice

In responding to patient requests for cesarean section, physicians must consider ethical principles. Obstetricians have autonomy and beneficence-based obligations to the mother, and the mother and the obstetrician have beneficence-based obligations to the fetus. Maternal autonomy is usually accepted as the most compelling ethical canon. However, the physician has a right to refuse requests. Thus, when a patient requests surgery, the physician may attempt to dissuade her and failing that either acquiesce or, feeling that professional conscience would not allow him/her to honor that request, refuse. Which choice is made should reflect the provider's believe about the strength of the supporting data. Given the need to recognize patient autonomy, to respect patient values even as one tries to motivate patients to work toward the highest health values, and to acknowledge women's primacy as fetal champions, a physician should be loathe to refuse unless the data regarding cesarean section by choice are wholly tilted away from maternal-child interests. If the data are in the realm of equipoise, even if not at the tipping point, discussing options, attempting to dissuade patients but ultimately acquiescing to their judgment would not be incompatible with obstetrical ethics.
Temporal causal modeling with graphical granger methods

The need for mining causality, beyond mere statistical correlations, for real world problems has been recognized widely. Many of these applications naturally involve temporal data, which raises the challenge of how best to leverage the temporal information for causal modeling. Recently graphical modeling with the concept of "Granger causality", based on the intuition that a cause helps predict its effects in the future, has gained attention in many domains involving time series data analysis. With the surge of interest in model selection methodologies for regression, such as the Lasso, as practical alternatives to solving structural learning of graphical models, the question arises whether and how to combine these two notions into a practically viable approach for temporal causal modeling. In this paper, we examine a host of related algorithms that, loosely speaking, fall under the category of graphical Granger methods, and characterize their relative performance from multiple viewpoints. Our experiments show, for instance, that the Lasso algorithm exhibits consistent gain over the canonical pairwise graphical Granger method. We also characterize conditions under which these variants of graphical Granger methods perform well in comparison to other benchmark methods. Finally, we apply these methods to a real world data set involving key performance indicators of corporations, and present some concrete results.
Automated Image Registration (AIR) of MTI Imagery

This paper describes an algorithm for the registration of imagery collected by the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI). The Automated Image Registration (AIR) algorithm is entirely image-based and is implemented in an automated fashion, which avoids any requirement for human interaction. The AIR method differs from the 'direct georeferencing' method used to create our standard coregistered product since explicit information about the satellite's trajectory and the sensor geometry are not required. The AIR method makes use of a maximum cross-correlation (MCC) algorithm, which is applied locally about numerous points within any two images being compared. The MCC method is used to determine the row and column translations required to register the bands of imagery collected by a single SCA (band-to-band registration), and the raw and column translations required to regisler the imagery collected by the three SCAs for any individual band (SCA-to-SCA registration). Of particular note is the use of reciprocity and a weighted least squares approach to obtaining the band-to-band registration shifts. Reciprocity is enforced by using the MCC method to determine the row and column translations between all pair-wise combinations of bands. This information is then used in a weighted least squares approach to determine the optimum shift values between an arbitrarily selected reference band and the other 15 bands. The individual steps of the AIR methodology, and the results of registering MTI imagery through use of this algorithm, are described.
Electrical properties of Ru-based alloy gate electrodes for dual metal gate Si-CMOS

In this letter, low resistivity Ru and Ru-Ta alloy films, deposited via reactive sputtering, were evaluated as gate electrodes for p- and n-MOSFET devices, respectively. MOSFETs fabricated via a conventional process flow indicated that the work functions of Ru and Ru-Ta alloys were compatible with p- and n-MOSFET devices, respectively. Both of the metal gated devices eliminated gate depletion effects. Good MOSFET characteristics, such as I/sub DS/-V/sub GS/ and mobility, were obtained for both Ru-gated PMOSFETs and Ru-Ta gated NMOSFETs.
Geographic Variation of Caste Structure among Ant Populations

Morphologically distinct worker castes of eusocial insects specialize in different tasks. The relative proportions of these castes and their body sizes represent the demography of a colony that is predicted to vary adaptively with environments. Despite strong theoretical foundations, there has been little empirical evidence for the evolution of colony demography in nature. We show that geographically distinct populations of the ant Pheidole morrisi differ in worker caste ratios and worker body sizes in a manner consistent with microevolutionary divergence. We further show that the developmental mechanism for caste determination accounts for the unique pattern of covariation observed in these two traits. Behavioral data reveal that the frequency of different tasks performed by workers changes in a caste-specific manner when caste ratios are altered and demonstrate the importance of the major caste in colony defense. The population-level variation documented here for P. morrisi colonies supports the predictions of adaptive demography theory and illustrates that developmental mechanisms can play a significant role in shaping the evolution of phenotype at the colony level.
Communication and Motivation in a Police Department

Based on the premise that sufficient information flow is critical to the effective performance of the police task, it was hypothesized that officers who are dissatisfied with the transmittal of information on the job will also be dissatisfied with their jobs in general. The empirical test used data gathered from more than 1000 police officers in a large southwestern police department in 1973. The results of the test indicate that the association between job satisfaction and communication satisfaction is not nearly as strong as was hypothesized.
High-resolution haplotype block structure in the cattle genome

The Bovine HapMap Consortium has generated assay panels to genotype ~30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 501 animals sampled from 19 worldwide taurine and indicine breeds, plus two outgroup species (Anoa and Water Buffalo). Within the larger set of SNPs we targeted 101 high density regions spanning up to 7.6 Mb with an average density of approximately one SNP per 4 kb, and characterized the linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype block structure within individual breeds and groups of breeds in relation to their geographic origin and use. From the 101 targeted high-density regions on bovine chromosomes 6, 14, and 25, between 57 and 95% of the SNPs were informative in the individual breeds. The regions of high LD extend up to ~100 kb and the size of haplotype blocks ranges between 30 bases and 75 kb (10.3 kb average). On the scale from 1–100 kb the extent of LD and haplotype block structure in cattle has high similarity to humans. The estimation of effective population sizes over the previous 10,000 generations conforms to two main events in cattle history: the initiation of cattle domestication (~12,000 years ago), and the intensification of population isolation and current population bottleneck that breeds have experienced worldwide within the last ~700 years. Haplotype block density correlation, block boundary discordances, and haplotype sharing analyses were consistent in revealing unexpected similarities between some beef and dairy breeds, making them non-differentiable. Clustering techniques permitted grouping of breeds into different clades given their similarities and dissimilarities in genetic structure. This work presents the first high-resolution analysis of haplotype block structure in worldwide cattle samples. Several novel results were obtained. First, cattle and human share a high similarity in LD and haplotype block structure on the scale of 1–100 kb. Second, unexpected similarities in haplotype block structure between dairy and beef breeds make them non-differentiable. Finally, our findings suggest that ~30,000 uniformly distributed SNPs would be necessary to construct a complete genome LD map in Bos taurus breeds, and ~580,000 SNPs would be necessary to characterize the haplotype block structure across the complete cattle genome.
Discrete-Time Dithering Technique for Designing Time-Varying Signal Adapted Filter Banks

This paper describes the use of sinusoidal dithers in a lattice filter bank structure to create a time-varying paraunitary filter bank that approximates and tracks in near real-time the ideal principal component filter bank corresponding to a nonstationary random input process. The sinusoidal dithers are used to estimate the gradient of a cost function which is minimized using non-linear minimization techniques.
Understanding and Reversing Underachievement, Low Achievement, and Achievement Gaps among High-Ability African American Males in Urban School Contexts.

This article focuses on the achievement gap, with attention devoted to underachievement and low achievement among African American males in urban school contexts. More specifically, the article explains problems and issues facing or confronting these Black male students in urban education settings. A central part of this discussion is grounded in the achievement gap literature on Black students in general and implications for Black males in particular. Another fundamental aspect of this discussion is the need for urban educators to adopt a social justice or civil rights approach to their work, which means an equity-based and culturally responsive approach in philosophy and action. Suggestions for closing the achievement gap and otherwise improving the achievement of gifted, high-achieving, and high potential African American males are provided to urban education educators and families.
Network Symmetry and Binocular Rivalry Experiments

Hugh Wilson has proposed a class of models that treat higher-level decision making as a competition between patterns coded as levels of a set of attributes in an appropriately defined network (Cortical Mechanisms of Vision, pp. 399–417, 2009; The Constitution of Visual Consciousness: Lessons from Binocular Rivalry, pp. 281–304, 2013). In this paper, we propose that symmetry-breaking Hopf bifurcation from fusion states in suitably modified Wilson networks, which we call rivalry networks, can be used in an algorithmic way to explain the surprising percepts that have been observed in a number of binocular rivalry experiments. These rivalry networks modify and extend Wilson networks by permitting different kinds of attributes and different types of coupling. We apply this algorithm to psychophysics experiments discussed by Kovacs et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:15508–15511, 1996), Shevell and Hong (Vis. Neurosci. 23:561–566, 2006; Vis. Neurosci. 25:355–360, 2008), and Suzuki and Grabowecky (Neuron 36:143–157, 2002). We also analyze an experiment with four colored dots (a simplified version of a 24-dot experiment performed by Kovacs), and a three-dot analog of the four-dot experiment. Our algorithm predicts surprising differences between the three- and four-dot experiments.
Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica: Técnica y resultados

The indication of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has evolved considerably, and the technique is approaching established status at our institution. Over the past 5 years, the senior author has performed more than 450 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies at the Cleveland Clinic. Herein we present our current technique, review contemporary data and oncological outcomes of LPN.
Early-Release Policies In Florida And New York: Comparing Determinate And Indeterminate Sentencing Systems*

The theoretical shortcomings of indeterminate sentencing have been well documented, but less attention has been paid to the theoretical flaws of determinate sentencing. If both sentencing models are premised on faulty theory, is either preferable in practice? This essay examines this question from the perspective of one of the most pressing issues facing policymakers today: limiting the growth of prison populations. Using data from Florida, a determinate sentencing state, and New York, an indeterminate sentencing state, the essay discusses the political and economic issues underlying the growth of prison and parole officials' sentencing discretion.
Effects of noun phrase type on sentence complexity

A series of self-paced reading time experiments was performed to assess how characteristics of noun phrases (NPs) contribute to the difference in processing difficulty between object- and subject-extracted relative clauses. Structural semantic characteristics of the NP in the embedded clause (definite vs. indefinite and definite vs. generic) did not influence the magnitude of the processing difficulty even though corpus analysis showed a strong association between these NP classes and type of relative clause. Richness of lexical semantic content in a descriptive NP also had no influence on processing difficulty. However, the difference in processing difficulty was significantly reduced when a quantified pronoun appeared as the NP in the embedded clause. Together with previous findings, these results support the conclusion that NPs with common nouns differ in representational similarity from NPs consisting of proper names and pronouns, and that similarity in the memory representation of NPs contributes to the difficulty of processing syntactically complex sentences.
Assessment of Brain Function in Clinical Pediatric Research: Behavioral and Biological Strategies

Psychobiological research in child psychiatry requires rigorous assessment of behavior and multiple perspectives on brain function through neurochemical, neuroendocrine, psychophysiological, and other advanced methods. The serious neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, such as autism, attention deficit disorder, and language disorders, can be studied in complementary clinical protocols aimed at explicating patterns of behavioral and metabolic dysfunction which characterize various clinical syndromes. Clinical research with children raises sensitive ethical issues; the ethical problems can be addressed when children and families are active collaborators with the investigators and a long-term relationship is established. In this setting, participation in research can facilitate better treatment for a child. The use of novel biological strategies, such as pharmacological challenge tests, permits evaluation of the relation of specific neuronal systems to behavioral dimensions in clinical disorders. The development of a new treatment for Tourette's syndrome illustrates the integration of basic and clinical research methods.
A survey of the status of nuclear cross section data for criticality safety

Assurance of nuclear criticality safety is necessary to cultivate public acceptance of nuclear technology and nuclear power. Accurate nuclear data are needed in order to support the analytical studies required to achieve this goal. In the United States, the Nuclear Data Advisory Group (NDAG) is a multi-laboratory collaboration that has been organized by the US Department of Energy to accomplish this task. NDAG maintains an updated list of materials that are considered important for investigations of nuclear criticality safety. An independent survey of the current status of existing nuclear reaction data pertaining to these listed materials has been made with a particular emphasis on neutron cross sections. The results from this investigation are reported in this contribution.
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10-mediated cleavage and shedding regulates the cell surface expression of CXC chemokine ligand 16

CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)16 and scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low-density lipoprotein were independently identified as a chemokine and a scavenger receptor, respectively, but have since been shown to be identical. CXCL16 is synthesized as a transmembrane protein with its chemokine domain at the end of a mucin-rich stalk. When expressed at the cell surface, CXCL16 functions as a scavenger receptor, binding and internalizing oxidized low-density lipoprotein and bacteria. As a soluble form, CXCL16 is a chemoattractant for activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells through binding its receptor, CXCR6. In this study, we examined the mechanisms that regulate the conversion between these two functionally distinct forms of CXCL16. We demonstrate that murine CXCL16 is synthesized as an intracellular precursor that is rapidly transported to the cell surface where it undergoes metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage, causing the release of a fragment that constitutes the majority of the CXCL16 extracellular domain. Using a novel retroviral system for the generation of short interfering RNAs, we show that knockdown of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family protease ADAM10 decreases this constitutive shedding of CXCL16. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of ADAM10 increases CXCL16 shedding, whereas overexpression of a dominant-negative form of ADAM10 lowers shedding of CXCL16 in a similar manner to short interfering RNAs. Through the modulation of ADAM10 function, we demonstrate that ADAM10-mediated constitutive shedding is a key regulator of CXCL16 cell surface expression. The identification of ADAM10 as a major protease responsible for the conversion of CXCL16 from a membrane-bound scavenger receptor to a soluble chemoattractant will provide new information for understanding the physiological function of this molecule.
Experimente mit fehlertoleranten Prozeßsystemen im lokalen Mehrrechnersystem R+DS

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Experiment-System zur Erprobung von Konzepten fur fehlertolerante Software vorgestellt. Das System basiert auf einem existierenden Mehrrechnersystem, von dem die Rechenanlage und das Programmsystem, insbesondere das Betriebs- und das Kommunikationssystem, kurz beschrieben werden. Die Systemerweiterungen umfassen verteilte Verwaltersysteme fur die Prozes-, Datei- und Verbindungsverwaltung. Aus deren Implementierung werden einige Daten und Erfahrungen berichtet.
The impacts of professional learning communities on science teachers’ knowledge, practice and student learning: a review

The purpose of this article is to provide a review of empirical studies investigating the impact of professional learning communities (PLCs) on science teachers’ practices and knowledge. Across 14 articles that satisfied the definition we embraced, most were devoted to the change in science teaching practices, disciplinary content knowledge (DCK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of K–12 science teachers. Although a small number of studies have implicit focus on comparing measures of student learning, we set out to examine the studies in science education and present how teachers engaged in PLCs focusing on examining and exploring strategies to promote student learning. Analysis of the related studies resulted in the following: PLCs can help teachers increase their PCK and DCK; increases in PCK and DCK may facilitate the change in teacher practices from traditional into more inquiry-based approaches; science teachers collaboratively focusing on student learning in PLCs are more likely to change thei...
Restriction modification system analysis and development of in vivo methylation for the transformation of Clostridium cellulovorans

Clostridium cellulovorans, a cellulolytic bacterium producing butyric and acetic acids as main fermentation products, is a promising host for biofuel production from cellulose. However, the transformation method of C. cellulovorans was not available, hindering its genetic engineering. To overcome this problem, its restriction modification (RM) systems were analyzed and a novel in vivo methylation was established for its successful transformation in the present study. Specifically, two RM systems, Cce743I and Cce743II, were determined. R. Cce743I has the same specificity as LlaJI, recognizing 5'-GACGC-3' and 5'-GCGTC-3', while M. Cce743I methylates the external cytosine in the strand (5'-GACG(m)C-3'). R. Cce743II, has the same specificity as LlaI, recognizing 5'-CCAGG-3' and 5'-CCTGG-3', while M. Cce743II methylates the external cytosine of both strands. An in vivo methylation system, expressing M. Cce743I and M. Cce743II from C. cellulovorans in Escherichia coli, was then established to protect plasmids used in electrotransformation. Transformants expressing an aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE2), which converted butyryl-CoA to n-butanol and acetyl-CoA to ethanol, were obtained. For the first time, an effective transformation method was developed for metabolic engineering of C. cellulovorans for biofuel production directly from cellulose.
Association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group

Abstract Background. Adverse cardiac events are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. It is necessary to determine the predictors of these outcomes in order to focus efforts on prevention and treatment. Patients undergoing noncardiac surgery sometimes have postoperative cardiac events. It would be helpful to know which patients are at highest risk. Methods. We prospectively studied 474 men with coronary artery disease (243) or at high risk for it (231) who were undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. We gathered historical, clinical, laboratory, and physiologic data during hospitalization and for 6 to 24 months after surgery. Myocardial ischemia was assessed by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, beginning two days before surgery and continuing for two days after. Results. Eighty-three patients (18 percent) had postoperative cardiac events in the hospital that were classified as ischemic events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina) (15 patients), c...
Commentary: Further Points for Dialogue on the Death Penalty, the Church, and Our Profession

The invitation to dialogue on the subject of the death penalty is both important for our time and challenging in what it calls forth from us. It forces us to recognize both the fundamental privacy of individual intention and the potential breadth of its reach. It can deepen our sense of responsibility for what happens to others on our account, even in the apparent absence of intention. The astonishing power of the spoken word should be harnessed by cooperative dialogue to focus its consequences more sharply on the demands of justice. We need dialogue to attend faithfully to our deepest obligations and longings.
Two-phase heat and mass transfer of phase change materials in thermal management systems

Abstract This paper experimentally and numerically studies the solid–liquid heat transfer mechanism of octadecane which is a phase change material (PCM) with the melting temperature of 28 °C in thermal management systems. This study finds that the convective heat transfer driven by the buoyancy force could be dominant during the melting of pure PCM: the time to melt 30 mm of PCM decreases from 453 min to 13 min when the heating direction changes from downwards to upwards. The use of porous materials such as metal foams (made from Cu, Al or C) with various porosities and pore sizes in the thermal management system significantly increases the overall heat transfer rate due to the increase of effective conductivity. The amount of heat absorption within 60 min significantly increases from 105.6 kJ to 248.9 kJ after using the Al foam with 0.97 porosity. Further decreasing the porosity to 0.925 and 0.88, however, will decrease the amount of absorbed heat to 230.7 kJ and 179.7 kJ because of the decrease of natural convection and the decrease of overall heat capacity. Considering the increase of weight and cost of the thermal management system by using porous materials, the Al foam (compared with C and Cu foams) with the porosity of 0.97 (compared with 0.88 and 0.925) and the pore size of 5.08 mm (compared with 0.64 mm, 1.27 mm, 2.54 mm) is preferred within the porous materials investigated by this study.
On Training and Elaborating the Ability in Mental Health Education of PE Teachers in Higher Vocational Colleges

PE teachers' ability in mental health education has an indispensable effect on improving students' mental health.This essay dicusses training the ability in mental health education and elaborating its effect of PE Teachers in higher vocational colleges.
The Later Years of Franco Modigliani

The Later Years of Franco Modigliani Following his most productive years at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Modigliani moved to one of the other two prestigious institutes of technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), to which he moved in 1960. He was to remain there for the rest of his career. At MIT, he continued his work on the business cycle, rational expectations, personal finance, and the financial valuation of firms that he had first addressed with Merton Miller. There, Modigliani also remained very innovative and open to new research techniques. Early in the introduction of computational methods to finance, Modigliani helped develop some of the first large-scale econometric models of the United States economy. These tools were continued by the National Bureau of Economic Research and the United States Federal Reserve. Modigliani resided at MIT when he heard he had won the Nobel Prize in Economics Sciences.
A Case Study of the Progressive Era Librarian Edith Guerrier: The Public Library, Social Reform, ‘New Women’, and Urban Immigrant Girls

This paper investigates the intertwined evolution of librarianship and social welfare work during the Progressive Era (1900–1920) via a case study of the librarian Edith Guerrier (1870–1958). From ...
Testing a Videogame Intervention to Recalibrate Physician Heuristics in Trauma Triage: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Between 30 and 40 % of patients with severe injuries receive treatment at non-trauma centers (under-triage), largely because of physician decision making. Existing interventions to improve triage by physicians ignore the role that intuition (heuristics) plays in these decisions. One such heuristic is to form an initial impression based on representativeness (how typical does a patient appear of one with severe injuries). We created a video game (Night Shift) to recalibrate physician’s representativeness heuristic in trauma triage. We developed Night Shift in collaboration with emergency medicine physicians, trauma surgeons, behavioral scientists, and game designers. Players take on the persona of Andy Jordan, an emergency medicine physician, who accepts a new job in a small town. Through a series of cases that go awry, they gain experience with the contextual cues that distinguish patients with minor and severe injuries (based on the theory of analogical encoding) and receive emotionally-laden feedback on their performance (based on the theory of narrative engagement). The planned study will compare the effect of Night Shift with that of an educational program on physician triage decisions and on physician heuristics. Psychological theory predicts that cognitive load increases reliance on heuristics, thereby increasing the under-triage rate when heuristics are poorly calibrated. We will randomize physicians (n = 366) either to play the game or to review an educational program, and will assess performance using a validated virtual simulation. The validated simulation includes both control and cognitive load conditions. We will compare rates of under-triage after exposure to the two interventions (primary outcome) and will compare the effect of cognitive load on physicians’ under-triage rates (secondary outcome). We hypothesize that: a) physicians exposed to Night Shift will have lower rates of under-triage compared to those exposed to the educational program, and b) cognitive load will not degrade triage performance among physicians exposed to Night Shift as much as it will among those exposed to the educational program. Serious games offer a new approach to the problem of poorly-calibrated heuristics in trauma triage. The results of this trial will contribute to the understanding of physician quality improvement and the efficacy of video games as behavioral interventions. clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02857348 ; August 2, 2016.
Doctor Faustus in the twenty-first century

In the medieval legend, Doctor Faustus strikes a dark deal with the devil; he obtains vast powers for a limited time in exchange for a priceless possession, his eternal soul. The cautionary tale, perhaps more than ever, provides a provocative lens for examining humankind’s condition, notably its indefatigable faith in knowledge and technology and its predilection toward misusing both. A variety of important questions are raised in this meditation including What is the nature of knowledge today and how does it differ from knowledge in prior times? What is its relation to technology and power? What paths are we heading along and which alternative ones are being avoided? Not insignificantly, we also raise the issue of civic ignorance, including that which is intentionally cultivated and that which is simply a lack of knowledge. We also consider the identity of Doctor Faustus in the twenty-first century and in a more material world like ours, what is the soul that he would lose in the bargain, and what damage might be done to Faustus and to innocent bystanders. Finally since people don’t always live up to the terms of agreements they make, what, if anything, could Faustus do to wriggle out of the bargain, to avoid the loss of his all-important soul. Our response is not to disavow knowledge (as the implicit “lesson” of the original myth might suggest) but to shift to another approach to knowledge that is more collective and more responsive to actual needs of our era. This approach which we call civic intelligence is considered as a way to avoid the possible catastrophes that the Faustian bargain we’ve seemingly struck is likely to bring.
Baseline Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Untreated Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients.

BACKGROUND: Lymphoma treatment with alkylating agents and steroids can cause premature osteoporosis, increasing the risk of vertebral and hip fracture. Mechanisms of bone loss may include local microenvironment lymphoma-related cytokine activity, steroid-mediated bone loss, and hypogonadism from chemotherapy. The bisphosphonate pamidronate every three months has been found to reduce bone loss and the risk of new vertebral fractures in lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy; however, the more potent bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, has not been evaluated in this patient population. We are conducting a randomized study of zoledronic acid in untreated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients to study chemotherapy induced bone loss and improve NHL survivorship. While this trial is still accruing patients, we report the abnormal baseline bone mineral density (BMD) and endocrine characteristics found in patients screened for this study. METHODS: We report the preliminary baseline endocrine characteristics for this ongoing bone health research study. Untreated NHL patients were screened for BMD and endocrine studies including vitamin D levels, testosterone, and bone turnover markers. Patients on the study were stratified as male, female (pre-menopausal), and female (post-menopausal). Exclusion criteria included bone fractures, BMD T-scores worse than −2.0, creatinine clearance less than 60 mL/min, dental problems, and prior steroid or bisphosphonate use. Patients accrued to the study are randomized to receive either: 1) oral calcium and vitamin D (Ca+D) or 2) Ca+D and 4 mg zoledronic acid IV at baseline and at 6 months. RESULTS: Patient characteristics included: 49 male, 35 female (10 pre-menopausal), median age 61 (range: 18–87). Of 84 patients screened for BMD to date, patients had the following abnormalities: 12/84 (14%) had osteoporosis and 47/84 (56%) had osteopenia or osteoporosis. Of 20 patients who consented to the trial and who were evaluated with additional studies, 10 were excluded due to the following: 3/20 hypovitaminosis D, 1/20 with prior steroid use, 1/20 low testosterone, 1/20 prior HRT, 1/20 with bone disease, 2/20 required dental extractions, and 1/20 treatment changed to chemotherapy without steroids. Patients with osteoporosis or T score worse than −2.0 were evaluated by their primary oncologist for treatment with bisphosphonates. Patients with other abnormal studies were further evaluated and treated by specialists in endocrinology and dentistry. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline testing of BMD and endocrine studies revealed osteopenia or osteoporosis in 56% of untreated NHL patients. Hypovitaminosis D or low testosterone was found in a smaller number of tested patients. While these patients were excluded from the remainder of the study and referred for further evaluation, patients should benefit from having these underlying problems addressed. Our ongoing clinical trial will address the potential role of zoledronic acid in preserving bone density for survivors of NHL. This trial was funded by Novartis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00352846.
How I treat central venous access device–related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis

Central venous access device (CVAD)-related thrombosis (CRT) is a common complication among patients requiring central venous access as part of their medical care. Complications of CRT include pulmonary embolism, recurrent deep venous thrombosis, loss of central venous access, and postthrombotic syndrome. Patient-, device-, and treatment-related factors can influence the risk of CRT. Despite numerous randomized controlled trials, the clinical benefit of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis for the prevention of CRT remains to be established. Therefore, minimizing patient exposure to known risk factors is the best available approach to prevent CRT. Venous duplex is recommended for the diagnosis of CRT. Anticoagulation for at least 3 months or the duration of the indwelling CVAD is recommended for treatment of CRT. Thrombolysis should be considered for patients at low risk for bleeding who have limb-threatening thrombosis or whose symptoms fail to resolve with adequate anticoagulation. CVAD removal should be consider for patients with bacteremia, persistent symptoms despite anticoagulation, and if the CVAD is no longer needed. Superior vena cava filters should be avoided. Prospective studies are needed to define the optimal management of patients with or at risk for CRT.
Fabrication of all-glass toroidal microresonators for photothermal imaging

The fabrication of all-glass toroidal microresonators and their demonstration as a powerful platform for ultra-sensitive photothermal imaging and spectroscopy is described.
The emerging trend of non-operative treatment in paediatric type I open forearm fractures

AbstractPurposeOpen fractures are considered an orthopaedic emergency and are generally an indication for operative debridement. Recent studies have questioned this approach for the management of Gustilo-Anderson Type I open fractures in the paediatric population. This meta-analysis studies the non-operative management of Type I open paediatric forearm fractures.MethodsAn Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed database literature search was performed for studies that involved a quantified number of Gustilo-Anderson Type I open forearm fractures in the paediatric population, which were treated without operative intervention. A fixed-effect meta-analysis, weighting each study based on the number of patients, and a pooled estimate of infection risk (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) was performed.ResultsThe search results yielded five studies that were eligible for inclusion. No included patients had operative debridement and all were treated with antibiotics. The number of patients in each study ranged from 3 to 45, with...
Refugee Trauma: Culturally Responsive Counseling Interventions

This article presents the Multiphase Model of Psychotherapy, Counseling, Social Justice, and Human Rights as a culturally responsive intervention model for working with refugee trauma. The model specifically addresses unique challenges in working with refugees with trauma, taking into account premigration displacement and postmigration adjustment and adaptation brought about by the increased number of global refugees with high rates of posttraumatic stress and psychopathology due to war and conflict.