cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Distal Loop Controls Product Release and Chemo- and Regioselectivity in Cytochrome P450 Decarboxylases

Cytochrome P450 OleT utilizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to catalyze the decarboxylation or hydroxylation of fatty acid (FA) substrates. Both reactions are initiated through the abstraction of a substrate hydrogen atom by the high-valent iron–oxo intermediate known as Compound I. Here, we specifically probe the influence of substrate coordination on OleT reaction partitioning through the combined use of fluorescent and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active FA probes and mutagenesis of a structurally disordered F–G loop that is distal from the heme-iron active site. Both probes are efficiently metabolized by OleT and efficiently trigger the formation of Compound I. Transient fluorescence and EPR reveal a slow product release step, mediated by the F–G loop, that limits OleT turnover. A single-amino acid change or excision of the loop reveals that this region establishes critical interactions to anchor FA substrates in place. The stabilization afforded by the F–G loop is essential for regulating regiosp...
Percutaneous penetration kinetics of nitroglycerin and its dinitrate metabolites across hairless mouse skin in vitro.

The percutaneous penetration kinetics of the antianginal, nitroglycerin (GTN), and its primary metabolites, 1,2- and 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate (1,2- and 1,3-GDN), were evaluated in vitro, using full-thickness hairless mouse skin. GTN and the 1,2- and 1,3-GDNs were applied (a) in aqueous solution as pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and (b) incorporated into lipophilic ointment formulations. The cutaneous transformation of GTN to its dinitrate metabolites was detected, but no interconversion between 1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN was observed. Following application of the nitrates in PBS solution, all three compounds exhibited steady-state transport kinetics. The steady-state flux of GTN (8.9 ± 1.5 nmol cm−2 hr−1) was significantly greater (P 0.05). Further analysis of the transport data showed that the differences between GTN and the GDNs could be explained by the relative stratum corneum/water partition coefficient (K s) values of the compounds. The apparent partition parameters, defined as κ = K s · h [where h is the diffusion path length through stratum corneum (SC)] were 19.8 ± 2.5 × 10−2 cm for GTN and 1.91 ± 1.07 × 10−2 and 1.81 ± 0.91 × 10−2 cm for 1,2- and 1,3-GDN, respectively. However, when the nitrates were administered in an ointment base, the apparent partition parameter (κ') and permeability coefficient (ρ') of GTN markedly decreased, to 2.51 ± 0.75 × 10−2 cm and 1.6 ± 0.3 × 10−3 cm hr−1, respectively. In contrast, the κ' and ρ' results for 1,2- and 1,3-GDN were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the corresponding κ and ρ values, which were measured following dosing as aqueous solutions. As a result, the steady-state fluxes of all three nitrates from the ointment formulation were comparable (GTN, 154 ± 28 nmol cm−2 hr−1; 1,2-GDN, 162 ± 22 nmol cm−2 hr−1; 1,3-GDN, 162 ± 34 nmol cm−2 hr−1). It follows that the dinitrates can be as efficiently delivered across the skin as GTN when a suitable formulation is employed. This finding may support transdermal therapy using 1,2- or 1,3-GDN if, indeed, they are found to be pharmacologically effective.
Is There a Link Between Hispanics and First-Generation College Students? The Importance of Exposure to a College-Going Tradition

It is well documented that Hispanics have some of the lowest earnings and highest poverty rates of any group in the US. Increasing their college graduation rate is perhaps the most obvious way to foster and accelerate the pace of their economic mobility. At the same time, this is a very challenging public policy goal, partly because such a small percentage of Hispanics presently have a 4-year college degree. Currently, 13% of all Hispanics 25 years and older have graduated from college, compared to 33% of non-Hispanic whites. Not only is scale an issue, but policies must also overcome the paradox that college graduates generally come from college-educated households. According to this view, “first-generation” college students—the first in their family to go to college—are different from their socioeconomic and college-going peers in a multitude of ways and will, therefore, have differential educational outcomes. The descriptive analysis in this chapter reveals that first-generation college students of all ethnic backgrounds have lower 4-year completion rates and are also more likely to enroll in community colleges than in 4-year colleges. Such findings are not surprising considering that a multitude of family background factors, such as the emphasis given to learning, have a strong, but difficult to measure, impact on educational outcomes. The analysis shows that Hispanic college students stand out as being primarily first-generation college students—65% of all Hispanics—even when compared to blacks (50%). The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the programs designed to overcome the challenges facing first-generation college students, and hence the issues that simultaneously affect Hispanic college students.
The effects of taurine and biogenetically related sulfur-containing compounds on the metabolism of and hypothermia by ethanol in the rat.

Two main metabolic pathways have been described for the biosynthesis of taurine in mammals: the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, entailing the formation of cysteine sulfinic acid from cysteine, followed by conversion of cysteine sulfinic acid to hypotaurine; and the cysteamine pathway, where cysteine is sequentially metabolized to phosphopantothenyl cysteine, cysteamine and hypotaurine7,19. In turn, hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to taurine which, ultimately, is reported to undergo a very limited conversion to isethionic acid in certain organs3,20. An alternate minor pathway to taurine may occur through the intermediate formation of cysteic acid from cysteine sulfinic acid3,13,23.
A Latent Class Pattern Recognition and Data Quality Assessment of Non-Commute Long-Distance Travel in California:

This study analyzes 8-week long-distance travel records from the California Household Travel Survey for completeness and identifies general types of non-commute long-distance tours using Latent Cla...
Nonmarket Strategy in Egypt

With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the world’s fourteenth most populous country (World Bank 2016b). President Hosni Mubarak ruled the nation from 1981 until December 2010, when a broad political uprising known as the Arab Spring commenced, followed by an Egyptian revolution in January 2011. Mubarak stepped down the following month and was replaced by Mohamed Morsi until he was ousted in July 2013. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi replaced Morsi as de facto president and was formally elected in 2014. Hence, the political stability associated with the Mubarak regime during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s has been replaced with a blend of turmoil, uncertainty, and cautious optimism during the 2010s.
Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species.

Treinta y una especies de Argia son registradas de Ecuador, de las cuales dos, A. huanacina Forster y A. jocosa Hagen, constituyen nuevos registros para el pais, y cinco son nuevas para la ciencia y son descriptas aqui: Argia acridens n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Manabi, 79 km al oeste de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 0°20' S, 79°46' O, 260 m, 7 Mayo 1975, Paul J. Spangler et al. leg., en USNM), Argia cuspidata n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas: 19 km al este de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 0°18'49'' S, 79°1'44'' O, 740 m, 7 Mayo 1975, A. Langley & J. Cohen leg., en USNM), A. philipi n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: BOLIVIA, Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Chapare: arroyo 5 km al sur de Villa Tunari, mediodia, 16°59'49" S, 65°24'28" O, 350 m, 4 Noviembre 2001, Jerrell J. Daigle leg., en FSCA), Argia selysi n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Napo: Jatun Yacu, Cuenca del Rio Napo, 1°1' S, 77°50' O, 700 m, 18 Abril 1935, William Clarke-Macintyre leg., en UMMZ) y A. tennesseni n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Orellana: arroyo 8.5 km al este de Loreto, 0°37' 6" S, 77°17' 42" O, 360 m, 14 Septiembre 1997, Kenneth J. Tennessen leg., en FSCA). Las nuevas especies son ilustradas y diagnosticadas de sus congeneres, y sus areas de distribucion conocidas son mapeadas. Para ayudar en su identificacion, se proveen tambien ilustraciones y /o mapas de distribucion de especies relacionadas, incluyendo a: A. adamsi Calvert, A. difficilis Selys, A. dives Forster, A. huanacina Forster, A. fulgida Navas, A. infrequentula Fraser, A. jocosa Hagen en Selys, A. joergenseni Ris, A. limitata Navas, A. medullaris Selys, A. orichalcea Hagen en Selys y A. ulmeca Calvert. Argia columbiana Navas y A. rectangula Navas son tratadas como sinonimos junior subjetivos de Argia medullaris Selys. Se proporciona una clave para las ocho especies conocidas metalicas rojas de Argia de America del Sur.
Notch signaling inhibition protects against LPS mediated osteolysis.

Abstract Chronic inflammatory responses have profound effects on the differentiation and activity of both the bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Importantly, inflammatory bone diseases characterized by clinical osteolysis promote bone resorption and decrease bone formation by uncoupling the process in favor of excess resorption. Notch signaling regulates osteoclast development and thus its manipulation has the potential to suppress resorptive potential. Here, we have utilized a genetic model of Notch inhibition in osteoclasts by expression of dnMAML to prevent formation of transcriptional complex essential for downstream Notch signaling. Using this model and LPS as a tool for experimental inflammatory osteolysis, we have demonstrated that dnMAML-expressing osteoclasts exhibited significantly lower maturation and resorption/functional potential ex vivo using TRAP staining and calcium phosphate coated surfaces. Moreover, we observed that while LPS stimulated the formation of wildtype osteoclasts pre-treated with RANKL, dnMAML expression produced resistance to osteoclast maturation after LPS stimulation. Genetically, Notch-inhibited animals showed a significantly lower TRAP and CTX-1 levels in serum after LPS treatment compared to the control groups in addition to a marked reduction in osteoclast surfaces in calvaria sections. This report provides evidence for modulation of Notch signaling activity to protect against inflammatory osteolysis. Taken together, the findings of this study will help guide the development of Notch signaling-based therapeutic approaches to prevent bone loss.
Electric Power-Assisted Steering: A Review

For safe operation of a vehicle, the driver must be able to maintain absolute control of the vehicle’s serious operating dynamics. To achieve this, extensively power steering systems have been employed today. This has been as a result of the increase in the front axle loads of vehicles, making it require more power to turn its wheels. In addition, there is a need for vehicles with more responsive steering properties. As a result, the quest for higher efficiency of the system necessitates the need for a more flexible and efficacious system. Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS) systems can serve as alternatives to hydraulic power-assisted steering systems. The EPAS system offered the desired flexibility, engine and space efficiency. In addition, no pollution is emitted to the environment because of the omission of all hydraulic components. However, it has issues with system inertia and vehicle stability. Therefore, the requirement for vehicle steering stability becomes strict. As such, the focus of this paper is to give an overview of the EPAS system, its different configurations and subsystems, in addition to prospects and challenges of adopting the technology in vehicles.
Is Receiving Social Support Costly for Those Higher in Subjective Socioeconomic Status

Although social support is generally thought to have positive consequences, this is not always the case. Receiving social support may threaten independence, which research has shown is more highly valued among those higher in socioeconomic status. As a result, support may be less strongly associated with positive outcomes for those higher in socioeconomic status (SES). Conversely, those lower in SES are more interdependent (Kraus, Piff, Mendoza‐Denton, Rheinschmidt, & Keltner, 2012; Stephens, Markus, & Phillips, 2014) and may, therefore, be less threatened when receiving social support. This study examined SES as a moderator of how daily received support (within and between persons) predicted both daily psychological stressor appraisals and diurnal cortisol. Healthy undergraduate students (N = 128) participated in a 3-day study. Participants completed one or more evening diaries the first day of the study and additional questionnaires upon awakening, throughout the day, and at bedtime during the following 2 days. Support was measured each evening and stressor appraisals and cortisol were measured throughout the day. As expected, for those who reported higher subjective SES, receiving more support than usual (within-person support) was associated with a flatter pattern of diurnal cortisol the next day. Although SES did not moderate the association of either within- or between-person support with stressor appraisals, the receipt of more support on average (between-person support) was associated with higher reported resources to cope. The findings demonstrate that there may be physiological costs—but not psychological costs—associated with the receipt of support for those higher in socioeconomic status.
Identifying How Nonfunctional Attributes Affect a System’s Lifecycle

Engineered systems often operate well beyond their planned retirement date due to a variety of factors from affordability to performance. This paper presents a grounded theory approach to identifyi...
Integrating bias and gain invariance with the generalized Anscombe transform for wavefront sensing

In image-based wavefront sensing by phase retrieval, the sum-squared difference (SSD) of simulated and measured PSF intensities, i.e., the intensity error metric (IEM), suffers from noise model mismatch. The IEM assumes additive Gaussian noise, but the true noise model is mixed Poisson-Gaussian (PG). The generalized Anscombe transform (GAT) addresses this issue by transforming the noise model from mixed PG to approximately additive Gaussian. We developed a method that uses the bias and gain terms derived for the bias-and-gain-invariant (BGI) IEM to create a BGI GAT error metric (GEM) and a BGI SSD of field amplitudes, i.e., amplitude error metric (AEM). We performed simulations comparing the retrieval accuracy of the three BGI metrics for various amounts of mixed PG noise. We found that the BGI GEM performs comparable or better than the BGI IEM and AEM for all amounts of mixed PG noise. Therefore, the BGI GEM is a good general-use error metric that works well for any mixed PG noise.
MEASUREMENT OF THE E2/M1 AMPLITUDE RATIOS OF GAMMA TRANSITIONS IN THE EVEN-- EVEN ISOTOPES OF Os AND Pt.

The nuclei of the osmium and platinum isotopes are situated in a transition region between deformed and spherical nuclei. Recent experimental evidence has indicated that these nuclei follow neither the rotational nor the vibrational descriptions of nuclear structure. Even though ground state rotational bands, in some cases up to a 10+ state, have been discovered in these nuclei, the energy spacing deviates considerably from the simple I (I + 1) rule for rotational excitations, and the addition of a term proportional to [I (I + 1)]2 does not improve the fit. An interpretation in terms of vibrational excitations is made difficult due to the large experimental quadrupole moments which have been measured, pure vibrational states having vanishing quadrupole moments.
The Economic Infeasibility of Salinity Gradient Energy via Pressure Retarded Osmosis

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) harvests the chemical potential difference between water sources of two different salinities and has been widely researched as a source of low carbon energy. This st...
Creating an Environment for Sportsmanship Outcomes

(2006). Creating an Environment for Sportsmanship Outcomes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 13-17.
Changes in Geomorphic Processes in the Snake River Following Impoundment of Jackson Lake and Potential Changes Due to 1988 Fires in the Watershed

Rivers are dynamic features of the landscape whose characteristics vary over time and space with changes in environmental controls. The Snake River in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks has responded to the impoundment of Jackson Lake and subsequent changes in the operation of Jackson Dam. The 1988 fires in the Snake River watershed may also affect channel morphology. Whether a new system equilibrium might be attained and the extent to which the effects of past events might persist in the fluvial landscape are two critical questions that need to be addressed for the Snake River. The stability of the Snake River, in turn, will affect the quantity and quality of riparian habitat critical to fish and wildlife in the park. Stream channel dynamics of the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park are also intimately tied to issues of floodplain delineation and management, the aesthetic value of the river, and the quality of recreational float trips.
Life Insurer Cost of Equity with Asymmetric Risk Factors

This study presents an improved model for estimating life insurer cost of capital with the inclusion of upside and downside risk factors and controlling for life insurer characteristics. Although various asymmetric measures of market risk have been shown to be priced factors for the broader equity market, life insurer realized equity returns include a much larger premium for bearing downside risk, even after controlling for firm characteristics and other measures of risk. Cross-sectional regression analysis finds a positive (negative) premium for downside (upside) betas, conditional on down and up markets, respectively. Coskewness and cokurtosis are also priced factors.
SERIAL ISSUE EVIDENCE FOR THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RISK STRUCTURE AND MATURITY: A DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY

The risk structure of the interest rates literature shows that coupon effects can cause changes in yield spreads as maturity lengthens. These effects make it difficult to empirically isolate the default risk component of the spread for coupon-paying bonds. Attempts to calculate zero-coupon risk structures suffer from the relative scarcity of zero-coupon corporate bonds. We show that yield spreads for coupon-paying bonds that are identical except for default risk decompose into a relative duration component, a premium discount coupon component, and a default component. We present closed-form solutions for measuring the first two components so that the default risk portions can be isolated as residuals. We further present an empirical application of the decomposition metrics for sixteen exchange-traded serial issues and nonparametrically examine the relation between the default premia and maturity. We find various maturity relations.
Developmental programming for retinotectal patterns.

Programming events at stages 28-31 in Xenopus specify the cellular positional information that individual retinal ganglion cells will use to derive theri appropriate locus specificity for assembly of the retinotectal map. The 'programme' that emerges in the stage 31 retina affects the entire ganglion cell population (99 percent of which is generated later) and refers positional information to intraretinal axes (AP and DV) and zero-points. Its expression in intact retinae was not modified by repeated reintroduction into pre-stage 28 orbits, prolonged eye culture in vitro, or severe disruption of the timing and sequence of ganglion cell births or of optic fibre arrivals in the tectum. In contrase, intraretinal reorganizations did not produce major modifications (e.g. after transection, partial ablation, fragment fusion etc.) in the set of locus specificities arising in various retinal regions and, in some instances, in the reference axes themselves. The modified programmes were characteristic of the components undergoing reorganization, but were convergent (many sets of reorganizing components gave a few final patterns); they appeared to involve a stable and rapid reprogramming of certain components by others, in a hierarchical fashion. The remaining experiments focus on the problem of localizing the 'trigger' for the transition from the unspecified to the specified state in the retina at stages 28-31. Specification can occur in vitro, based on reversible AP and DV orientational markers which are present in the pre-stage 28 eye primordium; in heterochromically grafted eyes, specification was neither precipitated nor delayed by altering the stage of the host. Finally, chemical dissection of the differentiating eye primordium confirmed the inference (from Jacobson's [3-H] thymidine labelling kinetics) that a specific gangliogenic precursor cell type exists in the stage 28 retinal neuroepithelium, and suggested that differentiative events in these cells trigger the specification process.
Using mathematics to improve ada compiled code

We have developed two mathematical techniques which, used together, can increase the speed of Ada compiled code, in two ways. We can eliminate most subprogram call overhead, involving stack pointer adjustment when a subprogram is called and when it returns. We can also eliminate most static scoping overhead, requiring the use of multiple base registers when procedures are nested. In particular, all this overhead can be eliminated in the absence of recursion. One of our techniques is based on an analogy with a variant of the well-known critical path method. The other is based on a new result in directed graph theory, which has many potential applications in addition to the one presented here.
Predicted stresses in a ball-grid-array (BGA)/column-grid-array (CGA) assembly with a low modulus solder at its ends

A simple, easy-to-use and physically meaningful predictive model is suggested for the assessment of thermal stresses in a ball-grid-array or a column-grid-array with a low modulus solder material at the peripheral portions of the assembly. It is shown that the application of such a design can lead to a considerable relief in the interfacial stresses, even to an extent that inelastic strains in the solder joints could be avoided. If this happens, the fatigue strength of the bond and of the assembly as a whole will be improved dramatically: low-cycle fatigue conditions will be replaced by the elastic fatigue condition, and Palmgren–Minor rule of linear accumulation of damages could be used instead of one of the numerous Coffin–Manson models to assess the lifetime of the material.
Equation-Oriented Models of Multistream Heat Exchangers for Flowsheet Optimization

Abstract Cryogenic processes, including air separation and natural gas liquefaction, require tight heat integration. Multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs), typically of the plate-fin type, are a key enabler to this end. Developing MHEX models that lend themselves to flowsheet optimization calculations is challenging, especially when streams with phase change are present. In this paper, we present a methodology for equation-oriented, optimization-friendly MHEX modeling, using a pseudo-transient approach. We illustrate our developments with a natural gas liquefaction process case study.
Sequence and structural homologies among type I and type II interferons

Interferons are proteins with antiviral, antitumour and immunomodulator activities, which are secreted in response to various inducers1. The interferons have been classified into two categories on the basis of their biological and physical properties. Type I interferons include fibroblast interferon (IFN-β)2,3 and the leukocyte family of interferons which is composed of at least 10 subspecies4–8. Each member of the type I interferons contains ∼165 amino acids, is acid-stable, and competes for the same receptors9; furthermore, identical amino acids occupy invariant positions in 23% of their amino acid sequences7. In contrast, type II interferon (IFN-γ) is produced in response to mitogens and antigenic stimuli10, contains ∼146 amino acid residues11, is not acid-stable, and displays no measurable binding to type I interferon receptors9. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA coding for IFN-γ has recently been reported11, and no statistically significant sequence homology was detected between the deduced amino acid sequences of IFN-γ and any of the type I interferons11,12. To determine whether there might be structural similarities between IFN-γ and the type I interferons, we have conducted a predictive analysis of the secondary structure of these proteins13,14. IFN-γ as well as each of the type I interferons contain a segment with a high potential to form an amphiphilic α-helix of approximately the same length and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance (Fig. 1). As we report here, the identification of these segments generates an alignment of sequences which reveals previously undetected sequence homologies among the type I and II interferons (Fig. 2). Thus, we propose that there is a common evolutionary ancestor for both type I and type II interferons.
Effect of prolonged venom immunotherapy on serum venom‐specific IgE and IgG

Summary Serum venom-specific IgE and IgG were monitored in twenty-three patients receiving venom immunotherapy for more than 3 years. Two response patterns of IgE antibody were found. Following initiation of therapy, seven patients had a rise in serum venom-specific IgE, peaking at one year, then decreasing. Sixteen patients had a persistent fall in IgE antibody titres following initiation of therapy. At the end of 3 years, levels of serum venom-specific IgE in both groups were comparable. The presence of atopy may have influenced the rising IgE antibody response. Serum venom-specific IgG either rose or remained elevated if the pretreatment titres were high. After several years of therapy, there was generally a decrease in serum venom-specific IgG.
Reaction rates and dissolution mechanisms of quartz as a function of pH.

In this computational study, we present the dissolution rates for quartz as a function of pH at 298 K. At any given pH, the dissolution of the quartz surface depends on the distribution of protonated, deprotonated, or neutral species. The dissolution mechanism for each of these three species was investigated by ab initio electronic structure calculations to obtain the reaction profile. Using the barrier height along with the partition functions for the transition state and the reactants in the rate-limiting steps, we calculated the TST rate constants for the reactions for the temperature range of 200−500 K. At 298 K the rate constant (s-1) for the dissolution of neutral species was found to be several orders of magnitude smaller than the rate-limiting steps for the protonated and deprotonated species. The values of the rate constants were used in the rate law expression to calculate the overall dissolution rate (mol m-2 s-1) at a given pH. The calculated rates were compared to previously reported experime...
Local-Level Stakeholder Collaboration: A Substantive Theory of Community-Driven Development

This paper presents a substantive theory of community-driven development based on a study of "social fund" projects in Jamaica. Social funds support community-based projects designed to rehabilitate and expand social and economic infrastructure, improve social services, and strengthen local organizations. Drawing on multiple sources of data, the qualitative study used the grounded theory method, including constant comparative analysis. The results revealed that the social fund community intervention is a process of development-focused collaboration among various stakeholders. The process encompasses four stages: (I) identifying problems and priorities, (2) motivating and mobilizing, (3) working together, and (4) creating an enabling environment. The underlying stakeholder involvement theory posits that collaboration increases the productivity of resources and creates the conditions for community-driven development.
Learning and decision making in monkeys during a rock–paper–scissors game

Game theory provides a solution to the problem of finding a set of optimal decision-making strategies in a group. However, people seldom play such optimal strategies and adjust their strategies based on their experience. Accordingly, many theories postulate a set of variables related to the probabilities of choosing various strategies and describe how such variables are dynamically updated. In reinforcement learning, these value functions are updated based on the outcome of the player's choice, whereas belief learning allows the value functions of all available choices to be updated according to the choices of other players. We investigated the nature of learning process in monkeys playing a competitive game with ternary choices, using a rock-paper-scissors game. During the baseline condition in which the computer selected its targets randomly, each animal displayed biases towards some targets. When the computer exploited the pattern of animal's choice sequence but not its reward history, the animal's choice was still systematically biased by the previous choice of the computer. This bias was reduced when the computer exploited both the choice and reward histories of the animal. Compared to simple models of reinforcement learning or belief learning, these adaptive processes were better described by a model that incorporated the features of both models. These results suggest that stochastic decision-making strategies in primates during social interactions might be adjusted according to both actual and hypothetical payoffs.
Testicular Expression and Distribution of the Rat Bcl2 Modifying Factor in Response to Reduced Intratesticular Testosterone

The Bcl2 modifying factor (Bmf) is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl2 family of apoptosis-related proteins that has been shown to initiate apoptosis in response to the loss of attachment of cells from their basal lamina (anoikis). Experimental reduction in intratesticular testosterone concentration brings about the death of spermatids as a consequence of their sloughing from Sertoli cells. Given the role of Bmf in anoikis in other systems, we hypothesized that Bmf would be expressed in germ cells and that its expression and normal distribution might be altered under conditions that induce widespread germ cell loss. To test these hypotheses, we demonstrated that Bmf indeed is expressed in the testis and cloned the full-length rat Bmf cDNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Bmf is present in the subacrosomal space of postmeiotic spermatids from step 4 to 16 of spermiogenesis. To test the hypothesis that Bmf expression and distribution are altered by conditions that elicit anoikis, intratesticular testosterone was reduced by implanting Silastic capsules containing testosterone and estradiol into adult rats for 8 weeks. As hypothesized, this resulted in a significant change in Bmf distribution relative to untreated animals. In particular, Bmf exhibited a loss of its normal subacrosomal distribution, becoming redistributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, and appeared in cells in which it is not normally expressed (e.g., pachytene spermatocytes). Additionally, Bmf mRNA expression increased in response to lowered testosterone. These results suggest that Bmf may well be involved in germ cell apoptosis and/or anoikis in response to decreased intratesticular testosterone concentration.
Theory of photon emission in electron tunneling to metallic particles.

We consider photon emission in electron tunneling to a small metal particle. The radiative (dipole) plasmon mode of the particle can be excited resonantly by a tunneling electron either when it is in the barrier or else as a decay channel of the hot electrons injected into the particle via elastic tunneling. Analytical estimates show that for a particle with a few hundred angstrom radius the former process dominates over the latter by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{3}$, and that the integrated light intensity is \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ photon per tunneling electron under optimum conditions, in agreement with recent observations.
Why do women write personal blogs? Satisfying needs for self-disclosure and affiliation tell part of the story

Hierarchical OLS regression of survey results from a random sample of 312 women bloggers reveals a statistically significant positive relationship between need for self-disclosure and seeing blogging as a way to express one's own voice, mediated by need for affiliation and time spent blogging. In essence, women with a strong need to self-disclose information about themselves are more likely than other women to say they blog to express their own voice in the blogosphere, compared with blogging to connect with other people or to gain influence in the blogosphere. In contrast, for women who blog to connect with other people or gain influence in the blogosphere, the strongest predictors is time spent blogging, not needs that motivated them to blog. Results are discussed in relation to need theory.
Internal structure for the pionization spectrum

Abstract Peripheral models for the inclusive q τ 2 spectrum in the central plateau region are considered in a unified treatment. The highest energy ISR spectrum for p + p → π + X is fit for all q τ .
THE IMPACT OF TEACHER CREDENTIALS ON ADHD STIGMA PERCEPTIONS

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. It is associated with high levels of stigma, which may lead to treatment barriers, self-fulfilling prophecies, and social rejection. This study established the reliability of the ADHD Stigma Questionnaire (ASQ) when applied to teachers by evaluating its internal consistency and confirmed the previously reported factor structure. In addition, the study examined the extent to which holding a special education certification and having years of teaching experience impact teachers' perceptions of ADHD stigma. Results indicated that teachers holding special education certification endorsed higher ratings, which indicated high stigma perceptions, on the Overall Stigma score, as well as the three subscales, Disclosure Concerns, Negative Self-Image, and Concern with Public Attitudes; however, years of teaching experience was not related to stigma scores. Implications for teacher training practices are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VII. Condensation of the actinium and thorium emanations

(1908). VII. Condensation of the actinium and thorium emanations. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 16, No. 91, pp. 121-131.
Travel for ordinary comforts

The article focuses on the co-constitution of political subjectivities, political regimes and global political economy by exploring experiences of international travel by ordinary Yugoslav citizens. Political non-players (Ashis Nandy (1998) The intimate enemy: loss and recovery of self under colonialism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press)) and their everyday practices are key protagonists in the narrative of border crossings, migrations, translocations and regime sustenance. Taking a cue from Peter Taylor's (Modernities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999)) analysis of ‘ordinary modernity’, the article examines the ways in which foreign travel helped create ‘ordinary comfort’ for ‘ordinary citizens’ in the Yugoslav communist experiment. The temporal focus is on the 1970s—time of grave economic crisis in Western Europe and the United States—and, thanks to petro-dollar debt, the time of unprecedented prosperity and largesse in Yugoslavia. By looking at the variety of ways ordinary Yugoslavs t...
PRISM offers a comprehensive genomic approach to transcription factor function prediction

The human genome encodes 1500-2000 different transcription factors (TFs). ChIP-seq is revealing the global binding profiles of a fraction of TFs in a fraction of their biological contexts. These data show that the majority of TFs bind directly next to a large number of context-relevant target genes, that most binding is distal, and that binding is context specific. Because of the effort and cost involved, ChIP-seq is seldom used in search of novel TF function. Such exploration is instead done using expression perturbation and genetic screens. Here we propose a comprehensive computational framework for transcription factor function prediction. We curate 332 high-quality nonredundant TF binding motifs that represent all major DNA binding domains, and improve cross-species conserved binding site prediction to obtain 3.3 million conserved, mostly distal, binding site predictions. We combine these with 2.4 million facts about all human and mouse gene functions, in a novel statistical framework, in search of enrichments of particular motifs next to groups of target genes of particular functions. Rigorous parameter tuning and a harsh null are used to minimize false positives. Our novel PRISM (predicting regulatory information from single motifs) approach obtains 2543 TF function predictions in a large variety of contexts, at a false discovery rate of 16%. The predictions are highly enriched for validated TF roles, and 45 of 67 (67%) tested binding site regions in five different contexts act as enhancers in functionally matched cells.
Are there cultural differences in event driven information propagation over social media

In recent years, online social networks become popular across the world. The success of online social networks, such as Twitter and Facebook, have led to the emergence of similar social networks in many countries with different cultural backgrounds. For instance, Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo are the most popular microblog services in China. One interesting question is what are the similarities and differences between these social networks. In particular, we are interested in finding out whether similar types of information propagates similarly or not on a similar kind of social network service. In this paper, we analyze two representative microblog service providers, Twitter from U.S. and Tencent Weibo from China. We focus on the patterns of event-driven information propagation. We employ several metrics to measure the differences in information propagation patterns on a variety of selected topic categories. Surprisingly, the preliminary results of our study show that there is no significant difference between the two platforms in terms of information propagation patterns. This opens up further investigations to understand the factors as work.
Participation Structures as a Mediational Means: Learning Balinese Gamelan in the United States Through Intent Participation, Mediated Discourse, and Distributed Cognition

Participation has presented a complex unit of analysis for interactional sociolinguistics. In this study I add another dimension to participation by considering recent theories related to sociocultural activity theory—mediated discourse analysis and distributed cognition. Drawing on examples from maguru panggul, the traditional pedagogy of Balinese Gamelan music, I argue that participation structures are a mediational means that enable students to augment their learning. Focusing on two participation structures that involve keen observation and listening-in, I also consider how intent participation is a part of these participation structures and maguru panggul pedagogy. What emerges is an understanding of how participation structures used as mediational means can have an effect on the division of cognitive labor within a classroom.
A fluid approximation for large-scale service systems

We introduce and analyze a deterministic fluid model that serves as an approximation for the Gt/GI/st + GI manyserver queueing model, which has a general time-varying arrival process (the Gt), a general service-time distribution (the first GI), a time-dependent number of servers (the st) and allows abandonment from queue according to a general abandonment-time distribution (the +GI). This fluid model approximates the associated queueing system when the arrival rate and number of servers are both large. We also show that the system dynamics greatly simplifies in two special cases: (i) when the service time distribution is exponential (M) and (ii) when the service time distribution is deterministic (D) and the model is stationary. We develop an efficient algorithm to compute all standard performance functions in both cases.In case (i), we establish an asymptotic loss of memory (ALOM) property, i.e., asymptotic independence from the initial conditions as time evolves. We show that the difference in the performance functions with different initial conditions dissipates over time exponentially fast, under regularity conditions. In contrast, in case (ii) we show that ALOM fails dramatically. Instead, although all model parameters are constants, we show that the performance rapidly approaches a periodic steady state (PSS) with a period equal to the service time, whenever the system does not start with the unique stationary distribution. Moreover, the form of the PSS depends on the initial condition. Simulation and a heavy-traffic limit confirm that this anomalous behavior also occurs in the large-scale queueing model.
Stabilization of the surface morphology of stressed solids using simultaneously applied electric fields and thermal gradients

We analyze the surface morphological stability of bulk conducting face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline solids in uniaxial tension under the simultaneous action of an electric field and a temperature gradient. The analysis is based on self-consistent dynamical simulations, in conjunction with linear stability theory, according to a well validated fully nonlinear surface mass transport model that accounts for surface electromigration and thermomigration induced by the externally applied fields, surface diffusional anisotropy, and the Arrhenius temperature dependence of surface diffusivity. Our simulation results validate the findings of linear stability theory and establish that the electric field and the thermal gradient, if properly directed, can work synergistically to stabilize the planar surface morphology against the Asaro-Tiller/Grinfeld (ATG) instability when the strength of the resulting effective external field is higher than a critical level. We also show that the temperature dependence of the surface diffusivity does not change the criticality criterion for surface stabilization but only affects the rate of growth or decay of the surface morphological perturbation from its planar state. Furthermore, we establish that, in fcc crystals, the morphological response of ⟨111⟩-oriented surfaces is superior to that of differently oriented surfaces. In case of failure due to ATG instability, the super-exponential growth of the surface perturbation amplitude exhibits a logarithmic singularity as the time to failure is approached. Our study provides an effective practical solution to inhibit the surface cracking of crystalline conducting solids based on the optimal combination of the simultaneous action of externally applied electric fields and thermal gradients.
Responses of inferior collicular neurones to acoustic stimuli in certain FM and CF-FM paleotropical bats

1. Electrophysiological properties of auditory units of six species of paleotropical echolocating bats, including two FM bats and four CF-FM bats were studied by recording the responses to tone bursts of single units, multiple units and evoked potentials from their inferior colliculi. The orientation pulses of these bats are also described. 2. The peak latency of single collicular units of these six species ranged from 3.5 to 49.5 ms, but their mean latency was between 6.4 and 15.3 ms. 3. Most of the units discharged either tonically or phasically. Six units recorded from the CF-FM bats showed complex response patterns which sequentially exhibited a phasic, tonic and phasic discharge pattern as the stimulus intensity increased. 4. Whereas collicular units of FM bats were sensitive throughout the frequency range of their emitted signals, collicular units of the CF-FM bats were much more sharply tuned to a narrow band of frequencies near that of the CF component of orientation sounds. 5. The minimum thresholds of single units ranged between 0 and 78 dB SPL. The Q10-dB values were between 1.3 and 179. Sharply tuned threshold curves with very high Q10-dB values were only obtained from collicular units of CF-FM bats. 6. In the CF-FM bats, an off response appeared upon cessation of stimulus when the stimulus frequency was at that of the predominant CF component in the orientation pulse. 7. The characteristics of the auditory sensitivity and the frequency composition of the orientation signals of each species of bat are discussed.
The Structure and Composition of 5 Ezra

5 Ezra (2 Esdras 1-2), an early Christian pseudepigraphical writing, describes God’s decision to abandon his originally chosen people and transfer his patrimony to a new, “coming” people. This paper argues that 5 Ezra represents a radically revisionist, Christian supersessionist reading of the apocryphal book of Baruch (1 Baruch). This reading was influenced by a number of other biblical sources, most notably Psalm 78, the synoptic gospels, Galatians 4:21-31, and the book of Revelation. The author of 5 Ezra drew overarching structural frameworks for his book from both the book of Baruch and Galatians 4:21-31, melding these two sets of structural principles into an integrated literary whole.
Using the flotation of a single sphere to measure and model capillary forces.

The flotation of small polymer spheres in lower density liquids was studied to better understand the capillary forces associated with curved surfaces. A sphere composed of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) or polycarbonate (PC) was placed in a clear container, and liquid (water, formamide, or ethylene glycol) was slowly added. The progression of liquid rising and ultimately floating or engulfing the sphere was observed. Capillary forces aided buoyancy, allowing some of the spheres to float. A combination of greater lyophobicity and surface tension enabled water to suspend larger spheres than the other two liquids. As compared to PTFE, a smaller density difference between water and PC permitted much larger PC spheres to be buoyed. The largest PTFE that floated was approximately 5 mm in diameter versus 10 mm for PC. Maximum flotation diameters were estimated by an iterative method as well as a closed solution. Both gave reasonable estimates, falling within the range bracketed by the largest floater and the s...
Angular dependence of hydrogen bond energy in neutral and charged systems containing CH and NH proton donors

Abstract The effects of angular distortions on the H-bond energy are computed in both neutral and ionic complexes. F 3 CH, NCH, and HNCH + are taken as CH donors and HCNH, HCNH + , and NH 4 + are NH donors. Ionic complexes are more strongly bound and suffer a greater loss of H-bond energy upon angular distortion. However, when bending force constants k are normalized against intrinsic H-bond strength E b , the k / E b ratios are similar, only slightly larger for NH than for CH donors, and with only small perturbations caused by overall charge. The source of destabilization arising from angular deformation is traced to exchange repulsion.