cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aldohexuronic Acid Catabolism by a Soil Aeromonas

Bacteria which utilize mannuronic acid as an energy source were isolated from nature. One of the organisms, identified as a member of the genus Aeromonas, used glucuronate, galacturonate, and mannuronate as the sole source of carbon and energy. Glucuronate- and galacturonate-grown resting cells oxidized both glucuronate and galacturonate rapidly, but mannuronate slowly. Mannuronate-grown cells oxidized all three rapidly, with the rate of mannuronate utilization somewhat lower. Cell-free extracts from glucuronate-, galacturonate-, and mannuronate-grown Aeromonas C11-2B contained glucuronate and galacturonate isomerases, fructuronate, tagaturonate, and mannuronate reductases, and mannonate and altronate dehydratases, with the exception of glucuronate-grown cells which lacked altronate dehydratase. Thus, the pathway for glucuronate and galacturonate catabolism for Aeromonas was identical to Escherichia coli. Glucuronate and galacturonate were isomerized to d-fructuronate and d-tagaturonate which were then reduced by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to d-mannonate and d-altronate, respectively. The hexonic acids were dehydrated to 2-keto-3-deoxy gluconate which was phosphorylated by adenosine triphosphate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho gluconate. The latter was then cleaved to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Mannuronate was reduced directly to d-mannonate by a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked oxidoreductase. d-Mannonate was then further broken down as in the glucuronate pathway. The mannuronate reducing enzyme, for which the name d-mannonate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidoreductase (d-mannuronate-forming) was proposed, was shown to be distinct from altronate and mannoate oxidoreductases. This is the first report of a bacterial oxidoreductase which reduces an aldohexuronic acid to a hexonic acid. The enzyme should prove to be a useful analytical tool for determining mannuronate in the presence of other uronic acids.
Software Connectors and Refinement in Family Architectures

Product families promote reuse of software artifacts such as architectures, designs and implementations. Product family architectures are difficult to create due to the need to support variations. Traditional approaches emphasize the identification and description of generic components, which makes it difficult to support variations among products. This paper presents an approach to modeling family architectures using generic software connectors that provide bounded ambiguity and support flexible product families. The paper also proposes an approach for transforming a family architecture to a product design through a four-way refinement and evolution process.
Improvement of infrared detector performance in carrier depleted strained layer type II superlattices

The combined effects of suppressing Auger recombination in strained layer superlattices (SL), photon recycling, and the suppression of both Auger and radiative recombination with carrier depletion are calculated quantitatively for a 11 μm 35.9 A InAs/15.7 A In0.225Ga0.775Sb and a 3.5 μm 16.7 A InAs/35 A In0.25Ga0.75Sb SL operating at temperatures between 200 and 300 K. The results are compared to their HgCdTe counterparts. The SL performance is better in all cases. However, the carrier concentrations required for background limited performance (300 K, 2π field of view), ranging between about 1×1013 and 4×1013 cm−3 at 300 K in both SLs, are seen to be impractically low. The carrier concentration in a 11 μm photon detector yielding equivalent performance to a 300 K thermal detector is about 1014 cm−3. Large performance enhancement using carrier depletion therefore appears impractical even in optimized SLs.
Information design: A curriculum for the 21 st century

In Fall, 2007, Winthrop University began accepting students to a new degree program entitled information design. This is an intensely interdisciplinary program spanning four departments and three colleges. The four departments are computer science and marketing from the college of business, design from the college of visual and performing arts and mass communication from the college of arts and sciences. The program consists of four specialties and a set of core courses and seminars. The specialties are: Web application design, offered by computer science; interactive media, offered by design; digital commerce, offered by marketing; and digital mass media, offered by mass communications. Each student takes all the core courses and seminars, and selects a specialty. The core courses consist of one or two introductory courses from each specialty. In addition, a freshman seminar helps students understand the different specialties, a later seminar introduces cutting edge topics in the field, and a senior seminar requires synthesis across the disciplines. In the latter students will work in teams to solve a problem for a local company or nonprofit. The ideal team will be four students, one from each specialty. The core courses are highly integrated, with each (except the first, of course) requiring one or more of the others as prerequisites or corequisites. There is also substantial overlap among the specialties. We expect assessment criteria will ensure that this degree of integration is maintained over time. This paper includes a detailed description of the program, a summary of its origins (largely industry driven) and a description of the assessment criteria.
Glutathione Peroxidase in Post‐Rigor Bovine Semitendinosus Muscle

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was measured and selenium (Se) values obtained on beef semitendinosus muscles. TBA numbers were determined on stored, ground beef patties prepared from the same samples. Factors affecting the assay and the stability of the enzyme in post-rigor beef were examined. According to these studies, GSH-Px activity could be assayed directly from the muscle extract. The enzyme was viable throughout the rigor process and exhibited activity within the expected meat pH range. A statistically significant correlation between GSH-Px and muscle Se was obtained. The correlation coefficient was only moderately high (0.65). Comparison of the muscle Se values obtained in this study to a suggested minimum for nutritional adequacy in cattle indicated that values for several of the muscles in the present study were similar to or below this minimum value. Studies encompassing the total GSH-Px system are needed to determine if this system can serve to protect raw beef from oxidative deterioration during storage.
The structure of decomposing [C7H7O]+ ions: Benzyl versus tropylium ion structures

The unimolecular dissociation reactions for [C7H7O]+ ions generated by fragmentation of a series of precursor molecules have been investigated. The metastable kinetic energy values and branching ratios associated with decarbonylation and expulsion of a molecule of formaldehyde (CH2O) from the [C7H7O]+ ions are interpreted as the hydroxybenzyl and hydroxytropylium [C7H7O]+ not interconverting to a common structure on the microsecond time-scale. In addition, similar measurements on protonated benzaldehyde, methylaryloxy and phenyl methylene ether [C7H7O]+ ions are interpreted as the dominant fraction of these decomposing ions having unique structures on the microsecond time-scale. These results are supported by experimental heats of formation calculated from ionization/appearance energy measurements. The experimental heats of formation are determined as: hydroxybenzyl ions, 735 kJ mol−1; hydroxytropylium ions, 656 kJ mol−1; phenyl methylene ether ions, 640 kJ mol−1; methylaryloxy ions 803 kJ mol−1. The combination of the results reported in this paper with previously reported experimental data for stable [C7H7O]+ ions (see Ref. 1, C. J. Cassady, B. S. Freiser and D. H. Russell, Org. Mass Spectrom.) is interpreted as evidence that the relative population of benzyl versus tropylium [C7H7O]+ ion structures from a given precursor molecule is determined by isomerization of the parent ion and not by structural equilibration of the [C7H7O]+ ion.
Committing to memory : A project to publish and preserve california local history digital resources

SUMMARY This article highlights the LSTA-grant funded California Local History Digital Resources Project (LHDRP) as a case study of a collaborative statewide program involving three primary groups: cultural heritage institutions, grant funding agencies, and digital library service providers. It explores how the infrastructure of the California Digital Library (CDL) is utilized to preserve and promote public access to digitized local history collections, and discusses challenges and technical solutions to integrating heterogeneous resources into METS-based repositories. Project building blocks are also discussed, including digital object encoding and transmission tools, scanning services, metadata and imaging standards, and training programs.
Numerical solution of three-dimensional heterogeneous solid propellants

We have described, for the first time, a fully coupled low Mach number numerical algorithm which can be used to investigate the combustion of composite propellants. The code uses a body fitted grid along the moving interface by means of a mapping technique. Specifically, the surface is assumed to be single valued, thus allowing the use of a mapping function that effectively maps the propagating corrugated surface into a stationary flat surface. The transformed connection conditions are then applied along the stationary flat surface, allowing second-order one-sided derivatives to be used. This has proven to be a very robust and efficient way to treat the surface and the connection conditions. Numerical tests are performed and the scheme is shown to be second-order accurate in the spatial directions as well as in time. Selected results are presented for heterogeneous propellants.
Machined surface properties determined by nanoindentation: Experimental and FEA studies on the effects of surface integrity and tip geometry

Abstract An accurate characterization of subsurface properties is essential to understand machining induced surface integrity. However, little research has been conducted to investigate significant influences of surface integrity (hardness and residual stress) and tip geometry on the indentation process and the resulting load–depth curves. Nanoindentation was used to measure hardness and modulus in the subsurface of machined components by turning, grinding, and honing. The machining induced residual stresses can be estimated by matching the FEA simulated load–depth curves with the experimental ones. The simulation sensitivity analysis shows that the load–depth curves are significantly affected by residual stress and modulus, while friction, tip rounding, and yield strength have much smaller effects. The peak normal stresses occur on the top surface, while the peak shear stress is slightly under the surface. All peak strains are in the subsurface. The onset of material yielding during loading may be determined by tracing the evolution of loading/unloading loops at different indentation depths. A 3D simulation of nanoindentation with a spherical tip has shown that the indentation force induced by the spherical tip is less than 2% of the total force provided that the indentation depth is sufficiently large.
Implementing a new PC setup policy --or- how I learned to stop worrying and give up symantec ghost

In early 2010 SUNY Geneseo's User Services group updated our methods of deploying new computers and configurations to our customers. We had been utilizing the same processes for years and become comfortable with the same techniques. With the implementation of Windows Vista, Windows 7 and the latest versions of Mac OS it became apparent that the nature of those procedures was changing. We moved from a model of maintaining multiple ghost images for different models of windows computers to having a centralized deployment method utilizing Microsoft's lite-touch deployment with network booting. We also moved toward a centralized Mac image utilizing Apple's System Image Utility and the adoption of networked user accounts on Apple computers. All the steps for which were thoroughly documented in our internal documentation wiki. Our presentation will focus on the catalysts for, the implementation of, and the ultimate evaluation of the results of this project. We will examine the social and technological challenges that we encountered on the way. We will touch on the project team's goals and accomplishments specifically in areas of cost savings, time savings and space savings on our storage network. Also, we will discuss the "human" dimension of this project, the impact of having a team of peers drive the policies that affect their everyday workflows and the benefits of being able to direct positive changes for your own position. The presentation details how the project went from formation to completions in 2010 and provides a model for others to follow.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT SUBCUTANEOUS FAT IN RAM LAMBS FED CORN AND CORN‐SILAGE DIETS

Softness of subcutaneous fat from ram lambs fed high corn silage or high corn diets varied within each dietary group, but, overall, fat from lambs fed the high corn-silage was harder. Consistent decreases in stearic acid and increases in branched-chain and odd-numbered acids accompanied increases in fat softness both within each dietary group and between dietary groups. Results of this study suggest that the synthesis of even-numbered, saturated acids is decreased as the fat becomes softer. Conversion of the high melting, even-numbered, saturated stearic acid to oleic acid, the major acid found in the subcutaneous fat, causes considerable decreases in stearic acid with consequent increase in softness. Increases in linoleic and linolenic acids in fat from the high corn dietary group were not major factors in fat softness. Low levels of elaidic acid were found in all fat samples but the presence of this trans-acid was not involved in fat hardness.
Oscillatory activity in basal ganglia and motor cortex in an awake behaving rodent model of Parkinson's disease

Exaggerated beta range (15-30 Hz) oscillatory activity is observed in the basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. This activity has been hypothesized to contribute to motor dysfunction in PD patients. However, it remains unclear how these oscillations develop and how motor circuits become entrained into a state of increased synchronization in this frequency range after loss of dopamine. It is also unclear whether this increase in neuronal synchronization actually plays a significant role in inducing the motor symptoms of this disorder. The hemiparkinsonian rat has emerged as a useful model for investigating relationships between loss of dopamine, increases in oscillatory activity in motor circuits and behavioral state. Chronic recordings from these animals show exaggerated activity in the high beta/low gamma range (30-35 Hz) in the dopamine cell-lesioned hemisphere. This activity is not evident when the animals are in an inattentive rest state, but it can be stably induced and monitored in the motor cortex and basal ganglia when they are engaged in an on-going activity such as treadmill walking. This review discusses data obtained from this animal model and the implications and limitations of this data for obtaining further insight into the significance of beta range activity in PD.
Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)-amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats

In humans the repeated use of amphetamine (AMPH) produces a hypersensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of AMPH that persists for months to years after the cessation of drug use. To explore the neurobiological basis of this phenomenon the long-term effects of dextroamphetamine [+)-AMPH) on brain monoamines and behavior were studied in an animal model of AMPH psychosis. An escalating dose pretreatment regimen (from 1 to 10 mg/kg over 5 weeks) was used to mimic the pattern of drug use associated with the development of addiction and AMPH psychosis. The effect of pretreatment with AMPH on dopamine (DA) release in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) was determined by measuring the extracellular concentrations of DA and DA metabolites using in vivo microdialysis, both before and after an AMPH challenge. The postmortem tissue concentrations of DA, serotonin and their metabolites were measured to determine if this treatment was neurotoxic. Escalating doses of (+)-AMPH were not neurotoxic, and 25-30 days after the cessation of drug treatment animals showed relatively normal levels of spontaneous motor activity across the day-night cycle. However, AMPH pretreatment produced robust behavioral sensitization. Animals showed a marked hypersensitivity to the motor stimulant effects of an AMPH challenge, even after 15-20 days of withdrawal. Most importantly, this hyperdopaminergic behavioral syndrome was accompanied by significantly elevated DA release in the ventral striatum. In contrast, AMPH pretreatment had no effect on the basal extracellular concentrations of DA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optical and electronic applications of sculptured thin films

As sculptured thin films (STFs) have a nano-engineered morphology (comprising 3 - 5 nm clusters) STFs with desired electromagnetic properties in the optical, infrared, millimeter wave and even microwave regimes can be tailored. With the development of specialized fabrication techniques on the upswing, device-oriented studies on STFs are gaining impetus. We focus on five possible applications of STFs: (1) laser mirrors and notch filters, (2) rugate-like filters, (3) optical gas concentration sensors, (4) optical interconnects, and (5) ultra-low permittivity barriers.
A Case of Foreign Accent Syndrome

Abstract Background Foreign accent syndrome is a rare but potentially devastating clinical condition associated with altered speech rhythm and prosody, often occurring after a cerebral vascular accident. Missing this diagnosis can lead to delayed stroke work-up and treatment. Objective We report a case of foreign accent syndrome in a 60-year-old woman who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with 3 weeks of altered speech pattern, widened gait, bilateral leg heaviness, and mild headache. Case Report The patient had a history of Type 2 diabetes, malignant hypertension, toxic nodular goiter, and hyperlipidemia. She initially presented to the ED at the onset of symptoms, was thought to have had speech change secondary to a goiter impinging on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and was discharged. She returned to the ED 3 weeks later when outpatient imaging revealed subacute infarction of the left hemi-pons and absent flow within the left vertebral artery. On examination, the patient was alert and conversational. She spoke fluently with an accent that had components of Jamaican and the accent of an Italian speaking English. Neurology was consulted and the patient was admitted. The patient was treated medically, and was discharged home with primary care follow-up. She developed a second, more significant stroke 1 month later, with unilateral weakness and slurred speech in the middle cerebral artery distribution. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware that some stroke patients present with various atypical symptoms, and should suspect stroke in any patient with acute-onset neurological symptoms, including speech change.
Alcohol consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women with diabetes: Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Although several observational studies have consistently reported an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), it is yet not well established if this association also exists among people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the frequency and quantity of alcohol intake and the risk of developing CHD among postmenopausal women with diabetes. We conducted a prospective cohort study, which included 3,198 women with self-reported diabetes and without any history of cardiovascular disease at baseline, in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Alcohol intake was assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The primary outcome of this study was CHD, which was validated by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the association of alcohol intake and risk of incident CHD while adjusting for several potential confounders. During the 22,546 person-years of follow-up, there were 336 incident cases of CHD. Both frequency and quantity of alcohol intake were inversely associated with the risk of developing CHD. Compared to nondrinkers, the multivariable HRs across categories of frequency of alcohol consumption (≤0.5, 0.5–2 and ≥2 drinks/week) were 0.89 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.63, 1.26), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.25) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.99), respectively (p for trend: 0.04). This association did not appear to differ based on the type of the alcoholic beverage consumed. Moderate alcohol consumption of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes may have a benefit on CHD similar to that seen in postmenopausal nondiabetic women. The potential risks of alcohol on noncardiac outcomes may need consideration when recommending alcohol to women with diabetes.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome induced by enzalutamide in a patient with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical/radiological syndrome characterized by symptoms that can include seizure, headache, impaired vision and hypertension, and can be confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Numerous reports have emerged that describe PRES in cancer patients. The list of medications linked to PRES can include traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics (e.g., cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and high-dose corticosteroids), newer agents that target the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway (e.g., bevacizumab, sunitinib, and pazopanib), and supportive care mediations (e.g., granulocyte colony stimulating factors and erythropoietin). We report, for the first time, a case of PRES that is secondary to treatment with enzalutamide, a potent androgen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Enzalutamide is approved for the treatment of both docetaxel-pretreated and chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Enzalutamide has been previously linked to the increased risk of seizures. Clinicians should be aware that, in rare cases, patients treated with enzalutamide could potentially be at risk for PRES. If symptoms suggestive of PRES arise in patients receiving enzalutamide, the drug should be discontinued immediately and the diagnostic process should be initiated.
Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity

Abstract Suicidality and violence are serious public health problems. A rich literature supports the relationship between suicidality and violence, including common associations with trait anger. However, less is known about how trait anger may facilitate these behaviors. Two potential mechanisms in this relationship are emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, both of which are linked to increased anger, suicidality, and violence. We investigated anger as a common underlying factor for both suicidal and violent behavior, and emotion dysregulation and impulsivity (i.e., negative and positive urgency) as potential mediators in this relationship. Results demonstrate that trait anger was associated with both suicidal and violent behavior. Further, emotion dysregulation mediated the anger and suicidal behavior relationship whereas both negative and positive urgency mediated the anger and violent behavior relationship. Although trait anger may be a common underlying factor for both suicidal and violent behavior, the nature of these relationships seems to vary significantly.
Breathwork as a Therapeutic Modality: An Overview for Counselors

Using the breath as a vehicle for accessing psychological material Is a topic rarely discussed In the counseling literature, despite the use of conscious engagement with the breath by many spiritual traditions for the purpose of personal transformation. This article describes 3 types of conscious breathing (circular breathing; conscious connected breathing, and fast and full breathing) and the use of therapeutic breathwork within the counseling process. The authors describe the many facets of the breathwork experience, provide a case study, and address clinical considerations when engaging in breathwork with clients.
Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Learning Activity Types: Curriculum-Based Technology Integration Reframed

AbstractIn this paper we critically analyze extant approaches to technology integration in teaching, arguing that many current methods are technocentric, often omitting sufficient consideration of the dynamic and complex relationships among content, technology, pedagogy, and context. We recommend using the technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK) framework as a way to think about effective technology integration, recognizing technology, pedagogy, content and context as interdependent aspects of teachers’ knowledge necessary to teach content-based curricula effectively with educational technologies. We offer TPACK-based “activity types,” rooted in previous research about content-specific activity structures, as an alternative to existing professional development approaches and explain how this new way of thinking may authentically and successfully assist teachers’ and teacher educators’ technology integration efforts.
Replication Initiation at a Distance: DETERMINATION OF THE CIS- AND TRANS-ACTING ELEMENTS OF REPLICATION ORIGIN α OF PLASMID R6K*

Plasmid R6K, which contains 3 replication origins called α, γ, and β, is a favorable system to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of action at a distance, i.e. replication initiation at a considerable distance from the primary initiator protein binding sites (iterons). The centrally located γ origin contains 7 iterons that bind to the plasmid-encoded initiator protein, π. Ori α, located at a distance of ∼4 kb from γ, contains a single iteron that does not directly bind to π but is believed to access the protein by π-mediated α-γ iteron-iteron interaction that loops out the intervening ∼3.7 kb of DNA. Although the cis-acting components and the trans-acting proteins required for ori γ function have been analyzed in detail, such information was lacking for ori α. Here, we have identified both the sequence elements located at α and those at γ, that together promoted α activity. The data support the conclusion that besides the single iteron, a neighboring DNA primase recognition element called G site is essential for α-directed plasmid maintenance. Sequences preceding the iteron and immediately following the G site, although not absolutely necessary, appear to play a role in efficient plasmid maintenance. In addition, while both dnaA1 and dnaA2 boxes that bind to DnaA protein and are located at γ were essential for α activity, only dnaA2 was required for initiation at γ. Mutations in the AT-rich region of γ also abolished α function. These results are consistent with the interpretation that a protein-DNA complex consisting of π and DnaA forms at γ and activates α at a distance by DNA looping.
Repair of O6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases

The predominant pathway for the repair of O(6)-methylguanine in DNA is via the activity of an alkyltransferase protein that transfers the methyl group to a cysteine acceptor site on the protein itself. This review article describes recent studies on this alkyltransferase. The protein repairs not only methyl groups but also 2-chloroethyl-, benzyl- and pyridyloxobutyl-adducts. It acts on double-stranded DNA by flipping the O(6)-guanine adduct out of the DNA helix and into a binding pocket. The free base, O(6)-benzylguanine, is able to bind in this pocket and react with the cysteine, rendering it an effective inactivator of mammalian alkyltransferases. The alkylated form of the protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasomal system. Some tumor cells do not express alkyltransferase despite having an intact gene. Methylation of key sites in CpG-rich islands in the promoter region are involved in this silencing and a change in the nuclear localization of an enhancer binding protein may also contribute. The alkyltransferase promoter contains Sp1, GRE and AP-1 sites and is slightly inducible by glucocorticoids and protein kinase C activators. There is a complex relationship between p53 and alkyltransferase expression with p53 mediating a rise in alkyltransferase in response to ionizing radiation but having no clear effect on basal levels. DNA adducts at the O(6)-position of guanine are a major factor in the carcinogenic, mutagenic, apoptopic and clastogenic actions of methylating agents and chloroethylating agents. Studies with transgenic mice in which alkyltransferase levels are increased or decreased confirm the importance of this repair pathway in protecting against carcinogenesis. Alkyltransferase activity in tumors protects them from therapeutic agents such as temozolomide and BCNU. This resistance is abolished by O(6)-benzylguanine and this drug is currently in clinical trials to enhance cancer chemotherapy by these agents. Studies are in progress to reduce the toxicity of such therapy towards the bone marrow by gene therapy to express alkyltransferases with mutations imparting resistance to O(6)-benzylguanine at high levels in marrow stem cells. Several polymorphisms in the human alkyltransferase gene have been identified but the significance of these in terms of alkyltransferase action is currently unknown.
Factors Affecting Outcome for Young Women with Early Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-conserving Therapy

Background Young women have worse outcome following breast-conserving therapy (BCT) than do older patients in many studies. We examined how clinical, pathological, and treatment factors affect these results.
Rescue of platinum-damaged oocytes from programmed cell death through inactivation of the p53 family signaling network

Non-proliferating oocytes within avascular regions of the ovary are exquisitely susceptible to chemotherapy. Early menopause and sterility are unintended consequences of chemotherapy, and efforts to understand the oocyte apoptotic pathway may provide new targets for mitigating this outcome. Recently, the c-Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (imatinib) has become the focus of research as a fertoprotective drug against cisplatin. However, the mechanism by which imatinib protects oocytes is not fully understood, and reports of the drug's efficacy have been contradictory. Using in vitro culture and subrenal grafting of mouse ovaries, we demonstrated that imatinib inhibits the cisplatin-induced apoptosis of oocytes within primordial follicles. We found that, before apoptosis, cisplatin induces c-Abl and TAp73 expression in the oocyte. Oocytes undergoing apoptosis showed downregulation of TAp63 and upregulation of Bax. While imatinib was unable to block cisplatin-induced DNA damage and damage response, such as the upregulation of p53, imatinib inhibited the cisplatin-induced nuclear accumulation of c-Abl/TAp73 and the subsequent downregulation of TAp63 and upregulation of Bax, thereby abrogating oocyte cell death. Surprisingly, the conditional deletion of Trp63, but not ΔNp63, in oocytes inhibited apoptosis, as well as the accumulation of c-Abl and TAp73 caused by cisplatin. These data suggest that TAp63 is the master regulator of cisplatin-induced oocyte death. The expression kinetics of TAp63, c-Abl and TAp73 suggest that cisplatin activates TAp63-dependent expression of c-Abl and TAp73 and, in turn, the activation of TAp73 by c-Abl-induced BAX expression. Our findings indicate that imatinib protects oocytes from cisplatin-induced cell death by inhibiting c-Abl kinase, which would otherwise activate TAp73-BAX-mediated apoptosis. Thus, imatinib and other c-Abl kinase inhibitors provide an intriguing new way to halt cisplatin-induced oocyte death in early follicles and perhaps conserve the endocrine function of the ovary against chemotherapy.
Quasi-geostrophic oceanic adjustment in the presence of mean currents

Abstract The effect of mean currents on the adjustment of the ocean to a change in the winds is studied using a quasigeostrophic shallow water model. In an inviscid ocean the eigenmodes that affect the oceanic adjustment fall into two groups: a finite discrete number of Rossby waves with speeds greater than that of the mean flow, and a continuum of modes that have critical layers where the wave speed equals that of the mean current. In the case of a baroclinic mean current there exists large-scale latitudinal modes that propagate at the speed of long non-dispersive Rossby waves. Because of their presence, the adjustment in the presence of mean baroclinic currents is very similar to the adjustment in the absence of any currents provided that the forcing has large latitudinal scale. If the continuum of modes with critical layers is important in the adjustment—this is the case if the mean current is barotropic—then the adjustment occurs at approximately the Doppler-shifted Rossby wave speed.
Heisenberg's Indetermination Principle and the Quantum

THE Heisenberg principle states that δpδq˜h, where p and q are two canonical conjugates. Energy and time are such conjugates. For the quantum, E = hv and we have δ(hv)δt˜h or δvδt˜1 where t is the time the quantum has been travelling from its source. If x is the distance the quantum has travelled in time t, then δt = δx/c, where c is the velocity of light, so that δcδx˜c or δλδx˜λ2 since δv = cδλ/λ2, neglecting sign.
EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BINARY MIXTURES AT HIGH SOLID TO GAS CONDUCTIVITY RATIOS

The effective thermal conductivity of single size and binary mixtures of packed particle beds with stagnant gas at high solid/gas conductivity ratios is determined by a deterministic, unit cell approach. The model results are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data for various gas pressures and solid to gas thermal conductivity ratios up to 1300. A set of correlations for effective conductivity of binary mixtures as a function of gas pressure and particle size is derived. The effect of particle swelling on the effective conductivity of binary mixtures is studied by performing a parametric study of the contact area between the particles
The spatial politics of F.A. Hayek's Road to Serfdom

Abstract This paper re-examines Hayek's Road to Serfdom in historical context. Of particular interest is Hayek's claim that “left” and “right” socialism of the 1930s had much in common. In making this argument, Hayek held that all socialism implied planning at the expense of consumer sovereignty. We first agree to plan, but if we are then unable to agree on its contents, someone imposes a specific course of action on us. Hayek was strenuously opposed at the time by Abba Lerner and E.F.M. Durbin, who held that we can conceptualize, and perhaps put into place, a sort of socialism which yields to the will of consumer preferences.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: Basic Neurobiology and Clinical Applications

Circadian rhythms are major features of adaptation to our environment. In mammals, circadian rhythms are generated and regulated by a circadian timing system. This system consists of entertainment pathways, pacemakers, and pace-maker output to effector systems that are under circadian control. The primary entertainment pathway is the retinohypothalamic tract, which terminates in the circadian pacemakers, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The output of the suprachiasmatic nuclei is principally to the hypothalamus, the midline thalamus, and the basal forebrain. This provides a temporal organization to the sleep-wake cycle, to many physiological and endocrine functions, and to psychomotor performance functions. Disorders of circadian timing primarily affect entertainment and pacemaker functions. The pineal hormone, melatonin, appears to be promising agent for therapy of some circadian timing disorders.
Referencing and Retention in Block-Structured Coroutines

The combination of coroutines with recursive procedures is characteristic of many modern higher level languages offering advanced control structures (e.g., SIMULA-67, SL5, or INTERLISP). We say a language has block-structured coroutines (BSCRs) when static nesting considerations govern the usage of this control combination. Starting with the BSCR control description work of Wang and Dahl, this paper pursues further the implications of static program structure on BSCR programs in a particular compilation-oriented setting. Disciplines on BSCR reference assignment and individual control actions are defined, offering enhanced implementability and program comprehensibility. Of particular interest is a scope-based discipline on "detach" operations, which avoids the formation of idle chain subheads, an implementationally undesirable condition. The retention requirements of BSCRs are analyzed under a range of possible remote accessibility conditions, and two deletion strategies are then defined, keyed to these requirements. The first uses a special form of scopesensitive reference counting, and the second does mark-sweep garbage collection, again exploiting static program structure. Space and time estimates for both methods are given, along with avenues for continuing research.
Aortic aneurysm with rupture into the pulmonary artery

Summary Two cases of aneurysm of the arch of the aorta, caused by syphilis, with rupture into the pulmonary artery, are herewith reported. A brief review of the literature, with emphasis on the incidence of this condition, is presented. Attention is called to the very infrequent occurrence of this entity at the Charity Hospital of Louisiana, at New Orleans, as contrasted with the incidence given in other reports. Additional points of interest are that the rupture in Case 1 was into the left pulmonary artery, rather than into the main pulmonary trunk, and that the aneurysm of the aorta was in the transverse, rather than the ascending, portion. The gross and microscopic lesions indicated that the rupture might have been of some weeks' or months' duration. Also, our observations support the contention that there is a period of relative obstruction of the pulmonary vessel before it is eventually invaded, and that this produces changes which might aid in clinical interpretation before actual rupture occurs.
The preparation and certification of science teachers

The author, associate professor of education at The Ohio State University, maintains that the present system of preparing science teachers is inadequate. He discusses some of the problems that must be considered in order to upgrade existing programs.
EPR experiments and Bell's inequality tests using type-II parametric down conversion

Simultaneous entanglement in spin and space-time of a two-photon quantum state generated in type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion is demonstrated by the observation of quantum interference with 98% visibility in simple beam-splitter (Hanburry Brown-Twiss) anticorrelation and quantum beating experiments. The cancellation of two-photon probability amplitudes as a result of this double entanglement allow us to demonstrate two different types of Bell's inequality violations in one experimental setup.
Improved treatment of momentum at classically forbidden electronic transitions in trajectory surface hopping calculations

Abstract We present a new prescription (called the ∇ V prescription) for treating classically forbidden surface hops in semiclassical trajectory surface hopping simulations. The new method uses gradient information about the target electronic surface to determine the nuclear dynamics at a frustrated hopping event. We have tested this prescription, along with previously suggested prescriptions, against accurate quantum dynamics for 21 cases. We find that the fewest switches with time uncertainty (FSTU) algorithm with the ∇ V prescription for momentum changes at frustrated hops is the most accurate of the six variants of the surface hopping approach that we tested.
Eindeutige Synthese von Pterin‐carbaldehyd‐(6)

Eine eindeutige Synthese von Pterin-carbaldehyd-(6) (3) besteht aus der Kondensation von α-Amino-cyanessigsaureathylester mit Diisonitrosoaceton zu 2-Amino-3-athoxycarbonyl-5-oximinomethyl-pyrazinoxid-(1) (1), das mit Guanidin zu 6-Oximinomethyl-pterinoxid-(8) (2) cyclisiert wird. Dieses last sich durch Reduktion mit Natriumsulfit und anschliesende Oxydation mit Jod in 50 proz. Gesamtausbeute in 3 uberfuhren. Unequivocal Synthesis of Pterin-6-carboxaldehyde An unequivocal synthesis of pterin-6-carboxaldehyde has been achieved by condensation of ethyl α-aminocyanoacetate with diisonitrosoacetone to give 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-oximinomethylpyrazine 1-oxide (1), followed by cyclization with guanidine to pterin-6-carboxaldehyde oxime 8-oxide (2). Reduction with sodium sulfite followed by mild oxidation with iodine then gives pterin-6-carboxaldehyde in 50% overall yield.
Money & Banking:: A Reference Guide

Reference materials in the area of money and banking have ordinarily been lumped under the category of general reference books in economics and business. This is understandable because most of the required data can be obtained from books dealing with the latter. There are, however, numerous government and private sources which deal exclusively with banking and monetary statistics. This, coupled with their highly specialized character, justifies a separate treatment. We may being by examining a few directories, among which, Moody's Bank and Finance Manual is one of the better known and most widely used. Its coverage extends to banks, insurance and real estate companies, real estate investment trusts and miscellaneous financial enterprises. The section on banks gives the latest available accounts of nearly 3000 banks, with the history of the institution from the date of the charter, absorptions, capital history, dividend payments and price ranges. More than 3000 smaller banks are listed with essential details. The manual includes information on the chartered banks of Canada, the principal banks of England, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and South America. The insurance section covers all phases of insurance business, like underwriting and investment, assets and liabilities, gains and losses, and types of business written. Federal credit regulatory agencies such as the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Bank Board and others are treated in considerable detail. As with the other Moody's manuals, the center section contains composite banking and monetary data such as a ten‐year range of banking stocks and bonds and lists of 300 largest banks, 100 largest mutual savings banks, 100 largest life insurance companies and 100 largest savings and loan associations. Also included are stock averages and distribution of assets and investments of insurance companies.
QOMA2: Optimizing the alignment of many sequences

We consider the problem of aligning multiple protein sequences with the goal of maximizing the SP (sum-of-pairs) score, when the number of sequences is large. The QOMA (quasi-optimal multiple alignment) algorithm addressed this problem when the number of sequences is small. However, as the number of sequences increases, QOMA becomes impractical. This paper develops a new algorithm, QOMA2, which optimizes the SP score of the alignment of arbitrarily large number of sequences. Given an initial (potentially sub-optimal) alignment , QOMA2 selects short subsequences from this alignment by placing a window on it. It quickly estimates the amount of improvement that can be obtained by optimizing the alignment of the subsequences in short windows on this alignment. This estimate is called the SW (sum of weights) score. It employs a dynamic programming algorithm that selects the set of window positions with the largest total expected improvement. It partitions the subsequences within each window into clusters such that the number of subsequences in each cluster is small enough to be optimally aligned within a given time. Also, it aims to select these clusters so that the optimal alignment of the subsequences in these clusters produces the highest expected SP score. The experimental results show that QOMA2 produces high SP scores quickly even for large number of sequences. They also show that the SW score and the resulting SP score are highly correlated. This implies that it is promising to aim for optimizing the SW score since it is much cheaper than aligning multiple sequences optimally. The software and the benchmark data set are available from the authors on request.
Autoradiographic patterns of chromosome replication in male and female cell derivatives of the Armenian hamster (Cricetulus migratorius)

Abstract The replication pattern of the sex chromosome pair of normal fibroblast-like derivatives of both sexes of the Armenian hamster Cricetulus migratorius (2 n = 22) has been proven to be late-replicating in the whole length of the short arm and the proximal half of the long arm of the so called X 1 , common for both male and female cells. The X 2 of the female and the Y of the male are isomorphic and both are late replicating in their entire length.
Online media in Armenia: a taste of free expression

Based on interviews with journalists, this article shows that online media in Armenia have overcome some of the challenges that broadcast media have faced, thus creating a more benevolent environment for the freedom of expression. The ability to start an online publication without a licence has eliminated the control mechanisms by Armenian regulatory commissions, contributing to the growth of many independent online media. The latter have created a diverse and highly competitive media environment and have diminished the influence of ownership and political bias of pro-governmental and oppositional publications on content.
Assessment of the dorsal fin spine for chimaeroid (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) age estimation

Previous attempts to age chimaeroids have not rigorously tested assumptions of dorsal fin spine growth dynamics. Here, novel imaging and data-analysis techniques revealed that the dorsal fin spine of the spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei is an unreliable structure for age estimation. Variation among individuals in the relationship between spine width and distance from the spine tip indicated that the technique of transverse sectioning may impart imprecision and bias to age estimates. The number of growth-band pairs observed by light microscopy in the inner dentine layer was not a good predictor of body size. Mineral density gradients, indicative of growth zones, were absent in the dorsal fin spine of H. colliei, decreasing the likelihood that the bands observed by light microscopy represent a record of growth with consistent periodicity. These results indicate that the hypothesis of aseasonal growth remains plausible and it should not be assumed that chimaeroid age is quantifiable by standard techniques.
Thymine Photoproducts but not Thymine Dimers Found in Ultraviolet-Irradiated Bacterial Spores

Bacillus megateriunm spores labeled with tritiated thymidine were irradiated with monochromatic ultraviolet light, and the DNA of the spores was analvzed for thymine-containing, products. No thymine dimers were observed, but three other thymine photoproducts were found. The unknown products of radiation were produced in vitro by irradiation of DNA that had been dried in the, presence of various salts.