cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A small animal clinician's guide to critical appraisal of the evidence in scientific literature

There is a tremendous amount of medical literature available to the clinician. The challenge is to identify information that is useful and relevant for the patient population of interest. This article provides an overview of important considerations when critically appraising a report, such as selection of the study population, features of the study design used, potential sources of bias, and evaluation of the statistical evidence.
Electrochemical inactivation of triclosan with boron doped diamond film electrodes.

This research investigated an electrochemical method for inactivating contaminated stockpiles of the biocidal agent, triclosan. The goal of the electrolysis was to produce products that were amenable to treatment in conventional activated sludge treatment systems. Triclosan oxidation in electrochemical cells with boron doped diamond (BDD) film anodes was investigated in aqueous solutions at a pH value of 12. Chronoamperometry experiments showed that direct oxidation of triclosan occurred at potentials below those for H2O, Cl-, or OH- oxidation. Measurable rates of triclosan oxidation began at potentials above 0.4 V with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), while potentials of 0.5, 1.3, and 1.8 V were required to obtain measurable oxidation rates of H2O, Cl-, and OH-, respectively. At anode potentials below 2 V, the dominant electrode reaction involved direct triclosan oxidation, while indirect oxidation was the dominant pathway at higher potentials. However, cyclic voltammetry experiments sho...
Conducting Interviews with People Who Are Deafblind: Issues in Recording and Transcription:

For my doctoral research, I conducted interviews in signed language with college students who are deafblind. This qualitative research project included many challenges, including selecting the best...
Olfactory receptors respond to blood-borne odorants

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated strong olfactory receptor responses to intravascularly injected odorants in tracheotomized animals. This disproves the belief that such odorants reach olfactory receptors only via exhaled air and strongly suggests that blood-borne odorants can stimulate receptors by diffusing from nasal capillaries. Blood-borne odorants originating physiologically and pathologically may similarly stimulate receptors, thereby modifying olfactory function.
Sensitivity of Average Annual Runoff to Spatial Variability and Temporal Correlation of Rainfall

Abstract This paper examines the sensitivity of annual area mean runoff calculations to the effects of spatial variability and temporal correlation of rainfall. The model used is based upon the hypothesis that the annual water balance is determined only by rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and soil water storage. A simple bucket hydrology model with a seasonally varying potential evapotranspiration is used with rainfall data measured at several sites on the Delmarva Peninsula. Annual area mean runoffs are calculated for three cases: 1) actual spatial variability among the rain gauge sites and temporal correlation between consecutive 1-min rainfall amounts are maintained (the actual case); 2) actual spatial variability among the sites is maintained but temporal correlation between the consecutive 1-min rainfall amounts is minimized (the site-shuffled case); and 3) both spatial variability and temporal correlation are ignored (the area-averaged case). The actual case represents the baseline for compar...
The effects on decision task performance of computer synthetic voice output

Abstract Computer-synthesized voice has reached technological maturity and is expected to help resolve some of the human-computer interface difficulties. Research was conducted which focused on the utility of adding computer voice output to a microcomputer work station for decision support. Specifically the computer voice duplicated instructions that were printed on the screen for a visual display task in order to facilitate “eyes on” the visual problem. Response time and the number of errors were compared with conditions without computer voice. Since cognitive style, or decision style, has been recognized as an important individual difference for interface design, subjects were classified as having an analytic, heuristic or neutral decision style. The results found a surprising interaction effect between decision style and computer synthetic voice. Response time and errors improved for the analytic subjects, were degraded for the heuristic subjects, and were unchanged for the neutral subjects. These findings are important for the design of the human-computer interface because 45% of the subjects were in the affected groups. This paper is thought to be the first evaluation of the effects of adding computer synthesized voice instructions to a computer work station for decision making.
A computerized database for the mechanical properties of coal

Abstract A relational database containing experimental data for the mechanical properties of U.S. and foreign coals is described. Data on the failure curve (compressive strength), hydrostat, Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, and compressional and shear wave speeds are included, along with references to the original publications. The database contains approximately 50 references and 5000 data entries.
Loss and replacement: Intergenerational dynamics related to a two–year–old

Un petit garcon de 27 mois fut envoye au service de consulation externe de psychiatrie infantile apres une visite de routine pediatrique effectuee, visite revelant chez l'enfant des periodes d'ebahissement, une regression dans le developpement du langage et un retrait social vis-a-vis de ses parents. L'enfant etait ne une annee apres la mort de son frere, ce dernier etant decede peu apres sa naissance. Une autre mort inattendue s'etait produite dans la famille (generation precedente) lorsque la soeur du pere de l'enfant avait ete tuee dans un accident de voiture durant ses dernieres annees d'adolescence. La grand-mere paternelle, dont le deuil pathologique pour sa fille et son petit-fils infuencait considerablement cette famille, contribuait en realite aux dynamiques de remplacement proeminentes a travers deux generations. Les problemes lies a la perte perinatale, au deuil non resolu et aux dynamiques de remplacement furent essentiels au travail de guidage parental qui fut presente aux parents en tant que composant du traitement de leur fils.
The use of MR arthrography to document an occult joint communication in a recurrent peroneal intraneural ganglion.

The pathogenesis of intraneural ganglia remains controversial. Only half of the reported cases of the most common type, the peroneal nerve at the fibular neck, have been found to have pedicles connecting the cysts to neighboring joints detected with preoperative imaging or intraoperatively. We believe that all intraneural ganglia arise from joints, and that radiologists and surgeons need to look closely preoperatively and intraoperatively for connections. Not identifying these connections with imaging and surgical exploration has led not only to skepticism about an articular origin of the cyst, but also to a high recurrence rate after surgery. We present a patient who had two recurrences of a peroneal intraneural ganglion in whom a joint connection was not detected on previous MRIs and operations. Reinterpretation of the original films and high-resolution MRI demonstrated an “occult” joint connection to the superior tibiofibular joint. MR arthrography performed after exercise and 1 h delay, however, clearly showed the connection and communication. The joint connection was then confirmed at surgery through an articular branch. Postoperatively the patient regained nearly normal neurologic function, and follow-up MRI showed no cyst recurrence. MR arthrography with delayed imaging should be considered in cases of intraneural ganglia when a joint connection is not obvious on MRI.
Integrating the Multiple Biological Causes of Human Behavior

I introduce a range of examples of different causal hypotheses about human mate selection. The hypotheses I focus on come from evolutionary psychology, fluctuating asymmetry research and chemical signaling research. I argue that a major obstacle facing an integrated biology of human behavior is the lack of a causal framework that shows how multiple proximate causal mechanisms can act together to produce components of our behavior.
Vapour pressures of coal liquids estimated using a group contribution equation of state

Abstract A group contribution equation of state (GC-EOS) was used to predict the vapour pressure of liquids from the SRC-II liquefaction process. Vapour pressures estimated using the GC-EOS were compared with experimental vapour pressures and the pressures estimated using the Reidel equation. The GC-EOS accurately predicts vapour pressures of low boiling distillates, but the error increases slightly with the mid-boiling temperature of the cut. A sensitivity analysis shows the method to be most sensitive to the concentration of hydroxyl groups and to the length and structure of alkyl substituents.
Gene expression profiles in the brain predict behavior in individual honey bees

We show that the age-related transition by adult honey bees from hive work to foraging is associated with changes in messenger RNA abundance in the brain for 39% of ∼5500 genes tested.This result, discovered using a highly replicated experimental design involving 72 microarrays, demonstrates more extensive genomic plasticity in the adult brain than has yet been shown.Experimental manipulations that uncouple behavior and age revealed that messenger RNA changes were primarily associated with behavior.Individual brain messenger RNA profiles correctly predicted the behavior of 57 out of 60 bees, indicating a robust association between brain gene expression in the individual and naturally occurring behavioral plasticity.
Broadband homonuclear decoupling in heteronuclear shift correlation NMR spectroscopy

Recently, Garbow, Weitekamp, and Pines introduced a new approach to homonuclear broadband decoupling (I). Independently, a closely related experiment has been proposed for semiselective heteronuclear J spectroscopy (2). The two types of experiments have the common feature that all protons which are not directly attached to a 13C nucleus experience an effect as if a nonselective 180” pulse were applied, while protons bonded to a r3C nucleus are not affected. This type of behavior can be used conveniently in many of the heteronuclear types of two-dimensional experiments (3-9). Here, its use for sensitivity and resolution enhancement in heteronuclear spectroscopy will be demonstrated. It is mentioned here that other approaches to homonuclear broadband decoupling in heteronuclear shift correlation spectroscopy have been proposed by Frenkiel (JO), but those experiments rely on a different principle (II), and are of a less general nature. The experimental scheme is sketched in Fig. 1. The theory of the conventional heteronuclear decoupled shift correlation experiment (3) has been described elsewhere (3-6) and will be repeated here. The difference between the conventional heteronuclear decoupled shift correlation experiment and the scheme of Fig. 1 is that the single 180 o 13C pulse at the center of the evolution period has now been replaced by a 90”,(‘H)-1/(2J)-180°,(‘H), 180”,(‘3C)-l/(2J)-900-,(‘H) sequence, where J is the magnitude of the heteronuclear coupling constant in hertz. It has been shown (I, 2) that this sequence has the effect of a single 180” pulse for those protons that are not attached to a 13C nucleus, while other protons (those attached to 13C) are essentially
Effects of climatic variability on three fishing economies in high-latitude regions: Implications for fisheries policies☆

Abstract Research exploring how climatic variability impacts fishing economies in high-latitude regions was conducted in south-central Iceland and southwest Alaska during 2001–2004. Important differences were found regarding the economic impacts of climatic variations in the commercial economies in Iceland and Alaska, versus in the native subsistence economies in Alaska. In general, the commercially inclined economies in both regions seemed less resilient to ordinary climatic variability. Moreover, both of the commercial economies were importantly influenced by fluctuations in global fish markets that are prompted by climatic variations occurring in regions that are geographically very distant from them. A better understanding of how climatic variability affects fishing economies in high-latitude regions will help in the development of more sustainable fisheries policies for these regions, which may already be experiencing radical climatic and ecological change.
Body fat distribution and peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy men: role of insulin pulsatility.

Abdominal fat distribution is associated with insulin resistance in healthy young men. Factors modulating this phenomenon remain unclear. Pulsatile insulin release has been implicated as a potential regulator of insulin action. The relationship of pulsatility of peripheral insulin levels to fat distribution and peripheral insulin sensitivity was examined in 10 healthy men. Fat distribution was determined by the waist to hip ratio. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic clamp at an insulin infusion rate of 287 pmol/min.m2. Pulsatility of insulin was assessed by sampling every 2 min for 90 min in the basal state. The characteristics of insulin pulses were assessed by the computer program Pulsar. The waist to hip ratio was negatively associated with insulin sensitivity (r = -0.70, P less than 0.05) and insulin pulse interval (r = -0.66, P less than 0.05). The insulin pulse interval was positively correlated with peripheral insulin sensitivity (r = 0.73, P less than 0.05). The insulin interpulse interval was the primary determinant of insulin sensitivity. The increased frequency of insulin pulses may play a role in inducing insulin resistance in individuals with abdominal fat distribution.
A method to calculate heterogeneous evapotranspiration using submeter thermal infrared imagery coupled to a stomatal resistance submodel

[1] Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing of vegetation temperature, combined with surface energy balance modeling, allows efficient estimation of spatially distributed evapotranspiration (ET). Many ET models are sensitive to the parameterization of stomatal control; yet, modelers often employ spatially uniform stomatal resistance values, even in distributed applications. Unfortunately, assuming uniform resistance across a canopy with large temperature variance is physically unrealistic and may produce artifacts in ET magnitude. To account for spatial variations in stomatal control that likely accompany temperature variations, we propose nesting a new submodel within some well-established ET models. The submodel derives, for the canopy patch of interest, a concave-downward relationship between stomatal conductance and temperature, as expected from plant biology. Using the submodel, each pixel's contribution to the total canopy patch ET is influenced both by its observed temperature and by its location-specific estimated stomatal resistance. The submodel requires only one more parameter than the unmodified ET models, which can be obtained from the literature; it conserves energy between the pixel and image scales, unlike single-valued resistance approaches; it produces realistic ET values at extreme temperature locations; and provides a remote sensing-based way to estimate the in situ canopy stomatal conductance-temperature relationship, which otherwise must be measured under controlled conditions. Since very high-resolution TIR data provide one means to observe large temperature variance, the submodel was tested using data with cm-scale pixels collected over 1.5 m2 patches of two vegetation types. The biophysical relationships derived by the submodel were successfully verified against laboratory data.
Immunological Detection of Type II Collagen Degradation: Use in the Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Therapies

Propagated Swarm rat chondrosarcoma cells, rabbit chrondrocytes (from articular cartilage of knee, shoulder and hip joints), and bovine nasal cartilage explant cultures were studied. Type II collagen (CII) and its peptide fragments were quantitated in cell medium and cell layer separately, using two previously developed assays; one assay employed a monoclonal antibody, C4F6, that reacts specifically with triple helical CII and the other assay used an antibody, E1E5, that reacts specifically with a peptide of CII. A time-dependent increase in the content of CII and CII-derived peptides was observed in both rat and rabbit cultures. In both culture systems the majority of the native type II collagen is found associated with the cell layer (97% in rat cultures and 73% in rabbit cultures), while the major part of the CII peptides is found in the media (73% in rat cultures, 88% in the rabbit cultures). The concentration of peptides in the media reaches approximately 2 μg mL−1 in both chondrocyte monolayer cultures after 4 days. The CII peptide assay employing E1E5 was well suited to quantitate articular cartilage collagen degradation in explant culture. Thus it can be used to evaluate potential therapeutic agents that can modify or inhibit cartilage degradation. The assay has the added potential that it could be used in-vivo to evaluate the effectiveness of potential metalloproteinase inhibitors in animal models of osteoarthritis or in clinical trials.
Biosystematic Studies of Trichogramma Species: 1. Populations from California and Missouri

Stock cultures of Trichogramma spp. were obtained from Missouri for crossbreeding studies, including a culture of topotypic T. minutum Riley. Altogether, 15 cultures (based on host egg, host plant, host locality, and color of adults) were obtained, including 2 cultures of Trichogramma from California; T. pretiosum Riley (reference stock culture) which was originally obtained from Heliothis zea Boddie eggs collected from tomato near El Toro, and Trichogramma sp. obtained from Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) eggs collected from apple in Riverside. The cultures were isolated individually in separate rooms and maintained on eggs of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). A total of 42 crosses was conducted, with each cross and reciprocal cross being replicated 20 times and each check cross (84 total), 10 times. The results show that 4 species of Trichogramma were obtained from Missouri, including T. pretiosum which occurs also in California. Two of the species from Missouri and one from California did not cross with either T. minutum or T. pretiosum, and apparently they are undescribed species.
Detection of problems in high-power voltage transmission and distribution lines with an infrared scanner/video system

ABSTRACT Detection of problems in high voltage power lines is difficult with ground based equipment because infrared (IR)sensor units are subject to error caused by background thermal patterns such as clouds and tall trees. Travel is oftenslow due to soft sandy soil, moist areas, gullies, and creeks. Such difficulties were eliminated by the use of an airborneProbe Eye Scanner/Normal Color (NC) Video System (PESNVS) in an exploratory test. The equipment was mounted ina Piper Twin Comanche and was flown over power lines in east Florida. For ground verification, the PESNVS wasmounted in a 4-wheeled vehicle and operated in field surveys under the high tension power lines where three anomalieshad been detected aerially. Faulty components (operating above normal temperature) of the same high tensiontransmission lines were confirmed by the ground surveys.1. INTRODUCTIONElectronic sensors and imaging systems that respond to the slightly longer wavelengths of IR radiation emitted bywarm or hot objects have been used in military applications ranging from night-vision scopes to heat-seeking missiles.While the use of the IR systems was initiated by the atomic industry, other applications include detection of forest fires,pollution of streams and bodies of water by undesirable effluent, and freeze damaged plants. Over the past 15 to 20years, IR imaging systems have also been used in a wide spectrum of industrial and manufacturing applications using theirability to visualize heat from otherwise invisible radiation One of the most familiar uses of IR sensors is in northernareas of the U. S., where gauging heat loss through doors and windows of buildings are part of efforts to control energy.Use of IR systems has been more concentrated in permanent buildings, as potential heat losses occur in some sites due tomalfunctions in electrical equipment The most cost effective use of JR sensors has been the inspection of electricalutilities in substations and buiIdings Inspection and maintenance of high tension power transmission lines are expensiveprocedures that have to be conducted on a scheduled basis. In Florida, particularly near the beaches, high tension powerline components are subjected to weathering and salt spray contamination A number of utility companies use JR sensorsystems to detect equipment problems in substations where hotter components are frequently faulty and thus detectable?The ma.ority of these IR systems are expensive, delicate instruments, requiring considerable care and are not user
Real time analysis of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon film growth by multichannel ellipsometry

Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) has been applied to obtain insights into the growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) thin films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition as a function of the H 2 -dilution gas flow ratio R = [H 2 ]/[SiH 4 ], the accumulated film thickness d b , and the substrate material. For depositions with 15 ≤ R ≤ 80 on clean amorphous semiconductor surfaces, for example, initial film growth occurs in a predominantly amorphous phase, as deduced from analyses of the real time SE data. However, after an accumulated thickness ranging from 3000 A for R = 15 to 30 A for R = 80, a roughening transition is observed in the SE analysis results as the Si film begins to develop a predominantly microcrystalline structure. We have identified this roughening transition as an amorphous-to-microcrystalline phase boundary in the deposition parameter space of d b and R. The thickness at which this boundary occurs decreases continuously with increasing R, and the position of the boundary is strongly substrate dependent. Based on these real time SE studies and detailed device analyses, we have found that the highest performance p-i-n solar cells are obtained in i-layer deposition processes maintained at the highest possible R value versus thickness without crossing the deposition phase boundary into the microcrystalline regime.
Numerical methods for calculating self-consistent solutions of electron states in narrow channels

Self-consistent solutions of the Poisson and Schrodinger equations have been obtained in two-dimensions and are used to describe the behavior of electron states in narrow semiconductor channels. Numerical techniques employed for solving the individual Poisson and Schrodinger equations, as well as the outer iteration for self-consistency, will be discussed. The resultant computer implementation is quite robust and runs efficiently on a vector processor: a single solution typically requires 5-15 cpu minutes on an IBM 3090 vector machine with an 80% vector utilization; scalar execution requires 2.5-3 x more epu time.
Personalizing information retrieval for multi-session tasks: the roles of task stage and task type

Dwell time as a user behavior has been found in previous studies to be an unreliable predictor of document usefulness, with contextual factors such as the user's task needing to be considered in its interpretation. Task stage has been shown to influence search behaviors including usefulness judgments, as has task type. This paper reports on an investigation of how task stage and task type may help predict usefulness from the time that users spend on retrieved documents, over the course of several information seeking episodes. A 3-stage controlled experiment was conducted with 24 participants, each coming 3 times to work on 3 sub-tasks of a general task, couched either as "parallel" or "dependent" task type. The full task was to write a report on the general topic, with interim documents produced for each sub-task. Results show that task stage can help in inferring document usefulness from decision time, especially in the parallel task. The findings can be used to increase accuracy in predicting document usefulness and accordingly in personalizing search for multi-session tasks.
General theory of inhomogeneous systems, using maximum entropy.

Inhomogeneous systems are modeled by use of the maximum-entropy method so that only explicit properties of their structure are taken into account, with no arbitrary assumptions. A phase diagram describes the evolution of one inhomogeneous system into another. It contains first- and second-order transitions, with lattice animals, percolation, and a lattice gas as special cases. Two order parameters are identified. A tentative mapping onto the Potts model results in continuously varying critical exponents. New methods, including Monte Carlo, are proposed for maximum-entropy problems.
A medical outreach elective course.

Objective. To design and implement a Medical Outreach Experience elective course and assess its impact on students’ level of confidence in organizing future medical outreach trips, providing popula...
Single-quantum well InGaN green light emitting diode degradation under high electrical stress

Abstract We performed a degradation study of high-brightness Nichia single-quantum well AlGaN/InGaN/GaN green light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The devices were subjected to high current electrical stress with current pulse amplitudes between 1 and 7 A and voltages between 10 and 70 V with a pulse length of 100 ns and a 1 kHz repetition rate. The study showed that when the current amplitude was increased above 6 A, a fast (about 1 s) degradation occurred, with a visible discharge between the p- and n-type electrodes. Subsequent failure analysis revealed severe damage to the metal contacts, which lead to the formation of shorts in the surface plane of the diode. For currents smaller than 6 A, a slow degradation was observed as a decrease in optical power and an increase in the reverse current leakage. However, a rapid degradation occurred between 24 and 100 h which was similar to the rapid degradation observed at higher currents. The failure analysis results indicate that the degradation process begins with carbonization of the plastic encapsulation material on the diode surface, which leads to the formation of a conductive path across the LED and subsequently to the destruction of the diode itself.
Transient 2D IR spectroscopy of charge injection in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline thin films.

We use nonlinear 2D IR spectroscopy to study TiO2 nanocrystalline thin films sensitized with a Re dye. We find that the free electron signal, which often obscures the vibrational features in the tr...
A framework for activity detection in wide-area motion imagery

As wide-area persistent imaging systems become cost effective, increasingly large areas of the earth can be imaged at relatively high frame rates. Efficient exploitation of the large geo-spatial-temporal datasets produced by these systems poses significant technical challenges for image and video analysis and for data mining. Significant progress in image stabilization, moving object detection and tracking, are allowing automated systems to generate hundreds to thousands of vehicle tracks from raw data, with little human intervention. However, tracking performance at this scale is unreliable, and average track length is much smaller than the average vehicle route. These are limiting factors for applications that depend heavily on track identity, i.e. tracking vehicles from their points of origin to their final destination. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a framework for wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) exploitation that minimizes the dependence on track identity. In its current form, this framework takes noisy, incomplete moving object detection tracks as input, and produces a small set of activities (e.g. multi-vehicle meetings) as output. The framework can be used to focus and direct human users and additional computation, and suggests a path towards high-level content extraction by learning from the human-in-the-loop.
On circumferential splitting of a laminated cylindrical shell

Abstract The problem of debonding of a laminated cylindrical shell is considered for the case where a pair of self-equilibrating line loads act through the center of a pre-existing delamination. The problem is approached as a moving boundary problem in the calculus of variations, yielding a set of self-consistent equations governing the intact laminate and governing the debonded segments of the structure, viewed both as a composite structure and individually, for this class of problems. In addition to the corresponding boundary and matching conditions, the transversality conditions which define the location of the variable boundary of a contact zone and of the delamination itself are similarly obtained. The latter results in the energy release rates which are seen to be a function of mode II or a combination of mode I and mode II fracture depending upon the presence or absence of the contact zone. A closed form analytical solution is determined and numerical results demonstrating characteristic behavior are presented. The system is seen to exhibit relatively complex behavior for the simple loading considered. General trends of the behavior of the system as a function of its material parameters, of the bond strength and of delamination size are observed.
Behavior on Nonoutcome Problems of United States and Caribbean Island Preschool Children

Abstract Septante-deux enfants d'[acaron]ge pre-scolaire des U.S.A. et de St-Martin (Petites Antilles) ont subi une epreuve de decouverte de concept composee de 18 essais a 3 possibilites et dans laquelle les stimuli variaient en grandeur et en position. L'utilisation d'une technique “all blank-trials” (sans commentaire sur l'exactitude du resultat) a permis de determiner chez chaque sujet le type de reponse preferentielle systematique present avant l'apprentissage du concept. On a observe des patterns de reponses systematiques chez 71% des sujets americains et 55,5 % des sujets des Petites Antilles. Les resultats sont interpretes dans le sens de la theorie des hypotheses et demontrent la similarite des processus de resolution de problemes chez des enfants de cultures differentes.
On Becoming an Authority

The time spent in contemplation during residency years being what it is, I venture the surmise that few of our residents have considered the framed bit from Chaucer's Parlement of Foules , gracing a shelf in the neurology library for lo these many years. This excerpt is a fit text for my slight homily this evening. It runs as follows: For out of olde feldes, as men seith, Cometh all this newe corn from yere to yere; And out of olde bokes, in good feith, Cometh all this newe science that men lere. Well over a half-century ago, in preparation for a regular Saturday morning Grand Round in Neurology at the Boston (Mass) City Hospital, the chief, Stanley Cobb, had drawn a dozen mannikins on the large blackboard at the front of the room. Cobb, who was something of an artist, drew visual aids using both hands simultaneously. In addition to
An Application of Neural Network Modeling to Diagnose Eating Behavior of Seniors in Smart Houses

The concept of a Smart House has received research and consumer attention as a promising solution to provide safe and independent living for an aging population. These benefits can be enriched with the incorporation of Senior Healthwatch, a home health monitoring system that collects data from the sensors installed in the house and provides critical information about the residents' health condition during their daily activity. This study introduces a neural network modeling approach combined with cluster and decision tree analyses as a means to develop the inferential logic of Senior Healthwatch. Its role is to convert the data obtained from the Smart House into more meaningful information about the residents' daily activity such as the times for meal preparation, eating, and cleaning. The results of this study can become a major feature in the Smart House technology.
Sinhala and English: The Effects of a Language Act

RESUMOLa sinhala kaj la angla: la sekvoj de lego pri lingvojAltiris atenton kelkaj sekvoj de la Lego pri la Oficiala Lingvo de la jaro 1956, kiu al-jugis al la sinhala la rolon de la oficiala lingvo de Cejlono (la nuna Srilanko). Inter tiuj sekvoj estis la konflikto inter etnoj. Tamen, aliaj, malpli frapaj sekvoj estis gis nun malpli rimarkitaj. Inter tiuj estas sanĝigoj en la gamo de uzado de apartaj lingvoj kaj rilataj efikoj ce la koncernaj lingvoj mem. La nuna artikolo traktas tiajn sanĝojn, rilatajn al la sinhala kaj al la angla. Inter ili trovigas la pli vasta uzado de la sinhala por privataj, same kiel por oficialaj, celoj; sanĝitaj sintenoj al la lingvoj; kaj pli vasta kontakto kun la angla, tarnen kun malkreskinta kompetenteco en ĝia uzo—tiun lastan percepton konfirmas statistiko el la eduka sfero. Interne de la sinhala okazis disdiferen-cigo de funkciaj variajoj, sed nenia videbla malkresko de la diglosio—kio estas frapa ekzemplo de la persisto de tradicio meze de la sanĝo kaj modernigo.
Outcomes from international workshop on thermoactive geotechnical systems for near-surface geothermal energy: from research to practice

AbstractThis paper summarizes the main outcomes of an NSF sponsored workshop focused on thermoactive geotechnical systems for near surface geothermal energy. A group of 55 researchers from around the world gathered in March 2013 for a 3 day workshop in Lausanne, Switzerland to discuss the current status of the linkages between geotechnical engineering and near surface geothermal energy. This paper provides a summary of the state of the art in characterization of materials in thermally active geotechnical systems, as well as our understanding of the thermal and thermomechanical behavior of these systems. The paper also includes a review of available thermal and thermomechanical design methods, along with associated lessons learned from implementation of thermally active systems. A discussion of the emerging technologies at the interface between geotechnical engineering and near surface geothermal energy indicates that there are many opportunities to transfer knowledge between different fields. A list of cu...
The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614 and MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate analgesic tolerance to the mu-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids.

Once daily s.c. administration of 5 mg/kg morphine, a mu-opioid agonist, or U50488H (U50), a kappa 1-opioid agonist, for 5 days in male CD-1 mice results in a 2-3-fold shift to the right of the respective analgesic (tail flick) dose-response curves, indicating the development of tolerance. Concurrent s.c. administration of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY274614 (LY), at 24 mg/kg/24 h infusion (osmotic pump) or 6 mg/kg i.p. once daily attenuates the development of morphine tolerance, when the response to saline plus morphine is compared on day 5 with LY plus morphine. Using this paradigm, once daily administration of either the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801, at 0.3 mg/kg i.p. or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (NorArg), at 1 mg/kg i.p. twice daily attenuated the development of morphine tolerance. None of these drugs modify the tail-flick response or alter the ED50 for morphine. In contrast, co-administration of LY, MK-801 or NorArg, as above, failed to attenuate the development of tolerance to U50 or to the kappa 3-opioid agonist, naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH). These results suggest that mu-opioid tolerance but not kappa 1- or kappa 3-opioid tolerance involves the mediation of NMDA receptors and the nitric oxide system.
Activation of platelet fibrin-stabilizing factor by thrombin.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of activation of fibrin-stabilizing factor by thrombin. Fibrin-stabilizing factor has been obtained from human platelets by use of ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose-6B chromatography. The protein was shown to be highly purified by agargel immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis. Bovine thrombin was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and insolubilized by covalent linkage to Sepharose-4B. The results of sodium dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoretic and amino-terminal analyses show that platelet fibrin-stabilizing factor is activated by the release of a peptide (mol.wt 4000) which composes the amino-terminal end of the precursor (unactivated) molecule. A “blocked” amino-terminal residue is common to the peptide and the unactivated form, while the activated molecule has an amino-terminal glycine residue exposed by release of the peptide. Thrombin thus acts both fibrinogen and fibrin-stabilizing factor in apparently the same specific and limited manner.
Nontraumatic neurologic emergencies: Imaging findings

For some common nontraumatic neurologic conditions encountered in the emergency setting, the clinical history is important in helping the radiologist to choose the most appropriate imaging study. The clinical and radiologic features of four such conditions are presented, and the important role of magnetic resonance imaging in establishing the diagnosis is discussed.
Timing of price clustering and trader behavior in the foreign exchange market: evidence from Taiwan

In this paper, I use a unique proprietary dataset from the foreign exchange market to examine the existing hypotheses on price clustering. I find that market uncertainty plays an important role in price clustering. Moreover, since trading behavior changes under different market conditions, market timing also affects the likelihood of price clustering. The results support both the price resolution hypothesis (Ball et al. J Futures Mark 5:29–43, 1985) and the negotiation hypothesis (Harris Rev Financ Stud 4:389–415, 1991). Since the data covers the interbank foreign exchange market, which is the market for the professional bank dealers, the attraction hypothesis is less likely to be a plausible explanation for price clustering in the foreign exchange market.
Identification of a major new involatile N-nitroso compound in smoked bacon

Abstract The new N-nitroso compound identified in smoked bacon is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Identification was based on comparison of data from liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with those for the authentic compound, the synthesis of which is described.
Curtailing wind turbine operations to reduce avian mortality

Abstract While wind power is a promising source of renewable energy, there have been persistent questions about the safety of migrating birds in the presence of wind farms. In this paper we develop a framework that allows us to consider the costs and benefits of a very simple strategy: curtailing (turning off) the turbines during high-risk periods for endangered species. We develop a model that allows us to find the lowest financial cost strategy (where cost is represented in dollars) for the curtailing operation, given a specific goal for bird mortality reduction. We apply the model to a specific case study: the proposed Cape Wind project and the vulnerability of the common loon (Gavia immer), during one month of the migratory season. We calculate probability distributions over energy produced, price, and revenue to the wind farm, as well as over the numbers of loon mortality, and perform an uncertainty analysis. As an example, we find that with the goal of reducing 10% of the expected bird deaths during the month of March, the cost per bird averages $170, using the most cost effective curtailment strategy.
Healed left-sided infective endocarditis: A clinicopathologic study of 59 patients

Abstract Clinical and morphologic observations are described in 59 patients who had a history of active left-sided infective endocarditis that had been eradicated by antibiotic therapy. Of the 59 patients, 42 were from a group of 584 necropsy patients with fatal cardiac valve disease of various types; the remaining 17 were from a group of 79 patients who had undergone mitral or aortic valve replacement, or both, because of severe mitral or aortic regurgitation, or both. Examination of the heart at necropsy (42 patients) or at valve replacement (17 patients) disclosed that 30 (51 percent) had anatomic lesions that could readily be attributed to the active infective endocarditis that healed: cuspal perforations in 16 patients, rupture of chordae tendineae in 15 and aneurysms at or near the involved valve in 3. Unequivocal residua of the valve infection were more common in the purely incompetent than in the stenotic cardiac valves. Comparison of observations in the 42 necropsy patients with healed left-sided infective endocarditis with observations previously reported in 74 necropsy patients with active left-sided infective endocarditis showed that among the patients with healed endocarditis the infection more commonly involved a previously abnormal valve, the causative organism was more likely to be alpha streptococcus and recognized predisposing factors (opiate addiction, alcoholism, immunodeficiencies, operative procedures) were less frequent.
Workshop — Using IDEALS to demonstrate development of professional skills in project courses

Professional skills are vital to preparing engineers for their careers, but how well do we teach and assess them in our professional programs? Many design faculty are unclear about the required skills, how to develop them, and how to assess them. In response to this need, the Integrated Design Engineering Assessment and Learning System (IDEALS) promotes professional skills in a semi-authentic community of practice found in team-based design project classes. This workshop outlines practical learning outcomes for professional skills, team-based active learning materials, and aligned assessment instruments for measuring growth in professional development. The IDEALS learning model is derived from learning and motivation theories and seeks to elevate student learning through reflective practice. This session will alternate between short presentations, opportunities to score student work, and group discussion. Participants will also examine how to report classwide results for ABET within IDEALS. This workshop is intended for faculty who teach project courses across all disciplines and for ABET coordinators from a broad spectrum of engineering programs.
Autoradiographic studies of the distribution of 35sulfate label in ferret trachea: effects of stimulation.

Na2 35SO4 is among the common isotopic mucin precursors used to label airway secretory cells and monitor their active discharge in response to drugs. Previous work has established that 35S is taken up by multiple cell types in the trachea, yet there is no direct evidence linking 35S release with secretory activity by any specific cell type. In this study, we have used autoradiography to identify the sites of uptake and release of35S in ferret trachea. Confirming work performed in other species, we found uptake sites include surface epithelium (ciliated and goblet cells), submucosal glands (serous and mucous cells) and cartilage. Extending these findings using a “pulse-chase” protocol, we found that 35S turns over very rapidly in ciliated but not submucosal gland cells or cartilage. Specific grain density over epithelium declined from 0.12 ± 0.006 grains/μm2 immediately after the pulse to 0.05 ± 0.004 grains/μm2 at 4 h. In contrast, corresponding figures for the glands and cartilage showed no spontaneous l...
Ocular findings following trauma from paintball sports

To raise awareness of potential significant ocular damage and visual loss secondary to paintballs in those not wearing ocular protection and to report high incidence of chorioretinitis sclopetaria from paintball contusion. We reviewed cases of eye injury presenting to a single institution from 2000 to 2005. Those cases in which the injury was attributed to paintballs were identified and evaluated to determine ocular findings and visual prognosis. Ocular paintball injuries occurred in eight male subjects and one female subject (nine eyes) with an average age of 16 years (range, 11–26). None had ocular protection at the time of ocular injury. On initial examination, vitreous haemorrhage was present in six eyes (67%), maculopathy, hyphema, cataract, and commotio retinae were each present in four eyes (44%). Two eyes suffered retinal detachment and one eye an optic nerve avulsion. Chorioretinitis sclopetaria occurred in four eyes (44%). The final visual acuity was ⩾20/40 in three eyes, 20/50 to 20/150 in two eyes, and ⩽20/200 in four eyes. Injuries owing to paintballs can result in severe ocular damage and visual loss. Increased awareness and need for proper ocular protection should be emphasized by ophthalmologists. Chorioretinitis sclopetaria occurs with a high frequency and its presence should be recognized, as its management is different from retinal tear or detachment.
Mycobacterium avium in a shower linked to pulmonary disease

Studies of risk communication have identified healthcare providers, especially physicians, as the source of information most trusted by the public on issues of environmental health. Nothing in medical, nursing or most healthcare provider training actually prepares practitioners to play this role and healthcare providers are generally more oriented toward treatment and medical care than prevention and public health. Healthcare providers require education in order to play this role but rarely seek it. Gaps in the knowledge of professional on the issue of Cryptosporidium illustrate the problem. For members of the professional water community, communicating with healthcare providers is best done when messages are delivered in familiar settings, such as hospital Grand Rounds (a universal format for teaching conferences) and provided in a narrative (case-based) form but gaining access is difficult if the topic is not obviously clinical in nature. In addition to being a critically important target group itself, public health professionals are easier to reach and may mediate good working relationships with medical practitioners. We suggest a strategy for water utilities based on partnerships with academic public health and providing education through well-recognized formats in continuing medical and nursing education.
Trends in resonance energy shifts and decay rates for Bose condensates in a harmonic trap

This is a study of quasidiscrete Bogoliubov quasiparticles in a spherically symmetric harmonic trap. We first evaluate analytically the aymptotic energy shifts of the high-energy modes and find them to have $1/\sqrt{n}$ dependence on the number of radial nodes n, consistent with earlier semiclassical discussions. To address the question of the widths or decay rates $\ensuremath{\gamma},$ we attempt to clarify previous discussions by deriving an implicit equation for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ from an assumption of exponential decay. Numerically, we study the trends in the behavior of the widths as a function of temperature, energy, particle number, and scattering lengths. In particular, we find that the width due to Landau decay rises rapidly at low n and then declines, while the Beliaev decay rate rises slowly with n. As temperature $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0,$ Beliaev decay reaches a constant (greater than 0 for $ng0),$ while the Landau decay rate goes to zero. The decay rate $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is approximately linear in the s-wave scattering length.