cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pelagic species size distributions in lakes: Are they discontinuous?

Aquatic ecologists have many models for size distributions of pelagic communities. However, few studies have looked for discontinuities (clumps of similarly sized species or gaps of sizes that contain no or relatively few species) in pelagic community size structure. We investigated size distribution characteristics in aquatic communities by calculating kernel density functions for plankton and fish in 11 lakes in Wisconsin. Size distributions in aquatic communities of these lakes were not smooth. Rather, multiple lump and gap regions were found within each functional group of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. Simulations showed the gaps could not be explained by incomplete censuses of species or by systematic underestimation of intraspecific size variation. In an experimentally enriched lake, before and after comparisons showed lumps were not affected by large additions of P and N, even though biomass and production changed substantially. Lump regions in the two lakes with both food web manipulations and nutrient enrichment were substantially less similar pre- versus postenrichment than the reference lake and the lake with only nutrients added, but lump number remained relatively unchanged. Lakes that differed widely in nutrient status, trophic structure, species diversity, and area had similar size distributions. Comparisons of functional groups showed that phytoplankton had more lumps than zooplankton. In these north temperate lakes, size distribution characteristics seem to be conservative properties shaped by common regional ecosystem processes and organism patterns and not by lake-specific factors.
Of that which we cannot write: Some notes on the phenomenology of media

The advent of electronic media has fostered recognition of a deterministic relationship among media and communicative behavior: what we communicate about, how we communicate about it, and why we do are all bound up in the nature of the media we use to do so. This essay surveys these three issues across oral, literate, and video media to suggest how literate biases may hinder our mastery of oral and video media. Two critical examples of contemporary rhetoric are presented to illustrate the case. Much of the current difficulty can be eased, it is argued, through distinguishing oral literacy, video literacy, and video orality. Of special interest are the ways in which literacy inhibits the contemporary use, teaching, and study of rhetoric in speech and video.
CELL AFFINITIES IN ANTENNAL HOMOEOTIC MUTANTS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

DISSOCIATED embryonic cells show, in culture, cell affinities and morphogenetic movements which are tissue characteristic. While cells which derive from the same organ and tissue are able to reconstitute the original cell arrangements in mosaic fashion, cells from different organs sort out and regroup separately. This situation holds for vertebrate cells as well as for cells of many other lower organisms (see TRINKAUS 1966 for discussion). In Drosophila the adult cuticle consists of several cell structures specifically arranged into segment characteristic patterns. The adult cuticular structures are formed from cells of the imaginal discs of the larvae which undergo differentiation during metamorphosis. A variety of mutants in Drosophila meLanogaster change the color or form of single cuticular structures (cell mutants). With the aid of cell marker mutants HAWRN, ANDERS and URSPRUNG (1959) have shown that dissociated cells of the same imaginal disc are able to reaggregate and reconstruct the adult patterns of this disc integrated in mosaic fashion. However, dissociated cells deriving from different imaginal discs (NOTHIGER 1964; GARCIA-BELLIDO 1’36613) or from different regions of the same disc (GARCIABELLIW 1966a) sort out or segregate in aggregates. Furthermore, cells from homologous imaginal discs (different leg discs) reconstruct the common patterns in a typical mosaic integration; whereas they segregate when they correspond to different patterns (GARCIA-BELLIDO 1966a). These results are indicative of a highly specific cell determination correlated with highly selective cell affinities in the dissociated cells of the imaginal discs. When cultured in u h o , aggregated cells may change their prospective differentiation into that typical for other imaginal discs. The underlying phenomenon is called transdetermination and is assumed to be based upon a non-mutational change in the activity of sets of genes (HADORN 1966). When studied in cell aggregates, the transdetermined cells show new cell affinities which correspond to their new cell determination ( GARCIA-BELLIDO 1966b). The hypothesis was advanced then that the same specific genes are responsible for both the selective affinity and the correlative differentiation of the imaginal disc cells. There are mutants in Drosophila which specifically change the arrangement of the differentiated structures in the adult cuticle. Such mutants can be con-
Abstract W P290: Stroke Nurse Fellowship: Improving Quality and Coordination in Complex Stroke Patient Care

Background: Aligned with our Primary Stroke Center’s goal to achieve Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) designation, nursing leadership met to discuss strategies to increase bedside expertise following an influx of new graduate nurses. CSCs are required to operate inpatient stroke units staffed by qualified stoke caregivers, comply with professional standards, and demonstrate a commitment to providing stroke related education. Thus, a stroke nurse fellowship (SNF) program was developed. The SNF serves as an essential resource for nursing/patient education, performance improvement, and staff retention. The purpose of this abstract is to provide an overview of the SNF Program content, implementation, and feasibility. Methods: The SNF curriculum was developed from the American Board of Neuroscience Nursing’s new Stroke Certified Registered Nurse (SCRN) credentialing. The program reviews CSC standards/performance measures and provides interdisciplinary neurology rounding experiences, mock survey tracer exercises, rehab facility observation, and BAT code simulated learning. Program classes are 4 hours biweekly for 6 months and culminate with a mentored process improvement (PI) project. Potential applicants are recruited from the pool of less experienced nursing staff. Results: Nine candidates from 3 nursing units submitted applications. Seven were selected to begin the fellowship program in September, 2013. Program outcomes include percent of stroke related patient education standards documented, percent of candidates successful on SCRN examination, PI project impact, and increased nurse retention. Also, barriers and facilitators of the program will be reviewed. Conclusion: Developing a SNF program was feasible due to interdisciplinary collaboration and use of existing resources, thereby minimizing financial constraints. The SNF Program supports the UMMC’s commitment to the regulatory and educational standards of a CSC. There is potential for other specialty services to use this program as a model for developing unit based experts and improving the quality of patient care.
Evidence that the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G5/G8-independent pathway plays a determinant role in cholesterol gallstone formation in mice.

UNLABELLED The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) sterol transporter, Abcg5/g8, is Lith9 in mice, and two gallstone-associated variants in ABCG5/G8 have been identified in humans. Although ABCG5/G8 plays a critical role in determining hepatic sterol secretion, cholesterol is still secreted to bile in sitosterolemic patients with a defect in either ABCG5 or ABCG8 and in either Abcg5/g8 double- or single-knockout mice. We hypothesize that in the defect of ABCG5/G8, an ABCG5/G8-independent pathway is essential for regulating hepatic secretion of biliary sterols, which is independent of the lithogenic mechanism of the ABCG5/G8 pathway. To elucidate the effect of the ABCG5/G8-independent pathway on cholelithogenesis, we investigated the biliary and gallstone characteristics in male wild-type (WT), ABCG5(-/-)/G8(-/-), and ABCG8 (-/-) mice fed a lithogenic diet or varying amounts of cholesterol, treated with a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, or injected intravenously with [(3) H]sitostanol- and [(14) C]cholesterol-labeled high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We found that ABCG5(-/-)/G8(-/-) and ABCG8 (-/-) mice displayed the same biliary and gallstone phenotypes. Although both groups of knockout mice showed a significant reduction in hepatic cholesterol output compared to WT mice, they still formed gallstones. The LXR agonist significantly increased biliary cholesterol secretion and gallstones in WT, but not ABCG5(-/-)/G8(-/-) or ABCG8 (-/-), mice. The 6-hour recovery of [(14) C]cholesterol in hepatic bile was significantly lower in both groups of knockout mice than in WT mice and [(3) H]sitostanol was detected in WT, but not ABCG5(-/-)/G8(-/-) or ABCG8 (-/-), mice. CONCLUSIONS The ABCG5/G8-independent pathway plays an important role in regulating biliary cholesterol secretion, the transport of HDL-derived cholesterol from plasma to bile, and gallstone formation, which works independently of the ABCG5/G8 pathway. Further studies are needed to observe whether this pathway is also operational in humans. (Hepatology 2016;64:853-864).
Ultrafine Cellulose Nanofibers as Efficient Adsorbents for Removal of UO22+ in Water

Ultrafine cellulose nanofibers, 5–10 nm in diameter, were prepared from oxidation of wood pulp using the (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO process followed by mechanical treatment. Carboxylate groups on the surface of these nanofibers provide negative charges, which are very effective to adsorb radioactive UO22+ in water, evidenced by static adsorption and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The UO22+ adsorption capability of ultrafine cellulose nanofibers was about 167 mg/g, which is 2–3 times higher than those of typical adsorbents such as montmorillonite, ion imprinted polymer particles, modified silica particles/fibrous membranes, and hydrogels. The high UO22+ adsorption capability can be attributed to the very high surface-to-volume ratio, high surface charge density, and hydrophilicity of ultrafine cellulose nanofibers, which can be used as effective media to remove radioactive metals from radio-nuclear wastewater.
Iodoacetic Acid Alteration of Soybean Resistance to the Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Iodoacetic acid, a classical sulfhydryl reagent, elicited increased and decreased soybean preference by cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), depending on dose, method of application, specific leaf assayed, and time after treatment. Elicitation was achieved by treating only a minor portion of the plant surface area. Larval T. ni feeding preference for soybean leaf tissues was inversely correlated with the combined amount of the major isoflavanoids daidzein and coumestrol. These compounds have demonstrated antifeedant and antibiotic activities in T. ni larvae.
Thermal and mechanical properties of vertically aligned carbon fiber epoxy composites

High through-plane thermal conductivity in composites can be achieved when high thermal conductivity filler is aligned in a polymer matrix such that the fibers traverse across the thickness of the sample. Here we report on the properties of a material with 38 volume% loading of pitch-based carbon fibers embedded in an epoxy with a sub-room temperature glass transition. By using multiple characterization techniques, we have determined the through-plane thermal conductivity to be 71 W/m-K. Even with such high loading of C-fibers, the Shore hardness of the sample remained relatively low. These elastic composites may find use as gap fillers for high power electronic components.
Surveillance results and epidemic trend of AIDS in Wuhua County of Guangdong Province from 1999-2011

[Objective]To analyze the results of HIV/AIDS epidemic surveillance in Wuhua County of Guangdong Province from 1999-2011 and its epidemic trend,and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of AIDS.[Methods]The epidemic information of HIV/AIDS in China from 1999 to 2011 reported by national AIDS prevention and control system was comprehensively analyzed.[Results] From 1999-2011,a total of 65 HIV/AIDS cases with present address in Wuhuan County were reported,among which 39 were HIV infected,26 were AIDS patients,22 death cases caused by of HIV/AIDS,the ratio of male to female was 1.83∶1.The age ranged from 5 to 61 years old,most of whom were at the age of 20-49(81.54%).Farmers were the majority with the rate of 33.85%,sexual transmission was the major route of infection,accounting for 60%,injections of drugs occupied 6.15%.[Conclusion] The present prevalence rate of AIDS is low in Wuhua County but there is a probability that HIV virus transmitting may go up from high-risk population to general population.Strengthening surveillance and testing efforts and the management of epidemic situation,actively advancing the health education and health improvement and other means of intervention,AIDS routine testing in hospitals of country level,carrying out AIDS voluntary counseling,and strictly enforcing the safety management of blood and blood products are the important measures for the prevention and control of AIDS.
Predictive lossless compression of regions of interest in hyperspectral image via Maximum Correntropy Criterion based Least Mean Square learning

We propose a novel predictive lossless compression algorithm for regions of interest (ROIs) in the hyperspectral images via Maximum Correntropy Criterion (MCC) based Least Mean Square (LMS) filtering. Non-linearity and non-Gaussian conditions of prediction residuals of the ROI pixels in the hyper-spectral image are taken into account to improve the compression performance compared to the ordinary LMS used in the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standard. Test results on hyperspectral image datasets show that the proposed method outperforms several other state-of-the-art methods.
Design and Optimization of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission Links for Millimeter-Sized Biomedical Implants.

Ultrasound has been recently proposed as an alternative modality for efficient wireless power transmission (WPT) to biomedical implants with millimeter (mm) dimensions. This paper presents the theory and design methodology of ultrasonic WPT links that involve mm-sized receivers (Rx). For given load (R L ) and powering distance (d), the optimal geometries of transmitter (Tx) and Rx ultrasonic transducers, including their diameter and thickness, as well as the optimal operation frequency (f c ) are found through a recursive design procedure to maximize the power transmission efficiency (PTE). First, a range of realistic f c s is found based on the Rx thickness constrain. For a chosen f c within the range, the diameter and thickness of the Rx transducer are then swept together to maximize PTE. Then, the diameter and thickness of the Tx transducer are optimized to maximize PTE. Finally, this procedure is repeated for different f c s to find the optimal fc and its corresponding transducer geometries that maximize PTE. A design example of ultrasonic link has been presented and optimized for WPT to a 1 mm 3 implant, including a disk-shaped piezoelectric transducer on a silicon die. In simulations, a PTE of 2.11% at fc of 1.8 MHz was achieved for RL of 2.5 kΩ at d = 3 cm. In order to validate our simulations, an ultrasonic link was optimized for a 1 mm3 piezoelectric transducer mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB), which led to simulated and measured PTEs of 0.65% and 0.66% at f c of 1.1 MHz for RL of 2.5 kΩ at d = 3 cm, respectively.
Voicing Academia: Developmental Psychology and the Loss of Voice

Qualitative research has been foundational in shaping feminist theorizing about psychological development, yet this work has been criticized along methodological grounds. This chapter reviews research on loss of voice in females to illustrate the unique contributions of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Interview data suggest that girls lose voice at adolescence in an effort to preserve relationships. However, quantitative studies show that self-silencing is prevalent primarily among those endorsing cultural stereotypes about femininity. Examining intersections between race, class, and gender highlights the complexities in interpreting loss of voice phenomena. Use of quantitative methods has refined our understanding of female development, while using qualitative methods identified the diversity of reasons for self-silencing. The growth of quantitative approaches in the study of voice, or authenticity, has brought this work firmly into the academic mainstream, but at what cost? Have we lost the actual voices of girls and women in the process? Refinements in quantitative methodologies are needed to ensure a more complete understanding of reasons for loss of voice. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies provide iterative feedback about the nature of basic developmental processes that spark ideas for further inquiry.
Fuel savings through steering and braking technologies

Technical discussions about effective means of addressing reduction in fuel consumption and lower CO2 emissions are often centred on elaborate and costly drive train modifications. The automotive supplier TRW shows how, independent of the selected drive train concept, steering solutions and leading-edge braking technologies can help to optimise consumption levels. For example, TRW can quickly adapt the electro-mechanical and electro-hydraulic steering system, the electronic stability control with a regenerative braking function ESC-R and the electro-hydraulic braking system SCB to different models and platforms.
Washington's Revolution: The Making of America's First Leader. By Robert Middlekauff. (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015. Pp. xvi, 358. $30.00.)

This new book is part biography of the commander in chief of the Continental Army and part military history. It follows the evolution of George Washington's experience and maturation as a leader of...
A new central limit theorem and decomposition for Gaussian polynomials, with an application to deterministic approximate counting

One of the main results of this paper is a new multidimensional central limit theorem (CLT) for multivariate polynomials under Gaussian inputs. Roughly speaking, the new CLT shows that any collection of Gaussian polynomials with small eigenvalues (suitably defined) must have a joint distribution which is close to a multidimensional Gaussian distribution. The new CLT is proved using tools from Malliavin calculus and Stein’s method. A second main result of the paper, which complements the new CLT, is a new decomposition theorem for low-degree multilinear polynomials over Gaussian inputs. Roughly speaking, this result shows that (up to some small error) any such polynomial is very close to a polynomial which can be decomposed into a bounded number of multilinear polynomials all of which have extremely small eigenvalues. An important feature of this decomposition theorem is the delicate control obtained between the number of polynomials in the decomposition versus their eigenvalues. As the main application of these results, we give a deterministic algorithm for approximately counting satisfying assignments of a degree-d polynomial threshold function (PTF) over the domain $$\{-1,1\}^n$$ ; this is a well-studied problem from theoretical computer science. More precisely, given as input a degree-d polynomial $$p(x_1,\dots ,x_n)$$ over $${{\mathbb {R}}}^n$$ and a parameter $$\epsilon > 0$$ , the algorithm approximates $$\begin{aligned} \mathop {\mathbf{Pr}}_{x \sim \{-1,1\}^n}[p(x) \ge 0] \end{aligned}$$ to within an additive $$\pm \epsilon $$ in time $$O_{d,\epsilon }(1)\cdot \mathrm {poly}(n^d)$$ . (Since it is NP-hard to determine whether the above probability is nonzero, any sort of efficient multiplicative approximation is almost certainly impossible even for randomized algorithms.) Note that the running time of the algorithm (as a function of $$n^d$$ , the number of coefficients of a degree-d PTF) is a fixed polynomial. The fastest previous algorithm for this problem (Kane, CoRR, arXiv:1210.1280 , 2012), based on constructions of unconditional pseudorandom generators for degree-d PTFs, runs in time $$n^{O_{d,c}(1) \cdot \epsilon ^{-c}}$$ for all $$c > 0$$ .
Delivering the “tough message”: Moderators of subordinate auditors’ reactions to feedback

Abstract The audit review process is a key quality control mechanism. Recent evidence from practice suggests that regulatory risk has made reviews more critical, and audit supervisors are struggling with how to effectively deliver the “tough message”. We contribute to the audit review literature by providing an in-depth understanding of the subordinate's perspective, focusing on the understudied topic of negative feedback and factors that might moderate its effects. We investigate these issues using an experiential questionnaire soliciting subordinate auditors' reactions to highly salient actual review experiences. We find both adverse and beneficial reactions to more negative feedback, including worse attitudes toward coaching relationships, more attempts to manage supervisors' impressions, but greater performance improvement efforts. These reactions are moderated by the subordinate auditor's feedback orientation (i.e., receptivity), and sometimes by the supervisor's goal framing (i.e., emphasis on learning versus performance). Collectively, participants more often chose engagement over workpaper reviews to represent their most salient experiences, and some results differ between these review contexts. Qualitative analysis identifies both similarities and differences in key attributes of these review types. These results are important, as the audit review literature predominately considers workpaper review, and no study compares the two review contexts.
Evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based breast health education:

Objective:In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of faith-based health promotion programmes in educating African American women about breast cancer knowledge and risks, the local affiliate of a...
On conic spaces

In this paper, the notions of conic spaces, Thom spaces, Hopf Invariants and construction X k are surveyed.
Efficient protection of mice from influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus challenge infection via high avidity serum antibodies induced by booster immunizations with inactivated whole virus vaccine.

Abstract The immunogenicities of inactivated whole and split virus vaccines derived from influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus were compared in a mouse model. We demonstrated the unique properties of whole virus vaccine boosters on the serum memory antibody response in mice. Consistent with previous studies, booster immunization with either whole or split virus vaccines of A/H1N1pdm09 virus produced comparable titers of serum antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition and virus-neutralizing activities. However, superior protection against the challenge infection was unexpectedly observed in mice primed and boosted with whole virus vaccines compared with those treated with split virus vaccines, despite similar levels of antibody titers in each group. Immune serum antibodies were shown to be primarily responsible for this protection via passive transfer experiments of immune serum antibodies to naive recipient mice. Moreover, this protection correlated with elevated affinity maturation of the antibodies. Thus, booster immunization with whole virus vaccines elicited a robust serum antibody response with high avidity to the virus, which was not measurable via conventional serological assays.
Could canine visceral leishmaniosis take hold in the UK

Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) is a life-threatening outcome of infection with Leishmania infantum , a protozoan parasite that is found throughout the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, Latin America and some parts of Asia.1 Reviews of veterinary records have indicated a CVL prevalence of between 0.007 and 0.04 per cent in the UK. The majority of cases have been reported in southern England, with all affected dogs having spent at least several months in endemic countries such as Spain.2,3 Leishmania is typically transmitted during the blood meal of infected sand flies. However, sand flies are not found in the UK. In the absence of sand flies, alternative routes of transmission such as vertical, venereal and receipt of infected blood transfusions have been demonstrated (Fig 1).4-7 Additionally, it has been speculated that direct dog-to-dog transmission through bites or wounds was the likely mode of transmission in isolated CVL cases in Finland, Germany and New Caledonia in the south-west Pacific.5,8,9 Fig 1: Transmission modes that could support the introduction and propagation of Leishmania infantum infection in the UK dog population. It includes subclinically infected dogs that would not be identified by current travel history or blood donation standards. CVL Canine visceral leishmaniosis #### What you need to know
Pharmacogenetics of sertraline tolerability and response in pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders

Abstract Objective: To determine whether genetic variants in a pharmacokinetic gene (the number of CYP2C19 reduced function alleles [RFAs]), and in pharmacodynamic genes (HTR2A, SLC6A4, and GRIK4) ...
Synthesis of phenyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-1-thio-α,β-l-xylo-hexopyranoside. A glycosyl donor for axenose

Abstract A new synthesis of the methyl-branched sugar axenose is described. Axenose is found in the antibiotics axenomycin, dutomycin, and polyketomycin. The synthesis is based on additions of organometallic reagents to pentodialdo-1,4-furanosides and allows the preparation of derivatives of methyl α- l -axenoside which are protected at the tertiary C-3 hydroxyl group. Conversion to thioglycoside derivatives for use in oligosaccharide synthesis was carried out directly from the methyl glycoside by treatment with phenylthiotrimethylsilane and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Ramp reef depositional facies model for the Mid-Pliocene Golden Gates Reef Member of the Tamiami Formation, South Florida

The depositional setting for northern most Atlantic coral reef development during the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period is a gentle sloping mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp. Five core transects document the distribution of the reef complex in an area approximately 65 by 12 km, and nine repetitive depositional facies are identified. Paleoecological and sedimentological evidence documents facies development along a water depth–energy gradient. The mid-Pliocene Tamiami Formation is characterized by coral boundstone developed over level skeletal rudstone depositional units dominated by mollusks. Hyotissa haitensis (Sowerby), one of the last Gryphaeid oysters, is the dominant fossil found in the most continuous skeletal facies and overlies deeper water green clay facies, the only facies with pelagic foraminifera. Ground penetrating radar documents reef depositional topography, onlapping stratigraphy and two episodes of reef growth. Two cycles of deposition are recognized, separated by subaerial exposure. The coral boundstone and the skeletal rudstone exhibit both high primary and secondary porosity and overlie the impermeable clay facies. The upper surface of the coral boundstone lies at ~ 4 m in elevation whereas contemporaneous estuarine deposits are found to the north at elevations of 20–25 m. High porosity bank reef complexes along a shallow dipping ramp provide an alternative to the standard model of reef and porosity development along the outer shelf margin. Understanding the differences in associated facies between these two depositional environments permits better interpretation of observed heterogeneities in subsurface geobodies associated with inner shelf and platform settings.
Clinical experience with lung-specific electromagnetic transponders for real-time tumor tracking in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Abstract Background and purposes Motion management is crucial for optimal stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of moving targets. We aimed to describe our clinical experience with real-time tracking of lung-specific electromagnetic transponders (EMTs) for SBRT of early stage non-small cell lung cancer in free-breathing (FB) or deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH). Material and methods Seven patients were implanted with EMTs. Simulation for SBRT was performed in FB and in DIBH. We prescribed 60 Gy in 3, 5 or 8 fractions to the tumor and delivered SBRT with volumetric modulated arcs and a 6 MV flattening filter free photon beam. Patients’ setup at the linac was performed using EMT positions and cone-beam CT (CBCT) verification. Four patients were treated in DIBH because of a dosimetric benefit. We analysed patient alignment and treatment delivery parameters using DIBH or FB and EMT real-time tracking. Results There were no complications from the EMT implantation. Visual inspection of CBCT before and/or after SBRT revealed good alignment of structures and EMTs. The median setup time was 9.8 min (range: 4.6–34.1 min) and the median session time was 14.7 min (range: 7.3–36.5 min). EMT positions in lungs remained stable during overall treatment and allowed real-time tracking both in FB and in DIBH SBRT. The treatment beam was gated when EMT centroid position exceeded tolerance thresholds ensuring correct delivery of radiation to the tumor. Conclusion Using EMTs for real-time tracking of tumor motion during lung SBRT proved to be safe, accurate and easy to integrate clinically for treatments in FB or DIBH.
Jabón que hace espuma

Diego Alberdi (Guadalajara, Mexico 1992) Escritor de narrativa y poesia. Estudio Ciencias de la Comunicacion en el ITESO y la Maestria de Escritura Creativa en Espanol en la Universidad de Nueva York. Trabajo como editor en la Revista Temporales. Su poema Infinitivo fue publicado en la compilacion de textos Antesis (2016) por Jardineria y su cuento Sin domicilio fijo en el libro Atemporales (2019). Ha sido publicado en periodicos y revistas como El Sudcaliforniano y Cabeza de gato. Actualmente trabaja como profesor en el Lehman College en el Bronx.
Treatment and outcomes of Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Optimal antimicrobial therapy for Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infection (EFBSI) in the solid organ transplant (SOT) population is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacotherapy and outcomes of EFBSI in SOT patients. This was a single-center retrospective cohort of SOT patients with EFBSI from 2013 to 2019. Susceptibility testing was performed with Vitek® 2 or Etest. Estimates of optimal DAP pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic exposures (dose 27.4) were made from previously established literature and equations. Fifty-one unique cases were included in the analysis. The median age was 61 years and liver (64%), intestinal (19%), and kidney (12%) were the most common organs transplanted. Most patients had indwelling central lines (75%) at the time of bacteremia; intra-abdominal abscesses/fluid collections were present in 44% of patients and 8% had endocarditis. Nineteen (37%) patients had polymicrobial infections. The most common definitive antimicrobial regimens were as follows: DAP plus beta-lactam (46%), DAP monotherapy (18%), and LZD (25%). Of the 33 patients that received DAP, 21% of E faecium isolates developed DAP resistance. 30-day mortality was 25% overall but higher in patients who received an initial DAP dose <10 mg/kg (43% vs 13%). Vancomycin-resistance, severity of illness, neutropenia, and source control were also associated with mortality. Inadequate DAP dosing for EFBSI may be associated with mortality in the SOT population. Larger, controlled analyses are necessary to determine the impact of optimized pharmacodynamics in this population.
A Peptide Inhibitor of Peroxiredoxin 6 Phospholipase A2 Activity Significantly Protects against Lung Injury in a Mouse Model of Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)

Ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) is a lung injury syndrome associated with mechanical ventilation, most frequently for treatment of Acute Lung Injury (ALI), and generally secondary to the use of greater than physiologic tidal volumes. To reproduce this syndrome experimentally, C57Bl/6 mice were intubated and ventilated with low (4 mL/Kg body weight) or high (12 mL/Kg) tidal volume for 6 h. Lung parameters with low volume ventilation were unchanged from non-ventilated (control) mice. High tidal volume ventilation resulted in marked lung injury with increased neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) indicating lung inflammation, increase in both protein in BALf and lung dry/wet weight indicating lung edema, increased lung thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostanes indicating lung lipid peroxidation, and increased lung protein carbonyls indicating protein oxidation. Either intratracheal or intravenous pretreatment of mice with a 9 amino acid peptide called peroxiredoxin 6 inhibitor peptide-2 (PIP-2) significantly reduced all parameters of lung injury by ~50-80%. PIP-2 inhibits NADPH oxidase type 2 (NOX2) activation. We propose that PIP-2 does not affect the mechanically induced lung damage component of VILI but does significantly reduce the secondary inflammatory component.
Acquired Long QT and Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Setting of Acute Inflammation: A Case Series

We report a case series of 4 patients with transient marked QTc prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of inflammation with very high ferritin levels. Three patients were positive for coronavirus disease-2019. In the setting of an acute rise in inflammatory markers, electrocardiography screening for QTc prolongation is warranted. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
Chordoma

Optimal therapy of chordoma is a combined approach of surgical resection followed by proton beam irradiation for residual disease. The goals of surgery are to establish a definitive diagnosis, obtain total or maximal resection, and “shape” any residual disease so that it is favorable for radiation. Given the difficult locations and large sizes of these tumors, potential morbidity from these surgeries is high. Chordomas respond best to high doses of radiation, but nearby neurologic structures limit doses that can be delivered. Proton beam radiation appears to have a distinct advantage over conventional external beam radiation in this disease because of the rapid fall-off of radiation beyond the target. Unfortunately, the data on efficacy and safety of treatments for chordoma is limited because of the rarity of disease. Current reports in the literature are exclusively case series and reports, limiting the strength of the conclusions that can be drawn.
Pens and purse strings: Exploring the opportunities and limits to funding actionable sustainability science

Abstract Producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. While innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. Using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the United States and Europe. The results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. In many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. In certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. However, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. These results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science.
Predictors of incident SARS-CoV-2 infections in an international prospective cohort study.

Objective Until effective treatments and vaccines are made readily and widely available, preventative behavioural health measures will be central to the SARS-CoV-2 public health response. While current recommendations are grounded in general infectious disease prevention practices, it is still not entirely understood which particular behaviours or exposures meaningfully affect one’s own risk of incident SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our objective is to identify individual-level factors associated with one’s personal risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. Design Prospective cohort study of adult participants from 26 March 2020 to 8 October 2020. Setting The COVID-19 Citizen Science Study, an international, community and mobile-based study collecting daily, weekly and monthly surveys in a prospective and time-updated manner. Participants All adult participants over the age of 18 years were eligible for enrolment. Primary outcome measure The primary outcome was incident SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed via PCR or antigen testing. Results 28 575 unique participants contributed 2 479 149 participant-days of data across 99 different countries. Of these participants without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of enrolment, 112 developed an incident infection. Pooled logistic regression models showed that increased age was associated with lower risk (OR 0.98 per year, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.00, p=0.019), whereas increased number of non-household contacts (OR 1.10 per 10 contacts, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.20, p=0.024), attending events of at least 10 people (OR 1.26 per 10 events, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.50, p=0.007) and restaurant visits (OR 1.95 per 10 visits, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.68, p Conclusions Our study identified three modifiable health behaviours, namely the number of non-household contacts, attending large gatherings and restaurant visits, which may meaningfully influence individual-level risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2.
Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Evaluating Population Data in Allergy-Immunology

A population-level study is essential for understanding treatment effects, epidemiologic phenomena, and health care best practices. Evaluating large populations and associated data requires an analytic framework, which is commonly used by statisticians, epidemiologists, and data scientists. This document will serve to provide an overview of these commonly employed methods in allergy and immunology research. We will draw upon recent examples from the allergy-immunology literature to contextualize discrete principles of relevance to population-level analysis that include statistical features of a study population, elements of statistical inference, regression analysis, and an overview of machine learning practices. Our intent is to guide the reader through a practical description of this important quantitative discipline and facilitate greater understanding about data and result display in the medical literature.
Direct method of extracting broadband complex refractive index from spectrophotometric measurements: an application to polydimethylsiloxane for passive radiative cooling

We describe an algorithm to extract the complex refractive index of a material from broadband reflectance and transmittance measurements taken by spectrophotometers. The algorithm combines Kramers–Kronig analysis with an inversion of Fresnel’s equations to provide a direct method of solving for the refractive index which is accurate, even for weakly absorbing materials, and easily applicable to radiative heat transfer calculations. The algorithm is validated by extracting the complex refractive index of polydimethylsiloxane between 0.25 μm and 100 μm and comparing against existing literature. We also discuss the importance of broadband optical properties to passive radiative cooling and details of the uncertainty analysis of the algorithm.
Techniques of Differentiation and Integration

In the last three chapters we have accumulated a rather large number of formulas for both differentiation and integration. It is the purpose of this chapter to bring these results together, and to present ways by which these results can be extended. It would therefore be helpful to place the results obtained so far in tabular form for easy reference. We list here the results for both derivatives and integrals, pairing them off where this is appropriate. The differential can be easily obtained from the derivative, and for that reason will not be listed in this table.
Enzymatic activity of human carboxylesterases.

The carboxylesterases (CEs) are hydrolytic enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics that contain ester, thioester, or amide bonds. CEs are ubiquitously expressed but are found in highest concentration in membrane-enriched fractions of the liver. This unit describes assays used to measure the enzymatic activity and tissue distribution of human CEs. Both spectrophotometric and HPLC-based assays are described in detail. Several of these methods are rapid and easy to perform. These methods will be useful to investigators who are interested in studying the metabolism and disposition of esterified drugs and environmental chemicals. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:4.24.1-4.24.14. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: carboxylesterases; hydrolysis; pesticides; xenobiotic metabolism; liver
The Enlightenment: Coffee houses and consumers: the social context of Enlightenment

In opulent or commercial society, besides, to think or reason comes to be, like every other employment, a particular business, which is carried on by a very few people, who furnish the public with all the thought and reason possessed by the vast multitudes that labour. Only a very small part of any ordinary person's knowledge has been the product of personal observation or reflection. All the rest has been purchased, in the same manner as his shoes or his stockings, from those whose business it is to make up and prepare for the market that particular species of goods. (Adam Smith) Introduction Recent historical research has focussed overwhelmingly on the social context in which Enlightenment ideas were produced, received and marketed. Historians such as Robert Darnton have produced a wealth of new information on the readers, the writers and the entrepreneurial publishers of the increasingly large number of books, newspapers and pamphlets sold in this period. Historians such as Roger Chartier and Robert Muchembled have examined the penetration of Enlightenment ideas from the elite to the lower social classes, from ‘high’ to ‘low’ culture. Others have focussed on the spread of literacy, and the changing nature of the experience of reading. The importance of visual representations – pictures, engravings, stage-sets, statues in public places – in the transmission of ideas, alongside the written word, has been closely examined by historians such as Thomas Crow. Many writers have also pointed to the establishment, all over Europe, of new institutions and organisations where ideas could be explored and discussed. Some of these institutions, like masonic lodges, learned academies and societies, were formal affairs, whose membership was carefully controlled. Others, such as public lectures, coffee houses, lending libraries, art exhibitions, operatic and theatrical performances, were nearly all commercial operations, open to all who could pay, and thus provided ways in which many different social strata could be exposed to the same ideas. These different media and social institutions focussed on the diffusion and interchange of ideas and together formed what Jurgen Habermas has described as the ‘new public sphere’ of the eighteenth century. Later in this chapter we will be examining Habermas’ ideas more closely and asking what impact, if any, the social setting of ideas produced on the nature of ideas themselves in the Enlightenment.
Cytokine dysregulation in early- and late-term placentas from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats.

Citation Scott VL, Boudreaux CE, Lockett NN, Clay BT, Coats KS. Cytokine dysregulation in early- and late-term placentas from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected Cats. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 480–491 Problem Experimental infection of cats with FIV-B-2542 produces high rates of fetal infection and reproductive failure. We hypothesized that dysregulation of placental cytokine expression occurs in FIV-infected queens, and aberrant expression potentiates inflammation and impacts pregnancy outcome. Our purpose was to quantify expression of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12p35, and IL-1β), IL-10 (anti-inflammatory), and the chemokine SDF-1α in early- and late-term placental tissues. Method of study Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to measure gene expression in placental tissues. Results Increased expression of IL-6 and IL-12p35 and decreased expression of IL-10 occurred in FIV-infected tissues at early pregnancy; at late gestation, IL-6 expression increased and IL-1β and SDF-1α decreased. At late pregnancy, IL-6 expression positively correlated with FIV load. IL-12:IL-10 ratios were higher in infected tissues at early, but not late pregnancy. Fetal non-viability accompanied decreased IL-12p35 and SDF-1α expression at both stages and decreased IL-12:IL-10 ratio at late pregnancy. Conclusion FIV infection caused a pro-inflammatory placental microenvironment at early, but not late pregnancy.
Financial Sector Transformation: Toward Market-Oriented Banking in the Economies in Transition

Privatization of the banking sector is usually viewed as the way to create market oriented banking sectors in formerly planned or transition economies. However, bank privatization is only part of the requisite story. Market-oriented banking requires the disengagement of the state from direct governance of banks (whether they are state-owned or privatized) and the simultaneous development by the state of an effective regulatory framework for the banking sector. At one and the same time, the governments should be getting out of the banking business and getting into the regulatory/supervisory business. It is no wonder that managing these two seemingly contradictory tasks is often so difficult.
Hypersonic nonequilibrium Navier-Stokes solutions over an ablating graphite nosetip

The general boundary conditions, including mass and energy balances, of chemically equilibrated or nonequilibrated gas adjacent to ablating surfaces have been derived. A computer procedure based on these conditions was developed and interfaced with the Navier-Stokes solver GASP (General Aerodynamics Simulation Program). A test case with a proposed hypersonic test-vehicle configuration and associated freestream conditions was developed. The solutions of the GASP code with various surface boundary conditions were obtained and compared with those of the ASCC (ABRES Shape Change) code, and the effect of nonequilibrium gas as well as surface chemistry on surface heating and ablation rate were examined. Nomenclature A = area, m2 B' = quantity defined in Eq. (7) CH = #-type heat-transfer coefficient, kg/m2 • s CM = mass-transfer coefficient