cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION AND RELEASE IN THE RARE-EARTH FATTY LIVER.

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that the reduction in the release of esterified fatty acids from the liver is an insignificant factor in the mechanism of the rare-earth fatty liver. Intravenous cerium in rats caused the fatty acid composition of total liver lipids to become similar to that of adipose tissue even before the detection of the massive accumulation of fat in hepatic cells. This change is explained on the basis of the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides that accumulate in the liver.
Analysis of epidemic outbreak of brucellosis in Guangzhou

Objective To analyze of epidemic outbreak of human brucellosis in Guangzhou, and provide basis for making prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to investigate all employees in Guangzhou Livestock Market. Serological antibodies were detected by Rose Bengal Plate Test(RBPT) and Tube Agglutination Test (SAT). Results 241 individuals were tested and 37 showed brucellosis infection,of which 27 cases were confirmed, and 10 were latent infection. A major risk factor of brucellosis was exposure to sheep,with almost all the infected persons contacted sheep. Sales and slaughter personnel had a significantly higher probability of infection then others (P0.01). Conclusions When brucellosis became epidemic, animal practitioners were the most high risk group of infection. We should strengthen publicity and education on brucellosis and animal quarantine.
Social Media Monitoring

Social Media Marketing muss auch messbar sein. Dafur sind Social Media Monitoring Tools erforderlich. Zwar gibt es bisher viele solche Tools in Deutschland, die meisten von ihnen sind jedoch fur das Monitoring des chinesischen Webs nicht geeignet, da sie entweder die Analyse der chinesischen Sprache nicht unterstutzen oder nicht fur chinesische Social Media optimiert sind. Es gibt aber in China Tools und Dienstleistungen, die speziell fur das Monitoring des chinesischen Social Webs mit moderner Technik zur Analyse von Syntax und Semantik der chinesischen Sprache entwickelt wurden. In diesem Kapitel werden einige davon vorgestellt.
Assessing postfire recovery of chamise chaparral using multi-temporal spectral vegetation index trajectories derived from Landsat imagery

Abstract Land managers and ecologists working in Mediterranean-type ecosystems require information on postfire recovery of shrublands as a means of identifying long-term changes in these sensitive systems. This study evaluates the utility of postfire regrowth trajectories, derived from multi-temporal Landsat satellite surface reflectance imagery, as a basis for estimating postfire recovery of chamise chaparral in southern California. Postfire recovery metrics are applied to time series trajectories of spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) including NDVI, EVI, SAVI, MSAVI, NBR, and NBR2. Shrub fractional cover changes following postfire recovery are estimated at 74 plots using multi-date high spatial resolution orthoimagery, enabling stratification of the recovery outcomes. The sensitivity of Landsat-based regrowth trajectories to postfire shrub recovery is assessed by ANOVA statistical testing based on the stratified recovery outcomes. We evaluate several combinations of postfire recovery metrics and SVIs as postfire recovery indicators. We compare SVI trends extending 19 to 29 years postfire with field-collected data on postfire recovery trends reported in previous studies, in order to assess the sensitivity of the SVIs to short- and long-term phases of regrowth. The utility and necessity of normalizing SVI time series based on unburned control plots to reduce moisture effects is also evaluated. A primary finding is that the Scaled Recovery Metric (SRM), a variant of the Regeneration Index which incorporates the pixel-specific SVI value immediately after fire, is a particularly useful indicator of postfire recovery based on time-sequential SVI trajectories and facilitates inter-site comparisons. Time series of several SVIs (especially NDVI and NBR2) provide statistically significant (p
Vaccination Confidence and Parental Refusal/Delay of Early Childhood Vaccines.

Objective To support efforts to address parental hesitancy towards early childhood vaccination, we sought to validate the Vaccination Confidence Scale using data from a large, population-based sample of U.S. parents. Methods We used weighted data from 9,354 parents who completed the 2011 National Immunization Survey. Parents reported on the immunization history of a 19- to 35-month-old child in their households. Healthcare providers then verified children’s vaccination status for vaccines including measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), varicella, and seasonal flu. We used separate multivariable logistic regression models to assess associations between parents’ mean scores on the 8-item Vaccination Confidence Scale and vaccine refusal, vaccine delay, and vaccination status. Results A substantial minority of parents reported a history of vaccine refusal (15%) or delay (27%). Vaccination confidence was negatively associated with refusal of any vaccine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.63) as well as refusal of MMR, varicella, and flu vaccines specifically. Negative associations between vaccination confidence and measures of vaccine delay were more moderate, including delay of any vaccine (OR = 0.81, 95% CI, 0.76–0.86). Vaccination confidence was positively associated with having received vaccines, including MMR (OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.40–1.68), varicella (OR = 1.54, 95% CI, 1.42–1.66), and flu vaccines (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.23–1.42). Conclusions Vaccination confidence was consistently associated with early childhood vaccination behavior across multiple vaccine types. Our findings support expanding the application of the Vaccination Confidence Scale to measure vaccination beliefs among parents of young children.
Art 3: Self-Organization of Distributed Pattern Recognition Codes in Neural Network Hierarchies

Adaptive resonance architectures are neural networks that self-organize stable pattern recognition codes in real-time in response to arbitrary sequences of analog or binary input patterns. In ART architectures, top-down learned expectation and matching mechanisms are critical in self-stabilizing the code learning process. A parallel search scheme updates itself adaptively as the learning process unfolds, and realizes a form of real-time hypothesis discovery, testing, learning, and recognition. After learning self-stabilizes, the search process is automatically disengaged. Thereafter input patterns directly access their recognition codes without any search. A novel input pattern can directly access a category if it shares invariant properties with the set of familiar exemplars of that category. A parameter called the attentional vigilance parameter determines how fine the categories will be. If vigilance increases (decreases) due to environmental feedback, then the system automatically searches for and learns finer (coarser) recognition categories. Gain control parameters enable the architecture to suppress noise up to a prescribed level. This article outlines some properties of three generations of ART networks: ART 1, ART 2, and ART 3. ART 1 architectures establish recognition codes for binary inputs, ART 2 architectures for analog inputs. Learned representations are encoded in bottom-up and top-down adaptive filters whose long-term memory (LTM) traces vary slowly compared to the rapid short-term memory (STM) information processing. ART 3 architectures incorporate a third memory, on an intermediate time scale, whose dynamics may be interpreted as chemical transmitter processes. This medium-term memory (MTM) provides the extra degree of freedom needed to embed ART systems in neural network hierarchies with fast or slow learning and compressed or distributed codes. The ART 3 MTM transmitter processes can also be used in a wide variety of fully or partially connected and adaptive or non-adaptive neural networks.
An autonomic and permissionless Android covert channel

Demand for mobile devices continues to experience worldwide growth. Within the U.S., there is a significant shift away from broadband usage towards Smartphones as the primary Internet entry point for consumers. Although technological advancements have helped fuel demand for greater features and functionality to enhance the user experience, they have also drawn attention from malicious actors seeking to access and exfiltrate increasingly available sensitive and content rich personalized information.In traditional Android based exfiltration channels, the application engaged in information acquisition is granted permission to execute off-board communications. This tactic increases the possibility of detection by applications designed to identify this form of behavior. In this paper, we sever the acquisition / exfiltration bundling by assigning independent responsibilities to two apps communicating via a stealthy, permissionless, self-configuring and self-optimizing ultrasonic bridge. We present a framework for analyzing channel feasibility and performance, and apply it to 28 popular mobile devices. We demonstrate basic channel capability on 13 devices, achieving in certain cases, Bit Error Rates lower than 10−4 and Shannon capacity approaching 14 bps. We further demonstrate two performance boosting solutions that build on these results: a multichannel implementation which improves performance by nearly 80% and; a single channel Amplitude Shift Keying solution that increases capacity three-fold.
SiC MOSFETs designed and evaluated for linear mode operation

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Wolfspeed developed silicon carbide (SiC) vertical MOSFETs for linear-mode operation. The motivation is to determine whether SiC's material properties enable SiC MOSFETs to withstand higher pulse-current density and energy dissipation than is achievable with commercial silicon linear-mode MOSFETs. The SiC device is a 3.3 mm × 3.3 mm chip with a thick gate oxide and a long channel to provide flat drain current vs. drain voltage characteristics. The MOSFETs were evaluated in their saturation region at drain-source voltages up to 200 V for pulses up to 16.5-ms wide to determine their maximum current amplitude and energy dissipation capability. At a current density of 45 A per square centimeter over the chip area, the MOSFETs survived pulse energy of up to 14.7 J, or 135 J per square centimeter. The results for these small test devices encourage further investigation of the operation of larger-area SiC MOSFETs in linear mode.
Phonological Koinéization in Kathmandu Tibetan

This paper tests the new-dialect formation model of Peter Trudgill (1986 et seq) by examining several phonological features of Tibetan as spoken in the diaspora community of Kathmandu, Nepal. Established by an influx of migrants from many dialect regions beginning in 1959, this presents a unique opportunity to study koineization, new dialect formation, in progress. Trudgill's model predicts that a new dialect should largely emerge in the second generation born in the new region, exhibiting both simplification, the failure of marked variants to transmit across generations, and focusing, the selection of particular variants as a new norm for the community's new variety. Data from seventy-three sociolinguistic interviews was coded for phonological and lexical variables known to differ across Tibetan-speaking regions, and NeighborNets were constructed in SplitsTree. Results indicate that regionally marked variables were not transmitted into the first or second generation of Diaspora-raised speakers, but Diaspora speakers exhibited a high degree of variation comparable to that of speakers from the numerically- and socially-dominant U-Tsang region. That younger speakers have not yet converged on a single new variety suggests a role for additional factors to affect the rate of koineization.
The Role of Non-invasive Testing in Evaluation and Diagnosis of Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction.

The symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) including urinary incontinence, frequency, and urgency are among the most common reasons children are referred to pediatric urologists. Despite this, the workup for LUTD is often time consuming and a source of frustration for patients, parents, and clinicians alike. In the current review, we summarize the important role non-invasive testing plays in the diagnosis and management of children with LUTD and to show how use of these tests can help avoid the need for more invasive testing in the majority of children. Non-invasive tests such urine studies, uroflowmetry ± simultaneous electromyography, assessment of post-void residual, renal/bladder ultrasound, and pelvic ultrasound when used appropriately can provide valuable information to facilitate decision making during the evaluation of children with LUTD. While these tests should be employed prior to more invasive testing such as urodynamic studies, they can often act as a surrogate for the more invasive tests. Non-invasive tests can help us in our goal of improving diagnostic ability to better classify the child’s LUTD into an actual condition which allows targeted treatment in the hope of better outcomes and more satisfied patients and families.
Perception of Asian carp as a possible food source among Missouri anglers

Silver and bighead carps were imported from China to the United States in the 1970s as a biological control mechanism for improving water quality. After escaping captivity, both species spread into...
Cluster randomized trial of the classroom SCERTS intervention for elementary students with autism spectrum disorder.

Objective This cluster randomized trial (CRT) evaluated the efficacy of the Classroom Social, Communication, Emotional Regulation, and Transactional Support (SCERTS) Intervention (CSI) compared with usual school-based education with autism training modules (ATM). Method Sixty schools with 197 students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 129 classrooms were randomly assigned to CSI or ATM. Mean student age was 6.79 years (SD 1.05) and 81.2% were male. CSI teachers were trained on the model and provided coaching throughout the school year to assist with implementation. A CRT, with students nested within general and special education classrooms nested within schools, was used to evaluate student outcomes. Results The CSI group showed significantly better outcomes than the ATM group on observed measures of classroom active engagement with respect to social interaction. The CSI group also had significantly better outcomes on measures of adaptive communication, social skills, and executive functioning with Cohen's d effect sizes ranging from 0.31 to 0.45. Conclusion These findings support the preliminary efficacy of CSI, a classroom-based, teacher-implemented intervention for improving active engagement, adaptive communication, social skills, executive functioning, and problem behavior within a heterogeneous sample of students with ASD. This makes a significant contribution to the literature by demonstrating efficacy of a classroom-based teacher-implemented intervention with a heterogeneous group of students with ASD using both observed and reported measures. (PsycINFO Database Record
Over Rings and Functors

For any ring R, let ℐ (R) be the unique Boolean lattice of two sided ideals which is isomorphic to the lattice of natural classes of non-singular right R-modules N f (R). Let 1 = 1 R = 1 Q ∈ R ⊂ Q be rings with R ⊂ Q an essential extension of right R-modules. Under some appropriate assumptions it is shown that there is an isomorphism of Boolean lattices Ψ: ℐ (R) → ℐ (Q). The natural inclusion map φ: R → Q, induces a natural order preserving map φ*: N f (Q → N f (R of the Boolean lattices of natural classes of Q and R. It is shown that φ* is essentially the inverse of Ψ.
Gas Phase Chain Polymerization

Methods which allow, for the first time, the study of the kinetics of true, homogeneous, gas phase, chain polymerization are described. The detection mechanism involves nucleation and growth of clusters. Reaction rates lower than one product molecule per cubic centimeter per second are measured. The reaction is therefore noisy. The scientific importance of such measurements is elaborated. Limitations of the present scheme of measurement are discussed and plans for improving the level of precision are outlined.
Balloon- and Stent-Assisted Endovascular Occlusion of Intracranial Aneurysms

Endovascular approaches to the management of intracranial aneurysms have been employed since the early 1960s and usually involved the use of free coils or detachable balloons which were technically challenging and had limited safety and effectiveness in comparison to open surgical clipping of the lesion [1]. This remained the case until early 1990s, when two watershed moments would form the impetus for the development and widespread use of endovascular techniques for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.
Simulation of light fields captured by a plenoptic camera using an equivalent camera array

Post-processing of light fields enables us to extract more information from a scene compared to traditional camera. Plenoptic cameras and camera arrays are two common methods for light-field capture. In fact, it has been long recognized that the two devices are in some ways equivalent. Practically though, light field capture via camera arrays results in poor angular sampling. Similarly, the plenoptic camera often suffers from relatively poor spatial sampling. In simulation, we can easily explore both constraints by simulating two-dimensional view point images and combining them into a four dimensional light field. In this work, we present a formalism for converting between equivalent plenoptic configurations and camera arrays. We use this approach to simulate a simple scene and explore the trade-offs in angular and spatial sampling in light-field capture.
Structural Insights from HIV-Antibody Coevolution and Related Immunization Studies

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a rapidly evolving pathogen that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. There are ∼30–35 million people infected with HIV around the world, and ∼25 million have died since the first reported cases in 1981. In addition, each year 2–3 million people become newly infected, and >1 million die of AIDS. An HIV-1 vaccine would help halt an AIDS pandemic, and efforts to develop a vaccine have focused on targeting the HIV-1 envelope, Env, found on the surface of the virus. A number of chronically infected individuals have been shown to produce antibodies, called broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), that target many strains of HIV-1 by binding to Env, thus suggesting promise for HIV-1 vaccine development. BnAbs take years to develop, and have a number of traits that inhibit their production; thus, a number of researchers are trying to understand the pathways that result in bnAb production, so that they can be elicited more rapidly by v...
The protease‐activated receptor 4 Ala120Thr variant alters platelet responsiveness to low‐dose thrombin and protease‐activated receptor 4 desensitization, and is blocked by non‐competitive P2Y12 inhibition

Essentials The rs773902 SNP results in differences in platelet protease-activated receptor (PAR4) function. The functional consequences of rs773902 were analyzed in human platelets and stroke patients. rs773902 affects thrombin-induced platelet function, PAR4 desensitization, stroke association. Enhanced PAR4 Thr120 effects on platelet function are blocked by ticagrelor. SUMMARY: Background F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor (PAR) 4 and harbors an A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs773902) with racially dimorphic allelic frequencies. This SNP mediates an alanine to threonine substitution at residue 120 that alters platelet PAR4 activation by the artificial PAR4-activation peptide (PAR4-AP) AYPGKF. Objectives To determine the functional effects of rs773902 on stimulation by a physiological agonist, thrombin, and on antiplatelet antagonist activity. Methods Healthy human donors were screened and genotyped for rs773902. Platelet function in response to thrombin was assessed without and with antiplatelet antagonists. The association of rs773902 alleles with stroke was assessed in the Stroke Genetics Network study. Results As compared with rs773902 GG donors, platelets from rs773902 AA donors had increased aggregation in response to subnanomolar concentrations of thrombin, increased granule secretion, and decreased sensitivity to PAR4 desensitization. In the presence of PAR1 blockade, this genotype effect was abolished by higher concentrations of or longer exposure to thrombin. We were unable to detect a genotype effect on thrombin-induced PAR4 cleavage, dimerization, and lipid raft localization; however, rs773902 AA platelets required a three-fold higher level of PAR4-AP for receptor desensitization. Ticagrelor, but not vorapaxar, abolished the PAR4 variant effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. A significant association of modest effect was detected between the rs773902 A allele and stroke. Conclusion The F2RL3 rs773902 SNP alters platelet reactivity to thrombin; the allelic effect requires P2Y12 , and is not affected by gender. Ticagrelor blocks the enhanced reactivity of rs773902 A platelets. PAR4 encoded by the rs773902 A allele is relatively resistant to desensitization and may contribute to stroke risk.
Radio-Frequency Signal Processing Using Optical Frequency Combs

Optical frequency combs have established their presence in many fields among which is microwave photonics. Here, we briefly introduce optical frequency comb generators, focusing on high repetition rate combs. Examples of comb-based signal processing are highlighted, including Brillouin mitigation, beamforming, RF-filtering, sub-sampling and RF-channelizers.
The Lyme Disease Polymerase Chain Reaction Test Has Low Sensitivity.

Background: The Lyme PCR is a direct detection test, but has not been rigorously evaluated in children undergoing evaluation for acute Lyme disease. Methods: We performed a six-center prospective cohort study of children aged 1 to 21 years undergoing acute evaluation for Lyme disease. For this planned secondary analysis, we limited our cohort to children undergoing evaluation for Lyme disease who had any Lyme PCR test obtained by a treating clinician (blood, synovial fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid). We defined a case of Lyme disease with a positive two-tier Lyme disease serology: a positive or equivocal enzyme immunoassay followed by a positive supplemental immunoblot interpreted using standard criteria. We report the test characteristics of Lyme PCR for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Results: We identified 124 children of whom 54 (43.5%) had Lyme disease. Overall, 23 had a positive PCR test (sensitivity 41.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 29.7-55.0; specificity 100%, 95% CI: 94.2-100). All children with a positive Lyme PCR also had a positive two-tiered Lyme disease serology. Conclusions: The Lyme disease PCR test did not improve the diagnosis of children undergoing evaluation for acute Lyme disease. Given the additional costs of this low utility test, clinicians should not order Lyme PCR testing in the acute care setting.
Overconstrained models of time delay lenses redux: how the angular tail wags the radial dog

The two properties of the radial mass distribution of a gravitational lens that are well-constrained by Einstein rings are the Einstein radius R_E and xi2 = R_E alpha''(R_E)/(1-kappa_E), where alpha''(R_E) and kappa_E are the second derivative of the deflection profile and the convergence at R_E. However, if there is a tight mathematical relationship between the radial mass profile and the angular structure, as is true of ellipsoids, an Einstein ring can appear to strongly distinguish radial mass distributions with the same xi2. This problem is beautifully illustrated by the ellipsoidal models in Millon et al. (2019). When using Einstein rings to constrain the radial mass distribution, the angular structure of the models must contain all the degrees of freedom expected in nature (e.g., external shear, different ellipticities for the stars and the dark matter, modest deviations from elliptical structure, modest twists of the axes, modest ellipticity gradients, etc.) that work to decouple the radial and angular structure of the gravity. Models of Einstein rings with too few angular degrees of freedom will lead to strongly biased likelihood distinctions between radial mass distributions and very precise but inaccurate estimates of H0 based on gravitational lens time delays.
Collective Memory and the Persistence of Injustice: From Hawaiʻi's Plantations to Congress--Puerto Ricans' Claims to Membership in the Polity

This article uncovers a little-told story of the systematic racialization of Puerto Ricans by private plantation interests and Hawai‘i’s territorial government to control the labor force and ensure that Puerto Ricans could not exert political power over their lives. In the early 1900s, plantation-controlled news accounts and U.S. and Hawai‘i government reports depicted Hawai‘i’s Puerto Rican laborers alternatively as “squalid” and “piteous,” “indolent” and “shiftless,” “unruly” and “treacherous,” or “happy” and “contented.” U.S. decision makers had already deployed some of these depictions to bolster the United States’ conquest of Puerto Rico, and U.S. agribusiness and Hawai‘i’s government spread these images to destabilize and dehumanize Puerto Ricans as a means of social control. Combined, these racialized portrayals operated to keep Puerto Ricans at the U.S. polity’s margins in both Hawai‘i and Puerto Rico, two territories of the newly expanded U.S. empire. And, those group portrayals, in part, bear on present-day Puerto Rican justice claims and responses to them. The Hawai‘i experience thus illuminates an important theoretical development: the collective memory of injustice as a prelude to reparatory justice initiatives. Who tells the definitive history of group injustice—and how that history is framed—is vital to shaping a group’s narrative and public image. Fierce battles over the collective memory of injustice lie at the core of many court decisions. Employing these theoretical insights, the article analyzes the First Circuit's Igartua de la Rosa v. United States decision and contends that the question of Puerto Ricans’ right to vote with all of its related legal claims is really a threshold struggle over the collective memory of how Puerto Rico was “acquired” by the United States, the ensuing treatment of Puerto Ricans (both on and off the island), and the kind of derogatory racialization that justified the United States’ past and continuing exclusionary actions.
Focus on treatment progress of pediatric sepsis

Severe sepsis and septic shock remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children.There is ongoing uncertainty regarding the optimal treatment pathways.However, the initial management of sepsis is crucial. Key words: Sepsis; Shock; Treatment; Child
Application of Advanced Technology During Resection of Posterior Fossa Arteriovenous Malformations: 2 Sister Cases

Various advanced imaging and intraoperative technologies can be used during resection of posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in a hybrid neurovascular operating room. These technologies include transradial intraoperative angiography with post-processing of angiographic data for navigation (in combination with stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging) ( Figure 1 ). Advanced semiautomated processing allows magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography, and angiography fusion for enhanced localization of the AVM. Additional useful technologies include processing of angiographic transit time to provide valuable flow data, indocyanine green angiography, fluorescein angiography, and use of a high-definition endoscope. While these technologies are potentially useful in certain circumstances, they may not be necessary in the case of relatively straightforward vascular lesions. Keeping this in mind is of particular importance, as the use of these technologies may require extended time with the patient under anesthesia. These sister cases of cerebellar AVMs illustrate the spectrum of the advanced technologies that are potentially available to surgeons during posterior fossa AVM resection ( Video 1 ).
VIII – Concluding Remarks

Publisher Summary There are remarkable differences between the activities of various enzymes in each metabolic subdivision. The total metabolic pattern of arterial tissue distinguishes itself by the high rate of glycolysis and the low Pasteur effect. The enzymic studies have revealed the functioning of all known carbohydrate metabolic pathways in the tissue that indicates a certain similarity of the vascular tissue to other tissues. The coefficients of correlation between age and enzyme activities that have systematically been listed in tables often show that different variations occur in the normal aortic tissue, arteriosclerotic aortic tissue, pulmonary artery, coronary artery, and vena cava inferior samples. In connection with the problem of aging, it is of great interest that progeria, a disease condition recognized in children, exhibits clinical symptoms similar to those observed in senile persons. Recent refinement in biochemical analytical techniques makes future research very promising.
Developing a First Full Draft Manuscript

Some travelers will decide to share their travels with others by documenting their journey in a written travel chronicle, or other published work. In doing so they have the opportunity to share their travel experience with others, including those who may have an interest in taking a similar trip in the future and desire to glean travel insights from their travel experiences.
Banking Access and Racial Inequality: Wealth and Human Capital Accumulation of Young Men

There are large racial differences in access to the financial system among young adults. Lack of access to savings and investment opportunities results in low financial returns on savings. Low returns, in turn, reduce ex-ante incentives to save, work, and invest in human capital. Using a structural model of schooling, labor supply, and savings with unequal financial access and endogenous borrowing constraints, I quantify the effects of racial differences in financial access and labor market discrimination on the observed racial wealth gap. Counterfactual policy experiments suggest that a financial inclusion policy that provides full access increases African American youths’ median net worth level and reduces racial wealth inequality. In comparison, a college tuition reduction policy is less effective in reducing wealth inequality.
Naturally occurring van der Waals heterostructure lengenbachite with strong in-plane structural and optical anisotropy

Lengenbachite is a naturally occurring layered mineral formed with alternating stacks of two constituent PbS-like and M2S3-like two-dimensional (2D) material layers due to the phase segregation process during the formation. Here, we demonstrate to achieve van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of lengenbachite down to a few layer-pair thickness by mechanical exfoliation of bulk lengenbachite mineral. The incommensurability between the constituent isotropic 2D material layers makes the formed vdW heterostructure exhibit strong in-plane structural anisotropy, which leads to highly anisotropic optical responses in lengenbachite thin flakes, including anisotropic Raman scattering, linear dichroism, and anisotropic third-harmonic generation. Moreover, we exploit the nonlinear optical anisotropy for polarization-dependent intensity modulation of the converted third-harmonic optical vortices. Our study establishes lengenbachite as a new natural vdW heterostructure-based 2D material with unique optical properties for realizing anisotropic optical devices for photonic integrated circuits and optical information processing.
Reflective Critical Inquiry on Critical Inquiry: A Critical Ethnographic Dilemma Continued

This manuscript argues that there is an intimate connection between a "critical" ethnographer's personal history and the data collected. The author traces elements in his personal life, such as school, religion, immigration and forms of discrimination, and connects dominant values within the above to the various studies he has conducted over the last decade. The author reflects back on how he may have unconsciously been seeing the everyday experiences of subjects he was studying as a reflection of his own personal experiences at various times in his life all which relate to forms of institutional and cultural political resistance. The author argues that the educational Left can only be caught in a theoretical and cynical "catch 22" logic if the interpretation of "critical data" remain at the structural level. Moments of joy and emancipatory possibility , the author maintains, becomes a possibility particularly when the critical ethnographer's personal voice is entered into the whole ethnographic picture. That in mind, the author argues that school change on any level of liberation can only occur when the researcher and researched can attain a level of intersubjective compromise, where both their personal voices and relationships to structure are better understood. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss4/1 Reflective Critical Inquiry on Critical Inquiry: A Critical Ethnographic Dilemma Continued
Dna packaging in mouse spermatids. Synthesis of protamine variants and four transition proteins.

A comparison of the protein compositions of mouse late-step spermatids and cauda epididymal sperm has revealed that the relative distribution of the two amino acid sequence variants of mouse protamine differ markedly in spermatids and sperm. Sonication-resistant spermatids contain the two variants in a ratio of 1:1, while the ratio of these two proteins in cauda epididymal sperm is approx. 2:1. Labeling studies in vivo have shown that this difference is due, in part, to an asynchrony in the time of synthesis of the two protamine variants. Both proteins are synthesized in late-step spermatids, but synthesis of the tyrosine variant in sperm chromatin begins approximately one day before synthesis of the more predominant histidine variant. Analyses of the time of synthesis of protamine and the four transition proteins in late-step spermatids allowed us to estimate the spermatid stage in which these proteins are deposited on DNA and relate these events to the onset of sonication resistance in maturing spermatids. These results indicate that: (1) synthesis and deposition of protamine begins coincident with the onset of sonication resistance in early step 12 spermatids; (2) protamine deposition is complete by mid-step 15; and (3) synthesis of the transition proteins occurs coincident with protamine synthesis.
ISLM: The Engine Room

The preceding chapters have included definitions and analyses of discrete components and aspects of the macroeconomy. We discussed the goods market and the multiplier effect in some detail, before exploring overheating and soft and hard landings using AD–AS analysis. The previous chapter included a fairly detailed study of calamitous hyperinflations, and ended with a discussion of the intertemporal and expectational influences underlying long-term interest rates.
Method for comparing concentrations of the open-air factor.

It is shown how concentrations of the open-air factor may be compared from day to day; this has not been possible previously.
New relationships in the automotive industry

The term 'globalization' is often used to describe the process which companies must undergo in order to become internationally competitive. In this paper, the author argues that globalization is not simply a matter of selling a single product worldwide, nor a reflection of scale alone, nor simply a matter of achieving the structure of a conventional multinational corporation. Rather, he describes the process as a set of dynamics, or what might be called 'rules of the game'. He shows what considerations must drive automobile manufacturers if they are to succeed in the global market–place.
Studies on the growth of vesicular stomatitis virus in tissue culture.

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus has the same type of growth cycle in chicken embryo cells and monkey kidney cells. The virus is released from both cell types by the continuous release process rather than by a burst. Virus grown in one cycle on chicken embryo cells will grow with equal efficiency in the next cycle on monkey kidney cells. X-ray inactivation of the free virus allows one to estimate a radiation-sensitive spherical volume with a diameter between 36 and 47 mμ, a volume comprising some 18–23% of the total viral volume. X-ray inactivation of the virus-cell complex shows that the X-ray sensitivity of the complex is greater than that of the free virus at the start of infection and gradually becomes less than that of the free virus by 5 1 2 hours after the start of infection. The inactivation curves of the irradiated complex are always single-hit.
Equivalence of the Regge and Einstein equations using Cartan's moment of rotation

An explicit derivation of the Einstein tensor via Cartan's moment of rotation on an infinitesimal lattice is presented. With the standard form of the Einstein equations assumed, the equivalence of the Regge equations with matter to the Einstein equations is demonstrated in detail using a spherically symmetric example with proper time slicing. Such an example has been numerically evolved to withinr=2M using null struts. These results make Regge calculus more readily applicable and provide a justification for its use.
Topical vitamins, minerals and botanical ingredients as modulators of environmental and chronological skin damage

Ageing skin is characterized by fine lines, wrinkles, lentigines, dyspigmentation and increased coarseness. Topical preparations alleged to combat these changes abound in the over-the-counter market. Some of the most popular ingredients used in these products are vitamins, minerals and botanical extracts. Proposed mechanisms for antiageing effects on skin range from antioxidant properties to improved collagen synthesis or protection from collagen breakdown. Despite the media attention and consumer popularity that these ingredients have generated, there have been few scientific studies to support these claims. In this report, we review recent published studies on the most common of these ingredients for the topical photoprotection and the treatment of ageing skin.
Effects of intracanal mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide during four weeks on pH changes in simulated root surface resorption defects: an in vitro study using matched pairs of human teeth.

Abstract Introduction Diffusion of hydroxyl ions from intracanal calcium hydroxide (CH) through dentin is used to arrest external inflammatory root resorption. However, long-term and short-term CH placement has been associated with an increased risk of root fracture. Intracanal mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) might provide an alternative to CH as a source of hydroxyl ions. This in vitro study compared the effects of intracanal MTA and CH on hydroxyl ion diffusion through dentin by measuring pH changes over time in simulated root surface resorption defects prepared in matched pairs of teeth; the null hypothesis tested was that there is no difference. Methods Root surface cavities were prepared 5 mm from the apex in extracted human permanent anterior teeth (21 matched pairs) and 7 additional teeth (controls). Root canals were instrumented to size 50/.04 and filled with either tooth-colored MTA (ProRoot) or CH (UltraCal XS); control teeth were filled with saline. The pH in root surface cavities was measured at 3 hours, 24 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Results In controls, pH readings did not differ significantly during the 4 weeks (P > .05, repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA]). For the experimental intragroup effects, significant pH changes occurred over time in the MTA group (P = .005, repeated-measures ANOVA) and the CH group (P Conclusions Intracanal MTA and CH groups differed in their overall effect on pH measured in simulated root surface resorption defects. At 4 weeks intracanal placement of MTA compared with CH resulted in a small but significantly higher pH.
Shrimp farming on the grid

The concept of task farming provides a mechanism to mange the execution of multiple instances of a serial application on distributed computing resources. These type of jobs fall into the category of "embarrassingly parallel" applications, for which it is clear how to partition them on parallel programming environments. Many important problem-classes, like Monte-Carlo simulations and parameter-space-surveys fall into this category. Although it is common practice on clusters systems using shared filesystems and local batch queue systems, task farming on distributed Grid resources is still far away from being ubiquitous due to the heterogeneous, potentially unreliable, and not very well predictable nature of the Grid. Additionally, the vast amount of different Grid middleware, transport protocols, and programming interfaces makes it exceptionally difficult to transparently run a task farming job on the Grid. Confronted with the task to run a large parameter survey for a serial application (the Shrimp Model) on different Grid resources, we evaluated different Grid task farming tools (Condor-G, Nimrod/G, ...) for the following requirements:• Grid-enabled: The application MUST be Grid-enabled, i.e. able to submit jobs to different Grid resource managers.• Portable: All components of the task farming application should run on as many hardware/OS platforms as possible.• Lightweight: The implementation should be as simple and lightweight as possible and shouldn't be bloated with unnecessary features.• Middleware independent: The application MUST not be bound to a single Grid middleware and should ideally be able to run without any Grid middleware as well.• User friendly: Both, describing a task farming job as well as submitting and monitoring a task farming job should be as intuitive as possible.
Detailed receptor binding studies of a series of N-substituted ethyl 3-arylnipecotates.

Abstract Receptor-binding studies with [3H]-naloxone and [3H]-DADL have been made for a series of 3-arylpiperidines known to have moderate analgesic agonist and antagonist activities. All analogues were found to bind selectively to the opiate “μ” receptor with affinites consistent with their in vivo activity. However, Na+ did not appreciably alter their IC50 values in competition with [3H]-naloxone, independent of their relative agonist/antagonist activity. This anomaly is consistent with our previous theoretical studies of these 3-∅ piperidines which postulated different modes of agonist and antagonist receptor binding than that for fused ring opiates. Computer-assisted analysis of the binding shows that this low IC50 ratio is probably due to a greatly enhanced affinity of these analogues at a third site in the presence of Na+, behavior parallel to that of naloxone.
Predicting Nursing Home Admissions Among Incontinent Older Adults: A Comparison of Residential Differences Across Six Years

Whether or not rates of nursing home admissions among elders with urinary incontinence varied by their place of residence was investigated. We also examined whether any observed residential differences could be accounted for by factors other than incontinence that are known to influence rates of institutionalization. Data from the Longitudinal Study on Aging (1984-1990) were used to examine a sample who at baseline lived in community settings and reported problems with urinary incontinence (n = 719). Analyses indicate that residents of less urbanized and thinly populated nonmetropolitan counties were more likely to have a nursing home admission than elders in any other residential context. More importantly, these residential differences persisted in multivariate logistic regression models after controls were introduced for sociodemographic characteristics, measures of health status, and indicators of the social support networks of the elders.
Calcium, calmodulin and cell proliferation

Calcium and calmodulin have been proposed to be regulatory factors in cell cycle progression. Clonal mouse cell lines harboring episomally-carried genes have been prepared to address this question. Some lines produce extra calmodulin, others express antisense RNA to decrease calmodulin, while others produce the Ca2+-buffering protein parvalbumin. The results show that calmodulin acts at two points in the cell cycle--the G1/S boundary and metaphase transition. An additional Ca2+ event that is calmodulin-independent occurs at mitotic prophase. The elevated (or depressed) level of intracellular Ca2+ binding protein does not markedly affect gene expression. In cells containing excess calmodulin, the synthesis mechanisms that normally control the level of calmodulin post-transcriptionally are overridden. Genes normally expressed in G1 whose products are involved in growth control show increases in calmodulin over producing cell lines. Elevated calmodulin decreases tubulin mRNA presumably due to its effect on microtubule stability. The availability of cell lines in which calmodulin can be inducibly increased or decreased should provide tools to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern the regulatory roles for this protein in cell cycle progression.
Material simulations with tight-binding molecular dynamics

Tight-binding molecular-dynamics has recently emerged as a useful method for atomistic simulation study of realistic materials. The method incorporates electronic structure calculation into molecular dynamics through an empirical tight-binding Hamiltonian and bridges the gap between ab initio molecular dynamics and simulations using empirical classical potentials. This article reviews some achievements and discusses some recent developments in materials simulations with tight-binding molecular dynamics.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of fibrin sealants for patients undergoing pancreatic resection.

Introduction Post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a common complication after partial pancreatic resection, and is associated with increased rates of sepsis, mortality and costs. The role of fibrin sealants in decreasing the risk of POPF remains debatable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the literature regarding the effectiveness of fibrin sealants in pancreatic surgery.
Modulation of available vesicles and release kinetics at the inhibitor of the crayfish neuromuscular junction.

Abstract We have investigated the effect of serotonin (5-HT) and okadaic acid (OA) on presynaptic processes at the crayfish inhibitory neuromuscular junction. Two different physiological parameters of transmitter release were examined: release kinetics and the size of the readily releasable pool of vesicles (RRP). Using a paired pulse stimulus and high frequency trains, we established that a single broad action potential, recorded in 20 mM tetraethylammonium and 1 mM 4-amino-pyridine, released the RRP in its entirety. Thus, by measuring the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSC) we were able to directly assess the effects of 5-HT and OA on the RRP. Serotonin at 200 nM and OA at 2.5 μM each significantly increased IPSC above control levels and the effects of these two modulators were comparable. Both modulators also induced a leftward shift in the rising phase of IPSC, i.e. an apparent acceleration in release kinetics. The shift caused by OA was significantly more pronounced than that induced by 5-HT. This apparent acceleration in release was not associated with a corresponding change in the presynaptic Ca 2+ transient measured at a 2 kHz resolution, suggesting that modulation was not due to an acceleration in Ca 2+ channel kinetics. In view of the comparable increase in the size of the RRP by the modulators, the differential modulation of release kinetics suggests that these two parameters may be modulated by separate biochemical processes.