cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A metabolic intermediate of pamaquine from chickens.

SummaryA metabolite of pamaquine hitherto undescribed has been obtained from the tissues and droppings of treated chickens. The in vitro antimalarial and methemoglobin-producing properties of this metabolite are approximately 16-fold those of pamaquine. There are striking similarities in ultraviolet absorption spectra and in vitro antimalarial and methemoglobin-inducing behavior of the ametabolite and the two 8-amino-5,6-quinoline-quinones studied.
Effects of sildenafil on myocardial infarct size, microvascular function, and acute ischemic left ventricular dilation.

Objective: Adverse cardiac events in patients treated with the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil for erectile dysfunction raised concerns about its safety in ischemic heart disease. Methods: In anesthetized open-chest rabbits, receiving 1.45 mg/kg sildenafil intravenously or saline 30 min prior to ischemia ( n = 12, each), infarct size (IS, triphenyltetrazolium), the area of no-reflow (ANR, thioflavin S) (% of the risk area, RA, blue dye), and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF, radioactive microspheres) were measured after 30 min of coronary occlusion and 180 min of reperfusion. Left ventricular hemodynamics and dimensions (echocardiography) were determined in a separate series of animals ( n = 5, each). Results: Sildenafil significantly lowered arterial blood pressure before occlusion (−17 to −19 mmHg over 30 min), but during ischemia and reperfusion hemodynamics were comparable to controls. IS in treated animals (51±4%) did not significantly differ from control animals (47±4%). No major arrhythmias or lengthening of QT/QTc occurred. While sildenafil slightly increased RMBF and significantly reduced specific vascular resistance in the RA during reperfusion (51±7 versus 73±10 mmHg g min/ml, P <0.05), the ANR (46±3%) was similar to control animals (44±4%). Sildenafil reduced left ventricular d P /d t max ( P <0.05) and d P /d t min ( P <0.01) in non-ischemic conditions, and slightly during ischemia, along with a pronounced decrease in ischemic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (9±2 versus 15±2 mmHg after saline, P <0.05), but did not attenuate acute ischemic left ventricular dilation. Conclusions: Sildenafil reduced cardiac pre- and afterload, and parameters of left ventricular contractility. Myocardial necrosis and microvascular dysfunction were neither exacerbated nor attenuated.
miR-9a prevents apoptosis during wing development by repressing Drosophila LIM-only

Loss of Drosophila mir-9a induces a subtle increase in sensory bristles, but a substantial loss of wing tissue. Here, we establish that the latter phenotype is largely due to ectopic apoptosis in the dorsal wing primordium, and we could rescue wing development in the absence of this microRNA by dorsal-specific inhibition of apoptosis. Such apoptosis was a consequence of de-repressing Drosophila LIM-only (dLMO), which encodes a transcriptional regulator of wing and neural development. We observed cell-autonomous elevation of endogenous dLMO and a GFP-dLMO 3'UTR sensor in mir-9a mutant wing clones, and heterozygosity for dLMO rescued the apoptosis and wing defects of mir-9a mutants. We also provide evidence that dLMO, in addition to senseless, contributes to the bristle defects of the mir-9a mutant. Unexpectedly, the upregulation of dLMO, loss of Cut, and adult wing margin defects seen with mir-9a mutant clones were not recapitulated by clonal loss of the miRNA biogenesis factors Dicer-1 or Pasha, even though these mutant conditions similarly de-repressed miR-9a and dLMO sensor transgenes. Therefore, the failure to observe a phenotype upon conditional knockout of a miRNA processing factor does not reliably indicate the lack of critical roles of miRNAs in a given setting.
Gender differences in parental investment in education

Abstract The gender gap in schooling is puzzling given that the expected returns to an individual for increased schooling — as measured by proportional wage increments — does not differ by gender. This paper explores possible explanations for the disparity using a model of parental investment in children. The model allows for differences in investments due to differences in costs — including the opportunity cost of the child's labor as well as school fees and availability. Moreover, it indicates that disparities in investment could come through differences in returns realized by parents, for example, in the probability of transfers from children to parents or in the degree of sympathy or altruism, even when market returns to the children themselves do not differ. While it is difficult to distinguish these different explanations empirically, the paper reviews available evidence and indicates interventions that governments can make to reduce the gender gap in education.
Configuration dependent stiffness of the PUMA 560 manipulator: Analytical and experimental results

Joint stiffness of three PUMA 560 manipulators has been measured experimentally. Results of these studies indicate that stiffness data for joints 1, 2 and 3 are similar between PUMA 560 manipulators. Nonlinear relationships between end effector load, end effector displacement and joint configuration are explained. Because mass and inertia data has already been determined, complete dynamic models of the PUMA 560 manipulator which include joint compliance data, are now possible. Using linearized equilibrium equations, static, compliant, configuration dependent joint deflections are determined and compared with experimental results.
Transparapharyngeal and Transpterygoid Transposition of a Pedicled Occipital Galeopericranial Flap: A New Flap for Skull Base Reconstruction

Objectives: We present the anatomic and cadaveric foundations for novel modifications of the occipital galeopericranial flap for reconstruction of ventral skull base defects. Study Design: Anatomic description. Methods: Using cadaveric dissections and measurements, we investigated the feasibility of transposing pedicled occipital galeopericranial flaps into the nasal cavity and skull base. Two fresh and five preserved human specimens were dissected. Results: Pedicled occipital flaps were transposed into the nasal cavity via a transparapharyngeal-transpterygoid corridor into the nasopharynx. It was demonstrated that the pedicled occipital galeopericranial flap reaches the anterior skull base. Conclusions: Pedicled occipital flaps transposed into the nasal cavity can reach the anterior skull base and provide another option for vascularized reconstruction in selected patients.
Co-strengthening contribution of δ′ and T1 precipitates in Al-Li alloys 2090 and 2090 + Ce

Abstract The microstructure of dislocation in two kinds of aluminum-lithium alloys 2090 and 2090 + Ce was observed by means of TEM technology. The contributions of δ′ and T1 precipitates to strength were separately calculated by using the results of quantitative metallography and analysis of micro-deformation behavior; the co-strengthening effect of δ′ and T1 precipitates was studied. The results show that the adding relationship of co-strengthening of δ′ and T1 is in accordance with q = 1.4 form at the near peak-aged condition, i.e., Δτp1.4 = Δτδ′1.4 but the adding relationship is approximately a linear relation (q = 1) at the under-aged condition and becomes the parabola form when over-aged (q = 2). The adding relationship of co-strengthening contribution of δ′ and T1 is obviously dependent on aging time.
Quantitative Stress Analysis of Recrystallized OFHC Cu Subject to Deformation In Situ

Quantitative strain analysis (QSA) provides a means for assessing the orientation-dependent micromechanical stress states in bulk polycrystalline materials. When combined with quantitative texture analysis, it facilitates tracking the evolution of micromechanical states associated with selected texture components for specimens deformed in situ. To demonstrate this ability, a sheet specimen of rolled and recrystallized oxygen-free high conductivity Cu was subject to tensile deformation at APS 1-ID-C. Strain pole figures (SPFs) were measured at a series of applied loads, both below and above the onset of macroscopic yielding. From these data, a lattice strain distribution function (LSDF) was calculated for each applied load. Due to the tensorial nature of the LSDF, the full orientation-dependent stress tensor fields can be calculated unambiguously from the single-crystal elastic moduli. The orientation distribution function (ODF) is used to calculate volume-weighted average stress states over tubular volumes centered on the ∥[100], ∥[100], and ∥[100] fibers-accounting for ≈50% of the total volume-are shown as functions of the applied load along [100]. Corresponding weighted standard deviations are calculated as well. Different multiaxial stress states are observed to develop in the crystal subpopulations despite the uniaxial nature of the applied stress. The evolution of the orientation-dependent elastic strain energy density is also examined. The effects of applying stress bound constraints on the SPF inversion are discussed, as are extensions of QSA to examine defect nucleation and propagation.
Optimal actuator/sensor location for active noise regulator and tracking control problems

In this paper, we investigate the problem of finding the optimal location of sensors and actuators to achieve reduction of the noise field in an acoustic cavity. We offer two control strategies: the first is based on linear quadratic tracking where the offending noise is tracked, and the second considers the formulation of the harmonic control strategy as a periodic static output feedback control problem. The first method, which is based on full state information, is suitable for optimal location of actuators while the second strategy can extend the results to finding optimal location of sensors as well as actuators. For both methods we consider the optimization of an appropriate quadratic performance criterion with respect to the location of the actuators and/or the sensors. Numerical examples are presented to compare the effectiveness of each control strategy and also the effect of optimal placement of actuators and sensors.
Intraperitoneal delivery of insulin by a portable microinfusion pump

Abstract The feasibility of intraperitoneal insulin delivery in six healthy, insulin-dependent diabetic men utilizing a preprogrammed, portable insulin pump was examined. Blood glucose concentration was well controlled throughout breakfast, lunch, and supper during the intraperitoneal insulin infusion as assessed by both the mean glucose concentration and the integrated “glucose exposure”. Plasma free insulin concentration demonstrated a meal-related rise and fall similar to that observed in normal, nondiabetic persons. These short-term infusion studies suggest that intraperitoneal insulin may control meal-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic man. More prolonged intraperitoneal infusion studies will be necessary to confirm the feasibility of the peritoneum as an insulin delivery route by an artificial pancreas.
The Cashew's Brighter Future

The cashew tree, native to Brazil was introduced into India in the 16th century for the purpose of checking erosion on the coasts. India is a world leader in the production and export of cashew nuts, while cultivation of this crop in the western hemisphere has remained negligible. Present demand far exceeds the supply. New developments in processing methods and machinery, and new uses for by-products, particularly cashew shell oil, have stimulated cashew culture in East Africa and Brazil and should give impetus to establishment of this lucrative crop on a commercial basis in other tropical areas.
Active transport of ions across membranes: energetic role of electrostatics and binding site asymmetry

The active transport of ions across a membrane by an ATP-driven electrogenic ion pump is often described by an 'alternate access' model. The position of the binding site is assumed to be unchanged as the binding cavity opens alternatively to the uptake and discharge sides of the membrane. The ion binding affinity is higher on the uptake side of the membrane than on the discharge side. This difference in affinities is related to the maximum transport rate and to the efficiency with which ATP hydrolysis is coupled to active transport. Here we examine the electrostatic contribution to binding affinities, using a simple geometry for a model membrane-protein system, a continuum dielectric approximation, and a numerical method to calculate binding energy as a function of the binding site location. If the binding site is located asymmetrically, being further from the uptake side of the membrane than from the discharge side, there is a significant difference in binding free energy between the uptake and discharge states. This asymmetry can produce differences in affinities that are consistent with those measured for biological active transport systems. These results may account for the observed asymmetric location of the calcium binding site in the calcium ATPases from sarcoplasmic reticulum and from the plasma membrane. Electrostatic energy differences associated with binding site asymmetry may be a general feature of electrogenic transmembrane ion pumps.
Heterochromatic Knobs in Italian Maize Population and the Evolution of Maize in Italy

Maize samples of plants from siblings of open pollinated populations from all parts of Italy have been cytologically investigated. It has been found that the amount of heterochromatin is on the increase in all parts of Italy but more so in the central regions. New knob forming segments have been located and their origin is thought to be from de novo formation of knob substance.In the course of meiotic studies several chromosome aberrations have been observed. The rates of spontaneous mutation has also been investigated. These rates are higher in the south than north while in the center it is medium. Contrariwise the amount of heterochromatin is higher in the north and lower in the south. In view of this the frequency of spontanous mutations observed in supposed to be partly due to heterochromatin differences and chromosome interaction and partly due to chromosomal aberrations.The possible role of heterochromatin in the structure and function of maize chromosomes has been discussed.The influence of spontaneous mutations and the changing pattern of heterochromatin have been mentioned in relation to evolution of maize in Italy.
Physiological Effects of Squash vein yellowing virus Infection on Watermelon.

Abstract Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is the cause of viral watermelon vine decline. The virus is whitefly-transmitted, induces a systemic wilt of watermelon plants, and causes necrosis and discoloration of the fruit rind. In the field, SqVYV is often detected in watermelon in mixed infections with other viruses including the aphid-transmitted Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W). In this study, watermelon plants of different ages were inoculated with SqVYV or SqVYV+PRSV-W in the greenhouse or SqVYV in the field to characterize the physiological response to infection. Symptoms of vine decline appeared about 12 to 16 days after inoculation with SqVYV regardless of plant age at time of inoculation, plant growth habit (trellised or nontrellised), and location (greenhouse or field). However, the presence of PRSV-W delayed the appearance of vine decline symptoms by 2 to 4 days, and vine decline did not develop on plants with no fruit. For all inoculation treatments, more severe symptoms were observed i...
Potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccines on public STD clinic workloads and on opportunities to diagnose and treat other sexually transmitted diseases.

Background: Eradicating genital warts through HPV immunization could decrease STD clinic utilization but may result in missed opportunities to diagnose other STDs. Objectives: To define the proportion of STD clinic visits attributable to HPV and to describe the prevalence of other STD diagnoses among visits for HPV-related presenting concerns. Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of medical records (1994-2004) from a single STD clinic. Prevalences of STDs were calculated for male and female patients with and without HPV-related presenting concerns. Results: Of the 66,537 visits included in the study, 10.3% were HPV-related. Of the 3085 HPV-related "new problem" visits, only 281 non-HPV diagnoses were made, with nonspecific urethritis and CT being the most common diagnosis for males and females, respectively. Nearly 25% of the 14,574 follow-up visits were for HPV. Conclusions: Newly developed HPV vaccines may substantially decrease public STD clinic workloads with little associated lost opportunity to diagnose and treat other STDs.
Local Exchange-Correlation Potentials and the Fermi Surface of Copper

Recent publications by Slater and, particularly, by Hedin and Lundqvist suggest that Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham theory used in conjunction with the local-density approximation and accurate atomic or electron-gas calculations at last make it possible to evaluate the ground-state properties of real solids without appeal to experimental data. Self-consistent Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker calculations of the Fermi surface of copper show that these two local assumptions lead to neck areas about 20% too large. However, a local exchange-correlation potential can be found which gives a copper Fermi surface in excellent agreement with experiment. We suspect that the 20% error in the ab initio methods is due mainly to nonlocal exchange-correlation effects.
Analysis of chaotic population dynamics using artificial neural networks

Abstract This paper describes a method of modeling the complex population oscillations defined by a chaotic Verhulst animal population simulation. A predictive artificial neural network model is developed and tested. Computer simulation results are given. Results show that the artificial neural network model predicts chaotic Verhulst dynamics regardless of the initial condition within a limited growth rate interval.
Sensorimotor characteristics of speech motor sequences.

The present experiment focused on the characteristics of sequential speech movements. Subjects generated two successive lip and jaw closing movements associated with the two 'p's' in 'sapapple'. By selectively manipulating the lower lip perturbation it was possible to discern the role of somatic sensory interactions with the presumed sequential movement programming. Lower lip perturbation duration was manipulated to yield two different load conditions. In the Load On (LN) condition, the perturbation remained on for both closing movements. In the Load On/Off (LNF) condition, the perturbation was removed at variable times prior to the second closing movement. Analyses focused on comparing the EMG and resulting kinematic changes for the second "p" closure across the two load conditions relative to the normal control (no load) condition. The second "p" closure was differentially affected by the load conditions resulting in changes in the upper and lower lip compensations. Upper lip changes reflected consistent load duration differences; however, the magnitude of the lower lip EMG and kinematic adjustments did not mirror those of the upper lip. In contrast to the differential upper lip/lower lip changes observed for the magnitude adjustments, timing adjustments were similar for both upper lip and lower lip suggesting a separation between the specification of magnitude and timing of speech movements. Differential load effects were also observed for the timing of the second closing movements. For the LN condition, the onset of muscle activity and subsequent movement occurred earlier (re: control); for the LNF condition, load removal delayed the onset of muscle activity and the subsequent movement (re: control). Further, the opening movement preceding the second closing movement was modified for both load conditions suggesting that all movements in the sequence, not just closing movements, can be modified. The present results suggest that the programming of speech movement sequences is a dynamic process involving scaling and timing of motor commands relying on various degrees of sensory interaction. The apparent separation in the magnitude and timing specification of the movement sequences suggests the parallel influences of different neural systems. The consequence of this control scheme is that specification of movement parameters for sequential motor acts is a flexible real-time sensorimotor process interacting with less-flexible well-established central motor relations. Further, motor program for speech may reflect certain generalized movement actions (e.g., oral opening, oral closing) rather than individual words, syllables, or other linguistic categories programmed on a movement-to-movement basis.
A note on log (f(z)/z) forf inS

We prove that forf a normalized schlicht function in the disk the boundary values of log |f(z)/z| satisfy a growth condition on subarcs of the unit circle Г.
Fluid inclusions in mantle and lower crustal xenoliths from the Simcoe volcanic field, Washington

Mantle (spinel lherzolite, dunite, harzburgite, websterite, orthopyroxenite) and crustal (mafic granulite, pegmatitic gabbro) xenoliths occur in basaltic lavas of the Simcoe volcanic field, Cascades arc. The mantle xenoliths are invaded by diverse alkali- and silica-rich glasses (phonolithic–trachytic) that are unrelated to the host lavas. Fluid inclusions occur in websterite, orthopyroxenite, gabbro, and rarely in dunite. Microthermometry indicates that these are nearly pure CO2, and provides constraints on the entrapment pressures and temperatures for representative lithologies. Phlogopite-bearing olivine orthopyroxenite and websterite xenoliths contain CO2 inclusions with densities between 1.07–0.59 g/cm3. At independently estimated equilibration temperatures (∼1000°C), entrapment pressures of the highest density inclusions must have been at least ∼9 kbar (≥30 km depth). Associated lherzolites cut by veins of websterite also must be derived from similar depths. Textural relations indicate that invasive melts were the immediate sources for these fluids. The lowest density CO2 inclusions formed at pressures no greater than ∼2 kbar. Inclusions recording intermediate pressures may reflect progressive fluid entrapment over a range of depths during ascent; sources for the low density secondary inclusions may be either retrapped, decrepitated primary inclusions or CO2 exsolved from the host lava. Gabbroic pegmatite and mafic granulites also contain CO2 inclusions with densities between 1.02–0.57 and 0.96–0.59 g/cm3, respectively; assuming entrapment temperatures of 900±100°C, these inclusions likely formed at pressures (∼5–7 kbar) equivalent to mid-to-lower crustal depths (<20–25 km). Based on our depth estimates and other petrologic information, Simcoe xenoliths were derived from a previously metasomatized domain within the Cascades subarc lithospheric mantle. Any relation between the earlier metasomatic event(s) and Cascadia subduction remains tenuous.
A computational model for motor pattern switching between taste-induced ingestion and rejection oromotor behaviors

The mechanism of switching activity patterns in a central pattern generator is fundamental to the generation of diverse motor behaviors. Based on what is known about a brainstem substrate mediating the oral components of ingestion and rejection, we use computational techniques to construct a hypothetical multifunctional network that switches between the motor outputs of ingestion (licking) and rejection (gaping). The network was constructed using single-compartment conductance-based models for individual neurons based on Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. Using a fast-slow reduction and geometric analysis we describe a mechanism for pattern switching between licks and gapes. The model supports the hypothesis that a single configuration of network connections can produce both activity patterns. It further predicts that prolonged inhibition of some network neurons could lead to a switch in network activity from licks to gapes.
Permeation And Conformational Changes Of The Pore Domain Of The Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

We have computationally determined the conductance of the pore-domain of the Kv1.2 potassium channel under physiologically relevant conditions of driving force and ion concentration using microsecond-timescale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The conductance, found to be limited in part by the rate of dehydration of the ion, is close to the experimental value for intact Kv1.2. We find that water and potassium ions are co-transported in a stoichiometric ratio close to one, as previously hypothesized, yet water and potassium favor different positions within the selectivity filter of the pore. On a microsecond timescale, the open conducting pore domain is found to undergo substantial conformational changes causing current attenuation, likely related to channel inactivation from the extracellular side. Finally, we observe reproducible closure events of the pore domain that involve pronounced conformational changes of the S6 and S4-S5 linker helices and of cavity-lining residues, whose net effect is to reduce hydration of the cavity and thus prevent its occupation by potassium ions.
The policy push for women in science and engineering

There are various motivations to push for the increased participation of women in science and engineering. They are expressed in governmental mandates, business plans, petitions, policy reports, and education initiatives. What arguments have been used, by whom, and to whom? Which ones are grounded in values and which are grounded in data and research findings? What are some "talking points" and resources we might use strategically to influence the thinking among various communities? How can we analyze our audiences and fit our arguments to their needs and interests? All pose a response to the question: "why do we need more women in science and engineering?"
Cells of origin of propriospinal connections to cat lumbosacral gray as determined with horseradish peroxidase

Abstract Propriospinal cells projecting to the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat were identified using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). An injection technique was used to preferentially label cells via their terminals rather than through damaged axons of passage. Large volumes (1 to 5 μl) of 35% HRP were slowly ejected from a micropipet penetrating the cord dorsum midway between the dorsal root entry zone and the midline, while the pipet was slowly withdrawn from a depth of 1500 to 2000 μm below the cord surface. This technique resulted in diffusion of HRP throughout the gray matter on the side of the injection and, usually, sperad to the contralateral gray matter. HRP-labeled cells were observed from C1 to S3 after injections in segments L3-S3. Significant differences were seen in the rostrocaudal distributions of labeled cells after injections at different lumbosacral levels: specifically, L6-L7 injections resulted in less labeling of cells at cervical and high thoracic levels than injections that included segments L3-L5 or S1-S3.
Reactive Power Coordination of Shipboard Power Systems in Presence of Pulsed Loads

Voltage and reactive power control is a fundamental issue in all-electric shipboard power systems (SPS). However, coordination between generation and propulsion management to match reactive power is poor in current SPS designs. This paper presents a new model predictive control based dynamic Volt/Var control scheme to control the voltage in the system. This method uses a dynamic model of the sources and loads and finds the optimal reactive control inputs to the system to minimize the voltage deviations in the future. Since this method uses prediction of the reactive demand of pulsed loads, it is able to achieve a smooth voltage profile in the SPS in presence of pulsed power loads. This method is also able to control voltage of the system during propulsion motor startup. The controller is tested in presence of high power pulsed loads in the system. The results demonstrate that the dynamic reactive controller is able to keep the voltage profile of the system smooth and within system limits.
Verification of snowpack radiation transfer models using actinometry

[1] Actinometric measurements of photolysis rate coefficients within artificial snow have been used to test calculations of these coefficients by two radiative transfer models. The models used were based upon the delta-Eddington method or the discrete ordinate method, as implemented in the tropospheric ultraviolet and visible snow model, and were constrained by irradiance measurements and light attenuation profiles within the artificial snow. Actinometric measurements of the photolysis rate coefficient were made by observing the unimolecular conversion of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) to its photoproduct under ultraviolet irradiation. A control experiment using liquid solutions of NBA determined that the quantum yield for conversion was ϕ = 0.41 ± 0.04 (±2σ). Measured photolysis rate coefficients in the artificial snow are enhanced in the near-surface layer, as predicted in the model calculations. The two models yielded essentially identical results for the depth-integrated photolysis rate coefficient of NBA, and their results quantitatively agreed with the actinometric measurements within the experimental precision of the measurement (±10%, ±2σ). The study shows that these models accurately determine snowpack actinic fluxes. To calculate in-snow photolysis rates for a molecule of interest, one must also have knowledge of the absorption spectrum and quantum yield for the specific photoprocess in addition to the actinic flux. Having demonstrated that the actinic flux is well determined by these models, we find that the major remaining uncertainty in prediction of snowpack photochemical rates is the measurement of these molecular photophysical properties.
Current research on smoking pipe residues

Abstract This paper presents research into the identification of tobacco residues in ancient smoking pipes. Two techniques have been used so far: gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and Raman microscopy. GC/MS has been used successful in the past by the author to identify ancient tobacco residues, and the results of this round of analysis support prior research. Raman microscopy, which has the advantage of working on dry samples without solvents, was not successful. It appears that combustion products overwhelm any useful signal that would identify the substance smoked. We are pursuing the use of Raman in non-combusted samples.
Emerging landscape of non-coding RNAs in oral health and disease.

The world of non-coding RNAs has only recently started being discovered. For the past 40 years, coding genes, mRNA, and proteins have been the center of cellular and molecular biology, and pathologic alterations were attributed to either the aberration of gene sequence or altered promoter activity. It was only after the completion of the human genome sequence that the scientific community started seriously wondering why only a very small portion of the genome corresponded to protein-coding genes. New technologies such as the whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing demonstrated that at least 90% of the genome is actively transcribed. The identification and cataloguing of multiple kinds of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) have exponentially increased, and it is now widely accepted that ncRNAs play major biological roles in cellular physiology, development, metabolism, and are also implicated in a variety of diseases. The aim of this review is to describe the two major classes (long and short forms) of non-coding RNAs and describe their subclasses in terms of function and their relevance and potential in oral diseases.
Bilayer and trilayer crystalline formation by collapsing behenic acid monolayers at gas/aqueous interfaces.

X-ray reflectivities and grazing incidence X-ray diffractions of behenic acid (BA) monolayers compressed to the collapse region reveal that the resulting structures are reproducible and exhibit a high degree of order. The structures of the collapsed monolayers depend on the subphase solution. On pure water, the collapsed monolayer forms a stable crystalline trilayer structure. For monolayers spread on Ca{sup 2+} solutions, we find that an inverted bilayer structure is formed; that is, stretched BA-Ca-BA (calcium dibehenate, with calcium ions bridging the polar headgroups) forms a monolayer with the hydrophobic tails in contact with the water surface.
“Clean up and go straight”: Effects of drug treatment on recidivism among felony probationers

The central question we address in this article is whether participation in court-ordered drug treatment programs reduces future criminal involvement among convicted property offenders who have a history of drug abuse. Using a national sample of male property offenders sentenced to felony probation, we analyze drug treatment experience on probationers’ recidivism rates by employing proportional hazards techniques. Results indicate that how successful white men are in completing courtordered drug treatment programs has no significant effect on their recidivism rates. However, AfricanAmerican and Hispanic men who satisfy the expectations of their drug treatment programs are significantly less likely to be rearrested. Overall, our findings support the contention that drug treatment reduces further criminal behavior among men on probation for felony property offenses. Thus, we recommend that court service personnel strive to provide drug treatment programs for property offenders with a history of drug abuse and that supervisors closely monitor probationers’ activities while in treatment to assure lower rates of recidivism.
Ecological engineering in a new town development: Drainage design in The Woodlands, Texas

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of two different drainage designs in a 10,930-ha new town development of The Woodlands, Texas. Open surface drainage by shallow grassed swales was used in the first two subdivisions that were developed with ecological approaches. Open surface drainage mimics the natural flow regime and is regarded to mitigate development impacts on watershed. In other later subdivisions, the drainage design shifted back to a conventional stormwater drainage system, that is, curb and gutter, drop inlet, and underground piping, known to concentrate stormwater and lead to downstream flooding. The objective of this study is to compare The Woodlands’ two drainage systems on their correlation with downstream floods. Two sub-watersheds within The Woodlands that used different drainage designs were compared. U.S. Geological Survey stream data from the gauge station at the outlet of each sub-watershed were used for analysis. Geographic Information System was used to quantify the development conditions. Correlation analysis was performed using measured precipitation and streamflow data. Results show that open drainage watershed generated less storm runoff than the conventional drainage watershed, given the similar impervious area in both watersheds. Furthermore, the open surface drainage watershed responded to rainfall in a way similar to its predevelopment natural forest conditions, indicating effective flood mitigation post development. In contrast, in the conventional drainage watershed, the precipitation–streamflow correlations increased enormously after development. The open drainage system presents an advantage over the conventional drainage one in mitigating flood problems in urban development.
Islet transplantation: where do we stand now?

After many years of limited success in islet transplantation, researchers developing this procedure have made great strides, and several centers have now reported that islet transplantation can result in long-term insulin independence for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The improved quality of life achieved in some islet allograft recipients suggests that this important line of investigation should proceed. Yet, several factors limit the technique and these hurdles must be overcome before it can be considered a practical treatment for the millions of individuals with diabetes, be it type 1 or type 2. Most obvious is the gross disparity between the number of islets available for clinical transplantation and the number of patients with diabetes who might benefit. Other important limitations, too often lost in the discussion, include complications associated with the technique itself, the toxicity of currently available immunosuppressive drugs, and the imperfect glycemia control achieved in most patients. In fact, our ongoing analysis as to whether transplantation-based therapy improves survival for patients with type 1 diabetes suggests that, for many at least, the opposite may be true. Two variables, as yet undefined, also need to be considered: (1) can the procedure, when done well, prevent or reverse diabetes-associated complications and (2) what are the long-term consequences of intrahepatic islets?
Correlation of the metabolic effects of benzalkonium chloride with its membrane effects in yeast.

Abstract To non-growing suspensions of baker's yeast at pH 5·5 were added varying amounts of the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride. The percentage of cells stained by Nile Blue dye in the presence of calcium chloride, the percentage of potassium lost from the cells, the percentage inhibitions of rates of anaerobic glucose utilization and CO 2 production, and the decarboxylation of exogenous pyruvate (as percentage of maximal rate of decarboxylation) were found to be equal for any given surfactant concentration in the range of concentrations used. Results were interpreted as an all-or-none phenomenon for individual cells in suspension, i.e. as the concentration of surfactant was raised, greater numbers of cells simultaneously released all or nearly all of their potassium, ceased fermenting, and commenced to decarboxylate pyruvate. The results are discussed.
High-dose antipsychotics: addressing patients’ resistance to physical health monitoring

High-dose antipsychotics are sometimes used in clinical practice when patients fail to respond to treatment at standard doses. Owing to the potential physical complications associated with this, strict adherence to physical health monitoring is essential. Challenges arise for clinicians when patients refuse to cooperate with this monitoring. We discuss different interventions to overcome this problem, many of which are coercive in nature, and consider their professional, ethical and legal implications. We include a flow diagram to assist clinicians in their documentation and decision-making in these circumstances as well as case vignettes showing when monitoring under restraint is and is not justifiable.
Effective scalar field theory of p-adic string.

Using the effective scalar field theory of the $p$-adic string, we show the equivalence of two previously derived sets of classical Feynman rules: one by the present authors, the other by Brekke et al. We use this equivalence to demonstrate a symmetry of the $p$-adic tree amplitude ${A}^{m}(p)$ under $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{1}{p}$. We then present a scalar field theory with a continuous parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$ that reduces to the two previously discussed examples as special cases.
Image semantics induced by Web structure

This paper presents a data model for images immersed in the world wide web and that derive their meaning from visual similarity, from the connection with the text of the pages that contains them, and from the link structure of the web. I will model images on the web as a graph whose nodes are either text documents or images, and whose edges are links, labeled with measures of relevance of one document towards the other. The paper presents briefly the features used to characterize the text and the visual aspect of the images, and then goes on to present a data algebra suitable to navigate and query the database.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Moderate iron deficiency in infancy : Biology and behavior in young rats

Iron deficiency anemia in early childhood is associated with developmental delays and perhaps, irreversible alterations in neurological functioning. The goals were to determine if dietary induced gestational and lactational iron deficiency alters brain monoamine metabolism and behaviors dependent on that neurotransmitter system. Young pregnant rats were provided iron deficient or control diets from early in gestation through to weaning of pups and brain iron concentration, regional monoamine variables and achievement of specific developmental milestones were determined throughout lactation. Despite anemia during lactation, most brain iron concentrations did not fall significantly until P25, and well after significant changes in monoamine levels, transporter levels, and D2R density changed in terminal fields. The changes in D2R density were far smaller than previously observed models that utilized severe dietary restriction during lactation or after weaning. Iron deficient pups had normal birth weight, but were delayed in the attainment of a number of milestones (bar holding, vibrissae-evoked forelimb placing). This approach of iron deficiency in utero and during lactation sufficient to cause moderate anemia but not stunt growth demonstrates that monaminergic metabolism changes occur prior to profound declines in brain iron concentration and is associated with developmental delays. Similar developmental delays in iron deficient human infants suggest to us that alterations in iron status during this developmental period likely affects developing brain monaminergic systems in these infants.
Targeting CD133 in an in vivo ovarian cancer model reduces ovarian cancer progression

Objectives While most women with ovarian cancer will achieve complete remission after treatment, the majority will relapse within two years, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in ovarian cancer and most other carcinomas as a small population of cells that can self-renew. CSC are more chemoresistant and radio-resistant than the bulk tumor cells; it is likely that CSC are responsible for relapse, the major problem in cancer treatment. CD133 has emerged as one of the most promising markers for CSC in ovarian cancer. The hypothesis driving this study is that despite their low numbers in ovarian cancer tumors, CSC can be eradicated using CD133 targeted therapy and tumor growth can be inhibited.
Nucleation theory without Maxwell demons

The equations for steady-state nucleation are derived from the rates of growth and decay of clusters with emphasis on a clear distinction between thermodynamic quantities and inherently kinetic quantities. It is shown that the emission rates of molecules from embryos can be related to the equilibrium size distribution of clusters in a saturated vapor. It is therefore not necessary to invoke the existence of an embryo size distribution constrained be in equilibrium with a supersaturated vapor. The driving force for nucleation is shown to be a kinetic quantity called the condensation rate ratio, i.e., the ratio of the rates of acquisition of molecules by clusters in the supersaturated vapor to that in a saturated vapor at the same temperature, and not a thermodynamic quantity known as the supersaturation, i.e., the ratio of the actual pressure to the equilibrium vapor pressure.
Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature

Most natural minerals have formed from a fluid phase such as a silicate melt or a saline aqueous solution. Fluid inclusions are tiny volumes of such fluids that were trapped within the growing crystals. These inclusions can provide valuable but sometimes ambiguous data on the temperature, pressure, and composition of these fluids, many of which are not available from any other source. They also provide “visual autoclaves” in which it is possible to watch, through the microscope, the actual phase changes take place as the inclusions are heated. This paper reviews the methods of study and the results obtained, mainly on inclusions formed from highly concentrated solutions, at temperatures ≥500°C. Many such fluids have formed as a result of immiscibility with silicate melt in igneous or high-temperature metamorphic rocks. These include fluids consisting of CO2, H2O, or hydrosaline melts that were <50% H2O. From the fluid inclusion evidence it is clear that a boiling, very hot, very saline fluid was present during the formation of most of the porphyry copper deposits in the world. Similarly, from the inclusion evidence it is clear that early (common) pegmatites formed from essentially silicate melts and that the late, rare-element-bearing and chamber-type pegmatites formed from a hydrosaline melt or a more dilute water solution. The evidence on whether this change in composition from early to late solutions was generally continuous or involved immiscibility is not as clear.
Reactions of iron sulphides in simulated stack gases

The rates of production and consumption of SO2 by the reactions of O2, SO2, and mixtures of O2 and SO2 in simulated stack gases with fixed and fluidised beds of FeS prepared from pyrite were determined over the temperature range 800 to 950 °C. The rates of production of SO2 by reaction of Fe2O3 with FeS in different gas systems were also determined. The rate controlling factors were derived for each reaction.
Recollections of Alex George

I met Alex George in Bad Homburg, Germany, in November or December of 1945, when he arrived from Paris at the Information Control Division, Office of Military Government (United States). (I had come to ICD a few months before, from London.) These were still the early days of the occupation of Germany after World War II, and everywhere there was destruction and chaos as four of the victorious powers—Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States—each set about organizing its own zone of occupation.
Priming of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vivo by carrier-free HIV synthetic peptides.

Abstract The generation of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a critical component of the immune response to viral infections. A safe and nontoxic vaccine for AIDS would optimally use a carrier-free synthetic peptide immunogen containing only components of HIV necessary for induction of protective immune responses. We report that hybrid synthetic peptides containing either a HIV envelope gp120 T-cell determinant (T1) or the envelope gp41 fusion domain (F) N-terminal to HIV CTL determinants are capable of priming murine CD8+, major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted anti-HIV CTLs in vivo. These data demonstrate that carrier-free, nonderivatized synthetic peptides can be used in vivo to induce anti-HIV CTL responses.
Successive complexation steps in the co-ordination kinetics of the dysprosium(III)–acetate system

By controlling the ratio of metal ion to ligand concentrations in the DyIII–acetate system, the complexation rate constant for the formation of the bisacetato-complex was found to be significantly larger than for the monoacetato-complex.