cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoassay for the Detection of Animal Central Nervous Tissue in Processed Meat and Feed Products

An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) based on the detection of the thermal-stable central nervous tissue (CNT) marker protein, myelin basic protein (MBP), was developed to detect animal CNT in processed meat and feedstuffs. Two meat samples (cooked at 100 °C for 30 min and autoclaved at 133 °C for 20 min) of bovine brain in beef and two feed samples (bovine brain meal in beef meal and in soybean meal) were prepared at levels of 0.0008, 0.0031, 0.0063, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6%. An anti-MBP monoclonal antibody (mAb3E3) was produced using the hybridoma technique and characterized using Western blot. The optimized icELISA was CNT-specific without cross-reactivity with either meat (beef and pork) or soybean meal samples and had low intra-assay (%CV ≤ 3.5) and interassay variability (%CV ≤ 3.3), with low detection limits for bovine MBP (6.4 ppb) and bovine CNT spiked in both meat (0.05%) and feed (0.0125%) samples. This assay is therefore suitable for the quantitative detection of trace amounts of contaminated animal CNT in processed food and feed products.
METABOLISM OF HETEROGENIC HEMOGLOBINS. FE59 INCORPORATION IN SICKLE CELL TRAIT.

The relative rates of incorporation of Fe59 into heterogenic hemoglobins was studied in four patients with sickle cell trait. Three of the patients were free of superimposed disease, while one had active pulmonary tuberculosis. In all subjects there was a significantly greater incorporation of radioiron, per milligram of hemoglobin, into hemoglobin S than into hemoglobin A. The data indicate that in sickle cell trait the rates of synthesis of the heterogenic hemoglobins are not proportional to their circulating concentrations. Two interpretations appear possible. Since the size of the intra-marrow pool of hemoglobin S was not known, it is possible that there exists a smaller preformed pool of the abnormal hemoglobin, with the isotope making its appearance first in hemoglobin S. However, it is also possible that hemoglobin S is synthesized at a rate which is greater than that reflected by its circulating concentration. This implies that the relative concentrations of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin A vary from erythrocyte to erythrocyte, and that those cells with the greatest proportion of hemoglobin S are selectively destroyed.
Comparison of fluid-fluid interfacial areas measured with X-ray microtomography and interfacial partitioning tracer tests for the same samples

NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program [P42 ES04940]; DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research [44728]
Abstract 211: Protein painting identifies PD-1: PDL-1 therapeutic targets at protein-protein interfaces

The next generation of molecular cancer therapeutics will target pivotal protein-protein interaction interfaces participating in immune cell receptor signaling, oncogenes, and suppressor genes. We have created a wholly novel, technology “protein painting” for the rapid direct sequencing of hidden native protein-protein interaction hot spots. Our technology, employs previously unexplored small molecule (12 A) aryl hydrocarbon dyes or “paints” to cut out, and MS sequence, only the hidden unmodified contact interfaces between two or more interacting native proteins. Novel Technology: Paint chemistries have extremely high affinities (rapid on-rates, and very slow off-rates that are ten to 100 times higher than most protein-protein interactions). When mixed with a native pre-formed protein complex for only 5 minutes at physiologic pH and salinity, the paints non-covalently coat all external sites on the protein without altering the 3D conformation of the complex, but cannot gain access to the solvent inaccessible hidden protein-protein interaction domains. Each paint molecule spans less than 3 amino acids, and has high affinity for protease cleavage consensus sites. Following painting, the proteins are dissociated. This leaves the paint molecules coating surfaces not participating in the interface. Following dissociation, the proteins are linearized, digested with trypsin, and sequenced by standard MS. The paint molecules remain non-covalently bound after the proteins are denatured. Trypsin will not cleave the regions of the protein that are “painted”. Following proteolysis peptides emerging from MS will be generated exclusively from the unmodified opposing points where the proteins were in intimate contact. Results: Protein Painting identified hot spot domains between PD-L1:PD-1, including two surface interface regions that are separated in the linear sequence but adjacent in the 3D structure. We created novel cyclized multivalent inhibitors that block both sides of the PD-L1:PD-1 interface and markedly suppress cell-cell coupling and abolished downstream signaling through this complex in cultured tumor cell immune cell interactions. A very high correlation (pl 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 211. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-211
Translating Educator Stress Research into Practice and Policy

What we know about stress in general and specifically how it applies to educators is a critical issue, as it not only affects who stays in the workforce but also the quality of the education they provide our children and youth. Change itself is difficult and stressful; changing policy is hampered by legislation, administrative requirements, and even personal beliefs. The same is true of changing practice – which is steeped in traditions, as well as beliefs. This chapter addresses how the evidence presented in this volume might inform education policies, teacher preparation, and ongoing professional development, and how chapter authors’ evidence-based practice and policy recommendations might be implemented to improve both the individual lives and practices of teachers and education administrators, the overall school climate, and education outcomes for students.
The diabetes online community: Older adults supporting self-care through peer health.

Abstract Objective The use of the diabetes online community (DOC) is growing across all age groups. The aim of this exploratory study was to describe why older adults participated in the DOC, and how DOC users interacted with their healthcare providers. Methods Telephone interviews (N = 20) were conducted with older adult DOC users (born between 1946 and 1964) living in the United States. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis adhering to rigor and reproducibility standards. Results Themes that emerged from the data related to DOC participation included: information to improve self-care, emotional support, belonging to a community, validation of information, cause for concern and interaction with healthcare providers. Participants used the DOC for day to day diabetes management advice and healthcare providers for medical information and care. Conclusion Participants highly valued the DOC and regarded their participation as a way to increase knowledge to improve self-care and reciprocate emotional support with others for diabetes management. The DOC filled gaps in knowledge and support participants were not able to get elsewhere. Practice implications The DOC serves as an important source of information and support for individuals with diabetes and may be a cost-effective strategy to augment standard diabetes care.
Experimental Evaluation of Cottonseed Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine

Diesel engines are commonly used due to its low fuel consumption and higher torque. Nowadays, the world is facing the challenges of crises of fossil fuels due to rapid increase in utilization of its in transportation and industrialization. This further leads to environmental degradation by polluting the air. Hence, in the modern world, more importance is given on alternative source of energy. Several possible alternative sources are available as, namely biodiesel, alcohols, CNG, LPG, producer gas, etc. Biodiesel presents a promising alternative to diesel fuel since it is renewable and produced easily by transesterification process. Therefore, the research work is aimed at experimental evaluation of cottonseed biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Cottonseed is non-edible oil, thus food versus fuel conflict will not arise if this is used for biodiesel production. Biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B15, and B20) are prepared using cottonseed biodiesel and diesel at laboratory scale. The performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends fueled diesel engine are compared with base diesel. It is found that CO, HC, and smoke emissions are decreased with all biodiesel blends than base diesel. The cleaner and complete combustion take place due to oxygen content in biodiesel which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions. However, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and NO x emission are increased with biodiesel blends than base diesel. BSFC increased due to lower calorific value of biodiesel, whereas NO x emission increased due to advance in dynamic injection timing due to higher bulk modulus, higher spray penetration, higher in-cylinder temperature and oxygen content in biodiesel. The brake power is decreased from 3 kW with base diesel to 2.93, 2.9, 2.79, and 2.77 kW with B5, B10, B15, and B20, respectively.
Partitioning Orders in Online Shopping Services

The rapid growth of the Internet has led to the widespread use of newer and richer models of online shopping and delivery services. The race to efficient large scale on-demand delivery has transformed such services into complex networks of shoppers (typically working in the stores), stores, and consumers. The efficiency of processing orders in stores is critical to the profitability of the business model. Motivated by this setting, we consider the following problem: given a set of shopping orders each consisting of a few items, how to best partition the orders among a given number of shoppers working for an online shopping service? Formulating this as an optimization problem, we propose a family of simple and efficient algorithms that admit natural constraints such as number of items a shopper can process in this setting. In addition to showing provable guarantees for the algorithms, we also demonstrate their efficiency in practice on real-world data, outperforming strong baselines.
Robot life: simulation and participation in the study of evolution and social behavior

This paper explores the case of using robots to simulate evolution, in particular the case of Hamilton's Law. The uses of robots raises several questions that this paper seeks to address. The first concerns the role of the robots in biological research: do they simulate something (life, evolution, sociality) or do they participate in something? The second question concerns the physicality of the robots: what difference does embodiment make to the role of the robot in these experiments. Thirdly, how do life, embodiment and social behavior relate in contemporary biology and why is it possible for robots to illuminate this relation? These questions are provoked by a strange similarity that has not been noted before: between the problem of simulation in philosophy of science, and Deleuze's reading of Plato on the relationship of ideas, copies and simulacra.
First Reported Case of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome Due to an Arteriovenous Malformation (P1.289)

Objective: This case report highlights the first report of an arteriovenous malformation causing seizures and perceptual disturbances consistent with Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. Background: Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is characterized by unusual perceptual disturbances similar to those experienced by Alice in Lewis Carroll’s novel Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland. These disturbances may be caused by a wide variety of organic, toxic, and psychiatric etiologies. Appropriately treating the underlying condition may reduce and altogether eliminate the sensory disturbances. This is the first reported case of an arteriovenous malformation presenting with symptoms consistent with AIWS. Design/Methods: Case report and literature review Results: A 24-year-old man with a known cerebral vascular anomaly and seizures presented with a two-week history of visual and perceptual disturbances. Described visual disturbances include a physician “coming through a portal like Doctor Strange” to the patient’s left side and the same physician’s right shoulder and arm growing in size while the left hand was shrinking in size. Other perceptual disturbances included cars floating, people morphing into other people, and experiencing jamais vu. EEG demonstrated nonconvulsive status epilepticus that was resistant to antiepileptic therapy with levetiracetam, phenytoin, and valproic acid. MRI of the brain revealed a right parietal cavernous malformation that increased in size as compared to prior imaging. A right parieto-occipital craniotomy with microdissection was performed to separate the malformation from the normal brain parenchyma. Both gross and histological neuropathology were consistent with an arteriovenous malformation. The patient was discharged from the hospital on levetiracetam and has had no recurrence of symptoms since the resection of the arteriovenous malformation. Conclusions: AIWS may be secondary to seizures associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Patients with symptoms of perceptual disturbances and seizures require thorough evaluation so that the underlying etiology may be treated in an attempt to alleviate the visuosensory disturbances. Disclosure: Dr. Nanjangud Shivamurthy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kornitzer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marks has nothing to disclose.
Abstract 4269: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MSOT imaging to intratumoral pharmacokinetic modeling

Introduction: Interactions between biological features and nanoparticles could affect tracer biodistribution, kinetics, clearance, and translocation. Because these effects cannot be simply extrapolated from in vitro studies, in vivo quantitative data are needed to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of tracers. Planar fluorescence or 2D fluorescent /bioluminescence imaging has the potential for the tracers to accumulate outside of the tumor and the potential of light scattering. MSOT allows for more precise determination of signal origin and intensity. HypoxiSense 680 is a tracer that targets the hypoxic tumor environment. Our objective is to assess the pharmacokinetics of HypoxiSense 680 in the context of an orthotopic breast tumor in vivo using MSOT. This study takes advantage of a novel contrast tracking imaging modality to study intratumoral pharmacokinetics in in vivo setting with a hypoxia-targeting tracer. Methods: Female, athymic mice were orthotopically implanted with MDA-MB-231 cells and tumors were allowed to grow to 4mm in diameter prior to the evaluation of the tracer. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and a mixture of 0.1L of O 2 and 0.9L of medical air prior to the insertion of a tail vein catheter. The mouse was placed into the MSOT scanner for 10 minutes to equilibrate. Once the breast tumor was localized, images were acquired for 5 minutes to obtain a baseline measurement. Subsequently, 100μL of HypoxiSense 680 at the recommended dosage of 2nmol per mouse was injected over the course of 30s followed by a catheter flush with 100μL of saline solution. MSOT inVision 256-TF continuously measured optoacoustic signal within the mouse in vivo for a duration of 25 minutes. HypoxiSense 680 signal was isolated by spectral unmixing using backprojection algorithm. Results: A 2-compartmental PK model was constructed in MATLAB and curve-fitted against the animal data. There were two compartments to account for the contrast within the circulatory system and the tumor microenvironment. Rate constants of the model were determined by fitting the model curve to the experimental MSOT imaging data: kforward=2.76x10-4 sec-1, kreverse=4.73x10-4 sec-1, kelcentral=1.01x10-5 sec-1, kelperipheral=3.18x10-7 sec-1. The goodness of fit was evaluated (R=0.83, RMSE=0.0015). Conclusion: Optoacoustic imaging with MSOT provides live tracking of spectrally unique contrasts in vivo. This capability allows for a novel characterization method of intratumoral drug/contrast kinetics in vivo in mouse tumor models. Citation Format: Ted G. Xiao, Abhilash Samykutty, Jared Weis, Scott Gayzik, Umit Topaloglu, Alexandra Thomas, Akiko Chiba, Lacey R. McNally. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MSOT imaging to intratumoral pharmacokinetic modeling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4269.
Impact of a Middle School Math Academy on Learning and Attitudes of Minority Male Students in an Urban District.

A growing number of single-gender and after-school programs for youth continue to gain popularity within schools despite little empirical research regarding how these programs should be designed to achieve maximum success. The present study examined the effectiveness of a comprehensive middle school male academy program in terms of student achievement and attitudes toward learning. The results indicated that students who participated in the program improved their algebra readiness and interest in mathematics. Furthermore, there were gains in students’ perceived importance of assignment completion, attitudes toward learning, goals for college, and self-concept. Implications for similar programs and future studies are discussed.
Progenitor and Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Using Big Data to Divide and Conquer

Abstract Single cell technologies have made it possible to study individual cells with comprehensiveness. These evolving technologies have demonstrated that cellular populations previously considered similar are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity can be due to intrinsic factors such as transcriptional expression, translational modification, cellular epigenetics and metabolism, or extrinsic factors such as the tissue microenvironment. Using mathematical modeling and statistical analysis on single cell datasets, seemingly similar cells can be clustered into subpopulations revealing previously undiscovered or rare cell types. Further, intracellular genes defining the cell can be correlated to surface markers to identify unique surface marker combinations for isolating cellular subpopulations. However, single cell technologies generate large datasets from individual cells that may vary due to confounding factors such as the cell cycle or technical noise, making it important to determine the accuracy of the biologic data generated. It is also necessary to understand whether the cellular subpopulations discovered are simply a descriptive curiosity, or if they are functionally distinct with implications for human health. Ultimately, an accurate and precise analysis of cellular heterogeneity is important to identify cellular subpopulations that initiate or worsen disease, those that persist following drug treatment, and subpopulations that will be useful to cellular therapies.
Values in Behavioral Medicine

In all the behavioral sciences and applications, value judgments are made regardless of whether the decision-makers are health practitioners, academic researchers, or administrators. Much of the time, there is little awareness of values and ethics, similar to the oft-mentioned metaphor that fish do not know that they are swimming in water. It is our purpose to examine some of these values and how they affect the way professionals construe problems and design interventions. We try to avoid proposing specific solutions because values vary across time and across cultures and subcultures. Instead we hope to shine a light on the sometimes underappreciated influences of our values and discuss how they can affect the way we assess and treat patients. Domains include longevity, quality of life, suicide, euthanasia, and cross-cultural research. We conclude with a detailed consideration of ethics and values in the treatment of patients who are gay or lesbian as an example of the sometimes subtle biases that underlie professional attitudes toward theory, research, and practice.
Chemomechanical Modeling of Sulfate Attack–Induced Damage Process in Cement-Stabilized Pavements

AbstractCement-stabilized pavement layers are subject to sulfate attack (SA) in sulfate-abundant regions due to internal expansion–induced damage throughout its expected service life. SA is a coupl...
Basic Concepts in Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy

Today any researcher with the desire can easily purchase a viral vector. However, despite the availability of viral vectors themselves, the requisite knowledge that is absolutely essential to conducting a gene therapy experiment remains somewhat obscure and esoteric. To utilize viral vectors to their full potential, a large number of decisions must be made, in some instances prior to even obtaining the vector itself. For example, critical decisions include selection of the proper virus, selection of the proper expression cassette, whether to produce or purchase a viral vector, proper viral handling and storage, the most appropriate delivery method, selecting the proper controls, how to ensure your virus is expressing properly, and many other complex decisions that are essential to performing a successful gene therapy experiment. The need to make so many important decisions can be overwhelming and potentially prohibitive, especially to the novice gene therapist. In order to aid in this challenging process, here we provide an overview of basic gene therapy modalities and a decision tree that can be used to make oneself aware of the options available to the beginning gene therapist. This information can be used as a road map to help navigate the complex and perhaps confusing process of designing a successful gene therapy experiment.
Doing more harm than good? A commentary on the politics of cost adjustments for wage variation in state school finance formulas

This article addresses the design and application of cost adjustments in state school finance policies intended to compensate local public school districts for differences in the costs of recruiting and retaining teachers. Broadly speaking, the state policy objective for including cost adjustments to state aid for such things as teacher cost variation is (or should be) to promote equity,1 which may be viewed from either a student perspective or a teacher perspective:
An Economist's Perspective on the Bitcoin Payment System

The paper's introduction offers a high-level review of Bitcoin's features, especially its governance by protocol. The paper proceeds to summarize Bitcoin's analysis as a payment system. It pays particular attention to a comparison between Bitcoin and a firm-run payment system.
Skin-limited idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with retiform purpura.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disorder defined by (1) eosinophilia (eosinophil count > 1.5 × 109/L) on 2 examinations 1 month apart, (2) organ damage and/or dysfunction attributable to tissue hypereosinophilia, and (3) lack of clear alternate cause.1 Eosinophil-related organ damage consists of eosinophilic infiltrates associated with fibrosis, thrombosis, and cutaneous erythema or ulceration. It occurs predominantly in men ages 20 to 50 years.2 Systemic manifestations include cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and thromboembolism, with skin lesions as the dominant symptom in most patients.2 We report a case of skin-limited IHES presenting as retiform purpura and highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in this heterogeneous condition.
Corazones virales. Del dolor a la alegría como política posviolencia en Perú

En Peru, los estudios sobre la memoria luego del conflicto armado interno (1980-2000) se han enfocado sobre todo en 1) el dolor de la victima y 2) el analisis de su discurso. El sociologo argentino Roberto Jacoby propone las “estrategias de la alegria” como formas alternativas de re-cordar y actuar creativamente en contextos de posviolencia. En este articulo se describen y analizan dos espacios donde estas estrategias generan formas de hacer frente a un pasado de violencia. En primer lugar, la fiesta andina del ayla, descrita en un relato de Jose Maria Arguedas, se configura como una forma de organizacion que empodera a la comunidad convirtiendola en un corazon (sonqo) capaz de reencontrarse con su doloroso pasado. En segundo lugar, el concierto de rock como praxis estetica colectiva de la banda argentina Virus propone “salir del agujero interior” del pasado de violencia para promover “superficies de placer” como formas de empoderamiento juvenil. Palabras clave: Alegria; Musica; Cuerpo; Pedagogia; Empoderamiento. Abstract: In Peru, memory studies after the internal armed conflict (1980-2000) have focused mainly on 1) the pain of the victim and 2) the analysis of their discourse. The Argentinean socio-logist Roberto Jacoby proposes “strategies of joy” as alternative ways of remembering and acting creatively in contexts of post-violence. The article describes and analyzes two spaces where these strategies generate ways of dealing with a violent past. First, the ayla, Andean festival described in a story by Jose Maria Arguedas, is represented as a form of organization that empowers the community by turning it into a heart (sonqo) able to meet with its painful past. Second, the rock concert as a collective aesthetic praxis of the Argentinian band Virus proposes “to leave the inner hole” of the past of violence to promote “surfaces of pleasure” as forms of youth empowerment. Keywords: Joy; Music; Body; Pedagogy; Empowerment.
Impact of Physical Education Litigation on Fifth Graders' Cardio-Respiratory Fitness, California, 2007-2018.

Objectives. To examine the impact of physical education (PE) litigation on changes in cardio–respiratory fitness among racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse students.Methods. We used an...
“Doing Research”: Understanding the Different Types of Peer-Reviewed Articles

The term “research” is muddy, particularly in common usage. Waiting in an airport, I overheard the individual next to me say to their companion, “I spent all day doing research.” As an academic, my...
Oxygen battle in the gut: Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in metabolic and inflammatory responses in the intestine

The gastrointestinal tract is a highly proliferative and regenerative tissue. The intestine also harbors a large and diverse microbial population collectively called the gut microbiome (microbiota). The microbiome–intestine cross-talk includes a dynamic exchange of gaseous signaling mediators generated by bacterial and intestinal metabolisms. Moreover, the microbiome initiates and maintains the hypoxic environment of the intestine that is critical for nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and innate and adaptive immune responses in the mucosal cells of the intestine. The response to hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In hypoxic conditions, the HIF activation regulates the expression of a cohort of genes that promote adaptation to hypoxia. Physiologically, HIF-dependent genes contribute to the aforementioned maintenance of epithelial barrier function, nutrient absorption, and immune regulation. However, chronic HIF activation exacerbates disease conditions, leading to intestinal injury, inflammation, and colorectal cancer. In this review, we aim to outline the major roles of physiological and pathological hypoxic conditions in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and in the onset and progression of disease with a major focus on understanding the complex pathophysiology of the intestine
Twinning path determined by broken symmetry: A revisit to deformation twinning in hexagonal close-packed titanium and zirconium

Deformation twinning is one of the major deformation mechanisms in crystals, which plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. One of the important issues to understand twinning mechanisms is the determination of the deformation path. However, due to a lack of theoretical tools, a fundamental relationship between symmetry breaking and the deformation path has not been established in materials science, which conceals the physical origin of deformation twinning. Utilizing a graph approach for deformation pathways, we show that twinning modes in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) titanium and zirconium are dictated by both the symmetry of hcp and the symmetry breaking associated with the bcc to hcp transformation. Our work not only opens another avenue to investigate the symmetry and symmetry breaking in hcp crystals, but also provides insight into the physical origin of crystalline defects.
Performance of discrete, reciprocal, and cyclic movements of the ipsilesional upper limb in individuals after stroke

Aiming movements of the upper limbs can be classified either as discrete, or reciprocal, or cyclic. The control of these movements after a stroke can be affected. The aim of this experimental, cross-sectional study was to characterize the performance of these movements after the right and left hemisphere chronic stroke. Thirty-six individuals aged between 40 and 70 years, right-handed, were allocated into three groups (control, right stroke, and left stroke). Participants were asked to perform aiming movements on a tablet. Individuals after stroke performed the tasks only with their ipsilesional limb, while the control group performed movements with both limbs. The reaction and movement times, peak velocity, and the variability and error of the endpoint were analyzed. Individuals after stroke presented a worse performance in all movement classes as expected, but differently depending on the damaged hemisphere. Participants with right hemisphere damage showed larger endpoint errors, while those with left hemisphere damage had longer reaction and movement times. Both differences were seen consistently in discrete and reciprocal, but not in cyclic movements. Cyclic movements presented shorter latencies, were faster, and showed greater endpoint errors when compared to discrete and reciprocal movements. These results suggest that stroke affects differently the performance of discrete and reciprocal movements according to the hemisphere lesion side, but not in cyclic movements. Different levels of motor control among the three classes of movements by the nervous system may justify these results.
Altered functional connectivity between hypothalamus and limbic system in fibromyalgia.

The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system and plays a crucial role in maintaining the human body's homeostasis. This study aims to investigate the resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes of the hypothalamus in fibromyalgia patients. 24 Fibromyalgia patients and 24 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Resting state fMRI data were collected from the fibromyalgia patients and HC’s. Fibromyalgia patients went through a second scan after 12 weeks of Tai Chi mind–body intervention. Data analysis showed that fibromyalgia patients displayed less medial hypothalamus (MH) rsFC with the thalamus and amygdala when compared to the functional connectivity in the HCs. After the Tai Chi mind–body intervention, fibromyalgia patients showed increased MH rsFC with the thalamus and amygdala accompanied by clinical improvement. Effective connectivity analysis showed disrupted MH and thalamus interaction in the fibromyalgia patients, which was altered by mind–body exercise. Our findings suggest that fibromyalgia is associated with altered functional connectivity within the diencephalon and limbic system. Elucidating the roles of the diencephalon and limbic system in the pathophysiology and development of fibromyalgia may facilitate the development of a new biomarker and effective treatment methods for this prevalent disorder. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02407665. Registered: 3 April 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02407665?term=NCT02407665&draw=2&rank=1
Mapping the Forms of Expressive Association

Freedom of expressive association is a relatively new right under the First Amendment, and as a result, its key definitional aspects are continually in flux. Scholarship to date focuses on the Supreme Court’s treatment of expressive associations, but because the Court has never truly defined what an expressive association is, the Scholarship also fails to really define the boundaries and characteristics of an expressive association. This Article begins to fill this gap in the literature and takes on the task of “mapping” the forms of expressive association. Our goal is to begin the organizing, defining, and classifying task by identifying the essential forms of expressive associations and the boundaries that should attach to the various and often overlapping forms of collective First Amendment activity. By doing so, the First Amendment values associated with each typology begin to emerge and key patterns and characteristics are identified. With this map, we begin to see the landscape of expressive associations.
Energy storage and dissipation in the magnetotail during substorms. I - Particle simulations. II - MHD simulations

2D electromagnetic particle simulations are used to investigate the dynamics of the tail during development of substorms under the influence of the pressure in the magnetospheric boundary layer and the dawn-to-dusk electric field. It is shown that pressure pulses result in thinning of the tail current sheet as the magnetic field becomes pinched near the region where the pressure pulse is applied. The pinching leads to the tailward flow of the current sheet plasma and the eventual formation and injection of a plasmoid. Surges in the dawn-to-dusk electric field cause plasma on the flanks to convect into the center of the current sheet, thereby thinning the current sheet. The pressure in the magnetospheric boundary laser is coupled to the dawn-to-dusk electric field through the conductivity of the tail. Changes in the predicted evolution of the magnetosphere during substorms due to changes in the resistivity are investigated under the assumption that MHD theory provides a suitable representation of the global or large-scale evolution of the magnetotail to changes in the solar wind and to reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. It is shown that the overall evolution of the magnetosphere is about the same for three different resistivity distributions with plasmoid formation and ejection in each case.
Insulin and Glucose Responses to Glucose Injection in Fed and Fasted Obese and Lean Sheep

Effects of short-term fasting on the insulin and glucose responses to injected glucose were determined in obese (n = 6) and lean (n = 6) Dorset ewes that were fed a maintenance level of energy intake. Sheep were assigned by Latin-square design to be fasted for 0 (fed), 12 or 24 h before glucose (350 mg/kg) was injected via jugular cannula at 2000 h with at least 7 d between successive tests. Insulin and glucose were quantified in jugular plasma samples. Pretreatment concentrations of insulin were affected (P less than 0.005) only by body condition with higher mean values in obese (23.5 +/- 3.3 microU/ml) than in lean (9.4 +/- 1.0 microU/ml) sheep. Pretreatment concentrations of glucose (53.6 +/- 1.8 mg/dl) were unaffected by body condition and fasting. The insulin responses to glucose, whether determined as absolute levels or response areas above base-line levels, were greater (P less than 0.005) in obese than in lean sheep regardless of fasting period. Insulin and glucose concentrations after glucose injection in lean sheep were unaffected by fasting. In contrast, the insulin response to glucose was greater (P less than 0.005) in fed obese than 12- or 24-h fasted obese sheep while glucose levels in the fed sheep were similar to those in the fasted obese sheep. Thus, factors associated with feeding enhanced the insulin response to glucose in obese sheep. In addition, obesity in sheep was associated with insulin resistance because basal hyperinsulinemia coexisted with euglycemia and because fractional removal rates of injected glucose were similar in obese and lean sheep despite much greater concentrations of insulin in obese sheep.
Heroic Conventionalism: Hume on Crisis, Statesmanship and Constitutional Fundamentals

This paper explores David Hume’s account of constitutional leadership, through a reading of crucial passages in his History of England. Statesmanship for Hume could be called a matter of heroic conventionalism. Great political figures an ability and willingness to wrench a polity into broad agreement on fundamental conventions (in England’s case, limited monarchy plus Magna Charta) when a breakdown in such agreement - over which conventions are relevant or what they entail - has led to the threat or actuality of civil war.
GROUP COMPONENTS OF U.S. PRESIDENTIAL VOTING ACROSS THE STATES

Examinations of the sociodemographic group foundations of presidential voting and electoral coalitions rely on national samples (e.g., the American National Election Studies). However, recent developments in the state party and electoral change literature suggest variation across the United States in the group bases of political coalitions and in the process of electoral adjustment. Moreover, the strategic implications of the electoral college suggest a focus on state electorates. We estimate multivariate, group-based logit models of presidential vote choice using 1988 CBS/ New York Times and 1992 Voter Research and Surveys exit poll data from each of the largest states. Our results reveal noteworthy variation in the nature of group influences on presidential voting, in the composition of presidential electoral coalitions, and in cleavage structures across the states. This mapping exercise suggests limitations in theoretical and empirical accounts of presidential voting, political cleavage, and electoral change that do not accommodate the geopolitical diversity of the United States.
Structure of soap micelles as indicated by X-rays and interpreted by the theory of molecular orientation: II. The solubilization of hydrocarbons and other oils in aqueous soap solutions

Abstract 1. 1. The lamellar micelles formed by oriented double layers of soap molecules in water (Fig. 1) “solubilize” a layer of oil between the hydrocarbon ends of soap molecules in adjacent single layers of soap. The thickness (dl) of a double layer of soap and a single water layer, as determined by X-rays, may be considered to be given by the relation d l = d o + K 1 log (1/c) in which c is the fraction of soap in the solution. In a solution saturated with n-dodecane in 20% potassium laurate at 25°C., dl is increased by Δd = 9 A, while with n-heptane and triptane in 25% potassium laurate Δd is 13.8 A and 14.7 A, respectively (triptane is the more soluble), and with n-hexane and n-pentane in 15% potassium laurate increasingly larger. Thus, at saturation with oil, Δd increases rapidly with decrease in length of the molecule of the solubilized oil. 2. 2. For undersaturated and saturated solutions of n-heptane Δd = 0 + 3.82 C and for its isomer, triptane, Δd = 0.15 + 3.87 C, or the same within the limits of experimental error. 3. 3. The area per soap molecule in the layer of soap is found to be 26–28 A2 (or constant within the limits of error) for close packing and independent of whether a solubilized hydrocarbon layer is present. However, the actual packing is shown by the X-ray diffraction to be that of a liquid, which gives a slightly larger area, which for purposes of calculation has been rounded off to 30 A2. 4. 4. Assuming the mean area of 30 A2 and that the total area (Σ) of the double soap layers is given by Σ = 30 × 10−16(N/2) cm.2, where N is the total number of soap molecules present, a quantity τ, a mean apparent thickness of the oil layer, is obtained. For n-heptane in 25% potassium laurate solution τ is 40% of Δd, for triptane τ Δ d is about 0.38, and for 2.9% ethyl benzene in 15% potassium laurate, 0.4. No explanation of this will be offered until other work now in progress is completed. 5. 5. The apparent specific volume of 0.08% n-heptane solubilized at 25°C. in 25% potassium laurate is 1.4400, while with a saturated solution it is 1.470986, or practically the same as for n-heptane in bulk. With triptane, however, the reverse is true: the thickest layer departs most from the specific volume of the liquid, while this is approached as the layer gets thinner. 6. 6. Monomer layers with Δd as high as 16 A (75% isoprene and 25% styrene constituted the monomer layers in this particular case) were found to have this decrease to zero when polymerized by the action of a catalyst, and to exhibit a considerable decrease by the action of X-rays. This shows that the polymer molecules cannot be held by soap micelles. Thus, molecules may be too large to be held by micelles.
MACSYMA program to implement averaging using elliptic functions

The method of averaging is applied to the system: $$ x'' + \alpha (\tau )x + \beta (\tau ){x^3} + \in g(x,x',\tau ) = 0 $$ where τ = ∈t is slow time, and where ∈ << 1. This involves the laborous manipulation of Jacobian elliptic functions, a process which is most easily and accurately accomplished using computer algebra. We present the listing of a MACSYMA program which implements the method to 0(∈), as well as the results of a run for which g(x, x′, τ) is taken as a general cubic polynomial in x and x′.
Evaluation of Temporal Association Between Vaccinations and Retinal Hemorrhage in Children

Importance Vaccinations have been proposed as a cause of retinal hemorrhage in children, primarily as part of a defense strategy in high-stakes abusive head trauma cases. If vaccination injections cause retinal hemorrhage, this consideration would affect the evaluation of children for suspected child abuse. Objectives To describe the prevalence and causes of retinal hemorrhage among infants and young children in an outpatient ophthalmology clinic and to test the hypothesis that, if vaccination injections cause retinal hemorrhage, then retinal hemorrhage would be seen frequently and be temporally associated with immunization. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study between June 1, 2009, and August 30, 2012, at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric ophthalmology clinics among 5177 children 1 to 23 months old undergoing a dilated fundus examination as an outpatient for any reason. Children with intraocular surgery or active retinal neovascularization were excluded from the study. Main Outcomes and Measures The prevalence and causes of retinal hemorrhage, as well as the temporal association between vaccination injection within 7, 14, or 21 days preceding examination and retinal hemorrhage. Results Among 7675 outpatient fundus examinations, 9 of 5177 children had retinal hemorrhage for a prevalence of 0.17% (95% CI, 0.09%-0.33%). All 9 had abusive head trauma diagnosable with nonocular findings. Among a subset of 2210 children who had complete immunization records and underwent 3425 fundoscopic examinations, 163 children had an eye examination within 7 days of vaccination, 323 within 14 days, and 494 within 21 days. No children had retinal hemorrhage within 7 days of vaccination, 1 child had hemorrhage within 14 days, and no additional child had hemorrhage within 21 days. There was no temporal association between vaccination injection and retinal hemorrhage in the prior 7 days ( P > .99), 14 days ( P = .33), or 21 days ( P = .46). Conclusions and Relevance Retinal hemorrhage was rare among outpatients younger than 2 years. Considering both immediate and delayed effects, no temporal association existed between vaccination injection and retinal hemorrhage. Vaccination injections should not be considered a potential cause of retinal hemorrhage in children, and this unsupported theory should not be accepted clinically or in legal proceedings. Ophthalmologists noting incidental retinal hemorrhage on an outpatient examination should consider a child abuse evaluation in the absence of other known ocular or medical disease.
CMOS RF receiver design for wireless LAN applications

This paper describes design techniques for RF CMOS receivers operating in the 2.4-GHz band. A direct-conversion receiver targetting spread-spectrum wireless LAN applications employs partial channel selection filtering, DC offset removal and baseband amplification. Fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the receiver achieves a noise figure of 8.3 dB, IP/sub 3/ of -9 dBm, IP/sub 2/ of +22 dBm, and voltage gain of 34 dB while dissipating 80 mW from a 3-V supply. Dynamic range and linearity requirements of A/D converters used in RF receivers are also presented.
Lethal Cardiomyopathy in Mice Lacking Transferrin Receptor in the Heart

Both iron overload and iron deficiency have been associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure, but cardiac iron utilization is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the transferrin receptor (Tfr1) might play a role in cardiac iron uptake and used gene targeting to examine the role of Tfr1 in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that decreased iron, due to inactivation of Tfr1, was associated with severe cardiac consequences. Mice lacking Tfr1 in the heart died in the second week of life and had cardiomegaly, poor cardiac function, failure of mitochondrial respiration, and ineffective mitophagy. The phenotype could only be rescued by aggressive iron therapy, but it was ameliorated by administration of nicotinamide riboside, an NAD precursor. Our findings underscore the importance of both Tfr1 and iron in the heart, and may inform therapy for patients with heart failure.
Notes on Cereus and Acanthocereus

It is commonly believed that the greatest single difficulty of the classification of the Cactaceae is in the fact that many names were published in this family for which types are not extant. This difficulty is great, no doubt, but less fundamental than it seems.
Survey of Treatment Practices for Sexual Dysfunction(s) Associated with Anti-Depressants

There are many management strategies and antidotes available for sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants available. However, only a few of these strategies and antidotes were tested in rigorous trials and most of them probably will not be rigorously tested. Surveying the prescribing practices of experts in this area provides another opportunity to evaluate these strategies and antidotes. The authors surveyed 29 (of 50) "expert" psychiatrists in the area of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants. Switching to another antidepressant, decreasing the dose of an antidepressant, and adding oral agents such as bupropion, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and some dopaminergic agents (dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate) and a testosterone patch in some dysfunctions (libido, orgasm) are management strategies most frequently used by the experts. The experts also consider these strategies as the most effective ones. These findings are compared with other studies and discussed with regard to the evidence from clinical trials.
Oxygen consumption of tree shrews: Effects of ambient temperatures

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption of the tree shrews, Tupaia chinesis, was studied in relation to sex and ambient temperatures. 2. 2. The oxygen consumption per unit of body weight of the tree shrews is lower than that of the insectivores and greater than that of primates. 3. 3. There was no significant difference between males and females metabolic rate. 4. 4. The metabolic rate increased by exposure to cold and decreased by exposure to heat.