cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and their toxicological implications

Tobacco growers removethe inflorescence of tobacco plants, referred to as topping, to increase yield and leaf quality and, hence, grower profits (Seltmann 1970; Steffens and Seltmann 1982). Topping, however, removes the source of apical dominance in the plant; and axillary buds, or suckers, then develop and grow profusely (Decker and Seltmann 1971). The benefits of topping can only be achieved if suckers are removed or their growth restricted (Seltmann 1970; Steffens and Seltmann 1982).
Abstract P33: Impact of Rapid Cooling, a Multidisciplinary Post Resuscitation Strategy, and Regionalization of Care Compared to Hypothermia Alone on Outcomes After Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Hypothermia (H) improves survival from VF OOH-CA. Addition of a standardized multidisciplinary post resuscitation strategy (SMPRS), faster time to target temperature, and higher patient...
Iatrogenic renal vascular disease

The surge in endoluminal treatment of vascular disease has changed both management strategies and outcomes for patients. Renal artery intervention for both renal artery disease and associated vascular anomalies has not been isolated from the transformation in management. This change in treatment strategy has placed renal arteries at risk for iatrogenic injury during treatment. Awareness of the risks, identification of injuries when they occur, and an understanding of the varying modalities available for dealing with injuries is extremely important for the interventionist when caring for and preventing iatrogenic renal artery injuries.
Quality of Life Enhancement Research Program: Lessons Learned.

The attempted Quality of Life Enhancement program appeared to be a novel method for creating a symbiotic and sustainable relationship between a large Southeastern university and local nursing home ...
Modern Condensed Matter Physics

Modern Condensed Matter Physics brings together the most important advances in the field of recent decades. It provides instructors teaching graduate-level condensed matter courses with a comprehensive and in-depth textbook that will prepare graduate students for research or further study as well as reading more advanced and specialized books and research literature in the field. This textbook covers the basics of crystalline solids as well as analogous optical lattices and photonic crystals, while discussing cutting-edge topics such as disordered systems, mesoscopic systems, many-body systems, quantum magnetism, Bose–Einstein condensates, quantum entanglement, and superconducting quantum bits. Students are provided with the appropriate mathematical background to understand the topological concepts that have been permeating the field, together with numerous physical examples ranging from the fractional quantum Hall effect to topological insulators, the toric code, and majorana fermions. Exercises, commentary boxes, and appendices afford guidance and feedback for beginners and experts alike.
Rapid E-Learning for professional development in school-based diabetes management.

Abstract The number of school aged youth in the United States requiring assistance in the management of diabetes has reached over 200,000. School nurses are often charged with the training of personnel and provision of assistance to children with this chronic disease. The need for quick, efficient, and accessible training methods is necessary to ensure school nurses have the most current information necessary to perform their duties. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a rapid e-learning module for school nurse professional development in school-based diabetes management. A sample (N = 1977, n = 1127) of school nurses was asked to complete a module addressing current and/or changing information on diabetes management, the training of staff charged with assisting students, and the associated pre- and post-tests for the module. A total of 678 nurses completed the pre-test, while 449 nurses completed the post-test. T-test results for independent samples indicated a significant increase (p
Extending the fluency principle: Factors that increase listeners’ processing fluency positively bias their language attitudes

Three experiments tested the proposition that factors that make foreign-accented speech easier to process (i.e., increase listeners’ processing fluency) positively bias listeners’ evaluations of fo...
Mechanistic model predicts tissue–environment relationships and trophic shifts in animal hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios

Statistical regression relationships between the hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O, respectively) of animal organic tissues and those of environmental water have been widely used to reconstruct animal movements, paleoenvironments, and diet and trophic relationships. In natural populations, however, tissue–environment isotopic relationships are highly variable among animal types and geographic regions. No systematic understanding of the origin(s) of this variability currently exists, clouding the interpretation of isotope data. Here, we present and apply a model, based on fundamental metabolic relationships, to test the sensitivity of consumer tissue H and O isotope ratios, and thus tissue–environment relationships, to basic physiological, behavioral, and environmental parameters. We then simulate patterns in consumer tissue isotopic compositions under several ‘real-world’ scenarios, demonstrating that the new model can reproduce—and potentially explain—previously observed patterns in consumer tissue H isotope ratios, including between-continent differences in feather–precipitation relationships and 2H-enrichment with trophic level across species. The model makes several fundamental predictions about the organic O isotope system, which constitute hypotheses for future testing as new data are obtained. By highlighting potential sources of variability and bias in tissue–environment relationships and establishing a framework within which such effects can be predicted, these results should advance the application of H and O isotopes in ecological, paleoecological, and forensic research.
It is time to consider athletes’ well-being and performance satisfaction: The roles of authentic leadership and psychological capital

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among coaches’ authentic leadership and athletes’ psychological capital (PsyCap), performance satisfaction, and psychological well-being. The authors recruited 224 athletes participating in intercollegiate athletics in the United States. The results indicated that the authentic leadership of the head coaches positively influenced the athletes’ PsyCap levels. The enhanced PsyCap, in turn, positively influenced both performance satisfaction and psychological well-being. The interaction effect of student development was found in the relationship between authentic leadership and PsyCap. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of a head coach’s authentic behaviors in sport teams, and also illuminate how athletes’ performance satisfaction and psychological well-being can be augmented by PsyCap enhancement.
Public Sector Debt in the Caribbean: An Agenda for Reduction and Sustainability

Since the late 1990s, with comparatively low and stable inflation, relative political stability and the deepening of local and regional financial markets, Caribbean governments have largely had easy access to financial resources. Increased access to international capital markets and deepening domestic financial markets encouraged international and domestic borrowing and led to a virtual doubling of average national public debt in the Region since the mid-1990s. This steady debt accumulation has placed Caribbean countries among the most highly indebted middle-income countries in the world. At the end of 2010,1/6th of the 10 most highly indebted countries were from the Caribbean, while four countries – St. Kitts and Nevis, Jamaica, Barbados and Grenada – ranked among the top five. All six countries had public debt levels in excess of 80 percent (%) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Among non-Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) countries, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, both predominantly mineral exporters, were the only Caribbean countries that have maintained relatively moderate levels of public debt at or below 40% of GDP for most of the decade. Guyana and Haiti have maintained modest debt levels only since benefiting from substantial debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives (MDRI) in 2008-09. Jamaica has had chronically high levels of public debt for more than three decades, while Barbados has witnessed a rapid build-up in its debt since the late 1990s. These trends raise important questions for the Caribbean region. How detrimental is the debt problem in the Caribbean? What has been the nature and extent of the debt experience? What are the drivers of debt accumulation in the Region? What are the characteristics of the Caribbean that explain its propensity to indebtedness? What are the prospects for debt levels in the Region? These questions are answered in this report.
Quasi-optical gyrotron with arbitrary beam injection angle

In quasi-optical gyrotrons (1–4) the angle between the electron and radiation beams has considerable influences on gain, harmonic operation and efficiency. This paper investigates the effect on the gain mechanism. Two regimes of operation are identified. By choosing the parameters appropriately one can run the gyrotron in the high gain regime.
The efficacy of pulsed ultraviolet light processing for table and hatching eggs.

Abstract In the United States, every year an average of 287.1 eggs are consumed per person, and over 14.1 billion eggs are set in hatchery incubators to produce chicks destined for the egg and meat bird industries. By reducing the microbial load on eggs, food-borne–associated outbreaks can be reduced while good chick health is maintained. Pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light system delivers an energy-intense broad spectrum (100–1,100 nm) pulse derived from a xenon flashlamp. In recent years, PUV light has been shown to reduce microbial pathogens on the surface of shell eggs by using a static PUV light system. In this study, shell eggs were surface inoculated with Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecium and treated with PUV light using a modified egg candling conveyor that provided complete rotation of eggs under a flashlamp. Pulsed UV light treatment inactivated both microbial strains, with greater energy resulting in a greater germicidal response (P 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant effects on posthatch observations, including livability and average bird weight at hatch or at 42 d of age (P > 0.05). In conclusion, this study supports the application of PUV light as an effective antimicrobial intervention for both table and hatching eggs.
Himalayan snow cover area and onset of summer monsoon over Kerala, India

The relationship between the Himalayan snow cover extent and the onset of summer monsoon over Kerala, India, has been examined for the period 1971-81. The snow cover extent over the Himalayas has been derived from satellite images and Northern Hemisphere snow cover charts. India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides the onset dates of summer monsoon over Kerala. This preliminary study indicated that mean monthly snow cover area over the Himalayas for the months February through April had positive correlation (correlation coefficient 0.62) with the onset dates of summer monsoon over Kerala. This implies that large snow cover over the Himalayas for the months February through April was likely to be followed by an late onset of summer monsoon over Kerala and vice versa.
The Hegemony of Hegemony: Illusion, Thought, and Practice

In this paper, I will explore the hegemony of the concept of hegemony, as it relates to current articulations of popular struggles. Since Marx wrote The German Ideology, it has more or less been taken for granted that the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class. With Marx and later Gramsci, the idea of hegemony began to take hold, mainly as an explanation of the ability of a social system to keep balanced and afloat despite internal conflicts and contradictions. As I will argue, there is an underlying notion of social totality at work within the concept of hegemony. Through an analysis of Laclau and Mouffe, I will argue that the concept of hegemony maintains this illusion of social totality, which can have far-reaching effects in terms of how the social sciences understand thought and practice. Through the work of the anarchist David Graeber, I will explore alternate ways of conceptualizing social practices. Hegemony is virtually equivalent with hierarchy, in terms of world power and dominant ideological practices; it has been thought to go so far as to limit the bounds of thought and language itself. So-called “counter-hegemonic” social practices merely mirror the template offered by hegemony, a concept developed to explain social domination. Is there a way to see beyond this equation of power and hegemony? With its emphasis on vision and practice, and the imagining of new possibilities, I believe that anarchist theory stands as the most likely candidate to offer an answer to this question.
A cDNA clone for 3-carene synthase from Salvia stenophylla ☆

Abstract The essential oil of Salvia stenophylla contains (+)-3-carene as the principal monoterpene component. Using an enriched cDNA library prepared from mRNA isolated from S. stenophylla peltate glandular trichomes, and a homology-based cloning strategy, a full-length cDNA was isolated that encoded a preprotein of 69.7 kDa which resembled a monoterpene synthase in sequence. Heterologous expression of the gene in Escherichia coli provided a soluble recombinant enzyme capable of catalyzing the divalent metal ion-dependent conversion of geranyl diphosphate to (+)-3-carene and to lesser amounts of limonene, myrcene, 4-carene and β-phellandrene. This multiple-product synthase is responsible for the production of all of the essential oil monoterpenes of S. stenophylla .
On a Moving-Frame Algorithm and the Triangulation of Equilibrium Manifolds

Nonlinear, parametrized equations $$ \text{F}(\text{Z},\lambda ) = 0, $$ (1.1) represent models of equilibrium problems for many physical systems. If F: Rn → Rm, n=m+p, p ≥ 1, is continuously differentiable on Rn, then the regular solution manifold $$ \text M = \lbrace \text x\; \varepsilon \;\text R^{\text {n}}; \text F \left( \text x \right) =0,\; \text {rank DF} \left( \text x \right)= \text m \rbrace $$ (1.2) is a p-dimensional, differentiable manifold in Rn without boundary. We shall assume always that F is at least of class Cr, r ≥ 2.
Decidable and Undecidable Second-Order Unification Problems

There is a close relationship between word unification and second-order unification. This similarity has been exploited for instance for proving decidability of monadic second-order unification. Word unification. can be easily decided by transformation rules (similar to the ones applied in higher-order unification procedures) when variables are restricted to occur at most twice. Hence a well-known open question was the decidability of second-order unification under this same restriction. Here we answer this question negatively by reducing simultaneous rigid E-unification to second-order unification. This reduction, together with an inverse reduction found by Degtyarev and Voronkov, states an equivalence relationship between both unification problems.
Eye Movements, Prosody, and Word Frequency among Average- and High-Skilled Second-Grade Readers.

The present study explored how average- and high-skilled second-grade readers (as identified by their Woodcock-Johnson III Test of Academic Achievement Broad Reading scores) differed on behavioral ...
Effects of dimethazone (FMC 57020) on chloroplast development: II. Pigment synthesis and photosynthetic function in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) primary leaves

Abstract The herbicidal action of dimethazone [FMC 57020; 2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxalidinone] on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) primary leaves was studied. Seeds were imbibed in 0.5 mM herbicide for 1 day and then seedlings were grown in darkness. In 6-day-old, etiolated seedlings, there was no effect of the herbicide on protochlorophyllide accumulation or on phototransformation of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, however, the Shibata shift was greatly slowed. Accompanying this was a delay in phytylation of chlorophyllide. Protochlorophyllide resynthesis in a dark period after phototransformation of existing protochlorophyllide in etiolated tissue was also slowed by dimethazone. In the light, carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll accumulation were slowed by the herbicide, resulting a pale green appearance of the leaves. The capacity for CO2-dependent oxygen evolution or FeCN-dependent oxygen evolution did not develop in dimethazone-treated tissue during 24 hr of light exposure. In situ measurement of variable fluorescence and cytochrome f photooxidation/dark reduction indicated that some cyclic electron transport developed very slowly in dimethazone-treated plants. No effect of the herbicide was found on either FeCN-dependent oxygen evolution or variable fluorescence in fully greened tissues. Dimethazone was concluded to have an effect on chloroplast development rather than a direct effect on photosynthesis.
Wide Area Networks

This article briefly describes wide area networks (WAN), which can be defined roughly as the computer networks that cover a broad geographical area. The Internet is the most typical WAN. Another example would be an intranet for a large enterprise that has multiple geographically distributed branches. This article explains WANs in the organization of the five-layer TCP/IP layered model. For each layer, typical hardware and software (protocols) for WANs are discussed, especially these popular technologies used in WANs today. Keywords: wide area networks (WAN); computer networks; Internet; high speed networks
Findings of Nonparentage: A Case for Autonomy

We read with interest Palmor and Fiester’s recent article arguing for a blanket ban on reporting incidental findings of nonparentage (IFNP) when conducting pediatric genetic testing.1 The decision whether to disclose IFNP creates disruptions in clinical care, they argue, because it “undermines consistency, transparency, and uniformity across the institution or practice” (p. 184) and places the “moral burden” of these decisions on health care providers, where they do not belong (p. 187). This argument is reminiscent of the 2013 recommendations by the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG), which recommended uniformly returning 57 actionable genetic findings from whole genome … E-mail: marsha.michie{at}ucsf.edu
Partisan Media Selective Exposure During the 2012 Presidential Election

This report explores the variables related to partisan selective media exposure, a process by which people select media outlets and content consistent with their political predispositions. This stu...
Effects of climate change on building energy consumption in cities

Sensitivity of building-energy consumption to changing urban environments is examined by simulating building energy loads in hypothetical urban settings. A modified version of an algorithm developed by the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory is used to evaluate energy requirements. Energy loads for two buildings of interest are estimated for changing climatic conditions (air temperature) as well as changing environments around the building. An isolated building and a building surrounded by several other buildings are considered.
Land Use Change from Biofuels Derived from Forest Residue: A Case of Washington State

Biofuel policy in the United States is transitioning away from corn towards second-generation biofuels in part because of the debate over environmental damages from indirect land use change. We combine a spatially explicit parcel level model for land use change in Washington State with simulations for biofuel policy aimed at utilizing forest residue as feedstock. Using a spatially explicit model provides greater precision in measuring net returns to forestland and development and indicates which areas will be most impacted by biofuel policy. The effect of policy is simulated via scenarios of increasing net returns to forestry and of siting feedstock-processing plants. Our results suggest that forestland will increase from such a policy, leading to a net reduction in atmospheric carbon from indirect land use change. This is in contrast to the experience of corn ethanol where the change in carbon emissions is potentially positive and large in magnitude.
Low synonymous site variation at the lacY locus in Escherichia coli suggests the action of positive selection.

We have determined the nucleotide sequences of sevenlacY alleles isolated from natural isolates ofEscherichia coli. Nucleotide heterozygosity estimates for this locus were compared to those obtained from previous studies of intraspecific variation at chromosomal loci, revealing thatlacY has unusually low synonymous site variation. The average pairwise heterozygosity of synonymous sites (Ks=0.0112+/-0.0100) is the second lowest reported and the lowest for loci that have an equivalent level of nonsynonymous variation. We consider several hypotheses to explain how different forces in evolution could act to create the observed pattern of polymorphism, including selection for translational efficiency and positive selection. Our analysis most strongly supports the hypothesis that positive selection has acted on thelacY locus inE. coli.
Refusing Treatment, Refusing to Talk, and Refusing to Let Go: On Whose Terms Will Death Occur?

The wish of many to die with dignity in the face of medical technology, which holds out the hope of continued life but can dehumanize those whom it sustains, is played out countless times in hospitals and nursing homes every day. The right to die is an evolutionary concept, not a novel or revolutionary one. It is an organic outgrowth of the law of informed decision-making—battery, negligence, informed consent, and informed refusal –limited by the constraints imposed by the criminal law. Virtually from the outset of right-to-die litigation, and to some extent antedating it, the courts have recognized the health care profession's valid interest in not letting patients die from the refusal of treatment –often referred to as "maintaining the ethical integrity of the medical profession". Most reported right-to-die cases have involved the withdrawal of treatment previously begun; only a few have raised the issue of whether treatment must be administered should the need for it arise.
Role of subunit diversity in signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins

The heterotrimeric G proteins are extensively involved in the regulation of cells by extracellular signals. The receptors that control them are often the targets of drugs. There are many isoforms of each of the three subunits that make up these proteins. Thus far, genes for at least sixteen α subunits, five β subunits, and eleven γ subunits have been identified. In addition, some of these proteins have splice variants or are differentially modified. Based upon what is already known, there are well over a thousand possible G protein heterotrimer combinations. The role of subunit diversity in heterotrimer formation and its effect on signaling by G proteins are still not well understood. However, many current lines of research are leading toward an understanding of these roles. The functional significance of subunit heterogeneity is related to the mechanisms used by G proteins to transmit and integrate the many signals coming into cells through this system. Described here are the basic mechanisms by which G proteins integrate cellular responses, the possible role of subunit heterogeneity in these mechanisms, and the evidence for and against their physiological significance. Recent studies suggest the likely possibility that subunit heterogeneity plays an important role in signaling by G proteins. This role has the potential to extend substantially the flexibility of G proteins in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. However, the details of this are yet to be worked out, and they are the subject of many different avenues of research.
Plasma polymerization using solid phase polymer reactants (non-classical sputtering of polymers)

Abstract Non-classical plasma sputtering of polymers was carried out using a reaction geometry in which the substrate (a supported evaporated gold film) was far (∼250 mean free paths) from the polymer target with no line of sight between the two surfaces (the target and substrate faced the same direction). An inductively coupled radio frequency argon plasma of 100 W at 200 mt and a flow rate of 1.8 sccm were used. The polymers studied are polyethylene, poly(isobutylene), poly(oxymethylene), poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), polystyrene, poly(α-methyl styrene), and poly(methyl methacrylate). Substrate-supported polymer films that formed were compared with samples of films prepared by plasma polymerizing monomer gases. Water contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the films. Ablation rates of these and similar polymers were studied; factors that influence sputtering behavior are discussed.
Wavefront Imaging with a Partitioned Aperture

A microscope add-on is described that measures phase and amplitude in a single shot. The technique is quantitative, light efficient, and works with incoherent illumination. We apply this technique to dynamic biological imaging. Article not available.
Optimum design of a moving bed grain drier by dynamic programming

The dynamic programming algorithm has been used to accomplish the optimal choice of the operating conditions of a modified bed drier. On presente un algorithme de programmation dynamique pour choisir les conditions d'operation optimales d'un sechoir a lit modifie pour le grain.
Collision-Induced Dissociation of Nitrobenzene Molecular Cations at Low Energies by Crossed-Beam Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The dynamics of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the nitrobenzene molecular ion have been investigated in the energy range of 3 eV−50 eV in the center-of-mass (CM) reference frame using a crossed-beam tandem hybrid mass spectrometer−supersonic molecular beam instrument. At these collision energies the dominant CID channel is loss of NO2 from the molecular ion and contribution from competing channels is very small. At 3.1 eV collision energy, fragment ions, C6H5+, are fully backward scattered and as collision energy is increased the most probable scattering angle moves in the forward scattering region but remains above zero up to 50 eV energy. These results suggest that small impact parameter impulsive collisions dominate this CID process in the low collision energy range. The energy transfer in the collisional activation step does not change significantly with increase in collision energy and corresponds to about 0.6 eV above the thermochemical threshold even though the molecular ions were form...
Netlets for End-To-End Delay Minimization in Distributed Computing Over the Internet Using Two-Paths

In a number of distributed computing applications, messages must be transmitted on demand between processes running at different locations on the Internet. The end-to-end delays experienced by the messages have a significant ârandomâ component due to the complicated nature of network traffic. We propose a method based on delay-regression estimation to achieve low end-to-end delays for message transmissions in distributed computing applications. Two-paths are realized between various communicating processes in a transparent manner. Our scheme is implemented over the Internet by a network of NetLets, which communicate with one another to maintain an accurate âstateâ of delay-regressions in the network. NetLets handle all network traffic between the processes and also perform routing at a certain level depending on the underlying network. We present experimental results to illustrate that NetLets provide a viable and practical means for achieving low end-to-end delays for distributed computing applications over the Internet.
A Developmental Survey of Young Children's Attachments to Inanimate Objects

(1979). A Developmental Survey of Young Children's Attachments to Inanimate Objects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 134, No. 2, pp. 165-178.
Metabolic Pathway Rates and Culture Fluorescence in Batch Fermentations of Clostridium Acetobutylicum

Analyse cinetique des voies metaboliques (etude stœchiometrique) et mesure de la fluorescence des cultures in situ dans deux types de fermentation, l'une produisant des acides organiques, l'autre des solvants organiques. Ces deux techniques permettent de mieux comprendre comment la bacterie repond aux facteurs du milieu en choisissant l'une ou l'autre des multiples voies cataboliques dont elle dispose et d'avoir une idee plus precise sur le metabolisme intracellulaire (variations de NAD(P)H suivies par spectrofluorometrie)
Non‐linear instructional design model: eternal, synergistic design and development

Instructional design is at the heart of each educational endeavour. This process revolves around the steps through which the thoughtful productions of superior products are created. The ADDIE generic instructional design model emphasises five basic steps within the instructional design process: analyse, design, develop, implement and evaluate. The simplistic nature of the ADDIE model, including the ease of application and possibilities towards the cyclical features of the process, enable a more holistic overview of the instructional design process. The Eternal, Synergistic Design Model emphasises the non-linear nature of the instructional design process. The continuous design and development focuses upon the core evaluation of the product, wherein the Pareto principle emphasises the feedback related to the 20% of difficulties while maintaining an eye upon the 80% neutral and positive aspects of the product.
Temperature in the Monkey: Transmitter Factors Released from the Brain during Thermoregulation

When perfusate is collected from the anterior hypothalamus of a cooled donor monkey and is transfused to a corresponding hypothalamic site in a normal monkey, fever occurs in this recipient. Conversely, perfusate from a heated donor monkey lowers the recipient monkey9s temperature when the same hypothalamic transfusion procedure is followed. These experiments provide direct evidence of a neurochemical "coding" within the specific anatomical region of the brain historically implicated in the control of body temperature.
Popular Resistance in the Persianate World: Subalterns, Outlaws, and Radicals in the Long Nineteenth Century

This introduction provides a general context for the papers collected in the following symposium. Focused broadly on social protest and resistance in the eastern Islamic lands during the nineteenth century, these articles provide a rare glimpse of grass roots activism and unrest that were so common throughout this world region in a very momentous period of transition. The acts of resistance explained and analyzed here targeted the structure and relations of power that emerged after the advent of new capital and modern state formation. They also shared other common or comparable features in their specific forms and nature, the diversity of groups that participated in them, the social networking that made them possible, the strategies and tactics employed by actors on the ground, and ultimately the language and ideology of dissent.
Fabrication and stitching of embedded multi-layer micro-gratings in fused silica glass by fs laser pulses

Fabrication and stitching of internal 2D, 1D and multi-layer micro-gratings in fused silica glass using amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser were reported. These gratings have the pitch of 4 μm and the size of 400 μm×400 μm. For a two-layer 1D micro-grating where a second-layer grating was overwritten on a first-layer grating at the exact X,Y position and the different Z depth, the diffraction efficiency can reach more than 25% due to the grating thickness increase. If a second-layer grating was stitched with a first-layer by the shift of 2 μm in the X direction and at the different Z depth, the diffraction angle was doubled but the diffraction efficiency was about 9%. The last result has the potential application for fabricating high-density micro-/nano-structures beyond the diffraction limit through 3D stitching.
Bacterial Degradation of N-Lauroyl-L-valine

Studies were conducted on the degradation of N-lauroyl-L-valine by type cultured bacteria. Many strains could utilize sodium N-lauroyl-L-valinate as carbon and nitrogen sources for their growth. Metabolism of N-lauroyl-L-valine was investigated in detail using Ps. aeruginosa AJ2116. Lauric acid was identified by gas chromatography suggesting cleavage of N-acyl linkage in N-lauroyl-L-valine. Lauric acid might be metabolized to capric acid (C10) and caprylic acid (C8) becuase the accumulated substances gave nearly identical peaks with those of authentic fatty acids on gas chromatograms. The experiment using N-lauroyl-L-valine (14C) indicated that 14CO2 was produced as a final product. Valine was not detected because it might be metabolized very rapidly immediately after its release. It was supposed that the enzymes or enzyme systems degrading N-lauroyl-L-valine might be constitutive from the experiment using two kinds of cells grown in the medium containing N-lauroyl-L-valine or nutrient broth.
Inherited groups and kernels of derived translation planes

When an affine plane is converted to another plane by derivation, the point permutations which act as collineations of both planes form the inherited group. The full group can be larger than the inherited group. For finite translation planes in which some of the Baer subplanes involved are not vector spaces over the kernel of the original plane then the full collineation group of the derived plane is the inherited group provided the order of the plane is greater than 16.
Some multiple objective dynamic programs

Two examples are presented to illustrate the application of dynamic programming to Pareto optimization.
Capstone portfolios and geography student learning outcomes

Due to increasing demands regarding student learning outcomes and accreditation, a capstone portfolio was added to assess critical thinking and communication skills of geography majors at a large public university in the USA. The portfolio guidelines were designed to be adaptable to a flexible curriculum where about half of the requirements within the major are structured. This paper discusses the portfolio requirements and assessment rubrics developed following multiple portfolio iterations, gives guidance to instructors, and synthesizes potential benefits for students, departments and employers.
S1P1 Receptor Signaling Overrides Retention Mediated by Gαi-Coupled Receptors to Promote T Cell Egress

Summary The mechanism by which sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P 1 ) acts to promote lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs is not defined. Here, we showed that CCR7-deficient T cells left lymph nodes more rapidly than wild-type cells did, whereas CCR7-overexpressing cells were retained for longer. After treatment with FTY720, an agonist that causes downmodulation of lymphocyte S1P 1 , CCR7-deficient T cells were less effectively retained than wild-type T cells. Moreover, treatment with pertussis toxin to inactivate signaling via Gαi-protein-coupled receptors restored egress competence to S1P 1 -deficient lymphocytes. We also found that T cell accumulation in lymph node cortical sinusoids required intrinsic S1P 1 expression and was antagonized by CCR7. These findings suggest a model where S1P 1 acts in the lymphocyte to promote lymph node egress by overcoming retention signals mediated by CCR7 and additional Gαi-coupled receptors. Furthermore, by simultaneously upregulating S1P 1 and downregulating CCR7, T cells that have divided multiple times switch to a state favoring egress over retention.
Effect of feedback waveform in continuous-time sigma-delta modulators

Design of continuous-time sigma-delta modulators with an arbitrary feedback waveform is discussed. The approach exploits the fact that the quantiser input is sampled only at discrete instants. Proper choice of the modulator coefficients allows for an exact mapping between discrete-time and continuous-time systems, regardless of the feedback waveform.
Fuzzy Trace Theory and “Smart” False Memories: Implications for Advertising

False memories are generally viewed as “dumb,” in the sense of being caused by deficient processing, but recent psychological research has shown that elaboration and inferences can result in “smart” false memories. These “smart” false memories are explained by fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), which assumes that they derive from comprehension of the meaning of experience. FTT predicts that “smart” false memories should be positively correlated with measured levels of Need for Cognition (NFC). In three experiments we find those higher in NFC are more likely to elaborate and infer information from advertising that causes them to create “smart” false memories.
Osteogenic protein-1-mediated insulin-like growth factor gene expression in primary cultures of rat osteoblastic cells

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family and has been shown to induce new bone formation in vivo. In the present study, we determined whether the expression of the IGF system, a significant growth factor system in bone, was altered by OP-1 in primary cultures of fetal rat calvarial cells. Levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-I receptor, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) were determined after OP-1 treatment. The level of total IGF-I mRNA was elevated in an OP-1 concentration (0-1000 ng/ml)-dependent manner, with maximal stimulation of IGF-I mRNA of 2- to 3-fold apparent 24 h after treatment. The increase in the IGF-I mRNA level involved a preferential stimulation of transcripts initiated at start site 2 in the exon 1 promoter. The level of IGF-II mRNA also increased by approximately 2-fold in OP-1 treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The level of IGF-I receptor mRNA was not altered by treatment. Whereas IGFBP-1 mRNA was not detected in these cells, IGFBP-2 mRNA was expressed, but the expression was not changed after treatment for 48 h in the concentration range (0-1000 ng/ml) tested. The IGFBP-3 mRNA level was increased slightly 48 h after OP-1 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. The IGFBP-4, -5, and -6 mRNA levels decreased dramatically in an OP-1 concentration-dependent manner. In addition, coincubation of antisense oligonucleotides corresponding to IGF-I or -II mRNA sequence with OP-1 reduced the OP-1 induced elevation in alkaline phosphatase activity. The present results suggest that the differentiation of rat osteoblastic cells in response to OP-1 is mediated in part by increased IGF-I -II gene expression and alterations in the gene expression of different IGFBPs.
SHADOW: New developments

Abstract We describe the new extensions that we have implemented in our synchrotron radiation ray tracing code, SHADOW. The most important are the new wiggler source, the extension of 100 keV of the optical constant database, the novel power density calculations capabilities and the inclusion of the full crystal and multilayer optics cases. Current work and future prospects will also be discussed.
Repair of neonatal aortic coarctation

From 1981 to 1991, 146 infants under 1 month of age underwent repair of aortic coarctation. Forty-two had isolated coarctation, 53 had associated ventricular septal defect, and 51 had complex cardiac defects. The principal mode of presentation was congestive heart failure. The mean age at operation was 10.6 days. The technique for repair was left subclavian artery flap angioplasty in 126, resection with end-to-end anastomosis in 14, and a variety of repairs in 6 patients. Concomitant pulmonary artery banding was performed in 62 patients. The overall hospital mortality rate was 11%, and there was a strong association with pre-existing renal failure. The mean aortic clamp time in survivors was 23.9 minutes; mean hospital stay was 13.4 days. Significant restenosis occurred in 16 patients (11%) with an incidence of 10% after subclavian artery flap angioplasty. Eleven patients have undergone reoperation, and 5 were managed successfully with balloon dilatation.
Class separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen heterocycles and hydroxyl aromatics by liquid chromatography

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen heterocycles, and hydroxyl aromatics which are known or suspected to be present in solvent refined coal samples. The separation of these model compounds by compound-class was accomplished with normal-phase μPorasil and Nucleosil NO 2 columns. n -Heptane, n -heptane—chloroform, carbon tetrachloride—chloroform and carbon tetrachloride—dimethyl sulfoxide mobile phases were used to separate the model compounds. Polar standards were chromatographed with mobile phases of several solvent strengths to observe the different migration behavior of the functional classes. It was found that the μPorasil column utilizing a carbon tetrachloride—chloroform mobile phase offered the best separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles. μPorasil also yielded superior separation of nitrogen heterocycles from hydroxyl aromatics when a carbon tetrachloride—dimethyl sulfoxide eluent was employed.
Does discography injure normal discs? An analysis of repeat discograms

This study was done to look for evidence of damage to a healthy disc resulting from diagnostic discography. Thirty-four patients had undergone a second discogram at 80 lumbar levels. There were 22 men and 12 women. The mean interval between discograms was 16.7 months (range, 3-38). Of 42 levels that were reported to be radiologically normal on the first discogram, ten were reported to be abnormal on the second discogram (24%). On review of these films, the abnormality was in fact present on the first discogram at two levels, and the second discogram was normal at two levels (radiologist error). Fusions had been done in three patients at adjacent levels between discograms. A compression fracture was present in adjacent vertebrae at two levels. Only one level was found to be truly abnormal on the second discogram for no obvious reason. The authors found no evidence that diagnostic discography damaged a normal disc.
False Positive Rates in Association Studies as a Function of Degree of Stratification

To explore the degree to which stratification can cause spurious positive association results, we tested for association between BMD and 373 genetic markers using 381 white and 126 black females. The rate of positive results doubled as the proportion of stratification increased, showing the importance of controlling for stratification in association studies. Introduction: Population-based association studies are commonly used to test the relationship between polymorphisms in a candidate gene and a disease or trait of interest. Although the collection of samples for this type of study design is relatively cost-effective, the statistical analysis may be susceptible to false positive results because of the effects of population stratification. Such results may occur when the underlying populations differ in both the polymorphism allele frequency and mean trait value. Materials and Methods: To explore the degree to which stratification can cause spurious positive association results, we analyzed femoral neck BMD data from an unrelated sample of 381 white and 126 black premenopausal females. As part of a previous genome screen, 373 microsatellite markers had been genotyped for each individual. For simplicity of interpretation, each multiallelic marker was reduced to a biallelic marker, with the most common allele as one allele and all other alleles combined as the second allele. As expected, the black women differed substantially for marker allele frequencies and had significantly higher mean femoral neck BMD than their white counterparts. Random subsets of the white and black samples were sampled, with increasing proportions of stratification (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% black subjects) in the total analyzed sample. ANOVA was used to test for association between the recoded marker and femoral neck BMD. Results and Conclusions: The rate of positive results for the association test were observed to double as the proportion of stratification increased, with substantial increases in the frequency of false positives even for stratification proportions as small as 2-5%. These results show the importance of controlling for stratification when the trait and the polymorphism allele frequency differ between the races.
Grid-Resolved Analysis of Base Flowfield for Four-Engine Clustered Nozzle Configuration

The objective of this study is to propose a computational methodology that can effectively anchor the base flowfield of a four-engine clustered nozzle configuration. This computational methodology is based on a three-dimensional, viscous flow, pressure-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) formulation. For efficient CFD calculation, a Prandtl-Meyer solution treatment is applied to the algebraic grid lines for initial plume expansion resolution. As the solution evolves, the computational grid is adapted to the pertinent flow gradients. The CFD model employs an upwind scheme in which second- and fourth-order central differencing schemes with artificial dissipation are used. The computed quantitative base flow properties such as the radial base pressure distributions, model centerline static pressure, Mach number and impact pressure variations, and base pressure characteristic curve agreed reasonably well with those of the measurement.
Analysis of trypan blue induced teratogenesis in Rana pipiens embryos

Fertilized Rana pipiens eggs were treated with 0.5% solution of trypan blue in spring water. The stage at which the dye was added and the duration of exposure were varied. The first signs of aberrant development appeared at late stage 13 at which time the neural folds were abnormal and elongation of the body axis was inhibited. Subsequent development resulted in microcephalic larvae with foreshortened trunks and kinked or malproportioned tails. Such embryos never exhibited spontaneous muscular contractions although they may survive for 10 to 12 days and come to resemble stage 21 larvae. Microscopic analysis revealed that (1) the notochord was either completely absent or present only in the anterior half of experimental embryos, (2) adjacent to the notochordal abnormalities the lateral mesoderm formed an unsegmented mass whose left and right sides fused beneath the neural tube, and (3) malformations of the forebrain included absence of the diencephalon, optic cups, and cranial ganglia. Trypan blue was never found within the cells of the embryos. The critical period of response to trypan blue extended from stage 10 through stage 14. Animals growing in dye solution since fertilization but removed to fresh spring water prior to stage 10 differentiated normally.
The effect of chemotherapy on germinal testicular tumors in mice.

Murine testicular tumors analogous histologically to human germinal testis tumors were produced according to a previously described technique. The effects on this model of actinomycin D and of a 4-drug regimen using 5-Fluorouracil, vincristine, methotrexate, and Cytoxan were compared. Both chemotherapeutic regimens tested produced a demonstrable effect on the incidence, diameter, and differentiation of tumor foci. The 4-drug regimen was found to be more effective than actinomycin D. A single-dose actinomycin D protocol was shown to be less effective than a course of injections, and the desirability of maximal drug doses was suggested. Greatest drug effects were elicited when the tumors were small and poorly differentiated.