cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ neutron diffraction study of twin reorientation and pseudoplastic strain in Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals

Twin variant reorientation in single-crystal Ni–Mn–Ga during quasi-static mechanical compression was studied using in situ neutron diffraction. The volume fraction of reoriented twin variants for different stress amplitudes were obtained from the changes in integrated intensities of high-order neutron diffraction peaks. It is shown that, during compressive loading, ∼85% of the twins were reoriented parallel to the loading direction resulting in a maximum pseudoplastic strain of ∼5.5%, which is in agreement with measured macroscopic strain.
The spatial vectorcardiogram in left ventricular hypertrophy.

A study of 90 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy revealed a typical configuration of the spatial vectorcardiogram in most of the subjects. Typically the QRS sE-loop was smooth, wide and rounded, inscribed in a counterclockwise direction and placed largely to the left and above the isoelectric point in its frontal plane projection. The left sagittal plane projection of the QRS sE-loop was long, narrow and directed largely upward and posteriorly. The typical T sE-loop was small, smooth, horseshoe-shaped and counterclockwise in inscription in both frontal and left sagittal plane projections. In some instances the QRS sE-loop was similar to that of the normal but was always accompanied by an abnormal T sE-loop.
Isosteres of natural phosphates. 6. The preparation and properties of lysophosphotidic acid.

Abstract We herein report the first chemical synthesis of phosphonic acid analogues of lyso phosphatidic acid. The racemic isosteric analogues, 4-acyloxy-3-hydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acids, of lyso -phosphatidic acid were prepared by both catalytic and hydride reductions of the 4-acyloxy-3-oxobutyl-1-phosphonic acids, a general method for the preparation of the latter having been reported previously. The lyso phosphatidic acids have been found to substrates for lyso phosphatidic acid acyl transferase, and may be acylated chemically to yield phosphotidic acids. The latter reaction is of use in the preparation of differentially acylated phosphatidic acids.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEPHROMEGALY AND WILMS TUMOR IN CHILDREN WITH BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROME. † 849

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEPHROMEGALY AND WILMS TUMOR IN CHILDREN WITH BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROME. † 849
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SOURCES OF REGIME CHANGE: HOW EUROPEAN INTEGRATION UNDERMINED ITALY'S POSTWAR PARTY SYSTEM

Italy’s 1992 elections marked the end of political dominance by Christian Democracy (DC). The conventional account of the collapse of the DC’s vote to less than 30% focuses on the breakup of the So...
[125I] Glucagon binding by liver membranes from young and adult rats.

We have previously shown that adipocytes from adult (between four and five months old) rats have reduced glucagon binding and glucagon-stimulated lipolytic activity when compared with cells from young (1.5 months old) animals. In the present study we measured specific [ 125 I] glucagon binding by purified liver plasma membranes isolated from young and adult rats. When expressed on the basis of membrane protein content, 59-nucleotidase activity, or specific [ 125 I] insulin binding, the extent of [ 125 I]glucagon binding by liver membranes was not influenced by aging. Furthermore, the degree of [ 125 I] glucagon degradation was the same in both membrane preparations. These data describe a unique condition in which glucagon binding and hormone sensitivity diminish in one tissue but remain unaltered in another.
Certain Dietary Factors Essential for the Growing Calf

Summary These studies show that vitamin C, A, and nicotinic acid are essential in the diet of the young calf and that they are exceedingly important for the prevention and control of early calfhood diseases. Specifically the data show that the blood plasma concentration of vitamin C in the new born calf is about twice its normal value. This vitamin has been shown to be highly effective in protecting the calf from navel ill, peritonitis and other active infections. Apparently vitamin C synthesis in the calf begins at about 2 or 3 weeks. It is possible to maintain the blood plasma vitamin C by oral administration of the vitamin for the first 10 days of life, thereafter it must be injected to be effectively recovered in the blood stream. On the other hand, the blood concentration of vitamin A and carotene are sufficiently low in the new born calf as to cause it to be vitamin A deficient at birth. It appears unlikely that the very young calf can convert carotene into vitamin A. It has been demonstrated that adequate vitamin A and nicotinic acid are the essential factors in the control of calf scours; the administration of these substances has controlled all types of scours thus far encountered, except that which accompanied septicemia in the newborn. Pantothenic acid with vitamin A was ineffective in the control of scours in contrast to nicotinic acid. On the basis of these data Holstein calves can be raised from birth on a diet of skimmilk with added amounts of vitamins A, C, D, nicotinic acid and access to hay and grain.
The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma

Objective— To compare the diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images of the skulls of dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma (MFT). Study Design— Prospective study. Animals— Dogs (n=9) and 15 cats with MFT. Methods— CT-scans and skull radiographs (4 standard projections) for each animal were evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring system for the ability to identify 26 predefined, clinically relevant anatomic features (Part 1), and 27 predetermined potential traumatic injuries (Part 2). For Part 1, mean scores for each anatomic feature were recorded for every view and imaging modality. For Part 2, studies were evaluated for the frequency of cases where each predetermined traumatic injury was identified. Results— Part 1: On radiographs it was easy to identify 17 of 26 anatomic features whereas 6 features were very difficult or impossible to identify on any view. All structures were considered easy or very easy to identify on CT. Scores for CT were lower than radiographs for evaluating dental occlusion and the integrity of the mandibular body. Part 2: CT scans demonstrated 1.6 times more maxillofacial injuries for dogs and 2.0 times more for cats than conventional radiographs. The average number of MFT injuries per animal by radiographs and CT-scan was 4.8 and 7.6 in dogs, and 3.8 and 7.7 in cats, respectively. Conclusion— CT is superior to conventional skull radiography for identification of anatomic structures and traumatic injuries in dogs and cats. Skull radiography is useful for visualizing the mandibular body and dental occlusion. Clinical Relevance— CT allows for accurate assessment, diagnosis and treatment planning of MFT in dogs and cats.
Phase diagram studies of methanol–CHF3 and methanol–H2O–CHF3 mixtures

Abstract Comprehensive phase diagrams of methanol/CHF3 and methanol/H2O/CHF3 mixtures over the temperature range of 25–100°C and pressure range of atmospheric to 340 atm are reported. Fluoroform is expected to be useful as an alternative to CO2 for enhancing the fluidity of liquid mixtures due to its high polarity and low viscosity. Therefore, these mixtures will be studied as mobile phases for enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography and extraction. The phase behavior of methanol/CHF3 and methanol/H2O/CHF3 was compared to that of methanol/CO2 and methanol/H2O/CHF3. Fluoroform is markedly more miscible with methanol or methanol/H2O than is CO2. Data for methanol/CHF3 binary mixtures were also modeled by the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The correlation results showed that the PR equation of state with two temperature-independent binary parameters was capable of representing the experimental data over the entire temperature range with an average relative deviation within 6%.
The Influence of Olfaction on Potentiation and Inhibition of Ultrasonic Vocalization of Rat Pups

Twelve-day-old isolated rat pups reduce their rates of ultrasonic vocalization (USV) when an anesthetized adult is placed into the test cage, whether the adult is their dam or an unfamiliar male. USV rates remain very low even after removal of the male (inhibition). However, after removal of the dam, pups greatly increase their rates of USV over their first isolation period (potentiation). USV potentiation can be induced by either an awake, normally behaving dam or by one that is anesthetized. To test the role of olfaction in inhibition and potentiation, PND12 pups were rendered anosmic via intranasal infusion of 5% zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). Control pups were infused with normal saline. After overnight separation from the dam, the USV and other behaviors of pups were recorded during a 6-min test. Each pup was tested during an initial isolation period and a final isolation period. In the first experiment, an anesthetized adult (dam or unfamiliar male) or no companion was placed in contact with the pup during the middle minute. Anosmia prevented both potentiation and inhibition of USV by passive adult contact. Thus, it seems likely that pups use olfactory discrimination as the basis for these two highly differentiated vocal responses to social stimuli. Results from two additional experiments demonstrate that anosmia does not prevent potentiation when the adult dam is active and interacting with the pup on either postnatal day 12 or 8.
INELASTIC LEPTON--NUCLEON SCATTERING AND LEPTON PAIR PRODUCTION IN THE RELATIVISTIC QUARK--PARTON MODEL.

We discuss the interaction of hadrons with leptons in the limit of large momentum transfer. A special parton model will be used for the hadrons in which the partons are identified with quarks. The relativistic quark model with which we interpret recent observations is formulated as follows: (1) The baryons are composed of three valence quarks and a core of an indefinite number of quark-antiquark pairs. (2) The lepton "sees" the nucleon in the limit of large momenta in the c.m. frame as an assembly of freely moving constitutents with point charges. (3) The scattering of the valence quarks is interpreted as the nondiffractive component, the scattering of the core is interpreted as the diffractive component of the cross section. (4) The nondiffractive scattering is assumed to be mediated by suitable meson exchanges, and this assumption determines the momentum distribution of the valence quarks. The ($q\overline{q}$) pairs in the core are assumed to be distributed statistically in the available phase space. (5) It will be necessary to include "gluons" among the constituents of the nucleon. They are supposed to be the uncharged quanta of the force field between quarks and are assumed to be distributed statistically over the momentum space. There is only one constant adjustable in this model, which is the ratio of gluons to core pairs. All other constants are fixed by simple considerations. This model is used to calculate the deep-inelastic scattering of electrons by protons and neutrons and its dependence on the relative spin orientations, the inelastic scattering of neutrinos by nucleons, and the creation of massive muon pairs by proton-proton collisions. After adjusting the open constant to the data of electron-proton scattering, the theory predicts unambiguously the other results. They are in reasonably good agreement with the observations as far as they are known.
The Money Trail: Ranking Donor Transparency in Foreign Aid

Summary Transparency of aid activity is being recognized to be one of the key areas whereby aid effectiveness can be improved. In this paper, we propose an index to measure and rank donors on the transparency of their aid activities. The Transparency Index rates 31 bilateral and multilateral donor agencies on six measures of transparency. We find that being a member of the IATI is a powerful signal of a donor being more transparent across most other dimensions as well. We find no relationship between transparency and donor aid volumes. Overall IDA and Australia are identified as the most transparent donors, while Korea and IDB Special Fund are the least transparent.
Numerical simulation of oblique shock-wave/vortex interaction

High Reynolds number supersonic flowfields were generated numerically by integration of the time-dependent three-dimensional compressible Euler and mass-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in order to simulate the interaction of a streamwise vortex with an oblique shock wave. The vortex develops at the tip of a vortex-generating fin which is suspended from the ceiling of a wind tunnel. Downstream, an oblique shock wave is produced by a wing surface which spans the width of the wind tunnel and has a two-dimensional sharp leading-edge wedge as its airfoil section. Grid resolution studies are provided in order to assess accuracy of the solutions. Resultant features of the numerical flowfields are discussed ,and comparison is made with experimental data in terms of static pressure distributions on the wing surface.
Stimulated verbal recall and analysis of sources of recall

Summary Two groups of 100 S s each were trained with lists of five items consisting of the second most frequent responses (R 2 ) to Kent-Rosanoff stimulus words, and were tested 2 min. later for recall in the presence (Reminded) or absence (Not Reminded) of the stimuli corresponding to the R 2 words. The 1000 pieces of data were assigned to one of seven classes of recall. Stimulated recall produced major differences in the amount and source of errors. The Russell-Jenkins cultural norms were analyzed to separate the stimulus words into three categories. The categories varied the probability of producing R 1 responses (cultural primary), R 2 (cultural secondary), and R 3−n (sum of cultral responses 3 to n). Correct and incorrect recalls varied directly with the cultural probabilities in the norms. It was concluded that the present technique reveals the powerful effects of extraexperimental, proacting interference and facilitation. It was also concluded that the methodologies of memory and association testing can be gainfully blended.
Investigating the Dynamic Accommodative Characteristics of the Aging Eye with the Control of the Intensity and Chromaticity of Light

The age-related accommodation loss of the human eye impairs aging people's life. A study was conducted to preliminarily investigate the dynamic accommodative characteristics of the eye for different age groups under various intensities and chromaticities of light. 4 younger (20-29 years of age), and 4 older (60-69 years of age) participants were recruited, and the accommodation of their eyes was recorded and analyzed dynamically via the modified Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor. The laboratory experiment was designed to assess accommodation in a simulated condition where the participant needed to alternate from viewing outside to reading the dashboard with signals of different light intensities (2 levels: 100 and 20 cd/m2) and light chromaticities (2 levels: red vs. blue). The results of the study indicated that aging, light intensity, and light chromaticity all had an impact on the dynamic accommodative characteristics of the eye. The implications of the study are discussed. Language: en
Chemical tracers for particle transport in the Chesapeake Bay

Particulate material from the Susquehanna River is enriched in Fe (5–7%),allowing it to be distinguished from other sources of particles in surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Although the turbidity maximum removes most of the river-borne detritus, chemical composition of particles (SPM) indicates that Susquehanna River materials dominate the inorganic suspended matter in surface waters of the Bay at least 20–40 km further. Fe concentrations, Fe/Ti, and Fe/Zn ratios in surface water SPM still farther down the Bay indicate that those particles are a mixture of river derived and biological material and that shore erosion is not normally a source of surface water suspended sediments as far as the mouth of the Potomac. Seasonal variations 1 of elemental ratios such as Fe/Zn can also be used to demonstrate scavenging of soluble trace elements by particles during summer conditions.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: an update.

Abstract High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is commonly encountered on prostate needle biopsies and, based on epidemiologic, molecular, and animal models, has proven to be the most significant risk factor for prostate cancer and likely represents the premalignant phase of prostatic adenocarcinoma. This lesion is characterized by cellular proliferations within pre-existing ducts and glands, with nuclear and nucleolar enlargement similar to prostate cancer. However, unlike cancer, HGPIN retains a basal cell layer identifiable by immunohistochemistry with the basal cell–specific antibody cytokeratin 34βE12. The incidence of HGPIN identified in needle biopsies is as high as 25%, increases with age, and coexists with prostate cancer in approximately 85% of cases. There appears to be no causal relationship between HGPIN and serum prostate-specific antigen (total, percent free, or density) or radiographic characteristics on transrectal ultrasound. In a large series, the identification of HGPIN on initial needle biopsy is associated with about a 35% risk of prostate cancer on subsequent biopsies. Thus, the finding of HGPIN on prostate needle biopsy necessitates a second biopsy in a patient eligible for curative treatment. As a precursor lesion, HGPIN is currently a target for chemopreventive strategies, including antiandrogens and nutritional supplementation.
Probabilistic property prediction

Uncertainty must be characterized accurately for engineering applications because it arises from a number of sources each of which are exacerbated as the complexity increases. Having limited data also intensifies concerns about the uncertainty. Historically the design of structural components for high reliability applications has required an extensive test program to validate the design and service of the component. With the development of new materials and alloys and with an increased concern for safety, validation of a design is even more difficult. In order to meet regulatory demands for components for extended service and yet reduce the costs of preproduction, an approach which incorporates extensive scientific modeling with a limited experimental effort is desired. To that end, this effort proposes a methodology, which integrates limited data with science based modeling, so that the uncertainty is represented adequately. The approach combines classical Bayesian methods and model synthesis with data. The approach is illustrated using the yield strength of a typical turbine disk alloy. Fusion of science based modeling with data greatly improves estimation and prediction, which reduces the uncertainty. Even crude models are more beneficial than statistical data analysis alone. The approach allows for a significant reduction in data in contrast to purely statistical approaches.
Pre-Laying Use of Reserpine for Control of Light Refractoriness in Young Turkey Females

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of reserpine in terminating light refractoriness when the drug was incorporated in feed of young turkey hens 24 to 28 weeks of age. Results show that the drug at levels of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 p.p.m. for two, three or four weeks produced inconsistent responses as measured by egg production when compared to restricted light to control refractoriness. Fertility, hatchability and embryonic morphology were not effected by the treatments. Body weight and feed consumption also were unaffected.
A definitive, large-sample factoring of personality structure in objective measures, as a basis for the high school objective-analytic battery

Abstract Eighty-two subtests chosen from a series of preceding researches as the best marker variables for 12 previously checked and interpreted personality factors (U.I. 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23–26, 28, 32, and 33) were administered to 2,522 boys of high school age. The ensuing factor analysis, aimed to check and precision the factor patterns, to lead to the definitive HSOA battery, and to yield scores for further age and genetic analyses, observed the following procedural requirements: (1) Scree test for number of factors, (2) iterated communalities, (3) blind automated rotation, carried further by rotoplot to a maximum simple structure, (4) a test of simple structure significance, and (5) matching of patterns for invariance against other studies. As before in this domain, 19–20 factors were found, and the 10 for which definite markers had been made available matched very well with former patterns. Although a small minority of tests failed to load as hypothesized, this results in some weakness of factor estimate only on U.I. 32, Exvia-Invia. For on all 10 factors for the planned HSOA battery, with this possible exception, the validities of weighted battery scores reached acceptable levels.
Intrapericardial Mature Cystic Teratoma in an Adult: Case Presentation

Cardiac Teratoma is a tumor of very rare occurrence in adult population. Here we report a case in a Caucasian male with history of Human immunodeficiency virus infection where the symptom as presentation was recurrent episodes of tachycardia. The chest radiograph showed a lesion in the right heart border and subsequent investigation revealed an intrapericardial lesion, which was demonstrated to be a pericardial teratoma diagnosed by histopathology. In this case the initial differential diagnosis included lymphoma or an infectious organism as possible causes in a immunocompromised patient. Cardiac teratomas are among the less common types of cardiac tumors being more frequent in child population and around 1% of all the cardiac tumors in adults. Imaging studies are very helpful. CT and MRI are the best due to their resolution and ability to assess the relationship of the mass with the surrounding structures. Echocardiogram in also helpful determining the presence of pericardial effusion because cardiac teratomas are most of the time present in the pericardium. The final diagnosis is mostly made after surgical excision and this is the most effective treatment because they are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Variable features on Mars V - Evidence for crater streaks produced by wind erosion

High-resolution television pictures obtained by Mariner 9 are presented as evidence to show that the ragged dark streaks which appeared behind many dark craters several months after the end of the 1971 global dust storm resulted from wind erosion of a thin surface veneer consisting of dust-storm fallout. The pictures were taken over an area near the border between Mare Serpentis and Pandorae Fretum (approximately 30 deg S, 335 deg W). The high-resolution pictures are compared with low-resolution views of the same area, and it is shown that one very long dark streak is interrupted by a rille. It is concluded that this interruption proves that the dark streaks were produced by the present erosional mechanism.
Symptoms Associated With Ovarian Cancer

Over the past decade there has been considerable evidence that women with ovarian cancer do have recognizable symptoms before diagnosis. The most common symptoms associated with ovarian cancer are abdominal bloating, increased abdominal size, pelvic pain, abdominal pain, feeling full quickly, and di
A defence of the no-minimum response to the problem of evil

I defend Peter van Inwagen's no-minimum response to the problem of evil from a recent objection raised by Jeff Jordan.
What’s at Stake in the Historical Turn? Theory, Practice and Phronēsis in International Relations:

Taking issue with Hobson and Lawson’s rejection of the historical turn, this article argues that what is at stake in the turn is the type of knowledge of politics International Relations scholars s...
Rapid in-stream decomposition of leaves of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), an invasive tree species.

Headwater streams derive a majority of their energy from allochthonous inputs; alteration of these inputs may lead to changes in stream communities and ecological function. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is invasive over much of the northern United States and southern Canada, and has the potential to become an ecosystem dominant and alter stream communities. However, while much is known of the effects of buckthorn on terrestrial ecosystems, little is known of its effects on aquatic ecosystems. Using leaf collection nets, we estimated that leaf fall to the stream consisted predominantly of green ash (69.0%) and common buckthorn (24.2%). Green ash leaves fell from September through mid-October, reaching its peak in early October, whereas common buckthorn contributed leaves for an additional month until mid-November. We placed leaf packs of common buckthorn and two native species, American elm and green ash, in a headwater stream to determine differences in leaf decomposition rates. Common buckthorn l...
Initial evidence linking synaptic superoxide production with poor short-term memory in aged mice

Unregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a marker of cellular and organismal aging linked to cognitive decline in humans and rodents. The sources of elevated ROS contributing to cognitive decline are unknown. Because NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibition may prevent memory decline with age, we hypothesized that Nox and not mitochondrial sources of synaptic ROS production are linked to individual variance in cognitive performance in aged mice. Young (8 months) and aged (26 months) mice were tested in the novel object recognition task (NORT). Mitochondrial and Nox ROS production was assayed in isolated synaptosomes using spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Aged mice exhibited variance in NORT performance, with some performing similar to young mice while others exhibited poorer short-term memory. EPR studies indicated that Nox rather than mitochondria was the major ROS source at the synapse, and Nox-induced but not mitochondrial-induced ROS levels correlated with NORT performance in aged mice. Our findings support the hypothesis that variance in Nox-specific synaptic ROS production may predict short-term memory deficits with age.
Determinants of puff duration in cigarette smokers: I

This research was undertaken to provide information about variables offt might account for the decreases in puff duration that consistently occur as a whole cigarette is smoked. Cigarette smoking was investigated under conditions in which subjects smoked cigarettes which they could not see. In a series of three experiments, the length of the tobacco rod, the length of the cigarette holder, and the cigarette nicotine delivery were systematically manipulated. The results showed that puff duration correlates with the length of the tobacco rod, and that visual stimulus control, satiation, distance from the burning ember to the smoker's mouth, nicotine delivery, particulate build-up during smoking, and subjective acceptability of cigarette smoke do not contribute significantly to the control of puff duration.
Heat Capacity of a Strongly Interacting Fermi Gas

We have measured the heat capacity of an optically trapped, strongly interacting Fermi gas of atoms. A precise addition of energy to the gas is followed by single-parameter thermometry, which determines the empirical temperature parameter of the gas cloud. Our measurements reveal a clear transition in the heat capacity. The energy and the spatial profile of the gas are computed using a theory of the crossover from Fermi to Bose superfluids at finite temperatures. The theory calibrates the empirical temperature parameter, yields excellent agreement with the data, and predicts the onset of superfluidity at the observed transition point.
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of midodrine for treatment of patients with orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure. PATIENTS: Ninety-seven patients with orthostatic hypotension were randomized in a 4-week, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study with a 1-week placebo run-in period. Patients ranged in age from 22 to 86 years (mean: 61 years). METHODS: After a 1-week run-in phase, either placebo or midodrine at a dose of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg was administered three times a day for 4 weeks. Both the placebo group and the 2.5-mg midodrine group received constant doses throughout the double-blind phase. The patients receiving 5 mg or 10 mg of midodrine were given doses that were increased at weekly intervals by 2.5-mg increments until the designated dose was reached. Efficacy evaluations were based on an improvement at 1-hour postdose in standing systolic blood pressure and in symptoms of orthostatic hypotension (syncope, dizziness/lightheadedness, weakness/fatigue, and low energy level). RESULTS: Midodrine (10 mg) increased standing systolic blood pressure by 22 mm Hg (28%, p < 0.001 versus placebo). Midodrine improved (p < 0.05) the following symptoms of orthostatic hypotension compared to placebo: dizziness/lightheadedness, weakness/fatigue, syncope, low energy level, impaired ability to stand, and feelings of depression. The overall side effects were mainly mild to moderate. One or more side effects were reported by 22% of the placebo group compared with 27% of the midodrine-treated group. Scalp pruritus/tingling, which was reported by 10 of 74 (13.5%) of the midodrine-treated patients, was most frequent. Other reported side effects included supine hypertension (8%) and feelings of urinary urgency (4%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that midodrine is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate-to-severe orthostatic hypotension associated with autonomic failure.
Structural brain alterations in heart failure: a review of the literature and implications for risk of Alzheimer's disease

Cardiovascular disease is a recognized contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Heart failure (HF) is a cardiovascular subtype that can be used to model the contribution of cardiovascular disease to AD. Neuroimaging research indicates that HF patients exhibit a diverse range of structural brain alterations and epidemiological studies suggest HF may be an important risk factor for AD. The neural alterations observed in HF may overlap with those observed in AD and contribute to increased risk of AD in HF patients. To examine this possibility, we reviewed structural MRI studies in persons with HF. We examined subcortical brain regions affected in the early stages of AD (medial temporal lobes), as well as cortical alterations that typically occur in the later stages of AD. Our review indicates that patients with HF exhibit greater neural atrophy and white matter microstructural alterations of nearly every region of the Papez circuit (e.g., hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, mammillary bodies, and fornix), as well-significant alterations in cortical and cerebellar regions. Based on animal research and past work in AD patients, the mechanisms for structural brain changes in HF may stem from reductions in cerebral blood flow subsequent to cardiac deficiency. This review supports the hypothesis that HF may contribute to AD risk via widespread structural brain changes, including many of the same regions affected by AD. Case-controlled prospective neuroimaging studies with long-term follow-ups are needed to clarify the risk of AD in HF and elucidate the neural underpinnings of AD risk in HF.
Isolation of the major serine protease inhibitor from the 5-day serum-free conditioned medium of human embryonic lung cells and demonstration that it is fetuin.

Human embryonic lung (HuEL) cells in culture produce large amounts of the enzyme, plasminogen activator, and thus generate substantial amounts of active plasmin. Despite the presence of plasmin, however, HuEL cells grow in ordered, flattened, adherent sheets. It seemed of interest to characterize protease inhibitors that might be present in HuEL cultures and which might account for this apparent contradiction. This paper reports the isolation and purification of the major serine protease inhibitor in 5-day serum-free conditioned medium (CM) from HuEL cells, and the purification of an identical molecule from fetal bovine serum (FBS). Both the CM-derived inhibitor and the FBS-derived inhibitor are identical with fetuin, the major glycoprotein of FBS. The CM-derived inhibitor is apparently derived from the FBS used to supplement the growth medium of HuEL cells between serum-free CM collection periods. It is not labeled metabolically with 3H-leucine. Its electrophoretic behavior is indistinguishable from that of standard fetuin in SDS-PAGE, non-SDS basic pH PAGE, and isoelectric focusing. The CM derived inhibitor and standard fetuin inhibit trypsin and plasmin with similar efficiencies, but neither inhibits chymotrypsin, pancreatic elastase, or plasminogen activator. They are immunologically indistinguishable. The suggestion is made that fetuin, and possibly other protease inhibitors present in HuEL cell cultures, may be concentrated locally by HuEL cells and gradually released back into the medium in the absence of serum. These molecules may serve to protect HuEL cells against proteases they generate.
Conceptual Confluence: The Kynurenine Pathway as a Common Target for Ketamine and the Convergence of the Inflammation and Glutamate Hypotheses of Depression

Conceptual Confluence: The Kynurenine Pathway as a Common Target for Ketamine and the Convergence of the Inflammation and Glutamate Hypotheses of Depression
The htpR gene product of E. coli is a sigma factor for heat-shock promoters

The htpR gene of E. coli encodes a positive regulator of the heat-shock response. We have fused the htpR gene to the inducible PL promoter of phage lambda. Overproduction of HtpR following a temperature upshift resulted in the overexpression of heat-shock proteins. We describe the purification and initial in vitro characterization of the factor controlling expression of heat-shock genes. The factor was the 32 kd htpR gene product. In vitro, a mixture of HtpR and core RNA polymerase initiated transcription at heat-shock promoters. The sigma factor encoded by rpoD was not required for this reaction. Therefore, HtpR is a sigma factor that promotes transcription initiation at heat-shock promoters. We propose that htpR be renamed rpoH and that the gene product be called sigma-32.
Volume dependence of the Pauli susceptibility and the amplitude of the wave functions for potassium metal

The pressure dependence of the Knight shift ${K}_{N}$ and the Pauli susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ in potassium metal were measured as a function of volume. ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ was measured at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the maximum pressure was 5.5 kbar. The amplitude of the conduction-electron wave functions $〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉$ derived using a standard Knight-shift equation is not a monotonic function of the volume. A recent calculation adequately describes the experimental results. Recent ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ calculations for jellium agree with each other in spite of their apparently different formalisms. Shastry indicated, however, that the mutual agreement, which was once believed to be evidence for the validity of these theories, is not a proof, sin\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{}e they are equivalent to the same generalized random-phase approximation (RPA) theory (G-RPA). The present result for K in conjunction with the previous measurements for Li and Na provides experimental proof that (i) G-RPA is correct for ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4$ and that (ii) for ${r}_{s}g4$, the jellium ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ is somewhat smaller than the G-RPA result.
High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation

The possibility that the Earth suffered episodes of global glaciation as recently as the Neoproterozoic period, between about 900 and 543 million years ago, has been widely discussed1,2,3. Termination of such ‘hard snowball Earth’ climate states has been proposed to proceed from accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere4. Many salient aspects of the snowball scenario depend critically on the threshold of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations needed to trigger deglaciation2,5. Here I present simulations with a general circulation model, using elevated carbon dioxide levels to estimate this deglaciation threshold. The model simulates several phenomena that are expected to be significant in a ‘snowball Earth’ scenario, but which have not been considered in previous studies with less sophisticated models, such as a reduction of vertical temperature gradients in winter, a reduction in summer tropopause height, the effect of snow cover and a reduction in cloud greenhouse effects. In my simulations, the system remains far short of deglaciation even at atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 550 times the present levels (0.2 bar of CO2). I find that at much higher carbon dioxide levels, deglaciation is unlikely unless unknown feedback cycles that are not captured in the model come into effect.
Eve's Additions to the Command: Milton and Donne

Cheryl H. Fresch's informative survey of how various authorities interpreted Eve's modification of the divine prohibition against eating the forbidden fruit (MQ, October, 1978) reveals both that there were several explanations, from which Milton was at liberty to choose one that best suited his purposes, and that what began as a problem–reconciling an apparent conflict in the by-definition infallible text of Genesis–ended as an opportunity–for moral instruction and literary invention. Another instance of this transformation from exegesis to fabulation, at the hands of a major writer, is to be found in John Donne's sermon “Preached to the Lords upon Easter-day, at the Communion, The King being then dangerously sick at New-Market,” on the text “What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death?“
Pathologic analysis of 34 explanted symbion ventricular assist devices and 10 explanted Jarvik-7 total artificial hearts

Thirty-four Symbion ventricular assist devices and 10 Jarvik-7 total artificial hearts that had been in clinical use for 1 to 164 days (assist devices) and 1 to 176 days (artificial hearts) were analyzed using a detailed protocol for pathological analysis. The major finding was thrombus formation in 85% of the assist devices and 75% of the artificial hearts. Thrombi were generally small and in only one case interfered with pump function. The number of distinct thrombi per device was 2.5 mean (range 0-5) for assist devices and 2.6 mean (range 0-6) for artificial hearts. Major sites of thrombus formation in the assist devices were valves, valve connections, diaphragm, and the inner surface of the deairing port. Artificial heart thrombi were predominantly paravalvular. In order to relate sites of diaphragmatic thrombi to specific design features of the assist device, the pattern was analyzed quantitatively using a polar coordinate mapping technique to measure the average radial thrombus length around the circumference of each diaphragm. The concentration of thrombus was highest between the valve orifices and lateral to the outflow valve. This identified areas particularly susceptible to thrombus formation and thereby targets specific pump features for redesign. Intraluminal infection was seen in 1 assist device and 1 artificial heart (outflow grafts); extraluminal infection was seen in two artificial hearts (infected hematomas around the outflow grafts). Neither device mineralization for mechanical defects were noted. Thus thrombus formation related to (and potential thromboemboli from) valves, their connectors, and the pumping diaphragms represents the major device-associated complication of pneumatic Symbion assist devices and Jarvik-7 artificial hearts. Thrombi associated with other sites and both intra- and extraluminal infection occur less frequently.
Probing affinity via capillary electrophoresis: advances in 2003–2004

This review addresses recent advances in capillary electrophoresis of biological-based molecular interaction from a broader perspective, based on applications reported during the period 2003-2004. These capillary electrophoresis-based studies of molecular interactions include affinity capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and free zone electrophoresis. The review is written as a general synopsis of applications and does not cover the theory or protocol involved in the implementation of the analyses.
Fibrous dysplasia: A nosologic problem in the diagnosis of fibro‐osseous lesions of the jaws

. A total of 841 reviewed cases and 75 reported cases of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws, excluding the giant cell group, are analyzed with regard to clinical, radiographic, and histologic features. Precise criteria for the differential diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, gigantiform cementoma, chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis, focal sclerosing osteomyelitis, and periapical cementoma have been presented with emphasis on radiographic and behavioral features.
Aldosterone Blockade: An Emerging Strategy for Abrogating Progressive Renal Disease

In recent years, there has been a striking paradigm shift with respect to our understanding of the widespread effects of aldosterone. Whereas the role of angiotensin II in mediating progressive renal disease and heart failure has been documented extensively, more recent evidence has implicated aldosterone as an important pathogenetic factor in addition to angiotensin II in the development of these diseases. The focus of this review is aldosterone and progressive renal dysfunction. The extensive preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of aldosterone blockade in abrogating proteinuria is summarized. The frequency and clinical importance of aldosterone "escape" is reviewed. Therapeutic considerations to reduce the incidence of hyperkalemia with aldosterone blockade are discussed. The studies reviewed have several important clinical implications for considering new treatment algorithms for patients with incipient nephropathy. Because full doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers attenuate but do not abrogate progression of renal dysfunction, add-on aldosterone blockade therapy may constitute a rational therapeutic strategy for retarding progression of renal disease.
The Others: How Animals Made Us Human

A wide-ranging examination of how diverse cultures have thought about, reacted to, and interacted with animals. It explores the idea that the human species cannot be fully itself without these others.
Microbubble dispersions of natural lung surfactant

Abstract Microbubbles played an important role in R. E. Pattle's discovery of lung surfactant and E. M. Scarpelli's finding of the foam structure that forms the alveolar surface network. Today, colloidal dispersions of microbubbles coated with the same lipids found in natural lung surfactant are being used for a variety of biomedical applications, including ultrasound imaging, targeted drug delivery and injectable oxygenation. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to these two lines of research, in hope that an understanding of the biophysics of natural lung surfactant may inform the materials science of synthetic biomedical microbubbles, and vice versa. Clearly, one can gain a better understanding of synthetic lipid-coated microbubbles by studying Pattle's classical descriptions of lung bubbles, as many of the same properties have been observed in these two systems. For example, lung surfactant films on both natural lung bubbles and synthetic microbubbles fracture as they expand and reseal as they compress back to their original area. Additionally, the wrinkle-to-fold collapse transition can be observed on both systems, as it has been on the Langmuir trough and other surface film techniques. Use of the experimental microbubble platform may allow future measurements of lung surfactant permeability to gases and other solutes, as well as surface dilatational mechanics. Conversely, the study of natural lung surfactant monolayers may provide insights into new colloidal dispersions of synthetic microbubbles for medical imaging or drug delivery.
Ethnicity, Acculturation, and Volunteering to Organizations A Comparison of African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Whites

This article reports the findings of a study of volunteering to organizations among native-born and immigrant African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Whites in the United States. The authors focus on the questions, do ethnic groups differ in their likelihood of volunteering, and are these differences a function of acculturation? The conceptual framework to explain formal volunteering includes acculturation, personal and social capital, gender, and age. Using logistic regression analysis, the authors find that acculturation explains formal volunteering only partially and differently among the groups and that each native-born and immigrant group has its own unique combination of predictors of volunteering.
No association between gallstones and gastroesophageal reflux disease

OBJECTIVES: Gallstones and hiatal hernia reportedly have been linked to similar dietary factors prevalent in western countries, and patients with cholelithiasis or previous cholecystectomy have been reported to have more duodenogastric reflux than healthy controls. Nonetheless, the contribution of duodenogastric reflux to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains controversial. The present study was aimed to assess the association between gallstone disease and GERD. METHODS: Outpatients from general medical clinics who underwent upper GI endoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography were recruited into a case-control study. A case population of 790 patients with various grades of GERD was compared to a control population of 407 patients without GERD. In a multivariate logistic regression, the presence of GERD served as the outcome variable, whereas the presence of gallstones, hiatal hernia, social habits, and demographic characteristics served as predictor variables. RESULTS: No associations were found between the presence of cholelithiasis or previous cholecystectomy and GERD or between the presence of cholelithiasis or previous cholecystectomy and hiatal hernia. The severity of GERD also remained unaffected by the presence of gallstones. The occurrence of GERD was influenced only by hiatal hernia (odds ratio [OR] = 3.15, 95% CI = 2.44–4.08), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.47, CI = 1.08–1.99), and not by cholelithiasis (OR = 1.02, CI = 0.68–1.51), or cholecystectomy (OR = 0.90, CI = 0.64–1.28). The frequency of GERD among hiatus hernia patients with gallstones (437/592 = 74%) was similar to the frequency of GERD among hiatus hernia patients without gallstones (168/220 = 76%, p = 0.516). CONCLUSIONS: Neither cholelithiasis nor cholecystectomy poses a risk for the occurrence of GERD or hiatal hernia. Gallstone disease does not seem to influence the integrity of the esophageal mucosa through GERD.
Differential evolution algorithm for SSSC-based damping controller design considering time delay

Abstract Power-system stability improvement by a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based damping controller is thoroughly investigated in this paper. Both local and remote signals with associated time delays are considered in the present study. The design problem of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization problem, and differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to search for the optimal controller parameters. The performances of the proposed controllers are evaluated under different disturbances for both single-machine infinite-bus power system and multi-machine power system. The performance of the proposed controllers with variations in the signal transmission delays has also been investigated. Simulation results are presented and compared with a recently published modern heuristic optimization technique under various disturbances to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. The performances of the proposed controllers are also evaluated under N −2 contingency situation.