cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shortest paths in stochastic networks with correlated link costs

The objective is to minimize expected travel time from any origin to a specific destination in a congestible network with correlated link costs. Each link is assumed to be in one of two possible conditions. Conditional probability density functions for link travel times are assumed known for each condition. Conditions over the traversed links are taken into account for determining the optimal routing strategy for the remaining trip. This problem is treated as a multistage adaptive feedback control process. Each stage is described by the physical state (the location of the current decision point) and the information state (the service level of the previously traversed links). Proof of existence and uniqueness of the solution to the basic dynamic programming equations and a solution procedure are provided.
Evaluation of Cold-Season Precipitation Forecasts Generated by the Hourly Updating High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Model

AbstractThe hourly updating High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model is evaluated with regard to its ability to predict the areal extent of cold-season precipitation and accurately depict the timing and location of regions of snow, rain, and mixed-phase precipitation on the ground. Validation of the HRRR forecasts is performed using observations collected by the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) stations across the eastern two-thirds of the United States during the 2010–11 cold season. The results show that the HRRR is able to reliably forecast precipitation extent during the cold season. In particular, the location and areal extent of both snow and rain are very well predicted. Depiction of rain-to-snow transitions and freezing rain is reasonably good; however, the associated evaluation scores are significantly lower than for either snow or rain. The analyses suggest the skill in accurately depicting precipitation extent and phase (i.e., rain, snow, and mixed phase) depends on the size and orga...
EFFECTS OF ATTRACTANT COMPOSITION AND RELEASE RATE ON ATTRACTION OF MALE CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA , C. OCCIDENTALS , AND C. CARNANA (LEPIDOPTERA : TORTRICIDAE)

Attraction of male Choristoneura spp. to various mixtures of the pheromone components of C. occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) released at various rates was evaluated at several sites in western North America. At all but 1 location, male trap capture increased with progressively greater release rates of a 92:8 mixture of ( E )- and ( Z )-11-tetradecenals (TDALs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. occidentalis . Similarly, trap catch was positively correlated with release rate of an 84:7:8:1 mixture of ( E )- and ( Z )-11-tetradecenyl acetates and ( E )- and ( Z )-11-tetradecenols (1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. retiniana . All release rates of TDALs attracted only C. carnana (C. occidentalis and C. carnana probably are subspecies of the same species) in the central Sierra Nevada, but in the southern Cascades all but the lowest release rate of TDALs attracted significant numbers of males classified as C. retiniana in addition to those classified as C. occidentalis . At all locations, 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs exhibited complete species specificity, attracting only C. retiniana at all release rates tested. The 1:0.1 ratio of TDACs: TDOLs was the most attractive mixture of these components to C. retiniana . Addition of 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs did not significantly affect attraction of C. carnana to TDALs. However addition of TDALs significantly decreased attraction of C. retiniana to 1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs.
Surface reflected signals from the Global Positioning System for ionospheric measurements: Experimental results at aircraft altitudes

Several spaceborne altimeters have been built and flown, and others are being developed, to provide measurements of ocean and ice sheet topography. Until the launch of TOPEX (Ocean Topography Experiment), altimeters were single-frequency systems that were incapable of removing the effects of ionospheric delay on the radar pulse. With the current state-of-the-art in satellite altimetry, the ionosphere causes the largest single error when using single-frequency altimeters. Ionospheric models provide the only recourse short of adding a second frequency to the altimeter. Unfortunately, measurements of the ionosphere are lacking over the oceans or ice sheets where they are most needed. A possible solution to the lack of data density may result from an expanded use of the Global Positioning System (GPS). This paper discusses how the reflection of the GPS signal from the ocean can be used to extend ionospheric measurements by simply adding a GPS receiver and downward-pointing antenna to satellites carrying singl...
Judicial Decisions and Organizational Change: A Theory

This theoretical note presents a theory explaining the reactions of organizations to court orders that require the organizations to change some policy, program, or pro cedure. The theory is based on theories of "rational choice" and conceives of the change process in terms of four stages: (1) interpretation of the court decision, (2) evaluation of the decision, (3) searches for information and alternatives to the court decision, and (4) selection of one or more alternatives. A review of relevant judicial impact literature produces support for specific hypothesis derived from the theory. Finally, suggestions for further empirical research and theoretical developments are advanced.
Optimization of a high-speed direct-injection diesel engine at low-load operation using computational fluid dynamics with detailed chemistry and a multi-objective genetic algorithm

A passenger car high-speed direct-injection diesel engine operating at low-load conditions in the modulated kinetic combustion mode was optimized using a multidimensional computational fluid dynamics code and a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Spray targeting, piston bowl geometry, and swirl ratio were optimized. Since the combustion is mainly kinetics controlled, detailed chemistry was considered through a recently developed adaptive multi-grid chemistry (AMC) model. The numerical results from the AMC model, including the pressure and pollutant emissions, were first validated on the baseline engine for a parametric sweep by comparison with the results from the standard KIVA-CHEMKIN model. The AMC model was found to give consistent results with the KIVA-CHEMKIN model, with a computational cost that is less than half that of the KIVA-CHEMKIN model. Optimal designs from the optimization were also validated using the full KIVA-CHEMKIN model and were found to reduce the fuel consumption and/or pollutant emissions. Start-of-injection timing was found to be the primary parameter influencing the fuel consumption and soot emissions for the engine operating in the low-load condition. Later injection benefits the fuel consumption and soot reduction. However, further retardation of the injection timing leads to reduced combustion efficiency and even misfire, and results in higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Different piston bowl shapes have different responses to bulk flow motions and the resulting geometry-generated turbulence will affect soot formation and oxidation.
Investigating privacy-aware distributed query evaluation

Historically, privacy and efficiency have largely been at odds with one another when querying remote data sources: traditional query optimization techniques provide efficient retrieval by exporting information about the intension of a query to data sources, while private information retrieval (PIR) schemes hide query intension at the cost of extreme computational or communication overheads. Given the increasing use of Internet-scale distributed databases, exploring the spectrum between these two extremes is worthwhile. In this paper, we explore the degree to which query intension is leaked to remote data sources when a variety of existing query processing and view materialization techniques are used. We show that these information flows can be quantified in a concrete manner, and investigate the notion of privacy-aware distributed query evaluation. We then propose two techniques to improve the balance between privacy and efficiency when processing distributed queries, and discuss a number of interesting directions for future work.
Book Review: Aesthetic Breast Surgery: Concepts & Techniques

Elizabeth Hall-Findlay . Aesthetic Breast Surgery: Concepts & Techniques. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, 2010. ISBN-10: 1576262626 ![][1] In her masterwork, Aesthetic Breast Surgery: Concepts and Techniques , Dr Elizabeth Hall-Findlay has created a personal journal of her life's passion that will stand as a landmark for all plastic surgeons who perform breast surgery. From breast ptosis to tuberous breasts, asymmetry to amastia, Dr Hall-Findlay covers these topics using a narrative style in the first person. The reader feels as if he or she is engaged in a dialogue with the author that begins with basic breast principles and finishes with the complicated subject of breast asymmetry as the denouement. This book does not simply restate the old principles of breast surgery that have been written countless times in other textbooks—it stands many of them on their heads! It is a delightful recounting of aesthetic breast challenges solved creatively and persuasively. The author rightly questions many of the rigid rules that don't always apply to the correction of every breast shape or, worse, lead to difficult-to-correct secondary problems. The “Applied Anatomy” chapter is a good example of this book's strengths. It contains a full discussion of anatomic principles applied to clinical practice with beautifully rendered figures paired … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Stable eigenvalue placement by constrained optimization

A pole placement algorithm is proposed which uses constrained nonlinear optimization techniques on a finite-dimensional model of a linear n degree of freedom system. Low-order feedback control is assumed where r poles may be assigned; r being the rank of the sensor coefficient matrix. It is shown that by combining feedback-control-theory methods with optimization techniques, one can ensure the stability characteristics of a system, and simultaneously improve its transient response
An optimal bound for inverses of triangular matrices with monotone entries

This article provides a new bound for 1-norms of inverses of positive triangular matrices with monotonic column entries. The main theorem refines a recent inequality established in Vecchio and Mallik [Bounds on the inverses of non-negative lower triangular Toeplitz matrices with monotonicity properties, Linear Multilinear Alg., 55 (2007), pp. 365–379]. The results are shown to be in a sense best possible under the given constraints.
Influence of grass source and legume level on net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in sheep

Abstract Crossbred catheterized wethers (20 months old; 45 kg BW, SE 0.7) consumed ad libitum warm ((W) bermudagrass; Cynodon dactylon ) or cool ((C) ryegrass-wheat mixture; Lolium multiflorum and Triticum aestivum , respectively) season grass hay with 0%, 20% or 40% legume hay ((L) alfalfa; Medicago sativa ). Legume, W and C had 54%, 80% and 68% NDF and 17%, 14% and 10% CP, respectively (DM basis). Apparent digestible energy intake was 3.22, 3.42, 3.66, 3.23, 3.57 and 3.67 (SE 0.208) Mcal day −1 , and apparent digestible N intake was 17.6, 20.2, 23.4, 10.1, 14.0 and 17.3 (SE 1.09) g day −1 for W:0% L, W:20% L, W:40% L, C:0% L, C:20% L and C:40% L, respectively. Splanchnic bed oxygen consumption (306, 364, 380, 261, 316 and 383 mmol h −1 ; P = 0.02) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) releases of alpha-amino N (24.8, 37.6, 38.6, 24.4, 38.4 and 41.7 mmol h −1 ; P = 0.04) and propionate (14.4, 19.4, 20.5, 14.3, 23.6 and 21.1 mmol h −1 for W:0% L, W:20% L, W:40% L, C:0% L, C:20% L and C:40% L, respectively; P = 0.08) were greater with L than without. However, splanchnic bed net releases of alpha-amino N and glucose were similar among treatments. In conclusion, dietary L inclusion had similar effects on splanchnic tissue oxygen consumption and net fluxes of nutrients regardless of grass source, which differed in concentrations of NDF and CP but not in apparent digestible energy intake. These results suggest that potential improvement of animal performance by substituting 20% or 40% legume for warm or cool season grass, consumed ad libitum by mature ruminants, would not be attributable to change in extra-splanchnic tissue availabilities of energy (based on the difference between apparent digestible energy intake and splanchnic tissue energy consumption), amino acids or glucose.
Dependent and Self-Critical Depressive Experiences among Inner-City Adolescents

The Adolescent Depressive Experiences Questionnaire was administered to 142 inner-city ninth graders. Based on theory, several potential correlates of dependency and self-criticism were selected for study, including depression, aspects of anxiety, locus of control, and facets of social behavior. Self-criticism showed stronger associations with depression and concerns about losing others' approval, while dependency showed stronger associations with diffuse tension and worry and sensitivity to others' behavior. The two depressive tendencies had comparable associations with physiological anxiety and external locus of control. These findings are discussed in terms of current perspectives on the symptomatic heterogeneity of depressive experiences.
Dynamic venous access pressure ratio test for hemodialysis access monitoring

Abstract Background: Early recognition of arteriovenous graft (AVG) dysfunction in hemodialysis (HD) patients followed by prompt corrective procedures reduces AVG thrombosis rates and lengthens access survival. We developed a method to prospectively monitor AVGs that uses an algorithm to calculate venous access pressure (VAP) during HD from the venous drip chamber pressure (VDP). Methods: Sham HD with blood was performed using standard blood tubing and a 1-in. 15-G needle. The pressure needed to overcome circuit resistance at an intra-access pressure of zero (VDP 0 ) was recorded at blood flow rates (Q b s) from 0 to 600 mL/min and hematocrits varied in steps from 38.4% to 18.2%. An equation for VDP 0 was developed. VAP in patients was calculated as VAP=VDP − VDP 0 . VAP ratio (VAPR) was defined as VAP/mean arterial pressure (MAP). VAPR was calculated only if MAP was greater than 75 mm Hg, Q b was greater than 200 mL/min, and VDP was greater than 20 mm Hg. A positive VAPR test (VAPRT) result was defined as three consecutive treatments with VAPR exceeding 0.55 during a given month. Sensitivity and specificity of VAPRT to predict a graft event, defined by AVG occlusion or requirement for angioplasty, were calculated. Results: During a 3-month interval, 120 HD patients with AVGs underwent 359 VAPRTs while access outcomes were monitored for 6 months. After 3 months, sensitivity and specificity for detection of a graft event were 70% ± 8% and 88% ± 2% and increased to 74% ± 5% and 92% ± 3% at 6 months, respectively. Conclusion: The VAPRT is a valuable tool to prospectively monitor for adverse AVG events. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
An outcomes analysis of 2142 breast reduction procedures.

BackgroundBreast reduction alleviates macromastia symptoms and facilitates symmetrical breast reconstruction after cancer treatment. We investigated a large series of consecutive breast reductions to study important factors that impact outcomes.MethodsAn institutional review board–approved, retrospe
Evolution of cooperation and control of cheating in a social microbe

Much of what we know about the evolution of altruism comes from animals. Here, we show that studying a microbe has yielded unique insights, particularly in understanding how social cheaters are controlled. The social stage of Dictylostelium discoideum occurs when the amoebae run out of their bacterial prey and aggregate into a multicellular, motile slug. This slug forms a fruiting body in which about a fifth of cells die to form a stalk that supports the remaining cells as they form hardy dispersal-ready spores. Because this social stage forms from aggregation, it is analogous to a social group, or a chimeric multicellular organism, and is vulnerable to internal conflict. Advances in cell labeling, microscopy, single-gene knockouts, and genomics, as well as the results of decades of study of D. discoideum as a model for development, allow us to explore the genetic basis of social contests and control of cheaters in unprecedented detail. Cheaters are limited from exploiting other clones by high relatedness, kin discrimination, pleiotropy, noble resistance, and lottery-like role assignment. The active nature of these limits is reflected in the elevated rates of change in social genes compared with nonsocial genes. Despite control of cheaters, some conflict is still expressed in chimeras, with slower movement of slugs, slightly decreased investment in stalk compared with spore cells, and differential contributions to stalk and spores. D. discoideum is rapidly becoming a model system of choice for molecular studies of social evolution.
Acid and alkaline phosphatase dynamics and their relationship to soil microclimate in a semiarid woodland

The seasonal dynamics of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity (mg p-nitrophenol released g ˇ1 soil h ˇ1 ), soil water potential and temperature, and the relationship of phosphatase activity to plant and soil microbial processes underneath Juniperus monosperma canopies and Hilaria jamesii-dominated intercanopy areas were studied in a northern Arizona pinyon‐juniper ecosystem. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in soils under junipers (126.523.9 mg p-nitrophenol g ˇ1 soil h ˇ1 ) than in intercanopy soils (106.624.0 mg p-nitrophenol g ˇ1 soil h ˇ1 ), and significantly exceeded acid phosphatase activity by a factor of 6. Seasonal high phosphatase activities were up to 2.4 times greater than seasonal lows. Activities were maximal in summer and winter. Juniper soils were cooler than intercanopy soils except during the coldest months of the year, when they were up to 2.78C warmer. Intercanopy soils were up to 6.28C warmer than juniper soils, and had the highest (30.020.38C) and the lowest average temperatures (2.320.28C). Soil microclimate explained as much as 20% of the variation in acid and alkaline phosphatase. Temperature and water potential together were better predictors of phosphatase activity than either one alone. The soil water potential classˇ0.1 MParc >ˇ0.5 MPa was the most frequent best predictor of phosphatase activity, especially alkaline phosphatase. The winter peak in alkaline phosphatase activity is attributed to a buildup of phosphatase released into the soil from dying soil organisms, and the desorption and reactivation of previously accumulated phosphatase. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Compensation of Terrain Azimuthal Slope Effects in Geophysical Parameter Studies Using Polarimetric SAR Data

Abstract The existence of significant terrain relief reduces the accuracy of algorithms intended to extract geophysical parameters from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. For this reason most inversion studies attempting to estimate biomass, crop type, snow-cover, surface roughness, or soil moisture, from SAR data are best done in areas of flat earth. In areas which require compensation for topography, limited corrections have been made in the past for range slopes using a coregistered digital elevation model (DEM). No corrections have been made, however, for terrain slope-induced polarimetric effects in the azimuthal (or along-track) direction. Recent methods, using polarimetric SAR data, of measuring terrain slopes in the azimuthal direction have been developed. This article presents an algorithm to use these slope estimates to compensate for the effects of azimuthal terrain slopes. The algorithm involves rotation of the polarimetric covariance matrix to achieve maximum azimuthal symmetry. Evidence is given to substantiate the degree to which azimuthal slope-effects have been removed from the data. NASA/AIRSAR P-, L-, and C-band data, obtained for open terrain in Death Valley National Park, California (1994), are used to evaluate the compensation algorithm.
COMPLEX FORMATION WITH METHYLAMINE DEHYDROGENASE AFFECTS THE PATHWAY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM AMICYANIN TO CYTOCHROME C-551I

Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH), amicyanin, and cytochrome c-551i are soluble redox proteins that form a complex in solution (Chen, L., Durley, R., Mathews, F. S., and Davidson, V. L. (1994) Science 264, 86-90), which is required for the physiologic electron transfer from the tryptophan tryptophylquinone cofactor of MADH to heme via the copper center of amicyanin. The reduction of cytochrome by amicyanin within the complex in solution has been demonstrated using rapid scanning stopped-flow spectroscopy. Electron transfer from free, uncomplexed, amicyanin to cytochrome c-551i occurs much more rapidly but only to a very small extent because the reaction is thermodynamically much less favorable when amicyanin is not associated with MADH (Gray, K. A., Davidson, V. L., and Knaff, D. B. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13987-13990). These kinetic data suggest that amicyanin binding to cytochrome c-551i occurs at different sites when amicyanin is free and when it is in complex with MADH. A model for the interactions of these proteins is presented.
Multispectral imager for the agricultural user

Imaging spectrometers have recently moved out of the spaceflight environment, in which they were developed, to a host of other applications. Some of these new uses include the graphics and printing industry, process control, bio-medicine, clinical diagnostics and agriculture. For any of these applications, new approaches are necessary to design compact, portable instruments that can be easily and reliably calibrated. This paper presents one such implementation of an imaging spectrometer suitable for field use.
Dissociation of dipsogenic and depressor responses produced by hypotensive agents.

Abstract Since the direct, vascular, smooth-muscle-relaxing agents isoproterenol and diazoxide produce substantial drinking responses in water-satiated rats, other direct-acting (sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine) and indirect (methyldopate) hypotensive drugs were administered to assess their dipsogenic efficacy. Although characteristic hypotensive dose-effect relations were observed for these drugs, no significant drinking occurred over the range of doses producing hypotension. Combinations of the three direct-acting agents with the alpha-adrenergic blocker tolazoline yielded moderate dipsogenic effects, although totazoline alone was dipsogenically ineffective at these doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) as determined in a previous study. Thus, the ineffectiveness of the direct-acting agents as dipsogens was not due to inherent behavioral toxicity. Propranolol, which was shown previously to antagonize diazoxide-induced drinking did not antagonize the hypotensive effect of diazoxide. Since some of the drugs used increase plasma renin activity, but failed here to stimulate drinking, increased plasma renin activity may be an incomplete explanation of the dipsogenic activity of certain peripherally-acting agents.
Comparative Study on the Properties of BTCS and BTCZS Crystals Grown by Slow Evaporation Method

Good quality Bisthiourea Cadmium Sulphate (BTCS) and Bisthiourea Cadmium Zinc Sulphate (BTCZS) crystals have been grown by simple slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were found to be transparent in the entire visible region. From the powder X-ray diffractograms it is concluded that BTCS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system, whereas BTCZS crystals belong to monoclinic system. From the FTIR comparative study of BTCS and BTCZS, it is observed that when Zinc is added into BTCS crystal, there is a decrease in the frequency of symmetric C=S stretching and an increase in the frequency of N-H asymmetric stretching vibration. UV-Vis studies show that the grown crystals have high transparency in entire visible region. The Vicker’s microhardness results show that the addition of Zinc with Bisthiourea Cadmium Sulphate reduces the hardness of the crystal.
Magnetic self reversal seen in Ruiz Pumice

Pumice fragments that were emitted in the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia) display a rarely observed type of magnetic reversal, according to a paper in the November 20, 1986, issue of Nature. This pumice seems to have undergone self-reversal, according to the paper's authors; it is the first example of newly formed rock with a magnetization opposite to that of the earth's present field.
The iPSC/2 node architecture

Feedback from users of the first generation ISP system plus the development and availability of new VLSI based technologies drove the design of the iPSC/2 node. The new node design was broadly governed by the following goals: Provide true 32-bit node architecture and performance.Match the communication performance to the computational performance.Increase on board memory capacity by using new RAM technology.Employ a modular functional elements to easily incorporate future technology.Allow plug compatibility with existing iPSC systems, including interface to co-processors.Ensure software compatibility for existing iPSC applications.This paper describes how the iPSC/2 node achieved these goals by leveraging Intel's VLSI expertise and products, surface mount, CMOS and gate array technologies, and small daughter boards to implement modular subsystems.
Loss of duplicate gene expression in salmonids: evidence for a null allele polymorphism at the duplicate aspartate aminotransferase loci in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

Unusual phenotypic distributions at the muscle-specific, duplicate aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) loci were found in wild populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), a species of the tetraploid-derivative Salmonidae. Analysis of these phenotypic distributions ruled out disparate gene frequencies, nonrandom association between the two loci, and inbreeding as possible explanations; however, models incorporating a null allele fit the data. Inheritance data from hatchery populations of brook trout also indicated a null allele polymorphism. This proposed AAT null allele, along with other null allele polymorphisms in salmonids, is evidence that loss of duplicate gene expression is still occurring. In contrast, there is no such evidence of ongoing loss of duplicate gene expression in the Catostomidae, another tetraploid-derivative lineage. We interpret this and other differences between salmonids and catostomids as reflecting an autotetraploid origin for salmonids and an allotetraploid origin for catostomids. The significance of these findings is also considered with respect to current models of the rate of loss of duplicate gene expression in tetraploid-derivative organisms.
Behavioral States in the Human Fetus

The development of behavioral states is described in the full-term and premature neonate and in the human fetus. Various methods of classifying behavioral states are reviewed and contrasted. Clinic...
Use of cyst fluid CEA, CA19-9, and amylase for evaluation of pancreatic lesions.

Abstract Objectives The study goals were development of reference intervals and an interpretive algorithm for pancreatic cyst fluid tumor markers. Design and methods 442 pancreatic cyst fluids were tested for CEA, CA19-9, and amylase. Results CEA > 30 ng/mL discriminates mucinous from non-mucinous cysts. After CEA analysis, amylase and CA19-9 segregate non-mucinous and mucinous subtypes, respectively. Conclusions Pancreatic cyst fluid tumor markers supplement other diagnostic measures. This study provides estimated reference intervals and an algorithm for interpretation.
The level and growth of union/nonunion relative wage effects, 1967–1977

This paper pools cross-section data to obtain an estimate of the overall effects of unions on relative wages for the period 1967 through 1977. We found the average union wage premium for all workers to be roughly 24 percent, but that this premium varies substantially between subgroups of workers. Our analysis showed that real wage rates increased faster in the union sector than in the nonunion sector between 1967 through 1977. However, we found that this relative growth pattern in wages was caused by economic conditions rather than in any fundamental shift in the power of unions.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced in broilers by killed Staphylococcus aureus.

A trial was conducted to determine whether the delayed footpad reaction (DFR) induced by killed Staphylococcus aureus in chickens is a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Five criteria were used to assess DTH: 1) DFR with a peak response at 24 to 48 h postchallenge, 2) inhibition of monocyte/macrophage migration, 3) lymphocyte blastogenic response, 4) mononuclear cell infiltration at the challenge site, and 5) passive transfer of DFR by splenic lymphocytes. Broilers were sensitized twice with a s.c. injection in the neck of S. aureus antigen (150 microg/bird) diluted in polyethylene glycol at 3 and 4 wk of age. Controls were s.c. injected with polyethylene glycol. At 6 wk of age, a migration inhibition test was conducted before the birds were challenged intradermally with S. aureus antigen (75 microg/bird) in PBS in the right footpad. The left footpad was injected with PBS. The thickness of the footpad was measured at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h postchallenge to evaluate the DFR. After challenge, blood was collected for the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. Birds were euthanatized, and both footpads were removed for histology. The spleens were collected aseptically; splenic lymphocytes were injected i.v. into recipient birds. Sensitized birds showed an increase in the DFR (P < 0.02) and blastogenic response (P < 0.01) compared with nonsensitized birds. Delayed footpad reaction reached a maximum response at 24 h postchallenge. The in vitro migration of monocytes/macrophages from sensitized birds was significantly inhibited (P < 0.01). The histological appearance of S. aureus-injected footpads was characterized by dermal edema and perivascular infiltrates of small lymphocytes and macrophages. Birds that received sensitized splenic lymphocytes had a significantly pronounced DFR following challenge with S. aureus when compared with birds that received nonsensitized lymphocytes (P < 0.0001). These results indicated that the DFR can be used as a standard in vivo test for cell-mediated DTH reaction induced by killed S. aureus antigen in chickens.
The Pleasures and Anxieties of Being in the Middle: Emerging Middle-Class Identities in Urban South India

Recent economic changes in India have coincided with a dramatic change in the concept of a ‘middle class’ in the south Indian city of Madurai. Whereas previous sets of class identities were overwhelmingly dichotomous (for example, the rich and the poor, or the ‘big people’ and ‘those who have nothing’), the middle class has now become a highly elaborated component of local class structures and identities. It is also a contested category; moreover, its indigenous boundaries differ from those most often used by scholars, marketers, or policy-makers. Drawing from research over the past decade, this paper examines local definitions of ‘middleness’ and the moralized meanings ascribed to it. Whilst being ‘in the middle’ is a source of pride and pleasure, connoting both achievement and enhanced self-control, it is simultaneously a source of great tension, bringing anxiety over the critical and damaging scrutiny of onlookers. For each positive aspect of a middle-class identity that emphasizes security and stability, there is a negative ramification or consequence that highlights the precariousness and potential instability of middle-class life. In exploring each of these aspects, I pay attention to the explicitly performative features of class identities. I conclude by considering the epistemological and experiential insights we gain into the construction of emergent class categories by focusing on self-ascribed identities and their performance.
Integrated investigation of the mixed origin of lunar sample 72161,11

The comminution-agglutination model and the solar-wind implantation-retention model are used to postulate the origins of the particulate components of lunar sample (72161,11), a submillimeter fraction of a surface sample for the dark mantle regolith at LRV-3. Grain-size analysis was performed by wet sieving with liquid argon, and analyses for CO2, CO, CH4, and H2 were carried out by stepwise pyrolysis in a helium atmosphere. The results indicate that the present sample is from a mature regolith, but the agglutinate content is only 30% in the particle-size range between 90 and 177 microns, indicating an apparent departure from steady state. Analyses of the carbon, methane, and hydrogen concentrations in size fractions larger than 149 microns show that the volume-correlated component of these species increases with increased grain size. It is suggested that the observed increase can be explained in terms of mixing of a dominant local population of coarser agglutinates having high carbon and hydrogen concentrations with an imported population of finer agglutinates relatively poor in carbon and hydrogen.
Unsteady pressures on a NACA 64A010 airfoil - Experimental and theoretical results

Transonic testing of an NACA 64A010 airfoil at the Ohio State University Aero-Astro Research Laboratory is described, and results of fixed angle of attack and pitch oscillation experiments are discussed. The operating range was Mach 0.20 to 1.07 with available total pressures of 140,000 N/m2 to 620,000 N/m2. The airfoil model was mounted on roller bearings installed in the solid sidewalls of the tunnel test section. The equipment included transducers to measure unsteady pressures, and static pressure taps obtaining steady-state data. The data gathered at Mach 0.8 gave an indication of the influence of the natural shock instability and shock-induced flow separation on the unsteady pressures, with the location of the peak disturbance level shifting forward in the comparison of 0 to 2 deg pitch angle data. The oscillating airfoil data is examined in terms of harmonic content and the in-phase and out-of-phase components. It is concluded that the experimental data has good qualitative comparison with methods accounting for shock interaction.
Early pregnancy interruption with two 15-ME-PGF2a suppositories.

Abstract Vaginal administration of 15-ME-PGF 2a suppositories successfully terminated pregnancy, as determined by a negative pregnancy test at 14 days following insertion, in 34 of 39 patients with gestations of 34 to 51 days of amenorrhea. Fifteen of 20 patients who received a single long-acting 3-mg suppository had negative pregnancy tests at follow-up, while all 19 patients in whom the 3-mg suppository was preceded by a rapidly acting 1-mg suppository successfully aborted. This two-suppository regimen resulted in a more rapid onset of uterine activity and vaginal bleeding, as well as a slight decrease in gastrointestinal side effects. Peripheral plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF 2a as detected by radioimmunoassay were also more consistent with two suppositories. It appeared that the rapidly acting 1-mg suppository provided a "Prostaglandin impact" which significantly enhanced the abortifacient effectiveness of the technique. Nine patients on the 2-suppository regimen had the procedure performed on an outpatient basis. Expanded studies are indicated to determine the practicality of this technique as a valid pharmacologic alternative to surgical interruption of very early pregnancy.
Poly(A) size class distribution in globin mRNAs as a function of time

STUDIES on the mouse globin mRNAs have shown that specific size classes of poly(A) exist in a population of labelled globin mRNAs (refs 1 and 2). These size classes are present in both α and β globin mRNAs (ref. 1) and the overall size of the poly(A) region in these mRNAs decreases with time1. As the three discrete size classes previously reported were observed at one labelling time, we determined whether these same size classes occur at various stages of messenger maturation, as their presence during the overall shortening process could be indicative of a specific degradatory mechanism. The presence of limiting steps in the shortening of the poly(A) region of mouse globin mRNAs is interesting in the light of possible shortening mechanisms and their relationship to poly(A) binding proteins3,4 and mRNA stability.
NOVEL FUNCTION OF THE REGULATORY SUBUNIT OF PROTEIN KINASE A : REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE ACTIVITY AND CYTOCHROME C RELEASE

There have been speculations that the regulatory (R) subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) may have other functions. A recent study has shown that the catalytic (C) subunit of PKA may be regulated in a cAMP- and R subunit-independent manner. However, evidence linking a function to the R subunit apart from inhibiting the C subunit has been elusive. In this report, interaction cloning experiments showed that the RIalpha subunit association with the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb (CoxVb) is cAMP-sensitive. Interaction was detected with a GST-RIalpha fusion protein as well as by coimmunoprecipitation. Transient treatment with cAMP-elevating agents inhibited cytochrome c oxidase in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a concomitant decrease in cytochrome c levels in the mitochondria and an increase in its release into the cytosol. Furthermore, mutant cells harboring a defective RIalpha show increased cytochrome c oxidase activity and also constitutively lower levels of cytochrome c in comparison to either the wild-type cells or the C subunit mutant. These results suggest a novel mechanism of cAMP signaling through the interaction of RIalpha with CoxVb thereby regulating cytochrome c oxidase activity as well as the cytochrome c levels.
Effects of Three Synergists on pyrethroid Resistance in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The effects of three synergists on the level of resistance to eight pyrethroids were examined in field-collected populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Resistance to allethrin was not affected by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), (2-(2-ethylhexyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- dione (MGK 264), or S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Resistance to pyrethrins also was not affected by these synergists in the same or similar strains but was negated almost completely by them in strains resistant only to pyrethrins. Resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin largely was negated by these synergists. Results were variable with esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, and especially phenothrin. For example, with phenothrin the synergists were partially effective against some strains but were totally ineffective against others. The results appear to be unrelated to the chemistry of the pyrethroids studied. I report evidence that indicates the possible presence of several independent resistance mechanisms. My results suggest that these synergists generally will not combat pyrethroid resistance in this species, although they are highly effective in some cases.
Conservation, discontinuous time, and causal continuity

William Vallicella poses a dilemma for continuous-creation accounts of conservation, which he attempts to solve by conjoining presentism and four-dimensionalism. I claim that presentist four-dimensionalism fails to appreciate the real problem behind continuous creation and persistence, which is a presumption of the discontinuity of time. I will argue that if we assume that time is discontinuous, then, (1) presentist four-dimensionalism cannot alone account for persistence, and (2) created entities are also not in clear need of conservation in Vallicella's solution. Lastly, I conclude by suggesting that the worry over persistence for continuous creation is a problem only if persistence requires causal continuity.
Stability of Diagnosis: Application to Phenotype Definition

Using diagnostic stability data from independent diagnostic interviews conducted 6 years apart, we determine which diagnoses are predictive of diagnoses 6 years later. Logistic analysis using categorical predictors is used to establish ordinal relationships and to suggest diagnostic hierarchies. The multiple-threshold multifactorial model is used to estimate the within-person correlation over time. Rather than use a simple dichotomy of "affected" or "unaffected," we provide odds ratios for mania, hypomania, and major depressive disorder in terms of diagnostic hierarchies, allowing a ranking of these diagnoses. This division increases the information for genetic studies or studies of a phenotype with correlated biological or environmental continuous covariates. The diagnosis of schizophrenia shows remarkable specificity across occasions. We find significant error in a cross-sectional assessment in this nonclinical sample. Assuming a multifactorial model, the proportion of variance in liability due to assessment error is approximately 30 percent under all schemes considered. The use of repeated measures in family studies is thus strongly recommended.
Imprinting chemical and responsive micropatterns into metal-organic frameworks.

Wet stamping allows metal–organic framework (MOF) crystals to be imprinted with micropatterns of various organic chemicals. Printing the MOFs with photochromic molecules and pH indicators generates stimuli-responsive micropatterns which change their appearance upon contact with specific chemicals (see picture), thus reporting the environmental “status” of the crystal.
Max margin general linear modeling for neuroimage analyses

General linear modeling (GLM) is one of the most commonly used approaches to perform voxel based analyses (VBA) for hypotheses testing in neuroimaging. In this paper we tie support vector machine based regression (SVR) and classical significance testing to provide the benefits of max margin estimation in the GLM setting. Using Welch-Satterthwaite approximations, we compute degrees of freedom (df) of error (also known as residual df) for ∈-SVR. We demonstrate that ∈-SVR can result not only in robustness of estimation but also improved residual df compared to the very commonly used ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation. This can result in higher sensitivity to signal in neuroimaging studies and also allow for better control of confounding effects of nuisance covariates. We demonstrate the application of our approach in white matter analyses using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from autism and emotion-regulation studies.
Low-power pre-decoding based viterbi decoder for tail-biting convolutional codes

Low-power and high-throughput Viterbi decoder (VD) for tail-biting convolutional codes is presented in this paper. First, a low complexity radix-4 VD with enhanced decoding features such as end-state forcing and best-state trace back is presented. Second, simple predecoding is proposed to decrease the runtime of VD, resulting in significant power saving. The design is implemented in 0:9V TI 45-nm CMOS process at 100MHz for Long Term Evolution (LTE) [1] as application. More than 90% power saving is achieved with predecoding at a throughput of 120 Mbps and 0:2 dB SNR loss for 10−5 frame error rate.
ORTHOGONAL-MAXIMIN LATIN HYPERCUBE DESIGNS

A randomly generated Latin hypercube design (LHD) can be quite struc- tured: the variables may be highly correlated or the design may not have good space-filling properties. There are procedures for finding good LHDs by minimizing the pairwise correlations or by maximizing the inter-site distances. In this article we show that these two criteria need not be in close agreement. We propose a multi-objective optimization approach to find good LHDs by combining correlation and distance performance measures. We also propose a new exchange algorithm for efficiently generating such designs. Several examples are presented to show that the new algorithm is fast, and that the optimal designs are good in terms of both the correlation and distance criteria.
Prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in Children Attending Child Care Centers

Children attending child care centers (CCCs) are at increased risk for infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nasal colonization often precedes infection, and MRSA colonization has been associated with increased infection risk. Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has caused increased MRSA infections in the general population, including children. Little is known about the frequency of MRSA nasal colonization in young children, particularly in those attending CCCs where disease transmission is common. We sampled the nares of 1,163 children in 200 classrooms from 24 CCCs in North Carolina and Virginia to assess S. aureus colonization. MRSA strains were molecularly analyzed for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, Panton-Valentine leukocidin status, and multilocus sequence type. A case-control study was performed to identify risk factors for MRSA colonization. We found that 18.1% children were colonized with S. aureus and 1.3% with MRSA. Molecular analysis of the MRSA strains identified 47% as CA-MRSA and 53% as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Although two centers had multiple children colonized with MRSA, genotyping indicated that no transmission had occurred within classrooms. The case-control study did not detect statistically significant risk factors for MRSA colonization. However, MRSA-colonized children were more likely to be nonwhite and to have increased exposure to antibiotics and skin infections in the home. Both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA strains were found colonizing the nares of children attending CCCs. The low frequency of colonization observed highlights the need for a large multicenter study to determine risk factors for MRSA colonization and subsequent infection in this highly susceptible population.
Modeling local nonlinear correlations using subspace principal curves

While analyzing some of the complex real-world datasets, it is vital to identify local correlations in the subspaces. Some of the critical limitations of the subspace clustering techniques in identifying order revealing subspace correlation patterns motivate the need for more advanced subspace techniques. We formalize the problem of identifying local nonlinear correlations in high-dimensional data and build subspace models to capture such correlations. In this paper, we propose a new method for computing subspace principal curve models which can effectively capture these local patterns in the data. We demonstrate the results of the proposed method using several real-world datasets and highlight the advantages of our model compared to the other state-of-the-art techniques proposed in the literature. We also show the improved performance of the proposed algorithm in related problems such as missing data imputation and regression analysis compared to some of the state-of-the-art methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 332-349, 2010
The Diagnostic Value of the Bell Adjustment Inventory for College Women

(1943). The Diagnostic Value of the Bell Adjustment Inventory for College Women. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 103-109.
History of Pediatric Oncology

Pediatric oncology emerged as a subspecialty in the United States of America following the observations in 1948 of Farber and his associates of the benefits of chemotherapy for acute leukemia. The establishment of national cooperative chemotherapy groups furthered its development. More recently, the subspecialty has been recognized by the American Board of Pediatrics. Even more recently, training programs for the subspecialty have been given accreditation. Parallel to development of the specialty in the United States has been a similar evolution of pediatric oncology in Europe.