cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response Surface Modeling of Combined-Cycle Propulsion Components using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Three examples of response surface modeling with CFD are presented for combined cycle propulsion components. The examples include a mixed-compression-inlet during hypersonic flight, a hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor during hypersonic flight, and a ducted-rocket nozzle during all-rocket flight. Three different experimental strategies were examined, including full factorial, fractionated central-composite, and D-optimal with embedded Plackett-Burman designs. The response variables have been confined to integral data extracted from multidimensional CFD results. Careful attention to uncertainty assessment and modeling bias has been addressed. The importance of automating experimental setup and effectively communicating statistical results are emphasized.
Ubiquitous computing for firefighters: field studies and prototypes of large displays for incident command

In this paper, we demonstrate how field studies, interviews, and low-fidelity prototypes can be used to inform the design of ubiquitous computing systems for firefighters. We describe the artifacts and processes used by firefighters to assess, plan, and communicate during emergency situations, showing how accountability affects these decisions, how their current Incident Command System supports these tasks, and some drawbacks of existing solutions. These factors informed the design of a large electronic display for supporting the incident commander, the person who coordinates the overall response strategy in an emergency. Although our focus was on firefighters, our results are applicable for other aspects of emergency response as well, due to common procedures and training.
Antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia.

Purpose—To examine the association between exposure to antidepressants and emergency department or inpatient admission for sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia (SD/VA), and to examine the impact of dose and cytochrome P-450 inhibition Methods—A cohort study was conducted within 1999–2003 Medicaid claims data from beneficiaries of five large states, supplemented with Medicare claims for dually-eligible individuals. Exposures were prescription claims for antidepressants of interest or a reference antidepressant. Outcomes were incident first-listed emergency department or principal inpatient diagnoses indicative of SD/VA originating in the outpatient setting, an outcome previously found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. Results—In 1.3 million person-years of antidepressant exposure, we identified 4,222 SD/VA outcomes for a rate of 3.3/1,000 person-years (95% CI, 3.2 – 3.4). Compared to paroxetine (a referent with a putatively favorable cardiovascular risk profile), adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.80 (0.67 – 0.95) for bupropion, 1.24 (0.93 – 1.65) for doxepin, 0.79 (0.55 – 1.15) for lithium, and 1.26 (1.11 – 1.42) for mirtazapine. HRs for amitriptyline, citalopram, fluoxetine, nefazodone, nortriptyline, sertraline, trazodone, and venlafaxine were near unity. For antidepressants having non-null risks (bupropion and mirtazapine), we observed no relationship with antidepressant dose and some relationships with concomitant cytochrome P-450 inhibition. Conclusions—Of antidepressants studied, only mirtazapine had a statistically significantly greater SD/VA risk versus paroxetine. However, baseline differences between these users suggest that this finding may be attributable to residual confounding. Eleven other antidepressants had SD/ VA risks no greater than that of paroxetine, thereby providing reassurance regarding the comparative cardiovascular safety of antidepressants.
Formal Institutions and the IAD Framework: Bringing the Law Back In

Elinor Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework is a widely used mechanism for diagnosing and assessing the institutional structures of social and social-ecological dilemmas. It has been described as "one of the most developed and sophisticated attempts to use institutional and stakeholder assessment in order to link theory and practice, analysis and policy." But not all elements in the framework are yet sufficiently well-developed. This paper focuses on one such element: the "rules-in-use" (a.k.a., "working rules"). Specifically, the paper begins a long overdue conversation about relations between formal legal rules and "working rules" by offering a tentative typology of relations. Type 1: Some formal legal rules equal or approximate the working rules; Type 2: Some legal rules plus widely-held social norms equal or approximate the working rules; and Type 3: Some legal rules bear no evident relation to the working rules. Several examples, including some previously used by Lin Ostrom, are provided to illustrate each of the three types, which can be conceived of as nodes (or ranges) on a continuum. The paper concludes with a call for empirical research into which of these types of relations is more common than the others in various circumstances.
Evaluation of a kinetic method for prostatic acid phosphatase with use of self-indicating substrate, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl phosphate

The purity, spectral characteristics, and rate of nonenzymatic hydrolysis of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DCNPP) were determined. Rates of DCNPP hydrolysis by prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and erythrocytic acid phosphatase (EAP) (both EC 3.1.3.2) were measured in the absence and in the presence of various alcohols. 1.5-Pentanediol was the most effective transphosphorylation agent for specifically enhancing the activity of PAP. 1,4-Butanediol also enhanced PAP activity but markedly inhibited EAP activity. Bovine and human serum albumin preparations also accelerated the hydrolysis of DCNPP. DCNPP can be used for the continuous or multipoint-rate assay of PAP.
Image denoising based on wavelets and multifractals for singularity detection

This paper presents a very efficient algorithm for image denoising based on wavelets and multifractals for singularity detection. A challenge of image denoising is how to preserve the edges of an image when reducing noise. By modeling the intensity surface of a noisy image as statistically self-similar multifractal processes and taking advantage of the multiresolution analysis with wavelet transform to exploit the local statistical self-similarity at different scales, the pointwise singularity strength value characterizing the local singularity at each scale was calculated. By thresholding the singularity strength, wavelet coefficients at each scale were classified into two categories: the edge-related and regular wavelet coefficients and the irregular coefficients. The irregular coefficients were denoised using an approximate minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimation method, while the edge-related and regular wavelet coefficients were smoothed using the fuzzy weighted mean (FWM) filter aiming at preserving the edges and details when reducing noise. Furthermore, to make the FWM-based filtering more efficient for noise reduction at the lowest decomposition level, the MMSE-based filtering was performed as the first pass of denoising followed by performing the FWM-based filtering. Experimental results demonstrated that this algorithm could achieve both good visual quality and high PSNR for the denoised images.
Matrix methods for field problems

A unified treatment of matrix methods useful for field problems is given. The basic mathematical concept is the method of moments, by which the functional equations of field theory are reduced to matrix equations. Several examples of engineering interest are included to illustrate the procedure. The problem of radiation and scattering by wire objects of arbitrary shape is treated in detail, and illustrative computations are given for linear wires. The wire object is represented by an admittance matrix, and excitation of the object by a voltage matrix. The current on the wire object is given by the product of the admittance matrix with the voltage matrix. Computation of a field quantity corresponds to multiplication of the current matrix by a measurement matrix. These concepts can be generalized to apply to objects of arbitrary geometry and arbitrary material.
A Plasmon‐Assisted Optofluidic (PAOF) System for Measuring the Photothermal Conversion Efficiencies of Gold Nanostructures and Controlling an Electrical Switch

An optofluidic system was constructed from a diode laser as the energy source, an aqueous suspension of plasmonic nanostructures as the photothermal transducer, and a glass capillary for measuring the volumetric expansion of the suspension. The suspension could be driven to move up the capillary by more than 30 mm and be used to control the operation of an electrical switch.
Moisture and surface area measurements of plutonium-bearing oxides

To ensure safe storage, plutonium-bearing oxides are stabilized at 950 C for at least two hours in an oxidizing atmosphere. Stabilization conditions are expected to decompose organic impurities, convert metals to oxides, and result in moisture content below 0.5 wt%. During stabilization, the specific surface area is reduced, which minimizes readsorption of water onto the oxide surface. Plutonium oxides stabilized according to these criteria were sampled and analyzed to determine moisture content and surface area. In addition, samples were leached in water to identify water-soluble chloride impurity content. Results of these analyses for seven samples showed that the stabilization process produced low moisture materials ( 360 ppm, the calculated amount of water per unit surface area increased with chloride content, indicating hydration of hygroscopic salts present in the impure PuO{sub 2}-containing materials. The low moisture, low surface area materials in this study did not generate detectable hydrogen during storage of four or more years.
Technical Assistance Programs and the Diffusion of Environmental Technologies in the Printing Industry: The Case of SMEs

The goal of this article is to better understand the diffusion of environmentally preferable manufacturing technology (as distinct from pollution control technology) in small-and medium-sized firms...
The dispensability of (merely) intentional objects

The ontology of (merely) intentional objects is a can of worms. If we can avoid ontological commitment to such entities, we should. In this paper, I offer a strategy for accomplishing that. This is to reject the traditional act-object account of intentionality in favor of an adverbial account. According to adverbialism about intentionality, having a dragon thought is not a matter of bearing the thinking-about relation to dragons, but of engaging in the activity of thinking dragon-wise.
SOME FEATURES OF SALINE LAKES IN CENTRAL WASHINGTON1

The central part of the State of Washington has an arid climate and contains a number of saline lakes. Several are meromictic and show a variety of vertical gradients of salinity and temperature. The mixolimnion of Soap Lake has been diluted by increased entry of freshwater from 39.4 g/liter in 1946 to 18.0 in 1964 while the monimolimnion has been maintained at more than 130 g/liter. The stability of the chemocline was studied by an injection of radioactive rubidium. The radioactivity spread laterally in all directions, mostly in a layer less than 2 m thick, to a maximum observed mean radius of 53 m in 13 days. The corresponding eddy diffusion coefficient is 3.2 cm2/sec.
Effect of species rarity on the accuracy of species distribution models for reptiles and amphibians in southern California

Aim Several studies have found that more accurate predictive models of species’ occurrences can be developed for rarer species; however, one recent study found the relationship between range size and model performance to be an artefact of sample prevalence, that is, the proportion of presence versus absence observations in the data used to train the model. We examined the effect of model type, species rarity class, species’ survey frequency, detectability and manipulated sample prevalence on the accuracy of distribution models developed for 30 reptile and amphibian species. Location Coastal southern California, USA. Methods Classification trees, generalized additive models and generalized linear models were developed using species presence and absence data from 420 locations. Model performance was measured using sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plot based on twofold cross-validation, or on bootstrapping. Predictors included climate, terrain, soil and vegetation variables. Species were assigned to rarity classes by experts. The data were sampled to generate subsets with varying ratios of presences and absences to test for the effect of sample prevalence. Join count statistics were used to characterize spatial dependence in the prediction errors. Results Species in classes with higher rarity were more accurately predicted than common species, and this effect was independent of sample prevalence. Although positive spatial autocorrelation remained in the prediction errors, it was weaker than was observed in the species occurrence data. The differences in accuracy among model types were slight. Main conclusions Using a variety of modelling methods, more accurate species distribution models were developed for rarer than for more common species. This was presumably because it is difficult to discriminate suitable from unsuitable habitat for habitat generalists, and not as an artefact of the effect of sample prevalence on model estimation.
Myelophthisis as a Solitary Manifestation of Failure From Rectal Carcinoma

Abstract Rectal carcinoma is uncommonly associated with systemic metastases in the absence of liver metastases, reflecting the predilection for spread via the portal system. Occasionally, isolated lung metastases are seen, which are usually attributed to spread via the portosystemic anastomoses in the distal rectum. However, myelophthisis is an unreported complication of rectal cancer as an isolated form of systemic failure. We present a case of fatal myelophthisis associated with otherwise localized rectal carcinoma secondary to metastatic rectal cancer. This observation led to the hypothesis that spread to the bone marrow occurred via a “third circulation,” the Batson plexus, a network of deep pelvic veins with rich anastomoses to the vertebral plexus.
All-Match Based Complete Redundancy Removal for Packet Classifiers in TCAMs

Packet classification is the core mechanism that enables many networking services on the Internet such as firewall packet filtering and traffic accounting. Using Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the de facto standard in industry. TCAMs classify packets in constant time by comparing a packet with all classification rules of ternary encoding in parallel. Despite their high speed, TCAMs suffer from the well-known interval expansion problem. As packet classification rules usually have fields specified as intervals, converting such rules to TCAM- compatible rules may result in an explosive increase in the number of rules. This is not a problem if TCAMs have large capacities. Unfortunately, TCAMs have very limited capacity, and more rules means more power consumption and more heat generation for TCAMs. Even worse, the number of rules in packet classifiers have been increasing rapidly with the growing number of services deployed on the internet. The interval expansion problem of TCAMs can be addressed by removing redundant rules in packet classifiers. This equivalent transformation can significantly reduce the number of TCAM entries needed by a packet classifier. Our experiments on real- life packet classifiers show an average reduction of 58.2% in the number of TCAM entries by removing redundant rules. In this paper, we propose an all-match based complete redundancy removal algorithm. This is the first algorithm that attempts to solve first-match problems from an all-match perspective. We formally prove that our redundancy removal algorithm guarantees no redundant rules in resulting packet classifiers. We conducted extensive experiments on both real-life and synthetic packet classifiers. These experimental results show that our redundancy removal algorithm is both effective in terms of reducing TCAM entries and efficient in terms of running time.
Simple Control System for a Switcher Locomotive Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System

Fuel cells are currently being considered as power sources for vehicles to reduce the need for fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper investigates the use of fuel cells in switcher locomotive applications. To meet the dynamic needs of switcher locomotives, a hybrid system is required that consists of power sources including ultracapacitors and batteries along with the fuel cell. A simple control algorithm is developed that supplies the demanded power and maintains the proper charge on the battery and ultracapacitor.
Therapeutics in pediatric diabetes: Insulin and non-insulin approaches ☆: Part of a series on Pediatric Pharmacology, guest edited by Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Emilio Clementi, and Massimo Molteni

Treatment of pediatric diabetes can be challenging. Strict glucose control can be accompanied by hypoglycemia and weight gain. Recently, there have been many developments in insulin preparations and delivery methods which make insulin levels more close to a physiologic pattern. Newly developed rapid/long acting analogues and delivery devices such as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII, insulin pump) may reduce hypoglycemia and improve glycemic control. CSII combined with continuous glucose monitoring can achieve even better glycemic control. The closed-loop system is rapidly evolving and an artificial pancreas will be available in the near future. It is now recognized that several hormones other than insulin such as glucagon, amylin, and incretins contribute to glucose homeostasis. The role of co-adjuncts such as metformin, amylin analogues, and incretin based therapy is now emerging. Immunotherapy in a high risk population or patients in the early phase of type 1 diabetes may prevent further destruction of pancreatic β cells.
Diseases of the Pancreas, II: Tumors

In the imaging of pancreatic disease and in assessment of the etiology of jaundice, abdominal ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) traditionally have been employed [1]. These two methods are widely available and have the advantages of their familiarity to radiologists and clinicians and their non-invasiveness. With the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), visualization of the pancreatic and biliary ducts improved, allowing tumors to be more accurately staged and safely sampled [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This led to a diminishing role for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the diagnostic arena but its therapeutic use has remained unchallenged. In recent years, technological advances with multidetector row CT (MDCT) imaging have improved the ability of CT to detect even small lesions in the pancreas and to stage pancreatic tumors more accurately [13]. Microbubble contrast enhancement and secretin stimulation have increased the diagnostic acumen of US and MRI, respectively, and may widen the utility of these techniques [14, 15].
Drug-eluting stent fracture promise and performance.

All promise outruns performance. —Ralph Waldo Emerson ([1][1]) The saga of drug-eluting stents (DES) continues from their hyperbolic introduction into clinical practice in 2003 through a period of scrupulous clinical safety introspection, emerging as the principal device therapy for percutaneous
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Roots and Xylem of Tradescantia

(1982). Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Roots and Xylem of Tradescantia. Mycologia: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 152-156.
Looking toward the Blue Sky: Environmental Education Researchers' Experience, Influences, and Aspirations.

abstractEnvironmental education (EE) researchers hail from diverse disciplines and sociocultural contexts, work in a range of settings, and envision various outcomes. Desiring to better understand their backgrounds, interests, and aspirations for the field, we surveyed EE researchers to explore their theoretical and educational influences and what they find compelling for future research, in light of societal trends. Respondents (n = 86) observed a connection between EE research and the increasingly global scale of environmental issues, rural-to-urban population shift, and emphasis on health and wellbeing. They described a desire to pursue and communicate about research relevant to academics, practitioners, and the broader public.
Comparative analysis of typical start-up systems for supercritical once-through boilers

The start-up systems for new-type supercritical once-through boilers were introduced,most of which are equipped with built-in separator and boiler circulating pump.The start-up system can be divided into series-connection and parallel-connection type according to the connection pattern of boiler circulating pump and feed water pump.Based on the commissioning of 600 MW supercritical once-through boilers with the two-type start-up systems,the comparative analysis was made in the aspects of system layout,control properties and water-level variation characteristics of separator.The result shows that the series-connection type is of simple,reliable system arrangement,safe operation and easy control of water level,for which it is more suitable for the start-up and low-load operation of supercritical power units.
Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Based on Elman Neural Network with Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm

The model based on Elman neural network(NN)with fruit fly optimization algorithm(FOA)is proposed to forecast the short-term photovoltaic(PV) power.Using dynamic recurrent Elman NN,the reasoning and generalization capacity of PV power forecasting model is enhanced,and forecasting accuracy is ensured.The human body amenity is introduced to reduce the number of input vectors.The FOA is used to train the Elman NN,which can make full use of the global optimization performance of FOA and overcome the defects such as local optimal solution,slow convergence speed and complex programming.Finally,in comparison with the simulation results of Elman NN,the numerical results verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed mode.
Epidemiology of susceptibility to breast cancer

Numerous factors have been noted to be associated with risk of breast cancer. Indicators of endogenous hormonal alterations are among them: early age at menarche and late age at menopause, nulliparity, late age at first full term pregnancy and obesity in postmenopausal women. Other established risk factors are family history of breast cancer, histologic characteristics of benign tissue, mammographic patterns, exogenous hormones and alcohol consumption. Endogenous indicators may be a reflection of enhanced susceptibility, whereas exogenous exposures can have both independent effects on risk and the ability to interact with markers of inherited susceptibility. In case control studies of breast cancer, family history confers a risk elevation of two to three fold. The higher risk estimate occurs when first degree rather than second degree relatives are affected, or if more than one relative is affected. A relative diagnosed before age 45 increases risk for early-onset breast cancer. These findings have been obtained using either traditional analytic methods for case control data or an alternative strategy, which uses case control status as the predictor variable and models the risk to relatives in a time-dependent fashion. Risk of breast cancer is greater for the mother and sisters of cases than controls. The magnitude of risk increases with 1) decreasing age of diagnosis of the index case 2) additional family members with diagnosed breast cancer and 3) bilateral breast cancer in the index case. Although these two analytic approaches have somewhat different data requirements and may be subject to different biases, the results produced are quite consistent. Mutated p53 in female family members of patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome was one of the first identified genetic susceptibility markers for breast cancer. Application of segregation and linkage analyses to pedigrees with multiple affected family members successfully focused the search for BRCA1. Recent cloning and sequencing of BRCA1 will allow for its use in risk assessment, diagnostic evaluation and screening of high risk women. BRCA1 appears to be primarily responsible for early-onset breast cancer in high risk families. Rare alleles of H-ras could account for some of the late-onset cases in unselected populations since at least 85% of breast cancer appears to be sporadic, other genetic markers yet to be identified undoubtedly exist.
The treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia.

Acute agitation is a nonspecific term applied to an array of syndromes and behaviors. It is frequently defined as an increase in psychomotor activity, aggression, disinhibition/impulsivity, and irritable or labile mood. Etiologies of acute agitation include medical disorders, delirium, substance intoxication or withdrawal, psychiatric disorders, and medication side effects. Treatment of acute agitation requires both environmental and pharmacologic intervention. Patients should be calmed with sedating agents early in the course of treatment, allowing for diagnostic tests to take place. Failure to correctly diagnose causes of agitation may lead to delayed treatment for serious conditions, and can even exacerbate agitation.The most common cause of agitation in patients with schizophrenia is psychotic relapse due to medication nonadherence. Pharmacologic treatment options for these patients include lorazepam and antipsychotic agents. Lorazepam causes nonspecific sedation and treats some substance withdrawal, but has little effect on psychosis. First-generation antipsychotics treat psychosis and, at high enough doses, cause sedation, but may induce extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Some second-generation antipsychotics have been approved for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia. These agents treat psychosis with a favorable EPS profile, but are comparatively expensive and cause risks such as hypotension. However, avoiding EPS may reduce patients' resistance to antipsychotic treatment.In this expert roundtable supplement, Joseph Battaglia, MD, provides an overview of the definition of acute agitation. Next, Delbert, G. Robinson, MD, outlines evaluation methods for actue agitation. Finally, Leslie Citrome, MD, MPH, reviews interventions for acute and ongoing management of agitation.
FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH NATURAL AND RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES USING AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE

Freezing and thawing cycles are one of the most damaging factors that affect the durability of concrete. The damages caused by cyclic freeze-thaw (F-T) action can be divided into two factors. The first factor is an increase in internal cracking, which causes the loss in relative dynamic modulus (RDM) of the concrete, and the second factor is surface scaling, which leads to weight loss of the concrete. In this study, the durability of concrete made by replacing natural coarse aggregates (NCA) with various percentages of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is measured for an F-T test. Also, some tests have been conducted with the addition of air-entraining admixture (AEA). Prior to mixing the concrete, both NCA and RCA were characterized to determine their suitability as a construction material. Concrete mixes consisting of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 % replacement (by weight) of NCA with RCA were prepared. The same concrete mixes were prepared again with the addition of AEA. All specimens were tested for compressive strength after a curing period of 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength of the concrete made with different percentages of RCA decreases as the percentage of RCA increases. After 28 days of curing, sample with 0, 40, and 100 % replacement of NCA with RCA were placed without AEA in the F-T chamber, along with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 % NCA replacements containing AEA. After several cycles of freezing and thawing, the RDM, change in weight, and change in length were measured. The RDM loss and weight loss were noticed, as the cyclic F-T durability increased. It has also been observed that concrete mixes containing AEA were still durable after 300 cycles of freezing and thawing; however, the specimens without AEA failed before 150 cycles.
People Who Know People: Vertical Social Ties and Campaign Participation in Unequal Contexts

How do social ties affect elections in developing, unequal democracies? While studies of social influence typically focus on horizontal ties to family and peer discussants, social connections to politicians and organizers are understudied. I argue that during campaigns in developing countries, vertical ties exacerbate inequality and political stratification. Using 2012 AmericasBarometer data with matched treatment and control groups, and a panel study of Brazil’s 2010 election, I find that citizens with vertical ties are more likely to vote and to mobilize others, but also to receive clientelistic offers. The distribution of vertical ties reflects and in turn exacerbates inequality. Vertical ties accrue to socially advantaged citizens, and insulate them from the generally demobilizing effects of societal inequality on political participation.
Episodic social media impact on users

With the abundance of technological devices, an increasing number of users of all ages rely on social media. There is a growing concern of the impact that technology has on the user community. This research study was conducted to explore these concerns and specifically whether individuals' characteristics are impacted from the use of social media. A total of 209 respondents from a private university in the southeast participated in the study. Self-administered questionnaires were implemented with the survey instrument developed by the researchers. Five hypotheses were tested on the relationships of social media technologies with attention span, time pressure, long-term orientation, polychromic attitude index, and sociability. The research findings suggest that there is no difference in attention spans or sociability in frequent or infrequent users of social media. Furthermore, the research findings suggest that episodic social media usage is not positively correlated to the long-term orientation, time pressure scale, and polychromic attitude index. Future areas of research are also discussed.
Multi-pass phase microscopy

Multi-pass microscopy is a tool for high sensitivity, low damage microscopy. Sensitivity enhancement in both polarization and absorption microscopy has been demonstrated. Here we discuss multi-pass phase microscopy and its applicability to cell imaging.
De danske husholdninger og stagnationspolitik

The Danish Economy, measured in terms of real GDP, has not yet recovered to the same level as 2007. The economy initially contracted and has since stagnated with little to no growth in real GDP. This article presents an alternative explanation for this stag-nation, which relies on an analysis inspired by the keynesian economist Josef Steindl. The contribution from Steindl has largely been ignored in the debate, despite its obvious potential. With the use of the theoretical foundation offered by Steindl, the stagnation of the Danish economy can be explained by a combination of the behavior of the house-hold, the investment behavior of firms and the public preoccupation with the fiscal budget. The political consequence of this focus on balancing the budget is also dis-cussed in detail towards the end of this article.
Global Versus Local Consumer Culture Positioning in a Transitional Market: Understanding the Influence of Consumer Nationalism

ABSTRACTTo shed cultural insights on the complex interplay between globalization and local ideologies, this study presents an online experiment that tested the comparative effects of global and loc...
Physics of erupting solar flux ropes: Coronal mass ejections (CMEs)—Recent advances in theory and observation

Solar eruptions, observed as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are the most energetic visible plasma phenomena in the solar system. CMEs are the central component of solar eruptions and are detected as coherent magnetized plasma structures expanding in the solar wind (SW). If they reach the Earth, their magnetic fields can drive strong disturbances in the ionosphere, causing deleterious effects on terrestrial technological systems. The scientific and practical importance of CMEs has led to numerous satellite missions observing the Sun and SW. This has culminated in the ability to continuously observe CMEs expanding from the Sun to 1 AU, where the magnetic fields and plasma parameters of the evolved structures (“ejecta”) can be measured in situ. Until recently, the physical mechanisms responsible for eruptions were major unanswered questions in solar and by extension stellar physics. New observations of CME dynamics and associated eruptive phenomena are now providing more stringent constraints on m...
Simulation and scale-testing to improve the next generation of wave-adaptive modular vessels

Wave-Adaptive Modular Vessels (WAM-V) are a new and unique class of marine technology. An adaptation of lightweight catamaran design, WAM-Vs incorporate an independent suspension for shock mitigation in rough seas. Determining the WAM-V's critical parameters is highly important for missions of interest to the U.S. Navy.Evaluating the WAM-V's unconventional design requires a mix of simulation tools from both the automotive and marine domains. A Quarter-Car modeling approach was adapted for the marine environment through testing and simulation of a Quarter-Boat Drop Testing Rig. Testing data was used to create a new hydro-mechanical simulation program, known as the Quarter-Boat Model, using Matlab, Simulink and SimMechanics. The program models the dynamics of a pontoon and suspension using mechanical components to represent the relevant vertical hydrodynamics.To validate the model, an on-water test was conducted where the WAM-V was piloted across the wake of a large freighter ship. The wake launched the WAM-V airborne, creating a similar impact to the drop test rig. Analysis of the on-water test data and Quarter-Boat simulations revealed performance deficiencies in the current suspension. An improved suspension was designed and tested in a rough water environment, showing improved performance as well as further validating the simulation method.
EUS-guided Transluminal Interventions

The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has transitioned from a diagnostic to a therapeutic one over the past 40 years. With the advent of curvilinear array echoendoscopes in the 1990s with an accessory channel, multiple tools and devices have been developed and used for a variety of transluminal interventions. EUS provides a viable option and is becoming the procedure of choice for many interventions, including bile and pancreatic duct drainage, guiding angiotherapy, pancreatic fluid collection management, gallbladder drainage, and creating a gastrojejunostomy. Although reports demonstrate the technical success of these interventions, there is tremendous study heterogeneity and a relative lack of controlled randomized trials, which may limit our understanding of their role and utility. Furthermore, adverse events are relatively common and occasionally severe. Despite the limitations, available data strongly indicate the efficacy of EUS interventions when performed by well-trained endosonographers in carefully selected patients and managed in a multidisciplinary setting.
Lawrence H. Keeley: Pre-state Societies in the Hobbesian Trap

Lawrence Keeley was at the forefront of scientifically deciding between Rousseau, who saw civilization as corrupting noble savages and peaceable peoples, and Hobbes, who saw a war of all against all waged between peoples, clans, and tribes except if dominated by a Leviathan capable of monopolizing power and violence. Keeley came down firmly on the side of Hobbes, demonstrating the rampant violence and persistent warfare of pre-state societies. In the absence of life history theory, Keeley, and anyone else studying declining violence through modernity, is reduced to positing a host of explanations piecemeal, and thereafter finding it difficult to explain the positive feedback effect wherein decreasing violence, begets decreasing violence. Keeley explicitly abjures biological explanations of violence; a point directly addressed as this twelfth chapter evolutionarily interprets his findings.
Effects of Electric Fields on Mixtures of Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

This work involves nematic materials mixed with small amounts of cholesteryl acetate. It is assumed that the structures for these mixtures are similar to the cholesteric structure. The dielectric constant of p-methoxybenzylidene-p-cyanoaniline is greatest in a direction parallel to the long axes of the molecules; therefore, the structure for mixtures of this material with a cholesteric material can be changed to a nematic structure by applying external electric fields. NMR techniques and measurements of the dielectric loss at a microwave frequency are used to obtain information about the cholesteric-nematic phase transition as the external electric field and the concentration of cholesteryl acetate are varied. Although mixtures of p-[n-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-amino]-phenyl acetate and cholesteryl acetate cannot be changed to a nematic phase by employing electric fields because of the negative dielectric anisotropy, an ordering can be obtained with the screw axis of the helix parallel to a 300 kHz electric field.
FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE UTILIZING MURINE T CELL CLONES

ABSTRACT Recent studies in our laboratory and elsewhere have shown that it is possible to isolate and propagate murine T cell clones reactive with soluble antigen. We have used such antigen reactive T-cell clones to address a variety of questions concerning immunoregulation. Using such clones it has been possible to show that murine la antigens are responsible for restriction of antigen recognition and that such la antigens are formed by free combinatorial association of alpha and beta chains encoded within the murine I region. Using monoclonal anti-la antibodies and cells from a mutant mouse (bm12) it has been possible for us to show that there must exist more than one restriction site for each la molecular complex. Not only have we been able to show that there exists more than one restriction site on each la molecule, but also that the “hybrid” molecules are fully functional as restricting determinants for antigen recognition by F 1 T-cell clones. Using such T-cell clones as a source of antigen-specific help for the differentiation of plasma cells to B cells it has been possible to show that a single murine T-cell clone can interact in at least two distinct pathways. One of these results in an Lyb5 + B cell response which requires histocompatibility at the macrophage and T-cell, but not at the T-cell and B-cell level. The second is through the Lyb5 − B cell response which requires MHC identity for all three interacting cell types. Although such help is antigen-specific and I-region restricted, it does not show any isotype selectivity. Recent studies using in vivo reconstitution (adoptive transfer) have allowed us to suggest that the T H can function effectively in vivo .
Role of Echocardiography in the Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

The usefulness of echocardiography in the detection of wall motion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease has been demonstrated by several workers. This investigation was designed to determine the role of echocardiography in the assessment of left ventricular function in patients with significant narrowing of their coronary arteries. A recent report stated that patients who have a low left ventricular ejection fraction have a significantly higher mortality following aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery. Hence the ability to predict a poor ejection fraction by a non-invasive technique is of great prognostic importance. Echocardiography was performed on 42 patients with coronary artery disease. The only criterion for selection was a technically satisfactory echocardiogram. Left ventricular dimensions and wall motion were measured at a point just caudal to the mitral valve. The echocardiographic left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVED) was increased above the upper limits of normal for our laboratory (>5.4 cm) in 16 patients. Fifteen of these patients had an angiographically measured ejection fraction of 0.45 or less. Three patients had a normal left ventricular end diastolic dimension i.e. 0.45 and normal LVED.
Plasticity and Enhancement of Intellectual Functioning in Old Age

The Penn State Adult Development and Enrichment Project, with the acronym ADEPT, is a basic research program aimed at examining the modifiability of intellectual functioning in later adulthood and old age. Intelligence as referred to in ADEPT research indicates performance on psychometric tests of intelligence rather than process-oriented indices of cognitive functioning. The ADEPT domain of psychometric intelligence is defined primarily by the theory of fluid-crystallized intelligence. Later adulthood and old age covers the age range from approximately 60 to 80 years of age.
Parent Perceptions of Barriers to Friendship Development for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

This current study explores parent perceptions of barriers to friendship development for highly verbal children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in mainstream academic settings. Participants we...
Voltage Regulation at Grid Edge: Tuning of PV Smart Inverter Control

Smart inverters with appropriate settings can improve voltage regulation in a distribution grid. However, tuning their settings for each PV for best possible benefits is not feasible. In this paper, a procedure to tune the PV smart inverter settings by grouping the PV s in the feeder neighborhoods experiencing undervoltages is proposed. Analysis supporting the implementation of common smart inverter setting within a given feeder neighborhood is presented. The voltage regulation performance of the tuned PV smart inverter settings is then compared to that of the settings recommended in literature using voltage range and variability indices. The results show that, with the use of tuned settings, voltage range is reduced by 64 % and variability index is by 82.5 % compared to unity power factor inverter setting in the studied circuit.
Reflector dip estimates based on seismic waveform curvature/flexure analysis

AbstractReliable estimation of the reflector dip serves as a fundamental and essential tool for subsurface structure interpretation from 3D seismic surveys. We have developed a new method for accur...
CMR AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR STRAIN IN TRANSTHYRETIN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

Relative apical sparing of strain (RAS) is a typical echocardiographic (Echo) feature of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is widely used to evaluate myocardial characteristics. CMR feature-tracking is now available to evaluate strain. The aim of this
Cone photoreceptor classification in the living human eye from photostimulation-induced phase dynamics

Human color vision is achieved by mixing neural signals from cone photoreceptors sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The spatial arrangement and proportion of these spectral types in the retina set fundamental limits on color perception, and abnormal or missing types are responsible for color vision loss. Imaging provides the most direct and quantitative means to study these photoreceptor properties at the cellular scale in the living human retina, but remains challenging. Current methods rely on retinal densitometry to distinguish cone types, a prohibitively slow process. Here, we show that photostimulation-induced optical phase changes occur in cone cells and carry substantial information about spectral type, enabling cones to be differentiated with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, these phase dynamics arise from physiological activity occurring on dramatically different timescales (from milliseconds to seconds) inside the cone outer segment, thus exposing the phototransduction cascade and subsequent downstream effects. We captured these dynamics in cones of subjects with normal color vision and a deuteranope, and at different macular locations by: (i) marrying adaptive optics to phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography to avoid optical blurring of the eye, (ii) acquiring images at high speed that samples phase dynamics at up to 3 KHz, and (iii) localizing phase changes to the cone outer segment, where photoactivation occurs. Our method should have broad appeal for color vision applications in which the underlying neural processing of photoreceptors is sought and for investigations of retinal diseases that affect cone function.
Liver Transplantation in Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States.

Background and aims Eleven million unauthorized immigrants reside in the United States and may account for 3% of deceased organ donors. Recently introduced federal and state legislation propose to address access to organ transplantation among unauthorized immigrants. The national landscape of liver transplantation (LT) for unauthorized immigrants is unknown. Approach and results We included all US LT recipients between March 2012 and December 2018 who were linked to Pew Center of Research data to estimate the population of unauthorized immigrants in each US state and by country of origin, based on US Census data. We categorized patients as unauthorized immigrants versus US citizens/residents. The main outcome measures were (1) the proportion of LTs performed for unauthorized immigrants compared with the proportion of unauthorized immigrants among total population in each US state and (2) graft failure and death post-LT. Of 43,192 LT recipients, 43,026 (99.6%) were US citizens/residents and 166 (0.4%) were unauthorized immigrants. Among unauthorized immigrants, most LTs were performed in California (47%) and New York (18%). The absolute difference in proportion of LTs performed for unauthorized immigrants compared with the proportion of unauthorized immigrants among the total population differed among states, ranging from +20% in California to -12% in Texas. The most common countries of birth among LT recipients who were unauthorized immigrants were Mexico (52%), Guatemala (7%), China (6%), El Salvador (5%), and India (5%). In competing risk analysis, unauthorized immigration status (vs. US citizens/residents) was associated with a similar risk of graft failure (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-1.34; P = 0.38) and death (sHR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.36-1.29; P = 0.23). Conclusions LT for unauthorized immigrants is rare, and disparities in access to LT by state are present. Patient and graft survival among unauthorized immigrants is comparable with citizens/residents.
A New Approach To Online Regression Based On Maximum Correntropy Criterion

The problem of linear adaptive filtering (or equivalently, online regression) in the presence of non-Gaussian noise is addressed. One efficient way in face of environments with non-Gaussian noise is to employ information theoretic criteria such as correntropy. In this study, a new algorithm based on correntropy is proposed, and demonstrated to outperform previous works in terms of both convergence speed and steady-state misalignment. At the same time, the proposed algorithm benefits from lower computational complexity compared to some of these algorithms.