cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of airway pressure waveforms

Most mechanical ventilators display tracings of airway pressure (Paw) volume (V) and flow (V). In volume preset modes, Paw informs about the mechanical properties of the respiratory system and about the activity of respiratory muscles acting on the system. When monitoring ventilator waveforms, it is important to appropriately scale the tracing so that nuances in time profiles may be appreciated. In this short monograph, we offer three examples of how clinicians may use this information for patient assessment and care.
Adaptive QoS control for real-time video communication over wireless channels

Robust transmission of real-time video over wireless channels is a challenging problem. This is because the bit error rate (BER) in wireless channels is very high and the bit errors could have devastating effects on the video presentation quality. This paper addresses this problem by introducing adaptive quality-of-service (QoS) control for real-time video communication over wireless channels. The adaptive QoS control consists of optimal mode selection and delay-constrained hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ). By combining the best features of error-resilient source encoding, forward error correction (FEC) and delay-constrained retransmission, our proposed adaptive QoS control system is capable of achieving bounded delay, high reliability, and efficiency.
Effects of Amiodarone in a Swine Model of Nortryptiline Toxicity

Objectives Antiarrhythmics can have devastating effects in cardiotoxic poisonings. Amiodarone is recommended for treatment of wide complex tachycardia, but its hemodynamic effects in wide complex tachycardia induced by tricyclic antidepressant poisoning are unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of sodium bicarbonate, amiodarone, and normal saline in treating wide complex tachycardia secondary to nortriptyline poisoning.
Analysis of the blocking activity of charybdotoxin homologs and iodinated derivatives against Ca2+-activated K+ channels.

Two charybdotoxin peptides were purified from venom of the Israeli scorpion,Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Microsequencing of the most abundant toxin, ChTX-Lq1, revealed identity with the 37-residue peptide previously sequenced by Gimenez-Gallego et al. [Gimenez-Gallego, G., et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:3329–3333 (1988)]. Sequence data on the minor peptide, ChTX-Lq2, showed substantial homology to ChTX-Lq1 with differences observed at eight positions. These two charybdotoxin sequences, along with that of noxiustoxin, define a distinct family of scorpion peptide toxins with activity against K+ channels. Both charybdotoxin homologs inhibited Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux from human erythrocytes with similar potency,K0.5∼-40nm. In planar bilayer assays of single K(Ca) channels from rat muscle, ChTX-Lq1 and ChTX-Lq2 blocked with intrinsicKd's of 1.3 and 43nm, respectively, in the presence of 50mm external KCl. A new application of dwell-time histogram analysis of single-channel blocking events was used to characterize the kinetic homogeneity of toxin samples and the blocking kinetics of ChTX derivatives. The lower blocking affinity of ChTX-Lq2 was the combined result of a faster dissociation rate and a slower association rate as compared to ChTX-Lq1. The blocking activity of two mono-iodinated derivatives of ChTX-Lq1 was also analyzed. Blocked dwell-time histograms of the iodinated peptides were characterized by predominately brief (0.2–2 sec) blocking events in comparison to the native toxin (20 sec). Histogram analysis revealed that mono-iodination of ChTX-Lq1 impairs blocking activity by adverse effects on both dissociation and association rate constants. Frequency density histograms of single channel blocking events provide a sensitive assay of toxin purity suitable for quantitating structure-activity relationships of charybdotoxin derivatives.
Some Effects of Thyrotropic Hormone on the Pregnant Rat

ConclusionRats injected with thyrotropic hormone, between the 10th and 16th days of pregnancy, showed a high percentage of dead embryos, stimulation of the maternal-thyroid and luteinization of unruptured Graafian follicles. The embryonic deaths are attributed to secretion from the stimulated maternal-thyroid. Injections of crystalline thyroxin produced no such effects.
Synthesis of the first component of complement by primary cultures of human tumors of the colon and urogenital tract and comparable normal tissue.

Abstract Primary cultures of normal adult colon from a colonic carcinoma, and urinary tract transitional cells from urethra, bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, and transitional cell carcinomas from the bladder have been shown to synthesize the first component of human complement for periods up to 54 days. Primary cultures of cells derived from adenoma of prostate, normal prostatic tissue, renal cell carcinoma, and fibroblast did not show evidence of synthesis of C l activity. Net synthesis has been demonstrated by incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into C l and its subunit Cl s which were purified by affinity chromatography. When tested the synthesis of C l as well as general protein synthesis was inhibitable by cycloheximide. It has not been ascertained whether all the subunits of C l were produced by the same cell.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies of 99Tc in aqueous solutions. Part II

The addition of NaNO2 to aqueous NH4TcO4 yielded paramagnetic Tc complexes when reduced in HCl solutions. Similar or identical complexes are produced by reduction of NH4TcO4 with hydroxyl amine in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions.
The influence of testosterone and lactogen on synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin F2α by the human prostate

Abstract This work was undertaken to determine the ability of human prostate tissue to synthesize prostaglandin F 2 alpha and to metabolize the F 2 alpha to 15-keto-PGF 2 alpha, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF 2 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-PGF 2 alpha. Surgically obtained prostate tissue was incubated with either 3 H-arachidonic acid or 3 H-PGF 2 alpha and incorporation of tritium into PGF 2 alpha or the aforementioned metabolites was determined. The identity of these substances was corroborated by gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Significant increases above control levels were obtained when testosterone and lactogen were added to the incubation mixture. Maximal biosynthesis and metabolism of the prostaglandin was obtained when androgen and lactogen were present together. It is believed that androgen and lactogen produce a synergistic acceleration of PGF 2 alpha synthesis and metabolism.
Environmental illness and biomedicine: Anomalies, exemplars, and the politics of the body

An increasing number of Americans claim to be suffering from a disease caused by low‐level exposures to synthetic chemicals. Among the names given to this new medical problem are “multiple chemical sensitivity” and “environmental illness,” or “El.” The symptoms of El and stories the environmentally ill tell about the origin of their disabilities cannot be accounted for using standard pathophysiological methods or theories. However, although the symptoms and etiology stories of El claimants violate many of the paradigm‐induced expectations of biomedicine, they closely correspond to a deviant medical theory known as clinical ecology or environmental medicine. A sociological analysis of the epistemological dispute between biomedicine, the environmentally ill, and environmental medicine is accomplished using Kuhn's conflict model of scientific change and Foucault's micropolitics of the body. The high‐stakes social, political, and economic issues in this conflict are reflected in the complicated array of const...
Electron beam testing of circuits at liquid nitrogen temperature

An electron beam tester has been modified so that circuits being tested can be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature. This enables voltage contrast imaging, and internal node probing, of low-temperature circuits. Waveform measurements made in this way reveal details of low-temperature circuit operation which cannot be easily obtained by any other means.
Military Spending and Poverty

This article examines the extent to which military spending is associated with poverty in the United States for the period 1959-92. The relationship is complicated by macroeconomic factors such as economic growth and unemployment. Increased military spending is associated with increasing poverty; however, there is an inverse relationship between wartime military spending and poverty and a direct relationship between peacetime military spending and poverty. Also, military personnel spending is inversely correlated with poverty while Operations and Maintenance (O&M), procurement, and Research and Development (R&D) spending are directly correlated with poverty. These findings suggest the antipoverty policy alternatives of increased social welfare spending, defense conversion that is poverty sensitive, or increased spending on military personnel, which is usually only accompanied by war mobilization. The last option is untenable as social policy and the first option is unlikely in the present political climat...
Preliminary Analysis Of Interteaching's Frequent Examinations Component In The Community College Classroom

Interteaching has shown to be an effective alternative to traditional lecture in a number of studies, but thorough analyses of its components, including frequent exams, is limited. Research suggests that increasing the frequency of exams may improve student learning. This study assessed the effectiveness of interteachings frequent exams component on student exam scores in two introductory psychology course sections at a community college. Six unit exams were given to Section 1 and 12 to Section 2. Both sections received identical pretests and posttests. Although statistically insignificant, Section 2 consistently scored better or equal to Section 1 on all exams. Section 2 also produced a greater difference between pretest and posttest scores. Although not reaching traditionally significant levels, the results suggest that students given frequent exams may achieve higher exam scores and increase retention of overall course material.
Pressure probe designs for dynamic pressure measurements in a supersonic flow field

A series of dynamic flow field pressure probes were developed for use in large-scale supersonic wind tunnels at NASA Glenn Research Center. These flow field probes include pitot, static, and five-hole conical pressure probes that are capable of capturing fast acting flow field pressure transients that occur on a millisecond time scale. The pitot and static probes can be used to determine local Mach number time histories during a transient event. The five-hole conical pressure probes are used primarily to determine local flow angularity, but can also determine local Mach number. These probes were designed, developed, and tested at the NASA Glenn Research Center. They were also used in a 10- by 10-foot supersonic wind tunnel test program where they successfully acquired flow field pressure data in the vicinity of a propulsion system during an engine compressor stall and inlet unstart transient event. Details of the design, development, and subsequent use of these probes are discussed.
A Phase I Study of Weekly Cisplatin and Whole Abdominal Radiation for the Treatment of Stage III and IV Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Pilot Study

A Gynecologic Oncology Group Phase I study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of whole abdominal radiation therapy with concurrent weekly cisplatin in patients with surgical International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage III and IV endometrial carcinoma. Cisplatin 15 mg/m2 was given once weekly during radiation therapy to the whole abdomen with a pelvic boost and optional para-aortic radiation. All eight patients received the prescribed dose of radiation therapy. Cisplatin chemotherapy was halted in one patient due to increased serum creatinine after three cycles. Acute adverse effects were within acceptable limits, with one patient admitted to the hospital after completion of treatment for diarrhea. Hematopoietic toxicity was clinically unimportant. Serious late toxicities included one radiation enteritis requiring a bowel resection and chylous ascites in one patient. There was no late renal damage reported. This regimen appears to be tolerated acutely and the late toxicities were similar to those seen with whole abdominal radiation therapy alone.
ADS-Mode S system overview

ADS-Mode S is a system concept that merges the capabilities of Automatic Dependent Surveillance and the Mode S beacon radar. The result is an integrated system for seamless surveillance and data link that permits equipped aircraft to participate in ADS or beacon ground environments. This offers many possibilities for transitioning from a beacon to an ADS based surveillance system. The ADS-Mode S concept is based on the use of the Mode S squirter. The current Mode S squirter is a spontaneous, periodic (once per second) 56-bit broadcast message containing the Mode S 24-bit address. This broadcast is provided by all Mode S transponders and is used by the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) to acquire nearby Mode S equipped aircraft. For ADS-Mode S use, this squitter broadcast would be extended to 112 bits to provide for the transmission of a 56-bit ADS message field. The ADS squitter would be transmitted in addition to the current TCAS squirter in order to maintain compatibility with current TCAS equipment during transition. >
Increased insulin-like growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor system in the pyloric muscle in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is characterized by hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle. The etiology of IHPS is unknown. The growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC) is regulated by several growth factors. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) act synergistically to stimulate SMC proliferation. The effects of IGF-I and PDGF are mediated via their receptors. Methods: Full-thickness muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from eight IHPS patients (age range, 14 to 46 days) at pyloromyotomy and from eight age-matched controls without gastrointestinal disease at autopsy performed within 4 hours after death. Indirect three-step immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-IGF-I, IGF-I receptor α (IGF-IRα), IGF-IRβ, PDGF-BB and PDGF receptor (PDGF-R) antibodies and visualized by peroxidase staining. Results: The most striking difference between tissues from IHPS patients and controls was the marked increase in IGF-I, IGF-IRα, IGF-IRβ and PDGF-R in the hypertrophic circular muscle layer, and, to a lesser degree, in the longitudinal muscle in pyloric stenosis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the upregulated local IGF and PDGF systems may play a role in the development of pyloric muscle hypertrophy in IHPS.
Institutions for Cyber Security: International Responses and Global Imperatives

Almost everyone recognizes the salience of cyberspace as a fact of daily life. Given its ubiquity, scale, and scope, cyberspace has become a fundamental feature of the world we live in and has created a new reality for almost everyone in the developed world and increasingly for people in the developing world. This paper seeks to provide an initial baseline, for representing and tracking institutional responses to a rapidly changing international landscape, real as well as virtual. We shall argue that the current institutional landscape managing security issues in the cyber domain has developed in major ways, but that it is still “under construction.” We also expect institutions for cyber security to support and reinforce the contributions of information technology to the development process. We begin with (a) highlights of international institutional theory and an empirical “census” of the institutions-in-place for cyber security, and then turn to (b) key imperatives of information technology-development ...
Grouping volume renderers for enhanced visualization in computational fluid dynamics

This paper advocates the use of a group of renderers rather than any specific rendering method. We describe a bundle containing four alternative approaches to visualizing volume data. One new approach uses realistic volumetric gas rendering techniques to produce photo-realistic images and animations. The second uses ray casting that is based on a simpler illumination model and is mainly centered around a versatile new tool for the design of transfer functions. The third method employs a simple illumination model and rapid rendering mechanisms to provide efficient preview capabilities. The last one reduces data magnitude by displaying the most visible components and exploits rendering hardware to provide real time browsing capabilities. We show that each rendering tool provides a unique service and demonstrate the combined utility of our group of volume renderers in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) visualization. While one tool allows the explorer to render rapidly for navigation through the data, another tool allows one to emphasize data features (e.g., shock waves), and yet another tool allows one to realistically render the data. We believe that only through the deployment of groups of renderers will the scientist be well served and equipped to form numerous perspectives of the same dataset, each providing different insights into the data. >
Distributed roadmap aided routing in sensor networks

Communication between arbitrary pairs of nodes has become critical to support in emerging sensor networking applications. Traditional routing techniques for multi-hop wireless networks either require high control overhead in computing and maintaining routes, or may lead to unbounded route-stretch. In order to bound the route-stretch, we propose a distributed shortest-path roadmap based routing paradigm that embodies two ideas: routing hole approximation that summaries the critical information about hole boundaries and controlled advertisement that advertises the boundary information of each hole within limited neighborhoods. We show that our approach makes a desired tradeoff between the worst case route-stretch and the message overhead through both analysis and simulations.
The role of the lecturer as tutor: doing what effective tutors do in a large lecture class.

Wood, W. B., & Tanner, K. D. (2012). The role of the lecturer as tutor: doing what effective tutors do in a large lecture class. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 11(1), 3-9. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1187%2Fcbe.11-12-0110
Relationship between respiratory, endocrine, and cognitive-emotional factors in response to a pharmacological panicogen.

Background: The cholecystokinin agonist pentagastrin has been used to study panic attacks in the laboratory and to investigate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Its mechanism of panicogenesis remains unclear. Data from other models suggest that respiratory stimulation itself may induce panic, but pentagastrin's effects on respiration are not well established. Data from another model also suggest links between respiratory and HPA axis reactivity and cognitive modulation of both. To further explore these phenomena, we added respiratory measures to a study of cognitive modulation of HPA and anxiety responses to pentagastrin. Methods: Healthy subjects received pentagastrin and placebo injections, with measurement of cortisol and subjective responses, on two different laboratory visits. They were randomly assigned to receive standard instructions or one of two versions of previously studied cognitive interventions (to either facilitate coping or increase sense of control), given before each visit. Capnograph measures of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and end-tidal pCO2 were obtained on 24 subjects. Results: Relative to placebo, pentagastrin induced a significant decline in pCO2 with no change in RR. Cortisol and HR increased, as expected. Cognitive intervention reduced the hyperventilatory response to pentagastrin. Conclusions: Pentagastrin stimulates respiration, likely via increases in tidal volume. Respiratory stimulation could play a role in its panicogenic potency, though perhaps indirectly. As with HPA axis responses, higher-level brain processes may be capable of modulating pentagastrin-induced hyperventilation. This model may be useful for further study of cortical/cognitive control of interacting emotional, respiratory, and neuroendocrine sensitivities, with potential relevance to panic pathophysiology. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quorum Sensing and Silencing in Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The quorum regulatory cascade is poorly characterized in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, in part because swarming and virulence factors--the hallmarks of the organism--are repressed by this scheme of gene control, and quorum sensing seems to be silenced in many isolates. In these studies, we examine a swarming-proficient, virulent strain and identify an altered-function allele of the quorum regulator luxO that is demonstrated to produce a constitutively active mimic of LuxO∼P. We find that LuxO* affects the expression of three small regulatory RNAs (Qrrs) and the activity of a translational fusion in opaR, the output regulator. Tests for epistasis showed that luxO* is dominant over luxO and that opaR is dominant over luxO. Thus, information flow through the central elements of the V. parahaemolyticus quorum pathway is proven for the first time. Quorum-sensing output was explored using microarray profiling: the OpaR regulon encompasses ∼5.2% of the genome. OpaR represses the surface-sensing and type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) regulons. One novel discovery is that OpaR strongly and oppositely regulates two type VI secretion systems (T6SS). New functional consequences of OpaR control were demonstrated: OpaR increases the cellular cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) level, positively controls chitin-induced DNA competency, and profoundly blocks cytotoxicity toward host cells. In expanding the previously known quorum effects beyond the induction of the capsule and the repression of swarming to elucidate the global scope of genes in the OpaR regulon, this study yields many clues to distinguishing traits of this Vibrio species; it underscores the profoundly divergent survival strategies of the quorum On/Off phase variants.
Association of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus with abnormalities of fibrinolysis

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at an increased risk of developing osteonecrosis (ON). Twenty-six patients with SLE were studied. Fifteen of these had ON and 11 did not. The latter were used as control subjects. Various coagulation analytes including antithrombin III (ATIII) activity, protein C activity, protein S activity, alpha 2-antiplasmin activity, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity and tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen were measured using citrated plasma samples from the patients. A significant proportion (80%) of patients had at least one laboratory abnormality that has been associated with a thrombotic predisposition. ON was significantly associated with elevated levels of PAI-1 activity; it was also associated with elevated PAI-1/tPA ratio. There was no association between ON of SLE and abnormalities of the other measured coagulation analytes. These results suggest that defective fibrinolysis seems to be operative in the pathogenesis of ON associated with SLE. The defect appears to involve an imbalance between tPA and its inhibitor, PAI-1. This imbalance could represent an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of ON.
An Analysis of the FMA Annual Meetings: Presentation Activity of Institutions and Individuals, 1996 - 2012

This paper examines the Financial Management Association (FMA) Annual Meeting programs from 1996 through 2012. During this seventeen year time period, 2,107 unique (different) institutions are represented on the FMA program. Georgia State University has the most authors on the FMA program during this time period. There are 8,992 unique authors. There are 93 authors with 17 papers on the FMA program during the time period, which averages to one paper per year during the study. However, only three authors actually had one or more papers on the program during all seventeen years of our study. We compare the papers published in Financial Management to the presentations listed in the FMA programs and find that slightly more than 41% of papers published in Financial Management are also presented at the FMA meetings.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of helix reorganization observed by transient 2D IR spectroscopy

The relaxation of helical structures very close to equilibrium is observed via transient 2D IR spectroscopy. An initial distribution of synthetically distorted helices having an unnatural bridge linking the 10th and 12th residues of an alanine-rich α-helix is released to evolve into the equilibrium distribution of α-helix conformations. The bridge constrains the structure to be slightly displaced from the full α-helix equilibrium near these residues, yet the peptide is not unfolded completely. The release is accomplished by a subpicosecond pulse of UV irradiation. The resulting 2D IR signals are used to obtain snapshots of the ∼100-ps helical conformational reorganization of the distorted dihedral angle and distance between amide units at chemical bond length-scale resolution. The decay rates of the angle between the dipoles, dihedral angles, and distance autocorrelations obtained from molecular dynamics simulations support the experiments, providing evidence that the final helix collapse conforms to linear response theory.
An Overview of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Studies

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group conducts phase II and III trials for the treatment of resectable and unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer, and also participates in a number of Intergroup studies. For resectable disease, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group is participating in a phase III prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist gefitinib (ZD1839), a phase II trial for superior sulcus tumors of induction chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin/etoposide followed by surgical resection, followed by docetaxel. For unresectable disease, a phase III trial of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and thoracic radiation therapy with or without thalidomide is underway. Proposed studies include a feasibility phase II study of chemotherapy/hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy (HART) + cetuximab (an antibody specific for epidermal growth factor receptor) and a phase II trial of pharmcogenomics-directed adjuvant chemotherapy for completely resected non-small cell lung cancer.
A software development post-mortem summary

Software development requires the integration of many concepts and activities. We looked at five key elements: people, functions, schedule, tools and processes. These five elements and their dynamics are discussed in the context of a business applications project. This analysis is performed in the spirit of a project post-mortem, as encouraged by Abdel-Hamid and Madnick [1]. It also provides data with which other business applications developers can compare.
Pediatric photosensitivity disorders.

As many photosensitivity disorders present in childhood, physicians who serve the pediatric population are the first line in the identification and management of this group of diseases. Although a classic photodistribution of lesions may point to photosensitivity, a correct diagnosis will rely heavily on detailed history. The role of the dermatologist is not only to identify and treat these disorders, but also to counsel patients and their families in specific light avoidance, photoprotection, and, in some cases, major lifestyle adjustments. Many photosensitivity disorders require referrals to specialists and the involvement of a dermatologist to coordinate appropriate care.
Clinical pathway for thoracic surgery in the United States

The paradigm for postoperative care for thoracic surgical patients in the United States has shifted with efforts to reduce hospital length of stay and improve quality of life. The increasing usage of minimally invasive techniques in thoracic surgery has been an important part of this. In this review we will examine our standard practices as well as the evidence behind both general contemporary postoperative care principles and those specific to certain operations.
Conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: ISI by ITI interaction

Sixty-six rabbits were employed to investigate the effects of two constant ITIs (1 and 5 min) and three ISIs (300, 1,000, and 2,000 msec) on conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. Conditioning rates were found to be directly related to both the ISI and an ISI by ITI interaction. Results were attributed to differences in ITI consolidation rates and differential vulnerability of the consolidation process to disruption. Furthermore, the use of constant ITIs suggested relationships that may have been obscured in the past by the use of variable ITIs.
Quality Performance in the Physician's Office

Because neither the physicians nor their office staffs are trained laboratorians, the reliability of test results from physician's office testing is of major concern. In this article, potential errors in laboratory testing are discussed, and a comprehensive quality-assurance program is presented.
Cerebrovascular Disease and Disorders

Cerebrovascular diseases are a common cause of cognitive impairment in adults and a clinically significant cause of cognitive disability in children. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are the main types of cerebrovascular disease. Risk factors for stroke, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment are discussed for each category of cerebrovascular disease, and differences across the life span are highlighted. Mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction due to cerebrovascular disorders are discussed. An approach to the neuropsychological assessment of children and adults with cerebrovascular disease is provided, emphasizing specific domains most commonly affected by stroke and common methods used to evaluate function. These include intellectual functioning, language, memory, attention and neglect, executive function, higher-order visual processing skills, fine motor and sensory function, and emotional and behavioral function. Issues unique to acute assessment are discussed. Long-term outcome and promising treatments are also described.
WE-AB-207B-10: On Spinal Nerve Toxicity from Single-Session SAbR in Pigs and the Translation of Small Animal NTCP Models

Purpose: The incidence of peripheral neuropathy has risen with increased utilization of SAbR. There is no consensus regarding the dose-tolerance of the peripheral nervous system. In 2015, we commenced an investigation to test the hypotheses that single-session irradiation to the pig spinal nerves exhibit a similar dose-tolerance as that of the spinal cord and that a dose-length effect exists. This work evaluates the direct application of small animal NTCP models to both large animal spinal cord and preliminary peripheral nerve data. Methods: To date, 16 of 25 Yucatan minipigs have received single-session SAbR to a 1.5cm length and 4 of 25 have received irradiation to a 0.5cm length of left-sided C6-C8 spinal nerves. Toxicity related gait change has been observed in 13 animals (9 from the long length group and 4 from the short). This preliminary data is overlaid on several dose-response models which have been fit to rodent spinal cord tolerance experiments. Model parameters define a toxicity profile between a completely serial or parallel behaving organ. Adequacy of model application, including how length effects are handled, to published minipig spinal cord dose-response data and to preliminary peripheral nerve response data was evaluated through residual analysis. Results: No rodent-derived dose-response models were directly applicable to all pig data for the different lengths irradiated. Several models fit the long-length irradiated spinal cord data well, with the more serial-like models fitting best. Preliminary data on the short-length irradiation suggests no length effect exists, disproving our hypothesis. Conclusion: Direct application of small-animal NTCP models to pig data suggests dose-length effect predictions from small animal data may not translate clinically. However, the small animal models used have not considered dose heterogeneity and it is expected that including the low-to-mid dose levels in the penumbral region will improve this match. This work was funded by the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT).
Bortezomib decreases the magnitude of a primary humoral immune response to transfused red blood cells in a murine model.

BACKGROUND Few therapeutic options currently exist to prevent or to mitigate transfusion-associated red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization. We hypothesized that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor currently being utilized for HLA alloantibody and ADAMTS13 autoantibody reduction, may be beneficial in a transfusion setting. Herein, we utilized a reductionist murine model to test our hypothesis that bortezomib would decrease RBC alloimmune responses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Wild-type mice were treated with bortezomib or saline and transfused with murine RBCs expressing the human KEL glycoprotein. Levels of anti-KEL immunoglobulins in transfusion recipients were measured by flow cytometry. The impact of bortezomib treatment on recipient plasma cells (PCs) and other immune cells was also assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS After bortezomib treatment, mice had a 50% reduction in splenic white blood cells and a targeted reduction in marrow PCs. Mice treated with bortezomib before the transfusion of KEL RBCs became alloimmunized in three of three experiments, although their serum anti-KEL IgG levels were 2.6-fold lower than those in untreated mice. Once a primary antibody response was established, bortezomib treatment did not prevent an anamnestic response from occurring. CONCLUSION To the extent that these findings are generalizable to other RBC antigens and to humans, bortezomib monotherapy is unlikely to be of significant clinical benefit in a transfusion setting where complete prevention of alloimmunization is desirable. Given the impact on PCs, however, it remains plausible that bortezomib therapy may be beneficial for RBC alloimmunization prevention or mitigation if used in combination with other immunomodulatory therapies.
Micrometeorology of an ephemeral desert city, the Burning Man experiment

Abstract Observations are presented from a 12-day micrometeorological experiment investigating impacts of an ephemeral city (Black Rock City, Nevada, population 70,000), which emerges each year on a flat, arid, vegetation-free playa in late summer for the week-long ‘Burning Man’ event. Analysis focuses on observations from a 28 m tower deployed in the center of the city prior to, and throughout the event. Wind profiles show a reduction in wind speed, particularly below 5 m and indicate an increase in roughness length. Surface radiation and energy fluxes were remarkably unchanged after the development of the city. Both cases resembled other arid surfaces and somewhat other urban surfaces, though with little anthropogenic and much less heat storage flux than traditional cities. CO2 fluxes increased rapidly from 5.2 gC m− 2 d− 1 on the first full day of measurement to 24.8 during the event and peaked during the exodus (33.3 gC m− 2 d− 1). Inventory modeling revealed sources were mostly stationary, especially on-site electricity generation for air conditioning units. The car-free nature of the main event reduced the mobile sources to less than metabolic sources from the population itself and the CO2 flux per capita was three times smaller than on arrival and exodus days.
Show Me What Happened: Analyzing Use of Force through Analysis of Body-Worn Camera Footage

Objectives:Using temporal sequencing of unedited police body-worn camera (BWC) footage of use of force incidents, we test four hypotheses to understand how incident-characteristics influence use of force, duration of that force, and the type and severity of force used by police.Method:We code and analyze using data visualization techniques and regression analysis unedited BWC footage involving use of force in a single police agency in the United States.Results:Use of force occurs relatively early in most interactions, though gender, race, and behavioral factors partially explain when and how much force is used. Regression results indicate that force is used more quickly against Black suspects and males. Suspect resistance predicts both time to force (TtF) and the duration of force applied. Finally, police are more likely to use greater levels of force in longer, more drawn-out interactions.Conclusions:Our results appear to support existing theories for disproportionate use of force, though we caution rest...
Impact of a Structured Report Template on the Quality of CT and MRI Reports for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis.

Abstract Purpose To assess the impact of a Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) structured template on quality of reports for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods A departmental structured LI-RADS template was adopted in April 2015. CT and MRI reports from September 2014 to February 2016 with probable or definite HCC were reviewed. Reporting of the following was recorded for each lesion and compared between template and free-text reports: (1) LI-RADS category, (2) Couinaud segment, and (3) unequivocal description of presence or absence of major LI-RADS HCC features: arterial phase hyperenhancement, "washout," diameter, threshold growth, and "capsule." Results There were 306 definite or probable HCCs, 125 (40.8%) reported with free text and 181 (59.2%) with the template. LI-RADS category was reported in 23 of 125 (18.4%) HCCs with free text and in 178 of 181 (98.3%) HCCs with the template ( P P P = .001). Threshold growth was reported in 36 of 125 (28.8%) HCCs with free text and in 169 of 181 (93.4%) HCCs with the template ( P P P P Conclusions Use of structured LI-RADS template resulted in more comprehensive and consistent reporting of major HCC features and LI-RADS category compared with free-text reporting.
Exogenous and endogenous corticosterone in feathers

In birds, the steroid hormone corticosterone (CORT) increases in response to real or perceived threats to homeostasis. A long-term record of CORT exposure is recorded in feathers when the hormone is incorporated into the keratinized tissue, and then preserved when the mature feather is cut off from the blood supply. The opportunity to retrospectively assess the exposure of an individual to stressors by measuring the amount of CORT in a feather has generated excitement amongst avian ecologists. However, this technique is relatively new and requires additional validations. In this study, we performed experiments in wild caught European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to test whether: 1) CORT deposition in the feather depends on time of day and 2) whether an ecologically relevant stressor (unpredictable food access) causes a change in feather CORT. We found that exogenous CORT was incorporated into feathers during the day and the night. However, there was no difference in feather CORT between birds with unpredictable access to food and those with continuous access, indicating that feather CORT might not always detect ecologically relevant stressors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Uncovering the Skills That Preservice Teachers Bring to Teacher Education: The Practice of Eliciting a Student’s Thinking:

Although teacher education is the formal means by which novices are prepared for teaching, they come having already had significant experience in schools. Preservice teachers have formed habits of ...
Generalization Strategies to Promote Text Comprehension Skills by Students With ASD in Core Content Areas

As increasing literature emerges to address text comprehension deficits for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), educators often struggle to design interventions resulting in successful ge...
EEG Frequency Changes Prior to Making Errors in an Easy Stroop Task.

Abstract Background: Mind-wandering is a form of off-task attention that has been associated with negative affect and rumination. The goal of this study was to assess potential electroencephalographic markers of task-unrelated thought, or mind-wandering state, as related to error rates during a specialized cognitive task. We used EEG to record frontal frequency band activity while participants completed a Stroop task that was modified to induce boredom, task-unrelated thought, and therefore mind-wandering. Methods: A convenience sample of twenty-seven older adults (50-80 years) completed a computerized Stroop matching task. Half of the Stroop trials were congruent (word/color match), and the other half were incongruent (mismatched). Behavioral data and EEG recordings were assessed. EEG analysis focused on the one-second epochs prior to stimulus presentation in order to compare trials followed by correct versus incorrect responses. Results: Participants made errors on 9% of incongruent trials. There were no errors on congruent trials. There was a decrease in alpha and theta band activity during the epochs followed by error responses. Conclusions: Although replication of these results is necessary, these findings suggest that potential mind-wandering, as evidenced by errors, can be characterized by a decrease in alpha and theta activity compared to on-task, accurate performance periods.
An improved target velocity sampling algorithm for free gas elastic scattering

Abstract We present an improved algorithm for sampling the target velocity when simulating elastic scattering in a Monte Carlo neutron transport code that correctly accounts for the energy dependence of the scattering cross section. The algorithm samples the relative velocity directly, thereby avoiding a potentially inefficient rejection step based on the ratio of cross sections. We have shown that this algorithm requires only one rejection step, whereas other methods of similar accuracy require two rejection steps. The method was verified against stochastic and deterministic reference results for upscattering percentages in 238 U. Simulations of a light water reactor pin cell problem demonstrate that using this algorithm results in a 3% or less penalty in performance when compared with an approximate method that is used in most production Monte Carlo codes.
Linking Mental Disorder and Risk in Sexually Violent Person Assessments

A common criticism of sexually violent person (SVP) laws is that psychiatric commitment has been co-opted to continue the incarceration of dangerous criminals, not dangerous individuals with mental illness. This opinion may have credence because some forensic clinicians use a "silo" approach (i.e., diagnosing based on historical criminal behavior rather than current symptomatology, and formulating risk for future sexual violence based on actuarial scores rather than characteristics and features of the mental condition). A silo process fosters a missing link; namely, the absence of a nexus between the mental condition and risk. This approach violates the necessary predicate for involuntary civil commitment, that the symptoms of an individual's current mental disorder be linked to and support a present sexual danger to others. In this article, we provide a brief overview of SVP statutes; describe how the silo approach compromises accurate diagnosis and identification of relevant risk factors; and present actual and fictitious cases illustrating the presence and absence of the missing link.
An investigation of early childhood teachers’ perceptions of families through a photo-sharing activity

ABSTRACTThis study examined parent–teacher interactions during a photo-sharing project at three early childhood centers that serve as clinical sites for early childhood preservice teachers. Families were provided with a digital camera for one week to document activities they used to support children’s early learning and development. Families then participated in an interview with their child’s teacher to share and discuss the meaning behind the images. Upon completion, teachers participated in a follow-up interview with the researchers to reflect on the process and their relationships with families. Data were thematically analyzed through the theoretical lens of cultural capital, and findings suggested that previously established power dynamics and assumptions about families interfered with the photo-sharing process aimed at enhancing home–school relationships. Families at a higher-income center possessed the most power in relationships, while families enrolled at lower-income centers possessed less power...
Tribological Behavior of 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel from −184°C to 750°C

Characterization of the coefficient of friction and wear rate of 440C stainless steel is needed to understand the effects of frictional heating in the bearings of the High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump of the Space Shuttle Main Engine. The coefficient of friction and wear rate have been measured over a range of temperature varying from liquid oxygen temperature (−184°C) to 750°C. The normal load has also been varied resulting in a variation of Hertzian stress from 0.915 to 3.660 GPa while the surface velocity has been varied from 0.5 to 2.0 m/s.
Assessing risk factors at local CrossFit events: from participants' perspectives

The purpose of the paper is to examine athletes' assessments of risk at local CrossFit competitions. An 18-item open-ended questionnaire grounded in Fuller and Drawer's (2004) risk management framework surveyed 26 participants about risk factors at local CrossFit competitions. The findings suggested that participants held expectations for equipment and the facility. Additionally, respondents appeared to be at ease when they felt a familiarity with the equipment and the set-up of the facility. There was, however, concern with limited spacing of equipment and people, but it was accepted when the event appeared to be organised. The paper moves beyond reviewing the organiser's role in event and risk management and sought out to understand participants' assessments of risk factors. The study provides further understanding about expectations of athletes. It is recommended to develop guidelines for best practices for hosts of local CrossFit events.
Existence and Stability of Solutions on the Real Line to x ( t ) + ∫ −∞ t a ( t −τ) g (τ, x (τ)) d τ= f ( t ), with General Forcing Term

This chapter discusses the existence and stability of solutions on the real line x ( t )+ ƒ t −∞ a( t −τ) g { r , x (τ)) d τ = f ( t ), with general forcing term. It presents an integral and the related integrodifferential equations for real-valued functions on the line. The forcing functions ƒ and Φ are restricted only by the requirement that for each t ∈ R , the function ƒ t ( Φ t ) given on the nonnegative axis R + by s → ƒ t ( s ) = ƒ ( t-s ), s ɛ R + , belongs to a preassigned function space F (or Φ ) on R + . The functions ƒ and x are so related that the present value of the output ƒ depends on the present value of the input x and on all past values of x . The chapter presents a theorem that states that if a : R + → R is nonnegative, nonincreasing, and bounded and g:R × R → R preserves measurability under composition, then whenever the measurable function x: R → R is such that the integral exist for all t ∈ R, Nx is locally absolute continuous.
Shells Of Other Shapes

In the preceding chapters, cylindrical shells, general shells of revolutions, conical shells and spherical shells have been treated, and some solutions were obtained. In this chapter the governing equations and geometric relations for some other shell shapes are provided, with no solutions, as an aid to solving problems, and giving insight as to how to approach these other problems.