cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Drug-Abusing Women With Children in Residential Treatment: A Preliminary Evaluation of Program Retention and Treatment Completion

An ex post facto study was conducted to investigate treatment outcomes for 80 women and 168 children admitted into a residential substance-abuse treatment program. The results indicated childhood emotional neglect is a barrier for remaining in and completing treatment for African-American women with comorbid psychological disorders but not for those with crack cocaine dependent disorders. African-American women with comorbid psychological disorders were also three times more likely to dropout of treatment. In addition, there were relatively few differences for between drug-exposed and nonexposed children. However, the results indicated that children of substance-abusing women who completed treatment were more likely to have behavioral problems, to receive early intervention services, and to have mothers as legal guardians by the end of treatment. Implications for gender-specific interventions for African-American women and their children in residential treatment are discussed.
Electronic properties of carbon nanotubes by transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy

We present electron energy-loss spectroscopy measurements on isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes and their bundles performed in a scanning transmission-electron microscope. Spectra are obtained over a range of impact parameters, from the centers of the samples to several nanometers outside the material. Curve-fitting techniques reveal five peaks in the range \ensuremath{\sim}2--30 eV. These include surface and bulk plasmons and direct \ensuremath{\pi} to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ interband transitions. The energies, heights, and widths of these peaks are tracked throughout the data sets in order to determine their dependence on bundle diameter and impact parameter. The heights of the externally excited surface mode peaks are compared to a model that varies exponentially with impact parameter and by a power law with bundle diameter. The power-law exponent varies from \ensuremath{\sim}0.4 for the \ensuremath{\pi} to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ mode to \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 for the $\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\sigma}$ bulk plasmon, with the surface plasmons close to 1. The peak height data suggest a sensitivity to density inhomogeneities in one of the bundles and possibly to random variations in the chiral vectors among the single tubes and small bundles. These patterns are further elucidated in the peak energy and width data.
Microstructure stability of nanocrystalline materials using dopants

By definition, nanocrystalline materials have grain sizes, d, less than 100 nm. Due to their reduced grain size, nanocrystalline materials have superior mechanical properties compared to their microcrystalline counterparts. Loss of these unique properties due to grain growth under the effect of high temperature and stress is a limitation to their use in many applications. Recently it has been proposed to use dopants (alloying elements) to reduce the driving force for grain boundary motion, leading to improved microstructural stability and resistance to deformation. Inclusion of dopants has been shown to alter properties of nanocrystalline materials, although their precise effect on mechanical and electrical properties is still unclear. In this brief review article, work done in the domain of stability of polycrystalline materials using dopants and their application in nanocrystalline materials is discussed. The importance of both experiment and molecular dynamics simulations is presented.
Quasioptimal uniformly convergent finite element methods for the elliptic boundary layer problem

We consider the bilinear finite element method for the singularly perturbed elliptic boundary value problem in two dimensions. We construct our method on a Shishkin mesh. Through the boundary layer correction technique and elaborate barrier functions, the method is shown to be convergent, uniformly in the perturbation parameter of order N−2 ln2 N in the L2 norm. Numerical results confirm our theoretical analysis.
Effects of lovastatin on the immune system

Laboratory investigations have demonstrated that blockade of HMG-CoA reductase in vitro reduces lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens as well as other facets of the immune system, such as natural killer cell cytotoxicity. However, in this randomized and double-blind clinical investigation, treatment with 20-mg lovastatin for 6 months did not significantly alter several enumerative and functional characteristics of circulating immune cells.
Ondansetron is effective in decreasing postoperative nausea and vomiting

The efficacy of ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in surgical patients was studied. Fifty women were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive either two 8 mg doses of intravenous ondansetron or two doses of placebo vehicle: the first given just before general anesthesia induction and the second 8 hours later. During the first 24 postoperative hours, the number of emetic episodes was recorded and the subjects rated their nausea on a scale from 0 to 10. Ondansetron-treated subjects had fewer emetic episodes (p < 0.001) and lower subjective nausea scores (p < 0.001). The number of complete responders (no emetic episodes and no rescue therapy) was 1 of 24 (4%) and 15 of 26 (58%) in the placebo and ondansetron groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Ondansetron is clearly more effective than placebo in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The adverse event profile for ondansetron was similar to that of placebo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1992) 52, 96–101; doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.107
Line up and listen: planar cell polarity regulation in the mammalian inner ear

The inner ear sensory organs possess extraordinary structural features necessary to conduct mechanosensory transduction for hearing and balance. Their structural beauty has fascinated scientists since the dawn of modern science and ensured a rigorous pursuit of the understanding of mechanotransduction. Sensory cells of the inner ear display unique structural features that underlie their mechanosensitivity and resolution, and represent perhaps the most distinctive form of a type of cellular polarity, known as planar cell polarity (PCP). Until recently, however, it was not known how the precise PCP of the inner ear sensory organs was achieved during development. Here, we review the PCP of the inner ear and recent advances in the quest for an understanding of its formation.
Position paper on video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery as treatment of pediatric empyema

Pediatric empyema can be managed with a variety of modalities, and the evidence for an ideal management strategy is limited. Early or simple effusions can be treated with antibiotics alone or with drainage when respiratory distress occurs. Once fibrinopurulent empyema has developed, therapy may involve either chest tube placement with instillation of fibrinolytics or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with pleural decortication. In late or fibrotic empyema, an assumption persists that the fibrotic peel must be managed by decortication that can be done either thoracoscopically or through a minithoracotomy incision. This position paper is coauthored by the New Technology Committee of the American Pediatric Surgery Association. The goal is to discuss the ongoing controversies and summarize, in an evidence-based manner, the various treatment options and to suggest a reasonable therapeutic algorithm for the care of children with empyema.
Recognition and Treatment of Reactions to Contrast Media: A Model for Resident and Faculty Education Employing Lectures and Case Scenario Workshops

Rationale and Objectives. The effectiveness of an interactive course on the recognition and treatment of contrast media reactions was studied. Methods. An instructional course on contrast media reactions was organized for the radiology staff, residents, and nurses. Before the beginning of the 3-day course, a 25-point pretest was administered to determine the ability of each participant to recognize and treat contrast material reactions. An identical posttest was administered after the course, and the pre- and posttest results were compared. Results. There was a statistically significant improvement on the posttest scores for all subjects tested (P Conclusion. A short course on contrast material reactions is a worthwhile learning aid that is simple to conduct and educates and instills confidence in both residents and staff.
Urea: Potential Functions, log P, and Free Energy of Hydration

Intermolecular potential functions have been developed for urea. Ab initio 6–31G(d) calculations were performed on urea-water complexes to obtain interaction energies and hydrogen-bond lengths that were used in developing the partial charges for the OPLS model. An important test was made by computing through Monte Carlo simulations the difference in chloroform/water partition coefficients for urea and acetamide, Δ log P. The accord between the computed result from statistical perturbation theory for TIP4P water and OPLS chloroform (2.0 ± 0.1 ) and the experimental value (1.9) is excellent. The computed absolute free energy of hydration of acetamide (-9.5 ± 0.4 kcal/mol) also matches the experimental data at 25 °C (-9.68 kcal/mol). These facts provide confidence in the computed value of −13.6 ± 0.4 kcal/mol for the absolute free energy of hydration of urea, an experimentally unavailable result. The water structure around urea and acetamide was also characterized; the average numbers of solute-water hydrogen bonds are 5 for urea and 3–4 for acetamide.
Optimization of primary jaw settings for stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy

Abstract The primary goal of stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy is to provide a technique by which the dose to a target volume can be maximized while minimizing the dose to uninvolved structures. Initially, circular apertures were applied through the use of multiple arcs and one or more isocenters in an effort to achieve these goals. Advances in field-shaping techniques, such as more elaborate cerrobend shaping and micromultileaf collimators, have allowed for improved target conformality with further reductions in dose to normal tissues. The shape of these secondary collimation devices is usually set at the precise size and shape necessary to encompass only the volume of interest with a small margin. Often, however, the primary collimators are set at a default setting that may be much larger than required to encompass the treatment area. This results in unnecessary transmission through the secondary collimators and added dose to the uninvolved tissues. This paper compares the dose delivered to normal tissues surrounding the target volume when a “standard” collimator setting is used to dose delivered when the primary collimator setting is optimized to only that necessary to encompass the treatment volume.
Group-Transfer Reactions of Ni(II)−Ni(II) Bridging Imido Complexes. Catalytic Formation of Carbodiimides and Isocyanates via Nitrene Transfer from Organoazides

The NHC-supported Ni(I) dimer {(IPr)Ni(μ-Cl)}2 (1; IPr = 1,3-di(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) yields the bridging d8−d8 imido complex {(IPr)NiCl}2(μ-NMes) (2; Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) up...
Bud bank dynamics and clonal growth strategy in the rhizomatous grass, Pascopyrum smithii

Recruitment of rhizomatous perennial grass ramets primarily occurs from the belowground bud bank. Investment in guerilla versus phalanx growth is determined by bud availability, development, and spatial distribution. The tiller and bud bank dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii, a dominant rhizomatous grass of the northern mixed-grass prairie, were examined in South Dakota throughout an annual cycle to assess the investment in guerilla versus phalanx growth and the role of different bud populations in renewal versus regenerative functions and vegetative spread via rhizomes. Pascopyrum smithii invested substantially in both phalanx and guerilla tiller production. However, investment in rhizome production before tiller recruitment prioritized guerilla over phalanx growth. Annual tiller recruitment of P. smithii was capable of flexible timing, occurring in either spring or fall. Renewal buds, from which rhizomes and tillers were recruited, primarily consisted of the youngest generation of buds borne at the base of tillers. Although rhizome axillary buds and older tiller axillary buds were rarely used in annual tiller recruitment, they provided a sizable reserve (regenerative) bud bank. The spatial distribution of bud development produced the mixed guerrilla–phalanx growth pattern and flexible tiller recruitment timing of P. smithii. Therefore, P. smithii is capable of employing both conservative and foraging growth strategies which will facilitate its persistence under local neighborhood variability and changing resource availability associated with environmental change. Understanding the spatial distribution of buds as determined by rhizome architecture is essential to understanding the distribution and composition of species within plant communities dominated by clonal species.
Quantum ergodic wavefunctions from a thermal non-linear Schrödinger equation

Abstract Statistical properties of finite dimensional quantum systems can be studied be defining a non-linear Schrodinger equation which explicitly includes heat bath interactions. In this way, dynamical quantum ergodic wavefunctions can be realized which reproduce the canonical measure in Hilbert space.
Erratum to “Inbred mouse strain survey of sucrose intake” [Physiology & Behavior 85 (2005) 546–566]

A/J 3.2 (0.4) 5.4 (0.6) 5.3 (0.3) 5.2 (0.4) 4.3 (0.5) 4.6 (0.4) 6.5 (1.0) b 11.1 (2.0) b, c 13.5 (2.0) b, d 12.8 (1.5) b, e AKR/J 2.8 (0.3) 3.9 (0.6) 4.5 (0.3) 4.4 (0.5) 3.9 (0.6) 3.9 (0.6) 4.7 (0.6) 5.8 (0.4) b 5.8 (0.8) b 6.3 (0.7) b BALB/cJ 2.8 (0.2) 3.7 (0.6) 4.6 (0.6) 4.1 (0.6) 4.0 (0.7) 7.3 (1.2) b, f 5.8 (0.6) b 6.6 (0.4) b, g 9.7 (1.5) b, g 11. 7 (1.3) b, h C57BL/6J 2.7 (0.2) 4.1 (0.5) 3.7 (0.4) 4.0 (0.5) 4.4 (0.4) 5.8 (0.5) b 9.9 (1.7) b, i 11.5 (1.4) b, i 16.0 (1.6) b, j 12.2 (1.3) b, e C57BL/10J 3.0 (0.3) 7.3 (1.2) b 4.2 (0.5) 4.9 (0.7) 3.7 (0.2) 5.0 (0.4) 6.5 (0.6) b 7.5 (0.4) b 11.1 (0.5) b, h 11.2 (0.6) b, k CBA/J 2.3 (0.3) 6.5 (1.5) b 5.1 (1.1) b 5.8 (1.2) b 4.8 (0.7) 4.5 (0.5) 4.7 (0.6) 5.2 (0.6) b 7.7 (1.4) b 7.1 (1.5) b CD-1 3.3 (0.2) 6.0 (0.6) b 5.9 (0.5) b 6.1 (0.4) b 5.4 (0.4) b, l 6.3 (0.5) b 7.8 (0.5) b, g 10.1 (1.0) b, h 10.5 (1.1) b, i 8.2 (0.8) b, h C3H/HeJ 2.6 (0.3) 3.9 (0.4) 3.3 (0.7) 3.2 (0.6) 3.3 (0.4) 4.9 (0.3) 4.3 (0.6) 5.8 (0.6) b 8.3 (0.7) b 8.1 (0.6) b DBA/2J 2.6 (0.3) 5.3 (0.5) b 5.2 (0.8) b 4.8 (0.9) 4.3 (0.5) 4.8 (0.7) 4.9 (1.0) 5.9 (0.7) b 7.4 (1.0) b 8.2 (1.1) b SJL/J 3.6 (0.4) 6.7 (0.3) b 3.6 (0.3) 5.3 (0.3) 5.5 (0.3) 6.2 (0.6) 9.0 (0.5) b, c 11.6 (0.4) b, i 12.4 (0.7) b, c 12.5 (0.9) b, e SWR/J 4.3 (0.2) 6.5 (0.5) 6.7 (0.5) 7.4 (0.4) b, m 6.4 (0.5) n 8.5 (0.5) b, o 14.3 (1.1) b, p 23.3 (1.7) b, p 24.1 (2.6) b, p 15.7 (0.7) b, p 129P3/J 3.5 (0.4) 3.6 (0.5) 4.4 (0.4) 5.5 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) 4.6 (0.6) 5.7 (0.4) 6.7 (0.6) b 9.2 (0.8) b 9.7 (0.7) b a Baseline water intake from designated “Sucrose” bottle. b Significant increase in Sucrose intake from corresponding baseline value (p<0.05). c Significantly greater than AKR/J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). d Significantly greater than AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/10J, CBA/J, CD-1, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). e Significantly greater than AKR/J, CBA/J, CD-1, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). f Significantly greater than A/J and CBA/J strains (p<0.05). g Significantly greater than the AKR/J strain (p<0.05). h Significantly greater than AKR/J, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ and DBA/2J strains (p<0.05). i Significantly greater than AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/10J, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). j Significantly greater than AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/10J, CBA/J, CD-1, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, SJL/J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). k Significantly greater than AKR/J, CBA/J, CD-1, C3H/HeJ and DBA/2J strains (p<0.05). l Significantly greater than the C3H/HeJ strain (p<0.05). m Significantly greater than AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ strains (p<0.05). n Significantly greater than C57BL/10J and C3H/HeJ strains (p<0.05). o Significantly greater than A/J, AKR/J, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, CBA/J, CD-1, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains (p<0.05). p Significantly greater weight-adjusted Sucrose intake than all other eleven strains (p<0.05).
John Hawkes, Lyrical Visionary: An Appreciation of the Writer's Writer

To write fiction that portrays the nightmarish aspects of the unconscious is simply to say at the outset that the opposite view is equally true and equally valid. All my fiction is, in a sense, lyr...
Food allergy in children

Food allergic reactions have generated increasing concern in the United States, with approximately one fourth of American households altering their dietary habits because a member of the family is perceived to suffer from food allergies. IgE-mediated (type I) hypersensitivity accounts for most well-characterized food allergic reactions, although non-IgE-mediated immune mechanisms are believed to be responsible for a variety of hypersensitivity disorders. This article examines adverse food reactions that are IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, and those entities that have characteristics of both.
THE LOSS OF ESTROGEN-PROTEIN BINDING CAPACITY IN RAT HEPATOMA1

Previous investigations from this laboratory have revealed the presence of enzymic mechanisms in rat liver which promote the binding in vitro of isotopically-labeled estrone or its metabolites to the proteins of the serum medium as well as to those of the surviving tissue (Szego, 1953). One aspect of these findings has been confirmed by Riegel and Mueller (1954) who observed incorporation of radioactivity derived from estradiol-16-C14 into the “insoluble” proteins of liver homogenates. The present investigation deals with the measurement of estrogenprotein binding in vitro in primary and transplanted hepatoma. The results indicate that the binding of estrone or its metabolites to the proteins of the serum medium is greatly reduced in the presence of the pathological tissues. Additional aberrations of estrone metabolism in the neoplastic tissues are described. MATERIALS AND METHODS The procedures used in the present study, with exceptions and additions specifically noted below, have been described in detai...
Process-Structure-Reflectance Correlations for TiB2 Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition

The process-structure-reflectance interrelationships for TiB 2 films prepared by CVD were determined using statistically designed experiments. A hot wall CVD reactor employing graphite substrates and the TiCl 4 + BCl 3 + H 2 reagent system were used at pressures of 2.7 and 6.7 kPa. Single-phase polycrystalline TiB 2 films were obtained. An increasing percentage of the grains were oriented with their (001) planes parallel to the substrate as the deposition temperature was increased and as the BCl 3 :TiCl 4 ratio decreased. Grain size increased from ∼0.5 to 3 μm as the deposition temperature was increased from 900° to 1100°C and as the coating rate was decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 μm/ min. Fine-grained, smooth, highly reflective films were obtained at low deposition temperatures and high BCl 3 :TiCl 4 ratios.
Cultural associations and mechanisms of change in anthropomorphic figurines during the Neolithic in the eastern Mediterranean basin

Abstract This paper describes a series of multivariate analyses involving figurines of the Neolithic period in the eastern Mediterranean basin. It is felt that previous discussions concerning this class of artifact were too impressionistic and based upon an inappropriate use of analogy. The present research confirms many of the chronological relationships between Anatolia, Greece, and Yugoslavia. It also suggests that body parts as attributes may be a useful unit of analysis. Finally, a model is presented which may account for stylistic changes in figurine manufacture through time.
Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism. Biochemical and symptom profiles before and after surgery.

• Patients with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It is unclear to what extent these patients benefit from surgery in terms of correction of their serum chemistry abnormalities and their symptoms. We studied 142 patients: 23 with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism (serum calcium levels below 2.62 mmol/L), 35 with intermittent hypercalcemia, and 84 with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. Serum chemistry analyses and a standardized questionnaire of symptoms were completed before and after surgery. Overall, patients in the normocalcemic group reported a similar frequency of preoperative symptoms; had a similar reduction in postoperative symptoms; and had a similar normalization of serum calcium, parathormone, and phosphate levels as those in the two control groups. This study indicates that factors other than elevated serum calcium levels are in large part responsible for the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and that these patients benefit from operation. (Arch Surg.1992;127:1157-1163)
Uncertain Land Availability and Investment Decisions: The Case of Dutch Dairy Farms

Within the EU, uncertainty about the possibility of acquiring land can be quite significant for individual farmers in sectors like dairy farming. Farm-level investment decisions are commonly made ex-ante, when the farmer is not certain about the possibility of purchasing land. This possibility is realised only in a future period. In this paper, we have developed and applied a simple two-period model in which a profit-maximising farmer, facing uncertainty about the possibility of acquiring land, has to choose the optimal mix of capital (buildings) investment and land endowment. We illustrate the model using data from Dutch dairy farms.
A2aR antagonists: Next generation checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy

The last several years have witnessed exciting progress in the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. This has been due in great part to the development of so-called checkpoint blockade. That is, antibodies that block inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 and thus unleash antigen-specific immune responses against tumors. It is clear that tumors evade the immune response by usurping pathways that play a role in negatively regulating normal immune responses. In this regard, adenosine in the immune microenvironment leading to the activation of the A2a receptor has been shown to represent one such negative feedback loop. Indeed, the tumor microenvironment has relatively high concentrations of adenosine. To this end, blocking A2a receptor activation has the potential to markedly enhance anti-tumor immunity in mouse models. This review will present data demonstrating the ability of A2a receptor blockade to enhance tumor vaccines, checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy. Also, as several recent studies have demonstrated that under certain conditions A2a receptor blockade can enhance tumor progression, we will also explore the complexities of adenosine signaling in the immune response. Despite important nuances to the A2a receptor pathway that require further elucidation, studies to date strongly support the development of A2a receptor antagonists (some of which have already been tested in phase III clinical trials for Parkinson Disease) as novel modalities in the immunotherapy armamentarium.
Grafen, the Price equations, fitness maximization, optimisation and the fundamental theorem of natural selection

This paper is a commentary on the focal article by Grafen and on earlier papers of his on which many of the results of this focal paper depend. Thus it is in effect a commentary on the “formal Darwinian project”, the focus of this sequence of papers. Several problems with this sequence are raised and discussed. The first of these concerns fitness maximization. It is often claimed in these papers that natural selection leads to a maximization of fitness and that this view is claimed in Fisher’s “fundamental theorem of natural selection”. These claims are refuted, and various incorrect statements about the meaning and interpretation of the fundamental theorem of natural selection, in this sequence and in other papers by other authors, are discussed. Next, much of the work in this sequence rests on the first Price equation. In the deterministic (infinite population) case this equation is no more than the standard classical equation relating to changes in gene frequencies. In the stochastic case the equation gives the change in gene frequencies as the sum of two terms (the second of which vanishes in the deterministic case). These two terms are of essentially equal importance in the situation considered in the focal article, yet one of Grafen’s results ignores the second term in the stochastic analysis. This is associated with a wavering between deterministic and stochastic analyses and the use of the Price fitness concept and the classical fitness concept. These comments cast doubts on Grafen’s optimization theory.
Cross-modal facilitation of infant visual fixation: Temporal and intensity effects☆

Abstract Cross-modal facilitation of infants' visual fixation by simple auditory stimuli was studied in five experiments. In Experiment 1, decremented fixation of a repeatedly presented black-and-white check pattern was dishabituated by the concurrent presentation of a 1000-Hz, 75-dB tone. The tone also increased looking when compounded with a uniformly illuminated (blank) visual field. Furthermore, facilitation persisted on the trial following the tone-pattern compound, when either the familiarized pattern was retested (Experiments 1 and 2) or a novel pattern was introduced (Experiment 3). Dishabituation (Experiment 2) and enhanced responses to a novel stimulus (Experiment 3) were eliminated by increasing from 10 to 30 s the delay between the termination of the tone-pattern compound and the onset of the pattern-alone trial. In Experiment 4, the magnitude of cross-modal dishabituation was shown to increase as tone intensity increased between 55 and 75 dB. In Experiment 5, dishabituation occurred when a 1000-Hz, 84-dB tone was added, or when pattern check density was shifted upward, and an additive effect was obtained when the two changes were combined. These findings are generally consistent with the view that some auditory stimuli engage a general state-dependent arousal process. Alternative explanations of cross-modal facilitation are considered.
Stuttering: An RFP for a cultural perspective

Abstract Stuttering has been the target of much attention from theorists and researchers as well as from clinicians. As a result, a large body of literature exists about its etiology, psychologic and physical properties, patterns of occurence, measurement, and evaluation and management. In the United States, the overwhelming majority of data come from experiences with stutterers who are in the majority of mainstream America. Much of these data could vary across cultures and across languages. For minority group stutterers who live in diverse cultural and linguistic environments, there may be different burdens and stress that need to be addressed. Their data could be quite complex and at variance with what we know and do about stuttering in majority groups. High rates of clinical failures among minority group stutterers raise questions about whether we have overgeneralized our information to groups that have never been studied.
Personal and societal health quality lost to tuberculosis.

Background In developed countries, tuberculosis is considered a disease with little loss of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Tuberculosis treatment is predominantly ambulatory and death from tuberculosis is rare. Research has shown that there are chronic pulmonary sequelae in a majority of patients who have completed treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This and other health effects of tuberculosis have not been considered in QALY calculations. Consequently both the burden of tuberculosis on the individual and the value of tuberculosis prevention to society are underestimated. We estimated QALYs lost to pulmonary TB patients from all known sources, and estimated health loss to prevalent TB disease. Methodology/Principal Findings We calculated values for health during illness and treatment, pulmonary impairment after tuberculosis (PIAT), death rates, years-of-life-lost to death, and normal population health. We then compared the lifetime expected QALYs for a cohort of tuberculosis patients with that expected for comparison populations with latent tuberculosis infection and without tuberculosis infection. Persons with culture-confirmed tuberculosis accrued fewer lifetime QALYs than those without tuberculosis. Acute tuberculosis morbidity cost 0.046 QALYs (4% of total) per individual. Chronic morbidity accounted for an average of 0.96 QALYs (78% of total). Mortality accounted for 0.22 QALYs lost (18% of total). The net benefit to society of averting one case of PTB was about 1.4 QALYs. Conclusions/Significance Tuberculosis, a preventable disease, results in QALYs lost owing to illness, impairment, and death. The majority of QALYs lost from tuberculosis resulted from impairment after microbiologic cure. Successful TB prevention efforts yield more health quality than previously thought and should be given high priority by health policy makers. (Refer to Abstracto S1 for Spanish language abstract)
Mother-offspring relationships in chimpanzees after weaning

Abstract Juvenile chimpanzees at Gombe National Park associated almost constantly with their mothers for several years after they were weaned from suckling. Then this association declined abruptly in three contexts: (1) when mothers resumed oestrous cycles and consorted with individual males, (2) when females left their mothers at adolescence to mate with males, (3) when males reached puberty. Males spent more time at a distance from their mothers and were more gregarious than females. Mothers supplanted daughters more than sons from food. The contexts of separation and the positive interactions between mothers and offspring of all ages suggest that conflicting social requirements rather than increased rejection by the mother eventually draw mother and offspring apart. The costs and benefits to mothers and offspring of continued association are discussed in the context of the unusual social structure of chimpanzees.
A familial model of data for a multilevel schema framework

Abstract The family of sets is introduced as the basic structure of modeling for a multilevel schema architecture. The families provide insight into data management problems by bridging the gap between the set theory and the database theory, and by capturing more semantic content in models. General set operations are defined on families to provide an algebraic database language with a sound theoretical basis and yet intuitive and easy to use. Several syntactic arrangements of the familial algebra are proposed as appropriate languages for different classes of users of database management systems.
The relationship between inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus by x-rays and breakage of nucleic acid.

The analytical ultracentrifuge, with u.v. absorption optics, has been used to demonstrate and measure bond breakage in the main chain of RNA strands extracted from X-irradiated TMV. When the whole virus was irradiated in solution at 0°, the rate of loss of intact RNA strands was about equal to the rate of loss of viral activity. However, the reduction in yield of extracted RNA that accompanied increasing X-ray dose, together with the probability that longer strands would be selectively lost, cast considerable doubt on the significance of this result. When TMV was irradiated while frozen at about —50° or while in centrigugal pellets with little water present, the correlation between reduction in yield and X-ray dose disappeared. Those data indicate a D0 for strand breakages of 4.0·105 R as compared to an average measured D0 of 1.8·105 R for virus inactivation. Thus, breakage proceeds 40% as rapidly as does inactivation. Also, 40% of all the ionizations in TMV RNA induced by radiation may be expected to occur among backbone chain electrons. If it is assumed1 that any ionization within the nucleic acid complement of a virus inactivates the virus, then the present data indicate that ionizations within the backbone chain of TMV RNA break main chain bonds and cleave the strand with an efficiency of close to 100%. By analogy, then, it is suggested that ionizations elsewhere in the nucleic acid also are effective in breaking bonds.
Effect of Changing Truck Weight Regulations on U.S. Bridge Network

Historically, truck weight regulations have maintained controls on axle and gross weights with legal load formulas based on limiting allowable stresses in certain types of bridges. These stress limitations do not usually lead to consistent or defensible reliability levels and also ignore the impact of the weight regulation on the existing highway bridge network. This paper is the second part of a two-paper series. The companion paper by the first writer illustrated how new truck weight regulations can be developed to provide an acceptable reliability level. The target reliability level was derived from bridge structures designed to satisfy AASHTO standard design specifications that showed safe and adequate performance levels under current truck loading conditions. In this part of the two-paper series, a deterministric load capacity evaluation as well as a reliability assessment are performed to review the consequences of adapting such regulations on the existing U.S. bridge network. A sensitivity analysis shows how changes in the safety criteria used to develop the truck weight regulations would affect the existing bridge network. Detailed load capacity evaluations and reliability analyses are also performed on a representative sample of bridges to provide specific examples of expected changes in rating and safety levels if the proposed truck weight regulation is to be adopted.
Direct Topologies from Discrete Rings

: An exposition of a portion of Zobel's results on direct topologies is given. A construction by Zobel of direct topologies on the rational field is generalized to produce direct topologies on certain other discretely valued fields.
Quantitative measurements of inorganic and methyl arsenicals by gas-liquid chromatography.

Procedures are described for determinations of inorganic and methylated arsenicals in urine and water by gas—liquid chromatography of the corresponding diethyldithiocarbamate complexes. Silanized 5 % OV-17 on Anakrom AS as packing is used in an instrument equipped with electron-capture detection (3H foil). Samples of water or urine are treated to generate the iodides of inorganic, mono- and dimethylarsenic and these are treated with diethyldithiocarbamate, followed by isolation into various organic solvents. Recovery and precision sr data for the analysis of the arsenicals in urine include: inorganic (1.0 p.p.m.), 82.6%, ± 7.7; monomethylarsenic (0.5 p.p.m.), 91.5 %, ± 7.0; dimethylarsenic (0.5 p.p.m.), quantitative, ± 4.0.
Delay analysis of bursty traffic in finite-buffer disruption-tolerant networks with two-hop routing

We consider sparse mobile ad-hoc networks (i.e., disruption-tolerant networks or DTNs) wherein a direct communication path from a source to a destination via multiple hops does not exist due to both mobility and sparseness of the nodes. Hence, the nodes will deliver messages from source to destination using a “store, carry, and forward” strategy. Our goal is to analytically study the packet latency in such networks for a two-hop unicast scenario with bursty packet arrivals at the source. We exploit an embedded Markov chain approach combined with our novel iterative estimation technique to study both network delay and queuing delay. Constraints posed by both the limited node buffer size and contention between nodes for wireless channel are also considered in order to obtain a more realistic model. Finally, our iterative results are validated using simulations for well-known mobility models such as random walk on a grid and the random waypoint mobility.
Rapid thermal pulse annealing

Abstract Characteristics of recovery processes have been investigated for cases of heating a sample to successively higher temperatures by means of isochronal annealing or by using a rapid pulse annealing. A recovery spectra shows the same features independent of which annealing procedure is used. In order to determine which technique provides the best resolution, we have studied how two independent first-order processes are separated for different heating rates and time increments of the annealing pulses. It is shown that the pulse anneal method offers definite advantages over isochronal annealing when annealing for short time increments. Experimental data by means of the pulse anneal technique are given for the various substages of stage I of aluminum.
Hydrogen-Atom Attack on 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane - Rates of Halogen Abstraction

Hydrogen atom attack on 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (DCFE) at temperatures between 970 and 1140 K and pressures of about 200−500 kPa (2−5 bar) has been studied with a single-pulse shock tube reactor. The observed products show that chlorine is readily abstracted, while fluorine is removed in at most trace quantities only. This is despite the greater exothermicity of the fluorine abstraction channel. Relative to the standard reaction of displacement of methyl from 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, for which k[H + (CH3)3C6H3 → (CH3)2C6H4 + CH3] = 6.7 × 1013 exp(−3255/T) cm3 mol-1 s-1, k(H + DCFE → CF2CF2Cl + HCl) = 2.1 × 1014 exp(−5839/T) cm3 mol-1 s-1 and k(H + DCFE → CFClCF2Cl + HF, 1100 K) ≤ 7 × 109 cm3 mol-1 s-1. Uncertainties are estimated to be factors of 1.1 and 1.4 on relative and absolute bases, respectively. Comparisons with relevant literature data are made. The slow rate of F abstraction implies that reaction of fluorinated compounds via this pathway will be unimportant except in compounds unable to rea...
Designing a hepatocellular microenvironment with protein microarraying and poly(ethylene glycol) photolithography.

In this study, robotic protein printing was employed as a method for designing a cellular microenvironment. Protein printing proved to be an effective strategy for creating micropatterned co-cultur...
Microscopic Equations-of-State for Hydrocarbon Fluids: Effect of Attractions and Comparison with Polyethylene Experiments

Microscopic equations-of-state are developed for n-alkanes and polyethylene based on the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) integral equation theory and a generalized Flory approach. The molecules are modeled as a series of overlapping spheres (methylene groups) with constant bond length and bond angles; internal rotations are accounted for by the rotational isomeric state approximation. The interaction between sites on different molecules is taken to be of the Lennard-Jones form. The thermodynamic properties of the fluid are obtained via standard perturbation theory in which the potential is divided into a repulsive reference system and an attractive perturbation. The reference system is approximated by a hard-core repulsion in which the hard-sphere diameter d(T) is estimated for polyethylene from wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments. The PRISM theory is used to calculate the hard-sphere chain contribution to the equation-of-state by three different thermodynamic routes: (1) integrating the compressibility, (2) evaluating the density profile at a hard wall, and (3) using a hard-sphere charging method analogous to the virial approach in monatomic liquids. The generalized Flory dimer (GFD) theory is used to obtain a fourth equation-of-state for the hard-sphere chains. The attractive perturbation is treated with first-order perturbation theory, making use of the radial distributionmore » function g[sub 0](r) of the reference system. The various equations-of-state presented differ in the route to the hard-chain pressure; PRISM is used in all cases to treat the attractions. Excellent agreement for the equation-of-state is found between the hybrid GFD/PRISM calculations and molecular dynamics simulations of n-butane and experimental pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) measurements on polyethylene melts.« less
Theory of ground-penetrating radars III

The governing equations are Maxwell's. The source of the current is either j = ey (z z0) (x)f(t) or e' (z z0) (r r0)f(t) (straight wire or loop of current, f(t) is a pulse). The conductivity (z) and permittivity "(z) are unknown in the medium (z > 0) and are known in the air (z 0, all x;y2R 2 on the surface z = 0. For t < 0 the system is at rest: the electromagnetic elds vanish. Given the data, an exact inversion procedure is described to nd (z) and "(z).
Culturally tailored intervention for African Americans with type 2 diabetes administered by a nurse case manager and community health worker reduces emergency room visits

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for African Americans, who suffer disproportionately from its complications. The need for culturally appropriate, tailored interventions to improve metabolic outcomes and quality of life for African Americans with T2DM has been addressed in the literature;1 2 our task now is to develop, test and evaluate these interventions and to disseminate them to the healthcare community. The approach used in this intervention is innovative in that it creates a team of nurse case manager (NCM), community health worker (CHW) and primary care providers, providing for continuity of care (“supplement ongoing clinical care”) outside of regularly scheduled clinic visits.
Prediction of the speech intelligibility index behind a single screen in an open-plan office

Abstract Improved acoustical privacy is the principal goal of the acoustical design of open plan offices. As the replacement of the Articulation Index (AI), the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) can be used as a single-number measure of the speech privacy in open-plan offices. In this paper, a mathematical model of the speech propagation over single screens in a large open-plan office space is presented. The calculated effects of the office parameters, such as the screen height, ceiling and floor absorption, etc. on the SII behind the screen are discussed and are compared with measured results. To facilitate the practical use of the model, an empirical correction is derived from a wide range of ceiling tiles to provide values of the effective sound absorption of typical suspended ceilings in open offices. Compared to measured results, SII can be predicted with an RMS error of 0.03.
Growth and structural change in China's energy economy

China has been the world's most vibrant economy and its largest source of energy demand growth over the past two decades, accounting for more than one-quarter of net growth in global primary energy consumption from 1980 to 2005. To sustain economic growth and rising living standards, China needs effective policies that anticipate and shape the country's future energy requirements. In this paper, we examine China's national economic and energy accounts over the past decade for insights into changing energy use patterns and their relationship to economic structure. Our results indicate that incipient structural changes in the Chinese energy economy and sustained economic and energy demand growth in China will pose important, and different, challenges for policymakers.
The Katrina Conspiracies The Problem of Trust in Rebuilding an American City

The desolation of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina necessitated the evacuation, repopulation, and reconstruction of the city. Historic social, economic, and political divisions conditioned that process, both reflecting and exacerbating racial tensions. The lack of trust between blacks and whites generated rumors and, for many, explanations for the slow response to cries for relief, the attempts to restrict black mobility in the immediate aftermath of the storm, and fears of exclusion or other-race domination in the post-Katrina political era. Contemporary opportunists and exploiters of such racial divisions lent their weight to the support of traditional racial reactions. The strategy, tactics, and outcomes of the first post-Katrina elections thus revealed the deep influence of pre-Katrina values and behavior in the rebuilding process. Under such conditions, that process remains halting, mired in racial and political conflict, and seemingly unable to make a break with a racially burdened past.
Reactivities of carboxyalkyl-substituted 1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimides in aqueous solution

A series of water-soluble 1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide derivatives has been prepared and their redox and photophysical properties characterized. From laser flash photolysis studies, the triplet excited state of N,N'-bis[2-(N-pyridinium)ethyl]-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (NDI-pyr) was found to undergo oxidative quenching with the electron donors DABCO, tyrosine, and tryptophan as expected from thermodynamics. Interestingly, the reactivities of naphthalene diimides (NDI) possessing alpha- and beta-carboxylic acid substituents (R = -CH2COO-, -C(CH3)2COO-, and -CH2CH2COO-) were strikingly different. In these compounds, the transient produced upon 355 nm excitation did not react with the electron donors. Instead, this transient reacted rapidly (k > 10(8)-10(9) M-1 s-1) with known electron acceptors, benzyl viologen and ferricyanide. The transient spectrum of the carboxyalkyl-substituted naphthalimides observed immediately after the laser pulse was nearly identical to the one-electron-reduced form of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (produced independently using the bis-pyridinium-substituted naphthaldiimide). From our studies, we conclude that the transient produced upon nanosecond laser flash photolysis of NDI-(CH2)nCOO- is the species produced upon intramolecular electron transfer from the carboxylate moiety to the singlet excited state of NDI. In separate experiments, we verified that the singlet excited state of NDI-pyr does, indeed, react intermolecularly with acetate, alanine, and glycine. The process is further substantiated using thermodynamic driving force calculations. The results offer new prospects of the efficient photochemical production of reactive carbon-centered radicals.
The mechanism of prismatic creep in Mg-12at. % li

Abstract The effect of changes in temperature and stress on the creep rate of single hexagonal crystals of Mg containing 12 at.% Li, oriented for prismatic glide by simple shear by the {1010}[1210] mode of slip, was determined over the temperature range of 450°–850°K. After a primary stage of short duration, secondary creep prevailed for which ⋗g = 1.5 · 10 −26 τ 4,8 exp ( −41,000 RT ) where ⋗g is the shear strain rate/sec, τ is the stress in dyn/cm2, R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The results strongly imply that prismatic creep in this alloy is controlled by the dislocation climb mechanism.