cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal properties of poly(ester-imide)s with C12H24 and C22H44 groups

The thermal properties of poly(4,4′-phthaloimidobenzoyl-n-methyleneoxycarbonyl) with n =12 and 22, abbreviated as PEIM-12 and PEIM-22, respectively, have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The heat capacities of the solid states of both polymers were measured and compared to computed heat capacities from approximate vibrational spectra. The deviations from the vibrations-only heat capacity were used to identify large-amplitude, conformational motions. The heat capacities of the liquid states were described as linear functions of temperature. They agreed with the liquid heat capacities generated from the ATHAS addition scheme using group contributions derived from polymers containing the same chemical segments as the PEIM-ns. Knowing the heat capacities for the solid and liquid, the transition parameters could be separated and enthalpies, entropies, and free enthalpies obtained. With these data, the change of the crystallinity with temperature could be computed. In the early stages of solidification both compounds contain significant entropy contributions from conformational ordering of the flexible spacer and little from the rigid, aromatic segments. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 319–328, 2000
Scrambler design to reduce power spectral density of UWB signals in IEEE 802.15.3a

Ultra wide-band (UWB) radio uses base-band pulses of very short duration, thereby spreading the energy of radio signal very thinly over gigahertz. Power spectral density (PSD) of UWB signals consists of continuous component and discrete component. Generally speaking, the discrete component contributes more to the PSD than the continuous component, thus presents greater interference to narrow-band wireless systems. In 2002, the FCC approved commercial deployment of UWB systems. In order to ensure negligible interference to other narrow-band wireless systems, the FCC has specified emission limits for UWB applications. UWB is now under consideration as an alternative physical layer technology for wireless PAN in IEEE 802.15.3a. However, little study has been reported on how to contain the PSD of UWB signals in IEEE 802.15.3a. This paper presents base-band data whitening schemes to reduce the PSD of UWB signals in IEEE 802.15.3a.
Neural Correlates of Physical and Mental Fatigue

The purpose of this study was to determine the neural and muscular correlates of physical and mental fatigue. Twelve young and healthy participants (balanced by gender) performed three fatiguing conditions: 1) isometric handgrip task (HG) at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC); 2) mental arithmetic (MA); and 3) combined handgrip and mental arithmetic (HG+MA). Prefrontal cortex activation, muscle activity, and task performance measures (force fluctuations and mental performance) were obtained continuously during the fatiguing conditions. Results indicated no significant difference in muscle activity and force fluctuations between the HG and HG+MA condition. Compared to the HG condition, an initial increase in the prefrontal cortex activation was observed during the HG+MA condition, with a subsequent decrease at exhaustion. Cortical activation during the MA condition was significantly lower than the other conditions across the entire duration of the fatiguing trial. Participants performed poorly with me...
Optimization of f/sub T/, BVCEO and /spl beta/ with selectively implanted collectors in BiCMOS technology

This paper shows that by implanting the collector of its NPN transistors with N-type impurities and by choosing the right combination of the dopants, dose and energy, f/sub T/ can be improved significantly in a BiCMOS process. The improvement is mask selectable, i.e., it allows two sets of transistors: (1) SIC, "Selectively Implanted Collector" transistors and (2) the original process NPNs which are unchanged, to be created side by side. Simulations done by incorporating the SIC implant on the experimentally verified numerical model simulations of the original process showed that f/sub Tmax/ can be improved from 13.5 GHz to 21 GHz in a 0.6-0.8 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process. It is also shown that the SIC implanted transistors, when optimum dose and energy values are used, will yield transistors whose /spl beta/ will not differ more than 30% from the /spl beta/ the mainstream BiCMOS process yields.
Workshop: Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Leading to Diabetic Nephropathy Focus on Nitric Oxide

Clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy are an expression of diabetic microangiopathy. This review revisits the previously proposed Steno hypothesis and advances our hypothesis that development of endothelial cell dysfunction represents a common pathophysiological pathway of diabetic complications. Specifically, the ability of glucose to scavenge nitric oxide is proposed as the initiation phase of endothelial dysfunction. Gradual accumulation of advanced glycated end products and induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resulting in the decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and reduced generation of nitric oxide, are proposed to be pathophysiologically critical for the maintenance phase of endothelial dysfunction. The proposed conceptual shift toward the role of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic complications may provide new strategies for their prevention.
New Assessment of Forearm Strength: Reliability and Validity

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to determine the reliability of a portable forearm strength hydraulic dynamometer with a doorknob handle and assess its validity compared with a Cybex 6000 (Cybex International, Inc., Medway, MA) isometric torque assessment. METHOD. Eighteen volunteers (with a total of 30 forearms) participated in this one-session methodological study to determine the intra- and interrater reliability and criterion validity of a forearm dynamometer. RESULTS. Intrarater reliability for both assessors for pronation was (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]3,1 = .937�.961) and for supination was (ICC3,1 = .923�.968). Interrater reliability for pronation was ICC3,2 = .927 and for supination was ICC3,2 = .847. Criterion validity of the Baseline hydraulic dynamometer (Fabrication Enterprises Inc., White Plains, NY) compared with the Cybex 6000 was .574�.664 for pronation and .749�.750 for supination. CONCLUSION. The Baseline hydraulic dynamometer with a more functional doorknob handle had good intra- and interrater reliability and demonstrated moderate validity compared with Cybex 6000 strength testing
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides: principles and applications.

1. Triple-helical nucleic acids 891.1 History 891.2 Use of oligomers in triplex formation 902. Modes of triplex formation 902.1 Intermolecular triplexes 902.2 Intramolecular triplexes (H-DNA) 922.3 R-DNA (recombination DNA) 922.4 PNA (peptide nucleic acids) 933. Triplex structural models 933.1 YR-Y triplexes 943.2 GT-A base triplets 943.3 TC-G base triplets 943.4 TA-T and C+G-C base triplets 943.5 RR-Y triplexes 944. Modifications of TFOs 954.1 Backbone modification of oligonucleotides 954.2 Modification of the ribose in oligonucleotides 964.3 Base modification of oligonucleotides 975. Gene targeting and modification via triplex technology 985.1 Transcription and replication inhibition 995.2 TFO-directed mutagenesis 995.3 TFO-induced recombination 1005.4 Future challenges in triplex-directed genome modification 1006. References 101The first description of triple-helical nucleic acids was by Felsenfeld and Rich in 1957 (Felsenfeld et al. 1957). While studying the binding characteristics of polyribonucleotides by fiber diffraction studies, they determined that polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] and polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] strands were capable of forming a stable complex of poly(U) and poly(A) in a 2:1 ratio. It was therefore concluded that the nucleic acids must be capable of forming a helical three-stranded structure. The formation of the three-stranded complex was preferred over duplex formation in the presence of divalent cations (e.g. 10 mm MgCl2). The reaction was quite specific, since the (U-A) molecule did not react with polycytidylic acid [(poly(C)], polyadenylic acid or polyinosinic acid [(poly(I)] (Felsenfeld et al. 1957). It was later found that poly(dT-dC) and poly(dG-dA) also have the capacity to form triple-stranded structures (Howard & Miles, 1964; Michelson & Monny, 1967). Other triple helical combinations of polynucleotide strands were identified from X-ray fiber-diffraction studies including, (A)n.2(I)n and (A)n.2(T)n (Arnott & Selsing, 1974). X-ray diffraction patterns of triple-stranded fibers of poly(A).2poly(U) and poly(dA).2poly(dT) showed an A-form conformation of the Watson–Crick strands. The third strand was bound in a parallel orientation to the purine strand by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds (Hoogsteen, 1959; Arnott & Selsing, 1974). In 1968, the first potential biological role of these structures was identified by Morgan & Wells (1968). Using an in vitro assay, they found that transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase was inhibited by an RNA third strand. Thus, the recent developments identifying the potential of triplex formation for gene regulation and genome modification came more than 20 years after this first study of transcription inhibition by triplex formation.
Compact Book Storage in Libraries

A method is developed for optimally shelving inventory items by size, with particular reference to large library collections. The area presented by n + 1 distinct shelf heights is minimized for any collection that can be characterized by an item-height distribution. When item-height is continuous, the necessary conditions for the extremum are recursive in the optimal shelf heights, and the solution reduces to a simple computational search. For certain distribution functions, as demonstrated in the example, an additional recursive relation between the solutions for different n further simplified the computation considerably. Geometrical representations of both the model and the solution method are presented. The maximum increase in storage capacity can be expressed generally as a simple function of the mean and the maximum item-height.
A multiple sphere T-matrix Fortran code for use on parallel computer clusters

A general-purpose Fortran-90 code for calculation of the electromagnetic scattering and absorption properties of multiple sphere clusters is described. The code can calculate the efficiency factors and scattering matrix elements of the cluster for either fixed or random orientation with respect to the incident beam and for plane wave or localized- approximation Gaussian incident fields. In addition, the code can calculate maps of the electric field both interior and exterior to the spheres.The code is written with message passing interface instructions to enable the use on distributed memory compute clusters, and for such platforms the code can make feasible the calculation of absorption, scattering, and general EM characteristics of systems containing several thousand spheres.
Performance, postmodernism, and politics

CRITICAL GENEALOGIES: HISTORICAL SITUATIONS FOR POSTMODERN LITERARY STUDIES. By Jonathan Arac. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987; pp. vi‐350; $32.50; paper, $15.00.
Water intoxication from swimming

SWIMMING INSTRUCTION has become increasingly popular for infants for a variety of reasons, including a possible beneficial effect of reducing the risk of drowning. The Amer ican Academy of Pediatr ics Commit tee on Physical Fitness, Recreat ion, and Sports, recognizing the popular i ty of such programs, issued a s ta tement on swimming instruct ions for infants; one of the recommendat ions was tha t controlled studies clarifying the possible risks to infants f rom swimming programs should be carr ied out. l We would like to draw at tent ion to one potential ly serious complicat ion of infant swimming tha t has received litt le at tent ion, i.e., water intoxication.
Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria predict mortality independently from coronary artery calcified plaque in the Diabetes Heart Study

Background Risk stratification in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains an important priority in the management of associated morbidity and mortality, including from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The current investigation examined whether estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) were independent predictors of CVD-mortality in European Americans (EAs) with T2D after accounting for subclinical CVD.
Fabrication and characterization of tubular solid oxide fuel cells

Processes to fabricate tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) using various electrolyte and electrode materials have been investigated. Single-phase perovskite strontium- and magnesium-doped lanthanum gallate (LSGM) was synthesized. Mechanical and thermal properties, and the cell performance of LSGM electrolyte fuel cells were studied and compared with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte systems. Paste extrusion was identified as a suitable method for high-speed manufacture of the tubular support components. Procedures were developed to extrude dense, straight, round (OD: 2-4 ±0.1 mm), thin-walled (0.2 ± 0.02 mm) tubular LSGM and YSZ electrolytes, and porous anode or cathode support (5-20 mm OD, 0.5-2 mm wall thickness). The research systematically investigated developing a fabrication process, designing the extrusion die, the effects of formulation and process additives, and how to handle, dry, and sinter the extrudate. Dip coating, brush painting, vacuum infiltration, electrophoretic coating, and plasma spray were examined for applying thin films on the tubular support. The average three-point bending strengths of extruded and sintered LSGM were determined to be 287, 195, 184, and 147 MPa at room temperature, 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C, respectively. Room-temperature burst strengths (average) of the tubular electrolytes made from YSZ and LSGM were 127 and 40 MPa, respectively. Room-temperature bending strength and burst strength (average) of the as-sintered NiO-YSZ anode were 300 and 100 MPa, respectively. The average thermal expansion coefficients of YSZ and LSGM were 10.18 x 10 -6 /°C and 11.01 x 10 -6 /°C, respectively, between room temperature and 800°C. The maximum power density at 800°C for a 220-μm-thick LSGM electrolyte was 460-482 mW/cm 2 , which is more than double the power density for YSZ cells (200-220mW/cm 2 ) at 850°C. Reducing LSGM thickness from 550 to 220 μm increased the maximum power densities by more than 30%. Repeatable cell power outputs per cell of 2.5 W at 800°C and 2.8 W at 850°C were obtained. The cell durability was evaluated during a 500-h test. This comprehensive study intended to better understand the relationship between the materials, processing, manipulation of the microstructure, properties, and tubular SOFC performance.
Survival experience of 195 patients with hairy cell leukemia treated in a multi-institutional study with interferon-alfa 2b

One hundred ninety-five patients were entered into a multi-institutional study of interferon alfa 2b from 1983-1986; follow-up was completed through June 1989. A complete remission was documented in 7 patients, a partial remission in 152 patients, a minor response in 10 patients, and no response in 26 patients. One-hundred fifty-nine of the 195 patients treated (81%) had a normalization of their peripheral blood counts by the criteria used. To date, 17 patients have died. Only 3 of the 159 patients (2%) with a PR or CR have expired. Three of 10 MR patients have expired and 11 of 26 NR patients have expired. Of the 11 who expired, 7 did so before receiving an adequate duration of treatment. Three of the NR patients died within 1 week of starting interferon from intracranial hemorrhages secondary to severe thrombocytopenia (present prior to initiation of interferon) and 4 NR patients died of infectious deaths within 2 months of initiating interferon therapy secondary to severe neutropenia (present prior to initiation of interferon). Of the 17 NR's who remained alive and on-study for at least 6 months, only 2 eventually died, both after failing subsequent pentostatin therapy. Systemic therapy with agents that induce a more rapid response such as pentostatin or 2-chlorodeoxy-adenosine, or the combination of interferon plus growth factor are indicated in these severely cytopenic patients.
On the measurement and description of groups

The behavioral scientist, to the extent that he considers himself a scientist, must aspire to predict behavior and to do this he must identify observables, build theoretical constructs and decide how on the basis of observations and deductions future observables can be predicted. Each level of observation presents its own prob lems. Here data of human groups are examined in the light of the predictive task of the behavioral scientist. Three classes of measures are distinguished, the raw data of the response aggre gate, the behavior indexes, and the so-called “endogenes,” com prising the basic character of the group. These are listed in the order of presumably increasing stability but unfortunately also in the order of decreasing ease of ascertainability. It seems the more important is a measure the harder it is to get at. A strategy to deal with this situation is proposed.
Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys

[1] In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, dilute glacial meltwater flows down wellestablished streambeds to closed basin lakes during the austral summer. During the 6–12 week flow season, a hyporheic zone develops in the saturated sediment adjacent to the streams. Longer Dry Valley streams have higher concentrations of major ions than shorter streams. The longitudinal increases in Si and K suggest that primary weathering contributes to the downstream solute increase. The hypothesis that weathering reactions in the hyporheiczonecontrolstreamchemistrywastestedbymodelingthedownstreamincreasein solute concentration in von Guerard Stream in Taylor Valley. The average rates of solute supplied from these sources over the 5.2 km length of the stream were 6.1 � 10 � 9 mol Si L � 1 m � 1 and 3.7 � 10 � 9 mol K L � 1 m � 1 , yielding annual dissolved Si loads of 0.02–1.30 mol Si m � 2 of watershed land surface. Silicate minerals in streambed sediment were analyzed to determine the representative surface area of minerals in the hyporheic zone subject to primary weathering. Two strategies were evaluated to compute sediment surface area normalized weathering rates. The first applies a best linear fit to synoptic data in order to calculate a constant downstream solute concentration gradient, dC/dx (constant weathering rate contribution, CRC method); the second uses a transient storage model to simulate dC/dx, representing both hyporheic exchange and chemical weathering (hydrologic exchange, HE method). Geometric surface area normalized dissolution rates of the silicate minerals in the stream ranged from 0.6 � 10 � 12 mol Si m � 2 s � 1 to 4.5 � 10 � 12 mol Si m � 2 s � 1 and 0.4 � 10 � 12 mol K m � 2 s � 1 to 1.9 � 10 � 12 mol K m � 2 s � 1 . These values are an order of magnitude lower than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in laboratory studies and are an order of magnitude greater than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in a warmer, wetter setting in temperate basins, despite the cold temperatures, lack of precipitation and lack of organic material. These results suggest that the continuous saturation and rapid flushing of the sediment due to hyporheic exchange facilitates weathering in Dry Valley streams. INDEX TERMS: 1045 Geochemistry: Low-temperature geochemistry; 1806 Hydrology: Chemistry of fresh water; 1625 Global Change: Geomorphology and weathering (1824, 1886); 1890 Hydrology: Wetlands; KEYWORDS: hyporheic zone, chemical weathering, flow path, Antarctica, stream
SIMULTANEOUS X-RAY DIFFRACTION-DTA*

Simultaneous X-ray difffraction-differential thermal analysis equipment for an X-ray diffrac- tometer was evaluated. A brief description of the apparatus and of the method of preparing the sample was given. Simultaneous XRD-DTA was used to study various clay minerals and inorganic hydrates. It was found in the study of clays such as hectorite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and attapulgite that informa- tion concerning the rate of removal of water and hydroxyl units at various temperatures could be corre- lated to changes in the X-ray diffraction pattern. Various inorganic hydrates such as barium chloride dihydrate, nickel sulfate hexahydrate, and potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate were examined under dynamic and static conditions of analysis along with vacuum conditions. It was found that good corre- lation could be obtained between the X-ray diffraction pattern and the loss of water from the hydrates as indicated by the DTA curves.
Edge of the Archipelago

I.What Carina knew about where she came from included configurations of numbers and symbols situating a municipality in the northwestern corridor of a region where she spent her first month of life.
Heterosis and recombination effects in Hampshire and landrace swine. I: Maternal traits

Hampshire and Landrace sows and crossbreds of the two breeds were used to determine heterosis and recombination effects for milk production, milk composition, and litter traits at birth and d 21. Twelve mating types were represented in this study: two purebred, two F1, two F2, two F3, and four backcross. Information was gathered on a total of 358 litters over four farrowing seasons. Milk production was measured at d 10 and 20 of litter age according to the weigh-suckle-weigh procedure. Milk samples were collected at d 10 and 20 of litter age and evaluated for percentages of fat (PCFA), protein (PCPR), lactose (PCLA), and solids-not-fat (PCSN). The model used to evaluate litter traits at birth included main effects of mating type, parity, and farrowing season. The model used for milk production and milk composition traits included these main effects and number of pigs nursed as a covariate. Estimates of maternal genetic effects showed that Landrace females were superior to Hampshire females for number born (NB), number born alive (NBA), litter birth weight (LBW), adjusted 21-d litter weight (ALW), and milk production at d 10 of litter age (WT10). Hampshires were superior to Landrace for PCPR at d 10 of litter age and PCSN at d 10 and 20 of litter age. Heterosis effects were significant (P less than .05) for NBA (.97) and LBW (1.46 kg). Maternal heterosis effects were significant for LBW (3.94 kg; P less than .01). Epistatic recombination losses in the offspring were significant for LBW (6.80 kg; P less than .05). Differences in maternal performance of reciprocal F1 dams were generally not significant. Heterosis and recombination effects were not significant for milk production or milk composition.
How does a culture of health change? Lessons from the war on cigarettes.

Abstract This paper focuses on one of the most dramatic changes in the culture of health in the U.S. since World War II: the reduction of adult cigarette smoking from close to half of the population to under 20 percent between the 1960s and the 1990s. What role does culture play in explaining this shift in smoking from socially accepted to socially stigmatized? After surveying how culture has been used to explain the decline in smoking in the fields of tobacco control and public health, we argue that existing concepts do not capture the complex transformation of smoking. We instead suggest a micro-sociological view which presumes that culture may change in response to spatially organized constraints, cajoling, and comradeship. By reviewing two major drivers of the transformation of smoking - the Surgeon General's Reports and the nonsmokers' rights movement - at this micro-sociological level, we show how culture works through social spaces and practices while institutionalizing collective or even legal pressures and constraints on behavior. This conclusion also seeks to explain the uneven adoption of non-smoking across classes, and to reflect on the utility of presuming that a uniform “culture” blankets a society.
Hybrid Wi-Fi/LTE aggregation architecture for smart meter communications

The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology and its evolutions are promising candidate technologies to support smart meter communications. However, smart meter traffic is uplink heavy and needs large number of simultaneously connected users. This reduces LTE's potential to be employed for smart meter communications. To improve the overall performance, in this paper, we propose a hybrid WiFi-LTE aggregation data communication architecture. Specifically, two IEEE 802.11 based layers (IEEE 802.11b/g/n and IEEE 802.11s) are added to the bottom of the LTE architecture to aggregate local smart grid data and pass the aggregated data through limited number of LTE enabled nodes. These hybrid network architectures are evaluated using extensive ns-3 simulations, and their performance are compared with baseline LTE under smart grid traffic profile. Results show that proposed architectures can improve control channel and random access channel performance, at the cost of tolerable latency degradation.
Rescattering in ultra-intense laser fields

Non-sequential ionization in neon is characterized from 1014 W/cm2 to 1018 W/cm2. The rescattering mechanism is used to interpret the results as the interaction enters the relativistic regime. Increasing energy scales, non-negligible magnetic fields, and larger rescattering excursions all must be included to accurately understand rescattering at higher intensities.
Tutorial Services and Academic Success

AbstractThis study was concerned with whether a tutorial program could be effective in improving the academic performance of freshmen engineering students. A sample of thirty-one tutored and thirty-one non-tutored students were matched on their previous high school rank and their cumulative fall and winter quarter grades. The tutorial program was offered during the spring quarter. A t-test of significance revealed that: (1) The tutorial program was more effective for students who extensively used the program. (2) Students with CGPA of less than a 2.00 made a significant academic improvement. (3) Students who infrequently used the services and students with a CGPA of more than a 2.00 did not differ statistically from their matched counterparts.
Effects of hyperlipoproteinemic serum and exogenous proline concentration on collagen synthesis by isolated rabbit aortas.

SummaryCollagen synthesis was measured in segments of normal rabbit aorta, incubated in vitro, by monitoring the formation of peptidyl-14C-hydroxyproline from [U-14C]-L-proline added to the incubation medium. The effect of hyperlipoproteinemic rabbit serum on the rate of collagen synthesis was compared with the effect of normal rabbit serum. No differences in the rates of synthesis were detected between the two batches of serum, despite a 60-fold difference in serum cholesterol concentration.Increases in free proline concentration in the incubation medium resulted in changes in proline flux between medium and tissue pools of free proline, but medium proline concentration had no effect on the rate of collagen synthesis.
COMPETENT PARENTS, COMPLEX LIVES: Managing Parenthood in Poverty

This study builds on earlier ethnography of friendship processes among children attending a Head Start program in a large city in the Midwest. Here, through intensive interviews and ethnographic observations of a small sample of the Head Start children's families, the researchers examine the values and concerns of lower-class Black mothers regarding their children's education. Earlier studies have shown that Black parents of all income levels place great value on education and have high expectations for their children's academic careers. The present research goes beyond these studies by directly addressing the strategies that parents employ in acting on these values. The article describes an impressive array of strategies that the study's respondents use to encourage their children's academic achievement and to promote the development of values that will keep them enthusiastic about schooling. The theoretical implications of the findings are then addressed. In particular, the discussion highlights the nee...
Single center analysis of cases with childhood solid tumor from 2009 to 2011

Objective To investigate epidemiological and clinical features of childhood solid tumor in our hospital from Jan.2009 to Dec.2011.Methods Clinical and pathological data were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.Tumor classification was performed according to WHO tumor classification and diagnostic criteria.Results In total,983 cases of childhood solid tumor were enrolled into the study,including 721(73.35%)benign tumors and 262 malignant tumors.There were 548 boys(55.7%) and 435 girls,aged from 8 days to 14 years(median age was 4 years old).① Sort by the pathological type:The top five benign tumors were vascular tumor,calcifying epithelioma,chondroma,fibroma and mature teratoma,while the top three malignant tumors were neuroblastoma,lymphoma and Wilm's tumor.② Sort by the original site:The top three benign tumors were skin and soft tissue tumors,craniofacial and neck tumors and bone tumors,while the top three malignant tumors were abdominal tumors,intracranial tumors and craniofacial and neck tumors.③ Most common malignant tumors were embryonal tumors(171 cases,65.3%),followed by tumors containing similar ingredients(57 cases,21.8%) and lymphoma(34 cases,13.0%).④ Solid tumors were much more prevalent in infants and toddlers,showing a characteristic single peak pattern.⑤ 29/262 cases(11.1%) were massive malignant tumor and 26 of them(89.7%)were from abdomen.Conclusions Benign tumor remains the main type of solid tumor in children.Childhood malignant tumors commonly occur in the abdominal cavity with embryonic tumors as the predominant histological types.Neuroblastoma and Wilm's tumor are the primary tumors with huge tumor mass in children under 4 years old.
Investigation on Food contamination by Listeria Monocytogenes in Handan City

[Objective]To understand the status of the food contaminationby Listeia monocytogenes, and prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.[Methods]The test results of the foods contamination by Listeia monocytogene in Handan City during 2005—2006 were comprehensively analyzed.[Results]A total of 16 strains of Listeia monocytogene were isolated from 377 food samples from 2005—2006, the total contamination rate was 4.24%; that of cooked meat, fresh meat, fishery product and vegetables was 10.0%, 8.73%, 1.23% and 1.10%, respectively.[Conclusion]The contamination state of the food is serious in this city. Sanitary supervision department should strengthen the supervision on catering units to prevent the food poisoning caused by Listeia monocytogene.
Transformation of the Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium with Genetically Defined Elements

Success in in vitro transformation of primary cells from the human ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) has provided significant insight to the study of human ovarian cancer. Here, we describe the method used to immortalize and transform OSE by serial introduction of viral and nonviral genetic elements as well as to test the tumorigenicity of hence established cell lines in appropriate animal models. Successful transformation of OSE cells in the laboratory is of critical significance to the study of ovarian cancer. It not only allows for testing the roles of numerous potential oncogenes in initiating and promoting human ovarian cancer but provides a convenient tool to comprehensively dissect ovarian tumorigenesis in the laboratory.
Sonochemical Preparation of Nanostructured Catalysts

The chemical effects of high intensity ultrasound arise from acoustic cavitation : the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid, which generates a transient, localized hot spot. The local conditions reached have temperatures of 5000K, pressure of 1800 atm, but with cooling rates that exceed 10 10 K/s. This paper reports about the use of these extreme conditions to develop a new technique for the synthesis of nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts. These nanostructured solids are active heterogeneous catalysts for hydrocarbon reforming and CO hydrogenation.
Regional organizations and the consolidation of democracy: evidence from cases

IOs and consolidation: causal mechanisms The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate three case studies to determine whether the causal mechanisms outlined in Chapter 2 are behind the statistical associations between regional organizations and democratic consolidation found in Chapter 6. The countries examined include Greece, Paraguay, and Guatemala. Table 7.1 presents a list of the causal mechanisms to be examined in each case study. In addition, the case of Turkey in Chapter 6 included a test for the mechanisms associated with consolidation since that case contains dynamics of both democratic breakdown and redemocratization within a relatively short time frame. As in Chapter 5, each case begins with a brief historical introduction of the country. I then review the causal mechanisms, discussing whether there is evidence of IO influence via these processes. Finally, for each study I discuss any countervailing evidence mitigating the impact of IOs on the consolidation process. Greece: European institutions and consolidation Perhaps more than any other group in history, the Greek people have experienced an ebb and flow of democracy. From the origins of the concept of democracy in ancient Athens to the movement for independence in the early nineteenth century to the Greek civil war, the Greek populace has experienced monarchy, autocracy, democracy, and most systems in-between. The twentieth century was no better for the Greek populace in terms of this vacillating experience with democracy.
Corporate Entities: Their Ownership, Control, and Purpose

This Chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics provides an introduction to the law and economics of the corporate form. It first distinguishes “the corporation” from “the firm.” It then describes and discusses the characteristics of the corporate form, including legal personality, limited liability, delegated management, transferable equity, and perpetual life. It then reviews the dominant theories of the corporation, including the entity theory, the aggregate theory, the property (principal/agent) theory, the nexus of contracts theory, the team production theory, and the franchise government/concession theory. It concludes by discussing various theories of corporate purpose, including the state interest, managerialist, customer service, shareholder value/primacy, stakeholder welfare, team production, and long-term production approaches to understanding the purpose of corporations.
Bladder Outlet Obstruction — An Overview

The first session of this meeting is dedicated to an in depth discussion about current themes in bladder outlet obstruction, and Steve had asked me to do a moderator’s overview of this subject. I looked up what overview meant and it means it kind of a short summary. Consequently, I thought it would be kind of fun to put together a talk that is perhaps a bit short on facts but long on speculation. I would simply like to give you some things to think about during the first session of the conference, and also throughout the rest of it. I also want to stress what information we as clinical surgeons need in order to get the best outcomes for our patients, and where we feel that information is most lacking.
Exploring Ethics and Obligations for Studying Digital Communities

Many of the most prominent and unanswered ethical questions within HCI and social computing involve our ethical obligation to the communities that we study. Some of these questions fall under the purview of more traditional human subjects research ethics, but others hinge on when, for example, studies of public data trigger similar obligations. Basic rules to "do no harm" are complicated in digital communities by issues of consent and privacy, and ethics review boards are struggling to keep up even as research communities are similarly struggling to form appropriate norms. The goals of this workshop are to continue seeding conversations about research ethics within the SIGCHI community, to work towards norm setting, and in the meantime, to collectively help community members make good ethical decisions about research into sociotechnical systems and digital communities.
Clinical or survival benefit to routine surveillance imaging for classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients in first complete remission.

8505 Background: Routine surveillance imaging (RSI) for patients in complete remission from classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is common practice. RSI offers the theoretical benefit of detecting asym...
Health care needs and service use among male prison inmates in the United States: A multi-level behavioral model of prison health service utilization.

The purpose of this study is to apply Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Service Use to men’s prisons to assess the direct and indirect effects of inmate predisposing characteristics through multiple types of need. Also examined are the effects of prison-specific enabling factors and the variation in use of health services across prisons. This study uses a nationally representative U.S. sample of men incarcerated in state prisons (n = 8816) and generalized structural equation and multilevel modeling. Five types of need—medical condition, illness, dental problem, unintentional injury, and intentional injury—are assessed for their association with use of health services. Findings indicate that a number of inmate predisposing (age, race, education) and vulnerability (mood/anxiety disorder,) characteristics are associated with use of health services but are partially mediated by enabling and need factors. Each type of medical need has strong direct effects with mood/anxiety disorder emerging as the strongest total effect (including both direct effects and indirect effects through need). There is significant variation in rates of health service utilization across prisons that is not accounted for by the prison-level factors included in the multilevel model. The varying patterns of health service use across prisons suggest that incarceration may be an important circumstance that shapes health. In other words, where someone is incarcerated may influence their ability to access and use services in response to medical need. It is important that prisons provide integrated services for inmates with mood/anxiety disorder given high comorbidity with other health conditions.
Assessing growth response to climate in a Great Basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) plant community

Abstract The response of dominant plant species to climate is vital to our understanding of ecosystem function and viability. We compared annual growth ring indices of a dominant Great Basin shrub (Artemisia tridentata) growing in the semiarid desert of northern Nevada, USA to historical climate records to identify and determine the extent specific climatic variables have on wood growth. Growth ring indices had a strong, positive correlation with total hydrologic-year precipitation (Oct–Sep; r = 0.82, p
Gaussian process based nonlinear latent structure discovery in multivariate spike train data

A large body of recent work focuses on methods for extracting low-dimensional latent structure from multi-neuron spike train data. Most such methods employ either linear latent dynamics or linear mappings from latent space to log spike rates. Here we propose a doubly nonlinear latent variable model that can identify low-dimensional structure underlying apparently high-dimensional spike train data. We introduce the Poisson Gaussian-Process Latent Variable Model (P-GPLVM), which consists of Poisson spiking observations and two underlying Gaussian processes-one governing a temporal latent variable and another governing a set of nonlinear tuning curves. The use of nonlinear tuning curves enables discovery of low-dimensional latent structure even when spike responses exhibit high linear dimensionality (e.g., as found in hippocampal place cell codes). To learn the model from data, we introduce the decoupled Laplace approximation, a fast approximate inference method that allows us to efficiently optimize the latent path while marginalizing over tuning curves. We show that this method outperforms previous Laplace-approximation-based inference methods in both the speed of convergence and accuracy. We apply the model to spike trains recorded from hippocampal place cells and show that it compares favorably to a variety of previous methods for latent structure discovery, including variational auto-encoder (VAE) based methods that parametrize the nonlinear mapping from latent space to spike rates with a deep neural network.
The Development of Attentional Biases for Faces in Infancy: A Developmental Systems Perspective

We present an integrative review of research and theory on major factors involved in the early development of attentional biases to faces. Research utilizing behavioral, eye-tracking, and neuroscience measures with infant participants as well as comparative research with animal subjects are reviewed. We begin with coverage of research demonstrating the presence of an attentional bias for faces shortly after birth, such as newborn infants' visual preference for face-like over non-face stimuli. The role of experience and the process of perceptual narrowing in face processing are examined as infants begin to demonstrate enhanced behavioral and neural responsiveness to mother over stranger, female over male, own- over other-race, and native over non-native faces. Next, we cover research on developmental change in infants' neural responsiveness to faces in multimodal contexts, such as audiovisual speech. We also explore the potential influence of arousal and attention on early perceptual preferences for faces. Lastly, the potential influence of the development of attention systems in the brain on social-cognitive processing is discussed. In conclusion, we interpret the findings under the framework of Developmental Systems Theory, emphasizing the combined and distributed influence of several factors, both internal (e.g., arousal, neural development) and external (e.g., early social experience) to the developing child, in the emergence of attentional biases that lead to enhanced responsiveness and processing of faces commonly encountered in the native environment.
Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of 137Cs in marine and freshwater plankton

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the trophic transfer of 137Cs in marine and freshwater food chains, focusing on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish. Algal concentration factors were 278 in freshwater and 69 in seawater. The weight-normalized uptake rate constants of 137Cs were similar for both freshwater daphnids and marine copepods. Most of the 137Cs in marine copepods was in the exoskeleton followed by polar and non-polar components. In freshwater daphnids, 137Cs was highest in the polar fractions followed by exoskeleton and low amounts in the non-polar components. Fish that fed on contaminated marine copepods assimilated 137Cs with an efficiency of 88%, while 91% was assimilated from freshwater daphnids. A bioaccumulation model demonstrated that diet accounted for ≤3% of the total body burden of 137Cs in marine zooplankton and ≤12% in freshwater zooplankton, but ≥99% of the total body burden in fish. Rate constants of 137Cs loss from fish following aqueous exposure were 0.2 d-1 and 0.4 d-1 in marine and freshwater conditions, respectively, but only 0.06 d-1 and 0.3 d-1, respectively, following dietary exposure. This model also indicates that trophic transfer factors from zooplankton to fish are up to 2.2 for marine conditions and up to 0.6 for freshwater. 137Cs is unusual among metals in that it enters marine food chains primarily from the aqueous phase into zooplankton, from which it is highly assimilated by fish, resulting in detectable 137Cs in fish tissues.
Protecting reactors from terrorists

A review of the available data on changing terrorist trends suggests that the design basis threat assumed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the security and safeguards precautions that flow from them are dangerously out of step with reality. Both the number of incidents and the nature of terrorism has changed, and the presumption of any moral or political constraints has vanished. Two major areas of concern are steps to eliminate protection at research and test reactors and the sensitive security information the NRC routinely issues in public documents, including a series of scientific assessments of how to penetrate security barriers. 8 references, 4 figures.
Properties of Doped Polyacetylene, (Ch)x

Linear polyacetylene, (CH)x is one of the simplest conjugated organic polymers, and it therefore has attracted the attention of polymer chemists and physicists for some time [1]. Each carbon atom is a bonded to one hydrogen and two neighboring carbon atoms consistent with sp2 hybridization. The II electrons delocalize into the bands in which carrier transport can occur. In the absence of bond alternation and Coulomb correlation the trans form of (CH)x would be a metal. In actuality the trans form of (CH)x has bond alternation and is thus a semiconductor. In a recent series of studies Shirakawa and coworkers [2,3,4] have succeeded in synthesizing polycrystalline films of (CH)x and have chemically doped these films with a variety of donors and acceptors to give n-type or p-type semiconductors. Transport and far IR transmission studies as a function of doping suggest that a semiconductor to metal transition occurs near 1 atomic % dopant concentration [3].
Laufbahnen vor der Flut

Die Jahre vergingen, die Sintflut stieg weiterhin an. Es regnete unerbittlich, der Nebel behinderte die Sicht. Immer hoher die Hugel hinauf entstanden Hutten und Hauser, wahrend unten die ersten schon lange versunken waren. Eine stete Wanderungsbewegung von Untenlebenden setzte ein. Einstige Hugelsturmer lebten plotzlich auf durchschnittlichem Niveau. In einiger Entfernung schien es ein groseres Hugelmassiv zu geben, das auf langere Zeit Sicherheit zu bieten schien. Abenteurer hatten diese Kunde gebracht, viele Hugelsturmer waren hingezogen und schienen sehr zufrieden. Die Individual-Lemminge diskutierten wild kontrovers um ein gemeinsames Vorgehen. Die auf den hoheren Hugeln neu lebenden Menschen kamen hinunter und erklarten, dass die gefundene Hugelregion nun ihnen als den Entdeckern gehore. Sie deklarierten die neuen Hugel als ihren Claim, den sie fur sich abgesteckt hatten. Sie hatten die Lasten der Suche getragen, hatten unermudlich nach lebensrettenden Alternativen gesucht, und sie sahen es nun nicht ein, dass die ganze „Restsippschaft“ freudig anstrengungsloser Nutznieser sein solle. So fing es an.
Molecular Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Discoveries in molecular pathogenetic mechanisms have had a major impact in the field of pulmonary disease, with important implications for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. Novel molecular diagnostic techniques are being developed, and new therapeutic approaches are being actively investigated. Molecular biology has had profound effects on the development of new products, including vaccines, therapeutic agents, and novel gene therapies, and is the basis of pharmacogenomics, the study of genes or chromosomal loci that are involved in determining the responsiveness of an individual to a particular drug.