cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and structure of the anti , anti isomer and a DFT study of it and the syn , anti isomer of bis(tricarbonylchromium)dibenzo-[ a , e ]cyclooctatetraene. Evidence for an attractive electrostatic interaction between carbonyl oxygen atoms and Cr(CO) 3 -coordinated arene carbon atoms

Abstract When dibenzo[ a , e ]cyclooctatetraene and hexacarbonylchromium are refluxed in di- n -butyl ether/THF for an extended period, both the syn , anti and anti , anti isomers of the bis-tricarbonylchromium complex are obtained. After separation by column chromatography, the syn , anti : anti , anti isomer ratio is approximately 12:1. The anti , anti arrangement of the Cr(CO) 3 groups was verified by X-ray crystallographic structure determination. The orientations of the two tricarbonylchromium tripods relative to the 1,2-disubstituted arene rings differ. One is exo staggered while the other is eclipsed. Intermolecular C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding is prevalent in the crystal and is reminiscent of the syn , anti isomer. A dimeric motif in the solid resulting from C–H⋯π interactions is observed. DFT calculations on both isomers confirms that the syn , anti isomer is favored. The preferred orientation for the anti Cr(CO) 3 groups in both cases is exo staggered. However, the barrier to rotation is low, allowing hydrogen bonding to readily overcome this barrier and control the orientation of the tripod. While thermodynamic consideration support the preference for the syn , anti isomer, kinetic factors may also be important as this isomer would be formed preferentially due to steric inhibition of the diene coordination site by the mononuclear anti isomer. The stabilization of the syn , anti isomer occurs by an electrostatic attraction of the syn carbonyl groups with the anti Cr(CO) 3 -coordinated arene carbon atoms. A reexamination of the structural parameters verifies nonbonded carbon–oxygen distances less than the sum of the van der Waals radii in the syn , anti isomer. A search of the Cambridge Structural Database results in a significant number of interactions of this nature for arenetricarbonylchromium complexes.
Modeling the capacity drop phenomenon at freeway bottlenecks using the INTEGRATION software

AbstractEmpirical studies have demonstrated that the discharge flow rate at a bottleneck is reduced following the onset of congestion. These flow reductions, also known as capacity drops, are typically measured by comparing the queue discharge flowrate to the maximum pre-queue discharge flow rate. This research demonstrates, through the use of the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software, that these empirically observed capacity drops can be simulated without enforcing a discontinuity in the steady-state car-following or fundamental diagram. Instead, these capacity drops may be captured by constraining and varying vehicle acceleration levels, which in turn produces the desired macroscopic behavior by introducing gaps between vehicles. The study demonstrates that the INTEGRATION software produces capacity drops at the same level of magnitude as empirically observed. The study then uses the INTEGRATION software to demonstrate the empirically observed stochastic capacity and demonstrates how it is...
Dynamic snap-through of an elastic-plastic simple shallow truss

Abstract The effect of plastic deformation on the dynamic buckling of shallow structures is studied for a simple truss consisting of two identical bars with a mass attached to the middle hinge. The material of the truss is considered to be elastic-perfectly plastic with equal yield limits in tension and compression. The load is applied at the middle hinge. Two types of loading are included, namely, step loading and impulsive loading. It is found that for materials with low level of yield stress, the dynamic buckling load increases with the yield stress. However, for materials with a high level of yield stress, the dynamic buckling phenomenon is dominated by the elastic action. When the applied load is sufficiently large, the backward snap-through of the truss may be prevented by the tensile yielding present in the post-buckling deformation of the truss.
LOW‐TEMPERATURE, LONG‐TIME HEATING OF BOVINE MUSCLE 2. Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns

SUMMARY: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to follow changes in the nature of the water-soluble proteins and juices of bovine muscle during low-temperature heating. The slowestmoving anodic proteins were coagulated first. The myoglobins and myoalbumins were altered significantly only by holding the meat at 60°C. The largest changes in tenderness and amount of water-soluble material in the meat occurred at the same temperatures under which the slow-moving proteins were denatured. The most heat-sensitive proteins detected were denatured before there were significant changes in tenderness or water-soluble substance content.
Gaucher disease, a paradigm for single gene defects.

Gaucher disease is the most common glycolipid storage disease. Type I, the most common form of the disease, is characterised by enlargement of the liver, and spleen and bone lesions. In the rare type II and type III forms of the disorder, central nervous system involvement is present as well. The disease results from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which is needed for the enzymatic degradation of complex lipids, globosides and gangliosides. In the absence of sufficient glucocerebrosidase activity, the catabolic product glucocerebroside accumulates.
Generalized threshold decoding and the Reed- Solomon codes

A necessary condition for the existence of a set of J orthogonal parity check equations is developed, and it is demonstrated that, except for the trivial codes, the Reed-Solomon codes are not L -step orthogonalizable. Massey's concept of threshold decoding is generalized, and it is demonstrated that the Reed-Solomon codes are completely threshold decodable. Since every BCH code is a subcode of some Reed-Solomon code, every BCH code has a generalized threshold decoder.
Glutamine uptake by System A transporters maintains neurotransmitter GABA synthesis and inhibitory synaptic transmission

GABA synthesis is necessary to maintain synaptic vesicle filling, and key proteins in its biosynthetic pathways may play a role in regulating inhibitory synaptic stability and strength. GABAergic neurons require a source of precursor glutamate, possibly from glutamine, although it is controversial whether glutamine contributes to the synaptic pool of GABA. Here we report that inhibition of System A glutamine transporters with alpha-(methyl-amino) isobutyric acid rapidly reduced the amplitude of inhibitory post-synaptic currents and miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) recorded in rat hippocampal area cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons, indicating that synaptic vesicle content of GABA was reduced. After inhibiting astrocytic glutamine synthesis by either blocking glutamate transporters or the glutamine synthetic enzyme, the effect of alpha-(methyl-amino) isobutyric acid on mIPSC amplitudes was abolished. Exogenous glutamine did not affect mIPSC amplitudes, suggesting that the neuronal transporters are normally saturated. Our findings demonstrate that a constitutive supply of glutamine is provided by astrocytes to inhibitory neurons to maintain vesicle filling. Therefore, glutamine transporters, like those for glutamate, are potential regulators of inhibitory synaptic strength. However, in contrast to glutamate, extracellular glutamine levels are normally high. Therefore, we propose a supportive role for glutamine, even under resting conditions, to maintain GABA vesicle filling.
Reply to the letter to the editor by Bretholz et al.

I’d like to thank the NYC Poison Center for their letter regarding the manuscript “OpdA, a bacterial organophosphorus hydrolase, prevents lethality in rats after poisoning with highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides.” A close review of the manuscript serves to effectively answer their first misinterpretation of the paper. Hoffman et al are mistaken when writing that the OPs were administered simultaneously with the OP hydrolase. As stated in the manuscript and Fig 3b, in the parathion model OpdA was given 10 minutes after the parathion. The authors are correct in stating that in the developed world, standard therapy for OP poisoning includes atropine along with an oxime. Atropine or other anti-muscarinic drug was not included in any treatment group for two reasons. Firstly, it is thought that high circulating OP concentrations re-inhibit any acetylcholinesterase that has been reactivated by 2-PAM. It therefore follows that if plasma concentrations of an OP could be decreased, the acetylcholinesterase could be regenerated and not undergo re-inhibition. The study therefore sought to determine if use of an OP hydrolase could increase the efficacy of 2-PAM (without atropine) by such a mechanism. While the lack of serum OP concentrations in the study limits the full interpretation of the data, the results are consistent with the hypothesis. Secondly, if one assumes that adding atropine would increase survival at 4 or 24 hours to 80% (not an unreasonable assumption in an animal model not involving mechanical ventilation), then more than 30 animals would be required in each experimental group in order to show statistical significance. Hoffman et al. are surely correct in their assessment that further study into the area of OP hydrolases for organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is clearly warranted.
Applications of WWW technology in teaching finance

Abstract In this article we discuss the need for a personal Web page in finance education, some of the ways Web pages can be used to benefit students, and present a survey of Web page use. We follow with a discussion of how to create and modify a Web page using commonly available computer programs. This information allows faculty the ability to provide valuable and timely information and materials for students.
Clinical and Demographic Features of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. 1044

During the summer of 1994 we reviewed the demographic and clinical features of the 58 children and adolescents referred to a chronic fatigue syndrome program since its inception in 1990. The 58 patients were mean age 14.6 years(50% 7-14 years, 50% 15-21 years), 71% female, 94% white, and ill a mean of 11.25 months (50% 1-6 months, 50% 7-36 months) prior to presentation. Parents were predominantly middle class (Hollingshead scores of father's occupation: 22% upper, 58% middle, 20% lower) and 76% lived with both parents. School performance was considered excellent or good in 70% prior to illness, and 50% at first visit; school attendance was regular in 73% prior to illness but had decreased to 14%. At presentation 42% reported excellent/good relationships with friends, 38% “average”, and 20% few/no relationships; 30% still continued most/some activities with friends, 22%“occasionally”, and 48% rare/no activities. Sixty percent of patients reported an acute onset of illness and 60% a history of allergies. Most commonly reported symptoms and findings included fatigue (100%), headache(74%), sore throat (59%), abdominal pain (48%), fever (36%), impaired cognition (33%), myalgia (31%), diarrhea (29%), adenopathy (29%), anorexia(28%), nausea/vomiting (26%), congestion (22%), dizziness (19%), and arthalgia(17%). Trouble waking was reported by 86%; difficulty falling asleep by 50%; 69% reported sleeping ≥ 10 hours per day; and 44% took daily naps. Few physical abnormalities were noted: mildly inflamed pharynx (36%), subjective sinus tenderness (12%), shoddy cervical adenopathy (10%). Laboratory tests were non-diagnostic. No difference in clinical characteristics were noted based on age, sex, length, or acute onset of illness. These data demonstrate a wide variety of clinical and demographic characteristics in this population referred for evaluation of chronic fatigue.
The association of primary varicella infection and streptococcal infection of the cutaneous and musculoskeletal system: A case report

The association of primary varicella infection and serious Group A P-hemolytic Streptococcal (GABHS) infection has not been reported in the radiologic literature. Sporadic cases of association of GABHS fasciitis and septic arthritis as a complication of chicken pox have been reported1--4 however, imaging findings of this condition have not been emphasized. We present a family in which two sisters with chicken pox both subsequently developed multiple sites of septic arthritis, fasciitis and myositis with GABHS and their impressive MRI findings. The awareness of the association of primary varicella and life threatening GABHS infection of the cutaneous and musculoskeletal system by radiologist interpreting the MRI images may facilitate earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Counterpatriarchal Pleasures of Muslim Turkish Women: A Feminist Ethnography of Rural Women Watching Daytime Television

This article examines the intersection of patriarchal hegemony, television viewing, domestic power relations and individual agency in the daily lives of rural Turkish women. More specifically, it analyzes the reception of daytime American soap operas by women in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Employing an interdisciplinary methodology that combines ethnography, textual analysis and transnational feminist theory, this study investigates how women’s media experiences allow them to resist their traditional roles assigned by Islamic patriarchies. Among the major questions addressed are, “In what ways does soap viewership reflect the appropriation of anti-patriarchal modes of knowledge? How do soap operas allow women to question local gender norms? How, for example, does viewer identification with a female soap opera character committing adultery disrupt traditional gender norms, in which an act of adultery may lead to an honor killing?” Turkish women’s viewership habits as well as their pleasures from the anti-traditional plots contribute to the creation of a resistive female sphere. This study illustrates the multiple levels through which this female forum is socially constructed. I argue that women’s viewing pleasures and the actualization of a powerful female homosociality furnish the structural conditions under which alternative forms of meaning can gain a public momentum. Although respondents’ diverse uses of soap operas do not represent the formation of organized feminist protest, they, nevertheless, reflect these women’s dissatisfaction with the status quo. As such, soap viewership allows women to challenge traditional norms of gender and sexuality in the villages where this study was conducted.
Organic and Aqueous Compatible Polystyrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Ultra-Fine Fibrous Membranes

Polystyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (PSMA, Mv ¼ 700 kDa) was synthesized and efficiently processed into 400 to 600 nm diameter fibers via electro- spinning from either 20 wt % dimethylformamide or 25 wt % dimethylsulfoxide solution. Crosslinking of PSMA was effective by adding glycerol and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (Mw ¼ 31-50 kDa) in the dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide solutions, respectively. The PSMA fibers containing glycerol at 29.4 mol% were auto-crosslinked whereas those with 12.9 mol% (2 wt %) glycerol and 15.4 mol% (0.75 wt %) PVA required heating to induce inter- molecular esterification. Heat-induced crosslinking with glycerol was more effective in rendering the PSMA fibrous membranes insoluble in all solvents whereas that with PVA remained soluble in most solvents except for acetone and tetrahydrofuran. The crosslinked fibrous membranes had improved thermally stability and retained physical in- tegrity upon exposure (2 hr at 40 � C) to carbon disulfide, the solvent for Friedel-Craft reactions of the styrene moi- ety. Hydrolysis (0.01N NaOH) of the auto-crosslinked fi- brous membrane significantly improved its hydrophilicity by reducing the water contact angles from 90.6 � to 62.5 � in a matter of seconds. These ultra-high specific surface PSMA fibrous membranes have shown superior organic and aqueous solvent compatibility to be used as highly re- active and easily retrievable supports for solid-phase syn- thesis. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 784- 793, 2009
Large deviations for stochastic systems with memory

In this paper, we develop a large deviations principle for stochastic delay equations driven by small multiplicative white noise. Both upper and lower large deviations estimates are established.
A survey of the universal relation model

Abstract The theory of the universal relation model is discussed and different approaches for realizing universal relation systems are presented. Especially, various assumptions made in connection with this data model are discussed, revealing directives for designing semantically clear database schemes.
Thermographic detection of breast cancer

The author outlines the historical attempts made to use infrared thermography for breast cancer detection. He concludes that the technique was a great idea that failed. One can produce good thermal images of the breast, and these images often show features that reflect disease. But the association between skin temperature and breast cancer is too weak to be useful, given the need to detect small tumors and the statistics of breast cancer. However, infrared imaging has experienced great progress in recent years, which is a result of military research in night vision. Several groups in the U.S., Canada, and Japan are experimenting with advanced thermographic systems for detection of breast cancer. This work, the "new thermography", is still in preliminary stages and no extensive clinical studies have apparently been published. The obvious hope is that improved thermal sensitivity will result in improved sensitivity as a medical test -a plausible but so far unproven hypothesis. Detection of breast cancer graphically illustrates the very large difference between getting a medical technology to "work" in a technical or engineering sense, and in meeting the needs of physicians and their patients. There is also a difference between observing promising results with individual patients, and in showing that a technique will benefit the many patients with whom it will be used. We would do our students a favor by helping them to understand the difference. And those who fail to learn the lessons of the past may have to repeat them again.
Pets and Our Mental Health: The Why, the What and the How

(2005). Pets and Our Mental Health: The Why, the What and the How. Anthrozoos: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 441-443.
Potentiation of GABA inhibitory action in cerebellum by locus coeruleus stimulation

Abstract In cerebellum, excitatory and inhibitory responses of Purkinje cells, produced both synaptically and by microiontophoresis of putative amino acid neurotransmitters, have been shown previously to be enhanced during NE iontophoresis. The influence of locus coeruleus conditioning stimulation on Purkinje cell responses to GABA iontophoresis was examined to determine whether endogenous NE, released from synaptic terminals, could exert similar modulatory effects. Locus coeruleus stimulation at current intensities which alone elicited no direct depression of Purkinje cell spontaneous discharge potentiated the inhibition produced by GABA. Iontophoretic application of sotalol, a specific β-adrenergic blocker, antagonized this enhancement of GABA inhibition. Repetitive activation of the classic non-adrenergic cerebellar afferents did not enhance the GABA response, despite causing a direct depression in spontaneous rate. A neuromodulatory role is suggested for tonic adrenergic input in the mammalian central nervous system.
Multimodal Control of Orientation in Space

The impaired balance of posture accounts for the fall with a large proportion of falls in older people occurring when walking. However, the mechanisms underlying impaired balance during both gait and passive postural state are poorly understood. The objective of the research is to examine the underlying causes of instability and then to eventually create therapeutic interventions that will improve balance and lessen the number of falls related injuries. This paper focuses on developing a laboratory to study the combined influence of motion impact and visual conditions on head stabilization during passive postural jerk impact and simple harmonic movements. Preliminary studies on one healthy subject shows that concordant and discordant visual inputs have more compensatory effect than eyes closed on head stabilization during the jerk impact.© 2009 ASME
From "open mailbox" to context mechanics: shifting levels of abstraction in adventure games

Abstracting the fictional world to essential components is one of the first steps to design the system of a game. The amount of detail with which the fictional world is implemented as the system determines the level of abstraction of the simulation of the game [9]. This paper is a historical analysis of the design of a specific genre, adventure games, and how the levels of abstraction have shifted through time. Early adventure games, such as Zork or The Lurking Horror, had a wide range of possible actions and had more detailed simulations of the game world. Through the more than thirty years of history of adventure games, such as Space Quest, Myst, Indigo Prophecy or the recent Machinarium, the nuance of the simulation has diminished, as well as the variety of possible actions. There are two basic reasons for this simplification: first, to make the interface easier to use, and second, in order to facilitate players finding and identifying the elements of the puzzles and advance the story. This historical exploration of adventure games design provides insight on the trade-offs of choosing different levels of abstraction in the design, which may be extensible to other videogame genres.
Automatic classification of analog modulation schemes

This paper discusses automatic modulation classification (AMC) of analog schemes. Histograms of instantaneous frequency are used as classification features and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are then applied to classify the unknown modulation schemes. This novel machine-learning based method can insure robustness in a wide range of SNR. Extensive simulation has demonstrated the validity of the proposed AMC algorithm. It is a practical algorithm in blind AMC environments.
Geometries and bond energies of GaHn and GaHn+ (n=1–3)

Abstract Complete active space MCSCF (CASSCF) followed by full second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) calculations are carried out on the low-lying electronic states of GaH n and GaH n + ( n =1–3). The equilibrium geometries of these species, bond energies D 0 (H n -1 Ga-H) and ionization potentials (IPs) of GaH n are calculated. The IPs of GaH n exhibit odd-even alternations. The ground state of GaH 2 is found to be bent while GaH 2 + is linear. The ground state of GaH 3 is found to be 1 A 1 (triangular-planar) while that of GaH 3 + is a Jahn-Teller distorted 2 B 2 (C 2v ) state.
Misesian Assessment of Systems Analysis

This paper presents results of a survey of civil engineering systems analysis courses and a review of the four most commonly used textbooks. The numerical techniques of systems analysis appear to be appropriate for certain types of problems. These may be called “technological” as opposed to “economic” problems. The size of a problem appropriate to systems analysis methods must not be too large, although this limiting size is not precisely determinate. An Austrian assessment of the economic foundations of systems analysis shows that the typical content of systems analysis courses and their prerequisites are deficient. Descriptions of fundamental economic concepts are confused. Suggestions are offered to complete these most important ideas for the students and to complement the content of the typical systems analysis course work.
Polymer structures and properties of new heat resistant films and fibers

Commercial films, elastomers, and fibers have valuable in-use properties below 300°C. Astronautic requirements, however, may evaentually call for materials that withstand 500 hrs at 300°C or 100 hrs at 500°C while fully retaining their useful properties. The most significant advances in the synthesis and preparation of heat resistant polymer have been made since 1959 with new synthetic methods such as interfacial polymerization, cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular polymer post-cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular olymer post-cyclization reactions. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the structural relationships among those heat resistant, orgainc polymers that were reported to give strong films and fibers. Those heat resistant polymers, which have not yet been fabricated into films and fibers are not included in this review.
Name-bearing, reference, and circularity

Proponents of the predicate view of names explain the reference of an occurrence of a name N by invoking the property of bearing N. They avoid the charge that this view involves a vicious circularity by claiming that bearing N is not itself to be understood in terms of the reference of actual or possible occurrences of N. I argue that this approach is fundamentally mistaken. The phenomenon of 'reference transfer' shows that an individual can come to bear a name in virtue of the referential practices of a group of speakers. I develop a picture of name-bearing which captures this fact by treating the extension of name as a function of the way that extension is represented in the presuppositions of groups of speakers. I show that though there is a form of circularity inherent in this approach, it is not vicious circularity.
Visual-spatial processing in deaf brain-damaged signers

Sign language displays all the complex linguistic structure found in spoken languages, but conveys its syntax in large part by manipulating spatial relations. This study investigated whether deaf signers who rely on a visual-spatial language nonetheless show a principled cortical separation for language and nonlanguage visual-spatial functioning. Four unilaterally brain-damaged deaf signers, fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) before their strokes, served as subjects. Three had damage to the left hemisphere and one had damage to the right hemisphere. They were administered selected tests of nonlanguage visual-spatial processing. The pattern of performance of the four patients across this series of tests suggests that deaf signers show hemispheric specialization for nonlanguage visual-spatial processing that is similar to hearing speaking individuals. The patients with damage to the left hemisphere, in general, appropriately processed visual-spatial relationships, whereas, in contrast, the patient with damage to the right hemisphere showed consistent and severe visual-spatial impairment. The language behavior of these patients was much the opposite, however. Indeed, the most striking separation between linguistic and nonlanguage visual-spatial functions occurred in the left-hemisphere patient who was most severely aphasic for sign language. Her signing was grossly impaired, yet her visual-spatial capacities across the series of tests were surprisingly normal. These data suggest that the two cerebral hemispheres of congenitally deaf signers can develop separate functional specialization for nonlanguage visual-spatial processing and for language processing, even though sign language is conveyed in large part via visual-spatial manipulation.
High Body Mass Index Does Not Predict Mortality in Older People: Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging

OBJECTIVE: To determine the excess mortality associated with obesity (defined by body mass index (BMI)) in older people, with and without adjustment for other risk factors associated with mortality and for demographic factors. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA). SETTING: Nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older people. PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand five hundred and twenty-seven participants age 70 and older in 1984. MEASUREMENTS: We used Cox regression to calculate proportional hazards ratios for mortality over 96 months. We tested the hypothesis that increased BMI (top 15%) increased mortality rates in older people. RESULTS: Death occurred in 38% of the cohort: 54% of the thin (lowest 10% of the population, BMI 28.5 kg/m2), and 37% of the remaining participants (normal) died. Adjustment for demographic factors, health services utilization, and functional status still demonstrated reduced mortality in obese older people (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.77–0.97) compared with normal. After adjustment, thin older people remained more likely to die (hazard ratio 1.46, 95% CI = 1.30–1.64) than normal older people. Sensitivity analyses for income, mortality during the first two years of follow-up, and medical comorbidities did not substantively alter the conclusions. CONCLUSION: Obesity may be protective compared with thinness or normal weight in older community-dwelling Americans.
Laryngeal water receptors are insensitive to body temperature in neonatal piglets.

Heat stress and the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) have both been implicated as possible contributors to the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We recently reported that moderate hyperthermia, induced in decerebrate piglets by external heating, substantially prolonged the LCR elicited by injecting 0.1 ml of water into the larynx through a prepositioned transnasal catheter. To examine the question of whether hyperthermia influences the responses of laryngeal water receptors, we recorded single fiber action potentials in fine strands of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in decerebrate piglets while the larynx was filled with water or isotonic saline. Water receptors, identified by their much brisker response to water than to saline, were studied with body temperature at 37.9 ± 0.2 °C, after warming the animal to 40.6 ± 0.2 °C and after cooling back to 37.7 ± 0.3 °C. The results show no effect of body temperature change, in this range, on the responses of the laryngeal water receptors and thus suggest that the potentiation of the LCR by hyperthermia is mediated by a central action.
Processing routes for direct bonding of silicon to epitaxially textured diamond

Abstract Direct bonding of (1 0 0) silicon to epitaxially textured diamond is reported. Fusion of the silicon wafers to the diamond specimens was conducted at high temperature, under an applied stress of 32 MPa in a dedicated ultra-high vacuum bonding apparatus. The highly oriented films were characterized by a RMS surface roughness of ∼150.0 nm (via atomic force microscopy) and discrete crystallites that had formed on the otherwise smooth, (1 0 0)-sheet textured surfaces. Consequently, only partial bonding was observed from 950 to 1150 °C; attempts at silicon-to-diamond fusion at lower temperatures were unsuccessful. The diamond films were also mechanically polished to a RMS surface roughness of ∼5.0 nm. Successful bonding of silicon to these films was observed at fusion temperatures ⩾850 °C using the same processing conditions implemented in the unpolished diamond work. Scanning acoustic microscopy revealed a more uniform interface in these silicon-on-diamond specimens.
Nanometre-scale defects in shear bands in a metallic glass

Abstract We have compared the structure of shear bands with that of undeformed regions of a metallic glass. Using quantitative high-resolution electron microscopy, we observed void-like defects, approximately 1 nm in diameter and at a concentration of one in 100nm3, which are generated as a result of plastic deformation in the shear bands. These defects may result from the coalescence of excess free volume upon cessation of the flow. By comparing the free energy of the shear band containing uniformly distributed free volume with that of the relaxed shear band with voids present, we show that the coalescence is thermo-dynamically possible.
Studies on the metabolism of aminopyrine, antipyrine and theophylline using monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from rat liver

Abstract We investigated the role played by monoclonal antibody defined classes of cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of antipyrine, aminopyrine and theophylline. Two enzyme inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1-7-1 and MAb 2-66-3) raised to two forms of cytochrome P-450 were used. Microsomes were prepared from the livers of untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated, and phenobarbital (PB)-treated male Wistar rats. Addition of either monoclonal antibody to hepatic microsomes from untreated rats had a negligible effect on the metabolism of aminopyrine, antipyrine or theophylline. These results indicate that the constitutive enzymes responsible for metabolism of these three drugs differ from the MAb inhibitable enzymes responsible for transformation of these drugs in induced microsomes. In microsomes from MC- and PB-treated rats, however, the two MAbs differentially inhibited individual pathways. For example, at 20 mM aminopyrine, as much as 55% of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) formation arose from the family of cytochrome P-450 isozymes that were not inhibited for (1) 4-AA formation at 4 mM aminopyrine and (2) 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) formation at either concentration. Thus, the enzyme that functions at 20 mM aminopyrine in 4-AA formation differs from that which functions at 4 mM aminopyrine in formation of 4-AA or 4-MAA. Addition of MAbs to induced microsomes revealed at least four isozymes with overlapping specificities involved in antipyrine and theophylline metabolism. Each MAb-inhibitable pathway and the isozymes associated with it were classified into one of three epitope families: those pathways inhibited by both MAbs, those inhibited only by the MAb raised against PB-inducible P-450 isozymes, and those inhibited only by the MAb raised against 3-MC-inducible P-450 isozymes. A fourth group of pathways consisted of those unaffected by addition of either monoclonal antibody. Analysis of metabolism with these two MAbs suggests more extensive heterogeneity of the isozymes that biotransform these drugs than previously recognized.
Analysis of the DNA binding proteins interacting with specific upstream sequences of the S. purpuratus CyI actin gene

The Cyl actin gene of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is regulated temporally and spatially within the cells of the early embryo. In an effort to understand the molecular basis for the Cyl actin pattern of expression, we have begun analyzing the protein–DNA interactions within regions previously shown to be of potential functional importance (Katula et al., 1987). Using DNase I footprinting, 10 protected regions were identified containing both conserved and apparently novel protein binding sites. Gel mobility shift competition assays confirmed the presence of multiple protein factors which specifically recognize Cyl actin upstream sequences. Determination of a relative affinity constant value (Kr) indicated that most of the protein factors preferred their respective oligonucleotide sequences vs. a synthetic competitor DNA in a range of 104. The highest affinity binding was observed for proteins binding to the oligonucleotide probe containing theoctamer element (Kr ≈ 106). Heterologous gel shift competition assays were carried out to investigate the interrelatedness of the protein factors. These studies, combined with other data, indicate there are both unique and redundant protein–DNA interactions in the region being examined. Possible alterations in Cyl actin DNA binding proteins were investigated during the period of Cyl transcriptional activation by gel mobility shift analysis. An increase in binding activity was observed for most of the factors, indicating that early transcriptional activity of Cyl actin may involve a general increase in the amount or activity of specific transcription factors. In addition, qualitative changes, as seen by alterations in the shift patterns, were observed for some of the oligonucleotide probes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection in Adversarial Environments

We propose new game theoretic approaches to estimate a binary random variable based on sensor measurements that may have been corrupted by a cyber-attacker. The estimation problem is formulated as a zero-sum partial information game in which a detector attempts to minimize the probability of an estimation error and an attacker attempts to maximize this probability. While this problem can be solved exactly by reducing it to the computation of the value of a matrix, this approach is computationally feasible only for a small number of sensors. The two key results of this paper provide complementary computationally efficient solutions to the construction of the optimal detector. The first result provides an explicit formula for the optimal detector but it is only valid when the number of sensors is roughly smaller than two over the probability of sensor errors. In contrast, the detector provided by the second result is valid for an arbitrary number of sensor. While it may result in a probability of estimation error that is ϵ above the minimum achievable, we show that this error ϵ is small when the number of sensors is large, which is precisely the case for which the first result does not apply.
Death in African literature: The example of Chinua Achebe 1

(1981). Death in African literature: The example of Chinua Achebe. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 201-213.
Viscoelastic properties of human tracheobronchial mucin in aqueous solution

Human tracheobronchial mucin isolated from cystic fibrosis patients (CF HTBM) was purified using a combination of gel filtration and density gradient centrifugation. The resulting mucin was fractionated to reduce polydispersity and to facilitate studies of the molecular weight dependence of mucin viscoelasticity in concentrated solution. The viscoelastic properties of CF HTBM were examined in distilled water, 0.1M salt solutions and chaotropic solvents. In controlled strain experiments (strain ≥ 5%) with increasing mucin concentration, a crossover from sol to gel behavior is observed. The gel strength, as measured by the magnitude of the storage modulus at comparable mucin concentrations, is greatest for distilled water, intermediate for 0.1M NaCl, and lowest far 6M GdnHCl. In distilled water, high molecular weight mucin undergoes a sol-gel transition at ∼ 12 mg/mL, and shows evidence of a plateau modulus at higher concentrations. The storage and loss moduli of concentrated high molecular weight fractions in 6M GdnHCl exhibit a power law dependence on frequency typical of weak gels near the sol–gel transition at 20 mg/mL. Similar rheology is observed in 0.1M NaCl and 0.091M NaCl/3 mM CaCl2, but with evidence for additional weak associations at low frequency. The power law exponent in these systems is 0.70 ± 0.02, in good agreement with prediction for networks formed by a percolation mechanism. Low molecular weight fractions in these solvents exhibit a fluid-like viscoelastic response. However, low molecular weight mucin in distilled water shows a strain-dependent increase in elasticity at low frequency indicative of weak intermolecular associations. Comparison of the rheological behavior of CF HTBM with our earlier studies of ovine submaxillary mucin lends support to the idea that carbohydrate side-chain interactions are important in the gelation mechanism of mucins. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms of spindle positioning.

Accurate positioning of spindles is essential for asymmetric mitotic and meiotic cell divisions that are crucial for animal development and oocyte maturation, respectively. The predominant model for spindle positioning, termed “cortical pulling,” involves attachment of the microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein to the cortex, where it exerts a pulling force on microtubules that extend from the spindle poles to the cell cortex, thereby displacing the spindle. Recent studies have addressed important details of the cortical pulling mechanism and have revealed alternative mechanisms that may be used when microtubules do not extend from the spindle to the cortex.
Analyzing the application ASP concept: technologies, economies, and strategies

The application service provider model can realize economies of scale in managing hardware, software, and personnel resources, but this new concept also introduces uncertainty as it redistributes responsibilities among organizations.
Age-Associated Alterations of the Mitochondrial Genome

Abstract Age-associated alterations of the mitochondrial genome occur in several different species; however, their physiological relevance remains unclear. The age-associated changes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) include nucleotide point mutations and modifications, as well as deletions. In this review, we summarize the current literature on age-associated mtDNA mutations and deletions and comment on their abundance. A clear need exists for a more thorough evaluation of the total damage to the mitochondrial genome that accumulates in aged tissues. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
An Evaluation of Model-Dependent and Probability-Sampling Inferences in Sample Surveys

Abstract In this paper we are concerned with inferences from a sample survey to a finite population. We contrast inferences that are dependent on an assumed model with inferences based on the randomization induced by the sample selection plan. Randomization consistency for finite population estimators is defined and adopted as a requirement of probability sampling. A numerical example is examined to illustrate the dangers in the use of model-dependent estimators even when the model is apparently consonant with the sample data. The paper concludes with a summary of principles that we believe should guide the practitioner of sample surveys of finite populations.
Civil violence and the process of development

(1972). Civil violence and the process of development. The Adelphi Papers: Vol. 11, Civil Violence and the International System. Part II: Violence and International Security Papers from the IISS 13th Annual Conference, pp. 1-15.
Familial psychopathology in delusional disorder.

Abstract The family background of patients with simple delusional disorder was examined. Different groups of controls were used. Patients with simple delusional disorder were likely to have family members who were considered suspicious, secretive, jealous, or showed delusions or some kind of paranoid disorder more frequently than the controls. Neither paranoid schizophrenics nor other patients with major psychiatric illnesses are likely to have family members that show the kind of characteristics that are usually seen in paranoid personalities.
Miniaturized Radio Repeater for Enhanced Wireless Connectivity of Ad-Hoc Networks

A new concept for development of a high-gain and miniaturized radio repeater is presented in this paper. The proposed system utilizes a small array of low-profile miniaturized planar antennas with vertically polarized radiation pattern as well as a modified ring hybrid coupler as the array power distribution circuit and a low-power high-gain amplifier chain. In this configuration, a small receiving antenna is placed between a pair of transmit antenna array, which are fed 180° out of phase. The transmit array creates a null-plane where the receive antenna is placed, and this way an isolation value between the transmit and receive antennas in excess of 50 dB is achieved, while the shortest distance between the transmit and receive antennas is less than 0.16λ0. The proposed repeater has a small form factor and occupies a small volume (0.22λ02 × 0.03λ0). A prototype of the miniaturized radio repeater is fabricated and measured to verify the system performance. A radar cross section of the repeater is measured for evaluating the overall system gain and its bandwidth. It is shown that an amplifier chain with a gain of 50 dB can be inserted between the transmit and receive antennas, which results in the measured repeater RCS of 21.3 dBsm.
Empirical Evidence on the Application of Lord’s Sampling Technique to Likert Items

This study was conducted to evaluate empirically if means and standard deviations could be estimated accurately by Lord’s technique for an attitude scale which consisted of Likert items. The procedures followed were those described by Lord (2). The formulas used were those reported by Plumlee (3), except that a minor modification was made in the formula for estimating the population standard deviation. An estimate of the population mean using item sampling procedures based on 5 percent item samples (3 items in each sample) was less deviate from the population mean than fifteen of the twenty examinee sample estimates (5% examinee sample). A 10 percent item sample estimate of the population mean was less in error than nine of the ten corresponding examinee sample estimates and a 20 percent item sample estimate was more accurate than all five of the estimates from the 20 percent examinee samples. A 5 percent item sample estimate of the population standard deviation was more accurate than twelve of the twenty...
Optimum Wiener bounding filters in the presence of uncertainties

Wiener filtering assumes knowledge of the signal and noise autocorrelations or spectral densities. When this information is only approximately known, an optimum bounding filter can be designed for the Wiener problem. This paper describes the design of a filter in which the actual estimation error covariance is bounded by the covariance calculated by the estimator. Therefore, the estimator generates a bound on the unavailable actual error covariance and prevents its apparent divergence. The bounding filter can be designed to be of lower order than the Wiener filters associated with each possible set of signal and noise spectral density. Conditions for the design of the optimum (minimum mean-square-error) bounding filter within a permissible class of solutions are discussed. The same approach to the design of bounding filters can be applied to a K/B filter version of the Wiener problem. The design of a bounding filter is illustrated by an example.