cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do physicians have an ethical obligation to care for patients with AIDS

This paper responds to the question: Do physicians have an ethical obligation to care for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? First, the social and political milieu in which this question arises is sampled. Here physicians as well as other members of the community are found declaring an unwillingness to be exposed to people with AIDS. Next, laws, regulations, ethical codes and principles, and the history of the practice of medicine are examined, and the literature as it pertains to these areas is reviewed. The obligation to care for patients with AIDS, however, cannot be located in an orientation to morality defined in rules and codes and an appeal to legalistic fairness. By turning to the orientation to morality that emerges naturally from connection and is defined in caring, the physicians' ethical obligation to care for patients with AIDS is found. Through an exploration of the writings of modern medical ethicists, it is clear that the purpose of the practice of medicine is healing, which can only be accomplished in relationship to the patient. It is in relationship to patients that the physician has the opportunity for self-realization. In fact, the physician is physician in relationship to patients and only to the extent that he or she acts virtuously by being morally responsible for and to those patients. Not to do so diminishes the physician's ethical ideal, a vision of the physician as good physician, which has consequences for the physician's capacity to care and for the practice of medicine.
Acid hydrolases and their relationship to lysosomes in the mesonephros of the chick embryo.

The activities of three acid hydrolases (cathepsin, acid phenylphosphate, and acid β-glycerophosphatase) appear to be involved in the regression of embryonic chick mesonephroi and to be associated with cellular particles (lysosomes). Although total activities of these enzymes decrease during mesonephric involution, their importance to this process is indicated by their enhanced specific activities. There is approximately a two-fold increase in the specific activity of acid phenylphosphatase from 12 to 19 days of incubation, a three-fold increase in that of acid β-glycerophosphatase from 9 to 19 days of incubation, and almost a two-fold increase in that of cathepsin from 12 to 19 days of incubation. During the early period of regression from 14 to 17 days of incubation, there is approximately a 31% decrease in the wet weight and a 33% decrease in the total protein per mesonephric pair. Centrifugation of mesonephric homogenates into residue and supernatant fractions at 10 days, 14 days, and 17 days of incubation indicates that at the earliest stages of regression, a release of acid hydrolases does not seem to occur. It is suggested that the cellular particles with which these acid hydrolytic activities are associated act like cytolysomes.
Plasminogen activator activity in clonogenic cell populations separated from a murine fibrosarcoma.

Tumor cells from a murine fibrosarcoma (FSa) produce plasminogen activator (PA), a protease that converts the zymogen plasminogen into the trypsin-like enzyme plasmin. Several studies indicate that tumor cell invasion is accompanied by proteolysis and that PA, generated by highly malignant cells, is by far the most ubiquitous protease associated with malignant transformation. Subpopulations of FSa cells were isolated by using density gradient centrifugation and the ability of these populations to form lung colonies was compared with their associated levels of PA production. Five populations of cells from a murine fibrosarcoma were separated in continuous gradients of Renografin in the density range 1-05–1·18 g/cm2. The PA activities of an unseparated control cell lysate and cell lysates of the five separated populations were determined by using [125I]fibrin as a substrate in a reaction between cell lysate and plasminogen. The assay was based on the release of digested [125I]fibrin from the surface of Petri dishes into the supernatant solution, and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity. The cell populations collected at densities of 1-05 and 109 (B1, B2) were the more clonogenic with relative clonogenic efficiencies of 2·6 and 3·3 times that of the unseparated tumor population, respectively. Analysis for PA demonstrated that enzyme formation was restricted mostly to these two populations. Cells from populations 4 and 5 did not secrete increased amounts of PA and had reduced clonogenic efficiencies compared with the unseparated FSa control population. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PA activity is correlated with the clonogenicity of tumor subpopulations isolated from a heterogeneous and complex tumor system such as the FSa.
Tunneling in a periodic array of semimagnetic quantum dots.

We investigate the tunneling of carriers in a quasi-one-dimensional array of semimagnetic quantum dots. The large magnetopolaron effects due to the exchange interaction of carriers with magnetic ions result in a transmission via solitonlike electronic states. The intensity-dependent transmission coefficient shows the opening of intensity-dependent gaps in the transmission spectrum.
Neardrowning and cold water immersion

Though usually preventable, drowning remains a major cause of accidental death in our society. The lethal common denominator in drowning and neardrowning deaths is hypoxia. Aggressive treatment both at the scene and in the hospital is recommended even in those who initially appear lifeless. Hypothermia and the diving reflex probably explain the incredible survival stories in neardrowning. Remember the maxim in cold water immersion: "One is not dead until warm and dead!"
Bone mineral density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception

Objective: To evaluate the possible effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception on bone mineral density in reproductive-age women. Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional comparison of bone mineral density levels in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and in women of similar age not using this method. The study recruited 457 nonpregnant women aged 18–39 years who were enrollees of a Washington state health maintenance organization. One hundred eighty-three women were receiving injections and 274 were not. Bone mineral density at several anatomic sites (spine, femoral neck, greater trochanter, and whole body) was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Data on other factors potentially related to bone density were collected through questionnaire and examination. Results: Overall, age-adjusted mean bone density levels were lower for users of this method than for nonusers at all anatomic sites: The mean difference was 2.5% for the spine (P = .03) and 2.2% for the femoral neck (P = .12). Exposure to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate continued to be significantly (P < .01) associated with decreased bone density at the femoral neck, spine, and trochanter after multivariate adjustment for other risk factors related to bone density. Age-specific comparisons indicated that the major differences in bone density between users and nonusers occurred in the youngest age group (women 18–21 years); the mean femoral neck bone density was 10.5% lower (P < .01) for the exposed women, and differences were consistent (P < .01) across all anatomic sites. We also noted a significant dose-response relation between longer use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and decreased bone density levels in this age group (P < .01 for all sites). Conclusion: These results provide evidence that contraception with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, particularly long-term use, may adversely affect bone mineral density levels in young women aged 18–21 years. The implications for future bone health need further study.
Haze‐Active Protein and Polyphenols in Apple Juice Assessed by Turbidimetry

The amount of haze-active protein in apple juice was determined by adding tannic acid to induce haze followed by turbidimetry. Turbidity was essentially linear with protein concentration. PVPP treatment prior to tannic acid addition appeared to remove endogenous polyphenols and resulted in slightly weaker response. Adding gelatin to apple juices or clarified ciders induced hazes in response to content of haze-active polyphenols. At an appropriate gelatin concentration turbidity was nearly linear with polyphenol concentration. Treatment with bentonite prior to gelatin addition appeared to remove endogenous protein. Temperature control during the induction period was critical to reproducibility.
Migration from plasticized films into foods. 3. Migration of phthalate, sebacate, citrate and phosphate esters from films used for retail food packaging.

A UK survey of plasticizer levels in retail foods (73 samples) wrapped in plasticized films or materials with plasticized coatings has been carried out. A wide range of different food‐types packaged in vinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC), nitrocellulose‐coated regenerated cellulose film (RCF) and cellulose acetate were purchased from retail and ‘take‐away’ outlets. Plasticizers found in these films were dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) in PVDC, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and diphenyl 2‐ethylhexyl phosphate (DPOP) in RCF coataings, and diethyl phthlate (DEP) in cellulose acetate. Foodstuffs analysed included cheese, pate, chocolate and confectionery products, meat pies, cake, quiches and sandwiches. Analysis was by stable isotope dilution GC/MS for DBP, DCHP and DEP, GC/MS (selected ion monitoring) for BBP and DPOP, and GC with flame ionization detection for DBS and ATBC, but with mass spectrometric confirmation. Levels of...
Software support for outboard buffering and checksumming

Data copying and checksumming are the most expensive operations when doing high-bandwidth network IO over a high-speed network. Under some conditions, outboard buffering and checksumming can eliminate accesses to the data, thus making communication less expensive and faster. One of the scenarios in which outboard buffering pays off is the common case of applications accessing the network using the Berkeley sockets interface and the Internet protocol stack. In this paper we describe the changes that were made to a BSD protocol stack to make use of a network adaptor that supports outboard buffering and checksumming. Our goal is not only to achieve "single copy" communication for application that use sockets, but to also have efficient communication for in-kernel applications and for applications using other networks. Performance measurements show that for large reads and writes the single-copy path through the stack is significantly more efficient than the original implementation.
EVOLUTION AND THE TROLLEY PROBLEM: PEOPLE SAVE FIVE OVER ONE UNLESS THE ONE IS YOUNG, GENETICALLY RELATED, OR A ROMANTIC PARTNER

We investigated men's and women's responses to variations of an ethical thought experiment known as the Trolley Problem. In the original Trolley Problem, readers must decide whether they will save the lives of five people tied to a track by pulling a lever to sacrifice the life of one person tied to an alternate track. According to W. D. Hamilton's (1964) formulation of inclusive fitness, people's moral decisions should favor the well-being of those who are reproductively viable, share genes, and provide reproductive opportunity. In two studies (Ns = 652 and 956), we manipulated the sex, age (2, 20, 45, and 70 years old), genetic relatedness (0, .125, .25, and .50), and potential reproductive opportunity of the one person tied to the alternate track. As expected, men and women were less likely to sacrifice one life for five lives if the one hypothetical life was young, a genetic relative, or a current mate.
Comparison of Two Shearing Methods for Objective Tenderness Evaluation and Two Sampling Times for Physical-Characteristic Analyses of Early-Harvested Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract Fillets, pectoralis superficialis, were harvested from broiler carcasses immediately after picking (hot-boned), after chilling (chill-boned), or after 24 h of aging post-mortem (age-boned). In Experiment 1, shear-compression shear values were obtained from cooked left-side fillets and compared to Warner-Bratzler shear values obtained from cooked right-side fillets from the same carcasses. In Experiment 2, sarcomere length and pH were determined at the time of boning and were compared to respective values obtained after 24 h of aging. Even though data obtained using the two shear cells were highly correlated (r = .93) over the entire range of values observed, the correlation coefficients derived from data within individual boning times were much smaller and were accompanied by differences in the slopes of the regression lines. Variances associated with boning-time means and shear-method means were significantly different. The conclusion was that comparisons of shear values involving the use of different testing methodologies should only be attempted within narrow ranges of such values. Differences in pH and sarcomere length at the time of boning decreased with fillet aging. Variances associated with pH and sarcomere-length means as a function of the time of boning were quite variable and, in some cases, significantly different.
Absorption coefficients for hydrogen—III. calculated pressure-induced H2-H vibrational absorption in the fundamental region

Abstract The coefficient for absorption during H2-H collisions was calculated for temperatures from 2000 to 7000 K and wave numbers between 100 and 40 000 cm-1 for LTE. Because only transitions with Δν = 1 were considered, the absorption was near the fundamental at 4161 cm-1 in the infrared. The model included mechanical anharmonicity, vibration-rotation interaction, excited vibrational states, and transverse components of the dipole moment. At 5500 cm-1, 3750° K, and 1 atm pressure, inclusion of H2-H vibrational absorption increased the absorption of pure hydrogen gas 48 per cent. An approximate formula for the H2-H absorption coefficient is given for rapid calculation.
Acculturation, Internalizing Mental Health Symptoms, and Self-Esteem: Cultural Experiences of Latino Adolescents in North Carolina

This investigation examined acculturation risk factors and cultural assets, internalizing behavioral problems, and self-esteem in 323 Latino adolescents living in North Carolina. Multiple regression analyses revealed two risk factors-perceived discrimination and parent-adolescent conflict-as highly significant predictors of adolescent internalizing problems and low self-esteem. Adolescents who were highly involved in Latino culture and who experienced high parent-adolescent conflict were found particularly at risk for internalizing problems. Biculturalism and familism were cultural assets found associated with fewer internalizing problems and higher self-esteem. For internalizing problems, familism's protective effect was mediated by parent-adolescent conflict. Implications were discussed.
Rare Diagnosis of a Common Supraventricular Tachycardia

This case describes diagnostic maneuvers that will lead to an accurate diagnosis of a given A on V supraventricular tachycardia. The list of maneuvers described is not exhaustive but includes techniques to help diagnose a concealed NV/NF pathway mediated tachycardia that is in the differential diagnosis of a failed atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia ablation. The practicing electrophysiologist must be prepared to perform these maneuvers in order to ensure the safest and most focused ablation procedures.
Solving electronic spreadsheet models by interactive multicriterion optimization: a budgeting illustration

In previous papers a connection between general spreadsheet models and interactive multicriterion optimization has been discussed. The purpose of the present paper is to provide proof of the concept with a detailed example. The main idea is that interactive multicriterion optimization can be viewed as a new way of interacting with spreadsheet models. It offers advantages over the two prevailing ones, namely what-if and goal-seeking. A simplified budgeting example is given to clarify this connection. Directions of improvement are assumed to be provided by the decision maker using one of the several existing methods. One improvement iteration is illustrated and analyzed following the method of Loganathan and Sherali.
The Spillover Effects of the Global Crisis on Economic Activity in Mena Emerging Market Countries-An Analysis Using the Financial Stress Index

The estimated spillover of the global crisis to emerging market (EM) economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) indicates that nearly two-thirds of the increased financial stress in MENA EM countries after the Lehman shock is attributable to direct or indirect spillovers of financial stress in advanced economies. Moreover, the estimated models suggest that the increased financial stress and slowdown in economic activity in advanced economies can explain about half of the drop in real GDP growth in MENA EM countries after the Lehman shock.
Food Conversion and Growth Rates for Largemouth and Smallmouth Bass in Laboratory Aquaria

Abstract A laboratory and feeding experiment measuring the food conversion and growth rates of five largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) ranging in length from 117 to 312 millimeters (4.6 to 12.3 inches) and sixteen smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) ranging in length from 83 to 202 millimeters (3.3 to 7.9 inches) gave average food conversion values of 4.5 for the smallmouth bass, and 3.8 for the largemouth bass when an excess of small, live fish were fed, and average aquarium temperature was 70.3 degrees F. Individual bass consumed from 2.5 to 13.3 percent of their initial body weight daily, with highest consumption usually by the smaller bass. Average daily increase in weight in proportion to initial weight varied considerably, but was also greatest for the smaller fish.
On the genesis of inflated (and deflated) judgments of responsibility

Abstract Prior research has found that people tend to overestimate their relative contribution to joint tasks [e.g., Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 , 322–336]. The present research investigates one source of this bias, and in doing so, identifies an important moderator of the effect. Three studies demonstrate that when people estimate their relative contribution to collective endeavors they focus on their own contribution and give less consideration to the contribution of their collaborators. This can cause overestimation for tasks in which total contributions are plentiful, but underestimation for tasks in which total contributions are few—despite the fact that both tasks reflect positively on the person who performs them. These results extend Ross and Sicoly’s (1979) original analysis of bias in responsibility judgments, but also suggest that the tendency to overestimate one’s relative contribution to collaborations is not as ubiquitous as once thought.
An analysis of energy saving and carbon reduction strategies in the transportation sector in Taiwan

No matter on the point of view of energy consumption or the carbon dioxide emissions, transportation sector has a critical impact on the energy system and sustainable development. Many countries have proposed various strategies for the sustainable development in the transportation system. In general, there are three kinds of strategies for handling the problem of carbon reduction in the transportation system, which are (1) the improvement of energy efficiency, (2) using the clean fuel or the adoption of advanced power system, and (3) the transportation systems management. In this study, we use the energy engineering model (MARKAL model) to explore the impact of carbon reduction strategies and analyze their contribution for the energy saving and carbon reduction in Taiwan. Finally, the advanced technology development, carbon reduction, carbon emission intensity, and energy intensity in transportation sector in Taiwan will be evaluated from 2010 to 2030.
Closed Sequential and Multistage Inference on Binary Responses With or Without Replacement

We consider closed sequential or multistage sampling, with or without replacement, from a lot of N items, where each item can be identified as defective (in error, tainted, etc.) or not. The goal is to make inference on the proportion, π, of defectives in the lot, or equivalently on the number of defectives in the lot D = Nπ. It is shown that exact inference on π using closed (bounded) sequential or multistage procedures with general prespecified elimination boundaries is completely tractable and not at all inconvenient using modern statistical software. We give relevant theory and demonstrate functions for this purpose written in R (R Development Core Team 2005, available as online supplementary material). Applicability of the methodology is illustrated in three examples: (1) sharpening of Wald's (1947) sequential probability ratio test used in industrial acceptance sampling, (2) two-stage sampling for auditing Medicare or Medicaid health care providers, and (3) risk-limited sequential procedures for ele...
Predicting contaminant removal during municipal drinking water nanofiltration using artificial neural networks

Abstract An artificial neural network model for steady-state contaminant removal during nanofiltration of ground and surface waters under conditions typical of drinking water treatment is derived and validated. Operating conditions such as flux, feed water recovery, and element recovery (surrogate for cross-flow velocity), and feed water quality parameters including pH, total dissolved solids concentration (surrogate for ionic strength), target contaminant concentration, and where possible the diffusion coefficient were used as inputs to predict the ratio of permeate to feed concentration of the target contaminant. Contaminants reported herein include dissolved organic carbon, precursors to total organic halide, four trihalomethanes and nine haloacetic acids containing chlorine and bromine, hardness, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. Additionally, source waters from seven different locations and two commercial thin-film composite membranes operating in a wide range of permeate fluxes and feed water recoveries were considered. Deterministic and pseudostochastic simulations showed that artificial neural networks closely predicted permeate concentrations of each one of these organic and inorganic contaminants. Therefore, neural networks can be used to circumvent difficulties associated with formulating and solving the highly non-linear Nernst–Planck equation to calculate solute removal from multi-component solutions at high recovery. Moreover, neural networks can predict the transport of heterogeneous and difficult to characterize water treatment contaminants such as natural organic matter and disinfection by-product precursors, whose physicochemical properties are unknown. Such models can be used to screen membranes prior to conducting expensive large-scale tests as well as in the better design and interpretation of data obtained from site-specific water treatment nanofiltration studies conducted in support of plant design.
Ventilatory responses to CO2 at different body temperatures in the snake,Coluber constrictor

Ventilatory responses to CO2 were examined at different temperatures in the snake,Coluber constrictor. CO2 sensitivity increased between 15 and 25°C but not between 25 and 35°C. A rapidly occurring off-CO2 transient hyperpnea suggested the presence of an intrapulmonary chemoreceptor.
FPGA dynamic power minimization through placement and routing constraints

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are pervasive in embedded systems requiring low-power utilization. A novel power optimization methodology for reducing the dynamic power consumed by the routing of FPGA circuits by modifying the constraints applied to existing commercial tool sets is presented. The power optimization techniques influence commercial FPGA Place and Route (PAR) tools by translating power goals into standard throughput and placement-based constraints. The Low-Power Intelligent Tool Environment (LITE) is presented, which was developed to support the experimentation of power models and power optimization algorithms. The generated constraints seek to implement one of four power optimization approaches: slack minimization, clock tree paring, N-terminal net colocation, and area minimization. In an experimental study, we optimize dynamic power of circuitsmapped into 0.12 µm Xilinx Virtex-II FPGAs. Results show that several optimization algorithms can be combined on a single design, and power is reduced by up to 19.4%, with an average power savings of 10.2%.
Pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis: Mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1, Erk2, and p38 in the response of astrocytes to Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins

Abstract Lyme borreliosis, which is prevalent both in the US and in Europe, is an infectious disease that may cause local inflammation in numerous organs. We have hypothesized that, as with some neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis of the neurocognitive deficiencies associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis of the central nervous system also has an inflammatory component. Dysregulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α can lead to neuronal damage. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a key role in the regulation of neuronal development, growth, and survival, as well as that of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. As a model, we explored the possibility that MAPK-mediated lipoprotein-induced apoptosis and gliosis of rhesus monkey astrocytes stimulated in vitro. Lipoproteins are the key inflammatory molecule type of Borrelia burgdorferi , the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, and we had previously shown that lipoprotein-induced TNF-α production in astrocytes caused astrocyte apoptosis, and IL-6 enhanced proliferation of these cells. Lipoproteins readily activated p38 and Erk1/2 MAPK, thus enlisting these pathways among the kinase pathways that spirochetes may address as they invade the central nervous system. We also investigated whether specific inhibition of p38 and Erk1/2 MAPK would inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 production and thus astrocyte apoptosis, and proliferation, respectively. Lipoprotein-stimulated IL-6 production was unaffected by the MAPK inhibitors. In contrast, inhibition of both p38 and Erk1/2 significantly diminished TNF-α production, and totally abrogated production of this cytokine when both MAPK pathways were inhibited simultaneously. MAPK inhibition thus may be considered as a strategy to control inflammation and apoptosis in Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Rostral ventrolateral medullary opioid receptor subtypes in the inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture on reflex autonomic response in cats

Electroacupuncture (EA) is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat arrhythmias, hypertension and myocardial ischemia. Our previous work suggests that the inhibitory effect of EA on the pressor reflex induced by bradykinin (BK) applied to the gallbladder is due, in part, to the activation of opioid receptors, most likely located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). However, specific opioid receptor subtypes, and hence the neurotransmitters. responsible for this inhibition are unknown. Therefore, in anesthetized cats, BK (10 microg/ml) was applied to the gallbladder to induce transient reflex increases in arterial blood pressure (BP). EA (1-2 mA, 5 Hz, 0.5 ms pulses) was delivered through acupuncture needles inserted bilaterally into Neiguan and Jianshi acupoints on forelimbs, overlying the median nerves. EA attenuated the BK-induced pressor response by 39%. Opioid receptor subtype antagonists or agonists were microinjected unilaterally into the rVLM. The mu- and delta-receptor antagonists CTOP and ICI 174,864, respectively, significantly attenuated the EA-induced inhibition for at least 30 min. The K-receptor antagonist (nor-BNI) was less effective and was shorter acting. Like EA, microinjection of mu- and delta-opioid agonists, DAGO and DADLE, respectively, into the rVLM significantly decreased the pressor responses. In contrast, the kappa-opioid agonist, U50,488, failed to alter the BK-induced pressor response. We conclude that a significant portion of inhibition of the gallbladder pressor response by EA is related to activation of mu- and delta-opioid receptors in the rVLM. The endogenous neurotransmitters for mu- and delta-opioid receptors, beta-endorphins and enkephalins, in the rVLM, therefore appear to play a role in the EA-related modulation of cardiovascular reflex responses. Conversely, dynorphin is less likely to be involved in this response.
Validation of psoriatic arthritis diagnoses in electronic medical records using natural language processing.

Objectives To test whether data extracted from full text patient visit notes from an electronic medical record would improve the classification of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared with an algorithm based on codified data. Methods From the >1,350,000 adults in a large academic electronic medical record, all 2318 patients with a billing code for PsA were extracted and 550 were randomly selected for chart review and algorithm training. Using codified data and phrases extracted from narrative data using natural language processing, 31 predictors were extracted and 3 random forest algorithms were trained using coded, narrative, and combined predictors. The receiver operator curve was used to identify the optimal algorithm and a cut-point was chosen to achieve the maximum sensitivity possible at a 90% positive predictive value (PPV). The algorithm was then used to classify the remaining 1768 charts and finally validated in a random sample of 300 cases predicted to have PsA. Results The PPV of a single PsA code was 57% (95% CI 55%-58%). Using a combination of coded data and natural language processing (NLP), the random forest algorithm reached a PPV of 90% (95% CI 86%-93%) at a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 83%-91%) in the training data. The PPV was 93% (95% CI 89%-96%) in the validation set. Adding NLP predictors to codified data increased the area under the receiver operator curve ( P Conclusions Using NLP with text notes from electronic medical records improved the performance of the prediction algorithm significantly. Random forests were a useful tool to accurately classify psoriatic arthritis cases to enable epidemiological research.
Noneuclidean harmonic analysis, the central limit theorem, and long transmission lines with random inhomogeneities

This is an expository paper. The derivation of the ordinary central limit theorem using the Fourier transform on the real line is reviewed. Harmonic analysis on the Poincare-Lobatchevsky upper half plane H is sketched. The Fourier inversion formula on H reduces to that for the classical integral transform of F. G. Mehler (1881, Math. Ann. 18, 161–194) and V. A. Fock (1943, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS Dokl N. S. 39, 253–256), for example. This result is then used to solve the heat equation on H, producing a non-Euclidean analogue of the density function for the Gaussian or normal distribution on H. The non-Euclidean central limit theorem for rotation invariant distributions on H with an application to the statistics of long transmission lines is also discussed.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EOSINOPHILE RESPONSE IN RATS TO ACTH AND CORTISONE1

ASUPPRESSION of the typical lymphopenic response to swimming and to ACTH in rats on pantothenate deficient diets has been reported from this laboratory (Dumm et aL, 1949; Ralli, 1950; Duram and Ralli, 1953). The observations have been confirmed by Winters et al. (1952) who found that both the eosinophile and lymphocyte responses to ACTH and to epinephrine were diminished in the pantothenate deficient rat. They also observed that the lymphocyte and eosinophile counts responded normally to the injection of cortisone in the deficient rat. The present report is concerned with the effects of ACTH and cortisone on the eosinophile counts of intact and adrenalectomized rats fed large amounts of pantothenate following a period of deficiency. PEOCEDURE Experimental Animals Young rats of the Long-Evans strain, 30 to 35 days of age, were placed on a diet deficient in pantothenic acid, but otherwise adequate, for 30 days and were then adrenalectomized. One group of rats was continued on the pantothenate deficient diet...
Biopharmaceutical considerations and characterizations in development of colon targeted dosage forms for inflammatory bowel disease

Colon targeted dosage forms have been extensively studied for the localized treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. These dosage forms not only improve the therapeutic efficacy but also reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions and hence improve the patient compliance. However, complex and highly variable gastro intestinal physiology limits the clinical success of these dosage forms. Biopharmaceutical characteristics of these dosage forms play a key role in rapid formulation development and ensure the clinical success. The complexity in product development and clinical success of colon targeted dosage forms are based on the biopharmaceutical characteristics such as physicochemical properties of drug substances, pharmaceutical characteristics of dosage form, physiological conditions and pharmacokinetic properties of drug substances as well as drug products. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques have been employed in past to characterize the biopharmaceutical properties of colon targeted dosage forms. This review focuses on the factors influencing the biopharmaceutical performances of the dosage forms, in vitro characterization techniques and in vivo studies.
Electron-stimulated desorption of atomic oxygen from polycrystalline Ag

Abstract Emission of neutral oxygen atoms from an oxygen-charged polycrystalline Ag wire has been examined by using electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) in conjunction with threshold ionization detection (appearance potential). A quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) was used to detect the neutral oxygen atoms, but the ionizer was operated in the appearance potential (AP) mode to make it possible to distinguish the oxygen atoms from products formed by collision of the oxygen atoms with the walls. Loss of the reactive oxygen atoms was also minimized by enclosing the ESD chamber in fused silica. With a primary beam energy of 100 eV, the ESD cross section for oxygen atom desorption was found to be 7 × 10 -19 cm 2 at 100 °C, and an ESD threshold was found to exist below 34 eV. Flash desorption of oxygen allowed estimation of the bulk diffusivity of oxygen through polycrystalline Ag. A value of 2.64 × 10 -6 cm 2 s -1 at 500 °C was obtained.
Prolongation of the cell cycle in Tradescantia root tips by continuous gamma irradiation

Abstract An alteration occurs in the duration of the cell cycle in Tradescantia roots after a prolonged exposure to gamma radiation of 29 rads per day. No change in the cell cycle is found when it is measured between 1 to 2 days of irradiation. However, after 9 days of continuous irradiation, a marked increase in the duration of the cell cycle is noted. Some increase occurs in the duration of DNA synthesis, but the major portion of the change is in the G2 and G1 periods. The total cycle may be prolonged from 3 to 4 times its control value.
The Problem of Dispersal of Marine Littoral Copepods in the Atlantic Ocean, Including Some Redescriptions of Species1)

Sept especes de Copepodes littoraux comprenant un Cyclopoide et six Harpacticoides ont ete recueillis par lavage de Sargassum recolte entre les Acores et les Bermudes. Le Cyclopoide et l'un des Harpacticoides sont confines a la mer des Sargasses, mais les cinq autres sont presents sur les cotes de l'Europe et de l'Afrique du Nord. Parmi ces Harpacticoides, quatre especes se trouvent egalement aux Bermudes, deux dans les cayes de Floride, et une sur les cotes de la Nouvelle Angleterre. Le Sargassum fait fonction de littoral flottant porte par les courants jusqu'a des cotes eloignees. Ainsi se dispersent les Copepodes suivant leur pouvoir d'adaptation.
Logic of discovery and justification in regulatory genetics.

Abstract In the above pages I have sketched a history of the genesis and comparative evaluation of the repressor model of genetic regulation of enzyme induction. I have not attempted in this article to carry out an analysis of the more scientifically interesting fully developed Jacob-Monod operon theory of genetic regulations but such an analysis of the operon theory would not, I believe, involve any additional logical or epistemological features than have been discussed above. I have argued that the above account of the development of a theory of enzyme induction involved inferential moves and well-characterized desiderata, of both empirical and non-empirical character, in the genesis and evaluation of new hypotheses and theories. I have also contended that the reasoning displayed in the genesis of a theory is in a large measure identical to that utilized in evaluating a theory. Both of these conclusions are at variance with the views of philosophers such as H. Reichenbach, Sir Karl Popper, and C.G. Hempel who have argued that the genesis of new hypotheses is primarily an irrational affair and that only the context of justification is susceptible of rational reconstruction. In the alternative view presented here, scientific discovery and scientific justification represent the application in contexts, which are primarily telically distinguishable, of a fundamentally unitary logic of scientific inquiry.
Being the machine: exploring new modes of making

As making with digital fabricators becomes pervasive it is important to consider how the design of these technologies can suit the desires of diverse audiences. This paper presents two interactive craft activities where the actions of the user mimic the actions of algorithms that underlie digital fabrication technologies. Users are invited to perform the part of the making machine as they construct objects using everyday materials. In addition to suggesting new modes of making, interacting in this way may also provide closer and personally relevant understandings of the technologies and processes of digital fabrication.
Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma), two years preceding myelogenous leukemia

Granulocytic sarcoma may develop during the course of, or as a presenting sign of, myelogenous leukemia. Rarely, an extramedullary neoplasm composed of poorly differentiated myelogenous cells occurs in patients without peripheral blood or bone marrow evidence of leukemia. A patient is described with granulocytic sarcoma who was 2 years from the time of initial diagnosis without evidence of leukemia, when the granulocytic sarcoma recurred. One month after this recurrence, the patient developed acute myelogenous leukemia. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on reports of granulocytic sarcomas occurring in the absence of myelogenous leukemia. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma and histiocytic lymphoma, based upon identification or exclusion of granulocytic differentiation in neoplastic cells, is presented. Granulocytic differentiation is indicated by the presence of eosinophilic myelocytes in the neoplasm, identification of an esterase in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells which is specific for neutrophilic precursors, or ultrastructural evidence of neutrophilic granulogenesis.
Scintillations during Occultations by Planets. I. An Approximate Theory

Scintillations observed during occultations of both stars and spacecraft by planetary atmospheres are discussed theoretically. The effects of severe flattening of the Fresnel zone or source image by defocusing on occultations are presented, along with temporal power spectra. Other topics discussed include atmospheric turbulence, saturation of scintillation, effects of saturation on occultation curves, and some methods for a more accurate determination of atmospheric structure.
Temperature Dependence of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Anion Channel THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND INHIBITION BY MAGNESIUM

The mitochondrial inner membrane anion channel (IMAC) carries a wide variety of anions and is postulated to be involved in mitochondrial volume homeostasis in conjunction with the K+/H+ antiporter, thus allowing the respiratory chain proton pumps to drive salt efflux. How it is regulated is uncertain; however, it is inhibited by matrix Mg2+ and matrix protons. Previously determined values for the IC50 suggested that the channel would be closed under physiological conditions. In a previous study (Liu, G., Hinch, B., Davatol-Hag, H., Lu, Y., Powers, M., and Beavis, A. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19717-19723), it was demonstrated that the channel is highly temperature-dependent, and that a large component of this sensitivity resulted from an effect on the pIC50 for protons. We have now investigated the effect of temperature on the inhibition by Mg2+ and have found that it too is temperature-dependent. When the temperature is raised from 20 degrees C to 45 degrees C, the IC50 increases from 22 to 350 microm at pH 7.4 and from 80 to 1.5 mm at pH 8.4, respectively. The Arrhenius plot for the IC50 is linear with a slope = -80 kJ/mol. The IC50 is also strongly pH-dependent, and at 37 degrees C increases from 90 microm at pH 7.4 to 1230 microm at pH 8.4. In view of the extremely rapid fluxes that IMAC is capable of conducting at 37 degrees C, we conclude that inhibition by matrix Mg2+ and protons is necessary to limit its activity under physiological conditions. We conclude that the primary role of Mg2+ is to ensure IMAC is poised to allow regulation by small changes in pH in the physiological range. This control is mediated by a direct effect of H+ on the activity, in addition to an indirect effect mediated by a change in the Mg2+ IC50. The question that remains is not whether IMAC can be active at physiological concentrations of Mg2+ and H+, but what other factors might increase its sensitivity to changes in mitochondrial volume.
The 90's: gender differences in AIDS-related sexual concerns and behaviors, condom use and subjective condom experiences

Gender differences in AIDS-related heterosexual concerns and sexual behavior with new sexual partners, with an emphasis on condom use and subjective condom experiences, were assessed by a questionnaire survey of middleclass bar patrons, on location, in New York City. Patrons were asked about their number of sexual partners, the extent of their AIDS-related womes and behavioral responses to such concerns, as well as their use of condoms in different sexual situations and their subjective condom experiences. Most people report that AIDS-related concerns have affected their behavior in some way, primarily in the increased use of condoms. Condom use varies according to type of relationship and type of sexual act and results generally in more peace of mind, but less sexual enjoyment. Peace of mind strongly predicts condom use during casual sex for both genders. In terms of gender differences, women worry about AIDS with new sexual partners more than men do and they tend to limit their number of partners more. ...
Problems and problem solving among aging White and Black Americans

Abstract This article examines the problems of growing older among Whites and Blacks in two age groups: the younger old, ages 70–84, and the oldest old, 85 years and older. Despite differences in age, education, occupational opportunities, and the experiences of prejudice and discrimination among the Blacks, the majority of all respondents reported similar concerns. Problems with decreasing health, finances, and family issues were most prominent. Both Whites and Blacks used some common daily problem solving strategies such as accepting or minimizing problems, shifting priorities, or positive comparison. However, differences were found in social supports with Blacks being significantly more integrated into social networks and their church community. Additionally, Blacks gain social and emotional support from their religious faith. Nevertheless, there are more similarities than differences between the races in the problems of growing older.
NATIONAL IONIZING RADIATION SECONDARY LABORATORY SYSTEM

Over the past ten years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has, through its Office of Radiation Measurement, developed a national program for Secondary Laboratories. These Secondary Laboratories provide the necessary calibrations and quality assurance testing to support and affirm the caliber of the measurements in the areas they serve. The areas that are in the program include State Radiation Protection, Personnel Dosimetry, Survey Instrument Calibration, High-Level Dosimetry, Radiation Therapy, Bioassay, Survey Instrument Testing, Ionizing Radiation, Environmental Radioactivity, Radioactivity Standards, and Radon.
An herbal El Dorado: the quest for botanical wealth in the Spanish Empire.

Abstract Few historians of science would associate the Spanish Empire with scientific innovation. However, recent research is increasingly demonstrating the Crown's strong commitment to scientific research, particularly in the areas of botany, natural history and medicine. Although this commitment began in the 16th century, it reached full development in the 18th, when Enlightenment ideals led to growing interest in exploiting natural resources in the New World. Interest in new resources, which offered alternatives to silver and traditional cash crops, focused largely on medicinal herbs indigenous to the Americas. Herbs that provided ‘miracle cures’ for age-old diseases would bring both material and moral wealth to the Crown, and were thus pursued vigorously throughout Spanish America. The result was a search for an ‘herbal’ El Dorado, reminiscent of 16th-century expeditions in search of a mythical land of gold – only in this case, medicine, not metal, was the goal.
Interactive effects of sodium bentonite and coccidiosis with monensin or salinomycin in chicks

Three experiments (Exp.) were conducted to determine the interactive effects of sodium bentonite (NaB) with the efficacy of monensin (MON) or salinomycin (SAL) in coccidiosis-infected chicks. Male broiler chicks 5 to 14 d of age were used, and each treatment was replicated with eight (Exp. 1) or four (Exp. 2 and 3) pens of five chicks each. In Exp. 1, MON (80 ppm), NaB (0.50%), or MON+NaB were fed to uninfected and coccidiosis-infected (5 x 10(5) sporulated Eimeria acervulina oocysts on Day 2 of the Exp.) chicks in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experiment 2 was identical to Exp. 1, but SAL (30 ppm) replaced MON as the anticoccidial additive. In Exp. 3, MON (55 ppm) or SAL (22 ppm) were added individually or with NaB (0.50%) to diets for uninfected or coccidiosis-infected chicks. Coccidial infection reduced (P 0.10) feed intake or tibia ash in Exp. 3. In Exp. 3, NaB partially reduced the positive effect of MON on daily gain (NaB by MON, P < 0.03), and of SAL on feed intake (NaB by SAL, P < 0.08). The NaB addition also increased gain:feed (P < 0.08), and the increase was greater in infected chicks (coccidiosis by NaB, P < 0.08). Also in Exp. 3, SAL increased feed intake more in chicks not fed NaB than in chicks fed NaB (SAL by NaB, P < 0.08). Dietary NaB (0.5%) may reduce the efficacy of MON and SAL in coccidiosis-infected chicks when these additives are added at less than recommended levels.