cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal waves in a perpendicular collisionless plasma shock Part 4. Gradient B

The consideration of elastic waves in a Vlasov plasma of unmagnetized ions and magnetized electrons undergoing E x B electron drift and gradient B drift, pursued in the earlier three parts, is brought to conclusion in this last part of the longitudinal wave study in a collisionless plasma shock. Detailed calculations of the effects of the beta sub e dimensionless parameter on the E x B electron drift instability are presented. It is shown that the range of propagation of the elastic waves about the perpendicular remains quite narrow, and that, for oblique propagation, the already narrow angular range of unstable waves is decreased by increases in the value of the beta sub e dimensionless parameter. Also, increases in wave number generally reduce the growth rate and the angular range of propagation.
The Mode of Action of Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate

Lee SP. The mode of action of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991, 26(suppl 185), 1–6Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) is very effective in the treatment of gastro-duodenal di...
Equivalence of different formulations of the free Ramond string field theory

Abstract We analyze the structure of Witten's formulation of the free Ramond string field theory and show that it is equivalent to other formulations. We establish explicit connections between their string fields. It is shown that the established connections eliminate all terms with mixed mass levels.
A comparison of filter, denuder, and real-time chemiluminescence techniques for nitric acid determination in ambient air

Abstract Measurements of gas-phase nitric acid were made by four separate techniques during a 7-day summertime period at a near-coastal site on Long Island, NY. Results from methods intercomparison data for HNO 3 , and their relationship to particulate NO 3 − and other odd N and oxidant species show the following: (a) high-volume filter pack HNO 3 concentrations are well correlated with diffusion denuder difference (DD) results, except for small absolute losses with the former; (b) daytime real-time two-channel chemiluminescence HNO 3 levels correlated well with DD results, but were higher during night-time periods; (c) results by a new Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 denuder/thermal evolution technique were not in agreement with other techniques. Based on HNO 3 and paniculate NO 3 results reported herein, it appears that negative errors in HNO 3 filter-sampling techniques resulting from HNO 3 loss by sorption generally exceed positive errors NH 4 NO 3 volatilization at this site.
Tegumental disruption with Triton X-100 and its effects on longitudinal muscle function in male Schistosoma mansoni.

Longitudinal muscles in adult male Schistosoma mansoni appear to remain in almost all respects functional after tegumental disruption by Triton X-100. Responses to high K + , ouabain, low temperature, praziquantel and neurotransmitters are still present. Muscle membrane potentials remain near those of control animals and lanthanum nitrate is still excluded from the muscle after the Triton treatment. Although muscle contractility remains after tegumental disruption, sodium and calcium levels, as measured by plasma emission spectroscopy, increase by 20–30% while potassium and magnesium levels decrease by 15%. 45 Ca 2+ accumulation is double that of control animals. Upon exposure to a bathing medium lacking Ca 2+ , Triton-treated animals lose responsiveness to high K + , ouabain, low temperature and praziquantel more rapidly than do control animals. D-600, which effectively blocks the high K + response in control animals, has no measurable effect on the high K + response in Triton-treated animals, suggesting that voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels are present in the tegument.
Policy options for toxics disposal: Laissez-faire, subsidization, and enforcement

Abstract This paper evaluates three second-best policies for dealing with the problem of illegal hazardous-waste disposal. The first is a laissez-faire policy; the second is a policy under which legal disposal of hazardous waste is subsidized; the third is a policy that discourages illegal disposal by increasing the expected penalty associated with illegal disposal. Using a simple computational model, I compute the optimum subsidy and the optimum enforcement budget, and determine the conditions under which each policy option is superior to others.
Natural and experimental associations of Caenorhabditis remanei with Trachelipus rathkii and other terrestrial isopods

Caenorhabditis remanei was found in association with the terrestrial isopod Trachelipus rathkii at several wooded locations in southwestern Ohio. These associations were as developmentally arrested dauer larvae. The sites of association were the inner surfaces of the dorsal plates and ventral appendages. C. remanei associations also were observed with Armadillidium nasatum, Cylisticus convexus, and Porcellio scaber. They were not observed with Porcellio spinicornis even though P. spinicornis populations were intermingled with infested populations of T. rathkii. Consistent with the observed natural associations, C. remanei dauers were experimentally able to infest T. rathkii and P. scaber . Dauer larvae responded to confinement with isopods by nictating and by climbing upon these potential hosts. Experimental infestations were able to persist for at least five days. Long-term infestations were not attempted. Naturliche und experimentelle Vergesellschaftungen von Caenorhabditis remanei mit Trachelipus rathkii unde anderen terrestrischen Isopoden - An mehreren waldigen Stellen im Sudwesten von Ohio wurde Caenorhabditis remani vergesellschaftet mit dem terrestrischen Isopoden Trachelipus rathkii gefunden. Diese Assoziationen waren wie in der Entwicklung gehemmte Dauerlarven. Sie wurden an den inneren Oberflachen der Dorsalplatten und der ventralen Anhange festgestellt. Vergesellschaftungen von C. remani wurden auch mit Armadillium nasutum, Cylisticus convexus und Porcellio scaber beobachtet. Nicht beobachtet wurden sie dagegen bei Porcellio spinicornis, obwohl Populationen dieser Art mit infizierten Populationen von T. rathkii vermischt vorkamen. In Ubereinstimmung mit den beobachteten naturlichen Assoziationen konnten Dauerjuvenile von C. remani auch im Versuch T. rathkii und P. scaber befallen. Die Dauerjuvenile reagierten auf das enge Zusammensein mit den Isopoden durch Nickbewegungen und Klettern auf diese potentiellen Wirte. So ein experimenteller Befall konnte fur mindestens funf Tage bestehen. Langfristiger Befall wurde nicht versucht.
Molecular-dynamics studies of self-interstitial aggregates in Si

The interactions between neutral self-interstitials in silicon are studied using ab initio tight-binding molecular-dynamics simulations in periodic supercells containing 64 up to 216 Si atoms. A number of configurations with three or more self-interstitials are found, and the lowest-energy ones are discussed. The binding energies of In relative to In−1+I show that the first ‘magic number’ (particularly stable aggregate) is I3. The potential energy surfaces for aggregates of three or more I's have several local minima, leading to a range of metastable configurations.
Computational Linguistics and the Humanist.

WHEN LINGUISTS examine the languageprocessing activities of scholars who prefer to call themselves "humanists," the chief product they find is almost inevitably a concordance, that is, an alphabetized list of character strings, merely the outside of language. From the linguists' point of view, the interior is separated from those character strings by what they call duality of patterning. But it is in the interior that the theoretically rich and intellectually satisfying problems, for both humanists and linguists, are to be found. Computational linguistics has plunged into the interior. Syntax lies there, and has been explored rather thoroughly. The key to the next door is semantics, but if that key is to work we must know in advance something of the treasure some fundamental theoretical problems in les sciences de l'homme that lies behind the door. We start with a consideration of the nature of computational linguistics followed by a consideration of how to formulate problems in the analysis of literary texts so that the techniques can be fruitfully employed. After that can come a review of current work in semantics and discourse analysis and in speech understanding. In conclusion a brief sketch can show how that work might be used in starting a long-term Shakespeare project.
Adaptation of Vaccinia Virus to Earle's L-Cells with Prolonged Noninfectious Period.

SummaryIt has been shown with a modification of the usual tissue culture technic that the Minnesota strain of vaccinia virus has been adapted to Earle's L strain fibroblasts. Following establishment of the infection, several cycles of cell growth and degeneration occurred. The adapted strain was identified by conventional cytological and serological criteria. The method described might lend itself to adaptation of other viruses.
Preliminary experimental evidence of heating at the running surface of avalanching snow

At the Montana State University Avalanche Research Site, instrumentation has been installed to measure temperatures, flow depth, and velocities during an avalanche. Five thermocouples have been installed along a 30-m section of the avalanche running surface. Temperature time histories were collected during several avalanches at the flow running surface. The flowing snow at the running surface did show a temperature increase as it progressed down the slope, but did not frequently approach the melt temperature. Snow samples were collected before the tests in the release zone and after the avalanches in the debris for microstructural comparison. A computed tomography (CT) X-ray scanner was used to obtain images of the microstructural details of the pretest and debris snow samples. Using the microstructural parameters from the CT images, the growth of the new bonds in the debris was analyzed using a vapor diffusion sintering model. New bonds were shown to grow rapidly at the expense of small high-energy structures that resulted from the avalanche. The analysis showed vapor movement and sintering of new bonds due to surface curvature differences may be a significant debris bonding mechanism in snow that does not approach melt temperatures during an avalanche.
Imaging pattern of intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has been rarely described in the setting of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). However, existing studies have even more rarely addressed the imaging pattern of PRES-related intracranial hemorrhage. The primary purpose of this study was to define the imaging characteristics of subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the setting of PRES, including the location of hemorrhage with respect to the regions of parenchymal edema. We also reviewed PRES-related clinical features.
Standard Length versus Total Length

Abstract In an effort to determine the length measurement most representative of the bulk of the fish, the standard length and the total length were each compared with the weight of the fish. This comparison was made for four species of game fish, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), wall-eyed pike (Stizostedion v. vitreum), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and lake trout (Cristivomer n. namaycush). In each of the four species it was found that the weight could be estimated more accurately from the total length than from the standard length although with the wall-eyed pike the difference was inconsequential. Other advantages of the use of total length were outlined briefly. An analysis carried out in an attempt to determine the reason for the greater accuracy of weights estimated from the total length revealed that in a sample of yellow perch, the length of the caudal peduncle exhibited more variation than did the length of the caudal fin. It was determined further that these two measurements tended to be n...
Chromatographic studies of purine metabolism. I. The effect of azaserine on purine biosynthesis in E. coli using various C14-labeled precursors.

Abstract It has been observed that levels of azaserine capable of only partial reduction in the growth rate of E. coli are sufficient to cause partial inhibition of the de novo synthesis of purine-containing nucleotides and concomitant intracellular accumulation of formylglycinamide ribotide and formylglycinamide riboside. Azaserine inhibited the incorporation of the radioactivity of formate-C14, glycine 1-C14, glycine-2-C14, and serine-3-C14 into all the purine-containing compounds observable on two-dimensional papergrams of extracts of noninhibited cells. Azaserine failed to inhibit the assimilation of hypoxanthine-8-C14, adenine-8-C14, and guanine-2-C14 and the interconversion of these substrates to other purine derivatives. These results indicate that a major site of action of azaserine in E. coli is the blockade of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis at a point subsequent to the formation of formylglycinamide ribotide. A procedure is presented for the application of known chromatographic-radiographic procedures to the determination of inhibition mechanisms.
Gate oxide breakdown parameter extraction with ground and power supply signature measurements

Gate oxide breakdown (GOBD) is a serious reliability issue for MOS transistors. Wearout due to GOBD is traditionally modeled based on test structure data. In this paper, we present a method to determine the oxide degradation through ground and power signal signature measurements. We determine a relationship between the time-dependent ohmic resistance and the ground and power signature signal degradation and fit a model to the simulation results. Given an estimation of resistance from oxide degradation, we find the GOBD degradation model parameters. The methodology enables the extraction of GOBD model parameters for individual chips, not just for the manufacturing process, and hence it becomes possible to identify chips that are more vulnerable to GOBD.
Torsional eigenvalues of the water trimer on several ab initio potential surfaces

Eigenvalues corresponding to the three torsional degrees of freedom were calculated for the water trimer and its deuterated isotopomer in four sets of calculations involving different potential energy surfaces. The four potential surfaces were developed in this work by reparametrization of the CKL function against four sets of ab initio energies calculated with and without counterpoise correction. Transition frequencies corresponding to the low-frequency torsional motions of the trimer were calculated and then compared with those found from experiment to assess the accuracy of each potential energy surface. Although reparametrization of the CKL function to a set of counterpoise-corrected energies yielded transition energies that are in qualitative agreement with those from experiment, reparametrization to another set of counterpoise-corrected energies resulted in highly inaccurate values of the transition energy. As a consequence, our results demonstrate that caution must be exercised in the implementation of the counterpoise method as it does not always lead to more accurate ab initio calculations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 68: 233–252, 1998
Anistropy of the Constant-Energy Surfaces in n -Type Bi Te 3 2 and Bi 2 Se 3 from Galvanomagnetic Coefficients

Low-field galvanomagnetic coefficients have been measured on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ at 76 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in fields to 9 kG. Using a six-valley ellipsoid model in the isotropic relaxation-time approximation, the mass parameters of the ellipsoids are calculated for both compounds. The discrepancy between previously reported galvanomagnetic data and de Haas-van Alphen data for ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ can be minimized by recalculating the mass parameters from the galvanomagnetic data and by not assuming complete degeneracy. The experimental data on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ are in agreement with those reported earlier. There is also very good evidence of second-band effects at high electron concentrations (g ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$), as has been previously suggested. The constant-energy surfaces undergo an apparent change in shape between low- and high-concentration samples. Data on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ indicate that the constant-energy surfaces are more spherical than in the case of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$.
Metastasis from a Stage IB Cervical Adenocarcinoma in a Transposed Ovary: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Adenocarcinoma originating in the endocervix may remain occult for many years. This may result in an extension to the uterine isthmus and corpus, with subsequent dissemination along the pathways of spread of uterine carcinoma, including metastasis to the ovaries. The patient described in this report had a bulky stage Ib cervical adenocarcinoma with metastasis in a transposed ovary. The metastasis was noted 6 months following postoperative external pelvic irradiation. The sequence of events strongly suggests that microscopic ovarian disease was present at the time of the original surgery. Other cases have been reported; however, the exact incidence is difficult to determine. The current literature on this subject is reviewed and recommendations are made for evaluation and treatment.
A Self‐Concept Development Course for Adults: “It's My Turn!”

(1996). A Self‐Concept Development Course for Adults: “It's My Turn!”. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 37-42.
Finite-difference time-domain/Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert algorithm for modeling ferrites with hysteresis

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a simple, robust tool for a variety of electromagnetic modeling scenarios. In order to model magnetic ferrite materials, the FDTD method is coupled with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. The LLG equation is discretized by defining a magnetization vector at the center of each cell. The update at each time step then proceeds by (1) update the electric field with Ampere's law, (2) update the magnetic flux density with Faraday's law, (3) interpolate the magnetic field to the cell centers, (4) update the magnetization vector with the LLG equation, (5) interpolate the magnetization to the magnetic field locations on the Yee FDTD staggered grid, (6) update the magnetic field using B = μ 0 (H + M) where B is the magnetic flux density, μ 0 is the permeability of free space, H is the magnetic field, and M is the magnetization.
Clear-Sky Direct-Beam Solar Radiation Versus Altitude: A Proposal for Standard Soundings

Abstract The author reexamines Klein's (1948) quantitative statements relating clear-sky direct-beam solar radiation to altitude for the lower troposphere, which are of the form (transmissivity) = B + A log (altitude). Klein's summaries are judged to be the best general statements on the subject previously published, but the author proposes a different empirical formulation which is based on more direct physical reasoning and which yields a better statistical fit when applied to Klein's data. The author also proposes, for informal adoption, two standard soundings (moist and dry) of zenith path clear-sky direct-beam transmissivity τp as a function of pressure p in the form ln(C − τp) = InM + Np, where C is a constant with value near 0.975, the approximate transmissivity just below the high atmospheric ozone layer. For use in estimations of transmissivity tp with nonzero zenith angles, the author presents, as part of his proposal, altitude-dependent estimators for the adjustment parameter ap, suggested by W...
Chick embryos exposed to trichloroethylene in an ex ovo culture model show selective defects in early endocardial cushion tissue formation

BACKGROUND: Formation of the primitive heart is a critical step for establishing a competent circulatory system necessary for continued morphogenesis, and as such has significant potential as a target for environmental insult. The goal of this study was to identify the initial cellular events that precede more superficially observable abnormalities resulting from exposing early chick embryos to trichloroethylene (TCE). METHODS: A whole embryo culture method was used to assess the susceptibility of endocardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in the early chick heart to TCE. This method has the benefits of maintaining the anatomical relationships of developing tissues and organs, instantaneously exposing precisely staged embryos to quantifiable levels of TCE in a protein-free medium, and the ability to directly monitor developmental morphology. RESULTS: A minority of embryos (Hamburger and Hamilton [HH] stage 13–14) exposed to TCE (10–80 ppm) were not viable after 24 hr in culture and exhibited a variety of gross malformations in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the majority of treated embryos remained viable and developed into HH stage 17 embryos that were superficially indistinguishable from vehicle-treated controls. Further analysis of the hearts of these superficially normal embryos by whole-mount confocal microscopy revealed selective reduction in the number of atrioventricular canal mesenchymal cells. Additionally, those mesenchymal cells that did develop migrated abnormally as long thin cords of adherent cells. CONCLUSIONS: The regional selectivity of these effects in the chick heart suggests a critical window of susceptibility to TCE in the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of atrioventricular canal endocardium. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:517–527, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of colorimetric receptors for selective discrimination between isomeric dicarboxylate anions

Abstract Three new chromogenic receptors (1, 2, and 3) containing p-nitrophenyl or p-nitronaphthyl group appended to the thiourea units or containing p-nitrophenyl group appended to the urea moiety were synthesized and characterized. Upon addition of a series of isomeric dicarboxylate anions to receptor 1 in DMSO/H2O (80:20 v/v), the appearance of the solution of receptor 1 with maleate or phthalate showed color changes from blue to green or blue to dark-green, respectively, which those can be detected by naked eye at parts per million. Similar experiments were repeated using 2, the solution showed a distinct color change from blue to pink only when 2 is formed as a complex with maleate. Whereas, the addition of the same isomeric dicarboxylate anions to receptor 3, did not induce any color change. Thus, for unique color change, both receptors 1 and 2 can act as optical chemosensors for recognition of maleate versus fumarate. In addition, the receptor 1 can also be a colorimetric receptor for selective discrimination between aromatic isomeric dicarboxylate anions.
Biholomorphic mappings between bounded domains in C n

In this paper we prove a global boundary behavior result on biholomorphic mappings between smooth bounded domains in complex space of any dimension. As a consquence, we have that the inverse of a biholomorphic mapping between smooth bounded domains is smooth up to the boundary if the mapping is smooth up to the boundary.
Rates of spontaneous cleavage of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose in water, and the catalytic proficiencies of invertase and trehalas.

The half-lives for spontaneous hydrolysis of trehalose and sucrose at 25 °C are 6.6 × 106 years and 440 years. The half-lives for decomposition of the hydrolysis products glucose and fructose are 96 years and 70 days, respectively. Whereas sucrose and trehalose differ by a factor of 15000 in their rates of uncatalyzed hydrolysis, the reactions catalyzed by invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) proceed at similar rates. Accordingly, the attainments of invertase as a catalyst are modest, but the rate enhancement and catalytic proficiency produced by trehalase approach the high levels achieved by polysaccharide hydrolases.
Electroactive tissue scaffolds with aligned pores as instructive platforms for biomimetic tissue engineering

Tissues in the body are hierarchically structured composite materials with tissue-specific chemical and topographical properties. Here we report the preparation of tissue scaffolds with macroscopic pores generated via the dissolution of a sacrificial supramolecular polymer-based crystal template (urea) from a biodegradable polymer-based scaffold (polycaprolactone, PCL). Furthermore, we report a method of aligning the supramolecular polymer-based crystals within the PCL, and that the dissolution of the sacrificial urea yields scaffolds with macroscopic pores that are aligned over long, clinically-relevant distances (i.e., centimeter scale). The pores act as topographical cues to which rat Schwann cells respond by aligning with the long axis of the pores. Generation of an interpenetrating network of polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) in the scaffolds yields electroactive tissue scaffolds that allow the electrical stimulation of Schwann cells cultured on the scaffolds which increases the production of nerve growth factor (NGF).
Saint Louis' Involvement with the Friars

The literature popular among students at Paris in the 1260's included a series of poems lamenting the ascendant role in society of the new mendicant orders. The Dominicans are so shrewd, said one of these poems, that they control both Paris and Rome, they are both king and apostle. The blame for this state of affairs was being placed squarely on Louis IX. The king favors the mendicants, read a second poem, yet ill-treatrs his knights, as if the friars could do anything useful for the defense of his kingdom.
Counterexamples to a Proposed Stam Inequality on Finite Groups

Gibilisco and Isola have recently proposed a definition of Fisher information for random variables taking values in a finite group that is analogous to the definition for real valued random variables with a density. Based on this Fisher information concept, they claim to prove a Stam inequality for finite-group valued random variables that is analogous to the one in the case of real values. In this note we show these results, unfortunately, do not hold for nonabelian groups in general, by constructing explicit counterexamples.
Economy and rate of carbohydrate oxidation during running with rearfoot and forefoot strike patterns

It continues to be argued that a forefoot (FF) strike pattern during running is more economical than a rearfoot (RF) pattern; however, previous studies using one habitual footstrike group have foun...
Distinguished Lecture in Archeology: Beyond Criticizing New Archeology

This article was presented as the Distinguished Lecture in Archeology at the 91st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 4, 1992, in San Francisco.
Socially Assistive Robotics

Socially assistive robotics (SAR) aims to address critical areas and gaps in care by automating supervision, coaching, motivation, and companion ship aspects of one-on-one interactions with individuals from various large and growing populations, including stroke survivors, the elderly and individuals with dementia, and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This article examines the ethical challenges of SAR from three points of view (user, caregiver, and peer) using core principles from medical ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) to determine how intended and unintended effects of SAR can impact the delivery of care.
Forest Roads in West Virginia, USA: Identifying Issues and Challenges

Forest roads have long been recognized as the primary source of soil and water disturbance, and other negative site effects, associated with timber harvesting operations. In West Virginia, where slopes are often steep and soils may be unstable, haul and skid road planning, construction, and retirement are particularly important practices. In addition, other challenges related to land ownership and regulations help to form the environment within which forest road practices are performed. However, the scope and relative importance of these challenges have not been studied. Using a Delphi process, this study pooled the expertise of 10 resource professionals with extensive experience in forest roads, soils, water, and regulations to determine specific challenges and solutions associated with forest roads in the region. Results indicated that among the most significant problems facing forest road construction, as identified by the expert panel, are water management, lack of planning, and topography. Related issues include logger and forester training, adequacy of and compliance with Best Management Practices, constraints on road planning associated with private property boundaries, road costs, and federal and state policies. Results of this study have been used to both guide research priorities and initiate further discussions of important forest road issues.
Tempest: A portable tool to identify hot spots in parallel code

Compute clusters are consuming more power at higher densities than ever before. This results in increased thermal dissipation, the need for powerful cooling systems, and ultimately a reduction in system reliability as temperatures increase. Over the past several years, the research community has reacted to this problem by producing software tools such as HotSpot and Mercury to estimate system thermal characteristics and validate thermal-management techniques. While these tools are flexible and useful, they suffer several limitations. For the average user such simulation tools can be cumbersome to use. These tools may take significant time and expertise to port to different systems. Lastly, such tools produce significant detail and accuracy at the expense of execution time enough to prohibit iterative testing. We propose a fast, easy to use, accurate, portable software tool called Tempest (for temperature estimator) that leverages emergent thermal sensors to enable user profiling, evaluating, and reducing the thermal characteristics of systems and applications. In this paper, we illustrate the use of Tempest to analyze the thermal effects of various parallel benchmarks in clusters.
Modeling the retinal horizontal cell layer on a massively parallel processor: a detailed neural network model

The authors describe the use of a massively parallel processor, the Connection Machine model CM-2, to simulate light responses of the horizontal cell network of the vertebrate outer retina. The network model is biophysically detailed; properties of all nonlinear voltage-gated membrane currents and intracellular calcium buffering mechanisms are modeled. Implementation and efficiency of execution on CM-2 and Cray supercomputers is discussed. Computational properties of the horizontal cell network under light and dark adapted conditions are analyzed. Results demonstrate that an increase in cell coupling following light adaptation improves the temporal resolution of the network at the expense of decreased spatial resolution. These changes may perform matched filtering, adjusting the response kinetics of the horizontal cell network to match those of cone photoreceptors over a range of background light levels. >
James VI and the Revival of Episcopacy in Scotland: 1596–1600

King James VI and I had a taste for aphorisms, a circumstance which has occasionally misled the historians of his reign. James's deeply held and lifelong attachment to the doctrine of the divine right of kings is well known and unquestionable; so when, at the Hampton Court Conference, he said, “No bishop, no king”, it has perhaps been too readily assumed that his devotion to episcopacy as a system of church government was as unswerving and permanent as his belief in divine right. The king's admiration for the Church of England and its prelates, his threat at Hampton Court to harry the Puritans out of the land, his savage attack in Basilikon Doron on those “fiery spirited men in the ministry” who “fed themselves with the hope to become Tribuni plebis” but who were really “very pests in Church and Commonweal… breathing nothing but sedition and calumnies”—all this is so familiar as scarcely to require repeating. It is also well known that when he began to govern for himself in Scotland in the 1580s the position of the Scottish bishops was feeble. It continued to worsen for about a decade, as the king and his advisers found it desirable for political reasons to make concessions to the dominant presbyterian wing of the kirk, until the presbyterian historian David Calderwood could write of the year 1596, “The Kirk of Scotland was now come to her perfection.” Then, beginning in 1596, the tide began to run in the opposite direction.
The glutamate-enriched cortical and thalamic input to neurons in the subthalamic nucleus of the rat: convergence with GABA-positive terminals.

Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus play a key role in the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia. In order to understand better how the activity of subthalamic neurons and hence the output of the basal ganglia are controlled, we have reexamined the topography and examined in detail the synaptology and neurochemical nature of the two major excitatory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, that from the cortex and from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus. The approach was to use anterograde neuronal tracing and postembedding immunocytochemistry for amino acid transmitters. In confirmation of previous findings the cortical and thalamic projections were topographically organized, although the topography was more finely organized, and the projections more extensive, than previously demonstrated. Cortical and thalamic terminals made asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons. The thalamic terminals contacted larger postsynaptic targets, and therefore presumably more proximal regions of subthalamic neurons, than did the cortical terminals. Quantitative analysis of the postembedding immunolabelled sections revealed that the cortical and thalamic terminals were significantly enriched in glutamate-immunoreactivity when compared to identified γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive terminals, supporting physiological studies that suggest that these projections use glutamate as their neurotransmitter. In addition a small population of nonanterogradely labelled terminals that formed asymmetrical synapses and were immunopositive for GABA were identified. A larger population of terminals that formed symmetrical synapses were also immunbpositive for GABA and were probably derived from the globus pallidus. The latter type of terminal was found to make convergent synaptic input with cortical or thalamic terminals on this dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons, indicating that the “indirect pathways” by which information flows through the basal ganglia converge at the level of individual neurons in the subthalamic nucleus. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Subdeletion in Verb Phrase Ellipsis

This paper stems from an ongoing research project on verb phrase ellipsis. The project's goals are to implement a verb phrase ellipsis resolution algorithm, automatically test the algorithm on corpus data, then automatically evaluate the algorithm against human-generated answers. The paper will establish the current status of the algorithm based on this automatic evaluation, categorizing current problem situations. An algorithm to handle one of these problems, the case of subdeletion, will be described and evaluated. The algorithm attempts to detect and solve subdeletion by locating adjuncts of similar types in a verb phrase ellipsis and corresponding antecedent.
Large-scale manifold learning

This paper examines the problem of extracting low-dimensional manifold structure given millions of high-dimensional face images. Specifically, we address the computational challenges of nonlinear dimensionality reduction via Isomap and Laplacian Eigenmaps, using a graph containing about 18 million nodes and 65 million edges. Since most manifold learning techniques rely on spectral decomposition, we first analyze two approximate spectral decomposition techniques for large dense matrices (Nystrom and column-sampling), providing the first direct theoretical and empirical comparison between these techniques. We next show extensive experiments on learning low-dimensional embeddings for two large face datasets: CMU-PIE (35 thousand faces) and a web dataset (18 million faces). Our comparisons show that the Nystrom approximation is superior to the column-sampling method. Furthermore, approximate Isomap tends to perform better than Laplacian Eigenmaps on both clustering and classification with the labeled CMU-PIE dataset.
Death or hospitalization of patients on chronic hemodialysis is associated with a physician-based diagnosis of depression

Depressive symptoms, assessed using a self-report type of questionnaire, have been associated with poor outcomes in dialysis patients. Here we determined if depressive disorders diagnosed by physicians are also associated with such outcomes. Ninety-eight consecutive patients on chronic hemodialysis underwent the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders administered by a physician. Depression was diagnosed in about a quarter of the patients. Associations adjusted for age, gender, race, time on dialysis and co-morbidity were determined using survival analysis. Using time to event (death or hospitalization) models of analysis the hazard ratios were 2.11 and 2.07 in unadjusted and adjusted models respectively. The finding of poor outcome using a formal structured physician interview suggests that a prospective study is needed to determine whether treatment of depression affects clinical outcomes.
A glycosylated type I membrane protein becomes cytosolic when peptide: N-glycanase is compromised

The human cytomegalovirus‐encoded glycoprotein US2 catalyzes proteasomal degradation of Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chains (HCs) through dislocation of the latter from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol. During this process, the Class I MHC HCs are deglycosylated by an N ‐glycanase‐type activity. siRNA molecules designed to inhibit the expression of the light chain, β 2 ‐microglobulin, block the dislocation of Class I MHC molecules, which implies that US2‐dependent dislocation utilizes correctly folded Class I MHC molecules as a substrate. Here we demonstrate it is peptide: N ‐glycanase (PNGase or PNG1) that deglycosylates dislocated Class I MHC HCs. Reduction of PNGase activity by siRNA expression in US2‐expressing cells inhibits deglycosylation of Class I MHC HC molecules. In PNGase siRNA‐treated cells, glycosylated HCs appear in the cytosol, providing the first evidence for the presence of an intact N ‐linked type I membrane glycoprotein in the cytosol. N ‐glycanase activity is therefore not required for dislocation of glycosylated Class I MHC molecules from the ER.
Increased synaptic dopamine in the putamen in restless legs syndrome.

Study objectives Prior studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography techniques have reported inconsistent findings regarding differences between patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and control patients in the striatal dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) binding potentials (BP). D2R-BP does reflect receptor-ligand interactions such as receptor affinity (K(d)) and density (β(max)) or neurotransmitter synaptic concentrations. Thus, differences in D2R-BP reflect changes in these primary factors. PET techniques are currently available to estimate D2R β(max) and K(d). Design Separate morning and evening PET scans were performed. The D2R-BP were measured in basal ganglia using [(11)C]raclopride. Setting Academic medical center. Patients or participants Thirty-one patients with primary RLS and 36 age- and sex-matched control patients completed the study. Measures and results Patients with RLS had lower D2R-BP in putamen and caudate but not the ventral striatum. A subgroups analysis of those RLS patients who had not previously taken dopaminergic medications continued to show a significantly lower D2R-BP in the posterior putamen. D2R-BP did not differ between night and day for either group. D2R β(max) and K(d) did not differ significantly between patients with RLS and control patients but did show a strong and significant increase at night in the ventral striatum. Primary and secondary clinical measures of disease status failed to show any relation to D2R in any brain region. Conclusions Given the lack of any difference in either β(max) or K(d) and the prior studies supporting an increase in presynaptic dopaminergic activity, the current changes found in D2R-BP likely reflect an increase in synaptic dopamine.
The Math Gap: A Description of the Mathematics Performance of Preschool-aged Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Children

Over decades and across grade levels, deaf/hard-of-hearing (d/hh) student performance in mathematics has shown a gap in achievement. It is unclear, however, exactly when this gap begins to emerge and in what areas. This study describes preschool d/hh children's knowledge of early mathematics concepts. Both standardized and nonstandardized measures were used to assess understanding in number, geometry, measurement, problem solving, and patterns, reasoning and algebra. Results present strong evidence that d/hh students' difficulty in mathematics may begin prior to the start of formal schooling. Findings also show areas of strength (geometry) and weakness (problem solving and measurement) for these children. Evidence of poor foundational performance may relate to later academic achievement.
The effects of trypan blue on the blood pressure of rat embryos.

The mean ventricular blood pressure (MVBP) of 141 control rat embryos and 164 embryos exposed to trypan blue was measured at 13.5, 14.5, 17.5, and 18.5 days of gestation. The mean pressure in the controls ranged from 19.7 mm water at 13.5 days to 62.7 mm at 18.5 days. The mean pressure of the treated embryos was the same as that of the controls at 13.5 days but about 10 mm lower at all other ages. The range of variation was much greater in experimental embryos than in controls. Many extremely low pressures were recorded in the treated embryos. The pressure differences between control and treated embryos were not due to any differences in rate of heart beat. Since the morphogenesis of the heart and major blood vessels is not completed until day 15.5, and because abnormal pressure and flow patterns can affect cardiovascular development, the abnormal pressures in the 13.5- and 14.5-day groups possibly contribute to the high rate of cardiovascular anomalies induced by trypan blue. The abnormal pressures in the older age group are probably reflections of this heart damage.
Pre-procedural Considerations

Prior to performing endoscopic procedures it is imperative that the physician be knowledgeable of the many aspects of patient care in all phases of the encounter. This chapter focuses on the pre-procedural phase. Care must be taken to address patient risk factors as well as procedure associated risks that could potentially affect outcome. Co-morbid conditions must be taken into consideration and risk modification employed such as administration of pre-procedural antibiotics when indicated and discontinuation of anticoagulants when necessary. By being prepared to meet the challenging complexities related to a patient’s overall health the physician should be able to minimize procedural complications and improve patient safety and outcomes.
What Is the Value of Sell-Side Analysts? Evidence from Coverage Changes: A Discussion for the Journal of Accounting and Economics

Li and You (this volume) study public firms’ common stock return reactions to two events: when analysts’ initiate coverage of the firm and when they terminate coverage. They test the returns for evidence of three sources of value added by analysts: (1) more monitoring of the firm, (2) reduced information asymmetry about the firm, and (3) greater demand for the firm’s common stock. They find consistent support for analysts adding value by increasing demand, but not monitoring or by reducing information asymmetry. Their findings also indicate that analysts’ initiations supply little new information. I review these findings, put them in perspective with related research, and note research directions.
Applying Variance Analysis to Understand California Hospitals' Expense Recovery Status by Patient Groups

SYNOPSIS: I apply variance analysis, a management accounting tool, to examine California hospitals' expense recovery status in 2012, as compared with 2004, for three mutually exclusive groups of patients. For every $100 total operating expense incurred in 2012, as compared with those incurred in 2004, California hospitals received $3.2 more from public programs (a $0.7 rate effect and a $2.6 proportion effect), $3.0 more from private programs (a $7.8 rate effect and a −$4.8 proportion effect), and $2.2 less from uninsured patients (a −$3.1 rate effect and a $1.0 proportion effect). These results imply that (1) hospitals were able to charge increasingly higher prices to private insurers, and (2) hospitals received less revenue from uninsured patients, a possible consequence of the passage of California's Hospital Fair Pricing Act in 2006. My study highlights the applicability of variance analysis in understanding the temporal change in financial status for patient groups in the hospital industry.
The Tnevnoc Cult

Accompanyingthe rapid growth of "new religions" in the 1970s has been escalatingcontroversy centering on their methods of socializing new recruits. In this paper we examine the Tnevnoc Cult, a religious movement thatflourished during the nineteenth century and was embroiled in a similar controversy. Many of the Tnevnocs' current socialization practices remain similar to those of the new religions although the Tnevnocs are not now regarded as controversial By presenting a historical comparison between the Tnevnocs and new religions we demonstrate that the allegedly novel, manipulative socialization practices of the new religions actually are remarkably similar to those employed by the Tnevnocs a century earlier. Further, we argue that the reaction of the anti-cult movement to the new religions also has historicalparallels which suggest that it is the legitimacy accorded a group rather than its practices which shape public reactions and definitions.
Who Would Jesus Bomb? The Republican Jesus Meme and the Fracturing of Ideology

This project joins a growing conversation about the cultural significance of memes (and Internet memes in particular), offering a critical analysis of Republican Jesus—one popular image macro that mocks contemporary American conservatism—in order to illustrate the rhetorical potential of these putatively harmless do-it yourself (DIY) creations. Ultimately, I argue that Republican Jesus offers a critique of contemporary conservatism that creates “perspective by incongruity” and, thereby, creates a space for ideological struggle.