cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anagram solving as a function of letter moves

In three experiments involving solution of anagrams, the relationship between the number of required letter moves and difficulty of solution was found to contain both linear and quadratic trends. Performance decreased from one to three moves, but performance was usually better with three-move orders than with two-move orders. In addition to finding high-frequency words solved more often than low-frequency words, the curvilinear trend was more pronounced for high-frequency words. It was suggested that these findings might be accounted for on the basis of two processes, one concerning the production of words as units and another the manipulation of letter combinations in the attempt to produce the word letter order.
Rapidly reversible redox transformation in nanophase manganese oxides at room temperature triggered by changes in hydration

Chemisorption of water onto anhydrous nanophase manganese oxide surfaces promotes rapidly reversible redox phase changes as confirmed by calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and titration for manganese average oxidation state. Surface reduction of bixbyite (Mn2O3) to hausmannite (Mn3O4) occurs in nanoparticles under conditions where no such reactions are seen or expected on grounds of bulk thermodynamics in coarse-grained materials. Additionally, transformation does not occur on nanosurfaces passivated by at least 2% coverage of what is likely an amorphous manganese oxide layer. The transformation is due to thermodynamic control arising from differences in surface energies of the two phases (Mn2O3 and Mn3O4) under wet and dry conditions. Such reversible and rapid transformation near room temperature may affect the behavior of manganese oxides in technological applications and in geologic and environmental settings.
Retardation effects and the vanishing as R~∞ of the nonadiabatic R -6 interaction of the core and a high-Rydberg electron

An electron in a high-Rydberg state will experience the Coulomb ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ potential and the polarization ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ potential. For $R$ large compared to $\frac{{a}_{0}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the fine-structure constant---$\frac{{a}_{0}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is very large---it will also experience a retardation polarization ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ potential. We here show that at very large $R$ the nonrelativistic ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ nonadiabatic potential which it experiences beyond a few Bohr radii is cancelled by retardation (or, better, vacuum fluctuation) effects.
Reducing the Cost of Acquiring Seismic Data

In many areas, the cost of seismic data acquisition can be reduced without degrading the quality of the interpretable seismic image. There are several recording system parameters that affect the cost of acquiring the data, the cost of processing the data, and the quality of the processed image. A methodology is presented for reducing the cost of seismic data acquisition through testing at the field site to determine one of these recording system parameters. This permits Q.C. personnel and geophysicists to make informed decisions, in the field at crew start-up, regarding the source effort required to produce the best quality final image for the least cost. The application of advanced processing techniques to facilitate making informed decisions about seismic acquisition parameters in the field setting is illustrated. Also presented, is an analysis of crew effort and cost reductions that can be realized through this method of seismic acquisition parameter determination.
POLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS IN BIOMINERALIZATION

Hierarchical synthesis of well-defined nanoparticles and structures is one of the challenges in materials science. Conventional methods have limitations in controlling the size of the crystals as well as their orientation. Biominerals have inspired research to explore bottom-up approaches to the design of novel nanomaterials by utilizing polymeric nanomaterials as templates to synthesize nanoparticles with well-defined morphologies and structures. Here in this review, the role of synthetic and natural polymeric nanomaterials with controlled architecture and selected affinities in the design of biomimetic materials over the years are discussed.
Relationship between capsaicin-evoked substance p release and neurokinin 1 receptor internalization in the rat spinal cord

The relationship between substance P release and the activation of its receptor in the spinal cord remains unclear. Substance P release is usually measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas the internalization of the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor has been used to assess its activation by noxious stimuli. Our objective was to compare substance P release and NK1 receptor internalization produced by capsaicin in rat spinal cord slices. Superfusion of the slices with capsaicin for 3 min produced a gradual increase in substance P release that peaked 3-7 min afterward, and then decreased to baseline levels. The concentration-response curve for capsaicin was biphasic, with concentrations above 10 microM producing significantly less release. The effective concentration for 50% of response (EC(50)) for capsaicin, calculated from its stimulatory phase, was 2.3 microM. However, the potency of capsaicin to elicit NK1 receptor internalization in the same slices was one order of magnitude higher (EC(50)=0.37 microM) in lamina I, probably because NK1 receptors become saturated at relatively low concentrations of substance P. The potency of capsaicin to produce internalization was progressively lower in lamina III (EC(50)=1.9 microM) and lamina IV (EC(50)=14.5 microM), suggesting that neurokinins released in laminae I-II become diluted as they diffuse to the inner dorsal horn. To study the correlation between these two measures, we plotted substance P release against NK1 receptor internalization and fitted a saturation binding function to the points. The correlation was good for laminae I (R(2)=0.82) and III (R(2)=0.78), but it was poor (R(2)=0.35) for lamina IV because NK1 receptor internalization kept on increasing at high concentrations of capsaicin, whereas substance P release decreased. In conclusion, amounts of substance P able to activate NK1 receptors may fall under the threshold of detection of radioimmunoassay. Conversely, radioimmunoassay often detects levels of substance P release well over those required to saturate NK1 receptors in the superficial dorsal horn, but that may be able to activate these receptors in nearby regions of the spinal cord.
Coherent Optical Arrays For Space Astronomy

The conceptual basis of an orbiting observatory designed for high angular resolution optical astronomy is presented. Operating above the atmosphere, an array with a 15 meter baseline could achieve a one-dimensional angular resolution of 0.005 arc sec in the visible. Broad-band detection from the UV to the near infrared should be possible. To obtain two-dimensional images at high resolution we expect to employ tomographic reconstruction techniques, followed by sidelobe removal if necessary. Active optical elements will be needed in order to maintain coherence of beams in the image plane. The instrument is an optical analog to the Very Large Array in radio astronomy and a space analog to the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Prototype designs consisting of four to six mirrors are discussed for the case of a single shuttle payload.
The effect of peritoneal fluid on glucose-U-C14 oxidation by rat peritoneal leukocytes.

The rate of C14O2 evolution from uniformly labeled glucose by washed white cells from peritoneal exudates increased several times after prolonged soaking of the cells in protein-free medium and was repressed again upon incubation of the cells in peritoneal fluid of higher concentrations, whereas incubation in lower concentrations had a stimulatory effect, as compared to this rate by the cells incubated in protein-free medium alone. Similarity of this effect of peritoneal fluid to the protective action of blood serum on the cells in tissue culture and the possible mechanism of action of both were discussed. It is suggested that the metabolism of the cells in multicellular organism is repressed by humoral macromolecular substances, and that the increase of glucose-U-C14 oxidation by the cells after prolonged soaking in protein-free medium is related to the first step in the processes by which the cells move from a dormant state in vivo into that of active growth and cell divisions in vitro.
The effect of age on lipid composition and order of rat cerebral microvessels.

To determine if alterations in lipid composition and/or membrane order of cerebral microvessels may contribute to the age-related changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, cerebral microvessels isolated from male Fischer 344 rats at 3 (young), 12 (intermediate age), and 24 (aged) months of age were studied. The steady state fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene incorporated into isolated cerebral microvessel membranes at 35°C, in aged rats was not different compared to young rats (0.2787±0.0029 vs 0.2847±0.0049). In addition, the thermotropic transition temperature of these membranes was not altered with age. Moreover, the fatty acid composition, the double bond index as well as cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratios were not significantly altered with age. In contrast, the concentration of conjugated dienes in lipid extracts of cerebral microvessels of aged rats (10.04±1.10 O.D./mg phospholipids) was significantly increased compared to the concentration in young rats (6.98±0.52 O.D./mg phospholipids) (p<0.01). It is concluded that aging is not associated with significant changes in lipid composition or membrane order of cerebral microvessels. However, the increased concentration of conjugated dienes in cerebral microvessels of aged rats is indicative of ongoing free radical damage in these microvessels which may contribute to the age-related changes in BBB function.
Aldol methodology: synthesis of syn-3-hydroxy-2-vinylcarbonyl compounds

Abstract A direct approach to syn-3-hydroxy-2-vinylcarbonyl compounds via a boron-mediated aldol reaction with( S )-1-cyclohexyl-1-triethylsilyloxypenta-3( Z -en-2-one (6c) is described.
Modelling of relaxation measurements on highly vibrationally excited HD using direct overtone pumping and photoacoustic detection

Abstract The relaxation of highly vibrationally excited HD is modelled. In particular, we discuss measurement of vibration-to-vibration and vibration-to-translation rates from the upper vibrational levels of HD (2 ⩽ υ ⩽ 6) by detection of the change in translational energy of the gas following direct overtone excitation with a pulsed laser. Relaxation rates for HD have been estimated using a recently developed energy corrected sudden approximation scaling theory. The modelled curves of translational energy as a function of time are uniquely characteristic of the mechanism of relaxation and reflect its variation with increasing vibrational level. We have examined the use of photoacoustic detection to make these rate measurements and find that this is feasible over a reasonable range of temperature and pressure. This conclusion is based on consideration of the known absorption coefficients, the scaled rates, and background noise measurements made in our laboratory.
Clustering of resting state networks

Background: The goal of the study was to demonstrate a hierarchical structure of resting state activity in the healthy brain using a data-driven clustering algorithm. Methodology/Principal Findings: The fuzzy-c-means clustering algorithm was applied to resting state fMRI data in cortical and subcortical gray matter from two groups acquired separately, one of 17 healthy individuals and the second of 21 healthy individuals. Different numbers of clusters and different starting conditions were used. A cluster dispersion measure determined the optimal numbers of clusters. An inner product metric provided a measure of similarity between different clusters. The two cluster result found the task-negative and task-positive systems. The cluster dispersion measure was minimized with seven and eleven clusters. Each of the clusters in the seven and eleven cluster result was associated with either the task-negative or task-positive system. Applying the algorithm to find seven clusters recovered previously described resting state networks, including the default mode network, frontoparietal control network, ventral and dorsal attention networks, somatomotor, visual, and language networks. The language and ventral attention networks had significant subcortical involvement. This parcellation was consistently found in a large majority of algorithm runs under different conditions and was robust to different methods of initialization. Conclusions/Significance: The clustering of resting state activity using different optimal numbers of clusters identified resting state networks comparable to previously obtained results. This work reinforces the observation that resting state networks are hierarchically organized.
PATTERNS OF HYBRIDIZATION AND INTROGRESSION IN POPULATIONS OF OAKS, MANZANITAS, AND IRISES'

We used a maximum likelihood (ML) method to examine hybridization and introgression in mixed populations of black oaks (Quercus kelloggii and Q. wislizenii var. frutescens), manzanitas (Arctostaphylos patula and A. viscida), and irises (Iris fulva and L hexagona). This method uses codominant molecular markers, such as allozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms, to estimate the frequencies of six genealogical classes of individuals (parental species, F, and F2 hybrids, and first generation backcrosses) present in a mixed population. We contrasted these estimates with those from the traditional "direct method" which estimates hybrid frequencies directly from observed frequencies of molecular phenotypes. Both methods indicated that the putative hybrid oaks were all F, hybrids. For the manzanitas, only ML estimates could reject the hypothesis that introgression was limited to first generation backcrossing. At least 27% of the individuals were estimated to represent second or later generation introgressants. Analysis of the irises indicated bidirectional localized introgression. These methods, in conjunction with clinal variation in the frequency of marker alleles, indicated that this pattern of introgression probably resulted from asymmetric density-dependent gene flow by pollen. The ML method provides a more reliable description of the pattern of hybridization and introgression because it accounts for overlap among parental species and hybrid phenotype distributions. Molecular markers provide a powerful means of investigating the occurrence and extent of introgressive hybridization. Unlike morphological characters, these
Building and loan associations in the U.S., 1880–1893: the origins of localization in the residential mortgage market

Abstract The paper offers an explanation for the localization of intermediated residential mortgage finance in the United States between 1880 and 1893. The focus is on building and loan associations that spread rapidly throughout the U.S. in the 1880s, and then held one-third of the nation's intermediated home mortgage debt until the 1930s. The modern descendants of these institutions, Savings and Loan Associations (SL so the organizers had incentives to safely manage an association only so long as it operated within these same boundaries. To support these conclusions I first examine and reject an alternative explanation of localization—that it allowed building and loan members to monitor each other. Secondly I show that home builders and real estate professionals continued to dominate the management of SL and suggest that deregulation played a role in the S&L debacle of the 1980s when it accommodated the disruption of the close connection between thrifts and local building networks.
The use of present fission reactors to simulate radiation damage in fusion reactor first walls

Abstract The placement of passive shields (ISSECs) between the first wall and the source of neutrons has been considered as a mechanism for extending first wall lifetimes in fusion reactors. Solid carbon, Mo, Nb, W, and V were considered as ISSECs for tokamaks and liquid metals Li, Pb, and a Pb-Li eutectic alloy Pb4Li for laser fusion reactors. In addition to their radiation damage reducing capabilities in the first walls, it is shown that ISSECs also soften the Primary Knock-on Atom energy spectrum in the first wall to close to that found in fast or thermal fission test reactors. Such damage modifications would allow more confidence in applying data from current fission test facilities to components in future fusion devices. The appm He/dpa ratio has also been shown to be about equal in both the first wall and in fission reactors when 40-50 cm of liquid Pb or Pb4Li is used (except for Ni containing alloys in HFIR). At present, the required thicknesses for the other ISSEC materials to give the same reduct...
Leukocyte membrane bleb and pseudopod formation in hypertension

Leukocyte activation, including adhesion molecule expression, oxygen radical generation and, in animal studies, pseudopod formation, is a hallmark of hypertension. This study examined pseudopod and bleb formation and demonstrates that leukocytes from hypertensive individuals are more susceptible to produce membrane blebs than leukocytes from normotensive individuals. Bleb formation is likely indicative of apoptosis, thus this observation adds to previous observations of increased apoptosis in various tissues in hypertension.
A new role of accelerator to nuclear energy

Military Pu and the accumulated Pu from LWR provide a great opportunity to start to a proliferation resistant fuel cycle of 233U which is produced from Pu-fueled fast reactor with 232Th blanket and has a high conversion factor in a thermal reactor. A Pu-fueled Na cooled subcritical fast reactor driven by spallation neutrons generated by protons accelerated to medium energy, can be operated under safe conditions in the context of criticality, with high breeding gain due a non-flattened core which provides high neutron economy. The accelerator also can play an important role in separating energy generation and the processing and production of fuel. A new approach is discussed to disposing of long-lived fission products (LLFPs) of type 11 such as 99Tc and 1291, into outer solar space by providing an escape velocity from the solar system of 42 km/sec from a parking orbit or the moon's surface using a electro-static or RFQ accelerator and neutralizing the charged ions.
Arterial blood--spinal fluid oxygen gradient diminishes during alkalaemia in hyperoxic man.

We investigated the effect of intravenous sodium bicarbonate (2 mmol·kg−1) on the arterial blood-spinal fluid \({\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) gradient in twelve anaesthetized hyperoxaemic human subjects who were in preparation for surgical procedures. The steady-state samples of arterial blood and lumbar fluid were withdrawn for the assessment of the acid-base status and electrolyte content in both fluid compartments before and after NaHCO3 injection. We found that NaHCO3 increased the arterial pH and \({\text{P}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } \), and decreased the blood-spinal fluid \({\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) gradient significantly. The latter was a result of an increase in spinal fluid \({\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) and a decrease in \({\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \). The diminished \({\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) gradient can be accounted for by the specific effect of carbamate and bicarbonate, distinct from that of pH, lowering the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This might favor the maintenance of an adequate oxygen supply in the brain tissue under unfavorable conditions.
Prevalence of Bacteremia in Dairy Cattle with Acute Puerperal Metritis

Background Acute puerperal metritis (APM) affects 30% of postpartum dairy cattle. Bacteremia negatively impacts survival in cattle with coliform mastitis. However, the prevalence of bacteremia in dairy cattle with APM is unknown. Hypothesis Bacteremia is detectable in a large proportion of cattle with APM. Animals Seventeen dairy cows with APM and 17 healthy dairy cattle. Methods Prospective case-control study. Cases were identified by daily monitoring of cattle in the first 10 days after calving. Controls were matched to cases by parity and days in milk. Cows were examined at the time of identification of APM. A complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and bacteriologic culture of blood and lochial fluid were performed on each animal at the time of diagnosis. The same samples were collected from healthy herdmates of a similar parity and days in milk. Blood culture results and clinicopathologic variables were compared between groups. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with APM, whereas multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with bacteremia. Results Bacteremia occurred in 53% (9/17) of cattle with APM and 53% (8/15) controls. Bacillus spp. was the organism most commonly isolated from the bloodstream in cattle of both groups. Bacteremic cattle in both groups were significantly less likely to have basophils in the peripheral circulation (P = .02) and more likely to have higher serum globulin concentrations (P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bacteremia is a common occurrence in postpartum dairy cattle. Further study is warranted to investigate the modes by which bacteria colonize the bloodstream in this population of animals and the importance of bacteremia on health and productivity of affected animals.
The evolution of the polycrystalline copper surface, first to Cu(111) and then to Cu(100), at a fixed CO₂RR potential: a study by operando EC-STM.

A study based on operando electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) has shown that a polycrystalline Cu electrode held at a fixed negative potential, −0.9 V (vs SHE), in the vicinity of CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR) in 0.1 M KOH, undergoes stepwise surface reconstruction, first to Cu(111) within 30 min, and then to Cu(100) after another 30 min; no further surface transformations occurred after establishment of the Cu(100) surface. The results may help explain the Cu(100)-like behavior of Cu(pc) in terms of CO2RR product selectivity. They likewise suggest that products exclusive to Cu(100) single-crystal electrodes may be generated through the use of readily available inexpensive polycrystalline Cu electrodes. The study highlights the dynamic nature of heterogeneous electrocatalyst surfaces and also underscores the importance of operando interrogations when structure–composition–reactivity correlations are intended.
An intra-aortic balloon pump: An unusual cause of an arterial blood pressure discrepancy during cardiopulmonary bypass

D URING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS (CPB), the measurement of arterial blood pressure (ABP) is important for the control of vital organ perfusion and the evaluation of the overall integrity of extracorporeal circulation. 1 Although a radial artery catheter is commonly used to measure ABE this method often yields an ABP measurement that is lower than that obtained through a more central arterial site (eg, femoral artery, brachial artery, aorta) during and after CPB. 2-7 In this case report, a patient with an ABP discrepancy between different monitoring sites during CPB is described. However, in contrast to the typical pattern, ABP measured through the radial artery was greater than that measured through the femoral artery. The ABP discrepancy appeared to be caused by intermittent obstruction of blood flow from the proximal to distal aorta by an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). This phenomenon may often occur in a patient with an IABP during CPB. Optimal clinical management of such a patient requires awareness of this problem and an understanding of its cause.
Polymer fractionation studies in the solid state polymerization of acrylamide

Fractionation studies were made on polymer from insource (immediate isolation of polymer after irradiation) and post-irradiation (storage after irradiation) experiments on solid acrylamide. The results show a very broad molecular weight distribution in the in-source experiments and a large percentage of polymer of constant molecular weight in the post-irradiation experiments Several possible explanations of the results are discussed. (D.L.C.)
Do Trading Partners Still Matter for Nigeria's Growth? A Contribution to the Debate on Decoupling and Spillovers

Should policymakers still be concerned about economic growth in trading partners? Have developing and emerging market countries decoupled from the US enough to grow despite significant recession in the US? Using VAR models, this paper addresses these questions for Nigeria in the context of the global crisis. The results seem to debunk the "decoupling theory" and suggest there are still significant spillovers from Nigeria's main trading partners, including the US, with trade and commodity price linkages being the dominant transmission channels. Given the sharp fall in both trade financing and commodity prices in aftermath of the crisis, these results provide some explanation to the realization of adverse second-round effects in Nigeria.
Missing measurements in discrete response models

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of whether or not incomplete observations contain any information about the parameters that could be used in their estimates for general discrete response models. The results differ from the cases of linear models [e.g. Kmenta and Balestra (1986)] and binary response models [e.g. Lien and Rearden (1988)].
From Politics Back to the Barracks in Nigeria: A Theoretical Exploration

The article probes the issue of the military's disengagement from Nigerian politics, and the prospects for a third democratic experience as of June 1993. The central thesis is that the military engagement-disengagement nexus is deeply rooted in the crisis of social justice in Nigeria. The military has intervened and disengaged from Nigerian politics in the past because of the inability of Nigeria's peripheral capitalist system to meet the needs and aspirations of the Nigerian masses. The problems which are embedded in the peripheral capitalist system have prompted the military to intervene in the political arena, but its inability to solve these problems has then forced it to withdraw. Specifically, in the context of the current disengagement process, we argue that the process is doomed to fail: the military will re-intervene in Nigeria's politics after a civilian government is elected in 1993. This is explained by the fact that during the current period of disengagement the fundamental issues of socio-economic justice have not been addressed. The problem of political instability in Nigeria remains unsolved. We conclude that to achieve political stability in Nigeria it will be necessary to solve certain problems which are rooted in Nigeria's peripheral capitalist system - poverty, malnourishment, and disparities in income and wealth among others. In short, even if the new civilian government in 1993 is run by people of integrity, the problem of political instability will not be solved until the question of social justice is addressed and resolved.
Creating Interest in Teaching: Science Classroom Experiences for Academically Talented College Science Majors.

(1996). Creating interest in teaching: Science classroom experiences for academically talented college science majors. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 213-225.
Hypochondriacal patients, their physicians, and their medical care

Objective:To examine the views hypochondriacal patients have of their physicians, and their physicians’ assessments of the hypochondriacal patients. Design:A sample of patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for hypochondriasis was obtained by screening consecutive medical outpatients. They underwent a battery of self-report questionnaires and structured interviews, their medical records were audited, and their physicians completed questionnaires about them. A random sample of nonhypochondriacal patients from the same clinic served as a comparison group. Setting:A large general medicine outpatient clinic of an academic teaching hospital. Patients:41 DSM-III-R hypochondriacs and 71 comparison patients. Measurements and main results:Hypochondriacal patients were more dissatisfied with their physicians than were comparison patients. Physicians rated the hypochondriacal patients as more frustrating to care for, more help-rejecting, and more demanding. Physician ratings of how hypochondriacal their patients were correlated significantly with their ratings of how frustrating they considered the patients (R2=0.36)and with objective measures of how hypochondriacal the patients were (incremental R 2=0.08).Physician estimates of anxiety and depression in the hypochondriacal patients were not statistically related to patient anxiety and depression. In contrast, physician estimates of patient anxiety and depression were significantly associated with the presence of anxiety and depression in comparison patients. Conclusions:The physician’s use of the term hypochondriasis is closely associated with his or her frustration with the patient and is associated with objective measures of the extent of hypochondriacal symptoms. In addition, the presence of DSM-III-R hypochondriasis impairs the physician’s accuracy in assessing the levels of the patient’s anxiety and depression.
Effects of flocculated humic matter on free and attached pelagic microorganisms

The effect of dissolved and particulate humic matter on pelagic microorganisms was studied in laboratory experiments. A humic concentrate was added to cultures of natural bacterial populations in either dissolved or partly flocculated form. Due to the occurrence of epibacteria attached to particles, a markedly higher bacterial yield was obtained when a fraction of the added carbon was flocculated. Attached bacteria apparently utilized floes as well as dissolved organic carbon surrounding the particles. Both free and attached bacteria were grazed by phagotrophic flagellates. In addition to grazing attached bacteria, attached flagellates could ingest free bacteria. In 11 oligotrophic lakes, ranging from those with clear water to those heavily colored with humic substances, a linearly increasing amount of both particulate material and particle-associated epibacteria was found in the pelagial with increasing humic content. We suggest that suspended detritus particles (humic flocculates) have a positive influence on the secondary productivity of humic lakes due to an enrichment of the heterotrophic epibacterial-bacterivorous flagellate segment of the microbial food web.
A comparison of approaches to prioritizing sites for riparian restoration

This study compares the results of Olson and Harris (1997) and Russell et al. (1997) in their work to prioritize sites for riparian restoration in the San Luis Rey River watershed. Olson and Harris defined reaches of the mainstem and evaluated the relative potential for restoration and protection based on cover of natural vegetation, land use, and connectivity. Then they used data on geomorphic conditions, plant species composition, and community structure to prescribe strategies for restoration. Russell et al. used a modeling approach within a geographic information system to combine data on wetness and land use/land cover to identify areas with potential for protection and restoration. They prioritized the areas based on patch size and proximity to extant riparian habitat. The mainstem and associated floodplain defined by Olson and Harris was more than twice the size of the area defined by Russell et al., because Olson and Harris considered the entire valley floor, whereas Russell et al. used a wetness index to identify saturated zones within the floodplain. For seven of the twelve management units delineated along the mainstem, the two studies agreed on a strategy of restoration or protection. They differed on two. No comparison could be made of the three units for which Olson and Harris used project review, a unique category. Agreement of the results is due to the similarity of criteria used to identify and rank sites for protection and restoration; disagreement is due primarily to the level of resolution of the data. Both approaches have potential for use in watershed-level planning. The predictive power of the two approaches may be maximized when they are used in a complementary fashion.
Organ Culture of Crab Ovaries

[Ovarien-Explantate von Thalamita crenata wurden in Kulturmedien gehalten, welche entweder Korperflussigkeit der Krebse oder kunstliches Meerwasser plus Medium 199 enthielten. Die Zellteilungstatigkeit der germinativen Zone und junger Oozyten bleibt erhalten. Interstitielle Zellen proliferieren. Reife Oozyten jedoch lassen sich in den Kulturlosungen nicht halten., Ovarien-Explantate von Thalamita crenata wurden in Kulturmedien gehalten, welche entweder Korperflussigkeit der Krebse oder kunstliches Meerwasser plus Medium 199 enthielten. Die Zellteilungstatigkeit der germinativen Zone und junger Oozyten bleibt erhalten. Interstitielle Zellen proliferieren. Reife Oozyten jedoch lassen sich in den Kulturlosungen nicht halten.]
NEO-KANTIAN FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRY IN THE GERMAN ROMANTIC PERIOD

Abstract While mathematics received relatively little attention in the idealistic systems of most of the German Romantics, it served as the foundation in the thought of the Neo-Kantian philosopher/mathematician Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773–1843). It fell to Fries to work out in detail the implications of Kant's declaration that all mathematical knowledge was synthetic a priori. In the process Fries called for a new science of the philosophy of mathematics, which he worked out in greatest detail in his Mathematische Naturphilosophie of 1822. In this work he analyzed the foundations of geometry with an eye to clearing up the historical controversy over Euclid's theory of parallels. Contrary to what might be expected, Fries' Kantian perspective provoked rather than inhibited a reexamination of Euclid's axioms. Fries' attempt to make explicit through axioms what was being implicitly assumed by Euclid while at the same time wishing to eliminate unnecessary axioms belies the claim that there was no concern to improve Euclid prior to the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. Fries' work therefore serves as an important historical example of the difficulties facing those who wanted to provide geometry with a logically secure foundation in the era prior to the published work of Gauss, Bolyai, and others.
Longitudinal changes in kidney parenchymal volume associated with renal artery stenting.

Objective This study assessed the longitudinal changes in renal volume after renal artery stenting (RAS) to determine if renal mass is preserved by stenting. Methods The study cohort consisted of 38 patients with longitudinal imaging available for renal volume quantification before and after RAS. Renal volume was estimated as (kidney length) × (width) × (depth/2) based on preoperative renal imaging. For each patient, the clinical response of blood pressure (BP) and renal function to RAS was categorized according to modified American Heart Association guidelines. Changes in renal volume were assessed using paired nonparametric analyses. Results The cohort was a median age of 69 years (interquartile range [IQR], 60-74 years). A favorable BP response was observed in 11 of 38 patients (28.9%). At a median interval between imaging studies of 21 months (IQR, 13-32 months), ipsilateral renal volume was significantly increased from baseline (146.8 vs 133.8 cm 3 ; P = .02). This represents a 6.9% relative increase in ipsilateral kidney volume from baseline. A significant negative correlation between preoperative renal volume and the relative change in renal volume postoperatively ( r = −0.42; P = .0055) suggests that smaller kidneys experienced the greatest gains in renal volume after stenting. It is noteworthy that the 25 patients with no change in BP or renal function—clinical failures using traditional definitions—experienced a 12% relative increase in ipsilateral renal volume after RAS. Multivariate analysis determined that stable or improved renal volume after stenting was an independent predictor of stable or improved long-term renal function (odds ratio, 0.008; 95% confidence interval, 0.000-0.206; P = .004). Conclusions These data lend credence to the belief that RAS preserves renal mass in some patients. This benefit of RAS even extends to those patients who would be considered treatment failures by traditional definitions. Patients with stable or increased renal volume after RAS had more stable renal function during long-term follow-up, whereas patients with renal volume loss after stenting were prone to deterioration of renal function.
Carbocyclic analogs of anhydrothymidines

The carbocyclic analog of thymidine (C-Thymidine, 2) was converted to the analog of 3′-(O-methanesulfonyl)-5′-O-tritylthymidine, which was cyclized in alkaline solution or with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene (DBU) to the carbocyclic analog of 5′-O-trityl-2,3′-anhydrothymidine (6). Hydrolysis of the latter compound produced the carbocyclic analog of all-cis-thymidine. C-Thymidine was also converted to the carbocyclic analog of 3′-O-acetyl-2,5′-anhydrothymidine (12) by treating the 5′-O-methanesulfonyl analog with DBU. Hydrolysis of the anhydro derivative gave back C-Thymidine. The carbocyclic analog (3) of 3′-deoxy-2′-hydroxythymidine was converted similarly to the corresponding 2,2′-anhydrothymidine (15) and 2,5′-anhydrothymidine (21) analogs. As expected, C-5′-O-trityl-2,2′-anhydrothymidine formed more readily than did the 2,3′-anhydrothymidine analog. Hydrolysis of these 2,2′- and 2,5′-anhydrothymidine analogs gave, respectively, the carbocyclic analog of all-cis-3′-deoxy-2′-hydroxythymidine and 3.
Growth of wustite (FeO) single crystals by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Single crystals of FeO have been prepared by closed-tube chemical transport. Linear growth rates on MgO substrates of up to 20 μm/hr (5.6x10-7cm/sec) were measured for thermal gradients of 25°C and a deposition temperature of 700°C. The transport gas was HCl at low pressure (1–50 torr). The kinetics of transport suggest that gas phase diffusion is the rate controlling step. Increased levels of impurities (Al, Si and Mg) were found in the crystals. The major impurity was Mg which interdiffuses from the substrates.
Carbon conversion in an atmospheric-pressure entrained coal gasifier

Abstract Entrained gasification tests with a Utah high-volatile bituminous coal were performed at atmospheric pressure to assess the influence of particle size, coal feed rate, steam-coal ratio and oxygen-coal ratio. Independent argon-carbon balance and ash balance methods were used to evaluate carbon conversion, with good agreement observed between the methods. A higher O 2 -coal ratio and finer particles increased the carbon conversion. Carbon conversion and hydrogen formation showed little dependence on the amount of steam injected in the secondary stream, indicating minimal steam-coal reaction. When the coal feed rate was varied from 23 to 27 kg h −1 , a small increase in carbon conversion was observed with no significant change in the gas composition.
Probing synaptic vesicle fusion by altering mechanical properties of the neuronal surface membrane

Because synaptic vesicle exocytosis is a nano-mechanical process, it should be influenced by the mechanical properties of the cell membrane to which the vesicle fuses. By dissolving surfactants at various concentrations in the neuronal membrane, we have perturbed mechanical properties of the membrane and have found that dissolved surfactants lower the probability that a synaptic vesicle will open its fusion pore when the fusion machinery of the vesicle is activated by binding calcium. By using standard theories from the physics and chemistry of surfaces, we can account for this decrease in fusion probability and can infer that a vesicle, when activated, opens its fusion pore approximately 3 times out of 4 and that the area of the fusion pore is approximately 4 nm(2).
The Age of the Stars.

It is well-known that the supply of energy made available by the gravitational contraction of the material of a star is insufficient, in view of the Stefan law of total radiation, to allow the time-life of a star to be more than a small fraction of the age demanded by geological considerations. Discussions of the problem of maintenance of stellar energy have been given by Shapley1 and Russell.2 The former discusses an hypothesis of asymmetrical radiation flow in which the rate of radiation to empty space is much less than the radiation toward other matter. Shapley also considers the destruction of mass as a possible source of stellar energy. He concludes that “ … it now appears that the disagreement between the long and short time scales must be decided the favor of an exceedingly prolonged history for sidereal systems, permitting a relatively slow evolutionary development for stars and planets.” Russell’s paper is a very general sketch of the main outlines of the problem and is concerned mainly with the conditions under which a nuclear “unknown” source of energy comes into action.
Design and manufacture of a microchannel plasma reactor by CNC milling

Display Omitted Fabrication of a microchannel plasma device using micro-scale milling techniques.Machinable ceramic is used as the microchannel material.Fabrication method proves to be feasible and repeatable.Complex channel geometries can be created.Pressure drop values across the microchannel device are reported for argon. Microcavity plasma devices show promise for controlled plasma chemistry. However, these devices are typically made through processes that are difficult to scale up. We present the design and characterization of a microchannel system suitable for the study of microplasmas. The channel was created with a micro-mill CNC machine that allows for quick device manufacturing. The channel is characterized using scanning electron microscopy and profilometry. Finally, we use recently published models of flow in a microchannel with bends to elucidate pressure conditions throughout the channel. Future work will encompass characterization of plasma conditions.
Scheduling manufacturing systems with work-in-process inventory control: Reentrant systems

In this paper, we propose a procedure for production flow control in reentrant manufacturing systems. The system under study consists ofN machines and producesM product types simultaneously. Each part goes through the system following a predefined process and may visit a machine many times. All machines are subject to random failures and need random repair times. The scheduling objectives are to keep the production close to demand and to keep the WIP inventory level and cycle times at low values. The model is motivated by semiconductor fabrication production. A three-level hierarchical controller is constructed to regulate the production. At the top level of this hierarchy, we perform capacity planning by selecting the desirable buffer sizes and the target production level for each operation. A production flow rate controller is at the middle level which recalculates the production rates whenever a machine fails or is starved or blocked. The loading times for individual parts are determined at the bottom level of the hierarchy. Comparison with alternative control is made through simulation and it shows that the control policy performs well.
Assessing African-American and Jewish Intergroup Perceptions and Attitudes:

To study intergroup attitudes of 203 African-American (93 men, 110 women) and 127 Jewish-American (55 men, 72 women) college students, two versions of a 39-item scale were developed. One version as...
Robust Joint and Cartesian Control of Underactuated Manipulators

Underactuated manipulators are robot manipulators composed of both active and passive joints in serial chain mechanisms. The study of underactuation is significant for the control of a variety of rigid-body systems, such as free-floating robots in space and gymnasts, whose structure include passive joints. For mechanisms with large degrees of freedom, such as hyper-redundant snake-like robots and multilegged machines, the underactuated structure allows a more compact design, weight decrease, and energy saving. Furthermore, when one or more joints of a standard manipulator fail, it becomes an underactuated mechanism; a control technique for such system will increase rhe reliability and fault-tolerance of current and future robots. The goal of this study is to present a robust control method for the control of underactuated manipulators subject to modeling errors and disturbances. Because an accurate modelling of the underactuated system is more critical for control issues than it is for standard manipulators, this method is significant in practice. Variable structure controllers are proposed in both joint space and Cartesian space, and a comprehensive simulation study is presented to address issues such as computation, robustness, and feasibility of the methods. Experimental results demonstrate the actual applicability of the proposed methods in a real two-degrees-of-freedom underactuated manipulator. As it will be shown, the proposed variable structure controller provides robustness against both disturbances and parametric uncertainties, a characteristic not present on previously proposed PID-based schemes.
INVESTIGATION OF THE DENSITY OF STATES IN THE NON-HALF-FILLED TWO BAND PERIODIC ANDERSON MODEL

We study density of states in the symmetrical and asymmetrical two-band periodic Anderson models at various band fillings with self-consistent calculation of the orbital occupancies. The application of the improved truncation approximation for irreducible Green functions that takes into account resonance broadening and band shifting inter-orbital exchange effects, resulted in the appearance of four spectral density moments and four- or five-subbands in the density of states depending upon the parameters of the model. It is shown that closing of the hybridization gap can occur as the result of doping, applied pressure, or change of the f-band width.
A model of damage mechanics for the deformation of the continental crust

[1] We derive a continuum rheology for the deformation of the continental crust using continuum damage mechanics. It is hypothesized that when a constant strain rate is applied to a solid material, the stress σ and damage increase until failure occurs, which is analogous to an earthquake. We further assume that this process is repeated, in analogy to the reoccurrence of earthquakes on a fault. Our model assumes that the continental crust behaves elastically below a yield stress σy. Above this stress the continuum deformations can be modeled as a non-Newtonian viscous flow with ∝ (σ − σy)n, where n is constant. We derive the modified Omori's law for aftershock decay using a viscoelastic version of our model and get good agreement with observations taking n = 6. Using parameter values appropriate for aftershocks, we obtain a continuum crustal rheology that can explain major orogenies such as the Indian-Asian collision.
Triplet Excitons in Anthracene Crystals—A Review

Abstract The investigation of optically generated triplet excitons in anthracene crystals began in 19633 with the discovery that red light from a ruby laser can generate detectable concentrations of triplet excitons in spite of the low probability for this transition. Following this discovery, experimental and theoretical studies of triplet excitons became a much more active area of research in teh field of the organic sold state. Anthracene has been chosen as the organic solid state. Anthracene has been chosen as the model system by the vast majority of the investigators. For this reason this review deals with anthracene almost exclusively. We, furthermore, emphasize the work at room temperature where the triplet excitons are essentially free and where understanding of their properties has progressed the farthest. Only brief mention will be made of low temperature experiments where complicated trapping effects play an essential role, and a great deal of additional research is necessary for gaining a clea...