cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE-EF-BRA-04: Evaluation of Dosimetric Uncertainties in Individualized Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT) Treatment Planning Using Pre-Clinical Data

Purpose: Dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is moving away from conventional model-based methods towards patient-specific approaches. To address this need, a Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetry platform was developed to estimate patient-specific therapeutic 3D dose distributions based on pre-treatment imaging. However, because a standard practice for patient-specific internal dosimetry has not yet been established, there are many sources of dosimetric uncertainties. The goal of this work was to quantify the sensitivity of various parameters on MC dose estimations. Methods: The ‘diapeutic’ agent, CLR1404, was used as a proof-of-principle compound in this work. CLR1404 can be radiolabeled with either 1 2⁴I for PET imaging or 1 3 1I for radiotherapy or SPECT imaging. PET/CT images of 5 mice were acquired out to 240 hrs post-injection of 1 2⁴I-CLR1404. The therapeutic 1 3 1I-CLR1404 absorbed dose (AD) distribution was calculated using a Geant4-based MC dosimetry platform. A series of sensitivity studies were performed. The variables that were investigated included the PET/CT voxel resolution, partial volume corrections (PVC), material segmentation, inter-observer contouring variability, and the pre-treatment image acquisition frequency. Results: Resampling the PET/CT voxel size between 0.2–0.8 mm resulted in up to a 13% variation in the mean AD. Application of the PVC increased the mean AD by 0.5–11.2%. Less than 1% differences in ROI mean AD were observed between the tissue segmentation schemes using 4 and 27 different material compositions. Inter-observer contouring variability led to up to a 20% CoV (stdev/mean) in the mean AD between the users. Varying the number and frequency of pre-treatment images used resulted in changes in mean AD up to 176% compared to the case using all 12 images. Conclusion: Voxel resolution, contour segmentation, the image acquisition protocol most significantly impacted patient-specific TRT dosimetry. Further work is needed to develop a standard protocol that optimizes accuracy and efficiency for patient-specific internal dosimetry. BT and JG are affiliated with Cellectar Biosciences which owns the licensing rights to CLR1404 and related compounds.
Energy Efficiency Challenges Addressed Through the use of Advanced Refractory Ceramic Materials

Refractory ceramics can play a critical role in improving the energy efficiency of traditional industrial processes through increased furnace efficiency brought about by the employment of novel refractory systems and techniques. Examples of advances in refractory materials related to aluminum, gasification, glass, and lime are highlighted. Energy savings are realized based on reduction of chemical reactions, elimination of mechanical degradation caused by the service environment, reduction of temperature limitations of materials, and elimination of costly installation and repair needs. Key results of projects resulting from US Department of Energy (DOE) funded research programs are discussed with emphasis on applicability of these results to high temperature furnace applications and needed research directions for the future.
Language Models as Representations for Weakly Supervised NLP Tasks

Finding the right representation for words is critical for building accurate NLP systems when domain-specific labeled data for the task is scarce. This paper investigates language model representations, in which language models trained on unlabeled corpora are used to generate real-valued feature vectors for words. We investigate ngram models and probabilistic graphical models, including a novel lattice-structured Markov Random Field. Experiments indicate that language model representations outperform traditional representations, and that graphical model representations outperform ngram models, especially on sparse and polysemous words.
Global Optimization of Nonlinear Bilevel Programming Problems

A novel technique that addresses the solution of the general nonlinear bilevel programming problem to global optimality is presented. Global optimality is guaranteed for problems that involve twice differentiable nonlinear functions as long as the linear independence constraint qualification condition holds for the inner problem constraints. The approach is based on the relaxation of the feasible region by convex underestimation, embedded in a branch and bound framework utilizing the basic principles of the deterministic global optimization algorithm, αBB [2, 4, 5, 11]. Epsilon global optimality in a finite number of iterations is theoretically guaranteed. Computational studies on several literature problems are reported.
A NEW APPROACH TO VIRAL CHEMOTHERAPY: INHIBITORS OF GLYCOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Abstract Treatment of rabbit eyes infected with herpes simplex virus (H.S.V.) with the sugar analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, was effective in preventing or reducing the severity of herpetic keratitis. Both topical and subconjunctival administration of this analogue were efficacious and toxic effects were not observed. Topically applied ( 3 H)-2-deoxy-D-glucose penetrated the cornea, aqueous compartment, ciliary body, vitreous and retina in H.S.V.-infected eyes. At least a five-fold increase in the specific activity of this sugar analogue was obtained after H.S.V. infection compared with uninfected but scarified controls. The use of sugar analogues may offer a new approach to the treatment of herpesvirus infections, including deeper eye infection such as herpetic uveitis.
A sociedade civil pode mudar o jornalismo? A experiência do jornalismo de defesa civil na América Latina

Apos estudos recentes sobre a “teoria do campo” e o “institucionalismo novo” nos estudos sobre jornalismo (Benson, 2004, 2006), a premissa inicial deste artigo e que a imprensa mantem vinculos com tres campos externos: os estados, os mercados e a sociedade civil. Os vinculos sao formados tanto pelas relacoes estruturais quanto pelas praticas de fazer noticias. Os fatores estruturais como propriedade, financiamento e legislacao determinam as conexoes das organizacoes noticiosas com os estados, as empresas e os protagonistas civis. Os processos de producao e consumo de noticias envolvendo as redacoes, as fontes e as audiencias afetam tambem a intensidade das relacoes entre a imprensa e os campos externos.
Semiconductor Device Manufacture Yield and Reliability Modeling

The sections in this article are 1 Burn-In of Semiconductors 2 Modeling Yield 3 Cost Factors 4 Fault Coverage and Occurrence 5 Yield–Reliability Relation Models 6 Conclusions 7 Acknowledgments Keywords: wafer level burn-in; package level burn-in; fault coverage; semiconductor yield; yield–reliability relation.
The “African humid period” and the record of marine upwelling from excess 230Th in Ocean Drilling Program Hole 658C

Using a high-resolution ^(230)Th normalized record of sediment flux, we document the deglacial and Holocene history of North African aridity and coastal upwelling at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 658C. At both the end of the Younger Dryas and after the 8.2 ka event, there are significant drops in terrigenous accumulation at our site, indicating an increase in the monsoon moisture flux over Africa at this time. At 5.5 ka, there is an abrupt end to the “African humid period” and a return to stronger upwelling conditions. For carbonate and opal fluxes the ^(230)Th normalization completely changes the shape of each record based on percentage variations alone. This site is a clear example of how variations in one sediment component can obscure changes in the others, and it demonstrates the need for radionuclide measurements more generally in paleoceanography. By taking our new records and a large amount of previous data from this site we conclude that increases in African moisture are tightly coupled to decreases in coastal upwelling intensity.
Pathologic Findings in NEMO Deficiency: A Surgical and Autopsy Survey.

ABSTRACT Hypomorphic mutations in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), encoded by IKBKG, lead to a variable combined immunodeficiency, which puts patients at risk of early death from infectious complications. The spectrum of clinical manifestations includes inflammatory disorders, especially colitis. Because of the multiple complications of NEMO deficiency, a variety of biopsy, excisional, and autopsy materials from these patients may be subject to pathologic examination. Therefore, using samples from a cohort of patients with this disorder, we aimed to survey the pathologic spectrum of NEMO deficiency and search for correlations between specific genotypes and phenotypes. Clinical and laboratory data, mutation analysis, and pathology from 13 patients were examined, including 6 autopsies. No specific genotype-pathology correlation was identified. However, we confirmed an association between ectodermal dysplasia and inflammatory conditions. We found no characteristic pathology to identify p...
An efficient runtime instruction block verification for secure embedded systems

Embedded system designers face a unique set of challenges in making their systems more secure, as these systems often have stringent resource constraints or must operate in harsh or physically insecure environments. One of the security issues that have recently drawn attention is software integrity, which ensures that the programs in the system have not been changed either by an accident or an attack. In this paper we propose an efficient hardware mechanism for runtime verification of software integrity using encrypted instruction block signatures. We introduce several variations of the basic mechanism, and give details of three techniques that are most suitable for embedded systems. Performance evaluation using selected MiBench, Mediabench, and Basicrypt benchmarks indicates that the considered techniques impose a relatively small performance overhead. The best overall technique has performance overhead in the range 0-8%, when protecting 128-byte instruction blocks with 16-byte signatures. With 64-byte instruction blocks, the overhead is in the range 0-15%; the average overhead with 8~KB cache is 1%. With additional investment in a signature cache, this overhead can be almost completely eliminated.
Dispersal, nepotism, and primate social behavior

High degrees of relatedness within primate social groups are thought to promote the evolution of altruistic behavior via kin selection. Dispersal, for whatever reason, should limit opportunities for nepotistic behaviors. Conversely, emigration is usually attributed to the avoidance of inbreeding depression. Actual dispersal patterns may result from a balance of these forces. Systematic behavioral differences are expected between taxa that differ in such patterns. In fact, comparisons of (a) colobines vs. cercopithecines, (b) bonnet, stumptailed, and Barbary macaques vs. Japanese and rhesus macaques, and (c) red vs. mantled howler monkeys yield a perplexing blend of unexplained differences and unmet theoretical expectations. Kin selection may be less important than generally believed, and/or methodological standardization more so.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of cyanogen isocyanate

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of cyanogen isocyanate (NCNCO) are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of seven types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (C O stretch, C–N stretch, C N stretch, C N stretch, N C O bend, N C–N bend, and N–C N bend). Theoretical infrared and Raman intensities are reported. The molecular orbitals and bonding of cyanogen isocyanate are examined.
Oscillator Strengths of Allowed and Intercombination Transitions in Neutral Sulfur

We have calculated oscillator strengths and transition probabilities of electric-dipole allowed and intercombination transitions from fine-structure levels of the ground 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 4) configuration to the levels belonging to configurations 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 3)4s, 3s(sup 2) 3p(sup 3)5s, 3(sup 2)3p(sup 3)3d, 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 3)4d of neutral sulfur. Extensive configuration-interaction wave functions are used to represent these levels. The relativistic corrections have been included through the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The results are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with measurements.
The influence of ploidy level on ultrastructure and motility of tench Tinca tinca (L.) spermatozoa

The ultrastructure of diploid and triploid tench Tinca tinca (L.) spermatozoa were examined using electron microscopy focusing on parameters that influence movement. Triploid tench were produced artificially using a cold shock. Spermatozoa of triploid males in comparison with diploids featured significantly larger head (P < 0.01), higher amount of mitochondria (P < 0.05), and, surprisingly larger widths of the peripheral doublets and central pair of microtubules and the single microtubule (P < 0.01). However, the diameters of the flagellum were without significant differences as well as the length of the flagellum and length and width of the midpiece. Also motility parameters of spermatozoa did not significantly differ between diploid and triploid males, but the total velocity (summary of spermatozoa velocity and duration of movement) positively correlated with the flagellum length and negatively with the head diameter of tench spermatozoa with a high significant influence (P < 0.01).
The Effect of Spatial Discretization on the Steady-State and Transient Solutions of a Dispersive Wave Equation

Prepared for: Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, California 93940 Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, CA
NITRIC OXIDE AS A UNIQUE SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

In retrospect, basic research in the fields of NO and cyclic GMP during the past two decades appears to have followed a logical course beginning with the findings that NO and cyclic GMP are vascular smooth muscle relaxants, that nitroglycerin relaxes smooth muscle by metabolism to NO, progressing to the discovery that mammalian cells synthesize NO, and finally the revelation that NO is a neurotransmitter mediating vasodilation in specialized vascular beds. A great deal of basic and clinical research on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NO in cardiovascular function has been conducted since the discovery that EDRF is NO. The new knowledge on NO should enable investigators in this field to develop novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of numerous cardiovascular disorders. Since NO elicits a protective and beneficial action in many disease states, novel NO donor drugs for clinical use should prove to be very effective drugs for the treatment of essential hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, vascular complications of diabetes, impotency and other disorders involving the vascular system.
Methoden zur Begutachtung der Lufthygiene an Straßen

Es wird gezeigt, das sich mit den unter dem National Environmental Policy Act verlangten Umweltgutachten und den in den Clean Air Amendments festgelegten Emissions- und Immissionsgrenzwerten in den USA eine wirkungsvolle Reinhaltung der Luft betreiben last. In der Schweiz musten die allgemeinen Gesetze und Verordnungen noch konkretere Richtwerte und Richtlinien zur Uberwachung enthalten, um in praxi wirkungsvoll zu sein. In einem Uberblick wird gezeigt, das die meisten europaischen und amerikanischen Stadte ein CO-Stundenmittel von 20–50 ppm und Spitzenwerte von mehr als 100 ppm erreichen. An Tunneleingangen wurden Spitzenwerte bis zu 500 ppm gemessen. Die Prinzipien der fur die Begutachtung der Lufthygiene an Strasen notwendigen Diffusionsmodelle werden dargelegt. Erortert werden anhand von Beispielen 1. ein multiples lineares Regressionsmodell; 2. ein zeitabhangiges Diffusionsmodell; 3. ein Gausssches Diffusionsmodell fur infinite Linienquellen; und 4. ein Gausssches Modell fur sich bewegenden Verkehr in oder gegen die Windrichtung. Es wird gezeigt, das es bei der Begutachtung neuer Projekte nicht ohne die Simulierung durch verifizierte Diffusionsmodelle geht. Die wichtigste Funktion einzelner Messungen besteht darin, die Diffusionsmodelle zu verifizieren und laufend zu verbessern. Ein der Luftreinhaltung dienendes Gutachten zeichnet sich aus durch: 1. die Anwendung eines verifizierten Diffusionsmodells; 2. den raumlichen und zeitlichen Vergleich der lufthygienischen Gesamtbelastung mit den Immissionsgrenzwerten; und 3. die Vorhersage von Schadstoffkonzentrationen fur alle Alternativvorschlage und solche Luftverunreinigungstypen, die zu kontrollieren sind.
Survival outcomes for second primary head and neck cancer: A matched analysis

Objective Determine whether survival for second primary head and neck cancer is truly poorer than survival for first primaries. Methods From the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database, 2 cohorts were constructed. One cohort consisted of patients with exactly 1 head and neck primary malignancy; the second cohort consisted of patients with exactly 2 head and neck primaries, restricted to second primaries of the tongue, tonsil, glottic larynx, and hypopharynx with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) histology. Demographic and extent of disease data were extracted. For each primary site, matched Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted comparing overall survival between the two cohorts matching for primary site, year of diagnosis, age, gender, and cancer stage. Results A total of 242 cases of second head neck primary were successfully matched to patients with single primary disease. Among 96 patients with oral tongue SCCA, mean (median) survival was 40.1 (28) months after the second primary diagnosis versus 52.2 (32) months for matched single primary patients (P = 0.552, log-rank test). Among 45 tonsillar carcinomas, mean survival was 42.8 (30) versus 90.9 (NA) months for the second primary and single primary cohorts, respectively (P = 0.028). Among 52 matched glottic carcinomas, mean survival was 46.4 (27) versus 103.5 (120) months for the 2 cohorts, respectively (P Conclusions Survivals for second primary head and neck malignancies may be poorer than survivals for comparable first primaries, but in this analysis we did not find this difference to be statistically significant for all subsites. Second primary survival will vary from site to site. EBM rating: B-3.
Sensitivity Enhancement of Exciton Coupling by Fluorescence Detected Circular Dichroism (FDCD)

Exciton coupled circular dichroism,2,3 characterized by split Cotton effects, is a microscale chiroptical method that determines the absolute configurations or conformations of a variety of compounds. This method becomes particularly powerful when complex experimental curves agree with calculated couplets, e.g., vinblastine.4 A critical experimental finding was that the exciton split CD of molecules consisting of multiple interacting chromophores, identical5a or different,5b,c can be reproduced by pairwise summation of interacting chromophores, a principle which has been confirmed by theoretical calculations.6 Since the amplitude of the split CD (A value, ACD) is proportional to 2, chromophores with intense absorptions such as porphyrins with sharp Soret bands at ca. 415 nm ( 350 000) exhibit couplings at a distance of 40-50 A.7 Fluorescent chromophores further facilitate ng ∼ μg scale handling of sample and enhance their HPLC detection,8 e.g., 2-naphthoic acid, λmax 234 nm ( 57 500), and fluorescence emission λmax 360 nm upon irradiation at 234 nm. However, the sensitivity of conventional CD detection (obtained in transmission) remains limited because it depends on the intensity of dichroic absorption. In contrast, in fluorescence detected circular dichroism (FDCD), the sensitivity is greatly enhanced because it is based on direct mearurement of emitted radiation against a zero background. Moreover, in FDCD, only the CD-active and fluorescent transitions give rise to a signal,9,10 thus enabling the selective measurement of the CD of fluorophores in a multichromophoric molecule, e.g., proteins with single fluorescent tryptophans.11 FDCD using a modified phase-modulation spectrofluorometer12 has been used to determine the enantiomeric excess without physical separation of enantiomers.13 However, due to technical difficulties, high sensitivity has been achieved so far only when FDCD was combined with other techniques, such as laser-based detection for HPLC14 and on-column detection in capillary electrophoresis.15 Moreover, the FDCD of multichromophoric systems are not necessarily straightforward and have led to various observations, i.e., no exciton coupling due to stacking in the case of ethenoadenosines,16,17 weak coupling arising from nonradiative deactivation with poly(1-pyrene-alanine),18 and a complex CD pattern with polytryptophan.19 In the following we report extension of FDCD to exciton coupled systems consisting of identical chromophores with well-defined and intense electric transition moments, 1(S),2(S)-trans-cyclohexanediol bis(6-methoxy-2-naphthoate) (1), 1(R),2(R)-trans-cyclohexanediol bis(2naphthoate) (2), a steroidal 3â,6R-bis-(2-anthroate)8b (3), and ouabagenin 1,3,19-tris-(2-naphthoate) (4). This FDCD measurement results in 50-100-fold sensitivity enhancement over conventional CD.
Chemical evidence of an excretory function for the so-called excretory system of the filariform larva of Nippostrongylus muris.

Abstract Precipitates were formed at the excretory pore of living filariform larvae of Nippostrongylus muris incubated in dilute aqueous solutions of certain specific substances. Only mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy benzenoid compounds capable of forming quinoid structures upon atmospheric or auto-oxidation gave these precipitates. Much more rapid precipitate formation occurred when the quinone was used directly. The behavior of the precipitates toward solvents indicated that they were polymeric substances. These precipitates were accelerated in formation and increased in size when the quinoids were dissolved in tap water as compared to distilled water. The addition of calcium chloride (2 × 10 −6 to 16 × 10 −6 g/ml) to distilled water solutions of a reactive compound produced the same enhancement. Qualitative organic analyses of incubates derived from heavy suspensions of larvae previously treated both chemically and with antibiotics to reduce bacterial contamination to an insignificant level, demonstrated the presence of primary aliphatic amines to the exclusion of secondary and tertiary amines and aromatic amines. The other major constituents consisted of 1,2-dicarboxylic acids and ammonium salts. These incubates when subjected to paper partition chromatography contained ethylene diamine, cadaverine, ethanolamine, methyl amine, propyl amine, and butyl amine. The isomeric form of the propyl and butyl amines was not determined. It is considered highly probable that the excretory pore precipitate developed primarily from an interaction of amines, particularly diamines, with quinones to form a polymeric substance.
Psychometric properties of questionnaires measuring associations between behavioral factors and diabetes care for youth with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Because of the recency of the large numbers of youth diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D), measures of adherence behavior and family response to diabetes have not been developed or tested. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify whether questionnaires on personal and family behaviors regarding the care of diabetes previously used with youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are reliable and related to metabolic control among youth with T2D. Design/Methods: During a regularly scheduled visit, youth with T2D and a parent/guardian were invited to participate in the study. Youth and a parent completed questionnaires and one 24-h dietary recall at the visit. During the following 2 wk, each youth completed two telephone dietary recalls and physical activity questionnaires. Results: Child-reported scales measuring parental reminding, positive family behavior, self-care behaviors, and self-efficacy and maternal report of child self-care behaviors and maternal self-efficacy were found to have adequate internal consistency. Only parental reminding was related to metabolic control. Those youth reporting higher parental reminding were in poorer metabolic control. Conclusions: These scales appear to be reliable with youth with T2D in south Texas.
Aux armes, citoyens: Cyber security and regulation in the United States

Abstract Government policy for cyber security in the United States relies on voluntary and cooperative action by the private sector and has, until now, explicitly rejected the use of mandate or regulation. This stands in contrast to other defense and homeland security issues, such as those involving border protection or transportation, where government intervention is the norm. The decision to rely on voluntary action for cyber security reflects influential trends in security policies, deregulation, and the government's relation to the Internet that continue to shape US policy even after the attacks of September 11. The result is an ineffectual policy that underestimates the role of government.
Introduction: Can Water Use Efficiency Be Modeled Well Enough to Impact Crop Management?

Crop water use effi ciency (WUE, yield per unit of water use) is key for agricultural production with limited water resources. Policymakers and water resource managers working at all scales need to address the multitudinous scenarios in which cropping systems and amounts, timing and methods of irrigation, and fertilizer applications may be changed to improve WUE while meeting yield and harvest quality goals. Experimentation cannot address all scenarios, but accurate simulation models may fi ll in the gaps. Th e nine papers in this special section explore how four simulation models were used to simulate yield, water use, and WUE of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus L.) in North and South America, Europe, and the Middle East. All the models simulated WUE adequately under wellwatered conditions, but tended to misestimate WUE under conditions of water stress, which limits their use for exploration of defi cit irrigation scenarios or rain-fed or dryland situations with expected soil water defi cits. None of the experimental conditions reported involved separate measurements of evaporation (E) and transpiration (T); so there was no opportunity to test the separation of E and T simulated in the newest of the models, AquaCrop. Th e lack of separate E measurements also limited the authors in exploring reasons why WUE was not simulated well under water stress conditions. Future studies exploring WUE simulation should include E or T measurements so that eff ects of management methods that reduce E can be studied.
Investigating polypropylene-poly(ethylene oxide)-polypropylene triblock copolymers as solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries☆

Abstract Syndiotactic polypropylene- b -poly(ethylene oxide)- b -syndiotactic polypropylene (PEOP) triblock copolymers were synthesized and solid polymer electrolytes were prepared by mixing with lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) salt. PEOP formed strongly-segregated morphologies in the absence and presence of LiTFSI. LiTFSI inhibited poly(ethylene oxide) crystallization without affecting polypropylene crystallinity. The conductivity exhibited a non-monotonic dependence on molecular weight ( M n ) with a maximum near 20 kg/mol. In contrast, polystyrene- b -poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes exhibit conductivity increasing monotonically with M n , up to a plateau in the high- M n limit. This suggests that non-conducting semi-crystalline microphases interfere with conducting pathways, while non-conducting amorphous microphases formed well-connected conducting pathways.
Expression of Abstraction: Self Explanation in Code Production

Novices struggle with the implementation of algorithms in code. Assessments asking students to describe algorithms in code have shown that use of abstractions in the descriptions have correlated with students' ability to produce algorithms in code. In this study, 24 introductory computer science students were asked to think out loud while writing code involving simple array algorithms in an online system. Student statements were classified based on the level of abstraction used in the statement. An analysis of the statements revealed that students with greater proficiency at writing code were more likely to use multiple levels of abstraction when describing the code they were writing, and moved between levels with higher frequency than less proficient students. The results align with self explanation research and provide insight into the cognitive mechanisms responsible for the transfer between the skills of reading and writing code.
Characterization and Classification of Zebrafish Brain Morphology Mutants

The mechanisms by which the vertebrate brain achieves its three-dimensional structure are clearly complex, requiring the functions of many genes. Using the zebrafish as a model, we have begun to define genes required for brain morphogenesis, including brain ventricle formation, by studying 16 mutants previously identified as having embryonic brain morphology defects. We report the phenotypic characterization of these mutants at several timepoints, using brain ventricle dye injection, imaging, and immunohistochemistry with neuronal markers. Most of these mutants display early phenotypes, affecting initial brain shaping, whereas others show later phenotypes, affecting brain ventricle expansion. In the early phenotype group, we further define four phenotypic classes and corresponding functions required for brain morphogenesis. Although we did not use known genotypes for this classification, basing it solely on phenotypes, many mutants with defects in functionally related genes clustered in a single class. In particular, Class 1 mutants show midline separation defects, corresponding to epithelial junction defects; Class 2 mutants show reduced brain ventricle size; Class 3 mutants show midbrain–hindbrain abnormalities, corresponding to basement membrane defects; and Class 4 mutants show absence of ventricle lumen inflation, corresponding to defective ion pumping. Later brain ventricle expansion requires the extracellular matrix, cardiovascular circulation, and transcription/splicing-dependent events. We suggest that these mutants define processes likely to be used during brain morphogenesis throughout the vertebrates. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reaction of vibrationally excited HBr and I

Abstract The rate of the reaction HBr(ν) + I → HI + Br increases by at least a factor of 109 when HBr(ν=0) is excited to HBr(ν ⩾ 2). The increase is observed when the reacting level is directly excited by sequential laser excitation or when it is populated by collisional excitation. Bromine isotopic enrichment in BrI, the product of a subsequent reaction, was observed after isotopically selective excitation.
Formation of P450 · P450 complexes and their effect on P450 function

Cytochromes P450 (P450) are membrane-bound enzymes that catalyze the monooxygenation of a diverse array of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. The P450s responsible for foreign compound metabolism generally are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver, lung and small intestine. P450 enzymes do not act alone but require an interaction with other electron transfer proteins such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome b(5). Because P450s are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum with these and other ER-resident proteins, there is a potential for protein-protein interactions to influence P450 function. There has been increasing evidence that P450 enzymes form complexes in the ER, with compelling support that formation of P450 · P450 complexes can significantly influence their function. Our goal is to review the research supporting the formation of P450 · P450 complexes, their specificity, and how drug metabolism may be affected. This review describes the potential mechanisms by which P450s may interact, and provides evidence to support each of the possible mechanisms. Additionally, evidence for the formation of both heteromeric and homomeric P450 complexes are reviewed. Finally, direct physical evidence for P450 complex formation in solution and in membranes is summarized, and questions directing the future research of functional P450 interactions are discussed with respect to their potential impact on drug metabolism.
Physiological roles of somatocrinin and somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion.

Abstract Somatocrinin, a 44 amino acid peptide with potent growth hormone (GH) releasing activity in anesthetized rats, was tested in conscious freely-moving rats. When high doses of 1 to 10 μg were administered (iv) at random times between spontaneous GH pulses, the responses were inconsistent. When similar doses were tested under identical conditions but in rats pretreated with antibodies against somatostatin, all animals demonstrated a marked and immediate increase in plasma GH of 5 to 10 fold. Similarly, a 1 μg dose of somatocrinin was also ineffective in increasing plasma GH when administered to rats subjected to a 72 h fast, a paradigm known to enhance endogenous somatostatin secretion. However, plasma GH increased over 20 fold if rats were pretreated with antibodies against somatostatin. These results demonstrate the dynamic and opposite roles exerted by somatocrinin and somatostatin in regulating GH secretion.
A post-deployment IC trust evaluation architecture

The use of side-channel parametric measurements along with statistical analysis methods for detecting hardware Trojans in fabricated integrated circuits has been studied extensively in recent years, initially for digital designs but recently also for their analog/RF counterparts. Such post-fabrication trust evaluation methods, however, are unable to detect dormant hardware Trojans which are activated after a circuit is deployed in its field of operation. For the latter, an on-chip trust evaluation method is required. To this end, we present a general architecture for post-deployment trust evaluation based on on-chip classifiers. Specifically, we discuss the design of an on-chip analog neural network which can be trained to distinguish trusted from untrusted circuit functionality based on simple measurements obtained via on-chip measurement acquisition sensors. The proposed method is demonstrated using a Trojan-free and two Trojan-infested variants of a wireless cryptographic IC design, as well as a fabricated programmable neural network experimentation chip. As corroborated by the obtained experimental results, two current measurements suffice for the on-chip classifier to effectively assess trustworthiness and, thereby, detect hardware Trojans that are activated after chip deployment.
Synthetic studies toward FR182877. Remarkable solvent effect in the vinylogous morita-baylis-hillman cyclization.

The intramolecular vinylogous Morita−Baylis−Hillman reaction was explored to access the central cyclopentane ring of FR182877. The reaction manifold and product distribution is strikingly solvent and substrate dependent.
Air- and N2-Broadening Parameters of HDO and D2O, 709 to 1936 cm−1

High-resolution measurements of air- and N(2)-broadened widths and pressure-induced frequency shifts of HDO and D(2)O covering the spectral region between 700 and 2000 cm(-1) were obtained with absorption paths of 2.39, 25, 73, and 193 m. The majority of the measurements included the (010)-(000) bands of HD(16)O and D(2) (16)O. Also measured were 17 lines of the pure rotational band of HD(16)O and several transitions of the (010)-(000) bands of HD(18)O and D(2) (18)O and a few transitions of the "hot" band, (020)-(010), for HD(16)O and D(2) (16)O. The observed width coefficients ranged from 0.02 to 0.1 cm(-1)/atm and the pressure-induced shift coefficients fell between +0.012 and -0.012 cm(-1)/atm. Line mixing was observed for a few of the pairs of transitions of HDO but was of no consequence for D(2)O lines. However, the effects of line mixing were small and accurate results were obtained using the Voigt line profile. Collisional narrowing effects were not observed in the data. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
A New Test for Cross‐Over Clinical Trials with Order Effects

In cross-over designs for the comparison of two treatments, A and B, each patient receives both treatments in a randomized order. We will consider such design when the response of each patient is binary and propose a new test for treatment effect incorporating the information available from like pairs of response.
Magnetic scaling in cuprate superconductors

We determine the magnetic phase diagram for the ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ systems from various NMR experiments. We discuss the possible interpretation of NMR and neutron scattering experiments in these systems in terms of both the nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model of nearly localized spins and a nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid description of magnetically coupled quasiparticles. We show for both the 2:1:4 and 1:2:3 systems that bulk properties, such as the spin susceptibiltiy, and probes at the antiferromagnetic wave vector (\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi}), such as $^{63}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$, the $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ spin-lattice relaxation time, both display a crossover at a temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$, which increases linearly with decreasing hole concentration, from a nonuniversal regime to a z=1 scaling regime characterized by spin pseudogap behavior. We pursue the consequences of the ansatz that ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ corresponds to a fixed value of the antiferromagnetic correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} and show how this enables one to extract the magnitude and temperature dependence of \ensuremath{\xi} from measurements of ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ alone. We show that like ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$, the temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{*}}$ which marks a crossover at low temperatures from the z=1 scaling regime to a quantum disordered regime, exhibits the same dependence on doping for the 2:1:4 and 1:2:3 systems, and so arrive at a unified description of magnetic behavior in the cuprates, in which the determining factor is the planar hole concentration.
Further analysis of choice between cocaine and food using the unit price model of behavioral economics

Behavioral economics defines unit price (UP) as the ratio of the response requirement to magnitude of reinforcer. When applied to drug self-administration, the UP model defines UP as the ratio of the response requirement to the unit dose of drug. This model makes two predictions about drug self-administration: increasing UP decreases consumption and consumption at a given UP will be constant regardless of the response requirement and dose that make up the UP. In previous experiments conducted in rhesus monkeys allowed to choose between an i.v. injection of cocaine and food, the UP model has failed to adequately predict drug consumption in that consumption varied (increased with dose) at a given UP. However, previous experiments have allowed a fixed number of choice trials/day, thereby imposing a procedural ceiling on consumption that may have influenced conformity to the UP model. In the present experiment, the number of choice trials available was varied in such a way that constant drug consumption was possible over the range of UPs tested. The response requirement for cocaine was varied between 15 and 1200 lever presses/injection and the dose of cocaine was varied between 0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg/inj, yielding UPs from 300 to 5600 responses/mg/kg. The response requirement for food was always 30. As predicted by the UP model, cocaine consumption decreased as UP increased. Moreover, in contrast to previous experiments, consumption did not vary significantly across the response requirement/dose combinations that made up a UP. A detailed analysis suggested that a decrease in magnitude of the alternative reinforcer (one rather than three food pellets), rather than the increase in trials, was responsible for the improved conformity to the UP model in the present experiment relative to previous experiments. Taken together with previous experiments, the present experiment suggests that conformity to the UP model of drug consumption in a choice situation is dependent upon the magnitude of alternative reinforcers that are available. Consumption was best predicted by the UP model when the magnitude of the alternative reinforcer was small.
Looking for planetary moons in the spectra of distant Jupiters.

More than 100 nearby stars are known to have at least one Jupiter-sized planet. Whether any of these giant gaseous planets has moons is unknown, but here we suggest a possible way of detecting Eart...
Two-Dimensional Continuum Percolation Threshold for Diffusing Particles of Nonzero Radius

Lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane is obstructed by proteins bound to the cytoskeleton. The most important parameter describing obstructed diffusion is the percolation threshold. The thresholds are well known for point tracers, but for tracers of nonzero radius, the threshold depends on the excluded area, not just the obstacle concentration. Here thresholds are obtained for circular obstacles on the continuum. Random obstacle configurations are generated by Brownian dynamics or Monte Carlo methods, the obstacles are immobilized, and the percolation threshold is obtained by solving a bond percolation problem on the Voronoi diagram of the obstacles. The percolation threshold is expressed as the diameter of the largest tracer that can cross a set of immobile obstacles at a prescribed number density. For random overlapping obstacles, the results agree with the known analytical solution quantitatively. When the obstacles are soft disks with a 1/r12 repulsion, the percolating diameter is ∼20% lower than for overlapping obstacles. A percolation model predicts that the threshold is highly sensitive to the tracer radius. To our knowledge, such a strong dependence has so far not been reported for the plasma membrane, suggesting that percolation is not the factor controlling lateral diffusion. A definitive experiment is proposed.
Sensory Discrimination in the Larynx and Hypopharynx

The traditional approach to evaluating swallowing disorders has focused on upper aerodigestive tract motor function. The evaluation of the sensory apparatus in the larynx and pharynx as part of the workup of dysphagia has heretofore not been addressed. The purpose of this work is to discuss a new, noninvasive method to measure sensory discrimination in the supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx. An air pulse, of precise duration and pressure, was delivered through a flexible fiberoptic telescope to the submucosally situated superior laryngeal nerve along the anterior wall of the pyriform sinus. Three hundred sixty trials were conducted in 30 healthy adults. The average sensory discrimination was 2.24 +/- 0.28 mm Hg. Brief air-pulse stimulation is a safe, reliable means of determining supraglottic and hypopharyngeal sensory discrimination thresholds.
Constraints on supersymmetry due to b --> sγ. An improved calculation

Abstract The calculation of the one-loop induced decay rate b → sγ is improved by including radiative corrections to the charged Higgs mass and to the charged-Higgs-fermion-fermion vertex. It is shown how the radiative corrections modify the excluded zone in the tan β − m A plane, imposed by the non-observation of this decay. In particular, a light C P -odd Higgs at large tan β becomes allowed.
Snow‐avalanche hazards, Southern Glacier National Park, Montana: The nature of local knowledge and individual responses

A survey was conducted of well-educated residents of East Glacier Park, Montana, who are frequently isolated by snow avalanches. It showed that people in this area do not alter driving habits during times of avalanche danger, are not aware of the local avalanche warning system, and have not efficiently garnered information about the avalanche hazard.
Re: Metabolism of Fructose to Oxalate and Glycolate

Much attention has been recently directed at fructose consumption because of its association with obesity and subsequent development of chronic diseases. It was recently reported that an increased fructose intake increases the risk of forming kidney stones. It was postulated that fructose consumption may increase urinary oxalate, a risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. However, conflicting results have been obtained in human studies examining the relationship between fructose metabolism and oxalate synthesis. To test whether fructose intake influences urinary excretions impacting kidney stone risk, healthy subjects consumed diets controlled in their contents of fructose, oxalate, calcium, and other nutrients. Subjects consumed diets containing 4, 13, and 21% of calories as fructose in a randomized order. No changes in the excretions of oxalate, calcium, and uric acid were observed. In vitro investigations with cultured liver cells incubated with 13 C-labeled sugars indicated that neither fructose nor glucose was converted to oxalate by these cells. Fructose metabolism accounted for 12.4 ± 1.6% of the glycolate detected in the culture medium and glucose 6.4 ± 0.9%. Our results suggest that mechanisms for stone risk associated with fructose intake may lie in factors other than those affecting the major stone risk parameters in urine.
Graded coating of hydroxyapatite and titanium by atmospheric plasma spraying

Abstract Graded coating of hydroxyapatite and titanium by plasma spraying was attempted as an alternative means to direct deposition of hydroxiapatite on titanium. The application of multiple layers of hydroxyapatite and titanium mixtures ensured a gradual change in composition across the interface. As a result, the microstructure of the area near the coating-substrate interface showed a good adhesion between the coating and substrate. The oxidation of the Ti substrate and powders was found to be effectively reduced by selecting the appropriate particle sizes and protective atmosphere. The major reaction phase, TiO x ( x ≈1.04), rather than TiO 2 , was observed in the graded coating layers and is believed to play an important role in promoting bonding between hydroxyapatite and titanium.