cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 Inhibition of Vectorial Na+ Transport across Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Nitrogen-Oxygen Reactive Species

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a study on inhibition of vectorial sodium ion (Na + ) transport across alveolar epithelial cells by nitrogen–oxygen reactive species. The chapter presents a review on the interaction of nitric oxide with other radicals and the effects of these products on active ion transport by alveolar epithelial cells. The results of various studies show that alveolar epithelial cells are capable of vectorial sodium transport both in vitro and in vivo . Sodium enters the apical membranes of alveolar cells, predominantly through amiloride-sensitive ion channels, and is transported across the basolateral membrane by the Na + , K + -ATPase. The vectorial movement of Na + ions creates an osmotic gradient, resulting in the reabsorption of isosmotic fluid across the alveolar space in vivo . This fluid reabsorption helps to decrease alveolar fluid especially in situations when alveolar permeability to albumin is increased. Reactive nitrogen species, generated by the reaction of . NO with superoxide, damage both amiloride-sensitive ion channels and the Na + , K + -ATPase, resulting in decreased vectorial sodium transport both in vivo and in vitro .
The Survival Kinase Mirk/dyrk1B Is Activated through Rac1-MKK3 Signaling

The serine/threonine kinase Mirk/dyrk1B is activated in several solid tumors where it mediates cell survival, but the mechanism by which Mirk is activated in tumors is unknown. We now demonstrate that Mirk is activated as a kinase by signaling from Rac1 to the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK3. Rac is a Ras superfamily GTPase that, when activated, functions downstream of Ras oncoproteins to promote cell survival, transformation, and membrane ruffling. The constitutively active mutant Rac1QL activated Mirk in several cell types through MKK3, which in turn activated Mirk by phosphorylation. Dominant negative Rac1, dominant negative MKK3, and knockdown of MKK3 by RNA interference inhibited the kinase activity of co-expressed Mirk. E-cadherin ligation in confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells is known to transiently activate Rac1. Mirk was activated by endogenous Rac1 following E-cadherin ligation in confluent MDCK epithelial cells, whereas treatment of confluent MDCK cells with an Rac1 inhibitor decreased Mirk activity. Disruption of cadherin ligation by EGTA or prevention of cadherin ligation by maintenance of cells at subconfluent density blocked activation of Mirk. Engagement of cadherin molecules on subconfluent cells by an E-cadherin/Fc chimeric molecule transiently activated both Rac1 and Mirk with a similar time course. Rac activity is up-regulated in many human tumors and mediates survival signals, which enable tumor cells to evade apoptosis. This study characterizes a new anti-apoptotic signaling pathway that connects Rac1 with a novel downstream effector, Mirk kinase, which has recently been demonstrated to mediate survival in human tumors.
Determination Of The Square Wave Response Function (SWR) In Computed Tomography

A method for determining the Square Wave Response function (SWR) for Computerized Tomographic (CT) systems is described. A 3° segmented acrylic phantom was scanned with water and also air as a second material. The data for each row of pixels was fit to a sine wave by an iterative least square program. The amplitude, phase shift, frequency and "D.C." level of the sine wave were all allowed to vary. The SWR was determined for various modes of the GE 8800 CT/T scanner. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.
Empirically Supported Mental Health Interventions with Groups: Using Research to Support Vulnerable Students in Schools

This paper discusses the use of empirically-supported mental health interventions to support vulnerable students in schools. It gives an overview of the empirically-supported intervention (ESI) approach and its goodness of fit with schools. Factors that influence whether schools adopt an ESI approach, such as national education reform policies and the availability of resources are explored. Two ESI’s that have been shown to improve the lives of vulnerable youth are presented within a school social work case example. The paper concludes with implications and suggestions for future research, including efforts to educate school staff on the importance of adopting an ESI approach, where to locate ESI’s, and further research on the cost-effectiveness of ESI’s.
High temperature micro flow control device for MEMS enabled chopper stabilized gas chromatography — Electroantennography (MEMS-GC-EAG)

A high temperature MEMS flow control device is developed to modulate the effluent of the gas chromatography (GC) column. The noise of electroantennogram (EAG) is reduced dramatically with the MEMS enabled chopper stabilization of the analytes and subsequent demodulation of the recorded EAG signal. With the MEMS-GC-EAG technology, the signal-to-noise ratio for detecting green leafy volatile is improved singificantly, while the detection limit of pheromone cis-11-hexadecenal with the antenna from male Helicoverpa Zea is pushed down to 10-pg level.
Radioimmunoassay for individual lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2

Radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the determination of the individual lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes, LDH-1 and LDH-2 have been developed. LDH-1 can be measured in the range of 5–100 ng and LDH-2 in the range of 5–80 ng, if there is no significant cross reactivity. Immunization of several rabbits with LDH-1 and LDH-2 isoenzymes reveals that some animals do not produce antisera to LDH-2 while those injected with LDH-1 generated antiserum in each case. The results of the binding studies suggest that a 50% binding that is recommended for RIA can be achieved with a titer value of 1∶2000 dilution of the antisera. Cross reactivity studies indicate that LDH-1 cross reacts with the antisera to LDH-2 if its concentration is higher than 30 ng/ml of the RIA mixture while LDH-2 cross reacts with the antisera to LDH-1 only if its concentration exceeds 80 ng/ml.
Sulfur Elimination in Updraft Lead Sintering — A Thermochemical Model

Experience indicates that sulfur elimination in updraft lead sintering is about 85% complete. Physical chemistry of the Pb-S-O system suggests that poor elimination may be due to sulfate formation at temperatures below about 900/dgC. The following model calculates temperatures in the sinter bed as a function of time and location, and estimates sulfur elimination from the calculated temperature and fraction reacted in each volume element. Effects of several variables are explored: higher ignition fuel, smaller pellets, downdraft operation, decreased excess air, higher concentrate level, moisture in the mix, and grate speed. None of these seemed very effective, for a variety of reasons. But oxygen enrichment did lead to 96.6% calculated sulfur elimination without excessive bed temperatures, using 0.08 kg oxygen per kg new lead in concentrates. The model calculates that concentrate level in the machine feed can be increased by 10% or more by using fog nozzles in those wind boxes above which excessive temperatures are otherwise reached, and by using oxygen where temperatures are too low.
Superconducting critical-current densities of commercial multifilamentary Nb3Sn(Ti) wires made by the bronze process

Abstract Superconducting critical-current densities J c in fields up to 24 T and at 4.2 and 1.8 K were measured for a number of commercial Nb 3 Sn wires which were alloyed with Ti. The best values of J c (for the area excluding the stabilizing copper) at 20 T and at 4.2 and 1.8 K were 78 and 156 A mm −2 , respectively. These values are approximately 10 and 4 times greater than values for the best ‘pure’ Nb 3 Sn wire for these measurement parameters. In order to achieve these high current densities at H >20 T, it was shown that nonuniformity of the filaments had to be minimized. It was also shown that the grain size of Nb 3 Sn is not very important in determining J c at these high magnetic fields, and that achieving high values of critical magnetic field H c2 is more important than small grain size.
Intellectual Property in Synchronous and Collaborative Virtual Space.

Abstract This article argues that not all electronic discourse can be treated equally and that synchronous electronic discourse, such as that found in MUDs and MOOs, is sufficiently collaborative that traditional understandings of ownership and intellectual property fall short of describing the medium. Because meaning in synchronous virtual space is generated by collaboration, it is nearly impossible to extract one contributor's remarks and retain the content of a conversation. This article asks how we can develop property rights and guidelines for fair use when what would be cited and/or otherwise used belongs to a pseudonymous or anonymous group. Finally, this article claims that feminist theory provides a way to understand the importance of alternate ways of understanding authorship in collaborative virtual space.
Gamma-rays from neutron stars

The number of Galactic neutron stars is significant, N ∼ 108–9, but radiation from their surfaces is hard to detect. The nearest isolated neutron stars could be as close as ∼ 10 pc (the estimate sensitively depends on assumptions about initial velocities), but would probably be too old, and thus too cold, for optical detections. Thatγ-ray emission is a useful alternative window for neutron star studies was revealed through observations of pulsedγ-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (e.g. Bignami 1987). A wealth of recentγ-ray observations of neutron stars is provided by sophisticated experiments aboard the COMPTON Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) and several other spacecraft. We summarize the current status of the Galactic population ofγ-ray pulsars. Gamma ray bursts are also believed to be associated with neutron stars. Although data from BATSE aboard CGRO have recently challenged the standard paradigm thatγ-ray bursts (GRBs) originate on or near neutron stars in the Galactic disk, the possibility of bursts from an extended Galactic halo of high velocity neutron stars is still under consideration. Furthermore, many cosmological scenarios also invoke neutron stars as the energy source. We thus include GRBs in this review. A subset of GRBs, the soft gamma repeaters, has recently been associated with Galactic supernova remnants. Their properties and counterparts are discussed. In addition, we briefly describeγ-ray emission from slowly accreting neutron stars, and theγ-ray line afterglow resulting from production of radioactive isotopes during their birth.
Effect of ethionine on tropolone biosynthesis in Penicillium stipitatum

Abstract l -Ethionine (tested at 0.26, 0.52 and 1.04 m M ) was found to be a potent inhibitor of tropolone biosynthesis in Penicillium stipitatum . The effect of d -ethionine was identical to that of the l -enantiomorph. Although cell synthesis was always diminished in the presence of ethionine, the effect on tropolone formation was much greater than could be accounted for by this fact alone. Neither the simultaneous addition of equimolar amounts of methionine nor pretreatment with methionine prevented the ethionine inhibition. Sulfanilamide (0.50 and 1.00 m M ), succinylsulfathiazole (0.23 m M ), and dl -methionine sulfoxide (0.13, 0.26, and 0.52 m M ) had no significant effect on tropolone biosynthesis. From ethioninetreated P. stipitatum cultures, a sample of pure, crystalline orsellinic acid was isolated by partition and paper chromatographic techniques. Methods for the detection of orsellinic acid were supplemented by the use of gas liquid chromatography. Orsellinic acid had a retention time of 10.5 minutes on 3% nitrile silicone columns at 194 °C. Orsellinic acid was also identified in extracts of the culture fluids of the following molds by paper chromatographic methods: Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium fulvum, Curvularia lunata, Gibberetta fujikuroi , and Penicillium cyclopium . No evidence for the presence of orsellinic acid was obtained in uninhibited cultures of Penicillium stipitatum, Gliocladium roseum, Aspergillus quadrilineatus , and a Cephalosporium sp.
Latexes of starch‐based graft polymers containing polymerized acrylonitrile

The scope of graft reactions to produce starch-based latexes was extended by graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto gelatinized cationic starch possessing quaternary amine functionality and by graft terpolymerization of AN and t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (TBAEM) onto gelatinized starch by cerium (IV) initiation at 25°C. Grafting onto starches containing highly basic quaternary amines gave polyacrylonitrile [poly(AN)] grafts having about one fourth the number-average molecular weight (Mn) (178,000–232,000) of those produced by grafting AN onto starches containing the less basic tertiary amine groups. Sonification at 20 KHz of graft polymerization reaction mixtures having up to 8% solids reduced viscosities from 400–3000 cP to 10–40 cP. Diameters of dried particles measured about 300–1500 A. Shaker-type agitation during grafting onto starch having quaternary amine groups produced poly(AN) chains with lower Mn values than those produced during blade stirrer-type agitation. Mn values of grafted poly(AN) decreased with increasing reaction time, degree of substitution of amine in the starch, gelation time of cationic starch at 95°C, and cerium (IV) concentration. AN was copolymerized with TBAEM at molar ratios of 14–85:1 in grafting onto gelatinized starch to yield copolymer side-chain grafts analyzing 8–52:1 of polymerized AN to TBAEM moieties.
Naloxone enhances the response to hypercampia of spinal and cranial respiratory nerves

To assess the effects of endogenous opiates on respiratory muscle responses to CO2, naloxone was administered intravenously to paralyzed, vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Neural activity was recorded from the phrenic, hypoglossal *HG), glossopharyngeal (GP) and recurrent laryngeal (RL) nerves. Before naloxone, phasic activity began first in the phrenic at a PetCO2 of 30.0±1.8 Torr, followed by the RL at a PetCO2 of 33.5±1.7 Torr, the HG at a PetCO2 of 39.9±2.1 Torr and the GP at a PetCO2 of 42.5±2.2 Torr during CO2 rebreathing. Naloxone had no significant effect on the apneic threshold of any of the nerves studied. Naloxone did, however, increase respiratory frequency (P<0.01) mainly by causing a significant (P<0.01) shortening of TE as it had no significant effect on TI. Naloxone also significantly the rate at which peak nerve activity increased with CO2 in the HG (P<0.01) at the GP (P<0.01) nerves, but not in the phrenic and RL nerves. Instead, the maximum activity produced by hypercapnia and the PetCO2 level at which maximum activity occurred in the phrenic, but not the RL, increased after naloxone. The result of these effects was that naloxone extended the range over which the HG and GP behaved proportionally with the phrenic, but it did not change the curvilinear nature of these relationships.
Pathways for HCO3– reabsorption in mouse medullary collecting duct segments

To determine pathways of HCO3– reabsorption in the collecting duct of the mouse kidney, the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) and the terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCDt) were dissected and perfused at 1 to 2 nL/min, and total CO2 was measured by microfluorometry. In the OMCD, net HCO3– flux (JtCO2) was 12.2 ± 0.7 pmol/min/mm tubule length and decreased to 6.9 ± 0.6 pmol/min/mm tubule length (n = 5) with 10 μmol/L Schering 28080 (SCH) in perfusate (P <.001) and to 7.7 ± 0.6 pmol/min/mm tubule length (P <.004; n = 4) with 50 μmol/L diethylstilbestrol (DES), an inhibitor of H+-adenosine triphosphatase; together they reduced JtCO2 to 3.7 ± 0.2 pmol/min/mm tubule length (P =.0002; n = 4). In IMCDt, JtCO2 was 10.9 ± 1.1 pmol/min/mm tubule length, and it decreased to 4.3 ± 0.9 pmol/min/mm tubule length (n = 4) with 10 μmol/L SCH in perfusate (P <.05) and to 7.0 ± 1.1 pmol/min/mm tubule length (P <.05; n = 4) with 50 μmol/L DES; together they decreased JtCO2 to 2.3 ± 0.3 pmol/min/mm tubule length (P <.002; n = 4). Ouabain (1 mmol/L), an inhibitor of colonic H-K-adenosine triphosphatase (cHKA), in perfusate had no effect on JtCO2 in either segment. Northern hybridization studies showed a high level of expression of gastric HKA (gHKA) in outer medulla and a low level in inner medulla; cHKA expression was undetectable. Thus, in normal mouse OMCD and IMCDt, HCO3– reabsorption is predominantly mediated by gHKA and H+-adenosine triphosphatase and not cHKA. A third isoform of HKA could be present in mouse IMCDt. (J Lab Clin Med 2000;136:218-23)
Large Eddy Simulation of Film Cooling Flow From an Inclined Cylindrical Jet

Predictions of turbine blade film cooling have traditionally employed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solvers and two-equation models for turbulence. Evaluation of several versions of such models have revealed that the existing two-equation models fail to resolve the anisotropy and the dynamics of the highly complex flow field created by the jet-crossflow interaction. A more accurate prediction of the flow field can be obtained from large eddy simulations (LES) where the dynamics of the larger scales in the flow are directly resolved. In the present paper, such an approach has been used, and results are presented for a row of inclined cylindrical holes at blowing ratios of 0.5 and I and Reynolds numbers of 11,100 and 22,200, respectively, based on the jet velocity and hole diameter. Comparison of the time-averaged LES predictions with the flow measurements of Lavrich and Chiappetta (UTRC Report No. 90-04) shows that LES is able to predict the flow field with reasonable accuracy. The unsteady three-dimensional flow field is shown to be dominated by packets of hairpin-shaped vortices. The dynamics of the hairpin vortices in the wake region of the injected jet and their influence on the unsteady wall heat transfer are presented. Generation of hot spots and their migration on the film-cooled surface are associated with the entrainment induced by the hairpin structures. Several geometric properties of a mixing interface around hairpin coherent structures are presented to illustrate and quantify their impact on the entrainment rates and mixing processes in the wake region.
Silicon—carbon multiple-bonded (PπPπ) intermediates. Reactions with acetonitrile and its derivatives

Abstract 1,1-Dimethylsilacyclobutane has been pyrolyzed at 610°C with acetonitrile and alkyl- and aryl-substituted acetonitriles to yield, in some cases, the corresponding α-trimethylsilyl-substituted acetonitriles.
A modified method for measurement of radiotracer permeation across the rat blood--brain barrier: the problem of correcting brain uptake for intravascular tracer.

Abstract A modified technique to assess integrity of the rat blood-brain barrier is described in which a poorly permeating radiotracer is injected intravenously and its net permeation across the cerebral vasculature in 30 min is related to its time-averaged level in the circulation. At the termination of experiments, direct carotid arterial perfusion clears blood from brain in 30 s and permits measurement of the tracer level in brain parenchyma without correction for intravascular tracer. Constant-rate withdrawal of a single arterial blood sample throughout the period of tracer circulation replaces the need for repeated blood sampling and graph plotting to determine the time-integrated plasma tracer level. During the first 2–3 min following intravenous injection of [3H]mannitol or [14C]sucrose, permeation across the barrier occurred at a rate substantially greater than that measured for a 30 min circulation time. The relatively rapid uptake of these tracers into brain during the first few minutes after injection would explain in part why estimates of regional blood volume, calculated from ratios of brain vs blood tracer concentration after short circulation times, were much higher than values determined using [51Cr]erythrocytes.
Experiments in the Transmission of Fowl Lymphomatosis by Inoculation

Abstract IN THIS paper are reported the results of attempts at transmission and passage in series of fowl lymphomatosis which were initiated in February, 1935, and are still in progress, although in a modified form since data included herein were secured. Material for and method of inoculation: The original material used for the first and a majority of the subsequent passages consisted of nerve tissue and blood taken from fowls affected with neurolymphomatosis or paralysis. In several of the passages, however, there were cases of lymphomatosis-involvement of visceral organs, particularly lymphoid infiltration of the liver, spleen, kidneys and ovary, and such tissues were, therefore, at times used for inoculation. Disease of this character is hereafter termed “visceral lymphomatosis,” without designation of the particular organs involved. A small and negligible number of cases of “gray eyes” that were encountered are included with the visceral lymphomatoses. In all instances, the final identification of . . .
Family structure and childhood obesity: an analysis through 8th grade.

Research on the effect of family structure on childhood obesity is scarce. This study examines the effect of number of parents and number of siblings on US children’s body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesity. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), which consists of a nationally representative cohort of children who entered kindergarten in 1998–1999, to examine the effect of family structure on children’s body mass index and risk of obesity from kindergarten through 8th grade. Study outcomes were BMI in kindergarten and 8th grade, obesity status in kindergarten and 8th grade, and change in BMI from kindergarten through 8th grade. Multivariate regressions were used to assess the association between family structure and study outcomes while adjusting for other covariates. In 8th grade, children with no siblings had higher BMI (23.7 vs. 22.6; P ≤ 0.01) and higher probability of being obese (25.8 vs. 19.7 %; P ≤ 0.05) than their counterparts with two or more siblings. They also had a larger increase in BMI from kindergarten through 8th grade than children living with two or more siblings (7.3 vs. 6.3; P = 0.02). Our analysis suggests that the association between family structure and obesity persists and even intensifies through 8th grade. These findings have important implications for targeting obesity support and counseling for families.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Gas Adsorption in Cu3(BTC)2: An Effective Activation Procedure

We have improved the activation process for CuBTC [Cu3(BTC)2, BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate] by extracting the N,N-dimethylformamide-solvated crystals with methanol; we identify material activa...
Rational moment problems for compact sets

Abstract The following "rational" moment problem is discussed. Given distinct real numbers λ 1 , λ 2 ,..., λ p (the "poles" of the problem), real numbers c 0 and c ( i ) j ( j = 1, 2, 3,...; i = 1, 2,..., p ), and a non-empty compact subset K of (− ∞, + ∞), find necessary and sufficient conditions that there exist a non-negative Borel measure μ, supported on K , such that c 0 = ∫ K d μ( t ) and c ( i ) j = ∫ K ( t − λ i ) − j d μ( t ) for j = 1, 2, 3,... and i = 1, 2,..., p .
Richard Nixon and the Origins of Affirmative Action

(1998). Richard Nixon and the Origins of Affirmative Action. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 523-541.
Active-Learning Processes Used in US Pharmacy Education

Objective To document the type and extent of active-learning techniques used in US colleges and schools of pharmacy as well as factors associated with use of these techniques.
Effects of Social Anxiety on Nonverbal Accuracy and Response Time I: Facial Expressions

Cognitive models of social anxiety provide a basis for predicting that the ability to process nonverbal information accurately and quickly should be impaired during the experience of state anxiety. To test this hypothesis, we assigned participants to threatening and non-threatening conditions and asked them to label the emotions expressed in a series of faces. It was predicted that social anxiety would be positively associated with errors and response times in threatening conditions, but not in a non-threatening condition. It was also predicted that high social anxiety would be associated with more errors and longer response times when identifying similar expressions such as sadness, anger, and fear. The results indicate that social anxiety was not associated with errors in identifying facial expressions of emotion, regardless of the level of state anxiety experienced. However, social anxiety scores were found to be significantly related to response times to identify facial expressions, but the relationship varied depending on the level of state anxiety experienced. Methodological and theoretical implications of using response time data when assessing nonverbal ability are discussed.
High reflectivity gratings on silicon-on-insulator waveguide facets

We demonstrate by numerical simulations and experiments that highly reflective (HR) facets can be formed on silicon waveguides with high reflectivity diffraction gratings. We use an HR grating with a plane wave reflectivity exceeding 99.99%, as calculated by rigorous coupled wave analysis. Experimentally, we demonstrate the HR effect for silicon-on-insulator waveguide facets patterned lithographically with grating structures. Due to a strong mode size dependence, the maximum facet reflectivity for 1.5 µm thick waveguide is 77%, but finite difference time-domain simulations show that modal reflectivies larger than 90% can be achieved for silicon waveguides with thicknesses of 4 µm or more.
Security planning for small businesses: A service-learning course

Experiential, real-world problems results in higher impact learning. However, security planning is a complex process to learn. The Small Business Security Workbook was developed as part of an NSF CCLI grant to enable students to help small businesses in planning for security. The Workbook leads students and small business management through the security planning process, via a top-down (or bottom-up) approach and step-by-step procedures. Students learn concepts in lecture, which are just-in-time reviewed in the Workbook. The students practice with a case study, and then do actual security planning with a community partner. The Workbook is rated highly by both community partners and students in improving security in cooperating organizations. This paper describes the experience that a student team had with the Workbook and their community partner, as well as summarizing the overall perspective of the class.
Light-Scattering Study of Two-Dimensional Molecular-Orientation Fluctuations in a Freely Suspended Ferroelectric Liquid-Crystal Film

The dispersion relations for molecular-orientation fluctuations in a freely suspended ferroelectric smectic-$C$ liquid-crystal film have been determined by inelastic light scattering. The smectic-$C$ film geometry appears to be ideal for the experimental study of the space-time behavior of a two-dimensional orientational field.
RCS measurement of small circular holes

The Rayleigh scattering from small circular holes in a thin screen was studied. The backscattered fields calculated from a dipole expansion were compared those from an exact solution and measurements for a single, electrically small hole. The backscatter from the holes is given by rather simple expansion where the first term is adequate for a good engineering solution. These expressions are within 1 dB of the exact solution for ka >
D'ailly's Epistola Diaboli Leviathan

The morning of April 8, 1348, began on an ominous note. Milling and shouting thousands covered the area of St. Peter's and surrounded the palace where the cardinals had entered into conclave the day before to elect the successor of Gregory XI, who had chanced to die before returning to Avignon. The Romans were desperate. For nearly seventy years they had lost to Avignon the revenues that had handsomely supported Rome. The city was poverty-stricken; churches and monasteries were in ruins, papal properties dissipated, and rebellion was smoldering. During the customary nine days elapsing between the death of the former pope and election of a new one, citizens and municipal officials of Rome had visited individual cardinals to inform them that they must elect a pope who would reestablish the Holy See in Rome, making it clear that they could not answer for the safety of the cardinals if the latter acted contrary to their wishes.
Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments

Benthic foraminifera are protozoans found throughout the deep-sea environment, secreting a test of calcium carbonate or constructing a test of cemented sediment particles (agglutinated or arenaceous foraminifera). In typical deep-sea sediments, the organic cement of agglutinated taxa degrades upon burial in the sediment and, consequently, few specimens survive in the fossil record. In contrast, calcareous species are well preserved in most oceanic sediments, except at abyssal depths where most carbonate sediment is dissolved because of high levels of carbonate under-saturation of the bottom waters. Although benthic foraminifera have been widely used in studies of Cenozoic palaeoceanography, little is known about the ecology of deep-sea species. I present here an analysis of living (stained) benthic foraminifera within the upper 15 cm of deep-sea sediments, which reveals species-specific microhabitat preferences, with distinct morphological features found with epifaunal and infaunal species. The existence of infaunal habitats suggests that the distribution of certain foraminifera is not directly controlled by overlying bottom-water conditions, but by physicochemical conditions within the sediments. The microhabitat preferences may also explain interspecific carbon isotope differences, as existing data show that infaunal foraminifera generally have lower δ13C isotope values than epifaunal species.
Concepts and Categories

Conceptual structures-what they are, from whence they come, and the nature of their relation to things in the world-have been sources of controversy within the cognitive sciences (cf. Fodor, 1975, Smith & Medin, 1981). Similarly, there has been a long-standing interest within the social sciences concerning how social categories such as Black/White, Christian/Muslim, or doctor/patient are constituted and made relevant through social practices (Jayyusi, 1984; Sacks, 1992). These two lines of inquiry, though carried out within mutually distinct disciplinary traditions, are not independent. Social categories embody conceptual distinctions, whereas certain kinds of concepts (concepts related to gender and ethnicity would be prominent examples) have undeniable and pervasive social consequences. This article explores the interface between conceptual structures as studied by cognitive scientists and social category work. Our vehicles for exploring this complex and multidisciplinary terrain are Fodor's (1998) Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong and Bowker and Star's (1999) Sorting Things Out: Classification and It's Consequences. The task, as always, is one of making sense of a complex topic area while demonstrating its relevance to the learning sciences. The first commentary, by Stella Vosniadou, Costas Pagondiotis, and Maria Deliyianni (this issue), addresses this task by first explaining how Bowker and Star (1999), on the one hand, and Fodor (1998), on the other, depart from traditional treatments of concepts within the cognitive sciences. They then provide a
Atmospheric chemistry of CF3COOH: Kinetics of fluorine and chlorine atom reaction at 295 ± 2 K

Using a relative rate technique the reactions of fluorine and chlorine atoms with CF3COOH have been determined to proceed with rate constants of (5.6 ± 0.7) × 10−11 and <1 × 10−17 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. Quoted errors for the F atom rate constant reflect statistical uncertainty (two standard deviations). Systematic errors could add an additional 20% uncertainty. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K and 700 torr total pressure of nitrogen diluent. The reactions of Cl and F atoms with CF3COOH are of no atmospheric importance. Rainout is believed to be the dominant mechanism by which CF3COOH is removed from the atmosphere. The results from this study are discussed with respect to the design and interpretation of laboratory studies of the atmospheric chemistry of CFC replacements. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Absence of periodic solutions to scale invariant classical field theories

Abstract It is shown that in 3 + 1 Minkowski space classical field theories with energy-momentum θ μν ( x , t ) satisfying θ 00 ( x , t ) ⩾ 0 and θ μ μ ( x , t ) = 0 have no finite energy periodic (or static) solutions. In particular this rules out classical glueball solutions. to Yang-Mills theories with compact gauge groups.
Replicated positive results for the VCC model of vocational intervention after ABI within the social model of disability.

Primary objective: Replicated evaluation of the Vocational Case Co-ordinator (VCC) Model for vocational rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI). Research design: Referral cohort studied within the social modelof disability. Methods and procedures: One hundred and thirty-eight participants with ABI were assisted by a VCC to develop self-directed vocational plans and networks of medical centre and community services. Early intervention, work trials, temporary or long-term supported employment and employer education are fundamental features of the VCC Model. Main outcomes and results: One year after initial placement 80% of participants remained in community-based employment, 56% of the total sample with no support. Better outcomes were associated with earlier intervention but not with initial injury severity. Conclusions: Results replicate original findings of the effectiveness of the VCC Model of vocational rehabilitation after ABI with a different VCC. Implications for social change within the so...
Low-voltage polymer-based scanning cantilever for in vivo optical coherence tomography

Novel hand-held optical coherence tomography (OCT) probes with polymer cantilevers have been developed for clinical oral and skin imaging. An electroactive ionic polymer-metal composite cantilever was used to generate 3-mm transverse scanning movement of an optical fiber with applied 2-V linear alternating voltage at 1 Hz. Low driving voltage ensures safety. Two different optical designs achieve both forward and sidewise scanning and make it possible to image everywhere within the human oral cavity. In vivo OCT imaging of the human tongue is demonstrated.
Readily visible changes in color contrast are insufficient to stimulate accommodation

In an earlier study (Wolfe & Owens, 1981) it was reported that humans could not accommodate to an insoluminant red-green border. However, recent masking studies (Switkes, Bradley & DeValois, 1988) have shown that, using an appropriately normalized contrast metric, contrast decrements similar to those produced by defocus are equally visible for color or luminance modulated grating patterns. We have compared accommodative responses to 1.75 c/deg gratings that consisted of either isochromatic luminance modulations or isoluminant red-green color modulations. All four observers could accommodate accurately to luminance modulated gratings over a wide range of contrasts. However, no appropriate accommodative responses were obtained even for the highest contrast color modulated gratings. These results show the changes in color contrast are ineffective as stimuli for the human accommodative response even when the changes in chromatic contrast accompanying defocus are readily perceived.
Determination of carbonate ion concentration and inner sphere carbonate ion pairs in seawater by ultraviolet spectrophotometric titration

Abstract We describe a novel method for determination of carbonate ion concentration in seawater by acidimetric titration with UV detection. Because CO 3 2− absorbs light at wavelengths of less than ~ 250 nm, it is feasible to titrate most carbonate-containing natural waters with acid and observe an increase in %Transmittance. The observed signal is proportional to the concentration of carbonate ion in the original sample. Present technology permits a theoretical precision in the determination of [CO 3 2− ] in natural seawater background of ~ 0.5% (at 10 cm pathlength, 200 μM CO 3 2− , ± 0.0001 AU). The procedure has been tested at 1 and 10 cm pathlengths using single and multipoint titration methods, respectively. Results using natural seawater test solutions indicate a resolution in [CO 3 2− ] of 3.6% in a standard 1 cm cuvette using a very simple manual method, and 0.7% using a custom-built 10 cm closed titration cell. Estimates of the relative distribution of CO 3 2− between inner and outer sphere complexes with Mg 2+ and Na + were also determined and the equilibrium constants agree with published values. This method provides a new tool for studies of several fundamental aspects CO 2 chemistry, including the second dissociation constant of carbonic acid, CO 3 2− ion pairing, and can be used to directly measure the distribution of carbonate ion in seawater and many other types of natural waters.
Sensitivity of change vector analysis to land cover change in an arid ecosystem

Remote sensing technology can provide timely, accurate information about land cover changes in arid ecosystems particularly vulnerable to human activities. For this study we used decadal Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data, to track land cover changes in the arid Pinacate Biosphere Reserve (PBR), Sonora, Mexico between 1989 and 1999. We selected Change Vector Analysis (CVA) to exploit the full range of spectral information contained in the satellite data in order to identify the magnitude and direction of change. We referenced change magnitude and direction to brightness, greenness and wetness axes of the Kauth-Thomas transform. Results are enhanced by incorporating colatitude direction as another vector in the wetness-brightness axis. We found southeast and southwest portions of the study area were changing most rapidly, probably due to grazing outside the PBR. Though no significant changes were detected within the protected area, landscape dynamics exposed with this approach could, however, serve to establish connections with other ecological processes occurring in the PBR.
Human coronavirus OC43 interacts with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules at the cell surface to establish infection

Human coronaviruses have been associated with common colds, diarrhea and enterocolitis, and have been implicated in multiple sclerosis. HLA class I molecules may play a critical role as receptor for OC43 because monoclonal antibody (mAb)W6/32 to HLA-A, -B and -C specificities completely blocks infectivity in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The role of HLA class 1 antigen as the virus receptor was examined using HLA-A3.1 stably transfected human plasma cells and untransfected HMY.C1R cells which do not express HLA-A and -B molecules. When the cells (5 x 10(6)) were infected at a multiplicity of one, the HLA.A3 transfected cells produced 10(8) PFU of virus whereas no replication occurred in the HMY.C1R cells mAb W6/32 reduced the virus yield by 99.9%. Cell membranes from HMY.C1R, HMY.A3 cells and chicken erythrocytes were biotinylated as live cells. Immunoprecipitation with polyclonal antiviral antibody to detect binding of biotinylated cell membranes to virus revealed that biotinylated HMY.A3 membranes coprecipitated with virus-antibody complexes when the immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE gel, electroblotted and stained with Avidin-horseradish peroxidase. The results provide direct evidence that OC43 virus can recognize HLA class I as receptor on the cell surface.
BILIRUBIN OXIDASE (BOX) WAS NON-TOXIC, DECREASED STOOL BILIRUBIN PRODUCTS AND RETAINED ACTIVITY IN STOOLS DURING 22 DAYS OF FEEDING TO FOUR CHILDREN WITH CRIGLER NAJJAR SYNDROME (CN) AGED 3 to 7 YEARS. † 1298

BOX, in the presence of 02, selectively destroys bilirubin and its products. Active BOX can be recovered from the stools after oral feedings. A pilot study in 4 children with CN was carried out in conjunction with routine superblue night time phototherapy (irradiance ≈12 μW/cm2). Five daytime feedings of BOX (33 Amano Units per kg/day) were given. Stools were collected during BOX feedings and for 6 days before and after. Stools were analyzed for BOX activity and for total bilirubin products (bilirubin + conjugates + urobilinoids). Urobilinoids are the products of intestinal bile pigment (bilirubin + conjugates) metabolism. Serum bilirubin (SB) was measured on day zero, at the end of and 6 days after BOX feedings. SB levels (16-18 mg/dl in the 4 children) did not change during BOX feedings but total stool bilirubin products were decreased ≈30% in comparison to levels before and/or 2 to 6 days after feedings (see graph). Stools showed 3 to 4+ BOX activity after 1 day of BOX and for 24 hr after stopping BOX. No side effects were noted. A longer feeding period might have lowered tissue bilirubin enough to decrease SB levels. It appears that oral BOX is safe and may be a promising Rx for human jaundice. (NIH grants HD28619 & HD 29287)
The Bush administration and the ‘end’ of the cold war: a critical geopolitics of U.S. foreign policy in 1989

Abstract It is commonplace to suggest that the Cold War ended in 1989 with the collapse of the Eastern European dictatorships. Implicitly this view assumes that the Cold War was fundamentally about Soviet control of Eastern Europe. It also ignores the Cold War nature of U.S. foreign policy in 1989. This paper outlines a more comprehensive definition of the Cold War as a geopolitical system made up of two different geopolitical orders, an American-organized order and a Soviet-dominated order. The structures of the Soviet geopolitical order began to collapse in 1989 but the structures of the American geopolitical order remained in place. Using a critical geopolitics perspective, one which focuses on the geopolitical ‘scripts’ used by foreign policy elites, the Cold War nature of U.S. foreign policy towards the Soviet Union and Europe in 1989 is documented. U.S. foreign policy did evolve and change in 1989 but it continued to legitimate U.S. militarism, Cold War alliances, and U.S. power projection in the Third World. Yet the Cold War as a geopolitical system began to lose its meaning as a consequence of the events of 1989. The persistence of the structures of the American geopolitical order after the Cold War and their attempted relegitimation in the Gulf crisis of 1990–1991 has now left an important disjuncture between economic realities and geopolitical authority in the post-Cold War era. This is one factor contributing to the ‘new world disorder’.
Internal Evaluation in American Public School Districts: The Importance of Externally Driven Accountability Mandates.

From the 1980s to the present, educational accountability in the United States has grown dramatically. Such accountability in U.S. school districts, although driven primarily by external demands, has internal manifestations as well. The chapter traces the historical development of internal evaluation in American school districts, then highlights four current forms of internal evaluation (standardized testing programs, evaluations of externally funded programs, support for school improvement planning, and evaluation capacity building), along with a brief description of the decade-long development of internal evaluation in one school district. The unique features of internal evaluation in educational settings are highlighted, and the chapter concludes with implications of current practice for the continuing development of internal educational evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Why One Fakes a Head Injury Affects How One Fakes a Head Injury

Identifying suspect effort in neuropsychological assessments has been investigated in clinical samples and experimental simulation paradigms. While patients' incentives, such as compensation, are commonly thought to impact motivation, other motivational influences, such as attention-seeking, have been largely unexplored. To this end, undergraduates (n = 202) were asked to fake a head injury on the Dot Counting Test, California Verbal Learning Test, and Benton Visual Retention Test. Participants were assigned to one of four Motivation conditions (no motivation, avoiding blame, compensation, attention-seeking). Analyses revealed that those with compensation- and attention-seeking motivations performed significantly worse than those with blame avoidance and no motivations, suggesting that type of motivation affects performance on neuropsychological assessment. The relative similarity between compensation-seekers and attention-seekers, however, suggests that the two groups would be difficult to differentiate....
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Corneal Donors

Using an enzyme immunoassay, we detected hepatitis B surface antigen in washings of ocular tissue from two of three corneal donors who had positive serum assays for hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis B surface antigen was identified in emulsified corneal tissue from one of two donors from whom corneal tissue was available for study.
Loosening Your Collar: Alternative Implementations of QQQ Collars

The credit crisis and the associated decline in equity markets has rekindled new interest in option-based equity collars and in protective strategies in general. This article considers the performance of passive and active implementations of the collar strategy on the QQQ ETF as well as on a sample small-cap equity mutual fund. As expected, the results of the analysis show that a passive collar is most effective (relative to a long underlying position) in declining markets and less effective in rising markets. This article also considers a more active implementation of the collar strategy. Rather than simply applying a set of fixed rules as for the passive collar, in the active collar adjusted strategy, the authors apply a set of rules that adapt the collar to varying economic and market conditions. This approach is similar to applying a set of tactical asset allocation rules to a set of investments. There are of course an unlimited number of conditioning factors that can be used to determine the strategy implementation. For purposes of presentation, this article combines three conditioning factors that have been suggested in academic literature (momentum, volatility, and a compound macroeconomic factor (unemployment and business cycle)) to generate a dynamic collar adjusted trading strategy. For the period of analysis, the active collar adjustment strategy tends to outperform the passive collar. Judgments as to the particular benefits of the passive and active collar strategies are, of course, dependent on the risk tolerance of the individual investor.
Routing in Cyber Physical Systems with Application for Voltage Control in Microgrids: A Hybrid System Approach

A key challenge of cyber physical system is how to design the communication system. In this paper, the framework of hybrid system which consists of both continuous and discrete system states is adopted for the communication system design, particularly on the routing problem. The mapping between the routing scheme and the system dynamics mode is established by analyzing the impact of delay on the system dynamics. A heuristic algorithm is then proposed to choose the set of routing schemes, based on a sufficient condition of the stability of hybrid systems. The proposed approach is then applied in the voltage control of distributed energy generations in microgrids, whose validity is demonstrated by numerical simulations.