cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Navajo land use in northwestern New Mexico: Big Bead Mesa in regional perspective

Big Bead Mesa (LA 12351) is the most famous Navajo archaeological site ever investigated and has played an important role in the interpretation of Navajo culture history. It remains a sacred place to the Navajo, both for historical and spiritual reasons. Pioneering work by Dorothy L. Keur resulted in the publication of the first Society for American Archaeology Memoir and brought Navajo archaeology national recognition. James Hester used Big Bead Mesa as the type site for his Cabezon Phase, although he conducted no research at the site. Big Bead Mesa is not the only Early Navajo site in the Rio Puerco Valley; however, the surrounding area has never been adequately investigated or reported. This paper documents a variety of Navajo sites in the Rio Puerco Valley and indicates that Big Bead Mesa was only a small part of a much larger Navajo occupation that extended to the north, west, and south.
Structure and innervation of the labia minora: more than minor skin folds.

Objective : The objective of this study was to examine the histologic features of the labia minora, within the context of the female sexual response. Methods : Eight cadaver vulvectomy specimens were used for this study. All specimens were embedded in paraffin and were serially sectioned. Selected sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, elastic Masson trichrome, and S-100 antibody stains. Results : The labia minora are thinly keratinized structures. The primary supporting tissue is collagen, with many vascular and neural elements structures throughout its core and elastin interspersed throughout. Conclusions : The labia minora are specialized, highly vascular folds of tissue with an abundance of neural elements. These features corroborate previous functional and observational data that the labia minora engorge with arousal and have a role in the female sexual response.
Internal carotid artery supply to temporal bone chemodectomas

Chemodectomas of the temporal bone usually derive their blood supply from branches of the external carotid artery. The authors report five patients in whom chemodectomas were supplied, in part, by branches of the internal carotid artery. One of these branches, the caroticotympanic artery, normally courses to the region of the middle ear. Chemodectomas that arise in the middle ear may therefore be fed partially or, on occasion, primarily by the caroticotympanic artery. For this reason selective injection of the internal carotid artery should be made in addition to selective injection of the external carotid artery in the evaluation of such tumors.
ORGANIC DISULFIDES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES. 48. CYCLIC DI- AND TRISULFIDES BASED ON 1,4-DITHIOLS1

Based on 1,4-dithiols, the seven-membered cyclic trisulfide 1,5-dihydro-2,3,4-benzotrithiepin (3), the nonbenzenoid counterpart (17), related oxides, and open-chain analogs were investigated. The m...
Using a Simulated Selection Interview as a Final Examination in a Graduate-Level Personnel Selection Class

Actively engaged participants in the learning process typically demonstrate superior learning outcomes, better retention, and more satisfaction with the learning experience. The authors present the...
Hemangioma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic analysis of 10 cases

Background The morphologic features and natural history of ovarian hemangioma are not fully elucidated. A novel EWSR1-NFATC1 fusion was recently reported in a hemangioma of bone. We characterized the clinicopathologic and cytogenetic features of the largest series of ovarian hemangiomas to date. Methods Ten cases coded as hemangioma involving the ovary were studied. Clinical history was obtained for every case. Seven cases were immunohistochemically stained. FISH was performed on seven cases utilizing a laboratory developed break apart probe forEWSRl. Results Patient age range was 48-87 years. Tumor size range was 0.4-5.0 cm. Seven cases were cavernous type and three were mixed cavernous and capillary types. Each expressed CD31, CD34, FLI-1, ERG but not D2-40. Follow up ranged from 1-139 months. All patients were disease free. All cases were negative for EWSR1 rearrangement; however, two cases demonstrated additional intact copies of EWSR1 indicating aneusomy 22 or a structural abnormality of chromosome 22. Conclusions Ovarian hemangiomas are benign neoplasms that may achieve large size, clinically and radiologically mimicking malignancy. The histologic features of ovarian hemangiomas are similar to those of other sites. Although hemangiomas of the ovary do not appear to harbor EWSR1 rearrangements, a subset contain abnormalities of chromosome 22
Cultivating Resilience in Urban Firefighting: Supporting Skill Acquisition through Scenario Design:

Whether studying human cognition, designing new technologies, or exploring concepts such as safety and resilience, understanding decision making in natural settings is fundamental to Cognitive Syst...
Locating structural damage in real time using contrast maximization - Analysis and experiments

A technique to identify structural damage in real time using limited instrumentation is presented. Contrast maximization is used to find the excitation forces that create maximum difference in the response of the damaged structure and the analytical response of the undamaged structure. The optimal excitations for the damaged structure are then matched against a database of optimal excitations to locate the damage. To increase the reliability of the approach under modeling errors and measurement errors, the contrast maximization approach is combined with an approach based on changes in frequency signature. A damage detectability measure which relates the effect of noise to the ability to detect damage is defined. The success in damage identification is quantitatively defined by a success factor. The technique is first tested numerically on a 36 degree of freedom space truss. A similar truss is then built and the FEM model of the structure is corrected using experimental data. The technique is applied to locate the damage in several members. The experimental results indicate that this technique can robustly identify the damaged member with limited measurements and real-time computation.
Development of a Strain of Psittacosis Virus partially resistant to 5-Fluorouracil in a Tissue Culture System.

SummaryA strain of psittacosis virus (TTF) developed resistance to 5–flourouracil (FU) after serial passages of the original FU–sensitive virus in tissue culture cells with small concentration of FU in the medium. The FU–resistant strain of TTF virus multiplied and produced more than 105 infective units per ml in presence of 2 μg FU/ml, at which level FU suppressed the original wild–type TTF virus completely. Reversion of character from FU–resistance to FU–sensi–tivity following serial passages in FU–free medium was not observed. This suggests that the acquisition of FU–resistance is due to certain gene mutation(s), rather than to enzymatic adaptation.
Correlation of Protozoan Infections of Human Mouth with Extent of Certain Lesions in Pyorrhea Alveolaris.

Gingival exudate or interproximal debris has been obtained from 350 individuals, displaying a wide variety of peridental conditions, and has been cultivated for 48 hours at 37° C. in Boeck's medium...
Promoting sustainability in the United States multifamily property management industry

Efforts to promote environmental sustainability in the real estate industry continue to proliferate throughout the United States in response to both economic and social forces. This trend has received a considerable amount of attention in the academic literature, yet relatively little is known about the importance of sustainability to third-party property management firms operating in the multifamily sector of the housing market. For those interested in promoting sustainability, an important question that arises is whether barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices commonly observed throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third-party property management services. A second question of equal relevance focuses on determining what sustainability initiatives third-party property management firms are actually using in their efforts to procure new clients or retain existing ones. The qualitative analysis presented in this paper is one of the first to the authors’ knowledge to explore third-party property managers’ perceptions about sustainability in an attempt to address the aforementioned issues. The findings of this study support two overarching conclusions. First, sustainability is increasingly being promoted by large, third-party property management firms in the multifamily housing industry. Nonetheless, numerous barriers are perceived to exist that may impinge upon future efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the rental housing stock. Second, some firms appear to be better positioned than others to take advantage of sustainability initiatives as a result of the types of properties they manage and the characteristics of the owners they represent.
Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin for timed insemination in cattle.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate a synchronization protocol with AI at a predetermined time. In Exp. 1, 169 dairy heifers were assigned randomly to two groups: 1) timed AI (TAI), consisting of GnRH agonist injection (d 0, 1700), PGF2 alpha injection (d 7, 1700), GnRH agonist injection (d 8, 1700), and AI (d 9, 0800); and 2) AI at estrus (AIE), consisting of GnRH agonist injection (d 0, 1700), PGF2 alpha injection (d 7, 1700), and AI at detected estrus. Pregnancy rate was 25.8% for TAI (n = 89) compared with 48.7% for AIE (n = 80; P < .001). Experiment 2 was comparable to Exp. 1, but the second GnRH agonist injection in TAI was given 48 h after injection of PGF2 alpha. Heifers in TAI (n = 187) were inseminated at detected estrus if estrus occurred within 39 h after administration of PGF2 alpha (n = 47). Pregnancy rates were 45.5% for TAI and 48.0% for AIE (n = 177). Conception rate was reduced for TAI (45.5 [85/187] < 61.2% [85/139]; P < .005). In Exp. 3, the second injection of GnRH agonist, given at 48 h after injection of PGF2 alpha, was replaced with hCG (3,000 IU, i.m.). No differences in pregnancy rate were detected for TAI (52.9% [54/102]) vs AIE (56.1% [55/98]). Conception rate was reduced for TAI (52.9 [54/102] < 72.3% [55/76]; P < .005). Delaying the second GnRH agonist injection by 24 h improved pregnancy rate, but replacing the second injection of GnRH agonist with an injection of hCG did not prevent a reduction in conception rate.
Color and Human-Computer Interaction

Publisher Summary The software industry has taken advantage of the wide availability of color displays and increasing availability of color hardcopy equipment by using color in its products. The general problem of using color in an effective and attractive manner to enhance human-computer interaction (HCI) is no longer germane to only a few specialized applications—it is a problem faced by a substantial portion of the entire computing industry. This chapter treats color-related topics that are relevant to HCI. It begins with the discussion of the basics of color vision, while also introducing Commission Internationale de I Eclairage (CIE) photometry and colorimetry, respectively, which are the bases for nearly all quantitative approaches to color. Further, this chapter covers alternatives to the CIE uniform color spaces that are especially relevant to computing. The chapter also explains equipment and procedures for measuring color.
Determinants of block matrices with noncommuting blocks

Abstract Let M be an m n × m n matrix over a commutative ring R. Divide M into m × m blocks. Assume that the blocks commute pairwise. Consider the following two procedures: (1) Evaluate the n × n determinant formula at these blocks to obtain an m × m matrix, and take the determinant again to obtain an element of R; (2) Take the m n × m n determinant of M. It is known that the two procedures give the same element of R. We prove that if only certain pairs of blocks of M commute, then the two procedures still give the same element of R, for a suitable definition of noncommutative determinants. We also derive from our result further collections of commutativity conditions that imply this equality of determinants, and we prove that our original condition is optimal under a particular constraint.
Building extensible specifications and implementations of Promela with AbleP

This paper describes how new language features can be seamlessly added to an extensible specification of Promela to provide new (domain-specific) notations and analyses to the engineer. This is accomplished using ABLEP, an extensible specification and implementation of Promela, the modeling language used by the spin model checker. Language extensions described here include an enhanced select-statement, a convenient tabular notation for boolean expressions, a notion of discrete time, and extended type checking. ABLEP and the extensions are developed using the Silver attribute grammar system and the Copper parser and scanner generator. These tools support the modular development and composition of language extensions so that independently developed extensions can be imported into ableP by an engineer with little knowledge of language design and implementation issues.
Empirical characterization of modular variable stiffness inflatable structures for supernumerary grasp-assist devices

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of modular, variable stiffness inflatable components for pneumatically actuated supernumerary robotic (SR) grasp-assist devices. The proposed SR grasp-assist devices are comprised of soft rigidizable finger phalanges and variable stiffness pneumatic bending actuators that are manufactured using soft lithography fabrication methods. The mechanical and kinematic properties of these modular, inflatable components are characterized experimentally under various loading conditions and over a range of geometric design parameters. The resulting data-driven properties are then used to predict the grasp strengths and motion patterns of SR grasp-assist device configurations designed to accommodate the manipulation of daily living objects. Experimental results demonstrate the ability to program grasp synergies into SR fingers by strategic inflation of the bending actuator antagonist chambers (varying mechanical stiffness), without the need...
Patients’ Perception of a Community Pharmacist-Managed Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Program in Peru: A Public Health Perspective

Objectives: The primary objective is to investigate the public’s perception about the role of the community pharmacist in Peru’s directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) program. The secondary objective is to assess perceived barriers that would prevent the public from utilizing community pharmacists in order to identify future opportunities for community pharmacists to increase adherence to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) therapy. Design: Qualitative study comprised of an 8 close-ended survey questionnaire. Setting: Healthcare clinics established by a medical mission group in Lima and surrounding communities, Peru, from July 13 to July 27, 2015. Participants: Patients 15 years of age and over who sought healthcare at the clinics. Main outcome measures: Public’s perception about the role of the community pharmacist in Peru and barriers that would prevent the public from seeking a community pharmacist. Results: Out of the 445 patients approached, 438 patients completed the survey, resulting in a 98% response rate. More than half (52%) of the respondents were likely to seek a community pharmacist to assist them in completing a MDR-TB medication regimen. Almost half (48%) of the respondents felt comfortable with assistance of a community pharmacist in completing an MDR-TB regimen. The physician was the first health care professional that was contacted for all medical situations, including drug-related questions (61%). Lack of privacy in the pharmacy (53%) and busyness of the pharmacists (52%) were the top perceived barriers for asking community pharmacists questions. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for pharmacist participation in Peru’s DOTS program. Furthermore, this investigation has identified several issues of concern related to current community pharmacy practice in Peru. Therefore, future efforts may be necessary to address these identified areas of opportunity to promote the community pharmacist’s role in health screening, drug therapy monitoring, and counseling to decrease the public health burden of MDR-TB. Conflict of Interest We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents or royalties. Type: Original Research
Sex-specific adaptation and genomic responses to Y chromosome presence in female reproductive and neural tissues

Y chromosomes typically harbour a small number of genes and an abundance of repetitive sequences. In Drosophila, the Y chromosome comprises multimegabase long segments of repetitive DNA and a handf...
Bivalent ligand MCC22 potently attenuates nociception in a murine model of sickle cell disease.

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder accompanied by chronic pain. In addition to ongoing pain and hyperalgesia, vaso-occlusive crises–induced pain can be chronic or episodic. Because analgesics typically used to treat pain are not very effective in SCD, opioids, inclu
Risk Factors Including Age, Stage and Anatomic Location that Impact the Outcomes of Patients with Synovial Sarcoma.

Synovial sarcoma is a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma that inflicts mostly children and young adults with high mortality rate; however, the risk factors that impact the outcomes remain incompletely understood. We have identified the synovial sarcoma cases from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California cancer registry between 1981 and 2014. Kaplan–Meier plots were used to display disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS); log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the impact of clinical factors on DFS, OS, and disease-specific survival. Tumor size > 5.0 cm and age > 50 years were associated with higher risk of presenting with stage IV disease. Median OS for patients with stage IV was 1.3 years and 7.8 years for early-stage disease. For patients with early-stage disease, tumor size > 5.0 cm was significantly associated with worse DFS, sarcoma-specific morality, and OS. Compared to extremity primary, patients with head and neck and trunk primary had approximately three-fold higher sarcoma-specific mortality and lower OS. There was no significant difference in DFS or OS among three histologic subtypes. Pre-operative and/or post-operative chemotherapy was not associated with improvement in DFS or OS. Twenty-six patients relapsed with predominantly lung metastasis, thirteen of whom received metastatectomy with a median OS of 7.8 years, compared to 2.3 years for patients who did not receive metastatectomy. In conclusion, age older than 50 years and tumor size > 5.0 cm are risk factors for presenting with stage IV disease. For early-stage patients, trunk and head and neck primary as well as tumor size > 5.0 cm are risk factors for decreased OS.
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION SEVERITY AND OUTCOMES AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) may lessen the potential benefits of TAVR. We aimed to investigate the impact of TR on TAVR outcomes and to ascertain factors associated with TR severity. Patients with severe aortic stenosis that underwent TAVR at MSMC, Miami Beach, FL from August, 1st 2014 to January
Components of growth in mice hemizygous for a MT/bGH transgene.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a metallothionein/bovine GH transgene on duration and rate of growth of lean and fat in mice. Mice were produced by mating hemizygous transgenic males to nontransgenic females. Ten weights and six measurements of total body electrical conductivity to estimate body composition were taken on 147 progeny between birth and 84 d of age. Growth traits for fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat mass (FM) were obtained by fitting FFM and FM to a logistic curve y = A/(1 + exp(k(b - t))), where y is FFM or FM, A is asymptotic mass, k and b are curve parameters, and t is time in days. The function and its first, second, and third derivatives for FFM and FM were used to model growth. A mixed model was used with animal and litter as random effects and transgenotype, sex, and transgenotype x sex as fixed effects in analyses of growth traits. Estimates of transgenotype and transgenotype x sex interaction were tested by using their corresponding standard errors. Males had greater response to the transgene than females in final FFM and growth rate during the entire growth period. Transgenic males and females had greater duration of lean growth than nontransgenics. Transgenic males began to accumulate fat later, but they eventually gained more fat than transgenic females.
Distinct antiviral signatures revealed by the magnitude and round of influenza virus replication in vivo.

Influenza virus has a broad cellular tropism in the respiratory tract. Infected epithelial cells sense the infection and initiate an antiviral response. To define the antiviral response at the earliest stages of infection we used a series of single-cycle reporter viruses. These viral probes demonstrated cells in vivo harbor a range in magnitude of virus replication. Transcriptional profiling of cells supporting different levels of replication revealed tiers of IFN-stimulated gene expression. Uninfected cells and cells with blunted replication expressed a distinct and potentially protective antiviral signature, while cells with high replication expressed a unique reserve set of antiviral genes. Finally, we used these single-cycle reporter viruses to determine the antiviral landscape during virus spread, which unveiled disparate protection of epithelial cell subsets mediated by IFN in vivo. Together these results highlight the complexity of virus–host interactions within the infected lung and suggest that magnitude and round of replication tune the antiviral response.
Clinical Trials Informed Consent: An Educational Intervention to Improve Nurses’ Knowledge and Communications Skills

BACKGROUND:Teach-back is an evidence-based tool recommended for use during informed consent (IC) discussions. The nurses' role in the IC process is important, particularly for patient education and advocacy.OBJECTIVES:The aim was to initiate and evaluate an educational program for nurses to improve
Bariatric surgery and birth defects: A systematic literature review.

Background Bariatric procedures are on the rise. The risk of birth defects in pregnancies following such procedures may be increased (eg, due to nutrient deficiencies) or decreased (eg, due to decreased maternal body mass index, BMI). Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of the association between bariatric surgery and birth defects using Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed (1946-2017). Information was abstracted on study design, exposures, outcomes, covariates and estimates of association. Results Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria: 14 evaluated the outcome of any birth defect, and one evaluated neural tube defects. Estimates of association between bariatric surgery and birth defects were available for nine studies and ranged from 0.6 to 1.9 (all 95% confidence intervals included 1.0). When studies were stratified by surgery type, there was no obvious pattern of association. When stratified by the approach used to account for BMI, positive associations were observed in studies that did not account for maternal prepregnancy BMI or used women with normal BMI as the reference group (range: 1.3-1.9). Estimates from studies that either matched or adjusted for prepregnancy BMI were closer to the null (range: 1.1-1.2) and studies that compared to morbidly obese women reported protective associations (range: 0.6-0.7). Conclusions Studies of the association between bariatric surgery and birth defects vary with respect to the surgical procedures included, birth defects ascertainment methods and approaches used to account for maternal BMI. Consequently, it is not possible to draw a conclusion regarding the association between bariatric surgery and birth defects. Additional studies are warranted.
Public Market Information and Venture Capital Investment

I study VCs’ use of public market information and how attention to this information relates to private market investment outcomes. I link web traffic to public filings hosted on EDGAR to individual VCs. VCs analyze public information about industry peers before most deals. An increase in industry filing views relates positively to the probability of an exit through acquisition, suggesting that public information helps identify paths to acquisition. The effect is stronger when the VC has less access to private information—especially for low reputation VCs. Policymakers should consider spillover effects on private markets when setting public disclosure requirements.
Implicit Bias in the Era of Social Desirability: Understanding Antiblackness in Rehabilitative and Punitive School Discipline

Recent research provides evidence that teachers’ implicit bias may impact school discipline but has poorly defined discipline. This research examines if implicit bias impacts 7 discrete types of disciplinary decisions, ranging from punitive to rehabilitative. A survey featuring racial priming was administered to teachers (n = 287). Results suggest that implicit racial processing has more impact on punitive disciplinary decisions over rehabilitative ones. Interestingly, teachers were harsher against White students, which is counterintuitive to what we know about anti-Black implicit bias and racial disparities in discipline. Results suggests that social desirability is a powerful force that attempts to override anti-Black bias in certain contexts but could lead to a harmful lowering of expectations for Black students.
Chemotherapy and Standard Treatment Options

In a rare aggressive malignancy, any positive movement, no matter how small, is reported upon in “glowing terms.” In other malignancies, this chapter could stretch to the size of an entire book, but unfortunately, in malignant mesothelioma, to date, there is only one FDA-approved treatment and no approved second-line treatment. Providing a weighty chapter is impossible in a disease, which historically has had little in the way of developments since the approval of pemetrexed and cisplatin.
On the combustion of heterogeneous AP/HTPB composite propellants: A review

Abstract The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in a polymer binder matrix of hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) is reviewed, covering the experimental and modeling approaches explored for over a half-century. AP is capable of self-deflagration and is a propellant in its own right as ammonia and perchloric acid decompose at the surface to sustain a flame in the gas-phase with an adiabatic flame temperature of roughly 1400 K. AP also has unique low temperature decomposition behavior and burning characteristics as a function of pressure attributed to the importance of condensed phase reactions. A polymer, most commonly HTPB, is used to bind AP crystals within a solid matrix and impart desired mechanical properties and additional fuel for inclusion in a solid rocket motor. Aside from providing an additional fuel source for the decomposing AP, the HTPB introduces diffusion flames into the system, which have the advantage of decreasing the combustion instability of the AP monopropellant. The objective of this paper is to review the critical physical processes of AP/HTPB propellant combustion and to explore the different experimental and computational avenues used to shed light on such a complex phenomenon. Experimental diagnostics and the simulation of solid propellant combustion have progressed immensely over the years with the introduction of more advanced laser diagnostics and imaging techniques, as well as an increase in computational resources and processing power available for computations; additional physics can now be modeled that would have otherwise been impossible to include before. A recommendation on future research is given based on the current state of the art.
Building in vitro transcriptional regulatory networks by successively integrating multiple functional circuit modules

The regulation of cellular dynamics and responses to stimuli by genetic regulatory networks suggests how in vitro chemical reaction networks might analogously direct the dynamics of synthetic materials or chemistries. A key step in developing genetic regulatory network analogues capable of this type of sophisticated regulation is the integration of multiple coordinated functions within a single network. Here, we demonstrate how such functional integration can be achieved using in vitro transcriptional genelet circuits that emulate essential features of cellular genetic regulatory networks. By successively incorporating functional genelet modules into a bistable circuit, we construct an integrated regulatory network that dynamically changes its state in response to upstream stimuli and coordinates the timing of downstream signal expression. We use quantitative models to guide module integration and develop strategies to mitigate undesired interactions between network components that arise as the size of the network increases. This approach could enable the construction of in vitro networks capable of multifaceted chemical and material regulation.
Income Inequality, Debt Burden and COVID-19

There have been stark differences in the ability of low-income and high-income individuals to protect themselves during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a triple difference specification, we document that debt burdens contribute to this inequity by disproportionately increasing the cost to low-income individuals of reducing their mobility after the start of the pandemic. This effect is stronger in counties located in states with residential mortgage recourse. Furthermore, the debt burden channel is exacerbated for Black/African-American and Hispanic/Latino borrowers. Additionally, we provide suggestive evidence that this debt burden channel could have contributed to 2.71% more COVID-19 cases.
Analyze Phase: A Is for Analyze

The Analyze phase focuses on analyzing data collected in the previous phase, making data-driven decisions for the next phase of Six Sigma, discovering quality problems and issues, and identifying root causes of defects and the points where the wastes occur in the process. Discovering the causes of variability is pivotal to identify root causes and take preventive or corrective actions in the phases of Six Sigma projects. The Analyze phase uses a great variety of statistical tools and techniques in DMAIC process. These tools and techniques are detailed in this chapter.
Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Women: Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Background: Over half of women who present with angina are found to have negative coronary angiographic assessments. Of these patients, up to 50% are diagnosed with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), which refers to pathologic changes within the small vessels of the coronary circulation. The hallmark of the pathophysiology of CMD is that endothelial damage, which occurs due to a multitude of conditions and risk factors, is the inciting event for the development and progression of CMD. CMD leads to a mismatch in myocardial demand and perfusion, leading to signs and symptoms of cardiac ischemia in the absence of obstructive lesions in the major vessels. CMD can be diagnosed through a variety of both invasive methods that allow a more specific evaluation of the microvasculature and non-invasive imaging techniques, such as cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Risk factors for CMD overlap significantly with those of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) - hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes remain salient predictors. However, these conditions only account for 20% of CMD cases in females. Findings: Women have sex-specific risk factors such as menopause, pregnancy, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and a higher proclivity toward chronic inflammatory disorders. Estrogen has a cardioprotective effect by increasing production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator released by endothelial cells. As a result, the hormonal changes of menopause may accelerate endothelial damage, and in turn, CMD. Current treatments focus on addressing the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as anti-hypertensive drugs, weight loss, and glucose control. Conclusion: Given the multifactorial nature of CMD in women, and the extensive atypical risk factors for cardiac disease, a more nuanced approach is needed that addresses the varied pathophysiology of CMD.
Relationships between attention to emotion and anxiety among a community sample of adolescents.

Background Attentional bias to threat has been implicated as a cognitive mechanism in anxiety disorders for youth. Yet, prior studies documenting this bias have largely relied on a method with questionable reliability (i.e. dot-probe task) and small samples, few of which included adolescents. The current study sought to address such limitations by examining relations between anxiety - both clinically diagnosed and dimensionally rated - and attentional bias to threat. Methods The study included a community sample of adolescents and employed eye-tracking methodology intended to capture possible biases across the full range of both automatic (i.e. vigilance bias) and controlled attentional processes (i.e. avoidance bias, maintenance bias). We examined both dimensional anxiety (across the full sample; n = 215) and categorical anxiety in a subset case-control analysis (n = 100) as predictors of biases. Results Findings indicated that participants with an anxiety disorder oriented more slowly to angry faces than matched controls. Results did not suggest a greater likelihood of initial orienting to angry faces among our participants with anxiety disorders or those with higher dimensional ratings of anxiety. Greater anxiety severity was associated with greater dwell time to neutral faces. Conclusions This is the largest study to date examining eye-tracking metrics of attention to threat among healthy and anxious youth. Findings did not support the notion that anxiety is characterized by heightened vigilance or avoidance/maintenance of attention to threat. All effects detected were extremely small. Links between attention to threat and anxiety among adolescents may be subtle and highly dependent on experimental task dimensions.
Integrated Evaluation from a Regional Perspective

Congestion in the Washington area is examined and statistical data on population are reviewed to show the number of people and vehicles in the Washington area. Local governments of the Washington area have been among the leaders in the national trend toward the development of growth management programs. The fact that local governments, regional planning agencies, citizen organizations, and private enterprise groups have expressed support for the development of metropolitan growth policy is analyzed. The impact of the different growth patterns and policies are viewed along with the varied social indicators used in impact analysis.
Phytoplankton bloom patch center localization by the Tethys Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

The autonomous localization and tracking of the center of a phytoplankton bloom patch by the Tethys Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is introduced. This capability is motivated by the desire to separate temporal variability from spatial variability in the observation of phytoplankton dynamics. In effect, by observing the organisms in their own reference frame, we isolate their temporal variability. The small spatial scales and the high temporal variability of phytoplankton patches make strategies that rely on human control challenging, as these strategies must contend with the high latency of intermittent low-bandwidth communications between the submerged AUV and an operator. The autonomous capabilities demonstrated here make much greater use of the responsiveness of the AUV platform to minimize the chance of losing track of the patch and maximize the rate at which the patch center is revisited.
Large-Scale Change: The Comer Perspective

The School Development Program (SDP) focuses on building caring and effective school communities in situations where communities and schools have been previously mutually alienated. The expansion of SDP from a small pilot project to a nation-wide initiative is considered in terms of the change strategies and assumptions that underlie SDP. A strong emphasis on assessment of the SDP model has resulted in the foundation of a nine step set of guidelines for success.
The Deregulatory Tar Baby: The Precarious Balance Between Regulation and Deregulation, 1970–2000 and Henceforward

The recent history of the airline, telecommunications and electric utility industries years amply demonstrates the benefits of deregulation. It also demonstrates both the necessity of continued government involvement and its pitfalls. Prominent among the former are the efficient provision and pricing of infrastructure services, enforcement of antitrust-like policies and regulation of bottleneck facilities. The latter come down to an inherent tendency of regulators to engage in continued micromanagement—to continue to assume responsibility not merely for opening the door to competition but for ensuring that competitors go through it, and to prescribe the results they think an efficient competitive process would produce.
The Electric Field and the Electric Potential

We have seen in the preceding chapter how the presence of an electric charge has an effect on another electric charge. This raises the question: What if there is only one electric charge present? The idea of an electric field is introduced to describe the effect in all space around a charge so that if another charge is present we can predict the effect on it. If we have multiple charges, such as in Example 13–2, we see that the force of each on a third charge is a vector, and the net effect on the third charge is the resultant of the forces. This resultant will differ with both the position and the charge of the third one. The concept of separating the calculation into the formation of an electric field and the response to the electric field by a given charge placed in it greatly simplifies the calculations.
The development of an objective wine knowledge scale: the item response theory approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of objective knowledge operationalisation with specific focus on varying levels of scale items’ difficulty. The ultimate goal of the study was to develop a scale to measure objective wine knowledge, which would address the domain of wine knowledge and differentiate varying levels of consumer wine knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The process of items’ development was guided by recommendations suggested by DeVellis (2003) in his influential work on theory and application of scale development. Examination of items’ performance was conducted through a series of field tests with consumer samples (N = 756) in a US wine region. Item response theory (IRT) approach was applied for items’ testing. The developed items were analysed using the two-parameter logistic model in Mplus Version 5. Findings – The study offers a 44-item test suitable for assessing wine knowledge across a broad spectrum of expertise. For example, if the goal is to assess wine ...
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and phorbol esters induce phosphatidylcholine synthesis in GH3 pituitary cells. Evidence for stimulation via protein kinase C.

Abstract Phorbol esters have been shown to stimulate phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway. The present study compares the effects of phorbol esters and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on phosphatidylcholine metabolism in GH3 pituitary cells. In a previous study (Kolesnick, R.N., and Paley, A.E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9204-9210), the potent phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induced time- and concentration-dependent incorporation of 32Pi and [3H]choline into phosphatidylcholine in short-term labeling experiments. In this study, TPA is shown to activate choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15), the regulatory enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway, by stimulating redistribution of the inactive cytosolic form of the enzyme to the membrane. Redistribution was quantitative. TPA reduced cytosolic activity from 3.5 +/- 0.4 to 1.5 +/- 0.3 nmol . min-1 x 10(7) cells-1 and enhanced particulate activity from 2.5 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.6 nmol . min-1 x 10(7) cells-1. TRH also stimulated time- and concentration-dependent 32Pi and [3H]choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. An increase was detectable after 5 min; and after 30 min, the levels were 164 +/- 9 and 150 +/- 11% of control, respectively; EC50 congruent to 2 X 10(-10) M TRH. These events correlated directly with TRH-induced 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. TRH also stimulated redistribution of cytidylyl-transferase specific activity. TRH reduced cytosolic activity 45% and enhanced particulate activity 51%. Neither TRH nor TPA stimulated phosphatidylcholine degradation. In cells down-modulated for protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase), the effects of TPA and TRH on 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidylcholine were abolished. However, TRH-induced incorporation into phosphatidylinositol still occurred. These studies provide evidence that hormones may regulate phosphatidylcholine metabolism via the protein kinase C pathway.
Individualizing Tutoring with Learning Style Based Feedback

To approximate more closely effective human tutors, intelligent tutoring systems should adapt not only to a student's knowledge but also her learning style. We introduce a pedagogical framework that incorporates the Felder-Silverman learning style model and validated instrument for assessing individual learning style. The framework provides a feedback infrastructure based on the learning style model dimensions (such as visual, verbal, intuitive, sensor, etc.). It has been implemented as part of the DesignFirst-ITS, helping novices learn how to design a class in UML from a problem description. The system has been evaluated with high-school students and results show that learning style based feedback helps students realize higher learning gains.
Fast delay estimation for asynchronous CDMA communications systems

We present a simple and fast delay estimation approach to signal acquisition for direct-sequence CDMA communication systems. The main idea is to first intentionally map a lower-dimensional objective function into a higher-dimensional one by change of parameter variables. In doing so, we are able to view the objective function in a parameter space of a higher dimension. In such a higher dimensional parameter space, the structure of the compressed likelihood function is revealed. We can then take full advantage of ridge structure of the objective function in efficiently estimating signal parameters.
A note on the linear discriminant function when group means are equal

The performance of the sample linear discriminant function with known, proportional, covariance matrices and equal but unknown mean vectors is considered. Unconditional misclassification rates are obtained from the Student-t distribution. These results can be used as an aid in verifying simulation programs incorporating the linear discriminant function when Gaussian densities with unequal covariance matrices are used.
Towards an integrated discovery system

Previous research on machine discovery has focused on limited parts of the empirical discovery task. In this paper we describe IDS, an integrated system that addresses both qualitative and quantitative discovery. The program represents its knowledge in terms of qualitative schema, which it discovers by interacting with a simulated physical environment. Once IDS has formulated a qualitative schema, it uses that schema to design experiments and to constrain the search for quantitative laws. We have carried out preliminary tests in the domain of heat phenomena. In this context the system has discovered both intrinsic properties, such as the melting point of substances, and numeric laws, such as the conservation of mass for objects going through a phase change.
Local gangrene: a complication of peripheral Pitressin therapy for bleeding esophageal varices.

Abstract Two patients developed local gangrene after subcutaneous infiltration of vasopressin (Pitressin, Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Mich.) utilized for the control of bleeding from esophageal varices. In the 1st patient, ischemic gangrene resulted in transmetatarsal amputation and also necessitated skin grafts on the forearm. The 2nd patient developed gangrene and clostridial sepsis and expired. The effects of systemically administered Pitressin are reviewed and suggestions to prevent local necrosis are presented.
Comparison of 4- versus 5-day Co-synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) + timed artificial insemination protocols in dairy heifers.

The objective of this study was to compare the pregnancy rate after timed artificial insemination (P/TAI) in dairy heifers treated with 4- versus 5-day Co-Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocols. A total of 120 Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The heifers received an intravaginal CIDR insert containing 1.38 g of progesterone for 4 days (Monday-Friday 4-day Co-Synch + CIDR; n = 60) or 5 days (5-day Co-Synch + CIDR; n = 60). At the time of CIDR removal, 25 mg of PGF2α was injected intramuscularly, and 72 hours after CIDR removal, the heifers received 100 μg of GnRH intramuscularly and were artificially inseminated. Artificial insemination was performed by an experienced technician, using commercial frozen-thawed semen from a single sire. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography per rectum 32 days after TAI. Categorical data were analyzed using proc logistic and the chi-square test, whereas continuous variables were analyzed using the t-test of Statistical Analysis Systems. Heifers in the 4-day Co-Synch + CIDR group had an acceptable P/TAI32 (55.0%, 33 of 60), which was not different (P = 0.35) from that observed in the 5-day Co-Synch + CIDR group (63.3%, 38 of 60). Progesterone concentration at CIDR insertion or estradiol concentration at TAI did not influence the pregnancy outcomes. Interestingly, estradiol concentration at TAI was greater in the 4-day Co-Synch + CIDR group compared to the 5-day Co-Synch + CIDR group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the Monday to Friday 4-day Co-Synch + CIDR protocol resulted in adequate P/TAI in dairy heifers, which was similar to that of the 5-day Co-Synch + CIDR protocol. This novel protocol might represent a promising hormonal treatment for TAI in dairy heifers, facilitating their reproductive management routine, while maintaining an adequate fertility.
Possible Nonhydrogen Neutralizers for High Energy D+ and H+ Beams

AbstractWe explore the utility of using a gas other than hydrogen isotopes to neutralize energetic beams of D+ or H+ for applications in magnetic confinement fusion. We find that, at D+ energies above 160 keV, helium, relative to hydrogen, offers significant improvements in neutralization efficiency and in enrichment of the full energy component of the beam, and that similar advantages accrue with neon at D+ energies in excess of 200 keV.