cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-assisted fluid displacement in a circular tube and a rectangular channel

In this paper the amount of liquid left inside of a circular tube and a rectangular channel when displaced by another immiscible fluid are determined by solving the full creeping-motion equations. The exact continuity of stress on the free surface is employed with a finite difference method. In order to solve the equations, the steady-state shape of the interface is guessed and the normal stress boundary condition is dropped. The equations based on a stream function-vorticity formulation are solved with the aid of elliptic grid generation. The computed results are compared with the experimental results of Taylor (J. Fluid Mech. 1961; 10:161), the theoretical results of Reinelt and Saffman (SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 1985; 6:542) and our experimental data. The computed results are in close agreement with our experimental data and those of previous investigators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bronchiectasis in association with coeliac disease

A 48 year old woman presented with a history of fatigue, regular sputum production, and wheeze. High resolution computed tomographic scanning of the thorax demonstrated widespread bronchiectasis. Coeliac disease was diagnosed on the basis of an iron deficiency anaemia, subtotal villous atrophy on small bowel biopsy, and raised anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies. The temporal relationship of her bronchiectasis and coeliac disease, and the subsequent stabilisation of her clinical symptoms and improvement in pulmonary physiology following treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, suggests a relationship between the two conditions which may be due to immunological mechanisms.
Identification of first-price auctions with non-separable unobserved heterogeneity

We propose a novel methodology for identification of first-price auctions, when bidders’ private valuations are independent conditional on one-dimensional unobserved heterogeneity. We extend the existing literature (Li and Vuong, 1998 and Krasnokutskaya, 2011) by allowing the unobserved heterogeneity to be non-separable from bidders’ valuations. Our central identifying assumption is that the distribution of bidder values is increasing in the state. When the state-space is finite, such monotonicity implies the full-rank condition needed for identification. Further, we extend our approach to the conditionally independent private values model of Li et al. (2000), as well as to unobserved heterogeneity settings in which the implicit reserve price or the cost of bidding varies across auctions.
The Costs and Consequences of Management Fads and Politically Driven Regulatory Oversight: The Case of Blood Transfusion

Abstract Context.—The period from the mid-1980s to the present has seen a virtual revolution in how blood collection, testing, and transfusion are carried out. Most of the changes that have occurre...
Extension of indo formalism to d orbitals and parameters for second-row atoms

The INDO formulation and parametrization were extended in order that INDO calculations for molecules containing second-row atoms may be performed. The general INDO equations for d orbitals were derived and are presented in detail. The necessary parameters for second-row atoms were obtained by several different techniques. The parameter values resulting from the various methods are compared.
Brief history of computers and error-correcting codes and my work with Gus Solomon

The author give a history of his early work in the development of digital computers. He contributed to an early digital computer which was suggested for the control of SNARK, a US cruise missile. It was called MADDIDA for magnetic drum digital differential analyser. It was developed in 1949 by the Northrop guidance group. This class of machines was never used to guide SNARK. However, it is his belief that MADDIDA was the earliest working electronic digital computer built on the West Coast. His work with Gus Solomon led to the Reed-Solomon code which is now widely used in industrial and consumer electronic devices.
A Model Of College Tuition Maximization

This paper develops a series of models for optimal tuition pricing for private colleges and universities. The university is assumed to be a profit maximizing, price discriminating monopolist. The enrollment decision of student’s is stochastic in nature. The university offers an effective tuition rate, comprised of stipulated tuition less financial aid, to each student based on the demographic characteristics of the student. Initially, the applicant poll is assumed to be homogeneous. Subsequently, the quality of the applicant pool is allowed to vary and the university’s tuition maximization problem is subject to quality and capacity constraints. Lastly, we perform a simulation that allows an exploration of the risks associated with the university’s tuition, quality and capacity decisions.
GROUP ALGEBRA, CONVOLUTION ALGEBRA, AND APPLICATIONS TO QUANTUM MECHANICS.

The symmetry group of the Hamiltonian plays a fundamental role in quantum theory in the classification of stationary states and in studying transition probabilities and selection rules. It is here shown that the properties of the group may be given a condensed and transparent description in terms of the convolution algebra, and that Schur's lemma immediately leads to the construction of the fundamental set of projection and shift operators. The projection operators form a resolution of the identity which may be used to split the Hilbert space into orthogonal and noninteracting subspaces of infinite order. The question of the splitting of the conventional secular equations is discussed, and the explicit form of the decomposed equation is derived in terms of the convolution algebra and the characters. The theory is here discussed only for finite groups, but the results may be generalized to the compact infinite groups having a well-defined "invariant mean."
Effect of Shredding Alfalfa Stems on Fiber Digestion Determined by In Vitro Procedures and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract Alfalfa stems were shredded using a rotary macerator, were ammoniated, or were left untreated (control). Shredding increased extent of NDF digestion over ammoniation and control at all times from 12 to 72h of in vitro incubation. Shredding also increased rate of disappearance of potentially digestible NDF (.032h −1 for control, .045h −1 for ammoniated, and .089h −1 for shredded). Ammoniation increased extent of NDF digestion after 36h. Computed time required for 95% digestion of potentially digestible NDF was 94h for control, 66h for ammoniated and 34h for shredded stems. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the most prominent effect of shredding was separation of lignified and unlignified cells. Shredding split stems into a number of fragments and damaged the external cuticular waxy layer and structural integrity. Ammoniation caused cracks in lignified vascular tissue. During in vitro incubations, shredded and ammoniated cell walls were heavily colonized by bacteria by 6h. After 24 and 48h, large masses of bacteria were still attached to the surface of pith and lignified vascular cell walls of shredded and ammoniated stems but not control stems. Lignified vascular tissue of control stems was not degraded and structural integrity was maintained.
On hats and other covers

The following game puzzle has recently received attention from mathematicians, computer scientists, coding theorists, and even from the mass press: A team of n players is fitted with hats, which are either red or green. A player can see the other players' hat colors, but not his own. Each player is then asked to declare his hat color, or pass. All the players must declare simultaneously, with no inter-player communication allowed during the game. They are permitted, however, to hold a strategy coordination meeting before the game starts. The team wins if at least one player declares the correct color, and no player declares incorrectly. The goal of the team is to devise a strategy that maximizes the winning probability, under an assumption of uniform probability distribution on the hat color combinations.
Antecedents of cognitive age: A replication and extension

Cognitive age has been an important construct in studies of older consumers. The present study builds upon previous research by providing theory-based antecedents of cognitive age. The results suggest that differences in cognitive age do not merely reflect differences in chronological age, and that a person's cognitive age is influenced by his or her experiences of life events that serve as markers of transitions into social roles people are expected to enact at different stages in life. In addition, the experiences of health-related events, such as chronic conditions, make people aware of their aging, affecting their cognitive age. The influence of cognitive age on consumer-behavior variables is also examined, and directions for future research are suggested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FGF21 regulates PGC-1α and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis

Certain white adipose tissue (WAT) depots are readily able to convert to a "brown-like" state with prolonged cold exposure or exposure to β-adrenergic compounds. This process is characterized by the appearance of pockets of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive, multilocular adipocytes and serves to increase the thermogenic capacity of the organism. We show here that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a physiologic role in this thermogenic recruitment of WATs. In fact, mice deficient in FGF21 display an impaired ability to adapt to chronic cold exposure, with diminished browning of WAT. Adipose-derived FGF21 acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner to increase expression of UCP1 and other thermogenic genes in fat tissues. FGF21 regulates this process, at least in part, by enhancing adipose tissue PGC-1α protein levels independently of mRNA expression. We conclude that FGF21 acts to activate and expand the thermogenic machinery in vivo to provide a robust defense against hypothermia.
Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Should Another Regimen Be “TAPT?”

Current guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) that includes aspirin and the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). These recommendations are based on data that DAPT with the P2Y12 inhibitors clopidogrel reduces major adverse cardiac events after PCI in stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients when compared with aspirin, or aspirin in combination with warfarin.1 Despite treatment with DAPT, patients with ACS undergoing PCI are at elevated risk for recurrent ischemic events compared with stable angina patients in part because of increased platelet thrombotic activity in ACS. In addition, there is considerable interindividual variability in the degree of platelet inhibition achieved by clopidogrel, and high residual platelet activity in the setting of clopidogrel therapy (hyporesponsiveness) is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events after PCI. Clopidogrel hyporesponsiveness is related to a variety of clinical and genetic factors that alter pharmacokinetics, and diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF), and obesity are associated with reduced efficacy. Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires conversion by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system (CYP) to an active metabolite, and it can take up to 6 hours for clopidogrel to have maximal effect after the loading dose. Genetic polymorphisms that reduce CYP activity result in decreased hepatic metabolism of clopidogrel. Among persons treated with clopidogrel, carriers of specific reduced function CYP2C19 alleles have impaired clopidogrel conversion, significantly lower levels of active metabolite, diminished platelet inhibition, and higher rates of adverse CV events and stent thrombosis after PCI.2 The prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms ranges from 30% to 60% depending on ethnicity.2,3 Medications that inhibit CYP activity also reduce clopidogrel conversion, and some proton pump inhibitors (PPI) that reduce CYP function (eg, omeprazole) diminish clopidogrel metabolite levels and efficacy measured by platelet function testing. The interaction between clopidogrel and …
Two self-splicing group I introns in the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit gene of Staphylococcus aureus phage Twort

We have recently described three group I introns inserted into a single gene, orf142, of the staphylococcal bacteriophage Twort and suggested the presence of at least two additional self-splicing introns in this phage genome. Here we report that two previously uncharacterized introns, 429 and 1087 nt in length, interrupt the Twort gene coding for the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (nrdE). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA isolated from Staphylococcus aureus after phage infection indicates that the introns are removed from the primary transcript in vivo. Both nrdE introns show sequence similarity to the Twort orf142 introns I2 and I3, suggesting either a common origin of these introns or shuffling of intron structural elements. Intron 2 encodes a DNA endonuclease, I-TwoI, with similarity to homing endonucleases of the HNH family. Like I-HmuI and I-HmuII, intron-encoded HNH endonucleases in Bacillus subtilis phages SPO1 and SP82, I-TwoI nicks only one strand of its DNA recognition sequence. However, whereas I-HmuI and I-HmuII cleave the template strand in exon 2, I-TwoI cleaves the coding strand in exon 1. In each case, the 3' OH created on the cut strand is positioned to prime DNA synthesis towards the intron, suggesting that this reaction contributes to the mechanism of intron homing. Both nrdE introns are inserted in highly conserved regions of the ribonucleotide reductase gene, next to codons for functionally important residues.
Rereplication phenomenon in fission yeast requires MCM proteins and other S phase genes.

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe can be induced to perform multiple rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitoses by manipulating the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase p34 cdc2 . We have examined the role in this abnormal rereplication of a large panel of genes known to be involved in normal S phase. The genes analyzed can be grouped into four classes: (1) those that have no effect on rereplication, (2) others that delay DNA accumulation, (3) several that allow a gradual increase in DNA content but not in genome equivalents, and finally, (4) mutations that completely block rereplication. The rereplication induced by overexpression of the CDK inhibitor Rum1p or depletion of the Cdc13p cyclin is essentially the same and requires the activity of two minor B-type cyclins, cig1 1 and cig2 1 . In particular, the level, composition, and localization of the MCM protein complex does not alter during rereplication. Thus rereplication in fission yeast mimics the DNA synthesis of normal S phase, and the inability to rereplicate provides an excellent assay for novel S-phase mutants.
Micrurgical experiments on cytokinesis in Stentor coeruleus.

Cutting and grafting experiments on the ciliate Stentor coeruleus during division stages indicated or demonstrated the following: (1) Unequal division after excision of one cell end showed that the location of the fission line usually remains predetermined but this line is not an indispensable constriction organelle. (2) The fission line is always smooth in spite of irregularities in the cell surface and it cannot extend across gaps. (3) A transequatorial piece of a divider can go on to divide anywhere on a divider in the same stage of division but its fission is not autonomous because it can be affected if the host cell is in a very different stage of division or is a non-divider. (4) After removing half the presumptive or actual fission line or furrow a stentor can still divide along the line of healing. (5) Transverse cuts, though resembling a division line, do not serve for fission. These results suggest a morphogenetic hypothesis of cell division in Stentor.
Putting the Human Back in ‘‘Human Research Methodology’’: The Researcher in Mixed Methods Research:

When we were asked to write an editorial for Journal of Mixed Methods Research, the request came as an invitation to share some of our ‘‘insights’’ about mixed methodology and its trajectory, based on our experiences with the second edition of the Handbook of Mixed Methods in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (hereafter referred to as the Handbook; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010). In this editorial, we share with our current readers some of the personal reflections, intellectual challenges, and professional struggles that we experienced during what we have called ‘‘the journey.’’ It is hoped that these reflections will summarize and expand on the comments we made in the Preface and Epilogue of the Handbook. We chose the title for this editorial for at least two reasons. One is that we would like to share our own reflections as human researchers, hoping to demonstrate that we have evolved from technocrats to methodologists. Second, we hope to convey our belief in the fact that human researchers are, more than anything else, human themselves. As such, they enjoy the capabilities of human problem solvers, while trying to identify and reduce the perils and pitfalls that are at times evident in our day-to-day problem solving. We will suggest that mixed methods capitalize on these capabilities, while also increasing the potential for credible and trustworthy conclusions.
Social Class and Adolescents' Beliefs about Justice in Different Social Orders

We report on the justice beliefs of 4508 adolescents from 4 security societies in transition to market economies (i.e., Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia) and from 2 opportunity societies (Australia and the United States). Using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), justice beliefs were examined as a function of type of society, social class, and gender. In the security societies, working-class teens wanted the state and schools to provide a safety net, while middle-class teens preferred that schools promote student autonomy and competition but also reported the most negative school climates of any group. In the opportunity societies, working-class youth believed success was based on individual merit, while middle class youth expressed more doubt about this connection.
VAST: Virtualization-Assisted Concurrent Autonomous Self-Test

Virtualization-assisted concurrent, autonomous self-test, or VAST, enables a multi-/many-core system to test itself, concurrently during normal operation, without any user-visible downtime. Such on-line self-test is required for large-scale robust systems with built-in support for circuit failure prediction, failure detection, diagnosis, and self-healing. The main idea behind VAST is hardware and software co-design of on-line self-test features in a multi-/many-core system through integration of: 1. multi-/many-core architecture, 2. virtualization software, and, 3. special self-test techniques such as BIST (built-in self-test) or CASP (concurrent autonomous chip self-test using stored patterns). As a result, optimized trade-offs in system design complexity, system performance and power impact, and test thoroughness are possible. Experimental results from an actual multi-core system demonstrate that: 1. VAST is practical and effective; and, 2. Special VAST-supported self-test policies enable extremely thorough on-line self-test with very small performance impact.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron and trifloxysulfuron in green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) and false-green kyllinga (K. gracillima)

Abstract Trifloxysulfuron controls green and false-green kyllinga more effectively than halosulfuron. Studies were conducted to evaluate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-halosulfuron and 14C-trifloxysulfuron when foliar applied to green and false-green kyllinga. No differences were observed between the two kyllinga spp. with regard to absorption, translocation, or metabolism of either herbicide. The majority of 14C-halosulfuron and 14C-trifloxysulfuron was absorbed by 4 h, with an accumulation of 63 and 47% radioactivity, respectively. Accumulation of both herbicides occurred in the treated leaf and the primary shoot from whence the treated leaf was removed, with minor accumulation occurring in the roots and newly formed rhizomes. Of the total amount of 14C-halosulfuron absorbed into the plant, 77% remained in the form of the parent compound compared with 61% of 14C-trifloxysulfuron. The parent compound was distributed mainly in the treated leaf and primary shoot, whereas polar metabol...
Impact of Neighborhood Environments on Health Consciousness, Information Seeking, and Attitudes among US-Born and Non-US-Born Free Clinic Patients.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the impact of neighborhood environments on health consciousness, information seeking, and attitudes among uninsured free clinic patients to better understand the specific needs of the population for health promotion and prevention efforts. METHODS US-born English-speaking, non-US-born English-speaking, and Spanish-speaking free clinic patients completed a self-administered survey using reliable measures in autumn 2014 (N = 769). RESULTS The results of this study suggest that social cohesion is positively associated with health consciousness, information seeking, and attitudes. Lower levels of available healthy food in the community were associated with higher levels of health consciousness. Although Spanish speakers reported lower levels of the availability of healthy food, social cohesion, and access to the Internet or text messaging compared with US-born or non-US-born English speakers, they were more likely to be health conscious and have higher levels of health information seeking. Spanish speakers as well as non-US-born English speakers, were more likely to attend health education classes compared with US-born English speakers. CONCLUSIONS Health education programs for free clinic patients should include strategies to increase social cohesion. Health education programs should consider the diverse needs of these individual populations to maximize the effectiveness of the programs for free clinic patients.
Managing psychological stress in the MS medical visit: A qualitative analysis of patient perspectives and unmet needs

Results:The implication of Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndrome is because of the invisible heat evil or tangible hot junction due to gastrointestinal excess heat state; It’s etiology and pathogenesis is Tai Yang disease and Shao Yang disease mistreatment or gastrointestinal tract intrinsic heat result from improper diet and emotionalmaladjustment, congenital gastrointestinal excess heat, suffer exogenous evil directly; It’s main clinical manifestation includes aversion to heat, easy to sweat, halitosis, thirsty to drink cold, constipation, urine yellow, red tongue, yellow thick tongue coating and Slippery rapid pulse; It has no both objective and unitive diagnosis standard so far. It has a significant relationship with the occurrence of digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, endocrine system and neurological system diseases. Conclusion:Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndromehas become common clinical syndromes of many kind of disease so far, but previous studies of it is lacking. Physicians ages have generally common opinion on the implication, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, but they have different views on the diagnosis standard. Therefore, further research on the Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndrome, especially on it’s diagnosis standard is meaningful to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment for gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome-related diseases. Contact: Guokai Lv, yuhe221@126.com
Radioiodine labeling of ribopolymers for special applications in biology.

Publisher Summary Radioiodination provides simplification and the basis for diverse investigations of eukaryote messengers. This chapter discusses radioiodination for the objective of marking messengers to high specific activity. Some observations concerning the application of radioiodination of RNAs for other purposes are also discussed. Many physiological substances can incorporate iodine or inhibit the iodination of nucleic acids. The addition of iodine to proteins may occur at 40-fold the rate of uptake by an optimal polynucleotide substrate, even though the susceptible aromatic amino acids constitute only a small fraction of the protein. Because the labeling reaction depends on an oxidation-reduction process, reducing substances such as sugars entrained with the RNA during isolation or added during the preparative steps may inhibit labeling. Iodine is incorporated into both pyrimidine groups of RNA and to a lesser extent into purine residues. The yield in stable reaction product is greater with cytidylate than with uridylate, although in both cases the 5′-position of the base is the likely site of iodine substitution and it is probable that the reaction mechanisms are analogous. The composition of the iodination reaction is simple and includes variables aside from the substrate itself.
Telling Stories About Health Insurance: Using New Films in the Classroom

In keeping with the Symposium theme, "The Mass Media's Influence on Health Law and Policy," this essay is designed to share my experience using clips from three recent popular films as a method of enhancing coverage and discussion of legal and policy issues surrounding the private health insurance system, and to provide some practical advice for others interested in doing the same. Specific topics include the erosion of employer-sponsored health insurance, continuation of private coverage under COBRA and HIPAA, public health care programs, physician incentives, the uninsured and access to care and legal remedies for claim denial. This essay builds upon a presentation that I gave along with Professors Timothy S. Hall and Ross D. Silverman at the 2004 Health Law Teachers Conference entitled "Health Law, Policy and Media," and was inspired by Professor Paul Bergman's entertaining and informative essay, "Teaching Evidence the 'Reel' Way." I am grateful to the Houston Journal of Health Law and Policy for the invitation to contribute to this issue.
Nondominant-to-dominant hand interference in bimanual movements is facilitated by gradual visuomotor perturbation

In simultaneous bimanual movements, interference between the hands is always a possibility, particularly when movements are spatially incongruent. In a previous study using bimanual target-directed movements and abrupt visual feedback perturbation of one hand, I showed asymmetric interference from the dominant to the nondominant hand. The signature of that interference reflected the directional control strength of the dominant hand, supporting a recent theory of functional lateralization of arm movements, and extending it to a bimanual context. Nondominant-to-dominant interference was not observed in this task. The current study in healthy young adults used a bimanual paradigm in which one hand had to adapt to a gradual visuomotor perturbation, while the other hand operated under kinesthetic control, without visual feedback. In this arrangement, the kinesthetically guided hand provides a canvas on which the visually guided, and perturbed hand can 'paint' its interference. Results of this study showed two patterns of interference: in some participants the nonvisible hand deviated in the same direction (isodirectional) relative to the perturbed hand, in others it mirrored the direction (anisodirectional) of the perturbed hand. In isodirectional participants, dominant-to-nondominant and nondominant-to-dominant hand interference was symmetrical and relatively weak, whereas there was strong nondominant-to-dominant hand interference in anisodirectional participants, suggesting interference in the form of endpoint accuracy control strength of the nondominant hand. Based on these findings, the study discusses potential mechanisms enabling the nondominant hand to exert this control strength onto the dominant hand.
How Healthy Is Hunger Relief Food

Distributing healthy food is an important goal for hunger relief agencies, but they face many challenges in meeting it. Budgets for purchasing food are limited, and hunger relief agencies often have little influence over the nutritional quality of food they receive through donations. In a recent study, Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were calculated monthly using electronic invoice data for food shelves served by two major food banks in Minnesota. While the HEI is directly related to nutrition guidelines and provides great detail in its scoring, implementation requires careful measurement and classification of foods and a rather complex set of calculations. In addition, a significant portion of food distributed by food banks is mixed pallets of free "miscellaneous" that cannot readily be included in HEI calculations. We propose and test a less data- and labor-intensive measure for characterizing the healthfulness of food distributed by hunger relief agencies. This new measure, the Hunger Relief Nutrition Index (HRNI), facilitates nutritional assessment of miscellaneous foods, allows for easy aggregation of healthfulness scores across food sources and time periods, and correlates well with the HEI.
Microbiology of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections

Abstract Objectives This study reports a high-volume tertiary care center experience with the microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) infections with assessment of temporal trends and profiles of late versus early infections. Background The rates of CIED infections have been increasing. With changing demographics, patient and device characteristics, prophylactic measures, and the wide use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, there is need for updated contemporary data on the microbiology of CIED infections. Methods The study included 816 consecutive patients with confirmed CIED infections who underwent transvenous lead extraction at our institution between the years 2000 and 2011. Blood cultures were obtained in addition of pocket swabs, pocket capsule, and leads. Results Staphylococcal species remained the most common pathogens in CIED infections (68.4%), especially coagulase-negative species (37.6%). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were the pathogens in 33.8% of all CIED infections and accounted for 49.4% of all staphylococcal infections. Gram-negative pathogens were identified in 8.9% of cases, whereas 13.2% were with negative cultures. CIED infections related to streptococci (2.5%), enterococci (4.2%), anaerobes (1.6%), fungi (0.9%), and mycobacteria species (0.2%) were less common. Of pocket infections, 49.5% occurred more than 1 year after pocket manipulation, and 53.6% of these were related to coagulase-negative staphylococci. In contrast, most endovascular infections were related to Staphylococcus aureus . The proportions of culture negative infections have increased (p Conclusions The study provides contemporary data on the microbiology of CIED infections. The rates of methicillin resistance seem to be greater than those reported from the preceding decade.
Salmonella and Campylobacter baseline in retail ground beef and whole-muscle cuts purchased during 2010 in the United States.

Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. cause a considerable number of human illnesses each year, and the vast majority of cases are foodborne. The purpose of this study was to establish the baseline of Salmonella and Campylobacter in beef products purchased from U.S. retail markets. Sampling was carried out in 38 American cities. Retail raw ground and whole-muscle beef (n = 2,885) samples were purchased and examined for the presence of Salmonella. Samples testing positive for Salmonella were identified with the commercial BAX System, which is a real-time PCR–based system. Of the original samples purchased, 1,185 were selected and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. Positive samples were isolated via direct plating and confirmed via agglutination and biochemical testing. Salmonella was detected in 0.66% of the total samples purchased. The prevalence of Salmonella in ground beef packages was 0.42% for modified atmosphere packaging, 0.63% for chub packaging, and 0.59% for overwrapped packages. Salm...
Technical Progress, The Production Function, and Development

The neo-classical theory of price, production, and output did not lead to the development of a theory of innovations. Apart from Schumpeter’s work, inventions and innovations have been matters left outside of economic theory. In recent years there have been some attempts to develop investment functions that incorporate ‘technical progress’, but for the most part, these have not been widely accepted. The situation is still very much up in the air. But, if we are to have a take-off type theory of development this implies that at some point the induced rate of investment must be accelerated and that this higher rate of investment must sustain itself. But why should the rate of investment at a somewhat higher level of per capita income be higher than at a lower level ? Temporary exogenous events could explain occasional high investment rates, but this would be just as true for backward as for less backward and growing economies.
CLIO REDISCOVERED: Trevelyan

[George Macaulay Trevelyan (b. 1876), the grand-nephew of Macaulay, has done more than any other living English writer to restore history to its earlier station as a literary art which instructs and entertains the general public and professionals alike. As a student at Trinity College in Cambridge, Trevelyan was told by the then Regius Professor of Modern History, Sir John Seeley, that Macaulay and Carlyle were charlatans, and this awakened in him an abiding suspicion of “scientific” historians. A prolific writer, his works—from his dissertation on England in the Age of Wycliffe (1899) to his History of England (1926) and his several works on Garibaldi—are mostly literary, narrative histories with a marked bent for social history. He supplemented his research by direct observation, traversing on foot a good part of England and Italy, and retracing in this way Garibaldi’s campaign of 1860. The following essay was originally written as a polemical answer to J. B. Bury’s The Science of History (see preceding selection) and published in December, 1903, in the Independent Review. After Bury’s death, Trevelyan reprinted it, omitting all mention of Bury, as the leading essay in the volume Clio, A Muse (1913), from which the following, somewhat shortened, selection has been taken.]
Material Selection of Electronic Components - Zytel® High Temperature Nylon HTN and Zentie® LCP

This paper present the DuPont Engineering Polymers and discuss how the new industry regulations impact Lead Free (Pb-free) Electronic component material selection. The material properties discussed include thermal resistance, flammability rating, moisture absorption sensitivity, di-electric performance, electrical insulation rating, mechanical and processing and environmental needs.
Abstract 170: Statin Therapy Increases Plasma Levels of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects

Background PCSK9 is a secreted glycoprotein that modulates low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by negatively regulating LDL receptor (LDLR). In humans, gain of function mutations in ...
Pro-inflammatory immune-to-brain signaling is involved in neuroendocrine responses to acute emotional stress

Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by inflammatory stressors (e.g., bacterial lipopolysaccharide) is thought to involve vascular transduction of circulating cytokines, with perivascular macrophages (PVMs) along with endothelia, effecting activation of HPA control circuitry via inducible (cyclooxygenase-2- or COX-2-dependent) prostaglandin synthesis. To test the stressor-specificity of this mechanism, we examined whether ablation of PVMs or pharmacologic blockade of COX activity affected HPA responses to a representative emotional stressor, restraint. Exposing rats to a single 30min acute restraint episode provoked increased plasma levels of at least one proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6, microglial activation and multiple indices of cerebrovascular activation, including COX-2 expression and increased brain prostaglandin E2 levels at 0-2h after stress. Pretreatment with the nonselective COX inhibitor, indomethacin, either icv (10μg in 5μl) or iv (1mg/kg) significantly reduced restraint-induced Fos expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) by 45%, relative to vehicle-injected controls. A 75% reduction of the PVH activational response was seen in rats exposed to acute restraint 5-7days after ablation of brain PVMs by icv injection of liposomes encapsulating the bisphosphonate drug, clodronate. Basal plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone were not altered in clodronate liposome-injected rats, but the peak magnitude of restraint-induced HPA secretory responses was substantially reduced, relative to animals pretreated with saline-filled liposomes. These findings support an unexpectedly prominent role for inducible prostaglandin synthesis by PVMs in HPA responses to acute restraint, a prototypic emotional stressor.
The Effect of Peripheral Micro-tasks on Crowd Ideation

Research has explored different ways of improving crowd ideation, such as presenting examples or employing facilitators. While such support is usually generated through peripheral tasks delegated to crowd workers who are not part of the ideation, it is possible that the ideators themselves could benefit from the extra thought involved in doing them. Therefore, we iterate over an ideation system in which ideators can perform one of three peripheral tasks (rating originality and usefulness, similarity, or idea combination) on demand. In controlled experiments with workers on Mechanical Turk, we compare the effects of these secondary tasks to simple idea exposure or no support at all, examining usage of the inspirations, fluency, breadth, and depth of ideas generated. We find tasks to be as good or better than exposure, although this depends on the period of ideation and the fluency level. We also discuss implications of inspiration size, homogeneity, and frequency.
Male Reproductive Physiology

The chapter begins with a description of cell division. Mitosis is used to reproduce somatic cells, and it is described as a contrast to meiosis that is used to produce the haploid germ cells, or gametes. Meiosis is described primarily to understand how genetic diversity of offspring is achieved. Separation of homologous chromosomes and crossing-over produce the great variety of potential combinations of maternal and paternal genes. The testicles have two functions: production of sperm and secretion of testosterone. The process of spermatogenesis is described, and the structure of the mature sperm is reviewed. The function of the Leydig cells, sensitive to LH, in the secretion of testosterone is discussed. Sertoli cells have FSH receptors and secrete inhibin that inhibits FSH secretion. Lastly, the involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in erection and the sympathetic nervous system in ejaculation is discussed.
Investigation of modal Iwan models for structures with bolted joints

Structures with mechanical joints are difficult to accurately model; even when the natural frequencies of the system remain essentially constant, the damping introduced by the joints is often observed to depend nonlinearly on amplitude. Although models for individual joints have been employed with some success, the modeling of a structure with many joints remains a significant obstacle. This work explores whether nonlinear damping can be applied in a modal framework, where instead of modeling each discrete joint within a structure, a nonlinear damping model is used for each mode of interest. This approach assumes that the mode shapes of the structure do not change significantly with amplitude and that there is negligible coupling between modes. The nonlinear Iwan joint model has had success in modeling the nonlinear damping of individual joints and is used as a modal damping model in this work. The proposed methodology is first evaluated by simulating a structure with a small number of discrete Iwan joints (bolted joints) in a finite element code. A modal Iwan model is fit to simulated measurements from this structure and the accuracy of the modal model is assessed. The methodology is then applied to actual experimental hardware with a similar configuration and a modal damping model is identified for the first few modes of the system. The proposed approach seems to capture the response of the system quite well in both cases, especially at low force levels when macro-slip does not occur.
Breast Cancer Screening

There are few non-pharmacological primary preventive measures that reduce an average-risk woman's risk of breast cancer. Strenuous exercise, maintaining ideal body weight, minimizing alcohol intake, breastfeeding, and avoidance of long-term postmenopausal hormone therapy are a few potential modifiable risk factors (Huang et al. 1997, Swanson et al. 1997, Bernstein et al. 1994, Thune et al. 1997, Smith-Warner et al. 1998, Freudenheim et al. 1997, Michels et al. 1996, Newcomb et al. 1994, Kerlikowske et al. 2003, Lahmann et al. 2007, Eliassen et al. 2006, Dallal et al. 2007, Bardia et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2007, Suzuki et al. 2005, Monninkhof et al. 2007, Chlebowski et al. 2003). Thus, secondary prevention, screening for early-stage disease, is a principal means of reducing breast cancer mortality. Since mass screening for breast cancer involves primarily healthy women, it is important for women and health practitioners to understand the potential benefits as well as the harms and limitations of screening for breast cancer.
Measuring Corporate Performance by Building on the Stakeholders Model of Business Ethics

The main thesis guiding the conceptual development of our corporate performance measurement model is that business success – defined as long-term survival and growth – is determined by relationship quality (1) among the various organizational departments (internal stakeholders), (2) between internal and external stakeholders, and (3) between internal and distal stakeholders. Relationship quality among internal stakeholders is conceptualized and operationalized in terms of internal service quality. Relationship quality between internal and external stakeholders is conceptualized and operationalized in terms of external service quality. Relationship quality between internal and distal stakeholders is conceptualized and operationalized in terms of company goodwill. Thus, corporate performance of manufacturing firms can be measured by a survey of representatives of internal, external, and distal stakeholders. Corporate strategies can be developed as a direct function of strengths and weaknesses uncovered by corporate performance measurement.
Later Neogene Hipparions from the Manonga Valley, Tanzania

The Manonga Valley basin in northern Tanzania comprises an extensive series of lacustrine and fluvial sediments deposited during the late Miocene and Pliocene (Harrison, 1991, 1993; Harrison et al., 1993; Harrison and Verniers, 1993; Verniers, this volume, Chapter 2; Harrison and Baker, this volume, Chapter 13). Fossil mammals were first recorded in the Manonga Valley during the 1920s and 1930s (Stockley, 1929; Grace and Stockley, 1930; Williams and Eades, 1938) but substantial collections were not made until the Wembere-Manonga Paleon-tological Expedition (WMPE) first visited the area in 1990 (Harrison and Mbago, this volume, Chapter 1).
Effects of Feed and Water Restriction and Receiving Diet Crude Protein on Feeder Pig Performance

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feed and water restriction and receiving diet crude protein level on feeder pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 239 commingled feeder pigs transported over 1,000 km were used in two trials. Pigs given access to feed and water (FW) at the market weighed more (P less than .0001) following marketing and transport than pigs given no feed and water (N) for the comparable 25-h market period (20.7 vs 19.6 kg). While FW pigs weighed less (P less than .02) than N pigs at the conclusion of the trials (93.9 vs 96.6 kg), there was no effect (P greater than .1) on overall average daily gain (.32 vs .35). There were no effects of receiving diets containing 12, 16 or 20% crude protein on daily gain, daily feed intake or feed efficiency for the overall growing-finishing period. Scour scores on d 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14 post-arrival increased (P less than .01) with increased levels of protein in the receiving diets. In Exp. 2, a total of 360 crossbred feeder pigs was mixed and moved from a nursery to grower-finisher facilities in three trials, given feed and water access immediately (FWG) or denied access for 44 h (NG). At the end of the 44-h period, FWG pigs were heavier than NG pigs (P less than .0001; 18.3 vs 16.7 kg). There was no treatment effect on overall pig weight, daily gain or feed efficiency.
Health Disparities in Hospice Utilization and Length of Stay in a Diverse Population With Lung Cancer

Background:Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths globally. Individuals are diagnosed at an advanced stage with limited life expectancy.Objectives:To explore potential health disparities...
Prediction of process-induced void formation in anisotropic Fiber-reinforced autoclave composite parts

A numerical methodology is proposed to predict void content and evolution during autoclave processing of thermoset prepregs. Starting with the initial prepreg void content, the void evolution model implements mechanisms for void compaction under the effect of the applied pressure, including Ideal Gas law compaction, and squeeze flow for single curvature geometries. Pressure variability in the prepreg stack due to interactions between applied autoclave pressure and anisotropic material response are considered and implemented. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the role of material anisotropy, initial void content, and applied autoclave pressure on void evolution during consolidation of prepregs on a tool with single curvatures. The ability of the model to predict pressure gradient through the thickness of the laminate and its impact on void evolution is discussed.
Tuberculosis and the Acute Abdomen: An Evaluation of the National Inpatient Sample.

Background: Tuberculosis can cause acute abdominal pathology requiring operation. While most cases of tuberculosis resolve with appropriate anti-mycobacterial therapy, a surgical procedure still ma...
The effect of CSR expectancy violation: value from expectancy violation theory and confirmation bias

This study applies expectancy violation theory and confirmation bias to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) context to explore how consumers respond to a corporation’s CSR activities. A 2 (CS...
Identification and Prioritization of Factors Affecting the Overall Project Cost of Healthcare Facilities

AbstractPlanning for the delivery of a healthcare facility requires the management of a complex array of data variables that affect the development of the project scope and its cost estimate. The t...
Migration and Immigration: Donald E. Klingner

Migrations drive our increasingly global society and economy. While all countries secure their borders through immigration law, nationalist politicians also use “homeland security” as a dog whistle...