cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young children pronounce object words more accurately than action words.

Young children's productions of novel words serving as names of objects and actions were compared. Although the object and action names were matched according to consonant and syllable structure, accurate production of newly emerging consonants was greater for the object words for each of the measures used: spontaneous production and unsolicited imitation during the word exposure sessions, and responses to production probes administered during and following the exposure sessions. These findings are attributed to the fact that action words have greater semantic complexity than object words, and that the increased processing requirements involved in referring to actions reduce the capacity to use newly developing sounds in these words.
Pyruvate kinase: activation by and catalytic role of the monovalent and divalent cations.

This mini review is primarily concerned with the monovalent and divalent cation activation of pyruvate kinase. All preparations of pyruvate kinase from vertebrate tissue which have been examined require monovalent cations such as K+ for catalysis. However, several microbial preparations are not activated by monovalent cations. In fact,E. coli synthesizes depending on growth conditions, 2 different forms of the enzyme; one form is not activated while the other is activated by monovalent cations. The monovalent cation was shown by NMR techniques to bind within 4–8 A of the divalent cation activat or and apparently plays a direct role in the catalytic process. As with all kinases, pyruvate kinase requires a divalent cation for catalysis. Mg+2 is optimal for the physiological reaction, however, Co+2, Mn+2, and Ni+2 also activate. The divalent cation activation of several non-physiological reactions catalyzed by pyruvate kinase are reviewed. Several lines of evidence suggest that 2 moles of the divalent cation are required in the catalytic event. However, the specific role of both atoms in the catalytic event have not been thoroughly elucidated.
The Effect of Penicillin on Multiplying and Nonmultiplying Populations of Sensitive and Resistant Strains of Feline Pneumonitis Virus

The production of a penicillin-resistant strain of feline pneumonitis virus by repeated passage in the yolk sacs of chick embryos treated with penicillin was described in a previous report (Moulder, McCormack, Gogolak, Zebovitz, and Itatani, 1955). In the presence of sufficient penicillin to protect completely embryos inoculated with the parent virus, the resistant virus grew at one-half the normal rate and killed all
Delinquency and Non-Reservation American Indians: The Role of Unique and General Predictors of Interpersonal and Property Offending

Using a sample of 382 American Indian public high school students, we compare unique (Native traditionalism) and general (parental control and self-control) influences on interpersonal and property delinquency. Results indicate that these 3 predictors more or less independently predict each form of delinquency, suggesting that non-reservation American Indian delinquency is the product of both unique and general influences. Contrary to expectations and most research on reservation delinquency, greater identification with Native traditions is associated with heightened delinquency among our non-reservation respondents. Theoretical and policy implication are discussed relative to the lack of empirical research on non-reservation American Indians as well as the lack of etiological research on the sources of non-substance use delinquency among American Indians, reservation or otherwise.
ELM activity during limiter H-modes on TFTR

Abstract MHD activity at the plasma edge is studied during limiter H-modes. The ELMs are observed as large drops in the edge density and temperature, and are also clearly observed on the Mirnov coils and soft X-ray signals, during the H-mode phase. The ELMs are found to have a precursor instability dominated by an m/n = 1/0 mode at ~100–500 kHz. Simultaneously, a burst of hot electrons is observed to originate about 20 cm inside the plasma and propagate to the plasma edge. The burst of Dα emission may be triggered by the arrival of the hot electrons at the limiter surface.
Technical comment on: “On the stochastic theory of solute transport by unsteady and steady groundwater flow in heterogeneous aquifers”, by M.L. Kavvas and A. Karakas (Journal of Hydrology Vol. 179 (1996) 321–351)

Abstract In this note, we demonstrate that statements made in a recent paper by Kavvas and Karakas (1996) (J. Hydrol., 179: 321–351), concerning the assumptions underlying the stochastic model of solute transport in spatially-heterogeneous aquifers developed by Kabala and Sposito (1991) (Water Resour. Res., 25: 341–350), are incorrect.
Constraining non-gaussianities in WMAP1 and WMAP2

Abstract We measure the 2-1 cumulant correlator power spectrum, a degenerate three-point statistic or integrated bispectrum, from the WMAP first and three year data releases (WMAP1 and WMAP2, respectively). We present a method of estimating these statistics using the pseudo- C l -based SpICE estimator. We interpret the measurements in a maximum likelihood framework using theoretical predictions based on the simplest f NL model. All calculations are repeated on Monte Carlo simulations to obtain covariance matrices of our measurements. Application of the theory of random matrices revealed that the experimental covariances are consistent with a random matrix approximation. Finally, our χ 2 analysis yields f NL = 22 ± 52(1 σ ) from WMAP2.
Characterization of in situ stress conditions at depth-homestake mine, lead, South Dakota

Abstract Determining the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses is one of the most critical factors in designing underground excavations and choosing ground support systems. Generally as mining progresses deeper, in situ stress plays a significant role in design considerations. In an effort to further characterize the rock mass in the deep levels of the Homestake Mine, researchers from the Spokane Research Center have completed overcore, i.e. stress relief, measurements using the Bureau of Mines-developed borehole deformation gage. The Homestake Mine geology is comprised of three main geologic formations (Homestake, Ellison, and Poorman) each with distinct material properties. The drill site was chosen in an attempt to collect all the stress relief data in the ore-bearing Homestake formation alone. However, as drilling progressed, overcore measurements were taken in two different rock types and across a geologic contact. This paper examines the effects of variable geology on stress determinations and compares these recent stress measurements and field observations with other in situ measurements collected in previous research investigations at the mine.
High school student satisfaction and perceptions of the school environment

Abstract The satisfaction of high school students was studied using an adaptation of reinforcement theory. An instrument entitled Students and Their Schools was developed to assess the perceived availability and value of 35 different academic and interpersonal dimensions of the high school environment and student satisfaction with these areas. This was distributed to 411 students in two city and three suburban public high schools. Availability of resources alone is more highly related to satisfaction than their value. Small but consistent differences were found between male and female students, with suburban females reporting lower levels of availability and satisfaction but higher value ratings than other students. City students have higher levels of satisfaction, but lower levels of value, than suburban students. Most of the differences concerned academic aspects of school and interactions with administrators and faculty. If students perceive a high availability of rewarding aspects of their school environment, they report higher levels of satisfaction with school. Thus, an adaptation of reinforcement theory can be used as an empirical measure of student satisfaction with school.
Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by ganglioside GM4

Guinea pigs inoculated with a mixture of myelin basic protein and the myelin-specific ganglioside, sialosylgalactosylceramide (GM4), do not develop the signs or neuropathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The results indicate that GM4 cloaks the basic protein molecule so that it is no longer immunopathogenic in these animals. The interaction of basic protein with GM4, previously shown in vitro, appears to be relevant to the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.
EVALUATION OF SEVERAL REDUCED-RISK INSECTICIDES IN COMBINATION WITH AN ACTION THRESHOLD FOR MANAGING LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS OF COLE CROPS IN ALABAMA

Abstract Several reduced-risk insecticides were evaluated for management of three lepidopteran cole crop pests, Plutella xylostella (L.), Pieris rapae (L.), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) in central Alabama in 2004 (spring and fall plantings) and 2005 (spring only). The following formulated sprays were evaluated: Dipel® (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kursatki), XenTari® (B. thuringiensis subspecies aizawai), Dipel+XenTari (a premixed test formulation consisting of both subspecies of B. thuringiensis), Entrust® (a formulation of spinosad for use in organic crop production), and Novaluron (insect growth regulator). Variations in the populations of the three pest species were recorded from season to season with pest pressure being generally higher in both spring seasons than in the fall season. While moderate to high populations of P. xylostella and P. rapae were recorded in all three seasons, T. ni was detected only in spring 2005. An action threshold of 0.5 cabbage looper equivalents (CLE) per plant was ...
PURE SUBNORMAL OPERATORS HAVE CYCLIC ADJOINTS

Abstract We shall prove that a pure subnormal operator has a cyclic adjoint. This answers a question raised by J. Deddens and W. Wogen in 1976. We first prove that a subnormal operatorSon a Hilbert space H has a cyclic adjoint if and only if there exists a compactly supported Borel measureμin the complex plane and a one-to-one linear mapA: H →L2(μ) such thatAS=NμAwhereNμ=MzonL2(μ) . Second, we show that for any pure subnormal operatorS, there exists a one-to-one map intertwiningSand a *-cyclic normal operator. This technique of intertwining is also used to give new proofs of some known results on the cyclicity of adjoints. An application of the main result shows that every pure subnormal operator has a matrix representation that is “almost” lower triangular.
Assessing the impact of cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: will determining the mechanism reduce this injury?

Abstract Background . Central nervous system dysfunction continues to produce significant morbidity and associated mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Using a closed-chest canine cardiopulmonary bypass model, dogs underwent 2 h of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) at 18°C, followed by resuscitation and recovery for 3 days. Animals were assessed functionally by a species-specific behavioral scale, histologically for patterns of selective neuronal necrosis, biochemically by analysis of microdialysis effluent, and by receptor autoradiography for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subtype expression. Results . Using a selective NMDA (glutamate) receptor antagonist (MK801) and an AMPA antagonist (NBQX), glutamate excitotoxicity in the development of HCA-induced brain injury was documented and validated. A microdialysis technique was employed to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in neuronal cell death. Arginine plus oxygen is converted to NO plus citrulline (CIT) by the action of NO synthase (nNOS). CIT recovery in the cerebrospinal fluid and from canine cortical homogenates increased during HCA and reperfusion. These studies demonstrated that neurotoxicity after HCA involves a significant and early induction of nNOS expression, and neuronal processes leading to widespread augmentation of NO production in the brain. To further investigate the production of excitatory amino acids in the brain, we hypothesized the following scenario: HCA→ ↑ glutamate, ↑ aspartate, ↑ glycine→ ↑ intracellular Ca 2+ → ↑ NO + CIT. Using the same animal preparation, we demonstrated that HCA caused increased intracerebral glutamate and aspartate that persists up to 20 h post-HCA. HCA also resulted in CIT (NO) production, causing a continued and delayed neurologic injury. Confirmatory evidence of the role of NO was demonstrated by a further experiment using a specific nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole. Animals underwent 2 h of HCA, and then were evaluated both physiologically and for NO production. 7-Nitroindazole reduced CIT (NO) production by 58.4 ± 28.3%. In addition, dogs treated with this drug had superior neurologic function compared with untreated HCA controls. Conclusions . These experiments have documented the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in neurologic injury and have implicated NO as a significant neurotoxin causing necrosis and apoptosis. Continued research into the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in cerebral injury will eventually yield a safe and reliable neuroprotectant strategy. Specific interventional agents will include glutamate receptor antagonists and specific neuronal NO synthase inhibitors.
Engineering a multifunctional scaffold for spinal cord repair

The goal of this project is to create an nondegradable scaffold that would serve as a mechanical stabilization, a drug delivery device and a protected environment for the regeneration of neurons and blood vessels post spinal cord injury. The proposed scaffold would be made from a copolymer of HEMA and PEG. Degradable microparticles loaded with therapeutic proteins to promote regeneration of neurons and blood vessels would be incorporated into the scaffold. The microparticles allow a controlled, sustainable release of these proteins. Preliminary work has shown that the protein-loaded microparticles have been successfully entrapped into the hydrogel matrix and tailoring of the mechanical properties can be achieved by varying the water content during polymerization. Gels ranging from 70-75% water match the compressive modulus of the spinal cord gray matter when made via redox imitated free radical polymerization. Addition of microparticles to the polymerization mixture creates an edge effect making the mechanical properties of the gel drastically different. The ability of the scaffold synthesis to adapt to match the mechanical properties of the gray matter is crucial in its realizability as an implant. Other factors being investigated are the bio compatibility of the polymers and the release profiles of the therapeutic proteins.
Symmetry analysis for the Ruddlesden-Popper systems Ca 3 Mn 2 O 7 and Ca 3 Ti 2 O 7

We perform a symmetry analysis of the zero-temperature instabilities of the tetragonal phase of Ca${}_{3}$Mn${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ and Ca${}_{3}$Ti${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ which is stable at high temperature. We introduce order parameters to characterize each of the possible lattice distortions to construct a Landau free energy which elucidates the proposed group-subgroup relations for structural transitions in these systems. We include the coupling between the unstable distortion modes and the macroscopic strain tensor. We also analyze the symmetry of the dominantly antiferromagnetic ordering which allows weak ferromagnetism. We show that in this phase the weak ferromagnetic moment and the spontaneous ferroelectric polarization are coupled, so that by rotating one of these orderings by applying an external electric or magnetic field one can rotate the other ordering. We discuss the number of different domains (including phase domains) which exist in each of the phases and indicate how these may be observed. First-principles calculations of Yildirim corroborate our assertion that domain walls in the nonferroelectric phase are narrow.
Disparate Academic Environments: An Emergent Framework of Socialization

Twenty-four graduate associate and/or full professors from four disparate academic environments were interviewed on the salient attributes they emphasize and reinforce to their graduate students in socializing them to the professional norms of their respective academic discipline. Qualitative research methodology was utilized to assess and understand the socialization mechanisms and processes of graduate students within disparate academic environments. The results of the study have produced a new theoretical framework for understanding the differential patterns of student learning and development as a result of students’ collegiate experience. Key words: Academic Environments, Graduate Education, Faculty, Students, Professional Socialization, and Socialization
Atrial Tachycardia Originating From a Donor Pulmonary Vein in a Lung Transplant Recipient

Cardiac transplantation carries a known risk of atrial arrhythmias. We present an unusual case and discuss the mechanism of an atrial arrhythmia arising from a donor pulmonary vein in a lung transplant recipient. A 59-year-old white woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, and hypertension underwent bilateral lung transplantation in 2005 because of end stage cystic fibrosis. She had no prior history of arrhythmias or structural heart disease. At the time of bilateral lung transplantation, the donor's pulmonary veins along with the surrounding left atrial cuff were sewn to the corresponding area of the recipient's left atrium. Subsequently, in 2006, she developed episodes of …
Simulation Verification and Validation by Dynamic Policy Enforcement

This paper presents a new verification and validation (V&V) technique for simulation using dynamic policy enforcement. Constraints are formally specified as policies, and they will be used to check whether simulation satisfies these policies at runtime. This paper also proposes a development framework where policies are developed along with system development and V&V. Once policies are extracted from requirements and specified in a policy specification language, the rest of the development work is automatically performed by the tools in the framework. Both security requirements and functional requirements can be specified as policies and dynamically enforced during the simulation. An automated tool is available for policy specification and enforcement, and it is fully integrated with the simulation infrastructure. This paper also presents a sample system that is modeled and simulated, and policies are used to verify and validate the system model. The paper also discusses the overhead imposed to perform this kind of automated policy-based V&V compared to the hard-coded implementation of the same approach.
A receiver front-end with variable-gain control for WiMAX applications

A receiver front-end for WiMAX applications has been designed and fabricated on 90-nm CMOS technique. The front-end circuit covers the frequency range from 2.3GHz to 2.7GHz. In this design, the components included a single-to-differential low-noise amplifier (LNA), demodulator, a divided-by-2 circuit, and buffers. The LNA, with a variable-gain control, respects the input-signal power to match the specific requirement of linearity. This LNA structure can avoid the signal distortion caused by insufficiency of linearity. As for demodulator, it consists of a gm-stage (transconductor amplifier), a passive mixer, and a transimpedance amplifier. This demodulator adopts a current-mode structure to overcome transfer-power loss resulted from voltage transfer. The receiver front-end provides variable-gain range from 4dB to 30dB. The maximum gain and noise figure of this circuit achieve 30dB and 4.5dB, respectively. The chip consumes 22mW from a 1.2-V power supply.
National Airspace Sector Occupancy and Conflict Analysis Models for Evaluating Scenarios under the Free-Flight Paradigm

Free-Flight is a paradigm of aircraft operations that permits the selection of more cost-effective routes for flights rather than simple traversals between designated way-points, from various origins to different destinations. In this paper, we consider the effect of this paradigm on sector workloads and potential conflicts or collision risks, based on current and projected levels of commercial air traffic. To accomplish this task, we first develop an Airspace Sector Occupancy Model (AOM) that identifies the occupancies of flights within three-dimensional (possibly nonconvex) regions of space called sectors, by utilizing an iterative procedure to trace each flight's progress through sector modules, that constitute the sectors. Next, we develop an Aircraft Encounter Model (AEM), which uses the information obtained from AOM to efficiently estimate the number and nature of blind-conflicts (i.e., conflicts under no avoidance or resolution maneuvers) resulting from a selected mix of flight plans. Besides identifying the existence of a conflict, AEM also provides useful information on the severity of the conflict and its geometry, such as the faces across which an intruder enters and exits the protective shell or envelope of another aircraft, the duration of intrusion, its relative heading, and the point of closest approach. For purposes of evaluation and assessment, we also develop a metric that provides a summary of the conflicts in terms of severities and difficulty of resolution. Finally, we apply these models to real data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for evaluating several Free-Flight scenarios under wind-optimized conditions. This study constitutes the first phase of a project undertaken by a joint FAA/Eurocontrol Collision Risk Modeling Group to develop tasks for investigating air traffic control strategies and related workload and collision risk consequences under various scenarios. Follow-on work will incorporate pilot blunders, random deviations, and air traffic control man-in-the-loop maneuvers within the context of the Free-Flight paradigm, using the basic tools developed in the present study.
Enhanced expression of membrane proteins in E. coli with a P BAD promoter mutant: synergies with chaperone pathway engineering strategies

Membrane proteins (MPs) populate 20-30% of genomes sequenced to date and hold potential as therapeutic targets as well as for practical applications in bionanotechnology. However, MP toxicity and low yields in normally robust expression hosts such as E. coli has curtailed progress in our understanding of their structure and function. Using the seven transmembrane segments H. turkmenica deltarhodopsin (HtdR) as a reporter, we isolated a spontaneous mutant in the arabinose-inducible PBAD promoter leading to improved cell growth and a twofold increase in the recovery of active HtdR at 37°C. A single transversion in a conserved region of the cyclic AMP receptor protein binding site caused the phenotype by reducing htdR transcript levels by 65%. When the mutant promoter was used in conjunction with a host lacking the molecular chaperone Trigger Factor (Δtig cells), toxicity was further suppressed and the amount of correctly folded HtdR was 4-fold that present in the membranes of control cells. More importantly, while improved growth barely compensated for the reduction in transcription rates when another polytopic membrane protein (N. pharonis sensory rhodopsin II) was expressed under control of the mutant promoter in wild type cells, a 4-fold increase in productivity could be achieved in a Δtig host. Our system, which combines a downregulated version of the tightly repressed PBAD promoter with a TF-deficient host may prove a valuable alternative to T7-based expression for the production of membrane proteins that have so far remained elusive targets.
Reengineering Comes To the Nonprofit Sector: A Case Study of Goodwill Industries of the Laurel Highlands Incorporated

The purpose of this study was to investigate how a not-for-profit company approaches reengineering and adopts the principles of business process redesign. Goodwill Industries of the Laurel Highlands Incorporated (GILHI) was the company chosen for the case study. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews with five GILHI executives. Observation and company documentation were also sources of data. Analysis of the data helped the authors to enumerate several lessons that other not-for-profit organizations can follow to benefit from GILHI's experiences. Hopefully, this study will also benefit academics, by illustrating the importance of in-depth case study research on a dynamic and complex phenomenon such as reengineering. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
Relation of effectiveness of intracoronary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction to systemic thrombolytic state

Twenty-nine patients received intracoronary thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction 3.5 +/- 1.4 hours (mean +/- standard deviation) after the onset of pain. Ten patients received urokinase (UK) and 19 patients received streptokinase (SK). Laboratory variables of the coagulation system were measured before and immediately after therapy. When comparing patients in whom coronary artery recanalization occurred vs those in whom the artery remained occluded, those in whom recanalization was achieved had greater alterations in fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products and plasminogen by thrombolytic therapy than did those in whom recanalization was not achieved (p less than 0.05 for all variables). Euglobulin lysis time showed a similar but nonsignificant trend (p = 0.114). Patients who received SK showed markedly greater alterations in coagulation parameters than did patients treated with UK (p less than 0.05 for 5 of 6 variables measured) and had a much higher incidence of successful thrombolysis (74% for SK, 20% for UK). These data indicate that the development of a systemic fibrinolytic state contributes to success when using intracoronary thrombolytic agents in acute myocardial infarction. Rather than being considered an adverse effect of therapy, a systemic lytic state may serve as a reasonable clinical goal in attempting to produce thrombolysis.
Embedding of meshes on rotator graphs

A set of directed permutation graphs called rotator graphs were proposed as an alternative to the star and pancake graphs for multiprocessor interconnection networks. The rotator graphs have a smaller diameter than star and pancake graphs for the same number of nodes, while sharing the properties of star, pancake, and binary hypercubes like maximal fault tolerance, partitionability, etc. In this paper we develop a class of algorithms for recognizing undirected mesh structures in n-rotator graphs. The average dilation of the embeddings are very low as compared to the dilation of the embedding. These embeddings will be very useful for regular computations with bi-directional requirements, in addition to the irregular computations in n-rotator graphs. Most of the results presented here equally apply to another set of directed Cayley graphs, the cycle prefix digraphs. >
Molecular prognostic markers for adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disorder that results from a block in the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells along with uncontrolled proliferation. In approximately 60% of cases, specific recurrent chromosomal aberrations can be identified by modern cytogenetic techniques. This cytogenetic information is the single most important tool to classify patients at their initial diagnosis into three prognostic categories: favorable, intermediate, and poor risk. Currently, favorable risk AML patients are usually treated with contemporary chemotherapy while poor risk AML patients receive allogeneic stem cell transplantation if suitable stem cell donors exist. The largest subgroup of AML patients (~40%) have no identifiable cytogenetic abnormalities and are classified as intermediate risk. The optimal therapeutic strategies for these patients are still largely unclear. Recently, it is becoming increasingly evident that it is possible to identify a subgroup of poorer risk patients among those with normal cytogenic AML (NC-AML). Molecular risk stratification for NC-AML patients may be possible due to mutations of NPM1, FLT3, MLL, and CEBPα as well as alterations in expression levels of BAALC, MN1, ERG, and AF1q. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm if poorer risk NC-AML patients have improved clinical outcomes after more aggressive therapy.
'Sticky spots' and subglacial lakes under ice streams of the Siple Coast, Antarctica

Locations of subglacial lakes discovered under fast-moving West Antarctic ice streams tend to be associated with topographic features of the subglacial bed or with areas that have strong variations in basal conditions. Inversion of ice-stream surface velocity indicates that basal conditions under ice streams can be highly variable and that there can be widespread regions where basal traction is high. To seek an explanation for why lakes appear to be sited near areas with high basal traction, we use numerical models to simulate ice-stream dynamics, thermodynamics and subglacial water flow. We demonstrate that the ice flow over high basal traction areas produces favourable conditions for the ponding of meltwater. Energy dissipation associated with ice sliding over a region with high basal traction constitutes a water source supplying a lake, and ice-thickness perturbations induced by ice flow over variable traction create local minima in hydraulic potential. Variations in thermodynamic processes caused by such ice flow could be responsible for limiting the horizontal extent of the subglacial lakes.
9.3 KDa components of the injected venom of Conus purpurascens define a new five‐disulfide conotoxin framework

The 83-residue conopeptide (p21a) and its corresponding nonhydroxylated analog were isolated from the injected venom of Conus purpurascens. The complete conopeptide sequences were derived from Edman degradation sequencing of fragments from tryptic, chymotryptic and cyanogen bromide digestions, p21a has a unique, 10-cystine/5-disulfide 7-loop framework with extended 10-residue N-terminus and a 5-residue C-terminus tails, respectively. p21a has a 48% sequence homology with a recently described 13-cystine conopeptide, con-ikot-ikot, isolated from the dissected venom of the fish-hunting snail Conus striatus. However, unlike con-ikot-ikot, p21a does not form a dimer of dimers. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry suggests that p21a may form a noncovalent dimer. p21a is an unusually large conotoxin and in so far is the largest isolated from injected venom. p21a provides evidence that the Conus venom arsenal includes larger molecules that are directly injected into the prey. Therefore, cone snails can utilize toxins that are comparable in size to the ones commonly found in other venomous animals.
Shake It Up! What's Going On?

This is the case of a 4-year-old girl who presented to the emergency department with acute development of seizures and respiratory failure. The patient had sustained full thickness burns a few days prior covering 20% total body surface area. She was treated with home topical therapies including a lidocaine containing gel. She had resultant lidocaine toxicity and hyponatremic, hypochloremic dehydration. This case report reviews the differential diagnosis of decreased mental status and seizures. The patient's diagnoses of lidocaine toxicity, full thickness burns, dehydration, and child abuse are discussed. Lidocaine toxicity is reviewed including mechanism of action, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
Anesthesiologists' practice patterns for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the ambulatory Post Anesthesia Care Unit.

When patients are asked what they find most anxiety provoking about having surgery, the top concerns almost always include postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Only until recently have there been any published recommendations, mostly derived from expert opinion, as to which regimens to use once a patient develops PONV. The goal of this study was to assess the responses to a written survey to address the following questions: 1) If no prophylaxis is administered to an ambulatory patient, what agent do anesthesiologists use for treatment of PONV in the ambulatory Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)?; 2) Do anesthesiologists use non-pharmacologic interventions for PONV treatment?; and 3) If a PONV prophylaxis agent is administered during the anesthetic, do anesthesiologists choose an antiemetic in a different class for treatment? A questionnaire with five short hypothetical clinical vignettes was mailed to 300 randomly selected USA anesthesiologists. The types of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for PONV treatment were analyzed. The questionnaire was completed by 106 anesthesiologists (38% response rate), who reported that on average 52% of their practice was ambulatory. If a patient develops PONV and received no prophylaxis, 67% (95% CI, 62% – 79%) of anesthesiologists reported they would administer a 5-HT3-antagonist as first choice for treatment, with metoclopramide and dexamethasone being the next two most common choices. 65% (95% CI, 55% – 74%) of anesthesiologists reported they would also use non-pharmacologic interventions to treat PONV in the PACU, with an IV fluid bolus or nasal cannula oxygen being the most common. When PONV prophylaxis was given during the anesthetic, the preferred PONV treatment choice changed. Whereas 3%–7% of anesthesiologists would repeat dose metoclopramide, dexamethasone, or droperidol, 26% (95% confidence intervals, 18% – 36%) of practitioners would re-dose the 5-HT3-antagonist for PONV treatment. 5-HT3-antagonists are the most common choice for treatment of established PONV for outpatients when no prophylaxis is used, and also following prophylactic regimens that include a 5HT3 antagonist, regardless of the number of prophylactic antiemetics given. Whereas 3% – 7% of anesthesiologists would repeat dose metoclopramide, dexamethasone, or droperidol, 26% of practitioners would re-dose the 5-HT3-antagonist for PONV treatment.
Batf3-dependent dendritic cells are essential for development of diabetes in the NOD strain of mouse (BA7P.145)

Little is known about the early events that instigate autoimmune diabetogenesis. To understand these initiating events, we examined the early antigen presenting cells (APCs) within the islets of Langerhans in the NOD mouse. Islets contain a set of resident macrophages that are long lived and positioned next to blood vessels. We found, concurrent with T cell entry, a small subset of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) belonging to the Batf3-dependent lineage of DCs entering the islets during the early stages of diabetes. These DCs increase in the islets over the course of the disease paralleling the increase of T cells. In order to further investigate the function of these DCs during diabetes, we backcrossed the Batf3 deficient mouse to the NOD strain. These Batf3 deficient NOD mice displayed no diabetes when followed for over a year. No lymphocytic infiltration into the islets, innate or adaptive, was observed during their lifetime. Further examination showed that antigens presented to CD8+ T cells were absent, in conjunction with a reduction in antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells, in the draining lymph nodes. Finally, NOD.Rag1-/- bone marrow reconstitution rescued the CD103+ DCs and T cell infiltration to the islets. The reconstitution illustrates that Batf3 deficient T cells were intrinsically capable of being diabetic and confirms the necessity of the CD103+ DC lineage in diabetogensis. In sum, the CD103+DC controls the initiation of autoimmune diabetes.
Primal-Dual methods for sparse constrained matrix completion

We develop scalable algorithms for regular and non-negative matrix completion. In particular, we base the methods on trace-norm regularization that induces a low rank predicted matrix. The regularization problem is solved via a constraint generation method that explicitly maintains a sparse dual and the corresponding low rank primal solution. We provide a new dual block coordinate descent algorithm for solving the dual problem with a few spectral constraints. Empirical results illustrate the eectiveness
Metastatic basal cell carcinoma - A dramatic case

Metastatic basal cell carcinoma (MBCC) is extremely rare, with an incidence of 0.0028% to 0.1%. Typical lesions are large, ulcerated, neglected, refractory to treatment and occur more commonly in m...
Structure and Function of MFG-E8: A Novel Apical Membrane Protein of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has proven to be an excellent source of cell surface glycoproteins that are useful markers for breast tumor diagnosis (1–3). Most studies have focused on the large mucin-like protein PEM, that is a dominant antigen on human milk fat globule membranes and the plasma membrane of breast tumor cells (4–6). Because of the remarkable immogenicity of PEM, little attention has been placed on other components of the milk fat globule membrane, although early studies demonstrated that some of the other, smaller glycoproteins had considerable potential as markers for tumor diagnosis (7).
Grand Challenges for the Scientific Study of Aging

The demographic transition that began at the end of the eighteenth century saw dramatic reductions in infant and child mortality, accompanied by declining fertility. Both trends resulted in populations whose stable dynamics imply much older populations. Moreover, the enormous success at defeating infant mortality has left very little room for further improvements to have much quantitative effect on life expectancy. The demographic transition of the recent past and long-term future is one in which adult and especially older-age mortality and morbidity will be the main stage for large changes in population dynamics. These two features - population aging as a social-demographic fact, and individual aging as a target for health improvement - pose the grand challenges for behavioral science I wish to address.
Commonality as a mediator of priming: changes in word associations according to characteristics of a pretask and associative strength.

Commonality, the tendency to respond to word-association stimuli with primary or popular responses, seems to be a reliable verbal trait. Peterson and Jenkins (1957) found more consistent, stable, and independent word clusters in the high-commonality S, more variable verbal chaining in the low-commonality S. Canestrari (1966) found that, regardless of S's age, hi&-commonality Ss learned high-strength paired associates faster, low-commonaliry Ss, low-strength pairs. In the present study, priming was compared for highand low-commonality Ss. Priming (recency) measures che increased occurrence on an association test of specified associates which have just been presented in a prerask (Storms, 1958); it may reflect latent response tendencies. Previously reported data (Segal, 1966, in press a, in press b) were rescored to compare priming in highand low-commonality Ss depending on (a) usual associative strength of the specified pair, and ( b ) nature of the pretask. Method.-Ss were 1267 psychology students at Brooklyn College and New York University. They were all glven a "pretask" to preactivate 14 key associares, then an association test containing ( a ) 14 stimuli known to elicit rhe key words and ( b ) 21 words with a high-strength primary response. Thirty different groups were tested with variants of this procedure using different pretasks or different sets of the 14 word-pairs. The prerasks included: ( a ) learning 14 words, ( b ) matching 14 words against a matrix of geometric shapes, (c) associating to 14 words, (d ) solving an analogies test which used 14 words and 35 other irrelevant words. The norm frequencies of the 14 preactivared words as associates to the 1-i cues ranged from .03 to 2.31. Resrrlrs.-Ss who gave 10 c~r more primary associares to the 21 stimuli were grouped as high-commonality Ss, those who gave 9 or less as low-commonality Ss. The priming measure was the number of preactivatecl words associated to the 14 cue stimuli, after S's response rate for 14 matched wo~ds (equal norm frequency) was subtracted. The matched words controlled both for the norm frequency of the word pairs and for any response bias of an individual S. Table 1 reports priming for highand low-commonality Ss as a function of norm associative strength. As anticipated, low-commonality Ss reveal more priming wich very low-strength associates, high-commonality Ss, with high-srrengrh associates. The table also shows the effects of the pretaslr, that high-commonaliry Ss are less variable and excel where the word is activated in an explicitly associative context and on the analogy test where semantic associations provide the task solution. Low-commonaliry Ss are more variable and are favored in the intentional and incidental learning tasks.
The Time Relations of the Infiltrating Cells in Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

The various phases of poliomyelitis have been studied in the human subject, and experimentally in animals. Investigations reported from the laboratories of Rockefeller Institute are notable. Comparatively recent and very complete is the work done by the committee of investigation on the New York epidemic of 1907, and also that directed by the Massachusett3 state board of health in 1910 and 1911. My work has had for its special object the determination of the time at which the different types of infiltrating cells are most evident in the lesions of the spinal cord. Material was available from 2 sets of experiments on monkeys, experiments in which the time of inoculation, and of onset of symptoms (in the greater number) were recorded. Twenty-two cases of the series were in animals used by Dr. H. J. Rosenau, and an additional 17 cases in animals used for work on poliomyelitis by Dr. H. C. Low of Boston. The animals of the 1st group were infected by subdural injection of an emulsion of the virus contained in the spinal cord of monkeys that had died of poliomyelitis. Those of the 2nd group were injected variously?with emulsion of the spinal cord of human poliomyelitis, with material from the nasal mucous membrane of patients during the disease, and with Emulsion M. A. (Flexner and Lewis). Regardless of the different sources of the virus, similar results were obtained in all cases.
Application of the Detection of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infant Nutritive Rickets

[Objective]To evaluate the application value of bone alkaline phosphatase detection in the early diagnosis and treatment of infant/children nutritive rickets. [Methods]BALP reagent box was used to detect 1517 infants and children; recheck was made on the infants and children who were found with abnormal result in the BALP detection; BALP vale was observed.[ Results]The detection rate (BALP200 U/L) was 73.5%; the abnormal detection rate was 35.4% with BALP250 U/L as the clinical diagnosis limit; the effective rate of vitamin D intake was 79.9% among the 134 cases. [Conclusion] BALP detection has important clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of infant/children nutritive rickets.
Does the immune response play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease

The pathogenesis and perpetuation of hepatocellular injury in chronic inflammatory liver disease is still unclear. Several pieces of circumstantial evidence point to the importance of antigen-specific immune responses. In chronic hepatitis B virus infection, the hepatitis B virus nucleoprotein appears to be a major target antigen for both helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, several autoantibodies have been identified that are associated with different disease subgroups and that may be helpful to distinguish this form of chronic active hepatitis from that caused by non-A, non-B agents. In primary biliary cirrhosis, antimitochondrial antibodies are almost invariably present and have now been characterized at the molecular level.
Review: Project Japan: Metabolism Talks … by Rem Koolhaas and Hans Ulrich Obrist; Kayoko Ota and James Westcott, eds.; Metaborisumu nekusasu by Hajime Yatsuka; Metabolism: The City of the Future; Dreams and Visions of Reconstruction in Postwar and Present-Day Japan by Mori Art Museum

Rem Koolhaas and Hans Ulrich Obrist; Kayoko Ota and James Westcott, eds. Project Japan: Metabolism Talks … Cologne: Taschen GmbH, 2011, 720 pp. US$59.99, ISBN 9783836525084 (English) Hajime Yatsuka Metaborisumu nekusasu Tokyo: Ohmsha, 2011, 466 pp., 170 b/w illus. ¥6,300, ISBN 9784274210112 (Japanese) Mori Art Museum Metabolism: The City of the Future; Dreams and Visions of Reconstruction in Postwar and Present-Day Japan Tokyo: Mori Art Museum and Shinkenchiku-Sha Co. Ltd., 2011, 336 pp., 269 color and 319 b/w and sepia illus. Japanese ed. ¥4,800, English ed. ¥6,300, ISBN 9784786902345 (Japanese), 9784904700259 (English) Three recent books on Japan’s mid-twentieth-century Metabolist movement demonstrate how differing source materials yield new insights into important architectural moments. That the authors were able to develop new perspectives regarding one of the first truly media-aware architectural movements—concerning practitioners who have, over the past half century, reaped major international awards and published numerous books on their work and thinking—shows what can be revealed by moving beyond disciplinary conventions. Rem Koolhaas spearheaded a multilingual team of researchers, interviewers, and photographers who produced the most fascinating of these three texts, a book that he explicitly and repeatedly argues should not be considered an architectural history. Instead, Project Japan: Metabolism Talks … is presented as an oral history. Drawing on his early years as a journalist, Koolhaas, with Hans Ulrich Obrist, traveled to Japan in 2005 and 2008 to sound out Metabolism’s surviving protagonists on their recollection of Japan’s heady postwar era. The resulting 720-page book features nine of these interviews laced with insightful commentary and sidebar quotes from others such as Charles Jencks, Hajime Yatsuka, Hiroshi Hara, and Toyo Ito.1 These comprise roughly a third of the text and are interspersed with essays and a wealth of graphic material: historical photographs and architectural drawings never before published in English; slick timelines, maps, and infographics designed for the book, allowing for rapid appreciation of denser points; and tiny, often illegible reprints of newspaper articles, government reports, and men’s and women’s style magazines, even a page from the Japanese-language Playboy . Metabolists Fumihiko Maki, Kisho Kurokawa, Kiyonori Kikutake, and Kenji (a.k.a. Genji) Ekuan have the strongest presence in these interviews, but the book also includes conversations with the editor of the 1960 Metabolist manifesto Noboru Kawazoe; “shadow Metabolist” Arata Isozaki; mentor Atsushi Shimokobe (who would emerge as a powerful bureaucrat in Japan’s central …
Sex differences in asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease incidence among the World Trade Center Health Program General Responder Cohort.

Background Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are two common conditions among the responders to the WTC attacks. This study examined whether the cumulative incidence rates of asthma and GERD differed by sex among 24,022 and 23,557 WTC responders, respectively. Methods Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the sex difference in the rate of onset of physician-diagnosed asthma or GERD, from 9/12/2001 through 12/31/2015. Results The cumulative incidence of asthma reached 23% for women and 17% for men by the end of 2015, and the cumulative incidence of GERD reached 45% for women and 38% for men. Comparing women to men, the hazard ratio was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27, 1.74) for asthma, and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.38) for GERD. Conclusions WTC general responders have a substantial burden of asthma and GERD, with higher incidence in women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:815–822, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.