cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: barriers to continued success.

Health care–associated infections often result in significant morbidity and mortality to affected patients and substantial financial cost to an overburdened health care system. Local, statewide, and national efforts have been conducted to eradicate central line–associated infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and urinary tract infections from inpatient and outpatient facilities. In the neonatal intensive care unit population, significant improvements have been made in many areas, but have been hindered in others by a lack of population-specific definitions, data, and guidelines for prevention and management. Therefore, more concerted efforts are needed in these areas for continued progress to occur.
Competition Between Caged Virgin Female Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Pheromone Traps for Capture of Released Males in a Semi-enclosed Courtyard

In a semi-enclosed courtyard, two Pherocon 1C traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromone of Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) caught 16, 32, and 49% fewer marked male A. citrana when in the presence of 5, 10, and 20 virgin female A. citrana caged in cardboard cylinders and housed in Pherocon 1C traps, respectively, than did controls with synthetic pheromone-baited traps only. Capture efficiencies of released marked males ranged from 27–53%. Competition coefficients of virgin females calculated at three female moth densities suggested that pheromone catch per trap per night may be reduced by 2.56–3.27% per competing female. These results indicate that calling virgin female A. citrana can significantly affect captures of male moths in synthetic pheromone-baited traps and, therefore, may influence moth phenology and density interpretations made from these types of monitoring data in the field.
Designing Computer Games to Teach Algorithms

Data structures and algorithms are important foundation topics in computer science education. However, they are often complex and hard to understand. Therefore, we introduce a new learning strategy that benefits from computer games’ popularity and engagement to help students understand algorithms better by designing computer games that visualize algorithms. To teach an algorithm, an educational computer game, namely an algorithm game, must have a game-play that simulates the behavior of the visualized algorithm and graphics depict the features of its data structure.
A capacity constrained multiobjective cell formation method

Abstract This study addresses a fundamental difficulty in designing cellular manufacturing (CM) systems, the cell formation problem. This problem has its strategic importance in that it affects the fundamental structure and overall layout of a CM system. A heuristic model is developed which assigns parts and machines to manufacturing cells while taking into account machine capacities, product routings, relevant costs, and several objectives of production systems. A full factorial experimental design is used to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the performance of the heursitic model. Large cell formation problems are solved with the heuristic model to further characterize the model with respect to solution characteristics and computer run time.
User Cost and the Demand for Housing Attributes

A number of studies have related changes in the demand for housing to changes in user cost. All have treated housing as a composite good rather than as a bundle of characteristics. We consider the effect of changing user cost on the demand for the component characteristics of owner-occupied housing, and, given information about the supply of the characteristics, we predict implicit price responses. An empirical test of our model indicates that reductions in user cost result in higher real prices for the non-replicable attributes of housing, examples being location and access to fixed amenities. In contrast, the price of attributes that are perfectly elastic in supply are not affected by changes in user costs. We conclude that the effects of changing user cost are not uniform across housing types and locations, thus generating the appearance of housing submarkets.
Contingencies of Self-Worth: Implications for Self-Regulation and Psychological Vulnerability

Contingencies of self-worth represent the domains in which success or failure leads to increases or decreases in self-esteem, respectively. Because people seek to protect, maintain, and enhance their self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth serve an important self-regulatory role; people seek out situations and engage in activities that provide opportunities for them to achieve success and avoid failure in domains on which their self-worth is staked. These contingencies also constitute an important psychological vulnerability, however. Successes and failures lead to greater increases and decreases in self-esteem when they occur in domains of contingency. These fluctuations of self-esteem, in turn, are associated with increases in depressive symptoms. Thus, the pursuit of self-esteem, while guiding much of our behavior, comes at considerable cost.
Distribution of tachykinin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers in the human thalamus.

Abstract Sections at regular intervals through the human thalamus and alternating with those used for histochemical and cytoarchitectonic analysis in the companion paper 34 , were stained immunocytochemically with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes tachykinins, including substance P, and with an antiserum against metenkephalin-arg-gly-leu (MERGL). Immunoreactivity for both types of molecule is found in fiber systems that enter the thalamus: (a) anteromedially, from the hypothalamus and prethalamic regions; (b) posterolaterally, from the midbrain tegmentum. No immunoreactive somata were observed in the thalamus. The chief nuclei in which dense, apparently terminal, ramifications of both sets of immunoreactive fibers are found include the posterior complex (Po, L and Sg), the intralaminar nuclei except the centre median, and a small nucleus tentatively identified as the nucleus submedius. It is significant that many of these nuclei have been implicated in pain phenomena, that most of them receive spinothalamic inputs, and that spinal cells at the origins of the tract are immunoreactive for substance P or metenkephalin. This study provides further evidence for the close similarity between nuclear delineation in the human and monkey thalami.
Stock Origins of Dolly Varden Collected from Beaufort Sea Coastal Sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada

Abstract Anadromous northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma support a summer subsistence fishery in Beaufort Sea coastal waters. These same waters coincide with areas of oil and gas exploration and development. The purpose of this study was to assess variation in stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from sites along 400 km of Beaufort Sea coast. Mixed-stock analyses (MSA) of allozyme data were used to compare collections from four sites (Endicott near Prudhoe Bay, Mikkelsen Bay, and Kaktovik in Alaska and Phillips Bay in Canada) and to assess variation in stock contributions among summer months and between 1987 and 1988. The MSA estimates for individual stocks were summed into estimates for three stock groups: western stocks from the area near Sagavarnirktok River and Prudhoe Bay (SAG), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge stocks (Arctic Refuge), and Canadian stocks. The MSA of Endicott samples taken in 1987 and 1988 did not differ among months in terms of contributions from local SAG stocks (range, 71–95%)....
FGFR3 Transmembrane Domain Interactions Persist in the Presence of Its Extracellular Domain

Abstract Isolated receptor tyrosine kinase transmembrane (TM) domains have been shown to form sequence-specific dimers in membranes. Yet, it is not clear whether studies of isolated TM domains yield knowledge that is relevant to full-length receptors or whether the large glycosylated extracellular domains alter the interactions between the TM helices. Here, we address this question by quantifying the effect of the pathogenic A391E TM domain mutation on the stability of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 dimer in the presence of the extracellular domain and comparing these results to the case of the isolated TM fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 domains. We perform the measurements in plasma membrane-derived vesicles using a Forster-resonance-energy-transfer-based method. The effect of the mutation on dimer stability in both cases is the same (∼−1.5 kcal/mol), suggesting that the interactions observed in simple TM-peptide model systems are relevant in a biological context.
The effect of LLLT on bone metabolism in children with severe cerebral palsy (a secondary publication)

Background and aims: It is said that the average frequency of bone fracture in hospitalized children with severe cerebral palsy (unable to remain seated) is 1% (0.2 to 2.0%). Cerebral palsy patients' bones are known to be vulnerable to fracture, and refractory bone atrophy may be observed. However, the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on bone density or bone metabolism has not been fully investigated. In recent years, tests for bone density or bone metabolism markers have become available. Material and methods: In this study, we evaluated changes in bone density and bone metabolism markers in 4 children with severe cerebral palsy who underwent LLLT for an average of 22 days. Results: B-ALP, a marker of ossification, increased 1 month after the start of irradiation in 3 of the 4 subjects and returned to a level close to the pre-irradiation level 2 months after the start of irradiation. In the remaining subjects in whom B-ALP failed to increase, B-ALP had been low before irradiation. Urinary N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) levels, a marker of bone resorption, decreased in 3 of the 4 subjects after the start of irradiation and remained low even 10 months later. Serum NTx levels tended to decrease in 3 of the 4 subjects. The levels of serum NTx/Crea, Deoxy-Pyridinoline (DPd) and DPd/Crea (DPd/Crea) also decreased in 3 of the 4 subjects. Transient decreases in intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were observed in all 4 cases. Changes were particularly apparent in 2 cases: one with high NTx levels, which showed enhanced bone resorption, and one with high PTH levels, probably due to a vitamin D (VitD) deficiency. Although the metacarpal bone density measured by DIP was found to be lower than in normal children, there were no changes due to LLLT. Conclusion: These results suggest that LLLT has a positive influence on bone metabolism in that it temporarily increases bone formation and suppresses bone resorption while also tending to improve secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by VitD deficiency. Enhanced bone resorption in the case with high NTx levels was noteworthy, together with marked changes in the case with high PTH levels due to VitD deficiency. These positive influences on bone metabolism merit attention as potential new indications of LLLT.
Killing of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin: involvement of the N-end rule pathway.

Summary Macrophages from certain inbred mouse strains are rapidly killed (< 90 min) by anthrax lethal toxin (LT). LT cleaves cytoplasmic MEK proteins at 20 min and induces caspase-1 activation in sensitive macrophages at 50–60 min, but the mechanism of LT-induced death is unknown. Proteasome inhibitors block LT-mediated caspase-1 activation and can protect against cell death, indicating that the degradation of at least one cellular protein is required for LT-mediated cell death. Proteins can be degraded by the proteasome via the N-end rule, in which a protein's stability is determined by its N-terminal residue. Using amino acid derivatives that act as inhibitors of this pathway, we show that the N-end rule is required for LT-mediated caspase-1 activation and cell death. We also found that bestatin methyl ester, an aminopeptidase inhibitor protects against LT in vitro and in vivo and that the different inhibitors of the protein degradation pathway act synergistically in protecting against LT. We identify c-IAP1, a mammalian member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, as a novel N-end rule substrate degraded in macrophages treated with LT. We also show that LT-induced c-IAP1 degradation is independent of the IAP-antagonizing proteins Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2, but dependent on caspases.
National Perspectives on Managing Transboundary Environmental Hazards: The U.S.-Mexico Border Region

The management of environmental hazards in the U.S.-Mexican borderlands presents a unique challenge. Two very dissimilar economic, social, and political communities are set along side one another, forming a dynamic region defined by cultural pluralism, migration and rapid growth. At the same time, marked differences in economic resources, administrative and political resources, and social values complicate the task of managing the border environment. Environmental hazards in the borderlands range across a wide issue spectrum, including contamination of air and water resources as well as the problem of hazardous wastes. Each of these issues requires binational cooperation in the form of planning, management, and ameliorative action. Neither country is capable of maintaining a sound environment acting strictly within its domestic jurisdiction. The difficulty entailed in monitoring, regulating, and eliminating threats to habitation and the physical environment demands a continuous and coordinative process. This would include participation in international treaties and agreements to routine cooperation among domestic agencies of each nation in gathering and disseminating information as well as implementing solutions to identified hazards in the border arca. Both the United States and Mexico have acknowledged their commitment to environmental protection, both nationally and with respect to the shared border region. Despite this base, however, disparities in development, resources, and administration hamper cooperative endeavors in dealing with a broad set of issues on the borderlands' environmental agenda.
Evaluation of a Web-Based Malaria Risk Reduction Game for Study Abroad Students

Abstract Objective: Compare feedback strategies in 3 versions of an educational game. Participants: Study abroad students (N = 482) participated by playing the game and completing pregame/postgame surveys January–March 2010. Methods: This study employed an experimental design. Primary outcome measures were knowledge gain, player satisfaction, and risk perception. Results: One-third had previously traveled to a malaria-risk region, and two thirds planned to do so. Baseline malaria knowledge was low. Postgame knowledge and risk perception were significantly higher than pregame, irrespective of past travel status. The group that automatically received explanatory feedback following game decisions scored higher for mean knowledge gain, without differences in player satisfaction. Conclusions: The challenges of designing a feedback strategy to support Web-based learning make these results highly relevant to health educators developing interactive multimedia interventions. The increasing number of students trave...
Vit. B12 in Thyrotoxicosis and Myxedema.

SummaryThe whole-blood B12 values in 10 hyperthyroid subjects before and after a load dose of B12 were lower than for a normal and a myxedematous group. The mean 8-hour urinary excretion after B12 ...
Morphological and histochemical features of the duodenal glands in six marsupial species

The duodenal glands of four marsupial species, the kangaroo, native cat, marsupial mouse, and bandicoot, form a narrow lobular collar immediately distal to the gastrointestinal junction. In two species, the koala and wombat, the duodenal glands are diffuse and scattered along the intestinal tract distal to the gastrointestinal junction for considerable distances. The glands of all species examined empty independently into the intestinal lumen. Histochemical studies indicate that the latter two species, the koala and wombat, elaborate an acid mucin whereas the former species produce a neutral mucosubstance. Ultrastructural examination shows that generally the duodenal glands are comprised of large pyramidal cells that show a definite polarity, with basally-placed nuclei and apically-situated secretory granules. Species differences, with regard both to the morphology and nature of the secretory granules and to the proportions of cell organelles, exist. The diversity of diet between species is discussed.
A meta-analysis of the efficacy of HIV/AIDS prevention interventions in Asia, 1995–2009

The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to grow in pockets across Asia, despite early successes at curtailing its spread in countries like Thailand. Recent evidence documents dramatic increases in incidence among risk groups and, alarmingly, the general population. This meta-analysis summarizes the sexual risk-reduction interventions for the prevention of HIV-infection that have been evaluated in Asia. Sexual risk-reduction outcomes (condom use, number of sexual partners, incident sexually transmitted infections [STI], including HIV) from 46 behavioral intervention studies with a comparison condition and available by August 2010 were included. Overall, behavioral interventions in Asia consistently reduced sexual risk outcomes. Condom use improved when interventions sampled more women, included motivational content, or did not include STI testing and treatment. Incident HIV/STI efficacy improved most when interventions sampled more women, were conducted more recently, or when they included STI counseling and testing. Sexual frequency efficacy improved more in interventions that were conducted in countries with lower human development capacities, when younger individuals were sampled, or when condom skills training was included. Behavioral interventions for reducing sexual risk in Asia are efficacious; yet, the magnitude of the effects co-varies with specific intervention and structural components. The impact of structural factors on HIV intervention efficacy must be considered when implementing and evaluating behavioral interventions. Implications and recommendations for HIV/AIDS interventions are discussed.
Structural Basis for the Excision Repair of Alkylation-Damaged DNA

Abstract Base-excision DNA repair proteins that target alkylation damage act on a variety of seemingly dissimilar adducts, yet fail to recognize other closely related lesions. The 1.8 A crystal structure of the monofunctional DNA glycosylase AlkA (E. coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase II) reveals a large hydrophobic cleft unusually rich in aromatic residues. An Asp residue projecting into this cleft is essential for catalysis, and it governs binding specificity for mechanism-based inhibitors. We propose that AlkA recognizes electron-deficient methylated bases through π–donor/acceptor interactions involving the electron-rich aromatic cleft. Remarkably, AlkA is similar in fold and active site location to the bifunctional glycosylase/lyase endonuclease III, suggesting the two may employ fundamentally related mechanisms for base excision.
An experience curve explanation of export expansion

Various explanatory variables have been identified in past research as determinants of the export behavior of firms. This article proposes that while many factors contribute to export behavior, experience curve effects are a major variable explaining the international activities of firms. The research reported here finds that younger firms are much more faborably disposed toward and active in international marketing than older firms. This is attributed to the competitive domestic situation younger firms encounter. Since older firms are often well entrenched in the domestic market, exporting may be the only alternative available to younger firms to obtain the production expertise and efficiency necessary to become a successful domestic competitor.
Outcome of triple-tendon transfer, an Eden-Lange variant, to reconstruct trapezius paralysis

Background This study describes the technique and evaluates the outcome of the triple-tendon (T3) transfer, an Eden-Lange variant, to the scapula to stabilize the scapulothoracic articulation in the treatment of symptomatic trapezius paralysis. Methods T3 transfers were performed in 22 patients with a history of persistent trapezius paralysis secondary to spinal accessory nerve injury. The indications for surgery included shoulder pain and weakness and limited range of motion of the shoulder. The T3 transfer included transfer of the levator scapulae to the lateral aspect of the spine of the scapula, the rhomboid minor to the spine of the scapula just medial to the levator scapulae insertion, and the rhomboid major to the medial spine of the scapula, including all muscles bony insertions. Results At an average follow-up of 35 months, winging was corrected in all patients, with improvement of shoulder asymmetry. All patients had significant improvement of pain ( P P P P P P Conclusion This study shows that the T3 transfer is effective in stabilizing the scapulothoracic articulation and restoring the function of the trapezius, and thus, in improving pain and shoulder function in patients with symptomatic trapezius paralysis.
Spermine inhibits induction of ornithine decarboxylase by cyclic AMP but not by dexamethasone in rat hepatoma cells

POLYAMINE biosynthesis is one of the earliest events occurring during tissue growth, and the polyamines have been implicated in the control of both RNA and protein synthesis. Increased polyamine synthesis reflects a rapid elevation of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine1,2. Fast growing tissues exhibit the highest ODC activity, whereas in slowly growing or in non-growing tissues ODC activity is very low. ODC has been induced by various agents that affect growth processes, such as by glucocorticoids in vivo3,6, and by cyclic AMP both in vivo6,7 and in cultured baby hamster kidney cells8. There have also been conflicting reports about the efficacy of polyamines in inhibiting the induction of ODC in vivo9–11 and in activated human lymphocytes12. As most results reported so far are from whole animal studies, we felt that a more precise understanding of ODC induction may result from investigation of an isolated system. The system chosen for detailed study was rat hepatoma cells (HTC) because most in vivo studies have focused on ODC from rat liver. We now report the induction of ODC in HTC cells by both cyclic AMP and dexamethasone.
Electrochemical Characteristics of “Polyaniline” Cathodes and Anodes in Aqueous Electrolytes

Abstract The quinoid-benzenoid-diimine form, (=(C6H4)=N-(C6H4)-N=)x of “polyaniline” shows excellent cathode characteristics including recyclability when used in conjunction with a zinc anode in an aqueous electrolyte of (l. 0M ZnCl2 + 0. 5M NH4Cl) having a pH of ∼ 4. The reduced form of this material, (-(C6H4)-N(H)-(C6H4)-N(H)-)x can be used as an anode in conjunction with a Pb02 cathode in an aqueous 0.5M Pb(BF4)2 electrolyte.
ERP changes induced by methylphenidate in boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Nineteen boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and thirteen normal control boys (ages 8-10) were compared to evaluate the effects of psychostimulant (methylphenidate, MPH) treatment on behavioral performance data and ERPs. The ERPs were recorded from 19 active electrode sites during a selective attention Stroop Test. The Stroop test did not discriminate baseline performance differences between ADHD boys and Controls; however, the performance measures were sensitive to MPH treatment effects. Several baseline ERP differences between the ADHD boys and Controls were identified for nontargets (P3a latencies) and targets (N1 latencies, P3b amplitudes and latencies). MPH affected both early and late nontarget and target ERP components evoked during the performance of the Stroop test which suggested that both early sensory mechanisms and later cognitive processes were affected by the psychostimulant. It is suggested that the results support attentional deficits in both anterior and posterior regions ...
Building a Model of Self-Care for Health Promotion In Aging

Purpose: To synthesize knowledge about self-care in older community-dwelling people, identify essential dimensions of self-care related to health promotion and well-being in aging, and organize the findings into a literature-based, integrated model with applicability in practice, research, and education. Organizing Construct: Self-care and health promotion. Related concepts included self-concept, self-care ability, and self-care activity. Methods: These terms were used to search Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO data bases. Theoretical and research articles from the last decade that related to self-care and health promotion in community-dwelling elders and that provided recommendations for education and practice were selected for inclusion in the analysis. Findings: Self-care for health promotion in independent elders is multidimensional. Synthesis of literature findings resulted in development of the model of Self-care for Health Promotion in Aging, with five dimensions: internal and external environment, self-care ability, education, self-care activity, and outcomes. Examples of education plans that are developed in partnership with clients to promote better health and maximize quality of life are presented. Conclusions: Findings from current theoretical and empirical literature were synthesized to develop a model of self-care for health promotion in aging. Suggestions are made regarding application of the model in clinical practice and further theory building and hypothesis testing.
Linkage of the Indiana kindred of gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease to the prion protein gene

The Indiana kindred variant of Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease has amyloid plaques that contain prion protein (PrP), but is atypical because neurofibrillary tangles like those of Alzheimer disease are present. To map the position of the disease causing gene, we used three markers for linkage analyses. A missense mutation at codon 198 of the PrP gene (PRNP) is found in all definitely affected individuals and yields a maximum lod score of 6.37 (Θ= 0). The disease also is concordant with the two other PRNP-region markers. These results demonstrate tight linkage of the disease-causing gene to PRNP and support the hypothesis that the codon 198 mutation is the cause of IK-GSS. Our studies also suggest that methionine/valine heterozygotes at PRNP codon 129 have a later age of onset of the disease than codon 129 valine/valine homozygotes.
Observations of internal wave vertical velocities by a free-fall vehicle☆

Abstract Slow variations, as great as ± 3 cm s −1 , have been found in the descent rates of free-fall vehicles operated in the ocean. Comparison with the much more uniform fall speeds measured in local fjords indicates that the variable descent rates reflect changes in the vertical water velocity rather than irregularities in the vehicle dynamics. A simple model shows that these vehicles fully respond to vertical velocity variations of the water that are in the internal wave frequency band. The observed spectrum can be derived from the Garrett and Munk internal wave model. It is shown that the instrument responds mostly to waves of relatively high frequency and low wavenumber. The phase velocity of these waves is much larger than the mean descent rate (=0.08 m s −1 ), so that the observed spectrum is essentially equivalent to a spectrum from a moored instrument. As these waves contain most of the variance, the r.m.s. vertival velocity can be estimated simply even in locations not amenable to other techniques. Data from the core of the Gulf Stream and from the seasonal thermocline had r.m.s. velocities much larger than those observed in the main thermocline, which were in rough agreement with the Garrett-Munk model.
An overview of powder processing of silicides and their composites

Abstract The use of powders to prepare fully dense silicides and their composites is reviewed. Since most of the techniques are well known, we concentrate on recent developments in this field, including the effects of processing techniques on composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The use of hybrid processes to produce silicides is described, as are hybrid materials resulting from these processes. Included in the latter are functionally graded materials (FGM). The paper concludes with a brief discussion of in-situ melt processing as a competitive means to produce aligned composite structures
Oxidation kinetics of solid solutions of urania-yttria

Solid solutions of uranium oxide and yttrium oxide react with oxygen changing the average valence of the uranium. The amount and rate of oxygen uptake varies with the yttria content. The uptake kinetics are influenced by the type of structure of the solid solution and the degree of anion deficiency in the lattice. A detailed oxidation study of the 50 mole percent Y2O3 composition from −196° C to 110° C revealed that the chemisorption characteristics were similar to that of UO2 except the uptake beyond the first layer occurred at a much lower temperature. Oxidation beyond the first layer occurred readily above −43° C and the kinetics followed a one-fourth power time dependence if the intitial oxygen to uranium ratio was 2.27. If the average oxygen to uranium ratio was 2.58 initially, then the oxidation kinetics were parabolic with time but the rate was decreased by two orders of magnitude. Possible mechanisms compatible with the data are proposed.
Hypoxia, drug therapy and toxicity

Hypoxia is defined as a decrease in available oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. It is linked to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, the leading causes of death in the United States. Cells under hypoxic stress either induce an adaptive response that includes increasing the rates of glycolysis and angiogenesis or undergo cell death by promoting apoptosis or necrosis. The ability of cells to maintain a balance between adaptation and cell death is regulated by a family of transcription factors called the hypoxia inducible factors (HIF). HIF1, the most widely studied HIF, is essential for regulating the expression of a battery of hypoxia-responsive genes involved in the adaptive and cell death responses. The ability of HIF1 to balance these 2 responses likely lies in the regulation of HIF1alpha stability and transcriptional activity by post-translational hydroxylation and its ability to respond to other cellular factors including key metabolites and growth factors. Targeting HIF1 signaling for therapeutics, therefore, requires an understanding of how these various signals converge upon HIF1 and regulate its role in maintaining the balance between adaptation and cell death. In addition, one must understand how this balance can be perturbed during toxicant-induced tissue damage. This review will summarize our current understanding of hypoxia signaling as it applies to drug therapy and toxicity and describe how these processes can influence the HIF-mediated balance between adaptation and cell death.
Implementation of computation algorithms for pulmonary mechanics on a programmable calculator.

A programmable calculator has been successfully employed for implementation of computational algorithms for pulmonary mechanics to increase productivity by reducing calculation time.
Thrombin cleaves the high molecular weight forms of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2): a novel mechanism for the control of FGF-2 and thrombin activity.

Thrombin cleaves the high molecular weight forms of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2): a novel mechanism for the control of FGF-2 and thrombin activity
Regular, adjacent reentry folding in single crystals of a liquid crystal polymer crystallized from the nematic state

Folded chain single crystals 35 A thick have been grown from the liquid crystal state of the azomethine ether polymer [OPh(Me)N=CHPhCH=NPh(Me)O(CH 2 ) m ] n (AZMEP-m; m= 10)). Electron diffraction has permitted refinement of the triclinic unit cell. The molecular axes lie at an ca. 65° angle to the lamella normal and fold every third chemical repeat distance. For AZMEP-1 and -8 extended chain lamellae are formed; for AZMEP-7 both folded and extended chain lamellae are found. The observations of folded chain lamellae are in agreement with prior suggestions from our laboratory of chain folding in the liquid crystalline state in thin films
Operational Inhomogeneities in La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ Electrolytes and La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.82Ru0.18O3–δ–Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–δ Composite Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The electrolyte/anode interface in solid oxide fuel cells with La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ electrolytes and composite anodes containing La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.82Ru0.18O3–δ and Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–δ (GDC) was studied using transmission electron microscope Z-contrast imaging and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The anode/electrolyte interface of an operated cell had numerous defective regions in the electrolyte, immediately adjacent to anode GDC particles. These areas had a different chemical composition than other electrolyte regions and were crystallographically inhomogeneous. These regions were not observed in a cell reduced in hydrogen that was not operated, suggesting that they were the result of combined electrical and chemical potential gradients present during cell operation. Ru nanoparticles were observed on the chromite surfaces of the operated.
Film-Cooling Performance of Anti-Vortex Hole on a Flat Plate

Film cooling performance of two hole geometries is evaluated on a flat plate surface with steady-state IR (infrared thermography) technique. The base geometry is a simple cylindrical hole design inclined at 30° from the surface with pitch-to-diameter ratio of 3.0. The second geometry is an anti-vortex design where the two side holes, also of the same diameter, branch out from the root at 15° angle. The pitch-to-diameter ratio is 6.0 between the main holes. The mainstream Reynolds number is 3110 based on the coolant hole diameter. Two secondary fluids — air and carbon-dioxide — were used to study the effects of coolant-to-mainstream density ratio (DR = 0.95 and 1.45) on film cooling effectiveness. Several blowing ratios in the range 0.5 –4.0 were investigated independently at the two density ratios. Results indicate significant improvement in effectiveness with anti-vortex holes compared to cylindrical holes at all the blowing ratios studied. At any given blowing ratio, the anti-vortex hole design uses 50% less coolant and provides at least 30–40% higher cooling effectiveness. The use of relatively dense secondary fluid improves effectiveness immediately downstream of the anti-vortex holes but leads to poor performance downstream.© 2011 ASME
Hybrid stress analysis

The synergism obtained by combining experimental information with numerical and/or theoretical concepts to stress analyze components made of isotropic and orthotropic (composite) materials is illustrated. Although applicable to a variety of experimental techniques, the paper emphasizes the use of measured moire, holographic, laser Doppler interferometric and thermoelastic data. Least-squares, collocation, complex stress functions, analytic continuation, conformal mapping, splines and FEM methods are employed.
Cholinergic axons in the rat prostate and neurons in the pelvic ganglion

Fluorogold or green fluorescent pseudorabies virus labeled postganglionic neurons in the pelvic ganglion that innervate the prostate gland. Small cholinergic neurons were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antiserum against vesicular acetylcholine transferase (VAChT). Large, mainly adrenergic neurons, were surrounded by preganglionic cholinergic boutons. In the prostate, M3 type muscarinic receptors were found in the outer muscle layer surrounding the prostatic acini. The antiserum against VAChT marked the inner epithelial layer. Antisera against the vesicular monoamine transporters VMAT1 and VMAT2 demonstrated staining of the inner secretory layer and adrenergic fibers in the outer muscle layer, respectively, of the prostatic acini. These results provide new evidence for the presence of neural elements that have a cholinergic influence over the rat prostate gland.
Do Developing Countries Invest Up? The Environmental Effects of Foreign Direct Investment from Less-Developed Countries

Summary This paper examines the environmental effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) from less-developed countries (LDC). We hypothesize that rather than transferring poor home-country practices across borders, LDC FDI can increase the level of environmental stewardship of host-country firms. We contend that LDC firms find it increasing financially advantageous to signal to consumers, investors, and potential business partners their commitment to environmental protection by adopting sound environmental practices. Furthermore, this behavior can create spillover effects to other host-country firms, leading these firms to also boost their environmental credentials. Our empirical findings lend support to these conjectures.
Isolation of ribosomes from post-nuclear fraction of rat liver in nearly quantitative yield

Abstract The poor recovery of ribosomes from post-mitochondrial supernatant of rat liver has led to the development of a simple method for nearly quantitative recovery of ribosomes and rRNA using post-nuclear fraction prepared with 1 % Triton X-100 in the presence of 0.5 % diethyl pyrocarbonate. Analyses on ribosomes and rRNA isolated by this method provide values identical to those obtained with conventional preparations.
Electrons to light bulbs: Understanding electricity with a multi-level simulation environment

Electrical circuits are difficult to understand. Novices tend to have inadequate understandings of what happens at the level of atoms and electrons, leading to difficulty predicting the outcomes of electrical circuits at the level of wires, resistors, and light bulbs. In this paper, we argue that integrating micro and macro representations of an electrical circuit can provide students with a better understanding of fundamental concepts of electricity. We then introduce Spark, an interactive multi-level simulation environment that enables learners to interact with representations of electrical circuit at both levels. The primary goal of our design is to familiarize students with electrical current, resistance, and potential difference in a circuit. We conducted a study with 17 university students that shows the ability of our design to improve novice understanding of electrical circuits. Our study offers evidence that learners are able to develop better understandings of fundamental concepts of electricity drawing on both micro-level and macro-level representations of an electrical circuit.
Translational control by the 3'-UTR: the ends specify the means

In most cases, translational control mechanisms result from the interaction of RNA-binding proteins with 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA. In organisms ranging from viruses to humans, protein-mediated interactions between transcript termini result in the formation of an RNA loop. Such RNA 'circularization' is thought to increase translational efficiency and, in addition, permits regulation by novel mechanisms, particularly 3'-UTR-mediated translational control. Two general mechanisms of translational inhibition by 3'-UTR-binding proteins have been proposed, one in which mRNA closure is disrupted and another in which mRNA closure is required. Experimental evidence for the latter is provided by studies of interferon-gamma-mediated translational silencing of ceruloplasmin expression in monocytic cells. A multi-species analysis has shown that, in most vertebrates, 3'-UTRs are substantially longer than their 5' counterparts, indicating a significant potential for regulation. In addition, the average length of 3'-UTR sequences has increased during evolution, suggesting that their utilization might contribute to organism complexity.
Proteomic analysis of Bacillus anthracis Sterne vegetative cells

Mass spectrometry and proteomics have found increasing use as tools for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria, even when they are in a mixture of non-pathogenic relatives. The success of this technique is greatly augmented by the availability of publicly accessible proteomic databases for specific pathogenic bacteria. To aid proteomic detection analyses for the causative agent of anthrax, we have constructed a comprehensive proteomic catalogue of vegetative Bacillus anthracis Sterne cells using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Proteins were separated by molecular weight or isoelectric point prior to tryptic digestion. Alternatively, the whole protein extract was digested and tryptic peptides were separated by cation exchange chromatography prior to Reverse Phase-LC-MS/MS. The use of three complementary, pre-analytical separation techniques resulted in the identification of 1048 unique proteins, including 694 cytosolic, 153 membrane (including 27 cell wall), and 30 secreted proteins, accounting for 19% of the total predicted proteome. Each identified protein was functionally categorized using the gene attribute database from TIGR CMR. These results provide a large proteomic catalogue of vegetative B. anthracis cells and, coupled with the recent proteomic catalogue of B. anthracis spore proteins, form a thorough summary of proteins expressed in the active and dormant stages of this organism.
Can Rapid Climatic Change Cause Volcanic Eruptions

Many major volcanic eruptions coincide with cooling trends of decadal or longer duration that began significantly before the eruptions. Dust veils provide positive feedback for short-term (less than 10 year) global cooling, but seem unlikely to trigger glaciations or even minor climate fluctuations in the 10-to 100-year range. On the contrary, variations in climate lead to stress changes on the earth9s crust—for instance, by loading and unloading of ice and water masses and by axial and spin-rate changes that might augment volcanic (and seismic) potential.
The Implications of Low Growth Rates for Higher Education.

The implications of low growth rates for higher education in the United States are discussed. Though some individual institutions may face financial difficulties, the problems associated with lower growth rates are likely to be organizational and educational rather than economic. Typical and possible responses to problems created by the transition from fast to slow growth are analysed, and the article ends with a discussion of important questions raised by the response to lower growth rates: the tendency towards more centralization has dangers for the diversity which is the best way of maintaining the flexibility needed to cope with an uncertain future.
National Identity within the National Museum: Subjectification within Socialization.

Rhetorician Kenneth Burke’s theory of identification usefully demonstrates how (and where) communities are able to engage with difficult, opposing viewpoints as they develop or maintain a sense of shared identity. Identification, “establishing a shared sense of values, attitudes, and interests with [an audience],” is promoted dialogically in the modern national museum in a way that it is difficult for classrooms to emulate. This article examines dialogic national identification particularly through the focus in museums on certain key objects that serve as what Burke termed “mythic images” that ambiguously unify multiple perspectives and translate their debates from the abstract to the concrete. By promoting the reflective identification of one’s personal memories with the collective memory of nationhood, national museums provide an aesthetic/pragmatic space for the dialogical embrace of a public identity that is not merely reflected in its exhibits but also continually reshaped by its visiting individuals. I end with the possibilities, or cautions, these mythic images suggest for varying types of communal identification—a tension inherent as well in Gert Biesta’s arguments for the meaning of a “good” education.
Assessment of immunofluorescence measurements of individual bacteria in direct and indirect assays for Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus spores

A microfluorometer constructed by the addition of fibre optics to a standard fluorescence microscope has been used in immunofluorescence assays for spores of Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus. Variation in the fluorescence measurements of individual anthrax spores increased as the amount of conjugate bound increased. Proportionality of photodetector voltage and amount of bound conjugate is suggested by results with a dual fluorescein/tritium-labelled antibody. The maximum fluorescence signal which could be achieved in indirect assays was virtually independent of the purity of the antispore antibody. Evidence is presented that the molecular loading of conjugate on the spore surface is similar in the direct and indirect assays.
Containment venting as a mitigation technique for BWR MARK I plant ATWS

Abstract Containment venting is studied as a mitigation strategy for preventing or delaying severe fuel damage following hypothetical BWR Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS) accidents initiated by MSIV-closure, and compounded by failure of the Standby Liquid Control (SLC) system injection of sodium pentaborate solution and by the failure of manually initiated control rod insertion. The venting of primary containment after reaching 75 psia (0.52 MPa) is found to result in the release of the vented steam inside the reactor building, and to result in inadequate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for any system pumping from the pressure suppression pool. CONTAIN code calculations show that personnel access to large portions of the reactor building would be lost soon after the initiation of venting and that the temperatures reached would be likely to result in independent equipment failures. It is concluded that containment venting would be more likely to cause or to hasten the onset of severe fuel damage than to prevent or to delay it. Two alternative strategies that do not require containment venting, but that could delay or prevent severe fuel damage, are analyzed. BWR-LTAS code results are presented for a successful mitigation strategy in which the reactor vessel is depressurized, and for one in which the reactor vessel remains at pressure. For both cases the operators are assumed to take action to intentionally restrict injected flow such that fuel in the upper part of the core would be steam cooled. Resulting fuel temperatures are estimated with an off-line calculation and found to be acceptable.
The Arrow-Dot Test as a Predictor of Police Officer Performance:

In the course of validating a test battery for the selection of police officers (Baehr, Furcon, & Froemel, 1969), project personnel were searching for objectively scored, pencil-and-paper measures ...
Abstracts From the Proceedings of the 2014 Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) Conference on Medical Student Education

The Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM; http://www.stfm.org) is a community of professionals devoted to teaching family medicine through undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical ed...
Effect of buffer capacity and sequencing rules on single-card kanban system performance

Abstract One of the basic tenets of scheduling theory is that the shortest-processing-time (SPT) sequencing rule maximizes average production rates and minimizes average in-process inventories. This paper shows that on single-card kanban-controlled lines the relative performance of first come, first served (FCFS) and SPT changes with processing time variability and station input buffer capacities. FCFS has greater average production rates when processing times are normal and input buffer capacities are large. SPT has greater average production rates when processing times are exponential and input buffer capacities are small.