cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axillosubclavian vein thrombosis: case report

Abstract Deep-vein thrombosis of the upper extremity, that is, axillosubdavian vein thrombosis, is a relatively rare and potentially overlooked diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). It can be the cause of significant morbidity and it may be life-threatening. Reported here is the case of a 23-year-old man who presented to the ED with left upper extremity pain and swelling. Venography confirmed the diagnosis of ax1Hosubclavian vein thrombosis. Hospitalization and treatment with intravenous heparin led to a satisfactory recovery. The clinical presentation, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of this rare entity are discussed.
Thresholds for the effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver.

To explore for practical thresholds for DNA-reactive carcinogens in rat liver carcinogenicity, we have conducted a series of exposure-response studies using 2 well-studied hepatocarcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Findings with AAF, including as yet unpublished experiments, are reviewed here and related to DEN observations. In these studies, we have administered exact intragastric doses during an initiation segment (IS) of 12‐16 weeks followed in some experiments by phenobarbital (PB) as a liver tumor promoter for 24 weeks to enhance manifestation of initiation. The cumulative doses (CD) of AAF at the end of ISs ranged from 0.094 to 282.2 mg/kg. Our findings for AAF in the IS can be summarized as follows: (1) the earliest parameter to be affected with administration of low doses was the appearance of DNA adducts (around 4 weeks), followed at higher doses by cell proliferation; (2) formation of DNA adducts was nonlinear, with a no-observed effect level (NOEL) at a CD of 0.094 mg/kg and a plateau at higher doses (94.1 mg/kg); (3) cytotoxicity (necrosis) showed a NOEL at a CD of 28.2 mg/kg; (4) compensatory hepatocellular proliferation showed a NOEL at a CD of 28.2 mg/kg and was supralinear at a high CD (282.2 mg/kg); (5) formation of preneoplastic hepatocellular altered foci (HAF) showed a NOEL at a CD of 28.2 mg/kg, and was supralinear at a high CD (282.2 mg/kg); (6) a NOEL (CD 28.2 mg/kg) was found for tumor development and the exposure—response was supralinear. We interpret these findings to reflect practical thresholds for hepatocellular initiating effects of AAF and exaggerated responses at high-exposures doses, as also found for DEN. Thus, mechanisms of carcinogenesis can differ between low and high doses.
Expanding the Concept of Writing: Notes on Net Art, Digital Narrative and Viral Ethics

In these experimental notes, the artist resects on his Net art trilogy, composed of GRAMMATRON, PHON:E:ME and his most recent art project, FILMTEXT, a digital narrative for cross-media platforms. Investigating issues such as digital screenwriting, Net art, digital "thoughtography" and an emergent artiIn these experimental notes, the artist resects on his Net art trilogy, composed of GRAMMATRON, PHON:E:ME and his most recent art project, FILMTEXT, a digital narrative for cross-media platforms. Investigating issues such as digital screenwriting, Net art, digital "thoughtography" and an emergent artiÞcial intelligentsia, the artist theorizes an expanded concept of writing to better explain his project as an evolving, practice-based research initiative, focused primarily on the interface of art, technology and storytelling.cial intelligentsia, the artist theorizes an expanded concept of writing to better explain his project as an evolving, practice-based research initiative, focused primarily on the interface of art, technology and storytelling.
Establishing epithelial glandular polarity: interlinked roles for ARF6, Rac1, and the matrix microenvironment

Epithelial cysts comprise the structural units of the glandular epithelium. Although glandular inversion in epithelial tumors is thought to be a potential mechanism for the establishment of metastatic disease, little is known about the morphogenic cues and signaling pathways that govern glandular polarity and organization. Using organotypic cultures of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in reconstituted basement membrane, we show that cellular depletion of the small GTP-binding protein ARF6 promotes the formation of inverted cysts, wherein the apical cell membrane faces the cyst exterior, and the basal domain faces the central lumen, while individual cell polarity is maintained. These cysts are also defective in interactions with laminin at the cyst-matrix interface. This inversion of glandular orientation is accompanied by Rac1 inactivation during early cystogenesis, and temporal activation of Rac1 is sufficient to recover the normal cyst phenotype. In an unnatural collagen I microenvironment, ARF6-depleted, inverted epithelial cysts exhibit some loss of cell polarity, a marked increase in Rho activation and Rac1 inactivation, and striking rearrangement of the surrounding collagen I matrix. These studies demonstrate the importance of ARF6 as a critical determinant of glandular orientation and the matrix environment in dictating structural organization of epithelial cysts.
One in the Spirit: The Summoning of the Spirit in the Spread of Christianity, Capitalism and Democracy

Since the founding of the United States, presidential rhetoric has often been riddled with references to the ‘spirit’, be it the ‘American Spirit’, the ‘spirit of democracy’ or the ‘spirit of capitalism’. This paper seeks to understand what animates that spirit in an effort to understand the religious underpinnings of American capitalism and democracy as an ideology that is not founded on the letter of the Bible but one that is rooted in an accessible, amorphous spirit that brings order and control to the individual soul. This paper will seek to link the invocation of this amorphous spirit as an important element through three phases of history since the descending of the Holy Spirit in the early church era; the Protestant Reformation and the birth of the spirit of capitalism; manifest destiny and the invocation of the American spirit: and finally, the Wilson Doctrine and the branching out of America onto the world stage with the spread of the spirit of democracy. This ethereal binding element has allowed the founding fathers as well as subsequent presidents to pursue what they consider to be a rational/moral foundation in government while largely avoiding the literalism of Christian fundamentalism. The invocation of a zealous spirit is a common thread throughout American history and may bring an understanding of the character of the religious sentiment that has permeated American cultural heritage and how it has been tied closely to the spread of emergent ideologies. By speaking of the spirit within the framework of capitalism and democracy, presidents such as Reagan, Wilson, George W. Bush, Nixon, and Lincoln have helped to spread democracy and capitalism using tools similar to the spread of Christianity in the early church era. This is done namely by imbuing capitalism and democracy with a spirit, sacraments, scripture, and myths.
On the Alexander invariants of hypersurface complements

&We survey few of the recent developments in the study of Alexander-type invariants associated to complex hypersurface complements, and point out the dependence of such invariants on the local type and position of singularities of the hypersurface.
Structural Properties of Optimal Uplink Transmission Scheduling in Energy-Efficient Wireless Networks with Real-Time Constraints

It has been shown that the energy efficiency of wireless networks can be greatly improved by utilizing transmission control techniques, which dynamically adjust the transmission speed subject to real-time operating constraints. In this paper, we focus on the uplink transmission scheduling problem for minimizing the total transmission cost in the setting that multiple nodes share the spectrum and transmit to the same destination. Our formulation is more general than that in Uysal-Biyikoglu, E. and. Gamal, A.E., where the FlowRight algorithm is proposed, in the sense that we allow each individual task have its own deadline. We identify several structural properties of the optimal control to the two-node uplink scheduling problem, including: i) the optimal rates only change at known event times; ii) at each rate changing point, there exists an explicit relationship between the event type and the rate changing direction; and iii) at each rate changing point, the directions of rate change are reverse. These properties are helpful to establish an efficient decomposition approach towards solving the general transmission scheduling problem
A MAC protocol for ad-hoc underwater acoustic sensor networks

A medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed that is suitable for non-synchronized ad-hoc networks, and in particular for the energy-constrained underwater acoustic networks which are characterized by long propagation delays. The protocol exploits the difference in the link lengths between the nodes instead of using waiting times proportional to the maximal link length. To do so, it relies on a receiver's ability to tolerate a certain level of interference. By minimizing the length of the hand-shake procedure preceeding the data transmission, the throughput efficiency is increased as compared to the previously proposed protocols, while collision avoidance minimizes the energy consumption.
Change and Continuity in the Irish Urban System, 1966-81:

The Irish urban system has evolved over time. Urban centres have moved up and down the urban hierarchy, and the delineation of urban spheres of influence for the top levels of the urban hierarchy in 1966, 1971 and 1981 indicates that hinterlands have also changed. New centres in the upper tiers of the hierarchy developed in areas where the hinterlands of the older centres in that tier had previously converged. The analysis of such spheres of influences and urban attraction over time can be used as an important aid for a variety of types of government planning.
A Biomechanical Perspective on Spinal Mechanisms of Coordinated Muscular Action: An Architecture Principle

A principle of organization of spinal circuitry which emerges from the studies reviewed here is that the structure of the distributed network of pathways in the spinal cord contains a detailed represe
OPTIMUM PRELOAD PATES FOR COMPRESSIBLE NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOILS

ABSTRACT The significance of shear strength increases on the allowable preload rate for compressible, normally consolidated soils subjected to a flexible strip load is examined. On the basis of representative soil parameters and various assumed boundary conditions, a computer analysis has been made to systematically predict the rates and magnitudes of shear strength increase and the associated settlements which occur as primary consolidation progresses, and to evaluate the bearing capacity of the soil in terms of these strength increases. Results show that, when adequate drainage is provided, weak soils may be expected to experience a measurable increase in bearing capacity during the consolidation process; furthermore, these increases occur in a time which is compatible with many construction schedules. On the other hand, when drainage is inadequate, slow rates of consolidation preclude the occurrence of any reasonable bearing capacity increase, except for cases where the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical coefficients of consolidation is large. Since consolidation settlement at any given time is governed by the magnitude and duration of the applied load, which is, in turn, governed by the rate of bearing capacity increase, the resulting consolidation settlements can be accelerated to any worthwhile degree only for cases where reasonable bearing capacity increases are experienced. Finally, the benefits of optimizing the preload rate decrease significantly for cases where the initial soil strength is high.
A Response to “False standards, a distorting and disintegrating effect on education, turning away from useful purposes, being inevitably unfulfilled, and remaining unrealistic and irrelevant.”

The major point of this article is captured by Gadmaner, in one of his frequent exchanges with Habermas: “… all social and political manifestations of will are dependent on building up common convictions through rhetoric. This implies—and I think that this belongs to the concept of reason—that one must always reckon with the possibility that opposing convictions, whether in the individual or the social sphere, could be right” (p. 206, translated by McCarthy, 1978).
Structural System Parameter Selection Based on Collapse Potential of Buildings in Earthquakes

This paper attempts to provide insight into the sensitivity of the collapse capacity of moment-resisting frame and shear wall structures to variation in basic structural parameters, and the choice of an appropriate ground motion intensity measure, based on probabilistic estimation of the collapse capacity of a structural system. The effects of fundamental period and base shear strength and of deformation and deterioration properties of structural components on the collapse capacity of frame and wall structures are quantified. It is shown that the collapse potential of moment-resisting frames is highly sensitive to the ratio of column to beam strength; increasing this parameter from 1.2 to 2.4 will increase the median of collapse capacity by up to 90%. Using a scalar ground motion intensity measure for estimating the collapse capacity can lead to underestimation of median collapse capacity by up to 50%, compared to using a vector-valued intensity measure. The provided information can be used to assist in the selection of a suitable structural system and associated parameters in design for collapse safety. Closed-form solutions are formulated using a database of collapse fragility curves developed for the sensitivity study. Application of these closed-form solutions for design decision making is illustrated through a comprehensive example.
Base Station Location and Service Assignments in W--CDMA Networks

Designing a wideband code division multiple access (W--CDMA) network is a complicated task requiring the selection of sites for radio towers, analysis of customer demand, and assurance of service quality in terms of signal-to-interference ratio requirements. This investigation presents a net-revenue maximization model that can help a network planner with the selection of tower sites and the calculation of service capacity. The integer programming model takes as input a set of candidate tower locations with corresponding costs, a number of customer locations with corresponding demand for traffic, and the revenue potential for each unit of capacity allocated to each demand point. Based on these data, the model can be used to determine the selection of radio towers and the service capacity of the resulting radio network. The basic model is a large integer program and requires a special algorithm for practical solution. Our algorithm uses a priority branching scheme, an optimization-gap tolerance between 1% and 10%, and two sets of global valid inequalities that tighten the upper bounds obtained from the linear programming relaxation. The algorithm has been implemented in software for the AMPL/CPLEX system and an empirical investigation has been conducted. Using over 300 problem instances with up to 40 towers and 250 service locations, various combinations of algorithm settings have been evaluated. Using the recommended setting results in a design tool that generally runs in under 20 minutes on a 667 MHz AlphaStation.
Time polynomial in input or output

The class PIO of functions computable in time that is polynomial in max (length of input, length of output) is introduced. There is no notation system for total PIO functions, but they existe for partial PIO functions. An algebra of such functions is given
Actively replicating West Nile virus is resistant to cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA

West Nile virus is an emerging human pathogen for which specific antiviral therapy has not been developed. Recent studies have suggested that RNA interference (RNAi) has therapeutic potential as a sequence specific inhibitor of viral infection. Here, we examine the ability of exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to block the replication of West Nile virus in human cells. WNV replication and infection was greatly reduced when siRNA were introduced by cytoplasmic-targeted transfection prior to but not after the establishment of viral replication. WNV appeared to evade rather than actively block the RNAi machinery, as sequence-specific reduction in protein expression of a heterologous transgene was still observed in WNV-infected cells. However, sequence-specific decreases in WNV RNA were observed in cells undergoing active viral replication when siRNA was transfected by an alternate method, electroporation. Our results suggest that actively replicating WNV RNA may not be exposed to the cytoplasmic RNAi machinery. Thus, conventional lipid-based siRNA delivery systems may not be adequate for therapy against enveloped RNA viruses that replicate in specialized membrane compartments.
Discriminating tissue stiffness with a haptic catheter: Feeling the inside of the beating heart

Catheter devices allow physicians to access the inside of the human body easily and painlessly through natural orifices and vessels. Although catheters allow for the delivery of fluids and drugs, the deployment of devices, and the acquisition of the measurements, they do not allow clinicians to assess the physical properties of tissue inside the body due to the tissue motion and transmission limitations of the catheter devices, including compliance, friction, and backlash. The goal of this research is to increase the tactile information available to physicians during catheter procedures by providing haptic feedback during palpation procedures. To accomplish this goal, we have developed the first motion compensated actuated catheter system that enables haptic perception of fast moving tissue structures. The actuated catheter is instrumented with a distal tip force sensor and a force feedback interface that allows users to adjust the position of the catheter while experiencing the forces on the catheter tip. The efficacy of this device and interface is evaluated through a psychophyisical study comparing how accurately users can differentiate various materials attached to a cardiac motion simulator using the haptic device and a conventional manual catheter. The results demonstrate that haptics improves a user's ability to differentiate material properties and decreases the total number of errors by 50% over the manual catheter system.
Factors That Facilitate or Impede Physicians who Perform Evaluations for Child Maltreatment

Physicians are needed to evaluate children for the possibility of maltreatment. In many communities, physicians are reluctant to evaluate children who may have been maltreated. Because it is unclear which factors facilitate and impede physicians' involvement in evaluations for child maltreatment, physicians were surveyed to identify these factors. The biggest obstacles identified were the time involved in doing an evaluation, scheduling cases, and problems dealing with the legal, judicial, and social service systems. Medical information, training, and follow-up about the disposition of cases would help physicians who participate in evaluations. Interventions that enhance communication and training across disciplines could also be effective in increasing physician involvement in child abuse evaluations.
Passive scalar transport in polymer drag-reduced turbulent channel flow

Passive scalar transport in turbulent channel flow of viscoelastic dilute polymer solutions exhibiting drag reduction (DR) is studied using direct numerical simulations for DR values up to 74.0%. DR is accompanied by the stabilization of low-speed streaks in the buffer layer that are primarily responsible for the streamwise heat transport. Moreover, as DR increases, the Reynolds stress and the root mean square fluctuations in the wall-normal and spanwise velocity components decrease. Thus, as DR is increased, streamwise heat flux increases, whereas both wall-normal and spanwise heat fluxes decrease. Consequently, for large DR values, the flow acts as a highly efficient heat pump. The turbulent Prandtl number, defined as the ratio of the eddy diffusivities of momentum to heat, increases from its Newtonian limit of unity to a value that exceeds the molecular Prandtl number for DR = 74.0%. This experimentally well documented phenomenon is predicted using first-principle simulations for the first time in this work. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Utilization of a paediatric link collection by health professionals and laypersons.

The Internet is an evolving resource for health-care information. However little information exists on providers' and other web patrons' usage of the 'medical' Internet. This study aims to characterize the users of a large paediatric link collection, describe their objectives and track their use of the information provided by the site. We utilized a paediatric link collection called the Pediatric Points of Interest (POI) and a combination of a questionnaire, unique user identifier and link-tracking system to collect data about POI patrons' demographics and Internet resource utilization. During a five week period, 5216 individuals visited the POI and requested 36187 links. The majority of users had less than one year of Internet experience and were first-time visitors to the POI. More than 83% of users were from North America. Medical professionals were more likely to return to the POI during the study period and reported visiting the POI mainly for 'medical education', 'research', 'resource identification...
Detecting When a Monotonically Increasing Mean Has Crossed a Threshold

For monitoring a sequence of random variables, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) sequential change-point detection scheme has optimality properties if the mean experiences a single, one-time jump increase. However, many monitoring situations are not described..
Production of gonadotropin antibodies in rhesus monkeys. (Macaca mulatta).

SummaryFive female monkeys were immunized to a sheep anterior pituitary (SAP) preparation. The antigonadotropic activity of the plasma was assayed by neutralization of rat ovarian and uterine response to simultaneously injected antigen. Antigonadotropic activity appeared during the fourth week of immunization and was accompanied by a marked regression in the sex skin color and decrease in the size of uterus and ovaries. The anti-SAP developed in the monkey showed a biological cross-reactivity with ovine FSH, HCG, pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS), and a monkey anterior pituitary preparation. A progonadotropic effect of plasma was evident during the early part of immunization.
Plastic Deformation of Semicrystalline Polyethylene by X-ray Scattering: Comparison with Atomistic Simulations

Plastic deformation of uniaxially oriented polyethylene (PE) fiber has been examined by small and wide angle synchrotron X-ray scattering. Morphology changes of the lamellar stack with deformation beyond yielding have been characterized and quantified. Atomistic simulations of tensile deformation of the lamellar stack in the longitudinal direction compare favorably to the experimentally observed morphological changes in the PE fiber. Experimental deformations at 100 °C exhibit responses comparable to those observed by simulation of deformation with constant total volume at 77 °C and a strain rate of 5 × 106 s–1. Experimental deformations of the PE fiber at 25 °C were found to be comparable to simulated tensile deformation with constant lateral dimensions at 77 °C and a strain rate of 5 × 107 s–1. Cavitation in the interlamellar region was found experimentally in the PE fiber deforming at room temperature as predicted by simulation with constant lateral dimensions at the higher strain rate. Melting, recrys...
Obtaining early clinical exposure as a pharmacy student.

As a student accepted into a three-year doctor of pharmacy program, my work experience was limited to a community pharmacy setting. Toward the completion of the first year of the program, I found myself deciding whether or not to pursue a residency. I lacked enough experience in pharmacy to make an
Use of genetic algorithms for optimal design of laminated composite sandwich panels with bending-twisting coupling

A genetic algorithm approach is used for optimization of a cantilever sandwich plate (an idealization of an airfoil) with a vertical force applied to one free corner. The number of face sheet plies and the ply orientations are designed so as to minimize the weight of the structure while maximizing the twist in the direction opposite that caused by the loading, subject to stiffness, strength, and ply clustering penalties. A new type of GA topology called island injection, developed in a previous study for design of composite beams, is extended to the present case of sandwich panel design. Island injection GAs showed slightly better performance over ring and singlenode topologies with identical parameters and population sizes. In all cases, the GA successfully identified designs with the desired structural response.
The analyzing of noise monitoring data in Jiamusi City's functional areas from 1996 to 2005

Obiective:To illustrate the realistic conditions and problems of noise in Jiamusi City's functional areas,and then to provide some scientific basis for environmental management.Methods:Jiamusi City's various functional areas were monitored with strictly following Environmental monitoring technical specifications in every year's March、June、September and November,and each time the monitoring work lasted for 24 hours.Results:The limit-exceeding rate in region Class A in daylight reached up as high as 70%;in region Class A to Class E at night all index were over 50%,and in region Class D,the index was at the top.Conclusion:Aiming at that situation,we should emphasize on reinforcing the monitoring,examining and managing noise at night.
Less Developed Country Innovation Analysis and the Technology Gap

Increases in material welfare, i.e. economic progress leading to increases in per capita consumption, can be achieved in the long run as the consequence of many factors, including capital accumulation, improvements in the quantity of human resources and technological change. However both economists with a theoretical and those with an empirical and historical bent [1] have increasingly come to the conclusion that, in the long run, technological change is the most crucial — as well as the most difficult to get hold of. On the one hand, the theoretical economists have reminded us of the inevitability of stagnation in per capita income if capital accumulation alone is at work [2]. On the other hand, those with an historical interest have identified modern growth, as the Western world has experienced it over the past 200 years, as an epoch characterised by the routinisation of innovations.
Intelligent Pinning Based Cooperative Secondary Control of Distributed Generators for Microgrid in Islanding Operation Mode

Motivated by the fact that the location(s) and structural properties of the pinning node(s) affect the algebraic connectivity of a network with respect to the reference value, and thereby its dynamic performance, this paper studies the application of single and multiple pinning of distributed cooperative secondary control of distributed generators (DGs) in an islanded microgrid operation. It is shown that the selection of a pinning set based on the degree of connectivity and distance of leader DG(s) from the rest of the network improves the transient performance for microgrid voltage and frequency regulation. The efficacy of the distributed control strategy based on the proposed algorithms is illustrated via numerical results simulating typical scenarios for a variety of microgrid configurations.
Abstract SS02-02: Does it hurt to try? Effects of e-cigarette sampling on smoking behavior and motivation to quit

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to increase rapidly with more smokers and non-smokers beginning to try to them. The potential impact of trying e-cigarettes is not well understood, but there are concerns that they may decrease smokers9 motivation to quit smoking or be used as a bridge product for current smokers when they are in situations where smoking is prohibited. Using a sample of current smokers, uninterested in quitting, a pilot clinical laboratory trial was conducted investigating the impact of e-cigarette experimentation and short-term use on smokers9 motivation and confidence to quit, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking behavior. The findings suggest that for current smokers, e-cigarette experimentation increased motivation and confidence to quit smoking (p Citation Format: Theodore L. Wagener. Does it hurt to try? Effects of e-cigarette sampling on smoking behavior and motivation to quit. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr SS02-02.
A Preliminary Urban Non-Point Source Management Plan: A Modeling Approach.

The need for a preliminary non-point source pollution management plan has become evident in the Onondaga Lake Watershed, which includes the City of Syracuse, N…
Characterization of bias-stressed carbon-doped GaAs/AlGaAs power heterojunction bipolar transistors

We report on the performance of carbon-doped heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) bias stressed at elevated temperatures. We have determined that in devices without a thin passivating layer of AlGaAs covering the extrinsic base, a tunneling-recombination current that increases in magnitude with the duration of the stress is generated. This current is seen in both the collector and the base at cryogenic temperatures. The variation of this current with temperature is primarily due to carrier freeze-out in the AlGaAs emitter. We hypothesize that this conduction mechanism is related to the generation of midgap traps in the base layer as a result of electron-hole recombination events. >
Oxygen Levels and HIV-1 Transcription.

Abstract HIV-1 progression may be faster and survival shorter in HIV-positive patients with higher iron stores. Some studies indicate that iron stimulates HIV-1 viral replication and iron chelation decreases viral replication in cultured cells. Iron depletion may remove iron from prolyl hydroxylases and increases HIF-1a protein level thus mimicking hypoxia. Recent studies indicate that moderate hypoxia (3–6% O2) may be the physiological O2 concentration that macrophages and T cells encounter in certain organs in vivo. Cellular metabolism of macrophages and T cells cultured at atmospheric 21% O2 is significantly different from cells cultured at 3–6% O2 [ 1 ] . Interestingly, HIV-1 progression might be slower in sickle cell disease patients who have anemia-related hypoxia [ 2 ]. HIV-1 replicates efficiently in activated T cells or macrophages, in part due to the increased levels of NF-kB that enhance HIV-1 transcription in cooperation with HIV-1 Tat. HIV-1 Tat induces transcription of HIV-1 genes by recruiting host cell Cdk9/cyclin T1 to TAR RNA. Our recent studies point to a host cell kinase, CDK2, that phosphorylates HIV-1 Tat and induces HIV-1 transcription [ 3 ]. We also showed that iron chelators reduce cellular activity of CDK2 and inhibit HIV-1 transcription [ 4 ]. Here we analyzed the effect of 3% versus 21% O2 concentration on HIV-1 transcription and replication and cellular activities of CDK2 and CDK9. Using reporter assays, we found that 3% O2 inhibited HIV-1 Tat-induced transcription and viral replication. CDK9 activity but not CDK2 activity was inhibited in the cells cultured under 3% O2. Thus inhibition of CDK2 by iron chelators that we previously observed might not be directly related to upregulation of HIF1a. Rather, our results indicate that HIV-1 transcription is suppressed at physiological oxygen levels likely due to deregulation of CDK9 thus providing a new insight into the HIV-1 latency. These findings suggest that consideration should be given to studying the effect of small molecular inhibitors of HIF-1 on HIV-1 transcription and replication.
Meteorology and wind resource assessment for wind farm development

Abstract: Assessing wind resources (wind speeds, directional distribution, turbulence intensity, etc.) for wind energy projects demands a level of detail and accuracy regarding the spatial and temporal variations of the wind and turbulence climate, which is beyond that required for other purposes. Hence a wide range of measurements and models have been developed and are employed to provide assessments for initial site identification, quantifying the long-term wind resource based on short-term measurements, extrapolating the vertical wind speed profile, calculating the potential power output from each turbine and for wind farm layout to optimize power output. Here we give an overview of the state of the art in wind resource assessment and look to the near-future in terms of developments in modeling and measurement techniques.
Visualizing Epithelial Expression in Vertical and Horizontal Planes With Dual Axes Confocal Endomicroscope Using Compact Distal Scanner

The epithelium is a thin layer of tissue that lines hollow organs, such as colon. Visualizing in vertical cross sections with sub-cellular resolution is essential to understanding early disease mechanisms that progress naturally in the plane perpendicular to the tissue surface. The dual axes confocal architecture collects optical sections in tissue by directing light at an angle incident to the surface using separate illumination and collection beams to reduce effects of scattering, enhance dynamic range, and increase imaging depth. This configuration allows for images to be collected in the vertical as well as horizontal planes. We designed a fast, compact monolithic scanner based on the principle of parametric resonance. The mirrors were fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and were coated with aluminum to maximize near-infrared reflectivity. We achieved large axial displacements $> 400~\mu \text{m}$ and wide lateral deflections >20°. The MEMS chip has a $3.2\times2.9$ mm2 form factor that allows for efficient packaging in the distal end of an endomicroscope. Imaging can be performed in either the vertical or horizontal planes with $430~\mu \text{m}$ depth or $1 \times 1$ mm2 area, respectively, at 5 frames/s. We systemically administered a Cy5.5-labeled peptide that is specific for EGFR, and collected near-infrared fluorescence images ex vivo from pre-malignant mouse colonic epithelium to reveal the spatial distribution of this molecular target. Here, we demonstrate a novel scanning mechanism in a dual axes confocal endomicroscope that collects optical sections of near-infrared fluorescence in either vertical or horizontal planes to visualize molecular expression in the epithelium.
ORTHOPNEA OR PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA IN OLDER ADULTS WITHOUT PREVALENT HEART FAILURE IS A PREDICTOR, BUT NOT AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR INCIDENT HEART FAILURE: INSIGHTS FROM THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH STUDY

Background: Among older adults, <20% of those with either orthopnea or PND have definite heart failure (HF), which limits their usefulness in the diagnosis of prevalent HF in the community (PMID: 19576357). However, their usefulness in predicting incident HF remains unclear. Methods: In the
“PACT-a-Mole”: the case against using the Program Administrator Test for energy efficiency programs

A combination of reasons is resulting in the reevaluation of cost-benefit analysis of the energy efficiency programs. In particular, the Total Resource Cost test and the Societal Cost test are being questioned as to whether they should be replaced by the Program Administrator Cost test. This paper makes the case against replacing these tests.
Novel therapeutic agents in the management of brain metastases.

Purpose of reviewThis review aims to highlight the novel therapeutic agents in the management of brain metastases which are in various stages of clinical development. We review the results from recent clinical trials, publications and presentations at recent national and international conferences.Re
Racial or Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Prostate Cancer Survivors' Prostate-specific Quality of Life.

Objective To conduct a prospective study to examine whether there are pretreatment and post-treatment disparities in urinary, sexual, and bowel quality of life (QOL) by race or ethnicity, education, or income in men with clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa.) Methods Participants (N = 1508; 81% white; 12% black; 7% Hispanic; 50% surgery; 27% radiotherapy; 23% active surveillance) completed the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite measure of PCa-specific QOL prior to treatment, 6 weeks, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after treatment. We analyzed pretreatment differences in QOL with multivariable linear regression and post-treatment differences with generalized estimating equation models. Results Blacks and Hispanics (compared with whites) and men with lower income had worse pretreatment urinary function; poorer and less educated men had worse pretreatment sexual function (P Conclusion Controlling for baseline QOL, there were some post-treatment disparities in urinary and sexual QOL that suggest the need to investigate whether treatment quality and access to follow-up care is equitable. However, survivorship disparities may, to a greater extent, reflect disadvantages in baseline health that exacerbate QOL issues after treatment.
Using a Participatory Action Research Approach to Create a Universally Designed Inclusive High School Science Course: A Case Study:

Case study methodology was used in combination with a participatory action research (PAR) approach to examine the process of redesigning one high school science course to incorporate the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and to promote access to the general curriculum. The participants included one general education teacher and two special education teachers. Two sections of the course were targeted for redesign. Each section included students with disabilities (mild, severe) and without disabilities. The redesign process involved changes to the course in the areas of curriculum, instructional delivery/organization of learning environments, student participation, materials, and assessment. Data were collected across one school year through documents, interviews, and focus groups and were analyzed qualitatively using a constant comparative method.
On Some Bayes and Empirical Bayes Selection Procedures

A common problem faced by an experimenter is one of comparing several populations (processes, treatments). Suppose that there are k(≥ 2) populations π1,… ,πk and for each i, πi. is characterized by the value of a parameter of interest, say θi.. The classical approach to this problem is to test the homogeneity hypothesis H0:θ1 =… = θk. However, the classical tests of homogeneity are inadequate in the sense that they do not answer a frequently encountered experimenter’s question, namely, how to identify the “best” population or how to select the more promising (worthwhile) subset of the populations for further experimentation. These problems are known as ranking and selection problems. The formulation of ranking and selection procedures has been accomplished generally using either the indifference zone approach (see Bechhofer (1954)) or the subset selection approach (see Gupta (1956, 1965)). A discussion of their differences and various modifications that have taken place since then can be found in Gupta and Panchapakesan (1979).
Semiclassical analysis of jm → j'm' transitions in rotationally inelastic collisions in cell experiments.

Recent quantum calculations of rotationally inelastic collisions of NaK (A1Σ+) with He or Ar in a cell experiment are analyzed using semiclassical approximations valid for large quantum numbers. The results suggest a physical interpretation of jm → j′m′ transitions based on the vector model and lead to expressions that explicitly involve the initial and final polar angles of the angular momentum of the target molecule. The relation between the polar angle θ and the azimuthal quantum number m links the semiclassical results for the change in polar angle (θ → θ′) to quantum results for an m → m′ transition. Analytic formulas are derived that relate the location and width of peaks in the final polar angle distribution (PAD) to the K-dependence of the coefficients dK(j, j′), which are proportional to tensor cross sections σK(j → j′). Several special cases are treated that lead to final PADs that are approximately Lorentzian or sinc functions centered at θ′ = θ. Another interesting case, “angular momentum reve...
Phase-dependent ionization of hydrogen by intense sub-cycle pulses: publisher's note

This publisher’s note corrects an error in Eq. (2) in Opt. Lett.43, 2583 (2018)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.43.002583.
Conservation of Energy: An Analytical Tool for Student Accounts of Carbon-Transforming Processes

Energy and energy conservation are powerful concepts for understanding biological systems, but helping students use these concepts as tools for analysis of these complex systems poses special challenges. This chapter focuses on three issues that arise in teaching about energy in biological systems: 1. Understanding the purpose of the concept of energy. Students often use energy in cause-effect stories related to vitality or animation (“energy is what makes things happen”), rather than treating energy as an enduring entity that can be used as a tool for analysis. In instruction, we treat the principles of energy conservation as “rules to be followed.” Students use these rules to trace energy through processes and observe how energy constrains these processes. 2. Identifying forms of energy in living systems. Students often associate energy with cause, vitality, or growth in ways that do not align with scientific conceptions of energy. In our instruction, we make simplifications we feel are important for helping students develop a working discourse about energy in science classrooms: we describe energy in different forms, one of which is chemical energy that is associated with bonds of molecules. 3. Tracing energy separately from matter. Students often lack a sense of necessity for distinguishing between matter and energy (“glucose is energy”). We use physical representations of energy (twist ties) and a framework for scaffolding distinct accounts of matter and energy to help students focus on explaining matter and energy as separate entities.
The Epistemology of Light: Some Methodological Issues in the Subtle Fluids Debate

There is wide agreement that new scientific theories often provoke a protracted discussion of their epistemic merits and their metaphysical presuppositions. Action-at-a-distance, vital forces, evolutionary theory, and the atomic debates are familiar cases in point. It has not, however, been widely appreciated that subtle fluid theories during their hey-day in the 18th and 19th centuries produced a philosophical discussion which was at least as deep as, and probably more far-reaching than, those associated with atomism and non-contact action. The aim of this chapter is to explore briefly some of the philosophical aspects of ‘the ether debates’, in order to document the impact of those debates on the fortunes of subtle fluid physics and on the 19th-century revision of the methodology of empiricism.
Fossil Energy, Introduction

To many in the sustainability community, fossil energy is an anathema. Continued use of fossil resources – oil, coal, and natural gas – poses threats to the environment through the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. The fact that they are a limited or exhaustible resource means that in the future we could either run out of them or their extraction will get progressively harder to a point that it takes more energy to extract them than would be derived from their use. Using fossil energy is clearly not sustainable, and the world has to look to renewable resources for longterm survival.
Biomechanical Comparison of Two Pediatric Blade Plate Designs in Proximal Femoral Osteotomies

Blade plates are frequently used for internal fixation following proximal femoral varus rotational osteotomy to treat hip dysplasia in children with cerebral palsy. Recently, cannulated blade plates with the option for a proximal locking screw have demonstrated ease of insertion and low complication rates. Although there are two commonly used blade plates with a proximal screw option, no comparison of their biomechanical profiles has been undertaken. Our study sought to compare the structural properties under axial loading, as well as the biomechanical contribution of a proximal screw, of two different 90° cannulated blade plates designed for pediatric proximal femurs. Plate A has a hole distal to the blade designed to attach a plate inserter, through which a 3.5-mm non-locking cortical screw could be placed. Plate B has a threaded hole distal to the blade designed to accept a 3.5-mm locking screw. Plate A and plate B were inserted into 33 left pediatric synthetic proximal femurs. Axial loading to failure of plate A with and without a proximal screw was compared to that of plate B with and without a proximal screw. An additional 10 samples using plate B, with and without a proximal locking screw, were tested in tension to quantify the effect of the proximal screw on pullout strength. Plate B failed at a higher axial load than plate A. The addition of a proximal screw did not affect the axial load to failure for either plate. Pullout testing revealed that blade plates fixed with the proximal screw failed in tension at a significantly higher load (856.3 ± 120.9 N) than those without proximal fixation (68.1 ± 9.3 N, p < 0.001). Plate B failed at a higher axial load in biomechanical testing, likely related to differences in its design. The addition of a proximal screw did not increase the axial loading properties of the blade plate construct but did increase the pullout strength by a factor of 12. These results may be used to influence implant selection and post-operative rehabilitation following proximal femoral osteotomies in children.
Path-Based Dictionary Augmentation: A Framework for Improving $k$ -Sparse Image Processing

We have previously shown that augmenting orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) with an additional step in the identification stage of each pursuit iteration yields improved $k$ -sparse reconstruction and denoising performance relative to baseline OMP. At each iteration a “path” or geodesic, is generated between the two dictionary atoms that are most correlated with the residual and from this path a new atom that has a greater correlation to the residual than either of the two bracketing atoms is selected. Here, we provide new computational results illustrating improvements in sparse coding and denoising on canonical datasets using both learned and structured dictionaries. The two methods of constructing a path are investigated for each dictionary type: the Euclidean geodesic formed by a linear combination of the two atoms and the 2-Wasserstein geodesic corresponding to the optimal transport map between the atoms. We prove here the existence of a higher-correlation atom in the Euclidean case under assumptions on the two bracketing atoms and introduce algorithmic modifications to improve the likelihood that the bracketing atoms meet those conditions. Although, we demonstrate our augmentation on OMP alone, in general it may be applied to any reconstruction algorithm that relies on the selection and sorting of high-similarity atoms during an analysis or identification phase.