cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for the volumetric radiation characteristics of cellular ceramics

A unit cell based model for cellular ceramics was developed in conjunction with the discrete ordinates method for radiative transfer to predict theoretically the effective volumetric radiation characteristics of the cellular ceramics. Model input parameters include the porosity, pores per centimeter (PPC) and reflectivity of the solid material. Numerical calculations of the extinction coefficients and single scattering albedo are reported over the range of reflectivities from 0 to 1, porosities from 0.6 to 0.95 and PPC from 4 to 26. A comparison between model predictions and spectral emittance data for cellular ceramics reported in the literature shows agreement within 5 to 10% which is within experimental uncertainty.
GTPase from rod outer segments: Characterization by photoaffinity labeling and tryptic peptide mapping

Abstract The photoaffinity label [γ-32P]8-N3GTP has been used to identify GTP-binding components in highly purified preparations of GTPase from bovine rod outer segments. These preparations contain two major polypeptides of 37,000 and 39,000 daltons. In the presence of photolyzing radiation, [γ-32P]8-N3GTP is covalently attached to the 37,000 dalton polypeptide. Tryptic peptide mapping of this polypeptide indicates that it is highly related to the 39,000 dalton species that has been previously identified as a GTP-binding component.
Consequences of Cool-Season Drought-Induced Plant Mortality to Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Ecosystem and Soil Respiration Dynamics

Predicted reductions of cool-season rainfall may expand and accelerate drought-induced plant mortality currently unfolding across the Southwest US. To assess how repeated plant mortality affects ecosystem functional attributes, we quantified net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) responses to precipitation (P) at a semidesert grassland over spring (Feb 1–Apr 30) and summer (June 15–Oct 1) plant-active periods across eight years, including two with distinct patterns of extensive species-specific mortality. In addition, we quantified daily soil respiration (Rsoil) in high- (56–88%) and low-mortality (8–27%) plots the summer following the most recent mortality event. Plant mortality coincided with severely dry cool-season conditions (Dec 1–Apr 30). We found a positive relationship between springtime P and GEP, and that springtime conditions influenced GEP response to summer rainfall. High springtime Reco/GEP ratios followed plant mortality, suggesting increased available carbon after mortality was rapidly decomposed. Rsoil in low-mortality plots exceeded high-mortality plots over drier summer periods, likely from more root respiration. However, total cumulative Rsoil did not differ between plots, as variation in surviving plant conditions resulted in high and low C-yielding plots within both plot types. Vegetation status in high C-yielding Rsoil plots was similar to that across the grassland, suggesting Rsoil from such areas underlay higher Reco. This, coupled to springtime drought constraints to GEP, resulted in positive NEE under summer P accumulations that previously supported C-sink activity. These findings indicate that predicted lower cool-season precipitation may strongly and negatively affect summer season productivity in these semiarid grasslands.
Self-Efficacy and Organizational Change Leadership

(1998). Self-Efficacy and Organizational Change Leadership. Administration in Social Work: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 23-38.
Cryoprotectant Effects in Surimi and Surimi/Mince‐based Extruded Products

The relative cryoprotective effects of liquid sorbitol (L) alone and in combination with sucrose (L-S) was assessed in surimi, extruded uncooked and cooked products, and compared with the cryoprotective effects of crystalline sorbitol (C), liquid polyol (P), and modified starch (MS). Variables evaluated included gel-forming properties, cooking loss, drip loss and ice crystal formation. Addition of 8% sorbitol resulted in best water-holding ability, gel strength and least ice crystal formation. A better cryoprotective effect was shown in uncooked than in cooked products. No significant differences in effectiveness were found among C, C-S, L and L-S. Optimum sweetness was obtained with either C and L at 8% or L-S at 3:3%. Both C-S and L-S at 4:4% were judged to be slightly too sweet.
The Interrelation of Adverse Childhood Experiences within an At-Risk Pediatric Sample

Past research has linked adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to physical and mental health problems. Theoretical models imply that ACE exposure is not entirely random but that one type of ACE exposure (e.g., parental incarceration) may be related to increased risk for another type of ACE exposure (e.g., physical abuse); however, the empirical nature of ACE co-occurrence remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine ACE co-occurrence in a pediatric sample (n = 672). Results indicated that certain types of ACEs do co-occur more often than other types and that a 3-factor solution best fit the data (Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and Mixed). The findings add to the understanding of ACEs and highlight the need to identify underlying common risk factors among specific adverse experiences.
Prehospitalization Antiplatelet Therapy Is Associated With a Reduced Incidence of Acute Lung Injury: A Population-Based Cohort Study

ARDS and the less-severe acute lung injury (ALI) are devastating conditions that place heavy burdens on public health resources.1,2 Although the avoidance of progressive lung injury with lung-protective ventilatory strategies have improved survival in patients with these conditions,3 additional effective therapeutic options in established ALI are lacking. With limited treatment options for established disease, prevention of ALI becomes increasingly important. Notably, preventive strategies for ALI and ARDS rarely have been studied, and effective prevention strategies currently are scarce.4 ALI is a multifactorial disease where immune cell migration and activation within the lung ultimately result in injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane.5‐9 This inflammatory process is complex and involves cells of diverse origin. Although best known for their primary role in hemostasis, accumulating evidence suggests an active role for platelets in both innate and adaptive immunity.10 Additionally, preclinical data have specifically identified a key role for platelets in ALI pathogenesis.11 This association presents an obvious target for ALI prevention strategies. Aspirin (ASA) and the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-receptor antagonist clopidogrel bisulfate are commonly administered medications with multiple US Food and Drug Administration-labeled indications. Their ability to prevent platelet aggregation, through inactivation of cyclooxygenase with resultant reduction in thromboxane A2 synthesis (eg, ASA), and blockade of ADP receptors on the platelet cell surface (eg, clopidogrel bisulfate, ticlopidine hydrochloride) has had a dramatic impact on cardiovascular health. Importantly, preclinical data suggest that these antiplatelet activities also may play a role in the prevention of ALI.12,13 We hypothesized that patients receiving antiplatelet therapy would have a lower incidence of ALI/ARDS. To our knowledge, clinical investigations have not previously examined this potential association. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between prehospitalization antiplatelet therapy and development of ALI/ARDS in a population-based cohort of ICU patients at high risk for ALI.
Ionization Detector for Gas-phase Titration

GAS-PHASE titrations are rarely used because of the lack of suitable and sensitive titration end-point detectors. We have found that ionization detectors1 are eminently suitable to follow the course of a gas–gas reaction in a continuous flow system. The response of such detectors is, in general, unspecific. A number of detectors were investigated; the following discussion deals with ionization cross-section detectors.
Atavisms, Phylogenetic Character Reversals, and the Origin of Evolutionary Novelties

The occurrence of spontaneous atavisms (rare atavistic anomalies in individual specimens) and phylogenetic character reversals (expressed in all members of a given clade) are manifestations of the same phenomenon. The potential of the former to lend insight into underlying formative processes is generally recognized, but this is not the case with the latter. The way in which taxic atavisms (phylogenetic character reversals) are distributed within clades is of considerable interest. Part of this interest derives from the fact that within any lineage there is (potentially) a vast reservoir of plesiomorphic morphologies which may be re-expressed at various levels. The manner in which these features can and do reappear, often after protracted periods of time and over large taxonomic distances, should be of the greatest interest to evolutionary biologists. In addition to illuminating aspects of evolutionary transformation it is suggested that taxic atavism may be a mechanism of considerable importance in generating morphological variation within clades.
Empirical performance of binary phase-only synthetic discriminant functions

Binary phase-only synthetic discriminant functions are constructed with a variation of the Jared and Ennis relaxation algorithm and their performance is evaluated on an optical correlator. The correlation responses required in the algorithm can be obtained numerically or experimentally, but the filters constructed by these two different methods are not the same. Reasons for these differences are considered and the usefulness of the resultant filters is investigated.
A comparison of the effects of fixed versus variable foreperiods on anticipatory cardiac deceleration prior to an exercise task in grade school children.

Abstract Children's heart rate responses in anticipation of a signalled exercise task were examined. The use of fixed (15 s) vs varaible (10, 15 or 20 s) preparatory intervals (PI) was compared. The analysis across all subjects indicated that the children exhibited a stable deceleration immediately prior to the exercise task. A difference was found between the fixed and variable PI's. During the period immediately before the exercise task, those subjects receiving the variable PI exhibited a decrease across trials in the size of the anticipatory heart rate deceleration. The children receiving the fixed PI showed an increase across trials in the size of the deceleration.
Electrically Conductive Black Optical Paint

An electrically conductive flat black paint has been developed for use on the Galileo spacecraft which will orbit Jupiter in the late 1980s. The paint, designed for equipment operating in high-energy radiation fields, has multipurpose functions. Its electrical conductivity keeps differential charging of the spacecraft external surfaces and equipment to a minimum, preventing the buildup of electrostatic fields and arcing. Its flat black aspect minimizes the effects of stray light and unwanted reflectances, when used in optical instruments and on sunshades. Its blackness is suitable, also, for thermal control, when the paint is put on spacecraft surfaces. The paint has good adherence properties, as measured by tape tests, when applied properly to a surface. The electrically conductive paint which was developed has the following characteristics: an electrical resistivity of 5 x 10 to the 7th ohms per square; a visual light total reflectance of approximately 5 percent; an infrared reflectance of 0.13 measured over a spectrum from 10 to the (-5.5) power to 0.001 meter; a solar absorptivity, alpha-s, of 0.93, and a thermal emissivity, epsilon, of 0.87, resulting in an alpha-s/epsilon of 1.07. The formula for making the paint and the process for applying it are described.
Macromolecular characteristics of natural organic matter. 2. Sorption and desorption behavior.

The effects of the relative macromolecular mobilities of natural organic matter (NOM) matrices on their sorption/desorption behavior with respect to phenanthrene are described. Sorption isotherm characteristics are found to correspond directly to the relative dominance of glassy and rubbery states, with nonlinear sorption being linked to the dominance of glassy regions within the natural and synthetic macromolecules examined. The Dual Reactive Domain Model (DRDM) developed in earlier studies provides an effective tool for identifying specific adsorption and absorption contributions to overall isotherm patterns. The Hysteresis Index (H.I.), also developed in earlier studies, is useful for quantifying differences between the sorption and desorption isotherms for each macromolecular sorbent. Confirming earlier observations with soils and sediments, a trend of increasing H.I. with decreasing oxygen/carbon (O/C) atomic ratio is generally observed for the NOMs investigated. Correlation of isotherm nonlinearity ...
RNA-Based Vaccination: Sending a Strong Message

Nucleic acid–based vaccines (NAVs) for induction of antigen-specific immunity have reemerged as important tools in our vaccine/immune therapeutic arsenal. DNA technology appears to more than hold its own alongside viral vectored systems, particularly when the focus is on driving robust T-cell immunity in the clinic.1 By contrast, studies of vaccines based on RNA in small animals have been disappointing. Instability of the mRNA and manufacturing problems further weakened interest in this platform. However, just as good wine improves with age, cutting-edge technologies can take time to mature, and direct injection of RNA for immunization has recently been shown to be sufficiently improved. Support for RNA delivery as a more effective means of vaccination comes from several very recent reports.2,3,4
Carbon isotope variation in modern soils of the tallgrass prairie: Analogues for the interpretation of isotopic records derived from paleosols

Abstract Use of stable carbon isotope data from paleosols to reconstruct past plant community structure (C 3 vs. C 4 ) has become commonplace. In an effort to improve our ability to make isotope-based reconstructions and to better appreciate the pitfalls, investigations were conducted on both modern soils and paleosols in the Kansas grasslands. Stable carbon isotope data were derived from soils and vegetation on the near-pristine, C 4 -dominated grassland of the Konza Tallgrass Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in northeastern Kansas. In order to evaluate variation of δ 13 C within the landscape, two levels of sampling were employed: 2 m-deep upland cores extracted to assess variation with depth in the soil profile, and, to assess variability across the landscape, surface samples along two transects and from within a 660×690 m grid. For transect and grid points, both the upper 2 cm of sediment and the aboveground biomass were collected. Core samples taken at Konza reveal that soil organic carbon was depleted in 13 C within the upper 10–20 cm relative to the remainder of the soil solum below, a phenomenon previously reported. In transects and the sample grid, soil organic carbon from soil surfaces was consistently more depleted in 13 C than aboveground tissue of associated vegetation samples. Slope, azimuth, and insolation were computed from field data and a high-resolution DEM of the sample grid, but these variables offered no significant explanation of the spatial variability in δ 13 C data from soil organic carbon. The observation that modern landscape position has little effect on δ 13 C over short distances, at least in a C 4 -dominated community, lends support to the application of δ 13 C analysis to buried soils for paleoenvironmental reconstruction where paleolandscape position is often unknown. Stable carbon isotope data were derived from paleosols at from the Beisel-Steinle site located to the west of Konza in central Kansas. Three soils were examined: the interstadial paleosol within the Gilman Canyon Formation (c. 38–27k cal yr BP), the Late Pleistocene–Holocene Brady Soil, and the modern surface soil. With the exception of isotopic depletion at the top of the surface soil, all three soils exhibited similar δ 13 C values of about14‰, the same value realized in the soil cores from Konza, suggesting close similarity among the plant communities of the interstade, the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene transition, and pristine prairie of today. This investigation emphasizes the need for additional research into the variation in stable carbon isotope signals vertically within the profile and across the landscape. Issues include the source of the near-surface depletion zone, the relationship between isotopic values in the soil versus those of the vegetation, and variation in soil δ 13 C values δ 13 C throughout the landscape.
Bilateral luteomas of pregnancy in a patient with diabetes

A patient with diabetes and luteomas of the ovaries demonstrated a significant and progressive rise in the serum levels of androstenedione and testosterone during pregnancy. The levels of these hormones were also elevated in cord blood and ovarian fluid. The increased insulin requirement to maintain euglycemia was observed at an earlier date in this pregnancy than in her previous pregnancy.
An alternative perspective on biofeedback efficacy studies: A reply to Steiner and Dince

Clinical applications of biofeedback have proliferated and considerable lore surrounding the application of these techniques has evolved. Many assertions about the effectiveness of biofeedback training are based on findings of the least well-controlled studies, while many of the better controlled studies have failed to show that biofeedback directly mediates target symptoms or is superior to other treatments. Steiner and Dince (1981) suggest that the failure of these controlled studies is primarily attributable to methodological deficiencies. We believe that the question of whether or not there is a specific effect of biofeedback training is still frequently confused with the question of whether or not the treatment package as a whole has therapeutic value. Biofeedback is often therapeutic; however, evidence is often lacking that its effectiveness is due to biofeedback-trained changes in a target physiological process.
Spectroscopic Study of the Ytterbium-Iron Exchange Interaction in Ytterbium Iron Garnet

The exchange splittings of the ytterbium ground-state doublet and of an excited state ($J=\frac{5}{2}$) doublet have been determined from spectroscopic studies of single-crystalline, ytterbium-iron garnet. The splittings were observed at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as a function of the orientation of the magnetization of the crystal. The splittings exhibit the functional form of the $g$ tensor of a two-level system. The principal values of the splittings (referred to local $x$, $y$, $z$ axes) are, for the ground state doublet, 11.6, 25.7, and 29.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and, for the excited state doublet, 15.9, 5.8, and 29.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.From the ground state splitting, using $g$ values for ytterbium in yttrium gallium garnet, the approximate principal values of the exchange field (assumed to act on the ytterbium spin magnetic moment only) were found to be 349 000 gauss, 611 000 gauss and 678 000 gauss. The principal values of the effective field (assumed to act on the total magnetic moment) are one fourth as large as those of the exchange field.On the basis of the ground state exchange splitting, calculations of various macroscopic properties of ytterbium-iron garnet, as a function of orientation of magnetization and of temperature, have been carried out by others. The calculated properties are in generally good agreement with experiment, but the sharp, low-temperature magnetic anisotropy anomalies which have been observed in ytterbium-doped yttrium iron garnet are not explained by the spectroscopic data.
Theoretical Study of Cooperativity in Multivalent Polymers for Colloidal Stabilization

Multivalent polymers, i.e., copolymers with multiple binding sites, have been proposed recently for stabilization of fusogentic liposomes and other liposomal colloids useful for drug delivery. The performance of such polymers critically depends on their molecular architecture, in particular the strength and frequency of surface anchoring sites along the backbone of a highly soluble polymer. In this work, we investigate the adsorption and surface forces due to multivalent polymers based on coarse-grained polymer models. We find that for W-type polymers that form dangling tails when all anchoring segments are attached to a surface, increasing the chain length at fixed polymer composition leads to a stronger repulsive barrier in the polymer-mediated surface forces thereby increasing the ability of the polymer to stabilize colloidal particles. This prediction conforms to an earlier experiment indicating that increasing the number of hydrophobic anchors along poly(ethylene glycol) polymers results in the coope...
The chemotactic defect in wiskott-Aldrich syndrome macrophages is due to the reduced persistence of directional protrusions.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is an actin nucleation promoting factor that is required for macrophages to directionally migrate towards various chemoattractants. The chemotaxis defect of WASp-deficient cells and its activation by Cdc42 in vivo suggest that WASp plays a role in directional sensing, however, its precise role in macrophage chemotaxis is still unclear. Using shRNA-mediated downregulation of WASp in the murine monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW/LR5 (shWASp), we found that WASp was responsible for the initial wave of actin polymerization in response to global stimulation with CSF-1, which in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae and carcinoma cells has been correlated with the ability to migrate towards chemoattractants. Real-time monitoring of shWASp cells, as well as WASp−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), in response to a CSF-1 gradient revealed that the protrusions from WASp-deficient cells were directional, showing intact directional sensing. However, the protrusions from WASp-deficient cells demonstrated reduced persistence compared to their respective control shRNA and wild-type cells. Further examination showed that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASp was required for both the first wave of actin polymerization following global CSF-1 stimulation and proper directional responses towards CSF-1. Importantly, the PI3K, Rac1 and WAVE2 proteins were incorporated normally in CSF-1 – elicited protrusions in the absence of WASp, suggesting that membrane protrusion driven by the WAVE2 complex signaling is intact. Collectively, these results suggest that WASp and its phosphorylation play critical roles in coordinating the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for the persistence of protrusions required for directional migration of macrophages towards CSF-1.
Analysis of Spontaneous Electrical Activity in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Acutely Isolated from Postnatal Rats

ABSTRACT: Whole-cell patch recording tech- neous or quiescent cells. Spontaneous activity did cor-niques were used to analyze spontaneous electrical relate with a lower activation threshold of the Na cur-activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells acutely isolated rent, resulting in substantial overlap of the activationfrom postnatal rats. Spontaneous activity was present and inactivation curves. TTX reduced the holding cur-in 65% of the cells examined, and it included simple rent of spontaneous cells clamped between 050 andand complex ﬁring patterns which persisted under 030 mV, consistent with the presence of a Na ‘‘win-conditions that eliminated residual or reformed syn- dow’’ current. We were unable, however, to measureaptic contacts. Under voltage clamp, both spontaneous a persistent component of the Na current using voltageand quiescent cells displayed similar voltage-depen- steps, a result which may reﬂect the complex gatingdent conductances. Inward current was carried by properties of Na channels. An Na window currentNa
Comparative Survival of Transplanted Heart and Skin in Inbred Rats

Skin, kidney, and heart allografts are all rejected acutely by inbred rats when the donor and recipient strains are incompatible at the Ag-B or major rat histocompatibility locus. In contrast, in Ag-B compatible strain combinations, kidney allografts usually survive indefinitely even though skin allografts are still rejected acutely. Unfortunately, matching at major loci may not insure the prolonged survival of organ as opposed to skin allografts in general because heart allografts in the Ag-B compatible Fischer to Lewis strain combination are rejected acutely, like skin. Evidence that donor pretreatment of rat heart allografts with leukocidal agents can prolong graft survival suggests that the degree of immunogenicity of grafts may be related in part to their leukocyte content.
An experimental analysis of retention control training in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in two institutionalized adolescents

An experimental analysis of a procedure labeled “retention control training” (RCT) is described for treatment of nocturnal enuresis. RCT requires the child to practice systematically inhibiting urination during the daytime under conditions of increasing bladder distension cues. Increased fluid intake is encouraged and social reinforcement is provided for inhibiting urination. This new learning generalizes to nightime and results in cessation of enuretic activity. Two “secondary” enuretic subjects (ages 13 and 14) were exposed to the sequential conditions of attention-placebo baseline, RCT, return to baseline, and RCT. Marked decreases in both daytime urinations and bedwetting episodes were observed during RCT with increases in these measures when baseline conditions were reinstated. During the final treatment phase both subjects reached the criterion level of three consecutive “dry” weeks.
Development of Enteric-Coated S/O Microcapsules Utilizing Edible Fats

Novel enteric-coated solid-in-oil (S/O) microcapsules were developed. The microcapsules contain a hydrophilic bioactive substance encapsulated in a shell made from edible fats. In these microcapsules, food colors or lactoferrin was used as the core substance and solid edible fats were used as the shell materials. The core hydrophilic bioactive substance was encapsulated by liquid-phase drying and liquid-phase hardening. Variations in the rate of disintegration of the microcapsules were due to the differences in the triglyceride content of the edible fats used. The variation in the release rate of the core material from the S/O microcapsules was due to the differences in the solid fat content (SFC) of the shell material. Furthermore, lactoferrin S/O microcapsules, which did not degrade while passing through the stomach and were efficiently absorbed in the intestine, were prepared. The S/O microcapsules developed in this study can be consumed as a food such as dietary supplements. They can be used not only as end products but also as intermediate materials for administering a variety of drugs.
The future of memory

In the not too distant future, the traditional memory and storage hierarchy of may be replaced by a single Storage Class Memory (SCM) device integrated on or near the logic processor. Traditional magnetic hard drives, NAND flash, DRAM, and higher level caches (L2 and up) will be replaced with a single high performance memory device. The Storage Class Memory paradigm will require high speed ( 1012), nonvolatility (retention >10 years), and low switching energies (< 10 pJ per switch). The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has recently evaluated several potential candidates SCM technologies, including Resistive (or Redox) RAM, Spin Torque Transfer RAM (STT-MRAM), and phase change memory (PCM). All of these devices show potential well beyond that of current flash technologies and research efforts are underway to improve the endurance, write speeds, and scalabilities to be on-par with DRAM. This progress has interesting implications for space electronics: each of these emerging device technologies show excellent resistance to the types of radiation typically found in space applications. Commercially developed, high density storage class memory-based systems may include a memory that is physically radiation hard, and suitable for space applications without major shielding efforts. This paper reviews the Storage Class Memory concept, emerging memory devices, and possible applicability to radiation hardened electronics for space.
TU-A-BRA-01: A Robotic Multi-Pinhole SPECT System for Onboard and Other Region-Of-Interest Imaging

Purpose:Radiation therapybeam guidance and modulation at treatment time could be substantially supported by onboard molecular and functional imaging capability. Currently there is very little range of technology available for this. Herein we propose and investigate a robotic multi‐pinhole SPECTsystem for this purpose. Methods: A 49‐pinhole system is designed with 7 pods and 7 pinholes per pod. Pod geometry is such that the full target region‐of‐interest (ROI) is within the FOV of all 7 pinholes for all pod distances exceeding a minimum distance from the ROI. Motion of the pods relative to one another can involve just 1 or 2 degrees of freedom per pod. Motion of the entire, composite 49‐pinhole system is provided by a robot. This design enables all 49 pinholes to view the full ROI throughout detector trajectories that can achieve sampling objectives, e.g. on line integrals measured, while also providing good resolution and sensitivity via close proximity to the ROI. The design is evaluated through computer simulation studies in which 7 and 10 mm diameter structures of 6‐to‐1 radiotracer uptake are added to the XCAT phantom. Results are compared to imaging with a compact parallel‐hole collimated detector, which is utilized as a reference for conventional SPECTimaging configurations. Results: For the 7 cm‐diameter target region of interest, the 49‐pinhole system shows markedly improved imaging as compared to the reference, parallel‐hole collimated detector. Most 7 mm and 10 mm diameter structures are readily visualized with 4 minute scans. Conclusions: In only a few minutes of scan time, the designed multi‐pinhole SPECTsystem can provide molecular and functional information about the target region as patients are in position for radiation therapy. This work is supported by NIH grant R21‐CA156390‐01A1.
Racial Identification, Racial Composition, and Substance Use Vulnerability Among African American Adolescents and Young Adults

Objective Two studies examined racial identity (RI) as a protective factor against substance-related cognitions and substance use among Black adolescents and young adults living in high versus low percentage Black social environments.
AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons

We briefly outline the information-theoretic (I-T) approaches to valid inference including a review of some simple methods for making formal inference from all the hypotheses in the model set (multimodel inference). The I-T approaches can replace the usual t tests and ANOVA tables that are so inferentially limited, but still commonly used. The I-T methods are easy to compute and understand and provide formal measures of the strength of evidence for both the null and alternative hypotheses, given the data. We give an example to highlight the importance of deriving alternative hypotheses and representing these as probability models. Fifteen technical issues are addressed to clarify various points that have appeared incorrectly in the recent literature. We offer several remarks regarding the future of empirical science and data analysis under an I-T framework.
Catching Up and Academic Institutions: A Comparative Study of Past National Experiences

Abstract The universities' role in economic development is again today an important focus of debate. While policy in developing countries often aims at reproducing advanced economies' institutions, recent research on national systems of innovation frames the hypothesis that the catching up process is marked by changes in the contribution of academic institutions to the development of firm-level capabilities. This paper argues in favour of this hypothesis. Drawing from the history of successful national catching up processes, it identifies important similarities across countries despite variations in historical context and local conditions. Each country struggled to achieve an effective integration of academic institutions into the industrial development process. This task was particularly difficult when industry needs were poorly articulated or neglected by the evolution of educational curricula.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in a cancer center emergency department.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest is utilized indiscriminately among unselected populations. Cancer patients have particularly low rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge after CPR. Our study determines rates of ROSC and survival to hospital discharge among cancer patients undergoing CPR in our cancer center. We examined whether these rates have changed over the past decade. This IRB-approved retrospective observational study was conducted in our cancer center. The ED and cancer center provide medical care for ≥ 115,000 patients annually. Cases of CPR presenting to the cancer center for years 2003–2012 were identified using Institutional CPR and Administrative Data for Resuscitation and Billing databases. Age, gender, ethnicity, ROSC and Discharge Alive using a modified Utsein template was used to compare proportions achieving ROSC and survival to hospital discharge for two time periods: 2003–2007 (Group 1) and 2008–2012 (Group 2), using traditional Pearson chi-square statistics. One hundred twenty-six cancer center patients received CPR from 2003–2012. Group 1 (N = 64) and Group 2 (N = 62) were similar; age (60 vs. 60 years), gender (63% vs. 58% male), and race/ethnicity (67% vs. 56% White). Proportions achieving ROSC were similar in the two time periods (36% Group 1 vs. 45% Group 2, OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.72 - 3.00) as was survival to hospital discharge (11% Group 1 vs. 10% Group 2, OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.28 - 2.76). ROSC after CPR in cancer patients and survival to hospital discharge did not change over time.
NATURALIZATION OF U.S. IMMIGRANTS: HIGHLIGHTS FROM TEN COUNTRIES.

The saga of U.S. immigrant naturalization is merely sketched for about 25 million immigrants entered in three decades of renewed immigration. This study documents naturalization outcomes for immigrants from ten major countries of origin, using administrative records on immigrants and naturalizations. Following the 1978–1987 admission cohorts for the first decade or more of permanent residence, this study finds significant covariate effects on the timing of naturalization by origin, mode of entry, and immigrant visa class, net other influences of demographic and background characteristics. Immigrants from the Philippines, Vietnam, and China naturalized more quickly than immigrants from India, Korea, Cuba, Colombia, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. Those who adjusted from statuses as nonimmigrants, refugees, or asylees became naturalized citizens more quickly. Those immigrants with employment sponsorship naturalized faster than family-sponsored immigrants. Spouses of citizens, spouses of permanent residents, spouses of siblings of citizens, and spouses of sons and daughters of citizens naturalized faster than some other immigrants. Gender was not significant in the multivariate analysis, but further research will more fully explore sex-specific variation in the timing of naturalization given likely variation in women's representation by origin and admission categories.
Endovascular Stent Grafting of a Left Ventricular Assist Device Outflow Graft Pseudoaneurysm

A 61-year-old female underwent implantation of a Heartmate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD; Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA) for end-stage nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Six months later, she presented with chest pain and worsening heart failure symptoms. Computed tomography angiography revealed a large subxiphoid pseudoaneurysm with peripheral thrombus exerting a mass effect on the heart (Figures 1 and 2). Further evaluation by ultrasonography with anterior chest transducer placement confirmed a 13-cm pseudoaneurysm with multiple connections to the LVAD outflow Dacron graft (Figure 3). She was afebrile and had no physical or laboratory evidence of infection. Because of extensive comorbidities, including morbid obesity, restrictive lung disease, and chronic renal insufficiency, open repair via repeat sternotomy was considered risk-prohibitive, and an endovascular repair was pursued. Figure 1. Axial computed tomography angiography image demonstrating the large subxiphoid pseudoaneurysm ( red arrow ) with area of communication to the outflow graft of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD; yellow arrow ). Figure 2. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography reconstruction demonstrating pseudoaneurysm ( yellow arrow ) arising from the outflow graft ( blue arrow ) of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD; red arrow ). Figure 3. A , Sagittal ultrasonographic view of the anterior chest demonstrating a 13×9 cm fluid collection (demarcated by + symbols) surrounding the outflow tract ( red arrow ) from the left ventricular apex ( yellow arrow ) to the left ventricular assist device (LVAD). B , Sagittal Doppler view demonstrating swirling flow within the fluid collection consistent with pseudoaneurysm. Off-label use of a Gore …
Anisotropic ion heating and parallel O+ acceleration in regions of rapid E × B convection

A numerical solution to the 20-moment set of transport equations has been found in order to study subauroral ionospheric outflows during periods of enhanced perpendicular ion drifts. The numerical model solves the time-dependent O(+) density, momentum, and both the parallel and perpendicular energy and heat flow equations in the 200-6000 km altitude range. Assuming perpendicular drifts of 3 km/s relative to the neutral atmosphere, we have found that anisotropic heating of O(+) (a result of ion-neutral collisions) leads to a temperature anisotropy, with perpendicular temperatures exceeding 8000 K and parallel temperatures greater than 5000 K (near 200 km altitude). Above approximately 2000 km, transport processes dominate the effects of collisions and wavelike oscillations in O(+) velocity, temperature and heat flux were noted.
Evaluation and treatment of pharyngitis in primary care practice: the difference between guidelines is largely academic.

Background The guidelines from the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of America differ with respect to the use of clinical criteria and microbiologic testing to identify adults with pharyngitis who are likely to have group A β-hemolytic streptococci. Methods To measure the rate of adherence to 3 strategies, we performed a retrospective analysis of visits to Boston, Mass, area primary care clinics by adults with a diagnosis of pharyngitis (n = 2097). Results The 4-point Centor criteria recommended by the American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America were not predictive of streptococcal testing (results for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 criteria were 79%, 81%, 79%, 80%, and 74%, respectively; P = .63) but were predictive of a positive streptococcal test (8%, 13%, 22%, 31%, and 30%, respectively; P P Conclusions The major problem in the testing and treatment of adults with pharyngitis is not which guideline to follow, but that clinicians usually fail to follow any guideline. Interventions should focus on an area where the guidelines agree: avoiding testing and antibiotic prescribing to patients at low risk for streptococcal pharyngitis.
Increased levels of uric acid predict haemodynamic compromise in patients with heart failure independently of B-type natriuretic peptide levels.

Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality in the USA and Europe, and the ability to predict prognosis is essential for optimal allocation of treatments. Biomarkers offering prognostic information in patients with heart failure have recently entered practice. Although B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an established biomarker,1 uric acid may also have prognostic value.2,3 Increases in BNP results primarily from increasing cardiac filling pressures, whereas increases in uric acid are associated with increased vascular tone4 and depressed myocardial contractility via increased xanthine oxidase activity.5 Thus, uric acid, like BNP, could be associated with haemodynamic compromise in heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that increased uric acid levels are associated with worsening haemodynamic compromise in patients with heart failure independent of BNP. Study patients were referred for right heart catheterisation between 1 January 2003 and 1 July 2004. Right atrial, pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures were measured using a balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheter. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. Heart transplant recipients or patients currently receiving synthetic human BNP were excluded. Uric acid and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) levels were drawn during the right heart catheterisation. The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board. Patients were divided into groups on the basis of the median serum uric acid and NT-proBNP levels: low uric acid and low NT-proBNP (n = 27), high uric acid and low NT-proBNP (n = 24), low uric acid and high NT-proBNP (n = 22), and high uric acid and high NT-proBNP (n = 33). We compared haemodynamic parameters between groups using linear …
The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein in aged primates

Amyloid beta protein deposition is a universal feature of Alzheimer's disease brain. To investigate the effects of amyloid beta protein in aged primates, intracerebral microinjections of solubilized amyloid beta (A beta (1-40)) and control peptides were made into the frontal cortex of 7 primates under stereotactic guidance. Control injections consisted of vehicle alone, a 37 amino acid non toxic peptide (A37), scrambled peptide (CA4), and reverse peptide (A beta (40-1)). Amyloid beta peptide produced dose-dependent cortical lesions that were significantly larger than those produced by vehicle or by isomolar control peptides (3.28 and 2.20 fold larger respectively) (p = < 0.005). In 5 aged primates, the cortex surrounding the amyloid beta lesions contained argyrophilic, thioflavine S fluorescent, Alz 50 and ubiquitin immunoreactive neurons and perikarya. The number of Alz 50 immunoreactive neurons surrounding the amyloid beta injections was significantly greater (mean 127 +/- 39) than the number found surrounding reverse peptide injections (mean 20 +/- 13) and other control peptides (mean 0.8 +/- 0.3) (p < 0.05). Neuronal and neuritic alterations were not found adjacent to the amyloid beta peptide lesions in young monkeys and control injections produced insignificant Alz 50 neuronal positivity. These findings suggest that amyloid beta peptide is neurotoxic in primate brain and that the cytoskeletal response to amyloid beta protein is specific and age-related.
Research with Adaptive Behavior Scales

In recent years, a great deal of research concerning adaptive behavior scales has been conducted. This article reviews adaptive behavior research in the following areas: the relationship between adaptive behavior and intelligence and school achievement, the relationship between different measures of adaptive behavior, predictive aspects, declassification, group differences in adaptive behavior, the relationship between parents' and teachers' ratings, factorial dimensions, the effects of training and intervention, and stability and interrater reliability.
CONTINUOUS–TRACE C*-ALGEBRAS NOT ISOMORPHIC TO THEIR OPPOSITE ALGEBRAS

We give examples of locally trivial continuous-trace C*-algebra not isomorphic to their opposite algebras. Our examples include a unital C*-algebra which is both stably isomorphic to and homotopy equivalent to its opposite algebra, a unital C*-algebra which is homotopy equivalent to but not stably isomorphic to its opposite algebra, and a unital C*-algebra which is not even stably homotopy equivalent to its opposite algebra.
Making Rules for Global Finance: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation at the Turn of the Millennium

This article explains a shift in the way transatlantic authorities managed conflicts over the cross-border regulation of securities markets: from cooperation skewed heavily toward the preferences of U.S. officials and accepted grudgingly by European counterparts; to a Euro-American regulatory condominium characterized by close interactions among decision makers and mutual accommodation. In the final decades of the twentieth century, the asymmetric influence wielded by U.S. securities market authorities had few parallels in other regulatory areas. Why, then, did U.S. officials become more accommodating and European authorities more influential, and why did the turning point occur in 2002 and 2003, an unlikely moment for intensified transatlantic sovereignty sharing? My study shows that institutional change inside the EU recast the North Atlantic balance of regulatory leverage and thereby was the primary factor behind the reshaping of transatlantic cooperation. Internal EU regulatory centralization changed the expectations of U.S. and European firms and authorities and generated new incentives in Washington, D.C., for accommodation and closer transatlantic coordination. My explanation differs from models that, accepting U.S. financial pre-eminence as a given, attribute variance in cross-border regulatory cooperation to factors such as incentives derived from the particularities of issue areas or preferences rooted in domestic politics. While resonating with a well-established theme from the realist branch of IPE, my findings have broad theoretical significance, and open new avenues for dialogue between realists and constructivists about the social, political, and institutional foundations of power in global economic affairs. The transatlantic political process set off by financial transformation in Europe reveals contemporary sources of systemic change and raises questions about what the EU's ascendance as a global financial regulator will mean in the aftermath of the late-2000s crisis.
A language measure for performance evaluation of discrete-event supervisory control systems

This paper formulates a signed real measure of sublanguages of a regular language based on the principles of automata theory and real analysis. The measure allows total ordering of any set of partially ordered sublanguages of a regular language for quantitative evaluation of the controlled behavior of a deterministic finite-state automaton (DFSA) plant under different supervisors. The computational complexity of the language measure algorithm is polynomial in the number of DFSA states.
Neighborhood Effects on Felony Sentencing

The relatively high imprisonment rates of African American men from poor neighborhoods raise a question of whether felony sentences are influenced by ecological factors, separately from or in conjunction with a defendant's race. To provide insight on the topic, both legal and extralegal effects on imprisonment and sentence length were modeled for nearly 3,000 convicted felons from more than 1,000 census tracts in Ohio. Neighborhood effects were estimated with empirical bayes coefficients as outcomes, derived from hierarchical analyses, to adjust for the small ratio of defendants to tracts. Findings revealed that convicted felons from more disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to receive nonsuspended prison sentences, whereas a defendant's race was unrelated to imprisonment. By contrast, neighborhood disadvantage was unrelated to sentence length for imprisoned defendants, whereas African Americans received significantly shorter terms relative to Whites. The processes through which ecological context...