cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field

With the subject exposed to an alternating magnetic field, eye position may be accurately recorded from the voltage generated in a coil of wire embedded in a scleral contact lens worn by the subject. Using two magnetic fields in quadrature phase and two coils on the lens, one may measure horizontal, vertical and torsional eye movements simultaneously. The instrument described has an accuracy and linearity of about 2 per cent of full scale, a resolution of 15 seconds of arc and a bandwidth of 1000 cyles per second.
Household Food Expenditures, Parental Time Allocation, and Childhood Overweight: An Integrated Two-Stage Collective Model with an Empirical Application and Test

This article develops a two‐stage collective household production model for household food expenditures, parental time allocation, and childhood overweight. The model fills four gaps in the literature: (i) the “black box” treatment of intrahousehold decision making, (ii) exclusion of the child's decision input, (iii) exclusion of noneconomic variables, and (iv) absence of theory‐supported instrument identification. The traditional unitary household production model with children is a special case of the model developed. Using a unique data set, the unitary model is rejected. There are important differences in the policy implications to be drawn from both models based on the data set used.
Brain-mediated dysregulation of the bone marrow activity in angiotensin II-induced hypertension

Oxidative stress in the brain is implicated in increased sympathetic drive, inflammatory status, and vascular dysfunctions, associated with development and establishment of hypertension. However, little is known about the mechanism of this impaired brain-vascular communication. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increased oxidative stress in the brain cardioregulatory areas, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, is driven by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and leads to increased inflammatory cells (ICs) and decreased/dysfunctional endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), thereby compromising vasculature repair and accelerating hypertension. Chronic angiotensin II infusion resulted in elevated blood pressure and sympathetic vasomotor drive, decreased spontaneous baroreflex gain, and increased microglia activation in the paraventricular nucleus. This was associated with 46% decrease in bone marrow (BM)-derived EPCs and 250% increase in BM ICs, resulting in 5-fold decrease of EPC/IC ratio in the BM. Treatment with mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, a scavenger of mitochondrial O 2 −· , intracerebroventricularly but not subcutaneously attenuated angiotensin II–induced hypertension, decreased activation of microglia in the paraventricular nucleus, and normalized EPCs/ICs. This functional communication between the brain and BM was confirmed by retrograde neuronal labeling from the BM with green fluorescent protein–tagged pseudorabies virus. Administration of green fluorescent protein–tagged pseudorabies virus into the BM resulted in predominant labeling of paraventricular nucleus neurons within 3 days, with some fluorescence in the nucleus tractus solitarius, the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and subfornical organ. Taken together, these data demonstrate that inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species attenuates angiotensin II–induced hypertension and corrects the imbalance in EPCs/ICs in the BM. They suggest that an imbalance in vascular reparative and ICs may perpetuate vascular pathophysiology in this model of hypertension.
Increased Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression during Copper Deficiency in Rats Results from Increased Mitochondrial Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide

The activity of hepatic heme oxygenase (HO) in rats is elevated in response to copper deficiency. However, the mechanism responsible for the increase in HO activity is poorly understood. Oxidative stress is a common denominator for many of the signals that induce HO-1, the inducible isoform of HO. The present study evaluated the role of H(2)O(2) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain as a potential mechanism for the induction of HO-1 during copper deficiency. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of young male rats fed a copper-deficient diet for 5 wk had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels of NADH:cytochrome c reductase (31% reduction), succinate:cytrochrome c reductase (42% reduction), and cytochrome c oxidase (70% reduction) activities and significantly increased production of H(2)O(2) (48% increase) when glutamate was used as a substrate. Hepatic levels of HO-1 protein and mRNA were also significantly elevated (48 and 20%, respectively) in copper-deficient rats, indicating that copper deficiency stimulated the expression of the HO-1 gene. Furthermore, hepatic HO-1 protein content was best described by a regression model that included mitochondrial NADH:cytochrome c reductase and succinate:cytochrome c reductase activities, but not cytochrome c oxidase activity (R(2) = 0.54, P < 0.02). Hydrogen peroxide is a known inducer of HO-1, and our results suggest that increased mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production resulting from inhibition of respiratory complex activities contributes to the induction of HO-1 during copper deficiency. The levels of HO-1 protein and mRNA were also elevated (85 and 95%, respectively) in hearts from copper-deficient rats, indicating that the effects of copper deficiency on HO-1 gene expression are not limited to hepatic tissue.
Commentary: Physical activity and weight control

References 1 Luke A, Cooper RS. Physical activity does not influence obesity risk: Time to clarify the public health message. Int J Epidemiol 2013; doi:10.1093/ije/dyt159. 2 Ng SW, Popkin BM. Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe. Obes Rev 2012;13:659–80. 3 Dugas LR, Harders R, Merrill S et al. Energy expenditure in adults living in developing compared with industrialized countries: a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:427–41. 4 Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011;378:804–14. 5 Swinburn BA. Nutrition signposting: the ‘eat more’ message seems to be getting through: what about the ‘eat less’ message? Public Health Nutr 2012;15:483–85. 6 Moodie R, Stuckler D, Monteiro C et al. Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. Lancet 2013;381:670–79. 7 Stuckler D, McKee M, Ebrahim S, Basu S. Manufacturing Epidemics: The role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001235. 8 World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. 9 Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R. Independent global accountability for NCDs. Lancet 2013;381:602–05. 10 Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. 11 Egger G, Swinburn B. Planet Obesity. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2011.
Scene Memory Is More Detailed Than You Think The Role of Categories in Visual Long-Term Memory

Observers can store thousands of object images in visual long-term memory with high fidelity, but the fidelity of scene representations in long-term memory is not known. Here, we probed scene-representation fidelity by varying the number of studied exemplars in different scene categories and testing memory using exemplar-level foils. Observers viewed thousands of scenes over 5.5 hr and then completed a series of forced-choice tests. Memory performance was high, even with up to 64 scenes from the same category in memory. Moreover, there was only a 2% decrease in accuracy for each doubling of the number of studied scene exemplars. Surprisingly, this degree of categorical interference was similar to the degree previously demonstrated for object memory. Thus, although scenes have often been defined as a superset of objects, our results suggest that scenes and objects may be entities at a similar level of abstraction in visual long-term memory.
Clostridium difficile infection in the pediatric surgery population.

Abstract Purpose The incidence of Clostridium difficile –associated disease (CDAD) in the adult population doubled in the past decade, with increasing morbidity and mortality; however, little research has been performed in the pediatric population. We characterized C difficile infection in the pediatric population, with emphasis on the surgical population. Methods At a university-based children's hospital, we reviewed 231 patient (birth to 18 years of age) records containing a diagnosis of CDAD between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2008. Results Clostridium difficile –associated disease incidence increased from 250 per 100,000 hospitalizations in 2002 to 580 per 100,000 hospitalizations in 2008. No fatalities or surgical interventions were attributable to CDAD. Eighty-seven percent of patients received antibiotics within 2 months of diagnosis. Fifty-two percent of patients underwent operative intervention within 2 months of diagnosis; of these, 89% percent received previous antibiotic therapy and 57% were immunosuppressed. The most common antecedent procedures were bone marrow biopsy and line placement for myelodysplastic diseases (40%), followed by renal transplant (11%). Conclusions Pediatric CDAD incidence doubled during the study period but was not associated with death or operative intervention. A substantial number of CDAD cases were associated with previous operative procedures, particularly in immunosuppressed patients and those who received prior antibiotics.
Evaluating latent variable models of functional somatic distress in a community-based sample

This study evaluated the diagnostic validity of conditions that have been labeled functional somatic syndromes. In an effort to replicate prior work in this area, latent variable models of functional somatic distress were estimated from the responses of 213 community members to a medical questionnaire. Medical questionnaire items that closely conformed to formal diagnostic criteria for the conditions were used in model estimation. Results of confirmatory factor analysis supported diagnostic distinctions between five syndromes (fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, somatic depression, somatic anxiety, and irritable bowel syndrome). Discrete diagnostic categories of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome were then tested using logistic regression analysis, in which the outcome involved independent diagnosis of these conditions based upon physician evaluation. Evidence for the existence of discrete diagnoses of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome was particularly strong, since these diagnoses were cross-validated using findings from physician evaluation tailored to diagnose these conditions. Findings can assist mental health practitioners in drawing theoretical and symptom-based distinctions between different types of syndromes characterized by physical complaints.
The use of HeLa cells in suspension for the quantitative study of virus propagation.

Abstract Trypsinized HeLa cells were kept in single-state suspension by means of a magnetic stirrer without a significant loss in concentration. The vast majority of the cells remained in a viable state for at least 24 hours as determined by vital staining. The viability depended to some extent on the initial concentration of the cells. The suspended cells were able to support the propagation of poliomyelitis virus and the development of noninfectious hemagglutinins of influenza A virus, and preliminary quantitative results are presented for these agents.
Monolithic silicon bolometers as sensitive MM-wave detectors

We report the development of a waveguide-coupled monolithic Si bolometer for applications in low-background millimeter-wave astrophysical observations. In this device, the absorber of the bolometer is a narrow Bi-coated Si substrate oriented along the E-plane of the waveguide. This design allows efficient coupling of bolometers to waveguide. We measured these devices to have a high coupling efficiency, an electrical responsivity /spl ap/2/spl times/10/sup 9/ V/W, and electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) /spl ap/10/sup -17/ W//spl radic/(Hz) at /spl sim/100 mK. >
Effects of a Bundled Accommodations Package on High-Stakes Testing for Middle School Students with Reading Disabilities

This study investigated the efficacy of a package of accommodations for poor readers in Grade 7. Students with and without word reading disabilities were randomly assigned to take an experimental version of a high-stakes reading comprehension test in 1 of 3 formats: (a) standard administration, (b) read aloud accommodations with 1-day administration, or (c) read aloud accommodations with 2-day administration. The significant condition effect and nonsignificant group by condition interaction suggested that accommodations helped both poor and average readers. However, the accommodation effect in average readers stemmed from low performance in the nonaccommodated experimental condition that was not apparent when the same students previously took the state-administered test. The 2-day administration was more effective than the 1-day administration.
Bright phosphorescence of a trinuclear copper(I) complex: luminescence thermochromism, solvatochromism, and "concentration luminochromism".

A photophysical study is reported for the trinuclear copper(I) complex {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3. The neutral compound exhibits multicolor bright phosphorescent emissions both in the solid state and in solution. The emission can be tuned to multiple visible colors by controlling the temperature, solvent, and {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3 concentration, giving rise to luminescence thermochromism, luminescence solvatochromism, and a new optical phenomenon called “concentration luminochromism”, respectively.
Effects of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc enrichments on productivity and biomass in the subarctic Pacific

Natural plankton populations from subarctic Pacific surface waters were incubated in 7-d experiments with added concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Small additions of metals (0.89 nM Fe, 1.8 nM Mn, 3.9 nM Cu, and 0.75 nM Zn) were used to simulate natural perturbations in metal concentrations potentially experienced by marine plankton. Trace metal concentrations, phytoplankton productivity, Chl a, and the species composition of phytoplankton and microzooplankton were measured over the course of the experiment. Although the controls indicated little growth, increases in phytoplankton productivity, Chl a, and cell densities were dramatic after the addition of 0.89 nM Fe, indicating that it may limit the rates of algal production in these waters. Similar increases were observed in experiments with 3.9 nM Cu added. The Cu effect is attributed to a decrease in the grazing activities of the microzooplankton (ciliates) and increases in the rates of production. Mn enrichment had its greatest effect on diatom biomass, whereas Zn enrichment had its greatest effect on other autofluorescent organisms. The extent of trace metal adsorption onto carboy walls was also evaluated. These results imply that natural systems may be affected as follows: natural levels of Fe and Cu may influence phytoplankton productivity and trophic structure in open-obean, high-nutrient, low-biomass systems; rates of net production are not limited by one micronutrient alone. Because of the effects of adsorption and complexation, experiments must be carefully monitored for free vs. total metal concentrations, and short-term incubations (1 d) may not be affected dramatically by small perturbations in trace metal micronutrients.
Development of a quantitative PCR method to differentiate between viable and nonviable bacteria in environmental water samples.

Ethidium monoazide bromide (EMA) treatment of pure culture and environmental waters at low concentrations (1.0–7.5 µg/ml) indicated effective enumeration of viable and viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli in pure cultures, creek waters, and secondary activated sludge effluent samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) amplification of the uidA and fliC gene targets at turbidity values <10 NTU. However, EMA treatment was not effective in primary clarifier and secondary trickling filter effluents where turbidities were ≥10 NTU. In viable pure cultures, rapidly dividing and senescent cells were most affected by increasing EMA concentrations. Amplification of heat-killed pure bacterial cultures decreased 4 to 6 logs depending on EMA concentration and culture age. The greatest difference was observed in 5-h cultures using 7.5 μg/ml EMA. Turbidity (≥100 NTU) in environmental samples inhibited EMA effectiveness on viability discrimination. Enumeration of E. coli in certain wastewaters using EMA-qPCR was similar to culture suggesting that EMA treatment could be incorporated into qPCR assays for the quantification of viable bacteria increasing assay time no more than 30 min. Our results indicate that EMA can be used in routine qPCR assays, but optimum conditions for exposure must be identified for each sample type due to sample matrix effects such as turbidity.
A corpus-based bootstrapping algorithm for Semi-Automated semantic lexicon construction

Many applications need a lexicon that represents semantic information but acquiring lexical information is time consuming. We present a corpus-based bootstrapping algorithm that assists users in creating domain-specific semantic lexicons quickly. Our algorithm uses a representative text corpus for the domain and a small set of ‘seed words’ that belong to a semantic class of interest. The algorithm hypothesizes new words that are also likely to belong to the semantic class because they occur in the same contexts as the seed words. The best hypotheses are added to the seed word list dynamically, and the process iterates in a bootstrapping fashion. When the bootstrapping process halts, a ranked list of hypothesized category words is presented to a user for review. We used this algorithm to generate a semantic lexicon for eleven semantic classes associated with the MUC-4 terrorism domain.
Coherent Structures in a Baroclinic Atmosphere. Part III: Block Formation and Eddy Forcing

Abstract In this paper we exploit a nonlinear baroclinic theory of atmospheric Rossby waves superimposed on westerly winds with meridional and vertical shear which was proposed in two earlier studies, Parts I and II. In Part I, nonlinear, stationary Rossby wave solutions were found consisting of a localized vortex pair and having an equivalent barotropic structure. These solutions, found in the context of an asymptotic theory for the quasi-geostrophic baroclinic potential vorticity equation, were proposed as a model for atmospheric blocking. In Part II, the theory was extended to the time-dependent, highly nonlinear case, removing the weak-amplitude limitations of the asymptotic theory of Part I. The localized highly nonlinear dipole solution of Part II was found to be remarkably robust to different energetic perturbations, even with a baroclinically unstable mean zonal wind. A typical persistence (predictability) time for the solution of Part II was of the order 10 to 15 days, consistent with observation...
DESCARTES'S METAPHYSICAL BIOLOGY

In the past decade, several Descartes scholars have gone on record claiming that, for biological purposes, Descartes likely accepts the practical scientific necessity of the existence of “physical natures,” even while his official substance-mode ontology and his characterization of matter in terms of extension do not license the existence of physical natures. In this article, I elaborate on the historical context of Descartes’s biology, the “practical scientific necessity” just mentioned, and argue, contrary to other interpretations, that Descartes does offer a philosophical justification for the existence of physical natures, albeit not by appeal to the categories of substance and mode, or matter as such, but by appeal to our “nature” as a union between mind and body.
The paradigm of partial erasures

This thesis is a study of erasures in cryptographic protocols. Erasing old data and keys is an important capability of honest parties in cryptographic protocols. It is useful in many settings, including proactive security in the presence of a mobile adversary, adaptive security in the presence of an adaptive adversary, forward security, and intrusion resilience. Some of these settings, such as achieving proactive security, is provably impossible without some form of erasures. Other settings, such as designing protocols that are secure against adaptive adversaries, are much simpler to achieve when erasures are allowed. Protocols for all these contexts typically assume the ability to perfectly erase information. Unfortunately, as amply demonstrated in the systems literature, perfect erasures are hard to implement in practice. We propose a model of imperfect or partial erasures where erasure instructions are only partially effective and leave almost all the data intact, thus giving the honest parties only a limited capability to dispose old data. Nonetheless, we show how to design protocols for all of the above settings (including proactive security, adaptive security, forward security, and intrusion resilience) for which this weak form of erasures suffices. We do not have to invent entirely new protocols, but rather show how to automatically modify protocols relying on perfect erasures into ones for which partial erasures suffices. Stated most generally, we provide a compiler that transforms any protocol relying on perfect erasures for security into one with the same functionality that remains secure even if the erasures are only partial. The key idea is a new redundant representation of secret data which can still be computed on, and yet is rendered useless when partially erased. We prove that any such compiler must incur a cost in additional storage, and that our compiler is near optimal in terms of its storage overhead. We also give computationally more efficient compilers for a number of special cases: (1) when all the computations on secrets can be done in constant parallel time (NC0); (2) for a class of proactive secret sharing protocols where we leave the protocol intact except for changing the representation of the shares of the secret and the instructions that modify the shares (to correspondingly modify the new representation instead). (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Quadriceps function relates to muscle size following ACL reconstruction.

It remains unclear what role reduced volume and cross-section area (CSA) of individual quadriceps muscles may play in persistent quadriceps weakness and more global dysfunction following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this investigation was to establish the relationship between cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscle group and measures of knee related and quadriceps function following ACLR. Thirty participants with a history of primary, unilateral ACLR experiencing persistent quadriceps activation failure participated in this cohort study. Clinical factors including International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, normalized knee extension MVIC torque (Nm/kg) and quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR, %) were assessed in addition to CSA. Quadriceps CSA was measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Siemens Avanto 1.5T). Quadriceps CSA (cm(2) ) and quadriceps volume (cm(3) ) as well as individual muscle estimates were identified within a 10 cm mid-thigh capture area. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) established relationships between CSA and all other variables. Stepwise linear regression established which CSA factors were able to successfully predict clinical factors. Knee extension MVIC torque was strongly correlated with Vastus Intermedius (VI; r = 0.857, p < 0.001) CSA as well as partial VI (r = 0.849, p < 0.001) and quadriceps (r = 0.830, p < 0.001) volume. Partial VI (r = 0.365, p = 0.047) volume was weakly correlated with IKDC score. Knee extension MVIC torque was strongly predicted using VI CSA alone (R(2) = 0.725) or in combination with Vastus Medialis CSA (VM; R(2) = 0.756). Statement of Clinical Significance: Atrophy of the VI and VM muscles negatively impacts knee extension strength following ACLR. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1656-1662, 2016.
Analysis of the Mechanism of N-t-Butyl-2-Benzothiazole Sulfenamide Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of cis-Polyisoprene

Abstract Results of previously published work involving network analysis and accelerator intermediate analysis of cis-polyisoprene were compared to help correlate and rationalize network/chemistry relationships. Both classical chemical probe network analysis and further NMR measurements (DEPT analysis) were used as necessary to verify NMR peak assignments. Furthermore, samples of the conventional formulation were vulcanized in the absence of zinc oxide and stearic acid to help elucidate the role of zinc in the vulcanization process. Polysulfidic dibenzothiazole accelerator intermediates were proposed to produce allylic substituted cis-polysulfides both with and without double bond migration, while zinc polysulfidic dibenzothiazole accelerator intermediates were proposed to produce allylic cis and trans polysulfides substituted structures with no double bond migration. Polysulfidic substitution on the isoprene methyl carbon was shown to result from exchange reactions during network maturation. The network-...
Observation of Aluminate Whiskers and Nanotubes in Dynamometer-Aged Three-Way Automotive Catalysts

Short nanotubes and whiskers of aluminates of different compositions, NixAl2O3+x, SrAl12O19 and (Nd,La)AlO3, with a noble metal particle attached to one end, are observed in dynamometer-aged automotive three-way catalysts (TWCs). The samples were from different production formulations for the US market that were aged for 120 h to simulate 100 000 miles of driving with a peak temperature of 1000-1050 °C in the middle of the catalyst monolith. NixAl2O3+x appears as nanotubes in both Pt/Rh- and Pd-based catalysts with NiO additions. The nanotubes suspend the precious metal catalyst particles in the gas stream. Solid whiskers of SrAl12O19 have been found in a Pd-based catalyst with SrO additions in both pores and within alumina agglomerates. (Nd,La)AlO3 whiskers have thus far been found only within alumina agglomerates in a Pd-based catalyst. The aspect ratio of the whiskers and nanotubes observed after aging is 4:1 or more. The solid noble metal particles are cuboctohedral in shape and average 90-150 nm in diameter, depending on the sample. Catalyst particle size controls the nanotube and whisker diameter, although some conical whiskers have also been observed.
A Note on Uniform Structures of Topological Groups

(1972). A Note on Uniform Structures of Topological Groups. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 383-385.
NIMG-59PREDICTING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN GBM: MACHINE LEARNING ON CLINICAL IMAGES

NIMG-59. PREDICTING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN GBM: MACHINE LEARNING ON CLINICAL IMAGES Corbin Rayfield and Kristin Swanson; Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA Patients suffering from glioblastoma exhibit a wide response to therapy. Studies relying on genetic/phenotypic markers to predict treatment response struggle to deliver clinically useful information in an actionable timeframe which underscores the need for a predictive measure produced by pretreatment clinical information. Our group has previously described the Days Gained (DG) metric of response which is capable of stratifying patients by overall and progression free survival (Neal 2013). We sought to explore whether a predictive algorithm could be used to predict patients’ response to therapy as measured by the DG metric. We studied 52 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who had at least 2 pre-treatment and 1 post radiation therapy MRIs. The group was divided into a training (n 1⁄4 31) and a test set (n 1⁄4 21). A decision tree calculated through multiple iterations of linear regressions was used to generate variables that were correlated with the DG score and cluster the training patients according to clinically available variables. A random forest algorithm was used to search for the optimal model that would differentiate those patients who had a significant response to treatment (DG . 73), previously shown to be predictive of better overall survival (Neal 2013). The variables that clustered patients by treatment response were age, gender, Karnofsky Performance Score, tumors size on MRI (T1Gd and T2) at diagnosis, extent of resection, pre-treatment velocity, and the ratio of the net rates of diffusion to proliferation. A test performed on the test cohort showed 95% accuracy in predicting their response to treatment. This tool, utilizing nothing more than information available at the time of surgery, patients can be stratified according to expected response to adjuvant therapy. By targeting those patients that are predicted not to respond, clinicians can begin to consider more aggressive radiation schemes, faster implementation of salvage therapy or clinical trials. Neuro-Oncology 17:v153–v171, 2015. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov225.59 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2015.
GENO-14SINGLE-CELL TRANSCIPTOMICS AND GENOMICS REVEALS A DIVERSITY OF TUMOR AND IMMUNE CELL POLARIZATION SIGNALS IN GBM.

Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are a critical component of the tumor microenvironment, and have functions in tumor invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. To assess the heterogeneity of macrophage polarization states, and associated signaling from tumor cells, we single-cell sequenced a cohort of 5 primary GBM biopsies. Using high-throughput microfluidics, followed by RNA-sequencing we analyzed the transcriptomes of 768 single cells. For each case, approximately 96 cells were isolated from disassociated, fresh tumor tissue. For 3 of the 5 cases a second sample was taken and (prior to single-cell isolation) enriched for inflammatory infiltrate via a density gradient, followed by an LS column selecting for CD11b. For all cases, DNA from whole tumor and matched blood was subjected to exome sequencing. Somatic mutations were identified from deeply-sequenced exome data, and the heterogeneity of expressed mutations was tabulated from the single-cell data. Comparing the transcriptional profiles of GBM cells, to transcriptomes obtained from single-cell sequencing human fetal brain tissue, we identified fractions of cells with a low frequency of expressed mutations that have genetic signatures similar to progenitor cell populations found in the developing brain. These sub-populations express high levels of periostin, a potent TAM attractant. We identified a large fraction of cells with a TAM signature. In each sample, the putative TAM population demonstrated gradients of markers for polarization, including CD163, CD11c and MHC class II. The results of differential analysis between these polarized fractions, co-expression analysis of tumor-TAM signaling genes and the ongoing co-culture experiments will be presented.
Magnesium Alloy Development and Application in Automobile

It is an important approach for weight reduction of automobile parts by developing magnesium alloy. This paper presents recent development and trends of magnesium alloys which are based on the search of latest information domestic and abroad- production of magnesium alloy parts in SAIC - and RD of magnesium alloy in electric drive car. Also introduces latest research and development - application of magnesium alloy in automobile.
Blood safety. The Food and Drug Administration's role.

Abstract The federal government has a role in protecting consumers from threats to the blood supply. These threats range from the residual risks of known infection, to emerging infections that may contaminate the blood supply, to complacency in the area of adherence to product standards and Current Good Manufacturing Practices. The Food and Drug Administration is tasked with oversight of the safety of the nation's blood supply. The Food and Drug Administration's regulation of blood and blood components includes preapproval for products entering interstate commerce and adherence to Current Good Manufacturing Practices for all blood components. Oversight for Current Good Manufacturing Practices compliance includes inspection and reporting requirements. These regulatory programs are coupled with the Public Health Service's ongoing research and epidemiological surveillance. The goals of these programs are to prevent another infectious disease epidemic from infecting the blood supply as did the acquired immuno...
Synthesis of Chain-End Functionalized Glycopolymers via Cyanoxyl-Mediated Free Radical Polymerization (CMFRP)

Glycopolymers are often used as glyco-macroligands for biological research and biomedical applications in carbohydrate recognitions. Chain-end functionalized glycopolymers show more potential for practical applications, such as protein modification and solid-phase bioassays. In particular, the chain-end group allows for direct one-to-one attachment or facilitates site-specific and oriented immobilization onto solid surfaces. A series of derivatized arylamine initiators are used to generate chain-end functionalized glycopolymers by cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP). Important features of this strategy include the capacity to produce polymers of low polydispersity (PDI <1.5) under aqueous conditions using unprotected monomers bearing a wide range of functional groups. In addition, it provides a one-pot method to synthesize α,ω-telechelic glycopolymers with derivatized arylamine at one site and O-cyanate at the other site. In the process, the capacity to orthogonally label glycopolymers or otherwise conjugate them to proteins and other molecules is greatly enhanced.
A computer vision-based algorithm to predict false positive errors in radiology trainees when interpreting digital breast tomosynthesis cases

We developed an algorithm to identify trainee's false positive errors on DBT.The algorithm is personalized for each individual trainee.Our model can improve trainees' training by focusing on false positive error cases. ObjectivesDigital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a new imaging modality that improves invasive cancer detection rates compared to mammography. In this work, we aim to advance adaptive computer-based education in DBT by computer algorithm. MethodsFirst, a set of potentially difficult locations are identified based on locations marked by other trainees using a regional clustering algorithm. Second, the candidate location is segmented to identify potential abnormal objects. Third, 18 features are extracted from the location from the segmented image. Finally, a classifier uses the 18 features to predict whether the candidate location would result in a false positive error for the trainee. The classifier is personalized for each trainee by using data from the trainee's prior DBT interpretations. ResultsOur algorithm successfully identified locations more likely associated with false positive errors as compared to randomly identified locations. The prevalence of errors among the difficult locations was 20.7% when 1 location per trainee was predicted and 17.2% when 10 locations were predicted. In comparison, the prevalence of errors for random locations generated within a breast region with 1 and 10 identified locations was 0% and 4.8%, respectively. ConclusionsWe developed an algorithm to successfully identify locations on DBT where trainees are more likely to commit false positive errors. Advances in knowledgeOur user model can be used to select the most challenging cases for each trainee from the perspective of committing false positive errors. Our model improved the status quo of case presentation with random selection to trainee in breast tomosynthesis.
Innovation for all nations

In 1776 when Adam Smith published his massive four-volume study An Inquiry Intothe Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he noted that the specialization of labour had vastly increased industrial productivity. Blacksmiths, for example, were no longer generalists making nails one moment and horseshoes the next. By concentrating on a particular speciality, each labourer's output soared and his products could be sold for less.
Reanimating Caleb Williams ; or, How to Keep the 1790s Alive

Chapter 2 focuses on William Godwin’s works, while also providing a historical introduction to the nineteenth-century radical press, and the canon of texts regularly reprinted by that press. Godwin and his most famous works – An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Caleb Williams – offer a particularly revealing look at the complex relation between the 1790s and the century that followed, as author and texts alike came to function as stand-ins for the revolutionary decade. Godwin’s novel Caleb Williams lived a very long life in print, and this chapter examines the way the novel was deployed throughout the century, paying most attention to how the novel was excerpted by William Thomson, editor of the Chartist Circular.
Abstract 335: Regulation of Muscle Contractility by a Family of SERCA-Inhibitory Micropeptides

Functional micropeptides can be concealed within RNA transcripts that have been putatively annotated as non-coding. We recently discovered a muscle-specific micropeptide, named myoregulin (MLN), that inhibits the activity of SERCA, the membrane pump that controls muscle relaxation by regulating Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Genetic deletion of MLN in mice enhances Ca2+ handling in skeletal muscle and improves exercise performance. MLN shares structural and functional similarity with phospholamban (PLN) and sarcolipin (SLN), two well-studied micropeptides that regulate cardiac contractility and disease. Here we identify an additional member of this micropeptide family, named endoregulin (ELN), that specifically overlaps with the expression of SERCA3, the dominant Ca2+ ATPase in endothelial cells that controls the contractility of vascular and visceral smooth muscles. ELN encodes a single transmembrane alpha helix that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it forms a stable complex with SERCA3. In cell based assays, ELN inhibits SERCA-dependent Ca2+ uptake into the ER and controls ER calcium levels. Due to the essential role of SERCA3 in regulating vascular smooth muscle contractility, ELN represents a potential regulator of vascular tone and novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Rethinking informal and incidental learning in terms of complexity and the social context

Background and aimsInformal workplace learning research suggests that it is highly contextual and social. Early models of such learning emphasized individual agency and control, but subsequent theorizing based on sociocultural and complexity theory unveils different interpretations of the dynamics of informal and incidental learning. The aim of this article is to critique and revisit conceptualizations of informal and incidental learning in light of recent research and theorizing that account for the dynamic complexity of learning that occurs on multiple planes or domains in the workplace.MethodsIn this conceptual article, drawing on the literature, the authors trace the development of informal and incidental learning theory from early conceptualizations of individual learning to today’s perspectives that account for the social and contextual nature of learning in the workplace. To extend current theory, we examine informal and incidental learning from the theoretical perspectives of sociocultural-histori...
Comparison of methods for locating and quantifying turbine-induced forced-oscillations

Forced oscillations (FOs) are often caused by a miss-operating turbine that induces a periodic torque onto the synchronous generator's shaft. In order to rectify this problem, the goals are to automatically locate the FO source generator and quantify the magnitude of the induced torque. Ideally this is done using only time-synchronized system measurements. This paper explores and compares three approaches for achieving these goals. The first approach, which is developed in this paper, is based upon estimating the swing equation. The other two methods are an energy-flow method and an RMS energy calculator. Simulation examples are used to compare and demonstrate the approaches.
Metabolic derangements contribute to reduced sRAGE isoforms in subjects with Alzheimer's disease

Although there is evidence for metabolic dysfunction and chronic inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), circulating levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) ligand S100B have not been characterized. sRAGE is an important mediator in disease as it can act as a ligand decoy for RAGE and attenuate downstream inflammatory signaling. Cognitively healthy elderly and AD participants with and without type 2 diabetes ( ) were stratified according to the clinical dementia rating (CDR; 0 = normal cognition (NC); ≥0.5 = AD). Total serum sRAGE, endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), and S100B were assayed via ELISAs, and cleaved RAGE (cRAGE) and the cRAGE : esRAGE ratio were calculated. cRAGE : esRAGE was lower in AD compared to NC ( ). Metabolic substratifications were used to investigate the factors that influence sRAGE pathology in AD. Stratification by BMI classification, median fat mass, median HOMA-IR, median insulin, and median amylin were all metabolic or anthropometric factors which significantly interacted with sRAGE profiles within AD subjects. There were no significant differences in serum S100B between groups. These characterizations of sRAGE contribute evidence to the link between impaired metabolism and cognitive decline due to AD.
ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDER: A Paradigm for Psychotropic Medication Intervention in Pediatrics

General pediatricians must routinely confront many of these critical issues when dealing with behavioral, academic, or mood problems in children and adolescents.
Measurement and Educational Psychology

Insofar as educational psychology was to make a contribution to the use of scientific principles and methods in education, it was early realized that it was necessary to develop the theory and practice of educational measurement. The most notable statement of this idea was written by Edward L. Thorn-dike, the founder of scientific educational psychology in America: Whatever exists at all exists in some amount. To know it thoroughly involves knowing its quantity as well as its quality. Education is concerned with changes in human beings; a change is a difference between two conditions; each of these conditions is known to us only by the products produced by it—things made, words spoken, acts performed and the like. To measure any of these products means to define its amount in some way so that competent persons will know how large it is, better than they would without measurement.... This is the general Credo of those who, in the last decade, have been busy trying to extend and improve measurements of educational products.
Thermally Tunable Far-Infrared Metasurfaces Enabled by Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 Phase-Change Material

The development of active metadevices continues to present keystone challenges in fields of plasmonics and photonics. Here, we demonstrate an analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in a far-infrared metasurface device via near-field coupling of bright and quasi-dark resonances resonating at nearly the same frequency with contrasting line widths. The proposed metasurface was further optimized numerically in order to demonstrate a reconfiguration effect (frequency-shift of the spectral response). The tunability property of the device is achieved by incorporating a thin layer of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST), a temperature-driven phase change material (PCM). Theoretical analysis based on a coupled Lorentz oscillator model explains the physical mechanism in the proposed design and shows a good agreement with the observed results. Such active hybrid EIT metadevices could have applications in tunable slow-light effects, delay bandwidth management and ultrafast laser induced switching.
Learning from history.

The ways historians assemble primary material from which to learn how industry has failed to protect workers and the environment is changing dramatically. Increasingly, historians focus concern on the evolution of the internet and the demise of paper records. The authors of "Monsanto, PCBs," and the Creation of a "World-Wide Ecological Problem" (2018) are also founders of ToxicDocs.org. This web-based resource provides an entirely new degree of transparency. Readers of their article may look at any document they cite by clicking on the reference. Those with or without expertise in science can now judge these authors' analysis, and much more: entertain new lines of inquiry, ask new questions, obtain new insights, and publish well-documented pieces that offer new knowledge and insight to enrich our understanding, not only of the PCB story, but also industry's general behavior when using or marketing toxic substances.
An on-chip model of protein paracellular and transcellular permeability in the microcirculation.

Abstract Recent therapeutic success of large-molecule biologics has led to intense interest in assays to measure with precision their transport across the vascular endothelium and into the target tissue. Most current in vitro endothelial models show unrealistically large permeability coefficients due to a non-physiological paracellular transport. Thus, more advanced systems are required to better recapitulate and discern the important contribution of transcellular transport (transcytosis), particularly of pharmaceutically-relevant proteins. Here, a robust platform technology for the measurement of transport through a human endothelium is presented, which utilizes in vitro microvascular networks (MVNs). The self-assembled MVNs recapitulate the morphology and junctional complexity of in vivo capillaries, and express key endothelial vesicular transport proteins . This results in measured permeabilities to large molecules comparable to those observed in vivo, which are orders of magnitude lower than those measured in transwells. The permeability of albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG), biopharmaceutically-relevant proteins, is shown to occur primarily via transcytosis, with passage of IgG regulated by the receptor FcRn. The physiological relevance of the MVNs make it a valuable tool to assess the distribution of biopharmaceuticals into tissues, and may be used to prioritize candidate molecules from this increasingly important class of therapeutics.
Abstract 816: Surgical Bilateral Stellate Ganglionectomy Reduces Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (mROS) and Prevents Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in Non-ischemic Heart Failure (HF)

Introduction: Current therapies for SCD are limited. Bilateral sympathetic stellate ganglionectomy (BSG) is a promising new adjunctive therapy in patients with ischemic HF who have incessant ventri...