cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sizing and Performance-Prediction Method for Rotary-Wing Ejector Nozzles

A reaction-drive rotor configuration including an ejector nozzle is studied to determine possible exhaust-jet velocity reduction for the purpose of noise suppression. A vortex-wake rotor model is compared with an experimental rotor test, determining the model validity for a hovering rotor. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model of an ejector flow is compared with an experimental ejector-nozzle test to determine the appropriate grid coarseness and turbulence model relevant to lift and drag predictions supporting the hovering-rotor aerodynamic model. The reaction-drive-rotor tip-jet-ejector nozzle geometry is sized by the analysis method put forward here, implementing coupled rotor aerodynamic, reaction-drive tip-jet-ejector thermodynamic, and computational fluid dynamic models. A performance version of the proposed analysis method is developed to characterize this rotor configuration over a range of blade collective pitch angles operating in a hovering-flight condition.
EPISTEMIC MODALITY AND TENSE IN GERMAN

This study investigates why an epistemic interpretation of modal verbs is possible only in the present or preterit, not in the perfect. Epistemic modals are argued to be predicates of propositions; they are not associated with a time variable and therefore cannot be tensed. The tense in which an epistemic modal appears is either a pleonastic tense or a tense determined by the discourse context. This analysis, unlike the analyses provided by Diewald (1993), Zifonun et al. (1997), and Wurmbrand (1998), automatically predicts the scope of temporal adverbials in sentences with modals. It also has implications for two additional issues related to the study of modal verbs: the classification of evidential modals and the grammaticalization of modals.I would like to thank a number of people for their help in various ways with this article (for serving as native informants, for providing language data and valuable references, and for helpful discussion): Susanna Bauer, Byron W. Bender, Amy Dahlstrom, Wolfgang Ertl, Gert Webelhuth, Ann S. Wilke, and Werner W. Wilke. Thanks also to anonymous JGL reviewers for their comments and suggestions on an earlier draft.
Intraarterial cis-platinum in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Abstract Intraarterial cis -platinum was infused by hypogastric artery catheters in nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The dose of cis -platinum was 120 mg/m 2 and the infusion was repeated at 4-week intervals. Six patients had pelvic recurrences following radiation therapy and three had large-volume, primary cancers not amenable to conventional therapy. Three patients experienced partial tumor regression (greater than 50% reduction in measured diameters persisting for 3 months), while six had progressive disease. Five patients achieved substantial palliation. Toxicity was similar to that seen with systemic administration. There were no significant catheter complications.
In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Gentian Violet

Abstract Gentian violet, a compound that gained wide acceptance in the poultry industry as a mold inhibitor in feed, was tested for its activity against eight aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. In a simple nutrient medium, it completely inhibited growth of all strains at 8 μg/ml. When chicken feed was added to the medium, the inhibition by the same concentration ranged from 12 to 44% depending on the strain. Observations suggested that both the feed and the fungi were involved in the resistance conferred by chicken feed. Growth and aflatoxin production on moist rice was inhibited in one strain but not in a second strain. Inoculating autoclaved chicken feed of varying moisture contents with pure cultures revealed that the activity of gentian violet was better at high moisture contents than at low moisture contents approximating those found in poultry feed. It was not possible to assess the activity of gentian violet in unaltered chicken feed. Attempts failed because the formation of reproducible levels of aflatoxin could not be attained.
Velocity, density and transport measurements in rotating, stratified flows

A technique is presented for measuring velocity, density and scalar transport in a buoyant rotating gravity current. Existing methods for combined PIV and PLIF are modified for use in a stratified flow on a rotating table and strategies for beam alignment, index of refraction matching, surface tension matching and photobleaching correction are presented. In addition, the PIV–PLIF technique is modified to resolve the velocity and density fields in a cross-section of the current perpendicular to the mean flow direction, allowing the transport in this direction to be computed. This is done by rotating the plane of the laser sheet 15° to the horizontal. This sheet angle is high enough that the entire cross-section of the current is contained in the viewing area, but low enough that horizontal PIV particle displacements are resolved. The technique is used successfully to measure the transport of buoyant fluid in a non-rotating channel to within 5% of the prescribed flow. Results from a rotating gravity current experiment are then presented and compared with previous experiments.
Bioremediation Scaleup Effectiveness: A Review

Abstract Bioremediation has been applied in laboratory-scale testing to simulate field-scale bioremediation applications. The simulations have focused on the development of concentration-time profile data in the laboratory to be modeled and used for predicting field-scale performance, particularly the time of treatment and the treatment concentration endpoints. This review reports on more than a dozen examples of bioremediation where both the laboratory-scale and field-scale data are provided. These data have been analyzed to examine how well the laboratory-scale kinetics predict the kinetics at field scale. In most cases, the laboratory-scale kinetics exceed field-scale kinetics and underpredict the time of treatment to a given endpoint in excess of 100% and by as much as 11,900%. In some cases, the laboratory-scale kinetic rate constants fall between ±100% of the field-scale kinetics, leading to predictions within 50 to 200% of the time of treatment to a given concentration level. Not enough examples no...
Abstract B93: Preclinical evaluation of BMN 673 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in various tumor types including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells.

BMN 673 is a potent, specific PARP1/2 inhibitor that shows promising clinical activity as a monotherapy agent against cancers that harbor BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (de Bono et al. 2013). A large body of evidence also indicates PARP inhibitors may be combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents (such as TMZ, topoisomerase inhibitors, platinum drugs, etc.) for greater antitumor activity. In this study, BMN 673 was evaluated in combination with TMZ against solid tumor cell lines representing breast cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and other cancer types. The breast cancer cell lines include those that carry BRCA1/2 mutations (MX-1, MDA-MB-436) and cell lines that are wild-type for BRCA1/2 (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468). None of the SCLC lines have been reported to have BRCA1/2 mutations. Cells were treated for 5-7 days with single agent TMZ or BMN 673, or in combination. Cell viability was assessed by CellTiter-Glo. In all the cell lines we have tested, regardless of their BRCA1/2 mutation status, BMN 673 markedly sensitized tumor cell cells to TMZ cytotoxicity. Compared to cells that are relatively resistant to BMN 673, cells that are sensitive to single-agent BMN 673 are more likely to show complete growth inhibition when treated with BMN 673/TMZ combination. Similarly, a fixed concentration of TMZ (10 μM) reduced IC50 of BMN 673 in the tested cell lines by as much as 1,000 fold. This dose of TMZ by itself had no effect in cultured cells under the assay condition. These observations support a treatment scheme in which small doses of TMZ may be combined with full dose BMN 673 for potent antitumor activity. Encouraged by the in vitro assay results, we are currently evaluating BMN 673 in combination with TMZ in vivo using various subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. Data will be presented at the 2013 AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B93. Citation Format: Ying Feng, Leonard Post, Bing Wang, Yuqiao Shen. Preclinical evaluation of BMN 673 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in various tumor types including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B93.
NORMATIVE EEG DATABASES AND EEG BIOFEEDBACK

Electroencephalograhic (EEG) biofeedback is an operant conditioning procedure where by an individual modifies the amplitude, frequency or coherency of the neurophysiological dynamics of their own brain (Cohen, 1975; Blanchard and Epstein, 1978; Rosenfeld, 1990). The exact physiological foundations of this process are not well understood, however, the practical ability of humans and animals to directly modify their EEG through feedback is a well established fact (Fox and Rudell, 1968; Rosenfeld et al, 1969; Hetzler et al, 1977; Sterman, 1996). The ease by which direct modifications of EEG can be accomplished is partly responsible for the rapid, almost explosive rise in the use of EEG biofeedback for the purposes of therapeutic amelioration of a wide range of psychological and neurological disorders (see reviews by Cohen, 1975; Rosenfeld, 1990; Lubar, 1997). The therapeutic application of EEG biofeedback is often referred to as "Neurotherapy" and, most importantly, the therapeutic efficacy and success of Neurotherapy is a force that is driving the development and clinical application of EEG biofeedback (Lubar, 1997).
Evidence for opioid and non-opioid forms of stimulation-produced analgesia in the rat.

Abstract This study compares stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) elecited from two different midline regions of the midbrain of the rat. Dorsal electrode placements were in the caudal periaqueductal gray matter; ventral placements lay within or subjacent to the dorsal raphe n. SPA thresholds were measured by the tail-flick method both during and immediately after the period of brain stimulation. Thresholds were consistently higher in the post-stimulation test. SPA from dorsal and ventral regions differed in the following ways: (1) Post-stimulation analgesia was significantly more difficult to obtain in ventral than in dorsal regions, whereas during-stimulation analgesia did not vary as a function of electrode location; (2) Although a continuous distribution of thresholds was seen for ventral placements, thresholds for dorsal placements tended to be either high or low on both during- and post-stimulation tests; (3) Naloxone (0.01–10 mg/kg) reliably elevated SPA thresholds for ventral but not dorsal stimulation placements. We conclude that different substrates of SPA lie in close proximity to one another in the medial midbrain of the rat. This portion of the midbrain appears to mediate both opioid and non-opioid mechanisms of analgesia.
Task assignment in a distributed system (extended abstract): improving performance by unbalancing load

We consider the problem of task assignment in a distributed system (such as a distributed Web server) in which task sizes are drawn from a heavy-tailed distribution. Many task assignment algorithms are based on the heuristic that balancing the load at the server hosts will result in optimal performance. We show this conventional wisdom is less true when the task size distribution is heavy-tailed (as is the case for Web file sizes). We introduce a new task assignment policy, called Size Interval Task Assignment with Variable Load (SITA-V). SITA-V purposely operates the server hosts at different loads, and directs smaller tasks to the lighter-loaded hosts. The result is that SITA-V provably decreases the mean task slowdown by significant factors (up to 1000 or more) where the more heavy-tailed the workload, the greater the improvement factor. We evaluate the tradeoff between improvement in slowdown and increase in waiting time in a system using SITA-V, and show conditions under which SITA-V represents a particularly appealing policy.
On what it is like to be a man

The human body is ‘transmogrified’ (caricatured) under physicalistic descriptions of it. These imply that it is a contingent fact that rational beings such as human persons have the sort of bodies they do have. (Or, that, say, baboons are not rational creatures.) The human body is ‘transfigured’ under a description that makes it necessary to the performance of rational functions, including speaking a language. Any view of the matter that excludes this notion, either by reduction to the physicalist treatment or simple denial, is inadequate.
Sympathoadrenal, Metabolic, and Regional Blood Flow Responses to Cold in Fetal Sheep

ABSTRACT: Because environmental temperature falls when the fetus is delivered from the uterus, the role of cold in stimulating cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses at the time of birth was examined in fetal lambs. In eight fetuses (gestational age 140 ± 2 d), catheters were inserted into hind-limb and neck arteries and veins, and into an umbilical vein. After returning the fetus to the uterus and administering a muscle relaxant (succinylcholine chloride), blood gases, glucose and lactate concentrations, and plasma catecholamine and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were measured. Fetal combined ventricular output and organ blood flows were measured by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. Measurements were repeated after delivering the fetus into a warm water bath (40°C) and at 15 and 30 min after the bath temperature was cooled to 25°C. Fetal cooling stimulated a sympathoadrenal response, which was manifested by an immediate increase in heart rate and arterial blood pressure, a rise in atrial natriuretic peptide, and a modest increase in norepinephrine concentration. Contrary to earlier reports that investigated the effect of cold on fetal lambs using an intrauterine cooling coil, we did not find a decrease in fetal arterial oxygen tensions and pH, an increase in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, or changes in fetal oxygen consumption. Combined ventricular output did not increase with cooling, and blood flow to most organs did not change significantly; however, blood flow to the skin decreased markedly, particularly in the lower body. The dramatic increases in catecholamine concentrations often noted after birth do not appear to be related to surface cooling; it is suggested that hypoxemia and acidemia occurring at the time of delivery could be responsible.
The Compton Effect

APROPOS of the very readable review of the discussion on scattered X-rays at the Toronto meeting of the British Association, published in NATURE of October 25, p. 627, we presume your readers may be interested in a bit of new evidence on the reality of the Compton effect, obtained since that meeting.
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND COMPLIANCE SOLUTIONS FOR AN ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SINGLE EDGE CRACKED GEOMETRY

Abstract Eccentrically pin-loaded single edge cracked geometries are an excellent alternative to compact tension type geometries for testing some advanced composite materials. This paper discusses the development of stress intensity factor and compliance solutions for an eccentrically pin-loaded single edge cracked geometry, ESE(T).
Shock Compression of Liquid Xenon to 130 Gpa (1.3 Mbar)

New data are reported for liquid xenon shock compressed to a pressure of 130 GPa (1.3 Mbar), a molar volume of 13.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole, and a calculated temperature of 29 000 K. The data are consistent with the theory of Ross and McMahan, which indicates that xenon undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition at 9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole at about 130 GPa or greater at 0 K. The minimum molar volume achieved in these experiments corresponds to a pressure of 60 GPa on the 0-K isotherm.
Physical and kinetic speciation of copper and zinc in three geochemically contrasting marine estuaries.

The physical and kinetic speciation of Cu and Zn in three impacted marine estuaries was examined. Contrasts in sources of metal-binding ligands, solution chemistry, and hydrologic forcing between and within the three study systems (Cape Fear River Estuary, North Carolina; Norfolk−Hampton Roads−Elizabeth River, Virginia; San Diego Bay, California) were exploited to enhance our understanding of Cu and Zn speciation. Trace metal-optimized tangential-flow ultrafiltration at 1 kDa nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL) was used to fractionate <0.4 μm species into colloidal and “dissolved” pools. Colloidal species of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and copper were significant and often the dominant pools in each of the three study systems. Characteristic colloidal fractions of both DOM and Cu ranged from near 70% of <0.4 μm concentrations in Cape Fear to 50% in San Diego Bay. Colloidal Cu and DOM were strongly coupled, and variability in observed <0.4 μm Cu concentrations was closely related to the concentrations...
Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes and its Applications

We discovered large magnetoresistance (10% at 10mT) at 300K in non-magnetic organic light-emitting diodes. The effect can be negative or positive, is only weakly temperature dependent and is independent of the magnetic field direction.
Cryoenzymology: the use of sub-zero temperatures and fluid solutions in the study of enzyme mechanisms.

Abstract Theoretical and experimental support for the use of sub-zero temperatures and fluid aqueous organic solvent systems in the study of enzyme mechanisms is presented. If the reaction between enzyme and substrate is initiated by mixing them at a suitably low temperature non-steady state, non-turnover conditions will result. Under such circumstances, the overall catalytic reaction will potentially appear as a series of reactions as the temperature is raised, each one corresponding to the transformation of one intermediate into a subsequent one. The technique is especially suited for the accumulation of high concentrations of intermediates which makes physical and chemical studies on their structure quite feasible. Recent investigations have shown that enzyme-substrate intermediates can be trapped in the crystalline state and that X-ray crystallographic studies can be carried out on them at sub-zero temperatures. Rate reductions of the order of 1010 are possible using the combined effects of pH and temperature. Kinetic and thermodynamic information concerning intermediate transformations may also be obtained. Kinetic expressions for such systems are derived in the Appendix. The advantages and limitations of the method, including possible problems relating to the effects of solvent and temperature on the enzyme structure, experimental procedures, and interpretation of results are considered.
Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor Expression is Associated with Improved Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Vitamin D has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in a wide variety of cancers including lung cancer. The anticancer effects of vitamin D are mediated primarily by its active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), through vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling. However, thus far there have been no studies evaluating the association between VDR expression and survival outcome in lung cancer. Using immunohistochemical analysis, we evaluated VDR expression, separately in the nucleus and cytoplasm, in lung cancer samples from 73 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients with no prior therapy, and investigated the association between VDR expression and overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazard models were used for our primary analyses. There were 44 deaths during a median follow-up of 51 months (range 13-93 months). High nuclear VDR expression was associated with improved OS after adjusting for age, gender, stage, smoking status, and histology (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.79). There was no association between cytoplasmic VDR expression and OS. Our results suggest that nuclear VDR status may be a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Future large studies to replicate our findings and to assess the impact of VDR gene polymorphisms on VDR expression are required as therapies targeting the vitamin D signaling pathway may be influenced by VDR status in the target lung cancer tissue.
Perfluoroalkylation of benzene derivatives. An improved synthesis of 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyhexafluoro-2-propyl)-5-(perfluoro-n-alkyl)benzenes

Abstract A three-step high yield synthesis of various 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyhexafluoro- 2-propyl)-5-(perfluoro-n-alkyl)benzenes is described. Significant improvements in the iodination and perfluoro-alkylation of a perfluoroalkylbenzene diol have been achieved. Copper coupling of straight-chain perfluoroalkyl iodides with the iodobenzene derivative in DMSO gave the desired compounds as DMSO complexes in 78–91 percent yield.
Effective Alkali Dynamics in Modified Cooking: Fundamental Modeling

Modified kraft pulping has shown to improve the quality of pulp by achieving lower κ numbers and/or increasing the pulp strength, but its implementation is based on empirical knowledge and is insta...
DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY TO METHAMPHETAMINES

SUMMARY 1. To investigate the long-term changes caused by amphetamines in the developing brain, we used both an in vivo and in vitro model of chronic fetal exposure to methamphetamine and related drugs. 2. Offspring of rats, treated with either saline, 2 mg/kg twice a day (b.i.d.) or 10 mg/kg bid. methamphetamine throughout gestation, were examined at 30 days of age for changes in the monoamine system of their brains. 3. At the lower dose methamphetamine was neurotoxic to specific neuronal populations, mostly serotonergic. At the higher dose, methamphetamine retained its neurotoxic properties, but also stimulated the growth of axonal terminals in specific regions as evidenced by an increase in monoamine uptake sites. The neurochemical changes at the higher dose were correlated with deficits in adult behavioural measures. 4. Corresponding in vitro drug treatments of rat neuroblastomas cells also produced a dose-related effect on cellular growth and differentiation patterns. Neurotoxic as well as stimulatory effects of methamphetamine and some related compounds were seen in culture. 5. Our in vivo and in vitro observations demonstrate neurotoxic effects of amphetamines and the remodelling of synaptic morphology in response.
Student ratings of teaching effectiveness: What the research reveals

Abstract Over the years, evaluation of teaching effectiveness has been a significant issue facing faculty and administrators of accounting programs. This paper examines prior research on the validity and reliability of the most commonly used evaluation method, student ratings. The reviews purpose is to provide accounting educators with an understanding of the major research findings as well as their implications. The extent to which these findings can be generalized to an accounting program setting is a question that should be addressed by future research studies.
Effects of biodegradable polymer particles on rat marrow-derived stromal osteoblasts in vitro.

Abstract Effects of biodegradable particles of poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly( dl -lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50/50 with diameter ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 μm on rat marrow stromal osteoblasts in vitro have been investigated over a period of 28 days. This study examined the effects of three particle parameters, concentration, polymer molecular weight, and composition, on osteoblast proliferation and function. Cell cultures were challenged with particles at two different time points: upon cell seeding (Day 1), and after cells had begun to establish their own mineralized extracellular matrix (Day 14). The most significant trend observed in those cultures challenged with particles beginning on Day 1 was due to increasing the concentration of particles, resulting in decreased [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation, cell count, and mineralization. Those cultures challenged with particles beginning on Day 14 were significantly more mineralized than those challenged with particles beginning on Day 1. In addition, increasing osteocalcin secretion confirmed the osteoblastic phenotype of the derived stromal cells. These studies suggest that the particles may affect the bone remodeling process surrounding a degrading implant by direct interaction with osteoblasts in addition to their indirect contributions to the inflammatory mechanism via mediators secreted by macrophages upon their phagocytosis.
Risk-Its Priority and Probability: The Analytic Hierarchy Process

Risk estimation involves priorities and probabilities which are themselves a form of priority of natural alternatives. This paper provides illustrations of how one can deal with risk and uncertainty using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a new approach to measurement by ratio scales. The paper also includes a discussion of how to deal with risk strategies involving interdependence. Particular emphasis is made on the siting of nuclear power plants.
Distribution of sound velocity in a section of the eastern North Pacific

Vertical and horizontal distribution of sound velocity have been obtained for the eastern North Pacific area from an analysis of the temperature and salinity data taken at 23 hydrographic stations during Cruise I of the USS Serrano (ATF 112) in November, 1948. A method for extending the vertical sound velocity curves to the ocean bottom is suggested. Certain specific characteristics of the sound velocity distribution, such as the depth and velocity at the top, axis, and base of the sound channel are described. The relation of the various features of the area is discussed. Application of this information to the use of the deep sound channel in air-sea rescue (Sofar) is discussed. For several test explosions in the eastern North Pacific the position of the explosion was computed from the arrival times of the sound waves at each shore station. The computed positions were within a few miles of the navigated position of the ship which dropped the bombs.
Physician-Assisted Suicide in Alzheimer's Disease

This paper takes up the question of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), reviewing arguments for and against in a broad interdisciplinary context. Preemptive PAS-AD involving competent patients raises the further question of AD-euthanasia. The author concludes, after thorough assessment of the literature, that caution in moving toward AD-PAS is necessary. However, where PAS is legalized, it may be difficult to justify precluding people with AD from access.
Potential effect of floating dock communities on a South Carolina estuary

Abstract A 4-yr study on the motile epibionts colonizing hydroids on a floating dock in a South Carolina estuary indicated that the motile epibiotic community may impact benthic and nektonic community processes. Permanent members of the epibiotic community were preyed upon by fish, especially when the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia (L.)) became reproductively active and deposited eggs among the hydroids during the spring. When fish predation reduced the number of amphipods within the epibiotic community, crab megalopa colonized the hydroids. Crabs developed into juveniles and emigrated from the epibiotic community after 6–8 wk residence. The community on floating docks may be an important food source for some nekton and may recruit some benthic invertebrates. Although preferential larval settlement and fish predation are intuitive processes associated with floating dock communities, insufficient research has addressed the relationships in soft-bottom areas devoid of naturally occurring hard substrata.
Origin of the T1.3 power law of pure dephasing for impurity electronic transitions in amorphous solids

Abstract The standard tunnel model together with the diagonal modulation theory of dephasing has previously been used to explain the above power law for impurity electronic transitions for T ≲ 10 K. Crude approximations made in averaging over the two-level system (TLS) parameters led to the widely held view that the exponent is 1 + μ where μ is the exponent of the TLS density of states, ρ(E) = ρ0Eμ. We show that this is incorrect and that the temperature dependence is determined by the average value of the TLS asymmetry parameter 〈Δ〉E, where E is the tunnel splitting.
Antecedents of clinically significant pulmonary hemorrhage among newborn infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factor profiles associated with clinically significant pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) in preterm (PT) and term infants. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study of all infants with PH cared for in three Harvard-affiliated neonatal intensive care units between 1987 and 1994. RESULTS: A total of 50 cases of PH occurred in PT infants (gestational age (GA) of ≤34 weeks), and 26 cases occurred in near-term/full-term (NT/FT) infants (GA of >34 weeks). The median age at the time of PH was 46 hours among PT infants compared with 6 hours among NT/FT infants. For PT infants, four factors best predicted PH: a GA of between 24 and 26 weeks and antenatal glucocorticoid treatment reduced the risk (odds ratios (ORs) of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively), whereas requirement for resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased risk (ORs of 4.3 and 4.0, respectively). Among the NT/FT infants, the model included three variables: meconium aspiration (OR 4.9), requirement for resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation (OR 2.9), and hypotension (OR 3.5). CONCLUSION: Antecedent factors and timing of PH differ between PT and NT/FT infants, suggesting that the mechanisms contributing to PH are influenced by developmental maturity as well as perinatal and neonatal medical conditions and interventions.
Competition between Anisopteromalus calandrae and Choetospila elegans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Different Parasitoid Densities on Immature Rice Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Wheat

Abstract Competition between parasitoids was studied by exposing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), developing in wheat to Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) alone, Choetospila elegans Westwood alone, or both species together. With A. calandrae only, the emergence of A. calandrae progeny tended to peak near four or eight female parasitoids and parasitoid-induced mortality increased with increasing parasitoid numbers. With C. elegans only, parasitoid emergence increased, but parasitoid-induced mortality did not change with an increase in numbers of parasitoids. A. calandrae in combination with C. elegans produced similar reductions in rice weevil populations, as did A. calandrae alone. C. elegans alone was less efficient than A. calandrae alone at low parasitoid densities, but when numbers of C. elegans reached higher densities, rice weevil mortality was as great as that with A. calandrae alone. Under competitive conditions, the sex ratio (female percentage) of C. elegans was decreased by the presence of A. calandrae, but the sex ratio of A. calandrae was not affected by C. elegans . Competition reduced emergence of both A. calandrae and C. elegans; however, A. calandrae was clearly the dominant species when rice weevils were exposed to equal numbers of both species of parasitoids.
Intracranial Hemorrhage Complicating Carotid Artery Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy

See related article, pages 2782–2787. There are now 2 options for revascularization of patients with significant carotid artery stenosis, carotid artery stenting (CAS), approved by the Food and Drug Administration in May for conventional risk patients, and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In this issue of Stroke , McDonald et al1 utilize International Classification of Diseases 9th revision codes from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) hospital discharge database to study intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), mortality, and discharge disposition after CAS or CEA during 2001 to 2008. This database study illustrates both the power and the weaknesses of such a large retrospective review. With 229 000 patients in a study, infrequent events can be detected in numbers adequate to yield statistically significant group differences. Such is the case with the ICH rates for asymptomatic patients after the procedure. Fortunately, in such patients ICH appears to be a rare event after either CAS or CEA, with rates <1%. For symptomatic patients, the NIS database rate of ICH was of concern and higher after CAS at 4.4% ICH vs 0.8% ICH after CEA. Weaknesses of a retrospective database review include diagnostic imprecision and limited capability to describe important baseline differences between groups. For example, in the NIS database 136 (41%) of the ICH are attributed to International Classification of Diseases 9th revision code 430, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, documented cases of SAH after CAS and CEA are rare and proportionately much less …
The Interrelationships among albumin, nutrient intake, and inflammation in elderly recuperative care patients.

To examine the interrelationships among low serum albumin, nutritional depletion, and ongoing inflammation in older patients recovering from illness. A transitional care unit (TCU) within a Department of Veterans Affairs hospital nursing home care unit. 275 older veterans (mean age=78.9 ± 7.5y, 99% male) admitted for recuperative care and rehabilitation. At admission and discharge (median LOS 24d, IQR 16 to 44d), each subject completed a comprehensive standardized evaluation including a nutritional assessment and measurement of serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its soluble receptor, and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and its soluble receptors (sTNF-RI and II). Complete nutrient intake assessments (calorie counts) were performed daily. Both the discharge albumin and the change in albumin (discharge minus admission) were strongly and inversely correlated with various indicators of inflammation, particularly CRP and IL-6. Change in CRP was the strongest correlate of change in albumin (R2 = 0.21, P<.001) and discharge IL-6 the strongest correlate of discharge albumin (R2 = 0.21, P<.001). Nutrient intake also correlated with albumin and its change, but entered the multivariable models after inflammatory indicators and explained a smaller portion of the variance. Although there were significant interactions between time and both nutrient intake and inflammation, the relative importance of inflammation as a potential determinant of the serum albumin concentration appeared to remain unchanged with longer periods of observation. Among elderly patients admitted to a TCU, inflammation appears to be a more powerful determinant of albumin and its change during the hospitalization than is nutrient intake. Further study is needed to prove causality and to determine whether the relative importance of inflammation on the albumin concentration diminishes with more prolonged periods of observation.
Evaluation of the streaming current detector—I. Use in jar tests

Abstract The streaming current detector, or SCD, was evaluated as a means of characterizing coagulation performance. Jar tests utilized buffered water, kaolinite suspensions, or suspensions containing kaolinite plus activated carbon. Alum dose and pH were controlled parameters. Electrophoretic mobility measured for suspensions as a function of pH or alum addition was found to be well correlated to SCD readings, though less significantly after alum dosages. An offset was also observed such that a negative SCD output corresponded with zero electrophoretic mobility. This was attributed to incomplete converage of the negatively charged probe surfaces of the SCD. Salt additions decreased the magnitude of SCD readings as a result of double layer compression and weak adsorption. Alum doses which led to near-neutral SCD readings corresponded to conditions of decreased jar test turbidities, and the nature of the relationship suggests that dose control with an SCD is practicable. However, some experimental conditions were located where this was not the case. Carbon addition to kaolinite suspensions improved settleability and increased alum requirements at high pH, but did not affect the correlation between streaming current and supernatant turbidity.
Effects of chemical combinations on the induction of aneuploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Nocodazole, ethyl acetate, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone all are known to induce aneuploidy. Treatment of yeast strain D61.M with mixtures containing ineffective low levels of nocodazole and ineffective low levels of these solvents was highly effective in inducing aneuploidy. Ineffective low levels of nocodazole mixed with ineffective low levels of methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate also gave elevated frequencies of aneuploidy. Dimethyl formamide, a solvent that does not induce aneuploidy, mixed with low levels of nocodazole gave no increase in aneuploidy frequency above those levels seen in controls.
Temporal effects in simultaneous masking by vowel and consonant-vowel maskers.

Temporal effects in simultaneous masking were studied using synthetic vowel (V) and consonant-vowel (CV) maskers. For the steady-state V maskers (/i,a,u/), signals were presented at the beginning o...
Development and Optimization of Regularized Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithms Utilizing Equally-Sloped Tomography

We develop two new algorithms for tomographic reconstruction which incorporate the technique of equally-sloped tomography (EST) and allow for the optimized and flexible implementation of regularization schemes, such as total variation constraints, and the incorporation of arbitrary physical constraints. The founding structure of the developed algorithms is EST, a technique of tomographic acquisition and reconstruction first proposed by Miao in 2005 for performing tomographic image reconstructions from a limited number of noisy projections in an accurate manner by avoiding direct interpolations. EST has recently been successfully applied to coherent diffraction microscopy, electron microscopy, and computed tomography for image enhancement and radiation dose reduction. However, the bottleneck of EST lies in its slow speed due to its higher computation requirements. In this paper, we formulate the EST approach as a constrained problem and subsequently transform it into a series of linear problems, which can be accurately solved by the operator splitting method. Based on these mathematical formulations, we develop two iterative algorithms for tomographic image reconstructions through EST, which incorporate Bregman and continuative regularization. Our numerical experiment results indicate that the new tomographic image reconstruction algorithms not only significantly reduce the computational time, but also improve the image quality. We anticipate that EST coupled with the novel iterative algorithms will find broad applications in X-ray tomography, electron microscopy, coherent diffraction microscopy, and other tomography fields.
Optimization of Microchannel Geometry for Direct Chip Cooling Using Single Phase Heat Transfer

Direct cooling of an electronic chip of 25mm × 25mm in size is analyzed as a function of channel geometry for single-phase flow of water through small hydraulic diameters. Fully developed laminar flow is considered with both constant wall temperature and constant channel wall heat flux boundary conditions. The effect of channel dimensions on the pressure drop, the outlet temperature of the cooling fluid and the heat transfer rate are presented. The results indicate that a narrow and deep channel results in improved heat transfer performance for a given pressure drop constraint.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
GFAP promoter elements required for region‐specific and astrocyte‐specific expression

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament protein in astrocytes, one of the most abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Transcriptional regulation of GFAP is of interest because of its astrocyte-specificity and its upregulation during development and CNS injury. A 2.2 kb human GFAP promoter, gfa2, has been found to express in astrocytes throughout the CNS. In contrast, we recently found that the 448 bp gfa28 promoter expresses in only restricted CNS regions, and is active in neurons as well as astrocytes. In the present study we have used transgenic mice to investigate which DNA regions deleted from gfa2 in the formation of gfa28 are responsible for these differences. We have found that a 55 bp segment spanning bp -1488 to -1434 with respect to the RNA start site contains region-specific elements and that a 45 bp sequence spanning bp -1443 to -1399 is required for silencing expression in neurons. These data also further confirm the heterogeneity of astrocytes and neurons in the activation and repression of the GFAP gene, respectively. These studies also generated a novel 681 bp GFAP promoter, gfaABC(1)D, that has essentially the same expression pattern as the 2210 bp gfa2 promoter, and about twofold greater activity, recommending it for gene targeting applications in which size matters. In addition, a 681 bp gfaABC(1)(mC(1.1))D variant was generated that could limit expression of transgenes to astrocytes in the dorsal and caudal cortex, hippocampus and caudal vermis of the cerebellum.
Diversity of metabolic patterns in human brain tumors--I. High energy phosphate compounds and basic composition.

— A total of 25 human brain tumors and 4 specimens of human brain were rapidly frozen at the time of operation and analyzed for ATP, ADP, AMP, UTP, total nucleoside triphosphates, P-creatine, creatine, inorganic P, creatine kinase, lipid and glycogen. Analyses were made on submicrogram samples dissected from frozen dried sections in order to obtain material as free as possible from admixture with brain, necrotic tissue, blood, etc. A method was developed to estimate the original water content of the frozen dried samples. The brain specimens contained five times as much glycogen as small mammal brains, otherwise the values were similar. The tumors were in fair to excellent energy status. Within the areas chosen for assay, most of ATP and total adenylate were substantially higher than in brain in the case of 5 out of 15 gliomas, 3 of 5 meningiomas, and 1 of 4 schwannomas. UTP was almost invariably higher and other nucleotide triphosphates (besides ATP and UTP) lower than in brain. Glycogen was extremely variable, ranging among the gliomas from 0.05% to 6% of dry wt (4 times the level in the human brains). Creatine plus P-creatine, compared to cerebral cortex levels, ranged from 15 to 85% in gliomas, was about 25% in meningiomas and the only medulloblastoma, and varied between 6 and 8% in the schwannomas. P-Creatine varied more or less in keeping with the energy status. Creatine kinase was exceedingly variable. It was almost zero in the schwannomas, the medulloblastomas, 3 of 5 meningiomas, and 2 of 15 gliomas, whereas in some of the gliomas the activity approached that found in brain.
Intention, Temporal Order, and Moral Judgments

: The traditional philosophical doctrine of double effect claims that agents’ intentions affect whether acts are morally wrong. Our behavioral study reveals that agents’ intentions do affect whether acts are judged morally wrong, whereas the temporal order of good and bad effects affects whether acts are classified as killings. This finding suggests that the moral judgments are not based on the classifications. Our results also undermine recent claims that prior moral judgments determine whether agents are seen as causing effects intentionally rather than as side effects.
Violence in Schools Rage Against a Broken World

Violence in schools is a grave issue that is often analyzed in terms of individuals' tendencies toward destructive behavior. While this path of analysis is important, in this article, the author contextualizes violence within a cultural milieu that alienates students from their fundamental yearning for significance. It is argued that violence is a failed epiphany, that is, a heightened moment of awareness emerging out of the everyday flow of experience that seeks to overcome alienation. Violence fails because it cannot create a world of sustainable meaning. The nature of productive epiphanies and the worlds of sustainable meaning that they evoke are discussed in terms of their implication for education and overcoming violence in schools.
Genomic expression patterns distinguish long-term from short-term glioblastoma survivors: A preliminary feasibility study

We used microarray analysis to investigate associations between genotypic expression profiles and survival phenotypes in patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM). Tumor samples from 7 long-term glioblastoma survivors (>24 months) and 13 short-term survivors (<9 months) were analyzed to detect differential patterns of gene expression between these groups and to identify genotypic subclasses of glioblastomas that correlate with survival phenotypes. Five unsupervised and three supervised clustering algorithms consistently and accurately grouped the tumors into genotypic subgroups corresponding to the two clinical survival phenotypes. Three unique prospective mathematical classification algorithms were subsequently trained to use expression data to stratify unknown glioblastomas between survival groups and performed this task with 100% accuracy in validation studies. A set of 1478 genes with significant differential expression (p<0.01) between long-term and short-term survivors was identified, and additional mathematical filtering was used to isolate a 43-gene "fingerprint" that distinguished survival phenotypes. Differential regulation of a subset of these genes was confirmed using RT-PCR. Gene ontology analysis of the fingerprint demonstrated pathophysiologic functions for the gene products that are consistent with current models of tumor biology, suggesting that differential expression of these genes may contribute etiologically to the observed differences in survival. These results demonstrate that unique expression profiles characterize genotypic subsets of primary GBMs associated with differential survival phenotypes, and these profiles can be used in a prospective fashion to assign unknown tumors to survival groups. Future efforts will focus on building more robust classifiers and identifying additional subclasses of gliomas with phenotypic significance.
Active sensing at a microscopic scale

The possibilities afforded by the application of active sensing principles to microscopic scale systems are examined. Active point sensor systems consist of collections of simple sensing elements that have motor, computational, and communication capabilities. Depending on the laws of motion programmed into these elements, complex operations as diverse as nonlinear diffusion, shape from shading, and deformable template matching can be performed. Active point sensor systems represent an entirely new way of implementing sensing devices. In contrast to sensor arrays, active point sensor systems permit the integration of complex information processing on the same substrate as the sensing elements, and they can be adaptive, altering their processing on the basis of changes in the state of individual sensing elements. Their output is asynchronous and object oriented, reducing communication bandwidths and easing interfacing to other systems. >