cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate Treatment of Material Interface Dynamics in the Calculation of One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flows by the Integral Method of Characteristics

Accurate numerical methods for treating the junction and boundary conditions needed in the transient two-phase flows of a piping network were published earlier by us; the same methods are used to formulate the treatment of the material interface as a moving boundary. The method formulated is used in a computer program to calculate sample problems designed to test the numerical methods as to their ability and the accuracy limits for calculation of the transient two-phase flows in the piping network downstream of a PWR pressurizer. Independent exact analytical solutions for the sample problems are used as the basis of a critical evaluation of the proposed numerical methods. The evaluation revealed that the proposed boundary scheme indeed generates very accurate numerical results. However, in some extreme flow conditions, numerical difficulties were experienced that eventually led to numerical instability. This paper discusses further a special technique to overcome the difficulty.
Nonlinear optics: Three-in-one microscopy

Using extremely broadband ultrafast near-infrared pulses, scientists have demonstrated simultaneous second-harmonic-generation, third-harmonic-generation and four-wave-mixing microscopy, enabling a range of different structures and functional groups in a biological sample to be imaged at once.
Cervical laminoplasty for cervical myeloradiculopathy

Abstract The role for treatment of conditions resulting in cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy through posterior approaches is discussed. The indications and advantages of a posterior approach andin particular laminoplasty are reviewed. Various techniques of laminoplasty are presented. The senior author's technique and series in expansive open door laminoplasty is also reviewed. The series was a prospective study performed to evaluate the clinical result, and the position of the open door laminae in the postoperative period. Cervical open door expansive laminoplasty was performed on 22 patients for cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy. Preoperative Nurick's classification and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score averaged 1.9 and 11.9, respectively. At follow-up (mean, 25.9 months; range, 15 to 40 months), NUR 3 classification and JOA scores improved to 0.8 and 15.3, respectively. Digital analysis of serial computed tomography scans shows an average increase in the anteroposterior sagittal diameter of 58% (7.1 mm) with an associated settling of 10% (1.7 mm). Early postsurgical complications include one complete loss of an open door laminar position, and two cases of transient radiculopathy. The transient cases of radiculopathy were related to a fracture of the laminar hinge causing root impingement in one case, and the other caused by nerve root traction at the nonhinged side. Recommendations include a generous open door for the laminoplasty in anticipation of postoperative settling, and foraminal decompression for foraminal radiculopathy. Laminoplasty provides excellent clinical results in patients with myeloradiculopathy caused by cervical spondylotic stenosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
Changes in soleus motoneuron pool excitability after artificial knee joint effusion

Abstract Hopkins JT, Ingersoll CD, Edwards JE, Cordova ML. Changes in soleus motoneuron pool excitability after artificial knee joint effusion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1199-1203. Objective: To compare changes in the magnitude of soleus motoneuron excitability before and over a 4-hour period following artificial knee effusion. Design: Before-after trial. Setting: All measurements were collected in the Sports Injury Research Laboratory, Indiana State University. Participants: Eleven healthy and neurologically sound volunteers (mean age ± SD, 24 ± 3yr; height, 173.2 ± 9.6cm; weight, 72.9 ± 8.7kg) with no history of lower-extremity surgery and no lower extremity pathology in the last year. Interventions: An area superolateral to the patella was cleaned and injected subcutaneously with 2mL of lidocaine for anesthetic purposes. With a second disposable syringe, 25mL of sterile saline was injected through the superolateral knee joint capsule into the joint space to mimic mechanical joint effusion. Main Outcome Measure: Hoffmann's reflex (H-reflex) was elicited by applying a percutaneous stimulus to the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. Seven to 12 stimuli were delivered at 20-second intervals with varying intensities to find the maximal H-reflex. The maximal H-reflex was measured five times at the same stimulus intensity with 20-second rest intervals. This measurement was recorded before injection and at 1-hour intervals following the injection for 4 hours. Results: An overall difference between groups was found. Measurements from hours 3 and 4 were significantly higher than the preinjection measurements ( p ≤.05). Conclusions: The soleus motoneuron pool was not inhibited as expected. The soleus was facilitated beyond the preinjection level, showing that the quadriceps and soleus do not respond in the same way to artificial knee effusion. Because the quadriceps are normally inhibited during knee effusion, this facilitation could be the result of a compensatory reaction by the soleus in response to inhibited quadriceps. Further studies must be performed to determine the extent and duration of soleus motoneuron pool excitability in relation to quadriceps inhibition elicited by artificial knee effusion. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Increasing Student Classroom Participation Through Self-Modeling

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effect of self-modeling as an intervention to improve classroom participatory behavior and whether or not increased classroom participation influenced teacher's perceptions of the students' behavior. The study employed a multiple baseline design across five students, and a control, with a follow-up. All students evidenced an increase in classroom participation subsequent to viewing the intervention videotapes. In addition, teacher perceptions of students' behavior improved on several dimensions.
In-Flight Position Calibration of the Cassini Articulated Reaction Wheel Assembly

NASA's long-lived Cassini-Huygens spacecraft is currently in its 14th year of flight and in the midst of its second, and final, extended mission. Cassini is a massive interplanetary spacecraft that is three axis stabilized and can maintain attitude control using either its reaction control system thrusters or using reaction wheel control. Cassini has four identical reaction wheels, of which three are mutually orthogonal and have a fixed orientation. The fourth reaction wheel has an articulation motor that allows this reaction wheel to be aligned with the momentum direction of any of the other three fixed reaction wheels. The articulation motor allows this reaction wheel to be used as a replacement for any of the other three wheels without any performance degradation. However, due to limitations in the design of this backup system, there are few telemetric indications of the orientation of this reaction wheel following an articulation. This investigation serves to outline the procedures that have been developed by the Cassini Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem to calibrate the position of the articulated reaction wheel assembly in the event that the momentum direction of this reaction wheel must be reoriented.
The entropy of developmentalism: modernity's challenge to human dignity

It may be that the human race is not ready for freedom. The air of liberty may be too rarefied for us to breathe … The paradox seems to be, as Socrates demonstrated long ago, that the truly free in...
Prolegomena to Monstrous Philosophy or Why it is Necessary to Read Schelling Today

The paper asks about the difficulty of reading Schelling's work today given the historical biases that dominate contemporary philosophical inquiry. But if we cannot succeed as the readers Schelling himself appears to be looking for, this does not already have to mean that his work cannot speak to our time. Such a possibility, however, presupposes that we consider Schelling's work as it is inseparably connected to a critique of the modern project and as it points thereby to the monstrous discord that defines human philosophical discourse as such. In particular, the paper considers the Kantian opposition between faith and knowledge and claims that this opposition itself appears to establish a kind of limit for philosophical inquiry today. In this context, some reflections are offered on the history of European nihilism and the death of God. The paper concludes by giving several indications of how Schelling's thought promises to subvert this opposition and this limit.
Tibiofibular synostosis: An unusual cause of shin splint-like pain:

Tibiofibular synostosis may be an underlying cause of tibial pain with activity or ankle pain of uncertain origin. The diagnosis may be suspected when symptoms begin and progress months after an injury, when symptoms occur with vigorous activity, and when symptoms are most pronounced during midstance and preswing phases of the gait cycle. Confirmation of the diagnosis is easily made through radiographic examination, which should include the entire leg. Bone scan may show increased tracer uptake. Interference with normal dynamic function of the fibula subjects the synostosis to repetitive stress and ultimate fatigue fracture with resultant pain. Conservative treatment is recommended initially. Surgical excision should be reserved for the athletically active patient whose symptoms are gradually progressing and disabling, and whose synostosis has taken on the appearance of mature cortical bone on radiographs. The principles of tumor biopsy should be adhered to, lest the diagnosis be in error. Finally, meticulous hemostasis and use of bone wax may lessen the possibility of recurrence.
Thermodynamic Study of Ion-Pairing Effects between Reduced Double-Decker Lutetium(III) Phthalocyanines and a Cationic Matrix

The thermodynamics of ion paring between electrochemically reduced [(C6H13S)8Pc]2Lu or [(C12H25S)4Pc]2Lu and a cationic tetra-n-octylphosphonium bromide (4C8P+Br-) matrix that was deposited in a gel-like cast film on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode was investigated in an aqueous KCl solution that varied in concentration from 0.005 to 1.0 M. The purpose of this study was to elucidate ion-pairing effects between reduced double-decker lutetium(III) phthalocyanines with charges of −1 to −5 and cationic sites of the 4C8P+Br- matrix. Both phthalocyanines undergo five one-electron reductions in the film, and a linear relationship was observed between the measured half-wave potentials (E1/2) for these processes and the Cl- concentration of the electrolyte in the film. The apparent number of electrons transferred in each reduction step was obtained from plots of E1/2 versus ln[Cl-], which gave Nernstian slopes of −23.5 ± 2.3 mV (or −54.1 ± 5.3 mV from plots of E1/2 vs log[Cl-]) over a chloride concentra...
Benefits and costs of tomato seed treatment with plant defense elicitors for insect resistance

Seeds may be receptive to plant defense activators such as β-amino butyric acid and jasmonic acid, conferring protection to the subsequent plant against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens and insects. We examined the independent and interactive effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) seed treatment on tomato fruit worm (Helicoverpa zea) larval growth and the activity of the defensive protein, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), in leaves of tomato plants at three different plant stages. Additionally, we measured the dosage effects of MeJA seed treatment on several plant vegetative and reproductive traits. Results suggest that seed treatment with MeJA will induce defenses in plants, which is correlated with increased PPO activity in leaves and reduction in larval growth. However, fitness costs in plants were observed with higher dosage of MeJA. Thus, if successfully integrated with other facets of an integrated pest management program, the use of MeJA as elicitors of plant defense could be an important tool in managing insect pests and contribute to a reduction in applications of chemical pesticides.
The Practice of Sociology at Christian Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities

La religion a joue un grand role dans le developpement de l'enseignement superieur aux Etats-Unis jusqu'a la Guerre de Secession les etablissements de l'enseignement superieur ont pour la plupart ete crees par des religieux. Le developpement de la sociologie en Europe comme aux Etats-Unis est lie a celui de l'enseignement superieur. Les AA. montrent que la sociologie americaine fut influencee par le protestantisme, que ses fondateurs etaient souvent des pasteurs ou des fils de pasteurs, et que bon nombre d'entre eux etaient lies au Mouvement de la Reforme Sociale Liberale un mouvement d'inspiration protestante
Menstrual cycle effects on the dexamethasone suppression test in major depression

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) fiequently exhibit dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reflected in elevated basal cortisol levels as well as resistance to feedback inhibition, which is typically manifested by resistance to suppression by dexamethasone (Carroll et al 1981; Stokes and Sikes 1988). Alterations in and interactions between the HPA and hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes in MDD have also been documented (Rubin and Poland 1984; McEwen 1987). Systematic fluctuations of gonadal steroid levels through the menstrual cycle have been well described (Yen 1980), with maximal estrogen activity in the periovulatory phase and maximal progesterone activity in the early to mid-luteal phase. In view of the interactions between the HPG and HPA axes, the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and mood disorders (Endicott et al 1985; Rubinow et al 1985; Mortola et al 1989; Graze et al 1990), and the systematic menstrual oscillations in gonadal steroid activity, it would be important to evaluate possible menstrual effects on HPA function. Early studies in this regard have failed to find differences in cortisol secretory parameters between the follicular and luteal phase (Haskett et al 1984;
AN UPDATE ON THE APPLICABILITY OF AN OCCUPATIONAL GOAL‐EXPECTANCY MODEL IN PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATIONS

The validity of an occupation goal-expectancy model was evaluated using the actual position attainment behavior of professional public accounting firm employees. Actual position attainment behavior was monitored over a four-year period. The hypothesized model relationships between the model variables, goal choice behavior, and position attainment were tested using linear multiple discriminant analysis and simple classification matrices. A within-subject analysis was undertaken. The findings generally support the hypothesized relationships between expected utility, goal choice, and position attainment and the model's applicability within large public accounting firms.
Powder endor studies at 35 GHz

Abstract The effective resolution in ENDOR spectra is significantly increased by carrying out the experiment at higher fields. This is demonstrated by obtaining powder ENDOR spectra of glutaric acid radicals at 35 GHz.
Category width and expectancies: Risk conservatism or generalization?

Abstract To compare interpretations of category width as an equivalence range and as a risk-taking dimension, an experiment by Phares and Davis (1966) was replicated and extended to examine the effects of unexpected failure and success on expectations for subsequent task performance. High scoring subjects on Pettigrew's (1958) Category Width Scale showed less generalization of expectancy following success and greater generalization following unexpected failure. A measure of similarity between tasks failed to differentiate from narrow categorizers and suggests that broad categorizers may adopt more conservative expectancies following unexpected outcomes of any favorability.
Cross-National Comparison of Homicide: Age/Sex-Adjusted Rates Using The 1980 U.S. Homicide Experience as a Standard

Cross-sectional studies of crime have typically relied on crude crime rates when making comparisons between countries. Crude rates control for population size but implicitly assume that all members of the population are equally at risk. Empirical studies have shown that, cross-nationally, risk varies by age and sex. Standardization of crime rates removes the confounding effects of variable age and sex population distributions. Since age/sex-specific crime rates are generally unavailable for many countries, the method of indirect standardization is the most desirable technique. Age/sex-adjusted homicide rates for 76 countries are presented, and two comparative measures are suggested. It is shown that while the United States has a higher homicide rate than all but 15 countries; in most cases, the magnitude of the difference, not controlling for age/sex differences, is overestimated. Crude rates underestimate differences between the United States and countries with higher rates of homicide.
What Is the Shape of Developmental Change

Developmental trajectories provide the empirical foundation for theories about change processes during development. However, the ability to distinguish among alternative trajectories depends on how frequently observations are sampled. This study used real behavioral data, with real patterns of variability, to examine the effects of sampling at different intervals on characterization of the underlying trajectory. Data were derived from a set of 32 infant motor skills indexed daily during the first 18 months. Larger sampling intervals (2-31 days) were simulated by systematically removing observations from the daily data and interpolating over the gaps. Infrequent sampling caused decreasing sensitivity to fluctuations in the daily data: Variable trajectories erroneously appeared as step functions, and estimates of onset ages were increasingly off target. Sensitivity to variation decreased as an inverse power function of sampling interval, resulting in severe degradation of the trajectory with intervals longer than 7 days. These findings suggest that sampling rates typically used by developmental researchers may be inadequate to accurately depict patterns of variability and the shape of developmental change. Inadequate sampling regimes therefore may seriously compromise theories of development.
Cardiac function during steep Trendelenburg position and CO2 pneumoperitoneum for robotic-assisted prostatectomy: a trans-oesophageal Doppler probe study.

Background Haemodynamic changes associated with pneumoperitoneum and steep Trendelenburg position were investigated in non-obese, ASA I–II males, using general anaesthesia (sevoflurane in air/O2, 40%) undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Methods A trans-oesophageal echo-Doppler probe (Arrow International) measured cardiovascular changes in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke volume (SV) and aortic diameter (AoD) in 35 of 37 males. Assessments were conducted after induction of general anaesthesia in: the supine position; at 45° Trendelenburg; Trendelenburg + pnuemoperitoneum (intra-abdominal 15 mmHg); and at the end of surgery in the supine position. Results The Trendelenburg position increased stroke volume. Trendelenburg position + pneumoperitoneum increased MAP and SVR and decreased AoD. Conclusions Pneumoperitoneum and steep Trendelenburg position significantly increase MAP and SVR. Trendelenburg position increased stroke volume. Pneumoperitoneum decreases aortic diameter. No significant changes in cardiac output or stroke volume were noted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACCELERATION OF THE RATE OF PASSAGE OF FERTILIZED OVA THROUGH THE FALLOPIAN TUBES OF RABBITS BY MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF PROGYNON-B1

Since it had been found possible to accelerate the tubal passage of fertilized mice ova (1), it was decided to try some preliminary experiments on the rabbit. In the mouse, the age of the ova was largely determined by the vaginal plug of mating and by checking against the tables of egg cleavage prepared by Lewis and Wright (2) for that animal. Since the rabbit ovulates 9 to 10½hours postcoitum, the age of the fertilized ova can be readily determined. Gregory’s (3) summary of the cleavage stages of the rabbit are as follows: 2-cell, 22½ hours after coitus; 4-cell, 25 ½ hours; 8-cell, 32 hours; 16-cell, 40–40½ hours; 32-cell, 47 hours; ovum in uterus about 70 hours after coitus. METHODS The rabbits were injected with progynon-B either subcutaneously or intravenously at the hours indicated in table 1. The minimal amount of estrogen, 5000 R.U., was chosen rather empirically, having in mind the mouse-rabbit weight relationship. At autopsy the ovaries were carefully checked for ovulation cones, corpora lutea an...
Aeroelasticity of Nonconventional Airplane Configurations-Past and Future

At the end of the e rst century of manned, powered e ight, it is worthwhile to look backward to understand how innovation in airplane design required developments in aeroelasticity and how aeroelasticity has played a role in shaping the e rst 100 years of aircraft design. The insights gained will help to predict how and where aeroelasticity and aeroservoelasticity will ine uence the future development of efe cient, more capable, innovative air vehicles, and dee nethe needs fortechnology and tools to enable this future. By dee nition, all new aircraft begin as unconventional to a certain extent. Designs that never see universal use remain curiosities, but still help our questforbettervehiclesandguidethedevelopmentofanalysis, design, and testing tools. Innovative, nontraditional designsaffected by aeroelasticconsiderations haveincluded obliquewing aircraft, forward-swept wing aircraft,Xwings,e ying wings, andlargejoined wings. Designsthat wereunusually innovativeat thetimeoftheirintroduction but later became widespread include the swept-back wing jet, the T-tail, and the e y-by-wire control cone gured vehicle. Control and exploitation of aeroelasticity depends on the continued development of new materials, new structuralandaerodynamicconcepts,sensors,actuators,andactivecontroltechniques.Suchdevelopmentsmustbe accompanied by properintegratedanalysis/designtools,and,most importantly, by thesamehumaninquisitiveness and creativity that has driven aircraft design for over a century. This paper uses the history of nonconventional airplane cone gurations to review some of the steps taken during the past century to establish aeroelastic effects as integrated design features that must be anticipated, controlled, and exploited. The paper goes on to discuss the potential impact of past lessons on emerging airplane cone gurations currently in various stages of study and development.
Snowbird II: Global catastrophes

Recently, on a National Public Radio retrospective on American life a quarter-century ago, a commentator remarked that 1963 was one of the last years when we knew that the dinosaurs died out “because they were stupid, just plain too stupid,” and not due to some exotic mechanism. In 1989, catastrophic causes still reign supreme. Yet, in the public's mind, the controversy has not yet been settled: was it an asteroid, explosive volcanism, or a comet shower? Technical debates have raged since the late Luis Alvarez, his son Walter, and their Berkeley coworkers distributed preprints nearly a decade ago of their seminal paper [Alvarez et al., 1980] on the extraterrestrial cause for mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous Period. A recent conference, Global Catastrophes in Earth History, has shown that the debate is now mainly over. The meeting was held October 20–22, 1988, at Snowbird, Utah, and hereafter I refer to it as the “Snowbird II meeting.”
Randomized Phase III Trial of Capecitabine Compared With Bevacizumab Plus Capecitabine in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose This randomized phase III trial compared the efficacy and safety of capecitabine with or without bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor, in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned to receive capecitabine (2,500 mg/m2/d) twice daily on day 1 through 14 every 3 weeks, alone or in combination with bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) on day 1. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), as determined by an independent review facility. Results From November 2000 to March 2002, 462 patients were enrolled. Treatment arms were balanced. No significant differences were found in the incidence of diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome, thromboembolic events, or serious bleeding episodes between treatment groups. Of other grade 3 or 4 adverse events, only hypertension requiring treatment (17.9% v 0.5%) was more frequent in patients receiving bevacizumab. Combination therapy sign...
Molecular velocity distributions and generalized scale invariance in the turbulent atmosphere

Airborne observations of ozone, temperature and the spectral actinic photon flux for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere April–September 1997 and January–March 2000 allow a connection to be made between the rate of production of translationally hot atoms and molecules via ozone photodissociation and the intermittency of temperature. Seen in the context of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics literature results from molecular dynamics simulations, the observed correlation between the molecular scale production of translationally hot atoms and molecules and the macroscopic fluid mechanical intermittency of temperature may imply a departure from Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions of molecular velocities, with consequences for chemistry, radiative line shapes and turbulence in the atmosphere, arising from overpopulated high velocity tails of the probability distribution functions (PDFs).
Addressing problems in profit-driven research: how can feminist conceptions of objectivity help?

Although there is increased recognition of the inevitable--and perhaps sometimes beneficial-- role of values in scientific inquiry, there are also growing concerns about the potential for commercial values to lead to bias. This is particularly evident in biomedical research. There is a concern that conflicts of interest created by commercialization may lead to biased reasoning or methodological choices in testing drugs and medical interventions. In addition, such interests may lead research in directions that are unresponsive to pressing social needs, when it is profitable to do so. Feminist philosophy of science seems particularly well situated to provide resources to help address such concerns because this literature has both 1) theorized about how to minimize biases in science, e.g., sexist or androcentric biases, and 2) generated accounts of objectivity that do not require individual scientists to be value-neutral or disinterested. Two such accounts are assessed in relation to concerns about commercial bias: those offered by feminist empiricism and standpoint feminism. We argue that standpoint feminism is more promising because it has resources to address, not just the epistemological, but also the inescapably ethical dimensions of commercial bias.
Comparison of the Quality of Patient Referrals From Physicians, Physician Assistants, and Nurse Practitioners

Objective: To compare the quality of referrals of patients with complex medical problems from nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), and physicians to general internists. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparison study involving regional referrals to an academic medical center from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2010. All 160 patients referred by NPs and PAs combined and a random sample of 160 patients referred by physicians were studied. Five experienced physicians blinded to the source of referral used a 7-item instrument to assess the quality of referrals. Internal consistency, interrater reliability, and dimensionality of item scores were determined. Differences between item scores for patients referred by physicians and those for patients referred by NPs and PAs combined were analyzed by using multivariate ordinal logistical regression adjusted for patient age, sex, distance of the referral source from Mayo Clinic, and Charlson Index. Results: Factor analysis revealed a 1-dimensional measure of the quality of patient referrals. Interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient for individual items: range, 0.77-0.93; overall, 0.92) and internal consistency for items combined (Cronbach a¼0.75) were excellent. Referrals from physicians were scored higher (percentage of agree/strongly agree responses) than were referrals from NPs and PAs for each of the following items: referral question clearly articulated (86.3% vs 76.0%; P¼.0007), clinical information provided (72.6% vs 54.1%; P¼.003), documented understanding of the patient’s pathophysiology (51.0% vs 30.3%; P<.0001), appropriate evaluation performed locally (60.3% vs 39.0%; P<.0001), appropriate management performed locally (53.5% vs 24.1%; P<.0001), and confidence returning patient to referring health care professional (67.8% vs 41.4%; P<.0001). Referrals from physicians were also less likely to be evaluated as having been unnecessary (30.1% vs 56.2%; P<.0001). Conclusion: The quality of referrals to an academic medical center was higher for physicians than for NPs and PAs regarding the clarity of the referral question, understanding of pathophysiology, and adequate prereferral evaluation and documentation.
Integrin α7β1 COMPels Smooth Muscle Cells to Maintain Their Quiescence

See related articles, pages 514–525 Arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) normally reside in the arterial wall in a differentiated contractile state. Following injury, such as that caused by angioplasty or stenting, or in more chronic conditions, such as atherosclerosis, some SMCs in the arterial wall convert to a less differentiated state, often termed dedifferentiated, synthetic, or proliferative state.1 These dedifferentiated or synthetic SMCs gain the ability to respond to growth factors, and to migrate and proliferate. At the same time, they lose several cytoskeletal markers of differentiation and most likely their ability to respond to contractile stimuli and to contribute to vessel contraction. It has long been known that there is an inverse correlation between SMC proliferation and their expression of cytoskeletal markers of differentiation.2 Understanding of the factors regulating SMC differentiation is important, because maintaining SMC differentiation in conditions normally associated with increased SMC dedifferentiation would presumably prevent restenosis following angioplasty and development of irreversible atherosclerotic lesions characterized by SMC proliferation and migration. What are the extracellular cues that determine the differentiation state of SMCs? It has been known for decades that the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding SMCs is one important factor, and perhaps the principal factor, for maintaining SMCs in a differentiated state. Thus, SMCs isolated from the arterial wall and plated onto laminin or type IV collagen retain their differentiated phenotype to a greater extent than do SMCs plated onto fibronectin or monomeric type I collagen.3–4 Interestingly, the ECM surrounding the SMC not only regulates the differentiation state of the SMC but also determines whether the cell is able to respond to the action of growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In addition, the 3D structure of the ECM …
Coordination of nutrient availability and utilization by MAX- and MLX-centered transcription networks

Cell growth and division require the biosynthesis of macromolecule components and cofactors (e.g., nucleotides, lipids, amino acids, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH]). Normally, macromolecular biosynthesis is under tight regulatory control, yet these anabolic pathways are often dysregulated in cancer. The resulting metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is thought to support their high rates of growth and division. The mechanisms that underlie the metabolic changes in cancer are at least partially understood, providing a rationale for their targeting with known or novel therapeutics. This review is focused on how cells sense and respond transcriptionally to essential nutrients, including glucose and glutamine, and how MAX- and MLX-centered transcription networks contribute to metabolic homeostasis in normal and neoplastic cells.
Validating unbiased registration on longitudinal MRI scans from the Alzheimer’S Disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI)

This paper examines the power of different nonrigid registration models to detect changes in tensor based morphometry (TBM), and their stability when no real changes are present. Specifically, we investigate an asymmetric version of a recently proposed unbiased registration method, using mutual information as the matching criterion. We compare matching functionals (sum of squared differences and mutual information), as well as large deformation registration schemes (viscous fluid registration versus symmetric and asymmetric unbiased registration) for detecting changes in serial MRI scans of 10 elderly normal subjects and 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease scanned at 2-week and 1-year intervals. We demonstrated that the unbiased methods, both symmetric and asymmetric, have higher reproducibility. The unbiased methods were also less likely to detect changes in the absence of any real physiological change. Moreover, they measured biological deformations more accurately by penalizing bias in the corresponding statistical maps.
The Local Analysis and Prediction System ( LAPS ) : Analyses of Clouds, Precipitation, and Temperature

The Local Analysis and Prediction System combines numerous data sources into a set of analyses and forecasts on a 10-km grid with high temporal resolution. To arrive at an analysis of cloud cover, several input analyses are combined with surface aviation observations and pilot reports of cloud layers. These input analyses are a skin temperature analysis ( used to solve for cloud layer heights and coverage ) derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite IR 11.24-mm data, other visible and multispectral imagery, a three-dimensional temperature analysis, and a three-dimensional radar reflectivity analysis derived from full volumetric radar data. Use of a model first guess for clouds is currently being phased in. The goal is to combine the data sources to take advantage of their strengths, thereby automating the synthesis similar to that of a human forecaster. The design of the analysis procedures and output displays focuses on forecaster utility. A number of derived fields are calculated including cloud type, liquid water content, ice content, and icing severity, as well as precipitation type, concentration, and accumulation. Results from validating the cloud fields against independent data obtained during the Winter Icing and Storms Project are presented. Forecasters can now make use of these analyses in a variety of situations, such as depicting sky cover and radiation characteristics over a region, three-dimensionally delineating visibility and icing conditions for aviation, depicting precipitation type, rain and snow accumulation, etc. New data sources available at NOAA’s Forecast Systems Laboratory ( FSL ) are being applied to develop new types of mesoscale analyses. The Local Analysis and Prediction System ( LAPS, McGinley 1995 ) produces analyses with an adjustable grid resolution, nominally 10 km horizontally and 50 hPa vertically. The local FSL domain currently covers northeastern Colorado as well as parts of adjoining states to the north, east, and south. LAPS analyses of temperature, moisture, pressure, winds, and clouds are being developed. This report focuses on the analyses of clouds and other hydrometeors, as well as temperature, an important input. Most fields from these analyses are examined on meteorological workstations at FSL and at other field locations with locally established domains.
Hierarchical patterns of population structure in the endangered Fraser River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and implications for conservation

The Fraser River system consists of five white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) management units, two of which are listed as endangered populations under Canada's Species at Risk Act. The delineation of these management units was based primarily on population genetic analysis with samples parsed by collection location. We used polysomic microsatellite markers to examine population structure in the Fraser River system with samples parsed by collection location and with a genetic clustering algorithm. Strong levels of genetic divergence were revealed above and below Hells Gate, a narrowing of the Fraser canyon further obstructed by a rockslide in 1913. Additional analyses revealed population substructure on the Fraser River above Hells Gate. The Middle Fraser River (SG-3) and Nechako River were found to be distinct populations, while the Upper Fraser River, although currently listed as an endangered population, represented a mixing area for white sturgeon originating from SG-3 and Nechako. Differences between these results and previous genetic investigations may be attributed to the detection of population mixing when genetic clustering is used to infer population structure. Resume : Le systeme du fleuve Fraser consiste en cinq secteurs de protection de l'esturgeon blanc (Acipenser
Effect of Capillary Efflux Transport Inhibition on the Determination of Probe Recovery During in Vivo Microdialysis in the Brain

Intracerebral microdialysis probe recovery (extraction fraction) may be influenced by several mass transport processes in the brain, including efflux and uptake exchange between brain and blood. Therefore, changes in probe recovery under various experimental conditions can be useful to characterize fundamental drug transport processes. Accordingly, the effect of inhibiting transport on probe recovery was investigated for two capillary efflux transporters with potentially different membrane localization and transport mechanisms, P-glycoprotein and an organic anion transporter. Fluorescein/probenecid and quinidine/LY-335979 were chosen as the substrate/inhibitor combinations for organic anion transport and P-glycoprotein-medicated transport, respectively. Probenecid decreased the probe recovery of fluorescein in frontal cortex, from 0.21 ± 0.017 to 0.17 ± 0.020 (p < 0.01). Quantitative microdialysis calculations indicated that probenecid treatment reduced the total brain elimination rate constant by 3-fold from 0.37 to 0.12 (ml/min · ml of extracellular fluid). In contrast, the microdialysis recovery of quinidine, delivered locally to the brain via the probe perfusate, was not sensitive to P-glycoprotein inhibition by systemically administered LY-335979, a potent and specific inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Recovery of difluorofluorescein, an analog of fluorescein, was also decreased by probenecid in the frontal cortex but not in the ventricle cerebrospinal fluid. These experimental observations are in qualitative agreement with microdialysis theory incorporating mathematical models of transporter kinetics. These studies suggest that only in certain circumstances will efflux inhibition at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier influence the microdialysis probe recovery, and this may depend upon the substrate and inhibitor examined and their routes of administration, the localization and mechanism of the membrane transporter, as well as the microenvironment surrounding the probe.
Response distributions for a generalized urn scheme under noncontingent reinforcement

Abstract The classical urn scheme is further extended to permit application to simple learning situations with arbitrary response and reinforcement spaces. The assumptions incorporated are those which, in the classical situation, are equivalent to (1) permitting the total number of balls added per trial to depend on the preceding reinforcement and (2) allowing the probability that a ball is drawn to depend on the time the ball has been in the urn. This results in a flexible family of models whose behavior is analyzed in the case of noncontingent reinforcement.
True Form of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph of Linear Reservoirs

This paper shows that the initial value of any instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) should be a positive value, however small. This unique characteristic is clearly demonstrated by the IUH of overland flow derived for a plane of uniform width based on the kinematic wave solution. Not only is a nonzero initial value a distinct and required characteristic of the IUH, it also provides an additional condition for determining the parameters of the IUH. The gamma probability density function has gained wide acceptance as an IUH for a watershed that is represented by a series of identical linear reservoirs. It has an initial zero value. This study shows that the model used in deriving the popular gamma probability density function IUH, with its characteristic zero initial value, is conceptually unsound. This paper presents a true form of IUH which results from a watershed represented by a series of identical linear reservoirs. Unlike the conceptual model used in deriving this gamma probability density function IUH, in this model the unit effective rainfall is distributed uniformly across all of the reservoirs. The resulting IUH contains both a gamma function and an incomplete gamma function, and it possesses the required positive initial value. This IUH may be viewed as a counterpart of the IUH derived from the kinematic wave solution and is named the pseudokinematic-wave IUH (PKW-IUH). By extending the PKW-IUH and using different weights for the series of linear reservoirs to reflect the shape of the watershed, a general form of IUH can be derived. For practical applications a three-parameter IUH, with a storage coefficient and two weights for the linear reservoirs, is proposed. Finally, an example to demonstrate the application of the proposed three-parameter IUH in predicting direct runoff is presented and the results are compared with the runoff predicted by the universally accepted gamma probability density function IUH.
Statistical and Practical Considerations for Clinical Evaluation of Predictive Biomarkers

Predictive biomarkers to guide therapy for cancer patients are a cornerstone of precision medicine. Discussed herein are considerations regarding the design and interpretation of such predictive biomarker studies. These considerations are important for both planning and interpreting prospective studies and for using specimens collected from completed randomized clinical trials. Specific issues addressed are differentiation between qualitative and quantitative predictive effects, challenges due to sample size requirements for predictive biomarker assessment, and consideration of additional factors relevant to clinical utility assessment, such as toxicity and cost of new therapies as well as costs and potential morbidities associated with routine use of biomarker-based tests.
Characterization of the binding of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, the toxic metabolite of the parkinsonian neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, to neuromelanin.

: N-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys neuronal cell bodies in the neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra of humans and primates. We show that N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+), the active metabolite of MPTP, binds to neuromelanin with high affinity. This binding increases at higher pH and is displaced most potently by divalent cations and antimalarial drugs. MPP+ bound intracellularly to neuromelanin may be stored and released gradually, resulting in subsequent damage to neurons of the substantia nigra.
The Etruscan Venus

State of the art computers, such as the Silicon Graphics IRIS, have something to offer journeyman topologists that can otherwise be experienced only in the imagination. It is the wonder of animating, in real time, complicated deformations of topological surfaces, interactively! This paper reports a project at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) to visualize a regular homotopy of a Klein bottle immersed in 4-space. The shadow (projection) of this phenomenon in 3-space is a mapping homotopy between stable images of closed, one-sided (non-orientable) 2-manifolds called ovalesques. Such surfaces are generated by the prescribed motion of an oval (e.g. an ellipse) through space. Thus, the notion of an ovalesque is a projective generalization of a ruled surface. Recall that ruled surfaces are generated by straight lines.
Role of Novel Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury

The current principles of management in acute kidney injury (AKI) rely on the almost century-old gold standard of serum creatinine, which may be both delayed and nonspecific. Novel biomarkers that signal renal damage may be able to reform disease detection and management for perioperative AKI. Of the many potential candidates, interleukin-18 (IL-18), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and cystatin C are at the forefront of clinical validation. Notably, these molecules can detect cases of subclinical AKI, which traditional measures may fail to identify, and may offer an opportunity for early treatment of AKI while providing valuable prognostic information. Though there is still progress to be made, the application of these biomarkers and the significant clinical changes they will bring about may be on the horizon.
Effect of Cinchophen on the Liver and Other Tissues of the Dog.

During a study of peptic ulcers produced by the administration of cinchophen we had the opportunity of studying the effects of large amounts of cinchophen on the liver and other organs of the dog. ...
The Effect of Some Gases on the Tracheal Ventilation of Grasshoppers

CO2, CS2, HCN and Nicotine in certain concentrations increased the volume of air inhaled into the tracheal system by the respiratory movements of the grasshoppers that were studied. Minimum lethal concentrations of HCN and CS2 temporarily increased the tracheal ventilation, but this was followed by a gradual decrease as the insect became less and less active.
Glycosylation of Quinone-Fused Polythiophene for Reagentless and Label-Free Detection of E. coli

In this report, a new polythiophene interface is fabricated containing fused quinone moieties which are then glycosylated to form a carbohydrate platform for bacterial detection. Very importantly, this interface can be used for label-free and reagentless detection, both by electrochemical and Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) transducers and by using the direct pili-mannose binding as well as Concanavalin A (Con A) mediated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-mannose binding. The conductive polymer’s unique collective properties are very sensitive to very minor perturbations, which result in significant changes of electrical conductivity and providing amplified sensitivity and improved limits of detection (i.e., 25 cell/mL for electrochemical sensor and 50 cells/mL for QCM sensor), a widened logarithmic range of detection (i.e., 3–7 for pili-mannose binding and 2–8 for Con A mediated binding), high specificity and selectivity, and an extraordinary reliability by a mechanism of internal validation. With these analyt...