cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common Threads for Marine Gas Turbine Engines in U.S. Navy Applications

This paper discusses the common threads that have been gleaned by the Navy in having operated many different gas turbine engines in a marine environment for nearly thirty years. The status of the Navy’s Honeywell TF40B, Rolls Royce 501 and General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engine programs is discussed.
Hydrogenosomal ATP: AMP phosphotransferase of Trichomonas vaginalis

Abstract 1. 1. ATP:AMP phosphotransferase (adenylate kinase) is present in Trichomonas vaginalis, primarily with hydrogenosomal localization. 2. 2. Adenylate kinase has been purified from hydrogenosome-enriched fractions by solubilization with Triton X-100 and KCl followed by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. 3. 3. The enzyme has a Mr  28,000, a broad pH optimum of pH 7–9, requirement for Mg2+ and specificity for adenine and deoxyadenine nucleotides. 4. 4. The activity is competetively inhibited by P1,P5-di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate (Ki 200 nM) and reversibly inactivated by 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate). 5. 5. Catalytic properties of this enzyme are similar to those of enzymes from other organisms. Other properties indicate its uniqueness, however, since its molecular mass and Ki for P1,P5-di(adenosine-5′-)-pentaphosphate bring it closer to the mitochrondrial isoenzyme, while it shares a requirement for reduced thiol groups with the cytosolic isoenzyme.
A THEORETICAL NOTE ON DIFFERENCE TESTS: MODELS, PARADOXES AND COGNITIVE STRATEGIES

A simple nonmathematical introduction is given to Thurstonian modeling and its application to difference testing. The theoretical treatment explains differences in performance noted for various difference test protocols and the so-called paradox of discriminatory nondiscriminators, whereby a slight change in instructions to the judge can alter the proportion of tests performed correctly. From this, the assumptions in the use of binomial statistics for analyzing difference tests and their shortcomings, are discussed. New ideas on the generality of the paradox of discriminatory nondiscriminators are discussed, along with the effects of the cognitive strategy adopted by the judge during testing.
Television as Gathering Place

Abstract An examination of television as a center of meaning and as a social context supports the concept of a place without a location. Similar ideas have appeared in media theory since the 1960s, but have not been the subject of geographic research. Comparison of television with other media, including books, radio, and film, reveals that it is uniquely place-like. Television functions as a social context, providing sensory communion and social congregation; it also functions as a center of meaning, helping a society define “us” and “them,” conferring value on persons and objects, and, possibly, supporting hegemonic social control. A comparison of television and certain architectural structures identifies similarities and differences that may be related to long-term historical changes in society.
Protecting knowledge in strategic alliances: Resource and relational characteristics

Abstract This study uses survey data to examine factors associated with a firm's protection of knowledge from unwanted appropriation by an alliance partner. The findings show that a firm tends to be more protective when the capabilities it contributes to the alliance are highly tacit and core, when its partner has a higher learning intent, and when the firm and its partner have highly similar resources. Higher trust in a partner tends to reduce knowledge protection.
Radiation issues in the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST

Abstract The GLAST large area telescope instrument has been designed for high sensitivity, high precision gamma-ray detection in space. It will contain more than 80 m2 of single-sided AC-coupled silicon detectors. The use of silicon detectors in space will pose special challenges for the design, testing and operation, among them attention to radiation issues unique to the space environment.
Creating financial statements using FRx within Microsoft Dynamics GP: Learning vs. teaching

Abstract This project requires you to create financial statements using FRx within Microsoft Dynamics GP, an enterprise system. The project emphasizes the learner-centered paradigm rather than a teacher-centered educational paradigm. Researchers have found great importance in the learner-centered approach in educating students, especially in information systems (Landry, Saulnier, Wagner, & Longenecker, 2008; Saulnier, Landry, & Wagner, 2008). Major differences exist between the two approaches; for example, the professor gives information and evaluates, and emphasizes the right answer in a teacher-centered approach. The professor coaches and facilitates, and emphasizes that students generate good questions and learn from mistakes in a learner-centered approach. This project utilizes the learner-centered approach, an effective approach for you to use in today’s environment.
Recruitment ecology of pelagic‐broadcast spawning minnows: paradigms from the ocean advance science and conservation of an imperilled freshwater fauna

Pelagic-broadcast spawning is a dominant mode of fish reproduction in the oceans and is associated with Fundamental Triad (i.e. nutrient enrichment, nutrient concentration, propagule retention) and Loophole (i.e. disruption of larval competition and predation) processes that are mediated by water currents. Pelagic-broadcast spawning is uncommon in freshwater, but is employed by an evolutionarily convergent spawning guild in rivers on the Great Plains, North America. We reviewed ecological studies of pelagic-broadcast spawning minnows to evaluate whether Fundamental Triad and Loophole concepts explain the adaptive significance of this behaviour. Pelagic-broadcast spawning minnows exhibit spawning periodicity dependent on floods. Nutrient enrichment, nutrient concentration and propagule retention are enhanced during flood recession. Retention is also enhanced by high fecundity and rapid development of pelagic-broadcast propagules. Predation and competition threats are relatively low in temporary, patchily distributed nurseries present during flood recession. Extended spawning periods and diffusive spread of juveniles and adults ensure annual recruitment despite the unpredictable and often harsh conditions in rivers on the plains. Over the last century, pelagic-broadcast spawners have suffered declines due to dewatering, flood control and sediment deprivation that disrupt natural Fundamental Triad and Loophole processes. We propose that restoration of conditions necessary for Fundamental Triad and Loophole processes to operate will be most successful at stopping decline and extinction of pelagic-broadcast spawning minnows of the Great Plains.
On a New Device for the Study of the Compton Effect

ACCORDING to a recent tentative suggestion of W. R. Smythe, a study of the intensities of the Compton modified scattered X-ray spectrum lines might serve to prove whether the electrons effective in the scattering which produces the modified radiation are completely “free” or whether they are “bound” to atoms of the scattering substance. If “modified” scattering is produced by free electrons only, then the intensity of the modified line should be jointly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation (number density of radiant corpuscles) and to the number of free electrons present. But this latter is itself at least roughly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation, since it is safe to assume that most of these free electrons are rendered so by the photoelectric action of the incident X-radiation. Hence the intensity of the modified scattered line should vary roughly as the square of the incident intensity, or at least as some greater power than unity of the incident intensity.
Collision-broadened line widths of tetrahedral molecules—I. Theoretical formulation

Abstract A theoretical formulation is presented within the framework of Anderson-Tsao- Curnutte theory for calculating the half-widths of spectral lines belonging to tetrahedral molecules. The importance of tetrahedral symmetry in the change distribution and in the wave functions is emphasized. Expressions for the interruption functions S 2 (b) have been derived for octopole-dipole, octopole-quadrupole, octopole-octopole, octopole-hexadecapole, hexadecapole- hexadecapole, anistropic dispersion interactions as well as for an assumed overlap interaction potential. The earlier theoretical work of Tejawni and Yamamoto and Hirono is shown to be inappropriate for molecules of tetrahedral symmetry.
Cost–benefit functions for the allocation of security sensors for air contaminants

Abstract In this paper, we study various functional forms of the cost–benefit function in a context of risk analysis and multi-objective decision-making for the allocation of hazard protection. An approach of benefit–cost analysis under uncertainty is used. The study identifies measures of hazard intensity and population exposure as well as additional parameters that influence assessments of benefits and costs. Parameter uncertainties are propagated by numerical interval analysis. Several tiers of the uncertainty of the benefit-to-cost ratio are generated to compare hazard intensity and population exposure in multi-objective tradeoff analysis. We develop an example application with the allocation of chemical, biological, and radiological air contaminant sensors throughout a region. The sensors provide local protection to non-identical sectors of the population that are exposed to non-identical intensities of the hazard. The results illuminate the significance of the cost–benefit function for the allocation of sensors. The paper has implications for anti-terrorism, disaster preparedness, transportation safety, and other areas of public safety.
Sail smoother with systems thinking.

The final part in this AONE-endorsed series details the merits of fostering long-term, meaningful change in retention efforts.
Dynamics and melting of stripes, crystals, and bubbles with quenched disorder

Abstract Two-dimensional systems in which there is a competition between long-range repulsion and short-range attraction exhibit a remarkable variety of patterns such as stripes, bubbles, and labyrinths. Such systems include magnetic films, Langmuir monolayers, polymers, gels, water–oil mixtures, and two-dimensional electron systems. In many of these systems quenched disorder from the underlying substrate may be present. We examine the dynamics and stripe formation in the presence of both an applied dc drive and quenched disorder. When the disorder strength exceeds a critical value, an applied dc drive can induce a dynamical stripe ordering transition to a state that is more ordered than the originating undriven, unpinned pattern. We also consider the melting transition of the different patterns.
Effect of aromatic carcinogens and noncarcinogenic analogs on the induction of murine αβ interferon

Abstract The effects of several aromatic carcinogens and their noncarcinogenic analogs on the production of α β interferon by mouse embryo fibroblasts were determined. The carcinogens 2-naphthylamine and 9,10-dimethylanthracene significantly depressed α β interferon production, while their poorly or noncarcinogenic analogs, 1-naphthylamine and anthracene, respectively, had no significant effect. Neither the carcinogen benzidine nor its poorly carcinogenic analog 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine had any effect on α β interferon production. These data, taken together with previous findings, suggest the possibility of drawing a high correlation between the carcinogenic potential of a chemical and its effect on interferon production.
Low temperatures impact dormancy status, flowering competence, and transcript profiles in crown buds of leafy spurge

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is an herbaceous perennial weed that produces vegetatively from an abundance of underground adventitious buds. In this study, we report the effects of different environmental conditions on vegetative production and flowering competence, and determine molecular mechanisms associated with dormancy transitions under controlled conditions. Reduction in temperature (27–10°C) and photoperiod (16–8 h) over a 3-month period induced a para- to endo-dormant transition in crown buds. An additional 11 weeks of cold (5–7°C) and short-photoperiod resulted in accelerated shoot growth from crown buds, and 99% floral competence when plants were returned to growth-promoting conditions. Exposure of paradormant plants to short-photoperiod and prolonged cold treatment alone had minimal affect on growth potential and resulted in ~1% flowering. Likewise, endodormant crown buds without prolonged cold treatment displayed delayed shoot growth and ~2% flowering when returned to growth-promoting conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 373 and 260 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.005) during para- to endo-dormant and endo- to eco-dormant transitions, respectively. Transcripts from flower competent vs. non-flower competent crown buds identified 607 differentially expressed genes. Further, sub-network analysis identified expression targets and binding partners associated with circadian clock, dehydration/cold signaling, phosphorylation cascades, and response to abscisic acid, ethylene, gibberellic acid, and jasmonic acid, suggesting these central regulators affect well-defined phases of dormancy and flowering. Potential genetic pathways associated with these dormancy transitions and flowering were used to develop a proposed conceptual model.
Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Methamphetamine Exposure on Cognitive Function in Adolescent Mice

Exposure to methamphetamine during brain development impairs cognition in children and adult rodents. In mice, these impairments are greater in females than males. Adult female, but not male, mice show impairments in novel location recognition following methamphetamine exposure during brain development. In contrast to adulthood, little is known about the potential effects of methamphetamine exposure on cognition in adolescent mice. As adolescence is an important time of development and is relatively understudied, the aim of the current study was to examine potential long-term effects of neonatal methamphetamine exposure on behavior and cognition during adolescence. Male and female mice were exposed to methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) or saline once a day from postnatal days 11 to 20, the period of rodent hippocampal development. Behavioral and cognitive function was assessed during adolescence beginning on postnatal day 30. During the injection period, methamphetamine-exposed mice gained less weight on average compared to saline-exposed mice. In both male and female mice, methamphetamine exposure significantly impaired novel object recognition and there was a trend toward impaired novel location recognition. Anxiety-like behavior, sensorimotor gating, and contextual and cued fear conditioning were not affected by methamphetamine exposure. Thus, neonatal methamphetamine exposure affects cognition in adolescence and unlike in adulthood equally affects male and female mice.
An update on the epidemiology of migraine

Epidemiologic studies provide estimates of the scope and distribution of the public health problems posed by migraine. These studies have been facilitated by the development of the International Headache Society criteria for migraine, which have now been used in separate prevalence studies in several countries. In this article, we review some of the methodological challenges in studying migraine epidemiology, report recent results from studies using IHS criteria, and suggest directions for future research.
Update on dental composite restorations

The authors outline potential problems involved in placing composite restorations and offer tips that will ensure success. The rapidly changing area of dental composites can confound practitioners if they ignore material selection and correct techniques. The complex steps involved in placing composite restorations are explained to avoid potential problems and ensure complete success.
Black-hole binaries, gravitational waves, and numerical relativity

Understanding the predictions of general relativity for the dynamical interactions of two black holes has been a long-standing unsolved problem in theoretical physics. Black-hole mergers are monumental astrophysical events ' releasing tremendous amounts of energy in the form of gravitational radiation ' and are key sources for both ground- and spacebased gravitational wave detectors. The black-hole merger dynamics and the resulting gravitational waveforms can only he calculated through numerical simulations of Einstein's equations of general relativity. For many years, numerical relativists attempting to model these mergers encountered a host of problems, causing their codes to crash after just a fraction of a binary orbit cnuld be simulated. Recently ' however, a series of dramatic advances in numerical relativity has ' for the first time, allowed stable / robust black hole merger simulations. We chronicle this remarkable progress in the rapidly maturing field of numerical relativity, and the new understanding of black-hole binary dynamics that is emerging. We also discuss important applications of these fundamental physics results to astrophysics, to gravitationalwave astronomy, and in other areas.
Initiation and Early Developmental Events

Myxococcus xanthus is a rod-shaped, gram-negative soil bacterium that, when subjected to nutrient deprivation, undergoes a developmental process culminating in the formation of a multicellular fruiting body filled with spores. For the purposes of this chapter, early development can be defined as events occurring from initiation to the start of aggregation at approximately the first 6 h poststarvation. In the chapter, the following tenets are addressed: how individual M. xanthus cells recognize starvation; how these cells perceive population starvation; and how individual cells integrate this information to ultimately initiate fruiting body formation and cellular differentiation. In summary, the balance of SocE and CsgA proteins in the cell is critical for sustaining the developmental program past initiation and is just one example of the unique aspects of the stringent response in this organism. Based on the current data, the simplest model for nutrient sensing still focuses on the cell’s ability to utilize its translational capacity as an overall measurement of starvation. It should be noted that other members of the Group B signaling mutants remain unmapped and are yet to be extensively characterized. A section exclusively discusses the properties of the bsgA mutants.
Teacher, Student, and School Attributes as Predictors of Teachers' Responses to Inclusion

General educators (N = 188) were surveyed regarding their responses to including students with disabilities in their classrooms. Two dimensions of responses were identified: hostility/receptivity and anxiety/calmness. Results indicated that teacher attributes and beliefs, student characteristics, and school climate relate to both dimensions. Specifically, receptivity toward inclusion was associated with higher teacher efficacy, inclusion of students with physical rather than cognitive or behavior disorders, use of differentiated teaching practices, and teacher collaboration. Findings further suggest that with experience, teachers become more hostile toward inclusion. Lower anxiety was associated with the inclusion of students with learning or behavior disorders, high teacher efficacy, and small class size. Results demonstrate the complex nature of teachers' thinking about inclusion and suggest that teacher, student, and school factors need to be considered in the analysis of teachers' willingness to suppo...
Differential Patterns of Gene Expression and Gene Complement in Laboratory-Evolved Lines of E. coli.

SYNOPSIS. Laboratory selection experiments play a prominent role in understanding organismal adaptation. Although bacteria are not yet commonly used for such experiments, they are well suited for analyses of both the organismic and the genetic basis of adaptation. Bacteria can be maintained in large populations while occupying limited laboratory space, have short generation times, are well characterized physiologically, biochemically, and genetically, and are readily frozen and revived from the freezer. In addition, the genomes of many species are completely sequenced and knowledge of gene function is unparalleled. Here we review general aspects of selection experiments, the history of using selection experiments in combination with thermal biology and genomics, and highlight findings from six lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature (41.5 8C), including changes in organismal fitness, physiological performance, gene complement and gene expression. Our results are an example of the powerful insights that can be discovered by combining the tools and analyses of many biological disciplines including genomics, evolutionary biology, genetics, and evolutionary physiology.
A low voltage switched-capacitor current reference circuit with low dependence on process, voltage and temperature

A low voltage switched-capacitor circuit that generates an almost constant reference current across process, voltage and temperature (PVT) is proposed. The reference voltage is generated by a low voltage band-gap circuit. The output reference current is obtained by applying the generated reference voltage to a low voltage V-I converter. The resistor in the proposed V-I converter is further replaced by a switched capacitor resistor. Due to less variation in the capacitor value across PVT's and high accuracy in integrated voltage reference, the output reference current remains fairly constant. The circuit has been designed in 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS process at 1.5 V supply voltage. The simulation results show that the output reference current is quite insensitive to PVT and varies linearly with clock frequency and capacitor value of the switched capacitor resistor.
High-level synthesis of self-recovering microarchitectures

A methodology for the computer aided synthesis of microarchitectures that can recover from transient faults is presented. The synthesis is formulated as a two-step procedure of checkpoint insertion followed by duplication. The checkpoint insertion technique minimizes the voting overhead subject to input constraints on maximum allowable recovery time and the maximum number of retries. Additionally checkpoint insertion is interspersed with the scheduling decisions of a novel edge-based scheduler. Self-recovering microarchitectures which perform optimally but require less than proportional increase in hardware are generated by exploiting cost minimizing transformations. >
Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances systemic administration of naked DNA in squamous cell carcinoma model: initial experience.

PURPOSE: To determine whether exposures to pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound can enhance local delivery and expression of a reporter gene, administered with systemic injection of naked DNA, in tumors in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed according to an approved animal protocol and in compliance with guidelines of the institutional animal care and use committee. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC7) tumors were induced subcutaneously in both flanks of female C3H mice (n = 3) and allowed to grow to average size of 0.4 cm3. In each mouse, one tumor was exposed to pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound while a second tumor served as a control. Immediately after ultrasound exposure, a solution containing a cytomegalovirus–green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene construct was injected intravenously via the tail vein. The mouse was sacrificed 24 hours later. Tissue specimens were viewed with fluorescence microscopy to determine the presence of GFP expression, and Western blot analysis ...
Forensic classification of imaging sensor types

Digital images can be captured or generated by a variety of sources including digital cameras and scanners. In many cases it is important to be able to determine the source of a digital image. Methods exist to authenticate images generated by digital cameras or scanners, however they rely on prior knowledge of the image source (camera or scanner). This paper presents methods for determining the class of the image source (camera or scanner). The method is based on using the differences in pattern noise correlations that exist between digital cameras and scanners. To improve the classification accuracy a feature vector based approach using an SVM classifier is used to classify the pattern noise.
ESR-untersuchung zur stabilität der bindung titan-cyclopentadienylring in löslichen Ti–Al-katalysatoren†‡

Beiloslichen Katalysatoren auf der Basis von Bis(π-Cyclopentadienyl)-Titan-Verbindungen tritt, unter der Einwirkung von AlCl3 plus Feuchtigkeit order halogeniertem Losungsmittel, Abtrennung eines Cyclopentadienylrings auf. Die enstehende Mono(π-C5H5)Ti(III)-Verbindung last sich auf Grund ihres ESR-Spektrums als Komplex mit zwei Molekulen AlCl3 identifizieren. Zu ihrer Charakterisierung ist ein breites l-Linien-Singal, welches nach Abspaltung der beiden AlCl3-Molekole druch THF beobachtet wird, besonders geeignt. AlCl3 and traces of moisture, or halogenated solvents, cause the splitting of a cyclopentadienyl ring from catalysts based on bis(π-cyclopentadienyl)-Ti derivatives. The formed mono(π-cyclopentadienyl)-Ti(III) compound can be identified by ESR spectroscopy as a complex with tow molecules of AlCl3. A broad single line spectrum, observed after separation of the AlCl3 from the complex on adding tetrahydrofuran, appears specially useful for the characterization of the mono(π-cyclopentadienyl)-Ti(III) derivative.
Avoiding circulatory complications during endotracheal intubation and initiation of positive pressure ventilation.

Background: In many hospitals, emergency physicians commonly initiate invasive positive-pressure ventilation. Objectives: To review common patient- and ventilator-related factors that can promote hemodynamic instability during and after endotracheal intubation. Discussion: Venous return is proportional to mean systemic pressure (Pms) minus right atrial pressure (Pra). Endotracheal intubation with positive-pressure ventilation often reduces Pms while always increasing Pra, so venous return inevitably decreases, resulting in hypotension in almost one-third of patients. This article reviews the pathophysiology of respiratory failure, the basic circulatory physiology associated with endotracheal intubation, and methods that may be helpful to reduce the frequency of intubation-related hypotension. Conclusion: Although unproven, preventive measures taken before, during, and after endotracheal intubation are likely to minimize the frequency, magnitude, and duration of intubation-related hypotension.
Using ESI-MS to Probe Protein Structure by Site-Specific Noncovalent Attachment of 18-Crown-6

A new method for probing the equilibrium structures and folding states of proteins utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is described. Protein structure is explored as a function of side-chain availability as determined by a specific interaction between lysine and 18-crown-6 ether (18C6). Various intramolecular interactions are competitive with the lysine/18C6 interaction and can prevent noncovalent attachment of 18C6. Changes to protein structure modify these inhibiting intramolecular interactions, which leads to a change in the number of 18C6s that attach to the protein. Experiments conducted with cytochrome c, ubiquitin, and melittin reveal that the method is sensitive to changes in both tertiary and secondary structure. In addition, the structure of each charge state can be examined independently. Experiments can be performed under conditions where the pH and amount of organic cosolvent are varied. Control experiments conducted with pentalysine, which lacks structural organization, are also presented.
An efficient scheme for monitoring sensory conditions in robot systems

An important use of sensing in robot systems is to initiate or terminate motions. The conditions for these actions are based on sensor data and thus called sensory conditions. The values of the sensor input may vary while the robot is moving or the environment is changing. Hence, the sensor data must be collected repetitively to support the updated evaluation of sensory conditions. In this paper, an efficient scheme for monitoring sensory conditions is presented. An auxiliary sensory processor is used to collect all sensor data (except the vision input) and monitor sensory conditions. Only the raw values of the sensor input will be checked to speed up the monitoring process. The threshold values of the raw data for matching sensory conditions are predetermined in the host computer and stored as a checking list in the sensory processor. The details of this scheme for different cases of sensory conditions are discussed. No floating point capability is needed for the sensory processor.
Bringing bits, bytes, devices and computers to life with designs in multimedia logic

A series of designs using the free logic emulation software, "Multimedia Logic," from www.softronix.com have been developed primarily to teach concepts of computer organization and architecture in undergraduate computer science classes, but have also proven to be valuable in bringing binary and hexadecimal numbers and concepts like IP subnet masks to life for IT students. These designs range from circuits to illustrate operation of a four bit adder to complete 8 and 16 bit computers. The computers are very well instrumented with displays for registers, memory contents and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) outputs. The 8 bit computer design also includes an assembler written in Perl and is illustrated in figure 2. One of the more valuable designs for IT students is an ALU that includes both binary and hexadecimal outputs shown in figure 1. The design clearly illustrates and/or functions, signed binary numbers, hexadecimal numbers, and other concepts. Memory devices with address, data, and control inputs and data outputs are illustrated with a simple project that strobes a memory device and sends the contents to an ASCII display device. Another important pedagogical outcome is a clear understanding of how machine language contents in a memory device control the data path in a computer, and provide the flexibility to change operation of the computer by merely changing the contents of memory. This paper provides design examples with operational illustrations to demonstrate the teaching value of the designs.
Disequilibrium, selection, and recombination: limits in two-locus, two-allele models.

All possible combinations of equilibria and fitnesses in two-locus, two-allele, deterministic, discrete-generation selection models are enumerated. This knowledge is used to obtain limits (which can be calculated to arbitrary precision) to the relationships among disequilibrium, selection and recombination for fixed values of allele frequencies. In all cases, the inequality|rD| < s/10 holds, where r is recombination and D is disequilibrium, and all selection coefficients lie between 1 - s and 1 + s times that of the double heterozygote. Linear programming techniques are used to calculate the minimum strength of selection needed to explain several observed nonzero values of D reported in the literature. One conclusion is that the failure to observe nonzero values of D is not surprising.
READING STRATEGIES USED BY ADVANCED KOREAN AND CHINESE ESL GRADUATE STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY

_______________________ Research in second language acquisition and reading in particular indicate that certain literacy skills transfer across languages. This study examines the reading strategies used by advanced Korean and Chinese ESL learners. Particular attention is devoted to how word recognition and processing skills developed in learners’ native languages (L1) may influence the type of strategies used in determining meanings of unfamiliar words when reading in English (L2). Given that Korean is an alphabetic language and Chinese is an ideographic language, we hypothesize that Korean ESL learners would generally use phonological processing strategies, while Chinese ESL learners would generally use visual-orthographic processing strategies. Six graduate-level students, three from each language background, were asked to read two different texts. Through oral recall, structured interviews, and questionnaire of reading strategies, we examine the kinds of strategies used and the level of comprehension achieved by the participants. Findings confirm the hypothesis that Korean ESL learners tend to rely on phonological, while Chinese ESL learners tend to rely on visualorthographic strategies when reading English texts. The learners’ English language proficiency, however, may be a more important factor contributing to the level of L2 reading comprehension achieved rather than the strategies used. ________________________ Introduction This study examines the reading strategies used by advanced Korean and Chinese ESL learners when reading academic texts. We focus on the kinds of strategies used by each group of learners and examine the characteristics of the strategies preferred by each group of students. We explore the possibility that certain strategy preferences are effects of the transfer of processing skills developed in L1 and that the differences in processing skills may lead to different levels of comprehension. Although scholars in the field have studied the effects of transfer on decoding skills with participants of different L1 backgrounds, relatively little research has examined the influence of transfer on reading comprehension, particularly the comparative effects of different L1s on comprehension. This study is an attempt to address this gap in the field.
Applications of the Lambert W function in electromagnetics

The solution to many EM problems can be formulated in terms of the Lambert W function. Several have been presented here. The function frequently occurs in the dispersion relations for transmission-line problems when the limiting cases of small radius or thickness are considered. Numerical algorithms of the function have been incorporated into the popular mathematical computation packages, which allows the efficient and rapid solution of problems that have traditionally been done graphically.
Inroduction: Considering the Trend Toward Local Environmental Law

In this symposium issue of the Pace Environmental Law Review we take a close look at the advent of local environmental law. With the editors of the Review and a number of distinguished scholars and practitioners, we define what this new field is and consider what it means for public policy and the practice of law. The intent of this issue is to invite lawyers, scholars, practitioners, legislators, regulators, students, and citizen leaders to consider this burgeoning new field: local environmental law. It is my task to introduce the reader to the field and frame the issues for its further development.
Some Thoughts on the Future of Cross-Cultural Social Psychology:

This article presents some predictions for the future of cross-cultural social psychology. It begins with the argument that all social psychology is cultural and that there is ever-growing acceptance of this fact. The results of this acceptance will be an increase in the pervasiveness of culture as a variable, a growth in multicultural research teams, and a recentering of research in social psychology. The introduction of non-Western constructs and theories, such as the interdependent self and relationship harmony, will increase in the future and bring with them a focus on research on interpersonal interactions and relationships. Finally, a model is presented that it is hoped will lead to studies that include both group-level and individual-level variables. It is concluded that an increase in complexity of studies and the incorporation of interdisciplinary research will lead to greater understanding of the mutual effects of culture and social behavior.
Determination of 19 Cardiac Troponin I and T Assay 99th Percentile Values from a Common Presumably Healthy Population

BACKGROUND: Between-assay comparability of 99th percentiles for cardiac troponin concentrations has not been assessed systematically in a single population for a large number of assays. METHODS: We determined 99th percentiles for 19 cardiac troponin assays in heparin plasma samples from a population of 272 and 252 presumably healthy males and females, respectively. The assays evaluated included 1 cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assay from Roche and 18 cTnI assays from Abbott, Alere, Beckman, bioMerieux, Instrumentation Laboratory, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Singulex, Siemens, and Roche. Five of these assays were categorized as high-sensitivity, 9 as sensitive-contemporary, and 5 as point-of-care (POC) assays. RESULTS: For high-sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI) assays 99th percentiles varied from 23 to 58 ng/L. At least 80% of individuals had measurable hs-cTnI, whereas only 25% had measurable high-sensitivity cTnT. All high-sensitivity cardic troponin assays had 99th percentiles that were 1.2–2.4-fold higher in males than females. For the 9 sensitive-contemporary cTnI assays, 99th percentiles varied from 12 to 392 ng/L, and only the Beckman assay gave measurable concentrations in a substantial portion of the population (35% vs ≤6% for the others). Seven of these 9 assays had 1.3–5.0-fold higher 99th percentiles for males than females. For 5 cTnI POC assays, 99th percentiles varied from <10 to 40 ng/L. The Instrumentation Laboratory assay gave measurable results in 27.8% of study participants vs ≤6% for the others. Correlations were generally poor among assays. CONCLUSIONS: Among cardiac troponin assays 99th percentile concentrations appear to differ. High-sensitivity assays provide measurable cardiac troponin results in a substantially greater fraction of presumably healthy individuals.
Classical treatment of the Franson two-photon correlation experiment

A two-photon correlation experiment that was proposed by Franson [ Phys. Rev. Lett.62, 2205 ( 1989)] and was recently carried out is analyzed in terms of electromagnetic waves in order to see whether the observed fourth-order interference effects can be explained classically. The conclusion is that, although a classical field can give rise to such interference effects, no classical field can actually account for the observations reported.
On the semantics and evaluation of top-k queries in probabilistic databases

We formulate three intuitive semantic properties for top-k queries in probabilistic databases, and propose Global-Topk query semantics which satisfies all of them. We provide a dynamic programming algorithm to evaluate top-k queries under Global-Topk in simple probabilistic relations. For general probabilistic relations, we show a polynomial reduction to the simple case. Our analysis shows that the complexity of query evaluation is linear in k and at most quadratic in database size.
Dynamic interactions between the power system and DERs - modeling and case studies

DERs in general have completely different dynamics than the traditional rotating machinery (generators and motors) based power system. Present DER technology uses converters for interfacing DERs to the power grid. These interfaces are inertialess and limit the electric current during faults and transients. At the same time, the converters have sophisticated feedback control loops that may interact with the transient of the electric power system with the end effect of generating unintended modes of oscillations. These characteristics of DERs impact the dynamics of the integrated power system with DERs. Present day models are inadequate to realistically simulate the new paradigm of the integrated model. We present a new modeling methodology for the integrated system based on quadratization of the model equations and quadratic integration of the resulting dynamical equations. The new approach captures the salient features of the integrated system. The paper presents the utilization of this model for transient simulation of the integrated system as well as for analyzing the modes of oscillations of the system using small signal analysis. The methodologies are illustrated with case studies. The case studies illustrate the unique dynamic behavior of the integrated system as the penetration level of DERs increases as well as the dynamic interactions between the system and the converter controls of the DERs which generate additional unexpected modes of oscillation.
Carotin in Perillus bioculatus (Fab.) and its derivation from the lymph of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say).

One of us1 has shown that the variations in the hypodermal color pattern of the stink-bug Perillus bioculatus (Fab.) from white and black to red and black (with various intermediate yellow and black forms) are not caused by inheritance but by variations in physiological activity, which can be controlled by the temperature of the environment, and influenced by sexual functions, such as egg laying. The food of the stinkbug is always highly colored with orange-yellow pigment for it consists almost exclusively of the eggs and larvae of the potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as well as the adult beetle itself. When the larvae and adult beetles are attacked the golden yellow lymph is the only portion eaten.A chemical examination of the pigment in the lymph of the potato beetle showed that it consists exclusively of carotin. No other carotinoids could be detected. The concentration of carotin in fresh lymph obtained from 200 full-grown larvae was found to be 0.0136 per cent, which is as high as is e...
Endogenous nitric oxide modulates responses of tissue and airway resistance to vagal stimulation in piglets.

The role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in modulating the excitatory response of distal airways to vagal stimulation is unknown. In decerebrate, ventilated, open-chest piglets aged 3–10 days, lung...
Genetic compatibility of Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromyscus melanotis, as indicated by breeding studies and morphometrics.

Reproductive compatibility, skull morphometrics, color of pelage, and size and structure of bacula and sperm were compared in nine populations of Peromyscus maniculatus and P. melanotis from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Breeding data indicated that there is no conspicuous reduction of fertility between populations of P. maniculatus , or of P. melanotis. However, no P. maniculatus × P. melanotis hybrids were produced. In most instances, patterns of morphometric variation corroborated genetic affinities revealed by breeding, chromosomal, and electrophoretic studies; however, it is unlikely that the same conclusions would have been drawn without the supporting breeding, chromosomal, and electrophoretic data—it is possible that the two species would have been considered conspecific if only morphometric data were used. Pelage color, and size and structure of bacula and sperm proved of little value in separating P. melanotis and P. maniculatus . Based on cranial morphology, certain individuals of P. maniculatus rufinus from Otero County, New Mexico, and P. melanotis from near El Salto, Durango, are difficult to distinguish to species. This similarity in morphology is probably due to convergent evolution resulting from adaptations to similar habitats. That P. maniculatus and P. melanotis are sibling species is substantiated by the fact that certain populations of the latter from southern Arizona previously were referred to as P. maniculatus rufinus. Breeding, electrophoretic, and chromosomal data clearly reveal that these populations are P. melanotis; however, when these populations are compared with others of P. melanotis , no basis for subspecies distinction can be found. Therefore, P. melanotis remains a monotypic species.
Studies on Residual Decomposition Products of Pesticides in Agricultural Products (II)

Degradation of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) under the various conditions of preservation in agricultural products were examined.ETU applied on surface of spinach leaves was decreased by 96% at a room temperature of 20-25°C and by 73% at 5°C after 8 days respectively.ETU in EBDCs applied on surface of spinach leaves was decreased by 92% at a room temperature, by 68% at 5°C after 8 days and by 57% under the sunlight after 5hr.ETU was absorbed in spinach was stable comparing with that applied on surface of spinach leaves and decreased by 54% at a room temperature and by 30% at 5°C after 8 days.On bottled fruits and vegetables the decomposition of added EBDCs was inhibited with increasing acidity. For instance, ETU in bottled tomatopuree added EBDCs in advance did not decrease even 200 days later.
Fluorescence Anisotropy: Analysis of tRNA Binding to the T Box Riboswitch Antiterminator RNA

Fluorescence anisotropy can be utilized in drug discovery screening assays to identify compounds that disrupt medicinally important RNA-macromolecular complexes. Here we describe the application of this technique to monitor tRNA binding to T box riboswitch antiterminator RNA.
Female relationships in bonobos(Pan paniscus) : Evidence for bonding, cooperation, and female dominance in a male-philopatric species.

The popular belief that women are not naturally able to bond with each other is often supported by theoretical and empirical evidence that unrelated females do not bond in nonhuman primate species. Bonobos (rare and endangered African apes, also known as pygmy chimpanzees) are (with their congener, chimpanzees) the closest living relatives of humans and appear to be an exception to this characterization. Data collected on individuals representing half of the world’s captive population reveal that bonobo females are remarkably skillful in establishing and maintaining strong affiliative bonds with each other despite being unrelated. Moreover, they control access to highly desirable food, share it with each other more often than with males, engage in same-sex sexual interactions in order to reduce tension, and form alliances in which they cooperatively attack males and inflict injuries. Their power does not stem from a size equality with or advantage over males (in fact, females average 82.5% of male size), but rather from cooperation and coalition formation. The immediate advantage to female alliances is increased control over food, the main resource on which their reproductive success depends, as well as a reduction in other costs typically associated with a female-biased dispersal system, such as male agonism in the contexts of feeding competition and sexual coercion. The ultimate advantage of friendly relationships among females is an earlier age at first reproduction, which results in a large increase in lifetime reproductive success. Analysis of this bonding phenomenon sheds light on when, where, and how we should expect unrelated human females to bond with one another by demonstrating that bonding is not dependent on access to one’s relatives but rather on an environmental situation in which female aggregation is possible, coupled with an incentive for cooperation.