cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications of Sinusitis

Complications of sinusitis are best described as an extension of the infection into the orbit or cranium. These infections are almost always secondary to an acute sinusitis. A history of recurrent or chronic sinusitis is frequently absent. The infection is usually caused by a streptococcal or staphylococcal species which is frequently highly resistant to antibiotics. These infections can have significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized and treated early. Failure to recognize complicated sinusitis may result in blindness, permanent diplopia, seizures, hemiparesis, mental retardation, and death. The longer the delay in the diagnosis the greater the chance of developing these sequelae or possibly death. These patients must be aggressively managed via a team approach involving primary care, infectious disease, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology. If aggressive medical management including broad-spectrum antibiotics that cross the blood–brain barrier does not result in prompt resolution of the symptoms, surgical intervention to drain the sinusitis and extension of the infection is warranted. The surgical intervention is dictated by the location and severity of the complication and frequently involves multiple surgical specialties.
Conversation With an Understanding Attorney

You said it is important to dig up those earliest fragments. I agree, I should dust ‘em off. Look at Dad once again, that Polish kid with slicked-down blond hair, posed on a pony. Look at two-year-old Mom with shiny black hair combed carefully to one side, round toddler wearing a grin hinting of Scots-Irish and Cherokee stories of self-destruction, freedom, blood. Those photos are fading and hiding what I need to know, or what I want to tell. How did they meet, those trusting kids who leaned on each other in quick movie passion, WWII style? Think of her at 80, remembering the names of family cows and horses on a farm now lost, now buried like her ashes located conveniently to an Interstate. And his stories of ghost-parents dancing to a Victrola while he watched as if in a dream, telling us about his big gray cat, ghost cat, a striped tom rife with symbols, plump
Investing in energy conservation: Are homeowners passing up high yields?

Abstract Energy conservation is examined as an investment option for homeowners. Conservation technologies produce monetary benefits through reduced fuel costs. Calculations suggest that many conservation measures have rates of return significantly higher than alternative investments in stocks, bonds, and real estate, yet the level of conservation activity is inconsistent with these high yields. Several barriers exist which inhibit investments in conservation; it is perceived as risky and the cost of obtaining reliable information is high. Public policies to encourage conservation should focus on reducing the risk of purchasing energy saving devices by improving the accuracy of energy savings estimates.
Mapping Latin America: A Cartographic Reader. Edited by Jordana Dym and Karl Offen

Recent years have witnessed an upsurge in scholarly publications that emphasize the significance of examining spatial processes, imaginations and representations in order to deepen understandings o...
Effect of ion-irradiation-induced disorder on the low-field magnetoresistance of La0.67A0.33MnO3 (A=Sr, Ca)

We report on a systematic study of the correlation between the disorder produced by ion irradiation and the magnetoresistance (MR) behavior of two doped manganite films: a highly textured La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 film on a (100) LaAlO3 substrate and a film of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 on a YSZ substrate with a high degree of large-angle grain boundary disorder. The films were grown via metal organic chemical vapor deposition and exposed to irradiation of 200 keV Ne ions. The temperature and field dependence of the resistivity were measured on the same samples at different levels of damage. For the Sr-doped film, the bulk magnetic properties were observed to degrade faster with cumulative damage than transport. For both films at low temperature, a low-field hysteretic MR was either induced or enhanced by ion damage. These effects are discussed in terms of diffusive transport through “granular” magnetically disordered regions.
Weighted Hough transform on a gridded image plane

Detection of skews in input images is an important preprocess for analyzing document images. We propose a novel skew detection method based on vertical as well as horizontal splitting of an image. The center of gravity of the black pixels in each section is used as a sample point for performing the Hough transform, which gives the skew angle of the document image. We extend the Hough transform to incorporate the notion of weight, and apply it to reducing spurious line detection caused by the presence of large non text areas with many black pixels. The weighting function is defined according to the proportion of black pixels in the area, giving a low weight to an area with an extremely high proportion of black pixels. We conducted skew detection experiments on several document images. By using the Hough transform on connected components our method works four times faster than the conventional method and it has no restrictions on the detection range within which skew angles can be detected.
Arsenic localization, speciation, and co-occurrence with iron on rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots having variable Fe coatings.

Arsenic contamination of rice is widespread, but the rhizosphere processes influencing arsenic attenuation remain unresolved. In particular, the formation of Fe plaque around rice roots is thought to be an important barrier to As uptake, but the relative importance of this mechanism is not well characterized. Here we elucidate the colocalization of As species and Fe on rice roots with variable Fe coatings; we used a combination of techniques—X-ray fluorescence imaging, μXANES, transmission X-ray microscopy, and tomography—for this purpose. Two dominant As species were observed in fine roots-inorganic As(V) and As(III) -with minor amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenic trisglutathione (AsGlu3). Our investigation shows that variable Fe plaque formation affects As entry into rice roots. In roots with Fe plaque, As and Fe were strongly colocated around the root; however, maximal As and Fe were dissociated and did not encapsulate roots that had minimal Fe plaque. Moreover, As was not exclusively ass...
Psychiatric Home Health Care Skilled Nursing Services

Skilled psychiatric nursing services can be an integral component of Medicare certified home health care agencies. Medicare will reimburse home health care agencies for psychiatric nursing home visits on an intermittent basis for qualified psychiatric clients who are under the care of a psychiatrist, have psychiatric diagnoses, and are homebound secondary to psychological or medical problems. Clients’ diagnosed psychiatric disorders may include dementia, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse. Nursing services are provided under a plan of care that is developed and signed by a psychiatrist in consultation with psychiatric nurse and reviewed at least every 60 days by the psychiatrist.
Sentinels of the heliosphere

This scientific visualization shows the intricate orbits of NASA's fleet of solar-observing spacecraft using accurate relative positions and velocities of spacecraft, planetary bodies, and stars, illustrating vast ranges of spatial and temporal scales.
Impact of endoscopy on management of chronic abdominal pain in children.

Background Endoscopy is performed frequently in children with chronic abdominal pain (CAP), but its impact on clinical management is unclear.
A multicenter analysis of the ED diagnosis of pneumonia.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of pneumonia-like signs and symptoms in patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) but subsequently discharged from the hospital with a nonpneumonia diagnosis. Methods A retrospective, structured, chart review of ED patients with CAP at 3 academic hospitals was performed by trained extractors on all adult patients admitted for CAP. Demographic data, Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team scores, and discharge diagnosis data ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ ICD-9 ] codes) were extracted using a predetermined case report form. Results A total of 800 patients were admitted from the ED with a diagnosis of CAP from the 3 hospitals, and 219 (27.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24-31) ultimately had a nonpneumonia diagnosis upon discharge. Characteristics of this group included a mean age of 62.6 years, 50% female, and a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) (14%) or cancer (12%). After excluding patients with missing data, 123 patients (65%) had an abnormal chest x-ray, and 13% had abnormal oxygen saturation. Cough, sputum production, fever, tachypnea, or leukocytosis were present in 91.5% of this cohort, and 63.8% had at least 2 of these findings. Twenty alternate ICD-9 s were identified, including non-CAP pulmonary disease (18%; 95% CI, 13-24), renal disease (16%; 95% CI, 13-19), other infections (9%; 95% CI, 7-11), cardiovascular diseases (3%; 95% CI, 2-4), and other miscellaneous diagnosis (28%; 95% CI, 25-31). Conclusions Our data suggest that the ED diagnosis of CAP frequently differs from the discharge diagnosis. This may be due to the fact that a diagnosis of CAP relies on a combination of potentially nonspecific clinical and radiographic features. New diagnostic approaches and tools with better specificity are needed to improve ED diagnosis of CAP.
Quantitative measurements on the acid taste and their bearing on the nature of the nerve receptor

Quantitative determinations of the threshold concentrations for sourness of about 40 organic acids have been determined with an accuracy of about 6 per cent. Hydrogen ion concentrations have been obtained by use of the cell Hg/HgCl/KCl sat./organic acid/H2. It is assumed that only undissociated acid molecules can cross the phase boundary between the aqueous solution and the nerve receptor, and that the stimulation of the sensation of sourness is due solely to hydrogen ion. All acids tasting equally sour should have the same pH within the nerve receptor. From the experimental data, relative concentration gradients for the nonionized acids have been calculated. It is shown that the addition of polar groups, such as OH, Cl, C=C, C=O, COOH, NH2 to the organic acid make it from 20 to 500 times more difficult for the organic acid to penetrate into the nerve receptor. On the other hand, lengthening the carbon chain by addition of CH2 groups makes penetration easier. The phenomena can be largely explained on the hypothesis that these organic acids are adsorbed into a tissue which is essentially like fat rather than like protein.
A Revised Late Holocene Sea-Level Record for Northern Massachusetts, USA

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of basal high-marsh sediments from Romney Marsh, Revere, Massachusetts, provides a revised reconstruction of the late Holocene relative sea-level history of the region. After correction for changes in tidal amplitude, the sea-level change envelope reconstructed from five AMS radiocarbon dates of basal marsh sediments at Romney Marsh in Revere, Massachusetts, indicates a rise in mean sea level (MSL) of close to 2.6 m in the past 3300 years. The data indicate a possible decrease in the average rate of rise from 0.80 ± 0.25 mm/y between 3300 to 1000 YBP to a rate of 0.52 ± 0.62 mm/y between 1000 YBP and the past 150 to 500 years. An increase in the rate of sea-level rise is evident over the past few hundred years. A slowing of the rate of sea-level rise between 1000 YBP and historic times and the increase in the rate of rise to modern values is also evident in other sea-level records from Maine and Connecticut. The coherence between these sea-le...
Vitamin A status in HIV infection

Abstract HIV + individuals may be at particular risk for deficiency of vitamin A, a critical micronutrient in the maintenance of epithelial barriers and normal immune function. We studied 25 HIV + outpatients with CD4 + T cell counts less than 800: 5 had AIDS, 2 had diarrhea and weight loss and 18 were asymptomatic. Vitamin A status was assessed with a battery of tests; conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), relative dose responses (RDR) and serum retinol and retinol binding protein (RBP) levels. We also measured mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation and in vitro cytokine production (soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) with and without supplemental retinol. Eight subjects (32%) had one or more tests suggestive of vitamin A deficiency: serum retinol levels + counts ≤300 tended to be lower than in those with CD4 + counts >300 (1.80±0.24 vs 2.20±0.24 μM/L; P=.15). Subjects taking a daily multivitamin containing modest amounts of vitamin A had higher serum retinol levels than those taking no supplements (2.50±0.24 vs 1.47±0.21 μM/L; P + cell counts. In vitro proliferation and cytokine production were not correlated with measures of vitamin A status. Retinol supplementation in cultures with the lowest baseline cytokine levels increased production of sIL-2R (>27-fold; P 3.1-fold; P
Are Ozark Streams Underfit? Using Gis to Re-Examine Dury's Theory of Underfit Streams

The theory of underfit streams as described by George H. Dury has often been used to explain the distinct compound valleys found throughout the Ozark Plateaus physiographic province. Dury developed mathematical relationships between the valley meander wavelength and the stream meander wavelength to define the underfit condition. He found that Osage underfit streams fail to meander within the stream valley and have wavelength ratios of approximately 3.5, and that the valley meander wavelengths are 30 times the bankfull width of the stream. This study uses modern analytical techniques and data sets to test these mathematical relationships both for watersheds used in Dury's original study and for other watersheds in the region. Using GIS-based analysis of digital raster graphics, digital elevation models, and U.S. Geological Survey hydrology data, we could not replicate Dury's results. Most wavelength ratios measured for all streams were less than 3.0, and valley wavelengths ranged from 0.08 to 141 times the...
A galectin‐3 sequence polymorphism confers TRAIL sensitivity to human breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND: A common polymorphism, rs4644, coding for Pro64 or His64 of the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3, influences the susceptibility of galectin-3 to cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases and is associated with breast cancer incidence. Because forced expression of galectin-3 in a galectin-3 null breast cancer cell line confers sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), the authors sought to determine whether the His64/Pro64 polymorphism of galectin-3 affects the sensitivity to TRAIL. METHODS: Genomic DNA of breast cell lines was analyzed for the single nucleotide polymorphism rs4644, and cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT assay. RESULTS: When a collection of 9 breast cancer cell lines that express galectin-3 was examined for lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 (LGALS3) genotype and sensitivity to doxorubicin and TRAIL, doxorubicin sensitivity was not found to be related to LGALS3 genotype. In contrast, none of the 5 cell lines that were homozygous for Pro64 galectin-3 were found to be sensitive to TRAIL, but 2 of 2 homozygous His64 cell lines and 1 of 2 heterozygous His64 cell lines were sensitive to TRAIL. Forced expression of galectin-3 of defined genotype in galectin-3 null cells was used to more directly test the effect of the Pro64His mutation on TRAIL sensitivity. High levels of expression of His64 galectin-3 rendered BT549 cells sensitive to TRAIL and resistant to doxorubicin, but cells expressing Pro64 galectin-3 remained resistant to TRAIL and sensitive to doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that the naturally occurring Pro64His mutation in galectin-3 increases sensitivity to death receptor-mediated apoptosis. This finding could be relevant to disparities in breast cancer outcomes across population groups, and could guide the design of future clinical trials of TRAIL-based therapies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Outcomes of sinus surgery in adults with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Objectives Adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) represent a challenging subset of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). While data suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may benefit pediatric CF patients, there remains a paucity of data regarding the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on adult CF patients with CRS. Our purpose was to evaluate objective and quality-of-life measures in adult CF patients with CRS following ESS. Study Design Nested case-control study. Setting Tertiary care center. Methods Twenty patients with CF were evaluated and matched to 20 controls without concomitant CF. Preoperative CT and preoperative/postoperative endoscopic findings were recorded as objective measures. Changes in two disease-specific quality-of-life (QoL) instruments were also evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively. Results Mean postoperative follow-up was similar for cases and controls (13.1 ± 7.9 months vs 14.0 ± 6.0 months, respectively). Preoperative CT scores (16.9 ± 4.5 vs 10.9 ± 5.9, P = 0.001) and endoscopy scores (9.3 ± 5.8 vs 5.7 ± 4.6, P = 0.049) were significantly worse in CF patients. Postoperative endoscopy scores were significantly worse for CRS patients with CF ( P = 0.001), although the degree of improvement on endoscopy within each group was no different ( P = 0.071). Additionally, both groups experienced similar improvement in QoL after ESS (all P ≥ 0.134). Conclusions While baseline measures of disease severity are worse in the CF population, our data support objective and QoL improvements for adult patients with comorbid CF comparable to patients without CF.
Holographic gratings for astronomy: atmospheric lines suppression and tunable filter

Recent advances in photosensitive glass and holographic recording technologies open new possibilities for astronomical instrumentation. We have developed novel instrument concepts using thick Volume Phase Holographic gratings: a multiband filter for OH line suppression and a single order, widely tunable filter. We present these technologies along with other current and future uses of these promising holographic gratings.
The impact of flat, thin plates on aluminum targets in the 5–10 km/s velocity range

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the impact of a thin membrane on aluminum in the velocity range 6–10 km/s. The impulsive load delivered by a membrane impact will exceed the momentum/area of the membrane because of rebound, blow-off of vaporized membrane material, and ejection of molten and fractured material from the target (impulse gain). One of the objectives of the study was to quantify the impulse gain in the velocity range of interest. Also of interest was the physical damage to the target including spall, melting and fracture. Understanding these damage mechanisms is important for protecting spacecraft from the impact of space debris and meteoroids. Simple theories account for the flyer rebound, but hydrodynamic modeling is required to treat the blow-off of target material. At lower velocities, the blow-off is negligible, but at10 km/s calculations show it to be equal to the rebound momentum for one-dimensional (1-D) impacts. The modeling of three-dimensional (3-D) experiments revealed large effects at the edge of an impacting membrane, prompting an emphasis on 1-D pressure profile experiments.
Ending the Silence of the Mexican Immigrant Voice in Public Education: Creating Culturally Inclusive Family-School-Community Partnerships

Race and culture continue to be conceptualized within a polarized, Black-White dichotomy in U.S. education, rendering the Latino population a silenced minority. Partnerships, when developed with intentionality and critical consciousness, provide a vehicle for inviting the participation of all families. This article offers school counselors a template for developing inclusive partnerships involving Mexican immigrant families. Suggestions for future research are shared in hopes of further illuminating the complexities and benefits of effectively engaging immigrant families.
A cognitive analysis of guilt over assertion

The present study investigated whether assertion and cognitive responses vary as a function of guilt over assertion. Eighty-seven women students were assessed for level of guilt over assertion, conceptualized as refusal. Low-guilt, moderate-guilt, and high-guilt groups were compared for assertive responses, frequency of self-statements hypothesized to be guiltrelated, and judgments of the impact of self-statements on assertion. It was predicted that the high-guilt group would be less assertive and would demonstrate a distinctive cognitive response pattern that could maintain guilty reaction. The results reflect considerable support for the hypotheses. The high-guilt group was significantly less assertive than the low-guilt group, and reported significantly more self-statements about harm to the other party and about their own personal responsibility than either the moderate-guilt or low-guilt group. The high-guilt group also judged the impact of the self-statement categories as significantly less helpful in facilitating refusal, compared to impact ratings by less guilty persons. The findings are related to cognitive-behavioral premises about maladaptive emotion.
Getting the Left Right: The Transformation, Decline, and Reformation of American Liberalism. By Thomas A. Spragens, Jr. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009. 304p. $34.95.

Why have American liberals been losing most political contests in recent decades? Theorist Thomas A. Spragens argues that the core of liberalism's problems lies in an ill-conceived transformation in public philosophy. In a “political treatise informed by scholarly resources” (p. ix), he defends an older liberalism, which he describes as populist and progressive, and decries a new one that he associates with the social justice approach of John Rawls. Shifting his attention back and forth from theory to practice, Spragens constructs an argument that liberalism will not recoup its political fortunes until it rediscovers its “populist heart” (p. xvii). Bearing some resemblance to previous treatises by Richard Rorty and Michael Sandel (along with important differences that Spragens notes), Getting the Left Right is provocative and powerful as theoretical critique and advocacy, but is less effective in providing a historical explanation for contemporary liberalism's troubled state.
Breast cancer metastatic potential: correlation with increased heterotypic gap junctional intercellular communication between breast cancer cells and osteoblastic cells.

The breast cancer metastasis-suppressor gene BRMS1 is downregulated in metastatic breast cancer cells. Previous reports have shown restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the metastatic human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-435 (435) transfected with BRMS1 cDNA. Metastasis, to a large extent in most breast cancers, occurs to bone. However, the reason for this preferential metastasis is not known. We explored cell-to-cell communication between 435 carcinoma cells and a human osteoblastic cell line, hFOB1.19, to determine whether carcinoma cells can form gap junctions with bone cells and to explore the role of these heterotypic gap junctions and the BRMS1 gene in breast cancer metastasis to bone. 435 cells displayed greater cell-to-cell communication with hFOB 1.19 cells than with themselves. Transfection of BRMS1 into 435 cells increased homotypic gap junctional communication but did not significantly affect heterotypic communication with hFOBs. However, heterotypic communication of BRMS1 transfectants with hFOB cells was reduced relative to homotypic communication. In contrast, parental 435 cells displayed greater heterotypic communication with hFOBs relative to homotypic communication. Our results suggest that there are differences in the relative homotypic and heterotypic GJIC of metastasis-capable and -suppressed cell lines. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High Incidence of Donor-Reactive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactivity in Transplant Patients

Evidence of transplant recipient cellular sensitization towards donor antigens has rarely been directly measured. Rather, sensitization has been generally inferred by the presence of detectable allo-reactive or donor-reactive antibodies. In this study a newly developed delayed-type hypersensitivity assay was used to directly determine the incidence of post-transplant donor-reactive T-cell sensitization in a large cohort of kidney and simultaneous kidney-pancreas recipients. These results were compared with the presence of detectable circulating alloantibodies and with patient clinical outcome. We found an unexpectedly high incidence (52%) of donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity in our study patients. Donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity occurred at a much higher frequency than detectable alloantibodies (20%). Further, we found no correlation between the presence of alloantibodies and donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity. We also found no correlation between the development of donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity and the degree of donor and recipient HLA matching. Finally, the presence of detectable donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity did not correlate with a worse clinical outcome at the time of these analyses. We conclude that in transplant recipients, the presence of circulating alloantibodies is a poor indicator of previous T-cell sensitization to donor antigens. We also conclude that our current immunosuppression strategies are relatively ineffective at blocking T-cell allosensitization, but are very effective at blocking the biological consequences of that allosensitization.
Source provenance of carbonate grains in the Wahiba Sand Sea, Oman, using a new LIBS method

The Wahiba Sand Sea is a large dune system composed of northern and southern zones. The dunes receive sand from multiple sources including two fluvial systems draining mountain basins, older underlying dunes, and a large coastline. Although the sand sea is distinctly divided into geomorphic regions with different dunes types, ages, and bulk mineral compositions, the ubiquitous presence of carbonate grains throughout the dune field has led to models that suggest the coast and shallow shelf is the direct and primary source of sediment for the entire sand sea. This study uses a novel method which couples selective, grain-by-grain analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of a single mineral species with the classification method of Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA). The analysis of carbonate grains using the LIBS method reveals that the carbonates are comprised of several sub-populations that are well mixed throughout the dune field. Individual sources of carbonate grains are also composed of multiple sub-populations creating further complexity. Sand in the Northern Wahiba is predominantly, and directly, derived from wadi systems that lie on the west and northeast sides of the dunes and once bordered the southern end of the dunes. The Southern Wahiba is composed of a more complex mixture of sand derived from the coast; however, the coastal sediments themselves were dominantly derived from the fluvial systems in the region, along with sediment of unknown original source. The new LIBS/SIMCA method of grain-by-grain analysis shows promise for unraveling complex mixing patterns in sedimentary deposits.
Modeling pilot plant results for CO2 capture by aqueous piperazine

Abstract Concentrated aqueous piperazine has been proposed as a possible evolutionary step from monoethanolamine (MEA) as a solvent for post-combustion capture. High concentration piperazine (>5 m) has volatility similar to MEA but provides CO 2 absorption rate and capacity that is almost double that of 7 m MEA. It is also more resistant to oxidative and thermal degradation and can be used up to 150 °C. In order demonstrate these benefits a one month pilot plant campaign was conducted in November 2008 at The University of Texas at Austin with 5 m, 8 m and 9 m PZ. An absorber model for concentrated PZ was developed in Aspen Plus ® RateSep™. The model was validated with the pilot plant results and served to assess the quality of the pilot plant data using the reconciliation tool in Aspen Plus ® . The model simulates the temperature profile of the absorber. Loadings are matched within 0.03 and the deviation of the removal fraction is no more than 0.03. The absorber model was used to study intercooling and determine optimum conditions for its implementation. Based on pilot plant data and model results 90% CO 2 removal can be achieved with 8 m piperazine, 9 meters of packing, and intercooling with a loading shift from 0.32 (lean) to 0.39 (rich) mol CO 2 /mol alkalinity and steam heat rate in the stripper of 148 kJ/mol CO 2 and an equivalent work of 33.6 kJ/mol CO 2
Development of the Perception of Invariants: Substance and Shape

Three experiments investigated the perception of substance and shape as invariant properties of objects by three-month-old infants. In experiment 1, infants were habituated to two differently shaped objects undergoing a rigid motion. After habituation of the infants, the objects were presented undergoing a different rigid motion, or undergoing a deforming motion, or undergoing the same rigid motion. Habituation was maintained to the new rigid motion, indicating that the two rigid motions were perceived as sharing an invariant property. Dishabituation, on the other hand, occurred when a deforming motion followed a rigid one. In experiment 2, infants were habituated to one shape undergoing two different rigid motions. After habituation, the shape was changed but the same two motions continued. Dishabituation occurred, compared to a group with no shape change, indicating that shape is distinguished as an invariant property over two rigid motions. In experiment 3, habituation to a shape undergoing two rigid motions was followed by a new shape presented motionless, or the same shape presented motionless. Cessation of motion did not prevent recognition of shape as invariant. Two properties of an object, substance and shape, thus appear to be detectable as invariant in an event sequence, an instance of "phenomenal doubling" at an early age.
Nitrogen contents and isotopic ratios of clasts from the enstatite chondrite Abee

Abstract Nitrogen contents and isotopic ratios have been determined for three clasts from the enstatite chondrite Abee by stepwise heating. The clasts possess a wide range in nitrogen content, ranging from 254 to 850 ppm, whereas the nitrogen isotopic ratios are nearly identical at δ 15 N= −29.2±0.6‰ . A refractory inorganic nitrogen-bearing phase contains about 90% of the nitrogen which is released at temperatures of 1000°C and above. The stepwise heating experiments suggest the possible existence of two other distinct nitrogen components, released at low (770°C) and high (1500°C) temperatures.
Steady‐State Solutions to PBPK Models and Their Applications to Risk Assessment I: Route‐to‐Route Extrapolation of Volatile Chemicals

Although analysis of in vivo pharmacokinetic data necessitates use of time-dependent physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, risk assessment applications are often driven primarily by steady-state and/or integrated (e.g., AUC) dosimetry. To that end, we present an analysis of steady-state solutions to a PBPK model for a generic volatile chemical metabolized in the liver. We derive an equivalent model that is much simpler and contains many fewer parameters than the full PBPK model. The state of the system can be specified by two state variables-the rate of metabolism and the rate of clearance by exhalation. For a given oral dose rate or inhalation exposure concentration, the system state only depends on the blood-air partition coefficient, metabolic constants, and the rates of blood flow to the liver and of alveolar ventilation. At exposures where metabolism is close to linear, only the effective first-order metabolic rate is needed. Furthermore, in this case, the relationship between cumulative exposure and average internal dose (e.g., AUCs) remains the same for time-varying exposures. We apply our analysis to oral-inhalation route extrapolation, showing that for any dose metric, route equivalence only depends on the parameters that determine the system state. Even if the appropriate dose metric is unknown, bounds can be placed on the route-to-route equivalence with very limited data. We illustrate this analysis by showing that it reproduces exactly the PBPK-model-based route-to-route extrapolation in EPA's 2000 risk assessment for vinyl chloride. Overall, we find that in many cases, steady-state solutions exactly reproduce or closely approximate the solutions using the full PBPK model, while being substantially more transparent. Subsequent work will examine the utility of steady-state solutions for analyzing cross-species extrapolation and intraspecies variability.
Pressure correction DRBEM solution for heat transfer and fluid flow in incompressible viscous fluids

The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method (DRBEM) is used to solve incompressible laminar viscous fluid flows and heat transfer. The DRBEM is extended to develop a pressure correction scheme to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The velocity field is then used as input to the DRBEM solution of the energy transport equation, thereby retaining the boundary only discretization feature of the BEM for the solution of this problem. Numerical results for the proposed DRBEM solution for laminar flow and heat transfer in a channel are obtained for several Reynolds numbers and compare well with previously published data.
A heat flow based cooling model for tectonic plates

Abstract Plate tectonic theory predicts subsidence and decreasing heat flow as young, hot buoyant lithosphere ages and cools. Oceanic cooling models are re-calibrated to a new ‘hydrothermal-free’ heat flow dataset to provide a better fit to heat flow on old ( > 80 Ma ) seafloor while simultaneously allowing for a more reasonable mantle potential temperature (1350 °C). The plate model (constant basal temperature) and chablis (constant basal temperature and constant basal heat flow) are tested as viable solutions to the observed data. Both models fit to reasonable values of misfit, but only the plate cooling model is acceptable after considering additional statistical constraints. The best-fitting plate model results in a thinner lithospheric thickness (90 km) than previous estimates. These results improve estimates of global heat loss rate through oceanic crust (29.4 TW, ∼ 44 TW globally) and improves the estimated temporal evolution of the thermal structure of oceanic lithosphere suggesting a shallower lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. This model can serve as a reference for estimating the global redistribution of heat by ventilated hydrothermal circulation through young seafloor.
Roles of Carboxyl Groups in the Transmembrane Insertion of Peptides

We have used pHLIP® [pH (low) insertion peptide] to study the roles of carboxyl groups in transmembrane (TM) peptide insertion. pHLIP binds to the surface of a lipid bilayer as a disordered peptide at neutral pH; when the pH is lowered, it inserts across the membrane to form a TM helix. Peptide insertion is reversed when the pH is raised above the characteristic pK(a) (6.0). A key event that facilitates membrane insertion is the protonation of aspartic acid (Asp) and/or glutamic acid (Glu) residues, since their negatively charged side chains hinder membrane insertion at neutral pH. In order to gain mechanistic understanding, we studied the membrane insertion and exit of a series of pHLIP variants where the four Asp residues were sequentially mutated to nonacidic residues, including histidine (His). Our results show that the presence of His residues does not prevent the pH-dependent peptide membrane insertion at ~pH 4 driven by the protonation of carboxyl groups at the inserting end of the peptide. A further pH drop leads to the protonation of His residues in the TM part of the peptide, which induces peptide exit from the bilayer. We also find that the number of ionizable residues that undergo a change in protonation during membrane insertion correlates with the pH-dependent insertion into the lipid bilayer and exit from the lipid bilayer, and that cooperativity increases with their number. We expect that our understanding will be used to improve the targeting of acidic diseased tissue by pHLIP.
The Presence of IL-17A and T Helper 17 Cells in Experimental Mouse Brain Tumors and Human Glioma

Background: Recently, CD4 + IL-17A + T helper 17 (Th17) cells were identified and reported in several diseased states, including autoimmunity, infection and various peripheral nervous system tumors. However, the presence of Th17 in gliaderived tumors of the central nervous system has not been studied. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this report, we demonstrate that mRNA expression for the Th17 cell cytokine IL-17A, as well as Th17 cells, are present in human glioma. The mRNA expression for IL-17A in glioma was recapitulated in an immunocompetent mouse model of malignant glioma. Furthermore, the presence of Th17 cells was confirmed in both human and mouse glioma. Interestingly, some Th17 cells present in mouse glioma co-expressed the Th1 and Th2 lineage markers, IFN-c and IL-4, respectively, but predominantly co-expressed the Treg lineage marker FoxP3. Conclusions: These data confirm the presence of Th17 cells in glia-derived CNS tumors and provide the rationale for further investigation into the role of Th17 cells in malignant glioma.
Implicit Similarities and Inverse Isovector Methods

Isovector methods were first introduced byHarrison &Estabrook in a fundamental paper [1] that gave a systematic group-theoretic approach to the study of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. Their paper combined the fundamental ideas of S.Lie on continuous groups with E.Cartan’S methods whereby partial differential equations are given simple and direct geometric descriptions in terms of closed ideals of exterior differential forms. The marriage of these two systems of concepts has proven instrumental in obtaining new depths of understanding of nonlinear as well as linear problems and to the construction of explicit solutions to problems of both practical and theoretical importance. Consequently, there is now an extensive literature dealing with this subject, with new results daily.
Just caring, caring justice

The relationship between care reasoning (Gilligan, 1982) and fights reasoning (Kohlberg, 1984) has been discussed in the business ethics and business and society literature since the early 1980s. We can organize these discussions by the level of analysis they address. At the individual level, the major issues are three: what is the specific nature of care and fights, do these different forms of reasoning exist, and if so, do they divide along gender lines. (Kohlberg, 1983; Broughton, 1983; Gilligan, 1982; Dobson, 1996; Wicks, 1996; Gilligan & Attanucci, 1988). At the organizational level, a major issue is whether care reasoning can be successfully used in a for-profit organization. (Dobson & White, 1995; Derry 1996; Dobson, 1996; Wicks, 1996; Solomon, 1998). Few have written about care and fights at the market level. Milton Friedman's (1962) argument that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits assumes the fundamental justice of markets and managers using fights reasoning to negotiate those markets. Some care theorists argue that all public policy should be driven by care. (Ruddick, 1989). Mafilyn Friedman (1987) argues that public policy should be guided by concerns of care and fights. In this essay I discuss care and rights reasoning at all three levels of analysis. The paper is arranged around four questions. Question 2 is the thematic center of the paper.
Longitudinal study of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnancy.

Objective This prospective study was designed to 1) determine the prevalence of group B streptococcus (GBS) in our obstetric population and 2) evaluate the predictive value of lower vaginal/perianal GBS cultures obtained in each trimester of pregnancy relative to GBS culture status at delivery. Methods Lower vaginal/perianal GBS cultures were obtained in the first trimester, at 26–28 weeks, at 37 weeks, and on admission for delivery. The investigators were blinded to the results of all cultures except those obtained at 37 weeks. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of each group of cultures with respect to culture status at delivery were determined, and the pattern of GBS carriage in our patients was delineated. Results Nine hundred seventy-three patients participated in this longitudinal study. The prevalence of GBS carriage was 14.0% in the first trimester, 13.9% at 26–28 weeks, 12.4% at 37 weeks, and 12.1% at delivery. GBS carriage was continuous (all 4 cultures positive) in 3.8% and identified on a single culture only in 7.8%. Sensitivity (S1), specificity (S2), PPV, and NPV for each set of antepartum cultures with respect to culture status at delivery were as tabled: Delivery GBS status (%) First trimester x S1=49.5; First trimester x S2=91.8; First trimester x PPV =45.5; First trimester x NPV=92.9 26–28 weeks x S1=68.4; 26–28 weeks x S2=93.9; 26–28 weeks x PPV=60.4; 26–28 weeks x NPV=95.6 37 weeks x S1=63.3; 37 weeks x S2=94.5; 37 weeks x PPV=61.3; 37 weeks x NPV=95.0 Conclusions The pattern of GBS carriage in pregnancy is highly variable. Regardless of when antenatal GBS cultures are done, they serve as poor predictors of maternal GBS carriage at delivery. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 5:237–243, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tomography, Approximate Reconstruction, and Continuous Wavelet Transforms

Abstract It has been recognized for some time now that certain high-frequency information concerning planar densities f in a neighborhood of a point can be recovered from data which consist of averages of f over lines that are relatively close to that point. The wavelet transform of f is a classical tool for analyzing local frequency content. In this article we introduce continuous wavelet transforms which are particularly well suited to producing high-resolution local reconstructions from local data of the type described above. We also show how such transforms can be realized numerically via simple modifications of well-established convolution backprojection-type algorithms. As part of our development we review the concepts of “local tomography” and “pseudolocal tomography” introduced by several authors and indicate that, in effect, these notions basically involve the computation of a wavelet transform. The results in this paper are based on the observation that Radon's classical inversion formula is a summability formula with an integrable convolution-type summability kernel.
Conflicting International Standards Pressure Chip Designers

The best way to build chips or chipsets for mobile TV receivers is to create flexible solutions that can handle multiple standards and address sliding modifications to existing standards. The good news is that many of these standards share similar algorithms for channel demodulation and channel decoding (OFDM, Viterbi decoding, xPSK, FFT, and so on). This requirement for flexibility is driving a new segment of processor development, especially in the DSP area. Solutions such as ARC's and CEVA's configurable cores and Improv Systems' JazzDSP are ideal vehicles for creating custom processors as programmable solutions for digital processing of channel demodulation and channel decoding.
EFFECTS OF SUBWAYS ON URBAN FORM AND STRUCTURE

Abstract A general equilibrium model was built which shows how the locations of employment and residences are related to alternative transportation systems. The model was applied to different size cities. The analysis suggests that the construction of a subway system will not necessarily result in the revitalization of the Central Business District (CBD) or in the reversing of the trend toward suburbanization. Although land rent is generally higher in the city without subway systems than in the city with subway systems, the steeper rent gradient at the peripheries of the former, along with other findings, suggest that the rate of suburbanization of the city without subway systems is not significantly higher than of the city with subway systems.
Cigarette Smoking, Anxiety, and Depression

This review provides a detailed analysis of anxiety and depression as they relate to each stage of the cigarette smoking cycle: initiation, maintenance, and cessation with an emphasis on nicotine withdrawal. An analysis of the literature confirms that cigarette smoking is highly comorbid with anxiety disorders and clinical depression, and that this relationship appears to be moderated by factors such as age of the smoker, type of disorder, and level of nicotine dependence. Studies also offer evidence to suggest a relationship between smoking and both subclinical anxiety and depression. Research findings have not revealed whether common factors influence the development of anxiety, depression, and smoking, whether anxiety and depression lead to smoking, or whether the reverse is true. Nevertheless, a current understanding of the links among smoking, anxiety, and depression confirms current prevention and cessation techniques, as well as suggests new directions for research and clinical practice.
The discrimination of brief temporal intervals

Abstract The discrimination of brief durations (0.25 to 3.75 sec) defined by the presentation of a visual stimulus was examined. The results indicate that the Weber fraction is invariant over this range of temporal intervals, and that the value of the fraction is about 0.05. The relation of these results to the literature on temporal discriminability was discussed.
A comparison of the field performance of thermal energy storage (TES) and conventional chiller systems

Abstract The field performance of thermal energy storage (TES) systems was compared to the “simulated field performance” of conventional systems. Field data for several TES sites, provided by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), were analysed using a “mean-day” and “peak-day” approach. Parameters were developed that allow a meaningful and comprehensive performance comparison of TES and conventional systems. Energy use (kW/ton), as well as the direct power costs of ice, chilled water and eutectic salt systems were compared to that for conventional systems. This showed that the field performance of TES systems is better than expected.