cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ensemble/Legacy Chimera extension: standardized user and programmer interface to molecular Ensemble data and Legacy modeling programs.

Ensemble/Legacy is a toolkit extension of the Object Technology Framework (OTF) that exposes an object oriented interface for accessing and manipulating ensembles (collections of molecular conformations that share a common chemical topology) and driving Legacy programs (such as MSMS, AMBER, X-PLOR, CORMA/MARDIGRAS, Dials and Windows, and CURVES). Ensemble/Legacy provides a natural programming interface for running Legacy programs on ensembles of molecules and accessing the resulting data. Using the OTF reduces the time cost of developing a new library to store and manipulate molecular data and also allows Ensemble/Legacy to integrate into the Chimera visualization program. The extension to Chimera exposes the Legacy functionality using a graphical user interface that greatly simplifies the process of modeling and analyzing conformational ensembles. Furthermore, all the C++ functionality of the Ensemble/Legacy toolkit is "wrapped" for use in the Python programming language. More detailed documentation on using Ensemble/Legacy is available online (http:?picasso.nmr.ucsf.edu/dek/ensemble. html).
The posterior basal diencephalon of rats enhances expression of an activated state.

Study Objectives: Various ablation studies have implicated the posterior basal diencephalon in the promotion of wakefulness. Although many studies have examined the role of this structure in promotion of cortical arousal, few investigations have attempted to examine its importance in regulation of motor activation (behavioral arousal). In the current study, recordings of freely moving decerebrate rats with and without a posterior basal diencephalon were performed. These studies allowed determination of the behavioral states expressed by the preparations and whether removal of the posterior basal diencephalon completely eliminated expression of both activated state with and activated state without limb movements. Design: Muscle activity was recorded from limb and neck muscles. Eye movements and heart rate were also monitored. The percentage of time spent in various behavioral states and the proportion of limb movements expressed in each of these states were determined. Measurements and Results: Rats with an intact posterior basal diencephalon cycled between all behavioral states. However, they spent most of the recording time in an activated state. In contrast, removal of the posterior basal diencephalon produced rats that spent most of the recording period in a quiescent state. Limb movements were expressed mainly by animals with an intact posterior basal diencephalon, and only when these animals were in the activated state. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the posterior basal diencephalon is required for expression of an activated state and specifically provide evidence for a descending projection from this region required for expression of this state and associated motor activation.
Transvection Mediated by the Translocated Cyclin D1 Gene in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Cyclin D1 expression in B cells is deregulated by chromosome translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Gene targeting experiments produced MCL cell lines that had lost the translocated t(11;14) and no longer expressed cyclin D1. In these cyclin D1 (−) cells, the nonrearranged cyclin D1 (CCND1) locus reverts from CpG hypomethylated to hypermethylated. Reintroduction of the translocated chromosome by somatic cell hybrid fusion induces loss of methylation at the unrearranged CCND1 locus. Thus, the translocated chromosome exerts a transallelic effect on the unrearranged CCND1 locus in B cells that resembles transvection in Drosophilia. Control somatic cell fusion experiments with a nontranslocated cyclin D1 locus do not demonstrate transvection effects. We also have evidence for pairing of the translocated and nontranslocated cyclin D1 loci in MCL cell lines and MCL patient samples. This pairing is not related to DNA replication, as it is observed in flow sorted G1 cells and not in cyclin D1 expressing breast cancer cells or in B lymphocytes. In addition, to pairing of the cyclin D1 loci, we also have demonstrated translocation specific small RNAs in MCL cells upstream of the cyclin D1 gene.
Epistemological Beliefs of De La Salle Lipa Integrated School Teachers Towards Inclusion of Students with Special Needs in the Regular Classroom

One of the aspects of a successful program for inclusion of students with special needs in the regular class is the readiness of the teachers to cater to their individual needs. Studies show that general education teachers tend to use techniques intended for the class as a whole and integrate minimal or no modifications based on students’ needs. The purpose of this case study, conducted during the third quarter of school year 2015, was to establish how competent the teachers from the Integrated School of De La Salle Lipa feel about addressing the needs of children with special needs (CSN). One hundred eighteen teachers from the elementary and high school departments participated in the study. Collection of data was done through administering a questionnaire and conducting focus groups. The two-page questionnaire intended to draw responses from the teachers was administered to discover the degree to which they facilitate meeting the needs of CSN. Through this study, a formal program for training teachers in the Integrated School was proposed to enable them to recognize modified instruction by giving them detailed approaches and procedures which can be employed for different kinds of students mainstreamed in the regular classroom set up.
Living Off the Fat of Another Land: Trans Fat Social Policy and Environmental Externalities

This case study explores efforts in replacing trans fatty acids (TFAs) in the food supply while looking more broadly at the intersection of food, health, and environmental policy. The social and environmental challenges of the substitution of palm oil or monocultured GMO seed oil are contrasted to the alternative of shifting to diets that decrease intake of concentrated food substances in processed foods. Health-related food policy changes aimed at consumption, such as in the case of the reduction of TFAs from the food supply, impact agricultural and environmental stakeholders. Accordingly, social policy in health needs to take a proactive and holistic approach in the area of food to include these stakeholders and their issues. Change in our food system should include taking the long view of environmental repercussions and more rigorous review of what passes for food in our food system. Beneficial modifications in our food supply based on a business model could be accomplished if agriculture and industry are incentivized to create a healthier food environment with fewer concentrated food substances. Finally, deep reflection on the current cultural ideology of consumption that devastates the environment and marginalized populations needs to occur in order to actualize any real transformation.
Carotid body denervation: too soon to get breathless about heart failure?

The carotid body chemoreceptors are the primary oxygen sensors in both humans and mammals [(1)][1]. When arterial oxygen (O2) levels fall, they evoke a rise in minute ventilation that mirrors the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve. When activated, they also evoke large increases in efferent
The Effects of School-Based Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis 1996-2010.

A meta-analysis evaluating the effects of school-based interventions for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was conducted by examining 60 outcome studies between 1996 and 2010 t...
Wearable Sensing of Left Ventricular Function

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause nearly one third of all deaths worldwide, and are projected to afflict 40% of all Americans by the year 2030. According to the World Health Organization, CVDs can be prevented by early detection and management of risk factors—and consequent changes in behavior such as reducing tobacco use, increasing physical activity, and improving diet. Many CVDs are fundamentally associated with a weakening or damaged left ventricle (LV). Recent advances in wearable hemodynamics and cardiac timing measurement technologies present an exciting opportunity to achieve early detection and continuous monitoring of changes in LV function, and to then potentially affect behavior to reduce CVD prevalence. This chapter will (1) provide a brief introduction to LV physiology, (2) a description of key parameters such as stroke volume, cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure that capture LV function, (3) an introduction to heart failure as a key example of LV pathophysiology, (4) a discussion of wearable technologies for continuous and ubiquitous sensing of LV parameters using mHealth approaches, and (5) future directions and trends.
Virtually London: Literature and Laptops

How do we use technology to make the Victorian period newly legible to students? This article takes up “Virtually London: Literature and Laptops,” a digital Victorian studies class, as a case study. The course uses digital archives and mapping technologies to study nineteenth-century literature about London. Throughout the semester, students make digital narrative maps of where characters travel to look for patterns and to better understand how London functions in works from Sherlock Holmes stories to The Picture of Dorian Gray. This approach lets students examine how issues of gender, class, and race were embedded in the geography of London itself, and by extension, in the literature about London and its environs.
Dynamic thermomechanical modeling and simulation of the design of rapid free-form 3D printing processes with evolutionary machine learning

Abstract Rapid free-form printing of heated polymeric materials, whereby an extruder is attached to a robotic arm, is a growing field. In order to properly plan a complex tool path, one needs to determine the dynamic thermomechanical response of the extruded filament material as the robot arm is moving in free-space. Accordingly, the analysis in this work involves: • Kinematics of the robot arm and the extrusion-printer head, • Dynamics of the extruded polymer filament, • Thermal conduction along the length of the heated filament, • Convective and radiative cooling of the filament through the surroundings and • Curing and solidification of the filament. Numerical simulations are undertaken to illustrate the basic model and a Machine Learning Algorithm is developed to optimize the robotic system to deliver a prespecified structure. Detailed extensions are also discussed.
Hip Surveillance in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The hip is the second most common involved joint in cerebral palsy. Hip displacement occurs in more than 33% of children with cerebral palsy, with a higher prevalence in nonambulatory children. Hip displacement in this population is typically progressive. Hip dislocation can result in pain and difficulty with sitting and perineal care. Since early stage of hip displacement can be silent, and hip surveillance programs are recommended. Most programs use the degree of hip dysplasia and Growth Motor Function Classification System level for screening recommendations. Treatment depends on the degree of dysplasia, functional status of the patient, and patient's age.
On the role of snow cover ablation variability and synoptic-scale atmospheric forcings at the sub-basin scale within the Great Lakes watershed

Synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions play a critical role in determining the frequency and intensity of snow cover ablation in the mid-latitudes. Using a synoptic classification technique, distinct regional circulation patterns influencing the Great Lakes basin of North America are identified and examined in conjunction with daily snow ablation events from 1960 to 2009. This approach allows for the influence of each synoptic weather type on ablation to be examined independently and for the monthly and inter-annual frequencies of the weather types to be tracked over time. Because of the spatial heterogeneity of snow cover and the relatively large geographic extent of the Great Lakes basin, snow cover ablation events and the synoptic-scale patterns that cause them are examined for each of the Great Lakes watershed’s five primary sub-basins to understand the regional complexities of snow cover ablation variability. Results indicate that while many synoptic weather patterns lead to ablation across the basins, they can be generally grouped into one of only a few primary patterns: southerly flow, high-pressure overhead, and rain-on-snow patterns. As expected, the patterns leading to ablation are not necessarily consistent between the five sub-basins due to the seasonality of snow cover and the spatial variability of temperature, moisture, wind, and incoming solar radiation associated with the particular synoptic weather types. Significant trends in the inter-annual frequency of ablation-inducing synoptic types do exist for some sub-basins, indicating a potential change in the hydrologic impact of these patterns over time.
Harnessing "A Billion Years of Experimentation": The Ongoing Exploration and Exploitation of CRISPR-Cas Immune Systems.

The famed physicist-turned-biologist, Max Delbruck, once remarked that, for physicists, "the field of bacterial viruses is a fine playground for serious children who ask ambitious questions." Early discoveries in that playground helped establish molecular genetics, and half a century later, biologists delving into the same field have ushered in the era of precision genome engineering. The focus has of course shifted-from bacterial viruses and their mechanisms of infection to the bacterial hosts and their mechanisms of immunity-but it is the very same evolutionary arms race that continues to awe and inspire researchers worldwide. In this review, we explore the remarkable diversity of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems, describe the molecular components that mediate nucleic acid targeting, and outline the use of these RNA-guided machines for biotechnology applications. CRISPR-Cas research has yielded far more than just Cas9-based genome-editing tools, and the wide-reaching, innovative impacts of this fascinating biological playground are sure to be felt for years to come.
Circadian Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease

Sleep disorders are common in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients and develop early in the disease process. Among a number of possible mechanisms that underlie sleep disruption, there is evidence that circadian system dysfunction is a contributing factor. Using the BACHD mouse models of HD, we have determined that at the onset of symptoms, rhythmic spontaneous electrical activity of neurons within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is disrupted even though the molecular clockwork is still functional. These findings suggest that reduced SCN output may underlie disrupted timing of sleep and have wide ranging impact throughout the body. The mechanism underlying this deficit is not yet known, but mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are likely involved. Our animal model findings raise the possibility that disordered sleep and circadian function experienced by HD patients may be an integral part of the disease, and we speculate that circadian dysfunction may accelerate the pathology underlying HD. If these hypotheses are correct, we should focus on treating circadian misalignment and sleep disruptions early in disease progression.
Shift Theorems for the Biharmonic Dirichlet Problem

We consider the biharmonic Dirichlet problem on a polygonal domain. Regularity estimates in terms of Sobolev norms of fractional order are proved. The analysis is based on new interpolation results which generalizes Kellogg’s method for solving subspace interpolation problems. The Fourier transform and the construction of extension operators to Sobolev spaces on R 2 are used in the proof of the interpolation theorem.
The Natural Void

MacKenzie believes that Badiou’s relegation of the void to an ineffable act of drawing ignores the attempts of Ezra Pound and Ernest Fenollosa in “The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry” to posit a radical interpretation of the word as a drawing with their conception of the ideogram. And yet the implications of such a graphic language work to collapse the metaphysics that would require a void in the first place. In effect realizing Badiou’s obscure proscription of a description-without-place, the ideogram is a fantastical hallucination that takes Badiou’s thought past the breaking point, weaving art and language into a living figure that comes into being through the act of its own inscription.
WHY ANIMAL WELFARE IS NOT BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, OR HUMAN WELFARE: TOWARD A MORE COMPLETE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE IMPACTS

Taking the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representative, I argue that animal ethics has been neglected in the assessment of climate policy. While effects on ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human welfare are all catalogued quite carefully, there is no consideration at all of the effects of climate change on the welfare of animals. This omission, I argue, should bother us, for animal welfare is not adequately captured by assessments of ecosystem services, biodiversity, or human welfare. After describing the paper’s assumptions and discussing the role of the IPCC’s Assessment Reports in climate policy, I consider the presentation of climate impacts in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report, noting the aspects of animal welfare that are (and are not) considered there, and comparing the report’s treatment of animal welfare to its treatment of human welfare. Next, I argue that the concepts of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human welfare do not adequately capture the welfare of animals. Finally, I discuss concerns about human responsibility for animal welfare and the practicality of including considerations of animal welfare among the climate impacts studied by the IPCC.
Men's Use of Metaphors to Make Sense of Their Spouse's Miscarriage: Expanding the Communicated Sense-Making Model.

With approximately 20 % of pregnancies ending in loss, miscarriage is a relatively common and stressful occurrence. Because romantic partners’ coping efforts are intimately connected, the way one p...
Unsupervised Event-Based Optical Flow Using Motion Compensation

In this work, we propose a novel framework for unsupervised learning for event cameras that learns to predict optical flow from only the event stream. In particular, we propose an input representation of the events in the form of a discretized 3D volume, which we pass through a neural network to predict the optical flow for each event. This optical flow is used to attempt to remove any motion blur in the event image. We then propose a loss function applied to the motion compensated event image that measures the motion blur in this image. We evaluate this network on the Multi Vehicle Stereo Event Camera dataset (MVSEC), along with qualitative results from a variety of different scenes.
Macrophages Fertilize the Soil to Promote Hematopoietic Cell Growth

Inflammatory signals support the birth of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish embryos, but their cellular source in mammals is not known. In this issue, Mariani et al. (2019) report that macrophages are a primary source of pro-inflammatory signals that promote blood cell formation in mammalian embryos.
Insulin and exercise improved muscle function in rats with severe burns and hindlimb unloading.

Prior work established that exercise alleviates muscle function loss in a clinically relevant rodent model mimicking the clinical sequelae of severely burned patients. On the basis of these data, we posit that pharmacologic treatment with insulin combined with exercise further mitigates loss of muscle function following severe burn with immobilization. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed and trained to complete a climbing exercise. All rats followed a standardized protocol to mimic severe burn patients (40% total body surface area scald burn); all rats were immediately placed into a hindlimb unloading apparatus to simulate bedrest. The rats were then randomly assigned to four treatment groups: saline vehicle injection without exercise (VEH/NEX), insulin (5 U/kg) injection without exercise (INS/NEX), saline vehicle with daily exercise (VEH/EX), and insulin with daily exercise (INS/EX). The animals were assessed for 14 days following injury. The groups were compared for multiple variables. Isometric tetanic (Po) and twitch (Pt) forces were significantly elevated in the plantaris and soleus muscles of the INS/EX rats (P < 0.05). Genomic analysis revealed mechanistic causes with specific candidate changes. Molecular analysis of INS/EX rats revealed Akt phosphorylated by PDPK1 was increased with this treatment, and it further activated downstream signals mTOR, eEF2, and GSK3-β (P < 0.05). Furthermore, muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was reduced in the INS/EX group (P < 0.05). Insulin and resistance exercise have a positive combined effect on the muscle function recovery in this clinically relevant rodent model of severe burn. Both treatments altered signaling pathways of increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation.
Temporal and Regional Trends in Heart Transplantation from Hepatitis C Donors

Background In the past, donors with hepatitis C (HCV) viremia were rarely accepted for orthotopic heart transplantation (HT) due to post-transplantation risks. A successful cure, the opiate epidemic and the shortage of available donors have led to a paradigm shift with increasing HT from HCV donors. We sought to examine the temporal and regional trends utilizing a national database. Methods We utilized the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) to identify adult HT from HCV donors from October 1987 to August 2018. Patients listed for combined organ transplantations were excluded. Results 7950 HCV donors were made available resulting in 589 HT (7.7%) from HCV donors accounting for 0.95% (589/61692) of all adult HTs during the study period. These 589 HCV donors were predominantly male (75%), Caucasian (87%) with a mean age 35.7 (± 9.5) years and drug intoxication as the most common mechanism of death (30.7%). An average of 32 annual HT from HCV donors were performed between 1994 and 2002. This trend decreased to an average of 3 annual HT from HCV donors between 2003 and 2015. However, a rising trend was noted from 2015 onwards with 146 HT from HCV donors in 2018 (146/1966, 7.4%) (Figure 1). The largest number of HCV donors came from the North East region (272/589, 46.2%) with the highest number of HCV donors coming from the state of Pennsylvania (11.2%) (Figure 2). Conclusions There is a rising trend in adult HT from HCV donors, although utilization varied between regions. Regional variation suggests a potential to improve heart acceptance rates in under-performing regions supported by research and policy efforts.
Self-organizing mappings on the Grassmannian with applications to data analysis in high dimensions

We propose a method for extending Kohonen’s self-organizing mapping to the geometric framework of the Grassmannian. The resulting algorithm serves as a prototype of the extension of the SOM to the setting of abstract manifolds. The ingredients required for this are a means to measure distance between two points, and a method to move one point in the direction of another. In practice, the data are not required to have a representation in Euclidean space. We discuss in detail how a point on a Grassmannian is moved in the direction of another along a geodesic path. We demonstrate the implementation of the algorithm on several illustrative data sets, hyperspectral images and gene expression data sets.
7.8 Implant Debris: Clinical Data and Relevance☆

Generally the biologic-reactivity to implant-debris governs long-term clinical performance. The following chapter covers: the physical aspects of implant-debris, and the local and systemic biologic responses to implant-debris. Wear and corrosion of implants produce particles and ions. Particles are generally submicron ( 10-fold that of people without implant, ie, two to five parts per billion-Cobalt and 1–3 ppb-Chromium). Debris reactivity is both local and systemic. Local inflammation is primarily caused by ingestion of debris by local immune cells called macrophages, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2. Of the many systemic concerns associated with implant-debris to date systemic reactivity has been limited to hypersensitivity reactions. Elevated amounts of in the liver, spleen, etc. of patients with failed TJA have not (yet) been associated with remote toxicological or carcinogenic pathologies. Implant debris are differentially bioreactive. (1) Greater numbers=pro-inflammatory. The smaller sized debris are more bioreactive by virtue of their greater numbers (or greater dose) for a given amount of implant mass loss. (2) Elongated particles are more pro-inflammatory than round particles and start to become aspect ratio >4. (3) And metal particles are more proinflammatory than polymers, ceteris paribus. However, debris-induced-inflammation still depends on both the individual and the implant debris. The consequences of debris-induced-inflammation necessitates continued vigilance by physicians to monitor of implants over time using physical exams, X-rays and new biological assays such as the testing of metal content and individual biological response such as hypersensitivity metal-LTT assays.
Factors Affecting Psychiatry Resident Decision to Pursue Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry or Other Subspecialty Fellowship Training

Abstract Background There is a national shortage of psychiatrists with subspecialty fellowship training, and many fellowship positions are unfilled. Objective We conducted a survey of US psychiatry residents to better understand the motivation to pursue fellowship training and to determine any specific factors that were particularly influential in choosing a fellowship in consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry. Methods Online surveys were distributed electronically to US general psychiatry residents through the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training list server. Results A total of 219 questionnaires were completed. Interest in fellowship declined during residency training. Most important factors in consideration of fellowship training were lifestyle (89%), finances (69%), and academic opportunities (63%). Specific influential factors were residency experiences, attending staff as a role model, and medical school experiences. Most important discouraging factors were extra training time, financial concerns, and belief that fellowship training was not necessary. Only 30% of residents had outpatient C-L psychiatry experiences. Few residents belonged to any subspecialty organization or attended any subspecialty meeting. Residents interested in C-L psychiatry fellowships had lower expectation of increased salary than other residents. Outpatient practice settings were seen as preferable over inpatient settings by most residents. Conclusions Results of this survey suggest that enhancing consultation psychiatry exposure in medical school and residency with strong role models, outpatient C-L psychiatry experiences, facilitating subspecialty organization membership and meeting attendance, emphasizing academic opportunities of fellowship training, and improving remuneration for fellowship-trained psychiatrists might be important factors that could improve recruitment into C-L psychiatry and other psychiatric fellowships.
Expression of Tyrosine Kinases in the Mouse Small Intestine

The signal transduction pathways that regulate the regeneration of the mammalian intestinal epithelium are not well understood. To identify tyrosine kinases involved in regulating the continuous proliferation and cell differentiation, we amplified the catalytic domains of tyrosine kinase cDNAs expressed in intestinal crypt cells, using the polymerase chain reaction technique with primers directed against two invariant amino acid sequence motifs found in all tyrosine kinases. These fragments were cloned and a library of kinase catalytic domains was generated. Sequence analysis of unique clones resulted in the identification of the catalytic domains of several characterized tyrosine kinases, including lyn, hck, fgr, tec, JAK2 , itk, and the putative receptor kinase ryk. In addition, we identified two novel catalytic domain sequences. One of these which we named sik (src-related intestinal kinase), is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with highest levels in the ileum. We isolated cDNA clones encoding sik, a 451 amino acid protein which appears to be the mouse homologue of a recently identified human tyrosine kinase, brk (breast tumor kinase, Mitchell et al., 1994). We have determined that sik expression is developmentally regulated, and confined to epithelia, including the skin and lining of the alimentary canal. The restriction of sik expression to rapidly renewing epithelia, suggests that it may play a role in regeneration, migration, or differentiation.
Green Bank Telescope Observations of ${\bf ^3He^{\bf +}}$: Planetary Nebulae

We use the Green Bank Telescope to search for $^3He^+$ emission from a sample of four Galactic planetary nebulae: NGC 3242, NGC 6543, NGC 6826, and NGC 7009. During the era of primordial nucleosynthesis the light elements $^2H$, $^3He$, $^4He$, and $^7Li$ were produced in significant amounts and these abundances have since been modified primarily by stars. Observations of $^3He^+$ in H II regions located throughout the Milky Way disk reveal very little variation in the $^3He/H$ abundance ratio -- the "$^3He$ Plateau" -- indicating that the net effect of $^3He$ production in stars is negligible. This is in contrast to much higher $^3He/H$ abundance ratios reported for some planetary nebulae. This discrepancy is known as the "$^3He$ Problem". We use radio recombination lines observed simultaneously with the $^3He^+$ transition to make a robust assessment of the spectral sensitivity that these observations achieve. We detect spectral lines at $\sim$ 1 -- 2 mK intensities, but at these levels instrumental effects compromise our ability to measure accurate spectral line parameters. We do not confirm reports of previous detections of $^3He^+$ in NGC 3242 nor do we detect $^3He^+$ emission from any of our sources. This result calls into question all reported detections of $^3He^+$ emission from any planetary nebula. The $^3He/H$ abundance upper limit we derive here for NGC 3242 is inconsistent with standard stellar production of $^3He$ and thus requires that some type of extra mixing process operates in low-mass stars.
Culture Clash: The Sociology of WTO Precedent

Thanks to the United States, the WTO Appellate Body can no longer hear appeals. Having blocked all appointments to the body, the United States has left its bench empty, with no members to fulfill its role. Among the United States’ justifications: The Appellate Body’s adoption of an apparent doctrine of precedent. This chapter takes a deeper look at the fight over precedent at the WTO, both as a case study in the emergence and operation of precedent within international law and as a microcosm of the cultural conflicts playing out within the WTO. The chapter develops an account of precedent as a product of three overlapping, inter-dependent, and mutually constructed logics: (1) the jurisprudential, (2) the rational, and (3) the sociological. It then uses these three logics to retell the story of precedent at the WTO – the emerging patterns of argumentative practice, the Appellate Body’s adoption of a doctrinal test, and the escalating U.S. opposition to the “cogent reasons” standard that body applied. Seeing the fight over precedent as a function of all three logics reveals the real cultural fights for control of the WTO community of practice. Seeing that community of practice coalesce around and split over unwritten practices of precedent reveals how international law develops as much as a function of culture, training, and practice as of rules and power.
The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions

In The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions, William M. Reddy offers a theory of emotions which both critiques and expands upon recent research in the fields of anthropology and psychology. Exploring the links between emotion and cognition, between culture and emotional expression, Reddy applies this theory of emotions to the processes of history. He demonstrates how emotions change over time, how emotions have a very important impact on the course of events, and how different social orders either facilitate or constrain emotional life. In an investigation of Revolutionary France, where sentimentalism in literature and philosophy had promised a new and unprecedented kind of emotional liberty, Reddy's theory of emotions and historical change is successfully put to the test.
Wanting to Know: Interactive Video Providing the Context for Microcomputer-Based Laboratories

Human beings seem to be naturally curious about the world around them. They seem to want to understand the world and to feel at home in the universe. Our most effective physics courses are those that engage this intrinsic interest of human beings in the world around them. Interactive video can be used to bring this world into our physics classrooms and provide a context for microcomputer-based laboratories.
Myosin-V is a processive actin-based motor

Class-V myosins, one of 15 known classes of actin-based molecular motors, have been implicated in several forms of organelle transport, perhaps working with microtubule-based motors such as kinesin. Such movements may require a motor with mechanochemical properties distinct from those of myosin-II, which operates in large ensembles to drive high-speed motility as in muscle contraction. Based on its function and biochemistry, it has been suggested that myosin-V may be a processive motor like kinesin. Processivity means that the motor undergoes multiple catalytic cycles and coupled mechanical advances for each diffusional encounter with its track. This allows single motors to support movement of an organelle along its track. Here we provide direct evidence that myosin-V is indeed a processive actin-based motor that can move in large steps approximating the 36-nm pseudo-repeat of the actin filament.
Extending the Boundaries: Nonfinancial Performance Measures

Abstract Consistent with the growing use of nonfinancial performance measures by public and private sector organizations, researchers are placing increasing emphasis on the choice, use and performance consequences of these measures. Although this emphasis has produced a variety of informative studies using a diverse set of research designs, researchers face the ongoing challenge of determining how to significantly extend studies on nonfinancial measures in order to prevent stagnation in this research stream, increase our understanding of measurement practices and benefits, and respond to the emerging performance measurement issues facing organizations. Our objective is to examine some of the means available to extend the boundaries of research on nonfinancial performance measures. These include both advances in research designs and the examination of new research topics. Although our discussion primarily focuses on quantitative empirical studies, the research issues and emerging topics we cover are equally applicable to qualitative, experi-mental and theoretical research on nonfinancial performance measurement. We begin by providing a broad overview of existing empirical studies on the three primary research topics examined in this literature: 1. the association between nonfinancial performance and current or future economic returns; 2. the factors influencing the choice of nonfinancial performance measures and the relative emphasis placed on financial and nonfinancial measures; 3. the performance effects of nonfinancial performance measurement systems. In conducting this overview, we highlight opportunities to improve or extend research on these traditional topics. We then discuss several emerging research areas that have received relatively little emphasis in the management accounting literature. These topics include the evolution in firms’ nonfinancial performance measurement practices, the use of nonfinancial measures for risk management purposes, the roles of these measures in corporate governance, and the links between the internal use of nonfinancial measures and the external disclosure of this information (the latter of which we consider an important component of management control systems).
Investigation into multiphysics coupling via semiconducting nanophosphors

In an attempt to strengthen the case for the design and manufacture of multi-modal imaging machines capable of simultaneous and synergistic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as proposed by Ge Wang as early as 2012, a series of experiments using various combinations of nanophosphors, agar gels, a fiber optic coupled UV LED, and micro-MRI have been proposed and performed. The aim of these experiments is to elucidate the ability, if any, of UV-excited nanophosphors to modulate MRI parameters (T 1 , T 2 , and T 2 *). The majority of our findings have been difficult to interpret, although some hints of the coupling were seen in previously reported studies. This paper briefly describes the next set experiments and discusses the improvements that need to be made to achieve statistical confidence in any phenomena that may be recorded. This work is an important step in the coupling of seemingly unrelated imaging modalities and could serve as a stepping-stone for further insight into the future of imaging.
Understanding the Internet

The Internet has surpassed the computer as the most complex and intriguing computational artifact of our time, and it is therefore a most natural and worthy subject of study by all fields of Computer Science.There are several ways in which the Internet is novel, indeed unprecedented, and of special interest to the Artificial Intelligence research community: ? It was not deliberately designed in any reasonable sense, and therefore it is the first computational artifact that must be approached as a mysterious phenomenon (or behavior) that we need to understand; this is a little more familiar in Artificial Intelligence than in other fields of Computer Science, because in AI the physiological basis of human intelligence had been of interest for some time. ? The Internet was not designed by a single designer or team for the benefit of a single entity; instead, it is built, operated and used by a dazzling multiplicity of agents, in various and varying degrees of collaboration and competition with each other. As a result, Game Theory and Mathematical Economics are of obvious relevance in this line of research, as is, to a somewhat lesser extent, the Theory of Agents developed by researchers in AI. ? The Internet supports, via the worldwide web but not only, access to information of unprecedented scale, availability, and diversity in content, nature and structure. The problem of accessing all this information, even understanding what is available, especially by vast numbers of inexpert users, promises to affect deeply the research agenda in both Databases and Artificial Intelligence. ? Finally, the Internet is starting to act as "Cambrian Sea" for Artificial Intelligence. Here is what I mean: During the Cambrian period a fantastic diversity of aquatic species evolved, competed, and evolved further; most of today's animals can be traced to that explosion. The Internet is a perfect medium for all sorts of computational ideas (AI programs in particular) to live and compete, and to be tried, evaluated, combined and improved.
Evidence continues to mount on the relationship of restless legs syndrome/ periodic limb movements in sleep to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF OUR RECENT REVIEW IN SLEEP,1 WE HAVE BECOME AWARE OF A FEW LARGER STUDIES THAT WE EITHER DID NOT COVER IN OUR review2,3 or have come to publication recently.4–6 We are sorry that we missed the older study by Ferri et al. published in 2007, where he and coauthors show in 16 patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) that the pulse rate elevations seen with isolated leg movements are even higher than those seen with periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS).2 This is in contrast to the study by Guggisberg et al. quoted in our review, where 24 patients with PLMS but not RLS have pulse rate elevations with PLMS that are higher than those with isolated leg movements.6 In both studies pulse rate elevations accompanying PLMS are significant, however, and could conceivably convey additional cardiovascular risk as blood pressure elevations would be expected to follow.1 We are also sorry that we missed the study previously published by Elwood et al., where 1986 men aged 55-69 years completed a questionnaire regarding RLS and other sleep disorders. During the following 10 years, 107 men experienced an ischemic stroke and 213 had an ischemic heart event. Compared with men who reported no symptoms of sleep disturbance of any kind, the relative odds of an ischemic stroke was 1.67 (1.07-2.60) P = 0.024 in patients who responded positively to a question on RLS.3 A new study by Lee et al. evaluates 137 patients immediately after ischemic stroke and documents the new onset of RLS symptoms directly after the stroke in 12.4%. The vast majority of these are in subcortical regions, suggesting that these regions are pertinent to the pathogenesis of RLS symptoms.4 A new study by Minai and colleagues documents RLS symptoms in 43.6% of 55 patients with pulmonary hypertension.5 The authors conclude that patients with pulmonary hypertension should be screened for RLS because good treatment options are available. These larger studies add to the growing body of knowledge regarding the relationship of RLS/PLMS to hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. We plan new studies to look for the presence of silent stroke in patients with RLS versus controls. A study of isoprostanes which are markers of inflammation would be interesting as well.
Radioiodination via D-amino acid peptide enhances cellular retention and tumor xenograft targeting of an internalizing anti-epidermal growth factor receptor variant III monoclonal antibody.

The mutant epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) has been found on gliomas and other tumors but not on normal tissues, including those that express the wild-type receptor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for EGFRvIII are rapidly internalized and degraded after binding to EGFRvIII-expressing cells. If anti-EGFRvIII mAbs are to be useful for radioimmunotherapy, then methods for trapping radionuclides in target cells after mAb processing are required. Because lysosomes are known to retain positively charged molecules, we have evaluated a new reagent for this purpose that uses a polycationinc peptide composed of D-amino acids (D-Lys-D-Arg-D-Tyr-D-Arg-D-Arg; D-KRYRR). D-KRYRR was first labeled using lodogen and then coupled to the murine anti-EGFRvIII mAb L8A4 via maleimido bond formation in 60% yield. In vitro assays with the U87deltaEGFR cell line indicated that internalized and total cell-associated activity for the 125I-labeled D-KRYRR-L8A4 conjugate were up to 4 and 5 times higher, respectively, than for L8A4 labeled with 131I using Iodogen. Paired-label comparisons in athymic mice with s.c. U87deltaEGFR xenografts demonstrated up to 5-fold higher tumor uptake for mAb labeled using D-KRYRR. Higher levels of radioiodine activity also were observed in kidney when L8A4 was labeled using D-KRYRR. Another paired-label study directly compared L8A4 labeled using radioiodinated D-KRYRR and L-KRYRR, and confirmed the role of D-amino acids in enhancing tumor uptake. These results suggest that D-KRYRR is a promising reagent for the radioiodination of internalizing mAbs, such as the anti-EGFRvIII mAb L8A4.
EigenSpokes: surprising patterns and scalable community chipping in large graphs

We report a surprising, persistent pattern in large sparse social graphs, which we term EigenSpokes We focus on large Mobile Call graphs, spanning about 186K nodes and millions of calls, and find that the singular vectors of these graphs exhibit a striking EigenSpokes pattern wherein, when plotted against each other, they have clear, separate lines that often neatly align along specific axes (hence the term “spokes”) Furthermore, analysis of several other real-world datasets e.g. Patent Citations, Internet, etc. reveals similar phenomena indicating this to be a more fundamental attribute of large sparse graphs that is related to their community structure. This is the first contribution of this paper Additional ones include (a) study of the conditions that lead to such EigenSpokes, and (b) a fast algorithm for spotting and extracting tightly-knit communities, called SpokEn, that exploits our findings about the EigenSpokes pattern.
Three-term exact FBP reconstruction in cone-beam helical CT

Recently, Katsevich proposed an exact FBP algorithm and its improved version for image reconstruction in helical cone-beam CT. In this work, by modifying this algorithm, we derive a new algorithm for exact image reconstruction from helical cone-beam data. This new algorithm is easier to implement and more efficient than the improved version of Katsevich's algorithm, which contains five terms. The derived algorithm consists of three terms, and the two dominant terms can be obtained by computing the partial derivatives with respect to the coordinates on the detector plane. The third term remains a derivative along the helical trajectory, its contribution to the final reconstruction, however, is much smaller than that of the other two terms for practical scanning configurations. We performed computer-simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed and Katsevich's algorithms. The numerical results of these studies confirm our theoretical predictions.
Efficient user-level thread migration and checkpointing on windows NT clusters

Clusters of industry-standard multiprocessors are emerging as a competitive alternative for large-scale parallel computing. However, these systems have several disadvantages over large-scale multiprocessors, including complex thread scheduling and increased susceptibility to failure. This paper describes the design and implementation of two user-level mechanisms in the Brazos parallel programming environment that address these issues on clusters of multiprocessors running Windows NT: thread migration and checkpointing. These mechanisms offer several benefits: (1) The ability to tolerate the failure of multiple computing nodes with minimal runtime overhead and short recovery time. (2) The ability to add and remove computing nodes while applications continue to run, simplifying scheduled maintenance operations and facilitating load balancing. (3) The ability to tolerate power failures by performing a checkpoint before shutdown or by migrating computation threads to other stable nodes. Brazos is a distributed system that supports both shared memory and message passing parallel programming paradigms on networks of Intel x86-based multiprocessors running Windows NT. The performance of thread migration in Brazos is an order of magnitude faster than previously reported Windows NT implementations, and is competitive with implementations on other operating systems. The checkpoint facility exhibits low runtime overhead and fast recovery time.