cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles and Nanostructures: Aerosol Synthesis and Characterization

The remarkable properties of materials synthesized from nanometer-sized particles were discovered using particles that were formed as aerosols. Although other routes for nanoparticle synthesis have evolved, aerosol routes remain a major method. The original processes employed by Gleiter and coworkers entailed evaporation of a metal into a low density gas where the vapors formed nanoparticles by homogeneous nucleation. Those nanoparticles were then collected by thermophoresis for subsequent consolidation. In a study that predated the use of vapor condensation as a step in the production of consolidated nanostructures, Granqvist and Buhrman provided empirical observations of the role of major control variables. A number of points of confusion remain in this method of nanoparticle synthesis, notably the distinctions between particle size, and the sizes of the microstructures that attract the attention of materials scientists.
Enhancing underrepresented students’ success through participation in community engagement

In this chapter, the authors investigate the relationships between students’ participation in a multifaceted community-engaged learning program (the Community Engagement Scholars Program—CESP) and their educational success. Using propensity score matching techniques, the authors compared undergraduate students participating in CESP with comparable peers who did not participate. The students who participate in the program progressed more rapidly toward graduation, completing more credits, and were more likely to persist/graduate (93% vs. 83%) after four years. Students from groups underrepresented in postsecondary education completed more credits and, although not significant, had higher persistence/completion (89% vs. 81%) compared with other underrepresented students.
Expanding the I-II-V Phase Space: Soft Synthesis of Polytypic Ternary and Binary Zinc Antimonides

Soft chemistry methods offer the possibility of synthesizing metastable and kinetic products that cannot be obtained through thermodynamically controlled, high-temperature reactions. A recent solution-phase exploration of Li–Zn–Sb phase space revealed a previously unknown cubic half-Heusler MgAgAs-type LiZnSb polytype. Interestingly, this new cubic phase was calculated to be the most thermodynamically stable, despite prior literature reporting only two other ternary phases (the hexagonal LiGaGe-type LiZnSb and the cubic full-Heusler Li2ZnSb). This surprising discovery, coupled with the intriguing optoelectronic and transport properties of many antimony-containing Zintl phases, required a thorough exploration of synthetic parameters. Here, we systematically study the effects that different precursor concentrations, injection order, nucleation and growth temperatures, and reaction time have on the solution-phase synthesis of these materials. By doing so, we identify conditions that selectively yield several...
Marijuana and Prescription Pain Reliever Use among Cigarette Smokers

Due to marijuana's analgesic effects and its growing national legal status, it is likely that marijuana's rising prevalence will impact prescription pain reliever (PPR) use. The present study investigates the relationship between marijuana and PPR use among U.S. adult current cigarette smokers. Data were analyzed from the Tobacco and Attitudes Beliefs Survey II, with 348 current cigarette smokers, aged 24-88. Logistic regression was used to examine the likelihood of current (past 30 days) PPR use by marijuana use (never, ever, and current) among cigarette smokers. Among PPR users (N = 76), we also investigated whether marijuana use frequency predicted current PPR use. Compared to never marijuana users, participants were more likely to report past 30-day PPR use if they have ever used marijuana (AOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.51-4.43) or have used marijuana in the past 30 days (AOR: 3.38, CI: 1.76-6.49). No significant relationship was found between marijuana use frequency and PPR use. Thus, in this sample of adult cigarette smokers, past and current marijuana users were two to three times more likely to report PPR use than never marijuana users. These findings can help inform policymakers and healthcare providers in their fight against the opioid epidemic.
A Party Culture Becomes a Media Spectacle

This chapter looks at two related subcultural developments in the present period. One is the diffusion of Guido from the outer boroughs to the periphery—the suburbs and beach resorts on the Jersey shore and the Hamptons. The other is the absorption of Guido within the popular culture as a commodity to be merchandised. The key event is the MTV reality TV show, Jersey Shore which showcased in the public discourse as hedonistic party culture. If SNF offered the promise of inclusion, JS transformed Guido into a commodity for “the new symbolic economy of fashion, entertainment, and the media” (Zukin 2004: 173). Ironically, pop culture validation elicited public disrespect inside the ethnic boundary from organizations representing Italian American political and cultural elites. Rubbing salt in a historically wounded ethnicity, JS was at odds with their identity politics—a construct that emphasizes traditional values centered on the hard working and virtuous immigrant family and notable contributions to American life.
Focal infection of periodontal origin

Periodontology has evolved from a predominantly mechanical to a sophisticated infectious disease-based discipline. Research has paved the way for a greater understanding of the periodontal microbiome, improvement in periodontal diagnostics and therapies, and the recognition of periodontitis being associated with more than 50 systemic diseases. The etiopathology of progressive periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and proinflammatory immune responses. This article points to a role of periodontal herpesviruses in the development of systemic diseases and proposes treatment of severe periodontitis not only to avoid tooth loss, but also to reduce the risk for systemic diseases. An efficient, safe, and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis is presented, which targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens and which can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
Project Almanac: A Time-Traveling Solid-State Drive

Preserving the history of storage states is critical to ensuring system reliability and security. It facilitates system functions such as debugging, data recovery, and forensics. Existing software-based approaches like data journaling, logging, and backups not only introduce performance and storage cost, but also are vulnerable to malware attacks, as adversaries can obtain kernel privileges to terminate or destroy them. In this paper, we present Project Almanac, which includes (1) a time-travel solid-state drive (SSD) named TimeSSD that retains a history of storage states in hardware for a window of time, and (2) a toolkit named TimeKits that provides storage-state query and rollback functions. TimeSSD tracks the history of storage states in the hardware device, without relying on explicit backups, by exploiting the property that the flash retains old copies of data when they are updated or deleted. We implement TimeSSD with a programmable SSD and develop TimeKits for several typical system applications. Experiments, with a variety of real-world case studies, demonstrate that TimeSSD can retain all the storage states for eight weeks, with negligible performance overhead, while providing the device-level time-travel property.
Fetal Death Associated With Premature Mammary Gland Development and Lactation in a Mare Treated With Weekly Injections of Long-Acting Progesterone

Abstract A 14-year-old, 530-kg, multiparous, pregnant Quarter Horse mare was referred for evaluation of premature mammary gland development and lactation. The mare was in the seventh month of gestation. The mare had a history of subfertility and was receiving weekly injections of long-acting progesterone, prescribed by the referring veterinarian. The last dose had been administered four days before presentation. Upon presentation, the mare had vital signs within normal limits, a moderately developed, nonpainful udder with galactorrhea, and no vulvar discharge. Transrectal palpation revealed a well-toned uterus and cervix and discreetly palpable fetal parts, however, ballottement of the fetus did not result in appreciable fetal movement. Transrectal ultrasound was unremarkable, but transabdominal ultrasound revealed one underdeveloped, immotile fetus in the left uterine horn with no heartbeat. Abortion was induced with repeated doses of cloprostenol. Fifty-four hours after the first cloprostenol injection, the mare displayed signs of labor, the cervix was manually dilated, and the fetus and fetal membranes were expelled with gentle manual manipulation. Standard postabortion care included uterine lavage and oxytocin for 48 hours before being discharged to the care of her owners. Fetal crown-rump length (53 cm) was consistent with a 6-month fetus rather than its gestational age of 7 months. The umbilical cord was edematous, and a distended, fluid-filled structure surrounded the cord at the intersection of the allantoic and amniotic segments of the umbilical cord. This structure was determined to be the severely dilated urachus. Microscopic findings included placental stromal mineralization, distended umbilicus adventitia, and dilated umbilical lymphatics with no other significant findings. Remaining abortion diagnostic tests were unremarkable. The mare recovered well and was discharged to the care of her owner two days after abortion. The following breeding season the mare carried a healthy foal to term.
SK Channel Modulates Synaptic Plasticity by Tuning CaMKIIα/β Dynamics.

NMDAR-linked Ca++ current represents a significant percentage of post-synaptic transient Ca++ current. It is pertinent to the modulation of synaptic strength that underlie dendritic spine plasticity and cognitive function. In the hippocampus, synaptic potentiation is tuned by CaMKIIα Thr286/287 phosphorylation. On the other hand, post-synaptic transient Ca++ current produced by glutamatergic ionotropic neurotransmission repetitively activates small conductance (SK2) channels which in turn abrogates the potentiation event. Here, we demonstrate that the upstream suppression of GluN1 function in the CA1 of the hippocampus suppressed T286/T287 phosphorylation of CaMKII, and was accompanied by an increased SK2 expression, and activity. Consistent with the ablation of GluN1 function, positive modulation of SK2 in wild type hippocampus (normal GluN1) decreased T286/T287 phosphorylation of CaMKII, and bursting frequency that is determined - mostly - by T286 CaMKII. Together with the suppression of T287 phosphorylation of CaMKIIβ, a significant loss of hippocampal -actinin suggests that SK2 impact spine localization of CaMKII, and its substrate targeting downstream of NMDAR. Our results demonstrate that positive modulation of SK2 function in the CA1 refines synaptic plasticity by attenuating CaMKII T286/T287 phosphorylation, and synaptic localization.
Kinetic Trapping and Adsorption Equilibration of Binary Mixtures within Nanopores

We investigate the kinetics of competitive adsorption of binary gas mixtures in restrictive nano-porous materials by simulating the uptake dynamics of the mixture inside a longitudinal pore via a K...
Not all confusion is productive: an investigation into confusion induction methods and their impact on learning

The current study was an attempt to discover the gold standard of inducing a state of confusion that is beneficial to the learning of complex science topics. Using a randomised controlled trial, participants received either one of three different types of confusion induction (deep-questions, intra-testing and breakdown scenarios) or a lecture-based information delivery control. Results revealed that breakdown scenarios were the most beneficial in terms of pretest to posttest learning gains. Additionally, significant interactions were discovered among learning, confusion induction methods, and measures of individual differences (i.e., goal orientation and attributional complexity). Interpretations and applications are discussed.
9 – Chloroplast Structure

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of chloroplast and in particular the localization of chlorophyll within it. It reviews the aspects of chloroplast structure as revealed by light microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and biochemical techniques. In bacteria and blue-green algae, bacteriochlorophyll and the plant chlorophylls, respectively, are present in the cell membrane itself and in membrane structure elaborated from the cell membrane. In other algae and in all other green plant cells, chlorophyll exists again in membranes, but in membranes contained within a specific cell organelle—the chloroplast. The chloroplast is easily resolved in living cells with the light microscope. It ranges in size from a few microns to tens of microns. Chloroplast shape is highly variable, especially in the algae, where it may exist in cup-shaped, spiral, or star-shaped forms. In bryophytes and higher plants, the chloroplast is more generally saucer shaped 5–10 μ in diameter, and several microns thick.
Phenoxodiol a chemosensitizer in taxotere-resistant ovarian cancer cells

4885 Introduction: It is well established that anticancer agents induce apoptosis and the disruption of the apoptotic signal may promote treatment resistance. Although several pathways have been proposed to explain chemoresistance, all lead to some specific defect in the mechanism of cellular death. Therefore, modulation of apoptosis by chemosensitizers represents a potential approach for the treatment of chemoresistant tumors. Recently, we showed that Phenoxodiol, a synthetic isoflavone derivative, modulates caspase activation in ovarian cancer cells. The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism of the drug-resistance to taxotere in ovarian cancer cells and evaluate the effect of phenoxodiol as a chemosensitizer. Materials: Twelve epithelial ovarian cancer cells (EOC) isolated from malignant ovarian ascites were tested for their response to taxotere. Cell viability was determined by the CellTiter 96 assay, apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst stain ing and caspase-3 activity. The presence and activation of caspases and intracellular downstream inhibitors for apoptosis was determined by Western blot analysis. Results: Seven of twelve studied EOC cells responded to taxotere as demonstrated by a decrease in cell viability, chromatin condensation, and caspases activation. In contrast, chemo-resistant EOC cells showed no caspases activation. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was expressed in all ovarian cancer cells but it was only inactivated on chemo-sensitive cells. Phenoxodiol treatment of chemo-resistant cells restored taxotere-sensitivity and decreased taxotere LD50 by over 100-fold. Conclusion: Our results indicate 1) taxotere cytotoxic effect is caspase dependent; 2) caspase activation relies on the removal of XIAP; and 3) phenoxodiol restores chemo-sensitivity in taxotere-resistant cancer cells. The significant reduction of taxotere LC50 after phenoxodiol treatment indicates that use of phenoxodiol as a chemosensitizer, in combination with cytotoxic drugs could be more effective for the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer.
Behaviors of ADHD and Peer Relationship Difficulties in Chinese and American Youths: Role of Co-Occurring Behaviors of Depression and Anxiety

The co-occurrence of behaviors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with behaviors of anxiety or behaviors of depression is the norm, but little is known on how the co-occurrence accounted for youths' peer relations. The authors report results on difficult peer relations in relation to behaviors of ADHD, co-occurring behaviors of depression, and behaviors of anxiety from three studies on 862 youths in China and in the United States. Study 1 included 313 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse American youths; Study 2 included 250 youths who were adopted out of Chinese orphanages by American parents; and Study 3 included 299 youths from Beijing, China. Data on difficult peer relations and behaviors of ADHD, depression, and anxiety were collected with the third edition of Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self Report of Personality. In all three studies, each type of problems alone significantly predicted difficult peer relations, but behaviors of ADHD were not significant when co-occurring behaviors of depression or co-occurring behaviors of anxiety were considered. Despite that the youths in our study had different cultural and personal backgrounds, there was no evidence that behaviors of ADHD were detrimental to youths' peer relations when behaviors of depression or anxiety were considered. Implications for intervention were discussed.
Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Production, Health, and Social Perspectives on Fracking

A growing body of literature suggests that unconventional oil and natural gas (UOG) production-related pollution is harmful to human and environmental health. Despite evidence linking UOG methods s...
J M Keynes’s Theory of Evidential weight can only be expressed in a formal manner as V=V(a/h) =V(a/h1, h2, h3, h4……hn, hn+1….) =w, 0≤w≤1, where w=K/[K+I] and 1-w=I/[K+I] when K=knowledge and I =Ignorance.The erroneous Heterodox , Post Keynesian version is V(a/h)=V = K/(K+I),0≤V≤1.

In 1990,J. Runde presented a formal, mathematical representation of Keynes’s theory of evidential weight, as presented in chapters 6 and 26 of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability ,as V(a/h)=V = K/(K+I).In 1999,A. Vercelli revised this to read as V =V(a/h) = K/(K+I), 0≤V≤1.We can identify this as the Post Keynesian – Heterodox formulation of what they thought Keynes was supposed to have meant .We will abbreviate this as PK-H. The problem with the PK-H formulation is that it does not make any sense .It involves a basic ,fundamental error in conflating and confusing two separate fields, logic and mathematics,as Keynes’s V is a logical relation and not a mathematical variable. Keynes correctly transforms his logical relation ,V,into a mathematical variable ,on p.315 of the A Treatise on Probability in the following manner : “….where w measures the ‘weight,’(sic)…”(Keynes,1921,p.315). Now Keynes had already properly discussed w as being “….the degree of completeness of information upon which a probability is based…”(Keynes,1921,p.313) where Keynes had already done the necessary and sufficient normalization to the unit interval [0,1] needed to define a measure of weight ,so that w comes in degrees as 0≤w≤1. Keynes thus finishes what he started in the first paragraph of chapter VI on p.71 of the A Treatise on Probability,where ,instead of the balance being between the favorable and unfavorable evidence,which is given by the concept of probability ,where P is the probability relation ,so that one obtains the following: P(a/h)=α,0≤α≤1,where α=p/(p+q) and 1-α=q/(p+q),where p+q =1.(Keynes,1921,p.315). One obtains the other balance ,which is now a balance between the absolute amounts of relevant knowledge and of relevant ignorance ,respectively ,as V(a/h)=w, 0≤w≤1,where w=K/(K+I) and 1-w=I/(K+I),where K is ,obviously ,relevant Knowledge and I is, just as obviously,relevant ignorance,so that K+I=1. Only after this has been recognized can one understand Keynes’s conventional coefficient of weight and risk c. Unfortunately,no academic philosopher,economist,historian or decision theorist was ever able to grasp Keynes’s mathematical analysis underling the c coefficient of p.315 of the A Treatise on Probability in either the 20th or 21st century except Edgeworth. We will examine one out of the hundreds of erroneous papers which have incorporated Runde’s mathematical errors about V by examining a paper by Crocco (2006).
Association Between Parental Educational Attainment and Children's Negative Urgency: Sex Differences.

Background and aims: Negative urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with a wide range of health-related risk behaviors, including, but not limited to, problematic substance use. Negative urgency is also shaped by family socioeconomic position (SEP), such as parental educational attainment (PEA). This study aimed to explore sex differences regarding protective effects of PEA on children’s negative urgency in the US.Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Baseline ABCD data included 10,535 American children in the age range of 9-10 years old. The independent variable was PEA, treated as a 5-level categorical variable. The primary outcome was negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were applied for data analysis.Results: In sex-stratified regression models, high PEA was predictive of lower levels of negative urgency in female but not male children. In the overall sample, sex showed a statistically significant interaction with PEA on children’s negative urgency, indicating a stronger protective effect of high PEA for female compared to male children.Conclusion: PEA was a more salient determinant of negative urgency in female children than male ones. Our results also showed that American boys tend to have high levels of negative urgency, which is a risk factor of drug use, at all parental education levels.
Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives of Siblings of Children With Cochlear Implants.

Purpose The sibling relationship teaches children to navigate social interactions with their peers. However, the presence of an exceptionality, such as hearing loss, in one child can affect the dyn...
Escrituras tóxicas: cuerpos y paisajes alterados

This article focuses on the recent rural turn in contemporary Argentine literature production. It draws from Laurence Buell’s notion of toxic discourse (1988) in order to analyze two narratives: Distancia de rescate (2014) by Samanta Schweblin, and Las estrellas federales (2016), by Juan Diego Incardona, along with the poetry collection Un pequeno mundo enfermo (2014), by Julian Joven [pseudonym of Cristian Molina]. With the emergence and more frequent use of agrochemicals in the Argentine rural soil, I argue that these writings articulate a discursive toxicity anchored in a transfigured pampa. Furthermore, the cultivation of transgenic soy transforms the space into a contaminated and contaminating landscape, whose agrotoxics inoculate indiscriminately both human and nonhuman bodies. I read these bodily and spatial representations, in both the fictions and poetry, as a textualization that redesigns the relation between subject and the natural environmental, specifically the rural space, displacing a discourse of “buen vivir” for a literary production of what I propose, tentatively, as of “mal vivir” (bad living). This aesthetic production appeals to a reflection on environmental justice that considers the imminent damage and degradation of the contaminated landscape.
THREE Cs REVISITED—CHAOS, COMPLEXITY, AND CREATIVITY: WHERE NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OFFERS NEW PERSPECTIVES ON EVERYDAY CREATIVITY

ABSTRACT Five frames for experience are explored: dynamic, balanced, sudden, interdependent, emergent, moving beyond a reductionist view to consider examples honoring a nonlinear chaos and complexity context. This interfaces with aware, present, healthy, open and creative ways of being in the world, separately and together. Discussion looks at a potential shift in worldview and view of self-in-world. (Keywords: everyday creativity, chaos, complexity, nonlinear, emergence, worldview)
GTS Explains Coreference Restrictions

The inadequacies of the received notion of coreference do not, of course, imply that all its uses in the literature are worthless. However, the legitimate uses can in many cases be captured by our theory, given a deeper foundation, and in some cases improved on.
Detecting actions, poses, and objects with relational phraselets

We present a novel approach to modeling human pose, together with interacting objects, based on compositional models of local visual interactions and their relations. Skeleton models, while flexible enough to capture large articulations, fail to accurately model self-occlusions and interactions. Poselets and Visual Phrases address this limitation, but do so at the expense of requiring a large set of templates. We combine all three approaches with a compositional model that is flexible enough to model detailed articulations but still captures occlusions and object interactions. Unlike much previous work on action classification, we do not assume test images are labeled with a person, and instead present results for "action detection" in an unlabeled image. Notably, for each detection, our model reports back a detailed description including an action label, articulated human pose, object poses, and occlusion flags. We demonstrate that modeling occlusion is crucial for recognizing human-object interactions. We present results on the PASCAL Action Classification challenge that shows our unified model advances the state-of-the-art for detection, action classification, and articulated pose estimation.
Divorce in Late Life: A Call for Research.

In spite of the potential consequences of late life divorce on adjustment to old age, almost no attention has paid to the subject. Social. psychological and economic consequences of late life divorce are discussed and areas of needed research are explicated.
The Right to Exclude in the Shadow of the Cathedral: A Response to Parchomovsky and Stein

This response comments on “Reconceptualizing Trespass,” by Gideon Parchomovsky and Alex Stein. Using economic analysis associated with Calabresi and Melamed’s property/liability rule scheme, Parchomovsky and Stein propose a new measure of damages, called “propertized compensation.” Propertized compensation makes ex post damage awards in trespass cases approximate the property-rule incentives the law imposes on trespassers ex ante when their trespasses are ongoing and may be remedied by injunction.This comment is strongly sympathetic to Parchomovsky and Stein’s prescriptions for propertized compensation, but skeptical about the law and economic methodology by which Parchomovsky and Stein arrive at those prescriptions. The comment recounts, at a level aimed toward readers without specialized interest or training in legal philosophy, three areas of relevant scholarship by corrective justice theorists and conceptual property philosophers. These philosophical authorities explain propertized compensation at least as well as economic analysis, using conceptual and practical moral reasoning already internal to the law. Several of these authorities also suggest that the problems “Reconceptualizing Trespass” criticizes in previous economic scholarship are symptoms of a more fundamental incoherence in the concepts of a “liability rule” over a “right to exclude.”“Reconceptualizing Trespass” deserves credit for explaining the conceptual problems inherent in the property/liability rule scheme to law and economists in terms law and economists can follow. But this contribution would not have been necessary if law and economists took conceptual philosophy more seriously.
Synthesis of energy efficient complex separation networks

Abstract Separation processes account for about fifty percent of capital and operating costs including the highest energy demand in the chemical industry. The rise in energy consumption, the high cost of the fuels, and combined with the environmental impact increases the demand for energy saving separation processes such as optimal complex column networks which are estimated to achieve energy savings of up to 70%. This paper introduces a novel algorithm to create optimal complex column arrangements which encode the cost and states of global solutions with minimum user input. In the complex column networks, several combinations and internal connections increase the difficulty to optimize these processes. The proposed configuration algorithm generates all possible network configurations expressed as a continuous sequence of column section profiles and discriminates suboptimal solutions taking the column network structure as input. Simultaneously, a robust feasibility test is applied to the generated systematic network based in thermodynamic transformations called temperature collocation where the operating conditions, structure, and length of the separation network for realizing the desired product purities are not predefined. This robust hybrid algorithm combines the advantages of deterministic and stochastic search techniques. This computational approach guarantees rigorous column profiles validated with industrially accepted simulation software such as ASPEN. The capabilities will be illustrated using multicomponent realistic case studies especially quaternary systems.
Reflections on the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Communications Act

This is the sixtieth year since the adoption of the Communications Act of 1934 and the tenth year since AT&T's divestiture of its local telephone operating companies. It is a good time to reflect on all this country has achieved in the field of communications as a result of enlightened, procompetitive policymaking. It is also timely to look ahead and consider the value of bringing the procompetitive policies of the past to bear on the remaining vestige of monopoly power in the American telecommunications landscape, the local exchange, as well as the benefits of fostering competition in the international arena.
Histone III: II. ISOLATION AND SEQUENCES OF CHYMOTRYPTIC PEPTIDES FROM CALF THYMUS HISTONE III

Abstract S-Carboxymethylated calf thymus histone III was hydrolyzed with chymotrypsin, and a number of pure peptides were isolated. These peptides provided many overlaps with tryptic peptides, completed portions of the sequence not obtained earlier, and served to confirm other parts of the sequence.
On the predictability of low-level flow during ALPEX

The growth of error energy from initially uncertain states is a characteristic of global forecast models that is absent or markedly diminished in limited area forecasts. The enhanced regional predictability is presently studied with a limited area boundary layer model applied to a European region centered on the Alps. The results are remarkably insensitive to initial data, and a qualitative explanation of this is sought in terms of Thompson's (1957) and Lorenz's (1969) predictability analysis. It appears that the high predictability of regional models is an artifact of the overwhelming role that the prespecification of external boundaries plays in this problem. In cases that Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed at the perimeter of the limited forecast region, the larger scale flow components, including most of the advecting flow are determined completely independently of internal dynamics and vorticity fluctuations, a condition that does not promote uncertainty growth.
Dyspepsia management in primary care: a management trial

Summary The aim was to evaluate the outcomes associated with four initial management strategies in new patients presenting to primary care physicians with dyspepsia. Patients with new symptoms (no alarm features) were randomised to empirical therapy (n = 11), Helicobacter pylori (HP) serology (n = 8), HP breath testing (n = 11) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (n = 13). Dyspepsia and health-related quality of life were assessed using standardised questionnaires at entry, 6 and 24 weeks post-trial enrolment. Outcomes were assessed by structured telephone interview every 6 weeks. In the initial HP testing arms, 21% were positive; 27% in the oesophagogastroduodenoscopy arm had inflammatory changes without ulcers at baseline. The majority (67%) received over the counter medication after initial management. Symptom-free status was similarly common in all groups (p = 0.49); only 20% pursued further evaluation. Total billed charges were higher in the oesophagogastroduodenoscopy group ($2077) vs. empirical therapy ($512), despite excluding the charge for initial oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, but overall, no effects on total medical charges were detected (p = 0.10). Regardless of initial management, most patients remained symptomatic, yet did not return for health care visits or undergo endoscopies. The cost of upfront endoscopy may not be the best choice for patients presenting with new dyspepsia.
THE OBSTINATE CHECKLIST

Any research endeavor is both challenging and exhausting. The lack of suitable research “tools” can be extremely frustrating and can even obstruct an otherwise promising project. A determined investigator will usually find or devise a method of obtaining the data he needs. The new method may prove a valuable by-product of the research which may aid other investigators. With this possibility in mind, I shall describe a predicament which once confronted me as a research psychologist and how, in a desperate hour, an idea occurred which made possible the accomplishment of my difficult task. One day a psychologist friend called and asked if I would participate in a study of an infant’s behavior during the first three months of life. The purpose was to determine behavioral and biochemical changes in the infant and to compare both types of data. The biochemical changes were to be obtained through urinalysis. I was to gather the behavioral data. I accepted the offer, as I was attracted by the prospect of observing a human being from its birth. The research team consisted of two biochemists and two psychologists. One of the two biochemists was the father of the not-yet born “study baby,” and the other was the husband of my colleague. The initial phase of any research, especially of an exploratory study, makes the researcher feel “omnipotent.” Our very objective, to detect in one infant biochemical-behavioral relationships, illustrates this omnipotent feeling. Moreover, only two members of our research team were to remain at the location, the father of the child
Solution and Solid State Characterization of a Cadmium Octaazacryptand Complex

The constant for cadmium binding by octaazacryptand L = N(CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2)3N was determined by potentiometry; log βML =18.3(1). Calculation of pM values (pM = −log [M]) show that L has the highest reported binding affinity for cadmium relative to other [2.2.2] polyoxa−polyaza cryptates. Two cadmium cryptate complexes, [CdL](BF4)2 (1a) and [CdL](OAc)2·2H2O (1b), were synthesized by metalation of the free cryptand. The molecular structures of compounds 1a and 1b were determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic data for 1a: trigonal, P31c, Z = 2, a = 9.581(2) A, c = 17.003(4) A, V = 1351.2(5) A3. Crystallographic data for 1b: monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 10.500(2) A, b = 14.782(3) A, c = 19.395(4) A, β = 99.30(2)°, V = 2971(1) A3. The cadmium ions in both complexes are eight-coordinate and display similar coordination geometries but different ligand conformations, designated as parallel and oblique. The cadmium coordination sphere is best described as a bicapped octahedron. Through 2D NMR exp...
Irreversibility of R&D investment and the adverse effect of uncertainty: Evidence from the OECD countries

Abstract Using annual data for nine OECD countries covering the period 1981–1992, we find a much sharper adverse effect of uncertainty on R&D investments, which are likely to be highly irreversible, than on non-R&D (and aggregate) investments.
External Beam Performance at P.P.A.

The proton beam extraction system which is now operational at the Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator is a resonant system operating on the ?=2/3 radial betatron resonance. This method of extracting from a weak focusing synchrotron was first proposed and shown to work by Turrin et. al. at Frascati, Italy.1,2,3 The system requires that the synchrotron magnet be tuned to ?r=2/3 with a quadrupole magnetic field component and that an azimuthally varying second harmonic hexapole field be applied to drive the oscillations.4 When the oscillations have reached sufficient amplitude the particles enter the aperture of a septum magnet which bends them clear of the synchrotron. The beam is then steered and focused to the first target point in the External Beam building.
Plasma Membrane Heterogeneity and Receptor Mediated Signaling

The complex role of plasma membrane structure in orchestrating receptor-mediated signal transduction is addressed in collaborative studies investigating how antigen crosslinking of IgE-receptors on mast cells initiates signaling pathways leading to multiple cellular responses. Segregation of liquid ordered regions from disordered regions of the plasma membrane provides protection from transmembrane phosphatases and thereby a mechanism for crosslinking-dependent phosphorylation of IgE-receptors by active Lyn kinase in the first signaling event. Defined clustering of IgE-receptors with patterned lipid bilayers enables fluorescence visualization of co-redistributing signaling components with spatial resolution on the micron scale. Nanoscale resolution of clustering components is visualized with scanning electron microscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Single molecule dynamics can be characterized in nanofabricated devices. These integrated approaches for examining membrane structural heterogeneity and functional consequences will be discussed.
Working memory load as a novel tool for evaluating visual analytics

The current visual analytics literature highlights design and evaluation processes that are highly variable and situation dependent, which raises at least two broad challenges. First, lack of a standardized evaluation criterion leads to costly re-designs for each task and specific user community. Second, this inadequacy in criterion validation raises significant uncertainty regarding visualization outputs and their related decisions, which may be especially troubling in high consequence environments like those of the Intelligence Community. As an attempt to standardize the “apples and oranges” of the extant situation, we propose the creation of standardized evaluation tools using general principles of human cognition. Theoretically, visual analytics enables the user to see information in a way that should attenuate the user's memory load and increase the user's task-available cognitive resources. By using general cognitive abilities like available working memory resources as our dependent measures, we propose to develop standardized evaluative capabilities that can be generalized across contexts, tasks, and user communities.
Crystal Growth of Faujasitic Microporous Zincophosphate Crystals Using Reverse Micelles as Reactants

The present study deals with the crystallization of zincophosphate-X (ZnPO-X) from zinc- and phosphate-containing reverse micelles. ZnPO-X has the same topology as faujasite (zeolites X,Y). Reverse micelles are microdroplets of water stabilized in a hydrocarbon medium with the help of surfactants. Successful synthesis of ZnPO-X was possible using reverse micelles made with cationic surfactant dimethyldioctylammonium chloride (DODMAC), 1-decanol as cosurfactant and isooctane as solvent. The composition of the reactants in the water pools of the reverse micelles was about four times more dilute than that in a conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The dilution is necessary since a significant fraction of the water in the reverse micelles is used up for hydrating the headgroups of the surfactant. The crystals appear without the formation of an intermediate amorphous phase. Upon mixing the zinc and phosphate reverse micelles, collisions between them result in exchange of reactants. We propose that only a small ...
Estimation of a matrix model of forest growth from re-measured permanent plots

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to evaluate various techniques to obtain estimates of coefficients in a model of a selection forest developed previously. The data originated from 161 plots re-measured in 1961, 1964 and 1969. The detailed individual tree data available ib this particular case permitted a very simple and unbiased estimation of the growth matrix parameters. It was shown that, in situations where less information would be available, ordinary least squares, or seemingly unrelated (Zellner) estimation would lead to very serious bias and in fact meaningless results. A constrained estimation procedure was proposed to alleviate this bias. The method used the particular structure of the model and extraneous estimates of mortality rates.
Assembly of Mesoporous Lamellar Silicas with Hierarchical Particle Architectures

A family of silica molecular sieves with lamellar frameworks and hierarchical structure (denoted MSU-V) was assembled from homogeneous solutions of neutral H2N(CH2)nNH2 bolaamphiphiles (n = 12−22) as the structure directors and tetraethylorthosilicate as the inorganic precursor. Optimal lamellar order was observed for four as-synthesized and calcined (550 °C) mesostructures when they were assembled at the following reaction temperatures (T, °C) and surfactant/silica ratios (R) of T = 25 °C, R = 0.26 (C12); T = 45 °C, R = 0.20 (C16); T = 55 °C, R = 0.15 (C18); T = 55 °C, R = 0.11 (C22). MSU-V silica assembled from the short C12 alkyl chain bolaamphiphile exhibited gallery-confined micropores (1.3 nm), but the derivatives prepared from the longer C16−C22 diamines showed gallery-confined mesopores. As the alkyl chain length of the bolaamphiphile surfactant increased from C16 to C22, the size of the gallery-confined mesopores increased from 2.0 to 2.7 nm. The described synthetic strategy afforded hierarchical...
Coordinate system representations of movement direction in the premotor cortex

Recently, we compared the encoding of movement direction in primary motor cortex (MI) under three coordinate systems, an extrinsic cartesian (CA), an intrinsic joint angle (JA), and an intermediate shoulder-centered (SC) and found that no single coordinate system was uniquely represented in MI. Here we extend this investigation to the premotor area which is regarded as a major source of input to the MI. Multiple single units were simultaneously recorded from the caudal portions of dorsal premotor (PMd) and ventral premotor (PMv) cortices as a behaving monkey moved its hand over the horizontal work space. We compared the mutual information between the neuronal firing rate of each unit and hand movement direction under each of the three coordinate systems. As in the MI study, the results showed that there was no evidence for a unique coordinate system representation. There was a bias towards the SC system in PMd, albeit weaker than the SC bias observed in MI. In PMv, there was a strong bias for both SC and JA coordinate systems as compared to a CA coordinate system. These results provided further evidence against a unique coordinate system for movement direction within the motor cortex. However, the directional information within both PMd and PMv was significantly less than that of MI suggesting that factors other than the detailed motion of the arm account for much of the variance of activity within the premotor cortex.
Femtogram dispersive L3-nanobeam optomechanical cavities: design and experimental comparison

We present the design and experimental comparison of femtogram L3-nanobeam photonic crystal cavities for optomechanical studies. Two symmetric nanobeams are created by placing three air slots in a silicon photonic crystal slab where three holes are removed. The nanobeams’ mechanical frequencies are higher than 600 MHz with ultrasmall effective modal masses at approximately 20 femtograms. The optical quality factor (Q) is optimized up to 53,000. The optical and mechanical modes are dispersively coupled with a vacuum optomechanical coupling rate g0/2π exceeding 200 kHz. The anchor-loss-limited mechanical Q of the differential beam mode is evaluated to be greater than 10,000 for structures with ideally symmetric beams. The influence of variations on the air slot width and position is also investigated. The devices can be used as ultrasensitive sensors of mass, force, and displacement.
Partial invagination of the canine stomach for treatment of infarction of the gastric wall.

A technique was evaluated for the management of infarction of a portion of the canine gastric fundus and body by invagination of the compromised gastric wall with a double layer of inverting sutures. Two methods of potentially producing vascular compromise of the gastic wall were developed and studied. In the first method (ten dogs plus three control dogs), the first three short gastric arteries and veins were ligated and divided; vascular compromise was not produced. In the second method (eight dogs), an area of the gastric fundus was isolated by a strangulating suture in addition to the division of the short gastric vessels; this method did produce vascular compromise. The invagination procedure caused melena for several days in four dogs. Complete healing of the gastric wall had not occurred at 2 weeks.
Linking the spatial scale of environmental variation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: selection favors adaptive plasticity in fine-grained environments.

AbstractAdaptive phenotypic plasticity and adaptive genetic differentiation enable plant lineages to maximize their fitness in response to environmental heterogeneity. The spatial scale of environmental variation relative to the average dispersal distance of a species determines whether selection will favor plasticity, local adaptation, or an intermediate strategy. Habitats where the spatial scale of environmental variation is less than the dispersal distance of a species are fine grained and should favor the expression of adaptive plasticity, while coarse-grained habitats, where environmental variation occurs on spatial scales greater than dispersal, should favor adaptive genetic differentiation. However, there is relatively little information available characterizing the link between the spatial scale of environmental variation and patterns of selection on plasticity measured in the field. I examined patterns of spatial environmental variation within a serpentine mosaic grassland and selection on an ann...
Effect of Reynolds Number on Separation Bubbles on Compressor Blades in Cascade

A detailed experimental investigation of second-generation, controlled-diffusion, compressor stator blades at an off-design inlet-e ow angle was performed in a low-speed-cascade wind tunnel primarily using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The object was to characterize the e owe eld in the Reynolds number range of 2 :1‐6:4 £ 10 5 and to obtain LDV measurements of the suction surface boundary-layer separation that occurred near midchord. Surfacee owvisualizationshowedthatatthelowReynoldsnumberthemidchordseparationbubblestartedlaminar and reattachedturbulentwithin 20%chordonthesuctionsideoftheblade.Theextentofthebubblecomparedvery well with the measured blade surface pressure distribution, which showed a classical plateau and then diffusion in the turbulent region. LDV measurements of the e ow reversal in the bubble were performed. At the intermediate Reynolds number, the boundary layer was transitional upstream of the separation bubble that had decreased signie cantly in size (down to 10% chord ). At thehighestReynoldsnumber, the e owwas turbulentfrom close to the leading edge, and three-dimensional e ow reversal as a result of endwall effects appeared at approximately 80% chord. These data, particularly the low Reynolds number data, are an excellent test case for either large-eddy simulation or direct numerical simulation of cascade e owe elds.