cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Shallow Water Obstruction on Long Wave Runup and Overland Flow Velocity

A study is presented to examine the one-horizontal dimension effect of a shallow shelf obstacle on nonlinear long wave runup. Due to the large horizontal-vertical aspect ratio of this problem, it is not well suited for experimental analysis, and therefore this study is purely numerical. Simulations are performed for various incident wave conditions, obstacle height and widths, and final beach slopes. Many of the setups involve breaking, either through approaching the obstacle as a large breaking bore, incipient breaking on top of the obstacle, or breaking during the beach uprush. The general conclusion of this study is that, for highly nonlinear waves wave height/shelf water depth 0.5, the obstacle will always act to reduce the runup and the maximum overland velocity. However, for very small obstacle lengths, particularly for extremely large waves, this reduction may be practically inconsequential. Interestingly, for weakly nonlinear waves 0.1, due to front steepening over the obstacle, greater overland velocities can result from increasing obstacle length. Consistent with previous studies, it is found that the final beach slope is of primary importance for determining the runup.
Quality control for a guaranteed product

Abstract The use of a guarantee as a tool for increasing both reliability and payments for achieving it is suggested. It is shown that a guarantee in which the manufacturer agrees to pay a sizeable penalty each time one of his products fails (a penalty-clause guarantee) may be beneficial both to the manufacturer and the user. The quality control problem associated with such guaranteed products is similar to a number of problems in other areas. The use of concepts developed by insurance companies is suggested as an adjunct to conventional quality control testing. Mean values of probability distributions are used to illustrate some of the potentialities of a penalty-clause guaranteed product. References to some of the related efforts that might help in designing quality control tests for guaranteed products are provided.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Language Development

The effects of fetal alcohol exposure on language and speech acquisition were investigated in a cohort of socioeconomically disadvantaged urban children. Language development was assessed by instruments derived from the Expressive and Receptive Scales of the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD) at 1, 2, and 3 years, and by indices constructed from a taped speech sample at age 2 years. Three indices of maternal drinking were supplemented with birth weight and a tally of craniofacial anomalies as early indicators of fetal alcohol damage. No statistically significant relationships were found between the alcohol and language indices after statistical control for confounding variables. The anomalies tally was marginally related to reduced language scores. The statistical significance of this relationship, depended, however, on a single child with the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome. The pattern of results suggested that the anomalies tally, and to a lesser extent birth weight, are more sensitive indicators of fetal alcohol exposure than subsequent language development.
Evidence-Based Professional Development Considerations Along the School to Prison Pipeline

This article addresses professional development (PD) issues for those who provide services to students in the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP). Emphasis is on implementing evidence-based practices....
Instructional Decision Making and Agency of Community College Mathematics Faculty

We investigate the rationale for instructional decisions proposed by two groups of community college mathematics faculty (full-time and part-time), as they discussed animations of trigonometry classes that breached several classroom norms. Although both groups of faculty justify their decisions in similar ways, the way in which they talk differs. We used systemic functional linguistics to describe the differences we observed: part-time faculty’s language is more tentative, which hints at their tenuous status in their institutions. These findings may explain the negative perception in scholarship towards part-time faculty but such perception might not be justified in the classroom. The findings of this study suggest that further research is needed that attends to both the social context and teachers as individuals to better understand teacher decision-making.
Identification of sialylated glycoproteins from metabolically oligosaccharide engineered pancreatic cells

In this study, we investigated the use of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering and bio-orthogonal ligation reactions combined with lectin microarray and mass spectrometry to analyze sialoglycoproteins in the SW1990 human pancreatic cancer line. Specifically, cells were treated with the azido N-acetylmannosamine analog, 1,3,4-Bu3ManNAz, to label sialoglycoproteins with azide-modified sialic acids. The metabolically labeled sialoglyproteins were then biotinylated via the Staudinger ligation, and sialoglycopeptides containing azido-sialic acid glycans were immobilized to a solid support. The peptides linked to metabolically labeled sialylated glycans were then released from sialoglycopeptides and analyzed by mass spectrometry; in parallel, the glycans from azido-sialoglycoproteins were characterized by lectin microarrays. This method identified 75 unique N-glycosite-containing peptides from 55 different metabolically labeled sialoglycoproteins of which 42 were previously linked to cancer in the literature. A comparison of two of these glycoproteins, LAMP1 and ORP150, in histological tumor samples showed overexpression of these proteins in the cancerous tissue demonstrating that our approach constitutes a viable strategy to identify and discover sialoglycoproteins associated with cancer, which can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis or targets for therapy.
Addiction and the brain-disease fallacy.

The notion that addiction is a ''brain disease'' has become widespread and rarely challenged.The brain disease model implies erroneously that the brain is necessarily the most important and useful level of analysis for understanding and treating addiction. This paper will explain the limits of over-medicalizing -- while acknowledging a legitimate place for medication in the therapeutic repertoire -- and why a broader perspective on the problems of the addicted person is essential to understanding addiction and to providing optimal care. In short, the brain disease model obscures the dimension of choice in addiction, the capacity to respond to incentives, and also the essential fact people use drugs for reasons (as consistent with a self-medication hypothesis). The latter becomes obvious when patients become abstinent yet still struggle to assume rewarding lives in the realm of work and relationships. Thankfully, addicts can choose to recover and are not helpless victims of their own ''hijacked brains.''
Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids, by Sh. Kogan. Scope: general reader, postgraduate and specialist. Level: anyone interested in the theory of fluctuation phenomena

Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids, by Sh. Kogan, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008, 376 pp., £35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-521-07019-5. Scope: general reader, postgraduate and ...
dtorsin, the Drosophila Ortholog of the Early-Onset Dystonia TOR1A (DYT1), Plays a Novel Role in Dopamine Metabolism

Dystonia represents the third most common movement disorder in humans. At least 15 genetic loci (DYT1-15) have been identified and some of these genes have been cloned. TOR1A (formally DYT1), the gene responsible for the most common primary hereditary dystonia, encodes torsinA, an AAA ATPase family protein. However, the function of torsinA has yet to be fully understood. Here, we have generated and characterized a complete loss-of-function mutant for dtorsin, the only Drosophila ortholog of TOR1A. Null mutation of the X-linked dtorsin was semi-lethal with most male flies dying by the pre-pupal stage and the few surviving adults being sterile and slow moving, with reduced cuticle pigmentation and thin, short bristles. Third instar male larvae exhibited locomotion defects that were rescued by feeding dopamine. Moreover, biochemical analysis revealed that the brains of third instar larvae and adults heterozygous for the loss-of-function dtorsin mutation had significantly reduced dopamine levels. The dtorsin mutant showed a very strong genetic interaction with Pu (Punch: GTP cyclohydrolase), the ortholog of the human gene underlying DYT14 dystonia. Biochemical analyses revealed a severe reduction of GTP cyclohydrolase protein and activity, suggesting that dtorsin plays a novel role in dopamine metabolism as a positive-regulator of GTP cyclohydrolase protein. This dtorsin mutant line will be valuable for understanding this relationship and potentially other novel torsin functions that could play a role in human dystonia.
Competitiveness of Broiler Producers in North America Under Alternative Free Trade Scenarios

A spatial equilibrium model was developed to evaluate optimal production and trilateral trade flows of broiler meat under alternative free trade policies in the North American market. The United States has a competitive advantage over Canada and Mexico in producing broiler meat. Canada's import quota and Mexico's import license protect broiler producers in each country from US competition. Eliminating these trade policies under NAFTA could increase US broiler production and increase US broiler meat exports to Canada and Mexico. An appreciation of the US dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and Mexican peso would have a greater impact on trade between the United States and Mexico than on trade between the United States and Canada. ©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evolutionary genetics of the endemic Schizorathicine (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fishes of Lake Rara, Nepal

The three endemic species of Schizothorax from Lake Rara, Nepal comprise a putative cyprinid species flock. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared for specimens of the endemic species S. raraensis, S. macrophthalmus, and S. nepalensis, and specimens of S. richardsonii and S. progastus from the Karnali River, Koshi River, and Kali Gandaki River drainages. An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that S. nepalensis is genetically distinct from a group composed of S. raraensis and S. macrophthalmus. Phylogenetic analyses based on parsimony failed to corroborate or conclusively reject a hypothesis of monophyly for the three endemic species of Schizothorax from Lake Rara. The mtDNA haplotypes of S. richardsonii and S. progastus from the Karnali River drainage were not significantly differentiated from one another, but pairwise comparisons of haplotypes from the Lake Rara basin, Karnali River drainage, Koshi River drainage, and Kali Gandaki River drainage were significantly differentiated from one another.
Cultural and medical perspectives on geophagia

Geophagia, the eating of dirt, usually clay, has been recorded in every region of the world both as idiosyncratic behavior of isolated individuals and as culturally prescribed behavior of particular societies. The behavior has long been viewed as pathological by the medical profession, and it has been claimed to be both a cause and a consequence of anemia. While there is now reason to believe that the consumption of some clays may interfere with the absorption of elemental iron, zinc, and potassium, there is little evidence for the position that geophagia, especially its culturally prescribed form, is caused by anemia. These and other maladaptive consequences of clay consumption may be offset by the adaptive value of its antidiarrheal, detoxification, and mineral supplementation potentials.
PyPDB: a Python API for the Protein Data Bank.

Summary We have created a Python programming interface for the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) that allows search and data retrieval for a wide range of result types, including BLAST and sequence motif queries. The API relies on the existing XML-based API and operates by creating custom XML requests from native Python types, allowing extensibility and straightforward modification. The package has the ability to perform many types of advanced search of the PDB that are otherwise only available through the PDB website. Availability and implementation PyPDB is implemented exclusively in Python 3 using standard libraries for maximal compatibility. The most up-to-date version, including iPython notebooks containing usage tutorials, is available free-of-charge under an open-source MIT license via GitHub at https://github.com/williamgilpin/pypdb, and the full API reference is at http://williamgilpin.github.io/pypdb_docs/html/. The latest stable release is also available on PyPI. Contact wgilpin@stanford.edu.
Role of nitric oxide in modulating renal function and arterial pressure during chronic aldosterone excess

Chronic aldosterone (Aldo) excess is associated with transient sodium retention, extracellular fluid volume expansion, renal vasodilation, and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determi...
Cutting Apart of γ″ Precipitates by Dislocations Emitted from Nanoscale Surface Notches in Ni-Base Alloy 725

We present a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study that gives evidence for cutting apart of DO22 Ni3Nb γ″ precipitates by dislocations emitted from nanoscale notches on free surfac...
Active tunable substrate integrated evanescent-mode cavity resonator using negative resistance

A new active tunable substrate integrated evanescent-mode cavity resonator with gain is presented. Gain is achieved through loading the resonator with a negative resistance circuit. The negative resistance is realized using a single transistor circuit implemented on an extra circuit-board layer and coupled into the resonator using aperture coupling. A co-simulation of the electromagnetic structure and active circuit is used for the design of the active tunable resonator. The frequency tuning range of the resonator is from 2259 MHz to 2963 MHz (1.31:1). The resonator exhibits a gain of around 1 dB and a maximum loaded quality factor of 253.
The Non-Politics of Social Science Information: A Manifesto

If politics are based on the need, in any collectivity, to allocate scarce resources, then there should long ago have been a lively politics of social science information—but there has not been. However, political inaction can be attributed not only to non-scarcity, but also to the failure—for whatever reason—of affected persons to take action in their own interest. The fact that scarcities do plague the field of social science information—especially at the international level—will be apparent if one reflects on the following facts: • there is a growing output of social science research around the world, and much of it is carried out by scholars whose graduate education was completed at American universities; • in more and more countries there is an increasing output of primary data —news, survey returns, census data, trade statistics, government documents, plans, maps, archeological findings—that can be used very fruitfully by social scientists in their research; • the capacity of American researchers to secure support for research overseas , for field trips, for attendance at international conferences, and for the acquisition of foreign data has radically dwindled;
The other

In this issue of DATA BASE four Deans discuss the current state and the future of information systems within their Business Schools. They reflect on the malaise affecting academic information systems. This article examines the field in terms of its history, the nature of information systems work, and its potential future. It recognizes that people who work in IS are considered outsiders, THE OTHER, not only by the businesses in which they work but also by their business school colleagues. The paper draws lessons from what was done during the previous downturn in the 1990s and discusses the challenges the field faces. Looking at potential solutions for tomorrow, it considers such alternatives as reducing the glut of PhD's, redefining and updating the curriculum, riding the waves of change from new developments (e.g., Big Data, The Cloud), the formation of alliances with other fields, and moving information systems to independence of the Business School. Whether these approaches, either individually or in combination, are sufficient to change our reputation as THE OTHER is an open question.
Mourning Love: amor, luto e direitos em "Requiem sertanejo"

This paper employs as its theoretical framework Derrida's model of mourning to approach homosexuality and rights in Rick Santo's "Requiem sertanejo" (2011). This study proposes that "Requiem sertanejo", insinuates mourning as a constitutive process. This is achieved through the texts narrator's recounting of he and his ex-lover, Zeca's story that during their time together was silenced publicly, but mad public in this narrative of mourning. In doing so, the narrator confronts the legal legacy of policies such as "Don't ask, don't tell." At the same time, he reclaims his rights through public mourning.
Study on modeling and features of solid propellant air-turbo-rocket

A mathematical model for performance calculation of solid propellant air-turbo-rocket in design state was derived,and a relationship of fuel-air ratio in the chamber was put forward.The effects of compressor pressure ratio,turbine inlet fuel total temperature and turbine expansion ratio on the fuel-air ratio together with the design features of solid propellant air-turbo-rocket were analyzed.Based on the power balance condition of compressor and turbine,the mixing condition of eqivalent static pressure and the flow matching condition of the blast tube,a mathematical model for performance calculation of solid propellant air-turbo-rocket in off-design state was deduced.
Preventing type 2 diabetes: Changing the food industry.

Improving our global diet by working with the food industry is a fairly complex task. Previously the global food manufacturing companies and governments were the major players. However, matters have shifted rapidly so that food retailers, food manufacturers, the restaurant–food service sector, and agribusinesses are now the major players. The current modern system of packaged processed food has now penetrated the globe—rich and poor, rural and urban are all in reach of this food system. Consequently, working with this complex sector when possible and an array of governmental regulatory large-scale options to improve our diet have increased in importance. Taxation of unhealthy foods and beverages, marketing controls, and front of the package labeling are the primary current options. Evaluations of the impacts of both public and industry initiatives are needed.
[In the footsteps of Pinel at the Salpêtrière, concerning some unedited documents].

In 1802, the government transferred the treatment of all indigent mentally ill women in the Paris region to Salpetriere Hospice where Philippe Pinel was physician-in-chief. Four newly identified folio registers in the Paris hospital archives document how Pinel applied what he called "traitement moral" to the women under his care. He elaborated a method of supervised living and encouragement to work. The newly discovered case histories reveal that, in 3 years and 9 months - the timespan of Pinel's report to the Academy of Sciences - 265 out of 1077 patients returned to their families, but 107 women, though cured, remained under police supervision. There appears to be no follow-up study.
Feasibility and validation of 4D Pulse wave Imaging (PWI) in vitro: 3D automated estimation of regional Pulse Wave Velocity vector

Pulse wave Imaging (PWI) is a noninvasive technique for tracking the propagation of the pulse waves along the arterial wall. Estimation of regional Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) using 2D long-axis views of arterial vessels assumes propagation parallel to the imaging plane. 3D ultrasound imaging would aid in objectively estimating the PWV vector. The aims of this study were to introduce a novel method for PWV estimation along the direction of the wave propagation, and validate it in phantoms. Silicone vessel phantoms consisting of stiff and soft segments along the longitudinal axis were constructed and embedded into a very soft silicone background. A 2D array with a center frequency of 2.5 MHz was used to image each section using plane wave transmissions. Static and dynamic mechanical testing was used for PWV validation. The propagation was successfully visualized in 3D. PWVs were estimated in both the stiff (3.42 ± 0.23 m/s) and soft (2.41 ± 0.07 m/s) sections of the phantoms. Good agreement was found between the estimated PWVs and the corresponding static testing values (stiff. 3.41 m/s, soft. 2.48 m/s). Additionally, PWI-derived vessel compliance values were validated with dynamic testing. Thus, 4D PWI was successfully implemented and validated in silicone phantoms with plane waves at high volume rates.
Core transitional justice debates in the Middle East and beyond

Although the Middle East was relatively immune to emerging global transitional justice norms prior to the 2000s, academic and policy debates about transitional justice have been raging for more than three decades. In this chapter, I provide an overview of the major controversies, utilizing the transitional justice experiences of Middle Eastern countries to illustrate them. I begin by exploring the varied conceptions of justice that underlie these debates. Next, I examine four alleged trade-offs in transitional justice practice: truth vs. (retributive) justice; peace vs. (retributive) justice; local vs. global, largely Western, conceptions of justice; and a focus on civil and political rights vs. economic and social rights. I then explore themes in post-2011 transitional justice in the region. Often, governments have favored retribution, and have politically manipulated transitional justice processes. They also have used transitional justice to forestall genuine political transitions. As a result, it is unlikely that these processes will prove beneficial for society in the long run.
Methanogenic Biocathode Microbial Community Development and the Role of Bacteria

The cathode microbial community of a methanogenic bioelectrochemical system (BES) is key to the efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane (CH4) with application to biogas upgrading. The objective of this study was to compare the performance and microbial community composition of a biocathode inoculated with a mixed methanogenic (MM) culture to a biocathode inoculated with an enriched hydrogenotrophic methanogenic (EHM) culture, developed from the MM culture following pre-enrichment with H2 and CO2 as the only externally supplied electron donor and carbon source, respectively. Using an adjacent Ag/AgCl reference electrode, biocathode potential was poised at −0.8 V (versus SHE) using a potentiostat, with the bioanode acting as the counter electrode. When normalized to cathode biofilm biomass, the methane production in the MM- and EHM-biocathode was 0.153 ± 0.010 and 0.586 ± 0.029 mmol CH4/mg biomass-day, respectively. This study showed that H2/CO2 pre-enriched inoculum enhanced biocathode CH4 ...
Dynamics of Fracture Propagation

In discussing the fracture of solids under a single application of the load, generally one may differentiate three types of material response. The first is the so-called crystalline shatter of a defect-free crystal with an ideally uniform geometry and under ideally uniform external loads, or fragmentation of defect-free high strength brittle solids. In the case of perfect crystals the fracture may be a complete shatter of the material or the instantaneous rupture along a plane. In this case too the initial fracture may be followed by material fragmentation which will be discussed briefly later in this paper. The second type of response may arise in another ideal case in which the geometry and the microstructure of the medium and the external loads are such that the fracture nucleation and growth (i.e., the formation and propagation of microcracks) take place uniformly and simultaneously along a certain plane. In such a case the fracture propagation from each microcrack may have similar velocities. Even though these velocities may in themselves be somewhat limited, due to the multiplicity of fracture nuclei, the final phase of the fracture, i.e., the process of rapid crack propagation, may be of very short duration. A carefully grooved homogeneous thin sheet under uniform tension may come close to satisfying the conditions necessary for this type of fracture.
Opioid Prescription and Usage in Adolescents Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Background The proper use of opioid analgesia for postoperative pain management is controversial. While opioids are considered the standard of care for multimodal postoperative pain modulation in the United States, there is a lack of established protocols for prescribing opioids in adolescents undergoing outpatient orthopaedic surgery. The objective of this review was to identify and report on current literature on opioid prescription for pain management in adolescents undergoing all procedures, as well as in adults undergoing outpatient orthopaedic surgery. Methods A comprehensive literature search using PRISMA guidelines was performed to identify all articles relevant to opioid use in adolescents for postoperative pain and in adults following outpatient orthopaedic procedures. Results A total of 4,446 results were identified from databases and relevant journal web sites. Of these, 9 articles were selected that fit the criteria for review. Five studies discussed the dosage and type of opioids prescribed in adolescent populations, and 4 quantified patient self-administration in adult populations. Conclusions Adolescent opioid pain management following outpatient orthopaedic surgery is not documented. Current recommendations for opioid prescription in adolescents lack support and are primarily based on adult dosages. Adult studies suggest that opioid medications may be overprescribed following outpatient orthopaedic surgery. These results clearly indicate that there is a pressing need for quantitative research on pain management following outpatient orthopaedic surgery in the adolescent population in the United States. Clinical relevance There appear to be no studies on self-administered opioid pain medication following orthopaedic surgery in an adolescent population, suggesting that there is no objective basis for the current prescription recommendations.
Lifecycle comparison of selected Li-ion battery chemistries under grid and electric vehicle duty cycle combinations

Abstract Li-ion batteries are expected to play a vital role in stabilizing the electrical grid as solar and wind generation capacity becomes increasingly integrated into the electric infrastructure. This article describes how two different commercial Li-ion batteries based on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiFePO4 (LFP) chemistries were tested under grid duty cycles recently developed for two specific grid services: (1) frequency regulation (FR) and (2) peak shaving (PS) with and without being subjected to electric vehicle (EV) drive cycles. The lifecycle comparison derived from the capacity, round-trip efficiency (RTE), resistance, charge/discharge energy, and total used energy of the two battery chemistries are discussed. The LFP chemistry shows better stability for the energy-intensive PS service, while the NCA chemistry is more conducive to the FR service under the operating regimes investigated. The results can be used as a guideline for selection, deployment, operation, and cost analyses of Li-ion batteries used for different applications.
LOCALIZATION OF STRUCTURAL VIBRATION AND ACOUSTIC RADIATION THROUGH BOUNDARY CONDITIONING

Structural response and the resulting sound radiation due to excitations applied at any point on the structure depend very strongly on the boundary condition. Constraining structural vibration to t...
Children and Unhealthy Food Consumption: An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior.

Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. This study used the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) to better understand how social norms affect the eating behavior of child...
Future African Water Resources: Interactions between Soil Degradation and Global Warming

This study uses a well-established water balance methodology to evaluate the relative impact of global warming and soil degradation due to desertification on future African water resources. Using a baseline climatology, a GCM global warming scenario, a newly derived soil water-holding capacity data set, and a worldwide survey of soil degradation between 1950 and 1980, four climate and soil degradation scenarios are created to simulate the potential impact of global warming and soil degradation on African water resources for the 2010–2039 time period. Results indicate that, on a continental scale, the impact of global warming will be significantly greater than the impact of soil degradation. However, when only considering the locations where desertification is an issue (wet and dry climate regions), the potential effects of these two different human impacts on local water resources can be expected to be on the same order of magnitude. Drying associated with global warming is primarily the result of increased water demand (potential evapotranspiration) across the entire continent. While there are small increases in precipitation under global warming conditions, they are inadequate to meet the increased water demand. Soil degradation is most severe in highly populated, wet and dry climate regions and results in decreased water-holding capacities in these locations. This results in increased water surplus conditions during wet seasons when the soil's ability to absorb precipitation is reduced. At the same time, water deficits in these locations increase because of reduced soil water availability in the dry seasons. The net result of the combined scenarios is an intensification and extension of drought conditions during dry seasons.
Ion channels as novel pancreatic cancer biomarkers and targets

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels act as molecular sensors and transducers of diverse stimuli into cellular and physiological responses. Accumulating evidence has implicated the regulatory roles of TRP ion channels in various human diseases including malignancies. The requirement of the TRP melastatin-subfamily members, TRPM7 and TRPM8, in pancreatic development and cancer has been brought to light in recent discovery. Investigation of the mechanisms that mediate the functional roles of these TRP channels is expected to generate new insights into the pathogenesis of pancreatic neoplasia, and facilitate development of clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets toward the goal of personalized therapy in pancreatic cancer.
Modulation of redox reactions involved in DNA synthesis by oxygen and artificial electron acceptors

The study of the oxygen requirements for DNA synthesis in C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryonic fibroblasts offers several advantages for the understanding of mitogen-induced cell proliferation. Firstly, cell cycle kinetics have been well defined, and these cells are capable of being staged in Go/Gl so that the role of oxygen in different phases of the cell cycle can be evaluated. Further, these cells are capable of withstanding oxygen deprivation conditions necessary for removal of trace levels of dissolved oxygen which would mask the correct assessment of needs for oxygen.
SPHINCTER OF ODDI AND PANCREATIC SPHINCTER DYSMOTILITY

How a sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice may cause pain and suffering is based on an understanding of fluid hydraulics. The basic concept that allows one not only to investigate, but to understand the mechanisms and the etiologies that revolve around sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is the concept that fluids are non-compressible. While fluid can exert pressure, it is not compressible. Therefore, when one exposes fluid that is contained in the bile duct or the pancreatic duct to an obstructive force, the consequence is that the fluid will exert its pressure on the tissues within and around those ductal systems. The advent of manometric systems using micro-bore tubing in concert with very low compliance, high fidelity transducers, has allowed one the opportunity to investigate the level and character of the obstruction in these systems. Most investigators believe that when a sphincter of Oddi malfunctions, the type of malfunction can be divided into either a fixed high-pressure zone, which we will call an area of fibrosis, or an area of Papillary Stenosis. The alternative dysfunction of the sphincter Oddi is that of a motor dysfunction or a Dyskinesia. Therefore, in this text, we will be discussing diseases which evolve around fixed areas of fibrosis in sphincter of Oddi vs. a sphincter of Oddi that has an abnormal pattern of muscle function. Some patients may have a component of both diseases. This chapter will cover in some detail how and when to evaluate these patients. The main tool discussed in this chapter will be how and when to use manometry in the diagnosis and direction of treatment in patients with SOD.
Consequences of Mutations in Androgen Receptor Genes: Molecular Biology and Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals the consequences of mutations in androgen receptor genes. Androgens have effects on almost every tissue in the body. Receptors for androgens are highly conserved, and are found in organisms from yeast to humans. The importance of androgens and androgen receptors is well known with regard to the sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior during development. During adulthood, androgen receptors influence many essential functions ranging from sebaceous secretions of the skin to muscle mass. One of the most vital functions of androgen receptors is to mediate all aspects of sexual reproduction in males. Androgens act at receptor sites in target tissues, such as the testes and penis, as well as male accessory organs, such as the seminal vesicles and prostate, to effectuate sexual reproduction.
3D printed polyamide membranes for desalination

Polyamide thickness and roughness have been identified as critical properties that affect thin-film composite membrane performance for reverse osmosis. Conventional formation methodologies lack the ability to control these properties independently with high resolution or precision. An additive approach is presented that uses electrospraying to deposit monomers directly onto a substrate, where they react to form polyamide. The small droplet size coupled with low monomer concentrations result in polyamide films that are smoother and thinner than conventional polyamides, while the additive nature of the approach allows for control of thickness and roughness. Polyamide films are formed with a thickness that is controllable down to 4-nanometer increments and a roughness as low as 2 nanometers while still exhibiting good permselectivity relative to a commercial benchmarking membrane.
Growing community of artificial molecular machinists

Over the past decades, chemists have been pursuing the creation of man-made molecular machines with either designed engineering-like operations or with higher performances compared with biological machines. The promise of creating an artificial molecular world traces its origins in the well-known lecture of Richard Feynman, There’s plenty of room at the bottom (1). Feynman’s insights into the immense possibilities of such small artificial machines, assembled in a straightforward manner, were deeply inspiring for the scientific community. The design of machines on the molecular scale is not an easy task to accomplish. Instead of gravity and inertia, which are omnipresent in the macroscopic world, random thermal fluctuations are prevalent and dominate movements on the molecular scale. Two main approaches are being considered for the construction of artificial molecular machines (AMMs): namely, bio-inspiration and miniaturization. The former consists of integrating concepts from naturally occurring machines and unnatural building blocks into AMMs, while the latter involves engineering nano-devices based on the mechanical actions of macroscopic machines. Perhaps a better way to design AMMs with unprecedented functions would be to follow neither of these routes, but rather to construct molecularly precise architectures based on recent advances in supramolecular chemistry: explore what has not been built by Nature. This unnatural route would only share with the biological world its fundamental laws at small scales, but differentiates it from its working processes. It is clear that the design of AMMs is a critical step in the process. It requires novel chemical building blocks to assemble and produce functioning systems. In this regard, mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have paved the way for the synthesis of AMMs. MIMs, introduced by Jean-Pierre Sauvage (2) more than 30 years ago, signaled a breakthrough in introducing a new type of bond—the mechanical bond (3)—into chemistry. Examples of rotaxanes, catenanes, and other … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: stoddart{at}northwestern.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Coverage constrained spatial Co-clustering

Given two geometric spaces, a set of matched points between two geometric spaces, the Coverage Constrained Spatial Co-clustering (CCSCO) problem produces k co-clusters that honor the coverage constraint and minimize the total distances of the spatial points to their cluster center. The CCSCO problem is important for many societal applications, such as design of evacuation routes and resource allocation. The problem is NP-hard; it is computationally challenging because of the large size of spatial points and the coverage constraint. This paper proposes a novel approach, called Bipartite Space Shrinking (BSS), for finding k clusters that minimize the total distances of the points to their cluster center under the coverage constraint. To improve the performance, we introduce the Distance Map data structure to efficiently construct a CCSCO. Experiments using real-world New York City Taxi Trip datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the computational cost to create a CCSCO.
Reading Disorders/Dyslexia

Students with reading disorders may present with various academic challenges, including weaknesses in basic word reading, decoding, spelling, reading fluency, and comprehension, that may negatively impact their school performance and socioemotional functioning. This chapter will review the specific signs and symptoms of reading disorders, the current state of the scientific literature, and will include a description of the hallmark features of a specific type of reading disorder, dyslexia. Further, an overview of the neuropsychological assessment process as it relates to evaluation of reading disorders will be discussed, as well as other factors and disorders that commonly co-occur with reading challenges. Lastly, this chapter will highlight specific evidence-based interventions for remediating reading disorders, the importance of tailored educational planning, and strategies for supporting children and adolescents at home.
Decrease in Inflammation (CRP) and Heart Rate Through Mirthful Laughter

IntroductionWith the growth in life expectancy, there is a need for whole-person care that enhances Quality of Life. Humor associated mirthful laughter has proven to yield numerous whole person hea...
When the beverage is sweet, how does the liver feel?

The purpose of this paper is to both review the available data and also highlight the gaps in knowledge, regarding the link between pediatric NASH and different types of sweeteners including caloric sweeteners (CS) and non-caloric sweeteners (NCS). Studies have demonstrated that patients with NASH generally have had an unhealthy diet, characterized by on overconsumption of carbohydrates especially fructose. Mechanistically, a high-fructose diet reduces hepatic lipid oxidation, increases proinflammatory response, increases intestinal permeability, and decreases microbiome diversity. Consumption and availability of NCS has therefore been increasing dramatically. Most NCS are not considered to be metabolized in the body and therefore thought to be safe for consumption. It was reported that pharmacological properties of rebaudioside, a type of NCS, as a potential hepatoprotector are through anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic mechanisms, associated with enhancing glucose-induced insulin secretion and inducing the difference of microbiome diversity. Diet is an important factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and popular dietary patterns are contributing to the increased replacement of natural sweeteners with NCS. Screening for NAFLD by pediatricians and counseling on the avoidance of sugar-sweetened beverages are recommended. We feel that the various NCS available to the consumer today merit further investigation and may potentially have hitherto unknown effects on hepatic metabolic function.
Preoperative SRS pain score is the primary predictor of postoperative pain after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an observational retrospective study of pain outcomes from a registry of 1744 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.4 years.

Traditionally, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has not been associated with back pain, but the increasing literature has linked varying factors between pain and AIS and suggested that it is likely underreported. Our objective was to investigate factors associated with post-op pain in AIS. A prospectively collected multicenter registry was retrospectively queried. Pediatric patients with AIS having undergone a fusion with at least 2 years of follow-up were divided into two groups: (1) patients with a postoperative SRS pain score ≤ 3 or patients having a reported complication specifically of pain, and (2) patients with no pain. Patients with other complications associated with pain were excluded. Of 1744 patients, 215 (12%) experienced back pain after postoperative recovery. A total of 1529 patients (88%) had no complaints of pain, and 171 patients (10%) had pain as a complication, with 44 (2%) having an SRS pain score ≤ 3. The mean time from date of surgery to the first complaint of back pain was 25.6 ± 21.6 months. In multivariate analysis, curve type (16% of Lenke 1 and 2 curves vs. 10% of Lenke 5 and 6, p = 0.002) and a low preoperative SRS pain score (no pain 4.15 ± 0.67 vs. pain 3.75 ± 0.79, p < 0.001) were significant. When comparing T2–4 as the upper instrumented vertebrae in a subgroup of Lenke 1 and 2 curves, 9% of patients had pain when fused to T2, 13% when fused to T3, and 18% when fused to T4 (p = 0.002). 12% of all AIS patients who underwent fusion had back pain after postoperative recovery. The most consistent predictive factor of increased postoperative pain across all curve types was a low preoperative SRS pain score. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Laparoscopic hepatic lobectomy for symptomatic polycystic liver disease

Abstract Background Laparoscopic fenestration has largely replaced open fenestration of liver cysts. However, most hepatectomies for polycystic liver disease (PCLD) are performed open. Outcomes data on laparoscopic hepatectomy for PCLD are lacking. Methods Patients who underwent surgery for PCLD at a single institution between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed and grouped by operative approach. Pre- and post-operative volumes were calculated for patients who underwent resection. Primary outcomes were: volume reduction, re-admission and postoperative complications. Results Twenty-six patients were treated for PCLD: 13 laparoscopic fenestration, nine laparoscopic hepatectomy, three open hepatectomy and one liver transplantation. Median length of stay for patients after laparoscopic resection was 3 days (IQR 2–3). The only complication was post-operative atrial fibrillation in one patient. There were no readmissions. Overall volume reduction was 51% (range 22–69) for all resections, 32% (range 22–46) after open resection and 56% (range 39–69) after laparoscopic resection. Conclusion Volume reduction achieved through laparoscopic approach exceeded open volume reduction at this institution and is comparable to volume reduction in previously published open resection series. Adequate volume reduction can be accomplished by laparoscopic means with acceptable postoperative morbidity.
Impact of Provider-In-Triage in a Safety-Net Hospital.

Abstract Background Increasing emergency department (ED) utilization has contributed to ED overcrowding, with longer ED length of stay (EDLOS) and more patients leaving without being seen (LWBS), and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Previous studies of provider in triage (PIT) have shown decreased LWBS, but variable improvements in EDLOS. Objectives We evaluated the impact of PIT implementation in an urban safety-net hospital on commonly reported ED throughput metrics. Methods This before-and-after study was performed at an academic urban safety hospital. We implemented a PIT team that screened ambulatory ED patients for early discharge or expedited workup. The PIT intervention was implemented 3 days a week from January through April 2019. As controls, we compared throughput metrics from when PIT was unavailable (Group 2) and from 1 year prior (Group 3). Results There were significantly (p Conclusions We found significantly lower LWBS rates, shorter EDLOS, and shorter door-to-doctor times after PIT implementation. Compared with previous studies in a variety of settings, we found that PIT significantly improved LWBS and all throughput metrics in a safety net setting.
A Case of Traumatic Choroidopathy With Subretinal Fluid

Purpose:We report a unique case of blunt ocular trauma with subretinal fluid (SRF), presumed to be traumatic choroidopathy as evidenced by multimodal imaging.Methods:A case report is presented.Resu...
Stem Cell Delivery for the Treatment of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure

The arteriovenous fistula is the most commonly used method of vascular access for patients needing hemodialysis. This iatrogenic vascular connection allows for reliable access to high rates of blood flow needed for hemodialysis. After creating an arteriovenous fistula, the venous portion is anticipated to dilate and take on a more arterial morphology allowing for adequate blood flow and repeated cannulation. However, many fistulas fail to mature or develop delayed complications due to stenosis. The stenosis that occurs in arteriovenous fistulae results from venous neointimal hyperplasia. Instead of the desired dilation of the vessel lumen, cells proliferate and migrate toward the lumen. This negative remodeling eventually leads to stenosis. There are several underlying mechanisms, including hypoxia, inflammation, and shear stress, which drive venous neointimal hyperplasia. There has been a great deal of work aimed at reducing and preventing fistula failure with some benefit. Despite these advances, fistula failure remains a significant problem as only about 60% of fistulas remain patent at one year (Al-Jaishi et al., Am J Kidney Dis 63:464–478, 2014).