cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Medical-Surgical Patients Hospitalized in Community Settings

The authors examined the rates and correlates of depressive symptoms in adults over age 60 admitted to community hospital settings and compared them with patients admitted to a tertiary-care medical center. Rates of depressive symptoms in patients admitted to five different community hospitals in North Carolina were compared with each other and with a sample of 542 elderly medical patients admitted to Duke University Medical Center (DUMC). Compared with patients at DUMC, community-hospital patients were older and had more cognitive impairment, but had less severe medical illness and shorter hospital stays. The proportion of depressed community patients was significantly higher than among patients admitted to DUMC. In four of the five community hospitals, rates of significant depressive symptoms exceeded 50%. Health correlates of depression were admitting diagnoses other than cardiovascular disease, poor cognitive functioning, and severe medical illness.
Improvement on reactivity of cementitious waste materials by mechanochemical activation

Combinations of two waste materials were used to develop cementitious material through mechanochemical activation. Activation is accomplished through the use of attrition mill grinding. Energy absorbed by the material on impact may result in a modification of the particle surfaces by introducing dislocations, point defects, and other structural defects. This leads to materials with increased surface free energy, which makes them more reactive. Properties, including X-ray diffraction, initial set of time and particle size distribution, are determined. The results indicate that separate grinding of the two materials is most effective at activating the materials and provide the best properties of the paste.
Tailored Analyses of the WN 8 Stars WR 40 and WR 16

We present the results of tailored spectral analyses of two WN 8 Wolf-Rayet stars: WR 40 (HD 96548) and WR 16 (HD 86161). These analyses were carried out utilizing line-blanketed non-LTE model atmospheres with provisions for a clumped wind. For the first time in WN analyses, stellar parameters are derived by attempting to match the entire observed spectrum from 900 to 35000 A, including the complex iron pseudocontinuum between 1200-2100 A. The inclusion of iron and other metals (O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, and Ca) in the model atmosphere results in a decrease in derived stellar radii by ~20% from previous, nitrogen-line analyses, while mass-loss rates are decreased by a factor of ~3 owing to clumping. The abundance of iron and other metals are constrained with uncertainties of about 50%, demonstrating that Wolf-Rayet stars can be used to determine metallicities and metallicity gradients in other galaxies. We find the presence of metals significantly increases the radiative line force the wind experiences, allowing the outer wind to be driven to its theoretical velocity structure and coming within a factor of 5 of the needed line force in the inner region (an improvement over earlier radiative transfer models). Coupled with the substantial reduction in the derived performance numbers (factor of ~3), this indicates that radiation pressure alone may be sufficient to drive the winds of WN 8 stars. Our model parameters achieve good fits simultaneously to the H, He, and N III-IV features of the spectra, a feat that has eluded previous efforts. Comprehensive identification of lines and line complexes are provided, and the effects of the inclusion of metals on the strengths of diagnostic lines are discussed.
Trajectory analysis of healthcare costs for patients with major depressive disorder treated with high doses of duloxetine

AbstractObjective:To examine healthcare cost patterns prior to and following duloxetine initiation in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), focusing on patients initiated at or titrated to high doses.Research design and methods:Retrospective analysis of 10,987 outpatients, aged 18–64 years, who were enrolled in health insurance for 6 months preceding and 12 months following duloxetine initiation.Outcome measures:Repeated measures and pre–post analyses were used to examine healthcare cost trajectories before and after initiation of low- ( 60 mg/day) duloxetine therapy. Decision tree analysis was used to identify patient characteristics that might explain heterogeneity in economic outcomes following titration to high-dose therapy.Results:Low-, standard-, and high-dose duloxetine were initiated for 29.6%, 60.9%, and 9.5% of patients, respectively. Within 6 months, 13.7% of patients had dose increases to > 60 mg/day. Regardless of dose, total costs i...
Agonist-dependent generation of lipoxins from rat basophilic leukemia cell (RBL-1).

Abstract Incubation of RBL-1 cells in the presence of 15-HPETE and various agonists generated lipoxins and several isomers. Addition of either A23187, fMLP or PMA modulated the number of isomers and amount of lipoxins produced. Administration of A23187 yielded the largest amount of product (5.3 ± 1.6 μ g per 10 8 cells and generated a total of six and three isomers of LXA 4 and B 4 , respectively. This was 2-fold greater than fMLP, which produced a total of two isomers of LXA 4 and LXB 4 . Addition of PMA generated only LXA 4 (0.68 ± 0.26 μ g). This is similar to the control receiving only 15-HPETE. Biologically derived LXA 4 (3 nM) isolated from RBL-1 incubations contracted a rat tail artery preparation to 12% of the maximum induced by phenylephrine (0.125 μM), whereas LXA 4 standard (3 nM) elicited 17.6% of the maximum contraction. These results indicate that RBL-1 cells can utilize exogenous 15-HPETE to generate biologically active lipoxins. Further, the yield and isomers of lipoxins can be modified by different agonists.
Comparison of microtransducer and fiberoptic catheters for urodynamic studies

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reproducibility of a fiberoptic transducer urodynamic catheter for urethral closure pressure profiles and leak point pressure determination, using a microtransducer catheter as the standard. METHODS: Ninety women without significant pelvic organ prolapse underwent urodynamic evaluations with both fiberoptic and microtransducer catheters. Maximal urethral closure pressures and “leak point pressures” were repeatedly measured by the two catheters and statistically compared. The order of catheter use was randomized. RESULTS: Significantly lower mean maximal urethral closure pressures were recorded by the fiberoptic system than by the microtransducer system (28.9 cmH2O 6 17.3 versus 43.2 cmH2O 6 24.9, P < .001). The fiberoptic catheter predicted microtransducer values for maximum urethral closure pressure only within a range of 27 cmH2O. Mean “leak point pressure” recorded by the fiberoptic catheters (66.9 cmH2O 6 2.9) was not significantly different than that recorded by the microtransducer catheters (66.4 cmH2O 6 2.9, P 5 .97). CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference between maximum urethral closure pressure values recorded by the microtransducer and fiberoptic catheter systems. No significant difference was found between the two systems in measurement of Valsalva “leak point pressure.” (Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:253‐7. © 2001 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.)
Development and evaluation of a rapid PCR method for the PowerPlex®S5 system for forensic DNA profiling

Abstract Forensic DNA profiling is a multi-step process taking approximately 10h to complete. A reduction in the amount of time required for the amplification step would allow for faster human identification and increase laboratory throughput. The goal of this work was to optimize and evaluate a rapid PCR method for the PowerPlex®S5 system for forensic DNA profiling. By pairing fast chemistries with a fast thermal cycler, we were able to reduce the amplification time by 70% (1h). Sensitivity and heterozygous peak height ratios were comparable between the fast and standard protocols. However, there was a notable decrease (5%) in peak height ratio at the D18S51 locus with the fast cycling method. An increase in average mean stutter for combined loci of 2.6% was observed in profiles amplified using the fast protocol compared to the standard system. Our results suggest that with further optimization and validation the fast protocol can be used to replace the standard amplification conditions.
Exploring the use of Wikis for information sharing in interdisciplinary design

Interdisciplinary design is challenging, in large measure, because of the difficulty in communicating and coordinating across disciplines. Many tools have been developed and used to support information sharing in design, and the use of WWW technology is becoming increasingly important for the sharing of information. Wikis, in particular, have been claimed to support collaboration and information sharing. The backing for this claim, however, has not been rigorously assessed and to date few empirical studies have appeared in the literature. For my dissertation, I am conducting a field study of interdisciplinary design projects, seeking to discover how wikis enable information sharing in software development projects. The research findings will expand our understanding of information sharing behavior of design professionals. It will also provide empirical evidence on the use of wikis in design work, which will be used to develop guidelines on the effective use of wikis to support design collaboration.
Research on matrix converter operated as static reactive power generator

This paper investigates matrix converter operated as static reactive power generator. The advantage of matrix converter is low maintain cost and long operation life. The grid voltage oriented control strategy is studied, reactive power can be controlled without DC capacitor. In addition, since matrix converter worked as three phase buck converter, a new working topology of matrix converter is proposed. The proposed matrix converter control scheme are verified by MATLAB simulation.
A note on the tan δ(T) peak as a glass transition indicator in biosolids

The plasticization of many biosolids can take place over a fairly broad temperature range. The resulting loss of stiffness is primarily expressed by a drastic drop of G′(T) whose magnitude is usually higher than G″(T) by one or two orders of magnitude. Both G′(T) and G″(T) have characteristic properties that can vary widely among biomaterials. Consequently, the tan δ(T) peak need not be a mark of the transition center and it can be observed at temperatures where different materials have undergone a very different degree of plasticization as judged by the magnitude of G′(T). This is demonstrated by computer simulations using typical functions that describe G′(T) and G″(T) at the glass transition region and with published data on the dynamic mechanical behavior of a variety of biosolids.
Design and implementation of a framework for software-defined middlebox networking

Middleboxes (MBs) are used widely to ensure security (e.g., intrusion detection systems), improve performance (e.g., WAN optimizers), and provide other novel network functionality [4, 6]. Recently, researchers have proposed several new architectures for MB deployment, including Stratos [2], CoMb [4], and APLOMB [6]. These frameworks all advocate dynamic deployment of software-based MBs with the goal of increasing flexibility, improving efficiency, and reducing management overhead. However, approaches for controlling the behavior of MBs (i.e., how MBs examine and modify network traffic) remain limited. Today, configuration policies and parameters are manipulated using narrow, MB-specific configuration interfaces, while internal algorithms and state are completely inaccessible and unmodifiable. This apparent lack of finegrained control over MBs and their state precludes correct and performant implementation of control scenarios that involve re-allocating live flows across MBs: e.g., server migration, scale up/down of MBs to meet cost-performance trade-offs, recovery from network or MB failures, etc. Several key requirements must be satisfied to effectively support the above scenarios. To illustrate these requirements, we consider a scenario where MB instances are added and removed based on current network load [2] (Figure 1). When scaling up, some in-progress flows may need to be moved to a new MB instance to reduce the load on the original instance. To preserve the correctness and fidelity of MB operations, the new instance must receive the internal MB state associated with the moved flows, while the old instance still has the internal state associated with the remaining flows. For some MBs (e.g., an intrusion prevention
Plasma potassium after halothane—suxamethonium induction in children

Summary The changes in plasma potassium following inhalation induction of anaesthesia with halothane followed by suxamethonium were studied in 48 normal children aged 1 to 10 years. Highly significant increases were found in both age groups studied (5 years and under, and 6 to 10 years). The mean percentage increase in plasma potassium and the proportion of children in whom an increase of 0.4 mmol/litre or greater was found, were both greater than in an earlier study on children after thiopentone induction and suxamethonium.
Energy spectrum and charge-density-wave instability of a double quantum well in a magnetic field.

Treating the electrons in the Hartree-Fock approximation, we study the wave-vector dependence of the spin-density excitations and the charge-density excitations of a double-quantum-well (DQW) system in a strong magnetic field with total \ensuremath{\nu}=1. We conclude that as the distance between the wells increases, the DQW system undergoes a phase transition, probably to a charge-density-wave state. We discuss the possible effects of this phase transition on the quantum Hall effect.
Kyle v. Kyle (’85 v. ’89)

We characterize equilibrium outcomes in a Kyle demand-submission market model of speculative trade. This market design mirrors that used at open on most exchanges, as well as the auction format used for many IPOs. We contrast equilibrium outcomes with those that obtain in the corresponding competitive market maker structure. We prove that the two market structures yield identical total speculator profits only if their signals are independently distributed. If the signals of speculators are correlated in any way, market design matters: the demand-submission market design increases competition, drives down speculator profit, and leads to more informative prices. We argue that these facts explain the prevalence of the demand-submission market design.
59Fe absorption by chickens.

Abstract No quantitative information is available on the absorption of iron by chickens. Elvehjem and Hart (1929) demonstrated that an anemia of chickens fed a milk diet could be corrected by iron and copper supplementation. Hill and Matrone (1961) reported extensive studies on the metabolism and requirements of growing chickens for iron and copper and concluded from their results that 4 p.p.m. of copper and 40 p.p.m. of iron were needed in the diet to satisfy the chickens’ requirements for these elements. This study was initiated to determine to what extent an oral 59Fe dose could be absorbed by chickens receiving diets deficient or adequate in iron and copper. EXPERIMENTAL Eighty, day-old New Hampshire female chickens were fed the skim milk diet described by Hill and Matrone (1961) supplemented with 100 p.p.m. of Fe and 10 p.p.m. Cu for two weeks. They were then divided into two groups: one was fed . . .
Isolation of antigen-binding membrane molecules from an antigen-specific T-cell hybrid

Abstract Cell surface-radiodinated proteins of a murine T-cell hybrid specific for and able to bind azobenzenearsonate were isolated by adsorption to Sepharose beads conjugated with a rabbit antiserum to murine T-cell antigen-binding molecules. These isolated proteins, Mr 72,000, were found to bind specifically azobenzenearsonate while proteins isolated in this manner from the tumor parent BW5147 did not bind azobenzenearsonate. Similar cell surface proteins were isolated by affinity for antigen and immunoprecipitated with an antiserum to T-cell antigen-binding molecules. The results suggest that antigen-binding T cells express T-cell antigen-binding molecules as membrane receptors for antigen.
Association of Eleven Common, Low-Penetrance Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Genetic Variants at Six Risk Loci with Clinical Outcome

Background Low-penetrance genetic variants have been increasingly recognized to influence the risk of tumor development. Risk variants for colorectal cancer (CRC) have been mapped to chromosome positions 8q23.3, 8q24, 9p24.1, 10p14, 11q23, 14q22.2, 15q13, 16q22.1, 18q21, 19q13.1 and 20p12.3. In particular, the 8q24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6983267, has reproducibly been associated with the risk of developing CRC. As the CRC risk SNPs may also influence disease outcome, thus in this study, we evaluated whether they influence patient survival.
Application of a SPME-IMS detection system for explosives detection

The detection of illicit explosives in a large room, container, or cargo hold is problematic due to the current limitations in sampling and detection of explosives and to the size and time constraints of the search. Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME) can be used to rapidly extract volatile and semi-volatile compounds from the headspace of an explosive and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid presumptive organic detection technique that has already found widespread use in the detection of hidden explosives. SPME has recently been coupled to IMS as a sample pre-concentration device in order to improve the detection of explosives concealed in open areas. Detection limits have been determined for the following taggants: 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT), 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT), 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitro butane (DMNB) and the following volatile explosive compounds: 2,4-dinitrotoluene, (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT). Nitrocellulose (NC) is also capable of being detected by the SPME-IMS system on a reliable basis. Results from these experiments point towards the usefulness of this technique as a potential screening tool for explosive compounds. Mass transport experiments are being conducted to determine the compound concentration in a flow of air for detection to occur. Further work will also be conducted using explosive odor signature compounds as potential illicit explosive detection compounds.
Psychosocial predictors of primiparous breastfeeding initiation and duration.

Background: Many US women fall short of meeting the recommendations on breastfeeding.Whereas prenatal demographic factors have been well researched in relation to breastfeeding,psychosocial maternal characteristics are less understood but could be important predictors ofbreastfeeding initiation and duration. Objective: This study examined primiparous maternal psychosocial characteristics andtemperamentally based negative infant affect as predictors of breastfeeding initiation andduration while accounting for depression and sociodemographic covariates. Methods: Prenatally, 237 primiparous women were administered the Adult AttachmentInterview and completed a measure of beliefs related to infant crying. At 6 months postpartum,negative infant affect was assessed via mother report. Breastfeeding was assessed at 6 monthsand 1 year postpartum via mother report. Results: Results indicated that younger, low income, less educated, single, ethnic minoritymothers and mothers with elevated depressive symptoms were less likely to initiate breastfeedingand breastfed for a shorter period than other women. Women who initiated breastfeeding tendedto have higher adult attachment coherence scores (more secure attachment) than those who didnot initiate breastfeeding (median score of 6.00 vs 4.00). An interaction was observed betweennegative infant affect and beliefs about crying related to spoiling, such that earlier cessation ofbreastfeeding was observed among mothers who reported high levels of negative infant affectand strongly endorsed the belief that responding to cries spoils infants (hazard ratio = 1.71, P Conclusion: Although these psychosocial variables predicted relatively little variation inbreastfeeding over and above covariates, the results suggest some novel approaches to promotebreastfeeding.
EFFECTS OF PHRASING OF THE ISSUE ON REASON GIVING IN SUPPORT OF BOTH SIDES OF THE ISSUE

Summary.-The data suggest that, when asked to give reasons in support of their own policy position and of the opposing policy position on an issue, Ss tend in general to think in terms of the consequences of the alternative to the current policy rather than in terrcs of the consequences of the current policy itself. Several possible implications of this finding were mentioned. Justification for a pollcy can be derived in part from several general kinds of perceived relations between the policy and certain of its consequences. Adopting the policy can have good or bad consequences, and not adopting it (or adopting its negation or any of che alternatives) can have bad or good consequences. In several previous studies (Weiss, 1965; Weiss & Solomon, 1966, 1967), the pattern of reason giving was such that emphasis was placed on the consequences that would flow from the stared policy, whecher or not the reasons were being offered in support of or in opposition to the policy; much less frequently or rarely were reasons given that referred to consequences of not adopting che policy. These pacterns were not affected by Ss' own positions nor by whether they were s~lpporting their positions or offering reasons in supporc of the opposice point of view. Since in each of these studies, the issue was phrased only in terms of a change of current policy (e.g., Communist China should be admitted to the UN), it is possible that chis style of reason giving resulted from the particular phrasing of the issue and would not have occurred to the same extent or at all if a phrasing asserting the continuance of the current policy had been employed. The purpose of the currenc study was to test this possibility. METHOD Topics The cwo topics chosen for this study were the iss~~es of admitting Communisc China into the United Nations and charging undergraduates tuition at the City University. Since both had been used in previons research (Weiss, 1965; Weiss & Solomon, 1966, 1967), information was available concerning the likely distributions of attitudes, the types of reasons offered in si~pporc of each side, and the relative personal importance of each issue. At the time the current research was conducted (July-Augusc 1966), both were "live" issues.
Towards a heuristic theory of problem structuring

Management science is concerned with understanding and improving action-oriented managerial thought. While it has addressed this concern through decision making research, there is an alternative conceptualization—the problem solving paradigm—that appears to offer a valuable complementary perspective. This paper develops the foundations of a theory of managerial problem solving. It analyzes the concept of “problem structure” and proposes a conceptualization satisfying relevant criteria. The concept is used in the development of an informal theory of problem structuring. Several structuring methodologies are assessed and an approach pertinent to real world, managerial problems is proposed.
Design and construction of an ultra-low-background 14-crystal germanium array for high efficiency and coincidence measurements

Physics experiments, environmental surveillance, and treaty verification techniques continue to require increased sensitivity for detecting and quantifying radionuclides of interest. This can be done by detecting a greater fraction of gamma emissions from a sample (higher detection efficiency) and reducing instrument backgrounds. A current effort for increased sensitivity in high resolution gamma spectroscopy will produce an intrinsic germanium (HPGe) array designed for high detection efficiency, ultra-low-background performance, and useful coincidence efficiencies. The system design is optimized to accommodate filter paper samples, e.g. samples collected by the Radionuclide Aerosol Sampler/Analyzer (RASA). The system will provide high sensitivity for weak collections on atmospheric filter samples, as well as offering the potential to gather additional information from more active filters using gamma cascade coincidence detection. The current effort is constructing an ultra-low-background HPGe crystal array consisting of two vacuum cryostats, each housing a hexagonal array of 7 crystals on the order of 70% relative efficiency per crystal. Traditional methods for constructing ultra-low-background detectors are used, including use of materials known to be low in radioactive contaminants, use of ultra pure reagents, clean room assembly, etc. The cryostat will be constructed mainly from copper electroformed into near-final geometry at PNNL. Details of the detector design, simulation of efficiency and coincidence performance, HPGe crystal testing, and progress on cryostat construction are presented.
In vivo Muscarinic Cholingeric Receptor Imaging in Human Brain with [11C]Scopolamine and Positron Emission Tomography

Cerebral muscarinic cholinergic receptors were imaged and regionally quantified in vivo in humans with the use of [11C]scopolamine and positron emission tomography. Previous studies in experimental animals have suggested the utility of radiolabeled scopolamine for in vivo measurements, on the bases of its maintained pharmacologic specificity following systemic administration and the exclusion of labeled metabolites from the brain. The present studies describe the cerebral distribution kinetics of [11C]scopolamine in normal subjects following intravenous injection. Scopolamine is initially delivered to brain in a perfusion-directed pattern. After 30 to 60 min, activity is lost preferentially from cerebral structures with low muscarinic receptor density including the cerebellum and thalamus. Activity continues to accumulate throughout a 2 h postinjection period in receptor-rich areas including cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. The late regional concentration of [11C]scopolamine does not, however, accurately parallel known differences in muscarinic receptor numbers in these receptor-rich areas. Tracer kinetic analysis of the data, performed on the basis of a three-compartment model, provides receptor binding estimates in good agreement with prior in vitro measurements. Kinetic analysis confirms significant contributions of ligand delivery and extraction to the late distribution of [11C]scopolamine, reconciling the discrepancy between receptor levels and tracer concentration. Finally, a novel dual-isotope method for rapid chromatographic processing of arterial blood samples in radiotracer studies is presented. The combination of rapid chromatography and compartmental analysis of tracer distribution should have broad utility in future in vivo studies with short-lived radioligands.
Design and process co-optimization for 28nm/22nm and beyond - A foundry's perspective

This paper presents challenges in the advanced process technologies, and the need to adopt a new collaboration model between the designer and the foundry.
A NOTE ON LEAST ABSOLUTE DEVIATION ESTIMATION OF A THRESHOLD MODEL

This paper develops the limit law for the least absolute deviation estimator of the threshold parameter in linear regression. In this respect, we extend the literature of threshold models. The existing literature considers only the least squares estimation of the threshold parameter (see Chan, 1993, Annals of Statistics 21, 520–533; Hansen, 2000, Econometrica 68, 575–605). This result is useful because in the case of heavy-tailed errors there is an efficiency loss resulting from the use of least squares. Also, for the first time in the literature, we derive the limit law for the likelihood ratio test for the threshold parameter using the least absolute deviation technique.
Depletion of glutathione in vivo as a method of improving the therapeutic ratio of misonidazole and SR 2508

Abstract Depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) can enhance misonidazole (MISO) radiosensitizing efficacy both in vivo and in vitro . However, such treatments may also enhance the systemic toxicity in animals. The purpose of the present study was to test various ways of depleting GSH levels in a variety of experimental mouse tumors, to measure the improvement in the efficacy of MISO and its less toxic analog SR 2508 by this depletion, and to determine the effect of daily GSH depletion on the toxicity of MISO and SR 2508. GSH levels were measured daily for 5 days in tumors, livers and brains of mice injected daily with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), with or without diethylmaleate (DEM). To investigate tumor variability we studied 5 different tumors: EMT-6, RIF-1, KHT, SCC VII, and B16 melanoma. The efficacy of MISO and SR 2508 was evaluated using the KHT and SCC VII tumors either by the regrowth delay assay or by the in vivo/in vitro clonogenic assay. The drug toxicity was evaluated by weight loss and by death. Daily doses of 3 mmole/kg BSO depleted tumor levels of GSH to 20 to 40% of controls by 6 hr after each injection. Injection of DEM (300 mg/kg) 6 hr after BSO further enhanced the depletion. Administration of MISO or SR 2508 at the time of maximum GSH depletion enhanced the MISO efficacy by factors of 2.5 to 8 for depletion to 8% of controls by BSO + DEM, but no enhancement of SR 2508 was seen with tumors at 20% GSH levels achieved with BSO alone in the preliminary experiment. The chronic toxicity of MISO was enhanced not at all or by a factor of up to 2 for BSO and BSO + DEM respectively. Further studies are needed before it can be concluded that GSH depletion by BSO alone may be a useful adjunct to the clinical use of radiosensitizers.
Explaining regional variation in business births and deaths: U.S. 1976–88

Linear models are developed to determine the relative impact of 15 start-up processes on the annual regional birth rate of new business organizations for all industry sectors in the U.S. over 6 two-year periods. These stable linear models explained from 50–70|X% of the variation in regional firm birth and death rates up to 16 years into the future. Start-up processes that have the most impact involve regional economic diversity; population growth; greater personal wealth; presence of mid-career adults; low unemployment; and greater flexibility in employment relationships. There was a complete absence of any impact of regional variation associated with higher densities of customers, suppliers, workers, RD costs of production; or access to national transportation facilities.
p53 Independent epigenetic-differentiation treatment in xenotransplant models of acute myeloid leukemia

Suppression of apoptosis by TP53 mutation contributes to resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to conventional cytotoxic treatment. Using differentiation to induce irreversible cell cycle exit in AML cells could be a p53-independent treatment alternative, however, this possibility requires evaluation. In vitro and in vivo regimens of the deoxycytidine analogue decitabine that deplete the chromatin-modifying enzyme DNA methyl-transferase 1 without phosphorylating p53 or inducing early apoptosis were determined. These decitabine regimens but not equimolar DNA-damaging cytarabine upregulated the key late differentiation factors CCAAT enhancer-binding protein ɛ and p27/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B), induced cellular differentiation and terminated AML cell cycle, even in cytarabine-resistant p53- and p16/CDKN2A-null AML cells. Leukemia initiation by xenotransplanted AML cells was abrogated but normal hematopoietic stem cell engraftment was preserved. In vivo, the low toxicity allowed frequent drug administration to increase exposure, an important consideration for S phase specific decitabine therapy. In xenotransplant models of p53-null and relapsed/refractory AML, the non-cytotoxic regimen significantly extended survival compared with conventional cytotoxic cytarabine. Modifying in vivo dose and schedule to emphasize this pathway of decitabine action can bypass a mechanism of resistance to standard therapy.
Defects in amorphous silicon — Extrinsic or intrinsic?*

Competing types of models of dangling-bond defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon are analyzed in the light of recent advances in descriptions of light-induced defects such as saturation of their density and stretched-exponential kinetics. The familiar intrinsic models (Si-Si bond breaking) are found to have several serious problems—more than generally recognized—while extrinsic models have few. In particular, for the rehybridized two-site model based on foreign atoms, the one important need is to explain defects in undoped material.
Criteria for equality of radicals of ideals

Abstract We provide criteria for equality of the radicals of ideals in terms of the grades of their specializations. As an application we compute up to radicals the ideals of maximal minors for the differentials in two classes of complexes associated with a map of free modules.
A compact 3D imaging laser radar system using Geiger-mode APD arrays: system and measurements

MIT Lincoln Laboratory continues the development of novel high-resolution 3D imaging laser radar technology and sensor systems. The sensor system described in detail here uses a passively Q-switched solid-state frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser to transmit short laser pulses (~ 700 ps FWHM) at 532 nm wavelength and derive the range to target surface element by measuring the time-of-flight for each pixel. The single photoelectron detection efficiency has been measured to be > 20 % using these Silicon Geiger-mode APDs at room temperature. The pulse out of the detector is used to stop a > 500 MHz digital clock integrated within the focal-plane array. With appropriate optics, the 32x32 array of digital time values represents a 3D spatial image frame of the scene. Successive image frames from the multi-kilohertz pulse repetition rate laser pulses are accumulated into range histograms to provide 3D volume and intensity information. In this paper, we report on a prototype sensor system, which has recently been developed using new 32x32 arrays of Geiger-mode APDs with 0.35 μm CMOS digital timing circuits at each pixel. Here we describe the sensor system development and present recent measurements of laboratory test data and field imagery.
Soybean leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a/b ratio

The objective of this study was to assess genotypic variation in soybean chlorophyll (Chl) content and composition, and to test if these data could be used as a rapid screening method to predict genotypic variation in leaf tissue N content. Chl contents and composition were examined among 833 soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) accessions and related to SPAD meter readings and leaf N content. In the initial year of the study (2002), the relationship between leaf Chl and leaf N contents (r2 = 0.043) was not sufficiently close for Chl to be useful as a predictive tool for leaf N content. Therefore, leaf N content was not determined in 2004 but samples were again collected for determination of Chl content and composition. In 2002, the soybean accessions separated into two distinct groups according to leaf Chl a/b ratios, with the majority of a mean ratio of 3.79. However, approximately 7 % (60) of the genotypes could be readily assigned to a group with a mean Chl a/b ratio of 2.67. Chl a/b analyses in 2004 confirmed the results obtained in 2002 and of 202 genotypes, all but 6 fell into the same group as in 2002.
Application of Modified Gram-Schmidt procedure to obtain induced currents on a section of a large body

In this work, we present a method of moments solution procedure to obtain induced currents on a section of a large conducting body due to a plane wave incidence without solving the whole problem. The solution procedure is based on the application of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure. The currents obtained on the selected portion of the structure are exact, in the sense that the same currents would be obtained by solving the complete problem. Further, this procedure is also useful to obtain the complete solution of the body. The new approach is simple, efficient, and can be easily applied to both antenna and scattering problems. Preliminary results are presented to validate the numerical procedure.
Unwanted Slaves: The Punishment of Transportation and the Making of Legal Subjects in Early Nineteenth-Century Martinique

In August 1826, the Royal Court of Martinique convened to hear a case brought by le Sieur Asselin, a leading planter who also served as commanding officer of the local militia in the town of Le Car...
Signal recognition by frogs in the presence of temporally fluctuating chorus-shaped noise

The background noise generated in large social aggregations of calling individuals is a potent source of auditory masking for animals that communicate acoustically. Despite similarities with the so-called cocktail party problem in humans, few studies have explicitly investigated how nonhuman animals solve the perceptual task of separating biologically relevant acoustic signals from ambient background noise. Under certain conditions, humans experience a release from auditory masking when speech is presented in speech-like masking noise that fluctuates in amplitude. We tested the hypothesis that females of Cope’s gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) experience masking release in artificial chorus noise that fluctuates in level at modulations rates characteristic of those present in ambient chorus noise. We estimated thresholds for recognizing conspecific advertisement calls (pulse rate = 40–50 pulses/s) in the presence of unmodulated and sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) chorus-shaped masking noise. We tested two rates of modulation (5 and 45 Hz) because the sounds of frog choruses are modulated at low rates (e.g., less than 5–10 Hz) and because those of species with pulsatile signals are additionally modulated at higher rates typical of the pulse rate of calls (e.g., between 15 and 50 Hz). Recognition thresholds were similar in the unmodulated and 5-Hz SAM conditions and 12 dB higher in the 45-Hz SAM condition. These results did not support the hypothesis that female gray treefrogs experience masking release in temporally fluctuating chorus-shaped noise. We discuss our results in terms of modulation masking and hypothesize that natural amplitude fluctuations in ambient chorus noise may impair mating call perception.
Correlates of Weight Patterns during Middle Age Characterized by Functional Principal Components Analysis

Purpose Describing weight trajectories using functional methods may further our understanding of how weight impacts health. We characterize weight patterns and describe correlates of these patterns. Methods Using a subset of the Framingham Heart Study original cohort limited-access data set (n = 1,429), we conducted a functional principal components analysis (PCA) of body mass index from 40 to 55 years of age. Scores from the principal component functions defined weight patterns. Gender-specific logistic regression models provided estimates of association with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results Overall weight status, weight changes, and cycling emerged as weight patterns during middle age. Overweight/obesity at 25 years was the most consistent correlate of weight patterns (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] for men and women were 14.2 and 3.7 for overall overweight, 99.5 and 28.3 for overall obese, and 1.4 and 3.9 for cycling). Weight status at 25 years was not associated with weight gain in either gender or weight loss in men; for women the AOR was 2.7 for weight loss. Conclusions Functional PCA described weight patterns during middle age. The strong associations between weight status at 25 years and overall weight status and cycling during middle age underscore the importance of addressing weight earlier in life.
Hot Electrons Cross Boundaries

Devices based on gold nanostructures that convert absorbed light into electrical current can be used to detect near-infrared light.
A two-dimensional copper(II) molybdate, [{Cu2(tpyprz)}Mo8O26] (tpyprz is 2,3,5,6-tetra-2-pyridyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine)

In the title compound, poly[μ2-2,3,5,6-tetra-2-pyridyl-1,4-dihydro­pyrazine-μ-hexa­cosa­oxidoocta­molybdato-dicopper(II)], [Cu2Mo8O26(C24H16N6)], the organic linker 2,3,5,6-tetra-2-pyridyl-1,4-dihydro­pyrazine (tpyprz) brings together four [Mo8O26]4− clusters through the cationic bridge [Cu2(tpyprz)]4+ to from a two-dimensional layer. The copper(II) cation is five-coordinate in a distorted square-pyramidal configuration, bonding to three N atoms from the tpyprz ligand and two terminal O atoms from the molybdenum cluster. The [Mo8O26]4− cluster shows bonding only through the terminal O atoms attached to the octa­hedrally coordinated Mo atom along the central axis of the cluster.
A time-dependent availability measure for a repairable system subject to catastrophic failures

Attention is given to a repairable system which is subject to catastrophic failures while it is in operation or under repair. The topic of investigation is the time-dependent point availability measure of the system, which is obtained in terms of the repair and failure time distributions and in the form of convolution integrals that are readily evaluated by means of known computational algorithms. Also derived are expressions for this measure that are useful for estimating the parameters of the model according to the data available. An application of the model is considered. >
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF ASTHMA WITH MOLD ANTIGENS.

Abstract Seven patients with predominantly seasonal asthma and positive passive transfer tests showed significant positive responses on inhalation challenges to mold antigens. Two patients who had been maximally hyposensitized showed, by contrast, a negligible response. Three patients with asthma and negative passive transfer tests showed a negative response. One patient with atopic dermatitis and positive passive transfer tests, but without any evidence of respiratory allergy, showed a negative response. There was no change in venous plasma histamine levels or in the daily total blood eosinophil counts subsequent to positive challenge response to mold antigens. A positive challenge response to mold antigens was associated with the triad of clinical bronchial asthma, appropriate seasonal variation, and skin sensitivity confirmed by passive transfer. Our observations suggest that Aspergillus and Penicillium, which predominate in the Puget Sound region, are of clinical significance in the causation of bronchial asthma.
Studies of Fabric Wear: Part I: Attrition of Cotton Fabrics

We have shown that it is possible to make fundamental studies of fabric/fabric self- abrasion using a simple laboratory cyclic abrader. Abrasive wear rate depends on the contact pressure between the fabrics and is also influenced by the direction of curvature in the abraded zone. A concave surface is abraded more than a convex one. The observed effect of curvature is attributed to the effective change in yam count for the yams that are perpendicular to the direction of the rubbing motion. We have also found that relaxation of tension between episodes of cyclic abrasion results in reduced wear. The results for three cotton fabrics, two of which had been treated with durable press resin formulations, were as we expected in that increased abrasion wear correlated with the level of treatment.
Ionization chambers for monitoring in high-intensity charged particle beams

Radiation-hard ionization chambers were tested using an intense electron beam from the accelerator test facility at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The detectors were designed to be used as the basic element for monitoring muons in the Main Injector Neutrino beamline at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Measurements of linearity of response, voltage dependence, and the onset of ionization saturation as a function of gap voltage were performed.
A decentralized scheduling algorithm for distributed systems

Scheduling resource requests is essential for a high-performance distributed environment. The author proposes a decentralized scheduling algorithm in which the control of the mechanism is fully distributed. The scheduling is accomplished by passing tokens and stamps among nodes. Since the control is decentralized, reliability is enhanced and the congestion of message traffic is reduced. >
The evaluation and comparison of trigonal and linear tricationic ion-pairing reagents for the detection of anions in positive mode ESI-MS

A general and sensitive method for detecting divalent anions by ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS as positive ions has been developed. The anions are paired with tricationic reagents to form positively charged complexes. In this study, four tricationic reagents, 2 trigonal and 2 linear, were used to study a wide variety of anions, such as disulfonates, dicarboxylates, and inorganic anions. The limits of detection for many of the anions studied were often improved by tandem mass spectrometry. Tricationic pairing agents can also be used with chromatography to enhance the detection of anions. The tricationic reagents were also used to detect monovalent anions by monitoring the doubly charged positive complex. The limits of detection for some of the divalent anions by this method are substantially lower than by other current analytical techniques.
Ridges and valleys on digital images

Abstract Ridges and valleys on digital images are found by looking for zero crossings of the first directional derivative taken in a direction which extremizes the second directional derivative. Computation of the required directional derivative is accomplished by fitting a two-variable cubic polynomial to each neighborhood of the image. Results are shown for a face image and an airphoto scene. It indicates that the technique has a good ability to find ridges and valleys.
Simulation to assess the efficacy of US airport entry screening of passengers for pandemic influenza

We present our methodology and stochastic discrete-event simulation developed to model the screening of passengers for pandemic influenza at the US port-of-entry airports. Our model uniquely combines epidemiology modelling, evolving infected states and conditions of passengers over time, and operational considerations of screening in a single simulation. The simulation begins with international aircraft arrivals to the US. Passengers are then randomly assigned to one of three states — not infected, infected with pandemic influenza and infected with other respiratory illness. Passengers then pass through various screening layers (i.e. pre-departure screening, en route screening, primary screening and secondary screening) and ultimately exit the system. We track the status of each passenger over time, with a special