cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Long and Short of Chromosome 11 in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is now the second leading cause of cancer death in women, with 181,600 new cases diagnosed in 1997. 1 Researchers in all disciplines of science are vigorously pursuing the identification of factors that might free women from the uncertainty of not knowing who will succumb to this disease. Some known risk factors, including early menarche, history of benign breast disease, and exposure to environmental factors such as radiation, have been shown to only moderately increase a woman’s risk for breast cancer. 2 More frustrating from a cancer prevention viewpoint is that two-thirds of women who develop this disease fit none of the currently identified at-risk groups. This has prompted scientists to look for clues at the level of the tumor genome. Although many genetic alterations involved in breast disease have been identified in recent years, clinical applications for this knowledge have for the most part not yet materialized. This article specifically examines the timing of chromosome 11p and 11q alterations in breast cancer progression pathways and their potential for clinical application. It is clear from this information that advancements with the greatest potential benefit to women already diagnosed with breast cancer would include characterization of preinvasive markers indicative of increased potential for invasion or, better yet, elucidation of genetic loci with predictive value for identifying women at high risk for developing this disease before clinical diagnosis. Both types of biomarkers could have an enormous impact on women’s health in general.
The Success of India's Democracy

List of contributors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Atul Kohli Part I. Historical Origins: 2. Indian democracy: the historical inheritance Sumit Sarkar Part II. Political Institutions and Democratic Consolidation: 3. India's federal design and multicultural national construction Jyotirindra Dasgupta 4. Center-state relations James Manor 5. Making local government work Subrata K. Mitra 6. Redoing the constitutional design: from an interventionist to a regulatory state Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph 7. The dialectics of Hindu nationalism Amrita Basu: Part III. Social Demands and Democratic Deepening 8. The struggle for equality: caste in Indian politics Myron Weiner 9. Sharing the spoils: group equity, development and democracy Pranab Bardhan 10. Social movement politics in India: institutions, interest, and identities Mary Katzenstein, Smitu Kothari, and Uday Mehta Bibliography Index.
Impact of hypothermic selective cerebral perfusion compared with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism

Objective: Hypothermic selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) is widely used for cerebral protection during aortic arch surgery, but the effect of the absence of systemic perfusion on cerebrovascular dynamics it has never been established. This study explored the physiology of prolonged SCP compared to hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (HCPB) in pigs. Methods: In this blinded protocol, 29 juvenile pigs (20-23 kg) were randomized after cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to 20 °C. Group I pigs (n = 14) underwent 90 min of SCP, while group II (HCPB, n = 15) underwent total body perfusion. Fluorescent microspheres were injected during perfusion and recovery, enabling calculation of total and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). Cerebrovascular resistance (CVR), oxygen consumption and intracranial pressure (ICP) were also monitored. Results: CBF decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) during cooling, but remained at significantly higher levels with SCP than with HCPB throughout perfusion and recovery (P < 0.0001). CVR was significantly lower with SCP than with HCPB throughout perfusion (P = 0.04). Oxygen consumption fell significantly with cooling (P = 0.0001), remained low during perfusion, and rebounded promptly with rewarming; with SCP it was significantly higher than with HCPB throughout the perfusion interval (P = 0.03), and remained higher thereafter. ICP rose significantly less with SCP than with HCPB (P = 0.02). Conclusion: We conclude that, compared with HCPB, SCP results in beneficial cerebral vasodilatation, as evidenced by significantly higher CBF and oxygen consumption during SCP, by prompt recovery of oxygen consumption after rewarming, and by significantly lower ICP during perfusion and in the post-bypass period.
Protective effect of cutaneous antibody produced by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet on cohabited non-immune catfish.

Fish which survive a sublethal ichthyophthiriasis acquire protective immunity against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich). This study evaluated the protective effect of cutaneous antibody secreted by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ich on cohabited non-immune catfish. Non-immune and immune fish controls were separately maintained and infected with theronts. The Ich infection was assessed by scoring 0, 100 trophonts fish(-1) at 5 days post-infection. The results of infection showed that cohabited fish at the ratio of 15 non-immune to two immune fish had < 50 trophonts fish(-1). Eighty per cent of the cohabited fish at the ratio of 10 non-immune to two immune fish showed 0 or < 50 trophonts fish(-1). The 76% of control non-immune fish had more than 100 trophonts fish(-1). The control immune fish had 0 trophonts fish(-1). Anti-Ich antibody was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in water samples taken from tanks containing immune fish after the water samples were concentrated 40-fold. The study suggests that immune fish cohabited with non-immune fish may protect non-immune fish against Ich infection.
Decreased weight gain and food intake in vagotomized rats.

SummarySubdiaphragmatic truncal va-gotomy, alone and with pyloroplasty, was performed in intact rats. In all instances, vagotomized animals ate less and gained less weight than controls during a prolonged period of postoperative observaton.We acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Ms. Lidija Trencis-Buck in performing surgery, Dr. Mo-hamed el Lozy in computation and analysis, and L. La Brecque and T. Poindexter in caring for the animals.
The relevance of transition zones on computed tomography in the management of small bowel obstruction.

Background Frequently, radiologists emphasize radiographic transition zones (RTZs) on computed tomography (CT), which are areas of abrupt change from dilated to collapsed bowel, as pathognomonic for small-bowel obstruction (SBO) diagnosis and location. The relevance of RTZs to patient management remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the surgical predictive value and intraoperative accuracy of RTZ. Methods A retrospective review of 200 patients with SBO who underwent abdominal CT at a single institution from 2002 to 2007 was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using an unpaired t test, a Chi-square test, and multivariate analysis. Results Of the 200 patients with SBO, 150 (75%) had an RTZ. Seventy-five (38%) patients required operative intervention; 58 (39%) patients had RTZ and 17 (34%) patients did not have RTZ (P = NS). The presence of RTZ was not associated with increased probability of operative versus nonoperative management (odds ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [0.61–2.32]). The mean time to operative intervention was 3.6 days. Immediate operative intervention ( Conclusion The presence of RTZs does not increase the likelihood of operative intervention or identify patients who will fail nonoperative management. RTZ should, therefore, not be used as a major criterion influencing operative versus nonoperative management decisions in patients with SBO. For patients who required operative intervention, RTZ had a 63% correlation with intra-operative findings, which makes it a useful adjunct to pre-operative planning.
Effects of chronic quinine-adulteration of the water supply on food and fluid intake and body weight in lean and obese hypothalamic hyperphagic rats

Abstract Obese rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothamamus (VMH) consumed little or no food or fluid for 8–20 days when their water supply was chronically adulterated with 0.03% quinine hydrochloride. Three of the obese animals consumed significant amounts of food and fluid after the first week, five others continued to lose weight (at the rate of approx. 10 g./day) throughout the experiment. The experiment was terminated after 20 days when two animals died, and three others were so emaciated that death appeared imminent. Lean VMH rats that had been maintained at pre-operative body weights by restricted feeding prior to the quinine adulteration reduced their liquid and food intake only briefly after the quinine was introduced. After 4 or 5 days these animals were hyperphagic and hyperdipsic and displayed a substantial and sustained increase in body weight during the remaining 15 days of the experiment. The control animals curtailed both food and fluid intake sharply during the first 24–48 hours after the introduction of the quinine adulteration. Fluid intake subsequently recovered to approx. 60% of baseline and food intake returned to essentially normal levels. Body weight remained stable although slightly below baseline throughout the 20-day test period. The different response to quinine-adulterated water by lean and obese VMH-lesioned rats is similar to previously reported reactions to adulterated food. It is therefore concluded that explanations of VMH finickiness in terms of dysfunctions in appetite or hunger (terms appropriate only for food intake) are too limited. A more general deficit is proposed.
Crystal structure of bis(triphenylphosphine)-cyclopentadienyl-ruthenium-phenylacetylide chloro-copper(I) acetone solvate

The product of the reaction of (π-C5 H5)Ru(PPh3)2 Cl and CuC2Ph has been characterized by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques and shown to have stoichiometry (π-C5 H5)Ru(PPh3)2Cu(C2Ph)Cl-(CH3)2CO(I). The compound contains a phenylethynyl group σ-bonded to the ruthenium atom and simultaneously π-bonded to a terminal Cu-Cl bond. Crystals of this compound from acetone are monoclinic,P21/c, witha = 12.914, = 22.111,c = 16.534 A, β = 110.77 °, andZ — 4. Full-matrix least-squares refinement constraining the phenyl rings of the triphenylphosphines, the cyclopentadienyl ring, and the solvent of crystallization (acetone) as rigid groups yieldedR and weightedR values of 0.084 and 0.075, respectively.
Interaction of membrane dynamics with network structure and its effects on spatio-temporal network patterning

Address: 1Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, 2Biophysics Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, 3Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA, 4Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA and 5Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
Soft X-ray appearance-potential spectra of Ho and Ho/Ni alloy

Abstract Soft X-ray appearance-potential spectra of the M 4,5 and N 4,5 levels of metallic Ho and Ho/Ni alloy have been obtained in the 140–1400 eV range. The spectrum represents the differential excitation probability of the core levels and mirrors the self-convolution of the density of unoccupied states of the surface atoms under the influence of alloy composition. The observed binding energies of the M 4,5 and N 4,5 levels of Ho/Ni alloy were determined to be lower than those of metallic Ho. The widths of the Ho peaks also showed a corresponding decrease as a result of alloying. Both measurements correlate well with the changes in the Fermi energy as opposed to charge transfer.
Protein-Lipid Relationships in Experimental Canine Atherosclerosis

The applicability of Cohn's method number 10 to the study of dog plasma has made possible this investigation of experimental canine atherosclerosis. Administration of thiouracil which causes hypercholesterolemia but no atherosclerosis in dogs produces no considerable alteration in the distribution of plasma lipoproteins. High cholesterol feeding and administration of thiouracil causes both atherosclerosis and significant alterations in the distribution of lipoproteins.
Effect of CaF2 Content on Rate of Fluoride Release from Filled Resins

Information on the time-dependent release of fluoride from filled resins containing fluoride particles as a function of particle content and solution pH is limited. This study characterized the fluoride ion release from filled resins containing CaF2 particles as a function of filler content and pH. Urethane dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate resins were used to make filled-resin disks containing 9.09, 23.08, or 33.33 mass% CaF2 filler. Fluoride ion release for the 9.09 mass% concentration was independent of pH. Increasing the filler content from 9.09 to 33.33 mass% increased the fluoride release rate in pH 4.0 buffer solution, because of greater surface degradation. Fluoride ion release from disks stored in pH 6.0 buffer solutions occurred mainly by diffusion from disk surfaces, while fluoride release from disks in pH 4.0 buffers was controlled by diffusion from disk surfaces and degeneration of the resin matrix, which exposed more CaF2 particle surface area.
Showing Some Skin

Skin . A Natural History. By Nina G. Jablonski . University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2006. 293 pp. $24.95, £15.95. ISBN 9780520242814. The author discusses the characteristics, functions, evolutionary history, and possible future of the human integument.
Association of body mass index and prostate cancer mortality

Summary Objectives Inconsistent evidence exists on whether obesity is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death post-radical prostatectomy. We examined data from three large health plans to evaluate if an increased body mass index (BMI) at prostate cancer diagnosis is related to prostate cancer mortality Subjects and methods This population-based case–control study included 751 men with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. Cases were men who died due to prostate cancer ( N =323) and matched controls ( N =428). We used multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association between BMI at diagnosis and prostate cancer mortality, adjusted for Gleason score, PSA, tumour characteristics, and matching factors. Results Study subjects were classified into the following BMI (kg/m 2 ) categories: healthy (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9) and obese (≥30). Nearly 43% of the participants had a BMI ≥25 at diagnosis. A higher fraction of cases (30%) were obese compared to controls (22%). Overall, obese men had more than a 50% increase in prostate cancer mortality (adjusted odds ratio=1.50 [95% CI, 1.03–2.19]) when compared to men with healthy BMI. After stratifying by Gleason score, the odds of mortality generally rose with increasing BMI. The strongest effect was observed in the Gleason score 8+ category (2.37, 95% CI: 1.11–5.09). These associations persisted after adjusting for PSA at diagnosis and other tumour characteristics. Conclusions These results suggest that BMI at diagnosis is strongly correlated with prostate cancer mortality, and that men with aggressive disease have a markedly greater odds of death if they are overweight or obese.
Measuring the Meanings of Eating in Minority Youth

The aim of this study is to present the development of the Meanings of Eating Index (MEI) in a diverse sample of children. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on MEI items. Factors with eigenvalues above 1.0 were retained. Items that loaded on multiple factors or with item-total correlations below 0.50 were discarded. A 24-item, 5-factor scale comprised the final MEI. Personal Negative Emotions and Disturbed Eating were positively associated with frequency of high calorie snack food intake (r=0.21, p<0.05; r=0.33, p<0.01), Personal Well Being was positively associated with eating vegetables more frequently (r=0.20; p<0.05). Eating on Behalf of Others was negatively associated with frequency of vegetable intake (r=-.20; p<0.05). Pleasure Eating was not associated with dietary intake. The MEI shows promise as a tool for understanding the affective determinants of dietary intake in minority youth.
Linguistic unity, list length, and rate of presentation in serial anticipation learning

Two studies are reported. The first concerned the relationship between list length and linguistic structure in serial anticipation learning. Four levels of list length (22, 34, 35, and 48 words) and four levels of linguistic structure (paragraph, natural sentence, anomalous sentence, and isolated word) were investigated in a factorial design. Hypotheses concerning (a) the interaction between list length and linguistic structure in affecting total errors, (b) specific variations in the shape of the serial-position error curve as a function of linguistic structure, and (c) S's tendency to optimize linguistic unity, were supported by these results. The second study attempted to demonstrate, through a microgenetic procedure, that the levels of linguistic unity, manipulated as independent variables in the first study, corresponded to a set of psychological processes which emerge in a sequential fashion during the learning of these materials. These results, in part, supported this hypothesis.
PHOTOREPAIR IN LARVAL ANCHOVY, ENGRAULIS MORDAX

Photorepair of UV-B lesions occurred in embryonic northern anchovy larvae. The photoreactive fluence rate required to fully activate photorepair mechanisms was less than 10% of that available from the sun on a clear day in March (33N). Even with UV–B enhancement from ozone depletion, sufficient photoreactive fluence exists in the sea to ensure maximal photorepair of UV damage in anchovy larvae.
SU‐E‐T‐500: Pencil‐Beam versus Monte Carlo Based Dose Calculation for Proton Therapy Patients with Complex Geometries. Clinical Use of the TOPAS Monte Carlo System

Purpose: To investigate the necessity of the verification of dose distributions using Monte Carlo(MC) simulations for proton therapy of head and neck patients and other complex patient geometries. Methods: TOPAS, a TOol for PArticle Simulations that makes MC simulations easy‐to‐use for research and clinical use and is layered on top of Geant4, has been used to simulate the treatments of head and neck patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). The resulting dose distributions have been compared to pencil beam calculations based on the XiO treatment planning system. Dose difference distributions were used to highlight areas where the two algorithms did not agree. Dose volume histograms are utilized to investigate the overall agreement of the planned doses in target structures. Results: 21 head and neck patients, both nasopharynx and spinal cord, were investigated. The field complexity ranges from a single field up to 13 fields. For all patients, the dose in the clinical target volume agrees well. Nevertheless, differences in critical structures around the targets have been observed mostly due to range differences between the two algorithms. Conclusions: Pencil beam algorithms provide an accurate description of dose in the target volume. However, we conclude that the differences between MC simulations and pencil beam algorithms in regions outside the target for complex geometries, such as present in head and neck patients, support the necessity of routine use of MC simulations for treatment verifications before treatment. TOPAS is aiming to make such routine simulations available to all researchers and clinics. An automated interface utilizing TOPAS to enable such simulations has been developed at MGH and should become routinely used in the near future for patients with complex geometries. NIH/NCI R01 CA140735
Implications of Dynamic Spectrum Access on the Efficiency of Primary Wireless Market

In this paper, we develop a microscopic, agent-based simulation tool, called SIGMA-SPECTRUM to study the dynamics of the primary wireless spectrum market. A detailed, synthetic demand model, is used to produce disaggregated spectrum demand profiles that vary spatially and temporally for each individual in the population. We implement a truthful and efficient auction mechanism, proposed by Ausubel, that results in more efficient allocations than the current auction mechanisms used by the FCC. This research analyzes the effect of recent advances in cognitive radio technology, the DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Access) and the possibility of active trading in the secondary market, on the allocation outcomes in the primary market. Provision of active trading in the secondary market invites speculators and sometimes encourages collusive behavior among bidders, which can significantly alter the primary market outcomes in terms of winners and their allocations.
Using PGA Tour Results to Illustrate the Effects of Selection Bias

This lesson is designed to give students in a wide variety of undergraduate classes the opportunity to identify the problems inherent in analyzing imperfect data. Students are asked to analyze data, which the authors provide, from the Professional Golfers’ Association Tour to ponder the link between golfers’ skills in different facets of the game and their relative performances in certain tournaments. Selection issues are inherent in the data because of Tour policies regarding golfers’ tournament entry decisions. By the end of the lesson, students should better understand the importance of gaining institutional knowledge to improve the results of a study. Students are asked to mitigate the selection bias with the Heckman two-step procedure, a tool used in studies of labor, insurance, and education markets.
Observation on Chaetophlepsis plathypenae , a Parasite of the Green Cloverworm

Chaetophlepsis plathypenae Sabrosky, a solitary endoparasite of the green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), oviposited in 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae and emerged from 4th-instar larvae. Development time ranged from 25–30 days at 22°–24°C. The parasite was reared almost exclusively from host larvae collected in soybean ecosystems and was more prevalent in lowland (river bottom) than upland habitats; seasonal parasitization ranging from 5–12.5% compared to < 3%, respectively.
Ultrastructure of the bone marrow of the salamander Plethodon glutinosus (Caudata: Plethodontidae).

The unusual lymphogranulopoietic bone marrow of the large lungless salamander Plethodon glutinosus was examined by light and electron microscopy. Developing neutrophils, eosinophils, and fat cells were found in large numbers, while lymphocytes of various sizes, plasma cells, plasmablasts, macrophages, pigment cells, and fibroblasts were present in more moderate numbers. Basophils were observed only rarely. Macrophages were found in extravascular locations and did not appear to be associated directly with the walls of the blood vessels supplying the marrow. Both neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to arise from small precursor cells whose ultrastructural features bore a resemblance in some ways to those of mammalian myeloblasts described by Bainton and Farquhar ('66). Developing neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to produce only single populations of specific cytoplasmic granules, rather than both primary (azurophilic) and secondary (specific) inclusions, as are produced typically by mammalian granulocytes. Both eosinophilic and neutrophilic granules were formed in association with Golgi complexes; and eosinophilic granules were much larger, more densely stained, and more regularly rounded in shape than the inclusions of developing neutrophils. Peroxidase activity was associated with the specific granules of neutrophils but seemed to be lacking in the granules of eosinophils. The specific granules of eosinophils were especially unusual because they contained irregularly shaped, lightly stained cores which occasionally displayed a distinctly crystalline substructural organization. The specific granules of basophils also possessed a prominent crystalline organization. The overall appearance of the marrow of Plethodon suggests that it functions not only as a valuable source of neutrophils, eosinophils, and cells of the lymphoid series, but also as a part of the phagocytic system of the animals and as an important repository for fat.
Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of sexual and physical abuse among women seen in a gastroenterology clinic. A total of 206 patients, who completed a self-administered questionnaire, were included in the analysis. Results indicated that 89 patients (44%) reported a history of sexual abuse or physical abuse in childhood or later in life; and all except one of the physically abused were also sexually abused. Among them, only 17% had informed their doctors about the abuse. Moreover, the 75 patients (36%) with functional gastrointestinal disorders were more likely than those with organic disease diagnosis to report a history of forced intercourse, frequent physical abuse, chronic or recurrent abdominal pain, and more lifetime surgeries. They were also more likely to be receiving psychological counseling for emotional concerns. Furthermore, abused patients were more likely than nonabused patients to report pelvic pain, multiple somatic symptoms, and more lifetime surgeries. In conclusion, this study discovered that there is a high prevalence of a history of sexual and physical abuse among women seen in a referral-based gastroenterology clinic, particularly those with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Language: en
On callgraphs and generative mechanisms

This paper examines the structural features of callgraphs. The sample consisted of 120 malicious and 280 non-malicious executables. Pareto models were fitted to indegree, outdegree and basic block count distribution, and a statistically significant difference shown for the derived power law exponent. A two-step optimization process involving human designers and code compilers is proposed to account for these structural features of executables.
Non-heme (Fe3+) in the lung increases with age in both humans and rats

Abstract Increasing non-heme iron concentrations in host tissues are potentially significant, because they can be associated with an increased risk of injury including infections, fibrosis, and neoplasms. We tested the hypothesis that non-heme (Fe 3+ ) in the lung increases with age in both humans and rats. Human tissue was collected at autopsy before fixation occurred. The total number of specimens was 131 with 78 nonsmokers and 53 smokers. Tissue was hydrolyzed in 3 N hydrochloric acid and 10% trichloroacetic acid. Supernatant (Fe 3+ ) was measured with a thiocyanate assay. Non-heme (Fe 3+ ) increased with age in nonsmokers. The correlation coefficient between lung (Fe 3+ ) and age in the nonsmokers was 0.58 ( p 3+ ) relative to nonsmokers (101.1 and 46.0 μmol/L respectively; T = 11.44, p 3+ ) in smokers also increased with age ( r = 0.75; p 3+ ). At specified times between 30 and 186 days of age, rats ( n = 48) were anesthetized and exsanguinated, and the lungs were excised. In rats, similar to humans, a positive correlation was seen between lung non-heme (Fe 3+ ) and age ( r = 0.73; p = 0.007). Stains for iron in rat lung were uniformly negative, whereas those for ferritin demonstrated increased uptake by airway and alveolar epithelium in older rats. We conclude that non-heme (Fe 3+ ) in lung tissue increases with age in both humans and rats. Elevations in lung non-heme (Fe 3+ ) could contribute to an increased incidence of pneumonias, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma observed among older individuals.
The Design of a Constant-Angle or Power-Law Magnitude Impedance

A passive driving point impedance can be built from RL or RC elements to vary in magnitude nearly as \omega^k and to have a nearly constant angle at k\pi/2 over an arbitrarily wide frequency range, |k| \leq 1 . Except at the extreme ends, the successive positions of the network poles (along the negative frequency axis) are taken in the ratio \rho , in which \rho in the range 6 to 25 determines an approximation error in the range 1 per cent to 10 per cent. The zeros of an arbitrarily wide-band network lie between poles, in the ratio \rho^k from a pole. A series string of parallel RL or RC pairs can be used to realize the impedance, according to whether k is positive or negative. The R/L or 1/RC of successive pairs are in the ratio \rho , and the resistors of successive pairs are in the ratio \rho^k . One pair "at" each band edge, the "corrector" or "compensation" impedance, is specified by different ratios, so as to account for band-edge effects. An experimental admittance constructed with five capacitors and five resistors approximated an \omega^{1/2} admittance at a constant 45° angle to within the measurement accuracy of \pm 1 per cent in magnitude and \pm 1° in phase over the frequency range 50 cps to 10,000 cps.
Use of Marrow-Cancellous Bone Grafts in Maxillary Alveolar and Palatal Clefts

Autogenous particulate cancellous bone and marrow grafts were studied in bilateral, surgically produced palatal and alveolar clefts in six young rhesus monkeys. Fluorescence and routine light microscopy indicated complete osseous regeneration of the cleft areas. Tooth buds on either side of the surgical area were not disturbed by the grafting procedure.
Near-opposition limb darkening of solids of planetary interest

Results are presented for a general laboratory study of the limb darkening at small phase angles of various materials of planetary interest, with particular attention given to the wavelength dependence of limb darkening. Only substances stable at room temperature were measured, including basalt, graphite, mixtures of MgO and charcoal powders, olivine, goethite, bronzite, CaCO3, MgSO4, BaSO4, limonite, and hematite. Previous studies aimed at determining the nature of limb darkening at opposition for different common materials are reviewed. It is found that the scattering properties of most particulate materials near phase zero can be described adequately by Minnaert's law, but that such a representation is totally inadequate for materials that tend to fracture into flakes with mirrorlike surfaces (e.g., bronzite and graphite). The results also indicate that materials such as olivine have scattering properties within deep absorption bands which exhibit definite departures from Minnaert's law at large angles of incidence or emission.
HIV-1 ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN-MEDIATED FUSION AND PATHOGENESIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Our overall goal is to understand how viral envelope proteins mediate membrane fusion and pathogenesis. Membrane fusion is a crucial step in the delivery of the viral genome into the cell resulting in infection. On the other hand, fusion activity of viral envelope glycoproteins expressed in infected cells may cause the demise of uninfected bystander cells by apoptosis. Our general approach is to kinetically resolve steps in the pathway of viral envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion and to uncover physical parameters underlying those steps using a variety of biochemical, biophysical, virological, and molecular and cell biological techniques. Since HIV fusion involves a complex cascade of interactions of the envelope glycoprotein with two receptors, membrane organization plays an important role and interfering with it may modulate entry. To study this phenomenon, we have either examined cell lines with differential expression of sphingolipids (such as GM3), or altered membrane organization by modifying levels of cholesterol, ceramides, or glycosphingolipids. We show that the localized plasma membrane lipid microenvironment (and not the specific membrane lipids) in the vicinity of CD4 controls receptor mobility and HIV-1 fusion. The complex cascade of conformational changes that must occur to allow virus entry is also a very important target for therapy and vaccine development. We have recently designed and tested peptide analogs composed of chemical spacers and reactive moieties positioned strategically to promote permanent attachment. Using a temperature-arrested state in vitro assay we show evidence for the trapping of a pre-six-helix bundle fusion intermediate by a covalent reaction with the inhibitory reactive peptide. Also, using photo-reactive hydrophobic probes we have found ways to inactivate viral envelope glycoproteins while leaving their overall structures intact. Finally, in order to study the envelope glycoprotein effects on pathogenesis, we have used an in vitro model of co-culture of envelope-expressing cells as effectors and CD4+ T cells as targets. We delineated that apoptosis mediated by envelope glycoprotein in bystander cells correlates with transmembrane subunit (gp41)-induced hemifusion. The apoptotic pathway initiated by this interaction involves caspase-3-dependent mitochondrial depolarization and reactive oxygen species production, which depends on the phenotype of the envelope glycoprotein associated with the virus. Taken as a whole, our studies have many different important implications for antiviral therapies and vaccine development.
Can nanotechnology be ‘green’? Comparing efficacy of nano and microparticles in cementitious materials

Abstract The use of nano-sized particles in cementitious materials introduces a myriad of potential innovations from new functionality to enhanced mechanical performance, but such materials can be energy-intensive to manufacture. With increasing emphasis on sustainable development, it is important to investigate and understand benefits and costs of using nanomaterials compared to relatively less energy-intensive microparticles. The current research investigates the effect of chemically inert nano and microparticles (i.e., titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and calcium carbonate (limestone)) on early age properties and behavior of cement-based materials. Results indicate that the early age hydration rates, shrinkage, and pore structure of cement-based materials can be modified and optimized by tailoring the size of fillers. Life cycle analysis indicates that photocatalytic reactivity of TiO 2 could offset initial higher environmental impacts. Thus, optimally sized nanoparticles could revolutionize the construction industry by allowing tailoring of structure and properties of cement-based composites, with environmental sustainability preserved through the selection of lower embodied-energy particles.
Mechanisms of emotional involvement with drama

Abstract The popular notion of identification with characters in drama is examined, and its usefulness in explaining emotional reactivity to drama is questioned. The concept of empathy is developed as an alternative, and its usefulness is demonstrated. Empathy theory is reviewed, and selected supportive findings are presented. Reflexive, acquired, and deliberate forms of empathy are distinguished as motor mimicry, empathy proper, and perspective taking. Special attention is given to conditions under which empathy reverses to counterempathy. The development of affective dispositions toward characters featured in drama is considered crucial, and the dynamics of character development are examined in terms of dispositional consequences. Empathic reactions are linked to positive affective dispositions and counterempathic reactions to negative affective dispositions. Emotional involvement with drama is explained on the basis of dispositionally controlled empathy and counterempathy.
A thematic analysis of Willie Nelson's song lyrics

(1994). A thematic analysis of Willie Nelson's song lyrics. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 91-124.
Improved Experimental Model for Measuring Skin Degerming Activity on the Human Hand

A gloved-hand method is presented for evaluating the interaction of antimicrobial agents with the normal resident bacterial flora of human skin. One of the key features of the experimental model is a simplified technique for sampling the skin, which involves the addition of eluting fluid to the gloved hand. As with other skin sampling techniques, the number of bacteria recovered from the hands showed considerable variation from subject to subject. However, no significant differences were observed between the numbers of bacteria recovered from the right and left hands of individual subjects. The mean number of bacteria recovered from the hand before and after washing with nonmedicated soap was consistent and reproducible over a period of at least 5 consecutive days. The number of recoverable bacteria from the hand was greatly reduced by a single treatment with a surgical scrub preparation containing hexachlorophene. The extent of skin degerming achieved was little affected by the use of a surgical brush, and was maximal at approximately 30 min after contact with the hexachlorophene-containing formulation. It was determined that the level of transient bacteria on the hands could be controlled by a simple wash with nonmedicated soap, resulting in a stabilized base-line level from which treatment interactions with the resident microflora could be measured more precisely. The basic elements of the method presented fulfill the requirements of a satisfactory experimental model for the in vivo evaluation of skin-degerming agents on the hand. The selection of appropriate experimental designs allows treatment comparisons to be made with a high degree of statistical confidence.
The application of fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Mechanistic study of the initial stage of electropolymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions

Abstract The initial stage of electropolymerization of aniline in acidic aqueous solution was studied by cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation. The dimer of aniline, p-aminodiphenylamine (ADPA), is the dominant intermediate in the early stages of polymerization, while benzidine is a minor intermediate. Cyclic voltammetric studies at a glassy carbon electrode in aniline solutions of low concentration combined with digital simulation indicated that both intermediates, benzidine and p-aminodiphenylamine, are formed through radical-cation—radical-cation coupling pathways. The reduction wave for the aniline radical cation was observed for the first time by working at a low aniline concentration (0.05 mM) and at a scan rate of 200 V s−1. The rate constant for the dimerization of aniline radical cations is about 108 M−1 s−1. Because of kinetic control of electropolymerization of aniline, the polymer morphology depended upon scan rate. Scanning electron and scanning tunneling microscopic images of the polyaniline films formed showed that the films produced at fast scan rates were more uniform, compact, and of a more regular structure than those produced at slow scan rates.
Fracture Mechanics for Electroactive Materials

Electroactive materials include piezoelectrics, ferroelectrics and electroactive polymers. In the simplest form, this class of materials also includes isotropic dielectrics where there is minimal coupling between the mechanics and electrostatics. Indeed, electroactive polymers can be isotropic. Then they derive their useful properties of electrically stimulated actuation from their low mechanical stiffness. In such materials, large actuation strains occur when electric fields are applied. In the presentation, a consistent energetic formulation of boundary value problems for electroactive materials is formulated, including the electrostatic stress. This step is important because a correct energy balance for fracture mechanics can only be achieved after the proper formulation is obtained. The energy release rate for cracks in electroactive materials is then calculated and the J-integral for these systems obtained. The results are specialized to simple isotropic dielectrics, electroactive polymers, piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics. Fracture models are then considered for each type of material, including brittle failure concepts for simple dielectrics and piezoelectrics, switching zone effects in ferroelectrics and energy balance models for electroactive polymers. The outcome is a comprehensive and consistent fracture mechanics for electroactive materials. However, experiments on the fracture mechanics of electroactive materials are difficult for a variety of reasons, including the great sensitivity of the electrostatics of such materials to changes of shape, so that small crack openings cause large effects on the capacitance of the specimen being tested. In addition, free charge in the air has a very big effect on the electrostatic condition of specimens with cracks, and this makes it difficult to determine the physical nature of the electrical boundary conditions on the crack boundary, since free charge is easily attracted to the crack surfaces. Another difficulty is that very large electric fields can be generated readily inside the crack gap, so that electrical breakdown can occur. Electrical breakdown involves a flux of energy as charge is transmitted from one location with a given potential to another at a different potential. Thus electric discharge can disrupt the energy balance that is fundamental to the understanding of fracture mechanics. However, electric breakdown is difficult to detect in fracture experiments, and is seldom monitored. An additional difficulty is that instrumentation for electroactive material fracture mechanics is tricky, since it is difficult to establish a common datum for capacitance. Furthermore, leakage currents cause complications in the measurements, whether due to spurious features such as conducting paths extrinsic to the material such as on its surface, or intrinsic effects such as caused by the semi-conducting nature of many materials. This complex situation will be assessed and the state-of-the-art in this area summarized. Essential directions for future research will be recommended with the aim of resolving some of these challenging issues.
Costs of asthma in the United States: 2002-2007

Background The economic burden of asthma is an important measure of the effect of asthma on society. Although asthma is a costly illness, the total cost of asthma to society has not been estimated in more than a decade. Objective The purpose of this study is to provide the public with current estimates of the incremental direct medical costs and productivity losses due to morbidity and mortality from asthma at both the individual and national levels for the years 2002-2007. Methods Data came from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Two-part models were used to estimate the incremental direct costs of asthma. The incremental number of days lost from work and school was estimated by negative binomial regressions and valued following the human capital approach. Published data were used to value lives lost with an underlying cause of asthma. Results Over the years 2002-2007, the incremental direct cost of asthma was $3,259 (2009 dollars) per person per year. The value of additional days lost attributable to asthma per year was approximately $301 for each worker and $93 for each student. For the most recent year available, 2007, the total incremental cost of asthma to society was $56 billion, with productivity losses due to morbidity accounting for $3.8 billion and productivity losses due to mortality accounting for $2.1 billion. Conclusion The current study finds that the estimated costs of asthma are substantial, which stresses the necessity for research and policy to work toward reducing the economic burden of asthma.
The ENIAC file wrapper

A brief overview is presented of the 'file wrapper', which is the documentation of the patent application in the US Patent Office for the ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer). The author provides personal reminiscences along with a quick summary of major patent claims made and interferences that resulted in an 18-year pendency for the application before the granting of a patent in 1964. >
C-B2-01: A Panel of Markers with Potential Clinical Diagnostic Application

Background and Aims: Distinguishing low/intermediate grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid and atypical carcinoid) from a high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma [small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)] of the lung can be difficult, especially in small biopsy specimens. Patients diagnosed with a low/intermediate grade carcinoma would be treated surgically white patients diagnosed with small cell carcinoma with chemotherapy. Biomarkers may increase the diagnostic accuracy. Methods: We studied 42 consecutive cases of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (20 small cell carcinomas, 7 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 12 carcinoids and 3 atypical carcinoids) with the objective of comparing the expression of the panel of biomarkers (CD117, KOC, Ki-67, pVHL and p16) between the low and high grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Tissue microarrays were constructed and expression of each biomarker was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Staining was standardized and scored as “0” = Negative, “1+” = Focal, “2+” = 30–49% cells staining and “3+” = 50–100% cells staining positively. For the purpose of the present study, a specimen scored as “0” or “1+” was classified as negative, while a specimen scored as “2+” or “3+” was considered positive. In estimating the likelihood of expression of the biomarkers, specimens were categorized into low grade and high grade. Two-sided non-parametric statistical analyses were performed using the SAS v. 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results: Expression of KOC, p16, pVHL and Ki67 was significantly different between low and high grade tumor categories. No significant difference was observed for CD117. High grade tumors showed greater expression of Ki-67 (OR=13.85, 95% CI 3.34–57.47, p=0.0003), p16 (OR=3.52, 95% 1.75–7.11, p=0.0004) and KOC (OR=4.24, 95% CI 1.88–9.56, p=0.0005) while pVHL expression was less in high grade tumors (OR=0.31 95% CI 0.12–0.84, p=.022). We detected a statistically significant probability of joint overexpression of three of the biomarkers [p16 and KOC and Ki_67] in small cell carcinoma relative to atypical carcinoids (OR=2.53. 95% CI 1.24–5.17, p=.011). Conclusions: Findings from this pilot project suggest that Ki-67, KOC and p16 are an effective antibody panel in differentiating high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma from low/intermediate grade neuroendocrine carcinoma.
The axis crossings of a stationary Gaussian Markov process

In a stationary Gaussian Markov process (or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process) the expected number of axis crossings per unit time, the probability density of the lengths of axis-crossing intervals, and the probability of recurrence at zero level do not exist as ordinarily defined. In this paper new definitions are presented and some asymptotic formulas are derived. Certain renewal equations are approximately satisfied, thereby suggesting an asymptotic approach to independence of the lengths of successive axis-crossing intervals. Mention is made of an application to the filter-clip-filter problem.
Incorporating Climate Change and Variability into Bulletin 17B LP3 Model

The current techniques for flood frequency analysis presented in Bulletin 17B assume annual maximum floods are stationary, meaning that the distribution of flood flows is not significantly affected by climatic trends or long-term cycles (i.e. decadal variations). Observed trends in stream flows raise concern as to whether or not this assumption is valid. This paper considers how the Bulletin 17B framework might be modified to account for nonstationarity in flood records due to climate variability. In order to improve estimates/forecasts obtained using the LP3 model, the effects of climate variability may be incorporated into updated estimates of the mean, standard deviation, and perhaps the skew by regressing the LP3 parameters on climatic indices describing the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Northern Atlantic Oscillation. The effects of climatic cycles occurring over a shorter time frame, such as El Nino, are averaged into estimates made using the procedures of Bulletin 17B . However, the effects of El Nino are likely to affect the magnitude of annual maximum stream flows, and thus would impact flood risk in a given year. El Nino effects are incorporated into forecasts by regressing the LP3 parameters on sea surface temperatures.