cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students’ Obstacles to Using Riemann Sum Interpretations of the Definite Integral

Students use a variety of resources to make sense of integration, and interpreting the definite integral as a sum of infinitesimal products (rooted in the concept of a Riemann sum) is particularly useful in many physical contexts. This study of beginning and upper-level undergraduate physics students examines some obstacles students encounter when trying to make sense of integration, as well as some discomfort and skepticism some students maintain even after constructing useful conceptions of the integral. In particular, many students attempt to explain what integration does by trying to use algebraic sense-making to interpret the symbolic manipulations involved in using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Consequently, students demonstrate a reluctance to use their understanding of “what a Riemann sum does” to interpret “what an integral does.” This research suggests an absence of instructional attention to subtle differences between sense-making in algebra and sense-making in calculus, perhaps inhibiting efforts to promote Riemann sum interpretations of the integral during calculus instruction.
Elastic architected materials with extreme damping capacity

Abstract We report on a new class of elastic architected materials with hybrid unit cells, consisting of discrete elastic elements with non-convex strain energy and one convex (but possibly nonlinear) elastic element, to obtain a reversible multifunctional material with extreme energy dissipation. The proposed design exploits numerically optimized nonlinearities in the force–displacement response of the sub-unit-cell elements to approach the theoretical limit of specific damping capacity in any material, ψ t h = 8 . Specific damping capacities up to ψ = 6 . 02 were experimentally demonstrated, which are far greater than any experimental value previously reported, including in high damping elastomers ( ψ 4 . 5 ). Remarkably, this damping performance is achieved even with a single unit cell, thus avoiding the need for thick multi-cell designs. Furthermore, the proposed design offers relatively high stiffness and low transmitted stress upon compression. The proposed concept could enable the design of reversible impact-resistant structures with superior crashworthiness and energy dissipation.
Depression and (Hypo)mania

Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are among the most prevalent mental health problems. They often start early and cause impairment and disability, even if the symptoms of depression and (hypo)mania might not reach the diagnostic threshold for a formal diagnosis. With regard to etiology, several theories have been developed, and some emphasize the role of interpersonal problems, such as skill deficits, loss of social reinforcements, or role transitions in the origins of mood disorders, especially depression irrespective if it occurs in the context of a major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Childhood and adolescence are the developmental periods where most of the social learning takes place. Thus, it seems justified to review the literature about social skills and competency focusing on minors with a mood disorder or mood symptoms. The current review narratively summarizes what is known about the link between social competency/social skills and mood disorders; for example, (a) to what degree are a lack of social support and social behaviors and skills causes, symptoms, or consequences of mood disorders; and (b) how might developmental changes and gender differences interact with social support and social behaviors and skills with regard to the development of a mood disorder. Research trends will be highlighted, and we also list gaps in our knowledge. The review also provides an overview about existing instruments to measure social support, social behaviors, and skills. Finally, implications for the assessment, research, and treatment of depression and (hypo)mania are discussed.
Augmentation of Labor: A Review of Oxytocin Augmentation and Active Management of Labor

Labor augmentation can be used to hasten labor, shorten the time to delivery, and perhaps reduce the risk of cesarean delivery. Particularly in women with longer labors or less frequent contractions, oxytocin augmentation seems to have positive impacts on these outcomes. Despite this, the evidence for augmentation alone on the risk of cesarean delivery is unclear, with varying evidence. More recently, oxytocin protocols have been recommended to standardize care and ensure patient safety.
Allelopathy — An Overview

Theophrastusl about 300 BC stated that chick pea (Cicer arietinum) does not reinvigorate the ground as other related plants (legumes) do but “exhausts” it instead. He pointed out also that chick pea destroys weeds.
Understanding Energy Consumption in a Machine Tool through Energy Mapping

Abstract Understanding where energy is consumed in a machine tool is an important step to reduce energy consumption. Much of the energy consumption is not due to material removal, deformation, or joining, but is due to supporting processes. To better understand the energy flow and consumption of machine tools, it would be beneficial to develop an energy flow map. From this map, opportunities for improvement can be identified along with energy related features. After creating a map, models can be generated that will help predict energy consumption and allow for optimization of machine tools and a more sustainable design of machine tools. As a start, this study focuses on breaking down the total energy consumption by main components of a representative machine tool. In particular, a major focus will be on motors since they account for a large portion of the energy consumption.
A Novel Multiple-Read Screen for Metabolically Active Compounds Based on a Genetically Encoded FRET Sensor for ATP.

Both glycolysis and mitochondrial energetics are targets of interest for developing antiproliferative cancer therapeutics. We developed a novel multiple-read assay based on long-term expression in K562 cells of a genetically encoded intramolecular Forster resonance energy transfer sensor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The assay, conducted in a fluorescent plate reader, can identify compounds that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation-dependent ATP production, glycolysis, or both after short-term treatment. We screened a National Cancer Institute (NCI) compound library, identifying inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation-dependent ATP production and glycolysis. Three glycolysis inhibitors blocked hexokinase activity, demonstrating that our assay can serve as the initial step in a workflow to identify compounds that inhibit glycolysis via a defined desired mechanism. Finally, upon reviewing the literature, we found surprisingly little evidence that inhibiting glycolysis with small molecules is antiproliferative. Using NCI data on proliferation of K562 cells, we found that inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation-dependent ATP production were no more antiproliferative than the overall library, whereas all glycolysis inhibitors were in the top third of most effective antiproliferative compounds. Our results thus present a powerful new way to screen for compounds that affect cellular metabolism and also provide important support for the idea that blocking glycosis is antiproliferative.
INFORMATION CONTENT OF PREY ODOR PLUMES:WHAT DO FORAGING LEACH'S STORM PETRELS KNOW?

Electrophysiological responses to odor have been recorded for concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm for Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus and Black-footed Albatrosses Diomedea niaripes indicating that relative to most birds, procellariiforms have a keen sense of smell (Wenzel and Sieck 1972, cf. Clark 1991; Clark and Smeraski 1990; Clark and Mason 1989). Such acuity is not unexpected, given the extensive development of the olfactory anatomy of these species (Bang and Wenze 1986). Field observations indicate that Procellariiformes use their sense of smell to locate food (Grubb 1972; Hutchison and Wenzel 1980; Lequette, Verheyden and Jouventin 1989). However, it is not known how far from the source petrels can detect odors. This information would improve our understanding of procellariiform foraging ecology and engender a broader appreciation of the selective forces involved in shaping the evolution of the sensory anatomy of this group (Healy and Guilford 1990). Herein, we report preliminary observations on the odor sensitivity of Leach’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa to the major components of natural prey items. The detection data are used to generate a first order estimate of the odor active space for free ranging petrels.
Clinical Evaluation of PACS at the University of Pennsylvania

The interdisciplinary Medical Informatics Group at the University of Pennsylvania is responsible for designing and evaluating a digital PACS system for the University Hospital. The first clinical sites for PACS implementation and evaluation were the Intensive Care Units. In a controlled study, the clinical efficacy of the PACS was shown by a decrease in the time required to take certain clinical actions after imaging. Changes in image viewing behavior and consultation patterns were also observed. The clinical evaluation is continuing with a shift in emphasis toward measuring parameters that describe the diagnostic value of the system rather than measuring surrogates of patient outcome.
Bible Translation into Lesser-Known Languages

It was calculated that by the year 2003 at least one published book of the Bible was available in 2355 languages of the world. Even so, it has been determined that at least 2700 languages still need translation work. To accomplish this task requires overcoming many obstacles, notably in the areas of sociolinguistics, lexicon, grammar, and the supply of background information. New advances are being made in translation theory and in classifying types of translation. Delivery of the Scripture is now expanded through the use of new media and computer tools, and through promising signs of interagency cooperation.
Purification of Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase II (Dipeptidyl Arylamidase II) of the Anterior Pituitary Gland PEPTIDASE AND DIPEPTIDE ESTERASE ACTIVITIES

Purification and substrate specificity of dipeptidyl arylamidase II from extracts of bovine anterior pituitary glands, noting peptidase and dipeptide esterase activities
Composite-Concrete Interface Characterization by Lamb Waves

In recent years, significant attention is being paid to the nation’s dilapidated infrastructure. Examples of such structures include buildings that need to be retrofitted to resist seismic loads, bridges that must be strengthened to carry heavier traffic loads and concrete water and sewer pipes that have deteriorated due to corrosions. In most of these cases, the capacity of these structures can be increased by the introduction of additional tension-carrying materials. While steel has been traditionally used for such applications, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been increasingly replacing steel in the last decade. The high tensile strength and corrosion resistance of FRPs make them an ideal substitute for steel.
Estimating Cyclic and Geospatial Effects of Alcohol Usage in a Social Network Directed Graph Model

Alcohol use and abuse contributes to both acute and chronic negative health outcomes and represents a major source of mortality and morbidity in the world as a whole (Ezzati et al., 2002) and in the developed world, such as the United States, where alcohol consumption is one of the primary risk factors for the burden of disease. It ranks as a leading risk factor after tobacco for all disease and premature mortality in the United States (Rehm et al., 2003; Said and Wegman, 2007). In a companion piece to this paper, Wegman and Said (2009) outline a graph-theoretic agent based simulation tool that accommodates the temporal and geospatial dimensions of acute outcomes. In order to complement that modeling paper, this paper focuses on methods to exploit temporal and spatial data with the idea of calibrating the model to include these effects. The model developed inWegman and Said (2009) incorporates a social network component. The overall goal of the model is not just to simulate known data, but to provide a policy tool that would allow decision makers to examine the feasibility of alcohol-related interventions. Such interventions are designed to reduce one or more acute outcomes such as assault, murder, suicide, sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, and DWI-related injuries and deaths. By adjusting conditional probabilities, the effect of interventions can be explored without actually introducing major societal policy actions.
Blood–Brain Barrier, Stress and

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as an interface between circulating blood and the brain interstitium. The BBB can respond to and be influenced by alterations in the internal and external conditions of the human body as well. Disruption of BBB integrity mediates the pathophysiology of a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) disorders and the neurological sequelae of many systemic diseases and disturbances. This article reviews the pathology of the BBB in various disturbances and stresses intrinsic and extrinsic to the CNS. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of the BBB and of the factors influencing its structure and function is essential for the development of targeted drug delivery strategies and safer and more effective therapies in the management of many diseases of the CNS.
Logic Technology Scaling to Continue Moore's Law

Scaling transistors and following Moore's Law have served our industry well for more than 50 years in providing integrated circuits that are denser, cheaper, higher performance, and lower power. Despite occasional reports of its demise, Moore's Law is alive and well. We've continually invented new materials and new device structures to deliver the expected benefits of scaling, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
Flow regimes during condensation from superheated vapor

Abstract Two-phase flow during condensation in smooth horizontal round tubes of R245fa, R1233zd(E), R1234ze(E), R134a, R32 from superheated vapor is visualized and presented in this paper. Flow regimes under different mass fluxes, heat fluxes, saturation pressures, specific enthalpies and tube sizes (1, 4, 6 mm) are identified. The paper describes to the flow regime transitions according to the visualizations. The driving force behind the annular-stratified flow transition is identified to be the force balance between shear, gravity and surface tension. The mechanism that dictates the annular-intermittent flow transition is the comparison between wave-height and the tube size. The slip ratio, which generates the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, is considered to be the reason of transition from stratified-wavy to the fully-stratified flow. The more complicated scenarios where characteristics of different flow regimes coexist are detailed and methods for simplification are provided. The results are also compared to two different flow regime maps. The flow regime map that does not consider the non-equilibrium effects does not provide information beyond bulk quality 1 and 0. Additionally, it does not capture the annular entrance during condensation either. The flow regime map with non-equilibrium taken into account addresses issues above while having its own defects. For instance, it is highly empirical and some transition lines do not properly reflect experimental observations. A more mechanistic flow regime map is recommended.
One-Dimensional Models for Time-Dependent Transport in Solid Cylinders

AbstractWe present a set of 1-D transport models for solid cylinders of material irradiated with particles on the axial ends. The models are based on 1-D models originally developed for evacuated d...
Injuries to the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex

Injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex are very common in the athlete. An accurate history and clinical examination, supplemented with high-quality MRI scans, will allow an accurate diagnosis to be made in the majority of cases. Wrist arthroscopy is the gold standard method of making the diagnosis and also able to identify which tears can be repaired and which require debridement.
Testing Restorative Narratives in a College Student Resilience Project

A new online program, The Student Resilience Project ( https://strong.fsu.edu ), explores how institutions can effectively communicate health and resilience information to students. We investigated one key element of a pilot version of this program, specifically its use of video-based “restorative narratives,” which depict college students overcoming adversity using institutional resources. We proposed a theoretical model, which is supported by data from a survey completed by undergraduate students (n = 229) who viewed the videos. Results suggest that perceptions of restorative narratives can directly predict students’ behavioral intentions, including their intention to seek resources and to share content with other students. Perceptions of restorative narratives also influenced behavioral intentions indirectly via their influence on meaningful affect and outcome expectations, including the belief that advice and resources would help them and others. Based on the model, we offer evidence-based suggestions for web-based prevention programs.
Older Adult Perspectives Toward Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Qualitative Study.

Goals and background Surveillance colonoscopy is the most common indication for colonoscopy in older adults, yet factors involved in patient decision-making are poorly defined. We sought to understand general perspectives of older adults toward surveillance colonoscopy. Study We conducted 2 in-person, 90-minute semistructured focus groups at a rural, tertiary care, academic facility with a total of 20 English-speaking participants with a history of colon polyps. We also obtained baseline characteristics including information to calculate life expectancy using the Schonberg Index, a validated measure of 5-year and 9-year mortality. Results Participant ages ranged from 75 to 89, 67% were female, and 61% had a life expectancy of ≤9 years. Major common themes included reasons for and against getting a surveillance colonoscopy, and preferences and opinions surrounding discontinuing surveillance. Fear of cancer, trust in the colonoscopy procedure, and provider advice played prominent roles in patient decisions to return for surveillance. Most felt they should make screening decisions with input from providers, and that providers should engage them in these decisions and base recommendations on their patients' personal history and health, not on how old they are or on actuarial data. Conclusions This small, qualitative study suggests that older adults familiar with surveillance colonoscopy prefer patient-centered decision-making on when to discontinue testing and want support and information from providers when making choices. The evidence also suggests that participants value provider communication and trust their advice. Future work will use this information to create a larger patient survey on attitudes and beliefs toward surveillance colonoscopy.
Pericyte constriction underlies capillary derecruitment during hyperemia in the setting of arterial stenosis

In the setting of coronary arterial stenosis, hyperemia produces a reversible perfusion defect resulting from capillary derecruitment that is believed to underlie cardiac ischemia under hyperemic c...
Three Metrics of Success for High School CSforAll Initiatives: Demographic Patterns from 2003 to 2019 on Advanced Placement Computer Science Exams

There has been an expansion of computer science (CS) in high schools in the USA. In most cases, initiatives seeking to expand high school CS offerings are not focused simply on increasing the number of students enrolled, but are focused on broadening participation in computing (BPC). Ideally we can evaluate and replicate effective BPC, or CSforAll, initiatives at the high school level. However, analyses of CS expansion frequently focus on the national landscape, despite the decentralized nature of public education in the USA. State-level analyses, when present, often do not take into account the demographics of high school students in the state, which are also changing over time. We propose three metrics for evaluating the impact of state-level initiatives to broaden participation in computing at the high school level. These metrics and our data set can be helpful benchmarks for evaluating high school CSforAll initiatives.
Ceramic musealization: how ceramics are conserved and the implications for research

The conservation of ceramics in museums today follows protocols and ethical guidelines developed during the latter half of the twentieth century that are based on respect for the original fabric as well as knowledge gained in the material sciences. Modern conservation incorporates three main areas of activity: (1) preventive conservation, (2) remedial conservation, (3) restoration. Conservators are expected to follow a scientific process that includes the following: (1) conducting background research, (2) devising appropriate treatment strategies, (3) recording all work done and (4) assessing the outcome of the treatments. All conservation treatments should be minimally invasive and reversible. In practice, however, many treatments can affect the evidential character of ceramics. Suggestions are made that could improve collaboration between conservators, conservation scientists, and ceramic researchers.
Estimating the impact of pollution on wages and housing prices using satellite imagery

Air pollution is a global concern. However, research and policy addressing the problem remains hampered by a lack of ground-level air quality data. We estimate the value residents of Mexico City pl...
Lessons Learned from Implementing a Place-Based, Racial Justice-Centered Approach to Health Equity.

As theories about the causes of racial inequities in infant mortality evolve, they are becoming increasingly complex. Interventions to address these inequities must be similarly complex, incorporating both upstream and downstream approaches. The Best Babies Zone Initiative (BBZ) has been in operation since 2012 with an aim of reducing racial inequities in infant mortality. BBZ is designed to be flexible and responsive to the conditions creating toxic stress in communities of color. After seven years of operation in nine sites across the United States, and interventions implemented in housing, economic, and environmental justice, the Initiative has identified strategies to support the development and advancement of aligned programs. Lessons learned and opportunities were identified across the Initiative’s theoretical foundation (the life course perspective) and each of the four foundational strategies: place-based, community-driven, multi-sector work that contributes to broader social movements. Overarching lessons learned about advancing equity in MCH were identified including: the need to focus explicitly on racial equity, the imperative of shifting the time horizon for change, and the importance of identifying sustainable funding mechanisms. A complex initiative such as BBZ is relatively nascent in the field of Maternal and Child Health. However it represents an innovative approach to building community power and fostering strategic organizational partnerships in service of addressing root causes of racial inequities in birth outcomes. The lessons learned and opportunities identified by BBZ can serve as a foundation from which to build other programs and initiatives to advance racial justice.
A Comparative Analysis of Scientific Data Publication Opportunities

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 International License. The evolution of data publication options has provided alternatives for members of scientific communities, including Earth Scientists, to publish data and enable their discovery and use by others. Currently available options for publishing scientific data offer choices for data producers to deposit their data for dissemination. An assessment of the current options for publishing scientific data demonstrates five categories of data publishing alternatives that are available for producers of scientific data to choose from when considering opportunities for data publication. Current categories of scientific data publication alternatives include opportunities offered by traditional and online scientific journals; domain repositories, archives, and data centers; personal, departmental, and project websites; institutional repositories; and data journals. These alternatives for publishing scientific data are compared in terms of the opportunities that they provide for data producers, data users, and other stakeholders. A Comparative Analysis of Scientific Data Publication Opportunities
Antiurinary follicle-stimulating hormone serum in radioimmunoassay

Abstract Antiurinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum which was produced in our laboratory was employed in radioimmunoassay for urinary FSH, and the results were compared with those obtained with the use of antipituitary FSH serum. The correlation was good.
Interatrial Block: A Virtual Pandemic Requiring Attention

Interatrial block (IAB) denotes a conduction delay between the two atria (P-wave duration ≥110 ms). Depending on the severity of the block, IAB can be partial or advanced. Even though several studies have reported a high prevalence of IAB, it still remains a diagnosis many neglect without any follow-up. The crisis in IAB is undramatic until predictable complications appear. Nevertheless, the danger in IAB is real because of the major associations with multiple medical conditions, including atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, left atrial enlargement, and systemic emboli. There are different treatment options for IAB to eliminate its consequences, including pacing and medical management with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Pacing has been shown to give promising results and could potentially prevent conditions related to cardiovascular disease such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Given the high prevalence of IAB, together with its potentially serious consequences, and yet being largely ignored, we stress attention to this potentially dangerous pandemic and raise consideration for further investigations.
Identification of a high-risk group for sudden infant death syndrome among infants who were resuscitated for sleep apnea.

Of the 1,153 infants who completed monitoring by Aug 1, 1984, through our program at Massachusetts General Hospital, 76 infants had an initial apnea spell during sleep which was characterized by a change in tone and color, was unresponsive to repeated vigorous stimulation, and was terminated only after mouth to mouth resuscitation. The infants were hospitalized for observation and evaluation, and no cause could be identified. All were discharged on a home apnea or cardiorespiratory monitor, and subsequent episodes of apnea and/or bradycardia were reviewed. We grouped infants based on the intervention used to terminate subsequent episodes: Group 1, resuscitation; group 2, vigorous stimulation; and group 3, neither resuscitation or vigorous stimulation. There was no significant difference in clinical features or in the results of the initial evaluation in groups 1 and 2, compared with group 3. However, the mortality rate was significantly higher in group 1 (4/13) and group 2 (3/12) than in group 3 (3/51) (P less than .007). Siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome (n = 8) were at a significantly higher risk of an adverse outcome (two deaths and four resuscitations) than nonsiblings (P less than .02). A seizure disorder that developed during monitoring was associated with a high mortality (4/11 v 6/65, P less than .02). We conclude that these relatively rare infants who have sleep-onset apnea that responded only to resuscitation and have a subsequent similar episode or are siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome or develop a seizure disorder during monitoring have a very high risk of dying (31%, 25%, and 36% respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Reactivity of Ferricytochrome c with Ionic Ligands

Abstract The reactions of ferricytochrome c with anionic ligands involve the fission of one of the bonds to basic groups that hold the heme firmly within a crevice in the polypeptide structure. Denoting the group by X, the reactions thus take the form [see PDF for equation] where L is ligand and Pr is the protein liberated by the incoming ligand. With ferricytochrome c, the [H+] dependence of the equilibrium constant for complex formation is determined by the ionization equilibrium of the ligand species HL ⇌ H+ + L-, the coordinated water molecule -Fe+-H2O ⇌ FeOH + H+, and the nitrogenous base group which is liberrated -XH+ ⇌ X + H+. Studies of the equilibrium constants for the formation of the azide and cyanide complexes, over the pH range 4 to 8, show that there is a change in the [H+] dependence for both reactions at about pH 5. At 26° and ionic strength of 0.03, the following values were found: pKxH+ = 4.98 with ΔH = +9.2 kcal per mole and ΔS = +8 e.u. This indicates that the bond to the Fe, which is broken in complex formation, involves the glyoxalinium nitrogen atom of a histidine residue. The stability constants for the formation of the closed crevice form of ferricytochrome c at 26° and ionic strength of 0.03 are ΔF = -3.5 kcal per mole, ΔH = -18.0 kcal per mole, and ΔS = -48 e.u. At higher ionic strengths, deviations were observed from the pH dependence noted above. An extension of the mathematical analysis to include another group capable of accepting a proton leads to an expression for the equilibrium constant of the same form, and, on this basis, calculation shows that the pK would be about 4.4.
Characterizing American public administration

Comparative administrative study lacks agreed‐upon concepts for cross‐national analysis. This essay suggests “administrative culture” as a useful concept which has been overshadowed by two related concepts, “organizational culture” and “political culture.” The American experience is highlighted in its public personnel dimension and administrative sub‐cultures are introduced to characterize the enormous diversity of values, beliefs, and attitudes in the public sector. An evolutionary perspective is used to show change over time from the earliest “Government by Gentlemen” period to the current emphasis upon merit, modified by affirmative action and demands for accountability, flexibility, and entrepreneurial behavior. Sources of administrative culture are also discussed to reveal the unique origins of the system which, nevertheless, has been exported to numerous other nation‐states.
ROAD TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT, A REVIEW: I, NON-EQUILIBRIUM METHODS

This study reviews in two parts the formulation, interpretation and solution methodology of the traffic assignment problem. An extensive literature exists on this subject, and in the study an attempt is made to classify it. The first paper (Part I) is devoted to non‐equilibrium assignment models. The accompanying paper (Part II) examines algorithmic approaches which are based on or make use of the Wardropian principle of equal travel times and which are thereafter characterized as equilibrium assignments. Non‐equilibrium models are classified into: (1) all‐or‐nothing assignments; (2) capacity‐restraint assignments; (3) diversion models; (4) multipath assignments; and (5) combined models. In each category the operating principles are described in brief, together with other details such as advantages‐disadvantages, validation efforts and applications of these models.
The dual impact of rehabilitation admission and race/ethnicity on discharges against medical advice

INTRODUCTION Predictors of hospital discharges against medical advice (AMA), including race/ethnicity, have been examined previously. However, the predictive effect of an admission for rehabilitative care has not been examined in an inpatient stroke population, nor has the impact of race/ethnicity on this relationship been reported. METHODS Live hospital discharges with a primary diagnosis of stroke from 2000-2005 were identified in a longitudinal dataset. The outcome of interest was a discharge AMA. A hierarchical logistic model was estimated to examine the effect of race/ethnicity and rehabilitative care on the outcome while controlling for patient and hospital characteristics. RESULTS A total of 569 of the 79,561 stroke admissions (0.7%) ended in a discharge AMA. There were 1,565 admissions for rehabilitative care and 32% of patients were non-Caucasian. Among Caucasians, adjusted odds of a discharge AMA were higher for patients with an admission for rehabilitative care (AOR = 3.83, p < 0.0001). Among those not admitted for rehabilitative care, non-Caucasian patients were more likely to leave AMA (AOR = 1.4; p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies dependence between race/ethnicity, rehabilitative care, and discharges AMA. More research is needed to understand the implications of differential rates of discharges AMA among race/ethnic groups and across patient care settings.
Income Inequality and Partisan Voting in the United States

Objectives. Income inequality in the United States has risen during the past several decades. Has this produced an increase in partisan voting differences between rich and poor? Methods. We examine trends from the 1940s through the 2000s in the country as a whole and in the states. Results. We find no clear relation between income inequality and class-based voting. Conclusions. Factors such as religion and education result in a less clear pattern of class-based voting than we might expect based on income inequality alone.
All-electric quantum point contact spin-polarizer

Experimental evidence is presented showing that strong spin polarization in side-gated quantum point contacts can be achieved electrically, making these structures attractive for future spintronic applications.
Phase 2 trial of ixazomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma not refractory to bortezomib

This phase 2 trial was designed to evaluate ixazomib, an orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor, in patients with myeloma who have limited prior exposure to bortezomib. Thirty-three patients with relapsed multiple myeloma were enrolled. Ixazomib was given at 5.5 mg weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. Dexamethasone was added for lack of a minor response (MR) by end of cycle 2 or lack of a partial response (PR) by end of cycle 4 or for disease progression at any time. Median age was 69 years; patients had a median of two prior therapies (range 1–7). A grade 3 or 4 adverse event considered at least possibly related to drug was seen in 19 (59%) and 6 (19%) patients, respectively. The most common adverse events were thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea and diarrhea. Dexamethasone was initiated in 22 (67%) patients, 17 for not reaching the desired response and 5 for progression. Response (⩾PR) to single agent was seen in five patients within four cycles of therapy including three patients with PR, one patient with complete response (CR) and one patient with stringent CR. Six additional patients with either an MR (2) or SD (4) achieved a PR after addition of dexamethasone, translating to an overall response rate of 34%.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins as chaperones and co-receptors for FERONIA receptor kinase signaling in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is a multifunctional regulator for plant growth and reproduction. Here we report that the female gametophyte-expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP) LORELEI and the seedling-expressed LRE-like GPI-AP1 (LLG1) bind to the extracellular juxtamembrane region of FER and show that this interaction is pivotal for FER function. LLG1 interacts with FER in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface, and loss of LLG1 function induces cytoplasmic retention of FER, consistent with transport of FER from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane in a complex with LLG1. We further demonstrate that LLG1 is a component of the FER-regulated RHO GTPase signaling complex and that fer and llg1 mutants display indistinguishable growth, developmental and signaling phenotypes, analogous to how lre and fer share similar reproductive defects. Together our results support LLG1/LRE acting as a chaperone and co-receptor for FER and elucidate a mechanism by which GPI-APs enable the signaling capacity of a cell surface receptor.
Functional anatomy of macaque striate cortex. IV. Contrast and magno- parvo streams

Macaque monkeys were shown achromatic gratings of various contrasts during 14C-2-deoxy-d-glucose (DG) infusion in order to measure the contrast sensitivity of different subdivisions of primary visual cortex. DG uptake is essentially saturated at stimulus contrasts of 50% and above, although the saturation contrast varies with layer and with different criteria. Following visual stimulation with gratings of 8% contrast, stimulus-driven uptake was relatively high in striate layer 4Ca (which receives primary input from the magnocellular LGN layers), but was absent in layer 4Cb (which receives primary input from the parvocellular layers). In this same (magnocellular-specific) stimulation condition, striate layers 4B, 4Ca, and 6 showed strong stimulus-induced DG uptake, and layers 2, 3, 4A, and 5 showed only light or negligible uptake. By comparison to other cases that were shown stimuli of systematically higher contrast, and to a wide variety of DG cases shown very different stimuli, it is evident that information derived from the magnocellular and parvocellular layers in the LGN remains partially, or largely, segregated in its passage through striate cortex, and projects in a still somewhat segregated fashion to different extrastriate areas. The sum of all available evidence suggests that the magnocellular information projects strongly through striate layers 4Ca, 4B, and 6, with moderate input into the blobs in layers 2 + 3, and to blob-aligned portions of layer 4A. Parvocellular-dominated regions of striate cortex include both the blob and interblob portions of layers 2 + 3, 4A, 4Cb, and 5. Because the major striate input to V2 arrives from striate layers 2 + 3, and because the major striate input to MT originates in layer 4B and 6, it appears that area V2 receives information derived largely from the parvocellular LGN layers, and that area MT receives information derived mainly from the magnocellular layers.
An open shield: antitrust arguments against extending copyright protection to fashion designs

This article argues against the promulgation of copyright protection to fashion designs in the USA, largely due to its antitrust laws. Even though copyright protection is granted in European nations, certain markets in the USA are highly susceptible to monopolistic activities; specifically, the eyeglass frame market in the USA. Congress has been increasingly introducing bills such as the Innovative Design Protection Act of 2012 (‘IDPA’) to grant copyright protection to fashion designs. If this bill or a similar bill were promulgated, the current near monopolies in the fashion industry would then be given the opportunity to raise prices for improper purposes. Congress has not thoroughly considered whether the IDPA would have anticompetitive effects in the USA. Thus, granting copyright protection for fashion designs should not be enacted without careful consideration of the anticompetitive effects it will have on the fashion industry.
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Rectum Presenting with Extensive Metastatic Disease

Introduction. Rectal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a poorly differentiated neoplasm that is very rare and belongs within the poorest prognostic subgroup among primary colorectal neoplasms. Here, we describe a case of LCNEC of the rectum, which highlights the aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis associated with this disease. Case Presentation. We report a case of a 63-year-old male who presented to our hospital with a one-month history of lower abdominal pain, constipation, and weight loss. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed a rectal mass as well as metastatic disease of the liver and lung. Flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed a fungating, ulcerated and partially obstructing rectal mass located 6 cm from the anal verge. This mass was biopsied and pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed features consistent with a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Conclusion. Rectal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are rare and have a significantly worse prognosis than adenocarcinomas. At diagnosis, a higher stage and metastatic disease are likely to be found. It is important to differentiate large cell, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas from adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum pathologically because patients may benefit from alternative cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens.
A study of the pathogenesis and management of spontaneous pneumothorax.

1.An analysis of 247 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax was undertaken in an effort to evaluate etiology, pathogenesis, and methods of management. 2.Forty-eight patients (19.5 per cent) were found to have active pulmonary tuberculosis and were excluded from further study. 3.The etiology of the pneumothorax in 199 patients was considered to be as follows:No lung disease evident, 110, bleb formation present, 37, bullous or obstructive emphysema, 45, and pulmonary inflammation or neoplasma, 7 patients. 4.Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the underlying pathology in determining the treatment of choice. 5.Cardiopulmonary disease (emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and cor pulmonale) complicating pneumothorax were the major factors contributing to the 11 deaths (5.5 per cent) in this series.
CONCEPTUALIZING INTENTION TO TAKE A VACATION FORM TO UNDERSTAND NONCUSTOMERS

Understanding current noncustomers has been argued to be a key to sustainable success. In this study, a conceptual model is developed based on models and theories on destination image/choice, leisure constraints, and goal‐directed behavior to enhance our understanding about current noncustomers. It is proposed that by examining how the main drivers of nonchoice behavior are related to perceptions of performing a given behavior (e.g., taking a particular vacation form) or perceived constraints (e.g., lack of time or money), would assist tourism businesses and destination managers in developing markets in an innovative way beyond focusing on competition.
Radio Outflows and the Origin of the Narrow Line Region in Seyfert Galaxies

Seven Seyfert galaxies, Mrk 3, Mrk 78, Mrk 348, Mrk 6, Mrk 573, NGC 3393, IRAS 04210+0400 and IRAS 11058-1131 (all Seyfert galaxies type 2 expect Mrk 6 which is a Seyfert 1.5) were observed with HST. For the first five objects images were taken with the FOC with filters centered on the emission lines [O II] and [O III]. For the remaining three galaxies WFPC2 observations were obtained in the [O III] and Hα lines.
On Two Strategies for Choosing Principal Components in Regression Analysis

Two traditional methods used to form principal components (PC) regression estimates are reviewed, and small sample properties of the estimates are compared with OLS estimates. A Monte Carlo experiment is used to facilitate comparisons. Theoretical considerations and empirical observation indicate that the PC techniques tend to produce estimates lower in mean square error (MSE) than OLS estimates under conditions of high multicollinearity, low R2, and small sample size. Although under these conditions the PC techniques may be preferred to OLS in the relative MSE sense, MSE in the absolute sense may still render the PC estimates useless in applications.
Allergic reaction in a case treated with curare-electric shock, followed by recrudescence of the psychosis.

A case of allergic reaction following a course of curare-electric shock treatment is presented.
Cyclosporin A liposome aerosol: Particle size and calculated respiratory deposition

Abstract Treatment of pulmonary diseases with the immunosuppressive drug Cyclosporin A (CsA) is limited, in part, by poor penetration into the lung following oral or intravenous administration, and by the development of limiting renal, hepatic, and other toxicity following prolonged administration. CsA aerosol delivery may provide an alternate route of local administration that could improve treatment and reduce systemic toxicity. The total CsA dosage administered via aerosol would be less than the conventional oral or intravenous dosage routes. In the present study, lipophilic CsA was prepared with different phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome formulations. CsA-liposome small particle aerosols generated using continuous jet nebulizers were compared according to particle size range, efficiency of drug delivery, and calculated amounts of respiratory tract deposition. Five different CsA-PC liposome formulations were tested in aerosol with varying degrees of efficiency of drug delivery. CsA-PC liposomes prepared using PC with phase transition temperatures ( T c ) below 16–17°C nebulized more efficiently than those with higher T c . Based on its size range an efficiency, CsA-DLPC was selected as the best formulation for aerosol delivery to the lung. Using the Puritan Bennett 1600, twin jet nebulizer modified to a single jet, the particle size, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), was 0.82 μ m ± geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 1.7. A computer model of inhaled particle deposition in Weibel's lung generations 0–16 and 17–23 was utilized to predict the anatomical delivery of CsA. A calculated 11.6% of inhaled CsA-DLPC liposomes will deposit in the respiratory tract, almost exclusively in Weibel generations 17–23. The remainder, 88.4%, will be exhaled. A dosage of about 2 mg/h will deposit in the adult model respiratory tract used for calculations. Local delivery of CsA by aerosol may provide more efficient treatment of immunologically-mediated pulmonary diseases without systemic toxicity common with intravenous or oral therapy.
Impact of central hypovolemia on photoplethysmographic waveform parameters in healthy volunteers. Part 1: time domain analysis.

Objective The photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms are modulated by the respiratory, cardiac and autonomic nervous system. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been used as an experimental tool to simulate loss of central blood volume in humans. The aim of our research is to understanding PPG waveform changes during progressive hypovolemia.
Long shelf-life, Al-anode micro-fabricated cells activated with alkaline?H2O2 electrolytes

Aluminum-anode micro fabricated electrochemical cells activated on demand are a power-MEMS alternative. Cells of this type activated with alkaline electrolyte aqueous solution (20 ?l) that contains hydrogen peroxide continue to be studied herein. Hydroxide concentration in this liquid and the cell configuration are the two issues investigated. Both affect the mechanistic kinetics of the chemical reactions involved in the production of energy and can be used to improve the energetic gravimetric density of these cells. Of the four electrolyte recipes, the highest energetic densities per activation are found in cells with a 3 M hydroxide concentration. The cell fabrication involved depositing aluminum lines on a patterned dielectric structure on top of a platinum cathode. The mesh-shaped electrode structure on the masks is designed so cells with three dissimilar cathode:anode surface areas are fabricated, each with a different number and width of aluminum lines, allowing us to deconvolute the electrode area ratio effect from the cells' dimensional characteristics. The electrode area ratio can in fact be used to obtain energetic output up to 14 KJ g?1 of aluminum and is capable of providing a power output of 3.5 mW cm?2 (at a potential of approximately 0.6 V) for about 5 min.