cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transition to civilization and symbolically stored genomes

Abstract The study of culture and cultural selection from a biological perspective has been hampered by the lack of any firm theoretical basis for how the information for cultural traits is stored and transmitted. In addition, the study of any living system with a decentralized or multi-level information structure has been somewhat restricted due to the focus in genetics on the gene and the particular hereditary structure of multicellular organisms. Here a different perspective is used, one which regards living systems as self-constructing energy users that utilize their genome as a library of information, making the genetic system just another component that adds fitness to the overall integrated unit. In this framework, basic fitness is measured as the ability to gather energy for growth and reproduction, and the fitness of the genetic system is broken down into two aspects: first, the effectiveness in searching for new somatic functional information, and second, the effectiveness in searching for better structures to store and process information. With this more generalized perspective, major evolutionary transitions to higher levels of organization become competitions between different information structures; furthermore the functioning and fitness of cultural systems can be more easily described and compared with other modes of information storage within biological systems. Modern technological societies are self-constructing systems that rely on written (symbolic) information storage and very complex algorithms that effectively search for variation with a high probability of successful selection. These systems are currently competing with traditional organic systems, and this competition constitutes the latest major evolutionary transition. Upon comparison of the energy-gathering potential of symbolic-based systems with DNA-based life, it appears that symbolic systems have a tremendous fitness potential and the current shift to a higher level of selection may be as significant and far-reaching as any of the previous major evolutionary transitions.
930, 170Ω.cm2 Lateral Two-Zone RESURF MOSFETs in 4H-SiC with NO Annealing

The first lateral two-zone reduced surface field MOSFETs in 4H-SiC with NO annealing are reported. Interface properties of 4H-SiC-SiO are improved, with inversion layer field-effect mobility increased to 25 cm V s, five times higher than that of dry reoxidation process, and with channel resistance significantly reduced. Devices are normally off with low leakage current. Threshold voltage is around 3 V. Blocking voltage of 930 V and specific on-resistance of 170 m cm were obtained. Large-area devices with multifinger geometry are also demon- strated with scaled-up current. The output characteristics exhibit excellent linear and saturation regions. Index Terms—Field-effect mobility, field-effect transistors, in- terface, MOS, NO annealing.
Binding and diffusion of a Si adatom around type B steps on Si(001) c(4 × 2)

Abstract Maps of the binding energy of an adatom on Si(001) c(4 × 2) around the nonbonded and bonded type B surface steps are presented. The results suggest that the nonbonded type B step should accumulate adatoms rapidly both from above and below. The energy barrier to cross the nonbonded step is ∼0.2 eV greater than for diffusion on the flat surface. The binding sites along the nonbonded step edge are similar to those on the flat surface but are paired and connected by a low-energy diffusion pathway that may facilitate formation of dimers along the step edge. The bonded step attracts adatoms ∼0.5±0.2 eV more strongly than any other site on the surface. However, these sites are relatively inaccessible due to surrounding high energy barriers. Based on the results, the upper side of the bonded step should be repulsive to adatoms. The diffusion barrier for adatoms approaching the step rises and the binding sites become less favorable there. Hence, growth of the bonded step is probably much slower than the nonbonded step, which explains its observed predominance on Si(001) surfaces.
Asthma symptom burden: relationship to asthma severity and anxiety and depression symptoms.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between youth-reported asthma symptoms, presence of anxiety or depressive disorders, and objective measures of asthma severity among a population-based sample of youth with asthma. METHODS. We conducted a telephone survey of 767 youth with asthma (aged 11–17 years) enrolled in a staff model health maintenance organization. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used to diagnose Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, anxiety and depressive disorders; the Child Health Status-Asthma questionnaire (modified) was used to assess asthma symptoms; and automated administrative data were used to measure asthma treatment intensity and severity. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine whether the number of anxiety and depressive symptoms was related to the number of asthma symptoms. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the strength of association between individual symptoms of asthma and the presence of an anxiety or depressive disorder and objective measures of asthma severity. RESULTS. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, objective measures of asthma severity, medical comorbidity, and asthma treatment intensity, youth with ≥1 anxiety or depressive disorder (N = 125) reported significantly more days of asthma symptoms over the previous 2 weeks than youth with no anxiety or depressive disorders. The overall number of reported asthma symptoms was significantly associated with the number of anxiety and depressive symptoms endorsed by youth. In logistic regression analyses, having an anxiety or depressive disorder was also strongly associated with each of the 6 asthma-specific symptoms, as well as the 5 related nonspecific somatic symptoms contained in the Child Health Status-Asthma questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS. The presence of an anxiety or depressive disorder is highly associated with increased asthma symptom burden for youth with asthma.
Evidence for the occurrence of selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver microsomes.

Abstract Rat liver microsomes exhibit selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity which is associated with glutathione S-transferase activity. The peroxidase activity is not due to contamination with either soluble selenium-dependent or selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activities of the cytosol. N-Ethylmaleimide treatment which stimulates rat liver microsomal glutathione transferase activity concomitantly stimulates the glutathione peroxidase activity. In contrast, N-ethylmaleimide depresses both enzyme activities of the cytosol. A protein exhibiting both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activity was isolated from the microsomes and purified to homogeneity by DEAE cellulose ion-exchange and S-hexylglutathione Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography.
The liver transplant operation.

The first liver transplantation was performed by Thomas Starzl in Denver, Colorado, in 1963. Over the past 50 years, the field has experienced tremendous medical and surgical advancement, with 1and 5-year survival approaching 90% and 75%, respectively, in most series. Successful transplantation involves a fascinating complex of donor and recipient factors, which represent the focus of this review.
Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation

Peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals are potent initiators of DNA single strand breakage, which is an obligatory stimulus for the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase (PARS). Rapid activation of PARS depletes the intracellular concentration of its substrate, NAD+, slowing the rate of glycolysis, electron transport and ATP formation. This process can result in acute cell dysfunction and cell necrosis. Accordingly, inhibitors of PARS protect against cell death under these conditions. In addition to the direct cytotoxic pathway regulated by DNA injury and PARS activation, PARS also appears to modulate the course of inflammation by regulating the expression of a number of genes, including the gene for intercellular adhesion molecule 1, collagenase and the inducible nitric oxide synthase. The research into the role of PARS in inflammatory conditions is now supported by novel tools, such as novel, potent inhibitors of PARS, and genetically engineered animals lacking the gene for PARS. In vivo data demonstrate that inhibition of PARS protects against various forms of inflammation, including zymosan or endotoxin induced multiple organ failure, arthritis, allergic encephalomyelitis, and diabetic islet cell destruction. Pharmacological inhibition of PARS may be a promising novel approach for the experimental therapy of various forms of inflammation.
School Policies and Practices That Improve Indoor Air Quality

BACKGROUND: To determine whether schools with a formal indoor air quality management program were more likely than schools without a formal program to have policies and practices that promote superior indoor air quality. METHODS: This study analyzed school-level data from the 2006 School Health Policies and Programs Study, a national study of school health programs and policies at the state, district, and school levels. Using chi-square analyses, the rates of policies and practices that promote indoor air quality were compared between schools with and schools without a formal indoor air quality program. RESULTS: The findings of this study show that 51.4% of schools had a formal indoor air quality management program, and that those schools were significantly more likely than were schools without a program to have policies and use strategies to promote superior indoor air quality. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that schools with a formal indoor air quality program are more likely support policies and engage in practices that promote superior indoor air quality.
Deriving High-Resolution Protein Backbone Structure Propensities from All Crystal Data Using the Information Maximization Device

The most informative probability distribution functions (PDFs) describing the Ramachandran phi-psi dihedral angle pair, a fundamental descriptor of backbone conformation of protein molecules, are derived from high-resolution X-ray crystal structures using an information-theoretic approach. The Information Maximization Device (IMD) is established, based on fundamental information-theoretic concepts, and then applied specifically to derive highly resolved phi-psi maps for all 20 single amino acid and all 8000 triplet sequences at an optimal resolution determined by the volume of current data. The paper shows that utilizing the latent information contained in all viable high-resolution crystal structures found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), totaling more than 77,000 chains, permits the derivation of a large number of optimized sequence-dependent PDFs. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the IMD and the superiority of the resulting PDFs by extensive fold recognition experiments and rigorous comparisons with previously published triplet PDFs. Because it automatically optimizes PDFs, IMD results in improved performance of knowledge-based potentials, which rely on such PDFs. Furthermore, it provides an easy computational recipe for empirically deriving other kinds of sequence-dependent structural PDFs with greater detail and precision. The high-resolution phi-psi maps derived in this work are available for download.
An introduction to the PMESC parallel programming paradigm and library for task parallel computation

Task-parallel problems are difficult to implement efficiently in parallel because they are asynchronous and unpredictable. The difficulties are compounded on distributedmemory computers where interprocessor communication can impose a substantial overhead. A few languages and libraries have been proposed that are specifically designed to support this kind of computation. However, one big challenge still remains: to make those tools understood and used by scientists. engineers, and others who want to exploit the power of parallel computers without spending much effort in mastering those tools. The PMESC programming paradigm and library presented here are designed to make programming on distributed-memory computers easy to understand and to make efficient parallel code easy to produce. The paradigm provides a methodology for structuring task-parallel problems that allows the separation of different phases in the computation. The library provides support for those phases that are application-independent allowing the users to concentrate on the applicationspecific oues.
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and fluorescence study of the astrolabe

The astrolabe is an ancient analogue astronomical computing device used for calculations relating to position and time of the observer’s location. In its most common form (the planispheric astrolabe), it consists of an engraved plate or series of plates held together and pinned in a housing, the assembly usually being made of brass. The present study describes the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in a synchrotron to elucidate the composition of, and fabrication techniques used for, the major component parts of the astrolabe. The synchrotron XRF studies are compared to similar studies made with a handheld XRF instrument and the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.
Selectively grown AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si(111) substrates for integration with silicon microelectronics

Abstract The possibility of fabricating AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors from selectively grown mesas as an approach towards the integration of nitrides with silicon microelectronics is reported. The growth process uses a single 100-nm-thick AlN buffer layer for maskless selective growth by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy. The AlN buffer layer is locally etched back except at the areas where the regrowth is required. Sawtooth-shaped AlN mesa patterning, forming facets that are aligned 30°-off the Si[1 1 2¯] direction, are used to obtain smooth GaN{1 0 1¯ 2} facets. A total thickness of about 1.2 μm was sufficient to obtain crack-free, AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) of high electrical quality. The fabricated devices exhibited maximum drain current and transconductance of 1.1 A/mm and 225 mS/mm, respectively. The growth process reported in this study offers the possibility to grow high-quality materials while leaving a large area of the silicon substrate free for possible integration with silicon microelectronics.
The development and testing of an instrument for perceived self-efficacy for fatigue self-management

Background Persons with chronic illness commonly report fatigue. Measurement of perceived self-efficacy for fatigue self-management (PSEFSM) is essential if fatigue is to be monitored and enhanced to improve physical functional status. Objective The objective of the study was to describe the development and testing of the PSEFSM instrument. Methods The PSEFSM instrument was incorporated into 2 randomized controlled trials for secondary analysis (N=298): 63 persons with lung cancer and 235 persons with other cancer diagnoses undergoing a course of chemotherapy. Result : Evidence for construct validity and generalizability was supported through hypotheses testing of the mediation pathway from fatigue to physical functional status through PSEFSM, with results indicating support for partial mediation. Structural modeling indicated a good model fit that further supported the construct validity of the PSEFSM instrument. Conclusions The instrument provides a reliable and valid measure of PSEFSM that could be used in research to facilitate the development of interventions to increase perceived self-efficacy to achieve optimal symptom self-management. Implications for practice The PSEFSM instrument is brief and easy to complete, which results in a low response burden for persons who are already fatigued, providing for regular use in transdisciplinary research and practice settings. This is important because the use of this instrument can impact how we partner with our patients to better understand how to manage this troublesome symptom, fatigue.
Near-Infrared Imaging of Mars from HST: Surface Reflectance, Photometric Properties, and Implications for MOLA Data

Abstract We report initial results from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of Mars obtained at a near-IR wavelength of 1042 nm between February 1995 and June 1997. The images provide the highest spatial resolution global near-IR measurements of Mars obtained to date. The data have been calibrated to radiance factor ( I / F ) to an absolute accuracy of 2 to 5% (including new refinements to several HST calibration parameters) and now exist as a set of coregistered, map-projected images spanning a range of phase angles between 10° and 41°. The relatively high spatial resolution (20–30 km/pixel) global maps, when compared with Viking-era global albedo maps, reveal that substantial variations in Mars surface albedo patterns have occurred in the past 20 years. The most obvious changes include several classical dark regions that have become substantially brighter, and a few formerly bright regions that have darkened. The normal albedo of typical surface regions in the near-IR is derived from the multiple phase angle observations and is found to be bimodal with typical bright and dark values of 0.36 and 0.18, respectively. The surface near-IR phase coefficient ranges from 0.0 to 0.013 mag/deg, and there is no systematic correlation between phase coefficient and normal albedo. This observation is consistent with the diffusely scattering nature of the martian atmosphere even during times of low dust opacity. The data presented here may facilitate the planning and optimization of measurements to be obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), which will begin mapping the planet in 1999. These HST data also provide a basis for comparison with future MOLA and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) data in searches for seasonal and interannual variations in surface and polar cap albedo.
Impairment in childhood anxiety disorders: preliminary examination of the child anxiety impact scale-parent version.

Although anxiety disorders are prevalent among children and adolescents, with a chronic and often disabling course, there is a paucity of research examining the specific ways in which anxiety interferes with various domains of functioning in childhood. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the initial reliability and construct validity of the Child Anxiety Impact Scale-Parent version (CAIS-P). The CAIS-P is a parent-report measure consisting of School, Social, and Home/Family subscales. In a clinical sample (N = 92), the internal reliability and the convergent and divergent validity were evaluated. Internal consistency was good for the total score as well as each subscale (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.73-0.87). The CAIS-P total score demonstrated good construct validity, showing predicted significant correlations with the Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing Scale and the Child Depression Inventory but not the Externalizing Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. The Social subscale o...
Increases in free radicals and cytoskeletal protein oxidation and nitration in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Overproduction of colonic oxidants contributes to mucosal injury in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but the mechanisms are unclear. Our recent findings using monolayers of intestinal cells suggest that the mechanism could be oxidant induced damage to cytoskeletal proteins. However, oxidants and oxidative damage have not been well characterised in IBD mucosa. Aims: To determine whether there are increases in oxidants and in tissue and cytoskeletal protein oxidation in IBD mucosa. Methods: We measured nitric oxide (NO) and markers of oxidative injury (carbonylation and nitrotyrosination) to tissue and cytoskeletal proteins in colonic mucosa from IBD patients (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, specific colitis) and controls. Outcomes were correlated with IBD severity score. Results: Inflamed mucosa showed the greatest increases in oxidants and oxidative damage. Smaller but still significant increases were seen in normal appearing mucosa of patients with active and inactive IBD. Tissue NO levels correlated with oxidative damage. Actin was markedly (>50%) carbonylated and nitrated in inflamed tissues of active IBD, less so in normal appearing tissues. Tubulin carbonylation occurred in parallel; tubulin nitration was not observed. NO and all measures of oxidative damage in tissue and cytoskeletal proteins in the mucosa correlated with IBD severity. Disruption of the actin cytoarchitecture was primarily within the epithelial cells and paracellular area. Conclusions: Oxidant levels increase in IBD along with oxidation of tissue and cytoskeletal proteins. Oxidative injury correlated with disease severity but is also present in substantial amounts in normal appearing mucosa of IBD patients, suggesting that oxidative injury does not necessarily lead to tissue injury and is not entirely a consequence of tissue injury. Marked actin oxidation (>50%)—which appears to result from cumulative oxidative damage—was only seen in inflamed mucosa, suggesting that oxidant induced cytoskeletal disruption is required for tissue injury, mucosal disruption, and IBD flare up.
The value of social media data in enterprise applications

Social media is an interactive vehicle for communication accessed on a daily basis by hundreds of millions of people. Unlike conventional media, which is a one-way street for information exchange, social media enables people to write content as well as provide feedback and recommend content to other users. There are multiple enterprise applications, such as customer retention, new customer acquisition, campaign management and lead generation that can significantly benefit from the consumer insights hidden in the massive amounts of social media content. Defining, extracting and representing entities such as people, organization and products, and their inter-relationships enables the building of comprehensive consumer profiles that can be leveraged in enterprise applications. Building these social media profiles requires a combination of text and entity analytics, while the utilization of such profiles makes heavy use of statistical models and machine learning. In this talk I will briefly describe the work in progress at IBM Research - Almaden on how such consumer insights, both at the level of an individual and at the level of appropriate micro-segments, can be used in enterprise applications in companies ranging from movie studios to financial services and insurance companies. I will also provide a brief overview of text, entity and statistical modeling tools that can operate in a distributed fashion over very large amounts of data.
Hydrogen bonding interactions and miscibility studies of poly(amide)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends containing mangiferin

Abstract Miscibility studies of amorphous poly(amide)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PA/PVP) blends containing a crystalline phytochemical called “mangiferin” have been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and polarized optical microscopy. The binary blends of PA/PVP prepared from dimethylsulfoxide solutions were found to be completely miscible showing a systematic movement of a single glass transition temperature over the entire composition range. The FTIR study indicated the occurrence of cross-hydrogen bonding interactions between PA and PVP, which may be responsible for complete miscibility of the PA/PVP pair. Moreover, cross-hydrogen bonding promotes miscibility in binary blends of PA/mangiferin and PVP/mangiferin. However, the addition of mangiferin to PA/PVP blends has resulted in liquid–liquid phase separation between PA/mangiferin and PVP/mangiferin phases due to the preferential affinity of mangiferin to PVP than to PA. With increasing mangiferin concentration, liquid–liquid phase segregations occur between PA + mangiferin and PVP + mangiferin phases in addition to the solid–liquid phase transition of mangiferin crystals. Lastly, a ternary morphology phase diagram of the PA/PVP/mangiferin blends was established, which exhibited various coexistence regions such as isotropic, liquid + liquid, liquid + crystal, liquid + liquid + crystal, and solid crystal regions.
Beamforming in large-scale MIMO multiuser links under a per-node power constraint

Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems use a large array of nodes to offer high communication performance to multiple mobile users. For such systems to be economically practical, each node participating in the large-scale link likely has limited transmit power capability, and therefore properly limiting the per-node transmit power must be incorporated into the signal processing algorithm. This work generalizes an iterative beamforming algorithm for multiuser MIMO signaling, subject to such a per-node power constraint, that can accommodate nonlinear precoding and detection. Simulations using the algorithm for large-scale MIMO systems reveal that the approach can offer performance similar to that obtained with a more traditional sum-power constraint without the wide range of per-antenna transmit power distribution typical of such a constraint.
Lichtenstein Tension-Free Hernioplasty

The Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty is a technique of open, mesh-based inguinal hernia repair that does not place tissues under tension at the suture line, resulting in low recurrence rates. It can safely be performed without general anesthesia. This chapter describes the history and development of the Lichtenstein technique and details the operative steps and the modifications it has undergone since its inception. The current body of evidence is evaluated and the latest recommendations from the European Hernia Society are discussed. An understanding of Lichtenstein repair, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, will help surgeons optimize outcomes in the treatment of inguinal hernia.
Local organization and atomic clustering in multicomponent amorphous steels

The characteristics of atom packing in multicomponent metallic alloys with distinct short- and mediumrange order SMRO are notoriously difficult to provide as the local structure is made up of multiple overlapping pair correlations. In the case of binary glasses, several cluster models have been proposed that can describe the SMRO well going beyond models of dense random packing of hard spheres. By combining the pair density function analysis of neutron-diffraction data and modeling using ab initio computational techniques, the tendency for local atomic clustering is investigated and properties of multicomponent bulk Fe78x-yTMxREyC22zBz amorphous alloys transition metal TM and rare earth RE are studied going beyond simple binary systems. The results are relevant to most bulk metallic glass forming alloys with more than one kind of solute ion.
An introduction to the data and tools of planetary geomorphology

Abstract This manuscript presents a review of data used by planetary geomorphologists and the software tools needed to prepare, process, and analyze those data, along with an example of doing so. Visible image capture and the photometric and geometric processing of those images are reviewed, as are laser altimetry data, and terrain data derived from images via stereogrammetry. Image processing, geographic, and geospatial software tools are discussed.
Phosphorus availability in boreal forest soils: A geochemical and nutrient uptake modeling approach

Abstract Changes in soil surface charge and phosphorus (P) sorption capacity of soils may affect the availability of P in soils. We investigated how changes in soil properties in the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), which is a long-term paired-watershed experimental acidification study, may affect P availability using the Cushman–Barber plant nutrient uptake simulation model. Both NH4Cl- and water-extractable P and Al in mineral soils were significantly related to soil organic matter content. The results from this study suggest that P solubility in the BBWM soils is controlled through the formation of amorphous aluminum phosphate (Al(OH)2H2PO4) with a log ion activity product (IAP) between − 28.6 and − 28.8. Surface charge titration and batch P adsorption experiments were conducted on mineral soils from BBWM. The surface charge titration curve was fit to a three-site Langmuir model with the Type 1 site having an average OH− binding strength log K1 of 8.7 and 12% of the surface charge, Type 2 site with log K2 of 6.0 and 23% of the surface charge, and the Type 3 site with a log K3 of 4.2 and 65% of the surface charge. The Cushman–Barber simulation model predicted a 15% and 31% increase in P availability in the acid-treated watershed soils for the softwood and hardwood stands, respectively. This was primarily due to increased water-soluble P content in these soils, suggesting that soil acidification leads to increased P availability to plants. The results from this study clearly demonstrate the importance of the Al–P–organic matter interaction in determining the level of soluble P in soils, a key determinant of P bioavailability to plants.
Cytodifferentiation during spermiogenesis in Rhabditis pellio.

Investigations of atypical sperm development in Rhabditis pellio have revealed an unusually clear and close morphological relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, fibrous bodies, and surface membrane specializations. It is postulated that the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and dictyosomes are involved in the synthesis and deposition of the fibrous body. However, unlike the zymogen granules of the pancreas, the fibrous bodies do not appear to form within the dictyosome saccules, or vacuoles derived from them. Instead, the terminal, dense dictyosome saccule undergoes hypertrophy and becomes crescent-shaped, forming a two-layered cap over the developing fibrous body. The latter is composed of oriented fibers 70 A in diameter and about 2 μ in length; it is not attached to the overlying dictyosome membrane, but the close topographical relationship between the two suggests that the dictyosome may play an important role in their deposition. The residual cytoplasm which is cast off by the developing spermatid contains most, if not all, of the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and dictyosomes; remaining within the cell are the mitochondria, microtubules, dense nucleus void of an envelope, and fibrous bodies with associated dictyosome-derived membranes. Upon completion of maturation, the fibrous bodies and associated membranes separate. The membranes undergo marked folding, migrate to the periphery of the cell, and become fashioned into precursor specialized surface membrane bodies, at the ends of which secretion-like vesicles are often formed. Finally, the specialized surface bodies fuse with the plasma membrane, extrude their secretion through the surface pore, and form within them folded membranes which resemble microvilli.
Diffusion of Information about Clothing to Orthopedically Disabled Adults

Orthopedically disabled adults residing in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were surveyed by written questionnaire to determine what information sources they perceived to be available, which they used, and which they preferred to use to receive information about the selection, adaptation, and construction of clothing. The purpose of the study was to propose recommendations for im proved diffusion of clothing information to orthopedically disabled adults. A Priority Index for Potential Expansion organized the information sources with regard to perceived availability, use, and preference, and listed them in rank order, indicating needs for potential development. Prioritization indicated the following sources to be most deserving of developmental efforts: county exten sion bulletins, videotaped programs, catalogs, and pamphlets.
New amorphous magnetic materials of Fe-B-Be and Fe-B-Au

Substitution of Be for B in the amorphous binary alloy Fe/sub 82/B/sub 18/ caused an initial increase in saturation magnetization (M/sub s/) to a maximum of 200 emu/g at 4.2K, followed by a decrease for alloys with more than 4 at. % Be. Concurrently, the Curie temperature (T/sub C/) of the Fe/sub 82/B/sub 18-x/Be/sub x/ alloy decreased progressively with Be content. These changes in M/sub s/ and T/sub C/ differ from those observed in Fe-B-M' metallic glasses, where M' is another metalloid (P, C, Si or Ge). Results from Auger electron and Moessbauer spectroscopies also detected the reversal trend established by the magnetization measurements. The Auger results indicated that there is a charge. Additions of Au to Fe-B tended to increase the average Fe moment, anti ..mu../sub Fe/, resulting in values for anti ..mu../sub Fe/ at 2.20 ..mu../sub B/ in Fe/sub 82/B/sub 16/ /sub 5/Au/sub 1/ /sub 5/ and 2.46 ..mu../sub B/ in Fe/sub 87/B/sub 11/Au/sub 2/. The ternary alloys containing Au up to 1.0 at. % displayed two crystallization stages (with products of an ..cap alpha..-Fe-Au solid solution followed by Fe/sub 2/B) while those with higher Au content displayed a third stage with an Au-rich solid solution as themore » crystallization product. Annealing of Fe/sub 87/B/sub 11/Au/sub 2/ resulted in lower M/sub s/ values, unlike the annealing effect usually observed in Fe-base metallic glasses.« less
QoS issues in Web services

Quality of service (QoS) is a combination of several qualities or properties of a service, such as: availability is the percentage of time that a service is operating; security properties include the existence and type of authentication mechanisms the service offers, confidentiality and data integrity of messages exchanged, nonrepudiation of requests or messages, and resilience to denial-of-service attacks; response time is the time a service takes to respond to various types of requests; Response time is a function of load intensity, which can be measured in terms of arrival rates (such as requests per second) or number of concurrent requests. QoS takes into account not only the average response time, but also the percentile of the response time; and throughput is the rate at which a service can process requests. QoS measures can include the maximum throughput or a function that describes how throughput varies with load intensity. The QoS measure is observed by Web services users. These users are not human beings but programs that send requests for services to Web service providers. QoS issues in Web services have to be evaluated from the perspective of the providers of Web services and from the perspective of the users of these services.
Improving Sequential Detection Performance Via Stochastic Resonance

In this letter, we present a novel instance of the stochastic resonance effect in sequential detection. For a general binary hypotheses sequential detection problem, the detection performance is evaluated in terms of the expected sample size under both hypotheses. Improvability conditions are established for an injected noise to reduce at least one of the expected sample sizes for a sequential detection system using stochastic resonance. The optimal noise is also determined under such criteria. An illustrative example is presented where performance comparisons are made between the original detector and different noise modified detectors.
Data from a professional society placement service as a measure of the employment market for radiation oncologists

Abstract Purpose: To aid in understanding the employment market for radiation oncologists, we present annual data for 1991 to 2000 from the American College of Radiology's placement service, the Professional Bureau. This data series is twice as long as any previously available. Secondarily, we compare these data with other data on the employment market. Methods and Materials: The trends in job listings, job seekers, and listings per seeker in the Bureau are tabulated and graphed. We calculate correlations and graph relationships between the last of these and measures of the job market calculated from annual surveys. Results: Bureau data show listings per job seeker declined from 0.53 in 1991 to a nadir of 0.30 in 1995 and then recovered to 1.48 in 2000. Bureau listings and job seekers, each considered separately, show a similar pattern of job market decline and then eventual recovery to better than the 1991 situation. Bureau listings per job seeker correlate 0.895 with a survey-derived index of program directors' perceptions of the job market, but statistical significance is limited ( p = 0.04), because very few years of survey data are available. Conclusions: The employment market for radiation oncologists weakened in the first half of the 1990s, as had been widely reported; we present the first systematic data showing this. Data from a professional society placement service provide useful and inexpensive information on the employment market.
Ice‐dynamical constraints on the existence and impact of subglacial volcanism on West Antarctic ice sheet stability

[1] Subglacial volcanism in West Antarctica may play a crucial role in the dynamics and stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). Evidence supporting the existence of an individual subglacial volcanic center (Mt. Casertz) in the upper catchments of Whillans and Kamb Ice Stream (WIS and KIS), comes from a comparison of ice sheet modeling results with measured ice velocities. Lubrication of an area, which otherwise should be frozen to its bed, is best explained by basal melt water generated in the vicinity of Mt. Casertz. The estimated melt water production of Mt. Casertz corresponds to ∼8 % of the total melt water production in the two catchments. This would be sufficient to offset basal freezing in the dormant KIS, relubricating its bed and potentially causing a restart. Near future volcanic activity changes are speculative, but would have far reaching implications on the dynamics and stability of the WAIS requiring further investigation.
THE DIFFERING SURVIVAL OF NORMAL AND SENSITIZED SPLEEN CELLS TRANSFERRED TO ALLOGENEIC HOSTS.

Normal and isoimmune C3H and C57BL spleen cells were transferred intravenously into normal and irradiated allogeneic recipients and the fate of the donor cells determined by differential cytotoxicity and radioautographic techniques. It was found that spleen cells sensitized against their prospective recipients could be identified in the host's spleen for 1 day, whereas normal donor cells survived 2 to 3 days. Spleen cells presensitized with an indifferent antigen had survival times similar to normal donor cells. Irradiation of the recipients prior to cell transfer eliminated any difference in survival times between normal and presensitized donor cells in allogeneic hosts. It is concluded that the host plays an important role in the rapid destruction of spleen cells presensitized against host antigens. Experiments in which sensitized and normal C57BL spleen cells were mixed and transferred into normal C3H mice indicated that as little as 5 to 10 per cent of the donor cell population need be sensitized for the entire mixture to behave as if it were obtained from a sensitized animal, as shown by its elimination in the 1-day interval.
The Improvement of New Hampshire Fryers

Abstract THE establishment of definite standards for measuring desirable traits of fryers, as well as reasonable assurance that predictable amounts of improvement can be made are needed before the adoption of an elaborate breeding program involving meat production may be regarded as a sound commercial venture. Recently a nation-wide attempt to stimulate interest in the improvement of poultry from the standpoint of meat quality has been initiated under the auspices of a commercial concern (the U. S. Egg and Poultry Magazine for 1946 may be consulted for a series of publicity releases on the “Chicken of Tomorrow” contest). The tacit assumption underlying such an effort is that breeders in the field can in a relatively short time produce by selection a bird markedly superior to the current product. The question, whether or not this assumption is fully justified requires examination. It is generally conceded that the characteristics of birds desirable from . . .
Clinical management of T-cell malignancies: current perspectives, key issues, and emerging therapies.

Peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are a diverse group of disorders, most of which carry a poor prognosis. Relapse is common following the administration of most currently available agents, and there are few effective options for salvage therapy. This article discusses a number of novel emerging therapies for the treatment of patients with T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, including the antimetabolite nelarabine, the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor forodesine, the pyrimidine analogue gemcitabine, and the fusion protein denileukin diftitox. Other therapies discussed for the treatment of patients with T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas include bendamustine, gallium nitrate, and bortezomib, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, small molecules that target the apoptotic pathways, immunomodulatory agents, and monoclonal antibodies.
Becoming Mobile: Reference in the Ubiquitous Library

ABSTRACT Library patrons are adopting mobile devices for personal and other uses. The ubiquity of mobile devices will lead to changes in how and where learning and education happens. Libraries have wanted to become ubiquitous by making resources and services available anywhere, anytime. Reference librarians can use mobile devices and applications to include services in mobile learning environments. Challenges to libraries include uncertainty about which technologies to adopt in a rapidly changing technology landscape, the cost of technology adoption, staffing for 24–7, diversity of needs and preferences among library patrons, and the need to offer stable, consistent services. The combination of mobile librarians, mobile patrons, and mobile content provides an opportunity to move closer to the ideal of the ubiquitous library. This article originally published in Journal of Library Administration, Vol. 51, Issue 3, pages 279–290, 2011. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2011.556942.
Recognition of Facial Affect in Psychopathic Offenders

Hervey Cleckley’s book The Mask of Sanity (Cleckley, 1976) stands as the classic depiction of psychopathic individuals, describing them as callous, manipulative, insincere, and remorseless, yet superficially charming, beings. Although individuals with psychopathy often pass as ordinary members of society, their actions betray their utter disregard for the rights and feelings of others. The study of psychopathy has long focused on this impoverished affective presentation as fundamental to the disorder. One major theory in the field posits that the affective poverty associated with psychopathy is due to a diminished capacity for fear (Lykken, 1995).
Rate Versus Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation

OBJECTIVETo determine whether rate control is a viable initial treatment approach in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) through the evaluation of recently completed trials comparing rate and rhythm control.DATA SOURCESBiomedical literature was obtained through MEDLINE (1966—December 2003) and the Iowa database.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONArticles identified from the biomedical literature search were reviewed and included if deemed relevant.DATA SYNTHESISCurrently available data suggest that rate control is not inferior to rhythm control in patients with persistent AF with respect to mortality. Rate control also reduces hospitalizations and the occurrence of proarrhythmias. No significant difference was observed between treatments with respect to thromboembolism and strokes.CONCLUSIONSDue to the increased incidence of hospitalizations and antiarrhythmic adverse effects associated with rhythm control, rate control is a reasonable first-line strategy in the treatment of recurrent AF, especially in el...
Estimation of percentiles of cycle time in manufacturing simulation

Cycle time-throughput (CT-TH) percentile curves quantify the relationship between percentiles of cycle time and factory throughput, and they can play an important role in strategic planning for manufacturing systems. In this paper, a highly flexible distribution, the generalized gamma, is used to represent the underlying distribution of cycle time. To obtain CT-TH percentile curves, we fit metamodels for the first three CT-TH moment curves throughout the throughput range of interest, determine the parameters of the generalized gamma by matching moments, and obtain percentiles by inverting the distribution. To insure efficiency and control estimation error, simulation experiments are built up sequentially using a multistage procedure. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Prime Power Graphs for Groups of Lie Type

Abstract We associate a weighted graph Δ( G ) to each finite simple group G of Lie type. We show that, with an explicit list of exceptions, Δ( G ) determines G up to isomorphism, and for these exceptions, Δ( G ) nevertheless determines the characteristic of G . This result was motivated by algorithmic considerations. We prove that for any finite simple group G of Lie type, input as a black-box group with an oracle to compute the orders of group elements, Δ( G ) and the characteristic of G can be computed by a Monte Carlo algorithm in time polynomial in the input length. The characteristic is needed as part of the input in a previous constructive recognition algorithm for G .
Obituary: Rolla Milton Tryon, Jr. (1916–2001)

Rolla Tryon, a member of the American Fern Society since 1932 and one of the twentieth century's most eminent students of pteridophytes, was born on August 26, 1916 in Chicago, Illinois. His father, a professor of American history and education at the University of Chicago, maintained a summer cottage in Chesterton, Indiana in addition to his home in Chicago. Rolla's fascination with ferns and fern allies developed during boyhood forays from that Ches-
Miraculous Survival of a Patient With Pheochromocytoma and Takotsubo Syndrome

I read with interest the report by Flam et al, published ahead of print in the October 6, 2014 issue of the Journal, about a 46-year-old woman who had an inverted Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), cardiac arrest, and neurological complications, among other complications, in the setting of a pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and her miraculous survival, thanks to the admirable management by her physicians, which included the implementation of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO). By now, there should not be any hesitation to promptly make the diagnosis of TTS, in the presence of PHEO, in spite of nonsatisfaction of the Mayo Clinic-modified criteria. I have 2 questions for the authors: (1) What was felt to be the nature of the neurological complication, with the ‘‘multiple cortical and subcortical hypodensities involving the right posterior cerebral artery territory’’? Was it an embolic stroke, or due to brain hypoperfusion, or due to a complication deriving from the use of ECMO? (2) Considering the extreme cardiac dysfunction this patient experienced acutely in her clinical course, and the implementation of ECMO, what were the particulars of her anticoagulation regimen used (onset, duration, and agents employed)?