cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of inadequate perforators and salvage options for the anterior lateral thigh free flap

Objective The anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap is a soft tissue flap used in head and neck reconstruction. Occasionally, its perforators to the skin paddle are absent or too small to support the flap. Salvage options in this scenario have not been well described for head and neck reconstruction. Methods Multicenter review of 1,079 cases of planned ALT flaps where 28 initial flaps (2.6%) were discarded for nonviable skin paddle or lack of cutaneous perforators. Iatrogenic perforator injury was calculated separately. The total flap loss rate was 3.2%. Results In 12 cases, no perforators were noted after performing the anterior incision (early). Sixteen ALT flaps were discarded immediately before pedicle ligation (late). Reconstruction was salvaged by seven anteromedial thigh (AMT), six radial forearm, five contralateral ALT, four rectus abdominus myocutaneous, three vastus lateralis, three profunda artery perforator, two tensor fascia lata, one rectus femoris, two pectoralis major, one cervicofacial rotational, and one fibula flap. Of the 28 cases, 12 salvage cases did not involve an additional wound for the patient. Five of the seven AMT flaps were harvested after the ALT was identified as nonviable in the early time point. Two patients had no viable ALT flaps on bilateral lower extremities. Conclusion The ALT flap is a reliable soft tissue flap, and rarely cutaneous perforators are not adequate to support the skin paddle. Multiple options exist to salvage the reconstruction without significant additional morbidity to the patient if said inadequacy is identified early. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:343-346, 2020.
A Framework for Decomposition in Computational Thinking

Computational Thinking has become an important cognitive skill to develop in all areas of education. Despite its increasing popularity, the construct itself is only partially understood. There are few measures currently in place that advance our understanding of computational thinking and its subconstructs. In this article, we analyze existing measures of computational thinking (CT), looking specifically at their measures of decomposition. Decomposition is defined as the process of breaking down a problem into its sub-components. Even though most definitions of computational thinking include decomposition, fewbreak down the decompositional process beyond a basic definition. As one of the first steps in the computational thinking process, it is important to better understand the various manners in which decomposition occurs, which methods are most effective, and under what conditions. To better understand the decompositional process, we analyze evidence of decompositional process in a variety of disciplines. We then present a framework for decomposition in computational thinking. We demonstrate how this framework may help educators to better prepare students to break down complex problems, as well as provide guidance for how decompositional ability might be measured.
Fibrocytes, Wound Healing, and Corneal Fibrosis.

Purpose This review highlights the roles of fibrocytes-their origin, markers, regulation and functions-including contributions to corneal wound healing and fibrosis. Methods Literature review. Results Peripheral blood fibroblast-like cells, called fibrocytes, are primarily generated as mature collagen-producing cells in the bone marrow. They are likely derived from the myeloid lineage, although the exact precursor remains unknown. Fibrocytes are identified by a combination of expressed markers, such as simultaneous expression of CD34 or CD45 or CD11b and collagen type I or collagen type III. Fibrocytes migrate into the wound from the blood where they participate in pathogen clearance, tissue regeneration, wound closure and angiogenesis. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and adiponectin induce expression of α-smooth muscle actin and extracellular matrix proteins through activation of Smad3 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathways, respectively. Fibrocytes are important contributors to the cornea wound healing response and there are several mechanisms through which fibrocytes contribute to fibrosis in the cornea and other organs, such as their differentiation into myofibroblasts, production of matrix metalloproteinase, secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, and release of TGF-β1. In some tissues, fibrocytes may also contribute to the basement membrane regeneration and to the resolution of fibrosis. Conclusions New methods that block fibrocyte generation, fibrocyte migration, and their differentiation into myofibroblasts, as well as their production of matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, and TGF-β1, have therapeutic potential to reduce the accumulation of collagens, maintain tissue integrity and retard or prevent the development of fibrosis.
Effect of tension-compression asymmetry and partial transformation on the response of shape memory alloy beam structures

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) constitute a class of materials that are distinguished by their highly non-linear, thermo-mechanically coupled behaviour which is related with the phenomena accompanying the diffusion-less, solid-state phase transformation. This transition from the parent phase of Austenite to the product phase of Martensite and vice versa is also bound with the uncommon characteristic of “memory” exhibited when the material undergoes variable thermo-mechanical loadings. When a transformation reversal takes place, the material seems to inherently remember its state and adapts its future response in order to form closed paths, strongly dependent on the induced transformation history. Furthermore, another characteristic trait of SMAs is the asymmetry of their response when under tension or compression. During mixed loading states, such as bending of a beam, the evolution of transformation is observed to be different based on the sign of the load. The aforementioned peculiarities significantly affect the implementation SMAs in the design and realization of smart engineering structures intended for use in a wide range of fields that include but are not limited to aerospace, biomedical, wind energy, civil and automotive. To this end, efficient constitutive modeling of the phenomena related to the phase transformation is essential and of high importance in order to predict the complex performance of these materials. In this paper, emphasis is placed upon the investigation of the combined effect of tension-compression asymmetry and partial transformation on the response of SMA beams subjected to threepoint bending loading conditions. In this context, modeling of tension-compression asymmetry is investigated by using a set of different phase transformation functions based on the principles of computational plasticity, while a modified hardening function is considered to account for partial transformation behaviour. The produced numerical results are compared with respective cases that omit these phenomena in order to quantify their effect in terms of the developed stresses, material state and production/recovery of transformation strain.
Breaking the Cycle: Creating a Sustainable Agricultural System

First paragraph: Agriculture is currently in an unsustainable cycle created by the industrial food system. Breaking that cycle and creating a sustainable agriculture system will not be easy and requires dramatically altering the food system framework. In Defense of Farmers: The Future of Agriculture in the Shadow of Corporate Power, edited by Jane W. Gibson and Sara E. Alexander, examines parts of the history of industrial agriculture, the current situation, and a potential future. The book would be valuable for food system leaders and policy-makers and in graduate seminars. Analyses of examples of industrial agriculture in the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Bolivia highlight unsustainable methods and suggest improvements that could serve as a starting point for dialogues and decisions on changing the food system framework. . . .
Directions of zero thermal expansion and the peritectic transformation in HfTiO4

Abstract The anisotropic infinitesimal coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and the peritectic transformation of orthorhombic-HfTiO4 (space group: pbcn, #60) to tetragonal-HfO2 (space group: P42/nmc, #137) plus liquid at 1980 °C (O-HfTiO4 ⇄ T -HfO2+L(Hf,Ti,O)) have been studied by in-situ X-ray powder diffraction from room temperature to complete melting (~2300 °C) in air, using a Quadrupole Lamp Furnace (QLF) and a Conical Nozzle Levitator (CNL) equipped with a 400 W CO2laser. Directions of zero thermal expansion were identified in the temperature range ~25 – 580 ˚C and visualized in 3D using distorted cones and 2D stereographic projections. The directions of zero thermal expansion change as a function of temperature. The (021) pole of orthorhombic HfTiO4 was identified as having the lowest root mean squared (rms) thermal expansion, ~12 times lower than the highest rms thermal expansion direction [100] over the temperature range: 25 – 580 ˚C. The topotactic, peritectic transformation has been fully described by extracting the lattice correspondence, lattice variant deformation and a structural motif (grouping of cations) that relates the two structures at the transformation temperature. Symmetry decomposition was performed to show that the orthorhombic-HfTiO4 and tetragonal-HfO2 structures are simply related by polyhedral rotations and cation oxygen coordination changes, in addition to a slight adjustment in cation positions.
Non-Traditional Education to Advance Women in Computing Careers in the St. Louis Metro Region

The Saint Louis Metropolitan Area has been one of the top American cities for tech startups while hosting a substantial number of fortune 500 companies. Usually, this translates into job opportunities for those living and working within the area. However, the immediate challenge is the lack of women within the workforce that is currently there. While one of the top 50 largest metropolitan areas, Saint Louis has a deficit of women in computer engineering related fields. This paper aims to address those issues while displaying what this city has done to increase the workforce in the metropolitan area. The authors review current initiatives while providing recommendations for enhancing those already present.
Regular graphs with large Italian domatic number

For a graph $G$, an Italian dominating function is a function $f: V(G) rightarrow {0,1,2}$ such that for each vertex $v in V(G)$ either $f(v) neq 0$, or $sum_{u in N(v)} f(u) geq 2$.If a family $mathcal{F} = {f_1, f_2, dots, f_t}$ of distinct Italian dominating functions satisfy $sum^t_{i = 1} f_i(v) leq 2$ for each vertex $v$, then this is called an Italian dominating family.In [L. Volkmann, The {R}oman {${2}$}-domatic number of graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. {bf 258} (2019), 235--241], Volkmann defined the textit{Italian domatic number} of $G$, $d_{I}(G)$, as the maximum cardinality of any Italian dominating family. In this same paper, questions were raised about the Italian domatic number of regular graphs. In this paper, we show that two of the conjectures are false, and examine some exceptions to a Nordhaus-Gaddum type inequality.
Revisiting the imaging appearance of neuromuscular choristoma versus lipomatous lesions of nerve: Nuancing the 50% rule

Abstract Neuromuscular choristoma (NMC) is a rare benign peripheral nerve lesion characterized by mature skeletal or smooth muscle admixed with nerve fibers whereas lipomatosis of nerve (LN) is characterized by adipose tissue. We describe a case of a 49-year-old woman with a fat-containing mass associated with the brachial plexus appearing as a hibernoma, atypical LN, or atypical lipomatous tumor. Biopsy revealed pathognomonic histologic features of NMC. We suggest the 50% rule previously proposed to distinguish NMC from other fatty lesions be applied to the portion of the lesion with soft tissue elements, and not the lesion as a whole.
Does psoriasis treatment affect PsA development

The results of several retrospective studies have reported that systemic treatment in patients with psoriasis reduces the risk of incident psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Although encouraging from a prevention perspective, such studies are limited in their ability to provide a conclusive understanding of PsA risk, preventing a clear picture from emerging.
Spatial Regression Models in Criminology: Modeling Social Processes in the Spatial Weights Matrix

A decade ago, Jacqueline Cohen and George Tita served as guest editors for a special volume of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology (Vol 15, #4, 1999) that was dedicated to the study of the diffusion of homicide. In their Editor’s Introduction (Cohen and Tita 1999a), they concluded that the results presented in special volume,1 along with recent work by Morenoff and Sampson (1997), clearly demonstrated that the observed patterns of violence were consistent with patterns one might expect if violence does, in fact, diffuse over space. That is, levels of violence are not randomly distributed; instead, similar rates of violence cluster together in space (i.e., violence exhibits positive spatial autocorrelation.) Furthermore, a growing number of studies began to demonstrate that even after controlling for the ecological features known to be associated with high levels of crime (e.g., poverty, population density, male joblessness, female-headed households, etc), the clustering of high values could not be explained away. These early spatial studies of diffusion helped to establish the existence of an unobserved “neighborhood effect” that seemed to be responsible for spatially concentrated high-crime areas.
Chapter 18 Hormonal regulation of cellular energy metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hormonal regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Hormones modulate metabolic flows to integrate the functioning of different cells and tissues, and to optimize the use of available resources. One of their important tasks is regulating the distribution of energy utilization to accommodate the variations in demand for energy, and regulating the supply of fuel to meet these demands. Organisms can handle large fluctuations in the flux through substrate supply or energy utilization reactions, while maintaining homeostatic control over important metabolic intermediates. Although the advantages to the organism of maintaining homeostatic control are evident, the mechanisms by which this occurs, or by which it is adjusted to changing metabolic needs in the cell, are not yet well understood. Hormones are external regulators of cellular metabolism that make use of the internal control mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation to adapt energy supplying reactions to the needs of the organism.
Boar acrosin. I. Purification and preliminary characterization of a proteinase from boar sperm acrosomes.

Abstract Acrosin is a proteolytic enzyme used by sperm to digest a path through the zona pellucida of the ovum. In ejaculated sperm it is inactivated by a proteinase inhibitor from seminal plasma that also inhibits trypsin. This inhibitor is removed or inactivated during the residence in the female reproductive tract as a part of the capacitation process. The boar acrosin-inhibitor complex was partially purified using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The complex was dissociated and the acrosin obtained in a highly purified form by the use of Sephadex gel filtration at pH 3.0. The final preparations were judged to be homogeneous on the basis of chromatographic and electrophoretic criteria and showed a molecular weight of 30,000. Acrosin has a temperature optimum of 53°, an esterase optimum at pH 8.5, and a proteolytic optimum on azocasein at pH 8.7. The enzyme is quite stable at pH 3.0 but undergoes destruction at slightly alkaline pH. Purified acrosin is both activated and stabilized by calcium ions; however, it is not stable to freezing nor to freeze-drying and is inactivated by urea.
Cleavage of prolactin by its target organs and the possible significance of this process.

An enzymatically cleaved form of rat prolactin (rPRL) was first described in 1980. This cleavage produces a molecule that consists of two chains of amino acids linked by a disulfide bond between two Cys residues. Reduction of that bond produces two fragments of 6 and 16 Kd. A considerable amount of information has accrued in recent years about the cleaved molecule and its 16-Kd fragment. The enzyme that cleaves the molecule is present in target tissues of PRL in rodents (e.g., mammary gland and ventral prostate), and the activity of the enzyme changes with the functional state of the mammary gland. Rat mammary PRL-cleaving activity is specific for rodent PRL, and the enzyme is localized in the stroma of that gland. The enzyme that cleaves rPRL is probably cathepsin D, and the sites of cleavage on the molecule have been identified. The cleaved form of rPRL has a high degree of activity in various assays, but it has reduced activity in radioimmunoassays. The 16-Kd fragment retains a significant degree of bioactivity in in vitro mitogenic assays, and specific binding sites for the fragment have been identified. Novel bioactivities for the cleaved form of rPRL and its 16-Kd fragment have been reported, and these molecules may account for the fact that bioassay estimates of PRL in rat serum are generally higher than are RIA measurements. Although the 16-Kd fragment has significant bioactivity, it contains only six of the fourteen residues that are thought to participate in the coupling of the intact hormone to its receptor. Cleaved rPRL is present in rat serum (but not in milk), but whether the 16-Kd fragment is formed in vivo has not yet been determined.
Reports of Stress: A Comparison Between Eating Disordered and Non-Eating Disordered Adolescents

This study utilizes a unique method to examine reports of stressful life events provided by eating disordered and non-eating disordered adolescents. Subjects (all females) participated in a standardized procedure to obtain reports of stressful life events. The Life Events and Coping Inventory (LECI) was used to categorize reported stressors. Eating disorder subjects discussed more stressors than non-eating disorder subjects only when eating disorder events were included. Furthermore, eating disorder subjects reported more events that could not be classified within the LECI and were rated as non-normative. The findings point to the importance of qualitative rather than purely quantitative approaches to stressful life events assessment with adolescents.
Democracy, the Constitution, and Legal Positivism in America: Lessons from a Winding and Troubled History

This Article explores the political and philosophical background of the current debate between positivist “originalism” and evolutionary “living constitutionalism” and, more generally, the significance of positivist ideas for both democratic and constitutional theory. Noting the tensions between positivist and nonpositivist ideas that existed in early American constitutionalism, it focuses on the impact of John Austin’s theory of legal positivism in the United States after the Civil War and the way successive generations of Americans interpreted positivist ideas to develop their theories of democracy and constitutionalism. It argues that Austin inspired rival jurisprudential approaches that quickly, but misleadingly, became entangled with opposing theories of democracy and constitutionalism. Positivist ideas subsequently became the instrument first of Progressives who criticized the “Lochner Court,” then of New Deal justices who preached “judicial restraint,” then of many critics of the Warren Court, and finally of the conservative originalists in the present day who broadly condemn “liberal judicial activism.” The Article shows that, as American politics changed over the years, so too did the alleged significance and practical uses of positivism for arguments about both democracy and constitutionalism. The Article concludes that positivism contributed — and is able to contribute — little to coherent normative theories of either democracy or constitutionalism but that it nonetheless has substantial practical value for both. Positivism’s emphasis on the social and behavioral realities that underlie the law highlights the need to constantly examine the extent to which the legal system honors a society’s democratic values and constitutional principles not just in words and slogans but in the actual operations and social consequences of its legal system.
Myocardial protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury post coronary revascularization

Effective primary and secondary prevention and advances in cardiac surgery have significantly improved the care and outcomes of patients with myocardial ischemia. While timely reperfusion has proved to be an invaluable tool, ischemia–reperfusion injury represents a mechanism that may limit its effectiveness. Numerous experimental studies have shown effective protection from ischemia–reperfusion injury in animal models, but translation into clinical practice has been less successful. This article summarizes the role of ischemia–reperfusion injury in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and gives an overview of the various modalities that have been developed in order to provide myocardial protection from reperfusion injury in clinical practice.
Review: Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

The primary treatment goals in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease are relief of symptoms, prevention of symptom relapse, healing of erosive oesophagitis, and prevention of complications of oesophagitis. In patients with reflux oesophagitis, treatment is directed at acid suppression through the use of lifestyle modifications (e.g., elevating the head of the bed, modifying the size and composition of meals) and pharmacologic agents (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist [H2RA] taken on demand or a proton pump inhibitor [PPI] taken 30 to 60 minutes before the first meal of the day). The preferred empiric approach is step-up therapy (treat initially with an H2RA for eight weeks; if symptoms do not improve, change to a PPI) or step-down therapy (treat initially with a PPI; then titrate to the lowest effective medication type and dosage). In patients with erosive oesophagitis identified on endoscopy, a PPI is the initial treatment of choice. Diagnostic testing should be reserved for patients who exhibit warning signs (i.e., weight loss, dysphagia, gastrointestinal bleeding) and patients who are at risk for complications of oesophagitis (i.e., esophageal stricture formation, Barrett's oesophagus, adenocarcinoma). Antireflux surgery, including open and laparoscopic versions of Nissen fundoplication, is an alternative treatment in patients who have chronic reflux with recalcitrant symptoms. Newer endoscopic modalities, including the Stretta and endocinch procedures, are less invasive and have fewer complications than antireflux surgery, but response rates are lower. SA Fam Pract 2005;47(8):49-54
Results of a Survey to Assess Curriculum Needs for Academic Training Programs in Hazardous Substances

With the advent of new industrial hygiene academic training programs in hazardous substances, located at nine United States universities, a curriculum needs assessment survey was developed at the University of Minnesota and completed by members of the joint American Industrial Hygiene Association/American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Hazardous Waste Committee and members of the Health and Safety Subcommittee of the Hazardous Waste Action Coalition. The survey asked respondents to indicate whether 27 course subjects (1) should be required, (2) may be required or elective, (3) should be elective, or (4) should not be offered. Respondents were also asked to recommend additional course subjects, research needs in the hazardous materials and waste field, and certifications to be pursued. Results from 50 completed surveys (50% response rate)showed that about half of the respondents work for consulting companies and have more than 15 years of experience in the hazardous material or waste fiel...
Rapid and reversible uncoupling of the hepatic α1-adrenergic receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding protein by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBU), 1 microgram/ml for 2 min, abolished alpha 1-adrenergic receptor (AR)-mediated signal transduction in rat hepatocytes and converted 100% of alpha 1-ARs to a low-affinity state, similar to effects of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog. Reversal of PDBU inhibition restored high-affinity alpha 1-ARs towards control values. The rapid uncoupling of the alpha 1-AR and guanine-nucleotide-binding protein by PDBU, and reversibility associated with reactivation of alpha 1-adrenergic signaling, identify this as an important inhibitory locus for PDBU.
Van der Waals Attraction in Multilayer Structures

Abstract The dispersion energy between multilayer systems is calculated from the energy of the electromagnetic field fluctuations, which originate in the interspace and are repeatedly reflected or transmitted by all interfaces. The resulting energy terms are summed explicitly for the case of a periodic double layer by means of combinatorial analysis. The dispersion energy between different layers turns out to be of longer range than that resulting from a pairwise integration of d−6 interactions, on account of the large number of additional reflection terms. The reflection terms of order 1 ≥ 5 even show extremes in their dependence on the separation a2. However, their generally decreasing weight makes it very unlikely that these extremes might also be encountered in the dispersion energy.
Bayesian Sequential Parameter Estimation by Cognitive Radar With Multiantenna Arrays

In this paper we consider the problem of Bayesian sequential parameter estimation of extended targets for cognitive radar with multi-antenna arrays using adaptive waveforms. The target is modeled as a complex Gaussian random process. Using iterative waveform transmission, the cognitive radar estimates the target's characteristic parameters and updates its probabilistic model based on new measurements. The adaptive waveform is designed by minimizing the conditional entropy from the posterior density of the model parameters. We analyze the performance of the developed Bayesian sequential estimation algorithm and derive expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio gain, the asymp- totical posterior Cramer Rao bound, and the mutual information gain. The analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the adaptive sequential Bayesian estimator yields accelerated convergence of the estimate towards its true value and a smaller estimation error compared with the conventional Bayesian esti- mator that uses fixed waveform transmission under Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise.
Visible light-driven water oxidation by Ir oxide clusters coupled to single Cr centers in mesoporous silica.

Visible light-induced water oxidation has been demonstrated at an Ir oxide nanocluster coupled to a single CrVI site on the pore surface of MCM-41 mesoporous silica. The photocatalytic unit was assembled by the reaction of surface CrO groups with Ir(acac)3 precursor followed by calcination at 300 °C and bond formation monitored by FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. High-resolution Z-contrast electron micrographs of the calcined material combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spot analysis confirmed the occlusion of Ir oxide nanoparticles inside the mesopores. Oxygen evolution of an aqueous suspension of the IrxOy−CrMCM-41 upon visible light irradiation of the CrVI−O ligand-to-metal charge-transfer absorption was monitored mass-spectrometrically. Comparison of the product yields for samples with low Cr content (Cr/Si ≤ 0.02) and high Cr content (Cr/Si = 0.05) indicates that only isolated Cr centers are capable of extracting electrons from Ir oxide clusters, while di- or polychromate species are not. Water oxi...
Raman signal enhancement via elastic light scattering

The enhanced generation of a spontaneous Raman signal by way of elastic scattering is demonstrated. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that elastic scattering, by increasing the path length of light through the medium, enhances the generation of a Raman signal. This is investigated over a large parameter space, demonstrating that this effect is robust, and providing additional physical insight into the dynamics of light propagation in a turbid medium. Both the temporal and spatial profiles of the Raman signal are shown to depend heavily on the amount of scattering present.
Foreign direct investment and global sourcing choices of firms in the US

This paper investigates factors affecting the global sourcing choices of firms in the US: (1) US investment abroad; (2) foreign direct investment in the US; (3) wage–productivity ratio; and (4) transaction cost. I found that there is a statistically significant association between the country of sourcing choices and foreign direct investment. Both the wage–productivity ratios and transaction costs are not statistically significant at the conventional significance level, but their regression coefficients show proper signs. The paper also examines the patterns of foreign direct investment among countries and compares transaction costs by income group. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Generalized Alignment-Free Phrase Extraction

In this paper, we present a phrase extraction algorithm using a translation lexicon, a fertility model, and a simple distortion model. Except these models, we do not need explicit word alignments for phrase extraction. For each phrase pair (a block), a bilingual lexicon based score is computed to estimate the translation quality between the source and target phrase pairs; a fertility score is computed to estimate how good the lengths are matched between phrase pairs; a center distortion score is computed to estimate the relative position divergence between the phrase pairs. We presented the results and our experience in the shared tasks on French-English.
Models of Garnet Differential Geochronology

Abstract Rayleigh distillation models are developed to describe theoretical growth zoning of Lu, Hf, Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd in typical garnet crystals from metapelites and metabasites. Effects of diffusion-limited transport within the matrix and intracrystalline diffusion are also considered qualitatively. Theoretical zoning profiles show strong depletions of Lu in garnet rims compared to cores, but virtually invariant Hf, Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd profiles, generally consistent with natural profiles for Lu and Hf and previously published models. Theoretical isochron diagrams for Lu–Hf exhibit distinctive arcuate distributions and high MSWDs consistent both with Himalayan data, and with expectations that garnet growth durations exceed chronologic resolution by as much as an order of magnitude. Predicted isochron diagrams for Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr exhibit vertical arrays for garnet and high MSWDs that are generally lower than for Lu–Hf in metapelites. Inherent chronologic resolution for bulk separates is best for Lu–Hf in metapelites and Rb–Sr, but analytical considerations favor Rb–Sr or Sm–Nd for chronologic zoning studies. Diffusion-limited transport in the rock matrix strongly influences zoning profiles, but does not change the main trends on isochron diagrams. Intracrystalline diffusion will initially rotate Lu–Hf isochrons to steeper slopes, giving older apparent ages. The natural Himalayan data indicate growth of garnet in one rock from the Greater Himalayan Sequence at ∼34 Ma, consistent with previously measured monazite ages from the same rock. Data from another Himalayan rock suggest polymetamorphism that includes a Paleozoic component.
Creep-recovery of bread and correlation to sensory measurements of textural attributes

ABSTRACT Bread crumb firmness has been studied extensively with many instruments. Other texture attributes like springiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness can be obtained through sensory analysis or by texture analysis using texture profile analysis. In this study, mechanical analysis (MA) was used to study the creep-recovery of several commercial breads. A descriptive panel was used to analyze these attributes and the results were correlated to MA measurements. With use of a small probe force in the linear viscoelastic portion (50 mN), bread sensory firmness was correlated quadratically to MA creep deformation (r2 = 0.77) and sensory springiness was correlated quadratically to the combination of MA recovery percentage and its rate (r2 = 0.82). With use of a large probe force in the nonlinear viscoelastic portion (600 mN), bread cohesiveness was correlated linearly to the MA recovery percentage (r2 = 0.98). These results indicate that the creep-recovery test can be used to determine some texture attribut...
Estimating income-dependent occupational scores for 1940.

Abstract Recently released public use microdata sample files (PUMS) from the 1940 United States census represent important additions to census time-series data. However, the usefulness of this data set for stratification analyses is limited by missing data on self-employment earnings and the absence of an interval scale for the 1940 classification of occupations. In this paper, we report the methodology used to derive these measures and the results. 1940 census-based occupational SEI scores are estimated, following O. D. Duncan (1961) , and an additional method of ranking occupations, mean occupational earnings (MOE), is also described. These two measures of occupational rank should add to the sociological literature on scaling occupations and model testing, and are currently being analyzed in an ongoing research project on patterns of ethnic and immigrant group stratification during the 1940–1950 decade.
Fluid interaction of segmented ionic polymer–metal composites under water

The numerous possible applications of ionic polymer?metal composites (IPMCs) as an underwater propulsor have led to the investigation of IPMC behaviour in an aqueous environment. This study compares the performance of an IPMC subjected to fluid drag forces to its performance without such forces. Both the form (i.e.?pressure) drag and the viscous (i.e.?skin friction) drag forces experienced by the IPMC due to the surrounding liquid are modelled. These forces are incorporated into a two-dimensional (2D) analytical model of a segmented IPMC. The model is based on small deflection and can be conveniently used. The maximum IPMC deflection for aqueous and non-aqueous environments is compared, both analytically and experimentally. Using video-capturing techniques, the deflection of the IPMC, both in air and in water, is investigated. The experimental results are used in order to better understand the performance of an IPMC in water. A large-deflection model for the segmented IPMC is also proposed.
Fixed charge in Cr-metallized MOS capacitors

Flat‐band voltages, surface‐state densities, and Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling characteristics were measured in MOS capacitor structures with oxide thicknesses ranging from 30 to 400 A. The oxides were grown in dry oxygen on p‐silicon; the metallization was gold on top of chrome. The results show the silicon‐silica interface to be independent of oxide thickness down to a value of at most 40 A. They also suggest the existence of charge not only at the silica‐silicon interface but also at the metal‐silica interface. The charge near the metal has the characteristic of a double layer. Right next to the interface it is negative and of magnitude 1019 electron charges/cm3. It goes to zero some 75 A into the oxide and then increases to reach a maximum positive value on the order of −1018 electron charges/cm3. Approximately 150 A into the oxide it goes to zero. The surface charge at the silicon‐silica interface was as in previous investigations found to be positive and, at flat band, on the order of −3×1011 electron charges/cm2.
3‐HALO‐4‐IMINO‐2‐AZETIDINONES VIA ACYLCHLOROFORMAMIDINES

α-Haloacid Halides react with carbodimides to yield acylchloroformamidines which upon treatment with trithylamine undergo conversion to 3-halo4-imino-2-azetidinones in good yiels. Two pathways are possible for this conversion and these are discussed.
Scholarometer: a system for crowdsourcing scholarly impact metrics

Scholarometer (scholarometer.indiana.edu) is a social tool developed to facilitate citation analysis and help evaluate the impact of authors. The Scholarometer service allows scholars to compute various citation-based impact measures. In exchange, users provide disciplinary annotations of authors, which allow for the computation of discipline-specific statistics and discipline-neutral impact metrics. We present here two improvements of our system. First, we integrated a new universal impact metric hs that uses crowdsourced data to calculate the global rank of a scholar across disciplinary boundaries. Second, improvements made in ambiguous name classification have increased the accuracy from 80% to 87%.
Workshop on fault diagnosis and tolerance in cryptography

Cryptographic devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and complex, making reliability an important design objective. Moreover, the diffusion of mobile, low-price consumer electronic equipment containing cryptographic components makes them more vulnerable to attack procedures, in particular to those based on injection of faults. This workshop aims at providing researchers in both the dependability and cryptography communities an opportunity to start bridging the gap between fault diagnosis and tolerance techniques, and cryptography.
The Effects of Cinnamomum Cassia on Blood Glucose Values are Greater than those of Dietary Changes Alone.

Eighteen type II diabetics (9 women and 9 men) participated in a 12-week trial that consisted of 2 parts, a 3-week control phase followed by a 9-week experimental phase where half of the subjects received 1000 mg of Cinnamomum cassia while the other half received 1000 mg of a placebo pill. All of the subjects that were in the cinnamon group had a statistically significant decrease in their blood sugar levels with a P-value of 3.915 × 10-10. The subjects in the cinnamon group had an average overall decrease in their blood sugar levels of about 30 mg/dL, which is comparable to oral medications available for diabetes. All subjects were educated on appropriate diabetic diets and maintained that diet for the entire 12 week study. Greater decreases in blood glucose values were observed in patients using the cinnamon compared to those using the dietary changes alone.
Prospective assessment of an atlas-based intervention combined with real-time software feedback in contouring lymph node levels and organs-at-risk in the head and neck: Quantitative assessment of conformance to expert delineation.

Abstract Purpose A number of studies have previously assessed the role of teaching interventions to improve organ-at-risk (OAR) delineation. We present a preliminary study demonstrating the benefit of a combined atlas and real time software-based feedback intervention to aid in contouring of OARs in the head and neck. Methods and Materials The study consisted of a baseline evaluation, a real-time feedback intervention, atlas presentation, and a follow-up evaluation. At baseline evaluation, 8 resident observers contoured 26 OARs on a computed tomography scan without intervention or aid. They then received feedback comparing their contours both statistically and graphically to a set of atlas-based expert contours. Additionally, they received access to an atlas to contour these structures. The resident observers were then asked to contour the same 26 OARs on a separate computed tomography scan with atlas access. In addition, 6 experts (5 radiation oncologists specializing in the head and neck, and 1 neuroradiologist) contoured the 26 OARs on both scans. A simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) composite of the expert contours was used as a gold-standard set for analysis of OAR contouring. Results Of the 8 resident observers who initially participated in the study, 7 completed both phases of the study. Dice similarity coefficients were calculated for each user-drawn structure relative to the expert STAPLE composite for each structure. Mean dice similarity coefficients across all structures increased between phase 1 and phase 2 for each resident observer, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in overall OAR-contouring ability (P Conclusions Our data suggest that a combined atlas and real-time feedback-based educational intervention detectably improves contouring of OARs in the head and neck.
Ultrashort laser pulse duration dependent, free carrier absorption in thin gold films

Abstract Pulse duration dependent free carrier absorption was observed in a thin gold film deposited on BaF 2 . An electron-phonon scattering time of 13.5 ps was extracted from this measurement. A plausible explanation for this unusually long relaxation time is given by examining the details of the second-order quantum mechanical process.
Busy travelers: leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life.

Abstract For many later lire and retirement are characterized by the freedom to pursue activities that have been postponed from earlier life stages. One such activity especially for middle-class Americans, is leisure-travel. Face to face semi-structured interviews were conducted with six men and five women ranging in age from 65 to 90 years asking them about their leisure-travel patterns and the meanings that such travel held for them. Constant comparison was used throughout the interviews and the analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). A life course perspective was adopted whereby participants were asked to reflect upon travel throughout their lives. In retirement, most of the individuals were busy travelers taking trips to Europe, engaging in Elderhostel programs, and traveling throughout the US to visit friends and family. Most of the participants felt that leisure-travel was an important part of their lives and the educational and spiritual opportunities it provided made it meaningful. Four of the particip...
Differential risks to males and females for congenital malformations among 2.5 million California births, 1989-1997.

BACKGROUND Although many studies have observed variations in the prevalence of specific malformations by sex, there is a lack of population-based data on potential malformation prevalence differences by sex at birth. METHODS Our objective was to explore differences in the prevalence of structural congenital malformation phenotypes between sexes in a California population of 2.5 million live- and stillbirths, using data from a population-based active surveillance system. Ascertainment was performed among offspring of California women who delivered in nonmilitary hospitals during the period of 1989–1997. Malformations were grouped according to the four-digit malformation codes of the British Pediatric Association. RESULTS Overall, 32,619 males and 21,835 females were considered to have structural congenital malformations, with prevalences of 2.52% and 1.76%, respectively. Thus, males demonstrated a malformation prevalence that was 22% higher than that in females. Using a criterion of a 40% increase or decrease in the relative risk for males, increased risks for 15 and decreased risks for 17 specific malformation categories were observed. Increased risks were associated with most organ systems, with the notable exception of the nervous system (increased risks for nervous system malformations were observed among female births). Risks were not substantially influenced by adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, parity, or education. CONCLUSIONS Our observations extend the relatively few studies that have investigated differential prevalences of a large number of specific structural malformations between male and female births. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Humans Would Do Better without Groups: A Final Note

Because of recent rejoinders (Anderson, 1978; Kravitz, et al., 1978; Green and Mack, 1978; Shaffer, 1978) and a large number of inquiries, this brief note comments on my reasons for writing "Humans would do better without groups" (Buys, 1978).
Effects of intermediate-scale wind disturbance on composition, structure, and succession in Quercus stands: Implications for natural disturbance-based silviculture

Forest disturbances are discrete events in space and time that disrupt the biophysical environment and impart lasting legacies on forest composition and structure. Disturbances are often classified along a gradient of spatial extent and magnitude that ranges from catastrophic events where most of the overstory is removed to gap-scale events that modify local environmental conditions only. Without question, a paucity of data is available on disturbance events of the intermediate scale (i.e. those events too localized to be classed as catastrophic and too widespread to be considered gap scale). The specific objectives of this study were to quantify and compare canopy structure, understory light regimes, woody species composition, and tree species diversity along a gradient of canopy disturbance caused by an EF1 tornado and to analyze the influence of intermediate-scale disturbance on the successional trajectory of an upland Quercus forest. Statistically significant differences in diversity measures between control (no storm damage), light, or moderate damage class plots were only found in the sapling layer. We documented significant differences (P < 0.01) in percent of intercepted PAR between the control and moderate damage classes and between moderate and light classes. Three growing seasons post-disturbance, the understory light regime had largely returned to pre-disturbance conditions. The disturbance event acted primarily as a release mechanism for advanced reproduction in the understory and for stems in the midstory. Our results provide quantitative information on disturbances of this extent and magnitude and can be used to guide silvicultural systems designed to emulate natural disturbance processes, which is an increasingly popular management approach especially on public lands.
Vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in a child with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia

Paralytic poliomyelitis was observed in a child with a sex-linked defect in immunoglobulin synthesis. Evidence is presented that this was secondary to administration of oral, live poliovaccine. The demonstration of a familial sex-linked gammaglobulin deficiency and the failure to document a defect in cell-mediated immunity in this child extends the risk of vaccine associated poliomyelitis to virtually all forms of immunodeficiency. The critical host factors in the pathogenesis of poliovirus vaccine infection and in particular its unfavorable outcome appear to include either a deficiency in the humoral (B cell) system or in the cell-mediated (T cell) system.
A 130 0-year history of vegetation and environmental change at Jan Lake, east-central Alaska

Pollen, stomates and macrofossils were analysed from a 3.63 m sediment core at Jan Lake, eastcentral Alaska, in order to improve spatial resolution of patterns of vegetation history in this region. The chronology was based on 19 AMS 14C dates on plant macrofossils and concentrated pollen. Zone Jan-I (12400-11 600 yr BP) records a unique herb-tundra pollen assemblage, particularly high in Chenopodia ceae, adding supporting evidence for a spatial mosaic of lateglacial vegetation in east-central Alaska. Unexpected pollen of Picea, Betula and Alnus in lateglacial sediments appears to arise from reworking of older pollen-bearing deposits, according to a radiocarbon date of 22180yr BP on a pollen sample. Shrub Betula tundra dominates zone Jan-Il (11 600-10000 yr BP), with indications of climatic amelioration. Tree species (Populus, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera) began to arrive in zone Jan-Illa (9200-6600 yr BP), and the modern boreal forest, including Alnus and Picea mariana, became established during zone J...