cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Order parameter and segregated phases in a sandpile model with two particle sizes

We study the behavior of two one-dimensional sandpile models with two different particle sizes in dependence on the size dispersion and on the difference in the surface creep between the two types of particles. We investigate the phase space and find several types of particle segregation that occur: two oppositely totally segregated states, a striped state, and two oppositely partially segregated states. By defining an order parameter for the size segregation we investigate the effect of the size dispersion and of the creep difference between the two types of particles. At very small size dispersions the creep difference induces the size segregation; if the sign of the creep difference is reversed, the size segregation in the sandpile is reversed too and the order parameter changes its sign. In one of our models, in the absence of the creep difference the order parameter grows continuously with the size dispersion from zero to its maximal value, a behavior that is reminiscent of the behavior of the order parameter in the vicinity of a continuous phase transition in the absence of external fields. @S1063-651X~97!07108-0# PACS number~s!: 64.60.Lx
Investigations of ligand association and dissociation rates in the "open" and "closed" states of myoglobin.

Abstract Kinetic and Raman spectroscopic studies are combined to analyze ligand association and dissociation rates as a function of pH in aqueous solutions of myoglobin. A double-pulse flash photolysis protocol is used to kinetically select a rapidly rebinding (open pocket) fraction of the myoglobin ensemble and determine the timescale for averaging (∼ 1 to 10 μs) between the "open" and "closed" distal pocket protein conformations. Since this timescale is fast compared to the rate of ligand migration from the solution to the heme pocket (∼ 10 -4 s), a time-averaged population analysis, rather than a superposition of states, can be used to describe the ligand association and dissociation kinetics. Raman spectroscopy provides the relative populations of the open and closed distal pocket states as a function of pH which, in parallel with kinetics measurements, are used to determine the rates for ligand association and dissociation specific to these states. In aqueous solution at 293 K (1 mM CO) we find k 0 on = 5·6 × 10 3 s -1 , k 0 off = 8·5 × 10 -2 s -1 for the open state and k 1 on = 5·0 × 10 2 s -1 , k 1 off = 1·3 × 10 -2 s -1 for the closed state. The order of magnitude increase in the dissociation and association rates of the open form suggests that it may play a significant role in the ligand binding process, even though it comprises only ∼ 5% of the time-averaged population at pH 7. For oxygen binding at 293 K (1·36 mM O 2 ) we find k 0 on = 4·6 × 10 4 s -1 , k 0 off ∼ 10 4±2 s -1 for the open state and k 1 on = 2·0 × 10 4 s -1 , k 1 off = 13 s -1 for the closed state. The dramatic increase in the dissociation rate of the open form is probably due to the loss of the hydrogen bond with the distal histidine, which stabilizes the bound O 2 in the closed state. Overall, these results demonstrate that the open conformation plays a significant role in determining the ligand association and dissociation rates and suggest that environmentally induced modulations of the open population could be used as a biomolecular control mechanism for the uptake and delivery of oxygen in muscle cells.
A finite set of generators for the Kauffman bracket skein algebra

If F is a compact orientable surface it is known that the Kauffman bracket skein module of \(F \times I\) has a multiplicative structure. Our central result is the construction of a finite set of knots which generate the module as an algebra. We can then define an integer valued invariant of compact orientable 3-manifolds which characterizes \(S^3\).
Discriminable effects of antimuscarinics: dose response and substitution test studies.

Abstract In a shock escape T-maze task, rats were trained to turn right following one drug treatment and left following a second drug treatment. The specific drug and dose conditions were the only discriminative cues available to the animals. The number of training sessions before criterion performance indicated the discriminability of the two training conditions. Drug vs no drug training showed that discriminability was proportional to dosage for low doses, but was constant over a range of higher doses. Such an asumptote of discriminability was observed with scopolamine, atropine, benactyzine and Ditran (JB 329), and was shown not to result from tolerance. High dose vs low dose discriminations involving scopolamine were learned very slowly if both doses were within the asymptotic range; this indicates that similar discriminable effects were produced by high and low doses. To compare various drugs, substitution tests were administered to trained rats. The four antimuscarinic drugs generally substituted for one another but did not mimic and were not mimicked by drugs in other pharmacological classes. Some exceptions to this pattern were noted. The discriminable effects of scopolamine were partially antagonized by physostigmine. The results indicate that the antimuscarinic drugs share discriminable actions probably produced by their anticholinergic actions. The asymptote of action at high doses appears genuine, possibly reflecting receptor saturation.
The Breakdown of the Pathetic Fallacy in Emily Dickinson's A BIRD, CAME DOWN THE WALK

In her deceptively simple poem, “A Bird, Came Down the Walk” (“Poem 359”), Emily Dickinson records an everyday encounter with nature that reveals insights into both the act of human perception and ...
Environmental Antecedents of Channel Opportunism

While the notion of opportunism has intrigued marketing channel researchers for almost two and a half decades, our understanding of the antecedents of opportunism is still unclear. Specifically, while literature has suggested several antecedents to opportunism, including environmental uncertainty, none of the extant studies have gone deeper than the broader construct of environmental uncertainty. This study examines the relationship between the feeling of uncertainty attributed to competitive environment and opportunism in marketing channels. Using the data collected from managers responsible for distribution channel management, this study finds that while unfairness in competitive environment results in opportunism, severity of competitive environment does not. In fact, competitive severity results in a stronger sense of trust in channel members. The implications of these findings for channel managers are also discussed in this study.
Investigation of Factors Affecting Iced-Airfoil Aerodynamics

A summary of the effects the ice-accretion geometry, size, and location; the airfoil geometry; and the e ight Reynolds number on iced-airfoil aerodynamics, based on the e ndings of the recent University of Illinois investigations,ispresented.Fourairfoilsweretestedwithsimulatedglaze-icehornandspanwiseridgeice.Increasing theiceshapeheightgenerally resultedin moresevereperformancedegradation.Theexceptionwaswhentheiceshapewas locatedattheleadingedgeoftheairfoil,whereincreasedice-shapeheightdidnotsignie cantlydegradeperformance. Varying the leading-edge radius of glaze-icehorn did not have a large effect on airfoil performance. The variations in the geometry of the simulated ridge ice had some effect on airfoil aerodynamics, with (of the shapes tested ) the half-round shape having a signie cantly higher maximum lift. Iced-airfoil aerodynamics were relatively insensitive to Reynolds number variations. Large differences in iced-airfoil aerodynamics were observed between different airfoil geometries. The e ndings showed that an airfoil’ s sensitivity to ridge-ice accretions (which usually forms between 10 and 20% chord )was largely dependent on its load distribution. The airfoil that was very front-loaded, with large leading-edge suction, had the most severe performance degradation due to this type of ice accretion.
A qualitative interpretation of 7 August 1972 impulsive phase flare H alpha line profiles

The considered investigation shows that existing models of the formation of the H-alpha line during flares appear to provide clear qualitative evidence that heating of the H-alpha forming regions of the flare chromosphere in the bright H-alpha kernels observed during the impulsive phase of solar flares is not due primarily to heating by Coulomb collisions of a power-law distribution of 10-100 keV electrons with chromospheric material. It appears rather that some shorter-range process, involving possibly conduction or optically thick radiative transfer, is favored. Such a conclusion is clearly relevant to collisionless confinement modelling. However, much work remains to be done before there will be a basis for quantitatively testing the consistency of the considered picture with chromospheric diagnostics.
An application of the tilted independent pixel approximation to cumulonimbus environments

Abstract Most radiative transfer parameterizations in numerical cloud models transfer radiation in the vertical direction only, utilizing the independent pixel approximation. This method cannot correctly simulate neither the location nor the shape of cloud shadows because shortwave radiation only propagates vertically, and thus it does not account for the slanted path the direct solar beam takes through the atmosphere. Herein, the tilted independent pixel approximation, which more properly accounts for the geometry of the direct solar beam, is applied to a cumulonimbus cloud field. This computationally inexpensive method results in a more accurately modeled cloud shadow at the surface, allowing for more accurate computations of near-surface air temperatures.
Assimilate movement dictates remote sites of wound-induced gene expression in poplar leaves.

Abstract When a single leaf on a young poplar tree is mechanically wounded, wound-induced (win) mRNAs are detected in the unwounded portion of that leaf and in specific leaves that are remote from the wounded leaf. Shortly after wounding (6-8 hr), the remote leaves in which win genes are expressed can be predicted by a knowledge of photoassimilate movement patterns in vivo. When assimilate movement from a wounded leaf is blocked or the direction of assimilate movement is altered by shading, win gene expression in remote leaves is similarly blocked or altered. These data illustrate how the long-distance transduction of wound-induced signals can be manipulated in plants by altering carbon allocation.
RECENT GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MARINE PALYNOLOGY WITHIN THE CENTRAL SANTA BARBARA BASIN, OFFSHORE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.

Within sediments from the central Santa Barbara Basin that date from 1883 to 1992, “round brown” protoperidinioid cysts, characteristic of modern marine upwelling environments dominate the dinocyst associations. With respect to a detrended temperature anomaly curve (DTA) for the northern hemisphere, the proportions of the gonyaulacoid taxa Spiniferites and cysts from ? Alexandrium catenella show significant increases within climatic “warming” and “cooling” intervals respectively. The maximum and peak abundance of the ratio of protoperidinioid “round brown” cysts to Spiniferites occur at the onset and during the 1947 to 1971 “cooling interval” respectively. In contrast, during the “warming interval” of 1905 to 1946, and most prominently since 1972, this ratio is persistently low, with values mostly well below its average. Regionally, a strong and persistent increase in proportions of Spiniferites since the mid-seventies strongly parallels undetrended higher temperatures of both sea surface and air, which is coincident to the onset and duration of a “warm oceanic event” within the Southern California region. The ratio of terrigenous sporomorphs to marine palynomorphs shows a significant positive correlation with regional average amounts of precipitation. Generally, results indicate that even minor global (northern hemisphere) climatic changes may result in significant changes in regional ocean current patterns, which are reflected by prominent changes of dinocyst associations.
The challenge of our declining big cities

Abstract This article describes the population forces that caused U.S. metropolitan areas to grow rapidly after 1940 but caused falling population in many large older cities. It shows why the basic processes that generated the spatial growth and development of American metropolitan areas have also undermined the fiscal strength of many older central cities and inner‐ring suburbs. By concentrating low‐income households in inner‐core neighborhoods, these processes create undesirable conditions that motivate economically viable households and firms to move to surrounding suburbs and not move back. Three strategies have been suggested for improving these conditions: major structural reform of metropolitan institutions, limited reform of big‐city governments, and community development of inner‐core areas. The first is the most capable of changing the dynamics causing decline, but it lacks political support because it would require the majority of metropolitan residents to sacrifice some benefits they gain from...
Early changes in body composition after cessation of growth hormone therapy in childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency.

Abstract At final height, somatic maturity has not been reached yet. We investigated bone and body composition in patients, who completed pediatric growth hormone (GH) treatment at final height. After a mean period of 0.55±0.17yr off GH treatment 90 (66m/24 f) childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD) patients were reinvestigated for GHD by insulin tolerance testing at a mean age of 17.52±1.50yr. Thirty-seven (25 m/12 f) patients remained GH deficient (persistent GHD). Bone and body composition were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the nondominant forearm. Bone mineral density (BMD) was within normal limits. Total cross-sectional bone area Z-score (0.64±1.3) was significantly higher as a result of an enlarged medullary cavity Z-score (1.12±1.2) leading to reduction of cortical thickness Z-score (−1.21±1.0). Patients with persistent GHD had a significantly higher fat mass (13.3±8.7 and 6.8±4.6cm 2 , p
Modular Nucleic Acid Surrogates. Solid Phase Synthesis of α-Helical Peptide Nucleic Acids (αPNAs)

The synthesis and characterization of prototype α-helical peptide nucleic acid (αPNA) modules 1−3 as well as disulfide dimers 4 and 5 are reported. These molecules combine an α-helical peptidyl scaffold with well-defined nucleobase molecular recognition patterns and could serve as a basis for novel antisense and/or antigene agents. Structure assignments for these αPNAs were supported by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the α-helical nature of 4 in water was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
The cyber-physical bike: a step towards safer green transportation

To improve road cycling safety, we present an approach that augments bicycles with video processing and computational capabilities. This Cyber-Physical bicycle system continuously monitors the environment behind the biker, automatically detects rear-approaching vehicles, and alerts the biker prior to the approach. In this paper, we (i) identify biker safety as a problem that can be addressed using mobile video sensing and processing, (ii) present the design of a Cyber-Physical bicycle system, which applies video processing techniques to perform automated vehicle detection, and (iii) demonstrate the feasibility of this system through the evaluation of our prototype implementation. Early results show that our approach operates with good accuracy at normal frame rates, and can perform detection in real time with reduced frame rates.
Dynamics and clusterization in nuclear collisions

Abstract Collisions of two nuclei for bombarding energies between 20 and 100 MeV/ A are investigated by combining the Landau-Vlasov equation with a statistical fragmentation approach. The stage of a possible clusterization appears to be strongly dependent on the energy, such that the fragmentation occurs at a nearly invariant temperature ( T ≈ 6–7 MeV). Including conservation of total angular momentum we examine the competition between evaporation, fission and multifragmentation as a function of bombarding energies and impact parameters.
IR polarimetric signatures

Infrared polarization relies on surface temperature, roughness, material properties, aspect angle to the sensor, sky down-welling and background radiance reflecting from the target. Often times, the polarization signature of a manmade target is different than the surrounding background. Furthermore, that difference is often present even when the thermal signature of the same target blends into the background. This paper will present maritime, airborne and ground data sets of polarization signatures of several objects that allow detection when other methods fall short.
On the Two-Dimensional Transport of Stratospheric Trace Gases in Isentropic Coordinates

Abstract A zonally averaged model of stratospheric tracer transport is formulated in isentropic coordinated There are some conceptual and computational advantages, as well as some disadvantages in adopting the potential temperature, instead of pressure, as the vertical coordinate. The main disadvantage is that the “density” (mass per unit coordinate volume) in isentropic coordinates is no longer a constant as in the pressure coordinate system under the hydrostatic approximation. However, it can be shown that this density effect is almost negligible in the calculation of the mean diabatic circulation and the eddy advective transports. What is gained by adopting the new formulation is a conceptually simpler picture of the interplay of diabatic and adiabatic process in the transport of tracers. Mean diabatic heating (cooling) forces a direct rising (descending) mean mass flow. Along the streamlines of this mean mass circulation, tracers are advected in the mean. These surfaces slope downward and poleward in ...
Differential Induction of Immediate Early Gene Proteins in Cultured Neurons by β‐Amyloid (Aβ): Association of c‐Jun with Aβ‐Induced Apoptosis

beta-Amyloid (A beta) is a 39-42 amino acid that is the primary component of plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies from our laboratory and others have shown that A beta induces neurodegeneration via apoptosis in vitro, suggesting that A beta may also initiate an apoptotic pathway of cell death in AD. Apoptosis has been suggested to proceed by a gene-directed program in several systems. Accordingly, we have investigated whether A beta-mediated apoptosis is associated with the induction of genes that may regulate or play a role in cell death in vitro. Immediate early genes (IEGs) respond to cellular stimuli and participate in cellular signaling pathways. The protein products of some IEGs, e.g., c-jun, are capable of forming dimers and acting as transcriptional regulatory proteins, and have been implicated in apoptosis in both nonneuronal and neuronal cells. In this study, we report a selective and abnormally sustained induction of c-Jun in cultured hippocampal neurons treated with A beta. In addition, we describe the lack of induction of c-Jun in neurons that are relatively resistant to A beta-mediated toxicity, and a correspondence between immunoreactivity for c-Jun and changes in nuclear morphology that are indicative of apoptosis. These data demonstrate that c-Jun is induced in cultured neurons that undergo A beta-mediated apoptosis and suggest that c-Jun may participate in a cell death program in these neurons.
Removal of organics from produced water by reverse osmosis using MFI-type zeolite membranes

Abstract Separation of an organics/water mixture was carried out by reverse osmosis using an α-alumina-supported MFI-type zeolite membrane. The organic rejection performance is strongly dependent on the ionic species and dynamic size of dissolved organics. The membrane showed high rejection efficiency for electrolytes such as pentanoic acid. An organic rejection of 96.5% with a water flux of 0.33 kg m −2 h −1 was obtained for 100 ppm pentanoic acid solution at an operation pressure of 2.76 MPa. For non-electrolyte organics, separation efficiency is governed by the molecular dynamic size; the organics with larger molecular dynamic size show higher separation efficiency. The zeolite membrane gives an organic rejection of 99.5% and 17% for 100 ppm toluene and 100 ppm ethanol, respectively, with a water flux of 0.03 kg m −2 h −1 , 0.31 kg m −2 h −1 at an operation pressure of 2.76 MPa. It was observed that organic rejection and water flux were affected by the organic concentration. As pentanoic acid concentration increased from 100 ppm to 500 ppm, both organic rejection and water flux decreased slightly.
VOTER TURNOUT IN PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES: A Diachronic Analysis

This article examines changes in the turnout of registered voters in presidential primaries over the last 12 years that result from changes in the primary environment. While previous research has been limited to static, cross-sectional analysis, we undertake a diachronic analysis of the link between changes in voter turnout and changes in the electoral framework and strategic campaign components of the primary environment. By making a controlled comparison of the impact of such changes on voter turnout, we are able to gauge the sensitivity of electorate responsiveness to primary environment change. In contrast to previous research, we find little or no difference between the behavior of Republican and Democratic electorates and no spillover effect on voter turnout. It is suggested that those interested in increasing voter turnout in the presidential primaries should focus on the design of competition, since turnout is considerably more sensitive to changes in strategic campaign factors than to changes in ...
Enthalpy relaxation studies of the glass transition in a metallic glass

Abstract The first ever enthalpy relaxation study has been conducted of the glass transition of the bulk metallic glass forming composition Zr 65 Al 10 Ni 10 Cu 15 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both heating and cooling and isothermal annealing studies have been conducted. The glass transition temperature measured at 20 °C/min heating following a 20 °C/min cooling of 384 °C ± 2 °C agrees well with values previously published for this glass. Using the dependence of T g on heating and cooling rate, the onset T g activation energy was determined to be 120 kcal/mole ± 10 kcal/mole with the peak T g activation energy, determined by the temperature of the peak in the T g overshoot, was observed to be 98 kcal/mole ± 10 kcal/mole. Such increases in the activation energy, while not common for such transition range measurements, is consistent with this glass exhibiting non-Arrhenius enthalpy and possibly viscous relaxation rates. The heating and cooling and annealing DSC data were converted to derivative fictive temperature data and then fit to the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan–Hodge model utilizing a stretched exponential function to describe the non-exponentiality and the Tool–Narayanaswamy equation to describe the non-linearity of the relaxation. Best fit parameters for x and β were found to be 0.53 ± 0.05 and 0.79 ± 0.05, respectively. The individual fits to the data are not excellent, but the overall fit to all of the data is surprisingly good given the range of the thermal treatments given to this glass. The model fits worse, however, for the isothermal annealing data. The glass appears to anneal faster than the model predicts for relatively short anneals relatively close to the T g , but appears to anneal much slower than the model predicts for relatively long anneals relatively far from T g . These behaviors are consistent with this metallic glass exhibiting a non-Arrhenius activation energy that increases sharply with decreasing temperatures.
Facile acyl migration in 6-O-acylcastanospermine

Abstract 6-O-Acylcastanospermine derivatives undergo ready acyl migration under physiological temperature and pH leading to the formation of a mixture of 6-, 7- and 8-O-acylcastanospermines
Methods for reducing lead exposure in young children and other risk groups: an integrated summary of a report to the U.S. Congress on childhood lead poisoning.

As part of a Congressionally mandated report on U.S. childhood lead poisoning prepared by the Federal government (U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR]), the authors have analyzed the relative effectiveness of measures to reduce source-specific lead exposure of U.S. children. An integrated overview of this analysis is presented in this article. Two national actions, the Federally mandated phasedown of lead in gasoline by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the voluntary phasedown of lead use in domestic food can production, are examples of centrally directed initiatives that have been relatively successful in limiting childhood lead exposure in the U.S. Efforts to abate lead-based paint exposure of children have largely failed. This is especially true for the nation's 21 million residential units with the highest lead content paint. Similarly, abatement of lead exposure from contaminated dusts and soils has generally been unsuccessful. Comprehensive measures to reduce lead exposure from drinking water in residences and public facilities, e.g., elementary schools, are only now being promulgated or implemented. The full extent of their effectiveness remains to be demonstrated. There are many miscellaneous but potentially severe exposure sources that are difficult to control but require attention, such as poorly glazed foodware and ethno-specific preparations.
Topography of the ACTH-immunoreactive neurons in the basal hypothalamus of the rat brain

Summary Cell bodies of the opiocortin neurons were stained immunocytochemically with ACTH antiserum and their location in the basal hypothalamus of the rat brain was mapped. They are present throughout the entire extent of the hypothalamus, from retrochiasmatic area to mammillary body. In the retrochiasmatic area they are a single, midline group horizontally oriented and lying close to the ventral surface. Throughout the extent of the median eminence, ACTH-ir perikarya are located in the arcuate nucleus, adjacent periventricular stratum and internuclear space between arcuate and ventromedial nuclei; as a group, they are oriented in a dorso-lateral plane. In the mammillary region, the nucleus assumes a more horizontal orientation again, lying close to the ventral surface. No regional differences were noted in cell density except in the retrochiasmatic area and terminal portion of the mammillary region where they were approximately 30% fewer in number.
Local electronic properties of single-wall nanotube circuits measured by conducting-tip AFM

We use conducting-tip atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure local electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) circuits on insulating substrates. When a voltage is applied to the tip and AFM feedback is used to position the tip, images formed from the tip-sample tunnel current have single tube resolution (near 1 nm diameter), more than an order of magnitude better than simultaneously acquired topographic AFM images. By finding points where the tip-sample current is zero, it is possible to measure the electrochemical potential within the circuit, again with nanometer resolution. Such measurements provide compelling evidence that nanotubes within a bundle have only weak electronic coupling. Finally, the AFM tip is used as a local electrostatic gate, and the gating action can be correlated with the structure of the SWNT bundle sample. This technique should be useful for a broad range of circuits containing SWNT's and other molecules.
Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs

While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non-exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of intertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed-forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species.
Preparation and metal-adsorption properties of polystyrene resins functionalized with multidentate ligands having nitrogen and sulfur donor sets

Abstract N -Mercaptoethylated derivatives of macroporous polystyrene resins functionalized with diethylenetriamine or pyridylamines have been synthesized. The resin with higher sulfur content reveals better selectivity toward ‘soft’ metal ions. Concentration of Ag(I) and Hg(II) has been examined by the column containing the present chelating resins.
Dependence of sound velocity and attenuation on magnetization direction in Nickel at high fields

Abstract The velocity and attenuation of 10-Mc/s sound waves in a nickle single crystal have been measured as a function of magnetic field orientation and intensity at room temperature and at 77°K. Changes in the velocity of transverse waves of the order of 0.1 per cent were observed when the crystal was rotated about a crystallographic axis in a magnetic field high enough to allow saturation of the elastic constants. Attenuation changes were also observed, but showed a different angular dependence than the velocity changes. The measurements can be explained by a phenomenological theory based on magneto-elastic coupling. Using this theory, it was possible to estimate the magnetostriction constants at 77°K. The resulting value for λ100(λ100= −30×10−6) supports previous measurements which show that it goes through a minimum near 173°K.
The spliced structures of adenovirus 2 fiber message and the other late mRNAs

All late adenovirus 2 messenger RNAs, except perhaps that for peptide IX, are composite molecules with sequences derived from at least two to five or more separate portions of the genome, as determined by electron microscopic analyses of polysomal RNA hybridized to single- or double-stranded DNA. We previously reported that eight different rightward-transcribed mRNAs contain, at their 5' ends, a common three-part leader sequence derived from coordinates 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6, and that a ninth mRNA consists of sequences from 4.6--6.1 linked directly to those from 9.7--11.0 (Chow et al., 1977a; revised coordinates). We now demonstrate that four additional RNA species also have the same tripartite leader joined to messages with 5' ends located at coordinates at 29.1, 30.5, 33.9 and 42.8. The RNA transcript extending from 29.1--39.0 covers most or all of the viral associated (VA) RNA genes (29.0--30.1). The late RNAs can be grouped into several families of transcripts in which two or three mRNAs have the same 3' end and 3' proximal sequences, but differ substantially in length at the 5' end and, therefore, the coordinate at which the leader sequences are attached to the main body of the message. The number of RNA species transcribed from the Ad2 chromosome between coordinates 29 and 50 exceeds the number of identified Ad2 proteins. Several pairs of messages differing in length by a few percent may thus encode the same protein or have a precursor-product relationship. We have also found that a subpopulation of the polysomal mRNAs for the fiber protein, the most distal gene (86.3--91.2) in the rightward transcription unit, has a fourth leader component "y" (78.6--79.1) in addition to the common tripartite leader sequences. Less frequent fiber RNA species have fifth "x" (76.9--77.3) and/or sixth "z" (84.7--85.1) leader segments. Transcripts with x, y or z segments might be processing intermediates, and it is possible to arrange these species into an array suggestive of multiple pathways for the maturation of fiber mRNA. mRNA transcribed at late times from the L strand between coordinates 15.0 and 11.0 has a single component leader located 200 bases from the main body of the gene from coordinate 16.1 to 15.7. This leader originates from a site very close to the first leader component (16.5--16.6) of the R strand messages and suggests the presence of adjacent L and R strand promoters from which transcription diverges. Taken together, these results emphasize the diversity of splicing patterns and the variety of recombined sequences generated during the synthesis of late Ad2 mRNAs.
Anterior vaginal wall surgery in elderly patients : Outcomes and assessment

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and impact on quality of life of anterior vaginal surgery in the elderly. Incontinence in the elderly is a devastating medical and social condition accounting for 50% of admissions to nursing homes; the incidence of anterior vaginal wall prolapse also increases in the elderly. Most patients are treated conservatively, because of a reluctance to offer surgical treatment to this age group owing to the perceived increased risk of complications and decreased rate of treatment success. Methods We prospectively evaluated all consecutive elderly patients who underwent anterior vaginal wall surgery between November 1999 and May 2003. The surgical outcomes were determined by the symptom, bother, and quality-of-life questionnaires answered by the patients. The physicians were unaware of the patients’ responses. Results A total of 209 patients were available for analysis. The mean age was 70 years (range 65 to 88) and the mean follow-up 15.3 months. All items in the symptom and bother questionnaires showed significant improvement. Significant improvement was also demonstrated in quality of life and pad use (P <0.005). No significant perioperative complications occurred. Only patients older than 71 years of age did not experience an improvement in the symptom scores for urge incontinence. Nevertheless, as for all other patients, older patients experienced improvement in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms, the bother scores of SUI and urge incontinence, and quality of life. Conclusions Surgical treatment of anterior vaginal wall prolapse and SUI in the elderly is effective and safe and significantly improves the quality of life of these patients.
Interactions of cytochrome P450s with their ligands

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-containing monooxygenases that contribute to an enormous range of enzymatic function including biosynthetic and detoxification roles. This review summarizes recent studies concerning interactions of CYPs with ligands including substrates, inhibitors, and diatomic heme-ligating molecules. These studies highlight the complexity in the relationship between the heme spin state and active site occupancy, the roles of water in directing protein–ligand and ligand–heme interactions, and the details of interactions between heme and gaseous diatomic CYP ligands. Both kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of ligand binding are considered.
The unique roles of state hospital programs: Keeping what works in an evolving system

Ultimately, the outcome and cost-effectiveness research should convince a compassionate public that rehabilitation is worthwhile, wherever it takes place.
Chemical and sensory effects of a Lactobacillus adjunct in Cheddar cheese

Cheddar cheeses were made using lactic starter and traditional methods with 0 (control), 102, or 103 CFU of Lactobacillus helveticus WSU19 added as an adjunct. Cheeses containing the higher concentration of the Lactobacillus adjunct received significantly higher flavor scores from the dairy judges than the other cheeses after 3 and 6 months aging (P < 0.05). The attribute panelists perceived both cheeses with the Lactobacillus adjunct as more crumbly and higher in oaky/ nutty flavors than control Cheddar cheeses (P < 0.05). Difference panelists could detect significant differences among the cheeses after 6 months aging (P < 0.05). Consumer acceptance scores were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for cheeses containing the adjunct after 6 months aging. Cheeses containing the Lactobacillus adjunct exhibited significantly greater rates of proteolysis than control Cheddar cheeses. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels of cheeses with the Lactobacillus adjunct contained an 11 kD band after 3 and 6 months aging that was not present in control Cheddar cheeses. L. helveticus WSU19 enhances protein breakdown and increases oaky/nutty flavor and consumer acceptance in Cheddar cheeses.
Look-ahead predictive trellis-coded quantization with nonlinear filters for image transmission over tactical channels

Many battlefield applications require the ability to transmit images over narrow bandwidth noisy channels. Previous research has demonstrated that the utilization of predictive trellis-coded quantization (PTCQ) incorporating a nonlinear prediction filter results in a method of robust source coding. Robust source coding provides both compression and noise mitigation without the need to allocate additional bandwidth for channel coding. However, the traditional PTCQ algorithm is suboptimal. This suboptimality arises from the prediction operation; a trellis path is eliminated in favor of the survivor path at each stage in time to form the input to the prediction filter. It is reasonable to assume that this eliminated path may have produced al lower overall distortion than the survivor path. In this paper we address this suboptimality by incorporating a look-ahead stage into PTCQ algorithm. This 'less-greedy' approach allows coding gains with a slight increase in overhead. The resulting algorithm yields an image encoding technique, which enables resilient image transmission over tactical channels.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tissue transglutaminase induces the release of apoptosis inducing factor and results in apoptotic death of pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignant disease with poor long-term survival rates. Major reason for poor disease outcome is the profound intrinsic resistance of PDAC cells to currently available treatment regimens. We recently found that a great majority of PDAC tumors and tumor cell lines express high basal level of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a multifunctional protein implicated in apoptosis, cell attachment, cell survival, and cell motility functions. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that activation of endogenous TG2 can induce spontaneous apoptosis in PDAC cells. The results obtained suggested that activation of endogenous TG2 by calcium ionophore A23187 induced rapid and spontaneous apoptosis in PDAC cells. TG2-induced apoptosis was associated with release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). The release of AIF from mitochondria led to its translocation to the nucleus and subsequent apoptosis of PDAC cells in caspase-independent manner. In conclusion, our results provide first evidence that TG2 can induce apoptosis in PDAC cells in an AIF-dependent and caspase-independent manner.
Evaluation of an automated image analysis system for counting human tumor colonies

The Omnicon FAS I1 image analysis system was applied to counting tumor colonies grown in a soft agar human tumor clonogenic assay with a detailed protocol designed to assess the instrument's sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. Comparisons of technician and instrument counts were done on a blinded basis. Sensitivity studies (which used metal microspheres) yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 between technicians and the counter. A field-by-field analysis of the instrument's specificity for identifying individual objects correctly as tumor colonies rather than artifacts (as identified by the technician) was excellent (r = 0.95). In the precision studies (determined with repeated automated counting of the same samples for five days), the median coefficient of variation was < 7%. Accuracy was evaluated on cultures of fresh biopsies from 30 human cancers obtained for drug sensitivity testing as well as on a series of tumor cell lines. The correlation between the mean number of colonies counted by the technicians and by the colony counter was greater than 0.91. Similar comparisons of mean percent survival of tumor colony-forming cells after drug exposure between technician and machine were also quite acceptable (r = 0.85). We conclude that the colony counter provided sufficient reliability to be applied to counting human tumor colonies grown in vitro. In addition, the colony counter performed the Petri dish counts ten times faster than experienced technicians and without associated operator fatigue.
AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors fabricated using a self-aligned dual-lift-off process

This paper describes a self-aligned heterojunction-bipolar-transistor (HBT) process based on a simple dual-lift-off method. Transistors with emitter width down to 1.2 µm and base doping up to 1 × 1020/cm3have been fabricated. Extrapolated current gain cutoff frequency f t of 55 GHz and maximum frequency of oscillation f_{\max} of 105 GHz have been obtained. Current-mode-logic (CML) ring oscillators with propagation delays as low as 14.2 ps have been demonstrated. These are record performance results for bipolar transistors. The dual-lift-off process is promising for both millimeter-wave devices and large-scale integrated circuit fabrication.
Structural Damage Assessment Using Vibration Modal Analysis

Vibration techniques have been employed for detecting the presence and monitoring the progression of damage in structures. Pinpointing the location of damage is a more complicated and elaborate task. This paper presents modal analysis techniques for locating damage in a wooden wall structure by evaluating damage-sensitive parameters such as resonant pole shifts and mode shapes, residue and stiffness changes. Artificial damage (simulating termite degradation) was created in one of the walls of a specially constructed room. The wall was excited using an impact hammer and its frequency response measured using a laser vibrometer. Resonant poles (plotted in the s-plane) were used for identifying modes that are sensitive to damage, since not all modes are equally affected by the presence of damage. The damaged region was identified by visual comparison of the deformation mode shapes before and after damage. The modal residue and stiffness changes were also quantified for a better representation of the damage lo...
TURBULENT TRANSFER IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER OF A STRATIFIED FLUID

Abstract In this paper, an analysis is made of some characteristics of the steady turbulent transfer in the boundary layer of a stratified fluid. The effect of the heat flux on the variation of the mixing length and the flux Richardson number with height is determined. The velocity and temperature profiles are derived. It is found that for a constant free-stream velocity an upward heat flux increases the friction velocity, whereas a down-ward heat flux decreases the friction velocity. The lower limiting value of the flux Richardson number is found to be −0.5 which, together with the upper limiting value, 0.5, obtained by Townsend, gives the range of the flux Richardson number. Velocity profiles for the non-neutral conditions converge in the higher level towards the profile for the neutral condition, a characteristic which agrees with the classical velocity profiles observed by Thornthwaite and Kaser.
Examining perceived cancer risk among patients with neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder in which patients are at significantly increased risk for developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and malignant gliomas (brain cancer). We sought to develop a measure for assessing perceived risk of developing MPNST and brain cancer among patients with NF1 and to examine patients' perceived risk of developing these cancers. We assessed 112 NF1 patients' perceived risk of developing MPNST and brain cancer using an 8-item scale we developed that yielded two subscales in a principal component analysis (PCA). Linear regression models examined factors associated with perceived risk of malignancy. 33.9 % and 47.3 % of patients disagreed that having NF1 placed them at increased risk for MPNST and brain cancer, respectively. The PCA of the perceived risk items yielded a 2-factor solution with an MPNST and a brain subscale (total scale α = 0.90). Level of anxiety was the primary factor associated with perceived risk for both cancers. A significant proportion of NF1 patients underestimate their risk of developing MPNST and brain cancer. Perceived risk was associated with emotional distress, in particular anxiety. Clinicians should actively communicate with NF1 patients about their elevated cancer risk.
Placental and Perinatal Pathology.

Placental and perinatal pathology has evolved significantly in recent years. For many pathologists, examination of the placenta has been challenging for several reasons. It is an organ comprising tissue from two individuals and is ever-changing as it matures throughout gestation. It has only been in the last 50years or so that interest hasbeensparked in this important organ.Muchof this interest isdue to the extensive work of Kurt Benirschke and others like him who took on an organ that was often discarded and found that it provided a wealth of information on both the fetus and the mother. There has also been renewed interest from the legal profession as the placenta has taken a major role in adjudicating malpractice cases in obstetrics. Therefore, it is timely to present a text with practical coverage of the current concepts, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, and pitfalls in the diagnosis of placental lesions. In this volume, we have attempted to bring together a group of the most knowledgeable pathologists in this area to cover a number of important topics in this field.