cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current status of ADR development at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and future applications

Low temperature refrigeration is an increasingly vital technology for NASA's Space Science program. Ultra-sensitive detectors for x-ray, IR and sub-millimeter missions must be cooled below 0.1 K in order to reach their fundamental limits for energy and spatial resolution. Moreover, the ability to fabricate large arrays of these detectors means the cooler must have relatively large cooling power. Infrared missions also require telescope cooling into the 4 K range. Since the lifetime requirements for these missions go well beyond what is achievable with stored cryogen systems, the low temperature coolers for future missions must be able to use cryocoolers, operating at temperatures in the 4-10 K range, for pre-cooling. There is also a demand for laboratory coolers for developing the detectors and instruments for these missions. To meet these cooling requirements, we have developed several types of adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADRs): a continuous ADR (CADR) that operates continuously at temperatures of 0.035 K and above for detector cooling in space; a CADR version for laboratory use; a quick turn around ADR system for detector development; and a multistage, higher cooling power CADR for cooling telescopes.
Cellular differentiation of heterospory inSelaginella

Selaginella pilijera consistently displays two rows of microsporangia and two rows of megasporangia. It is therefore possible to detect in longitudinal sections of strobili at least three significant differences in development between both types of sporangia prior to meiosis: size of young sporangia, abortion or development of sporocytes based an RNA staining, and presence or absence of callose walls around sporocytes. The functional significance of these differences is discussed in relation to the heterosporous habit and higher plant sporogenesis.
Comparison of growth, feed intake, and nutrient efficiency in a selected strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and its source stock

We compared growth in a domesticated strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), that had been selected for rapid growth over 16 generations, to that of its hatchery-origin unselected parental stock. Fish were spawned on the same date and incubated under similar conditions. First feeding fry were fed to satiation and then were fed a commercial salmon feed at two ration levels, either to satiation or on a fixed ration from the size at which the smallest fish could accept a 1-mm pellet (domesticated 0.65 g, hatchery 0.96 g). The domesticated fish outperformed unselected fish by growing faster and to a larger size, ingesting a greater amount of feed when fed to satiation, and exhibiting greater efficiency in feed conversion. When fed to satiation, domesticated fish ingested 53% more feed and gained 78% more weight compared to unselected fish. The selected fish also appeared to utilize dietary lipids for energy while sparing protein for growth, while unselected fish deposited dietary lipids as body fat. These results indicate that selection over 16 generations for growth also resulted in changes in feed efficiency and energy allocation. Understanding the mechanisms underlying improved growth will aid future selection studies by identifying multiple targets of selection that contribute most to growth.
Recent studies on inheritance of quantitative characters in plants

Quantitative characters, by definition, relate to measurable differences in degree rather than in kind, and in their inheritance usually exhibit a continuous range of variability in segregating populations. This group of hereditary characteristics is particularly susceptible to environmental influences, and it should be emphasized that it is the manner of reaction under particular conditions that is inherited and not the character itself (68, 212). As pointed out by Dobzhansky and Holz (46): "Genes produce not characters but physiological states which, through interactions with the physiological states induced by all other genes of the organism and with the environmental influences, cause the development to assume a definite course and the individual to display certain characters at a given stage of the developmental process". An obvious distinction can be made between typical "quantitative" characters and those typically relating to "qualitative" variation, in which unlike discontinuous classes of segregants can be observed; yet it is equally evident that there is no sharp line of demarcation between the two groups, and the terms should be used merely as convenient descriptive expressions rather than as inflexible categories of classification. Mather (112, 220) has suggested that the numerous genes determining quantitative variation, which have individual effects that are small compared to the total nonheritable fluctuations (minor, buffer or polygenes), differ from those determining qualitative variation (major, switch or oligogenes) by acting at a later stage in ontogenetic development. We would prefer, however, to suspend judgment as to differences in the nature and mode of action between these two types of genes until further evidence is available (see 191). An effort has been made in preparing this paper to review the pertinent botanical literature, mostly during the past six years On military furlough; Lieut. (ig), USNR. 349
Carotenoid pigments of peanut oil

A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta-carotene and lutein. A sample of oil from immature peanuts contained 60 µg of beta-carotene and 138 µg of lutein per liter of oil. The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 µg per liter of oil.
Monodispersed InP Quantum Dots Prepared by Colloidal Chemistry in a Noncoordinating Solvent

III−V semiconductor quantum dots are of considerable interest as their applications cover a broad spectrum, from optoelectronic to biomedical technology. For them to be of practical value, there is a need for a method that provides rapid and scalable production of highly monodispersed nanoparticles. This paper reports an efficient and rapid method of producing highly monodispersed InP quantum dots using a novel precursor-based colloidal synthesis in a noncoordinating solvent. The method also allows judicious control over the size of the quantum dots and can also be extended to produce other III−V quantum dots. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of highly monodispersed InP quantum dots from newly prepared indium(III) carboxylate complexes in octadecene are detailed. When using indium(III) carboxylate as the indium precursor, no surfactant or coordinating solvents are required to prepare high-quality InP quantum dots in octadecene. The in situ formation of a surfactant upon injection of the p...
Initial experience with the Mesh catheter for pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background A novel catheter design (HD Mesh ablator, Bard) combining high-density circumferential mapping and direct radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery has been developed to map and isolate the pulmonary veins (PVs). Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the Mesh catheter for PV isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Twenty consecutive patients (mean age 56.4 ± 12.2 years; 16 men) with paroxysmal drug-refractory AF were referred for ablation. The procedure was performed in a stepwise manner: PV isolation was initially attempted with the Mesh ablator, and if that was not successful, a conventional ablation approach was then used. Results A total of 73 PVs including seven veins with left common ostium were targeted. Successful deployment of the Mesh was achieved in all but four veins (94.5%). Using the Mesh catheter for ablation, PV isolation was achieved in 46 (63%) of the 73 PVs. The mean (RF) ablation time required to achieve complete isolation was 12.4 ± 6.1 minutes per PV. The Mesh-only approach allowed isolation of all veins in eight (40%) patients. In combination with conventional ablation, successful PV isolation was achieved in 71 (97%) of 73 PVs. No complications attributable to the Mesh ablator occurred in this series. Conclusions PV isolation using the Mesh catheter is feasible and may simplify the current PV isolation procedures. With the current catheter design, PV isolation could be achieved in 63% of PVs. A larger Mesh diameter with an over-the-wire design may help improve the acute success rate.
Politics of Trade in the USA and in the Obama Administration: Implications for Asian Regionalism

Over the next four years, the Obama administration will face a series of strategic choices in forging policies to respond to a growing momentum for advances in Asian regional structures. Though faced with domestic political challenges; not least from within his own Democratic party – President Obama and his advisers will need to set a course for the reassertion of US leadership in constructing a trans-Pacific vision, through new US-based free trade agreements, signing on to existing agreements such as the P-4 (Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei, the Philippines), or consolidating existing free trade agreements among Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) nations. In pursuing this vision, the US should take advantage of the fact that the next three APEC leaders meetings are in Singapore (2009), Japan (2010), and the USA (2011); a sequence ripe for synergistic teamwork.
Cell-dose-dependent increases in circulating levels of immune effector cells in rhesus macaques following intracranial injection of allogeneic MSCs.

Objective Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory activity, but whether they evade immune surveillance in an allogeneic transplant setting remains controversial. Herein we evaluated whether administration of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I−mismatched MSCs induce an immune response in rhesus macaques. Materials and Methods MSCs from a male donor were injected intracranially at two different doses into eight immunocompetent female infant rhesus macaques. Blood cell counts and circulating levels of lymphocyte subpopulations were quantified prior to surgery and at 10, 30, and 90 to 180 days postsurgery by flow cytometry. Immunoreactivity of recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells to donor MSCs was evaluated in vitro and alloantibody production in vivo was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Results MSC transplantation induced transient but significant increases in circulating white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in most transplant recipients, but not sham-operated control animals. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a strong correlation between expansion of CD8 + , CD16 + , and CD8 + /CD16 + lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, the dose of administered MSCs, and degree of antigenic mismatch between donor and recipient. MSC-specific alloantibodies were also detected in several transplant recipients. However, peripheral blood mononuclear cells harvested from transplant recipients postsurgery exhibited no lytic activity against donor MSCs in vitro upon rechallenge. Conclusions MSCs induced an allograft response in rhesus macaques that involved principally CD8 + , CD16 + , and CD8 + /CD16 + lymphocyte subpopulations and was cell-dose− and haplotype-dependent. This study demonstrates that MSCs are weakly immunogenic in vivo when transplanted across MHC class I barriers.
Hopper: Decentralized Speculation-aware Cluster Scheduling at Scale

As clusters continue to grow in size and complexity, providing scalable and predictable performance is an increasingly important challenge. A crucial roadblock to achieving predictable performance is stragglers, i.e., tasks that take significantly longer than expected to run. At this point, speculative execution has been widely adopted to mitigate the impact of stragglers. However, speculation mechanisms are designed and operated independently of job scheduling when, in fact, scheduling a speculative copy of a task has a direct impact on the resources available for other jobs. In this work, we present Hopper, a job scheduler that is speculation-aware, i.e., that integrates the tradeoffs associated with speculation into job scheduling decisions. We implement both centralized and decentralized prototypes of the Hopper scheduler and show that 50% (66%) improvements over state-of-the-art centralized (decentralized) schedulers and speculation strategies can be achieved through the coordination of scheduling and speculation.
Random rough surface model for spectral directional emittance of rough metal surfaces

Abstract The theoretical prediction of the spectral directional emittance of roughened metal surfaces are presented. The direct emission is evaluated by assuming the roughened surface to have a Gaussian random distribution of surface slopes and heights. The effect of random blockage of surface peaks by adjacent peaks in the direction of observation is taken into account.
Resilience of all-carbon molecules C60, C70, and C84: A surface-scattering time-of-flight investigation

Ion beam scattering experiments on the larger carbon molecules (C{sub 60}{sup {plus minus}}, C{sub 70}{sup +} C{sub 80}{sup +}) demonstrate their exceptionally high stability with respect to impact-induced fragmentation processes. The charged molecules are formed by ultraviolet laser desorption of high purity molecular samples into a pulsed helium jet. Extracted ions impact Si(100) or graphite (0001) in a high-resolution ion beam/surface collider with mass time-of-flight and angular analysis. Collisions are highly inelastic processes: a large fraction of the entire perpendicular momentum component is lost, and 60 {plus minus} 20% of the component is either lost or exchanged. No more than 10% of the incident ions are returned, which is attributed to neutralization during the collision event. In contrast to all molecular ions (benzene and naphthalene cations) and cluster (alkali-metal halides), these molecules exhibit no evidence for impact-induced fragmentation, even at impact energies exceeding 200 eV. In the case of C{sub 60}{sup {minus}}, both the intact parent ion and ejected electrons are detected, with the latter becoming dominant above 120 eV impact energy. C{sub 60}{sup +} is found to have an exceptionally low energy threshold for inducing sputtering processes of adsorbed overlayers on graphite. Some of these results may be interpretablemore » in terms of the unique structural-energetic characteristics of the fullerene family. The results are compared to recent computer simulations of the impact event, which predict high resilience for these molecules.« less
Time to return medical schools to their primary purpose: education.

The author maintains that the quality of medical education has been dropping for the last few decades as medical schools become less and less focused on their primary purpose of training physicians. Until the years immediately following World War II, the administration of the medical school was carr
Striatal regulation of morphine-induced hyperphagia: an anatomical mapping study.

Both systemic and intracranial administration of morphine can result in spontaneous feeding in nondeprived rats. The present investigation was conducted to examine the involvement of the striatum in this phenomenon. Morphine sulfate (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µg/0.5 µl) was microinjected into five discrete striatal subregions in non-deprived rats: the nucleus accumbens, the ventromedial striatum, the ventrolateral striatum, the anterior dorsal striatum, and the posterior dorsal striatum. Feeding, drinking, locomotion, rearing, and food intake were measured over 4 h after infusion. Results indicate that the striatum is a heterogeneous structure with regard to the regulation of opiate-induced feeding behavior and locomotor activity. Morphine infusion into anteroventromedial regions including the nucleus accumbens resulted in a marked hyperphagia that was generally delayed in onset; much smaller increases or no change in feeding occurred after administration into more dorsal, lateral and posterior areas. It is hypothesized that there may exist within the striatum an anatomical gradient that is most sensitive to opiate-induced feeding within the anteroventromedial sector. Since this area has extensive connections with other brain sites sensitive to opiate-induced feeding, it may be a critical part of an opiatergic feeding system within the brain. In addition, a possible role for the anteroventromedial striatum in compulsive feeding and bulimia is discussed.
Cooperative and predatory advertising: Effects on oligopoly advertising investment

An oligopolist's advertising behavior depends upon the externalities generated. Negative externalities occur when the firm's advertising gains in sales are a result of a loss to the rest of the industry. On the other hand, positive externalities may result because advertising by any single firm may increase that firm's sales while at the same time increasing sales in the rest of the industry.
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN CHILDREN: OUTCOME FOLLOWING ASSISTED VENTILATION

The outcome of children with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS) with acute respiratory failure(ARF) requiring assisted ventilation(AV) was evaluated. All admissions <18 yrs who met CDC criteria for AIDS, were HTLV-III antibody positive, and received AV were analyzed. Two groups resulted: 1) AV for ARF and 2) AV for non-ARF (lung biopsy, bronchoaveolar lavage, shock, apnea). 20 PICU admissions met study criteria; 8 for ARF(40%) and 12 for non-ARF(60%). Mortality from ARF (7/8, 88%) was significantly higher than for non-ARF ( 3/12, 25%; p=0.02, Fishers 2-tailed). From lung biopsy or lavage in 17 patients, pneumocystis carinii (PCP) was the most frequently identified pathogen (11 of 17, 65%). The incidence of PCP did not differ significantly between ARF(3/8, 38%) and non-ARF patients (8/12, 67%) nor between survivors (5/10, 50%) and nonsurvivors (6/10, 60%). Children with AIDS who develop ARF requiring AV have a very poor prognosis compared to those receiving AV for other reasons. These results may be important to decisions regarding institution of AV in children with AIDS who develop ARF.
The pharyngeal jaw apparatus of labrid fishes: A functional morphological perspective.

Among the acanthopterygian fishes, the Labridae possess the most highly integrated and specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus. The integrated feature involves many osteological components and aspects of muscle form, architecture, composition, and function. The upper jaw articulates by means of a true diarthrosis with the pharyngeal process of the parasphenoid, whereas the lower jaw has established physical contact with the cleithrum. Complex muscle fusions have contributed significantly in the development of a double muscle sling operating the lower jaw. The original levator externus 4 fuses with the central head of the obliquus posterior, whereas the original levator posterior combines with the lateral head of the obliquus posterior as well as with the adductor branchialis 5. During the masticatory cycle, both upper and lower jaws undergo complex movement orbits resulting in shearing and crushing functions. Shearing occurs as the forward moving upper jaw collides with the dorsally held lower jaw. Crushing is effected by an extreme posterodorsal movement of the lower jaw against the retracted upper jaw, thereby establishing full occlusion of the teeth. The specialized morphological and functional design of the labrid pharyngeal jaw apparatus is similar to that found in cichlids. In sharp contrast to primitive acanthopterygian fishes, the Labridae and Cichlidae exhibit a spectacular morphological diversity that parallels their ecological diversification. Our combined functional and historical analysis has established a correlation between the complex integration of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus and morphological and ecological diversity in the Labridae and Cichlidae.
A neural network which computes the square root

Abstract A model for neural network is presented in which the steady state firing frequency of a neuron is related to the amount of feedback in the network. One such network is shown to compute the square root function of the input to the network.
Chemotherapy for advanced carcinoma of head and neck: an effective outpatient schedule of Cytoxan, Oncovin, methotrexate and bleomycin.

To evaluate an effective, cell-cycle-specific combination chemotherapy which could be administered on an outpatient basis, COMB of Maryland (Cytoxan, Oncovin, methotrexate and bleomycin) was used in 20 patients with stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck origin. All patients had unresectable but measurable disease. Nine patients had distant metastases. Prior to this chemotherapy, 15 (75%) patients underwent radiation therapy, 12 (60%) had radical surgery, and 3 (15%) were administered other chemotherapeutic drugs. The distribution of the primary site of tumor was identical to the overall distribution of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck found in this country. Drug dosages were: Cytoxan 100 mg/m2 p.o. days 1-14, Oncovin 1 mg/m2 IV days 1 and 8, methotrexate 25 mg/m2 IV days 1 and 8, and bleomycin 15 units/m2 IM days 1 and 8. This cycle was repeated every four weeks. Two (10%) patients had complete response and 7 (35%) had partial response, thus giving the total response rate of 9 (45%). Seven (35%) patients had static disease and 4 (20%) had progression of disease. Duration of response was from 8 to 26+ weeks with a median duration of 17+ weeks. Response rate was statistically related to performance status and previous chemotherapy. However, it was not related to age, sex, site of origin, previous radiation therapy, or differentiation of the tumor. Increased survival (P < 0.01) was seen in responders (median 16+ weeks) as compared to nonresponders (9 weeks). Hematologic toxicity was seen in 9 (45%) patients, resulting in one chemotherapy-related death. Overall, this chemotherapy has been well tolerated on an outpatient basis. Although 15 (75%) patients received prior radiation therapy, the results were comparable to those obtained by other, more toxic combination chemotherapeutic regimens.
Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites

Abstract The discovery of S/1986 U 10 is presented including photometry and orbital elements. The new satellite orbits only 1200 km outside Belinda's orbit and very close to the 44:43 eccentric resonance with Belinda. Its radius of about 15 km is much smaller than that expected from the trend seen for the other 15 regular uranian satellites. The 10 uranian satellites previously discovered by Voyager 2 are about 20% brighter than determined previously. One of these satellites, Puck, had a measured size which was slightly revised to 81±2 km. The first size measurements for the other nine satellites yielded sizes 40% larger on average and up to 60% larger than previously estimated. Most of these satellites are nonspherical. Juliet and Belinda may be the most oblong satellites in the Solar System among satellites with measured shapes.
Desferrioxamine suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by MBP in SJL mice

Abstract Data from several studies indicate that free radicals have a pathogenic role in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Iron can contribute to free radical damage by catalyzing the formation of hydroxyl radical, inducing secondary initiation of lipid peroxidation and by promoting the oxidation of proteins. The iron chelator, desferrioxamine, can limit these oxidative reactions and it can scavenge peroxynitrite independent of iron chelation. Two previous studies have examined the therapeutic value of desferrioxamine in EAE. One study observed an effect when disease was induced by spinal cord homogenates (J. Exp. Med. 160, p. 1532, 1984), but a second study found no therapeutic value of desferrioxamine for myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced EAE (J. Neuroimmunol. 17, p. 127, 1988). In the second study, the drug was only administered during the preclinical stages of disease. Since desferrioxamine scavenges free radicals and prevents their formation, we hypothesized that the drug should be given during the active stage of disease to have therapeutic value. We first demonstrated that the drug enters the CNS around inflammatory cells in EAE animals. In animals treated during the active stage of MBP-induced EAE, the clinical signs were significantly reduced compared to vehicle-treated animals. The iron-bound form of this drug, ferrioxamine, was without therapeutic value. A derivative of desferrioxamine, hydroxylethyl starch (HES)–desferrioxamine, has a greater plasma half-life than desferrioxamine and it was also tested. Although there was a suggestion of improvement in these animals, the effects were less than that observed for desferrioxamine which may be related to the greater molecular size of HES–desferrioxamine. In summary, these data suggest that chelation of iron is an effective therapeutic target for EAE.
Coding and Evaluating Facilitator Posts for an Online Cancer Survivor Workshop

One-hundred and forty-five people attended six online cancer survivor workshops. Each workshop was monitored by two facilitators, who generated a total of 1,537 online posts. The authors developed a scheme for coding facilitator posts, combining grounded codes with categories developed by Spiegel and Classen for coding therapist responses in cancer support groups. Participants received a mean of 10.6 facilitator posts. Improvement in two health outcomes (practice of mental relaxation and illness intrusiveness) were significantly correlated with supportive posts and total number of posts. The coding scheme was easily applied and appears reliable. The data suggests that more facilitation is better.
Stuck in the Past: Why Managers Persist with New Product Failures:

Abstract In this research, the authors examine the phenomenon of escalation bias in the context of managing new product introductions. In particular, they identify three general paths—Decision Involvement Inertia, Decision Involvement Distortion, and Belief Inertia Distortion—that can lead managers to escalate their commitments. The authors test the relative strength of these paths in driving observed escalation behavior. The results show that involvement with the initial decision, a key construct in numerous explanations for escalation behavior (e.g., agency theory, self-justification), is not a necessary condition to induce commitment to a losing course of action (i.e., escalation bias). Rather, the authors find that the driving force behind escalation behavior is improper use of initial positive beliefs in the face of negative new information. This insight has implications for the groundwork necessary for organizations to design systems, policies, and procedures to help them avoid the trap of escalatio...
A complication of prolonged intestinal intubation: Gaseous distention of the terminal balloon

A patient with regional enteritis was treated with a Cantor tube for relief of intestinal obstruction. Gaseous distention of the terminal balloon of the tube occurred necessitating removal by laparotomy and enterostomy. This rare complication is reviewed and discussed with special reference to etiology and prevention. The relationship of this complication to prolonged intubation is emphasized.
INSTRUMENTAL INSEMINATION OF THE FIRE ANT, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA

Colonies containing ♂♂ and alate virgin ♀♀ were collected from the field and maintained in greenhouse facilities. The alate virgin ♀♀ were induced to fly, anesthetized with CO2 and inseminated with either a mixture of sperm extracted from the ♂ seminal vesicles and accessory gland contents or sperm alone. Coconut milk was used as a sperm diluent for each insemination. Flight and sexual maturity were used as criteria for successful inseminations. Of the females we artificially inseminated 65% produced workers. This technique was developed for use with the fire ant and may be modified for use with other ant species. RESUME Insemination artificielle de Solenopsis invicta Un procede d'insemination artificielle de Solenopsis invicta est decrit. Des mâles et des femelles vierges ailes recoltees dans la nature ont ete maintenus dans une serre. Le vol a ete induit dans la serre et mâles et femelles vierges recoltes. Une femelle vierge ailee anesthesiee avec du CO2 a ete placee dans un manchon en caoutchouc mousse et inseree dans un recipient. Un mâle a ete place dans une cuvette a dissection; ses vesicules seminales et ses glandes annexes ont ete enlevees. Les contenus glandulaires ont ete dissous avec une solution de lait et de noix de coco et collectes avec une pipette. Une sonde et un crampon concus specialement ont ete employes pour exposer l'ouverture genitale de la femelle vierge. La pipette a ete abaissee dans la poche de l'uterus et la mixture de sperme dechargee. La pipette, la sonde et le crampon ont ete enleves et la femelle inseminee placee, soit dans une fiole bouchee avec du coton humide, soit dans une boite en plastique. Des examens de l'efficacite du procede ont montre que la probabilite de reussite augmentait: si les femelles avaient vole avant le processus d'insemination si elles etaient sexuellement mures. Quand des femelles qui n'avaient pas encore vole ont ete utilisees dans deux series d'experiences, 41% et 35% de femelles inseminees ont produit des ouvrieres de taille reduite. Quand des femelles sexuellement mures qui n'avaient pas encore vole ont ete utilisees dans une troisieme serie, 65% ont produit des ouvrieres de taille reduite. En moyenne 31% des femelles vierges ailees et inseminees ont produit des ouvrieres de taille reduite et 71% contenaient du sperme dans la spermatheque. La mortalite totale de toutes les femelles inseminees a ete de 55%.
Non-profit-funding environment relations: theory and application

The relationships between funding heterogeneity and organisational structure and functioning were examined for a panel of non-profit organisations. Resource dependence and institutional theory were used to derive hypotheses predicting positive associations between funding heterogeneity and non-profit boundary spanning, modelling and participation in collective efforts. For non-profits which were less vulnerable to institutional aspects of their environments, funding heterogeneity was found to have a positive effect on boundary spanning, consistent with resource dependence theory. For non-profits which were more vulnerable to institutional factors, on the other hand, funding heterogeneity was found to have positive effects on modelling and participation in collective efforts; consistent with institutional theory. These results argue that resource dependence and institutional theory need to be combined for the analysis of organisation-environment relations and suggest how this could be accomplished.
THE REACTION CENTER OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

. Investigations on the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center have recently made several important steps forward. Progress has been made in measuring the time course of the light-driven reactions, and in understanding the thermodynamics of these processes, in determining the chemical-structural properties of the protein and its constituents, and in elucidating the functional relationship of the reaction center with the chromatophore membrane. Although the well-characterized Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides reaction center has been the main exploratory vehicle in many of these studies, we now have an ever increasing body of information from bacteria of other species and genera. This work is providing information from which we can underline features that are common to bacterial reaction centers, but it also reveals differences which may reflect different selection pressures on the separate species. In this report we shall describe the early photochemical events of the reaction center, summarize the comparative biology of the reaction center, and discuss some of the current physical-chemical problems pertaining to the redox components of the reaction center.
Invariant complex structures on four-dimensional solvable real lie groups

In this paper, invariant complex structures on four-dimensional, solvable, simply-connected real Lie groups are classified where the dimension of the commutator is less than three. The resulting complex surfaces corresponding to these structures are also determined. The classification problem is reduced to determining certain complex “structure” subalgebras of the complexifications of the four-dimensional, solvable real Lie algebras. Most of the eleven types of non-abelian solvable real Lie algebras do have complex structure subalgebras; three do not. Only three types of algebras have solvable complex structure subalgebras, and only one possesses both abelian and solvable complex structure subalgebras. Each of the possible homogeneous surfaces is represented in the list of resulting manifolds.
Dynamic conformational switching in the chemokine ligand is essential for G-protein-coupled receptor activation

Chemokines mediate diverse functions from organogenesis to mobilizing leucocytes, and are unusual agonists for class-A GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) because of their large size and multi-domain structure. The current model for receptor activation, which involves interactions between chemokine N-loop and receptor N-terminal residues (Site-I) and between chemokine N-terminal and receptor extracellular loop/transmembrane residues (Site-II), fails to describe differences in ligand/receptor selectivity and the activation of multiple signalling pathways. In the present study, we show in neutrophil-activating chemokine CXCL8 that the highly conserved GP (glycine-proline) motif located distal to both N-terminal and N-loop residues couples Site-I and Site-II interactions. GP mutants showed large differences from native-like to complete loss of function that could not be correlated with the specific mutation, receptor affinity or subtype, or a specific signalling pathway. NMR studies indicated that the GP motif does not influence Site-I interactions, but molecular dynamics simulations suggested that this motif dictates substates of the CXCL8 conformational ensemble. We conclude that the GP motif enables diverse receptor functions by controlling cross-talk between Site-I and Site-II, and further propose that the repertoire of chemokine functions is best described by a conformational ensemble model in which a network of long-range coupled indirect interactions mediate receptor activity.
Pegasus: Precision hunting for icebergs and anomalies in network flows

Accurate online network monitoring is crucial for detecting attacks, faults, and anomalies, and determining traffic properties across the network. With high bandwidth links and consequently increasing traffic volumes, it is difficult to collect and analyze detailed flow records in an online manner. Traditional solutions that decouple data collection from analysis resort to sampling and sketching to handle large monitoring traffic volumes. We propose a new system, Pegasus, to leverage commercially available co-located compute and storage devices near routers and switches. Pegasus adaptively manages data transfers between monitors and aggregators based on traffic patterns and user queries. We use Pegasus to detect global icebergs or global heavy-hitters. Icebergs are flows with a common property that contribute a significant fraction of network traffic. For example, DDoS attack detection is an iceberg detection problem with a common destination IP. Other applications include identification of “top talkers,” top destinations, and detection of worms and port scans. Experiments with Abilene traces, sFlow traces from an enterprise network, and deployment of Pegasus as a live monitoring service on PlanetLab show that our system is accurate and scales well with increasing traffic and number of monitors.
Substantia nigra tangles are related to gait impairment in older persons.

Objective Parkinsonian signs, especially gait impairment, are common and associated with morbidity and mortality in older persons. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that substantia nigra neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are related to parkinsonian signs in older persons with and without dementia. Methods We studied 86 deceased older Catholic clergy without idiopathic Parkinson's disease from the Religious Order Study, a longitudinal clinical-pathological study. Mean age at death was 85.3 years. Signs of gait disturbance, bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor were assessed proximate to death using a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Forty-micrometer paraffin-embedded sections of substantia nigra were bleached before tau immunohistochemistry and the optical disector was used to count NFTs. We used multivariable linear regression to examine parkinsonian signs as a function of nigra NFTs, controlling for age, sex, education, and cortical NFTs. Results Substantia nigra NFTs were present in 67 of 86 persons (77.9%). After controlling for age, sex, education, and cortical NFTs, nigra NFTs were related to gait impairment (p < 0.001), but not bradykinesia, rigidity, or tremor. Results were not confounded by dementia, Braak score, neuroleptic medication, cerebral infarcts, or Lewy bodies. Interpretation NFTs in the substantia nigra are associated with gait impairment in older persons with and without dementia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:166–173
Comparison of in situ and satellite-derived (MODIS-Aqua/Terra) methods for assessing temperatures on coral reefs

Thermal stress has been regarded as one of the most important parameters monitored on reefs to assess coral health, and therefore, it is important to have accurate temperature data for reef environments. Whereas most studies of thermal stress on reefs have relied on sea surface temperature (SST) data, recent findings have suggested that subsurface temperatures may differ considerably from those at the surface. We compared concomitant in situ and satellite-derived SST measurements on two different coral reefs off southern Belize. Seawater temperatures adjacent to corals at 3 to 5 m depth were measured every 10 to 30 min, from June 2002 to December 2007. An accompanying data set of seawater temperatures was collected every 10 min at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 m depth, from October 2006 to December 2007. Concurrent nighttime and daytime SST measurements from MODIS Aqua and Terra platforms with a spatial resolution of 4 km were obtained for comparative purposes. Results indicate a negative (cool) bias for remotely sensed SSTs when compared with in situ measurements for both satellites across these two locations. Compared with daytime values, nighttime satellite-derived SST measurements yielded larger negative biases and were less correlated with in situ measurements. Understanding these biases will not only provide a better evaluation of the thermal regime on individual reefs, but will also create opportunities for more precise temperature comparisons among coral reef environments. We stress the importance of “sea-truthing” and complementing satellite-derived SST readings with in situ data when measuring temperatures on coral reefs.
Function-based integration strategy for an agile manufacturing testbed

This paper describes an integration strategy for plug-and- play software based on functional descriptions of the software modules. The functional descriptions identify explicitly the role of each module with respect to the overall systems. They define the critical dependencies that affect the individual modules and thus affect the behavior of the system. The specified roles, dependencies and behavioral constraints are then incorporated in a group of shared objects that are distributed over a network. These objects may be interchanged with others without disrupting the system so long as the replacements meet the interface and functional requirements. In this paper, we propose a framework for modeling the behavior of plug-and-play software modules that will be used to (1) design and predict the outcome of the integration, (2) generate the interface and functional requirements of individual modules, and (3) form a dynamic foundation for applying interchangeable software modules. I describe this strategy in the context of the development of an agile manufacturing testbed. The testbed represents a collection of production cells for machining operations, supported by a network of software modules or agents for planning, fabrication, and inspection. A process definition layer holds the functional description of the software modules. A network of distributed objects interact with one another over the Internet and comprise the plug-compatible software nodes that execute these functions. This paper will explore the technical and operational ramifications of using the functional description framework to organize and coordinate the distributed object modules.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
62 MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME IN CHILDHOOD: LATE OUTCOME IN RELATION TO INITIAL PRESENTATION AND INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES

62 MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME IN CHILDHOOD: LATE OUTCOME IN RELATION TO INITIAL PRESENTATION AND INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

From the pathological viewpoint, myocardial infarction is but one major consequence of coronary atherosclerosis. Among subjects with chronic occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, more common than death from acute myocardial infarction is death occurring acutely in the absence of infarction or acute coronary occlusion. Such negative anatomical evidence is supportive of the concept that myocardial ischemia commonly causes serious failure of the circulation through certain ventricular arrhythmias.
"Dynamic Stability in Institutional Maintenance: Core Ideas in Public Libraries, 1876-2006"

Institution’s assumed stability has played the backdrop to numerous studies of institutional change, but we know little about how that stability is maintained. In this paper, I explore how a set of...
Dependency, threat, and helping in a large city.

Summary The concept of a social responsibility norm was supported by an experiment designed to elicit signatures under three dependency conditions. Increasing dependency elicited greater numbers of signatures and, at the highest level, overrode a threatening request for phone number. The data, obtained in a large urban area, matched data obtained in a smaller community and may therefore cast doubt on the idea that people in large cities are more heartless than people in smaller ones.
SU‐FF‐J‐84: Accuracy and Feasibility of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Setup

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy and feasibility of cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) for stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) setup. Method and Materials: A stereotactic BRW frame was attached to a Rando head phantom with imbedded radio‐opaque markers (1mm in diameter) simulating the target locations. The head phantom with a CT localizer was first simulated for radiosurgery planning on a conventional CT scanner and then scanned on a treatment machine using CBCT. The differences between the conventional and CBCT localizations of the target positions were computed using a radiosurgery planning software. The translational corrections for target positions were calculated as the differences between the CBCT coordinates of the machine isocenter and the planned isocenters, which were the planned BRW coordinates from the conventional CT scan multiplied by the transformation matrix between the BRW and CBCT coordinate systems on the CBCT scan. The setup accuracy of CBCT was assessed from the analysis of orthogonal projection images for each radio‐opaque target at the machine isocenter. Results: All nine fiducial markers of BRW localizer were successfully identified on all but one slice of the CBCT scan. The average localization difference between the conventional CT and CBCT BRW target coordinates was 0.28mm (SD 0.10mm). The mean distance error for all the radio‐opaque targets localized using the CBCT and orthogonal projection images was 1.28mm (SD 0.61 mm). The major contributing factor to this cumulative setup error was the uncertainty in the superior‐inferior direction due to the 2mm slice thickness in conventional CT.Conclusion: The CBCTimage guidance can be used to setup SRS patients within accuracy comparable to the current SRS standard using an external fiducial system. The technique described here can serve as a gold standard for evaluating the accuracy of alternative immobilization and setup devices for SRS.
Analytical and micropreparative two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins

We describe procedures for the general separation of complex protein mixtures by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Several refinements of O'Farrell's original technique that lead to improved reproducibility, resolution, and detection sensitivity are discussed. The advantages and versatility of a mid-sized (16 by 20 cm) gel format are emphasized. Optional (e.g., preparative liquid isoelectric focusing) and highly recommended steps in sample preparation are detailed, including descriptions of some of the pitfalls commonly encountered. Optimal buffer systems, gel construction, gel transfer from first to second dimension, gel removal, and protein detection (gel staining or membrane staining after electroblotting) are given. Further, our procedure for N-terminal and internal protein sequencing of 2DE protein spots, which requires
The maintenance of an ice-free Arctic ocean☆

Abstract A comparison of the heat budget of the present ice-covered portion of the Arctic Ocean (10 17 cm 2 ) with that of a hypothetical ice-free ocean is made on the basis of relatively new data from the Arctic region. The chief effect of ice removal would be a consequence of the decrease in albedo from 61 to 10%. Another important factor would be the increased “greenhouse” effect resulting from an increased atmospheric moisture content and greater cloud cover. Evaluation of the factors involved indicates that the present surface is in essential radiation balance, with a small positive gain of 0.01 × 10 21 cal/year 10 17 cm 2 . An ice-free polar sea would have a heat budget giving a positive balance of 2.63 × 10 21 cal/year if a temperature of 0°C is assumed for the open water. This heat excess could maintain an ice-free sea since it is about ten times the annual amount required to melt the present ice. Both of the computations for the surface are combined with other appropriate factors into heat budgets of the earth-atmosphere system with ice-covered and ice-free conditions.