cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Molecular Design Principles in Delivering High Quality Pharmaceutical Candidates

High throughput screening of large chemical libraries of compounds is a proven way to identify novel chemical entities that target a biological system of interest. This technology is being used by industry and a growing number of academic screening centers for drug discovery campaigns. Unfortunately, many of the components of screening libraries have poor drug-like properties and require optimization. Typical components of a screening hit that need to be optimized include water solubility, reduced potential for toxicity, and metabolic stability. Presently, methods to alter individual molecular properties are not well elucidated. This chapter will discuss the molecular design principles that have been used successfully to alter the physiochemical properties of molecules through medicinal chemistry. Insights will be provided into the differences in approaches needed for optimization of a biological probe for target validation versus that of a hit to lead campaign, the design of more drug-like libraries, and the over-reliance of potency in optimization campaigns.
The effect of dyad type on collaboration: Interactions among heritage and second language learners

This study investigated the dynamics between matched heritage language learner (HLL) dyads, second language learner (L2L) dyads, and mixed HLL‐L2L dyads in the Spanish L2 classroom. Data come from 15‐minute video recordings of 16 dyads, including four HLL–HLL, four L2L–L2L, and eight HLL–L2L dyads that were collected during collaborative writing activities in level 1 and 2 classes at a community college in southern California. Dyads’ interactions were analyzed and then categorized according to the predominant characteristics of each dyad: collaborative, cooperative, dominant–passive, and expert–novice. Key findings demonstrate that matched dyads worked collaboratively and provided more opportunities for language learning than mixed dyads. Pedagogical implications are pinpointed, and possible ways in which dyads can function more effectively are discussed.
Influenza and Intentions to Vaccinate in an Underserved Hispanic Population: The Role of Theoretically Derived Constructs.

Background:Past research has focused on understanding influenza vaccine acceptance in non-Hispanic white populations; however, research on the social causes of influenza vaccine acceptance rates in...
Seasonal variation in production, household composition and earnings in cottage manufacture: Evidence from women weavers employed by a mid-19th century Yorkshire firm

This article uses a unique data set to focus on women weavers in mid-19th century Britain. Records from John Murgatroyd and Sons, worsted manufacturers, focus on women weavers in the Halifax, Yorks...
Implosion of auto-magnetizing helical liners on the Z facility

In the first auto-magnetizing liner implosion experiments on the Z Facility, precompressed internal axial fields near 150 T were measured and 7.2-keV radiography indicated a high level of cylindrical uniformity of the imploding liner's inner surface. An auto-magnetizing (AutoMag) liner is made of discrete metallic helical conductors encapsulated in insulating material. The liner generates internal axial magnetic field as a 1–2 MA, 100–200 ns current prepulse flows through the helical conductors. After the prepulse, the fast-rising main current pulse causes the insulating material between the metallic helices to break down ceasing axial field production. After breakdown, the helical liner, nonuniform in both density and electrical conductivity, implodes in 100 ns. In-flight radiography data demonstrate that while the inner wall maintains cylindrical uniformity, multiple new helically oriented structures are self-generated within the outer liner material layers during the implosion; this was not predicted by simulations. Furthermore, liner stagnation was delayed compared to simulation predictions. An analytical implosion model is compared with experimental data and preshot simulations to explore how changes in the premagnetization field strength and drive current affect the liner implosion trajectory. Both the measurement of >100 T internal axial field production and the demonstration of cylindrical uniformity of the imploding liner's inner wall are encouraging for promoting the use of AutoMag liners in future MagLIF experiments.In the first auto-magnetizing liner implosion experiments on the Z Facility, precompressed internal axial fields near 150 T were measured and 7.2-keV radiography indicated a high level of cylindrical uniformity of the imploding liner's inner surface. An auto-magnetizing (AutoMag) liner is made of discrete metallic helical conductors encapsulated in insulating material. The liner generates internal axial magnetic field as a 1–2 MA, 100–200 ns current prepulse flows through the helical conductors. After the prepulse, the fast-rising main current pulse causes the insulating material between the metallic helices to break down ceasing axial field production. After breakdown, the helical liner, nonuniform in both density and electrical conductivity, implodes in 100 ns. In-flight radiography data demonstrate that while the inner wall maintains cylindrical uniformity, multiple new helically oriented structures are self-generated within the outer liner material layers during the implosion; this was not predicted b...
“A Deal of Stinking Breath”: The Smell of Contagion in the Early Modern Playhouse

In Julius Caesar , Casca suggests the plebeians can contaminate the tribunes simply by emitting offensive scents in public. While the citizens’ odor is used to vilify them, it becomes a potent signifier of the agency they possess to voice their views, and ultimately, to infect the body politic. This chapter shows how the crowd’s repulsive smells are mirrored in the material conditions of the playhouse’s smoky atmosphere. All the smells in the playhouse—dung, sweat, perfume, smoke, and animal blood—contribute to an interpretation of the play’s classist understanding of olfactory contagion.
Outpatient Versus Inpatient Surgical Fixation of Isolated Ankle Fractures: An Analysis of 90-Day Complications, Readmissions, and Costs.

ABSTRACT Despite increasing interest toward managing isolated ankle fractures in an outpatient setting, evidence of its safety remains largely limited. The 2007 to 2014 Humana Administrative Claims database was queried to identify patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation for unimalleolar, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar isolated closed ankle fractures. Two cohorts (outpatient versus inpatient) were then matched on the basis of age, sex, race, region, fracture type (uni-/bi-/trimalleolar) and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index to control for selection bias. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to report independent impact of outpatient-treated ankle fracture surgery on 90-day complications, readmission, and emergency department visit rates. Independent-samples t test was used to compare global 90-day costs between cohorts. A total of 5317 inpatient-treated and 6941 outpatient-treated closed ankle fractures were included in the final cohort. After matching and multivariate analyses, patients with outpatient ankle fractures, compared with patients with inpatient ankle fractures, had statistically lower rates of pneumonia (2.3% versus 4.0%; p
Experience API: Flexible, Decentralized and Activity-Centric Data Collection.

This emerging technology report describes the Experience API (xAPI), a new e-learning specification designed to support the learning community in standardizing and collecting both formal and informal distributed learning activities. Informed by Activity Theory, a framework aligned with constructivism, data is collected in the form of activity statements with the flexibility to describe a wide array of learning experiences from museum exhibits to learning environment interactions. Fast adoption by private sector tool developers and the majority of learning management systems used in academia suggests the specification may have long-term implications. This report summarizes major educational research opportunities and key challenges to implementation.
Temporal and Spatial Autocorrelations from Expendable Digital Dropsondes (XDDs) in Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThe newly developed Expendable Digital Dropsondes (XDDs) allow for high spatial and temporal resolution observations of the kinematic and thermodynamic structures in tropical cyclones (TCs)...
Obesity and Weight Gain in Persons with HIV

The proportion of overweight and obese persons with HIV (PWH) has increased since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aim to summarize recent literature on risks of weight gain, discuss adipose tissue changes in HIV and obesity, and synthesize current understanding of how excess adiposity and HIV contribute to metabolic complications. Recent studies have implicated contemporary ART regimens, including use of integrase strand transfer inhibitors and tenofovir alafenamide, as a contributor to weight gain, though the mechanisms are unclear. Metabolic dysregulation is linked to ectopic fat and alterations in adipose immune cell populations that accompany HIV and obesity. These factors contribute to an increasing burden of metabolic diseases in the aging HIV population. Obesity compounds an increasing burden of metabolic disease among PWH, and understanding the role of fat partitioning and HIV- and ART-related adipose tissue dysfunction may guide prevention and treatment strategies.
Why and when are loops useful in genetic programming

Executing a code segment repeatedly using loops is crucial for human programmers to write complex software. Similarly, in genetic programming, mechanisms that enable the multiple executions of a group of instructions seem to be useful in increasing the success rates for a number of software synthesis problems. In this paper, we investigate the effects of loops on the success rates for different types of problems.
Type 3 Cardiorenal Syndrome

Heart and kidney disease often coexist in the same patient, and studies have shown that cardiac disease can directly contribute to worsening kidney function and vice versa. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as a complex pathophysiological disorder of the heart and the kidneys in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. This has been classified into five subtypes based on the primary organ dysfunction (primum movens) (heart or kidney) and whether the organ dysfunction is acute or chronic. CRS type 1 (CRS-1) is characterized by an acute deterioration in cardiac function that leads to acute kidney injury (AKI); in CRS type 3 (CRS-3), AKI leads to acute cardiac injury and/or dysfunction, such as cardiac ischemic syndromes, congestive heart failure, or arrhythmias (Cruz, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 20(1):56–66, 2013). This chapter will provide a detailed review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention strategies, and selected management aspects for CRS-3.
A dense sample of fossil primates (Adapiformes, Notharctidae, Notharctinae) from the Early Eocene Willwood Formation, Wyoming: Documentation of gradual change in tooth area and shape through time

OBJECTIVES The Willwood Formation of the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming is a fluvial rock sequence that spans approximately 3 million years of early Eocene time. It has yielded one the largest collections of fossil mammals in the world including thousands of dentitions of extinct lemur-like primates known as notharctines. In the southern Bighorn Basin, specimens of these primates have been collected on numerous paleontological expeditions and the stratigraphic levels yielding the dentitions have been carefully recorded. Notharctine dentitions represent a rare opportunity to study morphological variation in a single anatomical system through time among closely related individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prior studies of Bighorn Basin notharctines through time produced measurements of hundreds of specimens but I report here results from measurement and comparison of the dentitions and dentaries of more than 3,000 specimens, all stratigraphically mapped. RESULTS Variation in premolar and molar area and variation in dentary depth are apparent throughout the section. Specimens with relatively small teeth and dentaries are known from the older part of the section. In younger rocks, variation in tooth area among specimens increases. Variation in tooth area is continuous and overlaps extensively both within and between stratigraphic levels. Other dental variables examined by inspection change in a mosaic and continuous fashion through the section. These features include variation in the presence and number of paraconids on the lower fourth premolar (p4), the size and shape of the entoconid notch on the lower first and second molars, and the relative development of the pseudohypocone, mesostyle, and cingula on the upper molars. DISCUSSION These broad patterns can be identified despite notharctine alpha taxonomy being in need of extensive revision and, importantly, simplification. Such revision is beyond the scope of this article but is essential if we are to develop a taxonomy that is both free of stratigraphic influence and useful for rapid, repeatable species assignment. Boundaries among the patterns of tokogenesis, anagenesis, and cladogenesis are blurred in this dense sample of extinct primates. While pattern of evolution, a population-level phenomenon, may be difficult to falsify in the fossil record, this notharctine sample suggests that in the rare instance such as this, when the fossil record is densely sampled, change through time is continuous and more consistent with gradual evolution.
When convenience trumps quality of care: A population-based survey on direct to consumer orthodontics.

Introduction Since the introduction of direct to consumer orthodontic (DTCO) products in the last decade, these products have been increasing in popularity among orthodontic patients. The purpose of the current article was to assess the populations’ perception of DTCOs and to examine various factors that may influence their decision in choosing treatment with DTCO products. Methods A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in the United States. The 35-question survey was disseminated through Amazon Mechanical Turk (Amazon.com, Inc, Seattle, Wash), and participants were asked questions about their demographics, their perceptions of DTCOs, orthodontists, and factors that may influence their decision should they decide to pursue orthodontic treatment. Pearson's correlations were conducted to assess the association between various factors and the participants’ likelihood to choose DTCO products. Results A total of 1441 subjects participated in the study. More than 83% of the participants have considered pursuing orthodontic treatment to some extent. Twenty-three percent reported that they would highly likely choose DTCO products. The majority of participants reported convenience to be the greatest benefit of DTCOs, followed by cost. The majority of responses seemed to favor DTCOs. Forty-seven percent reported that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic did not affect their preference, whereas 26.6% reported to be more likely to pursue DTCOs because of the pandemic. Conclusions The majority of participants seemed to perceive DTCOs as a viable alternative for seeking orthodontic care. Although participants had concerns about the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, results showed that the pandemic might not significantly affect the preferences. Orthodontists and their constituent organizations may consider more robust awareness and advocacy campaigns to educate the population about orthodontic treatment and the benefits of pursuing treatment with a trained orthodontist.
The generalized inverses of differentiation and integration

Abstract Let P n be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most n , equipped with the inner product 〈 f , g 〉 = ∫ − 1 1 f ( x ) g ( x ) d x . Let D : P n ⟶ P n − 1 be the differentiation operator and I : P n − 1 ⟶ P n be the integration operator. In this paper the generalized (Moore–Penrose) inverses of D and I are computed. The answer for D is straightforward, though perhaps somewhat unexpected. The answer for I requires more work, and involves Legendre polynomials in an unexpected way.
Learning Urban Driving Policies using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Autonomous driving in urban settings requires intelligent decision-making ability to deal with complex behaviors in dense traffic scenarios. Traditional modular methods address these challenges using classical rule-based approaches but require heavy engineering efforts to scale to diverse and unseen environments. Recently, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has provided a data-driven framework for decision making and has been applied to urban driving. However, prior works that employ end-to-end DRL with high-dimensional sensor inputs report poor performance on complex urban driving tasks. In this work, we present a framework that combines modular and DRL approaches to solve the planning and control subproblems in urban driving. We design an input representation that enables our DRL agent to learn the complex urban driving tasks of lane-following, driving around turns and intersections, avoiding collisions with other dynamic actors, and following traffic light rules. The agent learned using our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the NoCrash benchmark in the CARLA urban driving simulator.
Interactions Between Adipose Stem Cells and Cancer

Improvement in surgical and radiographic techniques has been accompanied by a renewed interest in breast fat grafting, with studies now demonstrating the ability to adequately screen for breast cancer after treatment. The authors review some of the findings from major in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies related to this topic in an attempt to summarize the current understanding of ASCs/whole fat and its role in the setting of breast cancer. The feasibility of achieving a more ideal, natural-appearing breast reconstruction, after surgery for breast cancer, through autologous fat grafting has been demonstrated with the improved harvesting and grafting techniques that have developed in recent years. Pending stronger evidence in the clinical arena, it seems prudent to approach reconstructions involving ASCs with a careful evaluation for any residual cancer. How to best use this technology among breast cancer survivors remains to be determined.
Decentralized Hierarchical Partitioning of Centralized Integrated Controllers

A framework for a decentralized hierarchical controller partitioning structure is developed. This structure allows for the design of separate airframe and propulsion controllers which, when assembled, will meet the overall design criterion for the integrated airframe/propulsion system. An algorithm based on parameter optimization of the state-space representation for the subsystem controllers is described. The algorithm is currently being applied to an integrated flight propulsion control design example.
Contemporary Approaches to Statistical Mechanical Probabilities: A Critical Commentary – Part II: The Regularity Approach

This pair of articles provides a critical commentary on contemporary approaches to statistical mechanical probabilities. These articles focus on the two ways of understanding these probabilities that have received the most attention in the recent literature: the epistemic indifference approach, and the Lewis-style regularity approach. These articles describe these approaches, highlight the main points of contention, and make some attempts to advance the discussion. The second of these articles discusses the regularity approach to statistical mechanical probabilities, and describes some areas where further research is needed.
An investigation of hydrogen depth profiling using ToF‐SIMS

Hydrogen depth distributions in silicon, zinc oxide, and glass are of great interest in material research and industry. Time-of-flight SIMS has been used for hydrogen depth profiling for many years. However, some critical information, such as optimal instrumental settings and detection limits, is not easily available from previous publications. In this work, optimal instrumental settings and detection limits of hydrogen in silicon, zinc oxide, and common glass were investigated. The recommended experimental settings for hydrogen depth profiling using time-of-flight SIMS are: (i) keeping pressure in the analysis chamber as low as possible, (ii) using a cesium beam for sputtering and monitoring the H– signal, (iii) employing monatomic ion analysis beams with the highest currents, and (iv) using interlace mode. In addition, monatomic secondary ions from a matrix are recommended as references to normalize the H– signal. Detection limits of hydrogen are limited by the pressure of residual gases in the analysis chamber. The base pressure of the analysis chamber (with samples) is about 7 × 10−10 mbar in this study, and the corresponding detection limits of hydrogen in silicon, zinc oxide, and common glass are 1.3 × 1018 atoms/cm3, 1.8 × 1018 atoms/cm3, and 5.6 × 1018 atoms/cm3, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISI effects in a hybrid ICA-SVM modulation recognition algorithm

Automatic modulation recognition is a topic of interest in many fields including signal surveillance, multi-user detection and radio frequency spectrum monitoring. In this paper the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) on the performance of a recently proposed hybrid ICA-SVM modulation recognition algorithm is studied. The algorithm combines elements of cyclo-spectral analysis, ICA and SVM algorithms to distinguish between different types of continuous phase modulations (CPM) and phase shift keying modulations. Although ISI decreases the achievable SVM margin, combining the ICA-SVM hybrid approach with feature equalization and a modified SVM kernel allows reliable classification to occur when ISI is present.
Optimization of Linear Vehicle Suspensions Subjected to Simultaneous Guideway and External Force Disturbances

The optimum linear suspension for a vehicle traveling over a guideway with random irregularities and subjected to random external force disturbances is derived. The optimization is based upon a performance index which weights mean square vehicle acceleration (a measure of passenger comfort) and mean square relative displacement between the vehicle and guideway (a measure of required suspension dynamic excursion). The form of the optimum suspension is not restricted to a specific mechanical, magnetic or fluid suspension configuration. Performance curves and numerical design examples are presented to illustrate the influence of both guideway and external force disturbances upon optimum suspension performance capability.
Leukoencephalopathy complicating an Ommaya reservoir and chemotherapy

We describe the imaging findings in an unusual case of biopsy-proven, methotrexate-induced leukoencephalopathy complicating a malfunctioning Ommaya reservoir in a patient with lymphoma.
Prognostic factors in the resumption of oral dietary intake after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a common supportive care therapy in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Inadequate oral dietary intake may necessitate prolonged courses of PN, which have been associated with metabolic, infectious, and hepatobiliary complications. The objective of this study was to identify demographic, clinical, and nutrition factors associated with the resumption of oral dietary intake following HSCT. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of 37 children undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Repeated-measures regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the resumption and macronutrient composition of oral nutrient intake after HSCT. Results: Mean oral dietary intake during the first 2 weeks after HSCT was <280 kcal/d. At all times, oral carbohydrate intake was high, ranging from 58% to 74% of oral energy. Age, time since transplant, degree of oral mucositis, and severity of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) were all significantl...
Dependence of the quasi‐linear scattering rates on the wave normal distribution of chorus waves

[1] The sensitivity of quasi-linear scattering rates to the wave normal distribution of chorus waves is studied using the Full Diffusion Code newly developed at the University of California, Los Angeles. Scattering rates are computed for field-aligned, oblique (∼20° wave normal angles), and highly oblique (∼40° wave normal angles) cases. For radiation belt electrons, scattering rates are relatively insensitive to the assumed distribution of wave normal angles at high energies; while when the energy is smaller, in the range of tens of keV, knowledge of the wave normal distribution becomes important. It is shown that Landau resonance becomes very important for the scattering of electrons with energies of tens of keV as waves become more oblique. Scattering rates for various order resonances and energies are presented. Our results show that, for a fixed ratio of plasma to gyrofrequency and fixed spectral properties of waves, scattering rates scale as an inverse of magnitude of the magnetic field. We also show that resonant scattering of 10 keV and 100 keV occurs within 10° and 20° latitude of the geomagnetic equator, respectively. At 1 MeV, dominant scattering occurs above 20° latitude. We also present local scattering rates as a function of energy and latitude. Implications of the presented results for the upcoming satellite mission's planning, future measurements, and radiation belt modeling are discussed.
Ion-exchange chromatography of nucleotides on polyethyleneimine cellulose columns: Analysis of maize grain extracts☆

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the quantitative chromatographic separation of free nucleotides isolated from maize grain extracts on columns of polyethyleneimine-microcrystalline cellulose. Use of a uniform microcrystalline cellulose provides sharper separations of nucleotides as compared with separations with standard fibrous celluloses. Mono- and diphosphate nucleotides and sugar nucleotides are eluted with a concave gradient elution system of LiCl and boric acid, in which ionic strength and pH are independently changed. Borate complexing facilitates both separation of sugar nucleotides from their related diphosphate nucleotides and separation of deoxyribo- and ribonucleotides. Phenolic materials and other plant constituents that interfere with the detection of nucleotides during chromatography are less readily adsorbed on PEI-cellulose. Use of PEI-cellulose, therefore, permits direct analysis of some plant extracts without extensive preliminary purification, which may result in degradation and loss of nucleotides. Application of the method is illustrated by the analysis of free nucleotides contained in immature maize seeds.
Desorption or disordering from diffraction peak intensity decay

Abstract When an ordered overlayer is heated at a high enough temperature, there is loss of order that can be monitored through the decay of the peak intensity of diffraction spots. This is caused by either particle loss to the gas phase or the onset of diffusion that disorders the overlayer. With the use of model simulations on a c(2 × 2) ordered overlayer, we show how the peak intensity decay can differentiate between the two cases. We further examine the growth laws describing the growth of disorder to see if they obey similar laws as the reverse ordering processes. When no interfaces separating degenerate phases are present, disordering and ordering processes do not obey the same growth laws.
Dysplastic haemopoiesis following orthotopic liver transplantation: comparison with similar changes in HIV infection and primary myelodysplasia

Summary To validate scientifically our prior empiric observations that patients develop significant haemopoietic dysplasia following solid organ transplantation, we developed a quantitative lineage-specific scoring system to evaluate dysplastic features of bone marrow aspirates and core biopsies. We used this scoring system to compare retrospectively randomly selected bone marrow aspirates and core biopsies from 19 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), 21 with a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and 18 with primary or chemotherapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Our results show that the OLT patient group developed significant but milder haemopoietic dysplastic changes than the HIV or MDS groups, and that the MDS group developed more severe dysplasia of the myeloid lineage than the other groups. The possible roles for drugs and infectious agents in the pathophysiology of dysplastic changes are discussed.
Model-Based System Integration (MBSI) – Key Attributes of MBSE from the System Integrator's Perspective

Abstract Many system developments fail at the integration and qualification (I&Q) phases in the development and acquisition cycle. How can we, as Systems Engineers (SE), navigate the uncertainty and risk of system development to ensure I&Q success? One solution is applying significant influence of the system integrator (SI) member of the SE team at the very beginning of system design. If this is a solution, then what processes, methods, and practices can the SI apply in the overall SE process? Can the emerging Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods and tools be leveraged by the SI? This paper discusses a Model Based System Integration (MBSI) approach that applies essential MBSE methods and tools to the unique goals of the SI. While MBSE is supportive of the entire SE process, it tends to be optimized for the design-side of the SE process and not necessarily for I&Q goals and objectives. MBSI highlights how MBSE tools and methods can be extended to benefit the SI. Lessons- learned from several SE graduate school projects applying these MBSI methods are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the MBSI approach.
Self-complementary oligoribonucleotides: effects of helix defects and guanylic acid-cytidylic acid base pairs.

Oligonucleotides consisting of a sequence of adenylic acid and a sequence of uridylic acid separated by one eytidylic or guanylic acid or by a cytidilic-guanylic pair (C · G) have been synthesized and their associating properties studied. When G or C is inserted between the blocks the stability of the bimolecular, helical complex is reduced. C is the more destabilizing, reducing Tm from 10 to 17 deg. C equivalent to the removal of 2 adenylic-uridylic (A · U) pairs. Several observations suggest that, in contrast to C, the duplex rearranges to accommodate G opposite a U residue. Equimolar mixtures of oligomers differing only in that one contains C between the blocks and the other G are found to form bimolecular helices of enhanced stability. In a decamer the effect of one G · C pair replacing an A · U pair is to raise Tm by 8.5 deg. C. Double this effect is observed for the helical duplexes which are formed by (Ap)nCpG(pU)n. The stabilizing effect of G · C pairs is probably dependent on their location in the helix and nearest neighbors. In this case their effect on Tm is greater than that found for natural polymeric bihelical RNA, i.e. 0.9 deg. C per percentage increase in G + C rather than 0.75 deg. C. The greater enthalpy of formation of a G · C pair over an A · U pair can only be roughly estimated.
Two‐Stage Designs for Gene–Disease Association Studies

Le but de cet article est de decrire une strategie d'etude a deux etapes qui maximise la puissance de detection d'associations gene-maladie quand la principale contrainte est le cout total, represente par le nombre total d'evaluations de genes plutot que le nombre total d'individus. Dans la premiere etape, tous les genes d'interet sont evalues sur un sous-groupe d'individus. Les genes les plus prometteurs sont alors evalues sur d'autres sujets dans la deuxieme etape. Ceci evitera de gaspiller du materiel sur des genes ayant une faible probabilite d'etre associes a la maladie d'apres les resultats de la premiere etape. Nous envisageons le cas ou les genes sont correles et celui ou les genes sont independants. A l'aide de simulations, nous montrons qu'en regle generale, lorsque les genes sont independants ou faiblement correles, utiliser 75% du materiel dans l'etape 1 pour tester tous les marqueurs et ne tester que les 10% plus prometteurs avec le materiel restant apporte une puissance quasi optimale pour une large etendue de configurations parametriques. Ceci revient a tester tous les marqueurs sur environ un quart de l'echantillon necessaire a l'etape 1.
Nest sanitation through defecation: antifungal properties of wood cockroach feces

The wood cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus nests as family units inside decayed wood, a substrate known for its high microbial load. We tested the hypothesis that defecation within their nests, a common occurrence in this species, reduces the probability of fungal development. Conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, were incubated with crushed feces and subsequently plated on potato dextrose agar. Relative to controls, the viability of fungal conidia was significantly reduced following incubation with feces and was negatively correlated with incubation time. Although the cockroach's hindgut contained abundant β-1,3-glucanase activity, its feces had no detectable enzymatic function. Hence, these enzymes are unlikely the source of the fungistasis. Instead, the antifungal compound(s) of the feces involved heat-sensitive factor(s) of potential microbial origin. When feces were boiled or when they were subjected to ultraviolet radiation and subsequently incubated with conidia, viability was “rescued” and germination rates were similar to those of controls. Filtration experiments indicate that the fungistatic activity of feces results from chemical interference. Because Cryptocercidae cockroaches have been considered appropriate models to make inferences about the factors fostering the evolution of termite sociality, we suggest that nesting in microbe-rich environments likely selected for the coupling of intranest defecation and feces fungistasis in the common ancestor of wood cockroaches and termites. This might in turn have served as a preadaptation that prevented mycosis as these phylogenetically related taxa diverged and evolved respectively into subsocial and eusocial organizations.
Circulating capsular antigen in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The kinetics of bacteremia and capsular antigenemia in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b were measured by quantitative bacterial counts in blood and counterimmunoelectrophoresis of plasma. After intraperitoneal inoculation with 104 colony-forming units (cfu) of H. influenzae type b, bacteremia was detected in 100% of animals at 12 hr after inoculation (mean, 16,500 cfu/ml) and by two days exceeded 105 cfu/ml in most animals. Despite these high levels of bacteremia, capsular antigen was detected infrequently during the early phase of experimental infection; it was present in 20% of animals at 12 hr and in 50% at one day. Peak levels of antigen in blood occurred two to three days after inoculation and coincided with the histologic appearance of meningitis. Thereafter, the frequency of antigenemia declined and paralleled the decline in quantitative bacterial counts in blood. Since detection of antigen was dependent on the occurrence of prolonged infection, counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be an insensitive method for early diagnosis. Because of its ease of performance, specificity, and sensitivity, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is being employed increasingly for detection of capsular antigen in patients with suspected Haemophilus influenzae type b infection [16]. The test appears to be most successful in patients with H. influenzae type b meningitis but is less useful in patients with other systemic infections due to H. influenzae, such as epiglottitis or cellulitis in which antigenemia is absent or at a low level [4-6]. Infant rats inoculated intranasally or ip with H. influenzae type b develop bacteremia and meningitis [7, 8]. The present report describes a series of experiments in which we infected rats ip to study the time course of bacteremia and detection of antigen by CIE. The results indicate that CIE is an insensitive method for early detection of infection.
The influence of vagal afferent fiber activity on masticatory reflexes

Abstract Single pulse, pulse train, and repetitive stimulation of the cut central end of the cervical vagus nerve initiated periods of depression and facilitation of monosynaptic (masseteric) and polysynaptic (digastric) brain stem reflexes. The excitation of cervical vagal fiber groups of different conduction velocities was examined during these variations in somatic reflex activity. The masseteric and digastric reflex responses were depressed or facilitated in conjunction with the excitation of cervical vagal fibers conducting between 10 and 15m/sec. It was concluded that these fibers were of thoracic origin and that on the basis of their conduction velocity were similar to the vagal fiber system whose excitation induces EEG patterns of activation.
An efficient numerical algorithm for transverse impact problems

Transverse impact problems in which the elastic and plastic indentation effects are considered, involve a nonlinear integral equation for the contact force, which, in practice, is usually solved by an iterative scheme with small increments in time. In this paper, a numerical method is proposed wherein the iterations of the nonlinear problem are separated from the structural response computations. This makes the numerical procedures much simpler and also efficient. The proposed method is applied to some impact problems for which solutions are available, and they are found to be in good agreement. The effect of the magnitude of time increment on the results is also discussed.
Kinetics and Ligand-Binding Preferences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thymidylate Synthases, ThyA and ThyX

Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis kills approximately 2 million people each year and presents an urgent need to identify new targets and new antitubercular drugs. Thymidylate synthase (TS) enzymes from other species offer good targets for drug development and the M. tuberculosis genome contains two putative TS enzymes, a conventional ThyA and a flavin-based ThyX. In M. tuberculosis, both TS enzymes have been implicated as essential for growth, either based on drug-resistance studies or genome-wide mutagenesis screens. To facilitate future small molecule inhibitors against these proteins, a detailed enzymatic characterization was necessary.
Toral rank one Lie algebras

Let L be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic p > 0. Assume that H is a Cartan subalgebra of L. We say that L has toral rank m relative to H if dim,PA = m, where A is the set of roots with respect to H, P is the prime field, and PA is the P-vector space spanned by A. In this work we study Lie algebras of toral rank one. The motivation to investigate this class of algebras comes from the problem of classifying simple Lie algebras. If A is a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra with Cartan subalgebra H, and if CI is a root of H, then the subalgebra A(” = CieP A, has toral rank one relative to H. In [12, 133 Wilson has shown that if a simple algebra A has characteristic p > 7, then the restricted closure w of H in Der A has the form R= T+ Z, where I is the nil radical of B and T is the maximal torus, which is central in j?. It follows that ad R on each root space A, can be simultaneously upper triangularized. Indeed, I is a Lie algebra of nilpotent transformations on A,; and thus by [8, Theorem 3.31, it annihilates a nonzero vector. The space of such vectors is T-invariant and so T + I has a common eigenvector u on A,. One can proceed inductively on AJFu to argue that each root space A, has a basis relative to which ad R is upper-triangular. With that in mind, we say in what follows that a Cartan subalgebra His triangularizable if there is a basis for each root space relative to which ad H is upper-triangular. We show in Section 1 that if L is a Lie algebra having a toral rank one Cartan subalgebra H, and if H is triangularizable, then L modulo its maximal solvable ideal either is (0) or consists of a simple toral rank one Lie algebra S together with derivations of S in H. In the first case we say that the core of L is (0) and in the second case that the core of L is S. Wilson [ 141 has classified the simple toral rank one Lie algebras. Using
Inflammatory osteoarthritis. I. The clinical syndrome.

Abstract In erosive or interphalangeal osteoarthritis or primary generalized osteoarthritis, there are usually inflammatory phases. The correlation matrix for the various manifestations of 170 cases helped define the syndrome. A remarkable symmetrically was noted, not only in the expected distal and proximal interphalangeal joints but also in metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints, knees, and hips. Confusion with sero-negative rheumatoid arthritis must be avoided. Erosive changes develop in almost all cases, and at the knees, may lead ultimately to disability. In the hands, the pattern is centrifugal and radial in distribution. This clinical syndrome is often familial, and ultimately resembles the benign variety of Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes; the acute onset and the involvement of more proximal joints of the hands and of a pattern of peripheral and spinal joints permit its differentiation. In 15 per cent of the cases (26 patients), superimposition of an indolent variety of rheumatoid arthritis usually beginning in the wrists, developed.
The standardization of cobalt-57

Abstract A new method is described for standardizing radioactive Co 57 for total disintegration rate. Systematic errors due to maximum uncertainties in the decay scheme are estimated to be less than 0.6 percent.
Effects of short-term, low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on arterial compliance in untrained young men

Previous studies have shown that low-intensity resistance training with restricted blood flow, known as KAATSU training, increases muscle strength and size. Its effects on blood vessel function, however, have not been examined. We compared the effects of a short-term KAATSU resistance training protocol and traditional high-intensity resistance training on muscle strength and blood vessel function in young, untrained men. Male volunteers were randomly assigned to a KAATSU resistance training group (KR, n=10), a traditional resistance training group (RT, n=10), or a KAATSU-only group (K, n=10). Both KR and RT groups trained 3 times per week for 3 weeks doing leg press (LP), knee flexion (KF), and knee extension (KE) isotonic resistance exercises. Training sessions consisted of 5-10 min of warm-up, followed by 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) for the RT group, while the KR group performed the resistance exercises with vascular restriction at a load of 20% of 1-RM. The K group had only the vascular restriction treatment for 3 weeks. Muscle strength (1-RM) and arterial compliance (pulse contour analysis) were assessed at baseline and after training. Both the KR and RT groups did not show changes in arterial compliance of the large or small arteries (P>0.05) after training. There were significant time effects (P<0.05 pre- vs. posttraining); however, resistance training generally resulted in greater relative improvements in strength. Arterial compliance of the large and small arteries was not affected by the either the KAATSU or traditional high-intensity resistance training interventions.
Magnetostatic spin wave focusing and defocusing in cylindrically symmetric non-laplacian magnetic fields

A simple analytic criterion is developed which determines the focusing or defocusing of near axis magnetostatic spin waves propagating in a cylindrically symmetric ferromagnet. The crystal is assumed to be magnetically saturated by an axial magnetic field which, due to nonzero volume divergence of the magnetization, is in general, non-Laplacian in character. In addition, both magnetic dipolar coupling and variation of the angle between the magnetization vector and the local propagation vector are included in the model, which thus extends the analytic work of previous authors. The asymptotic behavior of the spin wave trajectories is found to predict either focusing or defocusing. In analogy to under- and over-damped resonators, the former occurs either by the monotonic or damped oscillatory approach of a ray toward the axis; the condition for critical damping is also given. The theory is applied to the case of a magnetically saturated YIG cylinder of commonly employed dimensions (3 mm d. × 10 mm).
The satisfaction process: A characterization using extended topology

Abstract The satisfaction process in terms of extended topology is defined. This formalization demonstrates the existence and fundamental importance of a balancing principle, i.e., a balance between the decision set and value set. This balance is a key component to “convergence” in a satisfactory sense.
How Policy Shapes Competition: Early Railroad Foundings in Massachusetts

To examine the effects of policy on markets and competition we outline hypotheses about the effects of three common policy regimes -- public capitalization, pro-cartel, and antitrust -- on competition and the founding of new firms.
Petrochemistry, oxygen isotopes and U‐Pb SHRIMP geochronology of mafic–ultramafic bodies from the Sulu UHP terrane, China

Two Rongcheng eclogite-bearing peridotite bodies (Chijiadian and Macaokuang) occur as lenses within the country rock gneiss of the northern Sulu terrane. The Chijiadian ultramafic body consists of garnet lherzolite, whereas the Macaokuang body is mainly meta-dunite. Both ultramafics are characterized by high MgO contents, low fertile element concentrations and total REE contents, which suggests that they were derived from depleted, residual mantle. High FeO contents, an LREE-enriched pattern and trace-element contents indicate that the bulk-rock compositions of these ultramafic rocks were modified by metasomatism. Oxygen-isotope compositions of analysed garnet, olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene from these two ultramafic bodies are between +5.2‰ and +6.2‰ (δ18O), in the range of typical mantle values (+5.1 to +6.6‰). The eclogite enclosed within the Chijiadian lherzolite shows an LREE-enriched pattern and was formed by melts derived from variable degrees (0.005–0.05) of partial melting of peridotite. It has higher δ18O values (+7.6‰ for garnet and +7.7‰ for omphacite) than those of lherzolite. Small O-isotope fractionations (ΔCpx-Ol: 0.4‰, ΔCpx-Grt: 0.1‰, ΔGrt-Ol: 0.3–0.4‰) in both eclogite and ultramafic rocks suggest isotopic equilibrium at high temperature. The P–T estimates suggest that these rocks experienced subduction-zone ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism at ∼700–800 °C, 5 GPa, with a low geothermal gradient. Zircon from the Macaokuang eclogite contains inclusions of garnet and diopside. The 225 ± 2 Ma U/Pb age obtained from these zircon may date either the prograde conditions just before peak metamorphism or the UHP metamorphic event, and therefore constrains the timing of subduction-related UHP metamorphism for the Rongcheng mafic–ultramafic bodies.