cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Performance Tradeoffs in Undersea Distributed Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of determining the correct set of sensors to employ in the design of large area undersea surveillance sensor networks. As sensor technologies evolve, such networks are becoming increasingly practical. In turn, optimal selection of the number and type of sensors to deploy becomes an increasingly nontrivial process. Choices of field level detection and false alarm performance, as well as cost, all enter into this tradeoff decision space. In particular, the multiobjective nature of the problem leads to families of "optimal" solutions that each correspond to different tradeoffs between these often conflicting objectives. In this paper, we address these tradeoffs using a simple model of multi-sensor search performance and show the tradeoffs as Pareto efficient sets of solutions that satisfy system constraints. We also provide a means to determine the specific characteristics of the systems that lead to different design choices and explain how these designs perform as comprehensive search systems.
A NEW SPECIES OF SYNCEPHALIS (MUCORALES)

THE GENUS Syncephalis Van Tieghem & Le iMionnier contains 29 species and one variety as catalogued by Benjamin (1959) in his review of the genus. Only two species have been described in which the sporangiophores are asymmetrical: S. cornu Van Tieghem & Le M\onnier (1873) and S. reflexa Van Tieghemn (1875). The asymmetry in a third species, S. asymmetrica Van Tieghem & Le AMonnier (1873) is a feature of sporangial morphology and as such does not affect the symmetry of the sporangiophore proper. In a general survey of mucoraceous fungi on duing from various parts of the world, a new species of Syncephalis with asynmmetrical sporangiophores was found associated with rodent dung collected in Southerin Rhodesia in Maarch, 1963, by C. T. Ingold. This species is of more than usual interest because it exhibits a type of asymmetry not previously reported in the genus. The namne S. plumigaleata (pluma= feather, galea= helmet) has beeii selected because the merosporangia, which are unilaterally placed on the swollen sporangiophore apex, resemble a feathered headdress. SYNCEPHALIS plumigaleata sp. nov. Sporangiophorae non ramosae, 200-675 it longae, coartantes a 10.5-12.5 1 diametre ad basem sporangiophorae ad 7-9 ,u diametre infra vesiculain terminalem, per rhizoideos basales substrato applicatae; vesicula terminalis 36-58 , diametre. Merosporangia pluriina, sessilia, non ramosa, solum una parte vesiculae sporangiophorae lata, 30-40 , loiiga, 3.5-4.5 ,u diametre, 4-6 sporarum capacia. Sporae obovatae, punctatae minute, 6.5-10 , longae, 3.5-4.5 ,u diametre, maturitate in gutta sporarum-. Zygosporae, stylosporae, gemmae non visae. Parasitus in membris i\/ucoralibus. In fimo r odentium, Southern Rhodesia. Typus: U.C. Berkeley, 1208989. Sporangiophores unbranched, attached to substrate by basal rhizoids, 200-675 ,u long, 10.512.5 A diam at base, tapering to 7-9 , diamn below apical swelling, apical swelling 36-58 , diam.
A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells

Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-based economy. Of several different types of fuel cells under development today, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have been recognized as a potential future power source for zero-emission vehicles. However, to become commercially viable, PEFCs have to overcome the barrier of high catalyst cost caused by the exclusive use of platinum and platinum-based catalysts in the fuel-cell electrodes. Here we demonstrate a new class of low-cost (non-precious metal)/(heteroatomic polymer) nanocomposite catalysts for the PEFC cathode, capable of combining high oxygen-reduction activity with good performance durability. Without any optimization, the cobalt-polypyrrole composite catalyst enables power densities of about 0.15 W cm(-2) in H2-O2 fuel cells and displays no signs of performance degradation for more than 100 hours. The results of this study show that heteroatomic polymers can be used not only to stabilize the non-precious metal in the acidic environment of the PEFC cathode but also to generate active sites for oxygen reduction reaction.
Correlations between cytologic composition and biologic behavior in the glioblastoma multiforme. A postmortem study of 50 cases

The brains of 50 adults with supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme were studied post mortem. The cytologic compositions of the neoplasms were examined in each of three sites: (1) in and around the original tumor bed; (2) zones of infiltration of contiguous structures; and (3) implants in the subarachnoid and/or ventricular spaces. For this purpose, six different cell types were defined: small anaplastic cells (SAC), small fibrillated cells (SFC), fibrillated astrocytes (FA), pleomorphic astrocytes (PA), gemistocytic astrocytes (GA), and large bizarre cells (LBC). In 16 cases with marked mass effect in the original tumor bed entirely due to the neoplasm, the cytologic composition of the neoplasm was predominantly SAC (14 cases) and SFC (2 cases). The prevalence of these two cellular types was evident in the infiltrated regions in 36 of 42 cases, and in the metastatic foci of 11 of 13 cases. In 10 of 11 cases in which there was mild or no mass effect, only limited infiltration in the ipsilateral hemisphere, and no metastases, the neoplasms were composed of a combination of FA, PA, GA, and LBC. The observations suggest that, in spite of the glioblastoma's cytologic heterogeneity, the pathologic substrate of aggressiveness in this malignant glioma is related largely to the proliferation of a population of small anaplastic cells. On the basis of this observation, as well as the consideration of certain clinical and therapeutic variables, an outline is presented summarizing the history of the glioblastoma multiforme from treatment until the time of death.
A selective requirement for elevated calcium in DNA degradation, but not early events in anti-Fas-induced apoptosis.

Jurkat cells undergo apoptosis in response to anti-Fas antibody through a caspase-dependent death cascade in which calcium signaling has been implicated. We have now evaluated the role of calcium during this death cascade at the single cell level in real time utilizing flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy. Fluo-3 and propidium iodide were employed to evaluate calcium fluxes and to discriminate between viable and non-viable cells, respectively. Anti-Fas treatment of Jurkat cells resulted in a sustained increase in intracellular calcium commencing between 1 and 2 h after treatment and persisting until subsequent loss of cell membrane integrity. The significance of this rise in calcium was evaluated by buffering intracellular calcium with BAPTA and/or removing calcium from the extracellular medium and monitoring the effects of these manipulations on calcium signaling and components of the apoptotic process. Complete inhibition of the anti-Fas induced rise in intracellular calcium required both chelation of [Ca2+] i and removal of extracellular calcium. Interestingly, this condition did not abrogate several events in Fas-induced apoptosis including cell shrinkage, mitochondrial depolarization, annexin binding, caspase activation, and nuclear poly(A)DP-ribose polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, calcium-free conditions in the absence of anti-Fas antibody weakly induced these apoptotic components. In marked contrast, calcium depletion did not induce DNA degradation in control cells, and inhibited apoptotic DNA degradation in response to anti-Fas. These data support the concept that the rise in intracellular calcium is not a necessary component for the early signal transduction pathways in anti-Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells, but rather is necessary for the final degradation of chromatin via nuclease activation.
Technology transfer: an assessment of the major institutional vehicles for diffusion of U.S. biotechnology

Abstract Investment in U.S. biotechnology has been sizable. Because of this and the perceived global biotechnology race among the U.S.A., Europe and Japan, ‘technology transfer’ has become a leitmotif of government, corporate and academic technology policies. However, actual diffusion of U.S. biotechnology has been left to market forces. This assessment of the two major vehicles for technology transfer to date—public equity and the established pharmaceutical companies—suggests they both require careful monitoring. Public equity is the early adopter, but its volatility puts pressure on managers for short-term payoff. The established pharmaceutical companies are the late adopters and, in their bureaucratic stolidity, put pressure on managers for marketing efficiency. The end result may be managerial risk aversion in the very system we depend on for innovation.
On the Strain Saturation Conditions for Polycrystalline Ferroelastic Materials

A phenomenological constitutive law is developed for the deformation of polycrystalline ferroelastic materials. The model is framed within a thermodynamic setting common to internal variable plasticity The two significant inputs to this model are a switching (yield) surface, and a hardening potential. To maintain simplicity, the shape of the switching surface is assumed to be spherical in a modified deviatoric stress space. In order to ascertain the functional form of the hardening potential, micromechanical self-consistent simulations of multiple single crystals, with tetragonal crystal structure, embedded in an effective polycrystalline matrix, are performed for differing loading paths in remanent (plastic) strain space. As a result of the asymmetry in the tension versus compression behavior of these materials, it is shown that pure shear loading does not result in pure shear straining. This feature of the material behavior is demonstrated with the self-consistent simulations and predicted by the phenomenological constitutive law. Ultimately the phenomenological theory is able to capture the complex constitutive behavior of ferroelastic materials predicted by the micromechanical model.
Effect of hormones on transcription of the gene for cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in rat kidney

The effect of hormones on the transcription rate of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and level of mRNA for this enzyme in the rat kidney has been investigated. In renal nuclei isolated from rats given dibutyryladenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (Bt2cAMP) or 8-bromoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (8-Br-cAMP), [32P]UMP incorporation into hybridizable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA increased severalfold within 1 h. Changes in the concentration of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA, measured by hybridization of [32P]cDNA to poly(A)+ mRNA, paralleled alterations in the transcription rate. Dexamethasone treatment of adrenalectomized rats increased the transcription rate and the level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA 3-4-fold after 4 h. Both parameters then declined to control values by 8 h. When dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) and Bt2cAMP (25 mg/kg) were given together, the rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase RNA synthesis and the level of cytosolic mRNA were not increased more than those with either drug alone. Transcription of the gene for renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was not affected by diabetes or glucose refeeding but was increased 2-fold after 24 h of starvation and reduced by bicarbonate feeding after 2 h. We conclude that glucocorticoids and cAMP change the rate of transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in rat kidney, leading to changes of similar magnitude in mRNA level and, hence, enzyme activity. The results presented here and in previous work [Lamers, W., Hanson, R. W., & Meisner, H. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 5137] indicate that the transcription rate of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver and kidney responds to hormones in a tissue-specific manner.
Dynamic ranges of velocity and spatial resolution of particle image velocimetry

To observe instantaneous fields of vorticity and rate-of-strain using PIV (particle image velocimetry) measurements of the velocity field, it is necessary to achieve maximum dynamic ranges in space and in velocity while simultaneously making accurate, low-noise measurements for the differentiation process. In this paper the dynamic ranges achievable with PIV are established in the context of the super-resolution algorithm described previously which seeks to extract the maximum possible information from a particle image field. Bounds on the dynamic spatial range and the dynamic velocity range are established in terms of optical parameters, and simple rules are derived for optimum design of PIV optical systems for various types of image recording media.
Syntactic decision procedures in information systems

There are a number of algebraic models of information systems. They have been proposed by Codd (1972) , Salton (1968) , Scott (1970) and others. We deal here with a model which is the basis of a rough set investigations ( Orlowska, 1984 ; Pawlak, 1982 ; Pawlak, 1984 ). This model was proved in ( Marek, 1985 ) to be equivalent with the Codd's model of relational database with one schema. We focus here on purely syntactical problems within this model. In particular we point out problems which can be solved using the automatic syntactic methods. We do it by first constructing, for a given system S its description language ℒ S . Then we define a set of a Gentzen-like ( Gentzen, 1934 ) transformation rules for its terms and describe an easy programmable procedure which generates the answers for queries submitted to the system. We show how to extend this procedure to a procedure for generating the equivalent normal form of a given term. This leads to a method of constructing not only definable sets within a given system, but also all its elementary components.
Warlords against Warlordism: The Politics of Anti-Militarism in Early Twentieth-Century China

In a recent article published in the Journal of Military History, Arthur Waldron noted that war in Chinese history has been ‘treated at best as a largely unexamined context’. One has only to look at the cursory treatment given by most textbooks to the incessant civil wars of China's ‘warlord’ period (usually dated from 1916 to 1926) to see the truth of this statement. In the above article, Waldron seeks to remedy some of this neglect by pointing out the important relationship in this period between war and the course of modern Chinese nationalism. Although less ambitious, this article also seeks to explore a more specific, yet also largely unexamined, aspect of this relationship, namely the emergence of anti-militarism, or more specifically anti-warlordism, as a defining theme in modern Chinese nationalism.
The Hungarians in Romania since 1989

The fate of the Hungarian minority in Romania is closely linked to the political situation in that country, its economic development, and its geopolitical location. This was the case before 1989 and remains so today. On the other hand, the Hungarians of Romania are an important factor affecting the internal and the external political relations of the country. This was dramatically confirmed by the revolution of 1989 which had been triggered by ethnic unrest. This study will focus on major political and economic developments from December 1989 until December 1993, analyzing them in terms of their impact on the Hungarian minority.
Effects of Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride and Chondroitin Sulfate on Cultures of Cariogenic Streptococci

Seven known strains of cariogenic streptococci can derive their carbon source solely from 1% chondroitin sulfate in a salt solution. This suggests that direct attack on dentin carbohydrates occurs in caries. The growth is inhibited by cetyl pyridinium chloride and sodium fluoride.
Fixed spin and parity nuclear level density for restricted shell model configurations

In a recent paper [M. Horoi, J. Kaiser, and V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. C 67, 054309 (2003)] proposed a method of calculating $J$-, $T$-, and parity-dependent shell model nuclear level densities using centroids and widths for configurations with fixed spin, isospin and parity quantum numbers, and the energies of the yrast states calculated with the exponential convergence method [M. Horoi, A. Volya, and V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2064 (1999); M. Horoi, B. A. Brown, and V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. C 65, 027303 (2002); M. Horoi, B. A. Brown, and V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. C 67, 034303 (2003)]. When used in many major shell model spaces the results are affected by contributions of the spurious center-of-mass states. Attempts to eliminate these contributions would require knowledge of fixed-$J$ centroids and widths for restricted shell model configurations, such as the $N\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ excitations. We derive explicit expressions for matrix elements that can be used to calculate the fixed-$J$ configuration widths and use them to reduce the contribution of the spurious center-of-mass states to the nuclear level density for excitation energies $l20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$. This approach could be also applied to other many-fermion systems, such as atomic clusters.
A simplified but accurate spectral solar irradiance model

¶The paper deals with the computation of solar energy available in a specific location. First, a new formula describing the relation between global solar irradiation and the duration of bright sunshine is established. The analysis of its use shows that global solar clear sky irradiance models are essential tools for daily computation of global irradiation. An integrated spectral atmospheric transmittance model is presented, it can be used to compute beam and diffuse clear sky irradiance for all applications where broadband solar energy input is needed. Since it is desirable to use simplified estimation methods for many applications, a parametric global solar irradiance model, derived from the spectral model, is also presented. This model needs only surface meteorological data as input. The influence of the averaging method used for the input parameters on the model accuracy is evaluated. Comparison of model results with the measurements shows an acceptable level of accuracy with the new model. Finally, an application of daily global solar energy computation is presented.
Yield of catheter angiography in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage with and without intraventricular extension

Background and aim The role of imaging for the detection of vascular lesions in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is poorly defined. A study was undertaken to compare the yield of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with ICH with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and those without IVH. Methods The DSA database at our institution was reviewed for patients who underwent DSA for acute spontaneous ICH over a period of 68 months. Patients with known vascular malformation or brain neoplasm, prior surgery, ischemic infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage or isolated IVH were excluded. Patients were grouped into those with associated IVH (group A) and those without (group B). Baseline demographic and clinical data, non-contrast head CT (NCCT) probability for a vascular lesion and angiographic results were compared. Results 293 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (141 women, 152 men, mean age 57, range 18–88), 139 in group A and 154 in group B. Age and sex distributions were similar (p>0.05). Group A patients were more likely to be hypertensive or coagulopathic (p=0.001). Group B had more patients with high probability NCCT scans (p 0.05). Conclusion The presence of IVH in patients with acute spontaneous ICH is not associated with an increased risk of an underlying vascular lesion and should not be used to select patients for neurovascular evaluation.
Frequency of Micronucleated-binucleated Lymphocytes Is Not Significantly Affected by the Harvest Time Following G0 Exposure to X-radiation

Whole blood from two male individuals was X-irradiated using a linear accelerator at 200 cGy/min to give a total exposure of 300 cGy. Lymphocytes were cultured using standard techniques with the addition of 3 µg/ml cytochalasin B at 26 h to produce binucleation through the inhibition of cytokinesis for the scoring of micronuclei after the first nuclear division. Replicate cultures from each individual were harvested at 48, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 92, 94, 96, 98 and 100 h postinitiation using a cytocentrifuge. Slides were stained with acridine orange, and binucleated cells were scored for the presence of micronuclei. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of micronucleated binucleates between replicate cultures, between individuals, or among cultures harvested from 48 to 100 h postinitiation. This indicates that the phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes are a relatively homogeneous population of cells with respect to X-radiation-induced chromosome damage. In addition, these d...
Bulk Superconductivity at 122 K in T1(Ba,Ca)2Ca3Cu4O10.5+8 with Four Consecutive Copper Layers.

The observed increase of superconducting transition temperature (T/sub c/) with the number of copper oxide planes continues in the four-(CuO/sub 2/)/sup -2/ layer (single Tl layer) oxide superconductor, which has been prepared with > 80% purity and was magnetically aligned for crystallographic identification. A master scaling curve is proposed, which ties together the T/sub c/'s of virtually all known Bi and Tl oxide superconductors, and shows that the Tl(Bi) layers play an essential role in the superconductivity. 13 references, 4 figures, 1 table.
Variations on promptly simple sets

In this paper we answer the question of whether all low sets with the splitting property are promptly simple. Further we try to make the role of lowness properties and prompt simplicity in the construction of automorphisms of the lattice of r.e. (recursively enumerable) sets more perspicuous. It turns out that two new properties of r.e. sets, which are dual to each other, are essential in this context: the prompt and the low shrinking property. In an earlier paper [4] we had shown (using Soare's automorphism construction [10] and [12]) that all r.e. generic sets are automorphic in the lattice ℰ of r.e. sets under inclusion. We called a set A promptly simple if Ā is infinite and there is a recursive enumeration of A and the r.e. sets ( W e ) e ∈ N such that if W e is infinite then there is some element (or equivalently: infinitely many elements) x of W e such that x gets into A “promptly” after its appearance in W e (i.e. for some fixed total recursive function f we have x ∈ A f ( s ) , where s is the stage at which x entered W e ). Prompt simplicity in combination with lowness turned out to capture those properties of r.e. generic sets that were used in the mentioned automorphism result. In a following paper with Shore and Stob [7] we studied an ℰ-definable consequence of prompt simplicity: the splitting property.
Mississippi mud no more: cost-effectiveness of pharmacokinetic dosage adjustment of vancomycin to prevent nephrotoxicity.

Objective To determine the cost-effectiveness of pharmacokinetic dosage adjustment of vancomycin to prevent nephrotoxicity. An analysis was performed for subpopulations of patients receiving nephrotoxic agents (aminoglycosides, amphotericin, and acyclovir), those in the intensive care unit, and those on the oncology service. Methods Decision analysis was used to model the cost-effectiveness of pharmacokinetic dosage adjustment of vancomycin. The reference case was determined, in part, by a retrospective review of 200 patients randomly selected from our clinical pharmacology consultation service. Patients were aged 18 years or older and had received intravenous vancomycin for at least 48 hours, with at least two--one peak and one trough--vancomycin serum concentrations obtained during therapy. Results of published clinical trials were used to determine the probability of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Results The mean cost of treating nephrotoxicity was 11,233 dollars at our institution. The mean cost for all patients was 25,166 dollars (sensitivity analysis 15,000-27,500 dollars)/nephrotoxic episode prevented. The subgroup analysis revealed a cost of 8,363 dollars (sensitivity analysis 4,368-10,500 dollars)/nephrotoxic episode prevented in intensive care patients, 5,000 dollars (sensitivity analysis 1,687-13,250 dollars ) in oncology patients, and a dominant strategy showing a cost savings of 5,564 dollars (sensitivity analysis 2,724-12,428 dollars) in those receiving concomitant nephrotoxins. Conclusion Although pharmacokinetic monitoring and dosage adjustment are effective methods for reducing the toxicity of many drugs, controversy exists regarding the necessity of such monitoring with vancomycin. Evaluation by decision analysis over a range of assumptions, varying probabilities, and costs reveals that pharmacokinetic monitoring and vancomycin dosage adjustment to prevent nephrotoxicity are not cost-effective for all patients. However, such dosage adjustment demonstrates cost-effectiveness for patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxins, intensive care patients, and probably oncology patients.
A Thumb Subdomain Mutant of the Large Fragment of Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase I with Reduced DNA Binding Affinity, Processivity, and Frameshift Fidelity

In Klenow fragment DNA polymerase, a flexible 50-amino acid subdomain at the tip of the thumb which includes two α helices has been suggested to interact with the duplex template-primer (Beese, L.S., Derbyshire, V. and Steitz, T.A. (1993) Science 260, 352-355). The present study investigates the properties of Klenow polymerase containing a 24-amino acid deletion (residues 590-613) that removes a portion of the tip of the thumb. The mutant polymerase has relatively normal dNTP binding and catalytic rate. However, its DNA binding affinity is reduced by more than 100-fold relative to the intact polymerase and its ability to conduct processive synthesis is also reduced. Although the mutant polymerase has relatively normal base substitution fidelity, it has strongly reduced frameshift fidelity, being especially error-prone for single nucleotide addition errors in homopolymeric runs. The addition error rate increases as the length of the reiterated sequence increases, indicative of errors initiated by template-primer strand slippage. These observations suggest a role for the tip of the thumb of Klenow polymerase in determining DNA binding, processivity and frameshift fidelity, perhaps by tracking the minor groove of the duplex DNA. The results are discussed in light of remarkably similar observations with T7 DNA polymerase in the presence or absence of thioredoxin, an accessory subunit that affects these same properties.
Identification of petroleum sources in an area impacted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill

Samples of oiled sediment and tar were taken at locations in the area of Brittany, France known as the ‘Pink Granite Coast’. Each sample was analysed for hydrocarbons by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the probable source of any petroleum residues present. The results show numerous recent inputs of various petroleum products including crude oils and light fuel oils at various locations. By 1985, the data indicate that the contribution from remaining weathered residues of Amoco Cadiz oil to the hydrocarbon baseline is small compared to more recent inputs of petroleum.
A Seasonal Shift in the Frequency of Extreme Hydrological Events in Southern New York State

AbstractThe recent sequence of extreme hydrological events across the eastern United States (e.g., Hurricane Irene in August 2011, Tropical Storm Lee in September 2011, and Hurricane Sandy in October 2012), which led to unprecedented flooding including in various parts in the study region, the Catskill Mountains, and Hudson River Valley in southern New York State, have raised the question of whether the frequency of extreme events across the region is changing. In this study variations in the frequency of extreme precipitation and streamflow events available from historical records are analyzed. This study finds that there has been a marked increase in the frequency of warm season (June–October) extreme hydrologic events during the last two decades, with an accelerated rate of increase since the mid-1990s. The most recent decade has the highest frequency of extreme warm season events in the last 100 years across the study region. No such trend is observed between November and May; in fact the frequency of...
Ad hoc requests for information in databases

Abstract IS departments are being deluged with ad hoc requests for information in corporate relational databases. Everyone needs their information “yesterday” to make their business decisions. The IS departments resources are being taxed to limit trying to fill all the requests. Are there any solutions to this problem? Also, what about the new Object Oriented Databases? Will we be facing the same problems with them as their use spreads? This paper looks at the problems the IS departments have with providing information for ad hoc requests. This paper also deals with the problems of allowing non IS professionals access to corporate databases. Several attempts to solve these problems is discussed. We also examine how these problems and solutions may relate to the new Object Oriented Databases.
Seismogram synthesis using normal mode superposition: the locked mode approximation

Summary. A normal mode superposition approach is used to synthesize complete seismic codas for flat layered earth models and the P-SV phases. Only modes which have real eigenwavenumbers are used so that the search for eigenvalues in the complex wavenumber plane is confined to the real axis. In order to synthesize early P-wave arrivals by summing a number of‘trapped’modes, an anomalously high velocity cap layer is added to the bottom of the structure so that most of the seismic energy is contained in the upper layers as high-order surface waves. Causality arguments are used to define time windows for which the resulting synthetic seismograms are close approximations to the exact solutions without the cap layer. The traditional Thomson—Haskell matrix approach to computing the normal modes is reformulated so that numerical problems encountered at high frequencies are avoided and numerical results of the locked mode approximation are given.
Application of a programmable calculator in data fitting according to one and two compartment open models in clinical pharmacokinetics.

Abstract The plasma or blood concentration profiles are fitted by single or two compartment open models using log-linear regression analyses. For two compartment models, “feathering” is performed at 95% equilibration time obtained from raw pharmacokinetic data. The equations have been programmed onto a Texas Instrument SR 52 pocket calculator and recorded on 8.5 × 1.7 cm magnetic strips, facilitating drug dosage regimen calculations through individual patient titrations in a clinical setting.
Hydrothermal preparation of the low-expansion NZP family of materials

Abstract This paper reports on the synthesis of low thermal expansion NaZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NZP) and CaZr 4 (PO 4 ) 6 (CZP) families of materials and their analogues for each of the alkali and alkaline earth metals by the hydrothermal method. Starting gels were prepared by mixing stoichiometric proportions of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides of nitrates with a 0·5 m ZrOCl 2 solution and by titrating this mixture with a stoichiometric amount of 1·0 m H 3 PO 4 while the solution was constantly stirred. The gels were dried to remove the HCl produced during the reaction between ZrOCl 2 and H 3 PO 4 , and were then heated with water in teflon-lined Parr bombs or gold capsules. In general, the hydrothermal method yielded 100–300 nm sized rhombohedral single crystals of different NZP materials at 175–200°C under saturated steam pressure conditions. The initial pH and the temperature of treatment are the most critical factors in the hydrothermal synthesis of these technologically important low expansion materials.
Generation and characterization of a mouse/human chimeric antibody directed against extracellular matrix protein tenascin

The murine anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6, following iodination, has been shown to be an efficient localizing and therapeutic agent in both subcutaneous and intracranial human glioma xenograft models in athymic mice and rats. Similarly, effective monoclonal antibody 81C6 localization has been demonstrated in glioma patients, and Phase I trials with the intact murine IgG2b kappa molecule are currently in progress. In order to maximize the potential for repeated administration by minimizing murine Fc-mediated immunogenicity and reducing Fc-mediated immune effects, we created murine 81C6 variable region/human IgG2 chimeric monoclonal antibodies by the molecular cloning of the variable region genes of mouse 81C6 and their genetic linkage to human constant region exons. The resulting chimeric constructs were introduced into SP2/0 cells, and stable transfectomas were selected by G418 and mycophenolic acid resistance. The resistant clones were screened for anti-tenascin activity on tenascin-coated plates by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of both heavy and light chains of the purified chimeric 81C6 antibody matched exactly with that of the native mouse 81C6 as well as with that deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The production level of chimeric 81C6 (13.9 mg/ml) from ascites in the highest expressing transfectoma was much higher than that of native mouse 81C6 (2.5 mg/ml). The chimeric antibody showed the same specificity and equivalent affinity for human intact tenascin or tenascin-expressing cells as the native mouse 81C6 antibody. Direct comparison of radioiodinated chimeric and radioiodinated mouse 81C6 biodistribution in subcutaneous and intracranial xenograft-bearing mice showed higher tumor-to-normal tissue ratios for chimeric 81C6 as compared with native mouse 81C6. The improved localizing and clearance characteristics of chimeric 81C6 in xenograft model systems suggests that chimeric 81C6 would be an improved reagent for intracompartmental therapy of tenascin-expressing tumors in the human central nervous system.
The law of the iterated logarithm for subsequences and characterization of the cluster set ofS n k/(2n k log logn k)1/2 in Banach spaces

LetS n=X 1+...+X n, where {X n;n=1, 2,...} is a sequence of i.i.d. random vectors with values in a Banach space and let ν be any infinite set of positive integers. In this paper we obtain the bounded and the compact laws of the iterated logarithm for {S n;n∈ν}. We characterize the cluster set of {S n/(2n log logn)1/2;n∈ν}, for random vectors with mean zero, weak second moment, and satisfying certain additional conditions. Special situations, like type 2 Banach spaces and the real-valued case are also considered.
Regulation of the cytotoxic activity of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes by helper cells and lymphokines.

Abstract The cytotoxic activity of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was maintained and augmented by transferring cells from a 5-day mixed lymphocyte culture MLC into a host culture (HC) containing indomethacin, freshly explanted normal spleen cells, and peritoneal cells which were syngeneic to the MLC cells. The MLC cells used in the transfer experiments were generated by culturing untreated H-2b splenic responders with irradiated H-2d stimulators, or were generated by culturing Lyt-2-depleted H-2b splenic responders with irradiated H-2d stimulators. The allo-CTL were found to be derived from the donor MLC (first culture) when unfractionated MLC cells were transferred into a host (second) culture and incubated for 5 days. In contrast, the allo-CTL were derived from host culture cells when Lyt-2-depleted MLC cells were transferred and the combined cultures incubated for 5 days. In the former case, the augmentation of MLC-derived cytotoxicity did not result from nonspecific expansion of all donor T cells; instead it was mediated by lymphokine(s), distinct from IL-2, produced by helper T cells generated in host culture, which appeared to selectively expand the antigen-specific CTL or to increase the cytotoxic activity of these CTL. The helper T cells were Thy-1+, L3T4+, and Lyt-2−. These findings indicate that antigen-nonspecific help was provided by helper cells or helper factors (lymphokines) generated in the host culture, which maintained and augmented the cytotoxic activity of the fully generated allo-CTL. This helper effect was also seen in the induction of primary allo-CTL responses which could be generated with fewer stimulating cells and with a stronger cytotoxic response at different R S ratios tested. The generation of allo-CTL in second culture following transfer of Lyt-2-depleted MLC cells to host cultures appears to have involved antigen carryover from the MLC; however, antigen carryover alone was not sufficient. It appears that in the absence of Lyt-2+ suppressor T cells, antigen-specific help might be generated in donor cultures (Lyt-2-depleted MLC) which promoted or recruited the generation of antigenspecific CTL in host Culture.
Effects of Bandwidth and Overlap on Multivariate Calibration Models Based on Simulated Fourier Transform Infrared Interferogram Data

Simulated Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) interferograms and spectra of mixture samples are used to investigate the effects of bandwidth and overlap on a quantitative analysis in which multivariate calibration models are constructed from short segments of digitally filtered interferogram data. By a comparison of calibration models constructed with interferogram data to similar models built with spectral data of varying instrumental resolution, the concepts of spectral resolution are explored in the context of an interferogram-based analysis. In this work, nominal spectral point spacings of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 cm-1 are explored. Five data sets are constructed in which the width and overlap of an analyte and interference band are varied. Calibration models based on partial least-squares (PLS) regression are optimized for both interferogram and spectral data. Even in cases of extreme spectral overlap between the analyte and interference bands, interferogram-based calibration models constructed from segments of 151 points or less are observed to perform as well as or better than all models computed with absorbance and single-beam spectral data, regardless of instrumental resolution. These results suggest that an interferogram-based analysis is a viable option for applications in which an FT-IR spectrometer is used in a dedicated monitoring application.
Coarctation of the aorta in infancy. Hemodynamic studies

Seventeen severely symptomatic infants with coarctation of the aorta were studied by right heart catheterization and selective angiocardiography prior to operation or death. In four patients the coarctation of the aorta was the only significant lesion. Thirteen had significant associated cardiac malformation (s). It is often difficult to ascertain which malformation is the major contributor to congestive failure or whether it is the compound effect of the combination of defects. Operative correction was attempted in 15, with 10 survivors; it is felt that these infants have a better chance of survival if treated operatively.
Effects of working memory load, a history of conduct disorder, and sex on decision making in substance dependent individuals

Background Substance dependence and antisocial psychopathology, such as a history of childhood conduct disorder (HCCD), are associated with impulsive or disadvantageous decision making and reduced working memory capacity (WMC). Reducing WMC via a working memory load increases disadvantageous decision making in healthy adults, but no previous studies have examined this effect in young adults with substance dependence and HCCD.
Host regulation of MOPC 104E plasmacytoma after reduction of tumor burden by total body irradiation.

AbstractRadiation-sensitive BALB/c MOPC 104E plasmacytoma was studied to investigate the effectiveness of total body irradiation in reducing tumor burden and preventing tumor regrowth. Also noted were the effects of such radiation on host immunity. BALB/c mice bearing 7-day-old occult tumors were not rendered free of disease when treated with radiation of 300 or 500 rad. However, all of the mice treated with 800 rad were cured. When mice bearing large tumors (24-days-old) were similarly treated, no cures were observed in the group treated with 300 rad. Of mice treated with 500 rad, 44% were cured, as were 100% given 800 rad of treatment. The percent reduction in serum MOPC 104E IgM increased with increasing radiation doses for the “large tumor” group. These observations show that total body irradiation may result in tumor elimination in an experimental animal multiple myeloma model. At lower radiation doses, host immunity appears to play an important role in achieving cure.
The All-Digital Future and Digital CiSE

EIC George Thiruvathukal describes the magazine's digital future and the importance of archives--being able to access digital content in the years to come will be an important challenge for both publishers and readers.
Cocaine and serotonin: a role for the 5-HT1A receptor site in the mediation of cocaine stimulant effects

Cocaine induced locomotor stimulant effects are generally attributed to cocaine effects on brain dopamine. In this report, we present evidence that the 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) (5-HT(1A)) agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OHDPAT) and the 5-HT(1A) antagonist, N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinyl-cycylhexanecarboxaminde maleate (WAY 100635) can enhance or block, respectively, the locomotor stimulant effects induced by cocaine. In two separate experiments, rats administered cocaine (10 mg/kg) exhibited a locomotor stimulant effect and decreased grooming behavior compared to saline treated rats. Pretreatment with the 5-HT(1A) agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.2 mg/kg) enhanced and pretreatment with the 5-HT(1A) antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.4 mg/kg) eliminated the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine. Neither the 8-OHDPAT nor WAY 100635 effects were attributable to effects on the behavioral baseline. The 8-OHDPAT and WAY 100635 had opposite effects on grooming behavior. 8-OHDPAT decreased and WAY 100635 increased grooming. Neither treatment, however, affected the grooming suppression induced by cocaine. Ex vivo biochemical measurements indicated that neither 8-OHDPAT or WAY 100635 affected brain dopamine metabolism or cocaine availability in brain. Both treatments affected 5-HT metabolism and altered the effect of cocaine on 5-HT metabolism. 8-OHDPAT increased and WAY 100635 decreased cocaine effects on 5-HT metabolism. Cocaine and 8-OHDPAT but not WAY 100635 increased corticosterone. Altogether, these findings indicate that the 5-HT(1A) receptor site may be an important target for the development of pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cocaine abuse.
Tachyons and Gravitational Čerenkov Radiation

Tachyons—particles moving faster than c—should generate a cone of gravitational radiation, analogous to the Cerenkov emission of electromagnetic radiation. This article examines such an effect and some of the consequences.
Employment Practices and Semiconductor Manufacturing Performance

This article analyzes the factors contributing to superior manufacturing performance in the semiconductor industry. Through an analysis of firm-level data from the United States, Asia, and Europe, we explore the relationship between firm performance along quality and quantity dimensions and three components of the employment system: skill development, employee participation in problem solving, and employee collaboration. We find that manufacturing success is related to the introduction of new production technology and the involvement of all occupations in problem solving under the leadership of engineers, who play a key (and growing) role in this high-tech industry. We find that the operators and technicians play a smaller role in creating high-performing semiconductor factories than has been found in studies of more traditional factories, such as automobiles and steel.
Predictive Model for B Diffusion in Strained SiGe Based on Atomistic Calculations

Using an extensive series of first principles calculations, we have developed general models for the change in energy of boron migration state via interstitial mechanism as a function of local alloy configuration. The model is based on consideration of both global strain compensation as well as local effects due to nearby arrangement of Ge atoms. We have performed KLMC (Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo) simulations based on change in migration energy to explain the reduced B diffusion in strained SiGe and compared our results to experimental observations. These models include significant effects due to both global stress and local chemical effects, and accurately predict the B diffusivity measured experimentally in strained SiGe on Si as a function of Ge content.
Evidence for the intergranular segregation of tin to grain boundaries of a Cu–Sn alloy and its consequences for dynamic embrittlement

Abstract Observations by STEM and EELS have provided evidence of intergranular segregation of tin in a slowly cooled Cu–8%Sn alloy. Aging of this alloy at 250 °C was found to increase the susceptibility to dynamic embrittlement, which would be consistent with increased tin segregation at this temperature.
Interaction of spin-labeled analogues of 1,10-phenanthroline and lodoacetamides with Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Abstract A paramagnetic analog of 1,10-phenanthroline has been synthesized which binds to Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase forming a stoichiometric 2:1 complex. The compound, 1,10-phenanthroline-5-acetamido-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl was formed from 5-amino-1, 10-phenanthroline and the acid chloride of 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl. The compound is competitive with NAD + with an apparent K d = 2.7 μ m . The Electron Spin Resonance absorption of the compound exhibits a strongly immobilized spectrum with a maximum splitting of 66 gauss indicating that the label is located in a highly restricted environment most likely bound to two of the four zincs present in LADH. NADH and 1,10-phenanthroline prevent binding of the paramagnetic analog to the enzyme. A low zinc (approximately two zincs remaining) and a zinc-free LADH analog do not bind the label indicating that the most easily dissociable zincs in the native enzyme are those to which the label binds and are probably catalytically important. Two sulfhydryls presumably associated with enzyme activity have been labeled with two iodoacetamide spin labels with varying chain lengths. The Electron Spin Resonance spectra obtained from these labels indicate that like zinc, these thiols also exist in restricted environments. ESR spectra, stoichiometry of binding and remaining catalytic activity of the spin-labeled LADH suggests that the two catalytically important thiols are in structurally different environments. Inhibition of LADH with the iodoacetamide spin labels reduces the stoichiometry of binding of the paramagnetic analog of 1,10-phenanthroline. These results are suggestive of a close proximity of the zinc and sulfhydryl moieties within the enzyme's active site.