cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Derivation of a cooling-rate quotient for high-methoxyl pectin jelly sols

Abstract A common setting-rate index for pectin jelly sols was computed from an equation that was derived from consideration of the straight-line relationships between viscosity, reciprocal, absolute temperature and time, prior to gelation. The equation describes three major indices ( n ), that is, 0 n ⩽ 1 and n ⪢ 1, which should generally increase from slow-set to rapid-set pectins, according to the mathematical logic. This new system is mostly compatible with the existing trade classifications, while simultaneously eliminating the arbitrariness on which the latter are based. Inasmuch as the equation originates from a common time denominator, this mathematical method of classification requires fixed boundaries of the temperature-controlling events. The numerical values inserted in the derived equation have less significance than has the algebraic logic leading to n .
Potential for Thermal Injury During Surgical Osteotomies

Medical literature indicates that permanent tissue damage can occur when exposed to temperature elevations of as little as 5°C for times as short as a few seconds. Clinically, it has also been observed that during surgical osteotomies (bone cutting procedures) significant amounts of heat are typically generated. We present experimental data that suggests critical conditions for thermal injury are regularly exceeded during simulated surgical procedures using cadeveric metatarsal bones.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The effect of isolated dislocations in substrate and device properties in low dislocation czochralski GaAs

Czochralski GaAs grown with In incorporated into the melt has large regions with fewer than 100 cm-2 dislocations. We have examined the effect of these dislocations on substrate and device properties. Infrared transmission images reveal dark filaments of high EL2 concentration a few tens of microns in diameter surrounding dislocations, Cathodo and photoluminescence images show orders of magnitude contrast in band-edge luminescence intensity near dislocations. Single dislocations appear to be surrounded by bright rings ˜200 μm in diameter in luminescence images, with dark spots 50 to 75 μm across centered on the dislocation. More complex luminescence structures with larger dark regions (˜150 μ across) and central bright spots are centered on small dislocation clusters. Differences in lifetime of photogenerated electrons or holes are the most likely cause of the luminescence contrast. Anneals typical of our post-implant processing substantially lower the luminescence contrast, suggesting the defect lowering the lifetime is removed by annealing. This may partially explain why we do not observe any effect of dislocation proximity on the properties of devices made in the material, in spite of the enormous luminescence contrast observed near dislocations.
Dynamic modelling of axisymmetric foundations

A boundary impedance matrix to characterize a homogeneous half-space with a cylindrical cavity is formulated by the global Ritz method. This method, which is basically the same as the indirect boundary element method, uses a very limited number of distributed sources to generate Ritz vector sets representing the far-field impedances. The resulting impedance matrix is fully-coupled, complex-valued, frequency-dependent and can be combined with any compatible finite element near field for carrying out soil–structure interaction analyses. The numerical results obtained by this method for surface supported and embedded foundations are very close to corresponding published results obtained by different procedures. Combining the boundary impedance matrix with a finite element near field provides an hybrid model which is effective and efficient in carrying out dynamic soil–structure interaction analyses.
Capsule formation by nonropy starter cultures affects the viscoelastic properties of yogurt during structure formation.

The aim of this work was to study the structure formation of yogurt made with cultures containing ropy Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (R), capsule-forming nonropy Streptococcus thermophilus (CNR), and noncapsule-forming nonropy cultures (NCNR). Similar gelation profiles were shown for milk fermented by ropy and nonropy lactic cultures. The gelation point occurred at lower pH values in milk fermented with R or NCNR compared to that of milk fermented with CNR culture. Differences between capsule forming ropy and nonropy cultures were observed in the aggregation behavior of the caseins. Gels made with R culture had the highest maximum in loss tangent (tan δ). However, this maximum occurred at the highest pH value when CNR culture was used. The earlier gelation of milk fermented by the encapsulated nonropy strain of Strep. thermophilus resulted in increased structure rearrangement as the pH dropped, interfering with the formation of a more compact structure.
Kinetics of chemically amplified resists

Deep-UV chemically amplified (CA) resists are among the leading candidates for the manufacture of semiconductors at 0.25 micron ground rules. In systems of this type, a latent image of photogenerated acid is produced in the resist film on pattern-wise exposure to UV light. The subsequent post-exposure bake (PEB) step drives a thermal reaction, causing a change in the aqueous base solubility of the resist in the exposed regions. Due to the fact that the photochemical and thermal images are decoupled it is important to understand the details of the resist thermal chemistry in order to understand how process conditions affect properties such as linewidth control and resolution. We describe here in-situ, high data-rate, accurate measurements of the chemical kinetics that occur in CA resists during post-exposure bake (PEB). The experimental methodology employs IR or UV spectroscopic measurement under carefully controlled isothermal conditions to determine resist film composition as a function of time. The acid-catalyzed deprotection reactions of two candidate deep-UV resist materials, poly(t-butoxy carbony-loxystyrene)(PTBOC) and poly(t-butyl methacrylate)(PTBMA), were characterized. We propose a model for the acidolysis reactions for both polymer systems and extract coefficients using a stochastic kinetics simulator. This model explicitly addresses the effects of photo-acid strength on the efficiency of the deprotection step. Excellent agreement between the model and experimental data is obtained. The derived rate coefficients are shown to be useful for quantitative prediction of the chemical kinetics of related resist systems. Mechanistic implications of the values of the derived rate coefficients are discussed. The influence of chemical kinetics on the resist's lithographic properties is examined.
Sapphyrin−Nanotube Assemblies

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) bind strongly to sapphyrins, quintessential pentapyrrolic "expanded porphyrin" macrocycles, through donor-acceptor stacking interactions. The specific use of a functionalized sapphyrin diol yields stable water-suspendable nanotubes and also permits the formation of well-defined assemblies in ionic liquids. The absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectra of the resulting noncovalently functionalized nanotube complexes have been analyzed in aqueous media and ionic liquids, yielding a description of the photophysical properties of the nanotube-sapphyrin complexes as donor-acceptor species for light-harvesting.
Future Trends in Optimization

The purpose of this article is to provide a permanent record of the major ideas and questions raised during the panel session entitled “Future Trends in Optimization” at the 1980 Design Engineering Technical Conference in Beverly Hills, California. The panel members were Professors D. J. Wilde of Stanford University, E. J. Haug of the University of Iowa, K. M. Ragsdell of Purdue University, J. N. Siddall of McMaster University, and F. Freudenstein of Columbia University. They spoke, respectively, on Optimal Design Under Uncertainty; Computer-aided Design Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of Dynamic Systems; Optimization: The Future of Design, Integration of Optimization with the Design Process; and Optimization in Mechanisms: Past, Present, and Future. It is hoped that the article will prove useful in guiding future efforts in the area of optimal mechanical design.
A fixed interval due-date scheduling problem with earliness and due-date costs

In this paper we consider a problem where N jobs are to be scheduled on a single machine and assigned to one of the two due-dates which are given at equal intervals. Tardy jobs are not allowed, thus the due-dates are deadlines. There is a linear due-date penalty and linear earliness penalty, and the sum of these penalties is to be minimized. This problem is shown to be NP-hard. One case of the problem (the unrestricted case) is shown to be easy to solve. For the restricted case, lower and upper bounds are developed. Computational experience is reported which suggests that the bounds are quite effective.
Command line structure and dynamic processing of abbreviations in dialogue management

Abstract This paper investigates the question of optimal lengths for command lines in dialogue management systems. The results of an experiment investigating typographical errors as a function of line length are presented. A feasibility study is made of the use of a similarity function for the dynamic processing of abbreviations. Recommendations are made for the design of a dialogue management system.
Associations between body mass, radiographic joint damage, adipokines and risk factors for bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To evaluate the association between BMI and radiographic joint damage (RJD) in RA. Methods van der Heijde-Sharp (vdHS) erosion scores were determined in 499 participants with RA, ages 18-85 years, while enrolled in a clinical trial of golimumab (GO-BEFORE trial). Subjects were MTX and biologic therapy naive. Multivariable logistic regressions determined the odds of prevalent RJD (defined as vdHS score >10) according to BMI category. Longitudinal analyses evaluated the association between BMI category and progression of vdHS score over 52 weeks. Analyses in a subset of 100 participants examined the association between adipokines and vdHS scores. Results At enrolment and 52 weeks, 37.6 and 43.6% of participants had RJD. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects had lower odds of RJD [0.40 (95% CI 0.22, 0.74); P = 0.003], and underweight subjects had greater odds [3.86 (95% CI 1.66, 9.00); P = 0.002] at baseline, adjusted for demographic and disease characteristics. The baseline associations between BMI category and RJD were greater among participants with multiple risk factors for bone loss (female >50 years, smoking, glucocorticoid exposure and vitamin D deficiency); test for interaction P = 0.05. Adjustment for adiponectin levels did not attenuate the association between BMI and vdHS scores. Baseline BMI and change in weight did not independently predict radiographic progression (P > 0.1). Conclusions Higher BMI was independently associated with less RJD and was greatest in participants with risk factors for bone loss. Future studies are needed to examine the associations between RJD, obesity, weight loss and osteoporosis.
Master Teaching: Pursuing Excellence in Marketing Education

This article reports results of a study undertaken with 144 of the marketing discipline's most effective teachers. Contacted through the mail, these master teachers were asked to explain the reasons for their success. Results indicate that they are excellent communicators, possess a real-world perspective, genuinely care for their students, and pride themselves on being organized and prepared. Additional insight on improving lectures, developing syllabi, enhancing student involvement, giving exams, and building student rapport is also provided by the findings.
Rhetorical end-user programming

The study of rhetoric has long been a route to empowerment for people, by helping them share their ideas and inspire cooperation from others. This research discusses the possibility of designers of programming environments to piggyback on that success which would allow people without computer science training to leverage their human communication skills more fully when programming.
Temporal complexity and software faults

Software developers use complexity metrics to predict development costs before embarking on a project and to estimate the likelihood of faults once the system is built. Traditional measures, however, were designed principally for sequential programs, providing little insight into the added complexity of concurrent systems or increased demands of real-time systems. For the purpose of predicting cost and effort of development, the CoCoMo model considers factors such as real-time and other performance requirements; for fault prediction, however, most complexity metrics are silent on concurrency. An outline for developing a measure of what we term temporal complexity, including significant and encouraging results of preliminary validation, is presented. 13 standard measures of software complexity are shown to define only two distinct domains of variance in module characteristics. Two new domains of variance are uncovered through 6 out of 10 proposed measures of temporal complexity. The new domains are shown to have predictive value in the modeling of software faults. >
Treatment of chronic radiation proctopathy with radiofrequency ablation (with video)

Background Chronic radiation proctopathy (CRP) is a common sequela occurring even many years after pelvic radiation. Current ablative therapies for bleeding ectatic vessels have the potential for deep tissue injury leading to ulcerations, perforation, and fistulas. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy avoids deep tissue injury and is a promising treatment for CRP. Objective To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of RFA for the treatment of CRP. Design Multicenter, retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Setting Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts; Sarasota Memorial Hospital and Suncoast Endoscopy of Sarasota, Florida. Patients A total of 39 consecutive patients with CRP. Interventions Endoscopic RFA of CRP. Main Outcome Measurements The primary endpoint of the study was complete resolution of rectal bleeding. Secondary endpoints included visually scored improvement of CRP on endoscopic follow-up by using a rectal telangiectasia density (RTD) grading score, improvement in hemoglobin level, and adverse events related to the procedure. Results A total of 39 male patients (mean [± standard deviation {SD}] age 72.9 ± 6.6 years) were included in the study. The mean number of RFA sessions was 1.49 (median 1, interquartile range [IQR] 1-2, range 1-4), with a mean interval of 18 weeks between sessions. Rectal bleeding stopped completely in all patients during the mean follow-up of 28 months (range 7-53 months). A significant improvement occurred in the mean (± SD) hemoglobin level from 11.8 ± 2 to 13.5 ± 1.6 g % ( P P Limitations Retrospective analysis, lack of control group. Conclusion RFA therapy led to complete resolution of rectal bleeding in all treated CRP patients, with improvement in clinical and endoscopic indices without any major adverse events. Further controlled studies are needed to establish RFA as the endoscopic therapy of choice for treatment of CRP.
Factor graph framework for semantic video indexing

Video query by semantic keywords is one of the most challenging research issues in video data management. To go beyond low-level similarity and access video data content by semantics, we need to bridge the gap between the low-level representation and high-level semantics. This is a difficult multimedia understanding problem. We formulate this problem as a probabilistic pattern-recognition problem for modeling semantics in terms of concepts and context. To map low-level features to high-level semantics, we propose probabilistic multimedia objects (multijects). Examples of multijects in movies include explosion, mountain, beach, outdoor, music, etc. Semantic concepts in videos interact and appear in context. To model this interaction explicitly, we propose a network of multijects (multinet). To model the multinet computationally, we propose a factor graph framework which can enforce spatio-temporal constraints. Using probabilistic models for multijects, rocks, sky, snow, water-body, and forestry/greenery, and using a factor graph as the multinet, we demonstrate the application of this framework to semantic video indexing. We demonstrate how detection performance can be significantly improved using the multinet to take inter-conceptual relationships into account. Our experiments using a large video database consisting of clips from several movies and based on a set of five semantic concepts reveal a significant improvement in detection performance by over 22%. We also show how the multinet is extended to take temporal correlation into account. By constructing a dynamic multinet, we show that the detection performance is further enhanced by as much as 12%. With this framework, we show how keyword-based query and semantic filtering is possible for a predetermined set of concepts.
A Cognitive-Developmental Account of Storytelling in Child Psychotherapy

Narratives provide the means by which people organize and relate the important experiences in their lives. Consequently, narratives naturally occur in therapeutic as well as everyday contexts. In addition to these naturally occurring narratives, techniques have been devised to generate narratives for the express purpose of facilitating therapeutic change, especially in children. Progress in the application of these narrative techniques will depend on an understanding of narratives and narrative representation as they develop in diverse empirical and theoretical literatures. We explicate the main features of several of these literatures before we adapt and adopt them in our proposal of a cognitive-developmental account of narrative techniques in child psychotherapy.
Interaction of gases with ablative composites. II. Water

An investigation was conducted to study the sorption of water on two ablative composites and their components as a function of pressure and temperature. A pressure range from 0.001 to 10 torr and a temperature range from 25 to 35 C were considered in the investigation. It was found that the sorption of water vapor by the ablative composites and their components varied directly with pressure. The components of the ablative composites included phenolic spheres, cork, a carbon-glass fiber mixture, glass spheres, silica fibers, and a silicone elastomer.
Genetic Polymorphisms: A Cornerstone of Translational Biobehavioral Research

A new generation of interdisciplinary research seeks to use common functional genetic polymorphisms to model emergent variability in brain chemistry that regulates behaviorally relevant brain structure and function. This genetically mediated variability is then being mapped onto trajectories of risk for psychopathology, especially that precipitated by environmental adversity. This Perspective highlights a recent paper in Science that provides a powerful example of how a common functional genetic polymorphism can serve as a translational bridge between human and mouse research, extending our understanding of biological pathways that mediate individual differences in behavior and in risk for psychopathology.
Use of mercuric resins for selective abstraction of mercaptans in capillary gas chromatography

A small amount of mercuric non-porous resin placed in the liner of the injection splitter of a gas chromatograph retains mercaptans but allows other organic sulfur and non-sulfur compounds to be chromatographed normally: mercaptans in the gaseous state are retained by the mercuric resin. The method works well at 200°C but an increasing number of impurity peaks are observed as the temperature is increased to 250°C.
Resected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Patterns of failure and disease-related outcomes with or without radiotherapy

Purpose Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare and have better disease-related outcomes compared with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Surgical resection remains the standard of care, although many patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Little is known regarding the use of radiotherapy in the prevention of local recurrence after resection. To better define the role of radiotherapy, we performed an analysis of resected patients at our institution. Methods Between 1994 and 2009, 33 patients with NET of the pancreatic head and neck underwent treatment with curative intent at Duke University Medical Center. Sixteen patients were treated with surgical resection alone while an additional 17 underwent resection with adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation therapy, usually with concurrent fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (CMT). Median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy and median follow-up 28 months. Results Thirteen patients (39%) experienced treatment failure. Eleven of the initial failures were distant, one was local only and one was local and distant. Two-year overall survival was 77% for all patients. Two-year local control for all patients was 87%: 85% for the CMT group and 90% for the surgery alone group ( p = 0.38). Two-year distant metastasis-free survival was 56% for all patients: 46% and 69% for the CMT and surgery patients, respectively ( p = 0.10). Conclusions The primary mode of failure is distant which often results in mortality, with local failure occurring much less commonly. The role of radiotherapy in the adjuvant management of NET remains unclear.
A novel method for estimating soybean herbivory in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the key pest of corn, Zea mays L., in North America. The western corn rootworm variant is a strain found in some parts of the United States that oviposits in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., thereby circumventing crop rotation. Soybean herbivory is closely associated with oviposition; therefore, evidence of herbivory could serve as a proxy for rotation resistance. A digital image analysis method based on the characteristic green abdominal coloration of rootworm adults with soybean foliage in their guts was developed to estimate soybean herbivory rates of adult females. Image analysis software was used to develop and apply threshold limits that allowed only colors within the range that is characteristic of soybean herbivory to be displayed. When this method was applied to adult females swept from soybean fields in an area with high levels of rotation resistance, 54.3 ± 2.1% were estimated to have fed on soybean. This is similar to a previously reported estimate of 54.8%. Results when laboratory-generated negative controls were analyzed showed an acceptably low frequency of false positives. This method could be developed into a management tool if user-friendly software were developed for its implementation. In addition, researchers may find the method useful as a rapid, standardized screen for measuring frequencies of soybean herbivory.
Ghost illness in a north Indian village

The substantial number of ghost possessions that came to our attention during fieldwork in a North Indian village in 1977-78 led to a thorough study of ghost beliefs as part of a holistic study of village life. Ghosts are not phantoms floating on the periphery of village life, the concern only of children and the credulous. Rather, the study shows that ghosts are linked with basic Hindu beliefs, village lore, ancient curing practices and theories, the diagnosis of illness and treatment of disease, individual stress and anxiety, and family, lineage, and village histories. Ghost possession, a subsidiary and dramatic form of ghost illness, is behavior in which the ghost speaks from its victim who undergoes a range of alternate states. Unpredictable events and heightened personal stress generally precede episodes of ghost possession. Cases of ghost illness and ghost possession include children and adults of both sexes and a range of ages. Our data contradict the village stereotype that only women suffer from ghost possession. Villagers have recourse to both traditional remedies and Western biomedicine to treat ghost illness.
Do Hispanic children need to know about stroke prevention

AbstractWhen compared to Hispanics in their native countries, the frequency of stroke in the Hispanic American population is higher. This has been linked to an increase in smoking, inactivity, and obesity. Initially these health issues were thought to affect only Hispanic adults, but research confirms that first- and second-generation adolescents and young adults continue to demonstrate these habits. Education has been shown to be an effective method of stroke prevention by increasing an individual’s knowledge base. As demonstrated in a previous study performed in the Hispanic community, when educational material is presented in a familiar environment and offers lifestyle options that are culturally realistic, there is an increase in knowledge and compliance with lifestyle changes. The focus of education for stroke prevention has always been placed on older adults, but little has been done to alter the cultural risk factors found in the young adult and adolescent population in order to prevent stroke in t...
Exploiting semantic structure for mapping user-specified form terms to SNOMED CT concepts

The elements of clinical databases are usually named after the clinical terms used in various design artifacts. These terms are instinctively supplied by the users, and hence, different users often use different terms to describe the same clinical concept. This term diversity makes future database integration and analysis a huge challenge. In this paper, we study the problem of standardization of the terms used in a specific kind of user-designed artifact, the encounter forms or templates, using a popular clinical terminology, the SNOMED CT.In particular, we focus on the problem of mapping the terms on an encounter form to SNOMED CT concepts. Existing term mapping techniques are solely based on syntactic string similarity. Such techniques are unable to disambiguate among the terms that resemble one another linguistically, and yet differ semantically. To improve existing techniques, we consider the context of a term in the mapping process and propose a hybrid approach relying on linguistics as well as structural information. For a given form term, this approach (i) exploits the semantic structure of the form to derive the term's context, and (ii) maps the term to a linguistically- matching SNOMED CT concept that is compatible with the derived context. We test the approach on over 900 clinician-specified terms used in 26 forms. This method achieves 23% improvement in precision and 38% improvement in recall, over a pure linguistic-based approach. Our first contribution is that we introduce and address a new problem of mapping form terms to standard concepts. The second contribution is that the experimental evaluation confirms that structural information has a major role in improving mapping performance, and in addressing the key challenges associated with semantic mapping.
Planning for Evaluation Using Regression Discontinuity to Evaluate Targeted Place-Based Programs

This article introduces a quasi-experimental research design known as regression discontinuity (RD) to the planning community. The RD design assigns program participants to a treatment or a control...
Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Risk of Mortality and Frailty in Older Women: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a prevalent pathogen, causes severe disease in immunocompromised humans. However, present understanding is limited regarding the long-term clinical effect of persistent CMV infection in immunocompetent adults. The authors conducted a prospective observational cohort study (1992-2002) of 635 community-dwelling women in Baltimore, Maryland, aged 70-79 years in the Women's Health and Aging Studies to examine the effect of CMV infection on the risk of frailty, a common geriatric syndrome, and mortality in older women. The effect of baseline serum CMV antibody (immunoglobulin G) concentration on the risk of 3-year incident frailty, defined by using a 5-component measure, and 5-year mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazards models. Compared with those who were CMV seronegative, women in the highest quartile of CMV antibody concentration had a greater incidence of frailty (hazard ratio = 3.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.45, 8.27) and mortality (hazard ratio = 3.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.64, 8.83). After adjustment for potential confounders, CMV antibody concentration in the highest quartile independently increased the risk of 5-year mortality (hazard ratio = 2.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.22, 6.40). Better understanding of the long-term clinical consequences of CMV infection in immunocompetent humans is needed to guide public health efforts for this widely prevalent infection.
Nontax Revenue, Social Cleavages, and Authoritarian Stability in Mexico and Kenya: “Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change” Revisited

What determines how authoritarian regimes use internationally attained revenues such as natural resource rents to stay in power? The answer, this article argues, lies partly in the nature of the so...
Functional segregation and integration in the nervous system: Theory and models

This chapter summarizes some recent work that addresses the problem of integrating the activity and plasticity of functionally segregated areas in the brain. It is proposed that such integration is achieved in large part through the process of reentry, the recurrent parallel exchange of signals among neuronal groups. It is then argued that value systems, i.e. diffuse projection systems that release neuromodulatory substances in response to salient events, allow global saliency signals to interact with local temporal correlations in determining plastic changes. Finally, by introducing the notion of neural complexity, a theoretical perspective is presented that offers an “in principle” resolution of the apparent counterposition of functional segregation and integration.
Implementation of multi-layer active structural-acoustic transmission control

Structural-acoustic vibration is one of the major sources of pay load failure during launch. Past research on the topic has focused on actuating a single structural layer to minimize the amount of energy flowing across the boundary. This paper presents results comparing the performance from a single layer system to a dual layer system. A dual layer system that uses two plates, spaced at some distance apart, with the same dimensions as the plate used in the single layer system was more effective than doubling the plate's thickness. Actively controlling the two plates reduces the amount of energy flowing across the system further, although the performance is sensitive to how the controller for the two plates is designed. The best design involved successive loop closure where the controller for the second plate was designed with the first plate being actively controlled.
Determinants of Certification Election Outcomes in the Service Sector

Our research examines union certification election activity in the service sector over a fourteen-year period and shows that unions in this sector consistently win a greater percentage of their ele...
Insect flight takes off

This 1951 JEB classic paper, written at the dawn of the Golden Age of biology by Viking physiologists August Krogh and Torkel Weis-Fogh, was a collaboration between two men at opposite ends of their careers ([Krogh and Weis-Fogh, 1951][1]). August Krogh, the only comparative respiratory physiologist
Yucca Mountain Project Preclosure Ventilation Heat Transfer Analysis: Solution Method and Results

The thermal energy balance for emplacement drift ventilation is solved analytically by using “well-mixed” volume elements that discretize the domain down the length of a drift. The solution technique is based on the use of a lumped parameter quasi-steady-state approximation, and the principle of superposition. The lumped parameters are convective and linearized radiation heat transfer coefficients. The quasi-stead-state approximation allows the energy balance equations to be written without time derivatives and solved algebraically for a single time step. The progress of the heat transfer analysis through time is like that of integrating a function using Euler’s method. The principle of superposition is used to calculate the temperature response of the drift wall due to an arbitrary heat flux and a given set of thermophysical rock properties. The results of this calculation are used as a “multiplier” on the drift wall heat flux in the algebraic solution of the four energy balances, and eliminates the need to solve the conduction heat transfer in the rock mass at every time step. The results of the analysis are compared to a similar numerical model and include time and location dependent waste package, in-drift air, and drift wall temperatures, and ventilation efficiencies.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Efficient Monte Carlo Evaluation of SDN Resiliency

Software defined networking (SDN) is an emerging technology for controlling flows through networks. Used in the context of industrial control systems, an objective is to design configurations that have built-in protection for hardware failures in the sense that the configuration has "baked-in" back-up routes. The objective is to leave the configuration static as long as possible, minimizing the need to have the controller push in new routing and filtering rules We have designed and implemented a tool that enables us to determine the complete connectivity map from an analysis of all switch configurations in the network. We can use this tool to explore the impact of a link failure, in particular to determine whether the failure induces loss of the ability to deliver a flow even after the built-in back-up routes are used. A measure of the original configuration's resilience to link failure is the mean number of link failures required to induce the first such loss of service. The computational cost of each link failure and subsequent analysis is large, so there is much to be gained by reducing the overall cost of obtaining a statistically valid estimate of resiliency. This paper shows that when analysis of a network state can identify all as-yet-unfailed links any one of whose failure would induce loss of a flow, then we can use the technique of importance sampling to estimate the mean number of links required to fail before some flow is lost, and analyze the potential for reducing the variance of the sample statistic. We provide both theoretical and empirical evidence for significant variance reduction.
Mobilizing the semantic web with DAML-enabled web services

The Web is evolving from a repository for text and images to a provider of services - both information-providing services, and services that have some effect on the world. Today's Web was designed primarily for human use. To enable reliable, large-scale automated interoperation of services by computer programs or agents, the properties, capabilities, interfaces and effects of Web services must be understandable to computers. In this paper we propose a vision and a partial realization of precisely this. We propose markup of Web services in the DAML family of semantic Web markup languages. Our markup of Web services enables a wide variety of agent technologies for automated Web service discovery, execution, composition and interoperation. We present one logic-based agent technology for service composition, predicated on the use of reusable, task-specific, high-level generic procedures and user-specific customizing constraints.
Mechanisms of heterologous agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of cholecystokinin receptor

The phosphorylation of one receptor that occurs as a result of the stimulation of a different receptor on a cell is a common mechanism for heterologous regulation or "cross-talk," which has been implicated in desensitization. In this work, we focus on the mechanisms of phosphorylation of the rat pancreatic acinar cell cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor that occur upon stimulation of this cell by various agonists. Phosphorylation was allowed to occur in dispersed intact acinar cells in response to the experimental manipulation, and the phosphoreceptor was subsequently purified and quantified as an indication of response. Agonists such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and secretin, which act via activation of adenylate cyclase, had no effect on CCK receptor phosphorylation, whereas carbamylcholine and bombesin stimulated increased phosphorylation of the CCK receptor. Because these agents would be expected to activate protein kinase C (PKC) as well as a number of calcium-sensitive kinases and phosphatases, these activities were further dissociated by using more direct activators and inhibitors acting intracellularly. Manipulation of calcium independent of PKC by using a calcium ionophore, inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and inhibition of calcium-dependent protein phosphatase type 2B had no effect on the state of CCK receptor phosphorylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quarterly Technical Progress Report June 2015

The project has two main goals: 1) Identify the types of adducts naphthalene (NA) forms with DNA and 2) determine whether adduct formation correlates with site selective tumor formation in defined subcompartments of the respiratory tract (respiratory and olfactory nasal epithelium and airways of mice, rats and rhesus monkeys). Five tasks are associated with the completion of the goals. Task 1: Contracting and Animal Use Approvals. IACUC and ACURO approvals are complete, The subcontract with UC Davis (UCD) was executed in December 2014. Task 2: Perform In Vitro Study for Goal 1. Rat samples exposed and in freezer while adduct standards are being made. Mouse samples need to be exposed in next quarter. Task 3: Perform In Vitro Study for Goal 2. Mouse ex vivo samples completed. Rat and monkey samples need to be completed in the next quarter. Task 4: Sample Preparation and Analysis. Mouse Goal 2 samples completed. Other samples remain to be done. Task 5: Data Interpretation and Reporting. Need rat data to write paper on adduct formation.
Exerting Capacity: Bedside RNs Talk About Patient Safety

Patient safety has been at the forefront of nursing research since the release of the Institute of Medicine’s report estimating the number of preventable adverse events in hospital settings; yet no research to date has incorporated the perspectives of bedside nurses using classical grounded theory (CGT) methodology. This CGT study explored the perceptions of bedside registered nurses regarding patient safety in adult acute care hospitals. Data analysis used three techniques unique to CGT—the constant comparative method, coding, and memoing—to explore the values, realities, and beliefs of bedside nurses about patient safety. The analysis resulted in a substantive theory, Exerting Capacity, which explained how bedside nurses balance the demands of keeping their patients safe. Exerting Capacity has implications for health care organization leaders, nursing leaders, and bedside nurses; it also has indications for future research into the concept of patient safety.
Class-Switch Recombination in the Absence of the IgH 3′ Regulatory Region

The ∼28-kb 3' regulatory region (3'RR), which is located at the most distal 3' region of the Ig H chain locus, has multiple regulatory functions that control IgH expression, class-switch recombination (CSR), and somatic hypermutation. In this article, we report that deletion of the entire 3'RR in a mouse B cell line that is capable of robust cytokine-dependent CSR to IgA results in reduced, but not abolished, CSR. These data suggest that 3'RR is not absolutely required for CSR and, thus, is not essential for targeting activation-induced cytidine deaminase to S regions, as was suggested. Moreover, replacing 3'RR with a DNA fragment including only its four DNase I hypersensitive sites (lacking the large spacer regions) restores CSR to a level equivalent to or even higher than in wild-type cells, suggesting that the four hypersensitive sites contain most of the CSR-promoting functions of 3'RR. Stimulated cells express abundant germline transcripts, with the presence or absence of 3'RR, providing evidence that 3'RR has a role in promoting CSR that is unique from enhancing S region transcription.
Vascular Permeability Within Brain Metastases

The vasculature within the normal brain is structurally unique compared to blood vessels found throughout the rest of the body. This unique structure highly regulates which molecules and or drugs can enter into brain tissue. However, when a brain metastasis is formed, the vasculature becomes compromised, and as a result is much more permissive in allowing molecules and or drugs to move from the blood into the brain metastasis. Quantifying these changes allow significant insight into the ability of chemotherapeutics to penetrate into a brain metastasis. Herein, we discuss the vascular structural changes that are present within a brain metastasis, clinical and preclinical differences between observed permeability in a primary tumor and a metastasis, and lastly the most common methods to determine permeability changes within a central lesion.
Generation of a Pre-Leukemic, Transplantable Cell Line from the AML-Associated NUP98-TOP1 Fusion Gene as a New Model To Test Potential Collaborating Genes.

Over 15 distinct chromosomal translocations have been documented in human leukemias that involve rearrangement of the nucleoporin gene, NUP98. While most NUP98 fusion partners are HOX transcription factors, the remaining 7 have no obvious common unifying function or unique role in hematopoiesis. The translocation t(11;20) identified the novel NUP98 fusion partner Topoisomerase I (TOP1), a catalytic enzyme known for its role in relaxing supercoiled DNA. We recently demonstrated that over-expression of NUP98-TOP1 induces a lethal, transplantable AML in a murine bone marrow (BM) transplantation model (Gurevich et al , Blood 2004). To further explore the mechanistic process of leukemic transformation we sought to establish BM cell lines that retain the preleukemic-inducing properties of NUP98-TOP1. Murine BM was transduced with GFP-linked NUP98-TOP1 retrovirus. Following 4 weeks of culture, there was a striking out-growth of GFP + cells (expansion of 1% to >80% GFP + cells) and generation of poly-clonal cell lines (herein called NT 12.1 and NT 12.2) exhibiting features of primitive cells (blast-like morphology, lin −/lo , increased levels of c-Kit, Sca-1 and CD34). NT cell lines had limited differentiation ability when plated in GM-CSF, G-CSF or M-CSF but in methylcellulose colony assays generated large granulo-monocytic colonies at high frequency (1 in 12) when plated in IL-3, IL-6, SCF and EPO. Strikingly, NT cell lines demonstrated significant levels of short-term in vivo repopulating ability when transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. Transplant doses of 10 4 -10 6 cells yielded >50% engraftment at 1 month post transplant (tx) (54±13% GFP + WBC; n=12) which diminished to levels of + /YFP + circulating WBC by 1 months post-tx. However, despite co-expression of both genes in all transplanted mice, there was no apparent acceleration of induction of AML with 5 of 6 recipients succumbing to leukemia by 9 months post-tx, (median survival 164 days; range 101–193). This long latency argues that Meis1 does not collaborate with NUP98-TOP1 to induce leukemia and that NUP98-TOP1 has distinct mechanisms of leukemogenesis compared to NUP98-HOX fusions. These novel pre-leukemic, transplantable cell lines generated by NUP98-TOP1 will facilitate further large scale screens for potential cooperative genes and delineation of the mechanistic basis of NUP98-TOP1 induced transformation.
Constrained Iterated Unscented Kalman Filter for Dynamic State and Parameter Estimation

This paper presents a robust dynamic state estimator for the synchronous generators with unknown parameters. The estimator uses a constrained iterated unscented Kalman filter to estimate the state variables and unknown parameters of a two-axis model of a synchronous generator. The developed estimator's performance is validated using simulations, where the estimator is subjected to arbitrary initialization and large parameter errors. The developed dynamic estimator can potentially be used not only to track the dynamic states but also to detect and identify changes in model parameters with little a priori knowledge about the parameters other than a broad range which can be specified via appropriate constraints.
G protein γ (Gγ) subtype dependent targeting of GRK2 to M3 receptor by Gβγ

Interactions of cytosolic G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) with activated G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) induce receptor phosphorylation and desensitization. GRK2 is recruited to active M3-muscarinic receptors (M3R) with the participation of the receptor, Gαq and Gβγ. Since we have shown that signaling efficacy of Gβγ is governed by its Gγ subtype identity, the present study examined whether recruitment of GRK2 to M3R is also Gγ subtype dependent. To capture the dynamics of GRK2-recruitment concurrently with GPCR-G protein activation, we employed live cell confocal imaging and a novel assay based on Gβγ translocation. Data show that M3R activation-induced GRK2 recruitment is Gγ subtype dependent in which Gβγ dimers with low PM-affinity Gγ9 exhibited a two-fold higher GRK2-recruitment compared to high PM affinity Gγ3 expressing cells. Since 12-mammalian Gγ types exhibit a cell and tissue specific expressions and the PM-affinity of a Gγ is linked to its subtype identity, our results indicate a mechanism by which Gγ profile of a cell controls GRK2 signaling and GPCR desensitization.
Comparison of Pcsf Monitoring and Controlled CSF Drainage Diagnose Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

We evaluated 86 patients for possible normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) by: 1) CSF pressure (Pcsf) monitoring and analysis for percent of time with A or B-waves, and 2) controlled CSF drainage for 3 days via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter. Clinical outcome after CSF drainage and shunt surgery was assessed as change of clinical exam, with grades of none, minor, moderate, or marked change. For outcome analysis in 47 patients after shunt surgery, NPH was defined as moderate or marked clinical improvement.