cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9 – Dopamine Receptors

Publisher Summary Dopamine (DA) released from presynaptic nerve terminals elicits its effect through a family of G protein-coupled DA receptors. In the 1970s, it became evident that at least two classes of DA receptors (D1 and D2) were required to explain all the physiologic effects of DA and the pharmacologic profile of drugs blocking its actions. This traditional classification was mainly based on the ability of D1 receptors to stimulate the signal transduction enzyme adenylate cyclase, whereas D2 receptors either did not have an effect or inhibited it. The genomic organization of DA-receptor genes supports the idea that DA receptors have evolved from two distinct gene families, giving rise to D1-like and D2-like subfamilies. All DA receptors belong to a superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven transmembrane regions. D1-like receptors have a relatively short third cytoplasmic loop and long C-terminal tail, whereas D2-like receptors have a considerably longer third cytoplasmic loop and short C-terminal tail. These structural properties are common in many G protein-coupled receptors that stimulate and inhibit adenylate cyclase, respectively.
La narrativa indigenista en Argentina. Una doble denuncia

Desde tiempos de Jose Carlos Mariategui, la critica literaria indigenista viene articulando un discurso etnocentrista cuyo eje de produccion se situa en Peru y los paises vecinos, pero rara vez se ha mencionado una obra argentina que trate sobre las desigualdades que sufren los indigenas de ese pais. Ni siquiera la academia argentina ha analizado ninguna novela desde la optica indigenista. En un pais cuyos gobiernos, desde el siglo XIX, han tratado de borrar cualquier traza de sangre indigena en su poblacion, ya sea mediante la asimilacion, exterminio o invisibilidad, y cuyas zonas de mayor asentamiento indigena se encuentran lejos del hegemonico Buenos Aires, las narraciones de problemas sociales ajenos quedaban encajonadas en el recondito mundo de la literatura regional. Sin embargo, durante los anos de eclosion del movimiento indigenista, escritores argentinos se hicieron eco de los sufrimientos y demandas de sus compatriotas indigenas por medio de novelas que sobrepasaron el peyorativo epiteto regionalista y que incomprensiblemente, han sido olvidadas. En este articulo, que forma parte de un estudio mas amplio, se aborda el silencio critico, se contextualiza la produccion indigenista de la epoca y se analizan brevemente algunas de las obras.
The action of the visible spectrum on complement

The inhibitory power of the invisible (ultraviolet) rays on complement has received extensive recognition. Recent studies by Baroni and Jonesco Mihaiesti,1 Abelin and Stiner,2 Courmont, Nogier and Dufourt,3 Bovie4 and Brooks 5 have definitely established this particular phase of photodynamic destruction of complement and amboceptor. Lundberg 6 recently found that the speed of photo-attenuation of complement markedly increases as attenuation proceeds. McCoy, Hill and Schmidt,7 on the other hand, showed the protective action of the aromatic amino-acids (tyrosin and phenylalanin) for complement and amboceptor against the action of these rays. The bulk of this work has been done by direct exposure of serums to the ultraviolet rays varying the thickness of the exposed liquids, or by dilution ending with a simple complement titration. It would appear, then, that attempts to study the effect of the visible rays on complement and amboceptor are entirely lacking. In the present work the action of the visible part of the spectrum (rays of greater wave lengths) was studied to determine their effect on complement. Methods of Study.?The source of light employed was a powerful 15 amperes tungsten filament lamp of 944 candles per square centimeter operating on 17 volts. The beam of light of this lamp was thrown through a set of projecting lenses and focused on the slit of a large Hilger's spectrograph containing a glass prism. The width of the slit was 1 mm. and its length 7.5 mm. The serums of guinea-pigs were exposed in the spectrum in a glass spectrum cell carrying exactly 1.5 c c of fluid and having a diameter of 4 mm. Care was taken not to fill the cell to capacity surpassing the upper or lower margins of the
Multi-Stage Refinement and Reduction for Efficiency in Continuum Structural Topology Optimization

A methodology of enhanced computational efficiency is presented for continuum topology optimization of sparse structural systems. Such systems are characterized by the structural material occupying only a small fraction of the structure’s envelope volume. When modeled within a continuum mechanics and topology optimization framework such structures require models of very high refinement which is computationally very expensive. The methodology presented to deal with this issue is based on the idea of starting with a relatively coarse mesh of low refinement and employing a sequence of meshes featuring progressively greater degrees of uniform refinement. One starts by solving for an initial approximation to the final material layout on the coarse mesh. This design is then projected onto the next finer mesh in the sequence, and the material layout optimization process is continued. The material layout design from the second mesh can then be projected onto the third mesh for additional refinement, and so forth. The process terminates when an optimal design of sufficient sparsity, and sufficient mesh resolution is achieved. Within the proposed methodology, additional computational efficiency is realized by using a design-dependent analysis problem reduction technique. As one proceeds toward sparse optimal designs, very large regions of the structural model will be devoid of any structural material and hence can be excluded from the structural analysis problem resulting in great computational efficiency. The validity and performance characteristics of the proposed methodology are demonstrated on three different problems, two involving design of sparse structures for buckling stability, and the third involving design of a hinge-free gripper compliant mechanism.
Abstract LB-280: Inhibition of SHP2 in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer cells induces basal-to-luminal transition, suppresses tumorigenesis, and blocks metastasis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC One of the factors that contribute to the disproportionately high mortalities in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer (BTBC) is the lack of targeted therapies. Identifying and characterizing potential targets is therefore critical for future development of such therapies. In the current report, we show that silencing the expression of the Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in BTBC cell lines (MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468) suppresses cell proliferation, reverses transformation, and blocks invasiveness. Unexpectedly, we have discovered that inhibition of SHP2 induces basal-to-luminal transition (BLT) in BTBC cells as evidenced by a decrease in the expression of mesenchymal markers and/or drivers (vimentin, ZEB1, Snail, and alpha smooth muscle actin) and an increase in the expression of the luminal marker cytokeratin 18. Furthermore, we have discovered that inhibition of SHP2 induces the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha in otherwise triple-negative breast cancer cells. Intramammary transplantation studies in the NOD/SCID mice demonstrated that inhibition of SHP2 suppresses tumorigenesis and blocks metastasis. Analyses of total cell lysates prepared from cells grown in 3D matrigel cultures demonstrated that SHP2 mediates the activation of the Ras-ERK, the PI3K, and the β-catenin signaling pathways to promote the tumorigenic, invasive, and metastatic potential of BTBC cells. By and large, the results presented in this report suggest that SHP2 plays an essential role in the biology of BTBC. Citation Format: Fatimah Matalka, Hua Zhao, Yehenew M. Agazie. Inhibition of SHP2 in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer cells induces basal-to-luminal transition, suppresses tumorigenesis, and blocks metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-280. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-280
Antibiotic therapy of nonenterococcal streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis: current regimens and some future considerations

Regimens for endocarditis caused by these bacteria are generally based on high dosage of a beta-lactam antibiotic, penicillin in the case of streptococci and a penicillinase-resistant penicillin for Staphylococcus aureus, with vancomycin substituted for beta-lactam resistant staphylococci, including coagulase-negative staphylococci. The addition of other antimicrobial agents, such as aminoglycosides (or, in the case of staphylococci, sodium fusidate or rifampicin) may increase bactericidal efficiency, or allow shorter courses, but problems of toxicity or emergence of resistance may occur. Optimal regimens are discussed, and newer agents of possible usefulness are reviewed.
Nature and kinetics of inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter pressure by glucagon.

The lower esophageal sphincter response to prompt intravenous injection of pentagastrin alone, and in combination with glucagon, was investigated in four healthy volunteers. The highest observed response to pentagastrin was 305% of resting pressure. The progress of the dose–response curve before decline set in appeared to indicate that a response maximally equal to that for gastrin might have been attained. Glucagon significantly inhibited resting and pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Kinetic analysis disclosed that inhibition by glucagon was of the mixed type with a change both in affinity for, and efficacy of, pentagastrin. Endogenous glucagon released by infusion of alanine had no effect on the resting pressure. It was concluded that glucagon, like secretin, does not play a role in regulating the competence of the sphincter in the resting state. Its role during digestion remains to be determined.
Innovative and Entrepreneurship Education in Underdeveloped Western Regions of China

This paper makes an analysis on the major problems for innovative and entrepreneurship education (IEE) in underdeveloped western regions of China, and outlines a set of implications for local governments and universities. The authors suggest that a more practical and flexible cultivation system rooted in regional contexts should be established for bringing a radical change to the backward IEE in western China. It is important to implement the “4C” concepts in IEE, namely cross-culture, cross-region, cross-discipline and cross-specialty through strengthening international cooperation and mutual regional support, integrating the IEE into the university curriculum, and building a four-dimensional nexus via partnerships between universities, industries, governments and families. While the paper is written mainly from the perspective of underdeveloped western regions of China, the discussion allows for generalization, and thus should be applicable to the development of IEE in other nations facing similar problems.
The Effects of Manager-Auditor Affiliation and PCAOB Inspection Reports on Audit Committee Members' Auditor Selection

SUMMARY: This article summarizes the “The Effects of Prior Manager-Auditor Affiliation and PCAOB Inspection Reports on Audit Committee Members' Auditor Recommendations” (Abbott, Brown, and Higgs 2016), who investigate the extent to which audit committee members (ACM) of small public companies consider auditors' Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) inspection reports and/or the auditors' prior affiliation with management in their auditor hiring decisions. The authors find participants (the study's proxy for ACM) incorporate the inspection report, as well as the auditor's prior affiliation with management into their selection decision. Specifically, an auditor's prior affiliation with management negatively impacts his/her chances of being selected by the audit committee. To the extent inspection results measure auditors' competence and prior affiliation with management measures auditor independence, the authors find auditor independence influences auditor selection decisions only when an audito...
16th JDC Study Counts and Calculations

This paper is a spreadsheet of the counts and calculations underlying the Louisiana 16th JDC Study on Race, Homicides, and Death-Eligible Prosecutions, 1976-2011.The article this report refers to can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2298006
Are fingernails a key to unlocking the puzzle of mammalian limb regeneration

Some mammalian digit tips, including those of mice and human children, can regenerate following amputation, whereas mammalian limb regeneration does not occur. One major difference between the digit tip and the rest of the limb is the presence of the nail, which is necessary for this type of regeneration. This couples well with the finding that canonical Wnt signalling and Lgr6, an agonist of Wnt signalling that marks nail stem cells, are necessary for digit tip regeneration. This viewpoint essay discusses the role of the nail in digit tip regeneration and explores whether nail stem cells and their presumptive niche can be solely accountable for why regeneration is possible in the digit tip, but not the rest of the limb.
Healthcare Internet of Things: fundamental technologies, state-of-the-art standards, and current practices

Life expectancy has been increasing in the last decades. Although increased life expectancy is one of the main goals of modern society, this involves a high cost for governments, which is distributed among facilities for people with disabilities, health insurance for over 65 years individuals, treatment/medication for chronic diseases, and so on. The Internet of Things (IoT) proposes a technological approach to assist and alleviate some of those costly problems, and preserve a high quality of life. In this chapter, an updated definition of IoT and the healthcare system is presented. Additionally, a quantifiable representation of current health issues is discussed, in combination with a review of the state of the art of IoT-applications in the healthcare sector that assist these issues, emphasizing in those that concern to energy-aware policies.
Simulations of the dust acoustic instability in a collisional plasma with warm dust

Dust acoustic (or dust density) waves have been observed in many laboratory dusty plasmas. These low-frequency waves involve the dynamics of highly charged and massive dust grains, and can be excited by the flow of ions relative to dust. In this paper, we consider the nonlinear development of the dust acoustic instability, excited by thermal ion flow, in a collisional plasma containing dust with high kinetic temperature (warm dust). It is shown that under certain conditions there may be a long-wavelength secondary instability in the nonlinear stage as dust gets heated by the waves. The characteristics of the nonlinear development are considered as a function of the relative charge density of the dust. Application to possible experimental parameters is discussed.
The Global Burden of Disease Study and the Preventable Burden of NCD

Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) now account for more than one-half of the global burden of disease. Cardiovascular diseases account for about one-half of NCD deaths, and the majority of cardiovascular disease deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study measures and benchmarks health loss from death or disability from more than 300 diseases in over 100 countries. According to GBD analyses, the rise of NCD is in part due to increased life expectancy due to reduced premature mortality from communicable, child, and maternal illnesses, but preventable risk factors also contribute and present targets for NCD control efforts. In addition to traditional NCD risk factors, like tobacco smoking, high blood pressure, and unhealthful diet, nontraditional risk factors like air pollution and unhealthful alcohol consumption also play a role. The GBD study continues to grow by gathering more data from country partners than ever before, and by measuring health at the national and subnational levels and in smaller time increments. The GBD study will continue to provide the data to set priorities for and measure progress in the global effort to control the rising burden of NCD.
Morphine Affects the Brain-Immune Axis by Modulating an Interleukin-1 Beta Dependent Pathway

In response to a pathological condition, cytokines, such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-lβ), are released and induce an immune response, i.e. inflammation. In association with the inflammatory response, however, the host often enters a catabolic state because these cytokines can also cause fever and loss of appetite.1,2 Through its central nervous system (CNS) effects, IL-lβ can also stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to produce ACTH and glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory.3 In such a way, both the induction and progression of immune responses are highly regulated through the modulatory actions of cytokines on the CNS4 as well as on the immune system.5 It has, therefore, been suggested that the HPA axis may function as a feedback loop between the CNS and the immune system.6 This intricate interrelationship between the neuroendocrine and immune systems is schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
Willingness to Falsely Take Blame among Friends: Closeness, Reporting Wrongdoing, and Identity

ABSTRACTThis study examined people’s willingness to falsely take the blame for a friend’s offense. We sought to identify whether friendship closeness and individual differences would predict false blame-taking. Participants were randomly assigned to think of either a close or casual friend engaging in driver negligence and indicated their willingness to falsely take responsibility. Although self-construal was unrelated to willingness, oneness mediated the relationship between friendship closeness and blame-taking willingness. Negative attitudes about reporting wrongdoing predicted a greater willingness, and men were more willing to take the blame than women. Results may help those in the legal system to better identify false confessions.
Design and implementation of an energy-neutral solar energy system for wireless sensor-actuator nodes

IoT devices will increasingly be placed in remote or inaccessible locations for long-term deployments. At the same time, power and energy-reserve demands will be heterogeneous and scale proportionately with capability and functionality. Moreover, demand for sophisticated behavior will increase, placing stringent requirements on their energy subsystems. Thus there is a need for an energy subsystem that can be integrated with IoT nodes to provide energy-neutral operation. We describe an architecture, design, and implementation of an energy-neutral battery-backed solar energy system for IoT devices. An emphasis is placed on capacity planning, enabling real-time analytics and control, and packaging for thermal management in extreme environments. We present test results on a prototype implementation that is now in production for use with sensor-actuator nodes in environmental and ecological monitoring and control applications.
The bilingual reading practices and performance of two Hispanic first graders

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study used a sociocultural lens to examine how two bilingual Hispanic first-grade girls demonstrated bilingual reading practices (i.e., heteroglossia and translanguaging) as they discussed and read texts in Spanish and English. One girl predominantly received school reading instruction in Spanish, while the other received school reading instruction in English. They both participated in Spanish reading at home. The school reading instruction employed Spanish or English versions of Success for All, and emphasized word recognition strategies appropriate for the language of instruction along with meaning-making strategies. In April, the two girls scored mid- to end-of first grade on a curriculum-based reading assessment in the language of instruction. Neither of them received biliteracy instruction. Their reading levels in the instructional language and exposure to the other language appeared to be sufficient for them to develop and demonstrate heteroglossic practices. Bilingual dynam...
Accessing magnetic chalcogenides with solvothermal synthesis: KFeS2 and KFe2S3

Abstract Semiconducting binary sulfides are often produced with controlled size and shape by solvothermal synthesis using amine solvents. The versatility of this method, however, has not been extended to dense ternary sulfides that include alkali and transition metal ions, which are renowned for their complex magnetic and electronic properties. We report the solvothermal synthesis of the alkali–transition metal sulfides KFeS2 and KFe2S3. The latter compound is not accessible by direct solid-state synthesis. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate antiferromagnetic ordering of KFeS2 and KFe2S3, which contain single and double chains of FeS4 tetrahedra, respectively. Given the ability to access KFe2S3 here, further development of this method may lead to isolation of new functional compounds.
The politics of caste in West Bengal

Why have broad, caste-based political movements been largely absent from West Bengal, unlike in numerous other Indian states? How did the Bengali bhadralok (well-educated elites from upper castes) ...
A novel DC circuit breaker design using a magnetically coupled-inductor for DC applications

In the attempt to simplify the steps of converting power into its simplest form, new microgrids will be conceptualized in the DC format. Certain power systems and power conversion components are highly available but, as it applies to DC circuit breakers, various designs are currently in the experimental stage. The most significant drawback of such a system is that interrupting current that is without zero crossing causes a sustained power arc. This paper introduces a novel circuit breaker model for DC, which utilizes a coupled inductor circuit breaker, and a mathematical model of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) has been developed. This Type of DC circuit breaker demonstrates the advantages of its application in consumer electronics.
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: prevalence, predictors and clinical implications.

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) are increasing at a global level, and they are associated with increased risk of various diseases. However, little information is available on the prevalence and predictors of VDD and VDI in a representative population of US adults. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements were collected from 26 010 adults aged ≥18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2010. Using thresholds recommended by the Endocrine Society, VDD was defined as 25(OH)D<50 nmol/l and VDI as 50≤25(OH)D<75 nmol/l. Weighted multinomial log-binomial regression was conducted to estimate prevalence ratios of VDD and VDI. The prevalences of VDD and VDI in 2001–2010 were 28·9 and 41·4 %, respectively. Adults who were black, less educated, poor, obese, current smokers, physically inactive and infrequent milk consumers had a higher prevalence of VDD. After adjustment for other potential predictors, obese adults showed 3·09 times higher prevalence of VDD and 1·80 times higher prevalence of VDI than non-obese adults. Physically inactive adults had 2·00 and 1·36 times higher prevalence of VDD and VDI than active peers. Compared with frequent consumers, rare consumers of milk had 2·44 and 1·25 times higher prevalence of VDD and VDI, respectively. Current alcohol drinkers had 38 % lower prevalence of VDD than non-drinkers. Awareness of the high prevalence of VDD and VDI among US adults and related predictors could inform behavioural and dietary strategies for preventing VDD and monitoring VDI, especially in old, black, obese and inactive individuals who report rare consumption of milk.
Naturally Accelerated Motion

The motion of falling bodies was explored by Salviati, Sagredo and Simplicio in the First Day of Galileo’s Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, but this first science was only pursued insofar as it elucidated the second science, the strength of materials. For example, they considered how falling objects are affected by the specific gravity and the cohesion of the material through which they fall. Now, in the Third Day, our friends address the science of falling bodies in earnest, with an eye toward eventually understanding the motion and force of artillery. Salviati begins by referring his listeners to a text in which the author (Galileo himself) defines uniform motion and naturally accelerated motion. These two classes of motion will eventually play a critical role in his subsequent treatment of projectiles. But before simply accepting Galileo’s theory of falling bodies, Sagredo and Simplicio offer a number of objections which Salviati must address. These objections draw on both common-sense observations of falling bodies and the paradoxes involved in Galileo’s attempt to mathematically model their motion. Are they satisfied by Salviati’s reply? Are you?
Biopolymer-based biomaterials as scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Biopolymers as biomaterials and matrices in tissue engineering offer important options in control of structure, morphology and chemistry as reasonable substitutes or mimics of extracellular matrix systems. These features also provide for control of material functions such as mechanical properties in gel, fiber and porous scaffold formats. The inherent biodegradability of biopolymers is important to help regulate the rate and extent of cell and tissue remodeling in vitro or in vivo. The ability to genetically redesign these polymer systems to bioengineer appropriate features to regulate cell responses and interactions is another important feature that offers both fundamental insight into chemistry–structure–function relationships as well as direct utility as biomaterials. Biopolymer matrices for biomaterials and tissue engineering can directly influence the functional attributes of tissues formed on these materials and suggest they will continue play an increasingly important role in the field.
Tests for Variance Shift at an Unknown Time Point

SUMMARY Two tests for variance shift in a sequence of independent normal random variables, when the initial level of variance is unknown, are investigated in this article. The first is a locally most powerful test, and the second is a test based upon cusums of x2 values. Distribution functions of the two test statistics are approximated through the use of Edgeworth expansions and/or the beta distribution by matching the first few moments. Critical points of both test statistics are tabulated for various sample sizes. Powers of the two tests are compared using a Monte Carlo example. An illustration of the application of the tests to stock market price analysis is provided.
Alaryngeal Speech Aerodynamics: Lower and Upper Airway Considerations

Separation of the upper and lower airway in total laryngectomy alters the functioning of the lungs. Tissue inflammation, altered ciliary function, and altered lung volumes and capacities in standard pulmonary function tests are common. Additionally, filtering, humidifying, and warming of inhaled air are compromised. These surgical outcomes on respiration are further complicated by the fact that many people with a laryngectomy are former (and some current) smokers with underlying respiratory disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dissociation between breathing and speaking has been reported across alaryngeal speaking methods with a certain percentage of people speaking during inspiration. Elevated lung volume levels at initiation of speaking and increased resting expiratory levels are noted in tracheoesophageal speakers. Increased pressure is required to initiate neoglottal vibration in esophageal and tracheoesophageal speech, and air flow through the voice source is reduced, resulting in elevated voice source resistance compared to those with a larynx. The tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis also adds to the aerodynamic resistance in this method of communication. Finally, oral air pressure during consonant production is increased for all three methods of alaryngeal communication. Overall, there are substantial changes to breathing in people with a laryngectomy. Voice production in esophageal, tracheoesophageal, and pneumatic artificial larynx speech is powered aerodynamically and therefore can be impacted by a person’s respiratory status and other factors (e.g., valve characteristics, neoglottal properties, etc.). Articulatory aerodynamics have not been widely studied other than oral air pressure which is elevated in nearly all alaryngeal speakers.
CecidogenousCrotonothrips (Thysanoptera)—Memecylon interactions: Host relations, nutritive tissue, tissue dynamics and cecidogenetic patterns

The host relations ofCrotonothrips withMemecylon on the criterion of gall formation appear interesting. In the light of the morphogenetic courses that the susceptible host organ, the leaf, show, an attempt has been made to assess their functional efficiency in terms of structural adaptations envisaging the organisation of a nutritive zone, and tissue dynamics takingMemecylon edule, Memecylon lushingtonii, andMemecylon umbellatum as models.
Unravelling Degradation Mechanisms and Atomic Structure of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites by Cryo-EM

Summary Despite rapid progress of hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells, using transmission electron microscopy to study their atomic structures has not been possible because of their extreme sensitivity to electron beam irradiation and environmental exposure. Here, we develop cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) protocols to preserve an extremely sensitive perovskite, methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) under various operating conditions for atomic-resolution imaging. We discover the precipitation of lead iodide nanoparticles on MAPbI3 nanowire’s surface after short UV illumination and surface roughening after only 10 s exposure to air, while these effects remain undetected in conventional X-ray diffraction. We establish a definition for critical electron dose and find this value for MAPbI3 at cryogenic condition to be 12 e−/A2 at 1.49 A spatial resolution. Our results highlight the importance of cryo-EM since traditional techniques cannot capture important nanoscale changes in morphology and structure that have important implications for perovskite solar cell stability and performance.
A direct liquid fuel cell powered by 1,3- or 1,2-propanediol

Abstract In this work we compare the behavior of the 1,2 and 1,3 isomers of propanediol (PD) when electrochemically oxidized in alkaline media both in a 3 electrode electrochemical cell and in an operating split pH, alkaline-acid fuel cell with a cation exchange membrane. In the electrochemical cell, we use voltammetry and amperometry to determine that the 1,3-PD oxidizes nearly 3 times more efficiently than the 1,2-PD. In the operating fuel cell, we find that the maximum power density of the 1,3-PD is 185 mW cm−2 at 60 °C with a Pt black cathode and 103 mW cm−2 with a carbon black cathode. In contrast, the 1,2-PD isomer reaches only 102 mW cm−2 with Pt cathode and 64 mW cm−2 with carbon cathode. Previous work has primarily considered the 1,2-PD isomer, but recent improvements to the synthesis of 1,3-PD make it a promising fuel for better performance than the 1,2-PD isomer. In addition, the use of the split pH fuel cell makes both isomers viable for higher power demands than previously shown and with the option of using carbon black as the cathode material.
A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's line.

Features of the Maechidiini (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) genera Maechidius Macleay, 1819, Epholcis Waterhouse, 1875 and Paramaechidius Frey, 1969 are critically revised and a new synonymy is proposed: Maechidius = Epholcis syn. nov. = Paramaechidius syn. nov. A key to and an annotated checklist of Maechidiini from the Indo-Australian transition zone are presented for the first time. Thirty-five new species are described, namely Maechidius aiyura sp. nov., M. alesbezdeki sp. nov., M. awu sp. nov., M. babyrousa sp. nov., M. bintang sp. nov., M. boessnecki sp. nov., M. brocki sp. nov., M. caperatus sp. nov., M. ciliatus sp. nov., M. crypticus sp. nov., M. dani sp. nov., M. deltouri sp. nov., M. dendrolagus sp. nov., M. hamatus sp. nov., M. kazantsevi sp. nov., M. konjo sp. nov., M. lapsus sp. nov., M. legalovi sp. nov., M. leucopsar sp. nov., M. longipes sp. nov., M. mailu sp. nov., M. maleo sp. nov., M. merdeka sp. nov., M. miklouhomaclayi sp. nov., M. nepenthephilus sp. nov., M. owenstanleyi sp. nov., M. riedeli sp. nov., M. similis sp. nov., M. skalei sp. nov., M. sougb sp. nov., M. suwawa sp. nov., M. trivialis sp. nov., M. ursus sp. nov., M. weigeli sp. nov. and M. yamdena sp. nov. Six new synonyms are proposed: Maechidius Macleay, 1819 = Epholcis Waterhouse, 1875 syn. nov. = Paramaechidius Frey, 1969 syn. nov., Maechidius esau Heller, 1914 = M. setosus Moser, 1920 syn. nov. = M. setosellus Frey, 1969 syn. nov., Maechidius heterosquamosus Heller, 1910 comb. rest. = Paramaechidius clypeatus Frey, 1969 syn. nov. and Maechidius paupianus Heller, 1910 = M. arrowi Frey, 1969 syn. nov. The first records of Maechidiini from the Tanimbar Islands (Yamdena), Sangihe Islands (Sangir) and Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali) are documented, of which the latter two are the northern- and westernmost known records of Maechidius and of the tribe Maechidiini. Lectotypes are designated for 23 species. Fifteen new combinations are proposed and the original combination to Maechidius is restored for four species. Ecological data are presented for the first time for selected Papuan and Wallacean species. Type material of Wallacean and Papuan Maechidiini is depicted for the first time. A key to species is given. In total, 78 species of Maechidiini are confirmed for the Indo-Australian transition zone.
Phosphorous, farms, and families: Institutional narratives about agricultural intensification and water quality in northeastern Wisconsin

Abstract Institutional narratives are a discursive form of power where people engage in the development and promulgation of narratives that connect descriptions of how institutions work with arguments for particular courses of action. This paper uses the concept of institutional narratives to analyze how the family farm as a social construct is used as a normative mechanism for meaning making around agricultural intensification and rural sprawl. We examined narratives among residents in the lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds of Wisconsin surrounding growth and change and the problem of poor water quality, which occurs primarily through excess phosphorous loading, and identified two institutional narratives among stakeholders, each with different framings of key problems related to water quality. The first narrative problematized agricultural intensification and the second problematized rural sprawl, yet both narratives relied on a societal construct of the family farmer as a cornerstone of ideal rural institutions and an indicator of how change ought to occur. Findings demonstrate ways in which notions of idealized rural community life are politicized though narratives that connect rural problems such as water pollution with normative claims about who has the right to inhabit and use rural spaces.
Alternative transcriptome analysis to build the genome-phenome bridges in animals

Abstract Understanding the genetic links between an animal’s genome and phenome is one of the most challenging tasks in the postgenome sequencing era. These links may be provided through the usage of alternative transcription start, termination and splicing sites in RNA, which promote the synthesis of multiple proteins from a single gene and enable a finite genome to build an infinite phenome during an animal’s lifespan. Therefore, alternative transcripts, rather than individual genes, are the minimal functional units in a genome. This chapter focuses on alternative transcriptome analysis, including platforms, strategies, methods, and applications. We will also demonstrate how these data can help us understand the genetic information flows from genome to phenome that are relevant to physical, physiological, pathological, and psychological processes.
Mortality risk stratification using artificial intelligence-augmented electrocardiogram in cardiac intensive care unit patients.

Aims An artificial intelligence-augmented electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) algorithm can identify left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). We sought to determine whether this AI-ECG algorithm could stratify mortality risk in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients, independent of the presence of LVSD by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Methods and results We included 11 266 unique Mayo Clinic CICU patients admitted from 2007 to 2018 who underwent AI-ECG after CICU admission. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) data were extracted for patients with a TTE during hospitalization. Hospital mortality was analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Mean age was 68 ± 15 years, including 37% females. Higher AI-ECG probability of LVSD remained associated with higher hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.05 per 0.1 higher, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.08, P = 0.003] after adjustment for LVEF, which itself was inversely related with the risk of hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.96 per 5% higher, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, P = 0.02). Patients with available LVEF data (n = 8242) were divided based on the presence of predicted (by AI-ECG) vs. observed (by TTE) LVSD (defined as LVEF ≤ 35%), using TTE as the gold standard. A stepwise increase in hospital mortality was observed for patients with a true negative, false positive, false negative, and true positive AI-ECG. Conclusion The AI-ECG prediction of LVSD is associated with hospital mortality in CICU patients, affording risk stratification in addition to that provided by echocardiographic LVEF. Our results emphasize the prognostic value of electrocardiographic patterns reflecting underlying myocardial disease that are recognized by the AI-ECG.
Comparison of plant-based emulsifier performance in water-in-oil-in-water emulsions: Soy protein isolate, pectin and gum Arabic

Abstract The impact of natural emulsifier type on the fabrication, stability, and release attributes of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions prepared with a high-shear mixer were investigated: gum arabic, high-methoxy pectin, whey protein isolate (WPI), and soy protein isolate (SPI). At 1 wt%, all emulsifiers produced W/O/W emulsions with similar mean droplet diameters (d32 = 23–25 μm). However, less pectin was required to form small droplets than gum arabic, WPI or SPI. The impact of emulsifier type on the transport of small ions between the aqueous phases was then examined by placing iodine and starch in the external and internal water phases, respectively. Iodine turned blue when it came into contact with starch. W/O/W emulsions prepared using proteins (SPI and WPI) were more effective at inhibiting mass transport than those prepared using polysaccharides (gum arabic and pectin). These results are useful for rationalizing the selection of biopolymer emulsifiers for application in double emulsions.
Bloodstream infections in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Abstract Objective To evaluate incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infections (BSI) in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods We conducted a population-based study in southeastern Minnesota using the expanded Rochester Epidemiology Project (e-REP) for all adult (≥18 years) patients who underwent TAVR from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018. Results The incidence of BSI following TAVR was 1300 episodes/100,000 persons per annum. The median time to BSI following TAVR was 610 days and 84% were community-acquired. Forty percent of BSI cases developed infective endocarditis. Viridans group streptococci (VGS) were the most common pathogens and 80% of patients with VGS BSI had IE. Conclusions The high incidence of BSI among TAVR patients is alarming and is likely due to advanced age and comorbid conditions. Because 40% of BSI patients also developed IE, further investigation of modifiable risk factors associated with BSI is warranted.
Performance and efficiency evaluation and heat release study of a direct-injection stratified-charge rotary engine

A computer simulation which models engine performance of the Direct Injection Stratified Charge (DISC) rotary engines was used to study the effect of variations in engine design and operating parameters on engine performance and efficiency of an Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) experimental rotary combustion engine. Engine pressure data were used in a heat release analysis to study the effects of heat transfer, leakage, and crevice flows. Predicted engine data were compared with experimental test data over a range of engine speeds and loads. An examination of methods to improve the performance of the rotary engine using advanced heat engine concepts such as faster combustion, reduced leakage, and turbocharging is also presented.
Modeling public key infrastructures in the real world

PKIs are complex distributed systems that are responsible for giving users enough information to make reasonable trust judgments about one another. Since the currencies of PKI are trust and certificates, users who make trust decisions (often called relying parties) must do so using only some initial trust beliefs about the PKI and some pile of certificates (and other assertions) they received from the PKI. Given a certificate, a relying party needs to conclude that the keyholder described by the certificate actually possesses the properties described by the certificate. In this paper, we present a calculus that allows relying parties to make such trust judgements. Our calculus extends Maurer's deterministic model, and is focused on real world issues such as time, revocation, delegation, and heterogeneous certificate formats. We then demonstrate how our calculus can be used to reason about numerous situations that arise in practice.
Identification of domains in brome mosaic virus RNA-1 and coat protein necessary for specific interaction and encapsidation.

Abstract Even though many single-stranded RNAs are present in the cytoplasm of infected cells, encapsidation by brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat protein is specific for BMV RNA. Although the highly conserved 3' region of each of the three BMV genomic RNAs is an attractive candidate for the site of recognition by the coat protein, band shift and UV cross-linking assays in the presence of specific and nonspecific competitors revealed only nonspecific interactions. However, BMV RNA-1 formed a retarded complex (complex I) with the coat protein in the absence of competitors, and two domains of RNA-1 that specifically bound coat protein in a small complex (complex II), presumably early in the encapsidation process, were identified. Strong nonspecific, cooperative binding was observed in the presence of high concentrations of coat protein, suggesting that this provides the mechanism leading to rapid encapsidation seen in vivo. In contrast, no binding to a coat protein mutant lacking the N-terminal 25 amino acids that has been shown to be incapable of encapsidation in vivo (R. Sacher and P. Ahlquist, J. Virol. 63:4545-4552, 1989) was detected in vitro. The use of deletion mutants of RNA-1 revealed the presence of domains within the coding region of protein 1a that formed complexes with purified coat protein. One deletion mutant (B1SX) lacking these domains was only slightly more effective in dissociating RNA-1-coat protein complexes than were nonspecific competitors, further suggesting that regions other than the 3' end can participate in the selective encapsidation of BMV RNAs.
User-centric handling of identity agent compromise

Digital identity credentials are a key enabler for important online services, but widespread theft and misuse of such credentials poses serious risks for users. We believe that an identity management system (IdMS) that empowers users to become aware of how and when their identity credentials are used is critical for the success of such online services. Furthermore, rapid revocation and recovery of potentially compromised credentials is desirable. By following a user-centric identity-usage monitoring concept, we propose a way to enhance a user-centric IdMS by introducing an online monitoring agent and an inexpensive storage token that allow users to flexibly choose transactions to be monitored and thereby to balance security, privacy and usability. In addition, by utilizing a threshold signature scheme, our system enables users to revoke and recover credentials without communicating with identity providers. Our contributions include a system architecture, associated protocols and an actual implementation of an IdMS that achieves these goals.
Student Perceptions of the Value of a University Laptop Program

In the fall of 2000, when a mandatory laptop program was initiated at a Midwest regional university, a faculty research team began a longitudinal study to determine student perceptions of the value of the program. Value was defined as usefulness of the computer, reasonable price for the computer and the quality of the computer. A survey of 1,000 first-time full time university students were surveyed in 2000 and five years later in the fall of 2005. Significant differences were found on all three variables indicating that student perceptions of the usefulness, price, and quality of the computer increased from 2000 to 2005. Based on these findings, recommendations are offered to administrators and faculty who may be considering the adoption of a computer requirement.
Future of combination therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib in metastatic melanoma

Introduction: Combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors is a recommended treatment strategy for metastatic melanoma patients with BRAFV600 mutations. This treatment provides significant response rates and little added toxicity, with relatively improved survival outcomes compared to RAF/MEK inhibitor monotherapy and chemotherapy.Areas covered: This review covers the pharmacology, efficacy, and toxicity data derived from clinical studies of dabrafenib, trametinib, and the combination thereof. The major downfall of combiDT is the limited durability of response, which is largely due to acquired resistance in the MAPK pathway.Expert opinion: Future directions of combiDT concentrate on further combinations with immunotherapy or other targeted inhibitors, referred to triple-agent therapy, which may be essential to improving durability of responses and overcoming resistance.
Effect of Sindbis virus infection on induction of heat shock proteins in Aedes albopictus cells.

When Aedes albopictus cells (clone C7) were infected with Sindbis virus, the production of cytopathic effect CPE depended largely on the conditions under which the cells were cultured. We observed marked inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, as well as a loss of the ability to induce heat shock proteins, e.g., hsp70, under conditions which led to cytopathic effect. Infected cells in which heat shock proteins could no longer be induced contained much lower amounts of hsp70 mRNA after heat shock than did mock-infected cells which were similarly treated. It is suggested that this decreased level of hsp70 mRNA is due to a failure of these cells to synthesize hsp70 mRNA after heat shock.