cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Security Intelligence through Social Network Data Mining

Social media is the most responsive method in modern times for communication through the Internet platform. Social media has evolved and continued to shape how we communicate to share our opinions and feelings. It has brought in a consistent real-time communication pattern that has never been in existence before now. Young and older people, organizations, government institutions, professional bodies, etc., have dedicated social media presence through which they interact with other users. Social media also serves as a strong network engine that links users irrespective of their geographical locations. This new communication platform will be available in the future with a significant role in global communication enhancement. Hence, there is an urgent need to study usage patterns in social media platforms to proffer automated systems that intelligence agencies can utilize as a service for national security incidents prevention. This research study proposes an automated machine learning model that can enhance quick intervention to national security incidents through social media data mining.
An Encryption Architecture Suitable for on Chip Integration With Sensors

This paper demonstrates a hardware encryption algorithm that can be integrated directly with sensors on the same chip. In contrast to using power-hungry microprocessors and software implementations, the encryption algorithm was based on a Lorenz chaotic system and was implemented as time scaling chaotic shift keying (TS-CSK). The coupled differential equations of TS-CSK were implemented using low power integrators, multiplexers, switches, and passive components. Both a single-ended and differential system was developed. The single-ended based system showed no oscillation, while the differential based system demonstrated oscillation. Experimental measurements of the differential system with an integrated temperature sensor demonstrated the ability to encrypt and decrypt the transmitted signal. The differential encryption/decryption system was implemented in 180 nm technology and operated with a 1.8 V power supply and 1.5 mW of power.
Trauma-Informed Pedagogy for Gender, Sexuality and Wholeness in Religious Education.

The cognitive, emotional, physical, gendered, sexual, and spiritual dimensions of human nature and experience are inseparable and intricate parts of every education anchored in religion. Incorporat...
Big data analytics for modeling COVID-19 and comorbidities: An unmet need

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health crisis since December 2019, when the first infection was reported in Wuhan, China. The critical and lethal advancement of this disease is associated with the failure of multiple organs including, but not limited to, the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, etc., which makes it very challenging to understand. Current high-throughput technologies generate multi-omics datasets to enable a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of different organs at the cellular and molecular level. To understand the multi-organ impact of COVID-19 and the mechanistic aspects of disease prognosis and its interactions with other comorbidities, computational approaches need to be implemented by integrating data from multiple organs, correlating results across data types, and applying machine learning (ML) tools on the high-throughput data.
Public Opinion and Political Viability of Budget

What are the political prospects of various plans to boost revenue or reduce spending? One way to answer is via opinion polls. Few say they support broad tax increases or spending cuts on education or Medicaid. Targeted taxes on the wealthy and reductions in benefits to state employees, by contrast, generate positive reactions. However, caution is always in order with polls. Some opinions seem open to change. For instance, support for raising taxes on the rich falls when people are told what rates they currently pay, on average. Support for cutting spending on schools can rise when people are informed of present spending levels. Unfamiliar proposals often generate negative reactions or partisan reactions if they are perceived as coming from only one party. Generally, the public understands that Illinois is in bad shape, but many skeptical about solutions and tired of hearing endless discussion of “crises.”
A comparative histochemical mapping of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase activities in the human brain.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparative histochemical mapping of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–diaphorase (NAD-d) activities in the human brain. The chapter also discusses the reliability of histochemical mappings of Ache in the brain and the probable significance of the uneven distribution of Ache in various fiber tracts. A comparison of the distribution patterns of Ache in gray matter with those of other substances presumably involved in neuronal transmission is also presented in the chapter. The presentation of the data rests on microphotographs and a description of differences in terms of more or less staining. This shortcoming has been overcome for a few histochemical methods, e.g., for NAD-d that can be quantitated by extraction and spectrophotometric determination of the amount of formazan formed in the tissue by the histochemical reaction, using small discs punched from the tissue sections. No such method is available for the histochemical quantitation of Ache activity.
Effective task training strategies for human and robot instructors

From teaching in labs to training for assembly, a role that robots are expected to play is to instruct their users in completing physical tasks. While instruction requires a range of capabilities, such as use of verbal and nonverbal language, a fundamental requirement for an instructional robot is to provide its students with instructions in a way that maximizes their task performance. In this paper, we present an autonomous instructional robot and investigate how different instructional strategies affect user performance and experience. Our analysis of human instructor---trainee interactions identified two key instructional strategies: (1) grouping instructions together and (2) summarizing the outcome of subsequent instructions. We implemented these strategies into a humanlike robot that autonomously instructed its users in a pipe-assembly task. To achieve autonomous instruction, we also developed a repair mechanism that enabled the robot to correct mistakes and misunderstandings. An evaluation of the instructional strategies in a human---robot interaction study showed that employing the grouping strategy resulted in faster task completion and increased rapport with the robot, although it also increased the number of task breakdowns. A comparison of our results with the human instructor---trainee interactions revealed many similarities, areas where our model for robot instructors could be improved, and the nuanced ways in which human instructors use training strategies such as summarization. Our findings offer strong implications for the design of instructional robots and directions of future research.
In-Situ Electron Microscopy Testing of 1-D Nanostructures

Over the past decade, there has been a major thrust to reduce the size of electronic and electromechanical systems to the nanometer scale by fabricating devices out of thin films, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanowires (NWs). In these applications, a thorough understanding of material mechanical, electrical and thermal properties as well as device performance and reliability requires the development of novel experimental approaches. In this plenary lecture, two such experimental methodologies will be introduced and discussed. The first addresses the development of MEMS devices for in-situ electron microscopy mechanical testing of thin films and one dimensional (1-D) nanostructures [1, 2]. The second experimental methodology addresses the in-situ SEM testing of NEMS to assess device electro-mechanical performance (pull-in voltage, I-V curves, and time response) and reliability [3].
Construction of orthonormal wavelets using Kampe de Feriet functions

One of the main aims of this paper is to bridge the gap between two branches of mathematics, special functions and wavelets. This is done by showing how special functions can be used to construct orthonormal wavelet bases in a multiresolution analysis setting. The construction uses hypergeometric functions of one and two variables and a generalization of the latter, known as Kampe de Feriet functions. The mother wavelets constructed by this process are entire functions given by rapidly converging power series that allow easy and fast numerical evaluation. Explicit representation of wavelets facilitates, among other things, the study of the analytic properties of wavelets.
Courts as Entrepreneurs: The Case of the Indian Mid‐Day Meals Programme

This article reconsiders the role of courts as policy entrepreneurs by presenting a detailed case study of India's Mid-Day Meals Programme. In 2001, the Indian Supreme Court (SCI) passed a landmark decision, finding for the right to food and forcing the Indian government to implement a sweeping range of policies related to food consumption. Through an analysis of the court case orders for the school feeding program, this article argues that the SCI can be considered a policy entrepreneur as an advocate for the food consumption programs, but, more importantly, because their actions changed the social conditions in India. The article develops an alternative understanding of courts as policy makers that focuses on the interactive and iterative nature of the court process in order to detail how courts can act as policy entrepreneurs. It demonstrates the courts’ potential for creating real policy change.
Implications of Pure Electronic Commerce for Vertical Integration

This article identifies how pure electronic commerce transforms the creatorpublisher relationship in the book and software industries. Pure electronic commerce refers to a transaction that uses information systems to avoid physical exchange and occurs entirely in the digital form. Using coordination and transaction cost theory as a theoretical framework, this article posits that coordination costs are a key determinant of vertical integration and intermediary tasks in the digital industries and help explain why the transition to pure electronic commerce has been slow. Despite the fledging state of the transformation, the article analyzes the two digital industries in such areas as compatibility standards, complexity of product development, after-sales support, intellectual property, development funding and marketing risks, and brand. The analysis of industry transformation leads to the conclusion that software is likely to be more vertically Implications of Pure Electronic Commerce for Vertical Integration 107 integrated than books. Also, once the coordination cost barrier is overcome, it is likely that there will be more vertical integration between developers/authors and publishers, which in turn may result in fewer, larger publishers and that publishers will eventually gain relative market power over the developers/authors.
Sources of interplanetary dust

Attention is centered on cosmic dust measures made by sensors on Pioneers 8 and 9 in Earth-like orbits. The conclusion follows Zook and Berg that the particles are largely “β-meteoroids,” interplanetary impact debris expelled by solar radiation pressure. An analysis of periodic comet orbits and comets observed during the missions failed to yield correlations, except possibly for debris from Comet Encke. A treatment of β-meteoroids from this stream is presented.
Small gut mucosal activities of pyrimidine precursor enzymes in celiac disease

Summary The increased mitotic cell count in the small intestinal mucosa in celiac disease has given rise to question as to whether increased cell turnover or prolonged mitosis were occurring. Two enzymes in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, aspartate carbamoyl transferase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, have been measured in rat and human intestinal mucosa. Activities of aspartate carbamoyl transferase in normal mucosa obtained at surgery were 247 ± 114 nmoles per g per min. No inhibition of activity of this enzyme was noted after addition of cytidine mono-, di-, or triphosphate. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity was 18.1 ± 9.2 nmoles per g per min from intestinal mucosa obtained at surgery. Peroral biopsy samples from normal subjects showed aspartate carbamoyl transferase activity of 282 ± 142 nmoles and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity of 9.9 ± 8.6 nmoles per g per min. Mucosa obtained from patients with celiac disease snowed normal or elevated enzyme activities; the more severe lesions showed the higher levels. These results provide indirect evidence to support increased cell turnover rather than maturation arrest in mitosis in the small intestinal epithelial cells in celiac disease.
The Hispanic Clinic for Pediatric Surgery: A model to improve parent-provider communication for Hispanic pediatric surgery patients.

Abstract Introduction 26 million Americans have limited English proficiency (LEP). It is well established that language barriers adversely affect health and health care. Despite growing awareness of language barriers, there is essentially a void in the medical literature regarding the influence of language disparity on pediatric surgery patients. This study was designed to assess the impact of patient–provider language concordance on question-asking behavior and patient satisfaction for pediatric surgery patients. Methods Participants included families of patients in a General Pediatric Surgery Clinic categorized into 3 groups by patient–provider language concordance: concordant English-speaking, LEP concordant Spanish-speaking, and LEP discordant Spanish-speaking using an interpreter. Clinical visits were audio recorded and the number of patient-initiated questions and the length of clinical encounter were measured. Families were administered a surgery-specific, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire modeled after validated surveys concerning communication, trust, perceived discrimination and patient–provider language concordance. Regression models were performed to analyze associations between language concordance and patient's question-asking behavior and between language concordance and survey results. Results A total of 156 participants were enrolled including 57 concordant-English, 52 LEP concordant-Spanish and 47 LEP-discordant-Spanish. There was significant variation in the mean number of patient-initiated questions among the groups (p=0.002). Both the English and Spanish concordant groups asked a similar number of questions (p=0.9), and they both asked more questions compared to the Spanish-discordant participants (p=0.002 and p=0.001). Language discordance was associated with fewer questions asked after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Language concordant participants rated higher scores of communication. Both Spanish-concordant and Spanish-discordant patients reported significantly increased preference for, and value of language concordant care. Language discordant participants reported that they desired to ask more questions but were limited by a language barrier (p=0.001). Conclusions In a pediatric surgery clinic, language concordant care increases the number of patient-asked questions during a clinical visit and improves communication suggesting that discordant care is a potential source of disparities in access to information. Future efforts should focus on expanding access to language concordant providers in other surgery subspecialties as a step towards limiting disparities in surgical care for all patients.
An engineering technology graduate course in manufacturability: applying design and manufacturing knowledge

The course entitled "Manufacturability" was first presented by the Purdue University School of Technology in the fall of 1994. Developed as a laboratory-based dual graduate/undergraduate level engineering technology course, it addressed the need for refinement of engineering technology students' expertise in the design of products and manufacturing processes. This paper describes the topics and delivery of this course as presented in the Fall, 1995 semester.
Randomized controlled trial of volume-targeted synchronized ventilation and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation following initial exogenous surfactant therapy.

We set out to evaluate the impact of volume-targeted synchronized ventilation and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) on the early physiologic response to surfactant replacement therapy in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). We hypothesized that volume-targeted, patient-triggered synchronized ventilation would stabilize minute ventilation at a lower respiratory rate than that seen during volume-targeted IMV, and that synchronization would improve oxygenation and decrease variation in measured tidal volume (V(t)). This was a prospective, randomized study of 30 hospitalized neonates with RDS. Infants were randomly assigned to volume-targeted ventilation using IMV (n = 10), synchronized IMV (SIMV; n = 10), or assist/control ventilation (A/C; n = 10) after meeting eligibility requirements and before initial surfactant treatment. Following measurements of arterial blood gases and cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, infants received surfactant. Infants were studied for 6 hr following surfactant treatment. Infants assigned to each mode of ventilation had similar birth weight, gestational age, and Apgar scores at birth, and similar oxygenation indices at randomization. Three patients were eliminated from final data analysis because of exclusionary conditions unknown at randomization. Oxygenation improved significantly following surfactant therapy in all groups by 1 hr after surfactant treatment (P < 0.05). No further improvements occurred with time. Total respiratory rate was lowest (P < 0.05) and variation in tidal volume (V(t)) was least in the A/C group (P < 0. 05). Minute ventilation (V(')(E)), delivered airway pressures, respiratory system mechanics, and hemodynamic parameters were similar in all groups. We conclude that volume-targeted A/C ventilation resulted in more consistent tidal volumes at lower total respiratory rates than IMV or SIMV. Oxygenation and lung mechanics were not altered by synchronization, possibly due to the volume-targeting strategy. Of the modes studied, A/C, a fully-synchronized mode, may be the most efficient method of mechanical ventilator support in neonates receiving surfactant for treatment of RDS.
Mechanisms of resistance to the red sunflower seed weevil in sunflower accessions

In the northern Great Plains of North America, internal seed feeding by larvae of the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, causes economic damage to sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Our purpose was to identify sunflower germplasm with resistance to the red sunflower seed weevil and to determine mechanisms of resistance. In 1986, 300 sunflower accessions were evaluated for the percentage of seed damaged by red sunflower seed weevil larvae. In 1987, six accessions selected on the basis of the 1986 results were evaluated for resistance to the red sunflower seed weevil. The selected accessions had flowering dates comparable to the susceptible check. The percentage of seeds with exit holes (emerged and successfully developed larvae), with larvae (unemerged larvae remaining in the seed), with inclusive damage (total percentage of seeds with exit holes or larvae), and with adult feeding or oviposition scars was used to test for larval antibiosis and adult preference. Larval antibiosis was detected in accessions 251465, 175730, 170407 and 170408 which had significantly higher percentages of seeds with larvae than did the susceptible check. The percentages of seeds with larvae and with inclusive damage were positively correlated with adult feeding or oviposition scars. Therefore, in the accessions tested, larval infestations appeared to be at least partially determined by adult red sunflower seed weevil preference.
Quality or quantity: the direct and indirect effects of host plants on herbivores and their natural enemies

Resource quality (plant nitrogen) and resource quantity (plant density) have often been argued to be among the most important factors influencing herbivore densities. A difficulty inherent in the studies that manipulate resource quality, by changing nutrient levels, is that resource quantity can be influenced simultaneously, i.e. fertilized plants grow more. In this study we disentangled the potentially confounding effects of plant quality and quantity on herbivore trophic dynamics by separately manipulating nutrients and plant density, while simultaneously reducing pressure from natural enemies (parasitoids) in a fully factorial design. Plant quality of the sea oxeye daisy, Borrichia frutescens, a common coastal species in Florida, was manipulated by adding nitrogen fertilizer to increase and sugar to decrease available nitrogen. Plant density was manipulated by pulling by hand 25 or 50% of Borrichia stems on each plot. Because our main focal herbivore was a gall making fly, Asphondylia borrichiae, which attacks only the apical meristems of plants, manipulating plant nitrogen levels was a convenient and reliable way to change plant quality without impacting quantity because fertilizer and sugar altered plant nitrogen content but not plant density. Our other focal herbivore was a sap-sucker, Pissonotus quadripustulatus, which taps the main veins of leaves. Parasitism of both herbivores was reduced via yellow sticky traps that caught hymenopteran parasitoids. Plant quality significantly affected the per stem density of both herbivores, with fertilization increasing, and sugar decreasing the densities of the two species but stem density manipulations had no significant effects. Parasitoid removal significantly increased the densities of both herbivores. Top-down manipulations resulted in a trophic cascade, as the density of Borrichia stems decreased significantly on parasitoid removal plots. This is because reduced parasitism increases gall density and galls can kill plant stems. In this system, plant quality and natural enemies impact per stem herbivore population densities but plant density does not.
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Q Fever by the Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society

This issue in the series Current Topics in Military Tropical Medicine focuses on Q Fever. Q fever is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Over 150 confirmed cases have occurred among U.S. military personnel deployed to Iraq since 2007. Acute Q fever is underdiagnosed because of a myriad of possible clinical presentations but typically presents as a flu-like illness. The most common chronic manifestation is endocarditis. Most providers are not familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, or appropriate follow-up of this disease. In order to facilitate the care of patients infected with C. burnetii, the Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society convened a panel of experts in the field to develop practical guidelines for those caring for infected patients. The recommendations and rationale are reviewed in this article.
Low-power design techniques for scaled technologies

Scaling of transistor feature sizes has provided a remarkable advancement in silicon industry for last three decades. However, while the performance increases due to scaling, the power density increases substantially every generation due to higher integration density. Furthermore, the demand for power-sensitive design has grown significantly in recent years due to tremendous growth in portable applications. Consequently, the need for power-efficient design techniques has grown considerably. Several efficient design techniques have been proposed to reduce both dynamic as well as static power in state-of-the-art VLSI circuit applications. In this paper, we discuss different circuit techniques that are used to maintain the power consumption (both static and dynamic) within a limit while achieving the highest possible performance.
Cellular and Subcellular Distribution of 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleotide 3′‐Phosphodiesterase and Its mRNA in the Rat Central Nervous System

The 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterases (CNPs) are closely related oligodendrocyte proteins whose in vivo function is unknown. To identify subcellular sites of CNP function, the distribution of CNP and CNP mRNA was determined in tissue sections from rats of various developmental ages. Our results indicate that CNP gene products were expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes in the CNS. CNP mRNA was concentrated around oligodendrocyte perinuclear regions during all stages of myelination. Developmentally, initial detection of CNP mRNA closely paralleled initial detection of its translation products. In electron micrographs of immunostained ultrathin cryosections, CNP was associated with oligodendrocyte membranes during the earliest phase of axonal ensheathment. In more mature fibers, immunocytochemistry established that the CNPs are not major components of compact myelin but are concentrated within specific regions of the oligodendrocyte and myelin internode. These include (a) the plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes and their processes, (b) the periaxonal membrane and inner mesaxon, (c) the outer tongue process, (d) the paranodal myelin loops, and (e) the "incisure-like" membranes found in many larger CNS myelin sheaths. A cytoplasmic pool of CNP was also detected in oligodendrocyte perikarya and larger oligodendrocyte processes. CNP was also enriched in similar locations in myelinated fibers of the PNS.
Prolactin enhancement of its own uptake at the choroid plexus.

The choroid plexus contains PRL receptors that function in part to transport PRL from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The blood PRL concentration of female rats was altered by 1) three daily injections of haloperidol (chronic hyperprolactinemia) with or without bromocriptine administration 4 h before death, 2) bromocriptine alone for 4 h (acute hypoprolactinemia), and 3) a single vascular injection of ovine PRL (acute hyperprolactinemia). Changes in the uptake of PRL by the choroid plexus was assessed by quantitative in vivo autoradiography after the injection of radiolabeled PRL. Correlation of changes in PRL uptake at the choroid plexus with changes in PRL transport from blood to CSF was evaluated by subjecting CSF samples to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after vascular injection of radiolabeled PRL. Autoradiography revealed that both chronic and acute hyperprolactinemia resulted in a significant increase in the uptake of radiolabeled PRL by the choroid plexus c...
Use of an angular transformation for ratio estimation in cost-effectiveness analysis.

Economic evaluations of medical technologies involve a consideration of both costs and clinical benefits, and an increasing number of clinical studies include a specific objective of assessing cost-effectiveness. These studies measure the trade-off between costs and benefits using the cost-effectiveness ratio (CE ratio), which is defined as the net incremental cost per unit of benefit provided by the candidate therapy. In this paper we review the statistical methods which have been proposed for estimating 95 per cent confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios. We show that the use of an angular transformation of the standardized ratio stabilizes the variance of the estimated CE ratio, and provides a clearer interpretation of study results. An estimate of the 95 per cent confidence interval for the CE ratio in the transformed scale is easily made using the jack-knife or bootstrap. The available methods are compared using data from a long term study of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure.
Stochastic models for the random location of individuals in a habitat

Abstract Various probabilistic models for the random locations of individuals in a region are considered. Models for both infinite and finite regions are developed. In the literature, certain marginal distributions are used to characterize the numbers of individuals in subregions. Relationships between these marginal distributions and our probabilistic models are discussed.
Hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, and macroprolactinemia.

Excerpt To the Editor:We read with interest the excellent review on thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas by Gesundheit and colleagues (1). Elevated serum prolactin levels were found in seven of...
Laparoscopic and histologic evaluation of the inguinal vanishing testis

Abstract Objectives. Visual inspection of the spermatic cord vessels and vas deferens during laparoscopy now frequently determines further treatment. We set out to explore the implications of atretic spermatic cord vessels and vas deferens entering the inguinal ring, a finding noted on laparoscopic examination in some patients with a nonpalpable testis, and that we refer to as the inguinal vanishing testis. Methods. We reviewed our series of 35 patients with nonpalpable testes with regard to the laparoscopic, surgical, and histopathologic findings of the involved gonadal structures. Results. We noted atretic vessels and vas deferens entering the inguinal ring in 14 patients in this series. All 14 patients underwent open inguinal exploration. Histopathologic findings revealed fibrosis and hemosiderin deposits alone in 13 patients. One specimen had a microscopic focus of residual seminiferous tubules. No specimen contained dysgenetic gonadal tissue. Conclusions. We submit that patients with inguinal vanishing testes do not need to undergo inguinal exploration to remove residual testicular tissue. Only rarely will viable seminiferous tubules be found, so the risk of malignant degeneration is remote. The histopathologic findings suggest that the inguinal vanishing testis occurs secondary to a vascular accident in utero or in the neonatal period.
Negative contrast as a function of reinforcement location and consistent vs. varied reward magnitude

Subsequent to receiving small reward magnitude in the straight runway during Stage 1, rats were given consistently large magnitude of reward or varied large and small reward during placement trials (Stage 2) in a housing cage or in the goalbox. During Stage 3, only animals receiving consistently large magnitude of reward in goalbox placement trials showed a successive negative contrast effect. The results were supportive of frustration theory.
An algorithm for an invariant canonical form

An algorithm is presented which computes the invariant canonical form [1], [2], for a linear multivariable system in state-space form and the transformation matrices which produce this canonical form. An example is given of the algorithm.
Bestimmung der Inhibition der mitochondrialen Biogenese

Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the mitochondrial genome, termed mitobiogenesis. Measuring mitobiogenesis is useful for early toxicity screening of new drug candidates. This requires an assay that is quantitative, specific, and reproducible and is also flexible enough to be applied in a variety of cell types.
Relative expression of D3 dopamine receptor and alternative splice variant D3nf mRNA in high and low responders to novelty

Studies in rodents suggest an important role for the D3 dopamine receptor in regulating locomotor responses to spatial novelty and psychostimulants. The D3 receptor alternatively spliced variant D3nf produces a non-dopamine binding protein that may alter D3 receptor localization by dimerizing with the full-length receptor. In the high responder/low responder (HR/LR) model, the locomotor response to an inescapable, novel spatial environment predicts individual differences in the locomotor and rewarding effects of psychostimulants. We hypothesized that individual differences in D3 receptor expression could contribute to individual differences in the locomotor response to novelty in the HR/LR model. To test this hypothesis, we screened rats for response to a novel spatial environment and analyzed brain tissue for mRNA levels of the D3 receptor and D3nf by real-time RT-PCR. The ratios of D3/D3nf mRNA in prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum were significantly lower in HRs than in LRs. There were no differences in relative expression of D3/D3nf between HRs and LRs in nucleus accumbens. These data further support a role for the D3 dopamine receptor in behavioral responses to novelty and, given the established relationship between novelty and psychostimulant responses, suggest that the D3 receptor may be an important target for assessment of drug abuse vulnerability. Additionally, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alternative splicing may contribute to regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function.
Endotoxin effect on respiration of rat liver mitochondria

Abstract Isolated rat liver mitochondria in sucrose medium were subjected to challenge by the endotoxins of various bacterial species, particularly the lipopolysaccharide extracted from Escherichia coli 026:B6 by the Boivin method. Manometric and oxygen electrode studies showed a marked inhibition of respiration in the challenged mitochondria when the oxygen uptake was stimulated by citrate, α-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate (with malate as a primer). Little or no inhibition was observed when the respiration-stimulating substrate was succinate or glutamate.
The Marcus-Gunn phenomenon: A review of 80 cases (an update)

The Marcus-Gunn phenomenon remains a fascinating entity, key features continue to be challenges to both neuro-ophthalmologists and ophthalmic surgeons. The treatment of Marcus-Gunn patients remains challenging.
Isolation and culture of the terminally differentiated adult mammalian ventricular cardiac muscle cell

We have carried out systematic studies to optimize and standardize methodology to isolate and culture the adult rat ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Four hearts were perfused simultaneously with a calcium-free medium containing collagenase. The ventricular tissue was then minced and further digested to liberate individual cells. Approximately 16 million rod-shaped muscle cells were obtained. The plating efficiency has been greatly improved by culturing the cells in a conditioned medium prepared from a rabbit corneal cell line. This medium also contained added fetal bovine serum, essential and nonessential amino acids, vitamins, insulin, transferrin, and 25 trace minerals. The culture flasks were precoated with rat-tail collagen. Fibroblast contamination was virtually eliminated by including cytosine arabinoside in the medium during the first 7 d of culture. After this time the cells could be cultured in the absence of serum in a chemically defined medium composed of MEM, vitamins, nonessential amino acids, and trace minerals. They continued to contract spontaneously and do well in this medium for at least 3 d thereafter. This improved methodology resulted in a reproducible culture system with improved plating efficiency. It provided a new and unique system to study the structure and function of the adult mammalian ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
The Effect of Ion Mass and Ion Energy on the Sensitivity of Ilford Q 2 Plates as Ion Detectors in Mass Spectrography

The sensitivity of Ilford Q2 photographic plates as detectors in mass spectrography has been investigated. The dependence of the sensitivity on the mass and energy of the impinging ions has been determined from the relative darkening of the emulsion produced by a fixed number of ions of mass 13 through 198 accelerated by voltages between 1.88 and 15 kv. The sensitivity was found to increase with increasing ion energy and to decrease with ion mass.
Social psychological correlates of teachers' language attitudes

In this paper, we examine social psychological correlates of teachers' linguistic diversity attitudes. We surveyed 191 regular-classroom teachers in 3 states (Arizona, Utah, and Virginia) to determine the relative effects of psychological insecurity, political ideology, cognitive sophistication, and educational level on language attitudes. Region of the country was included as a contextual variable. We tested the effects of education and cognitive sophistication on tolerance of language minority groups. Psychological insecurity measures and political conservatism were associated with negative language attitudes. Cognitive sophistication but not education was related to positive language attitudes. Teachers from Arizona had more positive language attitudes than did their counterparts in Utah and Virginia. We discuss the implications of our research for inservice and teacher-education programs directed toward constructive attitude change around language diversity issues.
Fathers’ patenting behavior and the propensity of offspring to patent: an intergenerational analysis

In this paper we show that the patenting behavior of innovators is correlated with the patenting behavior of their fathers. Our argument for exploring this relationship stems from established theories of entrepreneurial behavior, specifically theories on intergenerational behavior. Our empirical analyses are based on survey data collected from MIT’s Technology Review (TR) winners.
Investigation of Temperature-Driven Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Phase-Change-Induced Flow

The objective of this work is to investigate phase-change-induced water transport of polymer electrolyte fuel cell materials subjected to a temperature gradient. Contrary to thermo-osmotic flow in fuel cell membranes, a net flux of water was found to flow from the hot to the cold side of the full membrane electrode assembly. The key to this is the existence of some gas phase in the catalyst layer or other porous media. This mode of transport is a result of phase-change-induced flow. The measured water transport through the membrane electrode assembly is the net effect of mass diffusion as well as thermo-osmosis in the membrane, which moves counter to the direction of the phase-change-induced flow. Arrhenius functions that are dependent on material set, temperature gradient, and average temperature across the materials were developed that describe the net flux. In addition to direct quantification, phase-change-induced flow was visualized and confirmed using high-resolution neutron radiography.
Behavioral evidence of trigeminal neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve

Video recordings of free behavior and responses to mechanical facial stimulation were analyzed to assess whether chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the rat's infraorbital nerve (IoN) results in behavioral alterations indicative of neuropathic pain. A unilateral CCI was produced by placing loose chromic gut ligatures around the IoN. After CCI to the IoN, rats exhibited changes in both non-evoked and evoked behavior. Behavioral changes developed in two phases. Early after CCI (postoperative days 1–15), rats showed increased face-grooming activity with face-wash strokes directed to the injured nerve territory, while the responsiveness to stimulation of this area was decreased. Later after CCI (postoperative days 15–130), the prevalence of asymmetric face grooming was reduced but remained significantly increased compared to control rats. The early hyporesponsiveness was abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness: all stimulus intensities applied to the injured nerve territory evoked the “maximal” response (brisk head withdrawal, avoidance behavior plus directed face grooming). This response was never observed in control rats. Concurrently, IoN ligation rats showed a limited increase in the responsiveness to stimulation of the contralateral IoN territory, and around postoperative days 30–40 the responsiveness to stimulation of facial areas outside the IoN territories also increased. The hyperresponsiveness to stimulation of the ligated IoN territory slightly decreased from 60 d postoperative. Throughout the study, IoN ligation rats showed decreased exploratory behavior, displayed more freezing-like behavior, had a slower body weight gain, and a higher defecation rate, compared to control rats. The behavioral alterations observed after CCI to the IoN are indicative of severe sensory disturbances within the territory of the injured nerve: mechanical allodynia develops after a period of relative hypo- /anesthesia during which behavioral signs of recurrent spontaneous, aversive (possibly painful) sensations (paresthesias/dysesthesias) are maximal.
Long-Term Survival After Open Repair of Chronic Distal Aortic Dissection

Background The optimal treatment of chronic distal aortic dissection remains controversial, with endovascular stent-graft techniques challenging traditional surgery. Methods From January 1994 to April 2007, 104 patients (82 male, median age 60.5 years) with chronic distal aortic dissection underwent surgical repair, 0 to 21 years after initial diagnosis of acute type A or B dissection (median 2.1 years). Twenty-three (22%) patients underwent urgent-emergent surgery. Mean aortic diameter was 6.9 ± 1.4 cm. Indications for surgery, other than aortic expansion, were pain in 6 (6%) patients, malperfusion in 6 (6%), and rupture in 11 (11%). Forty-nine (47%) had previous cardioaortic surgery (29% dissection-related), 21 (20%) had coronary artery disease, 12 (12%) had Marfan syndrome, and 4 (4%) were on chronic dialysis. Twenty-six (25%) had a thrombosed false lumen. Thirty (29%) patients required reimplantation of visceral arteries; 8.3 ± 2.7 segmental artery pairs were sacrificed. Results Hospital mortality was 9.6% (10 patients). Paraplegia occurred in 5 (4.8%). Twenty-seven patients (26%) experienced adverse outcome (death within one year, paraplegia, stroke, or dialysis). Adverse outcome was associated with atheroma ( p = 0.04, odds ratio=4.3). Survival was 78% at 1, 68% at 5, and 59% at 10 years (average follow-up, 7.7 ± 4.1 years). Freedom from distal aortic reoperation was 99% at 1, 93% at 5, and 83% at 10 years. After one year, patients enjoyed longevity equivalent to a normal age-sex matched population (standardized mortality ratio=1.38, p = 0.23). By multivariate analysis, atheroma ( p = 0.0005, relative risk=9.32) and age ( p = 0.0003, relative risk=1.15/year) were risk factors for long-term survival. Conclusions The efficacy of open repair for distal chronic dissection is highlighted by normal survival after the first year, and a low reoperation-reintervention rate.
Fuzzy direct sums of fuzzy rings

Abstract In this paper we introduce the concepts of the fuzzy weak direct sum and the fuzzy complete direct sum of fuzzy subrings of commutative rings. We prove some basic properties analogous to those of ordinary rings.
Three-dimensional dynamic self-assembly of spinning magnetic disks: Vortex crystals

This paper describes dynamic self-assembly of millimeter-sized, magnetized disks floating at two parallel interfaces and spinning under the influence of a rotating, external magnetic field. All disks experience a central, confining magnetic potential, and interact with one another hydrodynamically both in the plane of the interface, and between the interfaces. The interactions between the disks spinning on different interfaces are repulsive for low rotational speeds, and attractive for high rotational speeds. The interplay between magnetic and hydrodynamic forces acting in the system leads to the formation of quasi three-dimensional, ordered aggregates. Changing the rotation speeds of the disks can reversibly change the morphologies of these aggregates.
Parameter Estimation And In-Plane Distortion Invariant Chord Processing

An attractive feature space (chord distributions) for pattern recognition is discussed. New advancements presented are: extensions to 3-D in-plane and out-of-plane distortion-invariant object recognition; new techniques to allow estimation of in-plane distortion parameters; and a new technique to achieve class estimation in the presence of multiple distortions. Quantitative results are provided for a ship data base (for out-of-plane distortions) and for an aircraft data base (for in-plane distortions).
Screening of halophilic bacteria and Alteromonas species for organophosphorus hydrolyzing enzyme activity

Previously, a G-type nerve agent degrading enzyme activity was found in a halophilic bacterial isolate designated JD6.5. This organism was tentatively identified as an unknown species of the genus Alteromonas. In order to determine whether this type of enzyme activity was common in other species of Alteromonas, a screening program was initiated. A number of Alteromonas species and five halophilic bacterial isolates were cultured and their crude cell extracts screened for hydrolytic activity against several organophosphorus chemical agents and other related compounds. The samples were also screened for cross-reactivity with a monoclonal antibody raised against the purified enzyme from JD6.5 and for hybridization with a DNA probe based on its N-terminal amino acid sequence A wide spectrum of activities and reactivities were seen, suggesting a significant heterogeneity between the functionally similar enzymes that are present in these bacterial species. Enzymes of the type described here have considerable potential for the decontamination and demilitarization of chemical warfare agents.
Accurate Time and Frequency Transfer During Common-View of a GPS Satellite

Summary First, Clock A and a GPS receiver are used to Even though the GPS is primarily a navigation deduce from a GPS sate1 1 ite' s ephemeris, from system, if two clocks at known coordinates A and B clock .A's location, and from received GPS time are in common-view of a single GPS satellite, receivers at these two clock sites may coinciden- decoded from the same satellite, the time differtally receive transmitted GPS clock times. By ence (Clock A - GPS time). This method is the subtracting the received times of arrivals as measured by clocks A and B at the two sites while simplest and least accurate (estimated to be compensating for the propagation delays, one has better than about 100 ns with respect to GPS an accurate measure of the time difference between time),2 but has global coverage, is in the receiveclock A and clock B. When all of the error contributions are only mode, requires no other data, yields receiver
A twinning study

For some materials the constitutive function may be multi-valued. One such material is a twinned crystal, which consists of two regions related by a symmetry transformation. In this paper, multi-valued functions based on twinning, trilling, etc., are examined. Group theory is used to obtain some new results on the invariance groups of multi-valued constitutive functions. With these results and ideas of material symmetry used in classical elasticity, estimates for the invariance groups are provided. In addition, a theorem is proved which gives a necessary and sufficient condition relating the invariance group of any branch to the number of branches of the constitutive function. Finally, an example is worked out which uses the theory of stress-free joints. In this example, various ways of bonding two regions together so that the resulting crystals forms a twin are shown.
Optical Anisotropy of Silicon Single Crystals

The birefringence of Si single crystal was measured for He-Ne laser light of wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.15$ \ensuremath{\mu} propagating along $〈110〉$ directions, and found to be $\ensuremath{\Delta}n={n}_{〈110〉}\ensuremath{-}{n}_{〈100〉}=(5.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. For $〈100〉$ and $〈111〉$ directions of propagation, no birefringence was observed. The magnitude and symmetry of the observed optical response as well as the spectral dependence of birefringence are in good agreement with the theory of spatial dispersion in cubic crystals.