cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA strand breaks and DNA repair response in lymphocytes after chronic in vivo exposure to very low doses of ionizing radiation in mice

Abstract In contrast to the well-documented negative effects of high-dose oxidant exposure, accumulating evidence supports a positive, perhaps essential physiologic role for very low-level oxidant stress. For example, low-level oxidant exposure, within or below the physiologic range, has been reported to stimulate membrane signal transduction, proliferation, antioxidant defense and DNA repair. In the present study, we have examined whether whole-body exposure to low-dose radiation (LDR) results in an alteration in constitutive (steady state) levels of DNA-strand breaks and whether an adaptive increase in DNA-repair response is induced. C57B1/6J mice were exposed to 0.04 Gy (4 cGy) of γ-radiation as a model of low level oxidant stress. End points measured after chronic in vivo LDR included: (1) constitutive expression of DNA-strand breaks in quiescent spleen cells; (2) sensitivity to DNA damage after high-dose radiation exposure in vitro; (3) repair of constitutive and radiation-induced DNA strand breaks after mitogen stimulation: (4) activity of the DNA-repair associated enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose)transferase (ADPRT) and its substrate, NAD. The results indicated that the constitutive expression of DNA-strand breaks is significantly decreased chronic LDR; however, DNA-repair capacity after high-dose radiation exposure is not increased above that observed in sham-irradiated mice. Associated with the reduction in consitutive DNA-strand break accumulation was a decrease in resting levels of the DNA-repair-associated enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) transferase (ADPRT). These results are consistent with the interpretation that cumulative DNA damage and associated DNA-repair activity in unstimulated cells are both reduced after chronic LDR exposure.
New Organo-Lewis Acids. Tris(β-perfluoronaphthyl)borane (PNB) as a Highly Active Cocatalyst for Metallocene-Mediated Ziegler−Natta α-Olefin Polymerization

Tris(β-perfluoronaphthyl)borane (B(C10F7)3, PNB) is synthesized from β-perfluoronaphthyllithium and BCl3 to serve as a new strong organo-Lewis acid cocatalyst. PNB efficiently activates a variety of group 4 dimethyl complexes to form highly active homogeneous Ziegler−Natta olefin polymerization catalysts. Reaction of PNB with rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2 and CGCMMe2 (M = Zr, Ti; CGC = Me2Si(η5-Me4C5)(tBuN)) (1:1 molar ratio) rapidly produces the base-free cationic complexes rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe+MePNB- (1) and CGCMMe+MePNB- (M = Zr, 2; Ti, 3), respectively. The μ-methyl dinuclear cationic complex [(CGCTiMe)2(μ-Me)]+MePNB- (4) is formed when a 2:1 CGCTiMe2:PNB stoichiometry is employed. In the case of group 4 dimethyl zirconocenes, L2ZrMe2 (L = η5-C5H5, Cp; η5-1,2-Me2C5H3, Cp‘‘), reaction in a 1:1 metallocene:PNB ratio affords cationic complexes L2ZrMe+MePNB- (L = Cp, 5; Cp‘‘, 6), while the reaction with a 1:2 molar ratio affords dinuclear μ-methyl cationic complexes [(L2ZrMe)2(μ-Me)]+MePNB- (L = Cp, 7; Cp‘‘, 8). In...
The effect of aspect ratio of inclusions on the elastic properties of unidirectionally aligned composites

This paper examines the influence of aspect ratio α, from zero to infinity, on the effective elastic moduli of a transversely isotropic composite. The reinforcing inclusions, which could be flakes or short fibers, are assumed to be spheroidal and unidirectionally aligned. Of the five independent elastic constants, the longitudinal Young's modulus E11 and in-plane shear modulus μ12 appear to increase with increasing aspect ratio, while the transverse Young's modulus E22, out-plane shear modulus μ23, and plane-strain bulk modulus K23, generally decrease. It is further noted that E11 is more sensitive to α when α > 1 but the others are more so when α < 1. The present analysis was carried out by the combination of Eshelby's and Mori-Tanaka's theories of inclusions.
Correlations, descent measures: drift with migration and mutation

Abstract The analysis of gene frequencies for a nested structure of genes within individuals, individuals within subpopulations, and subpopulations within populations is considered. Alternative parameterizations are provided by measures of correlation and of identity by descent, but the latter parameters provide more flexibility. The effects of population size, mating system, mutation, and migration can be incorporated into transition equations for identity measures and the structure of equilibrium populations can be determined; the procedures are illustrated for a finite island model. With parameters defined before estimation procedures are developed, problems of estimates depending on the numbers of sampled subpopulations are avoided, while the descent measures also avoid the approximations found in other treatments.
What do unions really do? A review article

“All told, if our research findings are correct, the ongoing decline in private sector unionism ... deserves serious public attention as being socially undesirable. We believe that the time has come for the nation to reassess its implicit and explicit policies toward unionism, such as it has done several times in the past. And we hope that such a reassessment would lead to a new public posture toward the key worker institution under capitalism — a posture based on what unions actually do in society and on what, under the best circumstances, they can do to improve the well-being of the free enterprise system, and of us all” (Freeman and Medoff, 1984, p. 251).
Distinguishing African and European honeybee matrilines using amplified mitochondrial DNA.

Abstract Previous DNA studies have revealed that feral neotropical African bees have largely retained an African genetic integrity. Additional DNA testing is needed to confirm these findings, to understand the processes responsible, and to follow African bee spread into the temperate United States. To facilitate surveys, the polymerase chain reaction was utilized. African and European honeybee mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was identified through amplified segments that carry informative restriction site and length polymorphisms. The ability to discriminate among honeybee subspecies was established by testing a total of 129 colonies from Africa and Europe. Matriline identities could thus be determined for imported New World bees. Among 41 managed and feral colonies in the United States and north Mexico, two European lineages (west and east) were distinguished. From neotropical regions, 72 feral colonies had African mtDNA and 4 had European mtDNA. The results support earlier conclusions that neotropical African bees have spread as unbroken African maternal lineages. Old and New World African honeybee populations exhibit different frequencies of a mtDNA length polymorphism. Through standard analyses, a north African mtDNA type that may have been imported previously from Spain or Portugal was not detected among neotropical African bees.
A method for the analysis of natural and synthetic folate in foods.

The essentiality of dietary folates for human beings has been known for many years. Over the shorter term, biological activities associated with several human maladies and the attenuation of biomarkers for several chronic diseases also have been assigned to folates. In the United States, these observations have led to the addition of folic acid to several foods and food ingredients (food fortification) and to dietary recommendations that assign biological activity to each of the forms of folate in the food supply. There currently is unavailable a robust, instrumental procedure that will distinguish between naturally occurring food folates and synthetic folic acid as part of the routine analysis of foods. The procedure proposed in this publication is unique in that it uses “off-the-shelf” supplies and instrumentation, to the extent possible, and was developed with “normal” corporate work schedules in mind. This method takes advantage of the tri-enzyme food digestion and folate deconjugation steps but was o...
Effects of a parent education program on parents and their preadolescent children

This study assessed the effects of the Survival Training for Parents (STP) program on parental attitudes and on the self-esteem and manifest anxiety of preadolescent children. The STP program presents Adlerian parenting principles in six 21/2-hour sessions to the parents of preadolescents, as an outreach service of a community mental health center. Participants were selected from volunteers from two school districts in northeastern Ohio. Parents in the experimental condition participated in the STP program while control group parents were wait-listed. Eighteen parent-child pairs completed pre and posttesting. Analyses of covariance using the pretest as covariate showed that STP was effective in changing parent attitudes of confidence (p <.01), causation (p <.01), and understanding (p <.05) at posttest. The children of participants in STP improved in self-esteem in school ( p <.05) at posttest. The results are compared to other parent education outcome studies.
The magnetic circular dichroism of bands associated with the F+ center in SrO

Abstract A combined magnetic circular dichroism and electron spin resonance technique was used to associate optical absorption bands in neutron-irradiated SrO with the F+ center. It is hypothesized that these bands are analogous to bands observed in the alkali halides.
WHAT IS THE NET WORTH? SOME THOUGHTS ON NEURAL NETWORKS ANO BEHAVIOR

Neural network models have played major practical roles in engineering as well as theoretical roles in cognitive science, and now are being explored in behavior analysis. What contributions can these kinds of models make to a science of behavior? Neural networks and behavioral processes can show similarities in dynamical properties, dependency on some variation of a contiguity mechanism, instantiation of some sort of memory, and operations in accordance with some kind of delta rule leading to a quasistable state. However, because these are basically inherent properties of all network models, they are grossly indeterminate. Conversely, they may be best described as "implementory", as opposed to "explanatory" models in the sense that they, with few exceptions, only simulate what they were specifically designed to simulate. This "curvefitting" quality sets them apart from predictive and otherwise suggestive quantitative models. One rationale for their exploration is their putative value in simulating neural mechanisms in learning. Not only is it the case that we understand little about these mechanisms to begin with, but network models capture virtually none of the complexities of the nervous system at any level. Despite all these difficulties, these models are worth further development and exploration as potentially powerful quantitative approaches to behavior, independent of any possible relations to real neural systems.
Childhood trauma and current psychological functioning in adults with social anxiety disorder

Etiological models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) suggest that early childhood trauma contributes to the development of this disorder. However, surprisingly little is known about the link between different forms of childhood trauma and adult clinical symptoms in SAD. This study (1) compared levels of childhood trauma in adults with generalized SAD versus healthy controls (HCs), and (2) examined the relationship between specific types of childhood trauma and adult clinical symptoms in SAD. Participants were 102 individuals with generalized SAD and 30 HCs who completed measures of childhood trauma, social anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Compared to HCs, individuals with SAD reported greater childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect. Within the SAD group, childhood emotional abuse and neglect, but not sexual abuse, physical abuse, or physical neglect, were associated with the severity of social anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.
DSM-5: new opportunities and challenges for teaching and training.

The development of the DSM-5 over the past decade included a systematic review of the major scientific and methodological advances made in the last two decades. The organizational chapter structure for the DSM has been reorganized to facilitate both clinical practice and teaching to improve assessment skills and at the same time, appreciate how to incorporate new knowledge not ready to be specified as diagnostic criteria. More specifically, we anticipate that we will have a structure that contains “receptors” for new biological, neurocognitive, and environmental risk factors as they emerge to guide future research and clinical practice. The emphasis in the manual on the medical psychiatric interface is of particular relevance for residency education. In addition to the didactic and practical import of the content of DSM-5, increased attention is being given to the new communication technology that makes it possible for the emergence of electronic versions and various types of “apps.”
Dr. Joseph E. Murray (1919-2012): a life of curiosity, humanism, and persistence.

Provided with lunch by his ever-present assistant Nancy, a cooler placed between Dr. Murray and his wife Bobby, both sitting in the rear of the car, we were on our way to rural Maine. Escorted by Ginny, the oldest of the six Murray children who had also been close to the Herricks, we arrived four hours later. Although the event was sad, Cynthia, Ron’s widow, and the extended Herrick family gave us a warm welcome. We were part of the Herrick family, and the memorial service could not have taken place without Dr. Murray. I was astounded seeing generations of Herricks all looking like Ron and Richard, my heroes, whose photograph decorates my office wall. Dr. Murray’s work, I came to realize, not only saved the life of his patients, but also made the life of generations to come possible (1).
Electrophysiology of Concatameric Pannexin 1 Channels Reveals the Stoichiometry of C-Terminal Autoinhibition

Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is a non-selective ion channel that mediates the uptake of cyanine dyes and release of nucleotides and other metabolites. PANX1 activation and ATP release/dye uptake are regulated by diverse stimuli, including physicochemical factors (e.g., stretch, K+ ions) and signaling by various G protein-coupled and ionotropic receptors. We recently described a unique regulatory mechanism for the release of ATP from apoptotic cells: PANX1 is activated by caspase cleavage of a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain. Current evidence suggests that PANX1 channels are hexameric, and cleavage-resistant subunits can interfere with caspase-dependent activation in a dominant-negative fashion. To explore the subunit stoichiometry required for C-terminal autoinhibition, we engineered concatameric PANX1 constructs with different (from 0 to 6) combinations of truncated and full-length sequences. Formation of concatemers was assessed by the use of single-molecule photobleaching and protein cross-linking. Whole-cell recordings from concatenated PANX1 constructs suggest that at least four intact C-termini are required to inhibit channel activity. In addition, as the number of intact C-termini increased, there was a progressive decrease in single channel conductance, suggesting that individual C-termini may act within the multimeric channel to inhibit channel conductance. These results provide further mechanistic insights into the regulation of PANX1 channels by the C-terminal autoinhibitory domains.
Angiography of nonneoplastic retroperitoneal masses.

Although noninvasive imaging modalities can be used to initially detect retroperitoneal masses, angiography is still desirable for several reasons in those cases in which surgery is contemplated. The latter can forewarn the surgeon as to possible hemorrhagic complications in highly vascular lesions. In some cases it can predict the malignant potential of the lesion. Finally, since these masses may derive blood supply from multiple sources, a vascular “road map” is provided to the surgeon.
Effect of Truck Lane Restrictions on Four-Lane Freeways in Mountainous Areas

Several states have implemented truck lane restrictions in an attempt to improve safety and mobility on freeways. These restrictions have typically prohibited trucks from traveling in the median lane of freeways that have more than three lanes per direction. Virginia has recently implemented a new type of truck restriction that prohibits trucks traveling more than 15 mph below the posted speed limit from the left lane on four-lane interstate segments. This new restriction is primarily used in mountainous areas of the state where truck climbing lanes may be warranted but are not present. The results of a safety and operational evaluation of these truck lane restrictions were documented. Crash data were examined at 19 sites with restrictions. Likewise, operational data were collected at four sites with restrictions to assess compliance and the extent to which slow-moving trucks were impeding traffic flow. The safety analysis shows some positive trends in crash rates after implementation of the restrictions,...
THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF COBALT AND IRON CYCLIDENE DIOXYGEN COMPLEXES AND THEIR RELATION TO MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Abstract Infrared spectra were obtained for dioxygen adducts of a series of cobalt(II) and iron(II) cyclidene complexes with 1-methylimidazole as the axial base. The v o-o bands were located in the range 1137–1163 cm−1, and their identity was confirmed by 18O2 isotopic substitution. The frequency was found to be insensitive of the metal ion but dependent on both the σ and π electron donating properties of the cyclidene ligands. There is no apparent correlation between v o-o and the oxygen affinity; v o-o alternates with the even or odd number of carbon atoms in the bridging polymethylene group because of a symmetry effect on the π electron system of the ligand.
Local Political Party Committees, Task Performance and Organizational Vitality:

IN CONTRAST to contemporary themes emphasizing the declining nature of parties in American electoral politics, several recent empirical works characterize party life in terms of renewal, revitalization, and resurgence rather than disaggregation, disintegration, and decomposition (Huckshorn 1976; Cotter and Bibby 1980: and Gibson et al. 1983). Recently our major parties have stressed organizational rebuilding for purposes of regaining electoral strength. Traditionally, power within the party structures has resided at state and local levels. The grass-roots is where the action has been (Janda 1980). However, many who note signs of renewal and revitalizaton within the parties focus on national party affairs and downplay activities at the local level. A quotation from the New York Times graphically illustrates this view:
The epidemiology of preterm birth.

The immediate causes of preterm birth (preterm labor, PPROM, maternal complications, and fetal distress) are well-established. Similarly, the epidemiologic and medical risk factors discussed are well-known. Most risk factors, unfortunately, are not easy to modify. Furthermore, the connection between epidemiologic risks and preterm birth is often unclear. As this brief discussion of potential mediators linking risk status to preterm birth indicates, much more research is needed to define and assess potential mechanisms. It is unclear how important the five mediating factors chosen for presentation will prove to be or if other more significant mechanisms exist. However, as Eastman noted 40 years ago, "only when the factors causing prematurity are clearly understood, can any intelligent attempt at prevention be made."
Effect of Sex Hormones on the Retention of Dieldrin in the Fat of Growing Chickens

Abstract The effects of the bird's sex, castration, and sex hormone replacement on the retention of dieldrin in the carcass fat of growing chickens given low levels of dieldrin in the feed (1 mg/kg) were investigated. Confirmed were previous results that “best-fit” curves for depletion after noncontaminated feed was provided were represented by an equation of the form, y = aX−b, and that, with the approach of sexual maturity, males tend to retain greater concentrations of dieldrin in the carcass fat than females. This sex difference was partly a diluting effect of higher carcass fat deposition in females as compared to males. Additionally, when dieldrin feeding was discontinued after 10 weeks of age, androgen replacement in castrates restricted the clearance of dieldrin from the fatty tissue, and estrogen replacement did not further increase clearance over that of nontreated castrates.
Age and Fitness Effects on EEG, ERPs, Visual Sensitivity, and Cognition

Measures of EEG, event-related potentials (ERPs), visual sensitivity, and cognition were obtained from 30 young (20-31 years) and 30 older (50-62 years) healthy men. Age groups were evenly divided between subjects with low and high fitness levels documented by VO2max during a maximal exercise test. Age comparisons revealed that, compared to young adults, the older men had reduced visual sensitivity, delayed ERP latencies, greater homogeneity of EEG activity across recording sites, more positive visual-evoked potential (VEP) amplitude-intensity (A/I) slope, and poorer performance on a battery of neurocognitive tests. The EEG and VEP A/I slope findings are believed to reflect weakened central inhibition for the older men. In general, the measures that differentiated groups on the basis of age were also sensitive to differences in aerobic fitness. Compared to low fit men, the physically active men had shorter ERP latencies, stronger central inhibition, better neurocognitive performance, and better visual sensitivity. We speculate the performance superiority of the physically active men was, at least in part, the result of more oxygen being available for cerebral metabolism.
Factors Influencing Mating Success in the Acorn Barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides

Abstract The acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides is a sessile, simultaneous hermaphrodite with a large and extensible penis, making it an excellent model system for the study of reproduction in hermaphrodites. Several different factors affecting the likelihood of reproductive success were measured: neighbor distance, body-size, and penis length. We used regression methods to determine the extent to which these factors influenced the reproductive success and found that neighbor distance and body size were the most important factors in determining the probability of fertilization. Penis length was also an important component of mating success and was closely linked to body size. This data can be used to help infer the viability of expanding or contracting populations of acorn barnacles like S. balanoides.
An Empirically Informed Critique of Habermas' Argument from Human Nature

In a near-future world of bionics and biotechnology, the main ethical and political issue will be the definition of who we are. Could biomedical enhancements transform us to such an extent that we would be other than human? Habermas argues that any genetic enhancement intervention that could potentially alter ‘human nature’ should be morally prohibited since it alters the child’s nature or the very essence that makes the child who he is. This practice also commits the child to a specific life project or, in any case, it puts specific restrictions on his freedom to choose a life of his own. Ultimately, genetic enhancement jeopardizes the very foundations of moral equality. I contend that Habermas’ argument is based either on a series of presuppositions that imply a gross misunderstanding of evolution or the relevant factual information cocerning the action we are about to morally assess is not empirically supported. Hence, the argument from human nature is based on a series of false or problematic assumptions, and, as such, it fails to play the normative role intended by Habermas.
MOF-5: enthalpy of formation and energy landscape of porous materials.

The first experimental thermodynamic analysis of a metal–organic framework (MOF) has been performed. Measurement of the enthalpy of formation of MOF-5 from the dense components zinc oxide (ZnO), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC), and occluded N,N-diethylformamide (DEF) (if any) gave values of 78.64 ± 2.95 and 99.47 ± 3.62 kJ·[mol of Zn4O(BDC)3·xDEF]−1 for the as-made form and the desolvated structure, respectively. These as-made and desolvated enthalpies correspond to the values 19.66 ± 0.74 and 24.87 ± 0.94 kJ·(mol of Zn)−1, respectively. The energetics of desolvated MOF-5 per mole of Zn falls in line with trends relating the enthalpy of inorganic porous materials (zeolites, zeotypes, and mesoporous materials) to molar volume. MOF-5 extends a plateauing trend first suggested by thermodynamic studies of mesoporous materials. This leveling off of the destabilization energetics as the void space swells suggests that additional void volume beyond a certain point may begin to act as a parameter “external” ...
Enriched human-centered multimedia computing through inspirations from disabilities and deficit-centered computing solutions

The paradigm of human-centered multimedia computing (HCMC) has emerged recently as a result of the increasing emphasis on integrating the concept of human-centeredness in various aspects of multimedia computing. While many theories have been proposed to advance this paradigm, it is our belief that a complete understanding of the issues surrounding HCMC requires capturing a complementary (yet enriching) perspective through inspirations drawn from studying human disabilities and deficits. In this paper, we present the need for understanding human deficiencies in sensory, neural, and cognitive sensing/actuations which could reveal innate components of human interaction that benefits researchers, designers and developers of new multimedia solutions. We illustrate how technologies that were started with assistive and rehabilitative goals have broader impacts to the general population. More importantly, this opens up new research issues that would otherwise not have been seen when the focus is only on the 'able' population. The study and understanding of the disabilities and deficits leads to a better understanding of human requirements in any human machine interaction which is important in advancing the vision and core principles of HCMC.
Suicide and youth violence prevention: The promise of an integrated approach

Tragic events across the United States in recent years have highlighted the important relationship between suicidal impulses and violent attacks on others. Research suggests that suicide and interpersonal violence share a number of important risk and protective factors across multiple domains of influence. These include problem-solving and coping skills, characteristics of school and community environments such as bullying, intolerance, and prejudice. Taken together, this evidence suggests that prevention approaches can integrate suicide and violence prevention by focusing on shared influences, in particular, strategies that promote good general coping skills and family functioning have potential to increase both the effectiveness and efficiency of prevention efforts. While several programs have demonstrated evidence of reductions in suicidality or in youth interpersonal violence, there have been few attempts to achieve the benefits that could come from an integrated violence prevention approach. A major obstacle is that program outcomes tend to be narrowly defined and discipline-specific, hindering the development of productive partnerships across problem areas. We argue that such partnerships are needed to bridge the gap between suicide and violence prevention. Increasing collaboration across fields can help facilitate future research and program development in concrete ways by beginning to evaluate whether current programs can simultaneously decrease both self- and other-directed violence. Programs meeting such a standard should be widely disseminated and implemented.
Very Large Scale Integration of Nano-Patterned YBa2Cu3O7-delta Josephson Junctions in a Two-Dimensional Array

Very large scale integration of Josephson junctions in a two-dimensional series-parallel array has been achieved by ion irradiating a YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} film through slits in a nano-fabricated mask created with electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The mask consisted of 15,820 high-aspect ratio (20:1), 35-nm wide slits that restricted the irradiation in the film below to form Josephson junctions. Characterizing each parallel segment k, containing 28 junctions, with a single critical current I{sub ck} we found a standard deviation in I{sub ck} of about 16%.
Application of cadmium-zinc-telluride detectors in 235U enrichment measurements

Abstract High-resolution, gamma- and X-ray spectrometry are used routinely in nuclear safeguards verification measurements of plutonium and uranium in the field. These measurements are mostly performed with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, that require cooling to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, thus limiting their utility in field and unattended safeguards measurement applications. NaI scintillation detectors do not require cooling, but their moderate energy resolution (10% at 122 keV) is insufficient in most cases for reliable verification measurements. Semiconductor detectors that operate at room temperature, such as cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdZnTe) detectors, with energy resolution performance reaching 2.0% at 122 keV may complement HPGe detectors for certain safeguards verification applications. We used a 5 × 5 × 5 mm CdZnTe detector to measure 235 U enrichments ranging from 3% to 75%. We use a spectrum analysis technique that fits 235 U, 238 U, and U K X-ray response profiles to data in the 89- to 100-keV region of a gamma-ray spectrum. From the relative magnitudes of the 235 U and 238 U profiles we determine the 235 U enrichment with an accuracy of about 10% with CdZnTe detectors.
Excited-state charge-transfer complexes formed between C60 and substituted naphthalenes

Abstract Solutions of the fullerene C60 and a substituted naphthalene give rise to a new absorption band that is not observed from solutions containing only C60 or the naphthalene. The absorption maximum of this new band successively shifts to a longer wavelength as the ionization potential of the naphthalene decreases. These data reflect a C60-naphthalene cooperative absorption from a ground-state contact complex to form an excited-state complex with charge-transfer character. This excited-state C60-naphthalene complex decays to yield the localized C60 singlet excited state which, in turn, yields the C60 triplet state with approximately unit efficiency.
Self-Compensation-Limited Conductivity in Binary Semiconductors. II. n-ZnTe

The techniques of Kroger and Vink and Brebrick are extended to allow a calculation of the minimum extent of self-compensation by simple vacancies or interstitial atoms in heavily doped binary semiconductors. The resulting equations are applied to a series of compounds, and it is found that the degree of self-compensation by singly ionizable vacancies varies from essentially complete in KCl (all but \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ of the impurities compensated) to practically none in GaAs (only \ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of the impurities compensated). The II-VI compounds occupy an intermediate position with about \ensuremath{\sim}99 and 99.9% self-compensation in CdTe and ZnTe, respectively. These theoretical conductivity limitations are not sufficient to account for the experimental limitations found in, for example, $n$-ZnTe or $p$-CdS. The above results are extended to include multiply ionizable vacancies, the ionization levels of which fall within the bandgap. It is found that essentially complete self-compensation by a combination of singly and doubly ionized vacancies will occur in the higher bandgap II-VI compounds. As a consequence, for example, the Fermi level in ZnTe cannot be pushed closer to the bottom of the conduction band than half the energy separation between the second ionization level of the acceptor vacancy and the bottom of the conduction band. Some specific implications of the above calculations with respect to CdTe and GaAs are discussed. Finally, certain solubility effects (of impurities) related to stoichiometry and the above calculations are discussed.
Atmospheric Effects of Pollutants: Pollutants which affect clouds are most likely to produce modifications in weather and climate

We have argued that aerosols are probably the principal agents by which pollutants may affect weather and climate. They are most likely to act by influencing the structure and distribution of clouds. On the local scale, the effects of pollutants on some aspects of weather are unmistakable. The effects of man-made pollutants on global climate are a matter of debate, but they may already be significant.
WE‐E‐108‐04: X‐Ray Fluorescence Imaging Guided Microbeam Radiation Therapy

Purpose: We demonstrate the feasibility of x‐ray fluorescence for quick and accurate image guidance for targeted irradiation of small animal tumor models in Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT). Methods: A reduced‐dose treatment beam excites x‐ray fluorescence from contrast agents preferentially‐accumulating at tumor sites. Intensity profiles of the fluorescence signal are mapped as the mouse injected with the contrast agent is moved through the field of view. The tumor location is identified as the regions with high fluorescence intensities. For this feasibility study, our compact small‐animal MRT system and a mouse head phantom were used. The MRT device uses a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission x‐ray source array operating at 160kVp and adjustable‐width external collimator to generate microbeam radiation at a microbeam dose rate of ∼1Gy/min. A phantom consisting of an acrylic rod inserted into a mouse skull accurately represents the attenuation of the head. The rod contains ∼1.5mm diameter holes separated by 4mm, filled with 12mg/mL iodine solution, similar to the reported tumor concentration from IC injection. The phantom was translated through the treatment beam in 600um steps, 20 seconds per step. The fluorescence signal was recorded using a slit‐collimated spectrum analyzer. Results: Processed spectra displayed fluorescent intensity peaks corresponding with locations of iodine solution in the phantom. The FWHMs of these peaks are 1.78mm and 1.72mm. The actual diameters of corresponding regions are 1.56mm and 1.47mm, indicating ∼250um uncertainty. Conclusion: Preliminary results demonstrated feasibility of x‐ray fluorescence for guidance in MRT. The acquisition time for a 15mm head phantom is ∼8 minutes, within the reported retention time of the contrast agent. ∼250um uncertainty is comparable to results from our in vivo brain tumor‐bearing mouse experiment using MRI and x‐ray image guidance. The x‐ray fluorescent method is substantially faster. The process will be further optimized and validated with in‐vivo studies.
The AMPA antagonist NBQX protects thalamic reticular neurons from degeneration following cardiac arrest in rats

Thalamic reticular (RT) neurons are selectively vulnerable to degeneration following global ischemia. The degenerative mechanism is thought to involve an excitotoxic component, mediated in part by sustained post-ischemia activation of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate) type excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors. In order to test this hypothesis, the selective competitive AMPA type EAA antagonist NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxalinedione) was administered at 30 mg/kg to rats 1, 3, and 6 h after resuscitation from 10 min cardiac arrest. NBQX treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase of spared RT neurons, from a mean density of 3.6 ± 0.8 × 103 neurons/mm3 in cardiac arrest cases to 7.4 ± 1.1 × 103 neurons/mm3 in the NBQX treated group, which represents sparing of 41.7% of the normal population of RT neurons, and protection of 26.9% of vulnerable RT neurons. Neurons within the central core of the RT manifest both a higher degree of vulnerability to ischemic degeneration, >92% loss, and a higher sensitivity to sparing following NBQX administration, 460% increased sparing, than neuronal sub-populations in the medial or lateral13 of the RT. Protection by post-arrest administration of NBQX suggests that sustained post-arrest stimulation of AMPA receptors is an important component in the process of ischemic degeneration of RT neurons.
The influence of individual differences on the perception and categorization of leaders

This paper focuses on two observer individual differences which impact leadership perceptions: expertise and familiarity with the target person. The literature is reviewed and implication for leader-follower interactions are discussed.
Pulmonary and critical care medicine.

Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli, airways inflammation, and recurrent airways obstruction that is reversible spontaneously or in response to appropriate treatment but not completely reversible in some patients. Despite substantial gains in understanding its pathophysiologic features and in developing effective therapy, deaths due to asthma are increasing. Asthma mortality has increased not only in the United States but also across the world. Rates of death due to asthma increased from 0.8 per 100000 in 1977 to 1.9 in 1990 and 2.1 in 1991.1In fact, not only is mortality increasing but hospitalization for asthma, emergency department visits, and the general prevalence of the disorder are also on the rise.2The reasons are not known with certainty, but several explanations appear likely. Exposure to indoor and outdoor allergens is increased.3Socioeconomic conditions, such as poverty in minority
Cross-sectional design and fatigue durability of cantilevered sections of fixed implant-supported prostheses.

Purpose Characterizing the fatigue behavior of cantilevered implant-supported prostheses requires an understanding of both the material and its intended application. The relationships between applied load, component geometry, and the fatigue characteristics of a specific material often can be difficult to establish. Four different cross-sectional designs of cantilevered frameworks used clinically were tested for fatigue durability, and the results were compared with theoretical tip deflections and stresses. Materials and Methods Fatigue tests were conducted on specimens with I-, U-, and L-shaped and elliptical cross-sections after static stress analysis. Specimens with uniform cantilevered length were sprued, invested, and cast from the same high-palladium alloy. Statistical results, SEM evaluation of fracture surfaces, and theoretical predictions provided further insight into the framework design. Results Based on intraoral space restrictions, corrections for dimensional changes inherent in casting, the mean number of cycles to failure for each cross-sectional geometry, and the performance of design groups as predicted by static analysis can be ranked in order from best to worst as I, L, U, and then elliptical. SEM evaluation showed varying degrees of porosity and shrinkage cavities specific to the specimen cross-sections. Conclusions Four designs for the cantilevered sections of implant-supported frameworks were evaluated for fatigue durability and were compared with the results of the theoretical analysis. As tested, fatigue durability was predictable when compared with theoretical calculations of tip deflection and normal stress. Although all four shapes have considerable merit for rigidity, in limited intermaxillary conditions, the I- and L-shaped cross-sections may optimize performance and use of space.
Determination of Copper(I) and Copper(II) Oxides on a Copper Powder Surface by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometry was applied to the determination of Cu2O and CuO in Cu powders. The peak of Cu2O (640cm-1) and the shoulder of CuO (580-400cm-1) were observed in the DRIFT spectrum of oxidized Cu powder. A linear relationship between the peak heights (640 and 520cm-1) and the concentrations of copper oxide (Cu2O and CuO) were obtained in concentration ranges of 0-16 and 0-6wt%, respectively. Analytical curves were constructed with three size-classified powders. From the slopes of the analytical curves, the effect of particle size of the powders on the spectrum is discussed. Two determination methods of Cu2O and CuO in Cu powders are proposed. One is a method which uses the analytical curves. The other is a method which uses the oxygen concentration and the ratio of peak heights (640 and 520 cm-1).
Protein Kinase G1 α Overexpression Increases Stem Cell Survival and Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND We hypothesized that overexpression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type 1α (PKG1α) could mimic the effect of tadalafil on the survival of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contributing to regeneration of the ischemic heart. METHODS AND RESULTS MSCs from male rats were transduced with adenoviral vector encoding for PKG1α ((PKG1α)MSCs).Controls included native MSCs ((Nat)MSCs) and MSCs transduced with an empty vector ((Null)MSCs). PKG1α activity was increased approximately 20, 5 and 16 fold respectively in (PKG1α)MSCs. (PKG1α)MSCs showed improved survival under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) which was evidenced by lower LDH release, caspase-3/7 activity and number of positive TUNEL cells. Anti-apoptotic proteins pAkt, pGSK3β, and Bcl-2 were significantly increased in (PKG1α)MSCs compared to (Nat)MSCs and (Null)MSCs. Higher release of multiple prosurvival and angiogenic factors such as HGF, bFGF, SDF-1 and Ang-1 was observed in (PKG1α)MSCs before and after OGD. In a female rat model of acute myocardial infarction, (PKG1α)MSCs group showed higher survival compared with (Null)MSCs group at 3 and 7 days after transplantation as determined by TUNEL staining and sry-gene quantitation by real-time PCR. Increased anti-apoptotic proteins and paracrine factors in vitro were also identified. Immunostaining for cardiac troponin I combined with GFP showed increased myogenic differentiation of (PKG1α)MSCs. At 4 weeks after transplantation, compared to DMEM group and (Null)MSCs group, (PKG1α)MSCs group showed increased blood vessel density in infarct and peri-infarct areas (62.5±7.7; 68.8±7.3 per microscopic view, p<0.05) and attenuated infarct size (27.2±2.5%, p<0.01). Heart function indices including ejection fraction (52.1±2.2%, p<0.01) and fractional shortening (24.8%±1.3%, p<0.01) were improved significantly in (PKG1α)MSCs group. CONCLUSION Overexpression of PKG1α transgene could be a powerful approach to improve MSCs survival and their angiomyogenic potential in the infarcted heart.
An Object‐Oriented CS2 Course

This article describes how a CS2 course can be taught with an object‐orientation. The goal of this orientation is to enhance the usual CS2 emphasis on data abstraction. A rationale for using objects in this way is presented. There is also a description of the course, including a week‐by‐week overview and a division of the material into lecture and laboratory components. The role of a programming language in such a course is analyzed, and the particular language adopted is appraised. Finally, there is a discussion of the relationship of this course to other courses, and the reactions of students to the course over the past few years.
Use of Critical Analysis Method to Conduct a Cognitive Task Analysis of Intelligence Analysts

Intelligence analysts (IAs) engage in information seeking, evaluation, prediction, and reporting behavior in an information-intensive work environment. A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) was conducted...
U.S. antidumping administrative reviews

The U.S. currently levies over 250 antidumping duties, and many of these duties fluctuate as a result of administrative reviews. Administrative reviews occur when antidumping duties are recalculated for the purposes of adjustment or revocation. This paper examines how administrative reviews influence U.S. antidumping duties. The paper also analyzes the forces that give rise to administrative reviews as well as the factors that produce changes in antidumping duties.
Preferential occult injury of corpus callosum in multiple sclerosis measured by diffusion tensor imaging

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessment of microscopic fiber tract injury in the corpus callosum (CC) and other normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI was performed in 12 healthy volunteers and 15 patients who have relatively short disease duration (mean = 2.7 years). Both fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were obtained in different regions of normal-appearing CC (NACC) and NAWM in frontal and occipital regions. RESULTS: The data showed significantly lower FA (P <0.001) and higher MD (P <0.04) for NACC regions, but not for frontal and occipital NAWM regions, in patients than in those in healthy volunteers after Bonferroni adjustment. The increase of MD in the entire NACC regions was correlated with the total cerebral lesion volume (r = 0.75, P = 0.001) in patients. CONCLUSION: The water diffusion changes indicate that in the early phase of disease there is a preferential occult injury of CC, which is likely due to the Wallerian degeneration from distant lesions.
A traveling wave based single-ended fault location algorithm using DWT for overhead lines combined with underground cables

This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave based fault location method for power transmission systems where overhead lines are combined with underground cables. Bewley diagrams are used to determine the traveling wave patterns. The proposed method utilizes Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to extract the transient information from the recorded voltage signals. The squares of the wavelet transform coefficients (WTC2) are calculated in order to determine the energy of the signal which is used to identify the faulted section (underground cable or overhead line) and subsequently to locate the fault. The transient voltages for different types of faults and locations along the overhead section as well as the underground cable section are obtained through EMTP simulations. MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The performance of the method is tested on various scenarios.
Bioavailability Studies of Drugs with Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: II. Absolute Bioavailability of Intravenous Phenytoin Prodrug at Therapeutic Phenytoin Serum Concentrations Determined by Double‐Stable Isotope Technique

Measurement of the absolute bioavailability of phenytoin (PHT) derived from test doses of phenytoin prodrug (PPD) at therapeutic PHT serum concentrations is complicated by two problems: 1) the area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) produced by a given size of test dose will vary directly with background PHT serum concentration due to the nonlinear pharmacokinetic properties of PHT; 2) PPD is more water soluble than PHT, making renal excretion of PPD more likely. The authors describe a double-stable isotope method that obviates these two problems. Using only six subjects, the authors were able to demonstrate bioequivalence of PHT derived from intravenous PPD with intravenous PHT by current FDA standards for AUC ratio of test/reference formulation (90% confidence intervals between 0.80 and 1.20; ratio > or = 0.80 in > or = 80% of subjects; statistical power to detect a difference of 0.20 with a probability of 0.80).