cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fixation of Tissues Vitally Stained with Trypan Blue

The following fixative is recommended for tissues vitally stained with trypan blue: Chloroform, 2 parts; absolute ethyl alcohol, 2 parts; glacial acetic acid, 1 part; mercuric chloride to the point of saturation.The tissue should be fixed 1 to 2 hours; transferred to 95% ethyl alcohol for 12 hours; to absolute alcohol for 12 to 24 hours; to a mixture of absolute alcohol and xylol for 1/2 hour, and finally to xylol, before embedding in paraffin. Cedar oil may be used for clearing in the place of xylol; in that case the tissues should be transferred from absolute alcohol to a mixture of absolute alcohol and cedar oil for 24 hours before placing in cedar oil alone.Various counterstains can be used; Mayer's carmalum is excellent.
Soil Temperature, Water Content, and Barley Development of Level vs. Ridged Subarctic Seedbeds

Ridge tillage may promote early-season warming of soils in subarctic regions and thereby optimize the plant growing environment. This study was conducted to assess soil temperature and water content, along with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) development, on a level vs. ridged Pergelic Cryaquept at Fairbanks, AK. Ridges were oriented north-south, east-west, northeast-southwest, and northwest-southeast. Seed zone soil temperature and water content were measured, the former by thermocouples, at the ridge peak and furrow as well as on ridge slopes where barley was grown during the 1989 through 1991 growing seasons. Barley grown on the level surface and on southerly ridge aspects produced at least 25 g m -1 more grain and 20 g m -1 more straw than barley grown on northerly aspects. The vegetative developmental rate was 0.03 leaves d -1 faster on southern ridge aspects or the level surface than on northern aspects, owing to 2°C higher temperatures of soil with a southerly or level exposure. Soil water content on northern ridge aspects was occasionally 0.05 m 3 m -3 higher than on southern aspects in the early growing season ( 60 d after planting). In the subarctic, the plant growing environment is as favorable on a level soil surface as on a south-facing ridge aspect, owing to nearly equal early-season soil temperatures and higher soil water content in the late season.
Irradiation response in titanium modified austenitic stainless steels prepared by rapid solidification processing. Part II: Dual ion irradiations

Abstract Dual ion irradiations have been performed on Path A PCA and other alloys with increased titanium and carbon content, prepared by rapid solidification processing. Comparison with the neutron response shows many points of similarity. The effect of the amount of Ti and C included, and its initial distribution, is investigated, as is the difference between fully processed material, including consolidation by hot-extrusion, and the as-rapidly-solidified alloy. It is shown that increased TiC content can be effective in controlling swelling both directly, and by increasing the microstructural stability.
Study of recent tsunamis sheds light on earthquakes

In the space of one year, three major destructive tsunamis, or seismic sea waves, devastated coastal regions of Nicaragua (September 2, 1992), Flores Island, Indonesia (December 12, 1992), and Hokkaido, Japan (July 12, 1993). The maximum run-up heights of each of these tsunamis were more than 10 m, and a total of about 1500 people were killed. Field surveys were made for these tsunamis and reported in Eos [Satake et al., 1993; Yeh et al., 1993; Hokkaido Tsunami Survey Team, 1993]. The survey teams, typically consisting of scientists and engineers from various fields, documented the behavior of the tsunamis in detail. Tsunami survey data are used for various types of research, ranging from coastal behavior of tsunamis to past and future earthquakes.
Shape selectivity in the assembly of lithographically designed colloidal particles.

We present a photolithographic route to form colloidal particles of uniform size and nonspherical shape. We demonstrate the induction of tunable, shape-selective interactions among these particles based on depletion, van der Waals, and electrostatic forces in aqueous dispersions. Under appropriate conditions, the particles self-assemble into ordered, highly anisotropic structures.
Feline Cutaneous Melanocytic Neoplasms: A Retrospective Analysis of 43 Cases (1979–1991)

— Forty-three cases of cutaneous melanocytic neoplasia in cats were reviewed. Twenty-eight of the 43 neoplasms were histologically benign and 15 were malignant. Behavior was independent of site except that tumors of the eyelid were malignant. Histologic findings of epidermal ulceration, cleanliness of tissue borders, degree of melanization, tumor cell type, and the presence or absence of theques did not differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Junctional activity indicated a high probability of benign behavior while malignant behavior was predicted by a high mitotic index and infiltration of the tumor by lymphoid cells. Resume— Quarante trois cas de tumeurs melaniques felines ont ete revus. Vingt huit de ces 43 tumeurs etaient histologiquement benignes et 15 malignes. Le comportement etait independant de la localisation de la tumeur, a l'exception des tumeurs des paupieres, toujours malignes. L'observation histologique d'ulceration epidermique, de proprete des bords des tissus, du degre de melanisation, du type cellulaire et de la presence ou de l'absence de theques ne differait pas qu'il s'agisse de tumeur benigne ou maligne. L'activite jonctionnelle indiquait une forte probabilite de benignite, alors qu'un comportement malin etait predit par un index mitotique eleve et une infiltration de la tumeur par des cellules lymphoides. Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein uberlick uber 43 Falle von kutanen melanozytaren Neoplasien bei Katzen gegeben. Achtundzwanzig der 43 Neoplasmen waren histologisch gutartig, 15 waren bosartig. Das Verhalten der Tumore war unabhangig von der Lokalisation, abgesehen von Tumoren der Augenlider, die stets maligne waren. Histologische Befunde wie epidermale Ulzeration, scharfe Begrenzung der Gewebsrander, Grad der Melanisierung, Tumorzelltyp und Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Thequen unterschieden die benignen von den malignen Tumoren nicht. Verbindungsaktivitat bedeutete eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit fur gutartiges Verhalten, wahrend bosartiges Verhalten durch einen hohen Mitoseindex und Infiltration des Tumors mit lymphoiden Zellen vorhersagbar war. Resumen En este articulo se analizan cuarenta y tres casos de neoplasia melanocitica cutanea en gatos. Veintiocho de loa cuarenta y tres casos, resultaron canceres benignos histologicamente y quince, malignos. El grado de malignidad no tenia relacion con el sitio de procedencia con la excepcion de que los tumores de parpados que resultaron malignos. Las caracteristicas histologicas de las ulceraciones epidermicas, limpieza de tejidos circundantes, grado de melanizacion, tipo de celula tumoral, y presencia o ausencia de the zeques, no sirvio para la diferenciacion entre maligno y benigno. La actividad de la zona delimitante fue un indicador de alta probabilidad de benignidad, mientras que la el tipo maligno se predijo por un indice mitotico alto e infiltracion del tumor por celulas de tipo linfoide.
First RealTime Optical Imaging of Experimental Brain Ischemia and Hemorrhage in Neonatal Piglets

The American Pediatric Society and The Society for Pediatric Research 1999 Abstract Pediatric Research (1999) 45, 347A–347A; doi:10.1203/00006450-199904020-02066 First RealTime Optical Imaging of Experimental Brain Ischemia and Hemorrhage in Neonatal Piglets Miljan R Stankovic 1 , Dev Maulik 1 , Warren Rosenfeld 1 , Phillip G Stubblefield 1 , Maria Angela Franceschini 1 , Dennis Hueber 1 , Enrico Gratton 1 and Sergio Fantini 1 1 Winthrop Univ. Hospital, Mineola, NY, Boston Univ., Boston, MA, Dept Physics, Urbana, IL, ISS, Champaign, IL Abstract 2050 Poster Session II, Sunday, 5/2 (poster 229) Optical imaging, based on the ability of near infrared light to non-invasively penetrate through the intact scalp and skull, can monitor cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in real-time, assuming that images are acquired fast enough. Previously reported acquisition times of 5 s, 10 min, 2 h, or even 1 to 3 days per image, were far too slow to allow for real-time imaging, particularly in clinical settings where acute events are the focus of our attention. This study presents the first application of real-time optical imaging in the detection of experimental brain ischemia and hemorrhage and the accompanying cerebrovascular changes in newborn piglets. Optical imaging was performed on 7 anesthetized, instrumented, and ventilated newborn piglets secured within a stereotaxic instrument. We used a modified near-infrared oximeter and a custom-built 16 - light - source - 2 - detector optical probe rendering 64 pixel / 4 × 4 cm / 2-D brain absorption images with the acquisition time of 0.19 s per image (or 5.26 images per sec). Once the baseline was recorded (Fig 1), 0.3 cc of saline and 2 cc of blood were injected into the left frontal subcortical brain region aimed to induced focal and global anatomical and functional brain absorption changes. The imager readily detected: 1) focal changes in brain absorption caused by the appearance of the saline (white changes) and blood (dark changes) in the brain featuring brain ischemia and hemorrhage, respectively; 2) global bilateral ischemic changes (white changes) caused by the accompanying increase in intracranial pressure featuring brain ischemia followed by reperfusion and hyperemia; 3) five subcortical hematomas and two large bilateral subarachnoid hemorrhages with small subcortical hematomas, as confirmed on autopsy. The imaging detection limit was ~0.07 cc (5 mm in diameter) for saline and ~0.04 cc (4 mm in diameter) for blood at the estimated depth of 1 -1.5 cm. Our 1-min movie clip demonstrates the capability of optical imaging in detecting brain ischemia, hemorrhage, and reperfusion non-invasively and real-time, with high temporal and good spatial resolution. Fig 1. No caption Full figure and legend (64K)
The critical period hypothesis of estrogen effects on cognition: Insights from basic research.

Abstract Background In addition to its primary role in reproduction estrogen impacts brain areas important for cognition, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. It has been hypothesized that decline in estrogen levels in women following menopause is associated with, or can exacerbate, age-related cognitive decline. However, clinical evidence to support a role for estrogen in preventing cognitive decline in women as they age is equivocal. The critical period hypothesis of estrogen effects on cognition, which proposes that estrogen administration has to be initiated within a critical time period following the loss of ovarian function in order for it to exert positive effects on the central nervous system, is offered as one explanation for inconsistencies across studies. Scope of review This review details results from basic research using rodent models investigating the effects of estrogen on cognition in the aging female. Emphasis is placed on work investigating effects of timing of initiation of estrogen administration on its subsequent efficacy. Major conclusions Results of basic research provide support for the critical period hypothesis. Furthermore, results of work in rodent models suggest mechanisms by which the response to estrogen is altered if treatment is initiated following long-term ovarian hormone deprivation. General significance Understanding if and under what conditions hormone administration following the loss of ovarian function positively affects the brain and behavior could have important implications with regard to female cognitive aging. Results of basic research can contribute to this understanding and provide insight into the complex mechanisms by which estrogen affects cognition.
Chip-based quantitative capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry determination of drugs in human plasma.

A chip-based capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) system is described for the on-chip separation and coupled electrospray detection of selected small drug molecule compounds. These studies include the quantitative determination of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in analytical standard solutions as well as imipramine and desipramine in fortified human plasma samples. A clinical human plasma sample was also analyzed following the normal administration of desipramine to a volunteer, and the parent drug was determined using the described chip-based CE/MS technique. In each instance, stable isotope-incorporated internal standards were used. The chip-based CE system was microfabricated from glass and coupled to a micro ion spray device constructed in-house. The atmospheric pressure ionization system employed in this work was a PE Sciex API III tandem triple quadrupole system operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The results from the work reported here demonstrate the feasibility for c...
Lead enhances CD4+ T cell proliferation indirectly by targeting antigen presenting cells and modulating antigen-specific interactions.

Abstract Although Pb is a well-known immunotoxicant, its mechanism of action is not well understood. Low levels of Pb (∼1 μM) markedly enhance the proliferative T cell response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), a process we have termed allo-enhancement. As Pb allo-enhancement occurs whether alloantigen presenting cells (APC) are derived from C57BL/6 or BALB.B10, the allo-reactive T cells involved are likely to be specific for peptide in the context of the IA b molecule as the IE molecule is null in H-2 b mice. Analysis of T cell division in MLC with Pb treatment indicated that there was no significant difference between Pb and non-Pb-treated cultures until day 4 when the frequency of proliferating T cells was much greater than in non-treated cultures. Our data suggest that this increased proliferation is not coupled with increased IL-2 levels in the media as these were actually decreased with Pb treatment and that Pb-induced enhancement in the allo-proliferative response is only partially dependent upon IL-2. Pb allo-enhancement is abrogated when stimulating allo-APCs are paraformaldehyde-fixed, and T cell proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A is not enhanced with Pb treatment, suggesting that the APC is the proximate target of Pb in allo-MLC. Pb allo-enhancement does not occur when T cells respond to irradiated allo-B cells, alone; however, it is restored when syngeneic CD11c-enriched cells are added. Of the CD11c-enriched splenocytes, the fraction that is adherent after 24 h, consistent with macrophages, appears to be the cell type targeted by Pb. Using T cells from DO11.10 transgenic mice, we determined that the effect of Pb is centered around specific p:MHC interactions and that enhanced costimulation is an unlikely mechanism for Pb allo-enhancement.
Permanent Coverage of Large Burn Wounds with Autologous Cultured Human Epithelium

WHEN burns are so extensive that skin grafts obtainable from remaining donor sites are insufficient to provide wound coverage, a new source of autograft must be found. Human epidermal cells from a ...
Hybrid learning-based neuro-fuzzy inference system: a new approach for system modeling

In this article, a hybrid learning neuro-fuzzy inference system (HLNFIS) with a new inference mechanism is proposed for system modeling. In the HLNFIS, the incoming signal is fuzzified by the proposed improved Gaussian membership function (IGMF), which is derived from two standard Gaussian functions. With the premise construction with IGMFs, the system inference ability can be upgraded. The fuzzy inference processor, which involves both numerical and linguistic reasoning, is introduced in rule base construction. For effective parameter learning, the hybrid algorithm of random optimization (RO) and least square estimation (LSE) is exploited, where the premise and the consequence parameters of are updated by RO and LSE, respectively. To validate the feasibility and the potential of the proposed approach, three examples of system modeling are conducted. Through experimental results and comparisons the proposed HLNFIS shows excellent performance for complex modeling.
Practical Issues for the Application of High-Performance Concrete to Highway Structures

The advantages of high-performance concrete (HPC) have been well documented in recent years. These include enhanced design flexibility and improved durability performance resulting in reduced maintenance costs and an increased service life. In spite of these obvious benefits, implementation of HPC has been very slow. This can be attributed to several factors including the uncertainty related to current design codes and a lack of familiarity of designers and contractors with proper design and construction practices and requirements for HPC structures. This paper introduces and discusses some fundamental issues that affect the implementatation of HPC and impact the practitioner. These include those related to quality control/quality assurance, specifications, material performance, and structural behavior. Within the scope of this discussion, the fundamental differences and similarities between HPC and conventional concrete are discussed. The aim is to provide the practicing engineer with a conceptual understanding of the practical issues that affect the design and use of HPC for highway structures with the desire to further stimulate the implementation of HPC.
The preparation and partial characterization of synaptosomes from central nervous tissue of Limulus

Abstract 1. 1. Limulus nervous tissue homogenate was fractionated into four fractions (P 1 , S 2 , P 2 L and P 2 H) using Dowdall & Whittaker's (1973) procedure. 2. 2. Radiometric assay of the homogenate revealed 2.5 and 3.2 nmol/mg protein of acetylcholine and choline, respectively. 3. 3. The P 2 L fraction took up [ 3 H] choline into an osmotically labile compartment and showed enrichment of choline acetyltransferase activity. Ultrastructure of the fraction revealed synaptosomal profiles. 4. 4. It was concluded that Limulus nervous tissue is a rich source of acetylcholine and the P 2 L fraction described contained synaptosomes.
The TOWS matrix—A tool for situational analysis

This article has two main purposes. One is to review general considerations in strategic planning and the second to introduce the TOWS Matrix for matching the environmental threats and opportunities with the company's weaknesses and especially its strengths. These factors per se are not new; what is new is systematically identifying relationships between these factors and basing strategies on them. There is little doubt that strategic planning will gain greater prominence in the future. Any organization—whether military, product-oriented, service-oriented or even governmental—to remain effective, must use a rational approach toward anticipating, responding to and even altering the future environment.
Budgetary Impacts of Third-World Arms Production

The main purpose of this chapter is to summarize, integrate and extend several of the themes developed in previous chapters. More specifically, the analysis below attempts to throw additional light on the defence-growth controversy through integrating two main bodies of literature: that pertaining to the impact of defence expenditures on overall economic growth, and that pertaining to the types of budgetary trade-offs said to confront decision makers in developing countries; that is, the choice between defence and socio-economic expenditures.
Frobenius Distributions of Drinfeld Modules of Any Rank

Abstract Let A = F q [ T ], and let φ be a Drinfeld A -module of rank r ⩾2 over F q ( T ). For each prime p ∈ A which is a prime of good reduction for φ , let a p ( φ ) be the trace of the Frobenius endomorphism at p . We study in this paper the distribution of the traces a p ( φ ), and we show that for any t ∈ A and any positive integer k , the set of primes p ∈ A of degree k such that a p ( φ )= t has density 0. Our proof is based on a similar result that was obtained by Serre [16] for elliptic curves over Q .
AI Can Rival Control Theory for Goal Achievement in a Challenging Dynamical System

Nonlinear dynamical systems are notoriously difficult to control. The Acrobot is an under-actuated double pendulum in a gravitational field. Under most driving schemes the Acrobot exhibits chaotic behavior. But with careful applications of energy it is possible to gradually pump the system so as to swing it over its supporting joint. This swing-up task is of current interest to control theory researchers. Conventional notions of AI planning are not easily extended to domains with interacting continuously varying quantities. Such continuous domains are often dynamic; important properties change over time even when no action is taken. Noise and error propagation can preclude accurately characterizing the effects of actions or predicting the trajectory of an undisturbed system through time. A plan must be a conditional action policy or a control strategy that carefully nudges the system as it strays from a desired course. Automatically generating such plans or action strategies is the subject of this research. An AI system successfully learns to perform the swing-up task using an approach called explanation-based control (EBC). The approach combines a plausible qualitative domain theory with empirical observation. Results are in some respects superior to the known control theory strategies. Of particular importance to AI is EBC's notion of a “plan” or “strategy” and its method for automatic synthesis. Experimental evidence confirms EBC's ability and generality.
Application of Generalizability Theory to Concept Map Assessment Research

In the first part of this article, the use of Generalizability (G) theory in examining the dependability of concept map assessment scores and designing a concept map assessment for a particular practical application is discussed. In the second part, the application of G theory is demonstrated by comparing the technical qualities of two frequently used mapping techniques: construct-a-map with created linking phrases (C) and construct-a-map with selected linking phrases (S). Some measurement facets that influence concept-map scores are explored and how to optimize different concept mapping techniques by varying the conditions for different facets is shown. It is found that C and S are not technically equivalent. The G coefficients for S are larger than those for C under the same condition. Furthermore, a decision(D) study shows that fewer items (propositions) would be needed for S than C to reach desired level of G coefficients if only one occasion could be afforded. On the other hand, C seems to reveal stu...
675 NON-CATEGORICAL IDENTIFICATION OF INFANTS WHO ARE AT RISK FOR FUTURE HANDICAPPING CONDITIONS

In 1975, Public Law 94-142 directed the states to develop a plan for identifying all handicapped children in the states and to determine who is or not being served. Compliance with this mandate became the prerequisite for receiving federal grants for services to any handicapped children. The five component elements of all identification programs were to be: screening, case finding, diagnosis, educational assessment, and program evaluation. The need for federal funds for these services cannot be overemphasized in view of the staggering financial drain on the families and states. This article addresses the screening component and proposes an identification system for neonates at risk for future handicapping conditions. In tabular form, the system consists of: Perinatal Diagnostic Category, Clinical Symptoms and Signs, Target Organ System Affected, Subsequent Morbidity, and Risk Probability. This approach has several advantages: 1. Selection of infants for participation in federally funded programs based on risk probabilities. 2. Rapid targeting of organ systems for potential morbidity and early intervention to prevent or ameliorate the same. 3. Provides a realistic base on which to discuss management and its outcome with parents.
A relationship between metabolism in frontal lobes and cerebellum in normal subjects studied with PET

Lesions of one cerebral hemisphere are associated with decreased glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow in the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. We used positron emission tomography to look for a functional relationship in cerebral metabolism between the cerebral cortex and the contralateral cerebellum in normal human subjects. Twenty-four normal subjects were scanned with [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose while in a resting state. Asymmetry in local CMRglu (LCMRglu) in the frontal cortex was strongly correlated with asymmetry in LCMRglu in the opposite direction in the cerebellar hemispheres (r = -0.60, p less than 0.001). Widespread subregions of the frontal cortex were found to contribute to this relationship. Considering these results together with previous studies demonstrating that frontal lesions are associated with decreased metabolism in the contralateral cerebellum, we conclude that the frontal cortex exerts a strong modulating influence on metabolism in the contralateral cerebellum in normal subjects, and that this influence may be asymmetrical.
Multiprotocol networking—a blueprint

IBM's Open Blueprint™ is used as a framework for discussing recent developments in communications with particular emphasis on multiprotocol networking. The major parts of the Open Blueprint that pertain to networking are described, indicating advancements in user networks, networking standards, and their underlying technologies. Asynchronous transfer mode is shown to have special significance both for today's multiprotocol networks and tomorrow's multimedia networks.
Sedimentary architecture of a spit-end (Salisbury Beach, Massachusetts): The imprints of sea-level rise and inlet dynamics

Abstract In the vicinity of tidal inlets, the facies architecture of barrier islands is largely controlled by inlet channel shifting and the transfer of sand between the ebb-tidal delta and the adjacent shore, including processes of inlet sediment bypas sing. Merrimack River Inlet is situated in a mixed-energy setting and is characterized by episodic shifting of the ebb channel prior to being stabilized in 1881. Here, we delineate the internal structure and evolution of the updrift barrier-spit terminus by integrating data obtained from ground-penetrating radar transects and sediment cores to document the effects of inlet-associated sedimentation processes. Our results document complex radar and sedimentological facies, which define two distinctive associations of facies, the inlet-distal and -proximal, within the core of the present barrier. These facies are associated with three phases of barrier-terminus evolution: (i) barrier retrogradation, characterized by the preservation of washover and backbarrier marsh facies deposited during sea-level rise, (ii) downdrift barrier progradation, characterized by channel fill and swash platform deposits overlain by foreshore deposits generated by long shore currents, and swash bars migrating to the foreshore from the swash platform, and (iii) foreshore seaward progradation, characterized by cross-beds. This study illustrates the highly complex nature of inlet associated spit-ends of barriers. Likewise, our results shed light on the mechanisms of spit elongation and recurving in a setting where the estuary opening is narrowing.
Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite from the Mount Moosilauke Region, New Hampshire

Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite occur in regionally metamorphosed rocks of the Mount Moosilauke region, New Hampshire. Andalusite and sillimanite are found together frequently in the same thin sections. Kyanite appears once in the same thin section with sillimanite but never with andalusite. Andalusite and sillimanite mica schists were subjected to multiple episodes of recrystallization that resulted in the reaction sequence andalusite → sillimanite → andalusite. Kyanite crystallized in an adjacent area during the same time period. Kyanite from quartzite containing hematite is enriched in Fe2O3 but andalusite. and sillimanite from rutile and ilmenite—or graphite-bearing mica schists—are relatively impoverished in Fe2O3. The Al2SiO5 minerals crystallized during post-Lower Devonian, pre-Triassic regional metamorphism under conditions approaching chemical equilibrium.
Integer Programs for One- and Two-Mode Blockmodeling Based on Prespecified Image Matrices for Structural and Regular Equivalence.

Abstract Establishing blockmodels for one- and two-mode binary network matrices has typically been accomplished using multiple restarts of heuristic algorithms that minimize functions of inconsistency with an ideal block structure. Although these algorithms likely yield exceptional performance, they are not assured to provide blockmodels that optimize the functional indices. In this paper, we present integer programming models that, for a prespecified image matrix, can produce guaranteed optimal solutions for matrices of nontrivial size. Accordingly, analysts performing a confirmatory analysis of a prespecified blockmodel structure can apply our models directly to obtain an optimal solution. In exploratory cases where a blockmodel structure is not prespecified, we recommend a two-stage procedure, where a heuristic method is first used to identify an image matrix and the integer program is subsequently formulated and solved to identify the optimal solution for that image matrix. Although best suited for ideal block structures associated with structural equivalence, the integer programming models have the flexibility to accommodate functional indices pertaining to regular equivalence. Computational results are reported for a variety of one- and two-mode matrices from the blockmodeling literature.
THE GLYCOTROPIC (ANTI-INSULIN) ACTIVITY OF THE Na FACTOR AND CORTIN FRACTIONS OF THE ADRENAL1

results of Jensen and Grattan (i) have shown that adrenal extracts have a glycotropic (anti-insulin) effect. This work suggested a method for compari-son of the properties of the Na factor and cortin fractions of adrenal extract. In the present study we have compared the protection afforded by the two frac-tions against insulin convulsions. Blood sugar and liver glycogen have also been dc-termined at different levels of protection. The glycotropic effect was tested on male mice ranging from 18 to 25 gm. in weight. Food was removed at the beginning of the experiment (8 A.M.) but water was available ad lib. The animals were kept at 26 to 27° C. until the injection of insulin after which they were maintained at 34° C. in a thermostatically controlled bath. After a 6-hour fast, insulin was injected subcutaneously in proportion to the body weight. The dilutions were made so that a volume of 0.02 cc. per gm. was adminis-tered.
Fertilization trajectory of the root crop Raphanus sativus across atmospheric pCO2 estimates of the next 300 years

a b s t r a c t Plant biomass is known to increase in response to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration (pCO 2 ); however,noexperimentshavequantifiedthetrajectoryofcropfertilizationacrossthefullrangeofpCO 2 levels estimated for the next 300 years. Here we quantify the above- and below-ground biomass response of Raphanus sativus(common radish) across eightpCO 2 levels ranging from 348 to 1791ppmv. We observed a large net biomass increase of 58% above ground and 279% below ground. A large part of the net increase (38% of the above-ground and 53% of the below-ground) represented biomass fertilization at the high levels ofpCO 2 (700‐1791ppmv) predicted if fossil fuel emissions continue unabated. The trajectory of below-ground fertilization inR. sativusgreatly exceeded a trajectory based on extrapolation of previous experiments for plants grown atpCO 2 <800ppmv. Based on the experimental parameters used to grow these plants, we hypothesize that these experiments represent the maximum CO 2 fertilization that can be achieved for this plant growing under low light levels. If the below-ground biomass enhancement that we have quantified forR. sativusrepresents a generalized root-crop response that can be extrapolated to agricultural systems, below-ground fertilization under very highpCO 2 levels could dramatically augment crop production in some of the poorest nations of the world, provided that water resources are sufficient and sustainable.
Caught in a Narrow Kantian Perception of Prosocial Development: Reactions to Campbell and Christopher's Critique of Moral Development Theory

Abstract Campbell and Christopher criticized the literature on moral development and altruism for its reliance on Kantian presuppositions and suggested alternative ways to view morality. Although their arguments are convincing in regard to the importance of considering other conceptions of morality, a number of their assertions in regard to work on altruism and prosocial behavior are less convincing. Campbell and Christopher based some of their conclusions on questionable definitions of prosocial behavior and altruism, incorrect assumptions about others' assertions and beliefs, and reference to a limited portion of the research on prosocial behavior. These and other limitations of Campbell and Christopher's assertions are discussed. In addition, research pertaining to factors viewed by Campbell and Christopher as neglected in moral development theory is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that Kantian presuppositions have played only a minor role in theory and research on prosocial development.
National Trends in the Prevalence and Severity of the Periodontal Diseases

In summary, between the 1960 to 1962 national health survey and the 1971 to 1974 national health survey, the mean periodontal index scores remained unchanged. However, the classification of adults into broad disease categories showed that those with no evidence of disease increased significantly. This improvement in the nation's experience with the periodontal diseases was restricted to those with gingivitis, and a concomitant improvement was observed in the nation's oral hygiene status; debris scores decreased substantially, whereas little change was observed in calculus scores. Hypotheses have been raised in this paper about the decline in the prevalence of gingivitis and its possible association with variables such as OHI-S scores, socioeconomic status, dental care utilization, cigarette smoking, fluorides, and antibiotics. Also noted between the two surveys was a slight decrease in the prevalence of periodontal pockets in persons younger than age 35, whereas in persons older than 35, there was either no change or a slight increase. During this same period, both total loss of teeth and number of missing teeth per person decreased for all ages. A hypothesis is proposed that links this slight increase in the more severe signs of periodontal disease in older adults to an increase in the number of teeth at risk to the disease. The modest change in the prevalence and severity of advanced periodontal disease may be an early sign of a trend that will become accentuated as a result of a distinct increase in the nation's older population coupled with the increased retention of the natural dentition. Thus, it would seem that a decline in edentulism and an increase in number of teeth per person may well contribute to circumstances that will lead to greater, not lesser, risk of advanced periodontal disease problems in the later decades of life. Although this hypothesis may or may not hold true for today's younger adults as they age, it seems to be the likely occurrence for the nation's older adults, at least for the next several decades. A third national survey, using the same indexes and more current periodontal disease measures, is needed to help to clarify the trends reported here.
A phage with high affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen for the detection of HBsAg.

Abstract An M13 phage, called PHH2, with the ability to bind HBsAg was isolated from a coat protein III display library. The region of the HBsAg polypeptide to which PHH2 binds was determined. The HBsAg binding phage was used in an assay referred to as “PHALISA”, an abbreviation for phage-linked immune-absorbent assay. This assay was at least 20–100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays (ELISA). The application of this method for screening and detection of specific protein is discussed.
Dynamic polarization‐dependent loss (DPDL) of planar‐waveguide‐based variable optical attenuators (VOAs)

We analyze the dynamic polarization-dependent loss (DPDL) of planar-waveguide-based variable optical attenuators (VOAs). Our studies show that thermal stress is introduced in waveguides when heat is applied to achieve optical attenuation of Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coupler-based VOAs made of silica, thus resulting in an unacceptable DPDL for such devices. The stress and its associated DPDL can be reduced significantly if two trenches are created along the waveguides. The DPDL can be further reduced to a negligible level by adopting a new VOA design based on straight waveguides and a silica–polymer hybrid structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 498–501, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20514
TV news and political change in Brazil: The impact of democratization on TV Globo's journalism

The article analyzes the changes that since the mid-1990s have transformed journalistic practices in Brazil's most powerful media institution. More especially, the aim is to investigate the transformation of TV Globo's News Division and situate this process in relation to the democratization of Brazilian politics and society. Based on content analysis of Jornal Nacional, TV Globo's main newscast, and on in-depth interviews with four senior journalists of the network, the article stresses how the new conditions brought by political and social democratization help explain these changes. In particular, the deepening of democracy in Brazil created new constraints that forced TV Globo to overcome a tradition of more explicit political biases and to minimize the initial trend toward tabloidization with an increase of hard news coverage.
Inhibition of 14-3-3 Proteins Leads to Schizophrenia-Related Behavioral Phenotypes and Synaptic Defects in Mice.

BACKGROUND: The 14-3-3 family of proteins is implicated in the regulation of several key neuronal processes. Previous human and animal studies suggested an association between 14-3-3 dysregulation and schizophrenia. METHODS: We characterized behavioral and functional changes in transgenic mice that express an isoformindependent 14-3-3 inhibitor peptide in the brain. RESULTS: We recently showed that 14-3-3 functional knockout mice (FKO) exhibit impairments in associative learning and memory. We report here that these 14-3-3 FKO mice display other behavioral deficits that correspond to the core symptoms of schizophrenia. These behavioral deficits may be attributed to alterations in multiple neurotransmission systems in the 14-3-3 FKO mice. In particular, inhibition of 14-3-3 proteins results in a reduction of dendritic complexity and spine density in forebrain excitatory neurons, which may underlie the altered synaptic connectivity in the prefrontal cortical synapse of the 14-3-3 FKO mice. At the molecular level, this dendritic spine defect may stem from dysregulated actin dynamics secondary to a disruption of the 14-3-3-dependent regulation of phosphorylated cofilin. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data provide a link between 14-3-3 dysfunction, synaptic alterations, and schizophrenia-associated behavioral deficits.
Impact of mine drainage on a mountain stream in Pennsylvania

Abstract Physicochemical parameters and fish and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were studied in a small mountain stream in western Pennsylvania. Sampling stations were located upstream and downstream of coal mine drainage in an otherwise unpolluted stream. Due to an alkaline discharge and significant upstream alkalinity the pH below the mine discharges remained between 6·5 and 8. The major factor affecting the benthic community and fish population appeared to be ferric hydroxide deposition. Rates of deposition during dry-weather conditions ranged from 3 g/m2/day near the discharges to 0·01 g/m2/day at the downstream end of the study site. The biomass of macroinvertebrates decreased from approximately 14 g wet wt/m2 above the discharges to 0·1–1·5 g wet wt/m2 within the area of iron deposition. Invertebrate diversity decreased significantly at the discharge but recovered to 75% of upstream values. The low but constant-temperature discharge from the mine may have enhanced the diversity recovery. The standing crop of fish decreased from approximately 228 to 11 kg/ha. Benthic fishes such as sculpin and suckers were the groups most affected.
A generalized Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation for solids and liquids

Abstract A review is given of a recently developed generalization of the Lydanne-Sachs-Teller (LST) relation, which provides a useful connection between the long-wavelength dynamical behavior of nonmetallic condensed media and their static and high-frequency dielectric properties. The characteristic dynamical frequencies are denned in terms of second moments of the relevant response functions, and very general causality arguments are used to obtain the generalized LST relation, which is applicable to composite and disordered media. Results are discussed for both the bulk medium case and for small particles. For crystalline solids, one recovers the original LST relation, in terms of long wavelength optic mode frequencies. The generalized LST relation is illustrated via computer simulations of a hypothetical composite dielectric which has one component near a ferroelectric phase transition, using the Effective Medium and Maxwell-Garnett approximations for the dielectric response. It is also illustrated and discussed in terms of recent laboratory data on ZnS/diamond composite media. Finally, the generalized LST relation is used to obtain a new generalization of the Clausius/Mossotti relation.
Perception of structure in novel music.

Two experiments demonstrated the way in which musicians and nonmusicians process realistic music encountered for the first time. A set of tunes whose members were related to each other by a number of specific musical relationships was constructed. In Experiment 1, subjects gave similarity judgments of all pairs of tunes, which were analyzed by the ADDTREE clustering program. Musicians and nonmusicians gave essentially equivalent results: Tunes with different rhythms were rated as being very dissimilar, whereas tunes identical except for being in a major versus a minor mode were rated as being highly similar. In Experiment 2, subjects learned to identify the tunes, and their errors formed a confusion matrix. The matrix was submitted to a clustering analysis. Results from the two experiments corresponded better for the nonmusicians than for the musicians. Musicians presumably exceed nonmusicians in the ability to categorize music in multiple ways, but even nonmusicians extract considerable information from newly heard music.
Boundary impulse response functions in a century-long eddying global ocean simulation

Results are presented from a century-long 1/10° global ocean simulation that included a suite of age-related passive tracers. In particular, an ensemble of five global Boundary Impulse Response functions (BIRs, which are statistically related to the more fundamental Transit Time Distributions, TTDs) was included to quantify the character of the TTD when mesoscale eddies are explicitly simulated rather than parameterized. We also seek to characterize the level of variability in water mass ventilation timescales arising from eddy motions. The statistics of the BIR timeseries are described, and it is shown that the greatest variability occurs at early times, followed by a remarkable conformity between ensemble members at longer timescales. The statistics of the first moment of the BIRs are presented, and the upper-ocean spatial distribution of the standard deviation of the first moment of the BIRs discussed. It is shown that variations in the BIR first moment with respect to the ensemble average are typically only a few percent, and that the variability slightly decreases with increasing ensemble size, implying that only a few ensemble members may be necessary for a reasonable estimate of the TTD. The completeness of the estimated TTD, i.e., the degree to which the century long BIRs capture the range of global ocean ventilation timescales is discussed, and the potential for extrapolation of the BIR to longer times is briefly explored. Several regional BIRs were also simulated in order to quantify the relative abundance of fluid parcels that originate in specific geographical locations.
Preparation of 4-iodo-2-methyl-1-butene-1,1-d2

A nine-step preparation of 4-iodo-2-methyl-1-butene-1,1-d2 (9) from 2-methylbutyrolactone (1) is described.
Toward first light for the 6.5-m MMT Telescope

Operated by the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory (MMTO), the multiple mirror telescope (MMT) is funded jointly by the Smithsonian Institution (SAO) and the University of Arizona (UA). The two organizations equally share observing time on the telescope. The MMT was dedicated in May 1979, and is located on the summit of Mt. Hopkins (at an altitude of 2.6 km), 64 km south of Tucson, Arizona, at the Smithsonian Institution's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO). As a result of advances in the technology at the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory for the casting of large and fast borosilicate honeycomb astronomical primary mirrors, in 1987 it was decided to convert the MMT from its six 1.8 m mirror array (effective aperture of 4.5 m) to a single 6.5 m diameter primary mirror telescope. This conversion will more than double the light gathering capacity, and will by design, increase the angular field of view by a factor of 15. Because the site is already developed and the existing building and mount will be used with some modification, the conversion will be accomplished for only about $20 million. During 1995, several major technical milestones were reached: (1) the existing building was modified, (2) the major steel telescope structures were fabricated, and (3) the mirror blank was diamond wheel ground (generated). All major mechanical hardware required to affect the conversion is now nearly in hand. Once the primary mirror is polished and lab-tested on its support system, the six-mirror MMT will be taken out of service and the conversion process begun. We anticipate that a 6 - 12 month period will be required to rebuild the telescope, install its optics and achieve f/9 first light, now projected to occur in early 1998. The f/5.4 and f/15 implementation will then follow. We provide a qualitative and brief update of project progress.
Regional levels of glucose, amino acids, high energy phosphates, and cyclic nucleotides in the central nervous system during hypoglycemic stupor and behavioral recovery.

— The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemic stupor and subsequent treatment with glucose on mouse cerebral cortical, cerebellar and brain stem levels of glucose, glycogen, ATP, phosphocreatine, glutamate, aspartate and GABA and on cerebral cortical and cerebellar levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP have been measured. Hypoglycemia decreased glucose, glycogen and glutamate levels and had no effect on ATP levels in all three regions of brain. GABA levels were decreased only in cerebellum. Aspartate levels rose in cerebral cortex and brain stem, and creatine phosphate increased in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the hypoglycemic stuporous animals, cyclic GMP levels were elevated in cerebral cortex and depressed in cerebellum whereas cyclic AMP levels were unchanged from control values. Intravenous administration of 2.5–3.5 mmol/kg of glucose to the hypoglycemic stuporous animals produced recovery of near normal neurological function within 45 s. Only brain glucose and aspartate levels returned to normal prior to behavioral recovery. These results suggest that of the several substances examined in this study, only glucose and perhaps aspartate have important roles in the biochemical mechanisms producing neurological abnormalities in hypoglycemic animals.