cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Re)Telling traditions: the language of social identity among queer South Asians in the United States

ABSTRACTSocial science scholarship recognises language as a key medium through which we construct our realities and shape our identities. This has led to a stream of research on the intersections of language and social identity. Yet, few studies examine language and queer identities in the diaspora. In an attempt to extend this field of analysis, we focus on queer South Asians in the U.S.. Based on 30 in-depth interviews and content analysis of website and autoethnographies, we argue that the language of tradition is central to the politics of naming and belonging. Queer South Asian groups in the U.S. use discursive deconstruction of tradition to oppose homonormativity in the LGBT mainstream and heterosexist politics within the co-ethnic community.
Learning During Processing: Word Learning Doesn't Wait for Word Recognition to Finish

Previous research on associative learning has uncovered detailed aspects of the process, including what types of things are learned, how they are learned, and where in the brain such learning occurs. However, perceptual processes, such as stimulus recognition and identification, take time to unfold. Previous studies of learning have not addressed when, during the course of these dynamic recognition processes, learned representations are formed and updated. If learned representations are formed and updated while recognition is ongoing, the result of learning may incorporate spurious, partial information. For example, during word recognition, words take time to be identified, and competing words are often active in parallel. If learning proceeds before this competition resolves, representations may be influenced by the preliminary activations present at the time of learning. In three experiments using word learning as a model domain, we provide evidence that learning reflects the ongoing dynamics of auditory and visual processing during a learning event. These results show that learning can occur before stimulus recognition processes are complete; learning does not wait for ongoing perceptual processing to complete.
Cost-benefit analysis of establishing an inferior vena cava filter clinic.

Purpose Adverse events associated with retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) have generated an increased interest in improving IVCF retrieval rates to improve patient safety and quality care. This study aims to demonstrate the cost-benefit of implementing an IVCF clinic to improve patient care in an institution in the United States. Methods An IVCF clinic was established at a single institution in September 2012 and for ten months referring physicians were contacted to facilitate retrieval when appropriate. Additionally, a retrospective review was conducted on filter placements over the eight preclinic months. Cost-benefit analysis was conducted by creating a model, which incorporated the average cost and reimbursement for permanent and retrievable IVCFs. Results A total of 190 IVCFs (152 retrievable IVCFs and 38 permanent IVCFs) were implanted during the IVCF clinic period. Twenty-nine percent of the retrievable IVCFs were successfully retrieved compared to 10 of 119 retrievable IVCFs placed during the preclinic period (8.4%). Cost-benefit analysis, using the average of the institution's six most common reimbursement schedules, demonstrated an average net financial loss per permanent or retrievable IVCF not removed. However, a net financial gain was realized for each retrievable IVCF removed. The additional hospital cost to maintain the IVCF clinic was offset by removing an additional 3.1 IVCFs per year. Conclusion An IVCF clinic significantly increases retrieval rates, promotes patient safety, and is economically feasible. Given the adverse event profile of retrievable IVCFs, strategic efforts such as these ultimately can improve quality care for patients with in-dwelling IVCFs.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Prostate Cancer-Related Antigens

Hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies potentially useful in immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of human prostate cancer is the subject of this chapter. These monoclonal antibodies are directed primarily against protein components of malignant and normal prostate. The protein component or its derivative is thus defined operationally as antigen. As in other human tumors, prostate tumor specific antigen is yet to be identified even with the recently developed somatic cell hybridization technology. Several groups of investigators have produced monoclonal antibodies that recognize prostate cancer-associated antigenic components, or are directed to chemically well-defined organ-site cell-type specific proteins of the prostate, such as prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. At this stage of development, only monoclonal antibodies of murine origin are well described. Production and characterization of these antibodies are the major topic of this review. Experimental application of monoclonal antibodies to prostate antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase as serodiagnostic and immunohistologic reagent for prostate cancer is also described.
CDKN2A-deletion to predict relapse in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).

6614 Background: CDKN2A locus on chromosome 9p21 is implicated in altered molecular pathways leading to leukemogenesis as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferative kinases CDK4/CDK6 and bl...
In situ measurement of velocity-stress sensitivity using crosswell continuous active-source seismic monitoring

ABSTRACTThe ability to characterize time-varying reservoir properties, such as the state of stress, has fundamental implications in subsurface engineering, relevant to geologic sequestration of CO2. Stress variation, here in the form of changes in pore fluid pressure, is one factor known to affect seismic velocity. Induced variations in velocity have been used in seismic studies to determine and monitor changes in the stress state. Previous studies conducted to determine velocity-stress sensitivity at reservoir conditions rely primarily on laboratory measurements of core samples or theoretical relationships. We have developed a novel field-scale experiment designed to study the in situ relationship between pore-fluid pressure and seismic velocity using a crosswell continuous active-source seismic monitoring (CASSM) system. At the Cranfield, Mississippi, CO2 sequestration field site, we actively monitored seismic response for five days with a temporal resolution of 5 min; the target was a 26 m thick inject...
SLC and ABC Transporters: Expression, Localization, and Species Differences at the Blood-Brain and the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) separate the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the systemic circulation and represent a barrier to the uptake of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics into the brain. For compounds whose passive diffusion is limited due to their ionization or hydrophilicity, membrane transporters can facilitate their uptake across the BBB or BCSFB. Members of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding case (ABC) families are present on these barriers. Differences exist in the localization and expression of transport proteins between the BBB and BCSFB, resulting in functional differences in transport properties. This review focuses on the expression, membrane localization, and different isoforms present at each barrier. Diseases that affect the central nervous system including brain tumors, HIV, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke affect the integrity and expression of transporters at the BBB and BCSFB and will be briefly reviewed.
Contractive Expansions on Euclidian and Hilbert Space

In this chapter we consider matrices with operator or matrix entries, often called block matrices. First we obtain a complete characterization of all 2 by 2 contractive block matrices. Then we develop a Levinson type algorithm to determine whether or not a block matrix is contractive. As an application we will present a new method for solving the Caratheodory interpolation problem. Although this chapter is presented in a Hilbert space framework, we recommend to the reader who is unfamiliar with elementary functional analysis to consider all spaces as Euclidian spaces, that is, different Cn spaces with their standard inner product.
Bio-inspired passive variable recruitment of fluidic artificial muscles

This paper explores the modeling and analysis of the effect of minimum actuation pressure previously observed in literature. This minimum pressure is similar in kind to the minimum amplitude of the signal for muscle actuation seen in mammalian muscles. This minimum actuation, or “threshold” pressure is used a method of mechanically encoding the control of FAM engagement and the actuation efficiency of a group, or ‘bundle’ of muscles with differing threshold pressures is compared with a single muscle of equivalent force and strain. The results of this analysis indicate the efficacy of using this design and control method; it is advantageous in cases where a range of displacements and forces are necessary.
Estrus and Menstrual Cycles: Neuroendocrine Control

Estrous or menstrual cycles occur in mammals and refer to the phenomenon of cyclic ovarian function. Cyclic ovarian function is under the control of three interacting components: the hypothalamus, which releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); the anterior pituitary, which responds to GnRH and releases the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); and the ovary, which responds to the gonadotropins, causing follicular maturation, steroid hormone production, and ovulation. In turn, the steroid hormones are part of exquisitely sensitive feedback loops that suppress or stimulate the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH. The hypothalamus is a key site where external environmental factors and ovarian steroids act to modulate GnRH neuronal activity and the GnRH pulse generator.
Primary cutaneous small/medium CD4+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.

![Figure][1] A 51-year-old man presented with a solitary pink raised lesion (0.8 cm) on his right temporal scalp. No lymphadenopathy or other skin lesions were identified. Biopsy demonstrated a dense, nodular lymphoid infiltrate in the dermis (panels A-B; hematoxylin and eosin stain, original
Determinants and Consequences of Nonprofit Transparency

Using a sample of over 14,000 industry-diverse nonprofit organizations, this study documents the key characteristics and consequences of organizations providing better and more information to stake...
Multiattribute Framework for Requirements Elicitation in Phased Array Radar Systems

This paper presents a novel framework for improving project outcomes by ensuring that systems requirements can be verified and validated against project objectives and constraints. The multiattribute process ensures that each requirement makes a measurable contribution toward meeting a system's intended use while considering the impact of known constraints. This new framework aims to increase the likelihood of program success by identifying and valuing requirements in the early stages of a system's development. This research very explicitly extends previous research and aims to overcome complications that have persisted within the literature with regard to selecting and prioritizing system requirements. The authors present the first demonstration of applying analytic hierarchy process to prioritize requirements for a United States Navy Phased Array Radar and use a novel methodology for applying AHP's ratings approach to requirements prioritization.
Adolescent tolerance for deviance, cigarette smoking trajectories, and premature mortality: A longitudinal study

Abstract Cigarette smoking is a well-established cause of excess morbidity and mortality in the United States and globally. The current study builds on the existing literature by examining how smoking trajectories might be a mechanism through which adolescent tolerance for deviance predicts premature all-cause and tobacco-specific mortality. Participants were from a cohort-sequential study conducted in the Midwestern United States of the natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence through midlife that collected nine waves of data from 1980 to 2011. For the current study, we selected participants who were measured at least once at age 18 or older and who did not die before age 24 (n = 7575). Participants' tolerance for deviance was assessed in adolescence, smoking trajectory group was based on self-reported smoking status during the first six waves of data collection, and cause of death for deceased participants (n = 222) was obtained from the National Death Index. Mediation analyses using the joint significance test were conducted separately for all-cause mortality and tobacco-specific mortality. Adolescent tolerance for deviance significantly predicted smoking trajectory group over and above the influence of covariates. Adolescents with higher tolerance for deviance were more likely to belong to any smoking trajectory group compared to abstainers, and membership in a smoking trajectory group characterized by early onset and heavy, persistent smoking was related to premature all-cause and tobacco-specific mortality. Finally, smoking trajectory group was a significant mediator of the relation between adolescent tolerance for deviance and all-cause mortality.
Function is not the sum of an object’s parts

Prior research shows adults believe objects exist for specialised purposes. This “one tool, one function” cognitive bias promotes efficient mastery of artefact function but could mean individuals o...
Enabling Covert Body Area Network using Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication

Radiative communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields amongst the wearable and implantable devices act as the backbone for information exchange around a human body, thereby enabling prime applications in the fields of connected healthcare, electroceuticals, neuroscience, augmented and virtual reality. However, owing to such radiative nature of the traditional wireless communication, EM signals propagate in all directions, inadvertently allowing an eavesdropper to intercept the information. In this context, the human body, primarily due to its high water content, has emerged as a medium for low-loss transmission, termed human body communication (HBC), enabling energy-efficient means for wearable communication. However, conventional HBC implementations suffer from significant radiation which also compromises security. In this article, we present Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC), a method for localizing signals within the body using low-frequency carrier-less (broadband) transmission, thereby making it extremely difficult for a nearby eavesdropper to intercept critical private data, thus producing a covert communication channel, i.e. the human body. This work, for the first time, demonstrates and analyzes the improvement in private space enabled by EQS-HBC. Detailed experiments, supported by theoretical modeling and analysis, reveal that the quasi-static (QS) leakage due to the on-body EQS-HBC transmitter-human body interface is detectable up to 5 m detection range for on-body EM wireless communication, highlighting the underlying advantage of EQS-HBC to enable covert communication.
Modulation Characteristics Analysis of the LPI Radar Pulses under non-Cooperative Estimation

The Complex Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radars use different pulse modulation schemes as an effective antijamming feature. A bandwidth based modulation recognition algorithm was proposed in literature, which relies on bandwidths comparison of the intercepted signal and its mth order. This paper develops an improved algorithm to find the optimized data segment length for high performance of bandwidth based modulation recognition algorithm. For real time estimations, only a segment of the long intercepted pulse is processed. The chosen length of the data segment highly depends on the specified range of pulse compression ratio and pulse width. The improved algorithm analyzes the impact of chirp rate on selection of the data segment length and attains high detection performance by proposing a limiting condition. It has been concluded through simulations that if the proposed limiting condition on chosen data segment length and signal’s bandwidth is satisfied, high probability of modulation recognition is achieved.
The Vory: Russia’s Super Mafia. By Mark Galeotti. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Pp. xii, 344. $28.00.)

Mark Galeotti, a well‐known scholar of global crime, offers a thoroughly‐researched (there are more than 700 source notes) examination of Russian organized crime, broadly defined, of which the vory...
Anticancer Properties of Curcumin and Interactions With the Circadian Timing System

The phytochemical curcumin is a major component of turmeric. It has recognized activity against cancer cells and affects several intracellular signaling pathways. Many molecules targeted by curcumi...
Travel time and bounded rationality in travellers’ route choice behaviour: A computer route choice experiment

Abstract Recent empirical studies have found that travellers route choices deviate from perfect rationality, showing that urban trips do not necessary follow the shortest-time routes. However, there is no consent on how much the travellers’ route choice behaviour deviates from the perfect rational assumption. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding on how travellers process travel time when making route choices, and to quantify to what extent users are strict travel time minimisers or if bounded rationality is observed. The question of whether travellers evaluate travel time differences in absolute or relative terms is also addressed, and the heterogeneity in the route choice behaviour of travellers investigated. The results of route choice experiments, focused on the choices in diverse OD pairs and traffic conditions, are analysed. In total, 496 participants recorded 5535 choices over 41 OD pairs. It was found that travellers evaluate relative rather than absolute differences in travel time. In 60.5% of the trips participants chose the fastest route, but this percentage is 80% when the travel time between the fastest and the rest of the alternatives is at least 30% higher. Only 10% of the individuals chose the fastest route in all trips, confirming the hypothesis of bounded rationality. Participants exhibited heterogeneous travel time indifference bands: the average participant was indifferent to relative travel time differences of less than 31%. A mixed logit model (MXL), considering heterogeneous indifference bands is proposed. The model shows a similar predictive accuracy compared to the classical MXL model.
Jet Engine Modeling and Control Using T-MATS

Being able to accurately model a complex machine is important in the design process. Jet engines are expensive and complex thermodynamic systems that require accurate modeling. Modeling allows testing and analysis to be performed before it is implemented. It also allows control schemes to be integrated to determine if it affects the functioning of the system. There are many different types of software available to model thermodynamic systems. T-MATS was released February 5, 2014. It is an open-source software that has the benefit of being fully incorporated with Matlab™ and Simulink™, which allows both modeling and control scheme integration. This paper discusses T-MATS compared to other software and different types of usage.
Political Repression and Dissent in Chad, the Case of Hissene Habre and the Prosecution of Criminal Responsibility in Africa and International Law

This paper focuses on political Repression and Dissent in Chad committed by Hissene Habre and his regime between 1982 to 1990 particularly severe international human rights violation and attempts by the international community to bring him to justice. The paper will look at the political history of Chad, in order to understand the context under which such crimes were committed. Attempts to prosecute Hissene Habre under international law will be examined, including the role of victims living abroad, the role of the government of Chad as well as the role of the African Union. The paper will also look at the legal and political battles that led to the creation of the Extraordinary African Chambers court that has been endowed with the competence to prosecute him and the role of transnational advocacy network groups. The paper will look at the emerging principle of the Responsibility to Protect and its implication in future situations like the case of Chad. The emerging jurisprudence that will arise after the prosecution of Hissene Habre for international crimes committed by him and his regime and its implication in the development of international law and policies will be analyzed.
The Promise and Challenge of Aerobic Exercise in People Undergoing Long-Term Hemodialysis.

The literature chronicling exercise interventions among patients receiving KRT stretches back over 4 decades. Early exercise studies typically took the form of explorations of the physiology of exercise limitations in the dialysis population, and single-center studies testing whether exercise could
Polyclonal PAX8 expression in carcinomas of the biliary tract - Frequent non-specific staining represents a potential diagnostic pitfall.

Abstract Paired box protein 8 (PAX8) is a transcription factor that is considered a relatively specific marker of carcinomas of the thyroid, kidney, and Mullerian/Wolffian duct derivatives. Unexpected PAX8 immunoreactivity has occasionally been reported in other tumors. The frequency of PAX8 expression in carcinomas of the biliary tract is not well studied. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PAX8 in 73 cases of biliary tract carcinoma. We found that 28 of 73 (38%) biliary tract carcinomas had variable immunoreactivity for PAX8, assessed by a widely used polyclonal antibody (ProteinTech Group, Chicago, IL). This included 3 (4%) of cases with strong diffuse, and 14 (19%) of cases with strong focal staining. Strong PAX8 expression was more frequent in distal bile duct carcinomas than other biliary sites (p = 0.015), and showed a weak association with advanced T stage (T3-T4 versus T1-T2; p = 0.09). No correlation was observed between PAX8 positivity and age at diagnosis, gender, or lymph node metastasis. The 28 polyclonal PAX8-positive cases were largely negative for monoclonal PAX8 and PAX6 immunostains, with only rare tumor cells with weak immunoreactivity being present in a subset of cases. We show that a substantial fraction of biliary tract carcinomas exhibit immunoreactivity with a widely used polyclonal PAX8 antibody. Pathologists should be aware of this potential pitfall during the diagnostic workup of hepatobiliary lesions to avoid misdiagnosis as a metastasis from a PAX8-positive tumor.
Operational and Financial Impact of COVID-19: A Survey of Plastic Surgeons in Miami

Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, new guidelines were issued cautioning against performing elective procedures. We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on operational and financial aspects of plastic surgery in Miami. Methods: A multiple-choice and short-answer survey regarding practice changes and financial impact was sent to all 67 members of the Miami Society of Plastic Surgeons. Results: A 41.8% (n = 28) response rate was obtained, five responses did not meet the inclusion criteria, and statistical analysis was performed on 34.3% (n = 23) of responses. Of the plastic surgeons who responded, 21.74% operate in an academic setting, 60.87% are in a single practitioner private practice, and 17.39% are in a multi-practitioner private practice. An estimated 60% of academic plastic surgeons had 75% or more of their previously scheduled cases canceled, compared with 57.14% in single practitioner private practice and 100% in multi-practitioner private practice. In total, 64.29% of single practitioner private practices and 50% of multi-practitioner private practices have had to obtain a small business loan. Single practitioner private practice plastic surgeons reported having an average of 6.5 months until having to file for bankruptcy or permanently close their practices, and multi-practitioner private practice plastic surgeons reported an average of 6 months. Conclusions: Guidelines to support small business must be implemented in order to allow private practice surgeons to recover from the substantial economic impact caused by the pandemic because it is necessary to reestablish patient access and provide proper care to our patients.
Effects of increasing levels of soybean hulls in finishing diets of feedlot cattle fed free-choice hay on performance, roughage intake, and carcass characteristics

ABSTRACT Objectives Our objective was to evaluate the effects of incremental inclusion rates of dietary soybean hulls (SH) on finishing performance, roughage intake (RI), and carcass characteristics in feedlot cattle fed free-choice hay. Materials and Methods Angus × SimAngus-crossbred heifers (n = 60) and steers (n = 54) were stratified by sex and BW and assigned into 12 pens. Treatment 1 contained 5% soybean hulls, 70% ground corn (GC), 15% distiller grains, and 10% mineral supplement. Treatments 2 and 3 included an additional 5% and 10% SH in place of GC, respectively. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (BW) design using 2 different multiple linear regression analyses considering (1) the effects of total NDF intake (TNDFI), roughage NDF intake (RNDFI), and RI variability on growth and carcass characteristics and (2) the effects of concentrate NDF intake (CNDFI) and RI variability on RI. Results and Discussion There were treatment × sex interactions (P ≤ 0.03) for DMI, final BW and RI. In heifers, substituting 15% GC with SH increased DMI at the expense of RI. Substituting GC with SH did not affect DMI of steers, but feeding increasing SH decreased final BW. Average daily gain and DMI were negatively associated (P ≤ 0.05) with TNDFI and RNDFI. The RI was negatively (P ≤ 0.05) associated with CNDFI. The LM area of steer carcasses was negatively associated (P Implications and Applications Despite differential responses to dietary treatments between steers and heifers, cost effectiveness of replacing a small portion of corn with SH will depend on the difference of feed costs.
Solving the At-Risk Problem: Healthy Schools Can Make the Difference

(1992). Solving the At-Risk Problem: Healthy Schools Can Make the Difference. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 156-158.
A constrained joint optimization approach to dynamic sensor configuration

Through intelligent integration of sensing and processing functions, the sensing technology of the future is evolving towards networks of configurable sensors acting in concert. Realizing the potential of collaborative real-time configurable sensor systems presents a number of challenges, including the need to address the massive global optimization problem resulting from incorporating a large array of control parameters. The paper proposes a systematic approach to addressing complex global optimization problems by constraining the problem to a set of key control parameters and recasting a mission-oriented goal into a tractable joint optimization formulation. Using idealized but realistic physical models, a systematic methodology to approach complex multi-dimensional joint optimization problems is used to compute system performance bounds for dynamic sensor configurations.
Initial test of the benchmark chemical approach for predicting microbial transformation rates in aquatic environments.

Using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid methyl ester (2,4-DME) as a benchmark chemical, we determined relative pseudo-first-order rate coefficients for the butoxyethyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-DBE), methyl parathion, and methyl-3-chlorobenzoate in a diversity of microbial samples, including water, sediment, biofilm, and floating microbial mats collected from a laboratory mesocosm as well as from streams, lakes, and wetlands in Georgia and Florida. The decreasing order of reactivity for relative microbial transformation rates was 2,4-DBE > 2,4-DME > methyl-3-chlorobenzoate > methyl parathion. Half-lives of the chemicals varied about 60-fold depending on the chemical and microbial sample. Relative rate coefficients, however, typically varied only about threefold for field-collected samples. Relative rate coefficients determined with samples from a laboratory mesocosm were consistently low compared with the field sample data. Overall, the data indicated that microbial transformation rates of a chemical can be satisfactorily inferred for a wide variety of microbial habitats—such as water, biofilm, or a sediment—on the basis of its transformation rate relative to that of an appropriate benchmark chemical by using a single type of microbial sample.
James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment

On January 31, 1865, the United States House of Representatives voted to approve the Thirteenth Amendment. Chairing the final debate over the Amendment was Representative James Ashley, a lifelong opponent of slavery from Northwest Ohio who led the fight for the Amendment’s approval in the House. Ashley and his antislavery colleagues believed that the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended slavery, but also established fundamental human rights for freed slaves and other people in the United States. This Essay describes Ashley’s theory of the Thirteenth Amendment, a theory that addressed the intersectionality of racial and class-based oppression. Ashley viewed slavery as an institution that relied on both racial and class subordination. Remedying the harms of slavery would require the restoration of a wide range of fundamental human rights that had been violated by that institution, to remedy both the class and race-based subordination that had made slavery possible and improve the status of all workers. As scholars engage in that dialogue over the meaning of rights in the twenty-first century, the Thirteenth Amendment will play an important role. James Ashley’s vision of the Thirteenth Amendment is helpful not only for understanding its history, but also because it resonates in the twenty-first century and provides a useful model for rethinking equality rights.
Why Higher Real Wages May Reduce Altruism for the Poor

The non-poor need to have information on the existence and the cause of the plight of the poor for redistribution to be a public good. Since gaining this information takes time, the full price of helping the poor includes both the money cost and the time involved in empathizing. Over the last century, the higher real incomes of the poor have reduced the manifestations of poverty. When poverty is less obvious, the non-poor are not as aware of poverty. This article also discusses when redistribution is most likely to be a public good.
“Are You Interested, Baby?” Young Infants Exhibit Stable Patterns of Attention During Interaction

The degree to which infants’ current actions are influenced by previous action is fundamental to our understanding of early social and cognitive competence. In this study, we found that infant gazing manifested notable temporal dependencies during interaction with mother even when controlling for mother behaviors. The durations of infant gazes at mother’s face were positively predicted by the durations of the two previous gazes at mother’s face. Similarly, the durations of gazes away from mother’s face were positively predicted by the durations of the two previous gazes of the same type. The durations of gazes at and away from mother’s face, however, were not predicted by one another. This pattern suggests that infants exhibit distinct and temporally stable levels of interest in social and nonsocial features of the environment. In this report, we discuss the implications of these results for parents, for experimental research using looking time measures, and for our understanding of infants’ developing communicative abilities.
Soliton stability conditions in actively mode-locked lasers with different degree of inhomogeneity

Summary from only given. The soliton pulse shaping mechanism dominates ultrashort pulse generation in both passively and actively mode-locked lasers. In this paper, we studied the soliton stability conditions in actively mode-locked lasers with different degree of inhomogeneity. Numerical simulation shows that for an inhomogeneously broadened laser, a stable single soliton-like pulse can be generated only within a certain negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) region. Experimental results confirmed the trend for the GVD requirement.
The tetrahedral finite cell method for fluids: Immersogeometric analysis of turbulent flow around complex geometries

Abstract We present a tetrahedral finite cell method for the simulation of incompressible flow around geometrically complex objects. The method immerses such objects into non-boundary-fitted meshes of tetrahedral finite elements and weakly enforces Dirichlet boundary conditions on the objects’ surfaces. Adaptively-refined quadrature rules faithfully capture the flow domain geometry in the discrete problem without modifying the non-boundary-fitted finite element mesh. A variational multiscale formulation provides accuracy and robustness in both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. We assess the accuracy of the method by analyzing the flow around an immersed sphere for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. We show that quantities of interest such as the drag coefficient, Strouhal number and pressure distribution over the sphere are in very good agreement with reference values obtained from standard boundary-fitted approaches. We place particular emphasis on studying the importance of the geometry resolution in intersected elements. Aligning with the immersogeometric concept, our results show that the faithful representation of the geometry in intersected elements is critical for accurate flow analysis. We demonstrate the potential of our proposed method for high-fidelity industrial scale simulations by performing an aerodynamic analysis of an agricultural tractor.
Effect of Human Saliva on Glucose Uptake by Streptococcus mutans and Other Oral Microorganisms

We examined the effects of human whole salivary supernatant and parotid fluid on glucose uptake by Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The following three effects of saliva were observed: (i) inhibition of glucose uptake (S. mutans, S. sanguis), (ii) promotion of a transient, rapid (0 to 30 s) burst of glucose uptake (S. mutans, S. sanguis), and (iii) enhancement of glucose uptake (S. mitis, A. viscosus, S. aureus, E. coli). We observed no differences between the effects of whole salivary supernatant and the effects of parotid fluid. Heat treatment (80°C, 10 min) of saliva or the addition of dithiothreitol abolished inhibition of glucose uptake. Supplementation of saliva with H2O2 potentiated inhibition of glucose uptake. S. mitis and A. viscosus, which were stimulated by saliva alone, were inhibited by H2O2-supplemented saliva; 50% inhibition of glucose uptake by S. mutans and S. mitis required ca. 10 μM H2O2 in 50% (vol/vol) saliva. Loss of the inhibitory action of saliva occurred at about 5% (vol/vol) saliva. Supplementation of saliva dilutions with SCN− and H2O2 extended the inhibitory activity to solutions containing ca. 0.2% (vol/vol) saliva. We suggest that the salivary lactoperoxidase-SCN−-H2O2 system is responsible for the inhibitory activity of saliva reported here. Furthermore, we concluded that lactoperoxidase and SCN− are present in saliva specimens in concentrations that exceed minimal inhibitory levels by factors of ca. 500 and 10 to 20, respectively. The resistance of A. viscosus, S. aureus, and E. coli to the inhibitory potential of saliva alone was probably due to the production of catalase by these organisms. The resistance of S. mitis may have been due to special effects of saliva on H2O2 accumulation by this organism compared with S. mutans and S. sanguis. The basis of saliva-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake and the basis of promotion of a transient, rapid burst of glucose uptake are unknown. The role of the salivary lactoperoxidase-SCN−-H2O2 system in the oral microbial ecosystem is discussed.
The Home Smoking Environment: Influence on Behaviors and Attitudes in a Racially Diverse Adolescent Population

Although studies indicate that public policy can influence the decrease in smoking behaviors, these policies have not necessarily transferred to home environments at the same rate. The authors surveyed 4,296 students in a southern urban area. African American students were 76.3% of the respondents and Caucasians accounted for 23.7%. African American homes are less likely to have full bans on smoking inside the home. Home smoking bans impact smoking behaviors, acceptance of smoking, susceptibility to smoking, smoking beliefs, and motivation to quit smoking. Along with home smoking bans, there are differences among African American and Caucasian youth in smoking exposure, behaviors, beliefs, and motivation to quit smoking. This study suggests that particularly in African American youth, educational efforts should be directed toward more restrictive home smoking policies to thwart the initiation of smoking in adolescents and to encourage positive attitudes toward smoking behaviors.
EFFECTS OF SAMPLING METHOD ON THE ESTIMATION OF POPULATION PARAMETERS IN HERMIT CRABS

ABSTRACT Hermit crabs were collected from intertidal and shallow nearshore habitats in the vicinity of Alligator Harbor, Florida, either by visual search of prescribed areas along transects or by collection of crabs that were attracted to baits of gastropod flesh (mimicking natural predation sites). The two sampling methods produced collections that were closely similar in crab species composition and relative abundance and in the relative abundance of the shells of the common gastropod genera that the crabs inhabited. The two collections differed in the following respects: (1) more individuals were collected at baits, (2) crabs attracted to baits probably were more secretive and less mobile, (3) significantly more crabs collected at baits occupied damaged shells (72.2%) than did those located by visual search (29.9%), (4) crabs attracted to baits occupied shells of more gastropod genera (22) than did those collected on transects (14), and (5) more individuals of small size and crabs of a wider size range were collected at baits. Our data suggest that the two methods sample different types of individuals with different efficiencies. Small secretive crabs that occupy damaged shells arc underrepresented in collections made by visual search, while larger crabs in intact shells are underrepresented at baits. Estimates of hermit crab population parameters probably should be based on a combination of sampling methods.
Non-Bragg orders in dynamic self-diffraction on thick phase gratings in a photorefractive polymer.

We demonstrate that recording thick holographic phase gratings in photorefractive polymers can lead not only to very efficient Bragg diffraction but also to rather strong diffraction into non-Bragg orders. We show that this effect has features drastically different from those of Raman–Nath diffraction on thin gratings. We compare the experimental results with a model based on the theory of dynamic self-diffraction in a photorefractive medium. Applications of this effect in devices for optical image processing are proposed.
Determination of Active Site Densities on Supported Vanadia Catalysts Using Gravimetric Measurement of Methanol Uptake

In this study, experimental conditions that allow for accurate measurement of active site densities on supported vanadia catalysts by gravimetric analysis of methanol uptake were determined. Gravimetric measurements coupled with temperature-programmed desorption showed that following methanol adsorption at room temperature physisorbed methanol is present on the catalyst for methanol partial pressures greater than ∼10 - 9 Torr. The weakly bound physisorbed species could be avoided by adsorption at 373 K. Adsorption of methanol at this temperature, however, resulted in reduction of the supported vanadia layer. The saturation coverage of chemisorbed methanol was found to be higher on fully oxidized samples relative to partially reduced samples.
Increasing the Validity of Research Results with a Blend of Laboratory and Clinical Strategies

Some nursing research problems may benefit from studies that combine laboratory and clinical research settings. Examples of studies that use a blend of laboratory and clinical components are provided. Traditional laboratory, clinical, and combined laboratory-clinical research settings are discussed in terms of their relative potential for yielding valid results.
Proton-promoted dissolution of α-FeOOH nanorods and microrods: Size dependence, anion effects (carbonate and phosphate), aggregation and surface adsorption

Iron-containing oxide nanoparticles are of great interest from a number of technological perspectives and they are also present in the natural environment. Although recent evidence suggests that particle size plays an important role in the dissolution of metal oxides, a detailed fundamental understanding of the influence of particle size is just beginning to emerge. In the current study, we investigate whether nanoscale size-effects are observed for the dissolution of iron oxyhydroxide under different conditions. The dissolution of two particle sizes of goethite, α-FeOOH in the nanoscale and microscale size regimes (herein referred to as nanorods and microrods), in aqueous suspensions at pH 2 is investigated. It is shown here that in the presence of nitrate, nanorods shows greater dissolution on both a per mass and per surface area basis relative to microrods, in agreement with earlier studies. In the presence of carbonate and phosphate, however, dissolution of α-FeOOH nanorods at pH 2 is significantly inhibited, despite the fact that these anions result in a three- to fivefold enhancement of the dissolution of microrods relative to the nitrate anion. Light scattering techniques and electron microscopy show that nanorod suspensions are less stable compared to microrod suspensions resulting in nanorod aggregation under conditions where microrods stay more dispersed. Furthermore, spectroscopic studies using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy show distinct differences in phosphate and carbonate adsorption on nanorods compared to microrods. These results demonstrate that aggregation and the details of surface adsorption are important in the dissolution behavior of nanoscale materials.
Hydrogen chemisorption on SixGe1−x

Abstract The problem of a hydrogen atom chemisorption on the (100) and (111) faces of Si x Ge 1− x disordered semiconductor alloys (DSA) is studied via the Green-function technique based on a 2 × 2 matrix coherent-potential approximation. The DSA is modeled by a semi-infinite sp-hybrid atomic chain, each site of which is randomly occupied by an atom of either component. The chemisorption process is described by the Anderson-Newns model, which takes account of the intra-atomic electron interaction on the adatom. The chemisorption energy and the adatom charge transfer are calculated as a function of the alloy concentration via the method of complex-energy integration. The effect of surface segregation is also investigated.
Periodic array of traction-free interface cracks subjected to far-field uniform heat flow

Abstract A periodic array of interface cracks is subjected to a uniform heat flow in the far field. The crack opening displacements and complex stress intensity factors are determined, using analytic function theory, for the case that the upper half-space is less distortive than the lower half-space.
Popcorn Cavity Pressure

The evolution of the moisture concentration profile and cavity pressure in response to sudden exposure to a reflow ambient is shown for the simplest model of a plastic package with cavity. Careful definition of boundary conditions, particularly of the mass balance at the molding compound/cavity interface, shows that a superposition of two classical solutions to the diffusion equation for a specific class of boundary conditions is necessary. The boundary condition analysis also points the way to modeling cavity pressure correctly in more complicated and realistic cases. The zero cavity size limit of the analytical solution is interesting because it shows, contrary to common belief, that a cavity is not necessary for the existence of very high internal pressures to cause mechanical damage.
Analysis of Variance and Latin Square Problems by Multiple Regression Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to provide concrete illustrations of the efficacy of the multiple regression approach to the analysis of experimental results. A bridge between theoretical and specific applications is provided by parallel multiple regression and analysis of variance solutions for two typical educational designs. Detailed illustrations are given in the techniques of writing linear constraints and determining degrees of freedom. The major advantages of the multiple regression approach are its adaptability to unusual designs and the facilitation of meaningful interpretation afforded by the provision of regression weights in addition to the usual Fratios.
A symplectic integrator with arbitrary vector and scalar potentials

Abstract We study a new class of symplectic integrators for particles in arbitrary, time-dependent vector and scalar potentials. The methods were introduced in [Y.K. Wu, E. Forest, D.S. Robin, Phys. Rev. E 68 (2003) 046502] and are based on the ability to integrate Hamiltonians of the form ( p i − a i ( q ) ) 2 exactly for a finite time-step. We show that the integrators are symplectic in the non-relativistic case but not symplectic in the full six-dimensional phase space for relativistic Hamiltonians.
Fixed Dosing Versus Body Size—Based Dosing of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins in Adults

Therapeutic biologics are often administered based on body size. A previous study has found that fixed dosing performs similarly to body size-based dosing in reducing intersubject variability in drug exposure across the mAbs studied. This study extended this evaluation to other therapeutic proteins and peptides. Eighteen therapeutic proteins and peptides with published population pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) models were selected for dosing approach evaluation. The relationships between body size and drug exposure (and PD end point when available) were evaluated, and simulation studies were conducted to compare the performance of the 2 dosing approaches. The results showed that fixed dosing performed better for 12 of 18 selected biologics in terms of reducing intersubject variability in exposure at both population and individual levels, whereas body size-based dosing performed better for the other 6 molecules. This result is consistent with the findings for mAbs. Therefore, fixed dosing is recommended for first-in-human studies of proteins and peptides along with mAbs. The final dosing approach for phase 3 studies should be determined based on a full assessment of body size effect on PK/PD when data are available and the therapeutic window of the drug.