cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodal biomedical image indexing and retrieval using descriptive text and global feature mapping

The images found within biomedical articles are sources of essential information useful for a variety of tasks. Due to the rapid growth of biomedical knowledge, image retrieval systems are increasingly becoming necessary tools for quickly accessing the most relevant images from the literature for a given information need. Unfortunately, article text can be a poor substitute for image content, limiting the effectiveness of existing text-based retrieval methods. Additionally, the use of visual similarity by content-based retrieval methods as the sole indicator of image relevance is problematic since the importance of an image can depend on its context rather than its appearance. For biomedical image retrieval, multimodal approaches are often desirable. We describe in this work a practical multimodal solution for indexing and retrieving the images contained in biomedical articles. Recognizing the importance of text in determining image relevance, our method combines a predominately text-based image representation with a limited amount of visual information, in the form of quantized content-based visual features, through a process called global feature mapping. The resulting multimodal image surrogates are easily indexed and searched using existing text-based retrieval systems. Our experimental results demonstrate that our multimodal strategy significantly improves upon the retrieval accuracy of existing approaches. In addition, unlike many retrieval methods that utilize content-based visual features, the response time of our approach is negligible, making it suitable for use with large collections.
Incubating and Sustaining: How Teacher Networks Enable and Support Social Justice Education.

In spite of the U.S. corporatized education “reform” movement where the curriculum has been narrowed and teachers are pressured to teach to the test, many educators enact critical pedagogical practices that seek to make school a place that is equitable, democratic, collaborative, just, and humane. Using data from an in-depth qualitative interview study with eight critical P-12 U.S. teachers, the author found that teacher networks play important roles in helping people decide to become critical educators who teach for social justice and in sustaining their critical teaching once they are in the classroom. This article argues that it is imperative for teacher educators to use social justice networks to recruit prospective teachers and to help existing teacher candidates form and connect with networks. These practices may bring new teachers committed to social justice into the field of education and sustain the work of those already teaching for justice.
Structural Properties of Stochastic Dynamic Programs

In Markov models of sequential decision processes, one is often interested in showing that the value function is monotonic, convex, and/or supermodular in the state variables. These kinds of results can be used to develop a qualitative understanding of the model and characterize how the results will change with changes in model parameters. In this paper we present several fundamental results for establishing these kinds of properties. The results are, in essence, "metatheorems" showing that the value functions satisfy property P if the reward functions satisfy property P and the transition probabilities satisfy a stochastic version of this property. We focus our attention on closed convex cone properties, a large class of properties that includes monotonicity, convexity, and supermodularity, as well as combinations of these and many other properties of interest.
Modulation waves propagating in VCSEL arrays

Since VCSEL cavities posses a natural oscillation frequency, 1-D or 2-D periodic VCSEL arrays behave as oscillator lattices coupled through near neighbor interactions. Modulation of an individual VCSEL will excite modulation waves through the lattice. A dispersion relation for the lattice waves is obtained using optical interaction among nearest VCSELs. It is shown that the excited frequency bandwidth is given by the product of the VCSEL natural frequency times the coupling strength; the latter is parameterized by the ratios a/w and b/a, with a the VCSEL active radius, w the cavity mode waist and b the array period. A connection is made between the lattice wave decay constant and the channel cross-talk for VCSEL array-based interconnects / switch fabrics.
SERIES NASH SOLUTION OF TWO-PERSON NONZERO-SUM LINEAR-QUADRATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAMES,

It is well-known that the Nash equilibrium solution of a two-person, nonzero-sum, linear differential game with a quadratic cost function can be expressed in terms of the solution of coupled generalized Riccati-type matrix differential equations. For high-order games, the numerical determination of the solution of the nonlinear coupled equations may be difficult or even impossible when the application dictates the use of small-memory computers. In this paper, a series solution is suggested by means of a parameter imbedding method. Instead of solving a high-order matrix-Riccati equation, a lower-order matrix-Riccati equation corresponding to a zero-sum game is solved. In addition, lower-order linear equations have to be solved. These solutions to lower-order equations are the coefficients of the series solution for the nonzero-sum game. Cost functions corresponding to truncated solutions are compared with those for exact Nash equilibrium solutions.
Electronic effect of lead substitution in single-crystal Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors determined by scanning tunneling microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to characterize directly the surface electronic structure of a series of single-crystal ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ superconductors. High-resolution spectroscopic measurements show that within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 eV of the Fermi level the Bi(Pb)-O electronic structure is independent of the Pb concentration (x\ensuremath{\le}0.7). Extended spectroscopic measurements demonstrate that the density of unfilled states at +1 eV systematically decrease as the concentration of Pb increases, although the filled states between 0 and -2 eV are essentially independent of the concentration of Pb. In addition, analysis of the differential conductivity indicates that the surface conductivity varies from weakly metallic to semiconducting as the tip-surface separation increases.
Aspects of characteristic-free representation theory of GLn, and some applications to intertwining numbers

Characteristic-free representation theory has been studied by many people over the past fifteen years in many different ways for many different reasons. In the mid-seventies, Carter and Lusztig [6] defined the Weyl modules for the general linear group over any field, independent of characteristic. Towber, a little later [9], defined the Schur and Weyl modules for GLn over an arbitrary commutative ring. Using standard monomial theory, Lakshmibai, Musili and Seshadri [8] defined the Schur modules for the classical groups over any commutative ring.
Multiple Trait Evaluation of Bulls for Calving Ease

Abstract Evaluation of bulls for calving difficulty of their calves by a multiple trait, mixed model procedure seems appropriate for a number of reasons. Average calving ease scores and their variances and heritabilities differ according to sex of calf and parity of mother. The multiple trait procedure automatically accounts for differences in averages, variances, and heritabilities. The procedure also allows for the magnitude of herd-year-season effects to be different for four traits as defined by calving difficulty scores when measured on: male birth by a heifer, female birth by a heifer, male birth by a cow, and female birth by a cow. Covariances among herd effects for the four traits are used in the multiple trait procedure to prevent certain comparisons within herd from being lost. Records on all four traits are weighted properly to evaluate sires for calving ease for all sex-of-calf and parity-of-cow combinations. Evaluations for the four traits can be weighted to obtain a single evaluation for expected fraction of acceptable births. Computing costs do not seem prohibitive. The procedure, however, does not take advantage of ordering of categorical responses or of an underlying continuous biological distribution as would threshold models.
Optical spectra of supernovae

The temporal evolution of the optical spectra of various types of supernovae (SNe) is illustrated, in part to aid observers classifying supernova candidates. Type II SNe are defined by the presence of hydrogen, and they exhibit a very wide variety of photometric and spectroscopic properties. Among hydrogen-deficient SNe (Type I), three subclasses are now known: those whose early-time spectra show strong Si II (Ia), prominent He I (Ib), or neither Si II nor He I (Ic). The late-time spectra of SNe Ia consist of a multitude of blended emission lines of iron-group elements; in sharp contrast, those of SNe Ib and SNe Ic (which are similar to each other) are dominated by several relatively unblended lines of intermediatemass elements. Although SNe Ia, which result from the thermonuclear runaway of white dwarfs, constitute a rather homogeneous subclass, important variations in their photometric and spectroscopic properties are undeniably present. SNe Ib/Ic probably result from core collapse in massive stars largely stripped of their hydrogen (Ib) and helium (Ic) envelopes, and hence they are physically related to SNe II. Indeed, the progenitors of some SNe II seem to have only a low-mass skin of hydrogen; their spectra gradually evolve to resemble those of SNe Ib. In addition to the two well-known photometric subclasses (linear and plateau) of SNe II, which may exhibit minor spectroscopic differences, there is a new subclass (SNe IIn) distinguished by relatively narrow emission lines with little or no P Cygni absorption component and slowly declining light curves. These objects probably have unusually dense circumstellar gas with which the ejecta interact.
Loss of p19 ARF Eliminates the Requirement for the pRB-Binding Motif in Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen-Mediated Transformation

At least three domains of simian virus 40 large T antigen (TAg) participate in cellular transformation. The LXCXE motif of TAg binds to all members of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) family of tumor suppressors. The N-terminal 70 residues of TAg have significant homology to the J domain of Hsp40/DnaJ and cooperate with the LXCXE motif to inactivate the pRB family. A bipartite C-terminal domain of TAg binds to p53 and thereby disrupts the ability of p53 to act as a sequence-specific transcription factor. The contribution of these three domains of TAg to cellular transformation was evaluated in cells that contained inactivating mutations in the pRB and p53 pathways. Cells that stably expressed wild-type or selected mutant forms of TAg were generated in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) containing homozygous deletions in the RB, INK4a, and ARF loci. It was determined that the J domain, the LXCXE motif, and the p53-binding domain of TAg were required for full transformation of wild-type and RB(-/-) MEFs. In contrast, INK4a(-/-) MEFs that lacked expression of p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF) and ARF(-/-) MEFs that lacked p19(ARF) but expressed p16(INK4a) acquired anchorage-independent growth when expressing wild-type TAg or mutant derivatives that disrupted either the pRB-binding or p53-binding domain. The expression and function of the pRB family members were not overly disrupted in ARF(-/-) MEFs expressing LXCXE mutants of TAg. These results suggest that inactivating mutations of p19(ARF) can relieve the requirement for the LXCXE motif in TAg-mediated transformation and that TAg may have additional functions in transformation.
Feline Cuterebrosis Caused by a Lagomorph-Infesting Cuterebra spp. Larva

Native species of rodents and lagomorphs in the Americas are the typical hosts of Cuterebra spp. larvae. Although these bot flies are relatively host specific, they occasionally parasitize other native and introduced mammals (including domestic animals and humans), an affliction termed cuterebrosis. Cuterebra spp. larvae generally cause benign, subcutaneous lesions (warbles), but when infesting domestic cats, they can invade the eyes, respiratory tract, and cerebral tissues, causing severe, and in some cases fatal, injury. Despite more than 2 dozen published reports of feline cuterebrosis, the type (rodent- or lagomorph-infesting) or species parasitizing domestic cats has rarely been determined. Here, I identify a larva removed from a kitten in southern Wisconsin as belonging to a lagomorph-infesting Cuterebra species, most likely C. abdominalis, based especially on features of the cuticular platelets covering its exterior, and its geographic location. This seems to be only the third substantiated report of feline cuterebrosis in more than 50 yr in which a larva has been identified beyond "Cuterebra spp." In each case, lagomorph-infesting species were involved, suggesting that domestic cats may not be susceptible to rodent-infesting Cuterebra species. However, because these studies are limited in number and geographic area, additional research is required to establish the spectrum of Cuterebra species involved in feline cuterebrosis.
Fault detection and diagnosis in industrial fed-batch fermentation

This paper applies multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques to pilot plant fermentation data for the purpose of fault detection and diagnosis. Data from ten batches, nine normal operating conditions (NOC) and one failed, were available. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed from eight NOC batches, while the remaining NOC batch was used for model validation. Subsequently, the model was used to successfully detect (both offline and online) a process abnormality in the failed batch and diagnose the factors contributing to the fault. These monitoring results agree with the observed biological phenomena encountered during this batch.
Cenozoic insect-plant diversification in the tropics

Evolution has done wonders with mass extinctions. Organic diversity has rebuilt itself at least five times during the history of life on Earth, fashioning novelty from the organic remnants of each catastrophe (1). Modern biodiversity arose from a global extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period (the “K-T” extinction) that probably was caused by an asteroid or comet impact. This penultimate mass extinction [that before the recent and incipient human-caused extinctions (2)] eliminated 80% of large plant species, 20% of marine animal families, all dinosaurs except ancestors of present-day birds, and probably many specialized insect–plant associations (3). Some of the lineages that pushed through the end-Cretaceous bottleneck have done extremely well during the ensuing 65 million years of often favorable Cenozoic environments. Bony fishes, corals, and several invertebrate groups enjoyed net cladogenesis and speciation that greatly exceeded extinction. On land, groups with a good start before the end-Cretaceous extinction and impressive radiation since include birds, mammals, insects, and angiosperms. Stebbins (4) inspired modern research on recovery from extinction with the metaphor that plant communities are simultaneously “museums,” which preserve ancient lineages, and “cradles,” which foster speciation. The power of science to address these issues has been greatly increased by the advent of molecular phylogenetics, which when complemented by paleontology, biogeography, evolution, and ecology, can give a picture of the tempo of recovery. In this issue of PNAS, McKenna and Farrell (5) address the temporal trajectories of diversification rates and, by inference, the mechanisms of recovery from the end-Cretaceous mass extinction of the specialized and speciose Cephaloleia leaf beetles of Middle America.
The effect of anesthesia choice on post-operative outcomes in women undergoing exploratory laparotomy for a suspected gynecologic malignancy

Objective To determine how anesthesia choice in women undergoing laparotomy for gynecologic malignancy affects pain control and narcotic use.
The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior

Publisher Summary The major aim of this chapter is to show how the development and occurrence of human aggressive behavior are explained by the social-cognitive information processing theory, and to review the empirical evidence supporting the theory. Artificially intelligent programs like “Deep Blue” do not succeed in solving complex problems simply because they can compute very rapidly. They succeed because they also incorporate models of the way in which human experts process information to solve problems. Different theories of social behavior may use different levels of explanation within this hierarchy, but generally, most theories adopt a level analogous to programming in a high-level computer language. Information processing models of social cognition have drawn on empirical knowledge about human cognition and human social behavior to define a set of basic processes and data structures that seem to characterize human cognitions about social behavior. The chapter discusses three important facts about anger and aggressive behavior in humans before proceeding with an elaboration of the role of social cognition. It further discusses that two general cognitive/information processing models have emerged to explain how humans acquire and maintain aggressive habits.
Classifying mammographic lesions using computerized image analysis

The classification of 3 common breast lesions, fibroadenomas, cysts, and cancers, was achieved using computerized image analysis of tumor shape in conjunction with patient age. The process involved the digitization of 69 mammographic images using a video camera and a commercial frame grabber on a PC-based computer system. An interactive segmentation procedure identified the tumor boundary using a thresholding technique which successfully segmented 57% of the lesions. Several features were chosen based on the gross and fine shape describing properties of the tumor boundaries as seen on the radiographs. Patient age was included as a significant feature in determining whether the tumor was a cyst, fibroadenoma, or cancer and was the only patient history information available for this study. The concept of a radial length measure provided a basis from which 6 of the 7 shape describing features were chosen, the seventh being tumor circularity. The feature selection process was accomplished using linear discriminant analysis and a Euclidean distance metric determined group membership. The effectiveness of the classification scheme was tested using both the apparent and the leaving-one-out test methods. The best results using the apparent test method resulted in correctly classifying 82% of the tumors segmented using the entire feature space and the highest classification rate using the leaving-one-out test method was 69% using a subset of the feature space. The results using only the shape descriptors, and excluding patient age resulted in correctly classifying 72% using the entire feature space (except age), and 51% using a subset of the feature space. >
A Late Vascular Complication Due to Component Migration After Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Although vascular injuries associated with primary and revision total hip arthroplasty are infrequent, these complications can have devastating effects that can lead to morbidity and even mortality. No previous reports have described embolic distal limb ischemia secondary to a failed and migrated acetabular implant in discontinuity with the pelvis. We present a novel case in which a screw from a failed and migrated acetabular cage construct led to injury of the superficial femoral artery. While awaiting the construction of a custom prosthesis, the patient developed thromboembolism leading to distal extremity ischemia. The patient was treated with thrombolytic therapy, anticoagulation, removal of the offending hardware, forefoot amputation, and later hip reconstruction. Recognition of the risks associated with failed and migrated components may prevent this complication in the future.
Successful use of intra-arrest thrombolysis for electrical storm due to acute myocardial infarction

Acute vascular thrombotic disease, including acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism, accounts for 70% of sudden outpatient cardiac arrest. The role of intra-arrest thrombolytic administration aimed at reversing the underlying cause of cardiac arrest remains an area of debate with recent guidelines advising against routine use. We present a case of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation electrical storm in a patient who demonstrated intra-arrest electrocardiographic and sonographic markers confirming acute myocardial infarction. Return of spontaneous circulation was rapidly achieved after rescue intra-arrest bolus thrombolysis.Highlights of this case are discussed in the context of the current evidence for thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest with specific attention to the issue of patient selection.
A single (6-4) photoproduct inhibits plasmid DNA replication in xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell extracts

The human skin cancer-prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) results from a mutation in the human RAD30 gene, which encodes the lesion bypass DNA polymerase eta. XPV cells are characterized by delayed completion of DNA replication and increased mutagenesis following UV-irradiation. Using extracts of an XPV lymphoblast cell line (GM2449C) that has a truncating mutation in the RAD30 gene, we investigated the effect of a (6-4) photoproduct and a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), at a unique -TT- site on either the leading or lagging strand, on plasmid DNA replication. Compared to normal cell extracts, XPV cell extracts have a reduced capacity to carry out complete replication of DNA containing either a (6-4) photoproduct or a CPD on the leading strand, whereas there is little difference between the two cell extracts in replication of DNA containing a lesion on the lagging strand. Inhibition of replication in the presence of a (6-4) photoproduct is attributed to arrest of nascent DNA strand synthesis at the lesion site; in XPV cell extracts, the proportion of arrested products is increased compared to that of normal cell extracts. These results are consistent with a requirement for functional DNA polymerase eta in the replication of a double-stranded plasmid containing either a (6-4) photoproduct or a CPD, on the leading but not the lagging strand.
Neglected Origins of Modern Hebrew Prose: Hasidic and Maskilic Travel Narratives

The emergence of modern Hebrew literature has too often been represented as a straight line from Enlightenment authors' meliẓa to “Mendele's nusaḥ” in S. Y. Abramovitsh's fiction. If we are to move beyond this one-dimensional geometry, we must add additional lines of development: from traditional rabbinic writing in postmishnaic Hebrew, branching out to hasidic narratives and parodies of hasidic Hebrew, and gradually leading toward a more vernacular Hebrew style. Once we have recognized the inadequacy of the older model, which culminates in hyperbolic claims for Abramovitsh's short stories (1886–96), we can better appreciate the contributions of diverse authors such as R. Nathan (Nosn) Sternharz (1780–1845), Mendel Lefin (1749–1826), and their successors.
Catalysis of Streptovitacin A Dehydration: Kinetics and Mechanisms

The dehydration of streptovitacin A (StA) is compared to that of cycloheximide (CY) in this paper. Acidic dehydration of CY produces the α,β-unsaturated ketone, anhydrocycloheximide. Under similar conditions StA dehydration yields an analogous product, anhydrostreptovitacin A (AnS), which undergoes further dehydration to form a phenolic derivative. The ratios of the rate constants at the temperatures studied are (kCY/kStA): 7.5, 40°; 6.2, 50°; 5.7, 60°; and 4.8, 70°. Dehydration of StA in alkaline buffered solutions gives rise to AnS with no evidence for the formation of the phenolic product, The apparent first-order rate constant, k, for the formation of AnSin defined as k= kH+[H+]+kOH−[OH−]+kHPO4= [HPO4=]+ks. Log k versus pH profiles constructed from 40 to 70° show a minimum at pH 4 where StA is more stable than CY. Mechanisms for the catalysis by H+, OH− and HPO4= are postulated.
Preparng the right data diet for training neural networks

Neural networks are a good way to interrelate nonlinear variables in a robust manner. The simplex method for optimization is not nearly as effectual, and neither are the various statistical methods for classifying and associating data and predicting results. The reason is that neural networks are put through a training phase, during which they can automatically fine-tune themselves as often as proves necessary to get the desired performance. Of course, the old adage "garbage in...garbage out" applies as much to neural networks as it does to all other data-processing applications. If the training data set (the collection of input data and its associated correct output data) is not thoughtfully chosen, the resulting network is unlikely to hold up well in an industrial environment. So it is hardly surprising that massaging the set of training data consumes some 80 percent of the engineering time spent getting a real-world neural network up and running-that is, getting it to converge under a broad enough range of conditions to be deployed with confidence in a production situation. If that data preparation is done systematically, much time can be saved and a more robust end-product can be obtained. A nine-step process is given that experience (the author's) has shown can enhance the probability of obtaining a learning convergence robust enough for industrial use.
Small angle light scattering as a probe of flow-induced particle orientation

Abstract A new optical technique which digitally records the evolution of the two-dimensional intensity distribution of the small angle light scattering of suspended particles subjected to transient shear flows is described. For dilute suspensions of absorbing particles which are larger than the wavelength of the incident light, scalar diffraction theory is applied to relate the moments of the measured pattern to the degree of alignment and average orientation angle of the particles. The diffraction pattern for non-Brownian, near-sphere particles in Stokes flow is solved and shows an oscillation between isotropic contours, when the particles are randomly oriented, and elliptical contours oriented perpendicular to the average orientation of the particles. Experimental results for the inception and reversal of simple shear flow of a dilute suspension of prolate ellipsoids in a parallel plate device are presented and exhibit this behavior. These data agree well with previous theoretical and experimental findings but bring with them new information that will prove valuable in future rheological studies.
Curcumin Inhibition of the Functional Interaction between Integrin α6β4 and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The functional interaction between integrin α6β4 and growth factor receptors has been implicated in key signaling pathways important for cancer cell function. However, few attempts have been made to selectively target this interaction for therapeutic intervention. Previous studies showed that curcumin, a yellow pigment isolated from turmeric, inhibits integrin α6β4 signaling important for breast carcinoma cell motility and invasion, but the mechanism is not currently known. To address this issue, we tested the hypothesis that curcumin inhibits the functional interaction between α6β4 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this study, we found that curcumin disrupts functional and physical interactions between α6β4 and EGFR, and blocks α6β4/EGFR-dependent functions of carcinoma cells expressing the signaling competent form of α6β4. We further showed that curcumin inhibits EGF-dependent mobilization of α6β4 from hemidesmosomes to the leading edges of migrating cells such as lammelipodia and filopodia, and thereby prevents α6β4 distribution to lipid rafts where functional interactions between α6β4 and EGFR occur. These data suggest a novel paradigm in which curcumin inhibits α6β4 signaling and functions by altering intracellular localization of α6β4, thus preventing its association with signaling receptors such as EGFR. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(5); 883–91. ©2011 AACR .
“Reading an Object”: Developing effective scientific inquiry using student questions

We explore the power of allowing students to construct their own conceptual understanding as they “read an object” in a series of guided inquiry steps, developing their own questions about the object. Their ownership of questions increases the learner’s engagement and results in more efficacious learning and meets the standards of quality intellectual work and meaningful lifelong learning, as opposed to school‐based “mastery learning” for the test.
Electrophysiological effects of Ca ionophore A23187 on frog stomach.

SummaryThe Ca ionophore A23187 at a concentration of 10−6M in a Cl− nutrient solution containing 1 mM Ca2+ or at a concentration of 10−5M in a Cl− nutrient solution containing 0.04, 1 or 3 mM Ca2+ decreased the resistance and increased the H+ secretory rate of the frog gastric mucosa of Rana pipiens. Similar effects were obtained with 10−5M ionophore in secretory solutions. The ionophore exhibited inhibitory effects in Cl−-free media. These results together with those involving Ca2+-free Cl− solutions and Ba2+ studies suggested that the ionophore increased Cl− conductance, particularly of the secretory membrane.
Relativistic many-body calculation of energies, transition rates, lifetimes, and multipole polarizabilities in Cs-like La III

Excitation energies of the [Xe]$nd$ ($n=5\ensuremath{-}9$), [Xe]$ns$ ($n=6\ensuremath{-}10$), [Xe]$np$ ($n=6\ensuremath{-}9$), [Xe]$nf$ ($n=4\ensuremath{-}8$), and [Xe]$ng$ ($n=5\ensuremath{-}8$) states in La iii, where [Xe] = $1{s}^{2}2{s}^{2}2{p}^{6}3{s}^{2}3{p}^{6}3{d}^{10}4{s}^{2}4{p}^{6}4{d}^{10}5{s}^{2}5{p}^{6}$, are evaluated. Electric dipole matrix elements for the allowed transitions between the low-lying [Xe]$nd$, [Xe]$ns$, [Xe]$np$, [Xe]$nf$, and [Xe]$ng$ states in the La iii ion are calculated using the high-precision relativistic all-order method where all single, double, and partial triple excitations of the Dirac-Fock wave functions are included to all orders of perturbation theory. Recommended values are provided for a large number of electric dipole matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the states listed above are evaluated. The uncertainties of the recommended values are estimated. Electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole matrix elements are calculated to determine lifetimes of the $5{d}_{5/2}$ and $6s$ metastable levels. The ground-state $E1$, $E2$, and $E3$ static polarizabilities are calculated. This work provides recommended values critically evaluated for their accuracy for a number of La iii atomic properties for use in planning and analysis of various experiments as well as theoretical modeling.
Correlates of cardiac structure and function in normotensive adolescents

To evaluate body weight as a determinant of cardiac structure and function in adolescents, 47 normotensive 13-year-old subjects were studied with M-mode echo duplex Doppler echocardiography (DE). They were separated by body weight into standard (greater than 55 kg) and lighter (less than 55 kg) groups. No subject had a blood pressure greater than 140/90. The differences between the groups in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, LV mass, left atrial size (LA), and peak aortic flow velocity (PAoV) were measured. (Formula: see text). Body weight strongly correlated with SBP in the entire study group (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001) but slightly less strongly with DBP (r = 0.48, P less than 0.001). Left ventricular filling indices such as peak early diastolic flow velocity, early diastolic filling integral, peak atrial flow velocity, and atrial filling integral were not significantly different between the groups. No significant differences in blood pressure, LV mass, LA size, or peak aortic flow velocity could be demonstrated when the subjects were subdivided on the basis of gender or presence or absence of family history of hypertension. Body weight appeared to be not only a strong predictor of blood pressure but also of cardiac structural and functional characteristics in adolescents.
Serum polysaccharide levels in experimental inflammation.

Summary and ConclusionsStudies were made of serum polysaccharide levels in dogs following the production of sterile turpentine abscesses, of bacterial abscesses, and of talc granulomas, the injection of turpentine intrapleurally, and experimental surgical operations. In all cases the polysaccharide level rose and the maximal level depended somewhat upon the type of inflammation. Elevation occurred both in the presence and absence of fever. The maximal elevation appeared within 3 to 6 days after the initial injury. The suggestion is made that this phenomenon is correlated in some way with tissue proliferation or repair.
"Smart" base isolation systems

This paper investigates the effectiveness of several base isolation strategies for historical earthquakes of various magnitudes and characteristics. The strategies studied herein include isolation systems with leadrubber bearings and with “smart” (semi-active) dampers. To demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches, historical earthquakes scaled to different magnitudes are used to excite an isolated building structure. Responses examined include: peak base and structural (relative) displacements, peak base and structural (absolute) accelerations, and peak applied forces. The adaptable nature of the smart damper system is shown to protect a structure from extreme earthquakes, without sacrificing performance during the more frequent, moderate seismic events.
Analysis of current methods of interpreting strong-motion accelerograms

The influence on the calculated velocity and displacement and shock spectra of accelerogram vagaries is examined. The effect of centerline adjustment, small random reading errors, and chart paper distortion are considered in detail. An expression for the variance of the final displacement error, which is caused by accelerogram reading errors, is presented. This expression can be used to determine the reading accuracy required to evaluate the final ground displacement to desired accuracy. The utility of determining ground velocity and displacement is discussed. The effects of accelerogram reading errors on shock spectra is considered. The adequacy of current chart paper speeds and transducer natural frequencies is discussed. It is concluded: (a) that the use of accelerograms to accurately determine net ground displacement is impractical; (b) that reading errors in accelerogram charts, as they are currently being recorded, can cause significant errors in response spectra; (c) that limitations of current seismographs may attenuate the high frequency content in strong-motion seismic shocks or distort low-frequency spectra due to aliasing.
Culture, Curriculum, and Identity in Education

This book is about the intersections of culture, curriculum, and identity in education. Individuals and groups of people operate in and through cultural frames of reference and in and through social contexts. Our beliefs, ideologies, ways of knowing, preferences, and practices are shaped and guided by culture. For reasons elaborated elsewhere (see Chapter 8 for instance) but beyond the scope of this introduction, White teachers sometimes do not believe and fully understand that they have a culture (see, for instance, Milner & Smithey, 2003), or that their worldview and practices are culturally grounded, guided, and facilitated. They struggle to understand that they, like people of color, too are cultural beings and that their conceptions, decisions, and actions are culturally shaped and mediated. They sometimes classify others as “cultural beings” or “diverse” and sometimes do not recognize the salience and centrality of their own culture, and how it is woven through their work as teachers. Culture is steeply embedded within and around each of us, is in and among all groups of people, and is especially shaped by the social context of education.
Measurement of haemolysis markers following transfusion of uncrossmatched, low-titre, group O+ whole blood in civilian trauma patients: initial experience at a level 1 trauma centre.

SUMMARYBackground/Objectives The safety of administering uncrossmatched, group O, cold-stored, whole blood (cWB) during civilian trauma resuscitation was evaluated. Methods/Materials Male trauma patients with haemorrhage-induced hypotension who received leuko-reduced uncrossmatched group O+, low titre (<50) anti-A and -B, platelet-replete cWB during initial resuscitation were included. The biochemical markers of haemolysis (lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, haptoglobin, creatinine, serum potassium) were measured on the day of cWB receipt (day 0), and over the next 2 days, reports of transfusion reactions and total blood product administration in first 24 h of admission were recorded. Results There were 27 non-group O and 17 group O cWB recipients. The median number of cWB units transfused was 1 [interquartile range (IQR): 1–2] in both groups. The median day 0 post-transfusion serum total bilirubin concentration, although still in the normal range, was higher in the non-group O versus group O recipients (1·4 versus 0·5 mg/dL, P < 0·01). There were no significant differences in any of the other biochemical parameters at any other time point. Non-group O recipients received a median of 3 times more red blood cell (RBC) units compared with group O recipients (P = 0·01 RBCs), likely explaining the bilirubin difference on day 0. The median volume of ABO-incompatible plasma transfused to non-group O recipients was 600 mL (IQR: 300–1140 mL). There were no reports of adverse events related to the cWB transfusion in either group. Conclusions Administration of ≤2 units of cWB in civilian trauma resuscitation was not associated with clinically significant changes in laboratory haemolysis markers. Efficacy will be determined when larger quantities are transfused.
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ECMO USE FOR HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY POST HEART TRANSPLANTATION

Hemodynamic instability immediately post heart transplant (OHT) could be due to primary graft dysfunction (PGD). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly utilized as temporary mechanical circulatory support in PGD until graft function normalizes. We aim to study the donor and
Expandable Cages for Lumbar Spinal Deformity

Interbody fusion has particular advantages in the setting of adult spinal deformity (ASD). Compared to an intertransverse posterolateral fusion, interbody fusion (1) has a more robust fusion rate due to the improved local vascularity and load sharing present at the endplates, (2) permits anterior release and height restoration for correction of the deformity in the coronal and sagittal planes, (3) allows for bilateral indirect decompression of the neural foramina by restoring interbody height, and (4) in select cases can assist in vertebral de-rotation in the axial plane. These advantages with interbody fusion have led to a plethora of techniques for approaching the disc space, preparing the graft recipient site, and interbody spacer placement.
The Genetics Of Biogenic Amine Metabolism, Sclerotization, And Melanization In Drosophila Melanogaster*

Publisher Summary The genetics of Drosophila provides a number of different approaches toward initiating the investigation of the areas of biogenic-amine metabolism that have previously not been studied or are completely novel to any organism. Biogenic amines are particularly important compounds in insects, for they not only serve as neurotransmitters and modulaters of adenylate cyclase activity in their neurophysiology but also are essential for cross-linking proteins and chitin during sclerotization in the insect cuticle throughout development and especially at times of eclosion (hatching) and molting. A thorough understanding of the regulation of the synthesis, inactivation, and degradation of biogenic amines in the nervous system is mandatory for the elucidation of their roles in the neurophysiology and behavior of any organism. The availability of mutations that interrupt biogenic-amine metabolism in an experimentally suitable organism such as Drosophila should provide powerful analytical tools for neurochemists, neurophysiologists, and behavioral biologists. To facilitate and stimulate research on biogenic amines and sclerotization, this chapter discusses some known facts about the genetics and biochemistry of biogenic amines and sclerotization in Drosophila .
NUMERICAL STUDY OF SOIL ARCHING MECHANISM IN DRILLED SHAFTS FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION

ABSTRACT One of the main mechanisms of drilled shafts in enhancing the stability of the soil slope is through soil arching, in which the interslice forces transmitted to the soil slice behind the shafts are reduced. This paper presents a finite element analysis technique for quantitatively studying the soil arching mechanisms associated with the drilled shafts stabilized soil slope. The modeling techniques and the constitutive relationships of the soils are described in detail. By performing a series of numerical studies, the load transfer characteristics due to soil arching are quantified for both cohesive and cohesionless soils. Among the parameters investigated, the ratio of shaft spacing, 5, to the shaft diameter, d, was found to exert the greatest influences on the development and intensity of soil arching. Practical design tables have been developed to relate the arching-induced stress transfer to the s/d ratio, shaft diameter, and soil strength parameters. It was found that the smaller the s/d ratio and the higher friction angle of cohesionless soils, the more soil stresses are being transferred to the drilled shafts due to soil arching. The cohesive soils have greater tendency for soil arching as shown by a small cohesion value needed for fully developing the soil arching. The propensity of cohesive soils to creep may negate the arching to some extent.
Injections of corticotropin-releasing factor into the periaqueductal gray enhance Pavlovian fear conditioning

Two experiments were conducted to determine if central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) could influence the acquisition of a conditional fear response. In the first experiment, rats received either CRF (1.0 µg) or saline into the lateral ventricle prior to Pavlovian fear conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, freezing to the shock-associated context and the shock-associated discrete stimulus was measured. Subjects that received CRF prior to conditioning engaged in more freezing behavior to both types of stimuli than did the saline controls. In the second experiment, rats received either CRF (0.4 µg) or saline into the ventral area of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) prior to fear conditioning. Direct application of CRF into the PAG also produced an enhancement in fear conditioning to both discrete and contextual stimuli. These results suggest that CRF is capable of modulating the acquisition of fear responses through a neural system that includes the PAG.
Average Longest Path and Maximum Cost Network Flows with Multiple-Criteria Weights

Abstract Multiple criteria decision analysis methods are incorporated into network flow problems as the arc weight. Each individual arc in the network consequently has a value or utility between 0 and 1, and the objective is thus to find the path with longest average value or maximum average cost flow. These problems are NP-hard for general graphs. For directed acyclic graphs (DAG), we develop a dynamic programming based algorithm to solve the average longest path problem in O(nm) and a heuristic to approximate the average longest path problem in O(m). These methods are then used successively to approximate the average maximum cost flow.
Identification of BVDV2b and 2c subgenotypes in the United States: Genetic and antigenic characterization.

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a ubiquitous pathogen of cattle, causes subclinical to severe acute disease. Two species of BVDV are recognized, BVDV1 and BVDV2 with BVDV1 divided into at least 21 subgenotypes and BVDV2 into 3–4 subgenotypes, most commonly using sequences from the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR). We report genomic sequencing of 8 BVDV2 isolates that did not segregate into the 2a subgenotype; but represented two additional BVDV2 subgenotypes. One BVDV2 subgenotype was previously recognized only in Asia. The other seven viruses fell into a second subgenotype that was first reported in Brazil and the U.S. in 2002. Neutralization assays using antiserum raised against vaccine strain BVDV2a 296c revealed varying degrees of neutralization of genetically diverse BVDV2 isolates. Neutralization titers decreased from 1.8 to more than a four log(2) decrease. This study illustrated the considerable genetic and antigenic diversity in BVDV2 circulating in the U.S.
The Serum Metabolome Identifies Biomarkers of Dietary Acid Load in 2 Studies of Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND Dietary acid load is a clinically important aspect of the diet that reflects the balance between acid-producing foods, for example, meat and cheese, and base-producing foods, for example, fruits and vegetables. METHODS We used metabolomics to identify blood biomarkers of dietary acid load in 2 independent studies of chronic kidney disease patients: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK, n = 689) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD, n = 356) study. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the cross-sectional association between serum metabolites whose identity was known (outcome) and dietary acid load (exposure), estimated with net endogenous acid production (NEAP) based on 24-h urine urea nitrogen and potassium, and adjusted for age, sex, race, randomization group, measured glomerular filtration rate, log-transformed urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, and smoking status. RESULTS Out of the 757 known, nondrug metabolites identified in AASK, 26 were significantly associated with NEAP at the Bonferroni threshold for significance (P < 6.6 × 10-5). Twenty-three of the 26 metabolites were also identified in the MDRD study, and 13 of the 23 (57%) were significantly associated with NEAP (P < 2.2 × 10-3), including 5 amino acids (S-methylmethionine, indolepropionylglycine, indolepropionate, N-methylproline, N-δ-acetylornithine), 2 cofactors and vitamins (threonate, oxalate), 1 lipid (chiro-inositol), and 5 xenobiotics (methyl glucopyranoside, stachydrine, catechol sulfate, hippurate, and tartronate). Higher levels of all 13 replicated metabolites were associated with lower NEAP in both AASK and the MDRD study. CONCLUSION Metabolomic profiling of serum specimens from kidney disease patients in 2 study populations identified 13 replicated metabolites associated with dietary acid load. Additional studies are needed to validate these compounds in healthy populations. These 13 compounds may potentially be used as objective markers of dietary acid load in future nutrition research studies.
The Relationship between the ITCZ and MJO Initiation over the Indian Ocean

AbstractUnderstanding convective initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) remains an unmet challenge. MJO initiation has been perceived as a process starting from a convectively suppressed...