cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral Sedation Postdischarge Adverse Events in Pediatric Dental Patients.

The study investigated patient discharge parameters and postdischarge adverse events after discharge among children who received oral conscious sedation for dental treatment. This prospective study involved 51 patients needing dental treatment under oral conscious sedation. Each patient received one of various regimens involving combinations of a narcotic (ie, morphine or meperidine), a sedative-hypnotic (ie, chloral hydrate), a benzodiazepine (ie, midazolam or diazepam), and/or an antihistamine (ie, hydroxyzine HCl). Nitrous oxide and local anesthesia were used in conjunction with all regimens. After written informed consent was obtained, each guardian was contacted by phone with specific questions in regard to adverse events following the dental appointment. Out of 51 sedation visits, 46 were utilized for analysis including 23 boys and 23 girls ranging from 2 years 2 months to 10 years old (mean 5.8 years). 60.1% of patients slept in the car on the way home, while 21.4% of that group was difficult to awaken upon reaching home. At home, 76.1% of patients slept; furthermore, 85.7% of patients who napped following the dental visit slept longer than usual. After the appointment, 19.6% exhibited nausea, 10.1% vomited, and 7.0% experienced a fever. A return to normal behavior was reported as follows: 17.4% in 10 hours. Postdischarge excessive somnolence, nausea, and emesis were frequent complications. The time to normality ranged until the following morning demonstrating the importance of careful postdischarge adult supervision.
Quadrature Duobinary for High-Spectral Efficiency 100G Transmission

This paper proposes and analyzes a quadrature duobinary modulation format with coherent detection for high-spectral efficiency wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission systems at 112 Gb/s per channel. A practical system design of a dual polarization quadrature duobinary (DP-QDB) format with coherent heterodyne detection is analyzed and compared with the DP-differential quadrature phase-shift keying format for feasibility of 112 Gb/s transmission. Using simulation analysis, we show that the relatively narrow spectrum of quadrature duobinary modulation provides an effective practical means for realizing high-spectral efficiency transmission, approaching the theoretical limit of 4 bits/s/Hz, while also providing excellent tolerance to optical filter cascades for a robust optical networking functionality.
ESRP1 and ESRP2 Are Epithelial Cell-Type-Specific Regulators of FGFR2 Splicing

Cell-type-specific expression of epithelial and mesenchymal isoforms of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) is achieved through tight regulation of mutually exclusive exons IIIb and IIIc, respectively. Using an application of cell-based cDNA expression screening, we identified two paralogous epithelial cell-type-specific RNA-binding proteins that are essential regulators of FGFR2 splicing. Ectopic expression of either protein in cells that express FGFR2-IIIc caused a switch in endogenous FGFR2 splicing to the epithelial isoform. Conversely, knockdown of both factors in cells that express FGFR2-IIIb by RNA interference caused a switch from the epithelial to mesenchymal isoform. These factors also regulate splicing of CD44, p120-Catenin (CTNND1), and hMena (ENAH), three transcripts that undergo changes in splicing during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These studies suggest that Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Proteins 1 and 2 (ESRP1 and ESRP2) are coordinators of an epithelial cell-type-specific splicing program.
The Bias in Moment Estimators for Parameters of Drop Size Distribution Functions: Sampling from Exponential Distributions

Abstract The moment estimators frequently used to estimate parameters for drop size distribution (DSD) functions being “fitted” to observed raindrop size distributions are biased. Consequently, the fitted functions often do not represent well either the raindrop samples or the underlying populations from which the samples were taken. Monte Carlo simulations of the process of sampling from a known exponential DSD, followed by the application of a variety of moment estimators, demonstrate this bias. Skewness in the sampling distributions of the DSD moments is the root cause of this bias, and this skewness increases with the order of the moment. As a result, the bias is stronger when higher-order moments are used in the procedures. Correlations of the sample moments with the size of the largest drop in a sample (Dmax) lead to correlations of the estimated parameters with Dmax, and, in turn, to spurious correlations between the parameters. These things can lead to erroneous inferences about characteristics of...
Oligopoly Learning Dynamics

We characterize the dynamics of an industry in which demand and costs are constantly evolving so that firms are always adjusting output in response. Firms receive private information about their costs and privately observe components of demand. In addition, firms extract information from prices about the signals that rivals receive and via their influence on price, firms account for their influence on the information of rivals, and hence their action choices. We derive how the weights that firms place on each piece of information in their output choices vary over time. We establish that output intensities on publicly-known demand exceed those on privately-observed demand; the information content of prices is more sensitive to private cost uncertainty than private demand uncertainty; and the positively correlated forecast error structure causes output intensities via information in prices by a rival on older privately-observed demand shocks to exceed those by an "informed" firm.
The interaction of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component with nuclear antigens.

The pentraxins are a family of proteins characterized by cyclic pentameric structure, calcium-dependent ligand binding and sequence homology. The two main representatives of this family are the serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP). In man CRP is an acute phase reactant which increases up to 1000 fold during the acute phase response whereas SAP is a constitutive protein expressed at about 30 μg/ml. These proteins activate complement through the classical pathway and participate in opsonization of particulate antigens and bacteria. In the past several years it has been determined that both of these pentraxins interact with nuclear antigens including chromatin and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Both CRP and SAP have nuclear transport signals which facilitate their entry into the nuclei of intact cells. Furthermore, these pentraxins have been shown to affect the clearance of nuclear antigens in vivo. It is now believed that one of the major functions of the pentraxins could be to interact with the nuclear antigens released from apoptotic or necrotic cells. This interaction could mitigate against deposition of these antigens in tissue and autoimmune reactivity.
Electronic correlation effects in reduced rutile TiO 2 within the LDA+U method

The structures and energies of oxygen-deficient rutile ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ were calculated using density-functional theory. The electronic interactions are described within the $\text{LDA}+U$ formalism, where on-site Coulomb corrections are applied on the $3d$ orbital electrons of Ti atoms $({U}^{d})$ and $2p$ orbital electrons of the O atoms $({U}^{p})$. We show that the ${U}^{d}$ parameter affects only the character of the conduction band and values higher than 7 eV produce an unphysical description of the electronic interactions. The results are dramatically improved, when correlation corrections are introduced additionally on the $\text{O}\text{ }2p$ orbitals by employing the $\text{LDA}+{U}^{d}+{U}^{p}$ approach, and we observe systematic shifts for both the valence and conduction bands. This combined approach produces a corrected energy band structure and the band-gap energy is in very good agreement with experimental data. Using this approach for the oxygen-deficient structure, in the case of a neutral oxygen vacancy we find that the electrons from the Ti nearest to the vacancy become localized and induce defect states within the band gap, in very good agreement with experiment and other theoretical calculations. Additionally, these defect states are strongly limited on the three Ti atoms surrounding oxygen vacancy. The doubly positively charged oxygen vacancy is found to be more stable than neutral oxygen vacancy in most range of Fermi level and the vacancy-formation energies show significant dependence on the deposition conditions, i.e., Ti- or O-rich environments.
Temperature regulation in the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.

The opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana, was able to maintain body temperature close to the normal value of 35.46 ± 0.66°C (measured at Ta 25° C) at ambient temperatures ranging from 3 to 35° C. At colder ambient temperatures a drop in body temperature was observed in caged animals, but body temperature was usually kept above 33° C. Over Ta 35° C, body temperature rose rapidy. Subjects appeared to experience heat stress when ambient temperature rose much above 37° C. Temperature regulation at high temperatures depends mainly on evaporative heat loss from saliva spreading coupled with vasodilation, while at lower ambient temperatures postural responses, vasoconstriction, piloerection, and avoidance of extreme temperatures by denning are most important for thermoregulation.
An Experiment in Probability Estimation

> While the activity of marketing research can be fruitfully viewed within a statistical decision theoretic model, relatively little is known concerning the descriptive aspects of how people-managers or consumers-revise probabilities in the light of new information. This paper reports the results of a behavioral study in probability revision, and the implications of these findings for the operational use of decision theoretic concepts in prescriptive and descriptive choice-making models. The study of personalistic probability and statistical decision theory has been given new impetus by the emergence of three significant trends, all of which appear relevant to the design and administration of marketing research. The first of these trends, exemplified in recent papers by Alexander [1], Boyd and Britt [2], Green [4] and Roberts [8], concerns the viewpoint that the design and conduct of marketing research be considered in terms of the cost versus potential informational value of this activity. As such, the decision of whether or not to do marketing research (and, if so, how much to do) is considered within a broader framework involving (a) the anticipated costs of wrong decisions, with and without the research; (b) the prior information of the user of the research; (c) the anticipated relevance and reliability of the research results; and (d) the cost of alternative research investigations. These concepts, however, are all components of the statistical decision theory model. A second trend related to the personalistic probability process is the growing use of this framework in the study of consumer decision behavior. Peters [6] has summarized much of the appropriate literature dealing with the subjective evaluation of odds and descriptive choice behavior under differential risks. Finally, there appears to be mounting interest in the design of overall corporate and military intelligence systems which utilize the framework of statistical decision theory. Edwards and Phillips [3] have played an important role in the conceptualization of such systems and the design of prototype models, in which the subjective estimates of human operators are combined with the computational capacity and speed of the computer in the processing of probabilistic information for strategic-level decision making. In part, Bayesian statistics constitute a normative theory of how one should revise probability judgments in the light of new information. In this article, however, concern is with how sub
Lipomatous Atrial Septal Hypertrophy: A Review of Its Anatomy, Pathophysiology, Multimodality Imaging, and Relevance to Percutaneous Interventions

Lipomatous atrial septal hypertrophy (LASH) is a histologically benign cardiac lesion characterized by excessive fat deposition in the region of the interatrial septum that spares the fossa ovalis. The etiology of LASH remains unclear, though it may be associated with advanced age and obesity. Because of the sparing of the fossa ovalis, LASH has a pathognomonic dumbbell shape. LASH may be mistaken for various tumors of the interatrial septum. Histologically, LASH is composed of both mature and brown (fetal) adipose tissue, but the role of brown adipose tissue remains unclear. In interventional procedures requiring access to the left atrium, LASH may interfere with transseptal puncture, as traversing the thickened area can reduce the maneuverability of catheters and devices. This may cause the needle to enter the epicardial space, causing dangerous pericardial effusions. LASH was once considered a contraindication to percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defects because of an associated increased risk for incorrect device deployment. However, careful attention to preprocedural imaging and procedural intracardiac echocardiography enable interventional cardiologists to perform procedures in patients with LASH without serious complications. In this review article, the authors describe anatomic and functional aspects of LASH, with emphasis on their roles in percutaneous interventions.
Morphological characteristics regulating phallic glans engorgement in the American alligator

The distal part of the crocodilian phallus consists of a bulbous glans containing well-developed vascular tissues that can inflate before or during sexual activity, enlarging and elaborating the glans into a complex, though still functionally undefined, copulatory structure. An enlarged glans putatively interacts with the female cloaca and may change the shape of her reproductive tract to facilitate insemination and increase the probability of fertilization. Here, we investigated the cellular-level properties of the glans and other inflatable phallic tissues associated with the sperm-conducting sulcus spermaticus in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Using histochemical staining, we visualized and defined collagen and elastin fiber densities and orientations in these tissues. Extracellular matrix architectures provided insights about phallic glans material properties and how they may affect tissue strength and flexibility during inflation and in response to copulatory forces. We also investigated the potential sources of fluids that induce inflation in alligator phalli. Combining serial sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction, we identified a pair of supracrucal plexus vascular bodies at the proximal end of the alligator phallus that extend distally adjacent to ventro-medial sulcus tissues. Together, our gross and histological examination of the American alligator phallic glans suggests that its tissues are arranged in a manner that would allow vascular inflation to expand the glans to a specific and repeatable shape, and potentially release secretory products into the female reproductive tract. Both elements could play roles in postcopulatory sexual selection, by mechanically and/or chemically affecting female reproductive physiology.
When one is not necessarily a lonely number: initial colonization dynamics of Adelges tsugae on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis

The ability to establish successfully in a new area can vary considerably among species. In addition to the well-recognized importance of propagule pressure in driving the rates of establishment of biological invaders, the life history strategy of a species can also affect establishment success, such as in the extent to which Allee effects (positive density-dependence), and environmental and demographic stochasticity manifest themselves. We quantified the establishment success of Adelges tsugae, a non-native insect currently invading North American hemlock. We inoculated eastern hemlock host trees with varying densities of this parthenogenetic insect, from 1 to >500 progrediens ovisacs. The number of settled sistens (the subsequent generation) was positively related to the initial density. More interesting, however, was that we recorded successful establishment from released progrediens ovisacs, and the subsequent initiation of the next generation (sistens), in ≈39 % of host trees inoculated with 1 ovisac. The observation that successful establishment can be accomplished by a single ovisac produced by a single individual has important implications in the invasion dynamics and management of A. tsugae.
The Dynamic Model

This chapter presents the dynamic semantics of a VHDL description as a declarative definition of the state space evaluated by the description. The state space consists of the values of declared signals and ports in the description.1 Since the net result of evaluating a VHDL description is reflected in the changes in values of its signals, the ‘waveforms’ of signals represent a semantics of the description. Thus, the ultimate goal in the definition of the semantics is to specify a set of time intervals spanning the entire simulation of the given VHDL description and to define the values of all signals in the description in those time intervals. The model presented herein is called the Dynamic Model and is based on the normal form of the Static Model as defined in Chapter 5.
Jeffrey L. Sammons, Heinrich Heine, The Elusive Poet: New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969. Pp. ix, 542.

(1972). Jeffrey L. Sammons, Heinrich Heine, The Elusive Poet. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 139-141.
Truthful Online Double Auctions with Real-Time Stochastic Arrival of Demand and Supply

Online spectrum auctions will play a pivotal role in restructuring the existing spectrum allocation system given growing spectrum demand from users with diverse requirements. The research in this field mainly concentrates on designing truthful mechanisms in a static or partially dynamic setting. This setting, however, does not capture the fact that spectrum becomes available according to primary users' activities, and the reserve price for this unused spectrum differs from one primary user to another. The number of secondary users with spectrum demand, their transmission deadlines, and their valuations for their transmissions also vary in time and space. Existing research cannot ensure truthful reporting of participants in presence of such diversity in demand and supply. In this work, we consider such a dynamic secondary market and present two spectrum allocation and pricing algorithms. The first algorithm requires distribution knowledge of bidders and sellers, and assesses the winning probability and payment amount of participants based on a priority function. The second algorithm determines the payment amount by exploring the interference relationships between bidders, their transmission deadlines and valuations without any distribution knowledge. We analytically prove that both these algorithms satisfy three desired auction properties - truthfulness, individual rationality, and budget balance. Finally, we present simulation results to analyze the performance of these two algorithms under different auction settings.
Anti-Angiongenic Effects of mTOR-Inhibitors Is Regulated by AKT Activity in Multiple Myeloma Cells.

Abstract Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), such as rapamycin (RAPA) and CCI-779 (CCI), have potential as anti-tumor agents against multiple myeloma (MM). Since other tumor models have demonstrated that heightened AKT activity induces hypersensitivity to mTOR inhibitors, we stably transfected U266 human MM cells with a constitutively activated AKT allele (U266-AKT) or empty vector control (U266-EV) in order to further explore the underlying mechanisms of this phenomena. Analysis of cell death demonstrated that U266-AKT were significantly more sensitive to RAPA in vitro, with an ED50 of 0.01 nM versus an ED50 of >100 nM for U266-EV control cells. A similar alteration of sensitivity to CCI was demonstrated in U266 isogenic tumors grown in NOD/SCID mice and treated with CCI in vivo. Analysis of the excised tumor nodules demonstrated a >5 fold inclease in apoptotic nuclei in U266-AKT tumors treated with CCI compared to isogenic control tumors, despite previous reports that mTOR inhibitors do not induce apoptosis in MM cells in vitro. One potential explanation for this is that AKT regulates the ability of CCI to inhibit angiogenesis, which is only relevent in vivo, and thereby indirectly induces apoptotic cell death. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrated that CCI significantly decreased angiogenesis (measued by in situ staining of excised tumor nodules with CD34, a marker for endothelial cells) by 80% in U266-AKT, and only by 67% in isogenic controls. Since previous studies demonstrated that AKT/mTOR regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1a), we hypothesized that MM cells with heightened AKT activity may be more sensitive to the CCI-mediated inhibition of these critical angiogenic factors. In vitro, RAPA was markedly more effective at inhibiting HIF-1a and VEGF expression from U266-AKT compared to U266-EV control cells. One possible explanation for the regulatory role of AKT in the RAPA/CCI response is that MM cells with hyperactive AKT function depend upon mTOR-mediated (i.e. cap-dependent) translational pathway to express critical proteins like VEGF and HIF-1a, while “low-AKT” MM cells may be able to utilize non-mTOR dependent (i.e. cap-independent) salvage pathways to express these critical proteins and are thereby resistant to mTOR inhibitors.
Student Perspectives on Oncology Curricula at United States Medical Schools.

Delivering a cohesive oncology curriculum to medical students is challenging due to oncology’s multidisciplinary nature, predominantly outpatient clinical setting, and lack of data describing effective approaches to teaching it. We sought to better characterize approaches to oncology education at US medical schools by surveying third and fourth year medical students who serve on their institution’s curriculum committee. We received responses from students at 19 schools (15.2% response rate). Key findings included the following: (1) an under-emphasis of cancer in the curriculum relative to other common diseases; (2) imbalanced involvement of different clinical subspecialists as educators; (3) infrequent requirements for students to rotate through non-surgical oncologic clerkships; and (4) students are less confident in their knowledge of cancer treatment compared to basic science/natural history or workup/diagnosis. Based on these findings, we provide several recommendations to achieve robust multidisciplinary curriculum design and implementation that better balances the clinical and classroom aspects of oncology education.
The Graham–Cassidy Plan — The Most Harmful ACA-Repeal Bill Yet

The Graham–Cassidy proposal excludes most of the tax cuts that were central to previous “repeal and replace” efforts. But in many ways, it would go further than earlier bills in reducing health insurance coverage and affordability.
Parent Perspectives of Support Received from Physicians and/or Genetic Counselors Following a Decision to Continue a Pregnancy with a Prenatal Diagnosis of Trisomy 13/18.

Families that choose to continue a pregnancy with a prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 13/18 are a minority that present unique challenges for those in charge of their care. This study investigated the extent to which these patients felt supported by their healthcare providers, and any differences in the perceived level of support experienced by those working with a physician versus those working with a genetic counselor. Two online support groups, SOFT and Hope for Trisomy, distributed an online survey to their members. Means, standard deviations and chi-square analysis were calculated to describe their responses. One-hundred fourteen surveys were included in the final analysis. Respondents were more likely to agree that genetic counselors provided unbiased information in a way that they understood, compared to physicians. Review of qualitative responses found that portrayal of Trisomy 13/18 by healthcare providers used directive language when describing the lethality, morbidity and burden of the condition. Language included terms such as “incompatible with life” and comments on burden to other family members. Healthcare providers can assist families that receive a prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 13 or 18 by providing up-to-date written resources and connecting them with support groups for parents who have received a similar diagnosis. Our study found that involving genetic counselors in the prenatal care of these patients is likely beneficial.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FINDINGS OF DEEP CAPILLARY PLEXUS MICROISCHEMIA AFTER INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RETINOBLASTOMA.

Purpose:To study changes in the foveal microvascular anatomy using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for retinoblastoma (RB).Methods:A retrospective comparative case–control series included 10 age-matched normal eyes with no documented ocular pathol
Outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgery in children with and without congenital heart disease

Abstract Background Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) often require noncardiac surgery. We compared outcomes following open and laparoscopic intraabdominal surgery among children with and without CHD. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using the 2013–2015 National Surgical Quality Improvement Project-Pediatrics. We matched 45,012 children Results Among children with minor CHD, laparoscopic surgery was associated with lower 30-day mortality (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.34 [95% Confidence Interval 0.15–0.79]), inhospital mortality (OR 0.42 [0.22–0.81]) and 30-day morbidity (OR 0.61 [0.50–0.73]). As CHD severity increased, this benefit of laparoscopic surgery decreased for 30-day morbidity (ptrend=0.01) and in-hospital mortality (ptrend=0.05), but not for 30-day mortality (ptrend=0.27). Length-of-stay was shorter for laparoscopic approaches for children at cost of higher readmissions. On subgroup analysis, laparoscopy was associated with lower odds of postoperative blood transfusion in all children. Conclusions Intraabdominal laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery is associated with decreased morbidity in patients with no CHD and lower morbidity and mortality in patients with minor CHD, but not in those with more severe CHD. Level-of-evidence Level III: Treatment Study.
The cost-effectiveness of Indian Health Service Optometry.

In this time of federal government cutbacks, federal agencies are looking at the cost effectiveness of their programs. This pilot study is a first attempt at quantifying the cost effectiveness of Indian Health Service (IHS) optometry. Using a super bill system and the Indian Health Service's own value figures per procedure, the cost of providing optometry services at one clinic was compared with the value of the care given in terms of dollars. The Indian Health Service receives about $2.44 in care for each dollar spent on optometric services at the clinic studied. If the results found are typical of all the IHS clinics, then the optometry program saves U.S. taxpayers more than $14 million per year. Further studies at multiple IHS sites should be performed to confirm these figures. Public Health Service, Indian Health Service, cost of care, cost effectiveness
Adaptive Navigation Control Primitives for Multirobot Clusters: Extrema Finding, Contour Following, Ridge/Trench Following, and Saddle Point Station Keeping

Adaptive navigation is the process of modifying a vehicle’s direction or motion path based on measurements taken while moving. When exploring a scalar field, such as the temperature or the concentration level of a pollutant across a region of interest, adaptive navigation may allow the identification of locations of interest—like the maximum temperature or the source of the pollutant—without exhaustively mapping the entire region. Adaptive navigation has been hailed as a powerful capability, and significant work has been performed to explore how such techniques can be used to find the local extreme points and follow contour levels in a field. Our own prior work in this field has matured to experimentally verifying and validating such capabilities through field demonstrations. Beyond extrema-finding and contour following, however, little to no prior work has been performed on moving to/along other critical features in a scalar field, such as down ridges, up trenches, and to saddle points; performing such maneuvers can be valuable for a number of applications. In this paper, we provide and verify via simulation new multirobot adaptive navigation controllers for moving with respect to these new features. We also present a multilayered control architecture that unifies the execution of all of our multirobot adaptive navigation control primitives: extrema finding, contour following, ridge/trench following, and saddle point positioning. In addition, we review several considerations related to the performance of these controllers within unknown scalar fields. Finally, we review ongoing and future work to experimentally verify our new controllers, improve and extend their performance, and apply them to real field applications.
Do Applicants Care? Assessing the Influence of Socially Responsible Communication on Job Seekers in the Sport Industry

Human-resource management is a unique challenge for professional sport franchises (PSFs). A lack of research on full-time employees in sport means we know little about the perceptions of those most connected to PSFs despite the unique nature of the sport industry. This paper investigates whether communicating socially responsible behavior (SRB) in sport job postings generates more prospective person–organization fit (POFit) and greater application intention. Uncovering these relationships will help sport practitioners optimize their hiring process by targeting recruitment messages. The analysis does not support the idea that communicating SRB in a sport job posting enhances prospective POFit or application intentions, even for socially conscious applicants. These findings contradict similar exercises carried out in other industries, highlighting the distinctiveness of professional sport.
Tracking arousal state and mind wandering with pupillometry

In four experiments, the association between arousal state and different mind-wandering states was examined. Participants performed a sustained attention task while pupil responses were continuously recorded. Periodically during the task, participants were presented with thought probes to determine if they were on task or mind wandering. Across the four experiments, the results suggested that in situations that promoted on-task behaviors and focused external attention, mind wandering was associated with lowered arousal, as seen by smaller tonic pupil diameters and smaller phasic pupillary responses. However, in situations that promoted a more internal focus of attention, there were no differences between on-task states and mind wandering in tonic pupil diameter (although differences emerged for phasic pupillary responses), suggesting similar arousal levels. Furthermore, across the four experiments, mind blanking and mind wandering dissociated in terms of whether the situation promoted focused external attention or focused internal attention. These results are broadly consistent with the notion that mind wandering is a heterogeneous construct, with different forms of mind wandering being associated with different arousal states, and suggest that a combination of behavioral and pupillary measures can be used to track these various states.
Prethermalization production of dark matter

At the end of inflation, the inflaton field decays into an initially nonthermal population of relativistic particles which eventually thermalize. We consider the production of dark matter via freeze-in from this relativistic plasma, focusing on the prethermal phase. We find that for a production cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)\ensuremath{\sim}{E}^{n}$ with $ng2$, the present dark matter abundance is produced during the prethermal phase of its progenitors. For $n\ensuremath{\le}2$, entropy production during reheating makes the nonthermal contribution to the present dark matter abundance subdominant compared to that produced thermally. As specific examples, we verify that the nonthermal contribution is irrelevant for gravitino production in low scale supersymmetric models ($n=0$) and is dominant for gravitino production in high scale supersymmetry models ($n=6$).
Lithium Insertion Compounds for Energy Storage

The development of various lithium insertion compounds over the years has made lithium-ion batteries a commercial reality. This chapter provides an overview of the various cathode and anode hosts after providing an introduction to lithium insertion compounds and the principles of lithium-ion cells. Transition metal oxides crystallizing in a rock salt-based layer and the spinel structures and having highly oxidized M3+/4+ (M=Mn, Co and Ni) redox couples have emerged as the leading candidates for cathodes while the lightweight carbon has emerged as the leading anode for lithium-ion cells. However, chemical and structural instabilities limit the practical capacities of some of the cathodes while carbon exhibits an irreversible capacity loss. The challenge is to develop high capacity cathode hosts with compatible anodes for the next generation lithium-ion cells.
Changing prevalence of indolent lymphoid malignancies among the elderly

7579 Background: Reported changes in incidence rates and improved survival rates among patients with common indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancies have potential implications for increased disease b...
A Case of Nivolumab‐Induced Bullous Pemphigoid: Review of Dermatologic Toxicity Associated with Programmed Cell Death Protein‐1/Programmed Death Ligand‐1 Inhibitors and Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management

Immunotherapy has emerged as a highly effective treatment for numerous cancers. Use of checkpoint inhibitors against various molecules including programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 have become widespread in clinical practice. Compared with conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy is associated with a unique set of immune reactions known collectively as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Of known irAEs, cutaneous toxicity is among the most frequently observed in patients treated with immunotherapy. Although often mild, dermatologic toxicity can occasionally be high grade and potentially life-threatening. In this article, we report a case of PD-1 inhibitor-induced bullous pemphigoid-a serious adverse event that has been increasingly observed with use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. We will also review diagnosis and management of low-grade cutaneous irAEs and bullous disease with checkpoint inhibitors. Key points PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a rare but potentially serious dermatologic toxicity associated with checkpoint inhibitorsIn patients with pruritus or rash that is refractory to topical steroids, physicians should have a greater index of suspicion for higher-grade cutaneous immune-related adverse events.There is no standardized treatment algorithm for management of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced BP, but patients frequently require topical and systemic steroids.
Europe’s “New Jews”: France, Islamophobia, and Antisemitism in the Era of Mass Migration

Are Muslims the “new Jews” of Europe? The spectacle of Middle Eastern and African refugees shuttled by train from camp to squalid camp has understandably drawn parallels to the darkest pages in twentieth-century continental history. Such a historical comparison between Islamophobia and antisemitism, however, risks missing their ongoing interrelation. This article examines that interrelation, arguing that Islamophobia and antisemitism now most resemble each other as complementary mechanisms for diverting the anxieties bred by the global economic order. Antisemitism has long scapegoated the Jews for capitalism’s tendency to produce outsized winners. But there has been no comparably global shorthand for the anxiety prompted by capitalism’s losers—until now. Muslim refugees help give a name, Islam, to the masses seemingly encroaching from the margins of the world system. The result, I argue, is the hardening of Islamophobia and antisemitism into the inextricable poles of a reactionary worldview. Taking France as a case study, the article reads the burkini bans prompted by the July 2016 terror attack in Nice as an expression of middle-class fear about downward mobility. Targeted at both internal Muslim leisure and external Muslim encroachment, the bans evoke how European unease about globalization increasingly takes Islamophobic form. Such intolerance threatens not only to lodge Islamophobia at the heart of a reconstituted Europe but also to erode the vigilance against antisemitism once characteristic of the postwar European project.
Analyzing the Impact of Video Representation Complexity on Preservice Teacher Noticing of Children’s Thinking

Despite the growing research base on preservice teacher noticing of children’s mathematical thinking in video, few, if any studies consider the complex nature of the video representations themselves. Drawing from cognitive load theory, we developed a rubric to code the complexity of the salient teaching and learning events captured in video, and analyzed the relationship between video complexity and preservice teacher (n = 233) noticing. Results indicate that two categories significantly highlight children’s mathematical thinking and two categories significantly mask children’s mathematical thinking for preservice teachers. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of our instructional platform and other video-based learning environments used in preservice teacher education settings.
How to keep Rosie the riveter from contracting VD: A case study of how U.S. social reformers used public relations during World War II

Abstract Much of public relations historiography on World War II focuses on the government uses of the function. This study fills a gap in the literature by exploring how a non-governmental organization called the American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA) used persuasion communication efforts to enlist the aid of management, labor, and local communities in the United States in the control of venereal disease (VD) rates. The case study advances a more diverse understanding of how activists have utilized public relations and found that the social reformers’ use of persuasive communications strategies and activities aligned with the view of public relations as the strategic and intentional participation in the social construction of meaning to achieve a planned outcome.
Test-Retest Reliability of Relative Fundamental Frequency and Conventional Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Perceptual Measures in Individuals With Healthy Voices

Purpose Recent studies have shown that an acoustic measure, relative fundamental frequency (RFF), has potential for the assessment of excessive laryngeal tension and vocal effort associated with functional and neurological voice disorders. This study presents an analysis of the test-retest reliability of RFF in individuals with healthy voices and a comparison of reliability between RFF and conventional measures of voice. Method Acoustic and aerodynamic measurements and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) were performed on 28 individuals with healthy voices on 5 consecutive days. Participants produced RFF stimuli, a sustained /ɑ/, and a reading passage to allow for extraction of acoustic measures and CAPE-V ratings; /pa/ trains were produced to allow for extraction of aerodynamic measures. Results Moderate reliabilities (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .64-.71) were found for RFF values. Mean vocal fundamental frequency, smoothed cepstral peak prominence, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio, and mean airflow rate exhibited good-to-excellent reliabilities (ICC = .76-.99). ICCs for jitter and phonation threshold pressure were moderately reliable (ICC = .67-.74). ICCs for subglottal pressure estimates and all CAPE-V parameters showed poor reliabilities (ICC = .31-.58). Conclusion RFF has comparable reliability to conventional measures of voice. This expands the potential for clinical application of RFF. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8233376.
Critical Imperatives for Studying Queer and Trans Undergraduate Student Retention

The dearth of retention scholarship that centers (or includes) queer and trans (QT) students has resulted in inadequately capturing the nuanced dimensions of student retention. As a scholarly commu...
NGS and HLA: The long road ahead

This manuscript is a continuation of this laboratory's journey to identifying novel HLA alleles while performing routine clinical HLA laboratory testing. Since our last paper, we have identified an additional 28 novel HLA alleles that are identified and described herein. One novel allele was found in two unrelated patients that were HLA typed for different reasons at two different times, suggesting that novel alleles may be much more frequent than previously expected. If the rate of identification is hindered by bioinformatics challenges, there is a great potential for our patients to suffer needlessly from incomplete information in either diagnostics or unrecognized incompatibilities with potential donors.
Acquired Hemophilia A: A Potentially Fatal Bleeding Disorder.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare autoimmune hematological disorder that has an incidence of about 1.5 cases per million people per year. It occurs in the elderly with the median age of 75 years, and most of the cases are idiopathic. It occurs due to the development of factor VIII inhibitor, which is an autoantibody against factor VIII leading to potentially life-threatening bleeding episodes. The diagnosis of AHA is often delayed and challenging. We report a case of an 86-year-old male who initially presented with signs and symptoms of a stroke. He was found to have oral mucosal bleeding and swelling of the floor of the mouth. He later developed epistaxis, hematuria, and melena. He had an isolated elevation of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) with very high levels of factor VIII inhibitor (1152 Bethesda units) and very low levels of Factor VIII (<1%). He was managed with supportive transfusion, bypass agents, and immunosuppressive therapy. AHA is a rare autoimmune bleeding disorder and is more commonly seen in the elderly population. Bleeding in AHA is usually sudden and sometimes life-threatening. Hence early hemostasis with bypassing agents and treatment with immunosuppressive agents should be initiated. Due to the rarity of the disorder, it is crucial to report AHA cases to create awareness and increase the index of suspicion of the clinicians for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality.
Dynamic natural kinds: Open-ended evolution in the joints of nature

This note defends the dynamical natural kinds (DNK) hypothesis that some natural kinds are dynamic and correspond to clusters moving in feature space. Philosophers invented the term natural kind fo...
Reporting on transgender victims of homicide: Practices of misgendering, sourcing and transparency:

Media representations of violence against transgender individuals have implications for public opinion, awareness and policy. A sample (N = 212) of U.S. mainstream news articles about 53 transgende...
Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID-19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to systematically assess COVID-19 patient background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities associated with hospitalisation status. The meta-analysis included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-series studies with information on hospitalisation versus outpatient status for COVID-19 patients, with background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities. A total of 1,002,006 patients from 40 studies were identified. Significantly higher odds of hospitalisation were observed in Black individuals (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.70), males (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43-1.76), and persons with current/past smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.34-1.88). Additionally, individuals with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised [asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.45), COPD (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 2.97-4.55), congestive heart failure (OR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.97-9.31), coronary heart disease (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 3.15-6.16), diabetes (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 3.29-4.63), hypertension (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 3.34-4.54), obesity (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59-2.46) and renal chronic disease (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 4.51-7.56)]. High heterogeneity and low publication bias among all factors were found. Age was not included due to the large variability in the estimates reported. In this systematic review/meta-analysis for patients with COVID-19, Black patients, males, persons who smoke, and those with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised than their counterparts. Findings provide evidence of populations with higher odds of hospitalisation for COVID-19.
The European Commission's Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Over Corporate Mergers

This article examines the concept and application of the European Merger Regulation as it applies to mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures external to the European Union (the Union) and the European Economic Area (EEA). More specifically, the article . traces the development of the Merger Regulation and how its application developed into the legal vehicle for the European Commission (the Commission) to administer its authority over the clearance or prohibition of mergers beyond its territorial frontier. Part I addresses the historical concept of extraterritorial jurisdiction under the Merger Regulation. It considers the European Court of Justice's approach to extraterritorial jurisdiction under Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, formerly Articles 85 and 86, and its application to the Merger Regulation. Part II reviews the Commission's assessment of mergers between non-community enterprises. It concentrates on the Commission's analysis of whether a proposed merger is compatible with the European Common Market. Part III considers the measures available to the European Commission to enforce its authority under the Merger Regulation, while Parts IV and V review the sensitive Boeing/McDonnell Douglas and General Electric/Honeywell merger cases, respectively. This article covers the law in effect as of December 31, 2001.
Inhibitory Effect of Solar Radiation on Amino Acid Uptake in Chesapeake Bay Bacteria

The effect of solar radiation on a natural bacterial population from the Chesapeake Bay was evaluated from measured changes in numbers of organisms engaged in amino acid uptake. From July through May, freshly collected water samples were exposed in quartz containers to 3.5 h of total sunlight both with and without UV-absorbing filters. Water samples were subsequently incubated with tritiated amino acids, and the uptake-active bacteria were assayed by microauto-radiography-epifluorescence microscopy. The survival index, defined as the fraction of the uptake-active population that remained active after the exposure to sunlight, ranged from 0.93 to 0.20. Decreased survival was correlated with increased solar intensity. The inhibition of amino acid uptake was attributed not only to the UV-B component of the solar spectrum (280 to 320 nm), but also to longer UV and visible wavelengths.