cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The RegB/RegA two-component regulatory system controls synthesis of photosynthesis and respiratory electron transfer components in Rhodobacter capsulatus.

Recently, we demonstrated that the RegB/RegA two-component regulatory system from Rhodobacter capsulatus functions as a global regulator of metabolic processes that either generate or consume reducing equivalents. For example, the RegB/RegA system controls expression of such energy generating processes as photosynthesis and hydrogen utilization. In addition, RegB/RegA also control nitrogen and carbon fixation pathways that utilize reducing equivalents. Here, we use a combination of DNase I protection and plasmid-based reporter expression studies to demonstrate that RegA directly controls synthesis of cytochrome cbb3 and ubiquinol oxidases that function as terminal electron acceptors in a branched respiratory chain. We also demonstrate that RegA controls expression of cytochromes c2, cy, and the cytochrome bc1 complex that are involved in both photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer events. These data provide evidence that the RegB/RegA two-component system has a major role in controlling the synthesis of numerous processes that affect reducing equivalents in Rhodobacter capsulatus.
Direct laser deposition for re-manufacturing of components

The volume and dimensional loss of components can often result in product failure due to substantial surface degradation. In the current state-of-the-art technology with regards to Laser Metal Deposition (LMS), products are manufactured in compliance with their mechanical properties, but rarely in regards to an anticipated dimensional or volume loss. The simplest mode of wear involves two bodies of material, eventually extending to a configuration of three bodies, accelerating the wear phenomenon. Furthermore, high wear can be combined with other modes of deterioration such as corrosion. Wear modes are categorized in a variety of types including abrasive, seizure, fretting, erosion, cavitation and fracture spalling. The abrasive wear mode is the most severe in the industry. Abrasive wear occur when small particles of material indent the surface creating a scratch by penetrating and indenting the material. The dimensions of the scratch and volume of material removed will be determined by the combination of the hardness of the particle, the force, the temperature, and the speed of the operation. At the current state of modern ceramics and metallurgy wear requirements are satisfied although the finished part with top limit of carbide precipitation at 40–45%, lacks toughness and rigidity. Wear resistance is related to the carbide volume fraction. Worldwide, researchers are investigating and expanding the application of AM for effective part remanufacturing. The majority of the current research is focused on material. However, as the technology evolves, researchers are faced with new challenges in how to effectively use AM processes to achieve the desired functionality in more efficient way.
Safely Doing Less and the New AAP Bronchiolitis Guideline

Since acute viral bronchiolitis is thus a self-limited disease of relatively good prognosis, the principle of primum non nocere should temper frustrated anxiety to do something—anything—to relieve severe dyspnea. Simple physical exhaustion may determine the fate of an infant laboring to meet his metabolic requirements for oxygen. His energies should not be frittered away by the annoyance of unnecessary or futile medications and procedures. Rest should be treasured. F. Howell Wright and Marc O. Beem1 It was 1965 when Drs F. Howell Wright and Marc O. Beem put forth this advice in the pages of Pediatrics . Nearly 50 years later, the publication of the 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics’ Clinical Practice Guideline on the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis2 reminds us just how little things have changed. Current evidence suggests that the sage advice of Drs Wright and Beem largely has been ignored.3,4 “Doing something” has trumped watchful waiting. Medications, tests, and procedures continue to be used profusely in spite of decades of research confirming their futility. In the updated 2014 guidelines, which include recommendations based on literature published since the last iteration, 10 of the 14 recommendations focus on tests or treatments to avoid. “Primum non nocere” appears to be the guiding principle behind these, with an emphasis on avoidance of interventions that lack a favorable risk-benefit ratio and with a focus on meaningful outcomes, such as hospitalization, length of stay, and symptom duration. Two recommendations in particular, 1 regarding trials of bronchodilators and 1 regarding continuous pulse oximetry, are … Address correspondence to Ricardo A. Quinonez, MD, Children’s Hospital of San Antonio, 315 N. San Saba St, Ste 1003, San Antonio, TX 78207. E-mail: quinonez{at}bcm.edu
Aflatoxin inhibition of template activity of rat liver chromatin.

Abstract Investigations were conducted into the nuclear site of in vivo inhibition of rat liver RNA polymerase by aflatoxin B 1 and some possible reasons for lack of similar activity in vitro . 1. 1. The ability of chromatin isolated from livers of rats killed 30 min after injection of 0.5 mg/kg aflatoxin B 1 to act as a template for RNA polymerase was determined. Polymerase activity was reduced by 28–46 % when the enzyme source was a preparation solubilized from liver of untreated rats. The ability of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to transcribe this chromatin was unimpaired. The degree of inhibition of mammalian enzyme activity by aflatoxin B 1 was approximately equivalent to that caused by 0.1 mg/kg actinomycin D in the same system. 2. 2. The activities of RNA polymerase preparations solubilized from livers of untreated rats or from animals killed 30 min after aflatoxin treatment were compared with respect to their ability to transcribe calf thymus DNA or rat liver chromatin. The enzyme preparations from the two sources were equally active, indicating that the toxin did not exert inhibition through direct interaction with the enzyme in this system. 3. 3. Addition of aflatoxin B 1 , at levels of 5–12 μg/ml of medium, to an in vitro assay system containing intact rat liver nuclei, isolated from untreated rats, did not inhibit their RNA polymerase activity. Failure of the toxin to act as inhibitor under these conditions could not be attributed to limited solubility, nor to interactions of the toxin with components of the medium. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of aflatoxin B 1 on rat liver nuclear RNA polymerase activity in vivo result from interaction of the toxin, or a metabolic derivative, with component(s) of chromatin and not from direct action on the enzyme.
Complex Visual Hallucinations in the Elderly

AbstractA case is presented of an elderly patient with complex visual hallucinations. Issues related to the diagnosis of underlying disorders and the management of hallucinations are discussed.
Energy resources; cornucopia or empty barrel?

Over the last 25 yr, considerable debate has continued about the future supply of fossil fuel. On one side are those who believe we are rapidly depleting resources and that the resulting shortages will have a profound impact on society. On the other side are those who see no impending crisis because long-term trends are for cheaper prices despite rising production. The concepts of resources and reserves have historically created considerable misunderstanding in the minds of many nongeologists. Hubbert-type predictions of energy production assume that there is a finite supply of energy that is measurable; however, estimates of resources and reserves are inventories of the amounts of a fossil fuel perceived to be available over some future period of time. As those resources/reserves are depleted over time, additional amounts of fossil fuels are inventoried. Throughout most of this century, for example, crude oil reserves in the United States have represented a 10-14-yr supply. For the last 50 yr, resource crude oil estimates have represented about a 60-70-yr supply for the United States. Division of reserve or resource estimates by current or projected annual consumption therefore is circular in reasoning and can lead to highly erroneous conclusions. Production histories of fossil fuels are driven more by demand than by the geologic abundance of the resource. Examination of some energy resources with well-documented histories leads to two conceptual models that relate production to price. The closed-market model assumes that there is only one source of energy available. Although the price initially may fall because of economies of scale long term, prices rise as the energy source is depleted and it becomes progressively more expensive to extract. By contrast, the open-market model assumes that there is a variety of available energy sources and that competition among them leads to long-term stable or falling prices. At the moment, the United States and the world approximate the open-market model, but in the long run the supply of fossil fuel is finite, and prices inevitably will rise unless alternate energy sources substitute for fossil energy supplies; however, there appears little reason to suspect that long-term price trends will rise significantly over the next few decades.
The Lung in Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy

Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy presents with fever, malaise, cough, dyspnea, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, interstitial pulmonary infiltrates, mediastinal adenopathy, and effusions. The diagnosis is made on the basis of lymph node biopsy. Based on the course in our patients and the cases presented in previous reports, a suggested program of treatment for immunoblastic lymphadenopathy includes administration of moderate doses of steroids initially, with a subsequent increase to a higher dosage if desired improvement does not occur. Chemotherapy with three drugs, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone, is indicated if remission using steroids fails. The diagnostic dilemma of whether pulmonary infiltrates are due to the disease itself or to pulmonary infection or to cytotoxic changes from chemotherapy always exists and often requires specimens from either transbronchoscopic or open-lung biopsy for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Estrogen Depletion Increases Osteocyte Canalicular Diameter in Cortical and Cancellous Bone of the Rat Proximal Tibia

Estrogen depletion has been shown to cause bone loss in the proximal metaphysis of the rat tibia [1,2]. A decrease in bone volume fraction is frequently reported, yet there is little analysis in the literature related to changes in microporosities during osteoporosis. Our recent work quantifying microporosity changes due to estrogen depletion has shown an increase in the lacunar-canalicular porosity surrounding osteocytes in the proximal metaphysis of the rat tibia [3].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Missing Link: A Call for More Rigorous PTSD Assessment Procedures

In this article, we discuss challenges associated with the common practice of assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) without reference to a specific traumatic event. We describe basic procedures for evaluating PTSD in a way that is consistent with both the disorder's historical conceptualization and contemporary methodology. In doing so, we present the rationale and limited empirical evidence supporting the so-called worst event method of identifying an index trauma for subsequent PTSD assessment.
Examining the achievement test score gap between urban and suburban students

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience for Youth (1997 cohort) are used to examine the urban school achievement gap. Specifically, we use the Blinder–Oaxaca technique to decompose differences in Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery scores for students who attended urban and suburban schools. We find that approximately 75% of the gap in this achievement measure is explained by the high concentration of disadvantaged students in urban schools. Broken down further, 36% of the gap can be attributed to differences in family background. The lower income of urban families alone explains 25% of the gap. Differences in measures of school quality, such as small classes, large schools, and private school attendance, explain very little of the gap. While current policy focuses on schools and school reform, our results are a reminder that meaningful efforts to improve performance in urban schools must address socioeconomic conditions in urban areas.
The moderating effects of traditionality–modernity on the effects of internal labor market beliefs on employee affective commitment and their turnover intention

This study addresses a possible moderating effect of cultural values on the relationship between employee beliefs in human resource management (HRM) practices and employee outcomes. Although employee belief regarding internal labor market (ILM) operation within their firms could be positively related to employee commitment and negatively related to their turnover intention, employee cultural values may act as a contextual variable that strengthens or weakens such relationships. We test the moderating effects of two cultural values, traditionality and modernity in the context of Kenya where the blend of these cultural values is an emerging reality, given the rapid pace of urbanization in recent years coupled with effects of globalization and the digital era. Our study indeed found support for the moderating effects of these cultural values. The association between ILM beliefs and employee affective commitment was found to be greater for employees with more traditional values. In contrast, the relationship ...
Lack of neuroprotection against experimental glaucoma in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 knockout mice ☆

Abstract To determine if the absence of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) in the mouse retina would reduce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in mice with experimental glaucoma. C57BL/6 mice underwent experimental intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation with a bead/viscoelastic injection into one eye. One-half of the mice were Jnk3 homozygous knockouts (KO) and were compared to wild type (WT) mice. IOP was measured under anesthesia with the TonoLab, axial length was measured post-mortem with calipers after inflation to 15 mmHg, and RGC layer counts were performed on retinal whole mount images stained with DAPI, imaged by confocal microscopy, and counted by masked observers in an image analysis system. Axon counts were performed in optic nerve cross-sections by semi-automated image analysis. Both WT and Jnk3−/− mice had mean elevations of IOP of more than 50% after bead injection. Both groups underwent the expected axial globe elongation due to chronic IOP elevation. The absence of JNK3 in KO retina was demonstrated by Western blots. RGC layer neuron counts showed modest loss in both WT and Jnk3−/− animals; local differences by retinal eccentricity were detected, in each case indicating greater loss in KO animals than in WT. The baseline number of RGC layer cells in KO animals was 10% higher than in WT, but the number of optic nerve axons was identical in KO and WT controls. A slightly greater loss of RGC in Jnk3−/− mice compared to controls was detected in experimental mouse glaucoma by RGC layer counting and there was no protective effect shown in axon counts. Counts of RGC layer cells and optic nerve axons indicate that Jnk3−/− mice have an increased number of amacrine cells compared to WT controls.
Comparative Study of Nucleophilic am) Enzymic Reactions of 2-Propyl Methylphosphonate Derivatives

Abstract Solvent isotope effects have been measured for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl 2-propyl methylphosphonate (IMN) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), chymotrypsin, imidazole base, hydroxide ion, phosphate dianion, and water, and for the reactions of 2-propyl methyl phosphonofluoridate (sarin) with AChE. Kinetics and structural features of the dealkylation of AChE and chymotrypsin adducts were also studied.
Observation of strong tunable self-defocusing nonlinearity in M-cresol/nylon thermal solutions

We report a new type of Kerr-like nonlinear media (m-cresol/nylon solutions) exhibiting a giant tunable self-defocusing nonlinearity. Their nonlinear response can be enhanced dramatically by increasing the nylon concentration and is verified to be isotropic.
Laying down the laws

Which came first – us or physics? The uniquely hospitable universe we live in may be our own doing, says Paul Davies
Effects of measured susceptibility genes on cancer risk in family studies

Numerous family studies have been performed to assess the associations between cancer incidence and genetic and non-genetic risk factors and to quantitatively evaluate the cancer risk attributable to these factors. However, mathematical models that account for a measured hereditary susceptibility gene have not been fully explored in family studies. In this report, we proposed statistical approaches to precisely model a measured susceptibility gene fitted to family data and simultaneously determine the combined effects of individual risk factors and their interactions. Our approaches are structured for age-specific risk models based on Cox proportional hazards regression methods. They are useful for analyses of families and extended pedigrees in which measured risk genotypes are segregated within the family and are robust even when the genotypes are available only in some members of a family. We exemplified these methods by analyzing six extended pedigrees ascertained through soft-tissue sarcoma patients with p53 germ-line mutations. Our analyses showed that germ-line p53 mutations and sex had significant interaction effects on cancer risk. Our proposed methods in family studies are accurate and robust for assessing age-specific cancer risk attributable to a measured hereditary susceptibility gene, providing valuable inferences for genetic counseling and clinical management.
Learning to annotate video databases

Model-based approach to video retrieval requires ground-truth data for training the models. This leads to the development of video annotation tools that allow users to annotate each shot in the video sequence as well as to identify and label scenes, events, and objects by applying the labels at the shot-level. The annotation tool considered here also allows the user to associate the object-labels with an individual region in a key-frame image. However, the abundance of video data and diversity of labels make annotation a difficult and overly expensive task. To combat this problem, we formulate the task of annotation in the framework of supervised training with partially labeled data by viewing it as an exercise in active learning. In this scenario, one first trains a classifier with a small set of labeled data, and subsequently updates the classifier by selecting the most informative, or most uncertain subset of the available data-set. Consequently, propagation of labels to yet unlabeled data is automatically achieved as well. The purpose of this paper is primarily twofold. The first is to describe a video annotation tool that has been developed for the purpose of annotating generic video sequences in the context of a recent video-TREC benchmarking exercise. The tool is semi-automatic in that it automatically propagates labels to similar shots, which requires the user to confirm or reject the propagated labels. The second purpose is to show how active learning strategy can be potentially implemented in this context to further improve the performance of the annotation tool. While many versions of active learning could be thought of, we specifically report results on experiments with support vector machine classifiers with polynomial kernels.
A comparison of four toxicology resources in respect to rates of retrieval and time required.

An evaluation was conducted of four periodically updated poison control resources widely used by pediatricians, emergency room personnel, and poison information/control centers; i.e., Poisindex, ToxiFile, Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products , and the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Center's cards. The frequency of finding entries for substances known to be involved in accidental pediatric ingestions, the extent of the content and management information, and the time required to obtain the information were determined for the four resources. Poisindex was more complete than the other resources. ToxiFile was more useful than the remaining two resources, although the latter should be useful in over 70% of accidental toxic ingestions by children.
Desalination of brine and produced water by direct contact membrane distillation at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)-based desalination process is a thermally driven separation process where a hydrophobic microporous membrane separates a hot brine feed and a cold distillate which condenses the water vapor from the hot brine passing through the membrane pores. So far, DCMD has been explored for hot brines and other aqueous solutions below 100 °C. For feed solutions above 100 °C, DCMD has an extra advantage over other conventional separation processes like reverse osmosis (RO) which requires cooling of the feed solution requiring additional energy; further RO cannot utilize the heat available in the feed solution. Produced water obtained from steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is one such example where DCMD can potentially be a very useful process. In this paper, the DCMD technique is explored in the range of 80–130 °C for brines containing 10,000 ppm sodium chloride with porous flat sheet polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes. The pressure of the solution went up to 2–3 atm. The performance of this membrane has also been explored with a saline feed containing 3000 ppm NaCl, 45 ppm phenol, 45 ppm cresol and 10 ppm naphthenic acid, simulating the composition of hot produced water obtained from the SAGD process. There was no leakage of salt under any conditions. The highest water vapor flux achieved was 195 kg/m 2 h which is a few times larger than that for seawater RO process. The water generated by the DCMD process may be used for steam generation in the SAGD process.
Repression and popular collective action: Evidence from the West Bank

This article examines the connection between state repression and the dynamics of popular collective action in the Palestinian West Bank from 1976 to 1985. Unlike traditional social movement research that focuses on structural causes, the analysis is confined here to the interaction between the state and its challengers. How shifts in the form and level of repression affected the rate of collective action is the main question addressed. A dynamic, continuous-time model, based on systematic evidence, is used to answer this question. Assuming a Weibull parameterization, the model allows for time dependence of the hazard rate. With a few exceptions, repression was found to increase the rate of collective action. This finding contradicts certain hypotheses advanced by movement researchers regarding the efficacy of state coercion and control, and suggests that repression may appropriately be considered a powerful mobilizational force in similar contexts.
Interunit Handoffs of Patients and Transfers of Information: A Survey of Current Practices

Study objective We describe the current state of emergency department to inpatient handoffs and assess handoff best practices between emergency physicians and hospitalist medicine physicians. Methods A survey was distributed electronically to emergency medicine and internal medicine physicians at 10 hospitals across the United States. Descriptive and quantitative analysis was performed on survey results. Additionally, qualitative data were obtained from an expert focus group of both emergency medicine and hospital medicine clinicians. Results Seven hundred fifty of 1,799 physicians (42.2%) responded to our Web-based survey. Attending physicians (45%) described themselves as practicing emergency medicine (51%) or internal medicine (56%). Responding residents were 55% internal medicine, 43% emergency medicine, and 13% dual emergency medicine/internal medicine. Of the responding departments, use of standardized tools was reported by less than 20% and only one third of residents reported formal handoff training. Handoff factors identified as important include identifying "high-risk" patients, designating uninterrupted time to perform the handoff, and standardizing information provided during the handoff. Qualitative results mirrored these themes and acknowledged the importance of bedside handoffs. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the largest multispecialty survey to date, including both resident and attending physicians in emergency medicine and hospital medicine. Standardized tools are rarely used and training of residents in this critical task is uncommon. Physicians in both specialties agree on the important content and structure of handoff, including the ideal situation of face-to-face bedside discussion. A curriculum and assessment tool for this practice should be developed.
Evaluation of progressive collapse alternate load path analyses in designing for blast resistance of steel columns

Abstract The alternate load path method is a convenient, “threat-independent” method used in progressive collapse analysis and design. Because no actual loadings are considered in this method, the resistance provided by the alternate load path method for specific extreme events is not well quantified. However, such quantification allows for an understanding of what real scenarios can be efficiently represented by alternate load path analyses. As blast loading is one of the abnormal loading events typically motivating an alternate path analysis, this load type is selected for evaluation in the present work. In order to find the blast threat that is representative of the alternate load path method in steel-framed buildings, finite element analyses of steel columns being subjected to blast loads were analyzed in the program LS-Dyna. Prior to this, sensitivity and validation studies were also completed, which are described herein. The results of the column analyses show that failure is governed by a stability-based deflection criterion. Conclusions regarding the charge sizes that the alternate load path method may be considered to be representative of, as well as the influence of column spacing, size, and end fixity on these results are given.
Paulo Freire and Pedagogy for Social Justice

Abstract This paper examines the work of Paulo Freire, until his recent death the most widely recognized educator in the world. Freire is addressed in theory and practice, analyzing his objective idealism and his efforts to build critical consciousness in literacy campaigns, especially in Grenada. The examination of Freire's theory and practice offers a window into his larger project: pedagogy for liberation. At issue is whether or not the promise of critical consciousness and liberation from oppression can be achieved by Freire's theoretical stance or his “see-judge-act” system of interactive education. Freire's emphasis on the pivotal role of ideas as a material force, his critical method of analysis, his determination to engage in concrete social practice, his democratic and ethical pedagogy, and his insistence that leaders become one with the mass of people, offer guides to understand how his lessons might be used to deepen questions about the form and content of citizenship education with social just...
Alpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone

The alpha-crystallins (alpha A and alpha B) are major lens structural proteins of the vertebrate eye that are related to the small heat shock protein family. In addition, crystallins (especially alpha B) are found in many cells and organs outside the lens, and alpha B is overexpressed in several neurological disorders and in cell lines under stress conditions. Here I show that alpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone. Stoichiometric amounts of alpha A and alpha B suppress thermally induced aggregation of various enzymes. In particular, alpha-crystallin is very efficient in suppressing the thermally induced aggregation of beta- and gamma-crystallins, the two other major mammalian structural lens proteins. alpha-Crystallin was also effective in preventing aggregation and in refolding guanidine hydrochloride-denatured gamma-crystallin, as judged by circular dichroism spectroscopy. My results thus indicate that alpha-crystallin refracts light and protects proteins from aggregation in the transparent eye lens and that in nonlens cells alpha-crystallin may have other functions in addition to its capacity to suppress aggregation of proteins.
Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care with Better Information

Publicly reporting information stimulates providers’ efforts to improve the quality of health care. The availability of mandated, uniform clinical data in all nursing homes and home health agencies has facilitated the public reporting of comparative quality data. This article reviews the conceptual and technical challenges of applying information about the quality of long-term care providers and the evidence for the impact of information-based quality improvement. Quality “tools” have been used despite questions about the validity of the measures and their use in selecting providers or offering them bonus payments. Although the industry now realizes the importance of quality, research still is needed on how consumers use this information to select providers and monitor their performance and whether these efforts actually improve the outcomes of care.
Size Effects in Quasiparticle Lifetimes and Phonon Generation in Superconductors

In thin films and granular superconductors, the quantization of the phonon wave vector delimits the phonons which can be emitted in a recombination process. We predict jumps in lifetimes for injected quasiparticles and the disappearance of some emitted phonons at characteristic values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{kT}}$.
Compromise ascent directions for multiple-response applications

A process or system under study often requires the measurement of multiple responses. The optimization of multiple response variables has received considerable attention in the literature with the majority focusing on locating optimal operating conditions within the current experimental region and thus often occurs in the later stages of experimentation. This article focuses instead on the initial experiment and the location of additional experimental runs if the region of interest shifts. Considerable trade-off is often required in the multiple response context. In order to account for uncertainty in the model parameters and correlations among the responses, we propose the computation of Bayesian reliabilities to determine optimal factor settings for future experimental runs. The approach will be described in detail for two common design follow-up strategies: steepest ascent (descent) and shifting factor levels. Illustrative examples are provided for each application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LE SYSTÈME DU TOURISTE: MODÈLES SOCIO-CULTURELS EN VUE D'APPLICATIONS THÉORIQUES ET PRATIQUES

RESUME Les touristes forment une des collectivites les moins comprises, malgre leur omnipresence et leur nombre en augmentation constante a travers le monde. Le but de cet article est d'accorder la place centrale au touriste—sujet du phenomene touristique—dans l'elaboration d'un modele du touriste comprenant six elements integres. La raison d'etre de ce modele n'est pas uniquement de mieux comprendre le touriste en lui-meme mais aussi d'arriver a la construction d'un modele plus large du tourisme en tant que phenomene. Ces deux modeles reconnaissent et fixent plusieurs champs pour la recherche systemique. Ensemble, ils deviennent un cadre pour examiner a nouveau des resultats de recherches passees, pour concevoir de nouvelles pratiques de planification et de marketing et pour constituer un corps de connaissances en tourisme.
Hyperons, the AGS, and the future

Abstract The possible fate of the AGS hyperon program past the year 2000 is discussed. The AGS hyperon physics program is reviewed including experiments in programs, approved experiments, and letters-of-intent.
Magnetic materials and devices: Research and applications

The history of magnetic materials dates back more than 2,500 years when the magnetic phenomenon was observed in lodestone, a naturally occurring mineral. At that time the only useful application of magnets was in compass needles. Since then, magnetic materials have found applications in a much wider domain. Their use in traditional areas such as electric motors, generators, loudspeakers, magnetic separators, etc. is well known. Lately they have found applications in more advanced fi elds such as biomedical imaging and drug delivery. However, the one fi eld that has probably been infl uenced the most is magnetic data storage technology. This technology has been advancing with almost the same pace as the semiconductor industry. A very exciting concept being explored is marrying semiconductor technology and the advanced magnetic data storage and processing technology. This emerging hybrid technology is known as spintronics. Spintronics utilizes the charge as well as the spin degrees of freedom of electrons. Further, spintronics requires the development of magnetic materials which can effi ciently inject spin polarized carriers into the semiconductors. Despite considerable efforts, effi cient injection of spins into nonmagnetic semiconductors continues to be a major hurdle in this fi eld. Conventional ferro-magnets such as Fe and Ni are not effi cient for the above application. This has led to an urgent need for developing new kinds of magnetic materials known as diluted magnetic semiconductors and
Iterative method for a class of nonlinear eigenvalue problems

Let H Be a complex and separable Hilbert space and consider in H the nonlinear eigenvalue problem where A, B, and C belong to the class of unbounded nonsymmetric operators, which are K- positive K-symmetric. Sufficient conditions insuring the existence of the eigenvalues of (i) are investigated. An iterative method for approximating the eigenvalues of (i) is developed and its convergence proved. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the theory.
Immunogenetic control of the intestinal microbiota

All vertebrates contain a diverse collection of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, on their various body surfaces, and the ecological community of these microorganisms is referred to as the microbiota. Mucosal sites, such as the intestine, harbour the majority of microorganisms, and the human intestine contains the largest community of commensal and symbiotic bacteria. This intestinal community of bacteria is diverse, and there is a significant variability among individuals with respect to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Both genetic and environmental factors can influence the diversity and composition of the intestinal bacteria with the predominant environmental factor being diet. So far, studies have shown that diet-dependent differences in the composition of intestinal bacteria can be classified into three groups, called enterotypes. Other environmental factors that can influence the composition include antibiotics, probiotics, smoking and drugs. Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have proven that genetics plays a role. Recently, MHC II genes have been associated with specific microbial compositions in human infants and transgenic mice that express different HLA alleles. There is a growing list of genes/molecules that are involved with the sensing and monitoring of the intestinal lumen by the intestinal immune system that, when genetically altered, will significantly alter the composition of the intestinal microflora. The focus of this review will be on the genetic factors that influence the composition of the intestinal microflora.
The Fourth Face of Power

Michel Foucault's writings have given the debate over power yet another twist. But how useful is this novel conception of power to the study of politics? We can better understand Foucault's meaning...
Application of microbial source tracking methods in a Gulf of Mexico field setting

Aims: Microbial water quality and possible human sources of faecal pollution were assessed in a Florida estuary that serves shellfishing and recreational activities. Methods and Results: Indicator organisms (IO), including faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci, were quantified from marine and river waters, sediments and oysters. Florida recreational water standards were infrequently exceeded (6–10% of samples); however, shellfishing standards were more frequently exceeded (28%). IO concentrations in oysters and overlaying waters were significantly correlated, but oyster and sediment IO concentrations were uncorrelated. The human-associated esp gene of Enterococcus faecium was detected in marine and fresh waters at sites with suspected human sewage contamination. Lagrangian drifters, used to determine the pathways of bacterial transport and deposition, suggested that sediment deposition from the Ochlockonee River contributes to frequent detection of esp at a Gulf of Mexico beach. Conclusions: These data indicate that human faecal pollution affects water quality in Wakulla County and that local topography and hydrology play a role in bacterial transport and deposition. Significance and Impact of the Study: A combination of IO enumeration, microbial source tracking methods and regional hydrological study can reliably inform regulatory agencies of IO sources, improving risk assessment and pollution mitigation in impaired waters.
The Use of MAOIs in Primary Care

Once a mainstay of antidepressant treatment, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) have largely been abandoned in favor of medications with improved safety profiles. However, remission rates for patients with depression remain low, and primary care physicians continue to have patients who either do not respond or only partially respond to newer medications. MAOIs have proven efficacy for depression, particularly for patients with atypical depression, high levels of anxiety, anergic bipolar depression, and treatment-resistant depression. A transdermal delivery system has been developed for an MAOI that avoids the need for patients to follow dietary restrictions and has fewer metabolic and sexual side effects than some newer medications, which may make it particularly suited for use in primary care.
Cloning the Bacillus subtilis 168 aroC gene encoding dehydroquinase

An approx. 14-kb Sau3A fragment of Bacillus subtilis DNA containing the aroC and ser-22 genes has been isolated. Gene aroC is expressed in both B. subtilis and Escherichia coli and appears to contain its own promoter, allowing complementation in B. subtilis. However, expression in E. coli is dependent on insert orientation, so the direction of transcription can be deduced. The level of dehydroquinase-specific activity, encoded by the cloned aroC gene, is raised 30- to 40-fold in both E. coli and B. subtilis. The clones are stable in both E. coli and B. subtilis but appear to have undergone several large deletions during their construction.
A multiscale approach to nanocomposite electrical generators

Abstract A multiscale approach is pursued to develop a modified shear-lag model for capturing size-scale effects on electrostatic potential generated by a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) in a nanocomposite electrical generator (NCEG). The size-scale effect on elastic modulus of ZnO NWs is captured using a core–surface model. Closed form of governing equations is derived considering linear elasticity for axisymmetric problem and cylindrical coordinate system. Two different configurations based on parallel and series connecting of NCEGs for application in NEMS/MEMS devices are also studied. Parametric studies are performed for sample cases to demonstrate application of the developed model. It is shown that aspect ratio and diameter of NWs are crucial controlling parameters for determining the performance of nanocomposite electrical generators. Numerical results disclose that there is an optimum aspect ratio for each NW of specific diameter. It was also shown that despite the symmetry of loading with respect to mid-plane normal to the NW's axis, the electric potential is not symmetric.
Effects of Nonesterified Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism After Glucose Ingestion

Impaired suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) after glucose ingestion may contribute to glucose intolerance, but the mechanisms are unclear. Evidence that insulin inhibits hepatic glucose output (HGO), in part by suppressing plasma NEFA levels, suggests that impaired suppression of plasma NEFA after glucose ingestion would impair HGO suppression and increase the systemic delivery of glucose. To test this hypothesis, we studied glucose kinetics (constant intravenous [3-H]glucose [0.4 μCi/min], oral [1-14C]glucose [100 μCi]), whole-body substrate oxidation, and leg glucose uptake in eight normal subjects (age, 39 ± 9 years [mean ± SD]; BMI, 24 ± 2 kg/m2) in response to 75 g oral glucose on two occasions. In one study, plasma NEFAs were prevented from falling by infusion of 20% Liposyn (45 ml/h) and heparin (750 U/h). Plasma glucose rose more rapidly during lipid infusion ( P < 0.05), and mean levels tended to be higher after 120 min (6.45 ± 0.41 vs. 5.81 ± 0.25 SE, 0.1 < P < 0.05, NS); peak glucose levels were similar. Total glucose appearance ( R a) was higher during lipid infusion due to a higher HGO (28.4 ± 1.0 vs. 21.2 ± 1.5 g over 4 h, P < 0.005). Total glucose disposal CRd) was also higher (88 ± 2 vs. 81 ± 3 g in 4 h, P < 0.05). Plasma insulin rose more rapidly after glucose ingestion with lipid infusion, and leg glucose uptake was 33% higher ( P < 0.05) during the 1st hour. During lipid infusion, subjects oxidized less glucose (47 ± 3 vs. 55 ± 2 g, P < 0.05) and more fat (7.1 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 0.9 g, P < 0.02). In summary, 1) impaired suppression of NEFAs after oral glucose impairs insulin's ability to suppress HGO, and 2 ) in normal subjects the greater insulin response compensates for the increased systemic glucose delivery by increasing peripheral glucose R d.
Acute effects of static stretching on maximal eccentric torque production in women

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque (PT) and the joint angle at PT during maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions of the leg extensors at 60 and 180 degrees x s(-1) for the stretched and unstretched limbs in women. Thirteen women (mean age +/- SD = 20.8 +/- 0.8 yr; weight +/- SD = 63.3 +/- 9.5 kg; height +/- SD = 165.9 +/- 7.9 cm) volunteered to perform separate maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions of the leg extensors with the dominant and nondominant limbs on a Cybex 6000 dynamometer at 60 and 180 degrees x s(-1). PT (Nm) and the joint angle at PT (degrees) were recorded by the dynamometer software. Following the initial isokinetic assessments, the dominant leg extensors were stretched (mean stretching time +/- SD = 21.2 +/- 2.0 minutes) using 1 unassisted and 3 assisted static stretching exercises. After the stretching (4.3 +/- 1.4 minutes), the isokinetic assessments were repeated. The statistical analyses indicated no changes (p > 0.05) from pre- to poststretching for PT or the joint angle at PT. These results indicated that static stretching did not affect PT or the joint angle at PT of the leg extensors during maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions at 60 and 180 degrees x s(-1) in the stretched or unstretched limbs in women. In conjunction with previous studies, these findings suggested that static stretching may affect torque production during concentric, but not eccentric, muscle actions.
Hydrostatic pressure behavior of the exchange fields in MnF2 : Fe2+

Abstract We have determined the pressure dependence of both impurity and host exchange fields in MnF 2 : Fe 2+ by measuring the frequency shifts of far infrared active modes in MnF 2 : Fe 2+ , MnF 2 , and ZnF 2 : Fe 2+ at pressure up to 7.1 kbar.
Identification of cDNA clones corresponding to two inducible nitrate reductase genes in soybean: analysis in wild-type and nr1 mutant.

Among higher plants, soybean is unique in that biochemically it has been characterized as having two constitutive nitrate reductase (cNR) isoforms and one substrate-inducible nitrate reductase (iNR) isoform in leaves. All three NR isoforms are expressed in cv. Williams 82 while the nr1 mutant expresses only the iNR isoform. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for regulation of these isoforms have not been elucidated. We describe here the isolation, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), of two cDNA clones encoding soybean NR. They were designated as iNR1 and iNR2, respectively, since both were inducible by nitrate. The iNR1 and iNR2 cDNAs cover total encoding regions of 2661 and 2673 nucleotides, respectively. The iNR1 clone shows a 12 bp deletion at the 5′ end, relative to iNR2. They show overall similarity of 89% at the nucleotide level, and 87% at the amino acid level. Like all plant NRs cloned so far, deduced acid sequences between iNR1 and iNR2 show greatest variation at the N-terminal region while no difference was observed at the C-terminus. Soybean iNR mRNAs were found to be different from those of maize and tobacco in response to tungsten inhibitor treatment, since the inhibitor decreased the steady-state levels of mRNA for soybean iNR and for NiR. Using the same 5′ regions of both cDNAs as the probes, Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed differences in organization between iNR1 and iNR2. The genomic DNA from wild-type Williams 82 soybean was shown to have three Eco RI fragments while the nr1 mutant lacked an 8 kb fragment when probed with iNR1 cDNA. Likewise, the nr1 mutant lacked three Hae III restriction fragments when probed with iNR1 cDNA. When probed with iNR2, both wildtype and nr1 mutant showed one identical Eco RI band and two identical Hae III bands. In northern blots, the steady-state level of iNR1 mRNA was similar for the nr1 mutant and the wild-type parent after 20 to 48 h induction by nitrate. Based on the Eco RI and Hae III restriction enzyme digestion patterns observed in Southern blot analysis of soybean DNA, it is concluded that in soybean iNR1 is encoded by a small multiple gene family and iNR2 is a single gene.
Linking Pathogen Sources to Water Quality in Small Urban Streams

Alternative measures of terrestrial pollutant loading were investigated to identify those that are better predictors of water quality in urban streams. Results from 18 watersheds with the same climatic conditions show that the density of terrestrial fecal-coliform loading is a better indicator of median instream concentrations than total terrestrial fecal-coliform loading. Watersheds with fecal-coliform loading densities less than around 2× 1011 cfu km−2 day−1 generally had median instream concentrations less than the reference water-quality standard of 400 cfu/100 mL. Median instream concentrations were also less than the reference water-quality standard for population densities less than around 400 persons km−2 . For any given terrestrial loading intensity or population density, summer conditions of high rainfall and high temperature generally resulted in the greatest water-quality impacts. These results are particularly useful in determining terrestrial loading reductions in support of TMDLs, and ...