cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of a High-Energy Gamma Camera for Use With NSECT Imaging: Feasibility for Breast Imaging

A new spectroscopic imaging technique, neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT), is currently being developed to non-invasively and non-destructively measure and image elemental concentrations within the body. NSECT has potential for use in breast imaging as several studies have shown a link between elemental concentration and tumor status. In NSECT, a region of interest is illuminated with a high-energy (3-5 MeV) beam of neutrons that scatter inelastically with elemental nuclei within the body. The characteristic gamma rays that are emitted as the excited nuclei relax allow the identification of elements and the formation of elemental composition images. This imaging technique requires high-resolution and high-energy gamma spectroscopy; thereby eliminating current scintillation crystal based position sensitive gamma cameras. Instead, we propose to adapt high-energy gamma imaging techniques used in space-based imaging. A high purity germanium (HPGe) detector provides high-resolution energy spectra while a rotating modulation collimator (RMC) placed in front of the detector modulates the incoming signal to provide spatial information. Counting the number of gamma events at each collimator rotation angle allows for reconstruction of images. Herein we report on the design and testing of a prototype RMC, a Monte Carlo simulation of this camera, and the use of this simulation tool to access the feasibility of imaging a breast with such a camera. The prototype RMC was tested with a 22Na point source and verified that the RMC modulates the gamma rays in a predictable manner. The Monte Carlo simulation accurately modeled this behavior. Other simulations were used to accurately reconstruct images of a point source located within a 10 cm cube, suggesting NSECT's potential as a breast imaging method.
Calcium/Calmodulin and Calmodulin Kinase II Stimulate Hyperactivation in Demembranated Bovine Sperm

Hyperactivated motility is observed among sperm in the mammalian oviduct near the time of ovulation. It is characterized by high-amplitude, asymmetrical flagellar beating and assists sperm in penetrating the cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida. Elevated intracellular Ca 21 is required for the initiation of hyperactivated motility, suggesting that calmodulin (CALM) and Ca 21 /CALM-stimulated pathways are involved. A demembranated sperm model was used to investigate the role of CALM in promoting hyperactivation. Ejaculated bovine sperm were demembranated and immobilized by brief exposure to Triton X100. Motility was restored by addition of reactivation medium containing MgATP and Ca 21 , and hyperactivation was observed as free Ca 21 was increased from 50 nM to 1 mM. However, when 2.5 mM Ca 21 was added to the demembranation medium to extract flagellar CALM, motility was not reactivated unless exogenous CALM was readded. The inclusion of anti-CALM IgG in the reactivation medium reduced the proportion hyperactivated in 1 m MC a 21 to 5%. Neither control IgG, the CALM antagonist W-7, nor a peptide directed against the CALM-binding domain of myosin light chain kinase (MYLK2) inhibited hyperactivation. However, when sperm were reactivated in the presence of CALM kinase II (CAMK2) inhibiting peptides, hyperactivation was reduced by 75%. Furthermore, an inhibitor of CAMK2, KN93, inhibited hyperactivation without impairing normal motility of intact sperm. CALM and CAMK2 were immunolocalized to the acrosomal region and flagellum. These results indicate that hyperactivation is stimulated by a Ca 21 /CALM pathway involving CAMK2. calcium, gamete biology, male reproductive tract, sperm motility and transport
Breakdown characteristics of Argon in partial vacuum under high frequency pulsed voltage with varing duty cycle

In this paper, the breakdown characteristics of Argon as a function of pressure from 0.1 Torr to 4 Torr, for kHz range applied fields are presented. A unipolar pulsed signal is applied to a point-plane electrode configuration. Three different frequencies, namely 20 kHz, 50 kHz, and 100 kHz with varying duty cycle from 10% to 90%, are used in the experiments to determine the duty cycle effects on the breakdown voltage. Current and voltage waveforms as a function of time, and breakdown voltage as a function of duty cycle for three frequencies mentioned above are presented.
An updated view on transcription factor GATA3-mediated regulation of Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation.

CD4 Th are critical for orchestrating adaptive immune responses. The expression of the transcription factor GATA3 (GATA-binding protein 3) is up-regulated or down-regulated during Th 2o r Th1 cell differentiation, respectively. Furthermore, GATA3 is responsible for induction of Th2 differentiation and represses Th1 differentiation. In this review, we present an updated view on the molecular mechanisms through which GATA3 regulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. During Th2 cell differentiation, GATA3 directly binds to the Th2 cytokine gene locus at several regions and regulates expression. On the other hand, GATA3 inhibits Th1 cell differentiation by preventing up-regulation of IL-12 receptor b2 and STAT4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4) and neutralization of Runx3 (runtrelated transcription factor 3) function through protein–protein interaction. GATA3 may also directly act on the Ifng gene. In summary, GATA3 serves as a transcriptional activator or repressor through direct action on transcriptional machinery and/or affecting chromatin remodeling at many critical loci encoding cytokines, cytokine receptors, signaling molecules as well as transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of Th1 and Th2 differentiation.
Performance of trellis coded-8PSK with cochannel interference

The performance of trellis coded-8PSK in the presence of cochannel interference is analyzed and compared with the performance of uncoded QPSK. The analytical expressions are derived and supported by simulating the bit error rate performance of different TC-8PSK systems. The analytical and simulation results show that TC-8PSK is slightly more robust to cochannel interference than uncoded QPSK. >
Abundant Early-Summer Breeding In Sinaloa Does Not Suggest Post-Migration Breeding In Three Potential Double Breeders

Abstract Rohwer et al. (2009) present isotopic evidence of migratory double breeding by five species of birds that were breeding in July and August in northwestern Mexico. The presence of old brood patches in these species, combined with their late breeding in Mexico, suggested that these species had bred earlier in the north. Here we present data showing that Orchard Orioles and Yellow-breasted Chats breed as commonly in coastal Sinaloa in late May and early June as they do later in the summer; further, many females of these species examined in early June 2011 had downy ventral apteria, indicating that they were breeding for the first time in their annual cycle in Sinaloa. Thus, the old brood patches observed in these species in July and August, when they are still breeding in northwestern Mexico, may reflect earlier breeding attempts by those same individuals in Mexico. Yellow-billed Cuckoos seldom call and are uncommon in northwestern Mexico until late June and likely do not begin breeding until July. ...
Efficient Testing of Service-Oriented Applications Using Semantic Service Stubs

Service-oriented applications can be expensive to test because services are hosted remotely, are potentially shared among many users, and may have costs associated with their invocation. In this paper, we present an approach for reducing the costs of testing such applications. The key observation underlying our approach is that certain aspects of an application can be tested using locally deployed semantic service stubs, instead of actual remote services.A semantic service stub incorporates some of the service functionality, such as verifying preconditions and generating output messages based on post conditions. We illustrate how semantic stubs can enable the client test suite to be partitioned into subsets, some of which need not be executed using remote services. We also present a case study that demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, and potential cost savings for testing. The main benefits of our approach are that it can (1) reduce the number of test cases that need to be run to invoke remote services, (2) ensure that certain aspects of application functionality are well-tested before service integration occurs.
Improving the Management of Depression in Primary Care

Depression is a common and important problem in the primary care setting. Despite the fact that effective treatments are available, the recognition, management and outcomes of depression in primary care are far from optimal. A variety of approaches to remedy these problems have been evaluated, including: physician education programs; depression screening and feedback; protocol-based treatment by mental health specialists in the primary care setting; and a variety of disease management strategies. Based on this work, we have learned that improving the care and outcomes of depression in primary care requires some or all of the following: a systematic approach to the recognition and assessment of depression; evidence-based decision support; patient education and activation; ongoing monitoring and feedback regarding patient adherence and outcomes; integration of mental health specialists for patients who are not improving as expected; and physician education. However, interventions that include these components have not been sustained or widely disseminated because of the time, energy, commitment and resources that are required. Successful interventions must be low cost, easy to implement, and they must meet the needs of all stakeholders (i.e. payors, providers, patients and behavioral healthcare companies). Innovative programs that take advantage of new technologies have been recently developed to address these challenges, but require further evaluation.
Renal Artery Dissection Following Marathon Running

A 38-year-old, previously healthy man presented with flank pain after competing in a marathon. Initial laboratory tests and urinalysis were essentially normal. Both contrast enhanced-computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography showed an infarcted region of the left lower kidney without renal artery dissection. Thromboembolism was suspected, but further testing was negative. The diagnosis of renal artery dissection was established by angiogram, showing dissection of the segmental branch. The patient remained normotensive, maintained normal renal function, and had resolution of pain symptoms prior to discharge. On the basis of our experience and review of the literature, renal artery dissection occurs in otherwise healthy men and often goes undiagnosed. The management strategy tends to be conservative unless the patient develops progressive decline in renal function or worsening hypertension, with an excellent prognosis. This case also shows the importance of discussing the pros and cons of extreme physical exertion with all patients.
Dynamic load balancing across mirrored multimedia servers

The purpose of this paper is to present protocols for efficient load balancing across replicated multimedia servers in a metropolitan area network. Current multimedia infrastructures, even when they use mirrored servers, do not have standardized load balancing schemes. Existing schemes frequently require participation from the clients in balancing the load across the servers efficiently. We propose two protocols in this paper for fair load balancing without any client-side processing being required. Neither protocol requires any change to the network-level infrastructure. Using network packet loss and packet transmission delay as the chief metrics, we show the effectiveness of the protocols through extensive simulations.
The mechanics of biped running and a stable control strategy

This work presents an analysis of the mechanics of biped running with a heuristic control strategy for stable running. A tractable model of the mechanics is presented through principles, measures, and a time-distributed perspective. This model motivates the control strategy and provides a basis for extending the strategy to more general systems. The control strategy consists of a simple set of four rules, where the key rule considers the leg length upon liftoff. The Steady-State Index is proposed as a characterization of biped running. It identifies and relates the parameters affecting running and has broad applicability to both biological and robotic systems.
Splenectomy is associated with a higher risk for venous thromboembolism: A prospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Thrombocytosis following splenectomy is a common occurrence. Whether this thrombocytosis leads to a higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unclear. This investigation aimed to determine if splenectomy increases the risk for VTE. Methods This was a prospective study conducted in the SICU between 1/2011 and 11/2013 investigating the VTE risk in patients undergoing a splenectomy compared with those undergoing any other abdominal procedure. Results In total 2503 patients were admitted to the SICU: 37 (2%) after a splenectomy and 638 (26%) after any other abdominal surgery. Splenectomy patients had a higher incidence of VTE compared to patients undergoing any other abdominal procedure (29.7% vs. 12.1%, p Conclusion Splenectomy increases the risk for VTE, however reactive thrombocytosis is not associated with this higher incidence. Further investigations are required to characterize the pathophysiologic mechanisms of VTE development following splenectomy.
Permethrin induces overexpression of multiple genes in Aedes aegypti.

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-select subtractive cDNA hybridization technique, 18 different genes were isolated from a permethrin-treated versus acetone-treated Aedes aegypti subtractive library. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) results showed that 8 of the 18 gene's transcriptional levels in permethrin-treated Ae. aegypti were at least two-fold higher (ranging from 2.6 ± 0.5 to 4.8 ± 0.2) than that in acetone-treated Ae. aegypti. These eight genes include three functionally known genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, NADH2 dehydrogenase, deltamethrin resistance associated protein), three functionally unknown genes (Ae. aegypti putative 16.9-kDa secreted protein, Anopheles gambiae ENSANGP00000019508, Cryptococcus neoformans hypothetical protein CNE05340), and two novel genes. Transcriptional levels for 11 of the 18 genes were induced significantly higher by permethrin than by fipronil (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that subtractive cDNA hybridization and QPCR are powerful techniques to identify differentially expressed genes in response to pesticide treatment.
The text matters: eye movements reflect the cognitive processing of interrogation rights

Summary Suspects' decisions to waive or invoke interrogation rights have considerable impact on whether subsequent interrogations ensue, self-incriminating information is offered, and in the case of innocent suspects, wrongful convictions occur. Although interrogation warnings differ in their text characteristics, empirically examining the influence of these text differences on suspects' ability to process and comprehend their rights has largely been neglected, which is especially problematic for vulnerable populations. Using a novel approach, we monitored the eye movements of 60 juveniles as they silently read different versions of Miranda warnings in order to investigate the relationship among text characteristics, processing difficulty, and comprehension problems. Results indicated that text characteristics were associated with processing difficulties and these processing difficulties were strongly correlated with comprehension of the warnings. Along with advancing basic and applied research programs, this approach can inform policy decisions and benefit vulnerable populations whose comprehension of interrogation rights is encumbered by legalese.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges and Future Directions of Immunopharmacogenomics

As presented in the preceding chapters, the immunopharmacogenomics approach has great potential to open up new aspects in understanding various disease conditions in relationship to the immune responses in patients. Figure 10.1 shows the possible areas to which immunopharmacogenomics (IPG) can contribute.
Variation in Resource Utilization for Patients With Hip and Pelvic Fractures Despite Equal Medicare Reimbursement

Background Medicare currently reimburses hospitals for inpatient admissions with “bundled” payments based on patient Diagnosis-related Groups (DRGs) regardless of true hospital costs. At present, DRG 536 (fractures of the hip and pelvis) includes a broad spectrum of patients with orthopaedic trauma, likely with varying inpatient resource utilization. With the growing incidence of fractures in the elderly, inadequate reimbursements from Medicare for certain patients with DRG 536 may lead to growing financial strain on healthcare institutions caring for these patients with higher costs.
Toxicological Studies on Dichlorvos Feed-Additive Formulations to control House Flies and Face Flies in Cattle Feces.

Polyvinyl chloride resin formulations of dichlorvos (DDVP) designed for rapid release (XP-515) and slow release (XP-602) were tested for efficacy in controlling house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae, in manure when mixed in cattle feed for 33 and 32 days, respectively. Bioassays of manure from cattle receiving the feed formulations at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 1.0 mg/kg per day exhibited excellent fly control. Blood cholinesterase levels of animals receiving XP-515 showed no depression at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg level but a significant depression occurred at 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg. XP-602 caused no depression at 0.5 mg/kg but significant depressions at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg levels. Weight gains, feed consumption, palatability, and feed conversion were generally unaffected. No clinical signs of toxicity to cattle were observed and no gross pathological changes were evident. The comparative toxicity of dichlorvos to larvae of the house fly and face fly, M. autumnalis DeGeer, was studied by mixing purified dichlorvos in bovine manure before implanting it with newly hatched larvae. Face fly larvae were approximately twice as susceptible as house fly larvae with LD60’s of 0.013 and 0.028 µg/gm, respectively. In view of the greater susceptibility of the face fly to dichlorvos in manure, the PVC resin formulations would be expected to control both species at the dosage levels tested.
Relationships Between Role Clarity, Need for Clarity, and Job Tension and Satisfaction for Supervisory and Nonsupervisory Roles

The article presents a study which explored role differences in relationships between degree of role clarity and various personal outcomes and in the moderating effects of need for clarity for supe...
Computed Tomography–guided Navigation of Thoracic Pedicle Screws for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Results in More Accurate Placement and Less Screw Removal

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of computed tomography-guided navigation (CTGN) of thoracic pedicle screw placement in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). OBJECTIVE To compare the accuracy and safety of thoracic pedicle screw placement and frequency of intraoperative removal using CTGN versus conventional freehand technique in AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Even in experienced hands, more than 10% of the thoracic pedicle screws are misplaced. CTGN may improve accuracy and safety, but there is little published data on its efficacy. METHODS We reviewed intraoperative computed tomographic images in a consecutive series of AIS cases undergoing posterior fusion during a 1-year period. Three types of screws were identified: an optimal screw--the central axis is in the plane and axis of the pedicle with the tip completely within the vertebral body; an acceptable screw--the majority of its shank is outside the central axis of the pedicle, but not potentially unsafe; and a potentially unsafe screw--(1) the central axis of the screw traversed the canal, (2) left anterior/lateral vertebral body perforation, risking the aorta, or (3) any screw repositioned or removed after the postimplant computed tomography. RESULTS In 42 patients, 485 screws were evaluable with a visible pedicle and screw (300 navigated and 185 non-navigated). Screws were classified as follows: optimal screws, 74% CTGN versus 42% non-navigated; acceptable screws, 23% CTGN versus 49% non-navigated; and potentially unsafe, 3% CTGN versus 9% non-navigated (P < 0.001). A potentially unsafe screw was 3.8 times less likely to be inserted with navigation (P = 0.003). The odds of a significant medial breach were 7.6 times higher without navigation (P < 0.001). A screw was 8.3 times more likely to be removed intraoperatively in the non-navigated cohort (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION CTGN resulted in more optimally placed thoracic pedicle screws, fewer potentially unsafe screws, and fewer screw removals.
Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness (MIDD) Syndrome Associated with Myoclonus (P07.148)

Objective: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) syndrome is a rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes mellitus. Case reports also exist of patients with additional clinical features typically associated with mitochondrial disorders, such as retinopathy, seizures, and stroke-like episodes. We present the clinical, imaging, histopathologic and genetic data for a patient diagnosed with MIDD following evaluation for new-onset myoclonus. To our knowledge, this is the first case to describe MIDD syndrome in association with myoclonus. Background MIDD syndrome is a mitochondrial genetic disorder caused by a heteroplasmic A3243G transition of mtDNA. The same mutation has also been associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). It has not been previously associated with myoclonus. Design/Methods: We report the clinical characteristics of a patient diagnosed with MIDD syndrome after initially seeking medical attention for myoclonus, and present the results of a comprehensive literature review. Results: A 57-year-old man developed intermittent myoclonic jerks in his right arm. He had a past history of sensorineural hearing loss developing in his late 20s, and diabetes mellitus developing in his 30s. On exam, he was found to have subtle proximal muscle weakness, as well as peripheral neuropathy. EEG demonstrated rare generalized spike-and-wave discharges. He was started on valproic acid, with resolution of myoclonus. Subsequently, a muscle biopsy demonstrated ragged-red fibers. Genetic testing confirmed the A3243G mtDNA mutation. Given his clinical picture, a diagnosis of MIDD syndrome was established. Conclusions: MIDD syndrome should be considered in patients presenting with a clinical syndrome of sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes mellitus. Additional features of mitochondrial disorders, such as myopathy, neuropathy, and myoclonus may be present. Valproic acid may be an effective treatment of myoclonus. In addition, treatment with coenzyme Q10 may be of modest benefit in slowing progression of neurologic deterioration. Disclosure: Dr. Blondin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vortmeyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tokuno has nothing to disclose.
Channeling of Shallow Si Implants Into GaAs as a Function of Tilt and Rotation Angles

The effects of tilt and rotation angle on implant channeling are explored for Si implants into (100)-oriented GaAs substrates using Monte Carlo simulations, SIMS profiling, capacitance profiling, and Hall measurements. It is shown that the 7° tilt angle often used to prevent axial channeling is not large enough, and 11–13° angles are required to obtain the sharpest and most reproducible implant profiles. Rotation angles have a much smaller effect on the profiles as long as the beam incidence is kept away from the direction.
Ministry with a Laugh

Laughter is pervasive in Christian theological and liturgical traditions, breaking up human idolatries and totalities. This gospel laughter gives Christian ministry an essential orientation of “ope...
The Curative Effect Analysis of Refractory Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome by Celioscope and Medicine

Objective To approach curative effect of refractory polycystic ovarian syndrome by celioscope and medicine. Methods To analyze 60 cases clinical data of refractory polycystic ovarian syndrome in our hospital,aparoscopic ovarian puncture electrocoagulation combined with clomifene citrate capsules. Results The LH、FSH、T of 60 cases refractory polycystic ovarian syndrome after treatment were lower than before treatment,The regular menstrual rate、ovulation rate、pregnancy rate after treatment were better than before treatment,P 0.05,the difference statistical significance. Conclusion The clinical result of refractory polycystic ovarian syndrome by celioscope and medicine were good,which was improved pregnancy rate,which was to be used.
Hysteroscopy as a Diagnostic Aid

SUMMARY Recent improvements in instrumentation and technique have rendered hysteroscopy safe, simple, and effective in detecting a wide variety of pathologic conditions of the uterus, and the accuracy of the diagnostic process can be greatly enhanced by its use. However, hysteroscopy should not, by any means, be considered the ultimate diagnostic test. Rather, it should be applied judiciously and the information obtained combined with that from other methods, increasing the diagnostic accuracy.
The astrocytic reaction in experimental scrapie in the rat.

SUMMARY A histological examination was made of the brains of rats inoculated either intracerebrally (i.e.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 ml. or 2.0 ml., respectively, of a suspension of scrapie rat brain. The animals were killed at 14-day intervals until the final stage of the clinical disease (approximately 220 days after inoculation). Clinical disease was first detected in the i.e. group 168 days after inoculation, and in the i.p. group at 169 days. At this time extensive histological abnormalities (extra-cellular vacu-olatiou and hypertrophy of astrocytes (were present in the i.e. group, but only slight abnormalities were found in the i.p. group. An early abnormality in both groups was hypertrophy of astrocytic end-plates attached to blood vessels. Signs of clinical disease were the same in both groups of animals, but histological lesions in the end-stage of the disease were more severe and more widespread in the i.e. than in the i.p. group. Strict bilateral symmetry was a feature of the histological lesions in both groups of rats. These findings were interpreted as indicating that: (a) The scrapie inoculum caused more severe and more extensive damage to the brain when inoculated i.e., than when inoculated i.p. (b) The occurrence and severity of clinical abnormalities were not related directly to the extent of histological damage to the brain. (c) The bilateral symmetry of histological lesions was related to the bilaterally symmetrical distribution of the blood supply.
Section 8: Vibrations of Bells and Vessels

The vibrations of a bell or of a round vessel correspond to those of a round plate in which there are only diametric nodal lines (Par. 126). These sounding bodies can be divided into four, six, eight, or, in general, into an even number of vibrating parts, separated by nodal lines that intersect in the middle, where the neck of the bell is. The principal difference from a round plate is the fact that the curves caused by the vibrations do not apply to the straight directions, but to the curves that already exist in the shape of the sounding body.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of ZLAST by combinatorial sputtering approach

The thin film ZLAST(Zn x Pb y Sb z Ag m Te n ) was studied by combinatorial approach. ZLAST thin films were co-deposited from a stoichiometric Ag, Sb, PbTe, and Zn 4 Sb 3 alloy target onto glass substrates using a custom designed radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system. The crystalline phase and variations in the composition of the thin films were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that as x=0.01; y=0.02; z=0.88; m=0.03 and n=0.06, it was found that the lowest electrical resistivity and highest seebeck coefficient is about 0.17 mΩ-cm and 26.2 µV/K, respectively. The power factor of Zn 0.01 Pb 0.02 Sb 0.88 Ag 0.03 Te 0.06 is 4.03 µw/K2cm, which is higher than LAST (0.73 µw/K2cm). Furthermore, the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity properties with variation temperature were also investigated. The significant records of the thermoelectric properties are extremely important for the fundamental understanding of ZLAST thermoelectric composites.
Foot and Ankle Trauma: From the Crush to the Missed and Neglected Injuries

In the face of major long-bone fracture, head injury, or life-threatening blunt trauma to the chest or abdomen, injuries to the foot and ankle, particularly if they are closed and not associated with gross deformity, are often missed or simply neglected. In major disasters or mass casualties where providers are overwhelmed and diagnostic and therapeutic facilities are stretched to the limit, neglected noncritical trauma is the norm.
Transport Physics in Ultra-Submicron Devices

Technology is rapidly pushing to the fabrication of ULSI “chips”, in which individual devices have critical dimensions (e.g. gate lengths) well below 1 µm. Within the next decade or so, we will see the push to reduce these dimensions even further; to well below 0.1–0.2 µm. At this scale, many new and interesting effects, which are currently treated as only high order corrections, will begin to dominate the device performance. Several of these effects are tunneling, surface superlattices, ballistic transport, and quantum interference effects. In this paper, we will treat a few such effects, leaving to other papers in this volume the treatment of further effects. Finally, we treat the need to develop a conceptual non-equilibrium quantum transport theory to handle these problems in realistic device structures.
Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for UAV Electric Propulsion System

In a previous work, a relationship between aircraft motion equations and model equations for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor was established to study the influence of machine dynamic performance on aircraft motion path from takeoff to steady level flight. The speed control scheme primarily made up of standard proportional integral controllers presented loss of altitude and exacerbative thrust when system was operated in speed control mode. In this paper a MRAC scheme is proposed for the speed control. It is shown that the application of the MRAC provides superior motor performance as well as an improvement in flight performance of the UAV system. The robustness of the control scheme to parameter changes in moment of inertia, viscous damping and load torque is shown.
Repair of Heat-Injured Staphylococcus aureus 196 E on Food Substrates and Additives and at Different Temperatures.

Repair of heat-injured Staphylococcus aureus 196E was studied on a newly developed agar medium containing 25% ground beef. The cells were heat-injured at 50 C in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). After being heated, the cells were surface plated on: Tryptic soy agar (TSA); TSA + 7% NaCl (TSAS); ground beef agar (GBA) with and without various additions; and meat/food agar. Repair is defined as the number of organisms growing on GBA, GBA + addition, or meat/food agar that is greater than the number growing on TSAS by at least one log cycle. The following additives incorporated into GBA permitted repair of heat-injured S. aureus : nitrite (up to 400 ppm), ascorbate (up to 500 ppm), lactic acid (down to pH 5.5), liquid smoke preparations, and water activity-lowering substances including glycerol (10%), NaCl (2.5%), KCl (5%) and sucrose (30%). Cells regained salt tolerance on TSA when incubated at temperatures from 20 to 45 C, but not at 16 or 50 C. Repair was most rapid at 35 C. When ground beef was replaced in the plating medium, repair occurred on frankfurter and chili beef soup agars, but not on pepperoni and Lebanon bologna agars. Repair of heat-injured S. aureus can take place on meat-foods, in the presence of various meat additives, and at temperatures from 20 to 45C.
Violence Prevention and Targeting the Elusive Gang Member

Who do violence preventers target to achieve violence prevention? This fundamental question of selection is typically associated with law enforcement, yet gang labeling is critical in another context: nonprofit violence prevention. Eighteen months of fieldwork in a gang outreach organization find that (a) workers operationalize gang violence prevention as social service provision, but (b) services are only offered to those deemed “ready” for life changes. Readiness is an unwritten eligibility criteria leveraged as a rhetorical tool to focus recruitment on clients who demonstrate complicity. It is reaffirmed through external pressures to document program effectiveness; organizational-level concerns for efficient resource allocation; the subpopulation of clients who actually want services; and workers’ own fears of “getting played”—losing face from free-riding clients interested in street worker perks, but not formal services. While core gang members may be most at-risk, their very centrality may deter, rather than justify, providing them services.
Community Health Learning Experiences and Political Activism: A Model for Baccalaureate Curriculum Revolution Content

Nursing education is involved in a curriculum revolution that decries behaviorist theory. One model for the new educational approaches is political activism that involves faculty and students in experiences of caring client advocacy. Content, theory, and experiences in community-health nursing integrate community activism and sociopolitical concepts. Sample approaches that blend curriculum revolution and political activism concepts are included. Such approaches can easily be used as part of the lived experience of community-health nursing education.
Diet and behavior of extralimital Western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypogea) in tallgrass prairie

Abstract Species geographic limits can be shaped by unfavorable conditions beyond range edges, and observations from peripheral habitats provide opportunities to assess individuals' capacity to tolerate environmental change. I monitored an extralimital breeding pair of Western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypogea) in an eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie in 2013 using still and video photography. I quantified (1) the relative importance of different prey types in their diet, and (2) the timing and prevalence of a novel sunbathing behavior and discuss its possible adaptive significance. Owls in tallgrass prairie consumed more arthropods than vertebrates, with the latter contributing the most biomass in their diet. However, arthropods contributed more biomass than reported in studies that used indirect prey remains analyses. Owls sunbathed during midday when conditions were hot and dry, but never during cool periods or following rain events. I suggest owls in tallgrass prairie may sunbathe to shed ectop...
Long-range interactions between rubidium and potassium Rydberg atoms

We investigate the long-range, two-body interactions between rubidium and potassium atoms in highly excited $(n=70)$ Rydberg states. After establishing properly symmetrized asymptotic basis states, we diagonalize an interaction Hamiltonian consisting of the standard Coulombic potential expansion and atomic fine structure to calculate electronic potential energy curves. We find that when both atoms are excited to either the $70s$ state or the $70p$ state, both the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}={0}^{+}$ symmetry interactions and the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ symmetry interactions demonstrate a deep potential well capable of supporting many bound levels; the sizes of the corresponding dimer states are of the order of 2.25 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We establish $n$-scaling relations for the equilibrium separation ${R}_{e}$ and the dissociation energy ${D}_{e}$ and find these relations to be consistent with similar calculations involving the homonuclear interactions between rubidium and cesium. We discuss the specific effects of $\ensuremath{\ell}$ mixing and the exact composition of the calculated potential well via the expansion coefficients of the asymptotic basis states. Finally, we apply a Landau-Zener treatment to show that the dimer states are stable with respect to predissociation.
What Should We Learn From the Recent Decline of Basic Cardiovascular Science in Japan

In this issue of Circulation Research , Shimokawa et al1 report that the number of scientific publications submitted from Japan to the American Heart Association journals recently has dropped impressively compared with just 17 years ago (from 164 papers in 2000 down to only 45 in 2016), when Japan published more papers than any other country except for the United States and Germany. Although the recent decline in the number of Japanese papers published in many, if not all, areas of science has been reported repeatedly,2 the report by Shimokawa et al struck us as particularly noteworthy because the decline in the field of basic cardiovascular sciences seems more prominent than that in some other areas of basic science in Japan. The authors of this Editorial think that probing the causes of this dramatic decline and discussing what can be done to halt the slump are useful for the cardiovascular basic science community worldwide, because many developed countries share at least some of the causes of the decline we have witnessed recently in Japan. Article, see p 331 The focus of research and its methodology have changed dramatically during the past 2 decades. Compared with the more descriptive papers published in the 1990s, recent publications published in the American Heart Association journals include more mechanistic investigations, often with more complex studies using multidisciplinary approaches requiring collaborations with investigators across the field. One can argue that the recent slump in Japan may be caused simply by the fact that the area of research and its methodology has shifted away from those on which Japanese scientists are focused. Another contributing factor may be the status of the Japanese economy. The long-lasting economic slump since the early 1990s and increased spending on social security, because of the rapidly growing population aged …
Studies of biochemical crosstalk in chromatin with semisynthetic histones

Reversible post-translational modifications of histone proteins in eukaryotic chromatin are closely tied to gene function and cellular development. Specific combinations of histone modifications, or marks, are implicated in distinct DNA-templated processes mediated by a range of chromatin-associated enzymes that install, erase and interpret the histone code. Mechanistic studies of the precise biochemical relationship between sets of marks and their effects on chromatin function are significantly complicated by the dynamic nature and heterogeneity of marks in cellular chromatin. Protein semisynthesis is a chemical technique that enables the piecewise assembly of uniformly and site-specifically modified histones in quantities sufficient for biophysical and biochemical analyses. Recent pioneering efforts in semisynthesis have yielded access to histones site-specifically modified by entire proteins, such as ubiquitin (Ub) and the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Herein, we highlight key studies of biochemical crosstalk involving Ub and SUMO in chromatin that were enabled by histone semisynthesis.
Secondary clonal hematologic neoplasia following successful therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): A report of two cases and review of the literature

Although rare, secondary clonal hematologic neoplasia may occur after successful therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). These secondary clonal events may be considered therapy-related, but may also be due to an underlying background of clonal hematopoiesis from which both malignancies may develop. In this manuscript, we describe two patients with secondary clones after APL therapy characterized in one patient by deletion of chromosome 11q23 and, in the other, by monosomy of chromosome 7, and also provide a review of all secondary clonal disorders described after APL therapy. We suggest that since most reports identify karyotypic abnormalities not typically associated with chemotherapy, there may be another mechanism underlying secondary clonal development after complete response to initial APL therapy.
Sources of motivation for abstinence. A replication analysis of the Reasons for Quitting Questionnaire

The Reasons for Quitting Questionnaire (RFQ) as modified by McBride and colleagues (C. M. McBride et al., 1994) for use with substance users other than tobacco smokers, was administered to individuals approved for public-sector addiction treatment. Four motivation dimensions, similar to those found by McBride et al., were identified: self-concept issues, health concerns, legal issues, and social influence. A forced two-component solution yielded dimensions interpretable as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Self-concept issues provided the highest levels of motivation for abstinence in this sample, with moderate levels provided by health concerns, and the lowest levels provided by legal and social influence components. Intrinsic motivation was higher than extrinsic motivation. Logistic regression models, with adjustment for total motivation, tested the association of successful abstinence during a follow-up period with baseline extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and with the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic levels. All three associations were significant: intrinsic motivation (positive association), extrinsic motivation (negative association), and the difference score (positive association). The results suggest the usefulness of the 20-item modified RFQ in evaluating motivation for abstinence among treatment seekers exhibiting severe negative consequences of addiction. Testing with samples varying in severity of addiction consequences is recommended.
Hemolytic Effects of Snake Venoms

Snake venoms evolved as specialized secretions of high efficiency in immobilizing, killing, and initiating the digestion of the prey. The red cell lysis which may develop following snakebite does not play a predominant role in the overall venom lethality, but should rather be considered as one of the manifestations of the digestive action of the venom. Snake venoms have been shown to contain factors able to attack and disorganize cellular and subcellular membranes. Hemolysis is the expression of red cell membrane distruction by the action of these venom factors which act either directly or through a complex multistep process.
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data

2005 marks the 31st SIGMOD conference, preceded by 5 workshops sponsored by SIGMOD's predecessor organization, SIGFIDET. The field has grown and evolved significantly over these 36 years, but the SIGMOD conference has remained throughout as one of the foremost annual events for exchanging the latest ideas and advances in data management.The SIGMOD conference is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and its Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). Two days of the conference overlap with the Symposium on Principles of Database System (PODS), and several workshops and other events are co-located with SIGMOD.This year 455 research papers were submitted to SIGMOD for consideration, of which 431 were reviewed. (The remaining papers were eliminated due to double-blind or length violations, overlap with other papers, or author withdrawal.) There has been much discussion in recent years of improving the overall conference reviewing process, as our field grows and evolves, and demands on researchers increase. Two innovations were added to this year's reviewing process on an experimental basis for SIGMOD:•There was no limit on the number of accepted papers -- decisions were based on suitable quality alone. Nevertheless, the tally of 65 accepted papers constitutes an acceptance ratio (15%) similar to recent years.•An "author feedback" phase was added, in which authors could read their reviews and provide feedback to be used in the final decision process. Reactions to this new feature ran the spectrum from frustration to joy, but most felt it to be a worthwhile experiment.
Do You Think You Might Be Wrong? Confirmation Bias in Problem Solving

It is difficult for humans to come up with an idea and then abandon it (Luchins 1942). The history of science, for example, is replete with cases showing the so-called "confirmation bias" (Tweney, Doherty, and Mynatt 1981), the existence of a general and pervasive tendency to avoid giving up one's favored ideas. For instance, MitrofiF (1974) investigated prominent NASA geophysicists three months before and after the first Apollo moon landing. These high-level NASA research scientists described themselves and their colleagues as strongly committed advocates of particular theories rather than as impartial seekers of truth. For some of these scientists, this commitment to particular theories persisted even in the face of contradictory evidence obtained during the 1969 moon landing. It is difficult for people of all walks of life and in different stages of development to change their minds once they have an idea they like. The activities and teaching strategies described in this article are intended to draw attention to the confirmation bias and to encourage teachers to help students realize that the hypotheses they form are tentative and need to be reexamined and modified as new information is obtained.
From Orthography to Psychology to Reading

The subject of this chapter is the role of English orthography in skilled reading of English. But not all features of English orthography are under review here, only those that derive from the relationship of spelling to sound. This excludes, for one, the structural components of orthography. In English, for example, does not occur in initial position and does not double. These are components of the orthographic structure of English and although they may enter in some form into skilled reading, they are not discussed here. At issue in this chapter is a single question: What information about the spelling-to-sound scheme of English is accessed by the skilled reader? My approach to this issue is through both linguistic analysis and psychological experimentation, tempered with speculation of the wildest form.
Children and Money

The costs of raising a child to age 18 have been estimated at roughly $250,000. This chapter illustrates the financial impact children have on the family ranging from basic needs to college tuition to non-direct costs such as lost time at work that could influence future career opportunities. Having a strong support system may allow for sharing of childrearing costs, although the potential for contributions from the support system varies greatly among families. The chapter concludes with a section on financial education of children. Experts agree that teaching children about basic money management skills can occur as early as 3 years old.