cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissipation in macroscopic magnetization tunneling

The effect of magnetoelastic dissipation upon the tunneling and coherence of the total magnetization in small (\ensuremath{\sim}100 A\r{}) single-domain ferromagnetic particles is investigated. Such tunneling would be an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon. It is shown that the dissipation has a super-Ohmic spectral density, J(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{3}$, and that the dissipation is weak for reasonable material parameters. Corrections to the rates, and the damping rate for coherent oscillations are obtained. A key feature is the inclusion of the elastic waves in the medium surrounding the particle.
Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol: is it safe?

Abstract Propofol is a sedative agent gaining popularity for Emergency Department Procedural Sedation (EDPS). However, some institutions across the country continue to restrict the use of propofol secondary to safety concerns. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the complication rate of EDPS with propofol. We conducted a prospective, observational, multi-center study of EDPS patients aged ≥ 18 years, consenting to procedural sedation with propofol. Eighty-two patients from two Level I trauma centers were enrolled between August 1, 2002 and January 31, 2003. Transient hypoxemia was the only noted sedation complication. Nine patients (11%) had brief hypoxemia. The combined average hypoxemia time was 1.2 min (SD 0.4), and in all instances responded to simple airway maneuvers or increased oxygen concentration. No patient required advanced airway maneuvers such as intubation or even positive pressure ventilation. EDPS with propofol seems to be safe in our population.
Aspergillus niger genomics: Past, present and into the future

Aspergillus niger is a filamentous ascomycete fungus that is ubiquitous in the environment and has been implicated in opportunistic infections of humans. In addition to its role as an opportunistic human pathogen, A. niger is economically important as a fermentation organism used for the production of citric acid. Industrial citric acid production by A. niger represents one of the most efficient, highest yield bioprocesses in use currently by industry. The genome size of A. niger is estimated to be between 35.5 and 38.5 megabases (Mb) divided among eight chromosomes/linkage groups that vary in size from 3.5-6.6 Mb. Currently, there are three independent A. niger genome projects, an indication of the economic importance of this organism. The rich amount of data resulting from these multiple A. niger genome sequences will be used for basic and applied research programs applicable to fermentation process development, morphology and pathogenicity.
Connective generators for archimedian triangular operators

Abstract Triangular norms form the kernel of fuzzy logic and fuzzy systems. Here in this paper my main motivation is to provide three new connective generators that can generate different classes of fuzzy connectives. In this study I have tried to show that there are many possible fuzzy connective generators that can be associative, and yet monotonic. The study contemplates mainly on three different connective generators. These generators use simple, monotonic, and continuous functions that are both bounded in the domain (0,1) and the range (0,1).
Towards a membrane proteome in Drosophila: a method for the isolation of plasma membrane

The plasma membrane (PM) is a compartment of significant interest because cell surface proteins influence the way in which a cell interacts with its neighbours and its extracellular environment. However, PM is hard to isolate because of its low abundance. Aqueous two-phase affinity purification (2PAP), based on PEG/Dextran two-phase fractionation and lectin affinity for PM-derived microsomes, is an emerging method for the isolation of high purity plasma membranes from several vertebrate sources. In contrast, PM isolation techniques in important invertebrate genetic model systems, such as Drosophila melanogaster, have relied upon enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. To facilitate genetic investigation of activities contributing to the content of the PM sub-proteome, we sought to adapt 2PAP to this invertebrate model to provide a robust PM isolation technique for Drosophila. We show that 2PAP alone does not completely remove contaminating endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane. However, a novel combination of density gradient centrifugation plus 2PAP results in a robust PM preparation. To demonstrate the utility of this technique we isolated PM from fly heads and successfully identified 432 proteins using MudPIT, of which 37% are integral membrane proteins from all compartments. Of the 432 proteins, 22% have been previously assigned to the PM compartment, and a further 34% are currently unassigned to any compartment and represent candidates for assignment to the PM. The remainder have previous assignments to other compartments. A combination of density gradient centrifugation and 2PAP results in a robust, high purity PM preparation from Drosophila, something neither technique can achieve on its own. This novel preparation should lay the groundwork for the proteomic investigation of the PM in different genetic backgrounds in Drosophila. Our results also identify two key steps in this procedure: The optimization of membrane partitioning in the PEG/Dextran mixture, and careful choice of the correct lectin for the affinity purification step in light of variations in bulk membrane lipid composition and glycosylation patterns respectively. This points the way for further adaptations into other systems.
Inside-out access: A new method of lead placement for patients with central venous occlusions

Background Physicians will increasingly encounter patients who require rhythm management devices but have venous obstructions that prevent conventional access. Alternate access options, such as thoracotomy or transiliac approaches, exist but are associated with greater cost and morbidity. Objective The purpose of this study is to describe a novel method of vascular access that allows prepectoral placement of conventional pacing and defibrillation leads in patients with complex central venous occlusions. Methods Eight patients with central venous occlusions were referred for device implantation. Inside-out central venous access (IOCVA) was obtained via a percutaneous femoral approach. A catheter-dilator system was advanced via the right atrium to the most central point of venous occlusion. The occluded vein segment was punctured with a directionally guided needle, which was advanced along intravascular or extravascular tissue planes to the subclavian region. A solid wire needle was oriented toward the skin surface and advanced through the soft tissues until it exists from the body. The wire was used to pull rigid dilators through the occluded segment. Standard transvenous leads were implanted though the newly created channel. Results All patients with total central venous occlusions (4 superior vena cava, 4 brachiocephalic and bilateral subclavian) had successful, prepectoral device implants (4 left-sided, 1 single-chamber, 4 dual-chamber, 3 biventricular). No procedure-related complications occurred. All patients had normal device function at follow-up of 485 ± 542 days. Conclusion IOCVA is an effective method of pacemaker and defibrillator implantation for patients with central venous occlusions. Further clinical evaluation of this novel method is needed.
Bartonella henselae and Bartonella elizabethae as Potential Canine Pathogens

Bartonella henselae or Bartonella elizabethae DNA from EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples obtained from four dogs was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that B. elizabethae should be added to the list of Bartonella species (i.e., B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. henselae, and B. clarridgeiae) that are currently recognized as infectious agents in dogs. Furthermore, these results may have potential zoonotic implications, particularly if dogs can serve as a previously unrecognized reservoir for B. henselae. Although the clinical relevance of these observations remains to be determined, it is possible that molecular diagnostic techniques such as PCR may help to implicate a spectrum of Bartonella spp. as a cause of or a cofactor in chronic canine and human diseases of poorly defined causation.
Stable Isotope Techniques in Early Drug Development: An Economic Evaluation

Stable isotope labeled (SIL) drug methods are compared with standard methods for performing early (phases I and IIa) drug development studies (mass balance, bioavailability, single-dose volunteer and patient, multiple-dose volunteer and patient). SIL methods offer considerable reduction in the cost (> 50%) and number of subjects (67%) required for bioavailability and multiple-dose patient studies. Moreover, a complete early drug development program is described for optimally combining SIL and standard studies, which can reduce cost by 23% and number of subjects by 36% compared with a program using standard methods. These reductions should result in development time savings of at least one year.
Role of C chemokine lymphotactin in mediating recruitment of antigen-specific CD62L(lo) cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract In this study we investigated whether T cells expressing high or low levels of CD62L were differentially susceptible to the T cell chemokine lymphotactin. We found that lymphotactin induced preferential migration of antigen-specific (CD62Llo) T cells over the nonspecific (CD62Lhi) T cells in vitro and in vivo. The differing migratory abilities correlated with higher levels of mRNA encoding the lymphotactin receptor (XCR1) on the CD62Llo cells compared to the CD62Lhi cells. Thus, we have identified a coupling mechanism between the activation of T cells and acquisition of new homing properties, in this case conferred by XCR1 expression. These data confirm that at least one function of lymphotactin includes mediating the recruitment of recently activated antigen-specific T cells.
Army of Whiteness? Colonel Reb and the Sporting South's Cultural and Corporate Symbolic

This article contributes to an already vibrant discussion on the politics of race and ethnicity as mobilized through the semiotic embodiments of sporting mascots. Grounded in a poststructuralist th...
A Qualitative Examination of Public Relations Practitioner Ethical Decision Making and the Deontological Theory of Ethical Issues Management

Public relations practitioners are uniquely positioned to promote ethical communication and practice. As Kruckeberg (2000) explained, “public relations practitioners–if they prove worthy of the task—will be called upon to be corporate—that is organizational—interpreters and ethicists and social policy-makers, charged with guiding organizational behavior as well as influencing and reconciling public perceptions within a global context (p. 37).” Public relations practitioners, however, may never take an ethics course as a student, receive on-the-job ethical training, or use the many professional codes of ethics available to them. This lack begs the question: How are they tackling the various ethical decisions they face? This study examines how public relations professionals engage in ethical decision making and make meaning of deontological ethical models. Such inquiry regarding ethical decision making may assist public relations practitioners and scholars to better understand themselves, serve society, and...
Body composition analysis of obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice by relaxation compensated fat fraction (RCFF) MRI.

Purpose: To develop and validate a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodology for phenotyping animal models of obesity and fatty liver disease on 7T small animal MRI scanners. Materials and Methods: A new MRI acquisition and image analysis technique, relaxation-compensated fat fraction (RCFF), was developed and validated by both magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histology. This new RCFF technique was then used to assess lipid biodistribution in two groups of mice on either a high-fat (HFD) or low-fat (LFD) diet. Results: RCFF demonstrated excellent correlation in phantom studies (R2 = 0.99) and in vivo compared to histological evaluation of hepatic triglycerides (R2 = 0.90). RCFF images provided robust fat fraction maps with consistent adipose tissue values (82% ± 3%). HFD mice exhibited significant increases in peritoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes in comparison to LFD controls (peritoneal: 6.4 ± 0.4 cm3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.2, P < 0.001; subcutaneous: 14.7 ± 2.0 cm3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 cm3, P < 0.001). Hepatic fat fractions were also significantly different between HFD and LFD mice (3.1% ± 1.7% LFD vs. 27.2% ± 5.4% HFD, P = 0.002). Conclusion: RCFF can be used to quantitatively assess adipose tissue volumes and hepatic fat fractions in rodent models at 7T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:837–843. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance evaluation of affinity ligands for depletion of abundant plasma proteins.

Abstract Human plasma is a commonly used diagnostic fluid in clinical chemistry. In-depth plasma proteomic analysis is performed to search for disease biomarkers, however the large dynamic range of protein abundance in plasma presents a substantial analytical challenge. Removal of abundant plasma proteins using antibody capture approaches is a common and attractive means to reduce sample complexity and to aid the analysis of lower abundance proteins of interest. A novel class of heavy chain camelid-derived affinity ligands produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has recently been developed as an alternative to antibody-based depletion methods. Here, we evaluate the performance characteristics of these ligands for removal of high abundance plasma proteins. Affinity ligands were tested for the removal of 14 abundant human plasma proteins. The performance characteristics were evaluated by gel-electrophoresis and LC–MS/MS of the bound and flow-through fractions. The capacity of a 5.6 mL column was found to be 125 μL of plasma. Replicate analysis demonstrated high column reproducibility and linearity, efficient removal of abundant proteins, and enrichment of lower abundance proteins observed after depletion. The novel class of affinity ligands provides an attractive alternative to traditional antibody-based immunodepletion methods.
Infants Are Sensitive to Within-Category Variation in Speech Perception.

Previous research on speech perception in both adults and infants has supported the view that consonants are perceived categorically; that is, listeners are relatively insensitive to variation below the level of the phoneme. More recent work, on the other hand, has shown adults to be systematically sensitive to within category variation [McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M., & Aslin, R. (2002). Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access, Cognition, 86 (2), B33-B42.]. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that infants are capable of using within-category variation to segment speech and to learn phonetic categories. Here we report two studies of 8-month-old infants, using the head-turn preference procedure, that examine more directly infants' sensitivity to within-category variation. Infants were exposed to 80 repetitions of words beginning with either /b/ or /p/. After exposure, listening times to tokens of the same category with small variations in VOT were significantly different than to both the originally exposed tokens and to the cross-category-boundary competitors. Thus infants, like adults, show systematic sensitivity to fine-grained, within-category detail in speech perception.
Dielectrophoretic assembly of grain-boundary-free 2D colloidal single crystals.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) force-assisted assembly of a colloidal single photonic-crystal monolayer in a microfluidic chamber was demonstrated. Negative DEP force with a high-frequency AC electric field induced the compression of colloidal microspheres to form a colloidal crystal domain at the center of a hexapolar-shaped electrode. While typical assembly by monotonic DEP force forms multicrystalline domains containing crystal defects, repetitions of the DEP/relaxation cycle significantly facilitated crystal growth of 10 μm monodispersed polystyrene microspheres, allowing a grain-boundary-free single-crystal monolayer domain of ca. 200 μm in size. Microsphere size as well as size distribution affected the formation of the single-crystal domain. A simple method was used to immobilize the single-crystal domain on the glass substrate without losing its crystallinity.
Effects of habitat fragmentation on pollination: pollinators, pollinia viability and reproductive success

Summary 1 For 3 years, I examined the effects of fragmentation on pollination of an endemic, euglossine bee-pollinated, epiphytic orchid, Catasetum viridiflavum , on 10 islands created during the construction of the Panama Canal and at five sites in nearby large tracts of mainland forest. 2 I investigated the viability of pollinia over time, availability of pollinators and male and female reproductive success (measured as removal of pollinaria and fruit set, respectively) at different sites. 3 Viability of pollinia declined dramatically over time, although some remained at least partially viable for up to 60 days. Bees moved between trapping stations at different sites within a day, and viable pollen therefore could have been transferred between populations. 4 Although euglossine bees were equally frequent in fragments and continuous forest, those recorded on islands were visitors from mainland sites, and not island residents. 5 Neither male nor female reproductive success were significantly different between island and mainland forest types in 1997. The higher reproductive success in certain sites within both forest types throughout the flowering season could not be explained by variation in overall population floral display. Larger inflorescences had higher male and female reproductive success. 6 In 2 of 3 years, plants on islands had significantly lower fruit set than plants on mainland sites. Female reproductive success differed dramatically across years and sites. 7 The low fruit set in 1996 and 1998 on islands in comparison with mainlands, and the observation that bees are not island residents, conform with expectations of physical isolation of forest patches. In spite of the evidence of fragmentation in this system, patterns of pollinator behaviour and of reproductive success suggest significant connectedness among sites. This 3-year study shows that a single year study may not have highlighted the complexity of the system.
Radiographic signs of elevated intracranial pressure in idiopathic cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a possible presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

BackgroundTraditionally, idiopathic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks have been associated with normal intracranial pressure (ICP). We speculate that at least one subset of these leaks may be associa...
Effects of diphenylamine on sodium and water transport across the toad skin and bladder.

Diphenylamine (DPA) induces cyst formation in the rat kidney. To define mechanisms by which it might act in vivo, the effects of DPA on sodium and water transport were studied in the isolated toad (Bufo marinus) skin and urinary bladder. When DPA (5 mg/100 ml) was added in skin experiments to the outside bathing medium, the short-circuit current (SCC) decreased rapidly and reached a plateau in 40–50 min. The effect of DPA on SCC was not modified in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); nor did DPA interfere with the usual action of ADH to increase SCC. The reduction in SCC due to DPA was accompanied by a reduction in influx of Na, the magnitude of reduction in SCC being equivalent to that in net Na flux. DPA failed to alter Cl influx or outflux. In the urinary bladder with 1:5 choline chloride-Ringer on the mucosal side and full NaCl Ringer on the serosal side, the osmotic water transfer induced by ADH was significantly reduced in the presence of DPA on either the serosal or the mucosal side. These results indicate that DPA inhibits both active sodium transport and ADH-induced passive water transport in vitro. Such actions, were they to occur in vivo, could play a role in facilitating renal cyst formation.
A reconnaissance of the major Holocene tephra deposits in the upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska

Abstract The upper Cook Inlet region of southcentral Alaska would be significantly impacted by a major tephrafall, owing to a widespread population and heavily travelled transportation corridors. To evaluate the likelihood of such an occurrence, the tephra deposits of the region have been inventoried. Approximately 90 deposits of Holocene age are sufficiently thick to have been preserved for sampling; the frequency of such major tephrafalls ranges from 1 every 200 years near sources on the west side of upper Cook Inlet, to 1 every 1000 years on the more populated east side. The volcanoes located on the west side of upper Cook Inlet are, from north to south, Hayes, Spurr, Redoubt, and Iliamna. Hayes volcano produced the most extensive set of 6 to perhaps 8 tephra layers in the region about 3650 yr B.P. and produced one other, less extensive tephra layer during Holocene time. Spurr and Redoubt volcanoes have produced, respectively, approximately 35 and 30 Holocene layers which were dispersed eastward toward population centers. No Holocene tephra layers of Iliamna have been recognized with certainty; consequently, several tephra layers which originated to the south of the region must have a source at Augustine Volcano, or some more distant volcano. Tephra layers of Hayes volcano are calc-alkaline dacites. Most of the Spurr deposits are tholeiitic, basaltic andesites whereas those of Redoubt Volcano are calc-alkaline andesites and dacites.
A Multi-Issue/Multi-Period Analysis of the Geographic Diversity of IASB Comment Letter Participation

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) establishes accounting standards now used in some form in over 100 countries. Diverse geographical participation in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standard-setting is seen as desirable as it may improve the consistency of IFRS applications, reduce criticism of regional over-influence, and promote the legitimacy of the IASB. This study investigates country participation and the regional and institutional factors that influence the geographic diversity of comment letters (CLs) in the IASB's standard-setting process. Using CLs regarding 57 IASB issues from 2001 through 2008, we find that countries with EU membership, G4+1 membership, donations to the IASB, and larger equity market development are associated with larger numbers of CLs and CL writers. Analysis of a subsample of more developed countries finds some evidence that countries with more historic divergence in accounting standards from IFRS also have more CL writers. In most count...
Theory of magnetic oscillations in Josephson-junction stacks

We consider magnetic oscillations of the critical current in stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions. Depending on junction lateral size and magnetic field, oscillations may have either the period of half a flux quantum per junction (wide-stack regime) or one flux quantum per junction (narrow-stack regime). For junctions with lateral sizes of the order of several Josephson lengths, the stack crosses over from the wide-stack regime to the narrow-stack regime with increasing magnetic field. This crossover occurs via suppression of the critical-current peaks at the integer-flux-quanta points and enhancement of the critical-current peaks at the half-integer-flux-quanta points. In the narrow-stack regime the lattice structure periodically transforms between rectangular and triangular configurations. The latter configurations is realized only in narrow regions near magnetic-field values corresponding to an integer number of flux quanta per junction.
A case of primary hyperparathyroidism with spontaneous remission following infarction of the adenoma with development of hypocalcemic tetany.

A case of spontaneous infarction of a parathyroid adenoma is reported. The adenoma had been hyperactive, as demonstrated by the extensive bony lesions on x-ray examination, but the patient had been asymptomatic. Following the infarction, symptoms of hypocalcemic tetany developed. The clinical impression was confirmed at the time of surgical removal of the infarcted adenoma.
The Phonology of Westphalian German Glides

The present article investigates the patterning of glides in Westphalian German. One question to be addressed is the structure of onglides, for example, the in Nase ‘nose’ and the in ‘village’. I argue that surface onglides are in the nucleus and not in the onset. The proposed representation contrasts with the ones for onglides in related languages, that is, English and Frisian. I show that Westphalian German also possesses a labial approximant [υ]—also known as a consonantal glide—which is distinct from both the onglide and the fricative [v]. I argue that onglides are underlying short vowels, which are parsed as glides by syllabification. The approximant [υ] is argued to be derived from /v/. The proposed analysis is shown to be superior to one in which [υ] derives from /u/, as proposed by Wiese (1996) for New High German.*
PARTICIPATION OF BICARBONATE IN RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESES AS INDICATED BY VIRUS PROPAGATION IN HUMAN CELLS

The propagation of a strain of Coxsackie virus, group B type 1, in human cell cultures depleted of bicarbonate has been studied. Under the described experimental conditions, bicarbonate depletion suppresses the propagation of this virus. This suppressive effect may be reversed by the addition of the following compounds to the bicarbonate-depleted cultures: (a) bicarbonate; (b) adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine; (c) adenylic, guanylic, cytidylic, and uridylic acids; (d) enzymatically degraded RNA prepared from yeasts or human embryo, or (e) RNA. The following compounds are unable to reverse the suppressive effect of bicarbonate depletion: (a) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, with or without ribose; (b) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; (c) deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine; (d) deoxyadenylic, deoxyguanylic, deoxycytidylic, and thymidylic acids; (e) enzymatically degraded DNA, or (f) DNA. The same general results as with the Coxsackie virus have been obtained with a strain of poliovirus and vaccinia virus. The failure of bicarbonate depletion to suppress completely the propagation of the poliovirus under the described condition constitutes a major difference. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Pollock on probability in epistemology

In Thinking and Acting John Pollock offers some criticisms of Bayesian epistemology, and he defends an alternative understanding of the role of probability in epistemology. Here, I defend the Bayesian against some of Pollock's criticisms, and I discuss a potential problem for Pollock's alternative account.
Massively parallel simulation algorithms for grid-based analog signal processors

This paper presents the algorithms for CMVSIM, a program for performing the transient simulation of grid based analog signal processors on a massively parallel computer. A grid-based equation formulation approach and a block-diagonal preconditioned CGS algorithm are described, and it is shown how they are used to efficiently perform transient simulation using the massively parallel Connection Machine. Experimental results using CMVSIM to simulate realistic image processing circuits are given to demonstrate that the algorithms presented are effective for a general class of grid-based signal processors. In particular, the results presented demonstrate that CMVSIM: running on a full-size Connection Machine can be as much as 650 times faster than what is, to the authors' knowledge, the fastest serial transient simulation algorithm running on a SUN-4/490 workstation. >
Effects of Group Size and Task Characteristics on Group Performance: A Test of Steiner's Model

Two studies tested predictions of task-specific relationships between group size and performance based on Steiner's model. In the first study, 324 subjects were assigned to work units of 12, 5, or 10 persons. They worked on one additive and one disjunctive task. Results supported Steiner's model for the additive task but were not fully consistent with the model for the disjunctive task. A second study using 216 subjects in 2-or 0-person groups was conducted to determine whether participation patterns in large groups mediate relationships between group size and performance. When participation was required of all members, the predictions of Steiner's model were supported for both tasks.
CALCRUST (1985) seismic reflection survey, Whipple Mountains detachment terrane, California: An overview

CALCRUST is a new consortium of six academic institutions from California engaged in seismic reflection studies of the continental crust. CALCRUST activities are concentrated in the southwestern U.S. where a diversity of geotectonic styles occur which are fundamental to the evolution of continental margins. The good surface geologic control provided by excellent outcrop exposure and more than two decades of intensive mapping adds to the attractiveness of the region for deep-crustal investigation. Current CALCRUST efforts are directed in large part, toward development of a crustal transect from the Colorado Plateau (stable North American craton) to the Salton TrougWGulf of California (continental riftinghansform). The transect crosses a variety of tectonic elements central to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the continental margin of western North America (e.g. Coney 1981; Dickinson 1981). The line of transect is shown schematically in Fig. 1A; also shown are the various major tectonic elements to be crossed. Both compressional and extensional structures are involved. CALCRUST is not only addressing the seismic character and geometry of the individual elements or structures, but also relationships between them. The first work on the transect began during CALCRUST's pilot program from 1984 to 1986. It focussed on the detachment fault terrane of the Whipple Mountains in southeastern California (Fig. 1B). The Whipple Mountains are part of the "metamorphic core complex" of the North American Cordillera (Davis et al. 1979, 1980; Crittenden et al. 1980). Well exposed in the Whipple Mountains and common to the core complexes of Arizona and southeastern California is a series of low-angle normal, or detachment faults of mid-Tertiary age, indicating appreciable crustal extension. Also exposed in the range are zones of pronounced mylonitic foliation, which are seen on a regional basis throughout large parts of the southwestern U.S. (Crittenden et al. 1980). Finally, immediately south of the Whipple Mountains, Mesozoic thrusts and nappes (Hamilton 1982) are exposed in the Riverside and Big Maria Mountains (Fig. IB). Two important questions are posed by the presence of these three structural elements (detachments, mylonites, and thrusts) in the vicinity of the Whipple Mountains:
Learnability beyond AC0

We give an algorithm to learn constant-depth polynomial-size circuits augmented with majority gates under the uniform distribution using random examples only. For circuits which contain a polylogarithmic number of majority gates the algorithm runs in quasipolynomial time. This is the first algorithm for learning a more expressive circuit class than the class AC0 of constant-depth polynomial-size circuits, a class which was shown to be learnable in quasipolynomial time by Linial, Mansour and Nisan in 1989. Our approach combines an extension of some of the Fourier analysis from Linial et al. with hypothesis boosting. We also show that under a standard cryptographic assumption our algorithm is essentially optimal with respect to both running time and expressiveness (number of majority gates) of the circuits being learned.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPINNING APPARATUS IN SPIDERS

Summary 1 Previous attempts to explain the evolution of spider silk have relied heavily on conjecture. The formulation of testable historical hypotheses to replace such speculation is discussed. 2 The importance of phylogenetic reconstructions and other historical hypotheses for use in generating and testing hypotheses concerning the evolution of specific adaptations is examined. Recent ideas on arachnid phylogeny are reviewed and their relevance to the problem of silk evolution in spiders is explored. 3 Evidence from the analysis of three historical problems (origin of spinnerets, origin of silk glands, original selective pressure favouring evolution of silk) is reviewed from three different frames of reference (in-group analysis, out-group analysis, convergence analysis). Several lines of evidence are found which suggest that silk use originated in spiders due to selective pressures associated with reproduction (specifically, the transfer of sperm or the protection of eggs). 4 The prevalence of segmental appendages retained for use in manipulating genital products in both arachnids and non-arachnid arthropods and the probable placement of spinnerets near the genital opening in ancestral spiders suggest that spinnerets represent modified gonopods. 5 The most primitive types of silk glands are retained in virtually all spiders, in part, for use in the construction of sperm webs and egg sacs. Similar silk glands are found near the genital opening in many male spiders and used in building a portion of the sperm web. 6 The silk of adult arthropods other than spiders is used largely in manipulating or protecting sex cells. If there are multiple functions, use in reproduction is typically one of them. Thus, there is evidence for strong selective pressure favouring the evolution of silk for use in reproduction. 7 Two hypotheses are proposed which are consistent with the conclusion that silk in spiders evolved for reproductive needs (the spermatophore-sperm web and egg sac hypotheses). Testable predictions of each hypothesis are proposed.
Technological and Pedagogical Considerations for a More Effective Electronic Glossary.

_______________________ The electronic glossary is a new addition to second language (L2) vocabulary learning and instruction. This technologically advanced tool offers features that are not attainable through any other conventional instructional medium, such as devising different modalities, i.e., pictures, animations, video, sound, immediate access, reader control, and absence of interruption. To allow a tool with such attributes to effectively enhance L2 vocabulary learning, various considerations from different points of view need to be taken into account. This paper offers some important technological and pedagogical factors that should be considered to fully exploit the potential of an electronic glossary. Within the domains of technology and pedagogy, specific points covering a wide range of issues are identified, and their subsequent implications are highlighted. Introduction Second language (L2) reading specialists pay close attention to the potential capabilities of an electronic glossary in enhancing L2 vocabulary knowledge and instruction. Researchers are inspired by the wide variety of digital resources computer technology makes available. Such resources--which provide multiple exposures to new words and provide immediate access to vast amounts of information--including pronunciation of the target words, pictures, vivid animations, video, and textual definitions. Numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of an electronic glossary on L2 vocabulary learning (e.g., Al-Seghayer, 2001; Chun & Plass, 1996; Davis & Lyman-Hager, 1997; Duquette, Renie, & Laurier, 1998; Groot, 2000; Hulstijn, 2000; Laufer & Hill, 2000; Lomicka, 1998; Lyman-Hager & Davis, 1996; Lyman-Hager, Davis, Burnett, & Chennault, 1993), but little is written about the pedagogical and technological factors that need to be considered to amplify the potential effectiveness of an electronic glossary on L2
Improving the Accuracy of Space Mission Software Anomaly Frequency Estimates

Anomaly data can be used to estimate baseline values for operational mission software anomaly frequencies; these estimates can be used for future missions to determine whether software reliability is improving. The accuracy of anomaly frequency estimates can be affected by characteristics of the anomaly data and the problem reporting system maintaining that data. We have been using text mining and machine learning techniques to address one of these issues, in which the number of software-related anomalies is incorrectly reported because the problem reporting system does not tag them correctly. Results to date indicate that these techniques may substantially increase the accuracy of anomaly frequency estimates.
Executive functions in individuals with Williams syndrome

Background The present study was aimed at investigating working memory (WM) and executive functions capacities in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) as compared with mental-age matched typically developing (TD) children. Method In order to serve the study goal, a sizeable battery of tasks tapping WM as well as attention, memory, planning, categorisation, shifting and inhibition abilities was administered to 15 individuals with WS (mean chronological age of 19.11 and mean mental age of 6.10), and to a group of 15 TD children (mean chronological age of 7.6 and mean mental age of 6.9). Results Participants with WS showed deficits in both verbal and visual-spatial modalities for selective and sustained attention, short-term memory and WM, planning and inhibition. However, considering categorisation and shifting abilities, relatively unimpaired performance emerged on those tasks relying on verbal materials. Conclusions These findings are both relevant to improve our knowledge about certain qualitative aspects of the anomalous cognitive development in WS as well as for its eventual clinical implications.
Some thoughts on the Present and future status of electromagnetics research in U.S. universities

Electromagnetics finds applications to radar, scattering, comnunication syste, antenna design, microwave devices, remote sensing, etc., and an in-depth knowledcje of the subject is necessary to expand the state-of-the-ar t in all of these areas. For development work as well as research per se, a continuing supply of trained people is important now and in the future, and the need is unlikely to diminish. Because of the nature of the subject, graduate training is almost certainly required, and whilst an M.S. degree is adequate for the majority of the development work, we must continue to educate a few of the more original and insightful thinkers to the Ph.D. level. Hopefully, the latter will be the source of the new ideas and concepts on which the vitality of the field depends, and will also become the leaders and the teachers of the future. Compared with a decade or so ago, the number of university students and, hence, newly-qualified engineers in this area has diminished. Coupled with this, the number of new concepts and techniques that have appeared has also decreased, particularly in the U.S., and whereas the U.S. was formerly the unquestioned leader in electromagnetics, I do not think it true any longer. Indeed, many of the new ideas that have surfaced in the last decade have originated abroad. There are several reasons for this, and the forces that are now at work may well make the situation worse as the years go by. To appreciate this, it is necessary to examine how the present situation has come about. Electromagnetics as we now know it is a product of WU I1 and the development of radar. Yany of those responsible for the development, and who may well have been associated with the MIT Radiation Laboratory, joined the faculties of major universities in the vars immediately following the war. Under their ieadership, the field blossomed, becoming an integral part 0" the electrical engineering discipline. Thanks to tale ready availability of 'no-strings' federal
Pade approximation applied to lossy transmission line circuit simulation

An approach for transient simulation of lossy transmission lines terminated in arbitrary nonlinear elements based on convolution simulation is introduced. By making use of the Pade approximations of each line's characteristic admittance function and exponential propagation function, it is possible to derive a recursive convolution formulation, which greatly reduces the amount of computation needed to perform convolutions. The approach can handle frequency-varying effects, such as skin effects. The approach is incorporated into the stepwise equivalent conductance timing simulator, SWEC; therefore, no Newton-Raphson iteration is needed to simulate lossy lines with nonlinear terminals. Comparisons with SPICE3.e indicate that SWEC, which gives accurate results, can be one to two orders of magnitude faster. >
A Laboratory Study of the Wind-driven Ocean Circulation

Experiments with rotating oceanographic models are being attempted in the laboratory at Woods Hole in the hope that some information may be gained which will help to close the gap between recent theories of ocean circulation and the observed nature of the circulation. Recent theoretical descriptions by Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950) indicate the broad features of the climatological mean circulation pattern. In contrast, observations usually allow description of possibly transient situations in only relatively small regions. The major observational problem at the moment, short of synoptic measurements over large areas, is to learn how the observations made from moving ships fit into the pattern of very large scale fluid processes. Some insight has already been gained through the search for atmospheric counterparts initiated by Dr C.-G. Rossby, and it is hoped that a wind-driven model of the oceans may offer additional clues. It is recognized that ocean models cannot be scaled in every particular and that the scales taken into account may lead to error since processes of verification, ordinarily used to test the suitability of hydraulic models, cannot be applied. Thus the behavior of a rotating model can bear a limited resemblance only to contemporary ideas of what the primary ocean circulation may be like. In terms of these ideas, however, it has been possible to reproduce westward intensification of the primary circulations in compartments shaped like the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins. Sargasso Sea-like features and several details have also appeared which are qualitatively like contemporary views of the major motions of the sea. These major, and some minor features of the circulation develop rapidly under wind-stress applied to homogeneous water. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1952.tb01018.x
Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice Occurs Independently of De Novo Thymidylate Synthesis Capacity

Folate metabolism affects DNA synthesis, methylation, mutation rates, genomic stability, and gene expression, which are altered in colon cancer. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) regulates thymidylate (dTMP) biosynthesis and uracil accumulation in DNA, and as such affects genome stability. Previously, we showed that decreased SHMT1 expression in Shmt1 knockout mice (Shmt1(-/+)) or its impaired nuclear localization, as occurs in mice over-expressing an Shmt1 transgene (Shmt1(tg+)), results in elevated uracil incorporation into DNA, which could affect colon cancer risk. We used these 2 models to determine the effect of altered SHMT1 expression and localization, and its interaction with folate insufficiency, on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in mice. Shmt1(-/+) and Shmt1(tg+) mice were weaned to a control or folate-and-choline-deficient (FCD) diet and fed the diet for 28 or 32 wk, respectively. At 6 wk of age, mice were injected weekly for 6 wk with 10 mg/kg AOM (w/v in saline). Colon uracil concentrations in nuclear DNA were elevated 2-7 fold in Shmt1(-/+) and Shmt1(tg+) mice. However, colon tumor incidence and numbers were not dependent on SHMT1 expression in Shmt1(-/+) or Shmt1(-/-) mice. The FCD diet reduced tumor load independent of Shmt1 genotype. In contrast, Shmt1(tg+) mice exhibited a 30% reduction in tumor incidence, a 50% reduction in tumor number, and a 60% reduction in tumor load compared with wild-type mice independent of dietary folate intake. Our data indicate that uracil accumulation in DNA does not predict tumor number in AOM-mediated carcinogenesis. Furthermore, enrichment of SHMT1 in the cytoplasm, as observed in Shmt1(tg+) mice, protects against AOM-mediated carcinogenesis independent of its role in nuclear de novo dTMP biosynthesis.
Variability of angle of deviation measurements in children with intermittent exotropia

Background A change in the angle of deviation is often used to monitor the change in severity of intermittent exotropia over time; nevertheless, thresholds for a clinically significant change in angle have not been determined. We analyzed variability associated with test–retest differences and short-term variability in the condition, to provide thresholds for assessing clinically significant, long-term change in angle of intermittent exotropia. Methods Twenty-six children with intermittent exotropia (median age, 7; range, 1-13 years) underwent repeat prism and alternate cover test measures during 3 or 4 examinations (2 hours apart) over the course of a day; 95% repeatability coefficients were derived to determine test–retest differences at distance and near fixation. Results Derived 95% repeatability coefficients at distance were 3.4 Δ (95% CI, 0.7 Δ -6.2 Δ ) for angles ≤20 Δ and 7.2 Δ (95% CI, 4.4 Δ -9.9 Δ ) for angles >20 Δ ; at near, 6.6 Δ (95% CI, 3.7 Δ -9.6 Δ ) for angles ≤20 Δ and 12.8 Δ (95% CI, 5.3 Δ -20.3 Δ ) for angles >20 Δ . Conclusions Test–retest reliability data in this study provide thresholds to help determine clinically significant change in angle of strabismus in children with intermittent exotropia. These data should facilitate evidence-based assessment of long-term change in intermittent exotropia over time.
Goals and Objectives in the Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Patients with metastatic breast cancer consist of a heterogeneous group of patients whose prognoses and clinical courses can vary depending on host factors, such as comorbidity and age, and on tumor factors, such as hormone-receptor status, grade, and anatomical site of disease. Although the median survival time for patients with metastatic breast cancer is 2-4 years, subsets of patients with either indolent or limited metastatic disease may have prolonged survival times. Further, expectations of treatment, both in terms of efficacy and of toxicity, vary greatly based upon the specific treatment, patient characteristics, and tumor characteristics. Thus, the goals of treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer are influenced by estimates of prognoses as well as a balance between physician and patient preferences regarding efficacy and toxicity considerations. Traditionally, objective measures of response and survival have been the targeted end points in clinical trial design and in physician selection of therapy for metastatic breast cancer. More recently, issues of quality of life have surfaced as important end points, especially from the perspective of the patient. The decision-making process in selecting the optimal treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer is, therefore, a multidimensional process involving subjective as well as objective goals of treatment. Ultimately, the benefits of treatment must justify the risks and toxicities of the treatment, and the impact of treatment should be measured in relation to specified goals. Both physician and patient perspectives are important in establishing the objectives of treatment, and this process is optimally an interactive and ongoing process throughout the course of disease.