cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidiscipline Learning Materials for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology

World competition and stringent United States fuel economy goals and emission regulations for the 21st Century vehicle have pressured the automotive industry to design and evaluate advanced automobiles at an accelerated rate. The industry consensus is that the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the currently available technology for increasing propulsion system efficiency and decreasing pollutant emissions. However, HEVs operate much differently than conventional vehicles. Therefore, existing design techniques and guidelines developed for conventional powertrains do not apply well to hybrid vehicles. There is a need for training automotive technicians and engineers as well as educating students in this new and emergent technology of HEV. This paper describes a funded project whose goal is to fill this need by developing multidiscipline learning materials for HEV technology. This project targets engineering/engineering technology students in 4-year universities, automotive technology students in community colleges, automotive engineers and technicians in industries, and technology teachers in secondary schools.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Survey of income of prosthodontists as assessed by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Abstract The American College of Prosthodontists conducted a survey of the income of prosthodontists who were Diplomates of The American Board of Prosthodontics in 1973. Results indicated a significantly higher level of income for prosthodontists than that reported earlier by the Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics of the American Dental Association. 1–3
Salivary Biomarkers for Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current State and Recent Advances

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Detection of OSCC is currently based on thorough clinical oral examination combined with biopsy for histological analysis. Most cases of OSCC are not detected until the cancer has developed into advanced stages; thus, a reliable early stage diagnostic marker is needed. This literature review presents an overview of the status of current advances in salivary diagnostics for OSCC. Though many protein and mRNA salivary biomarkers have been identified that can detect OSCC with high sensitivity and specificity, the most discernable findings occur with the use of multiple markers. Studies that incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and potentially additional "omics", including methylomics, need to be initiated to bring technology to clinical applications and allow the best use of saliva in diagnosing OSCC.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STEEL REINFORCING NETTINGS IN COMBATING FATIGUE CRACKING IN NEW FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

This paper investigates the effectiveness of steel paving mesh as reinforcement for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) in new flexible pavement systems. Two sections of the Virginia Smart Road were instrumented and constructed incorporating three different types of steel reinforcement. Instrument responses to vehicular loading, combined with finite element (FE) modeling, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of steel reinforcement in enhancing flexible pavement performance and resisting fatigue cracking initiating at the bottom of the HMA layers. After the FE models were calibrated based on instrument responses to vehicular loading, a comparison was established between reinforced and unreinforced cases. In Section L, where steel reinforcement was used on top of the cement-treated open-graded drainage layer, the fatigue performance of the considered pavement structure improved by 6 to 55% in the transverse direction, and by 25 to 82% in the longitudinal direction. In Section I, where steel reinforcement was used at the bottom of the HMA layers, the range of improvement for the pavement structure was between 15 and 257% in the transverse direction, and between 12 and 261% in the longitudinal direction. It is important to emphasize that because steel reinforcement was used in two different pavement structures and at different locations in the pavement system, no comparison between the performance and effectiveness of two types of steel reinforcement could be investigated. The contribution of steel reinforcement to the structure is believed to be of the utmost importance after crack initiation.
Learning With Gusto in Introductory Psychology

Contract grading plus demonstrations plus team teaching plus group facilitators equals introductory psychology with gusto.
Interaction of Sex and Locus of Control in Predicting Self-Esteem

This study investigated the interactive effects of sex and locus of control in predicting the self-esteem of 83 sixth grade boys and girls in a suburban elementary school. Boys and girls did not differ significantly on the Intellectual-Academic Responsibility Scale, the indicator of locus of control. Boys scored higher than girls on two indicators of self-esteem. With specification as a mode of elaboration, an analysis of variance indicated that locus of control seemed to function as an intervening variable which mediated the effect of sex on the self-esteem of girls. Girls with high internal locus of control did not see themselves any less favorably, on the average, than did boys with a similar internal orientation. For subjects with an external orientation, the difference in mean self-esteem scores between boys and girls was magnified, with boys scoring higher than girls.
Computerized scheme for detection of diffuse lung diseases on CR chest images

We have developed a new computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for detection of diffuse lung disease in computed radiographic (CR) chest images. One hundred ninety-four chest images (56 normals and 138 abnormals with diffuse lung diseases) were used. The 138 abnormal cases were classified into three levels of severity (34 mild, 60 moderate, and 44 severe) by an experienced chest radiologist with use of five different patterns, i.e., reticular, reticulonodular, nodular, air-space opacity, and emphysema. In our computerized scheme, the first moment of the power spectrum, the root-mean-square variation, and the average pixel value were determined for each region of interest (ROI), which was selected automatically in the lung fields. The average pixel value and its dependence on the location of the ROI were employed for identifying abnormal patterns due to air-space opacity or emphysema. A rule-based method was used for determining three levels of abnormality for each ROI (0: normal, 1: mild, 2: moderate, and 3: severe). The distinction between normal lungs and abnormal lungs with diffuse lung disease was determined based on the fractional number of abnormal ROIs by taking into account the severity of abnormalities. Preliminary results indicated that the area under the ROC curve was 0.889 for the 44 severe cases, 0.825 for the 104 severe and moderate cases, and 0.794 for all cases. We have identified a number of problems and reasons causing false positives on normal cases, and also false negatives on abnormal cases. In addition, we have discussed potential approaches for improvement of our CAD scheme. In conclusion, the CAD scheme for detection of diffuse lung diseases based on texture features extracted from CR chest images has the potential to assist radiologists in their interpretation of diffuse lung diseases.
The psychopharmacological basis of nicotine's differential effects on behavior: Individual subject variability in the rat

Nicotine, the presumed active pharmacological agent in tobacco, produces variable effects on behavior that are at best described as “paradoxical” in nature. Thus, nicotine, via tobacco use in humans or nicotine administration in experimental animals, tends to transpose behavior depending on predrug baseline rates of behavior. High rates of behavior appear to be reduced, while low rates of behavior appear to be increased by nicotine. This work further proposes that nicotine's variable effects on behavior may be related to its capacity to act as a behavioral agonist and/or antagonist via its ability either to activate or to desensitize distinct central nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChR's). Nicotine is portrayed as a neuronal modulating agent that can affect behavior contingent upon the genetic makeup of the individual subject being studied. Depending on the structure, function, and location of distinct nAChR's, nicotine appears to be able to induce a wide range of behavioral effects important to the tobacco user. However, this does not rule out the role the importance that other biogenic amine systems (i.e., serotonin or dopamine) may have in the genetics of tobacco use or nicotine's variable effects on behavior.
Acute ovarian failure underestimates age‐specific reproductive impairment for young women undergoing chemotherapy for cancer

BACKGROUND: The authors sought to describe the age-specific impact of infertility and early menopause after chemotherapy among reproductive age women with cancer. METHODS: A total of 1041 women diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 18 and 40 years responded to a retrospective survey on reproductive health history. Five cancer types were included: leukemia, Hodgkin disease (HD), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), breast cancer, and gastrointestinal(GI) cancer. Survey questions addressed acute ovarian failure (cessation of menses after treatment), early menopause (menopause before 45 years old), and infertility (failed conception). Logistic regression was used to determine the proportions of acute ovarian failure and infertility based on age at diagnosis. Censored data methods were used to determine the probability of early menopause. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty women received chemotherapy alone. The percentage reporting acute ovarian failure was 8%, 10%, 9%, and 5% for HD, NHL, breast cancer, and GI cancer, respectively. Acute ovarian failure increased significantly with age at diagnosis (P < .05). In subjects not reporting acute ovarian failure, the incidence of infertility was at least 40% at age 35 years and increased significantly with age at diagnosis in HD and breast cancer (P < .05). The estimated probability of early menopause was at least 25% at age 30 years and increased significantly with younger age at diagnosis in HD, NHL, and GI cancer (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: For patients to receive appropriate counseling, it is important that they understand the potential increased risk of infertility and early menopause beyond that of acute ovarian failure. These findings can provide improved, age-specific counseling regarding reproductive impairment for young women diagnosed with cancer. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Chemical nature of binding of serotonin in the central nervous system.

BIOGENIC amines are mostly found in bound form in tissues, but little is known regarding the chemical nature of the bonds involved in the attachment of biogenic amines or their derivatives to macromolecules. We have studied certain aspects of the firm attachment of indoleamines or their derivatives to acid insoluble material (lipoproteins ?) obtained from the central nervous system. In those in vitro studies it was demonstrated that a large part of this incorporation occurs after conversion of the indoleamines to their corresponding aldehydes and can be prevented by the presence of pargyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) in the medium1,2. A similar type of incorporation of radioactivity into acid insoluble material was also observed after in vivo endocranial administration of labelled serotonin into mice3. Within a range of dosages (25 to 250 nmoles/g wet brain) this in vivo incorporation diminishes by pretreatment of the animal with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)4. In the same dosage range 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetaldehyde produces in rabbits characteristic changes of photic evoked responses of the optic cortex when injected intraventricularly5. When administered intraperitoneally at relatively higher dosages into newly hatched male chicks this aldehyde, like serotonin, induces eyelid closure and a depression in posture resembling true sleep5. At much lower dosages (5–10 nmoles/g brain), however, the effectiveness of MAOI pretreatment in preventing the in vivo incorporation of exogenously administered labelled serotonin rapidly diminishes. This is probably because at such small dosages the amount of exogenous amine which eventually enters the cells may be accommodated within the storage apparatus of the cells before it has the chance to be attacked by (mitochondrial) monoamine oxidase.
The influence of the ionic concentration, concentration of the polymer, degree of neutralization and chain extension on aqueous polyurethane dispersions prepared by the acetone process

Abstract There are many variables in the preparation of aqueous polyurethane (PU) dispersions. Chemical and compositional variables such as carboxylic acid concentration, concentration of the polymer, degree of pre/post-neutralization of the carboxylic acids and chain extension that all impact solution properties such as particle size and viscosity. Another variable is the method by which the dispersion is prepared; two primary methods are currently employed in industrial manufacture, the prepolymer mixing process and the acetone process. This study evaluates the impact of the chemical variables on a given PU dispersion formulation prepared by the acetone process. Changes in carboxylic acid concentration, degree of pre/post-neutralization and chain extension were found to have the expected impacts on dispersion solution properties. Increased ionic concentration, and degree of pre-neutralization led to lower particle size and higher viscosity, increased degree of chain extension led to larger particle size and lower viscosity, increased post-neutralization increased both particle size and viscosity, and increased concentration of the polymer led to a viscosity increase without any change in particle size.
Molecular and Cytological Characterization of Centromeric Retrotransposons in a Wild Relative of Rice, Oryza granulata

Centromeric retrotransposons (CRs) are important component of the functional centromeres of rice chromosomes. To track the evolution of the CR elements in genus Oryza, we sequenced the orthologous region of the rice centromere 8 (Cen8) in O. granulata and analyzed transposons in this region. A total of 12 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that span the centromeric region in O. granulata were sequenced. The O. granulate centromeric sequences are composed of as much as 85% of transposons, higher than any other reported eukaryotic centromeres. Ten novel LTR retrotransposon families were identified but a single retrotransposon, Gran3, constitutes nearly 43% of the centromeric sequences. Integration times of complete LTR retrotransposons indicate that the centromeric region had a massive insertion of LTR retrotransposons within 4.5 million year (Myr), which indicates a recent expansion of the centromere in O. granulata after the radiation of the Oryza genus. Two retrotransposon families, OGRetro7 and OGRetro9, show sequence similarity with the canonical CRs from rice and maize. Both OGRetro7 and OGRetro9 are highly concentrated in the centromeres of O. granulata chromosomes. Furthermore, strong hybridization signals were detected in all Oryza species but in O. brachyantha with the OGRetro7 and OGRetro9 probes. Characterization of the centromeric retrotransposons in O. granulata confirms the conservation of the CRs in the Oryza genus and provides a resource for comparative analysis of centromeres and centromere evolution among the Oryza genus and other genomes.
The effects of central processing strategies on learning disabled, mildly retarded, average, and gifted children's elaborative encoding abilities.

The purpose of these studies was to examine potential central processing strategy differences among subgroups of children on a series of elaborative encoding tasks. To this end, two experiments included four ability groups (slow learners, learning disabled, average, and intellectually gifted children) who recalled words embedded in sentences. In general, the results suggest that lower verbal and learning ability subgroups recalled less information during elaboratorive encoding conditions than higher ability groups. More importantly, however, the results indicated that lower ability groups differed from higher ability groups in how they shared, discriminated, and selectively allocated resources between the central and secondary recall tasks. The results were discussed within a framework that views individual differences in encoding as reflecting central processing (i.e., resource monitoring) deficiencies.
An efficient routing protocol based on consecutive forwarding prediction in delay tolerant networks

Many routing protocols aim to improve delivery ratio, as well as reduce end-to-end delay time and total replicas in delay tolerant networks, or disruption tolerant network DTN. Most prior literatures study mobile ad hoc wireless networks without considering existing physical infrastructure. By taking them into considerations, we propose a routing protocol in DTNs considering consecutive forwarding quality CFQ, and conduct extensive simulations with real trace data, so as to evaluate the performance of CFQ. Simulation results show that CFQ outperforms most existing pure probability based forwarding protocols and most existing pure centrality-community based forwarding protocols in that its delay time and replicas are significantly reduced and its delivery ratio is significantly increased. At last, we are able to conclude that CFQ is more buffer-efficient and time-efficient.
Separation and automated analysis of phosphorylated metabolic intermediates.

Abstract A chromatographic procedure has been described using a new automated detection system that allows separation at the 10 nmole level of all the glycolytic intermediates as well as AMP, ADP, and ATP in pure samples and samples of skeletal muscle and blood. Separations are carried out on 3 × 500 mm columns packed with modern anion exchange resins of closely sized, fine particles and a linear gradient of ammonium chloride containing borate in order to complex the sugar phosphates. Pressures are moderate, and elutions are complete within 5–8 hr with excellent reproducibility and recovery of each compound. Screening runs can be made in only 90 min with shorter columns and with some sacrifice in resolution for certain compounds.
Effects of elemental composition on the incorporation of dietary nitrogen and carbon isotopic signatures in an omnivorous songbird

The use of stable isotopes to infer diet requires quantifying the relationship between diet and tissues and, in particular, knowing of how quickly isotopes turnover in different tissues and how isotopic concentrations of different food components change (discriminate) when incorporated into consumer tissues. We used feeding trials with wild-caught yellow-rumped warblers (Den- droica coronata) to determine d 15 N and d 13 C turnover rates for blood, d 15 N and d 13 C diet-tissue discrimination factors, and diet-tissue relationships for blood and feath- ers. After 3 weeks on a common diet, 36 warblers were assigned to one of four diets differing in the relative proportion of fruit and insects. Plasma half-life estimates ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 days for d 13 C and from 0.5 to 1.7 days for d 15 N. Half-life did not differ among diets. Whole blood half-life for d 13 C ranged from 3.9 to 6.1 days. Yellow-rumped warbler tissues were enriched relative to diet by 1.7-3.6% for nitrogen isotopes and by �1.2 to 4.3% for carbon isotopes, depending on tissue and diet. Consistent with previous studies, feathers were the most enriched and whole blood and plasma were the least enriched or, in the case of carbon, slightly depleted relative to diet. In general, tissues were more enriched relative to diet for birds on diets with high percentages of insects. For all tissues, carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination factors increased with carbon and nitrogen concentrations of diets. The isotopic signature of plasma increased linearly with the sum of the isotopic signature of the diet and the discrimination factor. Because the isotopic signature of tissues depends on both elemental concentration and isotopic signature of the diet, attempts to reconstruct diet from stable isotope signatures require use of mixing models that incorporate elemental concen- tration.
Interval Scanning Photomicrography of Microbial Cell Populations

A single reproducible area of the preparation in a fixed focal plane is photographically scanned at intervals during incubation. The procedure can be used for evaluating the aerobic or anaerobic growth of many microbial cells simultaneously within a population. In addition, the microscope is not restricted to the viewing of any one microculture preparation, since the slide cultures are incubated separately from the microscope.
Performance of proposed ATM congestion control techniques

B-ISDN and ATM are being designed to support a variety of voice, data, and video applications over a single network. National and international standards organizations are developing strategies for controlling the effects of traffic congestion conditions. An ATM network model was developed to simulate the performance of selected congestion control schemes. The simulation results support the position of the standards organizations. >
Isotopic composition and sources of strontium in sandstone cements; the High Plains sequence of Wyoming and Nebraska

ABSTRACT The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of sandstone cements reflect the isotopic composition of Sr released into the pore fluid by different rock and mineral constituents. However, little is known about the extent to which the isotopic compositions of Sr in cements reflect local or regional variations in sandstone compositions. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of sandstone cements permit identification of the major sources of Sr in the pore fluid and indicate the dimensions of the aquifer system within which the pore fluid was isotopically homogenized. Since the abundance of radiogenic 87Sr is continually increasing by decay of 87Rb, isotopic compositions of Sr may also suggest the sequence and time of cement formation in sandstones that contain det ital mineral and rock grains having high Rb/Sr ratios. After removing the calcite, montmorillonite or zeolite cements, sandstones from the Arikaree and Ogallala Groups of the High Plains sequence (Oligocene to Pliocene) have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.7065 for plagioclase arenite to 0.7491 for arkosic arenite. Rhyolitic vitric ash samples have intermediate 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7093 and 0.7133. In contrast to the detrital fractions of the sandstones, the cements contain Sr that is isotopically homogeneous over distances of 70 kilometers or more. Calcite and montmorillonite cements from the Arikaree Group (Oligocene-Miocene) have an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7103, whereas calcite and clinoptilolite from the Ogallala Group (Miocene-Pliocene) yield 0.7112. The 87Sr86Sr ratio of the cements suggest that the pore waters were homogeneous on a regional basis and were not locally controlled. The slight difference in the isotopic composition of Sr in the cements of the Arikaree and Ogallala Groups may have resulted either from decay of 87Rb during the time interval of about 20 million years between lithogenesis of the Arikaree and Ogallala Groups or from differences in their mineral compositions. A quantitative model for mixing of different isotopic varieties of Sr indicates that Precambrian plagioclase, Paleozoic marine carbonates and Tertiary volcanic ash were the dominant sources of Sr in the pore solution and that Precambrian K-feldspar was the principal contributor of radiogenic 87Sr.
ALS disease onset may occur later in patients with pre‐morbid diabetes mellitus

Background Several metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) have been associated with a better outcome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including hyperlipidemia and obesity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DM would have a positive effect on the motor and cognitive findings of ALS. Methods: We compared data from ALS patients with pre-morbid DM (ALS-DM; n = 175) versus without DM (ALS; n = 2196) with regard to the age of onset, rate of motor progression, survival, and neuropsychological test performance. Results: The age of onset was later for women, Caucasians and patients with bulbar-onset ALS. However, we also found that after adjusting for gender, ethnicity and site of onset, DM was associated with a 4-year later onset of ALS (ALS = 56.3, ALS-DM = 60.3, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus type 2 may delay the onset of motor symptoms in ALS. These findings support other studies suggesting a relationship between the pathophysiology of ALS and metabolic derangements. Further investigations are needed to ascertain whether manipulating metabolic parameters would improve outcomes in ALS.
Simplified Calculation of Antenna Patterns, with Application to Radome Problems

Generally, the calculation of antenna far-field patterns from known near-field distributions is tedious and may require the use of a large computer. The calculations are simplified for certain types of antennas having separable near fields. This simplifying assumption is found to yield satisfactory results with pyramidal horns and parabolic reflector antennas. Calculations are further simplified by approximating a complex line integral with two real summations. Measured and calculated far-field patterns are included to indicate the accuracy of the calculations. Results are presented for horns and parabolic antennas and for a horn covered with a hollow dielectric wedge. The method is applicable to both E-plane and H-plane pattern calculations. The main lobe of a far-field pattern is calculated in less than one hour on a desk calculating machine by the simplified method. In radome work an important feature is that it permits rapid evaluation of the far-field distortion associated with any given near-field distortion in any given small region in the near field.
Emigration from the United Kingdom to the United States: 1860–1913

Between the years 1860 and 1913 approximately twelve million people took passage from the United Kingdom to extra-European countries. The bulk of the migration stream (about 125,000 people per year) was directed toward the United States; it is this movement of population that is the subject of our article. The flow of individuals from the United Kingdom to the United States in this period ranged from 38,000 in 1861 to 202,000 in 1887 with marked cyclical fluctuations. For example, in 1873 the flow was 167,000 and by 1877 it was only 45,000. Variations of this magnitude pose the interesting intellectual question of whether or not they can be explained. This is not a new question; there are frequent references in the literature to the possible causes of this movement and the emigration from the United Kingdom that it implies. Studies focus on various economic influences on emigration. There is little in this period in the socio-political environment of the United Kingdom that would prompt individuals to emigrate in order to flee intolerable religious or political persecution.
Power/Ground Supply Network Optimization for Power-Gating

Power-gating is a technique for efficiently reducing leakage power by shutting off the idle blocks. However, the presence of power-gating may also introduce negative effects on power supply network, which have not been considered in the earlier design stages. Ignoring those effects may result in suboptimal power supply network designs and could potentially even nullify the intended power savings. In this paper, we analyze mutual dependencies between the sleep transistors and the P/G network, and we present a general flow to optimize the P/G supply network for power-gating. Experimental results show that sizing sleep transistor and power network separately cannot achieve optimal solution in terms of power. By compromising only 1% of the total area, our optimization method allows us to save 10% of power dissipated on decaps and sleep transistors, which is a practical solution for a power-gated system. We also report results of a study on optimal solutions for various gated areas and current densities.
Biaxial alignment of high-Tc superconductor polycrystals VIII: Phi-circle scan analysis of EuBa2Cu3O7−δ (Eu-123)

To reduce grain boundary weak links due to large-angle grain orientation mismatch, bulk (thick film) EuBa2Cu3O7−δ high-Tc superconductor specimens were biaxially aligned by a mechanical force such that their [001] axes were perpendicular to the specimen surfaces and by a magnetic force so as to orient their [010] axes to lie parallel to the magnetic field direction in the specimen plane. We describe here the characterization of such EuBa2Cu3O7−δ thick films by φ-circle XRD scans of (013) reflections, demonstrating a high degree (33%) of c-axis alignment with FWHM of <5° and approximately Gaussian distributions of a, b-axis alignment with a FWHM of 47°. The formation of “granular single crystals”, toward which this work is a further advance, can be seen as establishing a new paradigm in ceramics science.
A Modal Approach to Tuning and Bandwidth Enhancement of an Electrically Small Antenna

We describe the physical phenomena that contribute to the behavior of an electrically small TM10 antenna using characteristic mode theory. The application of characteristic modes to antenna tuning and bandwidth enhancement serves as demonstration of the broad utility of the modal technique. A modal analysis of the TM10 antenna's impedance match yields several interesting observations as to the nature of resonances and antiresonances, which has implications for the impedance matching of small antennas in general. Furthermore, to overcome the bandwidth limitations inherent in small antennas, we determine that multiple resonances must be combined and use a conductance ratio as a figure of merit for design. We then investigate the TM10 antenna's potential for multiresonant operation by examining different candidate modes. Using the appropriate characteristic modes to form multiple resonances, we show how the bandwidth of the TM10 antenna can be designed to be nearly double that expected from the physical limit for a single resonance.
Strategic Design and Analysis of a Relay Network in Truckload Transportation

The truckload industry faces a serious and chronic problem of high driver turnover rate---typically more than 100%---with staggering associated costs. Among the major causes of this problem are extended on-the-road times where drivers handle several truckload pickup and deliveries successively; nonregular schedules and get-home rates; and low utilization, i.e., less mileage/unit-time per driver, which leads to low pay. We consider the strategic design of a relay network that may potentially help to alleviate this problem by providing an efficient underlying network that facilitates an assignment of drivers to home bases (domiciles to which they stay close) and generation of more predictable schedules with continuity and higher get-home rates. In relay network design, we are interested in determining a number of relay point locations, assigning network nodes to these relay points (i.e., defining domiciles), and determining the actual route (from the origin to the destination) for each truckload on the network. In doing so, we explicitly consider driver tour lengths, load imbalance at relay points, and the percentage circuity constraints. We develop an efficient Benders' decomposition-based algorithm that is significantly enhanced via strengthened Benders' cuts, cut disaggregation schemes, heuristics for improved upper bounds, and surrogate constraints. Our approach provides the ability to solve large size instances within reasonable solution times and very small optimality gaps. We also examine the effects of changes in the problem parameters on the performance of solution algorithms. Furthermore, in our computational experiments, we provide an analysis of the conditions for which relay network presents most benefits as well as incorporation of direct shipments within relay network operations.
Hewlett Packard singlemode Small Form Factor (SFF) module incorporates micromachined silicon, automated passive alignment, and non-hermetic packaging to enable the next generation of low-cost fibre optic transceivers

Hewlett Packard (HP) is currently manufacturing a range of multimode and singlemode (SM) SFF transceivers with data rates from 125 Mb/s to 1.25 Gb/s (higher data rates are being developed). This paper addresses the singlemode module design, assembly techniques and performance. HP SFF transceivers offer the same functionality as SC duplex transceivers but utilise the mini MT-RJ optical interface in order to achieve twice the port density. HP SFF modules are price competitive with SC duplex modules, and are designed to enable low cost, high volume manufacture. In order to meet the size constraints and achieve low manufacturing costs, the HP SM SFF transceiver utilises silicon as a base to support the optical fibres and active components, and as an aid to passively align of the active components to the fibres. Most other passively aligned modules require the use of a more expensive expanded mode region laser diode (LD). But HP has developed a unique passive align and attach system that can easily achieve the required coupling power for Fast Ethernet, OC3 and Gigabit Ethernet using a standard 1300 nm strained MQW LD. The module design and the methods used for passive align are discussed, as is the precision die attach (PDA) equipment. All previous HP SM modules relied on an hermetic cavity around the active devices to achieve the reliability assurance, e.g. as defined in Bellcore TA-NWT-000983, but this type of hermetic design has limited potential for cost reduction. The HP SM SFF module is designed to meet the same assurance levels, but uses silicone encapsulation in place of hermeticity, and the results of the qualification testing are presented.
Papuan Borderlands: Huli, Duna, and Ipili Perspectives on the Papua New Guinea Highlands

Papuan Borderlands: Huli, Duna, and Ipili Perspectives on the Papua New Guinea Highlands. ALETTA BIERSACK, ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995. xiv + 440 pp., tables, illustrations, notes, references, bibliography, other works cited, index.
Test of pressure-dependent SCC theories of impurity spectra using a combined SCC and CF model

Abstract Two recent theories of pressure dependent impurity optical spectra are tested by constraining the configurational coordinate parameters using crystal field theory. It is found that the theory of Drickamer, Frank and Slichter is more consistent with crystal field behavior and with experimental evidence than that of Curie, Berry and Williams.
Dam-foundation rock interaction effects in frequency-response functions of arch dams

The linear response of a selected arch dam to harmonic upstream, vertical or cross-stream ground motion is presented for a wide range of the important system parameters characterizing the properties of the dam, foundation rock, impounded water and reservoir boundary materials. Based on these frequency-response functions, the dam-foundation rock interaction effects in the dynamic response of arch dams are investigated.
AUTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES EMPLOYING ADAPTIVE RECURSIVE TRIANGULATION

A new automatic methodology for the risk assessment of gas turbine engine rotor disks subject to metallurgical defects is being investigated. This method has the promise of significantly reducing the amount of human time required to discretize the disk material into zones and to manually refine the zones to ensure convergence. The method is based on the concept of adaptive recursive triangulation which requires only limited initial defect locations from the analyst. Regions of refinement are selected based upon several criteria and various subdivision schemes are investigated. A numerical example using a rotor disk model is presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Clinical trials and surrogate end points: lessons from the ENHANCE trial

‘The NCEP guidelines remain valid and appropriate LDL goals should still be attempted to be achieved. Statin therapy should remain the primary therapeutic intervention.’ The lipid hypothesis was originally proposed as a theory to explain the central role of dyslipidemia in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The lipid hypothesis was supported by epidemiologic, pathologic and genetic observations. However, definitive proof of concept would require prospective clinical trial evidence that demonstrates that optimization of dyslipidemia would result in a reduction in risk from the complications of atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic studies that demonstrate a statistical correlation between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis do not necessarily imply that pharmacologic modification of the lipid profile will alter the natural history of atherosclerosis. Early clinical trials that
A Computerized Breast Thermographic Interpreter

A computerized breast thermographic interpreter (CBTI) has been developed which outperforms human thermographers on a series of 81 frontal thermograms. The CBTI is composed of feature extraction algorithms followed by linear discriminant classifiers.
An FGF-responsive astrocyte precursor isolated from the neonatal forebrain.

Gliogenesis in the mammalian CNS continues after birth, with astrocytes being generated well into the first two postnatal weeks. In this study, we have isolated an A2B5+ astrocyte precursor (APC) from the postnatal rat forebrain, which is capable of differentiating into mature astrocytes in serum-free medium without further trophic support. Exposure to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) selectively induces the APCs to proliferate, forming clusters of vimentin+ cells, which, within 2 weeks, differentiate into GFAP+ astrocytes. While bFGF functions as a potent mitogen, neither is it necessary to induce or maintain astrocyte differentiation, nor is it capable of maintaining the precursors in an immature, proliferative state. APCs exit the cell cycle and differentiate, even in the continued presence of fibroblast growth factor alone or in combination with other mitogenic factors such as platelet-derived growth factor. Under the culture conditions used, it was not possible to cause the astrocytes to re-enter cell cycle. After transplantation into the neonatal forebrain, APCs differentiated exclusively into astrocytes, regardless of brain region. Initially distributed widely within the forebrain, the precursors are most greatly concentrated within the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subcortical white matter, where they are maintained throughout postnatal development. APCs can be isolated from the SVZ and white matter of animals as late as 4 weeks after birth. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Residential proximity to major roadways and renal function

Background Living near major roadways has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, but little is known about its impact on renal function. Methods We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for 1103 consecutive Boston-area patients hospitalised with confirmed acute ischaemic stroke between 1999 and 2004. We used linear regression to evaluate the association between eGFR and categories of residential distance to major roadway (0 to ≤50, >50 to ≤100, >100 to ≤200, >200 to ≤400, >400 to ≤1000 and >1000 m) adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking, comorbid conditions, treatment with ACE inhibitor and neighbourhood-level socioeconomic characteristics. In a second analysis, we considered the log of distance to major roadway as a continuous variable. Results Patients living closer to a major roadway had lower eGFR than patients living farther away (P trend =0.01). Comparing patients living 50 m versus 1000 m from a major roadway was associated with a 3.9 ml/min/1.73 m 2 lower eGFR (95% CI 1.0 to 6.7; p=0.007): a difference comparable in magnitude to the reduction in eGFR observed for a 4-year increase in age in population-based studies. The magnitude of this association did not differ significantly across categories of age, sex, race, history of hypertension, diabetes or socioeconomic status. Conclusions Living near a major roadway is associated with lower eGFR in a cohort of patients presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. If causal, these results imply that exposures associated with living near a major roadway contribute to reduced renal function, an important risk factor for cardiovascular events.
Excluding the di-unsaturated alkenone in the U K 37 index strengthens temperature correlation for the common lacustrine and brackish-water haptophytes

Abstract Alkenone unsaturation indices, represented by either UK37 or UK′37, are important tools for paleoclimate studies. The UK37 index is a reflection of the average number of double bonds from di-, tri-, tetra-unsaturated alkenones, but UK′37 excludes the C37:4 in the calculation. Extensive studies indicate UK′37 provides better regressions against in situ Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) than UK37 and is the most widely used SST proxy. However, recent studies have shown that including C37:4 alkenones for lacustrine or brackish water haptophytes such as Ruttnera (Chrysotila) lamellosa and Isochrysis galbana improves temperature correlations although there are still significant deviations at the extreme high and low temperatures. In this study, we use new culture-based calibration experiments alongside published culture data and in situ water column or surface sediment data, to demonstrate that a further improved temperature calibration for alkenones is, in fact, achieved when the di-unsaturated alkenone is excluded from the computation of the unsaturation index. We propose new indices, termed UK″ [UK″37 = C37:3/(C37:3 + C37:4) or UK″38 = C38:3/(C38:3 + C38:4)], for lacustrine, brackish and estuarine waters. Our observation suggests that di-unsaturated alkenones play a less important role than tri- and tetra-unsaturated alkenones in regulating cell functions to temperature variations in lacustrine and brackish waters. We suggest using UK″ indices for paleotemperature reconstructions in the lacustrine and estuarine settings.
Agonistic reciprocity is associated with reduced male reproductive success within haremic social networks

While individual variation in social behaviour is ubiquitous and causes social groups to differ in structure, how these structural differences affect fitness remains largely unknown. We used social network analysis of replicate bluebanded goby ( Lythrypnus dalli ) harems to identify the reproductive correlates of social network structure. In stable groups, we quantified agonistic behaviour, reproduction and steroid hormones, which can both affect and respond to social/reproductive cues. We identified distinct, optimal social structures associated with different reproductive measures. Male hatching success (HS) was negatively associated with agonistic reciprocity, a network structure that describes whether subordinates ‘reciprocated’ agonism received from dominants. Egg laying was associated with the individual network positions of the male and dominant female. Thus, males face a trade-off between promoting structures that facilitate egg laying versus HS. Whether this reproductive conflict is avoidable remains to be determined. We also identified different social and/or reproductive roles for 11-ketotestosterone, 17β-oestradiol and cortisol, suggesting that specific neuroendocrine mechanisms may underlie connections between network structure and fitness. This is one of the first investigations of the reproductive and neuroendocrine correlates of social behaviour and network structure in replicate, naturalistic social groups and supports network structure as an important target for natural selection.
Hydrodynamic phonon transport in suspended graphene

Hydrodynamic phonon transport occurs when phonons are able to drift over macroscopic distances, leading to the breakdown of Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Here, the authors predict that this regime occurs in suspended graphene at higher temperatures than bulk materials.
High Performance Plastic Transistors With Printed Polyaniline Electrodes

This article describes the properties of transistors that use organic semiconductors deposited on top of conducting polymer electrodes patterned by thermal transfer printing onto thin plastic sheets. The polymer, dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid doped polyaniline (DNNSA-PANI), contains several weight percent of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) to improve its conductivity. Pentacene serves as the p-type organic semiconductor. The good electrical performance of these devices derives directly from the low resistance contacts between the printed DNNSA-PANI/SWNT source/drain electrodes and the pentacene. The measurements presented here quantify the behavior of these contacts and provide some morphological evidence for their low resistance. The excellent characteristics of the transistors and the operational flexibility of the thermal transfer printing technique that is used to pattern them represent results that may be an important step for the development of means to build realistic flexible electronic devices.
Investigation on The Prevalence of Prehypertension and Hypertension among Occupational Workers in Lianyungang City

[Objective]To understand the blood pressure status of workers with occupational hazards exposure in Lianyungang City,and provide scientific evidence for integrated control of hypertension. [Methods]The blood pressure measurement was performed on 2 274 workers exposed to occupational hazards in 2009,the data was analyzed with SPSS 13.0. [Results]The detectable rate of prehypertension was 49.52%,that of male(29.27%) was significantly higher than female(14.80%)(P0.01).The detectable rate of hypertension increased with age.It between workers with different occupational hazards exposure and the controls was significantly different: Noise group(37.36%) and the complex factors group(28.61%)(P0.01);dust group(23.55 %) and toxic group(22.47%)(P0.05). [Conclusion]The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among the hazardous groups are higher than the controls,showing association with age,gender and different kinds of hazards exposure.
Statistics and analysis of injury cause and type of pediatric ocular trauma

Objective: To retrospective analysis the injury cause and type of 175 cases of Pediatric Ocular Trauma, in order to know the preventing methods which need to strengthen. Methods: Statistical analysis was conducted of injury cause and type in 175 children hospitalized with ocular trauma from 2009 to 2012. Results: In this group of materials,boys were significantly more than girls, and the age from 3 to 6 in the majority of Pediatric Ocular Trauma, the main type was perforating wounds of the eye and ocular contusion. Conclusion: The cause of Pediatric Ocular Trauma was more, and the preschool children were most in the all children. Pediatric Ocular Trauma severely affected visual function, even to the extent that lead to developmental disorders of its late vision. Children should be strengthened the education about risk awareness, and the prevention about ocular injury, at the last, timely founding, appreciate treatment were very important.