cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A radiopaque polymer hydrogel used as a fiducial marker in gynecologic-cancer patients receiving brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose We assessed a novel Food and Drug Administration–approved hydrogel, synthesized as absorbable iodinated particles, in gynecologic-cancer patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) based brachytherapy after external beam radiation. Methods and Materials Nineteen patients underwent CT-guided (n = 13) or MR-guided (n = 6) brachytherapy for gynecologic cancers. Seventy-seven hydrogel injections were placed. The hydrogel material was injected into gross residual disease and/or key anatomic landmarks in amounts ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mL. The visibility of the tracer was scored on CT and on MR images using a 5-point scoring scale. A Cohen's kappa statistic was calculated to assess interobserver agreement. To assess the unadjusted effects of baseline parameters on hydrogel visibility, we modeled visibility using a linear mixed-effect model. Results Injections were without complication. The kappa statistic was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–0.87). The volume of hydrogel injected was significantly associated with visibility on both CT ( p = 0.032) and magnetic resonance imaging ( p = 0.016). We analyzed visibility by location, controlling for amount. A 0.1-cc increase in volume injected was associated with increases of 0.54 (95% CI = 0.05–1.03) in the CT visibility score and 0.83 (95% CI = 0.17–1.49) in the MR visibility score. Injection of 0.4 cc or more was required for unequivocal visibility on CT or MR. No statistically significant correlation was found between tumor type, tumor location, or anatomical location of injection and visibility on either CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions In this first report of an injectable radiopaque hydrogel, targets were visualized to assist with three-dimensional–based brachytherapy in gynecologic malignancies. This marker has potential for several applications, is easy to inject and visualize, and caused no acute complications.
Geography, Diversity, and Accuracy of Crowdsourced Earnings Forecasts

Using a novel dataset containing the forecasts of both buy-side and sell-side analysts, and individual investors, we find that crowdsourced earnings forecasts are more accurate than expert forecasts of sell-side analysts. Examining the economic mechanisms that generate superior crowd forecasts, we find that the diversity of contributors and their geographical proximity to firm locations improve forecast accuracy. The crowdsourced consensus is a better measure of the market’s true earnings expectations as earnings surprise based on this consensus generates stronger market reactions. A trading strategy based on the difference between the two consensus estimates yields an abnormal 10-day return of 0.465-1.975%.
Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly, and the Making of the Modern Middle East

This is a great book. Scott Anderson, a correspondent and author, meticulously walks us through T. E. Lawrence’s life and adventures during the Arab Revolt. He makes Lawrence accessible, enviable, ...
Urinary excretion of progesterone metabolites in pregnant rhesus monkeys.

SummaryTen different steroids were detected in the nonphenolic fraction of pregnant monkey urine. Of these 5β-pregnane-3α-20α-diol, androsterone, DHEA, etiocholanolone, 5β-pregnane-3α-ol,20-one, and 5α-pregnane-3β-ol,20-one were identified.Corroborating evidence that these steroids represent urinary metabolites of progesterone was obtained by analyzing the urine of ovariectomized progesterone-treated rhesus. Both pregnant and injected animals excreted the same metabolites with the exception of one, which was present only in pregnant monkey urine.The excretion of 8 of the 10 steroids increased during the last weeks of pregnancy; however, at no time did 5β-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol represent the major progesterone metabolite. Although the individual pregnanediol levels in eight monkeys were different, the peak value in each monkey was reached 72 to 24 hr before parturition (100 to 900 μg/24 hr), then decreased to trace or nondetectable amounts on the day of parturition, and remained low thereafter.
Can We Play Too? Experiential Techniques for Family Therapists to Actively Include Children in Sessions:

Family therapists are in a position to provide therapeutic support to each member of a family system. Many family therapists however can feel at a loss as to how to actively include children in a session ensuring they gain the full benefit of the therapeutic interaction. This article provides relevant information on the rationale for actively including children in family sessions and specific experiential child-friendly techniques for use in family therapy.
Pyridylalanine (Pal)-peptide catalyzed enantioselective allenoate additions to N-acyl imines proceed via an atypical "aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman" mechanism.

Mechanistic experiments, including kinetics and hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effects, reveal an “atypical” rate-determining step in a pyridylalanine-peptide catalyzed enantioselective couplin...
Slip model performance for micro-scale gas flows

The small length scale and bulk gas velocity associated with micro-scale gas flows make it difficult to simulate such flows using accurate and efficient computational methods. To address this problem, slip models have been proposed in the literature as a means to combine numerically efficient continuum flow solvers with corrected boundary conditions. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the performance of three popular slip models found in the literature. Analytical solutions using the slip models are compared to DSMC results for one-dimensional Couette and Poiseuille flow. The three slip models tested perform similarly well predicting the velocity profile and mass flux for a Knudsen number Kn 0.1.
Toward an integrated framework derived from a risk-management approach to climate change

Ackerman et al. (2009) criticize optimization applications of integrated assessment models of climate change on several grounds. First, they focus attention on contestable assumptions about the appropriate discount rate. Second, they worry that integrated assessment models base their damage estimates on incomplete information and questionable estimates of the value of human life and/or ecosystem services. Thirdly, they suggest that mitigation costs are systematically overestimated because they ignore technological innovation. So what good is economics in the climate arena? The authors suggest only one opportunity—investigate how the cost of achieving politically or hedging-based climate targets might be minimized. Their contribution provides a concise and internally consistent presentation of several sources of concern, but none is really new in their fundamental arguments. Antecedents of the points that they raise (and many others, for that matter) can be found in the established literature from the past 5 or 10 years; see, for example, Yohe (2003), Weitzman (2009) or Yohe and Tol (2008). This is not really a problem or a criticism for present purposes, though, because their discussion is so tightly articulated that it can be an effective springboard for discussions how improving economic analyses of climate change can do more than elaborate cost-minimizing strategies more thoroughly. On the one hand, dynamic cost–benefit frameworks cannot be discarded on the basis of what Ackerman, et al. or others say because official government agencies have not yet been convinced. Indeed, despite the now obvious concerns about the bases of estimates of the social cost of carbon derived from integrated assessment models, for example, such estimates are essential in bringing climate change to bear on a wide range of other policies and regulations. We cannot dismiss them, therefore; we must improve them and let practitioners know about their deficiencies. On the other hand, focusing on the economic underpinnings of risk-management techniques makes it clear that cost minimization is but of many roles for efficiency-based economic analysis.
A Systems Engineering Approach to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Design

Complex UAV systems, due to the high cost and the risks associated with their development become a prime candidate for the adoption of systems engineering methodologies. A successful UAV designer needs not only a good understanding of design, but also systems engineering approach. The design of a UAV begins with the requirements definition and extends through functional analysis and allocation, design synthesis and evaluation, and finally validation. An optimized UAV, with a minimum of undesirable side effects, requires the application of an integrated life-cycle oriented “system” approach. In this paper, conceptual design, preliminary design and detail design of an UAV based on systems engineering approach are introduced. In each stage, application of this approach is described by presenting the design flow chart and practical steps of design. A fair amount of the paper is devoted to the detail design phase.
Effect Analysis of Static Gain of Excitation System and Generator Active Power on the Reactive Current Compensation

The excitation static amplifying gain(K) and active power have great influences on the generator voltage droop characteristics.The effects of K on generator voltage droop characteristics without reactive current compensation are analyzed,and the effects of K on reactive current compensation are studied.At last,the influences of active power on the generator voltage droop characteristics are analyzed on a single machine infinite bus system.The results show that when K is smaller,the terminal voltage drops more along with reactive power increases,and the effects of reactive current compensation are reduced evidently,so the active power has great influences on the terminal voltage;when K is large enough,the influences of active power on terminal voltage will be very small.If only K satisfies the national standard demand,the influences of active power on terminal voltage can be ignored.
Relationship of Bacterial Richness to Organic Degradation Rate and Sediment Age in Subseafloor Sediment

ABSTRACT Subseafloor sediment hosts a large, taxonomically rich, and metabolically diverse microbial ecosystem. However, the factors that control microbial diversity in subseafloor sediment have rarely been explored. Here, we show that bacterial richness varies with organic degradation rate and sediment age. At three open-ocean sites (in the Bering Sea and equatorial Pacific) and one continental margin site (Indian Ocean), richness decreases exponentially with increasing sediment depth. The rate of decrease in richness with increasing depth varies from site to site. The vertical succession of predominant terminal electron acceptors correlates with abundance-weighted community composition but does not drive the vertical decrease in richness. Vertical patterns of richness at the open-ocean sites closely match organic degradation rates; both properties are highest near the seafloor and decline together as sediment depth increases. This relationship suggests that (i) total catabolic activity and/or electron donor diversity exerts a primary influence on bacterial richness in marine sediment and (ii) many bacterial taxa that are poorly adapted for subseafloor sedimentary conditions are degraded in the geologically young sediment, where respiration rates are high. Richness consistently takes a few hundred thousand years to decline from near-seafloor values to much lower values in deep anoxic subseafloor sediment, regardless of sedimentation rate, predominant terminal electron acceptor, or oceanographic context. IMPORTANCE Subseafloor sediment provides a wonderful opportunity to investigate the drivers of microbial diversity in communities that may have been isolated for millions of years. Our paper shows the impact of in situ conditions on bacterial community structure in subseafloor sediment. Specifically, it shows that bacterial richness in subseafloor sediment declines exponentially with sediment age, and in parallel with organic-fueled oxidation rate. This result suggests that subseafloor diversity ultimately depends on electron donor diversity and/or total community respiration. This work studied how and why biological richness changes over time in the extraordinary ecosystem of subseafloor sediment.
A defense of Tarski

Kit Fine has argued that the Tarski Semantics for the language of first order logic (FOL) is inadequate. A semantic theory for FOL is inadequate if there are formulae of FOL whose meanings or satisfaction conditions it cannot compositionally account for. It is argued here that Fine’s case against Tarski rests on a mistake.
Assessment of most suitable location for solar feed in tariff policy implementation in Pakistan

A shift towards alternate and renewable energy sources is inevitable in Pakistan's current energy demand scenario. Electricity supply shortfall, exhausting extractable oil and gas resources, extensive reliance on imported crude oil and climate change are major drivers for the shift towards renewable energy alternatives. Since high electricity generation cost of renewable energy technologies remain a major hurdle, it is countered through introducing RE support and policy measures such as Tax Rebates, Capital Subsidies, Feed in Tariff and Net Energy Metering policies etc. Pakistan introduced its Feed in Tariff support policy for integration of renewable energy into the national grid. National Electricity and Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), a regulatory body, set two different tariffs for solar PV FiT projects in northern and southern regions of the country based on varying solar irradiation. In the light of tariff set by the regulatory authority and simulations performed with Polysun 6.2, for an identical nameplate capacity solar PV projects in different cities, an economic comparison in terms of Payback Period and Net Present Value has been conducted to assess the most suitable location for solar PV installations in Pakistan, as per which Peshawar turned out to be the most financially lucrative location for implementation of solar FiT projects in Pakistan.
Where PYD Meets CBPR: A Photovoice Program for Latino Immigrant Youth

Community engagement in identifying issues of collective concern to address health disparities is an approach that is central to conducting community-based participatory research. It is particularly important for youth to be engaged in dialogue around issues that affect their lives. Participation of this nature is understood, within a Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach, to be an element of primary prevention vis a vis health risks. Photovoice has been an increasingly used methodology to enable youth to identify and address issues relevant to their daily experiences. We implemented a six-week Photovoice project guided by a PYD approach with Latino immigrant youth (n=12) from Langley Park, MD. This article describes the experiences of facilitators in implementing the program, testing a new curriculum, and also presents results related to changes in PYD assets among participants. We also offer recommendations for future Photovoice programs with similar populations and aims.
The Role of Ribosome Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy

The regulation of muscle size is primarily determined by protein metabolism. During periods of rapid muscle wasting, protein degradation has a major role, whereas during muscle hypertrophy the main force driving the increase in myofiber size is muscle protein synthesis. Although the majority of studies to date have focused on the short-lived responses in protein synthesis following an acute bout of resistance exercise, accumulating evidences in recent years have convincingly demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis as a main source of translational capacity plays an important role in muscle growth. This chapter will focus on muscle ribosome biogenesis in relation to the biology of muscle growth and its important implications for clinical studies.
Hepatic gene expression profiles of a non-model cyprinid (Barbus plebejus) chronically exposed to river sediments

In this study, we characterized the gene expression responses of the Padanian barbel (Barbus plebejus), a native benthivorous cyprinid with a very compromised presence within the fish community of the River Po. Barbel juveniles were exposed in the laboratory to two river sediments reflecting an upstream/downstream gradient of increasing contamination and collected from one of the most anthropized tributaries of the River Po. After 7months of exposure, hepatic transcriptional changes that were diagnostic of sediment exposure were assessed. We investigated a set of 24 genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation (cyp1a, gstα, ugt), antioxidant defense (gpx, sod, cat, hsp70), trace metal exposure (mt-I, mt-II), DNA repair (xpa, xpc), apoptosis (bax, casp3), growth (igf2), and steroid (erα, erβ1, erβ2, ar, vtg) and thyroid (dio1, dio2, trα, trβ, nis) hormone signaling pathways. In a consistent overall picture, the results showed that long-term sediment exposure mainly increased the levels of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress defense, repair of DNA damage and activation of the apoptotic process. Transcript up-regulation of three receptor genes (erβ2, ar, trβ), likely representing compensatory responses to antagonistic/toxic effects, was also observed, confirming the exposure to disruptors of the reproductive and thyroidal axes. In contrast to expectations, a few genes showed no response (e.g., casp3) or even downregulation (vtg), further suggesting that the timing of exposure/assessment, potential compensatory effects or post-transcriptional modifications interact to modify the gene expression profiles, particularly during exposure to mixtures of contaminants.
Kant’s Philosophy of Communication

Kant’s Philosophy of Communication provides a valuable and thought-provoking reassessment of Kant’s place in the rhetorical tradition. Complementing recent work by Scott Stroud, Pat Gehrke, and oth...
EP6 Quantitative Proteomics.

There are numerous approaches to study the proteome in a quantitative manner. All rely heavily on optimized sample preparation and appropriate statistical analysis of resulting datasets. This session will cover the following aspects of quantitative proteomics approaches:
Structural biology of Zika virus and other flaviviruses.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, icosahedral flavivirus that has structural and functional similarities to other human flavivirus pathogens such as dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis (JEV) viruses. ZIKV infections have been linked to fetal microcephaly and the paralytic Guillain-Barre syndrome. This review provides a comparative structural analysis of the assembly, maturation and host-cell entry of ZIKV with other flaviviruses, especially DENV. We also discuss the mechanisms of neutralization by antibodies.
Expected and actual fentanyl exposure among persons seeking opioid withdrawal management

Abstract Objective Fentanyl-contaminated opioid supplies have led to rising overdose fatalities in recent years. We compared beliefs, behaviors, and risk perceptions related to fentanyl with actual toxicology reports among people who used opioids. Method Participants (n = 231) were patients undergoing short-term inpatient opioid withdrawal management in Fall River, Massachusetts. We compared persons testing positive and negative for fentanyl on urine toxicological testing at program entry. Results Nearly all (95.7%) participants believed that fentanyl increases risk for overdose/death, and 86.6% of participants tested positive for fentanyl. Positive fentanyl toxicology test results were associated with lower educational attainment, history of injection drug use, and self-reported lifetime use of fentanyl. Of those reporting they had never been exposed to fentanyl (intentionally or unintentionally) (n = 33), two-thirds tested positive for fentanyl; among those believing their tests would be negative (n = 49), 71.4% tested positive for fentanyl. Heroin use was associated with fentanyl exposure; persons who reported past month heroin use (n = 213) were more likely to test positive for fentanyl (91.1%) than persons using non-heroin opioids (n = 18; 33.3%). Conclusions Nearly nine in ten participants tested positive for fentanyl, including participants who anticipated their tests would be negative. Leveraging toxicology results in opioid withdrawal settings may be helpful in educating patients about fentanyl exposure and risks.
Exploring auditory cues to locate code errors and enhance navigation for developers who are blind

The goal of my research is to support the workflow of programmers who are blind; prior work has found that these users face challenges in using screen-readers to locate errors and debug software code. Recent advancements in auditory cues have made them a potential candidate for providing useful feedback to both sighted and visually impaired users, but little known about the effectiveness and the usability of such cues for blind programmers. I propose to investigate the efficiency of two different auditory techniques, to locate code errors and reduce the amount of time required to navigate through lengthy codebases. I will compare learning rates for Earcons (hierarchical representations of musical tones) and Spearcons (compressed speech) as potential candidates for the auditory feedback system. My research aim is to understand the proper way to implement usable auditory cues for these users. This document describes my research motivations, proposed research plan, current progress, and the potential contribution to the field of software engineering and accessibility for blind programmers.
Comparison of proton therapy and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: considerations for optimal trial design.

The advent of proton therapy in the past years has generated many dosimetric studies comparing proton to photon radiation therapies (1-3). Proton therapy is able to deliver conformal, high dose radiation to the target site while sparing normal tissue.
Switching Rules for DFM Cost Estimating

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the concept of “switching rules for design and production” in a manufacturing setting. While the application is aimed at Design for Manufacturability (DFM), other applications for these switching rules are possible. We use the term “Switching Rules,” those rules of thumb that encourage change to design and production. We provide checklist questions for switching from one state of design and manufacturing to another state. We posit the objective for switching to be cost and economy of the design and manufacture. Switching from one condition to another depends upon design, process and equipment variations, quality, material, tolerance, human skills, along with many other economic drivers. The emphasis in this discussion is numerical evaluation; there are numerous intangible reasons for changing design and production, and those purposes may be superior, in many cases. But the emphasis of this paper is economics and costing of a product undergoing a DFM analysis and switching rules that encourage comparative economics. A computer rack handle is shown as an example.
Polarized Na/H exchangers in colonic epithelium: a problem of balance

In the colon, bacterial fermentation of non-absorbed polysaccharides and protein produces high concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Bugaut, 1987). As a result, SCFAs (such as acetate, propionate and butyrate) are the predominant osmolytes and anions in the unique environment of the colonic lumen (Cummings et al, 1987). Some mechanisms by which SCFAs benefit the colon are well documented. Some SCFAs are the favored metabolic substrates of colonocytes (Bugaut, 1987;Roediger, 1982), and SCFAs stimulate electroneutral Na+absorption by the colon (Bugaut, 1987; Roediger and Moore, 1981; Binder and Mehta, 1989; Gabel et al, 1991).
A High Frequency Stabilization System for UAS Imaging Payloads

A high frequency stabilization mount to compensate for small attitude fluctuations is developed for enhanced imaging and pointing systems on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). This system consists of a custom camera mount, piezoelectric actuators, and a digital controller to actively control flight vibrations. Payload designs that acquire views of the Earth surface and stationary or moving targets require stable cameras for precision viewing. Placing cameras onboard these small aircraft are vital to the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) mission of many payload designs. It is necessary to have real time precision viewing imaging systems while in flight, but it is increasingly difficult as the small planes reach higher altitudes. A slight change in the camera angle at high altitudes results in a large shift from the designated target. This project focuses on high frequency analysis for small oscillations rather than large attitude changes that are accomplished with a gimbal. The two systems work together to handle both the high frequency oscillations due to engine vibration and turbulence as well as large low frequency attitude changes. Results will include laboratory testing and simulation data to further prove the effectiveness of this specialized stabilization system.
Are the Laws of Nature Deductively Closed

If a proposition is entailed by a set of laws of nature, does that make it a law? Call this the Entailment Question. There are two intuitively appealing ways of thinking about laws which produce sharply conflicting answers to this question.
Postural changes can reduce leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of postural changes, such as crossing the legs, in reducing urine leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence. METHODS Sixty-five women with urodynamically proven stress incontinence underwent a series of standing cough stress tests in each of four postures: standing, crossing the legs, bending forward from the hips, and a combination of crossing the legs and bending forward. The bladder volume and strength of coughing were standardized, and the volume of leakage in each test was measured as the change in pad weight. RESULTS The mean loss was 12.3 g (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.5-16.1) in the standing position; this was significantly reduced to 1.3 g (95% CI 0.5-2.1, P < .001) with crossed legs and to 4.7 g (95% CI 1.4-7.7, P < .01) by the combination of crossing the legs and bending forward. Bending forward alone did not reduce fluid loss (mean loss 10.2 g, 95% CI 6.5-13.9). The mean reduction in fluid loss was -14.7 g (95% CI -21.2 to -8.2) using the best posture compared to the standing position. Seventy-three percent of the subjects became continent using one or more postural changes. CONCLUSION Postural changes are an effective means of reducing urine leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence and should be an integral part of the management of this condition.
General System Theory and Marriage

General system theory refers to a group of assumptions concerned with describing the formal properties of organization systems. This viewpoint assumes that certain structural characteristics of organizational systems are universal and independent of the system being studied. Thus, properties of interactional systems can be understood without necessarily considering the properties of the individual units constituting the system or even the content of the interactional data (von Bertalanffy, 1968).
Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance

The cloning of leptin in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. In those days obesity was rather stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control. With leptin and its receptor being the first single genes that could cause morbid obesity in man and mice, it is now appreciated that obesity is caused by a dysregulation of central neuronal circuits. Unfortunately, the high hopes that leptin would cure obesity were quickly dampened by the discovery that most obese humans have increased leptin levels and develop leptin resistance. It is now hoped that leptin resistance can be overcome by drugs that enhance leptin sensitivity. We review current knowledge of the mechanisms that cause leptin resistance and factors that influence leptin resistance and sensitivity. This topic is further discussed in the context of how and if improvement of leptin resistance can hold the key to cure human obesity.
Help-Seeking Behaviors of Intimate Partner Violence Victims: A Cross-National Analysis in Developing Nations:

There is a dearth of research on help-seeking behaviors of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims, especially within developing nations. The current study uses the nationally representative population-based Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 31 nations to address this gap in the literature. Specifically, the study (a) assesses the extent to which IPV victims sought help in developing nations, (b) investigates from whom IPV victims sought help, and (c) evaluates individual and national factors that influence the likelihood of help seeking among IPV victims in developing nations. Given the hierarchical structure of the data, multilevel modeling techniques are used (individual level N = 65,530; national level N = 31). Descriptive findings revealed 34.88% of IPV victims engaged in help-seeking behaviors and the majority of victims who sought help reached out to family members (63.10%). Few IPV victims (3.24%) sought help from formal institutions. Results from the hierarchical generalized linear regression models indicated the severity of abuse, attitudes toward IPV, and indicators of empowerment all affected the likelihood of help seeking. National-level factors, including whether the nation had a law against IPV, were not significant. While providing formal services is important, policies designed to help IPV victims must recognize and address cultural barriers that may inhibit help-seeking behaviors. Because the majority of IPV victims sought help from informal support networks, it is important that individuals in these extended networks receive information about gendered norms and IPV so they can extend help and respond appropriately to family and friends.
The Neuroscience of Adolescence

As scientific inquiry and public interest in the adolescent brain grows, so too does the need for an accessible textbook that communicates the growing research on this topic. The Neuroscience of Adolescence is a comprehensive educational tool for developmental cognitive neuroscience students at all levels as it details the varying elements that shape the adolescent brain. Historical notions of adolescence have focused on the significant hormonal changes that occur as one transitions from childhood to adolescence, but new research has revealed a more nuanced picture that helps inform our understanding of how the brain functions across the lifespan. By emphasizing the biological and neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence, this book gives students a holistic understanding of this developmental window and uniquely discusses the policy implications of neuroscience research on the lives of young people today.
CHAPTER 33 – General Orthopedic Principles

This chapter addresses some of the unique problems encountered in treating fractures in the aging skeleton, as well as general principles in the management of specific fractures. Fractures of the aging skeleton have a significant impact on the health care system because of their frequent occurrence and often costly treatment. Their substantial morbidity and mortality make them important clinical entities. The fragility of the elderly skeleton, which makes these fractures so common, also complicates the management of fractures in this population. The treating physician must keep this in mind when choosing nonoperative versus operative treatment, as well as the particular type of fixation used if operative intervention is chosen. The basic tenets of anatomic reduction, rigid internal fixation, and early motion may be modified slightly to allow modest degrees of displacement with stable but dynamic fixation. Early motion and an emphasis on rehabilitation remain vital for obtaining good functional outcomes. Sound clinical judgment with an understanding of the unique problems posed by the osteoporotic skeleton will become increasingly important as the elderly population grows in the coming decade.
Practical Considerations for School Nurses in Improving the Nutrition of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder may exhibit issues with food selectivity and/or picky eating habits. Symptoms of autism such as sensory sensitivity contribute to why these children refuse to eat food, but medications, food intolerance, and even financial status can cause this issue to become concerning to a student's overall health. School nurses are imperative in the health care of children with autism spectrum disorder and must understand why food selectivity occurs in order to maintain or improve the nutrition status of their students. This article provides an overview of food selectivity and where it stems from as well as 10 tips in working with food selective children.
Towards a More Inclusive Tech Culture: Promoting Professionalism in CS Classrooms and Labs

Professional behavior in the workplace needs to promote broad participation and inclusion. The competitive nature of the traditional classroom can thwart pedagogical goals to model, support and give practice to collaborative professionalism in the Tech industry and graduate level computing-based disciplines. Diverse populations, ingrained cultural expectations, and a significant range of opportunities for developing computing expertise prior to undergraduate opportunities can all exacerbate this problem. The goal of this BoF is to bring together educators who want to promote inclusive professionalism in the classroom and their community. We hope to use this collaborative setting to identify major issues and to set an agenda for further collaboration among the participants. The long-term goal is to create vehicles for best practice such as stories, curricular activities, and standards that can effect change in the CS community.
Advocating Basic Minimum Medical Care: A Case of Justice Denied

There is a widespread assumption that it is just to guarantee all individuals access to a basic minimum of healthcare. I contend in this chapter that this is based on a flawed concept and application of justice: it fails to use the generic concept of justice—namely of what we owe one another, that is, all moral demands, such as avoiding existing harmful practices and drawing upon the enormous amount of money generated by providing medical care to pay for that care. Omitting any references to these moral demands leads the proponents of minimal medical care to not even consider the possibility of achieving needed medical care for all. Thus they leave intact a system of healthcare that violates the impartiality justice demands—fair, equal treatment for everyone.
Pain Relief in Areas of Deprivation and Conflict

Pain management requires medical, social, and cultural considerations. These complexities are compounded in areas of deprivation and conflict. While major causes of pain are similar to those found in other regions, barriers to the delivery of pain management under these circumstances can occur due to limited resources, restrictive policies, poor training and high cost. The primary strategy to address these issues has been increased pain management education for both healthcare workers as well as the general population.
Cable bacteria, living electrical conduits in the microbial world.

Microorganisms spend their lives searching for chemical reactants that yield metabolically usable energy, one reactant providing electrons and the other accepting them in a redox reaction. In PNAS, Kjeldsen et al. (1) provide a comprehensive genomic and physiological analysis of bacteria that have evolved an ingenious solution to the persistent problem that suitable reactants often do not occur together: They electrify their sedimentary habitat as living wires and connect redox couples over centimeters, vast distances in the microbial world. In aquatic sediments, microorganisms degrade and oxidize organic matter that settles on the sediment surface, using locally available electron acceptors in the sequence of their metabolic energy yield: Oxygen is consumed first, followed by nitrate, metal cations, and then sulfate, the dominant electron acceptor for anaerobic metabolism in marine sediments. Sulfate reduction produces sulfide, which can be oxidized by diverse microorganisms as soon as it overlaps with suitable oxidants, such as oxygen or nitrate (2). However, sulfide is frequently consumed anaerobically within the sediment, for example by abiotic reactions with metals, before it diffuses to the surface where oxygen and nitrate are available. Microbes have developed strategies to tap into this potential energy source regardless. The large filamentous bacterium Thioploca shuttles up and down between sulfidic sediment layers and overlying waters, bridging the gap by transporting its preferred electron acceptor nitrate into the sulfidic sediment (3). These biological sulfide sinks have obvious ecological relevance for the health of aquatic environments. Other than transporting the partners of an energy-yielding redox reaction, or waiting for physical disturbance to mix electron donors and acceptors, how could microbes exchange electrons between spatially separated reactants? A biological cable would be required to transport electrical charges, while avoiding charge dissipation into the surrounding wet sediments, and outpacing diffusion or abiotic reactions of the redox partners. Microelectrode profiling … [↵][1]1Email: teske{at}email.unc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Three-Dimensional Polarimetric Covariance Matrix Via InSAR Histograms: a Case Study with L- and P-band Nasa Above Campaign Data

We report observations of the three-dimensional polarimetric covariance matrix derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) histograms. Single-look covariance samples plotted versus InSAR phase are aggregated spatially over a forest patch to form a three-dimensional histogram. To first order, InSAR backscatter histograms resemble lidar waveforms, suggesting that this type of measurement can be used as a proxy for horizontal and vertical tree structure. In this paper, we extend the formulation of the InSAR backscatter histograms to the covariance matrix and discuss possible new applications. Full-polarimetric L-band and P-band UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar) data collected over Delta Junction in Alaska during the Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) are used to illustrate the results. Validation is conducted with the full-waveform LVIS (Laser, Vegetation and Ice Sensor) lidar instrument. Important parameters such as the alpha and the entropy will be extracted along the tree vertical direction and illustrated in the final paper.
Examining the Reading and Cognitive Profiles of Students With Significant Reading Comprehension Difficulties

This study investigated the word reading and listening comprehension difficulties of fourth-grade students with significant reading comprehension deficits and the cognitive difficulties that underl...
The Man of the House – How the Use of Household Head Characteristics leads to Omitted Variable Bias

Household heads are defined in many micro data sets and are usually male. This paper illustrates potential consequences of the common practice of using only the household head’s characteristics in empirical research.
The use of HIV protease inhibitors as radiosensitizers

1226 Mutations or over-expression of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes frequently results in activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in human cancers and signaling through PI3K-Akt can result in radiation resistance. Since radiation is used to treat a majority of these cancers, we have hypothesized that inhibiting this pathway could radiosensitize tumors and improve therapy. However, there is currently no clinically effective inhibitor of the PI3K-Akt pathway. In an attempt to identify such an inhibitor, we tested 5 first generation HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) and found that 3 of the 5 (amprenavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, but not ritonavir or indinavir) inhibited Akt phosphorylation at Ser 473 at serum concentrations routinely achieved in HIV patients. Insulin resistance and diabetes are recognized side effects of HPIs and may reflect inhibition of Akt signaling. In tumor cells with mutations in EGFR (SQ20B), H-Ras (T24), or K-Ras (MIAPACA2 and A549), the compounds that inhibited Akt phosphorylation also increased radiation sensitivity in clonogenic assays. In vivo, doses of amprenavir or nelfinavir comparable to the therapeutic levels achieved in HIV patients were sufficient to down-regulate phosphorylation of Akt in SQ20B and T24 xenografts. In both tumor cell colony formation assays and tumor re-growth delay experiments, combinations of drug and radiation exerted synergistic effects compared to either modality alone. Since there is abundant safety data on HPI’s accumulated in thousands of HIV patients over the last five years, these agents are excellent candidates to be tested as radiosensitizers in clinical trials.
The design and development of an open educational resources intervention in a college course that manifests in open educational practices: a design-based research study

Shifting from open educational resources (OER) to open educational practices (OEP) is the next stage in the OER movement, but there have been few attempts to understand how the next phase in this movement will be achieved. Addressing this question can uncover the potential benefits of OER besides cost reduction. The current study represents the Enactment Phase (design and development) of a larger design-based research study that sought to design an integrative OER intervention in a college course to promote OEP. The Enactment Phase resulted in developing the design principles that describe the integration of OER use and creation into a college course; the development of the components of the OER intervention prototype; and designing the OER intervention prototype in a college course at a mid-Atlantic research university. The significant results that emerged from this Enactment Phase reside in that OER should be integrated into a course using learner-centered pedagogical models with constructivist approaches to teaching, and it should be integrated as an integral part of the syllabus of the course. The main idea for integrating the 5Rs into the Advanced Instructional Design was threading across assignments to make a connection between knowledge and skills students have learned throughout the course.
Let's talk: The impact of gendered racial socialization on Black adolescent girls' mental health.

OBJECTIVE For Black adolescent girls to develop a healthy sense of self, families must prepare them to cope with the realities of experiencing oppression at the nexus of racism and sexism. In this study, we examined the associations of positive and negative gendered racial socialization with mental health outcomes for Black adolescent girls. METHOD To test the hypothesis that socialization messages of gendered racial pride and empowerment (GRPE) moderate the relationship between messages of internalized gendered racial oppression (IGRO) and indicators of psychological well-being (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms), a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted based on the experiences of 282 Black adolescent girls (Mage = 15.40). RESULTS Findings show that more frequent messages of IGRO were associated with more depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Black girls. Findings also suggest that more frequent messages of GRPE reduce the negative associations between messages of IGRO and Black adolescent girls' mental health symptoms to attenuation. CONCLUSIONS Mental health symptoms in Black girls are able to be moderated by parents' intentional messaging of GRPE. These findings may provide a strategy to protect Black youth from the deleterious consequences of negative messages around race and gender. Future studies may wish to examine the impact of socialization messages of GRPE and IGRO on Black boys' mental health symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Correction to: Extracellular Microvesicles Released From Brain Endothelial Cells are Detected in Animal Models Of HIV‑1 Signifying Unresolved Inflammation.

Treatment of HIV-infected patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has effectively suppressed viral replication; however, the central nervous system is still a major target and reservoir of the virus leading to the possible development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Furthermore, a hallmark feature of HAND is the disruption of the blood–brain barrier that leads to loss of tight junction protein (TJP) complexes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by every cell type in the body, occur in greater quantities in response to cellular activation or injury. We have found that inflammatory insults activate brain endothelial cells (EC) and induce the release of EVs containing TJPs such as Occludin. We thus hypothesized that HIV infection and unresolved neuroinflammation will result in the release of brain-EC derived EVs. Herein, our results show elevated levels of brain-EC EVs in a humanized mouse model of HIV infection. Furthermore, while ART reduced brain-EC EVs, it was unable to completely resolve increased vesicles detectable in the blood. In addition to inflammatory insults, HIV-1 viral proteins (Tat and gp120) increased the release of Occludin + vesicles from human brain microvasculature ECs. This increase in vesicle release could be prevented by knock-down of the small GTPase ARF6. ARF6 has been shown to regulate EV biogenesis in other cell types, and we provide further evidence for the involvement of ARF6 in brain EC derived EVs. Overall, this study offers insight into the process of brain vascular remodeling (via EVs) in the setting of neuroinflammation and thus provides possibilities for biomarker monitoring and targeting of ARF6.
Spermidine dampens inflammation by directly inhibiting Th17 cytokine production through a PRDX1 associated antioxidant pathway

The activation of IL-17 signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of many chronic, inflammatory lung diseases including Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Through unbiased single-cell RNAseq screening, we found that IL-17+ T cells highly express Srm and Smox, which encode two key enzymes for spermidine synthesis. Spermidine has been shown to reduce inflammation by regulating macrophage activation and balancing Th17/Treg differentiation, but its direct effects on Th17 cytokine production has not been carefully investigated. Here, using already differentiated Th17 cells from cultured mouse splenocytes, we found that exogenous spermidine directly inhibits IL-1{beta}/IL-23 induced IL-17 production. Blockade of endogenous spermidine synthesis enhanced IL-17 production above native levels, further supporting that spermidine is a direct regulator of cytokine secretion independent of differentiation. In vivo, spermidine alleviates lung inflammation in both PA infection and LPS induced acute lung injury models. Further RNA-seq analysis suggests spermidine suppression of Th17 cytokine production is mediated through its PRDX1 dependent antioxidant activity. Our data establishes that spermidine is a direct regulator of Type-17 T cell cytokine production and has potent anti-inflammatory effects against lung inflammation.
TELEPORTATION OF AN UNKNOWN ATOMIC STATE THROUGHTHE RAMAN ATOM-CAVITY FIELD INTERACTION

A scheme is presented for the teleportation of an unknown atomic state through the Raman interaction of Λ-type three-level atom with a coherent state cavity-field of large amplitude.