cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical emission, electron energy, density, wave magnetic field and spectrum measurements in a helicon plasma source

Summary form only given. Measurements and analysis of optical emission, electron energy analyzer, Langmuir and magnetic probe and wave spectra are presented for a wide range of helicon plasma source conditions. Helicon plasma source characteristics at lower argon neutral pressures of 2-6 mTorr at both low (200 G) and high (1.2 kG) magnetic field strengths and at high pressures (100 mTorr) are presented for a wide range of radiofrequency input powers. Plasma densities in the range of 10/sup 11/-10/sup 13//cm/sup 3/ are obtained in the UW helicon facility which utilizes a double half-turn helix. Observations of Ar II emission, its modulation and correlation with the RF phase are presented in both time and spatial domains for a variety of plasma conditions. The emission spectrum measured by optical probes either internal or external to the 10 cm diameter Pyrex cylinder plasma is compared with wave magnetic and plasma density as well as miniaturized electron energy analyzer measurements. In addition, both low frequency, fundamental, sideband and harmonic components of the RF wave are measured and analyzed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the helicon source operation for a variety of conditions. Network analyzer measurements, Antenna II wave modeling and wave-particle ionization models are used to analyze the properties of the plasma source.
A dynamic analysis of the upper extremity: planar motions.

Free body diagrams of arm segments show what forces are involved in planar motions. To represent equilibrium D'Alembert's principle is applied in graphical vector diagrams. From these diagrams are ...
Tadpole Food Consumption Decreases with Increasing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection Intensity

Abstract Parasitized hosts frequently experience behavioral side effects associated with pathology. Although this phenomenon is fairly well documented, we do not fully understand the relationship between changes in host behavior and parasite infection intensity. Building upon previous research on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter “Bd”) and feeding efficiency in anuran tadpoles, we conducted a laboratory experiment using Bd-infected tadpoles of the Green Frog (Lithobates [=Rana] clamitans). We allowed tadpoles to feed during a 5-h trial and tested whether Bd-infection intensity was a significant predictor of the amount of food that tadpoles consumed during the trial. As predicted, tadpole feeding efficiency decreased linearly with Bd-infection intensity. Our results indicate that Bd-infected tadpoles suffer a reduced potential to obtain food and that feeding performance is correlated with Bd-infection intensity. Our result indicates that, if tadpoles cannot clear low-level Bd infections, their heal...
A supramolecular multi-block copolymer with a high propensity for alternation.

Alternating, multi-block supramolecular copolymers were created using quadruple hydrogen bonding as the noncovalent binding force. One block consisted of two guanosine butyl urea (UG) units attached at the ends of a triethylene glycol linker or a PEG chain (MW = 2 kD). The other block contained a 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (DAN) unit at each end of a short alkane diester linker or a 100 kD poly(butyl methacrylate) macromolecule. The UG unit presents an ADDA hydrogen bonding array that is complementary to the DAAD array of DAN, and these form a very strong complex (Kassoc ∼ 5 × 107 M-1), whereas UG and DAN weakly self-associate. These recognition properties allowed a multi-block supramolecular polymer to form which exhibits a high propensity for alternation. The self-assembled polymeric structure was shown to be reversibly formed and it was characterized by a combination of dynamic light scattering (DLS), 1H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and viscometry.
A perspective on interactive survey analysis

In this paper, interactive survey analysis is broadly conceived so that discussion is not limited simply to researchers fondling data files. The digital computer -- especially the time-shared type -- has potential for constructive use by researchers well beyond the process of analyzing survey data. Consideration is given to accomplished resources, projects under development, and capabilities which might be developed; so it is worth keeping an eye on what is fact and what is fantasy.
Critical sizes in the growth of Au clusters

Abstract A systematic exploration of the growth of Au clusters has revealed a critical size for the formation of stable assemblies. Mass-spectrometric measurements of clusters, as grown in the presence of an excess of weakly binding long-chain n-alkylthiol(ate) groups, show high yields of new compounds with core masses near the 15k minimum (≈ 75 Au atoms; k = 10 3 amu), and also at 23k, and 29k. Structural analyse establish their cores as compact metal nanocrystals of the corresponding effective diameters (1.4 to 1.7 nm), probably of decahedral close-packing and morphology. The precise identities of this sequence of special structures can now be sought.
Evidence That the Initial Up-regulation of Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis in Free Cholesterol-loaded Macrophages Is an Adaptive Response That Prevents Cholesterol-induced Cellular Necrosis PROPOSED ROLE OF AN EVENTUAL FAILURE OF THIS RESPONSE IN FOAM CELL NECROSIS IN ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions accumulate free cholesterol (FC) as well as cholesteryl ester and appear to have high rates of phospholipid (PL) synthesis and increased PL mass. Previous short term (i.e. ≤24 h) studies with cultured macrophages have shown that these cells respond to FC loading by up-regulating phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. We propose that this response is adaptive by keeping the FC:PL ratio in the macrophages from reaching toxic levels. We further propose that one cause of macrophage necrosis, a prominent and important event in atherosclerosis, is an eventual decrease of this adaptive response. To explore these ideas, cultured macrophages were loaded with FC for up to 4 days and assayed for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, FC and PL mass, and cytotoxicity. For the first 24 h, cellular phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and FC and PL mass increased 3-4-fold, and thus the FC:PL molar ratio was prevented from reaching very high levels; at this point, there were no overt signs of cytotoxicity. Over the next 24-48 h, however, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, and then phosphatidylcholine mass, began to decrease. Initially, the macrophages remained healthy and continued to accumulate FC, but eventually these macrophages, but not unloaded macrophages, became necrotic (swollen organelles and disrupted membranes). Lipoprotein dose studies indicated a close relationship between the onset of macrophage necrosis and the FC:PL ratio. To test further the causal nature of these relationships, cellular FC and PL mass were independently manipulated by using high density lipoprotein3 (HDL3) to decrease cellular FC and choline depletion to decrease cellular PC. As predicted by our hypotheses, HDL3 protected FC-loaded macrophages from necrosis, whereas choline depletion accelerated cytotoxic changes. These findings support the idea that the initial increase in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in FC-loaded macrophages is an adaptive response that prevents cholesterol-induced macrophage necrosis. We propose that an eventual failure of the PL response in foam cells may represent one cause of macrophage necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
A design heuristic for optimizing segregation avoidance practices in horizontal drum mixers

Abstract Segregation is a major problem for many solid processing industries. Differences in particle size or density lead to flow-induced segregation within the surface layer. Here we examine methods of avoiding radial segregation in a horizontal drum mixer. Recently, it has been suggested that segregation in this type of particle mixer can be thwarted if the sheared (surface) regions of the bed are inverted at a rate above some critical frequency. Further, it has been hypothesized that the effectiveness of this technique can be linked to the probability distribution of the number of surface layer “passes” a particle takes per rotation of the drum. In this article, various baffle configurations are numerically and experimentally studied to investigate the efficacy of this measure as a design heuristic for the development of improved drum mixing devices. We choose the horizontal drum geometry as it represents the simplest possible example of a tumbler-type mixer, however, we expect the results found here regarding the efficacy of our design heuristic to be generic for any surface-dominated mixing device.
Second-Order Properties of a Two-Stage Fixed-Size Confidence Region for the Mean Vector of a Multivariate Normal Distribution

We consider the classical fixed-size confidence region estimation problem for the mean vector?in theNp(?,?) population where ? is unknown but positive definite. We write?1for the largest characteristic root of ? and assume that?1is simple. Moreover, we suppose that, in many practical applications, we will often have available a number?*(>0) and that we can assume?1>?*. Given this addi- tional, and yet very minimal, knowledge regarding?1, the two-stage procedure of Chatterjee (Calcutta Statist. Assoc. Bull.8(1959a), 121?148;9(1959b), 20?28;11(1962), 144?159) is revised appropriately. The highlight in this paper involves the verification ofsecond-order propertiesassociated with such revised two-stage estimation techniques, along with the maintenance of the nominal confidence coefficient.
Computer assisted diagnosis in CT angiography of abdominal aortic aneurysms

The purpose of this study was to develop methods for automatic 3D-segmentation and automatic quantification of vascular structures in CT angiographic studies, e.g., abdominal aortic aneurysms. Methods for segmentation were developed based on thresholding, maximum gradient, and second derivative techniques. All parameters for the segmentation are generated automatically, i.e. no user interaction is necessary for this process. Median filtering of all images is initially performed to reduce the image noise. The algorithm then automatically identifies the starting point inside the aorta for the volume growing. The segmentation of the vascular tree is achieved in two steps. First, only the aorta and small parts of branch vessels are segmented by using strong restrictions in the parameters for threshold and gradient. A description of the aorta is generated by fitting the detected outer border of the aorta with an ellipse. This description includes centerline, direction, contour, eccentricity, and area. In the second step, segmentation parameters are changed automatically for segmentation of branch vessels. A shaded surface display of the segmented structures is then generated. The segmentation of the aorta appears accurate, is fast, and the 3D display can be manipulated in real time. The quantitative description of the aorta is reliable giving reproducible information. Total CPU time for the segmentation and description is less than five minutes on a standard workstation. Time-consuming manual segmentation and parameterization of vascular structures are obviated, with 3D visualization and quantitative results available in minutes instead of hours. This technique for segmentation and description of the aorta and renal arteries shows the feasibility of computer assisted diagnosis in CT angiographic studies without user interaction. Besides the description, a rapid 3D view of the vessels is generated, often needed by the physician and normally only achievable by time consuming manual segmentation.
The steiner problem in the hypercube

Let Q(n) be the n-dimensional hypercube, and X, a set of points in Q(n). The Steiner problem for the hypercube is to find the smallest possible number L(n,X) of edges in any subtree of Q(n) that spans X. We obtain the following results: 1 An exact formula for L(n,X), when |X| ≤ 5. 2 The bound L(n,X) ≤ (nk+1) + (2 + o(1)) ([log (k)]/k)(nk) as k ∞, when X is the set of all points in Q(n) of a given weight k + 1, provided (k2/[log (k)])1 + 1/k ≤ n. 3 NP-completeness of deciding L(n,X) even when every point of X has weight at most 2.
Improved algorithms for optimal length resolution refutation in difference constraint systems

This paper is concerned with the design and analysis of improved algorithms for determining the optimal length resolution refutation (OLRR) of a system of difference constraints over an integral domain. The problem of finding short explanations for unsatisfiable Difference Constraint Systems (DCS) finds applications in a number of design domains including program verification, proof theory, real-time scheduling, and operations research. These explanations have also been called "certificates" and "refutations" in the literature. This problem was first studied in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121---137, 2009), wherein the first polynomial time algorithm was proposed. In this paper, we propose two new strongly polynomial algorithms which improve on the existing time bound. Our first algorithm, which we call the edge progression approach, runs in O(n2 · k + m · n · k) time, while our second algorithm, which we call the edge relaxation approach, runs in O(m · n · k) time, where m is the number of constraints in the DCS, n is the number of program variables, and k denotes the length of the shortest refutation. We conducted an extensive empirical analysis of the three OLRR algorithms discussed in this paper. Our experiments indicate that in the case of sparse graphs, the new algorithms discussed in this paper are superior to the algorithm in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121---137, 2009). Likewise, in the case of dense graphs, the approach in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121---137, 2009) is superior to the algorithms described in this paper. One surprising observation is the superiority of the edge relaxation algorithm over the edge progression algorithm in all cases, although both algorithms have the same asymptotic time complexity.
An embedded packet train and adaptive FEC scheme for effective video adaptation over wireless broadband networks

With the rapid growth of wireless broadband technologies, such as WLAN and WiMAX, quality streaming video contents are available through portable devices anytime, anywhere. The layered multicast system using scalable video codecs has been proposed as an efficient architecture for video dissemination taking account of user and link diversities. However, in the wired/wireless combined best-effort based heterogeneous IP networks which provide more fluctuation in available bandwidth and end-to-end delay, the performance of streaming systems has been greatly degraded due to frequent packet loss, resulting from either wired congestion or wireless fading/shadowing. In this paper, we present a real-time embedded packet train probing scheme for estimating end-to-end available bandwidth so as to accomplish effective congestion and error control. This is facilitated by effective classification of packet loss sources, delay trend detection algorithm and flexible transmission rate of packets. Under the proper wireless channel modelling and estimation, our layered structure can allow appropriate subscription of video layers and adaptively insert necessary amount of forward error correction (FEC) packets so as to achieve QoS optimized system for scalable video multicasting.
Toward efficient programming of reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) receivers

Reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) system is an emerging component to mitigate the growing engineering cost for wireless chip design. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for efficient programming of reconfigurable RF receiver. The proposed method is facilitated by two novel techniques: two-phase relaxation search and Pareto-based search space reduction. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed methodology is more robust (i.e., close to global optimum) and/or efficient (i.e., with low computational cost) than other traditional algorithms based on either local relaxation or simulated annealing.
Membrane binding of an acyl-lactoferricin B antimicrobial peptide from solid-state NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract One approach to the growing health problem of antibiotic resistant bacteria is the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternative treatments. The mechanism by which these AMPs selectively attack the bacterial membrane is not well understood, but is believed to depend on differences in membrane lipid composition. N-acylation of the small amidated hexapeptide, RRWQWR-NH2 (LfB6), derived from the 25 amino acid bovine lactoferricin (LfB25) can be an effective means to improve its antimicrobial properties. Here, we investigate the interactions of C6-LfB6, N-acylated with a 6 carbon fatty acid, with model lipid bilayers with two distinct compositions: 3:1 POPE:POPG (negatively charged) and POPC (zwitterionic). Results from solid-state 2H and 31P NMR experiments are compared with those from an ensemble of all-atom molecular dynamic simulations running in aggregate more than 8.6 ms. 2H NMR spectra reveal no change in the lipid acyl chain order when C6-LfB6 is bound to the negatively charged membrane and only a slight decrease in order when it is bound to the zwitterionic membrane. 31P NMR spectra show no significant perturbation of the phosphate head groups of either lipid system in the presence of C6-LfB6. Molecular dynamic simulations show that for the negatively charged membrane, the peptide's arginines drive the initial association with the membrane, followed by attachment of the tryptophans at the membrane–water interface, and finally by the insertion of the C6 tails deep into the bilayer. In contrast, the C6 tail leads the association with the zwitterionic membrane, with the tryptophans and arginines associating with the membrane–water interface in roughly the same amount of time. We find similar patterns in the order parameters from our simulations. Moreover, we find in the simulations that the C6 tail can insert 1–2 A more deeply into the zwitterionic membrane and can exist in a wider range of angles than in the negatively charged membrane. We propose this is due to the larger area per lipid in the zwitterionic membrane, which provides more space for the C6 to insert and assume different orientations.
Prenatal Smoking Exposure, Low Birth Weight, and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

ABSTRACT Background Prenatal problems are among theorized etiologies for child disruptive behavior problems. A key question concerns whether etiological contributors are shared across the broad range of disruptive psychopathology or are partially or largely distinct. Method We examined prenatal smoking exposure and low birth weight as risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) in a population-based longitudinal design from ages 6 to 17 years. Multiple informants were used, with emphasis on parent and teacher report for ADHD, parent- and self-report interview for ODD, and self-report interview for CD, in keeping with evidence about the most valid sources of information for these respective syndromes. Results The association of prenatal smoking exposure with ADHD was highly confounded by family variables. In contrast, low birth weight independently predicted ADHD, even with family variables statistically controlled. The opposite pattern appeared for ODD and CD. Prenatal smoking exposure but not low birth weight predicted ODD independent of potential confounding variables. Prenatal smoking exposure also predicted CD. The effect on CD was via its effect on ODD. Conclusion Prenatal smoking exposure may contribute to ODD and via that route to later CD, but does not have a specific association with ADHD in this sample. Findings have implications for distinct etiological contributors to these often comorbid aspects of the disruptive behavior domain.
Modelling of silicon hydride clustering in a low-pressure silane plasma

A new silicon hydride clustering model was developed to study the nucleation of particles in a low-temperature silane plasma. The model contains neutral silanes, silylenes, silenes and silyl radicals as well as silyl and silylene anions. Reaction rates were estimated from available data. Simulations were carried out for typical discharge parameters in a capacitive plasma. It was shown that the main pathway leading to silicon hydride clustering was governed by anion-neutral reactions. SiH2 radical insertion was found to be important only in the initial stages of clustering, whereas electron-induced dissociations were seen to lead to dehydrogenation. Increased ion density (radiofrequency power density) leads to faster clustering due to increased formation of reactive radicals.
Troponin-I elevation in a young man with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy

Ventricular arrhythmias occur frequently in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) as well as those with ischemic heart disease. We present the case of a 29-year-old man with ARVD/C and multiple episodes of symptomatic ventricular tachycardia terminated by implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharges. Phasic elevation of troponin-I prompted repeated coronary angiograms, all of which were normal. The patient was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation. This case illustrates that ARVD/C may result in elevated cardiac enzymes in the absence of coronary artery disease.
A study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement

Abstract This study addresses the effectiveness of air movement cooling, an alternative to compressor-based cooling of the air itself. Subjects in an environmental chamber were exposed to a range of warm temperatures and allowed to adjust air movement to suit their individual preferences, while answering a series of questions about their comfort. Air movement was from the subject's side, in two modes of turbulent flow. The air speeds chosen by the subjects, and their subjective responses, are evaluated in the context of existing comfort standards and prediction techniques. Choosing air speeds up to 1.4 m/s, over 80% of subjects at 1.2 met were comfortable up to 29 °C, and at 1.0 met up to 31 °C. The cooling effectiveness was significantly affected by the nature of the turbulence. A zone is proposed within which personally controlled air movement provides a likely alternative to mechanical air conditioning.
The stroop test and its relationship to academic performance and general behaviour of young students

Abstract The test developed by Stroop some 70 years ago is used, among other purposes, as an indicator of attention disorder and general mood fluctuations. The present research attempted to determine whether a correlation existed between the Stroop Test, student ability as defined by a standardised IQ test, and general classroom behaviour. This study involved 87 year three students, across four schools in Perth, Western Australia. Independent variables included socio-economic level, gender, and school type (government or private). Results indicated a strong positive correlation of IQ and Stroop Test Ranking with socio-economic status. No significant differences were found between IQ and Stroop by type of school, nor were any significant differences found with regard to gender. Results suggest that the Stroop Test may be a powerful predictive instrument with regard to students' academic performance and general behaviour rankings.
A unique and complete polemoniaceous plant from the middle Eocene of Utah, USA

Abstract An extinct genus of the Polemoniaceae is described from one complete fossil plant preserved in shale of the Eocene Green River Formation, Utah. Combined vegetative and reproductive characters including the taproot, basal and cauline pinnatifid leaves, primary peduncular leaves, secondary peduncular bracts, pedicel bracts, fruits in groups of three, and persistent calyx, support placement of this plant close to the extant genus Gilia . Gilisenium hueberi gen. et sp. nov. represents a rare record of an herbaceous plant, and the oldest megafossil for the family Polemoniaceae.
Rate-dependent effects of d-and l-amphetamine on schedule-controlled responding in pigeons and squirrel monkeys.

Abstract The effects of d- and l-amphetamine were studied on key-pressing responses of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-interval schedules of electric shock presentation, and on key-pecking responses of pigeons maintained under multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules of food presentation. Under the fixed-interval schedules, responding followed a pause and occurred at increasing rates as the interval elapsed. Both isomers produced comparable increases in rates of responding under relatively long fixed-interval schedules with small to intermediate doses; maximal effects of the d-isomer were obtained at doses one-half log unit smaller than the doses of the l-isomer. Responding of pigeons maintained under relatively short fixed-interval schedules was only decreased by either amphetamine isomer. Responding of pigeons maintained under fixed-ratio schedules occurred at the highest rates and was also only decreased by either amphetamine isomer. Decreases in response rate produced by the d-isomer were generally obtained at doses one-half log unit smaller than doses of the l-isomer that produced comparable effects. Both isomers increased responding that occurred at low rates early in the fixed-interval to a proportionally greater extent than higher rates from later in the interval. The highest rates in the fixed-interval were generally decreased. Differences in potency between the two isomers in producing rate-dependent effects were small, most noticable with larger doses, and less than the potency differences between the two isomers in producing changes in response rate.
Thyroxine affects expression of KSPG-related genes, the carbonic anhydrase II gene, and KS sulfation in the embryonic chicken cornea.

Purpose Opaque chick corneas become thin and transparent from embryonic day (E)9 to E20 of incubation. Thyroxine (T4) injected in ovo on E9 induces precocious transparency by E12. The present study was conducted to determine whether corneal cells differentially express genes for T4 regulation, keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG) synthesis, crystallins, and endothelial cell ion transporters during transparency development and whether these expressions are altered when E9 embryos are treated with T4. Methods E9 eggs received T4 or buffer; corneas were dissected on E12. Corneal transparency was measured digitally and thickness was determined from cryostat cross sections. mRNA expressions were determined by real-time PCR using cDNA synthesized from whole-cell RNA, cells expressing T4 receptor mRNAs assessed by in situ hybridization, and KS disaccharide sulfation measured by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Results All corneal layers expressed T4 receptor alpha (THRA) mRNA; keratocytes and endothelial cells expressed T4 receptor beta (THRB) mRNA. During normal development, THRB expression increased 20-fold from E12 to E20; THRA expression remained constant. Expressions of most genes involved in KS synthesis increased from E9 to E16, and then decreased from E16 to E20. From E9 to E20, expressions of crystallin genes increased; T4/3-deiodinase DIII (DIO3) increased 10-fold; and sodium-potassium ATPase transporter (ATP1A1), sodium-bicarbonate transporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) increased 5- to 10-fold. E9 T4 administration decreased corneal thickness by E12; increased DIO3, THRB, and CA2 expressions 5- to 20-fold; decreased KSPG core protein genes and galactose sulfotransferase CHST1 expressions 2-fold; and reduced KS disulfated/monosulfated disaccharide (DSD/MSD) ratios. Conclusions Thyroxine modifies expressions of KSPG synthesis and carbonic anhydrase genes.
In silico analyses of peptide paracrines/hormones in Aphidoidea.

Abstract The Aphidoidea is an insect superfamily comprising most of the known aphid species. While small in size, these animals are of considerable economic importance as many members of this taxon are serious agricultural pests, inflicting physical damage upon crop plants and serving as vectors in the transmission of viral plant diseases. In terms of identifying the paracrines/hormones used to modulate behavior, particularly peptides, members of the Aphidoidea have largely been ignored, as it is not tractable to isolate the large pools of tissue needed for standard biochemical investigations. Here, a bioinformatics approach to peptide discovery has been used to overcome this limitation of scale. Specifically, in silico searches of publicly accessible aphidoidean ESTs were conducted to identify transcripts encoding putative peptides precursors, with the mature peptides contained within them deduced using peptide processing software and homology to known arthropod sequences. In total, 39 ESTs encoding putative peptides precursors were identified from four aphid species: Acyrthosiphon pisum (14 ESTs), Aphis gossypii (four ESTs), Myzus persicae (20 ESTs) and Toxoptera citricida (one EST). These precursors included ones predicted to encode isoforms of B-type allatostatin, crustacean cardioactive peptide, FMRFamide-related peptide (both myosuppressin and short neuropeptide F subfamilies), insect kinin, orcokinin, proctolin, pyrokinin/periviscerokinin/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, SIFamide and tachykinin-related peptide. In total, 83 peptides were characterized from the identified precursors, most novel, including two B-type allatostatins possessing the variant −W X 7 Wamide motif, two N-terminally extended proctolin isoforms and an N-terminally truncated and substituted SIFamide. Collectively, these results expand greatly the number of known/predicted aphid peptide paracrines/hormones, and provide a strong foundation for future molecular and physiological investigations of peptidergic control in this insect group.
RB family members as predictive and prognostic factors in human cancer

The retinoblastoma family members – pRb, pRb2/p130 and p107 – are tumor suppressor genes involved in controlling four major cellular processes: growth arrest, apoptosis, differentiation and angiogenesis. Molecular genetic studies have identified abnormalities of these tumor suppressor genes in a large proportion of human cancers. These genetic alterations have emerged as significant factors in the pathogenesis and progression of many types of tumors and are therefore likely to provide relevant information to assess risk in cancer patients. There is a pressing clinical need to identify prognostic and predictive factors for patients with cancer, because there is an undeniable importance in being able to determine which patients will have a favorable outcome without further therapy (prognostic factor) and which will need some additional treatment (predictive factor). This review examines the predictive and/or prognostic role of each retinoblastoma family member in human cancer.
Clinical Features and Prognosis of CD20 Negative Aggressive B-Cell Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Cluster designation (CD) 20 antigen is expressed on most B-cell lymphomas and serves as a therapeutic target for rituximab. A small minority of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, predominantly plasmablastic variants, do not express CD 20. We systematically reviewed all cases of aggressive B-cell lymphomas diagnosed at our institution over a period of 13 years. Of the 232 cases, 7 did not express CD 20. Five of these were plasmablastic lymphomas while two were unclassifiable B-cell lymphomas. While most of the plasmablastic lymphomas responded to chemotherapy, patients with unclassifiable lymphomas were primarily refractory or relapsed soon after chemotherapy.
Actin in embryonic organ epithelia.

Abstract The presence of actin in morphogenetically active embryonic epithelia was assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pellets and low ionic strength extracts of acetone powders of isolated mouse embryo salivary and lung epithelia, and chick embryo epidermis. A polypeptide that co-electrophoresed with skeletal muscle actin was resolved in each of these systems. Approx. 80–95% of this protein was extracted from acetone powders by low ionic strength solutions, demonstrating solubility properties like those of muscle actin. Similar results were obtained with salivary, bronchial, and pancreatic mesenchyme. Cytoplasmic actin represented approx. 7 % of the protein in salivary epithelium and 13% of the protein in salivary mesenchyme. Electron microscopy demonstrated that incubation of glycerinated salivaries in low ionic strength solutions preferentially removed microfilaments from the epithelia, thus linking these heavy meromyosin-binding structures with the actin extracted from acetone powders and resolved on SDS-gels.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulates steroidogenesis and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in cultured rat granulosa cells

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a novel neuropeptide with considerable homology to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). Because we have shown previously that VIP and GHRH stimulate steroidogenesis in cultured rat granulosa cells independently of FSH, the present studies evaluated whether PACAP also stimulates steroidogenesis and compared its effects to those of VIP and GHRH. Granulosa cells cultured for 2 days with PACAP-27, VIP, or GHRH (10(-9)-10(-6) M) showed dose-dependent increases in the accumulation of progesterone, 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, and estrogen. The rank order of potency for the three peptides was PACAP >> VIP > GHRH. PACAP also increased cAMP accumulation and was again more potent than VIP. In addition, all three peptides synergistically augmented FSH-stimulated progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone accumulation with the same rank order of potency as above; however, only the highest dose of each peptide augmented e...
Development of the glutamate system in rabbit retina.

We have investigated two characteristics of the glutamate system in the developing rabbit retina. 1) Glutamate immunoreactivity was observed at birth within developing processes of four cell types; two of which, photoreceptors and ganglion cells, are known to be glutamatergic in the adult. Two other cell types, type A horizontal cells and amacrine cells, are immunoreactive to both glutamate and GABA at birth, suggesting that endogenous pools of glutamate in GABAergic neurons serve as precursor for GABA synthesis. Thus it appears that endogenous glutamate pools are present within neurons prior to synaptogenesis as part of the early expression of either the glutamate or GABA transmitter phenotype. 2) Analysis of3H-glutamate metabolism during retinal development showed that rapid conversion of glutamate to glutamine does not occur until the second postnatal week, coincident with the expression of Muller (glial) cell activity. In the absence of glial metabolism in the neonate, extracellular concentrations of glutamate remain relatively high and are likely to have major effects on neuronal maturation.
Power Turbine Remaining Life Assessment

The design life of an industrial power turbine has traditionally been 100,000 hours or 5,000 starts, based on a specific set of assumed operating conditions. Actual operating conditions vary from site to site, and are often less severe than the initial assumptions used by the manufacturer. This is why Dresser-Rand has developed a Remaining Life Assessment program. The objective of this program is to assist operators in extending the life of expensive components, determining inspection intervals, developing component replacement schedules, and establishing a spare parts stocking program.A comprehensive remaining life assessment must take into account unit operating history, a thorough non destructive examination of the components being considered for reuse, thermal and structural analyses using current analytical techniques, and material evaluations. There is some amount of variability in the input and output for each of these steps. Defects smaller than a given size are not always detected, material test results have a statistical distribution, and each operating cycle is unique. Traditionally the expected life has been based on a predetermined set of assumptions, such as stress analyses using typical dimensions, minus three sigma fatigue and creep properties, etc. The Dresser-Rand approach accounts for these inherent variations and establishes the statistical probability of successfully extending power turbine life without failure or unplanned maintenance as a function of time.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Selection for Resistance in Maize to First-brood European Corn Borer by Using Leaf-feeding Damage of the Insect and Chemical Analysis for DIMBOA in the Plane

The effectiveness in development of maize progenies resistant to leaf feeding by Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) was compared in selection under conditions of artificial infestation and selection on the basis of DIMBOA content in leaf whorl tissue. Selections were made in 3 successive inbreeding generations, starting with 198 F3 progenies from WF9×CI31A. WF9 is highly susceptible and CI31A is highly resistant. Final evaluations were of 15 F5 families in the DIMBOA group and 86 F5 families in the leaf-feeding group. All families in the DIMBOA group were borer-resistant and 8 progenies were not significantly different from CI31A for DIMBOA content. Sixty-five families in the leaf-feeding group were resistant, but only fifteen were not significantly different from CI31A for DIMBOA content. The data indicated that factors other than DIMBOA condition resistance to leaf feeding by the European corn borer.
The effect of cysteine and mercaptoethanol on plasmin

Abstract Cysteine and mercaptoethanol inhibit the caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity of plasmin. Activity losses were uniformly greater in those systems containing 1 M urea. Streptokinase action which is especially pronounced in 1 M urea is discussed.
Update in Rheumatology: Evidence Published in 2013

This Update summarizes studies published in 2013 that the authors consider highly relevant to the practice of rheumatology. Topics include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,...
EFFECTS OF HEAT, NOISE, AND SEX OF SUBJECT ON A PROJECTIVE MEASURE OF PERSONAL SPACE PERMEABILITY

Chez 137 etudiants des deux sexes sont examines le role du sexe et les effets d'une augmentation de la chaleur et du bruit ambiants sur une mesure projective de la distance interpersonnelle (distance entre des visages de personnes a localiser dans l'espace)
The Learning is In-between : the search for a metalanguage in Indigenous education

Following the first significant research into Indigenous methods of learning, it was argued that Indigenous students could learn western knowledge using Indigenous ways of learning. Subsequent research contradicted this finding to take the position that Indigenous students must learn western knowledge using western methods and so this set the scene for the development of a pedagogy where Indigenous students could learn how to learn. Theorists in Indigenous education began to search for a metalanguage. Crosscultural theorists have perceived this metalanguage in terms of an explicit and transparent pedagogy while critical theorists want Indigenous students to develop their own ways of speaking and writing and to be conscious of how they do this. However, I take the position in this paper that there is already a metalanguage at work in‐between the student and the teacher in the classroom although it is often obscured from consciousness in the effort to articulate valid, quantifiable outcomes.
The effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life

Panax ginseng is marketed and used to maintain natural energy, increase mental and physical abilities, improve mood and promote general health and well-being. Panax ginseng has been studied in a number of randomized clinical trials investigating its effect on physical and psychomotor performance, cognitive function, immunomodulation, diabetes mellitus and herpes simplex type-II infections. Equivocal results have been demonstrated for many of these indications. P. ginseng is also commonly used to promote quality of life (QoL). As a result, ginseng's effect on QoL has become an increasingly important endpoint in clinical trials. We reviewed all studies (n = 9) that determined the effect of P. ginseng on QoL. P. ginseng's has been evaluated at dosages of 80-400 mg. Study duration has spanned from 2 to 9 months. Several QoL measures have been used, ranging from widely accepted core instruments to unpublished investigator-derived questionnaires. In addition, many of the investigators utilized ginseng extracts that were supplemented with vitamins and minerals while others used only standardized ginseng extract. Populations evaluated also differed in terms of underlying morbidity. Nearly every study evaluated (n = 8) demonstrated some degree of QoL improvement. Beneficial effects were evident within instrument summary component scores but improvement in overall composite scores of QoL was rarely seen. However, findings were equivocal. While populations evaluated varied in terms of underlying morbidity, there did not appear to be a substantial difference in their response to ginseng with respect to QoL. Despite some positive results, improvement in overall health-related quality of life cannot, given the current research, be attributed to P. ginseng. However, the possibility that various facets of QoL may have improved and the potential of early transient effects cannot be discounted.
Multiple spaceborne water cycle observations would aid modeling

A land data assimilation system (LDAS) is designed to provide continental-scale estimates of surface moisture and temperature states—and water and energy flux exchanges with the atmosphere—by integrating micrometeorological forcing data (such as surface precipitation, incoming radiation, wind, air temperature, and humidity) with a land surface model. When measurements of land system states are available, data assimilation approaches can be used to optimally update model states based on the assumed magnitude of modeling and observational errors [e.g., Reichle and Koster, 2005]. LDAS estimates have value for water, energy, and biogeochemical studies as well as for the initialization of land surface states, such as soil moisture and temperature, in numerical weather prediction or seasonal climate forecasts. To improve forecast performance, collaborative LDAS projects are currently under way for the North American (NLDAS; http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov), European (ELDAS; http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/eldas), and global (GLDAS; http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov) domains. Preliminary results demonstrate that the incorporation of LDAS approaches into subseasonal forecast initialization can lead to statistically significant improvements in precipitation predictability [Koster et al., 2004].
A simultaneous estimation and variable selection rule

A new data-based method of estimation and variable selection in linear statistical models is proposed. This method is based on a generalized maximum entropy formalism, and makes use of both sample and non-sample information in determining a basis for coefficient shrinkage and extraneous variable identification. In contrast to tradition, shrinkage and variable selection are achieved on a coordinate-by-coordinate basis, and the procedure works well for both ill- and well-posed statistical models. Analytical asymptotic results are presented and sampling experiments are used as a basis for determining finite sample behavior and comparing the sampling performance of the new estimation rule with traditional competitors. Solution algorithms for the non-linear inversion problem that results are simple to implement.
Comparison of Pharyngeal Airway Changes on Plain Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography After Orthognathic Surgery

Purpose The purpose of the present prospective study was to develop a 3-dimensional analysis of the airway using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine whether changes in the airway before and after orthognathic surgery correlate on 2-dimensional lateral cephalogram and 3-dimensional CBCT images. Materials and Methods Patients requiring orthognathic surgery during 2004 to 2005 were recruited for the present study. Lateral cephalograms and CBCT scans were obtained at 3 points: preoperatively, within 1 month postoperatively, and after 6 months postoperatively. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were segmented on both the radiograph and the CBCT scan for each patient in a repeatable manner at each point. For the lateral cephalogram, linear measurements in the middle of each of the 3 segments were obtained. For the CBCT, volumetric measurements of each of the 3 segments were obtained. The intrarater variability was assessed, and Pearson's correlation was used to compare the 2 imaging modalities. Results A total of 20 patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery were recruited for the present study. Of the 20 patients, 13 were female and 7 were male. The mean age at surgery was 23.85 years (range 14 to 43). Of the 20 patients, 6 underwent maxillary advancement only, 8 underwent mandibular advancement with or without genioplasty, and 6 underwent 2-jaw surgery or mandibular setback. We examined the entire cohort without separation into procedure or examination point and found a weak, but statistically significant, correlation between the linear and volume measurements in the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal regions but not in the hypopharyngeal region (r = 0.43, P Conclusion We present a method of measuring the airway that could be used for both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images. It includes segmentation of the pharyngeal airway into its nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal components. Correlations were found between the linear and volumetric measurements of the segmented airway in patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery; however, the correlations were generally weak.
Full-Fuel-Cycle Modeling for Alternative Transportation Fuels

Utilization of alternative fuels in the transportation sector has been identified as a potential method for mitigation of petroleum-based energy dependence and pollutant emissions from mobile sources. Traditionally, vehicle tailpipe emissions have served as sole data when evaluating environmental impact. However, considerable differences in extraction and processing requirements for alternative fuels makes evident the need to consider the complete fuel production and use cycle for each fuel scenario. The work presented here provides a case study applied to the southeastern region of the United States for conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, natural gas, and methanol vehicle fueling. Results of the study demonstrate the significance of the nonvehicle processes, such as fuel refining, in terms of energy expenditure and emissions production. Unique to this work is the application of the MOBILE5 mobile emissions model in the full-fuel-cycle analysis. Estimates of direct and indirect greenhouse gas production are also presented and discussed using the full-cycle-analysis method.
Holographic bounds and finite inflation

We compare two holographic arguments that impose especially strong bounds on the amount of inflation. One comes from the de Sitter equilibrium cosmology and the other from the work of Banks and Fischler. We find that simple versions of these two approaches yield the same bound on the number of e-foldings. A careful examination reveals that while these pictures are similar in spirit, they are not necessarily identical prescriptions. We apply the two pictures to specific cosmologies which expose potentially important differences and which also demonstrate ways these seemingly simple proposals can be tricky to implement in practice.