cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified solution of the Kirkwood-Riseman equations for the intrinsic viscosity of a chain macromolecule

A minor rearrangement of the Kirkwood-Riseman equations puts them in a form more suitable for solution than the standard form. Solution then involves the inversion of a single matrix of order N (where N is the number of segments) as the most difficult step. The results are exactly the same as the standard procedure, but the work is simplified. Die Gleichungen von Kirkwood und Riseman wurden gelost durch eine Umordnung, die eine viel einfachere Losung erlabut. Bei diesem nuen Verfahren mus man nureine einzige Matrize der Ordnung N invertieren (wobei N die Zhal der Kettenglieder bedeutet). Diese Umkehrung ist der schwierigste Schritt in dieser Methode. Die Resultate stimmen genau uberein mit jenen des gewohnlichen Verfahrens, aber der Aufwand ist wesentlich geringer.
General modeling and technology-mapping technique for LUT-based FPGAs

We present a general approach to the FPGA technology mapping problem that applies to any logic block composed of lookup tables (LUTs) and can yield optimal solutions. The connections between LUTs of a logic block are modeled by virtual switches, which define a set of multiple-LUT blocks (MLBs) called an MLB-basis. We identify the MLB-bases for various commercial logic blocks. Given a n MLB-basis, we formulate FPGA mapping as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to achieve both the generality and the optimality objectives. We solve the MILP models using a general-purpose MILP solver, and present the results of mapping some ISCAS.85 benchmark circuits with a variety of commercial FPGAs. Circuits of a few hundred gates can be mapped in reasonable time using the MILP approach directly. Larger circuits can be handled by partitioning them prior to technology mapping. We show that optimal or provably near-optimal solutions can be obtained for the large ISCAS.85 benchmark circuits using partitions defined by their high-level functions.
Organic transistors: A polarized response

The material used for the dielectric layer in organic field-effect transistors strongly affects the efficiencies of the resulting devices. The reasons behind this connection, and opportunities to tune the device performance by changing the dielectric material, are now revealed.
Performance-Based Optimization Considering Both Structural and Nonstructural Components

Development of performance-based design (PBD) methodologies for buildings and a better understanding of the performance and damage to nonstructural components during ground motion events give rise to design problems that involve structural and nonstructural component performance. The current research effort is geared toward development of an automated PBD environment to optimize structural system performance. FEMA-350 and HAZUS procedures are used to evaluate confidence levels associated with the probability of a structure not meeting targeted performance levels. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve this complex optimization problem where confidence levels are incorporated into a GA fitness function along with initial construction cost in a series of optimal design scenarios. Inelastic time-history analysis is used to evaluate the designs under different levels of hazard during execution of the evolutionary algorithm. Different optimization formulations are studied in order to explore the symbiotic relationship between seismic hazard magnitude, initial construction cost, and confidence levels for damage exceedance for structural and nonstructural components. DOI: 10.1193/1.2754002
Exact reconstruction of samples of signal from samples of its integral

An explicit formula is derived for reconstructing samples of a bandlimited function based on samples of the integral of the function over a short time interval. This may have applications in instrumentation sensors such as scanning interferometers in which the sample is an integral accumulation over a given input.
Measurement of conflict in social relationships

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the applicability of the Rahim (Academy of Management Journal, 26, 368–376, 1983) Organizational Conflict Inventory for the measurement of conflict responses in social relationships. Three samples of subjects completed versions of the ROCI-II specifying different targets (e.g. parent, friend, sibling). Factor analyses revealed that in every case 4-factor solutions were more appropriate than the 5-factor solutions found by Rahim. Suggestions are offered regarding the discrepancy of the findings.
SPLINT: a cubic spline interpolation progam for the analysis of fragment sizes in one dimensional electrophoresis gels

Abstract SPLINT (SPLine INTerpolation) is a BASIC microcomputer program that uses electrophoretic data on the migration distances of DNA fragments of known size to approximate the relationship between distance moved and DNA fragment size by a piecewise cubic spline function. This function places all standards exactly on the calibration curve and then determines from it the sizes of other fragments in the gel. Special advantages of this program include the use of a digitizer to enter the fragment positions directly from a gel photograph and the optional generation of a graph of the approximating function plus the placement on it of points from any specified gel lanes.
The Social Significance of English Usage in Japan

English-derived vocabulary in Japan serves both referential and pragmatic functions. It is used to label the world and to shape it in particular ways. This paper examines the ways speakers in one rural community in Japan use English-derived lexical items to manage personal impressions and social distance, to negotiate socially sensitive topics, and to express subtle approval or disapproval of the West and Western cultural influences in Japan.
Analysis of Meningiomas by Methylation- and Transcription-based Clonality Assays

Abstract The clonal derivation of tumors can be determined by X chromosome inactivation analysis based on differential expression of genes or differential methylation of cytosine residues in CpG islands near polymorphic loci. In this report, we compared a transcription-based RNA analysis with a methylation-based DNA assay to determine clonality of meningiomas. Both clonality assays use PCR-based analysis at the human androgen-receptor gene ( HUMARA ) on the X chromosome. Among 23 meningiomas from female patients, 19 were informative heterozygotes at this locus (83%). The patterns of X chromosome inactivation in four patients were extremely skewed towards one allele in blood (unequal Lyonization), which precluded clonality determination in the tumor samples. Concordant clonality results with methylation- and transcription-based clonality assays were demonstrated in 9 of 13 informative tumors expressing the androgen receptor. Seven meningiomas were monoclonal, but surprisingly, two pathologically documented cases of meningiomas were polyclonal. There was disparity in 4 of 13 tumor specimens that were polyclonal by the methylation-based assay but monoclonal by the transcription assay. Clonality examination of these tumors by the methylation-based phosphoglycerate kinase assay provided identical results to the methylation-based analysis at the HUMARA locus. In addition, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies of chromosome 22, which is frequently deleted in meningiomas, showed that four of four informative samples of the six polyclonal tumors had partial LOH in tumor tissues. However, complete LOH was observed in primary cultured cells, which were also monoclonal by the methylation assay. Taken together, these data suggest that the disparity of the two assays in these four cases may be due to differences in the level of expression of the androgen receptor gene in tumors. Therefore, we conclude that: ( a ) clonal derivation of meningiomas determined by both transcription- and methylation-based clonality assays are in full agreement in many (9 of 13) but not all cases (4 of 13); and ( b ) most meningiomas (9 of 15) are monoclonal in origin, whereas some meningioma samples (6 of 15) are polyclonal or may contain heterogeneous components.
Ethnic identity and approach-type coping as moderators of the racial discrimination/well-being relation in Asian Americans

Ethnic identity, in combination with approach-type coping strategies (i.e., social support seeking, cognitive restructuring, and problem solving), was hypothesized to moderate the effects of perceived racial discrimination on the well-being of Asian American college students. Results found that individuals with a strong ethnic identity were more likely to engage in approach-type coping strategies, but the use of cognitive restructuring and problem solving coping buffered the effects of racial discrimination on well-being only when racial discrimination was low. These results are contrary to the current literature and suggest ethnic identity and approach-type coping strategies may not always protect against discrimination for Asian Americans.
Shape effects on reflexive spatial selective attention and a plausible neurophysiological model

If a peripheral, behaviorally irrelevant cue is followed by a target at the same position, response time for the target is either facilitated or inhibited relative to the response at an uncued position, depending on the delay between target and cue (Posner, 1980; Posner & Cohen, 1984). A few studies have suggested that this spatial cueing effect (termed reflexive spatial attention) is affected by non-spatial cue and target attributes such as orientation or shape. We measured the dependence of the spatial cueing effect on the shapes of the cue and the target for a range of cue onset to target onset asynchronies (CTOAs). When cue and target shapes were different, the spatial cueing effect was facilitatory for short CTOAs and inhibitory for longer CTOAs. The facilitatory spatial effect at short CTOAs was substantially reduced when cue and target shapes were the same. We present a simple neural network to explain our data, providing a unified explanation for the spatial cueing effect and its dependence on shape similarities between the cue and the target. Our modeling suggests that one does not need independent mechanisms to explain both facilitatory and inhibitory spatial cueing effects. Because the neuronal properties (repetition suppression) and the network connectivity (mutual inhibition) of the model are present throughout many visual brain regions, it is possible that reflexive attentional effects may be distributed throughout the brain with different regions expressing different types of reflexive attention depending on their sensitivities to various aspects of visual stimuli.
Coarse woody debris and the carbon balance of a north temperate forest

Abstract Comprehensive estimates of forest carbon (C) mass and respiration require measurements of all C pools, including coarse woody debris (CWD). We used inventory and chamber-based methods to quantify C mass and the annual respiratory C loss from CWD and other major ecosystem components for a deciduous forest in the upper Great Lakes region. Coarse woody debris mass (MCWD, 2.2 Mg C ha−1) was less than that of soils (104.1 Mg C ha−1) and boles (71.7 Mg C ha−1), but similar to that of leaves (1.8 Mg C ha−1). Coarse woody debris respiration (RCWD) increased with temperature and water content, with differences in RCWD among decay classes due to variation in water content rather than to variable sensitivity to environmental conditions. Sensitivity of RCWD to changing temperature, evaluated as Q10, ranged from 2.20 to 2.57 and was variable among decay classes. Annual CWD respiration (FCWD, 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1) was 12% of bole respiration, 8% of leaf respiration, and 2% of soil respiration. The CWD decomposition rate-constant (FCWD/MCWD) in 2004 was 0.09 year−1. When compared to the average annual ecosystem C storage of 1.53 Mg C ha−1 year−1, FCWD represents a small, but substantial flux that is expected to increase over the next several decades in this maturing forest.
Mapping the Valence States of Transition-Metal Elements Using Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy

The properties of transition-metal oxides are related to the presence of elements with mixed valences, such as Mn and Co. Spatial mapping of the valence-state distribution of transition-metal elements is a challenge to existing microscopy techniques. In this letter, using the valence-state information provided by the white lines observed in electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), an experimental approach is demonstrated to map the valence-state distributions of Mn and Co using the energyfiltered TEM. An optimum spatial resolution of 2 nm has been achieved for two-phase Co oxides with sharp boundaries. This provides a new technique for quantifying the valence states of cations in magnetic oxides. Many physical and chemical properties of inorganic materials are determined by the elements with mixed Valences in the structural unit, 1 by which we mean that an element has two or more different valences while forming a compound. Transitionand rare-earth-metal elements with mixed valences are unique for initiation of electronic, structural, and/or chemical evolutions. We have demonstrated previously the valence states of Mn and Co in their oxides by applying electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) for quantitative determination. 2-5 In EELS, the L ionization edges of transition-metal, rare-earth, and actinide compounds usually display sharp peaks at the near-edge region. These threshold peaks are known as white lines. The unoccupied 3d states form a narrow energy band, the transition of a 2pstate electron to the 3d levels, leading to the formation of white lines observed experimentally. EELS experiments have shown that a change in the valence states of cations introduces significant variation in the intensity ratio of the white lines, giving the possibility of identifying the occupation number of 3d or 4d electrons (or cation valence states) using the measured white line intensities. 6,7 The information obtained using EELS is an integration over the spatial region illuminated by the incident electron beam. In this paper, we introduce a new experimental approach which can give the distribution maps of cation valences in real space, allowing a direct identification of cations with different valence states. This is useful for studying nanocomposite magnetic oxide materials with mixed valences.
Magnetic Content Addressable Memory Design for Wide Array Structure

In this paper, we present a novel magnetic content addressable memory (MCAM) cell and array architecture. The proposed design has large readout margin to tolerate tunneling resistance variation among magnetic tunneling junctions in the array. All previous proposed MCAM designs have very limited readout margins. The low readout margin poses a challenge to bring MCAM into practical uses that often require wide array, i.e., each word contains 128 bits, 256 bits, or even more. The proposed MCAM readout scheme leverages the exponential relationship between MOSFETs' subthreshold current and gate voltage to suppress small errors due to tunneling resistance variations. Numerical simulation demonstrates the capability of handling 512 bit wide array while allowing more than 30% tunneling resistance variations.
FRET imaging reveals different cellular entry routes of self-assembled and disulfide bonded polymeric micelles

Although nanocarriers hold promise for cancer chemotherapy, their intracellular drug delivery pathways are not fully understood. In particular, the influence of nanocarrier stability on cellular uptake is still uncertain. By physically loading hydrophobic FRET probes, we revealed different intracellular drug delivery routes of self-assembled and disulfide bonded micelles. The self-assembled micelles were structurally dissociated by micelle–membrane interactions, and the hydrophobic probes were distributed on the plasma membrane. Alternatively, intact disulfide bonded micelles carrying hydrophobic probes were internalized into cancer cells via multiple endocytic pathways. Following internalization, disulfide bonded micelles were decomposed in early endosomes by glutathione-mediated disulfide bond reduction, exposing the probes to intracellular organelles.
Revisiting Winter Wing Molt in Western Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and Clark's Grebes (A. clarkii)

Abstract. Species that undergo simultaneous flight-feather molt are susceptible to mortality during the flightless period. Remigial molt was examined in non-breeding Western Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and Clark's Grebes (A. clarkii) using beachcast carcasses from California to Washington to determine wrhere and when molt occurs and help identify regions of maximum risk. Molt occurred in 18% of individuals and in all age classes and months examined, including winter, not previously recognized as a significant period for Western and Clark's grebe molt. Molt was encountered in all regions, with the highest proportions in Oregon/Washington during fall (35%), and central (18%) and southern (17%) California during winter. The percentage of Western and Clark's grebes in molt collected during the first 3 days of an oil spill was greater than later in the response (27% vs. 12%), suggesting a greater vulnerability to oiling during this part of their life cycle. Oil spills and other mortality events can prov...
Many-body quantum Monte Carlo wave-function approach to the dissipative atom-field interaction

We develop a many-body quantum Monte Carlo wave-function approach to analyze the dissipative interaction of ultracold free atoms with the radiation field reservoir. A Markovian master equation for the identical atoms that neglects the dipole-dipole interaction is derived within the framework of quantum field theory. The effective Hamiltonian obtained by a decomposition of the master equation explicitly depends on the quantum statistics.
Consistency verification in transaction-based optimistic steering of distributed computations

We present an optimistic approach for consistent, interactive steering of distributed computations. In contrast to conservative approaches, the optimistic steering approach assumes that next steerable points are consistent and invokes steering updates without concern for the state of any other process. This approach is expected to perform well since it eliminates the need for blocking processes. Furthermore, we introduce a novel transaction-based computation model. We view the local computation of a process as a sequence of local transactions and a distributed computation as a set of partially ordered global transactions. This abstraction not only gives users a simple and high-level view of distributed computation, but also simplifies reasoning about consistency problems by reducing the amount of information to be handled. Using the Higher KdV (HiKdV) equation simulation program, we evaluate the performance of the optimistic steering approach. Our experiments show that when the percentages of consistency ...
Ambulatory monitoring of panic patients during regular activity: A preliminary report

Ten patients with panic disorder and 10 matched control subjects were compared as to their blood pressure and heart rate during regular daily activity. Physiological responses were monitored by ambulatory recorder, and subjective reports of mood were collected. Data were analyzed controlling for activity and stress level of the subjects. Diastolic blood pressure emerged as a possible discriminatory factor between the groups. A trend for higher heart rate occurred in the panic group. In behavioral terms, panic patients tended to avoid anxiety-provoking situations, resulting in anxiety ratings comparable to those of the control group. Thus, recorded physiological differences between the groups may reflect heightened baseline autonomic activity in panic patients.
New Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan regulations

The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) program regulates oil storage vessels at federal and industrial installations throughout the United States. After proposing revisions in 1991, 1993, and 1997, the EPA finally promulgated, on July 17, 2002, new regulations for the SPCC program. As written, the new regulations may impose substantial new expense and implementation requirements upon installations. This article provides a detailed review of the primary requirements of the SPCC program and identifies which issues federal installations may need to address as they work to meet the August 17, 2004, deadline to review their plan and complete necessary amendments, and the February 18, 2005, deadline to implement those amendments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learners' Production of Passives during Syntactic Priming Activities

Previous research has shown that during syntactic priming activities, L1 speakers produce more target structures when they are prompted by a lexical item that occurred in their interlocutor's previous utterance. This preliminary study investigated whether L2 speakers are similarly influenced by lexical items during syntactic priming activities. Korean EFL learners from three proficiency levels carried out a picture description activity with a researcher whose interactional contributions were scripted with passive sentences. The results indicated that the learners produced more passives when they were prompted by verbs that had occurred in the researcher's passives. Directions for future research to investigate the relationships among syntactic priming, lexical items, and L2 development are suggested.
Guest and ligand behavior in zinc-seamed pyrogallol[4]arene molecular capsules.

Not just an inside job: Encapsulated and confined in an octanuclear zinc-seamed pyrogallol[4]arene molecular capsule, a guest of choice can act as a reporter for electronic communication between the exterior and the interior of the capsule through ligand exchange.
Doctoral Programs in Special Education: The Nation's Supplier.

After a systematic national search, we found that 86 special education doctoral programs were active in 1999. Our search found that five programs had closed in recent years, but six new programs were in the planning process. Additional programs were identified, but they are best described as emphasis areas (possibly minor areas of concentration) administered by other departments or programs typically housed in colleges of education (e.g., educational leadership, curriculum and instruction, early childhood). Administrators of identified doctoral programs were surveyed to determine enrollment, graduate rates, program content, and means of student recruitment. Possibly some of the most revealing findings from this component of the larger Faculty Study found that: (a) most special education doctoral programs are under- enrolled, (b) doctoral students' enrollment has declined 30% over the last 20 years, and (c) programs are not highly selective. Unless deliberate actions are taken, the supply from special education doctoral programs will not increase and the demand for leadership personnel, particularly for faculty who work in academe, will not be met.
Promoting Imitation in Young Children with Autism: A Comparison of Reciprocal Imitation Training and Video Modeling

The inability to imitate is a salient diagnostic marker for autism. It has been suggested that for children with autism, imitation may be a prerequisite skill that can assist in the development of various skills. Using a multiple baseline design across subjects, the purpose of this research was to determine if two interventions, reciprocal imitation training and video modeling were effective in promoting imitation acquisition in young children with autism. Six boys were matched across various features (i.e., age, language, autism severity) and randomly placed in a treatment condition. Results indicated that all six participants increased their imitation skills to varying degrees in both conditions, and imitation maintained and generalized at higher than baseline levels post treatment.
Recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Future Direction in Cardiac Surgery

New surgical procedures, imaging modalities, and medical devices have improved therapy for many patients and made treatment possible for others who have had few options in the past. In February 2004, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI) Advisory Council proposed that the institute evaluate the status and future directions in cardiac surgery. In response to this recommendation, the NHLBI convened a working group of cardiac surgeons on May 7 and 8, 2004, to assess the state of cardiac surgery research, identify critical gaps in current knowledge, determine areas of opportunity, and obtain specific recommendations for future research activities. The working group discussed surgical revascularization, novel surgical approaches, valvular research directions, biotechnology and cell-based therapy, heart failure, imaging modalities, and barriers to clinical research and presents its recommendations here.
Measurement of the Lorenz Function by the Electrical Method

Direct measurement of the Lorenz function by the electrical method, in which the sample is heated directly by an electrical current, is in principle a fast and convenient way to determine this parameter. However, recent theoretical treatments of this method are somewhat misleading; we discuss this and a number of other problems of the method, present the design of a new system which eliminates some of them and is suitable for small specimens, and compare the results obtained with it for Pb with selected values from the literature.
Genetic Influences on Adolescent Eating Habits

Behavioral genetic research shows that variation in eating habits and food consumption is due to genetic and environmental factors. The current study extends this line of research by examining the genetic contribution to adolescent eating habits. Analysis of sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed significant genetic influences on variance in an unhealthy eating habits scale (h(2) = .42), a healthy eating habits scale (h(2) = .51), the number of meals eaten at a fast-food restaurant (h(2) = .33), and the total number of meals eaten per week (h(2) = .26). Most of the remaining variance was due to nonshared environmental factors. Additional analyses conducted separately for males and females revealed a similar pattern of findings. The authors note the limitations of the study and offer suggestions for future research.
Development of cellular immunity to individual soluble antigens of Treponema pallidum during experimental syphilis

The contribution of individual specific molecules of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum to cellular immunity in experimental syphilis was evaluated by combining the techniques of Ag identification and purification with the lymphocyte proliferation assay. Proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes from syphilitic rabbits to complex treponemal Ag and Con A were vigorous throughout the course of intratesticular infection (6, 10, 17, 30, and 210 days). Normal rabbits did not respond to any treponemal preparations and all rabbits failed to respond to normal rabbit testicular Ag (NRT). Seven defined treponemal Ag (47 kDa, 37 kDa, 35, 33-kDa, 30-kDa, 14 kDa, and 12 kDa) stimulated lymphocytes from infected rabbits. Cellular responses to the 37-kDa and 30-kDa fractions were evident by day 6 of infection and responses to the 35, 33-kDa and 14-kDa Ag were first detected on day 10; responsiveness to these Ag continued throughout the observation period. Cellular responses to the 47-kDa molecule were detectable but lower when compared with other individual Ag. Responsiveness to the 12-kDa Ag was not evident until 7 mo postinfection. Specific immunoblot reactivity of serum from rabbits used in this study generally correlated with the development of cellular reactivity to individual Ag of T. pallidum.
An empirical model of HTTP network traffic

The workload of the global Internet is dominated by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), an application protocol used by World Wide Web clients and servers. Simulation studies of IP networks require a model of the traffic patterns of the World Wide Web, in order to investigate the effects of this increasingly popular application. We have developed an empirical model of network traffic produced by HTTP. Instead of relying on server or client logs, our approach is based on packet traces of HTTP conversations. Through traffic analysis, we have determined statistics and distributions for higher-level quantities such as the size of HTTP files, the number of files per "Web page", and user browsing behavior. These quantities form a model can then be used by simulations to mimic World Wide Web network applications.
An experimental therapeutic approach to genetically‐based obesity

Background Genetic mutations in the leptin pathway can be a cause of human obesity. We examined the effects of human leptin replacement in the only three adults identified to date who have genetically-based leptin deficiency. Their phenotype consisted of morbid obesity, with hypogonadism, but without hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Methods Human leptin was administered at physiological replacement doses in the range of 0.01–0.04 mg/kg for 18 months by daily evening leptin injection to mimic the endogenous nocturnal rise in leptin concentrations. Patients were hypogonadal and one of them also had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Food intake, body composition, physical activity, endocrine and lipid profiles were assessed during the course of leptin replacement. Results The mean BMI dropped from 51.2±2.5 (mean±sem) at baseline to 26.9±2.1 kg/m2 after 18 months of treatment, mainly due to loss of fat mass. The mean daily caloric intake changed from a baseline of 2330±322 to 1180±52 kcal/day two weeks after treatment initiation, and to 2742±364 kcal/day after 18 months of treatment. As body weight decreased, physical activity increased. Leptin had beneficial effects on endocrine function in all patients, causing reproductive maturity and complex changes in 24-h hormone dynamics. Treatment resulted in normalization of glucose homeostasis in the diabetic patient. Conclusions We document here that leptin replacement therapy in leptin-deficient adults with established morbid obesity results in profound weight loss, increased physical activity, beneficial effects on endocrine function and metabolism, including resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypogonadism. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P11–P11; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.041
Lyngbya mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California, Mexico; comparison with Proterozoic stromatolites

ABSTRACT Lyngbya aestuarii, an oscillatoriacean cyanophyte, forms surficial mats in portions of the salt marsh and evaporite flat at Laguna Mormona, a closed coastal lagoon on the Pacific coast of Baja California. Aggregations of this alga produce structures ranging from small-diameter mounds to tufts, rounded ridges, sharp-crested ridges, large-diameter flat-topped mounds, and rings. The specific structural type seems to be controlled largely by the overall filament abundance, flooding history, and water depth. Study of these Lyngbya aestuarii mats and associated tufted structures produced by other oscillatoriacean cyanophytes have a bearing on certain problems in Precambrian paleontology, including: the formation of the stromatolite Conophyton; the origin of "molar-tooth structure; and the effect of environmental factors on algal-mat structure.
Non-Competing Groups

Values reporting themselves as relative prices, costs, to bear on values, must be relative costs, and must be reduced to money terms, 52. — Efforts and waitings, therefore, articulate with prices only when translated into money costs, 54. — The employer vs. employee point of view, 55. — The assumption that, in general, wages and interest are proportional with effort and waiting sacrifices, 55. — Cairnes's interpretation, with wages and interest conceived as derivative from product prices, and with labor as the antithesis of the remuneration of it, 55. — Employer vs. employee cost, 56. — Relation of effort and waitings costs to employer money costs, 56. — Mill, 56. — Taussig and Marshall, 57. — Ricardo, 59. — Ricardo and Cairnes, 59. — The constitution of the groups — by definition, 63. — The groupings not by vocations but by remunerations, 65. — In what sense can the intra-group relationships be competitive? 66. — Cairnes's and Taussig's reports of the groupings, 67. — Dates of group fixation vs. dates of group competition, 70. — The groupings further examined, 71. — Social stratification the point of emphasis, not competition or the lack of it, 73. — Inherited opportunity never more than part explanation of income groupings, or of ratios of income to sacrifice, 74. — Complete fluidity of labor also would leave the groupings no less inadequate, 76. — The three requisites for a tenable labor theory of values still unmet, 80.
Preference of food particle size among several urban ant species.

Appropriate particle size may be a critical characteristic for effective granular ant baits. We examined the particle size preference of six species of pest ants to an anchovy-based bait. We also examined head capsule widths of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (mean = 0.54 mm), California harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley) (mean = 1.63 mm), red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (mean = 0.9 mm), and southern fire ants, Solenopsis xyloni McCook (mean = 0.76 mm) and compared them with the first and second most preferred particle size. There were differences between particle size of which the most mass was removed and of which there were more particles removed by ants. California Argentine ants, southern fire ants, and Alabama Argentine ants removed more 840 to 1,000-μm particle mass of the anchovy diet but had more visits to dishes containing 420 to 590 μm particles. California harvester ants and Allegheny mound ants, Formica spp., removed more >2,000 μm particle mass but visited dishes containing 1,000 to 2,000 μm particles more often. Red imported fire ants also removed more >2,000μm particle mass but visited dishes with 590 to 840-μm particles most often. Pharaoh ants, Monomorium pharaonis (L.), removed and visited 420 to 590-μm particles more than any other size. A linear regression model determined that particle size preferred by each ant species relates to forager head width. The majority of particles of commercial ant bait, including Amdro, Ascend, Award, Bushwhacker, Max Force with fipronil, and old and new formulations of Max Force with hydramethylnon, were 1,000 to 2,000 μm, but the majority of Niban particles were <420 μm. Altering the size of particles of toxic ant baits to fit the particle size preference of each pest ant species may increase the efficacy of ant baits.
Cars, Goats, and Sample Spaces

It’s a critical moment for you. The master of ceremonies confronts you with three closed doors, one of which hides the car of your dreams, new and shiny and desirable. Behind each of the other two doors, however, is standing a pleasant but not so shiny and somewhat smelly goat. You will choose a door and win whatever is behind it. You decide on a door and announce your choice, whereupon the host opens one of the other two doors and reveals a goat. He then asks you if you would like to switch your choice to the unopened door that you did not at first choose. Is it to your advantage to switch (assuming, of course, that you are after the car, not the goat)?
Rejsebrev fra Rochester N. Y.

Kjell Noreik, Oslo, og Jorgen Nystrup, arhus, har begge opholdt sig ved The University of Rochester som goeteforskere i 1973. Kjell Noreik har oppebarer et International Research Fellowship fra National Institutes of Mental Health, USA. Jorgen Nystrup har oppebaret et stipendium fra Statens Loegevidenskabelige Forskningsrad, Danmark. De skriver her om den psykiatriske afdeling. Rochesters Department of Psychiatry har ikke mindst pa grund af den netop afgaende chef John Romano etableret sig som en stoerk forskningsinstitution med noee forbindelser til nordisk psykiatri.
Improving EEG feature learning via synchronized facial video

Morden physiological analysis begins to involve more and more types of information. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals as a typical example is starting to be analyzed with facial expressions videos to detect emotions. Emotions play an important role in the daily life of human beings, the need and importance of automatic emotion recognition has grown with increasing role of human computer interface applications. In this paper, we concentrate on recognition of the emotions jointly from "inner" and "outer" reactions, which are electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and facial expression video. Due to the streaming nature of this problem, the data volume and velocity is very challenging. We address these challenges from the theoretic perspective and propose a real time algorithm based on EEG signals and synchronized facial video to learn feature vector jointly. Our algorithm consists of an unsupervisedly EEG dictionary component based on deep learning theorem, and a probability pooling component transforms a continuous sequential signal into an EEG "sentence" which consists of a sequence of EEG words. The EEG sentence is then jointly learned with video features into a new fixed length feature representation for emotion classification. We overcome several computational challenges on the data based on the idea of convolution and pooling, and we conduct extensive evaluation for each component of our model. We also demonstrate the state-of-the-art classification result on real-world dataset. The superior performances on the emotion recognition task indicates that 1) the natural language scenario can be applied in EEG sequences and 2) borrowing video modality can increase the overall performance.
Effects of Thickness on Sharp Trace Regularity for a Kirchhoff Plate with Free Boundary Conditions

Sharp trace regularity estimates for a Kirchhoff plate with free boundary conditions are established with the primary goal of tracking the effects of thickness in the estimates. Microlocal analysis is used in the proof with an alternative localization to the one seen in the earlier work of Lasiecka and Triggiani. Knowledge of how thickness appears in the estimates has important implications in uniform stability for more complex systems which involve the Kirchhoff plate equation.
The Mathematics of DNA Sturcture, Mechanics, and Dynamics

A brief review is given of the main concepts, ideas, and results in the fields of DNA topology, elasticity, mechanics and statistical mechanics. Discussion in- cludes the notions of the linking number, writhe, and twist of closed DNA, elastic rod models, sequence-dependent base-pair level models, statistical models such as helical worm-like chain and freely jointed chain, and dynamical simulation procedures. Experimental methods that lead to the development of the models and the implications of the models are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on illustrating the breadth of approaches and the latest developments in the field, rather than the depth and completeness of exposition.
Hypoxylon Punctulatum and its Conidial Stage on Dead Oak Trees and in Culture

Among the fungi that appear frequently on standing dead oak-wilt trees in West Virginia are several species of Hypoxylon. The most common species, judging from field observations and isolations from wood of dead oaks, is H. punctulatum (Berk. & Rav.) Cke., which produces its black, shining, effused stromata within the bark of trunks and branches. The stromata are exposed only after the outer layer of bark has been thrown off. Closely associated with the fertile stromata of H. punctulatum and arising from about the same bark region, one frequently finds the darkened remains of a conidial fungus in the cracks of the bark. Collections of younger stages showed abundant production of light gray globose heads of conidia, which resemble young heads of Aspergillus. Specimens of both natural material and pure cultures were examined by Dr. S. J. Hughes, who confirmed the identification of this fungus as belonging to the genus Basidiobotrys. Two unsolved problems relating to H. punctulatum have prompted the investigations reported herein. These were first, the method by which the bark covering of the stroma is thrown off and second, the possible relationship of the conidial fungus to H. punctulatum. This paper reports the results of these investigations.
The Culture of International Arbitration and the Evolution of Contract Law by Joshua D. Karton

The Culture of International Arbitration and the Evolution of Contract Law by Joshua D. Karton Published by Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 9780199658008 (296 pages) Some say that seeing yourself described flatteringly in print is the number one reason to read a book. If so, members of the international arbitration community are going to queue up around the block to get their hands on Professor Joshua Karton's new publication, ‘The Culture of International Arbitration and the Evolution of Contract Law’. Karton, who teaches at Queen's University in Ontario, takes a sociologically minded lawyer's look at those of us who practice international commercial arbitration, as counsel and/or arbitrators or as commentators, and describes what he finds to be our ‘culture’. In short, he likes what he sees: a pattern of four shared values that sound pretty darned good, namely respect for party autonomy, the service of business, neutrality and internationalism. Karton goes further, however, and argues that this culture is leading to substantive arbitral interpretations of contract law that may differ from judicial interpretations. Whether the evidence supports that leap will be the subject of debate among his readers. Karton's book takes off from the pioneering work on the sociology of international arbitration by Yves Dezalay and Bryant Garth in their 1996 book, ‘Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order,’ which discussed the ‘symbolic capital’ (the recognition that successful members of a community receive from the rest of the group) found among arbitration practitioners. Like Dezalay and Garth, Karton conducted in-depth interviews of a cross-section of the relevant community, using a rather open-ended series of questions to see what themes emerged. He describes this as ‘theoretical sampling,’ in which the researcher looks over the data he has collected (here, from just twenty anonymous interviewees, all either full or part-time arbitrators) ‘based on whether the data will help to identify and describe social norms, and not on the basis of …
Jin Tianhe and the Suzhou Tradition of Witnessing

In Chinese literature,the region Suzhou represents a "dual attitude" that gives it a special local identity.On the one hand,Suzhou is famous for its image as a dreamland of self-contained gardens.On the other hand,Suzhou has also been noted for possessing a strong lyrical voice of witnessing that is in sharp contrast to the poetic art of tranquility characterizing its garden literature.This paper will focus on the poet Jin Tianhe(金天翮)(1873-1947),who represented Suzhou's tradition of witnessing by recording in literature the social and political realities of time.Jin devoted himself to various revolutionary activities,and displayed in his works a strong voice of anguish and concern that eventually brought his ideas to the level of national discourse.In particular,he translated Mayazaki Tōten's(1870-1922) famous autobiography Sanjūsannen no yume(My Thirty Years' Dream) into Chinese.Also,as an admirer of the British thinker John Stuart Mill(1806-1873) who wrote The Subjection of Women,Jin composed a pioneering book called Nujie Zhong(女界钟)(first published in 1903),arguing that women's education was vital to ensure the survival and progress of China.
New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.

Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, is responsible for diseases that occur mostly in ruminants. ETX is produced in the form of an inactive prototoxin that becomes proteolytically-activated by several proteases. A recent ex vivo study using caprine intestinal contents demonstrated that ETX prototoxin is processed in a step-wise fashion into a stable, active ∼27 kDa band on SDS-PAGE. When characterized further by mass spectrometry, the stable ∼27 kDa band was shown to contain three ETX species with varying C-terminal residues; each of these ETX species is cytotoxic. This study also demonstrated that, in addition to trypsin and chymotrypsin, proteases such as carboxypeptidases are involved in processing ETX prototoxin. Once absorbed, activated ETX species travel to several internal organs, including the brain, where this toxin acts on the vasculature to cross the blood-brain barrier, produces perivascular edema and affects several types of brain cells including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In addition to perivascular edema, affected animals show edema within the vascular walls. This edema separates the astrocytic end-feet from affected blood vessels, causing hypoxia of nervous system tissue. Astrocytes of rats and sheep affected by ETX show overexpression of aquaporin-4, a membrane channel protein that is believed to help remove water from affected perivascular spaces in an attempt to resolve the perivascular edema. Amyloid precursor protein, an early astrocyte damage indicator, is also observed in the brains of affected sheep. These results show that ETX activation in vivo seems to be more complex than previously thought and this toxin acts on the brain, affecting vascular permeability, but also damaging neurons and other cells.
Real-Kompetition: Re-Designing the Design Process of Competition Systems Fit for Life Cycles

This analysis is an attempt to consolidate suggestions relating to the design process around competition systems can learn from the cumulative past experience to aid designing of new competition systems and revising the designs of existing competition systems. The paper posits as “RealKompetition” framework as key element in success of a competition system that is geared towards realization of development goals. To this end, the paper compiles a compendium of reflections that are based upon realistic considerations in light of the competition agencies´ lifecycles.
Jesus’s Brother and the Chinese Periphery

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom generated one of the most cataclysmic rebellions in history. It rose from a tiny upstart religious sect in an inaccessible backwater to capture the economic core of China and nearly topple the Qing Dynasty. From a few hundred adherents calling themselves God Worshipers (Bai Shangdi Ren) in 1845, the movement had thousands of followers by 1851 when it named itself the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and founded a new dynasty.6 It had an army of over a million when it captured Nanjing in 1853 and proclaimed the city its new Heavenly Capital, Tianjing (Michael, 1966–71, I:70). The dead far exceeded 10 million.