cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in 3D particle-in-cell modeling of heavy ion beam transport in quadrupole focusing channels

The authors discuss the use of discrete-particle simulations to model beam transport during the pulse-compression stage of a heavy-ion fusion accelerator. Recent efforts have concentrated on the development and application of an emittance diagnostic. They do not directly calculate the x-x' emittance of all particles which cross a particular axial plane during the current step. Instead, they work with all particles within any of several comoving windows in z. The emittance calculated for any finite-length window is erroneously large, but it is (to a good approximation) linear in the window length, for short windows that do not span the edge of a lens. Thus, the authors use overlapping windows of different lengths, and by extrapolating to zero window length, they obtain a true local x-x' (or y-y') emittance with good statistics. The authors have also developed a formalism for modeling a bent beam using a time-dependent simulation algorithm that differs only minimally from that used for a straight beam. >
Wavefront orientation effects on bipolar epicardial electrograms

It is determined whether information about wavefront orientation could be extracted from electrograms recorded from bipolar electrodes with poles 2 mm apart. Wavefront orientation was measured by using the line connecting the poles of each bipolar electrode as one side of the angle and the tangent to the approaching wavefront at the center of the electrode pair as the other side. Electrograms recorded from sites with small angle wavefront orientation (0 degrees >
Rational Rationing or Discrimination: Balancing Equity and Efficiency Considerations in Kidney Allocation

After six years of deliberation, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network recently released a concept document proposing changes to the kidney allocation algorithm, sparking a heated debate about priority-setting of scarce health resources and discrimination. Proponents of the proposal argue that it will result in an additional 15,223 life years following transplant annually for recipients, yet the benefit will not be equally distributed and will likely benefit younger patients. Critics argue the new model will promote age discrimination and may lead to a further decrease in live kidney donation. If true, these concerns could undermine fairness and damage public trust in the organ allocation system. We address these objections and consider their merit, highlighting both benefits and shortcomings of the proposal. We argue that, despite weaknesses of the proposal and the importance of maintaining consistency in patient and provider expectations over time, the proposal represents a needed first step in balancing equity and efficiency.
Derivative Expansion of Renormalization Group Effective Potentials for Scalar Field Theories

This paper has been withdrawn to address an omission. It will be resubmitted in the near future.
Materials for microfabricated implantable devices: a review

The application of microfabrication to the development of biomedical implants has produced a new generation of miniaturized technology for assisting treatment and research. Microfabricated implantable devices (μID) are an increasingly important tool, and the development of new μIDs is a rapidly growing field that requires new microtechnologies able to safely and accurately function in vivo. Here, we present a review of μID research that examines the critical role of material choice in design and fabrication. Materials commonly used for μID production are identified and presented along with their relevant physical properties and a survey of the state-of-the-art in μID development. The consequence of material choice as it pertains to microfabrication and biocompatibility is discussed in detail with a particular focus on the divide between hard, rigid materials and soft, pliable polymers.
OTX2 Transcription Factor Controls Regional Patterning within the Medial Ganglionic Eminence and Regional Identity of the Septum

Summary The Otx2 homeodomain transcription factor is essential for gastrulation and early neural development. We generated Otx2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice to investigate its roles in telencephalon development after neurulation (approximately embryonic day 9.0). We conducted transcriptional profiling and in situ hybridization to identify genes de-regulated in Otx2 cKO ventral forebrain. In parallel, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify enhancer elements, the OTX2 binding motif, and de-regulated genes that are likely direct targets of OTX2 transcriptional regulation. We found that Otx2 was essential in septum specification, regulation of Fgf signaling in the rostral telencephalon, and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) patterning, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis. Within the MGE, Otx2 was required for ventral, but not dorsal, identity, thus controlling the production of specific MGE derivatives.
Arthroscopic Distal Clavicle Resection For Isolated Atraumatic Osteolysis in Weight Lifters

Ten consecutive patients with isolated atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle who had failed results with conservative treatment were treated with arthroscopic resection of the involved distal clavicle (average, 4.5 mm). All patients were men with an average age of 30.4 years, had unilateral involvement, and were considered aggressive amateur to elite weight lifters or bodybuilders. Postoperative symptoms consisted of pain at the incision and discomfort from extravasation of the irrigation fluid. At an average followup of 18.7 months, all patients had returned to their sport (average, 3.2 days) and to their preoperative weight training program (average, 9.1 days). They continued to be asymptomatic throughout the follow-up period and were able to increase both their training volume and strength from preoperative levels. Limited arthroscopic resection of the distal clavicle for isolated atraumatic osteolysis is a viable alternative for the weight lifter or bodybuilder. The ability to continue training without significant interruption as well as a more acceptable cosmetic appearance are benefits for these patients. Limited arthroscopic resection of the distal clavicle may be sufficient for this entity in this patient population, rather than the 1 to 2 cm previously reported. A sport-specific functional outcome questionnaire has been developed for this patient population.
A spectrophotometric assay for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

Abstract The present paper describes a new spectrophotometric assay for HGPRTase activity which is more rapid than and as sensitive as the isotopic assays for this enzyme and which avoids the use of high-voltage electrophoresis and liquid scintillation counting. A simple technique using thin-layer chromatography for the separation of the nucleotide, inosinic acid, from its free base, hypoxanthine, is proposed in preference to the presently employed separation systems of high-voltage electrophoresis or column chromatography.
Electronic spectroscopy of highly-polar aromatics. V. The polar excimer of N, N-dialkyl-p-cyanoaniline

Abstract The fluorescence spectra of N, N-dialkyl- p -cyanoanilines in fluid media have been re-examined. The long-wavelength fluorescence, previously attributed to a solvated 1 L a → 1 A 1 fluorescence, is interpreted as an excimer fluorescence, an assignment which is supported by concentration dependence studies and quenching experiments. The temperature dependence of the excimer/ monomer fluorescence intensity ratio indicates that excimer formation is a diffusion controlled process. The binding energy of the excimer is found to be independent of the nature of the solvent and to be smaller than those values estimated for excimers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Solvent viscosity, solvent polarity and specific solvent-solute interactions affect the excimer/monomer fluorescence intensity and these effects are interpreted. The geometry of the excimer is also discussed.
Differential Toxicity of Aluminum Salts in Human Cell Lines of Neural Origin: Implications for Neurodegeneration

Abstract Aluminum is highly oxophilic and its minerals are usually found surrounded by six oxygen atoms. A role for the metal has been established in dialysis encephalopathy and Al-induced osteomalacia. The metal has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease but the issue is at present controversial. Human cell lines of neural origin were utilized to study the effect of lipophilic aluminum acetylacetonate and non-lipophilic aluminum sulfate on cell proliferation and viability. Although analysis of Al species in the cell culture media demonstrated that there are positively charged Al species present in solutions prepared with both Al salts, only the aluminum acetylacetonate salt caused changes in cell proliferation and viability. Therefore, the lipophilic nature of the organic Al salt is a critical determinant of toxicity. The effect of aluminum acetylacetonate was dose-dependent and time-dependent. Neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells were more susceptible to decreased cell proliferation although the lipophilic Al salt was more toxic to the glioblastoma (T98G) cells. While the toxicity of aluminum acetylacetonate was inhibited in the T98G cells by the addition of phosphate, the same treatment did not reverse cell death in the SK-N-SH cells. Thus, the mechanism of Al toxicity appears to be different in the two cell lines. It is possible that the principal neurotoxic target of the metal is glial and when these cells are in a compromised state, this may secondarily impact the neuronal population and thus eventually lead to neurodegeneration.
Hepatic lymphangioma: a rare cause of abdominal pain in a 30-year-old female.

Background Lymphangiomas are rare tumours usually found in the paediatric population in extra abdominal sites.
Behavioral and metabolic alterations in the opiate withdrawal syndrome induced by lesions of fasciculus retroflexus

The interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) appears to be an important integrative center within the limbic system based on its extensive afferent and efferent connections and the presence of numerous neurotransmitters and peptides. Opiate receptors are present within particular subregions of IPN, which is one of the limbic structures showing an increase in regional glucose utilization (RGU) during withdrawal of morphine-addicted rats. The possible role of neural connections in withdrawal was studied by lesioning the main afferent pathway to IPN, the fasciculus retroflexus (FR) bilaterally. Four subnuclei of IPN, lateral, central, rostral and intermediate and FR showed significantly smaller increases in RGU during naloxone-induced withdrawal when compared to sham-operated controls. No difference was found in the apical, dorsal medial or dorsal lateral subnuclei. This metabolic effect of the lesions is not related in any simple way to the localization of opiate receptors or other neurochemical features of IPN. The lesioned animals also had greater weight loss due to diarrhea during withdrawal, consistent with IPN's presumed connection to the vagal nuclei. IPN appears to exhibit local and independent effects of FR lesions during opiate withdrawal.
Multilayered disease-mimicking bladder phantom with realistic surface topology for optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown potential as a complementary modality to white light cystoscopy (WLC), the gold standard for imaging bladder cancer. OCT can visualize sub-surface details of the bladder wall, which enables it to stage cancers and detect tumors that are otherwise invisible to WLC. Currently, OCT systems have too slow a speed and too small a field of view for comprehensive bladder imaging, which limits its clinical utility. Validation and feasibility testing of technological refinements aimed to provide faster imaging and wider fields of view necessitates a realistic bladder phantom. We present a novel process to fabricate the first such phantom that mimics both the optical and morphological properties of layers of the healthy and pathologic bladder wall as they characteristically appear with OCT. The healthy regions of the silicone-based phantom comprises three layers: the urothelium, lamina propria and muscularis propria, each containing an appropriate concentration of titanium dioxide to mimic its distinct scattering properties. As well, the layers each possess a unique surface appearance imposed by a textured mold. Within this phantom, pathologic tissue-mimicking regions are created by thickening specific layers or creating inclusions that disrupt the layered appearance of the bladder wall, as is characteristic of bladder carcinomas. This phantom can help to evaluate the efficacy of new OCT systems and software for tumor localization. Moreover, the procedure we have developed is highly generalizable for the creation of OCT-relevant, multi-layer phantoms for tissues that incorporate diseased states characterized by the loss of layered structures.
Two families of flag-transitive affine planes

Two families of flag-transitive nondesarguesian affine planes of odd order are defined, and isomorphisms among the various planes are studied.
Late Pleistocene Glacial Events and Relative Sea-Level Changes in the Northern Puget Lowland, Washington

During the late Pleistocene the Vashon glacier, a lobe of Cordilleran ice which at its maximum was 5300–7000 feet thick in northern Washington, occupied most of the Puget Lowland. During a late stage in the recession of the glacier when the ice was no more than a few hundred feet thick marine waters entered the area, floating the ice. Organisms living on the sea floor were incorporated in glaciomarine drift deposited beneath the floating ice. Radiocarbon dates from shells in the drift indicate an age of 11,660 ± 350 years (W-996). Several hundred feet of emergence followed, during which fluvial and lacustrine sediments were deposited. A radiocarbon date from wood at the base of these sediments indicates deposition had begun by 11,640 ± 275 years ago (W-940). A readvance of ice into northern Washington from British Columbia coincided with submergence of the lowland. Marine water and floating ice again covered the area depositing a second glaciomarine drift in places now at least 400 feet, and perhaps as high as 600 feet above sea level. Radiocarbon dates of 11,800 ± 400 (I-1037) and 10,370 ± 300 (I-1035) were obtained from wood in the deposits of two localities. Emergence and deposition of till and outwash occurred near the Canadian border about 11,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic relationships suggest that 350 feet of emergence, 500–700 feet of submergence, and emergence of 500–700 feet occurred in a period of only 1000–2000 years. These changes in relative sea level during such a short period may have resulted from a combination of two opposed tendencies, isostatic uplift of the land due to glacial unloading, and custatic rise of sea level, superimposed on tectonic movement.
On the Primakoff plot of muon capture in complex nuclei

Abstract An argument analogous to that used for the description of the giant resonance phenomenon in Fermi gas model is presented to understand the Primakoff plot of muon capture in complex nuclei.
Back-Scattering Characteristics of the Sea in the Region from 10 to 50 KMC

Measurements of radiation back scattering from the ocean have been made over the frequency range from 10 to 50 kmc by means of several cw, Doppler, micro?ave systems operating simultaneously. The systems were mounted on the bow of a ship and various antenna depression angles from 0° (horizontal) to 90° were used. Data were obtained for vertical, horizontal, and circular polarization, and for the cross-polarized component of vertically polarized radiation. Horn antennas of 20-db gain were used at all of the operating frequencies and, in addition, higher and lower gain antennas were used at certain selected frequencies. Signals recorded from a variety of sea conditions have been used to calculate the back-scattering cross section per unit area, ?°, and these calculations indicate that ?° is nearly constant with microwave frequency and increases as the antenna depression angle is increased. The Doppler frequency characteristics of the returned signals have also been obtained from these measurements. A comparison is made between the experimental results and the characteristics predicted from simple scattering mechanisms.
40Ar/39Ar dating of Chemeron Formation strata encompassing the site of hominid KNM-BC 1, Tugen Hills, Kenya

A fossil hominid temporal bone (KNM-BC 1) from surface exposures at Baringo Paleontological Research Project site BPRP#2 in the Chemeron Formation outcropping in a tributary drainage of the Kapthurin River west of Lake Baringo, Kenya has been attributed to Homo sp. indet. K-feldspar phenocrysts from lapilli tuffs bracketing the inferred fossiliferous horizon yield single-crystal(40)Ar/(39)Ar ages of 2.456+/-0.006 and 2.393+/-0.013 Ma. These age determinations are supported by stratigraphically consistent ages on higher tuff horizons and from nearby sections. In addition, new(40)Ar/(39)Ar ages on tuffaceous units near the base and top of the formation along the Kapthurin River yield 3.19+/-0.03 and 1.60+/-0.05 Ma respectively. The base of the formation along the Kapthurin River is thus approximately 0.5 Ma younger than the uppermost Chemeron Formation strata exposed at Tabarin, 23 km to the north-northwest. The upper half of the formation along the Kapthurin River was deposited at an average rate of approximately 11 cm/ka, compared to 21-23 cm/ka at Tabarin.
Intensity discrimination, increment detection, and magnitude estimation for 1‐kHz tones

Intensity difference limens (DLs) were measured over a wide intensity range for 200‐ms, 1‐kHz gated tones and for 200‐ms increments in continuous 1‐kHz tones. Magnitude estimates also were obtained for the gated tones over a comparable intensity range. The discrimination data are in general agreement with those from earlier studies but they extend them by showing: (1) good discrimination for gated tones over at least a 115‐dB dynamic range; (2) a slight increase in the relative DL (ΔI/I) as intensity increases above 95 dB SPL; (3) smaller DLs for increments than for gated tones, with the difference approximately independent of intensity; (4) negligible ‘‘negative masking’’ when thresholds are expressed as intensity differences (ΔI). For two of the three subjects, magnitude estimates do not conform to a single‐exponent power law for suprathreshold intensities. Over the middle range of intensities where a single exponent is appropriate, the value of the exponent is less than 0.1 for all subjects.
Feralization: The making of wild domestic animals.

The widely accepted viewpoint that feralization is the reverse of domestication requires that the feralization process be restricted to populations of animals and, therefore, cannot occur in individuals. An alternative, ontogenetic approach is presented in which feralization is defined as the process by which individual domestic animals either become desocialized from humans, or never become socialized, and thus behave as untamed, non-domestic animals. Feralization will vary among species and, intraspecifically, will depend upon an individual's age and history of socialization to humans. Because feralization is not equated with morphological change resulting from evolutionary processes, species formation is not an accurate indicator of feral condition.
Are Proterozoic cap carbonates and isotopic excursions a record of gas hydrate destabilization following Earth's coldest intervals?

Regionally persistent, thin intervals of carbonate rock directly and ubiquitously overlie Proterozoic glacial deposits on almost every continent, and are commonly referred to as cap carbonates. Their unusual facies, stratigraphically abrupt basal and upper contacts, and strongly negative carbon isotopic signature (δ13C values between ∼0‰ and −5‰) suggest a chemical oceanographic origin, the details of which remain unresolved. Here we propose that these enigmatic deposits are related to the destabilization of gas hydrate in terrestrial permafrost following rapid postglacial warming and flooding of widely exposed continental shelves and interior basins. Supporting evidence for this hypothesis includes (1) the common occurrence within the cap carbonates of unusual fabrics, similar to those produced by cold methane seeps; (2) a distinctive time evolution for the carbon isotopic excursions indicative of a pulse addition of isotopically depleted carbon to the ocean- atmosphere system; and (3) agreement between mass-balance estimates of carbon released by hydrate destabilization and carbon buried in the cap carbonate. We infer that during times of low-latitude glaciation, characteristic of the Neoproterozoic, gas hydrates may have been in greater abundance than at any other time in Earth history.
The Epidemiology and Toxicology of TCDD

The toxicology and epidemiology of dioxin is a broad subject, so I will very briefly review the animal toxicology, then the early studies we conducted here in Missouri and finally other human aspects of TCDD exposure. Figure i is the chemical structure of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. There are many other chlorinated dibenzodioxin isomers, and the term dioxin is used very loosely. For some isomers, the chlorines are not in the 2,3,7,8 position, but in other places. Some of those isomers are not nearly as toxic as the TCDD; an important point to remember. For instance, the octochlorodibenzodioxin, which is completely chlorinated, has an LD50 of about 2 grams per kilogram body weight. Table i. Chlorinated compounds in samples of soil and oil
Sweetened Plain and Flavored Carbonated Yogurt Beverages

Abstract Sweetened plain and strawberry-flavored carbonated yogurt beverages without free whey were developed. Yogurts, after blending with a 12% sucrose solution and additionally with flavor extract, were carbonated under .5 kg/cm 2 at 4°C. Sweetened flavored yogurt beverages contained 15.5% total solids, 2.8% protein, 1.5% fat, .5% ash, and 10.7% carbohydrates. Carbonation of chilled sweetened plain yogurt beverages at .5kg carbon dioxide/cm 2 at 4°C retarded acid development during cold storage with excellent quality being maintained in the product for 4 mo at 4.4°C. Sweetened plain noncarbonated yogurt beverage controls were unacceptable within 30 days. A consumer acceptance test statistically conducted with strawberry-flavored carbonated yogurt beverages showed that 89.8% of the respondents liked the product and 5.1% disliked it. A hydrolyzed whey concentrate as a replacement for the 12% sucrose solution produced less acceptable, flavored carbonated yogurt beverages.
Microcomputer technology and regional planning in the developing world

Abstract This paper examines the role of microcomputers in regional planning in the developing world. It begins by examining the potential benefits of using microcomputers in the third world and the fundamental obstacles which limit their effectiveness in this environment. The paper then considers three microcomputer applications for third world regional planning: planning software, electronic spreadsheets, and database management. The paper concludes by examining organizational and institutional issues associated with the diffusion and use of microcomputer-based planning tools in the developing world.
Confocal imaging of whole vertebrate embryos reveals novel insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of organ development

Confocal microscopy has been an invaluable tool for studying cellular or sub-cellular biological processes. The study of vertebrate embryology is based largely on examination of whole embryos and organs. The application of confocal microscopy to immunostained whole mount embryos, combined with three dimensional (3D) image reconstruction technologies, opens new avenues for synthesizing molecular, cellular and anatomical analysis of vertebrate development. Optical cropping of the region of interest enables visualization of structures that are morphologically complex or obscured, and solid surface rendering of fluorescent signal facilitates understanding of 3D structures. We have applied these technologies to whole mount immunostained mouse embryos to visualize developmental morphogenesis of the mammalian inner ear and heart. Using molecular markers of neuron development and transgenic reporters of neural crest cell lineage we have examined development of inner ear neurons that originate from the otic vesicle, along with the supporting glial cells that derive from the neural crest. The image analysis reveals a previously unrecognized coordinated spatial organization between migratory neural crest cells and neurons of the cochleovestibular nerve. The images also enable visualization of early cochlear spiral nerve morphogenesis relative to the developing cochlea, demonstrating a heretofore unknown association of neural crest cells with extending peripheral neurite projections. We performed similar analysis of embryonic hearts in mouse and chick, documenting the distribution of adhesion molecules during septation of the outflow tract and remodeling of aortic arches. Surface rendering of lumen space defines the morphology in a manner similar to resin injection casting and micro-CT.
Examination of continuum and micro-structural properties of human vertebral cancellous bone using combined cellular solid models

Two- and three-dimensional structural models of the vertebral body have been used to estimate the mechanical importance of parameters that are difficult to quantify experimentally such as lattice disorder, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, connectivity, and fabric. Many of the models that investigate structure-function relationships of the vertebral body focus only on the trabecular architecture and neglect solid-fluid interactions. We developed a cellular solid model composed of two idealized unit cell geometries to investigate the continuum and micro-structural properties of human vertebral cancellous bone in a mathematically tractable model. Using existing histomorphological data we developed structure-function relationships for the mechanical properties of the solid phase, estimated the micro-structural strains, and predicted the fluid flow characteristics. We found that the micro-structural strains may be 1.7 to 2.2 times higher than the continuum level strains between the ages of 40 and 80. In addition, the predicted permeability agrees well with the experimental data.
Sarcomas and related proliferative lesions of specialized prostatic stroma: a clinicopathologic study of 22 cases.

Sarcomas and related proliferative lesions of the specialized prostatic stroma have been the subject of case reports and, thus, have not been well characterized. We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 22 cases and studied the immunohistochemical profile of 9. Patient age ranged from 25 to 86
Impacting the Science Attitudes of Minority High School Youth

A study involving urban, minority high school students in a supplemental education program was conducted during 1989 to test the null hypothesis that no relationship exists between exposure to program activities and changes in mathematics performance or attitude towards science. The treatment activities integrated science, with language arts, mathematics, computers and counseling and enabled students to discuss matters of concern and the relationship of these concerns to their academic work and to future success in careers based in science and mathematics. Mathematics performance data were analyzed using ANOVA (premath X group, postmath X group), and t-test/pairs (premath vs. postmath). Pre- and postreatment data on attitude towards science were rank ordered, paired and analyzed using the Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test. The findings reveal a significantly positive treatment effect. In spite of the caution suggested by the limited sample, exposure to the treatment has resulted in an increased positive effect, not only upon attitude towards science, but also upon mathematics performance.
Using logic in a model-based approach to object recognition

A model-based object recognition system, predicated on logic as a method of modeling, describing, and identifying objects, is proposed. Users supply the object recognition system with models of known object classes in the form of production rules. The system describes each instance of an object found within an image scene as a collection of facts. The modeled rules act upon these facts in a Prolog environment to obtain an interpretation of the original image scene. Since users supply the object models and the Prolog environment supplies the inference mechanism for interpretation, the primary task of the object recognition system is the description process. For each object instance identified within the image scene, declarative statements are formulated which represent observed components, features, or attributes of that object. The description of an object instance is restricted to its geometric components which are derived from a skeleton or stick-figure representation of a 2-D silhouette portrayal of an object found in the original image scene. Therefore, object classifications can be modeled in a general way so that the size and orientation of the object is independent of that model. Sample results are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microtubule Capture by Mitotic Kinesin Centromere Protein E (CENP-E)

Background: CENP-E is a processive kinesin that is required for chromosome congression and stable chromosome biorientation. Results: CENP-E exhibits unusually slow microtubule collision coupled with slow ADP release. Conclusion: This novel ATPase cycle may favor CENP-E binding of stable kinetochore microtubules over dynamic microtubules. Significance: This study may enhance our understanding of the role of CENP-E in mitosis and meiosis.
Exploring the Influence of Local Policy Networks on the Implementation of Drug Policy Reform: The Case of California's Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act

The network theme has emerged as an important component of public management and public policy research. Previous inquiries into policy networks have often relied on a limited number of cases making it difficult to assess the systematic influence of policy network characteristics on policy outputs and outcomes across different contextual environments. Using a study of California's Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), this research investigates whether variation in county implementation network structural characteristics and network behavior facilitates (or impedes) effective implementation of the initiative. Incorporating original survey data, results show that greater policy goal congruence, policy expertise, and financial resources, and the presence of joint governance structures that build capacity for collective action improves client drug treatment completion rates across California's 58 counties. How a county network targets SACPA funds and communication levels within a network are also shown to influence treatment completion.
A sequential game perspective and optimization of the smart grid with distributed data centers

The emergence of cloud computing has established a trend towards building massive, energy-hungry, and geographically distributed data centers. Due to their enormous energy consumption, data centers are expected to have major impact on the electric grid by significantly increasing the load at locations where they are built. Dynamic energy pricing policies in the recently proposed smart grid technology can incentivize the cloud computing central controller to shift the computation load towards data centers located in regions with cheaper electricity. Moreover, data centers and cloud computing also provide opportunities to help the smart grid with respect to robustness and load balancing. To gain insights into these opportunities, we consider an interaction system of the smart grid and cloud computing. We provide the sequential game formulation of the interaction system, under two different dynamic pricing scenarios: the power-dependent pricing and the time-ahead pricing. The two players in the sequential games are the smart grid controller that sets the energy price signal and the cloud computing central controller that performs resource allocation among data centers. The objective of the smart grid controller is to maximize its own profit and perform load balancing among power buses, while the objective of the cloud computing controller is to maximize its own profit with respect to the location-dependent price signal. Based on the backward induction principle, we derive the optimal or near-optimal strategies for the two players in the sequential game using convex optimization and effective heuristic search techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential game-based optimization framework on profit maximization and load balancing.
Flame synthesis of Y2O3:Eu nanophosphors using ethanol as precursor solvents

Y2O3:Eu nanophosphors were prepared by flame synthesis using ethanol or water as precursor solutions. The effects of precursor solvents and flame temperature on particle size, morphology, and photoluminescence intensity were investigated. The results showed that flame synthesis using ethanol solution could produce nanoparticles with better homogeneity, smoother surface structure, and stronger photoluminescence intensity than using water. It was found that the concentration quenching limit of the as-prepared nanophosphors from both ethanol and water solution was 18 mol% Eu, which is higher than the reported limit at similar particle size. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that the ethanol precursor solvent produced monoclinic phase Y2O3:Eu nanoparticles at a lower flame temperature than previously reported. It was also shown that the particle size could be controlled by varying the precursor concentration and flame temperature.
Osteomalacia and spontaneous fractures in twins with congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease.

Summary Identical twin girls with congenital cytomegalovirus hepatitis developed severe intestinal malabsorption and osteomalacia; one had three spontaneous pathologic freactures. Evaluation of the latter twin suggested that hepatitis had resulted in the malabsorption of vitamin D and/or calcium. There was a good response to large oral doses of vitamin D. Severe osteomalacia may occur in infants with neonatal hepatitis, but these complications have not been reported previously in cytomegalic inclusion disease.
Heparin requirements in pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis: a prospective study.

To investigate the relationship between the clinical diagnosis of thromboembolic disease and heparin requirements for anticoagulation, we prospectively studied 31 patients suspected to have either deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Six had the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism confirmed by a combination of ventilation and perfusion scans with pulmonary angiography, eight had venograms showing deep vein thrombosis, seven had diseases which mimicked pulmonary embolism, and ten had normal venograms. These four diagnostic groups were not significantly different with respect to heparin requirements during the first 24 hours of therapy (mean +/- S.D. = 426 +/- 105, 507 +/- 105, 434 +/-79, and 457 +/- 46 units/kg per 24 hours, respectively). Patients with pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis did not differ significantly with respect to heparin requirements (UNITS/kg per 24 hours) on the second (386 +/- 108 vs. 439 +/- 127), third (415 +/- 136 vs. 464 +/- 130), and fourth (374 +/- 104 vs. 418 +/- 127) days of therapy. Our data suggest that the clinical diagnosis does not affect the dose of heparin necessary to anticoagulate patients with pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.
Unsteady flow structure and surface pressure due to translation of a cylinder past an elliptical leading-edge

Abstract Translation of a cylinder past an elliptical leading-edge induces three basic classes of flow structure: a jet-like injection between the cylinder and the edge, which inhibits large-scale vortex formation; formation of a large-scale vortical structure that translates along the surface of the edge; and formation of small-scale vortices from the cylinder in the absence of either of the two types of previous patterns. These three classes of flow structure occur at successively higher values of translations velocity of the cylinder. There are two principal contributions to the unsteady surface pressure. The first is that arising from the cylinder-induced distortion of the flow. This inviscid distortion corresponds to a pressure wave along the surface of the edge having infinite propagation speed. The second is associated with the vortical disturbances arising from the cylinder-edge interaction; the corresponding pressure wave has a propagation speed of the speed of the order of the free-stream velocity. At low translational velocities of the cylinder, the latter type of pressure disturbance dominates, while at higher values of cylinder velocity, the former contribution becomes relatively large. In this case, the minimum pressure amplitude occurs neither at the tip of the edge nor at large distances downstream of it. Rather, it occurs in an intermediate region downstream of the tip where the inviscid distortion effect becomes small and the contribution from the vortical disturbance is still small due to the incomplete concentration of vorticity in the developing vortical structure along the surface of the edge.
“Runx”ing towards Sensory Differentiation

Somatosensory stimuli are encoded by molecularly and anatomically diverse classes of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. In this issue of Neuron, three papers demonstrate that the Runx transcription factors, Runx1 and Runx3, respectively regulate the molecular identities and spinal terminations of TrkA+ nociceptive neurons and TrkC+ proprioceptive neurons. These findings emphasize the importance of intrinsic genetic programs in generating the diversity of DRG neurons and specifying the circuits into which they incorporate.
Dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery in single crystals of nickel and copper

Abstract The characteristics of dynamic recrystallization in χ sf μb becomes important; it makes Ni more like Cu than Al. A change in the substructures observed both before and after dynamic recrystallization occurs at the same transition temperature. In the medium-high temperature regime ( 0.5 T T m ), the deformation structure consists of cell walls with some incipient subboundary sections; during dynamic recrystallization, twins are apparently emitted from the latter, perhaps owing to high local internal stresses. At very high temperatures (T> 0.75 Tm), sharp subboundaries develop during deformation; dynamic recrystallization corresponds to discontinuous subgrain growth, perhaps as a result of fluctuations in the dynamic balance at steady state.
Eight problems about nerode semirings (recursive ultrapowers)

Abstract Several problems that pertain to certain arithmetically well-behaved countable subsemirings of Λ, the semiring of isols, are discussed. This is relevant to the present volume memorializing the late John Myhill, in that Myhill was an early co-developer of the theory of Λ.
Intravillous eicosanoid compartmentalization and regulation of placental blood flow.

Objective: To determine the roles of the eicosanoids thromboxane and prostacyclin, and their compartmentalization, in the regulation of placental blood flow.Methods: First, the sites of production of thromboxane and prostacyclin were determined within the placental villus using immunohistochemical staining for thromboxane and prostacyclin synthetase. Second, the production of both eicosanoids was studied in cultured trophoblasts and compared with that in the villous core by measuring the metabolites thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α. Finally, eicosanoid production was assessed in intact villi after stimulation by an acute change in oxygen content, 5% to 95%.Results: Immunohistochemical staining showed that thromboxane production was primarily within the trophoblasts, whereas prostacyclin production was localized to the endothelial cells within the villi. In culture, we found preferential production of prostacyclin by the villous core cells and increased production of thromboxane by trophoblasts....
Fatigue Crack Growth from Compression Pre-Cracks

The compression pre-crack method can be used to develop near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates much quicker than the ASTM standard load shed method. The compression pre-crack method is faster than the standard method and eliminates load history effects that are of concern when the standard method is used. However, crack growth developed using the compression pre-cracking approach is susceptible to different load history effects. A suite of tests using the compression pre-crack method that were performed on AISI 9310 steel are presented in this paper. An approach for identifying the critical crack growth increments required to develop valid data is presented, and the effects of three potential mechanisms are evaluated. For these tests, the residual stress field resulting from the initial compression field appears to be the more important effect on crack growth behavior. Crack growth increments measured from the notch tip that are 2.5 times larger than the size of the plastic zone resulting from the compression pre-cracking are required in order to develop valid data on the fatigue crack growth rate.
Schur Complement Computations in Intel® Math Kernel Library PARDISO

This paper describes a method of calculating the Schur complement of a sparse positive definite matrix A. The main idea of this approach is to represent matrix A in the form of an elimination tree using a reordering algorithm like METIS and putting columns/rows for which the Schur complement is needed into the top node of the elimination tree. Any problem with a degenerate part of the initial matrix can be resolved with the help of iterative refinement. The proposed approach is close to the “multifrontal” one which was implemented by Ian Duff and others in 1980s. Schur complement computations described in this paper are available in Intel® Math Kernel Library (Intel® MKL). In this paper we present the algorithm for Schur complement computations, experiments that demonstrate a negligible increase in the number of elements in the factored matrix, and comparison with existing alternatives.
Reproducibility of Aerosol Photometer, Midget Impinger, and Membrane Filter Counts for Limestone and Coal Dusts

Abstract The curves of error for dust counts were developed for counts made by aerosol photometer, midget impinger, and membrane filter procedures. The interrelation of counts by different procedures were studied. With limestone dust, the counts by the aerosol photometer were most reproducible and those by midget impinger were least reproducible. The type of dust and the particle size affected the comparability of counts by the different procedures.
Measurement in the comparative study of the process of stratification

Abstract This paper considers the effect of measurement decisions on the substantive conclusions reached in the comparative study of status attainment. Specifically, models that feature refined measurement of occupational and educational attainment are compared to those that simply utilize Treiman's standard prestige score and years of schooling. The refined models, which employ multiple indicators of occupation and an effect-proportional score for educational attainment, are shown to produce results that differ from the simpler models.
Slope failure and denudation in the western Himalaya

Slope failures, glaciers, and rivers constitute the three main agents of denudation in the Himalaya. Failure of slopes is strongly controlled by bedrock geology, especially at plate terrane boundaries, although climatic and seismic controls of failure also occur. Slope-failure complexes in the western Himalaya studied for this report include the Pakhar, Kaghan, Nanga Parbat, and Atabad Hunza areas, with 23 different slope failures reported within all the complexes. Quantification of denudation by mass movement requires measurement of volumes and determination of timing of sediment emplacement and removal where possible, to obtain better data on recurrence intervals and total geomorphic work performed in formation of the landscape. The relation of mass movement to overall denudation by glaciers and rivers, and its role in catastrophic floods and debris entrainment is assessed.
The contribution of valves to saphenous vein graft resistance

Saphenous vein resistance influences graft flow rates and may affect graft patency in lower limb revascularization. To quantitate specifically the contribution of saphenous vein valves to this resistance, 10 human saphenous veins (mean length 68 cm, diameter 0.42 mm, and 5.2 valves per vein) were perfused with water under carefully controlled pressure gradients designed to simulate different peripheral resistances in the outflow bed. The Reynolds number was maintained at 350 to 600, within the physiologic range for in vivo grafts. Veins were perfused under both venous (10 mm Hg) and arterial (100 mm Hg) mean pressures to determine the effects of distension on the overall resistance of the conduit. The valves were bisected according to Leather's techniques and flow was measured in both directions, antegrade (simulating "reversed" grafts) and retrograde (simulating "in situ" grafts). Data (mean +/- standard error) were normalized to the baseline flow for each vein with intact valves and expressed as a percentage change. Data were analyzed by means of Student's t test (p less than 0.05). Baseline antegrade flow with intact valves averaged 71.0 +/- 3.0 ml/min at pressure gradients (delta P) of 10 mm Hg and 95.0 +/- 2.6 ml/min for delta P = 20 mm Hg. After valve incision, antegrade flow (reversed) increased an average of 29% at both pressure gradients. Retrograde flow (in situ) through the bisected valves was only 19% greater than baseline antegrade flow and was significantly less than antegrade flow through bisected valves. The difference is explained by theoretic considerations of stenosis area and orifice shape. The increases in flow did not correlate with vein length or diameter, nor did flow change with different distension pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Slip length and contact angle over hydrophobic surfaces

Abstract The relation between contact angle and slip length is explored using molecular dynamics for Couette flow of a Lennard–Jones fluid between graphite-like walls. Obtained results vary from the common notion that higher contact angles lead to greater slip and to more effective friction reduction. Effects of varying LJ parameters on contact angle and slip length are investigated parametrically. Results are shown in a 3D map, where the third dimension is the square root of the solid–fluid atom size ratio. The present data can be applied to developing artificial supersolvophobic surfaces that are fundamental to friction drag reduction on interfaces.