cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafiltration in Patients with Endstage Renal Disease

For the past 15 years maintenance hemodialysis has been the main technique utilized in the treatment of end-stage kidney disease. It has been successful in maintaining life in patients whose outlook was completely hopeless. Even if transplantation offers an attractive alternative, hemodialysis has remained the single most important treatment modality. More widespread use is limited only the technical complexity and the considerable economical impact of the procedure. Hemodialysis maintains patients with end-stage renal disease by replacing, to a certain extent at least, the excretory function of the failing kidneys. Considerable technical progress has been made over the years to improve this function. Despite the improved efficiency and design of the dialysis apparatus, body composition remains deranged. It has been demonstrated that the size of the various fluid compartments are often abnormal, and plasma levels of a number of small molecular weight compounds remain above normal values (1–4). Moreover, there is evidence that large molecular weight substances normally excreted by the kidneys are incompletely cleared from the body, even by the most efficient dialysis apparatus (5–7). Furthermore, all of the clinical manifestations of renal failure are not caused by the retention in the body of substances which are normally excreted by the kidneys (8).
Normal and Benign Eeg Patterns

(1982). Normal and Benign Eeg Patterns. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3-31.
The Role of Genes on the Metabolism of Chemotherapeutic Agents and Their Impact on Toxicity

The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on several different patient ­factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, and genetics. A patient’s genetic composition strongly influences how chemotherapeutic agents are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Consequently, variations in genes that are responsible for these activities play a significant role in determining the prognostic outcome for patients. Studying and identifying these associated genes have been main foci of chemotherapy research, and much progress has been made in understanding the metabolic relationship between genes and chemotherapeutic agents. This understanding can be used to personalize chemotherapy regimens and ensure that treatment benefits outweigh treatment risks.
The Collective Black and Principles to Actions

DANNY BERNARD MARTIN is Chair of Curriculum and Instruction and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607; email: dbmartin@uic.edu. His research has focused primarily on understanding the salience of race and identity in Black learners’ mathematical experiences, taking into account sociohistorical and structural forces, community forces, school forces, and individual agency. COMMENTARY
Tightly regulated and inducible expression of dominant interfering dynamin mutant in stably transformed HeLa cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the successful use of the tetracycline-inducible expression system for the analysis of dynamin's function in receptor-mediated endocytosis and offers some practical advice for its establishment. Others have also used this system to establish stable cell lines inducibly expressing, for example, cyclins that regulate progression through the cell cycle. Earlier, detailed biochemical and morphological analysis of dynamin's function in the process of endocytic-coated vesicle formation required the generation of stable transformants. As endocytosis is important for cell viability, it was expected that the generation of stable transformants expressing mutant dynamin would require the use of an inducible expression system. Given these constraints, an optimal inducible system would allow stringent control of the expression of individual genes and enable a rapid and complete on/off switch of gene activity. Various inducible eukaryotic promoters responsive to heat shock, heavy metal ions, or hormones have been described. However, these were less desirable because of uncontrollable leakiness of the inactivated state and/or pleiotropic effects caused by the inducers themselves.
Linkage metrics for process reengineering

Process reengineering has emerged as a key approach to the improvement of productivity and quality in many areas, including software development. In this paper we present a comprehensive set of metrics designed to provide objectivity and rigor to the analysis and design activities that are part of process reengineering. The metrics are based on the linkage among the tasks in the organization, and measure linkage validity, connectivity, and reachability in support of the task analysis phase, and cohesion and coupling in support of the process design phase. We conclude with our experience in the use of these metrics in a software development organization.
Biology of natural killer cells in cancer and infection.

There are three subsets of circulating human lymphocytes: B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Natural killer cells are most easily identified on a peripheral smear by their characteris...
Timetable edge finding filtering algorithm for discrete cumulative resources

Edge Finding filtering algorithm is one of the reasons why Constraint Programming is a successful approach in the scheduling domain. However edge finding for cumulative resources was never as successful as edge finding for disjunctive resources. This paper presents a new variant of the edge finding algorithm which improves filtering by taking into account minimum capacity profile - a data structure known from timetabling algorithm. In comparison with standard and extended edge finding algorithms the new algorithm is stronger but it may need more iterations in order to reach the fixpoint. Time complexity of the algorithm is O(n2) where n is number of activities on the resource. We also propose further improvement of the filtering by incorporating some ideas from not-first/not-last and energetic reasoning algorithms. The filtering power of the algorithm is tested on computation of destructive lower bounds for 438 open RCPSP problems. For 169 of them we improve current best lower bound, in 9 cases backtrack free.
Using Gene Expression Modeling to Determine Biological Relevance of Putative Regulatory Networks

Identifying gene regulatory networks from high-throughput gene expression data is one of the most important goals of bioinformatics, but it remains difficult to define what makes a `good' network. Here we introduce Expression Modeling Networks (EMN), in which we propose that a `good' regulatory network must be a functioning tool that predicts biological behavior. Interaction strengths between a regulator and target gene are calculated by fitting observed expression data to the EMN. `Better' EMNs should have superior ability to model previously observed expression data. In this study, we generate regulatory networks by three methods using Bayesian network approach from an oxidative stress gene expression time course experiments. We show that better networks, identified by percentage of interactions between genes sharing at least one GO-Slim Biological Process terms, do indeed generate more predictive EMN's.
Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Science

Cosmology deals with the creation and evolution of the Universe. Detailed measurement of the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the most important unrealized goal in observational cosmology. Mapping these CMB anisotropies precisely will provide decisive and extraordinarily exciting measurements of the geometry, constitution, and early history of the universe. Future CMB anisotropy observations allow a stringent test of cosmological models and a precision determination of cosmological parameters of its standard model.
Extending Formal Reasoning with Support for Hardware Diagrams

Diagrams have been left as an informal tool in hardware reasoning, thus rendering them unacceptable representations within formal reasoning systems. We demonstrate some advantages of formally supporting diagrams in hardware verification systems via a simple example from the verification of a single-pulser.
A Gain-Of-Function Mutation in Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Increases Viscoelastic Load and Slows Shortening Velocity in Myocytes from Transgenic Mice

Cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a sarcomeric protein involved in the regulation of cardiac muscle contraction. Effects of cMyBP-C on contraction are thought to be mediated in part by limiting the interactions of actin and myosin to slow myocyte shortening velocity and power output. Although interactions with myosin S2 on the thick filament have been proposed as a way in which cMyBP-C could limit shortening velocity (e.g., by creating a drag force on myosin heads), interactions of cMyBP-C with actin could also account for slowed shortening velocity. For instance, cMyBP-C could create a drag that opposes filament sliding by transiently linking thick and thin filaments together. To explore this possibility we created transgenic mice that express a mutant cMyBP-C with a point mutation, L348P (human L352P), located in a conserved sequence within the regulatory M-domain that increases cMyBP-C binding to actin in vitro. We reasoned that if the mutation also enhanced binding to actin in sarcomeres then shortening velocity would be slowed in myocytes from L348P mice. Results show that transgenic mice expressing the L348P mutation are viable and that L348P cMyBP-C is expressed in sarcomeres. Permeabilized myocytes from transgenic mice showed altered force production including reduced maximal force and enhanced calcium sensitivity of tension. Shortening velocity and power output were significantly reduced whereas passive stiffness and myocyte visco-elasticity were significantly increased. Together these data are consistent with the idea that cMyBP-C creates an internal load in the sarcomere by binding to actin.
Addiction, procrastination, and failure points in decision-making systems

Redish et al. suggest that their failures-in-decision-making framework for understanding addiction can also contribute to improving our understanding of a variety of psychiatric disorders. In the spirit of reflecting on the significance and scope of their research, I briefly develop the idea that their framework can also contribute to improving our understanding of the pervasive problem of procrastination.
Unilateral asterixis after thalamic hemorrhage

A 48-year-old woman with uncontrolled hypertension had abrupt onset of headache. On examination she was drowsy and showed right-sided upper limb asterixis (video). CT scan …
Non- pleiotropic nature of the gal 3 mutation in yeast

Abstract The pleiotropic nature of three independant isolates of yeast galactose long-term adaptation mutants (termed gal 3) were investigated with respect to the effect of the mutation on the adaptation time of the mutants to their utilization of maltose. Enzyme induction and growth studies with homozygous diploids of the isolates and heterozygous diploid of two of the isolates demonstrate that the mutants readily induce for maltase and grow without delay on maltose as the sole source of carbon and energy, yet still exhibit the long-term adaptation phenotype with respect to the utilization of galactose.
Child care subsidies and the school readiness of children of immigrants.

This study is the first to test whether receipt of a federal child care subsidy is associated with children of immigrants' school readiness skills. Using nationally representative data (n ≈ 2,900), this study estimates the associations between subsidy receipt at age 4 and kindergarten cognitive and social outcomes, for children of immigrant versus native-born parents. Among children of immigrants, subsidized center-based care (vs. subsidized and unsubsidized home-based care) was positively linked with reading. Among children of native-born parents, those in subsidized center care displayed poorer math skills than those in unsubsidized centers, and more externalizing problems than those in unsubsidized home-based care.
A tool kit for new chairs.

Many chairs come to their position without the benefit of previous experience in the role of leading an academic department. The American Association of Chairs of Departments of Psychiatry (AACDP) identified the need for a manual designed to help a new chair get started. The “tool kit” that emerged contains sections that describe the AACDP, outline key issues and responsibilities of a department chair and review a variety of resources available to assist a new chair. The manual is used to supplement orientation sessions at AACDP meetings and is given to new chairs who are unable to attend these sessions.
Understanding right and left ventricular systolic function and interactions at rest and with exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension

The effort limitation in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is thought to result from an inability to increase cardiac output with exercise. The precise mechanism, however, is unknown. We studied right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) function and interactions in 16 patients with PPH with electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) at rest and during supine bicycle exercise. RV and LV volumes and masses were measured at systole and diastole, and ejection fraction and cardiac index computed. Resting RV end-diastolic volume (215 +/- 72 ml) and mass (110 +/- 45 g) were increased, whereas stroke volume (65 +/- 26 ml) and ejection fraction (31 +/- 8%) were decreased. LV end-diastolic volume (80 +/- 31 ml) was decreased, whereas ejection fraction remained normal (66 +/- 9%). Cardiac index was at the lower limit of normal (2.26 +/- 0.72 L/min/m2). During exercise, RV end-diastolic volume was unchanged (196 +/- 63 ml, p = NS) but stroke volume (52 +/- 29 ml, p < 0.05) and ejection fraction (26 +/- 10%, p = 0.08) decreased. LV end-diastolic (52 +/- 22 ml, p < 0.001), end-systolic (17 +/- 8 ml, p < 0.001), and stroke volumes (35 +/- 20 ml, p < 0.001) decreased, whereas ejection fraction (65 +/- 15%, p = NS) and cardiac index remained unchanged (2.17 +/- 0.93 L/min/m2, p = NS). the ratio of RV/LV stroke volume at rest (1.21 +/- 1.06) increased with exercise (1.74 +/- 1.13, p = 0.09).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Colorectal cancer. Principles of postoperative follow-up.

Monitoring patients after primary large bowel surgery for malignancy is predicated on the concept that early detection of recurrence may -provide salvage treatment for cure. Knowledge of the pathologic site and stage provides important information as to the probability of recurrence and the patterns of failure that are likely to occur. Available methods to detect recurrence include clinical, roentgenographic, and serum tests that are done more frequently during the first 2 years after surgery
Overexpression, purification, and analysis of complementation behavior of E. coli SuhB protein: comparison with bacterial and archaeal inositol monophosphatases.

The E. coli suhB gene product, which has been suggested to participate in posttranscriptional control of gene expression, also possesses inositol-1-phosphatase (I-1-Pase) activity. To test if SuhB ...
A Spectrum Scanning Stokes Polarimeter

A photoelectric polarimeter for measuring solar spectral line profiles in all four Stokes parameters has been built and operates on a 40 cm coronagraph in a joint project with Sacramento Peak Observatory. A description of the optical and electronic systems and the calibration scheme is presented. Performance parameters determined from observations are also given. The polarimeter package consisting of a pair of KDP's, a quarter wave plate, and a polarizing beam splitter is located at the prime focus of the coronograph. Modulation of the KDP's encodes polarization information into intensity signals that are electronically detected. The scanning of the spectrum, accomplished by rotating the grating, permits Stokes line profiles to be recorded on magnetic tape for processing. The instrument can be used to scan any line from 3900 to 7000A with a spectral resolution of .01A. Polarizations as small as .001 percent are detectable. The polarimeter and observing system are computer controlled.
Multimodality approach to staging renal cell carcinoma

Renal imaging has dramatically improved since the introduction of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and most recently magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. US and MR imaging are ideal for patients with compromised renal function preventing administration of iodinated contrast material or those who have experienced reactions to contrast. Staging errors occur due to limitations in assessing microscopic tumor invasion of the renal capsule and perinephric fat, detecting metastatic deposits in normal sized lymph nodes and differentiating inflammatory hyperplastic lymph nodes from neoplastic ones. These limitations are shared by US, CT, and MR imaging. Vascular invasion by tumor can be evaluated by all imaging modalities including venography. The advantages and limitations of each examination will be presented.
Flow control over a maneuvering delta wing at high angles of attack

The possibility of delaying vortex breakdown to higher angles of attack by employing control surfaces is studied experimentally. The effect of an apex flap is tested for fixed and dynamically pitching delta wings. Flow visualization, surface pressure measurements, and laser-Doppler velocimetry are employed to map out pressure, velocity, and vorticity fields. It is found that a drooping apex flap can delay vortex breakdown by an angle of 8 deg beyond the steady flow breakdown angle of attack. The apex flap effect is equally pronounced in dynamic maneuvers.
Homogenized elastic properties of honeycomb sandwich with skin effect

Abstract The adaptation of homogenization theory to periodic plates is presented and extended to include transverse shear deformation theory for a honeycomb sandwich. Based on the scaling asymptotic expansions about plate thickness δ for sandwiches with comparable characteristic periodicity e, the homogenization functions Π, U, and V are formulated implicitly in 3-D elliptical equations corresponding to the modes of transverse shear, in-plane stretch and out-plane bending. The solutions of these periodic functions are analytically obtained through a multi-pass homogenization technique that includes the first pass of a geometry-to-material transformation model and the second pass of 2-D unit cell homogenization. The derivation not only leads to analytical formulas of homogenized (To distinguish the homogenization between micro-scale and meso-scale, the term `homogenized' or `equivalent' is hereby used in meso-scale, corresponding to the term `effective' for micro-scale.) elastic stiffness of honeycomb sandwiches, but also demonstrates the significance of usually neglected skin effect on honeycomb computations. Finally, a periodic unit cell finite element modeling technique is developed to validate the analytical approach and further complement it with skin rigidity considered.
Purification of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen by immunosorbent chromatography

Abstract Immunosorbent chromatography employing monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) was used to purify this toxin from crude fermentation supernatant. Anti-PA MAB were coupled via CNBr to Sepharose CL-4B resin. The immunosorbent, 4 mg MAB/ml resin, had the capacity to bind 1 mg PA/ml resin. At this level PA was completely adsorbed from the inoculum and could be eluted in 2 m NaSCN to result in complete recovery of PA based on antigenic activity after consideration of the antigenic degradation of PA by NaSCN. Minor proteins due to PA degradation, as shown by immunoblot, were removed by gel permeation chromatography to provide a homogeneous product. These experiments represent the first report of the purification of PA by immunosorbent chromatography and illustrate that this technique is the only satisfactory way to purify homogenous PA.
Decreased spinal synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons elicit localized inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation

Phrenic motor neurons receive rhythmic synaptic inputs throughout life. Since even brief disruption in phrenic neural activity is detrimental to life, on-going neural activity may play a key role in shaping phrenic motor output. To test the hypothesis that spinal mechanisms sense and respond to reduced phrenic activity, anesthetized, ventilated rats received micro-injections of procaine in the C2 ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) to transiently (~30min) block axon conduction in bulbospinal axons from medullary respiratory neurons that innervate one phrenic motor pool; during procaine injections, contralateral phrenic neural activity was maintained. Once axon conduction resumed, a prolonged increase in phrenic burst amplitude was observed in the ipsilateral phrenic nerve, demonstrating inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF). Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and atypical PKC (aPKC) activity in spinal segments containing the phrenic motor nucleus impaired ipsilateral iPMF, suggesting a key role for spinal TNFα and aPKC in iPMF following unilateral axon conduction block. A small phrenic burst amplitude facilitation was also observed contralateral to axon conduction block, indicating crossed spinal phrenic motor facilitation (csPMF). csPMF was independent of spinal TNFα and aPKC. Ipsilateral iPMF and csPMF following unilateral withdrawal of phrenic synaptic inputs were associated with proportional increases in phrenic responses to chemoreceptor stimulation (hypercapnia), suggesting iPMF and csPMF increase phrenic dynamic range. These data suggest that local, spinal mechanisms sense and respond to reduced synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons. We hypothesize that iPMF and csPMF may represent compensatory mechanisms that assure adequate motor output is maintained in a physiological system in which prolonged inactivity ends life.
Evidence of airway obstruction in children with idiopathic scoliosis.

Restrictive pulmonary function abnormalities are reported in children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. We hypothesized that spirometry alone, without more extensive testing, including the measurement of lung volumes, is inadequate in characterizing lung function in these children and may miss obstructive abnormalities including significant gas trapping. To examine this hypothesis, we reviewed the pulmonary function tests of 44 children (36 female, 8 male) between the ages of 10 and 18 years with idiopathic scoliosis prior to surgical correction. Spirometry, measurements of lung volumes with both plethysmographic and helium dilution techniques, and bronchodilator response were analyzed for evidence of reversible airway obstruction and gas trapping. Eighteen of 44 (41%) subjects had significant restriction. Only 3 (7%) subjects met standard criteria for airflow obstruction. However, 20 (46%) subjects had an elevated total gas volume by plethysmography-functional residual capacity by helium dilution ratio indicative of moderate or severe gas trapping, 10 (23%) subjects showed mild gas trapping, 8 (18%) subjects had a ratio suggestive of gas trapping, and only 6 (14%) subjects were normal. Additionally, significant improvement in airway mechanics was noted after bronchodilator administration. Specific conductance improved in all subjects, with a mean increase of 62%±8.0 (p
Radiometric Determination of Platinum and Palladium Attrition from Automotive Catalysts

Automotive exhaust gas catalysts contain platinum and palladium as the active material on an alumina substrate. The loss rate of the active material from the catalyst under vehicle operating conditions was determined with a radiometric method in which radioactive platinum and palladium were used as tracers. Experiments with a commercial catalyst made radioactive by irradiation in a nuclear reactor indicated that a maximum of about 6 percent of the active material would be lost from the catalyst in 80,000 km. Experiments with a laboratory prepared catalyst containing 195mPt and 103Pd indicated that about 10 percent of the active material lost was water soluble, possibly in the form of halides.
Structure of murine polyomavirus complexed with an oligosaccharide receptor fragment

The polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedrally symmetrical particles with circular double-stranded DNA genomes. The outer shell of the virion contains 360 copies of viral protein VP1 (M(r) approximately 42K) arranged in pentamers. We report here the structure at 3.65 A resolution of murine polyomavirus ('polyoma') complexed with an oligosaccharide receptor fragment. This structure has been determined using the previously described model of simian virus 40 (SV40). Although very similar in structure to SV40, polyoma has interesting biological differences. Cell-surface N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid) is required for polyoma infectivity, but not for SV40. Polyoma attaches to the surface of susceptible cells by stereospecific recognition of oligosaccharides terminating in (alpha 2,3)-linked sialic acid. Studies of pathogenicity show that the specificity of viral binding to such oligosaccharides is an important determinant of the virus' ability to establish a disseminated infection and to induce tumours in the natural host. The complex described here show how polyoma recognizes the receptor fragment and how strains with different receptor specificities can distinguish between alternative ligands. The results also suggest an explanation for the large disparity in pathogenicity exhibited by strains differing in only one amino-acid residue of VP1.
Magnetic Cloud-Chamber Analysis of Cosmic Rays at 3.4 Kilometers

About 18,000 magnetic cloud-chamber photographs (magnetic field of 8000 Gauss) have been taken at an altitude of 3.4 kilometers at Climax, Colorado. These were counter-controlled with single counters above and below the chamber forming a twofold telescope. The photographs were taken under three conditions: with no absorber over the chamber, and with 5 and 20 cm of lead above the chamber. The momenta of singly occurring particles have been measured and plotted to give momentum distributions. With sufficient absorber over the chamber, selection of exposures showing a single track has the effect of eliminating electrons. The momentum spectrum of the residual particles (mesons and some protons) shows a distribution closely similar to that found for mesons at sea level. Contrary to previously published reports, no appreciable increase in the relative number of low energy mesons is found. Particles selected in this way show a positive to negative ratio of 1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 as compared to reported values of about 1.3 at sea level. This confirms previous reports of an increase in this ratio with altitude. However, it is shown that the increase in positive excess is due in part to a greater number of protons at higher altitudes, and it is suggested that the entire increase may be thus accounted for, the positive excess of mesons remaining constant with altitude. Some estimate has been made of the abundance of protons at 3.4 kilometers.
Fracture toughness of aluminum alloy plate determined with center-notch tension, single-edge-notch tension and notch-bend tests

Abstract The fracture toughness of 1−1 case3 8 in. plate of ten combinations of alloy and temper has been determined with center-notch tension (CN), single-edge-notch tension (SEN), and notch-bend (NB) tests; the latter were made in accordance with the ASTM E-24 Draft Recommended Practice. Valid values of K Ic were obtained in the NB tests of the high-strength alloys and tempers, and for these materials, there was fair agreement in the results obtained from the NB and SEN tests. The CN tests, which were made of large machine-notched panels, generally indicated higher values of K Ic , as expected. For the medium-strength alloys and tempers, no valid measurement of K Ic could be made, and there was wide variation in the values from the various tests; under these conditions, the test results cannot even be considered to be reliable relative measures of resistance to unstable crack growth. The results of this series of tests provide some information on the effect of specimen dimensions and of face-grooving on the results of SEN tests. Only the CN tests provided information on the mixed-mode fracture characteristics of the alloys; generally the thick plate demonstrated considerably more crack toughness than that indicated by the planestrain-intensity factor.
On the analysis of containment heat transfer following a LOCA

Abstract This paper is concerned with containment heat removal by steam condensation on passive heat sinks following a loss-of-coolant accident. A literature search and survey of technical publications including both experimental and analytical results that are relevant to the heat transfer mechanism inside the containment are summarized. Several small-scale experiments that relate to correlations used in licensing calculations as well as the large-scale Carolinas Virginia Tube Reactor Containment (CVTR) test data are discussed in detail. A theoretical model is then developed to predict the heat transfer rate. It is found that for the post-accident containment conditions, the heat transfer rate can be approximated by a closed form equation. The predictions compare favourably with various existing experimental data and offer logical explanations for the discrepancies among the data. It is observed that several crucial containment parameters are absent in the heat transfer correlations which are currently used for containment licensing calculations.
CONCERNING CHANGES IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI PRODUCED BY EXPERIMENTAL MEANS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIRULENCE.

1. Different strains of Trypanosoma lewisi represent different states of biological balance, especially between the powers of propagation and resistance to destruction. 2. The biological status of a given strain of Trypanosoma lewisi is subject to cyclic variations as the result of immunological reactions in the blood of the host. 3. The factors limiting reproduction and causing destruction of Trypanosoma lewisi in the blood are appreciably independent of each other. It is possible, therefore, to influence these processes separately and even in opposite directions. 4. The virulence of Trypanosoma lewisi , manifested in its highest form, is dependent upon some degree of reproductive fastness, strong antigenic action, and susceptibility to destruction, varying degrees in the development of these properties producing corresponding variations in the degree of virulence. 5. By a properly regulated system of passage the properties of Trypanosoma lewisi that determine its infection cycle and its virulence may be eventually so altered as to change completely both the nature and course of the infection. Such a system of passage must be adapted to the particular strain of Trypanosoma lewisi used. 6. Immunological reactions exercise a dominant influence in determining the ultimate biological variations of Trypanosoma lewisi .
Mapping of the allosteric network in the regulation of α- isopropylmalate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the feedback inhibitor L-leucine: Solution-phase H/D exchange monitored by FT-ICR mass spectrometry

As it is becoming accepted that allosteric regulation can occur through a change in local conformational equilibria as opposed to a change in overall static structure, a thorough description of the structural aspects of these types of mechanisms will be essential to understanding this fundamental biological process. Here we report the experimental identification of key regions of conformational perturbation in the allosteric network of a large (144 kDa), multidomain enzyme by use of solution-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Large perturbations in the regulatory domain induced by effector molecule binding are linked to a very specific, targeted perturbation in the active site, some 50 A away. Binding of l-leucine to an enzyme variant (Y410F) that is kinetically insensitive to effector binding was shown to elicit similar changes in the regulatory domain, but perturbs an alternate region of the catalytic domain, consistent with the proposed allosteric mechanism. These results comprise one of the first repo...
Flooding attacks by exploiting persistent forwarding loops

In this paper, we present flooding attacks that exploit routing anomalies in the Internet. In particular, we focus on routing anomalies introduced by persistent forwarding loops. Persistent forwarding loops may share one or more links with forwarding paths to reachable addresses. An attacker can exploit persistent forwarding loops to overload the shared links to disrupt the Internet connectivity to those reachable addresses.To understand the extent of this vulnerability, we perform extensive measurements to systematically study persistent forwarding loops and the number of network addresses that can be affected. We find that persistent forwarding loops do exist in the current Internet. About 0.2% of routable addresses experience persistent forwarding loops and 0.21% of routable addresses can be attacked by exploiting persistent forwarding loops. In addition, 85.16% of the persistent forwarding loops appear within destination domains and they can be observed from various locations, which makes it possible to launch attacks from many vantage points. We also find that most persistent forwarding loops are just two hops long, which enables an attacker to amplify traffic to persistent forwarding loops significantly. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploiting the vulnerability of persistent forwarding loops to launch DDoS attacks.
PENTANE FORMATION AND RANCIDITY IN VEGETABLE OILS AND IN POTATO CHIPS

Pentane formation during initial stages of autoxidation is indicative of rancidity in aged vegetable oils and potato chips. Pentane in the headspace gas of oils and chips was measured by gas chromatography. An 18-member taste panel evaluated the samples for development of rancid odors and flavors. Significant linear correlations were obtained between the amount of pentane developed and the number of rancid descriptions. Samples needed only 0.08 ppm pentane in the headspace to be described as rancid by 90% of the panel. Both oils and chips were more stable to the development of pentane as the linoleate content and the iodine value decreased.
Electron‐impact mass spectrometry of Nuphar alkaloids

Principal peaks in the mass spectra of deoxynupharidine are accounted for on the basis of high resolution mass spectrometry and peak shifts in the mass spectra of deoxynupharidine-4-d1 and deoxynupharidine-6β, 7β-d2. Cleavage of the quinolizidine ring system of deoxynupharidine occurs predominantly in ring A, giving m/e 136, 107, 98, 94 and 81. The origins of the family of ions [M — alkyl]+ and m/e 178 are considered. A comparative survey is made of the occurrence of these ions, and others, in the mass spectra of piperidine, quinolizidine and thiospirane types of Nuphar alkaloids. Attention is directed toions useful in distinguishing structural types.
Fluorometry of Poultry Semen: Its Application in the Determination of Viability, Enzyme Leakage, and Fertility

The accuracy of fluorometry for estimating percentages of dead chicken spermatozoa was investigated by comparing this technique with the eosin-nigrosin differential staining procedure and with glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) concentration in seminal plasma. The relationship between percent dead sperm measured by fluorometry and fertility was also examined. The correlation coefficient of percentage of dead spermatozoa determined by fluorometry with eosin-nigrosin counts was highly significant (r = .99; P less than .001). Similarly, the correlation coefficient of GOT activity with percentage of dead spermatozoa was .99 (P less than .001). Percent fertility, fertile egg production, and duration of fertility were negatively correlated with percent dead spermatozoa; 4 = -.55, -.51, and -.44 (P less than .001), respectively.
Asynchronous asymmetric form of heterogeneous osteopetrosis: initial case expanded and a new case.

We have discovered additional serial radiographs and clinical information on the initial case of “regional osteopetrosis tarda” that has been included in several editions of Caffey's Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis. A definite second case was found after a search of radiology teaching files of other selected medical centers and the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry. Analysis of the sequential unusual radiographic findings of the initial case and the equivalent compelling findings of the second case justifies renewed attention to an asynchronous asymmetric form of heterogeneous osteopetrosis.
Interparticle distribution functions and rate equations for diffusion-limited reactions

We study the spatial interparticle distribution function in diffusion-limited reactions and its effect on the macroscopic reaction rate. For an exactly soluble model we find that a universal scaling interparticle distribution function is achieved regardless of initial conditions, and that the macroscopic kinetics is described by an autonomous polynomial rate equation only when the initial distribution of particles is of the functional form of the scaling distribution. Monte Carlo simulations are used to verify the analysis, as well as to investigate interparticle distribution functions for some other reactions.
Contradictions of neo‐liberal reforms on Mexico's balance of payments and labour markets

Following the extension of trade and capital market reform in Mexico in the mid‐1980s, manufactured exports accelerated at an exponential rate. In spite of this remarkable performance, the Trade and Current Accounts remained consistently negative, manufacturing as a share of GDP stagnated, and the share of the labour force in manufacturing diminished. Unexpectedly, Mexico's abundant and majority less‐skilled workforce experienced a worsening in the conditions of employment. In the context of trade opening and neo‐liberal reform, inherent market failures involving imperfect information and increasing returns technologies interacted with a ‘maquila’ and a service sector mode—the locus of foreign direct investment—and accounted for the contradictions.
Performance measurement in pneumonia care: beyond report cards.

• Objective To compare the medical management of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia at a university-based and a community-based teaching hospital and evaluate strategies for performance measurement and subsequent improvement. • Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving a 450-bed university hospital in the inner city and a 400-bed private hospital in a rural community. • Material and Methods The medical records of all adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia admitted to a university and a community hospital during a 5-year period were reviewed. Information about patient age, sex, underlying medical condition, severity of disease, health-care insurance, management, and outcome was collected and analyzed. • Results Patients at the two hospitals were similar in underlying illnesses and severity of disease. In comparison with the community hospital, resource expenditure was greater at the university hospital, where all 11 identified diagnostic measures and treatment resources were used more often. This difference was statistically significant for sputum cultures, all cultures, and lumbar punctures. Despite the greater intensity of care, in-hospital mortality was higher at the university hospital (26%) than at the community hospital (12%) (P>0.1). • Conclusion The outcome of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia did not differ significantly at a university hospital in comparison with a community teaching hospital, even though resource expenditure at the university hospital was greater. Our findings suggest that hospital "report cards" based solely on outcome comparisons provide inadequate information. In contrast, examination of variations in profiles of resource utilization can detect important differences in hospitals and can be used to guide continuous quality improvement efforts and ultimately improve hospital care.
Current trends in the management of head injury

Advances in medical science and technology have permitted improvements in prehospital (field) and department of emergency medicine (DEM) management of head-injured patients. Laboratory and clinical research have provided new information about the relationships among mechanisms, evolution, and pathophysiology of head injury, which has enabled the DEM–general surgery–neurosurgery team to formulate treatment protocols based increasingly on physiologic rather than homeopathic principles. At the same time, innovations in diagnostics, monitoring, and therapy have permitted application of knowledge and technologic advances to the clinical management of head injury. Research into the pathophysiology of head trauma has forced serious consideration of the importance of secondary injury in the formulation of treatment plans. With new and evolving diagnostic and monitoring technologies, the evolution of head injury can be tracked, and treatments administered more rationally, precisely, and reproducibly.
On creating a native real-time-strategy game user interface for multi-touch devices

Historically, real-time strategy video games, such as Star-craft (1999) and Command and Conquer (1995), were intended to be played on desktop or laptop computers, with interfaces that afford the user dozens of keys and key combinations, mouse gestures including clicking and dragging, and several mouse buttons to further complicate the interface while allowing customization and a wide range of possibilities to the user. On a mobile multi-touch platform, there are constraints of limited visual real estate, which is actually shared with the touch command interface. Though work has been done to port real-time strategy games to the mobile platform, to date, there has not been a significant effort to enhance the usability of these interfaces by removing redundancies and tailoring the game commands to these multi-touch devices.The touch interface presents unique challenges as there are touches and gestures rather than buttons and key combinations. In this paper, we present a rapidly-prototyped user-centered design in a ten-week project of a real-time strategy user interface native for the iPad. As the user's experience is key in creating a robust and intuitive interface, we incorporate the user's feedback in several stages of the design and prototyping of the project. We show changes to the design of the user interface over several iterations and, finally, show a prototype of the user interface system using a game of our own design as a test platform. The contributions of this project are the interface designed for a new mode of interaction (i.e., the iPad platform), the bubble menu, and the ability to cancel orders.
Soliton formation and cis trans isomerization in polyacetylene

Polyacetylene can be synthesized enriched in either cis or trans structure content through varying the temperature of polymerization1. Cis rich polyacetylene is readily isomerized to the trans configurations by heating2. Such polyacetylene contains a large number of unpaired spins3,4 and the paramagnetism has been attributed to a topological soliton5, corresponding to a defect in a long-chain polyalkene at which point the Π-wave function amplitude vanishes. Polyacetylene prepared at a low temperature, however, and which has never been exposed to oxygen or subjected to heating and should have a nearly pure cis configuration, has been found to lack an EPR signal. We therefore, report here that soliton formation and configurational isomerization are intimately related, and suggest an explanation for both mechanisms.
INFLUENCE OF THYROXINE UPON MAMMARY LOBULE-ALVEOLAR GROWTH1,2

HYROID tissue, thyroxine and synthetic thyroprotein have been demonstrated II repeatedly to have a stimulating effect upon lactation in dairy animals (i, 2, 3). J L The effect of thyroxine on the growth of the duct and lobule-alveolar systems of the mammary gland is less clear. Recently Leonard and Reece (4) reported that thy roidectomy in normal, young, female rats, in spayed female rats and in estrogentreated spayed rats caused a thickening of the mammary ducts and an increase in the number of lateral and end buds as compared to appropriate controls. Weichert and Boyd (5), however, reported that hyperthyroidism in pregnant rats caused a marked stimulation of mammary tissue and an earlier appearance of secretion in the forming alveoli. The development of a technic for the assay of substances which stimulate mammary lobule-alveolar growth (6, 7) has made possible studies on factors (8, 9) which influence such growth.
Solid Phase Organic Synthesis of Piperazinone Containing Enkephalin Mimetics: A Readily Derivatized, Traceless Scaffold

The solid phase synthesis of a series of piperazinone-derived Leu-enkephalin analogues is presented. The initial step in the synthesis involved the N-alkylation of Wang resin bound N-(4-tert-butyloxy-phenethyl)-glycine with d or l Boc-serine-β-lactone (the Vederas lactone). The resulting carboxylic acid was then coupled to a variety of monosubstituted benzylamine derivatives using benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (the BOP reagent) to yield a series of resin bound tertiary amides. Treatment with 5% H2O in TFA resulted in the facile cleavage, deprotection, and cyclization of this linear precursor to yield a series of piperazinones (compounds 1−8).
Bayesian comparison of post-Newtonian approximations of gravitational wave chirp signals

We estimate the probability of detecting a gravitational wave signal from coalescing compact binaries in simulated data from a ground-based interferometer detector of gravitational radiation using Bayesian model selection. The simulated wave form of the chirp signal is assumed to be a spinless post-Newtonian (PN) wave form of a given expansion order, while the searching template is assumed to be either of the same post-Newtonian family as the simulated signal or one level below its post-Newtonian expansion order. Within the Bayesian framework, and by applying a reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, we compare PN1.5 vs PN2.0 and PN3.0 vs PN3.5 wave forms by deriving the detection probabilities, the statistical uncertainties due to noise as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio, and the posterior distributions of the parameters. Our analysis indicates that the detection probabilities are not compromised when simplified models are used for the comparison, while the accuracies in the determination of the parameters characterizing these signals can be significantly worsened, no matter what the considered post-Newtonian order expansion comparison is.
In situ measurements of plasma drift velocity and enhanced NO+ in the auroral electrojet by the Bennett Spectrometer on AE-C

Simultaneous measurements of ion composition and plasma drift velocity by the Bennett mass spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite reveal a direct correlation between enhancements in NO(+) concentration and ion drift velocity in the southern auroral oval. Low altitude (137 to 250 km) data obtained between 1700 and 2400 hr magnetic local time on October 22, 1974, reveal a region of westward plasma flow at velocities up to 1.3 km/s between 62 and 68 deg invariant latitude, with corresponding NO(+) enhancements of up to a factor of 20. A narrow region of reverse flow at about 0.9 km/s was also measured. These drift observations are consistent with convective flow patterns derived from electric field measurements, and their correlation with NO(+) appears to support the suggestion that NO(+) enhancements would be expected in regions of drift owing to the dependence on ion energy of the reaction O(+) + N2 yields NO(+) + N.