cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RIS requirements to support a PACS infrastructure

The purpose of this research and development effort was to solve several image management problems in Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS). First, the patient and study information associated with images was not always correct and only rarely complete. This was due to human error in entering information on a console, and from incomplete data entry forms on image producing equipment. Second, in at least one area, Computed Radiography, the task of data entry was so time consuming that throughput suffered. The third problem was image routing, both within the Department of Radiology and throughout the hospital. The last identified problem was the lack of a common key between the PACS database the Radiology Information System (RIS) database so reports and images could be associated with each other. An RIS/PACS interface was developed in which RIS packets were sent to a PACS process at the time request forms were printed. These packets were parsed to various acquisition computers based on the modality type where they were stored in a MSQL Database for use in validating studies as they were completed prior to being transferred to PACS. DICOM header information from incoming studies were `matched' to a database entry based on the medical record number and modality. Whenever possible, an additional match was made on an accession number stored in the header. A match could result in the DICOM header being completed with detailed information about the patient, patient location, requesting service, and the procedure or study. In the case of the Kodak CR unit, patient and study information were sent directly to the CR workstation where they were accessible using a bar code interface at the time plates were ready to be processed. Routing within the radiology department was determined by comparing the RIS procedure code with an MSQL table to locate the workstation(s) used for viewing this type of study. The data of birth was used to determine whether the study should also be routed to a pediatric workstation. Finally, the accession number as assigned by the RIS was placed in the image header to allow matching of images and reports. The RIS/PACS system now matches patient, study, and other RIS information to PACS images to have improve routing, display, information accuracy, and efficiency. This system was built using a legacy RIS system without an HL7 interface, but the processes were created in a modular fashion that will make them easy to convert to HL7 when an expected new RIS is put in place. In order for a PACS to operate efficiently in an information intensive environment, the data associated with images must be correct, complete, and must contain `hooks' to other information systems in a medical center. The RIS/PACS interface is crucial to a successful PACS implementation.
What is the design challenge for on-chip speed-of-light communication?

As technology scales, on-chip interconnects become one of the most critical factors in determining the system performance and power consumption [1-3]. Since the wire resistance per unit length is inversely proportional to its cross section, the wire incurs high-signal attenuation as its cross section shrinks. Current practice views the wires as RC segments. Buffers are inserted between RC segments to boost a faster full voltage swing [4,5]. The inserted buffers regenerate the voltage level from buffer inputs instead of relaying the signals as waves. The full swing of RC segments requires high latency and consumes power.
Mouse uterine stromal cells secrete a 30-kilodalton protein in response to coculture with uterine epithelial cells.

While uterine stromal cells (USC) appear to modify the function of uterine epithelial cells (UEC) under certain conditions in vivo, relatively little is known about the effect of epithelial cells on stromal cell differentiation and function. To determine if UEC modulate USC function in vitro, highly enriched (> 95%) cultures of polarized UEC were first cultured on Matrigel-coated filters in serum-free medium until confluent, then cocultured with USC for up to 120 h. Subsequently, while maintaining both cell types in physically separate compartments, filters containing UEC were removed, and USC phenotypic markers assayed. Coculture with UEC did not affect the expression of two markers of USC differentiation (desmin and laminin), USC DNA content, [35S]methionine uptake, or total protein synthesis or secretion. However, coculture of USC with UEC or medium conditioned by UEC induced the secretion of a 30-kilodalton protein (p30) from USC as early as 24 h of coculture and through 120 h of coculture. In additio...
Increased number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in primary cultures of trisomy 16 mouse neocortex.

Abstract The gene encoding for pre-presomatostatin is located on chromosome 16 of the mouse. To determine the effect of an extra copy of this gene on somatostatin expression in neurons, primary disaggregated cultures of neocortex prepared from 15 day gestational Trisomy 16 mice and their littermate euploid controls were subjected to immunocytochemical staining for somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and glutamic acid decarboxylase. The results demonstrate a selective and significant increase in the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons.
Scientific drilling and biological evolution in ancient lakes: lessons learned and recommendations for the future

Scientific drilling to recover sediment core and fossil samples is a promising approach to increasing our understanding of species evolution in ancient lakes. Most lake drilling efforts to date have focused on paleoclimate reconstruction. However, it is clear from the excellent fossil preservation and high temporal resolution typical of lake beds that significant advances in evolutionary biology can be made through drill core studies coordinated with phylogenetic work on appropriate taxa. Geological records can be used to constrain the age of specific lakes and the timing of evolutionarily significant events (such as lake level fluctuations and salinity crises). Fossil data can be used to test speciation and biogeographic hypotheses and flesh out phylogenetic trees, using a better-resolved fossil record to estimate timing of phylogenetic divergences. The extraordinary preservation of many fossils in anoxic lake beds holds the hope of collecting fossil DNA from the same body fossils that improve our understanding of morphological character evolution and adaptation. Moreover, fossils allow calibration of molecular clocks, which are currently largely inferential. Lake Malawi Drilling Project results provide some guideposts on what might be expected in a drilling project for studies of evolution. The extreme variability in lake level and environmental history that most ancient lakes experience (exemplified by the Lake Malawi record) demonstrates that no one drilling locality is likely to provide a complete record of phylogenetic history for a radiating lineage. Evolutionary biologists should take an active role in the design of drilling projects, which typically have interdisciplinary objectives, to ensure their sampling needs will be met by whatever sites in a lake are ultimately drilled.
July, 2005 edited excerpts from: complex herbs-complete medicines, Eclectic Medical Publications, Sandy, OR, 2004.

(2005). July, 2005 Edited Excerpts from. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 63-69.
Re-Os DATING OF POLYMETALLIC Ni-Mo-PGE-Au MINERALIZATION IN LOWER CAMBRIAN BLACK SHALES OF SOUTH CHINA AND ITS GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE—A DISCUSSION

Sir: Thirty years ago, Fan et al. (1973) reported an entirely new type of ore from Cambrian black shales of south China containing percent values for Ni, Mo, As and, in some cases, Zn, together with substantial amounts of Pt, Pd, and Au (>100–1,000 ppb). Subsequently Chen et al. (1982) and Fan (1983) described additional Ni-Mo ore bed occurrences in a 1,600-km belt between Kunming and Hangzhou. Mao et al. (2002, p. 1057) describe the deposits as a thin layer having a wide lateral extent "over hundreds of kilometers in southern China [that] contrasts with the lenticular shape of exhalative deposits, which are usually located near hydrothermal vents and are continuous over only a few kilometers, at most." Actually, the known shale-hosted Ni-Mo deposits of China do consist of restricted, lenticular occurrences that are clustered in eight relatively small areas (Lott et al., 1999). Near Zunyi, the principal but now exhausted deposit on Tianeshan measures approximately 150 by 1,000 m in plan view and gaps occur between it and outliers at Tuanshanbao and Xintugou (Lott et al., 1999). These deposits, in turn, are separated by 5 to 7 km from the newly described mineralized zone at Huangjiawan mine (Mao et al., 2002). The thicknesses of Ni-Mo ore beds or lenses are extremely variable, typically ranging from 1 …
Immunological evidence for a relationship between the dendrotoxin-binding protein and the mammalian homologue of the Drosophila Shaker K+ channel

Polyclonal antibodies were raised against two synthetic peptides from different parts of the predicted amino acid sequence of the mouse homologue (MBK1) of the Drosophila Shaker K+ channel. The antibodies recognized the toxin-binding subunit of the dendrotoxin-binding proteins from rat and bovine brain. The results suggest that the dendrotoxin-binding protein is related to the expression products of the mammalian homologue of the Shaker gene.
Heterojunction band offset engineering

Abstract Control of band discontinuities in semiconductor heterostructures may introduce a new important degree of freedom in the design of heterojunction devices and allow independent optimization of carrier injection, carrier confinement and ionization thresholds in high speed and optoelectronic devices. We will review recently proposed methods to microscopically control heterojunction parameters by means of local interface dipoles introduced at the heterointerface during growth. A parallel survey of new theoretical models of semiconductor heterojunctions will illustrate our newfound ability to derive from first principles rules of heterojunction behavior. The combination of new empirical methods and theoretical models is establishing the new area of heterojunction engineering in surface and interface science.
On Geostrophic Adjustment in Sea Straits and Wide Estuaries: Theory and Laboratory Experiments. Part I: One-Layer System

Abstract The dynamics of outflows from sea straits and wide estuaries are examined through a simplified frictionless model whose primary motions are not constrained to be quasi-geostrophic. The potential vorticity equation is solved by means of approximate analytical methods. Some of the model predictions are tested in the laboratory. The mathematical model predicts that an outflow from a channel with uniform velocity distribution deflects to the right or left depending on the depth of the basin into which it debouches. There is a “critical” Rossby number below which the flow separates from one of the basin banks. When a non-uniform velocity is introduced upstream the direction of deflection may differ substantially from the upstream uniform flow case. The model shows that rotation is important whenever the ratio between the relative depth variation to the Rossby number is not negligible; rotational effects can be important even if the ratio between the channel width and the Rossby deformation radius is e...
Cloud Experimentation for Biology: Systems Architecture and Utility for Online Education and Research

Interacting with biological systems via experiments is important for academia, industry, and education, but access barriers exist due to training, costs, safety, logistics, and spatial separation. Automated high-throughput equipment combined with web streaming could enable interactive biology experiments online, but no such platform currently exists. Here we present a cloud experimentation architecture (paralleling cloud computation), that is optimized for a class of domainspecific equipment (biotic processing units) to share and execute many experiments in parallel by mapping synchronous equipment cycles to asynchronous user actions. We implemented an instance of this architecture that enables chemotactic stimulation experiments with the slime mold Physarum polycephelum. A user study in the blended teaching and research setting of a graduate-level biophysics class demonstrated that this platform lowers the access barrier for nonbiologists, enables discovery, and facilitates learning analytics. This architecture is flexible for integration with various biological specimens and equipments to facilitate scalable interactive online education, collaborations, conventional research, and citizen science.
Carnitine as an ergogenic aid in health and disease.

Athletes are particularly vulnerable to the lure of improved performance via supplementation. Various nutritional strategies have been employed in an effort to improve endurance and some, like carb...
Nonuniqueness of collapse load for a frictional material

Abstract Nonuniqueness of collapse load for an isotropic frictional material with or without cohesion is considered. Examples are presented with solutions corresponding to two distinct collapse loads. A theorem is established which provides lower bounds for a nonempty although small class of plane strain problems.
Motor cortex excitability correlates with an anxiety-related personality trait

Abstract Background: In an earlier study comparing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients to psychiatrically screened normals, we found lowered motor evoked potential (MEP) threshold to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and decreased intracortical inhibition in OCD. We sought to determine whether this pattern was specific to OCD. Methods: We measured the threshold and amplitude of MEPs to single and paired (subthreshold-suprathreshold; 3, 4, 10, 15 msec intervals) TMS in 46 healthy volunteers (23 women, 23 men) who were given the NEO-PI-R personality inventory. Nineteen of the men also received cognitive and motor tests. Results: The paired-pulse conditioned/unconditioned MEP amplitude ratios correlated with Neuroticism (N), a stable measure of trait-level anxiety and other negative emotions, in the whole sample ( r = 0.48; p = 0.0006), and in the men ( r = 0.63; p = 0.0009). There were no other significant correlations. Conclusions: This relationship reflects a factor that contributes to both personality and cortical regulation. It was not statistically significant in women, probably because of confounding hormonal influences on excitability. Decreased intracortical inhibition may be related more to trait anxiety and depression, which are high in OCD, than to OCD itself. However, the MEP threshold (significantly lowered in OCD) was unrelated to N.
MacDonald Critchley’s description of Ekbom’s syndrome in 1955 with a reference to Thomas Willis

Introduction There are at least a few different threads of knowledge that weave the tapestry we now call Willis-Ekbom Disease, also known as Restless Legs Syndrome. Materials and methods The awareness of WED/RLS as a specific medical condition has a hazy origin. In the modern literature Karl-Axel Ekbom described the condition in 1944 in Acta medica Scandinavia in the article “Asthenia crurum paraesthetica (irritable legs)”. This was followed in 1945 with a detailed case series in the form of a thesis or monograph entitled “Restless Legs”, and in 1950 another 70 cases were added. In 1960 he wrote “Restless legs syndrome” in Neurology and the condition was fully exposed to American neurologists. Ekbom referred to the condition as “an earlier overlooked disorder,” or “a disease, or rather a syndrome…which has not been described previously,” or “a hitherto overlooked disease characterized by peculiar paresthesia.” However, he was able to find in the literature some cases that were possibly the same condition. Owing to World War II and what he refers to as “difficulty with communication,” many British texts were not available to him. He references Theodor Wittmack in 1861 (Germany) who described a patient and called the ailment “anxietas tibiarum.” Bing in 1913 (Germany) also used this term, but Ekbom did not believe that the two cases were the same condition. He was also aware of a 1936 report of Code and Allen (USA) describing three cases of “neurosis involving the legs.”. Results The parallel thread, which was unknown to Ekbom, jumps to the British neurologist MacDonald Critchley in 1955. In that year he wrote an article in Revue Neurologique entitled “The Pre-dormitum” in which he describes several of the features of the transition from wake to sleep, including Ekbom’s syndrome. As far as I can find, this paper was the first to acknowledge that Thomas Willis described a case of RLS in 1695 (actually 1685) in The London Practice of Physik. This reference was later cited by Ekbom in his 1960 paper and by Lugaresi in his 1965 paper on PLMS in patients with RLS. Conclusion We owe a debt of gratitude to MacDonald Critchley for keeping alive the knowledge about RLS from Thomas Willis–one of a far earlier generation of British physicians–to the modern times. His description of a patient with RLS is also unique and wonderful; befitting of one of the world’s great medical minds and authors. This description—which indirectly includes the four modern diagnostic criteria–is reproduced in this poster presentation. Acknowledgement The works of Macdonald Critchley; Google Books.
Stratospheric NOx enhancements in the Southern Hemisphere Vortex in winter/spring of 2000

POAM III data show unusually large increases in stratospheric NO2 throughout the late winter and spring at high southern latitudes during 2000. Using HALOE CH4 data as a tracer of vertical descent, we conclude that excess NOx was created by particle impacts in the upper atmosphere and descended in the polar vortex during the winter. We speculate that these NOx enhancements were due to the solar proton event that occurred on 14–15 July 2000, and show that they caused reductions of up to ∼45% in middle stratospheric ozone mixing ratios. Comparison of HALOE and POAM data in 2000 to data from 1991–1999 suggests that the 2000 NOx enhancements were the largest ever documented by satellite in the southern hemisphere middle stratosphere. Also, based on H2O data, we conclude that NOx-enriched air observed in the south polar vortex from 1991–1999 originated in the mesosphere, not the thermosphere as is often assumed.
Synergy between Signal Transduction Pathways is Obligatory for Expression of c-FOS in B and T Cell Lines: Implication for c-FOS Control via Surface Immunoglobulin and T Cell Antigen Receptors

Expression of the protooncogene c-fos is controlled by three main regulatory pathways involving kinase C, cAMP, and calcium. Kinase C mediates its effects via phosphorylation of serum response factor (SRF) which interacts with the serum response element (SRE); cAMP and calcium mediate their effects via phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP regulatory element binding protein) presumably by activation of a protein kinase A or calmodulin-regulated kinase. We have examined the function of these elements in Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Ramos and Daudi) as well as a T lymphocytic cell line (Jurkat). We have found that stimulation of any one of these pathways alone has little or no effect on c-fos induction. However, kinase C activation (PMA stimulation) combined with either cAMP (forskolin plus MIX) or calcium stimulation (ionophore) leads to greatly enhanced c-fos induction. By contrast, cAMP in the presence of calcium shows no synergy in c-fos induction. Okadaic acid augments PMA- as well as calcium-mediated activation of c-fos, and has little or no effect when combined with cAMP. The main difference between Ramos (B cells) and Jurkat (T cells) in the regulation of c-fos is that cAMP plus calcium is strongly synergistic in Jurkat and is without effect in Ramos. Analysis of AP-1 activity using gel mobility shift assays confirms that the requirements for synergy in c-fos mRNA induction are paralleled by requirements for synergy in induction of AP-1 activity. Signaling in B cells due to anti-Ig stimulation involves both kinase C activation and release of intracellular calcium, and results in c-fos mRNA induction. Our results indicate that synergy between the kinase C activation and calcium is needed for efficient c-fos induction since neither of these two alone induces c-fos well. That synergy of signaling pathways is relevant for the anti-Ig induction of c-fos is supported by the fact that cAMP-inducing agents and okadaic acid further enhance anti-Ig induction of c-fos. These results suggest that cell-specific patterns of synergy are an essential feature for c-fos induction and may be relevant for c-fos control through B and T cell antigen receptors.
State Litigation during the Obama Administration: Diverging Agendas in an Era of Polarized Politics

Throughout the Obama Administration, state attorneys general (AGs) have collaborated on several high-profile political issues. To get a fuller picture of this contemporary AG activism, this article analyzes AG participation in lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs before the U.S. Supreme Court across three presidential administrations. The results suggest that AGs’agendas have increasingly diverged throughout the Obama Administration, reflecting greater vertical conflict between AGs and the federal government as well as horizontal conflict among AGs themselves. Several factors have contributed to this development, including the broader polarization of American politics, intensified activism among Republican AGs, and increased collaborations between AGs and ideological interest groups. Much as with partisan contestation in other venues, these AG conflicts show few signs of abating. Since President Obama took office in 2009, state attorneys general (AGs) have been among the administration’s most persistent foes. Most famously, several AGs initiated legal challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) only minutes after the president signed it into law, an effort that led to the Supreme Court limiting the ACA’s Medicaid expansion (National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [2012]). The ACA litigation was the most prominent state legal challenge to the Obama Administration, but it has been far from the only one. By the end of Obama’s first term in office, Republican AGs had filed over seventy lawsuits challenging the administration’s policies. Texas AG Greg Abbott, who only half-jokingly described his average day as ‘‘I go to the office. I sue the federal government. And then I go home,’’ has himself led twenty-four lawsuits against the Obama Administration at a cost of over $2.5 million and thousands of hours of staff time (Monro 2012; Weissert 2012; Fernandez 2013). Meanwhile, the federal Department of Justice has tangled with its state counterparts
Relatedness and Self‐Definition: Two Dominant Themes in Middle‐Class Americans' life Stories

The life stories that middle-class Americans tell about how they came to be in their current professions and with their current romantic partners are framed by a particular moral vision of the self In the process of aligning autobiographical information with this positive self-image, storytellers use cultural frameworks that represent the person and the life course in opposing ways. Drawing on psychodynamic theories of culture, I argue that the contradiction in these culturally shaped narratives is deeply rooted in interpersonal and other important socialization experiences from early childhood. Inconsistencies and discontinuities in the patterns leave lasting residues on the psyche, in the form of conflicting psychological structures. Life stories not only give expression to this core emotional conflict but also regulate or resolve it for defensive and adaptive purposes.
Cocrystal Eutectic Constants and Prediction of Solubility Behavior

Cocrystal eutectic constants (Keu), the ratio of solution concentrations of cocrystal components at the eutectic point, are a fundamental indicator of phase behavior and are shown to be a function of the solubility ratio of cocrystal and drug in pure solvent. Keu is shown to depend on solution chemistry including (i) solvent, (ii) complexation, and (iii) ionization, as does the solubility of cocrystals. More than 40 eutectic constants are presented and shown to provide essential information for cocrystal synthesis, selection, and formulation.
Lesions of the myofibril in myopathic and normal tissue from seven striated muscles. Experimental myopathy of isometric activity produced by phencyclidine and restraint.

The distribution of myopathic changes produced by phencyclidine (PCP) and restraint was studied in the diaphragm and 6 lower limb muscles of the rat. Fiber-type composition and muscle location did not correlate with the degree of injury; but muscle activity in restraint did correlate. The predominant lesion produced was extensive myofibrillar disruption, which was the only lesion temporally related to the increased plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity that begins within minutes of treatment. Early on, disoriented, structurally abnormal mitochondria were localized to foci of disrupted myofibrils, but they were absent in such areas at 24h. Significant Z-band smearing, accompanied by focal mitochondrial absence, was first noted at 24h.
Rab1a regulates sorting of early endocytic vesicles

We previously reported that Rab1a is associated with asialoorosomucoid (ASOR)-containing early endocytic vesicles, where it is required for their microtubule-based motility. In Rab1a knockdown (KD) cell lines, ASOR failed to segregate from its receptor and, consequently, did not reach lysosomes for degradation, indicating a defect in early endosome sorting. Although Rab1 is required for Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum trafficking, this process was unaffected, likely due to retained expression of Rab1b in these cells. The present study shows that Rab1a has a more general role in endocytic vesicle processing that extends to EGF and transferrin (Tfn) trafficking. Compared with results in control Huh7 cells, EGF accumulated in aggregates within Rab1a KD cells, failing to reach lysosomal compartments. Tfn, a prototypical example of recycling cargo, accumulated in a Rab11-mediated slow-recycling compartment in Rab1a KD cells, in contrast to control cells, which sort Tfn into a fast-recycling Rab4 compartment. These data indicate that Rab1a is an important regulator of early endosome sorting for multiple cargo species. The effectors and accessory proteins recruited by Rab1a to early endocytic vesicles include the minus-end-directed kinesin motor KifC1, while others remain to be discovered.
Evaluating Wikis as a Communicative Medium for Collaboration Within Colocated and Distributed Engineering Design Teams

Wikis, freely editable collections of web pages, exhibit potential for a flexible documentation and communication tool for collaborative design tasks as well as support for team design thinking early in the design process. The purpose of this work is to analyze dimensions of wiki technologies from a communication perspective as applicable to design. A wiki was introduced in a globally distributed product development course, and the experiences and performance of colocated and distributed teams in the course were assessed through observations, surveys, and site usage analytics. With a focus on communication in design, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of using wikis in student engineering design teams. Our goal is to use wiki technologies to enhance support for design processes while exploiting the potential for increasing shared understanding among teams. Distributed teams used the wiki more as a design tool and were more supportive of its use in the course whereas colocated teams used it for documentation. The usage patterns, the number and type of files uploaded, and the wiki structure provided indicators of better performing teams. The findings also suggest ways to improve and inform students about best practices using the wiki for design and to transform the wiki as a support tool for communication during early design collaboration. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004115]
The management of the suicidal patient in a critical care unit

While much has been written on psychological problems of patients in critical care settings, little has been written on the patient whose serious condition is the consequence of a deliberate and serious attempt to end life. The suicidal patient in critical care presents a special challenge to the critical care nurse. In responding to a suicidal patient the critical care nurse demonstrates technological expertise in life-saving intervention. The nurse is also in a position to provide a positive psychological bridge of hope for the future. This paper addresses the care of the suicide attempter in the critical care unit by first considering prevalent societal attitudes toward suicidal behaviour. Secondly, attitudes which may affect comprehensive care for the suicidal patient in critical care are discussed and the scope of the problem of suicide delineated. Finally strategies for providing crisis intervention for the suicide attempter in the critical care unit are outlined.
Effect of haloperidol and clozapine on the density of "perforated" synapses in caudate, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex.

Perforated synapses, which contain a discontinuous density along the postsynaptic membrane, can increase or decrease in numbers following various behavioral and biochemical manipulations. We have previously established that 14-day treatment with haloperidol causes an increase in the number of perforated synapses within the caudate nucleus (dorsolateral region) but not the nucleus accumbens (Meshul and Casey 1989). This effect was reversed if the animals were withdrawn from the drug for an equivalent period of time. We have now further examined the effects of haloperidol administration, which is associated with a high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD), and assessed the effects of clozapine, which appears to have a lower potential for inducing EPS and TD. Administration of haloperidol for 2 weeks significantly increased the percentage of perforated synapses in the caudate, but not in the nucleus accumbens or layer VI of medial prefrontal cortex (MPCx). There was an increase in specific [125I]epidepride binding to D-2 receptors in the caudate nucleus and MPCx following haloperidol. Administration of clozapine for 2 weeks did not affect the percentage of perforated synapses in any of the three dopamine (DA)-rich regions that were examined. There was an increase in specific [3H]SCH 23390 binding to D-1 receptors and in specific [125I]epidepride binding to D-2 receptors only within MPCx following clozapine. The absence of any change in the density of perforated synapses within the dorsolateral caudate nucleus following clozapine correlates with: 1) the lack of effect on specific DA receptor binding or down regulation of serotonin (5-HT2) receptors (as reported by others), or 2) the inability in clozapine-treated animals to depolarize block substantia nigra (A9) DA neurons. These results may be related to the low incidence of EPS and TD observed with clozapine.
Experimental Use of Dialysis Chamber Arrays to Study P-Fluxes in the Bay of Quinte, 1987

To study the internal phosphorus load in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, dialysis chambers were set in an array mounted on a platform at the sediment/water interface. Two sets of arrays were used, one set was sampled weekly and the other bi-weekly. Chamber samples were analysed for total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen, and temperature and pH were measured. Up-facing array tubes also acted as settling traps and, from these, quantities of trapped material and contents of organic carbon and organic nitrogen were measured. Sediment samples were recovered at the array sites, and temperature, pH, Eh, color, and near surface layer structures were recorded. The arrays were used to estimate proportions of the internal phosphorus load derived from degradation of fresh particulates, at or near the base of the water column, and partly aged bed material. Phosphorus released from partly aged lake bed sediment provided about 20 percent of the internal load at Hay Bay, but the bed acted as a sink for much of the time at Picton. At Hay Bay, sediment oxygen consumption rates were high, averaging more than 0.6 g 02 m−2 d−1. Higher oxygen consumption rates characterized Picton sediments during the late summer and early fall, and these were accompanied by a slight increase in the rate of phosphorus release. Combined mean P-reflux values derived from these experiments were higher than expected from model predictions based on past Bay of Quinte studies. The higher values may be caused by very rapid degradation of trapped material in the up-facing array tubes due to the presence of excessive numbers of benthic invertebrates.
Forced flow-thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (FCVI) for fabrication of carbon/ carbon

Abstract Carbon/carbon composites with porosities as low as 7% were fabricated within 8–12 hours using the forced flow-thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (FCVI) process. Preforms consisting of 40 layers of T-300 plain weave carbon cloth were infiltrated with a feed containing a carbon source and a diluent. The carbon sources studied in the present work included propylene, propane, and methane and the diluent was hydrogen. Shorter processing times were obtained when propylene and propane were used as compared to methane. The highest deposition rate obtained in the present study was ~ 3 μm/h which is more than an order of magnitude faster than the typical value of 0.1–0.25 μm/h for the isothermal infiltration process. In the infiltrated composites it was observed that the tows in a cloth were appreciably infiltrated, independent of their position in the preform. Whereas, the coating thickness between the tows and cloth layers strongly depended on the temperature, i.e. position within the preform.
Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Protein Spatial Reorganization in Early Innate Immune Responses

Over the past decade optical approaches were introduced that effectively break the diffraction barrier. Of particular note were introductions of Stimulated Emission/Depletion (STED) microscopy, Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (PALM), and the closely related Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM). STORM represents an attractive method for researchers, as it does not require highly specialized optical setups, can be implemented using commercially available dyes, and is more easily amenable to multicolor imaging. We implemented a simultaneous dual-color, direct-STORM imaging system through the use of an objective-based TIRF microscope and filter-based image splitter. This system allows for excitation and detection of two fluorophors simultaneously, via projection of each fluorophor's signal onto separate regions of a detector. We imaged the sub-resolution organization of the TLR4 receptor, a key mediator of innate immune response, after challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacteria-specific antigen. While distinct forms of LPS have evolved among various bacteria, only some LPS variations (such as that derived from E. coli) typically result in significant cellular immune response. Others (such as from the plague bacteria Y. pestis) do not, despite affinity to TLR4. We will show that challenge with LPS antigens produces a statistically significant increase in TLR4 receptor clusters on the cell membrane, presumablymore » due to recruitment of receptors to lipid rafts. These changes, however, are only detectable below the diffraction limit and are not evident using conventional imaging methods. Furthermore, we will compare the spatiotemporal behavior of TLR4 receptors in response to different LPS chemotypes in order to elucidate possible routes by which pathogens such as Y. pestis are able to circumvent the innate immune system. Finally, we will exploit the dual-color STORM capabilities to simultaneously image LPS and TLR4 receptors in the cellular membrane at resolutions at or below 40nm.« less
The Relationship between Inattentional Insensitivity of Visual, Tactile, and Olfactory Stimuli

Thirty-six participants were tested on inattentional blindness (IB), inattentional insensitivity for tactile stimuli, and inattentional insensitivity for olfactory stimuli. Inattentional insensitiv...
Difference in time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II versus group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus.

We investigated the time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus. In the presence of 50 mM picrotoxin, pressure pulse application of 1 mM glutamate resulted in a fast onset of suppression of synaptic transmission in stratum lacunosum moleculare and a slower onset of suppression in stratum radiatum, with both effects returning to baseline over the course of several minutes. Application of 50 mM of the group II agonist (2R,4R)-APDC in stratum lacunosum molec- ulare resulted in the same fast onset of suppression while having no effect in stratum radiatum. Pressure pulse application of 100 m MD L-AP4 in stra- tum lacunosum moleculare and stratum radiatum resulted in a much slower onset of suppression of synaptic transmission than (2R,4R)-APDC. Suppression by (2R,4R)-APDC was accompanied by a rapid enhancement of paired pulse facilitation, indicative of a presynaptic mechanism. This demonstrates that activation of group II mGluRs in the hippocampus causes a fast onset of suppression in stratum lacunosum moleculare, while activation of group III mGluRs causes a slower onset of suppression. The difference in time course for group II vs. group III mGluRs suggests a dif- ferent functional role, with group II playing a potential role in making syn- apses act as low pass filters. V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Broiler and Egg Type Chick Hatchery By-Product Meal Evaluated as Laying Hen Feedstuffs

Abstract Waste from broiler and egg type chick hatcheries was processed through a triple pass dehydrator. Both types of poultry by-product meal were incorporated at levels of 8 and 16% in laying diets substituting for soybean meal, meat and bone meal, wheat middlings and ground limestone. Egg production, feed conversion and egg shell and interior quality at both levels of each hatchery by-product meal were comparable to or better than the control diet. The apparent utilization of the amino acids, energy and calcium in broiler and egg type chick hatchery byproduct meal was comparable to those in the ingredients that were replaced.
The Effects of a Physical Activity Program on Low‐fit Children's Activity Level and Aerobic Endurance

Among the findings of the recent Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health are that regular physical activity reduces the risks of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Consequently, several national organizations have targeted community‐based and school programs to increase children's physical activity and develop self‐management skills necessary for an active lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical activity program on low‐fit children's activity level, mile‐run time and average heartrate. The analyses indicated that participants were in their target heartrate zone 64% of the time and that mile‐run times improved significantly from pre‐ to posttest. Results suggest that an after‐school physical activity program is a viable method to address the physical activity needs of low‐fit children.
RNA Trans-splicing in Flatworms ANALYSIS OF TRANS-SPLICED mRNAs AND GENES IN THE HUMAN PARASITE, SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

Characteristics of trans-splicing in Schistosoma mansoni were examined to explore the significance and determinants of spliced leader (SL) addition in flatworms. Only a small subset of mRNAs acquire the SL. Analysis of 30 trans-spliced mRNAs and four genes revealed no discernable patterns or common characteristics in the genes, mRNAs, or their encoded proteins that might explain the functional significance of SL addition. While the mRNA encoding the glycolytic enzyme enolase is trans-spliced, mRNAs encoding four other glycolytic enzymes are not, indicating trans-splicing is not prevalent throughout this metabolic pathway. Although the 3' end of flatworm SLs contribute an AUG to mRNAs, the SL AUG does not typically serve to provide a methionine for translation initiation of reading frames in recipient mRNAs. SL RNA expression exhibits no apparent sex, tissue, or cell specificity. Trans-spliced genes undergo both cis- and trans-splicing, and the sequence contexts for these respective acceptor sites are very similar. These results suggest trans-splicing in flatworms is most likely associated either with some property conferred on recipient mRNAs by SL addition or related to some characteristic of the primary transcripts or transcription of trans-spliced genes.
Model calculation of nucleon structure functions.

Deep inelastic polarized and unpolarized structure functions for a free nucleon are obtained in a modified center-of-mass bag model, which includes the symmetry-breaking effects from spin-dependent interactions. The quark distribution functions, calculated at ${Q}_{0}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}{(0.9 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$, are evolved to a higher ${Q}^{2}$ region and compared with the data and other models. The model gives a reasonable description for the valence part of the structure functions at $xg0.3$. For the small-$x$ region, the contributions from the sea are necessary. The spin-dependent effects are important in describing the existing data.
Intestinal obstruction caused by anticoagulants.

Abstract Intestinal obstruction secondary to intraperitoneal hemorrhage is a well-recognized complication of anticoagulation therapy. Early recognition of, or better yet, prevention of this iatrogenic syndrome is important. Two cases are presented and the physical and laboratory findings discussed. Diagnosis depends upon recognition of the clinical triad of (1) intestinal obstruction with its characteristic x-ray changes and (2) hemoperitoneum in the (3) overanticoagulated patient. The more frequent use of paracentesis is suggested as an aid in arriving at the diagnosis. Conservative management is recommended, at least for the first 24 to 48 hours. A plea is made for careful patient selection, meticulous control, and close observation of all patients on anticoagulants.
The genetics of human fatness

Studies on the quantitative genetics of fatness are reviewed in the framework of the twin, adoption-cohabitation, and familial aggregation methodologies. Low to moderate heritability of adult static fatness is evident. Somewhat less than one-third of the variation appears ascribable to genetic causes. Genetic factors may play a greater role in childhood fatness, especially during adolescence. Comparison of studies is made difficult by many methodological shortcomings. These include a rarity of studies of adult first-degree relatives “adulthood being the period in which fatness has the greatest health consequences”, different criteria of body fatness among studies, a lack of a full variety of genetic and adoptive relationships, inadequate sample sizes “especially in twin studies”, and unreported precision of fatness variables. Fatness change in the life cycle and the anatomical placement of fat are important modifiers of the health effects of obesity. Yet the genetics of these characteristics are little understood. Innovative statistical methods and study designs including path analysis, the family set method, and families of monozygous twins need wider application to the genetics of human fatness.
Posttranslational Modification of Cysteine in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress: Focus on S-Glutathionylation

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have become recognized as second messengers for initiating and/or regulating vital cellular signaling pathways, and they are known also as deleterious mediators of cellular stress and cell death. ROS and RNS, and their cross products like peroxynitrite, react primarily with cysteine residues whose oxidative modification leads to functional alterations in the proteins. In this Forum, the collection of six review articles presents a perspective on the broad biological impact of cysteine modifications in health and disease from the molecular to the cellular and organismal levels, focusing in particular on reversible protein-S-glutathionylation and its central role in transducing redox signals as well as protecting proteins from irreversible cysteine oxidation. The Forum review articles consider the role of S-glutationylation in regulation of the peroxiredoxin enzymes, the special redox environment of the mitochondria, redox regulation...
Ellipsometric, Magneto-Optic, and Magnetic Properties of Sputtered Rare Earth-Transition Metal Multilayers

Ellipsometric and magneto-optical properties of amorphous Dy (3.5 A) and amorphous Fe (25 A to 12.5 A) multilayers were investigated over the spectral range from 3000 A to 8000 A in magnetic fields to 0.21 Tesla. In this range of layer thickness the magnetic anisotropy is vertical. Kerr rotations, θk, were weakly spectrally dependent, and as large as 0.1 degrees. The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the optical dielectric response function were determined over the full spectral range, and were found to be dependent on iron layer thickness.
Liapunov Functions for Feedback Systems Containing a Single Time-varying Non-linearity†

The existence of Liapunov functions of the form ‘quadratic plus integral of the non-linearity’ is found to be assured by the satisfaction of the original Popov inequality even when the non-linearity is time-varying, provided the Popov sector is appropriately modified. The Kalman construction procedure is found to also remain valid. The modified sector reduces to the usual Popov sector in the time-invariant case.
Enteroscopic Balloon Dilation of Multiple Ileal Strictures in Suspected Crohn's Disease

Abstract With the advent of small bowel enteroscopy, the limits to the endoscopic access to the small bowel have been further exceeded, allowing histology sampling and therapeutical maneuvers. This conquest is of crucial meaning in small bowel inflammatory diseases. In this setting, enteroscopy may lead to a definite diagnosis, overcoming the limits of the anatomic disease location and of other (radiological and endoscopic imaging) techniques. Furthermore, enteroscopy permits strictures visualization and dilation, reducing or postponing the need for surgery. In this article the authors demonstrate the technique of hydrostatic balloon dilation of small bowel strictures suggestive of Crohn's disease in a patient suffering from persistent obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.