cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Scour Technology by George W. Annandale

This brand new book has been designed to provide insightful solutions to practical scour problems. It provides understanding of the interaction between turbulent flow and all kinds of materials, from vegetated cohesive soils to bedrock. Methods are presented to assess the erosive capacity of water and scour resistance of natural and engineered materials. The engineering management of scour problems is a unique contribution of this book. Other interesting features include the analysis of turbulent fluctuations, brittle fracture, geologic considerations of bedrock, rock bolts, and joint alterations, etc. The author shares 30 years of international experience in the analysis of scour, hydrology and hydraulics, and sediment transport. He proposes a unique approach to solve scour-related problems around bridge piers, below dams, in spillway chutes and energy dissipators, and in plunge pools and large water tunnels. His theoretical analysis hinges on stream power. The erodibilityindex method is explained in considerable detail. Throughout the text, the author emphasizes the design of effective scour protection countermeasures. The material is presented in 10 chapters; 1 scour management challenges; 2 engineering judgment; 3 scour processes; 4 material and fluid properties; 5 erosive capacity of water; 6 scour thresholds; 7 scour extent; 8 temporal aspects of scour; 9 engineering management of scour; and 10 case studies. The book also includes a brief preface with acknowledgments, a list of references, a useful list of symbols, and a combined author/ subject index. The book is very well illustrated and several photographs of large structures are quite impressive. The illustrations and frequent references to solving practical engineering problems permeate throughout the entire book. This book will be extremely useful to practicing civil engineers dealing with the topic of jet scour in plunge pools. This is a nice compendium of recent information and reflective discussion of the subject. It contains unique material on cohesive soils and on bedrock scour. What the author presents so well is a wealth of valuable information on the general subject of scour from vegetated channels to bedrock. The presentation includes relevant theory and understanding of rock and fluid mechanics. It also delves heavily into recent large-scale experiments carried out around the world. For instance, large-scale experiments such as those carried out at Colorado State University under Dr. James
On the Origin of the n-Arc Theorem

The object of this article is to describe how I came to conjecture and then prove the following theorem [6] whose variants have been the subject of recent interest (see, for example, [1, 2, 9]):Theorem. Let G be a graph with A and B two disjoint n-tuples of vertices. Then either G contains n pairwise disjoint AB-paths (each connecting a point of A and a point B) or there exists a set of less than n vertices that separates A and B.
Yoga and Quality-of-Life Improvement in Patients with Breast Cancer:A Literature Review

Objective Women undergoing treatment for breast cancer often turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including yoga, for improvement of mood, quality of life (QOL), sleep, and treatment-related side effects. The extant literature was reviewed to examine the clinical effects of yoga practice on QOL for patients with breast cancer. QOL was defined as physical well-being, social functioning, emotional health, and function-al adaptation. Methods Seven databases, including PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were used to search for studies of patients with breast cancer that included a yoga intervention and QOL assessment. Attention was paid to assessing study population, outcome variables, the type of yoga intervention used, and methodological strengths and limitations. Results Seventy-one articles were identified that fit the search criteria. Although the literature provided evidence of QOL benefits of yoga for patients with breast cancer, no specific aspect of yoga was identified as being most advantageous. Conclusion Although participation in yoga programs appeared to benefit patients with breast cancer, greater methodological rigor is required to understand the mechanisms that contribute to their effectiveness.
The Effect of Cloud Sides on Reflected Solar Radiation as Deduced from Satellite Observations

The observation of a feature that is characteristic of the reflection of solar radiation from absorbing finite clouds is reported. When absorption takes place, more radiation can be reflected by broken cloud fields than by extensive unbroken cloud fields. This feature is observed in solar radiation at 3.7 microns reflected by low-level, single-layered systems of water clouds over the Pacific Ocean. Interpreting the effect as due to geometrical factors, it is noted that absorption causes the reflected radiances to be highly anisotropic, so that they are generally greater from the sun-facing cloud sides than from the cloud tops. Diffusive leakage of radiation through the cloud sides is also reduced, and as a result maximum reflectivities occur in situations that maximize the contributions to the reflected radiation from the sides relative to that from the tops. Interpreting the effect as due to changes in liquid water content and cloud droplet sizes, it is noted that the observations at 0.63, 3.7, and 11 microns are consistent with a cloud model in which the liquid water content and droplet sizes are greater in the cloud centers and smaller at their edges. Theoretical calculations that qualitatively support both interpretations are presented.
Effect of atmospheric spectrum models on scintillation in moderate turbulence

Experimental studies have shown that a ‘bump’ occurs in the atmospheric spectrum just prior to turbulence cell dissipation. In weak optical turbulence, this bump affects calculated scintillation. The purpose of this study was to determine if a simpler non-bump atmospheric power spectrum can be used to model scintillation for plane waves and spherical waves in moderate to strong optical turbulence regimes. Scintillation expressions were developed from an ‘effective’ von Karman spectrum using an approach similar to that used by Andrews et al. in developing expressions from an effective modified (bump) spectrum. The effective spectrum extends the Rytov approximation into all optical turbulence regimes using filter functions to eliminate mid-range turbulent cell size effects to the scintillation index. Filter cutoffs were established by matching to known weak and saturated scintillation results. The resulting new expressions track those derived from the effective bump spectrum fairly closely. In extremely str...
Jupiter's ring system - New results on structure and particle properties

Jupiter's diffuse ring system is upon reexamination of Voyager images noted to be composed of a relatively bright narrow ring and an inner toroidal halo as well as the 'gossamer' exterior ring, while the previously suspected inner disk is missing. Several narrow, bright features are visible in the main ring, and are suggested to be related in some way to Adrastea and Metis. The smallest ring particles and the dark, rough, red largest bodies both have total optical depths of 1-6 x 10 to the -6th. After arising at the bright ring's inner boundary, the halo rapidly expands inward to a 20,000-km thickness, and disappears at a radius of 90,000 km halfway between the main ring and the planet's cloudtops.
Crystal and molecular structures of the adducts of tri-p-tolyltin chloride, bromide and iodide with 4,4′-bipyridine

The structures of the three adducts [(p-tolyl)3SnX]2·4,4′-bipyridine (XCl, Br, I), have been established by X-ray diffraction techniques. The complexes are monoclinic, space group P21/c and Z=2. The cell parameters are: a=13.262(2), b=11.382(2), c=17.029(2) A and β=110.050(11)° for XCl; a=13.103(3), b=11.351(2), c=17.607(4) A and β=110.050(16)° for XBr; a=12.867(3), b=11.389(4), c=18.496(4) A and β=110.050(11)° for XI. The complexes are binuclear with a bridging 4,4′-bipyridine. The tin is in a trigonal bipyramidal environment with the p-tolyl groups on the equator and the X atom and an N of the bipyridine on the axis. The SnN bond distances are 2.668(3), 2.653(3) and 2.655(7) A, for XCl, Br and I, respectively. The SnX bond distances are 2.452(2), 2.691(1) and 2.830(1) A, for XCl, Br and I, respectively.
Scaling parallel dielectrophoresis of carbon nanotubes: an enabling geometry

Dielectrophoresis has been used as a technique for the parallel localization and alignment of both semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at junctions between electrodes. A variation of this technique known as floating potential dielectrophoresis (FPD) allows for a self-limiting number of CNTs to be localized at each junction, on a massively parallel scale. However, the smallest FPD geometries to date are restricted to conductive substrates and have a lower limit on floating electrode size. We present a geometry which eliminates this lower limit and enables FPD to be performed on non-conducting substrates. We also discuss experiments clarifying the self-limiting mechanism of CNT localization and how it can be used advantageously as devices are scaled downwards to smaller sizes.
Determining readiness for predoctoral internship training: the process of developing a screening measure

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the development of a screening measure to assess readiness for psychology internship training. The screening measure was comprised 13 items rated on a 4-point scale. Two program faculty members reviewed the application of each candidate independently. Psychologists were arbitrarily assigned to belong to reviewer group 1 or 2. Data from group 1 were subjected to exploratory factor analysis; data from group 2 were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Two factors were identified and confirmed: Factor I comprised 6 items referring to core competencies, and Factor II comprised 4 items referring to relevant background experiences. Correlations between raters at the factor and item level generally were in the moderate range. This study illustrates the process of developing a screening measure to help determine readiness for internship training. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–6, 2010.
A critical reflection on using food as learning materials

Abstract As early childhood teacher educators, we are thoroughly immersed in conversations about developmentally appropriate practice. Whether teachers should incorporate the use of food as learning materials is a case in point. As with many other concerns we ponder in our field, our task must be to define, clarify, and consider multiple perspectives in the pursuit of a rational justification of our position. In this paper we report the results of our careful review of theory and research that leads us to propose that using food as art material violates principles of best practice for three main reasons, because it: (1) teaches young children that it is acceptable to eat play materials and to play with food, (2) teaches young children that it is acceptable practice to waste limited resources, (3) violates many premises of multicultural education, or teaching children about diverse ethnic groups.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Indium Selenide

The electrical and optical properties of InSe have been investigated with single crystals of the compound. The spectral dependence of the optical absorption coefficient and of the photoconductivity was measured. The optical absorption edge was not sufficiently well defined for the band gap to be estimated unambiguously. The photoconductive response was mostly in the visible, and its sensitivity comparable with that of gray selenium. The thermal activation energy of the electrical conductivity was about 1 ev in what is presumably the intrinsic region; and 0.2 to 0.4 ev, depending on the particular sample, at lower temperatures. Conflicting results for carrier type were obtained from several different experiments.
Assessment of biosorption mechanism for Pb binding by citrus pectin

Bio sorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using citrus peels can provide an efficient and cost-effective solution for lead removal from industrial wastewaters. These peels contain the biopolymer pectin that has a strong affinity for metal ions. A better understanding of the chemistry behind these interactions can help in the preparation of commercial biosorbents using waste citrus peels. This study was conducted in order to obtain mechanistic information about Pb binding by low and highly methoxylated citrus pectins. Potentiometric titrations revealed that carboxyl groups are important contributors to negative charge of these biopolymers, which was further confirmed by a pH variability study. Pb binding by both low- and high-methoxylated pectins follows second-order kinetics, suggesting that each divalent metal ion binds to two monoprotic functional groups. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometric results confirm that carboxylic acid groups are active participants in Pb binding by citrus pectin.
Comment on “mechanism of photocycloadditon in in α,ω-bis-(9-anthryl)-n-alkanes”

Abstract The conclusions of the preceding paper concerning the mechanism of internal dimerization of linked anthracenes are reviewed. The new data are found consistent with a previously proposed biradical mechanism.
Measure-taking: meaning and normativity in Heidegger’s philosophy

Following Marc Richir and others, Laszlo Tengelyi has recently developed the idea of Sinnereignis (meaning-event) as a way of capturing the emergence of meaning that does not flow from some prior project or constitutive act. As such, it might seem to pose something of a challenge to phenomenology: the paradox of an experience that is mine without being my accomplishment. This article offers a different sort of interpretation of meaning-events, claiming that in their structure they always involve what the late Heidegger called “measure-taking” (Mas-nehmen)—that is, an orientation toward the emergence of normative moments thanks to which what apparently eludes phenomenology becomes accessible in its inaccessibility. This is shown, first, on the example of conscience in Sein und Zeit and then on the example of the poetic image (Bild) in Heidegger’s later essays.
Cultural, language and geographical correlates of genetic variability in Andean highland Indians.

THE genetic structure of primitive human populations has been studied for the purposes of understanding hominid evolution and developing more cogent genetic models. For this it is important not only to demonstrate genetic variability between populations, but also to explore the correlates of such variability. Using data on several Chilean Indian populations I have found that genetic differentiation can best be ascribed to geographical separations. Other correlates, such as culture and language, are of secondary importance when the relationship is studied simultaneously by a stepwise regression technique1. Although I consider here a particular set of populations, the results obtained seem to be fairly generally applicable2. I have found an empirical relationship between geographical distance and gene identity for the Andean highland Indians discussed here.
Applications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation

A comprehensive report of the acetylene reduction assay for measurement of N2 fixation is presented. The objective is to facilitate the effective use and identify some potential limitations of the method. The report is based on more than 200 accounts of the use of this technique in 15 countries during the last 5 years. Methods of measurement of N2 fixation are compared. Nomenclature, e.g., N2[C2H2] fixed, is introduced to identify values of N2 fixation determined by C2H2-C2H2 assay. The biochemical basis of the assay is described along with relevant characteristics including Km, C2H2/N2 conversion factor, and specific N2[C2H2]-fixing activities obtained with various systems. Effects of combined nitrogen, temperature, light, pO2, N2, pC2H2 and water on activity are summarized. Available methods for sample preparation, assay chamber, gas phase, assay condition, termination of reaction, C2H4 analysis and expression of results are compared. The many uses of the C2H2-C2H4 assay for investigations of the biochemistry of nitrogenase and physiology of N2-fixing organisms, definition of N2-fixing organisms and measurement of field N2 fixation by legume, non-legume, soil, marine, rhizosphere, phylloplane and mammalian samples are tabulated.
Domains in sintered Co5Sm magnets

Magnetic domains in high-coercivity sintered Co5Sm magnets have been studied using polarized light. Grain boundaries block the propagation of magnetic reversal from grain to grain. General domain-wall pinning is low, and oversized grains show low-coercivity, multidomain behaviour. In most grains, however, once domain walls are removed, large reverse fields are required to nucleate magnetization reversal. Magnetische Bereiche in gesinterten, hoch-koerzitiven Co5Sm-Magneten wurden mit polarisiertem Licht untersucht. Korngrenzen verhindern die Verbreitung der Ummagnetisierung. Die Blochwandverankerung im Innern der Korner ist schwach, und grose Korner zeigen Viel-Domanen-Verhalten mit niedrigen Koerzitivkraften. Nachdem die Blochwande beseitigt werden, sind jedoch in den meisten Kornern hohe Gegenfelder notwendig, um Ummagnetisierungskeime zu bilden.
Bio-inspired visual attention and object recognition

This paper describes a bio-inspired Visual Attention and Object Recognition System (VARS) that can (1) learn representations of objects that are invariant to scale, position and orientation; and (2) recognize and locate these objects in static and video imagery. The system uses modularized bio-inspired algorithms/techniques that can be applied towards finding salient objects in a scene, recognizing those objects, and prompting the user for additional information to facilitate interactive learning. These algorithms are based on models of human visual attention, search, recognition and learning. The implementation is highly modular, and the modules can be used as a complete system or independently. The underlying technologies were carefully researched in order to ensure they were robust, fast, and could be integrated into an interactive system. We evaluated our system's capabilities on the Caltech-101 and COIL-100 datasets, which are commonly used in machine vision, as well as on simulated scenes. Preliminary results are quite promising in that our system is able to process these datasets with good accuracy and low computational times.
Cell line IDG-SW3 replicates osteoblast-to-late-osteocyte differentiation in vitro and accelerates bone formation in vivo

Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone yet are the most challenging to study because they are embedded in a mineralized matrix. We generated a clonal cell line called IDG-SW3 (for Immortomouse/Dmp1-GFP-SW3) from long-bone chips from mice carrying a Dmp1 promoter driving GFP crossed with the Immortomouse, which expresses a thermolabile SV40 large T antigen regulated by interferon γ (IFN-γ). Cells from these mice can be expanded at 33 °C in the presence of IFN-γ and then allowed to resume their original phenotype at 37 °C in the absence of IFN-γ. IDG-SW3 cells are Dmp1-GFP− and T antigen+ under immortalizing conditions but Dmp1-GFP+ and T antigen− under osteogenic conditions. Like osteoblasts, they express alkaline phosphatase and produce and mineralize a type 1 collagen matrix containing calcospherulites. Like early osteocytes, they express E11/gp38, Dmp1, MEPE, and Phex. Like late osteocytes, they develop a dendritic morphology and express SOST/sclerostin and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. When cultured on 3D matrices, they express Dmp1-GFP and sclerostin. When the 3D cultures are implanted in calvarial defects in vivo, they accelerate bone healing. This cell line should prove useful for studying osteoblast-to-osteocyte transition, mechanisms for biomineralization, osteocyte function, and regulation of SOST/sclerostin and FGF-23. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
A twin study of specific bulimia nervosa symptoms

BackgroundTwin studies have suggested that additive genetic factors significantly contribute to liability to bulimia nervosa (BN). However, the diagnostic criteria for BN remain controversial. In this study, an item-factor model was used to examine the BN diagnostic criteria and the genetic and environmental contributions to BN in a population-based twin sample. The validity of the equal environment assumption (EEA) for BN was also tested.MethodParticipants were 1024 female twins (MZ n=614, DZ n=410) from the population-based Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry. BN was assessed using symptom-level (self-report) items consistent with DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Items assessing BN were included in an item-factor model. The EEA was measured by items assessing similarity of childhood and adolescent environment, which have demonstrated construct validity. Scores on the EEA factor were used to specify the degree to which twins shared environmental experiences in this model.ResultsThe EEA was not violated for BN. Modeling results indicated that the majority of the variance in BN was due to additive genetic factors. There was substantial variability in additive genetic and environmental contributions to specific BN symptoms. Most notably, vomiting was very strongly influenced by additive genetic factors, while other symptoms were much less heritable, including the influence of weight on self-evaluation. These results highlight the importance of assessing eating disorders at the symptom level.ConclusionsRefinement of eating disorder phenotypes could ultimately lead to improvements in treatment and targeted prevention, by clarifying sources of variation for specific components of symptomatology.
Comparison of tramadol and morphine for pre-medication of dogs undergoing general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with opioid and monoaminergic actions. Its clinical effects have been well characterized in humans, where it has been in use for many years, but little is known for veterinary species. This study evaluated the sedative, emetic, thiopental-sparing and intraoperative respiratory and hemodynamic effects of tramadol in comparison to morphine for pre-medication of dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery under halothane anesthesia. Sixteen adult, healthy, mixed breed dogs (8.0 ± 2.6 kg) were studied. Eight dogs were pre-medicated with tramadol (1.0 mg kg-1 IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg kg–1 IM). After 20 minutes, anesthesia was induced with thiopental and subsequently maintained with halothane in oxygen using a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after pre-anesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary for tracheal intubation was compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyzes were done before pre-medication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Heart rate and noninvasive arterial blood pressure were recorded before pre-medication and every 10 minutes during anesthesia. Observer was blinded of the treatment given for each dog. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomiting, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomiting in 62% of them. Dogs pre-medicated with tramadol required significantly more thiopental (17 ± 3.8 mg kg–1) for induction of anesthesia than those pre-medicated with morphine (12 ± 1.8 mg kg–1). Pre-medication with morphine was associated with significantly higher PaCO2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. The remaining respiratory parameters and the hemodynamic variables were similar between the two groups. In conclusion, dogs pre-medicated with tramadol at 1 mg kg–1 IM do not become visibly sedated and require a greater amount of thiopental for induction of anesthesia than pre-medication with morphine. As intraoperative respiratory function is better preserved with tramadol, it may be useful for pre-medication of respiratory compromised patients.
Variation of shear-wave amplitude during frictional sliding

Abstract The amplitudes of shear waves transmitted across interfaces between granite samples during forced frictional sliding show a distinct difference between stable sliding and stick-slip movement. When the sliding is stable, the shear-wave amplitude decreases gradually and continuously. During stick-slip movement along the interfaces, a rapid decrease in shear wave amplitude occurs before or at the sudden slip of the interfaces. The changes in shear-wave amplitude during sliding and stick-slip events reflect the changes in the specific stiffness of the fracture.
Cognitive assessment: A multibehavior-multimethod-multiperspective approach

Clarifying methodological and assessment issues is fundamental to the further development of cognitive-behavioral approaches. The present work examines potential method confounds in several cognitive assessment techniques (e.g., self-statement inventories, postperformance videotape reconstruction) in light of social psychological research on objective self-awareness. On the basis of this analysis, a conceptual framework is proposed to organize research on the assessment of clinical cognition.
Anxiety response to psychological feedback among psychiatric inpatients.

Summary.-This study investigated determinants of state-anxiety responses to an ego-threatening event for 79 psychiatric inpatients. Specifically, stareanxiety levels were assessed in high and low trait-anxious internal and external patients immediately prior to the presentation of individualized psychological test feedback. Analysis of variance demonstrated that high trait-anxious patients reported higher levels of state anxiety than low trait-anxious patients. Further, external patients reported significantly higher levels of state anxiety than internal patients. Multiple regression indicated that locus of control and trait anxiety each uniquely contributed to the distribution of state-anxiety scores. Findings were discussed in terms of established correlates of locus of control orientation and in relation to social learning theory and the state-trait anxiety distinction. The psychological med~anisms through which the presentation of aversive
PATHOLOGICAL UTERINE BLEEDING IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

THE CONTRIBUTIONS of the experimental laboratory to the pathogenesis of uterine bleeding have been meager. The rhesus monkey has been used widely in attempts to explain the endc crine role in normal or experimental menstruation. A complete description of menstruation in the monkey or woman cannot yet be written but thousands of experimental menstrual and pseudomenstrual bleed-ings have been induced with hormonal agents. These induced episodes of uterine or menstruation-like bleeding must uniformly be considered normal, since instances of abnormal bleeding, either in duration or intensity, have rarely been induced.
High-temperature deformation of a mechanically alloyed niobium-yttria alloy

Abstract Mechanical alloying (MA) and hot isostatic pressing have been used to process two Nb alloys containing yttria particles, Nb-2vol.%Y2O3 and Nb-10vol.%Y2O3. Similar to some thermomechanically processed nickel-based alloys, both alloys exhibit partially recrystallized microstructures, consisting of a ‘necklace’ of small recrystallized grains surrounding much larger but isolated, unrecrystallized, cold-worked grains. Hot compression tests from 1049 to 1347 °C (0.5–0.6 TMP) of the 10% Y2O3 alloy show that MA material possesses a much higher yield and creep strength than its powder-blended, fully recrystallized counterpart. In fact, the density-compensated specific yield strength of the MA Nb-10Y2O3 exceeds that of currently available commercial Nb alloys.
The stereochemistry of enolate formation in THF-hexane mixtures

Abstract The effect of solvent on the stereochemistry of deprotonation of 4-heptanone in THF-hexane mixtures is plotted in the figure on the following page. The E/Z ratio varies from 1.5 in pure THF to 0.7 in 90% hexane.
A model for the latent heat of melting in free standing metal nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of many metals are known to exhibit scale dependent latent heats of melting. Analytical models for this phenomenon have so far failed to completely capture the observed phenomena. Here we present a thermodynamic analysis for the melting of metal nanoparticles in terms of their internal energy and a scale dependent surface tension proposed by Tolman. The resulting model predicts the scale dependence of the latent heat of melting and is confirmed using published data for tin and aluminum.
Enhancing Subjective Well-Being in Individuals with Asthma.

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental variables. The intent of this article is to propose a theory that provides an explanation for the reduction of emotionally triggered asthma through treatments derived from positive psychology. The basic tenet of the theory is that physical health issues, such as asthma, can be promoted through systematic interventions that are designed to enhance the individual's sense of independence, intimacies or friendships, and/or feelings of competence. This theoretical approach is based largely on Bertrand Russell's definition of happiness and is consistent with positive psychology in that it focuses on variables that promote subjective well-being, or a satisfying daily life. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 95–100, 2004.
A First Step in Viral Gene Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophies are genetically diverse disorders clinically characterized by progressive weakness of muscles of limbs, cranium, or both and by histologic degeneration and regeneration of muscle without abnormal storage of metabolic products. Advances in molecular genetics have revolutionized our understanding of muscular dystrophies, beginning in 1987 with the identification of mutations leading to dystrophin deficiency in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy [1]. Since then, at least 20 genetically distinct forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) have been identified [2]. Four subtypes of autosomal recessive LMGD are the result of mutations in genes encoding sarcoglycans (SGs) α, β, γ, and δ, which form a subcomplex of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex linked to muscle membranes. The LGMD variants due to SG mutations are LGMD2C (δ-SG), LGME2D (α-SG), LGMD2E (β-SG), and LGMD2F (γ-SG) [3]. Although molecular genetics has been a powerful tool in unraveling the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies, harnessing the therapeutic potential of molecular biology for these devastating muscle diseases has been technically challenging. For autosomal recessive diseases with loss of functional protein (e.g., sarcoglycanopathies and dystrophinopathy), gene replacement therapy is a promising approach. Viral delivery of genes was first performed successfully in children with severe combined immunodeficiency by using retroviruses to deliver normal genes to the patients' bone marrow stem cells, which were removed from the children, infected with the virus (tranduced), and injected into the bloodstream, where they engrafted and restored normal immune cells [4, 5]. Unfortunately, 5 of 20 children treated with retroviral gene therapy developed leukemias because vector insertion into the patients' DNA activated an oncogene, thus exposing one of the potential pitfalls of gene therapy [6]. Other technical obstacles to gene therapy include inefficient gene delivery, immune rejection, and other vector toxicities. To develop gene therapy for muscular dystrophy, viral and nonviral vectors have been used to deliver genes in experimental cellular and animal models [7]. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are promising viral vectors for gene delivery because they are not known to cause human disease; however, AAVs have a small DNA-carrying capacity and therefore cannot be used to carry large genes such as dystrophin. In contrast, the α-SG gene (SGCA) is relatively small and can be packaged into AAVs; therefore, AAV delivery of SGCA to patients with LGMD2D is a potentially achievable goal that Mendell and colleagues are pursuing.
GAPS: An opportunity for nurse practitioners to promote the health of adolescents through clinical preventive services

Today the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescents originates in social and behavioral determinants. Thus much of adolescent death and disability can be attributed to preventable risk factors. In response, clinical preventive services have been developed by the American Medical Association to shift the focus of care to prevention. Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services recommendations address delivery of health services, health guidance, screening, and immunizations. Nurse practitioners are uniquely positioned to promote health and improve the quality of care delivered to adolescents. The purpose of this article is to describe the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services model for clinical preventive services and the role of the nurse practitioner in implementation.
Orally Administered Misoprostol for Induction of Labor with Prelabor Rupture of Membranes at Term

Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) occurs in approximately 8% to 10% of women with term pregnancies. The management of PROM continues to be controversial. Approaches include expectant management and immediate induction of labor. The use of orally administered misoprostol for the management of women with PROM may provide significant advantages when they choose immediate induction of labor. This literature review presents current evidence that supports the use of oral misoprostol for women with PROM, including the benefits of a decreased interval time from PROM to vaginal birth, good safety profile, and reductions in the use of oxytocin augmentation and epidural anesthesia. In addition to clinically proven benefits to women of oral misoprostol for PROM, it also has the potential to reduce chorioamnionitis by reducing the number of sterile vaginal examinations performed thereby reducing the risk of ascending bacteria. Women have also reported acceptability and satisfaction when using oral misoprostol for immediate induction of labor. This review of literature discusses what is known about the use of orally administered misoprostol for the management of term PROM and makes recommendations for clinical use.
Single Crystal Field Effect Transistor of a Y-Shaped Ladder-Type Oligomer†

We report herein the X-ray single crystal structural analysis, density functional theory calculations, and electrical characteristics in single crystal field effect transistor configuration of the Y-shaped ladder-type oligomer 15,16-dithia-5,10-diazanaphtho[2,3-alpha]benzo[c]anthracene. The molecule is quasiplanar, crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with four molecules in the unit cell and forms stacks along the b direction with intermolecular distances of 3.83 A. Vapor phase transport crystal growth yielded large plate-shaped shiny purple crystals more than 2 cm long which allowed for construction of single crystal FET. Room temperature linear mobility of 0.05 cm2/V was obtained. The transfer characteristics of the device within the temperature range of 250−295 K were also measured. The activation energy for carrier detrapping was found to be 540 meV, much higher than most other oligoacene crystals known to date. This is probably due to the relatively large separation between molecules alon...
Dimensional and metric structures in multidimensional stimuli

The present experiments investigated two characteristics of subjects’ multidimensional representations: their dimensional organization and metric structure, for both analyzable and integral stimuli. In Experiment 1, subjects judged the dissimilarity between all pairs of stimuli differing in brightness and size (analyzable stimuli), while in Experiment 2, subjects made dissimilarity judgments for stimuli varying in width height, and area shape (integral stimuli). For the brightness size stimuli, the findings that (a) brightness judgments were independent of size (and vice versa) and (b) the best fitting scaling solution was one that depicted an orthogonal structure are strong evidence that subjects perceived brightness size as a dimensionally organized structure. In contrast, for the rectangle stimuli, neither width height nor area shape contributed additively to overall dissimilarity. The results of the metric fitting were more equivocal. For all stimulus sets, the Euclidean metric yielded scaling solutions with lower stress values than the city block metric. When bidimensional ratings were regressed on unidimensional ratings, the city block metric yielded a slightly higher correlation coefficient than the Euclidean metric for brightness size stimuli. The two rules of combination were equivalent for the width-height stimuli, but the Euclidean metric provided a better approximation for the area shape stimuli. The results were discussed in terms of how subjects integrate physical dimensions for the case of integral stimuli and the superiority of dimensional vs. metric structure as an indicator of stimulus analyzability.
Tactile Feedback Navigation Handle for the Visually Impaired

This paper presents a novel tactile navigation system for the blind. The device is portable and cost effective, and will allow visually impaired individuals to navigate through familiar and non-familiar environments without relying on the assistance of a guide. The “Tactile Handle” consists of an array of vibro-tactile actuators positioned to match the finger phalanxes, proximity sensors, and an embedded micro-controller. The handle processes sensor signals and outputs information to the user through variable and synchronized vibrations, which will enhance the sense of orientation and distance for the user. The prototype has an ergonomic design, is lightweight, compact, and adjustable to different hand sizes. This paper describes the concept of its use as a navigation system for the visually impaired and the preliminary results for the tactile perception of 30 sighted users of different genders and hand sizes.© 2004 ASME
Grain boundary segregation in Ni and binary Ni alloys doped with sulfur

The kinetics and temperature dependence of sulfur segregation in Ni and binary alloys of Ni with Cu, Al, Cr, Mo, W, and Hf, all containing between 70 and 100 atomic ppm sulfur, have been measured using Auger spectroscopy over the temperature range 500 to 1000 °C. No evidence for cosegregation of these alloying elements with sulfur is found. The alloying elements do influence the precipitation of sulfides, however, and this influences the amount of segregation which occurs. Comparison with theoretical models of grain boundary segregation allows the sulfur solubility in the various alloys to be determined.
Conidium ontogeny in marine hyphomycetous fungi: Asteromyces cruciatus and Zalerion maritimum

Developmental and ultrastructural aspects of conidium and conidiogenous cell formation in two species of marine hyphomycetes, Asteromyces cruciatus and Zalerion maritimum, are described, and a discussion of their accomodation in the experimental classification of Fungi Imperfecti, which is based on developmental characters, is presented. The blastic, basipetal and whorled pattern of conidiogenesis in A. cruciatus is compared to diagrammatic interpretations of conidium and conidiogenous cell formation in other hyphomycetous fungi, including Tritirachium album, Nodulisporium hinnuleum, Botrytis cinerea and Cladobotryum variospermum. Helicoid conidium formation in z. maritimum is also described, and it is suggested that the characters of this distinctive mode of blastic ontogeny define a separate category in the experimental classification which would include a large number of developmentally-related species.
A preliminary study of the tropical water cycle and its sensitivity to surface warming

The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model (GCEM) has been used to demonstrate that cumulus-scale dynamics and microphysics play a major role in determining the vertical distribution of water vapor and clouds in the tropical atmosphere. The GCEM is described and is the basic structure of cumulus convection. The long-term equilibrium response to tropical convection to surface warming is examined. A picture of the water cycle within tropical cumulus clusters is developed.
Evaluating the usability of an interactive map activity for climate change education

We report the results of usability testing on a professional modeling tool designed to support students' learning about climate change impacts. Using a questionnaire and test responses as data sources, we evaluated the efficacy of an interactive map activity that was completed by 84 middle school students. An analysis of the data showed that students had difficulties manipulating simple data overlays when answering questions about tree distributions with the model. The findings from this study have implications for researchers who wish to design interactive map-based activities for science education, and for technology developers seeking to improve the usability of complex learning environments for middle school students.
The Garbose Family Special Delivery Unit: A new paradigm for maternal–fetal and neonatal care

Birth defects remain the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control. For many anomalies, etiology remains unknown, management and outcome vary widely, and treatment is costly. Great strides have been made in prenatal diagnosis, yet standardized prenatal care and delivery protocols are needed for women carrying fetuses with specific birth defects such as diaphragmatic hernia, lung lesions, abdominal wall defects, congenital heart disease and so forth. In an effort to standardize and improve the overall care for mother and baby with a known birth defect, the Garbose Family Special Delivery Unit was opened at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in June 2008. This paper describes an innovative healthcare delivery model focusing on the rationale for developing a specialized delivery unit, the facility design and development process, care model, team and services, and the types of fetal diagnoses and maternal admission criteria for the SDU.
Effects of fluorine on dairy cattle. IV. Milk production

Summary Thirty-two Holstein females were maintained from three to four months of age until 7.5 yr of age on diets containing four levels of fluorine, two levels of concentrate, and two levels of a calcium-phosphorus mineral. Statistically, only the concentrate level treatment affected milk production and then only in the first lactation. Combined lactation, histological, pathological, and other data, however, indicate a reduced milk production on 109 ppm F treatment in the third and fourth lactation and possibly in the second. The 55 ppm treatment appeared to adversely affect milk production in the fourth lactation. Cows on the higher concentrate treatment tended toward higher milk production than did those on the lower level. Mineral treatment did not affect lactation when missing values were not calculated. Efficiency of lactation was not affected by F intake, although higher concentrate and 1% mineral treatments induced more efficient production than the lower concentrate and 3% mineral treatments. All milk residues of F were within safe levels for consumption, although residues increased with increased dietary F. Based on this study, the tolerance of F for lactation in dairy cows over a 7.5-yr period is less than 55 ppm on a dry hay basis or less than 49 ppm on a total dry diet basis.
Deciding what is safe to eat: Young children's understanding of appearance, reality, and edibleness

Abstract Young children are at risk for poisoning and choking accidents. We examined two potential cognitive bases for the ingestion of inappropriate objects—children's understanding of the nature of deceptive and nondeceptive objects, and a confusion between the appearance and reality of objects. Forty-eight 3- to 5-year-olds were presented with nondeceptive (common food and nonfood objects) and deceptive (e.g., a magnet that looks like candy) objects. For each of 18 objects, children were asked what the object looks like, what the object really is, and whether it is okay to eat. Four- and 5-year-olds clearly understood the edibleness of nondeceptive objects, but 3-year-olds did not. Deceptive objects were problematic for all ages, with correct judgments being made only about 50% of the time. Correctly distinguishing between the appearance and reality of deceptive objects was related strongly to correct edibleness judgments.
Precession of a single vortex line in superfluid 3He-B.

This paper reports the discovery of a new vortex phenomenon in superfluid $^{3}\mathit{B}$. A single filament of quantized vortex line precesses as a solid body around a wire extending along the axis of a cylinder. The precession frequency equals the angular velocity of the apparatus at which the presence of a single quantum of circulation minimizes the system's free energy. The period of precession is related to the circulation quantum and the dimensions of the apparatus. Thus a measurement of the precession period is an accurate determination of the quantum unit. We find \ensuremath{\kappa}=(1.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)h/2${\mathit{m}}_{3}$, where ${\mathit{m}}_{3}$ is the mass of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atom.
Roth's theorems for sets of matrices

Abstract It is shown that Roth's theorems on the equivalence and similarity of block diagonal matrices hold for finite sets of matrices over a commutative ring.
A novel approach to deacylation of ceph-3-em esters

Abstract A new method for the preparation of cephalosporin C-10 alcohols from C-10 eaters is described. The approach involves formation of an intermediate iodooephem 5, conversion of 5 to the trifluoroacetyl ester 6 , and hydrolysis of 6 in phosphate buffer to afford 7 as a single product.
Frustration by competing interactions in the highly distorted double perovskites La 2 Na B ′ O 6 ( B ′ = Ru , Os)

The usual classical behavior of $S=3/2$, $B$-site ordered double perovskites generally results in simple, commensurate magnetic ground states. In contrast, combined magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and neutron powder diffraction measurements for the $S=3/2$ systems La${}_{2}$Na${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$O${}_{6}$ (${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\text{Ru}$, Os) reveal an incommensurate magnetic ground state for La${}_{2}$NaRuO${}_{6}$ and a drastically suppressed ordered moment for La${}_{2}$NaOsO${}_{6}$. This behavior is attributed to the large monoclinic structural distortions of these double perovskites. The distortions have the effects of creating inequivalent nearest neighbor (NN) superexchange interactions and weakening them on average, possibly to an energy scale that is comparable with the average next nearest neighbor (NNN) superexchange. The exotic ground states in these materials can then arise from a competition between some combination of inequivalent NN and NNN exchange interactions, providing an unusual mechanism for achieving frustration in the double perovskite family.
Differential Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders and Other Orofacial Pain Disorders

There are many types of pain conditions that are felt in the orofacial structures. Most of the conditions treated by the dentist are associated with the teeth, periodontal structures, and associated mucosal tissues. This article focuses on the differential diagnosis of other common pain conditions the dentist will likely face, such as temporomandibular disorders, neuropathic pain disorders, and common headaches; and the clinical presentation of each. Controlling or reducing pain can be accomplished by controlling perpetuating factors such as parafunctional habits and by some simple behavioral modifications. Finally, this article offers some simple treatment considerations.