cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in humans and nonhuman mammals

Some innominates of adult human females show areas of bone resorption on the dorsal aspect of the pubic corpus and preauricular area of the ilium. For both sites, many studies have shown a positive association between degree of resorption and parity. The present study tested hypotheses concerning resorption of the pubis and preauricular area. Samples of innominates from three prehistoric Amerindian populations were used. Within each population, only a minority of females, in general, showed resorption more severe than that which characterized males. The severity of resorption of the pubis was not significantly associated with that of the preauricular area. Pitting of the pubis, but not of the preauricular area, was significantly correlated with age-at-death in each sample of Amerindian females. Also, sacral angulation was not significantly associated with resorption of the preauricular area. Observations on resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in samples of Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla are reported. In previous studies on resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in the human innominate, the proposed etiologies involve ligamentous hyperplasia and joint trauma. However, a number of studies on resorption of the pubis in the nonhuman mammalian innominate have been overlooked by anthropologists. These latter studies demonstrate that estrogen alone can induce resorption of the mammalian pubis by stimulating the synthesis of osteoclastic enzymes. Partial resorption of the pubis may be obstetrically advantageous in some mammals, as resorption would delay or inhibit synostosis of the interpubic joint. The relationship between estrogen and the preauricular area is an issue that requires further research.
The Properties of Intergalactic C IV Absorption. II. Which Systems Are Associated with Galaxy Outflows

Using the extremely high signal-to-noise ratio quasar absorption-line sample described in the first paper of this series, we investigate which intergalactic C IV absorption-line systems could be directly associated with galactic outflows at z = 2–3.5 from an analysis of the velocity widths of the C IV absorption-line systems. Only about half the systems with a peak τ(C IV) above 0.4 in the 1548 A line (roughly a column density of C IV above about 2 × 1013 cm-2) have velocity widths large enough to originate in this way, and very few of the weaker systems do. The median velocity full width at one-tenth maximum is found to be 50 km s-1 for systems with peak τ(C IV) in the range 0.1–0.4 and 160 km s-1 for systems with a peak τ(C IV) in the range 0.4–3. We show that this critical value of τ(C IV) also separates systems that could be ionized by galaxy-like spectra from those in which the ionization is clearly active galactic nucleus–dominated. Together the results are consistent with a picture in which almost all the lower column density and at least half the higher column density systems lie in the more general intergalactic medium, whereas about half the higher column density systems could be produced directly by the outflows and possibly be ionized by their parent galaxies.
Human chromosomal deletion: Two patients with the 4p- syndrome

A partial deletion of the short arms of a Group B(4–5) chromosome is described in two patients with disturbances of midline fusion including a prominent glabella, cleft palate, deformity of the iris, misshapen nose, and hypospadias. Both patients had seizures and severe growth, mental, and motor retardation. Autoradiographic studies revealed that the chromosome with the partially deleted short arms completed DNA synthesis relatively late throughout its entire length, establishing it as chromosome No. 4. These patients are compared to and included in the group of 10 patients already reported in the literature as representative of a new syndrome.
Fos protein immunoreactivity in the developing olfactory bulbs of normal and naris-occluded rats

Immediate early genes such as c-fos may be a route through which extracellular events affect genomic expression. Expression of immediate early genes is important in the transcriptional regulation necessary for the normal development of the nervous system. Developmental patterns of Fos protein (the product of c-fos immediate early gene expression) were studied in the main olfactory bulb of the rat using immunocytochemistry. Embryonic Day 21 (E21, the last prenatal day), as well as Postnatal Day 0 (P0), P1, P5, P10, P15, P20 and P30 subjects were examined. Although staining was absent in the E21 bulb, there was a rapid onset of Fos synthesis within hours after birth. Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) nuclei corresponded to the sequence of bulb maturation: numerous mitral/tufted and granule cells were labeled on P0, followed by the appearance of Fos-ir in the nuclei of periglomerular cells and an increase in the number of stained granule cells with development. Surgical closure of an external naris on P1 resulted in a 70% reduction in the number of Fos-ir granule cell nuclei as early as 2 h after the manipulation. During the next 30 days, levels of Fos staining further diminished in experimental bulbs when compared to their contralateral controls. Nevertheless, electrical stimulation of the contralateral bulb in P20 pups resulted in a robust increase of Fos labeling in most main and accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells and in many granule and periglomerular neurons, suggesting that the experimental bulbs remain competent to express Fos protein.
Oral beclomethasone therapy for recurrent small bowel allograft rejection and intestinal graft-versus-host disease.

INTESTINAL transplantation is an accepted therapy for short bowel syndrome in individuals with life-threatening complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The primary problem preventing wider application of small bowel transplantation electively is the high levels of immunosuppression required to prevent rejection of the small bowel graft and the 20% incidence of graft loss due to rejection despite these high levels. Oral beclomethasone has been used experimentally in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) associated with bone marrow transplantation. It acts primarily as a topical steroid without high levels of systemic absorption that would lead to adrenal suppression. There are currently no reports in the literature describing the use of beclomethasone in small bowel transplant recipients. The striking similarity between GVHD and acute small bowel allograft rejection histologically suggests beclomethasone may have a role in treating and preventing recurrent acute rejection. Herein we present the results of oral beclomethasone treatment in three small bowel transplant recipients who had multiple episodes of acute small bowel rejection and one with GVHD.
Complementary expression of HIP, a cell-surface heparan sulfate binding protein, and perlecan at the human fetal-maternal interface.

The human hemochorial placenta is a structure formed by the invasion of cytotrophoblasts into the uterus. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and their binding proteins in interactions between human trophoblastic and uterine cell lines in vitro. In this study, expression of both mRNA and protein of a novel, cell surface, heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein (HIP), by human trophoblastic cell lines-i.e., JAR, EG, and BeWo-and by human cytotrophoblast was examined throughout gestation. Immunohistochemistry of the human fetal-maternal interface demonstrated abundant HIP expression in cytotrophoblast cells, with lesser staining in syncytiotrophoblast and little or no staining in surrounding stromal or decidual cells. Staining with antibodies to the basement membrane HSPG, perlecan, demonstrated a pattern of staining complementary to that of HIP. Cytotrophoblasts in the uterine stroma, not affiliated with attached villi, displayed a less intense deposition of perlecan. In vitro binding studies of 251-perlecan to a 17-amino acid synthetic peptide sequence of HIP, which has a high affinity and specificity for heparin/heparan sulfate, indicates that perlecan binds to the HIP peptide with high affinity (KDapp = 0.6 nM) and in a heparin-inhibitable manner. Furthermore, HIP antibodies inhibited by 61-88% in vitro invasion by trophoblasts in assays using primary cultures of normal human cytotrophoblasts. Consistent with this was the observation that immunohistochemically detectable HIP expression was greatly reduced in preeclamptic cytotrophoblasts, a condition in which trophoblast invasion is abnormally shallow. It is suggested that HIP potentiates human cytotrophoblast interactions with HSPGs, in vivo, and facilitates trophoblast invasion processes.
Fast on-chip inductance simulation using a precorrected-FFT method

In this paper, a precorrected-fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) approach for fast and highly accurate simulation of circuits with on-chip inductance is proposed. This work is motivated by the fact that circuit analysis and optimization methods based on the partial element equivalent circuit model require the solution of a subproblem in which a dense inductance matrix must be multiplied by a given vector, an operation with a high computational cost. The grid representation enables the use of the discrete FFT for fast magnetic vector potential calculation. The precorrected-FFT method has been applied to accurately simulate large industrial circuits with up to 121 000 inductors and over 7 billion mutual inductive couplings in about 20 min. Techniques for trading off CPU time with accuracy using different approximation orders and grid constructions are also illustrated. Comparisons with a block-diagonal sparsification method are used to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of this method. In terms of accuracy, memory, and speed, it is shown that the precorrected-FFT method is an excellent approach for simulating on-chip inductance in a large circuit.
The Changing Structure of the Global Large Civil Aircraft Industry and Market: Implications for the Competitiveness of the U.S. Industry

For the last 50 years, the United States has been the leading supplier of LCA to the world. Changes in the structure of the global LCA industry and its market may ultimately affect the U.S. industry’s continued dominance, as competition increases and aspiring producers seek to enter the market. The ongoing restructuring of the Airbus business operations could, if successful, significantly lower its cost of doing business and enhance its competitive position visa-vis Boeing. The two major Russian producers - Ilyushin and Tupolev - have a long history of LCA design and production for their domestic and former Soviet bloc markets, and are interested in expanding to other export markets. Currently, the principal markets for LCA are the United States, Western Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.
Ouabain Binding Kinetics of the Rat Alpha Two and Alpha Three Isoforms of the Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphate

The Na,K-ATPase has three alpha isoforms which differ in cardiac glycoside sensitivity and tissue distribution. The rodent alpha 1 isoform is relatively resistant to cardiac glycosides, while the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms are quite sensitive. Because both the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms are generally expressed in the same tissue, it has been difficult to differentiate and accurately determine the kinetics of ouabain binding to these isoforms. To more fully understand the interactions of the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms with cardiac glycosides, the association and dissociation rates of ouabain binding were measured in transfected cell lines. cDNA's coding for the rat alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms were transfected into NIH 3T3 cells and characterized by Na,K-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding. By individually expressing the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms in ouabain-insensitive NIH 3T3 cells, the ouabain-binding characteristics of each isoform could be accurately determined. The association rate constants of the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms were similar while the dissociation rate constant was 33 times slower for the alpha 3 isoform than the alpha 2 isoform. Calculation of the dissociation constant (Kd) from these rate constants yielded values of 115 and 1.6 nM for rat alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms, respectively. Scatchard analysis of the rat alpha 2 isoform produced a similar value for Kd of 37 +/- 9 nM. Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity indicates the rodent alpha 1 isoform has an IC50 1000-fold higher than the alpha 2 or alpha 3 isoform at 4.8 x 10(-5) M. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the order of ouabain affinity between the rat alpha isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase is alpha 3 > alpha 2 >> alpha 1.
Forest composition, leaf litter, and songbird communities in oak- vs. maple-dominated forests in the eastern United States

Within the eastern deciduous forest region, forest composition varies, with some areas dominated by a mix of oaks (Quercus spp.) and other areas dominated by a mix of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and other tree species. Prescribed fire is being used on an experimental basis to assess its effectiveness in restoring and maintaining oak-dominated forests. Maple-dominated forests are susceptible to invasion by non-native earthworms, such as Lumbricus terrestris, given the palatability of leaf litter and suitable soil conditions, especially in northern parts of the region. What are the implications of this variation on leaf litter availability and habitat for ground-nesting songbirds? We investigated this question by comparing forest composition, leaf litter, and songbird communities in maple-dominated forests in west-central Indiana and oak-dominated forests, recently burned and unburned, in southeastern Ohio. We also assessed abundance of earthworms and decomposition rates of different types of leaves in the maple-dominated forests in Indiana. Leaf litter and ground-nesting bird species were abundant in unburned oak-dominated forests, but were absent or nearly absent in recently burned oak-dominated forests and in maple-dominated forests. The lack of leaf litter and absence of ground-nesting bird species in maple-dominated forests may be due to the combination of abundant non-native earthworms, alkaline and calcium-rich soils, palatable leaves, and rapid leaf litter decomposition rates. Effects of burning on leaf litter and ground-nesting bird species in oak-dominated forests are probably temporary, as long as prescribed fires are not applied on a frequent or widespread basis. Our study is the first one to show a correlation between forest composition, leaf litter availability, earthworm abundance, and songbird populations. Many researchers are investigating effects of non-native earthworm invasions on ecosystem properties in eastern deciduous forests. We recommend that researchers should also monitor songbird populations to assess whether declines in ground-nesting bird populations are occurring in response to these changes.
On the elastic–plastic decomposition of crystal deformation at the atomic scale

Given two snapshots of an atomistic system, taken at different stages of the deformation process, one can compute the incremental deformation gradient field, F, as defined by continuum mechanics theory, from the displacements of atoms. However, such a kinematic analysis of the total deformation does not reveal the respective contributions of elastic and plastic deformation. We develop a practical technique to perform the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation field, F = FeFp, into elastic and plastic parts for the case of crystalline materials. The described computational analysis method can be used to quantify plastic deformation in a material due to crystal slip-based mechanisms in molecular dynamics and molecular statics simulations. The knowledge of the plastic deformation field, Fp, and its variation with time can provide insight into the number, motion and localization of relevant crystal defects such as dislocations. The computed elastic field, Fe, provides information about inhomogeneous lattice strains and lattice rotations induced by the presence of defects.
Physical limits of silicon transistors and circuits

A discussion on transistors and electronic computing including some history introduces semiconductor devices and the motivation for miniaturization of transistors. The changing physics of field-effect transistors and ways to mitigate the deterioration in performance caused by the changes follows. The limits of transistors are tied to the requirements of the chips that carry them and the difficulties of fabricating very small structures. Some concluding remarks about transistors and limits are presented.
A hybrid of microreplication and mask-less photolithography for creating dual porosity and textured surface membranes

Microporous membranes have a number of applications in microfluidic devices including biotechnology and displays (Hagedon et al 2012 Nature Commun. 3 1173, De Jong et al 2006 Lab Chip 6 1125–39). Though commercially available micro-porous membranes are widely available using the ion track-etch method, there are few economical techniques to make mechanically robust membranes with dual pore sizes and/or surface texture. We demonstrate fabrication of high strength polyamide (poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)) membranes using a hybrid microreplication and mask-less photolithographic method. The fabricated films are only ~6–10 µm thick, yet adequately strong to be released and handled with diagonals of at least several inches. The films contain dual pore sizes (32 µm, 6 µm) with the smaller pores achieving 1:1 aspect ratio, and the films include a highly-engineered surface texture. These films are demonstrated in application for electronic-paper displays, and exhibit robust optical switching and diffuse (paper-like) reflectance.
Application of knowledge-based network management techniques for packet radio networks

The authors developed a preliminary version of a knowledge-based model for network management and reconfiguration using blackboard techniques and have applied to it packet radio networks. The analysis is concerned with developing procedures for evaluation of candidate recovery/reconfiguration methodologies and techniques for fault isolation and related monitoring functions. As an initial step, the generic blackboard was chosen as the artificial intelligence environment to develop the management tools and interlink it to a packet radio network simulator that was used as a testbed network to be controlled and monitored. The details of the interaction of the management environment and the packet radio simulator as implemented in the model so far, and present numerical results obtained through the execution of some preliminary rules are described. >
On the importance of the free energy for elasticity under pressure

It is shown that the theory of elasticity under hydrostatic pressure p at zero temperature is unified and simplified by the use of the Gibbs free energy G, rather than the energy E. The minima of G, but not of E, give the equilibrium structure; the second derivatives of G, but not of E, with respect to strains at the equilibrium structure give the zero-temperature elastic constants; the stability of a phase at p is then determined by the same Born stability conditions used at p = 0 when applied to the elastic constants from G. Examples are noted of mistakes due to use of E rather than G.
Isolation and purification of deoxyribonucleosides from 90% 13C-enriched DNA of algal cells and their characterization by 1H and 13C NMR

13C-enriched deoxyribonucleosides have been isolated from the DNA of Algal cells grown in an atmosphere of 90% 13C-labelled carbon dioxide. The 13C enriched DNA was quantitatively hydrolysed with DNase I, snake venom phosphodiesterase I and alkaline phosphatase of intestinal mucosa. The resulting deoxyribonucleosides were separated by preparative reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography in 60 minutes with detection by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. The final products were obtained in milligram quantities in high purity and in high yield. The 1H resonances of the base and sugar protons of these deoxyribonucleosides appear as well resolved multiplets in the 600 MHz NMR spectrum, due to the extensive 1H-13C couplings. Similarly, the 13C resonances of these deoxyribonucleosides appear as multiplets in the 75.5 MHz 13C NMR spectrum, due to 13C-13C couplings. The 1H-13C and 13C-13C coupling constants were also measured and tabulated. The isotopic enrichment of 13C these deoxyribonucleosides was obtained by integration of the 1H and/or 13C NMR spectra. It was found that the enrichment varied from carbon to carbon and species to species in the range of 70-89%, suggesting differential uptake and assimilation of 90% 13CO2 during metabolism pathways. This protocol provides experimentally useful quantities of 13C-enriched deoxyribonucleosides, which may be incorporated into site-specifically labeled oligonucleotides by chemical synthesis.
Analysis of contention-based multi-channel wireless MAC for point-to-multipoint networks

We analyze the delay performance of multi-channel MAC in point-to-multipoint wireless networks. We focus on contention based operation of nodes in such networks using a multi-channel MAC protocol adapted from Jungmin So et al., (2004). Our analysis can be extended to IEEE 802.11 DCF in PMP mode of operation and contention based IEEE 802.16 based networks. Using a slotted-time model, we derive expressions for the service time distribution of the packets, and approximate expressions for the queuing delay under Poisson traffic, when the contention window is of fixed size. We extend this analysis to incorporate exponential backoff of the contention window size. We conduct simulations for the multichannel MAC protocol in NS-2, and note that our analytical results match well with simulation results for moderate to high values of traffic intensity. Our analysis enables us to capture the imp act of various system parameters on queuing delay.
Spectral Chinese Restaurant Processes: Nonparametric Clustering Based on Similarities

We introduce a new nonparametric clustering model which combines the recently proposed distance-dependent Chinese restaurant process (dd-CRP) and non-linear, spectral methods for dimensionality reduction. Our model retains the ability of nonparametric methods to learn the number of clusters from data. At the same time it addresses two key limitations of nonparametric Bayesian methods: modeling data that are not exchangeable and have many correlated features. Spectral methods use the similarity between documents to map them into a low-dimensional spectral space where we then compare several clustering methods. Our experiments on handwritten digits and text documents show that nonparametric methods such as the CRP or dd-CRP can perform as well as or better than k-means and also recover the true number of clusters. We improve the performance of the dd-CRP in spectral space by incorporating the original similarity matrix in its prior. This simple modification results in better performance than all other methods we compared to. We offer a new formulation and first experimental evaluation of a general Gibbs sampler for mixture modeling with distance-dependent CRPs.
New Species of Uromyrtus and Rhodomyrtus (Myrtaceae: Myrteae) from Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea, with an Updated Key to Rhodomyrtus

Abstract. Uromyrtus allisoniana and Rhodomyrtus takeuchii (Myrtaceae: Myrteae) are described as new species from ultrabasic substrates in the Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. Both species are known only from the type gatherings, and each is tentatively assigned the status of “vulnerable” following IUCN criteria. Uromyrtus allisoniana resembles U. novoguineensis from New Guinea, but differs by its indumentum type, leaf size and apex, and its flush adaxial secondary leaf veins. Rhodomyrtus takeuchii resembles R. psidioides from Australia, but differs by its solitary flowers. An updated key is provided for the genus Rhodomyrtus.
Using copper-tolerant fungi to biodegrade wood treated with copper-based preservatives

Within the United States, the volume of wood products that was treated with copper-based preservatives grew exponentially during the 1970 s and 1980 s and remains at a high level today. Ultimately, these materials will have to be reused, recycled, or disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner. We are exploring whether copper-tolerant fungi might have utility in bioprocessing spent, treated wood after it is withdrawn from service. In laboratory experiments, Southern Pine sapwood was treated with copper-based wood preservatives, then challenged with wood decay fungi known to be tolerant of copper. For each preservative, fungal isolates were assessed for their potential to reduce the bulk of the treated product, as observed by weight loss. Low retention levels of some preservatives stimulated decay by Wolfiporia cocos, but not Postia placenta. Isolates of the copper-tolerant fungus Wolfiporia cocos (Schw syn. Poria cocos) varied significantly in their ability to degrade wood treated with copper-bearing preservatives and to concentrate copper in the mycelium. Copper was bioaccumulated (w/w basis) in mycelium of some isolates harvested from decayed wood, but the concentration of copper in the decayed wood residue was generally similar or only slightly different from that in the wood before decay.
Worst-case manoeuvres for the roll-over and jackknife of articulated vehicles

The worst-case steering and braking manoeuvres for the roll-over and jackknife of a tractor/trailer vehicle are reported in this paper. The generation of worst-case manoeuvres is formulated as a one-player worst-case evaluation problem. Linear solutions are first solved by using classical optimal control theories. Nonlinear solutions are then obtained numerically. Sensitivity analysis based on the worst-case evaluation method is also performed to identify important variables for vehicle rollovers.
Available Field Time, Yield Losses and Farm Planning

A risk progamming model is developed to incorporate explicitly field time availability and yield losses from untimely production into farm planning. The model is applied to eight representative corn-soybean farming operations in Southern Minnesota. Farms were chosen to reflect different machinery and hired labor capacities. The empirical results have quite different implications depending on a farmer's willingness to assume risk. For farmers wishing to avoid large risks, the value of additional spring field capacity is high relative to the fall field capacity. Efforts to avoid problems in scheduling spring field operations are most critical. For farmers willing to accept more risk in anticipation of higher incomes, the value of additional field time is high relative to that of spring field time. Efforts to avoid scheduling problems in the fall are most critical. For any particular farm situation, a manager willing to accept considerable risk should devote a larger percentage of his cropland to soybeans than a manager trying to avoid large risks. L'article presente un modele de la possibilite de risque tenant compte du temps disponible et la perte de rendement causes par le manque de planification. L'auteur applique le modele a huit operation agricole de mais et de soja repre-sentatif dans le sud du Minnesota. Ces fermes differaient dans leur emploi de la main d'oeuvre et de la machinerie. Les resultats empiriques ont de differentes implications dependant si le fermier choisit de courir des risques ou pas. Pour les fermier ne voulant pas courir de risques la valeur marginale du temps disponible pour la semence est plus critique au printemps qu'en automne. Au contraire, pour les fermiers pret a courir plus de risques en vue de gains futur c'est en automne que le temps des semences devient plus critique. De plus un fermier pret a courir le risque devrait semer un plus grand pourcentage de sa terre en soja que le fermier ne voulant pas courir de risques.
Business Organized as Power: The New Imperium in Imperio.

President Truman's stubborn determination to build on the New Deal's embattled foundations an imposing edifice called the Welfare State is stirring the business community and its spokesmen to renewed and outwardly bold hostilities. This present outcry for “welfare,” it seems, is not what it used to be: “The irresponsible clamor of the mob for bread and circuses.” “Welfare” is now recognized as “a justifiable demand, consonant with the necessities of social evolution,” and in keeping with our political tradition. The old jungle economy, at long last, must be discarded. All this is now cheerfully conceded. But whose responsibility is it to bring order out of chaos, whose business is it to formulate and administer the welfare program? There is the rub. Certainly not government's, business leaders assert, for ultimately that would spell not a glorious welfare society but an inglorious welfare state. This ignominious prelude to statism, to totalitarianism, to despotism, must be avoided at all cost. That is why certain publicists, ex-New Dealers, industrial leaders and university officials are alerting the business community to a fresh responsibility, the unique venture of capitalism today—“the greatest opportunity in the world,” Russell Davenport calls it, and peculiarly the concern of Free Enterprise. Harvard's Business School Dean, Donald K. David, also points ominously at “The Danger of Drifting,” and sharply differentiates between “freedom to” and “freedom from,” between “equality of opportunity and equality of results,” etc., etc. These refinements are important, Dean David decides, because in them lies the crucial difference between welfare society (which he approves) and welfare state (which he deplores). How easy it is, he warns, to drift into the lethal arms of the welfare state. To foil the octopus of welfare, businessmen must be vigilant and aggressive. “Responsibility for this program,” Dean David concludes, “is going to be placed in the hands of the businessman, because we have, whether some people like it or not, an industrial civilization; and the businessman, whether he likes it or not, has to assume new responsibilities.”
Microglial dystrophy in the aged and Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with ferritin immunoreactivity.

Degeneration of microglial cells may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyzed the morphological characteristics of microglial cells in the nondemented and Alzheimer's disease (AD) human brain using ferritin immunohistochemistry. The central hypothesis was that expression of the iron storage protein ferritin increases the susceptibility of microglia to degeneration, particularly in the aged brain since senescent microglia might become less efficient in maintaining iron homeostasis and free iron can promote oxidative damage. In a primary set of 24 subjects (age range 34–97 years) examined, microglial cells immunoreactive for ferritin were found to constitute a subpopulation of the larger microglial pool labeled with an antibody for HLA-DR antigens. The majority of these ferritin-positive microglia exhibited aberrant morphological (dystrophic) changes in the aged and particularly in the AD brain. No spatial correlation was found between ferritin-positive dystrophic microglia and senile plaques in AD tissues. Analysis of a secondary set of human postmortem brain tissues with a wide range of postmortem intervals (PMI, average 10.94 ± 5.69 h) showed that the occurrence of microglial dystrophy was independent of PMI and consequently not a product of tissue autolysis. Collectively, these results suggest that microglial involvement in iron storage and metabolism contributes to their degeneration, possibly through increased exposure of the cells to oxidative stress. We conclude that ferritin immunohistochemistry may be a useful method for detecting degenerating microglia in the human brain. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of Pre- and Postcourse Surveys to Predict Student Outcomes

We obtained data from pre- and postcourse questionnaires given in an Introduction to the Psychology Major course taught for 10 semesters and compared these data with institutional outcomes concerning the students' last known major and their graduation status. We found the questionnaire reliably measured (a) vocational identity, (b) knowledge of course content, and (c) students' knowledge of information-finding strategies. Generally, students who entered the course with high commitment to psychology or who demonstrated the greatest growth in commitment tended to remain psychology majors and earned the bachelor's degree in psychology. We discuss factors that affect these predictive outcomes.
Compatibility: An Experimental Demonstration

Are people sensitive to the level of compatibility in everyday settings? We manipulated via scenario both a specified goal and a setting typically associated with a given goal. Settings were either...
Decreased cost and improved feeding tolerance in VLBW infants fed an exclusive human milk diet.

Decreased cost and improved feeding tolerance in VLBW infants fed an exclusive human milk diet
Effective Bandwidth for Delay Tolerant Secondary User Traffic in Multi-PU, Multi-SU Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

In this paper, we study two important quality of service (QoS) parameters of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks with multiple primary and secondary users. We assume that the secondary users (SUs) are delay tolerant and model the primary user (PU) and SU activity as Markov chains with ON and OFF states. We derive a closed form expression for the probability distribution of buffer occupancy for secondary networks under steady state conditions and formulate an expression for the effective bandwidth under buffer overflow constraints. Extensive simulations are used to validate our analysis.
Short-Term Responses of Some Planktonic Crustacea Exposed to Enhanced UV-B Radiation

With shrimp and crab larvae, several-day exposures to UV-B radiation below lethal threshold levels of dose-rate and total dose had no significant effects on either activity or development (molting). Above those UV levels, activity, development, and survival rapidly declined. The specimens in those experiments were held in flow-through seawater containers of 8 cm depth. Perhaps these near-surface zooplankton in nature could increase their depth slightly, if they could sense fatal dose-rates or doses of UV-B. With such a short-term response they might completely avoid damaging solar UV.
How to cut a cake before the party ends

For decades researchers have struggled with the problem of envy-free cake cutting: how to divide a divisible good between multiple agents so that each agent likes his own allocation best. Although an envy-free cake cutting protocol was ultimately devised, it is unbounded, in the sense that the number of operations can be arbitrarily large, depending on the preferences of the agents. We ask whether bounded protocols exist when the agents' preferences are restricted. Our main result is an envy-free cake cutting protocol for agents with piecewise linear valuations, which requires a number of operations that is polynomial in natural parameters of the given instance.
If the Subaltern Speaks in the Woods and Nobody's Listening, Does He Make a Sound?: Commentary, Special Issue on Borat: Selves and Others

As the present collection of articles makes clear, there is no shortage of in terpretations of or reactions to Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. While nothing drains the laughter out of a joke faster than academic analysis, these articles succeed in raising dif fering, thought-provoking perspectives on the meaning and significance of one of the biggest cultural phenomena of 2006. And although their methodological and analytical perspectives diverge, these articles share at least one trait in common. Each author faces grappling with the relation ship between the Kazakhstan of Sacha Baron Cohen's imagination and, dare I say, the "real Kazakhstan," a real place inhabited by real people, ex isting in real time and space. I do not dispute the subjectivity ofthat real ity, but the acceptance of the premise that Kazakhstan and Kazakhstanis in fact exist is essential to my argument, which seeks not to place the country and its people on a level playing field with their hyperreal corollary, but to underscore the power relations that come into play when eroding or rendering insignificant the line between them. Dickie Wallace rightly emphasizes the utility of viewing Borat from the Baudrillardian notion of hyperreality. Simply put, media representations in the postmodern world take on a life of their own, a life that transcends, eclipses, and supplants in the public imagination the reality from which the image emerged. Alternately described by the authors here as "Borat istan" (Robert A. Saunders), "Borat's Kazakhstan" (Wallace), or the "fake Kazakhstan" (Steven S. Lee), this fictitious place has become more potent in the western collective imagination than the real Kazakhstan, in large part because of the lack of any impression about this former Soviet re public in the popular consciousness. So invisible and empty of meaning is the real Kazakhstan that, as Wallace observes, Baron Cohen fills the void with a smorgasbord of east European, not Central Asian, signifiers, without ever jarring his viewers' engagement with the film. Whether you think it is a stupid or an astute film, there is no disputing the fact that one leaves the theater better informed about Boratistan, but not about the real Kazakhstan. But where exactly the line between the real Kazakhstan and the fun house, media-generated version lies is unclear. Several authors train their gaze elsewhere, reasonably enough choosing to set to one side the is sue of the interplay between Borat's Kazakhstan and the real Kazakhstan. Eliot Borenstein dispenses with the question when he states that there is no need "to belabor the patent untruths and inconsistencies involved in the Borat persona." Wallace dismisses "the ludicrousness of the Kazakh stani connection" and relegates his discussion of the Kazakh reaction to a footnote. Even Lee, whose stimulating, original article seeks in part to illuminate the connections, if accidental, to a real Central Asia and its his
Decreased Growth with Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Growth and growth hormone secretion were evaluated in 4 children (3 boys), aged 11.6 to 13.7 years, treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for obsessive compulsive disorder or Tourette syndrome, at Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv.
Studies on Papua New Guinea Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae): III. Two New Species of Guntheria with a Key to the Species in the Genus from Papua New Guinea and Notes on Novotrombicula owiensis

Guntheria (Guntheria) bisetosa and Guntheria (Domrowana) wrenni are described from mammals taken in Papua New Guinea. A key to the species of Guntheria reported from Papua New Guinea is given. Notes on the structure of the palpal claw and host identifications are presented for Novotrombicula owiensis .
Death Cases of Pneumoconiosis in Changsha,1956-2010

Objective To provide strategies for pneumoconiosis prevention by exploring the epidemiological features of pneumoconiosis death cases in Changsha,such as death distribution,cause of death,etc.Method Death cases of pneumoconiosis from 1956 to 2010,according to different era,different age at death,different causes of death,etc,were analyzed with retrospective investigation method.Results A total of 690 pneumoconiosis cases were reported in Changsha,with the fatality rate was 18.70%.The top three of pneumoconiosis fatality rate were silicosis,kaolin pneumoconiosis,coalworker pneumoconiosis.And the top five of pneumoconiosis death causes were tuberculosis,chronic respiratory failure,pulmonary heart disease,lung cancer,cardiovascular disease.The minimum death age was 24.12,while the maximum one was 85.16,and mean in 59.86.Conclusion The main measure of prolonging pneumoconiosis cases' life and improving the quality of cases' life are preventing pneumoconiosis complications,treating tuberculosis systemically,controlling pulmonary infection and chronic respiratory disorders.
The Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Evaluating Engineering Layout

This paper puts forward that the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation can be used for evaluating a construction plan, also explains function sequence、the calculation of cost and value indexes. At last, a case is analyzed.
Growth and characterization of metamorphic InAs/GaSb tunnel heterojunction on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy

The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical transport characteristics of a metamorphic, broken-gap InAs/GaSb p-i-n tunnel diode structure, grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs, were demonstrated. Precise shutter sequences were implemented for the strain-balanced InAs/GaSb active layer growth on GaAs, as corroborated by high-resolution X-ray analysis. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and detailed micrograph analysis demonstrated strain relaxation primarily via the formation of 90° Lomer misfit dislocations (MDs) exhibiting a 5.6 nm spacing and intermittent 60° MDs at the GaSb/GaAs heterointerface, which was further supported by a minimal lattice tilt of 180 arc sec observed during X-ray analysis. Selective area diffraction and Fast Fourier Transform patterns confirmed the full relaxation of the GaSb buffer layer and quasi-ideal, strain-balanced InAs/GaSb heteroepitaxy. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements demonstrated the optical band gap of the GaSb layer. Strong optical signal at room temperature from this structure supports a high-quality material synthesis. Current–voltage characteristics of fabricated InAs/GaSb p-i-n tunnel diodes measured at 77 K and 290 K demonstrated two bias-dependent transport mechanisms. The Shockley–Read–Hall generation–recombination mechanism at low bias and band-to-band tunneling transport at high bias confirmed the p-i-n tunnel diode operation. This elucidated the importance of defect control in metamorphic InAs/GaSb tunnel diodes for the implementation of low-voltage and high-performance tunnel field effect transistor applications.
Maintaining User Interface Integrity on Android

The demand of having a multi-window and multitasking option in Android devices has been an emerging topic among Android users, especially with the trends toward larger hand-held screen sizes. One option to meet this demand, is to use floating windows. This feature enables users to perform more than one task at the same time while sharing the same screen. Device screens can be divided into multiple windows that can have different visual features in terms of size, location and transparency. While this feature addresses user complaints about Android on large screen devices, attention must be given to the security implications of such an option. In this work, we demonstrate how the current implementation of floating windows on Android can be abused to compromise user interface integrity through several attacks such as tapjacking, event eavesdropping and event hijacking. Although previous versions of Android have evolved to handle the issue of eventhijacking enabled by Toasts, recent versions fail to address security concerns related to floating windows. We propose and describe two approaches, an application level and a system level, to enable secure apps against possible malicious floating windows. The application level approach aims to detect existence and location of floating windows on top of an app. System level approach not only detects their existence, but also extends the system to include an event handler that notifies apps when floating windows are rendered over the apps' secure regions. We implemented our proposed approaches and performed experiments to evaluate their efficiency.
DNA-binding studies of the natural β-carboline eudistomin U.

Abstract Eudistomin U is a member of the β-carboline class of heterocyclic amine-containing molecules that are capable of binding to DNA. The structure of eudistomin U is unique since it contains an indole ring at the 1-position of the pyridine ring. While simple β-carbolines are reported to intercalate DNA, an examination of the mode of binding of eudistomin U has been lacking. We report preliminary spectroscopic (UV–Vis, thermal denaturation, CD) and calorimetric (DSC) data on the binding of eudistomin U to DNA, which suggest that eudistomin U binds weakly according to a mechanism that is more complicated than other members of its class.
Helping Hospitalized Smokers: A Factorial RCT of Nicotine Patches and Counseling.

Introduction Most smokers abstain from smoking during hospitalization but relapse upon discharge. This study tests the effectiveness of two proven treatments (i.e., nicotine patches and telephone counseling) in helping these patients stay quit after discharge from the hospital, and assesses a model of hospital−quitline partnership. Study design This study had a 2×2 factorial design in which participants were stratified by recruitment site and smoking rate and randomly assigned to usual care, nicotine patches only, counseling only, or patches plus counseling. They were evaluated at 2 and 6 months post-randomization. Setting/participants A total of 1,270 hospitalized adult smokers were recruited from August 2011 to November 2013 from five hospitals within three healthcare systems. Intervention Participants in the patch condition were provided 8 weeks of nicotine patches at discharge (or were mailed them post-discharge). Quitline staff started proactively calling participants in the counseling condition 3 days post-discharge to provide standard quitline counseling. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was self-reported 30-day abstinence at 6 months using an intention-to-treat analysis. Data were analyzed from September 2015 to May 2016. Results The 30-day abstinence rate at 6 months was 22.8% for the nicotine patch condition and 18.3% for the no-patch condition ( p =0.051). Nearly all participants (99%) in the patch condition were provided nicotine patches, although 36% were sent post-discharge. The abstinence rates were 20.0% and 21.1% for counseling and no counseling conditions, respectively ( p =0.651). Fewer than half of the participants in the counseling condition (47%) received counseling (mean follow-up sessions, 3.6). Conclusions Provision of nicotine patches proved feasible, although their effectiveness in helping discharged patients stay quit was not significant. Telephone counseling was not effective, in large part because of low rates of engagement. Future interventions will need to be more immediate to be effective. Trial Registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01289275.