cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concerns across the survivorship trajectory: results from a survey of cancer survivors.

Purpose/objectives To evaluate the most prevalent physical, social, emotional, and spiritual concerns of cancer survivors. Design Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting A matrix (multisite) cancer center in three urban centers in the United States. Sample 337 cancer survivors representing nine diagnostic groups in a broad spectrum of time since diagnosis. Methods Participants completed a survey designed to evaluate the self-reported concerns of cancer survivors. Demographic information and questions using Likert scales were used to measure concerns and quality of life. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to evaluate data. Main research variables Cancer diagnosis; time since diagnosis; and physical, social, emotional, and spiritual concerns. Findings Overall, quality of life was reported as a mean of 8.44 on a scale of 0-10. The top five concerns identified were fear of recurrence, fatigue, living with uncertainty, managing stress, and sleep disturbance. Prevalence and severity of concerns differed by cancer diagnosis and time since diagnosis. Patients reporting extreme concerns related to fatigue were associated with lower quality-of-life scores. Conclusions The research indicated that fatigue and fear of recurrence are lasting concerns across the survivorship trajectory and that age, cancer diagnosis, and time since diagnosis will have an effect on the survivor's experience. Implications for nursing Nurses should take a proactive role in assessing the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs of all cancer survivors, regardless of cancer type and time since diagnosis. Future research and support programs for cancer survivors should focus on the major concerns of fatigue and fear of recurrence. Knowledge translation The results of this research confirmed the importance of designing programs to support cancer survivors in an integrative manner from initial diagnosis into the period of long-term survivorship. Specific attention should be placed on the concerns related to fear of recurrence, fatigue, financial burden, and the long-term effects of cancer treatment.
Ensuring safe and effective medication use in pediatric patients.

This is a tremendous honor to receive peer recognition carrying the name of late Dr Sumner Yaffe. I was fortunate to have worked with him over many years through professional organizations and as a part of the pediatric pharmacology research units (PPRUs). Dr Yaffe established pediatric pharmacology programs in Buffalo and Philadelphia and made important contributions to enhance pediatric care with his research, practice, and teaching. He led the development of PPRUs and the neonatal networks, and was a force behind the framing of what became the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) and Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA). He was indeed a visionary leader and mentor in the field of pediatric pharmacology. The objectives of my presentation today are to briefly share my background, reflect on our work, and discuss potential opportunities to advance pediatric pharmacy, pharmacology, and therapeutics.
NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL AND FLUX CONSERVING STATIC EQUILIBRIA OF LIQUIDS

ABSTRACT Electric or magnetic fields can augment gravity and surface tension in determining the shape of liquid interfaces. In an electric field, a static equilibrium is possible if the interface conserves its potential. Water films and drops on or in the vicinity of high voltage electrodes are examples. For there to be a static equilibrium in a magnetic field, there must be no normal flux at the interface. Liquid metals subjected to high-frequency fields provide examples. Theoretical descriptions are difficult because not only does the field alter the interfacial shape, but the field distribution is in turn determined by the field dependent geometry. A numerical approach is described in which the fields are represented in terms of discretized surface sources equivalent to the surface tractions needed to represent the field effect on the mechanics. Thus, for a given geometry, the distribution of tractions is determined by a single matrix inversion. Given this distribution, a nonlinear differential equatio...
Integrals of Motion for Planar Multibody Formations with Internal Forces

Interest in the use of noncontacting forces between spacecraft has promptedmany studies of the dynamics of such formations. Although the introduction of such a force potentially complicates the analysis of these systems, integrals ofmotion still exist for idealized cases. These integrals not only define relationships between the states at two different times, but also provide a means to describe the error introduced through application of simplifying assumptions to the formation dynamics. This paper develops expressions of two integrals of motion for a planar two-vehicle formation and examines their evolution under several assumptions pertaining to the motion of the formation of center of mass.
Norepinephrine-induced insulin and substrate changes in normal man: incomplete reversal by phentolamine.

Abstract 1. 1. Norepinephrine infused into normal volunteers at a rate of 6 μg/min for 1 hr suppressed serum insulin concentration and caused elevations in blood glucose and free fatty acid concentration similar to those seen in traumatized man. The norepinephrine infusion simultaneously induced a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a fall in heart rate. 2. 2. When an infusion of the α-blocker phentolamine was superimposed for the final 50 min of a norepinephrine infusion, at a rate of 5 mg iv bolus followed by 0.5 mg/min, the hemodynamic effects of the norepinephrine infusion were reversed and the suppression of insulin secretion was blocked. The norepinephrine-induced rise in blood glucose concentration, however, was not entirely eliminated, and free fatty acid concentration showed a greater rise than had been seen with the norepinephrine infusion alone. 3. 3. These findings suggest that phentolamine, besides its a-blocking effects on norepinephrine-induced changes, also has independent actions on glucose and free fatty acid metabolism. These must be taken into account when considering the use of phentolamine as an agent to block undesirable metabolic effects of catecholamines.
The dynamics of stretched vortices

The dynamics of vortices subject to stretching by a uniform plane straining flow is studied asymptotically and by means of a new class of exact solutions. The asymptotic analysis treats the stretched Burger's vortex sheet for strain rates much greater than the gradient of the sheet strength. It is found that portions of the sheet where the strength density is sufficiently large compared to (viscosity x strain rate)½ will collapse to form concentrated vortices. The exact solutions describe uniform vortices of elliptical cross-section in inviscid fluid subject to stretching parallel to their axes. These solutions complement the description of vortex collapse found by asymptotic methods. The relevance of these results stems from the prevalence of vortex structures subject to strain in turbulent flows.
Importance of fsh releasing protein and inhibin in erythrodifferentiation

Inhibin is a hypophysiotropic hormone which selectively suppresses the secretion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone. It has been isolated from gonadal fluids and characterized as a protein heterodimer consisting of an α subunit and one of two β subunits (βA or βB)1–4. FSH-releasing protein (FRP), also named activin, is a dimer consisting of two inhibin β-chains5–6. A factor from conditioned medium of a leukaemia cell line has been isolated which can induce mouse Friend cells to become benzidine-positive, and which shares a similar N-terminal sequence with porcine FRP7. In this report, we find that FRP and inhibin modulate both the induction of haemoglobin accumulation in a human erythroleukaemic cell line, K562, and the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells in human bone marrow culture. These two proteins could constitute a novel humoral regulatory control of erythropoiesis which would involve two types of related protein dimers with functionally opposite effects.
Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon and bioactive adsorbent produced from paper mill sludge

Adsorption capacity and bioactivity of a novel mesoporous activated carbon (IIT Carbon) and bioactive (BACIIT) catalyst produced from papermill sludge were evaluated. Conversion of paper mill sludge to useful activated carbons and biocatalysts is a significant process since it reduces environmental problems associated with disposal of waste sludge, enhances wastewater treatment using carbons produced from industrial waste itself, and promotes conservation of the naturally available primary resources currently used to make activated carbons. Analysis was conducted using synthetic wastewater containing phenol and a commercially available activated carbon, sorbonorite 4 (used as reference carbon). Phenol removal was accomplished in batch and fluidized bed reactors containing mesoporous activated carbon, sorbonorite 4, and the produced bioactive catalysts. Isotherm adsorption data indicated that mesoporous activated carbon has a higher adsorption capacity and molecular surface coverage than sorbonorite 4 for phenol concentrations less than 10 mg/l. The mass transfer limitation was accounted for the lower adsorption capacity of the microporous carbon (sorbonorite 4) in dilute solutions. The fluidized bed reactor study, however, indicated similar but slightly lower phenol removal capability for the produced mesoporous carbon. While phenol removal efficiency of the carbons studied was in the range 65–70%, the produced bioactive catalysts were able to remove up to 97% of phenol during first few hours of operation. These results suggest that mesoporous carbon will feasibly be a good substitute for other commercially available activated carbons produced from natural resources, not only in physical adsorption processes, but also in fluidized bed bioreactors (FBB), used in biodegradation processes.
Path-integral approach to diffusion in random media

Using the path-integral method, we derive the analytical solution for the following one-dimensional diffusion in random media: \ensuremath{\partial}P(x,t)/\ensuremath{\partial}t=D[${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\partial}}}^{2}$P(x,t)/\ensuremath{\partial}${\mathit{x}}^{2}$]+\ensuremath{\lambda}V(x)P(x,t) , where V is a white-noise Gaussian potential. A quantity \ensuremath{\tau}=(16D/9${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4}$${)}^{1/3}$ is introduced for the time scale. When the diffusion time t\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\tau}, the behavior of the average 〈P(x,t)〉 is essentially diffusive. When t\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\tau}, the random potential plays a dominant role, and the average 〈P(x,t)〉 tends to [${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4}$${\mathit{t}}^{5/2}$/8(\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathit{D}}^{3}$${)}^{1/2}$]exp[(${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4}$${\mathit{t}}^{3}$/48D) (1-${\mathit{x}}^{2}$/2Dt)]. t)].
I AM THE WAY: MICHAEL POLANYI'S TAOISM

Abstract. Several contemporary writers have found certain correlations between Taoism and modern philosophy of science to be particularly noteworthy because of their usefulness for interpreting world views, implicit or explicit, in each. However, the recent project in science and epistemology–the work of Michael Polanyi–which is probably most fruitfully resonant with Taoism has not yet been explored in that connection. The purpose of the present article is to begin that exploration. The essay provides a preliminary sketch of certain key moments in Polanyi's thought and then turns attention to the Taoist themes of Tao, wu-wei, and tz'u as these illuminate and are illuminated by the Polanyian post-critical epistemology.
Radioiodine escape is an unexpected source of radioimmunoassay error and chronic low level environmental contamination

PROTEINS and peptides1,2 labelled with radioactive iodine (125I or 131I) are commonly used in radioimmunoassays and other investigative procedures. Although decomposition of such labelled molecules can liberate iodide (I−) ions3,4, which remain in solution, liberation of elemental radioactive iodine (I2) has not been reported, as far as we know. Our findings reported here imply that, in conditions common in many radioimmunoassay laboratories, appreciable quantities of gaseous radioactive iodine can indeed escape from radioimmunoassay tubes.
Female and male green monkey liver estrogen receptor.

Abstract Adult female and male green monkey liver cytosol contains tritiated 17β-estradiol ([ 3 H]E 2 ) binding sites. The binding of [ 3 H]E 2 to these sites is reduced substantially by diethylstilbestrol. Unlike adult male rate liver cytosol, neither male nor female green monkey liver cytosol contains moderate affinity high capacity [ 3 H]E 2 binding sites. The green monkey liver cytosol [ 3 H]E 2 sites are precipitated by ammonium sulfate at 30% of saturation. The properties of the redissolved ammonium sulfate precipitated female and male [ 3 H]E 2 binding sites are similar: they have a high [ 3 H]E 2 affinity, a low [ 3 H]E 2 capacity, are estrogen specific, and are sensitive to sulfhydryl inactivation and protease digestion. Although the female and male sites are similar, there appears to be a 2- to 3-fold sex difference in the affinity (female K d , 0.8 to 1.3 × 10 −10 M; male K d , 0.4 × 10 −10 M) and capacity (female, 2.3 to 3.7 fmoles/mg of liver; male, 1.2 fmoles/mg of liver)of the [ 3 H]E 2 binding sites. Accordingly, adult female and male green monkey liver cytosol contains putative estradiol receptors.
Thromboxanes and prostacyclin: Positive and negative modulators of tumor growth

Summary Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and the thromboxane A2 mimicking agent, (15S)-hydroxy-11α, 9α-(epoxy methano) prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic acid increase the proliferation of B16 amelanotic melanoma cells in vitro . TXB2 (25 μg ml)−I lowers basal cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and blocks the rise in intracellular and released cAMP by B16a cells in response to PGE1 (1 μg ml−1). Prostacyclin and thromboxane synthetase inibitors decrease tumor cell proliferation and inhibit DNA synthesis. We propose the hypothesis that tumor cell proliferation may be modulated positively and negatively by TXA2 and PGI2. Furthermore, this regulation may center on the modulation of tumor cell cAMP levels.
Abetting a Crime

I focus on the set of problems that arise in identifying both the actus reus and (to an even greater extent) the mens rea needed by an abettor before she should be criminally liable for complicity in a crime. No consensus on these issues has emerged in positive law; commentators are enormously dissatisfied with the decisions courts have reached; and critics disagree radically about what reforms should be implemented to rectify this state of affairs. I explicitly deny that I will be able to solve these problems, although I hope at least to identify a central source of the confusion. In my view, the problem results largely from conceptualizing the liability of abettors as derivative. This diagnosis helps us to understand why the problem is likely to remain insoluble in positive law. If the test of an adequate theory consists primarily in its ability to produce results that conform to our moral intuitions about how particular cases should be resolved, no approach that can be implemented in the real world will prove wholly satisfactory. I advance a hypothesis about why failure is inevitable and what should be done in light of this predicament. Legal realities compel us to adopt a position that is suboptimal from a moral point of view.
The Contribution of Mobile Bearing Knee Design in Optimizing Tibial Rotation in Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study assessed the alignment and rotation in mobile bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with the tibia cut first technique using an imageless referencing computer navigation protocol evaluating 41 patients. Prerelease mechanical alignment (MA) averaged 7° varus +/−5° (Range: 8° valgus to 20° varus). Post implant MA was 0.5° varus +/−1.2° (Range: 2° valgus to 3° varus). Post operative radiographic MA was 0.3° varus +/−1.3° (Range: 2° valgus to 2° varus). The baseline measurement of tibial rotation from 0° to 90° flexion was 6°+/−7.2° of tibial internal rotation (Range: 8° external rotation to 19.5° internal rotation). The post implant tibial rotation from 0° to 90° flexion was 3.6°+/−8° of tibial internal rotation (Range: 17° external rotation to 29° internal rotation). Of the baseline group, 25 % demonstrated tibial external rotation with flexion. After TKA, 28 % had tibial external rotation with flexion. When comparing the nominal tibial position in relation to the femur at 0° before and after TKA, the tibial rotation point at 0° moved more externally in 21 % and more internally in the rest with mean change for the overall group of 3.9° of internal rotation (Range: 17° internal to 5° external). This study identified significant changes in knee rotation that may be caused by correction of alignment and deformity. Mobile bearing implants by nature of unconstrained rotation are likely to accommodate these variations. This feature could be defined as a significant advantage over fixed-bearing prostheses.
Genetic Algorithms for Real Parameter Optimization

Abstract This paper is concerned with the application of genetic algorithms to optimization problems over several real parameters. It is shown that k-point crossover (for k small relative to the number of parameter) can be viewed as a crossover operation on the vector of parameters plus perturbations of some of the parameters. Mutation can also be considered as a perturbation of some of the parameters. This suggests a genetic algorithm that uses real parameter vectors as chromosomes, real parameters as genes, and real numbers as alleles. Such an algorithm is proposed with two possible crossover methods. Schemata are defined for this algorithm, and it is shown that Holland's Schema theorem holds for one of these crossover methods. Experimental results are given that indicate that this algorithm with a mixture of the two crossover methods outperformed the binary-coded genetic algorithm on 7 of 9 test problems.
Contemporary Analyses of the Presidency: The Dilemma of Choice Versus Coherence

Bailey, Harry, ed. Classics of the American Presidency. Oak Park: Moore Publishing, 1980. Pp. xi, 429. $12.50 softbound. Cronin, Thomas P., ed. Rethinking the Presidency. Boston: Little, Brown, 198...
Immune mobilization of autologous blood progenitor cells: direct influence on the cellular subsets collected.

Background aims A phase I trial examined the ability of immunotherapy to mobilize progenitor and activated T cells.
Human Impacts in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Evaluating Sustainability Goals and Eco‐redevelopment

Abstract: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is composed of a mosaic of national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, and private lands, each managed with different goals. Perturbations, both natural and anthropogenic, influence these areas. Maintaining naturalness and sustaining the systems within the GEE are desired assessment endpoints in determining the need for ecosystem redevelopment, Ecosystem degradation is a natural response to human impacts, and evaluation of degradation relative to management goals can be used to determine the acceptability of the goals and the potential for eco-redevelopment Goals may range from maintaining very natural sustainable ecosystems to developing sacrifice areas for heavy tourist use or oil development, To evaluate human impacts in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, management goals for all systems should be reexamined to determine whether the original goals remain appropriate and whether some level of eco-redevelopment is necessary to achieve these or newly established goals. Special attention should be given to impacts of interactive and cumulative human activities.
Bandwidth-efficient on-chip interconnect designs for GPGPUs

Modern computational workloads require abundant thread level parallelism (TLP), necessitating highly-parallel, many-core accelerators such as General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs). GPGPUs place a heavy demand on the on-chip interconnect between the many cores and a few memory controllers (MCs). Thus, traffic is highly asymmetric, impacting on-chip resource utilization and system performance. Here, we analyze the communication demands of typical GPGPU applications, and propose efficient Network-on-Chip (NoC) designs to meet those demands. We show that the proposed schemes improve performance by up to 64.7%. Compared to the best of class prior work, our VC monopolizing and partitioning schemes improve performance by 25%.
An advantageous tetrameric titanium alkoxide/ionic liquid as a recyclable catalyst system for the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones

Abstract The quantitative oxidation of organic sulfides to sulfones with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (3:1 molar ratio of H 2 O 2 /sulfide) at room temperature using the known titanium alkoxide Ti 4 [(OCH 2 ) 3 CMe] 2 ( i -PrO) 10 ( 1 ) as a catalyst is reported. Mixtures of sulfone/sulfoxide are obtainable with lower H 2 O 2 /sulfide ratios. Catalyst 1 can be used in a solvent, such as methanol or acetonitrile or it can be immobilized in solution in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), from which the product sulfone is extracted with ether, thus, allowing the 1 /RTIL system to be recycled. With some substrates, approximately 30% faster reaction rates are seen in a 1 /RTIL system compared with 1 in methanol.
Erring on the side of life: Children with rare trisomy conditions, medical interventions and quality of life

Erring on the Side of Life: Children with Rare Trisomy Conditions, Medical Interventions and Quality of Life The prevailing viewpoint on children with rare trisomy conditions such as trisomy 18 (t18) and trisomy 13 (t13) is almost uniformly negative. Yet, case studies offer information about long-term survivors. What is missing in the discussion is an unbiased examination of surviving children within the context of necessary, rather than “aggressive”, medical interventions and overall quality of life. A move beyond palliative or comfort care must be an option for this population.
Oxidative stress and glucose levels in a population-based sample.

Objectives To examine the relationship between markers of oxidative status and glucose on a population basis. Study design and setting We report here on a population-based sample of 1315 women and 981 men, aged 35-79 years, randomly selected from residents of Erie and Niagara Counties in western New York between 1996 and 1999. Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as markers of oxidative status. Study sample was categorized by quartiles of glucose, degree of abnormality of fasting glucose, and level of metabolic control in patients with diabetes. Results Men and women in the uppermost quartiles of glucose had higher levels of TBARS (men: Quartile 4 = 1.55 +/- 0.03, Quartile 1 = 1.36 +/- 0.03, women: 1.49 +/- 0.02, 1.30 +/- 0.02 nmol/ml) and lower levels of GSH (men: Quartile 4 = 1.57 +/- 0.03, Quartile 1 = 1.69 +/- 0.03, women: 1.71 +/- 0.03, 1.97 +/- 0.0 mmol/l packed RBCs). In women, compared with normal fasting glucose, impaired fasting glucose was associated with higher levels of TBARS (1.29 +/- 0.01 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.04 nmol/ml), lower levels of GSH (1.85 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.76 +/- 0.05 mmol/l packed RBCs), and higher GSH-Px activity (618.94 +/- 2.64 vs. 644.77 +/- 8.90 IU/l). In women, abnormal fasting glucose was associated with higher levels of TBARS (1.84 +/- 0.04 nmol/ml), lower levels of GSH (1.68 +/- 0.06 mmol/l packed RBCs), and higher levels of GSH-Px (647.72 +/- 9.87 IU/l) than normal or impaired fasting glucose. In men, abnormal fasting glucose was associated with higher TBARS (1.76 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.37 +/- 0.07 nmol/ml), and lower GSH (1.62 +/- 0.05 vs. 2.78 +/- 0.02 mmol/l packed RBCs), than normal fasting glucose. Poor metabolic control was associated with higher TBARS (men: 2.07 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.14 nmol/l, women: 2.02 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.18 nmol/l) and GSH-Px activity (men: 654.34 +/- 13.45 vs. 599.86 +/- 24.76, women: 660.61 +/- 13.25 vs. 579.42 +/- 27.42 IU/l). Conclusions Glucose levels play a role in determining oxidative status in a population sample. The balance between oxidative and antioxidant processes appears to be sensitive to glucose levels with moderate elevations of glucose affecting the oxidative status.
North polar hood of Mars in 1969 (May 18–July 25). I. Blue light

Abstract The north polar hood has been mapped in its developing stages during 1969 using blue-filter, Planetary Patrol photography. Boundaries of the hood and associated clouds were plotted from hourly photographs for an interval of 69 days. The results are presented as summation maps, one covering the total interval and the others each covering one third of the interval. Each summation map shows, with isolines, the number of days that clouds were recorded within various areas. Several of the daily maps are also presented as examples of the plots of hourly coverage from which the summation maps were derived.
Spectroscopy and dynamics of DCM encapsulated in MCM-41 and Y zeolite mesoporous materials

The laser dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-( p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (referred to as DCM) was encapsulated in mesoporous MCM-41 and Y-zeolite. The resultant composites were studied by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopies, and fluorescence lifetime spectrophometry at room temperature. The interactions between occluded DCM and the internal surfaces of the porous materials are found to modify the optical spectra and dynamics of the confined DCM molecules. In particular, two fluorescence bands are observed for DCM occluded within MCM-41, while one fluorescence band is observed for DCM occluded within Y-zeolite or dissolved in DMSO. The dual bands are attributed to emissions from the lowest excited (LE) state and a state created as a result of intramolecular charge transfer, specifically, the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. The decay lifetimes for the LE and TICT states are found to be 0.6 ^ 0.1 and 1.9 ^ 0.1 ns, respectively, with 480 nm excitation; the decay lifetimes for 514 excitation are essentially the same. The single emissions from the DCM/Y-zeolite composite and the homogeneous DMSO solution show single exponential decays with lifetimes of 1.3 ^ 0.1 and 2.0 ^ 0.1 ns, respectively, both assigned to the TICT state. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the separation of alcohol/water mixtures by polyethylene ion exchange memberanes

Influence de l'ion antagoniste sur le flux et la separation avec une membrane en polyethylene sulfone
Radiolytic purification of CaO by electron beams

Analysis of the electron energy loss spectra of core-level electronic transitions, O K- and Ca L2,3-edges, combined with composition-sensitive annular dark field imaging shows that under electron-beam irradiation portlandite can easily be transformed into calcium oxide. The low-loss region of the energy loss spectra measured before and after transformation also supports the observations. Two possible mechanisms of the electron beam-induced modification of the specimen, radiolysis and knock-on damage, are discussed, and it was found that radiolysis is likely to be the primary mechanism for this transformation of Ca(OH)2 into CaO, while some knock-on damage is also expected.
Rectocolic reconstruction via a modified kraske approach

In carefully selected patients, the sacrococcygeal approach (Kraske's operation) with rectal colostomy can save a patient from abdominoperineal resection without loss of continence. This procedure is also useful in the management of rectal strictures that occasionally occur after leaks from the anastomosis of a low anterior resection of the rectosigmoid colon. Three illustrative cases are presented and discussed.
Immunohistochemical localisation of natriuretic peptides in the brains and hearts of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa.

The avidin-biotin peroxidase technique was used to determine the distribution of natriuretic peptides in the hearts and brains of the dogfishSqualus acanthias and the Atlantic hagfishMyxine glutinosa. Three antisera were used: one raised against porcine brain natriuretic peptide which cross-reacts with atrial natriuretic and C-type natriuretic peptides (termed natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity); the second raised against porcine brain natriuretic peptide which cross-reacts with C-type natriuretic peptide, but not with atrial natriuretic peptide (termed porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity); and the third raised against rat atrial natriuretic peptide (termed rat atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity). Only natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity was observed in the heart ofS. acanthias which was most likely due to the antiserum cross-reacting with C-type natriuretic peptide. No immunoreactivity was found in theM. glutinosa heart. In the brain ofS. acanthias, natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive fibres were located in many areas of the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord. Extensive immunoreactivity was observed in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and the neurointermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive perikarya were found in ventromedial regions of the telencephalon and in the nucleus preopticus. Most perikarya had short, thick processes which extended toward the ventricle. Another group of perikarya was observed in the rhombencephalon. Porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive fibres were observed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, but perikarya were only present in the preoptic area. In theM. glutinosa brain, natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive fibres were present in all regions. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the pallium, primordium hippocampi, pars ventralis thalami, pars dorsalis thalami, nucleus diffusus hypothalami, nucleus profundus, nucleus tuberculi posterioris, and nucleus ventralis tegmenti. Procine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive perikarya and fibres had a similar, but less abundant distribution than natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive structures. Although the chemical structures of natriuretic peptides in the brains of dogfish and hagfish are unknown, these observations show that a component of the natriuretic peptide complement is similar to porcine brain natriuretic peptide or porcine C-type natriuretic peptide. The presence of natriuretic peptides in the brain suggest they could be important neuromodulators and/or neurotransmitters. Furthermore, there appears to be divergence in the structural forms of natriuretic peptides in the hearts and brains of dogfish and hagfish.
Divisive Normalization, Line Attractor Networks and Ideal Observers

Gain control by divisive inhibition, a.k.a. divisive normalization, has been proposed to be a general mechanism throughout the visual cortex. We explore in this study the statistical properties of this normalization in the presence of noise. Using simulations, we show that divisive normalization is a close approximation to a maximum likelihood estimator, which, in the context of population coding, is the same as an ideal observer. We also demonstrate analytically that this is a general property of a large class of nonlinear recurrent networks with line attractors. Our work suggests that divisive normalization plays a critical role in noise filtering, and that every cortical layer may be an ideal observer of the activity in the preceding layer.
Multilevel spatio-temporal dual changepoint models for relating alcohol outlet destruction and changes in neighbourhood rates of assaultive violence

Many previous studies have suggested a link between alcohol outlets and assaultive violence. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the “1992 Civil Unrest” in Los Angeles (which followed the “Rodney King incident”), in which many alcohol outlets were damaged leading to a decrease in alcohol outlet density, on crime. We leverage the natural experiment created by the closure of alcohol outlets in certain areas and not others to explore the effects of alcohol availability on assault crimes at the census tract level. We develop a hierarchical model that controls for important covariates (such as race and socio-economic status) and accounts for unexplained spatial and temporal variability. While our model is somewhat complex, its hierarchical Bayesian analysis is accessible via the WinBUGS software. Our results show that, keeping other effects fixed, the reduction in alcohol availability within a census tract was associated with a drop in the assaultive violence rate at the census tract level. Comparing several dual candidate changepoint models using the Deviance Information Criterion, the drop in assaultive violence rate is best seen as having occurred one year after the reduction in alcohol availability, with the effect lasting roughly five years. We also create maps of the fitted assault rates in Los Angeles, as well as spatial residual maps that suggest various spatially-varying covariates are still missing from our model.
Effects of Two Cocktails on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Normal Men

The effects of alcohol on diastolic function in normal males are unknown. Therefore, 12 male physicians had a Doppler echocardiogram performed in order to assess left ventricular diastolic performa...
Early Determinants of Fruit and Vegetable Acceptance

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding and dietary experiences on acceptance of a fruit and a green vegetable by 4- to 8-month-old infants. METHODS. Forty-five infants, 44% of whom were breastfed, were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatment groups. One group was fed green beans, and the other was fed green beans and then peaches at the same time of day for 8 consecutive days. Acceptance of both foods, as determined by a variety of measures, was assessed before and after the home-exposure period. RESULTS. During the initial exposure, infants ate more calories from peaches than from green beans. Breastfed infants showed greater liking of peaches, as did their mothers, who ate more fruits in general than did mothers who formula fed. Although formula-feeding mothers ate more green beans, there was no difference in their infants9 acceptance of this vegetable. For breastfed and formula-fed infants, repeated dietary exposure to green beans, with or without peaches, resulted in greater consumption of green beans (56.8 vs 93.6 g). Only infants who experienced green beans with peaches displayed fewer facial expressions of distaste during feeding. Mothers were apparently unaware of these changes in acceptance. CONCLUSIONS. Breastfeeding confers an advantage in initial acceptance of a food, but only if mothers eat the food regularly. Once weaned, infants who receive repeated dietary exposure to a food eat more of it and may learn to like its flavor. However, because infants innately display facial expressions of distaste in response to certain flavors, caregivers may hesitate to continue offering these foods. Mothers should be encouraged to provide their infants with repeated opportunities to taste fruits and vegetables and should focus not only on their infants9 facial expressions but also on their willingness to continue feeding.
Region competition via local watershed operators

In this paper, we propose a segmentation algorithm which combines the ideas from local watershed transforms and the region based deformable models. Traditionally, watersheds are computed in the whole image and then some region merging techniques are applied on them to reach the segmentation of structures. We propose that watershed regions can be used as operators in region-based deformable models. These regions are computed only when the deformable models reach them. Then, they are added to (or subtracted from) the deformable models via a measure computed from two terms: (i) statistical fit of regions to the models, region competition; (ii) smoothness of such fits, smoothness constraint. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient because it operates on regions instead of pixels. In addition, this algorithm allows better boundary localization due to the edge information brought by watersheds. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can handle topological changes, e.g., split or merge, during the evolutions without an additional embedded surface as in the case of level set formulation. Furthermore, structure-based smoothness of segmented objects is obtained by using the smoothness term computed from the alignment of regions. We illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique on several medical data such as MRA and CTA data.
Coalescent multi-robot teaming through ASyMTRe: a formal analysis

This paper describes a general approach for automatically synthesizing task solutions for heterogeneous robot teams. In particular, our approach enables multiple robots to coalesce into teams to solve a task through tightly-coupled sensor sharing. Instead of designing special solution strategies for the team, our ASyMTRe approach enables the robot team to generate solutions autonomously according to the current robot team composition. In this paper, we first formulate the problems that the ASyMTRe approach addresses, and then present the anytime ASyMTRe configuration algorithm. We prove that the configuration algorithm is correct, and is guaranteed to find the optimal solution given enough time. Empirical results are also presented validating this analysis, and showing that the ASyMTRe configuration algorithm has good scalability and can quickly find a good solution with the solution quality increasing as additional planning time is available. By analyzing the configuration algorithm, we show that ASyMTRe is applicable to a large class of challenging multi-robot problems
ADAPTATION AT SPECIFIC LOCI. I. NATURAL SELECTION ON PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE OF COLIAS BUTTERFLIES: BIOCHEMICAL AND POPULATION ASPECTS

Electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in Colias butterflies have been studied from field and laboratory viewpoints. The transmission pattern is that of a dimeric enzyme controlled by one structural gene locus. Populations usually harbor four to six allelic mobility classes. These mobility classes are shared among species complexes, though their frequencies differ widely. Preliminary Ferguson plot analysis of the variants has been carried out. Purified preparations of Colias PGI alleles are more effective in standardizing Ferguson plots than heterologous proteins, such as ferritin. Variation of Ferguson plot parameters is not an infallible guide to electrophoretically "cryptic alleles," as one putative case proved to be due to nonallele-specific effects. S, M, and F mobility classes in two Colias semispecies show the same retardation coefficients in Ferguson plots. Adults early in the flight periods of their nonoverlapping generations show genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excess develops as the insects age. Simple directional selection and large-scale population mixing are unlikely to be causes of this, although several other selection modes remain possible. Identical-by-descent lines of the four frequent-to-common alleles in C. eurytheme have been set up in culture, and enzyme has been purified from these for study of functional properties. Major differenecs in heat stability and in various kinetic parameters are found among the ten possible genotypes. In some cases, heterosis for kinetic parameters is seen; in other cases, opposing trends in kinetic function and heat stability create potential for net heterosis in function. Possible interpretations of these results in an adaptive metabolic context are discussed, and directions for further work are stated.
Severe Poverty as a Violation of Negative Duties

Mathias Risse discusses whether the global system of territorial sovereignty that emerged in the fifteenth century can be said to harm the poorer societies. This question is distinct from the question I raise in my book—namely, whether present citizens of the affluent countries, in collusion with the ruling elites of most poor countries, are harming the global poor. These questions are different, because present citizens of the affluent countries bear responsibility only for the recent design of the global institutional order. The effects of the states system as it was shaped before 1980, say, is thus of little relevance to the question I have raised. A further difference is that whereas Risse's discussion focuses on the well-being of societies, typically assessed by their GNP per capita, my discussion focuses on the well-being of individual human beings. This difference is significant because what enriches a poor country (in terms of GNP per capita) all too often impoverishes the vast majority of its inhabitants, as I discuss with the example of Nigeria's oil revenues (pp. 112–14).My focus is then on the present situation, on the radical inequality between the bottom half of humankind, suffering severe poverty, and those in the top seventh, whose per capita share of the global product is 180 times greater than theirs (at market exchange rates). This radical inequality and the continuous misery and death toll it engenders are foreseeably reproduced under the present global institutional order as we have shaped it. And most of it could be avoided, I hold, if this global order had been, or were to be, designed differently. The feasibility of a more poverty-avoiding alternative design of the global institutional order shows, I argue, that the present design is unjust and that, by imposing it, we are harming the global poor by foreseeably subjecting them to avoidable severe poverty.
Application of ductile polymeric coatings onto graphite fibers

Thin, high molecular weight copolymers have been applied to the surfaces of commercial, 8 micron diameter, graphite fibers by electropolymerization. Random copolymers were obtained, and the process appears to be consistent with the rules of standard free radical copolymerization. Coating thickness, Tg, and modulus can be systematically controlled. Very preliminary mechanical property measurements indicate a substantially improved impact strength and reduction in the interlaminar shear strength. These effects may be related to poor adhesion between the interlayer and the epoxy resin, however, which may be corrected by use of a “top layer” of appropriate composition.
Laugh and learn: humor as a teaching strategy in occupational therapy education.

SUMMARY. Humor use in education has been studied in fields such as psychology and nursing. Research has demonstrated that effective educational humor needs to be integrated into the topic and used in moderation. Used appropriately, humor can gain attention, facilitate creative thinking and memory, motivate students to attend class, and promote learning outcomes. No studies were located in the occupational therapy literature that specifically related to humor as an aspect of teaching. The purpose of this article is to explore the merits of humor as an educational tool and to give examples of ways that occupational therapy faculty and clinical instructors can employ humor. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.
Automatic multi-head detection and tracking system using a novel detection-based particle filter and data fusion

We present a novel automatic system integrating head detection with a particle filter for realtime multi-head tracking (MHT) in video. Distinct from the conventional particle filter, which gets particles from the prior density, we propose a novel importance function based on up to date detection and motion observation which makes the particles more effective and helps us to achieve stable tracking by using much fewer particles. We also propose a general likelihood model in the context of MHT. Different information can be fused in a principled manner to make the tracker more stable. The proposed approach can handle not only changes of scale, lighting, zooming, and pose, but also fast motion, appearance, and hard multi-head occlusion.
Adolescent cortical development : A critical period of vulnerability for addiction

Cortical growth and remodeling continues from birth through youth and adolescence to stable adult levels changing slowly into senescence. There are critical periods of cortical development when specific experiences drive major synaptic rearrangements and learning that only occur during the critical period. For example, visual cortex is characterized by a critical period of plasticity involved in establishing visual acuity. Adolescence is defined by characteristic behaviors that include high levels of risk taking, exploration, novelty and sensation seeking, social interaction and play behaviors. In addition, adolescence is the final period of development of the adult during which talents, reasoning and complex adult behaviors mature. This maturation of behaviors corresponds with periods of marked changes in neurogenesis, cortical synaptic remodeling, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, as well as major changes in hormones. Frontal cortical development is later in adolescence and likely contributes to refinement of reasoning, goal and priority setting, impulse control and evaluating long and short term rewards. Adolescent humans have high levels of binge drinking and experimentation with other drugs. This review presents findings supporting adolescence as a critical period of cortical development important for establishing life long adult characteristics that are disrupted by alcohol and drug use.
Company Culture Audit to Improve Development Team's Collaboration, Communication, and Cooperation

Multinational companies worldwide seek to improve product/service development-teams operating in different countries. One of their objectives is to improve collaboration, communication, and cooperation among teams. Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc. (AM+A) recommended countries and locations in which to undertake research into teamwork within a company, accounting for cultural differences and approaches to teamwork/leadership
“We Must Bring Together a New Coalition”: The Challenge of Working-Class White Ethnics to Color-Blind Conservatism in the 1970s

This essay examines working-class white ethnics' rejection of middle-class suburbanite notions of racial innocence, meritocratic individualism, and idealized equality in post-Civil Rights America. Most scholarly attention on white ethnics has tended to dwell on well-documented racism or on their crass embrace of programs earned by others' hard-fought activism (a kind of “me-tooism”). I argue that these interpretations do not adequately capture the complex and often contradictory expressions of “ethniclass” identity in a decade characterized by working-class revolt, backlash, and retreat. I focus on white ethnic leaders allied with the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs (headed by civil rights veteran Msgr. Geno Baroni); seizing on the capacious definition of “disadvantage” common in the early 1960s, they worked with African Americans and others for increased job training, formed coalitions with organized labor, and lobbied for expanded affirmative action. As they stumbled to construct an economic vision beyond the fading deindustrializing cities from which mainstream liberals seemed disconnected with their version of “rights consciousness,” ethnic leaders articulated positions based on an unwieldy mix of principle and parochialism that defies easy generalization. Given the waning of the white ethnic movement by the late 1970s, their significance lies less in legislative or policy gains and more in their imprint on civic and popular discourse in a period where, despite its powerful effects in the corridors of power, color-blind conservatism fails to capture the views of a majority of white Americans today.