cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Identification of Hydraulic Connections Between the Surface of a Mountain and Internal Mineralized Sources

Mount Emmons is located near Crested Butte, Colorado. It is the site of a proposed molybdenum mine that would extract ore from within the core of the 12,000-foot plus peak. AMAX Inc. is proposing to extract the ore body by utilizing a block caving technique that requires a thorough understanding of the hydrology of the mountain. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that water quality data from various sources can be clustered and grouped into distinct populations that can be correlated with hydrogeologic features mapped on the mountain. Cluster analysis and canonical analysis are applied to mine water quality data, drillhole water quality data, spring-water quality data and surface-water quality data. Identified subpopulations indicate the presence or absence of mineralized sources in recharge areas, along flow paths or in discharge areas for the different water quality groups. The statistical analyses in combination with fault-vein mapping and debris slide mapping facilitate identification of preferential hydraulic connections between the surface of Mount Emmons and internal mineralized zones. The majority of the springs on Mount Emmons were shown to be derived from debris slides. These springs discharge water that meets drinking-water standards. The statistical analyses in combination with the hydrogeologic mapping indicate that these springs should not be affected significantly by mining. The analyses and hydrogeologic mapping also delineate those ground-water discharge areas that can be expected to be affected by mining. The delineation of the latter zones is essential to the mining plan; preventative and corrective measures can be implemented in the identified areas in order to assure that negative impacts of mining are avoided.
Relationship between four-cell and distorted two-cell convection patterns during northward IMF

Four-cell convection pattern in the ionosphere during a northward IMF (interplanetary magnetic field) was widely accepted until it was challenged by the distorted two-cell convection pattern proposed by Heppner and Maynard [1987]. We propose that a four-cell convection pattern, imposed on the magnetosphere by the solar wind, can be distorted into a wrapped two-cell pattern by the nonuniform and anisotropic conductance in the ionosphere. This is demonstrated by extending the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling model [Kan et al., 1988] to the northward IMF condition. The resulting wrapped two-cell patterns for positive and negative IMF By are similar to the empirical two-cell patterns obtained by Heppner and Maynard [1987]. The distributions of the resulting field-aligned currents are also characteristically consistent with the observed current distributions, including the NBZ currents, during northward IMF.
Decadal-scale fates of 15N tracers added to oak and pine stands under ambient and elevated N inputs at the Harvard Forest (USA)

Abstract We used isotope mass balances to track the fates of ecosystem-scale 15 N tracer additions to control non-fertilized and nitrogen (N)-fertilized plots in oak-dominated hardwood and red pine-dominated pine over nine growing seasons. The plots used in our tracer study are the same as of those used in the Chronic Nitrogen Amendment study (see Magill et al., this volume) at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA. Nitrogen tracers were added monthly during growing seasons (April–October) of fertilization years 4 and 5 (1991 and 1992) as either 15 NH 4 or 15 NO 3 to control and to N-fertilized plots (low N treatment, receiving additions of 5 g N m−2 per year as NH4NO3). Seven years after the end of 15 N additions (1999), tracer recoveries were highest in organic soil, ranging from 34 to 83% of additions across 15 N ion form, N loading rate and forest type. Mineral soil (0–20 cm depth) was the second largest sink, with tracer recoveries ranging from 15 to 34% of additions. Tree biomass (foliage, woody tissue, plus fine roots) accumulated 7–16% of tracer additions. Patterns of 15 N recoveries after 7 years differed from recovery patterns at the end of the 2-year labeling period. At the end of labeling in 1992, recoveries in tree biomass were higher under chronic N fertilization than under ambient atmospheric N loading (control plots), higher with 15 NO 3 than 15 NH 4 additions, and higher in hardwoods than in pines. Seven years after the end of labeling, recoveries in trees were still higher with 15 NO 3 than with 15 NH 4 labeling, and trees in control plots continued to accumulate 15 N tracers. In contrast, tracer recoveries in trees on the chronically fertilized plots were lower after 7 years than at the end of the labeling period. This was due mainly to transfers of 15 N tracer from leaf and root tissue to other ecosystem pools during the years since labeling. Wood produced during the 2-year labeling period and the 7-year post-labeling interval continued to accumulate 15 N tracers in control and chronically fertilized plots in both forest types. However, recoveries were low in woody tissues (wood formed from 1990 through 1999 plus bark), ranging from 1.1 to 6.1% of 15 N additions across forest types and treatments. Our comparisons of 15 N tracer recoveries at the end of a 2-year labeling period and at 7 years following the end of labeling suggest that soils are the dominant sinks for N deposition on temperate forests and that N does not contribute substantially to enhanced carbon uptake into tree biomass.
The VPC trace-compression algorithms

Execution traces, such as are used to study and analyze program behavior, are often so large that they need to be stored in compressed form. This paper describes the design and implementation of four value prediction-based compression (VPC) algorithms for traces that record the PC as well as other information about executed instructions. VPC1 directly compresses traces using value predictors, VPC2 adds a second compression stage, and VPC3 utilizes value predictors to convert traces into streams that can be compressed better and more quickly than the original traces. VPC4 introduces further algorithmic enhancements and is automatically synthesized. Of the 55 SPECcpu2000 traces we evaluate, VPC4 compresses 36 better, decompresses 26 faster, and compresses 53 faster than BZIP2, MACHE, PDATS II, SBC, and SEQUITUR. It delivers the highest geometric-mean compression rate, decompression speed, and compression speed because of the predictors' simplicity and their ability to exploit local value locality. Most other compression algorithms can only exploit global value locality.
When is bit allocation for predictive video coding easy

This paper addresses the problem of bit allocation among frames in a predictively encoded video sequence. Finding optimal solutions to this problem potentially requires making an exponential number of calls to the encoder. To better understand the structure of the rate-distortion data output by video encoders, a simple model of a sequentially encoded autoregressive Gaussian random field is theoretically investigated. The rate-distortion data for the model exhibits an additive-separability property, i.e. the rate can be decomposed into a sum of independent functions of single distortion variables. This property implies the near-optimal behavior of a non-backtracking steepest-descent (SD) based bit allocation algorithm. The SD algorithm when applied to video coding produces near-optimal solutions by making a linear number of calls to the encoder. Results are presented for MPEG-2 encoding of standard video sequences.
Wilderness Restoration: The Paradox of Public Participation

Recent trends in ecological restoration complicate the job of wilderness managers. An emphasis on volunteer participation in restoration designed to foster human/nature relationships often conflicts with the mandate to leave land untrammeled. We frame this conflict as the “participation paradox.” Higgs’ (2003) Nature by Design contains a response to the paradox that includes a strong defense of participatory focal restoration and a related critique of wilderness. After identifying the limitations of Higgs’ arguments, we address the paradox by showing how an appeal to the moral virtues of humility, self-restraint, and altruism supports a restrictive conception of wilderness and a healing metaphor for wilderness restoration. The virtue-informed healing metaphor provides an argument for restricting volunteer participation and long-term restoration projects in wilderness areas. It also identifies the general conditions in which damaged wilderness should be allowed to “heal itself.” The upshot of our approach to the paradox is that some standards for good restoration should be contextualized to land use designations. In particular, the emphasis on participatory restoration is appropriate in humanized landscapes but not in wilderness.
Doubly electron-attached and doubly ionised equation-of-motion coupled-cluster methods with full and active-space treatments of 4-particle–2-hole and 4-hole–2-particle excitations: the role of orbital choices

We have recently developed the full and active-space doubly electron-attached (DEA) and doubly ionised (DIP) equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOMCC) methods with up to 4-particle–2-hole (4p-2h) and 4-hole–2-particle (4h-2p) excitations. By examining the low-lying singlet and triplet states of the methylene, (HFH)−, and trimethylenemethane biradicals, and a few different types of molecular orbitals (MOs) to describe the corresponding wave functions, including the restricted or restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock orbitals of the target N-electron species and their counterparts associated with the (N ∓ 2)-electron reference systems, we demonstrate that the DEA- and DIP-EOMCC approaches with the full and active-space treatments of 4p-2h and 4h-2p excitations provide high-accuracy results which are not only in perfect agreement with one another, but also practically insensitive to the choice of the underlying MO basis. This should be contrasted with the DEA- and DIP-EOMCC methods truncated at 3p-1h/3h-1p exc...
Boron Carbide: Structure, Properties, and Stability under Stress

Boron carbide is characterized by a unique combination of properties that make it a material of choice for a wide range of engineering applications. Boron carbide is used in refractory applications due to its high melting point and thermal stability; it is used as abrasive powders and coatings due to its extreme abrasion resistance; it excels in ballistic performance due to its high hardness and low density; and it is commonly used in nuclear applications as neutron radiation absorbent. In addition, boron carbide is a high temperature semiconductor that can potentially be used for novel electronic applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in understanding of structural and chemical variations in boron carbide and their influence on electronic, optical, vibrational, mechanical, and ballistic properties. Structural instability of boron carbide under high stresses associated with external loading and the nature of the resulting disordered phase are also discussed.
Occurrence of Oral Deformities in Larval Anurans

Abstract We quantified deformities in the marginal papillae, tooth rows, and jaw sheaths of tadpoles from 13 population samples representing three families and 11 sites in the southeastern United States. Oral deformities were observed in all samples and in 13.5–98% of the specimens per sample. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) infections were detected in three samples. There was high variability among samples in the pattern and number of discovered deformities. Pairwise associations between oral structures containing deformities were nonrandom for several populations, especially those with B. dendrobatidis infections or high total numbers of deformities. Comparisons of deformities among samples using multivariate analyses revealed that tadpole samples grouped together by family. Analyses of ordination indicated that three variables, the number of deformities, the number of significant associations among deformity types within populations, and whether populations were infected with B. dendrobatidis,...
Socio-Technical Systems Approach to Work Team Design

Eric Landstown Trist focused primarily on real world applied problems through the idiographic research perspective. The following chapter reviews Trist’s scholarly work on socio-technical systems and work teams. An analysis of how Trist’s research has contributed to theory and research on work teams as well as his impact on practice is also provided.
Substrate Attributes Determine Gait in a Terrestrial Gastropod

Some terrestrial gastropods are able to move using two gaits: adhesive crawling, where the entire foot is separated from the substrate only by a thin layer of mucus and the snail leaves a continuous mucus trail; and loping, where regions of the foot arch above the substrate and the snail leaves a discontinuous mucus trail. Loping has been interpreted as a means of rapidly escaping predators. We found that the pulmonate Cornu aspersum moved using adhesive crawling on dry acrylic or glass substrates, but loped on dry concrete or wood. Loping snails did not move more rapidly than snails using adhesive crawling. Snails moving on concrete secreted a greater volume of pedal mucus per area of trail than those moving on acrylic; locomotion on concrete thus requires greater expenditure of mucus than does locomotion on acrylic. Because loping snails deposit a smaller area of mucus per distance traveled than do snails using adhesive crawling, loping may conserve mucus when moving on porous, absorbent substrates. Members of several other terrestrial pulmonate taxa can also lope on concrete, suggesting that this plasticity in gait is widespread among terrestrial snails.
Dynamical Models in FaultTolerant Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Model-Based Fault Detection Detuning Detection and Accommodation on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors Broken Rotor Bar Detection on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors Fault Detection on Power Systems Conclusions ]]>
THE SPECTRUM OF THE PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME. REPORT OF 3 CASES.

Three cases of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in the same family, each representing a different facet of the syndrome, are reviewed. The propositus had the full syndrome (mucocutaneous pigmentation, intestinal polyposis, familial incidence), her brother had the typical pigmentation only, and her father had the typical polyposis only (he had undergone total colectomy at another hospital because of a presumed diagnosis of multiple polyposis of the colon). The pertinent literature is reviewed, and the importance of accurate diagnosis, the various pitfalls in arriving at the diagnosis, the pathologic differentiation, and the differences in treatment are discussed.
Observations of water vapor within a mid-tropospheric smoke plume using ground-based microwave radiometry

Abstract. This study presents an analysis of the water vapor mixing ratio contained within multiple mid-tropospheric smoke plumes as diagnosed by a ground-based passive microwave radiometer. Measurements from the radiometer were compared to smoke opacity as diagnosed from visible satellite imagery on three different days: 12, 16, and 20 August 2013. It was found that the water vapor mixing ratio within the smoke plume could be as much as 20–250 % higher than the mixing ratio within the ambient, non-smoke environmental air. Significant intra-smoke plume variability also existed and the mixing ratio was found to be higher (lower) in more optically thick (thin) areas of the plume. This study demonstrates that a radiometer is valuable tool that can be used to remotely measure the water vapor content within smoke plumes.
Barriers and Disparities in Accessing Quality Care Amongst Childhood Cancer Survivors

Although there have been tremendous strides in the treatment of childhood cancer over the past several decades, cancer survivors with limited access to quality medical care and follow up remain at a disadvantage. Long-term follow-up of the childhood cancer survivor continues to be of great concern to the medical community, and there are many challenges that create significant barriers to a good portion of survivors in obtaining and maintaining adequate medical surveillance. This chapter will review the current knowledge regarding the factors that create barriers and disparities in accessing quality care among childhood cancer survivors, and offer some possible strategies to improve access to affordable and efficacious medical care.
Brief Report: An Evaluation of Human Lymphocyte Nuclear RNA with Acridine Orange

Lymphocytes from human peripheral blood have been evaluated by fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange-stained preparations. The nuclear RNA has been quantitatively rated and correlated with the diagnoses. These observations were performed on normals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, pertussis, hypogammaglobulinemia, acute leukemia, uremia, other malignancies, and a miscellaneous group. RNA added to in vitro normal lymphocyte cultures showed an apparent inhibition of cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated cells.
Assessment of the independent associations of IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes of anticardiolipin with thrombosis in SLE.

Objective The Sydney classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome include lupus anticoagulant or moderate-to-high titre anticardiolipin IgG or IgM. We explored the association of all anticardiolipin isotypes, lupus anticoagulant and the combination with venous and arterial thrombosis. Methods Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a large clinical cohort seen quarterly were repeatedly tested by protocol for anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. Subgroups of patients were defined based on the geometric mean titres of IgG, IgM, IgA anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant expressed in dilute Russell9s viper venom time (RVVT) seconds for each patient across all cohort visits. These subgroups were compared with respect rates of thrombosis since diagnosis with SLE. Rate ratios were estimated using Cox Proportional Hazards models. Results Of the 1390 cohort members included, there were 284 thrombotic events observed over 17 025 person-years since diagnosis for a rate of 1.7 events per 100 person-years. Those with a geometric mean titre of IgG anticardiolipin >20 had a significantly elevated rate of thromboses (rate ratio 1.8, p=0.0052), whereas there was no evidence of an association between thromboses and elevated IgM geometric mean (rate ratio 1.2, p=0.40). There were relatively few cohort members with elevated IgA geometric mean but the rate of thromboses in that group was elevated (rate ratio 1.7, p=0.23). The associations between anticardiolipin antibodies and thromboses were strongest when considering venous thromboses. Those with two or more elevated anticardiolipin isotypes or those with both IgG anticardiolipin and RVVT did not appear at higher risk than those with a single elevated marker. Conclusion This study supports previous observations that IgG anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant are associated with higher rates of thromboses. Our power to study IgA anticardiolipin was limited due to small number of patients with elevated IgA.
The cardiac and vascular interactions in the regulation of cardiac output

Cardiac output is determined by the following four factors: preload, afterload, heart rate, and myocardial contractility. The first two of these factors may be called coupling factors, because their magnitudes are determined by the characteristics of both the cardiac and vascular components of the cardiovascular system. The nature of the coupling between these two components can be analyzed by means of two characteristic curves. The first curve, the so-called cardiac function curve, reflects the Frank-Starling mechanism. It describes the cardiac output as a function of the cardiac filling pressure (or preload). The second curve, the so-called vascular function curve, reflects certain vascular characteristics, namely the peripheral resistance, arterial and venous compliances, and total blood volume. This curve describes the cardiac filling pressure as a function of the cardiac output. The equilibrium values of cardiac output and cardiac filling pressure are defined by the point of intersection of these two curves. The various humoral, neural, and pharmacological factors that affect the cardiovascular system will alter one or both of these curves. The effects of such factors on cardiac output and preload are defined by the point of intersection of the new cardiac and vascular function curves.
Machine learning predictions of cancer driver mutations

A method to predict the activation status of kinase domain mutations in cancer is presented. This method, which makes use of the machine learning technique support vector machines (SVM), has applications to cancer treatment, as well as numerous other diseases that involve kinase misregulation.
Mortality following helicopter versus ground transport of injured children.

Abstract Introduction Injured children may be transported to trauma centers by helicopter air ambulance (HAA); however, a benefit in outcomes to this expensive resource has not been consistently shown in the literature and there is concern that HAA is over-utilized. A study that adequately controls for selection biases in transport mode is needed to determine which injured children benefit from HAA. The purpose of this study was to determine if HAA impacts mortality differently in minimally and severely injured children and if there are predictors of over-triage of HAA in children that can be identified. Methods Children ≤18 years of age transported by HAA or ground ambulance (GA) from scene to a trauma center were identified from the 2010–2011 National Trauma Data Bank. Analysis was stratified by Injury Severity Score (ISS) into low ISS (≤15) and high ISS (>15) groups. Following propensity score matching of HAA to GA patients, conditional multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine if transport mode independently impacted mortality in each stratum. Rates and predictors of over-triage of HAA were also determined. Results Transport by HAA occurred in 8218 children (5574 low ISS, 2644 high ISS) and by GA in 35305 (30506 low ISS, 4799 high ISS). Overall mortality was greater in HAA patients (4.0 vs 1.4%, p Conclusions Based on a national cohort adjusted for nonrandom assignment of transport mode, a survival benefit to HAA transport exists only for severely injured children with ISS >15. Many children with minor injuries are transported by helicopter despite frequent dismissal within 24 h and no mortality benefit.
Does a foliar endophyte improve plant fitness under flooding

Although endophytic fungi are ubiquitous in plants, their full range of ecological effects has yet to be characterized, particularly in non-agronomic systems. In this study, we compared the responses of two congeneric bluegrass species to flooding. Both plant species co-occur in subalpine zones of the Rocky Mountains. Marsh bluegrass (Poa leptocoma) commonly hosts a vertically transmitted fungal endophyte (Epichloe sp.) and naturally grows in wetter conditions than does nodding bluegrass (Poa reflexa), which lacks an epichloid endophyte. We investigated the novel hypothesis that endophyte symbiosis promotes host fitness under flooded conditions, contributing to niche differentiation between the two bluegrass species. We used a factorial greenhouse experiment to test whether endophyte presence improved survival, growth, or reproduction of P. leptocoma under flooded versus non-flooded edaphic conditions by experimentally removing the endophyte from half of the plants. We compared P. leptocoma responses to those of the endophyte-free congener. In contrast to expectations generated from the natural distributions of the two plant species, endophyte presence was more beneficial to P. leptocoma under ambient soil moisture than under flooding. Increased benefits of symbiosis in drier soils are consistent with studies of other grass endophytes. Flooded soils also unexpectedly improved the growth of P. reflexa more than that of the wet habitat specialist, P. leptocoma. While our results demonstrate an overall benefit of fungal symbiosis in this system, ecological factors other than flooding per se likely underlie the observed geographical distributions of these congeneric grasses in nature.
An experimental study of $$ ^{{{\text{Fe}}^{2 + } {-}{\text{Mg}}}} K_{\text{D}} $$ Fe 2 + - Mg K D between orthopyroxene and rhyolite: a strong dependence on H2O in the melt

The effect of temperature, pressure, and dissolved H2O in the melt on the Fe2+–Mg exchange coefficient between orthopyroxene and rhyolite melt was investigated with a series of H2O fluid-saturated phase-equilibrium experiments. Experiments were conducted in a rapid-quench cold-seal pressure vessel over a temperature and pressure range of 785–850 °C and 80–185 MPa, respectively. Oxygen fugacity was buffered with the solid Ni–NiO assemblage in a double-capsule assembly. These experiments, when combined with H2O-undersaturated experiments in the literature, show that $$ ^{{{\text{Fe}}^{2 + } {-}{\text{Mg}}}} K_{\text{D}} $$ between orthopyroxene and rhyolite liquid increases strongly (from 0.23 to 0.54) as a function of dissolved water in the melt (from 2.7 to 5.6 wt%). There is no detectable effect of temperature or pressure over an interval of 65 °C and 100 MPa, respectively, on the Fe2+–Mg exchange coefficient values. The data show that Fe-rich orthopyroxene is favored at high water contents, whereas Mg-rich orthopyroxene crystallizes at low water contents. It is proposed that the effect of dissolved water in the melt on the composition of orthopyroxene is analogous to its effect on the composition of plagioclase. In the latter case, dissolved hydroxyl groups preferentially complex with Na+ relative to Ca2+, which reduces the activity of the albite component, leading to a more anorthite-rich (calcic) plagioclase. Similarly, it is proposed that dissolved hydroxyl groups preferentially complex with Mg2+ relative to Fe2+, thus lowering the activity of the enstatite component, leading to a more Fe-rich orthopyroxene at high water contents in the melt. The experimental results presented in this study show that reversely zoned pyroxene (i.e., Mg-rich rims) in silicic magmas may be a result of H2O degassing and not necessarily the result of mixing with a more mafic magma.
From service to synergy: Embedding librarians in a digital humanities project

ABSTRACTDefinitions of the term digital humanities vary, and its place in the academic library is still being explored. Yet exploration is indeed taking place, at large research institutions as well as, increasingly, at smaller colleges and undergraduate libraries. This article details an innovative digital humanities project carried out at an institution of 2,300 undergraduates, where a creative institutional partnership was the key to its success. The project has provided an outstanding opportunity to address the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, while embracing the growing trend on many campuses to showcase student research.
Psychosocial Correlates of Ever Having a Pap Test and Abnormal Pap Results in a Sample of Rural Appalachian Women

Background Despite known prevention and screening efforts, there are higher invasive cervical cancer rates in Appalachia than in other areas of the United States and higher mortality rates in the Appalachian region of Kentucky compared to Appalachian regions of other states. Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the association of psychosocial factors relevant to cervical cancer and the outcome of ever having a Pap test in a rural sample of women. The secondary purpose was to determine whether any of the same psychosocial factors were also associated with ever having an abnormal Pap test result among women with a self-reported history of having one or more Pap tests in their lifetime. Methods Data were collected in fall of 2013 from 393 women in 8 economically distressed counties of rural Appalachian Kentucky. Women completed an interviewer-administered survey assessing sociodemographic and health information as well as beliefs about cervical cancer. Findings Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that low income and greater perceived local fatalism were significant predictors of never having a Pap test. Lack of personal control over prevention, and peer and family influences were significant predictors of ever having an abnormal Pap test result. Conclusions Educational efforts targeted in rural Appalachia would be supported by encouraging the benefits of early and consistent screening, altering the established norms of community fatalism and lack of personal control over prevention, and creating targeted messages through public campaigns that convince rural Appalachian women that cervical cancer is highly preventable and screenable.
Synthesis of Geranyl-2-Thiouridine-Modified RNA

This unit describes the chemical synthesis of the S-geranyl-2-thiouridine (ges2 U) phosphoramidite and its incorporation into RNA oligonucleotides through solid-phase synthesis. Starting from the 2-thiouracil nucleobase and the protected ribose, the 2-thiouridine is synthesized and the geranyl functionality is introduced into the 2-thio position by using geranyl bromide as the geranylating reagent before the conversion of this modified nucleoside into a phosphoramidite building block. The modified phosphoramidite is used to make the geranyl-RNA oligonucleotides with a solid-phase DNA synthesizer. These RNA strands are then purified by ion-exchange HPLC before further structural and functional studies, such as base pairing and enzyme recognition, can be done. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developing Institutions to Overcome Governance Barriers to Ecoregional Conservation

Threats to biodiversity occur at local, regional, and landscape level scales. As a result responses to these threats increasingly use a systematic process to identify important habitat at large enough scales necessary to support biodiversity that is currently or potentially threatened by human activity. However despite the relative agreement regarding emerging best practices for identifying and ranking areas within an eco-region for conservation and the wide use of eco-regional planning and ecosystem management in both developed and developing nations, biodiversity and the habitats they rely on continue to degrade. In most cases, one of the major barriers to implementing these landscape scale conservation plans appears to be poor institutional coordination and cooperation (horizontal and vertical fragmentation) across eco-regional scales. This paper describes some of the common barriers to effective eco-regional governance which hamper the implementation of conservation planning efforts and proposes specific steps and conditions necessary for the development of eco-regional institutions, which are thought to overcome governance fragmentation. As complex and transboundary threats such as climate change, pollution, and land conversion increase, it is thought that without this transformation in governance, biodiversity will continue to decline.
1.23 – Legal and Forensic Sampling

This chapter covers the diverse topics within sampling and sample preparation for forensic chemical analysis. Sampling and sample preparation are the first and sometimes neglected steps in obtaining meaningful data from analytical measurements. The chapter covers the role of statistics and the importance of developing a sound sampling strategy and the role of sampling and sample preparation for matrices that are normally examined in forensic laboratories, such as residues of ignitable liquids present in debris collected from suspect fires, residues of explosives (both pre-blast and post-blast), residue from gunshot collected from persons suspected of firing a weapon, controlled substances in solid form and from biological specimens, the characterization of materials such as glass, paint, fibers, and other “trace” evidence, human odor compounds and human decomposition compounds as well as a variety of matrices and analytes related to environmental forensic samples. The chapter also covers the use of field sampling and sample preparation to facilitate analytical measurements closer to where the evidence sample was found.
Effect of frequency response on language learning

The number of errors in the recognition of unfamiliar phonemic contrasts increases with high or low frequency limitation. This increase in errors is not the same for all phonemic contrasts, but the contrasts are affected in the same manner by either limitation. Consonants are affected more, and German shows a much clearer picture than does French. Rank ordering contrasts according to numbers of errors give support to a concept of“order of difficulty” of recognition of foreign phonemic contrasts.
Poirot: a concurrency sleuth

Concurrent programming is difficult. The challenges are foundational: unlike sequential control flow, asynchronous control flow is difficult to understand and reason about. Not surprisingly, even expert programmers find it difficult to write concurrent software. We desperately need software engineering techniques and tools to move concurrent programming from black art to a rigorous engineering discipline. I believe that automated tools that reduce the cognitive burden of reasoning about concurrency can help tremendously in improving the productivity of concurrent programmers. In collaboration with my colleagues at Microsoft Research, I have developed Poirot (http://research.microsoft.com/ en-us/projects/poirot/), a tool for answering semantic queries about a concurrent program by statically searching over its executions. Poirot exploits sequential encodings of concurrent semantics, structural underand over-approximations for sequential control flow, and advances in automated theorem proving to search concurrent program executions efficiently. Poirot is being used in many different applications--bug detection, program understanding, and symbolic debugging. This lecture will present both a demonstration and an explanation of the techniques underlying the search engine inside Poirot. Poirot is joint work with Akash Lal and Shuvendu Lahiri.
GVHD: biology matters

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) targets the crypts in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are responsible for the self-renewal of the intestinal mucosa. Recent advances in the identification and culture of intestinal stem cells have improved our understanding of the interactions between the microbiome and the immune system (both innate and adaptive) that are key to the pathophysiology of GVHD. The identification of serum biomarkers that best predict long-term GVHD outcomes derive from the GI tract and have focused attention on cellular elements that act as shields against GVHD as well as its targets. These biomarkers have illuminated new mechanisms of crypt biology and provided insights that should prove useful both in the design of clinical trials and as guides to GVHD prevention and treatment.
A Study of Core Utilization and Residency in Heterogeneous Smart Phone Architectures

In recent years, the smart phone platform has seen a rise in the number of cores and the use of heterogeneous clusters as in the Qualcomm Snapdragon, Apple A10 and the Samsung Exynos processors. This paper attempts to understand characteristics of mobile workloads, with measurements on heterogeneous multicore phone platforms with big and little cores. It answers questions such as the following: (i) Do smart phones need multiple cores of different types (eg: big or little)? (ii) Is it energy-efficient to operate with more cores (with less time) or fewer cores even if it might take longer? (iii)What are the best frequencies to operate the cores considering energy efficiency? (iv) Do mobile applications need out-of-order speculative execution cores with complex branch prediction? (v) Is IPC a good performance indicator for early design tradeoff evaluation while working on mobile processor design?Using Geekbench and more than 3 dozen Android applications, and the Workload Automation tool from ARM, we measure core utilization, frequency residencies, and energy efficiency characteristics on two leading edge smart phones. Many characteristics of smartphone platforms are presented, and architectural implications of the observations as well as design considerations for future mobile processors are discussed. A key insight is that multiple big and complex cores are beneficial both from a performance as well as an energy point of view in certain scenarios. It is seen that 4 big cores are utilized during application launch and update phases of applications. Similarly, reboot using all 4 cores at maximum performance provides latency advantages. However, it consumes higher power and energy, and reboot with 2 cores was seen to be more energy efficient than reboot with 1 or 4 cores. Furthermore, inaccurate branch prediction is seen to result in up to 40% mis-speculated instructions in many applications, suggesting that it is important to improve the accuracy of branch predictors in mobile processors. While absolute IPCs are observed to be a poor predictor of benchmark scores, relative IPCs are useful for estimating the impact of microarchitectural changes on benchmark scores.
Growth Response of Newly Planted Valley Oak Trees to Supplemental Fertilizers

Abstract Growth of Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Nee) trees was not improved by slow-release or soluble fertilizers applied at planting time, nor by a single application of soluble fertilizer one year after planting. The native soil, with nutrient levels typical of newly developed residential and park areas in the region, provided adequate nutrition for good tree growth over the term of the 3-year study.
S(1)-C(2)-secocephems—II

Abstract Grignard reagents react with C(3)-electron rich (C1, OMe, SO, and morpholinyl) cephems to give S(1)-C(2)-seco products with the organic radical bonded to sulfur. A single-electron transfer mechanism is suggested to account for these results.
Epidural Narcotics for Postoperative Pain Relief

The clinical performance of epidural narcotics is determined by the physicochemical characteristics and the doses of the drugs used. Highly lipid-soluble agents are likely to produce a more localized segmental analgesia than poorly lipidsoluble drugs. Rostral spread of narcotic analgesia may be followed by respiratory depression. Safe practice requires that epidural narcotics should not be accompanied by parenteral narcotic administration, and that patients should be placed under appropriate surveillance to avoid the dangers of delayed respiratory depression.
Sisterhood and "Doing Good": Asymmetries of Western Feminist Location, Access and Orbits of Concern

There are a variety of discourses and practices that position Western feminists (and Western political subjects more generally) as people who have a moral and political obligation to concern themselves with the welfare, suffering, or empowerment of non-Western subjects, often women, and intervene to “do good” on their behalf. Conversely, there are virtually no discourses and practices that assign moral and political obligations to non-Western feminists (or non-Western political subjects more generally) to intervene in matters involving the welfare or suffering of Western subjects, including women. A central goal of my paper is to make this asymmetry explicit and distinguish it from charges such as “essentialism” more commonly made against Western feminist representations of their Others. I explore the consequences of discourses and practices that construct Western subjects as entitled to and obligated to concern themselves with the world entire, while not extending this global scope of concern to non-Western subjects. I critically examine, among other things, the roles assigned Western-funded NGOs in enabling Western subjects to engage in practices of “doing good” and I explore alternative possibilities that are more explicitly “political.” Along the way, I examine certain blind spots in Western political theory that appear connected to the picture of Western subjects as obligated to “do good” in distant places. My analysis engages substantially with Alison Jaggar’s essay, “Saving Amina,” drawing attention to matters of agreement and possible disagreement.
Degree of technical difficulty of thyroidectomy for autoimmune thyroid disease

BACKGROUND Our goal was to elucidate the differences in degree of technical difficulty of thyroidectomy in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. METHODS Charts of adult patients who had undergone thyroidectomy were reviewed. Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) or Graves' Disease (GD) were individually compared to a control group of patients with early stage malignancy or goiter. RESULTS The HT (n = 65) group was significantly more likely to have friable (P = .001) and fibrotic (P < .001) thyroids, longer operative times (P = .02), and a 22-modifier (P = .005). The GD (n = 169) group was significantly more likely to have friable (P < .001), vascular (P < .001), fibrotic (P = .038), and heavy (P = .002) thyroids, longer operative times (P = .03), increased length of stay (P = .01) and a 22-modifier (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our experience at an institution with a high-volume thyroid practice demonstrates that patients with autoimmune thyroid disease have consistent qualitative changes of the thyroid and significantly increased operative times and surgical difficulty.
Improved real-time tagged MRI using REALTAG.

Objectives To evaluate a novel method for real-time tagged MRI with increased tag persistence using phase sensitive tagging (REALTAG), demonstrated for speech imaging. Methods Tagging is applied as a brief interruption to a continuous real-time spiral acquisition. REALTAG is implemented using a total tagging flip angle of 180° and a novel frame-by-frame phase sensitive reconstruction to remove smooth background phase while preserving the sign of the tag lines. Tag contrast-to-noise ratio of REALTAG and conventional tagging (total flip angle of 90°) is simulated and evaluated in vivo. The ability to extend tag persistence is tested during the production of vowel-to-vowel transitions by American English speakers. Results REALTAG resulted in a doubling of contrast-to-noise ratio at each time point and increased tag persistence by more than 1.9-fold. The tag persistence was 1150 ms with contrast-to-noise ratio >6 at 1.5T, providing 2 mm in-plane resolution, 179 frames/s, with 72.6 ms temporal window width, and phase sensitive reconstruction. The new imaging window is able to capture internal tongue deformation over word-to-word transitions in natural speech production. Conclusion Tag persistence is substantially increased in intermittently tagged real-time MRI by using the improved REALTAG method. This makes it possible to capture longer motion patterns in the tongue, such as cross-word vowel-to-vowel transitions, and provides a powerful new window to study tongue biomechanics.
Improved accuracy and precision of calcium mass score using deconvolution and partial volume correction

There are multiple quantitative methods for assessing coronary calcifications with CT including Agatston, mass score, and volume score. Several studies have shown mass score in mg-calcium to be the most reproducible. Since we are interested in tracking changes in individual calcifications over time as a new biomarker of vascular disease, we have analyzed ways to further improve reproducibility. The conventional way to calculate calcium mass score is to sum all voxels above 130- HU and convert to mass score using a calibration constant. This does not account for blurring in CT system. To improve coronary calcification measurements, we used Richardson-Lucy deconvolution with a measured 2D and 3D impulse response (Philips IQon) and/or partial volume correction processing. At 120 kVp, we imaged a phantom with calcium inserts and calcified cadaver hearts at three rotational orientations at high (0.4883-mm, 0.67-mm-thick) and normal clinical (0.4883-mm, 2.5-mm-thick) resolution. For each calcification in clinical resolution images, in the order of partial volume correction, 2D deconvolution, and 3D deconvolution processing, averaged percentage difference to the actual value of the QRM phantom calcification inserts evaluation are 0.07,0.13 and 0.22, improves as for non-processed clinical evaluation is -0.41. Similarly, in cadaver hearts, accuracy for averaged percentage difference compared to high resolution results are -0.21, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively, improves as the clinical evaluation is -0.51. In all cases, precision across rotation angle improves as coefficient of variation are 0.09, 0.10 and 0.11 respectively in the same processing order, slightly improves compare to clinical evaluation 0.13.
Dopamine Signaling in the Dorsomedial Striatum Promotes Compulsive Behavior

Habits and compulsions are two aspects of behavior that often develop in parallel and together lead to inflexible responding. Both habits and compulsions are hypothesized to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as drug addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but they are distinct behaviors that may rely on different brain circuitries. We developed an experimental paradigm to track the development of both habits and compulsions in individual animals while recording neural activity. We performed fiber photometry measurements of dopamine axon activity while mice engaged in reinforcement learning on a random interval (RI60) schedule and found that the emergence of compulsion was predicted by the dopamine signal in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). By amplifying this DMS dopamine signal throughout training using optogenetics, we accelerated animals9 transitions to compulsion, irrespective of habit formation. These results establish DMS dopamine signaling as a key controller of compulsions.
Chapter 9 – Property Integration

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the problem of identifying rigorous targets for direct reuse in property-based applications through visualization techniques and also discusses the identification of interception tasks. El-Halwagi and his coworkers introduced the paradigm of property integration. Property integration is a functionality-based, holistic approach to the allocation and manipulation of streams and processing units, which is based on the tracking, adjustment, assignment, and matching of functionalities throughout the process. The first problem that has been addressed is the property-based direct recycle when the constraints are based on one property. The property-based material recycle/reuse pinch diagram and design rules can be used to guide engineers in making process modifications to enhance material reuse. When the sink constraints and the process sources are characterized by multiple properties, it is necessary to address these properties simultaneously. Because properties or functionalities form the basis of performance of many units, it will be very insightful to develop design procedures based on key properties instead of key compounds. Therefore, the design and integration can be carried out in the cluster domain by focusing on the relevant properties. Then the design can be mapped back from the cluster domain to the property domain. The targeting procedure identifies the targets for fresh, waste, and material reuse without commitment to the detailed design of the network matching the sources and sinks.