cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Electrical Architectures and Power Requirements for Automated Vehicles

Automated vehicles require sensors and computer processing that can perceive the surrounding environment and make real time decisions. These additional electrical loads expand the auxiliary load profile, therefore reducing the range of an automated electric vehicle compared to a standard electric vehicle. Furthermore, a fully automated vehicle must be fail-safe from sensor to vehicle control, thus demanding additional electrical loads due to redundancies in hardware throughout the vehicle. This paper presents a review of the sensors needed to make a vehicle automated, the power required for these additional auxiliary loads, and the necessary electrical architectures for increasing levels of robustness.
SAR Scene Size Limits for Spatially Invariant Defocus With Near- and Far-Field Geometries

Existing traditional or phase-only autofocus techniques rely on the assumption that the phase-error function, which causes synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image defocus, is spatially invariant. In many cases this assumption holds, but for larger scene sizes or scenarios where the far-field approximation does not hold, the spatially invariant phase error approximation breaks down. In this paper, an approximate upper bound is derived on the spatially variant phase-error component of the phase-error function. The derived bound applies with near- and far-field bistatic geometries, with monostatic as a special case, and is expressed in terms of either known quantities or quantities which typically have a known upper bound. The derived bound enables SAR scene size limits to be computed, such that the phase-error function is approximately spatially invariant according to a specified phase threshold. Example results identifying SAR scene size limits for spatially invariant defocus are presented for both near- and far-field geometries.
Modulation of mitochondrial fission activity maintains ovarian tumor initiating cells dependent on mitochondrial energetics

Self-renewing, therapy resistant ovarian tumor initiating cells (ovTICs) clearly contribute to development and recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and recurrent EOC is incurable. Depending on the genetic and physiological context of a patient ovTICs can be dependent on mitochondrial energetics, specifically ATP production and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial energetics can be repressed through fragmentation of mitochondria through elevated activity of mitochondrial fission protein Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Conversely, repression of Drp1 activity can augment mitochondrial energetics. Drp1 has also been implicated in maintenance of some stem cell lineages. However, Drp1 regulation of the stem-like ovTICs and the impact of fission activity on the mitochondrial energetics of these cells have not been well characterized. Hypothesis Modulation of mitochondrial energetics by fission, likely mediated by cyclic changes in Drp1 activity, maintains undifferentiated ovTICs. We studied mitochondrial properties in a derived chemoresistant EOC cell line previously shown to be enriched for ovTICs compared to its parental line. We found that the chemoresistant line has boosted mitochondrial energetics and repressed Drp1 activity compared to its parental line. We then FACS-sorted the chemoresistant line based on a TIC marker (Aldh) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) into 4 populations (Aldh-ΔΨlo, Aldh-ΔΨhi, Aldh+ΔΨlo, and Aldh+ΔΨhi). The sorted Aldh+ populations are dependent on mitochondrial energetics and cycle between ΔΨhi and ΔΨlo energetic states as they form in vitro tumorspheres, unlike the Aldh- populations. These energetic states have characteristic mitochondrial fission activity. Importantly, regulation of ATP production or redox state by fission is mutually exclusive for each energetic state. Understanding how fission can modulate the mitochondrial energetics of ovTICs that depend on mitochondria for ATP production and/or redox homeostasis will allow us to better identify and directly target TICs.
The Work of ‘Crisis’ in the ‘Opioid Crisis’

This commentary is an edited version of discussant comments to the Executive Session panel ‘Anthropological Interventions in the US Opioid Crisis’ organized by Jennifer Carroll at the 117th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Diego, CA, November 14-18, 2018.
Code-aided interference suppression for DS/CDMA communications. II. Parallel blind adaptive implementations

For pt.I see ibid., vol.45, no.9, p.1101-11 (1997). An adaptive code-aided technique for the simultaneous suppression of narrow-band interference (NBI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) networks is proposed. This technique is based on the recursive least-squares (RLS) version of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) algorithm for multiuser detection. The convergence dynamics of the RLS blind adaptive algorithm for suppressing the combined NBI and MAI are analyzed. The steady-state performance of this algorithm in terms of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is also derived. Systolic array structures for parallel implementations of the RLS adaptive interference suppression algorithms are then proposed. Versions of the rotation-based QR-RLS algorithms for both the blind adaptation mode and the decision-directed adaptation mode are derived. These algorithms exhibit high degrees of parallelism, and can be mapped to VLSI systolic arrays to exploit massively parallel signal processing computation.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PROGRAM INTERCHANGE, AND STANDARDS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of computer technology and describes various hardware and software developments. The concept of program sharing is almost as old as the use of the computer itself in some areas of nuclear science and technology, particularly, in reactor design and nuclear engineering. It came about in these areas largely as a result of two events: (1) the establishment of the AEC Computer Facility at New York University and (2) the compilation of an early bibliography of available computer programs for nuclear reactor problems. The chapter discusses this concept–program interchange. As both computing and nuclear energy shifted from research and development to industry status, the need for standardization was recognized. In 1966, when Tom Steel wrote his review of standards for computers and information processing, only 12 American National Standards had been published in that fast-growing field. The first such nuclear standard was the Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology approved in 1957. Standards are generally developed by consensus within professional societies, technical or trade associations, or governmental agencies. The chapter discusses the standards sponsored by the American Nuclear Society and the Reactor Physics branch of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) Reactor Research and Development Division, because it has been these efforts where nuclear practitioners have attempted to develop standards related to computing.
Measuring GPS Transmit Antenna Pattern Using On-Orbit Receivers

This paper presents a novel method to calibrate the transmit antenna pattern of the GPS satellites, using the zenith antenna mounted on each of the 8 small satellites of the NASA CYGNSS mission. The zenith measurements are calibrated using an end-to-end calibration. The pattern of the zenith antenna is calibrated using the multiple published GPS transmit antenna patterns. A weighted spherical harmonic fitting algorithm is used to minimize the impacts by the measurement noise. The weighted RMSD of two independently calibrated patterns using GPS PRN 21 and 28 is only 0.31 dB. The 8 calibrated CYGNSS zenith patterns are used to accurately and precisely calibrate the GPS transmit antenna pattern over the full terrestrial service volume for all 32 GPS satellites. The calibrated patterns have 0.5 × 0.5 degree resolution while the published patterns have a 2 × 10 degree resolution. The calibrated patterns are significant to resolve many open challenges in Earth remote sensing using the reflected GPS signal and accurate on-orbit calibration of antenna pattern for small satellites and CubeSats. The research is useful to the system design, engineering calibration and science investigation for future small satellite missions using Signals of Opportunity (SoOP).
Quelle est la configuration optimale pour la stabilité et la qualité de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique de la fixation externe temporaire des fractures du plateau tibial ?

Abstract Introduction Temporary external fixation has been widely utilized in the stabilization of plateau fractures while waiting for an optimization of the soft tissue conditions before subsequent permanent internal fixation. Simultaneously, MRI is beneficial in the assessment of concomitant damage to ligaments and menisci so that these injuries could be promptly identified, and surgical planning executed at the time of definitive fixation of the bony injury. Increasing numbers of sidebars and pins have been previously suggested to increase frame rigidity but, at the same time, several studies have indicated the presence of MRI artifacts which may obscure key anatomical structures, even when MRI-compatible fixation devices are used. This study aims to identify, among six potential configurations, the construct that maximizes stability while most minimizing the number of MRI artifacts generated among different configurations commonly used. Hypothesis There is one or more configurations among the others that maximize stability while preserving a clinically acceptable level of MRI quality. Material and methods Six constructs were recreated on cadaveric specimens and identified by the disposition of the bars: H, anterior, flash, hashtag, rhomboid, and diamond. Stage one evaluated the amount of artifact produced during MRI on instrumented cadaveric legs, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at five specific regions of interest. Stage two assessed the amount of compressional and torsional stiffness of the configurations on bone surrogate models. Results Image artifacts were not detected within the knee joint for all considered constructs. In terms of SNR The H, anterior, hashtag, and diamond configurations were not significantly different from their control (p > 0.366) while the others were significantly different (p 0.07) while the remaining configurations were significantly different (p Discussion An external fixator construct directly bridging the femur and tibia without interconnections is the most stable and produces MRI scans without image artifacts that would interfere with diagnostic quality. Level of evidence V, basic science study, diagnostic imaging and mechanical testing.
User Experience With Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment Methods for an Affective Exergame: Comparative Laboratory-Based Study.

Background: In affective exergames, game difficulty is dynamically adjusted to match the user’s physical and psychological state. Such an adjustment is commonly made based on a combination of performance measures (eg, in-game scores) and physiological measurements, which provide insight into the player’s psychological state. However, although many prototypes of affective games have been presented and many studies have shown that physiological measurements allow more accurate classification of the player’s psychological state than performance measures, few studies have examined whether dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) based on physiological measurements (which requires additional sensors) results in a better user experience than performance-based DDA or manual difficulty adjustment. Objective: This study aims to compare five DDA methods in an affective exergame: manual (player-controlled), random, performance-based, personality-performance–based, and physiology-personality-performance–based (all-data). Methods: A total of 50 participants (N=50) were divided into five groups, corresponding to the five DDA methods. They played an exergame version of Pong for 18 minutes, starting at a medium difficulty; every 2 minutes, two game difficulty parameters (ball speed and paddle size) were adjusted using the participant’s assigned DDA method. The DDA rules for the performance-based, personality-performance–based, and all-data groups were developed based on data from a previous open-loop study. Seven physiological responses were recorded throughout the sessions, and participants self-reported their preferred changes to difficulty every 2 minutes. After playing the game, participants reported their in-game experience using two questionnaires: the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and the Flow Experience Measure. Results: Although the all-data method resulted in the most accurate changes to ball speed and paddle size (defined as the percentage match between DDA choice and participants’ preference), no significant differences between DDA methods were found on the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and Flow Experience Measure. When the data from all four automated DDA methods were pooled together, the accuracy of changes in ball speed was significantly correlated with players’ enjoyment (r=0.38) and pressure (r=0.43). Conclusions: Although our study is limited by the use of a between-subjects design and may not generalize to other exergame designs, the results do not currently support the inclusion of physiological measurements in affective exergames, as they did not result in an improved user experience. As the accuracy of difficulty changes is correlated with user experience, the results support the development of more effective DDA methods. However, they show that the inclusion of physiological measurements does not guarantee a better user experience even if it yields promising results in offline cross-validation. Trial Registration:
NFĸB Targeting in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Support of Age-Linked Hematological Malignancies

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can become dysfunctional in patients with hematological disorders. An unanswered question is whether age-linked disruption of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is secondary to hematological dysfunction or vice versa. We therefore studied MSC function in patients with different hematological disorders and found decreased MHC-II except from one sample with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The patients' MSCs were able to exert veto properties except for AML MSCs. While the expression of MHC-II appeared to be irrelevant to the immune licensing of MSCs, AML MSCs lost their ability to differentiate upon contact and rather, continued to proliferate, forming foci-like structures. We performed a retrospective study that indicated a significant increase in MSCs, based on phenotype, for patients with BM fibrosis. This suggests a role for MSCs in patients transitioning to leukemia. NFĸB was important to MSC function and was shown to be a potential target to sensitize leukemic CD34+/CD38- cells to azacitidine. This correlated with their lack of allogeneic stimulation. This study identified NFĸB as a potential target for combination therapy to treat leukemia stem cells and showed that understanding MSC biology and immune response could be key in determining how the aging BM might support leukemia. More importantly, we show how MSCs might be involved in transitioning the high risk patient with hematological disorder to AML.
A Systematic Review of Aesthetic Surgery Training Within Plastic Surgery Training Programs in the USA: An In-Depth Analysis and Practical Reference.

The importance of aesthetic surgery exposure for plastic and reconstructive trainees has been recently validated by the expansion of case requirements for aesthetic procedures from 50 to 150, as well as resident-driven desire for increased cosmetic exposure throughout training. We aim to systematically review the literature at a national level to report on overall trends in aesthetic surgery training within PRS residencies. A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus identified all English articles published in the USA between 2000 and 2020, using a combination of “aesthetic surgery”, “cosmetic surgery”, “plastic surgery”, “residency and internship”, “education”, and “training.” Our initial search resulted in 415 articles. After review of inclusion and exclusion criteria, in addition to cross-referencing, 41 studies remained, including 15 studies discussing resident and/or program director surveys, eight studies discussing teaching methods, sixteen studies discussing dedicated resident clinics, four studies discussing cosmetic/aesthetic fellowships, three studies discussing cosmetic practice patterns, and eleven studies discussing patient outcomes. Current literature demonstrates that there are gaps in aesthetic surgery training for PRS residents in the USA, including facial and neck surgeries and non-surgical interventions. Resident clinics have clear benefits for resident education, without sacrificing patient outcomes. Residency programs should consider the development of a resident cosmetic clinic and/or dedicated cosmetic center to increase surgical exposure and increase trainee comfort in providing this subset of procedures. Published literature is limited in consistency of methods of evaluation, and further in-depth analysis of case volume and diversity at training programs within the USA and internationally is indicated. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Dynamic life-cycle carbon analysis for fast pyrolysis biofuel produced from pine residues: implications of carbon temporal effects.

Woody biomass has been considered as a promising feedstock for biofuel production via thermochemical conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis. Extensive Life Cycle Assessment studies have been completed to evaluate the carbon intensity of woody biomass-derived biofuels via fast pyrolysis. However, most studies assumed that woody biomass such as forest residues is a carbon–neutral feedstock like annual crops, despite a distinctive timeframe it takes to grow woody biomass. Besides, few studies have investigated the impacts of forest dynamics and the temporal effects of carbon on the overall carbon intensity of woody-derived biofuels. This study addressed such gaps by developing a life-cycle carbon analysis framework integrating dynamic modeling for forest and biorefinery systems with a time-based discounted Global Warming Potential (GWP) method developed in this work. The framework analyzed dynamic carbon and energy flows of a supply chain for biofuel production from pine residues via fast pyrolysis. The mean carbon intensity of biofuel given by Monte Carlo simulation across three pine growth cases ranges from 40.8–41.2 g CO2e MJ−1 (static method) to 51.0–65.2 g CO2e MJ−1 (using the time-based discounted GWP method) when combusting biochar for energy recovery. If biochar is utilized as soil amendment, the carbon intensity reduces to 19.0–19.7 g CO2e MJ−1 (static method) and 29.6–43.4 g CO2e MJ−1 in the time-based method. Forest growth and yields (controlled by forest management strategies) show more significant impacts on biofuel carbon intensity when the temporal effect of carbon is taken into consideration. Variation in forest operations and management (e.g., energy consumption of thinning and harvesting), on the other hand, has little impact on the biofuel carbon intensity. The carbon temporal effect, particularly the time lag of carbon sequestration during pine growth, has direct impacts on the carbon intensity of biofuels produced from pine residues from a stand-level pine growth and management point of view. The carbon implications are also significantly impacted by the assumptions of biochar end-of-life cases and forest management strategies.
Mitigating Fugitive Aerosols during Aerosol Delivery via High-Flow Nasal Cannula Devices.

Background: Aerosol delivery via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has attracted clinical interests in recent years. However, both HFNC and nebulization are categorized as aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). In-vitro studies raised concerns that AGPs had high transmission risk. Very few in-vivo studies examined fugitive aerosols with HFNC and nebulization via HFNC, and effective methods to mitigate aerosol dispersion are unknown.Method: Two HFNC devices (Airvo2 and Vapotherm) with or without a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) were compared; HFNC alone, surgical mask over HFNC interface, and HFNC with face tent scavenger were used in a random order for nine healthy volunteers. Fugitive aerosol concentrations at sizes of 0.3-10 µm were continuously measured by particle sizers placed at one and three feet from participants. On a different day, six of the nine participants received six additional nebulizer treatments via VMN or small volume nebulizer (SVN) with mouthpiece with/without an expiratory filter or facemask. In-vitro simulation was employed to quantify inhaled dose with VMN via Airvo2 and Vapotherm.Results: Compared to baseline, neither HFNC device generated higher aerosol concentrations. Compared to HFNC alone, VMN via Airvo2 generated higher 0.3-1.0 µm particles (all p<.05) but VMN via Vapotherm did not. Concentrations of 1.0-3.0 µm particles with VMN via Airvo2 were similar with VMN and a mouthpiece/facemask but lower than SVN with a mouthpiece/facemask (all p<.05). Placing a surgical mask over HFNC during nebulization reduced 0.5-1.0 µm particles (all p<.05) to levels similar to the use of a nebulizer with mouthpiece and expiratory filter. In-vitro the inhaled dose with VMN via Airvo2 was ≥6 times higher than VMN via Vapotherm.Conclusion: During aerosol delivery via HFNC, Airvo2 generated higher inhaled dose and consequently higher fugitive aerosols than Vapotherm. Simple measures, such as placing a surgical mask over nasal cannula during nebulization via HFNC, could effectively reduce fugitive aerosol concentrations.
Citizen and Self in Ancient Greece: Individuals Performing Justice and the Law

Introduction 1. Justice to the dead: prototypes of the citizen and self in early Greece 2. Performing justice in early Greece: dispute settlement in the Iliad 3. Self-transformation and the therapy of justice in the Odyssey 4. Performing the law: the lawgiver, statute law and the jury trial 5. Citizenship by degrees: Ephebes and demagogues in democratic Athens, 465-460 6. The naturalization of citizen and self in democratic Athens, c.450-411 7. Democracy's narcissistic citizens: Alcibiades and Socrates Conclusion Reference list.
Climatology of Mesospheric Temperature Profiles Observed with the Consortium Rayleigh-Scatter Lidarat Logan, Utah

From Aug. 1993 to Feb. 1996, regular Rayleigh-scatter observations of the stratosphere and mesosphere in the altitude range 40–95 km were made with the Consortium Lidar (CL) located at Utah State University. These observations are now being continued with the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO) at the same location. The site is located at mid latitude in the middle of the Rocky Mountains—41.75° N, 111.80° W. Atmospheric density profiles derived from the lidar returns are reduced to temperature profiles, with considerable care being taken to avoid possible systematic errors. In summer months, the Utah mesospheric temperatures, like those from elsewhere, show the least variability and the expected monotonic decrease of temperature with altitude. However, the Utah temperatures appear systematically lower than others. Between spring and fall, an important feature of the temperature climatology is a strong asymmetry, which appears to be larger than elsewhere. In winter, day-to-day temperature variability is greatest, but variability also exists on the scale of a week. Perhaps as a consequence, or perhaps for another reason, the Utah data show an enormous change from one January to the next. Are these differences in the climatology real? If so, can they be related to the mountainous location and the orographic generation of gravity waves? Can the temporal variations be related to planetary (Rossby) waves and the generation of gravity waves by the jet stream?
Leveraging Existing Tools to Help Social Enterprises: A Case Study

Abstract The terms social enterprise and resource constraint go hand in hand and appear to be inseparable. While the operation of social enterprises in developing countries brings in a set of resource constraints, the very nature of these organizations imposes a financial resource constraint. Striking the right balance between the mission of a social enterprise to make a difference and its ability to sustain itself financially is quite a challenge. In the Frugal Innovation Lab at Santa Clara University,we try to help social enterprises to achieve this balance by leveraging existing tools, which not only foster their mission but also empowers them to adapt to the changing business needs. In this paper, we present three such cases.
Hepatocyte tissue factor contributes to the hypercoagulable state in a mouse model of chronic liver injury

Background & Aims Patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis have a dysregulated coagulation system and are prone to thrombosis. The basis for this hypercoagulable state is not completely understood. Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of coagulation in vivo . Patients with cirrhosis have increased TF activity in white blood cells and circulating microparticles. The aim of our study was to determine the contribution of TF to the hypercoagulable state in a mouse model of chronic liver injury. Methods We measured levels of TF activity in the liver, white blood cells and circulating microparticles, and a marker of activation of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TATc)) in the plasma of mice subjected to bile duct ligation for 12days. We used wild-type mice, mice with a global TF deficiency (low TF mice), and mice deficient for TF in either myeloid cells ( TF flox/flox ,LysMCre mice) or in hepatocytes ( TF flox/flox ,AlbCre). Results Wild-type mice with liver injury had increased levels of white blood cell, microparticle TF activity and TATc compared to sham mice. Low TF mice and mice lacking TF in hepatocytes had reduced levels of TF in the liver and in microparticles and exhibited reduced activation of coagulation without a change in liver fibrosis. In contrast, mice lacking TF in myeloid cells had reduced white blood cell TF but no change in microparticle TF activity or TATc. Conclusions Hepatocyte TF activates coagulation in a mouse model of chronic liver injury. TF may contribute to the hypercoagulable state associated with chronic liver diseases in patients.
Products of orthogonal projections

We give a characterization of operators on a separable Hilbert space of norm less than one that can be represented as products of orthogonal projections and give an estimate on the number of factors. We also describe the norm closure of the set of all products of orthogonal projections.
Asset Building and Community Development (2nd ed.), by Green, G. P., & Haines, A.

In Asset Building and Community Development, Gary Green and Anna Haines define community development as “a planned effort to build assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their qu...
Propuesta De Un Sistema De Indicadores Para Evaluar El Impacto Del Turismo En La Pobreza De La Localidad De Monte Hermoso (Proposal of a System of Indicators to Assess the Impact of the Tourism in Monte Hermoso City Poverty)

Este trabajo plantea un sistema de indicadores de la actividad turistica en la localidad de Monte Hermoso (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Republica Argentina) basado en el modelo dpsir (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses). Las limitaciones propias de este modelo, asi como aquellas referidas a la informacion disponible presentan algunas dificultades. Sin embargo, avanzar en su implementacion permitira tomar acciones de politica que se orienten a la disminucion de la pobreza en la citada localidad, generando igualdad de oportunidades para todos los actores involucrados.This work presents a system of indicators for the touristic activity in the town of Monte Hermoso, Argentina, based on the DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses) model that takes into account the dimensions of the sustainable development paradigm. Difficulties related with information available limit this model as a tool for policy makers. However progress in its implementation will help to develop policy actions that aim to reduce poverty in that locality, creating equal opportunities for all the individuals.
Brain pathways for learned and unlearned vocalizations differ in zebra finches

Male zebra finches sing, females do not. However, both sexes produce the “long call”when placed in visual isolation. This call is sexually dimorphic; it includes learned components in males but not in females. The 3 learned features of the male long call are a high fundamental frequency, a fast frequency modulation, and a short, stable duration. These features are learned by the male during development, as is song. Since similar features are also found in song syllables, we wanted to know whether long-call production depends on the same CNS pathway that controls song production. Three critical components of the song pathway are telencephalic nuclei HVC, RA, and the tracheosyringeal (ts) nerves innervating the syrinx. In male zebra finches, bilateral section of the ts nerves affected the fundamental frequency and fast frequency modulations of both the long call and song but left the temporal features intact. Ts nerve section had no effect on the female long call. Bilateral lesions of either HVC or RA in males affected the fundamental frequency, fast frequency modulations, and temporal structure of both the long call and song. Similar lesions had no effect on the female long call. These results demonstrate that HVC, RA, and the ts nerves make critical contributions to the acoustic features of the male long call and song, while the temporal pattern depends on HVC and RA but not the ts nerves. HVC and RA lesions remove all the learned features that distinguish the male call and reveal a simple unlearned vocalization shared by both sexes. We suggest that the learned features of oscine songbird vocalizations are controlled by a telencephalic pathway that acts in concert with other pathways responsible for simpler, unlearned vocalizations.
Functional foot salvage after extensive plantar excision and amputations proximal to the standard transmetatarsal level

Abstract Purpose: It is generally accepted that when necrosis extends proximal to the transmetatarsal level a viable and functional foot can no longer be preserved and a major (above- or below-knee) amputation must be performed. However, with continuing advances in operations for limb salvage we felt the need to reexamine this concept. Methods: In 1983 we initiated a prospective study to evaluate the role of extended foot amputations. All ambulatory patients with necrosis extending proximal to the transmetatarsal level (but not involving the whole foot) were included in the study. Among the 21 patients studied amputations ranged from open guillotine transmetatarsal amputation to removal of the medial or lateral three fifths of the foot. Five of these patients had adequate pedal circulation by clinical and laboratory criteria. The remaining 16 required vascular reconstruction to improve pedal flow. Results: Eighteen (86%) of 21 patients had complete healing of the foot amputations and were ambulatory at the time of discharge from the hospital. Two patients required early above- or below-knee amputations. Three additional patients sustained limb loss in the follow-up period. The cumulative graft patency rate was 94% at 12 months. The cumulative limb salvage rate at 24 months was 84%. The operative mortality rate was 1 (5%) of 21. Conclusion: Our experience in a small number of patients suggests that functional foot salvage is possible even when necrosis or gangrene extends proximal to the transmetatarsal level. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:1030-6.)
Glycol methacrylate embedding and staining

Abstract Histopathology and research laboratories, searching for an embedding medium that yields light microscopic resolution not before available with traditional paraffin methods have turned to plastics. Glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding has proved to be useful in helping to solve the problem of greater resolution and has the advantage of less tissue shrinkage as well as speed and convenience in handling. The embedding medium is not removed before staining and most staining procedures are easily adapted to the GMA sections.
Hydroperoxides selectively inhibit human erythrocyte membrane enzymes.

Abstract Treatment of washed erythrocytes with tert -butyl hydroperoxide (0.5 m m , 10 min) inhibited basal Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ -ATPase activity by 40% and calmodulin-stimulated activity by 54%. The inhibition was accompanied by the formation of methemoglobin and the aggregation of some membrane proteins into a high-molecular-weight polymer. Membranes, isolated from washed erythrocytes, showed a similar pattern of inhibition. Basal Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ -ATPase activity was inhibited 50% at 10 min and 70% at 30 min while calmodulin-stimulated activity was inhibited 70% at 10 min and 84% at 30 min. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive products formed slowly during the first 10 min and then increased sharply between 10 and 30 min. The polymerization of membrane proteins was also observed during the tert -butyl hydroperoxide exposure. Inhibition of erythrocyte membrane enzymes was selective. The Na + + K + -stimulated Mg 2+ ATPase, like the Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ -ATPase, was sensitive to membrane oxidation but the activities of Mg 2+ -ATPase and acetylcholinesterase were less inhibited by tert -butyl hydroperoxide. Acetylcholinterase was found to be very resistant to hydroperoxide treatment with less than 10% loss of activity. The effects of two other hyproperoxides on enzyme inhibition were studied also. Cumene hydroperoxide (0.5 m m ) was found to be as potent as tert -butyl hydroperoxide but hydrogen peroxide at 10 m m did not produce thiobarbituric acid-reactive products or inhibit Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ -ATPase activity until after 20 min. The selective effects of peroxides on these enzyme activities are discussed.
Comparison between ureteral replacements using a transverse tubularized colonic tube or ileal ureter: experimental study in dogs.

Abstract Introduction We report the comparison between ureteral replacements using a transverse tubularized colonic tube or ileal ureter in dogs. Materials and Methods Ten canines were studied. Four underwent ureteral substitution with an ileal ureter; 5 with a single transverse tubularized colonic tube and 1 with a double colonic transverse tubularized tube. The animals were observed for a predetermined interval of 30 days. At 30 days, the animals underwent an intravenous pyelogram, cystogram, urine analysis, and serum electrolyte sampling, and the kidney, ureteral conduit, and bladder were examined grossly and histologically. Results The pyelograms of both the ileal ureter and the transverse tubularized colonic tube showed prompt bilateral renal excretion. Grade 1 hydronephrosis was seen in 3 of 4 animals that received the ileal ureter and with 1 of 5 animals that received the colonic tube. Histological exam of the kidneys showed small focal areas of pyelonephritis in both groups without significant injury to the collecting tubules or glomeruli. Discussion The transverse tubularized colonic tube is an effective form of ureteral replacement in the animal model. The advantages of using the colon include its proximity to the ureters, the minimal mobilization needed, position outside the radiation portals, and the short colonic segment necessary.
A Chemical Model for Redox Regulation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Activity

Growing evidence indicates that endogenously produced hydrogen peroxide acts as a cellular signaling molecule that (among other things) can regulate the activity of some protein phosphatases. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies revealed an unexpected chemical transformation underlying the redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, in which oxidative inactivation of the enzyme yields an intrastrand protein cross-link between the catalytic cysteine residue and its neighboring amide nitrogen. This work describes a small organic molecule that serves as an effective model for the redox-sensing assembly of functional groups at the active site of PTP1B. Findings obtained using this model system suggest that the oxidative transformation of PTP1B to its “crosslinked” inactive form can proceed directly via oxidation of the active-site cysteine to a sulfenic acid (RSOH). The remarkably facile nature of this protein cross-link-forming reaction, along with the widespread cellular occurrence of protein sulf...
A Friendly Introduction to VoIP

A review of Internet Phone Services Simplified by Jim Doherty and Neil Anderson. The authors present a simplified handbook for making your own decisions about VoIP, how to install it at home, and how to deal with troubleshooting.
Development of the Overarm Throw: Movement and Ball Velocity Changes by Seventh Grade

Abstract Children studied longitudinally from kindergarten through second grade were refilmed in seventh grade as they performed 10 trials of the forceful overarm throw. The horizontal ball velocities of the 22 boys and the 17 girls were compared with predictions made when the children were in second grade. The original estimate of an annual rate of change (a “developmental year”) of 5–8 feet/sec/year (1.52–2.44m) remained accurate for the boys; the original estimate for the girls had to be increased to 2–4.5 feet/sec/year (.61–1.37m). While the gap between the sexes increased throughout elementary school, it increased at a slower rate from second to seventh grade than it had during the primary years. By seventh grade, however, the girls were 5 developmental years behind the boys. The data also suggested a difference in the degree to which the sexes maintained their relative positions within their groups: girls appeared more stable than boys across the elementary years. Change was also assessed in the dev...
U.S. Marxist scholarship in the analysis of health and medicine

This article makes a review of 1.) dominant analyses of health and medicine in the social sciences of the U.S. and 2.) Marxist critiques of these analyses. It presents the roots of Marxist scholarship in the study of health and medicine and discusses the main Marxist critiques of the hegemonic pluralist and power elite interpretations of the institutions of medicine and of their corporatization. It also reviews Marxist studies of 1.) the crisis of medicine; 2.) the relationship between production, work, and health; and 3.) imperialism, health, and medicine. It concludes with a discussion of the operational meaning of Marxism in health and medicine, with presentation of current Marxist debates on socialist medicine and their consequences for political praxis.
Administration of an aromatase inhibitor during the late follicular phase of gonadotropin-treated cycles in rhesus monkeys: Effects on follicle development, oocyte maturation, and subsequent luteal function

Local modulation of follicular and gametogenic functions by ovarian androgens and estrogens in mammalian species has been proposed. This study examined the effects of elevated androgen/estrogen ratios during follicular maturation in vivo by inhibiting aromatase activity in rhesus monkeys. To obviate steroid feedback effects, gonadotropin-treated animals were used. Beginning at menses (day 1), animals received human (h) FSH (60 IU/day, im) on days 1-6, followed by hFSH plus hLH (60 IU/day, im) on days 7-9 to promote the growth of multiple follicles. Ovulatory maturation was induced by hCG (1000 IU, im) on day 10. On days 8-10, four animals received an aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-dione (ATD; 1-1.25 g, orally, twice/day), while five served as controls and received no further treatment. Within 8 h of ATD treatment, a 63% reduction in serum estradiol levels relative to control values was evident, which reached maximal suppression (84%) by day 10. A marked elevation (17-fold) in serum androste...
Early Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

For women in the early stages of pregnancy, the intrauterine gestational sac cannot yet be seen. Both adnexal regions, the posterior cul-de-sac and the cervical canal should therefore be imaged to avoid missing the very rare cases of early cervical pregnancy. Color Doppler ultrasound can locate the exact site of implantation and confidently confirm the diagnosis of cervical pregnancy. Early diagnosis is important for early intervention and reduces the associated major complications.
Degradation of phosphonates II. The influence of the O‐alkyl group on the breakdown of some O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants

The fate of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate in wheat plants has been studied. Using wheat grown in hydroponic culture and applying the compounds via the culture solution, it has been shown that both compounds are rapidly hydrolysed within the plants. Only one of the resulting hydrolysis products, cyclohexyl hydrogen methylphosphonate, was degraded further to methylphosphonic acid: no further degradation of isopropyl hydrogen methylphosphonate was observed. The effects of the nature of the O-alkyl group on the degradation of O-alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants are discussed briefly.
Variational Principles for Single-Particle Expectation Values in the Hartree-Fock Approximation

The formalism developed by the authors for the variational determination of the expectation value of single-particle operators $W=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}W({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{i})$ via Delves's principle in the Hartree approximation is extended here to the Hartree-Fock approximation by employing a Slater-determinant-type trial wave function and an appropriately antisymmetrized auxiliary function. A set of coupled integral-differential equations for the components of the auxiliary function are obtained by a subsidiary variational minimization of a functional involving the trial wave function, the auxiliary function, the Hamiltonian, and the operator $W$. Owing to the antisymmetric nature of both the trial and auxiliary functions, an exchange term involving the specific single-particle operator in question appears in these equations. Decoupling approximations are discussed and the equations solved exactly for single-particle operators that depend on the radial distance only. Employing a single-parameter appropriately antisymmetrized product of the $1S$ and $2S$ hydrogenic functions as the trial wave function, the formalism in this Hartree-Fock approximation is then applied to both the helium $2 ^{3}S$ and $2 ^{1}S$ isoelectronic sequences to obtain analytic expressions for the expectation value of the operators ${r}^{n}$, $n=2,1,\ensuremath{-}1$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$. The results of these calculations are observed to approximate closely the results of a 2300-parameter calculation due to Accad et al. and in the orthohelium case to be also equivalent to those due to Hartree-Fock.
Use of Superior Vena Cava-Right Pulmonary Artery Anastomosis in Congenital Heart Disease with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

Clinical, hemodynamic, and angiocardiographic findings on eight long-term (more than 3 years) survivors of anastomosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) to the right pulmonary artery (RPA) are described. All patients had severe cyanotic congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography defined the physiology of the shunt. SVC pressure was elevated after the creation of the SVC-RPA shunt. This was without obvious clinical effect in six patients. Mild SVC syndrome developed in the immediate postoperative period but was associated with overall clinical improvement in two cases. A late, and more severe SVC syndrome associated with clinical deterioration developed in three patients with severe pulmonic stenosis as part of their cardiac malformation. Clinical improvement and relief of SVC syndrome followed systemic-pulmonary artery shunt or open heart repair of the underlying cardiac malformation, leaving the SVC-RPA anastomosis intact. Clini...
Tunable resonance fluorescence monochromator with sub-Doppler spectral resolution

A cesium-based resonance fluorescence monochromator with a spectral resolution of 200 MHz and a tunable response over the D(2) absorption line of cesium (380 MHz) is described. The narrow spectral response is achieved through excitation of a monokinetic population of the 6(2)P(3/2)( degrees ) state by arrangement of the excitation lasers in either a copropagating or a counterpropagating orientation. The narrow spectral response of the detector allows for excitation of specific hyperfine components involved in the 6(2)P(3/2)( degrees ) (F=3-5) to 6(2)D(5/2) (F=2-6) transition (917.23 nm). The selectivity gained through resolving specific hyperfine transitions allows for a photon detector that is both spectrally tunable and narrow. We report the sub-Doppler linewidths achieved through various laser beam orientations. We also describe how these beam geometries can be applied to spectrally narrow and tunable image detection.
Liouville-Green approximations via the Riccati transformation

The Riccati transformation is used to obtain Liouville-Green approximations, along with error bounds possessing a particularly simple and explicit form, for the equation u″ = f(t) u. The resulting error bounds involve the function f and its first derivative, whereas the earlier bounds of Olver [1961, 1974] and Taylor [1978, 1982] involve also the second derivative of f. The theorems given here resemble corresponding results of Olver [1974, Chapter 6], and indeed the present work owes a great debt to Olver. The Riccati transformation used here is based on work of Y. Sibuya, K. W. Chang, and W. A. Harris, and can be used in a more general study of linear ordinary differential equations and systems of such equations (cf. Smith [1984, 1985]).