cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image events, the public sphere, and argumentative practice: The case of radical environmental groups

Operating from the assumption that a primary dynamic of contemporary public argument involves the use of visual images the authors explore the argumentative possibilities of the `image events' (staged protests designed for media dissemination) employed by radical ecology groups. In contextualizing their discussion, the authors offer an analysis of the contemporary conditions for argumentation by describing the character and operation of public communication, social problem creation, and public opinion formation in a mass-mediated public sphere. The authors argue that image events are a form of postmodern argumentative practice, a kind of oppositional argument that creates social controversy, and animates and widens possibilities for debate. They further suggest that image events are a postmodern form of argument involving acts of protest which deliver images as argumentative fragments. Employing the tools of traditional argument theory the authors describe how images are capable of offering unstated propositions and advancing indirect and incomplete claims in ways that function to block enthymemes and advance alternatives. In concluding, the authors discuss the implications of image events for our understanding of the public sphere and the possibilities for argumentation in a postmodern age.
Trajectory optimization for a fixed trim re-entry vehicle using direct collocation with nonlinear programming

This work examines the feasibility of using a direct solution method to the fixed-trim reentry vehicle optimal control problem as part of a reentry guidance scheme. A procedure was developed to calculate locally optimal trajectories for fixed-trim atmospheric reentry vehicles. A four degree-of-freedom vehicle model was introduced and appropriate environmental models were chosen and implemented. Software was developed to discretize the optimal control problem using a direct collocation method. The resulting parameter optimization problem was solved using the MINOS non-linear programming software package. The resulting collocation guidance software was tested using data for the Kistler K-l vehicle system and an independent vehicle simulation. Mass, wind, density, and entry angle dispersions were considered, as were various strategies for updating the trajectory during flight. The results demonstrated that the collocation method is a viable approach to the reentry vehicle guidance problem. The collocation method enforced the vehicle equations of motion to a useful degree of accuracy using as few as 10 nodes, and the resulting control histories yielded acceptably small final position errors.
Adenyl Cyclase in Fat Cells III. STIMULATION BY SECRETIN AND THE EFFECTS OF TRYPSIN ON THE RECEPTORS FOR LIPOLYTIC HORMONES

Abstract The similarity in the chemical structures of secretin and glucagon prompted an investigation of the comparative effects of these hormones on adenyl cyclase activity in ghosts of rat fat cells and in a preparation of purified plasma membranes from rat liver. Secretin did not activate adenyl cyclase or inhibit the stimulatory effects of glucagon on an adenyl cyclase system in plasma membranes of rat liver. Secretin and glucagon stimulated adenyl cyclase activity in ghosts of fat cells. Secretin was a more potent stimulator of the enzyme; concentrations of secretin and glucagon giving half-maximal activities were, respectively, 0.1 and 0.3 µg per ml, and maximal activity given by secretin was about twice that given by glucagon. Secretin was also more effective than glucagon in stimulating lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Combination of secretin and glucagon at maximal concentrations (20 µg per ml) did not give additive adenyl cyclase activities in ghosts, indicating that the hormones activate the same enzyme system in fat cells. Ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, a chelator of calcium, abolished the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on adenyl cyclase in ghosts but did not inhibit the effects of secretin, glucagon, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormones. 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-hydroxy-2-t-butylamino)ethane hydrochloride, a β-adrenergic agent, stimulated adenyl cyclase and inhibited the effects of epinephrine. DCB did not inhibit the effects of secretin, glucagon, and ACTH. Pretreatment of adipose tissue with trypsin decreased by 44% the lipolytic response of isolated fat cells to glucagon, but it had no effect on their response to secretin and ACTH. Glucagon did not stimulate adenyl cyclase activity in ghosts prepared from trypsin-treated fat cells; the effects of secretin and ACTH on the enzyme were reduced by 60 and 40%, respectively. Trypsin treatment had no effect on the activation of adenyl cyclase by fluoride ion and epinephrine. It is concluded that secretin activates adenyl cyclase in fat cells via a receptor that is distinct from the receptors for glucagon and the other lipolytic hormones. It is suggested that the receptors for the peptide hormones are protein in character and are localized on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of fat cells.
Bounded Model Checking and Induction: From Refutation to Verification

We explore the combination of bounded model checking and induction for proving safety properties of infinite-state systems. In particular, we define a general k-induction scheme and prove completeness thereof. A main characteristic of our methodology is that strengthened invariants are generated from failed k-induction proofs. This strengthening step requires quantifier-elimination, and we propose a lazy quantifier-elimination procedure, which delays expensive computations of disjunctive normal forms when possible. The effectiveness of induction based on bounded model checking and invariant strengthening is demonstrated using infinite-state systems ranging from communication protocols to timed automata and (linear) hybrid automata.
Error propagation in software architectures

The study of software architectures is emerging as an important discipline in software engineering, due to its emphasis on large scale composition of software products, and its support for emerging software engineering paradigms such as product line engineering, component based software engineering, and software evolution. Architectural attributes differ from code-level software attributes in that they focus on the level of components and connectors, and that they are meaningful for an architecture. In this paper, we focus on a specific architectural attribute, which is the error propagation probability throughout the architecture, i.e. the probability that an error that arises in one component propagates to other components. We introduce, analyze, and validate formulas for estimating these probabilities using architectural level information.
Abstract B11: Understanding how the Hedgehog pathway mediates stromal desmoplasia in Pancreatic Ductal Adencarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal cancers partly due to its profound primary chemoresistance. Previous work from this laboratory found that the prominent desmoplastic stroma observed in PDA is a significant factor in the tumor chemoresistance. We reported that, in established tumors, inhibition of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in tumor fibroblasts caused a loss of tumor stroma including α-smooth muscle actin positive (α-SMA) cells. This resulted in an increase in drug delivery to the tumor and subsequent reduction in tumor volume, leading to prolonged survival in a clinically relevant mouse model of PDA. However, the mechanisms by which Hh signaling contributes to the desmoplastic stroma in PDA remain unknown. In this study we have attempted to identify the target genes of the Hh pathway in the stroma of pancreatic tumors. Using a novel tumor biopsy procedure coupled with RNA-SEQ analysis we have identified genes acutely sensitive to Hh pathway inhibition in the KPC mouse model of PDA. Following 2 days of post biopsy treatment with the Smoothened inhibitor IPI926 the Hh pathway genes Gli1 and Ptch2 were significantly down-regulated. In addition, the Hh target gene, wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) and other novel genes which may be promoting stromal desmoplasia were significantly down-regulated due to Hh pathway inhibition. In addition to studying the target genes of the Hh-pathway in the stroma we have utilized a Gli1-GFP reporter mouse to study the Hh target cells in the stroma. Previous work has suggested that Hh target cells in pancreatic tumors are myofibroblasts and thus α-SMA positive. However, we observed that while some Gli1 positive stromal cells are α-SMA positive a significant proportion are α-SMA negative. In addition, costaining KPC-Gli1-GFP tumors for other stromal markers, including Fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1), Glial Fibrillic Acidic Protein (GFAP), zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1) and Neuron-Glial Antigen 2 (NG-2) reveals subsets of Hh target cells in the tumor stroma. These data suggest a complex mechanism of Hh-regulated development of the desmoplastic stroma. To date the mechanisms of Hh-mediated stromal desmoplasia remain refractory. Taken together, these studies attempt to uncover the Hh target genes and cell types in the stroma of pancreatic tumors and provide an explanation for Hh-mediated stromal desmoplasia in PDA. Citation Format: Dafydd H. Thomas, Albert K. Lee, Stephen A. Sastra, Carmine F. Palermo, Raul Rabadan, P Olive Kenneth. Understanding how the Hedgehog pathway mediates stromal desmoplasia in Pancreatic Ductal Adencarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B11.
Store Operated Calcium Entry Controls Intracellular Calcium Waves In Xenopus Oocytes.

In many non-excitable cells such as glial cells, oocytes or beta-cells, fast transmission and integration of information are encoded in the variations of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These variations range from a single calcium peak (wave) to a repetitive pattern (oscillations). Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations are made of highly spatially and timely controlled cytoplasmic waves of Ca2+ fueled by two main Ca2+ sources: the extracellular compartment and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Specific and highly regulated ion channels and pumps located on the plasma and ER membranes control the cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels as well as the refilling of the ER stores. When the ER Ca2+ stores are depleted, a mechanism termed Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) drives Ca2+ inside the cell to refill them. In the oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis intracellular Ca2+ variations are converted into chloride currents by Ca2+-Activated Chloride Channels (CACC) located in the plasma membrane, allowing real time monitoring of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. We recently showed that SOCE and IP3 receptors (IP3R) define a functional complex allowing mid-range Ca2+ signaling to CACC in those oocytes (Courjaret and Machaca, Nat. Commun. 2014). Here we aimed at understanding how SOCE influences intracellular Ca2+ release by IP3R and oscillations. Injecting an IP3 analog induced a Ca2+ transient oscillation and triggered SOCE. When SOCE influence was increased using hyperpolarizing pulses or reduced by removing extracellular Ca2+, the duration of the Ca2+ oscillation was respectively reduced or increased. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging also revealed that increasing SOCE was reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of the individual Ca2+ waves that constitute the oscillation. In addition, removing extracellular Ca2+ more than 30 minutes after the end of the oscillation restored the Ca2+ release, indicating that the ER stores are not fully depleted during the process. Surprisingly, while a short SOCE was able to inhibit intracellular Ca2+ release, increasing the duration/amplitude of the SOCE event was able to trigger a new Ca2+ wave at a very precise timing. This indicated that a strong reloading of the ER stores could overcome the inability of IP3R receptors to release Ca2+ and suggested a luminal regulation of the receptor. To further understand how SOCE was modulating Ca2+ release we therefore monitored Ca2+ levels in the ER lumen by expressing the FRET sensor D1ER. After injection of IP3, D1ER imaging revealed the depletion/reloading of the ER stores by SOCE as a function of the membrane potential. Finally, during the long voltage jumps that are able to induce a Ca2+ wave, the D1ER signal revealed that the high Ca2+ in the ER outlasts the cytoplasmic Ca2+ event leaving the IP3R facing a low cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and a high luminal one. Together these findings shed a new light on the complex regulation of IP3R and their tuning by Ca2+ on both sides of the ER membrane.
Bitz, Ginoux, Jacobson, Nizkorodov, and Yang Receive 2013 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response

I am honored and humbled that the AGU Atmospheric Sciences section decided to select me as one of the five recipients of the 2013 Ascent Award and would like to thank the selection committee for this recognition.
On self-checking software design

The authors explain problems due to faults in software and suggest techniques based on the concept of self-checking for increasing fault-tolerance in software design. The goal of self-checking is to guarantee that the erroneous output of a circuit is not a valid codeword if there is a fault, permanent or transient, in the circuit, or if the circuit receives a noncodeword. Extending the concept to the software module level would mean having the ability to determine online whether the output data produced by the module meet the module's output specifications. As the concept of self-checking software is logically the same as that of hardware, various hardware approaches should be extensible to software. Emphasis should be placed on developing a set of standards for normal behavior which will enhance self-checking capability and on evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different self-checking techniques, with the objective of developing a formal methodology for implementing self-checking software systems. >
Reduction of NOx and solids emissions by stagedcombustion of coal liquid fuels

Results are reported of experiments on the amenability of SRC-II coal-derived liquid fuels to combustion process modification by air staging for NOx and solids emission control. Two experimental systems were used: 1) a laboratory laminar flow reactor for determining rates of evolution of fuel-bound nitrogen from pyrolyzing arrays of 150 μm SRC-II fuel droplets, and 2) a pilot plant scale furnace for determining the effects of combustion air staging, air preheat, quality of atomization and fuel type on the conversion of fuel-nitrogen to NOx. These latter experiments were guided by computations of the conversion of fuel-nitrogen as a function of fuel equivalence ratio, temperature and residence time in the fuel-rich stage of the flame. Three SRC-II fuel types were considered in the studies: a medium distillate (450–500 K boiling range), a heavy distillate (560–728 K boiling range), and a 2.9/1 blend of medium to heavy distillate. Results of the droplet array pyrolysis studies show that, in general nitrogen evolution ratesare trailing mass vaporization rates at the beginning of droplet vaporization but that the two rates are comparable after a mass loss of 10 to 20%. For the heavy distillate and for the case of high rates of vaporization, nitrogen evolution rates exceed those of vaporization due to departures from equilibrium distillation conditions. Results of the combustion experiments show that there is a significant potential for controlling NOx and particulate matter emissions in coal-derived liquid fuel flames by combustion modifications; NOx emission levels were reduced from 550 ppm (at 3% O2) measured in fast mixing single stage flames to less than 100 ppm (at 3% O2) under optimized staged combustion conditions with particulate emission levels below 5.5×10−6 kg/m3 (300 K, 100 kPa). The overall excess air was maintained at ∼10% in the experiments.
Quantitative analysis of high-resolution, contrast-enhanced, cone-beam CT for the detection of intracranial in-stent hyperplasia

Background Intracranial in-stent hyperplasia is a stroke-associated complication that requires routine surveillance. Objective To compare the results of in vivo experiments to determine the accuracy and precision of in-stent hyperplasia measurements obtained with modified C-arm contrast-enhanced, cone-beam CT (CE-CBCT) imaging with those obtained by ‘gold standard’ histomorphometry. Additionally, to carry out clinical analyses comparing this CE-CBCT protocol with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Methods A non-binned CE-CBCT protocol (VasoCT) was used that acquires x-ray images with a small field-of-view and applies a full-scale reconstruction algorithm providing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging with 100 µm isotropic voxels. In an vivo porcine model, VasoCT cross-sectional area measurements were compared with gold standard vessel histology. VasoCT and DSA were used to calculate in-stent stenosis in 23 imaging studies. Results Porcine VasoCT cross-sectional stent, lumen, and in-stent hyperplasia areas strongly correlated with histological measurements (r 2 =0.97, 0.93, 0.90; slope=1.14, 1.07, and 0.76, respectively; p 2 =0.84; slope=0.76), and the two techniques were free of consistent bias (Bland–Altman, bias=3.29%; 95% CI −14.75% to 21.33%). An illustrative clinical case demonstrated the advantages of VasoCT, including 3D capability and non-invasive IV contrast administration, for detection of in-stent hyperplasia. Conclusions C-arm VasoCT is a high-resolution 3D capable imaging technique that has been validated in an animal model for measurement of in-stent tissue growth. Successful clinical implementation of the protocol was performed in a small case series.
Impact of neuroleptic medications on continuous performance test measures in schizophrenia

Attentional deficits, as measured by the continuous performance test (CPT), have been reliably detected in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenic patients show greater impairment on CPT tasks than normal control subjects and subjects with chronic alcoholism or major affective disorder (Nuechterlein and Dawson 1984). The deficits in CPT performance found in remitted (Wohlberg and Kornetsky 1973) and acutely psychotic schizophrenic patients suggest impaired attention may be a core neurocognitive deficit. Impaired CPT performance has also been found in subjects with schizotypal features (Obiols et al 1993) and in children of schizophrenic subjects (Cornblatt and ErlenmeyerKimling 1985), raising the possibility that this deficit may represent a marker of vulnerability to the development of schizophrenia-related disorders. Unfortunately, efforts to delineate the relationship between attentional impairment, as measured by CPT performance, and the pathophysiology, phenomenology, and genetics of schizophrenia have been hampered by a poor understanding of the influence of confounding variables, particularly medication status. Though multiple studies have examined the effects of neuroleptic medication on CPT measures in schizophrenia, results have been contradictory (Medalia et al 1988). Many of these studies used a cross-sectional design and/or failed to examine practice effects. The use of a cross-sectional design for CPT studies with schizophrenic subjects is especially problem-
The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture

Abstract The development of faults and shear fracture systems over a broad range of temperature and pressure and for a variety of rock types involves the growth and interaction of microcracks. Acoustic emission (AE), which is produced by rapid microcrack growth, is a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with brittle fracture and has provided a wealth of information regarding the failure process in rock. This paper reviews the successes and limitations of AE studies as applied to the fracture process in rock with emphasis on our ability to predict rock failure. Application of laboratory AE studies to larger scale problems related to the understanding of earthquake processes is also discussed. In this context, laboratory studies can be divided into the following categories. 1) Simple counting of the number of AE events prior to sample failure shows a correlation between AE rate and inelastic strain rate. Additional sorting of events by amplitude has shown that AE events obey the power law frequency-magnitude relation observed for earthquakes. These cumulative event count techniques are being used in conjunction with damage mechanics models to determine how damage accumulates during loading and to predict failure. 2) A second area of research involves the location of hypocenters of AE source events. This technique requires precise arrival time data of AE signals recorded over an array of sensors that are essentially a miniature seismic net. Analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of event hypocenters has improved our understanding of the progression of microcrack growth and clustering leading to rock failure. Recently, fracture nucleation and growth have been studied under conditions of quasi-static fault propagation by controlling stress to maintain constant AE rate. 3) A third area of study involves the analysis of full waveform data as recorded at receiver sites. One aspect of this research has been to determine fault plane solutions of AE source events from first motion data. These studies show that in addition to pure tensile and double couple events, a significant number of more complex event types occur in the period leading to fault nucleation. 4) P and S wave velocities (including spatial variations) and attenuation have been obtained by artificially generating acoustic pulses which are modified during passage through the sample.
Fluorographic detection of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gols with the water-soluble fluor, sodium salicylate

Abstract Sodium salicylate has been found to serve as a satisfactory fluor for enhanced detection of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels. The compound is inexpensive, water soluble, penetrates rapidly into gels, and gives linearity and sensitivity comparable to diphenyl oxazole.
Facilitating optimal care of acute coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular syndromes in the emergency department: the role of oral antiplatelet therapy.

The benefits of aspirin use in the emergent care of MI and stroke have been well established. Recent studies have further demonstrated the importance of antiplatelet therapy in the acute setting, primarily with the use of intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors. Aspirin and the thienopyridines (ticlopidine and clopidogrel) are oral antiplatelet agents that interfere with platelet activation in complementary, but separate pathways. Combination therapy of clopidogrel and aspirin has demonstrated benefit for the management of acute coronary syndromes, ischemic cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease in several large trials [1,2]. This article reviews the pathophysiology of platelet activation, landmark trials on oral antiplatelet agents, and the current recommendation for the use of oral antiplatelet agents in the emergency department
Planning as Science: Engaging Disagreement

Planning scholarship will benefit from research conversations focused on cumulative knowledge about how planning works and how urban settlements work. Our everyday decisions present opportunities. ...
SILKING BEHAVIOR OF THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR

After feeding, gypsy moth larvae construct a silk mat (resting mat) on which they remain. Prior to molting, this mat is reinforced, or a new, dense mat is constructed (molting mat). Late in the last larval instar, a sparse cocoon is constructed. When larvae are starved, a shift in behavior is noted, with increased locomotion, irritability, and the trailing of a strand of silk as larvae wander. First-instar larvae, quiescent and anchored on resting mats, are not readily induced to spin down on silk threads; hence are not readily dispersed by wind. Hungry first-instar larvae, more apt to be spinning down, are presumed to be more readily dispersed by wind. Larvae which undergo an additional instar have a longer prefeeding phase and might be more readily dispersed than "normal' larvae. The effects of hunger may also cause the shift in diel periodicity of mid- and late-instar larvae, resulting in some dispersal of these larvae away from areas where food will be depleted.
A possible protective role for reduced glutathione in aflatoxin B1 toxicity: effect of pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene on aflatoxin toxicity.

Abstract A possible protective role for reduced glutathione (GSH) in aflatoxin B 1 -induced hepatotoxicity in male rats was investigated. A 200-mg/kg dose of cysteine (a glutathione precursor) given prior to the administration of aflatoxin B 1 , reduced the hepatic necrosis and partially reversed the decrease in the activity of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme system seen on administration of the same dose of aflatoxin B 1 alone. On the other hand, prior administration of diethyl maleate, a compound which depletes liver GSH, enhanced the aflatoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. In contrast to untreated rats, pretreatment with phenobarbital appeared to block the liver necrosis and the decrease in mixed function oxidase activity seen on administration of aflatoxin B 1 . On the other hand, pretreatment of the rats with 3-methylcholanthrene did not protect against the hepatic damage or the decrease in the activity of benzphetamine N -demethylase seen on administration of aflatoxin B 1 .
A comparison of current regulations and regulatory guide governing quality control of dose calibrators.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission recently amended its regulation governing the calibration of dose calibrators. The changes include (1) the radioactivity of radiopharmaceutical dosages that contain photon-emitting radionuclides has to be measured by a dose calibrator prior to administration to patients and human research subjects; (2) the lower end of the radioactivity limits for linearity testing has been raised to 1.1 MBq (30 microCi) to be consistent with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Quality Management Program Requirements; and (3) the requirement for signature of the Radiation Safety Officer on the records for accuracy, linearity, and geometry dependence tests has been removed. Although these are practical amendments, further clarification of the new Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulation is required for the following issues: (1) inconsistency in individual's identification requirement for the record keeping (i.e., initials of the individual who performed the constancy check and identity of the operator for the accuracy, linearity, and geometry dependence tests); (2) whether the use of 99mTc is adequate for linearity testing when other radionuclides are being measured in the dose calibrator; and (3) lack of provision for dose calibrator adjustment when conducting the accuracy test. In addition, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 10.8 should be revised to become consistent with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulation in order to assist licensees with full compliance of the requirements or recommendations.
Optical Processing For Future Computer Networks

In the development of future data management systems, such as the NASA Space Station, a major problem represents the design and implementation of a high performance communication network which is self-correcting and repairing, flexible, and evolvable. To obtain the goal of designing such a network, it will be essential to incorporate distributed adaptive network control techniques. The present paper provides an outline of the functional and communication network requirements for the Space Station data management system. Attention is given to the mathematical representation of the operations being carried out to provide the required functionality at each layer of communication protocol on the model. The possible implementation of specific communication functions in optics is also considered.
Flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging in the cerebellar cortex in vivo

Autofluorescence optical imaging is rapidly becoming a widely used tool for mapping activity in the central nervous system function in vivo and investigating the coupling among neurons, glia, and metabolism. This paper provides a brief review of autofluorescence and of our recent work using flavoprotein imaging in the cerebellar cortex. Stimulation of the parallel fibers evokes an intrinsic fluorescence signal that is tightly coupled to neuronal activation and primarily generated postsynaptically. The signal originates from mitochondrial flavoproteins. The signal is biphasic, with the initial increase in fluorescence (light phase) resulting from the oxidation of flavoproteins and the subsequent decrease (dark phase) from the reduction of flavoproteins. The light phase is primarily neuronal, and the dark phase is primarily glial. Exploiting the spatial properties of molecular layer inhibition in the cerebellar cortex, we show that flavoprotein autofluorescence can monitor both excitatory and inhibitory activity in the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, flavoprotein autofluorescence has revealed that molecular layer inhibition is organized into parasagittal domains that differentially modulate the spatial pattern of cerebellar cortical activity. The reduction in flavoprotein autofluorescence occurring in the inhibitory bands most likely reflects a decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) in the neurons inhibited by the molecular layer interneurons. Therefore, flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging is providing new insights into cerebellar cortical function and neurometabolic coupling.
Improvement of Vibration Damping Capacity and Fracture Toughness in Composite Laminates by the Use of Polymeric Interleaves

It is shown that, under certain conditions, simultaneous improvement of vibration damping capacity and interlaminar fracture toughness in composite laminates can be achieved by using polymeric interleaves between the composite laminae. The specific case of Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and flexural damping capacity of interleaved composite laminates is studied. Graphite/epoxy, E-glass/epoxy and E-glass/polyetherimide composite laminates with polymeric interleaves of several different thicknesses and materials were tested using both the end notch flexure (ENF) test for Mode II fracture toughness and the impulse-frequency response test for flexural damping capacity. The Mode II energy release rate G IIc for all three composites increased linearly with increasing interleaf thickness up to a critical thickness, then dropped off with further increases in thickness. The damping loss factor η for all three composites increased linearly with increasing interleaf thickness up to the maximum thickness. Analytical models for predicting the influence of interleaves on G IIc and η are developed, along with a hypothesis for the critical thickness effect with regard to fracture toughness.
Neutron Resonance Structure of Uranium-238

Modifications in the Argonne fast-neutron chopper and its installation at the reactor $CP\ensuremath{-}5$ are described. With this system, neutron transmissions of very pure samples of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ were measured. Parameters for the resonances observed were obtained by a refined wing shape analysis as well as by the conventional area analysis. A previously unobserved level having a smaller reduced neutron width than any heretofore reported was detected at 10.2 ev; it is interpreted as being a $p$-wave resonance. Average parameters of significance to nuclear theory are deduced. For reactor application, the resonance capture integral is calculated from the parameters and is found to be in excellent agreement with the directly measured value.
Reply to Dominguez-Rodrigo

Abstract Dominguez-Rodrigo's critique allows us to revisit some important points that emerge from our analysis. We welcome the opportunity to do so.
A hierarchical partition model for adaptive finite element computation

Software tools for the solution of partial differential equations using parallel adaptive finite element methods have been developed. We describe the design and implementation of the parallel mesh structures within an adaptive framework. The most fundamental concept is that of a hierarchical partition model used to distribute finite element meshes and associated data on a parallel computer. The hierarchical model represents heterogeneous processor and network speeds, and may be used to represent processes in any parallel computing environment, including an SMP, a distributed-memory computer, a network of workstations, or some combination of these. Using this model to segment the computation into chunks which can fit into cache memory provides a potential efficiency gain from an increased cache hit rate, even in a single processor environment. The information about different processor speeds, memory sizes, and the corresponding interconnection network can be useful in a dynamic load balancing algorithm which seeks to achieve a good balance with minimal interprocessor communication penalties when a slow interconnection network is involved.
Determination of pyrethroid insecticides by ion trap GC-MS-MS

Abstract Selected ejection isobutane chemical ionization (SECI) of pyrethroid insecticides was compared to collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of selected ions by using a benchtop quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. SECI-CAD was successfully demonstrated for compounds of different masses which elute closely. SECI produced a characteristic; cleavage at the ester bond for most compounds, while SECI-CAD of the protonated species showed this cleavage as well, but with a reduced number of different fragment ions for the higher mass pyrethroids. The limit of detection showed a loss of one order of magnitude during the isolation step of the ions followed by a loss of half or none of the ion intensity during the activation step. Typical detection limits were in the ppb range.
Seat Belt Attitudes, Habits, and Behaviors: An Adaptive Amendment to the Fishbein Model

One hundred thirty-four introductory psychology students participatcd in a longitudinal study of seat belt usage. The model of Fishbein and Ajzen was tested, as was the construct of habit within this context. Multiple regression analyses supported the basic Fishhein and Ajzen model predictions. Attitudes and subjective norms predicted intentions, which in turn predicted behavior. Furthermore, habit predicted behavior better than intention. The following nonspurious relationships were observed in cross-lagged panel correlation tests: influence from subjective norm to intention, influence from intention to attitude, influcnce from attitude to subjective norm, influence from behavior to habit, and, of course, influence from attitude to behavior. Discussion included further consideration of the Fishbein and Ajzen model, social adaptation theory, and implications for seat belt usage.
Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy of 1 B 2 Excited State

Photoelectron spectra of 1,3-cyclohexadiene in the ultrashort-lived 11B2 state have been investigated. The C=C stretching vibration at 1350 cm-1 is prominent, which likely is responsible for the entire ring opening event in CHD.
Review: Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology

Abstract Kenneth D. Carlander William C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 1950. v + 281 pages. Price, $4.50.
A genetic analysis of osteoarthritis of the knee in north american caucasians: results from the osteoarthritis initiative and Johnston County osteoarthritis project

senting 54 different chromosome regions, were suggestively associated with knee OA at a threshold of P < 10 -4 . We then tested these SNPs for association with knee OA in cases and controls from the JoCo Study. Of the 87 SNPs available for replication in JoCo, none were significantly associated with knee OA at a nominal P < 0.01. At our tested levels of significance (i.e., P < 10
A comparison of two hydrologic models for steeply sloping forested watersheds

Abstract Both Clark's synthetic unit hydrograph method and the Extended Kinematic Storage Model are applied to three different steeply sloping watersheds in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia. While both models may be satisfactorily calibrated with the existing data base, only the Extended Kinematic Storage Model was able to survive a series of simple validation tests. The results of this study raise the issue of the universal applicability of the Hortonian runoff process and reinforce the need for operational models which reflect the actual flow mechanisms observed in the field.
Reassessment of precipitation chemistry reported for the New Jersey Pinelands (U.S.A.) in the early 1970's

Abstract Average bulk precipitation chemistry from the New Jersey Pinelands in 1971/1972 was recalculated by volume-weighted concentrations and using anion-cation balances to screen the data. The result was a decline in the concentration of each parameter from previously reported values ranging from 31% for Ca 2+ to 3% for H + . The determination of H + , NO − 3 and SO 2− 4 in the original study was from samples stored in the dark in polyethylene bottles for 2–4 yr. The effect of a similar storage procedure on Pinelands precipitation chemistry from samples collected in 1985/1986 revealed that: (1) NH + 4 was completely removed from the sample within 22 months; (2) between 50% and 100% of the NO − 3 was removed within 26 months (the end of the experiment); (3) SO 2− 4 concentrations were unaffected by storage; and (4) changes in H + were directly related to the change in NO − 3 minus the change in NH + 4 ( r 2 =0.520). Estimation of the original concentrations of H + and NO − 3 for 1971/1972 in fresh samples ranged from 52–63 and 35–46 μeq l −1 , respectively. These estimates are substantially greater than the 38 and 6 μeq l −1 originally reported for H + and NO − 3 .
The 3' untranslated region of tick-borne flaviviruses originated by the duplication of long repeat sequences within the open reading frame.

Abstract Comparative alignment of the 3′untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of tick-borne flaviviruses has previously revealed short direct repeat sequences about 25–70 nucleotides long [Gritsun, T.S., Venugopal, K., Zanotto, P.M., Mikhailov, M.V., Sall, A.A., Holmes, E.C., Polkinghorne, I., Frolova, T.V., Pogodina, V.V., Lashkevich, V.A., Gould, E.A., 1997. Complete sequence of two tick-borne flaviviruses isolated from Siberia and the UK: analysis and significance of the 5′ and 3′-UTRs. Virus Res. 49 (1) 27–39; Wallner, G., Mandl, C.W., Kunz, C., Heinz, F.X., 1995. The flavivirus 3′-noncoding region: extensive size heterogeneity independent of evolutionary relationships among strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virology, 213 (1) 169–178]. We now show that these short sequences appear to have originated from longer repeat sequences (LRSs) that are present both in the 3′UTR and the open reading frame of the genome. We propose that the 3′UTR, and possibly the open reading frame, evolved through multiple duplications, deletions and mutations of a primordial sequence element.
Comprehending Class Compromise in the History of Class Struggle on the South African Gold Mines: Variations and Vicissitudes of Class Power

ABSTRACT This article seeks to apply Erik Olin Wright's explication of class compromise to the rise of the National Union of Mineworkers on the South African gold mines. Wright's clear and cogent exercise in analytical Marxism is, however, used more as an ‘ideal type’ to achieve understanding in Max Weber's sense, than as an hypothesis to be proved or disproved. The article challenges conventional Marxist notions of power by introducing a more relational concept of power, developed by Michel Foucault in a final series of interviews during the years before his death. The article thus makes use of Wright's notion of class compromise to frame the history of the NUM, while also seeking to advance a sociological analysis of power (in this case class power), using the ideas of the late Foucault to confront, and at least modify, widely accepted Marxian (and, for that matter, Weberian) concepts of power and domination.
Resonant and non-resonant sound excitation and transmission in nickel crystals at 9.37 GHz

Abstract The existence of strong exchange effects in Ni involving high frequency sound excitation and reabsorption via the magnetoelastic coupling is demonstrated for the first time. This could lead to a new method of determining the exchange constant in ferromagnetic metals and alloys. It is further estimated that electromagnetically excited sound is non-negligible depending on the temperature and the relative orientation of the applied static and r.f. fields.
Effects of Corticosterone on Locomotory Activity in Red-Legged Salamanders

Abstract: In amphibians, as in other vertebrates, exposure to stressors triggers an increase in plasma glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are believed to mediate behavioral transitions critical to coping with stressors. A common amphibian behavioral response to a variety of different stressors is inactivity. With a series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that stress-induced decreases in locomotory activity are mediated by the glucocorticoid hormone, corticosterone (CORT). With the use of a plethodontid salamander (Red-legged Salamander, Plethodon shermani), we demonstrated that handling, a stressor, resulted in decreased locomotory activity. Next, subjects were treated with a dermal patch containing either oil vehicle or CORT. The amount of CORT used was chosen to elevate plasma CORT acutely to physiologically relevant levels relative to treatment with oil patches. Activity was measured in response to different amounts of CORT, at different times after CORT exposure, and in the presence of different...
STOCK LIQUIDATION VIA STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION USING NASDAQ DAILY AND INTRA‐DAY DATA

By focusing on computational aspects, this work is concerned with numerical methods for stock selling decision using stochastic approximation methods. Concentrating on the class of decisions depending on threshold values, an optimal stopping problem is converted to a parametric stochastic optimization problem. The algorithms are model free and are easily implementable on-line. Convergence of the algorithms is established, second moment bound of estimation error is obtained, and escape probability from a neighborhood of the true parameter is also derived. Numerical examples using both daily closing prices and intra-day data are provided to demonstrate the performance of the algorithms.
Learning Based Control of a Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Power System

Increased demands for energy are driving development of new technologies for power generation with high efficiency. Direct fired fuel cell turbine hybrid systems are one such development, which promise to drastically increase power generation efficiency, respond to transient loads quickly, and offer fast start up times. However, traditional control techniques are inadequate in these hybrid energy systems because of high nonlinearities and coupling between system parameters, as well as the lack of an accurate system model. In this work, we evolve a neural network controller for a hybrid fuel cell turbine system. In order to allow for neuroevolution to be computationally tractable, we develop a computationally efficient simulator based on real plant data. Results demonstrate that the proposed controller can accurately control plant parameters such as the fuel cell inlet flow rate to within 0.04% of a desired setpoint, and is robust to noise in both system sensors and plant actuators.
Worldwide technologies and the ITRS in the current economic climate

The semiconductor industry has successfully undergone two major transitions in the 70's and in the 80's, that have been followed by long periods of sustained growth. A third transition is approaching in the second half of this decade that promises to fuel the growth of the semiconductor industry well into the second decade of this century, if well executed. Many new materials and a renewed MOS structure will be necessary to revitalize the basic device capabilities. Lithography technology is a key enabler of the semiconductor industry. After a decade of discussions and heated debates, the lithography roadmap has been finally internationally accepted and the wavelengths of choice identified and agreed upon: 193nm, 157nm, and 13.5nm. Execution is now the name of the game. As the level of investments required for the development and deployment of the overall lithography infrastructure continues to escalate with time and as execution on a tight time table is a must, it is necessary to resort to any available cooperation among consortia, supplier companies and IC companies to maintain the semiconductor industry on the historical 25-30 percent cost reduction per function per year that has been, and still remains, at the center of its success.
Interregional variation of longitudinal relaxation rates in human brain at 3.0 T: relation to estimated iron and water contents.

In a study of interregional variation of the longitudinal relaxation rate (R(1)) in human brain at 3 T, R(1) maps were acquired from 12 healthy adults using a multi-slice implementation of the T one by multiple readout pulses (TOMROP) sequence. Mean R(1) values were obtained from the prefrontal cortex (0.567 +/- 0.020 sec(-1)), caudate head (0.675 +/- 0.019 sec(-1)), putamen (0.749 +/- 0.023 sec(-1)), substantia nigra (0.873 +/- 0.037 sec(-1)), globus pallidus (0.960 +/- 0.034 sec(-1)), thalamus (0.822 +/- 0.027 sec(-1)), and frontal white matter (1.184 +/- 0.057 sec(-1)). For gray matter regions other than the thalamus, R(1) showed a strong correlation (r = 0.984, P < 0.0001) with estimated regional nonheme iron concentrations ([Fe]). These R(1) values also showed a strong correlation (r = 0.976, P < 0.0001) with estimates of 1/f(w) obtained from MRI relative proton density measurements, where f(w) represents tissue water content. When white matter is included in the consideration, 1/f(w) is a better predictor of R(1) than is [Fe]. An analysis based on the fast-exchange two-state model of longitudinal relaxation suggests that interregional differences in f(w) account for the majority of the variation of R(1) across gray matter regions. Magn Reson Med 45:71-79, 2001.
Mental health differences between young adults with and without same-sex contact: A simultaneous examination of underlying mechanisms.

Previous research has documented that sexual minorities are more likely than heterosexual people to experience mental health problems, but little is known about how these disparities emerge. Analys...