cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance.

The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.
Ultrasonic Imaging for Estimating the Risk of Peri-Implant Esthetic Complications

Dental implants have been introduced for more than 50 years and benefited millions of patients with missing teeth. Initially for full arch rehabilitation, dental implants are now also used for restoration of partial edentulism and single missing teeth. Macrostructure and microstructure advancements have improved the implant survival rate significantly. As integration of implants to the host bone is highly predictable, the dental community is working diligently to improve the next level of success, optimal esthetics. To be esthetically appealing, implant restorations and peri-implant tissues should be in harmony with the adjacent hard and soft tissues. The most common and noticeable esthetic complication is facial soft tissue recession. Few risk factors have been identified, e.g. inadequate soft and hard tissue volume and improper implant positioning, etc. Recently, the role of restoration design on soft tissue level stability has also been actively investigated. Ultrasound, being non-ionizing, point-of-care, and cross-sectional, possesses tremendous advantages for evaluating peri-implant tissues, implant positioning, and the restoration contour that may dictate the esthetic outcome in-situ both as a research tool and for patient care. In this chapter, we contrasted between cohorts with and without facial recession implant-, tissue-, and restoration-related factors that were derived from high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Preliminary data suggested the mucosal margin angle and soft tissue thickness strongly correlated with the occurrence of facial recession. Optimal implant-abutment and abutment-crown angles exist for sustaining the soft tissue level. The role of facial bone thickness may become more prominent for maintaining the soft tissue level as implants’ service time increases. Ultrasound has a potential as an adjunct to radiographs for identifying patients at risk of developing esthetic complications and for assisting dentists to make clinical decisions. These exciting observations will need confirmation from more research with larger sample sizes and longitudinal follow-ups.
Characterization of a tetrafunctional epoxy-amine coating for corrosion protection of mild steel

Abstract Epoxy resins are one of the most widely used thermosetting materials in industrial and practical applications because they exhibit excellent mechanical, thermal, and dielectric performance at commodity volume and cost. In particular, multifunctional epoxies—dense and cross-linked structured resins—are used as molding compounds, sealants, and protective coatings for many barrier-related applications. In this work, we used a tetrafunctional epoxy-amine resin as a coating for mild steel and used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate its protection performance in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution. The results indicate that the coating was able to resist corrosion and maintain a very high impedance modulus for more than 30 d of continuous exposure to the NaCl solution. Different resistance behaviors, as indicated by EIS, were observed for the coatings with artificially introduced damage. The coating also showed high thermal resistance and good adhesion to mild steel surfaces. This tetrafunctional epoxy-amine resin could effectively function as a high performance and corrosion resistant coating material for semiconductor, aerospace, and marine applications.
A Method for Correcting Frequency Estimates for Synthetic Inertia Control

This paper presents three frequency estimation algorithms, one based on extended Kalman filtering, another on quadrature phase-locked loop and an adaptive notch filter. The paper proposes using some internal signals of these algorithms as an inverse reliability metric to determine the quality of the frequency estimate. The paper presents an algorithm to correct frequency estimates using these inverse reliability metrics. The algorithm is tested with signals with phase jumps and severe distortions. Accurate frequency estimates are of particular importance in real-time control applications. This paper shows the value of the proposed frequency correction algorithm in synthetic inertia (SI) control. It shows that for a test power system the corrector algorithm is critical in preventing the SI controller from erroneously injecting power that can exacerbate system faults.
Turkey’s Quest for Influence in the Mediterranean in the Post-Arab Uprisings Era

Following the discovery of hydrocarbon reserves in 2010, but also due to the geopolitical expediencies associated with being a neighbor to Syria during its crisis and conflict from 2011, the Eastern Mediterranean area has become a top priority for Turkish foreign policy. Whereas the US and the EU support the “Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum” between Israel, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC), Palestine, and Jordan. It leaves out Turkey as well as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), Lebanon, Libya, and Syria. This chapter argues that increasing tensions and possible conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean can be averted by viewing Turkey’s position through two prisms. First, as a locus where Turkey can attempt to leverage out Egypt, Israel, and Greece with which it already has experienced ideological and geostrategic spats. Second, as an energy importer, additional hydrocarbon reserves will help reduce Turkish dependency on energy imports. An argument is made that instead of forcing closer relations and bilateral agreements with the Government of National Accord (GNA) in Libya, more can be done for regional and international stakeholders to engage Turkey and generate more win-win solutions for a broader coalition of states.
Photoinjector Generation of High-Charge Magnetized Beams for Electron-Cooling Applications

Electron-cooling offers a relatively simple scheme to enable high-luminosity collisions in future electron-ion and hadron colliders. Contemplated TeV-energy hadron colliders require relativistic (sub 100 MeV) high-charge [${\cal O}(\mbox{nC})$] electron beams with a specific transverse eigenemittance partition. This paper discusses the generation of high-charge ($Q\le 3.2$~nC) 40 MeV electron bunches with eigenemittance partition consistent with requirements associated with electron-cooling option for future electron-ion colliders. The supporting experiment was performed at the FAST facility at FermiLab. The data are compared with numerical simulations and the results discussed in the context of beam requirement for future electron-ion colliders.
Trends in Agricultural Triazole Fungicide Use in the United States, 1992-2016 and Possible Implications for Antifungal-Resistant Fungi in Human Disease.

Background: The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is the leading cause of invasive mold infections, which cause severe disease and death in immunocompromised people. Use of triazole antif...
Pollution Governance in the time of disasters: Testimonials of Caste/d Women and the Politics of Knowledge in Kathikudam, Kerala

Abstract This paper draws on fieldwork conducted in the agriultural village of Kathikudam in the South Indian state of Kerala. The paper looks at the ways in which the production of knowledge of contemporary pollution governance in India is configured through the reproduction of marginalization through the devluation of knowledge held by racialized and caste/d subsistence women farmers in Kathikudam. This paper also illuminates how this production of knowledge and the attendant marginality it produces creates a sedimented form of disaster in the community.
Rethinking governance for the digital era: The role of stewardship

Abstract Digital technologies are increasingly changing the nature of competition and generating externalities that impact society. On the one hand, digitalization allows organizations to create substantial economic value in shorter periods of time through improved economies of scale, scope, and learning, resulting is increasing returns on capital and competitive concentration. On the other hand, ensuing societal concerns with inequities, regulatory lapses, and lack of transparency and truthfulness represent significant challenges for effective corporate governance. This paper addresses the consequences to stakeholders that emerge from the digital economy, discussing how traditional governance mechanisms are ill-equipped to subvert negative externalities. We offer a stewardship-based model of corporate governance as a solution to the pressing problems plaguing consumers, employees, and other salient stakeholders of digital business excesses, with an emphasis on truthful disclosures, enhanced transparency, improvements in equitable allocation of organizational resources, and heightened trust relationships. The focus is on the positive role that organizational leaders can play as exemplars of virtuous stewardship in a highly networked society. The paper redefines a modern view of stewardship in a digital economy and applies its principles to the 4Ts of ‘virtuous stewardship,’ a practical corporate governance model that encompasses truthfulness, transparency, trust, and technological equity.
Die Notwendigkeit von Freiheit für die freie Entfaltung der Wissenschaft

Ich habe diesen Titel gewahlt, weil er mit dem grosartigen Motto fur die Dunning Trust Lectures im Einklang steht. Ich habe nie ein besseres Motto fur irgendeine Vorlesung gehort. Lassen Sie mich zitieren: „Um Verstandnis und Wertschatzung fur die hohe Bedeutung von Wurde, Freiheit und Verantwortlichkeit des Individuums in der menschlichen Gesellschaft zu fordern“. Ich habe mich fur diese Vorlesung wirklich abgemuht, denn ich war von diesen Worten begeistert, und das ist der hochste Tribut, den ich ihnen zollen kann. Sie entsprechen auserdem meiner Vision dessen, was man das groste geistige Abenteuer unserer heutigen Zivilisation nennen kann, ein Abenteuer, das man mit einem Wort beschreiben kann: Wissenschaft. In der Wissenschaft ist die Freiheit und Verantwortlichkeit des einzelnen Wissenschaftlers von groster Wichtigkeit.
"Mapping" the precordium. I. Heart sounds of normal subjects.

Abstract A systematic study of the amplitude of the heart sounds was made in 30 normal subjects (10 young men, 10 young women, and 10 children). It was based on the graphic recording of the amplitude of the main component of the first heart sound, the aortic component of the second heart sound, and the pulmonary component of the second heart sound. Special attention was paid to the exact constancy of amplification and condition of recording. Tracings were recorded over eight precordial areas. The first heart sound was found generally largest over the left parasternal areas; exceptions were represented by cases having a largest first sound at the apex, at the fifth sternal or fourth right parasternal area, or even at the second right space. No basic difference existed in the maximal amplitude and spread of the first two components of the first sound. The aortic component of the second heart sound was found largest generally in the third left parasternal area. Exceptions were represented by cases having a largest aortic component over the second or fourth left parasternal area. The third and fourth sounds, when recorded in children, had maximal amplitude in the left parasternal areas. These data confirm a recent systematization of the auscultatory areas of the precordium but are in contrast with older views on the classic areas of auscultation of the heart.
Analysis of the Elp complex and its role in regulating exocytosis.

Abstract The regulation of membrane trafficking events in the secretory and endocytic pathways by Rab GTPases requires the cycling and activation of a Rab protein. The cycle of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis of Rab proteins is accompanied by a physical cycle of membrane translocation. An open question in membrane traffic remains how the cycle of Rab GTPase function is coupled to regulatory inputs from other cellular processes. This chapter describes the principles and methodologies used to identify the physiological regulators that influence Rab‐mediated membrane traffic.
Managing In-Kind Gifts with Getting It Started Toolkit's Gifts and Deselection Manager

Unsolicited gifts exacerbate existing space issues and backlogs, staff workflows, and collection policies. As the scope and needs of libraries continually change, the positions that might have typically managed these donations, such as gift librarians or paraprofessional staff, are no longer automatically replaced as they become vacant. In the University of Mississippi Libraries, recent technological developments such as the “getting it started toolkit” and “gift deselection manager” have helped to streamline workflow by generating data that can be shared with subject librarians as well as administration.
In vitro suppression of normal human bone marrow progenitor cells by human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Incubation of normal human nonadherent and T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells with HIVIIIB at multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging from 0.0001:1 to 1:1 reverse transcriptase (RT) units resulted in the dose-dependent suppression of the in vitro growth of erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and T-lymphocyte (CFU-TL) colonies of progenitor cells. Maximum inhibition of colony formation was observed at a 1:1 ratio of virus to bone marrow cells. At this MOI, BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies were inhibited by 60 to 80%, while CFU-TL colonies were totally suppressed. Inhibition of colony formation was also observed at an MOI of 0.1:1 but not with further log dilutions of the virus. Incubation of the virus with antibody to gp160 resulted in the complete reversal of stem cell suppression and the normalization of colony growth in vitro. For BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies, this reversal was observed with dilutions of antibody up to 1:100 and was no longer observed at titers greater than 1:500. The CFU-TL colony number normalized at titers between 1:10 and 1:50. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also suppressed by 50% the growth of colonies derived from CD34+ stem cell fractions. Infection of CD34+ cells and T-cell-depleted, nonadherent cell fractions was demonstrated by detection with HIV-specific DNA probe following amplification by polymerase chain reaction. The results suggest that HIV can directly infect human bone marrow progenitor cells and affect their ability to proliferate and give rise to colonies in vitro. The results indicate a direct role for the virus in bone marrow suppression and a possible mechanism for the cytopenias observed in patients with AIDS.
A Lateral Excitatory Network in the Escape Circuit of Crayfish

A phasic stimulus directed to the rear of a crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) creates mechanosensory input to the lateral giant (LG) interneuron, a command neuron for escape. A single LG spike is necessary and sufficient to produce a highly stereotyped tail flip that thrusts the animal away from the source of stimulation. Here we describe a lateral excitatory network among primary afferent axons in the last abdominal ganglion of crayfish that produces nonlinear amplification of the sensory input to the command circuitry for escape. The lateral excitation is mediated by electrical synapses between central terminals of primary mechanosensory afferents. The network enables stimulated afferents to recruit unstimulated afferents that contribute additional input to LG and to mechanosensory interneurons that also converge on LG. When depolarized, the LG neuron increases its own inputs from primary afferents and primary interneurons by facilitating the recruitment of both. Conversely, hyperpolarization of LG reduces the excitability of primary afferents and primary interneurons. The crayfish's decision to escape, previously thought to lie exclusively in the synaptic integrative properties of LG, is now seen to depend on the interactions between LG dendritic postsynaptic potentials and the responses of primary afferent terminals in the lateral excitatory network.
Toward Understanding Tropical Atlantic Variability Using Coupled Modeling Surgery

The origins of tropical Atlantic variability (TAV) are investigated using a coupled modeling surgery approach. The coupled global circulation model captures the major TAV modes in the observations: the Atlantic Nino (ATL-Nino), the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) and the South Tropical Atlantic (STA) modes. With the modeling surgery, it is found that these variability modes predominantly originate from local tropical Atlantic climate system, while remote ENSO and NAO forcing can enhance their variance and modulate their temporal evolution. Specifically, the interannual evolution of these modes is dictated predominantly by the remote ENSO, while the decadal evolution of these modes is dictated by extratropical-tropical interactions. Local ocean-atmosphere coupling is critical for the full development of the NTA and the ATL-Nino, but in general is not necessary for the STA mode. In the north tropical Atlantic and the subtropical south Atlantic (poleward of 20°S), the model simulated decadal SST anomalies are primarily generated by the surface heat flux and damped by the oceanic heat transport, but at the equator and in the south tropical Atlantic (equatorward of 20°S), they are primarily associated with oceanic heat transport through the anomalous vertical heat advection, and damped by the surface heat flux.
The Influence of Changing L1 on Child Second Language Acquisition

This paper presents a 26-month longitudinal study of a child who began learning English while developing her native Korean, conducted in order to investigate the role of language transfer in child SLA. The study examined the subject’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) negation, and plural and possessive markings. It looked for evidence of language transfer (LT) using comparisons to English L2 data from speakers with similar and dissimilar L1s, as well as comparisons between the subject’s L2 speech and her L1 system (Jarvis, 2000). The data showed evidence of LT for all features studied, with a predominance of Korean to English transfer early in the study period, and English to Korean toward the end. Results are interpreted using Foster-Cohen’s (2001) Sliding Window approach, which states that rather than neatly distinguishing L1 from L2 acquisition or early from late SLA, individual development along a variety of axes should be considered, including age, cognitive maturity, and native-like performance in L1. From this standpoint, the subject’s waxing and waning L2 performance across the study period appears to reflect changes in her L1 and in intensity of exposure to both languages.
A Dynamical Systems Perspective Regarding Students' Learning Processes: Shame Reactions and Emergent Self-Organizations

Publisher Summary Dynamical systems theories (DST) have been used to articulate new conceptualizations of complex processes, including, transformations, developments, and emergence of novelty in multiple fields of natural and behavioral sciences. It offers a fresh perspective for understanding the complex processes involved within students' academic experiences. In terms of learning, this framework explains novel, individualistic student experiences as well as the establishment and maintenance of higher scale recurrent patterns of similar students' behaviors. By integrating micro-and macro-processes, DST sheds light on moment-to-moment processes, recurring cyclical processes (such as a semester or school year), and overarching trait-like orientations (such as mastery-orientation or performance-orientation). Therefore, DST explains both individual emergent fluctuations within each student's learning event and multidimensional profiles of students' patterns. The continual process of self-organizing transmutation is characteristic of dynamical, open living systems. Within academic settings and events, each student may be thought of as a self-organizing system that acts and reacts to both external and internal informational signals. These processes may explain the unique, individual facets of students' learning-related cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors.
Defining and implementing a model for pharmacy resident research projects.

Objective: To describe a standard approach to provide a support structure for pharmacy resident research that emphasizes self-identification of a residency research project.Methods: A subcommittee of the residency advisory committee was formed at our institution. The committee was initially comprised of 2 clinical pharmacy specialists, 1 drug information pharmacist, and 2 pharmacy administrators. The committee developed research guidelines that are distributed to residents prior to the residency start that detail the research process, important deadlines, and available resources. Instructions for institutional review board (IRB) training and deadlines for various assignments and presentations throughout the residency year are clearly defined. Residents conceive their own research project and emphasis is placed on completing assignments early in the residency year.Results: In the 4 years this research process has been in place, 15 of 16 (94%) residents successfully identified their own research question. All 15 residents submitted a complete research protocol to the IRB by the August deadline. Four residents have presented the results of their research at multi-disciplinary national professional meetings and 1 has published a manuscript. Feedback from outgoing residents has been positive overall and their perceptions of their research projects and the process are positive.Conclusion: Pharmacy residents selecting their own research projects for their residency year is a feasible alternative to assigning or providing lists of research projects from which to select a project.
Exposure Times to the Spring Atrazine Flush Along a Stream-Reservoir System1

Stoeckel, James A., Jade Morris, Elizabeth Ames, David C. Glover, Michael J. Vanni, William Renwick, and Maria J. Gonzalez, 2012. Exposure Times to the Spring Atrazine Flush Along a Stream-Reservoir System. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 616-634. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00633.x Abstract: We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine reservoir-mediated shifts in spring to fall exposure of aquatic organisms to the spring atrazine pulse over four years in a Midwestern stream-reservoir system. Peak atrazine concentrations in the major inflowing stream exceeded 10 μg/l in all four years. The reservoir had a beneficial effect in two of four years by diluting atrazine below the 10 μg/l threshold. However, during the other two years, exposure times above 10 μg/l were approximately doubled in the reservoir compared to the major inflowing stream. Thresholds of 3 and 5 μg/l were exceeded during all four years in the reservoir. The uplake and downlake reservoir sites were four to five times more likely to exceed these thresholds and aquatic organisms were subjected to longer exposure times above these thresholds compared to the inflowing stream. Release of elevated atrazine concentrations from the reservoir extended exposure times in the outflowing stream. This effect was most pronounced just below the dam. Aquatic organisms upstream of the reservoir were most likely to experience acute exposures whereas organisms within and immediately downstream of the reservoir were more likely to experience chronic exposures. The ubiquity of reservoirs and the annual spring herbicide flush highlight the importance of considering the presence and relative location of reservoirs when assessing risk to aquatic communities as well as locations of drinking water intakes.
Quantitative evaluation of blending and diffusion in high RAP and RAS mixtures

Abstract Due to variable aging of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingle (RAS), the concerns arise over old-new binder blending during mixture production and subsequent diffusion process. In this study, a modified staged-extraction method was validated and employed to extract binder in approximately equal layers from retrieved virgin and RAP/RAS aggregates after mixing and subsequent diffusion treatment. Quantitative analysis was done on extracted binders in terms of large molecule size percentage LMS (%) from gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that a well-blended binder film coated virgin aggregates from 50% RAP mix, while a non-homogeneous binder film was observed on RAP aggregates. The system of binder blend coating the virgin and RAP aggregates with un-mobilized RAP binder was validated. A possible composite binder system was found coating the virgin aggregates in 10% RAS mix. The diffusion study showed that within the mixture silo storage time, binder diffusion could be accomplished in both warm and hot mixes containing 50% RAP, indicating that binder homogeneity may not be an issue in high RAP mix. The binder diffusion in RAS mix was captured in a very slow rate. It was suggested that binder homogeneity can still be critical for high RAS mix.
Improving channel selection of sound coding algorithms in cochlear implants

Spectral maxima sound coding algorithms, for example n-of-m strategies, used in commercial cochlear implant devices rely on selecting channels with the highest energy in each frequency band. This technique works well in quiet, but is inherently problematic in noisy conditions when noise dominates the target, and noise-dominant channels are mistakenly selected for stimulation. A new channel selection criterion is proposed to addresses this shortcoming which adaptively assigns weights to each time-frequency unit based on the formant location of speech and instantaneous signal to noise ratio. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated acutely with three cochlear implant users in different noise scenarios. Results indicate that the proposed technique improves speech intelligibility and perception quality, particularly at low signal-to-noise ratio. Significance of the proposed technique lies in its ability to be integrated with the existing sound coding framework employed within commercial cochlear implant processors, making it easier to adapt for resource-limited and time critical devices.
Light scattering from two parallel quartz fibers : an experimental determination

We measured the Mueller elastic light-scattering matrix for two parallel dielectric (quartz) fibers over the angular range 5–170° by using the polarization-modulation technique. These experimental results are the first verification to our knowledge of a recent theory for light scattering from parallel fibers. Measurements were made for both end-on and side-on illuminations at normal incidence for submicrometer-sized fibers at various separations from 2 to 66 μm. Electrostatic attraction between the fibers prevented the investigation for separations below 2 μm. The possibility of designing a sensitive vibration detector is suggested.
Life Satisfaction among Low-Income Rural Youth from Appalachia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative strength of objective, subjective, and congruency variables as predictors of life satisfaction among low-income youth from rural areas. A 10-year longitudinal survey of low-income, rural youth from Appalachia (n=322) was conducted to explore these issues. Although support was provided for variables representing all three types of life satisfaction predictors, the strongest of these were subjective variables such as self-perceptions about goal attainment in jobs, overall goal attainment in life, and self-esteem. Another set of consistent predictors of life satisfaction, congruence variables, were concerned with the extent to which low-income youth believed that they had fulfilled their own aspirations in terms of formal education, proximity to their childhood homes, and number of children, Finally, some of the objective variables consisting of family of origin's SES, community size, and marital status also were predictive of life satisfaction. In general, the life satisfaction of low-income, rural youth seemed to be influenced more extensively by personal meanings shaped within a particular cultural context rather than by traditional objective measures of life circumstances.
Kin selection and the problem of sperm utilization in social insects

The evolution of social behaviour has posed a special problem for natural selection theory since Darwin. Sociality entails at least a partial loss of personal reproduction by some individuals, a seeming contradiction to the expectation that it be maximized by natural selection. The theory of kin selection1,2 seeks to explain social evolution by reference to high degrees of genetic relatedness among cooperating individuals. In the most diverse and conspicuous of social organisms, the social Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), kin selection theory has been especially attractive because the malehaploid genetic system of the group leads to potentially high relatedness among female nestmates3–5. Multiple mating by queens poses a serious difficulty for kin selection, however, in that it reduces nestmate relatedness unless sperm from different males are used non-randomly6–10. This possibility has been investigated in only one highly social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera, where the absence of suitable genetic markers has necessitated the use of artificial insemination10,11. In this first study of long-term sperm utilization in natural populations of highly social insects I show that queens of two social wasp species use sperm from different males in relatively constant proportions through time, resulting in consistently low relatedness among female nestmates. I also show that workers do not supplement their inclusive fitness by reproducing directly in colonies in which the mother queen is present.
Pathological findings of gynecologic organs obtained at female radical cystectomy

Purpose: Historically anterior pelvic exenteration has been the recommended treatment for invasive urothelial carcinoma in women undergoing radical cystectomy. We evaluated the pathological features of reproductive organs removed during exenteration to determine the incidence of malignant pathology in these organs and the need for removal.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent radical cystectomy between January 1994 and December 2000. Of these 382 patients, we identified 68 females who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. We reviewed preoperative, operative and pathological findings, including bladder, lymph nodes, uterine and adnexal pathology, in these female patients.Results: Median patient age was 64 years (range 35 to 86). Gynecologic organs were present in 40 of the 68 surgical specimens (59%). The reasons for absent gynecologic pathology were previous hysterectomy in 26 cases and the preservation of organs during orthotopic urinary diversion c...
An electrophoretic study of glycolytic enzymes in a human population living at high altitude: the Aymara of northern Chile and western Bolivia

An electrophoretic survey of seven glycolytic enzymes and the two carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in the Aymara of northern Chile and western Bolivia shows no genetically determined structural variation in these enzymes which can be attributed to adaptation to hypoxia. These studies are in agreement with previous studies showing restricted genetic variation in the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in man.
Multivariate assessment of morphological variation in Caprella penantis Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda: Caprellidae)

Morphological variation in the marine amphipod Caprella penantis from coastal and estuarine sites in North Carolina was examined. Two major trends of variation were found. The most important (65·4% of between-group variance) was termed a ‘robustness’ trend, apparently related to the degree of wave action to which the sites were subjected. Animals from exposed coastal sites were relatively more robust of body and had relatively shorter, heavier appendages than those from sheltered estuarine sites. Animals from inlets and floating docks were intermediate to various degrees. A second trend of variation (23·9% of between-group variance) was seasonal, contrasting winter and summer animals. It was concluded that distinct, habitat-specific morphotypes do not exist in this species, but that morphological variation is continuous and related to the degree of exposure to turbulence.
Radiation-Induced Heart Disease: Pathologic Abnormalities and Putative Mechanisms

Breast cancer is a common diagnosis in women. Breast radiation has become critical in managing patients who receive breast conserving surgery, or have certain high-risk features after mastectomy. Most patients have an excellent prognosis, therefore understanding the late effects of radiation to the chest is important. Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) comprises a spectrum of cardiac pathology including myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, valvular disease, pericardial disease, and arrhythmias. Tissue fibrosis is a common mediator in RIHD. Multiple pathways converge with both acute and chronic cellular, molecular, and genetic changes to result in fibrosis. In this article, we review the pathophysiology of cardiac disease related to radiation therapy to the chest. Our understanding of these mechanisms has improved substantially, but much work remains to further refine radiation delivery techniques and develop therapeutics to battle late effects of radiation.
Marketing and Branding the Agronomy Major at Iowa State University

The decline of enrollments in agronomy programs across the United States has been a concern for more than a decade. In an effort to reverse this trend, the Agronomy Department at Iowa State University (ISU) launched the I'm An Agrono- mist marketing campaign in 2006. This article reports on these efforts and the change in the undergraduate agronomy student population at Iowa State University since the campaign's inception. In the spring of 2010, 106 more students were studying agronomy than in 2005. This was an increase of 91%. Prior to implementing marketing strategies, agronomy enrollment at ISU had been on a 6-year decline. The campaign has also had the additional benefits of generating a sense of pride and excitement among department staff, students, and alumni. The execution of the marketing campaign has been accomplished through close collaboration between staff within our department including graphic artists, communication specialists, and those passionate about the topic. In designing our marketing strategies, we observed and learned from marketing approaches in widespread use. The most important elements in the development of our marketing campaign were a simple message, artistic style, branding, and advertising in smart locations. While direct connections between marketing efforts and enrollment increases are difficult to prove, the I'm An Agronomist campaign has coincided with a time of extraordinary growth in student numbers. The campaign has also appeared to have had additional benefits with regard to internal morale and external relations.
Competence to Respond to Floral Inductive Signals Requires the Homeobox Genes PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH

Abstract The transition from vegetative to reproductive development establishes new growth patterns required for flowering. This switch is controlled by environmental and/or intrinsic developmental cues that converge at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) [1–4]. During this developmental transition, floral inductive signals cause the vegetative meristem to undergo morphological changes that are essential for flowering [5, 6]. Arabidopsis plants containing null mutations in two paralogous BEL1 -like ( BELL ) homeobox genes, PENNYWISE ( PNY ) and POUND-FOOLISH ( PNF ), disrupt the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. These double mutants are completely unable to flower even though the SAM displays morphological and molecular changes that are consistent with having received floral inductive signals. These studies establish a link between the competence to receive floral inductive signals and restructuring of the SAM during floral evocation.
Proteomic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Developmental Stages Using Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag Reagents

Comparative proteome analysis of developmental stages of the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi was carried out by isotope-coded affinity tag technology (ICAT) associated with liquid cromatography-mass spectrometry peptide sequencing (LC−MS/MS). Protein extracts of the protozoan trypomastigote and amastigote stages were labeled with heavy (D8) and light (D0) ICAT reagents and subjected to cation exchange and avidin affinity chromatographies followed by LC−MS/MS analysis. High confidence sequence information and expression levels for 41 T. cruzi polypeptides, including metabolic enzymes, paraflagellar rod components, tubulins, and heat-shock proteins were reported. Twenty-nine proteins displayed similar levels of expression in both forms of the parasite, nine proteins presented higher levels in trypomastigotes, whereas three were more expressed in amastigotes. Keywords: proteomics • proteome • Trypanosoma cruzi • ICAT reagents • isotope-coded affinity tag
Fabric Treated with Antimicrobial N-Halamine Epoxides

A series of new N-halamine epoxide precursors, 3-glycidyl-5,5-dialkylhydantoins (GH's), has been synthesized by a very facile and economic method. Cellulose surfaces can be treated with GH's and re...
Agency versus Structure in A. J. P. Taylor's Origins of the First World War

origins of the First World War, which engaged A. J. P. Taylor's attention over the course of fifteen years, reveal his underlying approach to international relations. Fundamentally a 'realist', defined as someone who emphasizes the primacy of Anssenover Innenpolitik and the key role of power, he regarded the First World War as a preventive war that Germany was willing to fight, or at least risk, in an attempt to forestall a negative shift in the balance of power. At a deeper level, however, Taylor is at odds with realism. He describes the leaders of Austria-Hungary and Germany whom he holds primarily responsible for the war as acting on the basis of seriously flawed and irrational conceptions of the national interest. Such an explanation is more consistent with 'constructivist' approaches to international relations that stress the role of identities and inter-subjective understandings, and the particular constructions of interests to which they lead. Taylor makes no attempt to reconcile these different approaches, nor does he indicate that he is aware either of the contradictions between them or of the different assumptions they make about the relative importance of agency and structure. Taylor see-saws back and forth between viewing the war's origins from the perspective of actors that is, as a problem of foreign policy and from the system level and its focus on the 'rules' governing actors' behaviour. He is puzzled by the success of cthe system' at keeping the peace by resolving a series of warthreatening crises prior to 1914, and is at something of a loss to explain why the outcome of the July crisis should have been different. System dynamics, which encourage us to think about European international relations as a non-linear and open system, suggest one possible answer to this question. Taylor's most scholarly treatment of the First World War, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, is also his first investigation of its origins.1 He devotes a twenty-page chapter to the subject, half of which focuses on the July crisis. The other half and the three preceding chapters describe the development of the European alliance system, colonial disputes and agree-
Malignant transformation of a highly aggressive human papillomavirus type 11-associated recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Abstract Objective The objective is to present an uncommon case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from extensive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) involving the upper and lower airway and temporal bone. Study Design This is a case report and a review of the literature. Methods We describe a case of a 24-year–old woman with a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 11 since childhood originating in the larynx and trachea, then progressing to involve the distal pulmonary alveoli and right middle ear through the eustachian tube. Papillomatous growth was treated with multiple surgeries including laser cytoreduction of laryngotracheal papillomatosis and radical mastoidectomy, followed by a trial of chemotherapy. Despite this aggressive treatment regimen, papillomatous growth progressed with recurrence in the right eustachian tube, middle ear, and mastoid eventually extending to involve the calvaria and scalp. Results The patient underwent a composite resection of involved tissues, including the scalp, auricle, and lateral temporal bone, with reconstruction using a latissimus dorsi free flap. Final pathologic analysis revealed an extensive infiltrative well-differentiated SCC arising from the papilloma. A review of the literature on aggressive respiratory papillomatosis suggests that malignant transformation of juvenile-onset RRP occurs exclusively in cases positive for HPV-11. Conclusions We report an unusual case of SCC originating from extensive RRP involving the airway, temporal bone, and scalp and describe the medical and surgical management. Although the incidence of juvenile-onset RRP transformation to SCC is very low, the presence of HPV-11 as a risk factor for malignant transformation of RRP is becoming evident.
A process-based hydrology submodel dynamically linked to the plant component of the simulation of production and utilization on rangelands SPUR model

Due to the great diversity and complex interactions of vegetation, soils, and climate on rangelands, process-based models designed to evaluate rangeland hydrology must include sophisticated plant and animal components that simulate changes in vegetation over space and through time. An infiltration-based submodel similar to that used in WEPP (Stone et al. (1995) USDA-Agri. Res. Service, NSERL Report No. 10, Chap. 4) was dynamically linked to the SPUR2.4 rangeland ecosystem model (Foy et al., Ecol. Model. 118 (1999) 149) to provide the framework for future model enhancement and investigation of the impacts of management on the rangeland ecosystem. Model description and documentation of model modifications are presented for SPUR 2000. A sensitivity analysis and initial test of SPUR 2000 were performed using rainfall simulation plot and micro-watershed data from Idaho sagebrush rangeland. The sensitivity analysis showed improved sensitivity of runoff and erosion to various vegetation parameters. The long-term simulations demonstrated good representation of soil water content, peak standing crop, and evapotranspiration. SPUR 2000 did a better job of predicting individual thunderstorm runoff events, and estimated 15-year runoff within 12% compared to SPUR2.4, which grossly overestimated runoff. Neither model accurately predicted sediment loss, but predicted values did demonstrate the relatively small amount of erosion that occurs from these rangelands. Neither model could reasonably estimate the snow-driven runoff that dominates these types of western rangelands. Additional research needs to explore the degree of influence that vegetation has on infiltration and runoff and how it varies for different plant communities. Development of specific Ke estimation equations based on this information will strengthen the vegetation–hydrology linkage within the model. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Application-to-core mapping policies to reduce memory interference in multi-core systems

How applications running on a many-core system are mapped to cores largely determines the interference between these applications in critical shared resources. This paper proposes application-to-core mapping policies to improve system performance by reducing inter-application interference in the on-chip network and memory controllers. The major new ideas of our policies are to: 1) map network-latency-sensitive applications to separate parts of the network from network-bandwidth-intensive applications such that the former can make fast progress without heavy interference from the latter, 2) map those applications that benefit more from being closer to the memory controllers close to these resources. Our evaluations show that both ideas significantly improve system throughput, fairness and interconnect power efficiency.
Application of Hydrograph Shape and Channel Infiltration Models to an Arid Watershed

Ephemeral streamflows measured during January 1995 at upstream and downstream locations in Cold Creek, near the arid Hanford Site, in the state of Washington, were analyzed. Double triangle and composite hydrograph models fit these flow events relatively well, with mean efficiency≈0.7. The composite hydrograph model is slightly preferable to the double triangle model for having one less parameter and a built-in method for quantifying base flow. A strong linear relationship was found between upstream and downstream flow volumes (\IR\N\U2\N = 0.99,\Ip\N〈0.001), and a linearized exponential decay model for channel infiltration was used to estimate flow loss to infiltration as 19% of volume per km. As compared to the humid and semiarid environments where most of these techniques have been previously applied, the colder and more arid setting of Hanford produces runoff much less frequently and has greater channel infiltration capacity.