cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Native Range of Walleyes in the Missouri River Drainage

Abstract The southern limit of the native range of walleye Sander vitreus is difficult to determine because of sparse historical information, early stockings, and early human disturbances. The southwestern limit is traditionally set within the Missouri River drainage, but the exact limit is uncertain and investigators have recently postulated that walleyes are not native anywhere in the drainage. We conducted a literature review to assess this controversy. The walleye is invasive, it has been stocked into the drainage, and many populations are associated with human-effected habitats (e.g., reservoirs). However, distributional, fossil, and molecular data indicate that walleyes were widespread in the drainage during glacial periods, and there is little evidence that the habitats of the Missouri River drainage are unsuitable. Although the historical information is inconclusive, other fishes with similar histories are regarded as native in at least some of the waters of the drainage. Fish distributions in the...
Pilot Evaluation of Paroxetine for Treating Hot Flashes in Men

OBJECTIVE To provide prospective information on the potential utility of paroxetine for treating hot flashes in men receiving androgen ablation therapy for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Men with symptomatic androgen ablation therapy–related hot flashes were entered into this clinical trial between August 2001 and October 2003. After a baseline week of documentation of the frequency of hot flashes, patients were assigned to receive paroxetine; the initial dosage was 12.5 mg/d, and it was increased to 37.5 mg/d over the ensuing 4 weeks. RESULTS Of the 24 patients in whom medication was initiated, 18 completed the 5-week study. In these patients, the median frequency of hot flashes decreased from 6.2 per day during the baseline week to 2.5 per day during the last study week. Hot flash scores (frequency × mean severity) during the same period decreased from 10.6 per day to 3.0 per day. Overall, paroxetine was well tolerated by most patients. CONCLUSION The results from this trial suggest that paroxetine is an effective agent for diminishing hot flashes in men receiving androgen ablation therapy.
Changes in ascorbate and associated gene expression during development and storage of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract Reducing postharvest loss of AsA in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers could greatly increase their contribution to vitamin C in our diet. Knowledge of developmentally linked changes in AsA content in relation to associated gene expression (from tuberization through bulking, maturation and storage) will facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms regulating tuber AsA content, and is a prerequisite to developing high vitamin C retaining genotypes. Transcript levels of genes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway increased as field-grown tubers developed to 10 g, suggesting de novo synthesis in situ contributes to AsA content early in development. Transcripts of GGP (GDP- L -galactose phosphorylase/guanylyltransferase), a potential rate limiting step in AsA biosynthesis, increased as tubers developed from non-tuberized stolons to the 0.6–1.5-g tuber stage, in parallel with an increase in AsA concentration. High levels of GGP expression continued through 84 DAP (∼54-g tubers) when 75% of the final AsA concentration of fully mature (240-g) tubers had been established. Expression levels of other key genes in the AsA pathway were also temporally correlated with AsA accumulation during tuberization and early bulking. Tuber AsA concentration began to fall during vine senescence and continued to decline progressively through maturation and storage, consistent with low levels of gene expression, and losses reached 65% over an 8.5 month storage period. The rate of loss was genotype dependent. Storage of tubers under reduced O 2 attenuated AsA loss, suggesting a regulatory role for oxidative metabolism in AsA loss/retention. Wounding of tubers induced AsA biosynthesis and recycling, indicating metabolic competence for AsA synthesis in the detached organ. Crop breeding and postharvest handling strategies for enhancing content and retention of tuber AsA will evolve from a better understanding of the metabolic regulation of these processes.
Density changes in Ga-stabilized δ-Pu, and what they mean

Abstract Ga-stabilized δ-Pu undergoes small changes in density with time. These have been associated with four different causes: an initial reversible expansion that saturates after a short time; a continuous change that can be attributed to the in-growth of helium and actinide daughter products from the radioactive decay of plutonium; possible void swelling; and phase instability. We review our present understanding of these processes and evaluate their contributions to density changes. It is shown that the initial transient expansion is intimately connected with the metastability of the δ-phase at ambient temperature.
Assesment of Vibrational Coupling at Solid-SAM Junctions

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have recently garnered much interest due to their unique electrical and chemical properties. The limited literature detailing SAM thermal properties has suggested that thermal boundary conductance (TBC) at solid-SAM junctions is not only low, but also insensitive to changes in SAM length as the number of methylene groups (-CH2 -) along alkanedithiol chains is varied from 8 to 10. The present study investigates the vibrational spectra of alkanedithiol SAMs as a function of the number of methylene groups forming the molecule backbone via Hartree-Fock methods and the subsequent effects on TBC calculated using a diffuse scattering model. In particular, the vibrational overlap between the alkanedithiol and Au is studied. It is found that despite the addition of 9 new vibrational modes per added methylene group, only one of those modes is elastically accessible to Au. It is believed that this “vibrational inaccessibility” is the cause of the insensitivity of thermal conductance to molecule length.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Balancing memory and performance through selective flushing of software code caches

Dynamic binary translators (DBTs) are becoming increasingly important because of their power and flexibility. However, the high memory demands of DBTs present an obstacle for all platforms, and especially embedded systems. The memory demand is typically controlled by placing a limit on cached translations and forcing the DBT to flush all translations upon reaching the limit. This solution manifests as a performance inefficiency because many flushed translations require retranslation. Ideally, translations should be selectively flushed to minimize retranslations for a given memory limit. However, three obstacles exist:(1) it is difficult to predict which selections will minimize retranslation,(2) selective flushing results in greater book-keeping overheads than full flushing, and(3) the emergence of multicore processors and multi-threaded programming complicates most flushing algorithms. These issues have led to the widespread adoption of full flushing as a standard protocol. In this paper, we present a partial flushing approach aimed at reducing retranslation overhead and improving overall performance, given a fixed memory budget. Our technique applies uniformly to single-threaded and multi-threaded guest applications
FOG, a Multitype Zinc Finger Protein, Acts as a Cofactor for Transcription Factor GATA-1 in Erythroid and Megakaryocytic Differentiation

The hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1 is essential for development of the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Using the conserved zinc finger DNA-binding domain of GATA-1 in the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel, multitype zinc finger protein, Friend of GATA-1 (FOG), which binds GATA-1 but not a functionally inactive mutant lacking the amino (N) finger. FOG is coexpressed with GATA-1 during embryonic development and in erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. Furthermore, FOG and GATA-1 synergistically activate transcription from a hematopoietic-specific regulatory region and cooperate during both erythroid and megakaryocytic cell differentiation. These findings indicate that FOG acts as a cofactor for GATA-1 and provide a paradigm for the regulation of cell type-specific gene expression by GATA transcription factors.
Stoichiometry, abundance, and functional significance of the hsp90/hsp70-based multiprotein chaperone machinery in reticulocyte lysate.

Rabbit reticulocyte lysate contains a multiprotein chaperone system that assembles the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) into a complex with hsp90 and converts the hormone binding domain of the receptor to its high affinity steroid binding state. This system has been resolved into five proteins, with hsp90 and hsp70 being essential and Hop, hsp40, and p23 acting as co-chaperones that optimize assembly. Hop binds independently to hsp70 and hsp90 to form an hsp90·Hop·hsp70 complex that acts as a machinery to open up the GR steroid binding site. Because purified hsp90 and hsp70 are sufficient for some activation of GR steroid binding activity, some investigators have rejected any role for Hop in GR·hsp90 heterocomplex assembly. Here, we counter that impression by showing that all of the Hop in reticulocyte lysate is present in an hsp90·Hop·hsp70 complex with a stoichiometry of 2:1:1. The complex accounts for ∼30% of the hsp90 and ∼9% of the hsp70 in lysate, and upon Sephacryl S-300 chromatography the GR·hsp90 assembly activity resides in the peak containing Hop-bound hsp90. Consistent with the notion that the two essential chaperones cooperate with each other to open up the steroid binding site, we also show that purified hsp90 and hsp70 interact directly with each other to form weak hsp90·hsp70 complexes with a stoichiometry of 2:1.
Postnatal development of olfactory receptor cell axonal arbors

The mechanisms that subserve the distribution of the terminal arbors of olfactory receptor cell axons remain unknown. Elsewhere in the central nervous system, a common theme is early axonal exuberance followed by activity-dependent pruning to achieve the mature distribution. This led to the hypothesis that the orderly morphology of afferent axons in the olfactory glomerulus may follow a similar developmental scheme of exuberance followed by pruning. To test this hypothesis, we studied morphological features of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axonal arbors on postnatal days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 21. The olfactory bulbs from Sprague-Dawley rats were processed using a Golgi technique that impregnated ORN axons. Axons from each age group were reconstructed by using camera lucida at x100, oil immersion, and morphometrically characterized. In the adult, the percent glomerular area occupied by a single ORN axon was 14%, whereas the mean length of branches was 169.67 microm, the sum of branches and varicosities was 27, and the distance to first branch point in glomeruli was 21.98 microm. The values from the younger age groups were not statistically different from those in the adult. Because there was no evidence of early exuberance, our data suggest that ORN axons must innervate single glomeruli and arborize in a highly specific manner to achieve the adult pattern. Because our data suggest that ORN axons do not follow the hypothesized scheme, it is plausible to suggest that as ORN axons innervate a glomerulus during development they arborize to their adult levels but not beyond. This argues strongly that specific cell surface and trophic factors are used by the ORN axon to guide glomerular targeting and innervation.
Tex14, a Plk1-Regulated Protein, Is Required for Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment and Regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Summary Proper assembly of kinetochores (KTs) during mitosis is required for bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules (MTs) and the accumulation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components. Here we show that testis-expressed protein 14 (Tex14), which has been implicated in midbody function, is recruited to KTs by Plk1 in a Cdk1-dependent manner during early mitosis. Exclusion of Tex14 from kinetochores results in an inability to efficiently localize outer KT components, impaired KT-MT attachment, chromosome congression defects, and whole-chromosome instability. In addition, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of Tex14 by Plk1 during metaphase promotes APC Cdc20 -mediated Tex14 degradation. Inhibition of this phosphorylation event causes retention of Tex14 at KTs and results in delayed metaphase-to-anaphase transition and chromosome segregation defects. Our findings identify Tex14 as an important mediator of KT structure and function and the fidelity of chromosome separation.
Intake Interviewing with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients: Starting from a Place of Affirmation

Initial interactions between lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) clients and psychotherapists can reveal existing biases from both parties. LGBT clients may have previous experiences with the mental health establishment and legitimate concerns about being pathologized. Psychotherapists may approach clients with openness and acceptance, but are likely to have little training in working with LGBT individuals. In this article, we discuss affirmative practices as a framework for clinicians beginning the intake process with LGBT clients. Through a brief history and overview of LGBT mental health, we provide mental health professionals with an appreciation of the multiple influences on LGBT individuals’ well-being. We then discuss the intake interview process in relation to each subgroup of the LGBT acronym, as each of these four populations face different (yet inter-related) challenges. While there is clearly no “formula” for working with LGBT individuals, in keeping with the principles of multicultural competency (Sue, The Counseling Psychologist, 29:790–821, 2001), our goal is to encourage therapists to reflect on their existing biases and to gain knowledge and skills for working with this diverse population. Overall, we hope this article demonstrates to therapists how to conduct an affirmative intake interview that minimizes heterosexual and dualistic gender assumptions that remain so pervasive in our society and in therapeutic practice.
Design considerations for loosely coupled inductive power transfer (IPT) system for electric vehicle battery charging - A comprehensive review

Recently loosely coupled inductive power transfer (IPT) has gained worldwide attention for battery charging applications for electric vehicles (EVs). Since a high frequency operation is a must for transferring power inductively over a large air gap with reasonable efficiency, a careful design is needed. This paper reviews the basic design considerations for designing such a system. Critical design parameters, such as skin effect, proximity effect (at high frequency), and field-shaping techniques, to reduce leakage flux, has been demonstrated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In addition, different compensation technique and control strategies for IPT system has been discussed.
Size-Dependent Fracture Toughness of Nanoscale Structures: Crack-Tip Stress Approach in Molecular Dynamics

AbstractBy adopting the local virial stress, the authors overcome the barrier of ambiguous crack-tip stress field in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and perform direct calculations of fracture toughness. Both MD and corresponding continuum finite-element method (FEM) solutions indicate that fracture toughness measured in stress intensity factor (or energy release rate) decreases with the decreasing crack length. Accordingly, fracture toughness cannot be treated as a material constant when the crack length is several nanometers. The size-dependent behavior of fracture toughness is explained in terms of the size of the singular stress zone (the K-dominance zone). It is found that as the crack length decreases, the K-dominance zone also decreases, making the singular part of the crack-tip stress not capable of accounting for the full fracture driving force. As a result, the critical stress intensity factor at failure (the fracture toughness) is lowered whereas the remote failure stress is raised.
The acceptor level for vanadium in 4H and 6H SiC

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and temperature-dependent Hall measurements were performed on seven different vanadium-doped semi-insulating SiC samples. Comparison of the EPR data and carrier activation energy suggests that the acceptor level for vanadium is 1.1 eV below the conduction band edge ( E c ) in 4H SiC and within 0.86 of E c in the 6H polytype. Photo-induced EPR results support the level assignments. However, analysis of the V 4+ spectra in 4H samples suggests that the dominant vanadium EPR signal monitored in the 4H samples used for this experiment does not represent a simple isolated impurity. Rather, the results reflect a strained or complex defect.
Structure-guided studies of the SHP-1/JAK1 interaction provide new insights into phosphatase catalytic domain substrate recognition

SHP-1 (PTPN6) is a member of the SHP sub-family of protein tyrosine phosphatases and plays a critical role in the regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Previous studies suggested that SHP-1 contains a PTP1B-like second phosphotyrosine pocket that allows for binding of tandem phosphotyrosine residues, such as those found in the activation loop of JAK kinases. To discover the structural nature of the interaction between SHP-1 and the JAK family member, JAK1, we determined the 1.8A co-crystal structure of the SHP-1 catalytic domain and a JAK1-derived substrate peptide. This structure reveals electron density for only one bound phosphotyrosine residue. To investigate the role of the predicted second site pocket we determined the structures of SHP-1 in complex with phosphate and sulfate to 1.37A and 1.7A, respectively, and performed anomalous scattering experiments for a selenate-soaked crystal. These crystallographic data suggest that SHP-1 does not contain a PTP1B-like second site pocket. This conclusion is further supported by analysis of the relative dephosphorylation and binding affinities of mono- and tandem-phosphorylated peptide substrates. The crystal structures instead indicate that SHP-1 contains an extended C-terminal helix α2' incompatible with the predicted second phosphotyrosine binding site. This study suggests that SHP-1 defines a new category of PTP1B-like protein tyrosine phosphatases with a hindered second phosphotyrosine pocket.
Developmental regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents at a central synapse

THE central nervous system has extraordinary plasticity in early life. This is thought to involve N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors1 which, along with the non-NMDA receptors, mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission2. Although NMDA receptors may be transiently enhanced early in life3–6, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly a functional change in the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic response because of the voltage-dependence of the NMDA conductance and the overlapping inhibitory synaptic conductances. Here I report that the duration of evoked NMDA-receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (e.p.s.cs) in the superior colliculus is several times longer at early developmental stages compared to that measured in older animals. In contrast, the amplitude of NMDA-receptor-mediated miniature e.p.s.cs does not change during development. The kinetic response of excised membrane patches to a brief activation of NMDA receptors is similar to that of the NMDA e.p.s.c, which suggests that the time course of the NMDA e.p.s.c. in the superior colliculus reflects slow NMDA channel properties as in the hippocampus7–9. Therefore, these data indicate that the molecular properties of NMDA receptors are developmentally regulated and thus may be controlling the ability of synapses to change in early life.
Effect of neutral red on plaque formation by foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Abstract The inhibitory effect of neutral red on plaque formation by foot-and-mouth disease virus, type A, on primary bovine calf-kidney tissue cultures has been studied. The adsorption of virus is complete within 20 minutes at 37°. However, 70 additional minutes of incubation are required to observe maximal titers when 1:10,000 dilution of neutral red is used in the agar nutrient medium. Decreasing the neutral red concentration decreases the incubation time necessary for maximal titers. By appropriately diminishing the concentration of this stain in an agar overlay, the same plating efficiency is obtained as when staining is withheld until after the necrotic areas have developed. It is concluded that some early stages of virus replication are subject to inhibition by neutral red through the action on the host cell, and that after this stage is past, the stain has no detectable effect on further acts of replication.
Verification and Calibration of Neighborhood and Object-Based Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts from a Multimodel Convection-Allowing Ensemble

AbstractNeighborhood and object-based probabilistic precipitation forecasts from a convection-allowing ensemble are verified and calibrated. Calibration methods include logistic regression, one- and two-parameter reliability-based calibration, and cumulative distribution function (CDF)-based bias adjustment. Newly proposed object-based probabilistic forecasts for the occurrence of a forecast object are derived from the percentage of ensemble members with a matching object. Verification and calibration of single- and multimodel subensembles are performed to explore the effect of using multiple models.The uncalibrated neighborhood-based probabilistic forecasts have skill minima during the afternoon convective maximum. Calibration generally improves the skill, especially during the skill minima, resulting in positive skill. In general all calibration methods perform similarly, with a slight advantage of logistic regression (one-parameter reliability based) calibration for 1-h (6 h) accumulations.The uncalibr...
Effects of authoritarian and libertarian values on Conservative and Labour party support in Great Britain

. While there is strong evidence that a libertarian-authoritarian dimension exists in Great Britain, there is only weak evidence that it contributed to the Conservative Party's electoral victories in 1979, 1983, and 1987. The present paper addresses this empirical divergence by presenting new evidence. Using a multivariate statistical analysis of British respondents in the 1979–1987 Eurobarometers, the paper estimates the impacts of political values and class-based demographic characteristics on individual-level support for the Conservative and Labour parties. The multivariate model is estimated separately for each year in order to compare the explanatory variables' effects over time. The paper's findings demonstrate that authoritarian and libertarian values significantly influenced party support, with the strongest effects occurring in 1983 and 1984. In addition, they show that class-based support was negatively correlated with value-based support during 1979–1987.
The Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention and Management of Obesity

Abstract The United States is facing 2 major lifestyle-related epidemics that are intricately linked: an epidemic of obesity and an epidemic of inactivity. Multiple interactions exist between lack of physical activity and obesity. Increased physical activity lowers the risk of obesity, may favorably influence distribution of body weight, and confers a variety of health-related benefits even in the absence of weight loss. Physical activity is important for achieving proper energy balance, which is needed to prevent or reverse obesity. Not only is energy expended during physical activity, physical activity also has a positive effect on resting metabolic rate. Regular physical activity can improve body composition. Properly designed programs of physical activity may preserve or even increase lean muscle mass during weight loss. Physical activity has also been strongly associated with maintenance of weight loss. Physical activity that expends 1,500 to 2,000 kcal/week appears necessary to maintain weight loss. Numerous studies have shown that the combination of proper nutrition and regular physical activity is the most effective intervention for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. Walking is the most convenient and logical way most obese persons can increase their physical activity. Physical activity plays multiple roles in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Dietitians and other health care workers who treat obese patients should understand the role physical activity plays in comprehensive obesity treatment as well as how to incorporate a physical activity prescription in treatment plans for obese clients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98(suppl 2):S31–S38 .
Synthesis and characterization of cis-Mo(CO)4(L–L′) and cis-Mo(CO)2(L–L′)2 complexes of N(1)-methyl-2-(arylazo)imidazoles (L–L′). Correlations of spectroscopic data with substituent effects

Abstract N(1)-Methyl-2-(p-X-phenylazo)imidazoles (L–L′; X=CH3O, CH3, H, Br, CF3, NO2) react with cis-(norbornadiene)Mo(CO)4 and Mo(CO)3(CH3CN)3 to provide the complexes cis-Mo(CO)4(L–L′) (X=CH3O, CH3, H, Br, CF3, NO2) and cis-Mo(CO)2(L–L′)2 (X=CH3, H, Br, CF3), respectively. The complexes were characterized by visible and infrared spectroscopy, by 1H-, 13C- and 95Mo-NMR spectroscopy, and by cyclic voltammetry. Correlations among the data and correlations of the data with the Hammett sigma parameter within each set of complexes were investigated and are generally very good. These data, as well as the inability to synthesize complexes of the type Mo(L–L′)3, indicate that 2-(arylazo)imidazoles are less effective ligands at stabilizing complexes of zerovalent metals than are 2-(arylazo)pyridines.
Optical trapping for chromosome manipulation: a wavelength dependence of induced chromosome bridges

Using a tunable titanium-sapphire laser, we have compared different wavelengths (from 700 to 840 nm) for their utility in optical trapping of chromosomes in mitotic rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylus (PtK2) cells. It was found that irradiation with a near-infrared light induces the sticking together of chromosome shoulders. The attached chromatids failed to separate, or separated with significant delay and formed a chromosome bridge during anaphase. Using this bridge (and induced c-mitosis) as a reference, we compared the action of different wavelengths (from 700 to 840 nm). Chromosomes were irradiated at metaphase and the cells were observed until the end of cytokinesis. Chromosomes were irradiated for different periods of time, using 130 mW of power at the objective focal plane. The biological responses observed after optical trapping were: (1) normal cell division, (2) formation of a temporary chromosome bridge, (3) formation of a permanent chromosome bridge, (4) complete blockage of chromosome separation (c-mitosis). The chromosomes were found to have a maximal sensitivity to 760–765 nm light and minimal sensitivity to 700 and 800–820 nm light. Cells with chromosomes irradiated for a long time, using wavelength 760–765 nm, generally were incapable of going through anaphase and remained in c-mitosis. We conclude that the optimal wavelengths for optical trapping are 700 and 800–820 nm.
Developmental changes of susceptibility to auditory fatigue in young hamsters.

Susceptibility to auditory fatigue was studied in young hamsters by using an evoked-potential criterion of sound-induced threshold shift. Animals aged 15, 28, 40, 54 and 85 days were anesthetized and stimulated with a continuous tone (3 kHz, 110 dB SPL) for 10 min. Threshold shifts 1 min post-exposure were highest in animals aged 40 days, and lowest in animals aged 15 or 85 days. Threshold shifts recovered within 100 min in 15- and 85-day-old animals, but required considerably longer to recover in the other age-groups. The data suggest that young hamsters pass through a critical period of susceptibility to auditory fatigue. Comparison of this critical period with various indices of the development of hearing in the hamster suggests that the developmental events under-lying the critical period do not occur in the middle ear.
Limitsetting, coping and adaptation: A theoretical context for clinicians and caregivers

Limitsetting in child therapeutic work presents the practitioner with a complex and often conflictual challenge of deciding what limitsetting techniques are appropriate with which children under what specific circumstances. This paper places the clinical limitsetting challenge within a frame of reference derived from the literature on coping and adaptation in an attempt to offer practitioners a more comprehensive, systemic framework within which to evaluate a child's limitsetting needs.
Reaction time to changes in the tempo of acoustic pulse trains.

Investigation of the ability of human observers to detect accelerations and decelerations in the rate of presentation of pulsed stimuli, i.e., changes in the tempo of acoustic pulse trains. Response times to accelerations in tempo were faster than to decelerations. Overall speed of response was inversely related to the pulse repetition rate.
Mass-transfer limitations for macroscale bioremediation modeling and implications on aquifer clogging

In engineered in situ bioremediation, substrates are injected into the subsurface to stimulate microbial metabolism and growth. Models are useful in the design and optimization of such systems, such as in devising strategies to prevent clogging of soil by large bacterial populations around wells. Such models are macroscale, i.e., they do not resolve pore-scale variability; rather, substrate and biomass concentrations are bulk averages that vary from block to block. These models give unrealistic predictions, in that they predict monotonically increasing biomass growth everywhere except where the limiting substrate concentration is very small. This work examines the possibility of biofilm mass-transfer limitations at the pore scale using both the traditional biofilm model as well as previously published results from an upscaling model. Results from the biofilm model suggest that limitations on biofilm growth due to mass-transfer resistance could be significant in coarse-grained soils with adequate substrate availability. The upscaling approach confirms this result. While these two approaches do not yield identical results, both do agree that coarser grain sizes tend to cause greater mass transfer resistance. These are the conditions most likely to occur near injection well screens of an enhanced bioremediation system, where clogging is most commonly observed. The upscaling approach also indicates that the degree of mass transfer resistance is reduced at higher ground water velocities, which are also most commonly observed near well screens. These results could be useful for improving macroscale bioremediation models to more accurately predict rates of biomass growth and aquifer clogging.
3D imaging for quantitative assessment of toxicity on vascular development in zebrafish

In this study, we describe the utility of the zebrafish model of in-vivo blood vessel formation as a tool for chemical risk assessment. Time-lapse confocal imaging of embryonic vasculature in the zebrafish is used in conjunction with digital image analysis to monitor and quantify the effect of toxins on vascular development. Non-rigid registration is used to capture changes in vascular morphology over time. Vascular formation in healthy normal and arsenic treated embryos was evaluated for differences in vascular structure using the algorithms developed. Although, the temporal progression of vascular development was similar, significant differences were observed in vessel structure between the toxin treated and healthy fish. This study revealed, for the first time, that vital vascular structures in fish maybe affected by exposure to arsenic. This technique allowed visualization of vascular abnormalities in embryos showing no external signs of malformations.
Synthetic TRF (Thyrotropin Releasing Factor) Analogues1: II. pGlu-N3imMe-His-Pro-NH2: A Synthetic Analogue with Specific Activity Greater than that of TRF2

A series of synthetic analogues of TRF (thyrotropin releasing factor, pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) have been tested for biological activity. As part of this series, two dipeptide and two tripeptide derivatives were prepared which had a single methyl group on one nitrogen of the imidazole ring. In vivo, pGlu-N1imMe-His-Pro-NHo exhibited only 20 U/mg specific activity (TRF = 50,000 U/mg) or 1/2500 of the activity of TRF, but pGlu-N3imMe-His-Pro-NH2 showed approximately 400,000 U/mg or 8 times greater activity than TRF. The pGlu-N3imMe-His-Pro-NH2 is also more active than TRF in vitro. The dipeptides pGlu-His-OMe and pGlu-N1imMe-His-OMe had no detectable biological activity (< 0.25 U/mg and < 1.25 U/mg respectively). However, pGlu-N3imMe-His-OMe had slight biological activity (10 U/mg). Therefore, addition of a methyl to the N3im of histidine enhances the TSH releasing activity of both TRF and pGlu-His-OMe. The response to pGlu-N3imMe-His-Pro-NH2 is decreased by pretreatment of the animals with triiodothyronine as is t...
Analog Design for a Power Transmission Line Sensing and Analysis VLSI Chip

Considerable interest currently exists in the use of application-specific VLSI chips for the sensing and control of power systems with a view toward achieving smart grids. This paper describes such a chip, one that performs sensing, analog preprocessing and digital analysis, with emphasis here on the analog circuits. There are three major subsections in the chip: the magnetic field coils, the analog preprocessing section – that includes A-to-D conversion, and the digital processing section. Two coils are provided on chip, one of which serves to sense the ac magnetic field, and the other can serve either as a driver coil or as a redundant sensing coil. The magnetic field itself can be generated by the power transmission lines, or for test purposes by the second coil. The paper discusses the analog VLSI design and fault tolerance issues, including the effect of placement of the frontend at two very different locations, one inside the sensing coils and the other outside of them. This allows for the evaluation of the interference generated though inductive coupling.
Expending our physical activity (measurement) budget wisely.

to investigate the role of physical activity in maintaining health, the traditional argument has been that the number of outcome events is limiting, and therefore large numbers of individuals must be enrolled and costs per assessment must be small. Based on both this rationale and the fact that
An adaptive MPEG2-TS packet scheduling discipline for multimedia broadcasting

Digital broadcasting can now be used for the transmission of not only video data but also IP data for http and FTP services. ATM over MPEG2-TS protocol stack is examined as one of the technologies that allows MPEG2-TS to offer efficient and flexible multiplexing. We have already proposed a scheduling discipline that is simple enough to implement in hardware and adaptively generates MPEG2-TS packets from the incoming ATM cells. This paper shows the results of our evaluation (simulations) into its efficiency in terms of multiplexing gain, delay performance, and fairness. The proposed scheduling discipline is found to be superior to the alternatives with respect to the multiplexing gain while offering excellent delay and fairness characteristics.
Behavioral effects of a change in the physical environment: A pilot study of captive chimpanzees

A small group of chimpanzees was studied before and after their translocation from a laboratory environment to a naturalistic man-made island. After 22 weeks of island living, stereotyped and self-directed behavior was dramatically reduced. Social behavior did not improve on the island, but the animals were more active and manipulative in the enriched setting. Naturalistic environments are clearly conducive to normal behavior patterns.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Temporary Knowledge Employees

This study examines accounts of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) by temporary knowledge employees. Most studies of OCB are based on the perspective of permanent employees and may not account for the unique perspective of temporary knowledge employees. This study finds that the most prominent themes in temporary knowledge employees' explanations for why they engaged in OCB are their perceived norms of professional behavior for their occupation and an experience of positive regard with and among their co-workers. This is in contrast with the themes of social exchange, organizational identification, and impression management that are currently invoked in explaining OCBs among permanent employees.
ENTREPRENEURIAL GERONTOLOGY: CREATIVE MARKETING OF GERONTOLOGICAL SKILLS

In order to operate successfully in today's work force, gerontologists need to learn, and to utilize, marketing of their gerontological skills. Entrepreneurial gerontology focuses on creative marketing for the individual gerontologist who wants to create gerontological positions within new or existing organizations and on the gerontologist who seeks to develop a gerontology‐related business. Essential are academic gerontologists who instill and promote within their students, their professional colleagues, older persons, and, indeed, within themselves, the entrepreneurial spirit, the innovative approach.
The Role, Measurement, and Impact of Volunteerism in Hospitals

Volunteer programs are expected to positively impact the organizations in which they exist. This article reviews the literature on volunteerism, including what volunteers do, how their contribution...
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS WITH ENDOGENOUS SYSTEM SIZING

energy can be identified. These relationships are related to the sizing of the solar equipment This paper is concerned with analysis of eco- for different uses, and the effects of different nomic feasibility of solar energy systems. Meth- sie sstes n en production and costs. sized systems on energy production and costs. odology for estimating energy output from odology for estimating energy output from This paper focuses on a specific solar applicadifferent sized systems is briefly presented, and on al this is used to determine technical coefficients i ae heat on dairies u e analsiz emphasizes the effect of solar equipment sizing for a mixed integer model which optimizes the ct. o on costs and production. Since the rejection of size of the solar heating unit for a particular i i „ ~~~~~~. . , c^ ' an investment in a specific solar technology can use. An empirical example of hot water heating b v a be viewed as an optimal sizing decision, an on a Georgia dairy is presented. Cost curves are sizing eis understanding of the sizing effects is useful in provided for the dairy example to illustrate the neaing ofthe siineets usef explaining why some solar investments are ecoeffect of sizing on the economic feasibility of n ially e e hile oters are nt nomically feasible while others are not. solar heating and to elucidate the structure of This paper proceeds from a brief literature the optimal sizing decision. the optimal sizing decision. review to the financial analysis of a solar water
The Signal Peptide Sequence Impacts the Immune Response Elicited by a DNA Epitope Vaccine

We examined the effect of two leader sequences, one from a transmembrane molecule (H2-Ld) and another from a secreted molecule (rat KC chemokine), on the immunogenicity of DNA epitope vaccines. The chemokine leader enhanced vaccine immunogenicity, thus underscoring the importance of the leader sequence in DNA epitope vaccine design.
Type 1 Interferon Induction of Natural Killer Cell Gamma Interferon Production for Defense during Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Natural killer (NK) cells are equipped to innately produce the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in part because they basally express high levels of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4). Type 1 interferons (IFNs) have the potential to activate STAT4 and promote IFN-γ expression, but concurrent induction of elevated STAT1 negatively regulates access to the pathway. As a consequence, it has been difficult to detect type 1 IFN stimulation of NK cell IFN-γ during viral infections in the presence of STAT1 and to understand the evolutionary advantage for maintaining the pathway. The studies reported here evaluated NK cell responses following infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in the compartment handling the earliest events after infection, the peritoneal cavity. The production of type 1 IFNs, both IFN-α and IFN-β, was shown to be early and of short duration, peaking at 30 h after challenge. NK cell IFN-γ expression was detected with overlapping kinetics and required activating signals delivered through type 1 IFN receptors and STAT4. It took place under conditions of high STAT4 levels but preceded elevated STAT1 expression in NK cells. The IFN-γ response reduced viral burdens. Interestingly, increases in STAT1 were delayed in NK cells compared to other peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) populations. Taken together, the studies demonstrate a novel mechanism for stimulating IFN-γ production and elucidate a biological role for type 1 IFN access to STAT4 in NK cells. IMPORTANCE Pathways regulating the complex and sometimes paradoxical effects of cytokines are poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the biological consequences of type 1 interferon (IFN) exposure are shaped by modifying the concentrations of particular STATs to change access to the different signaling molecules. The results of the experiments presented conclusively demonstrate that NK cell IFN-γ can be induced through type 1 IFN and STAT4 at the first site of infection during a period with high STAT4 but prior to induction of elevated STAT1 in the cells. The response mediates a role in viral defense. Thus, a very early pathway to and source of IFN-γ in evolving immune responses to infections are identified by this work. The information obtained helps resolve long-standing controversies and advances the understanding of mechanisms regulating key type 1 IFN functions, in different cells and compartments and at different times of infection, for accessing biologically important functions.
Natural and engineered antibodies against HIV

The humoral arm of the immune system exerts continual selective pressure on HIV replication in the infected person. We have described a conserved epitope within the gp120 V3 loop that is masked in the native Env trimer on CCR5-restricted (R5) HIV-1 virions, but fully exposed on CXCR4-using (X4, R5X4) virions. The ability of a monoclonal antibody against this epitope to selectively neutralize CXCR4-using but not CCR5-restricted primary isolates raises the question of whether in vivo neutralizing antibody selection pressure in the acutely infected person plays a major role in the selective transmission of R5 viruses. We are exploiting antibodies to engineer novel bifunctional proteins against HIV infection. One agent, designated sCD4-17b, is based on the sequential receptor binding mechanism of gp120: first to CD4, then to coreceptor. The sCD4 moiety of the chimeric protein binds and induces the conformational change required to expose/create the highly conserved "bridging sheet" involved in coreceptor binding and containing the 17b epitope. The potent neutralizing activity of sCD4-17b against diverse HIV-1 primary isolates suggests its potential utility as a topical microbicide to protect against HIV-1 sexual transmission. [1,2].
Inferring Gene Ancestry: Estimating Gene Descent

Summary Segregation indicators provide a fundamental description of the outcomes of Mendelian segregation. This description facilitates algorithms for computation of probabilities of gene identity patterns among individuals in a specified genealogical structure. Such gene identity patterns determine in turn the pattern of observable trait similarities among relatives. Conversely, patterns of gene identity are the parameters of genealogical relationship that can be estimated from trait data on individuals. Where data on large numbers of individuals or at large numbers of genetic loci are to be analyzed, Markov chain Monte Carlo realizations of underlying Mendelian segregation indicators can be used to provide Monte Carlo estimates of likelihoods for gene ancestry or of genetic model parameters. Genealogical information in genetic data is bounded by the information in patterns of genomic identity by descent. A different form of Monte Carlo likelihood can be used to assess this information. Resume Les indicateurs de segregation nous fonurnissent une description fondamentale des resultats de la segregation mendelienne. Cette description facilitte les algorithms pour le calcul des probabilites de structures d'identite des genes parmis les individus d'une structure gebealogique specifique. Ces strucctures d'identite des genes determinent â leur tour les structures de similarite des traits obvservables parmis des gens de meme famille. Inversement, les structures d'identite ds genes sont les parametres des relations genealogiques estimables a partir de donnes de traits d'individus. Dans les cas oules donnes a analyser proviennent d'un grand nombre d'individus ou d'un grand nombre de loci genetiqus, des realiations Monte carlo de chaine de makov des indicateurs des indicateurs de segregation mendelienne sous-jacents peuvent etre utilises pour foumir ds estime Monte carlo de vraisemblance est limitee par l'information dans les satructures d'identite genomique origine. une autre forme de vraisemblance Monte carlo peut etre utilisee pour evaluer cette information.
Multiple functions of Na,K-ATPase in epithelial cells.

The Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), or sodium pump, has been well studied for its role in the regulation of ion homeostasis in mammalian cells. Recent studies suggest that Na,K-ATPase might have multiple functions such as a role in the regulation of tight junction structure and function, induction of polarity, regulation of actin dynamics, control of cell movement, and cell signaling. These functions appear to be modulated by Na,K-ATPase enzyme activity as well as protein–protein interactions of the α and β subunits. In this review we attempt to differentiate functions associated with enzyme activity and subunit interactions. In addition, the consequence of impaired Na,K-ATPase function or reduced subunit expression levels in kidney diseases such as cancer, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and ischemic nephropathy are discussed.
Mid-Cretaceous strontium-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sections

Large variations exist between published mid-Cretaceous (late Barremian to early Turonian stages) seawater Sr-isotope stratigraphies; this has resulted in disparate interpretations of crustal production rates. We report on a detailed investigation of seawater Sr-isotope stratigraphy based on foraminifers and, where available, on inoceramid bivalves from 12 mid-Cretaceous Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sections. The effects of diagenesis are assessed using scanning electron microscope observations and traceelemental analyses, but are best distinguished by comparing the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of similarage samples from different sites. Strontiumisotope analyses compiled from 9 of 12 sites that have detailed age control define one band of common values. This band is used as a composite curve, which presumably represents seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values. The composite curve shows a “trough” of markedly lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values in the Aptian and early Albian stages, higher but constant values for the middle Albian-Cenomanian stages, followed by a decrease in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values in the early Turonian.