cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Audio signal feedback light source-guided endotracheal intubation.

Objective. Light source-guided endotracheal intubation, whether by lightedstylet or fiber-optic laryngoscopy may potentially be improved by electricalconversion of the detected optical signal to an audio signal. The audio signalthus serves as a feedback guiding signal. Methods. The optical-to-audio signalconversion is accomplished using a light source, an optical detector and avoltage-to-frequency conversion system. The intensity of the detected opticalsignal determines the frequency of the audio-signal. Therefore the frequencyof the audio signal varies as the light source approaches the opticaldetector. The light source may be placed in the orotracheal airway and thedetector may be placed on cricothyroid membrane or these components may beplaced in the opposite orientation. Results. The theory of operation and theconstruction of a prototype are described. Conclusion. This optical-audiosignal feedback system may be used to direct the lighted stylet from the oralcavity into the laryngeal-tracheal pathway. This may potentially be a moresensitive technique than the currently used visual intensity detection.
A comparative study of glycopeptides derived from selected vertebrate collagens. A possible role of the carbohydrate in fibril formation.

Abstract Glycopeptides from carp swim bladder, guinea pig skin, and human skin collagens were prepared by sequential collagenase-trypsin digestion. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 permitted the isolation of a low molecular weight fraction containing most of the hydroxylysyl glycosides present in the parent collagen. Application of this fraction to a Dowex 50X-8 ion exchange column consistently resulted in distinctive glycopeptide patterns characteristic of each collagen. The glycohexapeptide, Gly-Met-Hyl (Gal-Glc)-Gly-His-Arg, which had been previously characterized in digests of soluble guinea pig skin collagen, was found in significant quantities in all three collagens examined, but the carp and human collagens each revealed an additional major glycopeptide. The subtractive Edman procedure was used in establishing amino acid sequences, and alkaline hydrolysis was used to confirm the composition and mode of attachment of the carbohydrate side chains. The predominant glycopeptide isolated from carp swim bladder collagen was Gly-Ile-Hyl(Gal-Glc)-Gly-His-Arg, while the structure of the unique glycopeptide isolated from human skin collagen was Gly-Phe-Hyl(Gal-Glc)-Gly-Ile-Arg. A possible role of the carbohydrate side chains in the organization of fibrils is discussed.
Metallurgical and process variables affecting the resistance spot weldability of galvanized sheet steels

Zinc coating integrity, composition, thickness, roughness, and the presence of Fe-Zn intermetallics are being investigated with regard to the mechanism of weld nugget formation. This information is being used in conjunction with the optimization of the weld process parameters; such as upsloping, downsloping, preheating, postheating, and double pulsing, to provide the widest range of acceptable welding conditions. Dynamic inspection monitoring of the welding current, voltage, force, and nugget displacement is being used to follow the progression of nugget formation and to assist in the evaluation of optimum process and material characteristics. It has been found that hot-dipped galvanized materials with coatings which have a very thin Fe-Zn alloy layer, have a wider range of acceptable welding conditions than the commercial galvannealed products, which have a fully alloyed Fe-Zn coating. Small variations in the thickness and roughness of the G90 hot-dipped coatings studied seem to have no significant effect on the welding current range. Upsloping and downsloping of the weld current increases the welding range of hot-dipped products when using truncated cone electrodes, whereas sloped current has no advantage for galvannealed or uncoated materials. Radiused electrodes can increase the lobe width of hot-dipped products but are not beneficial when using slopedmore » current or when welding galvannealed or uncoated materials.« less
Diagnosis of perforated ulcer

Abstract The value of shoulder pain and its exact localization as well as the obliteration of hepatic dulness in the diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer is discussed. The need for specific interrogation concerning the former is stressed. The use of Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions in the demonstration of these two signs is presented.
The role of cognitive structure in college student problem drinking

Abstract Although motivational models of alcohol use often invoke constructs relevant to affective distress (e.g., depressive symptoms), to date, no study has assessed the potential role of cognitive structures (enduring cognitive belief systems) in promoting problematic drinking behavior. Thus, the current study evaluated the relationship between cognitive structure, specifically dysfunctional attitudes and automatic negative thoughts, and problem-related drinking, while controlling for the influence of alcohol consumption, drinking motives related to affect management, demographic variables, and depressive symptoms. Participants were 182 male and female (80%) college undergraduates, who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires on two occasions, separated by 8 weeks. Initial correlational analyses indicated strong (positive) associations among the cognitive structure variables, depressive symptoms, and problem drinking behavior. Findings from set-wise hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that dysfunctional attitudes measured at Time 1 (T1) predicted problem drinking eight weeks later at Time 2 (T2) even after controlling for age and sex, alcohol consumption (T2), depressive symptoms (T2), and drinking motives linked to affect regulation (T1). These findings highlight the potential importance of cognitive structure as a risk factor for problem drinking, above and beyond the risk posed by more traditionally studied variables.
Stereospecificity of enzymatic reduction of prostaglandin E2 to F2α

Abstract Antibodies directed toward PGF 2β were prepared in rabbits. The serologic specificity of the immune reaction was determined by inhibition of sodium borohydride-reduced ( 3 H) PGE 2 anti-PGF 2β binding by several prostaglandins. The antibodies to PGF 2β recognize the β-hydroxyl configuration in the cyclopentane ring of PGF 2β . With the use of both anti-PGF 2α and anti-PGF 2β , the product of PGE 2 reduction by 9-ketoreductase purified from chicken heart was identified as PGF 2α . Guinea pig liver and kidney homogenates were examined for PGE 9-ketoreductase activity. Although enzyme activity was present, no evidence of PGF 2β production was found.
The cellular response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) during latency and reactivation

In order to learn more about the cellular response to viral gene activity during latency and reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the authors have employed microarray analysis. On an array of about 1200 cellular genes, approximately 56 genes were found to be differentially regulated in infected trigeminal ganglia of mice, compared to uninfected mice, during latency and reactivation. Of these genes, 10 were examined more closely using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the microarray results. Genes involved in interferon and other signaling pathways appeared to predominate in response to a latent or reactivating HSV infection. Interestingly, some genes found to be differentially regulated in latently infected ganglia are neuronal-specific genes (pro-opiomelanocortinin; zinc finger proteins of the cerebellum 1 and 2). During reactivation, the involvement of several cell signaling molecules that may be important for the initiation of an HSV infection was observed, including various receptors and molecules involved in cell-cell spread.
Coupling of Hydrodynamics, Vaporization and Reaction With Liquid Spray Injection Into a High-Temperature Gas-Solid Reactor

A mechanistic model that to provide a quantitative understanding of the interplay of hydrodynamics, heat/mass transfer, and cracking reactions in the feed injection zone of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor with a single nozzle spray. With the injection of an oil spray into a gas-solid flow, the collision between cold oil droplets and hot catalyst particles results in a strong momentum transfer that affects the spray hydrodynamics in terms of penetration and scattering. It also causes a significant heat transfer giving rise to rapid droplet vaporization and the attendant cooling of the catalyst. The presence of cracking reactions introduces volume expansion, changes in gas composition and volume fraction, and a cooling effect due to endothermicity. Accordingly, we in this study present an analysis of chemically-induced “entrance effects” in an FCC riser with a single nozzle spray. The cracking reaction network is described by a four-lump reaction model, while the ambient gas-solid transport is represented by a dense-phase riser flow. A Lagrangian modeling approach is adopted to track the spray trajectory as cracking reactions proceed. It is shown that cracking reactions play an important role in dictating the spray behavior, reaction and heat/mass transfer characteristics in the feed injection zone of an FCC riser.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Enhanced Radio Frequency Field Penetration in an Inductively Coupled Plasma.

The induced radio frequency magnetic fields of a low-frequency inductively coupled plasma are measured and modeled. The fields penetrate deep into the discharge, in contrast with existing predictions of field decay within a thin skin layer. Fluid calculations show that the enhanced penetration is due to a reduction of the plasma conductivity by the induced magnetic fields.
Hominoid heterochromatin: Terminal C‐bands as a complex genetic trait linking chimpanzee and gorilla

The genetic relations of the apes have been the source of contention throughout the last decade. A potentially useful suite of phylogenetic characters is the distribution of darkly staining material (heterochromatin) in the chromosomes of the apes. While the precise etiology of this character suite remains unclear, it appears to be fairly easily reconciled to hominoid phylogeny in general. The distribution of heterochromatin at the tips of the chromosomes of gorillas and chimpanzees suggests a phylogenetic association between those two taxa exclusive of humans. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elder mistreatment and physical health among older adults: The South Carolina elder mistreatment study

Exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), including interpersonal violence, is associated with poorer physical health in young adults. This relation has not been well-investigated among older adults in specific populations. The present study was designed to investigate whether exposure to PTEs and elder mistreatment are associated with physical health status among older adults residing in South Carolina. Older adults aged 60 and above (N = 902) participated in a structured interview assessing elder mistreatment history, PTEs, demographics, and social dependency variables. Results demonstrated that PTEs were associated with poor self-rated health independently and when controlling for other significant predictors. A recent history of emotional mistreatment was associated with poor self-rated health independently, but not when controlling for other significant predictors.
Slow light and stored light using SBS in an optical fiber

Recently, slow light and stored light has been achieved in room temperature optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths, which is accelerating the transition of these techniques to applications. This presentation will review the physics behind these fascinating effects and describe recent progress.
Permanent mounts of fungus cultures grown on media optimal for production of characteristic structures.

1. Dermatophyte cultures in plastic flasks were compared on four different media for total growth, sporulation, and pigment production. Czapek's agar favored more rapid and more abundant sporulation in most cultures than Sabouraud's dextrose agar, potato dextrose agar, or wort agar.
Stability and control of continuous TSK fuzzy systems

This paper introduces a new stability test and controller design methodology for Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy systems. Unlike methods based on a common Lyapunov function, our stability results can be applied to systems with unstable consequents and our controllers can be designed for systems with unstabilizable consequents. Sufficient stability conditions are derived using the comparison principle and the Dini derivative. The stability results are used to design continuous-time fuzzy proportional controllers and fuzzy PI controllers. We provide examples to demonstrate our controller design. We show that our results compare favorably with results available in the literature and provide controllers where earlier approaches fail.
A clinical comparative analysis of crush/clamp, stapler, and dissecting sealer hepatic transection methods.

Introduction. Several methods for hepatic parenchymal division exist. The primary aim was to assess differences in postoperative bile leaks, operative blood loss, and margin status between three transection methods: crush/clamp (CC), stapler (SP), or dissecting sealer (DS). Methods. A single institution, retrospective cohort study was performed on data collected over a three-year period in patients undergoing elective liver resection using the CC, SP, or DS. Patients were excluded if multiple methods of transection were used or for intraoperative death. The association of bile leak with transection type was assessed. A logistic regression model was tested to assess if blood loss was associated with the covariates of transection method, use of portal inflow occlusion, extent of liver resection, and other concurrent major operations. Results. Analyses included 141 patients. The stapler method was quicker than the other methods (p=0.01). The risk of postoperative bile leak was no different between CC, SP, and DS transection methods (p=0.23). There was no difference in mean blood loss or transfusions; however, hepatectomies performed with DS were associated with an increased risk of blood loss ≥1000 mL compared to CC (p=0.04). There were no differences in mean surgical margin between the three methods. Conclusion. The risk of bile leaks was not different between the three methods. While mean blood loss was similar, hepatectomy performed with the DS was associated with an increased risk of having operative blood loss ≥1000 mL compared to CC. Margins were equal by all methods. The stapler method was quicker.
Angioplasty of complex lesions in ischemic rest angina: results of the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Unstable Angina (TAUSA) trial

Objectives. This study sought to analyze the role of complex lesion morphology on the acute results of angioplasty. Background. Acute complications of angioplasty are higher in unstable than in stable angina. The unstable culprit lesion is usually complex, indicative of plaque disruption and thrombus formation. Previous nonrandomized studies have shown that the presence of intracoronary thrombus increases morbidity after coronary angioplasty. The role of complex morphology in coronary angioplasty outcome was studied in a prespecified subgroup analysis of a large multicenter coronary angioplasty trial. Methods. The results of coronary angioplasty from the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Unstable Angina (TAUSA) trial were analyzed. This large trial randomized 469 patients in double-blinded manner to receive either intracoronary urokinase or placebo during coronary angioplasty of the culprit lesion in ischemic rest angina with or without recent infarction. The study presented here analyzes in detail the results of coronary angioplasty in complex versus simple lesions in the urokinase and placebo groups. Complex lesions were defined before angioplasty by a core laboratory as having one or more of the following: irregular borders, overhanging edges, ulcerations or intraluminal filling defects proximal or distal to the lesion. Results. Of the 469 patients, 458 had identifiable culprit lesions, of which 245 were complex and 213 were simple. Complex lesions were associated with a higher abrupt closure rate than simple lesions (10.6% vs. 3.3%, respectively, p Conclusions. Complex lesions before coronary angioplasty increase acute complication rates after coronary angioplasty. Urokinase as administered in the TAUSA trial had significant adverse effects, especially in complex lesions. However, even in the placebo arm, complex lesions were associated with higher complication rates than simple lesions. Newer antithrombotic measures that particularly target the platelet may eventually decrease complication rates in these lesions.
MANY-BODY PROBLEM IN QUANTUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS. I. GENERAL FORMULATION

A formulation is given whereby the grand partition function of a many- body system satisfying BoseEinstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics is expressed in terms of certain U functions defined ior the same system with Boltzmam statistics. lt is then shown that these U functions can be evaluated in successive approximations in terms of a binary kernel B which can be computed from a solution of the two-body problem. The approach to the limit of infinite volume is studied. The example of a hard sphere interaction is discussed in some detail. (auth)
The Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer has provided an excellent model for studying the genetic basis of cancer and is one of the better-understood malignancies in this regard. The orderly progression of the disease, with distinct genetic alterations at each step, is a useful framework for deciphering the molecular basis of neoplasia. Epigenetics, the study of clonal changes in gene expression without associated genetic lesions, has raised increased interest recently, in part because of the identification of DNA methylation as a potential molecular mediator of the process. Several tumor-suppressor genes are silenced in various neoplasms in association with aberrant promoter methylation, and in the absence of coding region mutations. The study of DNA methylation changes in colorectal cancer has now provided additional clues into the pathogenesis of the disease. This review presents evidence for a model whereby DNA methylation changes play two distinct roles in the molecular evolution of colorectal cancer. Initially, progressive methylation and silencing of a subset of genes takes place in normal tissues as a function of age or time-dependent events and predisposes these normal cells to neoplastic transformation. At a later stage of disease progression, DNA methylation plays an important role in a subset of tumors affected by the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), a recently identified pathway that results in a form of epigenetic instability through the simultaneous silencing of multiple genes. DNA methylation changes have important interactions with genetic lesions in this cancer type. CIMP+ cancers include the majority of tumors with sporadic mismatch repair deficiency through hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter, and also account for the majority of tumors with Ki-ras mutations through an unknown mechanism. By contrast, CIMP- cases evolve along a more classic genetic instability pathway, with a high rate of p53 mutations and chromosomal changes. Thus, the integration of epigenetic and genetic information provides a more complete molecular understanding of colorectal cancer and may have implications for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients affected by this disease.
The developmental origins of fairness: the knowledge–behavior gap

Recent research in developmental psychology shows that children understand several principles of fairness by 3 years of age, much earlier than previously believed. However, children's knowledge of fairness does not always align with their behavior, and immediate self-interest alone cannot explain this gap. In this forum paper, we consider two factors that influence the relation between fairness knowledge and behavior: relative advantage and how rewards are acquired.
Substance Misuse Prevention and Economic Analysis: Challenges and Opportunities Regarding International Utility

Economic analyses of substance misuse prevention assess the intervention cost necessary to achieve a particular outcome, and thereby provide an additional dimension for evaluating prevention programming. This article reviews several types of economic analysis, considers how they can be applied to substance misuse prevention, and discusses challenges to enhancing their international relevance, particularly their usefulness for informing policy decisions. Important first steps taken to address these challenges are presented, including the disease burden concept and the development of generalized cost-effectiveness, advances that facilitate international policy discussions by providing a common framework for evaluating health care needs and program effects.
Reduced Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with Exclusion of Deer by Electric Fencing

To assess the effect of deer exclusion on populations of Ixodes scapularis Say (formerly I. dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) in the northeastern United States, host-seeking ticks and ticks on white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), were monitored inside and outside a wooded, residential deer exclosure (approximately 3.5 ha) in Lyme, CT, in 1991 and 1992. Another deer exclosure was added in Lyme (approximately 7.4 ha) during 1992. Additional sample sites at other residences served as secondary controls. A seven-wire, slanted, high-tensile electric deer fence was used at both areas. Larvae of I. scapularis were 81.5% (1991) and 97.8% (1992) less abundant within the exclosure than immediately outside the deer exclosures. Nymphs of I. scapularis were 47.4% (1991) and 55.8% (1992) less abundant within the deer fence. The effect on adult ticks was mixed. No difference in tick abundance was seen at the 3.5-ha site. However, larvae, nymphs, and adults were 100, 83.8, and 74.1% less abundant, respectively, in plots at the 7.4-ha exclosure > or = 70 m from the deer fence and isolated from woodlands outside the fence by lawns, driveways, and buildings. The recovery of larvae and nymphs of I. scapularis from mice captured within the deer exclosures indicates that infestations of nymphs and adults are probably, at least in part, a result of the movement of these rodents. Based upon the number of nymphs per 100 m2 infected with Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner, the causal agent of Lyme disease, there were 73 and 82% fewer infected nymphs within the deer exclosures in 1992 in comparison with the number of infected ticks outside the fence and at the secondary control sites, respectively. The exclusion of deer in conjunction with other tick control strategies in large areas could substantially reduce populations of I. scapularis and the risk of acquiring Lyme disease.
Dental Formulae and Dental Eruption Patterns in Parapithecidae (Primates, Anthropoidea)

The eruption sequence for the lower teeth of Apidium phiomense based on 18 juvenile specimens is dP3, dP4, M1, M2, P2, P4, (P3, M3), C. Only five specimens of Parapithecus grangeri show developing lower teeth. P2, M1, and M2 all erupted before P3 and P4; C and M3 were the last cheek teeth to erupt. Late eruption of the lower canines in parapithecids is a possible shared derived resemblance linking these species with Anthropoidea and Adapidae and distinguishing both from Omomyidae, Tarsiidae, and tooth-combed lemurs. Late eruption of M3 in parapithecids is a shared derived resemblance with Anthropoidea alone. The lower dental formula of Apidium phiomense is confirmed as 2 X 1 X 3 X 3 by additional specimens which show the incisors. Based in part on tooth socket counts, the deciduous lower dental formula was 2 X 1 X 3. New specimens of Parapithecus grangeri now demonstrate an adult mandibular dental formula of 0 X 1 X 3 X 3 (not 2 X 1 X 3 X 3 as previously thought) and a juvenile formula of 1 X 1 X 3. The number of incisors possessed by Parapithecus fraasi is again open to debate. Material is insufficient to judge whether this species had a pair of incisors in each lower jaw quadrant, by analogy with Apidium, or had undergone reduction to just one incisor. In any event, the presence of two incisors in another parapithecid Apidium shows anterior tooth reduction of Parapithecus grangeri occurred independent of, and should not be considered a shared derived similarity with, Tarsiidae, as was once thought.
Androgens and bone: clinical implications for menopausal women.

Abstract Osteoporosis is a common problem, affecting >28 million Americans, ≥75% of whom are postmenopausal women. In 1995 the cost of caring for patients with complications of osteoporosis was $14 billion. Of the 1.5 million osteoporotic fractures that occur in this country each year, the most serious are hip fractures. It is estimated that approximately 10% to 20% of women die within a year after a hip fracture. Numerous studies reveal that although osteoporotic fractures are preventable most women are not receiving or choosing to receive the medical care that they need to prevent them. Great strides have been made in establishing the importance of ovarian hormones in not only the pathophysiology but also the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clinical studies show that estrogen and estrogen-androgen replacement therapies both prevent the development of osteoporosis, as determined by bone mineral density determinations and bone marker analyses. The addition of an androgen to hormone replacement therapy may prevent bone loss and stimulate bone formation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S329-33.)
iWatcher: simple, general architectural support for software debugging

We propose Intelligent Watcher (iWatcher), a combination of hardware and software support that can detect large variations of software bugs with only modest hardware changes to current processor implementations. iWatcher lets programmers associate specified functions to "watched" memory locations or objects. Access to any such location automatically triggers the monitoring function in the hardware. Relative to other approaches, iWatcher detects many real bugs at a fraction of the execution-time overhead
Enhanced androgen sensitivity in serum-free medium of a subline of the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line

The LNCaP-Fast Growing Colony (FGC) human prostate cancer cell line proliferates in response to the addition of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 10(-10)-10(-8) M in charcoal-stripped serum-supplemented media. LNCaP-FGC cells will not attach or proliferate in serum-free conditions. LNCaP-FGC stock cultures were maintained in medium supplemented with 10% FBS and added DHT (10(-9) M) for > 25 passages (6 months). The resultant subline was designated as LNCaP-ss (supersensitive) because of its ability to attach in serum-free medium and to proliferate in response to very low levels of DHT. LNCaP-ss cells were grown in serum-free medium and proliferation assessed after 2, 3, 5, and 7 days' treatment with DHT. Significant enhancement of growth was demonstrated after 7 days' treatment with DHT over a wide range of concentrations (DHT 10(-15)-10(-7) M) with maximal stimulation (3 x control, p < .001) noted with DHT 10(-14) M. Changing the medium during the course of the experiment decreased, but did not eliminate, the DHT-induced cellular proliferation. Scatchard analysis of binding studies with LNCaP-ss cells revealed that both the Kd for the androgen receptor (AR) and the number of AR sites/cell were similar to the corresponding values reported for the parental line. AR mRNA levels in LNCaP-ss cells, as measured by RNase protection assay, were significantly down-regulated by 7 days' treatment with DHT 10(-15), 10(-13), and 10(-9) M.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pre-stressed Tensegrity Structures built from DNA

Tensegrity is a building principle that utilizes a network of tensed elements balanced by internal compression struts to create a self-equilibrated mechanical structure that requires tensile prestress for its mechanical stability. The concept of tensegrity has helped to understand the physical behavior of viruses, cells, tissues, organs and organisms [1] from the nano to the macro scale. This biological design principle also has been leveraged to construct artificial, static tensegrity structures using DNA nanotechnology approaches [2].Here, we use the DNA origami approach [3] to engineer prestressed 2D and 3D nanoscale tensegrities assembled from compression-resistant DNA six-helix bundles connected by long sections of single-stranded DNA (several hundred bases long) that act as tensed entropic springs, which prestress the entire structure. The introduction of spring elements as building components for DNA nanostructures allows for the design of flexible nanostructures and nanoscopic lever spring balances. To prove the potential application of DNA tensegrity structures as force sensors and actuators, basic force experiments were performed with the 2D 'kite' structure.1. Ingber, D.E., FASEB J. 20(7), 811-27, 2006.2. Zhang et al., PNAS 105 (31), 10665-10669, 2008.3. Rothemund, PWK, Nature 440, 7082, 287-302 2006.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Peripheral adrenergic receptor contributions to cardiovascular reactivity: Influence of race and gender

Ten White males, ten Black males, ten White females, and seven Black females (aged 22-48 yr) were exposed to a competitive reaction time task (enhancing beta-receptor activity), the forehead cold pressor (enhancing alpha-receptor activity), and a speech task on four separate occasions: twice under a saline placebo condition, once under a beta-blockade condition using i.v. propranolol, and once under a combined beta- and alpha-blockade condition using both i.v. propranolol and i.v. phentolamine. Order of placebo session and blockade session was counterbalanced across each race/gender group. Beta-blockade abolished the greater heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke volume index responses, and the lesser vascular tone seen under placebo in White vs. Black males. No differences between White and Black women were seen with or without beta-blockade. Gender differences in beta-receptor contribution to stress responses were restricted to the White subjects. Beta-blockade abolished the greater stroke volume index responses and less vascular tone observed in White males vs. White females. Although alpha-receptor blockade significantly decreased vascular resistance in each race/gender group, it did not differentially affect any of the subgroups. These data suggest that race and gender differences in cardiovascular stress responses of normotensive individuals are at least partly a function of differential beta-receptor activity/sensitivity. No clear support for differences in alpha-receptor activity/sensitivity was obtained.
Health policy: lost in transition, losing money, but caution precludes a "quick fix".

Cancer survivors represent a burgeoning patient population at risk of recurrence and comorbidity. Their needs are great and we must find ways to deliver care that optimizes health, without “breaking the bank.” Fragmentation of care contributes to higher health-care costs, so strategies that reduce redundancy while preserving quality of care are essential.
Train Buffs: The Human Ecology of an Avocation

Ecological characteristics of U.S. states and cities were correlated with measures of the geographic distribution of train buffs. As would be expected, state and city population size is the strongest correlate of the absolute number of train buffs. When number relative to population is considered, train buffs are concentrated in affluent cities and in affluent, urban states with primarily white populations and containing the outer fringes of metropolitan areas. These results differ somewhat from earlier results indicating professional groups are concentrated in university towns. Over-all, this study suggests that future research should make a more explicit effort both to identify the social processes involved in ecological relationships and to attain a better integration of the psychological and social structural perspectives within human ecology.
TRUSTWORTHINESS AS AN ECONOMIC ASSET

Abstract The evaluation of trust in economic decision making remains on the periphery of mainstream economic analysis and teaching. Yet business managers use trustworthiness in daily exchanges to create competitive advantages for their firms. An exploratory empirical test of Barney and Hansen’s three levels of trust (weak, semistrong, and strong) and Lewicki and Bunker’s portfolio of governance mechanisms revealed that strong-form trust exists in day-to-day business relationships along with other governance mechanisms. Identity-based transactions were more prevalent than were weak trust market exchanges in important economic transactions.
Ovarian steroids and hypothalamic norepinephrine release: studies using in vivo brain microdialysis.

Abstract This study employed microdialysis in urethane-anesthetized female rats to monitor ovarian steroid-dependent changes in KCl-evoked levels of extracellular norepinephrine (NE) in the ventromedial hypothalamus. An initial KCl stimulus (S1) increased NE from low or undetectable levels in all animals. A second KCl stimulus (S2) given several hr later evoked 40% less NE release than did S1 in ovariectomized (OVX) females or OVX females given only estrogen or progestin. In contrast, the two KCl-evoked NE releases were equivalent in OVX females administered both estrogen and progestin. These results suggest that ovarian steroids may act as presynaptic modulators of NE release in the ventromedial hypothalus.
Arenesulfonyl bromides: The second universal class of functional initiators for the metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of methacrylates, acrylates, and styrenes

The metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and styrene, initiated with p-toluenesulfonyl bromide and phenoxybenzene-4,4′-disulfonyl bromide and catalyzed with CuBr/2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and various self-regulated Cu-based catalytic systems such as Cu2O/bpy, Cu2S/bpy, Cu2Se/bpy, and Cu2Te/bpy, is reported. Similarities and differences between the arenesulfonyl chloride and arenesulfonyl bromide initiators are discussed. The arenesulfonyl bromide initiators require reduced reaction times to produce polymers in high conversions under milder reaction conditions than the corresponding arenesulfonyl chloride initiators. At the same time, they exhibit 100% initiator efficiency and generate polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and functional chain ends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 319–330, 2005
The Nature and Contribution of Administrative Models and Organizational Research

Presents information on a study which discussed the nature of the administrative model of management and operations research. Purposes of management models; Pedagogical approach of management; Conc...
Nutrient content and extractability in riparian soils supporting forests and grasslands

Abstract Current agricultural practices are responsible for the deposition of large quantities of nutrients to lakes and streams. As the quantity of fertilizer applied often exceeds soil storage capacity, excess nutrients may be discharged from the surface and subsurface into lakes and streams. Riparian forests have been shown to filter some nutrients from agricultural runoff and subsurface flow. We measured nutrient stores and extractability in each season on three sites in surface organic litter and the top 10 cm of mineral soil to compare the buffering capacity of riparian soils supporting forest and grassland vegetation. In all seasons, greater total amounts of nutrients were immobilized in forest surface litter than in grassland surface litter, and greater amounts of NH 4 + , NO 3 − , P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe were extracted. In the forest, more total N, P, K, Mg, and Zn were found in the surface organic litter in autumn than in other seasons; amounts in grassland did not vary with season. On like soils, the forested riparian sites had substantially greater quantities of macronutrients in the surface organic litter than did grassland sites. In the top 10 cm of mineral soil, more P, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe, but less Zn, B, and Cu, were stored in forest than in grassland ecosystems; more P, K, Ca, but less Mg, were extracted. In the top 10 cm of mineral soil, forest sites had substantially greater quantities of macronutrients but smaller quantities of micronutrients than did grassland sites.
Parameter Variability in Nanoscale Fabrics: Bottom-Up Integrated Exploration

Emerging nano-device based architectures will be impacted by parameter variation in conjunction with high defect rates. Variations in key physical parameters are caused by manufacturing imprecision as well as fundamental atomic scale randomness. In this paper, the impact of parameter variation on nanoscale computing fabrics is extensively studied through a novel integrated methodology across device, circuit and architectural levels. This integrated framework enables to study in detail the impact of physical parameter variation across all fabric layers for the first time. The framework, while generic, is explored extensively on the Nanoscale Application Specific Integrated Circuits (NASICs) nanowire fabric. For key physical parameters, the on current is found to vary by up to 3.5X. Circuit-level delay shows up to 40% deviation from nominal. Monte Carlo simulations using the architectural simulator found 67% nanoprocessor chips to operate below nominal frequencies due to variation. However, given high defect rates in nano-manufacturing, built-in fault tolerance needs to be incorporated for achieving acceptable yields. These techniques are shown to also ameliorate the effects of parameter variation.
The Co‐current reactor‐heta exchanger part II. Experimental results

A reactor of fiour crossflow nomolithic blocks is used to approximate a cocurrent and a countercurrent reactor-heat excanger. Essentailly isothermal reaction pass profiles are produced by flowing the coolant and reactant streams cocurrent to each other according to the criteria set down in Part I of this paper. A multiplicy of steady states is shown to exist for the autothermal countercurrent mode, but not for the autothermal cocurrent mode, under identical conditions.
Challenges and promises of integrating knowledge engineering and qualitative methods

Abstract Our goal is to expose some of the close ties that exist between knowledge engineering (KE) and qualitative methodology (QM). Many key concepts of qualitative research, for example meaning, commonsense, understanding, and everyday life, overlap with central research concerns in artificial intelligence. These shared interests constitute a largely unexplored avenue for interdisciplinary cooperation. We compare and take some steps toward integrating two historically diverse methodologies by exploring the commonalities of KE and QM both from a substantive and a methodological/technical perspective. In the second part of this essay, we address knowledge acquisition problems and procedures. Knowledge acquisition within KE has been based primarily on cognitive psychology/science foundations, whereas knowledge acquisition within QM has a broader foundation in phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, and ethnomethodology. Our discussion and examples are interdisciplinary in nature. We do not suggest that there is a clash between the KE and QM frameworks, but rather that the lack of communication potentially may limit each framework's future development.
Exhaled breath markers in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

The objectives of the present study were to assess the level of exhaled breath markers indicating airway inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in comparison with non-apnoeic (obese and non-obese) subjects and investigate whether therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can modify them. The design was a retrospective observational study, set in Evgeneidio Hospital. Twenty-six OSAS patients and nine obese and 10 non-obese non-apnoeic subjects participated in this study. We measured nasal nitric oxide (nNO), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) in exhaled breath, and 8-isoprostane, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), nitrates, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and pH in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) before and after 1 month of CPAP therapy. The levels of eNO and eCO were higher in OSAS patients than in control subjects (p < 0.05). Nasal NO was higher in OSAS patients than in obese controls (p < 0.01). The level of H2O2, 8-isoprostane, LTB4, and nitrates were elevated in OSAS patients in comparison with obese subjects (p < 0.01). Conversely, pH was lower in OSAS patients than in non-apnoeic controls (p < 0.01). One month of CPAP therapy increased pH (p < 0.05) and reduced eNO (p < 0.001) and nNO (p < 0.05). Apnea/hypopnoea index was positively correlated with 8-isoprostane (r = 0.42; p < 0.05), LTB4 (r = 0.35; p < 0.05), nitrates (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), and H2O2 (r = 0.42; p < 0.05). Airway inflammation and oxidative stress are present in the airway of OSAS patients in contrast to non-apnoeic subjects. Exhaled breath markers are positively correlated with the severity of OSAS. One-month administration of CPAP improved airway inflammation and oxidative stress.
Mid-UV Photoresists Combining Chemical Amplification And Dissolution Inhibition

This paper describes the development of mid-UV photoresist materials based on the combined principles of chemical amplification and dissolution inhibition. These resists are composed of a novolac resin, a dissolution inhibitor containing an acid labile blocking group, and a photosensitive onium salt. A positive image is obtained by exposure to mid-UV irradiation, which generates a strong Bronsted acid from the onium salt, heating the resist so that the acid can catalyze deblocking of the acid labile groups on the dissolution inhibitor, and finally development with aqueous base. Interestingly, this system works well despite the fact that novolacs have previously been shown to become insolubilized by heating them in the presence of onium salt photoproducts.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incidence of thyroid carcinoma in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-positive thyroid incidentalomas.

Objective Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) whole body positron emission tomography (PET) scan may show clinically occult second lesions. Such lesions in the thyroid are increasingly common. There are several recent reports of a high probability of malignancy in these lesions ranging from 14% to 63%. Study Design and Setting This is a retrospective review of 15,711 PET scans at a multi-disciplinary thyroid clinic at a tertiary care university medical center. Twenty-two patients were referred with thyroid PET “incidentalomas.” The review included 18 FDG-PET scans, ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsies, and thyroid surgery pathology. Aspiration cytology or pathology were the main outcome measures. Results Three patients had malignancy of the PET-positive thyroid lesions. Papillary thyroid micro carcinomas were detected in four of the specimens that showed a benign pathology of the dominant nodule. Conclusion Our experience shows a 14% malignancy rate for the dominant (imaged) nodule and a total malignancy rate of 32% when the incidental micro carcinomas are included. Both of these rates are significantly lower than results published previously.
Polarization of light scattered by spheres on a dielectric film

Bidirectional ellipsometric measurements were conducted on a model system containing spherical particles on silicon surfaces coated with dielectric polymer films. The principal angle of polarization, (eta) (p), and the degree of linear polarization, PL(p), of the light scattered into directions out of the plane of incidence were measured using p-polarized, 532 nm light. Results are presented and compared to those from particles on a bare silicon substrate. Spheres of diameter 181 nm and 217 nm and film thicknesses ranging from 55 nm to 140 nm were used to test two theoretical models for light scattering: a Mie-surface double-interaction approximation and a finite-element time-domain implementation of Maxwell's equations. The measurements and the modeling demonstrate the application of bidirectional ellipsometry for characterizing the sizes of particulate contaminates on surfaces.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regulation of mRNA stability in the nervous system and beyond.

The ability to control gene expression is central to normal development and function. For a growing number of genes in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, expression is determined by changes in the rate of mRNA decay. At a molecular level, regulated interactions between the mRNA target and sequence-specific binding proteins either inhibit or accelerate decay, affording tight control over gene expression. This review discusses several examples of such posttranscriptional gene regulation. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:311–316, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Response of 3-D and Plain-Weave S-2 Glass Composites in Out-of-Plane Tension and Shear

An extensive suite of experiments was conducted to characterize the mechanical response of an S-2 glass composite. The primary interest was the response of a 3-D composite, consisting of unidirectional (non-woven) layers of glass fibers interlaced by through-thickness Z-yarns. A plain-weave material was also characterized for comparison purposes. Additionally, epoxy-only specimens were fabricated to assist in understanding the contribution of the SC-15 epoxy resin in the response of the composite system. Two new specimen geometries (torsion and hourglass) were developed specifically for this characterization effort. The response of these specimens provides considerable insight into the failure mechanics of the plain weave and 3-D weave composites. It was shown that the matrix material has an elastic-plastic response, but with different strengths in tension and torsion. The response of the composite in tension is controlled by the epoxy until failure at the glass-resin interface. The strength falls to zero for the plain-weave composite, but the Z-yarns can support tensile stress until the yarns begin to fail. The fibers contribute to the elastic stiffness in shear for the plain-weave material, but the failure strength in shear is the same as the matrix. The 3-D weave composite also fails at the failure strength of the matrix, but retains some shear strength because of the Z-yarns.
Functionalized polysulfone membranes by heterogeneous lithiation

Polysulfone membranes were modified heterogeneously by lithiation, using n-butyllithium and low concentrations of tetrahydrofuran (THF). The effects of various conditions of reactant concentration, temperature, and time were determined quantitatively. The degree of substitution was measured by XPS and FTIR, using the carbonyl absorption band of lithium-activated membranes that had been converted to ones containing acyl fluoride substituents. The optimum conditions for membrane functionalization were 0.2M n-butyllithium in hexane at room temperature. The reaction rate increased substantially in the presence of 2% THF. The surface-lithiated membranes can be derivatized, potentially with a wide variety of functional groups. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.