cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homecoming as a National Founding Myth: Jewish Identity and German Landscapes in Konrad Wolf's I was Nineteen

Konrad Wolf was one of the most enigmatic intellectuals of East Germany. The son of the Jewish Communist playwright Friedrich Wolf and the brother of Markus Wolf—the head of the GDR’s Foreign Intelligence Agency—Konrad Wolf was exiled in Moscow during the Nazi era and returned to Germany as a Red Army soldier by the end of World War Two. This article examines Wolf’s 1968 autobiographical film I was Nineteen (Ich war Neunzehn), which narrates the final days of World War II—and the initial formation of postwar reality—from the point of view of an exiled German volunteer in the Soviet Army. In analyzing Wolf’s portrayals of the German landscape, I argue that he used the audio-visual cliches of Heimat-symbolism in order to undermine the sense of a homogenous and apolitical community commonly associated with this concept. Thrown out of their original contexts, his displaced Heimat images negotiate a sense of a heterogeneous community, which assumes multi-layered identities and highlights the shared ideology rather than the shared origins of the members of the national community. Reading Wolf from this perspective places him within a tradition of innovative Jewish intellectuals who turned Jewish sensibilities into a major part of modern German mainstream culture.
Determination of effective diffusivities of catalysts by gas chromatography

The effective diffusivity of a catalyst may be determined by measuring the pulse broadenings of a nonchemically interacting gas at various flow velocities that occur in a column packed with catalyst and using the values obtained to calculate the constant in the Van Deemter equation. The C term in the equation due to mass transfer between gas and solid phases is a function of the effective diffusivity of the gas. The method was applied to H-51 alumina using nitrogen as the adsorbed gas at −78°C and reasonable agreement was found between the results obtained from this method and the Weisz-Schwartz relation.
Semi-discrete and fully discrete Galerkin methods for the vibrating Timoshenko beam

Abstract Semi-discrete and fully discrete Galerkin methods for the damped vibrating Timoshenko beam model are proposed. Assuming a smooth solution, optimal convergence rates for these methods are shown.
The vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of the group IVA tetrachlorides

Abstract The vapor phase vacuum UV absorption spectra of the group IVA tetrachlorides are reported for the region 40,000–87,000 cm −1 (250-115 nm). The m
Therapeutic options in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, an entity that includes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is typically a benign, indolent condition. However, in a subset of patients, the clinical course may progress to advanced cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis, natural history, and potential therapies for these disorders remain poorly understood. Identifying patients who should be targeted for potential treatment remains difficult. Liver biopsy should be considered to assess the degree of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, because physical examination findings, biochemical parameters, and the results of radiographic studies have been shown to correlate poorly with the severity of steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although there is some evidence suggesting that obesity, diabetes mellitus, older age, and perhaps an aspartate transaminase:alanine aminotransaminase ratio higher than 1 may be predictors of more advanced fibrosis, histology remains the gold standard. Most patients with simple hepatic steatosis appear to follow a benign course and probably do not require aggressive therapy. Conversely, patients with steatohepatitis with extensive inflammation and fibrosis are the patients who are most likely to benefit from effective therapies. The most commonly recommended treatment is weight loss. Existing data suggest that rapid weight loss may promote hepatic inflammation and fibrosis; therefore, gradual weight loss should be recommended. Large, randomized, controlled trials evaluating the long-term histologic impact and clinical outcomes of weight loss strategies are lacking. Potentially promising pharmacologic therapies include insulin-sensitizing oral hypoglycemic agents such as metformin and the thiazolidenediols, antihyperlipidemic agents such as gemfibrozil or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, vitamin E and other antioxidants, ursodeoxycholic acid, and betaine. As with weight loss, data regarding the efficacy of these pharmacologic options are limited. In addition, there are no widely accepted guidelines to help direct the clinician in the optimal use of these agents in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases.
Electromagnetic energy, absorption, and Casimir forces: Uniform dielectric media in thermal equilibrium

The derivation of Casimir forces between dielectrics can be simplified by ignoring absorption, calculating energy changes due to displacements of the dielectrics, and only then admitting absorption by allowing permittivities to be complex. As a first step toward a better understanding of this situation we consider in this article the model of a dielectric as a collection of oscillators, each of which is coupled to a reservoir giving rise to damping and Langevin forces on the oscillators and a noise polarization acting as a source of a fluctuating electromagnetic field in the dielectric. The model leads naturally to expressions for the quantized electric and magnetic fields that are consistent with those obtained in approaches that diagonalize the coupled system of oscillators for the dielectric medium, the reservoir, and the electromagnetic field. It also results in a fluctuation-dissipation relation between the noise polarization and the imaginary part of the permittivity; comparison with the Rytov fluctuation-dissipation relation employed in the well-known Lifshitz theory for the van der Waals (or Casimir) force shows that the Lifshitz theory is actually a classical stochastic electrodynamical theory. The approximate classical expression for the energy density in a band of frequencies at which absorption in a dielectric is negligible is shown to be exact as a spectral thermal equilibrium expectation value in quantum electrodynamic theory. Our main result is the derivation of an expression for the QED energy density of a uniform dispersive, absorbing media in thermal equilibrium. The spectral density of the energy is found to have the same form with or without absorption. We also show how the fluctuation-dissipation theorem ensures a detailed balance of energy exchange between the (absorbing) medium, the reservoir, and the electromagnetic field in thermal equilibrium.
Confining a Tokamak Plasma with rf-Driven Currents

Continuous toroidal electron currents, which sustain the poloidal magnetic field in tokamaks, may be generated by injecting waves with net parallel momentum into the plasma via phased waveguide arrays. Waves with high phase velocity can produce a current capable of confining a reactor plasma so that steady-state tokamak operation with acceptable power dissipation becomes possible.
Lysine and Protein Requirements of Bronze Turkeys

ABSTRACT ALMQUIST (1952) reviewed the literature on the lysine requirement of poults to four weeks of age and concluded that, based on research from a number of sources, about 5.5 percent of the protein should be lysine. This recommendation seemed to be based on a 24 percent protein diet containing 1.3 percent lysine. However, one reference was quoted in which 1.46 percent lysine in a 28 percent protein diet gave best results with poults to 4 weeks of age. Kratzer, Davis and Marshall (1956) have concluded that the lysine requirement as a percent of the protein is approximately 4.75 percent for poults from hatching to 4 weeks and then decreases to about 4 percent. They indicate that the protein requirement is about 28 percent initially, dropping to 23 percent by 6 weeks of age, 20 percent at 8 weeks, 15 percent at 16 weeks and 13.5 percent at 20 weeks. Ferguson . . .
A helical tow model and numerical simulation of on-line thermal curing of thermoset composites in filament winding

A helical tow model of on-line curing of thermoset composites in winding is developed and solved numerically. Actual shape of tow in winding process is considered, and consequently, the modeling of the on-line curing process is more realistic. A numerical grid generation method is developed for the complicated geometry. Transformations of three-dimensional energy equation and its boundary conditions from physical domain to computational domain are performed, which are crucial in numerical grid generation method when an anisotropic medium is involved. A set of concise and regular equations is obtained. The numerical simulation results show that the helical tow model, in stead of a simplified model, should be used when the ratio of the diameter of fiber-wound composite structure to the diameter of tow is small.
Effects of high pressure processing on lipid oxidation: A review

Abstract High pressure processing (HPP) is an alternative mild-technology used in the past decades to sterilize and pasteurize food matrices such as meat and seafood. HPP obeys thermodynamic principles, namely Le Chatelier's law of equilibrium and the isostatic rule, both of which account for microbial inactivation. HPP has the advantage of ensuring reduction of pathogens and spoilage in foods, and preserving the organoleptic characteristics of the product that are compromised in traditional heat treatments. However, high pressure changes the thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions. This is the case of lipid oxidation, in which kinetics is accelerated in the presence of high hydrostatic pressure. In recent years, there has been increasing focus on the response of lipid components to HPP, especially considering the deleterious outcomes that secondary products of oxidation have on the final product. The objective of this work is to review the literature on the effect of this “mild-technology” in the degradation of lipid fraction of foods. We discuss qualitative and quantitative determinations, as well as the thermodynamic and chemical interpretations underlying the phenomenon. Industrial relevance In this work we reviewed the literature concerning the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on lipid oxidation. Since 1990s HPP has been used as an alternative to thermal treatments to pasteurize and sterilize food products, such as meats and seafood. Many of these raw materials have a high content of lipids (among them trialglycerols and cholesterol-derivative) that are susceptible to oxidation. During the last decade, there has been increasing interest on the response of lipid components to HPP, especially considering the deleterious outcomes that secondary oxidation-derivative molecules have on the final product. This review intends to summarize and discuss the data reported in literature, contextualizing the oxidation within the broad transformation of biological structures due to hydrostatic pressure. A better understanding of the underlying phenomena could lead to the development of predicting models which could be use in food industry.
Prostate carcinoma: production of bioactive factors.

BACKGROUND. Many molecular mechanisms regulate prostate carcinoma pathogenesis, proliferation, and progression to bone metastases. The basic molecular mechanism are endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine. These mechanisms can be mediated by a variety of agents, including gonadal and adrenal steroids, retinoic acid and vitamin D derivatives, neuroendocrine factors, growth factors, cytokines, lymphokine, and bone factors. Prominent among them is parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). METHODS. The author studied the expression and regulation of PTHrP production in prostate carcinoma cells with nucleic acid and immunochemical probes for the polypeptide. The robust expression of this oncoprotein by prostate carcinoma has been demonstrated. In the current study the author reviews his results and the studies of other investigators regarding PTHrP and the variety of bioactive factors produced by prostate cells. RESULTS. PTHrP is expressed by most prostate carcinoma. It also is expressed by normal and hyperplastic prostate cells, and there is a gradient of expression that peaks in malignant prostate cells. PTHrP is processed by carcinoma cells into peptides that have unique biologic effects. Among them are regulation of growth and cytokine expression. It has been observed that the effect of PTHrP can be mediated by novel intracrine pathways in prostate carcinoma. These mechanisms influence transduction of growth regulatory signaling pathways, cell proliferation, immunoregulation, and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS. The current study identified PTHrP among the bioactive prostate factors that appear to participate in prostate carcinoma pathogenesis and progression. This oncofetal protein is commonly expressed by prostate carcinoma, and its regulatory interactions with other bioactive prostate cell products play an important role in the pathobiology of prostate carcinoma. Understanding these regulatory interactions among prostate carcinoma, its cell products, and the skeleton continues to provide insights into the pathogenesis of this disease entity and may provide clues to clinical management.
Abstract 3691: Selective depletion of mutant p53 by isothiocyanates and its structure-activity relationships

It has been shown that isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from hydrolysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables via Lossen rearrangement by myrosinase, induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We here demonstrate that certain naturally-occurring ITCs selectively deplete mutant p53, but not the wild type, and do so via a post-transcriptional mechanism. Direct p53 binding and the sequential conformational changes appears to be one of the mechanisms by which mutant p53 is depleted. Structure-activity relationship studies (SARs) using naturally-occurring and synthetic ITCs show that depletion is influenced by the structure of the ITC side chain moiety. Consistent with the gain of function by mutant p53, we show that cells with p53 mutations are more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) than are those with the wild type. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenylethyl ITC, a synthetic ITC and one of the most potent depletors of mutant p53 studied, induces apoptosis to the greatest extent in breast cancer cells with mutant p53 status. Collectively, this study shows that mutant p53 depletion may be an important novel target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy by natural and synthetic ITCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3691. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3691
Photosynthetic and respiratory characterization of field grown tomato.

The photosynthetic responses of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) leaves to environmental and ontogenetic factors were determined on plants grown in the field under high radiation and high nitrogen fertilization. Response curves showed net photosynthesis to only approach light saturation at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 2200 μmol m-2 s-1, with rates of approx. 40 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. A broad temperature optimum was observed between 25° and 35°C, with 50% of the photosynthetic rates remaining even at 47°C. The high rate, the lack of saturation at the equivalent of full sunlight, and the tolerance to high temperature of tomato were unusual in light of the literature on this C3 species. Apparently, acclimation to the field environment of high radiation and hot daytime temperature, coupled with the high nitrogen nutrition, made possible the high photosynthetic performance normally associated with C4 species. Photosynthetic ability of the leaf reached a maximum near the time of its full expansion and declined steadily thereafter, regardless of the time of leaf initiation. Leaf nitrogen content showed a similar decline with leaf ontogeny. Photosynthesis was linearly correlated with nitrogen content, whether the nitrogen variation was due to leaf age or rates of nitrogen fertilization. Internal CO2 concentrations (Ci) of the leaf indicated that stomatal function was well coordinated with photosynthetic capacity as leaf age and fluence rate varied down to a PPFD of 500 μmol m-2 s-1. As PPFD decreased further, there was less stomatal control and Ci increased to as high as 320 μ bar bar-1. Dark respiration was highest for expanding leaves and increased nearly exponentially with temperature. Respiration was also highest for young and expanding fruits, and next highest for fruits just turning pink. Fruit respiration increased approximately linearly with temperature, and was estimated to be an important component of the CO2 flux of the plant near maturity because of the heavy fruit load and low leaf photosynthesis at that time. The results are significant for model simulation of tomato productivity in the field.
Plaque characterization with optical coherence tomography.

The identification of unstable plaque is central in risk-stratifying patients for acute coronary events. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently introduced imaging modality that has shown considerable promise for the identification of high-risk plaques. Advantages of OCT include its high resolution (4 to 20 μm), high data acquisition rate, small and inexpensive guidewires/catheters, and ability to be combined with adjuvant optical techniques. This article summarizes the current state of intravascular OCT imaging, focusing on potential markers of instability and current limitations.
Midbrain Dopaminergic Cell Loss in Parkinson's Disease and MPTP‐Induced Parkinsonism: Sparing of Calbindin‐D25k—Containing Cells

Computer imaging and immunohistochemical staining techniques were used to determine which midbrain dopaminergic (DA) cells are spared in Parkinson's disease (PD), and in animals treated with the DA neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and whether the spared cells contain the calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28k (CaBP). The PD patients had more than 55% fewer midbrain DA neurons than age-matched normal subjects. The cell loss occurred within the combined substantia nigra and retrorubral area (greater than 61%; DA nuclei A9 and A8, respectively), and the ventral tegmental area (greater than 42%; DA nucleus A10). The cell loss was greatest within the ventral portion of the nucleus A9. A similar pattern of DA cell loss was observed in MPTP-treated Macaca fascicularis monkeys. The CaBP-containing cells were located specifically in the cell regions spared by PD and by MPTP-treatment in both monkeys and C57BL/6 mice. These data suggest that PD and MPTP both destroy the same population of midbrain DA neurons within nuclei A8, A9, and A10, and that perhaps CaBP protects the DA neurons from cell death caused by both PD and MPTP.
Assessing the regulatory process in an international context: Mixed currency SDRS and U.S. bank equity returns

This study used the cumulative prediction error methodology to determine if the equity returns of major U.S. banks were affected by the 1974 SDR change. This change by the IMF was viewed as an opportunity to study the adjustment process in international regulation as well as to focus on the policy's net impact. The results strongly support the contention that banks were adversely affected by the change from a dollar-based SDR to a mixed-currency SDR due to the expected increase in lending by the IMF and due to the expectation of inflation and increased exchange volatility.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior and growth at 10 years of age

We examined physical growth and behavioral outcomes in 226 10-year-old children who were participants in a longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), while controlling for other factors that affect development. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 10-year follow-up, the caregivers were 37years old, had 12.8years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester cocaine exposure predicted decreased weight, height, and head circumference at 10years. First trimester cocaine use also predicted maternal ratings of less sociability on the EAS Temperament Survey and more withdrawn behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, more anxious/depressed behaviors on the Teacher Report Form, and more self-reported depressive symptoms on the Children's Depression Inventory. In addition, exposure to violence mediated the effect of PCE on child and teacher reports of depressive symptoms, but not of maternal reports of sociability and withdrawn behaviors. These behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems.
A ballpark and neighborhood change: Economic integration, a recession, and the altered demography of San Diego’s Ballpark District after eight years

Abstract In the 1990s the owner of the San Diego Padres and San Diego entered into a partnership for the building of a new ballpark. The public sector invested $209 million and the team spent $187.1 million and retained all revenues from the new facility. At first blush this might seem like the typically imbalanced public/private partnership with the public sector spending more than the team and the ballclub getting to keep all of the revenues. What made this deal unique, however, was that the team owner also guaranteed that $487 million in new real estate development would occur near the ballpark adhering to a plan approved by the City that would create a new downtown neighborhood that included amenities and elements specified by San Diego. Despite this guarantee criticisms included fears of gentrification and that the development would merely replace what would have happened elsewhere. Those issues have been analyzed elsewhere. This article focuses on (1) the extent to which a new neighborhood was populated and sustained; (2) the creation of an economically integrated neighborhood; (3) the ability of the Ballpark District to attract young well-educated individuals as well as older higher income residents, and (4) the ability of the new neighborhood to protect property values during the recession. The data analyzed suggest that an economically integrated neighborhood has been created with property values that remained relatively stable during the recession. In addition, the neighborhood has attracted a large number of highly educated workers with few demands for public services.
Abstract 5049: Targeting the Notch and mTOR pathways in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a universally fatal pediatric brain tumor which is known to have frequent alteration of mTOR signaling. Analysis of DIPG tissue obtained through the Mid-Atlantic DIPG Consortium (MADC) also shows high level activation of Notch pathway effectors HES4 and HES5. We have established JHH DIPG1, a human DIPG xenograft and neurosphere cell line from a rapid autopsy specimen obtained through the MADC. Notch 1 and 3 and Notch downstream effectors, Hes1, Hes5 and Hey1, are highly expressed in JHH DIPG1 and a second DIPG line, SU DIPG1. These DIPG cell lines also express high level phospho-S6 and phospho-AKT 473, indicating activation of TORC1 and TORC2. Notch and mTOR pathway signaling is equal to or exceeding that observed in glioblastoma neurosphere cell lines. Notch targeting using a gamma-secretase inhibitor leads to a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation of up to 30% (p=0.05) as well as inhibition of phospho-AKT 473, suggesting that inhibition of the NOTCH pathway targets TORC2 complexes. BrdU incorporation also showed that treatment of DIPG cell lines with a TORC1 inhibitor also has up to a 60% attenuation of cell proliferation (p<0.005) in treated DIPG cells compared to non-treated cells and a dose-dependent reduction in phospho-S6, with concomitant upregulation of phospho-AKT 473 indicating TORC2 activation. Dual TORC1 and TORC2 inhibition by combining a rapalog and a gamma-secretase inhibitor may prove to be synergistic in DIPG. Simultaneous treatment with a rapalog and gamma-secretase inhibition suppresses TORC1 and TORC2, as measured by western blot. We are currently investigating the possible mechanism of action of these drugs in DIPG. Our laboratory is investigating additional metabolic inhibitors that can be used with TORC1 and TORC2 inhibitors to further improve treatment options for DIPG. We are currently exploring the role of the Notch and mTOR pathways in DIPG in pre-clinical studies in mice, with the goal of moving targeted inhibitors into clinical trials for these currently highly lethal tumors. Citation Format: Marianne Hutt, Wendy Goldstein, Javad Nazarian, Antoinette Price, Kah Jing Lim, Katherine Warren, Howard Chang, Charles Eberhart, Eric Raabe. Targeting the Notch and mTOR pathways in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5049. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5049
Substrate Trenching Mechanism during Plasma and Magnetically Enhanced Polysilicon Etching

Plasma and magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching processes with chlorine gas have been developed for subhalf micron polysilicon gate electrode etching (1). In this paper, gate oxide trenching during polysilicon gate etching using chlorine-based reactive ion etching (RIE) and magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching (MERIE) processes is studied in detail. The trenching mechanism was found to be a direct result of off-angle ion bombardment and reflection from the partially etched polysilicon sidewall during plasma etching. The off-angle ion bombardment is caused by the elastic collision between ions and neutrals as ions move across the plasma shealth. Monte-Carlo simulation confirms the angular distribution of ions under most plasma processing conditions. A two-step MERIE process, first with high etch rate and high anisotropy and second with high selectivity to the gate oxide, with low ion-energy bombardment is also developed to minimize the trenching effect during polysilicon-gate etching
Adhesive interactions and the patterning of nerve connections: an experimental and theoretical approach

Synopsis. Adhesive interactions have long been proposed to play a central role in the patterning of neural structures and their interconnections. Many of these ideas are based upon experiments on the projection from the eye to the optic tectum (the retinotectal projection) in lower vertebrates. In order to test the feasibiiity of such proposals, a detailed model, based largely on adhesive interactions between cells, has been developed. Computer simulations of the model show that simple adhesive interactions are sufficient to explain much ofthe literature on the patterning ofthe amphibian retinotectal projection. Aspects of the model have been experimetally tested through the use of antibodies to known adhesive molecules. The results of these experiments appear consistent with the role of adhesion in the patterning of the connections and with the predictions of the model. Although such experiments demonstrate the power of adhesive cell interactions in the patterning of nerve connections, additional experiments and simulations demonstrate that some other non-adhesive processes may play a role. In particular, the addition ofa process that is dependent on the activity ofthe neurons allows the model to better fit the literature. An activity-dependent competition between neurons for adhesive sites on the target cells appears to be sufficient to play this role.
Enzymes and enzyme models

THE determination of mechanisms of enzyme action is among the great problems of modern chemistry (Boyer e t a l . , 1960; Boyer, 1960; Westheimer, 1959). Although not one enzymatic process is today understood, and although no model system has achieved catalytic activity comparable to that of the corresponding enzyme, considerable progress has been made in elucidating the "active sites" in enzymes, and in finding catalytic systems which will operate (although slowly) under experimental conditions which are comparable to those in cells and, hopefully, by mechanisms which parallel the biochemical ones. The problem is under attack from many angles: studies of peptide sequences, X-ray analysis of protein structure, determination of the coenzyme or active sites needed for reaction, kinetic studies of enzyme action, and chemical "models" for various enzymatic systems. All of these methods provide information relevant to the central problem; how does a protein strongly accelerate a chemical reaction between a substrate and either a coenzyme molecule or an active site on the protein itself or some other reagent. In subsequent sections of this review, some individual enzymes are considered in some detail. Before considering these systems, a few words might help set the problem in perspective. Much of our understanding of catalytic action has been gained by studies of model systems. The pioneers in such investigations (Langenbeck, 1935 ; Warburg 1949) did not have the present-day background of theoretical chemistry on which to build. In 1947, in a paper more pertinent to modern considerations of detailed mechanism, Braunstein suggested the outlines of a mechanism for transamination: this mechanism and the role of pyridoxal have been strongly substantiated (Braunstein, 1960; Metzler e t a l . , 1954; Ikawa & Snell, 1954) and are generally accepted today. More recently, the role of thiamin in the decarboxylation of pyruvate (Breslow, 1958), the action of diphosphopyridine nucleotides in the direct and stereospecific transfer of hydrogen (Vennesland & Westheimer, 1954), and the role of the serine residue in the reactions of esterases (Desnuelle, 1960a, b; Cohen e t a l . , 1959) and of phosphoglucomutase (Koshland & Erwin, 1957) have been discovered, and imitated with model systems. Some of these systems are here considered. The role of biotin and of several other coenzymes in enzymatic processes will be discussed in another session in this Congress. In a recent summary (Westheimer, 1959), the author stated, " . . . hopefully, in another decade, reviews may be concerned with enzymes and enzyme analogs (rather than with models) . . . ". The decade has not yet passed, and the prediction still seems reasonable.
Precipitation rate estimation analysis for GPM-DPR pre-launch algorithm

The dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) core satellite is equipped with two independent frequency channels, Ku- (13.6 GHz) and Ka- (35.5 GHz) band. This enables better retrieval of the DSD parameter and better accuracies in rainfall rate estimation than TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation radar (PR). Le and Chandrasekar (2013) [1] developed a hybrid method to retrieve DSDs for GPM-DPR using airborne radar data. In this paper, precipitation rate is calculated using DSDs retrieved through the hybrid method based on assumptions of particle falling velocity. We also investigate potential relations between precipitation rate and dual-frequency parameters through direct parameterization. This analysis first goes through simulation procedure, and then applied to airborne data with attenuation corrected using method in [1]. Reasonable comparison of precipitation rate can be seen in between true precipitation rate, evaluation through DSDs and from direct parameterization.
Clean Energy Policy Analyses: Analysis of the Status and Impact of Clean Energy Policies at the Local Level

This report takes a broad look at the status of local clean energy policies in the United States to develop a better understanding of local clean energy policy development and the interaction between state and local policies. To date, the majority of clean energy policy research focuses on the state and federal levels. While there has been a substantial amount of research on local level climate change initiatives, this is one of the first analyses of clean energy policies separate from climate change initiatives. This report is one in a suite of reports analyzing clean energy and climate policy development at the local, state, and regional levels.
Expanding our understanding of patient outcomes: the unique role of health services research in the continuing evolution of surgical science.

As modern medicine began in the 20th Century, most of the early research efforts were focused on developing and refining treatment modalities. This focus on therapeutic efficacy was rightly so, as a profession cannot begin to exist and flourish until an armamentarium of tools is available for its practitioners. The randomized control trial (RCT) emerged during this time as the gold standard for clinical research given its unparalleled strength in isolating therapeutic effects and confirming the efficacy of new treatment modalities.
Use of dimensional analysis in social science research

Abstract Dimensional analysis is a branch of applied mathematics which is only now beginning to emerge as an important methodology in social and behavioral science research. Unlike regression analysis, dimensional analysis “discovers” the functional relationship in the data from the denned dimensions; hence its ability to extend regression analysis in developing predictive models makes it particularly useful in social science research. In addition, many of the limitations with the use of regression analysis in social science which limit its usefulness in applications, such as multicollinearity, normality assumptions, homoscedasticity assumptions, etc. are not limitations in dimensional analysis. In this study, the application of dimensional analysis to the study of population migrations, specifically white flight in a large urban school district, is presented. Finally, a review of relevant literature and the use of dimensional analysis in other social science areas are presented.
Designing Resource-Efficient Military Base Camps From a Holistic Perspective

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has recently shown an interest in incorporating resource efficiency into decision-making processes, including decisions that pertain to Forward Operating Military Base Camp (FOB) equipment. Often deployed in environments without access to grid utilities, FOBs require costly deliveries by land or air of resources such as fuel and fresh water. Resource-efficient FOB designs have the potential to reduce supply costs, but competing objectives and uncertain operational conditions complicate the design process. For example, integration of solar photovoltaic panels into existing designs has the potential to reduce the need to burn fuel in generators, however solar panels have up-front logistical and monetary costs that limit widespread use. There are also uncertainties associated with available solar energy and camp electrical loads. The research described here uses computer modeling and simulation of a real FOB subsystem under different operational scenarios to develop configurations of solar panels and batteries that, when integrated with an existing FOB design, maximize resource savings but minimize logistical and monetary costs, showing the benefit of a holistic design strategy that accounts for scenario variation. This research will also show that while different hardware configurations prove most efficient under different scenarios and objectives, certain hardware configurations provide good performance under all scenarios and objectives.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of hydrogen-sulfide on the hydrogen permeance of palladium–copper alloys at elevated temperatures

Abstract The hydrogen permeance of several 0.1 mm thick Pd–Cu alloy foils (80 wt.% Pd–20 wt.% Cu, 60 wt.% Pd–40 wt.% Cu and 53 wt.% Pd–47 wt.% Cu) was evaluated using transient flux measurements at temperatures ranging from 603 to 1123 K and pressures up to 620 kPa both in the presence and absence of 1000 ppm H 2 S. Sulfur resistance, as evidenced by no significant change in permeance, was correlated with the temperatures associated with the face-centered-cubic crystalline structure for the alloys in this study. The permeance of the body-centered cubic phase, however, was up to two orders of magnitude lower when exposed to H 2 S. A smooth transition from sulfur poisoning to sulfur resistance with increasing temperature was correlated with the alloy transition from a body-centered-cubic structure to a face-centered-cubic structure.
A microfluidic pumping mechanism driven by non-equilibrium osmotic effects

A mechanism is presented which drives a fluid flow using two chemically reacting molecular species and osmotic effects. For concreteness the mechanism is discussed in the context of a tube which at each end has a capping membrane which is permeable to the fluid but impermeable to the two molecular species. The chemical reactions occur at sites embedded in the capping membrane. Labeling the two chemical species A and B, at one end the reactions split each molecule of species B into two molecules of species A. On the other end two molecules of species A are fused together to form a single molecule of species B. A mathematical model of the solute diffusion, fluid flow, and osmotic effects is presented and used to describe the non-equilibrium steady-state flow rate generated. Theoretical and computational results are given for how the flow rate depends on the relative diffusivities of the solute species and the geometry of the system. An interesting feature of the pump is that for the same fixed chemical reactions at the tube ends, fluid flows can be driven in either direction through the tube, with the direction depending on the relative diffusivities of the solute species. The theoretical results are compared with three-dimensional numerical simulations of the pump.
Stem cell fusion in the brain

Bone-marrow-derived stem cells have been shown to contribute to Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of adult humans and mice. A new study identifies cell fusion as the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, and shows that the bone marrow cell portion of the resulting binucleate heterokaryons acquires the morphological and molecular characteristics of Purkinje neurons over time.
Structure-Activity Studies of Interleukin-2

The critical role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in immune response heightens the need to know its structure in order to understand its activity. New computer-assisted predictive methods for the assignment of secondary structure together with a method to predict the tertiary structure of a protein from data on its primary sequence and secondary structure were applied to IL-2. This method generated four topological families of structures, of which the most plausible is a right-handed fourfold alpha-helical bundle. Members of this family were shown to be compatible with existing structural data on disulfide bridges and monoclonal antibody binding for IL-2. Experimental estimates of secondary structure from circular dichroism and site-directed mutagenesis data support the model. A region likely to be important in IL-2 binding to its receptor was identified as residues Leu36, Met38, Leu40, Phe42, Phe44, and Met46.
Phonons in the high temperature Bi2Can-1Sr2CunO4+2n superconductors

Abstract We consider phonons in two members of the Bi-high temperature superconductor family, Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 and Bi 2 CaSr 2 Cu 2 O 8 . For these compounds, we sort the zone center phonon modes according to the irreducible representations of the appropriate point group. When there are two (or more) CuO planes in the unit cell, there is a B 1g type of mode that only involves the motion (along the c-axis) of the oxygen atoms in these planes. The Raman spectrum of Bi 2 CaSr 2 Cu 2 O 8 is measured by back scattering from ab-plate-like crystals and some mode assignments are given. The unique B 1g phonon is assigned to the 464 cm −1 mode. This frequency is higher than that found for the B 1g mode in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , but comparable to that in Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 .
“Flowers From the Same Soil” Latino Solidarity in the Wake of the 2006 Immigrant Mobilizations

This article examines the effects of collective action on the development of Latino ethnic solidarity among immigrant, naturalized, and U.S.-born Latinos. The article reveals how ethnic solidarity came about from the perspective and with the help of grassroots organizers who coordinated the 2006 immigrant rights mobilizations. Through 55 interviews with grassroots organizers from immigrant and Latino rights groups, elected officials, and union and religious leaders throughout Colorado, it is shown that the immigrant rights marches strengthened a sense of ethnic solidarity among immigrant and native-born Latinos as the latter came to realize that they, too, were becoming targets of anti-immigrant rhetoric that became more pervasive in the midst of the immigration debate. The interview data show that the renewed sense of ethnic solidarity served to foment support for collective action. By building on prior work addressing the determinants of ethnic solidarity and collective action, these findings reveal the potential for organizers and political leaders to emphasize common goals among Latinos rather than ethnic, political, and class-based cleavages that are often the topic of political discourse.
Differential allograft gene expression in acute cellular rejection and recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation

Abstract Treatment of acute cellular rejection (ACR) is associated with increased viral load, more severe histologic recurrence, and diminished patient and graft survival after liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Recurrence of HCV may be difficult to distinguish histologically from ACR . Because the immunologic mechanisms of ACR and HCV recurrence are likely to differ, we hypothesized that ACR is associated with the expression of a specific subset of immune activation genes that may serve as a diagnostic indicator of ACR and provide mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of ACR and recurrence of HCV. The goal of the study was to study intragraft gene expression patterns in ACR and during recurrence of HCV in HCV-infected recipients. High-density microarrays were used to determine relative intragraft gene expression in two groups of HCV-infected liver transplant recipients: four with steroid responsive ACR by Banff criteria and four age- and gender-matched HCV-infected recipients with similar necroinflammatory activity but without histological criteria for rejection (no cholangitis or endotheliitis). Immunosuppression was similar in both groups. Other etiologies of graft dysfunction were excluded by ultrasound, cholangiography, and cultures. High-quality total RNA was extracted from snap frozen liver biopsies, reverse transcribed, labeled with biotin, and fragmented according to established protocol. Twenty-five genes were relatively overexpressed, and 15 were relatively underexpressed by ≥twofold in the ACR when compared with the HCV group. ACR was most notably associated with the relative overexpression of genes associated with major histocompatibility complex I and II, insulin-like growth factor–1 expression, apoptosis induction, and T-cell activation. In HCV-infected liver transplant recipients, ACR is associated with an intragraft gene expression profile that is distinct from that seen during recurrence of HCV. These experiments provide evidence that alloimmunity, as indicated by expression of T-cell activation and apoptosis-inducing genes, is less important in recurrence of HCV than in ACR. Further studies are required to determine whether gene expression profiles, either intragraft or in serum, can be used for the diagnosis and differentiation of ACR from recurrence of HCV. ( Liver Transpl 2002;8:814-821. )
A better stopping rule for conventional statistical tests

The goal of some research studies is to demonstrate the existence of an effect. Statistical testing, withp less than .05, is one criterion for establishing the existence of this effect. In this situation, the fixedsample stopping rule, in which the number of subjects is determined in advance, is impractical and inefficient. This article presents a sequential stopping rule that is practical and about 30% more efficient: Once a minimum number of subjects is tested, stop withp less than .01 or greater than .36; otherwise, keep testing. This procedure keeps alpha at .05 and can be adjusted to fit researchers’ needs and inclinations.
Detecting Rare Mutations Associated with Cancer Risk

For more than a decade, investigators have been searching for a means of determining the risk of individuals developing cancer by detecting rare oncogenic mutations. The accumulation of mutations and the clonal evolvement of tumors provide opportunities for monitoring disease development and intervening prior to the presentation of clinical symptoms, or determining the risk of disease relapse during remission. A number of techniques, mostly polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based, have been developed that enable the detection of rare oncogenic mutations within the range of 10(-2) to 10(-4) wild-type cells. Only a handful of procedures enable the detection of intragenic single base mutations at one mutant in 10-6 or better. These ultra-sensitive mutation detection techniques have produced some interesting results regarding single base mutation spectra and frequencies in p53, Harvey-ras, N-ras, and other reporter genes and DNA sequences in human tissues. Although there is evidence that some individuals may harbor cells or clones expressing genomic instability, the connection with the processes of carcinogenesis is still tenuous. There remains a need for rigorous epidemiological studies employing these ultra-sensitive mutation detection procedures. Since genomic instability is considered key to tumor development, the relevance of the detection of hypermutable clones in individuals is discussed in the context of cancer risk.
THE WITNESS OF TRAUMA: A REVIEW ESSAY

Testimony is at once a very powerful and potentially a very dangerous book. It is powerful because it articulates, for the first time, to my knowledge, a generalized theory of testimony (or of witnessing, and thereby addresses a need which has been felt in the humanities for some time now. Moreover, it applies this theory to a number of critical subject matters: to the historical upheavals by which our age has come increasingly to be defined (principally, the Holocaust), and to a series of post-war manifestations of such change in literature, literary criticism, pedagogical practice, and most recently, film. But it is equally potentially a very dangerous book because, while being very smart, at times dazzling in its insights, it gets things fundamentally wrong. Further, it does so in ways that-quite apart from the potentially hurtful manner in which it presents itself-reproduce the very difficulties it highlights, and at a moment and within an arena where the stakes are particularly high. At the heart of the book is a notion of "impossible witness." The notion derives from Dori Laub's work-as psychoanalytic practitioner, as founder and interviewer of the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies at Yale, and as a child survivor himself of the camps-and refers to the silence that commonly envelopes the Holocaust survivor's voice about the events to which s/he has been cognizant witness, and yet about which they have been unable to speak. The impossibility of this talk has issued from the overwhelming nature of the traumatic event itself-one which has structured and shaped the victim's subsequent experience in a thousand ways and yet which has appeared up until now only in the displaced form of an uncanny repetition or acting out of its innermost conflicts. The situation Laub describes, of course, is not unlike the posttraumatic responses often associated in psychodynamic literature with other overwhelming events-those produced by warfare, for example, or prepubescent (and especially violent) sexual encounters with