cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replication of the ERES:Golgi junction in bloodstream‐form African trypanosomes

The biogenesis of ER Exit Site/Golgi Junctions (EGJ) in bloodstream form African trypanosomes is investigated using tagged markers for ER Exit Sites, the Golgi, and the bilobe structure. The typical pattern is two EGJ in G1 phase (1 kinetoplast/1 nucleus, 1K1N) through S phase (2K1N), duplication to four EGJ in post-mitotic cells (2K2N), and segregation of two EGJ to each daughter. Lesser cell percentages have elevated EGJ copy numbers in all stages, and blocking cell cycle progression results in even higher copy numbers. EGJs are closely aligned with the flagellar attachment zone (FAZ) indicating nucleation on the FAZ-associated ER (FAZ:ER). Only the most posterior EGJ in each cell is in proximity to the bilobe, which is located at the base of the FAZ filament near the mouth of the flagellar pocket. These results indicate that EGJ replication in bloodstream trypanosomes is not tightly coupled to the cell cycle. Furthermore, segregation of EGJ is not obligately mediated by the bilobe, rather assembly of the EGJ on the FAZ:ER, which is coupled to the flagellar cytoskeleton, apparently ensures segregation with fidelity during cytokinesis. These findings differ markedly from procyclic form trypanosomes, and models highlighting these stage-specific differences in EGJ biogenesis are proposed.
The seismic radiation from composite models of faulting

Abstract The failure of an asperity, i.e., the dynamic rupture of a small fault area with finite stress drop surrounded by a broken or weak fault area which has no stress drop but which slips after the asperity fails, is proposed as a model for the rupture process of a subevent in a composite earthquake. The rupture area of the composite earthquake surrounding the subevent is modeled by the weak fault area surrounding the asperity in the subevent model. The resulting seismic moment of the subevent is proportional to the stress drop and the rupture area of the subevent, as well as the radius of the composite earthaquake. By setting the stress drops of the asperity models equal to the dynamic stress drops of the subevents, the composite earthquake can be modeled as the sum of a set of subevents which cover the rupture area of the composite earthquake. The scaling of the high- and low-frequency radiation from composite earthquakes composed of asperities is commensurate with generally observed spectral scaling laws, in contrast to composite earthquakes composed of cracks, or smaller earthquakes. A simple filtering strategy is proposed for filtering the waveforms radiated by cracks to approximate the waveforms radiated by asperities. The P and S waves radiated by an M L = 5.2 earthquake which occurred on 9 May 1983, at Coalinga, California, are simulated using the P and S waves radiated by an M L = 3.6 aftershock. The aftershock waveforms are first filtered to approximate the radiation from asperities with the appropriate rupture areas, and then the waveforms of 12 asperity subevents are summed together to simulate the waveforms and spectra of the composite earthquake.
Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE)

The Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE) flown on Deep Space 1 combines an ion mass spectrometer and an electron spectrometer in a single, low-resource instrument. Among its novel features PEPE incorporates an electrostatically swept field-of-view and a linear electric field time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A significant amount of effort went into developing six novel technologies that helped reduce instrument mass to 5.5 kg and average power to 9.6 W. PEPE’s performance was demonstrated successfully by extensive measurements made in the solar wind and during the DS1 encounter with Comet 19P/Borrelly in September 2001.
Performance evaluation of a wearable inertial motion capture system for capturing physical exposures during manual material handling tasks.

With a long-term goal of improving quantification of physical exposures in the workplace, this study examined the ability of a commercially available inertial motion capture (IMC) system in quantifying exposures during five different simulated manual material handling tasks. Fourteen participants repeated all these tasks in three 20 min sequential time blocks. Performance of the IMC system was compared against an optical motion capture (OMC) system (‘gold standard’) in terms of joint angles, angular velocities and moments at selected body parts. Though several significant changes in performance over time were found, the magnitudes of these were relatively small and may have limited practical relevance. The IMC system yielded peak kinematic values that differed by up to 28% from the OMC system. The IMC system, in some cases, incorrectly reflected the actual extremity positions of a participant, and which can cause relatively large errors in joint moment estimation. Given the potential limitations, practica...
Kinetic modeling of the destruction of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)

Abstract For the past 14 years we have been investigating the application of the electron beam process for the destruction of organic and inorganic compounds in aqueous solution. The ultimate goal of these studies is to develop a technology that is widely applicable and cost effective. To bridge the gap between fundamental studies and real-world applications we interpret our experimental results using a kinetic computer model. The kinetic model could also be used for process optimization and a preliminary economic evaluation in the application of the process. In this paper we provide the results of a kinetic modeling study on the destruction of the gasoline oxygenate, methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE), a recently identified groundwater pollutant.
Numerical Experiments Related to the Summer 1980 U.S. Heat Wave

The NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres fourth-order GCM was used in a series of medium-range numerical forecast experiments in order to improve understanding of the severe summer 1980 heat wave over the U.S. The results show that the derived soil moisture anomalies in the summer of 1980 contributed positively to the model's simulation of the heat wave maintenance, and suggest that once a region of reduced soil moisture is established, it tends to persist and maintain warmer and drier conditions. The lower soil moisture values resulted in reduced evaporation, higher ground temperatures, increased sensible heat flux from ground to air, higher surface air temperature, lower sea-level pressure, and higher 500-mb height. The effects of North Pacific sea-surface-temperature anomalies were mostly opposite to those of the soil-moisture anomalies: enhanced northerly flow of cooler drier air, increased evaporation, lower ground and air temperature, higher sea level pressure, and lower 500 mb heights over the Great Plains.
Scorch Retarders and Scorch-Retarding Materials

Abstract Softeners, such as pine tar, rosin oil, and mineral oil, are useful when scorching trouble is encountered, owing to their scorch-retarding properties as well as to the fact that they soften the rubber batch. Stearic acid functions as a scorch-retarding material as well as an activating material when used with mercaptobenzothiazole. A decided gain in scorching time is demonstrated by use of scorch-retarding material without alteration to a great extent of the physical properties of the compound used. There is a definite change in the temperature coefficient of scorching encountered between 82° and 130° C., this coefficient being greater when rated per 10° C. for the temperature change between 82° and 99.5° C. than it is either between 99.5° and 113.5° C., or between 113.5° and 130° C. There is a tendency on the part of the stocks containing some retarders to give a greater percentage decrease in temperature coefficient of scorching over the range studied than does the control stock. With other ret...
Acceptance by Knowing? The Social Context of Urban Riparian Buffers as a Stormwater Best Management Practice

U.S. federal and state policy regulating the quality of surface water is expanding to require local governments to regulate levels of non-point source pollution in stormwater runoff entering local streams. The purpose of this study was to explore the social context surrounding use of riparian buffers, an urban stormwater best management practice (BMP), to help communities reduce pollutant loading and meet local permitting requirements. A survey was utilized to characterize watershed residents' understanding of stream-riparian functions and values, and in order to understand how they construct the spatial limits of a riparian area. Results suggest a broad and complex valuation structure with both differences and similarities identified between stakeholder groups and technical assumptions. While visual attractiveness was an important function, water quality enhancement and wildlife habitat were more frequently identified. Results suggest riparian buffers may be socially acceptable if their appearance is und...
An approach to precisely specifying the problem domain of design patterns

The problem domain of a design pattern describes the problem context in which the pattern can be applied. In general, determining the applicability of a pattern to a particular problem heavily relies on the knowledge and experience the developer has with the pattern. This significantly limits the use of patterns. To address this issue, we propose an approach for rigorously specifying the problem domain of patterns. This approach systematically guides one to develop rigorous specifications of a pattern's problem domain using a precise notation. The resulting specifications can be used to develop tool support for automatic evaluation of pattern applicability. We describe the approach using the Visitor pattern, and show how the resulting specification can be used to evaluate pattern applicability for a particular problem model. We also demonstrate tool support for the approach.
Evaluation and management of pituitary incidentalomas--revisiting an acquaintance.

Pituitary lesions discovered incidentally during a radiologic procedure performed for another reason are common. Pituitary incidentalomas have an autopsy prevalence of approximately 10%. Cost-effective strategies are needed to identify the uncommon lesions likely to cause harm, while avoiding unnecessary risk (and expense) to the majority of individuals with benign incidentalomas.
The distribution and turnover of labeled methyl groups in histone fractions of cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract Random cultures of mammalian cells were labeled with [14C-Me]-methionine. Cells were harvested either directly after labeling or after varying periods of further growth in unlabeled medium. Harvested cells were fractionated into cytosol, nucleoplasm, histone, and residual protein fractions. The distribution of radiomethyl activity among the amino acids of each fraction was determined by hydrolysis and ion-exchange chromatography, while the distribution of volatile radiomethyl components was determined by hydrolysis and gas chromatography. The specific activities of methylated lysine residues were found to be considerably higher in histones than in any other fraction, while the nucleoplasm and residual proteins contained methyl arginine at higher specific activities than did the histones. Among the histone fractions, only F2b was found to contain methylated arginine. Among the fractions, only histones were found to contain methanol as their main volatile component after brief alkaline hydrolysis. A comparison of the half-lives of histone fractions and their methyl lysine and methyl arginine components indicated that histone methylation was irreversible.
Sex-Specific Predictors of Intra-articular Injuries Observed During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Male patients tend to have more meniscal and chondral injuries at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction than females. No studies have examined sex-specific predicto...
Improved quality of National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements

In 2006, NOAA's National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) began an effort to add ocean sensors (directional waves, surface currents, current profiles, and ocean temperature and salinity) to its fleet of weather buoys. In this paper, we report on the improvements in the quality of ocean currents collected from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP).
What’s in a name: associated costs or authority work for artists’ names

Authority control is both the most expensive and important quality of any library catalog. Controlling headings for artists’ names can be more expensive than other personal names, as more time is required for the necessary research needed to determine the preferred form of name and variants. However, the cost associated with controlling artists’ names can be managed through effective use of reference materials and time. How artist headings are used also suggests that, over time, the initial investment can save a library from expenses associated with future catalog maintenance.
Biomechanical effects of intraspecimen variations in tissue modulus for trabecular bone

Abstract Although recent nanoindentation studies have revealed the existence of substantial variations in tissue modulus within single specimens of trabecular bone, little is known regarding the biomechanical effects of such intraspecimen variations. In this study, high-resolution finite element modeling was used to investigate these effects. With limited literature information on the spatial distribution of intraspecimen variations in tissue modulus, two plausible spatial distributions were evaluated. In addition, three specimens (human femoral neck, human vertebral body, and bovine proximal tibia) were studied to assess the role of trabecular architecture. Results indicated that for all specimen/distribution combinations, the apparent modulus of the whole specimen decreased nonlinearly with increasing coefficient of variation (COV) of tissue modulus within the specimen. Apparent modulus decreased by
A transition state analog for phosphate diester cleavage catalyzed by a small enzyme-like metal ion complex

The values of Ki for methylphosphate dianion (MP2−) inhibition of the cleavage of 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HpPNP) catalyzed by 1,3-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropane (Zn2(1)(H2O)) approach a small limiting value of 6 μM at pH < pKa = 7.8 for deprotonation of the catalyst to form Zn2(1)(HO−). There is a 1600-fold difference in the affinity of a phosphate diester monoanion (diethylphosphate) and phosphate monester dianion (MP2−) for Zn2(1)(H2O). This suggests that the latter is an analog for the transition state dianion for the cleavage reaction of HpPNP and other phosphate diesters. The observation that this transition state analog binds selectively to Zn2(1)(H2O) provides strong evidence that this is the active form of the catalyst which binds selectively to the ionized substrate. The efficiency of catalysis of the cleavage of phosphate diesters by Zn2(1)(H2O) and proteins is compared.
Multiblock Pore-Scale Modeling and Upscaling of Reactive Transport: Application to Carbon Sequestration

In order to safely store CO2 in depleted reservoirs and deep saline aquifers, a better understanding of the storage mechanisms of CO2 is needed. Reaction of CO2 with minerals to form precipitate in the subsurface helps to securely store CO2 over geologic time periods, but a concern is the formation of localized channels through which CO2 could travel at large, localized rates. Pore-scale network modeling is an attractive option for modeling and understanding this inherently pore-level process, but the relatively small domains of pore-scale network models may prevent accurate upscaling. Here, we develop a transient, single-phase, reactive pore-network model that includes reduction of throat conductivity as a result of precipitation. The novelty of this study is the implementation of a new mortar/transport method for coupling pore networks together at model interfaces that ensure continuity of pressures, species concentrations, and fluxes. The coupling allows for modeling at larger scales which may lead to more accurate upscaling approaches. Here, we couple pore-scale models with large variation in permeability and porosity which result in initial preferential pathways for flow. Our simulation results suggest that the preferential pathways close due to precipitation, but are not redirected at late times.
ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF INTERCONNECTS FOR HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract The electromagnetic modeling of packages and interconnects plays a very important role in the design of high-speed digital circuits, and is most efficiently performed by using computer-aided design algorithms. In the past two decades, researchers in the electromagnetic and microwave areas have strived to extend the knowledge of interconnection properties. Their efforts have resulted in models and analytical methods without which the development of reliable design tools would be impossible. Packaging and interconnects nowadays represent a critical area for the design of high-performance digital systems, and the work of these contributors is invaluable. This paper exposes the state-of-the-art in packaging technology and reviews the important steps in the development of analytical models, numerical methods and simulation techniques for the design of high-speed interconnections.
Optimal acquisition schemes for superresolution localization microscopy of bleachable fluorophores

Superresolution localization microscopy (e.g. PALM, STORM) builds images with sub-wavelength resolution by analyzing a series of frames containing sparse, non-overlapping single-fluorophore images. A different set of fluorophores is activated in each frame, and the key parameter controlled by the user is the fraction of fluorophores activated. Using variational techniques, we show that the optimal activation probability, which is the result of a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, depends sensitively on two factors: Whether activation and fluorescent emission are controlled by separate wavelengths or by the same wavelength, and (in the single wavelength case) the detailed kinetics of the bleaching process. Here our approach is extended to the case of multi-fluorophore superresolution techniques, where we show that situations that would be ill-suited to singlefluorophore localization are well-suited to multi-fluorophore localization.
Rewiring a receptor: negative output from positive input

A point mutation or covalent modification in bacterial chemotaxis receptors causes bacteria to be repelled by attractants, and attracted to repellents. The variety of conditions causing inverse responses suggest that the signal transduction mechanism in receptors can be readily rewired to elicit inverse responses. A model is presented in which the orientation of a critical residue with respect to an active site determines whether the receptor produces normal or inverted signals. The model is consistent with observed responses and can be generalized to include receptors in other signal transduction systems.
Defense against parasitization in mud-nesting Hymenoptera: Can empty cells increase net reproductive output?

1. Several probability models are used to examine the hypothesis that mud-nesting Hymenoptera include empty, yet sealed, cells in their nests to reduce the success of parasites that break into the nest after its completion and destroy the immature host therein. We examine optimal empty cell placement when parasites choose cells randomly and abandon a host nest after encountering one or two consecutive empty cells. We also consider cases in which parasites begin hunting (1) randomly, or (2) peripherally and then proceed unidirectionally until either all nest cells have been parasitized or two consecutive empty cells have been encountered. 2. In all cases the host may increase net reproductive output by appropriate placement of empty cells. Parasites may combat empty cell placement by hosts by evolving a persistent, random search hunting method. 3. The literature on empty cell inclusion in mud nests is examined, and one tentative case, that of Pseudomasaris vespoides (Cress.), is discussed.
Synthesis and assembly of anthrax lethal factor-cholera toxin B-subunit fusion protein in transgenic potato.

A DNA encoding the 27-kDa domain I of anthrax lethal factor protein (LF), was linked to the carboxyl terminus of the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB-LF). The CTB-LF fusion gene was transferred into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated in vivo transformation methods and antibiotic-resistant plants were regenerated. The CTB-LF fusion gene was detected in transformed potato leaf genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated DNA amplification. Immunoblot analysis with anti-CTB and anti-LF primary antibodies verified the synthesis and assembly of biologically active CTB-LF fusion protein oligomers in transformed plant tuber tissues. Furthermore, the binding of CTB-LF fusion protein pentamers to intestinal epithelial cell membrane receptors measured by GM1-ganglioside enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA) indicated that the CTB-LF fusion protein made up approx 0.002% of the total soluble tuber protein. Synthesis of CTB-LF monomers and their assembly into biologically active CTB-LF fusion protein pentamers in potato tuber tissues demonstrates the feasibility of using edible plants for production and delivery of adjuvanted LF protein for CTB-mediated immunostimulation of mucosal immune responses against anthrax toxin.
The physical characterization of DNA molecules released from T2 and T4 bacteriophage

The DNA molecules were released from T2 and T4 bacteriophage by a variety of procedures and examined by sedimentation equilibrium in CsCl density gradients and by sedimentation velocity and viscosity. The bands that resulted were quite Gaussian and very narrow, corresponding to molecular weights of about 62 × 10 6 . These samples had sedimentation coefficients of about 57 to 63 s, and intrinsic viscosity values as high as 280 (100 cm 3 /g). When these numbers are interpreted in the light of available theories, or empirical calibrations, they are in agreement with the molecular weight values derived from sedimentation equilibrium. The gradient equilibrium method itself has not yet been adequately calibrated in this molecular weight range, and there are certain important doubts concerning the experimental determination of the sedimentation coefficient and the intrinsic viscosity. If these doubts are set aside, it is possible to conclude that there are two molecules of DNA released from each phage particle, each of approximately the same molecular weight, 62 × 10 6 .
Evidence for the presence of double-stranded polynucleotides in the neutrophil inclusions of circulating neutrophils and those which form in the presence of SLE sera

Abstract Intracytoplasmic inclusions containing immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement (C3) are found in normal neutrophils (PMN) after incubation with SLE sera (indirect method). These inclusions are believed to be immune complexes removed by phagocytosis from the SLE patients' sera in vitro . Similar inclusions have also been noted in the circulating PMN from patients with SLE (direct method). By both direct and indirect methods, IgG-staining intracytoplasmic inclusions were present in preparations from patients with SLE, chronic liver disease, and Felty's syndrome while none of the normal controls had any inclusions. Using ethidium bromide (EB), a fluorescent stain for double-stranded polynucleotides, red fluorescence was noted in the inclusions of some circulating SLE PMN (36% of patients) and in normal PMN exposed to SLE sera in 67% of SLE patients, suggesting that polynucleotides were part of these complexes. Such staining was not present in control inclusions produced with heat aggregated IgG, nor in any of the patient control groups. Addition of DNA to some SLE sera increased the intensity of the red fluorescence suggesting the presence of antibodies to polynucleotides which can combine with the added DNA. Some originally negative sera were converted to positive by addition of DNA. Purified IgG fractions from SLE sera did not produce inclusions or EB positively unless DNA was added. IgG fractions from normal sera did not produce inclusions with or without added DNA. These findings suggest (1) that normal PMN on exposure to SLE sera develop intracytoplasmic inclusions by phagocytosis of immune complexes containing double-stranded polynucleotides and antibodies to polynucleotides and (2) such complexes may be phagocytosed in vivo as indicated by the presence of inclusions in vivo and contribute to the number of granulocyte disturbances seen in SLE patients. These abnormalities in granulocyte function may be important predisposing factors for infection in patients with active SLE.
Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns.

Summary The use of balanced salt solutions in the resuscitation of burn shock has been evaluated in experimental animals and clinical burns utilizing the maintenance of functional ECF volume and circulatory response as the criteria of effectiveness. In both animal and clinical burns restoration of the functional ECF required greater quantities administered at a faster rate than was anticipated. In the first 24–30 hr post-burn, circulatory hemodynamics appear to be closely correlated with functional ECF volume maintenance. After this time, changes in the circulatory status seem to be unrelated to fluid administration.
Scanning electron microscope and infrared studies of weathering in Southern pine

Abstract Southern pine has been subjected to a variety of artificial weathering conditions and the wood surface analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of light on the weathering process is quite rapid; changes in functional groups on the wood surface, as monitored by infrared spectroscopy, occur within a few hours exposure. Light and water, both acting together, cause the greatest damage to the surface polymer structure, whereas water alone has very little effect on the chemistry of the surface. SEM data, however, show that water has a deleterious effect on the physical characteristics of the surface. Acetylation of the wood under mild conditions serves to protect the surface from the weathering effect of light and water. The extent of weathering is reduced by approximately 50%.
Extracellular Domain of Pemphigus Vulgaris Antigen (Desmoglein 3) Mediates Weak Homophilic Adhesion

Pemphigus vulgaris antigen is in the cadherin supergene family. We hypothesized that the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen might mediate homophilic cell adhesion because 1) the originally described cadherins (e.g., E-cadherin) mediate this type of adhesion, 2) pemphigus vulgaris antigen is localized in desmosomes that are cell adhesion junctions, and 3) autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris patients cause loss of cell adhesion. To test this hypothesis we used a system developed for E-cadherin that, when transfected into L cells (mouse fibroblasts), has been shown to cause aggregation. Because this aggregation requires the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin to bind to catenins, we made a chimeric cDNA construct that encodes the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen and the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin. Analysis by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry with pemphigus vulgaris sera indicated that the pemphigus vulgaris antigen extracellular domain of this chimeric molecule (PVEC) was expressed on the cell surface of transiently transfected cells and permanently transfected L-cell clones. Immunoprecipitation of the chimeric molecule from extracts of these clones showed that the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain bound catenins. Surprisingly, these L- cell clones displayed only slight aggregation compared to an L-cell clone transfected with E-cadherin. This weak aggregation was, however, specific and homophilic, as determined by cell sorting of only PVEC transfectants into aggregates from mixtures of PVEC and neomycin resistance gene transfectants, one of which was labeled with a fluorescent dye. We conclude that the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen mediates weak homophilic adhesion and is not interchangeable in function with the extracellular domain of E-cadherin.
Role of proteoglycans and cytoskeleton in the effects of TGF-β1 on renal proximal tubule cells

Role of proteoglycans and cytoskeleton in the effects of TGF-β1 on renal function. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a critical cell regulatory protein which influences cell growth, cell differentiation and cell chemotaxis. TGF-β1 has been previously shown to promote a migratory and adherent transformation of monolayers of renal proximal tubule cells in primary culture to form solid clusters of cells. To better understand the cellular basis of this TGF-β1 effect, these studies evaluated the influence of TGF-β1 on the synthesis of proteoglycans and on cytoskeleton rearrangement in rabbit renal proximal tubule cells in primary culture, and their role in this transformation effect of TGF-β1. Biosynthetic labeling of proteoglycans with 35 S sulfate and enzyme digestion studies demonstrated that TGF-β1 promoted the synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in these cells. The importance of proteoglycan synthesis induced by TGF-β1 in this migration and aggregation process was demonstrated with the use of two chemically-dissimilar proteoglycan synthesis inhibitors: xyloside and galactosamine. Both compounds inhibited TGF-β1 stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis and diminished TGF-β1 promoted transformation of proximal tubule cells as assessed by quantitative morphometry. Further experiments evaluated the influence of TGF-β1 on actin microfilaments with the use of rhodamine conjugated phalloidin staining and immunofluorescent microscopy, and demonstrated that TGF-β1 provoked a dramatic rearrangement of actin microfilaments into stress fibers. The use of actin microfilament disrupting agents, cytochalasin B and D, attenuated the stress fiber formation promoted by TGF-β1 and inhibited the TGF-β1-induced morphologic transformation of these cells. Further studies evaluated these effects on the rate of DNA synthesis in these cells, as assessed with 3 H-thymidine incorporation. Proteoglycan synthesis inhibitors significantly diminished the maximal proliferative response of these epithelial cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, actin microfilament disaggregation with cytochalasin B or D did not change the rate of DNA synthesis in response to EGF but did attenuate the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β1 on EGF-induced DNA synthesis cells. These studies demonstrate that the TGF-β1 promoted an increase in the production of proteoglycans and a higher ordered structure of the cytoskeleton. Both effects were instrumental in the adhesive migratory response of proximal tubule cells to TGF-β1 as well as the DNA synthesis rate response to both EGF and TGF-β1.
Pachyonychia congenita tarda. A late-onset form of pachyonychia congenita.

• Pachyonychia congenita is an autosomal dominant disorder that usually develops in early infancy. We have observed five patients with the onset of the typical subungual hyperkeratoses of pachyonychia during the teenage years. Leukokeratosis and keratoderma of the palms and soles were associated. The family history of three of the patients suggests that pachyonychia congenita tarda is also inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. (Arch Dermatol.1991;127:701-703)
The influence of analysis on U.S. defense policys

Much of the policy literature holds that rigorous policy analysis as practiced in the defense policymaking community has a much greater influence than analysis performed in the nondefense or ‘domestic’ sectors. This argument is examined by, first, offering several examples of quantitatively driven decisions in the U.S. Department of Defense and, second, inquiring more precisely as to the nature of the actual decision variables. The conclusion is that the defense and domestic modes of policy analysis and decisionmaking are not as disparate as they are usually perceived. In practice, both camps share many of the same problems and could benefit from shared solutions.
Efficacy of minnow traps for sampling mummichogs in tidal marshes

We evaluated two types of wire-mesh minnow traps for sampling mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from intertidal rivulets on the surface of a salt marsh. In field trials, mean catch (no. of fish trap−1) did not differ significantly between trap types nor across soak times ranging from 30 to 240 min. Catch rate (no. of fish trap−1 min−1) was significantly (K-W ANOVA on ranked data, H4df=24.79; p 45 mm TL) of fish were relatively more abundant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p<0.0001) in collections from double-funnel cylindrical traps (volume=10,330 cm3) compared to rectangular traps having about twice the volume and a single funnel cylindrical traps (volume=10,330 cm3) compared to rectangular traps having about twice the volume and a single funnel opening. We estimated entry and escape rates by adding marked fish to traps at initial densities of 30, 60, and 120 trap−1 and measuring changes in the numbers of marked and unmarked fish in each trap type at soak times ranging from 15 to 120 min during the flood stage of the tidal cycle. Escape rate was almost, twice as great from the two-funnel cylindrical traps (0.77 fish min−1) than from the single-funnel rectangular type (0.42 fish min−1) but entry rates did not differ significantly (K-W ANOVA, H4df=0.06; p=0.813) between trap types. Escape rate increased and entry rate decreased as fish density within traps was increased. Escape rates were highest immediately following immersion of the traps, but approached a constant value after 30 min. Trap-specific rates of entry and escape can be affected by a variety of factors including physical characteristics of different trap types, method and timing of trap deployment, and fish behavior. Catch data from minnow traps are unlikely to be useful in measuring relative abundance of mummichogs among habitats unless very short soak times (≤60 min) are used and calibration tests are performed. Use of longer soak times virtually ignores the dynamics involved in determining catch, and is unlikely to provide accurate information on either abundance or size distribution of mummichogs from tidal marsh habitats.
The influence of interdiffusion on strain energy in the GaN–sapphire system

The impact of interdiffusion on strain energy in the GaN-sapphire system was studied. Gallium nitride epitaxial layers were grown on (0001) Al2O3 by low-pressure MOCVD at 850 °C, V/III ratio = 3600, P= 100 Torr using TEGa and NH3 sources in a N2 carrier. The ∼0.3 µm thick films were then annealed at growth temperature in N2 for a period of 30 to 120 min. The Al and Ga diffusion coefficients at 850 °C were estimated as DAl = 3.98 × 10–17 cm2/s and DGa = 4.81 × 10–17 cm2/s from SIMS depth profile data. A model was developed to predict the strain energy and describe its relaxation behavior. The calculations assume a gradual transition of lattice parameter near the interface rather than an abrupt transition. The effect of interdiffusion on the strain energy and predicted critical thickness were clearly demonstrated. The estimated strain energy of the first layer was only 176 J/mole, compared to 30 kJ/mole assuming an abrupt interface. For an anneal time of 120 min at 850 °C the model predicts that dislocations are formed when the strain energy reaches 10 kJ/mole after the 4th layer is added, compared to their formation after the 1st layer is formed when an abrupt interface is assumed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Association between usual sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure and hypertension among U.S. adults: NHANES 2005-2010.

Objectives Studies indicate high sodium and low potassium intake can increase blood pressure suggesting the ratio of sodium-to-potassium may be informative. Yet, limited studies examine the association of the sodium-to-potassium ratio with blood pressure and hypertension. Methods We analyzed data on 10,563 participants aged ≥20 years in the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were neither taking anti-hypertensive medication nor on a low sodium diet. We used measurement error models to estimate usual intakes, multivariable linear regression to assess their associations with blood pressure, and logistic regression to assess their associations with hypertension. Results The average usual intakes of sodium, potassium and sodium-to-potassium ratio were 3,569 mg/d, 2,745 mg/d, and 1.41, respectively. All three measures were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, with an increase of 1.04 mmHg (95% CI, 0.27–1.82) and a decrease of 1.24 mmHg (95% CI, 0.31–2.70) per 1,000 mg/d increase in sodium or potassium intake, respectively, and an increase of 1.05 mmHg (95% CI, 0.12–1.98) per 0.5 unit increase in sodium-to-potassium ratio. The adjusted odds ratios for hypertension were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.07–1.83), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53–0.97) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.05–1.61), respectively, comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of usual intake of sodium, potassium or sodium-to-potassium ratio. Conclusions Our results provide population-based evidence that concurrent higher sodium and lower potassium consumption are associated with hypertension.
High-resolution hardware-based packet capture with higher-layer pass-through on NetFPGA card

Packet capture for measurement of several network parameters on high-speed networks requires high clock resolution and the capability of analyzing different protocol functions for behavioral functionality. Herein, we present a practical packet-capture tool that time-stamps packet arrival at the data-link layer with nanosecond resolution and with the capability of forwarding packets to the application layer in real time. Our tool can be used to analyze both network performance and behavioral functionality for high-speed networks. We build this tool on a NetFPGA card and with minimum dependencies on off-line data processing. Different from existing specialized packet-capture cards, our card allows packets to be time-stamped at both the data-link and application layers. We present the design and evaluation of our proposed tool. We tested the accuracy of our tool and compared it to that of a commercial specialized packet-capture card, and show that they are equivalent. Additionally, our tool provides different functionality.
The use of chlorambucil in intractable idiopathic uveitis.

A number of endogenous uveal inflam­ mations are classified as idiopathic or noninfectious. Even though their causes are un­ known, their courses often follow clinically recognizable patterns. In some of the mod­ erately severe forms, corticosteroid therapy may reduce the inflammation. The more se­ vere forms often fail to improve, however, and may eventually cause severe disability and even blindness. In such cases some form of effective therapy is sorely needed.
Reproductive development and behavior of captive female chimpanzees

The reproductive histories and behavior of six chimpanzees were analyzed in order to evaluate the female reproductive pattern. This analysis indicated that captive females undergo an earlier menarche and an acceleration of subsequent reproductive phases as compared to wild chimpanzees. Menarche occurred between 7.7–9.3 years of age and first conceptions occurred between 8.2–10.7 years of age. Changes in the females' sex skins across menarche, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle were also evaluated. The fluctuation in sex skin size was shown to have a marked effect on the occurrence of sexual behavior. In addition, the social context and relative familiarity of the chimpanzees affected the choice of sexual partners.
Intrinsic motivation and education: Competence in context

Our research program involving both laboratory and everyday activities suggests that there may be multiple goals relevant to interest in a task, and these goals include but are not limited to achieving a particular level of competence. The same information and feedback can thus either aid or obstruct intrinsic motivation, depending on its match with how students define the goals of their involvement. Furthermore, this potential flexibility in activity definitions allows individuals to purposely explore different routes to interest to maintain their motivation to perform relatively uninteresting, but perhaps important, activities. Intrinsic motivation thus appears to be created and maintained through an ongoing temporal process, with individuals potentially having an active as well as passive role in the process. This suggests that the potential to foster interest in education may not depend solely on the ability and efforts of educators or educational materials, but also on the ability and efforts of the individual student.
A Finite Element Formulation of a Flexible Slider Crank Mechanism Using Local Coordinates

The need for higher manufacturing throughput has lead to the design of machines operating at higher speeds. At higher speeds, the rigid body assumption is no longer valid and the links should be considered flexible. In this work, a method based on the Modified Lagrange Equation for modeling a flexible slider-crank mechanism is presented. This method possesses the characteristic of not requiring the transformation from the local coordinate system to the global coordinate system. An approach using the homogeneous coordinate for element matrices generation is also presented. This approach leads to a formalism in which the displacement vector is expressed as a product of two matrices and a vector. The first matrix is a function of rigid body motion. The second matrix is a function of rigid body configuration. The vector is a function of the elastic displacement. This formal separation helps to facilitate the generation of element matrices using symbolic manipulators.
Comparison of Selected Teaching Strategies Incorporating Simulation and Student Outcomes

Abstract Background Teaching strategies need to engage learners and focus on active learning. The nursing faculty shortage challenges us to prepare competent students. Simulation has been suggested as an appropriate teaching strategy. Method The basic experimental posttest-only design of this study evaluated effects of three teaching strategies on the outcomes of performance and retention performance of intervention activities, student satisfaction and self-confidence, and educational practice preferences. Results Students' scores were significantly higher in retention performance than in first performance. There was a significant interaction effect for time and teaching strategy. Nursing education needs to focus on use of high-fidelity simulation as a teaching strategy.
A cocaine negative consequences checklist: development and validation

Awareness of negative consequences of cocaine use is theoretically important for motivation for treatment and relapse prevention. This study reports on the development of an instrument designed to assess cocaine users' self-reported negative consequences of cocaine use. Two samples of cocaine users in treatment for substance abuse completed the Cocaine Negative Consequences Checklist (CNCC). The measure, which is unidimensional in nature with four content area subscales that may be scored, was found to possess excellent reliability across the two samples. The convergent and discriminant validity of the CNCC was supported by the pattern of relationships with other measures of cocaine consequences, cocaine use, the Addiction Severity Index, and with demographic measures. Further research is needed on the utility of this measure in treatment and research.
Algorithm 827: irbleigs: A MATLAB program for computing a few eigenpairs of a large sparse Hermitian matrix

irbleigs is a MATLAB program for computing a few eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of a sparse Hermitian matrix of large order n. The matrix is accessed only through the evaluation of matrix-vector products. Working space of only a few n-vectors is required. The program implements a restarted block-Lanczos method. Judicious choices of acceleration polynomials make it possible to compute approximations of a few of the largest eigenvalues, a few of the smallest eigenvalues, or a few eigenvalues in the vicinity of a user-specified point on the real axis. irbleigs also can be applied to certain large generalized eigenproblems as well as to the computation of a few nearby singular values and associated right and left singular vectors of a large general matrix.
Validating the Revised Self-Construal Scale in the Philippines

The current study investigates the validity of the Revised Self-Construal Scale in the Philippines through within and between network construct validation approaches. Six hundred sixty five (665) Filipino samples were selected and asked to answer the Revised Self-Construal Scale and Concise Measure of Subjective Well Being Scale. After executing confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to validate the hypothesized three-factor structure of self-construal, findings revealed that the alternative two-factor model seems to be the most appropriate model that represents cultural self-views of the present sample. Independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal also had acceptable reliability coefficients. Correlational analyses showed that both independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal were positively correlated with life satisfaction and positive affect. Yet, multiple regression analyses revealed that interdependent self-construal operates as a stronger predictor of life satisfaction and positive affect. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Mannich base derivatives of theophylline and 5-fluorouracil: syntheses, properties and topical delivery characteristics

Abstract Mannich base prodrugs of theophylline and 5-fluorouracil have been prepared and tested for their ability to deliver their parent drugs through hairless mouse skin. The Mannich base derivatives were more effective than the previously described N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives. In the case of theophylline the Mannich base derivative was also found to be as effective as the previously described N-hydroxymethyl derivative. All of the Mannich bases reverted to their parent compounds in water, but some were relatively stable in aprotic solvents such as isopropyl myristate which was therefore used as a vehicle for the diffusion experiments with the prodrugs.
Dentomedical implications of the residual effects of bulbar polimyelitis

Abstract The dentomedical implications of residual effects of bulbar poliomyelitis have been discussed. A case of complete bilateral atrophy of masseter and temporalis muscles reflecting the tragic dental effects of the disease has been reported. Hope has been expressed for the possible prevention of residual damage by early diagnosis and treatment of polio patients. This will require greater cooperation among the healing professions as well as help from a better-educated public.