cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of turbulence on the light environment of alfalfa

Abstract The properties of sunflecks in alfalfa canopies and their relationship to turbulence were quantified from measurements of light fluctuations and winds. Winds were measured above the canopy at 10 Hz, while light was measured at rates as high as 27 Hz inside the canopy. Power spectral analyses were used to determine the importance of various time scales of light fluctuations. Under all wind conditions a prominent spectral peak ranging from 1 to 2 Hz was observed for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopy at LAI of 1.7. As mean winds increased from 1 to 7 ms−1, the peak broadened and large increases were observed in the contribution of higher frequencies up to 10 Hz. The slope of spectral densities of PAR at the higher frequencies exhibited a linear relationship with the friction velocity or intensity of turbulence above the canopy. This implies that certain properties of sunflecks may be evaluated from measured properties of turbulence. The most prominent peaks in the PAR power spectra are likely due to stalk waving, which is triggered by gusts or turbulent structures. The strong damping effects of plants on the resonant interactions, as well as leaf flutter, account for the broad, flat peak under windy conditions. The frequency of leaf flutter is considered to be the main factor governing the slope of the linear portion of the PAR spectrum.
The distal radioulnar ligaments : a biomechanical study

The mechanical roles of the triangular fibrocartilage have been examined in three experiments. Kinematic analysis by a stereophotogrammetric method revealed that the palmar radioulnar ligament was taut in supination and that the dorsal radioulnar ligament was taut in pronation. In full pronation, the palmar radioulnar ligament decreased to an average of 71% of its length in tension. In full supination, the dorsal radioulnar ligament decreased to an average of 90% of its length. Mechanical testing of the triangular fibrocartilage under axial load disclosed a significant laxity (mean: 10.4 mm), which was decreased in pronation. Transverse loading tests demonstrated that the triangular fibrocartilage is less stiff in neutral forearm rotation. Study of the material properties of the palmar and dorsal parts of the triangular fibrocartilage showed these structures to be strong ligaments with material properties similar to those of the radiocarpal ligaments.
Mapped versus actual burned area within wildfire perimeters: Characterizing the unburned

For decades, wildfire studies have utilized fire occurrence as the primary data source for investigating the causes and effects of wildfire on the landscape. Fire occurrence data fall primarily into two categories: ignition points and perimeter polygons which are used to calculate a ‘burned area’ for a fire. However, understanding the relationships between climate and fire or between fire and its ecological effects requires an understanding of the burn heterogeneity across the landscape and the area within fire perimeters that remains unburned. This research characterizes unburned areas within fire perimeters, which provide ecological refugia and seed source for post-fire regeneration. We utilized differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) data to examine the frequency, extent, and spatial patterns of unburned area in three national parks across the western US (Glacier, Yosemite, and Yukon-Charley Rivers). We characterized unburned area within fire perimeters by fire size and severity, characterized distance to an unburned area across the burned portion of the fire, and investigated patch dynamics of unburned patches within the fire perimeter. From 1984 through 2009, the total area within the fire perimeters that was classified as unburned from dNBR was 37% for Yosemite, 17% for Glacier, and 14% for Yukon-Charley. Variation in unburned area between fires was highest in Yosemite and lowest in Yukon-Charley. The unburned proportion significantly decreased with increasing fire size and severity across all three parks. Unburned patch size increased with size of fire perimeter, but patches decreased in density. There were no temporal trends in unburned area found. These results raise questions about the validity of relationships found between external forcing agents, such as climate, and ‘burned area’ values derived solely from polygon fire perimeters.
Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of the Dopamine Transporter Ligand [18F]FECNT

18F-labeled 2 β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(−2-fluoroethyl)nortropane ([18F]FECNT) is a recently developed dopamine transporter ligand with potential applications in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cocaine addiction. Methods: Estimates of the effective dose equivalent and doses for specific organs were made using biodistribution data from 16 Sprague-Dawley rats and nine rhesus monkeys. PET images from two rhesus monkeys were used to calculate the residence time for the basal ganglia. The computer program MIRDOSE3 was used to calculate the dosimetry according to the methodology recommended by MIRD. Results: The basal ganglia were the targeted tissues receiving the highest dose, 0.11 mGy/MBq (0.39 rad/mCi). The effective dose equivalent was 0.018 mSv/MBq (0.065 rem/mCi), and the effective dose was 0.016 mSv/MBq (0.058 rem/mCi). Conclusion: Our data show that a 185-MBq (5-mCi) injection of [18F]FECNT leads to an estimated effective dose of 3 mSv (0.3 rem) and an estimated dose to the target organ or tissue of 19.4 mGy (1.93 rad).
Age and aerobic performance in deer mice.

Age impacts the phenotype of all multicellular animals, but lifetime changes in physiological traits are poorly understood for all but a few species. Here, we describe a cross-sectional study of age effects on body composition, aerobic performance and ventilation in deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus . This species lives considerably longer in captivity (in excess of 5 years) than most laboratory rodents, and the adaptational biology of its aerobic physiology is well studied. Our deer mice grew throughout life, and, as is typical for mammals, their basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximal oxygen consumption in exercise ( V O2max) and thermogenesis ( V O2sum) increased as power functions of mass. Age did not affect BMR, but we found abrupt decreases in growth rate, V O2max and V O2sum at approximately 485 days of age, and the mass-adjusted maximal aerobic performance of old mice (5 years of age) was 20% ( V O2max) to 35% ( V O2sum) less than that of young animals. Breathing frequency ( f ) and oxygen extraction ( E O2) also declined with age but did not change abruptly. However, there were no consistent age-related changes in tidal volume ( V T) or minute volume ( V min) after accounting for the effects of mass and V O2sum. Age influenced several aspects of body composition (lean and fat mass). However, these changes were insufficient to explain the age-related declines in aerobic performance, suggesting that mass-specific oxidative capacity of lean tissue decreased with age. The performance changes we found could engender substantial reductions in the mobility and thermal tolerances of old deer mice. However, very few wild mice are likely to survive to ages where substantial performance decreases occur, so these declines are probably not subjected to strong selection in natural populations.
Accessibility and Ownership of Financial Accounts by Married U.S. Farm Women

Married farm women's accessibility and ownership of farm and household credit and cash accounts was measured with a score constructed from various items in the 1980 National Farm Women Survey. The majority of women were found to be partially or not involved with the accounts, with variation among the women in regard to the degree of accessibility and ownership. Discriminant analysis indicated that farm women's education, age, and level of off-farm income; stage of family life cycle; and the women's participation in farm decisionmaking, their perception of their farm involvement, and farm task participation distinguished between women with high scores and those with low scores. Attributes of farm women and characteristics which are unique to farm women in their interaction with their farms differentiated those who are financially involved with the farm and household accounts from those with little involvement. Farm characteristics, however, did not contribute to group differentiation.
Sediments of the Northern Middle America Trench

The Middle America Trench is a tectonically unstable area in which sediments have accumulated rapidly. Sediments from the upper part of the continental flank are folded and faulted within a perched basin and impounded by a ridge at the outer part of the basin. Little sediment accumulates permanently on the continental flank seaward of this basin. Sediments from the seaward flank have more biogenous material due to a lower rate of terrigenous deposition. Heavy minerals, coarse sands in the trench, facies similarities, displaced Foraminifera, and a textural gradation along the trench axis suggest that the sediments in the trench were deposited by turbidity currents. Carbon-14 dates indicate sedimentation rates as high as 146cm/1000 yrs in the trench bottom. Assuming constant conditions, the sediments found in the trench bottom would have taken only 4.5 × 10 6 yrs to accumulate. Sediment thicknesses vary along the trench axis but are consistent with present ideas of plate tectonics. Sedimentary facies of the Middle America Trench and the Gulf of California are similar due to the predominance of tectonic factors over depositional factors in these areas. In the Gulf of Mexico, the opposite is true, since the source regions have low relief and are subjected to stronger weathering.
Twenty-Five Years of the Search for Extraterrestrial Communications

On this silver anniversary of the first published proposal for a search of the skies to seek communications over interstellar distances, I present a rather personal account of the origins of the proposal, and an appraisal of the new and hopeful status of the search worldwide.
Fatigue Crack Growth in SA508-CL2 Steel in a High Temperature, High Purity Water Environment

Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted with 1 in. plate specimens of SA508-CL 2 steel in room temperature air, 550$sup 0$F air and in a 550$sup 0$F, high purity, water environment. Zero-tension load controlled tests were run at cyclic frequencies as low as 0.037 CPM. Results show that growth rates in the simulated Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) water environment are faster than growth rates observed in 550$sup 0$F air and these rates are faster than the room temperature rate. In the BWR water environment, lowering the cyclic frequency from 0.37 to 0.037 CPM caused only a slight increase in the fatigue crack growth rate. All growth rates measured in these tests were below the upper bound design curve presented in Section XI of the ASME Code. (auth)
Mapping the security landscape: a role for language techniques

Over the last decade, programming language techniques have been applied in non-obvious ways to building secure systems. This talk will not only survey that work in language based security but show that the theoretical underpinnings of programming languages are a good place to start for developing a much needed foundation for software system security.
Hirano body expression impairs spatial working memory in a novel mouse model

Hirano bodies are actin-rich intracellular inclusions found in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal lobar degeneration-tau. While Hirano body ultrastructure and protein composition have been well studied, little is known about the physiological function of Hirano bodies in an animal model system. Utilizing a Cre/Lox system, we have generated a new mouse model which develops an age-dependent increase in the number of model Hirano bodies present in both the CA1 region of the hippocampus and frontal cortex. These mice develop normally and experience no overt neuron loss. Mice presenting model Hirano bodies have no abnormal anxiety or locomotor activity as measured by the open field test. However, mice with model Hirano bodies develop age-dependent impairments in spatial working memory performance assessed using a delayed win-shift task in an 8-arm radial maze. Synaptic transmission, short-term plasticity, and long-term plasticity was measured in the CA1 region from slices obtained from both the ventral and dorsal hippocampus in the same mice whose spatial working memory was assessed. Baseline synaptic responses, paired pulse stimulation and long-term potentiation measurements in the ventral hippocampus were indistinguishable from control mice. In contrast, in the dorsal hippocampus, synaptic transmission at higher stimulus intensities were suppressed in 3 month old mice with Hirano bodies as compared with control mice. In addition, long-term potentiation was enhanced in the dorsal hippocampus of 8 month old mice with Hirano bodies, concurrent with observed impairment of spatial working memory. Finally, an inflammatory response was observed at 8 months of age in mice with Hirano bodies as assessed by the presence of reactive astrocytes. This study shows that the presence of model Hirano bodies initiates an inflammatory response, alters hippocampal synaptic responses, and impairs spatial working memory in an age-dependent manner. This suggests that Hirano bodies may promote disease progression. This new model mouse provides a tool to investigate how Hirano bodies interact with other pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease. Hirano bodies likely play a complex and region specific role in the brain during neurodegenerative disease progression.
LOOKING UNDER THE HOOD OF THE DOT-PROBE TASK: AN fMRI STUDY IN ANXIOUS YOUTH

Author(s): Price, Rebecca B; Siegle, Greg J; Silk, Jennifer S; Ladouceur, Cecile D; McFarland, Ashley; Dahl, Ronald E; Ryan, Neal D | Abstract: BackgroundAnxious youth have shown altered behavioral performance on the dot-probe task, but neural activation patterns provoked by the task remain poorly understood. In particular, neural mechanisms of threat disengagement, a clinically relevant construct, have been inadequately explored.MethodDuring fMRI acquisition, 121 youth (ages 9-13; 90 with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder, and/or Social Phobia; 31 nonanxious controls) completed a dot-probe task, which required participants to identify the location of a dot replacing either a neutral or fearful face in a pair containing both faces. We assessed neural substrates of threat disengagement by comparing congruent trials (in which the dot replaces the fearful face) to incongruent trials (in which the dot replaces the neutral face).ResultsAcross subjects, decreased rostrodorsal anterior cingulate cortex (rdACC) activity was observed specifically during incongruent trials. Nonanxious youth showed a convergent pattern in bilateral parahippocampal and hippocampal regions, whereas anxious youth showed an opposing pattern in these limbic areas, suggesting less integration of response across cortical and limbic areas relevant to threat appraisal. Reduced functional connectivity between rdACC and left parahippocampus/hippocampus was associated with greater anxiety.ConclusionsIn the largest dot-probe fMRI sample to date, both anxious and nonanxious youth showed a neural pattern consistent with successful disengagement of threat reactivity in the rdACC. However, anxious youth showed evidence of abnormal disengagement in bilateral parahippocampal/hippocampal clusters when attention was directed away from threat. Early interventions targeting neural mechanisms of threat disengagement may be beneficial, for example, by increasing integration across rdACC and limbic regions.
A simple method for screening porphyrin secretion by colonies of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli secretes porphyrins when exposed to 20 mM 1-thioglycerol. A method was devised to isolate mutants, which do not excrete porphyrins in the presence of thiols. DEAE-Sephadex beads were incorporated into plates growing colonies of E. coli. The secreted porphyrins on these plates formed a fluorescent halo around each colony, when the plates were viewed under long-wave ultraviolet light. Mutants were found, that formed either halo-less colonies or a colony with excess halo. This method of incorporating immobilized ion exchangers into plates may be useful in isolating non-secretor or super-secretor mutants of a variety of organisms.
Reduction of the number of terminal assignments for detecting feature interactions in telecommunication services

Telecommunication systems are typical complex systems. Services that independently operate normally will behave differently when simultaneously initiated with another service. This behavior is called feature interaction and is recognized to affect the dependability. This article proposes a method of dramatically reducing the computation time required for detecting feature interactions in telecommunication services. One of the knotty problems in defecting feature interactions at the specification design stage is terminal assignment. For the same service specifications, occurrence of feature interactions depends on how to assign real terminals to terminal variables in the specifications. Consequently, all terminals connected to the network have to be considered in order to detect all interactions. As a result, the number of combinations of terminal assignments is enormous. This causes huge expansion of computation time needed for detection of feature interactions. By considering equivalent states, the proposed method can reduce the number of terminal assignments to one 400th compared with that of the conventional method.
Selective anchoring in the specific plasma membrane domain: A role in epithelial cell polarity

We have studied the role of restrictions to lateral mobility in the segregation of proteins to apical and basolateral domains of MDCK epithelial cells. Radioimmunoassay and semiquantitative video analysis of immunofluorescence on frozen sections showed that one apical and three basolateral glycoproteins, defined by monoclonal antibodies and binding of beta-2-microglobulin, were incompletely extracted with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a buffer that preserves the cortical cytoskeleton (Fey, E. G., K. M. Wan, and S. Penman. 1984. J. Cell Biol. 98:1973-1984; Nelson, W. T. and P. J. Veshnock. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:1751-1766). The marker proteins were preferentially extracted from the "incorrect" domain (i.e., the apical domain for a basolateral marker), indicating that the cytoskeletal anchoring was most effective on the "correct" domain. The two basolateral markers were unpolarized and almost completely extractable in cells prevented from establishing cell-cell contacts by incubation in low Ca++ medium, while an apical marker was only extracted from the basal surface under the same conditions. Procedures were developed to apply fluorescent probes to either the apical or the basolateral surface of live cells grown on native collagen gels. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of predominantly basolateral antigens showed a large percent of cells (28-52%) with no recoverable fluorescence on the basal domain but normal fluorescence recovery on the apical surface of most cells (92-100%). Diffusion coefficients in cells with normal fluorescence recovery were in the order of 1.1 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the apical domain and 0.6-0.9 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the basal surface, but the difference was not significant. The data from both techniques indicate (a) the existence of mobile and immobile protein fractions in both plasma membrane domains, and (b) that linkage to a domain specific submembrane cytoskeleton plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the nervous system is unique when compared with other viral encephalitides. Neuronal cell loss occurs in the absence of neuronal infection. Viral proteins, termed virotoxins, are released from the infected glial cells that initiate a cascade of positive feedback loops by activating uninfected microglial cells and astrocytes. These activated cells release a variety of toxic substances that result in neuronal dysfunction and cell loss. The virotoxins act by a hit and run phenomenon. Thus, a transient exposure to the proteins initiates the neurotoxic cascade. High concentrations of these proteins likely occur in tight extracellular spaces where they may cause direct neurotoxicity as well. The emerging concepts in viral protein-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed as are the neurotoxic potential of each protein. Future therapeutic strategies must target common mechanisms such as oxidative stress and dysregulation of intracellular calcium involved in virotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity.
Performance Simulations for a Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Measuring Peak Surface Wind Speed in Hurricanes

The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer, HIRAD, is a microwave remote sensor for improved airborne surveillance of ocean surface winds and rain in hurricanes. HIRAD uses a 1-D synthetic aperture thinned array to image the ocean at four frequencies between 4-7 GHz. This paper presents a brief description of the HIRAD array antenna and an analysis of some of the methods used in computing reconstructed brightness temperature, Tb, images. Various aperture taper functions for shaping the synthesized array patterns are discussed along with their application to several representative Tb profiles from simulations of cross-track scans in Hurricane Frances. Requirements in matrix conditioning to improve the image reconstruction process will also be discussed. Results will demonstrate the importance of these two image reconstruction considerations to the image smoothing and spatial resolution trade-off and to the Gibbs phenomenon ringing artifacts from the Fourier inversion process.
Optimizing random walk search algorithms in P2P networks

In this paper we develop a model for random walk-based search mechanisms in unstructured P2P networks. This model is used to obtain analytical expressions for the performance metrics of random walk search in terms of the popularity of the resource being searched for and the random walk parameters. We propose an equation-based adaptive search mechanism that uses an estimate of the popularity of a resource in order to choose the parameters of random walk such that a targeted performance level is achieved by the search. We also propose a low-overhead method for maintaining an estimate of popularity that utilizes feedback (or lack there-off) obtained from previous searches. Simulation results show that the performance of the equation-based adaptive search is significantly better than the non-adaptive random walk and other straight-forward adaptive mechanisms.
Energy efficiency and conservation

Energy efficiency and conservation are the most practical and cost effective approaches to providing energy services and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and deliver a wide range of social, economic, security, and environmental benefits. Although they represent the most sustainable approach to climate change, their potential is largely unrealized. This chapter provides an overview of global energy consumption, and explains the role that energy efficiency and conservation can provide in addressing climate change. It then describes some of the most basic legal and policy approaches to energy efficiency that the United States and the European Union are employing.
Operations Strategy Module: Competing Through Operations

This note summarizes how the Operations Strategy Module in the Operations Management course can help students understand that managers can create a significant competitive advantage through strategic choices regarding a firm's development and deployment of new-process technologies, design and implementation of information-based coordination systems, and configuration and focus of operating facilities.
Asymmetric spreading of a radial foil plasma jet due to imposed magnetic field

Previous investigations of exploding radial foils have shown the formation of an axial plasma jet in the early stages of the foil explosion. Here a thin foil is grounded at an outer annulus and contacted in the center by a small straight rod cathode driven by the 1MA COBRA. Present experiments focus on the initial jet development with an applied B-field. A field perpendicular to the direction of jet propagation is provided by permanent magnets. Visible laser backlighting and XUV emission diagnostics observe a spreading of the jet that is only present with the magnets. XMHD simulations with the 2D code PERSEUS supplement this work and indicate possible explanations for the observed experimental behavior.
Treaty Formation and Reservations

This chapter discusses factors conducive to international agreements such as treaties, compares alternative types of international agreements and indicates why treaties may represent the preferred instrument. It describes the different modalities by which international treaties can be formed under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and considers the impact of an international reservations regime on different states. Section 2 discusses factors that provide the foundation for international cooperative behavior, such as coordination and externalities. Section 3 investigates differences between treaties and customary international law, and contemplates the strength of treaties over customary international law. Section 4 undertakes a similar comparison of treaties and non-legal international agreements. Section 5 discusses modalities of formation of treaties, analyzes a state’s incentive problem in deciding whether to be a founding negotiating state or an acceding state, and underscores the relationship between the acceding protocol of the treaty and the treaty content. Turning next to the issue of reservations to a treaty, Section 6 analyzes an applicant state’s ability to express reservations while becoming a party of the treaty, and the effects of reservations and of objections to reservations, under the framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It also considers how successfully the Vienna Convention fulfills competing needs for reservations. Section 7 compares benefits and costs of reserving and non-reserving states to help understand whether the Vienna Convention is neutral toward both types of states. Section 8 summarizes the previous sections.
Treatment of Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) comprises approximately 5 % of all melanoma diagnoses in the USA each year. Approximately half of patients with UM eventually develop metastases, most commonly involving the liver. Historically, prognosis for these patients has been poor, with death occurring 6–12 months from the time of metastases. Multiple trials of cytotoxic treatments largely extrapolated from cutaneous melanoma have been ineffective in metastatic UM. Trials of regional hepatic-directed therapy have led to high response rates, but these have yet to be translated into a survival benefit. Recently, it was discovered that the majority of UMs harbor activating mutations in genes encoding one of two G-alpha protein subunits, GNAQ and GNA11. This knowledge has led to the rational development of clinical trials specifically for UM utilizing targeted inhibitors of the activated signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and protein kinase C. A recent trial of the oral MEK inhibitor selumetinib was the first to show clinical benefit for any systemic therapy in a randomized fashion. This increasing understanding of the biology of UM offers hope that novel treatments will continue to benefit patients with metastatic disease.
Studies on Gluconeogenesis in Galactosamine Induced Hepatitis

SummaryHepatitis was induced in animals treated with D-GalN-HCl (1.5 g/kg) in vitro. Incorporation of alanine-UL-14C, pyruvate-2-14C, and glutamic-3,4-14C acid into glucose by liver slices from GalN-treated animals was found decreased to 20-25% of the control values. The CO2 production from these substrates was impaired by 50%. Activity of gluconeogenic enzymes was measured, PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase exhibited the most important changes and FDPase and G-6-Pase were also significantly decreased but failed to respond to fasting. It is suggested that this GalN-induced hepatitis might be a good model to use to reproduce a study of hypoglycemia found sometimes in human viral hepatitis and other liver damage.
Intracardiac Right-to-Left Shunt Complicating Right Ventricular Failure:

Three cases of intracardiac right-to-left shunt at the atrial level complicating right ventricular failure (RV) are described. Severe hypoxemia resulted in 2 patients and stroke in the third. This was a consequence of right ventricular infarction causing right-sided heart failure resulting in high right-sided pressures. Echocardiography demonstrated the shunts. A review of the literature on this uncommon problem suggested management strategies based on the limited experience with this condition.
Potential Hazards of Drinking Water with High oxygen consumption on Human Body and Its Prevention

[Objective]To analyze the monitoring results of 5 consecutive years on Chemistry oxygen consumption of life tap water and barreled drinking water in Hulunbeier City, and provide scientific evidence for health supervision departments, environmental protection department and water treatment department.[Methods]Life tap water was determined according to" Life Tap Water Health Standard" or GB/T 5750-2006 " Standard Inspection Procedure for Life Tap water", the mineral water was based on GB/T8538-1995" Inspection Procedure for Natural Mineral water", The pure water was based on GB17324-2003 " Sanitation Standard for The Bottled (Barreled) Drinking Pure Water " , the barreled drinking water was based on GB19298-2003" Sanitation Standard for The Bottled (Barreled) Drinking Water".[Results]The qualified rate of oxygen consumption in life tap water was 35.96%, that for barreled drinking water was 87.65%.[Conclusion]The water quality of Hulunbeier has been seriously polluted by organic compounds. The local government invested in water change project and made a discussion for water quality purification in 2008.
Microwave Phase Shifting Using Coherent Photonic Integrated Circuits

An optically coherent silicon-on-insulator circuit for microwave phase shifting is presented. Such photonic integrated circuits provide advantages over more-complicated incoherent methods and coherent techniques implemented in bulk fiber-optic components. The circuit is described theoretically with supporting experimental data. Continuous microwave phase control at 49 GHz is demonstrated, with an electrical power to achieve 2π phase shift of 80 mW and a 3-dB phase modulation bandwidth of 170 kHz.
Radiologic signs in endocarditis following prosthetic valve replacement.

Summary Helpful radiologic signs in the evaluation of a patient with endocarditis following aortic and mitral valve replacement are described. Due to abnormal angulation of a partially detached prosthesis during systole, a so-called “double exposure sign” will be produced on prolonged exposure x-ray films and a characteristic rapid tilting will be noted at fluoroscopy.
The development and use of the Spanish copula with adjectives by Korean-speaking learners

The current investigation explores the development and use of the Spanishcopulas with adjectives by Korean-speaking learners. Twenty-three adultuniversity-level Korean-speaking learners of Spanish in South Korea completeda sociolinguistic interview task, a background questionnaire, and a grammarbasedproficiency test. A variationist analysis identified the range of forms producedin the [copula + adjective] (i.e., attributive) context, the frequency of useof each form, and the relationship between frequency and other factors, bothlinguistic and individual. Our findings show common patterns between Koreanspeakinglearners and the English-speaking learners in previous research butalso attest to distinct frequencies of use at earlier proficiency levels.
Incorporation of a Reporter Peptide in FPOP Compensates for Adventitious Scavengers and Permits Time-Dependent Measurements.

Incorporation of a reporter peptide in solutions submitted to fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) allows for the correction of adventitious scavengers and enables the normalization and comparison of time-dependent results. Reporters will also be useful in differential experiments to control for the inclusion of a radical-reactive species. This incorporation provides a simple and quick check of radical dosage and allows comparison of FPOP results from day-to-day and lab-to-lab. Use of a reporter peptide in the FPOP workflow requires no additional measurements or spectrometers while building a more quantitative FPOP platform. It requires only measurement of the extent of reporter-peptide modification in a LC/MS/MS run, which is performed by using either data-dependent scanning or an inclusion list.
Macroscopic calculation of delay for diverging diamond interchanges

Diverging diamond interchanges (DDI) have been proved to outperform other types of diamond interchanges in terms of safety, cost-effectiveness and efficiency, but most of those research efforts were based on case studies using simulation or empirical analysis. Few research efforts have been done to conduct the analytic calculation of delay, with which optimization of timing plans can be acquired more efficiently. This paper first develops the control strategies based on the introduction of overlap and offset analysis, which provide a uniform representation of sequences for DDI signal control. Considering the difference of delay calculation between DDI and isolated intersections, as the inflows will serve either as saturated flow or arrival rate from either upstream ramp or arterial, delay equations were developed to calculate the delay on the internal lanes of DDI, which can be used for all different undersaturated traffic. Finally, 39 different traffic patterns that each with 10 decision variables created from JMP are used to check the accuracy of the calculations using VISSIM software. The results show the calculation fit simulation very well with R-Square to be 0.9968 for delay calculation of westbound internal lane, 0.9914 for eastbound internal lane, and 0.9949 for total delay of those two directions. By changing the pre-determined parameters such as the length of internal lanes, saturated flow rate of upstream approach, desired speed, all-red and amber time, the equations proposed in the paper are actually able to take all kinds of configurations of DDI into consideration and get the optimized timing plan easily with commercial solvers.
A Comparison of Visual Acuity Testers to the Preferential Looking 20/20 Vision Tester

Early detection of amblyopia requires several different visual acuity tests to confirm the diagnosis. Our prospective study compares two groups composed of pre-verbal children and verbal patients. ...
Describing Data Sets

Abstract In this chapter we learn methods for presenting and describing sets of data. We introduce different types of tables and graphs, which enable us to easily see key features of a data set.
The “Fishing Link”: Salmonids and the Initial Peopling of the Americas

ABSTRACTArchaeological evidence of the use of anadromous salmonids is widespread across northeastern Asia, Beringia, and well into the northwestern portion of North America. Here it is proposed that after the last glacial maximum, the initial colonists into the Americas migrated from northeastern Asia along the newly exposed coast of Beringia and North America, drawn by salmonids that had colonized the newly formed streams and rivers all along the coast. Once south of the ice, some groups moved inland along major river systems while others continued south along the coast. The broad adaptational capability of these first migrants enabled them to rapidly adjust to different ecozones and conditions. The shifting settlement systems necessitated by rising sea levels is also considered.
A novel approach for data integration and disease subtyping

Advances in high-throughput technologies allow for measurements of many types of omics data, yet the meaningful integration of several different data types remains a significant challenge. Another important and difficult problem is the discovery of molecular disease subtypes characterized by relevant clinical differences, such as survival. Here we present a novel approach, called perturbation clustering for data integration and disease subtyping (PINS), which is able to address both challenges. The framework has been validated on thousands of cancer samples, using gene expression, DNA methylation, noncoding microRNA, and copy number variation data available from the Gene Expression Omnibus, the Broad Institute, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the European Genome-Phenome Archive. This simultaneous subtyping approach accurately identifies known cancer subtypes and novel subgroups of patients with significantly different survival profiles. The results were obtained from genome-scale molecular data without any other type of prior knowledge. The approach is sufficiently general to replace existing unsupervised clustering approaches outside the scope of bio-medical research, with the additional ability to integrate multiple types of data.
Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity

Weight loss can be achieved through a variety of modalities, but long-term maintenance of lost weight is much more challenging. Obesity interventions typically result in early weight loss followed by a weight plateau and progressive regain. This review describes current understanding of the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors driving this near-ubiquitous body weight trajectory and the implications for long-term weight management. Treatment of obesity requires ongoing clinical attention and weight maintenance-specific counseling to support sustainable healthful behaviors and positive weight regulation.
Using information technology to meet electronic commerce and MIS education demands

Localized applications of institutional learning obtained from four years of successful use of educational information technology in a distance-learning program suggest that the current electronic commerce educational gap may be mitigated by innovative uses of technology in the management information systems curriculum. Presented in this chapter is a case where an educational information technology intensive approach was found to be useful for improving the management information systems education delivery process, when faced with personnel and curriculum space considerations. Just as encountered in the distance learning data, preliminary results indicate enhanced student learning from the interactive and personalized aspects of the information technology, despite the twin constraints of limited management information systems faculty resources and limited Master of Business Administration curriculum flexibility. Face-to-face applications of the interactive and personalized aspects of information technology that were learned in the distance learning experience suggest that technologically based solutions to management information systems education resource pressures may help to effectively meet new requirements for teaching electronic commerce, without sacrificing the traditional management information systems curriculum.
Testing the Limits of Inoculation-Generated Resistance

This investigation explored three issues relevant to inoculation theory’s function. First, the stamina of inoculation-generated resistance was examined at 2-, 4-, and 6-week time intervals between ...
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a common malignancy arising after solid organ transplantation. Clinical features are nonspecific and imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis. The location of disease is dependent on the type of organ transplantation although, generally, the transplanted organ itself is commonly affected. Extra-nodal disease is more common than nodal disease, and aside from the transplanted organ, the bowel and central nervous system (CNS) are frequently affected organs. Solitary or multifocal hypo-enhancing masses are often seen with solid organ involvement, though an infiltrating mass is also encountered. Bowel wall thickening with aneurysmal dilation is a classic finding in small bowel PTLD. Multiple pulmonary nodules are the most common appearance of thoracic PTLD, and single or multiple enhancing brain masses are seen with CNS involvement. This chapter will discuss the imaging appearances of PTLD throughout the body.
Preoperative renal dysfunction does not affect outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation

Abstract Objective Selection criteria for durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation remain unclear. One such criterion is renal function. In this study we evaluated outcomes of LVAD implantation in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction. Methods Patients with implanted LVADs as destination therapy (DT) or bridge to transplantation (BTT) at a single institution between 2006 and 2015 were included. Primary stratification was according to pre-implantation glomerular filtration rate (GFR): >60 mL/min versus Results Two hundred thirty-eight patients underwent LVAD implantation during the study period as DT (60%; n = 142) or BTT (40%; n = 96). Reduced GFR was present in 56% (n = 132), with 8% (n = 18) being dialysis-dependent. Normal versus reduced GFR cohorts were well matched except for a higher incidence of coronary artery disease in the patients with reduced GFR (61% vs 48%; P = .04). Mean follow-up was 13.5 ± 17.0 months. Unadjusted and risk-adjusted survival at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after LVAD implantation were similar between the cohorts for DT and BTT. Rates of transplantation were comparable in BTT patients (61% normal vs 53% reduced GFR; P = .43). Recovery of renal function to a GFR >60 mL/min occurred in 43% (n = 17) and 57% (n = 42) of patients with reduced GFR in the BTT and DT cohorts, respectively, by 1 year post implantation. Conclusions Well selected patients with preexisting renal dysfunction can undergo LVAD implantation with acceptable outcomes. Approximately half of LVAD recipients with preimplantation renal dysfunction will recover normal renal function within the first postoperative year. Renal dysfunction alone should not serve as an absolute contraindication to LVAD therapy.
Optimal Modularity in Complex Contagion

In this chapter, we apply the theoretical framework introduced in the previous chapter to study how the modular structure of the social network affects the spreading of complex contagion. In particular, we focus on the notion of optimal modularity, that predicts the occurrence of global cascades when the network exhibits just the right amount of modularity. Here we generalize the findings by assuming the presence of multiple communities and a uniform distribution of seeds across the network. Finally, we offer some insights into the temporal evolution of cascades in the regime of the optimal modularity.
Real-World Multiobject, Multigrasp Detection

A deep learning architecture is proposed to predict graspable locations for robotic manipulation. It considers situations where no, one, or multiple object(s) are seen. By defining the learning problem to be classified with null hypothesis competition instead of regression, the deep neural network with red, green, blue and depth (RGB-D) image input predicts multiple grasp candidates for a single object or multiple objects, in a single shot. The method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on the Cornell dataset with 96.0% and 96.1% accuracy on imagewise and object-wise splits, respectively. Evaluation on a multiobject dataset illustrates the generalization capability of the architecture. Grasping experiments achieve 96.0% grasp localization and 89.0% grasping success rates on a test set of household objects. The real-time process takes less than 0.25 s from image to plan.
The clinical picture of rheumatic fever: diagnosis, immediate prognosis, course, and therapeutic implications.

T HE GENERAL purpose of the studies to be (1) What is the frequency of the principal reported here is to present the clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever? How do picture of rheumatic fever in initial attacks as it these manifestations contribute to diagnosis, and has been observed during recent years at the what is their significance in regard to the more House of the Good Samaritan. In particular, immediate prognosis? an attempt will be made to answer the following (2) What is the clinical course of rheumatic three sets of questions : fever in its initial attack? When carditis de-
Side chain length affects backbone dynamics in poly(3-alkylthiophene)s

Author(s): Zhan, P; Zhang, W; Jacobs, IE; Nisson, DM; Xie, R; Weissen, AR; Colby, RH; Moule, AJ; Milner, ST; Maranas, JK; Gomez, ED | Abstract: Charge transport in conjugated polymers may be governed not only by the static microstructure but also fluctuations of backbone segments. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we predict the role of side chains in the backbone dynamics for regiorandom poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl)s (P3ATs). We show that the backbone of poly(3-dodecylthiophene-2-5-diyl) (P3DDT) moves faster than that of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) as a result of the faster motion of the longer side chains. To verify our predictions, we investigated the structures and dynamics of regiorandom P3ATs with neutron scattering and solid state NMR. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxations (T1) using NMR support our prediction of faster motion for side chain atoms that are farther away from the backbone. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we confirmed that regiorandom P3ATs are amorphous at about 300 K, although microphase separation between the side chains and backbones is apparent. Furthermore, quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) reveals that thiophene backbone motion is enhanced as the side chain length increases from hexyl to dodecyl. The faster motion of longer side chains leads to faster backbone dynamics, which in turn may affect charge transport for conjugated polymers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1193–1202.
Seasonal abundance and distribution of the Farallon camel cricket, Farallonophilus cavernicolus Rentz, 1972 (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), and other arthropods on Southeast Farallon Island

We provide distribution and abundance information for Farallonophilus cavernicolusRentz, 1972, the Farallon camel cricket, and other commonly encountered ground dwelling arthropods (the tenebrionid beetles Coniontis sp. and Eleodes parvicollis Eschscholtz, 1829, Isopoda, and Microcoryphia) recorded during visits to the Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI) from 2013 through 2015. We found cricket populations in six caves and rock crevices, which were mapped and surveyed. One cave accounted for the greatest cricket numbers, with counts averaging 2787 ± 277 individuals, while the other five caves never exceeded 250 individuals; crickets were most abundant from late September to early November. Behavioral observations and pitfall trapping indicate that crickets leave caves at night and prefer walking along the outer surfaces of walls rather than over open ground and, in some cases, may inhabit large crevices on cliff facings. Crickets were not commonly found under boards, rocks, or seabird burrows on the island, although diversity and numbers of other arthropods were significantly greater under artificial board salamander refuges vs. natural ground cover and during the wetter winter and spring seasons.
Impact of a Stage IV NSCLC care pathway on front-line (FL) and maintenance (M) chemotherapy use at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute (TCI).

6609 Background: Care pathways can reduce cancer care costs and variability in NSCLC. Effective implementation requires measurable outcomes and available data in near real-time. Methods: Between 10...