cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOTESTEGA : Notes-Based STEGANOGRAPHY METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT The wide use of Notes in business, science, education, news, etc., renders Notes attractive steganographic carriers and allows the communicating parties to establish a covert channel that is capable of transmitting messages in an unsuspicious way. The presented Notes-based Steganography Methodology (Notestega) takes advantage of the recent advances in automatic notetaking techniques to generate a text cover. Notestega neither exploits noise (errors) to embed a message nor produces a detectable noise. Instead, it pursues the variations among both human notes and the outputs of automatic notetaking techniques to conceal data. Virtually, it is accomplished in three steps. First, Notestega generates a number of legitimate various notes of the same input. Second, based on a predetermined protocol it picks a particular note, for example, note number 1, 2, or 5. Third, Notestega substitutes some of the text in the selected note with another text taken from the unpicked notes. Such text substitution is c...
Optical properties of an electron bound to a double well potential in a dielectric

Abstract The absorption and emission properties of F 2 + centers in KCl (two adjacent anion vacancies which bind one electron) were investigated between 0.6 and 5 eV using an optically aligned center system. Energy positions, level degeneracies, polarization behavior and oscillator strengths of 8 absorption transitions were found in close agreement to the calculated states of the H 2 + molecular ion corrected for a single dielectric constant and the proper separation between the two effective positive charges. Excitation of the lowest 2pδ u state at 1.38 μm leads with temperature independent quantum efficiency to a Stokes shifted emission at 1.67 μm almost in mirror symmetry with the zero phonon line at 1.5260 μm. Excitation of all higher absorption transitions (2pπ u , etc.) at liquid helium temperature (LHeT) produces a visible luminescence at 600 nm. At higher temperature a thermally activated process (activation energy ΔE = 0.063 eV) transfers the excitation energy to the lowest excited state 2pδ u quenching the 600 nm luminescence and producing the IR emission.
A Sliding Wear Model for Partial-EHL Contacts

A sliding wear model has been developed for partial-EHL contacts, in which both the thermal desorption wear mechanism at low asperity contact temperature and the oxidative wear mechanism at elevated asperity contact temperature are considered
Communication in Multitrack Year-round Schools:

85 teachers in multitrack year-round schools stated that communication had deteriorated, especially for those who were not currently teaching.
Forsterite-diopside-spinel-liquid equilibria in the system CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2 at 20 kbar and petrological applications

Liquidus phase relationships in the CaAlAl−SiO6−Mg2SiO4−CaMgSi2O6−CaAlSi2O8 portion of the simplified basalt tetrahedron in the CaO−MgO−SiO2−Al2O3 system have been experimentally determined at 20 kbar pressure. The fo+diss+sp+li univariant curve, that pierces the fo-di-an join and meets the fo+diss+ enss+sp+li invariant point in the basalt tetrahedron, extends all the way to and pierces the di-fo-CaTs join, the limit of the simplified basalt tetrahedron toward the silica undersaturated portion.
CATALASE-CHLOROPHYLL RELATIONSHIP IN BARLEY SEEDLINGS

For over two decades H. VON EULER (3) and his coworkers have studied the relationship of catalase to chlorophyll. In their work they utilized various chlorophyll defective plants including genetic albinos, variegated, chlorotic and etiolated plants. In general, they found a parallelism between chlorophyll content and catalase activity. NAKAMURA (11) working with a number of higher and lower forms of photosynthesizing organisms came to the same conclusions. Our observations on this problem agree in a general way with the above authors with one important exception, namely, the catalase-chlorophyll relationships in etiolated seedlings. EULER and his coworkers (4) have reported that catalase activity in etiolated seedlings of barley, rye, wheat and oats are generally lower than in green seedlings. We found that the catalase activity in etiolated seedlings of the above species is consistently and significantly higher than in green seedlings. It is primarily with this phase of the problem that the present paper is concerned.
Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia: Spectrum of opportunistic infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases.

Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) was first defined in 1992 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the repeated presence of a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of fewer than 300 cells per cubic millimeter or of less than 20% of total T cells with no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and no condition that might cause depressed CD4 counts. Most of our knowledge about ICL comes from scattered case reports. The aim of this study was to collect comprehensive data from the previously published cases to understand the characteristics of this rare condition. We searched the PubMed database and Science Direct for case reports since 1989 for Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia cases. We found 258 cases diagnosed with ICL in 143 published papers. We collected data about age, sex, pathogens, site of infections, CD4 count, CD8 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, presence of HIV risk factors, malignancies, autoimmune diseases and whether the patients survived or died. The mean age at diagnosis of first opportunistic infection (or ICL if no opportunistic infection reported) was 40.7 ± 19.2 years (standard deviation), with a range of 1 to 85. One-sixty (62%) patients were males, 91 (35.2%) were females, and 7 (2.7%) patients were not identified whether males or females. Risk factors for HIV were documented in 36 (13.9%) patients. The mean initial CD4 count was 142.6 ± 103.9/mm 3 (standard deviation). The mean initial CD8 count was 295 ± 273.6/mm 3 (standard deviation). The mean initial CD4:CD8 ratio was 0.6 ± 0.7 (standard deviation). The mean lowest CD4 count was 115.4 ± 87.1/mm 3 (standard deviation). The majority of patients 226 (87.6%) had at least one infection. Cryptococcal infections were the most prevalent infections in ICL patients (26.6%), followed by mycobacterial infections (17%), candidal infections (16.2%), and VZV infections (13.1%). Malignancies were reported in 47 (18.1%) patients. Autoimmune diseases were reported in 37 (14.2%) patients.
Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Wide-Band Range-Resolved HF Backscatter From Evolving Ocean-Like Surfaces

Low-grazing wide-band HF radar echoes from evolving ocean-like surfaces in 2-D space are simulated employing a first-principles boundary integral equation technique. The synthesized signals achieve range resolution of about 15 m and correspond to observations with a hypothetical narrow-beam system having a 10-MHz effective bandwidth. Range-time plots of backscatter magnitude appear to contain a pattern consistent with the long surface waves. The double Fourier transform of the signal magnitude or power in range and time reveals strong harmonics located along the dispersion curve of the propagating gravity waves. The effect is discernable due to the high range resolution employed and is not predicted by the first-order Small Perturbation Method (SPM) approximation. It is explained by considering the next, second order of the SPM under certain simplifying assumptions such as perfect surface conductivity (with the Norton attenuation factor set to 1). The derived analytical expression is then used to investigate the feasibility of the surface profile retrieval from such time-varying range-resolved HF backscatter (gathered in the course of the “numerical experiment” through the exact scattering simulations). For the case of perfectly conducting sea-like surface developed under 10-m/s wind conditions, the results are very encouraging. The approach is sensitive to the surface harmonics with wavelengths far exceeding the Bragg resonance scales of the HF band. Extending this type of analysis to cases with realistic finite conductivity and/or rougher surface (assuming that the second-order SPM is still valid) will require proper accounting for ground-wave propagation effects in perturbation expressions. The study offers a glimpse into ocean observation possibilities that the wide-band HF systems can provide if and when they become a reality.
Cuticular lipids of insects—IX. Surface lipids of the grasshoppers Melanoplus bivittatus, melanoplus femurrubrum and Melanoplus dawsoni

Abstract 1. 1. The surface lipids of M. bivittatus, M. femurrubrum and M. dawsoni are similar to one another and similar to other Melanoplus previously studied. 2. 2. Secondary alcohol wax esters are among the major components of the cuticular lipids of these Melanoplus . 3. 3. Cast skins of M. bivittatus contain extractable triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, sterols, primary alcohols and secondary alcohols.
A strategy for collaborative outreach: lessons from the CSbots project

Many efforts are being made to improve computer science education in order to address the retention and motivation of students. These efforts rely on the development of educational tools and environments, tools that, when successful, require many years to integrate into the computer science education community. We introduce a strategy that both speeds uptake in the community and improves the chances of the project creating an educationally successful tool. The strategy hinges on creating an initial community of educators before an educational tool is fully mature but at the point at which it becomes usable by teachers. While this is somewhat analogous to the beta-testing communities in software development, our aim is for the community to drive the underlying design in significant ways. Our context is CSbots, a project to develop a robot, software environment, and associated curricula for introductory computer science education. We detail our collaborative outreach effort, which resulted in the concurrent creation of a community of 30 invested educators and a well aligned educational tool ready for broad dissemination.
Bypassing interneurons: inhibition in neocortex.

A recent paper suggests a new form of inhibitory circuit in cortex, in which a pyramidal cell directly excites the presynaptic terminal of an inhibitory interneuron, allowing the rapid and powerful inhibition of another pyramidal cell.
HIV EXPRESSION IS INDUCED IN DYING CELLS

Using HeLa cells stably transfected with an HIV-LTR-CAT construct, we demonstrated a peak in CAT induction that occurs in viable (but not necessarily cell-division-competent) cells 24 h following exposure to some cell-killing agents. gamma rays were the only cell-killing agent which did not induce HIV transcription; this can be attributed to the fact that gamma-ray-induced apoptotic death requires functional p53, which is not present in HeLa cells. For all other agents, HIV-LTR induction was dose-dependent and correlated with the amount of cell killing that occurred in the culture. Doses which caused over 99% cell killing induced HIV-LTR transcription maximally, demonstrating that cells that will go on to die by 14 days are the cells expressing HIV-LTR-CAT.
Design and Fabrication of a Disposable, Percutaneous Glucose Sensor

Sencils™ (sensory cilia) are chemical sensors that are minimally invasive, disposable and easily readable to make frequent measurements of various analytes in vivo over a period of 1-3 months. A percutaneous optical fiber permits precise, reliable photonic measurement of chemical reactions in a nano-engineered polymer matrix attached to the internal end of the fiber. The first Sencils sense interstitial glucose based on measurement of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorophores bound to betacyclodextrin and Concanavalin A (Con A) in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix. In vitro experiments demonstrate a rapid and precise relationship between the ratio of the two fluorescent emissions and concentration of glucose in saline over the physiological range of 0-500mg/dl. Chronic implantation in pigs has demonstrated biocompatibility. The Sencil platform can be adapted to detect other analytes in interstitial fluids.
Alternative tense and agreement morpheme measures for assessing grammatical deficits during the preschool period.

Purpose P. A. Hadley and H. Short (2005) developed a set of measures designed to assess the emerging diversity and productivity of tense and agreement (T/A) morpheme use by 2-year-olds. The authors extended 2 of these measures to the preschool years to evaluate their utility in distinguishing children with specific language impairment (SLI) from their typically developing (TD) peers. Method Spontaneous speech samples from 55 children (25 with SLI, 30 TD) at 2 different age levels (4;0–4;6 [years;months] and 5;0–5;6) were analyzed, using a traditional T/A morphology composite that assessed accuracy, and the Hadley and Short measures of Tense Marker Total (assessing diversity of T/A morpheme use) and Productivity Score (assessing productivity of major T/A categories). Results All 3 measures showed acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity. In addition, similar differences in levels of productivity across T/A categories were seen in the TD and SLI groups. Conclusion The Tense Marker Total and Producti...
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding conception and fertility: a population-based survey among reproductive-age United States women

Objective To assess overall knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to conception and fertility among reproductive-age women in the United States. Design Online survey of a cross-sectional sample of 1,000 women. Setting United States, March 2013. Patient(s) Women aged 18–40 years. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding selected topics in reproductive health. Result(s) Forty percent of women across all age groups expressed concerns about their ability to conceive. Yet one-third of women were unaware of adverse implications of sexually transmitted infections, obesity, or irregular menses for procreative success, and one-fifth were unaware of the effects of aging. Approximately 40% were unfamiliar with the ovulatory cycle. Overall, younger women (18–24 years) demonstrated less knowledge regarding conception, fertility, and ovulation, whereas older women tended to believe in common myths and misconceptions. Respondents in all age groups identified women's health care providers (75%) and Web sites (40%) as top sources of reproductive health–related information; however, engagement with providers on specific factors affecting fertility is sparse. Conclusion(s) Knowledge regarding ovulation, fertility, and conception is limited among this sample of reproductive-age US women. Future initiatives should prioritize improved provider engagement and accurate information dissemination in Web-based venues.
Is anatomic resection superior to nonanatomic resection for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Is anatomic resection superior to nonanatomic resection for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma?
Human Serology in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection with Microimmunofluorescence

were from various areas of the world and from whom a TRIC-LGV organism had been isolated were tested. (All isolates had been typed and included all presently recognized immunotypes except type A.) Of the patients tested, 94% had a titer of antibody of > 1:8 against at least one of the 13 antigens used, always including the type isolated. Seventy-nine percent of sera showed a type-specific antibody response, while 15% had a pattern of multiple antibody response that precluded a specific type diagnosis. Among the 6% of patients without evident antibody, all but one were males with mild urethritis. Patients who had classical LGV infection with buboes had antibody to more than one type, often in very high titer. The possibility of rapid disappearance of microimmunofluorescent antibody after
Two novel brain-specific splice variants of the murine Cβ gene of cAMP- dependent protein kinase

We have previously characterized two murine cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit genes, Calpha and Cbeta1. Targeted disruption of the Cbeta1 promoter revealed two splice variants of the Cbeta catalytic subunit gene (designated Cbeta2 and Cbeta3) that continue to be expressed. These variants arise from unique promoters and are brain-specific. Cbeta2 is expressed in several discrete areas in the limbic system. These include the lateral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ventral medial hypothalamus, and the amygdala. In the neocortex, expression is highest in cortical areas such as the prefrontal and insular cortex that are associated limbic structures. By contrast, Cbeta1 is most highly expressed in the cortex and hippocampus and is also present in all non-neuronal tissues examined. Cbeta3 is expressed at very low levels with wide distribution throughout the brain. Both the Cbeta2 and Cbeta3 variants are enzymatically active and induce gene expression in transient transfections with a cAMP response element-reporter construct. This activity is inhibited by protein kinase A regulatory subunits, the protein kinase inhibitor, and the chemical inhibitor H-89. We also demonstrate that Cbeta1 is myristoylated at the amino terminus like the Calpha isoform, but neither Cbeta2 nor Cbeta3 is myristoylated. The discrete expression of Cbeta variants in the brain suggests specific functional roles in neuronal signaling.
Steam pressure induced in crack-like cavities in moisture saturated polymer matrix composites during rapid heating

Abstract The time history of steam pressure inside an isolated “crack-like” micro-cavity in a polymer matrix composite is studied by assuming that the chemical potential of water is continuous across the cavity/polymer interface. Steam pressure inside the cavity is due to rapid heating of moisture-saturated composites from its initial temperature to a final temperature Tf. Exact closed form solutions are obtained for a “crack-like” cavity inside an infinite and a finite plate. For the case of an infinite plate, the exact solution shows that the steam pressure approaches the saturated steam pressure psat(Tf) at a characteristic time t c ≅ 25 h 2 D f ( M w p sat ( T f ) RT f ψ 0 ) 2 , where h is the cavity height, Df is the diffusivity of water at Tf, Mw is the molecular weight of water, ψ0 is the initial moisture concentration of the composite and R is the universal gas constant. When moisture is allowed to escape from the composite, such as in the case of a finite plate, the maximum steam pressure depends on a single dimensionless parameter α = LRT f ψ 0 hM w p sat ( T f ) , where L is the thickness of the composite plate. For large α, the maximum steam pressure approaches psat(Tf). However, the maximum steam pressure can be significantly less than psat(Tf) when α ⩽ 4. The present model can also be used to study the ‘popcorning’ observed in electronic packages.
Ion traps for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: principles and design of geometric and electric configurations

Virtually all Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry experiments are based on ion confinement in a Penning trap: namely, a spatially homogeneous static magnetic field B, and a three-dimensional axial (along B) quadrupolar electrostatic trapping potential. In addition, it is desirable to provide an alternating azimuthal (i.e. in a plane perpendicular to B) spatially uniform dipolar electric potential to generate or detect ion cyclotron coherence and an alternating azimuthal quadrupolar potential in the presence of collisional cooling to axialize ions. In this paper, we show how each of these three potentials may be generated by infinitely extended electrode arrangements. We then examine the potentials actually produced by various (finite size) ICR ion trap geometric configurations. Finally, we show that by segmenting the electrodes of an ICR ion trap, and applying an appropriate potential to each segment, near-perfect potentials of all three types may be generated. The necessary principles and tools (Laplace's equation: harmonic potential; reciprocity theorem; V-vector method) are presented, followed by derivation and/or description and rationale for all of the principal ICR ion trap designs. We close by proposing a new “universal” trap consisting of six planar grids arranged in a cube: such a configuration is the first to promise near-perfect potentials of all three types while maintaining the symmetry and compact shape of a cubic Penning trap.
SYSTEMATIC VALIDATION OF A MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC SIMULATION PROGRAM

To achieve high fidelity and high credibility of a microscopic traffic simulation, model validation is of the utmost importance. A systematic validation effort was performed on an advanced microscopic traffic simulation that uses a multiregime simulation (MRS) approach for its car-following and lane-changing logic. The vigorous validation procedure includes animation comparison and quantitative/statistical analysis at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, and is illustrated through case studies. For validation at the macroscopic level, the averages and other statistics of traffic variables are compared, and fundamental relationships of traffic flow parameters are studied. For validation at the microscopic level, the speed change pattern, vehicle trajectory plots, and headway distribution from simulations are compared with those of the real-world system. The importance of the real-world data sets to model validation is emphasized, and animation comparison that provides intuitive appreciation of the mode...
Seasonal Heat Transport in a Forced Equatorial Baroclinic Model

Seasonal heat transport is examined in a simple, linear, shallow-water model on the equatorial beta plane. It is found in this model that meridional transport by the seasonally varying western boundary current is of the same magnitude but opposite phase to the seasonally varying interior transport and therefore tends to cancel.
Mask polarization effects in hyper NA systems

The non-paraxial correction term of high-NA effect was studied for scalar field in optical microlithography. However, the correction term of scalar field should be modified for vector field. Based on a thin mask, the characteristic of vector field can be described with the Symthe-Kirchhoff formula. The non-paraxial correction term of vector field can be derived with the combination of both the law of energy conservation and sine condition on entrance pupil and exit pupil. The correction term of vector field depends on the degree of polarization of incident light. As the result, the correction term of TE wave of vector field is the same characteristic as that of scalar field. However, the correction term of TM wave of vector is different from that of scalar field.
Diallyl sulfide induces heme oxygenase-1 through MAPK pathway

Diallyl sulfide (DAS), is protective against chemically induced heptotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. The mechanism of its protective effects is not fully understood. In this study, we found that DAS can induce the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which plays a critical role in the cell defense system against oxidative stress. DAS causes a dose- and time-dependent increase of HO-1 protein and mRNA level without toxicity in HepG2 cells. DAS-induced HO-1 protein expression is dependent on newly synthesized mRNA and newly synthesized protein. DAS increases Nrf2 protein expression, nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity. The MAP kinase ERK is activated by DAS. Both ERK and p38 pathways play an important role in DAS-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ho-1 gene activation. DAS stimulates a transient increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). N-Acetyl-cysteine blocked this increase of ROS production as well as DAS-induced ERK activation, Nrf2 protein expression and nuclear translocation, and ho-1 gene activation. The increase in HO-1 produced by DAS protected the HepG2 cells against toxicity by hydrogen peroxide or arachidonic acid. These results suggest that DAS induces ho-1 through production of ROS, and Nrf2 and MAPK (ERK and p38) mediate this induction. Induction of ho-1 may play a role in the protective effects of DAS.
Computational screening of metal–organic frameworks for large-molecule chemical sensing

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify trends in low-pressure adsorption of a broad range of organic molecules by a set of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). While previous simulation studies focused on the adsorption of small molecules such as carbon dioxide and methane, we consider more complicated organic molecules relevant to chemical sensing and detection: small aromatics (o-, m-, and p-xylene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene), explosives (TNT and RDX), and chemical warfare agents (GA and VM). The framework materials include several Zn-IRMOFs (IRMOFs 1–3, 7, 8), a Cr-MOF (CrMIL-53lp), and a Cu-MOF (HKUST-1). A wide range of loading pressures is examined, extending from 100 ppm to 10 ppb in air, thus spanning the entire range of conditions relevant to chemical sensing for security, environmental, and industrial process monitoring. Our results are validated by comparing calculated adsorption energies with experimental values, where available. Many of the larger organics are significantly adsorbed by the target MOFs at low pressure, which is consistent with the high isosteric heats of adsorption (12 kcal mol−1–49 kcal mol−1) computed for these analytes. These adsorption energies are significantly large that interference from atmospheric components should not interfere with chemical detection at low pressures. We show that pi–pi stacking interactions are an important contributor to these high heats of adsorption. CrMIL-53lp shows the highest adsorption energy for all analytes, suggesting that this material may be suitable for detection of low-level organics. At higher loading pressures, the Zn-MOFs show a much higher volumetric uptake than either CrMIL-53lp or HKUST-1 for all types of analyte considered here. Within the Zn-IRMOF series, analyte loading is proportional to accessible free volume, and loading decreases with increasing analyte size due to molecular packing effects. Overall, the results demonstrate that atomistic simulation can be used as an efficient first step in the screening of MOFs for detection of large molecules. For example, at the 10 ppb level, all of the Zn-IRMOFs are able to distinguish between TNT and the structurally similar xylenes.
Perceptual effects and efficacy of intermittent or continuous blood flow restriction resistance training.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise may be an alternative form of resistance training; however, a side of effect of BFR resistance exercise is acute muscle pain. Typically, BFR exercise studies restrict blood flow with a cuff continuously during the exercise bout, including rest periods. However, others have used intermittent BFR where the cuff is inflated only during sets. We performed two studies to compare intermittent and continuous BFR exercise. In study one, eleven subjects randomly proceeded through three treatments of unilateral leg extensions to failure: (i) continuous BFR, (ii) intermittent BFR and (iii) control (exercise without BFR). Pain measurements were taken immediately after each set. In study two, subjects (n = 32) underwent a 5-week resistance training programme after random assignment to one of the three conditions. Lean mass and strength were assessed at baseline and after training. Continuous BFR resulted in significantly greater pain than intermittent BFR or control. Both BFR conditions resulted in significantly fewer repetitions to failure than control. This suggests that an acute bout of intermittent BFR exercise may produce as much muscle fatigue as an acute bout of continuous BFR exercise, but with less pain. With training, maximal knee extension (P = 0·033) and maximum knee flexion (P = 0·007) strength increased among all groups. There were no significant differences between groups in strength or lean mass. These results suggest that short-term low-load resistance training increases muscle strength to a similar extent as low-load resistance training without BFR.
Photoproduction of Molecular Hydrogen by a Plant-Algal Symbiotic System

The rapidly growing water fern Azolla, which contains a nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal symbiont, has been studied as a possible system for photoproduction of molecular hydrogen. When this plant is grown on a combined nitrogen supply, photochemically generated hydrogen can be diverted through the algal nitrogenase system, which serves as a source of molecular hydrogen generated from water. This symbiosis has several advantages as a possible biological energy conversion system.
A numerical simulation of organ motion and daily setup uncertainties: Implications for radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose: In radiotherapy planning, the clinical target volume (CTV) is typically enlarged to create a planning target volume (PTV) that accounts for uncertainties due to internal organ and patient motion as well as setup error. Margin size clearly determines the volume of normal tissue irradiated, yet in practice it is often given a set value in accordance with a clinical precedent from which variations are rare. The (CTV/PTV) formalism does not account for critical structure dose. We present a numerical simulation to assess (CTV) coverage and critical organ dose as a function of treatment margins in the presence of organ motion and physical setup errors. An application of the model to the treatment of prostate cancer is presented, but the method is applicable to any site where normal tissue tolerance is a dose-limiting factor. Methods and Materials: A Monte Carlo approach was used to simulate the cumulative effect of variation in overall tumor position, for individual treatment fractions, relative to a fixed distribution of dose. Distributions of potential dose-volume histograms (DVHs), for both tumor and normal tissues, are determined that fully quantify the stochastic nature of radiotherapy delivery. We introduce the concept of Probability of Prescription Dose (PoPD) isosurfaces as a tool for treatment plan optimization. Outcomes resulting from current treatment planning methods are compared with proposed techniques for treatment optimization. The standard planning technique of relatively large uniform margins applied to the CTV, in the beam's eye view (BEV), was compared with three other treatment strategies: (a) reduced uniform margins, (b) nonuniform margins adjusted to maximize normal tissue sparing, and (c) a reduced margin plan in which nonuniform fluence profiles were introduced to compensate for potential areas of reduced dose. Results: Results based on 100 simulated full course treatments indicate that a 10 mm CTV to PTV margin, combined with an additional 5 mm dosimetric margin, provides adequate CTV coverage in the presence of known treatment uncertainties. Nonuniform margins can be employed to reduce dose delivered to normal tissues while preserving CTV coverage. Nonuniform fluence profiles can also be used to further reduce dose delivered to normal tissues, though this strategy does result in higher dose levels delivered to a small volume of the CTV and normal tissues. Conclusions: Monte Carlo-based treatment simulation is an effective means of assessing the impact of organ motion and daily setup error on dose delivery via external beam radiation therpay. Probability of Prescription Dose (PoPD) isosurfaces are a useful tool for the determination of nonuniform beam margins that reduce dose delivered to critical organs while preserving (CTV) dose coverage. Nonuniform fluenc profiles can further alter critical organ dose with potential therapeutic benefits. Clinical consequences of this latter approach can only be assessed via clinical trials.
Determination of the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling barrier from nitride to oxide in oxide:nitride dual dielectric

Using a simple but novel method of analysis, the voltage drop across the oxide (pad-oxide) in the oxide:nitride dual dielectric is determined for both positive and negative gate polarities. From the Fowler-Nordheim plot of the oxide voltage drop, the electron barrier from nitride to oxide is 3.2 ± 0.2 eV. However, the current injection from the nitride electrode is about 7 orders of magnitude lower than the current injection from the silicon electrode under the same oxide field values. This large field-current difference between the two directions of electron injection is consistent with the large difference observed in the J ★ t (charge fluence to breakdown) data.
Effects of postcure temperature variation on hygrothermal-mechanical properties of an out-of-autoclave polymer composite

The effects of cure temperature variation on the properties of an out-of-autoclave polymer composite manufactured using Cycom 5320 8HS prepreg were investigated using different postcure temperatures of a two-stage cure cycle. In addition, the effects of adverse environmental conditions on the cure temperature variation were studied by conditioning the samples in an environmental chamber until they reached moisture equilibrium. The state of cure was obtained using a differential scanning calorimeter and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The mechanical properties were obtained using short-beam shear (SBS) and combined loading compression (CLC) test methods. The state of cure obtained showed increases in total heat of reaction, degree of cure, and glass transition temperature as the postcure temperature increased. The SBS and CLC strengths showed an increasing trend as postcure temperature increased. Good correlations were obtained between the material's cure temperatures, state of cure, and mechanical properties for room temperature dry and hot wet conditions. The study showed that the state of cure can be used to define, monitor, and verify the cure quality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3090–3097, 2013
Three-dimensional natural convection flow around an isothermal cube

Abstract Laminar steady gravity-driven flow around a single isothermal cube in an infinite medium is investigated by employing a control-volume finite difference technique and holographic interferometry. The Rayleigh number is varied in a wide range while the Prandtl number is fixed at a specific value. To validate the numerical solutions the calculated isothermal contours are qualitatively compared with the isophase lines in multidirectional interferograms. The heat transfer results are presented in terms of the average Nusselt number and the face-average Nusselt numbers at the top, bottom, and side walls of the cube. Some heat transfer results are also compared with those previously reported. Maximum heat transfer occurs at the bottom at a low Rayleigh number. However, as the Rayleigh number increases it shifts to the side walls. The heat transfer rate at the top wall is approximately one-third of the maximum value for the range of Rayleigh number investigated.
An improved model of intraspecific aggression: Dose-response analysis of apomorphine-induced fighting and stereotypy in the rat

A paradigm more sensitive and specific than the original apomorphine model proposed by Senault was employed to measure intraspecific aggression in the rat. Several behavioral measures provided detailed descriptions of aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors. Several new aggressive responses not previously attributed to apomorphine were noted. Graded doses of apomorphine were administered to determine the qualitative and quantitative dose-response relationships produced by apomorphine on both aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors. Maximum fighting times were obtained at apomorphine doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg.
How irreversible heat transport processes drive Earth's interdependent thermal, structural, and chemical evolution

Abstract Because magmatism conveys radioactive isotopes plus latent heat rapidly upwards while advecting heat, this process, not convection, links and controls Earth's thermal and chemical evolution. On this basis, we present an alternative view of Earth's internal workings. Earth's beginning involved cooling via explosive outgassing of substantial ice (mainly CO) buried with dust during accretion. High carbon content is expected from Solar abundances and ice in comets. Reaction of CO with metal provided a carbide-rich core while converting MgSiO3 to olivine via oxidizing reactions. Because thermodynamic law indicates that primordial heat from gravitational segregation is neither large, nor carried downwards, whereas differentiation forced radioactive elements upwards, formation of the core and lower mantle greatly cooled the Earth. Reference conductive geotherms, calculated by using accurate thermal diffusivity data, require that heat-producing elements are sequestered above 670 km which limits convection to the upper mantle. These irreversible beginnings limit secular cooling to radioactive wind-down, permitting deduction of Earth's inventory of heat-producing elements from today's heat flux. Coupling this estimate with meteoritic data indicates that Earth's oxide content has been underestimated. Density sorting segregated a Si-rich, peridotitic upper mantle from a refractory lower mantle with high Ca, Al and Ti contents, consistent with diamond inclusion mineralogy. Early and rapid differentiation means that internal temperatures have long been buffered by freezing of the inner core, allowing survival of crust as old as ~ 4 Ga. Magmatism remains important. Melt escaping through stress-induced fractures in the rigid lithosphere imparts a lateral component and preferred direction to upper mantle circulation. Mid-ocean magma production over 4.5 Ga has deposited a slab volume at 670 km that is equivalent to the transition zone, thereby continuing differentiation by creating a late-stage chemical discontinuity near 400 km.
Palmar lunate dislocation with a dorsal scaphoid fracture variant

A 20-year-old man had a dorsally displaced fracture of the proximal pole of the scaphoid and an ipsilateral palmar lunate dislocation—a rare combination of injuries that has not been previously reported. The most likely pathomechanics of this injury is a sheer fracture of the proximal pole of the scaphoid by the dorsal lip of the distal radius as the injury shifts from a dorsal perilunate to a palmar lunate pattern.
De novo prediction of ground state multiplicity and structural isomerism for transition metal complexes

Abstract Prediction of the ground state geometries and multiplicities for 33 transition metal tetrachlorides has been carried out using two different levels of quantum mechanics: semiempirical and density functional theory. All data regarding geometry and spin state provided by both computational methods were compared with experimental data when available. The calculations were performed for all possible spin multiplicities. The most important geometries for coordination number four (tetrahedral, square-planar, dodecahedral, and disphenoidal), as well as less symmetric structural isomers, were evaluated. A match between both computational methods in terms of predicted ground state multiplicity and geometry was found for 26 species, which translated into almost 80% agreement. Even though the PM3(tm) geometry prediction protocol involved more steps for isolating a feasible global minimum, the aggregate of these calculations was still orders of magnitude faster than DFT calculations using extended basis sets. The calculations indicate that caution is needed in the application of the PM3(tm) method to very high-spin transition metal complexes, but point to the suitability of very rapid semiempirical methods for reliable prediction of structural and ‘spin’ isomers, and hence their use in an efficient de novo design protocol for transition metal complexes.
Abstract LB-248: Development of lipid-based transfection reagents for efficient expression of transgenes in hard-to-transfect cell types

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA How to balance high efficiency of transgene expression with low cytotoxicity is a central concern for cell biology. Developing lipid-based transfection reagents that have those attributes and can be conveniently used for multiple cell types is critical for studies in cancer biology and cell biology. To address these concerns, ATCC has developed two lipid-based transfection reagents, GeneX Plus and TransfeX™ that provide a powerful tool for efficiently transfecting a broad spectrum of cell types including continuous cancer cell lines, stem cells, immortalized cells, and primary cells with little or no cytotoxicity. For recognized hard-to-transfect cancer cell lines, like THP-1, SH-SY5Y, and Raw 264.7 cells, we have achieved over 30% GFP expression without obvious cytotoxicity by using the GeneX Plus and an EF1α-GFP vector. TransfeX™ has been found to be highly suitable for the transfection of stem cells, immortalized cell lines, and many types of primary cells such as mammary, renal and bronchial epithelial cells, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, and human dermal fibroblasts. We have developed optimized transfection protocols for the TransfeX™ transfection reagent for different cell types and achieved over 50% transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. ATCC will provide data showing the broad spectrum of cell types successfully transfected with either GeneX Plus or TransfeX™. Citation Format: Dezhong Yin, Joy Wells, James Clinton, Lysa-Anne Volpe, Kevin Grady, Jeanmarie Curley. Development of lipid-based transfection reagents for efficient expression of transgenes in hard-to-transfect cell types. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-248. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-248
Determination of N15 in amino acid mixtures without separation into individual components

A procedure is described for the spectrographic determination of N/sup 15/ in amino acid mixtures. The procedure is simple and does not require the separation of amino acids from other nitrogen-containing substances. (C.H.)
Mass-Shell Evaluation of the Amplitude, Partial Conservation of Axial-Vector Current, and Equal-Time Commutators in Low-Energy K ± p Scattering

For the on-mass-shell calculation of the scattering amplitude, we have used the following method. On the basis of the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC), we introduce the axial-vector current $J=A+c\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\varphi}$, where $A$ is the current appearing in the PCAC relation, and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the pion field. Using this current in the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann formalism, the amplitude is decomposed into two terms ${W}^{00}$ and ${W}^{0}$ due to the equal-time commutators (ETC) of the divergence of the current $J$, respectively; a term ${W}^{1}$ due to an ETC leading to a vector current; and a term $W$ giving contributions of the discrete intermediate states. The ETC's of the current octet $J$ are assumed to be similar in form, though not equivalent, to those normally used for the current $A$. For kaon-proton (${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$) scattering, we have used this formula in conjunction with dispersion relations and the $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ scheme, and derived sum rules for ${W}^{0}$ and ${W}^{1}$. Using the scattering length, the sum ${W}^{00}+{W}^{0}$ is evaluated. It is found that in order to obtain the correct signs and magnitudes of the ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ scattering lengths, with a single coefficient $c$ in the PCAC relation, we must take into account the sum ${W}^{00}+{W}^{0}$, which seemed to be negligible in $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering. The difference between the on- and off-mass-shell amplitudes is derived, and seen to depend on the type of particles involved. Assuming that only the sum ${W}^{00}+{W}^{0}$ is a smooth function of the squares of the kaon four-momenta, this difference is found to be negligible in the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ case, while it is 40% of the ${K}^{+}p$ scattering amplitude at threshold.
Improved Constructions of PRFs Secure Against Related-Key Attacks

Building cryptographic primitives that are secure against related-key attacks (RKAs) is a well-studied problem by practitioners and theoreticians alike. Practical implementations of block ciphers take into account RKA security to mitigate fault injection attacks. The theoretical study of RKA security was initiated by Bellare and Kohno (Eurocrypt ’03). In Crypto 2010, Bellare and Cash introduce a framework for building RKA-secure pseudorandom functions (PRFs) and use this framework to construct RKA-secure PRFs based on the decision linear and DDH assumptions.
Transcriptome of Geobacter uraniireducens growing in uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments

To learn more about the physiological state of Geobacter species living in subsurface sediments, heat-sterilized sediments from a uranium-contaminated aquifer in Rifle, Colorado, were inoculated with Geobacter uraniireducens, a pure culture representative of the Geobacter species that predominates during in situ uranium bioremediation at this site. Whole-genome microarray analysis comparing sediment-grown G. uraniireducens with cells grown in defined culture medium indicated that there were 1084 genes that had higher transcript levels during growth in sediments. Thirty-four c-type cytochrome genes were upregulated in the sediment-grown cells, including several genes that are homologous to cytochromes that are required for optimal Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction by G. sulfurreducens. Sediment-grown cells also had higher levels of transcripts, indicative of such physiological states as nitrogen limitation, phosphate limitation and heavy metal stress. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that many of the metabolic indicator genes that appeared to be upregulated in sediment-grown G. uraniireducens also showed an increase in expression in the natural community of Geobacter species present during an in situ uranium bioremediation field experiment at the Rifle site. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to monitor gene expression of a microorganism growing in sediments on a genome scale and that analysis of the physiological status of a pure culture growing in subsurface sediments can provide insights into the factors controlling the physiology of natural subsurface communities.
Salvage esophagectomy: "We made too many wrong mistakes"

Wang and colleagues 1 reported a 14-year experience of salvage esophagectomy in 140 patients. Despite salvage surgery in all, 25% were excluded from the analysis. An additional problem in understanding the applicability of this experience is that the denominator for the entire experience with definitive chemotherapy for squamous cell esophageal cancer was unstated. In this highly select group of patients, not surprisingly, the ability to resect (R0) an early yp-stage cancer (ypN0M0) has been associated with improved survival. 2 As previously reported, tumor biology, reflected by the response to chemoradiotherapy (resection of recurrent cancer and not persistent cancer), was associated with improved survival. 2 After a vigorous multistep analysis that failed to demonstrate a cutoff for optimal lymphadenectomy (number of nodes excised), Wang and colleagues 1 arbitrarily chose to dichotomize this continuous variable. In theensuing multivariable analysis,this ‘‘forced’’variable (15 resected nodes resected) was associated with improved survival. However, was this not using statistical