cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the mechanisms of laser sputtering with Knudsen-layer formation taken into account

Abstract Efforts to establish the mechanisms of laser sputtering have been severely hampered because of a number of inconsistencies. These include time-of-flight (TOF) temperatures which were too high for normally emitted particles, were too low for obliquely emitted particles, and increased with the mass when several species were co-sputtered. At the same time the angular distributions were rarely of the expected form, cos θ , but rather spanned the interval cos 4 θ to cos 10 θ . We argue that the common feature in all cases is the known or suspected occurrence of near-surface gas-phase collisions, also termed Knudsen-layer formation. To this end we establish in the present work analytical solutions for the TOF signals for both a one and two-component system when there are sufficient collisions for a fully developed Knudsen layer, insufficient collisions for adiabatic expansion, and the detector is permitted to be off-axis. The properties of the solutions include (i) a shifting of the TOF spectrum to higher velocities for normal emission and (to a limited extent) to lower velocities for oblique emission, (ii) a temperature which appears to increase with the mass when several species are co-sputtered, as well as (iii) angular distributions similar to cos 4 θ .
Neutral proteases capable of proteoglycan digesting activity in osteoarthritic and normal human articular cartilage

Proteases have been postulated to account for the progressive disappearance of matrix proteoglycans in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. The digestion of endogenous proteoglycans by neutral proteases in human OA cartilage homogenates has been measured and compared with that of normal age-matched controls. Cartilage was obtained from 16 patients at the time of knee arthroplasty and from 7 accident victims. Tissue blocks were cut from the tibial plateau; part was used for histologic grading of the severity of OA and part was homogenized for the quantification of neutral metallo- and serine protease activities, based on the release of digested products from endogenous proteoglycans. Total metalloprotease activity (latent plus active forms) was elevated 3- to 10-fold in all diseased cartilage. This elevation was already significant in mild disease, but was greatest in samples of moderate to severe disease. The active form of the enzyme was highest at the center of erosions and decreased in the margins of the plateau. The digestion of proteoglycans, as distinct from their mere release from the tissue, was demonstrated by chromatography on Sepharose-CL2B and by large pore electrophoresis. Serine protease activity on proteoglycans was much lower than that of metalloprotease. The mean activity was highest in mild disease and declined in the severe disease samples, but the difference between these 2 groups and the controls was not statistically significant. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the neutral metalloproteases of cartilage are involved in the degradation of proteoglycans in osteoarthritis.
RHabdomyosarcoma: Response with chemotherapy prior to radiation in patients with gross residual disease

One hundred and ten Group III patients enrolled in the IRS Study have been reviewed. Of these, 39 are fully and 56 are partially evaluable. Combining the data for both groups, 77/95 (81%) have shown complete or partial response/no measurable disease and this has been maintained in 53/95 (56%). No patient received premature RT for local progression during the time of pre-radiation chemotherapy. However, 15/95 patients have shown local recurrence or direct extension to neighboring tissues; 13/15 could be reviewed. Only 3/13 have recurred at a time related to the delay in starting radiation. Overall survival for Group III patients is 72%-85% (Regimen F and Regimen E respectively).
CO2 solubility and speciation in intermediate (andesitic) melts: the role of H2O and composition

We determined total CO2 solubilities in andesite melts with a range of compositions. Melts were equilibrated with excess C-O(-H) fluid at 1 GPa and 1300°C then quenched to glasses. Samples were analyzed using an electron microprobe for major elements, ion microprobe for C-O-H volatiles, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for molecular H2O, OH−, molecular CO2, and CO32−. CO2 solubility was determined in hydrous andesite glasses and we found that H2O content has a strong influence on C-O speciation and total CO2 solubility. In anhydrous andesite melts with ∼60 wt.% SiO2, total CO2 solubility is ∼0.3 wt.% at 1300°C and 1 GPa and total CO2 solubility increases by about 0.06 wt.% per wt.% of total H2O. As total H2O increases from ∼0 to ∼3.4 wt.%, molecular CO2 decreases (from 0.07 ± 0.01 wt.% to ∼0.01 wt.%) and CO32− increases (from 0.24 ± 0.04 wt.% to 0.57 ± 0.09 wt.%). Molecular CO2 increases as the calculated mole fraction of CO2 in the fluid increases, showing Henrian behavior. In contrast, CO32− decreases as the calculated mole fraction of CO2 in the fluid increases, indicating that CO32− solubility is strongly dependent on the availability of reactive oxygens in the melt. These findings have implications for CO2 degassing. If substantial H2O is present, total CO2 solubility is higher and CO2 will degas at relatively shallow levels compared to a drier melt. Total CO2 solubility was also examined in andesitic glasses with additional Ca, K, or Mg and low H2O contents ( ∼48.3%), and low nonbridging oxygen/tetrahedral oxygen ( ∼0.3), and abundant cations with large Gibbs free energy of decarbonation or high charge-to-radius ratio. In natural silicate melt, the oxygens in the carbonate are likely associated with tetrahedral and network-modifying cations (including Ca, H, or H-bonds) or a combinations of those cations.
Tuberous sclerosis, early onset of seizures, and mental subnormality Study of discordant homozygous twins

In two sets of male homozygous twins with tuberous sclerosis, one twin in each set suffered frequent generalized seizures from early life, and the second either had no seizures or had only short-lived seizures. One twin of each pair is of normal intelligence, and the other is mentally subnormal. We propose that generalized seizures occurring in early life are an important mechanism in an apparently progressive dementing process in some infants and children with tuberous sclerosis. If our assumption is correct, an early attempt to control generalized seizures in these patients is indicated even in the presence of the cortical, subcortical, and subependymal pathologic changes characteristic of cerebral tuberous sclerosis.
Burden Incurred by Patients and Their Caregivers After Outpatient Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction The burden of patients and their caregivers after outpatient surgery has not been fully examined. The number of outpatient surgeries has dramatically increased in the last several years, particularly in the orthopaedic sector. Patients undergoing outpatient orthopaedic procedures may be expected to have more postdischarge pain than those undergoing nonorthopaedic outpatient procedures. In light of this, assessment of patient and caregiver expectations and actual burden after discharge is of importance.
Use of Visual Force Feedback to Improve Digit Force Direction During Pinch Grip in Persons With Stroke: A Pilot Study

Abstract Seo NJ, Fischer HW, Bogey RA, Rymer WZ, Kamper DG. Use of visual force feedback to improve digit force direction during pinch grip in persons with stroke: a pilot study. Objective To investigate whether visual feedback of digit force directions for the index fingertip and thumb tip during repeated practice of grip force production can correct the digit force directions for persons with stroke during grip assessments. Following stroke, the paretic fingers generate digit forces with a higher than normal proportion of shear force to compression force during grip. This misdirected digit force may lead to finger-object slip and failure to stably grasp an object. Design A case series. Setting Laboratory. Participants Persons (N=11) with severe chronic hand impairment after stroke. Interventions Four training sessions during which participants practiced directing the index finger and thumb forces in various target directions during pinch using visual feedback. Main Outcome Measure Digit force direction during pinch and clinical hand function scores were measured before and immediately after the training. Results Study participants were able to redirect the digit force closer to the direction perpendicular to the object surface and increase their hand function scores after training. The mean ratio of the shear force to the normal force decreased from 58% to 41% (SD, 17%), the mean Box and Block Test score increased from 1.4 to 3.4 (SD, 2.0), and the mean Action Research Arm Test score increased from 10.8 to 12.1 (SD, 1.3) ( P Conclusions Repeated practice of pinch with visual feedback of force direction improved grip force control in persons with stroke. Visual feedback of pinch forces may prove valuable as a rehabilitation paradigm for improving hand function.
Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExsA in penetration through corneal epithelium in a novel in vivo model.

Purpose The scarified cornea keratitis model was modified to study Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of healing corneal epithelium. The new model was then used to study the role of ExsA, a transcriptional activator of P. aeruginosa, in bacterial penetration through injured and healing corneal epithelia. Methods Scratch-injured corneas of C57BL/6 mice were allowed to heal for 0, 6, 9, or 12 hours before inoculation with a cytotoxic (6206) or invasive (PAO1) P. aeruginosa strain. Disease progression was monitored for 14 days. The integrity of the healing epithelium was studied in uninfected eyes by fluorescein staining and by histologic examination. In other experiments, the effect of bacterial exsA mutation was studied after 0, 6, or 12 hours of healing. Three hours after infection, these eyes were used to quantify early bacterial colonization levels by viable counts, or they were sectioned to study bacterial penetration through the epithelium by microscopy. Results Corneas remained susceptible to infection 6 but not 12 hours after scratch injury. By 6 hours, the previously exposed stroma was already completely covered by several layers of epithelial cells. Fluorescein staining unexpectedly occurred even after 12 hours of healing time, showing that resistance to infection preceded full restoration of epithelial barrier function. Mutation of exsA reduced both bacterial colonization levels and penetration through the epithelium 3 hours after bacterial inoculation, but only in the 6-hour healing situation, and only for the cytotoxic strain (PA103). Mutation of exsA in the invasive strain (PAO1) had no effect on 3-hour colonization or penetration levels under any circumstances. Conclusions The 6-hour healing infection model showed a role for ExsA in early interactions with the corneal epithelium that was not detectable with the conventional (0-hour) scratch model. Comparison of the 6- and 12-hour healing models, which showed that factors additional to barrier function contribute to defense against infection, could be used to gain new insights into corneal defense mechanisms, and the methods used by bacteria to circumvent them.
The medial patellofemoral ligament revisited: an anatomical study.

The perpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the anatomy of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The anterior and medial aspects of 4 unpreserved and 16 preserved cadaveric human knees were dissected with particular attention being paid to the relationship of the various layers to one another and to the place of the MPFL within these layers. We confirmed that the MPFL is a distinct structure lying within layer II. Its bulk varies considerably between individuals but not from side to side in a given individual. The visualisation, attachments, and gross morphology of the ligament are described. The attachments of the MPFL and the orientation of its fibres suggest that it may have a role in limiting lateral excursion of the parella. The common attachment of the tendon of the vastus medialis muscle and the ligament to the superomedial patella suggests that there may be a dynamic element to such a stabilishing function.
A comparative study of a heat and fluid flow problem using three models of different levels of sophistication

Abstract Three mathematical models of different levels of sophistication have been used to study a practical problem on underground heat and fluid flow, associated with the seasonal storage of hot water in an aquifer. A number of scenarios have been examined using the three models. For the basic problem the three models yield similar results, so use of the simplest is preferred. For several variations on the problem, only the more complicated models are adequate to properly address the problem. In general, the choice of an appropriate model is very problem-specific and requires not only experience with modelling methods, but also an understanding of the physics of the problem.
Interference Filters As Nonlinear Decision-Making Elements For Associative Memories

An associative memory for fingerprint identification has been constructed using a Van der Lugt correlator and an interference filter as a reflective thresholding device.
VARIATION OF CYANOGENESIS IN SOME PLANT SPECIES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES

Abstract The frequency of cyanogenesis of 48 species of vascular plants was examined by testing 30 individuals from five populations of each species for release of cyanide. The rate at which cyanide was released and the amount of cyanide released varied widely among individuals of a population and among populations of a species. For many taxa, the frequency of cyanogenesis was highly variable among populations. Of the species examined, 20 have not been reported previously as being cyanogenic.
High performance computing in chemistry and massively parallel computers: A simple transition?

A review of the various problems facing any software developer targeting massively parallel processing (MPP) systems is presented. Issues specific to computational chemistry application software will also be outlined. Computational chemistry software ported to and designed for the Intel Touchstone Delta Supercomputer will be discussed. Recommendations for future directions will also be made. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Origins of surgery in British Colonial America.

(2003). Origins of Surgery in British Colonial America. Journal of Investigative Surgery: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 3-6.
Opposing roles for D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors in efflux of cyclic AMP from rat neostriatum.

Two types of dopamine receptor whose stimulation affects cellular cyclic AMP have now been identified. In tissues as different as insect ganglia and mammalian neostriatum, stimulation of the dopamine receptor called D-1 increases formation of cyclic AMP1–6, whereas stimulation of the second type of dopamine receptor (D-2)7–11, first identified in the rat pituitary gland, reduces cyclic AMP formation. Recently, a receptor with the pharmacological properties of the D-2 receptor has also been found12–14 in the rat neostriatum; we show here that stimulation of this receptor is followed by a reduction in cyclic AMP formation induced by V stimulation with D-1 agonists.
Treading on Tradition: Approaches to Teaching International Relations to the Nontraditional Undergraduate

Nontraditional undergraduates (NTUs), undergraduates who typically are older than average, work full-time, and/or are entrusted with substantial family responsibilities, pose a special challenge to international relations educators. Severe constraints on time and access to library facilities both impede progress and may give an erroneous impression that NTUs are not as committed to their education as more conventional college undergraduates. The lack of continuity in education that typifies the NTU experience often manifests itself in anxiety, frustration, and gaps in fundamental knowledge. At the same time, the maturity and sophistication that come with life experience often far exceed that of the more conventional college student. Furthermore, typical requirements of international relations and international studies majors, such as second and third language proficiency, internships with international organizations, and overseas study are often not feasible for the working student with family responsibilities. Possibilities for meeting the challenges of teaching NTUs include greater use of open-book examinations, research proposals, case studies, simulations, problem-based learning (PBL), use of the Internet, and the development of short-term intensive overseas study opportunities that accommodate the working student’s schedule.
Uncertainty, risk preference, and new‐venture strategies

Purpose – Conventional wisdom holds that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is large, while uncertainty and risk are virtually interchangeable. Uncertainty and risk are treated as separate constructs and then real‐options thinking and prospect theory are drawn upon to determine how they affect the actions of entrepreneurs and managers. The purpose of this paper is to determine specifically, how the above constructs interact to affect the strategies entrepreneurs and managers are likely to adopt when undertaking new ventures.Design/methodology/approach – The research uses deductive theorizing to build a theoretical model.Findings – Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is concluded that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is less than believed, while the effect of the difference between uncertainty and risk is larger. It is determined that entrepreneurs and managers use similar strategies when faced with similar conditions of uncertainty and when they have similar risk preference...
Preliminary results from the soil moisture active/passive (SMAP) radiometer digital electronics engineering test unit (ETU)

SMAP is one of four Tier-1 missions recommended by the National Research Council's Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space [1]. The mission consists of a spacecraft with two instruments: an active L-band 1.26 GHz synthetic aperture radar and a passive L-band radiometer that operates in the 1.400 to 1.427 GHz microwave band. The goal of the mission is to use data derived from both instruments to construct high-resolution, high-accuracy global maps of soil moisture and freeze/thaw states over a 3 year mission duration. The SMAP radiometer has an entirely digital back-end processor that builds upon the findings by Misra et. al. [2], [3] for its digital signal processing (DSP) and radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation. The implementation of this radiometer is currently under way and the mission is scheduled to launch in 2015. This paper summarizes the design and performance results of the RDE engineering test unit (ETU).
Transcranial Doppler screening in sickle cell disease: The implications of using peak systolic criteria

Transcranial Doppler screening in sickle cell disease: The implications of using peak systolic criteria
Identifying RFID-embedded objects in pervasive healthcare applications

The organization and delivery of pervasive healthcare have benefited much from advances in wireless systems. While wireless systems and their components have certainly enhanced the quality of pervasive healthcare administered in remote locations, their potential in other areas of healthcare cannot be underestimated. We consider Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, which are increasingly being used in pervasive healthcare applications. Specifically, we study the dynamics of locating and identifying the presence of a tag in such systems. Although a tag may be present, it may not necessarily be visible to the tag reader due to various constraints or reasons. We propose and illustrate several algorithms for locating the presence of RFID tagged objects in the field of the reader and study their dynamics as well as their strengths and benefits. Our results indicate that the location accuracy of RFID tag readers can be improved through appropriate data collection as well as algorithms used for data inference.
Electron microscopy of the developing cartilagenous epiphysis.

Abstract Thin sections of developing cartilagenous epiphyses of phalangeal bones from mice have been observed under the electron microscope. The first degenerative changes in the chondrocytes seem to occur as dispersion and destruction of the cytoplasmic organelles. The fibrils in the cartilage matrix do not appear in definite bundles but are arranged in a fine network. Although fibril cross-banding is difficult to observe, clear 220 A striations are occasionally found. The mineralized cartilage matrix contains an unknown amorphous or finely granular substance in addition to the fibrillar component. In the later stages of the mineralization, the calcified areas arc delimited by a dense line.
Analysis of dose conformity and normal-tissue sparing using two different IMRT prescription methodologies for irregularly shaped CNS lesions irradiated with the Beak and 1-cm MIMiC collimators.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether intensity modulated sequential tomotherapy using the NOMOS Beak provides superior dose conformity and organ sparing to the MIMiC “1-cm” mode, and if so, to identify a subset of patients most likely to benefit from Beak intensity modulated sequential tomotherapy. Methods and materials Twelve patients with irregularly shaped central nervous system tumors were selected for intensity modulated radiation therapy planning. Two treatment plans, one using the Beak collimator and the other using the 1-cm MIMiC collimator, were generated for each patient with identical anatomic contouring, prescriptions, and optimization algorithms. The Beak attaches to the MIMiC collimator and truncates the 1-cm MIMiC mode beamlet size from 1.00 × 0.85 cm 2 to 1.00 × 0.39 cm 2 at isocenter. Conformity indexes were calculated for each lesion using two different prescription methodologies, and mean doses to critical structures were recorded. Results For the first prescription methodology using uniform prescribed isodose, mean conformity index was 2.19 (range, 1.33–3.90) for the Beak compared to 2.67 (range, 1.64–4.75) for the 1-cm mode ( p = 0.0003). Mean doses to the brainstem, right orbit, and left optic nerve were significantly lower with the Beak than with the 1-cm mode ( p = 0.0150, 0.0068, and 0.0284, respectively). For the second prescription methodology using uniform target volume coverage prescription, mean conformity index was 2.04 (range, 1.56–2.70) for the Beak compared to 2.73 (range, 1.70–8.58) for the 1-cm mode ( p = 0.07). Mean doses to the brain, brainstem, optic chiasm, right optic nerve, left optic nerve, and left orbit were significantly lower with the Beak than with the 1-cm mode ( p = Conclusion Beak intensity modulated sequential tomotherapy is superior to the 1-cm MIMiC mode for irregularly shaped central nervous system tumors, because it provides better conformity and critical organ sparing. These differences may allow for safer dose escalation and retreatment, so the method presents an alternative to gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.
An Implementer's View of PHIGS

The Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) specifies an interface for programming device-independent computer graphics applications. After a brief review of PHIGS concepts, an experimental environment used to study and evaluate the proposed standard is presented. The basic structure and distribution of function in this PHIGS implementation is discussed. We describe the architecture of a device-independent environment designed to realize the performance essential to the adequate functioning of a PHIGS implementation. The results presented emphasize the PHIGS output model. Full utilization of workstation processing capabilities, minimization of host/workstation interaction and efficient data management are key to our implementation.
MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 do not alter GABA binding on the GABAA receptor

Abstract The endogenous brain peptides MTF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 have been reported to alter binding at several sites on the GABAA receptor. To determine whether these peptides affect binding at the GABA site, we assessed effects of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 on [3H]SR 95531 binding in mouse cortical synaptosomal membranes. Neither peptide altered [3H]SR 95531 binding across a wide range of concentrations (10−12−10−6 M). Scatchard analysis indicated no change in either apparent affinity or receptor density at both the high-affinity and low-affinity GABA sites with MIF-1 or Tyr-MIF-1, 10−9 M. Thus, MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 do not affect binding at the GABA site on the GABAA receptor.
Developing a Culturally Appropriate Depression Prevention Program: Opportunities and Challenges.

Abstract This paper describes the experiences of the first author and his colleagues in the development and implementation of a depression prevention program that specifically targets Latina mothers. Building on the earlier papers that highlight the underutilization of mental health services by Latinos in general, this paper will make the case that the situation is particularly concerning with regards to depression. In addition to the fact that depression is a highly prevalent disorder among Latino adults, the potential consequences for children of parents with depression are significant. Thus, the underutilization of formal mental health services by Latinos makes depression a critical public health problem that calls for creative solutions. One possible solution is the careful development and implementation of prevention programs. Depression prevention programs have some advantages over formal mental health treatment in that they can be offered at a relatively low cost, can be packaged in ways that make them less stigmatizing, and if effective, can reduce the incidence of cases that develop into clinical depression. This paper will describe the process of developing a novel depression prevention program, with a particular focus on the attention paid to cultural sensitivity. We describe the complexity inherent in defining cultural sensitivity and illustrate in concrete ways its implementation in the development and evaluation of the prevention program. In addition, we explore some of the challenges that emerge when attempting to balance the creation of a program that is culturally sensitive with the demands of rigorous quantitative evaluation.
Step width variability, but not step length variability or step time variability, discriminates gait of healthy young and older adults during treadmill locomotion

The variability of spatial and temporal step kinematics have separately been shown to prospectively predict falls by older adults. However, the published literature has not addressed the relative importance of the information related to locomotion control contributed by variability of spatial variables, temporal variables, or both. We conducted a post hoc analysis to determine the extent to which the variability of spatial and temporal step kinematics are independent descriptors of locomotion control in healthy young and older adults. A second purpose of the analysis was to establish the extent to which treadmill walking mimics overground walking using a benchmark for step kinematics. Eighteen young adults and 12 older adults walked at a self-selected velocity on an instrumented treadmill from which step length variability, step width variability and step time variability were computed. Stepwise discriminant analysis correctly classified group membership of 70 percent of the 30 subjects (i.e., young or older adult) using only step width variability (p=0.037, Wilk's lamda=0.854). Step width variability was 70+/-57 percent larger than step length variability (p<0.001). This relationship was similar to that of the benchmark established for overground locomotion. The results suggest that for healthy younger and older adults step width variability is a more meaningful descriptor of locomotion control than step length variability and step time variability. Given the potential clinical impact, further systematic study and improvement of the methods and technology for acquiring step kinematic data are warranted.
Gene assignment of α-fucosidase and glucose dehydrogenase to the p21→pter region of chromosome 1 in man

Assignment of human genes coding for α-fucosidase (αFUC) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to chromosome 1 has been confirmed and a location in the p21→pter region demonstrated using man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The regional location af αFUC andGDH was established in cell hybrids using human cells possessing 1/2 translocation chromosomes [46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q37)]. Hybrids which retained the 2q+ chromosome carrying the 1p21→1pter region concordantly expressed αFUC, GDH, and the short-arm markers ENO1, AK2, and PGM1. Hybrids which retained the 1p21→1qter region only expressed human PEPC and FH. Data obtained from hybrids in which spontaneous breaks in chromosome 1 had occurred indicate that the gene order in 1p21ar1pter is (ENO1,GDH)-αFUC-AK2-PGM1.
Lower bounds to eigenvalues of piecewise continuous elastic systems

The method of truncation introduced by Bazley and Fox has been extended to include situations where it is desirable to model mechanical systems as having discontinuities in either geometrical and/or material properties. The results are then applied to typical problems in the areas of stability and vibrations. Numerical results are presented.
Errors caused by Partial Drying of Hardened Portland Cement during Testing

IT is known that incorrect estimates of the modulus of rupture and tensile strength may be obtained if Portland cement mortar or concrete specimens awaiting test are allowed to dry partially. Strength changes have also been observed when pozzolana-lime cement specimens begin to dry out1, and, similarly, it has been demonstrated2 that temporary reductions can develop in the modulus of rupture of road-making concretes, over a period of days, if the hardened mass is subjected to drying conditions.
Patterns of lung volume use during an extemporaneous speech task in persons with Parkinson disease.

Abstract This study examined patterns of lung volume use in speakers with Parkinson disease (PD) during an extemporaneous speaking task. The performance of a control group was also examined. Behaviors described are based on acoustic, kinematic and linguistic measures. Group differences were found in breath group duration, lung volume initiation, and lung volume termination measures. Speakers in the control group alternated between a longer and shorter breath groups. With starting lung volumes being higher for the longer breath groups and lower for shorter breath groups. Speech production was terminated before reaching tidal end expiratory level. This pattern was also seen in 4 of 7 speakers with PD. The remaining 3 PD speakers initiated speech at low starting lung volumes and continued speaking below EEL. This subgroup of PD speakers ended breath groups at agrammatical boundaries, whereas control speakers ended at appropriate grammatical boundaries. Learning outcomes: As a result of participating in this exercise, the reader will (1) be able to describe the patterns of lung volume use in speakers with Parkinson disease and compare them with those employed by control speakers; and (2) obtain information about the influence of speaking task on speech breathing.
USGS ADVANCES IN INTEGRATED, HIGH-RESOLUTION SEA-FLOOR MAPPING: INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF TO ESTUARIES

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been involved in geological mapping of the sea floor for the past thirty years. Early geophysical and acoustic mapping efforts using GLORIA (Geologic LOng Range Inclined ASDIC) a long-range sidescan-sonar system, provided broad-scale imagery of deep waters within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In the early 1990's, research emphasis shifted from deep- to shallow-water environments to address pertinent coastal research and resource management issues. Use of shallow-water, high-resolution geophysical systems has enhanced our understanding of the processes shaping shallow marine environments. However, research within these shallow-water environments continues to present technological challenges.
COURTSHIP STIMULATES AROMATASE ACTIVITY IN PREOPTIC AREA OF BRAIN IN MALE RING DOVES

Aromatase activity was quantified in vitro in different regions of the basal forebrain of male ring doves at various times after the initiation of courtship. By 24 h after the introduction of a female dove into the cage of a male, there was a significant, nearly two-fold, increase in aromatase activity which was confined to the ventromedial preoptic area (VM-POA) where enzyme activity was concentrated. This increase in aromatase activity, which was sustained through day 5 of courtship, presumably serves to activate nest-oriented behavior.
The relation of socioeconomic factors to age-related cataract, maculopathy, and impaired vision. The Beaver Dam Eye Study.

Purpose: To investigate the relations between socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of age-related cataract, maculopathy, and visual impairment. Methods: A population-based sample of 4926 people 43 to 86 years of age was examined from 1988 to 1990. Education, income, employment status, marital status, nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract, age-related maculopathy, and impaired vision were all ascertained using standard protocols. Results: While controlling for age, sex, diabetes status, multivitamin use, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking, less education was significantly associated with nuclear and cortical cataract, and lower income was significantly associated with cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract and impaired vision. There was a "U-shaped" relation between income and cataract surgery. Neither income nor education was related to age-related maculopathy. There was no relation of marital status to cataract status or age-related maculopathy. Conclusion: These data suggest that education and income are associated with cataract, cataract surgery, and impaired vision. These relations were not explained by other risk factors measured in the study.
Relation between Free Volume and the Low-Temperature “Beta” Transition in Glassy Polycarbonate

The addition of plasticizer or antiplasticizer to polycarbonate has been reported to cause specific volume decreases. Also antiplasticizer has been reported to suppress the “beta” transition in polycarbonate. In order to study the relation between free volume and the beta molecular motion as well as the effect of these variables on mechanical properties we have examined polycarbonate films containing various amounts of plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate) or antiplasticizer (Arochlor 5442). Specific volume, dynamic mechanical, and tensile measurements were obtained. Results showed that 10-% dibutyl phthalate and 30-% Arochlor 5442 suppress almost completely the low-temperature “beta” transition with a corresponding fractional volume loss of 0.015 at 25°C for both mixtures. Tensile measurements indicate 10-% dibutyl phthalate increases tesile yield strength whereas 30-% Arochlor 5442 increases both modulus and yield strength. Results are discussed in terms of current free volume concepts.
A sequence upstream of the mouse blue visual pigment gene directs blue cone-specific transgene expression in mouse retinas.

A 6.4–kb sequence upstream of the mouse blue visual pigment gene has been assayed in transgenic mice for the ability to direct cell-type-specific expression of a linked β-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter. The construct is expressed specifically in cone photoreceptors in three independent lines. Transgene expression is found in the developing retina on the first postnatal day, increases rapidly in subsequent days, and persists through adulthood. A gradient of transgene expression is observed across the retina, with the transgene-expressing cones found almost exclusively in the lower retina and rarely in the upper retina, a pattern that parallels the distribution of blue cones in the mouse retina. Double-labeling with anti-cone pigment antibodies shows that transgene expression is confined to blue cones. These results imply that all of the sequence elements necessary for the control of blue cone-specific expression are encoded within the 6.4–kb DNA fragment tested.
Spatial potential and current distributions along transvenous defibrillation electrodes: Variation of electrode characteristics

The therapeutic efficacy of an endocardial defibrillation lead system can be improved by controlling the profile of current delivery through a suitable choice of electrode characteristics, which include the length, radius, number of conductor elements, electrode resistance, and point of connection to the voltage source. Such control will minimize tissue and lead damage during long-term use. In this study, a semianalytical model was developed to study cylindrical electrodes of different constructions in an idealized electrolytic medium. Simulations were performed to investigate the effects of varying the electrode characteristics on the spatial voltage and current distributions and interelectrode resistance for cylindrical electrodes of different constructions. The results show that, for transvenous electrodes of realistic dimensions, the current distributions are determined largely by edge effects. The edge effects increase as the aspect ratio of the electrode (length/radius) decrease. The multiple edges resulting from wrapping conductor elements over a non-conducting base are found to increase the nonuniformity and the current density over the conductor-covered surface. The model is used to demonstratetwo techniques of controlling the current distribution. The first method involve modifying the electrode resistivity profile and point of connection. In the second approach, the electrode surface is covered with a thin film having a model-computed resistance profile. By using either methods to produced isocurrent electrodes, the interelectrode resistance is found to increase.
Documentation as Evaluation: Capturing Context, Process, Obstacles, and Success:

Summary The purpose of this article was to explain how documentation can be applied as an evaluation method by education researchers and evaluators studying the implementation of program innovations. Although the methods employed in documenting programs are quite similar to typical evaluation methods, the goals are distinguished primarily by (1) an emphasis on the information needs of program implementers as well as policymakers and funders and (2) the use of a variety of data collection mechanisms to capture context, processes, obstacles, and successes of individual program components that are considered to be critical in the implementation process. Experience in documenting a number of recent large-scale innovations provides evidence that documentation is a viable and potentially potent form of evaluation, for both midcourse corrections and the overall improvements of program innovation in an educational system.
Bis(phthalocyaninato)gadolinium(III) hexacyanobutadienide(1-), [GdPc2]+[C4(CN)6]-. An electron transfer salt with four paramagnetic sites.

The reaction of GdPc2 and the strong electron acceptor C4(CN)6 forms [GdPc2][C4(CN)6], which is formulated as [GdIII(Pc•-)2]+[C4(CN)6]•- with four paramagnetic centers.
Some prospects of future ultra-high energy cosmic ray experiments☆

Abstract We discuss the prospects of next generation ultra-high energy cosmic ray detectors to gain information both on the sources and on large-scale magnetic fields from the distribution in arrival times, directions, and energies of charged ultra-high energy cosmic rays from discrete sources.
Effective Thermal Conductivity of Functionally Graded Particulate Nanocomposites With Interfacial Thermal Resistance

By means of a fundamental solution for a single inhomogeneity embedded in a functionally graded material matrix, a self-consistent model is proposed to investigate the effective thermal conductivity distribution in a functionally graded particulate nanocomposite. The "Kapitza thermal resistance " along the interface between a particle and the matrix is simulated with a perfect interface but a lower thermal conductivity of the particle. The results indicate that the effective thermal conductivity distribution greatly depends on Kapitza thermal resistance, particle size, and degree of material gradient.
Pregnancy-associated violent deaths: the role of intimate partner violence

This literature review examines intimate partner violence in relation to pregnancy-associated femicide and suicide. Empirical publications were eligible for review if they included information on intimate partner violence and examined females who were pregnant/postpartum and who were victims of femicide/attempted femicide and/or suicide/attempted suicide. Nine publications met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results suggest that intimate partners perpetrate one- to two-thirds of the pregnancy-associated femicides in the United States and that pregnant women make up 5% of urban intimate partner femicides. Intimate partner abuse during pregnancy appears to be a risk factor for severe intimate partner violence, including attempted/completed femicide. So little information exists concerning intimate partner violence in pregnancy-associated suicides that it is impossible to draw conclusions regarding this topic; however, a hospital-based study suggests that intimate partner violence may be a risk factor for attempting suicide while pregnant. More research is needed concerning intimate partner pregnancy-associated femicide and suicide so that evidenced-based preventive/therapeutic interventions may be developed.
RESOLUTION OF THE $pi$N HELICITY-CONSERVATION QUESTION FROM POLARIZATION DATA ALONE.

We make a definitive test which distinguishes $s\ensuremath{-}$ from $t$-channel helicity conservation in $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering. A quantitative measure of the ${I}_{t}=0$ helicity-flip amplitude is proposed and evaluated using only polarization data. The violation of $s$-channel helicity conservation is found to die away with a ${({P}_{\mathrm{lab}})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ energy dependence in the range 2 to 11 GeV.
Catastrophic facet and bulk degradation in high power multi-mode InGaAs strained quantum well single emitters

Extensive investigations by a number of groups have identified catastrophic sudden degradation as the main failure mode in both single-mode and multi-mode InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers. Significant progress made in performance characteristics of broad-area InGaAs strained QW single emitters in recent years has led to an optical output power of over 20W and a power conversion efficiency of over 70% under CW operation. However, unlike 980nm single-mode lasers that have shown high reliability operation under a high optical power density of ~50MW/cm2, broad-area lasers have not achieved the same level of reliability even under a much lower optical power density of ~5MW/cm2. This paper investigates possible mechanisms that prevent broad-area lasers from achieving high reliability operation by performing accelerated lifetests of these devices and in-depth failure mode analyses of degraded devices with various destructive and non-destructive techniques including EBIC, FIB, and HR-TEM techniques. The diode lasers that we have investigated are commercial MOCVD-grown broad-area strained InGaAs single QW lasers at ~975nm. Both passivated and unpassivated broad-area lasers were studied that yielded catastrophic failures at the front facet and also in the bulk. To investigate the role that generation and propagation of defects plays in degradation processes via recombination enhanced defect reaction (REDR), EBIC was employed to study dark line defects in degraded lasers, failed under different stress conditions, and the correlation between DLDs and stress levels is reported. FIB was then employed to prepare TEM samples from the DLD areas for cross-sectional HR-TEM analysis.
Spatial Mapping of the Dirac Point in Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene

We have mapped the Dirac point in exfoliated monolayer and bilayer graphene using spatially resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements at low temperature. The Dirac-point shifts in energy at different locations in graphene. However, a cross correlation with the topography shows no correlation indicating that topographic features, such as ripples are not the primary source of the variation. Rather, we attribute the shift of the Dirac point to random charged impurities located near the graphene. Our findings emphasize the need to advance exfoliated graphene sample preparation to minimize the effect of impurities.
First Flush Concepts for Suspended and Dissolved Solids in Small Impervious Watersheds

Eight rainfall-runoff events were examined from each of two small paved urban transportation land use watersheds (A=544 m² and 300 m²) in an attempt to distill multiple definitions of the first flush phenomenon into a consistent framework and examine common volumetric capture requirements. Results indicated that two separate criteria must be employed to describe the delivery of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) as aggregate indices of entrained particulate and dissolved matter. The concentration-based first flush criterion is defined by high initial SSC or TDS concentration in the early portion of a rainfall-runoff event with a subsequent rapid concentration decline. In contrast, the mass-based first flush (MBFF) has several published forms, shown to be equivalent herein. The MBFF is defined generally as a disproportionately high mass delivery in relation to corresponding flow volume. For mass-limited events, mass delivery was skewed towards the initial portion of the event while the mass delivery in flow limited events tended to follow the hydrograph. This study also investigated published estimates of the water quality volume (WQV); assuming that an in-situ Control Strategy or Best Management Practice (BMP) captures and treats only this WQV, while flows in excess of this volume bypass the BMP. For the two watersheds, results indicate that a relatively large runoff volume must be captured to effect meaningful reductions in mass and concentrations (as event mean concentrations) despite a disproportionately high mass delivery early in the event. Results suggest the potential for misinterpretation of overall BMP effectiveness may be significant based on use of a number of these common published estimates based on a WQV.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against human myoglobin: Characterization and application in a bideterminant radioimmunoassay

Monoclonal hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies directed against human myoglobin were selected. Two of these cell lines were grown in mouse ascitic fluid resulting in the production of large quantities of antibody. Antimyoglobin antibodies isolated from the ascitic fluids were employed in the development of the sensitive solid-phase, bideterminant radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin that uniquely recognizes two different epitopes on the same molecule.
The potential for selective pharmacological therapies through biased receptor signaling

The discovery that not all agonists uniformly activate cellular signaling pathways (biased signaling) has greatly changed the drug discovery process for agonists and the strategy for treatment of disease with agonists. Technological advances have enabled complex receptor behaviors to be viewed independently and through these assays, the bias for an agonist can be quantified. It is predicted that therapeutic phenotypes will be linked, through translational studies, to quantified scales of bias to guide medicinal chemists in the drug discovery process.