cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamaterial Sensor Design With Split Ring Resonators

The resonant characteristics of a double gap split ring resonator-based metamaterial have been analyzed. The structure of a split ring resonator consists of double gaps with a circular shape having diameter ranging from 50μm to 6mm which can be used as a biosensor from GHz to THz range. The simulation has been done using 3D FEM based EM simulator for various cases including substrates with different thickness, permittivity and ring radius. Unit cell with equivalent circuit model is developed for implementation in periodic structures. The simulation results are compared with analytical results for verification. The prototypes have then been manufactured and the structure is tested from 1GHz to 6GHz. It has been shown that the simulated, analytical, and measurement results are all in good agreement. The proposed method in this paper can be used to design filters, antennas, tuning elements, and biosensors.
Chronic Hepatitis C

Chronic hepatitis C (C-HCV) is caused by an RNA virus, genotype 1a being the most common in the United States. The infection is transmitted by parenteral exposure to contaminated blood products, body fluids, and supplies used in procedures. It becomes chronic in 80% of the patients. The prevalence of C-HCV is higher in patients with psychiatric comorbidities than in the general population. The liver profile in C-HCV is typically characterized by increased serum activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, but it can be normal. Interface hepatitis, bile duct lesions, and fibrosis are histological features. C-HCV can progress to cirrhosis.
Science and Ethics

In Science and Ethics, Bernard Rollin examines the ideology that denies the relevance of ethics to science. Providing an introduction to basic ethical concepts, he discusses a variety of ethical issues that are relevant to science and how they are ignored, to the detriment of both science and society. These include research on human subjects, animal research, genetic engineering, biotechnology, cloning, xenotransplantation, and stem cell research. Rollin also explores the ideological agnosticism that scientists have displayed regarding subjective experience in humans and animals, and its pernicious effect on pain management. Finally, he articulates the implications of the ideological denial of ethics for the practice of science itself in terms of fraud, plagiarism, and data falsification. In engaging prose and with philosophical sophistication, Rollin cogently argues in favor of making education in ethics part and parcel of scientific training.
Epistemicism, Parasites, and Vague Names

John Burgess has recently argued that Timothy Williamson's attempts to avoid the objection that his theory of vagueness is based on an untenable metaphysics of content are unsuccessful. Burgess's arguments are important, and largely correct, but there is a mistake in the discussion of one of the key examples. In this note I provide some alternative examples and use them to repair the mistaken section of the argument.
Universality of Plasmon Excitations in Dirac Semimetals

We investigate the properties of the collective plasmon excitations in Dirac semimetals by using the methods of relativistic field theory. We find a strong and narrow plasmon excitation whose frequency is in the terahertz (THz) range which may be important for practical applications. The properties of the plasmon appear universal for all Dirac semimetals, due to the large degeneracy of the quasiparticles and the small Fermi velocity, v_{F}≪c. This universality is closely analogous to the phenomenon of "dimensional transmutation" that is responsible for the emergence of dimensionful scales in relativistic field theories such as quantum chromodynamics.
Suppression of autolysis and cell wall turnover in heterogeneous Tn551 mutants of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain.

Isogenic Tn551 mutants of a highly and uniformly methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for their rates of autolysis and cell wall degradation in buffer and for cell wall turnover during growth. The normal (relatively fast) autolysis and turnover rates of the parent strain were retained in a Tn551 mutant in which the insert was located within the mec gene and which produced undetectable levels of penicillin-binding protein 2A. On the other hand, autolysis and cell wall turnover rates were greatly reduced in auxiliary mutants, i.e., mutants in which the transposon caused conversion of the high-level and uniform resistance of the parent strain to a variety of distinct heterogeneous expression types and greatly decreased resistance levels. All of these mutants contained an intact mec gene and produced normal amounts of penicillin-binding protein 2A, and one of the mutations was located in the femA region of the staphylococcal chromosome (B. Berger-Bachi, L. Barberis-Maino, A. Strassle, and F. H. Kayser, Mol. Gen. Genet. 219:263-269, 1989). Autolysis rates were related to the degree of residual methicillin resistance and to the sites of Tn551 insertion. Fast cell wall turnover may help expression of high-level methicillin resistance by providing a mechanism for the excision of abnormal (and potentially lethal) structural elements of the cell wall synthesized by the bacteria in the presence of methicillin.
Global e-commerce : impacts of national environment and policy

Preface 1. Globalization and national diversity: e-commerce diffusion and impacts across nations Kenneth L. Kraemer, Jason Dedrick and Nigel Melville 2. The United States: adaptive integration versus the Silicon Valley Model Jason Dedrick, Kenneth L. Kraemer, John L. King and Kalle Lyytinen 3. France: an alternative path to internet-based e-commerce Eric Brousseau and Bruno Chaves 4. Germany: a 'fast follower' of e-commerce technologies and practices Wolfgang Konig, Rolf Wigand and Roman Beck 5. Japan: local innovation and diversity in e-commerce Dennis Tachiki, Satoshi Hamaya and Kou Yukawa 6. China: overcoming institutional barriers to e-commerce Zixiang (Alex) Tan and Ouyang Wu 7. Taiwan: diffusion and impacts of the internet and e-commerce in a hybrid economy Tain-Jy Chen 8. Brazil: e-commerce shaped by local forces Paulo Bastos Tigre 9. Mexico: global engagement driving e-commerce adoption and impacts Juan J. Palacios 10. Global diffusion and convergence of e-commerce: cross-country analyses Kevin Zhu, Sean Xu, Kenneth L. Kraemer and Jason Dedrick Appendix I. Data collection and survey instrument Appendix II. GEC survey measures by industry sector and firm size Appendix III. GEC survey measures by country Index.
Cloud-Based DSS and Availability Context: The Probability of Successful Decision Outcomes

In an age of cloud computing, mobile users, and wireless networks, the availability of decision support related computing resources can no longer guarantee five-nines (99.999%) availability but the dependence on decision support systems is ever increasing. If not already, the likelihood of obtaining accurate deterministic advice from these systems will become critical information. This study proposes a probabilistic model that maps decision resource availability to correct decision outcomes. Grounded in system reliability theory, the probability functions are given and developed. The model is evaluated with a simulated decision opportunity and the outcome of the experimentation is quantified using a goodness of fit measure and ANOVA testing.
An efficient algorithm for frame-based signal processing

In this paper we study the optimal sparse approximation to signals in the scenario of denoising using frames. We show that it produces the best denoising performance in terms of SNR values. Then we assume that the frame is the union of a collection of orthogonal bases and formulate a general modeling framework that unifies and extends several state-of-the-art statistical signal processing methodologies, including translation-invariant wavelet methods. At the heart of this framework is a novel signal model that combines/fuses several basis systems into a single observed signal representation through a pixel-wise model selection criterion, and derives a MAP estimator for each pixel. This framework overcomes several limitations of existing basis selection methods.
A Profile of Americans’ Media Use and Political Socialization Effects: Television and the Internet's Relationship to Social Connectedness in the USA

This research project traces the media use habits of children and adults. Over time, television consumption is increasing even though computer and Internet activities are also rapidly increasing. The American people are consuming greater amounts of electronic media while traditional newspaper use is declining. It appears that people are not connecting face to face as much as in the past and live more and more in the individualized world of media. Furthermore, a digital divide based on socio-economic status and race is evident. Blacks use television more than Whites and Hispanics and African Americans and Hispanics use the computer less than Whites. Both of the developments of increased media use and the digital divide do not bode well for (1) building the social capital of connectedness, and (2) widening access to political information which fuels democracy. The political socialization process and hence American political culture are developing new patterns which should be carefully monitored in the future.
The metabolism of New Guinean pteropodid bats.

Rate of metabolism and body temperature were measured in eight species of pteropodid bats that live in Papua New Guinea. These data and those from 13 other species available in the literature are examined to determine the factors with which the energetics of pteropodids are correlated. Lowland populations of species that weigh <35 g generally have low basal rates and often become torpid, whereas their highland populations had standard or high basal rates and were precise thermoregulators, as were all adult pteropodids that weighed more than 60 g. In large pteropodids belonging to the genera Dobsonia and Pteropus, females are smaller and consequently have lower total basal rates than males. Compared to species found on continents and large islands, species limited in distribution to small islands have lower basal rates, both because of a smaller mass and a reduction of metabolism independent of body mass. These trends are most marked in females that belong to small-island species, adjustments that may facilitate reproduction and survival on small oceanic islands with a limited resource base. Minimal thermal conductances are usually low in species that roost exposed in trees, whereas large species that roost in caves have either standard or high conductances.
Tensor lagrangians and generalized conservation laws for free fields

The existence of tensor Lagrangians for noninteracting massless fields of arbitrary spin is demonstrated. In particular, for spin one, the Euler-Lagrange equations for a vector Lagrangian are equivalent to Maxwell’s equations. Conserved quantities are derived in the usual fashion from these generalized Lagrangians by means of Noether’s theorem. A tensor Lagrangian and corresponding conserved quantities are also exhibited for the Dirac field with nonzero mass. A very natural quantization assumption which applies to all massless fields is made, and the physical interpretation of the generalized conserved quantities in terms of number operators is given.
Risk-based verification, validation, and accreditation process

This paper presents a risk-based Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) process for Models and Simulations (M&S). Recently, the emphasis on M&S used to support Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition has been based on the level of resources allocated to establishing the credibility of the M&S on the risks associated with the decision being supported by the M&S. In addition, DoD VV&A regulations recommend tailoring the V&V process to allow efficient use of resources. However, one problem is that no methodology is specified for such tailoring processes. The BMV&V has developed a risk-based process that implements tailoring of the VV&A activities based on risk. Our process incorporates MIL-STD 3022 for new M&S. For legacy M&S, the process starts by first assessing the current risk level of the M&S based on the credibility attributes of the M&S as defined through its Capability, Accuracy and Usability, relative to the articulated Intended Use Statement (IUS). If the risk is low, the M&S is credible for application, and no further V&V is required. If the risk is medium or high, the Accreditation Authority determines whether the M&S can be accepted as-is or if the risk should be mitigated. If the Accreditation Authority is willing to accept the risks, then a Conditional Accreditation is made. If the risks associated with using the M&S as-is are deemed too high to accept, then a Risk Mitigation/Accreditation Plan is developed to guide the process. The implementation of such a risk mitigation plan is finally documented through an Accreditation Support Package.
SOME NEW AND OLD ASYMPTOTIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE JOST SOLUTION AND THE WEYL m -FUNCTION FOR SCHRÖDINGER OPERATORS ON THE LINE

For the general one-dimensional Schrodinger operator − d 2 / dx 2 + q ( x ) with real q ∈ L 1 (ℝ), this paper presents a new series representation of the Jost solution which, in turn, implies a new asymptotic representation of the Weyl m -function for locally summable q . This representation is then applied to smooth potentials q to obtain Weyl m -function power asymptotics. The condition q ( N ) ∈ L 1 ( x 0 , x 0 +δ), for N ∈ ℕ 0 , allows one to derive the ( N +1) term for almost all x ∈ [ x 0 , x 0 +δ), thereby refining a relevant result by Danielyan, Levitan and Simon.
Evidence that the plasma sheet is the source of auroral electrons

High resolution electron and proton energy measurements by sounding rockets indicating plasma sheet as source of energetic auroral electrons
Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and History of Cervical Cancer among a US National Population

The metabolic changes present in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been associated with increased risk of pancreatic and colon cancers; however, there is little information about the association between MetS and cervical cancer risk. We performed a case-control study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999–2010. We identified women 21 years of age and older, of which an estimated 585,924 (2.3% of the sample) self-reported a history of cervical cancer (cases). About half (48.6%) of cases and 33.2% of controls met criteria for MetS. Logistic regression analysis showed increased odds of history of cervical cancer among women with MetS (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.06, 3.42; P value ≤ 0.05) for the risk of history of cervical cancer among women with MetS while adjusting for other known risk factors (high number of lifetime sexual partners, multiparty, history of hormonal contraceptive use, and history of smoking) (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.02, 3.26; P value ≤ 0.05). In this US surveyed population we found increased odds of history of cervical cancer among subjects with MetS.
Robustness of mobile ad hoc networks under centrality-based attacks

In order to understand the role of critical nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), dynamic topologies are modelled as time-varying graphs and network topologies within a certain time window are aggregated as a weighted static graph. Critical node behaviour has been previously studied by evaluating how end-to-end throughput is impacted by the removal of high centrality nodes. However, different routing and transport protocols used between physical and application layers can also affect end-to-end network performance. In this paper, instead of analysing networks that span multiple layers, we focus on the routing-topology level based on synthetic mobility traces. We examine how attacks based on different centrality metrics impact robustness, connectivity, and stability of the mobile networks with different parameters. Our results demonstrate that the betweenness centrality is a relatively accurate centrality metric to indicate node significance in a well-connected multihop ad hoc network.
Vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants for 1 3A' HNC and 1 3A' HOC+ from high-accuracy quartic force fields.

The spectroscopic constants and vibrational frequencies for the 1(sup 3)A' states of HNC, DNC, HOC+, and DOC+ are computed and discussed in this work. The reliable CcCR quartic force field based on high-level coupled cluster ab initio quantum chemical computations is exclusively utilized to provide the anharmonic potential. Then, second order vibrational perturbation theory and vibrational configuration interaction methods are employed to treat the nuclear Schroedinger equation. Second-order perturbation theory is also employed to provide spectroscopic data for all molecules examined. The relationship between these molecules and the corresponding 1(sup 3)A' HCN and HCO+ isomers is further developed here. These data are applicable to laboratory studies involving formation of HNC and HOC+ as well as astronomical observations of chemically active astrophysical environments.
Effects of the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 on FcγRIIa signaling and neutrophil function

Abstract Objective Neutrophil receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγR) trigger immune responses following cross-linking by IgG-coated foreign particles or immune complexes. Membrane-associated CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase termed leukocyte common antigen, has been shown to be essential for antigen receptor kinase mediated signaling in lymphocytes, and we hypothesized that CD45 may play a similar role in FcγR-mediated signaling and immune function in human neutrophils. Methods The experimental approach was that of cell surface molecule ligation via cross-linking with specific antibodies. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was assessed using a single-cell plaque assay and IL-6 production measured using ELISA. Tyrosine phosphorylation levels were assessed with anti-phospho-tyrosine blots and F-actin polymerization by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results Neutrophils pretreated with anti-CD45 had a reduced ability to perform ADCC compared to untreated neutrophils. FcγRIIa cross-linking resulted in significantly increased concentrations of secreted IL-6 compared to untreated neutrophils, and IL-6 production was further enhanced by cocross-linking CD45 with FcγRIIa. Cross-linking CD45 alone also induced IL-6 production. FcγRIIa cross-linking resulted in increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation and F-actin polymerization in neutrophils. Cocross-linking CD45 with FcγRIIa resulted in abrogation of FcγRIIa mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and F-actin polymerization. Conclusions These data provide evidence that CD45 can regulate or enhance the stimulation and function of human neutrophils mediated through FcγR(s). In addition, CD45 ligation may play an essential role in cytokine induction pathways that lead to inflammatory reactions in vivo.
Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in the spinal cord of metamorphosing and adult Xenopus laevis

The histochemical NADPH-diaphorase reaction has identified distinct neuronal populations in the nervous system of several species. Considerable evidence suggests that NADPH-d is a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We examined spinal cords of adult and metamorphosing Xenopus laevis (XL) for developmental differences in NADPH-d reactivity. In adult XL, labeling was found in all dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and in their termination sites within the dorsal horn (cutaneous afferent field) and intermediate gray (muscle afferent field). Cell bodies in the intermediate gray regions containing the autonomic preganglionic neurons were labeled in thoracic and sacral sections. Neurons located in the medial (MMC) and lateral motor columns (LMC) of the ventral horn were also stained. In metamorphosing XL, reactivity was detected in neurons in the intermediate gray, in the MMC and in the LMC as in the adult. Additionally, primary motoneurons including those innervating tail musculature were labeled. Neurons in the DRGs were stained at all stages; in the dorsal horn, the density of staining reflected the development of the sensory afferent fields. The conservation of NADPH-d reactivity in adult and metamorphosing XL spinal neurons suggests that NOS may be involved in processes independent of developmental changes occurring in XL spinal cord.
Refractory Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: An Evidence-Based Review of Pharmacotherapy

Objective: To review the literature available regarding treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) refractory to cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and glucocorticoids. Data Sources: Pub...
Evaluation of Plasma Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and Lipid Density Profiles in Captive Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus)

Abstract To evaluate potential factors related to avian atherosclerosis, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values were measured in 35 apparently healthy captive monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus). Birds were categorized as healthy or at risk based on body condition score and weight and were also evaluated based on their aviary environmental conditions. Plasma cholesterol mean was 8.008mmol/L (range: 4.655 to 20.33mmol/L) or 309.65mg/dl (range: 180 to 786mg/dl) for all birds sampled. Plasma triglyceride mean for all birds sampled was 4.364mmol/L (range: 0.960 to 44.62mmol/L) or 386.54mg/dl (range: 85 to 3952mg/dl). Thirty plasma samples were evaluated through density gradient ultracentrifugation lipid profiling techniques used to examine risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. The resultant lipid density profile graph was determined from the hydrated densities of the following lipids: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and subfractions, and high-density lipoproteins and subfractions. When analyzed using linear discriminant analysis, lipid profiles of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, LDL1, LDL2, and high-density lipoprotein 2b subfractions were increased ( P
Aquaporin-1 expression in proximal tubule epithelial cells of human kidney is regulated by hyperosmolarity and contrast agents.

Abstract Primary cells of renal proximal tubule epithelium (S1 segment) of human kidney (HRPTE cells) up-regulate aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression in response to hyperosmolarity. NaCl and D(+)-raffinose increased (2-2.5 fold) AQP-1 expression when medium osmolarity was 400 and 500 mOsm/kg.H 2 O. Urea did not have this effect. Unlike our previous findings with mIMCD-3 cells, vasopressin (10 −8 M) did not affect AQP-1 expression in HRPTE cells in isosmolar or NaCl-enriched hyperosmolar conditions. Furthermore, HRPTE cells increased (3-4 fold) AQP-1 expression when exposed to hyperosmolar Reno-60 and Hypaque-76 (diatrizoates, ionic) contrast agents at 400 and 500 mOsm/kg.H 2 O. Isosmolar (290 mOsm/kg H 2 O) Visipaque (iodixanol, non-ionic) at 10% (v/v) concentrations also increased AQP-1 expression, and 25% v/v of Visipaque rendered morphological alterations of HRPTE cells and a 3-fold increase in AQP-1 expression after 24h exposure. Finally, semi-quantitative RT-PCR of HRPTE cells subjected to various isosmolar or hyperosmolar conditions demonstrated up-regulation of AQP-1 mRNA and protein levels. Our results suggest AQP-1 up-regulation in HRPTE cells exposed to environmental stresses such as hyperosmolarity and high doses of isosmolar contrast agents.
Urologic complication associated with Swan-Ganz catheter.

Abstract A case of massive gross hematuria due to injury secondary to the passage of a Swan-Ganz catheter is presented, and the literature is reviewed.
John Nelson Darby: Scholarship that Influenced the Bible College Movement

The study reported in this article focused on the scholastic life of John Nelson Darby and his contributions to the Bible college movement. Darby continues to exert a great influence on Christianity, particularly conservative evangelical Christianity. This research provides a discussion of the forces that conspired to shape the direction of Darby's life. It also discusses the influence his ideas had on the Bible college movement.
Convenience store visits by US adolescents: Rationale for healthier retail environments

Abstract Given interest in the public health impact of convenience stores, it is surprising that so little is known about the popularity of these destinations for youth. We surveyed 2772 adolescents (age 13–16) from a nationally representative web panel of US households. Nearly half (47.5%) of adolescents reported visiting convenience stores at least weekly. Significant risk factors for frequent visits were age, being African–American, living in rural areas and in areas with higher levels of neighborhood deprivation. With approximately 4.1 million US adolescents visiting convenience stores at least weekly, new policies and other interventions are needed to promote a healthier retail environment for youth.
A simple method of parameter space determination for diffusion-driven instability with three species

Abstract A very simple, practical, necessary and sufficient condition for diffusion-driven linear instability and parameter space determination in nonlinear reaction systems with three species is presented. With respect to the stability matrix A from linearization near a stable steady-state of a reaction system, two necessary conditions are given: 1. A is stable but not negative definite; and 2. either the largest diagonal elements of A is positive or the smallest diagonal cofactors of A is negative Condition (i) can be generalized to any number of species but (ii) is a stronger conditions which, in fact, is shown to be sufficient for diffusion-driven instability. As an example, the result is applied to the three-species Oregonator, the model for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.
Protoplasmic papillae of Echinarachnius oocytes

1. Unripe eggs ofEchinarachnius parma, with germinal vesicle intact, in the presence of sperm, give rise to protoplasmic processes protruding from the surface of the oocyte. These processes have been termed “oocyte papulae”. 2. The oocyte papillae may be fine threads, heavy club-shaped structures, or thin, broad films. 3. The papillae are of hyaline protoplasm, amoeboid in movement, and of temporary existence, persisting, on an average, some twenty minutes. 4. The papillae are apparenty functionless structures representing a premature response which, in the ripe ovum, or in the embryo, would produce similar but functional processes. 5. The gel nature of protoplasm is emphasized by the marked rigidity and elasticity of the oocyte papillae.
Surface pre-treatment dependent formation of molybdenum nitride by low energy N+2 ion bombardment

Abstract Reaction of low energy (7.5–100 eV) mass-selected N+2 beams with polycrystalline Mo, which was pre-treated by (a) sputtering the surface (SS) - by an Ar+ beam or (b) flashing the surface (FS) - to ∼1500°C, resulted in formation of different thin molybdenum nitride layers. These differences are as follows: The nitride film on the SS sample is thicker and more homogeneous than that on the FS sample, thus yielding a lower nitrogen AES signal (due to the lower surface nitrogen concentration) for the same N+2 dose. The saturation dose and saturation nitrogen AES signal are both higher for the SS sample due to the larger effective area of the rough surface for reaction with N+2 ions. The higher efficiency of the rougher surface for ion capture is compensated by the higher efficiency for Auger electron capture, thus giving about the same low-dose slope of the N signal versus N+2 dose for both the SS and FS samples. The 100 eV N+2 beam appears to form a nitride layer which is comparable in thickness to the radiation damaged layer, thus reducing the differences between the films on the SS and FS samples for this particular beam energy.
Correlation of GDF5 and connexin 43 mRNA expression during embryonic development.

Growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) regulates connexin expression and enhances embryonic chondrogenesis in a gap junction-dependent manner, suggesting that GDF5 action on developmental skeletogenesis is coordinated with gap junction activities. The results shown here demonstrate concordance between the mRNA expression profiles of GDF5 and the gap junction gene, Cx43, in the mouse embryonic limb, spine, and heart, consistent with coordinated functions for these gene products during developmental organogenesis.
Suicide prevention in older adults

Older adults have high rates of suicide in the United States and worldwide; rates vary markedly by gender, race, and ethnicity. Ceropsychology practice guidelines (e.g., American Psychological Association [APA], 2004) indicate the need for assessment and treatment practices specific to older adults, as the phenomenology of mental disorders and psychotherapeutic change processes may shift across the lifespan. Inadequacies in the available knowledge base and in the education and training of clinicians have slowed progress in suicide research and hindered the development of a healthcare workforce that is deeply dedicated to suicide prevention. Inadequate knowledge stems from inattention to demographic differences, definitional imprecision and conceptual conflation, lack of research focus on older adults, and the exclusion of at-risk patients from clinical trials. The near absence of rigorous training and education in suicidology among clinical psychologists amplifies these problems. This article also reviews the empirical literature on suicide risk, noting in particular the roles of mood disorders, suicidal ideation and behavior, adjustment to life events, lack of social integration, personality traits, and access to lethal means. Suggestions are offered for improving risk assessment, the treatment of at-risk patients, and the development of prevention programs. Implications for training and education in clinical psychology are briefly discussed, and directions for future research are offered.
Vitamin A deficiency results in a priming environment conducive for Th1 cell development

Certain infections, like that with the human immunodeficiency virus-1, deplete vitamin A, and when vitamin A levels are low, immune dysfunctions establish susceptibility to further infection. Our research has focused on the immune dysfunctions that are a consequence of vitamin A deficiency and that predispose to further infection. We previously studied a helminth infection in mice, and showed that when vitamin A levels are low, the immune response develops a strong regulatory T cell imbalance with excessive T helper type-1 cell interferon (IFN)-gamma synthesis and insufficient T helper type-2 cell development and function. Here, we studied the T cell priming environment in vitamin A-deficient mice to learn how that priming environment might produce a regulatory T cell imbalance and consequently distort the ability of the immune system to respond to an infection. Our results show that during vitamin A deficiency, the priming environment included constitutive interleukin (IL)-12 and IFN-gamma transcripts, but it was devoid of constitutive IL-4 and IL-10 transcripts. Dietary all-trans-retinoic acid supplementation down-regulated the level of constitutive IL-12 and IFN-gamma transcripts. Furthermore, when T cells from naive vitamin A-deficient animals were stimulated through the T cell receptor, they produced excess IFN-gamma protein compared to T cells from control animals. In contrast, T cell stimulation failed to induce IL-4 or IL-10 secretion. The inducible IFN-gamma was largely from CD8+ T cells and all-trans-retinoic acid addition in vitro inhibited IFN-gamma production at the transcript level. Retinoic acid addition in vitro also decreased natural killer cell IFN-gamma synthesis at the transcript level. Taken together, the distorted constitutive and inducible cytokine gene expression patterns that occurred when vitamin A levels were low would be expected strongly to favor T helper type-1 development and limit T helper type-2 cell growth and differentiation, thereby limiting the animal's humoral immune response capability.
The fabrication and characterization of CdTe/PbTe superlattice on ITO/glass substrates for the absorber layer of a solar cell

CdTe/PbTe superlattice films are promising materials to serve as the absorber layer of solar cells. The aim of this study was to fabricate CdTe/PbTe superlattice films on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates using Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (EC-ALD). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and current monitoring helped us obtain appropriate deposition potentials. The chemical composition of the films was determined by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). We were able to successfully deposit stoichiometric films of CdTe and PbTe. CdTe/PbTe superlattices were also successfully grown on ITO-coated glass substrates.
VIOLENCE, SOLACE, AND RITUAL: A CASE STUDY FROM ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Most headhunting traditions in island Southeast Asia link ritual violence to grief and mourning. Some of the more persuasive analyses of these practices pivot on notions of rage and catharsis, arguing that turbulent emotions motivate persons to take up cleansing acts of violence. This paper seeks a more complex understanding of how ritual may connect bereavement and violence through a look at case materials from highland Sulawesi (Indonesia). Ritual practices there suggest that the resolution of communal mourning is more significant than personal catharsis in motivating violence; that individual affect is refigured collectively as "political affect;" and that varied discursive forms, such as vows, songs, and noise mediate the ways in which people put grief behind them and resume their lives. Indeed, such discursive forms appear to be generative sites for violence and solace.
Myocardial protection by heat-shock protein 70i is better at 24 rather than 12 hours after hyperthermic bypass

METHODS: 26 dogs underwent bypass; temperature was raised to 42 C in 14 dogs (heat-shocked HS) or maintained at 37 C in 12 dogs (nonheat-shocked NHS). After 12 or 24 hours, heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), and peak +dP/dT were measured, as well as preload recruitable stroke work relationship (PRWA) throughout reperfusion. Myocardial expression of hsp70i was quantified by Western blots.
The time course of automatic lexical access and aging.

Abstract This study addresses the issue of cognitive slowing in the elderly by examining the time course of automatic lexical access. College-aged subjects typically show a brief rise time (300–500 msec) for lexical access. In the present study, we examine whether there are changes in rapid, automatized access routines with age. Elderly and college-aged subjects performed a lexical decision task wherein semantically related words embedded in a continuous list were presented one at a time with a varying (300–1500 msec) inter-word interval. The use of a continuous list, a repeated word, and a very short inter-stimulus interval allowed automatic lexical access to be straightforwardly examined. The elderly subjects showed an onset of automatic lexical access that was similar in time frame to that for college-age subjects. These findings suggest that wherever the locus of age-related slowing may be, it is not in the early, language-specific processing devices that mediate lexical access.
Scp160p associates with specific mRNAs in yeast

Scp160p is a multiple KH-domain RNA-binding protein in yeast that has been demonstrated previously to associate with both soluble and membrane-bound polyribosomes as an mRNP component. One key question that has remained unanswered, however, is whether the mRNAs in these mRNP complexes are random or specific. We have addressed this question using microarray analyses of RNAs released from affinity isolated Scp160p-containing complexes, compared with total RNA controls from the same lysates. Our results, confirmed by quantitative RT–PCR analysis, clearly demonstrate that Scp160p associates with specific rather than with random messages, and that among the enriched targets are DHH1, YOR338W, BIK1, YOL155C and NAM8. Furthermore, loss of Scp160p resulted in a significant change in both the abundance and distribution between soluble and membrane-associated fractions for at least one of these messages (YOR338W), and in a subtle yet significant shift from soluble polyribosomes to soluble mRNPs for at least two of these target messages (DHH1 and YOR338W). Together, these data not only identify specific mRNA targets associated with Scp160p in vivo, they demonstrate that the association of Scp160p with these messages is biologically relevant.
Predicting Protein Mutant Stability With A Combined Experimental/theoretical Approach

A complete understanding of the relationships between protein structure, stability and dynamics remains an open biophysics problem. Much of our insight comes from laborious experimental analyses that perturb structure via directed mutation. The glycolytic enzyme lysozyme is among the most well characterized proteins under this paradigm, due to its abundance and ease of manipulation. To speed up such analysis, efficient computational models that can accurately predict mutation effects are needed. We employ a minimal Distance Constraint Model (mDCM)[1] to predict the stability of mutant lysozyme structures. The mDCM has 3 fitting parameters: vdha and δnat, respectively, describe the energy and entropy of native-like residue conformations, whereas usol describes the energy of H-bonds to solvent. These three model parameters are obtained by fitting to experimental Cp curves. Best fits on 19 different lysozyme mutants under the same thermodynamic conditions (pH, ionic strength, etc.) reveals that usol can be treated as constant. Moreover, usol can be robustly parameterized with as few as five experimental mutants (the standard error of 100 random quintets is <12%). It was observed that a second degree of freedom could be removed due to a linear relationship (R=0.86) between the remaining two parameters (δnat and vdha) indicating that a global balance in enthalpy-entropy compensation must be maintained. Consequently, over a fairly wide range of δnat values {0.4, 1.6}, the correlation between the experimental and theoretical Tm's is nearly constant (ranging from 0.68 to 0.72). Using the best parameter set, Tm can be predicted for new lysozyme mutants. Results on a validation set of an additional 81 lysozyme point mutations will be presented. This work is supported by NIH R01 GM073082.[1] D.R. Livesay, et al. FEBS Lett. 576, 468-476(2004), and D.J. Jacobs and S. Dallakayan, Biophys. J. 88, 1-13(2005).
The Effect of Clear Evaluation Criteria on Sex Bias in Judgments of Performance.

Previous research indicates that the work of women is often devalued relative to that of men. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that such sex bias appears when judges follow ambiguous guidelines or criteria in making evaluations, but not when they follow clear evaluation guidelines. In each experiment, male and female undergraduates evaluated a performance that was attributed to either a man or woman (an intellectual test performance in Experiment I; an artistic craft object in Experiment II). Subjects followed either clear, explicit evaluation criteria or vague, ambiguous criteria. As predicted, female subjects evaluated the “female's” performance less favorably than the “male's” only when” criteria were vague. In contrast, male subjects showed little evidence of sex bias, regardless of the criteria they followed. Discussion centers upon: (1) possible cognitive processes underlying the observed effects of clear criteria; and (2) potential practical applications designed to alleviate sex bias in natur...
Packera insulae-regalis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species endemic to Isle Royale, Michigan, U.S.A.

Packera insulae-regalis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) is a new species that is only known from one population occurring near the summit of Mount Franklin on Isle Royale, Michigan, U.S.A. It resembles both P. paupercula and P. indecora but is hexaploid, whereas the former has diploid and tetraploid populations and the latter is octoploid around the western Great Lakes. Whereas most species of Packera are self-incompatible (as is P. paupercula) and a few are self-compatible (as is P. indecora), P. insulae-regalis is unique in the genus in being partially self-compatible, as far as is known. Its origin post-glacially by hybridization between these two species is hypothesized.
Energy risk analysis and data collection

Abstract In comparing occupational risks for various conventional and emerging, or non-conventional, energy technologies, many basic data sources are used: Mine Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Safety Council, Department of Transportation, Railway Transportation Administration, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Energy and others. However, since the various data systems collect data for their own specific purposes, great care must be taken to ensure that the data and risk-analysis criteria are indeed applicable to the concerned technology and that the data can be normalized to the same basic unit before comparisons are made. The danger of using incomplete data or data collected in only one area is illustrated, and it is demonstrated that using inadequatelyevaluated data can lead to errors of factors of 3 to 5.
Nonlinear analysis of a steel frame

Abstract Nonlinear seismic analysis is used in structural engineering profession to design steel frames for moderate to strong earthquakes. Following the Northridge earthquake of 1994 in Southern California, widespread damage to many steel frames was discovered. As a result of multi-million dollar efforts by the professionals, many post-Northridge steel beam–column connection designs were proposed. They are essentially partially-restrained (PR) connections, and their presence adds yet another major source of nonlinearity that must be considered appropriately in nonlinear seismic response analysis. In this paper, a case study of analytical investigation of nonlinear seismic performance of a 9-story steel frame is presented. We consider major sources of nonlinearity in the system including the nonlinear behavior of the connections. Using the four-parameter Richard model, a mathematical model is proposed first to represent moment–relative rotation ( M – θ ) curves for a proprietary steel connection. The model can generate ( M – θ ) curves for other beam–column assemblies. Time-domain, nonlinear seismic response of a steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) in the presence of this type of connection and pre-Northridge bolted-web, welded-flange (denoted here as BWWF) connections are evaluated. The results are then compared with fully-restrained (FR) steel connections typically used in the design. The results analytically confirmed the beneficial effects of connections observed in full-scale testing.
Opening science gateways to future success: The challenges of gateway sustainability

To make research and development investments where they will have the most impact, it is critical to understand why some science and engineering gateway or portal projects change the way that science is conducted at a fundamental level in a given community. This paper provides some initial reflections on a June 2010 focus group with the goals of uncovering some of these characteristics of success and generating practical insights that draw on the strength of multidisciplinary perspectives. We identify five key tensions that are challenges to gateway sustainability, and we offer policy recommendations that could benefit future gateway projects.
Synthesis of compounds related to antihemorrhagic vitamin K. II: β‐Naphthol and β‐naphthylamine as starting materials for the synthesis of 2‐methyl‐ and 2‐ethyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinones

A general method of synthesis of 2-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones (with special references to 2-methyl- and 2-ethyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, recently proved to possess strong, anti-hemorrhagic vitamin K activity), using β-naphthol and β-naphthylamine as starting materials, is described in this paper.
Effects of dietary glycaemic index on adiposity, glucose homoeostasis, and plasma lipids in animals.

Summary Background Clinical studies suggest a role for dietary glycaemic index (GI) in bodyweight regulation and diabetes risk. However, partly because manipulation of GI can produce changes in potentially confounding dietary factors such as fibre content, palatability, and energy density, its relevance to human health remains controversial. This study examined the independent effects of GI in animals. Methods Partially pancreatectomised male Sprague-Dawley rats were given diets with identical nutrients, except for the type of starch: high-GI (n=11) or low-GI (n=10). The animals were fed in a controlled way to maintain the same mean bodyweight in the two groups for 18 weeks. Further experiments examined the effects of GI in rats in a cross-over design and C57BL/6J mice in a parallel design. Findings Despite having similar mean bodyweight (547·9 [SE 13·4] vs 549·2 [15·2] g), rats given high-GI food had more body fat (97·8 [13·6] vs 57·3 [7·2] g; p=0·0152) and less lean body mass (450·1 [9·6] vs 491·9 [11·7] g; p=0·0120) than those given low-GI food. The high-GI group also had greater increases over time in the areas under the curve for blood glucose and plasma insulin after oral glucose, lower plasma adiponectin concentrations, higher plasma triglyceride concentrations, and severe disruption of islet-cell architecture. Mice on the high-GI diet had almost twice the body fat of those on the low-GI diet after 9 weeks. Interpretation These findings provide a mechanistic basis for interpretation of studies of GI in human beings. Relevance to practice The term GI describes how a food, meal, or diet affects blood sugar during the postprandial period. GI as an independent factor can cause obesity and increase risks of diabetes and heart disease in animals. Use of low-GI diets in prevention and treatment of human disease merits thorough examination.
Social Network Analysis as Intervention Tool Examples From the Field

This article uses cases from the field to demonstrate the potential of network analysis as an intervention tool. Social networks are defined as sets of contacts linking individuals. These networks ...
Binding of the ferric uptake regulation repressor protein (Fur) to Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) ions as co-repressors: Electronic absorption, equilibrium, and 57Fe Mössbauer studies

Abstract The binding of the repressor protein (Fur) to Fe(II) as co-repressor was studied. Other transition metal ions such as Mn(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) were also studied as models. From the equilibrium studies Kd values of 55, 85, 36, and 10 μM were obtained for the Fur complex with Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Cu(II), respectively. The ratio of metal to Fur monomer was 1:1 in both the Fe(II) and Mn(II) complexes. Fur mutants were also studied. Electronic absorption spectra of the Co(II) Fur complex gave evidence of a distorted tetrahedral Co(II) site bound to sulfur. Frozen solution 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra of the Fe(II) Fur indicated the presence of Fe(II) in a high spin distorted octahedral environment. The role of the metal ion as co-repressor in the binding of Fur to DNA is discussed in view of the above results.