cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A discontinuous Galerkin method based on a Taylor basis for the compressible flows on arbitrary grids

A discontinuous Galerkin method based on a Taylor basis is presented for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on arbitrary grids. Unlike the traditional discontinuous Galerkin methods, where either standard Lagrange finite element or hierarchical node-based basis functions are used to represent numerical polynomial solutions in each element, this DG method represents the numerical polynomial solutions using a Taylor series expansion at the centroid of the cell. Consequently, this formulation is able to provide a unified framework, where both cell-centered and vertex-centered finite volume schemes can be viewed as special cases of this discontinuous Galerkin method by choosing reconstruction schemes to compute the derivatives, offer the insight why the DG methods are a better approach than the finite volume methods based on either TVD/MUSCL reconstruction or essentially non-oscillatory (ENO)/weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction, and has a number of distinct, desirable, and attractive features, which can be effectively used to address some of shortcomings of the DG methods. The developed method is used to compute a variety of both steady-state and time-accurate flow problems on arbitrary grids. The numerical results demonstrated the superior accuracy of this discontinuous Galerkin method in comparison with a second order finite volume method and a third-order WENO method, indicating its promise and potential to become not just a competitive but simply a superior approach than its finite volume and ENO/WENO counterparts for solving flow problems of scientific and industrial interest.
Management of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs using circular external fixators

Objectives: To evaluate frame constructs, postoperative fracture reduction, postoperative care, complications, treatment duration and outcome of circular external fixation for management of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs. Methods: Medical records of dogs that underwent surgery with circular external fixation were examined for fracture location, frame configuration, postoperative fracture reduction, treatment duration, complications and outcome. Results: Forty-nine fractures in 48 dogs were stabilised using circular external fixation. Frame removal occurred on average 61 days after surgery (median±sd, 52±30 days). Minor complications were observed in 35 cases (71 per cent) and major complications in seven (14 per cent). Radiographic outcome at frame removal was judged as excellent in 18 cases (37 per cent), as good in 26 (53 per cent), as fair in four (8 per cent) and poor in one (2 per cent). After frame removal, one fracture was stabilised with a plate, and eight patients were lost to follow-up. Functional and cosmetic outcome at follow-up was judged as excellent in 32 cases (80 per cent), good in seven (18 per cent) and fair in one (2 per cent). Clinical Significance: Circular external fixation can effectively treat antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs, even geometrically complex fractures. Minor complications are frequent but easily managed in most instances. Healing time is comparable to that of other external fixation methods.
Analyzing finite MANETs by transformations to equivalent static graphs

Because of their importance in military and other applications, Mobile Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks or MANETs have attracted significant attention in the research community. However, almost virtually all of the literature has focused on analyzing MANETs in an asymptotic case with a very large number of nodes under varying assumptions on node density and distribution. While the asymptotic analysis is extremely valuable, practical usage of MANETs requires us to be able to analyze networks of finite size. In this paper, we present an approach to analyze MANETs with a fixed number of nodes which can be used in many practical applications related to MANETs. Our approach is based on simplifying the motion paths of MANETs by applying a set of transformations, and decomposing the motion paths into a generalized Fourier series transformation of simpler periodic motions.
Context‐specific effects on reciprocity in mentoring relationships: ethical implications

Reciprocity is fundamental to effective mentoring relationships. However, we argue that it is inappropriate, and perhaps unethical, to expect comparable levels of reciprocity in all mentoring relationships. Instead, contextual factors influence optimal levels of reciprocity. Foremost is the developmental stage of the protege, with less mature, relatively inexperienced proteges generally less capable of forming and maintaining a reciprocal relationship with their mentors than are more mature, relatively experienced proteges. We discuss three examples of contextual variables that can affect appropriate levels of reciprocity—the academic research apprenticeship, gender, and culture—and argue that mentors’ expectations of reciprocity necessarily must be adjusted in order to achieve ethical mentoring within these contexts.
The retinoblastoma protein copurifies with E2F-I, an E1A-regulated inhibitor of the transcription factor E2F

Recently, we identified an inhibitory protein, E2F-I, that blocks the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor E2F. We also showed that the adenovirus E1A protein reverses this inhibitory activity of E2F-I, thereby restoring the DNA-binding activity of E2F. We have now further purified this inhibitory activity and show that the most purified preparation of E2F-I contains a 105 kd E1A-binding protein. This 105 kd E1A-binding protein cross-reacts with two different antibodies against the retinoblastoma (RB) gene product. Moreover, the RB gene product copurifies with E2F-I activity. Taken together, we conclude that the product of the RB gene is a part of E2F-I and is involved in the regulation of E2F activity.
THE WITCHERY OF GLAZES1

A paper showing the extent of research possible in glazes and the fascination of the work in that field. It is implied that the general chemist has little to offer to shorten the road that must be followed and that the work is reward enough for the labor involved. It is shown that the artistic temperament functions in this work along with the scientific temperament.
Consistency, common morality, and reflective equilibrium.

Biomedical ethicists often assume that common morality consti- tutes a largely consistent normative system. This premise is not taken for granted in general normative ethics. This paper entertains the possibility of inconsistency within common morality and explores methodological implications. Assuming common morality to be inconsistent casts new light on the debate between principlists and descriptivists. One can view the two approaches as complemen- tary attempts to evade or transcend that inconsistency. If common morality proves to be inconsistent, then principlists might have reason to prefer a less pluralistic theory, thereby moving closer to descriptivism. Descriptivists, by contrast, might want to qualify their claim to accommodate all of people's basic moral convic- tions. Finally, both camps might wish to adopt a more revisionist posture, ac- cepting that an adequate ethical theory occasionally will contradict some of people's deepest moral convictions. Proper application of the method of reflec- tive equilibrium, to which both descriptivists and principlists claim allegiance, may entail greater openness to revisionism than either camp admits.
Cellular and neoplastic tissue imaging with optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging can resolve many of the changes associated with neoplasia and may provide a tool for in vivo real-time evaluation of tissue and biopsy guidance to help improve the diagnosis of early neoplasias, resulting in more successful treatment. OCT is a new imaging technology that allows cross-sectional imaging of nontransparent tissue. A low-coherence Michelson interferometer is used to measure echo time delays of reflected light from scattering tissue. The light beam is scanned across the tissue to produce two- and three-dimensional data sets. This technique has been extensively applied to imaging in ophthalmology and more recently to nontransparent tissues. High-resolution and high-speed OCT imaging has been achieved using broad bandwidth mode-locked lasers as short-coherence light sources. Recently, in vivo catheter/endoscope based imaging of the gastrointestinal and pulmonary tracts has been demonstrated in a rabbit model. In order to evaluate the ability of OCT to image cellular morphology in vivo, an animal model was used. OCT imaging in vitro was also performed on a series of human tissues of varying degrees of neoplastic infiltration, including colon, cervix, uterus, and lung.
Nonlinear model predictive control of end-use properties in batch reactors

Significant economic benefits can be derived from reducing the variability of product properties around their specification targets in batch reactors. End-use properties in batch reactors using dynamic models that relate the operating conditions to the end-use properties are related through a static nonlinear model to the molecular properties of the product and are controlled directly. Their values are required to lie in a desired target region in the property space. The control of end-use product properties is formulated as a nonlinear model predictive control problem, and an efficient numerical technique using successive linearizations is utilized for the solution. A parameter adaptive extended Kalman filter is used for state estimation of the molecular properties that are not measured directly. The emulsion polymerization of styrene is chosen as a case study, and an approximate mathematical model is developed. The model is detailed enough to predict the end-use properties, which depend on both the molecular weight and particle-size distributions of the product. The end-use product properties, such as tensile strength and melt index, are controlled in desired target regions by adding a monomer and a chain transfer agent, as well as the flow rate of the coolant, as the manipulated variables.
Basis for a particle size-selective TLV for sulfuric acid aerosols

Abstract The occupational exposure limit for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol in the U.S. and elsewhere is 1 mg/m3, with no restrictions as to droplet size. A review of the literature shows that there are two different responses to inhaled H2SO4 which need to be considered in the selection of a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) or other occupational exposure limit. One is a reflex bronchoconstriction caused by the deposition of droplets in the larger lung airways. This bronchoconstriction is of greater magnitude and may cause concern in persons with asthma. The other is the development and progression of chronic bronchitis caused by repeated daily exposures to droplets depositing in the central and more distal conductive airways of the lung. Since the target region for both effects is the tracheobronchial tree, a particle size-selective TLV (PSS-TLV) should be expressed in terms of thoracic particulate mass (TPM). Based upon the literature review, the mass concentration limit for H2SO4 TPM should be much lower tha...
Mazindol for Relapse Prevention to Cocaine Abuse in Methadone-Maintained Patients

We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of mazindol (n = 37) for the prevention of relapse to cocaine abuse in methadone-maintained patients who were in the “action” stage of change, i.e., had a history of cocaine dependence but who had been abstinent for at least 2 weeks prior to entry into the study. Eight-one percent of subjects completed the 12-week course of treatment. Overall, cocaine use during the study was comparatively low–17% of the urine screens submitted were positive for cocaine metabolite. Differences between the mazindol and placebo groups of rates of relapse, number of days to relapse, and cocaine use did not reach statistical significance, but were in the direction of a treatment effect. Results suggest that stage of abstinence initiation may be a potentially useful category to employ as an independent variable in future pharmacotherapy trials for the treatment of cocaine addiction in this patient population.
Hydroxyurea inhibition of growth and DNA synthesis in Toxoplasma gondii: Characterization of a resistant mutant

Abstract Hydroxyurea inhibited the growth and DNA synthesis of Toxoplasma gondii growing in human fibroblast cells. A concentration of 18 μg/ml totally suppressed plaque formation. The synthesis of T. gondii RNA was not acutely inhibited. The parasite was equally sensitive to hydroxyurea when grown in wild type or hydroxyurea resistant host cells. With the aid of chemical mutagenesis, we isolated a stable hydroxyurea resistant mutant of T. gondii . This mutant showed no increased ability to incorporate [ 3 H]uracil into its pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool. Hydroxyurea depressed the [ 3 H]uracil labeling of the pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool in the wild type parasite but not in the mutant, suggesting that the mutant ribonucleotide reductase was resistant to the inhibitory effect of the drug.
Nitrogen as an alloying element in some metallic glasses

Glassy alloy ribbons containing nitrogen as an alloying element have been produced by chill block melt-spinning master alloys which were specially pre-melted for enhanced nitrogen content. Alloying substantial amounts of Cr, a potent nitride former, has been found to greatly increase the amount of nitrogen in solution. In turn, thermal stability of the Cr-bearing metallic glasses has been found to increase as much as 31 K with only a 0.5 at% nitrogen addition. No analogous changes in glassy alloy embrittlement or Curie temperature have been observed. However, although weak, the response of Curie temperature to annealing in the Cr-bearing metallic glasses was found to be affected by the presence of nitrogen. Thus, nitrogen appears to be a viable alloying element in some metallic glasses and may have a potent effect on some properties.
Scalable learning of large networks

Cellular networks inferred from condition-specific microarray data can capture the functional rewiring of cells in response to different environmental conditions. Unfortunately, many algorithms for inferring cellular networks do not scale to whole-genome data with thousands of variables. We propose a novel approach for scalable learning of large networks: cluster and infer networks (CIN). CIN learns network structures in two steps: (a) partition variables into smaller clusters, and (b) learn networks per cluster. We optionally revisit the cluster assignment of variables with poor neighbourhoods. Results on networks with known topologies suggest that CIN has substantial speed benefits, without substantial performance loss. We applied our approach to microarray compendia of glucose-starved yeast cells. The inferred networks had significantly higher number of subgraphs representing meaningful biological dependencies than random graphs. Analysis of subgraphs identified biological processes that agreed well with existing information about yeast populations under glucose starvation, and also implicated novel pathways that were previously not known to be associated with these populations. [Includes supplementary material]
Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks

A critical review of thermodynamic data for aqueous and solid V species is presented to evaluate dissolution, transport, and precipitation of V under natural conditions. Emphasis is given to results of experimental studies of V chemistry, especially those for which the experimental conditions are near those found in nature. Where possible, data are obtained for or corrected to the reference conditions of 298.15K, 1 atm (1.01325 bar) and zero ionic strength. Vanadium [IV] (VIV) and vanadium[V] (VV) are the most soluble forms of V in nature, and their complexes with fluoride, sulfate, and oxalate may act to increase V solubility under oxidizing conditions. Because redox behavior is of fundamental importance to understanding natural V chemistry, the kinetics of reduction of VIV to VIII H2S were studied. Although H2S is predicted from thermodynamic data to be capable of reducing VIV to VIII, this reaction has not been demonstrated experimentally. Experiments were carried out under conditions of temperature (45°C), pH (3.6–6.8), ionic strength (0.05–0.1 m), and V concentrations (9.8–240 μmolar) likely to be found in nature. Because the reaction is very slow, H2S concentrations in excess of natural conditions were used (8.1 × 10−4 to 0.41 atm). The results show that VIV is reduced to VIII under a variety of conditions. The rate increases with increasing pH, but is not appreciably affected by ionic strength (as represented by the concentration of KCl, which was used as the supporting electrolyte in all cases). Prior to initiation of the reaction, there is an induction period, the length of which increases with increasing KCl concentration or decreasing pH. Attempts to model the reaction mechanism by numerical methods have failed to produce a satisfying fit of the results, indicating partial reaction orders, a complex mechanism, or involvement of a variety of intermediate species. The results of the thermodynamic and kinetic studies were applied to understanding the genesis of V deposits such as those commonly found on the Colorado Plateau. Vanadium in these sandstone-hosted deposits is present mostly in the reduced oxidation state, VIII. Because of the insolubility of VIII oxyhydroxides, it is likely that a more oxidized form of V (either [IV] or [V]) was transported to the site of mineralization, and that the V was reduced in situ and subsequently precipitated. A probable reductant is hydrogen sulfide; the presence of pyrite cogenetic with the V minerals documents the presence of H2S during mineralization. The experiments described here show that H2S could have reduced VIV to V III, and thus led to the formation of these deposits.
Non-replicating expression vectors: applications in vaccine development and gene therapy.

This review presents experimental, preclinical and clinical data illustrating the multiple uses of recombinant non-replicating virus vectors in the fields of immunoprophylaxis and gene therapy.
PRIMARY SARCOMA OF THE MITRAL VALVE.

Abstract The seventh case of a primary sarcoma of a heart valve is recorded. Its presence was suspected clinically despite unusually mild symptoms. Prompt remission followed removal of the tumor, and a second remission was later achieved by radiation therapy.
A neural biomarker of psychological vulnerability to future life stress.

Summary We all experience a host of common life stressors such as the death of a family member, medical illness, and financial uncertainty. While most of us are resilient to such stressors, continuing to function normally, for a subset of individuals, experiencing these stressors increases the likelihood of developing treatment-resistant, chronic psychological problems, including depression and anxiety. It is thus paramount to identify predictive markers of risk, particularly those reflecting fundamental biological processes that can be targets for intervention and prevention. Using data from a longitudinal study of 340 healthy young adults, we demonstrate that individual differences in threat-related amygdala reactivity predict psychological vulnerability to life stress occurring as much as 1 to 4 years later. These results highlight a readily assayed biomarker, threat-related amygdala reactivity, which predicts psychological vulnerability to commonly experienced stressors and represents a discrete target for intervention and prevention. Video Abstract
Estimated inflation costs had european unemployment been reduced in the 1980s by macro policies

This paper uses a multicountry econometric model to estimate what the inflation costs would have been had German monetary policy reduced European unemployment in the 1982:i–1990:iv period. A “non-NAIRU” framework is proposed for thinking about these costs.
The surgical treatment of single level multi-focal subarticular and paracentral and/or far-lateral lumbar disc herniations: the single incision full endoscopic approach.

Background Surgery for same level multi-focal extruded lumbar disc herniations is technically challenging and the optimal method controversial. The subarticular disc herniation may pose the most challenging subtype requiring partial or complete facetectomy with or without fusion. The far-lateral disc herniation, often treated using a Wiltse approach, can also be difficult to access especially in the obese patient. When both the subarticular and far-lateral subtypes are simultaneously present at the same level with or without a paracentral disc herniation, a total facetectomy and interbody fusion (TLIF) or a total disc replacement (TDR) may be necessary. Endoscopic surgical techniques may reduce the need for these more invasive methods. Methods Fifteen patients (6 male and 9 female) who had same level multi-focal (subarticular as well as far-lateral and/or paracentral) extruded disc herniations underwent single incision unilateral endoscopic disc excision by the same surgeon at a single institution. Patients were prospectively followed for an average of 15.3 months (range 14-18 months) and outcomes were evaluated radiographically and clinically (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Results The mean operative time was 52 minutes with minimal blood loss in all cases. Fourteen of the 15 patients were discharged to home on the day of their surgery. The mean ODI and leg VAS scores improved from 22.9 ± 3.2 to 12.9 ± 2.7 (p Conclusions After an average of 15.3 months of follow-up, the clinical and radiographic results of full endoscopic surgical treatment of single level multi-focal (subarticular as well as far-lateral and/or paracentral) disc herniations are excellent. This study is a case series with mid-term follow-up (Level IV). Clinical Relevance Foraminal and extra-foraminal full endoscopic decompression appears to offer a safe minimally invasive solution to a complex pathologic problem.
Microorganisms and ion absorption by roots.

Les comparaisons des taux d'absorption de K par des racines d'orge steriles et non-steriles,Hordeum vulgare, dans l'ordre de concentration de 0,02–50 mM, ont montre que le double mode de transport d'ion decrit auparavant pour des racines non-steriles, s'applique egalement aux racines steriles. La microflore de la racine n'a influence que legerement les taux d'absorption de K.
Perseveration induced by methylphenidate in children: preliminary findings.

Abstract 1. Upon ingestion of 1.0 mg per kg of methylphenidate 4 out 5 children worsened in a measure of flexibility of thinking. 2. The results of this pilot study have important implications for the clinical use of psychomotor stimulant drugs.
Circulating human blood platelets retain appreciable amounts of poly (A)+ RNA

Platelets lack a nucleus and are usually considered to be incapable of protein synthesis due to an apparent lack of messenger RNA, precluding the construction of platelet cDNA libraries and hindering the cloning of authentic platelet cDNA's. We reasoned that vestigial amounts of messenger RNA may remain in platelets when they first separate from the megakaryocyte and circulate in the peripheral blood. We isolated poly (A)+ RNA from platelets obtained by pheresis of individuals with elevated blood platelet counts due to a myeloproliferative syndrome termed essential thrombocythemia. Northern blots using probes for platelet glycoprotein Ib indicate that the poly (A)+ RNA obtained from the platelets of these donors is, in fact, derived from platelets. Cell free translation studies using the platelet poly (A)+ RNA indicate that the material is translationally active. We conclude that, contrary to prevailing information, circulating human blood platelets retain appreciable amounts of poly (A)+ RNA and that this RNA can be harvested by the described approach. The poly (A)+ RNA provides templates for the synthesis of cDNA's that code for platelet proteins.
Trainable neural network for mechanically flexible systems based on nonlinear filtering

A trainable neural network controller architecture is investigated for motion control systems involving significant distributed mechanical flexibility. In general, this neural network based controller can be trained on-line to learn the behavior of another controller which serves as the teacher implementing algorithmic or nonalgorithmic control law. To address potential of such a scheme in real time, the weight adjustments of the network connection strengths and biases are based on a nonlinear filtering adaptation rule, extended Kalman filter, to reduce training time and achieve fast convergence rate. Computer simulations are performed to test the performance of this training algorithm.
Tourism and animal ethics

Tourism and animal ethics, by David Fennell, New York, Routledge Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism, and Mobility, 2011, 310 pp., $161.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-58171-4 Animals have b...
Effect of upper extremity nerve damage on activity participation, pain, depression, and quality of life.

Purpose To explore the relationship between upper extremity nerve damage and activity participation, pain, depression, and perceived quality of life. Methods A total of 49 patients with upper extremity nerve damage completed standardized measures of activity participation, pain, depression, and quality of life. We analyzed scores for all subjects and for 2 diagnostic groups: patients with compressive neuropathy and patients with nerve injury (laceration, tumor, and brachial plexus injury), and explored predictors of overall quality of life. Results Participants had given up 21% of their previous daily activities; greater activity loss was reported in patients with nerve injury. Pain was moderate and 39% had signs of clinical depression. Physical and psychological quality of life ratings were below the norms. Activity loss was strongly associated with higher levels of depression and lower physical and psychological quality of life. Higher depression scores correlated strongly with lower overall quality of life. Greater pain correlated moderately with higher depression scores and weakly with quality of life; no statistical relationship was found between pain and physical quality of life. Activity participation and depression predicted 61% of the variance in overall quality of life in patients with nerve damage. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that hand surgeons and therapists caring for patients with nerve compression and nerve injury should discuss strategies to improve activity participation, and decrease pain and depression, to improve overall effect on quality of life throughout the recovery process. Depression screening and referral when indicated should be included in the overall treatment plan for patients with upper extremity nerve damage. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Efficient finite abstraction of mixed monotone systems

We present an efficient computational procedure for finite abstraction of discrete-time mixed monotone systems by considering a rectangular partition of the state space. Mixed monotone systems are decomposable into increasing and decreasing components, and significantly generalize the well known class of monotone systems. We tightly overapproximate the one-step reachable set from a box of initial conditions by computing a decomposition function at only two points, regardless of the dimension of the state space. We apply our results to verify the dynamical behavior of a model for insect population dynamics and to synthesize a signaling strategy for a traffic network.
Protection of bone in premenopausal women with breast cancer: focus on zoledronic acid

Maintaining bone health is important for patients with breast cancer (BC), the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women. Indeed, bone loss is common throughout the BC disease continuum. In the metastatic BC setting, patients are likely to develop bone metastases, a painful complication that can lead to potentially debilitating skeletal-related events. Bone health is equally important for patients with early BC. During adjuvant therapy for early BC, the largest challenge to bone health is from accelerated bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Although decreased BMD is well recognized in older, postmenopausal women, it may be underestimated in younger, premenopausal women undergoing endocrine therapy for BC. The rate and extent of cancer therapy-induced bone loss (from chemotherapy or endocrine therapy) are substantially greater than normal decreases in BMD during menopause. Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZOL) are antiresorptive agents indicated for the treatment of bone metastases from BC. Clinical trials over the past few years suggest that, although not yet approved for this indication, ZOL can prevent cancer therapy-induced bone loss and improve BMD in premenopausal women receiving adjuvant (endocrine or chemo-) therapy for BC. Furthermore, the benefits of ZOL therapy may go beyond maintaining bone health and include potential anticancer benefits together with favorable tolerability and cost/benefit profiles. This review will focus specifically on the role of ZOL in preserving the bone health of premenopausal women with BC.
The Mattering Map: Integrating the Complexities of Knowledge, Experience, and Meaning

This article describes and elaborates upon the theoretical model of the Mattering Map, initially introduced in Engendered Lives: A New Psychology of Women’s Experience (Kaschak, 1992). This model o...
“Without the clutter of unimportant words”: Descriptive keyphrases for text visualization

Keyphrases aid the exploration of text collections by communicating salient aspects of documents and are often used to create effective visualizations of text. While prior work in HCI and visualization has proposed a variety of ways of presenting keyphrases, less attention has been paid to selecting the best descriptive terms. In this article, we investigate the statistical and linguistic properties of keyphrases chosen by human judges and determine which features are most predictive of high-quality descriptive phrases. Based on 5,611 responses from 69 graduate students describing a corpus of dissertation abstracts, we analyze characteristics of human-generated keyphrases, including phrase length, commonness, position, and part of speech. Next, we systematically assess the contribution of each feature within statistical models of keyphrase quality. We then introduce a method for grouping similar terms and varying the specificity of displayed phrases so that applications can select phrases dynamically based on the available screen space and current context of interaction. Precision-recall measures find that our technique generates keyphrases that match those selected by human judges. Crowdsourced ratings of tag cloud visualizations rank our approach above other automatic techniques. Finally, we discuss the role of HCI methods in developing new algorithmic techniques suitable for user-facing applications.
Modeling finite thickness slab perforation using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach

Abstract A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method can be used to model many types of dynamic events. Projectile penetration through solids is particularly well-suited to a CEL method. In this study the CEL method in the commercially-available code Abaqus was used to model a near rigid projectile perforating finite thickness concrete slabs. A near rigid projectile can be modeled as a Lagrangian material with distinct material interfaces, while the solid target can be modeled as an Eulerian material capable of large deformations. An improved concrete constitutive model is also described that was implemented into Abaqus as a user material model. A simplified stochastic model was also implemented to capture some of the heterogeneous nature of concrete. The CEL simulations are compared to experimental data to demonstrate the utility of this method for this type of perforation event.
Identification of surface residues in the trp repressor of Escherichia coli

A subset of the spin systems assigned in the 1H NMR spectrum of the trp repressor in the first paper in this series (our penultimate preceding paper in this journal) can be identified as surface or buried residues on the basis of four independent types of measurement: (a) selective spin-lattice relaxation times; (b) the dependence of line widths on temperature and the concentration of manganous ion; (c) fluorescence quenching; and (d) titration behaviour. Criteria are developed for distinguishing surface and buried residues. The significance for the function of DNA binding proteins is discussed.
Autogenous leukocyte migration in human malignancies.

The leukocyte migration test (L.M.T.) was utilized for in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity in human malignancies. Tumor cells and autogenous peripheral blood leukocytes from 35 patients with various malignancies, who were not receiving any therapy, were studied. There was inhibition of the migration of the autogenous leukocytes in 18 of 20 patients with resectable tumors who had no evidence of hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease, whether the local lymph nodes were involved or not. However, the migration of autogenous leukocytes from patients with hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease was not inhibited in 14 of 15 patients whether the tumor cells were obtained from the primary or metastatic sites. The utilization of fresh, frozen-thawed (dead) tumor cells, or tumor cell extracts gave almost the same results. This could indicate that localized tumors were recognized as antigenic by the presensitized autogenous leukocytes, resulting in the inhibition of the migration. This state seemed to disappear in the presence of hematogenous metastasis. Normal tissues did not inhibit the migration of the autogenous leukocytes, presumably because these had not been recognized as foreign or antigenic.
An Examination of Moral Development Within PublicAccounting by Gender, Staff Level, and Firm

This study extends prior research on the average level of moral development in public accounting by examining five large accounting firms and three staff levels. The research is important because it highlights the need to include auditors from several firms in research designs, provides evidence of differences in moral development among public accounting firms, and profiles the professions average level of moral development for three levels. The data are from 494 managers and seniors (204 females and 290 males) from five Big Six firms. Using the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979a) to measure moral development, several results were noted. First, the results indicate a difference in the average level of moral development among firms, suggesting that use of subjects from only one firm inhibits the generalizability of findings regarding moral development. Second, female managers are at a significantly higher average level of moral development than male managers. In fact, the average scores for male managers fell between those expected for senior high school and college students. The data suggest that a greater percentage of high-moral-development males and low-moral-development females are leaving public accounting than their respective opposites. These results indicate that the profession has retained, through advancement, males who are potentially less sensitive to the ethical implications of various issues. The analysis also indicates that Kohlberg's (1969) theory of moral development is not biased toward the though processes of males since female auditors did not score lower on the Defining Issues Test.
Serum luteinizing hormone by radioimmunoassay in normal children.

Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels have been determined in 249 normal children (5 to 18 years of age), 30 normal adult males, 2 normal adult females throughout a menstrual cycle, and 19 patients with pituitary deficiency. The mean levels in prepubertal boys and girls were comparable (3.4 and 2.8 m.I.U. per milliliter, respectively) and began increasing at the same age (10 to 12 years) in both sexes. An increase in serum LH was noted in the males but not in the females before beginning sexual maturation was apparent clinically. In adult males and females, the mean serum LH levels (10.9 and 10.2 m.I.U. per milliliter, respectively) were approximately 3.5 times prepubertal values. Patients with pituitary deficiency had a very low mean level (1.7 m.I.U. per mililiter), but some immunochemical LH was found in all sera. In males, the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids had a statistically significant correlation (correlation coefficient=0.73) with the serum LH leterminations.
Cerebral angiotropic large cell lymphoma (neoplastic angioendotheliosis): therapeutic considerations.

Abstract Cerebral angiotropic large cell lymphoma (neoplastic angiondotheliosis) is a rare disease with a particular propensity to affect the central nervous system by vascular occlusion. Because the disease is rare and there are no specific diagnostic procedures apart from cerebral biopsy, it is difficult to diagnose in life. Accordingly, chemotherapy or radiotherapy has only rarely been attempted and their effectiveness is uncertain. We established the diagnosis in a 62-year-old patient by cerebral biopsy and observed remission following institution of combination chemotherapy. Unfortunately, neurologic deterioration recurred during maintenance chemotherapy. We identified 30 patients in the literature who initially presented with definite central nervous system manifestations and whose clinical conditions were described sufficiently enough for comparison with our case. Eleven patients had the diagnosis made in life, but only 5 received chemotherapy other than corticosteroid hormones. Our patient's survival for 16 months exceeded that in the majority of the 30 reported cases. Intense anti-lymphoma chemotherapy, and possibly radiotherapy, may be beneficial and should be studied in this otherwise rapidly fatal disease. It seems certain that early diagnosis is essential if therapeutic intervention is to be successful.
Automatic Width And Overlay Measurement

Integrated circuit processes for producing horizontal geometries can be effectively monitored by precise linewidth measurements in both x and y directions. This paper describes a noncontact dimensional measurement system that is fully automatic and has a precision of ±0.025 µm for symmetric lines from 1 to 3 µm wide--e.g., 5-kA thermal oxide over silicon structure. Based on the analysis of diffraction patterns, the system operates on a wide variety of well defined line structures. By suitable choice of target, this system can also be applied to the measurement of mask-wafer overlays. The performance of the system for large numbers of samples is described and compared to the classical linear input. The signals are the same for structures having the same linewidth but produced by different processes. For some thick semiconductor structures, the edges defining the pattern boundaries have significant width themselves. Methods for measuring such struc-tures precisely by analysis of diffraction patterns are described.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Steps in the management of psoriatic arthritis: a guide for clinicians.

Psoriatic arthritis is a common systemic inflammatory disorder, which in addition to skin and nail involvement may be associated with peripheral and axial joint involvement, enthesitis, dactylitis, and important comorbidities – especially cardiovascular morbidity. Better insights into the involved pathogenic mechanisms have resulted in an improved therapeutic armamentarium, which targets key pathways in its pathogenesis. This has resulted in significant clinical responses to newer therapeutic agents, especially those directed at inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α. Biological therapy leads to significant levels of remission, improved quality of life, and retards or improves structural radiological damage.
Microfossils from the Late Precambrian Draken Conglomerate, Ny Friesland, Svalbard

An intraformational "flake" conglomerate within the Late Precambrian (700-800 m.y.) Draken Conglomerate of Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen, contains abundant, well preserved microfossils in silicified shards of microbial mats, as well as in associated silicified clasts of non-stromatolitic mud. Sedimentation apparently took place in a lagoonal environment subjected to occasional storms. Within one local area, three distinct microbial mat associations can be recognized, each dominated by a single filamentous cyanobacterial mat builder occurring in densely interwoven patterns oriented parallel to bedding. One mat association often contains an associate mat building filament, and two of the three associations harbor mat-specific stromatolite dwelling blue-greens. Three taxa, all probable cyanobacteria, apparently lived as microbenthos in the non-stromatolitic mud. Approximately a dozen planktonic taxa have been recognized in this microbiota; these occur as randomly scattered individuals and clusters in all three mat associations and in the carbonate mud. The Draken microbiota provides a case study of the ecological heterogeity and microbial distribution within a single late Precambrian environment, and suggests the importance of paleoecology in analyses of Proterozoic evolution and biostratigraphy. Twenty-eight taxa are recognized of which eight are formally described as new: Salome svalbardensis n. gen. et sp., Synodophycus euthemos n. gen. et sp., Sphaerophycus wilsonii n. sp., Eosynechococcus brevis n. sp., Eosynechococcus depressus n. sp., Gloediniopsis mikros n. sp., Myxococcoides cantabrigiensis n. sp., and Myxococcoides ovata n.
Mineral Nutrition and Plant Growth Response to Climate Change

The limiting factor concept has often been used to describe plant growth responses to altered availability of resources. However, even preliminary experiments, where atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and solution mineral concentrations were varied, demonstrated that a more complex concept was required to interpret the potential effects of climate change and mineral availability on plant growth. It is proposed that these resources for plant growth may be better viewed as simultaneously limiting
Phase I and pharmacologic study of 9-aminocamptothecin colloidal dispersion formulation in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia

Summary Purpose: Topoisomerase I inhibitors have shown promising anti leukemic activity in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome. In this phase I study, we investigated the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics, and activity of a prolonged continuous infusion schedule of the colloidal dispersion formulation of 9-amino-camptothecin (9-AC/CD) in patients with acute leukemia. Patients and methods: Patients with refractory or relapsed AML, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase (CML-BP) were included in the study. Eligibility criteria were age greater than 15 years, performance status of 2 or better, creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl, and bilirubin < 1.5 mg/dl. 9-AC/CD was given as a continuous intravenous infusion over seven days every three to four weeks. The starting dose was 0.2 mg/m 2 /d (1.4 mg/m 2 /course). Courses were given every three to four weeks according to toxicity and anti leukemic efficacy. This phase I study used the classical 3 + 3 design. The dose was escalated by 50% until grade 1 toxicity was observed, and then by 30% to 35% until the dose limiting toxicity was defined. At the maximal tolerated dose (MTD), 8 to 10 patients were planned to be treated to better define the toxicity and early-activity profiles. Results: Thirty-nine patients (AML thirty-six patients; ALL two patients; CML-BP one patient), median age 56 years, were treated. Severe mucositis was the dose limiting toxicity; it occurred in three of six patients treated at a dose of 1.6 mg/m 2 /d. The MTD was defined as 1.4 mg/m 2 /day by the phase I design. Upon expansion of the number of patients, 3 of 10 patients had grade 4 mucositis and 1 of 10 patients had grade 3 diarrhea. Nausea and vomiting were uncommon. No complete or partial remission was observed in 37 evaluable patients. However, 9-AC/CD exhibited antileukemic activity, as reflected by the finding of marrow hypoplasia on day 14 in 46% of the patients. Average steady-state concentration of 9-AC lactone was close to 10 nmol/1, and the of 9-AC lactone area under curve (AUC) was 1409 ± 705 nmol/1 • hr. Conclusion: The MTD of 9-AC/CD given as a seven-day continuous infusion was 1.4 mg/m 2 /d (9.8 mg/m 2 /course) in patients with acute leukemia. This represents three to fourfold dose escalation compared with the MTD of 9-AC given as shorter continuous infusion (three days) in patients with solid tumors. Future studies will determine the activity of prolonged administration of 9-AC/CD in patients with better prognosis acute leukemia.
Sites and extent of selenomethionine incorporation into recombinant Cas6 protein by top-down and bottom-up proteomics with 14.5 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Selenomethionine-modified proteins can improve X-ray crystallographic structural resolution by multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing. However, the specificity and extent of selenomethionine incorporation must first be assessed. Bottom-up and top-down proteomics with a modified 14.5 T LTQ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer offer a quick, accurate, and robust method to locate and quantify selenomethionine incorporation after auxotrophic expression. Selenomethionine (methionine with sulfur replaced by selenium) has a different natural-abundance isotopic distribution and a mass increase of 47.94 Da relative to wild-type methionine. Here, both wild-type and selenomethionine-substituted forms of the Cas6 protein containing 'clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats' (CRISPRs) were expressed and purified. Comparative bottom-up and top-down proteomics confirmed that all six methionines were fully replaced by selenomethionines in Se-Cas6.
In Vivo Assessment of a Digital Angiographic Method to Measure Absolute Coronary Artery Diameters

Abstract Several techniques exist for the quantification of absolute coronary artery diameters using radiologic methods. An in vivo assessment of a quantitative technique based on direct digitally acquired images was performed by imaging inflated angioplasty balloons (n = 25), balloon catheter shafts (n = 16) and coronary guidewires (n = 20) at the time of coronary angioplasty. After this, the actual size of the objects was determined with a micrometer. Diameters measured by the quantitative digital method had an excellent correlation with the actual diameters (digital diameter = 0.80 [actual diameter] + 0.32; n = 61; r = 0.97; standard error of the estimate = 0.26 mm; p 1 mm were usually underestimated by the digital technique, although the actual magnitude of the error was small. Objects 1 mm were underestimated by 0.23 ± 0.19 mm. Based on an analysis of the error present, correction algorithms were formulated and tested prospectively using an additional 29 object measurements. This resulted in an improvement in the quantification of the diameters with a smaller magnitude of error. This in vivo assessment suggests that the rapid online assessment of absolute coronary artery diameters is possible, but also demonstrates important errors inherent in this method.