cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor-responsive depression

Abstract Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have documented the efficacy of some monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in treating certain depressed patients. This preliminary report of a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the MAO inhibitor isocarboxazid (Marplan) examines the time course of platelet MAO inhibitor isocarboxazid (Marplan) examines the time course of platelet MAO inhibition and treatment response, and describes symptoms that distinguish markedly improved from slightly improved responders. Thirty male outpatients, ages28–64, randomly divided into placebo ( n =15) and active medication ( n =15) groups, were followed weekly. Medication was started at 20 mg daily and increased to achieve 90% platelet MAO inhibition. Data were analyzed for 24 patients who completed at least 3 weeks of the study. A clinician's global change rating at the study's conclusion showed that 12 of 13 patients (92%) in the active medication group improved, while 3 of 11 (27%) patients in the placebo group improved. Significant symptomatic improvement occured in the active treatment group by week 3. Trends suggest that anxiety improved first (week 2), followed by depression (week 3), and finally cognitive outlook (week 6). Only minimal difficulties were observed with orthostatic hypotension, hypertensive crises, or other side effects. At baseline, the only significant difference between the markedly improved and slightly improved groups was greater psychomotor retardation in the markedly improved group. Trends suggest that the markedly improved group showed less depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and weight loss, fewer gastrointestinal complaints, and more helplessness and worthlessness.
Geometric and Electronic Structure of Graphene Bilayer Edges

We present a computational investigation of free-standing graphene bilayer edge (BLE) structures, aka ``fractional nanotubes.'' We demonstrate that these curved carbon nanostructures possess a number of interesting properties, electronic in origin. The BLEs, quite atypical of elemental carbon, have large permanent electric dipoles of 0.87 and $1.14\text{ }\text{debye}/\text{\AA{}}$ for zigzag and armchair inclinations, respectively. An unusual, weak $AA$ interlayer coupling leads to a twinned double-cone dispersion of the electronic states near the Dirac points. This entails a type of quantum Hall behavior markedly different from what has been observed in graphene-based materials, characterized by a magnetic field-dependent resonance in the Hall conductivity.
An evaluation of the validity and reliability of a food behavior checklist modified for children

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to report the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Food Behavior Checklist modified for children (FBC-MC), with low-income, Youth Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)-eligible children. Methods Using a cross-sectional research design, construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (weighted least squares method), and internal consistency reliability for 3 subscales was assessed using Cronbach α. Results Ninety-seven children from low-income families completed the FBC-MC. Indicator tests suggest adequate model fit (comparative fit index=0.962; root mean square error of approximation=0.064) and item factor loadings were significant for all subscales ( P Conclusions and Implications The FBC-MC may be a suitable instrument for evaluating dietary behaviors among Youth EFNEP-eligible children; however, more work is needed to establish internal reliability and criterion validity.
Permeability of the urinary bladder of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, to ammonia.

Abstract 1. 1. The permeability of the isolated turtle urinary bladder to ammonia was investigated by varying the ratio of NH3 to HN+4 concentration in the serosal bath and measuring the flux of ammonia into the mucosal bath. 2. 2. The permeability of the turtle bladder to NH3 was in the range of 5.4–6.1 × 10−3cm/sec and the permeability of the unstirred layer to NH+4 was in the range of 1.1–2.1 × 10−5 cm/sec. 3. 3. The flux of ammonia calculated from the permeability of NH3 can account for the decrease in mucosal H+ secretion observed with addition of NH4Cl to the serosal bath.
Traction Control Using an Anthropomimetic Approach

Human expert drivers have the unique ability to combine correlated sensory inputs with repetitive learning to build complex perceptive models of the vehicle dynamics as well as certain key aspects of the tire-ground interface. This ability offers significant advantages for navigating a vehicle through the spatial and temporal uncertainties in a given environment. Conventional traction control algorithms utilize measurements of wheel slip to help insure that the wheels do not enter into an excessive slip condition such as burnout. Unfortunately, this approach has significant restrictions such as an implicit requirement that the tire-ground interface be uniform and fairly well known. In this paper, a novel approach to traction control is developed using an anthropomimetic control synthesis strategy. The proposed anthropomimetic traction control algorithm operates on the same correlated input signals that a human expert driver would in order to maximize traction; however, this is a very different strategy than any conventional traction control algorithms based on regulating wheel slip. A gradient ascent approach is at the heart of the proposed anthropomimetic control algorithm, and a real-time implementation is described using linear operator techniques, even though the tire-ground interface is highly non-linear. Performance of the proposed anthropomimetic traction control algorithm is demonstrated using a simple longitudinal traction case study.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of water on the dispersion of alumina in nonaqueous media

Abstract Long chain organic dispersants, linolenic acid and an amino polyisobutylene, were used in various nonaqueous media in order to disperse alumina powder. The dispersants used in this study were well solvated in the media and adsorb onto the surface via acid-base reactions. This solvation of the hydrophobic chains is important to the stability of the dispersions. Water, being a nonsolvent for the organic dispersants, should exhibit an adverse effect of the stability of a well dispersed suspension. However, water may not cause desorption and instability of the dispersant chains on the alumina surface. It was shown that free water in the organic solvents tends to have a large effect on the dispersion of the alumina powder. The addition of free water to linolenic acid dispersant suspensions lowered the viscosity. The viscosity rose upon the addition of water to an amine terminating polyisobutylene dispersant suspensions. Both of these results were confirmed through electrodeposition experiments. Calcination of the powders also has an adverse effect on the viscosity in all of these systems. This was due to a lowering of the degree of hydroxylation and consequent reduction of the electrostatic contributions by reduction in adsorption of the dispersants on the alumina. This assumption was confirmed through electrodeposition experiments. Hydroxyl groups on the alumina surface were needed in order to form a well dispersed system for both of the dispersants.
MAKING THE DECISION TO DIVERSIFY INTO FINANCIAL SERVICES

Despite the pitfalls of entering the financial services industry, opportunities abound for increased growth and high profits.
Modal degeneracy in equilateral triangular waveguides

Issues relating to modal degeneracy in an equilateral triangular waveguide are herein treated. Specifically, it is determined precisely which cutoff frequencies can arise, the multiplicity of each such frequency is ascertained, and a procedure is developed which provides a prescription for finding all the modes associated with each of these frequencies. Such modes are degenerate in as much as they share the same propagation constant and are thus susceptible to mode coupling. As an added dividend, we characterize the family of harmonic series into which these frequencies naturally assemble. Just enough of the requisite number theory is appended to make this account reasonably self-contained.
Workplace Design Contributions to Mental Health and Well-Being

People spend much of their waking time in their workplaces (approximately 33% on a weekly basis), which raises the possibility that the conditions they experience at work influence their health and well-being. The workplace design literature has given scant attention to mental health outcomes, instead focusing on healthy populations. Conversely, the mental health literature gives scant attention to the potential contribution of workplace design in preventing mental health problems; nor does it provide much insight into facilitating return to work. Taken together, however, the literature does suggest both lines of research and possible interventions. Existing knowledge proposes that workplace design can influence mental health via the effects of light exposure on circadian regulation, social behaviour and affect; the effects of aesthetic judgement on at-work mood and physical well-being and at-home sleep quality; access to nature and recovery from stressful experiences; and privacy regulation and stimulus control. This paper includes a short review of the literature in this area, proposals for new research directions and consideration of the implications of this information on the design choices made by business owners, designers and facility managers. Providing suitable working conditions for all employees avoids stigmatizing employees who have mental health problems, while facilitating prevention and return to work among those who do.
Effects of growth hormone on cytochrome P-450j

Summary Hypophysectomy of male and female rats resulted in a 5 and 10-fold increase respectively, in cytochrome P-450 j as determined by immunoblotting. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone resulted in a decrease in P-450 j . Microsomal N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase activity was increased approximately 23 and 75 per cent in male and female rats respectively, over the activity in microsomes of intact animals. These studies suggest that hypophysectomy results in an increase in cytochrome P-450 j and that growth hormone acts as a repressive factor for constitutive P-450 j .
Acceleration of coupled granular flow and fluid flow simulations in pebble bed energy systems

Abstract Fast and accurate approaches to simulating the coupled particle flow and fluid flow are of importance to the analysis of large particle-fluid systems. This is especially needed when one tries to simulate pebble flow and coolant flow in Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) energy systems on a routine basis. As one of the Generation IV designs, the PBR design is a promising nuclear energy system with high fuel performance and inherent safety. A typical PBR core can be modeled as a particle-fluid system with strong interactions among pebbles, coolants and reactor walls. In previous works, the coupled Discrete Element Method (DEM)-Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach has been investigated and applied to modeling PBR systems. However, the DEM-CFD approach is computationally expensive due to large amounts of pebbles in PBR systems. This greatly restricts the PBR analysis for the real time prediction and inclusion of more physics. In this work, based on the symmetry of the PBR geometry and the slow motion characteristics of the pebble flow, two acceleration strategies are proposed. First, a simplified 3D-DEM/2D-CFD approach is proposed to speed up the DEM-CFD simulation without loss of accuracy. Pebble flow is simulated by a full 3D DEM, while the coolant flow field is calculated with a 2D CFD simulation by averaging variables along the annular direction in the cylindrical and annular geometries. Second, based on the slow motion of pebble flow, the impact of the coupling frequency on the computation accuracy and efficiency is investigated. It shows that the coupling frequency can be decreased to an optimal frequency without affecting the method fidelity. By analyzing one of the PBR systems, the HTR-10 design, we show that the combined acceleration strategies can reduce the simulation time by 80% while retaining the same accuracy as the tightly coupled 3D DEM and 3D CFD simulations. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed acceleration methods can advance the coupled DEM-CFD approach to analyze the PBR, accounting for more physics such as thermal and neutronic effects, on a routine basis.
Using behavioral questionnaires to identify adaptive deficits in elementary school children

Abstract Adaptive skills are the practical skills used for negotiating one's physical and social environment, including communication skills, daily living skills, and social skills. Adaptive skills are commonly assessed only in children suspected of mental retardation or developmental delay. In this article, it is demonstrated that many other types of children referred for psychometric evaluation, including children with emotional disturbance and/or learning disabilities, also have deficits in adaptive behavior, and that commonly used behavioral scales can predict these deficits. In this investigation, responses to two widely used parent-completed behavioral questionnaires, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the revised Personality Inventory for Children (PIC-R), were obtained from a sample of 88 boys 6–11 years old. Scales from the CBCL and the PIC-R were used to predict the three domain scales and the Adaptive Behavior Composite from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. These results highlight relations between dimensions of adaptive behavior and CBCL and PIC-R scales and suggest that behavioral questionnaires can be used to efficiently identify persons who demonstrate deficits based upon more in-depth adaptive behavior assessment.
An atmospheric radiative‐convective model with interactive water vapor transport and cloud development

In the present generation of radiative-convective models, clouds are assigned specific levels or temperatures that do not change during the course of the calculations. In addition, a single water vapor distribution is used for the “mean atmosphere” instead of separate distributions for the clear sky and cloudy sky atmospheres. We present results from a one-dimensional radiative-convective model that includes interactive water vapor transport and predicts cloud altitudes and thicknesses. The fully interactive model and one with a single, fixed cloud with a single water vapor profile can both reproduce a mean global temperature profile, their surface temperatures agreeing within a few tenths of a degree of the observed surface temperature. However, for surface temperature sensitivity studies, major differences between the two models can exist. The differences result from the use of separate clear and cloudy sky water vapor profiles and from the coupling of cloud numbers, locations, and thicknesses to temperature. The interactive model's sensitivities to changes in the maximum altitude of convective extent, carbon dioxide, and surface relative humidity are presented. It is demonstrated that for global average conditions, the assumption of a constant distribution of relative humidity underestimates the water vapor amount and thermal contributions in radiative-convective models. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01759.x
The gender gap in death penalty support: An exploratory study

One of the more enduring observations in the study of death penalty support within the United States is the strong divide between males and females. Men have consistently shown significantly higher levels of support for capital punishment than women. This divide between males and females has appeared in nearly every survey, over time, and across a variety of methodological designs. Using data from the cumulative (1972-2002) data file for the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) General Social Surveys, this study attempted to understand the basis for this gender gap. It examined gender differences in socioeconomic status, gender inequality, gender socialization, religion/religiosity, political ideology, positions on right-to-life and other social issues, fear of crime and victimization experience, experience with the criminal justice system, philosophies of punishment, and attribution styles. The findings revealed that the effect of gender on capital punishment support continued to be robust despite controlling for the effects of all of these explanations.
Using Conflict Theory

Human conflict - from family feuds, to labor strikes, to national warfare - is an ever-present and universal social problem and the methods to manage it, a challenge for everyone, from average citizens to policymakers and social theorists. Using Conflict Theory will educate students about how, under what conditions, and why conflict erupts, and how it can be managed. It is a unique classroom book blending theory and practical application and the first to bridge for students the science of social theory and the art of practice. The authors extract from classical sociological theory (Marx, Dahrendorf, Weber, Durkheim, and Parsons), and interpret for the student how these theoretical perspectives have contributed to understanding social conflict (its sources, the causes of escalation and de-escalation of violence, the negotiations process). The perspectives of contemporary theorists (such as Randall Collins, James Coleman, Joseph Himes, Hubert Blalock) are also brought to bear on these questions.
Does Well-Child Care Have a Future in Pediatrics?

The most common adult chronic diseases affect 1 in 3 adults and account for more than three-quarters of US health care spending. The major childhood drivers of adult disease are distinctly nonmedical: poverty, poor educational outcomes, unhealthy social and physical environments, and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Ideally, well-child care (WCC) would address these drivers and help create healthier adults with more productive lives and lower health care costs. For children without serious acute and chronic medical problems, however, traditional pediatric preventive services may be largely ineffective in addressing the outcomes that really matter; that is, improving lifelong health and reducing the burden of adult chronic disease. In this article, we examine what role WCC has in addressing the major childhood drivers of adult disease and consider various models for the future of WCC within pediatrics.
Decentralized detection and tracking of emergent kinetic data for wireless grids of embedded sensors

The paper proposes methods to detect and track emergent kinetic data representing clouds of physical entities, e.g., clouds of polluting gas, or clusters of autonomous agents, like robots or vehicles. Kinetic data are important entities in Cyber-Physical Systems as they express phenomena that are distributed in space and time, and are dynamic with respect to their characteristic attributes and lifetime. The main attributes of kinetic data are topography (position, boundary, and area), nature (signature), and dynamics (up to n-th order gradients). The related operators define the distribution (discretization) and composition (aggregation) of the attributes. The paper presents fully decentralized methods for optimized implementation of kinetic data on a grid network of wireless embedded sensing nodes. The efficiency of the algorithms is compared with similar methods proposed in the literature.
Measurement of Complex Permittivity using Artificial Neural Networks

In this paper, a neural-network-based methodology is presented to measure the complex permittivity of materials using monopole probes. A multilayered artificial neural network, using the Levenberg Marquardt back-propagation algorithm, is used to back solve the complex permittivity of the medium. The proposed network can be trained using an analytical model, numerical model, or measurement data spread over the complete range of parameters of interest. The input training data for the nonlinear inverse problem of reconstructing the complex permittivity comprises the complex reflection coefficient of the monopole probe. For the results presented in this paper, the network was trained using the analytical model for impedances of monopole antennas in a half space by Gooch et al. In addition to computational efficiency, the proposed approach gave 990/0 accurate results in the frequency range of 2.5-5 GHz, with the values of permittivity varying across a range of 3-10 for the real part, and 0-0.5 for the imaginary part. The accuracy and the effective range of real and imaginary components of the complex permittivity that can be reconstructed using this approach depend upon the accuracy and robustness of the model/system used to generate the training data. The analytical model used in this paper had a limited range for the values of loss tangent that it can model accurately. However, the performance of the back-solving algorithm remains independent from any specific model, and the scheme can be successfully applied using any reliable analytical or numerical model, or reflection-coefficient training data generated through a series of measurements. The methodology is likely to be employed for experimental measurements of complex permittivity of dissipative media.
Cellular plasma membrane domains.

The plasma membranes of migrating cells differentiate into at least three distinct domains as defined by the laser tweezers and the motile behaviour of particles bound to specific membrane glycoproteins. These domains are important for steps in the cell migration process. First, there is a domain at the leading edge of the lamellipodium where preferential attachment of cross-linked glycoproteins to the cytoskeleton occurs. The second domain at the rear of the cell is differentiated for releasing from substrata and shows decreased support of the membrane by the cytoskeleton. The third domain is the highly curved region(s) of the plasma membrane wherein certain membrane glycoproteins concentrate and is a site for controlling extension and attachment. Using single particle tracking and video analysis we find that the quantitative differences between plasma membrane domains are in the 4–20-fold range at any given time. These values are consistent with the rapid fluctuations seen in cell migration rates and di...
Phase diagram of the Ising model on the square lattice with crossed diagonal bonds.

The global phase diagram of the spin-1/2 Ising model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions on the square lattice is considered, including the fully anisotropic cases. A closed-form expression is given that accurately represents the phase boundaries when the crossed next-nearest-neighbor interactions are not of opposite signs. The phase diagram includes disordered, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, axially single-striped, and diagonally double-striped phases
Blackmailing Amazons and Dutch Pigs. A Consideration of Epic and Folktale Motifs in Persian Historiography

Iran's rich repertoire of narrative literature of oral origin, ranging from single-scene situation comedy through fairytale to the lengthy heroic epic, can certainly be appreciated for its intrinsic literary merits and entertainment value. Both compilers and patrons, however, of what are in effect folktale collections, have from ancient times adopted a utilitarian attitude to their material, a classic instance being the political science course that King Dabshalim (or Devasarma) took from Professor Bidpai in the form of animal fables. In one form or another, the practical autocrat and his obliging philosopher have continued to vet Persian literature through the centuries, insisting that myth and folktale be used as parables to leaven works ostensibly of devotional or moral instruction (as of Rumi or Sa'di) or of historical narrative. But whereas mystical verse and ethical prose may tacitly admit their indebtedness to folkloric material and glory in their various levels of invention and credibility, historiography (arguably the most voluminous genre of Persian literature) demands that its component tales be treated on a single level, as literally true records of the activities of real persons in real time. The fables among these component tales thus rarely declare themselves openly as folk types, masquerading instead under the names of historical personages and illustrating or motivating the events chronicled. Once fictionalized, a historical personage may then break free of his context and star as an independent folklore vehicle in his own right.
The Circular F-Actin Bundles Provide a Track for Turnaround and Bidirectional Movement of Mitochondria in Arabidopsis Root Hair

Background The movement of organelles in root hairs primarily occurs along the actin cytoskeleton. Circulation and “reverse fountain” cytoplasmic streaming constitute the typical forms by which most organelles (such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus) in plant root hair cells engage in bidirectional movement. However, there remains a lack of in-depth research regarding the relationship between the distribution of the actin cytoskeleton and turnaround organelle movement in plant root hair cells. Results In this paper, Arabidopsis seedlings that had been stably transformed with a GFP-ABD2-GFP (green fluorescent protein-actin-binding domain 2-green fluorescent protein) construct were utilized to study the distribution of bundles of filamentous (F)-actin and the directed motion of mitochondria along these bundles in root hairs. Observations with a confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that there were widespread circular F-actin bundles in the epidermal cells and root hairs of Arabidopsis roots. In root hairs, these circular bundles primarily start at the sub-apical region, which is the location where the turnaround movement of organelles occurs. MitoTracker probes were used to label mitochondria, and the dynamic observation of root hair cells with a confocal laser scanning microscope indicated that turnaround mitochondrial movement occurred along circular F-actin bundles. Conclusions Relevant experimental results demonstrated that the circular F-actin bundles provide a track for the turnaround and bidirectional movement of mitochondria.
Light-up properties of complexes between thiazole orange-small molecule conjugates and aptamers

The full understanding of dynamics of cellular processes hinges on the development of efficient and non-invasive labels for intracellular RNA species. Light-up aptamers binding fluorogenic ligands show promise as specific labels for RNA species containing those aptamers. Herein, we took advantage of existing, non-light-up aptamers against small molecules and demonstrated a new class of light-up probes in vitro. We synthesized two conjugates of thiazole orange dye to small molecules (GMP and AMP) and characterized in vitro their interactions with corresponding RNA aptamers. The conjugates preserved specific binding to aptamers while showing several 100-fold increase in fluorescence of the dye (the 'light-up' property). In the presence of free small molecules, conjugates can be displaced from aptamers serving also as fluorescent sensors. Our in vitro results provide the proof-of-concept that the small-molecule conjugates with light-up properties can serve as a general approach to label RNA sequences containing aptamers.
Distinction between intact and antibiotic‐inactivated bacteria by real‐time PCR after treatment with propidium monoazide

One limitation to the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify orthopedic infections has been apparent false-positive results, possibly due to the detection of dead bacteria. We recently showed that the use of DNA-binding agent propidium monoazide (PMA) could distinguish viable from heat-inactivated bacteria, and, in this study, we investigated whether the same technique can be applied to bacteria killed by two antibiotics with distinctly different mechanisms of action, a test of greater clinical relevance than thermal inactivation. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were inactivated by vancomycin and gentamicin and treated with PMA or left untreated before DNA extraction. The threshold cycle difference of antibiotic-treated bacteria with and without PMA pretreatment was investigated with PCR primers for the 16S rDNA and tuf genes. Our results indicated that PMA effectively inhibited detection by PCR of bacteria, which had been inactivated by either vancomycin or gentamicin. The effect was statistically significant at 24 h after treatment (Ct difference consistently >3; p 4; p < 0.01), when compared to viable cells (Ct difference 1–2). Vancomycin had a stronger effect on the Ct value than gentamicin, reflecting the different mechanism of action of each antibiotic. Techniques of this type may help reduce clinically false-positive PCR results caused by the detection of dead bacteria, and may be especially useful in patients who have received antibiotics, such as patients undergoing the second stage of a two-stage revision for infected arthroplasty. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1245–1251, 2010
Risk factors for major depression during midlife among a community sample of women with and without prior major depression: are they the same or different?

Background Women's vulnerability for a first lifetime-onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) during midlife is substantial. It is unclear whether risk factors differ for first lifetime-onset and recurrent MDD. Identifying these risk factors can provide more focused depression screening and earlier intervention. This study aims to evaluate whether lifetime psychiatric and health histories, personality traits, menopausal status and factors that vary over time, e.g. symptoms, are independent risk factors for first-onset or recurrent MDD across 13 annual follow-ups. Method Four hundred and forty-three women, aged 42–52 years, enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation in Pittsburgh and participated in the Mental Health Study. Psychiatric interviews obtained information on lifetime psychiatric disorders at baseline and on occurrences of MDD episodes annually. Psychosocial and health-related data were collected annually. Cox multivariable analyses were conducted separately for women with and without a MDD history at baseline. Results Women without lifetime MDD at baseline had a lower risk of developing MDD during midlife than those with a prior MDD history (28% v. 59%) and their risk profiles differed. Health conditions prior to baseline and during follow-ups perception of functioning (ps < 0.05) and vasomotor symptoms (VMS) (p = 0.08) were risk factors for first lifetime-onset MDD. Being peri- and post-menopausal, psychological symptoms and a prior anxiety disorder were predominant risk factors for MDD recurrence. Conclusions The menopausal transition warrants attention as a period of vulnerability to MDD recurrence, while health factors and VMS should be considered important risk factors for first lifetime-onset of MDD during midlife.
Can carotid duplex scanning supplant arteriography in patients with focal carotid territory symptoms

Abstract Previous reports have suggested that duplex ultrasonography might supplant arteriography as a guide to operative decision making in selected patients with cerebrovascular disease. This study was undertaken to test that tenet in patients with focal carotid territory symptoms. Seventy-two patients having independently interpreted arch and selective carotid arteriography and duplex scanning underwent 78 carotid endarterectomies. Operative specimens were analyzed in all cases and used as the standard in evaluating the accuracy of the preoperative studies. All patients had disease found at the time of operation. The sensitivity of duplex scanning was 99% vs. 91% for arteriography (p = 0.06). In seven cases the scan accurately predicted disease in patients with normal arteriograms and in a single case the scan was read as normal in a patient with a smooth minimally stenotic plaque read as an irregular 30% stenosis on arteriography. The accuracy of duplex scanning was markedly superior to arteriography in detecting intimal surface abnormalities (92% vs. 64%, p
Tree Height Influences Flight of Lesser Peachtree Borer and Peachtree Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Males

Capture of male lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), and peachtree borer, S. exitiosa (Say) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in pheromone traps positioned from 0 m to 6 m above ground was affected by surrounding tree height. In a peach orchard with a 3 m canopy height, more S. pictipes were captured within the canopy zone at 1.8 m than above at 5.5 m. Trap capture was similar for S. pictipes in a mating disruption orchard with more caught at 2 m than at 4 m or 6 m. Capture at 1.8-5.5 m in mixed deciduous woods, with an average canopy height of 22 m, was not significantly different. In orchards, more S. exitiosa were captured at 1.8 m rather than at 5.5 m but no difference was detected in numbers captured from 0 m to 5.5 m in mixed deciduous woods. In a peach-pecan interplanted orchard, where pecan trees were three times taller but only one-ninth the density of peach, capture of both species was similar to capture in peach orchards when traps were entirely surrounded by peach. However, when traps were adjacent to a single, taller non-host pecan tree, capture was similar to mixed deciduous woods. These data suggest that habitat structure supersedes presence/absence of host plants affecting vertical flight activity of male S. pictipes and S. exitiosa.
Mexican Public Sector Food Policy Under Agricultural Trade Liberalization

Mexico has enjoyed one of the Third World's most successful food production systems, based on a complex pattern of public sector intervention. Since 1982, the public sector has withdrawn, in a remarkably Steadfast commitment to privatization, external stabilization, and trade liberalization. This article traces the key elements of that process, and their likely impacts on traditional political goals of food security progressive social policy in the countryside, and external sector dependence. The principal argument is that privatization and trade liberalization leave poor agriculturalists vulnerable, but undoubtebly offer fiscal gains to the state and benefits to urban consumers, especially in light of reduced subsidies.
Analysis of social variables when an initial functional analysis indicates automatic reinforcement as the maintaining variable for self-injurious behavior

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) that occurs at high rates across all conditions of a functional analysis can suggest automatic or multiple functions. In the current study, we conducted a functional analysis for 1 individual with SIB. Results indicated that SIB was, at least in part, maintained by automatic reinforcement. Further analyses using protective equipment (i.e., a helmet with face shield) revealed an attention function for the SIB.
Cluster abstraction: towards uniform resource description and access in multicluster grid

Multicluster Grid has emerged as a major approach for people to pursue substantial computational capability improvement to support large-scale compute-intensive applications. However, it is challenging on how to efficiently manage application execution across the participating clusters, since the participating clusters are geographically distributed, heterogeneous, and self-administrative, and the network connection provided by the Internet is vulnerable in security and unpredictable in performance. The challenges include how to discover resource information, how to handle application workflow, how to allocate appropriate resources, how to make application execution reliable to endure system failures, etc. This paper proposes cluster abstraction to uniform describe and access resources in multicluster Grid. After investigating various cluster resource management systems, a reference description of cluster abstraction is presented to cover cluster computing characteristics, hiding individual cluster details for use. Following this concept, a deployment service is discussed. This deployment service is one of the essential components in ongoing resource management development for multicluster Grids.
SMN-inducing compounds for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. A neurodegenerative disease, it is caused by loss of SMN1, although low, but essential, levels of SMN protein are produced by the nearly identical gene SMN2. While no effective treatment or therapy currently exists, a new wave of therapeutics has rapidly progressed from cell-based and preclinical animal models to the point where clinical trials have initiated for SMA-specific compounds. There are several reasons why SMA has moved relatively rapidly towards novel therapeutics, including: SMA is monogenic; the molecular understanding of SMN gene regulation has been building for nearly 20 years; and all SMA patients retain one or more copies of SMN2 that produces low levels of full-length, fully functional SMN protein. This review primarily focuses upon the biology behind the disease and examines SMN1- and SMN2-targeted therapeutics.
Interactive learning of multiple attribute hash table for fast 3D object recognition

Multiple-attribute hashing is now considered to be a powerful approach for the recognition and localization of 3D objects on the basis of their invariant properties. In the systems developed to date, the hash tables must be created by the system developer/spl minus/an onerous task especially when the number of attributes is large, which is the case in systems that use both geometric and nongeometric attributes. The authors show how the tools of decision trees can be used for the automatic construction of hash tables. Their decision tree framework is based on a hybrid method that uses both qualitative attributes, such as the shape of a surface, and quantitative attributes such as color, dihedral angles, etc. In the system proposed the system developer shows objects to a vision system and, in an interactive mode, tells the system the model identities of the various segmented regions, etc. Subsequently, the decision tree based framework learns the structure of the hash table. >
A Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemic Murine Model to Study Atherogenesis Without Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Objective— Western-type high-fat/high-cholesterol diets used to induce atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice also lead to obesity with concomitant metabolic complications, eg, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Our aim was to design a diet inducing atherosclerosis through moderate hypercholesterolemia without associated parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Methods and Results— Male LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed regular chow (RC; 0.01% cholesterol/4.4% fat), cholesterol-enriched regular chow (HC; 1% cholesterol/4.4% fat), or Western diet (WD 0.06% cholesterol/21% milk fat) for 28 weeks. HC-feeding led to elevated plasma (≈20.7 mmol/L [800 mg/dL]) and LDL cholesterol and accelerated atherosclerosis. Plasma triglycerides were unaffected. Compared with RC-fed controls, HC-fed mice had normal body weight gain and normal fasting levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin. In contrast, WD-fed mice were extremely hypercholesterolemic (>41.4 mmol/L), obese, hypertriglyceridemic, hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant, and showed adverse health such as skin/fur abnormalities and hepatic steatosis. Although atherosclerotic surface areas in the entire aorta were similar in HC-fed and WD-fed mice, lesions in aortic origin cross sections were significantly larger in WD-fed mice. However, morphology was similar in lesions of equal size. Conclusions— The HC diet induced moderate hypercholesterolemia and extensive atherosclerosis and should be useful to study specific aspects of atherogenesis in the absence of confounding effects of the metabolic syndrome.
A seamless approach to multiscale complex fluid simulation

Dissipative particle dynamics is an efficient and accurate mesoscale simulation method that bridges the gap between molecular dynamics and continuum hydrodynamics. Using time-staggered algorithms, it can simulate complex liquids and dense suspensions more than 100,000 faster than molecular dynamics.
Influence of Education on Risk of Hysterectomy before Age 45 Years

In a population of 4,278 women aged 36-44 years identified from Massachusetts Town Books between 1995 and 1997, relative to more highly educated women, those who completed only their high school education were about four times more likely (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 10.8) to have undergone hysterectomy, regardless of smoking status, body mass index, or medical indications for the hysterectomy. Possible explanations are that less educated women may delay seeking health services for gynecologic problems resulting in hysterectomy as the last treatment option or may be offered hysterectomy as the primary treatment option by their physicians. Future studies should assess diagnoses that lead to hysterectomy and the interval between onset of the condition and delivery of medical care.
Motor Development of Cocaine-exposed Children at Age Two Years

Objective. This article was designed to investigate effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on motor development of young children from a predominately underprivileged, urban population. Methodology. A total of 260 infants and young children were initially recruited from either the newborn nursery or the at-risk pediatric clinic of an urban teaching hospital. Prenatal history and birth outcomes were collected from medical records. Demographic characteristics and additional drug histories were obtained from the mothers. The 199 subjects (98 cocaine-exposed and 101 unexposed) who returned at age 2 years were assessed by examiners blinded to drug exposure status using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. Results. Compared with control subjects, the cocaine-exposed group performed significantly less well on both the fine and the gross motor development indices. Mean scores for both groups were within the average range on the gross motor index, but greater than 1 standard deviation below average on the fine motor index. Differences were significant on the balance and the receipt and propulsion subscales of the gross motor scale, and on the hand use and the eye–hand coordination subscales of the fine motor scale. Cocaine status independently predicted poorer hand use and eye–hand coordination scores. There also was an effect of alcohol exposure on the receipt and propulsion subscale. Conclusions. Findings indicate that deficiencies in motor development remain detectable at 2 years of age in children exposed to drugs prenatally. Although other environmental variables may influence motor development, children exposed to cocaine and to alcohol in utero may encounter developmental challenges that impede later achievement.
Desistance From Crime: Theoretical, Empirical, Methodological, and Policy Considerations

In recent years, the growing literature on the topic of desistance from crime and deviant behavior has generated a large body of knowledge on this dimension of the criminal career. Despite these ef...
The Juvenile Amputee Some Observations and Considerations

As our society acquires greater sophis tication in modes of travel and recreation and as the industrial revolution continues to change our way of living, juveniles with loss of limb due to trauma are being encountered more and more.
Creep of Al-Sc Microalloys with Rare-Earth Element Additions

Cast and aged Al-Sc microalloys are creep-resistant to 300, due to the blocking of dislocations by nanosize, coherent Al3Sc (L12) precipitates. Rare-earth elements substitute for Sc in these precipitates, leading to a higher number density of smaller precipitates, which have a greater lattice-parameter mismatch with Al than in the Al-Sc binary microalloy. This leads to an improvement in both ambient temperature microhardness and high temperature creep. Creep threshold stresses of Al-Sc-RE (RE = Y, Dy, or Er) at 300 are higher than for Al-Sc and Al-Sc-M (M = Mg, Ti, or Zr) microalloys. This is in agreement with a dislocation climb model that includes the elastic stress fields of the precipitates.
The SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew is required during signaling by sevenless, Ras1 and Raf

The sevenless gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase which is required for the development of the R7 photoreceptor cell in each ommatidium of the Drosophila eye. We have previously used a sensitized genetic screen to identify mutations, designated Enhancers of sevenless (E(sev)), which affect genes that encode components of the sevenless signaling pathway. Here, we report that one of these mutations, E(sev)1A e0P is a dominantly inhibiting allele of corkscrew, which encodes an SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (Perkins et al., 1992). We show that corkscrew function is essential for sevenless signaling and that expression of a membrane-targeted form of corkscrew can drive R7 photoreceptor development in the absence of sevenless function. Furthermore, we have used the dominantly inhibiting corkscrew allele to examine the role of corkscrew during signaling by activated forms of Ras1 and Raf. Our analysis indicates that corkscrew function is still required during signaling by activated Ras1 and Raf proteins. These results define a function for corkscrew that is either downstream of Ras1 activation or in a parallel pathway that acts with activated Ras1/Raf to specify R7 photoreceptor development. SUMMARY
“La fotografia si fa con i piedi”: Frammenti di celluloide e inventari del mondo

Il libro di Nicoletta Leonardi, Fotografia e materialita in Italia, ricostruisce in maniera appassionata e rigorosa le vicende umane e artistiche di quattro fotografi attivi tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta: Franco Vaccari, Mario Cresci, Guido Guidi e Luigi Ghirri. Dando conto dell’atmosfera storica, politica e intellettuale di uno tra i piu complessi periodi del Novecento, Leonardi insegue la traccia inedita di una fotografia lontana dai canoni postmoderni, influenzata da un’attitudine fenomenologico-esistenziale e interessata all’immagine come oggetto fisico, da porre in fertile dialogo con l’ambiente naturale e urbano; nonche compromessa con i piu disparati fenomeni culturali (dal neorealismo alla neoavanguardia, alle forme di poesia visiva e performativa; dall’informale pittorico all’environmental art; dal cinema di Antonioni al nouveau roman; fino alle leggi della fisica sociale o al disegno industriale).