cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A UML Based Methodology to Ease the Modeling of a Set of Related Systems

Despite progress in model engineering, modeling large distributed systems is still a long and complex task. This paper outlines a methodology based on UML to make the modeling of a set of related systems simpler. A generic component-based framework specifies the commonality and variability of these systems at high-level of abstraction both from structural and behavioral viewpoint. Then, models of specific systems are derived from the coarse-grained generic framework. A case study in the field of QoS management systems illustrates this approach.
Evidentiality, logophoricity and the syntactic representation of pragmatic features

Abstract Some languages have evidential morphemes, which mark the Speaker's source for the information being reported in the utterance. Some languages have logophoric pronouns, which refer to an individual whose point of view is being represented. Notions like “source of evidence” and “point of view” have generally been treated as pragmatic, with few interesting repercussions in syntax. In this paper, I examine constraints on the grammaticization of these notions. I argue that a uniform account of these constraints requires a framework in which there are syntactic projections bearing pragmatically-relevant features. In particular, the facts support the claim of Cinque (Cinque, Guglielmo, 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford University Press, New York) that there are projections for Speech Act Mood, Evaluative Mood, Evidential Mood and Epistemological Mode.
Extending OpenMP to support slipstream execution mode

OpenMP has emerged as a widely accepted standard for writing shared memory programs. Hardware-specific extensions such as data placement are usually needed to improve the scalability of applications based on this standard. This paper investigates the implementation of an OpenMP compiler that supports slipstream execution mode, a new optimization mechanism for CMP-based distributed shared memory multiprocessors. Slipstream mode uses additional processors to reduce communication overhead, rather than to increase parallelism. We discuss how each OpenMP construct can be implemented to take advantage of slipstream mode, and we present a minor extension that allows runtime or compile-time control of slipstream execution. We also investigate the interaction between slipstream mechanisms and OpenMP scheduling. Our implementation supports both static and dynamic scheduling in slipstream mode. We extended the Omni OpenMP compiler to generate binaries that support slipstream mode, and we show the performance of slipstream-enabled codes using OpenMP codes from the NAS Parallel Benchmark suite, running on the SimOS simulator. Our extension to OpenMP allowed the benchmarks to achieve an average performance improvement of 14% with static scheduling. For dynamic scheduling the performance improvement is 12% on average.
Cutting Edge: Early IFN-γ Signaling Directly Enhances Primary Antiviral CD4+ T Cell Responses

IFN-gamma drives CD4+ T cell differentiation toward the Th1 phenotype (Th1) and suppresses Th2 development. Current evidence indicates that IFN-gamma inhibits T cell proliferation and decreases T cell survival. In contrast to the above, we show here that antiviral CD4+ T cell generation after infection is reduced in the absence of IFN-gamma signals. The deficient expansion of cells was not due to perturbations in T cell sensitivity to peptide or to altered migratory patterns through nonlymphoid tissues. Instead, IFN-gamma enhanced early antiviral CD4 responses largely through direct signals into these cells. Our data challenge prevailing dogma and have implications for how the sizes of the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses are established.
Biologics for Psoriasis: A Translational Research Success Story

Psoriasis is a glowing example of collaboration between clinicians and scientists in an effort to find safe and effective therapies for this debilitating genetic disorder of the skin, joints, and immune system. In some instances, fortuitous clinical observations drove the laboratory work that explained the pathogenesis of this disorder; at other times, therapies were based on findings in the lab. The result has been a dramatic improvement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder and in our ability to treat psoriatic patients.
Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome.

Age and excessive energy intake/obesity are risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, but it is not known if and how these factors affect the extent of brain damage and outcome in ischemic stroke. We therefore determined the interactions of age and energy intake on the outcome of ischemic brain injury, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.We utilized a novel microchip-based immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis technology to measure a panel of neurotrophic factors, cytokines and cellular stress resistance proteins in brain tissue samples from young, middle age and old mice that had been maintained on control or energy restricted diets prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (I/R).Mortality from focal ischemic stroke was increased with advancing age and reduced by an intermittent fasting (IF) diet. Brain damage and functional impairment were reduced by IF in young and middle age mice, but not in old mice. The basal and post-stroke levels of neurotrophic factors (BDNF and bFGF), protein chaperones (HSP70 and GRP78) and the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 were decreased, while levels of inflammatory cytokines were increased in the cerebral cortex and striatum of old mice compared to younger mice. IF coordinately increased levels of protective proteins and decreases inflammatory cytokines in young, but not in old mice.Reduction in dietary energy intake differentially modulates neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways to protect neurons against ischemic injury, and these beneficial effects of IF are compromised during aging resulting in increased brain damage and poorer functional outcome. Ann Neurol 2009.
Resilience in parenting among young mothers: Family and ecological risks and opportunities

article i nfo The present study used a person-centered approach to examine resilience in parenting among a sample of young mothers (under age 21 at childbirth). Resilient functioning as a parent was defined as the lack of perpetration of child maltreatment (substantiated reports of child abuse and neglect) in the context of risk. Risk factors were assessed at multiple levels, including family (e.g., negative childhood histories in family of origin) and ecological (e.g., neighborhood poverty, mother's financial stress) levels. Analyses revealed a group of mothers who demonstrated resilience in parenting despite a context of substantial risks from their childhood histories (e.g., negative family relationships) and current ecologies (e.g., economic and neighborhood conditions). Mothers in the resilient group were less likely to a) live with their families of origin, and b) to rely on their own mothers as sources of emotional or caregiving support. Data also indicated that young mothers' resilient functioning as parents was associated with higher rates of depressive symptoms among these mothers, perhaps suggesting a "cost" or limit to resilient parenting functioning in young mothers. Results are discussed in a resilience framework.
Ethanol inhibits mitogen activated protein kinase activity and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Rat aortic smooth muscle cell growth in vitro was determined by measuring cell counts and [ 3 H ]thymidine incorporation. MAPK signaling was determined by assessing MEK (also referred to as MAPK kinase) activity by measuring phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( pp 44 ERK −1 and pp 42 ERK −2 ) expression, and ERK activity by measuring ERK-2-dependent phosphorylation of myelin basic protein (MBP). In quiesced smooth muscle cells, ethanol treatment (24 h) inhibited serum-stimulated mitogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, (IC50=60 mM), in the absence of any effect on smooth muscle cell viability. In addition, ethanol treatment caused a significant shift to the right in the smooth muscle cell growth curve, extending the population doubling time from ∼48 h (control) to ∼70 h (ethanol). Acute (15 min) ethanol treatment reduced serum-stimulated pp 44 ERK −1 and pp 42 ERK −2 expression in a dose dependent fashion; 24.5±1.5% and 77.6±3.2% inhibition for 20 mM and 160 mM ethanol, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant dose-dependent decrease in ERK2 activity in ethanol treated smooth muscle cells as compared to control smooth muscle cells. These data demonstrate an inhibitory effect of ethanol on smooth muscle cell proliferation and MAPK signalling in vitro. It is tempting to speculate that these actions of ethanol may contribute to its cardiovascular effects in vivo.
Implementation of advance directives. For physicians, a legal dilemma becomes an ethical imperative.

When the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) went into effect on December 1, 1991, a new right was bestowed uniformly on all Americans, the right to determine the kinds of care that they will accept and the kinds of care that they will not accept should they become incompetent. The right of the competent patient to refuse care is rooted in the common law and has been recognized for generations in the United States.1The courts in the United States have struggled for 15 years, since theQuinlancase brought the question dramatically into public view, to find a way by which the right of the competent individual to refuse care could be made available equally to the incompetent patient.2,3Physicians struggled over those years to make decisions regarding life-prolonging care for incompetent patients but, despite even the most conscientious efforts, decisions were sometimes driven as much by fear
Challenges and changes for locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma

The importance of cancer staging cannot be understated in that it provides valuable information for patients and providers concerning prognosis and serves as a foundation for treatment decisions. It is therefore essential to have a staging system that minimizes the heterogeneity of tumor behavior and accurately stratifies oncologic outcomes for patient counseling. Staging also facilitates the identification of those individuals who should receive multimodal therapy because of the risk of disease progression or recurrence. Ideally, the development and validation of staging systems and treatment recommendations are evidence-based according to prospective observations and randomized trials to elucidate pathologic features associated with poor outcome and the relative effectiveness of different treatments. However, while bladder cancer represents the second most commonly diagnosed genitourinary malignancy, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for only approximately 10% of incident cases and remains an uncommon cancer overall [1]. Thus, with limited high-quality evidence guiding the diagnosis and treatment of UTUC, cancer staging and best-practice guidelines have been largely based on urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)–
Organic Diseases Mimicking Atypical Eating Disorders

The authors present three case studies of patients referred to Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, for evaluation of possible eating disorders. The atypical manifestations of the cases warranted further investigation, which revealed an organic basis for their weight loss. The authors summarize the typical findings of bulimia and anorexia nervosa and discuss the clues from the case studies that mandated further evaluation.
Biomolecular Science of Liposome-Nanoparticle Constructs

Phospholipid-nanoparticle constructs, formed by allowing nanoparticles to adsorb to the outer leaflet of liposomes, are found to be stabilized against fusion with one another. Here, through single-particle tracking by epifluorescence microscopy, we explore their use as novel colloidal particles – flexible and hollow colloidal particles that contrast strikingly with colloids of the conventional type. At the single-liposome level, the distribution of diffusion coefficients is quantified. Biomolecular function is addressed through experiments in which we explore the access of receptor to liposome-immobilized ligand, finding that receptor binding persists over a range of nanoparticle surface coverage where liposome fusion and large-scale aggregation is prevented. This opens the door to designing newer and more flexible types of tailor-made materials with desirable functionality.
Gotthard Bülau and Closed Water-Seal Drainage for Empyema, 1875–1891

Optimal treatment of pleural empyema remains controversial to the present day. In the preantibiotic era, surgical thinking favored early and aggressive drainage of closed-space infections, but the dynamics of the pleural space were poorly understood and open pneumothorax generally was considered the necessary price of surgical drainage. Against bitter opposition, revision of the dogma of early open drainage was achieved in 1918 by Evarts Graham and his associates on the US Army's Empyema Commission. Unacceptable mortality rates for early drainage were brought under control through a treatment program of repeated tapping, with surgical drainage only after loculation had occurred. Paradoxically, closed water-seal drainage for empyema had been used by a German internist, Gotthard Bulau, as early as 1875. His technique was published in 1891, 27 years before the report of the Empyema Commission. As a closed system, it would have been suited to empyema drainage in either the early diffuse or the loculated stages. Thoracotomy was not possible at the time, and Bulau probably could not foresee the future importance of his method to surgery.
Eclipse Ice Core Accumulation and Stable Isotope Variability as an Indicator of North Pacific Climate

AbstractThe high accumulation rate and negligible amount of melt at Eclipse Icefield (3017 m) in the Saint Elias Range of Yukon, Canada, allows for the preservation of a high-resolution isotopic and glaciochemical records valuable for reconstruction of climatic variables. Each of the three Eclipse ice cores have a well-constrained depth–age scale with dozens of reference horizons over the twentieth century that permits an exceptional level of confidence in the results of the current calibration exercise. Stacked time series of accumulation and stable isotopes were divided into cold and warm seasons and seasons of extreme high and extreme low accumulation and stable isotope values (eight groups). For each group, season-averaged composites of 500-hPa geopotential height grids, and the individual seasons that constitute them, were analyzed to elucidate common anomalous flow patterns.This analysis shows that the most fractionated isotopes and lowest accumulation cold seasons reflect a more zonal height patter...
Late effects of adjuvant systemic therapies in women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age.

Adjuvant systemic therapies – chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and biological therapy – for breast cancer carry risk of substantial side effects. Fortunately, many of these side effects prove short lived. In particular, the acute side effects of chemotherapy such as alopecia, nausea/vomiting and other gastrointestinal side effects, myelosuppression, and neuropathy typically resolve in the months following treatment. However, some side effects including fatigue, possibly cognitive dysfunction, and the rare instances of cardiotoxicity or secondary leukemias remain concerns in long-term follow-up. Patients who receive adjuvant endocrine therapies do so for multiple years, and thus have persistent jeopardy for ongoing symptoms of anti-estrogen treatment. The late consequences of newer biological therapies, particularly trastuzumab, are not yet characterized. Concerns over cardiotoxicity, in particular, remain to be fully detailed in long-term follow-up. Young women have unique concerns regarding long-term toxicity of adjuvant therapies. Younger women have a greater life expectancy in the absence of breast cancer, and fewer co-morbid conditions. Younger women are more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, owing to both traditional treatment selection factors and the differing patterns of tumor subsets that arise in younger women. Younger women are at jeopardy for chemotherapy-induced menopause, with the attendant side effects of impaired fertility and symptoms of estrogen deprivation. Younger women often differ from older women in the professional, family and economic demands placed upon them, yielding different consequences for late side effects of adjuvant treatment. Finally, it is reasonable to
Craftsmanship and Character: A History of the Vinson & Elkins Law Firm of Houston, 1917-1997

This pioneering work by one of the country's leading legal historians is perhaps the most complete history ever written of a major American multinational law firm. Granted unprecedented access to the private files of the Vinson & Elkins firm in Houston, Texas, Harold M. Hyman has crafted a unique and detailed history and analysis of the founding, growth, and operation of a prototypical multinational firm.The history of Vinson & Elkins both mirrors and contrasts with that of many othe
Analyzing the MAC-level behavior of wireless networks in the wild

We present Wit, a non-intrusive tool that builds on passive monitoring to analyze the detailed MAC-level behavior of operational wireless networks. Wit uses three processing steps to construct an enhanced trace of system activity. First, a robust merging procedure combines the necessarily incomplete views from multiple, independent monitors into a single, more complete trace of wireless activity. Next, a novel inference engine based on formal language methods reconstructs packets that were not captured by any monitor and determines whether each packet was received by its destination. Finally, Wit derives network performance measures from this enhanced trace; we show how to estimate the number of stations competing for the medium. We assess Wit with a mix of real traces and simulation tests. We find that merging and inference both significantly enhance the originally captured trace. We apply Wit to multi-monitor traces from a live network to show how it facilitates 802.11 MAC analyses that would otherwise be difficult or rely on less accurate heuristics.
Perceived Source Variability Versus Familiarity: Testing Competing Explanations for the Truth Effect

This article tests 2 competing explanations for the truth effect, the finding that repeated statements are believed more than new statements. Previous research has put forth 2 explanations for this effect—subjective familiarity and perceived source variability. The subjective familiarity explanation holds that repeated statements feel more familiar and are therefore believed more than new statements. This explanation has received strong support in the literature. The source variability explanation holds that people attribute repeated statements to different sources; this belief, that multiple sources endorse the statement, increases belief in repeated statements relative to new statements attributed to a single source. However, previous studies testing this explanation have confounded source variability with source credibility. This research aims to tease apart the effects of subjective familiarity and source variability while holding source credibility constant across conditions. Results of the first 2 experiments manipulating number of sources and measuring recognition implicate subjective familiarity rather than perceived source variability as the mechanism underlying the truth effect. However, the third study demonstrates that source variability does enhance belief in repeated statements that are initially perceived as low in plausibility. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. You are flipping through a magazine and see an ad for Take Control, a spread made from natural soybean extract. The ad says “Take Control tastes great and helps promote healthy cholesterol levels!” Do you believe it? What if you then see a picture of Regis Philbin with his testimonial “Sounds too good to be true? Wait ’til you try it. It’s delicious and helps me look after my cholesterol!” —will his testimonial increase your belief? Without product experience, you may be forced to depend on cues (such as how familiar the claim feels or how many
Mycobacterium avium Complex in Macaques with AIDS Is Associated with a Specific Strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Prolonged Survival after Primary Infection

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques is a frequent opportunistic infection that shares many features with the condition in human AIDS patients. A retrospective analysis of necropsies on 135 macaques with SIV-induced simian AIDS that received neither antiretroviral nor antimicrobial therapy revealed that 17% (23/135) were infected with MAC. MAC developed in 31.3% (21/67) of the animals inoculated with uncloned SIVmac251 versus 1.9% (1/53) and 6.7% (1/15) of the animals inoculated with the molecular clones SIVmac239 and SIVmac239/316EM, respectively (P = .001). This is the first example in which the risk of infection with a specific opportunistic organism was affected by the infecting strain of immunodeficiency virus. In addition, animals with MAC had a longer mean survival after primary infection and lower CD4 cell counts at death than animals that did not develop this opportunistic infection. The SIV-inoculated macaque is a valuable model in which to study the pathogenesis of MAC in the immunocompromised host.
Biodiversity as a dynamic variable in the Gulf of Maine continuous plankton recorder transect

Studies relating biodiversity to ecosystem processes typically do not take into account changes in biodiversity through time. Marine systems are highly dynamic, with biodiversity changing at diel, seasonal and inter-decadal timescales. We examined the dynamics of biodiversity in the Gulf of Maine pelagic zooplankton community. Taxonomic data came from the Gulf of Maine continuous plankton recorder (CPR) transect, spanning the years 1961–2006. The CPR transect also contains coincident information on temperature and phytoplankton biomass (measured by the phytoplankton color index). Taxonomic richness varied at all timescales considered. The relationships between temperature and richness, and between phytoplankton and richness, also depended on temporal scale. The temperature–richness relationship was monotonic at the multi-decadal scale, and tended to be hump-shaped at finer scales; the productivity–richness relationship was hump-shaped at the multi-decadal scale, and tended to be monotonic at finer scales. Seasonal biodiversity dynamics were linked to temperature; inter-decadal biodiversity dynamics were linked to phytoplankton.
Learning to Read: The Unofficial Scripts of Succeeders and Strugglers

Two successful and two struggling beginning readers were studied with the goal of understanding how beginning readers of varying ability levels make sense of instruction in learning to read. Through interviews, classroom observations, and the collection of artifacts from home and school, the author explored meanings constructed by the students about literacy and literacy learning. The findings suggest that standardizing the presentation of information does not neutralize the differences in students' meaning making. The findings raise questions that challenge current trends in instruction for beginning readers, particularly those who struggle.
What is Proof of Concept Research and how does it Generate Epistemic and Ethical Categories for Future Scientific Practice

"Proof of concept" is a phrase frequently used in descriptions of research sought in program announcements, in experimental studies, and in the marketing of new technologies. It is often coupled with either a short definition or none at all, its meaning assumed to be fully understood. This is problematic. As a phrase with potential implications for research and technology, its assumed meaning requires some analysis to avoid it becoming a descriptive category that refers to all things scientifically exciting. I provide a short analysis of proof of concept research and offer an example of it within synthetic biology. I suggest that not only are there activities that circumscribe new epistemological categories but there are also associated normative ethical categories or principles linked to the research. I examine these and provide an outline for an alternative ethical account to describe these activities that I refer to as "extended agency ethics". This view is used to explain how the type of research described as proof of concept also provides an attendant proof of principle that is the result of decision-making that extends across practitioners, their tools, techniques, and the problem solving activities of other research groups.
Discovering the Truth About Life After Discharge: Long-term Trauma-Related Mortality

INTRODUCTION: Outcome after traumatic injury has typically been limited to determination at time of discharge or brief follow-up. This study investigates the natural history of long-term survival after trauma. METHODS: All highest level activation patients prospectively enrolled in an on-going cohort study from 2005-2012 were selected. To allow for long-term follow-up, patients had to be enrolled at least 1 year prior to the latest available data from the National Death Index (NDI 2013). Time and cause of mortality was determined based upon death certificates. Survival status was determined by the latest date of either care in our institution or NDI query. Kaplan-Meier curves were created stratified for injury severity (ISS). Survival was compared with estimated actuarial survival based on age, gender, and race. RESULTS: 908 highest level activation patients (median ISS 18) were followed for a median 1.7 years (IQR 1.0 - 2.9; maximum 9.8 years). Survival data was available on 99.8%. Overall survival was 73% (663/908). For those with at least 2 year follow-up, survival was only 62% (317/509). Severity of injury predicted long-term survival (p=25 with the poorest outcome (57% survival at 5 years). For all ISS groups, survival was worse than predicted actuarial survival [pCONCLUSION: Post-discharge deaths represent a significant percentage of total trauma related mortality. Despite having 'survived' to leave the hospital, long term survival was worse than predicted actuarial survival suggesting that the mortality from injury does not end at 'successful' hospital discharge. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3, prognostic. Language: en
Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation, Modeling and Close-Loop Testing for Three-level Photovoltaic Grid-connected Inverter Based on RT-LAB

� Abstract—The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation testing for the controller of three-level photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is studied by RT-LAB, and a HIL simulation, modeling and testing scheme for photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is presented based on FPGA simulation and eHS modeling technology. First, a HIL testing platform, which contains PV array model, three-level photovoltaic inverter power circuit model, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) testing model and grid model, is constructed based on eHS modeling technology. And then the I/O physical interface circuit is constructed which connects the controller of three-level photovoltaic grid-connected inverter and signal condition module of RT-LAB simulator. Furthermore, open-loop testing of the controller is studied by the HIL testing platform and I/O physical interface circuit. Finally, the HIL close-loop testing for the controller is carried out in the normal grid and LVRT testing conditions by FPGA processor of RT-LAB simulator. Simulation testing results fully show the dynamic, static characteristics of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, and verify the validity of the proposed HIL simulation, modeling and testing scheme.
Proton Irradiation as a Screen for Displacement-Damage Sensitivity in Bipolar Junction Transistors

NPN and PNP bipolar junction transistors of varying sizes are irradiated with 4-MeV protons and 10-keV X-rays to determine the amount of ionization-related degradation caused by protons and calculate an improved estimate of displacement-related degradation due to protons. While different ratios of degradation produced by displacement damage and ionization effects will occur for different device technologies, this general approach, with suitable margin, can be used as a screen for sensitivity to neutron-induced displacement damage. Further calculations are performed to estimate the amount of degradation produced by 1-MeV equivalent neutron displacement damage compared to that produced by the displacement damage due to protons. The results are compared to previous work.
Urological manifestations of the popliteal pterygium syndrome.

AbstractWe report a case of the popliteal pterygium syndrome resulting in abnormalities of the external genitalia and testicular ectopia. Management included bilateral orchiopexy and complex genitoplasty. Pterygia represent errors in development that manifest as webs across joints and can result in anomalies of the external genitalia. The genitourinary aspects of the popliteal pterygium syndrome and their management are discussed.
Is Maternal Milk Production Limiting For Infant Growth During the First Year of Life in Breast-Fed Infants?

Growth rates of breast-fed infants have consistently been found to be slower after the first three months of life than standard growth rates as represented, for example, by NCHS scores. This appears to be true whether one considers infants of well-nourished mothers in developed countries (1–10) or infants in underdeveloped countries (reviewed in 11–13). In this paper we will not deal with the popular argument about whether this slowed growth rate represents growth faltering (6,7) in breast-fed infants. Rather we intend to look more closely at the mother-infant dyad to examine the possible regulatory mechanisms which lead to this slowed growth.
Dynamic Anti-Icing Coatings: Complex, Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Fluoropolymer Poly(ethylene glycol) Cross-Linked Networks with an Integrated Liquid Crystalline Comonomer

Amphiphilic hyperbranched fluoropolymer coatings incorporating liquid crystalline moieties and poly(ethylene glycol) cross-linkers were found to demonstrate noteworthy anti-icing properties. A series of amphiphilic networks was synthesized through variation of the polymer molecular weights and hydrophilic/hydrophobic component ratios. These innovative materials show a remarkable reduction in the free water melting transition (Tm) temperature (−10 °C), measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and an increase in water contact angle for dry and water-swollen systems. The addition of this ordered parameter generated a unique coating topography, which can be visualized via polarized optical microscopy and 3D optical microscopy, while maintaining an overall macroscopic homogeneity.
Ridge Crest Magma Chambers: A Review of Results from Marine Seismic Experiments at the East Pacific Rise

Recent seismic studies along the northern East Pacific Rise have documented the existence of a thin, narrow crustal magma body that is significantly smaller than the magma chambers incorporated into many earlier ridge crest geological models. The predominately molten part of the chamber is only 1–2 km wide and less than a kilometer thick, although it can extend as a nearly continuous feature for distances of several kilometers to several tens of kilometers along the ridge crest. This thin, sill-like body of melt is surrounded by a much wider zone of anomalously low seismic velocities that is interpreted as ranging from a partially molten crystal mush to the solidified (but still hot) plutonic rocks of the lower oceanic crust. This magma-sill model of a mid-ocean ridge magma chamber has important implications for the petrological and geochemical variability of mid-ocean ridge basalts and the origin of the thick cumulate sections found in ophiolites.
Mats Hillert approach to growth kinetics of diffusional phase transformations in crystalline solids

The Hillert approach to analysis of growth kinetics assumes that interphase boundaries are disordered and thus normally offer negligible resistance to growth. An evaluation of the present status of this assumption is made upon two bases. The first utilizes growth kinetics data taken at low enough resolutions in space and time so that the role of ledges is not directly detectable. The second basis examines interfacial structure as well as growth kinetics, at resolutions sufficient to observe ledges and to evaluate their role during growth. Lengthening and thickening of plates and of grain boundary allotriomorphs, growth kinetics of massive transformations and edgewise growth of pearlite are considered upon both bases. On the first, the disordered boundary assumption usually works well. On the second basis the interphase boundary structure has now been shown to be partially coherent during all of these processes; however, as long as growth ledges are closely spaced, the disordered boundary assumption is often a useful approximation
Epibenthic Cyanobacterial Communities Interacting with Sedimentary Processes in Siliciclastic Depositional Systems (Present and Past)

Siliciclastic depositional systems like sandy tidal flats or shelf environments are predominantly governed by erosion, deposition and deformation (Pettijohn & Potter 1964). But also microbiological parameters influence the sedimentary dynamics, because the sediments are widely colonized by a variety of epibenthic microorganisms like cyanobacteria. Epibenthic microbes attach to the surfaces of depositional grains by adhesive mucous secretions that are known as ‘extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)’ (Decho 2000 and literature therein). Such organic coatings around grains are termed ‘biofilms’ (see Charaklis and Wilderer 1989, Decho 2000; Stolz 2000; also Paterson and Black 2000). At sites of favorable ecological conditions, biofilms continue to grow to form thick and significant organic layers that are known as ‘microbial mats’ (compare Krumbein 1983, also Gerdes & Krumbein 1987, Cohen et al. 1984, or Cohen & Rosenberg 1989, Neu 1994, Stolz 2000, Noffke in press b). Microbial mats can cover large areas of a sedimentary surface. Within shallow-marine depositional environments, the sedimentary dynamics controlls abundance and distribution of epibenthic microorganisms, and also the formation of biofilms and mats (Noffke et al. 200la, b, Noffke et al. 2002).
Sound and identity explored through the Indian Tamil diaspora and Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACTSound is very much a part of identity. While identities are neither singular nor stable, they can be expressed through sound in daily life. Scholars have used soundscapes in geography to understand urban environments within cities, rural national park systems, and provide musical insights into cultural landscapes. However, furthering discussion on the role of sound in identity can move concepts of soundscape and cultural landscape forward. The goal of this paper is to investigate how identity and culture, though they are dynamic, can be performed and stabilized through sound in particular moments and yet also exist banally. Soundscapes through both spoken language and music can give geographers further insights on identity and place. Sound can also show how non-dominant identities distinguish themselves from larger national identities. With research in Tamil Nadu, India and Cleveland, OH, this paper examines sound’s role in identity, belonging, and community through lived experience and performanc...
A Resampling Method for Computer Vision

A resampling procedure based on Efron’s bootstrap method is proposed for the robust estimation of parameters from redundant data. The procedure handles a substantial fraction of outliers, has linear complexity even for superlinear estimation problems, can be applied to any parameter estimation algorithm without modification, and is easily parallelized. The problem of estimating camera motion from instantaneous image velocities is used to illustrate the method. Simulations and results show robust and accurate results.
"Of that transfigured world" : realism and fantasy in victorian literature

ii Chapter One: Transfiguring the World 1 Chapter Two: Romantic and Familiar: Dickens on Topos and Chora 31 i. A Christmas Carol, Fantasy, and the Function of Realism 31 ii. The Train and the Sea: Imagination and Empathy in Dombey and Son 43 iii. “What Connection Can There Be?” : Bleak House 58 Chapter Three: Composing Chora: Dramatizing Meaning-Making in Charlotte and Emily Bronte 87 i. Snowe Amidst the Tempest: Storm and the Fantastic Representation of Trauma in Villette 88 ii. “Is He a Ghoul or a Vampire” : The Choric Layers of Wuthering Heights 116 Chapter Four: A Story “Properly Told” : Walter Pater, Aesthetic Subjectivity, and Truth 140 i. “Of That Transfigured World”: Walter Pater’s Choric Aesthetics 141 ii. “His Own Nearer Household Gods” : The Choric Religions of Marius the Epicurean 157 Chapter Five: Art Influencing Life: The Dangerous and Liberating Potential of Wilde’s Aesthetics 180 i. The Voice of the Prophet: Salome and the Failure of Language 182 ii. Painting Dorian and Christening Jack: Fantasy and Identity in The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest 199 Conclusion 227 Works Cited 232
Philosophers on drugs

There are some philosophical questions that can be answered without attention to the social context in which evidence is produced and distributed. Abstracting away from social context is an excellent way to ignore messy details and lay bare the underlying structure of the limits of inference. Idealization is entirely appropriate when one is essentially asking: In the best of all possible worlds, what am I entitled to infer? Yet, philosophers’ concerns often go beyond this domain. As an example I examine the debate on mechanistic evidence and then reevaluate a canonical case study in this debate. I show that for the assessment of actual evidence, produced in a world that is far from ideal, omission of the social aspects of medical epistemology (e.g. commercial drivers of medical research) leads philosophers to draw the wrong lessons from cases they take as paradigmatic cases for their views. I close by arguing that social epistemology provides an avenue to incorporate these complications and provides the necessary framework to understand medical evidence.
A multi-industry economic impact perspective on adaptive capacity planning in a freight transportation network

Abstract The multi-modal freight transportation network plays a vital role in maintaining commodity flows across multiple industries and multiple regions. As such, the effects of large-scale disruptive events could result in the closure of key transportation nodes and links, causing disruptions in commodity flows and larger disruptions to industries requiring those commodities for economic productivity. This work integrates a multi-commodity network flow formulation with an economic interdependency model to quantify the multi-industry impacts of a disrupted transportation network to devise contingent rerouting plans to strengthen the network's adaptive capacity. The formulation proposed here is illustrated with a freight transportation planning case study in the state of Oklahoma, considering disruptive scenarios in which a network component is lost and how the proposed approach improves total economic productivity following a disruption.
Genetic diversity and structure of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) 100 years after closure of the commercial fishery

Abstract In small, inland fisheries even small perturbations to the ecosystem can quickly influence population abundance, size and age distribution, and genetic structure and diversity. In Lake Champlain, lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) experienced extensive commercial harvest from the mid-1800 s to1918 and habitat fragmentation due to the construction of multiple causeways between 1850 and 1899. We evaluated the influence these environmental perturbations had on lake whitefish population genetics 120 years later. We used historic catch records to determine whether fishing pressure could have been strong enough to reduce lake whitefish population abundance, and used genotype data from eight microsatellite loci to look for genetic signatures of population-sub structure and bottleneck. Catch records indicate lake whitefish were being harvested in Lake Champlain at a similar magnitude to the Great Lakes, and simulations suggest genetic diversity may have been lost as a result of harvest. However, we were unable to detect significant evidence of a genetic bottleneck, but we cannot conclusively suggest that harvest of lake whitefish did not result in a genetic bottleneck. Additionally, we found only slight evidence of population sub-structure among isolated basins, suggesting that either some gene flow among basins is possible, or that populations are just beginning to diverge and therefore differences in allele frequency were too small to detect. These data provide a perspective on effects of an inland lake commercial fishery that was closed prior to population collapse, and offer a comparison to the Laurentian Great Lakes where lake whitefish are still being harvested.
Abstract IA24: Engineered Salmonella for drug delivery to solid tumors

Engineered bacteria have the potential to overcome the limitations that cause cancer therapies to fail. We are engineering bacteria to deliver therapeutic payloads and quantifying the mechanisms that control bacterial therapy. We have shown that bacteria preferentially target tumors and actively penetrate tissue. Bacterial motility has a linear relationship with colonization density. Manipulating chemoreceptors in the membrane can direct bacteria to drug-resistant tumor regions, and inducing inflammation can promote colonization by modifying tumor vasculature. When engineered to express α-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria kill 99% of culture cells in 5 minutes and reduce tumor volume in mice. Engineering Salmonella with quorum-sensing provides a density-dependent switch that induces protein expression only after bacteria have colonized tumor tissue. This technique prevents system toxicity after delivery of therapeutic molecules. We have also developed bacteria that selectively invade cancer cells and release molecules that modulate epigenetic targets, e.g., EZH2 and PP1. Salmonella were engineered with a genetic cassette that induces lysis specifically after invasion into mammalian cells. Lysis releases the bacterial content into the cytoplasm of cells. In culture, Salmonella lyse inside cancer cells and release GFP, which diffuses throughout the cellular cytoplasm. Releasing a peptide that interferes with the binding of the phosphatase, PP1, with its regulator, NIPP1, induces cell death after bacterial lysis. In three-dimensional tissue culture, administration of these bacteria induces cell death. These techniques establish Salmonella as a tunable platform for cancer therapy. By understanding the mechanisms of bacterial delivery, new strategies will be developed to treat hard-to-treat cancers. Citation Format: Neil S. Forbes. Engineered Salmonella for drug delivery to solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr IA24.
Coping with Disaster

This essay is the text of the keynote address given at the National Appellate Bench/Bar Conference and Colloquy on October 5, 2001. The New York court system was wounded during the September 11 attacks. One court was situated inside the World Trade Center and the other busy Manhattan courts were inaccessible. Reviving the Manhattan courts was a feat that no one was prepared for but was eagerly taken on.
Determination of death by neurologic criteria around the world

Objective To identify similarities and differences in protocols on determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) around the world. Methods We collected and reviewed official national BD/DNC protocols from contacts around the world between January 2018 and April 2019. Results We communicated with contacts in 136 countries and found that 83 (61% of countries with contacts identified, 42% of the world) had BD/DNC protocols, 78 of which were unique. Protocols addressed the following prerequisites and provided differing instructions: drug clearance (64, 82%), temperature (61, 78%), laboratory values (56, 72%), observation period (37, 47%), and blood pressure (34, 44%). Protocols did not consistently identify the same components for the clinical examination of brain death; 70 (90%) included coma, 70 (90%) included the pupillary reflex, 68 (87%) included the corneal reflex, 67 (86%) included the oculovestibular reflex, 64 (82%) included the gag reflex, 62 (79%) included the cough reflex, 58 (74%) included the oculocephalic reflex, 37 (47%) included noxious stimulation to the face, and 22 (28%) included noxious stimulation to the limbs. Apnea testing was mentioned in 71 (91%) protocols; there was variability in the technique and target across protocols. Ancillary testing was included as a requirement for all determinations of BD/DNC in 22 (28%) protocols. Conclusions There is considerable variability in BD/DNC determination protocols around the world. Medical standards for death should be the same everywhere. We recommend that a worldwide consensus be reached on the minimum standards for BD/DNC.
Rationale and protocol for translating basic habituation research into family-based childhood obesity treatment: Families becoming healthy together study.

Abstract This publication describes the rationale and protocol, including design, aims, intervention, and measures, of Families Becoming Healthy Together, a randomized clinical trial examining the effect of a limited RED (non-nutrient-dense, energy-dense) food variety prescription delivered within an 18-month family-based behavioral obesity treatment (FBT) on body mass index (BMI) and habituation rate to RED foods. One hundred fifty-six children (ages: 8–12 y; BMI: ≥ 85th percentile-for-age) and a caregiver (BMI: ≥ 25 kg/m2), both with overweight or obesity, will be randomized to one of two, interventions: FBT or FBT + Variety. All participants will receive 29 sessions of FBT and be prescribed the Traffic Light Diet (1000–1500 kcal/day, ≤ 2 RED food servings/day), and a physical activity goal (≥ 60 min/day [child] or 150 min/week [adult] of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)). FBT + Variety will also identify two RED foods, a dinner entree and snack food, and develop meal plans that reduce variety of RED foods by regularly consuming these foods and limiting consumption of other RED foods. Measures of anthropometrics, dietary intake, habituation of salivary response to food cues, and physical activity will be assessed at 0, 6, 12, and 18-months. This study translates a line of basic behavioral research examining how dietary variety influences habituation into a dietary prescription that will be tested within an efficacy trial. It is hypothesized that a novel, limited dietary variety prescription within FBT should promote a faster food habituation rate, reducing energy intake and amplifying long-term weight loss in children.