cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospital-based food store is within the dietetic scope of practice.

A new concept for dietetic practice is a hospital-based outpatient food store. Evaluation of the hospital-based food store for inclusion within the scope of practice for clinical dietetics was completed using the model of clinical dietetics as defined by Leyse and Kight in 1993. The data were collected using a group of Registered Dietitians familiar with the model. Results indicated that the hospital-based food store fell within the Domain of Nutraceuticals. The Leyse and Kight model of dietetic practice appears appropriate to evaluate new and emerging areas of dietetic practice such as the hospital-based food store. Such a food store operated by Registered Dietitians would provide a much-needed service to consumers.
Validity of radiocarbon dates on ground water

Carbonate species, dissolved in appreciable quantities in all ground waters, can be extracted and used for radiocarbon dating. The material is mainly of biogenic origin, but contains some bicarbonate produced from limestone. This causes a dilution of the radiocarbon activity of the total carbonate species in the water and a correction is necessary in order to determine absolute radiocarbon ages, i.e., the time since the waters went underground.
Background and Importance of ‘Minnesota 13’ Corn

Background knowledge of germplasm helps corn (Zea mays L.) breeders develop inbreds and predict hybrids. The background of 'Minnesota 13' is still not generally understood. We provide an explanation for the mystery and provide conclusive evidence for Minnesota 13's origin from plant breeding records at the University of Minnesota, whose archives contain corn breeding nursery books. We also cite Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station annual reports, bulletins, and other pertinent sources. A seed lot collected in 1888 designated as University No. 13 and reported as being improved by Prof. Willet Hays and Andrew Boss in an 1890 bulletin was later destroyed by a seed house fire. They collected a new seed lot in 1893 and the same designation, No. 13, was again used. We show that this second seed lot was common corn grown in the St. Paul, MN, area. We also review the improvement of Minnesota 13 and its influence on the history of corn growing in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and France. We diagram and discuss the background of Pioneer Hi-Bred Inbred PH207 and the importance of Minnesota 13 as 13% of the documented background of U.S. hybrid corn.
Relativistic nature of the Schrödinger equation

Abstract The phase velocity of the free particle wavefunction is often presented as having two values, one associated with the relativistic expression for the energy and the other with the non-relativistic expression. The assumption is that the difference between these two is indistinguishable. It is shown that one of these phase velocities is inconsistent with experimental evidence.
Freestanding ultrathin nano-membranes via self-assembly

Summary Freestanding ultrathin nano-membranes (FUN-membranes) are two-dimensional materials of nanoscale thickness (less than 100 nm) with little or no substrate support. Recently, there has been an emerging interest to rationally design such membranes for a broad spectrum of appealing applications ranging from lightweight, foldable electronic devices to highly efficient separation and sensing systems. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent developments of FUN-membranes fabricated via an assortment of bottom-up self-assembly strategies. In particular, we will describe the various fabrication methods, characterization approaches, as well as the properties and applications of FUN-membrane materials.
Abstract B32: TGF-β blockade improves the distribution and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agent in breast carcinoma

In its journey from blood vessels to cancer cells, a therapeutic agent must overcome the transport barrier posed by the interstitial matrix. In contrast to our understanding of blood vessels, our understanding of the formation and function of the tumor interstitial matrix is still in its infancy. A primary component of the interstitial matrix, collagen type I, has been shown to inversely correlate with diffusive transport in solid tumors. TGF-β can stimulate production of collagen by stromal cells in tumors. Thus, we studied the effect of blocking TGF-β pathway in breast carcinoma progression and response to chemotherapy. To this end, we used a soluble Fc:TGF-β type II receptor fusion protein (sTβRII) to block TGF-β pathway in two breast cancer models (human MDA-MB-231 cells and mouse 4T1 cells). TGF-β blockade significantly impaired the growth and metastasis of orthotopic tumors in both tumor models. The recruitment of myofibroblasts and interstitial matrix content was determined by immunohistochemistry, TGF-β blockade significantly decreased the recruitment of myofibroblast and the level of collagen I. Next, to determine the effect of TGF-β blockade on interstitial transport, we injected fluorescent doxorubicin into the tail vein of mice and observed the intratumoral distribution of doxorubicin autofluorescence by confocal microscopy. We found that TGF-β blockade increased the transvascular flux of fluorescent doxorubicin. As a result, doxorubicin liposome (DOXIL) treatment was significantly more effective in inhibiting tumor progression in TGF-β blocked tumors compared to parental tumors. In summary, our study characterized the functional role of TGF-β in modulating tumor interstitial matrix in breast cancer xenografts and suggested that blocking TGF-β signaling pathway may represent a testable therapeutic approach to be combined with conventional chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B32.
Zoosporic fungi from Tunisia, and the Seychelles Islands (Indian Ocean)

Twenty-two zoosporic fungi were recovered from soil samples collected in Tunisia and in the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. One, Phlyctochytrium chandlerii is described as new. Most of the others are referred, sometimes tentatively, to existing species or genera.
N-polar III-nitride tunneling hot electron transfer amplifier

We report N-polar GaN-based tunneling hot electron amplifier transistors (THETA) with common-emitter modulation, ac current gain up to 1.35 operating at collector current density ~50 kA/cm 2 , which are highest values reported to date in GaN-based hot electron transistors. Achieving higher frequency operation in the III-nitride system requires an alternative to highly-scaled GaN-based HEMTs whose transconductance and frequency are limited by electron saturation velocity. In vertical devices, channel lengths below 10nm can be achieved through heterostructure engineering. While bipolar junction transistors have been very successful in other material technologies (InP and SiGe HBTs), the poor hole doping efficiency and mobility in GaN make it difficult to achieve bipolar vertical devices. In this work, we circumvent the challenge of p-type conduction in III-nitrides by demonstrating a highly scaled vertical unipolar tunnel injection transistor. We show transistor action in an ultrascaled device with base thickness ~10 nm, which is the first experimental demonstration of tunneling hot electron transistor with N-polar orientation.
Preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer.

Surgery is a primary modality for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Before any surgical therapy, patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer require an evaluation. A preoperative evaluation is necessary for multiple reasons, including the basic need to assess the patient’s risk associated with surgery and to allow them to be medically optimized for surgery. Beyond that, the preoperative evaluation is useful in planning the surgical resection and may be used to stage the patient’s cancer. With regards to rectal cancer, preoperative staging is essential to determine the possible need for preoperative adjuvant therapy. This article focuses on the elective surgical setting and the recommended preoperative evaluation of patients who have been diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
Braille learning: One modality is sometimes better than two

On study trials, subjects examined braille symbols (for the letters A-J or K-T) visually, haptically, or under one of two bimodality conditions in which use of one or both modalities was possible. All subjects were tested haptically. Performance was best for the visual group, next best for the two bimodality groups, and poorest for the haptic group. These results are to some extent interpretable using Freides’ (1974) modality-adeptness hypothesis.
Parent Training in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s in a Name?

Parent training (PT) is well understood as an evidence-based treatment for typically developing children with disruptive behavior. Within the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the term parent training has been used to describe a wide range of interventions including care coordination, psychoeducation, treatments for language or social development, as well as programs designed to address maladaptive behaviors. As a result, the meaning of "parent training" in ASD is profoundly uncertain. This paper describes the need to delineate the variants of PT in ASD and offers a coherent taxonomy. Uniform characterization of PT programs can facilitate communication with families, professionals, administrators, and third-party payers. Moreover, it may also serve as a framework for comparing and contrasting PT programs. In support of the taxonomy, a purposive sampling of the literature is presented to illustrate the range of parent training interventions in ASD.
Effect of activated charcoal on callus growth and shoot organogenesis in tobacco

Incorporating activated charcoal (AC) in culture media has been shown to affect growth and development of various organisms. Since AC stimulates the development of tobacco haploid plantlets from cultured anthers, research was conducted to determine the effect of activated charcoal on pith-derived callus growth and shoot development inNicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38. Our results indicate that the hormones required for callus growth and shoot development in Wisconsin-38 tobacco are adsorbed by AC, thereby inhibiting callus growth and prohibiting shoot development. This effect was observed even when AC was removed from the medium by filtration prior to culturing the callus.
Additional Rims around the Ries Kessel Meteoritic Crater

THE Ries Kessel is a meteoritic crater of 24 km diameter situated 70 km north-west of Munich in Germany. Its impact origin has been established by Shoemaker and Chao1 and confirmed in this laboratory and elsewhere by the examination of high-pressure alterations to its minerals. Its age, determined by Gentner et al.2, is 14.8 million years, which is the same as that of moldavite tektites.
Seasonal dimorphism in the horny bills of sparrows

Bill size is often viewed as a species-specific adaptation for feeding, but it sometimes varies between sexes, suggesting that sexual selection or intersexual competition may also be important. Hypotheses to explain sexual dimorphism in avian bill size include divergence in feeding niche or thermoregulatory demands, intrasexual selection based on increased competition among males, or female preference. Birds also show seasonal changes in bill size due to shifts in the balance between growth rate and wear, which may be due to diet or endogenous rhythms in growth. Insight into the function of dimorphism can be gained using the novel approach of digital x-ray imaging of museum skins to examine the degree to which the skeletal core or the rhamphotheca contribute to overall dimorphism. The rhamphotheca is ever-growing and ever-wearing, varying in size throughout life; whereas the skeletal core shows determinant growth. Because tidal marsh sparrows are more dimorphic in bill size than related taxa, we selected two marsh taxa to investigate dimorphism and seasonality in the size of the overall bill, the skeletal core, and the rhamphotheca. Bill size varied by sex and season, with males having larger bills than females, and bill size increasing from nonbreeding to breeding season more in males. Skeletal bill size varied with season, but not sex. The rhamphotheca varied primarily with sex; males had a larger rhamphotheca (corrected for skeletal bill size), which showed a greater seasonal increase than females. The rhamphotheca, rather than the skeletal bill, was responsible for sexual dimorphism in overall bill size, which was particularly well developed in the breeding season. The size of the rhamphotheca may be a condition-based character that is shaped by sexual selection. These results are consistent with the evidence that bill size is influenced by sexual selection as well as trophic ecology.
NMR line shape in the regime where the chemical exchange time τ e approaches the motional correlation time τ c

A theory for the nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) absorption of chemically interacting species is derived which is valid when the correlation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$ for the molecular motion\char22{}which gives rise to NMR relaxation\char22{}is less than ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$, the chemical exchange time. The previous theory is valid only if ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$ were much less than ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$. This latter theory assumed that the relaxation was defined using the usual Fermi Golden Rule form where the time integration is from zero to infinity. When ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$ begins to approach ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$, it becomes necessary to replace the $0\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ time integration by a $0\ensuremath{-}t$ time integration where $t$ is the time of the next exchange collision. This modification of the previous theory leads to a correction to the previous theory for which the lowest-order term goes as $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}}$.
Dilution in legal decision making: Effect of non-diagnostic information in relation to amount of diagnostic evidence

Judgments about others are often based on information that varies in terms of its diagnosticity or usefulness in predicting a certain outcome. Previous studies have demonstrated a “dilution effect” in which the addition of nondiagnostic or irrelevant information yields less extreme judgments than those based solely on diagnostic information. Two studies investigated the dilution effect in a juror decision making context in which no midpoint of a scale was provided by researchers. Study 1 examined the inclusion of positive, negative, or neutral character information in a criminal case and found that this nondiagnostic information affected attitude toward the defendant but did not “dilute” guilt judgments. The cases in Study 1 contained a larger amount of diagnostic information than studies that demonstrated the dilution effect. Thus, the amount of diagnostic evidence provided was varied in Study 2, and the results showed “diluted” judgments only when a small amount of diagnostic information was presented. Limitations to the dilution effect were discussed.
Blood consult: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and its complications

A 24-year-old medical editor presented to her primary care physician with fevers, epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting upon returning from a business trip in Brazil in 2001. Symptoms resolved, but a few weeks later, she developed episodic but persistent severe central epigastric pain, accompanied
Reflecting on the Challenges of Preparing Suburban Teachers for Urban Schools

This article shares some of the challenges in preparing suburban preservice teachers at a private college for teaching careers in urban schools. The author describes her challenges as an African American instructor teaching mostly White and female preservice teachers about multicultural issues in urban schools. Many of her preservice teachers resisted some of the issues regarding multicultural education in urban settings. In this article, the author uses qualitative data to explore three possible reasons for preservice teachers' resistance: differing expectations—grappling with students' reactions to the curriculum; pedagogical matters—understanding how teaching practices affect students'resistance; and the culture of power—reflecting on the role the author's ethnicity played in students' reactions to the course. In addition to describing experiences with the multicultural education course, the author provides some possible considerations for administrators and instructors as they prepare suburban preserv...
An approach to module distribution for the design of embedded distributed software systems

Abstract Designing embedded distributed software systems is very complex due to the tremendous interactions between the components of the systems. One of the critical tasks in designing an embedded distributed software system is the module distribution—the distribution of functional modules to software components. In this paper, an approach to module distribution for the design of embedded distributed software systems is presented. The objective of this approach is to exploit the potential concurrency between functional modules and to avoid nonprofitable message traffic under the constraint that some functional modules cannot reside in the same software component. In this approach, module distribution is divided into three steps. The first step is to detect the potential concurrent invocable resources (PCIRs) —those modules that can be invoked directly or indirectly by concurrently executing modules simultaneously. The second step is to duplicate the PCIRs such that the number of duplicates is minimal. The third step distributes the functional modules into a set of software components to satisfy the above design objectives.
153: Out-of-Hospital Emergency Physician Activation of Interventional Cardiology Team Reduces Door-to-Balloon Time in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Question under study: To explore whether early activation of an interventional cardiology team, by prehospital emergency physicians, reduces doorto-balloon time (DTBT) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) diagnosed with prehospital ECG. Methods: Design: before-after comparison. Setting: emergency department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital with a catheterisation laboratory open continuously. Study subjects: patients with STEMI diagnosed in the prehospital setting or in the ED within 12 hours of symptoms. Intervention: a paging system or “STEMI alarm”, activated by prehospital physicians, which simultaneously notified both the catherisation laboratory and cardiology teams before the patient’s arrival to the ED. Outcome measures: DTBT and the proportion of patients with DTBT <90 minutes. Results: A total of 196 patients were included; 77 before and 119 after implementation of the “STEMI alarm”. Between the two periods, median DTBT decreased from 109 to 76 minutes (p <0.001) and the proportion of patients treated within 90 minutes increased from 36% to 66% (p <0.001).During intervention, the STEMI alarm was activated in 67 patients (56%). In these cases the median DTBT was 50 minutes, with 96% within 90 minutes.The alarm was inappropriately activated in 9 cases (11%). Conclusions: Catheterisation laboratory activation by a prehospital emergency physician markedly reduces DTBT in STEMI patients.
Estimating End-to-End Performance by Collaborative Prediction with Active Sampling

Accurately estimating end-to-end performance in distributed systems is essential both for monitoring compliance with service-level agreements (SLAs) and for performance optimization (e.g., choosing the highest-bandwidth server for a download request in a content-distribution system). Due to infeasibility of exhaustive pairwise measurements, a natural alternative is to predict unobserved end-to-end performances from available historic data, with minimal additional measurements. In this paper we present an approach to this based on Collaborative Prediction (CP), an estimation method designed to work with sparse data, that has enjoyed much success in other domains (e.g. product recommendation systems), and obviates the need for landmark nodes commonly assumed in other approaches. Specifically, we use Max-Margin Matrix Factorization (MMMF), a linear factor model for CP that has outperformed state- of-art CP techniques. Moreover, our approach readily admits active sampling based on prediction confidence, and we further propose a novel active-sampling CP approach yielding even higher predictive accuracy, while allowing a flexible trade-off between "exploration" (choosing suboptimal samples to improve estimation accuracy) and "exploitation" (choosing node with best estimated performance). We demonstrate successful empirical results on a variety of practical problems, including network latency prediction (NLANR-AMP, P2PSim and PlanetLab datasets) and bandwidth prediction in content-distribution systems (IBM's downloadGrid data).
A comparison of three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during running between excessive pronators and normals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to compare the three-dimensional kinematics of runners exhibiting excessive rearfoot pronation with those having normal rearfoot pronation. DESIGN: The study design was a comparative investigation of two types of running patterns. BACKGROUND: Excessive rearfoot pronation is often linked with overuse injuries of the lower extremity. However, the literature is void of papers describing the rearfoot motion of runners presenting with excessive rearfoot pronation. Many knee-related injuries in runners are associated with increased rearfoot pronation; however, knee mechanics in this population of runners have yet to be studied. Finally, three-dimensional studies are needed to describe joint motion fully during running and these are also lacking. METHODS: Eighteen subjects (nine excessive pronators -- PRs; nine normals -- NLs) were studied during treadmill running at 3.35 m/s. Retroreflective markers were placed on the foot, shank and thigh segments and recorded with four 200 Hz video cameras. Three-dimensional kinematics were computed. RESULTS: A downward shift of the eversion curve was seen in the PR group resulting in an everted position of the rearfoot at both footstrike and toe-off compared with an inverted posture seen in the NL group. The amount of toe-out was not significantly different between the two groups. At the knee, the PR group demonstrated significantly less adduction and significantly greater flexion than the NL. Mean peak velocities of the PR group were greater in all angular measures except knee adduction. However, only foot dorsiflexion and eversion and knee flexion velocities were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Kinematic differences were noted at both the rearfoot and the knee of the runners who exhibit excessive rearfoot pronation.
The Logic of Nazification: The Case of the International Criminal Police Commission("Interpol")

The evolution of the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), the police organization today known as Interpol, is investigated in the period when the organization came under control of the Nazi regime and when, at roughly the same time, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) became the Commission's official U.S. representative. Confronting some of the prior historical literature on Interpol, this article draws out the conflicting motives of Nazi police and FBI in participating in the same international organization. It is argued that the nazification of the ICPC occurred in two strategic stages: from seeking influence in the organization to acquiring control of it. Although the infiltration of the ICPC by Nazi police officials was realized in these stages, in practical terms, it never went beyond presenting an illusion of continuity in international police cooperation. It is concluded that theoretical models of nazification should consider the rationality and purposive orientation of its direct...
Diagnosis of Ventricular Septal Defects

SUMMARY Diagnosis of an uncomplicated ventricular septal defect is based on the presence of a coarse systolic thrill and long, harsh systolic murmur maximal in the fourth and fifth left parasternal spaces of a non-cyanotic individual who shows evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy and prominence of the pulmonary artery without enlargement of the aorta. Cardiac catheterization affords valuable documentation of the size of the shunt, the cardiac burden, and the hemodynamic status of the pulmonary vascular bed. Angiocardiographic techniques assist in diagnosis by demonstration of a right ventricular filling defect during right heart opacification or by premature opacification of the aorta if the shunt is reversed.
Nonvascularized toe phalangeal bone grafts for congenital anomalies of the hand

Abstract Digital hypoplasia or aplasia can result from both longitudinal and transverse deficiencies. The indications for and technique of nonvascularized toe phalangeal bone grafts to stabilize and lengthen the soft-tissue sleeve of the digit is described.
The Future of Leadership in Learning Organizations

Executive Summary Among the most prominent developments in recent years in the investigation of transformational leadership has been the confirmation of the utility of transformational leadership f...
A double-talk detector based on generalized mutual information for stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation systems with nonlinearity

This paper aims at double-talk detector design for acoustic echo cancellers (AECs) enabling transmission of speech signals in stereo. A reliable double-talk detector (DTD) is often a necessary requirement for AECs. Its role is to freeze the adaptation of the AEC filter when near-end speech is present in order to avoid divergence of the adaptive algorithm. The existing DTDs based on the normalized cross-correlation vectors can not perform well when the system components such as loudspeakers exhibit nonlinearities. In this paper, we propose a novel DTD based on the generalized mutual information (GMI) and show that it performs well in the presence of nonlinearity. Effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through computer simulations.
Testing Bear-Resistant Trash Cans in Residential Areas of Florida

Abstract Human—bear interactions in Florida are becoming more common as human populations grow and as the range of Ursus americanus floridanus (Florida Black Bear) increases and bears adapt to finding food in a human-modified environment. The number of calls to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) concerning human—bear interactions increased from approximately 1000 calls in 2000 to more than 4000 in 2010. Almost 70% of the calls received in 2010 were related to bears consuming garbage or other unnatural foods (e.g., pet food) in residential areas. Therefore, the FWC used telephone surveys in 2 Florida communities to evaluate the effectiveness of using 2 types of bear-resistant trash cans. Surveys revealed a significant reduction in the number of bears consuming garbage and of other human—bear interactions over a 1-year period and, consequently, a positive attitude from residents toward using these trash cans. Apportioning the cost of issuing bear-resistant trash cans, however, remai...
Efficacy of the FDA Selection Criteria for Radiographic Assessment of the Periodontium

The diagnosis of periodontitis is generally made on the basis of a clinical examination supported by radiographic evidence of bone loss. Recent guidelines promulgated by the US Food and Drug Administration recommend that periapical radiographs be ordered on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms indicating the probable presence of disease. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the FDA Guidelines for ordering radiographs for new adult dental patients as related to assessment of the periodontal condition of the patient. We examined 490 patients and determined the periapicals needed to supplement the posterior bitewings based upon the patient's clinical findings. We measured the reduction in the number of radiographs ordered as well as the extent of missed alveolar and furcation bone loss resulting from the use of the selected set of radiographs compared with a complete set. Four hundred thirty-three subjects had at least one clinical sign of periodontitis present in their mouths, and 264 demonstrated radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. Of the 460 subjects on whom periodontal probing was conducted, two-thirds demonstrated periodontal probing depths in excess of 3 mm; almost half showed evidence of bleeding upon probing. Individuals with clinical signs of periodontitis had, on average, 10 periapicals ordered--more than twice the number as those with no sign of periodontitis. Of the 2,415 teeth with radiographic findings of proximal or furcal bone loss, 152 sites of bone loss (6%) were missed when the selected set of films plus the posterior bitewings was used.
Morphology's Role in Phylogeny Reconstruction: Perspectives from Paleontology

A recent article by Scotland et al. (2003; hereafter referred to as SEA) purporting to examine the value of morphological data in phylogeny reconstruction has been received critically by several systematists (Jenner, 2004; Wiens, 2004). As paleontologists—and in an area of systematics restricted solely to morphological data—we take exception to many of the arguments put forward by SEA and feel we may provide a unique perspective in the debate. In their paper, SEA argued for a redefined role for morphology in phylogeny reconstruction, one in which “rigorous and critical anatomical studies of fewer morphological characters, in the context of molecular phylogenies, is a more fruitful approach to integrating the strengths of morphological data with those of sequence data” (p. 539). Such a statement is bold and therefore warrants a critical analysis, as it would effectively neuter the ability of morphological data to generate novel phylogenies. Though issues such as accuracy, support, character coding, and character conceptualization were discussed by SEA, in all cases these discussions resorted to a “too few characters” argument. As the authors characterized it, the “main constraint of morphology-based phylogenetic inference concerns the limited number of unambiguous characters available for analysis in a transformational framework” (p. 539). Additionally, the merits of increased taxon sampling in the context of morphological data were discussed by SEA, and found to be lacking. Though several of the views presented by SEA are not novel (see Hedges and Sibley, 1994, and Hedges and Maxson, 1996), they provide the most detailed recent discussion of this position. We agree with many of the points made by SEA, especially the call for more critical and rigorous analysis of morphology; however, we draw different conclusions from the data. It is our goal to reexamine some of the arguments put forward by SEA, in order to illustrate that a much more optimistic conclusion exists regarding the current and future role of morphology in phylogeny reconstruction.
Work/Family Policies in Higher Education: Survey Data and Case Studies of Policy Implementation

Universities reported that when work/family policies were used, they often inspired loyalty and a sense of community among faculty.
Is socioeconomic status associated with awareness of and receptivity to the truth® Campaign?

Abstract Background The truth® campaign is credited with preventing approximately 450,000 youth from starting to smoke, from 2000 through 2004 [Farrelly, M.C., Nonnemaker, J., Davis, K.C., Hussin, A., 2009. The Influence of the National truth® Campaign on Smoking Initiation. Am. J. Prev. Med. February 9 [Epub ahead of print]]. However, no research has been conducted to determine whether lower socioeconomic status (SES) youth benefit equally from the campaign. This study examines whether socioeconomic status is associated with awareness of and receptivity to the truth® campaign among youth ages 12–17. Methods This study is based on seven waves of Legacy Media Tracking Survey (LMTS) data, collected from September 2000 through January 2004 (n = 30,512). LMTS is a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey. Median household income and median household education at the zip code level were appended to the LMTS data. Results Females had lower levels of confirmed awareness of the truth® campaign as compared with males. Youth who lived in lower education zip codes were less likely to have confirmed campaign awareness as compared with those in higher education zip codes. Zip code level median household income was not associated with confirmed awareness. Receptivity to the campaign was not associated with zip code level median household income or education. Conclusions These findings suggest that the effectiveness of the truth® campaign could be enhanced by developing strategies to increase campaign awareness among females and youth from lower education zip codes. Increased campaign exposure within these populations could result in lower smoking rates and, ultimately, lower rates of tobacco-related disease.
The Microanalysis of Memory Span and Its Development in Childhood

It is not clear from the literature why, as children develop, there are important increases in memory span, the number of just-presented items that the participant can repeat in the correct serial order. To understand this, some recent results on capacity limits and processing rates were re-analyzed. We first describe results using a conventional measure of performance in immediate memory tasks that is affected by the list length (proportion correct). Next we describe results using a less conventional measure (number correct) that is unaffected by list length under circumstances in which attention to the list during its presentation is curtailed. This measure can estimate an individual's limited-capacity storage ability. Last, we examine measures of spoken response timing that do and do not change with list length. We show that unconventional measures that do not change with list length, but do change with development, are especially useful in assessing basic changes in information processing parameters, ...
Reducing the risk of burnout in end-of-life care settings: The role of daily spiritual experiences and training

Objective: Individuals in the helping professions are subject to unique stressors that may lead to burnout, and research has shown that those who work with dying or bereaved individuals might be particularly at-risk. This study explores how factors such as spirituality and level of training might buffer the stress of working with terminally ill clients and their families.Method: A total of 80 medical and mental health practitioners attending palliative care seminars were surveyed, with each completing validated measures of daily spiritual experiences and caregiver burnout, as well as assessments of demographic factors, their general education and training experiences specific to working in end-of-life care and bereavement settings.Results: Findings indicate that daily spiritual experiences might mitigate physical, cognitive, and emotional forms of burnout in the workplace. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the amount of end-of-life training received and burnout in the physical and cognitive domains. However, training was not related to professionals' level of emotional exhaustion.Significance of the research: Results reinforce a growing literature on the salutary effects of spirituality, and underscore its relevance as one possible form of constructive coping for professionals attending to the needs of the dying and bereaved. The study carries further implications for how the stresses of such work might be ameliorated by enhanced training efforts, as well as creative facilitation of diverse spiritual expressions (e.g., inclusive forms of ritual recognition of loss) in the workplace.
Service with a smile and encounter satisfaction: emotional contagion and appraisal mechanisms

Primitive emotional contagion has been proposed to explain why “service with a smile” predicts encounter satisfaction. We provide a comprehensive test of this mechanism by examining mimicry and moo...
Chloroplast movements in the field

An ecophysiological understanding of chloroplast movements in leaves requires measurement of these movements under field conditions. A field-portable instrument was constructed, based on a pulsed measuring beam and lock-in detection that measures chloroplast movements in attached leaves by sensing the resultant changes in leaf transmittance. In the instrument and generally in nature, leaves are illuminated obliquely, in contrast with the perpendicular illumination used in most laboratory experiments on chloroplast movement. Microscopic analysis of cells illuminated obliquely with bright light verified that chloroplasts move out of the light path, and transmittance changes in response to oblique light were robust. Chloroplast movements in Alocasia brisbanensis under natural sunlight express kinetics and light requirements expected from laboratory observations: chloroplasts were in the periclinal position at dawn and dusk, anticlinal position in full sunlight midday, and in an intermediate position at night. Movement in response to bright light was rapid allowing responses to brief sunflecks. Movements in Helianthus tuberosum, Eustrephus latifolius and Cissus hypoglauca were qualitatively similar with differing kinetics and magnitude. In all four species, chloroplasts were in motion most of the time, rarely achieving the extreme anticlinal or periclinal positions.
Fabrication of dielectric aperiodic nanostructured luneburg lens in optical frequencies

We have designed and fabricated an all-dielectric subwavelength-patterned Luneburg lens for operation at free-space wavelength of λ=1.55μm.
The Weekend Effect for Patients with Sepsis Presenting to the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Mortality differences in weekend and weekday admissions have been observed for a variety of conditions that require aggressive early intervention. It is unknown if there is a mortality difference that exists for patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with sepsis on the weekend. Study Objectives We hypothesized that there is an increase in early inpatient mortality (death on day 1 or day 2 of hospitalization) among patients with sepsis who present to the ED on the weekend vs. weekdays. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 114,611 ED admissions with a principal diagnosis consistent with sepsis from 576 hospitals in the 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Adjusted analyses controlled for patient and hospital characteristics, and examined the likelihood of either early (day 1 or day 2 of hospitalization) or overall inpatient mortality. Results A greater proportion of patients admitted on the weekend died on day 1 and day 2 of hospitalization (5.4% vs. 4.0%, p p = 0.001), the difference for overall inpatient mortality was not significant (17.9% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.08). The risk-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of day 1 and day 2 early inpatient mortality of weekend vs. weekday admissions was 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.17) and 1.08 (95% CI 1.03–1.14), respectively; the association with overall inpatient mortality was not significant (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.07). Conclusions Patients admitted through the ED with sepsis on the weekend had a greater likelihood of early mortality, but not overall mortality, when compared to patients admitted on weekdays.
Saturation-bandwidth tradeoffs in grid frequency regulation for wind generation with energy storage

Selection of linear feedback to operate with plants having actuator saturation limits has long been important in control design research, with one approach represented in the work of Saberi and his co-workers. The work here seeks to tailor this “saturation-accommodating” design method to problems motivated by integrating into the grid renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, and energy storage technologies, such as batteries, ultra-capacitors, or flywheels. We examine the problem of grid frequency control, in which large numbers of actuators (generators or storage devices) offer distributed control action by varying power output. We tailor Saberi's method to enhance controller utilization and regulation performance when actuators fall into two classes: (i) low bandwidth, “slow” actuators with broad saturation limits (e.g., power control available by varying blade pitch in wind generators); and (ii) high bandwidth, “faster” actuators with narrow saturation limits (e.g., power control available from battery or ultra-capacitor energy storage).
Teratogenic compounds in Veratrum californicum (Durand). IX. Structure‐activity relation

The structures and configurations of three naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid teratogens from Veratrum californicum that induce cyclopia in sheep have been elucidated. The probable teratogenic structural requirements were examined in light of known structural and configurational information on active and nonactive compounds. Methods are proposed that will enable elucidation of the precise structural requirements for this teratogenic effect.
A model for international collaborative learning via the Internet

The Internet has created a vast set of resources available from anywhere in the world, at any time. This virtual information repository also has the potential to serve as a virtual learning environment. It is the goal of this project to create an online classroom, for the purpose of enhancing the learning experience of students from three international universities: the University of Virginia, the University of the West Indies, and Mapua Institute of Technology. All three groups of students are participating in a course called environmental systems analysis, the purpose of which is to teach community-based management of municipal sanitation services. The site serves as a medium for communication and collaboration for the students throughout the completion of their course project, with an overarching goal of creating lasting relationships based on trust and common experiences. It differs from previous similar projects in that it is designed with the needs of financially restricted and less technologically proficient institutions in mind. Full-scale development of this tool was broken up into several components, including background research, user's requirements gathering, prototype design, and testing and revision. The site has been developed using predominantly open-source technologies available to anyone with an Internet connection. Additional deliverables of this project include a detailed user guide containing the specifications and requirements of the system, as well as a section detailing each of the functions within the site. The guide enables those unfamiliar with the technologies present in the Web site to quickly understand their uses and also serve as a guide for any university that wishes to establish its own collaborative learning program. The project is funded in part by a University Teaching Fellowship grant to Prof. Garrick Louis.
The clinical use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Through an integrative understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiologic characteristics at the multiorgan level, significant achievements in cardiovascular therapeutics have been achieved and enabled the rationale design and development of drugs such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). In this article, we present a detailed review of the physiologic features of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), ACE inhibitors and ARB clinical pharmacologic characteristics, and specific diseases in which they are considered to be the standard of the care as supported by important clinical trial data. It is envisioned that an updated and detailed understanding of ACE inhibitors and ARBs will facilitate their successful use in the treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension, renal failure, and diabetic nephropathy.
Pulse Transit Time as an Indicator of Arterial Blood Pressure

The relationship between pulse-arrival times and diastolic blood pressure was measured in 10 anesthetized dogs. The pulse-arrival time was measured using the R-wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a time reference. Pulse-transit time was also measured between the carotid and femoral pulses. Blood pressure was raised with epinephrine injected intravenously and lowered with vagal stimulation. In all cases, pulse arrival and transit times decreased with an increase in diastolic pressure for diastolic pressures ranging from 15 to 250 mmHg. The correlation between pulse-arrival time and pressure was poorest when the ECG was used as a timing reference. The best correlation was found with true pulse-transit time and diastolic pressure. When pulse-transit time was used to compute pulse-wave velocity, it was found to increase nearly linearly with blood pressure. From 90–100 mmHg, the pulse-wave velocity increased typically by slightly less than six percent.
High speed and multimedia communication

The presentation gives an overview of the activities at the IBM European Networking Center (ENC) in high speed and multimedia communications. ENC is involved in major efforts towards defining and prototyping communication systems for Europe 's evolving high speed networks, such as RACE (R&D in Advanced Communication in Europe) and BERKOM (BERliner KOMmunikationssystem).One of the main application drivers for fiber-based networks will be multimedia, which will be important for many industry sectors and the home market as well. Within BERKOM and RACE, the IBM European Networking Center investigates communication support for isochronous information and its integration with data. To achieve this goal, protocols, communication software implementation techniques, and operating system integration have to be revisited. The talk will give an overview of HeiTS, the Heidelberg Transport System, which implements high-speed multimedia communication on an RS/6000, AIX based environment.
TURN Score Predicts 24-Hour Cerebral Edema After IV Thrombolysis

Cerebral edema is associated with poor outcome after IV thrombolysis. We recently described the TURN score (Thrombolysis risk Using mRS and NIHSS), a predictor of severe outcome after IV thrombolysis. Our purpose was to evaluate its ability to predict 24-h cerebral edema. We retrospectively analyzed data from 303 patients who received IV rt-PA during the NINDS rt-PA trial. Measures of brain swelling included edema, mass effect and midline shift assessed at baseline, at 24 h and new onset at 24 h. Outcome was assessed using intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), 90-day severe outcome, and 90-day mortality. Statistical associations were assessed by logistic regression reporting odds ratios (OR) and by areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). Baseline brain swelling did not predict poor outcome; however, 24-h brain swelling predicted ICH (OR 5.69, P < 0.001), sICH (OR 9.50, P = 0.01), 90-day severe outcome (OR 7.10, P < 0.001), and 90-day mortality (OR 5.65, P = 0.01). Similar results were seen for new brain swelling at 24 h. TURN predicted 24-hour brain swelling (OR 2.5, P < 0.001; AUROC 0.69, 95 % CI 0.63–0.75) and new brain swelling at 24 h (OR 2.1, P < 0.001; AUROC 0.67, 95 % CI 0.61–0.73). Cerebral edema at 24 h is associated with poor outcome and 90-day mortality. TURN predicts ischemic stroke patients who will develop 24-h cerebral edema after IV thrombolysis.
Phlebotomy Training Programs: An Investment in Laboratory Quality and Improved Patient Services

Addressed to any medical institution using phlebotomy services, this article advocates an “in-house” approach to training programs for prospective phlebotomists. A continuing education workshop in phlebotomy and a basic phlebotomy training program are outlined in detail. A short list of administrative responsibilities is presented which should be considered before initiating a training program. Benefits of a training program include improved specimen quality, improved medical-center public relations, high-standard patient services and job satisfaction for the phlebotomist.