cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of additives on the stoichiometry of iron sulphides formed during liquefaction of a Powhatan No. 5 coal

Abstract Transformations of pyrite in a Powhatan No. 5 is studied using Mossbauer spectroscopy. Stoichiometry of the resultant pyrrhotites is shown to be influenced by the H2S partial pressure in the reactor. Higher H2S partial pressure yields pyrrhotites with more iron deficiency. Variation in the H2S partial pressure is achieved through the addition of either pyrite, troilite or pyrrhotite. It is also shown that pyrrhotites having the same average at% Fe may have widely differing vacancy distribution on the Fe sites.
GYKI 52466 protects against non-NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in primary rat hippocampal cultures

Abstract Glutamate excitotoxicity is mediated by both N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-receptor and non-NMDA receptor (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate (KA)) mechanisms but the lack of specific antagonists has limited the characterization of AMPA/KA receptormediated excitotoxicity. The 2,3-benzodiazepine GYKI 52466 is a newly described non-competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist. We have investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of GYKI 52466 in an embryonic rat hippocampal culture model of non-NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity using KA as an agonist at the AMPA/KA receptor. Overnight treatment with 50 μM KA resulted in prominent neuronal excitotoxicity as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase efflux. GYKI 52466 attenuated KA excitotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC 50 of 9 μM. Together with competitive antagonists (e.g., various quinoxalinediones), non-competitive antagonists like GYKI 52466 can now be used to dissect mechanisms of non-NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity.
Active detection of solid-shape information by touch and vision

Five groups of Ss were tested under conditions of intra- and intermodal equivalence matching for free-form unfamiliar shapes originally designed by Gibson. Findings indicated that visual intramodal matching was superior to intermodal matching, a result consistent with previous research. The order of accuracy in forming equivalence was: (1) intramodel visual, (2) intramodal haptic, (3) haptic to visual, (4) visual to haptic. A difference, but not a significant one, in accuracy occurred for intramodal haptic matching when Ss wore goggles and when they did not.
Inhibition of K + Channel Activity in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells by Serum from Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Congenital Heart Disease

Activity of K+ channels regulates cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration by controlling membrane potential. A rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction and stimulates PASMC proliferation. Whether serum from children with pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to congenital cardiopulmonary diseases contains a factor(s) that inhibits K+ channel function in PASMC was investigated using patch clamp techniques. PASMC isolated from normal subjects were cultured in media containing 5% serum from normotensive (NPH) or PH patients. Cell growth rate and the currents through voltage-gated K+ channels were determined and compared between the cells treated with serum from NPH and PH patients. In the absence of growth factors, incubation of PASMC in media containing NPH serum for 48 h increased cell numbers by 2.5-fold, whereas incubation of the cells in media containing PH serum increased cell numbers by 4.5-fold (p < 0.001). Amplitude of whole-cell voltage-gated K+ currents in NPH serum–treated cells (1119 ± 222 pA at +80 mV, n = 43) was 3.5-fold greater than in PH serum–treated cells (323 ± 34 pA, n = 43, p < 0.001). Consistently, membrane potential was much more depolarized in PASMC treated with PH serum (−28 ± 2 mV, n = 29) than cells treated with NPH-serum (−47 ± 2 mV, n = 28;p < 0.001). These results suggest that a circulating mitogenic agonist, which induces membrane depolarization by inhibiting voltage-gated K+ channel activity in PASMC, may be produced or up-regulated in pediatric patients with secondary PH.
Inferring the Structure of Genetic Regulatory Networks Using Information Theoretic Tools

By combining the mutual information and conditional mutual information, a practical metric is proposed to capture the inference confidence of direct connectivity between two genes. This metric helps to avoid the disadvantage of general schemes, i.e., the dichotomy of either being connected or disconnected. Based on data sets generated by synthetic networks, the performance of proposed algorithm is compared favorably with respect to other schemes in the literature. The proposed algorithm is also applied on realistic cutaneous melanoma data set to recover a genetic network containing 470 genes.
Passive and active residential solar heating: A comparative economic analysis of select designs

Abstract This paper compares four passive solar heating concepts to a conventional air collector/rock storage system. Masonry (Trombe) and water walls are considered in the presence and absence of night insulation. The performance of optimally sized systems is evaluated on a state-by-state basis. The effects of low interest loans and National Energy Act (NBA) income tax credits are examined. With natural gas as the alternative fuel, the passive designs evaluated here offer more promise than the active system. This is true with or without inclusion of incentives, although either incentive option enhances economic performance. The passive designs evaluated in this paper are economically competitive against the electric resistance alternative in all but a few states. Moreover, on a life cycle cost basis, these designs are feasible today. Although the optimal solar fractions are generally low, passive designs offer the opportunity to incorporate solar heating into a new home at costs much less than their active counterparts. This is because there are no discernible fixed costs, thereby allowing a simple movement from zero to 100% solar when evaluating economic feasibility. When both active and passive design are shown to be cost competitive against alternative fuels, higher solar fractions will be associated with the active systems. This is principally due to the substantial fixed cost component of active systems, which forces one to achieve a given solar fraction before economic feasibility can be shown.
Development of muscle fiber types in the prenatal rat hindlimb.

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of embryonic, slow, and neonatal isoforms of myosin heavy chain in muscle fibers of the embryonic rat hindlimb. While the embryonic isoform is present in every fiber throughout prenatal development, by the time of birth the expression of the slow and neonatal isoforms occurs, for the most part, in separate, complementary populations of fibers. The pattern of slow and neonatal expression is highly stereotyped in individual muscles and mirrors the distribution of slow and fast fibers found in the adult. This pattern is not present at the early stages of myogenesis but unfolds gradually as different generations of fibers are added. As has been noted by previous investigators (e.g., Narusawa et al., 1987, J. Cell Biol. 104, 447-459), all of the earliest generation (primary) muscle fibers initially express the slow isoform but some of these primary fibers later lose this expression. In this study we show that loss of slow myosin in these fibers is accompanied by the expression of neonatal myosin. This switch in isoform expression occurs in all primary fibers located in specific regions of particular muscles. However, in other muscles primary fibers which retain their slow expression are extensively intermixed with those that switch to neonatal expression. Later generated (secondary) muscle fibers, which are interspersed among the primary fibers, express neonatal myosin, although a few of them in stereotyped locations later switch from neonatal to slow myosin expression. Many of the observed changes in myosin expression occur coincidentally with the arrival of axons in the limb or the invasion of axons into individual muscles. Thus, although both fiber birth date and intramuscular position are grossly predictive of fiber fate, neither factor is sufficient to account for the final pattern of fiber types seen in the rat hindlimb. The possibility that fiber diversification is dependent upon innervation is tested in the accompanying paper (K. Condon, L. Silberstein, H.M. Blau, and W.J. Thompson, 1990, Dev. Biol. 138, 275-295).
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type I, Los Angeles strain.

Abstract We produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), Los Angeles strain, and then evaluated them as potential candidates for preparing diagnostic reagents. Of the 318 cell lines expressing antibodies to the virus, 60% (192)_secreted IgG and 40% (126) secreted IgM. Twenty-six mAbs were selected based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization (VN) titres and characterized by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and immunoblots. The selected mAbs were assigned to one of groups based on their immunoprecipitation patterns. Group A (4 mAbs) precipitated a complex of three glycoproteins with molecular weight (MW) 130 kDa, 72 kDa and 55 kDA, which presumably represented gI of BHV-1. Monoclonal antibodies of this group were highly reactive in ELISA but had low VN titers. Group B (4 mAbs) precipitated a glycoprotein with MW of 71 kDa (gIV). This group of mAbs had high VN titers. Group Cc (16 mAbs) precipitated a 97 kDa glycoprotein (gIII). Monoclonal antibodies of this group had high ELISA but low VN titers. Group D (2 mAbs) prepicitated a double band of non-glycolysated proteinss with MW of 37 32 kDa; these proteins could not be assigned to any of the antigens of BHV-1 previously described. ELISA and VN titers of this group of mAbs were low. To test the antigenic variability of the antigenic determinants which were recognized by these 4 groups of mAbs, we adapted Madin Darby bovine kidney cell-propagated BHV-1 Los Angeles strain to Crandell's feline kidney cell line. After the tenth passage in feline kidney cells, the epitopes on the 37 32 kDa peptide recognized by the mAbs group D were no longer detectable. Additional changes were noted in the electrophoretic mobility of the 130 kDa and 71 kDa glycoproteins (gI) identified by mAb of group A shifted downward. The 71 kDa glycoprotein (gIV) reactive with mAb group B and the 97 kDa (gIII) reactive with mAb group C remained stable. Since clone No. 191 of group B mAb was protein in ELISA, VN, immunoblots and immunofluorescence, and recognized an epitope which did not change under selective pressure, we feel that the mAb produced by this clone are a good candidate for the production of diagnostic reagents.
“Under the Knife and Proud of It:” * An Analysis of the Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery

This article investigates a growing acceptance and approval of cosmetic surgery among Americans. An analysis of recent media coverage of cosmetic surgery reveals two dominant narrative frames that project favorable interpretations of cosmetic surgery. Several normalizing themes within these narrative frames are highlighted, including associations between cosmetic surgery and scientific progress, technological innovation, and mental and physical health. Common portrayals of the body undergoing cosmetic surgery are also analyzed, with attention drawn to the ways in which these portrayals promote normalized understandings of cosmetic surgery. In the last sections of this article, the author suggests some potential consequences of the normalization of cosmetic surgery: virulent forms of social control, a disruption of mind-body reflexivity, and a loss of the body's innate capacity for knowledge.
A Study of Differential Signaling: Stable and Accurate Mixed-Mode Conversion and Extraction of Differential S-Parameters

Low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) in high-speed digital systems is utilized to effectively reduce EMI and improve signal quality. Mixed-mode S-parameters are a more general way to characterize a differential network. Therefore, an accurate extraction of mixed-mode S-parameters from single-ended S- parameters is critical for Signal and Power Integrity co-simulation where SSN is generated mainly by high-frequency interconnects. The standard conversion between mixed-mode and single-ended S-parameters involves inversion of a transformation matrix. If there is no coupling, this transformation matrix is orthogonal and numerical inversion can be done accurately. In the presence of coupling, the transformation matrix depends on S-parameters and may become ill-conditioned, i.e. has high condition number, for some values of physical parameters resulting in unstable inversion of the transformation matrix and leading to highly inaccurate converted mixed-mode S-parameters. To analyze the possibility of ill-conditioning, we consider two cases: broadside coupled striplines and coupled microstrip pairs. We find that in both cases when two transmission lines are strongly coupled, the condition number becomes very large. In this case, regularized methods from the theory of ill-posed problems should be used, for example, the truncated SVD method, to obtain accurate mixed-mode S- parameters.
Punching shear strengthening of reinforced concrete flat plates using carbon fiber reinforced polymers

This research presents a strengthening technique for increasing punching shear resistance in reinforced concrete flat plates using carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). This strengthening method employs CFRP strips in the vertical direction as shear reinforcement around the concentrated load area in a specified pattern. Experimental load deflection curves, strain measurements, and failure modes are reported for four strengthened specimens and two reference specimens tested for the research reported here. The results show that, by using a sufficient amount of CFRP strips in an efficient configuration, the failure surface can be shifted away from the column. The load carrying capacities of the strengthened reinforced concrete slabs are increased with increasing amount of vertical CFRP reinforcement used in a wider area. Punching shear strengths of test specimens are augmented up to 51% relative to the control specimens. The pre- and postpunching behavior of the specimen with the highest increase in load carrying capacity is better than that of the reference specimen designed according to the current requirements of ACI 318-02. ACI 318-02 and CEB-FIP Model Code 90 requirements for punching shear design are critically examined in the light of current experimental findings.
Structure analysis of the Children's Eating Attitudes Test in overweight and at-risk for overweight children and adolescents

Abstract Background In school-based samples of children, the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) has a four-factor structure; however, previous studies have not examined its factor structure in samples restricted to overweight youth. Methods The ChEAT was administered to 220 overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) and 45 at-risk for overweight (BMI 85th– Results Factor analysis generated four subscales described as ‘body/weight concern,’ ‘food preoccupation,’ ‘dieting,’ and ‘eating concern.’ ChEAT total score, body/weight concern, and dieting subscale scores were positively related to BMI- Z and body fat mass ( p 's p p p Conclusions The previously elucidated factor structure of the ChEAT was primarily supported in a sample of overweight children. The emergence of separate body/weight concern and dieting subscales may relate to these children's experiences with attempted weight reduction.
A result on extendibility in the powers of graphs

Let G be a graph on p vertices. Then for a positive integer n, G is said to be n-extendible if (i) n < p/2, (ii) G has a set of n independent edges, and (iii) every such set is contained in a perfect matching of G. The purpose of this article is to show that if G2k is n-extendible, for some keℕ, then so is G2k+1, where Gq is the graph with the same vertex set as G and in which two vertices u and v are adjacent if and only if dG(u,v) d q. We will also show that if Gk is 1-extendible then so is Gk+1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 56: 122, 2007
Comparison of the effects of bacteriophage T4 infection and N-ethylmaleimide on the translational specificity of Escherichia coli ribosomes.

Abstract Treatment of ribosomes with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) specifically inhibited the translation of f2 RNA by reacting with components of the high-salt wash fraction as well as the high-salt washed ribosomes themselves. The NEM-treated ribosomes were unable to efficiently bind fMet-tRNA at low concentrations of f2 RNA, but at higher concentrations the binding of initiator tRNA approached that of control ribosomes. The fMet-tRNA bound under the latter conditions could be completely released by puromycin. In spite of this, the NEM ribosomes could not efficiently translate even high concentrations of f2 RNA. Because the effects of NEM treatment mimic almost exactly those of bacteriophage T4 infection, in vitro translational specificity associated with phage infection may result from the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups either during infection or during subsequent isolation of the ribosomes.
The effect of electrosurgery on alveolar bone.

the facial marginal alveolar bone of dogs was exposed with a full-thickness flap and touched by an activated electrosurgery electrode for periods of 0, 1, 5 and 10 seconds. Microscopic results were evaluated after periods ranging from 0 hours to 28 days. Various electrode exposure times produced similar changes in bone and periodontal ligament. The extent of the destruction was greater than that found in surgical areas not exposed to electrosurgery; healing and remodeling phases were also delayed in the electrosurgical sites.
The clinical presentation and outcomes of children infected with newly identified respiratory tract viruses.

Lower respiratory infection (LRI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide [1]. Upper respiratory infection (URI) is associated with significant societal costs for children in terms of lost school days and accounts for numerous health care visits, including unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. Viral URI also commonly is associated with acute otitis media (AOM) in children, which is the most frequent diagnosis leading to antibiotic prescriptions for young children. Classic epidemiologic studies using culture and serologic methods have determined many of the etiologic agents of these common infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), influenza virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses [2,3]. These studies have been unable to identify a specific virus, however, in greater than 50% of such infections using traditional methods of viral culture, serology, and newer rapid antigen assays. In recent years, several novel respiratory viruses associated with acute respiratory tract illness (ARI) in humans have been identified. Some of these viruses, including human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus–Netherlands (HCoV-NL), and human coronavirus–Hong Kong (HCoV-HK), likely have been circulating undetected for decades at least and are better described as emerging, rather than entirely new. Other viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus (SARS-CoV), avian-derived influenza A strains, and Hendra and Nipah viruses, seem to be of more recent zoonotic origin, however, and truly are new pathogens. The distinction has important public health implications because of the effects of preexisting immunity in the populace as a whole.
Recovering viewer-centered depth from disparity, occlusion, and velocity gradients

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of corresponding and conflicting binocular and monocular information on the recovery of depth order (signed depth). Subjects viewed displays in which the same or opposite depth orders were indicated by disparity and occlusion, in one experiment, or by disparity and velocity gradients, in a second experiment. The same 36 subjects, 17 who had failed a Random Dot E test and 19 who had passed, were run in both experiments. When binocular and monocular information indicated conflicting depth orders, most subjects responded in accordance with the monocular information on some trials in both experiments. This was true even for a subgroup who always responded in accordance with the stereoscopic information on control trials that did not provide monocular information for depth order. For this subgroup, the impact of conflicting monocular information in the velocity gradient task correlated with performance on the uncrossed version of the Random Dot E test. We also found that some subjects who failed static tests of stereoscopic depth perception could respond accurately to continuously changing disparities.
Suppression of Ras/Mapk pathway signaling inhibits Myc-induced lymphomagenesis

Although the Myc transcription factor has been shown necessary for the oncogenic function of Ras, the contribution of Ras pathway signaling to the oncogenic function of Myc remains unresolved. We report the novel findings that Myc alone induced Ras/Mapk pathway signaling, and increased signaling following growth factor stimulation. Deletion of the scaffold protein kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (Ksr1) attenuated signaling through the Ras/Mapk pathway, including activation following Myc induction. B cells that lacked Ksr1 exhibited reduced proliferation and increased cytokine deprivation-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of Myc rescued the proliferation defect of Ksr1-null B cells, but loss of Ksr1 increased sensitivity of B cells to Myc-induced apoptosis. Notably, there was a significant delay in lymphoma development in Ksr1-null mice overexpressing Myc in B cells (Eμ-myc transgenic mice). There was an elevated frequency of p53 inactivation, indicative of increased selective pressure to bypass the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, in Ksr1-null Eμ-myc lymphomas. Therefore, loss of Ksr1 inhibits Ras/Mapk pathway signaling leading to increased Myc-induced B-cell apoptosis, and this results in reduced B-cell transformation and lymphoma development. Our data indicate that suppression of Myc-induced Ras/Mapk pathway signaling significantly impairs Myc oncogenic function. These results fill a significant gap in knowledge about Myc and should open new avenues of therapeutic intervention for Myc-overexpressing malignancies.
Systems approaches in risk assessment.

Adverse drug events (ADEs) remain a universal problem in drug development, regulatory review, and clinical practice with a substantial financial burden on the global health-care system. Recent advances in molecular and “omics” technologies, along with online databases and bioinformatics, have enabled a more integrative approach to understanding drug-target (protein) interactions, both desirable and undesirable, within a biological system. This has led to the development of systems approaches to risk assessment in an attempt to complement and improve on contemporary observational and predictive strategies for assessing risk. Although still in an evolutionary phase, systems approaches have the potential to markedly advance our understanding of ADEs and ability to predict them. Systems approaches will also move personalized medicine forward by enabling better identification of individual and subgroup risk factors. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 5, 413–424. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.29
The Cultivation of Social Perceptions of Latinos: A Mental Models Approach

This survey investigates the relationship between exposure to television portrayals of Latinos and real world perceptions of Latinos in the U.S. To aid in this assessment, contributions from the research on mental models were incorporated into a cultivation framework. From this mental models-based cultivation perspective, it was expected that amount of television exposure and existing cognitions regarding representations of Latinos in the media would interact in predicting real world perceptions of Latinos. Additionally, the amount of real world interracial contact with Latinos was predicted to moderate these effects. Findings provide support for the proposed relationships, indicating that as television consumption rates increase, extant cognitions regarding media depictions of Latinos and real world contact guide subsequent evaluations of Latinos.
Resonance Theory for Schrödinger Operators

Resonances which result from perturbation of embedded eigenvalues are studied by time dependent methods. A general theory is developed, with new and weaker conditions, allowing for perturbations of threshold eigenvalues and relaxed Fermi Golden rule. The exponential decay rate of resonances is addressed; its uniqueness in the time dependent picture is shown in certain cases. The relation to the existence of meromorphic continuation of the properly weighted Green–s function to time dependent resonance is further elucidated, by giving an equivalent time dependent asymptotic expansion of the solutions of the Schrodinger equation.
Motor Unit Properties and Recruitment in the Larval Zebrafish

One important task for all animals is translating the intention to move into action by contraction or relaxation of the appropriate muscle groups. The smallest unit of voluntary muscle activation is a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates, collectively called a “motor unit
The Third Generation of Nuclear Physics with the Microscopic Cluster Model

A fully microscopic description of a nuclear system would require that its properties be derived completely from a many-body Hamiltonian. However, such a rigorous procedure is practically prohibited as the respective many-nucleon Schrodinger equation cannot be solved. Thus, in order to study a many-nucleon system one is forced to introduce model assumptions concerning the nuclear wave functions.
Growth, boll opening rate, and fiber properties of narrow-row cotton

Row spacing has the potential to affect agronomic traits of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Although narrow-rows can pose numerous management challenges (e.g., cultivation and harvesting), the benefits of narrow-rows may justify their use. Unfortunately, the extent and consistency of cotton's response to narrow-rows is variable, which makes management decisions more difficult. The objective of this study was to determine whether row spacing affected the earliness (date at which 65% of the lint was on open bolls), fiber properties, and vegetative dry matter of normal-leaf and okra-leaf-cotton [...]
Decisions and Reasons: Examining Preservice Teacher Decision-Making through Video Self-Analysis

METHODS USED TO STUDY TEACHER THINKING have both provided insight into the cognitive aspects of teaching and resulted in new, as yet unresolved, relationships between practice and theory. Recent developments in video-analysis tools have allowed preservice teachers to analyze both their practices and thinking, providing important feedback for self-improvement as well as insights into their thinking. In this study, four student teachers used the Video Analysis Tool to enquire about and analyze their teaching. Constant-comparative methods revealed different decision-making and reasoning patterns, indicating decisions driven primarily by teacher-centered thinking and decisions driven primarily by student-centered thinking. We discuss how understanding these differences might benefit the teacher education community and describe the implications of video analysis in both research and practice.
Statistical comparison of M mode and two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of flail mitral leaflets

Abstract Forty-five patients who had surgical therapy for pure mitral insufficiency were evaluated prospectively with both M mode and two dimensional echocardiography; 26 patients (Group I) had a flail mitral valve leaflet, and 19 patients (Group II) had intact chordae tendineae. The M mode echocardiographic criteria of a flail valve (systolic left atrial echoes, systolic mitral valve flutter, diastolic mitral flutter and chaotic paradoxic diastolic posterior leaflet motion) were compared statistically with the two dimensional echocardiographic criterion (loss of systolic leaflet coaptation). The presence of one M mode echocardiographic finding had a sensitivity of 60 percent, a specificity of 53 percent, a predictive accuracy of 63 percent and a predictive value of 50 percent. The sensitivity (96 percent), specificity (84 percent), predictive accuracy (89 percent) and predictive value (94 percent) of the two dimensional echocardiogram were statistically superior to those of the M mode study (p
Compassion Fatigue and Psychological Distress Among Social Workers: A Validation Study

Few studies have focused on caring professionals and their emotional exhaustion from working with traumatized clients, referred to as compassion fatigue (CF). The present study had 2 goals: (a) to assess the psychometric properties of a CF scale, and (b) to examine the scale's predictive validity in a multivariate model. The data came from a survey of social workers living in New York City following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Factor analyses indicated that the CF scale measured multiple dimensions. After overlapping items were eliminated, the scale measured 2 key underlying dimensions—secondary trauma and job burnout. In a multivariate model, these dimensions were related to psychological distress, even after other risk factors were controlled. The authors discuss the results in light of increasing the ability of professional caregivers to meet the emotional needs of their clients within a stressful environment without experiencing CF.
Beam-Steering in Photonic Crystal Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Arrays

In this paper, the control of the relative phase between elements of a coherent photonic crystal VCSEL array using independent current injection, which leads to electronic beam steering, is demonstrated. For controlled beam steering, we electrically isolate the two PhC defects by etching a thin trench by FIBE (focused ion beam etching). It is concluded that more than 3deg angular shift can be controllably obtained, demonstrating electronic beam-steering
Correlations between the interactions in magnetic dispersions and interparticle interaction fields in pigmented films

Rheological studies for a series of metal particle dispersions showed viscous flow at low particle loadings and an elastic network at high loadings. Magnetic remanence measurements on pigmented films prepared from these dispersions showed that the interparticle interaction field increased with increasing pigment loading and had a good correlation with values of Casson yield stress and storage modulus measured on the magnetic dispersions.
Expanding carceral geographies: challenging mass incarceration and creating a "community orientation" towards juvenile delinquency

Abstract. Increasingly, governments are adopting alternative strategies to mass incarceration and drawing on the rhetoric of community to create softer and less restrictive sanctions. This paper argues that this transition provides an opportunity for geographers concerned with incarceration to consider a more expansive understanding of the carceral state. To call for a more geographically expansive consideration of incarceration, this paper draws upon a study of one juvenile court that sought to end racialized over-incarceration by promoting a "community orientation". As a consequence, juvenile detention now acts as a single node in a broader process of sorting, placing, and punishing, but the carceral aspects of juvenile court involvement did not lessen. Instead, the community orientation encapsulated a range of practices that are traditionally outside the state, yet extended the power of the state over a broad geography that resulted in the coerced mobility of children and subjection to greater insecurity. By tracing how the carceral apparatus extends into neighborhoods, community programs, probation practices, and residential placement, I argue that paying more attention to variegated carceral practices is necessary to more fully consider how incarceration has permeated places outside the prison.
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Utilization in the United States: A Survey of Physician Members of the Society of Breast Imaging

Purpose To assess utilization of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and examine criteria for offering DBT to patients. Methods We created an online survey for physician members of the Society of Breast Imaging to assess their use of DBT. The questions covered availability of DBT at the participant's practice, whether DBT was used for clinical care or research, clinical decision rules guiding patient selection for DBT, costs associated with DBT, plans to obtain DBT, and breast imaging practice characteristics. Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression were used to compare DBT users and nonusers. Results In all, 670 members responded (response rate = 37%). Of these, 200 (30.0%) respondents reported using DBT, with 89% of these using DBT clinically. Participants were more likely to report DBT use if they worked at an academic practice (odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 3.03; P 001), a practice with more than 3 breast imagers (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.62 to 3.43; P 001), or a practice with 7 or more mammography units (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.11 to 4.39; P 001). Criteria used to select patients to undergo DBT varied, with 107 (68.2%) using exam type (screening versus diagnostic), 25 (15.9%) using mammographic density, and 25 (15.9%) using breast cancer risk. Fees for DBT ranged from $25 to $250. In addition, 62.3% of nonusers planned to obtain DBT. Conclusion DBT is becoming more common but remains a limited resource. Clinical guidelines would assist practices in deciding whether to adopt DBT and in standardizing which patients should receive DBT.
On Time Varying Channel Estimation Using Sparse Models

We consider the design of sufficiently informative inputs for estimating the parameters of a time-varying linear system. Specifically, we assume the output of the system may be modeled as linear combinations of known time-varying elements whose parameters are points in an appropriately chosen grid for the parameter space, such that these parameters are sparse in comparison with the grid size. The sufficiently informative inputs we study are signals that guarantee a unique sparsest solution thereby satisfying minimum requirements for numerically solving the estimation problem. Since in practice the parameters of interest may not lie on the grid constructed for the parameter space, we discuss how our input designs can be modified to provide robustness in the presence of modeling error and noise.
What do we know (and how) about the CKM matrix

Abstract The way from an experimental measurement to the numerical value for a CKM matrix element is described. How do we choose the appropriate model? What are the uncertainties involved? Where should we direct our future efforts? How do loop processes help us? Finally we describe the state of the art of our knowledge of the CKM matrix.
What Have Psychologists (And Others) Discovered About the Process of Scientific Discovery

We describe four major approaches to the study of science–historical accounts of scientific discoveries, psychological experiments with nonscientists working on tasks related to scientific discoveries, direct observation of ongoing scientific laboratories, and computational modeling of scientific discovery processes–by viewing them through the lens of the theory of human problem solving. We compare and contrast the different approaches, indicate their complementarities, and provide examples from each approach that converge on a set of principles of scientific discovery.
Innovations in Ultrasound Instrumentation for Image Guidance

Ultrasound is an attractive imaging modality for guiding surgeries or minimally invasive interventions mainly because it is real time, safe, portable, and low cost. Further technological advancements in ultrasound instrumentation, such as further miniaturization, 3-D visualization, multimodal imaging capability, and direct integration with therapeutic tools, will result in even wider acceptance of ultrasound for image guidance. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology based on standard silicon microfabrication techniques can potentially produce devices that can address the clinical needs in ultrasound image guidance as demonstrated by integrated endoscopic 2-D arrays and intracardiac imaging catheters implemented using this technology.
Prediction of New Stable Compounds and Promising Thermoelectrics in the Cu–Sb–Se System

We study the phase stability and predict as-yet-unreported compounds in the thermoelectric Cu–Sb–Se ternary system. We use a combination of total energies obtained from density-functional-theory-based (DFT) calculations with vibrational entropies from phonon calculations (within the harmonic approximation) and configurational entropies, treated with cluster expansions (CE). The Cu–Sb–Se ternary phase diagram is determined (treating all phases as line compounds) using the grand-canonical linear programming method. We find the following results: (1) we predict the stability of a new previously unknown, zinc blende-based Cu4SbSe5 compound but find that it is thermodynamically stable up to only ∼300 K; (2) we also predict that a Cu12Sb4Se13 phase (isostructural with Cu12Sb4S13, but unreported in the Cu–Sb–Se system) appears in the phase diagram at high temperatures (but below the temperatures where the observed Cu3SbSe3 phase is stable); (3) based on quasi-harmonic phonon and band structure calculations, we f...
The long and the short of it: California's electricity crisis

Unexpected problems sometimes arise when governments attempt to introduce competition. The problem considered herein is market power and its exercise during the California electricity crisis of 2000?2001. In introducing competition, both transitional and long-run opportunities for firms to exercise market power may arise. California had transitional rules that severely limited participation of its utilities in forward markets and enhanced the market power of new generating entities. The transitional problems could have been avoided, but in the long-run a smaller market power issue should be expected to arise stochastically. This analysis suggests a new long-run institutional policy role: continual regulatory oversight of an industry that could be workably competitive most of the time. This explains why an agency like the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission should have a permanent Office of Market Monitoring. It also suggests why, in some electricity markets, stochastic market power events may arise before capacity gets strained.
A moment method solution of a volume-surface integral equation using isoparametric elements and point matching (TE scattering)

Three integral equations for TE (transverse electric) scattering by dielectric cylinders having large values of permittivity are examined. A moment-method solution of the volume-surface integral equation is developed employing isoparametric elements and point matching. The solution is shown to be accurate and stable than the traditional solutions using pulse basis, particularly in the case of scatterers having large refractive indices. >
Identification of YsrT and Evidence that YsrRST Constitute a Unique Phosphorelay System in Yersinia enterocolitica

Two-component systems (TCS) and phosphorelay systems are mechanisms used by bacteria and fungi to quickly adapt to environmental changes to produce proteins necessary for survival in new environments. Bacterial pathogens use TCS and phosphorelay systems to regulate genes necessary to establish infection within their hosts, including type III secretion systems (T3SS). The Yersinia enterocolitica ysa T3SS is activated in response to NaCl by YsrS and YsrR, a putative hybrid sensor kinase and a response regulator, respectively. Hybrid TCS consist of a sensor kinase that typically has three well-conserved sites of phosphorylation: autophosphorylation site H1, D1 within a receiver domain, and H2 in the histidine phosphotransferase (HPt) domain. From H2, the phosphoryl group is transferred to D2 on the response regulator. A curious feature of YsrS is that it lacks the terminal HPt domain. We report here the identification of the HPt-containing protein (YsrT) that provides this activity for the Ysr system. YsrT is an 82-residue protein predicted to be cytosolic and α-helical in nature and is encoded by a gene adjacent to ysrS. To demonstrate predicted functions of YsrRST as a phosphorelay system, we introduced alanine substitutions at H1, D1, H2, and D2 and tested the mutant proteins for the ability to activate a ysaE-lacZ reporter. As expected, substitutions at H1, H2, and D2 resulted in a loss of activation of ysaE expression. This indicates an interruption of normal protein function, most likely from loss of phosphorylation. A similar result was expected for D1; however, an intriguing "constitutive on" phenotype was observed. In addition, the unusual feature of a separate HPt domain led us to compare the sequences surrounding the ysrS-ysrT junction in several Yersinia strains. In every strain examined, ysrT is a separate gene, leading to speculation that there is a functional advantage to YsrT being an independent protein.
The Scale of Scatter: Rethinking Social Topologies via the Anthropology of ‘Residual’ China:

After the �Bamboo Curtain� closed China to foreign social scientists in 1949, anthropologists shifted their attention to those �residues� of China beyond the control of the People�s Republic. In the process, formerly heterodox and out-of-the-way locales such as Taiwan and the New Territories of Hong Kong were made into the exemplars par excellence of Chinese culture. In this paper I argue that the peculiar spatialities of this Cold-War-era anthropology of �residual China� have potentially generative consequences for a rethinking of the after-actor-network-theory (aANT) focus on social topologies. In particular, these spatialities� simultaneous enactment of the presence and absence of Chineseness evinces parallels with and prompts revisions to the notion of a �fire topology�. These revisions in turn suggest the necessity of inventing novel topological models for (more-than-) human realities in order to work against both the creeping naturalization of after-actor-network-theory analytic frames in particular and the routinization of theory more broadly.
Frequency Dependence of EPR Sensitivity

Contrary to some prior derivations, it is shown that the sensitivity of EPR measurements is, as expected, the same as for NMR, and that in general comparisons of EPR sensitivity as a function of frequency have been pessimistic by one factor of ω. The sensitivity of EPR can increase at lower frequency if the sample size is scaled inversely with frequency.
Neural responses to maternal criticism in healthy youth

Parental criticism can have positive and negative effects on children's and adolescents' behavior; yet, it is unclear how youth react to, understand and process parental criticism. We proposed that youth would engage three sets of neural processes in response to parental criticism including the following: (i) activating emotional reactions, (ii) regulating those reactions and (iii) social cognitive processing (e.g. understanding the parent's mental state). To examine neural processes associated with both emotional and social processing of parental criticism in personally relevant and ecologically valid social contexts, typically developing youth were scanned while they listened to their mother providing critical, praising and neutral statements. In response to maternal criticism, youth showed increased brain activity in affective networks (e.g. subcortical-limbic regions including lentiform nucleus and posterior insula), but decreased activity in cognitive control networks (e.g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudal anterior cingulate cortex) and social cognitive networks (e.g. temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus). These results suggest that youth may respond to maternal criticism with increased emotional reactivity but decreased cognitive control and social cognitive processing. A better understanding of children's responses to parental criticism may provide insights into the ways that parental feedback can be modified to be more helpful to behavior and development in youth.
Comparative water relations of adult and juvenile tortoise beetles: differences among sympatric species.

Relative abundance of two sympatric tortoise beetles varies between drought and ‘wet’ years. Differing abilities to conserve water may influence beetle survival in changing environments. Cuticular permeability (CP), percentage of total body water (%TBW), rate of water loss and percentage of body lipid content were determined for five juvenile stages and female and male adults of two sympatric species of chrysomelid beetles, the golden tortoise beetle, Charidotella bicolor (F. ) and the mottled tortoise beetle, Deloyala guttata (Olivier). There were significant differences in %TBW and lipid content among juvenile stages. Second instars had the greatest difference in CP (37.98 and 11.13 mg cm h mmHg for golden and mottled tortoise beetles, respectively). Mottled tortoise beetles had lower CP and y2 y1 y1 greater %TBW compared with golden tortoise beetles, suggesting that they can conserve a greater amount of water and may tolerate drier environmental conditions. This study suggests that juvenile response to environmental water stress may differentially affect the survival of early instars and thus affect the relative abundance of adult beetles in the field. This is supported by the low relative abundance of golden tortoise beetle larvae in a drought year and the higher abundance in two ‘wet’ years. 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Reducing the cost of branches by using registers

In an attempt to reduce the number of operand memory references, many RISC machines have thirty-two or more general-purpose registers (e.g., MIPS, ARM, Spectrum, 88K). Without special compiler optimizations, such as inlining or interprocedural register allocation, it is rare that a compiler will use a majority of these registers for a function. This paper explores the possibility of using some of these registers to hold branch target addresses and the corresponding instruction at each branch target. To evaluate the effectiveness of this scheme, two machines were designed and emulated. One machine had thirty-two general-purpose registers used for data references, while the other machine had sixteen data registers and sixteen registers used for branching. The results show that using registers for branching can effectively reduce the cost of transfers of control.