cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Mr. Perkins

THE CASE THAT Mr. Perkins makes for changes in Russell's treatment of mental objects between the writing of the manuscript of Theory ofKnowledge in May-June of 1913, and the publication of the third and subsequent chapters as articles in the Monist between July of 1914 and April of 1915, rests on a mistaken interpretation of Russell's theory of acquaintance, and of his distinction between mental and non-mental objects. This is not to say that there were no revisions between the writing of the manuscript and the publication of the third and subsequent articles. There is internal and external evidence relating to the estimated length of the manuscript compared with that of the articles, to the time intervals available for revision, to the contemporary correspondence, and to notes of the Harvard seminar taught by Russell on theory of knowledge in the spring of 1914 which suggests such revisions in the fourth and possibly the third, fifth, and sixth chapters. But it is unlikely, it seems to me, that those revisions were those argued for by Mr. Perkins. My chief objection to his thesis has to do with the interpretation of the passages to which he refers and from which he quotes in the third and fourth Monist articles and from the seventh manuscript chapter. Mr. Perkins seems to see Russell's description of mental objects as premised on the position that a subject can be an object of acquaintance to itself. Perkins finds the view of self-acquaintance rejected in the third and fourth articles and affirmed in the seventh chapter. But I think that Russell's reasons for identifying objects as mental are not dependent on the view that a subject can be acquainted with itself-a view I find nowhere expressed in Theory of Knowledge. Rather Russell identified the subject as one term of the dual relation of acquaintance, the other term of which is the object. Since the relation of acquaintance is immediate knowledge or awareness, this relation can be identified as mental. Since the subject is the knower, or the
Quadratic fractional age assumption revisited

This paper introduces a quadratic fractional age assumption which makes the force of mortality and survival function continuous at all ages. The necessary and sufficient condition for the assumption to be valid is derived. Important life table parameters are estimated and applications are shown using several life table data.
Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors

Evidence of a direct correlation between risk perception and self-protective behavior is ambiguous at best. Witte's (1992, 1994) extended parallel process model (EPPM) explains many contradictory findings by pointing out the moderating role played by efficacy beliefs. Working from the EPPM, this article introduces the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework that categorizes individuals into one of four attitudinal groups: responsive (high risk, high efficacy), avoidance (high risk, low efficacy), proactive (low risk, high efficacy), and indifference (low risk, low efficacy). We conducted two studies to test our hypotheses that these groups differ in their self-protective motivation, intention to seek information, behavioral intention, knowledge acquisition, and time spent seeking information. Results, though not entirely consistent, suggest that, when risk and efficacy are made salient (Study 1), people's risk perception guides most of their subsequent actions, but in a natural context (Study 2), risk and efficacy jointly affect subsequent action.
Error Analysis, Theories of Language, and the Teaching of Writing.

Teachers of writing have currently been showing an interest in error analysis, a device that has been used informally for some time but has received serious attention from linguists and language te...
Negative Ion Fast-Atom Bombardment Tandem Mass Spectrometry To Determine Sulfate and Linkage Position in Glycosaminoglycan- Derived Disaccharides

Negative ion fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry has been used in the analysis of monosulfated. disaccharides. These commercially obtained disaccharides have been enzymatically prepared from glycosaminoglycans using polysaccharide lyases. Three disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate and two disaccharides from heparan sulfate and chemically derivatized heparin were analyzed. All five disaccharides were isomeric, with differences in sulfate position and linkage position. The full-scan mass spectra are useful in differentiating isomers when the sulfate group resides on different saccharide units. This structural information was obtained from fragment ions produced through cleavage at the glycosidic linkage. The full-scan mass spectra of each monosulfated disaccharide also produced intense molecular anions having long lifetimes. Collisional activation of these resulted in tandem mass spectra rich in significant product ions. Some of these fragment ions were formed through ring cleavage and were useful in the determination of both sulfate and linkage position.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND ASH CONSTITUENTS OF ANANAS COMOSUS (L.) MERR.

The preferred nitrogenous fertilizer in commercial plantations of pineapples is ammonium sulfate, according to Johnson (16). When sulfate of ammonia is used, the ammonium ion is oxidized to nitrate by soil microbiological activity, with an associated increase in soil acidity which renders iron more soluble. At the same time, both ammonium and nitrate ions are generally simultaneously available to the pineapple roots. Sodium nitrate is generally inferior and usually produces an atypical light-green color in leaves and unripe fruit of the pineapple. When sodium nitrate is used under dry conditions, however, there may be accumulation of sodium bicarbonate in the soil as reported by Kelley and Thomas (17) caused by a greater rate of uptake of nitrate than of sodium by roots and by soil microflora, a phenomenon likely to cause precipitation of iron in the soil and associated plant chlorosis. Efficient nitrogen fertilization of pineapple plants depends greatly on an understanding of the interrelationships of nitrate and ammonium ions with (a) the inorganic nutrient complex of the soil, that is, the relative concentrations of nutrient elements other than N03~ or NH4+; (b) the activities of the microflora in the soil ; and (c) shifting of pH values, and changes of temperature and moisture affecting the concentrations of these ions in the soil. It is also important to know the nitrogen requirements of plants at different growth stages on the basis of nitrogen inventories within the soil and plant tissues. This paper reports plant weights attained by one-year-old Ananas comosus grown in solution cultures with 140.0 or 2.8 mg. of nitrogen in nitrate or ammonium form and the content of ash, water, relative electrical resistance, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron in the tissue.
A Nonhydrolyzable Reactive cAMP Analogue, (Sp)-8-[(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]adenosine 3‘,5‘-Cyclic S-(Methyl)monophosphorothioate, Irreversibly Inactivates Human Platelet cGMP-Inhibited cAMP Phosphodiesterase at Micromolar Concentrations†

We previously showed that 8-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]adenosine 3‘,5‘-cyclic monophosphate inactivates cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE3A); however, millimolar concentrations were needed to inactivate PDE3A because of ongoing hydrolysis. We have now synthesized a nonhydrolyzable reactive cAMP analogue, (Sp)-8-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]adenosine 3‘,5‘-cyclic S-(methyl)monophosphorothioate (Sp-8-BDB-TcAMPSMe). Sp-8-BDB-TcAMPSMe inactivates PDE3A in a time-dependent, irreversible manner, exhibiting saturation kinetics with a kmax of (19.5 ± 0.3) × 10-3 min-1 and a KI of 3.5 ± 0.3 μM. To ascertain whether Sp-8-BDB-TcAMPSMe reacts in the active site, nonhydrolyzable analogues of the substrate cAMP, or the competitive inhibitor cGMP, were included to protect against the inactivation of PDE3A. The order of effectiveness of protectants in decreasing the rate of inactivation (with Kd values in micromolar) is as follows: Sp-cAMPS (18) > Rp-cGMPS (560) and Sp-cGMPS (1260) > 5‘-AMP (17 660), Rp-cAMPS (30 110), an...
Jocks, gender, race, and adolescent problem drinking.

Alcohol remains the drug of choice for many adolescents; however, the nature of the relationship between athletic involvement and alcohol misuse remains ambiguous. In this article, we used a longitudinal sample of over 600 Western New York adolescents and their families to explore the gender-specific and race-specific relationships between identification with the “jock” label and adolescent alcohol consumption, specifically problem drinking. Operationalization of problem drinking included frequency measures of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and social problems related to alcohol (e.g., trouble with family, friends, school officials over drinking). Self-identified adolescent “jocks” were more likely to engage in problem drinking than their non-jock counterparts, even after controlling for gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, physical maturity, social maturity, and frequency of athletic activity. Jock identity was strongly associated with higher binge drinking frequency in Black adolescent girls. This ...
Phase separation in optically opaque emulsions

Abstract Creaming of the dispersed oil phase in opaque oil-in-water emulsions was followed as a function of time and position using proton magnetic resonance. Measurements of T 1 along a vertical slice were used to quantify the oil-phase concentration. Emulsions were also described by laser-diffraction particle-size analysis to compare particle-size analysis with creaming behavior as determined by T 1 measurements in model triolein-in-water emulsions and more complex milk fat-in-water emulsions. Particle-size distributions failed to accurately predict the measured creaming behavior in the emulsions studied. Measurements of component nuclear relaxation were shown to be useful for characterizing oil-phase migration as a function of surfactant level, dispersed phase volume, and crystallization behavior of the lipid phase in emulsions.
Photoquenching and thermal recovery of a thermally stimulated current peak in semi‐insulating GaAs

A prominent thermally stimulated current peak T5 appearing in semi‐insulating GaAs is shown to photoquench under infrared illumination, and then thermally recover at a rate r=2.0×108 exp(−0.26 eV/kT) s−1, exactly the same as that observed for EL2, within experimental error. Two possible explanations exist: (1) T5 and EL2 are microscopically very similar, probably each with an AsGa core; or (2) T5 is an electron trap that only appears to quench and recover with EL2 because EL2 controls the electron lifetime. Several other traps show similar quenching and recovery behavior.
Situating bhangra dance: a critical introduction

Punjabi bhangra has been a recurrent topic of discussion within the studies of South Asian identity and vernacular culture since the 1980s. Such discussions, however, have suffered due to lack of published information on bhangra's cultural and historical contexts. Consequently, discussants have had to rely upon information available from recent popular media and casual participants. Popular narratives tend to oversimplify bhangra as being or deriving from ‘Punjab's traditional folk dance,’ often without a clear sense of what constitutes ‘folk dance’ in this context or the relationship between such a dance and the particular bhangra with which one may be familiar. The resultant picture of contemporary bhangra as the quintessential Punjabi harvest dance, even if ‘modernized,’ is inadequate to interpret the acts of performers and audiences of what are, in fact, several dynamic phenomena. There is a danger of characterizing bhangra as a too-uniformly understood aspect of Punjabi heritage, and of reducing its ...
A theory of information structure. II. A theory of perceptual organization

Abstract A theory of perceptual organization is offered that accords with the Description Postulate presented in Paper I; i.e., the theory claims that perceptual organization is defined by the input group of a machine which has a decomposition sequence prescribed by an algebraic stability ordering. An extensive analysis of the decomposition sequence appears to explain and predict a number of organizational phenomena: For example, the analysis appears to show (1) that the group sequence is divided at some point along it into two components, one determining the internal relational structure of a form and the other determining the form's extrinsic structure; (2) that the interaction between the internal and external aspects of a form is defined by a specific product operation at this point in the group sequence; (3) that a rigorous theory of grouping can be obtained by the analysis of certain subsequences within the internal sequence; (4) that the perceived hierarchical structure of a form is determined by the ordering on those subgroup subsequences; (5) that perceptual cartesian reference frames are also group sequences which conform to the Description Postulate; (6) that the impression of the imposition of a cartesian reference frame, on a form, is determined by subsequences of the group decomposition sequence of the form.
Effects of chronic lead ingestion by the weanling rat on adrenal catecholamine levels

Les resultats montrent une elevation des taux de norepinephrine et d'epinephrine chez les rats traites au plomb, ce qui pourrait expliquer les modifications de la tension arterielle observees parmi les rats exposes
Cutaneous coding of optical signals: The optohapt

Means of transmuting optical signals into cutaneous patterns are sufficiently rare to warrant a fresh attempt at devising one. An instrument called the “optohapt” is described. It converts printed or typed characters into tactual signals having various spatial and temporal properties. These are impressed on nine widely scattered bodily loci. Data on discriminability of a wide range of patterns are reported, and there is proposed a promising coding system for the instrument.
Combined effect of cholesterol feeding and sympathectomy on the lipid content in rabbit aortas

There is indirect evidence that sympathetic innervation may have an effect on the metabolic rate of the vessel wall. to shed some light on this question, this investigation was designed to study whether or not diminished adrenergic nerve activity in the arterial wall leads to greater susceptibility to atherosclerosis. A total of 48 rabbits was studied of which, 26 were chemically sympathectomized. Both groups of rabbits were subdivided further into a group fed regular rabbit chow and a group fed regular rabbit chow containing 1% cholesterol. Both groups, control and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated, had similar plasma lipids as well as the lipid content in their aortae. After 80 days of 1% cholesterol dietary supplement the plasma lipids rose gradually with no significant difference between controls and 6-OHDA-treated animals. The aortas of sympathectomized rabbits contained significantly more cholesterol and total lipids than those from fully innervated controls. It is concluded that the the reduction of a continuous barrage of sympathetic nervous impulses to the arterial wall modifies its metabolism. In combination with additional exogenous influences, e.g. high cholesterol intake, the sympathectomized arteries become more susceptible to lipid accumulation.
Identification of murine T-cell epitopes in Ebola virus nucleoprotein

Abstract CD8 T cells play an important role in controlling Ebola infection and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity, yet little is known about antigenic targets in Ebola that are recognized by CD8 T cells. Overlapping peptides were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitopes in mice immunized with vectors encoding Ebola nucleoprotein (NP). CD8 T-cell responses were mapped to a H-2 d -restricted epitope (NP279–288) and two H-2 b -restricted epitopes (NP44–52 and NP288–296). The identification of these epitopes will facilitate studies of immune correlates of protection and the evaluation of vaccine strategies in murine models of Ebola infection.
Dynamic laser-based robotic-learning controller

Robotic controllers frequently operate under constraints. Often, the constraints are imperfectly or completely unknown. In this paper, the Lagrangian dynamics of a planar robot arm are expressed as a function of a globally unknown hard constraint. Laser sensors are utilized to produce estimates of local constraints. These sensors guide the end effector over the unknown object which is denoted the learning phase. The learning phase generates noisy joint position encoders and tachometers data. A extended continuous-discrete Kalman filter based estimator processes the measurements to compute an estimated parameterization of the constraint. The output of the estimator is input to a suboptimal combiner. The gradient of the estimated parameter vector is equivalent to the tactile sensory data. During the learning phase, the combiner computes a weighted combination of estimated and sensed constraints. The controller uses the constraint estimate to guide the robot arm. Thus a feedback loop is closed around the constraints. As the statistics of the estimated constraint vector become favorable compared to the stationary statistics of the sensors, the learned constraints gradually replace the need for sensory data. A block diagram of the controller, estimator, combiner, sensors, and constraints is shown. Comparative simulations are given for various combinations of ideal and noisy data.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Super-Resolution 3D Co-Localization of Protein Superstructures and the Cellular Surface in Live Caulobacter crescentus

We demonstrate live cell 3D super-resolution fluorescence imaging of internal protein superstructures co-localized with the cell surface. Our sequential two-color imaging technique demonstrates the advantage of using only one reading laser.
Automated catalytic ultramicrodetermination of manganese in natural waters with a miniature centrifugal analyzer

Abstract The application of a miniature centrifugal analyzer to trace analysis by kinetic methods has been studied. A spectrophotometric reaction-rate method based on the potassium periodate—diethylaniline reaction which is catalyzed by manganese has been developed. Ultramicro amounts of manganese in the range 0.13–3.4 ng in 45 μl of sample were determined with relative errors and relative standard deviation of about 2%. The method was applied to the determination of manganese in natural waters.
Moisture Transfer in Textile Systems, Part II:

While the moisture permeability index and insulation value define the heat transfer characteristics of fabric systems under equilibrium conditions, such conditions do not always occur. Moisture may...
Communicative Dilemmas in Emerging Adults’ Friends With Benefits Relationships Challenges to Relational Talk

Friends with benefits relationships (FWBRs) are a prevalent form of sexually intimate involvement among emerging adults, but research has only recently begun to develop a picture of how FWBRs are c...
Biological pathway completion using network motifs and random walks on graphs

Enhancing our understanding of cellular processes will ultimately lead to the development of better therapeutic strategies. Completing incomplete biological pathways through utilizing probabilistic protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is one approach towards establishing knowledge about cellular mechanisms. The existing complex/pathway membership methods are focused on uncovering candidate protein members from probabilistic PPI networks. In our previous work, we defined the pathway completion problem and developed a method that utilizes network motifs to complete incomplete biological pathways. Network motifs allow us to take into consideration the intrinsic local structures of pathways and identify the possible points of insertion of candidate proteins. However, our previous approach requires a complete and correct PPI network. In this paper, we extend our approach and use random walks on graphs to address the pathway completion problem with incomplete PPI networks. We evaluated our proposed method using three yeast probabilistic PPI networks and two yeast pathways from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Moreover, we compared the accuracy of our network motifs approach for pathway completion to the existing approach for pathway membership, which also utilizes random walks. Our experiments show that our new approach achieves similar or better accuracy. In addition, our method identifies the possible locations and connections of the candidate proteins in the incomplete pathway, which allows for more efficient experimental verification.
Functionally graded mold inserts by laser-based flexible fabrication: processing modeling, structural analysis, and performance evaluation

Abstract Laser-based flexible fabrication (LBFF), a novel solid freeform fabrication (SFF) method-based on the principles of laser cladding (LC), was developed to produce functionally graded mold (FGM) inserts using shaped laser beams, quasi-coaxial nozzle for powder delivery, and functionally graded materials. As a case study of this innovative method, a hollow square mold insert was fabricated with additive layers of H13 steel, Ni/Cr alloy, and TiC using circular and rectangular beam (RB) profiles. Finite element analysis using ANSYS ® was applied to determine temperature fields and thermal gradients associated with circular and rectangular beams. The microstructures and interfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and related to the temperature gradients. Characterization results show a nearly full-density mold with excellent integrity, beneficial microstructures, strong interfaces, and high hardness. In addition, the mold insert was tested and compared to H13 steel molds in a thermal fatigue environment for ability to resist crack initiation, thermal strain, and oxidation.
Evaluating the zero creep conditions for thin film and multilayer thin film specimens

Abstract The equilibrium shape of the grains in biaxially loaded thin film and multilayer thin film specimens is determined for several in-plane grain geometries. This yields the relationship between the zero creep load and the free energies (tensions) of the interfaces present. The peglect of grain boundary grooves in previous models is seen to yield substantial errors in such analyses. Anisotropy and strain dependence of the interfacial free energies are not included.
Hormone production by the early bovine embryo

Progesterone is the main steroid produced by bovine blastocysts collected at days 13–15 and placed in TCM-199 supplemented with 5% calf serum. PGF and PGE; were increased (P< 0.05) in the cultured blastocysts. It is suggested that PG synthetase and enzymes capable of synthesizing progesterone and possibly estradiol are present in these early bovine blastocysts. The source of the steroids produced by the blastocyst appear to be trophoblast. At day 28–30 of fetal life, a new source of steroid production appears in the form of the fetal gonads. The unditferentiated gonad at 30–40 days, was shown to produce progesterone but not testosterone or estrogen, regardless of the sex of the fetus, and did not respond to LH. Between 95 and 110 days the amount of testosterone produced per mg declined from 1703 ± 391 to 37 ± pg/mg gonad/24 h. Fetal testes from fetuses of 3.3 to 20 cm CRL were responsive to LH. Similar to the testes, the fetal ovary also showed a marked initial rise in steroidogenesis at the time of gonadal differentiation. However, the principal product of the ovary was 17β-estradiol which was produced in ng amounts. The initial production of 2674 ± 512 pg/mg gonad/24 h incubation at 3.3–4.5 cm dropped rapidly to 286 ± 176 pg/mg gonad/24 h at 7.8–8.5 cm CRL. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol production was undetectable in all older fetuses, while testosterone was readily detectable in testes of the same size. The mean values of 17β-estradiol secreted by the cultured ovaries from fetuses of 3.4 to 8.1 cm CRL was significantly enhanced by the presence of bovine LH. In the presence of testosterone the mean value of 17β-estradiol secreted by the incubated ovaries from fetuses of 5–8 cm and of 10–20 cm CRL was significantly increased from 1.5 ± 0.4 to 6.5 ± 0.7 ng and from ND to 2.2 ± 0.4 ng, respectively. In contrast, neither progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, nor DHT affected 17β-estradiol secretion in ovaries of the older group. 8-Br-cAMP added to the culture medium significantly stimulated both 17β-estradiol and testosterone production by the cultured ovaries from fetuses of 5–8 cm CRL. However, when the refractory ovaries from fetuses of 10–20 cm CRL were examined, only progesterone secretion was significantly enhanced. The role of estradiol secretion by the early fetal ovaries is not clear. The high levels of testosterone produced by testes and 17β-estradiol by ovaries in 45 ± 3-day gonads suggest that bovine embryonic gonads are not only morphologically, but also functionally differentiated by this time.
A Symbolic Landscape for Suburbia: Baltimore Chizuk Amuno’s “Hebrew Culture Garden”

The embrace of modern architecture by American institutions was historically coincident with many communities’ migration from city centers to suburban environments. This geographic shift, accelerat...
The mechanical behavior of a passivating surface under potentiostatic control

Continuous microindentation has been carried out on an iron–3% silicon single crystal in 1 M sulfuric acid. The ability of the material to support elastic loading is directly linked to the presence of thermally grown oxide films and passive films applied through potentiostatic control of the sample. When the passive film is removed, either by chemical or electrochemical means, the iron alloy can no longer sustain pressures on the order of the theoretical shear strength of iron. Instead, the metal behaves in a traditional elastic-plastic manner when no film is present. The oxide film at the edges of the indentation can sustain applied tensile stresses up to 1.2 GPa prior to failure. Indentation in materials undergoing dissolution must account for the rate of material removal over the remote surface and the resulting plastic deformation around the contact of the indentation.
Need for fuzzy morphology: erosion as a fuzzy marker

The need for fuzzy mathematical morphology is explained in terms of the need for fuzzy erosion in certain types of applications, especially where erosion is serving as a marker, as with hit-or-miss shape recognition. Since erosion is defined by fitting, there at once arises a need for relating fuzzified set inclusion and mathematical morphology. The result is a very general class of Minkowski algebras based upon an axiomatic description of indicator functions that yield acceptable set-inclusion fuzzifications and a subclass of richer Minkowski algebras resulting from an analytic formulation for indicators that is constrained by the axioms.
Evoked-potential correlates of delayed letter-matching

Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from 11 scalp derivations in subjects participating in a delayed letter-matching task. A trial involved presenting a sequence of random dot displays (20 msec in duration), then a letter, then a second series of random dot displays, followed by a second letter. The match and mismatch conditions were equally probable and letter content was counterbalanced across trials. The number of illuminated dots and the retinal area subtended were equal for all displays. AEPs elicited by the random dot displays preceding the first letter differed from AEPs elicited by the random dots following the first letter. Significant differences were also noted between match and mismatch AEPs. The differences occurred primarily between 300 and 400 msec and were maximal in occipital, parietal, and posterior temporal derivations.
Fibrofog and fibromyalgia: a narrative review and implications for clinical practice

Patients with fibromyalgia often report forgetfulness as well as declines in cognitive function, memory, and mental alertness-symptoms that have been termed "fibrofog" in popular and electronic media as well as in professional literature. "Fibrofog" is the subjectively experienced cognitive dysfunction associated with fibromyalgia and is a clinically important yet comparatively less well-studied aspect of the disorder; it includes loss of mental clarity (mental fogginess) as well as attention and memory impairment. Although until recently cognitive symptoms have been largely ignored, these symptoms can be more disturbing than the widespread pain and can change these patients' lives, sometimes dramatically so. Whereas widespread musculoskeletal pain, tenderness, and fatigue may be the hallmark symptoms of fibromyalgia, patients rank cognitive dysfunction highly in terms of disease impact. This review addresses (1) the prevalence of self-reported cognitive disturbances in fibromyalgia, (2) the clinical presentation of fibrofog, (3) neuropsychological test performance, with particular attention to discrepancies between self-report and test results, (3) clinical correlates of impaired cognitive function in fibromyalgia, (4) neurobiology relevant to cognitive disturbances in fibromyalgia, and (5) clinical management of fibrofog. Although the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains an enigma, evidence suggests that it may be a brain disorder, with cognitive deficits ("fibrofog") reflecting disturbed centrally mediated processes.
Multiple potential of etched porcelain laminate veneers

In many clinical situations, the etched-porcelain veneers can provide a restoration that looks natural with a minimum of tooth preparation. Application has been equally successful on mandibular and maxillary teeth. Periodontal response to the veneers, when properly placed, has been excellent.
Isomer restriction on a nanoparticle surface and enhanced blue emission.

5-Mercapto-2,2′-bithiophene (BTSH) functionalized copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) of various diameters have been synthesized. Emission with a peak around 455 nm is detected on irradiation with UV light. This emission, however, disappears upon photopolymerization of the NPs. The photophysical study of BTSH at room and low temperatures indicates that the trans-isomer should be dominant when attached onto the surface of an NP. The electronic interaction among the ligands and NP core likely restricts the isomerization of BTSH and forms an emissive excited state. Therefore, we suggest that the trans isomer assembles on the NP surface giving the enhanced blue emission. As a control, no such isomer restriction in the case of 5-(5-mercaptopentyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (BTC5SH) is observed when attached on the NP surface.
Teacher Perspective Development: A Study of Preservice Social Studies Teachers

Abstract This study investigated the formation and development of preservice social studies teachers' perspectives. An individual's teaching perspective is a way of thinking and acting in a teaching situation. Examples of teaching perspectives were obtained through observations of and interviews with social studies education majors (N = 21) at a major midwestern university. The interview data were consistent with the hypothesis that preservice teachers' perspectives are the product of a dialectical process of professional socialization. The influence of social structural variables, such as teacher education course work and field experiences, appeared to be marginal and apparently did not produce deep internal changes in the belief systems of the participants. The participants were active mediators in their relationships with socializing institutions as represented by the schools and university teacher education. The active role of the individual in the development of a teaching perspective was illustrated...
The Magnetic Susceptibilities of Alpha- and Beta-Manganese

Pure alpha-manganese was prepared by distillation. Beta-manganese was prepared by melting a sample of the alpha-manganese in vacuum, and quenching it in water from about 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The mass susceptibilities of these two specimens were measured by a null-reading, astatic magnetometer, and found to be ${9.60(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ and ${8.80(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ respectively. These results eliminate the possibility that the ferromagnetic manganese found by some investigators is either the alpha-or the beta-crystal form.
Stochastic annealing for synthesis under uncertainty

Abstract Simulated annealing is a recently developed combinatorial optimization technique based upon ideas in statistical mechanics. This paper presents the concept of stochastic annealing to handle the effect of uncertainties on the objective function. Most implementations of the simulated annealing algorithm are used for discrete, deterministic problems and do not take into consideration the associated uncertainties in the input variables. The stochastic annealing is an algorithm designed to efficiently optimize a probabilistic objective function. That is, for each solution examined, there is not a single cost value but a distribution of costs based on uncertainties in the problem inputs. We choose to optimize over expected cost. The simulated annealing algorithm is modified to select not only the design variables, but also the number of samples to be taken in calculating the expected cost. This strategy essentially allows for an increased number of samples as one approaches the optimum. As the system gets “cooler”, the accuracy of the expected cost is higher. At high temperatures, however, there is no need for high accuracy and the algorithm uses small samples. This concept improves the computational efficiency significantly, which can otherwise be a major bottleneck in solving stochastic combinatorial optimization problems. The applicability of this new algorithm is illustrated in the context of synthesis of a multistage compression system.
A FAMILY OF SURFACES CONSTRUCTED FROM GENUS 2 CURVES

We consider the deformations of the two-dimensional complex analytic variety constructed from a genus 2 Riemann surface by attaching its self-product to its Jacobian in an elementary way. The deformations are shown to be unobstructed, the variety smooths to give complex projective manifolds whose invariants are computed and whose images under Albanese maps (re)verify an instance of the Hodge conjecture for certain abelian fourfolds.
The presence of cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase substrates and evidence for endogenous protein kinase activity in various Na+, K+-ATPase preparations from brain, heart and kidney

Abstract Protein kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of membrane preparations possessing Na + , K + -ATPase activity from beef brain, beef heart and dog kidney. Cyclic AMP (10 −6 m ) stimulated phosphorylation from 1.9 to 2.8-fold for nearly all preparations in the presence of exogenous protein kinase. Cyclic AMP in the absence of exogenous protein kinase stimulated phosphorylation in all preparations examined except highly purified dog outer medulla kidney Na + , K + -ATPase, suggesting the presence of endogenous protein kinase activity in the former preparations, but a removal of protein kinase after purification of Na + , K + -ATPase. Cyclic AMP stimulated the phosphorylation of histone in the presence of the beef brain Na + , K + -ATPase-containing membrane fragments, further substantiating the presence of endogenous protein kinase activity in this preparation. The phosphorylated products were hydroxylamine-insensitive. Phosphorylation of glycerol-precipitated membrane preparations exhibiting various specific Na + , K + -ATPase activities including zero, in heat-denatured preparations, suggested that the level of phosphorylation is not influenced by Na + , K + -ATPase activity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a phosphorylated, highly purified dog outer medulla kidney Na + , K + -ATPase preparation suggested that cyclic AMP stimulated phosphorylation of the larger of the two Na + , K + -ATPase peptide components.
Playing it by ear: Overcoming the limitations of speech synthesizers

Inexpensive speech synthesizers are now available that either plug into the card slots on computers or connect to their serial ports. With some practice in listening, the speech produced by these synthesizers is quite intelligible, and because they present information that appears on the screen of the monitor, they make it possible for blind persons to interact with computers. However, they provide only a partial solution. In too many instances, some of the text appearing on the monitor screen cannot be directed to the synthesizer, and the missing information is often crucial. This happens because the writers of application programs sometimes modify the computer’s disk operating system. This limitation can be overcome by using special hardware that reads the screen buffer directly and creates a virtual image of the screen in memory external to the computer. Because the image is updated continually, it is always an accurate representation of whatever appears on the screen. The characters contained in the external buffer can be sent to a speech synthesizer, and can be examined selectively by means of a small keyboard. Several successful hardware solutions have been demonstrated, and one of these solutions is described here in detail.
Morphogenetic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation

SummaryEntire eggs and explants from the portions of the egg of a frog (Hyia regilla) were irradiated for various periods of time using a (1) therapeutic cold quartz lamp and (2) an ultraviolet monochromator. Only inhibitory effects were exerted upon the several morphogenetic processes under observation.
Shoulder replacement: emerging trends

Purpose of review Total shoulder arthroplasty is a highly effective and predictable treatment for degenerative conditions of the glenohumeral joint. Improving implant survival by limiting complications, such as component loosening, has been the focus of a great deal of recent research. Recent findings Despite advances in component design and fixation, glenoid loosening remains a common indication for revision. Modern cement techniques, convex backing and pegged designs have been shown to improve radiographic results for cemented polyethylene components. Despite the theoretical advantage of permanent biologic fixation, metal-backed glenoid components have not had recent clinical success, and continued research in this area is necessary. Materials such as porous tanatalum may offer improved ingrowth fixation and increased component longevity. Humeral surface replacement is an alternative to traditional stemmed shoulder arthroplasty, and clinical studies are promising. Regional anesthesia is being used safely and effectively in shoulder surgery, and may allow shoulder arthroplasty to be performed on an outpatient basis. Summary The overall complication rate of total shoulder arthroplasty may be decreasing, but issues such as glenoid loosening remain problematic. Advances will aim to improve patient function and implant longevity. This review discusses current trends and areas of recent research in the field of shoulder replacement.
Cell cycle-independent induction of D1 and D2 cyclin expression, but not cyclin-Cdk complex formation or Rb phosphorylation, by IFNγ in macrophages

Abstract During G1 to S phase transition, D-type cyclins form complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk), which in turn phosphorylate retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and inhibit its growth-inhibitory function, leading ultimately to cell proliferation. We report here a novel finding that D1 and D2 cyclins are induced in macrophages by antiproliferative factor gamma interferon (IFNγ). The induction appears to be transcriptional activation of the D cyclin genes, since indirect events such as IFNγ-induced colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) autocrine stimulation, alteration of D1 and D2 mRNA stability and lipopolysaccharide contamination in commercial IFNγ preparations play no roles. In contrast to CSF-1, IFNγ neither induces D1–Cdk4 complex formation and Rb hyperphosphorylation nor interferes with CSF-1-stimulated D1–Cdk4 interaction and Rb phosphorylation, while it completely blocks CSF-1-stimulated cell proliferation. This study suggests that induction of D1 and D2 cyclins is not necessarily associated with cell cycle progression, and D cyclins may have cell cycle-independent functions in response to IFNγ.
Becoming a Team: Individualism, Collectivism, Ethnicity, and Group Socialization in Los Angeles Girls' Basketball

We utilize the concepts of individualism and collec- tivism (or communitarianism) to understand group differences and longitudinal change in what it means to belong to a team, itself a communal context. Our setting is two multiethnic high school girls' basketball teams in southern California. Players were asked to keep journals documenting experiences of interpersonal harmony and conflict in the team setting. Earlier analysis indicated that the experience of playing on a team made players more collectivistic in response to a values questionnaire. How did this change come about? Here we use player journals to answer this question. The journals also show that the process of value change differs depending on whether players interpret the issues surrounding team building through an individualistic or a collectivistic lens. Individual- istic journals were more likely to be written by players having at least one European American or African American parent and by Asian American and Latina players having at least one parent born in the United States, whereas they were less likely to be written by Asian American or Latina players from purely immigrant families. However, perhaps because of the situational press towards collectivism in the team context, a collectivistic orientation in player journals was not associated with a particular set of ethnic backgrounds. (individualism, collectivism, sports, team, values, adolescents, value change)
Observations of boundary-layer convection cells measured by dual-Doppler radar and echosonde, and by microbarograph array

Three-dimensional air motion, observed with radar in a convective planetary boundary layer under light wind conditions, is organized in cellular structures scaled from 2 to 5 km; simultaneous acoustic echosonde measurements indicate that near the ground there are smaller cells than those observable by the radar. At heights of 400 m, cell scales become as large as those observable by the radar. Pressure fluctuations at the ground measured with spatial pressure transducers, at the same time as the radar and echosonde observations, traveled at the same speed and direction as the radar volume-averaged wind. The length scale determined at the ground with pressure fluctuation data was between 1.2 and 2.4 km, smaller than the largest radar-measured motion scales.
The interaction of sulfur with Cu/Pt(111) and Zn/Pt(111) surfaces: copper-promoted sulfidation of platinum

The interaction of sulfur with Pt(111), Zn/Pt(111) and Cu/Pt(111) has been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDS). At temperatures between 300 and 600 K, the exposure of Pt(111) to S2 gas produces a chemisorbed layer of sulfurwithout the formation of bulk sulfides. Exposure of S2 to a Zn/Pt(111) alloy, at room temperature, results in a breakdown of the alloy and formation of a zinc-sulfide film on Pt(111). Further S2 exposure at 550 K sulfidizes the remaining metallic zincwithout affecting platinum. For the Cu/Pt(111) surface alloy, on the other hand, exposure to S22 at 550 K leads to sulfidation of the platinum. Platinum can effectively compete for sulfur atoms bonded to copper but not for those bonded to zinc. The reaction of S2 gas with Cu/Pt(111) surfaces produces copper sulfides that promote the sulfidation of Pt by providing surface sites for the dissociation of S2, and by favoring the diffusion of S into the bulk of the system.
Distinctive features of Trk neurotrophin receptor transactivation by G protein-coupled receptors

Ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are capable of activating mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, in addition to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway and classic G protein-dependent signaling pathways involving adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase. For example, receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth-1 and platelet-derived growth factor and can be transactivated through G protein-coupled receptors. Neurotrophins, such as NGF, BDNF and NT-3 also utilize receptor tyrosine kinases, namely TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Recently, it has been shown that activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinases can also occur via a G protein-coupled receptor mechanism, without involvement of neurotrophins. Adenosine and adenosine agonists can activate Trk receptor phosphorylation specifically through the seven transmembrane spanning adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor. Several features of Trk receptor transactivation are noteworthy and differ significantly from other transactivation events. Trk receptor transactivation is slower and results in a selective increase in activated Akt. Unlike the biological actions of other tyrosine kinase receptors, increased Trk receptor activity by adenosine resulted in increased cell survival. This article will discuss potential mechanisms by which adenosine can activate trophic responses through Trk tyrosine kinase receptors.
Congenital familial external ophthalmoplegia with co-contraction

A family fitting the criterion for congenital familial fibrosis has electromyographic and clinical evidence of co-contraction. Forced ductions were negative in one patient. Muscle fibrosis in this family is thought to be secondary to the innervational anomaly akin to Duane's syndrome rather than a primary myogenic etiology. The evidence of a brainstem etiology makes classification as an ophthalmoplegia seem more appropriate.
Replication and load balancing strategy of STAR's relational database management system (RDBM)

Database demand resulting from offline analysis and production of data at the STAR experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider has steadily increased over the last six years of data taking activities. With each year, STAR more than doubles the number of events recorded with an anticipation of reaching a billion event capabilities as early as next year. The challenges faced from producing and analyzing this magnitude of events in parallel have raised issues with regard to the distribution of calibrations and geometry data, via databases, to STAR's growing global collaboration. Rapid distribution, availability, ensured synchronization and load balancing have become paramount considerations. Both conventional technology and novel approaches are used in parallel to realize these goals. This paper discusses how STAR uses load balancing to optimize database usage. It discusses distribution methods via MySQL master slave replication; the synchronization issues that arise from this type of distribution and solutions, mostly homegrown, put forth to overcome these issues. A novel approach toward load balancing between slave nodes that assists in maintaining a high availability rate for a veracious community is discussed in detail. This load balancing addresses both, pools of nodes internal to a given location, as well as balancing the load for remote users between different available locations. Challenges, trade-offs, rationale for decisions and paths forward will be discussed in all cases, presenting a solid production environment with a vision for scalable growth.