cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Arf-like GTPase Arl8b is essential for three-dimensional invasive growth of prostate cancer in vitro and xenograft formation and growth in vivo

Cancer is a multistep process that requires cells to respond appropriately to the tumor microenvironment, both in early proliferative stages and in later invasive disease. Arl8b is a lysosome localized Arf-like GTPase that controls the spatial distribution of lysosomes via recruitment of kinesin motors. Common features of the tumor microenvironment such as acidic extracellular pH and various growth factors stimulate lysosome trafficking to the cell periphery (anterograde), which is critical for tumor invasion by facilitating the release of lysosomal proteases to promote matrix remodeling. Herein we report for the first time that Arl8b regulates anterograde lysosome trafficking in response to hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and acidic extracellular pH. Depletion of Arl8b results in juxtanuclear lysosome aggregation, and this effect corresponds with both diminished invasive growth and proteolytic extracellular matrix degradation in a three-dimensional model of prostate cancer. Strikingly, we found that depletion of Arl8b abolishes the ability of prostate cancer cells to establish subcutaneous xenografts in mice. We present evidence that Arl8b facilitates lipid hydrolysis to maintain efficient metabolism for a proliferative capacity in low nutrient environments, suggesting a likely explanation for the complete inability of Arl8b-depleted tumor cells to grow in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified two mechanisms by which Arl8b regulates cancer progression: 1) through lysosome positioning and protease release leading to an invasive phenotype and 2) through control of lipid metabolism to support cellular proliferation. These novel roles highlight that Arl8b is a potential target for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
Energy utilization and blood traits of ponies fed fat-supplemented diets.

The digestibility and heat production values for three fats of different origin were determined. Four pony geldings (225 kg) were used in a study consisting of four successive digestion trials utilizing a 4 X 4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were basal alone and supplemented with 15% corn oil, blended fat or inedible tallow. The blended fat was composed of a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. A 7-d preliminary period preceded a 7-d total fecal collection period for each trial. Heat production values were obtained by indirect calorimetry and calculated from oxygen consumption data. Fat supplementation increased (P less than .05) dietary metabolizable energy from a basal value of 3,224 kcal.kg intake-1.d-1 to a mean value of 3,984 kcal.kg intake-1.d-1 for the three fat diets. No difference in heat production was observed among the diets, averaging 2,883 kcal.kg intake-1.d-1. Fats increased (P less than .05) the energy balance (metabolizable energy-heat production) approximately 88% over the basal. Corn oil and blended fat produced the greatest energy balance of the fats. Utilization of energy in fats, calculated by difference, was not different, but tended to be highest in blended fat and lowest in the corn oil. Apparent fatty acid digestibility increased (P less than .05) with the addition of fat to the basal, partially due to the dilution of endogenous fecal fat, but digestion coefficients were not different (P greater than .40) among the high fat diets.
Chemical imaging of secondary cell wall development in cotton fibers using a mid-infrared focal-plane array detector

Market demands for cotton varieties with improved fiber properties also call for the development of fast, reliable analytical methods for monitoring fiber development and measuring their properties. Currently, cotton breeders rely on instrumentation that can require significant amounts of sample, which complicates fiber development studies. Herein, we explored the use of high-resolution, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy to examine cotton fiber secondary cell wall development in single fibers. Notably, there was a marked intensity increase for the C-O bending region near 1015 cm–1 and the C-H stretch at 2900 cm–1. These changes agree with those observed with macroscopic FT-IR tests. Chemical distribution maps and principal component analysis plots visually depict these spectral changes. Our results suggest the FT-IR microscopy can potentially be utilized as a tool to monitor and assess important fiber properties, such as cotton maturity, during fiber development.
Quadruplex-Flanking Stem Structures Modulate the Stability and Metal Ion Preferences of RNA Mimics of GFP.

The spinach family of RNA aptamers are RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein (GFP) that have previously been designed to address the challenges of imaging RNA inside living cells. However, relatively low levels of free intracellular magnesium limited the practical use of these aptamers. Recent cell-based selections identified the broccoli RNA aptamer, which requires less magnesium for fluorescence, but the basis for magnesium preference remained unclear. Here, we find that the broccoli RNA structure is very similar to that of baby spinach, a truncated version of the spinach aptamer. Differences in stability and metal ion preferences between these two aptamers, and among broccoli mutants, are primarily associated with the sequence and structure of predicted quadruplex-flanking stem structures. Mutation of purine–purine pairs in broccoli at the terminal stem–quadruplex transition caused reversion of broccoli to a higher magnesium dependence. Unique duplex-to-quadruplex transitions in GFP-mimic RNAs likely...
Sources of Ionization

The principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres are solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-rays (XUV radiation), and corpuscular radiation; i. e.; galactic cosmic rays and energetic particles having their origin in the solar system (solar cosmic ray protons, auroral particles, solar wind). In addition, interaction of meteors with atmospheric gases can lead to the formation of some ionization.
A forensic science approach to a starved child.

A 19-month-old, 3.6-kg (8-lb) female child dies after a protracted course. The child was premature and suffered a stormy perinatal and postnatal period. When there is underlying disease or a condition potentially sufficient in and of itself to result in a “starved child,” isolation of the results of potential neglect presents particular difficulties. The approach to the resolution of this question will be addressed.
Impact of Biotechnology on Metal Extractions

The present article provides information on the application of biotechnology in the valorization of mineral resources. Biohydrometallurgy is relatively a recent development but already employed in the copper, uranium and in a limited extent in precious metal processing industries. The basic principles of bioleaching and the mechanisms of bacterial action are discussed and specific examples are given for the biohydrometallurgy of the elements. An extended treatment of microbial activity is given with regard to gold and silver recoveries from ores and leach solutions, as well as for the desulfurization of coal, to represent tendencies of most active research areas. The article discusses also the biosorption processes and gives a short review of efforts devoted to biogenetic engineering of leaching organisms.
Phenomenology and Literary Impressionism: The Prismatic Sensibility

Henry Adams saw and understood better than most men of letters the special quality of change and upheaval that was taking place between the years 1870 and 1920. He faced squarely the issues of a fragmented, relativistic, unknowable, accidental, subjective, and accelerating world, while realizing how ill-prepared he was to absorb and adapt to such a world. His autobiography can in many ways be viewed as an historian’s analogue to literary impressionism.
On the way to the Great Depression: The demand regime of the American economy (1900-1929)

It has become commonplace to raise the analogy between the recent experience of the dynamics of income distribution and growth, and that of the era before the Great Depression. However, no study of the demand regime has been done for the early twentieth century period; this study attempts to fill that gap in the literature. Based on a Kaldroian model, I estimate whether the demand regime of the pre-Great Depression era for private domestic output was wage-led or debt-led. The results of the study show the demand regime was wage-led with a considerable role of private debt in driving aggregate demand. Furthermore, I discuss the Roaring Twenties period and argue that increased income inequality led to the rise of destabilizing channels that propped up demand which contributed to increasing economic fragility on the way to the Great Depression.
Community-Dwelling Older Adults’ Adherence to Environmental Fall Prevention Recommendations:

This study examined the impact of personalized versus generalized education about environmental fall prevention recommendations on older adults' adherence with recommendations. Secondary aims focused on the impact of recent falls and perceived susceptibility of future falls on adherence with recommendations. Twenty-four community-dwelling older adults aged 65 to 89 years were randomized into two groups to receive either personalized or generalized education intervention on environmental fall prevention recommendations. A significant difference was found in the mean total percentage of adherence with recommendations of those receiving personalized education (69%) compared with those receiving generalized education (37%). No statistically significant relationship was found between sustaining recent falls, nor perceived susceptibility to future falls, and their extent of adherence with environmental fall prevention recommendations. Providing personalized education for environmental fall prevention recommendations may improve older adults' adherence with the recommendations given.
A hydro-mechanical sand erosion model for sand production simulation

Abstract Sand production while producing hydrocarbons from a well is a critical issue faced by the oil and gas industry. It is a complex process controlled by several factors, including the mechanical failure of materials around the wellbore and the material erosion due to fluid flow. The coupling between these factors leads to considerable challenges in modeling and predicting sand production. This paper presents a finite element based approach for simulating the realistic sanding process, considering coupling between mechanical failure and hydrodynamic erosion of the rock. A well calibrated sand criterion proposed by Papamichos was implemented to model sand erosion. An adaptive meshing technique was used to track receding of the eroded surfaces and to progressively modify boundary conditions on new surfaces, which are important for capturing the realistic sanding process. Sand production in both open-hole and perforated-casing completions was simulated to illustrate capabilities of presented method. Numerical results show that sand production is controlled primarily by the plastic strain and flow velocity around the wellbore. Other parameters, including drawdown, in-situ stress, and perforation orientation, are shown to have considerable influence on sand production rate and are discussed in this paper.
Do International Cocurricular Activities Have an Impact on Cultivating a Global Mindset in Business School Students

In today’s integrated global economy, business executives of multinational corporations are required to have a flexible global mindset in order to cope with the driving forces of globalization. Thu...
Enzymatic Cleavage of IgG

In the study of active sites of natural products one of the main goals is to obtain the smallest possible fragments of the macro-molecule while maintaining biologic activity. Such an attempt was made by Porter (1959) who, in his classical work, described the cleavage of rabbit antisera by papain and the Chromatographic fractionation of the fragments obtained. In the present exercise the work of Porter will be reproduced.
Susto: Acknowledging Patients' Beliefs about Illness

Physicians should recognize that patients? beliefs may cause them to have non-medical explanations for their illnesses and that shared explanations should be negotiated if treatment plans are to be successful. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Live well after stroke: Methods of a community-based, occupational therapist–led, life management intervention

Introduction/Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability across the world. Post-stroke disability results in physical, cognitive, and emotional deficits leading to activity limitations and participation restrictions for individuals with stroke. Suffering a second stroke further compounds the devastating impact of stroke related disability. Lifestyle programs have shown effectiveness in preventing stroke; however, few individuals with stroke are able to participate in such programs, especially if they are from disadvantaged populations. The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive and intensive life management intervention for stroke survivors from racially/ethnically diverse, underrepresented populations by inculcating sustainable health-promoting behaviors, improving health-related quality of life, and mitigating recurrent stroke risk factors. Material and method Design: Formative Evaluation: Interviews. Setting: Safety-net rehabilitation hospital and participants’ homes and community. Participants: Ten ethnically/racially diverse patients from underrepresented backgrounds from a rehabilitation center in an urban metropolis Intervention: 6-month life management intervention with one-on-one sessions with an occupational therapist in the participants’ home and monthly group sessions in the community. Intervention focused on changing lifestyle habits to reduce secondary stroke risk factors and improving health-related quality of life through knowledge acquisition, self-management skill practice, self-efficacy/confidence to change, motivation to change, and habit formation. Main Outcome Measures: Interview narratives and content and narrative from session notes. Results Based on the information gleamed from the narratives, the intervention was revised in the following areas: manual outline and content, foundational components, and treatment theory structure revisions (active ingredients, mechanisms of change, target outcomes). Conclusion Based on the findings of the feasibility study narratives, the life management intervention was revised to capture more effective methods and content to assist individuals with stroke to make healthy lifestyle habit changes, mitigating secondary stroke risk factors and improving health-related quality of life. The program was feasible to administer in a US safety-net healthcare system.
Follow That Pig: Visually Charting Enhanced Learning in a Culinary School Butchery Class

Culinary school curricula are composed of courses that present techniques rooted in the classical French cuisine of Escoffier. Students learn by doing; that is, they are presented a technique in a two-dimensional textbook, watch an instructor demonstrate it, and then practice it on their own. This article traces a lesson that enhances this process by asking students to incorporate higher-order concepts into their learning process, and challenge what they know. Through the interactive demonstration of breaking down and processing a whole pig, students were challenged to connect this experience to broader issues in their personal lives, their career goals, and contemporary issues such as reducing food waste. The analysis highlights that when students are engaged in growing the produce they use to learn knife skills, or breaking down the pig they use to make pâte, an enhanced connection exists that benefits the learning environment.
Role of electrostatic correlations in polyelectrolyte charge association.

Reversible ion binding equilibria in polyelectrolyte solutions are strongly affected by interactions between dissociated ionic species. We examine how the structural correlations between ionic groups on polyelectrolytes impact the counterion binding. Treating the electrostatic correlation free energy using the classical Debye-Huckel expression leads to complete counterion dissociation in the concentrated regime. This unphysical behavior is shown to stem from improper regularization of the self-energy of dissociated ions and polyions and is mitigated by smearing point-like charges across a finite width. The influence of the self-energy on counterion binding is elaborated on by generalizing the Debye-Huckel free energy to polyelectrolytes with variable fractal dimension and stiffness. In the dilute regime, a greater propensity for binding is found for chains with more compact architectures, which in turn reduces the harsh self-repulsions of tightly packed arrangements of charge. In the concentrated regime, the effects of electrostatic correlations weaken due to screening and the extent of binding is governed by a balance of short-ranged interactions and the translational entropy of ions.
Evaluation of a Force-Sensing Handheld Robot for Assisted Retinal Vein Cannulation*

Approximately 16.4 million people are affected by retinal vein occlusion (RVO) resulting from hypercoagulability, low blood flow or thrombosis in the central or the branched retinal veins. Most common current treatments for RVO aim to limit the damage. In recent years, an experimental procedure, retinal vein cannulation (RVC) has been studied in animal models as well as human eye models. RVC is a procedure for targeted delivery of a therapeutic agent into the occluded retinal vein for dissolving the thrombi. Although effective treatment has been demonstrated via RVC, performing this procedure manually still remains at the limits of human skills. RVC requires to precisely insert a thin cannula into a delicate thin retinal vein, and to maintain it inside the vein throughout the infusion. The needle-vein interaction forces are too small to sense even by an expert surgeon. In this work, we present an evaluation study of a handheld robotic assistant with a force-sensing microneedle for RVC. The system actively cancels hand tremor, detects venous puncture based on detected tool-tissue forces, and stabilizes the needle after venous puncture for reduced trauma and prolonged infusion. Experiments are performed cannulating the vasculature in fertilized chicken eggs. Results show 100% success in venous puncture detection and significantly reduced cannula position drift via the stabilization aid of the robotic system.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Multiple Brain Metastases From Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

Abstract Background Brain metastases (BM) pose a significant problem in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC). Local and systemic therapies including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are rapidly evolving, necessitating reassessments of outcomes for modern patient management. Patients and Methods The mRCC patients with BM treated with SRS were reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical history, and SRS treatment parameters were identified. Results Among 268 patients with mRCC treated between 2006 and 2015, 38 patients were identified with BM. A total of 243 BM were treated with SRS with 1 to 26 BMs treated per SRS session (median, 2 BMs). The median (range) BM size was 0.6 (0.2-3.1) cm and median (range) SRS treatment dose was 18 (12-24) Gy. Treated BM local control rates at 1 and 2 years were 91.8% (95% confidence interval, 85.7-95.4) and 86.1% (95% confidence interval, 77.1-91.7), respectively. BM control declined for larger tumors. Survival after 1-year was 57.5% (95% CI 40.2-71.4) for all patients. Survival was not statistically different between patients with Conclusion SRS is effective in controlling BM in patients with mRCC. Over half of treated patients survive past a year, and no differences in survival were noted in patients with > 5 metastases. Prognostic risk categories based on systemic disease (IMDC) are predictive of survival in this BM population, with limited rates of symptomatic radiation necrosis.
Galaxy assembly bias of central galaxies in the Illustris simulation

Galaxy assembly bias, the correlation between galaxy properties and halo properties at fixed halo mass, could be an important ingredient in halo-based modelling of galaxy clustering. We investigate the central galaxy assembly bias by studying the relation between various galaxy and halo properties in the Illustris hydrodynamic galaxy formation simulation. Galaxy stellar mass $\Mstar$ is found to have a tighter correlation with peak maximum halo circular velocity $\Vp$ than with halo mass $\Mh$. Once the correlation with $\Vp$ is accounted for, $\Mstar$ has nearly no dependence on any other halo assembly variables. The correlations between galaxy properties related to star formation history and halo assembly properties also show a cleaner form as a function of $\Vp$ than as a function of $\Mh$, with the main correlation being with halo formation time and to a less extent halo concentration. Based on the galaxy-halo relation, we present a simple model to relate the bias factors of a central galaxy sample and the corresponding halo sample, both selected based on assembly-related properties. It is found that they are connected by the correlation coefficient of the galaxy and halo properties used to define the two samples, which provides a reasonable description for the samples in the simulation and suggests a simple prescription to incorporate galaxy assembly bias into the halo model. By applying the model to the local galaxy clustering measurements in Lin et al. (2016), we infer that the correlation between star formation history or specific star formation rate and halo formation time is consistent with being weak.
The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pilonidal Disease.

The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) is dedicated to ensuring high-quality patient care by advancing the science, prevention, and management of disorders and diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee is composed of Society members who ar
Selective Synthesis of (+)-Dysoline

Dysoline, a novel chromone alkaloid isolated from Dysoxylum binectariferum, was reported to have selective cytotoxicity for HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells (IC50 of 0.21 μM). Given the scarcity of natural material, a concise synthesis of (+)-dysoline was developed, allowing for further biological evaluation. An enantioselective nucleophile-catalyzed aldol lactonization formed the piperidine ring with control of relative and absolute stereochemistry. Construction of the C6-chromone core with complete regioselectivity was achieved using a Danheiser benzannulation.
On the Stability of Optimal Bayesian Persuasion Strategy under a Mistrust Dynamics in Routing Games

We extend the conventional framework of Algorithmic Bayesian Persuasion (ABP) for non-atomic routing games in two directions. First, we consider the setting where a fraction of agents do not participate in persuasion but induce externality on the agents which do. We formulate natural notions of Bayesian Wardrop equilibrium and incentive compatibility constraints for such a heterogeneous setting, and discuss convexity of computing optimal Bayesian persuasion strategy. Second, motivated by classical regret-based dynamics for learning correlated equilibria, we postulate a mistrust dynamics that tracks the time average of the agents’ perception of the degree to which the recommendation under persuasion strategy is not optimal, and hence also influences the extent to which the agents follow the recommendation. We establish convergence of the link flows induced by such a dynamical process to the link flows resulting from all agents following the persuasion-based recommendations. Simulation case study using data from the Los Angeles area is used to illustrate the methodological contributions.
Mortality Due to Aortic Stenosis in the United States, 2008-2017.

This study uses US National Center for Health Statistics data to describe trends in mortality due to aortic stenosis between 2008 and 2017, when use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in older adults was becoming more common.
Growth in Math Computation among Monolingual and English Language Learners:Does the Executive System have a Role?

ABSTRACTThis cohort-sequential study explored the components of working memory that underlie math calculation in elementary school children who are monolingual (English) or English language learner...
Exposure to community violence and Children's mental Health: A quasi-experimental examination.

Abstract Rationale Community violence and mental health problems are global health concerns. Yet, assessing the causal links between community violent crime and mental health is challenging due to problems of selection bias. Objective This study examines the link between community violent crime and children’s mental health problems, as well as the moderating role of parents’ mental health. Method The study employs a representative sample of 404 children (Mage=8.99, range=7–11) from Bogota, Colombia, as well as longitudinal geocoded data on violent crimes from the national police. To account for problems of selection bias, the empirical strategy exploits naturalistic exogenous variation in the timing and location of an incident of violent crime relative to assessment of children’s mental health problems, combined with matching techniques. Results Findings suggest an incident of violent crime in close proximity to children’s homes is associated, on average, with increases in children’s mental health problems by 0.28-0.38 SD; having parents with worse mental health exacerbates children’s problems. Results from sensitivity checks and falsification tests further support the internal validity of the findings. Conclusions Collectively, the results from the present study and those of previous research suggest that community violent crime has the potential to affect local residents negatively beyond direct victims, placing a heavy burden on individuals and society.
The Politics of Pain: Gaining Status and Maintaining Order Through Ritual Combat and Warfare

In The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World, Elaine Scarry famously argued that performances of pain are displays of agency used to construct and maintain social hierarchies. Scarry wrote that pain, as a social force, has “real” meaning for the person experiencing it. Anthropologists, especially bioarchaeologists, have thought extensively about performative violence and its use to subdue resistance among witnesses of torture. Yet, few have focused on the intentional injury of elites themselves and how this suffering is often on display. Taking the notion of purposeful pain as its subject, this paper explores the wounded bodies of elites in a large ceremonial site called Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon. We first summarize ethnographic examples where leaders chose to fight in ritual, performative contexts, exploring how elites cross-culturally become ‘publically-pained.’ Then we compare other bioarchaeological case-studies where elites appear to have survived traumatic injury. We reconstruct ideologies about bodily violability as a way to explore the politics of purposeful pain in each case. Chaco Canyon, like these other socially stratified groups (Chumash, Maya, and Wanka) illustrate how leaders at various scales use their bodies to maintain social order. Embodying the ‘body politic’ idea suggested by Scheper-Hughes and Lock, leaders unmake social unrest, and ensure social order, through fleshy mediums. An understanding of purposeful pain calls for further investigation of intentional injury as a marker of status both past and present.
A survey on the prevalence rate, awareness rate,treatment rate and control rate of diabetes mellitus in Xuzhou

Objective To survey prevalence rate, treatment rate and control rate of diabetes mellitus in Xuzhou. Methods With multistage cluster sampling, a total of 23742 residents aged above 15 years were selected and investigated by a standard questionnaire on diabetes mellitus epidemiology. Results The prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus in Xuzhou was 5.35% and its standardized prevalence rate was 4.04%. It was increasing with the age( P =0. 000). Its prevalence rate in urban was 6.35% higher than that in rural area with 4.58% and its standardized prevalence rate was 4.27% and 3.76% respectively. Its prevalence rate in male and female were 5.04% and 5.62% respectively and its standardized prevalence rate were 3.92% and 4. 14% respectively. There were significant difference between male and female prevalence rate ( P 0.05). The rate of awareness, treatment and control were 45.20%, 32.36% and 45.30%respectively. Conclusions The prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus in Xuzhou was higher than the national average. The percentage rate of people with impaired fasting glucose was higher and the high risk population has youthful trend. In addition, the rate of awareness, treatment and control were above national average. In conclusion, it was in urgent need to carry out and improve community-based comprehensive prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in Xuzhou. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Prevalence; Awareness; Treatment; Control
Using a dual-laser system to create periodic coalescence in laser powder bed fusion

Abstract Conventional laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) currently faces technological challenges in scalability due to its low building rate and manufacturing throughput. One approach to address this issue is to parallelize multiple laser beams to increase processing flexibility. Recent research has studied, for instance, the improvements to mechanical properties of final products when using two or more laser beams in PBF-LB/M. However, some obstacles still need to be addressed involving the proximity of molten pools and their interaction mechanism. In particular, interactions between two close, parallel molten pools have not been fully understood yet. In this study, two lasers create two parallel-running molten pools with a small spatial offset in between. With different spatial offsets, experimental results reveal that besides the completely merged and completely separated regimes, there exists a new regime which yields periodic coalescence between the two molten pools. High-speed imaging shows two different mechanisms for the formation of such coalescence, what we denote as head-to-head and head-to-tail coalescence. By changing processing parameters including laser power and spatial offset, periodic structures with various wavelengths can be engineered using this dual-laser approach.
Including Gays and Lesbians in the Economics Curriculum

Issues of direct economic importance to gay and lesbian lives do not have a prominent place in the American college economics classroom. This essay briefly reflects on the causes for this omission and describes some of the harm done thereby. It then proposes improvements to existing textbooks--the addition of questions that probe the economic "efficiency" of common discriminatory practices.
Emergence of Agency in Infants

Sense of agency is the feeling of control over one’s actions and that those actions affect the environment. While agency has been studied in adults, the process of agency formation is unknown. We conducted a mobile conjugate reinforcement (MCR) experiment to explore agency formation in 16 healthy, 2-3 month old infants. In MCR, an infant is placed supine in a crib and their foot is tethered to a string. The mobile spins when the string is pulled. The larger/faster the infant movement, the faster the mobile spins. We first assess whether our novel motorized mobile replicates previous MCR results (Rovee & Rovee, 1969). Similar to past results, there was a significant increase in kicking rate when the infant was tethered to the mobile. This increase in kicking is a hypothesized signature of agency formation (Kelso & Fuchs, 2016). Our results validate the mobile and allow further analysis of agency formation.
High Out-of-pocket Health Care Cost Burden Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Diabetes, 1999-2017.

OBJECTIVE We examined the magnitude of and trends in the burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs among Medicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older with diabetes overall, by income level, by race/ethnicity, and compared with beneficiaries without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the 1999−2017 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, we estimated average annual per capita OOP costs and percentage of beneficiaries experiencing high OOP burden, defined as OOP costs >10% or >20% of household income. We used joinpoint regression to examine the trends and generalized linear model and logistic regression for comparisons between beneficiaries with and without diabetes. Cost and income estimates were adjusted to 2017 USD. RESULTS Total OOP costs were $3,609–$5,283, with significant increases until 2005 followed by a leveling off. The prevalence of high OOP burden was 57%–72% at the 10% income threshold and 29%–41% at the 20% threshold, with significant increasing trends until 2003 followed by decreases. Total OOP costs were the highest in the ≥75% income quartile, whereas prevalence of high OOP burden was highest in the 10% and >20% thresholds, respectively, P CONCLUSIONS Over the past two decades, Medicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older with diabetes have faced substantial OOP burden, with large income-related disparities.
Civic Education in a Politically Polarized Era

A healthy democracy requires informed citizens on all sides of the political spectrum but extreme political polarization creates significant challenges. This study examines how teachers conceptuali...
A 22.2-43 GHz Gate-Drain Mutually Induced Feedback Low Noise Amplifier in 28-nm CMOS

A novel mm-wave low-noise-amplifier (LNA) architecture capable of achieving simultaneous power and noise matching over a large bandwidth is proposed. It is shown that by magnetically coupling a pair of inductors connected at the gate and drain of a transistor, a loss-less (series-series) feedback path from the drain-current to the gate is generated which: 1) Increases the transistor input impedance magnitude, 2) generates a real-impedance part which can be controlled for power-matching, and 3) brings the optimum noise source impedance close to the optimum power matching impedance. The prototype is fabricated in TSMC 28-nm bulk CMOS process. The measured chip is functional from 22.2 to 43 GHz, while providing 21 dB of peak gain, minimum NF of 3.5 dB, and an average IIP3 of −3 dBm.
Integrase Inhibitor Prescribing Disparities in the DC and Johns Hopkins HIV Cohorts

Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) are recommended by expert panels as initial therapy for people with HIV. Because there can be disparities in prescribing and uptake of novel and/or recommended therapies, this analysis assessed potential INSTI prescribing disparities using a combined data set from the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort and the DC Cohort. We performed multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with ever being prescribed an INSTI. Disparities were noted, including clinic location, age, and being transgender. Identifying disparities may allow clinicians to focus their attention on these individuals and ensure that therapy decisions are grounded in valid clinical reasons.
APLICAÇÃO DO CICLO PDCA INTEGRADO AO PLANO DE QUALIFICAÇÃO DE FORNECEDORES DE LEITE

Milk is a very complete food, source of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. To obtain dairy products with good quality that contribute to the health and well-being of consumers, it is need a good quality raw material. For this, dairy farms need to improve agricultural management through investment in genetics, nutrition, animal welfare, health management and good agricultural practices. In order to meet the requirements of Brazilian and global legislation, as well as to offer safer products to consumers, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) published the IN 77/2018, where it requests the inclusion of the Supplier Qualification Plan of Milk (PQFL) in the dairy self-control program. This work aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the PDCA method (Plan, Do, Check and Act) in a dairy farm in the mountain region of the state of Espirito Santo with the elaboration of the PQFL to improve the quality of the milk produced through the performance indicators of good agricultural practices.
Embracing Neurodiversity by Increasing Learner Agency in Nonmajor Chemistry Classes

In this work we focus on neurodiversity, a recently defined facet of diversity. Chemical education is in its early stages of recognizing the value that neurodiversity brings to the field. After an ...
People's Judgments About Classic Property Law Cases

People's judgments about property shape how they relate to other people with respect to resources. Property law cases can provide a valuable window into ownership judgments because disputants often use conflicting rules for ownership, offering opportunities to distinguish these basic rules. Here we report a series of ten studies investigating people's judgments about classic property law cases dealing with found objects. The cases address a range of issues, including the relativity of ownership, finder versus landowner rights, object location, objects below- versus above-ground, mislaid versus lost objects, contracts between landowners and finders, and the distinction between public and private space. The results show nuanced patterns in ownership judgments that are not well-explained by previous psychological theories. Also, people's judgments often conflict with court decisions and legal principles. These empirical patterns can be used to generate and test novel hypotheses about the intuitive logic of ownership.
Vitamin E boosts resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in aged mice by inhibiting hepoxilin A3-mediated neutrophil recruitment across the lung epithelium (392.4)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) infections in the elderly are a significant health and economic burden. We showed that vitamin E (VE) supplementation reverses the age-associated decline in resistance...
R‐type Ca2+ channels contribute to fast synaptic excitation and action potentials in subsets of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig intestine

Background R-type Ca2+ channels are expressed by myenteric neurons in the guinea pig ileum but the specific function of these channels is unknown. Methods In the present study, we used intracellular electrophysiological techniques to determine the function of R-type Ca2+ channels in myenteric neurons in the acutely isolated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus. We used immunohistochemical methods to localize the CaV2.3 subunit of the R-type Ca2+ channel in myenteric neurons. We also studied the effects of the non-selective Ca2+ channel antagonist, CdCl2 (100 μmol L−1), the R-type Ca2+ channel blockers NiCl2 (50 μmol L−1) and SNX-482 (0.1 μmol L−1), and the N-type Ca2+ channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA (CTX 0.1 μmol L−1) on action potentials and fast and slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs and sEPSPs) in S and AH neurons in vitro. Key Results CaV2.3 co-localized with calretinin and calbindin in myenteric neurons. NiCl2 and SNX-482 reduced the duration and amplitude of action potentials in AH but not S neurons. NiCl2 inhibited the afterhyperpolarization in AH neurons. ω-conotoxin GVIA, but not NiCl2, blocked sEPSPs in AH neurons. NiCl2 and SNX-482 inhibited cholinergic, but not cholinergic/purinergic, fEPSPs in S neurons. Conclusions and Inferences These data show that R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to action potentials, but not slow synaptic transmission, in AH neurons. R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to release of acetylcholine as the mediator of fEPSPs in some S neurons. These data indicate that R-type Ca2+ channels may be a target for drugs that selectively modulate activity of AH neurons or could alter fast synaptic excitation in specific pathways in the myenteric plexus.
Decomposition: Particulate Organic Matter

Decomposition completes the biogeochemical cycles that photosynthesis initiates. Thus, complete decomposition results in the conversion of the organic (reduced) products of photosynthesis back into the inorganic (generally oxidized) constituents used as the reactants for photosynthesis (see Exercise 14). The major biogeochemical cycles affected by decomposition are those of C, N, P, S, and O, although it is important to realize that all of the minor constituents of biomass (cations, trace metals, etc.) also are released (mineralized) by decomposition. When plants or animals senesce and die, both dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) organic matter are available for degradation. Leakage of DOM from dying cells and autolysis of the tissue increase during senescence and reach maximum levels soon after death. The DOM thus produced is leached readily from the tissue into the aquatic environment and can constitute as much as 30% of the total amount of combined particulate and dissolved organic matter in lake water. This detrital DOM is available as an energy source for microflora in the sediments and waters adjacent to particulate detritus. The rate of degradation is dependent on both the enzymatic capabilities of the microflora and the environmental conditions (see Exercise 20). Some compounds of the DOM are more stable than others, but warmer temperatures and increased availability of oxygen reduce their resistence to oxidation (recalcitrance) to some extent (Godshalk and Wetzel, 1978a).
Sensor Failure Detection in Optimally Controlled Systems

A new scheme for solving the sensor failure detection, isolation and accommodation (FDIA) problem in optimally controlled linear systems has been developed. The proposed technique uses Luenberger observers with a detection logic based on the minimum value of the cost functional at any time instant. The advantages of this new technique are: (1) it can detect and isolate as many failed sensors as there are sensors, even when the failures are multiple and simultaneous; (2) FDIA can be accomplished at any time, since it does not depend on the convergence of the observer estimates to the actual system states; (3) it is not applications dependent, since it requires neither a priori information concerning likely failure modes nor the knowledge of the nominal path resulting from a specific input command. The method assumes the system is observable from each available output.
Effect of sorption on mineralization of low concentrations of aromatic compounds in lake water samples.

Montmorillonite-benzylamine complexes were formed immediately upon addition of 20 pg to 20 μg of amine per ml of suspensions containing the clay. The extent of amine sorbed was a linear function of equilibrium amine concentration in lake water. Increases in the clay concentration decreased the percentage of the organic compound that was mineralized at amine levels of 20 pg to 200 ng, but not at 20 μg/ml. A larger percentage of the chemical was released from the complex during mineralization in the presence of high clay concentrations than in the presence of low clay concentrations. The rates of desorption and mineralization increased linearly with benzylamine levels up to 200 ng/ml. Montmorillonite did not enhance mineralization rates at amine levels of 200 ng/ml or lower, but it was stimulatory at 20 μg/ml. Except at high amine and clay concentrations, mineralization was more rapid than desorption during the early periods of decomposition when the amine concentration in solution was relatively high. However, relative to the microbial demand, desorption was more rapid during later periods of decomposition when the amine level in solution was very low. Mineralization of benzoate was not usually affected by montmorillonite, kaolinite, or glass beads. More than 90% of the carbon from benzylamine and benzoate was often mineralized when the substrate concentration was 250 ng/ml or less. After incubation of the chemical in lake water, none of the radioactivity from benzylamine was in the particulate fraction containing natural sediment and microbial cells. The data indicate that clay may have a significant effect on the microbial decomposition of low concentrations of certain organic compounds.
IFN-α Induces Early Lethal Lupus in Preautoimmune (New Zealand Black × New Zealand White)F1 but Not in BALB/c Mice

Recent studies indicate that IFN-α is involved in pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, direct proof that IFN-α is not only necessary, but also sufficient to induce lupus pathogenicity is lacking. In this study, we show that in vivo adenovector-mediated delivery of murine IFN-α results in preautoimmune (New Zealand Black (NZB) × New Zealand White (NZW))F 1 , but not in normal, mice, in a rapid and severe disease with all characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-dsDNA Abs appeared as soon as day 10 after initiation of IFN-α treatment. Proteinuria and death caused by glomerulonephritis occurred in all treated mice within, respectively, ∼9 and ∼18 wk, at a time when all untreated (NZB × NZW)F 1 did not show any sign of disease. IFN-α in vivo induced an overexpression of B lymphocyte stimulator in circulation at similar levels in both the preautoimmune and the normal mouse strains. All effects elicited by IFN-α were dose dependent. (NZB × NZW)F 1 infused with purified murine IFN-α also showed acceleration of lupus. Thus, prolonged expression of IFN-α in vivo induces early lethal lupus in susceptible animals.
Activation of the erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase by either self-association or interaction with calmodulin.

The octaethyleneglycol mono-n-dodecyl ether solubilized Ca2+-ATPase purified from human erythrocytes has been studied to determine the physical mechanism of its activation by calmodulin. The dependence of Ca2+-ATPase activity on the enzyme concentration shows a transformation from a calmodulin-dependent to a fully active calmodulin-independent form. The transformation is cooperative with a half-maximal activation at 10-20 nM enzyme. This suggests that at higher enzyme concentrations interactions between Ca2+-ATPase polypeptide chains substitute for calmodulin-enzyme interactions, resulting in activation. In support of this interpretation, the inclusion of higher octaethyleneglycol mono-n-dodecyl ether concentrations shifts the half-maximal transformation to higher enzyme concentrations. Regardless of the detergent concentration, calmodulin decreases by about 2-fold the enzyme concentration required to observe half-maximal Ca2+-ATPase activation, without affecting the maximal velocity or cooperativity. This indicates that calmodulin facilitates interactions between enzyme molecules. The fluorescein-5′-isothiocyanate-modified Ca2+-ATPase shows an increase in fluorescence polarization which occurs over the same narrow concentration range that is seen with the Ca2+-ATPase activity, confirming association of enzyme molecules. Stimulation of the Ca2+-ATPase activity by calmodulin has revealed a stoichiometry of 0.73, with a dissociation constant of 1.6 nM calmodulin. We have demonstrated by use of calmodulin-Sepharose chromatography that both the calmodulin-dependent and independent Ca2+-ATPase forms bind calmodulin, even though stimulation of activity is seen only with the former one. Our data suggest the following two mechanisms for the Ca2+-ATPase activation: self-association of enzyme molecules or interaction with calmodulin.