cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large silicon, glass and low CTE organic interposers to printed wiring board SMT interconnections using copper microwire arrays

This paper reports SMT-compatible stress-relief microwire arrays in thin polymer carriers, as a unique, novel and low-cost solution for reliable board-level interconnections between large silicon, glass and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) organic interposers and printed wiring boards. The microwire arrays are pre-fabricated in ultra-thin carriers using low-cost manufacturing processes such as laser vias and copper electroplating, which are then assembled onto the back of the interposer as a stress-relief interlayer. Such a structure is assembled onto the board using standard SMT processes. The microwire array results in dramatic reduction in solder stresses and strains, even with larger interposer sizes (20 mm × 20 mm), at finer pitch (300-400 microns), without the need for underfill. The parallel wire arrays result in low resistance and inductance, and therefore do not degrade the electrical performance. The scalability of the structures and the unique processes, from micro to nanowires, provides extendibility to finer pitch and larger package sizes. The first part of the paper describes the design of microwire array to meet the thermo-mechanical reliability requirements. Finite element method (FEM) was used to study the reliability of the interconnections to provide guidelines for the test vehicle design. Strip models were built to study the reliability of 400 μm-pitch interconnections with a 100 μm thick, 20 mm × 20 mm silicon interposer that was SMT-assembled onto an organic printed wiring board. The performance of the microwire array interconnection is compared with that of ball grid array (BGA) interconnection, in warpage, equivalent plastic strain and projected fatigue life. A unique set of materials and processes was used to demonstrate the low-cost fabrication of the microwire array. Flexible thermoplastic polyimide films were used as the polymer film carriers for the microwire interconnection structure. In the initial feasibility demonstration, 100 μm thick films with laminated copper foil on both sides of the dielectric were used. A 308 nm excimer laser source was used to ablate the via arrays in the polymer. The microwires were batch fabricated by bottom-up electrolytic plating through the polymer template. A low-cost approach to the microwire fabrication is thus demonstrated by partially releasing the wires with controlled etching of the polymer carrier.
Autocalibrating the Wink 2D random array

This paper describes an initial attempt to calibrate a large, random, sparse, high-frequency, 2-dimensional array using the transmissions from radio stations. A semi-quantitative discussion is presented of various intuitive ideas for calibration, along with samples of typical results from numerical testing using synthetic and real data. First, a theoretical discussion of the effect of calibration errors is provided, in which a distinction is made between mild and severe calibration errors. Then a variety of techniques are suggested for both cases. For mild calibration errors, in which true peaks are still apparent in the spectrum, a simple approach is presented where the information in the true peaks is used to approximate the field at the array, from which the correct calibration can be deduced. This technique will converge to the correct solution with sufficient independent data sets. For severe calibration errors, in which the spectrum contains only speckle, several techniques are proposed to obtain a crude calibration of the array. One technique fits a plane wave to the uncalibrated receiver voltages. Another technique forces or assumes a plane wave at the array and then deduces the error by comparing different data sets. The third technique uses a Monte Carlo approach to generate the calibration weights, and a discussion of the correct interpretation of the results is provided. If this crude initial calibration can reduce the calibration errors to the mild case, then the calibration can continue in a two-step procedure using the techniques for the mild case.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sulfide detection in drill core from the Stillwater Complex using visible/near‐infrared imaging spectroscopy

This feasibility study examines the potential of imaging spectroscopy to estimate sulfide percentage in drill core from the Stillwater Complex, Montana. The Stillwater Complex is a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion hosting ore‐grade platinum group elements within the zone known as the JM Reef. Stillwater Mine geologists indirectly infer the platinum/palladium grade by the presence and abundance of sulfide minerals. In order to discriminate between waste and ore rock, geologists visually inspect the core and working faces for minerals such as chalcopyrite, pentlandite, and pyrrhotite. Iron sulfide minerals have a strong ultraviolet absorption that blends into the blue portion of the visible region and produces their yellow luster. The spectral differences between these pathfinder minerals and the accessory minerals are sufficiently distinct to allow classification of this mineralogy using imaging spectroscopy even in the absence of a particular absorption feature. Five different sections of split core ...
Tannic acid elicits neurogenic plasma exudation from the in situ hamster cheek pouch

The purpose of this study was to determine whether tannic acid elicits neurogenic plasma exudation from the oral mucosa in vivo and, if so, whether this response is transduced in part by thel-argin...
Alpha-subunit of Gs directly activates cardiac calcium channels in lipid bilayers

Specific guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) couple receptors to calcium channels indirectly via cytoplasmic agents such as protein kinases (Birnbaumer et al., Kidney Int. 32: 514-537, 1987). Direct coupling between the stimulatory G protein from adenylyl cyclase (Gs) and calcium channels has been shown recently in inside-out cell-free membrane patches excised from guinea pig myocytes, i.e., in the absence of cytoplasm (Yatani et al., Science Wash. DC 238: 1288-1292, 1987). In these patches, single calcium channel currents were unstable, and this complicated both the experiments and their interpretation. Calcium currents are more stable when calcium channels are incorporated into planar lipid bilayers (Rosenberg et al., Science Wash. DC 231: 1564-1566, 1986), and consequently, we used the latter method to examine the direct coupling hypothesis more fully. Bovine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles were added to the cis side of a chamber divided by a preformed planar lipid bilayer. The cytoplasmic surface faced the trans chamber and was bathed by an ATP-free minimal solution. The extracellular solution in the cis chamber contained 100 mM Ba2+, and both chambers contained the dihydropyridine agonist BAY K 8644 at 1 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Headache and Sleep Disorders

Investigators from Sapienza University, Italy, studied the prevalence and treatment of sleep disorders in children with migraine.
Surveillance of arbovirus activity in Iowa, USA, 1978-1980.

Considerable information pertaining to the epidemiology of mosquito-borne viruses in Iowa, USA, has been acquired during a continuing arbovirus surveillance program. Virus isolation results indicate that Culex tarsalis is the primary vector of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) viruses in Iowa, but that Culex spp. ( Cx. pipiens, Cx. restuans, or Cx. salinarius ) may contribute to the amplification of SLE virus. Also, Aedes trivittatus may be important in the natural maintenance of WEE virus in Iowa. From 1978 through 1980, a total of 243 isolations of viruses such as Flanders and trivittatus were made from various species of mosquitoes in Iowa. Many of the wild-bird bloods tested had hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies (titer ≥ 20) to WEE virus, and a few had antibodies to SLE in Council Bluffs, where a human case occurred in 1980. Eighteen human cases of La Crosse encephalitis occurred in Iowa in 1978, and a 3-year-old girl who lived near the Iowa state line died from the effects of this virus. La Crosse virus was isolated from a pool of Aedes triseriatus collected in Dubuque, where a human case occurred in 1979 and a 2nd case occurred in 1980.
Relationship between perioperative blood transfusion and surgical site infections in the newborn population: An ACS-NSQIP-Pediatrics analysis

Abstract Background Adult data suggest that perioperative transfusion may have deleterious effects through immunomodulation. Limited data regarding the effect of transfusions exist in the pediatric population. We hypothesized that perioperative transfusions may be associated with surgical site infections (SSI) in newborns. Methods The 2012 and 2013 American College of Surgeons National Safety and Quality Improvement Project-Pediatric (ACS-NSQIP-P) Participant User Files were queried to include all neonates that underwent surgical procedures. SSI rates in infants who had a perioperative blood transfusion were compared to those who were not transfused using a Fisher's Exact Test. Logistic regression analysis compared the odds of SSIs in transfused patients versus nontransfused patients. p Values Results The study population included 6499 patients, of which 1109 (17.1%) had transfusions. Transfused patients had increased SSIs. In the multivariate analysis, patients with nutritional issues (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24–2.00), current infection (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.52–2.57), and perioperative transfusion (OR=2.08, 95%CI 1.59–2.72) were associated with increased risk of SSI after controlling for all other variables. Conclusions Perioperative transfusions are associated with increased risk of SSIs. Further work to determine possible mechanisms of this association may be warranted.
An Empirical Exploration of Hidden Markov Models: From Spelling Recognition to Speech Recognition.

Hidden Markov models play a critical role in the modelling and problem solving of important AI tasks such as speech recognition and natural language processing. However, the students often have difficulty in understanding the essence and applications of Hidden Markov models in the context of a cursory introductory coverage of the subject. In this paper, we describe an empirical approach to explore the subject of the Hidden Markov models. This approach focuses on a series of incremental developments of Hidden Markov models for automatic spelling recognition. The process of programming and experiments with these models cultivates the actual modelling and problem-solving capacity, and guides the students to a better understanding of the application of similar Hidden Markov models used in speech recognition.
Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness Relate to Functional Outcomes in Adolescent and Young Adult Fontan Survivors

Background Fontan survivors demonstrate diminished vascular function and functional outcomes, but the relationships between these measures have not been established. Methods and Results We performed a cross‐sectional study of 60 Fontan survivors (52% male) with a mean age of 13.9±4.1 years and mean Fontan duration of 9.9±4.2 years. Multimodality assessment of endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index and flow‐mediated dilation) and arterial stiffness (augmentation index and baseline pulse amplitude) was performed with peripheral arterial tonometry and brachial flow‐mediated dilation. Aerobic capacity was determined using cardiopulmonary exercise testing; mean peak and percentage of predicted oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) were 27.8±7.6 mL/kg per minute and 71.0±21.2%, respectively. Quality of life and physical activity were assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire. Vascular measures served as predictor variables, whereas functional measures served as outcome variables. In all cases, worse vascular measures were associated with worse functional measures. Flow‐mediated dilation–derived reactive hyperemia index ( P 2 at anaerobic threshold. Peripheral arterial tonometry–derived baseline pulse amplitude ( P P 2 . Maximum flow‐mediated dilation ( P P Conclusions Increased arterial stiffness and decreased endothelial function are associated with lower aerobic capacity, physical activity, and quality of life in adolescent and young adult Fontan survivors. Understanding the cause–effect relationship between vascular function and functional outcomes is an important next step.
E-054 Correlation between Thrombus Density and Recanalization or Stroke Etiology in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and purpose The hyperdense middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign is a well-established marker of thrombus in the MCA. Studies have suggested that a hyperdense MCA is a common finding when a non-contrast head CT is performed within a few hours of stroke symptoms onset. 1 The hyperdensity of the basilar artery has also been described in basilar artery occlusions. 2 Previous studies have correlated recanalization success with thrombus density on non-enhanced CT scans. 3,4 In our study, we aimed to identify if thrombus density predicted revascularization success or suggested a specific etiology in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods and Materials We retrospectively studied 118 patients with acute ischemic stroke that were treated with mechanical thrombectomy devices and/or intravenous tPA from February 2009 to December 2015. The maximum and mean thrombus and normal vessel density was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) on a non-enhanced cranial CT in our institution’s proprietary image archiver and viewer. Recanalization was assessed either post-procedurally or upon review by an interventional neuroradiology fellow using the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) grading system with successful recanalization defined as TICI 2 b-3. The ratio of clot to normal vessel density was calculated for the maximum and mean HU values. T-tests were used to study the association between clot density and recanalization or etiology. A subgroup of only MCA occlusions was also analyzed. Results Of the 118 patients (mean age 66; 47% female), there was no statistically significant difference in mean (p = 0.17) or maximum clot density (p = 0.22) between the successful and unsuccessful recanalization groups (Table 1). There was also no difference in the mean (p = 0.36) or maximum clot (p = 0.22) to normal vessel ratio. When comparing densities between the large vessel and cardioembolic etiology, there was no difference in mean or maximum clot density or the clot to vessel ratios. In the subgroup analysis of MCA occlusions, similar findings were noted (Table 2). No difference was found when between the successful and unsuccessful recanalization groups in mean clot density (p = 0.37), max clot density (p = 0.46), mean clot to vessel ratio (p = 0.46), or max clot to vessel ratio (p = 0.48). Conclusion In conclusion, our study found no relationship between thrombus attenuation and recanalization success or stroke etiology. While prior studies have suggested that higher attenuation is associated with good recanalization, our study could not find such a link. 4 More studies are required to identify factors that predict successful recanalization in acute ischemic stroke patients. Disclosures M. Jagani: None. W. Brinjikji: None. D. Kallmes: 1; C; ev3, MicroVention, Sequent, Codman. 2; C; ev3, Medtronic, Codman. 3; C; Microvention.
Structural Properties Underlying High-Quality Randomized Numerical Linear Algebra Algorithms

In recent years, the amount of data that has been generated and recorded has grown enormously, and data are now seen to be at the heart of modern economic activity, innovation, and growth. See, for example, the report by the McKinsey Global Institute [51], which identifies ways in which Big Data have transformed the modern world, as well as the report by the National Research Council [19], which discusses reasons for and technical challenges in massive data analysis. In many cases, these so-called Big Data are modeled as matrices, basically since an m × n matrix A provides a natural mathematical structure with which to encode information about m objects, each of which is described by n features. As a result, while linear algebra algorithms have been of interest for decades in areas such as Numerical Linear Algebra (NLA) and scientific computing, in recent years there has been renewed interest in developing matrix algorithms that are appropriate for the analysis of large datasets that are represented in the form of matrices. For example, tools such as the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and the related Principal Components Analysis (PCA) [38] permit the low-rank approximation of a matrix, and they have have had a profound impact in diverse areas of science and engineering. They have also been studied extensively in large-scale machine learning and data analysis applications, in settings ranging from web search engines and social network analysis to the analysis of astronomical and biological data. Importantly, the structural and noise properties of matrices that arise in machine learning and data analysis applications are typically very different than those of matrices that arise in scientific computing and NLA. This has led researchers to revisit traditional problems in light of new requirements and to consider novel algorithmic approaches to many traditional matrix problems. One of the more remarkable trends in recent years is a new paradigm that arose in Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) and that involves the use of randomization as a computational resource for the design and analysis of algorithms for fundamental matrix problems. Randomized Numerical Linear Algebra (RandNLA) is the interdisciplinary research area that exploits randomization as a computational resource to develop improved algorithms for large-scale linear algebra problems, e.g., matrix multiplication, linear regression, low-rank matrix approximation, etc. [49]. In this chapter, we will discuss RandNLA, with an emphasis on highlighting how many of the most
Fully-automated fibroglandular tissue segmentation in breast MRI

We propose an automated segmentation method for estimating the fibroglandular (i.e., dense) tissue in breast MRI. The first step of our method is to segment the breast as an organ from other imaged parts through an integrated edge extraction and voting algorithm. Then, we apply the nonparametric non-uniform intensity normalization (N3) algorithm to the segmented breast to correct bias field which is common in breast MRI. After that, fuzzy C-means clustering is performed to categorize the breast tissue into two clusters, i.e., fibroglandular tissue and fat. The automated segmentation results are compared to manual segmentations, verified by an experienced breast imaging radiologist, to assess the accuracy of the algorithm, where the Dice's Similarity Coefficient (DSC) shows a 0.73 agreement in our experiments. The benefit of the bias correction step is also shown through the comparison with the results obtained by excluding the bias correction step.
Neurocognition in viral suppressed HIV-infected children

In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) infection remain at risk for subtle to severe neurocognitive deficits. Early ART initiation in infancy may mitigate global or selective deficits, likely due to viral suppression; however, youth with PHIV who initiate ART later in childhood are less likely to demonstrate normal neurocognition after ART initiation. The presence of neurocognitive deficits and/or the lack of neurocognitive improvement after ART initiation in older children may be due to damage associated with prior immunosuppression, intermittent periods of HIV replication and neuroinflammation during formative years, and/or ART-associated neurotoxicities. The literature supports the need for early ART initiation during infancy, not only for survival benefit but also for optimizing short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, prospective, longitudinal studies remain necessary to determine the long-term neurocognitive outcomes among children with variably timed viral suppression as well as the functional impact of deficits and potential resilience.
An Introduction to Some Concepts and Definitions

The chapter introduces concepts, definitions, and reviews in a nutshell the prerequisite for studying the methods of financial engineering. Financial engineering is a practice and can be used only when one defines the related environment carefully. The organization of markets, and the way deals are concluded, confirmed, and carried out, are important factors in selecting the right solution for a particular financial engineering problem. This chapter examines the organization of financial markets and the way market practitioners interact. Issues related to settlement, to accounting methods, and especially to conventions used by market practitioners are important and are discussed carefully.
Evolutionary Influence Maximization in Viral Marketing

With the growth of social networks, significant amount of data is brought online that can benefit applications of many kinds if being effectively utilized. As a typical example, Domnigos proposed the concept of viral marketing, which uses the “word of mouth” marketing technique over virtual networks (Domingos, IEEE Intell Syst 20:80–82, 2005). Each user is associated with a network value that represents his/her influence in the network. The network value is used along with other intrinsic features that represent user shopping behaviors for the selection of a small subset of most influential users in the network for marketing purpose. However, most existing viral marketing techniques ignore the dynamic nature of the virtual network where both the features and the relationship of users may change over time. In this paper, we develop a novel framework for the selection of users by exploiting the temporal dynamics of the network. Incorporating temporal dynamics of the network would assist in selecting an optimal subset of users with the maximum influence over the network. This paper focuses on developing an algorithm for the selection of the users to market the product by exploiting the temporal and the structural dynamics of the network. Extensive experimental results over real-world datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Shedding Of Human Tumor-Associated Antigens in Vitro and in Vivo

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that are shed in vitro and in vivo. TAAs are those glycoproteins and glycolipids that are expressed on the surface or in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and more often than not are detected on either the normal counterpart of tumor cells or on fetal cells. The term shedding implies the release of antigenic components, in soluble or particulate form, from cells into the tissue culture medium or into blood or other human secretions. Antigens can be released by cells as a function of active metabolic turnover or as a result of cell death. MAbs are undefined circulating TAAs in sera of patients with various solid human tumors. For established tumor markers, MAbs are replacing the use of polyclonal antisera. It is expected that new tumor markers become available that may serve, when necessary, as additional diagnostic tools for each tumor type. MAb-defined tumor markers are available for pancreatic and ovarian carcinoma, which are elevated in more than 80% of patients' sera. For other tumors, combinations of assays need to be developed.
Effect of microwave decomposition on inductively coupled plasma spectrometry analysis of minerals in oysters

Oysters, which can be cultivated in oceans, are rich in nutrients. Recently, our group has reported the rapid analysis of multiple minerals in Crassostrea gigas oysters by employing microwave decomposition combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In this study, different oysters (e.g., Crassostrea nippona) were used, and calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium contents were estimated by microwave digestion using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The addition of nitric acid with a stepwise increase in the microwave decomposition temperature to 230 °C led to the effective estimation of multiple minerals. The potassium content was estimated by the mere addition of acids to the oyster sample for ICP-AES analysis. These results can be possibly beneficial for the analysis of other creatures and foods including the choice of the location in the oceans at which oysters can be grown for the purpose of increasing food production in future.
Concurrent Daily Alcohol and Tobacco Use among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Women

AbstractBackground: Studies show that sexual minority women (SMW) report more hazardous alcohol use patterns and higher rates of tobacco use than exclusively heterosexual women. Despite the public ...
Parliamentary discussions in authoritarian contexts: Introducing a dataset on party responses to Turkey’s Gezi protests

This article introduces an original dataset on debates in the Turkish Grand Assembly before, during, and after the 2013 Gezi Protests, the biggest wave of demonstrations in Turkey’s history. The da...
Dietary Factors Associated with Asthma Prevalence Among Children in California

Background: Asthma continues to be the leading chronic disease affecting children in the United States. With mounting evidence of how diet plays a role in both chronic and allergic diseases, it is ...
Multi-resolution Data Processing for Accelerated and Robust Ultrasound Localization Microscopy

Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) leverages widely-used contrast-enhancing microbubbles (MBs), localizing and tracking their movement in vivo, to permit the reconstruction of sub-diffraction images of tissue microvasculature and flow velocities. However, the technique is computationally expensive to implement, often requiring millions of MB localization and tracking events for microvascular reconstruction. Here we propose a multi-resolution localization and tracking algorithm for ULM reconstruction that selectively assigns microvascular MB flow to a high-fidelity, but slow, normalized cross-correlation (NCC)-based tracking algorithm and large vessel flow to faster processing solutions: either conventional colorflow (CF) Doppler, or a more rapid bipartite-graph and Kalman filter (BGKF)-based MB tracking algorithm. A low MB-count accumulation map was generated to assign sparse MB localization events to the NCC algorithm, with the remaining MB events sent either to the BGKF -based tracking algorithm or to conventional CF Doppler. In comparison to NCC alone, we were able to reduce processing time by approximately 20-40% using the proposed NCC+BGKF or NCC+CF combination algorithm on this imaging dataset.
Fast Switching of STT-MRAM to Realize High Speed Applications

We demonstrate less than 10 ns write speed and read access for 40Mb embedded MRAM (eMRAM) macro covering high temperature up to 125°C. The macro shows un-powered data retention of 10 second at 125°C and the capability of achieving 1012 cycles endurance and 5 ns read time. Our study indicates that MTJ stack engineering and MTJ CD optimization are the two critical factors to achieve the suppression of bit error rate (BER) ballooning and 0.5x Ic scaling for fast switching.
Study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial of a virtual intervention (STRIDE) for symptom management, distress and adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy after breast cancer.

Introduction Patient adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) after a diagnosis of hormone-sensitive breast cancer is poor. Previous interventions have failed to produce changes in adherence, address patient preferences or include theoretically informed and evidence-based components. Therefore, we iteratively developed a patient-centred, evidence-based, small-group, videoconference intervention to improve adherence and symptom management as well as reduce distress for patients taking AET after breast cancer (Symptom-Targeted Randomised Intervention for Distress and Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy, STRIDE). Methods and analysis The current study is a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, feasibility trial of STRIDE compared with a medication monitoring control group. The primary objective is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of STRIDE, while secondary objectives are to assess changes in objective and subjective adherence, symptom distress and satisfaction with AET. Patients will be recruited from the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston, Massachusetts. The total number of patients accrued will be 75, with ≥60 patients completing the study. All patients will store their AET in an electronic pill bottle for objective adherence monitoring. Patients randomly assigned to the STRIDE intervention will receive 6 weekly 1-hour sessions, in small groups of two, delivered via videoconferencing by a trained mental health professional. Patients assigned to the control group will store their medication in the electronic pill bottle and receive follow-up oncology care as usual. All participants will complete self-report psychosocial measures at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks postbaseline. Ethics and dissemination The study is funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health and is approved by the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (Protocol #18–603, V.1.2, first approval date 1 February 2019). The study will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement for non-pharmacological trials. Results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals, presented at scientific meetings and disseminated to patient organisations and media outlets. Trial registration number NCT03837496; Pre-results.
Feminism, Privacy and Law in Cyberspace

Feminism has long centered on breaking down the public and private divide that traditionally organized social relations and subordinated women. Privacy is lauded for giving women space for self-determination, but also criticized for creating spaces where patriarchy and misogyny can flourish unchecked. Cyberspace heightens the stakes of this tension because it creates almost limitless access to people’s personal data. We live in a datafied society powered by digital profiling, automated decision-making, and surveillance systems in which we no longer control our personal data; rather, it is used to control us. Women face multiple, gendered harms in cyberspace, including online harassment, digital discrimination, and sexual surveillance by the “femtech” industry. Yet the United States lacks comprehensive privacy laws, and its analog-era anti-discrimination statutes are no match for the digital world. American privacy protections hinge upon a notice and consent regime that puts the onus on users to protect their privacy, rather than the entities that benefit from gathering individual’s personal data. This chapter presents an overview of the oppression women and other marginalized people suffer through a loss of privacy in the digital age and the efforts that activists have taken to ameliorate the harms of cyberspace and to shape privacy norms in a feminist and inclusive manner. It describes the meaning of privacy through four waves of feminist theorizing and activism, analyzes how American privacy law responds to major gender equity challenges in cyberspace, and highlights current feminist theories and models of resistance.
Predictors of Patrol Officer Openness to New Ideas for Improving Police Service Delivery

Police departments throughout the world have experienced increases in community–police conflict, with associated problems of patrol officers leaving the profession. Finding innovative solutions to these external and internal threats will require openness to new ideas, especially from patrol officers who are on the front line of these challenges. The present study examined predictors for which patrol officers reported the greatest “openness to new ideas” for their police profession. Predictors considered included officer demographics (age, years of service, education), self-perceptions (health concerns, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD), and workplace perceptions (supervisor fairness, peer camaraderie, occupational pride). Hundred and fifty patrol officers completed anonymous surveys from police departments in Istanbul, Turkey (98.0% male; 41.3% with college education; mean age = 26.65 years; mean experience = 4.25 years). Multiple regression analysis revealed that openness to new ideas was significantly associated with the officer having a college education, few PTSD symptoms, and strong perceptions of peer camaraderie and occupational pride. Present results suggest that police departments seeking innovative solutions to their external and internal challenges might look to patrol officers with these characteristics. Additionally, departments could develop conditions that enhance these officer characteristics associated with innovative thinking by offering tuition grants, PTSD counseling services, officer bonding activities, and public celebrations of officers doing exceptional work.
Somatic interventions to improve self‐regulation in children and adolescents

Topic Children and adolescents who are exposed to stress and trauma often experience, as a result, an inability to regulate their emotions. Self-regulation is necessary to accurately respond to situations and ensure success in the academic setting. Self-regulation skills have been identified as improving resiliency and mitigating the effects of trauma on children and adolescents. Purpose The purpose of this review of the literature is to synthesize the available research on somatic interventions to improve self-regulation in the child and adolescent population. Sources used A scoping review of literature utilizing the Arksey and O'Malley framework was conducted by a university health science librarian from 2006 to 2018 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, ERIC, and Web of Science to identify studies that examined somatic self-regulation skills in children and adolescents. Search terms included were mindfulness, yoga, deep breathing exercises, and self-regulation. The PRISMA methodology was utilized to synthesize the available research on somatic interventions to improve self-regulation in the child and adolescent population. Conclusion Somatic interventions have been shown to improve self-regulation in the child and adolescent population. Future research is needed to identify dose-specific interventions and opportunities to improve self-regulation for children and adolescents.
Immediate and early loading of hydrothermally treated, hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants: a 7-year prospective randomized clinical study.

Existing research on marginal bone stability around hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants often lacks adequate long-term follow-up. The purpose of this randomized prospective study was to evaluate the 7-year outcome of patients with immediate and early loaded single-tooth restorations supported by implants with plasma-sprayed, partially HA-coated surfaces. Forty-two patients in need of 50 single implants were treated in in the Postgraduate Periodontics Clinic of Louisiana State University School of Dentistry. Implants were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group A was immediately loaded, and Group B was early loaded. Continuous follow-up with periodic maintenance care and radiographic evaluations was performed. The primary outcome of interest was implant survival, characterized using the Kaplan–Meier method. Secondary study outcome consisted of peri-implant crestal bone level changes. Data on age, sex, bone quality, implant location, length and diameter, and prior augmentation of the site were collected. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether the independent variables were associated with bone loss. One implant failed to maintain stability and was removed at 3 weeks. Thirty-four patients (14 males, 20 females with a total of 42 implants) completed the 7-year follow-up visit. Average age of evaluable patients was 52 in Group A and 55 in Group B. No significant difference was observed regarding sex and age distribution between the 2 groups. No significant difference was detected in the distribution of implant locations, types of bone, implant length, implant diameter, and augmentation status of the bone between the 2 groups. After 7 years of functioning for the 42 implants examined, implant survival rate was 100% for Group A and 95.5% for Group B. The results from this study of 50 implants showed that HA-coated Zimmer Tapered Screw-Vent Implants were clinically effective, with an overall cumulative 7-year survival rate of 98.0%. When comparing radiographic bone levels between 2-year and 7-year follow-ups, no significant differences in bone loss were found between Group A and Group B. After 7 years in function, implants partially coated with plasma-sprayed and hydrothermally treated HA were clinically predictable when restored in occlusion immediately after or 3 weeks after implant placement.
Dielectric Spectroscopy Based Detection of Specific and Nonspecific Cellular Mechanisms.

Using radiofrequency dielectric spectroscopy, we have investigated the impact of the interaction between a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the sterile2 α-factor receptor protein (Ste2), and its cognate agonist ligand, the α-factor pheromone, on the dielectric properties of the plasma membrane in living yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The dielectric properties of a cell suspension containing a saturating concentration of α-factor were measured over the frequency range 40Hz–110 MHz and compared to the behavior of a similarly prepared suspension of cells in the absence of α-factor. A spherical three-shell model was used to determine the electrical phase parameters for the yeast cells in both types of suspensions. The relative permittivity of the plasma membrane showed a significant increase after exposure to α-factor (by 0.06 ± 0.05). The equivalent experiment performed on yeast cells lacking the ability to express Ste2 showed no change in plasma membrane permittivity. Interestingly, a large change also occurred to the electrical properties of the cellular interior after the addition of α-factor to the cell suspending medium, whether or not the cells were expressing Ste2. We present a number of different complementary experiments performed on the yeast to support these dielectric data and interpret the results in terms of specific cellular reactions to the presence of α-factor.
Subjective versus objective tests of dizziness and vestibular function in epidemiologic screening research.

Background Many epidemiologic studies of vestibular disorders are based on responses to questionnaires which have not been tested against objective tests of the vestibular system. Objective The goal was to determine if the dizziness and balance questions used in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) are valid and predict performance on objective tests of the vestibular system (VNG). Methods Data from 367 participants recruited from the community, aged 21.4 to 87.6 years, were collected in the Otolaryngology department at a tertiary care center. They were asked the eight NHIS questions twice, at least 30 minutes apart and were tested on VNG. Results Question responses changed from Test 1 to Test 2 and differed between males and females. "Yes" responses did not predict abnormal VNG responses, for the total group and when the group was categorized into younger ( 60 years) subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of all questions was low. Conclusion The NHIS questions provide some information about what people recall of their experiences, but they may not provide insight into the diagnostic prevalence of vestibular and balance disorders because the sensitivity and specificity are too low. Questionnaire-based epidemiologic studies should be interpreted with caution.
The Spinoff Advantage: Human Capital Law and Entrpreneurship

The term entrepreneur comes from the French word entreprendre, which signifies “one who undertakes innovations.” That underlying innovative nature typifies entrepreneurship’s vital role in our economy, contributing to both economic growth and industry progress. Many states affirmatively support entrepreneurship through tax credits, subsidies, and awards, as well as by sponsoring incubators and accelerators. And yet, despite this public policy favoring entrepreneurship, human capital law – which lies at the intersection of intellectual property, employment regulation, and contract law – has developed in ways that often curtail that very same entrepreneurial activity. Post-employment restrictions, both contractual and regulatory, particularly limit the ability of the most experienced professionals to found, or even join, new ventures. This chapter explores the discordant, contradictory nature of state policies favoring both entrepreneurial venture and human capital law and argues against the counter-productive expansion of restrictions on talent mobility. It first discusses the general disadvantage startups face in litigation brought by incumbents as well as the rise in intellectual property disputes and their effects on entrepreneurship. The chapter then presents the particular cost of human capital legal disputes on entrepreneurial spinoffs, that is, companies founded by former employees of competitors.
X Steady Navier–Stokes Flow in Three-Dimensional Exterior Domains. Irrotational Case

Objective of this and the next two chapters is to investigate the mathematical properties of steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid that fills the entire space outside a finite number of “bodies ”, Ω1,…,Ωs, and whose motion is governed by the fully nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations.
Local fixed point index theory for non simply connected manifolds

Abstract : Given a compactly fixed map f:U M, where U is an open subset of a manifold M, it is a classical result that one can assign an integer-valued index I(f,U) to this situation with the property that I(f,U) is not = to 0 implies f (and any compactly fixed perturbation of f) has fixed points in U, i.e. solutions to the equations f(x) = x. However, it can still happen that I(f,U) = 0 and f has essential fixed points in U. The objective of this paper is to provide a finer invariant o(f,U), called the local obstruction index, which has the property that o(f,U) is not = to 0 if, and only if, every compactly fixed perturbation of f has fixed points in U. The main objective is to assign to this data a new index, o(f,U), which is not necessarily an integer, which removes this fundamental defect so that now the equation has essential solutions in U. A general formula for computing the value of o(f,U) is also given.
TDDB improvement of copper/dielectric in the highly-integrated BEOL structure for 28nm technology node and beyond

Here we demonstrate the copper/dielectric TDDB improvement of 8 metal layers in 28nm technology node with 90 nm pitch. After the process optimization, the Weibull slope of MOM TDDB increase from 0.85 to 1.28 that improves the estimated MOM TDDB about 200 times.
Racial Culture: A Critique

Over the last thirty years, critical race and gender theorists have questioned whether and if law can protect difference in a meaningful way, especially in the workplace. Richard T. Ford, a law professor at Stanford University, provides an interesting critique of the resulting “multicultural assumptions of difference” in his book RACIAL CULTURE. While he recognizes most refutations of these approaches come from conservatives with a political agenda of legal colorblindness, Ford explicitly asserts he shares the political and social goals of the progressive left. More specifically, he refutes colorblindness as a means of equality (see BROWN et al. 2003 for an articulation of this position). Ford argues that racial identity politics have the liability of undermining their stated objective of eliminating racism in the workplace. The author is clear; his opposition to discrimination based on status does not mean that one is not ambivalent about the development of a new legal category of discrimination based on culture. His overarching concern is that “race,” which is socially and economically constructed, is given additional legitimacy by the assumption that every race manifests cultural similarities and that these cultural artifacts should be protected in the same manner as racism:
Stochastic optimal scheduling of residential appliances with renewable energy sources

This paper proposes a stochastic, multi-objective optimization model within a Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework, to determine the optimal operational schedules of residential appliances operating in the presence of renewable energy source (RES). The objective function minimizes the weighted sum of discomfort, energy cost, total and peak electricity consumption, and carbon footprint. A heuristic method is developed for combining different objective components. The proposed stochastic model utilizes Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for representing uncertainties in electricity price, outdoor temperature, RES generation, water usage, and non-controllable loads. The proposed model is solved using a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) solver and numerical results show the validity of the model. Case studies show the benefit of using the proposed optimization model.
Olaparib in the management of ovarian cancer

Alterations in the homologous repair pathway are thought to occur in 30%-50% of epithelial ovarian cancers. Cells deficient in homologous recombination rely on alternative pathways for DNA repair in order to survive, thereby providing a potential target for therapy. Olaparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, capitalizes on this concept and is the first drug in its class approved for patients with ovarian cancer. This review article will provide an overview of the BRCA genes and homologous recombination, the role of PARP in DNA repair and the biological rationale for the use of PARP inhibitors as cancer therapy, and ultimately will focus on the use of olaparib in the management of ovarian cancer.
From matched filters to martingales

Summary form only given. The famous matched filter solution for maximizing the output SNR of a known signal in additive white noise was independently discovered by several investigators in the mid-forties. Since then it has appeared as a key component of optimal detectors in a variety of scenarios. Its first appearance was perhaps in D.O. North's 1943 RCA report, which is remarkable for the facility with which the author exploits sophisticated (for the times) mathematical analysis to obtain useful physical results and insights; among other items, the Rice distribution is introduced and used in a routine way. Since then, the concept has evolved and grown in a fascinating way, which is outlined, chiefly through the early work of V.A. Kotelnikov (1947) and of P.M. Woodward, and its notable extensions to multipath problems through the estimator-correlator ideas of P. Price and P.E. Green. We describe how the effort to extend these results to non-Gaussian signals led back in a fascinating way to the original likelihood ratio formulas. Martingale theory and the need for attention to the definition of stochastic integrals arose in a natural way in the course of this development and later enabled, among other things, the development of close parallels between detection problems for signals with additive Gaussian noise and with "multiplicative" Poisson-type noise. As interest in such areas declined in the information theory community, the methods began to appear in finance theory, where they were soon also regarded as the natural tool. Moreover the growing emphasis on soft-decision rules in the new turbo coding schemes may renew interest in general likelihood ratio formulas.