cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chicago: Projects and a Shock to Social Geography

Every great city has its bohemias and its hobohemias; its gold coast and little Sicilies; its rooming-house areas and its slums. In Chicago, and on the Lower North Side, they are in close physical proximity to one another. This gives one an interesting illustration of the situation in which the physical distances and the social distances do not coincide; a situation in which people who live side by side are not, and – because of the divergence of their interests and their heritages – cannot, even with the best of good will, become neighbors. – Harvey Warren Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum , 1929 When an “L” train on Chicago's Red Line emerges from beneath the Loop heading south, it rumbles above the streets for a distance, then slips between the northbound and southbound lanes of the Dan Ryan Expressway, just south and east of the enclave of Chinatown. For the rest of its journey, the passengers have a view of the mighty expanse of South Chicago on both sides of them. Taking this train on my morning journeys to teach, I would read the Chicago Tribune , using the journey to keep up with the news. As we traveled south, around the time we reached US Cellular Field, where the White Sox baseball team plays, I would often put down my paper and marvel at the scenes to the east, across the northbound traffic lanes.Hulking over the expressway were the scarred and burned structures of Stateway Gardens, part of the massive expanse of public housing known as the “State Street Corridor” stretching along State Street from north to south.2 In the collective American imagination, these projects were the epitome of public housing – decrepit, large, dangerous, Black. They stood right along the expressway so that people traveling to the North Side of the city, where most white people were probably going, could not help but see them. The projects had scars of fire coming out some of the windows, like permanent black eyes. The buildings seemed larger than they actually were – perhaps just because they were so ominous – and seemed closer than they actually were, looming over the freeway, probably reflecting the subtle fear they invoked in those passing by.
Dynamics of transient species via anion photodetachment

The dynamics of chemical reactions are often governed by transient species, including the transition state for activated bimolecular reactions. Such transient species are difficult to study experimentally, but it has proven valuable to prepare and probe transition-state dynamics by the photodetachment of anions with an equilibrium geometry similar to the neutral transition state. In this review, recent experimental advances in photoelectron and photoelectron–photofragment coincidence spectroscopy are discussed, as well as the latest progress in the calculation of multidimensional potential energy surfaces and quantum dynamics calculations that have enabled an extension of studies of transition-state dynamics to increasingly multidimensional polyatomic systems. Examples of important dynamical effects such as mode specificity, tunneling, resonance and product energy disposal in reaction dynamics are discussed.
Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary liver sarcomas (PLS) are rare. Published series are limited by small numbers of patients. METHODS We reviewed the National Cancer Database (2004-2014) for patients who underwent surgical resection of PLS. RESULTS Of 237 patients identified, the majority were female (60.8%), with median age of 52 years. Histologies were: epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (n = 67), angiosarcoma (n = 64), leiomyosarcoma (n = 33), embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 31), carcinosarcoma (n = 16), giant cell sarcoma (n = 14), spindle cell sarcoma (n = 12). Ninety-seven (40.9%) patients underwent lobectomies or extended lobectomies, 41 patients (17.3%) underwent transplantation. Surgical margins were negative in 82.9%. Tumors were well differentiated in 11.3%. Histology type correlated with outcome with the best prognosis for epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (OS: not reached, similar for resection and transplantation) and the worst for angiosarcoma (OS:16.6 mo with resection; 6 mo with transplantation; P = 0.04). Resections with microscopically negative margins were associated with improved survival (58.7 vs 11.3 mo for positive margins; P < 0.001). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were used in a minority of patients (32.9% and 4.3% respectively) with no improvement in outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Both hepatic resection and liver transplantation can be associated with long term survival for selected primary liver sarcomas such as epitheliod hemangioendotheliomas. Histology type and the ability to resect the tumor with negative margins correlate with outcomes and the decision to operate should be carefully weighed for subtypes with particularly dismal prognosis such as angiosarcomas.
The pH dependence of quantitative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation: theoretical and practical implications-a new device for maintenance of platelet-rich plasma pH

Quantitative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation of normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) decreased with time after PRP preparation. An increase in p H of the PRP with time proved to be responsible for this finding. Diffusion of CO2from the plasma is the prime determinant of the change in pH. Since a complex combination of factors influences CO2 diffusion (surface area-to-volume relationship, capping, mixing, etc.) The change in pH is variable with time. Thus, quantitative ristocetin aggregation should be pH controlled. A simple device for maintaining PRP pH constant by control of the ambient pCO2 was designed and found effective in keeping both pH and quantitative ristocetin aggregation constant over a prolonged period of time. It can be adapted for use in platelet aggregation studies employing other reagents. The pH dependence of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation is consistent with other data supporting an elctrostatic interaction between the platelet, von Willebrand factor, and ristocetin. We favor a model wherein ristocetin neutralizes some of the platelet's negative change and permits the von Willebrand factor to bridge sites on separate platelets to induce agglutination.
Ultrasonic Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Thin Films and Coatings

This paper presents a review of recent work at Northwestern University in the area of ultrasonic characterization of thin film material properties. Contact and non-contact ultrasonic methods that are used to characterize the mechanical properties of micro- and nano-structured thin films are briefly described. Specifically,the methods used are: Line-focus Acoustic Microscopy, narrowband and broadband Photoacoustic guided wave methods, and Photoacoustic bulk-wave pump-probe techniques. Applications to several free-standing thin-films and thin-film on substrate systems are discussed.
Data driven profiling of dynamic system behavior using hidden Markov model based combined unsupervised and supervised classification

Dynamic systems are often best characterized by a combination of static and temporal features, with the static features describing time-invariant properties of the system, and the temporal features capturing dynamic aspects of the system. Our goal is to construct context based temporal behavior models of dynamic systems using information from both types of features. Our dynamic system profiling framework consists of three main steps: (i) model generation, (ii) model idation, and (iii) model interpretation. Model generation step can be further decomposed into two components: (ia) temporal model generation, and (ib) context generation. Based on temporal feature values of the systems, temporal model generation step constructs K models to account for dynamic behavior patterns. We choose Hidden Markov Model(HMM)(R.abiner 1989) representation for temporal models. One important and desirable characteristic of HMM is that the hidden states of a HMM can effectively be used to model the set of potentially valid stages going through by a dynamic system and the directed probabilistic links between states be used to model its transition patterns among the set of stages. Our HMM clustering scheme tries to improve upon existing methods in two ways: First, existing HMM clustering systems assume fixed, pre-specified HMM topology. To obtain better fit models, we propose a dynamic and automatic HMM refinement procedure that interleaves with the clustering process and constructs HMMs of appropriate topologies for individual clusters. Bayesian model selection criteria(Chichering 8¢ Heckerman 1997) are employed in this process. Second, existing HMM clustering systems rely on predefined threshold values to determine number of clusters, i.e., the value of K, in the final partition. We take a model based approach(Cheeseman & Stutz 1996) Our clustering model is composed of clusters in the current partition and one hidden state that assigns cluster membership for each object. Given this clustering model structure, the number of clusters in the final partition is one that gives the highest model posterior probability. The K clusters derived from temporal model generICopyright @1999, American Association for Artificial
Insight into mechanism of iron-oxides reduction in atmospheres of CH4 and CO

Abstract First-principle calculations are carried out to interpret the experimental observations and to generate the mechanisms of CO and CH4 conversion with Fe2O1-3. The stabilization of Fe C bonding involves π∗(C O) and electron donating from oxygens’ LP. The Fe O bond activation is rate-limiting step of conversions. Stabilization and activation are affected by number of oxygens at the iron active site. Low ORBs are identified for CO + Fe2O1-3 reaction pathways. Significant ORBs are calculated for Fe2O3 + CH4, and the competing mechanism of reduction by H2 is shown. DFT calculations suggest favorable formation of Fe3C in atmosphere of CH4 and its oxidation in atmosphere of CO.
Metabolic Processes Preserved as Biosignatures in Iron-Oxidizing Microorganisms: Implications for Biosignature Detection on Mars

Iron-oxidizing bacteria occupy a distinct environmental niche. These chemolithoautotrophic organisms require very little oxygen (when neutrophilic) or outcompete oxygen for access to Fe(II) (when acidophilic). The utilization of Fe(II) as an electron donor makes them strong analog organisms for any potential life that could be found on Mars. Despite their importance to the elucidation of early life on, and potentially beyond, Earth, many details of their metabolism remain unknown. By using on-line thermochemolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a distinct signal for a low-molecular-weight molecule was discovered in multiple iron-oxidizing isolates as well as several iron-dominated environmental samples, from freshwater and marine environments and in both modern and older iron rock samples. This GC-MS signal was neither detected in organisms that did not use Fe(II) as an electron donor nor present in iron mats in which organic carbon was destroyed by heating. Mass spectral analysis indicates that the molecule bears the hallmarks of a pterin-bearing molecule. Genomic analysis has previously identified a molybdopterin that could be part of the electron transport chain in a number of lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria, suggesting one possible source for this signal is the pterin component of this protein. The rock samples indicate the possibility that the molecule can be preserved within lithified sedimentary rocks. The specificity of the signal to organisms requiring iron in their metabolism makes this a novel biosignature with which to investigate both the evolution of life on ancient Earth and potential life on Mars.
Relating Anticipatory Postural Adjustments to Step Outcomes During Loss of Balance in People With Parkinson's Disease.

Background. Effective protective steps are critical for fall prevention, and anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) after a perturbation but prior to protective steps affect step performance. Alt...
The Need for Speed: Run-On Oligomer Filament Formation Provides Maximum Speed with Maximum Sequestration of Activity.

National Science Foundation [MCB-1410355]; Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health [S10OD013237]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health [T32GM008659]
CHAPTER 21 – Triplexes, Sticky DNA, and the (GAA·TTC) Trinucleotide Repeat Associated with Friedreich's Ataxia

This chapter focuses on the existence and characteristics of the novel nonB-DNA structure, sticky DNA, that forms with the trinucleotide repeating sequence (TRS), (GAATTC). This TRS is found as an expansion product in patients who have Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a severe hereditary neurodegenerative disease. The formation of this conformation is dependent on the lengths and extents of polymorphisms of the repeating tracts, the orientation of the repeats, negative supercoiling, and the presence of divalent metal ions. These requirements for formation and stability have been measured by several in vitro methods including gel mobility, chemical probing, and electron microscopy. Also, long (GAA-TTC) repeats that are prone to form sticky DNA cause replication pausing and inhibit transcription. Both sticky DNA and triplexes exist and function in vivo, thereby revealing that long tracts of (GAA-TTC) repeats have profound effects on cellular mechanisms.
Origin of mutations in genes associated with human glioblastoma multiform cancer: random polymerase errors versus deamination.

Abstract The etiology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most serious form of brain cancer, remains obscure, although it has been proposed that cancer risk is a function of random polymerase errors that occur during stem cell division and the resulting mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Analysis of the 8 genes (PTEN, TP53, EGFR, PIK3R1, PIK3CA, NF1, RB1, IDH1) that are mutated in at least 5% of GBM tumors indicates a non-random mutation pattern that reflects a significant role for hydrolytic deamination at CpG sites. The formation of activating mutations in some genes, e.g., IDH1, where a very limited set of mutations are oncogenic, statistically cannot involve random mutagenesis due to polymerase errors that occur during each stem cell replication. Comparison of the in vitro misincorporation tendencies of three replicative polymerases and the "random" mutation pattern in a subset of genes indicates non-polymerase based pathways are involved. Analysis of the mutation patterns shows that chemical deamination that occurs at a slow rate at each CpG is favored over random polymerase errors by a factor of more than 10 million. Therefore, if a truncating nonsense mutation in a tumor suppressor, or an activating missense mutation in an oncogene, can occur due to a C > T base substitution at a CpG sequence, it is highly favored over other mutation pathways.
Single-center, real-world experience with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for management of leukopenia following kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND Leukopenia is a frequent complication following kidney transplantation. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been used to accelerate white blood cell (WBC) count recovery; however, published experience in kidney transplantation is limited. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed our kidney transplant recipients from January 2012 to September 2016 with a G-CSF order to evaluate leukopenia management (defined as WBC <3000 cells/μL). RESULTS Thirty-six recipients were included. On average, G-CSF treatment began at 98 ± 38 days. At G-CSF initiation, mean WBC count was 1240 ± 420 cells/μL and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 653 ± 368 cells/μL. Mean G-CSF dose was 4.6 ± 1.2 mcg/kg/dose (total 11.8 ± 9.0 mcg/kg), 77.8% of recipients were prescribed G-CSF as outpatients, and overall, median time to WBC count recovery was 9 (IQR 4-14) days. Changes in immunosuppression and prophylaxis regimens for leukopenia were also common. Within 1 month following leukopenia onset, no patients experienced acute rejection and 5 (14%) developed infection requiring hospitalization or opportunistic infection. CONCLUSION In kidney recipients with leukopenia, G-CSF may be helpful to achieve WBC count recovery in addition to changes in immunosuppression and prophylaxis medications. Prospective, randomized data are still needed to determine optimal G-CSF dosing in this population.
Not Just Literature: Exploring the Performative Dimensions of Bob Dylan’s Work

Keith Nainby’s chapter explores “the connection between Dylan’s vocal performance and his texts.” Foregrounding Dylan’s provocation of complex aesthetic responses in his listeners, Nainby combines concrete examples and rigorous textual analysis of Dylan’s vocal performances to highlight the manner in which language communicates experience by necessarily obfuscating it. Dylan’s songs and compelling performative strategies are, according to Nainby, defined by “the rate at which he breathes sound into the microphone and the rate at which he allows that sound to decay.” These very specific “vocal performance choices are an integral element of his poetic treatment of human relationships, relationships he frames as troublesome and beautiful because they are fraught with the paradox at the heart of communication.”
Trends from NSQIP 2015 to 2017 in neoadjuvant therapy use before pancreatic adenocarcinoma resection.

e15685Background: Morbidity and mortality associated with surgical resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains high, and prognosis is poor even after R0 resection. Preoperative chemoradiation, p...
SystemER: a human-in-the-loop system for explainable entity resolution

Entity Resolution (ER) is the task of identifying different representations of the same real-world object. To achieve scalability and the desired level of quality, the typical ER pipeline includes multiple steps that may involve low-level coding and extensive human labor. We present SystemER, a tool for learning explainable ER models that reduces the human labor all throughout the stages of the ER pipeline. SystemER achieves explainability by learning rules that not only perform a given ER task but are human-comprehensible; this provides transparency into the learning process, and further enables verification and customization of the learned model by the domain experts. By leveraging a human in the loop and active learning, SystemER also ensures that a small number of labeled examples is sufficient to learn high-quality ER models. SystemER is a full-fledged tool that includes an easy to use interface, support for both flat files and semi-structured data, and scale-out capabilities by distributing computation via Apache Spark.
The Isolated Work-Performing and Ejecting Mouse Heart Preparation Comparison and Quantification of Cardiac Performance in Transgenic and Wild-Type Mice

Over the past ten years an abundance of transgenic mouse models (gene ablations, overexpressions, or mutations) with variable consequences on heart function have become available. Consequently, quantitative methods had to be developed to analyze cardiac function in the mouse heart. Since the mouse heart is so small (heart weight approximately 125-180 mg) new types of instrumentation for the heart produce new challenges for the cardiovascular and cardiac physiologist. We developed the buffer perfused work-performing mouse heart preparation to analyze myocardial function independent from autonomic or hemodynamic feedback or other compensation. The resultant preparation permits exact control of preload and afterload of the heart. The ejecting heart allows the evaluation of all phases of the intraventricular pressure curve, (systolic, diastolic, and end-diastolic pressure). Furthermore, in order to cover the widest possible range of contractile parameters, ±dP/dt, time to peak pressure (TPP), and 1/2 time to relaxation (RT 1/2) must be recorded. In order to indeed provide reliable quantitative myocardial contractile comparison non-transgenic (NTG) and transgenically (TG) altered littermates have to be directly compared in every case under exactly identical loading conditions. The ideal comparison should be made by the construction of cardiac function curves based upon this pressure and volume loading.
Aneurysm characteristics, coil packing, and post-coiling hemodynamics affect long-term treatment outcome.

Background Recurrence of intracranial aneurysms after endovascular coiling is a serious clinical concern. Objective We hypothesized that recurrence is associated with aneurysm morphology and flow, as well as the coil intervention and the induced flow modifications. Methods We collected 52 primary-coiling aneurysm cases that were either occluded (n=34) or recurrent (n=18) at >1 year follow-up. We created aneurysm models from pre-coiling digital subtraction angiographic images, calculated aneurysm morphology, simulated pre-coiling hemodynamics, modeled coil deployment, and obtained post-coiling hemodynamics for each case. We performed univariable analysis on 26 morphologic, treatment-specific, and hemodynamic parameters to distinguish between recurrent and occluded groups, and multivariable analysis to identify independently significant parameters associated with recurrence. Univariable analysis was also performed on ruptured and unruptured aneurysm subcohorts separately to investigate if they shared specific significant parameters. Results Recurrence was associated with pre-coiling aneurysm morphologic and flow parameters including larger size (maximum dimension and volume), larger neck (diameter, area, and neck-to-parent-artery ratio), and higher flow momentum and kinetic energy. Recurrence was also associated with lower coil packing (packing density and uncoiled volume), higher post-treatment flow (velocity, momentum, and kinetic energy), lower post-treatment washout time, and higher post-treatment impingement force at the neck. Multivariable analysis identified two aneurysmal characteristics (neck diameter and pre-coiling flow kinetic energy), one coil packing parameter (uncoiled volume), and one post-treatment hemodynamic parameter (flow momentum) that were independently associated with recurrence. In ruptured aneurysms, recurrence was associated with larger neck (diameter and area), whereas in unruptured aneurysms, recurrence was associated with larger size (maximum dimension and volume). In both subcohorts, recurrence was associated with higher post-coiling flow momentum and kinetic energy. Conclusion Recurrence at >1 year after coil treatment is associated with intrinsic aneurysm characteristics, coiling itself, and flow changes induced by coiling. Larger aneurysm size and neck, less coil packing, and higher intra-aneurysmal flow before and after coiling predict recurrence.
Effects of Atypical Protein Kinase C Inhibitor (DNDA) on Lung Cancer Proliferation and Migration by PKC-ι/FAK Ubiquitination Through the Cbl-b Pathway.

Purpose The options for treating lung cancers are limited, as diagnosis typically occurs during the late stages of the disease. There is a dire need to develop aPKC (atypical Protein Kinase C) inhibitors due to aPKC overexpression and contributions to lung cancer malignancies. In this study, we investigate the role of atypical PKCs (aPKCs) in cell proliferation and migration in lung cancer cell lines and the effect of the novel aPKC inhibitor DNDA (3,4-amino-2,7 napthalene disulfonic acid). Methods The normal and lung cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of DNDA. We used a WST assay to determine lung cell viability, then analyzed cell apoptosis through Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Immunoprecipitation determined the proteins' associations, and Western blot allowed testing of the expression of interest proteins. We also employed the UbiTest to identify the ubiquitination of the FAK. The scratch and transwell assays measured cell migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Results Our data from cell viability and flow cytometry showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis with DNDA treatment in lung cancer cells, as well as no toxic effect on normal BEAS-2B lung cells. Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation of PKC-iota and phosphorylation of FAK decreased in A549 lung cancer cells upon DNDA treatment. Immunoprecipitation (IP) data revealed an association of PKC-ι with FAK and FAK with Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b). UbiTest results suggest that PKC-ι regulates FAK cleavage through its ubiquitination by Cbl-b, thereby inhibiting A549 lung cancer cells' migration. This was evident from scratch, invasion, and migration assays. Conclusion Our study data suggest that DNDA inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Moreover, DNDA inhibit A549 lung cancer cells' migration by PKC- ι/FAK ubiquitination via Cbl-b.
Functional modeling of pedaling kinematics for the Stroke patients

Understanding deficits in motor control through the analysis of pedaling biomechanics plays a key role in the treatment of stroke patients. A thorough study of the impact of different exercise patterns and workloads on the change between pre- and post-treatment movement patterns in the patients is therefore of utmost importance to the clinicians. The objective of this study was to analyze the difference between pre- and post-treatment pedaling torques when the patients are subject to different exercise groups with varying workloads. The effects of affected vs unaffected side along with the covariates age and BMI have also been accounted for in this work. Two different three-way ANOVA-based approaches have been implemented here. In the first approach, a random projection-based ANOVA technique has been performed treating the pedaling torques as functional response, whereas the second approach utilizes distance measures to summarize the difference between pre- and post-treatment torques and perform nonparametric tests on it. Bayesian bootstrap has been used here to perform tests on the median distance. A group of stroke patients have been studied in the Cleveland Clinic categorizing them into different exercise groups and workload patterns. The data obtained have been analyzed with the aforementioned techniques, and the results have been reported here. These techniques turn out to be promising and will help clinicians recommend personalized treatment to stroke patients for optimal results.
People of Amish Heritage

Today’s Amish live in rural areas in a band of over 30 states stretching westward from Vermont and Maine, through the most populous states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, and reaching as far as Montana. Amish settlements are also found several Canadian provinces. A few settlements can be found in Honduras, Belize, and Mexico. This chapter follows the dominant values and beliefs according to the 12 domains of the Purnell Model of Cultural Competence: overview/heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, nutrition, pregnancy, death rituals, spirituality, health-care practices, and health-care practitioners.
Research on vibration elimination of a 350 MW heat supply unit during cold start

A 350MW heat supply unit in a power plant encountered abnormal vibration of IP rotor bearing during cold start after overhaul. By analyzing the vibration data in the start-up process, the reason for abnormal vibration was found out to be excessive vibration of IP rotor passing through critical speed and rubbing between IP rotor and casing. Through the field high dynamic balancing test and adopting the most suitable operation control mode of this type of heat supply unit, the abnormal vibration of the unit was eliminated.
A TOPOLOGICAL FORMALISM FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN SPACES

The objective of this paper is to present a mathematically grounded description of the two topological spaces for the design problem and the design solution. These spaces are derived in a generalized form such that they can be applied by researchers studying engineering design and developing new methods or engineers seeking to understand the influence that changes in the problem space have on the solution space. In addition to the formal definitions of the spaces, including assumptions and limitations, three types of supported reasoning are presented to demonstrate the potential uses. These include similarity analysis to compare spaces, an approach to sensitivity analysis of the solution space to changes in the problem space, and finally a distance measure to determine how far a current proposal is to the feasible solution space. This paper is presented to establish a common vocabulary for researchers when discussing, studying, and supporting the dyadic nature of engineering design (problem-solution co-evolution).
UNIT 15B.1 Sindbis Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage

The prototype of the Alphaviruses, Sindbis virus, has a broad host range. In nature, Sindbis virus shuttles from an insect vector to a vertebrate host and back to the insect vector in a complex transmission cycle. Sindbis virus must, therefore, be able to replicate in two biochemically and genetically divergent hosts, invertebrates and vertebrates. In the laboratory, Sindbis grows to high titers in a large variety of cultured cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate origin. Sindbis virus is easily titered for infectivity on several mammalian cell lines as well as certain mosquito cells. Full-length cDNA clones of several strains of Sindbis virus are available from which infectious RNA can be synthesized, making possible the genetic manipulation of the virus. Transfection of mammalian and insect cells by electroporation has facilitated expression of RNA mutants in the cell lines of choice. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 16:15B.1.1-15B.1.41. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: Sindbis virus; SVHR; plaque assay; focus assay; MTT titration; infection; transfection; insect cell culture; mammalian cell culture; Alphavirus
Conceptual, Experimental, and Therapeutic Approaches to Problem Gambling

For approximately 70 years, the behavior analytic tradition has generated conceptually systematic explanations of gambling using contingency shaped analyses. This perspective has identified practical procedures for predicting and controlling certain dimensions of gambling behavior yet has failed to provide a comprehensive account of gambling addiction. From initial theoretical speculations regarding the similarities of gambling with variable schedules of reinforcement, to the analyses of complex verbal relations, we present an overview of the field’s impact on understanding the psychological condition of excessive gambling. Therapeutic approaches and methodologies are discussed with special emphasis on the paradigmatic evolution from simple behavior modification techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy to the eventual use of advanced contextual models for investigating pathological gambling.
LOST IN THE CITY: Edward P. Jones's Dilemma of Contemporary Entitlement

Well, you don't really decide what is worth preserving and what isn’t, who you are or who you aren't —Edward P. Jones, 2008 1Qtd. in Graham 422.In the title work from his acclaimed collection of sh...
Disturbed gastrointestinal motility; an unusual manifestation of a systemic muscular disorder: polymyositis or progressive muscular dystrophy.

Summary This is a case report of a 28-year-old white woman who died from inanition as a result of a marked motor disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract. This disturbance was apparently due to primary atrophy of the musculature of the intestine and was associated with a generalized skeletal muscular disorder: polymyositis or a muscular dystrophy.
Bradley–Terry Model

Bradley–Terry models parsimoniously summarize preferences expressed in paired comparisons of objects through a set of latent “merit” or “preference” parameters linked to the individual objects rather than to the pairs. When comparisons of all pairs of k objects are observed, the resulting k(k - 1)/2 linearly independent proportions are reduced to k - 1 latent parameters, or potentially fewer if these are further modeled using characteristics of the objects. This entry introduces the basic model, discusses its relationship with the probit, logit, and loglinear models developed in other contexts, and describes some extensions that allow for data with ties, varying degrees of preference, or simultaneous expressions of preferences along multiple dimensions of assessment. Keywords: Bradley–Terry model; paired comparisons; Thurstone–Mosteller model; quantal bioassay; logit model; contingency tables; quasi-independence; quasi-symmetry; generalized linear model; generalized linear mixed model
Direct Evidence for the Coexistence of Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism

In 1958 Matthias et al.1 proposed the simultaneous occurrence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in certain substituted, cubic Laves-phase, intermetallic compounds. These compounds are generally of the type Ce1−xRxRu2, where R represents a magnetic rare earth. Their conclusion was based on the slow depression of the superconducting transition temperature T c (x) of CeRu2 upon addition of RRu2, the depression of the ferromagnetic ordering temperature θc(x) of RRu2 upon addition of CeRu2, and the intersection ofT c (x) and θ c (x) at some finite temperature and rare earth concentration x*. The phase diagram for the system Ce1−x GdxRu2 is shown in Fig. 1. Note that in the neighborhood of x = 0.13 the two critical curves intersect at about 4°K. The solid lines in Fig. 1 were obtained by low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements.2,3 The temperature at the midpoint of the transition to diamagnetism is taken as T c ; below T c diamagnetic shielding masks any magnetic behavior of the sample. Values of θC for the Gd-rich sample are determined from their paramagnetic behavior at higher T. The dashed lines are extrapolations assuming that the concentration dependences of T c (x) and θ c (x) persist above and below x*, respectively. One therefore asks whether samples in the concentration region about x* are either superconducting or ferromagnetic, or both, at temperatures below the dashed lines of Fig. 1. T c transitions have been observed1,4 for certain systems with magnetic rare earth concentrations slightly above their x*. Recently θC values below T c for x < x* were inferred3 from susceptibility data taken above T c .
Strategic details and process analysis model for environmental management: An econometric analysis☆

Abstract This paper develops a methodology for isolating the important features of large scale, process analysis models for production activities. These models were designed to estimate the economic costs of environmental regulations. Econometric estimates of neoclassical cost functions based on repeated solutions to nine such models were used to discriminate each process model's inherent features. The findings include sensitivity analyses of the effects of the specification of the cost functions and of the experimental design used to derive the solutions.
The dimensions of nursing surveillance: a concept analysis

kelly l. & vincent d. (2011) The dimensions of nursing surveillance: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(3), 652–661. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of nursing surveillance. Background. Nursing surveillance, a primary function of acute care nurses, is critical to patient safety and outcomes. Although it has been associated with patient outcomes and organizational context of care, little knowledge has been generated about the conceptual and operational process of surveillance. Data sources. A search using the CINAHL, Medline and PubMed databases was used to compile an international data set of 18 papers and 4 book chapters published from 1985 to 2009. Review methods. Rodger’s evolutionary concept analysis techniques were used to analyse surveillance in a systems framework. This method focused the search to nursing surveillance (as opposed to other medical uses of the term) and used a theoretical framework to guide the analysis. Results. The examination of the literature clarifies the multifaceted nature of nursing surveillance in the acute care setting. Surveillance involves purposeful and ongoing acquisition, interpretation and synthesis of patient data for clinical decision-making. Behavioural activities and multiple cognitive processes are used in surveillance in order for the nurse to make decisions for patient safety and health maintenance. A systems approach to the analysis also demonstrates how organizational characteristics and contextual factors influence the process in the acute care environment. Conclusion. This conceptual analysis describes the nature of the surveillance process and clarifies the concept for effective communication and future use in health services research.
The Psychological Aspects of Physical Education

(1901). The Psychological Aspects of Physical Education. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 298-299.
Williamson Matrices and a Conjecture of Ito‘s

We point out an interesting connection between Williamson matrices and relative difference sets in nonabelian groups. As a consequence, we are able to show that there are relative (4t,2,4t,2t)-difference sets in the dicyclic groups Q_{8t}=\la a,b|a^{4t}=b^4=1, a^{2t}=b^2, b^{-1}ab=a^{-1}\ra for all t of the form t=2^a\cdot 10^b \cdot 26^c \cdot m with a,b,c\ge 0, m\equiv 1\ (\mod 2), whenever 2m-1 or 4m-1 is a prime power or there is a Williamson matrix over \Z_m. This gives further support to an important conjecture of Ito IT5 which asserts that there are relative (4t,2,4t,2t)-difference sets in Q_{8t} for every positive integer t. We also give simpler alternative constructions for relative (4t,2,4t,2t) -difference sets in Q_{8t} for all t such that 2t-1 or 4t-1 is a prime power. Relative difference sets in Q_{8t} with these parameters had previously been obtained by Ito IT1. Finally, we verify Ito‘s conjecture for all t\le 46.
Inner-shell ionization by heavy charged particles

An International Conference on Inner-Shell Ionization Phenomena was held in Atlanta, Georgia, during April of this year. The large number of participants and the sweeping scope of the papers and discussions signify the wide and growing interest in the exploration, understanding and application of inner-shell ionizations. The Proceedings of this conference will appear shortly.1
The Impact of Youth Characteristics and Experiences on Transitions Out of Poverty

Abstract Although the causes of intergenerational transitions from poverty have attracted the attention of economists and sociologists in recent years, there have been few attempts to integrate ideas from both disciplines. Using a sample of young adults who were impoverished as youth, this study explores the effects of a number of background characteristics such as early welfare dependency, substance abuse, teen parenthood and parent's educational attainment on the family income levels of young adults. It finds that many of these background variables have significant indirect influences on family income through intervening variables, especially the respondent's own educational attainment, welfare dependency, and work experiences.
Stability of methionine hydroxy analog in rumen fluid and its conversion in vitro to methionine by calf liver and kidney.

Abstract In vitro rumen studies with methionine hydroxy analog-1- 14 C (M-analog) and L-methionine-1- 14 C indicate that the analog is much more resistant to rumen microbial degradation. The disappearance of 14 C-methionine was associated with the formation of large amounts of 14 CO 2 and increase in 14 C-activity of the rumen solids, the latter being indicative of incorporation of methionine or its metabolites or both into bacterial cellular components. The disappearance of 14 C-M-analog, in contrast, was associated with 14 CO 2 formation but not with bacterial cell incorporation. Incubation of 14 C-M-analog with calf liver and kidney microsomal fractions revealed that these enzyme systems were equally capable of converting the analog to methionine. Glutamine, leucine, and asparagine were comparable as amino group donors.
Practical aspects and experiences: Performance of parallel spanning tree algorithms on linear arrays of transputers and unix systems

This paper presents empirical performance of parallel algorithms for connected graphs on the transputer and Unix systems, where processes are configured as a one-dimensional array. We conduct experiments for implementing (i) spanning tree algorithm (SPT-list) with unordered list of edges as input, (ii) SPT algorithm with adjacency matrix, (iii) minimum spanning tree algorithm (MST) with weight matrix as input, and (iv) SPT algorithm derived from MST algorithm by assigning each edge-weight equal to 1. The empirical study is performed with a wide range of random graphs, generated for various (uniformly distributed) edge-densities (d) for a given number (n) of vertices. We plot curves for resulting speedups as functions of n, d, and p. The edge-density d is varied between 0.1 and 0.9; maximum number of vertices (or edges) considered are 300 (or 40 000) and 500 (or 110 000) for transputer and Unix systems, respectively; and the number of processors p varies from 1 through 8 in the transputer system while 1 through 4 in the Unix system. A maximum speedup of 2.98 is obtained on transputers, and that for the Unix system is 3.0. We observe that the speedups of all algorithms vary with increasing number of vertices or edge-density. However, employing more processing units in an algorithm does not necessarily enhance its speedup because of additional communication overhead.
Wage discrimination over the life course: A comparison of explanations

Explanations of inequality usually diverge into two camps. The persistent inequality perspective suggests that all blacks and women face discriminatory barriers across their careers, while the cohort explanation contends that younger blacks and women are closer to wage parity with white men than are their older counterparts. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study estimates minority wage gaps (relative to white men) for three cohorts of black men, white women, and black women. Findings show that in early years younger minorities were significantly closer to wage parity with white men than were older cohorts. Yet, none of the cohorts gained ground on white men over their careers, and instead the majority of cohorts suffered significant wage erosion. Moreover, in a decomposition analysis of the average career wage, the majority of the gaps are attributable to unexplained factors (i.e., discrimination), rather than to compositional differences between white men and the other groups. On balance, the findings are more consistent with the persistent inequality perspective.
Cross-linking of Polymers by Radiation

Cross-linking is a process of considerabie commercial as well as biological importance. It gives useful properties to a wide variety of polymers; some, such as rubber would be almost useless if it did not occur. The facilitate of cross-linking for commercnai purposes, however, usually entails the use of heat or certain additives, or both. The agents sometimes alter certain of the properties of these polymer disadvantageously. Radiation can bring about cross- linking without the use of heat or additives. In addition, it can do this in polymers in which it is difficult to bring about cross-linking by other means. Unfortunately, the G value for crosslinking, which is a measure of the process efficiency, is usually so low that relatively large radiation doses are needed. This makes the technique still economically unattractive. The use of certain types of additives sharply increases the G values in some instances, but these additives are in themselves relatively expensive. In addition, some of the materials in which cross-linking is produced by radiation seem to have poorer mechanical properties than equivalent materials in which it is produced chemically. Despite the production of a certain amount of polyethylene in which cross-linking has been brought about by radiation,more » realization of the commercial promise of this process seems to be far in the future. The large amount of work in this field has resulted in a better understanding of both polymers and radiation chemistry. (auth)« less
Practical Application of Parallel Coordinates for Climate Model Analysis

The determination of relationships between climate variables and the identification of the most significant associations between them in various geographic regions is an important aspect of climate model evaluation. The EDEN visual analytics toolkit has been developed to aid such analysis by facilitating the assessment of multiple variables with respect to the amount of variability that can be attributed to specific other variables. EDEN harnesses the parallel coordinates visualization technique and is augmented with graphical indicators of key descriptive statistics. A case study is presented in which the focus is on the Harvard Forest site (42.5378N Lat, 72.1715W Lon) and the Community Land Model Version 4 (CLM4) is evaluated. It is shown that model variables such as land water runoff are more sensitive to a particular set of environmental variables than a suite of other inputs in the 88 variable analysis conducted. The approach presented here allows climate scientists to focus on the most important variables in the model evaluations.
Characterizing the Moon's radiation environment

The radiation environment near the Moon could be damaging to humans and electronics on future missions. To characterize this potentially hazardous environment, the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, which orbits at 50 kilometers above the Moon's surface, measures the radiation that would be absorbed by either electronic parts or human tissue behind the shielding of a spacecraft.
Developing Argument Skills Across Scientific and Social Domains

Instant-messaging software was used as a method to promote development of argumentation skills in middle schoolers. Transfer of skills across content domains was the major question investigated. Forty sixth graders engaged in electronic dialogues with peers on a controversial topic—for half a science topic (dinosaur extinction) and for half a social topic (home schooling). During 13 sessions, participants worked with a partner in arguing with a succession of pairs of classmates who held an opposing view on the topic; in addition, they engaged in some reflective activities based on transcriptions of the dialogues. Another 18 sixth graders served in a control (nonintervention) condition. Although transfer occurred in both directions, science condition participants exhibited transfer of skills to the social topic to a greater extent than did social condition participants to the science topic. Results show the transfer, and hence generality, of developing argument skills but also suggest the importance as wel...