cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards geo-referencing infrastructure for local news

Local news articles are an important source of knowledge about local events, place-specific culture, and peoples' thoughts about their environment. Reliable geocoding of such articles is the first step towards unlocking such local knowledge for community engagement and development. However, existing geo-referencing methods and tools do not work well for local news because they do not reflect the ways local people encode and communicate geographical knowledge. This paper argues that local news requires a different method and infrastructure support for effective geo-referencing. To gain insights on the unique aspects of local gazetteers and the nature of ambiguities, we present an analysis of a collection of local new articles. We found that place references in local news have their special vocabulary, and that their ambiguities are handled differently by local people. We translated such insights into a gazetteer-based geocoding solution that combines progressive geocoding with a smart footprint recommender. Progressive geocoding service uses Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) as the initial gazetteer to jump-start the construction of local gazetteer for a community and by the community. LocusRecommender automatically suggests the best matches from gazetteer ranked by a set of heuristic rules. Preliminary evaluation shows that our smart footprint recommender predicts 80% of the answers by its top-three recommendations.
"Set in Stone" or "Ray of Hope": Parents' Beliefs About Cause and Prognosis After Genomic Testing of Children Diagnosed with ASD.

Despite increasing utilization of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), limited information exists about how results influence parents’ beliefs about etiology and prognosis. We conducted in-depth interviews and surveys with 57 parents of children with ASD who received CMA results categorized as pathogenic, negative or variant of uncertain significance. Parents tended to incorporate their child’s CMA results within their existing beliefs about the etiology of ASD, regardless of CMA result. However, parents’ expectations for the future tended to differ depending on results; those who received genetic confirmation for their children’s ASD expressed a sense of concreteness, acceptance and permanence of the condition. Some parents expressed hope for future biomedical treatments as a result of genetic research.
Organic acid disorders

Organic acidemias or acidurias are a class of disorders characterized by the excretion of organic acids in the urine. This class of inborn error is typically caused by a deficiency in enzymatic activity involved with the catabolism of amino acids, though other biochemical pathways may be involved as well. The clinical presentation may present itself at any time; however, the neonatal or infantile period is of greatest importance. Commonly identified signs and symptoms include coma, lethargy, and developmental delay. Typical complaints upon presentation include vomiting, poor feeding, and seizures. Common laboratory abnormalities at the time of presentation include metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, lactic acidemia, and ketosis. 1 The most commonly used test for identifying organic acidemias is urine organic acid analysis, though acylcarnitine profiles are helpful too. Various biomarkers can be identified using these tests. Management of an organic acidemia typically involves a modified diet containing both restrictions and additions specific to the disorder.
Zero Dynamics of Nonlinear MIMO Systems from System Configurations - A Bond Graph Approach

Abstract Zero dynamics is an important feature in system analysis and controller design. Its behavior plays a major role in determining the performance limits of certain feedback systems, Since the intrinsic zero dynamics can not be influenced by feedback compensation, it is important to design physical systems so that they possess desired zero dynamics, However, the calculation of zero dynamics is usually complicated, especially in a form which is suitable for design. In th is paper, a method of deriving the zero dynamics from bond graph models is proposed. This method incorporates the definit ion of zero dynamics in the differential geometric approach and the causality manipulation in the bond graph representation. By doing so, the state equations of zero dynamics can be easily obtained. The system elements which are responsible for the zero dynamics can be identified. Isolated subsystems which exhibit the zero dynamics can be found if they exist. Thus, the design of physical systems including the consideration of zero dynamics becomes straightforward. This approach is generalized for non linear MIMO systems.
Artillery and Arms from the Mardi Gras Shipwreck

Limited excavation and video examination of the Mardi Gras Shipwreck revealed that the vessel carried at least one cannon and a collection of arms and munitions at the time of its loss. A large portion of the recovered arms assemblage was contained within a large composite concretion believed to represent part of the magazine. This unique artifact, in addition to other evidence from the site, suggests this assemblage was not cargo, but intended for ship’s use. Viewed within the complex arena of naval affairs in the Gulf of Mexico, which included formal naval vessels, informally outfitted vessels of emerging navies, privateers, pirates, and defensively armed merchantman, the interpretation of this collection is not absolute, but suggestive of privateering. Study of this collection, and the few similar shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico, is building a framework for understanding such sites within the context of Gulf history.
SQDFT: Spectral Quadrature method for large-scale parallel O(N) Kohn-Sham calculations at high temperature

Abstract We present SQDFT: a large-scale parallel implementation of the Spectral Quadrature (SQ) method for O ( N ) Kohn–Sham Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at high temperature. Specifically, we develop an efficient and scalable finite-difference implementation of the infinite-cell Clenshaw–Curtis SQ approach, in which results for the infinite crystal are obtained by expressing quantities of interest as bilinear forms or sums of bilinear forms, that are then approximated by spatially localized Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature rules. We demonstrate the accuracy of SQDFT by showing systematic convergence of energies and atomic forces with respect to SQ parameters to reference diagonalization results, and convergence with discretization to established planewave results, for both metallic and insulating systems. We further demonstrate that SQDFT achieves excellent strong and weak parallel scaling on computer systems consisting of tens of thousands of processors, with near perfect O ( N ) scaling with system size and wall times as low as a few seconds per self-consistent field iteration. Finally, we verify the accuracy of SQDFT in large-scale quantum molecular dynamics simulations of aluminum at high temperature. Program summary Program Title: SQDFT Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/h4jnrmh9v3.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 (GPL) Programming language: C/C++ External routines/libraries: MVAPICH2 2.1 ( http://mvapich.cse.ohio-state.edu/ ) or later. Nature of problem: Quantum mechanical calculation of static and dynamic properties of condensed matter at high temperature in the framework of Kohn–Sham Density Functional Theory (DFT). Solution method: High-order finite-difference discretization. Calculation of the electronic ground state using the self-consistent field (SCF) iteration in conjunction with Periodic Pulay extrapolation/mixing. Local reformulation of the electrostatics in terms of the electrostatic potential and pseudocharge densities. Solution of the Poisson equation using the Alternating Anderson–Richardson (AAR) method. Calculation of the electron density, band structure energy, electronic entropy energy, and atomic forces using the infinite-cell Clenshaw–Curtis Spectral Quadrature (SQ) approach, in which results for the infinite crystal are obtained by expressing quantities as bilinear forms or sums of bilinear forms, that are then approximated by spatially localized Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature rules. NVE molecular dynamics using the leapfrog method and NVT molecular dynamics using the Verlet algorithm with the Nose–Hoover thermostat. Extrapolation of electron density between molecular dynamics steps. Parallelization via domain decomposition . Restrictions: Cubical domain. Local Density Approximation (LDA). Troullier–Martins pseudopotentials without relativistic or non-linear core corrections.
Tidal flow in satellite oceans

Nature Geoscience 2, 13–14 (2009); published online: 23 December 2008; corrected after print: 23 December 2008. In the print version of this News & Views the reference list should have included the following: 8. Longuett-Higgins, M. S. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A 266, 511–607 (1968). 9. Rossby, C.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire: A comparison of five factor solutions across vegan and omnivore participants.

Objective The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is a valid and reliable measure of eating-related pathology, but its factor structure has proven difficult to replicate. Given differences in dietary patterns in vegans compared to omnivores, proper measurement of eating disorder symptoms is especially important in studies of animal product avoiders. Method This study compared goodness-of-fit of five alternative models of the EDE-Q in vegans (i.e., individuals refraining from all animal products, n = 318) and omnivores (i.e., individuals not restricting intake of animal products, n = 200). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare fit indices of the original four-factor model of the EDE-Q, along with alternative three-, two-, full one-, and brief one-factor models. Results No model provided adequate fit of the data in either sample of respondents. The fit of the brief one-factor model was the closest to acceptable in omnivores, but did not perform as well in vegans. Indicators of fit were comparable in vegans and omnivores across all other models. Discussion Our data confirm difficulties in replicating the proposed factor structure of the EDE-Q, including in vegans. More research is needed to determine the suitability of the EDE-Q for quantifying eating behaviors, including in those abstaining from animal products.
Pond and Irrigation Model (PIM): a Tool for Simultaneously Evaluating Pond Water Availability and Crop Irrigation Demand

Agricultural ponds are an important alternative source of water for crop irrigation to conserve surface and ground water resources. In recent years more such ponds have been constructed in Mississippi and around the world. There is currently, however, a lack of a tool to simultaneously estimate crop irrigation demand and pond water availability. In this study, a Pond-Irrigation Model (PIM) was developed to meet this need using STELLA (Structural Thinking, Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation) software. PIM simulated crop land and agricultural pond hydrological processes such as surface runoff, soil drainage, and evapotranspiration as well as crop irrigation demand and pond water availability. More importantly, PIM was able to decide when to conduct crop irrigation based on management allowable depletion (MAD) root zone soil water content and to determine optimal ratios of agricultural pond size to crop land with sufficient pond water available for crop irrigation. As a case demonstration, the model was applied to concomitantly estimate row crops (i.e., corn, cotton, and soybeans) water irrigation demand and pond water availability in a farm located at East-central Mississippi. Simulations revealed that corn used more soil water for growth than soybeans, whereas soybeans needed more irrigation water than corn and occurred due to less rainwater available for soybeans growth. We also found that there was one time for corn, zero time for cotton, and two times for soybeans when the pond water level was drawn to near zero for irrigation from 2005 to 2014. PIM developed in this study is a useful tool for estimating crop irrigation demand and pond water availability simultaneously.
Sentinel-1 spatially varying maximum-likelihood coherent change detection

Traditional sample complex correlation change de­tection (CCD) for synthetic aperture radar decorrelates and thus exhibits false change in areas of low clutter-to-noise power ratio. The complex reflectance change detection (CRCD) maximum likelihood estimator uses a noise power estimate for each SAR image to lower false change. This paper extends the CRCD metric to use spatially varying noise power estimates. The Sentinel-1 SAR constellation is a publicly available data source operating in an interferometric mode with a wide 250km swath width. The noise power varies significantly across each Sentinel-1 image. The CRCD estimate with spatially varying noise (SV-CRCD) is applied to Sentinel-1 flood mapping. Accuracy improvements are demonstrated over CCD due to SV-CRCD rejecting false change in regions of low return.
Konflikt in Organisationen

Konflikt ist ein vielfach verwendeter Terminus. Meistens wird er auf den Zusammenbruch der Standardmechanismen bei der Entscheidungsfindung angewandt, wenn ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe auf Schwierigkeiten bei der Auswahl einer Aktionsalternative stost. An diese allgemeine Definition wollen wir uns hier halten. Konflikt entsteht also, wenn ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe auf ein Entscheidungsproblem stost. Wir werden nachfolgend spezifische Konfliktarten anfuhren, die durch das Entscheidungsmodell definiert sind, das wir bereits oben behandelt haben.
Obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, and fluoxetine.

Background Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake blocker, is an antidepressant medication that has also been shown in open clinical trials and one controlled trial to be effective in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is often complicated by depression, and depressive symptoms may interfere with response to both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments. Method We describe pilot data from 10 outpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for OCD in whom the possibility of a depressive reaction or lack of antidepressant response occurred during an open trial of fluoxetine. Results Rapid increase in fluoxetine dose to high doses was associated with depressive symptoms in 6 patients. In 8 patients, improvement in depression was associated with addition of a tricyclic antidepressant to fluoxetine treatment. In 5 patients, both OCD and depressive symptoms improved when the patient was switched to the partially selective serotonin reuptake blocker clomipramine. Conclusion This paper serves to alert clinicians to the possibility of a depressive reaction, or lack of antidepressant response, to fluoxetine in OCD patients. This possibility can only be resolved scientifically by adequately controlled experimental trials. If depression occurs, combined fluoxetine and tricyclic treatment, or a switch to a partially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, may be helpful. Special considerations and side effects of combined fluoxetine-tricyclic treatment are described.
Socrates' Muse: Reflections on Effective Case Discussion Leadership

The mission of this book is to help university-level instructors promote more effective professional learning by students through discussions. In 38 brief chapters, the book provides mini-cases for the reader's own reflection, surveys core ideas underpinning discussion leadership, outlines strategies for developing case teaching skills, highlights techniques of shaping the learning experience for students, and lends support for responding to various challenges. Written in a direct and conversational style, the book offers insights for both the novice and experienced case teacher.
The role of the carotid bodies in the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia.

Although controversial, animal and tissue studies indicate that carotid bodies are sensitive to changes in glucose as well as in oxygen, thereby functioning as metabolic sensors. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that carotid bodies in humans participate in the counter-regulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
A Retrograde Gravitational Capture Model for the Earth-Moon System

A prograde capture scenario featuring a one moon-mass planetoid appears to explain a number of outstanding features of the Earth-Moon system and a retrograde capture scenario appears to explain a number of the outstanding features of planet Venus. A simple question is: COULD THESE SCENARIOS BE REVERSED? The answer is YES! BUT the probabilities of occurrence would be different for the two opposite scenarios.
Elective colon resection without curative intent in stage IV colon cancer.

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that elective primary colon resection (ePCR) in patients with asymptomatic colon tumors and unresectable metastases is not required and may expose patients to unnecessary operative risk. Methods Stage IV colon cancer patients with liver metastases from 2000 to 2011 were identified with SEER-Medicare data. Liver-based therapy or urgent/emergent colectomies were excluded. Chemotherapy alone was compared to ePCR ± chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of ePCR. Multivariate Cox regression compared survival. Results 5139 patients were identified. The ePCR rate decreased over time; 84% underwent ePCR in 2000, compared to 52% in 2011 (p 10%) were almost 25% higher than those in low poverty areas (OR 1.23, p = 0.03). African-Americana were less likely to undergo PCR than Caucasians (OR 0.76, p = 0.01). In multivariate survival analysis, PCR was associated with a significant survival benefit (HR 0.59, p Conclusions Although ePCR is not recommended with unresectable metastases and the rate has decreased significantly, over 50% of patients with untreated hepatic metastases underwent ePCR in 2011. Disparities exist in use of ePCR that are likely multifactorial and deserve further study.
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Risk Stratification Tools: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background:Ventral hernias are a common pathology encountered by surgeons. Multiple risk stratification tools have been developed in attempts to predict a patient’s postoperative risk for complication. The aim of this systematic review was to identify published stratification tools, to assess their
Fast 2D full-waveform modeling and inversion using the Schur complement approach

ABSTRACTIn most full-waveform inversion (FWI) problems, sufficient prior information is available to constrain the velocity of certain parts of the model, e.g., the water column or, in some cases, ...
Transnational Problems and National Fields of Journalism: Comparing Content Diversity in U.S. and U.K. News Coverage of the Paris Climate Agreement

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s (1993, The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press., 1996, The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the li...
A Note on Load Balancing in Many-Server Heavy-Traffic Regime.

In this note, we apply Stein's method to analyze the performance of general load balancing schemes in the many-server heavy-traffic regime. In particular, consider a load balancing system of $N$ servers and the distance of arrival rate to the capacity region is given by $N^{1-\alpha}$ with $\alpha > 1$. We are interested in the performance as $N$ goes to infinity under a large class of policies. We establish different asymptotics under different scalings and conditions. Specifically, (i) If the second moments linearly increase with $N$ with coefficients $\sigma_a^2$ and $\nu_s^2$, then for any $\alpha > 4$, the distribution of the sum queue length scaled by $N^{-\alpha}$ converges to an exponential random variable with mean $\frac{\sigma_a^2 + \nu_s^2}{2}$. (3) If the second moments quadratically increase with $N$ with coefficients $\tilde{\sigma}_a^2$ and $\tilde{\nu}_s^2$, then for any $\alpha > 3$, the distribution of the sum queue length scaled by $N^{-\alpha-1}$ converges to an exponential random variable with mean $\frac{\tilde{\sigma}_a^2 + \tilde{\nu}_s^2}{2}$. Both results are simple applications of our previously developed framework of Stein's method for heavy-traffic analysis in \cite{zhou2020note}.
Exploring Effects of Screen-Fixed and World-Fixed Annotation on Navigation in Virtual Reality

In this paper, we consider the effect of different types of virtual annotations on performance during a navigation task in virtual reality. Two major types of annotations were shown to users: screen-fixed annotations that remained fixed in the user’s field of view, and world- fixed annotations that are linked to specific locations in the world. We also considered three different levels of navigation information, including destination markers, maps visualizing the layout of the space being navigated, and path markers showing the optimal route to the destination. We ran a within-subjects study where participants completed three trials with each of the six combinations of annotation type and information level, for a total of 18 trials in a virtual environment. Average speed, distance traveled, and the time taken to reach the destination were recorded during each trial. Participants were also asked to point back to where they started the trial upon reaching the destination, as a measure of spatial memory. Finally, participants were tasked with completing a secondary activity while navigating, so as to assess what effect annotation types had on multitasking performance. Participants navigated significantly more quickly when using world-fixed annotations; however an interaction effect was observed between the type of annotation and the level of information, which suggests that world-fixed annotations are not inherently better than screen-fixed annotations; instead, it is important to consider both the type of annotation and what information it displays.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Management of Benign and Malignant Ampullary Lesions: Management in Hereditary and Sporadic Settings

The purpose of this review was to examine the historical roots of endoscopic management of ampullary lesions and explore emerging data on improved techniques, technologies, and outcomes. Of specific interest was answering whether there exists a reasonable body of data to support one resection technique or strategy above others. Review of recent literature suggests the continued use of endoscopic ampullectomy is a safe and effective means of curative treatment of ampullary adenomas. Complications are relatively infrequent and complete endoscopic resection is possible in a majority of cases, with proper patient and lesion selection. Greater than 2 decades of experience with endoscopic ampullectomy have shown this to be a viable, well-tolerated, and highly effective means of treating ampullary adenomas. While few concrete guidelines exist to advise endoscopists on the ideal technique for resection, experience, patient selection, and prior planning can greatly influence the technical and clinical success of endoscopic ampullectomy.
A Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Pain Neuroscience Education, Using Dosage and Treatment Format as Moderator Variables.

OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall effect of therapeutic pain neuroscience education (TPNE) on chronic musculoskeletal pain and to further assess whether such an effect differs by TPNE dosage as well as other treatment format components. Dosage included the number of TPNE sessions provided as well as the amount of time per TPNE session. Structural components included TPNE provided alone as treatment or combined with other pain management modalities, as well as the inclusion of group-based treatment sessions. METHODS Electronic databases were utilized to search for randomized controlled trials that included TPNE. The overall effectiveness of TPNE was estimated on 4 pain outcome measures, including kinesiophobia, pain intensity, pain disability, and pain catastrophizing. The differential effectiveness of TPNE was examined using a mixed-methods moderator analysis on various study-level characteristics to identify potential moderators affecting the overall results. RESULTS Significant effects of TPNE were found on all the outcome measures. The only moderator that displayed a significant effect was group-based treatment on kinesiophobia (z = -2.23, P < 0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.70 to -0.20). Between-group analysis revealed that only interventions that included group sessions were found to be statistically significant (z = 2.20, P < 0.05) and displayed a large effect size (d = 0.80, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.50). DISCUSSION Therapeutic pain neuroscience education had a statistically significant impact on all the explored pain outcome measures. However, when investigating the treatment dosage and format moderator variables, they appeared to not have a statistically significant effect except for group-based interventions on kinesiophobia levels. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis examined the efficacy of TPNE for patients with chronic pain. It assessed various pain outcome measures following intervention. In addition, this research identified that various moderator variables do not have and do have an impact on the treatment modality of TPNE.
The anger gap: how race shapes emotion in politics: by Davin L. Phoenix, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2019, 300 pp., $89.00 cloth, $29.99 paperback, ISBN: 978-1108725330

Over recent years, many scholars across academic disciplines have engaged in research agendas seeking to better understand the relationship between emotion and political behaviour. For many, increa...
Prevalence of Polytrauma Clinical Triad Among Active Duty Service Members.

Introduction The polytrauma clinical triad (PCT), encompassing traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and chronic pain, has been identified as a significant concern in the Military Health System (MHS). Conditions in this triad mutually reinforce one another and can pose a significant challenge to treatment for patients and providers. Polytrauma clinical triad has previously been studied in deployed veterans but remains understudied in the active duty military population. Therefore, this novel study seeks to determine the prevalence of PCT among active duty service members and to identify the subpopulations most at risk for PCT. Materials and methods This cross-section study used the MHS Data Repository in order to retrospectively review all administrative claim data for active duty service members within the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps from fiscal years 2010 to 2015. Specific ICD-9 codes were extracted that correlated with traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and chronic pain to determine the risk of PCT. We used logistic regression to compare individuals presenting with the PCT conditions to those service members without any of the PCT diagnoses codes. Results The study identified 2,441,698 active duty service members eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of all three conditions of PCT was 5.99 per 1,000 patients. Patients with PCT were most likely to be 20-29 years old (52.15%), male (89.83%), White (59.07%), married (64.18%), Junior Enlisted (55.27%), and serving in the Army (74.71%). Conclusion This study is the first to identify the risk of PCT in the active duty military population. Awareness of the risk and subsequent prompt identification of the triad will enable treatment through an integrated, team approach, which should alleviate potential patient suffering and improve the efficiency of care and readiness of service members.
Patient-centered outcomes: Domain importance predicts health care use following physical therapy.

INTRODUCTION Identifying patients with musculoskeletal pain who are at risk for additional health care use is important for improving the value of physical therapists' services. We previously identified three subgroups based on the importance attached by patients to improvements in outcome domains including a (1) Pain and Function Outcomes Important subgroup; (2) Pain Important subgroup; and (3) Multiple Outcome Domains Important subgroup. OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to determine whether subgroups based on patient-determined outcomes of importance predicted any additional pain-related health care use after an episode of physical therapy. A secondary aim was to determine if subgroup membership predicted use of specific services. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort. SETTING Ambulatory outpatient physical therapy clinics. PATIENTS Two hundred forty-six patients seeking physical therapy recruited from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort study. INTERVENTIONS Patients completed a demographic and health history questionnaire, numeric pain rating scale, region-specific disability measure, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Subgroup membership was determined based on responses to the Patient Centered Outcome Questionnaire. At 1 year, patients reported use of health care since discharge from physical therapy. Separate logistic regression models determined whether subgroup membership predicted additional health care use. RESULTS Compared to the Pain and Function Outcomes Important subgroup, the Pain Important subgroup had higher adjusted odds (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the primary outcome of any additional health care use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.47, 95% CI 1.01-6.00) and secondary outcomes of opioid use (aOR 9.45, 95% CI 2.87-31.17), injection (aOR 4.09, 95% CI 1.25-13.41), and surgery (aOR 5.10, 95% CI 1.15-22.67). There were no significant differences in health care utilization between the Pain and Function Outcomes Important and Multiple Outcome Domains Important subgroups. CONCLUSION In this cohort, patients with a singular focus on pain improvements were at higher risk for additional health care, including opioid use, injection, and surgery. These findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in other cohorts.
High-Alcohol Microemulsion Fuel Performance in a Diesel Engine

Incidence of methanol use in diesel engines is increasing rapidly due to the potential to reduce both diesel particulate emissions and petroleum consumption. Because simple alcohols and conventional diesel fuel are normally immiscible, most tests to date have used neat to near-neat alcohol, or blends incorporating surfactants or other alcohols. Alcohol's poor ignition quality usually necessitates the use of often expensive cetane enhancers, full-time glow plugs, or spark assist. Reported herein are results of screening tests of clear microemulsion and micellar fuels which contain 10 to 65% C(sub 1)--C(sub 4) alcohol. Ignition performance and NO emissions were measured for clear, stable fuel blends containing alcohols, diesel fuel and additives such as alkyl nitrates, acrylic acids, and several vegetable oil derivatives. Using a diesel engine calibrated with reference fuels, cetane numbers for fifty four blends were estimated. The apparent cetane numbers ranged from around 20 to above 50 with the majority between 30 and 45. Emissions of nitric oxide were measured for a few select fuels and were found to be 10 to 20% lower than No. 2 diesel fuel.
Archaeological Heritage and the Turkish War of Independence in Central Lydia

Here research from the last five seasons of the Central Lydia Archaeological Survey is presented. I argue that a future management plan for central Lydia should approach the concept of preservation...
Environmental cues during infection determine effector CD8 T cell differentiation (LYM4P.748)

Naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells expand in response to infection and can be phenotypically separated into distinct effector populations, which include memory precursor effector cells and short-lived effector cells. In the days before the peak of the T cell response, a third population called early effector cells (EECs) predominate the antigen-specific response. However, the contribution of the EEC population to the CD8 T cell differentiation program during an immune response is not well understood. Here we show that EECs were pre-programmed to differentiate based on early signals received from distinct infectious environments, but surprisingly, when these same EECs were transferred into infected hosts, the EECs could be diverted from their original fate by a disparate inflammatory environment. After observing plasticity at the population level, we also examined the antiviral and antibacterial responses of single CD8 T cells from the polyclonal repertoire. The progeny of naive clonal CD8 T cells displayed unique profiles of differentiation based on extrinsic pathogen-induced environmental cues, with some clones demonstrating extreme bias toward a single developmental pathway. These results, taken together, demonstrate that stochastic and instructive events differentially contribute to shaping the CD8 T cell response and provide insight into the underlying forces that drive effector differentiation and protective memory formation.
Optimization by neural networks

The ability to map and solve a number of interesting problems on neural networks motivates a proposal for using neural networks as a highly parallel model for general-purpose computing. The author review this proposal, showing how to map combinational optimization problems, including graph K-partitioning, vertex cover, maximum independent set, maximum clique, number partitioning, and maximum matching. They report that performance results are quite encouraging; the solutions for graph partitioning and task allocation problems are comparable to those obtained using heuristics and the running times are significantly lower than those required using simulated annealing. >
Fibronectin Interaction and Enhancement of Growth Factors: Importance for Wound Healing

Significance: This critical review focuses on interactions between cells, fibronectin (FN), and growth factors (GF). Recent Advances: Initially, the extracellular matrix (ECM) was thought to serve simply as a reservoir for GFs that would be released as soluble ligands during proteolytic degradation of ECM. This view was rather quickly extended by the observation that ECM could concentrate GFs to the pericellular matrix for more efficient presentation to cell surface receptors. However, recent reports support much more complex interactions among GFs and ECM molecules, particularly FN, and the way these interactions can fine-tune cell responses to the microenvironment. Critical Issues: Wounds that are unable to synthesize and sustain a functional ECM cannot optimally benefit from endogenous or exogenous GFs. Therefore, GF treatments have recently focused on utilizing ECM molecules as delivery vehicles. Thus, ECM can influence GF stability and activity, and GFs can modulate the ECM activity. Hence, both indi...
Energy dependence of Bi 209 fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions

The results of cross-section measurements for the reactions $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(^{12}\mathrm{C},X)\mathrm{Au}$, $E=4.8 \mathrm{and} 25.2$ GeV and $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)\mathrm{Au}$, $E=8.0$ GeV are reported. The observed yields of the gold isotopes show a similar dependence on mass number for each reaction, differing slightly in the position of the centroid of the distribution. As the projectile energy increases, the inferred excitation energy of the primary residues remains the same or decreases slightly. This observation is in agreement with the predictions of the intranuclear cascade model of relativistic heavy ion collisions.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(^{12}\mathrm{C},X)\mathrm{Au}$, $E=4.8,25.2$ GeV; $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)\mathrm{Au}$, $E=8.0$ GeV; measured Au isotopic distributions, relativistic heavy ions, target fragmentation, Ge(Li) spectroscopy.
Strong Restricted-Orientation Convexity

Strong restricted-orientation convexity is a generalization of standard convexity. We explore the properties of strongly convex sets in multidimensional Euclidean space and identify major properties of standard convex sets that also hold for strong convexity. We characterize strongly convex flats and halfspaces, and establish the strong convexity of the affine hull of a strongly convex set. We then show that, for every point in the boundary of a strongly convex set, there is a supporting strongly convex hyperplane through it. Finally, we show that a closed set with nonempty interior is strongly convex if and only if it is the intersection of strongly convex halfspaces; we state a condition under which this result extends to sets with empty interior.
Evaluating effects of water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblages in southern New England streams, USA.

Balancing aquatic conservation and water supply is becoming a major global issue for urban landscapes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of stream-flow alterations via water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblage structure. Electric fishing data were collected at 33 wadeable streams in Connecticut, located in the Southern New England region of USA. Fish sampling was conducted directly downstream of water withdrawals for municipal and agricultural water supply, and study sites differed in potential water withdrawal rates and the presence of impoundments. Regression analysis showed that water withdrawal rate was more important than other natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. landcover and stream size) in explaining several fish assemblage metrics. Stream sites with high withdrawal rates were generally characterised by lower proportions of fluvial dependent fishes (fish which need flowing water to complete a portion of their life history) and benthic invertivores (fish which feed on bottom-dwelling stream insects in riffle habitat), and had a greater percent composition of macrohabitat generalists, particularly members of the family Centrarchidae. Some assemblage metrics responded linearly with increasing magnitude of water withdrawals, but others were non-linear. Results are consistent with ecological theory that alteration of the natural flow regime will impact stream biota.
Location memory in healthy preterm and full-term infants

Abstract Current research suggests that preterm birth, in and of itself, can have important consequences for the development of cognitive abilities. The research reported here investigated the development of egocentric location memory, and related attention behaviors, in preterm and full-term infants. In Experiment 1, healthy preterm and full-term infants were tested longitudinally at 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 months of age on a location memory task. The preterm infants were tested at corrected age (i.e., age since expected due date). In this task, infants saw a toy lion hidden at one of two identical locations, a delay was imposed (5, 10, and 30 s at 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 months, respectively), and then the lion either reappeared at the correct location (expected test event) or at the incorrect location (unexpected test event). At each age tested, the infants looked significantly longer at the unexpected than expected event, as if they remembered the correct location of hiding and found the reappearance of the lion at the incorrect location surprising. There were no reliable differences between the full-term and preterm infants. Results from a control experiment (Experiment 1A) suggest that the longer looking times to the unexpected event were not due to superficial differences between the two test events. Examination of attention behaviors (i.e., mean length of looks and trial length) during the encoding period also revealed no reliable differences between the preterm and full-term infants. However, looking times to the test events, and mean length of looks during the encoding period, decreased reliably with age. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate whether the observed changes in attention could be attributed repeated exposure to the test events or to longer delay intervals. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the observed changes in attention were not due to either of these factors. Together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that (a) even very young infants can represent and remember the location of a hidden object, (b) attention behaviors during the location memory task change reliably with age, and (c) uncomplicated premature birth has no obvious effect on the development of location memory and related attentional abilities during the first 6.5 months corrected age.
The vanishing Brazilian Atlantic forest

Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic forest constitutes a unique biome characterised by a high species diversity and a high level of endemism. A long history of land clearing for crops, pastures, timber and firewood has resulted in over two centuries of widespread destruction. Today, less than 6·8% of the total area of the Atlantic forest of Minas Gerais has any form of forest cover and forests in primaeval state are not far from becoming extinct. The remaining forest patches are small, isolated and unprotected. In order to preserve some of the original diversity of the Atlantic forest, urgent efforts must be channelled toward protecting the remaining forest fragments.
How HIV infection and its treatment affects the cardiovascular system: what is known, what is needed

by decreasing HIV replication and its coincident deleterious effects on the immune system, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased the life expectancy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients ([29][1]). Consequently, the spectrum of HIV-related diseases has shifted
The effects of end-of-day picture review and a sensor-based picture capture procedure on autobiographical memory using SenseCam

Emerging “life-logging” technologies have tremendous potential to augment human autobiographical memory by recording and processing vast amounts of information from an individual's experiences. In this experiment undergraduate participants wore a SenseCam, a small, sensor-equipped digital camera, as they went about their normal daily activities for five consecutive days. Pictures were captured either at fixed intervals or as triggered by SenseCam's sensors. On two of five nights, participants watched an end-of-day review of a random subset of pictures captured that day. Participants were tested with a variety of memory measures at intervals of 1, 3, and 8 weeks. The most fruitful of six measures were recognition rating (on a 1–7 scale) and picture-cued recall length. On these tests, end-of-day review enhanced performance relative to no review, while pictures triggered by SenseCam's sensors showed little difference in performance compared to those taken at fixed time intervals. We discuss the promise of Se...
Attributions Associated with Significant Turning Points in Premarital Relationship Development and Dissolution

The purpose of this study was to describe attributions about significant changes in involvement level during the course of permarital relationship development and dissolution. The Retrospective Interview Technique (RIT) (Fitzgerald & Surra, 1981) was employed to reconstruct, for 100 individuals, the history of serious, heterosexual, romantic relationships that had dissolved within the last twelve months. The average length of such relationships was 15.70 months. In all, 1,988 attributions were made concerning 797 significant turning points in these relationships. The attributions broke down as follows: 43 percent dyadic, 30 percent individual, 15 percent network, 12 percent circumstantial. Chi-square tests were conducted to test whether the distribution of the four types of attributions varied as a function of (1) stage of the relationship, (2) sign and magnitude of the change in the relationship, (3) gender and (4) initiator of the breakup of the relationship. Results indicate significant differences in ...
UV Raman Microspectroscopy: Spectral and Spatial Selectivity with Sensitivity and Simplicity

The high sensitivity, selectivity, spatial resolution, and ease of operation of UV Raman microspectroscopy is demonstrated with the use of a new highly efficient UV Raman microspectrometer with excitation at 244 nm. Single spectrograph dispersion combined with special new filters for the rejection of Rayleigh scattering improves the throughput efficiency by a factor of approximately 4 in comparison to a triple-stage spectrograph. The instrument has a spatial resolution of approximately 3 mu m X 9 mu m in the lateral (X-Y) plane, and 10 mu m or less in the axial (Z) plane. UV resonance Raman spectra of nucleic acids are selectively excited from spatially resolved areas of a single paramecium by using low continuouswave (cw) excitation powers and short accumulation times to minimize sample damage. High signal-to-noise Raman spectra are excited from spatially resolved areas of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films. We demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to probe the spatial distribution of the nondiamond carbon impurities in CVD diamond films. The amorphous carbon band at ~ 1553cm-1 is resolved from the normally broad ~ 1600-cm-1 nondiamond carbon band.
Structural and spectroscopic features of mono- and binuclear nickel(II) complexes with tetradentate N(amine)2S(thiolate)2 ligation

Three complexes containing NiIIN(amine)2S(thiolate)2 units have been prepared and characterized. Both (R,R)-N,N‘-bis(1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane [(R,R)-1] and N,N‘-bis(2-methyl-2-mercaptoprop-1-yl)-1,3-diamino-2,2-dimethylpropane (4) act as tetradentate S−N−N−S ligands to form complexes Ni((R,R)-1) and Ni(4) with nearly planar cis-NiN2S2 units. The N−Ni−N and S−Ni−S angles differ significantly in the two complexes yet are very nearly supplementary. The 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexane species rac-N,N‘-bis(2-mercapto-2-methylprop-1-yl)-1,3-cyclohexanediamine (6) behaves as a bis(bidentate-N,S) ligand to form an unexpectedly intense-blue dinickel complex (1S*,3R*,1‘S*,3‘R*)-7, which contains two trans-NiN2S2 units bridged by 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexane groups. The coordination geometry in (1S*,3R*,1‘S*,3‘R*)-7 is distorted 15° toward tetrahedral, most likely as a result of steric crowding, suggested by several short contacts between the NiS2 units and both the cyclohexyl and gem-dimethyl gro...
Outcome after breast-conserving therapy for patients with stage I or II mucinous, medullary, or tubular breast carcinoma

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the site of first failure of patients with early-stage tubular, mucinous, and medullary breast carcinoma after breast-conserving therapy and compare their results with those of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Methods and materials Twenty clinical Stage I and II patients with mucinous carcinoma, 27 with medullary carcinoma, 28 with tubular carcinoma, and 1055 with IDC were identified. The minimal potential follow-up was 10 years. Results No statistically significant difference ( p = 0.15) was seen in the site of first failure between the four histologic types within the first 10 years after treatment. When the IDC tumors were omitted from the comparison, the failure patterns of the remaining three histologic types were not significantly different ( p = 0.31). In a polychotomous logistic model, histologic type was not significantly associated with the site of first failure (all p >0.17). Local failure was significantly associated with age p = 0.04), positive surgical margins ( p = 0.007), lymphovascular invasion ( p = 0.04), and tumors with an extensive intraductal component ( p p p = 0.004), and lymphovascular invasion-positive tumors ( p 60 years ( p p = 0.03). Conclusion No statistically significant difference was noted in the site of first failure between patients with medullary, mucinous, or tubular carcinoma and patients with IDC. Although not statistically significant, we did note a trend toward a lower long-term rate of disease-free survival in patients with IDC.