cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 – Autoimmunity: A History of the Early Struggle for Recognition

During the early days of immunology, Paul Ehrlich’s theories dominated the field. These included his concept of horror autotoxicus, which held that the individual could not form antibodies against its own tissues. In addition, the view that the “protective” immune mechanisms might cause disease seemed dysteleological, so that even the early demonstration of an autoimmune hemolytic disease, paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, failed to convert the field. Then, as notable successes became rarer, immunological research moved to more chemical approaches, and for some 40 years biology and medicine became less prominent. Notions of autoimmunity or of immunogenic disease in general, if made at all, did not attract the attention of immunochemically-oriented investigators. Only when conceptual biological challenges to the contemporary chemical paradigm could not be explained did immunology return to more medical and biological pursuits in the 1950s and 1960s. This led to a renaissance of interest in autoimmunity and in the mechanisms of regulation of tolerance, whose success prevents autoimmune disease and whose failure elicits it.
Client-therapist alliance discrepancies and outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety.

Background Studies exploring the association between alliance and outcome in youth cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have yielded inconsistent results based upon whose perspective is measured. Objective The current study explored the degree to which youth with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, anxiety disorders and their therapists agree in their ratings of the alliance at multiple assessment points and evaluated whether inter-rater discrepancies predicted treatment outcome. Method Youth (N = 62; Mage = 12.43, SD = .76) received empirically supported CBT. Paired samples t tests assessed for significant disagreement between youth- and therapist-rated alliance at sessions 4, 8, and 12. Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate whether discrepancies between raters at each time point predicted posttreatment anxiety symptom scores. Results Overall, alliance was positive for both child (aged 7–12 years) and adolescent (aged 13–16 years) clients. Discrepancies between youth and therapist ratings of alliance were statistically significant at session 4 for children and session 8 for adolescents, with youth rating the relationship more favorably than therapists. However, rating discrepancies did not predict youth- or parent-reported treatment outcome. Conclusions Considerable variability may exist between youth and therapist perspectives on the therapeutic alliance, indicating potential attunement problems, particularly during earlier phases of treatment. However, these discrepancies did not negatively affect treatment response. Implications for alliance research and clinical practice are discussed.
Prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in youth: the Institute of Medicine report and implications for nursing.

TOPIC: Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report and Implications for Nursing. PURPOSE: The purpose of this manuscript is to review the recently released IOM report on preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people and to identify some implications of this report for nursing. SOURCES: The primary source of this information is the recently released IOM report. CONCLUSIONS: Mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders are common among young people, and a growing research base supports preventive interventions. Nurses can play an important role in supporting the implementation and evaluation of these interventions in a variety of practice and community settings.
Major wildfires at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

K-T boundary (KTB) clays from five sites are enriched in soot and charcoal by factors of 100-1000 over Cretaceous levels, apparently due to a global fire. The soot profile nearly coincides with the Ir profile, implying that the fire was triggered by the impact. Much or all of the fuel was biomass, as indicated by the presence of retene and by the C isotopic composition. The amount of elemental C at the KTB (0.012 g/sq cm) is very large, and requires either that most of the Cretaceous biomass burned down or that the soot yield was higher than in small fires. At undisturbed sites, soot correlates tightly with Ir, As, Sb, and Zn. Apparently soot and Ir-bearing ejecta particles coagulated in the stratosphere and then scavenged additional chalcophiles from the hydrosphere. In view of this coagulation, the K-T fire would only slightly prolong the period of darkness and cold caused by impact ejecta.
Constraining the heat flux between Enceladus' tiger stripes: Numerical modeling of funiscular plains formation

Abstract The Cassini spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) has observed at least 5 GW of thermal emission at Enceladus’ south pole. The vast majority of this emission is localized on the four long, parallel, evenly-spaced fractures dubbed tiger stripes. However, the thermal emission from regions between the tiger stripes has not been determined. These spatially localized regions have a unique morphology consisting of short-wavelength (∼1 km) ridges and troughs with topographic amplitudes of ∼100 m, and a generally ropy appearance that has led to them being referred to as “funiscular terrain.” Previous analysis pursued the hypothesis that the funiscular terrain formed via thin-skinned folding, analogous to that occurring on a pahoehoe flow top (Barr, A.C., Preuss, L.J. [2010]. Icarus 208, 499–503). Here we use finite element modeling of lithospheric shortening to further explore this hypothesis. Our best-case simulations reproduce funiscular-like morphologies, although our simulated fold wavelengths after 10% shortening are 30% longer than those observed. Reproducing short-wavelength folds requires high effective surface temperatures (∼185 K), an ice lithosphere (or high-viscosity layer) with a low thermal conductivity (one-half to one-third that of intact ice or lower), and very high heat fluxes (perhaps as great as 400 mW m−2). These conditions are driven by the requirement that the high-viscosity layer remain extremely thin (≲200 m). Whereas the required conditions are extreme, they can be met if a layer of fine grained plume material 1–10 m thick, or a highly fractured ice layer >50 m thick insulates the surface, and the lithosphere is fractured throughout as well. The source of the necessary heat flux (a factor of two greater than previous estimates) is less obvious. We also present evidence for an unusual color/spectral character of the ropy terrain, possibly related to its unique surface texture. Our simulations demonstrate that producing the funiscular ridges via folding remains plausible, but the relatively extreme conditions required to do so leaves their origin open to further investigation. The high heat fluxes required to produce the terrain by folding, which equate to an endogenic blackbody temperature near 50 K, should be observable by future nighttime CIRS observations, if funiscular deformation is occurring today.
A high-efficiency high energy density buffer architecture for power pulsation decoupling in grid-interfaced converters

A high-efficiency high-energy-density buffer architecture is proposed for power pulsation decoupling in power conversion between DC and single phase AC. We present an active decoupling solution that yields improved efficiency and reduced circuit complexity compared to existing solutions. By connecting a buffer converter in series with the main decoupling capacitor, the main capacitor is allowed larger ripple for improved energy utilization (and thus much reduced volume), while the DC bus voltage is maintain close to ripple free. The buffer converter has low voltage stress and is only processing a small fraction of the total power of the entire architecture, allowing a very small active circuit volume and very high system efficiency. A control scheme is proposed to exploit the small remaining bus ripple to compensate the power loss in the power converter and balance the power cycle of the buffer architecture. A 2 kW hardware prototype has been built to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed solution. The hardware prototype achieves 20 times capacitance reduction and 2 times overall volume reduction compared to the conventional passive decoupling solution. An energy density of 110 W/inch3 and an efficiency above 98.7% across a wide load range has been experimentally verified.
Childhood maltreatment and social anxiety disorder: implications for symptom severity and response to pharmacotherapy.

Background: Childhood maltreatment has been associated with symptom severity, reduced quality of life, and impaired functioning in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). No study has investigated how childhood maltreatment impacts pharmacotherapy outcomes in this population, despite evidence for such a link in depression. The current study replicates previous work on childhood maltreatment within SAD and examines its impact on response to pharmacotherapy. Methods: One hundred and fifty six individuals seeking treatment for SAD completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, which measures various types of abuse and neglect, along with the measures of symptom severity, quality of life, and disability. Data from a subset of patients enrolled in a paroxetine trial (N = 127) were analyzed to gauge the impact of childhood maltreatment on attrition and treatment response. Results: All types of maltreatment except for sexual abuse and physical abuse were related to greater symptom severity. Emotional abuse and neglect were related to greater disability, and emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical abuse were related to decreased quality of life. Emotional abuse significantly predicted attrition. A time by emotional abuse interaction suggests that for those who stayed the course, the impact of emotional abuse on severity of social anxiety weakened significantly over time. Conclusions: Emotional maltreatment was most strongly linked to dysfunction in SAD, despite a tendency in the anxiety literature to focus on the effects of sexual and physical abuse. Additionally, individuals reporting emotional abuse were more likely to dropout from pharmacotherapy, but those who stayed the course displayed similar outcomes to those without such a history. Depression and Anxiety 00:1-8, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Calculations and Correction Factors Used in Determination of Blood pH and Blood Gases

Measurement of blood pH, p o2 and p co2 also involves calculation of two or more derived quantities and correction of the measured values in cases where the body temperature of the patient differs from the temperature of measurement. References to the pertinent calculations and the temperature corrections are scattered through the literature of several medical specialties, and much new information has been gathered in recent years that directly affects these calculations. This review explains each of the derived quantities and correction factors most used in this field and also provides the best available data for the calculations, in a form that can readily be adapted to electronic data processing.
The Need for Reform of Human Subjects Protections in Military Health Research

ABSTRACTA number of factors currently hinder the ability of researchers to conduct military-funded research studies successfully in a timely fashion, including low-risk, psychosocial and behavioral, multisite studies. Our experiences and a review of the literature highlight examples of delays and wide variations in military and civilian Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals. This article describes the specific experiences from a program of research over a 15-year period, required documents unrelated to protection of human subjects, onsite study principal investigators, examples from other research, and participant recruitment. Concern is raised about significant resources committed to nonstudy interventions, some described as “training,” which fall outside of IRB review and its human subject protections. A broad initiative for evidenced-based research, particularly psychosocial and behavioral research, could become marginalized with limited resources redirected to technology-focused quick fixes and d...
Two restriction-like enzymes from Xanthomonas malvacearum

Two sequence-specific endonucleases, Xma I and Xma II, have been purified from Xanthomonas malvacearum . Xma I makes cuts in bacteriophage lambda and adenovirus-2 DNA identical with those produced by Sma I, a restriction-like enzyme previously isolated from Serratia marcescens S b . Xma I cleaves within the sequence Download full-size image at the sites indicated by the arrows. Xma II is an isoschizomer of the specific endonuclease Pst I previously isolated from Providencia stuartii .
Association of Prior Implantation of HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assistive Device with Post-Heart Transplant Mortality

Purpose The impact of continuous-flow left ventricular assistive devices (LVAD) on post-heart transplant survival has not being well explored. This study investigates post-heart transplant mortality associated with prior implantation with the HeartMate II (HMII) LVAD in cohort of heart transplant recipients in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Methods and Materials The study population includes patients (n=43,968) listed after April 2004 in the UNOS database– the era of continuous-flow LVADs. Of the 6,150 patients on LVADs, we further limited our sample to include only patients implanted with HMII LVAD prior to heart-transplantation (n=1,389) and those without any LVAD (n=19,693). Preliminary descriptive statistics suggested extensive heterogeneity in patient characteristics between HMII assisted patients and non-LVAD assisted patients. Subsequently, propensity scores were used to match HMII assisted patients and non-LVAD patients using these covariates – recipient characteristics (age, gender, race, UNO list status, duration on wait list, diabetes, BMI, education, kidney function, chronic comorbidities, ICD implantation, infection, acute graft rejection, inotropes use, and ischemic time), and donor characteristics (age, gender, race, and BMI). This resulted in a final control sample of 5,902, with a median age of 54 years (range, 18 – 77 years). Time from heart transplant to death was evaluated using both stratified and time-dependent CPH (spell out CPH) models. Results HMII was associated with higher risk of 30-day (HR=1.58, 95%CI: 0.83 – 2.72, p=0.18) and one-year mortality (HR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.10 – 2.94, p=0.02) with statistical significance observed for only one-year mortality. The use of HMII however was observed to be associated with lower risk of mortality after a year of post-heart transplant surgery, HR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.53 – 0.72, p Conclusions HeartMate II may improve post-heart transplantation survival among patients that survive past their first year of heart transplantation.
Solution hardening by tetragonal dist ortions: Application to irradiation hardening in F.C.C. crystals

Abstract It is pointed out that solution hardening is generally of two types, which are called gradual and rapid. Rapid hardening is attributed to tetragonal distortions, and a general statement of a theory is made. Specific calculations are applied to the case of the irradiation hardening of copper by neutron bombardment: Agreement is obtained with both the observed flux variation of the hardening and its absolute magnitude. For γ-irradiation of LiF similar agreement is found.
Excited singlet states of covalently bound, cofacial dimers and trimers of perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)s.

Perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) and its derivatives are robust organic dyes that strongly absorb visible light and display a strong tendency to self-assemble into ordered aggregates, having significant interest as photoactive materials in a wide variety of organic electronics. To better understand the nature of the electronics states produced by photoexcitation of such aggregates, the photophysics of a series of covalent, cofacially oriented, π-stacked dimers and trimers of PDI and 1,7-bis(3‘,5‘-di-t-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PPDI) were characterized using both time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The covalent linkage between the chromophores was accomplished using 9,9-dimethylxanthene spacers. Placing n-octyl groups on the imide nitrogen atoms at the end of the PDI chromophores not attached to the xanthene spacer results in PDI dimers having near optimal π-stacking, leading to formation of a low-energy excimer-like state, while substituting the more ...
Sensory and motor innervation of bird intrafusal muscle fibers.

Abstract 1. 1. Most bird muscle spindles are supplied by only one primary afferent. 2. 2. Secondary afferents occur irregularly. 3. 3. Sensory terminals are covered by a basal lamina and a collagenous sheath. 4. 4. Two types of motor terminal are recognized which can be referred to specific types of intrafusal fiber. 5. 5. The sensory and motor innervation of bird intrafusal fibers is less understood than that of mammalian intrafusal fibers.
ACE inhibition in cardiovascular disease.

An important article in this issue of the Journal describes the results of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, which are likely to have important implications for the treatment o...
Random walks and the effective resistance of networks

In this article we present an interpretation ofeffective resistance in electrical networks in terms of random walks on underlying graphs. Using this characterization we provide simple and elegant proofs for some known results in random walks and electrical networks. We also interpret the Reciprocity theorem of electrical networks in terms of traversals in random walks. The byproducts are (a) precise version of thetriangle inequality for effective resistances, and (b) an exact formula for the expectedone-way transit time between vertices.
Determination of the ωpp coupling constant using pp forward dispersion relation

Abstract We determine the ωpp coupling constant by representing the discontinuity across the unphysical cut in the pp forward dispersion relation by one-meson and two-pion-exchange terms. The real part of the forward pp amplitude is computed from pp phase shifts below 460 MeV lab. kinetic energy. For the ωpp coupling constant we find values g ω 2 4π≈10 ± 1.2 .
Kainate-induced functional deficits are not blocked by MK-801.

Abstract Male, Fischer-344 rats were pretreated with MK-801 (0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to bilateral injection of kainate (0.33 μg/site) into the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Kainate impaired the acquisition of a water maze acquisition task 4 weeks after surgery, an effect not attenuated by pretreatment with MK-801. However, higher doses (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) of MK-801 reduced the amount of kainate-induced granule cell and to some extent CA1 pyramidal cell damage in the hippocampus. Kainate-induced CA3/CA4 damage was not affected by MK-801 pretreatment. MK-801 (10 mg/kg) also reduced the amount of thalamic damage produced by kainate. These data support the conclusion that intrahippocampal kainate-induced destruction of CA3/CA4 pyramidal cells is mediated by non -N- methyl- d -aspartate (non-NMDA) receptors and that kainate-induced loss of these cells is associated with the neurobehavioral effects of intrahippocampally administered kainate.
A new class of salicylic acid derivatives for inhibiting YopH of Yersinia pestis

Abstract Previously, we identified a class of salicylic acid derivatives that display inhibitory activity against the protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH from Yersinia pestis . Because docking study suggested that the large phenyl ring attaching to the salicylic acid core might be exposed to the solvent and might not contribute significantly to binding, we have developed a new class of compounds that no longer contain this phenyl ring. We first devised a synthetic scheme for the compounds and then developed an automated computational screening model surrounding this synthetic scheme to help select a small number of compounds for synthesis and experimental testing. Based on this computational screening model and the analysis of the structure–activity relationship of our previous class of compounds, we have synthesized eight compounds and found five that yield micromolar activity. When applying in a larger scale, the synthetic scheme and the computational screening model developed here should help to identify even more potent inhibitors in the future.
Research Fundamentals: II. Choosing and Defining a Research Question

This is the second in a series of articles developed by members of the SAEM Research Committee to describe a stepwise approach to the research process. This series is aimed at junior academic emergency physicians (EPs), as well as nonacademic EPs with an interest in the research process. This article describes the development of a testable research hypothesis. While a multitude of sources provide interesting questions for consideration, choosing and refining the research question, so that it can be tested adequately and answered completely, are difficult tasks.
Domain-size dependence of piezoelectric properties of ferroelectrics

The domain-size dependence of the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectrics is investigated using a continuum Ginzburg-Landau model that incorporates long-range elastic and electrostatic interactions. Microstructures with the desired domain sizes are created by quenching from the paraelectric phase by biasing the initial conditions. Three different two-dimensional microstructures with different sizes of the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domains are simulated. An electric field is applied along the polar as well as nonpolar directions and the piezoelectric response is simulated as a function of domain size for both cases. The simulations show that the piezoelectric coefficients are enhanced by reducing the domain size, consistent with recent experimental results of Wada and Tsurumi [Br. Ceram. Trans. 103, 93 (2004)] on domain-engineered ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ single crystals.
Achievement of superior survival for histologically negative versus histologically positive clinically complete responders to cisplatin combination in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer.

In a series of three consecutive pilot studies conducted between 1977 and 1982 at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 191 consecutive patients with previously untreated, locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated with cisplatin (CDDP), vincristine, and bleomycin or CDDP and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion before definite surgery or radiation. A 39% (75/191) rate of complete clinical responses was achieved. Thirty-two of the chemotherapy-induced complete responders underwent radical surgery. Thirteen had no histologic evidence of residual disease in the surgically resected specimen. The CDDP and 5-FU infusion combination achieved the highest histologic complete response rate. All histologically complete responders who had completed local radiation therapy are clinically free of disease at median follow-up of 36 months. Patients who achieved complete response both clinically and histologically had superior survival as compared to patients who achieved complete response clinically and were subsequently found to have residual tumor in their surgically resected specimen (P = 0.01). An analysis of the clinical and pathological pretreatment characteristics was performed to identify factors predictive of histologic complete response. Advanced nodal disease correlated inversely with the achievement of negative histology in the surgically resected specimen (P = 0.02). No other factors were significant in predicting response. Cancer 59:233-238, 1987.
Level set topology optimization of stationary fluid-structure interaction problems

This paper introduces a topology optimization approach that combines an explicit level set method (LSM) and the extended finite element method (XFEM) for designing the internal structural layout of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. The FSI response is predicted by a monolithic solver that couples an incompressible Navier-Stokes flow model with a small-deformation solid model. The fluid mesh is modeled as an elastic continuum that deforms with the structure. The fluid model is discretized with stabilized finite elements and the structural model by a generalized formulation of the XFEM. The nodal parameters of the discretized level set field are defined as explicit functions of the optimization variables. The optimization problem is solved by a nonlinear programming method. The LSM-XFEM approach is studied for two- and three-dimensional FSI problems at steady-state and compared against a density topology optimization approach. The numerical examples illustrate that the LSM-XFEM approach convergences to well-defined geometries even on coarse meshes, regardless of the choice of objective and constraints. In contrast, the density method requires refined grids and a mass penalization to yield smooth and crisp designs. The numerical studies show that the LSM-XFEM approach can suffer from a discontinuous evolution of the design in the optimization process as thin structural members disconnect. This issue is caused by the interpolation of the level set field and the inability to represent particular geometric configurations in the XFEM model. While this deficiency is generic to the LSM-XFEM approach used here, it is pronounced by the nonlinear response of FSI problems.
Transoral resection of short segment Zenker's diverticulum and cricopharyngeal myotomy: An alternative minimally invasive approach

Objectives/Hypothesis: Transoral treatment of cricopharyngeal bar and small Zenker's diverticulum remains a challenge. We propose a new transoral approach for transoral cricopharyngeal myotomy (TOCPM) for patients with cricopharyngeal spasm and pharyngeal bar, and for transoral resection of diverticula (TORD) with cricopharyngeal myotomy in the patient with small (<3 cm) Zenker's diverticulum. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 45 patients with cricopharyngeal spasm (21) and Zenker's diverticulum (24), where 14 patients were considered suitable for TORD and TOCPM. TOCPM used the Weerda laryngoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) to expose the cricopharyngeal bar using a microscope; the mucosa is cut and then the muscle is transected using monopolar cautery. A 0° endoscope is inserted through the incision to ensure complete myotomy. Incision closure is by interrupted 4-0 Vicryl sutures (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ) and fibrin glue. For the TORD procedure, the diverticular sac is everted and then resected using scissors. Through the sac opening, the TOCPM is completed. The sac opening is then closed as described in TOCPM. The patients are kept without food for 24 hours, followed by feeding and discharge. Modified barium swallow (MBS) evaluated functional results. Results: Fourteen patients underwent TOCPM (eight), and TOCPM+TORD (six). There was one case of TOCPM that was aborted due to excessive bleeding, which prevented full myotomy. The rest did well. All were discharged the next day. Two poor results from the TOCPM and TOCPM+TORD group were due to poor esophageal motility. The remainder of patients had resolution of dysphagia and normalized MBS. No patient developed stricture or complications. Conclusions: Short segment Zenker's diverticulum and cricopharyngeal bar can now be addressed completely with a transoral approach. Because there is complete closure of the mucosal incision, prolonged hospitalization can be avoided.
PROMPTING ONE LOW‐FAT, HIGH‐FIBER SELECTION IN A FAST‐FOOD RESTAURANT

Evidence increasingly links a high-fat, low-fiber diet to coronary heart disease and certain site cancers, indicating a need for large-scale dietary change. Studies showing the effectiveness of particular procedures in specific settings are important at this point. The present study, using an A-B-A-B design and sales data from computerized cash registers, replicated and extended previous work by showing that inexpensive prompts (i.e., signs and fliers) in a national fast-food restaurant could increase the sales of salads, a low-fat, high-fiber menu selection. Suggestions also are made pertinent to more widespread use of the procedures.
Prescribed regimen intensity in diverse youth with type 1 diabetes: role of family and provider perceptions.

Valenzuela JM, La Greca AM, Hsin O, Taylor C, Delamater AM. Prescribed regimen intensity in diverse youth with type 1 diabetes: role of family and provider perceptions. Recent literature suggests that disparities in prescribed treatments may exist for youth with type 1 diabetes. There is limited research to date examining factors associated with prescribed regimen intensity in this population. In this study, we examined racial/ethnic differences in regimen intensity and predictors of regimen intensity in youth with type 1 diabetes. We expected that minority youth would have less intensive regimens and that caregiver and physician perceptions would be associated with regimen intensity. This cross-sectional study included 178 families of 10- to 17-yr-old youth at three endocrinology clinics. Caregivers reported perceived costs and benefits of intensive regimens. Physicians described the prescribed treatment and their perceptions of family/child competence and self-management. Analyses included analysis of covariance and hierarchical multiple linear regression. Findings indicate a disparity in regimen intensity for minority youth. Caregiver perceptions of costs associated with intensive regimens and physician perceptions of family competence are associated with prescribed regimen intensity. Interventions targeting disparities in prescribed regimen intensity should be considered. Further research is needed to understand the role of family perceptions of treatments and physician clinical decision making in addressing health disparities in type 1 diabetes.
The thermodynamics of critical phenomena in gases

Abstract Sonic velocity measurements have been used for some time to determine the specific heats of gases at low frequencies following the suggestion of Einstein (1) that the reaction rates of reactive gas mixtures could be found from similar measurements. However, the equation for sonic velocity expressed in terms of the ratio of the specific heats and the isothermal bulk modulus becomes indeterminate when applied to the critical point. In this paper a determinate expression for the sonic velocity at the critical point is derived which permits a direct solution for the constant volume specific heat as a function of the critical values of temperature, specific volume, sonic velocity and Joule-Thomson coefficient. The calculated values obtained from this expression are examined in comparison with existing data. Finally the approach to the problem from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics is appraised in the light of some findings from statistical thermodynamics.
Criterion validity of the multiaxial assessment of eating disorders symptoms.

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to establish the criterion validity of the Multiaxial Assessment of Eating Disorders Symptoms (MAEDS). The MAEDS is a brief, comprehensive, self-report measure for the evaluation of eating disorders treatment outcome. It assesses six symptoms associated with eating disorders with subscales for binge eating, purgative behavior, avoidance of forbidden foods, restrictive eating, fear of fatness, and depression. Method To establish criterion validity, we compared the subscale scores of the MAEDS across four eating disorder diagnoses, specified by subtype (bulimia nervosa, purging type; anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type; anorexia nervosa, restricting type; and binge eating disorder). Participants who did not meet the full diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder, but who did meet criteria for a partial syndrome eating disorder, were grouped with the full eating disorder diagnostic subtypes. Results The criterion validity of the MAEDS was supported by the pattern of subscale scores for the different eating disorder diagnostic groups. Also, with few exceptions, persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, in comparison to subthreshold cases of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, had equivalent scores on the subscales of the MAEDS. Discussion These findings support the criterion validity of the MAEDS and add to a growing literature that questions differences in severity of eating disorder symptoms in full syndrome versus partial syndrome cases. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28: 303–310, 2000.
Richter hernia of the stomach.

A case report is presented of Richter hernia of the stomach, after en bloc excision of multiple organs for sarcoma of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in the literature. The conditions for the development of this hernia are : (1) the freeing of the greater curvature of the stomach (following removal of the spleen and tail of the pancreas); and (2) fascial dehiscence following a left thoracoabdominal incision involving rib resection.
Library resource sharing networks: How to make a choice

Abstract The basic purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which library materials are used and the full cost of such use. The use of both journals and books/monographs was considered. The intent of the study was to develop the foundation for improving acquisitions decisions, determining when materials can be purged from the collection or placed in low-cost storage facilities, and assessing the critical points at which alternatives to local holdings are economically feasible.
Growth hormone inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase in primary cultures of rat liver cells.

Abstract In primary rat hepatocyte cultures, growth hormone was shown to depress tyrosine aminotransferase levels induced with hydrocortisone. Both induction by glucocorticoid and repression by growth hormone could be demonstrated in cultures several days old.
Disseminated rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a case report and review of the literature.

Mucormycosis, also known as zygomycosis and phycomycosis was first described by Paultauf in 1885. It is an acute fungal disease with a high mortality rate that predominantly occurs in dehydrated and acidotic patients. The patient generally presents with signs and symptoms that may be primarily located in the facial, orbital, paranasal sinus, or cerebral regions. Symptoms referable to these areas in uncontrolled diabetics, patients with hematologic malignancy, and organ transplant patients should raise a high index of suspicion for mucormycosis. Because of its lethal nature, it must be recognized early and treated aggressively. Death can occur within several days to a few weeks, even when appropriate treatment has been instituted. Appropriate management results in a cure in only about half of rhinocerebral infections. The following report describes a patient who developed disseminated rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) and survived to be successfully reconstructed. A review of the literature is also presented.
Formation of self-trapped filaments by self focusing

It is shown that under suitable conditions the self-focusing of a Gaussian beam can lead to the self-trapped solution of Chiao et al. [2]. The properties of the focused region are described in detail.
Monovalent cations affect the free solution mobility of DNA by perturbing the hydrogen-bonded structure of water.

The free solution mobilities of single- and double-stranded DNA molecules of various molecular weights have been measured by capillary electrophoresis in solutions of constant ionic strength containing a common anion and fifteen different monovalent cations. In solutions with the same ionic composition, the mobilities of different DNA molecules can vary by up to 20%, depending on molecular weight, the number of strands, and the presence or absence of A-tracts, runs of four or more contiguous adenine residues. Importantly, the mobilities observed for the same DNA sample can vary by up to 40% in solutions containing different cations. The mobility differences observed for the same DNA in solutions containing different cations cannot be rationalized by differences in the anhydrous radii or intrinsic conductivities of the various cations, or by the sequence-dependent binding of certain cations to A-tracts. Instead, the observed mobilities are linearly correlated with the average number of water–water hydrogen bonds that are present in solutions containing different cations. The mobilities are also correlated with the viscosity B coefficients of the various cations and with the rotational correlation times frictional coefficients observed for water molecules in solutions containing different cations. Hence, monovalent cations modify the free solution mobility of DNA primarily by perturbing the hydrogen-bonded structure of water, affecting the friction experienced by the migrating DNA molecules during electrophoresis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 62–68, 2005
Decision Support System for Logistics Systems Analysis Using Image Theory and Work Domain Analysis

In this study, image theory and work domain analysis were used to develop an interactive decision support system for sortie generation tasks in an Air Force aircraft maintenance unit. Aircraft maintenance personnel were charged with creating a short list of aircraft for deployment using either maintenance information alone or maintenance information with the interactive decision support system. Results were compared with a deployment list developed by expert aircraft maintenance superintendents. The deployment lists generated with the interactive decision support system more closely resembled the experts' list and took less time to create than those generated using maintenance information alone. These results show the viability of the methodology outlined in this study for creating decision support systems in complex logistics planning.
3D Internal Muscle Activities Imaging Based on Multi-Channel Surface EMG Recordings: Surface EMG-Based Muscles Activities Imaging Technique

A surface electromyography (EMG) based muscle activities imaging (sEMG-MAI) approach has been developed using the bioelectrical source reconstruction approach to minimally invasively reconstruct muscle activities in the three dimensional (3D) space of the periurethral muscles (including urethral and anal sphincter, and the surrounding muscles) of the female pelvic floor from multi-channel intra-anal surface EMG recordings. The sEMG-MAI approach is being used to investigate function of the pelvic muscles and urethral sphincter which is an etiologic factor associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women.
Matching of varying-size form stimuli in the pigeon

Three pigeons were trained on the matching-to-sample task with 12-mm form stimuli (a circle, a triangle, and a cross). After 105 acquisition sessions, the form stimuli were reduced in size to 8 mm for 65 sessions and then to 5 mm for 80 sessions. During the next phase, the samples were 12 mm in size and the comparison stimuli were 8-mm forms, or vice versa, 8-mm samples and 12-mm comparison stimuli. Finally, the samples and comparison stimuli were presented as growing (increasing from 5 to 12 mm) or shrinking (decreasing from 12 to 5 mm) forms. The birds learned to match the three different sizes of forms and matched well even when the sample and comparison stimuli were not the same size. They could not match samples only on the basis of direction of size change.
Effect of limiting concentrations of T1 ribonuclease on the release of aminoacyl-oligonucleotides from unfractionated yeast acceptor RNA

Terminal aminoacyl-oligonucleotides are liberated almost quantitatively from yeast sRNA chains charged with either tyrosine, phenylalanine, or glycine by concentrations of T 1 ribonuclease, acting at pH 5·4, 37°C, in the presence of EDTA, that cleave only 17 to 40% of the total GMP sites in the RNA. This suggests that the GMP sites nearest the acceptor end of these chains are more susceptible to the action of T 1 ribonuclease at pH 5·4 than most other GMP sites in the RNA. The first GMP residue in the tyrosine acceptor RNA is in position number 5 while the first GMP residue in the glycine and phenylalanine acceptor RNA is in position number 6. In the case of alanine RNA, where the first GMP residue lies deeper in the chain (position number 8), the preferential release of aminoacyl-oligonucleotide was found to be less pronounced. Substitution of Mg 2+ for EDTA in the digestion mixtures was found to reduce the enzymic release of all the terminal oligonucleotides examined. Studies of the effect of very low levels of T 1 ribonuclease on tyrosine-labeled yeast sRNA at 37 and 58°C in 0·025 m -potassium acetate—0·002 m -EDTA indicate that the most susceptible GMP sites in tyrosine-labeled acceptor chains are deep within the molecule. These results suggest that the GMP site nearest the acceptor end of the molecule is somewhat less susceptible to T 1 enzyme than the above sites but is much more exposed to the enzyme than GMP sites between these two regions. The relevance of these findings to models proposed by other workers for the configuration of sRNA chains is discussed.
Work Productivity in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Associations with Disability, Depression, Fatigue, Anxiety, Cognition, and Health-Related Quality of Life

Abstract Objectives To characterize work productivity in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) by using a work productivity scale and to identify associations between work productivity and disability, depression, fatigue, anxiety, cognition, and health-related quality of life. Methods Three hundred seventy-seven subjects with a clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing remitting MS participated in the study. Subjects underwent neurological examinations and completed patient-reported outcome and cognitive measures. Subjects also completed the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health to quantify absenteeism (missing work because of health problems), presenteeism (impairment while working), overall work impairment, and daily activity impairment attributable to health problems. Univariate correlations and multivariate models were used to determine the associations between each work productivity variable and clinical, patient-reported outcome, and cognitive measures. Results Seventy-six percent of subjects were employed. Fourteen percent of working subjects reported absenteeism, and 47% reported presenteeism. The mean work time lost because of absenteeism was 4%, and the mean work time lost because of presenteeism was 12%. Absenteeism was not significantly associated with disease or patient-reported outcome measures. Statistically significant correlations (0.32–0.53) were found between presenteeism and increasing disability, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. No associations were observed between presenteeism and disease duration or cognitive function. Conclusions Subjects with clinically isolated syndrome/relapsing remitting MS reported substantial work productivity losses due to presenteesim. Presenteeism was associated with increasing fatigue, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. It is possible that the early identification and treatment of fatigue and mental health symptoms may improve productivity while working and extend employment for individuals with MS.
Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well

Hydrologists often attempt to estimate formation properties from aquifer tests for which only the hydraulic responses in a pumped well are available. Borehole storage, turbulent head losses, and borehole skin, however, can mask the hydraulic behavior of the formation inferred from the water level in the pumped well. Also, in highly permeable formations or in formations at significant depth below land surface, where there is a long column of water in the well casing, oscillatory water levels may arise during the onset of pumping to further mask formation responses in the pumped well. Usually borehole phenomena are confined to the early stages of pumping or recovery, and late-time hydraulic data can be used to estimate formation properties. In many instances, however, early-time hydraulic data provide valuable information about the formation, especially if there are interferences in the late-time data. A mathematical model and its Laplace transform solution that account for inertial influences and turbulent head losses during pumping is developed for the coupled response between the pumped borehole and the formation. The formation is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent, and uniform thickness, with leakage from an overlying aquifer, and the screened or open interval of the pumped well is assumed to fully penetrate the pumped aquifer. Other mathematical models of aquifer flow can also be coupled with the equations describing turbulent head losses and the inertial effects on the water column in the pumped well. The mathematical model developed in this paper is sufficiently general to consider both underdamped conditions for which oscillations arise, and overdamped conditions for which there are no oscillations. Through numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution, type curves from the mathematical model are developed to estimate formation properties through comparison with the measured hydraulic response in the pumped well. The mathematical model is applied to estimate formation properties from a singlewell test conducted near Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii. At this site, both the drawdown and recovery showed oscillatory water levels in the pumped well, and a step-drawdown test showed that approximately 86% of the drawdown is attributed to turbulent head losses. Analyses at this site using late-time drawdown data were confounded by the noise present in the measured water levels due primarily to nearby irrigation wells and ocean tides. By analyzing the early-time oscillatory recovery data at the Waialua site, upper and lower bounds were placed on the transmissivity, T, storage coefficient, S, and the leakance of the confining unit, K′/B′. The upper and lower bounds on T differ by a factor of 2. Upper and lower bounds on S and K′/B′ are much larger, because drawdown stabilized relatively quickly after the onset of pumping.
Intrinsic poroelasticity constants and a semilinear model

This paper presents an intrinsic micromechanical model for poroelasticity that leads to an alternative set of material constants. In the intrinsic model, the deformations of the solid phase, the fluid phase, and the pore space are explicitly modeled, and porosity is considered as a primary variable. The averaging process distinguishes an external frame surface averaging and an internal phase volume averaging. The variational principle leads to a porosity equilibrium equation that defines the nonlinear deformation of pore volume. Three fundamental deformation modes with their intrinsic material constants are identified: the shape preserving volumetric deformation of the solid phase, the porosity change due to solid grain rearrangement, and the porosity change associated with the microanisotropy and microinhomogeneity of solid phase. The linearized model is fully consistent with the Biot theory of poroelasticity. A semilinear model considering only porosity deformation nonlinearity with linear material constant leads to a universal exponential strain hardening law. The theory is tested against laboratory data of sandstone. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.