cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact surface tailoring condition for shock tubes with different driver and driven section diameters

The contact surface tailoring conditions normally used for shock tubes do not apply to shock tubes with different driver and driven section diameters. A theoretical model is presented that predicts the contact surface tailoring condition for a convergent shock tube, designed to have a larger driver cross-section area than the driven section. The tailoring condition previously developed for shock tubes with uniform driver and driven diameters can be recovered from this model. Representative on- and off-model performance is verified experimentally in a high-pressure convergent shock. Tailoring conditions calculated with the model are also given for commonly used driven gases (Ar, N2 and air) and He–N2 driver mixtures as a function of driver/driven area ratio.
Fate and metabolism of some mutagenic alkylating agents in the mouse I. Ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate at sublethal dose in hybrid males

Abstract Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) with a [ 14 C]alkyl label were injected intraperitoneally into (101 × C 3 H)F 1 hybrid male mice. Radiactivity levels were measured in various tissues and tissue fractions at eight time periods ranging from 15 min to 24 h after injection. Activity levels were also measured in the blood and urine, and respiration pattern analysis was carried out on exhaled 14 CO 2 . Distribution of these compounds is rapid, and approximately the injected dose w/w reaches the testis in an active form. However, EMS is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo , and MMS is 4–6 times more effective in alkylating biological molecules. The amount of genetic damage done in the mouse (chromosome breakage) is correlated with in vivo alkylation of macromolecules. It is suggested that the great difference in the spectrum of genetic damage observed in mammals relative to that reported for other organisms is due to differences in the repair system.
Suppression of inducible nitric oxide generation by agmatine aldehyde: Beneficial effects in sepsis

The induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) serves an important immuno-protective function in inflammatory states, but ungoverned nitric oxide (NO) generation can contribute to a number of pathologic consequences. Delineation of the mechanisms that can downregulate iNOS-generated NO in inflammation could have therapeutic relevance. Here we show that agmatine, a metabolite of arginine, inhibits iNOS mediated nitric oxide generation in cytokine stimulated cell culture preparations. This effect was not cell type specific. Increased diamine oxidase (DAO) and decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) activities are also representative of inflammatory settings. Increasing the conversion of agmatine to an aldehyde form by addition of purified DAO or suppression of aldehyde breakdown by inhibition of AldDH activity increases the inhibitory effects of agmatine in an additive fashion. Inhibitors of DAO, but not monoamine oxidase (MAO), decreased the inhibitory effects of agmatine, as did the addition of AldDH or reacting aldehydes with phenylhydrazine. We examined rats given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the potential effects of agmatine in vivo. Endotoxic rats administered agmatine prevented the decreases in blood pressure and renal function normally associated with sepsis. Agmatine treatment also increased the survival of LPS treated mice. Our data demonstrate the capacity of agmatine aldehyde to suppress iNOS mediated NO generation, and indicate a protective function of agmatine in a model of endotoxic shock. How agmatine may aid in coordinating the early NO phase and the later repair phase responses in models of inflammation is discussed.
The Mass Accretion Rate through the Masing Molecular Disk in the Active Galaxy NGC 4258

Recent observations (Miyoshi et al. 1995; Greenhill et al. 1995b) of water maser emission from the galaxy NGC 4258 have revealed the presence of a thin molecular disk of outer radius 0.25 pc which orbits a central object of mass 3.6 × 107 M☉. This molecular disk, which we view nearly edge on, shows a substantial warp. NGC 4258 is also observed to contain a central X-ray source of inferred intrinsic luminosity ~4 × 1040 ergs s-1 over the 2-10 keV energy range (Makishima et al. 1994), suggesting that the warped circumnuclear disk is illuminated obliquely by X-rays. Here we show how the physical conditions within the orbiting disk may be inferred from these observations. Modeling this system as a viscous accretion disk that is illuminated obliquely by a central X-ray source, we infer that material accretes through the disk at a rate of 7×10-5α solar masses per year, where α is the dimensionless parameter (α 1) that conventionally characterizes the disk viscosity. This value suggests that the active nucleus must convert rest-mass energy into 2-10 keV X-rays with an efficiency of 0.01α-1; the total energy output over the entire electromagnetic spectrum must be generated with an overall efficiency which is ~10 times larger. We have also investigated how the properties of molecular circumnuclear disks are expected to depend on the mass and luminosity of an active galactic nucleus: our results suggest the possible existence of extragalactic water masers that are several orders of magnitude more luminous than any observed to date.
Soil Clean up by in-situ Surfactant Flushing. V. Micellar Solubilization of Some Aromatic Contaminants

Abstract The solubilities of mixtures of naphthalene, biphenyl, and phenanthrene in 50 and 100 mM aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate solutions at room temperature were determined. There does not appear to be any appreciable tendency for these compounds to form solid solutions with each other, and the solubilities of the mixture components in the micellar surfactant solutions are to a fairly good approximation equal to the solubilities of the individual pure components.
An improved method for preparing refrozen rethawed human lymphocytes on plates for microcytotoxicity studies.

Abstract This report describes simplified methods for the initial freezing and thawing of human lymphocytes and the subsequent use of these cells after refreezing on cytotoxicity plates, storage, and a second thaw. The proposed initial freeze method eliminates some technical inconveniences required previously such as chilling of cells prior to addition of DMSO, preparing cryoprotective mixtures just prior to freezing, controlled rate of freezing and thawing and the washing of cells after thawing. However, pH of the media, blood freshness, type of storage tube used, and constant storage temperature were found to be very important to maintain good cell viability. Most lymphocytes maintain an average viability of 85 to 95% for at least a year when prepared according to the present freezing and thawing technique. When panels of lymphocytes are prepared for refrozen rethawed cytotoxicity test plates, the thaw time between freezes must be brief. Production of test plates on ice, however, was not found to be necessary. As the period of storage of refrozen cells on plates increases, viability of the cells after a second thaw decreases and treatment with DNase to enzymatically remove the dead cells is useful. With this procedure, refrozen rethawed lymphocytes up to a year old can be prepared on microcytotoxicity test plates with average viabilities of 90 ± 1%.
Putting Philosophy to Work in the Classroom: Using Rhizomatics to Deterritorialize Neoliberal Thought and Practice

As two teachers/researchers committed to the values of social justice in the classroom, we are deeply disturbed by the explicit and implicit ways that our education system, operating through neoliberalism, reproduces the inequalities of larger society. To problematize and deterritorialize dominant neoliberal notions of schooling, education, teaching, and learning in our classrooms, we embarked on a co/autoethnographic self-study of our teaching practice. Our methods are underscored and informed by the Deleuzo-Guattarian notion of the rhizome, the multiplistic, nonlinear nature of which serves as an antidote to the hierarchical, dichotomous, and process–product rationality of neoliberal logic. Findings, or becomings, indicate that the concepts of the rhizome can be practically put to work in the classroom to raise consciousness and inform thinking about resisting the neoliberal status quo. Combined with co/autoethnography, rhizomatics and rhizoanalysis offer the potential to connect across teaching practic...
Matrix isolation study of the thermal and photochemical reaction of OVCl3 and CrCl2O2 with cycloalkylamines

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to identify and characterize the initial and secondary products in the thermal and photochemical reactions of OVCl 3 and CrCl 2 O 2 with cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl- and cyclopentylamine. Initial twin jet deposition led to the formation of two new species, the 1:1 molecular complex and the secondary HCl elimination product (e.g. Cl 2 V(O)N(H)C 3 H 5 ), as well as free HCl. Overall, the yield decreased with the size of the cycloalkyl ring, to the point with cyclopentylamine, the yield was extremely low and no firm conclusions could be reached. The complexes appear to be moderately strongly bound, leading to shifts to certain vibrational modes of both the acid and base subunits. Bands due to the complexes were destroyed by near-UV irradiation (λ>300 nm ), and led an increase in the intensity of the bands due to the HCl elimination product, as well as cage-paired HCl. Theoretical calculations were used to aid in product identification and band assignments.
Using plant volatile traps to develop phenology models for natural enemies: An example using Chrysopa nigricornis (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Abstract A model predicting phenology of adult Chrysopa nigricornis (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in orchards was developed from field (trapping) data supplemented with development data collected under laboratory conditions. Lower and upper thresholds of 10.1 °C and 29.9 °C, respectively, were estimated from published and unpublished laboratory observations, and were used to develop a phenology model. Season-long field data were collected using white delta traps that had been baited with squalene, a volatile shown previously to be highly attractive to C. nigricornis . The model was developed from data collected in three Washington apple orchards, and was validated using independent data sets collected from apple, sweet cherry, pear, and walnut orchards over a 2–4 year period across a much wider geographic region. We found that the mean absolute deviation across all crops and years was 39.7 ± 1.2 day-degrees (DD), or 4.4 ± 0.14 days. Populations of C. nigricornis from walnut orchards in California emerged 105 DD later than those in Oregon and Washington, thus requiring correction of average time of first trap catch in California to synchronize models. The ability to use a single model across multiple crops, different prey species and abundances, and different pesticide regimes demonstrates that phenology models for generalist predators may have broader application to IPM programs in other cropping systems.
Noninterceptive wideband pickups for measuring the properties of very low intensity beams

Nondestructive wideband rf beam diagnostics, designed for use in the IUCF Cooler storage ring, are being used in the cyclotron beam lines. Wall gap monitors monitor the beam microscopic time structure, macroscopic time structure, and phase with respect to the main synthesizer; electrostatic pickup electrodes monitor the beam position and intensity. The signal processing and rf-inter-ference-elimination techniques which allow these monitors to operate with beam intensities as low as 10 nA are described. The performance limitations for rf pickups in low energy, low intensity accelerators, and possible methods for using the powerful synchronous detection techniques with nonbunched beams are discussed.
The ImmersaDesk and Infinity Wall projection-based virtual reality displays

Virtual reality (VR) can be defined as interactive computer graphics that provides viewer-centered perspective, large field of view and stereo. Head-mounted displays (HMDs) and BOOMs™ achieve these features with small display screens which move with the viewer, close to the viewer's eyes. Projection-based displays [3, 7], supply these characteristics by placing large, fixed screens more distant from the viewer. The Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL) of the University of Illinois at Chicago has specialized in projection-based VR systems. EVL's projection-based VR display, the CAVE™ [2], premiered at the SIGGRAPH 92 conference.In this article we present two new, CAVE-derived, projection-based VR displays developed at EVL: the ImmersaDesk™ and the Infinity Wall™, a VR version of the PowerWall [9]. We describe the different requirements which led to their design, and compare these systems to other VR devices.
Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them, …

A heterogeneous group of 371 men and 361 women provided questionnaire data on 23 job reaction and 24 dispositional variables. Analyses revealed 18 significant differences reflecting traditional gen...
Primed pentose cycle activity supports production and elimination of superoxide anion in Kupffer cells from rats treated with endotoxin in vivo.

Abstract Glucose use and pentose cycle activity were determined in freshly isolated rat Kupffer cells 3 h after an i.v. injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.1 mg/kg body weight), by using [1-14C], [6-14C] and [2-3H]glucose. Endotoxin treatment in vivo caused a 5-fold increase in the basal glucose uptake in Kupffer cells. Pentose cycle activity was elevated from 8.7 to 13.6 nmol/h per 107 cells after endotoxin. In vitro treatment of the cells from saline- and endotoxin-treated animals with phorbol ester (10−6 M) increased pentose cycle activity 2-fold and 8-fold, respectively. Phorbol ester caused a 50% increase in glucose uptake in both groups. t-Butyl hydroperoxide (0.5 mM) caused a similar increase in pentose cycle activity as phorbol ester. Glucose oxidation in the Krebs cycle was also doubled after endotoxin. KC from endotoxin-treated animals produced O−2 spontaneously, and were primed to produce additional large amounts of O−2 upon phorbol ester treatment. Addition of t-butyl hydroperoxide inhibited O−2 production by Kupffer cells. Depletion of glutathione by N- ethylmaleimide (0.1 mM), or inhibition of NADPH oxidase by diphenyliodonium (0.1 mM) inhibited both the pentose cycle activity and the O−2 production. Increasing the concentration of exogenous glucose in the cell medium elevated the glycolytic rate, while pentose cycle flux was not affected either under basal conditions or following subsequent challenges by phorbol ester or t-butyl hydroperoxide. Our data suggest that the endotoxin-induced elevated glucose use in Kupffer cells is accompanied by a primed state of the pentose cycle. This condition supports superoxide and macromolecule synthesis and could also represent a potentiated protective mechanism against oxidative cellular injury during bacterial infections.
Trademarks and e-business – vital partners in the 21st century

Abstract The explosion of interest in registering domain names as trademarks at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is described. The potential benefits of e.g. “.com” trademark registrations is explored in the wider context of a massive increase in applications for trademark registrations generally, the rapid expansion of e-commerce, and the registration of many millions of domain names with various authorities. The article concludes with a summary of the corresponding expansion of the USPTO web site to cater for the increasing familiarity of the commercial pubic with the Internet. This includes, for trademarks, three systems – electronic search (TESS), electronic application (TEAS) and electronic information on pending and registered trademarks (TARR).
Habituation and Covariation of the Components of the Threat Display in Betta Splendens

The threat display of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, was repeatedly elicited during daily sessions over a 10-day period, using a mirror, a live Betta, and a picture of a Betta as stimuli. Between-day analysis of the rate of elicitation of component responses of the display by 6 Ss showed that (a) for those records in which any decline in response frequency was evident, only the gill-cover extension and undulation responses showed marked and consistent habituation trends, (b) gill-cover extension and undulation response rates covaried closely but were not consistently related to other response component rates, and (c) differential effectivensss of the three stimuli was reflected in the rates of several response components.
Librarians' Online Efforts Toward Virtual and Collaborative Information Services

Virtual worlds have attracted hundreds of librarian volunteers who are interested in exploring virtual online environments like Second Life (R) as avenues to deliver and promote library resources to users “where they are.” A core team of leaders from a variety of library types from many countries emerged online during this initiative to tackle many difficult questions in developing and implementing library services for virtual users. As innovators, librarians are not often seen as leaders by those outside of the profession. However, a growing online presence of librarians as technological early adopters has emerged to inform our view of ways in which library and information services professionals can design, test, and revise online “third places” where social interaction, information exchange, and inquiry about technologies or any other topics can occur as seamlessly as in a physical library. Online virtual environments have been truly social learning environments for the librarians, as well as for their users. We need to not overlook the importance of these new spaces or “sandboxes” as most useful for professional development of instructors and information professionals. Transferable skills in online collaboration, articulating oneself clearly through words and avatars, and functioning as a contributing team member on a new and uncharted initiative are truly valuable experiences for professional learning in information, communication, and technology (ICT) fields. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p100
Reviewing Research on Teaching Writing Based on Vygotsky's Theories: What We Can Learn

This review focuses on the development of writing research informed by a Vygotskian perspective. A methodological environment to aid the instruction of writing is presented. The review reveals the ...
Recovery of Viruses Other Than Cytomegalovirus From Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid

Study design To determine the yield and diagnostic significance of performing viral cultures on specimens obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in immunocompromised patients. Design Review of all BAL specimens submitted for viral culture over a six-year period. Setting Referral laboratory within a university hospital. The majority of specimens came from the university hospital, and for those cases, review of the patient's underlying disease, clinical presentation, and outcome was performed. Patients Over 95 percent of the patients had recognized underlying immunosuppression. Intervention None. Measurement and results Cultures were done on 1,199 BAL specimens for viruses, and in 90 (8 percent), non-cytomegalovirus (CMV) viruses were recovered. These included herpes virus (53), influenza (11), parainfluenza (7), rhinovirus (12), adenovirus (5), enterovirus (1), and respiratory syncytial virus (1). Complete medical records were available for 1,020 (85 percent) of the BAL specimens, and the 77 patients with non-CMV viral pneumonia were studied in more detail. In 31 (40 percent) patients, virus was the only potential pathogen recovered. Conclusion The recovery of respiratory viruses followed epidemic trends in the community and was often associated with self-limited illnesses without an increased mortality. The isolation of herpesvirus in patients without AIDS was associated with increased mortality in comparison with patients with AIDS (p
Speech for technical communicators: A bibliography

Writing, a technical paper and delivering it orally are complementary acts. This bibliography cites 178 resources for technical communicators interested in improving their speaking skills. These resources include organizations and publications concerned with speech; institutes, seminars, and courses on oral communication of technical information; and standard works and selected articles on informational speech. This bibliography is not complete but it is a start for technical communicators in business, industry, and government who are intent on improving their oral presentation of technical information.
A Conceptual Framework for Critical Review: The Aronoff Center for the Arts

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this project is to develop a conceptual framework for conducting critical reviews of interior environments and to apply that framework to the critique of Cincinnati's Aronoff Center for the Performing Arts designed by Cesar Pelli. RESEARCH DESIGN: Critical analysis was applied to the Aronoff Center as the methodology used in this study. ANALYSIS: A conceptual framework for critical review of interior spaces was developed based on “essential skills” in interior design as identified by the Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER). Five categories of design were included: (a) space planning; (b) design elements and principles; (c) finish materials, decorative elements, and detailing; (d) lighting; and (e) furniture. KEY FINDINGS: The critical review of the Aronoff Center identified a mixture of strengths and weaknesses in the 5 areas. Space planning, design elements, and furniture choices were generally strong. Lighting did not reflect current aesthetic and technological possibilities. The details and materials of the design solutions related to access by people with disabilities were of mixed success. CONCLUSIONS: Implications of using critical review methodology are discussed for interior design education, theoretical development, and the design process. Through critical review, interior design scholars, educators, and practitioners have an opportunity to apply their unique perspectives and expertise. This paper presents a conceptual framework that can be used in that opportunity.
The Extracellular Microenvironment Explains Variations in Passive Drug Transport across Different Airway Epithelial Cell Types

Purpose We sought to identify key variables in cellular architecture and physiology that might explain observed differences in the passive transport properties of small molecule drugs across different airway epithelial cell types.
Neosentimentalism and the valence of attitudes

Neosentimentalist accounts of value need an explanation of which of the sentiments they discuss are pro-attitudes, which attitudes are con-attitudes, and why. I argue that this project has long been neglected in the philosophical literature, even by those who make extensive use of the distinction between pro- and con-attitudes. Using the attitudes of awe and respect as exemplars, I argue that it is not at all clear what if anything makes these attitudes pro-attitudes. I conclude that neither our intuitive sense of the distinction nor the vague accounts of it that exist in the philosophical literature are especially helpful in sorting out the hard cases. What is needed is a more explicit and thorough account of what the valence of our attitudes consists in.
Relationship of sebaceous cell stage to growth in culture

The maturational stage at which sebaceous epithelial cells are irreversibly committed to autolysis has not been determined in a biologic system. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the relationship of sebocyte maturation to their ability to grow in culture. Single cell suspensions from adult rat preputial glands were prepared, and sebocyte stages were classified using lipid staining as one criterion of maturation. Cells were subjected to one-step, isokinetic discontinuous density gradient centrifugation in Percoll. Cells were cultured on 3T3 feeder layers in an epithelial cell medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, growth factors, and antibiotics. Growth in culture occurred from sebocytes in all gradient fractions. The least growth was found from cells in the lightest density fraction (1.020), which contained sebocytes with the most lipid, i.e., the most mature. Over fivefold more growth occurred from cells in the most dense fraction (1.080), which contained undifferentiated and immature sebocytes. Cell growth in culture was then correlated with the type of sebocyte in each fraction plated. Although cell growth in culture correlated significantly with the number of undifferentiated cells (r2 = 0.460), epithelial colonies were found in the absence of discernible undifferentiated cells in most fractions. Growth in culture correlated much better with the number of early plus mid-differentiated sebocytes (r2 = 0.702). These data suggest that, whereas mature sebocytes are not capable of attachment/proliferation, early differentiation of sebocytes is compatible with retention of the capacity to proliferate. If this property is shared by human sebocytes, it would contribute to the intransigence and diversity of acne-form lesions.
Optimal Ablation Volumes Are Achieved at Submaximal Power Settings in a 2.45-GHz Microwave Ablation System

Introduction. Local ablative therapies, including microwave ablation (MWA), are common treatment modalities for in situ tumor destruction. Currently, 2.45-GHz ablation systems are gaining prominence because of the shorter application times required. The aims of this study were to determine optimal power and time to ablation volume (AbV) ratios for a new 1.8-mm–2.45-GHz antenna using ex vivo tissue models. Methods. The 1.8-mm–2.45-GHz Accu2i MWA system was employed to perform ablations in bovine liver, porcine muscle, and porcine kidney ex vivo. Whole tissues were prewarmed (35°C) and multiple ablations performed at power settings of 60 to 180 W for 2- to 6-minute time intervals. Postablation, tissues were dissected, AbVs calculated, and correlations to power and time settings made. Results. Significant increases in AbV were measured between each of the time points for a constant power setting in all 3 tissues. Increasing power settings led to significant increases in AbV at power settings ≤140 W. However,...
Forensic Sociology: Some Cautions and Recommendations

This paper uses a research experience involving change-of-venue research and jury work in a mass murder case as a vehicle for discussing a number of problem areas in forensic sociology. Included are discussions of time pressures, secrecy, special methodological problems, and the issue of researcher privilege and dealing with subpoenas. A number of recommendations are made to those planning to become involved in forensic sociology, including having access to legal counsel and special precautions to protect confidential sources.
Performance-based seismic assessment of skewed bridges with and without considering soil-foundation interaction effects for various site classes

The seismic behavior of skewed bridges has not been well studied compared to straight bridges. Skewed bridges have shown extensive damage, especially due to deck rotation, shear keys failure, abutment unseating and column-bent drift. This research, therefore, aims to study the behavior of skewed and straight highway overpass bridges both with and without taking into account the effects of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) due to near-fault ground motions. Due to several sources of uncertainty associated with the ground motions, soil and structure, a probabilistic approach is needed. Thus, a probabilistic methodology similar to the one developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) has been utilized to assess the probability of damage due to various levels of shaking using appropriate intensity measures with minimum dispersions. The probabilistic analyses were performed for various bridge configurations and site conditions, including sand ranging from loose to dense and clay ranging from soft to stiff, in order to evaluate the effects. The results proved a considerable susceptibility of skewed bridges to deck rotation and shear keys displacement. It was also found that SSI had a decreasing effect on the damage probability for various demands compared to the fixed-base model without including SSI. However, deck rotation for all types of the soil and also abutment unseating for very loose sand and soft clay showed an increase in damage probability compared to the fixed-base model. The damage probability for various demands has also been found to decrease with an increase of soil strength for both sandy and clayey sites. With respect to the variations in the skew angle, an increase in skew angle has had an increasing effect on the amplitude of the seismic response for various demands. Deck rotation has been very sensitive to the increase in the skew angle; therefore, as the skew angle increased, the deck rotation responded accordingly. Furthermore, abutment unseating showed an increasing trend due to an increase in skew angle for both fixed-base and SSI models.
Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

CHF and AF are common problems that are frequently encountered together. These two disease states interact in a way that can result in a viscous cycle. This brief review will attempt to address the interaction between AF and CHF, atrial pathology and abnormal electrophysiology, clinical consequences, prognostic importance, and therapy.
Resistivity of the high-temperature metallic phase of VO2.

Measurements are reported on the electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T) along the c axis of a single crystal of ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$, from the metal-insulator transition at T=333 K up to 840 K. The temperature dependence is very linear, and a fit to Bloch-Gr\"uneisen theory gives a residual resistivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$=65 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm and a ratio \ensuremath{\rho}(840 K)/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$=8. With the help of a local-density-approximation band-structure calculation, we further pursue the conventional (Bloch-Boltzmann) interpretation by extracting the electron-phonon coupling constant \ensuremath{\lambda}=1.1 and the mean free path l(800 K)=3.3 \AA{}. The short mean free path implies that the conventional interpretation is internally inconsistent. The most likely explanation is that unknown internal damage (e.g., cracks) has altered the effective cross section of the sample, causing the measured resistivity to be overestimated by a factor \ensuremath{\ge}3. Another possibility is that, in common with the normal state of copper oxide superconductors, metallic ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ may not be a conventional Fermi liquid.
A new approach to word sense disambiguation

This paper presents and evaluates models created according to a schema that provides a description of the joint distribution of the values of sense tags and contextual features that is potentially applicable to a wide range of content words. The models are evaluated through a series of experiments, the results of which suggest that the schema is particularly well suited to nouns but that it is also applicable to words in other syntactic categories.
The battle of Lincoln Square: neighbourhood culture and the rise of resistance to urban renewal

This article considers the organized resistance to urban renewal at Lincoln Square in New York between 1956 and 1959. The Lincoln Square Urban Renewal Project cleared ground for acres of luxury slab‐block tower housing, facilities for Fordham University and its much‐heralded centrepiece, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Lincoln Center gave urban renewal its most high‐minded mission: providing the nation with an image of cultural maturity and urban resurgence for use in the Cold War struggle with the Soviet Union. Organized resistance to relocation at Lincoln Square brought growing discontent with urban renewal to the attention of a citywide audience. Most importantly, the Lincoln Square resisters defended the complex social world of their old neighbourhood and revealed a vision of urban culture diametrically opposed to that on offer at Lincoln Center. They showed that endangered domestic spaces were complemented by an elaborate and also imperilled public world made up of informal commercial connect...
The measurement of health-related quality of life: Major dimensions identified by factor analysis

The measurement of quality of life is becoming more important in the evaluation of medical technologies and pharmaceuticals. Particularly when the several available therapies have similar effects on survival, quality of life measures may help decide which should be the therapy of choice. The Recovery Study utilized a multidisciplinary array of indicators of health-related quality of life and recovery. This paper reports factor analyses of 58 outcome measures on a study group of 469 persons who had undergone coronary artery bypass or cardiac valve surgery 6-months previously. The factor analyses revealed 5 orthogonal dimensions. We have named them: low morale, symptoms of illness, neuropsychological function, interpersonal relationships, and economic-employment. The data argue that health-related quality of life is a multidimensional construct, and that these dimensions can be measured quantitatively with relatively simple interview and questionnaire approaches. The next research step is to determine whether the five dimensions of post-operative quality of life have different pre-operative predictors, and whether intervention on these predictors can improve the recovery and rehabilitation process.
Laser deposited TiC/H13 tool steel composite coatings and their erosion resistance

Abstract The present work studies the synthesis and performance of TiC/H13 tool steel composite coatings obtained by the laser deposition technique. The effect of laser beam-scanning speeds and the concentrations of TiC in injected powder on the morphologies and microstructures of deposited beads are investigated. The results show that the beam-scanning speeds affect the size and morphology of the beads. During laser processing, TiC melts, and decomposes, and subsequently, a number of fine TiC precipitates form during cooling that are uniformly distributed in the steel matrix. The amount of injected TiC has a strong influence on the morphology and size of the fine TiC precipitates. Unlike ductile steel and hard carbide coatings, the TiC reinforced steel matrix composite coatings exhibit a decreased slurry erosion resistance at intermediate impact angles in the range from 0 to 90°; while at both smaller and larger impact angles, they show an increased slurry erosion resistance. By increasing the concentration of TiC in the composite coatings, their erosion resistance decreases. The composite coating with 40 vol.% TiC shows an excellent erosion resistance at high impact angles.
ATTITUDES TOWARD ADVERTISING: A MULTINATIONAL STUDY

Advertising is emerging as one of the most controversial functions of business. This study surveys an international sample of consumerists, students, academicians, and managers to determine differences in their attitudes toward advertising. The strongest differences exist between managers and consumerists.
Computer‐integrated Manufacturing (CIM): Redefining the Manufacturing Firm into a Global Service Business

The transformation of US manufacturing, led by computer‐integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems, has already begun to take root. This article examines the potential benefits to firms which understand and can exploit CIM technology to its fullest extent. Because CIM simultaneously provides high product variety with low costs, conventional assumptions about competitive strategy and organisation design need reevaluation. As companies must work with increasingly scarce capital, human resources and time, CIM becomes an attractive option not only for highly capital‐intensive industries such as automobiles, but also for fast‐changing areas such as textiles, fashion design, and consumer appliances. CIM combines the benefits of economies of scope with the scale economies traditionally garnered only with large, rigid and dedicated factories. Success with CIM and other new manufacturing technologies depends on new organisational designs and incentives that foster fast innovation and cross‐functional integration. CIM′...
A comparison of direct medical costs across racial and ethnic groups among children with cancer.

ABSTRACTObjective: Previous studies reported that some minority childhood cancer patients are likely to develop worse outcomes than white children. This study examines whether there are racial and ethnic disparities in health expenditures among children with cancer.Research design and methods: A retrospective study was conducted among children (younger than 20) with cancer diagnoses in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; 1996 to 2004). Total health expenditures and the following subcategories were examined across racial and ethnic groups: (1) office-based visits; (2) outpatient visits; (3) inpatient and emergency room visits; (4) home health care; (5) prescription drugs; and (6) dental, vision, and other health care expenditures. Consumer price indexes were used to convert all expenditures to 2004 dollars. A classical linear model was analyzed using the natural logarithm of health expenditures as the dependent variable, with the purpose of determining whether there were racial and ethnic differenc...
WHAMM Is an Arp2/3 Complex Activator That Binds Microtubules and Functions in ER to Golgi Transport

The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator that plays a critical role in many cellular processes. Its activities are regulated by nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) that function primarily during plasma membrane dynamics. Here we identify a mammalian NPF called WHAMM (WASP homolog associated with actin, membranes, and microtubules) that localizes to the cis-Golgi apparatus and tubulo-vesicular membrane transport intermediates. The modular organization of WHAMM includes an N-terminal domain that mediates Golgi membrane association, a coiled-coil region that binds microtubules, and a WCA segment that stimulates Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Overexpression and depletion studies indicate that WHAMM is important for maintaining Golgi structure and facilitating anterograde membrane transport. The ability of WHAMM to interact with microtubules plays a role in membrane tubulation, while its capacity to induce actin assembly promotes tubule elongation. Thus, WHAMM is an important regulator of membrane dynamics functioning at the interface of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons.
Direct inversion of high overtone collision broadened linewidths in the HCl-HCl system: Rotationally inelastic rates for highly vibrationally excited molecules

In this paper we present preliminary results for rotation–rotation inelastic collision rates for HCl molecules in vibrationally excited states up to v = 6 colliding with ground state HCl molecules. These were obtained by inverting the measured collision broadened linewidths of overtone vibration–rotation transitions up to the 6–0 overtone band. An energy corrected sudden scaling theory was used to reduce the number of independent parameters sufficiently so that the rates could be determined directly from the available experimental linewidths.
Jazz Exotica and the Naked City

Noir fictions tend to a binary form of representation in which society is shown divided into light and dark sides, with the latter casting its shadows onto the former. Key to this discussion is Irving Howe's notion of the city as a narrative device for representing society in all its contradictions and fractures. In film noir, the abstract notion of “society” is transformed into a concrete spatial schema: the Naked City, a ground where dispossessed groups congregate and interact with “straight” society. The city becomes a locus for (and geographic metaphor of) the idea of a fallen world hidden just behind the facade of bland social harmony. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the music written for films that explore this trope of representation was often a cinematic version of jazz. More exactly, it is music that attempts to conjure filmic images of the urban demimonde associated with jazz and the narrative subject that traverses it. In its traffic in filmic image, cinematic jazz resembles exotica, a kind ...
Course preferences and evaluations of male and female professors by male and female students

In the first of two studies, college students chose courses in a mock registration. In the second, high school and college students received a biographical and professional summary of a male or female professor and made four judgments of the course and the professor. Neither course choices nor teacher evaluations were influenced by the professor’s sex. These results are discussed in terms of previous findings that sex does not influence the evaluations of a product when a clear outside indication of quality is available.
Chemical and biological relationships relevant to the effect of acid rainfall on the soil-plant system

This paper deals with problems concerning measurements of rainfall acidity and interpretation in terms of possible effects on the soil-plant system. The theory of acidity relationships of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate equilibria and its effect on rainfall acidity measurements is given. The relationship of a cation-anion balance model of acidity in rainfall to plant nutrient uptake processes is discussed, along with the relationship of this model to a rainfall acidity model previously proposed in the literature. These considerations lead to the conclusion that average H+ concentration calculated from pH measurements is not a satisfactory method of determining H+ loading from rainfall if the rain is not consistently acid. Calculating loading from H+ minus HCO3 − , strong acid anions minus basic cations, or net titratable acidity is suggested. The flux of H+ ions in soil systems due to plant uptake processes and sulfur and nitrogen cycling is considered. H+ is produced by oxidation of reduced sulfur and nitrogen compounds mineralized during decomposition of organic matter. Plant uptake processes may result in production of either H+ or OH− ions. Fluxes of H+ from these processes are much greater than rainfall H+ inputs, complicating measurement and interpretation of rainfall effects. The soil acidifying potential due to the oxidation of the NH4 + rainfall is examined, with the conclusion that acidity from this source is of a similar magnitude to direct H+ inputs common in rainfall.
Determination of free Ca ion concentrations with an ion-selective electrode in the presence of chelating agents in comparison with calculated values.

Experimentally determined free Ca ion concentrations, measured with a Ca-selective electrode, were compared with values calculated with a computer program utilizing stability constants of the chelating agents: NTA, EDTA, and EGTA used to set the free ion concentration in the range of 10−3 to 10−6m. In the presence of 0.1 m KCl, 2 mm MgCl2, 20 mm Hepes (pH 7.4), 2 mm ATP, 0.1 mm CaCl2 (total concentration), and various ligand concentrations the measured free Ca2+ levels were found to be approximately six to seven times greater than the computer-derived values. Apparent stability constants for Ca-ATP, Ca-EDTA, and Ca-EGTA were determined under these experimental conditions.
CXCL12–CXCR4 signalling axis confers gemcitabine resistance to pancreatic cancer cells: a novel target for therapy

CXCL12–CXCR4 signalling axis confers gemcitabine resistance to pancreatic cancer cells: a novel target for therapy
Esophageal vascular impression in total anomalous pulmonary venous return below the diaphragm

This paper discusses a new oblique posterior to anterior extrinsic vascular impression on the distal esophagus in total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) below the diaphragm caused by a right common pulmonary vein.
Diffusion and reaction in porous glass

Constant pressure diffusion rates of hydrogen through Vycor porous glass were measured in nitrogen and neon systems. The experimental diffusivities are less than those predicted by the random pore model indicating that this model may not be satisfactory for a low porosity material such as Vycor. Interpreted in terms of an assembly of parallel pores the data suggest a tortuosity factor of approximately 2.4. Rate data for the ortho-para hydrogen reaction were also measured at −196°C. and 1 atm. The catalyst 2% nickel/Vycor was found to have pore properties (area, mean pore size, pore volume) similar to that of plain Vycor. Predicted effectiveness factors using the experimental diffusion data were in good agreement with values determined experimentally. The latter were evaluated from rate measurements on both pellet and particles (58 μ mean diameter).
Abnormal lysosomal cathepsin activities in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts in late infantile, but not in juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease).

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of recessively inherited severe neurodegenerative disorders for which the basic defect(s) remain unknown and for which there is no established treatment. The collective frequency of the disorders is of the order of l/12,500, making them a common neurodegenerative problem [ 11. The disorders are characterized histologically by the presence of stored autofluorescent material similar to ceroid in lysosome-like organelles, and are generally classified by age of clinical presentations, by clinical phenotype and by the electron-microscopic nature of the stored ceroid material [2,3]. Infantile NCL (Santavuori-Haltia disease) presents as a seizure disorder within the first 2 years of life, with death by the age of 10 years. The electron microscopic nature of the ceroidlike material in lysosomes is that of dense granular osmiophilic bodies [4]. Late Infantile NCL (Jansky-Bielschowsky disease) presents from age 2-3 years, as a seizure disorder and secondary retinal degeneration and leads to death in the second decade. The storage material is described by its curvilinear appearance [5]. Juvenile NCL (Spiehneyer-Vogt-Batten disease) usually presents at age 8-10 years, with a slowly progressive retinal degeneration leading to seizures and death in the second to third
Human blood late outgrowth endothelial cells for gene therapy of cancer: determinants of efficacy

Human adult blood late outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) are potential yet untested cellular vehicles to target tumor-cytotoxic effectors to tumors. We show that, following intravenous injection into irradiated mice, BOECs home to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) lung metastases, but less so to liver or kidney metastases. BOECs targeted most but not all of the lung metastases, to a different degree. While most of the homed BOECs took up an extravascular position, some integrated into tumor vessels. Sequestration into normal tissue was low. Placental growth factor mediated both migration and invasion of BOECs into LLC spheroid masses in vitro, as did VEGF. When armed with a suicide gene, BOECs exerted a bystander effect on LLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, i.v. administration of armed BOECs into mice bearing multi-organ LLC metastases did not prolong survival. In addition to homing efficacy other parameters impacted upon the efficacy of BOECs. These include the ultimate susceptibility of BOECs to suicide gene-induced cell death, their paracrine proliferative effect on LLC cells and their low proliferation rate compared to LLC cells. Addressing these determinants may make BOECs a useful addition to the arsenal of tumor-targeting moieties.