cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between the Great Recession and Widening Maternal and Child Health Disparities: Findings From Washington and Florida

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between the Great Recession in the United States and maternal and child health (MCH) disparities in prenatal care, birth weight, gestational age, and infant mortality. Using annual, 2005-2011 individual-level Washington (WA) and Florida (FL) birth certificate data, we analyzed MCH outcome rates and disparities among subpopulation component groups (e.g., subpopulation 'maternal ethnicity' divided into component groups such as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black). We focused on whether disparities widened during two recession periods: Period 1 (December 2007-June 2009-official dates of Great Recession) and Period 2 (January 2010-December 2011) and compared these to a Baseline Period 0 (January 2005-March 2007). Subpopulations (n=14) and component groups (n=47) were identified a priori. Results indicate that disparities widened on at least one MCH outcome for 22 component groups in WA during Period 1 and 37 component groups during Period 2, compared to baseline. In FL, disparities widened for 25 component groups during Period 1 and 31 during Period 2. Disparities increased in both periods on the same outcomes for 11 WA component groups and 7 component groups in FL. Disparity increases tended to cluster among those with young age, low education, and among members of minority race/ethnicity groups-particularly Black mothers. Findings support hypothesized relationships between expected increases in need during the Great Recession, and worsening MCH outcomes and disparities. Compared to baseline, there were more disparity increases in Period 2 than 1. Additional research regarding specific factors influencing changes in disparities are needed.
Together Through Transitions: A Narrative Inquiry of Emergent Identity as Music Teacher Educators

In the field of music teacher preparation, the transition from teacher to teacher educator can be a time of uncertainty and anxiety. Knowing the potential for struggle during formation of a teacher...
A QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DISK ANTIBIOTIC TESTING

Various methods are available for determining bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. Although the serial dilution method is considered by many to be the most reliable technic, a critical evaluation of the procedure usually practiced in clinical laboratories reveals certain limitations. The readings may vary by one or even two tubes on either side of the accurate end point, yielding an error of 50 to 100% that is due in part to the need for rapid transfer in order to minimize contamination. In brief, the implied chemical quantitation is difficult to achieve in practice. The report may be delayed by 1 or more days, with a resultant postponement of specific therapy. The procedure requires a considerable amount of technical time, adding to the cost of the test, especially when more than one organism is being evaluated in a given culture study.
Pseudospin canting transition and stripes in bilayer quantum Hall ferromagnets: a self-charging capacitor.

We predict that in ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ bilayer quantum Hall (QH) pseudoferromagnets, an in-plane magnetic field can induce a reentrant pseudospin ``canting'' transition between interlayer charge balanced (planar) to imbalanced (canted) QH states. At $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ ( $Tg0$) this quantum (classical) transition is in a new, anisotropic, compressible $(2+1)\mathrm{D}$ (2D) Ising universality class. The striking experimental signatures are the universal nonlinear charge-voltage and in-plane field relations, and the divergence of the differential bilayer capacitance at the transition, resulting in a bilayer capacitor that spontaneously charges itself, even in the absence of an applied interlayer voltage.
Molecular dynamics study of human carbonic anhydrase II in complex with Zn2+ and acetazolamide on the basis of all-atom force field simulations

Human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) represents an ultimate example of the perfectly efficient metalloenzymes, which is capable of catalyzing the hydration of carbon dioxide with a rate approaching the diffusion controlled limit. Extensive experimental studies of this physiologically important metalloprotein have been done to elucidate the fundamentals of its enzymatic actions: what residues anchor the Zn(2+) (or another divalent cation) at the bottom of the binding pocket; how the relevant residues work concertedly with the divalent cation in the reversible conversions between CO2 and HCO3(-); what are the protonation states of the relevant residues and acetazolamide, an inhibitor complexed with hCAII, etc. In this article, we present a detailed computational study on the basis of the all-atom CHARMM force field where Zn(2+) is represented with a simple model of divalent cation using the transferrable parameters available from the current literature. We compute the hydration free energy of Zn(2+), the characteristics of hCAII-Zn(2+) complexation, and the absolute free energy of binding acetazolamide to the hCAII-Zn(2+) complex. In each of these three problems, our computed results agree with the experimental data within the known margin of error without making any case-by-case adjustments to the parameters. The quantitatively accurate insights we gain in this all-atom molecular dynamics study should be helpful in the search and design of more specific inhibitors of this and other carbonic anhydrases.
Evaluating the Impact of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Proposed Nutrition Facts Label Changes on Young Adults' Visual Attention and Purchase Intentions.

Background. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed modifying the Nutrition Facts Label (NFL) on food packages to increase consumer attention to this resource and to promote healthier dietary choices. Aims. The present study sought to determine whether the proposed NFL changes will affect consumer attention to the NFL or purchase intentions. Method. This study compared purchase intentions (yes/no responses to “would you purchase this food?” for 64 products) and attention to NFLs (measured via high-speed eye-tracking camera) among 155 young adults randomly assigned to view products with existing versus modified NFLs. Attention to all individual components of the NFL (e.g., calories, fats, sugars) were analyzed separately to assess the impact of each proposed NFL modification on attention to that region. Data were collected in 2014; analysis was conducted in 2015. Results. Modified NFLs did not elicit significantly more visual attention or lead to more healthful purchase intentions than did...
Assessing antigen-specific CD8+ CTL responses in humans.

Townsend and colleagues (1) were the first to demonstrate, in 1984, that target cells that had been transfected with single viral RNA segments could be specifically recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Recombinant vaccinia viruses that expressed single-gene products were subsequently used to identify major target antigens for CTL (2,3). The demonstration that CTL could recognize transfectants that expressed only fragments of a given target antigen (4) led to the use of overlapping fragments and synthetic peptides to localize epitopes. It was subsequently established that target cells that had been incubated with short synthetic peptides corresponding to the sequence of the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) could be specifically recognized by NP-specific CTL in a major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I restricted manner (5,6). Bjorkman et al. (6,7) subsequently resolved the structure of the human class I molecule HLA-A2 by x-ray crystallography and provided evidence of a putative peptide binding site. These studies provided the foundation for characterizing CTL epitopes and CTL responses in many disease systems. Numerous CTL epitopes have been now identified, in all cases recognized in the context of a single human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) allele or family of closely related (HLA degenerate) alleles, and the use of synthetic peptides for defining the types of immune responses induced by experimental vaccination or natural exposure to the target pathogen has been now well documented.
Implementing User-Centered Methods and Virtual Reality to Rapidly Prototype Augmented Reality Tools for Firefighters

Designing and testing products for high-risk emergencies is a challenging task, especially due to the inhibitive cost of building testing environments that recreate the psychological pressures of the field. The chaotic nature of emergency environments makes gathering accurate data amidst the chaos of such environments difficult, while ethical and practical considerations limit prototype deployment in potentially life-threatening situations. These environments pose serious risk to physical and mental well-being. This paper provides a case study to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a Virtual Reality VR environment to test prototypes of a tool for firefighters. The VR simulated environment out performs a physical simulation because it is cheaper and safer, generates more reliable data, and provides greater control and flexibility of prototypes, allowing designers to test prototypes more rapidly than in a physical environment. This paper summarizes a 9-month Draper-sponsored capstone project with 5 HCII students.
Lymph Node Dissection is Not Associated with Improved Survival among Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Based Analysis

Purpose: The oncologic benefit of lymph node dissection for patients undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma is uncertain. Therefore, we evaluated the association of lymph node dissection with oncologic outcomes among patients undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: We identified 305 patients treated with cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma between 1990 and 2010, of whom 188 (62%) underwent lymph node dissection. Several propensity score techniques were used to evaluate cancer specific and all cause mortality. Internally predicted probabilities for pN1 disease were estimated using logistic regression.Results: Overall 74 (24%) patients had pN1 disease and median followup was 8.5 years (IQR 5.6–10.7). After propensity score adjustment there were no significant differences in clinicopathological features according to whether lymph node dissection was performed. In the overall cohort lymph node dissection was not significantly asso...
Quantifying protein dynamics in the ps-ns time regime by NMR relaxation.

Both 15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and sufficiently rapid exchange linebroadening transitions exhibit relaxation contributions that are proportional to the square of the magnetic field. Deconvoluting these contributions is further complicated by residue-dependent variations in protein amide 15N CSA values which have proven difficult to accurately measure. Exploiting recently reported improvements for the implementation of T1 and T1ρ experiments, field strength-dependent studies have been carried out on the B3 domain of protein G (GB3) as well as on the immunophilin FKBP12 and a H87V variant of that protein in which the major conformational exchange linebroadening transition is suppressed. By applying a zero frequency spectral density rescaling analysis to the relaxation data collected at magnetic fields from 500 to 900 MHz 1H, differential residue-specific 15N CSA values have been obtained for GB3 which correlate with those derived from solid state and liquid crystalline NMR measurements to a level similar to the correlation among those previously reported studies. Application of this analysis protocol to FKBP12 demonstrated an efficient quantitation of both weak exchange linebroadening contributions and differential residue-specific 15N CSA values. Experimental access to such differential residue-specific 15N CSA values should significantly facilitate more accurate comparisons with molecular dynamics simulations of protein motion that occurs within the timeframe of global molecular tumbling.
Advanced sorting technologies for optimal wood products and woody biomass utilization

Forest materials represent great potential for advancing our goals in the 21st century for sustainable building, energy independence, and carbon sequestration. A critical component of an improved system for producing bioproducts and bioenergy from forest materials is the ability to sort trees, stems, and logs into end-product categories that represent their highest potential values. Nondestructive testing and evaluation technologies have been explored by scientists, engineers, and managers around the world for their ability to assess wood and fiber properties of individual trees, stems, and logs. Strong relationships were found exist between various acoustic measurements on trees/logs and fundamental wood properties such as microfibril angle, density, and various physical and mechanical properties. Commercial field-ready tools are now available that are capable of sorting this biomass based upon fundamental properties that determine product potential. The research results can be applied at a number of stages in the operational value chain, from timberland through to the processing site. This paper introduces an array of acoustic tools for forest operations and demonstrates their ability to sort forest materials into categories that are suitable for their optimal uses, such as high value structural products, advanced composites, pulp and paper, and biofuels.
Neural Activity Patterns Underlying Spatial Coding in the Hippocampus

The hippocampus is well known as a central site for memory processing—critical for storing and later retrieving the experiences events of daily life so they can be used to shape future behavior. Much of what we know about the physiology underlying hippocampal function comes from spatial navigation studies in rodents, which have allowed great strides in understanding how the hippocampus represents experience at the cellular level. However, it remains a challenge to reconcile our knowledge of spatial encoding in the hippocampus with its demonstrated role in memory-dependent tasks in both humans and other animals. Moreover, our understanding of how networks of neurons coordinate their activity within and across hippocampal subregions to enable the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories is incomplete. In this chapter, we explore how information may be represented at the cellular level and processed via coordinated patterns of activity throughout the subregions of the hippocampal network.
The Treatment of Religion in School Textbooks: A Political Analysis and a Modest Proposal

(1986). The Treatment of Religion in School Textbooks: A Political Analysis and a Modest Proposal. Religion & Public Education: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 62-77.
Endothelial cell-specific activation of transforming growth factor- β signaling in mice induces cutaneous, visceral, and microvascular fibrosis

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that constitutive endothelial cell-specific activation of TGF-β signaling induces tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy resembling the characteristic fibrotic and vascular alterations of systemic sclerosis. Transgenic mice with inducible expression of a constitutively active TGF-β receptor I specifically in endothelial cells were generated by intercrossing mice harboring a constitutively active TGF-β receptor I with a mouse strain containing the endothelial cell-specific Cdh5 gene promoter directing the tamoxifen-inducible expression of the Cre-ERT2 cassette. Administration of tamoxifen to these mice would result in constitutive TGF-β activation and signaling confined to endothelial lineage cells. The effects of constitutive TGF-β endothelial cell activation were assessed by histopathological examination of skin and various internal organs, tissue hydroxyproline analysis, and assessment of expression of myofibroblast differentiation and TGF-β signaling genes employing real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining of lung vessels for endothelial- and myofibroblast-specific proteins. Constitutive TGFβ-1 signaling in endothelial cells resulted in cutaneous and visceral fibrosis with prominent fibrotic involvement of the lungs and severe perivascular and subendothelial fibrosis of small arterioles. A marked increase in the expression of fibrosis-associated genes and of genes indicative of myofibroblast activation was also found. Confocal microscopy of lung vessels showed evidence consistent with the induction of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Taken together, our data indicate that transgenic mice with constitutive endothelial cell-specific activation of TGF-β signaling display severe cutaneous, pulmonary, and microvascular fibrosis resembling the fibrotic and microvascular alterations characteristic of systemic sclerosis.
Novel gene mutation identified in a patient with arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy

The field of genetics is rapidly evolving, and as our knowledge of the application of genetic mutations to the field of heart disease expands, so does its role in the treatment and counseling of cardiac patients. This is particularly true in the case of cardiomyopathy, and in the tragic circumstance of sudden cardiac death. In this paper, we report a novel and previously unreported rare variant involving the Desmoplakin (DSP) gene. This variant was isolated in a patient who presented with aborted sudden cardiac death and was subsequently found to have a nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
Convex and Nonconvex Formulations for Mixed Regression With Two Components: Minimax Optimal Rates

We consider the mixed regression problem with two components, under adversarial and stochastic noise. We give a convex optimization formulation that provably recovers the true solution, as well as a nonconvex formulation that works under more general settings and remains tractable. Upper bounds are provided on the recovery errors for both arbitrary noise and stochastic noise models. We also give matching minimax lower bounds (up to log factors), showing that our algorithm is information-theoretical optimal in a precise sense. Our results represent the first tractable algorithm guaranteeing successful recovery with tight bounds on recovery errors and sample complexity. Moreover, we pinpoint the statistical cost of mixtures: our minimax-optimal results indicate that the mixture poses a fundamentally more difficult problem in the low-SNR regime, where the learning rate changes.
The impact of video nasal endoscopy on patient satisfaction

BACKGROUND Video nasal endoscopy has significant associated expense for practices, but its use has been justified by the benefit it provides to the examiner. No study has examined the perceived benefit to the patient. In this study, the impact of video endoscopy on patient satisfaction is evaluated. METHODS A prospective, randomized, single-blinded study was performed on new patients receiving care in the rhinology clinics of a tertiary-care center. Patients were randomized into the standard endoscopic examination (SEE) or video endoscopic examination (VEE) groups. SEE patients had their examination performed with the physician viewing the exam through the eyepiece, without a video camera, and subsequently had their examination explained. VEE patients had their examination performed with a video camera attached to the scope, recorded, and then used for the explanation. All patients were asked to complete the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and the 18-item Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short-Form (PSQ-18). Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences between cohorts. RESULTS There was no significant demographic difference between groups. SNOT-22 total and domain scores were similar between both groups (p > 0.05). VEE patients had significantly higher general satisfaction (p = 0.048) and communication (p = 0.028) domains within the PSQ-18. There was no difference between other domains (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION VEE is a valuable tool for otolaryngologists and patients. Further studies evaluating variance in patient compliance and symptomatology may provide further justification for its use.
Performance of Heat Insulating Materials Down to 20°K

Thermal conductivities of more than 20 commercial insulating materials have been measured for various temperature intervals between 20 K and room temperature by means of a spherical conductivity cell of our own design as shown in Figure 1. Thermal conductivity measurements were made with the insulators in vacuum and at various pressures of gas. Results were quite reproducible.
Real Rectangular Matrices

The FORTRAN codes in this Chapter address the question of computing distinct singular values and corresponding left and right singular vectors of real rectangular matrices, using a single-vector Lanczos procedure. For a given real rectangular l × n matrix A, these codes compute nonnegative scalars σ and corresponding real vectors x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0 such that (6.1.1) Every real rectangular lxn matrix, where l ≥ n, has a singular value decomposition, (6.1.2) where Σ is l × n and = diag {σ1,..., σn} with σi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, the singular values of A. X is a n × n orthogonal matrix, Y is a l × l orthogonal matrix, and the columns of X and of Y are respectively, right and left singular vectors of A. There are many applications for this type of decomposition. Singular values and vectors are discussed in detail for example in Stewart [1973].
No Personality Rights for Pop Stars in Hong Kong

Referred to as 'the Pearl of the Orient' for generations, Hong Kong is a glamorous city known for its lavish lifestyle and the rich and famous. Its entertainment products, in particular movies, television programs, and music, are highly popular in not only Asia, but also different parts of the world. Yet, the region does not offer strong protection of personality rights to celebrities. This development provides an interesting contrast to developments in the United States, where Hollywood actors receive very strong protection of their name, likeness, image, voice, or other personal attributes. The lack of protection also contrasts strongly with that of China, which offers in its civil code a right of portrait.This book chapter begins by tracing the American origin of the right of publicity as an independent cause of action. It underscores the difference between this discreet right and the type of protection available in Commonwealth jurisdictions. The chapter then discusses the leading case in Hong Kong, Lau Tak Wah Andy v. Hang Seng Bank Ltd. The chapter explores why Hong Kong has yet to offer strong protection of personality rights despite having fertile conditions for such development. The chapter concludes by focusing on three areas of influence that may impact the future development of personality rights in Hong Kong.
Modification by Taurine of the Metabolism and Hypothermic Effect of Ethanol in the Rat

Taurine is a β-aminosulfonic acid which occurs ubiquitously both among animal species and in animal tissues12. Although the role of taurine in the conjugation of bile acids is well established, this compound has also demonstrated a myriad of nonmetabolic actions which are exerted throughout the animal body, notably in the heart, brain, reproductive system, muscle and eye8.
Right Brain: Flip to the other side

> As I lie in bed and look at the white ceiling, > > My body is still and I have a sinking feeling.
Lymphedema After Breast Cancer Treatment

Women who undergo treatment for breast cancer are at lifelong risk for developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in the breast, trunk, and upper extremity on the affected side. BCRL is characterized by an accumulation of protein-rich lymph fluid in the interstitial tissues resulting from impairments to the lymphatic system caused by surgery or radiation. BCRL may be accompanied by a variety of symptoms, including arm tightness, heaviness, fullness, impaired function, and pain. Accordingly, BCRL is one of the most feared complications of survivorship among women who have been treated for breast cancer. Advances in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment over the last few decades have allowed for increased attention on understanding and mitigating the side effects of treatment. Such research efforts have provided insight on the risk factors, impact on quality of life, and natural history of BCRL. Moreover, in recent years, there has been increasing emphasis on the importance of screening for BCRL following treatment for breast cancer.
Performance of a ferritic/martensitic steel for nuclear reactor applications fabricated using additive manufacturing

Abstract Ferritic/martensitic (FM) steels are being targeted for use in a range of advanced reactor concepts as cladding and structural components. FM steels for nuclear reactor applications have historically been produced using traditional methods (e.g., casting and forging), but recently, additive manufacturing processes have become of interest for making FM-based components. Here, the laser-blown-powder additive manufacturing process was used to fabricate an FM steel, HT9, followed by microstructural and mechanical performance evaluations to determine the viability of future use of additive manufacturing for FM-based component fabrication. Results showed that the as-built condition formed a layered structure with alternating layers of δ-ferrite and martensite, which resulted in anisotropic engineering and true-stress, true-strain mechanical performance. Post-build normalizing and tempering treatments alerted the prior austenite grain size and precipitate distributions, and drove the mechanical performance to near-isotropic properties that mimic wrought-processed properties. The resulting microstructures in all conditions were rationalized in the context of multi-pass welding and the synergies are discussed.
Follow-Up Adherence Is Associated with Outcomes After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

Background:Clinical follow-up after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) allows for assessment of the sinonasal cavity, debridement, and tailoring of medical therapies. F...
Life History of an Invasive Population of Allegheny Crayfish (Faxonius obscurus) in an Eastern Pennsylvania Stream

Crayfish are key components of North American aquatic ecosystems, but information about their life history is typically lacking or incomplete. No such data are available for invasive populations of Faxonius obscurus (Allegheny Crayfish) in eastern Pennsylvania. I studied the life history of an invasive population in a small tributary in the Susquehanna River drainage of eastern Pennsylvania. Life-history characteristics (i.e., size at sexual maturity, sex ratios, seasonal shifts between reproductive and non-reproductive form in males, glair development, timing of ovigerous females, molting frequency, and size classes) were similar to those reported for many members of the genus Faxonius and largely similar to those reported for populations of Allegheny Crayfish across their native range. However, realized fecundity was greater than reported in West Virginia populations. Female body length was a predictor of realized fecundity, differing from southern populations of this species.
What Makes a Good Doctor

Introduction In the United States and I suspect in all parts of the world, a good doctor is anindividual who, in addition to training in their area of interest, i.e., family practice,internal medicine, or a subspecialty area, has participated actively in the educationalprograms relating to their training which make them eligible to take examinations in thoseareas (if they are available) and pass them.All physicians generally like to have someprocedural skills,but the most important part of their skills relate to their cognitiveknowledge which in the long term insures optimal patient care。
Epigenomic convergence of genetic and immune risk factors in neurodevelopmental disorder cortex

Abstract Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) impact 7% to 14% of all children in developed countries and are one of the leading causes of lifelong disability. Epigenetic modifications are poised at the interface between genes and environment and are predicted to reveal insight into the gene networks, cell types, and developmental timing of NDD etiology. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was used to examine DNA methylation in 49 human cortex samples from three different NDDs (autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Dup15q syndrome) and matched controls. Integration of methylation differences across NDDs with relevant genomic and genetic datasets revealed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) unique to each type of NDD but with shared regulatory functions in neurons and microglia. DMRs were significantly enriched for known NDD genetic risk factors, including both common inherited and rare de novo variants. Weighted region co-methylation network analysis revealed a module related to NDD diagnosis and enriched for microglial regulatory regions. Together, these results demonstrate an epigenomic signature of NDDs in human cortex shared with known genetic and immune etiological risk. Epigenomic insights into cell types and gene regulatory regions will aid in defining therapeutic targets and early biomarkers at the interface of genetic and environmental NDD risk factors.
COVID-19 and Independent Abortion Providers: Findings from a Rapid-Response Survey.

Context The ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has affected abortion providers and abortion care, and the strategies clinics are adopting to navigate the pandemic, have not been well documented. Methods In April-May 2020, representatives from 103 independent abortion clinics (i.e., those not affiliated with Planned Parenthood) completed a survey that included close-ended questions about how the pandemic, the public health response, and designations of abortion as a nonessential service had affected their clinic, as well as open-ended questions about the pandemic's impact. Analyses were primarily descriptive but included an exploration of regional variation. Results All U.S. regions were represented in the sample. At 51% of clinics, clinicians or staff had been unable to work because of the pandemic or public health responses. Temporary closures were more common among clinics in the South (35%) and Midwest (21%) than in the Northeast and West (5% each). More than half of clinics had canceled or postponed nonabortion services (e.g., general gynecologic care); cancelation or postponement of abortion services was less common (25-38%, depending on type) and again especially prevalent in the South and Midwest. Respondents reported the pandemic had had numerous effects on their clinics, including disrupting their workforce, clinic flow and work practices; increasing expenses; and reducing revenues. State laws (including designations of abortion as nonessential) had exacerbated these difficulties. Conclusions Although independent abortion clinics have faced considerable challenges from the pandemic, most continued to provide abortion care. Despite this resiliency, additional support may be needed to ensure sustainability of these clinics.
Examining Police Service Delivery: An Introduction and Overview

Police roles and functions have always been controversial. Perhaps that has never more been the case than the ensuing scrutiny of police service following the May 2020 death of an African-American, George Floyd, at the hands of the police in Minneapolis, Minnesota; this singular occurrence launched peaceful protests and even violent riots around the world. Who are the police? What should they do? How should they do it? These fundamental questions are not merely rhetorical; indeed, they have plagued the field since its inception. And certainly, these questions may be reduced to a simple consideration: how are the police to deliver services to the public—especially given the tremendous power and authority (including the application of deadly force) allotted to them around the world? This book attempts to bring focus to that single question. It will address the question by examining policing in several ways and venues, and four general approaches: in Europe; the United States and Canada; several broad global perspectives; and in terms of theory, research, and practice. This unique insight will be guided by more than two dozen experts in their respective field. This volume provides insights for both academics and practitioners; regarding the latter, as Michael S. Scott indicated in the Foreword, police leaders who only consider the experiences of police organizations of their own area, size, or political system will be deprived lessons learned in other entities within the law enforcement profession. Finally, it should be emphasized that we can only speak to what is and has been in terms of police service delivery; we cannot predict what police service will actually be in 10–20 years, or even in 5–10 years, given the current global upheaval and outrage concerning policing methods and practices, particularly as it relates to the use of force.
From Traditional Research to Responsible Research: The Necessity of Scientific Freedom and Scientific Responsibility for Better Societies

My research journey spans a period of exciting new theories informing innovative practices in businesses and other organizations and a period littered with concerns about the research-practice gap,...
Structural Inverse Design and Optimization

Design of structural components for specified aerodynamic and dynamic loads can be achieved with an extensive use of a reliable and versatile stress-deformation prediction code and a constrained optimization code. The finite element method (FEM) is the favorite method for structural analysis because of its adaptability to complex 3-D structural configurations and the ability to easily account for a point-by-point variation of physical properties of the material. With the recent improvements in the sparse matrix solver algorithms, the finite element techniques are also becoming competitive with the finite difference techniques in terms of the computer memory and computing time requirements. For relatively smaller problems in elasticity, it is even more advantageous to use boundary element method (BEM) because it is faster and more reliable since it is non-iterative and it requires only surface discretization.
Interactive Design for Flexible Multibody Control

In response to the need for efficient design and analysis of such complex electromechanical systems as spacecraft, robots, transportation vehicles and manufacturing equipment, a generic formulation of equations of motion for a broad class of mathematical models is presented, and an associated interactive computer program is described.
CONCLUDING REMARKS: Clinical Supervision in the 21st Century: Revisiting Pressing Needs and Impressing Possibilities1

What are some of the most pressing needs currently confronting clinical supervision? In this paper, I give attention to that question. Drawing on two 1990 reviews for comparative purposes, I examin...
Local circuit regulation of paraventricular nucleus stress integration Glutamate: GABA connections

Limbic neurocircuits play a central role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Limbic influences on adrenocortical hormone secretion are mediated by transynaptic activation or inhibition of hypophysiotrophic neurons in the medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Projections from the ventral subiculum, prefrontal cortex, medial amygdala, lateral septum, paraventricular thalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SN) terminate in the immediate surround of the PVN, an area heavily populated by GABAergic interneurons. As such, these regions are positioned to modulate paraventricular output via excitation or inhibition of interneuronal projections into the PVN. In addition, the same limbic and diencephalic regions have projections to local PVN-projecting hypothalamic and basal telencephalic nuclei, including the dorsomedial and medial preoptic nuclei and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These regions are involved in both inhibitory and excitatory regulation of the stress axis, indicating that they contain heterogeneous neuronal populations whose relative impact on the PVN is determined by the nature of afferent stimuli. Thus, limbic modulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system appears to be a multisynaptic process integrated at the level of local PVN-projecting neurocircuits. Local circuits are likely the primary integrators of anticipatory stress responses, and may indeed be the focus of HPA dysfunction seen with aging or affective disease.
Automatic Generation of Epsilon-Delta Proofs of Continuity

As part of a project on automatic generation of proofs involving both logic and computation, we have automated the production of some proofs involving epsilon-delta arguments. These proofs involve two or three quantifiers on the logical side, and on the computational side, they involve algebra, trigonometry, and some calculus. At the border of logic and computation, they involve several types of arguments involving inequalities, including transitivity chaining and several types of bounding arguments, in which bounds are sought that do not depend on certain variables. Control mechanisms have been developed for intermixing logical deduction steps with computational steps and with inequality reasoning. Problems discussed here as examples involve the continuity and uniform continuity of various specific functions.
Experimental allergic uveitis III. Manifestations produced in the guinea pig by immunization with homologous retina

Following one injection of guinea pigs with 10 mg. homologous retina in adjuvant emulsion, the large majority developed uveitis within 3 weeks. The clinical signs and histological manifestations observed at onset and for several weeks thereafter, during which the disease progressed from an iridocyclitis to cyclitis and choroiditis, are described. The development of cytologic events in the uveal tract resembled those of delayed hypersemitivity, in which lymphocytes predominated in the early infiltrate and plasma cells in the subsequent infiltrate. Although morphologic alteration of the retina was observed in some animals, it did not occur until after there was extensive cellular infiltration of the choroid. The possible relationship of this model to that produced previously with uveal tissue is discussed.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of 5-Cyano-2,3-Ditolyl Tetrazolium Chloride Activity of Marine Bacterioplankton in Dilution Cultures

The respiratory activity of marine bacteria is an important indication of the ecological functioning of these organisms in marine ecosystems. The redox dye 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) is reduced intracellularly in respiring cells to an insoluble, fluorescent precipitate. This product is detectable and quantifiable by flow cytometry in individual cells. We describe here an evaluation of flow cytometry for measuring CTC activity in natural assemblages of marine bacteria growing in dilution cultures. We found that more CTC-positive cells are detected by flow cytometry than by visual epifluorescence microscopy. Samples can be stored refrigerated or frozen in liquid nitrogen for at least 4 weeks without a significant loss of total cells, CTC-positive cells, or CTC fluorescence. Cytometry still may not detect all active cells, however, since the dimmest fluorescing cells are not clearly separated from background noise. Reduction of CTC is very fast in most active cells, and the number of active cells reaches 80% of the maximum number within 2 to 10 min. The proportion of active cells is correlated with the growth rate, while the amount of fluorescence per cell varies inversely with the growth rate. The CTC reduction kinetics in assemblages bubbled with nitrogen and in assemblages bubbled with air to vary the oxygen availability were the same, suggesting that CTC can effectively compete with oxygen for reducing power. A nonbubbled control, however, contained more CTC-positive cells, and the amount of fluorescence per cell was greater. Activity may have been reduced by bubble-induced turbulence. Addition of an artificial reducing agent, sodium dithionite, after CTC incubation and fixation resulted in a greater number of positive cells but did not “activate” a majority of the cells. This indicated that some of the negative cells actually transported CTC across their cell membranes but did not reduce it to a detectable level. Automated analysis by flow cytometry allows workers to study single-cell variability in marine bacterioplankton activity and changes in activity on a small temporal or spatial scale.
Properties of High Jc BiSrCaCuO Thin Film

BiSrCaCuO thin films were grown on MgO substrate by an RF magnetron sputtering. Its Jc was 1.9 million A/cm2 at 77.3K and 21 million A/cm2 at 40K. Anisotropic degradation of Jc was observed. In the most severe case, Jc decreased to 0.1 million A/cm2 as applied magnetic field increased to only 0.5 Tesla. X-ray analysis showed that this film consists of almost single high Tc 2223 phase with c=37.2A. RHEED, SEM and TEM observation showed that this high Jc thin film was c axis oriented polycrystalline. The grain boundaries and stacking faults were not barriers for supercurrent to flow but they might act as pinning places for magnetic flux.
Reducing problems in unrooted tree compatibility to restricted triangulations of intersection graphs

The compatibility problem is the problem of determining if a set of unrooted trees are compatible, i.e. if there is a supertree that represents all of the trees in the set. This fundamental problem in phylogenetics is NP-complete but fixed-parameter tractable in the number of trees. Recently, Vakati and Fernandez-Baca showed how to efficiently reduce the compatibility problem to determining if a specific type of constrained triangulation exists for a non-chordal graph derived from the input trees, mirroring a classic result by Buneman for the closely related Perfect-Phylogeny problem. In this paper, we show a different way of efficiently reducing the compatibility problem to that of determining if another type of constrained triangulation exists for a new non-chordal intersection graph. In addition to its conceptual contribution, such reductions are desirable because of the extensive and continuing literature on graph triangulations, which has been exploited to create algorithms that are efficient in practice for a variety of Perfect-Phylogeny problems. Our reduction allows us to frame the compatibility problem as a minimal triangulation problem (in particular, as a chordal graph sandwich problem) and to frame a maximization variant of the compatibility problem as a minimal triangulation problem.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I as aÈCardiac Hormone: Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications in Heart Disease

Accumulating evidence has indicated that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a specific role in the intricate cascade of events of cardiovascular function, in addition to its well established growth-promoting and metabolic effects. IGF-1 is believed to mediate many effects of growth hormone (GH), IGF-1 promotes cardiac growth, improves cardiac contractility, cardiac output, stroke volume, and ejection fraction. In humans, IGF-1 improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction by stimulating contractility and promoting tissue remodeling. Furthermore, IGF-1 facilitates glucose metabolism, lowers insulin levels, increases insulin sensitivity, and improves the lipid profile. These data suggest an attractive therapeutic potential of IGF-1. Both clinically observed and experimentally induced impairments of cardiac function are also found to be associated with abnormal IGF-1 levels. IGF-1 and its binding proteins have been considered as markers for the presence of certain cardiac abnormalities, indicating that IGF-1 may be a risk factor for certain cardiac disorders. The present review will emphasize the role of IGF-1 in the regulation of cardiac growth and function, and the potential pathophysiological role of IGF-1 in cardiac function.
Responses to social disruption in two lines of white leghorn chickens

Abstract The effect of two forms of social disruption were studied in lines of White Leghorn chickens selected for high and low antibody response to sheep red blood cells. In both lines, cockerels moved from litter floor pen to cages at 56 days of age continued to gain weight while maintaining constant plasma xanthophyll levels as well as numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes. A second form of social disruption was developed through two cycles of daily flock recombination; each cycle consisting of rotating males into new flocks for six consecutive days (i.e. 12 days of rotation). Cockerels in the unstable flocks had lower body weight gain, feed intake and abdominal fat, and higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratios than those in stable flocks, implying a stress due to continued social disruption. The pattern of response was the same in both lines.
Formation and transport of sheet-electron beams and multibeam configurations for high-power microwave devices

Sheet electron beams and configurations with multiple electron beams have the potential to make possible higher power sources of microwave radiation due to their ability to transport high currents, at reduced current densities, through a single RF interaction circuit. Possible microwave device applications using sheet electron beams include sheet-beam klystrons, rectangular grating circuits, and planar FELs. Historically, implementation of sheet beams in microwave devices has been discouraged by their susceptibility to the diocotron instability in solenoidal focusing systems. However, recent theoretical and numerical studies have shown that stable transport of sheet beams is possible in periodically cusped magnetic (PCM) fields. The use of an offset-pole PCM configuration has been shown analytically to provide side- fields for 2D focusing of the beam, and this has been recently verified with PIC code simulations. We will present further theoretical studies of sheet and multibeam transport and discuss results from an experimental investigation of the formation, stability and transport of PCM-focused sheet electron beams. This includes a laboratory method of forming an elliptical sheet beam using magnetic quadrupole pair and a round-beam Pierce gun.
How Community College Faculty Members May Improve Student Learning Productivity in Their Online Courses

Eleven experienced community college faculty members were interviewed to elicit examples of how they improved student learning productivity in their online courses. The 11 faculty members represented eight different states, nine different fields or disciplines, and all were permanent or full-time faculty members at community colleges in the southern or western states. Based on a thematic analysis of the examples given, improvement in student learning occurred by (a) emphasizing seven approaches to increase student engagement, (b) using six different structuring tactics to focus student attention on learning, (c) using assessment techniques to improve learning, and (d) pursuing a personal passion for online teaching. These findings suggest that faculty can and do find ways to use different tools in different ways to improve student learning productivity in community colleges.