cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Reasons, More Use and Problems? Examining the Influence of Number of Motives on Consumption and Consequences Across Alcohol-Only, Cannabis-Only, and Simultaneous-Use Days.

Objective Alcohol and cannabis use as well as their simultaneous use are common among U.S. college students. Reasons for use are proximal predictors of consumption and consequences. Little research has examined possible adverse effects of endorsing multiple motives on a given use day. We examined the effects of the number of motives on consumption and negative consequences for alcohol-only, cannabis-only, and simultaneous-use days. Method College students (N = 341; 53% women; mean age = 19.79 years) who reported past-month simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use completed 54 days of data collection. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to examine the effects of endorsing multiple motives on consumption and consequences. Results Across models, endorsing more motives than typical on a given use day (within person) and more motives in general (between person) was related to greater alcohol and cannabis consumption. Endorsing more alcohol-only motives and cannabis-only motives than typical resulted in greater odds of experiencing a negative consequence when accounting for consumption. This within-person effect was not statistically significant for simultaneous-use motives/consequences. Endorsing a greater number of motives across the study (i.e., between person) was not significantly related to consequences beyond consumption. Conclusions Research has documented the robust effects of specific motives on substance use outcomes. Our novel findings extend this work by demonstrating the risks associated with endorsing multiple motives on a given use day. In addition to motive type, we recommend that the number of motives endorsed on a given day be considered as a potential risk factor to be targeted to reduce harms associated with substance use.
Word Associations and Children's Verbal Behavior1

Publisher Summary Interest in word associations derives rather directly from a long history of interest in the higher mental processes of man. The relation to the psychology of British Associationism is obvious, but the main impetus for the study of the associative characteristics of words came from a clinical psychologist who attempted to use the word association test as a tool for the diagnosis and understanding of the areas of sensitivity related to the symptoms of his patients. Interest in the clinical significance of the content and reaction time of words given in response to a word association test preceded, by a considerable amount of time, the determination of the characteristics of responses obtained from a normal population. In 1910, however, Kent and Rosanoff reported the associative responses of 1,000 persons, primarily adults, to a list of 100 words. The normative data thus obtained provided a basis of comparison for use by clinicians and helped begin a long series of studies with that particular list of words, which have been useful in the clinical settings and, more recently, have proved valuable in other areas as well.
The Detection of Singlet Oxygen in Biochemical Systems Using 1268 nm Chemiluminescence

The production of singlet oxygen has been proposed to contribute to the deleterious effects of a number of biochemical processes including lipid peroxidation, the generation of superoxide anion and the neutrophil respiratory burst.1–3 While a variety of methods have been developed to detect singlet oxygen in biochemical systems, the measurement of singlet oxygen emission at 1268 nm has proved to be particularly useful.4,5 This paper will discuss theoretical and practical factors of relevance to the technique and then review data obtained using this method from a number of biochemical systems.
Cardiovascular Consequences of Preterm Birth in the First Year of Life

The definition of a premature infant includes any infant born less than 37 completed weeks of gestation (Beck et al., 2009). This can be further divided into extremely, early and late preterm birth with those infants being born before 26 weeks of gestation being regarded as extremely preterm, between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation regarded as early preterm and those born between 34 and 37 weeks regarded as late preterm (Thilo and Rosenberg, 2010). Due to their reduced gestation, preterm infants are often born with a low birth weight (LBW) defined as a birth weight of less than 2500g, preterm infants are frequently also categorised as very low birth weight (VLBW), defined as less than 1500g and extremely low birth weight (ELBW), defined as less than 1000g (WHO, 2007). The worldwide rate of preterm birth is estimated to be 9.6% of all births, a total of almost 13 million births annually (Beck et al., 2009). Rates of premature birth vary between countries, but are around 10.6% in the USA, 6.2% in Europe and 6.4% in Australia (Beck et al., 2009). Despite a slight decrease in the last 4 years, the number of preterm births has been steadily increasing with a rise of greater than 30% over the past 30 years (Thilo and Rosenberg, 2010). This is due to a combination of factors including changing obstetric practices with a shift towards earlier delivery via either induction of labour or caesarean section and an increase in the number of multiple births (Thilo and Rosenberg, 2010). With improvements in neonatal intensive care techniques, the percentage of infants surviving premature birth has increased dramatically over the last two decades however, premature birth still has a significant impact on infant health and is associated with numerous neonatal problems both in the short and long term (Saigal et al., 2008). This review will focus on the problems associated with the cardiovascular system and its control during the first year of life.
Somatosensory mechanisms in zebrafish lacking dorsal root ganglia

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons transmit all somatosensory information from the trunk region of the body. erbb3 mutant zebrafish do not form DRG neurons because the neural crest cells that generate them migrate aberrantly. Here we report that homozygous erbb3 mutants appear to swim and feed normally, and that they survive through adulthood, despite never forming DRG neurons. The source of sensory compensation in adult erbb3 mutants remains unknown, although it may be from lateral line ganglion neuromasts which are reduced, but present, in erbb3 mutants. We also provide new information about the development of DRG neurons in wild-type juvenile zebrafish.
Comparing conformal, arc radiotherapy and helical tomotherapy in craniospinal irradiation planning

Currently, radiotherapy treatment plan acceptance is based primarily on dosimetric performance measures. However, use of radiobiological analysis to assess benefit in terms of tumor control and harm in terms of injury to normal tissues can be advantageous. For pediatric craniospinal axis irradiation (CSI) patients, in particular, knowing the technique that will optimize the probabilities of benefit versus injury can lead to better long-term outcomes. Twenty-four CSI pediatric patients (median age 10) were retrospectively planned with three techniques: three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and helical tomotherapy (HT). VMAT plans consisted of one superior and one inferior full arc, and tomotherapy plans were created using a 5.02cm field width and helical pitch of 0.287. Each plan was normalized to 95% of target volume (whole brain and spinal cord) receiving prescription dose 23.4Gy in 13 fractions. Using an in-house MATLAB code and DVH data from each plan, the three techniques were evaluated based on biologically effective uniform dose (D=), the complication-free tumor control probability (P+), and the width of the therapeutically beneficial range. Overall, 3D CRT and VMAT plans had similar values of D= (24.1 and 24.2 Gy), while HT had a D= slightly lower (23.6 Gy). The average values of the P+ index were 64.6, 67.4, and 56.6% for 3D CRT, VMAT, and HT plans, respectively, with the VMAT plans having a statistically significant increase in P+. Optimal values of D= were 28.4, 33.0, and 31.9 Gy for 3D CRT, VMAT, and HT plans, respectively. Although P+ values that correspond to the initial dose prescription were lower for HT, after optimizing the D= prescription level, the optimal P+ became 94.1, 99.5, and 99.6% for 3D CRT, VMAT, and HT, respectively, with the VMAT and HT plans having statistically significant increases in P+. If the optimal dose level is prescribed using a radiobiological evaluation method, as opposed to a purely dosimetric one, the two IMRT techniques, VMAT and HT, will yield largest overall benefit to CSI patients by maximizing tumor control and limiting normal tissue injury. Using VMAT or HT may provide these pediatric patients with better long-term outcomes after radiotherapy.
Interactive Game Development with a Projector-Camera System

This paper reports our experience on interactive game development with a projector-camera system in a special topic course. We describe the course objective, learning outcomes, and how we offered it in our curriculum. Ideas of the rationale and expansion of this course is also presented. A camera-projector system requires a digital camera, a projector, and a computer. The projector and camera could be installed in various locations depending on the application. Our system used a rear-installed (behind the player) projector and camera, with players standing in between the projector-camera pair and the projected surface --- a screen or a wall. We discuss in this paper a simple testing game engine using OpenCV and DirectX, with a few example games developed by the student teams.
Anatomy of the prostate gland and surgical pathology of prostate cancer

Introduction Urologists and pathologists have focused more and more on the anatomic structures of the human prostate gland and their relationship to prostate carcinoma development and prognosis since the resurgence of radical prostatectomy in the late 1980s. The accessibility of whole-mount slide preparation in the study of the prostate has greatly simplified this analysis. This chapter concentrates on the anatomy of the prostate gland and analyzes how anatomic structures relate to the origin, development, and evolution of prostate carcinoma. The concept of zonal anatomy and its role in prostate carcinoma will also be described. Anatomy and histology of the normal prostate gland Embryology and development of the prostate gland During the third month of gestation, the prostate gland develops from epithelial invaginations from the posterior urogenital sinus under the influence of the underlying mesenchyme [1]. The normal formation of the prostate gland requires the presence of 5α-dihydrotestosterone, which is synthesized from fetal testosterone by the action of 5α-reductase [2]. This enzyme is localized in the urogenital sinus and external genitalia of humans [3]. Consequently, deficiencies of 5α-reductase will cause a rudimentary or undetectable prostate in addition to severe abnormalities of the external genitalia, although the epididymides, vasa deferentia, and seminal vesicles remain normal [4]. During the prepubertal period, the constitution of the human prostate remains more or less identical but begins to undergo morphologic changes into the adult phenotype with the beginning of puberty.
Human Subjects Research, Ethics, Informed Consent in Research

Introduction History of Human Subjects Protections Elements of Informed Consent Disclosure Understanding Competence Voluntariness Challenges to Informed Consent: Special Populations Children Other Persons With Limited Decision-Making Capacity Persons With Serious Illnesses Genetics Research Informed Consent Keywords: human subjects research; ethics
Genesis of severe placental abruption

Abstract Identification of preventable or correctable factors important in the genesis of placental abruption was attempted in 201 cases each so severe as to kill the fetus. Trauma, short umbilical cord, uterine anomaly or tumor, occlusion of the inferior vena cava, or maternal folate deficiency seldom, if ever, could be implicated. Hypertension was identified in 45 per cent and the frequency of severe placental abruption increased with parity. Preterm delivery specifically because of previous severe placental abruption might have salvaged some fetuses but quite likely would have induced a degree of fetal morbidity and mortality from prematurity which offset any advantage from deliberate premature delivery. Therefore, excepting women of low parity, sterilization at or after delivery often has merit.
Quantum wave packet and quasiclassical trajectory studies of OH+CO: influence of the reactant channel well on thermal rate constants.

We study the OH+CO→H+CO2 reaction with both six-dimensional quantum wave packets (QM) and quasiclassical trajectories (QCT), determining reaction probabilities and thermal rate constants (or coefficients), and studying the influence of the reactant channel hydrogen-bonded complex well on the reaction dynamics. The calculations use the recently developed Lakin–Troya–Schatz–Harding (LTSH) ground electronic state potential energy surface, along with a modified surface developed for this study (mod-LTSH), in which the reactant channel well is removed. Our results show that there can be significant differences between the QM and QCT descriptions of the reaction for ground-state reactants and for energies important to the thermal rate constants. Zero-point energy violation plays an important role in the QCT results, and as a result, the QCT reaction probability (for ground-state reactants and zero impact parameter) is much higher than its QM counterpart at moderate to low reagent translational energies. The inf...
An example of cavity resonance in a ground-based structure

This paper describes the occurrence of shear-layer-induced cavity oscillations in a 1:100-scale, wind tunnel model of a ground-based, 51-m-diameter optical telescope enclosure. The enclosure is 3/4 spherical in shape, where the lower one-quarter of the sphere is removed to provide a flat base. The enclosure opening through which the telescope looks is 24m in diameter. Four shear-layer modes were observed to excite pressure pulsations in the enclosure at Strouhal numbers having multiples of 0.5 over a range of Reynolds numbers of 2.8 x 10 5 ≤ Re ≤1.40 x 10 6 .
The identification and characterization of a cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase on rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes.

Abstract A cAMP dependent protein kinase which appears to be intimately associated with rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes has been partially purified and characterized. The enzyme readily phosphorylates salt-washed reticulocyte ribosomes and this activity is stimulated by cAMP. Although the enzyme appears to possess broad specificity and phosphorylates various substrates, it demonstrates its greatest dependency for cAMP when ribosomes are utilized as substrate. A comparison of the DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the enzyme with the elution patterns of protein synthesis initiation factors shows the kinase to be distinct from any of these factors.
The Role of Soy Foods in the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms

The findings of the Women's Health Initiative resulted in a sharp decline in the use of estrogen therapy. Increasingly, menopausal women have been interested in soy foods as an alternative to estrogen therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. This article provides an overview of the limited number of studies that assess the effectiveness of soy foods to alleviate vasomotor and urogenital symptoms. The evidence of the efficacy of soy foods in improving menopausal symptoms is limited due to the small number of trials reporting conflicting results.
Hovering Hinge-Connected Flapping Plate with Passive Deflection

Ax, A = amplitude of stroke amplitude in x direction, m, and orientation angle, deg CL, CL = lift coefficient and its average over flapping cycles CD, CD = drag coefficient and its average over flapping cycles CPW, CPW = input power coefficient and its average over flapping cycles c, h = chord and thickness of the plate, m; c is chosen as characteristic length Re = Uc v , Reynolds number, v is kinematic viscosity of fluid St = fc U , Strouhal number U = characteristic speed, m=s, based on maximum leading-edge speed , _ ,  = deflection angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of hinged plate s, f = density of body and fluid, respectively, kg=m 3
An efficient synthesis of the C1–C14 subunit of (−)-lasonolide A via a target oriented β-C-glycoside formation sequence

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the C 1 –C 14 subunit resident in (−)-lasonolide A is reported herein. The key reaction features that were utilized include a Molander–Reformatsky SmI 2 mediated intramolecular aldol reaction followed by a diastereoselective target oriented β- C -glycoside formation sequence. Lastly, a chemo- and diastereoselective cross-metathesis of a terminal olefin in the presence of a trisubstituted alkene with acrolein and subsequent olefination of the aldehyde moiety allowed for the completion of the ( E , E )-diene side chain.
William Macewen and the treatment of brain abscesses: revisited after one hundred years

The year 1993 marked the centennial of the publication of Sir William Macewen's monograph, Pyogenic Infective Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord, and its accompanying volume, Atlas of Head Sections. As Harvey Cushing noted, the text on pyogenic diseases of the brain was a landmark in surgery of the nervous system. At the time of its publication, Macewen's work was the most comprehensive study of pyogenic brain diseases. In this paper the author reviews the state of knowledge of brain abscess existing in the 19th and 20th centuries, with particular emphasis on the late 19th century, and elucidates factors contributing to Macewen's remarkable success. His thorough knowledge of the natural history of pyogenic diseases of the temporal bone and nasal sinuses, in addition to his clear description of cranial anatomy, as illustrated in his Atlas of Head Sections, were especially important in developing his successful treatment of brain abscess. The x-ray had not yet been discovered; Macewen's diagnosis was based on clinical findings superbly illustrated by his three clinical stages of brain abscess development. His clinical observations are as relevant today as when he described them 100 years ago. Macewen recorded 25 cases of brain abscess. Nineteen of these patients came to his attention in time to undergo surgery, resulting in 18 recoveries. All five of his patients with extradural abscess recovered. These results were achieved in the era known as "the most glorious period in British surgery." Neurosurgery was in its infancy; nevertheless, even as the 20th century closes, Macewen's results still have not been surpassed.
A Compositional Model for Low-Dimensional Image Set Representation

Learning a low-dimensional representation of images is useful for various applications in graphics and computer vision. Existing solutions either require manually specified landmarks for corresponding points in the images, or are restricted to specific objects or shape deformations. This paper alleviates these limitations by imposing a specific model for generating images, the nested composition of color, shape, and appearance. We show that each component can be approximated by a low-dimensional subspace when the others are factored out. Our formulation allows for efficient learning and experiments show encouraging results.
Anin vitro procedure to eradicate potato viruses X, Y, and S from Russet Norkotah and two of its strains

A tissue culture method was developed for the eradication of three important potato viruses, PVX, PVY, and PVS, from the Russet Norkotah variety and two of its strains (TXNS 112 and TXNS 278). The method combined the use of liquid medium, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy. Initially, virus-free plants were inoculated with PVX, PVY, and PVS and, after 10 d, tested quantitatively for virus titer by ELISA to determine the initial virus concentration. The apical tip and the roots were removed from the inoculated plants, and only stem sections from inoculated plants were cultured in liquid medium containing MS inorganic salts, vitamins, and ribavirin (40 µM or 80 µM). After 5 d, half of the plants were subjected to thermotherapy and half were kept at room temperature. At 6 wk, the uppermost node (5–7 mm) was removed and recultured, and plants were tested then and again after 6 wk using ELISA to identify the virus-free plants.
Lymph node‐induced immune tolerance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a role for caveolin‐1

Emerging evidence indicates that the tumour microenvironment (TME) regulates the behaviour of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). However, the precise mechanism and molecules involved in this process remain unknown. Gene expression profiles of CLL cells from lymph node (LN), bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) indicate overexpression of a tolerogenic signature in CLL cells in lymph nodes (LN-CLL). Based on their role in B cell biology, the progression of CLL, or immune regulation, a few genes of this 83-gene signature were selected for further analyses. We observed a significant correlation between the clinical outcomes and the expression of CAV1 (P = 0·041), FGFR1 isoform 8 (P = 0·032), PTPN6 (P = 0·031) and ZWINT (P < 0·001). CAV1, a molecule involved in the regulation of tumour progression in other cancers, was seven-fold higher in LN-CLL cells compared to BM- and PB-CLL cells. Knockdown of CAV1 expression in CLL cells resulted in significantly decreased migration (P = 0·016) and proliferation (P = 0·04). When CAV1 was knocked down in B and T cell lines, we observed an inability to form immune synapses. Furthermore, CAV1 knockdown in CLL cells impaired their ability to form immune synapses with autologous T lymphocytes and allogeneic, healthy T cells. Subsequent analyses of microarray data showed differential expression of cytoskeletal genes, specifically those involved in actin polymerization. Therefore, we report a novel role for CAV1 in tumour-induced immunosuppression during the progression of CLL.
Reduction in myocardial neutrophil accumulation and infarct size following administration of thromboxane inhibitor U-63,557A.

Abstract We examined the effects of a new selective thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) synthetase inhibitor, U-63,557A, on myocardial infarct size 48 hours following left coronary ligation in rats. With a single 8 mg/kg dose of U-63,557A (furegrelate) administered prior to coronary ligation, platelet aggregation and serum TXA 2 formation declined significantly ( p p p p 2 synthetase inhibitor prior to coronary ligation modulates platelet function for up to 48 hours and reduces the extent of myocardial injury, which may, in part, relate to decrease in neutrophil accumulation.
Electronic Components for Space Instrumentation

The advent of the space age has placed unique requirements on the design and application of electronic components. Not only has a rigorous environment been imposed on components, but the system demands have often exceeded the state of the art of component development. From all indications these system demands will greatly increase over the next few years. This paper briefly describes some of the Research and Development programs which have been accomplished at USA-SRDL in meeting the space age system and environmental requirements. Based on future system requirements, some programs now in existence, as well as some which are planned, are discussed, and some general conclusions are presented on the work that must be done if the proper electronic components are to be available when needed.
Equality of Intervals on the Lewis-Sherman Scale of Stuttering Severity

Interval widths between adjacent speech segments on the Lewis-Sherman scale of stuttering severity were estimated by means of a scaling procedure. Analyses of the data indicated that the lower thre...
Remarks on the algebra for higher nonlocal charges

The recursive construction scheme for generating higher-order nonlocal charges in two-dimensional theories is examined with regard to whether these charges form a simple algebra. The chiral Gross-Neveu model is studied as an example. The implication of an algebra in the quantum theory is discussed.
Efficient robust policy optimization

We provide efficient algorithms to calculate first and second order gradients of the cost of a control law with respect to its parameters, to speed up policy optimization. We achieve robustness by simultaneously designing one control law for multiple models with potentially different model structures, which represent model uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. Providing explicit examples of possible unmodeled dynamics during the control design process is easier for the designer and is more effective than providing simulated perturbations to increase robustness, as is currently done in machine learning. Our approach supports the design of deterministic nonlinear and time varying controllers for both deterministic and stochastic nonlinear and time varying systems, including policies with internal state such as observers or other state estimators. We highlight the benefit of control laws made up of collections of simple policies where only one component policy is active at a time. Controller optimization and learning is particularly fast and effective in this situation because derivatives are decoupled.
Accelerating time-varying hardware volume rendering using TSP trees and color-based error metrics

This paper describes a new hardware volume rendering algorithm for time-varying data. The algorithm uses the Time-Space Partitioning (TSP) tree data structure to identify regions within the data that have spatial or temporal coherence. By using this coherence, the rendering algorithm can improve performance when the volume data are larger than the texture memory capacity by decreasing the amount of textures required. This coherence can also allow improved speed by appropriately rendering flat-shaded polygons instead of textured polygons, and by not rendering transparent regions. To reduce the polygonization overhead caused by the use of the hierarchical data structure, we use a fast incremental polygon slicing algorithm. The paper also introduces new color-based error metrics, which more accurately identify coherent regions compared to the earlier scalar-based metrics. By showing experimental results from runs using different data sets and error metrics, we demonstrate that the new methods give substantial improvements in volume rendering performance.
Chloroplast Integrity and ATP-Dependent CO2 Fixation in Spinacia oleracea

Washed whole chloroplasts of Spinacia oleracea isolated and assayed in a tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane)-HCl buffered sucrose solution exhibited low dark CO2 fixing activity, whereas washed whole chloroplasts isolated in the same buffer but assayed in that buffer without sucrose exhibited much greater dark CO2 fixing activity. The lowered activity could be attributed to the impermeability of the chloroplast membrane to ribose-5-phosphate or adenosine triphosphate. The preservation of the integrity of the chloroplast membrane, as reflected by its impermeability to either or both of the abovementioned compounds, was measured by the fixation of 14CO2 into acid-stable products in the presence of ribose-5-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate by the whole chloroplast as compared with fixation by the chloroplast extract. An effect (i.e., apparent resistance to the passage of ribose-5-phosphate or adenosine-5-triphosphate into the chloroplast) similar to, but less pronounced than, that produced by the presence of sucrose in the isolation medium was observed upon the addition of MnCl2 or CaCl2 to the buffered sucrose isolation medium. The addition of KCl enhanced slightly the effect produced by addition of sucrose alone to the isolation medium. The presence of MgCl2 in the isolation medium, however, either caused the chloroplasts to become leaky or more fragile since more of the activity of the carboxylative phase enzymes appeared in the cytoplasm. When a mixture of all of the metal ions was added to the buffered sucrose suspending medium, the chloroplasts exhibited the same response observed with MgCl2 alone. The addition of ethylene diaminetetraacetate or dithiothreitol appeared to alter the permeability of the chloroplast membrane nonspecifically when the assay was conducted in the absence of sucrose. Specific activities (μmoles CO2 fixed/mg chlorophyll × hr) as high as 329.6 have been observed for dark fixation by chloroplasts. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in the chloroplasts was only one-seventh that of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in the cytoplasm was 5 times that of the chloroplasts.
Cor Triatriatum: A Reversible Cause of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Cor triatriatum sinister is a congenital heart disorder that can lead to progressive dyspnea, pulmonary hypertension, and ultimately right ventricular (RV) failure. We report a case in which symptoms of progressive pulmonary hypertension were initially attributed to asthma, leading to a delayed diagnosis that resulted in suprasystemic pulmonary pressures and RV dysfunction. Rapid symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement was observed after surgical repair, with normalization of pulmonary artery pressures and RV function.
Adaptive optics two photon microscopy with direct wavefront sensing using autofluorescent guide-stars

A fast direct wavefront sensing method for dynamic in-vivo adaptive optical two photon microscopy has demonstrated. By using the direct wavefront sensing and open loop control, the system provides high-speed wavefront measurement and correction. To measure the wavefront in the middle of a Drosophila embryo at early stages, autofluorescence from endogenous fluorophores in the yolk were used as reference guide-stars. This method does not rely on fluorescently labeled proteins as guide-stars, which can simplify the sample preparation for wavefront measurement. The method was tested through live imaging of a Drosophila embryo. The aberration in the middle of the embryo was measured directly for the first time. After correction, both contrast and signal intensity of the structure in the middle of the embryo was improved.
Generation of 48-fs pulses and measurement of crystal dispersion by using a regeneratively initiated self-mode-locked chromium-doped forsterite laser.

A regeneratively initiated self-mode-locked chromium-doped forsterite laser operated at 3.5 °C is described. By employing intracavity negative-group-velocity dispersion compensation, nearly transform-limited femtosecond pulses of 48-fs (FWHM) duration were generated with average TEM00 output powers of 380 mW at 1.23 μm. Regenerative initiation provides improvement in the output stability and ease of operation compared with fixed-frequency acousto-optic modulators. By tuning the mode-locked laser in the range 1.21–1.26 μm, estimated values for forsterite dispersion constants have also been obtained for the first time to our knowledge. The demonstrated power and stability open the door to applications such as efficient second-harmonic generation.
Inverse Thermal Analysis of 304L Stainless Steel Laser Welds

An inverse thermal analysis of 304L stainless steel laser welds is presented. This analysis employs a methodology that is in terms of analytical basis functions. The results of this analysis provide parametric representations of weld temperature histories that can be adopted as input data to various types of computational procedures, such as those for prediction of solid-state phase transformations. In addition, these temperature histories can be used to construct parametric-function representations for inverse thermal analysis of welds corresponding to other process parameters or welding processes whose process conditions are within similar regimes. Specific aspects of the inverse-analysis methodology employed that relevant to its understanding and further development are examined.
A double pulse method for glow discharge enhancement

The already established technique of pulsed glow discharge spectroscopy is extended in these studies to the application of a second pulse applied at a variable delay after a first pulse. The net discharge then consists of a series of double pulses in which each second pulse in the series enhances the emission intensity of the analyte atoms produced by the first pulse. A copper hollow cathode is used to show high emission enhancement for atom and ion lines of the sputtered species and the neon discharge gas species. The technique shows promise for further study by both atomic emission and mass spectrometry.
Divine Enterprise: Hindu Priests and Ritual Change in Neighbourhood Hindu Temples in Bangalore

Abstract This paper examines the changing nature of Hindu ritual performed in neighbourhood temples in the Malleswaram ‘locality’ of Bangalore city against a background of sweeping socio-economic change driven by globalisation. The investigation points to several ‘accretions of change’ in the embedded and experiential world of popular urban Hinduism. I argue that in the changing, competitive and multi-sectarian field of urban sacred landscapes in India, Hindu Brahmin priests act as ‘religious entrepreneurs’ and agents of change to create ‘dynamic’ adapted rituals that enable innovative approaches in order to expand their devotee base. The restructured and revitalised rituals lead to the invention of a ‘new cultural grammar’ that allows a reinterpretation and contextualisation of the language of traditional Hindu ritual to suit the needs of ‘modern’ devotees. The paper focuses on the nature, performance and experience of ‘dynamic’ ritual in an era of ‘mass customisation’, including three exemplar ‘strategi...
Rotation of magnetocrystalline easy axis in Ca2Fe2O5

Abstract An anomalous enhancement of the magnetic susceptibility of Ca2Fe2O5 taken in low magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the b axis has been reported to occur in the interval 60 K ⩽ T ⩽ 140 K , but with few experimental details and no explanation of the phenomenon. Reexamination of the magnetic susceptibility taken with H = 10 Oe on a high-quality single crystal has corroborated the phenomenon in an interval 40 K ⩽ T ⩽ 140 K . A weak ferromagnetic component in the a–c plane is induced by a Dzialoshinskii vector D i j parallel to the b-axis. At temperatures T > 140 K , there is no irreversible displacement of domain walls in a field of H = 10 Oe . A step found in χ m ( H ∥ b ) at T 2 = 40 K signals the easy magnetization in the a–c plane is along the a-axis below T 2 ; spins along the a-axis are canted along the b-axis by the local anisotropies of the cooperatively rotated iron sites. Above T 1 = 140 K , the easy axis is the c-axis about which the Fe sites are rotated. In the interval T 2 ⩽ T ⩽ T 1 , the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the a–c plane becomes small, presumably as a result of a subtle structural change, which allows a field of only 10 Oe to rotate significantly the weak ferromagnetic component in the a–c plane toward the direction of an applied field of 10 Oe. In the higher magnetic fields used in most earlier measurements, displacements of domain walls induces a divergence of the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled curves at all temperatures T T N , which obscures the effect of a small magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the a–c plane in the interval T 1 ⩽ T ⩽ T 2 .
Internet gaming in the era of IPv6

We have not seen an Internet‐based game that can be identified with the arrival of Internet gaming for the masses. Due to the foundational structure of the Internet, there probably will not be one anytime soon. The problem is that the underlying Internet protocol, IPv4, has not had a major update since its introduction in the early 1970s. Fortunately, in the mid‐1990s the standards‐based Internet Engineering Task Force began addressing IPv4’s deficiencies. The result of these efforts is a new version of IPv4 called IPv6. IPv6’s entry will present the Internet gaming community with many opportunities as well as challenges. One of biggest challenges is that the rollout of IPv6 will take years for completion necessitating its coexistence with IPv4 in a number of forms. This paper focuses on issues associated with this coexistence, transition mechanisms that will be used, and what the gaming community can do today to be better positioned as IPv6 becomes the mainstream Internet protocol.
Retroviruses and xenotransplantation: determining the risks

Abstract Identification of a full length cDNA for an endogenous retrovirus of miniature swine Akiyoshi, D.E. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72, 4503–4507 Type C retrovirus released from porcine primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells infects human cells Wilson, A.C. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72, 3082–3087
The effect of actinomycin D on the in vitro adrenal secretory rhythm of the hamster.

Abstract 1. 1. Preincubation with actinomycin is a requisite for blocking the acute steroidogenic action of ACTH; decreased uracil and glycine incorporation rates are associated with combined actinomycin-ACTH treatment. 2. 2. The effectiveness of actinomycin inhibihition of steroidogenesis if dependent upon the time of day during which the drug is applied, and the degree of inhibition is modulated by ACTH. 3. 3. Pulse treatments of actinomycin applied in serial incubation of isolated adrenal glands block both acute (increased steroidogenesis) and chronic (phase-shifting) effects. 4. 4. Combined actinomycin and ACTH pulse doses applied during presumptive peak of in vitor steroidogenesis produce arhythmic responses, while out-of-phase treatments are followed by resumption of the secretory rhythm (in-phase) on the subsequent day.
Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction.

As part of a longitudinal study of a southern California retirement community begun in June 1981, 8841 women 44 to 101 years old completed a health survey questionnaire. As of January 1, 1987, 1019 deaths had occurred among these women, who had contributed 40,919 years of follow-up. Women who had used estrogen replacement therapy had a relative risk of death due to all causes of 0.80 compared with women who had never used estrogens ( p = 0.0005). Much of this reduced mortality rate was due to a marked reduction in the death rate of acute myocardial infarction among users of estrogen (55 deaths) compared with nonusers (94 deaths; relative risk=.0.59, p = 0.002). This lower acute myocardial infarction death rate was maintained even in the presence of other known risk factors for coronary artery disease. There was no substantial effect of dose or duration of estrogen use on risk, but the relatively small number of deaths limited our ability to estimate these effects accurately. Current users (those who were using estrogen at the time of the initial questionnaire) had a relative risk of 0.47 and past users had a risk of 0.62 compared with women who had never used estrogen ( p = 0.003 for trend). A reduced hospitalization rate for acute myocardial infarction was similarly observed for estrogen users compared with nonusers (relative risk=0.72, p = 0.03).
Astrophysics MIDEX missions in the US

Abstract NASA's MIDEX program provides frequent flight opportunities for scientific investigations from space for missions of cost up to $140M (FY1998), including launch, spacecraft, instruments, ground systems, operations and data analysis. The launch rate is approximately one per year, with selection of two missions occurring every two years. The program covers all areas of space science, excluding interplanetary probes. Mission selections to date include MAP (microwave background), IMAGE (magnetospheric imager), Swift (gamma-ray bursts) and FAME (astrometric survey).
Bone Density and the Risk of Fractures Should Treatment Thresholds Vary by Race

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Dynamic shape control of conformal antennas

The present paper is concerned with dynamic shape control of conformal antennas on vehicles that may undergo deformations large enough to interfere with antenna performance. If the antenna is conformal to a vehicle or structure is will deform with the vehicle/structure. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology and simulation technique to control the shape and contour of the antena and to keep it as close to the non-defomed state as possible. Dynamic shape contorl of such surfaces and structures is important to preserve integrity of the electromagnetic performance of the antenna. An exact elimination of the deformation of the whole structure therefore is not required. Our goal is to design the actuator with the purpose of controlling the dynamic deformation of the structure only in the region of the conformal antenna. As an example we consider a plate type structure with the conformal antenna situated in an arbitrary region. Given an external disturbance to the plate, we seek a distributed piezoelectric actuation, which is capable of controlling the motion of the region of the conformal antenna. The goal can be to either eliminate displacements in the region or keep it constant over the region. Our solution of this problem is based on integral formulations for both, the motion imposed by the external distrubance and the motion imposed by the distributed piezoelectric actuation. Comparing the kernels of the integral formation results in a simple solution of the problem: if the distributed piezoelectric actuation conicides with the statically admissible stress due to the external disturbance, the antenna is kep as close to the non-defomed states as possible.
Gender differences in teacher-student interactions in science classrooms

Thirty physical science and 30 chemistry classes, which contained a total of 1332 students, were observed using the Brophy-Good Teacher-Child Dyadic Interaction System. Classroom interactions were examined for gender differences that may contribute to the underrepresentation of women in physics and engineering courses and subsequent careers. The Brophy-Good coding process allows for examination of patterns of interactions for individuals and groups of pupils. An analysis of variance of the data yielded a significant main effect for teacher praise, call outs, procedural questions, and behavioral warnings based on the sex of the student and a significant teacher-sex main effect for direct questions. Significant two-way interactions were found for the behavioral warning variable for teacher sex and subject by student sex. Female teachers warned male students significantly more than female students. Male teachers warned both genders with similar frequency. Male students also received significantly more behavioral warnings in physical science classes than female students. In chemistry classes, both male and female students received approximately the same number of behavioral warnings.
Tryptase Activation of Immortalized Human Urothelial Cell Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

The pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is multifactorial, but likely involves urothelial cell dysfunction and mast cell accumulation in the bladder wall. Activated mast cells in the bladder wall release several inflammatory mediators, including histamine and tryptase. We determined whether mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated in response to tryptase stimulation of urothelial cells derived from human normal and IC/PBS bladders. Tryptase stimulation of normal urothelial cells resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). A 5.5-fold increase in ERK 1/2 activity was observed in urothelial cells isolated from IC/PBS bladders. No significant change in p38 MAP kinase was observed in tryptase-stimulated normal urothelial cells but a 2.5-fold increase was observed in cells isolated from IC/PBS bladders. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 with PD98059 or inhibition of p38 MAP kinase with SB203580 did not block tryptase-stimulated iPLA2 activation. Incubation with the membrane phospholipid-derived PLA2 hydrolysis product lysoplasmenylcholine increased ERK 1/2 activity, suggesting the iPLA2 activation is upstream of ERK 1/2. Real time measurements of impedance to evaluate wound healing of cell cultures indicated increased healing rates in normal and IC/PBS urothelial cells in the presence of tryptase, with inhibition of ERK 1/2 significantly decreasing the wound healing rate of IC/PBS urothelium. We conclude that activation of ERK 1/2 in response to tryptase stimulation may facilitate wound healing or cell motility in areas of inflammation in the bladder associated with IC/PBS.