cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between structural brain lesions and emotional and cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis: an MRI study

Forty-two patients in the acute phase of multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with MRI and a battery of neuropsychological tests to determine the correlation beween the quantity and distribution of MS plaques in the brain and the emotional and cognitive profile. A semiautomated quantitative system was utilized to measure MRI variables such as focal distribution of the lesions in specific regions of the white matter, total lesion area, size of the corpus callosum, and ventricular brain ratio. Our findings indicate good correlation between cognitive dysfunction and altered emotional status with the total lesion area. The greatest correlation was found with lesions in the parietal and occipital areas. This suggests that white matter damage in this region may result in dementia and affective changes such as euphoria and depression.
Background-subtraction using contour-based fusion of thermal and visible imagery

We present a new background-subtraction technique fusing contours from thermal and visible imagery for persistent object detection in urban settings. Statistical background-subtraction in the thermal domain is used to identify the initial regions-of-interest. Color and intensity information are used within these areas to obtain the corresponding regions-of-interest in the visible domain. Within each region, input and background gradient information are combined to form a Contour Saliency Map. The binary contour fragments, obtained from corresponding Contour Saliency Maps, are then fused into a single image. An A^* path-constrained search along watershed boundaries of the regions-of-interest is used to complete and close any broken segments in the fused contour image. Lastly, the contour image is flood-filled to produce silhouettes. Results of our approach are evaluated quantitatively and compared with other low- and high-level fusion techniques using manually segmented data.
Sensation seeking and reactions to nature paintings

Abstract Two studies were done comparing the preferences of high and low sensation seekers for nature paintings representing different styles. The paintings had been previously rated for qualities of complexity and tension. Factor analyses established five stylistic categories among the paintings. In both studies high sensation seekers had a relatively greater liking for high tension paintings whereas the lows had a relatively greater liking for low tension paintings. In both studies high sensation seekers had a relatively greater liking for expressionist style paintings, and in the second study the lows had a greater preference for the realistic, low tension pastoral scenes than the high sensation seekers. Men liked complex, high tension, realistic paintings more than women did. Complexity did not interact with personality, but was subordinate to other qualities of the paintings. High sensation seekers like tension evoking paintings and are more tolerant of ambiguity in style than low sensation seekers.
A global pattern for influenza activity

Abstract In two papers at this conference, we showed influenza to be the cause of ∼70% of seasonal variation in human mortality. Seasonal mortality, therefore, is a surrogate for the force of influenza infection. We asked whether there might be a geographical pattern. Methods : Monthly all-cause mortality data were collected for 37 countries for 1962–1965, 1968–1971 and 1978–1981. Deaths above baseline of summer (DABS) were determined for three winters in each period, and the ratio to the summer baseline (SB) was calculated. The average of this ratio for each period was plotted against geographical factors. Spline fits were made of each plot. Results : Plots of average DABS/SB ratio versus latitude reveal an asymmetric bell shape. The outliers are instructive. Plots of DABS/SB against midwinter temperature are bell-shaped, also with instructive outliers. The height of both “bells” diminishes from 1960s to 1980s. Mortality curves of outlier countries, in the plot against temperature, exhibit a broadened winter peak. The peak of the curve lies between 5 and 9 °C and at 38–44° degrees latitude. Conclusions : A surrogate for force of influenza infection, seasonal mortality, varies smoothly with latitude and mid-winter temperature. The large variation argues that influenza control programs should be tailored locally.
Membrane fusion as a determinant of the infectibility of cells by vesicular stomatitis virus.

When rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) and BHK21 cells were treated with VSV at the same m.o.i., 8- to 10-fold fewer REF were infected than BHK21 cells; REF also showed a similar decrease in the production of progeny virions per cell. When other aspects of the infectious cycle were studied in the two cells, it was found that the time course of virus production was similar in BHK21 cells and REF, virus grown in REF showed the same infectivity in both cell types as virus grown in BHK21 cells, and all REF in a culture could eventually be infected. There was virtually no difference in the binding of VSV to the cells, and REF actually internalized virus at a slightly greater rate than BHK21 cells. Direct fusion of VSV with the plasma membrane of the two cell types resulted in infection of the cells, but did not abolish the difference in infectibility. When this fusion was quantitated using 125I-VSV, BHK21 cells fused 6-fold more virus than REF, a difference that accounts for most of the difference in the infectibility of the two cell types. The results indicate that constituents of the host cell plasma membrane modulate the fusion of VSV.
Myristicin. The major volatile component in mature seed ofPortenschlagia ramosissima

Portenschlagia ramosissima (Port.) vis. (Umbelliferae) seed contains 15% essential oils, 70% of which is the aromatic ether myristicin. These structural assignments were made from nuclear magnetic resonance, combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and infrared and ultraviolet data. GC-MS data also indicate the presence of pinene, cymene, terpinene, elemicin, methyl eugenol, and a variety of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Engaging the audience: Rethinking hegemon and the web

Abstract This paper discusses the impact of the future web on the hegemonic state. As a continuation of the information revolution, web 2.0 and beyond will enable users to build a series of rhizomes that connect without the oversight of a hegemonic state. A rhizome is defined here as a community of users that connect with no central point of origination. With appropriate technology, rhizomes will provide connectivity amongst users that will enable them to trade products, knowledge and media without the need for a hegemonic state. This paper advances two futures scenarios that discuss two possible reactions by future hegemonic states to the technology enabled rhizome. One scenario is dystopian, with control of the rhizome and the user as the primary goal. The second scenario is more utopian, discussing future hegemonic adaptation and acceptance of the rhizome as an integral part of society and policy construction. Technology will not undermine the hegemon; instead the hegemon will be forced to adapt to its presence.
Presidential Perspectives of Crisis Preparedness at Christian Higher Education Institutions

Crises, whether human or natural, occur on all college campuses. Extensive research has been conducted on crisis preparedness at four-year, nondenominational institutions. This study examined crisis preparedness at Christian institutions of higher education. The study examined the perspectives of presidents of Christian institutions of higher education regarding their institution's ability to prepare for campus crises. Implications from the study provide recommendations for crisis preparedness that are specific to Christian higher education institutions.
Oral Telescoping Orthosis: An Aid to Functional Rehabilitation of Quadriplegic Patients

The possibility of periodontal disease, chipping of various teeth, or extrusion from use of a mouthstick is minimized with a mouthpiece that covers the complete dentition.
Acceleration factors for plastic encapsulated semiconductor devices and their relationship to field performance

Abstract The relationship between junction temperature and failure rate for hermetically sealed transistors and integrated circuits is well known and accepted. Those involved in the study of plastic semiconductor reliability are seeking a similar relationship. Many such relationships involving different stress parameters have been promulgated over the past three to five years. These relationships yield acceleration factors which differ greatly when one attempts their application from an accelerated stress condition to some operating use condition. This paper reviews the acceleration factors which have been put forth for plastic devices operating or tested with reverse bias applied. The acceleration factors are then tested against available data, accelerated, non-controlled and controlled field data. The results indicate, in some instances large differences between actual results and those predicted by the acceleration models. More data of this type is needed to test the models already promulgated as well as those which might be added in the future.
Effect of Overground Training Augmented by Mental Practice on Gait Velocity in Chronic, Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy of a regimen combining mental practice (MP) with overground training (OT) with the efficacy of a regimen consisting of OT only on gait velocity and lower extremity motor outcomes in individuals with chronic (>12mo postinjury), incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation laboratories. Participants Subjects with chronic, incomplete SCI (N=18). Interventions Subjects were randomly assigned to receive (1) OT only, occurring 3d/wk for 8 weeks; or (2) OT augmented by MP (MP + OT), during which randomly assigned subjects listened to an MP audio recording directly after OT sessions. Main Outcome Measures Subjects were administered a test of gait velocity as well as the Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, Spinal Cord Injury Independence Measure, and Satisfaction With Life Scale on 2 occasions before intervention, 1 week after intervention, and 12 weeks after intervention. Results A significant increase in gait velocity was exhibited across subjects at both 1 week posttherapy ( P =.005) and at 12 weeks posttherapy ( P =.006). However, no differences were seen in intervention response at either 1 or 12 weeks postintervention among subjects in the MP + OT group versus the OT-only group. Conclusions OT was associated with significant gains in gait velocity, and these gains were not augmented by further addition of MP.
Liquid phase epitaxial growth of InAs 1-x Sb x on GaSb

Reported here, for the first time, is the lattice matched growth of InAs1-xSbx on GaSb. The thermodynamic incompatibility of the system, i.e., the strong tendency for the In-As-Sb liquid to dissolve the GaSb substrate, was solved via a novel liquid phase epitaxial growth technique. Liquid compositions for lattice matching conditions have been determined in the 400-600°C range. Epitaxial growth has been examined for (100), (111)B and (111)A orientations. Dislocation etch pit densities for lattice matched, and near lattice matched conditions are shown to be less than 104-cm−2 and 105-cm−4, respectively. The composition of the epitaxial layers are determined by the Gandolfi X-ray diffraction technique and compositional homogeneity has been confirmed by SEM X-ray analysis. Some material related device properties which demonstrate the reproducibility of the growth technique are presented.
Functional genomics: The worm scores a knockout

Following the completion of the genome sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans, four independent studies have now assessed the functions of more than a third of the worm's genes by analysing the phenotypes caused when each of a large set of genes is inactivated by RNA interference.
Blood transfusions in the surgical patient: a gift of life, but at what cost?

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.0 * Corresponding author. Department of Surge 2M, New York, NY 10003. Tel.: 212 844 8570; E-mail address: mleitman@chpnet.org (I. 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.031 From the discovery of circulation by Dr. William Harvey in 1628, to the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion by Dr. James Blundell in 1818, to the creation of the American Red Cross in 1941, our understanding of blood transfusion has evolved. The so-called hazards of transfusions have been documented since World War II and include infectious complications, hemolytic-related reactions, and, in more recent times, transfusion-related lung injuries and transfusion-induced immunomodulation [1,2]. This immunologic consequence of blood transfusions is not a novel concept. During the 1970s, the immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusion were first recognized when Opelz and Teraski [3] reported improvement in kidney transplant graft survival with an increased number of blood transfusions. This landmark study was the first to highlight the pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of transfused blood. Despite these
UPDATE ON THERAPY OF PARASITIC RETINAL INFECTION

Parasitic infection of the retina has recently attracted more attention because of an increase in clinical cases occurring in AIDS patients. Recent developments in molecular microbiology have enabled more definitive diagnosis of these retinal parasites in many cases. In this article, a review of the most frequent parasitic infections involving the posterior segment is provided. A summary of retinal parasitic infections and associated systemic diseases is given in Table 1. The suggested therapy of choice is summarized as an outline in Table 2 for quick reference. This review includes a detailed discussion of the different therapeutic strategies and a recent update on medical and surgical methodology.
Software architecture: reflections on an evolving discipline

Software Architecture emerged in the 1990's as an important sub-field of software engineering. While good architectural design had long been recognized as critical to the success of any complex software system, before then the practice of architecting had relied largely on ad hoc, uncodified, and idiosyncratic techniques and knowledge. By the 2000's the field had matured to the point where there were widely-recognized taxonomies of architectural patterns, techniques for formally representing and analyzing architectures, methods for reviewing an architectural design, widespread adoption of architectural product lines and composition frameworks, and techniques for ensuring conformance between an architecture and an implementation of it. In this talk we reflect on the key enablers of a discipline of software architecture that led to these advances, the central ideas that form its core, and its enduring principles that continue to shape the field of software engineering. We consider both the important concepts on which it builds, as well as those that have built on top of it. Finally, we examine some of the important new trends and challenges that are likely to have an impact on how software architecture will evolve in the future.
Merkel cell carcinoma in situ

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a dermal small blue-cell tumor that occurs in the elderly on the sun damaged head and neck. Epidermal involvement is unusual and MCC limited to the epidermis is very rare. Case report: A slightly tender pink hyperkeratotic papule was noted on the dorsal right hand of a 76-year-old man with a history of multiple skin cancers. An intraepidermal proliferation of small blue cells distributed in nests and single units at all levels of the epidermis was found within a solar keratosis and adjacent to an area of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Cytokeratin 20 and neuron specific enolase highlighted these cells and failed to reveal dermal involvement. There was no residue on re-excision. Conclusion: We report the third case of MCC in situ. These lesions have only been reported in association with squamous neoplasms on the extremities.
Physical evidence for early transcription in intracellular bacteriophage P2 DNA.

Abstract Escherichia coli were infected with bacteriophage P2, and the phage DNA replication was blocked by a mutation in the phage A gene. The resulting intracellular DNA molecules contained displacement loops, which were shown to contain RNA. The positions of these R loops were mapped by electron microscope partial denaturation mapping, and 90% were found to be located in the same region on the DNA, spanning less than 15% of the P2 chromosome. Also, most of the R loops have a common left end located at 77 ± 1.4% on the P2 DNA map, which corresponds well with the position of the promoter for the P2 early genes as determined by the position of several P2 virulent deletion mutations. We conclude that the observed R loops on intracellular P2 DNA represent transcription from the promoter for the early operon in P2.
ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN MONKEYS

Observations on a captive group of patas monkeys were supplemented with field observations to analyse the process by which a gregarious animal keeps track of the position and activity of other group members and regulates the distance between them and itself. This process can take place without the exchange of specialised signals (displays) and is described as a mechanism of group organisation alternative to a mechanism based on the exchange of displays. Displays and formalised interaction patterns can provide additional, complementary information, especially about transient features of social organisation.
Stabilization of lithium metal anodes using silane-based coatings

Abstract For energy storage systems that use a charged cathode, the source of lithium is typically lithium metal. For several high energy systems under study, notably those that utilize elemental sulfur or oxygen (air) as the cathode, their very high capacity makes lithium metal anodes essential. In this study we evaluated the cycling performance of a series of silane-based coatings formed on a cleaned lithium metal surface before exposure to electrolyte. These substituted silane (R 3 Si-) based coatings are formed from the self-terminating reaction of the R 3 Si-Cl with lithium surface hydroxyl groups. The cycling performance of a trimethyl silyl coated surface and a triisopropyl silyl coated surface were compared to an uncoated sample and the results explained by a combination of surface coverage density and the ability of the coating to inhibit free solvent attack of the metal electrode surface.
An Examination of the Diurnal Cycle in Oceanic Tropical Rainfall Using Satellite and In Situ Data

Abstract Diurnal variations in tropical cold cloudiness are examined for the period 1986–90 for each 2.5° latitude–longitude area in the global Tropics. The fractional coverage of cold cloudiness, as determined from various IR brightness temperature thresholds, has been used as a proxy for tropical convective precipitation, as direct observations of rainfall are unavailable for much of the earth, especially over the oceans. Variations in fractional coverage of cold cloud for three different temperature thresholds are examined: 235.225, and 215 K. The results of this study indicate that cold cloud is most frequently observed over land between 1800 and 2100 local time and is independent of the temperature threshold used. Over the tropical oceans, however, the time of maximum occurrence of cold cloud varies substantially with the temperature threshold employed. Coldest cloud-top temperatures (< 215 K) are found to occur much earlier in the day than warmer cloud tops and peak between 0300 and 0600 local time,...
A technique to investigate surface morphology and endothelial cell replication of small arteries: a study in acute angiotensin-induced hypertensive rats.

Abstract A technique was developed for exposing the luminal surface of small blood vessels and viewing their endothelium by scanning electron microscopy. This technique, used in conjunction with conventional autoradiographic procedures, was also used to identify replicating endothelial cells. Rats were injected (iv) with angiotensin II (5 μg every 7 min) for 2 or 4 hr, while control animals received saline. In the angiotensin animals, blood pressure rose to 180–220 mm Hg. After 4 hr of angiotensin II infusion, focal regions of endothelial cell denudation and platelet adherence to the subendothelium were observed in small mesenteric arteries. These vessels also appeared contracted and endothelial cells exhibited loss of intracellular structure, swollen mitochondria, and loss of intercellular junctions. Small clusters of platelets were frequently observed adhering to an apparently intact endothelium both after 2 and 4 hr of intermittent angiotensin II infusiuon but were not seen in the saline controls. Although replicating endothelial cells were not observed in the angiotensin II-treated vessels, endothelial cell replication was found in controls where the vessels were mechanically injured.
Post-transcriptional gene silencing of KChIP2 and Navβ1 in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes reveals a functional association between Na and Ito currents

The Ca2+-independent transient outward potassium current (Ito) encoded by the Kv4 family of potassium channels, is central to normal repolarization of cardiac myocytes. KChIPs are a group of Ca2+-binding accessory subunits that modulate Kv4-encoded currents. However, the biophysical effects of KChIP2 on Kv4 currents raise questions about the role that KChIP2 plays in forming the native Ito. Previous heterologous expression studies demonstrated that the Na channel β1 subunit modulates the gating properties of Kv4.3 to closely recapitulate native Ito suggesting that Navβ1 may modulate the function of Kv4-encoded channels in native cardiomyocytes. Therefore we hypothesized the existence of a structural or functional complex between subunits of Ito and INa. In co-immunoprecipitation of proteins from neonatal rat ventricular myocardium (NRVM), Navβ1 was pulled-down by Kv4.x antibodies suggesting a structural association between subunits that comprise Ito and INa. Remarkably, post-transcriptional gene silencing of KChIP2 in NRVM, using small interfering RNAs specific to KChIP2, suppressed both cardiac Ito and INa consistent with a functional coupling of these channels. KChIP2 silencing suppressed Na channel α and β1 subunit mRNA levels, leaving Kv4.x mRNAs unaltered, but reducing levels of immunoreactive proteins. Post-transcriptional gene silencing of Navβ1 reduced its protein expression. Silencing of Navβ1 also reduced mRNA and protein levels of its α-subunit, Nav1.5. Surprisingly, silencing of Navβ1 also produced a reduction in KChIP2 mRNA and protein as well as Kv4.x proteins resulting in remarkably decreased INa and Ito. These data are consistent with a novel structural and functional association of INa and Ito in NRVMs.
Low-dose ketamine with multimodal postcesarean delivery analgesia: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Ketamine at subanesthetic doses has analgesic properties that have been shown to reduce postoperative pain and morphine consumption. We hypothesized that intravenous ketamine 10mg administered during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, in addition to intrathecal morphine and intravenous ketorolac, would decrease the incidence of breakthrough pain and need for supplemental postoperative analgesia. Methods Using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled design, healthy women scheduled for cesarean delivery receiving hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine, fentanyl and morphine were randomized to intravenous ketamine 10mg or saline following delivery. Postoperative analgesia included scheduled ketorolac and acetaminophen/hydrocodone tablets as needed for breakthrough pain. The primary outcome was the incidence of breakthrough pain in the first 24h. Secondary outcomes included the number of acetaminophen/hydrocodone tablets administered and numeric rating scale for pain (0–10). Results Group characteristics did not differ. There was no difference in the incidence of breakthrough pain (ketamine 75% VS. saline 74%, P =0.86). There was no difference in 24-h or 72-h use of supplemental acetaminophen/hydrocodone tablets between groups. Pain scores in the first 24h were similar, but lower in the ketamine compared to the saline group 2weeks postpartum (difference −0.6, 95% CI −1.1 to −0.9). Conclusions We found no additional postoperative analgesic benefit of low-dose ketamine during cesarean delivery in patients who received intrathecal morphine and intravenous ketorolac. Subjects who received ketamine reported lower pain scores 2weeks postpartum.
Electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide aerogels

Aerogels are well-known mesoporous materials whose low density and high surface area result from synthesis methods that enable the pore solvent to be removed without collapsing the solid network phase. The interconnected porosity provides both molecular accessibility and rapid mass transport via diffusion, and for these reasons transition metal oxide aerogels are gaining increased interest as intercalation electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The present paper reviews recent research on vanadium oxide aerogels that has been directed at establishing both their fundamental properties and unique ways of incorporating these materials into electrode structures. The experiments used to determine the fundamental electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide aerogels involve the use of a sticky-carbon electrode that is designed to both hold the material and serve as the current collector. The results show that these materials combine elements of both capacitor and battery behavior as the materials possess both high specific capacitance (>2000 F/g) and high capacity for lithium incorporation (>450 mAh/g). The unique morphology of the vanadium oxide aerogel has led us to consider alternate electrode structures because traditional methods may compromise the mesoporous, high surface area morphology. One approach has involved the incorporation of single wall carbon nanotubes as the electronically conducting network. The resulting nanocomposites effectively retain the aerogel morphology and exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. These electrodes are especially effective at high discharge rates. Another approach has involved the preparation of aerogel electrodes that possess an inverted opal structure. The fabrication route is based on combining the templating of polystyrene spheres with sol–gel synthesis and leads to materials that possess a hierarchical pore structure. This architecture is also effective at retaining high lithium capacity at high current densities.
Proteomic Analysis of Nucleoporin Interacting Proteins

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear pore complex is a supramolecular assembly of 30 nucleoporins that cooperatively facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. Thirteen nucleoporins that contain FG peptide repeats (FG Nups) are proposed to function as stepping stones in karyopherin-mediated transport pathways. Here, protein interactions that occur at individual FG Nups were sampled using immobilized nucleoporins and yeast extracts. We find that many proteins bind to FG Nups in highly reproducible patterns. Among 135 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, most were karyopherins and nucleoporins. The PSFG nucleoporin Nup42p and the GLFG nucleoporins Nup49p, Nup57p, Nup100p, and Nup116p exhibited generic interactions with karyopherins; each bound 6--10 different karyopherin betas, including importins as well as exportins. Unexpectedly, the same Nups also captured the hexameric Nup84p complex and Nup2p. In contrast, the FXFG nucleoporins Nup1p, Nup2p, and Nup60p were more selective and captured mostly the Kap95p.Kap60p heterodimer. When the concentration of Gsp1p-GTP was elevated in the extracts to mimic the nucleoplasmic environment, the patterns of interacting proteins changed; exportins exhibited enhanced binding to FG Nups, and importins exhibited reduced binding. The results demonstrate a global role for Gsp1p-GTP on karyopherin-nucleoporin interactions and provide a rudimentary map of the routes that karyopherins take as they cross the nuclear pore complex.
High Performance Flow Feature Extraction with Multi-core Processors

Next generation networks anticipate an increasing amount of network traffic from a wide range of emerging network applications. The features of packet flows (such as the minimal packet inter-arrival time and the number of packets with non-zero options in TCP headers) are used frequently in determining the traffic type and applying security policies. However, the extraction of flow features is difficult due to the increasing line rates, a broad range of network protocols, and a variety of complex flow features. In this paper, we leverage the multi-core processors to speed up the feature extraction process. We design an open source parallel software tool, aiming for processing network packet flows in real-time. We implement the software in four different designs including serial, parallel, pipelined and hybrid architectures. We evaluate the performance of the parallel software tool through measurement experiments. Our experimental results show that each method increases the packet processing throughput by 5-7% in comparison with the previous method. And finally the implementation based on the hybrid architecture improves the packet processing performance by 19.3% than the implementation based on the serial architecture.
Brain imaging research on psychopathy: Implications for punishment, prediction, and treatment in youth and adults

PURPOSE: While there has been an exponential increase in brain imaging research on psychopathy in the past two decades, knowledge on the brain basis to child and adolescent psychopathic-like behavior is relatively new. This adult and child research has potential future implications for the development of new interventions, prediction of future offending, and punishment Method: This review examines both adult and child literatures on the neural basis of psychopathy, together with implications for the criminal justice system. RESULTS: The adult imaging literature provides growing evidence for amygdala impairments in psychopaths, and more variable evidence for prefrontal deficits. The emerging adolescent imaging literature with notable exceptions broadly parallels these adult findings and may help explain the development of fearlessness, disinhibition, and lack of empathy. CONCLUSION: This knowledge places policy makers at a crossroads. Should new biological interventions be developed to remediate these brain abnormalities? Would imaging be used in the future to predict offending? Could imaging findings help excuse psychopathic behavior or alternatively argue for longer sentences for public protection? This review attempts to address these issues at the child and adult levels and provides directions for future research that include the incorporation of biological measures into treatment programs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW: Juvenile justice; Violence; Juvenile psychopathy Language: en
Attention metaphors: How metaphors guide the cognitive psychology of attention

The concept of attention is defined by multiple inconsistent metaphors that scientists use to identify relevant phenomena, frame hypotheses, construct experiments, and interpret data. (1) The Filter metaphor shapes debates about partial vs. complete filtering, early vs. late selection, and information filtering vs. enhancement. (2) The Spotlight metaphor raises the issue of space- vs. object-based selection, and it guides research on the size, shape, and movement of the attentional focus. (3) The Spotlight-in-the-Brain metaphor is frequently used to interpret imaging studies of attention. (4) The debate between supramodal and pre-motor theories of attention replays the dichotomy between the Spotlight and the Vision metaphors of attention. Our analysis reveals the central role of metaphor in scientific theory and research on attention, exposes hidden assumptions behind various research strategies, and shows the need for flexibility in the use of current metaphors.
Theophylline kinetics in a geriatric group

The influence of age, sex, and smoking on theophylline disposition was studied in 38 healthy subjects ranging in age from 26 to 81 yr. There were 8 young ( 60 yr) subjects, including 28 men (8 smokers) and 10 women (3 smokers). A crossover experimental design was used. A single dose of theophylline elixir (5 mg/kg lean body weight [LBW]) was given as a reference product to all subjects. One week later a sustained-release (SR) theophylline tablet (8 and 6 mg/kg LBW) was given to the young and the geriatric subjects. Serum theophylline concentrations were determined by HPLC. Theophylline elimination (t½β) is shorter in the geriatric group (6.93 and 8.14 hr); total body theophylline clearance is greater in the geriatric group (44.39 and 32.97 ml/kg/hr), and the apparent volume of distribution is also greater in the geriatric group (26.29 and 22.97 l). Sex and smoking did not influence any of the parameters studied. In 93% of the geriatric subjects, serum theophylline levels of 8 to 20 μg/ml were reached at steady state with the SR tablet. Theophylline dose reduction based on an arbitrary age limit is not, therefore, invariably indicated. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 60–67; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.130
Synergistic antimicrotubule therapy for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer has been widely viewed as a chemoresistant neoplasm. Perhaps, the most prevalent antimicrotubule strategy involves docetaxel administration at its maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). Although the goal is to obtain total eradication of cancer cells, debilitating toxicities are presented by docetaxel therapy, including myelosuppression, immunosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity and peripheral neuropathy. In addition, solubility limitations necessitate infusion of high-doses intravenously once or twice a week followed by a rest period, which allows recovery of normal proliferating cells to counter-balance efficacy. An emerging notion is that more of a toxic drug at its MTD is not necessarily better. It is likely that combinatorial antimicrotubule therapy with drugs occupying different sites on tubulin may enhance efficacy while reducing toxicity. Here we show that bromonoscapine (EM011), a microtubule-modulating noscapine analog, displays synergism with docetaxel as seen by cell viability and proliferation assays. Cell-cycle data demonstrated that lower dose-levels of docetaxel (25 nM) in combination with EM011 caused an additive increase in proapoptotic activity. Since docetaxel alone caused severe mitotic arrest followed by mitotic slippage and endoreduplication, we strategized a sequential treatment regime that involved initial pretreatment with docetaxel followed by addition of EM011 to maximize mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis. In vivo studies with docetaxel and EM011 in combination showed a marked inhibition of tumor growth compared to docetaxel or EM011 as single-agents. Our studies suggest the potential usefulness of EM011 in the clinic to enhance docetaxel activity. This would reduce toxicity, thus improving the quality of life of docetaxel-treated patients.
Journal of Management Accounting Research: Content and Citation Analysis of the First 20 Years

ABSTRACT: This article provides a content and citation analysis of 186 articles published in the Journal of Management Accounting Research (JMAR) between 1989 and 2008. We first examine JMAR's national and international presence. Then an analysis of JMAR is structured by a taxonomy used by Hesford et al. (2007) to classify the articles into content, source disciplines, research methods, and contributors. Articles and citations in JMAR are analyzed and the most‐cited authors, articles, journals, and books are presented. The extent to which JMAR authors are cited in leading non‐management accounting journals is also presented. Finally, authorships and editorial contributions by international faculty are compiled and discussed.
Science at mid-infrared wavelengths with large telescopes

For background-limited observations such as those at mid-infrared wavelengths, an increase in telescope aperture not only improves the angular resolution (as it does at all wavelengths) but also leads to very large increases in sensitivity because of the reduced background within the diffraction-limited point spread function. In this presentation we look at the magnitude of that increase for several different operational modes of mid-infrared instrumentation, and we consider some of the implications for science on the current generation of 8-10 meter telescopes.
The effect of computerized decision aids on decision time and decision quality

Abstract This article presents an experiment which examines the efficacy of computer decision support systems. The results are that in the circumstances of this experiment (a decision problem requiring non-overload multidimensional analysis and integration), a computer decision support system neither reduces the time required to come to a decision nor improves the quality of the decision. Analysis suggests that “computer reluctance” on the part of members of the DSS group was an important factor in the results obtained. Implications for implementing a DSS into a work environment are that significant pre-installation resources must be allocated by management to create a climate of “felt need” on the part of the recipients.
The effect of interleukin 1 on IgG synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus

The influence of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on IgG synthesis was studied in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Spontaneous IgG synthesis was assessed by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells in media for 7 days. The effect of adherent cell supernatants (ACS) on spontaneous IgG synthesis was also assessed, based upon previous studies showing that ACS contributes significantly more to IgG synthesis in SLE than it does in normals. Antiserum against IL-1 reduced spontaneous IgG synthesis by approximately 90% in SLE and normal mononuclear cell cultures. The antiserum caused a parallel reduction in the number of Ig-secreting B cells. Adsorption of SLE ACS with Sepharose-bound antiserum against IL-1 prevented ACS-induced increases in IgG synthesis. Affinity-purified or recombinant IL-1 added to media did not significantly stimulate IgG synthesis. Incubation of ACS with a monoclonal antibody against interferon-gamma had no effect on IgG synthesis, and no detectable interferon activity was found in ACS using a virus inhibition assay. Stimulation of IgG production by autologous mononuclear cell supernatants correlated directly with the presence of clinically active disease, suggesting that these in vitro observations may be important to the disease process. These findings demonstrate that hyperactive B cells from patients with SLE are regulated by factors released by adherent mononuclear cells, probably monocytes. The presence of IL-1 is crucial, but may not be sufficient, for spontaneous and ACS-induced IgG synthesis. Inhibiting or blocking the production of IL-1 may provide a means of reducing abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis in SLE.
Expanding the Scope of Responsible Conduct of Research Instruction

We argue that responsible conduct research (RCR) instruction should be extended beyond students and trainees funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or National Science Foundation (NSF) to include all students, trainees, faculty, and research staff involved in research. Extending the scope of RCR instruction can help institutions develop and maintain an environment that promotes ethical research conduct. Universities and scientific organizations have objected to expanding the scope of RCR instruction on the grounds that it would be a major undertaking that would require the expenditure of additional institutional resources. We argue, however, that expanding the scope of RCR instruction can be done efficiently without placing undue burdens on institutions.
Distribution-based pruning of backoff language models

We propose a distribution-based pruning of n-gram backoff language models. Instead of the conventional approach of pruning n-grams that are infrequent in training data, we prune n-grams that are likely to be infrequent in a new document. Our method is based on the n-gram distribution i.e. the probability that an n-gram occurs in a new document. Experimental results show that our method performed 7--9% (word perplexity reduction) better than conventional cutoff methods.
Low signal-to-clutter ratio processing of radar signals

In radar problems involving weak signal detection conventional space-time processing cannot be used to separate the target from the clutter when the spatial and Doppler spectra of the target and clutter overlap. In such problems the concept of the locally optimum detector (LOD) is useful in coming up with a decision rule to discriminate between the two hypotheses of signal present or signal absent. The clutter, which may be correlated, can arise from either a non-Gaussian or Gaussian random process. For correlated multivariate K-distributed clutter it is shown in this paper that performance improvements can be obtained with an LOD receiver compared to the conventional Gaussian linear receiver.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Establishing a clinical practice: advice for new practitioners.

As pharmacy continues to grow and expand, new practitioners are often faced with the responsibility of developing a new practice or expanding existing clinical services. This growth provides opportunities in all areas of pharmacy, from inpatient to ambulatory care settings. New schools of pharmacy
The Efficacy of Aerial Search During the Battle of Midway

The Battle of Midway (June 4-6, 1942) is considered one of the pivotal naval encounters of the Second World War. The battle has been examined in detail within both popular and scholarly literature, and a common opinion found in virtually all of these examinations is that Japanese search efforts on the morning of June 4, which were intended to determine if any U.S. naval forces were present, were inadequate. Japanese search procedures have been criticized on many separate grounds, but one fault implicit in many of these criticisms is that Japanese search plans were based upon the assumption that a searching aircraft that came within a predefined range of an enemy surface ship would inevitably sight that vessel. Intuitively, a 100% detection rate seems highly unlikely. It seems more probable that a myriad of factors influence detection probability, including characteristics of cloud cover, number and sizes of surface ships involved, relative courses, and speeds of the search aircraft and surface ships. This study employed a Monte Carlo approach built around modified GIS viewshed analyses techniques to investigate the influence of these and other factors had upon detection probability.
Issues in scaling multimedia collaboration tools for remote instruction

Today a plethora of multimedia, hyperlink software and hardware components are available, as well as teleconferencing systems supporting collaborative work. However, few systems are easy for people to use for real applications such as support of remote instruction. Most importantly, none of these tools scale to use by more than a few users simultaneously. We describe our vision for a system which will support interactive remote instruction (IRI) to support college-level education across spatial boundaries in a manner largely transparent to students and faculty. We have implemented a prototype of this system which has been used to evaluate both the user-interface design and performance requirements. The goal is to have a user interface which models most of the interactions which occurs in a regular classroom. A key focus in this paper is the assessment of system requirements necessary to support large classes. That means that multimedia tools must support O(10), rather than O(1), simultaneous users and user-system interaction protocols must be effective and accepted by students and faculty with diverse backgrounds and computer sophistication.
Collaborative New Product Development Environments: Implications for Supply Chain Management

SUMMARY Input from managers at manufacturing firms was utilized to learn more about the state of new product development (NPD). This study confirms that many firms do not take an integrated approach to NPD despite the advantages of doing so. Senior managers can assist in attaining higher levels of customer satisfaction by shaping organizational settings conducive to collaborative NPD. Supply chain managers can promote integrated NPD by championing the inclusion of manufacturing, suppliers and customers.
Measurement of laser diode astigmatism

Theoretical and experimental studies are presented on the two commonly used laser diode astigmatism measurement methods: the moving-diode method and the moving-profiler method. Both methods use lens(es) to focus the laser beam and a camera (or beam profiler) to locate the focal point of the focused beam. It is theoretically shown that the moving-diode method is valid when the distance between the diode and the lens is much larger than the lens focal length and the camera is positioned at a corresponding distance to the lens, and that virtually no calculation is required in a measurement. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that the moving-profiler method is valid when the measured data are elaborately processed using Gaussian optics and that the previous measurement with the measured data being processed by geometric optics was wrong.
Uses and Abuses of the WISC-R with the Learning Disabled

A review of the literature regarding the utility of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) with learning disabled students was conducted. The WISC-R has demonstrated reliability and validity when used with LD populations in the assessment of intelligence, although a paradox exists. Diagnosing learning disabilities through the use of WISC-R patterns is not supported. The WISC-R is suggested as a basis for hypotheses about the individual LD student's cognitive style and as an indicator of the direction further assessment should take. It is concluded that the WISC-R can be an adjunct to LD diagnosis and one step in educational planning for the LD student.