cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The selectivity of hydrazine oxidation on a polycrystalline rhodium surface

Abstract The surface reactions of coadsorbed hydrazine and atomic oxygen have been examined by means of temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) on a clean polycrystalline rhodium surface over the 90 to 1450 K temperature range. Nitrogen and water are the primary oxidation products observed. In addition, the usual hydrazine decomposition products N2, NH3, H2 and N2H2 are observed. Nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O) were not observed even in the presence of excess oxygen. Preadsorbed atomic oxygen initiates hydrazine oxidation below 140 K indicating that adsorbed hydrazine is quite reactive on a clean rhodium surface. Large initial coverages of coadsorbed hydrazine and atomic oxygen result in the formation of nitrogen and water below 200 K. We suggest that the NN bond in hydrazine remains intact resulting in “direct” N2 formation during this low-temperature oxidation process. An analogous “direct” N2 formation process has been previously reported during hydrazine decomposition on iridium; we have also reported a similar process during hydrazine decomposition on rhodium. For lower hydrazine coverages, two higher temperature water desorption peaks at 270 and 360 K are observed. The water peak at 270 K is limited by reaction of H, O and OH while the water peak at 360 K appears to be limited by surface reaction between coadsorbed oxygen and a NHy surface intermediate. With increasing initial oxygen coverages the yield of water increases, while the yield of hydrazine decomposition products (NH3, H2 and N2H2) decreases. The selectivity of nitrogen formation during hydrazine oxidation below 250 K is controlled by direct reaction processes which leaves the NN bond in hydrazine intact. In this temperature range, hydrogen-oxygen reactions are the dominant mode of interaction with the adsorbed atomic oxygen. Above 250 K, nitrogen-nitrogen recombination is strongly favored over a broad range of temperatures and coverages. No evidence for a nitrogen-oxygen surface was observed even in the presence of excess adsorbed oxygen clearly suggesting the predominance of N atom recombination over N + O atom surface reaction even in the presence of excess adsorbed atomic oxygen.
Schizophrenia and the immune system: Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment

Purpose Published evidence on established and theoretical connections between immune system dysfunction and schizophrenia is reviewed, with a discussion of developments in the search for immunologically-targeted treatments. Summary A growing body of evidence indicates that immunologic influences may play an important role in the etiology and course of schizophrenia. A literature search identified more than 100 articles pertaining to suspected immunologic influences on schizophrenia published over the past 15 years. Schizophrenia researchers have explored a wide range of potential immune system-related causal or contributory factors, including neurobiological and neuroanatomical disorders, genetic abnormalities, and environmental influences such as maternal perinatal infection. Efforts to establish an immunologic basis for schizophrenia and identify reliable immune markers continue to be hindered by sampling challenges and methodological problems. In aggregate, the available evidence indicates that at least some cases of schizophrenia have an immunologic component, suggesting that immune-focused prevention strategies (e.g., counseling of pregnant women to avoid immune stressors) and close monitoring of at-risk children are appropriate. While antipsychotics remain the standard treatments for schizophrenia, a variety of drugs with immunologic effects have been investigated as adjunctive therapies, with variable and sometimes conflicting results; these include the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib, immune-modulating agents (e.g., azathioprine and various anticytokine agents such as atlizumab, anakinra, and tumor necrosis factor-α blockers), and an investigational anti-interferon-γ agent. Conclusion The published evidence indicates that immune system dysfunction related to genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia in a subset of patients.
Did TVA make a difference?: An organizational dilemma and reforestation in the southern appalachians

In his well‐known study of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Selznick (1966) outlined an organizational dilemma in which leaders who embrace grass‐roots administration run the risk of sponsoring ineffective or incoherent programs. According to Selznick, TVA's leaders turned the administration of its land use programs over to local elites who were indifferent to the programs’ goals, thereby preventing TVA from becoming “a first line, committed conservation agency” (p. xii). This article extends Selznick's analysis and then puts the extended argument and contradictory claims by more recent students of TVA to a test with data on reforestation in the southern Appalachians between 1935 and 1975. With one exception, the analysis shows support for Selznick's argument. The exception suggests that the organizational dilemma faced by TVA's leaders disappeared over time. The article concludes by outlining the historical conditions in which natural resource managers find that supporting democratic procedures make...
Fuzzy windows and classification systems

A fuzzy sets based structure for classification systems is proposed in this paper. The basic idea is to use “windows” to represent the constraints on the possible values variables may take. The formalism is very simple, however, this simplicity makes it attractive in the development of knowledge based systems. The most salient features of this structure include the possibility of developing composite solutions, searching for lacunae, and creating a case based representation of knowledge with an avenue for modeling learning.
Elution of lanthanides from dowex-50 by acetate solutions

Abstract The separation factors have been determined by column elution for Ce, Pm, Eu, Tb, Tm and Y using Dowex-50 and ammonium acetate solutions. Agreement between the experimental separation factors and those predicted from the stability constants of lanthanide acetate complexes show that for elution with 1·1 M NH4Ac solution the principle solution phase species is MAc3 and the principal resin phase species is MAc2+. The separations are not as large as with elution using α-hydroxycarboxylate solutions.
The multi-functionality of accounts in advice giving

Accounts have traditionally been understood as explanations designed to exonerate the speaker from an untoward act (e.g. account for lateness) (Scott and Lyman 1968). In this paper, I examine the use of accounts in advice giving, adopting a broader view of accounts as the reasoning provided to bolster the viability of the advice. The data set consists of 15 graduate peer tutoring sessions and a total of 143 advising sequences collected over a period of four years. Using the methodology of conversation analysis, I show that besides their remedial utility of ‘repairing the broken,’ accounts can also be used proactively to validate and promote a current agenda. In particular, I argue for the multi-functionality of accounts in addressing face threats, managing resistance, and doing pedagogy.
The Structure of the RlmB 23S rRNA Methyltransferase Reveals a New Methyltransferase Fold with a Unique Knot

In Escherichia coli, RlmB catalyzes the methylation of guanosine 2251, a modification conserved in the peptidyltransferase domain of 23S rRNA. The crystal structure of this 2'O-methyltransferase has been determined at 2.5 A resolution. RlmB consists of an N-terminal domain connected by a flexible extended linker to a catalytic C-terminal domain and forms a dimer in solution. The C-terminal domain displays a divergent methyltransferase fold with a unique knotted region, and lacks the classic AdoMet binding site features. The N-terminal domain is similar to ribosomal proteins L7 and L30, suggesting a role in 23S rRNA recognition. The conserved residues in this novel family of 2'O-methyltransferases cluster in the knotted region, suggesting the location of the catalytic and AdoMet binding sites.
A fast multi-operand multiplication scheme

Recent developments in integrated circuit technology have made efficient schemes for computer arithmetic possible. This paper discusses a generation-summation scheme for fast multi-operand multiplication. Synthesis of three-operand multipliers utilizing a single type of standard LSI device is also discussed.
Mutations at the Domain Interface of Gsα Impair Receptor-mediated Activation by Altering Receptor and Guanine Nucleotide Binding

G protein alpha subunits consist of two domains, a GTPase domain and a helical domain. Receptors activate G proteins by catalyzing replacement of GDP, which is buried between these two domains, with GTP. Substitution of the homologous alphai2 residues for four alphas residues in switch III, a region that changes conformation upon GTP binding, or of one nearby helical domain residue decreases the ability of alphas to be activated by the beta-adrenergic receptor and by aluminum fluoride. Both sets of mutations increase the affinity of alphas for the beta-adrenergic receptor, based on an increased amount of high affinity binding of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The mutations also decrease the rate of receptor-mediated activation and disrupt the ability of the beta-adrenergic receptor to increase the apparent affinity of alphas for the GTP analog, guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). Simultaneous replacement of the helical domain residue and one of the four switch III residues with the homologous alphai2 residues restores normal receptor-mediated activation, suggesting that the defects caused by mutations at the domain interface are due to altered interdomain interactions. These results suggest that interactions between residues across the domain interface are involved in two key steps of receptor-mediated activation, promotion of GTP binding and subsequent receptor-G protein dissociation.
Repair of DNA strand breaks after gamma-irradiation of protoplasts isolated from cultured wild carrot cells

Abstract We have isolated protoplasts of cultured wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells, lysed them directly on top of alkaline sucrose gradients, and measured single-stranded DNA of molecular weight 1·108 by velocity sedimentation. DNA sedimentation studies on γ-irradiated protoplasts indicate that the energy absorbed in DNA per strand break is 85 eV in air and 260 eV in nitrogen. Isolated wild carrot protoplasts can repair 50% of the DNA strand breaks within 5 min after a dose of 20 krad, and by 1 h none can be detected.
Labeling of proteins with 105Rh

Abstract A complex of rhodium with the bifunctional chelating agent 4- p -toluic acid-diethylenetriamine has been prepared using 105 Rh as a tracer. This bifunctional chelate has been conjugated to human serum albumin and human IgG. Radiochemical conjugation yields are ∼30–40% and Rh IgG ratios as high as 2.5 are observed.
Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-Expression Scale Scores as Predictors of Assertive Behavior:

The present study attempted to assess the feasibility of predicting from a person's performance on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the College Self-expression Scale his ability to respond with positive assertion to situations requiring such behaviors. Scores on individual Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-expression Scale items were correlated with ratings of performance in situations requiring the expression of positive assertion, and with total Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-expression Scale scores to assess the validity of these instruments in predicting assertive behavior. A subject's total Rathus Assertiveness Schedule score, his total College Self-expression Scale score, and his score on items which purported to measure ability to respond appropriately in situations requiring positively assertive responses were poor predictors of ability to perform in realistic situations. The best predictor of actual performance in the present study was an individual's assessment ...
Principles of chemotherapy

Abstract Combination chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for most childhood cancer, either alone or in combination with surgery and radiotherapy. Sequential national and international studies of combinations of cytotoxic drugs have resulted in improvements in the outcomes for childhood cancer. These improvements have required careful attention to be paid to the maintenance of dose intensity and the optimisation of supportive care to manage acute toxicity. Increased understanding of the molecular basis of childhood cancer is now leading to the introduction of more targeted anti-cancer drugs, usually in combination with existing conventional agents. This will allow the remaining stubbornly drug–resistant childhood cancers to be treated more effectively, but will also allow does reduction of conventional agents in sensitive tumour types, reducing both acute and chronic toxicity. Increasing understanding of both pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics offers the opportunity for more personalized anti-cancer treatment, to optimize drug dosing for an individual, and to reduce their toxicity. This review will give an outline of the molecular basis for anticancer drug action, will look at some specific types of cytotoxic agent, and describe the principles for combining these into treatment protocols. It will describe short and long term side effects of chemotherapy, and how these often limit what can be given. The importance of pharmacokinetics, in understanding how drugs are handled by children of different ages, and increasingly these days, as a means of individualising drug dosing, will be discussed. Finally the growing importance of pharmacogenomics as a way of predicting both response and toxicity will be described.
The Ergodic Theory of Traffic Jams

We introduce and analyze a simple probabilistic cellular automaton which emulates the flow of cars along a highway. Our Traffic CA captures the essential features of several more complicated algorithms, studied numerically by K. Nagel and others over the past decade as prototypes for the emergence of traffic jams. By simplifying the dynamics, we are able to identify and precisely formulate the self-organized critical evolution of our system. We focus here on the Cruise Control case, in which well-spaced cars move deterministically at maximal speed, and we obtain rigorous results for several special cases. Then we introduce a symmetry assumption that leads to a two-parameter model, described in terms of acceleration (α) and braking (β) probabilities. Based on the results of simulations, we map out the (α, β) phase diagram, identifying three qualitatively distinct varieties of traffic which arise, and we derive rigorous bounds to establish the existence of a phase transition from free flow to jams. Many other results and conjectures are presented. From a mathematical perspective, Traffic CA provides local, particle-conserving, one-dimensional dynamics which cluster, and converge to a mixture of two distinct equilibria.
Optimistic incremental specialization: streamlining a commercial operating system

Conventional operating system code is written to deal with all possible system states, and performs considerable interpretati on to determine the current system state before taking action. A consequence of this approach is that kernel calls which perform little ac tual work take a long time to execute. To address this problem, we use specialized operating system code that reduces interpretation for common cases, but still behaves correctly in the fully general c ase. We describe how specialized operating system code can be generated and bound incrementallyas the information on which it depends becomes available. We extend our specialization techniques to include the notion of optimistic incremental specialization : a technique for generating specialized kernel code optimistically for sys tem states that are likely to occur, but not certain. The ideas outlined in this paper allow the conventional kernel design tenet of “optimi zing for the common case” to be extended to the domain of adaptive operating systems. We also show that aggressive use of specialization can produce in-kernel implementations of operating system functionality with performance comparable to user-level implementations. We demonstrate that these ideas are applicable in real-world operating systems by describing a re-implementation of the HP-UX file system. Our specializedread system call reduces the cost of a single byte read by a factor of 3, and an 8 KB read by 26%, while preserving the semantics of the HP-UXread call. By relaxing the semantics of HP-UXread we were able to cut the cost of a single byte read system call by more than an order of magnitude.
A High Index Contrast Silicon Oxynitride Materials Platform for Er-doped Microphotonic Amplifiers

Er-based optical amplification continues to be the ideal low noise, WDM crosstalk free, broadband candidate for waveguide amplifiers. Design analysis of the applicability of Er-Doped Waveguide Amplifiers (EDWAs) for micron-scale integrated photonics in a planar lightwave circuit concludes: (i) an >80× increase in gain efficiency, and (ii) a >40×increase in device shrink can be realized, for a high index contrast EDWA (with a core-cladding index difference of δn=0.1↔0.7), compared to a conventional Er-doped fiber amplifier. The materials challenge now is to establish a robust materials system which meets this high index difference design requirement while simultaneously leveraging the capability of silicon (Si) processing: a host platform for EDWAs must be found which can integrate with Si Microphotonics. Silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO2) and a miscible silicon oxynitride alloy (SiON) of the two meet this materials challenge. We present the results of reactive and conventional magnetron sputtering based materials characterization for this high index host system. Room temperature and 4 K photo-luminescence studies for annealed samples show the reduction of non-radiative de-excitation centers while maintaining an amorphous host structure. Atomic force microscopy shows less than 1 nm peak-to-peak roughness in deposited films. Prism coupler measurements show a reliable reproducibility of host index of refraction with waveguide scattering loss <2 dB/cm. We conclude that the SiON host system forms an optimal waveguide core for an SiO2-clad EDWA. Initial gain measurements show a gain coefficient of approximately 3.9 dB/cm.
Synthetic activators of fibrinolysis which possess anticoagulant property.

Derivate von Salicylsaure aktivieren im Reagenzglas das fibrinolytische System des menschlichen Plasmas und uben eine gerinnungshemmende Wirkung aus. Durch planmassige Veranderungen der Substituenten des Salicylsauremolekuls gelang es, in zunehmendem Masse Verbindungen mit steigender fibrinolytischer Aktivitat aufzufinden. Die gerinnungshemmende und fibrinolytische Wirkung wird am Beispiel derortho-Thymotinsaure erlautert.
Residues of malathion on alfalfa and in milk and meat.

Residues of malathion, applied at 1 pound actual per acre to alfalfa 11.4” tall, decreased from an average of 69 p.p.m. immediately after application to 0.25 p.p.m. 6 days later. Milch cows fed malathion at 8 p.p.m. for 3 weeks did not excrete the insecticide in milk nor was it detectable in the blood, brain, liver, kidney, round or rib-eye when the animals were slaughtered at the conclusion of the experiment.
A system for compiling fonts

An interactive system for specifying fonts using an object oriented approach, based on cubic splines, is given. An interactive Bezier curve editor is described as well as systems for compiling bit image fonts from their geometric descriptions and a system for compiling PostScript programs which can be used to render fonts on a PostScript printer or typesetter.
300 A delta V F tester

A description is given of the design and development of a relatively low-cost, high-current, transient-thermal-resistance tester. Using delta techniques, the tester was initially used to measure the die bond integrity of large power-handling rectifier assemblies, but because of its versatility it can thermally characterize most semiconductor junctions. Circuit design details and testing of several products are illustrated, including V/sub F/ (forward voltage) and Delta V/sub V/ measurements of power rectifiers and smart power ICs. >
Fayol’s Principles and the Rule of St Benedict: is there anything new under the sun?

The Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century, provided guidance for running monasteries. Fourteen hundred years later, Henri Fayol developed his Principles of Management. Although from different times, Benedict’s Rule foreshadowed Fayol’s Principles and showed that the basics of management go back to antiquity.
Neonatal hormone patterns in the macaque. I. Steroids.

Testosterone. dihydrotestosterone. estradiol and cortisol were measured in serum from neonatal monkeys. Testosterone concentrations were found to be elevated in sera from male rhesus monkeys during the first 14postnatal weeks. During this period, high serum testosterone concentrations were also found in samples from male pigtail macaques. Castration of male rhesus monkeys at birth eliminated the postnatal testosterone elevation, a finding which supports the hypothesisthattheprimary source of male neonatal androgens is the testis. Further evidence in support of this hypothesis was the observation that serum testosterone concentrations in neonatal females were the same as levels foundincastratedmales.Sincetherewas no postnatalsexdifference in serum cortisol concentrations, the adrenal appeared to be an unlikely primary source of elevated serum androgens in the neonatal male. Since serum estrogen concentrations did not rise in or differ between neonatal male or female rhesus monkeys. it is unlikely that activation of early postnatal ovarian steroidogenesis occurs.
Why is it so difficult for a robot to pass through a doorway using ultrasonic sensors

Complex tasks are usually described as high-level goals, leaving out the details on how to achieve them. However, to control a robot, details must be provided. Having the robot move itself to and through an unknown, and possibly narrow, doorway is an example of such a task. The authors illustrate the difficulty of such a task using actual data from a real robot. The authors show how the transformation from high-level goals to primitive commands can be performed at execution time and they propose an architecture based on reconfigurable objects that contain domain knowledge and knowledge about the sensors and actuators available. The authors then show how their approach is used in solving the illustrated task. >
Experimental Alterations of Prolactin Levels in Goat Milk and Blood Plasma1

Previous research demonstrated the presence of substantial amounts of prolactin in the milk of several species. In the present experiments plasma prolactin levels in goats were experimentally altered and prolactin concentrations in milk were determined. Inhibition of plasma prolactin by ergocryptine (CB-154) significantly decreased the concentration of prolactin in milk obtained as early as 7 hr after ergocryptine administration. Milk prolactin levels remained suppressed in one case for as long as 55 hr after a single ergocryptine injection (3 mg). Experimental elevation of plasma prolactin during chronic ergocryptine administration (6 mg/day) was achieved by injection of 10 mg ovine prolactin or 20–50 µg synthetic thyrotropinreleasing hormone. Both methods of elevating plasma prolactin resulted in prompt increases in the milk prolactin concentration. These results demonstrated a direct relationship between prolactin levels in blood plasma and in milk. The transfer of prolactin from plasma into milk seeme...
CD44 promotes multi-drug resistance by protecting P-glycoprotein from FBXO21-mediated ubiquitination

Here we demonstrate that a ubiquitin E3-ligase, FBXO21, targets the multidrug resistance transporter, ABCB1, also known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), for proteasomal degradation. We also show that the Ser291-phosphorylated form of the multifunctional protein and stem cell marker, CD44, inhibits FBXO21-directed degradation of P-gp. Thus, CD44 increases P-gp mediated drug resistance and represents a potential therapeutic target in P-gp-positive cells.
GREEN'S FUNCTION FORMULATION OF THE FEYNMAN MODEL OF THE POLARON

The Feynman model of the polaron replaces the real polaron problem, in which the convergence of perturbation theory is rather slow, by a model problem in which perturbation theory converges much faster. The present paper demonstrates a relation between the true electronic Green’s functions and the model Green’s functions which enables one to calculate all the properties of the real polaron in terms of the model Green’s functions. This result is essentially similar to the earlier work of Schultz except for a small but significant difference in the handling of the fictitious field of the model. The Green’s function theory is used to calculate a transport equation for the polaron. The lowest-order transport equation is identical to that published earlier by Kadanoff at low temperatures. The derivation indicates, however, that Kadanoff’s equation is wrong at high temperatures.
Mandatory gloving in acute care paediatric units associated with decreased risk of hospital-acquired infections

Commentary on: Yin J, Schweizer ML, Herwaldt LA, et al. Benefits of universal gloving on hospital-acquired infections in acute care pediatric units. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1515–20[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] In an institution where health professionals were required to comply with mandatory gloving for all patient contact during RSV season, Yin and colleagues assessed the impact of the gloving policy on healthcare-acquired infections (HAI). Using a quasi-experimental design, the investigators undertook a retrospective cohort study in paediatric intensive care units in a tertiary care medical centre between 2002 and 2010. Robust statistical … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.2012-3389%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23610206%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=131/5/e1515&atom=%2Febnurs%2F17%2F3%2F82.atom
Shut-Off Head Prediction in Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps

The prediction of the performance characteristic in centrifugal pumps at flow rates other than the design flow is of high relevance but relatively uncertain.In the present study, an evaluation of the existing shut-off head prediction methods and an assessment of both, the empirical approach and the numerical simulation are performed. For this purpose, after a review of existing methodologies, the empirical predictions are compared against available statistical data for single stage volute pumps. The CFD study, performed for 3 different single stage volute pumps with specific speeds between nq = 12 and nq = 54 is quantitatively compared against available model test data, which were obtained using precision manufactured hydraulic components.Several empirical methods from open literature have been reviewed for the shut-off head prediction. An overview of different prediction methods has been presented by Dyson [1], these and an empirical correlation proposed by Guelich have been compared against available data.The numerical study at shut-off condition requires a full-pump geometry, which also includes long suction and pressure pipes. Unlike several analyses present in the literature (Dyson & Texeira [2], Benigni et al. [3], Liu et al. [4]), which consider the internal leakage flow in the outlet boundary, the shut-off condition is obtained by imposing walls at inlet and outlet boundaries, but leakage flow through the gap between casing and impeller which is essential for the recirculation of the flow is numerically modeled. Because of the unsteady nature of the pressure in the pump volute, a transient simulation is performed and the predicted shut-off head is the average of the whole range of results for a minimum of 10 impeller revolutions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Formation of Cd x Hg 1-x Te Layers on CdTe after NP-Etching and HgTe-Graphite Pasting

We report on our investigation of the microstructure and chemical composition at the CdTe/Te-rich interfaces generated by NP-etching polycrystalline and single-crystalline CdTe films and followed with HgTe-graphite pasting and thermal annealing. We find that after this process, a thin layer of CdxHg1-xTe forms between CdTe and Te-rich layers, giving a structure like CdTe/CdxHg1-xTe/Te. High-resolution electron microscopy reveals that the CdxHg1-xTe layer has an epitaxial relationship with the CdTe. No CdxHg1-xTe layer has been observed in bromine/methanol-etched samples or samples with intentionally deposited Te layers.
POLARIZATION OF THE $Sigma$$sup 0$ AND THE $lambda$ PARTICLES PRODUCED IN THE REACTION $pi$$sup -$+p$Yields$K$sup 0$+$Sigma$$sup 0$($lambda$) AT 1.17 AND 1.32 GeV/c.

The polarization of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ particles in the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}(\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ has been measured at 1.17 and 1.32 $\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$, using a spark-chamber-magnet system. Both polarizations are substantial and their angular distributions are clearly dependent on the beam momentum.
Pseudoscalar decay constants and eta. -->. 3. pi. in chiral and 1/N perturbation theory

The normal and anomalous chiral Ward identities are reexamined from the point of view of chiral and $\frac{1}{N}$ perturbation theory. Constraints of $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and pseudoscalar two-photon decays are imposed, yielding a system of six simultaneous equations. A solution for the pseudoscalar decay constants is found which is relatively insensitive to the quantum-chromodynamic surface term. The decay $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ is then calculated using these results, with good agreement with recent measurements.
A User's Guide to the BOP and IIP

This note presents a short description of the balance of payments (BOP) and international position (IIP) presentations. It refers to data for South Africa, but given that there are worldwide standards for countries that report both BOP adn IIP, it should provide guidance for understanding the data of just about any country.
The Expression of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Daily Life: A Review of Experience Sampling Methodology and Daily Diary Studies

This review examined the assessment of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM)/ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and daily diary studies in adult samples. Fifteen peer-reviewed studies were identified and categorized into areas of total PTSD/multiple PTSS (studies including three or more symptom clusters), intrusive memories, and mood and anxiety symptoms. Overall, ESM and the daily diary method proved feasible for assessing the real-world expression of PTSS, resulted in minimal reactivity, and offered a number of advantages over classical assessment. Even within the two measurement types of ESM and daily diary, there was great variability in study design and analysis. The benefits and limitations of the different approaches are discussed. Different themes in content emerged as well, such as coping strategies and affective instability throughout the course of a day. Gaps in our current understanding are highlighted and suggestions for methodology and future areas of research are proposed.
The temporal scale of diet and dietary proxies

Diets estimated from different proxies such as stable isotopes, stomach contents, and dental microwear often disagree, leading to nominally well-supported but greatly differing estimates of diet for both extinct and extant species that complicate our understanding of ecology. We show that these perceived incongruences can be caused by proxies recording diet over vastly different timescales. Field observations reveal a diet averaged over minutes or hours, whereas dental morphology may reflect the diet of a lineage over millions of years of evolution. Failing to explicitly consider the scale of proxies and the potentially large temporal variability in diet can cause erroneous predictions in any downstream analyses such as conservation planning or paleohabitat reconstructions. We propose a cross-scale framework for conceptualizing diet suitable for both modern ecologists and paleontologists and provide recommendations for any studies involving dietary data. Treating diet in this temporally explicit framework and matching the scale of our questions with the scale of our data will lead to a much richer and clearer understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes.
Locus of Emetic Action Following Irradiation.

SummaryThe incidence of vomiting among 33 dogs receiving from 300 to 800 r is reported. All 12 dogs exposed to 800 r vomited within 2 hours after completion of the irradiation. The 50% vomiting dose was 540 r. No dog subjected to bilateral destruction of the emetic chemoreceptor zone vomited after 800 r exposure. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water

The Earth's population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, posing significant challenges in meeting human needs while minimally affecting the environment. To support this population, we will need secure and safe sources of food, energy, and water. The nexus of food, energy, and water is one of the most complex, yet critical, issues that face society. There is no more land to exploit, and the supply of fresh water in some areas of the world limits the use of land for food. All solutions must also deal with the overlay of global climate change. Meeting current and future populations needs will require security in food, energy, and water supplies. A nexus approach is needed to improve food, energy, and water security integrating the management of the limited resources while transitioning to a more "green" economy, which provides adequate food, energy, and water for the expanding human population.
Scaling and Integration of High Performance Interconnects

Interconnect delay is believed to have a dominating impact on the speed of large logic circuits (such as micro-processors) when the Si technology is scaled into sub- 0.25um generations. In this paper, we analyzed interconnect scaling issues based on leading micro-processor trend data, simple RC delay model and the “Rents’ rule”. It was concluded that, in order to not limit the speed of large logic circuits, “fat” metal wires need to be used for upper metal layers, which will lead to a rapid increase of required number of metal layers (>10) for sub-0.25um technology generations. Introducing Cu and low e interconnect system can delay this rapid increase by ≈1 generation. Creating multiple clock frequencies in large logic chips and reducing the size of high frequency islands appears effective in containing the interconnection delay problem. Therefore, the proposed interconnection scaling/development strategy is to introduce Cu and low e dielectric into manufacturing in next 1≈3 generation (0.25um≈0.13um), develop low cost and high yield interconnect system to enable ≈10 interconnect layers, and improve circuit design methodology to reduce high frequency island size.
PS-121 Improving The Delivery Of Neonatal Research - Developing An Information Leaflet For Parents

Background Medical and technological developments within Neonatal Care over the last decade have increased the demand for Neonatal Research. ELCH’s Neonatal Unit is highly research active. Parents can be approached for up to 5 or 6 studies. As a consequence, we observed an increased need for a sensitive management of multi-study approaches. Aims As part of a service improvement project to improve the delivery of Neonatal Research, we aimed to develop an information leaflet for parents of infants admitted to the Neonatal Unit. Methods We invited parents to help construct the leaflet involving them in all stages of development of the leaflet and worked closely to ensure multidisciplinary input. We did a survey asking parents to elect their favourite version of the leaflet from three different layouts. Results All parents found the leaflet helpful (n = 18). The preferred version was mostly described as “clear” and “informative”. Parents selected pictures that they would like to see in the leaflet and considered them helpful. The topics they valued the most are represented in Figure 1. Conclusions Parental involvement in all stages of research can present many opportunities for service improvement. Enhanced recruitment rates and project coordination, optimised parental experience of care and increased public awareness are some of the potential advantages. Implementing patient involvement is key in making research more meaningful and in developing successful translational research.
Pseudoenantiomeric Fluorescent Sensors in a Chiral Assay

Two enantioselective fluorescent sensors, namely, the 1,1′-binaphthol (BINOL)-amino alcohol (S)-1 and the H8BINOL-amino alcohol (R)-2, have been prepared as a pseudoenantiomeric pair. These two compounds have the opposite chiral configuration at both the axially chiral biaryl centers and the amino alcohol units. In methylene chloride solution, (R)-mandelic acid greatly enhances the emission of (S)-1 at λ1 = 374 nm and (S)-mandelic acid greatly enhances the emission of (R)-2 at λ2 = 330 nm. A 1:1 mixture of (S)-1 and (R)-2 was used to interact with mandelic acid at a variety of concentrations with various enantiomeric compositions. It was found that both the concentration of mandelic acid and its enantiomeric composition can be directly determined by measuring the sum and difference of the fluorescence intensities at λ1 and λ2.
Costly Learning and Agency Conflicts in Investments Under Uncertainty

This paper studies endogenous learning and investment timing of managers in decentralized firms. While the "option to wait" in traditional real options models only concerns future uncertainties, another important source of managerial flexibility is the resolution of past uncertainties through costly effort, which mitigates investment inefficiencies caused by incomplete information. In equilibrium, timing of learning is crucial, and optimal strategies generally involve sequential thresholds for learning and investing. Moreover, costly learning naturally leads to information asymmetry between managers and outside investors, and managerial contracts are needed to incentivize learning and truthful reporting. The inherent agency conflicts distort investment behavior significantly, accelerating learning and high value projects while delaying low value projects. The distortions are costly to the investors and social welfare, and are sensitive to contractibility and cost of learning, as well as other fundamental characteristics of the market. In particular, with low market volatility or sufficient pledgeable liquidity for managers, contracting on learning restores investment efficiency. Among other implications, the model predicts that based on observed investment costs alone, projects appear delayed in general.
A Decision-Making Model of Multi-Stage Investment for Smart Transmission Grid Based on Technology Readiness

The investment of transmission grid is faced with various potential market risks during the construction of smart transmission grid,and this condition makes higher demand on the flexibility of investment decision-making.By means of analyzing investment decision-making of smart transmission grid by technology readiness and marking off effective investment stages for smart transmission grid based on technology readiness level,a technology readiness based multi-stage investment decision-making model is built to determine optimal investment project and the amount of investment in different stages.Taking IEEE 24-bus system for example,a three-stage investment decision-making for smart transmission grid,in which the transmission lines,thyristor controlled series compensator(TCSC) are considered,is analyzed to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the built model.
Low-Frequency Current Oscillation Reduction for Six-Step Operation of Three-Phase Inverters

This paper investigates a control method to significantly reduce the low-frequency current oscillation for six-step operation of a three-phase inverter. The six-step operation of an ac electric machine drive system under high speeds has a few advantages compared with pulse width modulation (PWM) operation including reduced switching losses, a better utilization of the dc bus voltage, and an enhanced speed capability. In digital implementation of the six-step control, power electronics may not be able to switch on and off exactly at the zero crossing points of reference voltages, which will result in a dc offset in phase voltages and cause a low-frequency oscillation in phase currents. The low-frequency oscillation will create issues such as higher power losses, lower efficiency, and excessive heat that may demagnetize magnets on the rotor for a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This research presents a control algorithm using asymmetric PWM to ensure that power electronics switch on and off exactly at the reference voltage zero crossing points. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the algorithm can reduce the low-frequency oscillation in phase currents by more than 90%.
Exponential lower bounds for DPLL algorithms on satisfiable random 3-CNF formulas

We consider the performance of a number of DPLL algorithms on random 3-CNF formulas with n variables and m=rn clauses. A long series of papers analyzing so-called "myopic" DPLL algorithms has provided a sequence of lower bounds for their satisfiability threshold. Indeed, for each myopic algorithm ${\mathcal A}$ it is known that there exists an algorithm-specific clause-density, $r_{\mathcal A}$, such that if $r 2.78 and the same is true for generalized unit clause for all r>3.1. Our results imply exponential lower bounds for many other myopic algorithms for densities similarly close to the corresponding $r_{\mathcal A}$.
DIFFUSE MARROW DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

This article describes MR imaging findings in neoplastic processes affecting the marrow of children. Differentiation from non-neoplastic processes, such as edema and hematopoietic marrow is described.
Theoretical comparison of modulation methods for coherent subcarrier-multiplexed photonic systems

A theoretical comparison is presented of various optical modulation methods for subcarrier-multiplexed photonic systems with coherent detection (SCM/CD). Two modulation methods are discussed in detail: optical phase modulation and external intensity modulation using electrooptic modulators. Their performance in single- and multioctave modes of operation is evaluated. Some practical considerations are presented. Both modulation methods can be used in SCM/CD networks that can be implemented with existing technology. >
Accessible reactive surface area and abiotic redox reactivity of iron oxyhydroxides in acidic brines

Abstract The reactivity of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles in low pH and high ionic strength solutions was quantified to assess abiotic contributions to oxidation–reduction chemistry in acidic brine environments, such as mine groundwater seepage, lakes in Western Australia, and acid mine drainage settings, which are of global interest for their environmental impacts and unique geomicrobiology. Factors expected to influence accessible and reactive surface area, including Fe(II) adsorption and aggregate size, were measured as a function of pH and CaCl2 concentration and related to the kinetics of redox reactions in aqueous suspensions of synthetic goethite (α-FeOOH), akaganeite (β-FeOOH), and ferrihydrite (Fe10O14(OH)2) nanoparticles. Aqueous conditions and iron oxyhydroxides were chosen based on characterization of natural iron-rich mine microbial mats located in Soudan Underground Mine State Park, Minnesota, USA. Quinone species were used as redox sensors because they are well-defined probes and are present in natural organic matter. Fe(II) adsorption to the iron oxyhydroxide mineral surfaces from aqueous solution was measurable only at pH values above 4 and either decreased or was not affected by CaCl2 concentration. Concentrations at or above 0.020 M CaCl2 in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) induced particle aggregation. Assessment of Fe(II) adsorption and particle aggregation in acidic brine suggested that accessible reactive surface area may be limited in acidic brines. This was supported by observations of decreasing benzoquinone reduction rate by adsorbed Fe(II) at high CaCl2 concentration. In contrast, the hydroquinone oxidation rate increased at high CaCl2 concentrations, which may be due to suppressed adsorption of Fe(II) generated by the reaction. Results suggest that iron geochemical cycling in acidic brine environments will be substantially different than for iron oxyhydroxides in low-saline waters with circumneutral pH. These findings have implications for acidic brine lakes and acid mine drainage locations that contain precipitated iron oxyhydroxides.
Anaphylactic reaction secondary to topical preoperative moxifloxacin.

We report a case of anaphylactic shock following topical administration of moxifloxacin for endophthalmitis prophylaxis prior to cataract surgery. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serology and IgE skin testing confirmed the anaphylactic etiology. Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was later performed with identical preoperative preparation except for the exclusion of moxifloxacin; no anaphylactic response occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an anaphylactic response to topical moxifloxacin. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Non-raster Scanning in Atomic Force Microscopy for High-Speed Imaging of Biopolymers

Recent advances in actuator design, controller architecture, and system optimization have made possible video-rate atomic force microscopy. Despite this grand achievement, there are systems with dynamics that occur much faster even than video rate. Novel methods are needed to push imaging rates even higher. Here we present a scheme which is complementary to other high-speed approaches to atomic force: non-raster scanning. Using in real-time the data measured by the tip of the microscope coupled with basic information about the sample, we describe an algorithm that steers the tip of the microscope to remain in the regions of interest. The algorithm, designed for imaging biopolymers and other string-like samples, reduces overall imaging time not by increasing the speed of scanning but by reducing the total sampling area.