cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Low-Energy Weak Solutions of the Equations of Three-Dimensional Compressible Magnetohydrodynamics

We prove the global-in-time existence of weak solutions of the equations of compressible magnetohydrodynamics in three space dimensions with initial data small in L2 and initial density positive and essentially bounded. A great deal of information concerning partial regularity is obtained: velocity, vorticity, and magnetic field become relatively smooth in positive time (H1 but not H2) and singularities in the pressure cancel those in a certain multiple of the divergence of the velocity, thus giving concrete expression to conclusions obtained formally from the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions.
The Bhagavad Gītā as Cross-Cultural Process: Toward an Analysis of the Social Locations of a Religious Text

The religious legitimations, or at least most of them, make little sense if one conceives of them as productions of theoreticians that are then applied ex post facto to particular complexes of activity. The need for legitimation arises in the course of activity. Typically, this is in the consciousness of the actors before that of the theoreticians. And, of course, while all members of a society are actors within it, only very few are theoreticians (mystagogues, theologians, and the like). The degree of theoretical elaboration of the religious legitimations will vary with a large number of historical factors, but it would lead to grave misunderstanding if only the more sophisticated legitimations were taken into consideration. To put it simply, most men in history have felt the need for religious legitimation only very few have been interested in the development of religious "ideas."2
Recall of schematic and non-schematic material related to threat in socially anxious and nonanxious individuals

The present study examined the recall of material representative and non representative of schemata for social and evaluative situations. Socially anxious (n = 24) and nonanxious (n = 25) individuals were presented with three positively valenced and three negatively valenced prose passages describing common social and evaluative scenarios. Eight of the sentences in each passage described events representative of the schema content of most individuals, whereas three of the sentences in each passage described events that are not representative of typical schema content. Participants completed a free recall task in both immediate (i.e. 2 minutes) and delayed (i.e. one week) recall conditions. Although there were no group differences as a function of type of content (i.e. schematic, non-schematic), socially anxious individuals were less likely than nonanxious individuals to accurately recall the gist of passages containing negative information in the immediate recall condition. In all, this study provided little evidence for the influence of maladaptive schema content on memory for threatening material in anxious individuals, but it added to an increasingly large literature suggesting that some types of anxiety are associated with an avoidance of processing emotional material.
Cavitation rheology for soft materials

To guide the development of tissue scaffolds and the characterization of naturally heterogeneous biological tissues, we have developed a method to determine the local modulus at an arbitrary point within a soft material. The method involves growing a cavity at the tip of a syringe needle and monitoring the pressure of the cavity at the onset of a mechanical instability. This critical pressure is directly related to the local modulus of the material. The results focus on the network development of poly(lactide)–poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(lactide) triblock copolymer and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. These materials serve as model materials for tissue scaffolds and soft biological tissues. This new method not only provides an easy, efficient, and economical method to guide the design and characterization of soft materials, but it also provides quantitative data of the local mechanical properties in naturally heterogeneous materials.
Optimizing Mitral Valve Exposure With Conventional Left Atriotomy

The standard surgical approach to the mitral valve is accomplished through a longitudinal incision in the left atrium, posterior and parallel to the interatrial groove. Many other surgical approaches have evolved. This report describes a technique of optimizing mitral valve exposure via the standard approach. These modifications are simple, do not lengthen the procedure, and usually obviate the need for more complex maneuvers.
Seismic communication between the burrows of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis.

Banner-tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis, footdrum to produce substrate-borne and airborne acoustic energy. Previous studies show that they communicate territorial ownership via airborne footdrumming signals. The research reported here used simulated footdrum patterns generated by an artificial 'thumper' to address the question of whether kangaroo rats communicate through seismic components of these acoustic signals. With microphones suspended in sealed burrows, we found that airborne sounds were attenuated by approximately 40 dB as they passed through the burrow wall into the burrow chamber. The substrate- borne vibrations from the thumper yielded sound ap- proximately 40 dB greater in peak amplitude than the attenuated airborne sound. Thus, 99.9% of the peak power of the thumper was transmitted directly through the substrate into the burrow. The rats in sealed burrows timed their responses to playbacks of footdrums from the thumper and a loudspeaker so they did not initiate a drumming sequence during either the seismic or airborne signals. When these signals were masked by loud noise, the rats continued to drum to the seismic signal but drummed randomly during the airborne playback. These results suggest that the sealed burrow provides a quiet place in which D. spectabilis can listen for sub- strate-borne communications from conspecifics.
Respiratory and vasomotor responses to focal cooling of the ventral medullary surface (VMS) of the rat

Experiments were performed on anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rats after denervation of the vagus and carotid sinus nerves. The electrical activity of the phrenic and cervical sympathetic nerves (CS) along with the arterial blood pressure (BP) were monitored. Graded unilateral cooling of the ventral lateral surface (VMS) from 37 degrees C to 10 degrees C between 6th and 12th nerve rootlets did not affect the phrenic activity. Whereas, a significant depression or apnea was seen with cooling of an area between 1st cervical and 12th nerve rootlets. Bilateral cooling also produced similar respiratory responses. Respiratory depression could also be obtained during higher respiratory drive (7% CO2 in O2). On the other hand, a significant fall in BP and reduction in CS activity were observed with unilateral cooling in any of these VMS areas. However, the magnitude of BP decrease was less with 7% CO2 in O2 compared to 100% O2 breathing.
Neurocomputing strategies in decomposition based structural design

The present paper explores the applicability of neurocomputing strategies in decomposition based structural optimization problems. It is shown that the modeling capability of a backpropagation neural network can be used to detect weak couplings in a system, and to effectively decompose it into smaller, more tractable, subsystems. When such partitioning of a design space is possible, parallel optimization can be performed in each subsystem, with a penalty term added to its objective function to account for constraint violations in all other subsystems. Dependencies among subsystems are represented in terms of global design variables, and a neural network is used to map the relations between these variables and all subsystem constraints. A vector quantization technique, referred to as a z-Network, can effectively be used for this purpose. The approach is illustrated with applications to minimum weight sizing of truss structures with multiple design constraints.
Measurement properties of skindex-16: A brief quality-of-life measure for patients with skin diseases

Background An accurate, sensitive, but brief quality-of-life outcomes measure is needed for studies of dermatologic care.
WikiTUI: leaving digital traces in physical books

This article describes the design of WikiTUI, a tangible user interface system that allows readers to manipulate multimedia information tied to page-level locations in common books. This system will also facilitate the exchange of information with other readers using wiki technology. While other projects have coupled the dual worlds of atoms and bits, few have combined the idea of collaborative and distributed authoring with tangible interfaces. WikiTUI not only bridges the real and digital worlds, but facilitates multiple contributions to a reference base spanning across these worlds. The goal of our work is to apply the paradigm of coupling atoms and bits in order to extend the collaborative annotation and authoring possibilities of wiki media.
Response of ducks to glyphosate-induced habitat alterations in wetlands

The effects of glyphosate herbicide-induced changes in wetland emergent vegetation (largely cattails,Typha spp.) on densities of ducks (Anatinae) were assessed in northeastern North Dakota. In 1990 and 1991, 17 cattail-dominated wetlands were randomly assigned to 0% (reference wetlands), 50%, 70%, or 90% areal spray coverages with glyphosate herbicide. Densities of green-winged teal (Anas crecca), bluewinged teal (Anas discors), gadwalls (Anas strepera), and ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) were similar among treatments during both post-treatment years (P≥0.1). One year post-treatment, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern pintail (Anas acuta) abundances did not differ among treatments (P≥0.1), whereas two years post-treatment their abundances were greater in the sprayed wetlands than in the reference wetlands (P≤0.1). Densities of northern shovelers (Anas clypeata) and redheads (Aythya americana) differed among treatments in both post-treatment years, with the 50% sprayed wetlands harboring more ducks than did the other three treatments. Percent coverage and hectares of open water were positively correlated with numbers of diving ducks (Aythyini and Oxyurini) (P≤0.1). Dabbling duck (Anatini and Cairinini) numbers correlated positively with hectares of open water and dead vegetation, whereas their numbers were negatively correlated with percent coverage of live vegetation (P≤0.1). Results of this study suggest that numbers of ducks were positively influenced by creating a mosaic of open water, live vegetation, and dead vegetation with glyphosate herbicide.
Sequential Live-Trapping And Snap-Trapping Studies Of Microtus Populations

Four populations of Microtus ochrogaster and M . pennsylvanicus were censused by live- and snap-trapping methods in southern Indiana grasslands from March to December 1967. On each area a quadrat was live-trapped for 2 weeks and then immediately snap-trapped for 3 days. Population size was estimated using the Petersen Method. Approximately 25 to 35 per cent of the Microtus population was removed by this snap-trapping procedure, and the snap-trap index was closely related to the estimated density. Snap-trap lines tended to remove voles which lived closer to these lines, but this effect was not absolute. All weight classes of M. ochrogaster seemed equally susceptible to either live traps or snap traps. Juveniles are under-represented in both live- and snap-trapped samples. Both sexes of M. ochrogaster seemed to be caught as readily by live traps as by snap traps.
Quantitative relative comparison of CFD simulation uncertainties for a transonic diffuser problem

Different sources of uncertainty in CFD simulations are illustrated by a detailed study of two-dimensional, turbulent, transonic flow in a converging-diverging channel. Runs were performed with the commercial CFD code GASP using different turbulence models, grid levels, and flux-limiters to see the effect of each on the CFD simulation uncertainties. Two flow conditions were studied by changing the exit pressure ratio: the first is a complex case with a strong shock and a separated flow region, the second is the weak shock case with no separation. The uncertainty in CFD simulations has been studied in terms of four contributions: (1) discretization error, (2) error in geometry representation, (3) turbulence model, and (4) the downstream boundary condition. In this paper, we have quantified the relative contribution and the importance of each source of uncertainty and shown the level of scatter in results that a well informed CFD user may obtain in a typical design activity. The nozzle efficiency results obtained in this study showed that the range of variation for the strong shock case was much larger than that observed in the weak shock case. The discretization errors were up to 6% and the relative uncertainty originating from the selection of different turbulence models was as large as 9% for the strong shock case. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that grid convergence is not achieved with grid levels that have moderate mesh sizes and showed that highly refined grids are required to obtain solutions with an acceptable level of accuracy in design problems that involve simulations of complex flow fields. The results illustrated the interaction of different sources of uncertainty and showed that the magnitudes of numerical errors are influenced by the physical models used.
In vivo sampling using loop microdialysis probes coupled to a liquid chromatograph.

Abstract Microdialysis probes with longer membranes (20–100 mm) provide increased relative recovery over traditional shorter probes (1–4 mm) developed for neuroscience applications. The characterization and optimization of “straight through” or “loop type” probes for use in subcutaneous tissue are considered. Membrane area, probe size, inlet and outlet tubing dimensions, and flow-rate are examined for their effects on relative recovery, the total collection rate, and bulk flow through the membrane wall. Polyacrylonitrile and regenerated cellulose membrane fibers with different geometries were compared. Sampling probes used fibers 3–10 cm long. Inlet and outlet tubing was varied from 25 to 110 μm I.D. with lengths of 10 to 50 cm. Probe configurations optimized for relative recovery, flow-rate, and utility for in vivo use are presented. Utilizing microdialysis probes with large membrane surface areas results in relative concentration recovery of greater than 50% at flow-rates of greater than 5 μl/min. Therapeutic drug monitoring in subcutaneous tissue of awake animals is explored.
Irradiation And Photobleaching Of All-Silica, Pure Silica Core Fibers At Low Temperatures

Attenuation spectra have been taken at 76 K and 195 K following a series of Co-60 irra-diation and photobleaching steps of all-silica fibers with both wet and dry pure silica cores. The photobleaching source, an AlGaAs CW 820 nm emitting laser diode, caused significant attenuation recovery in all fibers at both temperatures over the entire measured wavelength range of 300 nm to 750 nm.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kuwaiti political cartoons during the Arab Spring: Agenda setting and self-censorship

Where criticism of a government could be punishable, political cartoons are used to make critical social commentary in a less direct way. In this study, political cartoons published in four Kuwaiti newspapers during Arab Spring protests were analyzed. Most of the 261 cartoons linked negative attributes to Arab Spring and Kuwaiti politics, society and economy despite certain press restrictions. Newspapers established after a change in press regulations in 2006 were remarkably similar to older newspapers. Liberal and conservative papers both published mainly negative messages but provided starkly different issue agendas; of the 89 cartoons depicting the Arab Spring, only 8 appeared in conservative papers. Conservative papers concentrated on topics relating to Kuwaiti society, economy, and politics.
Resistant gram-positive organisms.

Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria has reemerged in the last decade as a major clinical problem. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and enterococci resistant to pencillin-resistant pneumococci, and enterocci resistant to penicillin, vancomycin, and/or gentamicin have become new considerations in the selection of therapy. Both mutation and acquisition of new DNA on either the chromosome or plasmids can be responsible for resistance in Gram-positive species. Because therapies are often limited, renewed efforts are needed to understand the epidemiology in order to effect control.
Dominant influence of volcanic loading on vertical motions of the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract Rates of island vertical motion above intra-plate hotspots record the processes that arise from interactions between lithospheric plates and mantle plumes. To assess the contribution of mantle and lithospheric processes to surface motion above the Hawaiian hotspot, we compare simple models of lithospheric deformation to vertical motion rates measured from dated paleoshorelines and tide gauge records in the Hawaiian Islands. Our analysis shows that observed uplift and subsidence rates mainly record the flexural response of the lithosphere to volcanic loads. The effective elastic plate thickness that best fits the spatial distribution of subsidence and uplift rates is ∼40 km, consistent with previous estimates based on total vertical deflection. Because volcanic loading dominates the vertical motion signal, Hawaiian Islands appear to follow a predictable trajectory of vertical motion when they reside within one flexural half-wavelength of the active volcanic center. Islands initially subside at rapid and decreasing rates in the first ∼1 Myr following their construction, uplift relatively slowly ∼1–2.5 Myr following their construction, and eventually subside again, but at slow rates, within ∼5 Myr of their construction. This observed pattern of uplift and subsidence is consistent with the pattern of vertical motion predicted to result from volcanic loading at the Hawaiian hotspot. Lithospheric migration over the long-wavelength topographic swell associated with the Hawaiian hotspot has a comparatively minor influence on island uplift and subsidence. Its contribution to island vertical motion is not readily observed in our data, with the possible exception of some uplift observed in the past ∼500 kyr on O‘ahu that might correspond to non-steady state behavior of the Hawaiian plume.
A preliminary anatomical diagnosis of the first Plio/Pleistocene hominid discoveries in the central Afar, Ethiopia

Five fragmentary hominid specimens including four associated postcranial (lower limb) bones and a temporal bone of another individual from the Plio/Pleistocene of the central Afar, Ethiopia, are described. These remains represent the primary discoveries of fossil hominids by an international team working since 1972 in recently recognized paleontological exposures in the Afar triangle. The descriptions presented are purely anatomical and no taxonomic assessment is intended. The postcranial material is comprised of two fragmentary proximal femurs, a right and a left, a right distal femur, and a right proximal tibia. The close association and morphological similarities of these four fragments strongly suggests that they are from the same individual. An eroded and fragmentary left temporal bone, from another locality, was also found. Both the cranial and postcranial material are from roughly equivalent stratigraphic horizons and may be of nearly the same geological age.
Application of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Analysis of Paraquat in Human-Exposure Samples

Paraquat is a toxic quaternary ammonium compound used as an herbicide around the world. Easy, fast, and inexpensive but sensitive methods are needed to study the effects of long-term, low-level exposure of paraquat on human health. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for quantification of paraquat in urine and air-filter samples collected in a human-exposure study among farm workers in Costa Rica. A sample pretreatment consisted of removal of interfering substances using solid-phase extraction resin columns. The precision and accuracy of the method were tested using duplicate spiked urine samples. The correlation between results for blind samples obtained using ELISA and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was significant (R2 = 0.945 and 0.906 for spiked and field samples, respectively). With an LOQ of 2 ng mL−1, this ELISA method was able to distinguish the exposed from the nonexposed farm workers. For the air-filter analysis, paraquat was extracted by 9M H2SO4 at 60°C for 12 hours, and the results obtained by ELISA showed good correlation (R2 = 0.918) with the spectrophotometric (256 nm) measurements. Paraquat in acid-stabilized urine samples was very stable, and no significant losses were detected during a 3-month storage at room temperature, at 4°C, or at −20°C.
Remarks on Wishes and Counterfactuals

A kind of ‘isomorphism’ is commented on, between the relation of wants to indicative conditionals and the relation of wishes to counter-factual conditionals. Among other things, it is suggested that Richard Jeffrey’s theory of decision applies equally to degrees of ‘wishedforness’.
Stearidonic Acid-Enhanced Soybean Oil: A Plant-Based Source of (n-3) Fatty Acids for Foods

Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have been reported to have a variety of cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric benefits. Although obtaining the preformed fatty acids EPA and DHA from their traditional source (fish) is optimal, such an approach may not be realistic for meeting the world's growing demand for (n-3) fatty acids; therefore, a more sustainable and dependable source is needed. Stearidonic acid (SDA) is a metabolic precursor of EPA that can be provided by SDA-enhanced soybean oil. Such a product can provide a sustainable source of (n-3) fatty acids that does not endanger fish stocks. Two clinical trials have demonstrated that SDA-enhanced soybean oil can significantly improve an emerging marker of cardiovascular health, the omega-3 index (RBC EPA+DHA). The increase in the Index seen in these trials was used to estimate the potential clinical benefit of SDA consumption based on prior prospective cohort studies. In this analysis, risk for sudden cardiac death and the rate of cellular aging would both theoretically be reduced. The lower risk for major cardiac events seen in the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (which used EPA supplementation) suggests that raising EPA tissue levels, independent of changes in DHA, can have clinical benefit. Thus, the consumption of foods containing SDA-enhanced soybean oil may be both a practical and sustainable approach to enriching tissues with beneficial (n-3) fatty acids.
Technical and economic requirements of integrated SOC testing

The consumer and business demand of integrating more functionality into a single device is causing the level of integration of today's system-on-a-chip (SOC) ICs to accelerate faster than ever before. IC design and manufacturing technologies have also converged to make this possible as never before. Some examples of this are Set-Top-Box/Cable Modems (STB/CMs), cell phones with PDA and video imaging and DVD R/W systems. These types of integrated SOCs can have digital, memory, mixed signal, and RF challenges, and a true SOC tester must combine all of these capabilities to address these challenges. However, meeting the technical challenges is not enough because these are high volume applications that demand low cost of test to make them economically feasible. This is also why the tester architecture must integrate all these different capabilities-single insertion testing is a must to meet the economic goals of devices in a consumer market. The particular technical and economic requirements of the SOC device need to be understood and then mapped into tester capability and the cost-of-test (COT) associated with high volume production. To understand what it takes to test this class of SOC, a STB/CM and a DVD R/W application will be used as examples. Typical block diagrams will be explored and solutions to some of the biggest technical challenges will be developed. High volume manufacturing will then be evaluated to reduce the COT to its minimum.
Teaching for Creativity Scales: An Instrument to Examine Teachers’ Perceptions of Factors That Allow for the Teaching of Creativity

Creativity is valuable for individuals and society; it is thus important to understand how creativity can be fostered and encouraged. Teachers have a unique opportunity to promote creativity among their students. Teaching for Creativity Scales analyze constructs that influence teachers’ perceptions of teaching for creativity. Approximately 650 teachers completed the survey. In the exploratory factor analysis, the items fit a 4-factor structure, producing 4 subscales: teacher self-efficacy, environmental encouragement, societal value, and student potential. The instrument was revised and distributed to additional teachers for a confirmatory factor analysis. With a few item deletions, the proposed model was a good fit for the data (CMIN/df = 1.819, CFI = .923, TLI rho2 = .917, RMSEA = .053). With continued testing and revisions, this instrument could be useful for measuring perceptional changes due to designed interventions, comparing different populations of teachers, and describing creativity perceptions ...
Optical transmission measurements and electron microprobe analysis of a bulk InAs1-xPx alloy system

Optical transmission measurements and electron microprobe analyses are made on seven bulk InAs1−xPx samples of different compositions. Absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength near the fundamental absorption edge is deduced from transmission data for each sample. Our results show that, rather than a linear variation with alloy composition, the energy band gap for these ternary alloys fits a relation of the form Eg(x) = = A + Bx + Cx2; in this relation A = Eo1 (direct gap of compound No. 1). A + B + + C = Eo2 (direct gap of compound No. 2) and C is equal to four times the deviation of the observed band gap from linear behavior at the equimolar composition (x = 0.5). In contrast, the Thompson-Wooley relationship C = 0.3 (where Eom = Eo1 + Eo2) does not yield a satisfactory fit to the experimental data. Optical absorption coefficients obtained from these transmission measurements are used to determine the energy band gap for this InAs1−xPx alloy system (0≦ x ≦ 1). The compositions of these seven bulk ternary InAsP samples are determined independently by both X-ray powder photography techniques (assuming Vegard's law is valid) and the electron microprobe analysis, and are found in excellent agreement with each other. Values of the energy gap determined both by the extrapolation of the linear portion of α2 versus hv to its intercept on the hv axis and by using α = 103 cm−1 as the criteria are compared, and are in agreement with previously reported results. Es wurden an sieben kompakten InAs1−xPx-Proben optische Transmissionsmessungen und Mikrosondenanalysen durchgefuhrt. Aus den Transmissionsdaten wird die Wellen-langenabhangigkeit des Absorptionskoeffizienten fur jede Probe in der Nahe der Grund-gitterabsorptionskante bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse ergeben keine lineare Anderung der Bandlucke mit der Verbindungszusammensetzung, sondern eine Abhangigkeit der Form Eg(x) = A + Bx + Cx2, wobei A = Eo1 die direkte Bandlucke von InAs, A + B + C = = Eo2 die direkte Bandlucke von InP und C gleich dem Vierfachen der Abweichung der beobachteten Bandlucke vom linear interpolierten Wert fur x = 0,5 ist. Die Thompson-Wooley-Beziehung C = 0,3E (Eom = Eo1 + Eo2) ergibt keine befriedigende Anpassung an die experimentellen Daten. Die aus den Transmissionsmessungen ermittelten Absorptionskoeffizienten werden zur Bestimmung der Bandlucke fur das InAs1−xPx-Svstem im Bereich 0 ≦ x ≦ 1 benutzt. Fur die sieben o. g. Proben wird die Zusammen-setzung unabhangig sowohl aus Rontgenstrahl-Pulveraufnahmen (Vegards Regel wurde als gultig angesehen) als auch mit Mikrosondenmessungen bestimmt, und es wird gute Ubereinstimmung festgestellt. Es werden die aus der Extrapolation des linearen Teils von α2 uber hv zun. Schnittpunkt mit der hv-Achse und die α = 103 cm−1 entsprechenden Werte der Bandlucke verglichen. Diese Werte stimmen mit fruher publizierten Resultaten uberein.
Physics and Principles of Ultrasound

Ultrasound has a storied history which achieved reality during World War II in finding German submarines in the protection of North Atlantic convoys. It was initially employed for its therapeutic benefits in physical therapy to produce deep heat and ablation of brain lesions for Parkinson’s disease. The wave characteristics have been altered in diagnostic ultrasound to the point where energy transfer is limited, and deep tissue heat is virtually nonexistent. Ultrasound systems are comprised of a transducer, console (which contains the computer software, electrical components, Doppler technology, and storage), and the display. The physics of ultrasound waves and the means of their delivery are important to meld into this discussion. Artifacts which are demonstrated in the display of clinical ultrasound can be used to advantage in understanding what is actually portrayed.
A user-centered approach to evaluating topic models

This paper evaluates the automatic creation of personal topic models using two language model-based clustering techniques. The results of these methods are compared with user-defined topic classes of web pages from personal web browsing histories from a 5-week period. The histories and topics were gathered during a naturalistic case study of the online information search and use behavior of two users. This paper further investigates the effectiveness of using display time and retention behaviors as implicit evidence for weighting documents during topic model creation. Results show that agglomerative techniques – specifically, average-link clustering – provide the most effective methodology for building topic models while ignoring topic evidence and implicit evidence.
Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section†

We studied 160 patients undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia who received a preloading volume of 15 ml kg-1 of 10% pentastarch in 0.9% saline, or Hartmann's solution, in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. We compared the incidence of spinal-induced hypotension in each group. Hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic arterial pressure to less than 70% of baseline values or
Quiescent, Slow-Cycling Stem Cell Populations in Cancer: A Review of the Evidence and Discussion of Significance

Long-lived cancer stem cells (CSCs) with indefinite proliferative potential have been identified in multiple epithelial cancer types. These cells are likely derived from transformed adult stem cells and are thought to share many characteristics with their parental population, including a quiescent slow-cycling phenotype. Various label-retaining techniques have been used to identify normal slow cycling adult stem cell populations and offer a unique methodology to functionally identify and isolate cancer stem cells. The quiescent nature of CSCs represents an inherent mechanism that at least partially explains chemotherapy resistance and recurrence in posttherapy cancer patients. Isolating and understanding the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms of quiescent cancer cells will be a key component to creation of future therapies that better target CSCs and totally eradicate tumors. Here we review the evidence for quiescent CSC populations and explore potential cell cycle regulators that may serve as future targets for elimination of these cells.
A Comparison of Hydrostatic Weighing and Air Displacement Plethysmography in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Clasey JL, Gater DR Jr. A comparison of hydrostatic weighing and air displacement plethysmography in adults with spinal cord injury. Objectives To compare (1) total body volume (V b ) and density (D b ) measurements obtained by hydrostatic weighing (HW) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI); (2) measured and predicted thoracic gas volume (V TG ); and (3) differences in percentage of fat measurements using ADP-obtained D b and HW-obtained D b measures that were interchanged in a 4-compartment body composition model (4-comp %fat). Design Twenty adults with SCI underwent ADP and V TG , and HW testing. In a subgroup (n=13) of subjects, 4-comp %fat procedures were computed. Setting Research laboratories in a university setting. Participants Twenty adults with SCI below the T3 vertebrae and motor complete paraplegia. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Statistical analyses, including determination of group mean differences, shared variance, total error, and 95% confidence intervals. Results The 2 methods yielded small yet significantly different V b and D b . The groups' mean V TG did not differ significantly, but the large relative differences indicated an unacceptable amount of individual error. When the 4-comp %fat measurements were compared, there was a trend toward significant differences ( P =.08). Conclusions ADP is a valid alternative method of determining the V b and D b in adults with SCI; however, the predicted V TG should be used with caution.
Submicron thermal imaging of quantum dot lasers on GaAs and Si substrates

We map a laserpsilas internal temperature structure for the first time, identifying separate heat sources due to contact heating and nonradiative recombination and using this technique to compare degradation mechanisms for GaAs-based and Si-based lasers.
A distributed-RCL model for MCM layout

The authors model high-speed VLSI interconnects by using a generic distributed RLC-tree. Through a detailed analysis of the distributed RLC-tree a two-pole approximation system is established to formulate the performance-driven layout in MCM designs. An in-depth study of the formulated performance-driven layout problem reveals the interplay between the interconnector's performance and its geometrical parameters. The study leads to an A-tree topology to optimize the defined performance-driven layout problem. Significant improvement, an average up to 67% reduction on the interconnection delay, is achieved over large sample MCM designs, as compared with the well known Steiner tree topology. >
Considerations for Endpoint Selection When Designing HIV Clinical Trials.

Selecting the primary endpoint is one of the most important decisions in designing clinical trials. Many HIV trials are powered for surrogate markers, often virologic suppression. Among 49 recently published Phase 3 or higher randomized HIV trials only 14% were powered for clinical outcomes such as the progression to AIDS, death, or serious non-AIDS diseases. We provide two examples where interventions modified the targeted surrogate markers but failed to provide clinical benefit. We review the use of surrogate and clinical endpoints, discuss the composition of clinical endpoints, and the need for endpoint verification. In HIV-infected individuals with CD4 cell counts above 200 cells/mm3 serious non-AIDS conditions such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic diseases and cancer contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. In this population clinical endpoint trials should be powered for non-AIDS morbidity along with AIDS.
Predicting Geologic Corrosion with Electrodes

Ever since humans discovered how to separate metal from its ore mineral, preserving its metallic luster has been a driving force in the advancement of materials science. In modern times, developing materials that will contain and isolate nuclear waste has pushed corrosion science to new limits. We must now predict corrosion rates over geologic time scales, upwards of a million years. This article reviews the electrochemical basics that underpin metal and mineral corrosion and uses that to understand the case study of copper corrosion in nuclear-waste containers. Electrochemistry can also explain electron-transfer processes on mineral surfaces and so offer insight into weathering and environmentally relevant natural redox processes, such as those forming supergene metal deposits.
Gankyrin, A Biomarker for Epithelial Carcinogenesis, Is Overexpressed in Human Oral Cancer

Little is known about the potential involvement of the oncoprotein gankyrin in human oral cancer progression. In this study, the levels of gankyrin mRNA and protein expression were assessed in human oral epithelial cell lines, at-risk normal oral tissues, premalignant oral lesions, and primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Materials and Methods: Biopsies included 6 oral epithelial cell lines, 32 OSCC specimens for qRT-PCR analysis, 27 OSCC specimens and 12 premalignant oral lesions for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Gankyrin was overexpressed in all tested oral epithelial cell lines and the majority of OSCC specimens (32/32 (100%) and 21/27 (71%) at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively). Moreover, 6/12 of premalignant oral lesions overexpressed gankyrin protein. Conclusion: Gankyrin overexpression is a prevalent event in human oral cancer and occurs during the early stages of oral carcinogenesis, thus being a viable therapeutic or chemopreventive target in oral cancer. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process through which normal cells are sequentially transformed via the activation of proto- oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes into their malignant counterparts. During human oral cancer development, one of the most prominent genetic changes is
Numerical algorithms for the Cray T3D (Cray massively parallel computer)

The T3D is Cray's virtually shared memory MPP. We discuss here several design issues for the implementations of parallel numerical algorithms. We also describe some specific implementations, and their performance.
Establishing a Threshold of Regulation

The 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act defines a food additive as “...any substance, the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component ... of ... food....” Thus, even materials which may migrate to food in very small quantities from packaging materials have been subjected to regulation. With advances in analytical methods of detection over the years, ever lower levels of migrating substances are technically subject to food additive regulation. Is there some level below which a substance need not be considered a food additive? The agency has grappled with this “Threshold-ofRegulation” (T/R) question ever since 1958 and generally has handled such situations on a case-by-case basis. Increasingly, however, there have been calls for the agency to develop a T/R policy. To develop such a policy, the agency must consider a number of important issues such as the reliable measurement of low levels of migration; low dose risk assessment; the likely potencies of possible carcinogens; and an array of legal and regulatory constraints. The presentation will center on possible ways the agency might weave together this array of considerations to arrive at a viable policy for the Threshold of Regulation.
“One Moment in the World's Salvation”: Anarchism and the Radicalization of William James

In the opening pages of the essays in Pragmatism (1907), WilliamJames condemned the shallow abstraction of contemporary religious philosophies. In introducing his point, he conjured the name of "that valiant anarchistic writer Morrison I. Swift" and quoted Swift at length regarding the urgent problems of the nation's unemployed. James urged his auditors and readers that both the transcendental idealism of the neo-Hegelian school and the theism of contemporary Protestantism were abstract, "refined," out of touch with the "tangled, muddy, painful and perplexed" world of real human experience. What was needed, James explained, was pragmatism, a philosophy that would be better attuned to the crying needs pointed out by Swift.' ToJames's contemporaries the allusion to Swift was richly packed with meaning, for his name had been common newspaper fare for more than a decade. Swift was an American writer and radical organizer of the nation's unemployed, achieving notoriety during the depression of the 1890s by organizing marches of the unemployed in Boston and, in 1894, to Washington. Indeed, as Alexander Keyssar has written, "Every major demonstration of the unemployed that took place in Boston between 1894 and 1914 was led by Morrison Isaac Swift."2
Drought Planning and Management: Using High Spatial Resolution as Part of the Solution

Water scarcity is intensified by drought, a phenomenon that impacts many sectors of society and affects virtually all climate zones. The Palmer drought indices are widely used by scientists and policy makers to understand drought and model its components. Despite the spatial heterogeneity and variability in variables required by the Palmer model, regional index values are most commonly used for real-time drought assessment. Local stakeholders charged with developing flexible and tailored water management policies have articulated the need for drought indices calculated at finer spatial resolutions than a regional scale. We use the Pacific Northwest United States (U.S.) as a study area to demonstrate the differences between drought indices calculated for U.S. climate divisions with those calculated at a 0.5° by 0.5° latitude/longitude resolution. Our results indicate that regional values of the two cumulative Palmer drought indices do not represent finer-resolution values well. For half of the study area, ...
Analysis of In Vivo Strains in the Tibial Metaphysis of Adult Rats During Voluntary Exercising Protocols

In a recent study [1], unexpected results were observed in the bone response of animals undergoing two different exercise protocols. Rats were trained to jump voluntarily, but one group wore weighted backpacks while the other group did not (body weight only). Surprisingly, both of these exercises produced similar osteogenic responses after 5 weeks of training. The purpose of the current study was to compare in vivo bone strain measurements for animals doing these two types of exercises to see if these data could help explain the unexpected results.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Zn(II) Stimulation of Fe(II)-Activated Repression in the Iron-Dependent Repressor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Thermodynamic measurements of Fe(II) binding and activation of repressor function in the iron-dependent repressor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (IdeR) are reported. IdeR, a member of the diphtheria toxin repressor family of proteins, regulates iron homeostasis and contributes to the virulence response in M. tuberculosis. Although iron is the physiological ligand, this is the first detailed analysis of iron binding and activation in this protein. The results showed that IdeR binds 2 equiv of Fe(II) with dissociation constants that differ by a factor of 25. The high- and low-affinity iron binding sites were assigned to physical binding sites I and II, respectively, using metal binding site mutants. IdeR was also found to contain a high-affinity Zn(II) binding site that was assigned to physical metal binding site II through the use of binding site mutants and metal competition assays. Fe(II) binding was modestly weaker in the presence of Zn(II), but the coupled metal binding-DNA binding affinity was significantly stronger, requiring 30-fold less Fe(II) to activate DNA binding compared to Fe(II) alone. Together, these results suggest that IdeR is a mixed-metal repressor, where Zn(II) acts as a structural metal and Fe(II) acts to trigger the physiologically relevant promoter binding. This new model for IdeR activation provides a better understanding of IdeR and the biology of iron homeostasis in M. tuberculosis.
Study on the biochemical components change in the fermentation of traditional shan'niang rice wine

In order to master the changing principles of biochemical components in the fermentation of traditional shan'niang rice wine,the regular inspection and detection of some chemical indicators,including the total number of yeast,yeast form,the total number of bacteria,bacterial form,reducing sugar,total acid,volatile acids,alcohol content,sensory,quality,and pH degree,etc.are carried out.The bacterial types were also preliminarily identified.The final result indicates that lactobacillus is the advantageous bacterial in traditional shan'niang rice wine,and that the traditional fermentation of shan'niang rice wine is a kind of trilateral fermentation mixed with saccharification and the synergy effects between multi-and-high-density yeast and lactobacillus.
Significance of genetics in pediatrics.

For general practitioners, in whose practice is included a major proportion of the medical management of infants and children, and for the specializing pediatrician as well, Postgraduate Medicine presents this special regular department devoted to brief discussions by recognized authorities on their preferred methods of the treatment and management of diseases and problems of infancy and childhood.
Ho! Ho! Who? Parent promotion of belief in and live encounters with Santa Claus

Abstract There is a long enduring lay notion that children must be taught the difference between fiction and reality. Yet, cultural fictional characters such as Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy are widely promoted as real. With Santa Claus, children are faced with an additional conundrum: multiple live versions of Santa Claus seen at malls, museums and parades. In two studies we investigate how and when children come to understand this live version of a fictional, magical character. In both studies, we find parents are highly promoting of the live Santa as real, regardless of child age. In Study 1, we find the more live Santas children are exposed to, the more they believe a live Santa is the real Santa. In Study 2, we find the more parents promote Santa Claus, the less likely children are to question who live Santa is. Taken together, findings indicate parental promotion of Santa does not change much with age, and that amount of Santa promotion is negatively associated with understanding this live version of a fictional character.
The Length of the Corpora Cavernosa in Man and its Relationship to Penile Prosthetic Implants

AbstractTo determine the possible etiology of the so-called SST deformity 50 consecutive male cadavers were subjected to corporeal glandular spatial analysis. It would appear that the corporeal bodies end 0.5cm. more proximal than reported in anatomy textbooks. Likewise, it is demonstrated that the SST deformity is likely a technical error