cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microvesicles and Exosomes in Local and Distant Communication with the Heart

The existence of nano-sized extracellular vesicles including microvesicles and exosomes has been recognized for some time, but it is only relatively recently that their relevance to cardiovascular health and disease has begun to emerge. The discovery that they can deliver not only proteins but mRNA and miRNA to recipient cells suggested that they might regulate protein levels in the heart, and therefore cardiovascular function. Indeed, several studies have now shown that stem cells release extracellular vesicles which are taken up by recipient cells in vitro and modulate their function. They may therefore mediate some of the beneficial effects of stem cell implantation that have been observed. However many fundamental technical issues relating to their isolation and characterization remain to be overcome, and many aspects of their processing in vivo remain hypothetical. This chapter will examine the evidence for a role of exosome and microvesicles in local and distant communication mechanisms in the heart, particular in ischaemic heart failure and after myocardial infarction.
Nosocomial Infection Control and Management in Grade-Two Hospitals in Guangdong

Objective To understand the situation of nosocomial infection(NI) control and management and the surveillance method in grade-2 hospitals in Guangdong.Methods Random sampling method was used to spot-check 18 hospitals in Guangdong and interviewed with questionnaires.All data were analyzed by SPSS11.0.Results All the surveyed hospitals have set up the department of NI control and management.In 18 hospitals,10 hospitals have enough professional staff.25 of hospitals with beds more than 1000,while 50 with beds less.Most professional staff are women(79.9) and the mean age is 40,with middle level of education,middle class of professional title,and 6 years of experience in average.96.6 professional staff got the license of NI control and management.The surveillance method is based on retrospective survey and report by clinicians.Conclusion The setting of NI control and management is up to the basic standard,but not enough hospitals with beds more than 1000.The quality and training of professional staff are needed to be improved.The way of NI surveillance should use prospective study.
Technology of Pulse-Shaping and Recognition Based on Intelligent Network for Output Signal of Flow Meter

The output signal of the flow meter may often show instability and distortion when interfered by the noise,electromagnetic pulses and other factors.Sometimes the computation precision is often affected seriously.The intelligent pulse-shaping and recognition technology combined with the neural network for the output signal of flow meter was used based on the analysis of the defects of the traditional methods,such as the signal conditioning module and software filter.The method was tested with the actual signal.Results show that this method can overcome the defects of the traditional ones,and provide a very effective approach for the pulse-shaping and recognition of the output signal of the flow meter.
"Try Walking in Our Shoes": Teaching Acculturation and Related Cultural Adjustment Processes through Role-Play.

In this article, we describe several role-playing exercises on acculturation and relevant cultural adjustment processes that we incorporated into Tomcho and Foel’s classroom activity on acculturati...
Newer Research and its Significance

Clinical and basic science research has revolutionized the way that we view migraine headache. Epidemiological studies have defined the demographic, comorbid conditions, and risk factors for chronic migraine. Neuroimaging studies have shown differences in cortical thickness, gray and white matter, and functional connectivity, establishing that the brains of migraine patients clearly differ from those of non-migraineurs. Genetic studies have identified new genetic loci that will help us understand the pathophysiology of migraine headache. Pharmacological infusions of nitric oxide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide trigger delayed attacks of migraine and provide evidence that these molecules may be part of the cascade of neurobiological events that occur during a migraine attack. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CGRP or its receptor, as well as medical devices, offer promise in the abortive and preventative treatment of migraine. This chapter reviews many of the new and exciting advances in the headache field in recent years.
Funding: Interdisciplinary challenges.

Scientific analysis of funding support suggests that interdisciplinary research proposals are less successful than those focused on single disciplines. This has negative implications for the development of interdisciplinary research such as microbiology, and may hinder our ability to solve society's grand challenges.
Synovial cysts in the lumbar spine: MR characteristics.

We report here two pathologically proved cases of synovial cysts arising from the facet joints of the lumbar spine and their correlative MR findings
On Chasles' Property of the Helicoid in Tri-Twisted Real Ambient Space

An elementary property of the helicoid is that at every point of the surface the following condition holds: cot = C d; where d is the distance between an arbitrary point to the helicoid axis, and is the angle between the normal and the helicoid’s axis. This rigidity property was discovered by M. Chasles in the rst half of the XIXth century. Starting from this property, we give a characterization of the so-called tri-twisted metrics on the real three dimensional space with the property that a given helicoid satises the classical invariance condition. Similar studies can be pursued in other geometric contexts. Our most general result presents a property of surfaces of rotation observing an invariance property suggested by the analogy with Chasles’s property.
Doing Good and Doing Damage: Educators’ Impact on Undocumented Latinx Students’ Lives

In this chapter, I explore educators’ particularly poignant role in impacting undocumented students’ lives. I draw from the perspectives of undocumented students to examine how educators impact undocumented Latinx lives for better or for worse. I focus on undocumented Latinx students’ perceptions of educators’ everyday interactions with them and use Valenzuela’s (Subtractive schooling: U.S.-Mexican youth and the politics of caring. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999) notions of educacion and authentic caring to analyze how students make meaning of them. I stress the significance of interactions that do good and others that do damage and suggest that educators can powerfully influence the lives of undocumented youth through small, even momentary interactions.
Explicit tangent stiffness matrix for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of laminated composite frame structures

Abstract In this paper, based on Von Karman’s nonlinear theory and the classical lamination theory, a closed form expression is derived for the tangent stiffness matrix of a laminated composite beam element undergoing large deformation and rotation under mechanical and hygrothermal loads. Stretching, bending and torsion have been considered. A co-rotational element reference frame is used as the Updated Lagrangian (UL) formulation. The model has been verified in different problems by comparison with the results of Nastran and ANSYS composite laminate tools, and the difference in the resulting large deformations is less than 5%. The major advantage of the proposed approach is that the composite structure is modeled using 1D beam elements rather than 2D shell or 3D solid elements as in the case of Nastran and ANSYS where laminates are defined over surfaces or 3D solids. The availability of an explicit expression for the tangent stiffness matrix makes the proposed model highly efficient specially when dealing with large composite space frame structures. The saving in computational time could reach 93% compared to regular FE software packages. The developed model is very useful for modeling and designing flexible composites used in new applications such as morphing aerospace structures and flexible robots.
Diversity of DNA and RNA Viruses in Indoor Air As Assessed via Metagenomic Sequencing

Diverse bacterial and fungal communities inhabit human-occupied buildings and circulate in indoor air; however, viral diversity in these man-made environments remains largely unknown. Here we investigated DNA and RNA viruses circulating in the air of 12 university dormitory rooms by analyzing dust accumulated over a one-year period on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters. A metagenomic sequencing approach was used to determine the identity and diversity of viral particles extracted from the HVAC filters. We detected a broad diversity of viruses associated with a range of hosts, including animals, arthropods, bacteria, fungi, humans, plants, and protists, suggesting that disparate organisms can contribute to indoor airborne viral communities. Viral community composition and the distribution of human-infecting papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses were distinct in the different dormitory rooms, indicating that airborne viral communities are variable in human-occupied spaces and appear to ...
True German and phony English laughter: Schmidt-Hidding was still Schmidt

Schmidt-Hidding’s (b. 1903, d. 1967) lexical field study on the area of Humor und Witz [humor and wit/jokes] (1963b) receives attention in humor research to this day, especially in German-speaking countries. His diamond-shaped illustration of the two dimensions of the field of humor, not least in its aim to distinguish “earthy” German from “courteous” English humor, has become well-known. In view of this continued interest in the final write-up of Schmidt-Hidding’s work on humor (1963a, 1963b), in which he consistently ignores his earlier related publications under the name of Schmidt, this paper aims to discourage researchers from basing their work on it for two reasons. The more important one is the flawed, or at least muddled and definitely outdated, methodology of his study. The more delicate one that is focused on here is that the motivation for and the ideological direction of the study are strongly influenced by its author’s National Socialist ideology, which Schmidt-Hidding had possibly assumed for opportunistic reasons and abandoned after World War II. I will first document this ideological alignment with National Socialism from Schmidt’s earlier work, basically a prelude to his Schlusselworter (1963a). Then I’ll briefly present the methodological flaws, to the degree that Schmidt-Hidding was sufficiently explicit about his method to make that possible. This approach of interpreting a complex issue in its historical and social contexts, along with showing what the issue is in contrast to analogous issues, is the important research agenda that Davies brought to humor research.
Impedance Spectroscopic Detection of Binding and Reactions in Acid-Labile Dielectric Polymers for Biosensor Applications.

We synthesized previously unreported copolymers with cleavable acid-labile side chains for use as electrochemical sensing layers in order to demonstrate a novel architecture for a one-step immunosensor. This one-step system is in contrast to most antigen-capture signal amplification methods that involve complicated secondary labeling techniques, or require the addition of redox probes to achieve a sensing response. A series of novel copolymers composed of various trityl-containing monomers were synthesized and characterized to determine their dielectric properties. The results indicate that the thin films of these polymers are stable in water, but some begin to degrade under acidic conditions or upon antigen binding, causing observable changes in the phase angle.
Interferometric Measurement Techniques for Small Diameter Kolsky Bars

The use of optical measuring techniques for small diameter Kolsky bar experiments is discussed. The goal is to develop methods that can eliminate the need for more commonly used strain gages which become impractical as bar sizes decrease. The basic approach taken here is to adapt interferometer-based methods, used commonly in pressure-shear plate impact experiments, to high-rate Kolsky bar experiments. A Normal Displacement Interferometer (NDI) is used to measure the motion of the free end of the transmitter bar and provide a measurement of the transmitted pulse. Similarly, the incident and reflected pulses are measured with a Transverse Displacement Interferometer (TDI) utilizing a diffraction grating at the midpoint of the incident bar. Both techniques are applied to 1.59 mm diameter steel pressure bars. In the case of the transmitter bar, measurements are also made with the traditional strain gage instrumentation and comparisons between the two are made. The incident bar measurements made via TDI are validated with a simple bar impact against a single incident bar, i.e., without a specimen or transmitter bar. The possible application of these methods to smaller systems is also discussed.
Companion Animal Genetics

The success of the human genome project has allowed comparative genetics and disease gene mapping in companion animals to be a more efficient and feasible prospect. The construction of gene maps in cats, dogs, and horses is rapidly progressing, improving the use of these species as models for human disease and in understanding basic biological processes. The cat, the dog, and the horse each have diseases that are specific to their species, are in common for companion animals, and are homologous to diseases found in humans. These species will also allow us to explore quantitative traits that are difficult to analyze in humans, such as behavior, morphology, athletic ability, and other polygenic phenotypes. Although considered a companion animal for these discussions, horses are also livestock animals and play an important role in the genetics of economically important animals throughout the world. The genome projects of the cat, the dog, and the horse have developed similar resources to those found in the human and mouse genome projects, including, radiation hybrid panels, chromosome painting probes, BAC libraries, and single tandem repeats markers, STRs. Cooperative groups for each species have developed reference families, are collaborating to identify phenotypes, and are sharing resources throughout the world. The construction of gene based comparative maps across these species will help augment the utility of their genomes, within the dimension of each species’ health and into the dimensions of all mammalian and even vertebrate biology. This article will review and provide the general highlights of the genome projects of companion animals, the resources they possess, and each species’ role in understanding basic biology and improving health.
About the Future: What Phenomenology Can Reveal

Most contemporary American philosophers would deny that phenomenology can reveal anything about time, and an increasing number would deny that phenomenology can reveal anything about the temporal features of human psychology. The claim that phenomenology can not reveal anything about time might be supported by the evidence for the reality of time.1 Rejecting the Kantian tradition of temporal idealism, most contemporary American philosophers consider time to exist independently of any structures of the human mind or of human societies. If phenomenology tells us anything, the argument might continue, it tells us about how people represent time, but there are good scientific reasons for thinking that real time differs in important ways from people’s everyday representations of it. If we want to find out about real time, it would be misguided to engage in phenomenology.
High-Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry in the Study of Biomembranes and Related Model Systems

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) currently finds wide application in studies of the thermotropic behavior of lipids in biological membranes and related systems (Chapman, 1975a,b; Scheidler and Steim, 1975). Almost without exception these studies have employed calorimetric equipment which is limited to very small sample sizes and relatively high scan rates, so that only low sensitivity is realized with the aqueous solutions and suspensions which are of interest in biology. The recent development of scanning calorimeters especially adapted for applications involving relatively dilute solutions and suspensions (Gill and Beck, 1965; Tsong et al., 1970; Jackson and Brandts, 1970; Ross and Goldberg, 1974; Grubert and Ackermann, 1974; Privalov et al., 1975; and Suurkuusk et al., 1976) opens up the possibility of more searching and quantitative studies of these systems. The present chapter outlines the fundamental principles of DSC, and discusses several recent applications of high-sensitivity DSC to membranes and related systems, with particular reference to the most highly developed scanning calorimeter currently available, the one designed by Privalov (Privalov et al., 1975).
Peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading in distribution systems of the future

Abstract Recent years distribution systems have been witnessed a rapid interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), solar energy generation and electric vehicles (EV) in particular. To this end, residential and commercial electricity customers equipped with DERs are transforming their roles from pure electricity consumers to prosumers that can switch between electricity consumers and producers. Indeed, if properly managed, DERs of prosumers could bring significant benefits to distribution system operations. Peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading in distribution systems has been recently explored, in order to properly manage existing prosumers and to continually promote a deeper penetration of prosumers. This article discusses two types of P2P mechanisms, namely auction-based and bilateral contract-based P2P electricity trading mechanisms, and analyze their effectiveness in properly managing electricity trading among prosumers in distribution systems of the future.
Identifying the Preferred Method to Educate Low Income Caregivers About Common Childhood Illnesses: A Step Toward Health Literacy Through a Focus Group Study.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this focus group was to identify the preferred method of education for low-income caregivers to learn about common childhood illnesses in an effort to meet their health literacy needs. Methods Focus group participants were recruited from two sources; caregivers who qualified for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Food and Nutrition Services and those attending a monthly prenatal health education program for low-income pregnant women. Participants were asked to rank in order of preference five educational options. The five options included a commonly used diagnosis-specific handout, a booklet of the most common childhood illnesses and symptoms, a comprehensive book of common childhood illness and symptoms, a 24-hour nurse call line, and a mobile application developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All options provided accurate information from professional sources. Results The ranking of the five educational options identified the mobile application developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, KidsDoc, to be the preferred method with the commonly used diagnosis-specific handout as the least favorite option. Conclusion/practice implications The United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) has identified a need to change the way health information is designed and delivered. Identifying that materials should be redesigned using best practices to reduce health literacy demands and match consumer preferences, the USDHHS calls for periodic testing of materials with the intended consumers. This focus group provides valuable information and a step toward future research to address health literacy using materials identified by low-income consumers.
Pharmacological antagonist interventions

Abstract Discoveries of drugs and natural foods were each serendipitous activities, appropriately described in the first use of this word as part of a letter, written from Horace Walpole to Horace Mann on June 28, 1754, after reading a French translation of the Persian story, Peregrinaggio di tre giovani figliuoli del re di Serendippo. It was published earlier, in turn, as an Italian version of the original Persian text by Michele Tramezzino in Venice during 1557, describing in an early detective story the adventures of three young travelers from the Court of Serendip (Sri Lanka). They were in search of a lost camel in an Asian desert, as perhaps an inadvertant symbol of yet undiscovered and/or missing drugs.
An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus

Colorful ornaments are hypothesized to have evolved in response to sexual selection for honest signals of individual quality that provide information about potential mates. Red carotenoid coloration is common in diverse groups, and in some vertebrate taxa, red coloration is a sexually selected trait whereby mates with the reddest ornaments are preferred. Despite being widespread among invertebrates, whether red carotenoid coloration is assessed during mate choice in these taxa is unclear. The marine copepod Tigriopus californicus displays red coloration from the accumulation of the carotenoid astaxanthin. Previous research on copepods has shown that astaxanthin provides protection from UV radiation and xenobiotic exposure and that carotenoid production is sensitive to external stressors. Because of the condition dependency of the red coloration, we hypothesized that Tigriopus would use it as a criterion during mate choice. To test this hypothesis, we conducted trials in which males chose between females that were wild‐type red (carotenoid‐rich algae diet) or white (carotenoid‐deficient yeast diet). To control for dietary differences and to isolate the effect of carotenoid coloration, we also presented males with restored‐red females fed a carotenoid‐supplemented yeast diet. We found that wild‐type red females were weakly preferred over white females. After controlling for diet, however, we found that restored‐red females were avoided. Our observations do not support the hypothesis that male copepods prefer the carotenoid coloration of females during mate choice. We hypothesize that algal‐derived compounds other than carotenoids play a role in mate choice. Red coloration in copepods appears to be a condition‐dependent trait that is not assessed during mating.
A Co-opted Regulator of Lateral Root Development Controls Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus

Legumes, a subset of flowering plants, form root nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The regulatory network controlling nodule formation has remained mysterious. In a recent issue of Science, Soyano et al. (2019) demonstrate that co-option of an existing lateral root developmental program is used in Lotus for nodule organogenesis.
Effects of microvoids on strength of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials

Abstract Microvoids are common defects generated during manufacturing or prolonged services of composites. Depending on the local physical environment, microvoids may form as two types, namely, matrix voids and interfiber voids. These voids are known to have detrimental effects on the load bearing capacity of composites. However, it is relatively unknown the quantitative influence of these voids on the mechanical strength of composites. Without a direct mapping between defects and ply-level constitutive behavior, high-fidelity progressive failure predictions of composite structures is challenging. To bridge the gap, a micromechanics-based finite element framework is developed to investigate composites failure in the presence of three interfiber voids and the matrix void under transverse compression, tension, shearing, and longitudinal shearing. Mechanical strengths under these four loading modes are correlated with microstructural parameters including the void volume fraction, fiber-to-void number ratio, and void orientation. In general, at the same void volume fraction, the pentagonal interfiber void lowers strength the most, followed by the square interfiber void, the triangular interfiber void, and the circular matrix void. The weakening effect is strongly associated with stress concentration in the vicinity of voids, making the fiber-to-void number ratio an important parameter as it determines the local geometry. While void orientation shows limited influence, void size is found to play an important role. Results are expected to guide design and manufacturing of composite materials to achieve less critical flaws and higher strengths. Quantitative understanding of the criticality of voids of various configurations will also assist in-situ evaluation of composite materials.
Intuitive PI: Simulator-less Analysis Methodology

A simplified method for quickly characterizing the inductance of power planes, vias, balls, and similar structures is presented. The methodology is centered on characterizing the fundamental building blocks of power distribution networks and using these blocks to discretize geometries without the need for a simulator or computer. A correlation study is performed comparing the method to a full wave simulation and some possible applications are discussed.
Emerging issues in the ethical utilization of pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Purpose of review As we have refined our extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities and enhanced our ability to care for children with illnesses previously deemed lethal, the patient populations for whom ECMO is a medically appropriate intervention have expanded. Such expansion has prompted consideration of evolving ethical issues. In this review, we highlight several of the emerging ethical issues in pediatric ECMO. Recent findings Expansion of ECMO into increasingly diverse pediatric populations has prompted several ethical questions. First, some have found that there are specific clinical settings in which ECMO ought to be obligatory. Second, expanded use of ECMO may prompt disagreements among healthcare providers or between providers and family members regarding decisions about decannulation. Finally, analysis of the ethical challenges associated with integration of other disruptive healthcare modalities into patient care, will allow us insight into how to assure ethical expansion of pediatric ECMO. Summary Expansion of pediatric ECMO highlights several ethical issues including whether ECMO is ever ethically obligatory, how to ethically decannulate a patient when survival is deemed unlikely, and how to guide expansion of pediatric ECMO based upon lessons learned from the implementation of other disruptive healthcare interventions into practice.
Quaternion based neural network for hyperspectral image classification

Neural networks have emerged to be the most appropriate method for tackling the classification problem for hyperspectral images (HIS). Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), being the current state-of-art for various classification tasks, have some limitations in the context of HSI. These CNN models are very susceptible to overfitting because of 1) lack of availability of training samples, 2) large number of parameters to fine-tune. Furthermore, the learning rates used by CNN must be small to avoid vanishing gradients, and thus the gradient descent takes small steps to converge and slows down the model runtime. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel quaternion based hyperspectral image classification network (QHIC Net) is proposed in this paper. The QHIC Net can model both the local dependencies between the spectral channels of a single-pixel and the global structural relationship describing the edges or shapes formed by a group of pixels, making it suitable for HSI datasets that are small and diverse. Experimental results on three HSI datasets demonstrate that the Q-HIC Net performs on par with the traditional CNN based methods for HSI Classification with a far fewer number of parameters.
15 – Anxiety Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the various anxiety disorders from the cultural perspective. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) these disorders are formally categorized as general anxiety disorders, specific phobias, social phobias, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). All of them, even though they may be attributed to biological factors, are understood to occur psychologically in reaction to external stress or internal psychic conflict. They share the common core problem of anxiety even though they may manifest distinctly different or mixed clinical pictures. These disorders are nonpsychotic and, together with others, such as dissociation, somatoform, and adjustment disorders, are labeled minor, in contrast to major (psychotic), psychiatric disorders. The identification and diagnosis of minor psychiatric disorders are subject to various factors, including a patient's subjective perception of the suffering or problems, his or her style of complaint presentation, the clinician's orientation and sensitivity to comprehending and diagnosing the disorders, and the classification system utilized to categorize the disorders. Anxiety and other minor psychiatric disorders are influenced sociocultural factors and cannot be understood or approached without cultural considerations. This includes understanding the nature of the problem, making a clinical assessment and diagnosis, and offering treatment for the patient.
Changes in Liver Transplant Center Practice in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Unmasking Dramatic Center-Level Variability.

We read with interest the letter by Agopian et al (1), which highlighted the negative impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. Timing of LT for patients recovered from COVID-19 has become a critical issue during the pandemic. Patients with deteriorating ESLD without a living-donor option could die while awaiting deceased-donor LT.(2-4).
The latest in systemic lupus erythematosus-accelerated atherosclerosis: related mechanisms inform assessment and therapy.

Purpose of review Accelerated atherosclerosis is a significant comorbidity and the leading cause of death for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is now apparent that SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis is not driven solely by traditional cardiovascular risk factors, adding complexity to disease characterization and mechanistic understanding. In this review, we will summarize new insights into SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis evaluation, treatment, and mechanism. Recent findings Recent work highlights the need to incorporate inflammatory biomarkers into cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments. This is especially true for SLE patients, in which mechanisms of immune dysfunction likely drive CVD progression. There is new evidence that commonly prescribed SLE therapeutics hinder atherosclerosis development. This effect is achieved both by reducing SLE-associated inflammation and by directly improving measures of atherosclerosis, emphasizing the interconnected mechanisms of the two conditions. Summary SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis is most likely the consequence of chronic autoimmune inflammation. Therefore, diligent management of atherosclerosis requires assessment of SLE disease activity as well as traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This supports why many of the therapeutics classically used to control SLE also modulate atherosclerosis development. Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this condition will allow for the development of more targeted therapeutics and improved outcomes for SLE patients.
Classification of Cancer Types based on Gene Expression Data

With the rapid increase of genomic data, analyzing this huge bioinformatics data becomes a new challenge. Therefore, computer-based processes and algorithms are much more powerful to use. For analysis of across tumor types, John N Weinstein declares the uncertain feasibility of applying characterization based on molecular changes to complement pathological analysis for classification of cancers. Hence, for this limitation, we compared four deep learning methods, K-Means, Support Vector Machine, Formal Concept Analysis, and Association rules, to classify cancers based on the gene expression cancer RNA-Seq data set with 801 cases and 20531 genes for each case. The results show that SVM has the highest accuracy (99.8% and 99.2%) out of all our objectives, which is followed by K-Means with 91.75%. The third highest overall result (83.1%) is the Formal Concept Analysis algorithm. Association rules have the lowest accuracy with 72.25%. This comparison supplies a good guide for the classification of cancer types based RNA-seq.
Contributions of the HCMV U L 30-associated open reading frames to infection.

Transposon-based insertional mutagenesis screens have assessed how disruption of numerous human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) open reading frames (ORFs) impacts in vitro viral replication. Insertional mutagenesis of the HCMV UL30 gene was previously found to substantially inhibit production of viral progeny. However, there are a number of putative UL30-associated ORFs, and it is unclear how they impact viral replication. Here, we report on the contributions of the eight UL30-associated ORFs to infection. We find that deletion of the canonically annotated UL30 ORF substantially reduces production of infectious virus at both high and low multiplicities of infection (MOI). This deletion likely has complex effects on viral replication, as we find that it reduces the expression of neighboring non-UL30-associated ORFs. Mutation of the initiating methionine of the canonical UL30 ORF indicated that it is dispensable for high- and low-MOI infection in the highly passaged AD169 strain, although it is important for low-MOI infection in the less-passaged TB40/E strain. Comutation of eight methionines in the UL30 region results in a low-MOI viral replication defect, as does mutation of the TATA box responsible for the most abundant UL30 transcript, which is found to be necessary for the accumulation of multiple UL30-associated protein isoforms during infection. In total, our data indicate the importance of the UL30-associated ORFs during low-MOI HCMV infection and further highlight the difficulty associated with the functional interrogation of broadly disruptive mutations: e.g., large deletions or transposon insertions.IMPORTANCE Viral genes and their products are the critical determinants of viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes many gene products whose roles during viral infection have not been assessed. Elucidation of the contributions that various HCMV gene products make to infection provides insight into the infectious program, which could potentially be used to limit HCMV-associated morbidity, a major issue during congenital infection and in immunosuppressed populations. Here, we explored the role of HCMV's UL30-associated gene products and found that they are important for HCMV replication. Future work elucidating the mechanisms through which they contribute to viral infection could highlight novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Sunitinib and Axitinib increase secretion and glycolytic activity of small extracellular vesicles in renal cell carcinoma.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a wide range of vesicles that are released by all cell types. They package protein, nucleic acids, metabolites, and other cargo that can be delivered to recipient cells and affect their phenotypes. However, little is known about how pharmaceutical agents can alter EV secretion, protein and metabolic cargo, and the active biological processes taking place in these vesicles. In this study, we isolated EVs from human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) Sunitinib and Axitinib. We found these TKIs increase the number of large (lEVs) and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted from RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, quantitative proteomics revealed that metabolic proteins are enriched in sEVs secreted from Sunitinib-treated cells. In particular, the glucose transporter GLUT1 was enriched in sEVs purified from TKI-treated cells. These sEVs displayed increased glucose uptake and glycolytic metabolism compared to sEVs released from vehicle-treated cells. Overexpression of GLUT1 in RCC cells augmented GLUT1 levels in sEVs, which subsequently displayed higher glucose uptake and glycolytic activity. Together, these findings suggest that these TKIs alter metabolic cargo and activity in RCC sEVs. Proposed model of the effect of Sunitinib and Axitinib on extracellular vesicle secretion and metabolism. Upon treatment with Sunitinib or Axitinib, RCC cells secrete more extracellular vesicles that contain GLUT1, leading to increased glycolytic metabolism in their vesicles. Figure created with BioRender.com
Does a Wikipedia-based assignment increase self-efficacy among female students? A qualified maybe

Wikipedia has become one of the most used reference works, by students, educators, academics, and the general public, and there is a growing body of research exploring when and how students use the...
The Garcia-Koelling Selective Association Effect: A Historical and Personal Perspective

The first and most prominent study of selective associations was the so-called bright-noisy-water experiment by Garcia and Koelling (1966). This study was a landmark in the development of thinking about biological constraints on learning and remains the most highly cited study of selective associations, even though it lacked important controls. I first describe the original experiment and initial criticisms of it. I then discuss the various control issues that were ignored in the original experiment but addressed in subsequent research. In this account, I rely primarily on research conducted in my laboratory, because the problems were not addressed by any other investigators. Along the way, I discuss the discovery of a selective sensitization effect related to the Garcia-Koelling findings, ways to rule out selective sensitization, and studies of selective associations in pre-weanling rats. I conclude with a look back at the impact of the Garcia-Koelling experiment and recommendations for new generations of students in the field.
Particulate structure of phytoglycogen studied using β-amylolysis

Phytoglycogen (PG), a dendrimer-like glucan particulate, has a much higher dispersed molecular density than amylopectin (AP). In this study, β-amylase was used to investigate the effect of high molecular density of PG on its susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. AP and PG reached the limit of β-amylolysis at 20 and 480 min, respectively, suggesting a much higher resistance of PG to β-amylase. The majority of PG β-amylolysis occurred in the initial 2 min, followed by a slow progression that implied low accessibility of internal particulate portion to enzyme. The chain length profile of PG β-limit dextrin showed only one population of long chains, indicating the absence of branch clusters with PG. At the limit of β-amylolysis, a substantial decrease in the molar mass was observed for both PG and AP, whereas only a slight reduction in the Z-average root mean square radius was observed for PG (from 24.5 to 23.1 nm) compared to that of AP (from 91.1 to 69.6 nm).
Binding of [14C]Penicillin G to the Membrane-bound and the Purified d-Alanine Carboxypeptidases from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis and Its Release

Abstract [14C]Penicillin G bound to the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus d-alanine carboxypeptidases in either the membrane-bound or purified states. This binding was subsequently reversed with a half-time ranging from 10 min to several days, depending on the enzyme, the penicillin derivative, and the temperature. The released material was neither intact penicillin nor penicilloic acid but rather some other penicillin derivative. The enzymes were thus formally penicillinases of low activity, although they were not β-lactamases. In addition to the release catalyzed by the native enzyme, hydrolysis of the penicillin-enzyme complex also occurred under certain circumstances after enzyme denaturation. Prior to release from the enzyme, the penicillin appeared to be covalently bound. It was not released by boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate, by 8 m urea, or by 6 m guanidine HCl. Likewise, intact penicillin was not freed by digestion with pronase; the material released upon digestion was a mixture of penicilloic acid and an unidentified compound, possibly penicillin-peptide.
Support Vector Machines

Fisher’s linear discriminant function (LDF) and related classifiers for binary and multiclass learning problems have performed well for many years and for many data sets. Recently, a brand-new learning methodology, support vector machines (SVMs), has emerged (Boser, Guyon, and Vapnik, 1992), which has matched the performance of the LDF and, in many instances, has proved to be superior to it.
VIM: A Platform for Violent Intent Modeling

Radical and contentious activism may or may not evolve into violent behavior depending on contextual factors related to social, political, cultural and infrastructural conditions. Significant theoretical advances have been made in understanding these contextual factors and the import of their interrelations. However, there has been relatively little progress in the development of processes and capabilities that leverage such theoretical advances to automate the anticipatory analysis of violent intent. In this paper, we describe a framework that implements such processes and capabilities, and discuss the implications of using the resulting system to assess the emergence of radicalization leading to violence.
Comparison of spatial firing characteristics of units in dorsal and ventral hippocampus of the rat

The septal and temporal poles of the hippocampus differ markedly in their anatomical and neurochemical organization. Although it is well established that the internal representation of space is a fundamental function of hippocampal neurons, most of what is known about spatial coding in the hippocampus of freely moving animals has come from recordings from the dorsal one-third (largely for technical convenience). The present study therefore compared the spatial selectivity of CA1 neurons in the dorsal and ventral hippocampi of rats during performance of a food reinforced, random search task in a square chamber containing simple visual landmarks. Neural activity was recorded in the dorsal and ventral hippocampi of opposite hemispheres in the same rats, in many cases simultaneously. As in dorsal hippocampus, ventral CA1 units could be classified as "complex spike" (pyramidal) cells or "theta" interneurons. Both dorsal and ventral theta cells fired at relatively high rates and with low spatial selectivity in the apparatus. Of the population of complex spike cells in the ventral hippocampus, a significantly smaller number had "place fields" than in the dorsal hippocampus, and the average spatial selectivity was of significantly lower resolution than that found among dorsal hippocampal complex spike cells. Thus, a septotemporal difference of spatial selectivity was found in the CA1 field of the rat hippocampus, complementing many other anatomical and neuropharmacological studies. A number of possible functional interpretations can be suggested from these results, including a computational advantage of representing space at different scales or a preeminence of essentially nonspatial information processing in the ventral hippocampus.
Institutional Stress and the Federal District Courts: Judicial Emergencies, Vertical Norms, and Pretrial Dismissals

This Article examines the effects of judicial emergencies on the federal district courts. The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts declares judicial emergencies when a weighted statistic of filings and vacancy days exceeds certain thresholds. This Article presents evidence on the relationship between emergency status in a judicial circuit and the frequency of pretrial disposition in federal district courts within that circuit: a federal district court is statistically more likely to dismiss a case before trial if its corresponding circuit court is in emergency. This evidence suggests that emergency status may affect normative expectations between the federal district courts and the federal courts of appeals. Federal district courts in circuits under stress appear to increase their “gatekeeping” function by reducing the number of full trials that they hear. The evidence presented in this Article also suggests that the stability of vertical norms between the federal district courts and the federal circuit courts plays an important role in the federal district courts fulfilling their trial-like institutional role.
Developing quality indicators for cancer end-of-life care: proceedings from a national symposium.

Quality indicators applicable to cancer end-of-life care exist, but have not been widely implemented. To advance this field, the authors worked with the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality and the National Cancer Institute to organize a national symposium to discuss key issues and future goals, based on a conceptual framework. Discussions focused on 8 key domains in end-of-life cancer care: pain; dyspnea; communication, care planning, and decision making; psychosocial care; communication about chemotherapy; depression; continuity, coordination, and care transitions; and spirituality and closure. Key themes included the need for clarity on definitions and key aspects of care within domains, the need to start implementing indicators in more developed domains, and the importance of high-quality symptom assessment and documentation of key processes. Key areas for future work include development of more outcome indicators, methods to better incorporate indicators and patient-reported outcomes into clinical processes of care, and coordination across domains and settings. Measuring the quality of end-of-life cancer care is essential to understanding how best to improve patient outcomes and care. Cancer 2009;115:3820–9. V C 2009 American Cancer Society.
Stopping DNA Replication in Its Tracks

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients have a greatly increased susceptibility to sunlight-induced skin cancer. Although three-quarters of patients are known to have defects in the nucleotide-excision repair pathway that repairs UV-damaged DNA, the remainder have no apparent defects in this repair pathway. As James Cleaver explains in his Perspective, this mystery has now been solved with the finding ( Johnson et al.) that these patients lack Pol h, a DNA polymerase that does not make errors during replication and that is crucial for bypassing UV-induced DNA lesions (called photoproducts). In the absence of Pol h, a related polymerase, Pol z which is extremely prone to errors-replicates the damaged DNA, resulting in daughter strands that are riddled with mistakes.