cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juvenile manic-depressive illness: a longitudinal perspective.

The authors report on a case of bipolar illness in an adolescent, incorrectly diagnosed by one of them 5 years earlier, The course of the patient's illness and the reasons for the missed diagnosis are discussed. Attention is directed to the importance of recognizing the occurrence of clinical manifestation of manic-depressive disorder in young children.
Alterations of the antibody response followingIn Utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol

The antibody response to SRBC andE. coli 0127 lipopolysaccharide were determined in offspring from mice exposedin utero to diethylstilbestrol. The antibody response to SRBC, a Tcell dependent antigen, was similar in control and exposed animals. In contrast, the LPS antibody response was suppressed in treated females and enhanced in treated males. These studies indicated thatin utero exposure to DES alters the humoral immune system to T-independent antigens.
The Computerized Laboratory Notebook concept for genetic toxicology experimentation and testing.

Abstract We describe a microcomputer system utilizing the Computerized Laboratory Notebook (CLN) concept developed in our laboratory for the purpose of automating the Battery of Leukocyte Tests (BLT). The BLT was designed to evaluate blood specimens for toxic, immunotoxic, and genotoxic effects after in vivo exposure to putative mutagens. A system was developed with the advantages of low cost, limited spatial requirements, ease of use for personnel inexperienced with computers, and applicability to specific testing testing yet flexibility for experimentation. This system eliminates cumbersome record keeping and repetitive analysis inherent in genetic toxicology bioassays. Statistical analysis of the vast quantity of data produced by the BLT would not be feasible without a central database. Our central database is maintained by an integrated package which we have adapted to develop the CLN. The clonal assay of lymphocyte mutagenesis (CALM) section of the CLN is demonstrated. PC-Slaves expand the microcomputer to multiple workstations so that our computerized notebook can be used next to a hood while other work is done in an office and instrument room simultaneously. Communication with peripheral instruments is an indispensable part of many laboratory operations, and we present a representative program, written to acquire and analyze CALM data, for communicating with both a liquid scintillation counter and an ELISA plate reader. In conclusion we discuss how our computer system could easily be adapted to the needs of other laboratories.
An Affective Image Positioning of Las Vegas Hotels

The key to a hotel's positioning is to understand how it is perceived by its customers. Previous research has focused on cognitive attributes (e.g., price, service quality, amenities), yet it can be argued that customers also use their feelings to differentiate hotels. This study explores the positioning of major hotels on the Las Vegas Strip based on their affective image. By using Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS), twelve hotels are mapped based on the photo images. Additionally, a cluster analysis is performed to aid the interpretation of the MDS configuration. Implications of our findings for hospitality managers are discussed.
Light-Limited Growth Rate Modulates Nitrate Inhibition of Dinitrogen Fixation in the Marine Unicellular Cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii

Biological N2 fixation is the dominant supply of new nitrogen (N) to the oceans, but is often inhibited in the presence of fixed N sources such as nitrate (NO3 −). Anthropogenic fixed N inputs to the ocean are increasing, but their effect on marine N2 fixation is uncertain. Thus, global estimates of new oceanic N depend on a fundamental understanding of factors that modulate N source preferences by N2-fixing cyanobacteria. We examined the unicellular diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii (strain WH0003) to determine how the light-limited growth rate influences the inhibitory effects of fixed N on N2 fixation. When growth (µ) was limited by low light (µ = 0.23 d−1), short-term experiments indicated that 0.4 µM NH4 + reduced N2-fixation by ∼90% relative to controls without added NH4 +. In fast-growing, high-light-acclimated cultures (µ = 0.68 d−1), 2.0 µM NH4 + was needed to achieve the same effect. In long-term exposures to NO3 −, inhibition of N2 fixation also varied with growth rate. In high-light-acclimated, fast-growing cultures, NO3 − did not inhibit N2-fixation rates in comparison with cultures growing on N2 alone. Instead NO3 − supported even faster growth, indicating that the cellular assimilation rate of N2 alone (i.e. dinitrogen reduction) could not support the light-specific maximum growth rate of Crocosphaera. When growth was severely light-limited, NO3 − did not support faster growth rates but instead inhibited N2-fixation rates by 55% relative to controls. These data rest on the basic tenet that light energy is the driver of photoautotrophic growth while various nutrient substrates serve as supports. Our findings provide a novel conceptual framework to examine interactions between N source preferences and predict degrees of inhibition of N2 fixation by fixed N sources based on the growth rate as controlled by light.
Responses of viscoelastic polymer composites with temperature and time dependent constituents

This study formulates a concurrent micromechanical model for predicting effective responses of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, whose constituents exhibit thermo-viscoelastic behaviors. The studied FRP composite consists of orthotropic unidirectional fiber and isotropic matrix. The viscoelastic material properties for the fiber and matrix constituents are allowed to change with the temperature field. The composite microstructures are idealized with periodically distributed square fibers in a matrix medium. A unit-cell model, consisting of four fiber and matrix subcells, is generated to obtain effective nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic responses of the composites. A time-integration algorithm is formulated to link two different thermo-viscoelastic constitutive material models at the lowest level (homogeneous fiber and matrix constituents) to the effective material responses at the macro level, and to transfer external mechanical and thermal stimuli to the constituents. This forms a concurrent micromechanical model, which is needed as the material properties of the constituents depend on the temperature field. Consistent tangent stiffness matrices are formulated at the fiber and matrix constituents and also at the effective composite level to improve prediction accuracy. The thermo-viscoelastic responses obtained from the concurrent micromodel are verified with available experimental data. Detailed finite element (FE) models of the FRP microstructures are also generated using 3D continuum elements for several fiber volume fractions. Thermo-viscoelastic responses of the concurrent micromodel are also compared to the ones of the detailed FRP microstructures.
Na+-dependent, active nucleoside transport in mouse spleen lymphocytes, leukemia cells, fibroblasts and macrophages, but not in equivalent human or pig cells; dipyridamole enhances nucleoside salvage by cells with both active and facilitated transport

Abstract Formycin B influx studies have shown that P388 and L1210 mouse leukemia cells, mouse L929 cells, mouse RAW 309 Cr.1 cells, LK35.2 mouse B-cell hybridoma cells and cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages express both Na+-dependent, active and nonconcentrative, facilitated nucleoside transport systems. In the mouse cell lines, active transport represented only a minor nucleoside transport component and was detected only by measuring formycin B uptake in the presence of dipyridamole or nitrobenzylthioinosine, strong inhibitors of facilitated, but not of active, nucleoside transport. Inhibition of facilitated transport resulted in the concentrative accumulation of formycin B in cells expressing active nucleoside transport. Concentrative formycin B accumulation was abolished by treatment of the cells with gramicidin or absence of Na+ in the extracellular medium and strongly inhibited by ATP depletion or ouabain treatment. Mouse macrophages accumulated formycin B to 70-times the extracellular concentration in the absence of dipyridamole during 90 min of incubation at 37°C. Thus active transport represents a major nucleoside transport system of these cells, similarly as previously reported for mouse spleen lymphocytes. In contrast to the various types of mouse cells, active formycin B transport was not detected in human HeLa cells, human H9, Jurkat and CEM T lymphoidal cells and pig spleen lymphocytes. These cells expressed only facilitated nucleoside transport with kinetic properties similar to those of the facilitated transporters of other mammalian cells.
Comment on "Eliminating the major tornado threat in Tornado Alley"

The authors draw from half a century of meteorological research to expose flaws in a recent proposal to build 300-m-tall tornado-prevention walls across the U.S. Great Plains. The idea behind the walls is that they would prevent cold and warm air masses from clashing and would therefore suppress tornadoes. The problem with this proposal, however, is that atmospheric fronts ("airmass clashes") are neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for tornadoes and that the proposed walls would not prevent the formation of fronts in the first place. Additional misconceptions about supercells thunderstorms and tornado formation also are identified.
Performance evaluation of mobile wireless networks: a new perspective

We propose a methodology to simplify the analysis of wireless network simulations. Wireless simulation models are plagued by a vast parameter space. Consequently, performance studies are not easy to interpret or compare across different models. We reduce this parameter space by proposing a set of parameters that describe the network at a higher level of abstraction.More specifically, the cornerstone of our approach is the steady state utilization concept which quantifies the inherent capacity of a network to support a particular workload. The steady state utilization of a system is the maximum utilization with zero loss for a given traffic load. We also introduce the steady state arrival rate which is the arrival rate that keeps the network operating at its steady state utilization. Furthermore, we propose an efficient way to evaluate the performance of a network in terms of effective utilization which captures the utilization and the loss at the same time. Effective utilization measures the goodput of the network.Finally, as a case study, we use our methodology to evaluate how advance reservations affect network performance. We show how, contrary to intuition, bandwidth reservations can hurt performance, if we consider dropped calls as lost income.
Coalescence of drops in a liquid-liquid dispersion by passage through a fibrous bed

A model which describes the operation of a fibrous bed coalescer is presented. From this model, a theoretical equation can be derived for the filter coefficient, λ, at small velocities where the effect of turbulence is negligible. This expression which considers the void fraction of the bed, ϵ, the drop diameter, dp, the average saturation, Sm, the fiber diameter, dP, and the effective fiber diameter dfe, is:where β is the fraction of collisions which lead to coalescence. At larger velocities, a suitable empirical equation is obtained by multiplying the above expression by the square root of the velocity at which the filter coefficient begins to decrease divided by the superficial velocity. These equations describe the data of various workers. A method of obtaining the average saturation in a fibrous bed is presented. A possible correlating equation is found to be:where U is the superficial velocity. On presente un modele qui decrit le fonctionnement d'un dispositif a coaescence pourvu d'un lit fibreux. On a mis au point, a partir dudit modele une equation theorique pour le coefficient de filtration (λ), a faibles vitesses, lorsque l'effet de turbulence est negligeable. Ladite equation, qui tient compte de la fraction de vide (ϵ) du lit, du diametre des gouttes (dϵ), de la saturation moyenne (Sm), du diametre des fibres (dp) et du diametre effectif des fibres (dfe) est:ou β est la fraction des collisions qui conduisent a la coalescence. n obtient, a de plus grandes vitesses, une equation empirique satisfaisante en multipliant l'expression precitee par la racine carree de la vitesse a laquelle le coefficient de filtration commence a decroǐtre et en divisant le resultat par la vitesse superficielle. Les equations en question decrivent les resultats obtenus par divers chercheurs. On presente une methode permettant d'obtenir la saturation moyenne dans un lit fibreux. On trouve qu'une equation possible de correlation est la suivante:ou U est la vitesse superficielle.
Cryopyrin : In from the cold

Mutations in CIAS1/cryopyrin are linked to several autoinflammatory diseases. In this issue of Immunity, Sutterwala et al. (2006) uncover a critical role for cryopyrin in the caspase-1/IL-1β axis and reveal a broader role for cryopyrin than anticipated.
Using Magnetometers for Space Object Characterization in Space Situational Awareness Applications

Magnetometer-based detection and characterization of space objects in geosynchronous orbit is motivated and challenges are discussed. Observable constants of motion with and without charge screening are derived in detail. A novel application of orbit and detection constraints is used to generate admissible region boundaries for unobservable states, allowing initial orbit determination and data association of space objects passing near magnetometers. Practical and operational issues are discussed in detail.
The shining path and Peruvian terrorism

(1987). The shining path and Peruvian terrorism. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 10, Inside Terrorist Organizations, pp. 109-126.
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN TEMPERATURE-ENFORCED SEED DORMANCY AMONG GOLF COURSE POPULATIONS OF POA ANNUA L.

Summary Seed germinability at high temperature (25 °C) was found to differ among golf course populations of Poa annua L. located along a gradient of different intensities of turf irrigation and mowing practices. A seed germination index was calculated to express the effect of temperature on seed germination. The seed germination indices of the less managed populations from the golf roughs were uniformly low and less than 30%, with a mean index of 5%. Conversely, the germination indices of the golf green populations were high. Most seed families of the golf green populations had a germination index higher than 60%. A wide range of seed germination indices was found in seed families of the fairway populations, ranging from 10 to 90% with a mean index of 49%, and with a bimodal distribution. The results of this study indicate that rapid genetic differentiation in temperature-enforced seed dormancy among populations of Poa annua had taken place at the micro-ecological level.
Dynamic Response to Axial Oscillation and Rotating Seat Runout in Contacting Mechanical Face Seals

Contacting mechanical face seals are ubiquitous in many industries, e.g., petrochemical seals, automotive water pump seals, and low pressure gas seals. Environmental awareness and new strict regulations may force an even wider use of contacting seals in limiting leakage of toxic fluids. Contacting operation is achieved when the closing force exceeds a presumed opening force. For prolonged seal life it is desired that the contacting force be as small as possible. On the other hand, the contacting force must be big enough to ensure face contact. To maintain contacting operation the shaft speed must be smaller than some critical value, known as the separation speed. The separation speed is affected by many dynamic parameters of the system, among which is Ike damping of the support. This damping is either inherent in the system, in the form of a secondary seal, or is introduced especially to limit, for example, metal bellows radial vibration. The analysis herein complements an earlier investigation which was ...
Au nanospheres and nanorods for enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor applications

a b s t r a c t Au nanocrystals with different morphologies were prepared and used for enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor applications. To investigate the electrocatalytic properties of Au nanocrystals as a function on their morphologies, Au nanocrystals, Au nanospheres (NSs) on silica, Au NSs, and Au nanorods (NRs) with aspect ratios of 1:3 and 1:5, were coated on the screen printed electrodes and further measure the amperometic responses to hydrogen peroxide via three-electrode system. The electrodes modified with Au nanocrystals showed biosensing properties without any enzyme being attached or immobilized at their surface. The hydrogen peroxide detection limits of the biosensors with Au NSs, Au NRs (1:3), and Au NRs (1:5) were 6.48, 8.65, and 9.38 M (S/N = 3), respectively. The biosensors with Au NSs, Au NRs (1:3), and Au NRs (1:5) showed the sensitivities of 11.13, 54.53, and 58.51 A/mM, respectively. These results indicate that morphologies of Au nanocrystals significantly influence the sensitivity of the biosensors. In addition, the enzyme-free biosensors with Au nanocrystals were stable for 2 months. Au nanocrystal-based enzyme-free system, which is proposed in this study, can be used as a platform for various electrochemical biosensors. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Commemorating War in Eighteenth-Century China

Reviewing his long reign in 1792, the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–1795) hailed his military triumphs as one of its central accomplishments. To underscore the importance he ascribed to these successes, he began to style himself ‘Old Man of the Ten Complete Victories’ (Shi Quan Lao Ren), after an essay in which he boldly declared he had surpassed, in ‘Ten Complete Military Victories’ (Shi Quan Wu Gong), the far-reaching westward expansions of the great Han (206 BCE–220 CE) and Tang (618–907) empires. Such an assertion, together with the program of commemoration discussed below, served to justify the immense expense incurred by frequent long-distance campaigning; to elevate all these wars to an unimpeachable level of splendor even though some were distinctly less glorious than others; and to align the Manchu Qing dynasty (16–191 i) with two of the greatest native dynasties of Chinese history and the Qianlong Emperor personally with some of the great figures of the past.
“Denied from a Lot of Places” Barriers to Participation in Community Recreation Programs Encountered by Children with Disabilities in Maine: Perspectives of Parents

Abstract Barriers to participation in Maine community recreation programs were explored with 37 parents of children with disabilities in six focus groups statewide. Findings suggest that most community recreation programs in Maine effectively exclude children with disabilities; non-exclusionary programs are usually limited in scope and segregated, not inclusive. Participants identified two major barriers, programs' emphasis in competitive sports and children's behavioural and social skills deficits. Other identified barriers support previous findings: lack of friendship-building programs; negative staff and community attitudes; and lack of staff awareness about disabilities. Recommendations addressed programming, training, support, facilities, collaborations, and financial assistance.
Future of Thoracic PET Scanning

The advances in PET scanning for thoracic diseases that are deemed most likely to have clinical impact in the near-term future are highlighted in this article. We predict that the current practice of medicine will continue to embrace the power of molecular imaging and specifically PET scanning. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET scanning will continue to evolve and will expand into imaging of inflammatory disorders. New clinically available PET scan radiotracers, such as PET scan versions of octreotide and amyloid imaging agents, will expand PET imaging into different disease processes. Major improvements in thoracic PET/CT imaging technology will become available, including fully digital silicone photomultipliers and Bayesian penalized likelihood image reconstruction. These will result in significant improvements in image quality, improving the evaluation of smaller lung nodules and metastases and allowing better prediction of prognosis. The birth of clinical PET/MRI scan will add new imaging opportunities, such as better PET imaging of pleural diseases currently obscured by complex patient motion.
On the optimality of quantum encryption schemes

It is well known that n bits of entropy are necessary and sufficient to perfectly encrypt n bits (one-time pad). Even if we allow the encryption to be approximate, the amount of entropy needed does not asymptotically change. However, this is not the case when we are encrypting quantum bits. For the perfect encryption of n quantum bits, 2n bits of entropy are necessary and sufficient (quantum one-time pad), but for approximate encryption one asymptotically needs only n bits of entropy. In this paper, we provide the optimal trade-off between the approximation measure ϵ and the amount of classical entropy used in the encryption of single quantum bits. Then, we consider n-qubit encryption schemes which are a composition of independent single-qubit ones and provide the optimal schemes both in the 2- and the ∞-norm. Moreover, we provide a counterexample to show that the encryption scheme of Ambainis-Smith [Proceedings of RANDOM ’04, pp. 249–260] based on small-bias sets does not work in the ∞-norm.
Gender-linked determinants of transference and countertransference in psychoanalytic psychotherapy

(1993). Gender‐linked determinants of transference and countertransference in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 13, The Impact of Gender on Transference and Contertransference, pp. 286-305.
Superdirective aerial array containing only one fed element

The maximum-gain theorem developed by Bloch, Medhurst and Pool in 1953 has been applied to an endfire array of four unequally spaced half-wave dipoles, an extensive range of element spacings being taken. A configuration has been found where, for maximum gain, one element is parasitic and two may be joined passively to form a parasitic pair, leaving one element to be fed. Two such arrays designed to operate at 275MHz have been built with ¼in- and ½in-diameter elements, respectively. The theoretical maximum gain for such arrays is about lOdB, and gains of 9.0dB and 8.8dB were measured for the two experimental arrays. Of the discrepancy, 0.2dB and 0.1 dB, respectively, were calculated to be due to losses in the metal structure (i.e. the dipoles and the section of transmission line connecting the parasitic pair). An orthodox endfire array (having currents of equal amplitudes, phased so that the distant fields add in the direction of maximum gain) of the same size would have a gain 5½dB less (3½: 1 in power). A Yagi array with the same gain would need to be between 2¼ and 3½ times longer, depending on its design.
Atrial fibrillation source identification

Atrial Fibrillation, a common arrhythmia accompanied by an increased morbidity and mortality remains difficult to treat either with medications or invasive procedures. Targeted destruction of atrial fibrillation triggers offers the best hope for permanent resolution of the arrhythmia. In this work, identification of atrial triggers is based on the analysis of complex endocardial recordings. Here, we propose a novel algorithm to detect the source of atrial fibrillation by classifying the signals originating from the four pulmonary veins in the left atrium.
Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: Part II. Increased mortality of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos incubating downstream from weathered Exxon valdez crude oil†

We incubated pink salmon embryos under three exposure conditions, direct contact with oil-coated gravel, effluent from oil-coated gravel, and direct contact with gravel coated with very weathered oil (VWO). Embryo mortalities and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in embryo tissues during the direct-contact and effluent exposure experiments were not significantly different, indicating that PAH accumulation was mediated by aqueous transport. Mortality rates for embryos exposed initially to a total PAH concentration (TPAH) of 1.0 ppb were significantly higher than controls when the PAH were derived from VWO. The same aqueous TPAH concentration failed to increase mortality rates when the PAH were derived from less weathered oil, indicating that toxicity of effluents from the VWO was primarily associated with the larger PAH. We conclude that water quality standards for TPAH above 1.0 ppb may fail to protect fish embryos. Further, pink salmon embryos incubating in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill may have accumulated lethal concentrations of PAH from interstitial water that was contaminated when it percolated through oil reservoirs located upstream from salmon redds.
The prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in free roaming cats in Worcester County, Massachusetts.

Background Serosurveys of cats for exposure to or infection with leptospires have been published from other geographic areas, but none for cats in the United States in the past 4 decades. Hypothesis/Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in a population of free roaming cats in Worcester County, (central) Massachusetts. Animals Sixty-three free roaming cats presenting to a trap-neuter-return (TNR) program. Methods Prospective study. Serum was collected from 63 free roaming cats presented to a university associated TNR. Microagglutination titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis, Hardjo, Bratislava, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, and L kirshneri Grippotyphosa were determined. Results A total of 3 of 63 cats (4.8%) had a titer of 1 : 100 or greater to one or more serovars, with Autumnalis being the most common. None of the cats were seropositive to Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, or Canicola. Conclusions and clinical importance These results are consistent with previously published seroprevalence rates in feral cats. Additional studies are required to determine the role of leptosporosis in clinical disease in the domestic cat.
Aligned Al:ZnO nanorods on Si with different barrier layers for optoelectronic applications

We report almost perfectly vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays synthesized by the hydrothermal route at considerably lower temperature on a sputtered Al:ZnO seed layer using different growth strategies. The nanorod arrays demonstrate remarkable alignment along the c-axis over a large area. Several barrier layers, such as ZnO, Al2O3, BaTiO3 and SiO2, were introduced to form the p-i-n junction to reduce the leakage current. The photocurrent is significantly reduced in nanorod arrays on AZO/SiO2/p-Si heterojunction due to multiple scattering phenomena from ZnO hexagonal facets associated with the nanorod arrays. This research may open up venues for various optical and opto-electronic applications where highly aligned nanostructures are desired.
Severity, Time, and β-Adrenergic Receptor Involvement in Surgery-Induced Immune Alterations

Abstract Although investigations of surgical stress in animals have reported immune alterations, surprisingly little is known about the variables or mechanisms contributing to the effect. Thus, we completed a series of experiments investigating the immune-altering effects of surgery severity, time of maximal immune alterations, and recovery, as well as the involvement of β-adrenergic receptors in surgery-induced immune alterations in Lewis rats. Immune alterations included natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity as well as B- and T-cell proliferation. Results showed increased immune suppression with larger incisions (6 cm > 3 cm > anesthesia > saline). In addition, maximal immune alterations induced by surgery occurred after 24 h; anesthesia effects predominated at the earlier time points. Recovery of immune status varied depending on the immunological measure of interest. Although NK cell cytotoxicity returned to control values within 2 days, B-cell proliferation remained suppressed for at least 8 days, and T-cell proliferation did not begin to recover until 4–8 days following the surgical procedure. To assess the mechanisms involved in surgery-induced immune alterations, follow-up assessments evaluated the effect of nadolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, on surgery-induced immune alterations. Results show that nadolol blocks the surgery-induced reduction in B- and T-cell proliferation but has no effect on the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity. These results indicate the need to consider surgical severity and postoperative time of immune assessment when investigating the immune-altering effects of surgery. Importantly, activation of β-adrenergic receptors appears to play a modulatory role in surgery-induced immune alterations.
The interactive effects of emotional clarity and cognitive reappraisal on problematic cannabis use among medical cannabis users.

Abstract This study examined whether emotional clarity (i.e., the extent to which one can identify and understand the type and source of emotions one experiences) and cognitive reappraisal (i.e., altering how potentially emotion-eliciting situations are construed to change their emotional impact) would individually or jointly be associated with problematic cannabis use among individuals receiving cannabis for medical reasons (n = 153). Findings indicated that problematic cannabis use was predicted by the interaction between emotional clarity and cognitive reappraisal. In particular, low levels of emotional clarity combined with high levels of cognitive reappraisal predicted problematic cannabis use. The current study is the first to demonstrate the interactive effects of emotional clarity and the use of cognitive reappraisal in predicting substance use disorder outcomes. Such findings are important given the lack of empirical data demonstrating for whom and for which conditions cannabis is either beneficial or detrimental.
Achievements and perspectives to overcome the poor solvent resistance in acetone and butanol-producing microorganisms

Anaerobic bacteria such as the solventogenic clostridia can ferment a wide range of carbon sources (e.g., glucose, galactose, cellobiose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose) to produce carboxylic acids (acetic and butyric) and solvents such as acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE). The fermentation process typically proceeds in two phases (acidogenic and solventogenic) in a batch mode. Poor solvent resistance by the solventogenic clostridia and other fermenting microorganisms is a major limiting factor in the profitability of ABE production by fermentation. The toxic effect of solvents, especially butanol, limits the concentration of these solvents in the fermentation broth, limiting solvent yields and adding to the cost of solvent recovery from dilute solutions. The accepted dogma is that toxicity in the ABE fermentation is due to chaotropic effects of butanol on the cell membranes of the fermenting microorganisms, which poses a challenge for the biotechnological whole-cell bio-production of butanol. This mini-review is focused on (1) the effects of solvents on inhibition of cell metabolism (nutrient transport, ion transport, and energy metabolism); (2) cell membrane fluidity, death, and solvent tolerance associated with the ability of cells to tolerate high concentrations of solvents without significant loss of cell function; and (3) strategies for overcoming poor solvent resistance in acetone and butanol-producing microorganisms.
Physically constrained Fourier transform deconvolution method

An iterative Fourier-transform-based deconvolution method for resolution enhancement is presented. This method makes use of the a priori information that the data are real and positive. The method is robust in the presence of noise and is efficient especially for large data sets, since the fast Fourier transform can be employed.
Pacing-induced Heterogeneities in Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling, Cardiac Alternans, and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Intact Rat Heart

Optical mapping studies have suggested that intracellular Ca2+ and T-wave alternans are linked through underlying alternations in Ca2+ cycling-inducing oscillations in action potential duration through Ca2+-sensitive conductances. However, these studies cannot measure single-cell behavior; therefore, the Ca2+ cycling heterogeneities within microscopic ventricular regions are unknown. The goal of this study was to measure cellular activity in intact myocardium during rapid pacing and arrhythmias. We used single-photon laser-scanning confocal microscopy to measure Ca2+ signaling in individual myocytes of intact rat myocardium during rapid pacing and during pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias. At low rates, all myocytes demonstrate Ca2+ alternans that is synchronized but whose magnitude varies depending on recovery kinetics of Ca2+ cycling for each individual myocyte. As rate increases, some cells reverse alternans phase, giving a dyssynchronous activation pattern, even in adjoining myocytes. Increased pacing rate also induces subcellular alternans where Ca2+ alternates out of phase with different regions within the same cell. These forms of heterogeneous Ca2+ signaling also occurred during pacing-induced ventricular tachycardia. Our results demonstrate highly nonuniform Ca2+ signaling among and within individual myocytes in intact heart during rapid pacing and arrhythmias. Thus, certain pathophysiological conditions that alter Ca2+ cycling kinetics, such as heart failure, might promote ventricular arrhythmias by exaggerating these cellular heterogeneities in Ca2+ signaling.
Standardization of electronic instrumentation and control systems

The design and construction of elaborate electronic systems for instrumentation and control of test and research facilities is guided by principles and practices of standardization which reduce system cost and completion time. A summary of these standardization principles and practices is presented.
Baseline Levels and Temporal Stability of 27 Multiplexed Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Healthy Subjects

Background Cytokines are humoral molecules that elicit regulatory function in immunologic pathways. The level and type of cytokine production has become critical in distinguishing physiologic from pathologic immune conditions. Cytokine profiling has become an important biomarker discovery tool in monitoring of the immune system. However, the variations in cytokine levels in individual subjects over time in healthy individuals have not been extensively studied. In this study, we use multiplex bead arrays to evaluate 27 analytes in paired serum samples taken seven days apart from 144 healthy individuals in order to assess variations over a short time period. Methods Fluorescent bead-based immunoassay (Luminex) was used to measure 27 analytes in serum samples. Measurements were performed on matched samples from 144 healthy donors. To assess inter-plate variability, one arbitrarily selected serum sample was analyzed on each of the first ten plates as bridge sample. Results Using the bridge sample, we showed minimal inter-plate variations in the measurement of most analytes. In measurement of cytokines from the 144 patients at two time points, we found that three cytokines (IL-2, IL-15 and GM-CSF) were undetectable and five analytes (RANTES, MCP-1, VEGF, MIP-1β and PDGF-BB) showed significant difference in concentrations at Day 0 compared to Day 7. Conclusions The current study demonstrated higher variations in cytokine levels among individuals than were observed for samples obtained one week apart from identical donors. These data suggest that a serum sample from each subject for use as a baseline measurement is a better control for clinical trials rather than sera from a paired cohort.
The Effects of Pure Density Evolution on the Brightness Distribution of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

In this work, we explore the effects of burst rate density evolution on the observed brightness distribution of cosmological gamma-ray bursts. Although the brightness distribution of gamma-ray bursts observed by the BATSE experiment has been shown to be consistent with a nonevolving source population observed to redshifts of order unity, evolution of some form is likely to be present in the gamma-ray bursts. Additionally, nonevolving models place significant constraints on the range of observed burst luminosities, which are relaxed if evolution of the burst population is present. In this paper, three analytic forms of density evolution are examined. In general, forms of evolution with densities that increase monotonically with redshift require that the BATSE data correspond to bursts at larger redshifts, or to incorporate a wider range of burst luminosities, or both. Independent estimates of the maximum observed redshift in the BATSE data and/or the range of luminosity from which a large fraction of the observed bursts are drawn therefore allow for constraints to be placed on the amount of evolution that may be present in the burst population. Specifically, if recent measurements obtained from analysis of the BATSE duration distribution of the actual limiting redshift in the BATSE data at z(sub lim) = 2 are correct, the BATSE N(P) distribution in a Lambda = 0 universe is inconsistent at a level of approximately 3 alpha with nonevolving gamma-ray bursts and some form of evolution in the population is required. The sense of this required source evolution is to provide a higher density, larger luminosities, or both with increasing redshift.
Impact of Pavement Thickness on Surface Diurnal Temperatures

Abstract Simulations of pavement surface temperature were carried out using a one-dimensional mathematical model developed previously based on a fundamental energy balance. By altering the parameters input to the model, an analysis was conducted to study the effects on the diurnal pavement temperatures caused by varying paving material and thicknesses. Such study offers an understanding of the optimum thicknesses for the materials to yield cooler surface temperatures by reducing heat absorption. This model can assist in determining appropriate mitigation strategies for the Urban Heat Island effect and human discomfort. The results indicated that there exists a critical layer thickness at which the maximum surface temperature is minimized. Further increase beyond the critical thickness results in adverse maximum and minimum surface temperatures. The study also shows that high albedo concrete cement surfaces have cooler surface temperatures as compared to lower-albedo asphalt-based surface pavements.
Variations of Acoustic and Diffuse Mismatch Models in Predicting Thermal-Boundary Resistance

Solid-solid thermal-boundary resistance plays an important role in determining heat flow, in both cryogenic and room-temperature applications. The acoustic mismatch model (AMM) and the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) have traditionally been used to predict the thermal boundary resistance R b across the interface of two adjoining materials at temperatures well below the Debye temperatures of the materials in question. Both the AMM and DMM use the Debye density of states (DOS) in both contacting solids. Here, the use of a measured DOS is made in conjunction with the DMM. This shows an improvement in the prediction of R b relative to that based on the Debye DOS. Another approach considered is to predict R b from measured specific heat per unit volume C data. The measured C automatically includes the effect of temperature on the DOS. This leads to a marginal improvement in R b above that predicted when using the measured DOS. The AMM describes the thermal transport at a solid-solid interface below a few Kelvin quite accurately
A Solute Flux Approach to Transport through Bounded, Unsaturated Heterogeneous Porous Media

In this paper, we present a solute flux approach for analyzing solute transport statistics in statistically nonstationary, unsaturated flow. Flow nonstationarity in the vadose zone may arise from a number of factors. It is useful to develop a systematic approach that incorporates these factors into an uncertainty analysis. We first derive the general forms for solute flux moments. The solute flux moments are associated with one- and two-particle joint probability distribution functions (JPDF). We illustrate our results for certain forms of one-particle and two-particle JPDFs, in which the particle travel time is assumed to be lognormally distributed and the particle transverse displacement normally distributed. In the numerical examples, the Eulerian velocity moments is obtained by solving the head moment equations numerically using a finite-difference method. Our results show that flow nonstationarity has a significant impact on the statistics of solute fluxes and solute breakthrough curves.
Leptin administered in physiological or pharmacological doses does not regulate circulating angiogenesis factors in humans.

Aim/hypothesis Leptin has been shown to regulate angiogenesis in animal and in vitro studies by upregulating the production of several pro-angiogenic factors, but its role in regulating angiogenesis has never been studied in humans.
A nested numerical tidal model of the southern New England Bight

Efforts were focused on the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for predicting pollutant and sediment transport in estuarine and coastal environments. To successfully apply the pollutant and sediment transport model to Rhode Island coastal waters, it was determined that the flow field in this region had to be better described through the use of existing numerical circulation models. A nested, barotropic numerical tidal model was applied to the southern New England Bight (Long Island, Block Island, Rhode Island Sounds, Buzzards Bay, and the shelf south of Block Island). Forward time and centered spatial differences were employed with the bottom friction term evaluated at both time levels. Using existing tide records on the New England shelf, adequate information was available to specify the tide height boundary condition further out on the shelf. Preliminary results are within the accuracy of the National Ocean Survey tide table data.
Plane wave transport method for low symmetry lattices and its application

The existing first-principles plane-wave transport method implementation [Choi and Ihm, Phys. Rev. B 59, 2267 (1999); Giannozzi et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009)] has the limitation that it only allows transport directions along lattice vectors perpendicular to the basal plane formed by two other lattice vectors. We generalize the algorithm to low-symmetry, nonorthogonal lattices thus allowing solution to problems in which the transport direction is not along any lattice vectors. As an application, we calculate the transmission and reflection coefficients, and determine interface resistivity of various grain boundaries in crystalline copper.
Evaluation and Management of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy

Background Opioid use disorders are a growing public health problem in the United States. Most women who are opioid-dependent are of childbearing age, and management of opioid dependence during pregnancy poses unique challenges. Assessment includes evaluation for addiction, withdrawal syndromes, and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrists may also be involved in acute pain management, perinatal medication management, buprenorphine induction, and stabilization. For the past four decades, the standard of care has included methadone maintenance, but the increasing use of buprenorphine creates new treatment issues and opportunities. Objective To educate C-L psychiatrists in emergency and obstetrical settings about the appropriate approach toward the evaluation and basic management of women with opioid dependence in pregnancy. Method The authors reviewed the consensus literature and all new treatment options on opioid dependence during pregnancy. Discussion In this review, the authors summarize known and emerging management strategies for opioid dependence in pregnancy pertinent to C-L psychiatrists.
Dual Requirement for Flexibility and Specificity for Binding of the Coiled-Coil Tropomyosin to Its Target, Actin

The coiled coil is a widespread motif involved in oligomerization and protein-protein interactions, but the structural requirements for binding to target proteins are poorly understood. To address this question, we measured binding of tropomyosin, the prototype coiled coil, to actin as a model system. Tropomyosin binds to the actin filament and cooperatively regulates its function. Our results support the hypothesis that coiled-coil domains that bind to other proteins are flexible. We made mutations that alter interface packing and stability as well as mutations in surface residues in a postulated actin binding site. Actin affinity, measured by cosedimentation, was correlated with coiled-coil stability and local instability and side chain flexibility, analyzed with circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The flexibility from interruptions in the stable coiled-coil interface is essential for actin binding. The surface residues in a postulated actin binding site participate in actin binding when the coiled coil within it is poorly packed.
Modulation of Cellular Mg2+ Content in Cardiac Cells by α1-Adrenoceptor Stimulation and Anti-Arrhythmic Agents

Magnesium (Mg2+) is used pharmacologically to sedate specific forms of arrhythmias. Administration of pharmacological doses of catecholamine or adrenergic receptor agonists often results in arrhythmias onset. Results from the present study indicate that stimulation of cardiac adrenergic receptors elicits an extrusion of cellular Mg2+ into the extracellular space. This effect occurs in both perfused hearts and isolated cells within 5-6 min following either β- or α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation, and is prevented by specific adrenergic receptors antagonists. Sequential stimulation of the two classes of adrenergic receptor results in a larger mobilization of cellular Mg2+ provided that the two agonists are administered together or within 1-2 min from each other. A longer delay in administering the second stimulus results in the abolishment of Mg2+ extrusion. Hence, these data suggest that the stimulation of β- and α1-adrenergic receptors mobilizes Mg2+ from two distinct cellular pools, and that Mg2+ loss from either pool triggers a Mg2+ redistribution within the cardiac myocyte. At the sarcolemmal level, Mg2+ extrusion occurs through a Na+/Mg2+ exchange mechanism phosphorylated by cAMP. Administration of quinidine, a patent anti-arrhythmic agent, blocks Na+ transport in a non-specific manner and prevents Mg2+ extrusion. Taken together, these data indicate that catecholamine administration induces dynamic changes in total and compartmentalized Mg2+ pools within the cardiac myocytes, and suggest that prevention of Mg2+ extrusion and redistribution may be an integral component of the effectiveness of quinidine and possibly other cardiac anti-arrhythmic agents. Confirmation of this possibility by future experimental and clinical studies might result in new patents of these compounds as Mg2+ preserving agents.