cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Cycles and the Fivefold Way

One of the more curious natural phenomena is the regular periodic variation in the populations of certain interacting species, a variation which does not correlate with known periodic external forces such as the cycles of darkness and light, the seasons, or weather cycles. Most commonly, these species are involved in a predator-prey relationship. The phenomenon has been observed in the microcosm of a laboratory culture (paramecium aurelia (predator) and saccharomyces exiguus (prey)—see D’Ancona [11]) and in the macrocosm of the Canadian coniferous forests (Canadian lynx (predator) and snowshoe hare (prey)—see Keith [17]). Other examples include the budworm-larch tree cycle in the Swiss Alps [2] and a lemming-vegetation cycle in Scandinavia [19]. We shall discuss only the lynx-hare cycle, but the mathematical models we shall develop are in principle applicable to any predator-prey interaction. In the course of our analysis we shall study the equilibria of coupled differential systems and the possible limit behavior of bounded orbits of such systems. This will all then be applied to the question of the existence of cycles in a predator-prey system.
Automatic Scaling of OpenMP Beyond Shared Memory

OpenMP is an explicit parallel programming model that offers reasonable productivity. Its memory model assumes a shared address space, and hence the direct translation - as done by common OpenMP compilers - requires an underlying shared-memory architecture. Many lab machines include 10s of processors, built from commodity components and thus include distributed address spaces. Despite many efforts to provide higher productivity for these platforms, the most common programming model uses message passing, which is substantially more tedious to program than shared-address-space models. This paper presents a compiler/runtime system that translates OpenMP programs into message passing variants and executes them on clusters up to 64 processors. We build on previous work that provided a proof of concept of such translation. The present paper describes compiler algorithms and runtime techniques that provide the automatic translation of a first class of OpenMP applications: those that exhibit regular write array subscripts and repetitive communication. We evaluate the translator on representative benchmarks of this class and compare their performance against hand-written MPI variants. In all but one case, our translated versions perform close to the hand-written variants.
The green eyed monster in the bottle: relationship contingent self-esteem, romantic jealousy, and alcohol-related problems

Previous research suggests that both jealousy and relationship contingent self-esteem (RCSE) are related to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. No work, however, has examined these two constructs together as they relate to motives for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. The current study aims to build upon emerging literature examining different types of jealousy (i.e., emotional, cognitive, and behavioral), relationship quality (i.e., satisfaction, commitment, closeness), RCSE, and alcohol use. More specifically, the current study aimed to examine the associations between RCSE and drinking to cope and RCSE and alcohol-related problems, in the context of the different types of jealousy. Moreover, the current study aimed to assess whether the associations between RCSE, jealousy, and drinking outcomes vary as a function of relationship quality. Two hundred and seventy seven individuals (87% female) at a large southern university participated in the study. They completed measures of RCSE, relationship satisfaction, commitment, closeness, and jealousy as well as alcohol-related outcomes. Using PROCESS, moderated mediational analyses were used to evaluate different types of jealousy as mediators of the association between RCSE and drinking to cope/alcohol-related problems. Further, we aimed to examine whether relationship quality moderated the association between RCSE and jealousy in predicting alcohol-related variables. Results indicated that cognitive jealousy mediated the association between both RCSE and drinking to cope and RCSE and alcohol-related problems. Further, relationship satisfaction, commitment, and closeness were all found to moderate the association between RSCE and cognitive jealousy such that at lower, but not higher levels of satisfaction, commitment, and closeness, cognitive jealousy mediated the association between RCSE and drinking to cope and RCSE and alcohol-related problems.
The misquantification of probative value.

D. Davis and W. C. Follette (2002) purport to show that when "the base rate" for a crime is low, the probative value of "characteristics known to be strongly associated with the crime ... will be virtually nil." Their analysis rests on the choice of an arbitrary and inopposite measure of the probative value of evidence. When a more suitable metric is used (e.g., a likelihood ratio), it becomes clear that evidence they would dismiss as devoid of probative value is relevant and diagnostic.
Introduction to Congenital Heart Disease Anatomy

Imaging of the complex anatomy associated with many forms of congenital heart disease (CHD) requires knowledge of the morphology of the various cardiac chambers and extra-cardiac vessels. For the cardiac diagnostician, assembling together the pieces of disordered anatomy is best done with the so-called “segmental approach.” This approach breaks down the cardiovascular anatomy sequentially, considering first the position of the abdominal viscera, next the cardiac atria, then the looping pattern of the ventricles, and finally, the position of the semilunar valves and great arteries. In this manner, the various forms of CHD may be precisely identified and the proper management applied by the clinician. The large unrestricted field of view, coupled with three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction and volume rendering capability, as well as the lack of ionizing radiation exposure to the patient, make cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) the ideal imaging modality for the initial evaluation and serial follow-up of patients with CHD. This holds particularly true for adult and post-operative patients who may have suboptimal echocardiographic imaging windows. This chapter introduces the segmental approach to the diagnosis of CHD. Each “segment” of the cardiovascular system is described with particular attention paid to the distinguishing features of normal structures so that abnormal features may be more clearly identified. Salient examples of pathology in each segment are also presented with their relevant clinical features.
School administrators’ perspectives of French immersion programs

This study explored how school administrators understand and plan for French immersion program components in K-12 schools in Louisiana. The theory of effective bilingual schooling and the Guiding Principles for Dual Language Education served as the framework of the study. The research questions that guided the study asked how school principals and assistant principals understand and plan for French immersion program components in K-12 schools. Purposive sampling was used to select five school administrators. Data were gathered through semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. The analysis of data used inductive thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: multilingualism and multiculturalism, academic achievement, leadership, teachers’ support, and program networking. Findings from this study were that school administrators developed a high degree of advocacy, teachers’ support, shared leadership, and strengthened communication and relationships with local, national, and international partners to deepen stakeholders’ involvement.
The Rent-Seeking Insight

Before addressing Gordon Tullock’s work on rent seeking, one should say a brief word about his general approach to economic analysis and his writing style. In fact, Tullock has shown far more interest in obtaining useful results than he has in how he happened to go about obtaining them. In this way he has been a methodological anarchist, operating under the general maxim that in science anything goes and results count. His well-known papers generally rely upon simple price-theoretic or spatial constructs and perhaps a little algebra and game theory. Where he has found a need for more formidable tools, he has generally acquired them through coauthors. This “anything goes” approach does not seem to have hampered his work. He has shown a talent for getting at the essence of problems and avoiding clutter in his work. Moreover, he has shown almost no penchant for methodological exegesis in his work, with the major exception of his general insistence that rational economic man models are the best description of behavior. On this point he has been steadfast. In fact, Buchanan (1987) uses Tullock’s emphasis on the homo economicus assumption to describe Tullock as a “natural economist.” I think this is an accurate interpretation of Tullock. We have all known people who are naturally good at things, such as playing shortstop or the piano, and in this sense it is analogous to say that Tullock has a natural inclination toward economic reasoning and behavior.
Super high power mid-infrared femtosecond light bullet

Mid-infrared ultrashort high energy laser sources are opening up new opportunities in science, including keV-class high harmonic generation and monoenergetic MeV-class proton acceleration. As new higher energy sources become available, potential applications for atmospheric propagation can dramatically grow to include stand-off detection, laser communications, shock-driven remote terahertz enhancement and extended long-lived thermal waveguides to transport high power microwave and radiofrequency waves. We reveal a new paradigm for long-range, low-loss, ultrahigh power ultrashort pulse propagation at mid-infrared wavelengths in the atmosphere. Before the onset of critical self-focusing, energy in the fundamental wave continually leaks into shock-driven spectrally broadened higher harmonics. A persistent near-invariant solitonic leading edge on the multi-terawatt pulse waveform transports most of the power over hundred-metre-long distances. Such light bullets are resistant to uncontrolled multiple filamentation and are expected to spark extensive research in optics, where the use of mid-infrared lasers is currently much under-utilized. A mechanism for the propagation of mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses in air is theoretically investigated. A numerical simulation predicts that the propagation of multiple-terawatt pulses is possible over hundreds of metres.
Immune Mediated Neurovascular Disease

This chapter discusses the spectrum of autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious causes of cerebral and peripheral nerve ischemia. Immune-mediated vascular disease may result from cell mediated interactions, immune complexes, and autoantibodies and the relative contributions vary. The most frequently encountered of all vasculitides is a heterogeneous group of clincial syndromes characterized by inflammation of small vessels, most prominently the venules. The skin is the predominantly affected organ. Rheumatoid arthritis is sometimes associated with a dramatic vasculitis which occasionally affects the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, vasculitis and obliterative vasculopathy causes neuropathies with more acute onset than compressive neuropathies. In the later stages of vasculitic disease, ischemia may result from chronic scarring rather than acute inflammation. This is not responsive to immunosuppressive therapy and the patient should be spared the side-effects of ineffective medication. It is suggested that experience in the use of immunosuppressant medications is also important because of the wide range of potential and actual side-effects.
A Closed-Loop A/F Control Model for Internal Combustion Engines

A mathematical model is developed which describes the operation of an A/F control system containing an engine, an exhaust gas oxygen sensor, and a feedback controller. The dependence of model parameters on engine operating conditions is discussed, and the model is used to compare integral and proportional/integral control algorithms. Actual data obtained on an engine-dynamometer are presented to test the validity of the model.
Do We Need Protection from Imports? A Reply To Alan Tonelson

This paper was written in response to an article by Alan Tonelson, titled "Beating Back Predatory Trade," which appeared in FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Vol. 73, No. 4 (July/August, 1994). After reading Alan Tonelson's article defending protectionism, the authors felt compelled to respond to his many incomplete and inaccurate assertions. He resorts to loose terminology and straw men to support his mostly untenable positions and makes a policy of using selective facts and statistics while ignoring the total picture.
Breeding Legumes for Improved N2-Fixation

The earth’s atmosphere is approximately 78% nitrogen in elemental (N2) form. Although nitrogen is required by plant and animal life for synthesis of protein and other essential molecules this gaseous form is unavailable to eukaryotic organisms. In general, plants require ammonia (NH2) or nitrate (NO3 -) sources of nitrogen as a major nutrient. Animals, in turn, utilize plant, microbial or other animal protein sources. Certain prokaryotes have evolved the enzymatic ability to reduce atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia by enzymatic action (1,2). There is a wide range in relationships between these N2-fixing organisms (diazotrophs) and other organisms, particularly plants (2). Asymbiotic or free-living diazotrophs are independent of other organisms for their N2 fixation processes. An associative symbiotic relationship involves a nondiazotroph which provides a favorable environment for N2 fixation by an asymbiotic diazotroph. Interest in utilizing the N2-fixation potential of associative symbioses was greatly increased by reports from Brazil (3) showing N2-fixation rates up to 100 kg N ha -1yr 1 with tropical grasses. In Florida, field inoculation of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and guinea grass (Panicum maximum) with AzoSpirillum brasilense resulted in higher yields of dry matter and estimated replacement of up to 42 kg N ha-1 (4). Maximum rates of N2 -fixation with AzoSpirillum species are now estimated to range from 2 20–30 kg N ha-1 (5).
Modification of hepatic vitamin E stores in vivo. III. Vitamin E depletion by 1,2-dibromoethane may be related to initial conjugation with glutathione.

Abstract In the companion paper we demonstrated that hepatic vitamin E in rats becomes depleted and extrahepatic pools of vitamin E are altered by treatment with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). Vitamin E depletion may be dependent upon initial steps of DBE metabolism that are either oxidative (cytochrome P450 dependent) or conjugative (glutathione transferase dependent). That the liver content of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E, the plasma concentration of vitamin E, and the serum activities of AST and ALT may be influenced by cytosolic metabolism of DBE was assessed by comparison of findings from rats treated with either 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) or 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (BCE). The extent of oxidative metabolism was diminished by the use of tetradeutero-DBE (d4-DBE), and the availability of GSH for conjugative metabolism was diminished by pretreatment of rats with l -buthionine- S , R -sulfoximine (BSO) prior to treatment with DBE. Our results indicate that neither DCE nor BCE provokes a liver vitamin E depletion in rats, that d4-DBE treatment hastens but does not enhance the observed hepatic vitamin E depletion by comparison to animals treated with an equimolar dose of DBE, and that BSO pretreatment prevented the hepatic vitamin E depletion observed from animals treated with DBE alone. These results indicate that hepatic vitamin E depletion is the unique sequelae to conjugation of GSH with DBE, and we suggest the reactive episulfonium ion intermediate or a macromolecular adduct of this ion derived from DBE may play a role in liver vitamin E depletion associated with exposure to DBE.
Knowledge transferred through organizational stories: a typology

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to look at organizational stories shared among academic librarians who work at the reference desk, and create a typology of the stories based on the knowledge transferred in these. Previous research suggests that stories are the main way in which organizations communicate common values, organizational rules and promote organizational learning. The main question researched here will be: what kind of knowledge is transferred through the stories shared among librarians? This is an important consideration since the meaning carried through the story can shape the employee’s perception of the organization. Design/methodology/approach – This research employed long interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire based on the works of Yiannis Gabriel (2000) as a guide. A total of 20 reference librarians working at four different academic institutions in the southern USA participated in this study. Findings – The analysis of the data reveals a typology of organizational stories shared. The main topics covered by the stories all deal with cultural knowledge exchanges, while also serve as coping mechanisms and present important organizational culture aspects. The stories shared also reflect negative aspects related to the lack of proper communication within the organizations, with the presence of rumors among the narratives shared. Originality/value – These findings can serve as a first step for the development of healthier organizational cultures in libraries and may have implications for training and development, change management, motivation and collective memory.
Governing Differential Equations for the Mechanics of Undamageable Materials

In this work the mathematical foundations of the mechanics of elastic undamageable materials are presented. In particular the governing differential equations are derived for both the scalar and tensorial cases. In the isotropic case it is found that the resulting scalar differential equations are simple and easy to solve. However, in the anisotropic case the tensorial differential equations are complicated and unsolvable at this time. The current work presents the solution in the form of explicit nonlinear stress-strain relations for the simple one-dimensional case. However, the general solution of the three-dimensional case remains unattainable at the present time. Only the governing tensorial differential equations are derived for this latter case. It is to be noted that the term “undamageable” is reflected in the context of the material stiffness and not the property of indestructibility due to various loading conditions. Thus, the undamageable material reflects that no microcracks or microvoids occur as well as no plastic yielding in the material. To illustrate this concept, a last section is added on applications.
SHIFTING SYNANTHROPY OF THE CROW IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) falls into a category of wild organisms, called “synanthropes,” that have developed an affinity for, or dependency on, human interventions in the landscape...
A Hi-Speed Network for PACS Research

There are many problems to be solved before installing a complete PACS. Even after the hardware has been identified, software must be provided or adapted and system integration remains a major task. One of the daunting problems is the choice and implementation of interfaces and interface software for the nodes on the network. In order to explore these problems and experiment with solutions, we have decided to construct a high-speed fiber-optic network dedicated to a research environment. In this presentation we first describe a selection of projects that led us to this decision. Then the network is described.
Differential activation and function of Rho GTPases during Salmonella–host cell interactions

Salmonella enterica, the cause of food poisoning and typhoid fever, has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) to mediate specific cellular responses such as actin remodeling, macropinocytosis, and nuclear responses. These responses are largely the result of the activity of a set of bacterial proteins (SopE, SopE2, and SopB) that, upon delivery into host cells via a type III secretion system, activate specific Rho family GTPases either directly (SopE and SopE2) or indirectly (SopB) through the stimulation of an endogenous exchange factor. We show that different Rho family GTPases play a distinct role in Salmonella-induced cellular responses. In addition, we report that SopB stimulates cellular responses by activating SH3-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (SGEF), an exchange factor for RhoG, which we found plays a central role in the actin cytoskeleton remodeling stimulated by Salmonella. These results reveal a remarkable level of complexity in the manipulation of Rho family GTPases by a bacterial pathogen.
Numerical inversion method for determining aerodynamic effects on particulate exhaust plumes from onboard irradiance data

The present ad hoc method for determining the physical properties of particulate exhaust plumes inverts multiband irradiance data collected over fields-of-view that are highly oblique to the plume axis; it is therefore applicable to the onboard measurement of in-flight aerodynamic effects on plume properties. A simple analytical model that predicts irradiance under these assumptions is presented, together with measurements of Mg/PTFE plumes in vacuum. The first step of the inversion process generates the locus of possible temperatures and velocities consistent with a given irradiance measurement; the second step uses two independent irradiance measurements to ascertain a unique temperature and velocity solution.
Improved Automated Analysis of Radon (222Rn) and Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters

Natural radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) can be used as tracers of various chemical and physical processes in the environment. We present here results from an extended series of laboratory experiments intended to improve the automated analysis of 222Rn and 220Rn in water using a modified RAD AQUA (Durridge Inc.) system. Previous experience with similar equipment showed that it takes about 30−40 min for the system to equilibrate to radon-in-water concentration increases and even longer for the response to return to baseline after a sharp spike. While the original water/gas exchanger setup was built only for radon-in-water measurement, our goal here is to provide an automated system capable of high resolution and good sensitivity for both radon- and thoron-in-water detections. We found that faster water flow rates substantially improved the response for both isotopes while thoron is detected most efficiently at airflow rates of 3 L/min. Our results show that the optimum conditions for fastest response and s...
Application of work center control rules in a job shop environment

Abstract Work center control rules, defined as a combination of job dispatch rules and short-term work center capacity adjustments, are analyzed using queueing theory. Promising rules are evaluated with a job shop simulation model. Simulations comparing work center control rules to the critical ratio rule for job dispatching indicate that work center control can increase performance to customer due date while simultaneously reducing average work in process inventory. The work center control rules are easily implemented by shops currently using input/output control and daily dispatch lists.
Linking terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems : The role of woody habitat in lake food webs

Trees that fall into lakes from riparian forest become habitat for aquatic organisms, and are potentially an important link between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Coarse woody habitat (CWH) promotes the production of benthic invertebrate prey and offers refuge for prey fishes, which are in turn consumed by piscivorous fishes. We used a simulation model to explore responses of an aquatic food web to changes in CWH caused by lakeshore residential development and windstorm, as well as to harvest of adult piscivores. Residential development had a negative effect on fishes, and could lead to extirpation of benthivorous prey fish species. In contrast, pulsed addition of CWH following a windstorm had little effect on the aquatic food web. Our results suggest that CWH is more important as shelter for prey fishes than as a substrate for benthic invertebrate production. However, piscivore harvest can supersede the role of CWH as prey shelter, leading to piscivore collapse and prey persistence even when CWH levels are low enough to promote piscivore dominance. Thus, the effects of lakeshore residential development on fishes can be masked by angler harvest of top piscivores.
Flow Characteristics in a Channel With Corona Wind Generator

Electrohydrodynamically induced flows have shown great potential for many engineering applications. Previous studies have revealed that a corona wind generator can be used to enhance flow transport in a channel. In this study, a corona wind generator with emitting wire electrodes flush mounted on the channel walls is considered for a wide range of operating conditions. Specifically, three configurations of the generator (with 4, 12, and 28 pins of emitting electrodes) are evaluated for their effectiveness in delivering the air flow. To investigate the flow characteristics inside a square channel, three-dimensional governing equations for electric and flow fields are numerically solved. The corona current is first measured experimentally and used in the numerical calculations. Numerical predictions on the velocity profile of corona-induced air flows as well as the volume flow rate delivered have been successfully verified by experimental results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effects of chlordimeform on vascular smooth muscle

Abstract The effects of chlordimeform on agonist-induced contractions of rabbit aortic strips and on calcium flux in the deadventitiated strips have been studied. Chlordimeform antagonizes contractions induced by several vasoactive agents, with the order of antagonism being potassium . histamine > serotonin > norepinephrine, and decreases the rate of contraction of strips exposed to each of the four agonists. Muscles contracted by each of the agonists are rapidly relaxed by application of chlordimeform, although in the case of norepinephrine the relaxation only proceeds to approximately one-half of the maximal tension. The rate of washout of 45 Ca from the media-intimal layer of the rabbit aorta was increased by chlordimeform, but the norepinephrine-induced decrease in the rate of washout of 45 Ca was not affected by chlordimeform. Chlordimeform did not affect 45 Ca uptake by the media-intimal strips. The results of this study indicate that chlordimeform probably interferes with loosely bound calcium to a greater extent than it does with more tightly bound stores.
Holography and the speed of sound at high temperatures

We show that in a general class of strongly interacting theories at high temperatures the speed of sound approaches the conformal value ${c}_{s}^{2}=1/3$ universally from below. This class includes theories holographically dual to a theory of gravity coupled to a single scalar field, representing the operator of the scale anomaly.
Successful Revascularization for Delayed Presentation of Radiation-Induced Distal Upper Extremity Ischemia

Despite several reports of proximal arm ischemia due to radiation therapy, there are no reports of hand ischemia, presumably due to the rarity of radiation treatment of the distal upper extremity. We present a case of a 42-year-old male presenting with acute hand ischemia 36 years after being treated with forearm radiation for Ewing's sarcoma. Angiography demonstrated a patent brachial artery, occluded radial and ulnar arteries in the forearm, and a normal-caliber reconstituted radial artery at the anatomical snuffbox feeding a patent palmar arch. Transluminal balloon angioplasty was attempted initially without improvement. The patient was successfully revascularized with a reversed saphenous vein graft bypass from the distal brachial artery to the distal radial artery. At 22 months of follow-up, the graft remains patent with a palpable distal pulse. The patient continues to report acceptable function and range of motion.
The local organization of behavior: discrimination of and memory for simple behavioral patterns.

A procedure was developed to enable nonverbal organisms to report what they remember of the temporal organization of their recent behavior. A baseline behavior with known temporal structure was established by a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule for two temporal patterns of behavior (two different classes of reinforced inter-response times). The five pigeon subjects emitted these two temporal patterns on a center key and were occasionally given a short-term memory probe for their most-recently-emitted pattern. The probes consisted of symbolic delayed matching-to-sample tests, in which a response on a green side key was reinforced if the most recent pattern belonged to the shorter reinforced class, and a response to a red side key was reinforced if the most recent pattern belonged to the longer reinforced class. All subjects could report with over ninety percent accuracy what their most recently emitted behavioral pattern was when a retention interval separating the pattern from the memory probe was only .1 seconds. The retention interval was then manipulated, and it was found that recall for a pattern was frequently above chance after a delay of as much as eight seconds. Thus, pigeons can remember their most recent interresponse time not only right after it is emitted, but for several seconds thereafter. In other conditions, the patterns themselves were manipulated. It was found that as the patterns became more similar, discrimination became poorer. These results agree with the view that reinforcement tends to organize and integrate the local structure of behavior to the extent to which that structure is remembered.
Shear buckling in foam-filled web core sandwich panels using a Pasternak foundation model

Web core panels, foam-filled sandwich panels with interior webs, are a structurally efficient option for transverse load bearing applications. In web core panels, the interaction between the webs and core material can have a substantial impact on web shear buckling strength and is a key element of lightweight structural design. The present work is an investigation of web buckling behavior in web core panels under a distributed load. To solve this problem, web shear buckling was analyzed for the case of pure shear loading with foam support, and this analytic model was extended to the case of panels with a transverse distributed load. The webs are modeled as simply supported plates resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation. To that end, a buckling model for plates on a Pasternak foundation is presented, along with closed-form approximations of the solution for square and infinitely long plates. An accurate model for the foundation constants is developed using energy methods. Applicability of the plate buckling model to web core panels with transverse loads is presented via a finite element study. In panels, the slenderness and spacing of the webs have a slight effect on the boundary conditions between the webs and face sheets. The effect is relatively small, however, and the model presented in this work underpredicts buckling strength by less than 25%. The model in this work is thus a reasonable approach to the practical design of web core panels.
Partial melting to produce high-silica rhyolites of a young bimodal suite: compositional constraints among rhyolites, basalts, and metamorphic xenoliths from the Harney Basin, Oregon

The Rattlesnake Ash Flow Tuff from eastern Oregon includes lithic fragments (xenoliths) of which metasedimentary or metavolcanic lithologies around the vent area in the Harney Basin are samples of the concealed crust. Metasedimentary xenoliths are volcanic lithic to feldspathic graywackes that could be sampling lithologies similar to arc-related terranes to the north that have accreted during Mesozoic time along the Oregon Pacific margin. The importance of finding metaxenoliths in the Rattlesnake Tuff is that they are the first basement samples of southeastern Oregon possibly representative of larger portions of the concealed crust from which voluminous Rattlesnake Tuff and other rhyolites were initially generated during partial melting with subsequent evolution through fractional crystallization. High Ba/Rb ratios of ~30 and La/Yb of ~6.5 of least-evolved Rattlesnake Tuff high-silica rhyolites in combination with other low concentrations of some incompatible trace elements preclude the derivation of least-evolved Rattlesnake Tuff high-silica rhyolite from local low-silica rhyolites through fractionation, which suggests instead that some chemical characteristics could be nearly unmodified signatures derived from partial melting. Rattlesnake metamorphic xenoliths and primitive basalt lavas (HAOT) have the most compatible chemistries as source rock for partial melting among a large range of other local rock compositions. Compositional evidence, comparison with literature data of experimental melts derived from laboratory experiments, and modeling of required effective partition coefficients indicate that least-evolved Rattlesnake Tuff rhyolite was likely generated during dehydration melting of mafic crust at melt percentage ranging from ~5 to 10% with residues as observed in experiments with abundant pyroxene and plagioclase.
Phase Diagrams of Binary Liquid Crystal Mixtures

Abstract A series of four binary mixtures of smectic liquid crystalline compounds was prepared and their thermodynamic properties measured by differential thermal calorimetry. Calculations using ideal solution theory were carried out and were compared to the experimental phase diagrams. Plots of ideal ΔH and ΔS values for the mixtures were also prepared and were compared to experiment. It is concluded that large deviations from ideality are caused by a great variety of very subtle electronic and geometric forces present in the mixtures, and that no one of the explanations put forward to date is of itself adequate to describe the observed deviations from ideality.
Kinetics of Silver Particle Photogeneration in Crosslinked PVA/PAA Films

The photogeneration of Ag particles and clusters with 350 nm photons was studied in thin films containing poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) that were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Product formation occurred through two consecutive processes that were linear functions of time. Kinetic determinations showed that all the processes followed rate laws that varied linearly with I02 and the [Ag+] present in the films. These findings are consistent with the occurrence of biphotonic reactions in which the light excitation step is rate-determining. Two kinetically indistinguishable particle formation mechanisms are able to replicate the empirical rate law. In these mechanisms, particles form via addition of photogenerated mobile Ag atoms to either cationic or neutral metal clusters. Mechanisms based on growth of cationic metal clusters provide the most realistic representations of the processes taking place in the films, including the formation of stable Ag3+ clusters as byproducts of the metal crystall...
A SURROGATE TEST FOR COGNITIVE DEMAND: TACTILE DETECTION RESPONSE TASK (TDRT)

Abstract As advanced electronic technology continues to be integrated into in-vehicle and portable devices, it is important to understand how drivers handle multitasking in order to maintain safe driving while reducing driver distraction. NHTSA has made driver distraction mitigation a major initiative. Currently, several types of Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) for assessing selective attention by detecting and responding to visual or tactile events while driving have been under development by an ISO WG8 DRT group. Among these DRTs, the tactile version (TDRT) is considered as a sensitive surrogate measure for driver attention without visual-manual interference in driving, according to the ISO DRT Draft Standard. In our previous study of cognitive demand, our results showed that the TDRT is the only surrogate DRT task with an acute sensitivity to a cognitive demand increase in an auditory-vocal task (i.e., n-Back verbal working memory task). At the same time, a specificity for responding to only increased cognitive demand, not to increased physical demand for a visual-manual task (i.e., Surrogate Reference Task or SuRT). Similar findings in both simulated and on-road driving confirmed that the TDRT is a sensitive, specific and reliable surrogate test for measuring the effects of secondary tasks on driver attention. The current paper further investigated eye glance patterns and subjective ratings, and their relationship with DRT metrics, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of the attentional effect of secondary tasks on driver performance.
Effect of Fiber Source and Ruminal Starch Degradability on Site and Extent of Digestion in Dairy Cows

Abstract Four duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (166 DIM) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study effects of forage fiber source and ruminal starch degradability on digestion events. Forage NDF (21% of dietary DM) was from either alfalfa hay or a 1:2 (substituted on an NDF basis) ratio of alfalfa hay to wheat straw. Low and high ruminal starch degradabilities were achieved by use of either dry-rolled or steam-flaked sorghum grain, respectively. Dry matter intake did not differ among treatments (21 kg/d). Ruminal and total tract digestibilities of dietary OM, N, NDF, and ADF and flow of N fractions to the duodenum were not affected by fiber source. Diets with steam-flaked grain had higher ruminal (74 vs. 48%) and total tract (98 vs. 83%) starch digestibilities than did those diets with dry-rolled grain. Digestibilities of feed OM (63 vs. 51%) and CP (61 vs. 53%) and duodenal flows of nonammonia N (120 vs. 110% of intake) and bacterial N (.45 vs. .35 kg/d) also were higher, but microbial yield efficiency was not influenced by degradability of starch. Steam-flaked sorghum grain improved ruminal and total tract digestion of starch by lactating dairy cows and enhanced bacterial protein synthesis. Wheat straw NDF was substituted for two-thirds of the alfalfa hay NDF in diets for midlactation cows without adversely affecting digestion events or nument flow to the duodenum.
X‐Ray Diffraction and Optical Observations on Crystalline Solids up to 300 kbar

Diamond anvils driven by a simple piston and screw device have been used to subject solid samples to pressures up to 300 kbar at ambient room temperature. Samples can be examined optically and by x‐ray diffraction while under pressure. Pressure is measured by means of the lattice parameter of sodium chloride mixed with the sample. Reflectivity and volume data on iron, as well as crystallographic data on PbS, PbSe, and PbTe, are presented.
Two lost documents of King Athelstan

The Liber Vitae of Durham is a well known and frequently studied document. Now preserved in the British Library, London, under the press-mark Cotton Domitian vii, it consists of a list of benefactors to St Cuthbert's community, or, at least, of those for whom the prayers of the community were solicited. The names were written in alternate lines of gold and silver in the early part of the ninth century, and very little was added for two centuries or more. Then, between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, many other names were written in, and the book was even occasionally used as a kind of register for documents. An important exception to this generalization consists of the name aeðelstan rex added at the top of 12r in a mid-tenth-century hand which attempts to imitate some of the features of the original script. King Atheistan (924–39) was remembered as a great benefactor to St Cuthbert's and it is fitting that he should have been thus commemorated.
Heat transfer measurements from a smooth NACA 0012 airfoil

Local convective heat transfer coefficients were measured from a smooth NACA 0012 airfoil having a chord length of 0.533 m. Flight data were taken for the smooth airfoil at Reynolds numbers based on chord in the range 1.24 to 2.50 million and at various angles of attack up to 4 deg. During these flight tests, the freestream velocity turbulence intensity was found to be very low. Wind tunnel data were acquired in the Reynolds number range 1.20 to 4.52 million and at angles of attack from -4 to +8 deg. The turbulence intensity in the IRT was 0.5-0.7 percent with the cloud-generating sprays off. A direct comparison between the results obtained in flight and in the IRT showed that the higher level of turbulence intensity in the IRT had little effect on the heat transfer for the lower Reynolds numbers but caused a moderate increase in heat transfer at the higher Reynolds numbers. Turning on the cloud-generating spray nozzle atomizing air in the IRT did not alter the heat transfer. The present data were compared with leading-edge cylinder and flat plate heat transfer correlations that are often used to estimate airfoil heat transfer in computer codes.
Spatial Memory and Long-Term Object Recognition Are Impaired by Circadian Arrhythmia and Restored by the GABAAAntagonist Pentylenetetrazole

Performance on many memory tests varies across the day and is severely impaired by disruptions in circadian timing. We developed a noninvasive method to permanently eliminate circadian rhythms in Siberian hamsters (Phodopussungorus) so that we could investigate the contribution of the circadian system to learning and memory in animals that are neurologically and genetically intact. Male and female adult hamsters were rendered arrhythmic by a disruptive phase shift protocol that eliminates cycling of clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but preserves sleep architecture. These arrhythmic animals have deficits in spatial working memory and in long-term object recognition memory. In a T-maze, rhythmic control hamsters exhibited spontaneous alternation behavior late in the day and at night, but made random arm choices early in the day. By contrast, arrhythmic animals made only random arm choices at all time points. Control animals readily discriminated novel objects from familiar ones, whereas arrhythmic hamsters could not. Since the SCN is primarily a GABAergic nucleus, we hypothesized that an arrhythmic SCN could interfere with memory by increasing inhibition in hippocampal circuits. To evaluate this possibility, we administered the GABAA antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg/day) to arrhythmic hamsters for 10 days, which is a regimen previously shown to produce long-term improvements in hippocampal physiology and behavior in Ts65Dn (Down syndrome) mice. PTZ restored long-term object recognition and spatial working memory for at least 30 days after drug treatment without restoring circadian rhythms. PTZ did not augment memory in control (entrained) animals, but did increase their activity during the memory tests. Our findings support the hypothesis that circadian arrhythmia impairs declarative memory by increasing the relative influence of GABAergic inhibition in the hippocampus.
The influence of cation size upon the infrared spectrum of carbon monoxide adsorbed on platinum electrodes

Abstract The infrared spectrum of carbon monoxide adsorbed on polycrystalline platinum electrodes in the presence of acetonitrile solutions is examined. Acetonitrile solutions provide a wide double layer region (approximately 4 V) in which to investigate the observed potential dependence of the infrared peak position. The wider window allows for better comparisons of experimental data with theoretical predictions than those which are available from measurements conducted in aqueous solutions. It is found that (i) near-monolayer surface coverage can be obtained from solutions saturated with CO, (ii) the coverage stays constant over roughly the entire double layer region, (iii) the CO adsorbs to the Pt surface exclusively in the linear bonded site, (iv) the position of the CO infrared band is linearly dependent upon the applied electrode potential, and (v) the rate of change of the peak position versus potential decreases with increasing size of the electrolyte cation. These observations indicate that the cation size alters the position of the outer Helmholtz plane to the extent that the double layer electric field strength is changed, consistent with the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model of the double layer and the electrochemical Stark effect description of the infrared behavior. For higher homologues of the tetra- n -alkylammonium cations ( n > 6), the rate of change of the infrared peak position with potential does not continue the observed trend. This result is explained by the various conformations that the longer alkyl chains can assume to minimize the hydrodynamic radius of the cation. These compact conformations are thought to result in no appreciable change in hydrodynamic size of the cation over shorter chain lengths; hence, no change in the position of the outer Helmholtz plane.
Crystal shape and size control using a plug flow crystallization configuration

Abstract This work focuses on modeling and control of a continuous plug flow crystallizer (PFC) used to produce tetragonal hen-egg-white (HEW) lysozyme crystals and proposes an optimization-based control scheme to produce crystals with desired size and shape distributions in the presence of disturbances. Initially, a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model is developed to simulate the crystal growth in a seeded PFC, which consists of five distinct segments. The crystal growth rate equations taken from ( Durbin and Feher, 1986 ) are used in the kMC simulations for the modeling of the crystal growth in the direction of (110) and (101) faces. Then, a population balance equation (PBE) is presented to describe the spatio-temporal evolution of the crystal volume distribution of the entire crystal population, and the method of moments is applied to derive a reduced-order moment model. Along with the mass and energy balance equations, the leading moments that describe the dominant dynamic behavior of the crystal volume distribution are used in the optimization-based controller to compute optimal jacket temperatures for each segment of the PFC and the optimal superficial velocity, in order to minimize the squared deviation of the average crystal size and shape from the set-points throughout the PFC. Furthermore, a feed-forward control (FFC) strategy is proposed to deal with feed flow disturbances that occur during the operation of the PFC. Using the proposed optimization and control schemes, crystals with desired size and shape distributions are produced in the presence of significant disturbances in the inflow solute concentration and size distribution of seed crystals.
Removing Atmospheric Turbulence via Space-Invariant Deconvolution

To correct geometric distortion and reduce space and time-varying blur, a new approach is proposed in this paper capable of restoring a single high-quality image from a given image sequence distorted by atmospheric turbulence. This approach reduces the space and time-varying deblurring problem to a shift invariant one. It first registers each frame to suppress geometric deformation through B-spline-based nonrigid registration. Next, a temporal regression process is carried out to produce an image from the registered frames, which can be viewed as being convolved with a space invariant near-diffraction-limited blur. Finally, a blind deconvolution algorithm is implemented to deblur the fused image, generating a final output. Experiments using real data illustrate that this approach can effectively alleviate blur and distortions, recover details of the scene, and significantly improve visual quality.