cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nighttime Evapotranspiration from Alfalfa and Cotton in a Semiarid Climate

Nighttime evapotranspiration (ETN) has typically been neglected in estimating water loss from land surfaces. Our objective was to quantify the contribution of ETN to daily (24-h) ET (ET24) of irrigated and drylandcotton(GossypiumhirsutumL.)andirrigatedalfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) grown in a semiarid climate. The results were then examined using a Penman–Monteith ET model which separates control ofETinto its radiation (equilibrium) and atmospheric demand (imposed) components. Nighttime ET was measured at Bushland, TX using weighing lysimeters containing monolithic soil cores of Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, superactive thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) for alfalfa in 1998 and cotton in 2001. Measured ratios of ETN to ET24ranged from an average of 3% for a dryland cotton crop to 7.2% for irrigated alfalfa over a season. In the largest events, ETN was as much as 12% of ET24 with single nighttime losses approaching 2 mm. Model calculations showed that virtually all ETN was the result of imposed atmospheric conditions, primarily vapor pressure deficit. However, ETN was also related to sensible heat transfer to the canopy. Nighttime ET can be an important part of total ETof irrigated crops in a semiarid environment.
Attitudes Toward Marketing and Advertising by Interior Design Professionals

This study was developed to determine interior design practitioners' preferences regarding marketing efforts, and more specifically, advertising among professionals. The sample population of 497 was selected from the professional membership in six midwest chapters of the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID): one hundred forty-five valid surveys were returned. The survey instrument consisted of 33 questions focusing on aspects of marketing and advertising as well as demographic information. The data were summarized using the SPSS-X computer program. Significant differences between independent groups were determined using the Chi-square test. Firms in smaller towns, larger firms and commercial firms were more active in promoting themselves than firms in larger communities, small firms or residential-oriented firms. A majority of the respondents agreed that effective marketing by interior designers will provide the distinction necessary to survive in a field that is becoming more aggressive and competitive and that their efforts have increased in recent years.
Relative Risk Aversion as an Arc Elasticity

Risk aversion is the central reason why individuals purchase insurance and undertake other forms of risk management. But deriving the Pratt–Arrow coefficient of relative risk aversion from a utility function requires familiarity with differential calculus—a level of mathematics beyond the prerequisites for most introductory risk management courses. Thus, students are not exposed to one of the most important and fundamental concepts in the field unless and until they take more advanced courses. The present article demonstrates that relative risk aversion can be obtained as an arc elasticity using only elementary mathematics. This approach highlights the relationship between risk aversion and the demand for insurance, and integrates concepts from the principles of economics course, helping to unify the business curriculum. Numerical examples are easily computed and graphed using electronic spreadsheets, providing students with a hands-on learning experience. For sufficiently small risks, the arc elasticity measure reduces to the Pratt–Arrow coefficient, providing a platform for discussing the difference between large-scale and small-scale risk aversion in upper-level courses.
Should Heart Transplant Recipients With Early Graft Failure Be Considered for Retransplantation

Background The purpose of this study was to determine if orthotopic heart transplantation performed within 90 days of an initial heart transplant (re-Tx) should be a contraindication to retransplantation based on inferior outcomes when compared with primary orthotopic heart transplantation recipients (control). Methods De-identified data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. The study population included all adult heart transplant recipients greater than 18 years old from 1995 to 2008 (n = 26,804). Multivariable regression was performed in order to assess the simultaneous effect of multiple risk factors on posttransplant graft failure (PTGF) at 90 days. Secondary outcomes of interest included infection, stroke, and dialysis during the transplant hospitalization as well as primary nonfunction of the graft at 90 days. Results Among the study cohort, there were 90 (0.34%) re-Tx patients. Median survival in this group was 1.6 years compared with 10.5 years for controls. Unadjusted PTGF, infection, dialysis, and primary nonfunction were significantly higher ( p p = 0.545), infection ( p = 0.696), dialysis ( p = 0.664), stroke ( p = 0.115), and primary nonfunction ( p = 0.531), did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusions When controlling for pretransplant recipient characteristics, retransplantation within 90 days of a previous transplant is not associated with increased morbidity or mortality. However, unadjusted overall survival was significantly worse in the re-Tx group. This suggests that although retransplantation at 90 days alone is not a risk factor for inferior outcomes, given the significant comorbidities of these patients, the indications for retransplantation within 90 days are rare and must be critically examined.
Rapid Assessment Tools for Conserving Woodland Vernal Pools in the Northern Blue Ridge Mountains

Abstract Woodland vernal pools, small-scale forested depressions that flood in the spring and dry as summer progresses, are an essential and rapidly disappearing component of breeding habitat for numerous amphibian and macroinvertebrate species. Here we propose five multiple linear regression models to assist in the rapid assessment of vernal pools to conserve those with the greatest amphibian, aquatic macroinvertebrate, and herbaceous vegetation features. These models are based on samples taken from 21 pools distributed throughout the South Mountain landscape, a largely forested landscape matrix in south-central Pennsylvania. A comparison of the vegetative community of vernal pools and upland sites using Morisita's index of community similarity shows them to be quite distinct. Based on our analyses and models, we propose conserving woodland vernal pools that possess plant species indicative of seasonal inundation, a large water volume when inundated, high tree cover, presence of coarse woody debris, high...
The inhibition of petunia hsp70 mRNA processing during CdCl2 stress

The petumia genome encodes an hsp70 multigene family. Both heat and heavy metals can induce transcription of petunia hsp70 genes. We show that CdCl2 induces at least two family members and that CdCl2 stress, unlike heat stress, interferes with processing of the hsp70 transcripts. We have sequenced a genomic clone corresponding to the sequence of one of the hsp70 cDNAs and found that it contains a 618-bp intron. This intron, which is not efficiently removed during CdCl2 stress, does not appear to encode a novel peptide of any significant length. A preliminary induction of heat shock proteins (hsps) does not protect against the CdCl2 inhibition in Drosophila protects against heat induced inhibition of hsp83 processing (Yost and Lindquist 1986). The mechanism of CdCl2 inhibition of splicing is unclear, however these data support our earlier finding (Rochester et al. 1986) that some stress-inducible plant hsp70 genes, unlike stress-inducible hsp70 genes from other organisms, contain an intron.
Active Stress in the Porcine Renal Artery

As a typical muscular conduit artery, the renal artery manifests an active response when the vascular smooth muscle is stimulated to contract. To present there are few experimental data [1] and no constitutive formulation of the renal arterial tissue that accounts for the active stress developed when the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are stimulated to contract. Most studies identify the circumferential and axial active stresses by processing the in-vitro experimentally recorded change in diameter and axial force in a tubular arterial specimen inflated by an internal pressure, kept at constant axial stretch ratio, and with the SMCs stimulated to relax or contract. It is assumed that the stress borne by the extracellular matrix, termed as passive stress, and the active stress generated by the stimulated SMCs are additive. The directions of the active stresses and functional dependence on the strain measures are often postulated on the basis of histology, biophysics of SMC contraction, and an a priori guess, rather than on recordable mechanical information. The only exception is a recently proposed approach that allows decoupling of the passive and active response and identifying the arguments and the analytical form of the active stress directly from experimental data [2]. In this study, we follow this approach and determine the active stress in the porcine renal artery.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Employment Opportunity for Workers Without a College Degree Across the Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Sectors:

The public and nonprofit sectors are known for providing enhanced employment opportunity to women, persons of color, and parents. The authors ask whether the same is true for workers without colleg...
Subcutaneous Tissue Pedicle Hinge Cheek Flaps

The nasal facial sulcus represents an important anatomic boundary between the aesthetic region of the nasal sidewall and the medial cheek. Inferiorly, the nasal facial sulcus is continuous with the alar facial sulcus, which represents the boundary between the ala, cheek, and upper lip. Skin defects that extend from the ala or sidewall across these boundaries are best resurfaced with separate skin flaps. The cheek and lip are repaired in most cases with cutaneous advancement flaps harvested within their respective aesthetic facial region. The nose is resurfaced with a separate flap or graft so that scars will ultimately be positioned in the nasal facial and/or alar facial sulcus.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in the frog Xenopus laevis: Two AHR1 paralogs exhibit low affinity for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent developmental toxicant in most vertebrates. However, frogs are relatively insensitive to TCDD toxicity, especially during early life stages. Toxicity of TCDD and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and specific differences in properties of the AHR signaling pathway can underlie differences in TCDD toxicity in different species. This study investigated the role of AHR in frog TCDD insensitivity, using Xenopus laevis as a model system. X. laevis, a pseudotetraploid species, expresses two distinct AHR1 genes, AHR1α and AHR1β. Sharing 86% amino acid identity, these likely represent distinct genes, both orthologous to mammalian AHR and paralogous to the AHR2 gene(s) in most fish. Both AHR1α and AHR1β exhibit TCDD-dependent binding of cognate DNA sequences, but they bind TCDD with at least 20-fold lower affinity than the mouse AHRb-1 protein, and they are similarly less responsive in TCDD-induced reporter gene induction in conjunction with the mouse CYP1A1 promoter. Furthermore, CYP1A6 and CYP1A7 induction by TCDD in cultured X. laevis A6 cells appears much less responsive than CYP1A induction in cell lines derived from more sensitive animals. Taken together, these data suggest that low affinity binding by X. laevis AHRs plays an important mechanistic role in the insensitivity of frogs to TCDD. An understanding of these molecular mechanisms should aid amphibian ecotoxicology and refine the use of frog embryos as a model [e.g. in FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus)] for determining developmental toxicity of samples containing dioxin-like compounds.
Regulation of adenylyl cyclase in polarized renal epithelial cells by G protein-coupled receptors.

We employed two guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors known to be targeted to opposite domains in renal epithelial cells to test the hypothesis that the polarized recepto...
Poxvirus DNA Replication

Poxviruses are large, enveloped, DNA viruses that infect vertebrate and invertebrate species and replicate entirely in the cytoplasm (Moss 2007). Two poxviruses are human-specific: variola virus and molluscum contagiosum virus. The former causes smallpox, a severe disease with high mortality that was eradicated more than two decades ago; the latter is distributed worldwide and produces discrete benign skin lesions in infants and extensive disease in immunocompromised individuals. Other poxviruses that infect nonhuman species can be transmitted to humans; monkeypox virus, for one, causes lethal disease in Africa and has the potential to spread geographically. Vaccinia virus (VACV), the vaccine used to prevent smallpox, is the prototype of the family, and cited experiments relate to this virus unless stated otherwise. The VACV genome, together with viral enzymes and factors required for transcription of the early subset of genes, is packaged in the core of infectious virus particles (Moss 2007). The DNA replication proteins, in contrast to those involved in early transcription, are not packaged in virions but are translated from viral early mRNAs. DNA replication occurs following release of the genome from the core, and progeny DNA serves as the template for transcription of intermediate- and late-stage genes (Yang et al. 2011).
Behavior of neuro-epithelial cells during closure of the neural tube

Chick embryos ranging in age from 18 to 32 hours were treated with thymidine-H3 to examine the cell cycle and nuclear migration of the neuro-epithelial cells during closure of the neural tube. By plotting the percentage of labeled metaphases against the tune of thymidine-H3 application, the DNA-synthetic period was found to last five hours, the postduplication (G2) stage and prophase two and one-half hours and the preduplication (G1) stage to be brief or non-existent. The total cell cycle time was calculated to be eight hours. During DNA synthesis the nuclei are located near the basement membrane; subsequently they migrate to the lumen to undergo mitosis, after which they return to the outer zone to start DNA synthesis for the next cell division. To determine the life span of the neuro-epithelial cells by a different method, chick embryos were treated with vincristine, a drug known to arrest the mitosis in the metaphase. Fifteen, 26, 34 and 41% of the neuro-epithelial cells were arrested in the metaphase, one, two, three and four hours after treatment, respectively. Since the “mitotic index” of the neuro-epithelial cells was 5.2, the duration of the mitosis was calculated to last 25 minutes, and the life span of the neuro-epithelial cell to be eight hours. Immediately after closure of the neural tube, a different cell type characterized by a round nucleus, pale nucleoplasm and a dark-staining nucleolus appeared at the periphery of the tube near the basement membrane. These cells, which originate by division from the neuro-epithelial cells at the lumen, did not incorporate thymidine-H3 at any time during further development. They are considered to be primitive neuroblasts and to form the first representatives of the mantle layer.
The Impact of Technological Advances on Drug Discovery Today

In recent years, technological advances have changed the face of drug discovery beyond recognition. New compounds can now be synthesized in unprecedented numbers via combinatorial chemistry, matched by ultra-high throughput screening of unparalleled speed and scope. Until recently, this has been divorced and almost in opposition to the traditional structure activity relationship (SAR) lead synthesis programs (often termed rational design). A further evolution is now occurring, combining the synthetic and screening revolution, but with the high speed synthesis directed by emerging SAR in a “closed loop,” thus allowing rapid optimization of chemical matter. Despite these impressive advances, the debate is still ongoing as to whether the industrialization of drug discovery will increase the output of launched New Chemical Entities with higher and higher hurdles for drug safety measures of efficacy and outcomes. In addition, the sequencing of the human genome has started its own, very costly, highly competitive and resource-consuming race to assign function to novel genes. The industry will need to change the way discovery and development work together to succeed in an increasingly uncertain environment.
What Matters Most? The Perceived Importance of Ability and Personality for Hiring Decisions

This study examined the emphasis hiring managers placed on general mental ability (GMA) and personality—agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and extraversion—when evaluating appli...
Disaster at a distance: impact of 9.11.01 televised news coverage on mothers' and children's health.

Abstract Families enrolled in a research program examining children’s health behaviors and media habits before September 11, 2001 were analyzed to assess the impact of media coverage of the terrorist attacks on children’s and mothers’ stress levels, coping strategies, and health behaviors. After the attacks, 68% of mothers and 38% of children reported experiencing one or more symptoms of distress. These results indicate that children were more susceptible to experiencing distress symptoms if their families had preexisting relational difficulties and increased television viewing during the days after the attacks. Implications for research and preventive clinical interventions are discussed.
Reliability analysis for AFTI-F16 SRFCS using ASSIST and SURE

This paper reports the results of a study on reliability analysis of an AFTI-16 Self-Repairing Flight Control System (SRFCS) using software tools SURE (Semi-Markov Unreliability Range Evaluator) and ASSIST (Abstract Semi-Markov Specification Interface to the SURE Tool). The purpose of the study is to investigate the potential utility of the software tools in the ongoing effort of the NASA Aviation Safety Program, where the class of systems must be extended beyond the originally intended serving class of electronic digital processors. The study concludes that SURE and ASSIST are applicable to reliability analysis of flight control systems. They are especially efficient for sensitivity analysis that quantifies the dependence of system reliability on model parameters. The study also confirms an earlier finding on the dominant role of a parameter called a failure coverage. The paper will remark on issues related to the improvement of coverage and the optimization of redundancy level.
An Information Theory Approach to Diagnosis

In the preceding paper, a model of a sequential diagnostic test procedure is developed for application to fault location in electronic equipment. The average cost of diagnosis is defined and the problem of finding procedures of minimum average cost is solved for two special cases. In the present paper, the ratio of the average information gained by performing a given test to the cost of the test is introduced as a figure of merit for the test. Repeated application of this figure of merit to choose successive tests results in a systematic way of constructing efficient sequential test procedures. The procedures so constructed are compared with known optimum procedures for several special cases as a means of evaluating the information theory approach. For some special cases the true optimum is obtained; in others, the information theory test procedures are only slightly less efficient than the optimum. The advantage of the information theory approach lies in the fact that it results in a simple systematic way of constructing efficient test procedures even in the general case for which the true optimum solution has not been obtained by other means.
Testing Orem's Theory of Self-Care Deficit: Dependent Care Agent Performance for Children

The purpose of this study was to test Orem's theory of self-care deficit, one of three constituent theories included in her general self-care deficit theory of nursing. Specifically, the relationship between dependent care agent performance and basic conditioning factors was examined. Dependent care agent performance for children was defined as health promotion and self-care activities provided by a responsible adult on behalf of the child. The Dependent Care Agent Questionnaire was used with a sample of 380 mothers of children from ages 1 to 16 years. The hypothesis that basic conditioning factors influenced dependent care agent performance was supported (R2 = .13, p = .0001).
Generalized representation of electric fields in interaction gaps of klystrons and traveling-wave tubes

Analytic expressions for axial and radial electric fields in axisymmetric interaction gaps of klystrons and coupled-cavity traveling-wave tubes are derived. Introduction of a field-shape parameter m allows a continuous transition in gap-edge field distribution between the limit of a uniform constant field for relatively blunt tunnel tips to the limit of a field rising to infinity with infinitely sharp tunnel tips. With values of m = 0 and m = \infin corresponding to these limits, intermediate values of m yield field distributions that very closely approximate the actual field distributions occurring in interaction gaps. A comparison is made between the analytically computed field distribution and the field distribution obtained by experimental measurement and by relaxation computation in a klystron cavity.
A balanced adaptive beamforming system for broadband wireless communications

A broadband analog beamformer is realized in the form of balanced variable attenuators using PIN diodes. The phase deviation due to change in junction capacitance of a PIN diode with respect to applied voltage is improved by using a balanced architecture in the design of the variable attenuator. Measurement shows flat phase transition and linear attenuation over the frequency range from 2.5 GHz to 3.0 GHz, which can provide giga bit data throughput for QPSK modulated signal.
Nonprofit in Crisis: An Examination of the Applicability of Situational Crisis Communication Theory

Coombs' (2007) Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) provides the theoretical framework for a 3 × 2 experiment testing the effects of SCCT response strategies from a nonprofit organization. The body of research devoted to crisis communication rarely addresses one of the largest areas of public relations, the public sector. Findings illustrate that in two extremes, one in which the nonprofit is a victim and one in which the nonprofit acts intentionally, the strategies of SCCT are successful. The least effective strategy was when the nonprofit was responding to an accident, the most frequent type of crisis situation.
PRICING DISCRETELY MONITORED BARRIER OPTIONS AND DEFAULTABLE BONDS IN LÉVY PROCESS MODELS: A FAST HILBERT TRANSFORM APPROACH

This paper presents a novel method to price discretely monitored single- and double-barrier options in Levy process-based models. The method involves a sequential evaluation of Hilbert transforms of the product of the Fourier transform of the value function at the previous barrier monitoring date and the characteristic function of the (Esscher transformed) Levy process. A discrete approximation with exponentially decaying errors is developed based on the Whittaker cardinal series (Sinc expansion) in Hardy spaces of functions analytic in a strip. An efficient computational algorithm is developed based on the fast Hilbert transform that, in turn, relies on the FFT-based Toeplitz matrix–vector multiplication. Our method also provides a natural framework for credit risk applications, where the firm value follows an exponential Levy process and default occurs at the first time the firm value is below the default barrier on one of a discrete set of monitoring dates.
Relationship of blood pressure and flow during CPR to chest compression amplitude: Evidence for an effective compression threshold

This study was conducted to investigate the importance of the depth of chest compression in producing effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in animals, as indicated by cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure. Cardiac output was measured by a modified indicator dilution technique in 8 anesthetized dogs, 6 to 12 kg body weight, during repeated 2-minute episodes of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation and CPR provided by a mechanical chest compressor and ventilator (Thumper). Chest compression exceeding a threshold value (xo) between 1.5 and 3.0 cm was required in each animal to produce measurable cardiac output. In particular, cardiac output (CO) was linearly related to chest compression depth (x) by an expression of the form CO = a(x-xo) for x greater than xo. The mean value of xo was 2.3 cm. A similar threshold for measurable blood pressure was observed in 7 of the 8 dogs, with a mean value of 1.8 cm. For chest compression of 2.5 cm or greater, relatively modest increases in chest compression depth caused relatively large changes in cardiac output.
Autoregressive analysis of dynamic vergence eye movement

An autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) used to represent vergence eye movements in which the two eyes move in opposition to track targets varying in distance is discussed. The poles of the parametric models obtained from both left and right eye movements were used to analyze asymmetries associated with binocular and monocular control processes. Results suggest that a major portion of the neural control of vergence eye movements is independent and unique for each eye. >
Sirtf Surveys and Legacy Science

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), a 0.85-meter, cryogenically-cooled telescope, will be launched in 2002. SIRTF will extensively make use of large-format detector arrays. These, combined with the sky visibility of SIRTF’s solar orbit will facilitate significant surveys. SIRTF surveys will complement observations by NASA’s other Great Observatories and will enable follow-up SIRTF studies. Data from the large, “SIRTF Legacy Science Program” will be made widely available, on a rapid, non-proprietary release, to the general astronomical community.
Computer-aided analysis of a finite arbitrarily shaped dielectric antenna

A numerical method of analysis is developed to determine the characteristics of a homogeneous dielectric antenna of arbitrary shape based on a general expression of electromagnetic wave scattering by a homogeneous dielectric body derived by Barrar and Dolph. This method is tested on a dielectric-disk antenna.
Energetics of newly-mated queens and colony founding in the fungus-gardening ants Cyphomyrmex rimosus and Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The energetics of colony founding is investigated in the fungus gardening ants (Attini) Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Cyphomyrmex rimosus . Similar to most ants, inseminated queens of these two species found nests independently unaccompanied by workers (haplometrosis). Whereas most ant founding queens seal themselves in a chamber and do not feed when producing a brood entirely from metabolic stores (claustral founding), the majority of fungus gardening ants must forage during the founding phase (semiclaustral founding). Laboratory-reared T. septentrionalis individuals comprise 84 dealate females collected after mating flights in June 2004. Twenty are immediately killed to obtain values for queen traits and another 20 after worker emergence for queen, fungus garden and worker traits. Cyphomyrmex rimosus comprise 22 dealate females collected in June 2005; ten of which are immediately killed and similarly prepared. Newly-mated T. septentrionalis queens have 25% of their dry weight as fat; whereas newly-mated C. rimosus queens contain 11% fat. These amounts are 50 - 75% less than most independently founding ant species. Trachymyrmex septentrionalis queens lose merely 5% of their energetic content during colony founding, whereas the total energetic content of their brood is more than three-fold the amount lost by the queen. Incipient T. septentrionalis colonies produce approximately half as much ant biomass per gram of fungus garden as do mature colonies. Similar to most ants, T. septentrionalis produces minim workers that are approximately 40% lighter than workers from mature colonies. Regardless of their size, T. septentrionalis workers contain much lower fat than do workers of claustral species. These data indicate that fungus gardening is adaptive because colonies can produce much cheaper offspring, making colony investment much lower.
Self-Regulated Strategy Development for Written Expression with Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of academic difficulties and special education placement (Barkley, 1998). One academic area, written expression, has received little research attention. This study assessed the effectiveness of a validated strategy instruction model—Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)—on the length, completeness, and holistic quality of narratives of 3 children teacher-identified as struggling young writers, and physician-identified as having ADHD. Results showed marked improvement on all three measures. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Multichannel Radio-Frequency Arbitrary Waveform Generation Based on Multiwavelength Comb Switching and 2-D Line-by-Line Pulse Shaping

We demonstrate a multichannel time-multiplexed radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generator. The system combines a switching scheme of multiwavelength optical frequency combs with a novel 2-D line-by-line pulse shaper featuring broad bandwidth operation over large temporal windows. Switching times within a clock period of 200 ps among the four channels is successfully achieved. With finer pulse shaper resolution, the number of channels can be scaled up without increasing the number of switching components.
Transport of nitrogen forms in a sandy entisol with coal combustion by‐product gypsum amendment 1

Abstract The effect of flue‐gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) on soil physical and chemical characteristics which influence leaching of nitrate (NO3 ‐) was investigated. Effects of FGDG amendment at 0, 4.5 and 9.0 Mg ha‐1 on transport of nitrate (NO3 ‐), ammonium (NH4 +), and bromide (Br) in a Candler fine sand were investigated in a leaching column experiment, with N application equivalent to 180 kg N ha‐1, as either calcium nitrate (CN) or ammonium nitrate (AN). The columns were leached with 2860 mL of water, equivalent to 65 cm rainfall. Cumulative amount of NO3‐N in 2860 mL leachate accounted for 61 and 72% of the total NO3‐N applied as CN and AN, respectively. Application of gypsum at 4.5 Mg ha‐1 decreased the leaching of NO3 ‐ from AN by 22% as compared to that without the application of gypsum. Total‐N recovery with or without FGDG accounted for 62 to 67% and 69 to 78% of total N applied as CN and AN, respectively.
Marine Ice Modification of Fringing Ice Shelf Flow

Abstract Locally derived ice is often observed to fill through-cutting rifts and uneven fronts in ice shelves. That ice may nucleate as fast ice at the shelf front, by growth at the sea surface within rifts, or by basal accretion. Here, we investigate the role of such ice in the flow of the Brunt Ice Shelf and adjacent Stancomb-Wills ice tongue, along the Caird Coast of Antarctica. Much of the shelf system is severely rifted, with locally derived ice filling the space between rift walls and around ice rafts. A series of numerical experiments that account for thermal properties of the different ices is used to investigate the influence of that mixture of sea and marine ice on the kinematics and dynamics of the shelf system. The simulations are constrained by a variety of satellite remote-sensing data. We find that the locally derived ice forms a dynamic connection between the ice tongue and the Caird Coast, effectively creating an embayment where no coastal embayment exists. This may have implications for ...
Coevolution of Down-Valley Flow and the Nocturnal Boundary Layer in Complex Terrain

Abstract An enhanced National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) integrated sounding system (ISS) was deployed as part of the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field experiment, which took place in October of 2000. The enhanced ISS was set up at the southern terminus of the Great Salt Lake Valley just north of a gap in the Traverse Range (TR), which separates the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake basins. This location was chosen to sample the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the flow as it passes over the TR separating the two basins. The enhanced ISS allowed for near-continuous sampling of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) and low-level winds associated with drainage flow through the gap in the TR. Diurnally varying winds were observed at the NCAR site on days characterized by weak synoptic forcing and limited cloud cover. A down-valley jet (DVJ) was observed on about 50% of the nights during VTMX, with the maximum winds usually occurring within 150 m of the surface. The DVJ was associated wit...
Feminism and Feminist Scholarship in Academe: Women's Struggle for Recognition continues in Sociology.

This paper focuses on feminism and feminist scholarship as basic frameworks for women’s struggles for recognition in academe in general and in sociology in particular. A distinct contribution of the paper to the current literature is the focus on the theory-perspective distinction in sociology as one of the major focuses of women’s struggle for recognition in academe in general and in sociology in particular. After a careful and critical examination of the classical roots, varieties, basic domain assumptions of feminist theory, theoretical and methodological arguments for and against a feminist perspective in sociology, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) feminist theory must be recognized and accepted for its significant contribution to the birth and development of sociology and its major role in helping to broaden the field of sociology and provide a broader and better understanding of society, the individual in society, and various social phenomena; 2) however, there is no sound sociological grounds for the establishment of a separate, distinct feminist perspective in sociology; and 3) it is necessary to clearly separate feminism in its activist form from legitimate feminist scholarship in sociology in order to preserve and maintain the integrity of the discipline as a legitimate science.
Abstract 134: Relative MTT Predicts Subsequent Stroke in Symptomatic Carotid Occlusion

Relative mean transit time (MTT) is readily obtainable from dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI of the brain. While it has received much attention in acute ischemic stroke as a possible means to identify patients for reperfusion therapies, little has been done to determine if it has clinical significance outside the acute setting. To determine if relative MTT could be used to identify patients who are at high risk for subsequent stroke, we analyzed data from the St. Louis Carotid Occlusion Study. This prospective study was carried out from 1992-1997 to determine if PET measurement of oxygen extraction fraction could identify medically treated patients with recently symptomatic carotid artery occlusion at high risk for subsequent stroke. Sixty-eight of the participants in the study had quantitative PET measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV). From these we calculated the MTT (CBV/CBF) in each middle cerebral artery territory and determined the MTT ratio of the ipsilateral ...
Developmental Differences in Depression

In the last decade, a great deal has been learned about childhood depression.* Specific findings from the study of depression in adults in diverse domains have served as the basis for hypotheses in evaluating depression among children. By and large, many of the findings obtained with adults have been replicated with children and adolescents. Despite many developmental continuities in the nature of depression, there remains keen interest in the evaluation and elaboration of developmental differences and points of transition from one stage to the next. From infancy through adolescence, there are, of course, remarkable and pervasive changes in biological, psychological, and social spheres. It is inevitable that the manifestations of depression will vary over the course of development.
The Midlife Crisis of the New Political History

Middle age has crept up on the new political history, bringing with it the infirmities we might expect. The essays by Ronald P. Formisano and Mark Voss-Hubbard are one indication of restlessness with the questions, methods, and interpretive breakthroughs that gave shape to the field when it came of age in the 1960s. The characteristic approach of the new political history-attention to systematic regularities in patterns of political behavior, the use of social science methods and concepts, a focus on parties and voters as the measurable links between popular political behavior and policy-seems arthritic and slow. This is true not only because age caught up with the endeavor but also because its established practitioners did not produce many heirs to extend or revitalize the field. During the heyday of social history and the beginning of the ascent of cultural history in the late 1970s and 1980s, political history was hardly a magnet for ambitious graduate students. But immigration has filled the demographic gap. As interest in politics grew in recent years, scholars who worked in other specialties and lacked an immersion in the family lore of the new political history have entered the field. New work by such scholars rarely engages the central questions of the new political history-indeed, it often takes hunks of the field's arguments as given. Instead, its questions often return to social and cultural historians' concerns with gender, race, and class: politics is a way to get at those relationships, not the thing to be explained. While spirited disputes over specific issues carried on, neither the established practitioners nor their few students significantly challenged the middle-aged political history's central assumptions, which social and cultural historians in turn usually either bypassed or absorbed. A reassessment of how new work on gender, race, class, and consumption might reshape what has become traditional political history is therefore welcome. The essays by Formisano and Voss-Hubbard begin to do this. Formisano discusses the problems that new work poses for one staple argument of the new political history-the dominance of party and partisanship in nineteenth-century government and public life. Formisano stops short of suggesting that political history do the equivalent of buying a red sports convertible; while intrigued, he remains skeptical of alternatives to the "party period" such as the "public sphere." Voss-Hubbard returns to a classic problem of the new political history-the relationship between
Obstruction of Splenic Vein Increases Weight of Stomach and Predisposes to Erosion or Ulcer.

Conclusions1. Partial obstruction to the venous outflow from the stomach increases its weight in rabbits and dogs. 2. Esophageal varices can be produced by portal or splenic vien obstruction and, when histamine-inbeeswax is given to such animals, esophageal and gastric erosions and bleeding are produced. 3. Portal or splenic vien obstruction abets the ulcer diathesis.
SAN FRANCISCO BAR DREDGE MATERIAL DISPOSAL

Studies were conducted on San Francisco Bar in June 1971 and February 1972 to monitor dredge material disposal. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dredging and material disposal on the physical and biological environment and to develop dredging procedures and disposal sites to mitigate possible adverse effects.. This paper presents the results of the material dispersion portion of the study including bottom deposition, current measurements and aerial photography. The biological studies and water quality monitoring are not presented.
Myxomycetes of Western Washington

The Myxomycetes (slime-fungi), also often called Mycetozoa, or simply slime-moulds, are a group of fungus-like organisms, more or less minute, which successively bear the characteristics of a low type of creeping animal in their primary stages, and of an equally low type of plant in their later stages. The plantlike phase, once arrived at, ultimately gives rise again to the animal-like, which in turn produces the plant-like form again, and so on continuously through this strange, yet simple cycle. These Myxomycetes, which during their vegetative existence resemble giant amoebae, and during their reproductive period resemble the Gasteromycetes, a fungal group, but distinguished from the latter by the total lack of mycelium, have been and are claimed by both zoologists and botanists, but, as Dr. T. H. Macbride suggests, it seems very probable indeed that, strictly speaking, they are neither animals nor plants. That is to say, they form an independent, compact unit of their own. As stated, there are two chief periods in the life-history of a Myxomycete. There is that period of the usually inconspicuous animal-like or vegetative existence, and that of the relatively conspicuous plant-like or reproductive phase. The latter is that commonly seen in the field. The reproductive bodies, or sporangia, present great diversity as to habit, size, and appearance. On these diversities, more or less constant in the different species, the classification of the group is based. This classification, unfortunately, presents many vexing problems, and is artificial to a degree. Culture studies which will give us the complete life-histories of the various forms would seem to be necessary, if we are to comprehend with any exactness their true relationships. The coastal belt of Washington from the summit of the
Determination of Benzene Series Chemicals in Room Air by Solvent Desorption Gas Chromatography

[Objective]Using solvent desorption gas chromatography to estimate the concentration of the benzene series chemicals in room air.[Methods]Charcoal absorption and carbon disulfide desorption were used for the sampling of benzene series chemicals and analysis was performed by gas chromatography(DB-FFAP column,FID ).[Results]Benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,o-xylene,m-xylene,and p-xylene were well separated in the DB-FFAP column.The correlation coefficients of regression curves of benzene series chemicals were all greater than 0.9999.The concentration of the quality control samples was within the framework of the certified value.The relative standard deviation 0.55%-0.87%was obtained.The efficiencies of carbon disulfide desorption were between 90.5%-101.5%.The total xylene concentrations of the bedroom,sitting room and study room in a newly renovated house were exceeding 0.20 mg/m~3,while the concentrations of benzene,toluene,and ethylbenzene were low. [Conclusion]The method is compatible with concentration detection of benzene series chemicals in room air.
Lithics: Basics of stone tool production

Lithic artifacts include all culturally modified stone tool materials found on prehistoric sites. They include the finely worked shapes such as microliths and bifaces as well as the discarded pieces removed during the process of tool production and modification. Either in an archaeological laboratory filled with lithic artifacts or on a prehistoric site represented primarily by lithic artifacts, the great amount of variability in the shape of lithic specimens is inescapable. Some specimens will appear to be nothing more than broken fragments of stone and others will appear uniformly shaped into systematically pointed projectile tips. There may be large lithic tools over 20 cm in length and very small specimens less than 1 cm in length; usually the stone will vary in color and texture. For the person just beginning in lithic analysis, this assemblage variability can be unfathomable. Most people will not be able to recognize the characteristics that discriminate lithic artifacts from natural stone. In fact, without proper context it may be impossible to determine the difference between lithic tool production debris and naturally fractured stone. What are the characteristics that allow archaeologists to recognize culturally modified materials? This may seem to some to be an insignificant question, but to those with very little exposure to the wide array of lithic artifact morphologies, the question is very important.
Admissible Linear Estimates of the Mean Vector

For the p-variate normal mean with known variances, the Lindley-Smith (1972) estimators are shown to be generalized Bayes under symmetric bowl shaped loss, and the admissibility of such estimators is proved. Also, when the variance-covariance matrix is unknown, generalized Bayes estimators are proposed under symmetric bowl shaped loss, and their admissibility is also proved.
The effect on teenage childbearing on social capital development: new evidence on civic engagement

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we examine the relationship between teenage childbearing and four measures of adult civic engagement: charitable giving, volunteerism, political awareness, and voting. After accounting for selection on observables via propensity score matching and selection on unobservables via family fixed effects and instrumental variables approaches, we find that teen motherhood is negatively related to adult civic engagement. Descriptive evidence suggests that teen birth-induced reductions in educational attainment and the time-intensive nature of childcare are important mechanisms. Finally, we find that while the adverse civic engagement effects of teen parenthood may extend to teen fathers, the effects are much smaller in magnitude.
Infrared Absorption and Vibronic Structure Due to Localized Polarons in the Silver Halides

The theoretical and experimental investigations of a new type of localized excitation in an ionic crystal, specifically a polaron bound to a positive charge center, are the subject of this paper. Although the exact nature of the positive charge center is currently unknown, there are indications that it is an intrinsic defect, for example, a self trapped hole. If this is the case, the excitation is an exciton, and our results challenge some commonly held ideas concerning the basic nature of the exciton. More specifically we have found that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is not adequate for a description of such transitions in the silver halides, and that polaron effects must be explicitly included.
A battery-less 507nW SoC with integrated platform power manager and SiP interfaces

A 507nW self-powered SoC is demonstrated for ultra-low power (ULP) internet-of-things (IoT) applications. The SoC includes ULP system-in-package (SiP) interfaces that enable its harmonious integration with a radio transmitter (TX) and a non-volatile memory (NVM). The energy harvesting platform power manager (EH-PPM) powers the SoC as well as off-chip components and is optimized for low quiescent power. It supplies the SoC with 0.5V, 1.0V, and 1.8V and can also power ULP sensors and the SiP components while running an example shipping-integrity tracking algorithm. A power monitor (PM) cold-boots the SoC from NVM and adapts the system's power consumption. The tight integration between the SoC's blocks enables sub-μW operation.
A Strain of Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriaceae) with High Virulence Per Os to Larvae of a Laboratory Colony of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

An unpigmented strain of the bacterium Serratia marcescens Bizio that is highly virulent when fed to larvae from a laboratory colony of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was found as a co...