cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ag Nanowires Coated with Ag/Pd Alloy Sheaths and Their Use as Substrates for Reversible Absorption and Desorption of Hydrogen

When the surfaces of Ag nanowires were coated with thin sheaths of Pd/Ag alloys, they exhibited hydrogen absorption/desorption behaviors and capacities similar to those of pure Pd powders or nanotubes. The stronger mechanical strengths of these cable-like nanostructures also allowed them to undergo more absorption/desorption cycles with no morphological changes. These nanostructures can be used as a good model system to study the interaction between hydrogen and metal alloys with relatively low concentrations of Pd (<10%) with respect to structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic features.
A mid-aqueductal ependymal organ in the brain of the hyrax (Procavia capensis).

Serial sections of the brains of four adult male hyraxes revealed a hitherto undescribed ependymal organ near the middle of the midbrain aqueduct. This structural modification of the dorsal wall of the aqueduct is separate and different from both the subcommissural organ and the posterior collicular recess. It is characterized by: (1) an elaborate system of ridges and crypts, (2) numerous, crowded and distinctive ependymocytes, (3) tissue zonation, and (4) numerous vessels with sleeves of primarily longitudinally arranged glial processes. Comparisons with other ventricular organs and possible functional relations are discussed.
Long term size-increasing adaptation of saccades in macaques

Abstract Motor learning adjusts movement size and direction to keep movements accurate. A useful model of motor learning, saccade adaptation, uses intra-saccade target movement to make saccades seem inaccurate and elicit adaptive changes in saccades. In the most studied saccade adaptation procedure, which we call short-term saccade adaptation (STSA), monkeys decrease or increase the size of their saccades by tracking 1000–2000 adapting target movements in a single saccade session. STSA elicits rapid changes of limited size and duration. Larger, more persistent reduction in saccade size results from adapting saccades daily for 19 days, a procedure that we call long-term saccade adaptation (LTSA). LTSA mimics the demands of rehabilitation more closely than does STSA and, unlike STSA, produces changes that could maintain long-term accuracy. Previous work describes LTSA that reduces saccade size in monkeys. Though convenient to study, size-decreasing LTSA is not a good model for rehabilitation because few injuries necessitate making movements smaller. Here we characterize size-increasing LTSA and compare it, in the same monkeys, to size-reducing LTSA. We found that size-increasing LTSA can double saccade gain in ∼21 days, and is slower than size-decreasing LTSA. In contrast to a single size-decreasing STSA, a single size-increasing STSA does not prevent additional saccade size increase at the normal rate when a monkey continues to track adapting target movements. We conclude that size-increasing LTSA is slower than size-decreasing LTSA but can make larger changes in saccade size. Size-increasing and size-decreasing LTSA use distinct mechanisms with different performance characteristics.
Use of high temperature and high humidity to test the adhesion of sputtered copper to a polyimide surface modified by an AC nitrogen glow discharge

We have used an extreme environmental stress test to study the adhesion of a thin sputtered copper film (0.5 μm) to flexible polyimide (PI) substrates between 25 and 125 μm thick. The polyimide types include Kapton (PMDA-ODA) and Upilex (BPDA-PDA). When there was no surface modification on the PI, the adhesion of the film to Upilex type S was better than the adhesion to Upilex type R or Kapton type HN. When the polymer surface was treated with a simple AC nitrogen glow discharge (NGD), there was an improvement in the adhesion of the film to each of these polyimides. This improvement in adhesion became apparent after the film/substrate combination was subjected to either boiling water or steam for 30 min or more; the difference became quite clear after 2 h. A simple tape test was used to quickly estimate a relative adhesion strength. In order to compare the effect of our AC NGD treatment with other substrate surface modification methods, we used it to improve the coupling of a thick (> 10 μm) layer of copp...
Symmetrization properties of parabolic equations in symmetric domains

Symmetry properties of positive solutions of a Dirichlet problem for a strongly nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation in a symmetric domainD ⊂ R n are considered. It is assumed that the domainD and the equation are invariant with respect to a group {Q} of transformations ofD. In examples {Q} consists of reflections or rotations. The main result of the paper is the theorem which states that any compact inC(D) negatively invariant set which consists of positive functions consists ofQ-symmetric functions. Examples of negatively invariant sets are (in autonomous case) equilibrium points, omega-limit sets, alpha-limit sets, unstable sets of invariant sets, and global attractors. Application of the main theorem to equilibrium points gives the Gidas-Ni-Nirenberg theorem. Applying the theorem to omega-limit sets, we obtain the asymptotical symmetrization property. That means that a bounded solutionu(t) asr→∞ approaches subspace of symmetric functions. One more result concerns properties of eigenfunctions of linearizations of the equations at positive equilibrium points. It is proved that all unstable eigenfunctions are symmetric.
Single crystal Raman spectrum of uvarovite, Ca3Cr2Si3O12

Single-crystal Raman spectra of synthetic end-member uvarovite (Ca3Cr2Si3O12) and of a binary solution (59% uvarovite, 41% andradite) have been measured using single crystal techniques. For each of these garnets, 22 and 21 of the 25 Raman modes were located, respectively. The spectra for uvarovite garnets closely resemble those of the other calcic garnets, grossular, and andradite. The modes for uvarovites do not fit into the same trends as established by the other five anhydrous end-member garnets: the high energy “internal” Si–O modes do not depend on lattice constant in uvarovite. They exceed frequencies for both andradite and grossular. This is likely due to the large crystal field stabilization energy of trivalent chromium. The low energy and midrange modes are at similar frequencies to the other calcic garnets.
Nuclear Magnetic Moment Ratio and Linewidths of N 14 and N 15

The ratio of the nuclear magnetic moment of N/sup 14/ to that of N/sup 15/ in liquid nitrogen was measured using the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance. The value obtained is mu (14)/ mu (15) = 1.4257641 plus or minus 0.0000010. The true linewidths (between points of maximum slope) were determined to be 24 plus or minus 4 cps for N/sup 14/ and <4 cps for N/sup 15/. (auth)
On phasor measurement unit placement against state and topology attacks

Cyber attacks on the SCADA system can mislead the control center to produce incorrect state and topology estimate. If undetected, state and topology attacks can have detrimental impacts on the real-time operation of a power system. The problem of placing secure phasor measurement units (PMUs) to detect such attacks is considered. It is shown that any state or topology attack is detectable if and only if buses with secure PMUs form a vertex cover of the system topology. This condition leads to the countermeasures constructed by available graph algorithms. The examples with IEEE 14-bus, 118-bus, and 300-bus systems demonstrate applications of the countermeasures.
Effect of rubbing load on nanoscale charging characteristics of human hair characterized by AFM based Kelvin probe

The manageability and feel of human hair is significantly affected by its surface charge. Understanding and developing ways to control charge build up is hence highly beneficial. Previous studies have looked at static charging characteristics of hair on a macroscale. In this study, static charging characteristics of hair are studied on the nanoscale with an AFM. Hair is charged by rubbing a control area on its surface with an AFM tip, to which a small voltage bias is applied. The resulting charge distribution is characterized by measuring the surface potential of the control area in situ with AFM based Kelvin probe microscopy. The rubbing load is progressively increased, and the effect of this increase on the charge build up is assessed. Virgin, damaged and conditioner treated hair samples are studied for a better understanding of charge build up and dissipation. Relevant mechanisms are discussed.
Cell Autonomous and Non-Autonomous Effects of Senescent Cells in the Skin

Human and mouse skin accumulate senescent cells in both the epidermis and dermis during aging. When chronically present, senescent cells are thought to enhance the age-dependent deterioration of the skin during extrinsic and intrinsic aging. However, when transiently present, senescent cells promote optimal wound healing. Here, we review recent studies on how senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype contribute to different physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the skin with a focus on some of the cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions of senescent cells in the context of skin aging and wound healing.
Scalable full-text search for petascale file systems

As file system capacities reach the petascale, it is becoming increasingly difficult for users to organize, find, and manage their data. File system search has the potential to greatly improve how users manage and access files. Unfortunately, existing file system search is designed for smaller scale systems, making it difficult for existing solutions to scale to petascale files systems. In this paper, we motivate the importance of file system search in petascale file systems and present a new full text file system search design for petascale file systems. Unlike existing solutions, our design exploits file system properties. Using a novel index partitioning mechanism that utilizes file system namespace locality, we are able to improve search scalability and performance and we discuss how such a design can potentially improve search security and ranking.We describe how our design can be implemented within the Ceph petascale file system.
Generalized channel coding theorems for random multiple access communication

This paper extends the channel coding theorems of [1][2] to time-slotted random multiple access communication systems with a generalized problem formulation. Assume that users choose their channel codes arbitrarily in each time slot. When the codeword length can be taken to infinity, fundamental performance limitation of the system is characterized using an achievable region defined in the space of channel code index vector each specifies the channel codes of all users. The receiver decodes the message if the code index vector happens to locate inside the achievable region and reports a collision if it falls outside the region. A generalized system error performance measure is defined as the maximum of weighted probabilities of different types of communication error events. Upper bounds on the generalized error performance measure are derived under the assumption of a finite codeword length. It is shown that “interfering users” can be introduced to model not only the impact of interference from remote transmitters, but also the impact of channel uncertainty in random access communication.
Effect of Forage Source on Retention of Digesta Markers Applied to Corn Gluten Meal and Brewers Grains for Heifers

Abstract Effect of forage source on retention time of dietary protein supplements in the rumen was measured, and solid and liquid markers of digesta passage were compared. Two markers for liquid, two for each of the forages, and two for each of the supplemental proteins were compared for estimating retention time. Eight Holstein heifers were allocated to a single-reversal design with two periods of 29 d each. Heifers were fed either alfalfa hay or corn husks and leaves combined with one of two resistant protein sources: corn gluten meal or wet brewers grains. Average rumen liquid retention times, measured with Co-EDTA or Cr-EDTA, were similar (16.2 to 16.9h). Liquid retention times differed when alfalfa or corn residue was fed (14.1 and 18.9h, respectively). Rumen retention times were similar for Sm and Ce (24.9 to 26.3h) and across markers for forage sources (25.1 to 26.1h). Total tract mean retention time was higher for corn residue than for hay (57.8 vs. 48.8h). Rumen retention times for La and Yb (27.1 and 26.0h) applied to protein sources were similar and were not different when applied to corn gluten meal or brewers grains (26.3 and 26.8h). Forage source did not have an effect on the retention time of protein supplements. Low daily DMI of 2.22 and 1.91% of BW for hay and corn residue diets explain the rather long retention times of the protein supplements. Both Co-EDTA and Cr-EDTA were affective as liquid phase markers.
Panicle contribution to bidirectional reflectance factors of a wheat canopy

Abstract Bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) of crop stands are strongly influenced by canopy architecture. In wheat, as well as in many other crops, canopy architecture changes dramatically with the phenological development of the plant community. A ground-based experiment was performed to examine the effect of panicles of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the flowering stage on canopy BRFs. Reflectance factors were measured in the field with a portable radiometer in the red (0-63-0-69 μm) and near-infrared (0-76-0-90 μm) wavelength intervals. Observations were made at three viewing angles and 14 solar zenith angles during two consecutive days on a control target and on a target where panicles had been removed. Panicles did not contribute significantly to the red nor to the near-infrared (NIR) reflectance factors computed from nadir observations. Off-nadir NIR reflectance was also not altered by the presence of panicles, but was moderately sensitive to illumination angle. Off-nadir red reflecta...
Development of a competitive binding assay system with recombinant estrogen receptors from multiple species.

Abstract In the current study, we developed a new system using full-length recombinant baculovirus-expressed estrogen receptors which allows for direct comparison of binding across species. Estrogen receptors representing five vertebrate classes were compared: human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα), quail estrogen receptor alpha (qERα), alligator estrogen receptor alpha (aERα), salamander estrogen receptor alpha (sERα), and fathead minnow estrogen receptor alpha (fhERα). Saturation binding analyses indicated 17β-estradiol (E2) dissociation constants (Kd) were 0.22 ± 0.02 nM for hERα, 0.28 ± 0.04 nM for sERα, 0.44 ± 0.04 nM for aERα, 0.58 ± 0.10 nM for qERα, and 0.58 ± 0.05 nM for fhERα. Binding specificity to each of the receptors was evaluated using E2, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), corticosterone (C), and ethinylestradiol (EE). E2 and EE were strong binders in all species with IC50's ranging from 0.65 nM with hERα to 1.01 nM with sERα for E2 and from 0.68 nM with sERα to 1.20 nM with qERα for EE. DHT was a weak binder with IC50's ranging from 3.3 μM with hERα to 39 μM with fhERα, and C did not bind any of the receptors at concentrations up to 100 μM. This system provides a convenient in vitro approach for directly comparing chemical binding to estrogen receptors across multiple species without the need to sacrifice animals.
On some coverage probability maximization problems

Duals of bilinear programming problems are used to establish some optimality properties of probability coverage optimization problems. These problems include confidence interval problems and hypothesis testing problems in particular cases.
Analysis of the vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, and babA2 genes in Helicobacter pylori from sixty-one pediatric patients from the Midwestern United States.

Abstract This study was designed to characterize H. pylori from pediatric gastric biopsy specimens in terms of several genes (vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA1, iceA2, and babA2) proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of this organism. Many of these genes have been studied in adult H. pylori isolates, however, these genes have not been well characterized in H. pylori from children. Using PCR we observed that 44% of the H. pylori in our biopsies shared two common genotypes ( vacA s1b m1, cagA, cagE, iceA2 ± babA2 ). While 26% of the H. pylori had unique genotypes. The cag pathogenicity island associated genes, cagA and cagE, were found together in 64% or our H. pylori, while 84% were iceA2 positive. The presence of the babA2 gene has been proposed to be associated with a higher risk of H. pylori related diseases, however, we found that only 36% of our H. pylori contained this gene.
Results of aortocoronary artery saphenous vein bypass surgery for ischemic heart disease

Abstract The results of direct myocardial revascularization using aortocoronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafting in 100 consecutive patients with ischemic heart disease are evaluated. Twelve patients died at operation or early thereafter. Of 88 patients surviving, 72 had severe angina pectoris before operation, 15 had moderate angina and 1 mild angina. After operation, only 10 patients had severe angina, 6 had moderate angina and 72 were free of angina. Thirty-seven patients underwent an exercise stress test in the upright position using a bicycle ergometer 3 to 5 days before operation. Angina pectoris developed in 33 patients during exercise and was accompanied by significant S-T segment depression. The exercise study was terminated in four patients who experienced shortness of breath. Three to four months postoperatively, 20 of these 37 patients underwent exercise at similar and higher work load levels. No pain or S-T segment depression was noted in 18 of the 20 patients. Two of the 20 patients had positive exercise responses similar to their preoperative responses. Seventeen of the 37 patients did not undergo exercise testing after operation: Four died; eight showed clinical improvement but were not available for repeat exercise studies; the remaining five showed no clinical improvement and did not undergo repeat exercise studies. Left ventricular function was determined by measuring ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening per circumference in 51 patients. The preoperative ejection fraction of patients who manifested clinical improvement after operation was greater than that of patients whose condition did not improve; how-ever, there was considerable overlap of data. The success or failure to achieve a good clinical result correlated with flow through the bypass, measured at the time of operation. Flow through the saphenous bypass was directly related to the state of the distal coronary arterial system.
Integral Abutment Bridges: the European Way

Integral abutment bridges are becoming more popular in Europe, but the traditions differ from country to country. This leads to different technical solutions for the same problem in each country. A European survey was conducted in early 2007 to illustrate the design criteria used by each different country for integral abutment bridges. The survey requested information useful to a designer comparing the design requirements and restrictions of various European countries. As an added measure of comparison, these results were compared to some recently conducted surveys of state agencies within the United States. When looking at the results of the European survey responses and past surveys of U.S. transportation agencies, it is clear that there are many similarities in design assumptions and construction practices. Yet, there are also significant differences.
Bluffed by the dealer: Distinguishing false pleas from false confessions

The United States convicts over one million people of felonies each year without affording the resources of a trial. Instead, these convictions are attained in plea bargains. The current research investigated potential differences between pleas and confessions to determine whether new experimental research on plea-bargaining is warranted, or whether the research on false confessions can be extended to pleas as well. Given the exploratory nature of this work, multiple theoretically-relevant variables were measured so that multiple potential differences between pleas and confessions could be explored. The study employed a 2 (innocent or guilty) x 2 (plea or confession) x 2 (evidence-bluff or no-bluff) between-participants design. Participants were recruited for a study described as examining problem solving. Once at the lab, all participants were paired with a confederate posing as another participant. The participant and confederate were asked to complete problems both independently (individual) and together (team). Guilty participants were asked to provide help on one of the individual problems by the confederate. Innocent participants were never asked for help. All participants were later accused of cheating on an individual problem. Participants in confession conditions were then asked to sign a statement admitting guilt. Participants in plea conditions were asked to sign a statement agreeing to work 20 hours in the research lab in exchange for dropping the accusation. Participants in evidence-bluff conditions were told that a video camera recorded the problemsolving phase of the study and could reveal whether cheating actually occurred. The theoretically-relevant individual difference variables did not consistently differentiate pleas from confessions. A hypothesized interaction between the evidence-bluff and plea-confession conditions on acceptance outcomes did not materialize either. Nevertheless, some evidence emerged indicating that pleas and confessions might involve different processes. Specifically,
Changes in Tight Junctional Resistance of the Cervical Epithelium Are Associated with Modulation of Content and Phosphorylation of Occludin 65-Kilodalton and 50-Kilodalton Forms

Treatment of human cervical epithelial CaSki cells with ATP or with the diacylglyceride sn-1,2-dioctanoyl diglyceride (diC8) induced a staurosporine-sensitive transient increase, followed by a late decrease, in tight-junctional resistance (R(TJ)). CaSki cells express two immunoreactive forms of occludin, 65 and 50 kDa. Treatments with ATP and diC8 decreased the density of the 65-kDa form and increased the density of the 50-kDa form. ATP also decreased threonine phosphorylation of the 65-kDa form and increased threonine phosphorylation of the 50-kDa form and tyrosine phosphorylation of the 65- and 50-kDa forms. Staurosporine decreased acutely threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of the two isoforms and in cells pretreated with staurosporine ATP increased acutely the density of the 65-kDa form and threonine phosphorylation of the 65-kDa form. Treatment with N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal increased the densities of the 65- and 50-kDa forms. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal attenuated the late decreases in R(TJ) induced by ATP and diC8 and the decrease in the 65-kDa and increase in the 50-kDa forms induced by ATP. Correlation analyses showed that high levels of R(TJ) correlated with the 65-kDa form, whereas low levels of R(TJ) correlated negatively with the 65-kDa form and positively with the 50-kDa form. The results suggest that in CaSki cells 1) occludin determines gating of the tight junctions, 2) changes in occludin phosphorylation status and composition regulate the R(TJ), 3) protein kinase-C-mediated, threonine dephosphorylation of the 65-kDa occludin form increases the resistance of assembled tight junctions, 4) the early stage of tight junction disassembly involves calpain-mediated breakdown of occludin 65-kDa form to the 50-kDa form, and 5) increased levels of the 50-kDa form interfere with occludin gating of the tight junctions.
Infection of Brachypodium distachyon by Formae Speciales of Puccinia graminis: Early Infection Events and Host-Pathogen Incompatibility

Puccinia graminis causes stem rust, a serious disease of cereals and forage grasses. Important formae speciales of P. graminis and their typical hosts are P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pg-tr) in wheat and barley, P. graminis f. sp. lolii (Pg-lo) in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and P. graminis f. sp. phlei-pratensis (Pg-pp) in timothy grass. Brachypodium distachyon is an emerging genetic model to study fungal disease resistance in cereals and temperate grasses. We characterized the P. graminis-Brachypodium pathosystem to evaluate its potential for investigating incompatibility and non-host resistance to P. graminis. Inoculation of eight Brachypodium inbred lines with Pg-tr, Pg-lo or Pg-pp resulted in sporulating lesions later accompanied by necrosis. Histological analysis of early infection events in one Brachypodium inbred line (Bd1-1) indicated that Pg-lo and Pg-pp were markedly more efficient than Pg-tr at establishing a biotrophic interaction. Formation of appressoria was completed (60–70% of germinated spores) by 12 h post-inoculation (hpi) under dark and wet conditions, and after 4 h of subsequent light exposure fungal penetration structures (penetration peg, substomatal vesicle and primary infection hyphae) had developed. Brachypodium Bd1-1 exhibited pre-haustorial resistance to Pg-tr, i.e. infection usually stopped at appressorial formation. By 68 hpi, only 0.3% and 0.7% of the Pg-tr urediniospores developed haustoria and colonies, respectively. In contrast, development of advanced infection structures by Pg-lo and Pg-pp was significantly more common; however, Brachypodium displayed post-haustorial resistance to these isolates. By 68 hpi the percentage of urediniospores that only develop a haustorium mother cell or haustorium in Pg-lo and Pg-pp reached 8% and 5%, respectively. The formation of colonies reached 14% and 13%, respectively. We conclude that Brachypodium is an apt grass model to study the molecular and genetic components of incompatiblity and non-host resistance to P. graminis.
Thermomechanical Behaviour of Dry Contacts in Disc Brake Rotor with a Grey Cast Iron Composition

The objective of this study is to analyse the thermal behaviour of the full and ventilated brake discs of the vehicles using computing code ANSYS. The modelling of the temperature distribution in the disc brake is used to identify all the factors and the entering parameters concerned at the time of the braking operation such as the type of braking, the geometric design of the disc and the used material. The numerical simulation for the coupled transient thermal field and stress field is carried out by sequentially thermal-structural coupled method based on ANSYS to evaluate the stress and deformations on disc surface including the contact pressure on the pads. The results obtained by the simulation are satisfactory compared with those of the specialized literature.
Stech and Fritzsch hypotheses in the leptonic sector: Addendum to ''Neutrino mass limits from the Fritzsch mass matrix. ''

Following the idea suggested by Gronau, Johnson, and Schecter we further constrain the masses of the second- and third-generation neutrinos to a very small portion of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$-${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ mass plane by combining the models of Fritzsch and Stech in the leptonic sector and demanding consistency with current experimental limits.
Multibore sample cell increases EPR sensitivity for aqueous samples

We have performed calculations, verified by experiment, to explain why the sensitivity of biological EPR can be dramatically increased by dividing the aqueous sample into separate compartments. In biological EPR, the major factor affecting sensitivity is the number of spins in the sample. For an aqueous sample at ambient temperature, this is limited by the requirement for a small volume, due to strong non-resonant absorption of microwaves by water. However, recent empirical studies have shown that this volume limitation can be greatly relieved by dividing the aqueous sample into separate volumes, which allows much more aqueous sample to be loaded into a resonant cavity without significant degradation of the cavity quality factor. Calculations, based on the Bruggeman mixing rule, show quantitatively that the composite aqueous sample has a permittivity much less than that of bulk water, depending on the aqueous volume fraction f. Analysis for X-band EPR spectroscopy shows that the optimal volume fraction of an aqueous composite sample, producing maximum sensitivity, is f = 0.15, increasing the sensitivity by a factor of 8.7, compared with an aqueous sample in a single tube. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sites of obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea.

Study objective: The aim of this article was to identify the most common sites of obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by a systematic review of published studies. Design: The review was conducted by a MEDLINE search of the English literature published during the years 1980 to 2002. The inclusion criteria were experiments involving five or more adult subjects, total rather than partial obstruction or narrowing of the upper airway, and techniques that were performed on the subjects while they were asleep. Conclusion: Although there was considerable variability in the techniques and the results, the most common site of obstruction detected by these studies was at the level of the oropharynx, with extension to the laryngopharynx commonly observed. (CHEST 2002; 122:1139 –1147)
Connectionist Modeling of Relearning and Generalization in Acquired Dyslexic Patients

Connectionist models implement cognitive processes in terms of cooperative and competitive interactions among large numbers of simple, neuron-like processing units. Such models provide a useful computational framework in which to explore the nature of normal and impaired cognitive processes. The current work extends the relevance of connectionist modeling in neuropsychology to address issues in cognitive rehabilitation: the degree and speed of recovery through retraining, the extent to which improvement on treated items generalizes to untreated items, and how treated items are selected to maximize this generalization. A network previously shown to model impairments in mapping orthography to semantics was retrained after damage. The degree of relearning and generalization depended on the location of the lesion and had interesting implications for understanding the nature and variability of recovery in patients. In a second simulation, retraining on words whose semantics are atypical of their category yielded more generalization than retraining on more typical words, suggesting a counterintuitive strategy for selecting items in patient therapy to maximize recovery. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the nature of relearning in damaged connectionist networks can make important contributions to a theory of rehabilitation in patients.
Self-Deception as a Theological Problem in Jonathan Edwards's “Treatise Concerning Religious Affections”

Like many great theologians, Jonathan Edwards was a polemicist. Although he kept extensive personal notebooks in which he developed his views concerning scripture interpretation and doctrinal theology, in most instances he did not publish these views without the catalyst afforded by theological controversy. Throughout the course of Edwards's ministry Arminianism was his constant foe. In the 1730s he published a number of anti-Arminian sermons and actively opposed the ordination of Robert Breck, an Arminian sympathizer. He also viewed the revivals as falling within the scope of this anti-Arminian polemic. In Faithful Narrative (1737) he expressed concern over the spread of Arminianism in the Connecticut Valley and portrayed the revival as working directly against this tendency. Likewise in Some Thoughts (1743) he predicted that the activity of the Holy Spirit in the revivals would “entirely overthrow their scheme of religion” and suggested, “Now is a good time for Arminians to change their principles.” In the late 1740s on several occasions he recorded his intention to write “something particularly and largely on the Arminian controversy, in distinct discourses on the various points in dispute.” Although he was temporarily distracted from this proposed project by the communion controversy in Northampton, he began to carry it out soon after the move to Stockbridge, publishing Freedom of the Will in 1754.
Channel and Crustal Rayleigh Waves

Summary For a structure containing even a slight low-velocity channel in the upper mantle, the collection of higher mode Rayleigh waves decomposes naturally into a family of LVC channel waves and a family of crustal waves. Only the fundamental mode and the crustal waves need be considered as exciting Rayleigh waves significantly, since the channel waves do not generate significant amplitudes at the free surface. The broad properties of the interrelationship among the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves for the higher modes in the presence of a low-velocity channel (LVC) have been discussed a number of times heretofore. In this paper, we discuss the amplitude relationships among the eigenvectors for the first few higher modes without regard to the relative excitation of these eigenvectors by a particular source. We shall do so with the aid of an example taken from a particular model which has a LVC. The excitation of the modes will be treated separately. The example chosen is a shield structure taken from the literature (Harkrider 1970), to which two sedimentary layers have been added. The presence of sediments will be important even at long periods in the excitation functions; they are not overwhelmingly significant in this discussion. The structure is given in Table 1. The phase velocity of Rayleigh waves for the fundamental and the first three higher modes for this structure are shown in Fig. 1, for relatively short periods. The dispersion has been obtained using Knopoffs (1964) method as optimized by Schwab (1970); complete details are given by Schwab & Knopoff (1972). 2. Channel Rayleigh waves The apparent continuity of the phase velocities for adjacent modes is well known to be associated with the presence of a waveguide (Tolstoy & Usdin 1957; Tolstoy 1956; Mindlin & Deresiewicz 1955). Andrianova et al. (1967) have shown that such continuity from mode to mode occurs for Love waves in the presence of a lowvelocity channel. Below we show that this also occurs for Rayleigh waves in the presence of a low-velocity channel. Even with the poorly developed LVC present
American Society of Clinical Oncology 2010: report of selected studies from the CNS tumors section

A number of important studies were presented at the CNS tumors section of the 2010 American Society of Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting. There was particular interest in a Phase II study showing that the mTOR inhibitor everolimus had significant activity in tuberous patients with subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. Two Phase III studies reported on the relative benefits of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in elderly patients with glioblastomas. Other studies focused on promising new agents such as XL184 and ANG1005.
Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid Scanning Detects High-Grade Biliary Obstruction Secondary to IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis

In this report, we present a case of high-grade biliary obstruction discovered on hepatobiliary scintigraphy secondary to IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis with concomitant autoimmune pancreatitis, a recently described entity that is gaining recognition in the radiology literature. To our knowledge, the scintigraphic findings have yet to be described in the literature. We present the hepatobiliary scintigraphic findings and their correlation to findings on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, CT, and MR cholangiopancreatography, with posttreatment follow-up imaging. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis is a rare yet important diagnostic consideration when high-grade obstruction is seen on hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scanning. We discuss the differential diagnosis of high-grade biliary obstruction seen on hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scanning.
Characterization and use of isotopically homogeneous standards for in situ laser microprobe analysis of 34S/32S ratios

Conventional and laser microprobe measurements of S isotope ratios were made on a suite of eight natural sulfide samples to develop a well-characterized, isotopically homogeneous set of standards for in situ laser microprobe analysis. All the samples are from massive sulfide deposits in either high-grade metamorphic terranes or igneous systems. The data indicate that at the conventional sampling scale (> 1 mm), the samples are isotopically homogeneous within the analytical uncertainty of the conventional technique (::1:0.20/00). At the laser microprobe sampling scale (70-100 /-Lm), the samples are slightly heterogeneous, reflecting either actual isotope variation, imprecision associated with the laser microprobe technique, or both. A set of calibration curves was developed to standardize accurately laser microprobe data generated on unknown samples. This represents a fundamental advance in in situ laser microprobe technology and is a rigorous analytical method for accurately determining 034SCDT values from extremely small sample domains within sulfide minerals.
Global variations in abyssal peridotite compositions

Abstract Abyssal peridotites are ultramafic rocks collected from mid-ocean ridges that are the residues of adiabatic decompression melting. Their compositions provide information on the degree of melting and melt–rock interaction involved in the formation of oceanic lithosphere, as well as providing constraints on pre-existing mantle heterogeneities. This review presents a compilation of abyssal peridotite geochemical data (modes, mineral major elements, and clinopyroxene trace elements) for > 1200 samples from 53 localities on 6 major ridge systems. On the basis of composition and petrography, peridotites are classified into one of five lithological groups: (1) residual peridotite, (2) dunite, (3) gabbro-veined and/or plagioclase-bearing peridotite, (4) pyroxenite-veined peridotite, and (5) other types of melt-added peridotite. Almost a third of abyssal peridotites are veined, indicating that the oceanic lithospheric mantle is more fertile, on average, than estimates based on residual peridotites alone imply. All veins appear to have formed recently during melt transport beneath the ridge, though some pyroxenites may be derived from melting of recycled oceanic crust. A limited number of samples are available at intermediate and fast spreading rates, with samples from the East Pacific Rise indicating high degrees of melting. At slow and ultra-slow spreading rates, residual abyssal peridotites define a large (0–15% modal clinopyroxene and spinel Cr# = 0.1–0.6) compositional range. These variations do not match the prediction for how degree of melting should vary as a function of spreading rate. Instead, the compositional ranges of residual peridotites are derived from a combination of melting, melt–rock interaction and pre-existing compositional variability, where melt–rock interaction is used here as a general term to refer to the wide range of processes that can occur during melt transport in the mantle. Globally, ~ 10% of abyssal peridotites are refractory (0% clinopyroxene, spinel Cr# > 0.5, bulk Al2O3
Tailoring Electrical Transport Across Metal–Thermoelectric Interfaces Using a Nanomolecular Monolayer

We report a 13-fold increase in electrical contact conductivity Σc upon introducing a 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT) monolayer at Cu-Bi2Te3 interfaces. In contrast introducing ODT at Ni-Bi2Te3 interfaces results in a 20% decrease in Σc. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and electron spectroscopy analyses indicate that metal-sulfur and sulfur-Bi2Te3 bonds at metal-Bi2Te3 interfaces inhibit chemical mixing, curtail metal-telluride formation, and suppress oxidation. Suppressing p-type Cu2Te favors electrical transport across Cu-metallized n-type Bi2Te3, whereas inhibiting the formation of Ohmic-contact-promoting NixTey compromises the electrical conductance at Ni-Bi2Te3 interfaces. Our findings illustrate that molecular nanolayers could be attractive for manipulating interface chemistry and phase formation for tailoring electrical transport across metal-thermoelectric interfaces for solid-state refrigeration applications.
Scalable Out-of-core OpenSHMEM Library for HPC

Many HPC applications have memory requirements that exceed the typical memory available on the compute nodes. While many HPC installations have resources with very large memory installed, a more portable solution for those applications is to implement an out-of-core method. This out-of-core mechanism offloads part of the data typically onto disk when this data is not required. However, this presents a problem in parallel codes since the scalability of this approach is clearly limited by the disk latency and bandwidth. Moreover, in parallel file systems this design can lead to high loads of the file system and even failures. We present a library that provides the out-of-core functionality by making use of the main memory of devoted compute nodes. This library provides good performance and scalability and reduces the impact in the parallel file system by only using the local disk of each node. We have implemented an OpenSHMEM version of this library and compared the performance of this implementation with MPI. OpenSHMEM, together with other Partitioned Global Address Space approaches, represent one of the approaches for improving the performance of parallel applications towards the exascale. In this paper we show how OpenSHMEM represents an excellent approach for this type of application.
Toxicity of waters from the Rochester Embayment Area of Concern to the plankton species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Ceriodaphnia dubia

The lower Genesee River and Rochester Embayment of Lake Ontario are a designated Area of Concern (AOC) under the binational Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The “degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations” or plankton Beneficial Use Impairment (BUI) was classified as unknown and in need of further assessment in this AOC because water quality data suggested plankton communities could be effected and community data were either unavailable or indicated impacts. The plankton BUI may now be obsolete because local contaminant sources have been largely eliminated. The present study was conducted between July 2013 and August 2014 to assess the BUI-removal criteria: “AOC plankton bioassays confirm that toxicity in ambient waters (i.e., no growth inhibition) is not significantly higher than comparable non-AOC controls”. Acute and chronic toxicity of waters from 13 sites were quantified seasonally using standardized bioassays with the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia to test the hypothesis that toxicity of waters from AOC sites was not higher than that of waters from comparable non-AOC reference sites. Survival and reproduction of C. dubia did not differ significantly between site types, systems, or months. The growth of P. subcapitata did not differ between site types, but differed among systems and months. All results indicate that waters from AOC sites were no more toxic to both plankton species than waters from reference sites. Assuming test species represent natural plankton assemblages, water quality should not negatively affect survival and growth of resident plankton populations in the Rochester Embayment AOC.
A review of multimodel superensemble forecasting for weather, seasonal climate, and hurricanes

This review provides a summary of work in the area of ensemble forecasts for weather, climate, oceans, and hurricanes. This includes a combination of multiple forecast model results that does not dwell on the ensemble mean but uses a unique collective bias reduction procedure. A theoretical framework for this procedure is provided, utilizing a suite of models that is constructed from the well-known Lorenz low-order nonlinear system. A tutorial that includes a walk-through table and illustrates the inner workings of the multimodel superensemble's principle is provided. Systematic errors in a single deterministic model arise from a host of features that range from the model's initial state (data assimilation), resolution, representation of physics, dynamics, and ocean processes, local aspects of orography, water bodies, and details of the land surface. Models, in their diversity of representation of such features, end up leaving unique signatures of systematic errors. The multimodel superensemble utilizes as many as 10 million weights to take into account the bias errors arising from these diverse features of multimodels. The design of a single deterministic forecast models that utilizes multiple features from the use of the large volume of weights is provided here. This has led to a better understanding of the error growths and the collective bias reductions for several of the physical parameterizations within diverse models, such as cumulus convection, planetary boundary layer physics, and radiative transfer. A number of examples for weather, seasonal climate, hurricanes and sub surface oceanic forecast skills of member models, the ensemble mean, and the superensemble are provided.
The fundamentals of insulating electronic equipment

Electronics is the branch of electricity that deals with the behavior of electrons and especially the way they behave in space when they move inside vacuum or gas filled tubes. The word “electronics” is now universally applied to types of equipment such as Radio, Radars, Television, etc. and they are all examples of the use of electronics and electron tubes.
Supramolecular Hydrophobic Aggregates in Hydrogels Partially Inhibit Ice Formation.

Prevention of ice crystallization is a challenging problem with implications in diverse applications, as well as examining the fundamental low temperature physics of water. Here, we demonstrate a simple route, inspired by water confinement in antifreeze proteins, to inhibit crystallization and provide high water mobility of highly supercooled water using supramolecular hydrogels of copolymers of dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamido)ethyl acrylate (FOSA). These hydrogels can suppress or inhibit freezing of their water, depending on the copolymer composition. Dynamic and static neutron scattering indicate that hydrogels using the copolymer with 22 mol % FOSA partially inhibit ice formation. This behavior is attributed to confinement (<2 nm) of water between the hydrophobic FOSA nanodomains that prevents 45% of the water within the hydrogel from freezing even at 205 K. Very fast dynamics of the amorphous water are observed at 220 K with an effective local diffusivity decreased b...
Evaluation of wet distillers composite for finishing ruminants.

Two trials evaluated the effect of a composite of feed ingredients formulated to be similar in nutrient composition to wet distillers byproducts on finishing performance of sheep and cattle. Trial 1 used 60 crossbred lambs (31 kg) assigned to one of four treatments : dry-rolled corn (DRC) control, dried distillers grains plus solubles, wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), and wet distillers grains composite (COMP1). The COMP1 consisted (DM basis) of 47.5% WCGF, 11.9% condensed distillers solubles, 30.5% corn gluten meal, 9.7% tallow, and.4% dicalcium phosphate and was fed at 40% of the diet DM. Lambs fed the COMP1 diet were 27% more efficient (P .10) than lambs fed DRC. In Trial 2, 60 yearling crossbred steers (272 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments : DRC control, WCGF, wet distillers grains composite (COMP2), COMP2 minus tallow (-FAT), or COMP2 minus corn gluten meal (-CGM). The COMP2 consisted (DM basis) of 65.7% WCGF, 26.3% corn gluten meal, and 8.0% tallow and was fed at 40% of the diet DM. Steers fed COMP2 were more efficient (P <.10) than steers fed DRC or WCGF, and the steers fed -FAT and -CGM were intermediate to these three dietary treatments. A composite diet of WCGF, condensed distillers solubles, corn gluten meal, and tallow, formulated to be similar in nutrient composition to wet distillers byproducts, may improve feed efficiency compared with WCGF or DRC.