cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bose–Einstein condensation in a mm-scale Ioffe–Pritchard trap

We have constructed a mm-scale Ioffe–Pritchard trap capable of providing axial field curvature of 7800 G/cm2 with only 10.5 A of driving current. Our novel fabrication method involving electromagnetic coils formed of anodized aluminum strips is compatible with ultra-high vacuum conditions, as demonstrated by our using the trap to produce Bose–Einstein condensates of 106 87Rb atoms. The strong axial curvature gives access to a number of experimentally interesting configurations such as tightly confining prolate, nearly isotropic, and oblate spheroidal traps, as well as traps with variable tilt angles with respect to the nominal axial direction.
Combinatorics of rooted trees and Hopf algebras

We begin by considering the graded vector space with a basis consisting of rooted trees, with grading given by the count of non-root vertices. We define two linear operators on this vector space, the growth and pruning operators, which respectively raise and lower grading; their commutator is the operator that multiplies a rooted tree by its number of vertices, and each operator naturally associates a multiplicity to each pair of rooted trees. By using symmetry groups of trees we define an inner product with respect to which the growth and pruning operators are adjoint, and obtain several results about the associated multiplicities. Now the symmetric algebra on the vector space of rooted trees (after a degree shift) can be endowed with a coproduct to make a Hopf algebra; this was defined by Kreimer in connection with renormalization. We extend the growth and pruning operators, as well as the inner product mentioned above, to Kreimer's Hopf algebra. On the other hand, the vector space of rooted trees itself can be given a noncommutative multiplication: with an appropriate coproduct, this leads to the Hopf algebra of Grossman and Larson. We show that the inner product on rooted trees leads to an isomorphism of the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra with the graded dual of Kreimer's Hopf algebra, correcting an earlier result of Panaite.
A cell-based Merchant-Nemhauser model for the system optimum dynamic traffic assignment problem

Abstract A cell-based variant of the Merchant–Nemhauser (M-N) model is proposed for the system optimum (SO) dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) problem. Once linearized and augmented with additional constraints to capture cross-cell interactions, the model becomes a linear program that embeds a relaxed cell transmission model (CTM) to propagate traffic. As a result, we show that CTM-type traffic dynamics can be derived from the original M-N model, when the exit-flow function is properly selected and discretized. The proposed cell-based M-N model has a simple constraint structure and cell network representation because all intersections and cells are treated uniformly. Path marginal costs are defined using a recursive formula that involves a subset of multipliers from the linear program. This definition is then employed to interpret the necessary condition, which is a dynamic extension of the Wardrop’s second principle. An algorithm is presented to solve the flow holding back problem that is known to exist in many discrete SO-DTA models. A numerical experiment is conducted to verify the proposed model and algorithm.
An Unusual Extrauterine Variant of Adenosarcoma with Multiple Recurrences over 16 Years

An unusual extrauterine (pelvic) variant of adenosarcoma is presented. A benign-appearing epithelium resembling fallopian tube epithelium is integrally mixed with malignant stroma that in all areas sampled is low-grade leiomyosarcoma. The tumor has behaved as a low-grade malignancy with four local recurrences over a 16-year period. Extrauterine adenosarcomas have rarely been reported in the literature; and one in which the stromal component is histologically all of smooth muscle differentiation is more unusual.
Recent progress in the theory of Trojan asteroids.

In previous publications the author has constructed a long-periodic solution of the problem of the motion of the Trojan asteroids, treated as the case of 1:1 resonance in the restricted problem of three bodies. The recent progress reported here is summarized under three headings:
Properties of young clusters near reflection nebulae

Near infrared observations in the reflection nebulae NGC 7023, 2023, and 2068 are used to study clusters of young stars found associated with these nebulae. At least 30% to 60% of these stars are pre-main sequence objects, as indicated by their infrared excesses, hydrogen line emission, or irregular variability. The spatial distributions and observed luminosity functions of these young open clusters are derived, and the inferred mass function and star formation efficiencies are discussed.
Properties of superfluid fog

A dense fog consisting of superfluid 4He droplets can be generated in helium vapor up to a height of 4–6 cm from the helium surface by driving a piezo transducer plate immersed under the liquid. The average droplet size ranges from about 100 μm at a drive frequency of 1 kHz to 10 μm at 100 kHz, and the frequency dependence is consistent with the capillary-wave dispersion relation of the helium surface, with the droplets ejected from the surface being about one wavelength in diameter. It appears that the helium vapor is set into motion along with the droplets, greatly reducing the viscous drag on the droplets and making possible the substantial fog heights above the surface.
Control of Missile Dispersion via Roll Rate Modulation.

Abstract : Feedback control via roll rate modulation to limit cross-range dispersion of spinning missiles is investigated. The dispersion to be controlled is assumed to result from lift variations that do not average out over a roll cycle when the missile roll rate remains constant. By modulating the roll rate in a prescribed manner through feedback control, lift nonaveraging and the resulting cross-range dispersion are minimized. Two different approaches to the feedback control are investigated. In one approach, the roll rate is modulated by feedback of the state variables to prevent the occurrence of lateral velocity increments that produce dispersion. In the other approach, the roll rate is modulated harmonically about a steady roll rate, and the amplitude of the harmonic variation is controlled to limit dispersion. Keywords: Angle of attack; Equations of motion; Linear and nonlinear differential equations; Time dependence; Missile aerodynamics; Charts. (Author)
A fractal comparison of real and Austrian business cycle models

Abstract Rescaled range and power spectral density analysis are applied to examine a diverse set of macromonetary data for fractal character and stochastic dependence. Fractal statistics are used to evaluate two competing models of the business cycle, Austrian business cycle theory and real business cycle theory. Strong evidence is found for antipersistent stochastic dependence in transactions money (M1) and components of the monetary aggregates most directly concerned with transactions, which suggests an activist monetary policy. Savings assets exhibit persistent long memory, as do those monetary aggregates which include savings assets, such as savings money (M2), M2 minus small time deposits, and money of zero maturity (MZM). Virtually all measures of economic activity display antipersistence, and this finding is invariant to whether the measures are adjusted for inflation, including real gross domestic product, real consumption expenditures, real fixed private investment, and labor productivity. This strongly disconfirms real business cycle theory.
Fabrication of a hybrid microfluidic system incorporating both lithographically patterned microchannels and a 3D fiber-formed microfluidic network.

While fabrication of two-dimensional microfluidic systems has become a standardized, straightforward process, fabrication of true three dimensional microfluidic systems remains extremely challenging. There is an increasing demand, however, for three dimensional microfluidic architectures, particularly for tissue engineering applications, and several techniques have been developed to address this need. These techniques range from using complex techniques, such as solid freeform fabrication,[1]–[3] to simpler approaches such as weaving[4] or making use of multiple layers of lithographically patterned two dimensional fluidic structures. The multi-layer stacking technique, in which multiple layers of two dimensional microfluidic networks are assembled in a vertical stack with vertical connecting vias, has been adopted because it leverages the high-resolution capabilities of lithographic 2D microfluidics, requires no additional hardware, and is relatively straightforward. This technique has been used to form devices for applications such as organ assist devices,[5] [7] microvascular networks and in vitro models in both biocompatible, nondegradable materials[8]–[10] and bioresorbable substrates,[11]–[14] as well as for non-biomedical applications such as solving mathematical problems.[15] Using this technique, the channel geometry in 2D is determined by the pattern, and the channel density in the third dimension is governed by the layer thickness, number of layers, and size of the vertical connecting pipe. Thus, formation of structures with high channel density in 2D can be easily achieved using the appropriate pattern, but to realize high channel densities in all three dimensions requires large numbers of very thin layers with extremely stringent layer-to-layer alignment techniques.[16] For high density structures, stacking of many thin layers with high-precision alignment becomes tedious and impractical, and the risk of flow anomalies generated from layer misalignment is high. Recently, nontraditional techniques for fabricating high channel density 3D microfluidic networks have been developed (based on sacrificial melt-spun microfibers[17] or electron discharge[18]). These techniques enable the formation of capillary-bed-like structures with vessel orientations in all three dimensions, but forfeit control over the exact channel positions and sizes for scalability and inherent three dimensionality. Here we introduce a hybrid fabrication process that combines lithographically patterned channels with a sacrificial microfiber network to produce a channel architecture that retains a level of organization (due to the lithographically patterned structures) but has improved 3D channel density (due to the microchannel network formed using the microfibers) without the requirement for ultrathin layers or high-precision layer-to-layer alignment. Such a device offers the opportunity to expand the use of multi-layer stacking techniques towards applications requiring high channel density in all three dimensions.
Multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-multiple mass spectrometry.

Abstract An efficient liquid chromatographic method for the multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue has been developed in which quantitation using fluorescence and confirmation with multiple mass spectrometry (MSn) was achieved simultaneously. Using this method, eight fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified samples of chicken liver and muscle tissue with recoveries at levels of 10–200 ng/g generally in the range of 60–93%, except for desethylene ciprofloxacin, which consistently gave recoveries ≥45%. Relative standard deviations were excellent in all cases, and the limits of detection in ng/g were determined as follows in liver and (muscle): desethylene ciprofloxacin 0.3 (0.1), norfloxacin 1.2 (0.2), ciprofloxacin 2 (1.5), danofloxacin 0.2 (0.1), enrofloxacin 0.3 (0.2), orbifloxacin 1.5 (0.5), sarafloxacin 2 (0.6), difloxacin 0.3 (0.2). Confirmation of the identities of the fluoroquinolones was achieved by monitoring the ratios of two prominent product ions in MS2 (desethylene ciprofloxacin) or MS3 (all others). Levels of confirmation as related to ion ratio variability criteria were established. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were also determined in enrofloxacin incurred chicken liver and muscle using this method.
Decay properties of Klein-Gordon fields on Kerr-AdS spacetimes

This paper investigates the decay properties of solutions to the massive linear wave equation g + l2 = 0 forg the metric of a Kerr-AdS spacetime satisfying jajl < r 2 and < 9 4 satisfying the Breitenlohner Freedman bound. We prove that the non-degenerate energy of with respect to an appropriate foliation of spacelike slices decays like (logt ? ) 2 . Our estimates are expected to be sharp from heuristic and numerical arguments in the physics literature suggesting that general solutions will only decay logarithmically. The underlying reason for the slow decay rate can be traced back to a stable trapping phenomenon for asymptotically Anti de Sitter black holes which is in turn a consequence of the reflecting boundary conditions at null-infinity.
An Almost Sure Invariance Principle for Renormalized Intersection Local Times

Let $\beta_k(n)$ be the number of self-intersections of order $k$, appropriately renormalized, for a mean zero planar random walk with $2+\delta$ moments. On a suitable probability space we can construct the random walk and a planar Brownian motion $W_t$ such that for each $k \geq 2$, $|\beta_k(n)- \gamma_k(n)|=o(1)$, a.s., where $\gamma_k(n)$ is the renormalized self-intersection local time of order $k$ at time 1 for the Brownian motion $W_{nt}/\sqrt n$.
Partitioning of excess energy in the photolysis of cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide at 193 nm

The nascent quantum state distributions of CN(X2 Sigma +) fragments produced in the dissociation of ClCN and BrCN by photolysis at 193 nm, in an effusive beam, have been measured. The rotational distribution of the fragments is highly excited. The results show that the excited electronic state which dissociates is bent. A simple parameterization is shown to fit the results. This parameterization is based on a semiclassical model which has dynamical implications.
Limbic system and opioid addiction in the rat.

Abstract Statistical comparisons of means in groups of morphine-dependent (or post-dependent) rats with and without bilteral lesions in the cingulum, the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, the anterior temporal lobe (amygdaloid complex and ventral hippocampus), or the septum, and in nondependent rats with and without such lesions, revealed no significant lesion effects on specific signs of the 24-hr primary morphine-abstinence syndrome in this species: decreased water intake; increased “no-choice” drinking of a 5-μg/ml aqueous solution of a potent opioid (etonitazene); increased “wet dog” shake frequency; fall in colonic temperature. Lesions in the cingulum attenuated one sign of the secondary (protracted) morphine-abstinence syndrome (increased 24-hr water consumption). None of the lesions altered the suppressive effects on the primary morphine-abstinence syndrome of “no-choice” etonitazene-drinking or of intraperitoneal injection of morphine. None of the lesions prevented “relapse” of postdependent rats, as measured by comparisons of mean volumes of etonitazene (5-μg/ml) and water consumed in “choice” trials 9–72 days after permanent withdrawal of morphine.
Infrared spectra and structures of the Th(OH)2 and Th(OH)4 molecules

Thorium atoms react with H2O2, H2 + O2 mixtures, and H2O in excess argon to form the Th(OH)2 and Th(OH)4 molecules as minor and major products, respectively. The vibrational frequencies observed in the matrix infrared spectra are in excellent agreement with MP2 computed values, which confirms the identification of these highly ionic thorium hydroxide molecules. Our MP2 calculations converge to slightly bent and tetrahedral structures, respectively. This investigation reports the first evidence for pure actinide dihydroxide and tetrahydroxide molecules.
Enhanced noise at high bias in atomic-scale Au break junctions

Heating in nanoscale systems driven out of equilibrium is of fundamental importance, has ramifications for technological applications, and is a challenge to characterize experimentally. Prior experiments using nanoscale junctions have largely focused on heating of ionic degrees of freedom, while heating of the electrons has been mostly neglected. We report measurements in atomic-scale Au break junctions, in which the bias-driven component of the current noise is used as a probe of the electronic distribution. At low biases (<150 mV) the noise is consistent with expectations of shot noise at a fixed electronic temperature. At higher biases, a nonlinear dependence of the noise power is observed. We consider candidate mechanisms for this increase, including flicker noise (due to ionic motion), heating of the bulk electrodes, nonequilibrium electron-phonon effects, and local heating of the electronic distribution impinging on the ballistic junction. We find that flicker noise and bulk heating are quantitatively unlikely to explain the observations. We discuss the implications of these observations for other nanoscale systems, and experimental tests to distinguish vibrational and electron interaction mechanisms for the enhanced noise.
Computational Modeling of Damage Growth in Composite Laminates

A progressive damage growth model is developed for composite laminates under compression. The mechanics of damage initiation and growth in a single lamina is modeled in a two-dimensional plane stress setting, using a system of orthotropic nonlinear elastic relations and a set of internal state variables. The latter are associated with different damage mechanisms that are unique to a e ber-reinforced lamina. A thermodynamically consistent set of equations is developed for the evolution of damage growth. The formulation is numerically implemented using the commercially available e nite element package ABAQUS. The present method is applied to analyze the problem of damage growth in a compressively loaded notched laminate. Predictions of the model compared against available experimental observations are promising. EVELOPMENT of computational methodologies for the prediction of progressive damage growth in continuous e ber composite laminates is presently an active area of research. Available predictive methods are based on dee ning strength-based criteria at the lamina level. Based on critical values for tensile, compressive and shear “ strengths,” these methods compute predee ned damage indices that are expressed in functional form in terms of the current stress state. When any of these indices exceeds a predee ned critical value, the material is said to have failed. 1 Beyond initial failure, a consistent and rigorous methodology to account for progressive material deterioration has not been investigated thoroughly. An exception to this is the work by Schapery and Sicking, 2 who carried out lamina-level tests and validated the test results by developing a thermodynamically based progressive damage formation and growth model. In these studies Schapery and Sicking assumed that the e ber-direction response is essentially linear (slight elastic nonlinearity in the e ber direction was accounted for), but damage (microcracking and transverse cracking) formation affected the response in the transverse direction. Consequently, internal state variables that are related to the damage mechanisms in the transverse direction were identie ed, and evolution laws that specify the growth of damage and hence its ine uence on the transverse direction response were prescribed. In contrast to the transverse direction, in which damage accumulation results in progressively decreasing but smooth variations in instantaneous tangent moduli, damage accumulation in the e ber direction leads to nonsmooth abrupt changes in the corresponding moduli. These changes must be properly captured if progressive damage growth in composite laminates is to be modeled accurately. In the present paper Schapery’ s theory (ST) is extended to account for e ber-direction damage (both, in tension and compression) by identifying an additional internal state variable associated with the e ber-direction response. By doing this, we have shown that it is
Copyright’s fair use doctrine and digital data

The digitization of works renders them not only easy to copy and distribute. It makes them easy to transform from one medium to another. Many of the same fair use questions posed by the copying or use of computer programs recur when other kinds of digital data are copied or manipulated. There are some situations in which digital copying would almost certainly be permitted as fair use, and some in which fair use defenses would be futile.
On the Disalignment of Interstellar Grains

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the alignment of grains with the interstellar magnetic field, including paramagnetic dissipation, radiative torques, and supersonic gas-grain streaming. These must compete with disaligning processes, including randomly directed torques arising from collisions with gas atoms. I describe a novel disalignment mechanism for grains that have a time-varying electric dipole moment and that drift across the magnetic field. Depending on the drift speed, this mechanism may yield a much shorter disalignment timescale than that associated with random gas atom impacts. For suprathermally rotating grains, the new disaligning process may be more potent for carbonaceous dust than for silicate dust. This could result in efficient alignment for silicate grains but poor alignment for carbonaceous grains.
Statistical characterization of dislocation ensembles

A method of studying spatial and orientation statistics of dislocations in deforming crystals is presented in this paper. This method is based on the use of the concept of a stochastic fibre process to model dislocations. Orientation-dependent statistical measures of the dislocation density, velocity and flux have been introduced, and the connection between these statistical measures and the dislocation density tensor and rate of plastic distortion in deforming crystals has been established. The Parallel Dislocation Simulator (ParaDiS) code has been used to conduct a simulation of dislocation systems in a body-centred cubic crystal and the numerical data of the simulated dislocation systems have been used to compute the statistical measures introduced here. The orientation distributions of the density, velocity and flux of dislocations, as well as the dislocation correlations, have been computed as functions of strain and strain rate. The results reveal previously unknown features of these distributions, ...
Simulations of Pregalactic Structure Formation with Radiative Feedback

We present results from three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the high-redshift collapse of pregalactic clouds including feedback effects from a soft H2 photodissociating UV radiation field. The simulations use an Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement technique to follow the nonequilibrium chemistry of nine chemical species with cosmological initial conditions drawn from a popular Λ-dominated cold dark matter model. The results confirm that the soft UV background can delay the cooling and collapse of small halos (~106 M☉). For reasonable values of the photodissociating flux, the H2 fraction is in equilibrium throughout most of the objects we simulate. We determine the mass threshold for collapse for a range of soft-UV fluxes and also derive a simple analytic expression. Continuing the simulations beyond the point of initial collapse demonstrates that the fraction of gas which can cool depends mostly on the virial mass of the halo and the amount of soft-UV flux, with remarkably little scatter. We parameterize this relation, for use in semianalytic models.
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: Health Development at the Crossroads

The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was the largest commitment by any nation to combat a single disease in human history, authorizing up to $15 billion over 5 years. On July 30, 2008, President Bush signed into law the historic reauthorization of PEPFAR, dramatically increasing the financial commitment by authorizing up to $48 billion over 5 years, including $5 billion for Malaria and $4 billion for Tuberculosis. PEPFAR's global targets are inspiring: treat 3 million people; prevent 12 million new HIV infections, and care for 12 million people, including 5 million orphans and vulnerable children. But, PEPFAR has been mired in controversy. To some, it exemplifies America's extraordinary compassion and generosity, and to others America's politicization of public health and unilateral approach to international health. The truth lies somewhere in between. American health assistance to the developing world stands at a crossroad. As PEPFAR is scaled up, will it provide opportunities to fulfill basic human needs, or will its limited focus pull resources from sustainable, capacity-building support in line with poor country priorities?
Enantioselective thiourea-catalyzed cationic polycyclizations.

A new thiourea catalyst is reported for the enantioselective cationic polycyclization of hydroxylactams. Both the yield and enantioselectivity of this transformation were found to vary strongly with the identity of a single aromatic residue on a common catalyst framework, with more expansive and polarizable arenes proving optimal. Evidence is presented for a mechanism in which stabilizing cation−π interactions are a principal determinant of enantioselectivity.
Web-Based Interactive 3D Visualization for Computer Graphics Education

Instead of web-based course development using an off-the-shelf web authoring tool, we believe that a better way to show principles and techniques in computer science is to have the related algorithms running "live" in background and to allow students interact with them within a web browser. We have chosen computer graphics as an example course because of its demand for visualization and its challenge for 3D rendering. This paper presents the visualization techniques and a set of web-based demos designed to demonstrate the computer graphics concepts and OpenGL functions. We have ported the popular Nate Robins' OpenGL demos on the web and have also developed our own demos. The main idea of the approach is to put a real world scene and a rendering result side by side together with a set of corresponding OpenGL functions to produce the rendering result from the real-world scene. Animation, user interaction, manipulation, and virtual navigation are supported in the sense that functions and the parameters of each function can be changed interactively and such changes will be reflected immediately in the rendering result. The demos are written by using Java and GL4Java, an OpenGL Java binding to ensure the deployment on the Web. The result is a set of interactive web-based tutorials with rich visualization driven by underlying algorithms to demonstrate the subject principles and techniques. Although the contents of the demos are specific to computer graphics, the presented methodology represents a generic approach which is discipline/course independent and can be applied to various other computer science courses.
Evaluation of reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns for recovery and selectivity of selected carotenoids.

Sixty commercially available and five experimental liquid chromatogrphy columns were evaluated for the separation and recovery of seven carotenoid compounds. Methanol- and acetonitrile-based solvents (either straight or modified with ethyl acetate or tetrahydrofuran) were compared to determine which solvent systems and which columns provided better selectivity and recovery. Methanol-based solvents typically provided higher recoveries than did acetonitrile-based solvents. Polymeric C18 phases generally provided better selectivity for the difficult separation of lutein and zeaxanthin than did monomeric C18 phases.
Surgical Approaches and Complications in the Removal of Vestibular Schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumors that usually originate from the balance portion of cranial nerve VIII. The treatment options currently available for vestibular schwannomas include observation with serial imaging, stereotactic radiation, and microsurgical removal. Although the ultimate goal in treatment of vestibular schwannomas is preservation of life, the best option for each patient depends on symptoms, tumor size, tumor location, and the patient's general health and age. Surgical exposure of the cerebellopontine angle for removal of vestibular schwannomas can be performed safely via a translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, and middle fossa approach. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. The goal of surgery is complete eradication of tumor with preservation of hearing and facial nerve function when possible.
Habitat and health: The role of environmental factors in the health of urban populations

The findings of Dr. Fullilove, as well as the success of Zap Asthma and the campaign against lead poisoning, are strong arguments against all three of the mind-sets mentioned above. They show that urban deterioration is largely a product of economic forces, not of some moral failure of urban residents, and that money spent on improving an urban environment has the collateral effect of giving residents the sense of hope and optimism and the feeling that they area contributing to their health, which will make them better stewards of that environment. They show the importance of tapping into the energy and interests of the community, while at the same time addressing political resistance to helping disadvantaged communities. They show that progress takes time, and that successful programs try to improve an existing community rather than making it over at once. They show that urban problems are manageable. And, they show that community groups and outside agencies can accomplish a great deal by working together and putting aside the parochial differences and mutual mistrust that grow out of the Alamo syndrome.
Microstructural Coarsening During Sintering of Boron Carbide

This paper reports how the sintering behavior of boron carbide was investigated with particular attention given to microstructure development at various stages in the sintering process. Hot-pressing and pressureless sintering techniques were employed and the effects of heating rate, firing atmosphere, and composition were used to characterize the sintering behavior. Pressureless sintering at temperatures up to 2300{degrees} C produces only limited densification. Microstructural coarsening is responsible for this since it leads to conditions where densification is slow. Hot-pressing and carbon additions suppressed coarsening and permitted densification to {gt} 95% of theoretical density.
Observables in General Relativity

The notion of observable in general relativity differs profoundly from the corresponding concept in special relativity and in Newtonian physics. This is because in general relativity fixation of a frame of reference and gauge transformations are intertwined in a manner not encountered in any other area of physics. In other field theories an observable is any (local) component of a field that is gauge-invariant, such as a component of the electric field strength at a stated instant in time and at a given space point. Of course, functions, or functionals of such observables are themselves observables.
Redispersion of Pt/alumina via film formation

Abstract Alternations in the size of the particles on alternate heating in H 2 and O 2 of model Pt Al 2 O 3 catalysts is reported. The catalysts have been investigated by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The particles appear smaller on heating in oxygen and larger and extended on heating in hydrogen (on heating in hydrogen they regain more or less the size they had prior to the oxygen treatment). This behavior is apparently in contrast to the normally observed extension of particles on oxidation and contraction on reduction. The alternation in size is explained on the basis of the formation of a detectable film (in the form of a halo), or an undetectable film, around each particle due to the strong interactions between crystallites and support in an oxygen atmosphere, and its withdrawal to merge with the respective particle in a hydrogen atmosphere. The films remain in the immediate vicinity of and in contact with the parent particles and do not interconnect with one another to form a contiguous surface film. It is suggested that one of the possible mechanisms of redispersion (regeneration) of Pt Al 2 O 3 often observed in oxidizing atmospheres is by extension and film formation.
How to divide the possession of a football

The current National Football League overtime rule favors the team starting on offense. Auctioning off or dividing-and-choosing the starting possession can potentially restore ex post fairness. We find auctions to provide a better outcome when teams have asymmetric information.
A Predictive SO(10) scheme for Fermion masses and mixings

Abstract We present a predictive scheme for fermion masses and mixings inspired by supersymmetric SO(10) in which the gauge hierarchy problem is resolved without fine tuning the parameters. There are six predictions in the flavor sector, all consistent with the present data. The scheme reproduces the familiar asymptotic relations m b = m τ and m d m s m b = m e m μ m τ . A new expression for V cb is obtained in terms of the quark masses. The remaining predictions involve the quark mixing angles V us and V ub , as well as the parameter tan β which turns out to be close to m t m b .
Acid catalyzed intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions in lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether: Enhanced reaction rates and diastereoselectivity

Abstract The addition of 1.0–10 mol% of camphorsulfonic acid to 5.0 M lithium perchlorate in diethyl ether dramatically accelerates intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions and enhances the endo-exo selectivity.
Eddy-Induced Heat Transport in the Subtropical North Pacific from Argo, TMI, and Altimetry Measurements

Basin-scale heat transport induced by mesoscale oceanic eddies is estimated by combining satellite-derived sea surface height and temperature [temperature data are from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)] data with Argo float temperature-salinity data. In the North Pacific Ocean subtropical gyre, warm (cold) temperature anomalies of mesoscale eddies are found to be consistently located to the west of high (low) SSH anomalies. The phase misalignment between the temperature and velocity anomalies, however, is largely confined to the seasonal thermocline, causing most of the eddy-induced heat transport to be carried in the surface 200-m layer. By establishing a statistical relationship between the surface and depth-integrated values of the eddy heat transport, the basin-scale eddy heat transport is derived from the concurrent satellite SSH/SST data of the past six years. In the Kuroshio Extension region, the meandering zonal jet is found to generate oppositely signed eddy heat fluxes. As a result, the zonally integrated poleward heat transport associated with the Kuroshio Extension is at a level O(0.1 PW), smaller than the previous estimates based on turbulent closure schemes. Large poleward eddy heat transport is also found in the subtropical North Pacific along a southwest-northeast-tilting band between Taiwan and the Midway Islands. This band corresponds to the region of the subtropical front, and it is argued that the relevant temperature field for identifying this band in the turbulent closure scheme models should be that averaged over the seasonal thermocline.
Least squares temporal difference actor-critic methods with applications to robot motion control

We consider the problem of finding a control policy for a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to maximize the probability of reaching some states while avoiding some other states. This problem is motivated by applications in robotics, where such problems naturally arise when probabilistic models of robot motion are required to satisfy temporal logic task specifications. We transform this problem into a Stochastic Shortest Path (SSP) problem and develop a new approximate dynamic programming algorithm to solve it. This algorithm is of the actor-critic type and uses a least-square temporal difference learning method. It operates on sample paths of the system and optimizes the policy within a pre-specified class parameterized by a parsimonious set of parameters. We show its convergence to a policy corresponding to a stationary point in the parameters' space. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
The surface tension of polymer liquids

A brief review of the surface tension of polymer liquids is presented. A strong emphasis is placed on recent measurements of surface tensions of homologous liquid series up to high-molecular-weight polymers, and the thermodynamic liquid properties of these same homologous series obtained from sources such as pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data. The accuracy and limitations of the thermodynamic information which are used as input to many of the theories applied to the surface properties of polymer molecules are discussed. By scaling the surface tension data using a true measure of the cohesive energy density of the liquid state, we can clearly observe the entropic contribution to the surface tension caused by the conformational restriction of a large molecule at the liquid-vapor interface. The scaling implies the existence of a corresponding states principle for both polymer liquids and for low-molecular-weight liquids. The ramifications of the existence of a corresponding states principle for the surface tension of polymer melts are discussed. One consequence of the corresponding states principle is that it allows us to use surface tension measurements to compute the cohesive energy density of polymer melts using PVT data.
Intrinsic Location Parameter of a Diffusion Process

For nonlinear functions $f$ of a random vector $Y$, $E[f(Y)]$ and $f(E[Y])$ usually differ. Consequently the mathematical expectation of $Y$ is not intrinsic: when we change coordinate systems, it is not invariant.This article is about a fundamental and hitherto neglected property of random vectors of the form $Y = f(X(t))$, where $X(t)$ is the value at time $t$ of a diffusion process $X$: namely that there exists a measure of location, called the ``intrinsic location parameter'' (ILP), which coincides with mathematical expectation only in special cases, and which is invariant under change of coordinate systems. The construction uses martingales with respect to the intrinsic geometry of diffusion processes, and the heat flow of harmonic mappings. We compute formulas which could be useful to statisticians, engineers, and others who use diffusion process models; these have immediate application, discussed in a separate article, to the construction of an intrinsic nonlinear analog to the Kalman Filter. We present here a numerical simulation of a nonlinear SDE, showing how well the ILP formula tracks the mean of the SDE for a Euclidean geometry.
Towards ultrahigh throughput microinjection: MEMS-based massively-parallelized mechanoporation

We describe a massively-parallelized, MEMS-based device concept for passively delivering exogeneous molecules into living cells via mechanical membrane penetration, i.e., mechanoporation. Details regarding device design and fabrication are discussed, as are results from preliminary live cell studies focused on device validation at the proof-of-concept level. These efforts represent key steps towards our long-term goal of developing instrumentation capable of ultrahigh throughput (UHT) cellular manipulation via active microinjection.
SCALING AND TOPOLOGICAL CHARGE OF A FIXED-POINT ACTION FOR SU(2) GAUGE THEORY

Abstract We construct a few-parameter approximate fixed-point action for SU(2) pure gauge theory and subject it to scaling tests, via Monte Carlo simulation. We measure the critical coupling for deconfinement for lattices of temporal extent N t = 2, 3, 4, the torelon mass at fixed physical volume, and the string tension (and heavy quark potential) from Wilson loops. We calculate the topological susceptibility using inverse blocking and show that it scales over the observed range of lattice spacings.
Response of a burning fuel plate to sound vibrations.

Combustion instability is considered from the viewpoint of the time-dependent response of a flat-plate boundary layer with mass transfer to standing or traveling acoustic vibrations in the gas. The acoustic admittance is denned in terms of the response of the boundary layer at i] = co and is employed to obtain necessary conditions for wave amplification. Results for the gasification rate at the wall, the wall shear stress, and the acoustic admittance are obtained as expansions in the parameter ux/U; co = oscillation frequency, x = distance from the upstream edge of the plate, and 17 = velocity of gas relative to the plate. It is shown that the zero-order (quasisteady) response rarely leads to amplification of a standing wave. Effects of pressure oscillations alone seldom produce wave amplification. The velocity oscillations lead to the greatest acoustical energy emission and absorption, and the presence of a flame in the boundary layer greatly enhances the influence of velocity oscillations. Results to first and second orders in the parameter ux/U are presented. The opposite limiting case, in which (i)X/Ui& large compared with unity, is also considered.
Nonlinear Development of the Secular Bar-Mode Instability in Rotating Neutron Stars

We have modeled the nonlinear development of the secular bar-mode instability that is driven by gravitational radiation reaction (GRR) forces in rotating neutron stars. In the absence of any competing viscous effects, an initially uniformly rotating axisymmetricn ¼ 1=2polytropic star with a ratio of rotational to gravitational potential energy T = W jj ¼0:181 is driven by GRR forces to a barlike structure, as predicted by linear theory. The pattern frequencyofthebarslowstonearlyzero,thatis,thebarbecomesalmoststationaryasviewedfromaninertialframe ofreferenceasGRRremovesenergyandangularmomentumfromthestar.Inthis‘‘Dedekind-like’’state,rotational energyisstoredasmotionofthefluidinhighlynoncircularorbitsinsidethebar.However,inlessthan10dynamical timesafteritsformationthe bar losesitsinitially coherent structure astheorderedflow insidethe baris disruptedby what appears to be a purely hydrodynamic short-wavelength ‘‘shearing’’-type instability. The gravitational waveforms generated by such an event are determined, and an estimate of the detectability of these waves is presented. Subject headingg gravitational waves — hydrodynamics — instabilities — stars: neutron
A Model-Based Approach for Visualizing the Dimensional Structure of Ordered Successive Categories Preference Data

A cyclical conditional maximum likelihood estimation procedure is developed for the multidimensional unfolding of two- or three-way dominance data (e.g., preference, choice, consideration) measured on ordered successive category rating scales. The technical description of the proposed model and estimation procedure are discussed, as well as the rather unique joint spaces derived. We then conduct a modest Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate the parameter recovery of the proposed methodology, as well as investigate the performance of various information heuristics for dimension selection. A consumer psychology application is provided where the spatial results of the proposed model are compared to solutions derived from various traditional multidimensional unfolding procedures. This application deals with consumers intending to buy new luxury sport-utility vehicles (SUVs). Finally, directions for future research are discussed.
Fodor’s Challenge to the Classical Computational Theory of Mind

In The Mind Doesn ' t Work That Way , Jerry Fodor argues that mental representations have context sensitive features relevant to cognition, and that, therefore, the Classical Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) is mistaken. We call this the Globality Argument. This is an in principle argument against CTM. We argue that it is self-defeating. We consider an alternative argument constructed from materials in the discussion, which avoids the pitfalls of the offi cial argument. We argue that it is also unsound and that, while it is an empirical issue whether context sensitive features of mental representations are relevant to cognition, it is empirically implausible.
Hardness of Approximation for Vertex-Connectivity Network Design Problems

In the survivable network design problem (SNDP), the goal is to find a minimum-cost spanning subgraph satisfying certain connectivity requirements. We study the vertex-connectivity variant of SNDP in which the input specifies, for each pair of vertices, a required number of vertex-disjoint paths connecting them. We give the first strong lower bound on the approximability of SNDP, showing that the problem admits no efficient $2^{\log^{1-\epsilon} n}$ ratio approximation for any fixed $\epsilon\! >\! 0$, unless $\NP\subseteq \DTIME(n^{\polylog(n)})$. We show hardness of approximation results for some important special cases of SNDP, and we exhibit the first lower bound on the approximability of the related classical NP-hard problem of augmenting the connectivity of a graph using edges from a given set.
Relationship of adiposity to the population distribution of plasma triglyceride concentrations in vigorously active men and women.

Abstract Although it is known that triglyceride concentrations increase with adiposity, whether the same increase applies for different percentiles of the triglyceride distribution has not been reported. Therefore, physican-supplied triglyceride concentrations from 7288 male and 2326 female runners were divided into strata according to the body mass index (BMI) and circumferences of the waist, hip and chest. The percentiles of the triglyceride distribution within each stratum were used to determine the cross-sectional regression slope between adiposity and triglyceride levels at each triglyceride percentile. Compared to the 5th percentile of the triglyceride distribution, the rise in men's triglycerides at the 95th percentile per unit of adiposity was 14-fold greater for BMI, 7.8-fold greater for waist circumference, 3.6-fold greater for hip circumference, and 4.4-fold greater for chest circumference. The rise in women's triglyceride concentrations at the 95th percentile was 8-fold greater than at the 5th percentile for each kg/m 2 increase in BMI. These results suggest that the metabolic effects of adiposity on plasma triglycerides depend upon whether the concentrations are high or low. This contradicts statistical assumptions upon which prior studies of adiposity have based their analyses. We speculate that the reported greater increases in triglycerides per unit of adiposity in whites than blacks, in men than women, and in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pattern B than A are all consistent with the relationships we observe. It remains to be verified whether these relationship also apply to less active populations.
Kähler potential and higher derivative terms from M-theory fivebrane

The construction of four-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories via the fivebrane of M-theory wrapped around a Riemann surface has been successfully applied to the computation of holomorphic quantities of field theory. In this paper we compute non-holomorphic quantities in the eleven-dimensional supergravity limit of M-theory. While the Kahler potential on the Coulomb of N = 2 theories is correctly reproduced, higher derivative terms in the N = 2 effective action differ from what is expected for the four-dimensional gauge theory. For the Kahler potential of N = 1 theories at an abelian Coulomb phase, the result again differs from what is expected for the four-dimensional gauge theory. Using a gravitational back-reaction method for the fivebrane we compute the metric on the Higgs branch of N = 2 gauge theories. Here we find an agreement with the results expected for the gauge theories. A similar computation of the metric on N = 1 Higgs branches yields information on the complex structure associated with the flavor rotation in one case and the classical metric in another. We discuss what four-dimensional field theory quantities can be computed via the fivebrane in the supergravity limit of M-theory.