cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxygen on the synthesis and assembly of mitochondrial encoded subunits of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b.c1 in mouse embryo fibroblasts.

Mouse embryo fibroblasts were grown in low and control O2 for 24 h (average medium oxygen tensions, 7 torr and 143 torr, respectively). Relative to controls, there was a reduction in radiolabeled subunits in immunoprecipitates of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b.c1 prepared from low O2 cells. Incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into subunit I of cytochrome oxidase and the apocytochrome b protein of the b.c1 complex ranged from 51-100% of control, whereas the appearance of these pulse-labeled subunits into holoenzymes immunoprecipitated from low O2 cells was in the range of 6-39% of control. The synthesis of subunit II of cytochrome oxidase by low O2 cells ranged from 63-100% of control, and assembly of this protein into the low O2 immunoprecipitated enzyme ranged from 15-61% of control. Thus, the data suggest that O2 had an effect on the assembly of these mitochondrially translated proteins that was independent of any effect on their synthesis.
Electromagnetic and neutral-weak response functions of He 4 and C 12

The authors calculate $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}b$-$i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o$ quasi-elastic electromagnetic and neutral-weak response functions for $A=4$ and $A=12$ nuclei by using realistic nuclear two- and three-body forces and one- and two-body electroweak currents, in combination with quantum Monte Carlo methods and maximum-entropy techniques. In the electromagnetic case, their novel approach allows a direct comparison with experimental data. The results challenge the conventional picture that quasi-elastic inclusive scattering is dominated by single-nucleon knockout.
Sub-optimal 3D volume convergence with time and fuel constraints

We consider the problem of detecting objects in a 3D region of space, using a mobile vehicle equipped with proximity sensors. A particular application is searching an area of the ocean for submarines using helicopters equipped with a dipping sonar. The vehicle can travel between any arbitrary points in the 3D space (a "move") and can decide to stop, collect, and process sensory data to determine the location of the objects (a "ping"). We assume that the only known a priori information are the probability distribution map of objects' location, and the 3D coverage region from each point in space. Each move and ping operation takes a certain amount of time and fuel. The objective is to find the sequence of moves and pings (a "bath") which maximize the expected value of detecting the objects given additional time and fuel constraints. Usually, the search space is very large and the search time is very small, such that it is not possible to exhaustively perform detect operations from each point. Using a discrete cubic cell decomposition of the search space, we pose the problem in both a discrete optimal control and a combinatorial optimization framework. We then investigate the numerical feasibility of several sub-optimal, polynomial type algorithms in solving the problem.
Pimps, Prostitutes and Policewomen: The Polish Women Police and the International Campaign against the Traffic in Women and Children between the World Wars

Women entered police service between the wars in much of the world as a result of agitation by the international women's movement and the League of Nations. Nearly everywhere a gendered division of police work emerged, with female police primarily responsible for social welfare tasks and their male colleagues handling investigations and arrests. Poland represented a notable exception. Tapping into both international and national concerns, Polish policewomen laid claim to extensive powers by invoking the grave threat of the traffic in women. This focus on trafficking had a paradoxical effect, expanding the possibilities for female policing even as it justified a range of restrictive measures against prostitutes and poor female emigrants.
Molecular localization and developmental expression of the otu locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The female-sterile ovarian tumor gene, otu, is located in cytological region 7F1 on the Drosophila melanogaster chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One ethyl methanesulfonate-induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the s38 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The otu gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent s38 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.
The Ribosomal S10 Protein Is a General Target for Decreased Tigecycline Susceptibility

Tigecycline is a translational inhibitor with efficacy against a wide range of pathogens. Using experimental evolution, we adapted Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus to growth in elevated tigecycline concentrations. At the end of adaptation, 35 out of 47 replicate populations had clones with a mutation in rpsJ, the gene that encodes the ribosomal S10 protein. To validate the role of mutations in rpsJ in conferring tigecycline resistance, we showed that mutation of rpsJ alone in Enterococcus faecalis was sufficient to increase the tigecycline MIC to the clinical breakpoint of 0.5 μg/ml. Importantly, we also report the first identification of rpsJ mutations associated with decreased tigecycline susceptibility in A. baumannii, E. coli, and S. aureus. The identified S10 mutations across both Gram-positive and -negative species cluster in the vertex of an extended loop that is located near the tigecycline-binding pocket within the 16S rRNA. These data indicate that S10 is a general target of tigecycline adaptation and a relevant marker for detecting reduced susceptibility in both Gram-positive and -negative pathogens.
The effect of trifluralin on the ultrastructure of dividing cells of the root meristem of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. "Acala 4-42').

Ultrastructural studies of trifluralin-treated cells in lateral root meristems of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) revealed that mitotic disruptions were due to the absence of microtubules. The extent of disruption varied between individual roots and correlated with the presence or absence of microtubules. Where microtubules were absent, cells began division with a normal prophase chromosome cycle. The chromosomes did not line up along a metaphase plate, but coalesced in the cell. If cell division had begun prior to microtubule disappearance the mitotic process was arrested at the stage that had been reached when the disappearance occurred. In some cell divisions randomly oriented microtubules were noted, with mitosis apparently arrested at those stages. Nuclear envelope reformation yielded cells that were polyploid, polymorphonucleate, binucleate, or occasionally multinucleate. If microtubules were present and if their orientation were normal, all stages of mitosis occurred. The range of mitotic disruption observed can be explained by the threshold concentration for microtubule disappearance being very near aqueous saturation of trifluralin.
The importance of Pb-vacancy attractions on diffusion in the Pb/Cu(001) surface alloy.

Abstract We study the diffusion of Pb atoms embedded in a Cu(0 0 1) surface using atom-tracking scanning tunneling microscopy. By comparing these observations with simulations based on first-principles electronic structure calculations, we deduce that the diffusion occurs by a vacancy-mediated mechanism in which the vacancy is attracted by the embedded Pb atom.
Chinese Boycotts versus Japanese Bombs: The Failure of China's "Revolutionary Diplomacy," 1931-32

This book shows how competition between China and Japan led to aggression and set the stage for war
Hypokalemia Downregulates Cardiac α1 and Skeletal Muscle α2 Isoforms of Na+,K+-ATPase in Ferrets

K+ deficiency decreases amount of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in cardiac and skeletal muscle (SM) and differentially regulates alpha- and beta-subunit isoforms. Expression of the alpha 3 isoform during K+ deficiency is unknown, however. In the myocardium of normal adult ferrets, alpha 1 and alpha 3 isoforms are expressed. Therefore, we examined in ferrets the effects of K+ deficiency in levels of alpha- and beta-subunit isoforms. A K+ deficient diet greatly reduced plasma K+ concentrations. Tissue K+ content in myocardium remained unchanged, whereas that of SM decreased markedly. Corresponding to these changes, Na+,K(+)-ATPase enzyme activity decreased in SM but not in heart. Levels of alpha 1 in heart and alpha 2 in SM decreased, whereas those of alpha 3 in heart and alpha 1 in SM remained unchanged; beta 1 remained unchanged in both tissues. Thus, in ferrets, K+ deficiency differentially regulated the levels of Na+,K(+)-ATPase isoforms in an isoform- and tissue-dependent manner.
Causes and consequences of hypoxia and acidity in tumors--Novartis Foundation symposium.

Abstract The Tumor Microenvironment: Causes And Consequences of Hypoxia And Acidity meeting was held 10–12 October, 2000 at the Novartis Foundation, London, UK.
Spurious Mitotic Spindles and Fusion Tubes in Bacteria

DR. BISSET'S criticisms of the techniques developed and utilized in these studies1–3 may perhaps best be answered by considering each aspect of the procedure separately.
Theory and Modeling of Galactic Cosmic Rays: Trends and Prospects

We address past and future trends in the theory and modeling of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, and select some of the outstanding issues where future progress is anticipated. We discuss the theory of diffusive transport, briefly discuss drifts, the force-field approximation, and current numerical methods. Special attention is given to the areas of modeling cosmic rays in the heliosheath, the implications of the recent unusual solar minimum, and the understanding of high rigidity cosmic-ray anisotropies.
Possible Medical and Biomedical Uses of Quantum Computing

There is now abundant experimental evidence available to indicate that large-scale Quantum Computing (QC) is feasible. QC uses entirely different physical principles to those used by the classical computer. It depends on several characteristic quantum properties. These properties include quantum bit (“qubit”) entanglement where the states of two or more atomic particles influence one another. The information about these states can overlap and provide the very large parallel-computing power of the QC. The objective of the present report is to summarize the status of the development of QC, and to suggest medical domains that will most benefit by the substitution of QC for classical high-performance computing
Bioethics principles, informed consent, and ethical care for special populations: curricular needs expressed by men and women physicians-in-training.

Objective Physicians-in-training today are learning in an ethical environment that is unprecedented in its complexity. There is a call for new approaches in preparing medical students and residents for the ethical and professional issues they will encounter. The perspectives of physicians-in-training at different levels regarding the level of curricular attention needed for emerging bioethics concepts, practical informed consent considerations, and the care of special populations are unknown. Method The authors performed a hypothesis-driven, confidential survey study to assess perceived needs and preferences among medical students and residents related to medical ethics education at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Results A total of 336 physicians-in-training volunteered (62% response rate). Overall, strong interest was expressed for increased curricular attention to the domains of bioethics principles, informed consent, and care of special populations. Women students expressed greater interest generally. For certain domains, clinical students expressed relatively less curricular need and psychiatry and primary care residents expressed relatively greater curricular need. Two of the four hypotheses were supported, a third received partial support, and a fourth was not supported by the findings. Discussion To be valuable and effective, new ethics curricular approaches must be responsive to the current complex ethical environment and attentive to the preferences of medical students and residents of both genders, at different stages of training, with different patient care responsibilities. This hypothesis-driven study provides guidance for the inclusion of novel and important ethics domains in training curricula across medical school and diverse residency programs.
IL-12–induced IFN-γ is dependent on caspase-1 processing of the IL-18 precursor

IL-12 and IL-18 are IFN-γ‐inducing cytokines. In the present study, the role of endogenous IL-18 in the induction of IFN-γ by IL-12 was investigated in mice. In the presence of a specific inhibitor of caspase-1 (also known as IL-1β‐converting enzyme, or ICE) IL-12‐induced IFN-γ from splenocytes was reduced by 85%. Using splenocytes from ICE-deficient mice, IL-12‐induced IFN-γ was reduced by 80%. However, the role of ICE was not through processing and release of IL-1β. Neutralizing anti‐IL-18 IgG reduced IL-12‐induced IFN-γ in splenocytes by 85%. Splenocytes cultured in vitro spontaneously released IL-18 into the extracellular compartment over time. Extracellular levels of IL-18 significantly correlated with IL-12‐induced IFN-γ and were reduced in cells obtained from ICE-deficient mice. In vivo, IL-12 administration increased circulating levels of IL-18 in wild-type mice but not in ICE-deficient mice. Both neutralization of IL-18 and ICE deficiency significantly reduced induction of circulating IFN-γ in mice receiving IL-12. The IL-18 precursor was constitutively expressed in the livers and spleens of untreated mice. Furthermore, administration of IL-12 significantly increased liver-associated IL-18 levels. These data demonstrate that endogenous, ICE-cleaved IL-18 significantly contributes to induction of IFN-γ by IL-12. J. Clin. Invest. 104:761‐767 (1999).
Reflections on Distributive Politics and Universalism

minimal winning size.' Another is that distributive programs organized by strong parties are likely to exhibit greater efficiency (Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnsen 1981; see also Cox and McCubbins 1993). In retrospect, this literature exhibits a number of limitations. First, although it is strongly rooted in case-study style empirical observation of distributive programs, there have been few systematic tests of its hypotheses, such as universalism. Second, theoretical approaches have, by and large, ignored the complexities of distributive politics. Is universalism the sole principle necessary to understand this type of politics? If not, what other principles are relevant? Recent work attempts to rectify both weaknesses. The strength of Stein and Bickers' (1994a) article, "Universalism and the Electoral Connection: A Test and
Isothermal Fatigue Behavior of Sn-Pb Solder Joints

Isothermal fatigue data were collected for the compositions 5Sn--95Pb, 20Sn--80Pb, 40Sn--60Pb, 50Sn--50Pb and 63Sn--37Pb within the binary Sn--Pb system. All of these compositions are commercially available and include those most commonly used. Because Sn-rich solders are rarely used, they were not investigated here. The fatigue life was defined by a 30% load drop. The solders were tested in a double shear configuration joined to copper at 75{degree}C. The displacement rate chosen was 0.01 mm/min, which corresponds to a strain rate of 1.5 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} s{sup {minus}1} for our specimen configuration, over a 10% plastic strain range. Additionally, the microstructural changes during fatigue are presented. The various solder compositions studied exhibit strikingly different as-solidified microstructures. These differences are discussed in terms of their effect on the isothermal joint failure mechanism and joint isothermal fatigue life. 24 refs., 10 figs.
Outcomes for case-matched laparoscopically assisted versus open restorative proctocolectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to compare safety, early and late outcomes, quality of life and functional results of laparoscopically assisted versus open ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA). Methods: Patients who had laparoscopically assisted IPAA between 1992 and 2007 were identified from a database and retrospectively matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and operation date to patients who had open IPAA at a ratio of 1 : 2. Intraoperative, postoperative and long-term functional outcomes were compared. Quality of life was determined by the Cleveland Global Quality of Life scale at 1 and 5 years. Results: A total of 119 patients (59 men, 60 women; mean(s.d) age 35·5(14·2) years, BMI 24·7(5·0) kg/m2) had laparoscopically assisted IPAA, with conversion in nine patients (7·6 per cent); these were compared with 238 patients who had open IPAA. The 30-day and long-term results were similar, as well as quality of life at 1 and 5 years, except that patients in the laparoscopic group had shorter median time to stoma action (2 versus 3 days; P = 0·001) and marginally shorter hospital stay. Median operating times were longer in the laparoscopic group (272 versus 163 min; P = 0·040). Conclusion: Laparoscopically assisted IPAA had similar outcomes to open IPAA, but with some short-term advantages. Copyright © 2009 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making

Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such behavioural choice through its effects on neuromodulator systems, in particular the dopamine and serotonin systems. By inhibiting dopamine-releasing neurons, habenula activation leads to the suppression of motor behaviour when an animal fails to obtain a reward or anticipates an aversive outcome. Moreover, the habenula is involved in behavioural responses to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep and reward, and its dysfunction is associated with depression, schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis. As a highly conserved structure in the brain, the habenula provides a fundamental mechanism for both survival and decision-making.
Thermal stability and crystallization phenomena of low cost Ti-based bulk metallic glass

Abstract The thermal stability, kinetics of crystallization, and glass forming ability of a Ti 48 Ni 32 Cu 8 Si 8 Sn 4 bulk amorphous alloy have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry using both isothermal and non-isothermal experiments. The activation energy, frequency factor, and reaction rate for the crystallization cascade were determined via the Kissinger method. X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that crystallization starts with the primary precipitation of Ti(Ni,Cu), followed by the nucleation of Cu 3 Ti from the amorphous precursor. The kinetics of nucleation of the primary crystalline phase was also investigated using the Johnson–Mehl-Avrami method and the Avrami exponent, n , was determined. This new alloy possesses a significantly larger supercooled liquid region than any other non beryllium- or non rare earth – containing titanium-based bulk metallic glass to date.
Does prehospital prolonged extrication (entrapment) place trauma patients at higher risk for venous thromboembolism

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine if prolonged immobility and tissue injury from a prehospital entrapment would place patients at higher risk for in-hospital venous thromboembolism (VTE) complications. It was hypothesized that entrapment would increase in-hospital VTE. Methods All consecutive trauma admissions over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into those who were entrapped according to defined prehospital criteria for entrapment and those who were not entrapped. The complications of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were noted. Results There were 15,159 patients admitted between 1999 and 2008. Of these, 1,176 met the criteria for prehospital entrapment. Those patients who met the criteria for entrapment had a significant risk for developing both deep vein thrombosis ( P 2 test) and pulmonary embolism ( P = .005, Fisher's exact test). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed entrapment to be a significant contributing risk factor to the development of VTE (odds ratio, 1.54; P = .04). Conclusions Patients with prehospital entrapment are at higher risk for VTE. These results mandate aggressive VTE prophylaxis in patients with histories of prehospital entrapment.
Radiotherapy for carcinomatous brachial plexopathy. A clinical study of 23 cases

Twenty-three patients with the clinical or pathologic diagnosis of carcinomatous brachial plexopathy received external irradiation. Significant pain relief was achieved in 77.2% (17/22) of the patients for a median duration of 3 months. The observed objective response rate was 46.1%. The total administered dose (range, 1000 rad/5 fractions-5800 rad/31 fractions) as well as the treatment field width size (range, 5-24 cm) varied. Analysis of these two technical radiotherapy factors indicated that the total amount of delivered dose rather than the therapy-port-width size was the more important factor in the achievement of optimal symptomatic palliation. A literature review summarizes results of external irradiation for this painful disease syndrome, including superior sulcus Pancoast tumor.
The IBM Blue Gene/Q interconnection network and message unit

This is the first paper describing the IBM Blue Gene/Q interconnection network and message unit. The Blue Gene/Q system is the third generation in the IBM Blue Gene line of massively parallel supercomputers. The Blue Gene/Q architecture can be scaled to 20 PF/s and beyond. The network and the highly parallel message unit, which provides the functionality of a network interface, are integrated onto the same chip as the processors and cache memory, and consume 8% of the chip's area. For better application scalability and performance, we describe new routing algorithms and new techniques to parallelize the injection and reception of packets in the network interface. Measured hardware performance results are also presented.
Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes: components, classification, and nomenclature

Carney JA (Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA). Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes: components, classification, and nomenclature (Minisymposium: MEN & VHL). J Intern Med 1998; 243: 425–32. There are three generally accepted multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes: MEN-1, MEN-2A, and MEN-2B. On the basis of their major features, new familial MEN syndromes should manifest (i) a new endocrine tumour combination, (ii) autosomal dominant inheritance, and, possibly, (iii) a nonendocrine component. Acceptance of the last feature as a criterion has conferred candidate MEN status on a number of disorders, including von Hippel–Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis. To regard these conditions as MEN syndromes would require an inappropriate demotion of their predominant nonendocrine manifestations. The role of nonendocrine disorders in MEN syndromes needs reappraisal.
Imperfection-Sensitivity of Long Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Cylindrical Panels Under Shear Loads

sensitivity of antisymmetrically laminated open, long, cylindrical panels under shear loads. The longitudinal edges may be simply-supported or clamped. It is found that the cylindrical panels may be sensitive to the presence of geometric imperfections depending primarily on the reduced-flatness parameter and Young's modulus ratio. The shear buckling load and the postbuckling coefficients are plotted as a function of the shell geometry, number of layers, and material parameters. The paper is the first in the literature to examine the postbuckling behavior of open laminated cylin­ drical panels under shear loads.
Korean “Comfort Women” The Intersection of Colonial Power, Gender, and Class

During the Asian and Pacific War (1937-45), the Japanese government mobilized approximately 200,000 Asian women to military brothels to sexually serve Japanese soldiers. The majority of these victims were unmarried young women from Korea, Japan’s colony at that time. In the early 1990s, Korean feminist leaders helped more than 200 Korean survivors of Japanese military sexual slavery to come forward to tell the truth, which has further accelerated the redress movement for the women. One major issue in the redress movement and research relating to the so-called “comfort women” issue is whether Japan’s colonization of Korea or gender hierarchy was a more fundamental cause of the Korean women’s suffering. Using an intersectional perspective, this article analyzes how colonial power, gender hierarchy, and class were inseparably tied together to make the victims’ lives miserable. By doing so, it shows that a one-sided emphasis on colonization or gender hierarchy will misrepresent the feminist political issue an...
Genomic evaluation, breed identification, and discovery of a haplotype affecting fertility for Ayrshire dairy cattle.

Genomic evaluations of dairy cattle in the United States have been available for Brown Swiss, Holsteins, and Jerseys since 2009. As of January 2013, 1,023 Ayrshires had genotypes in the North American database. Evaluation accuracy was assessed using genomic evaluations based on 646 bulls with 2008 traditional evaluations to predict daughter performance of up to 180 bulls in 2012. Mean gain in reliability over parent average for all traits was 8.2 percentage points. The highest gains were for protein yield (16.9 percentage points), milk yield (16.6 percentage points), and stature (16.2 percentage points). Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms were useful for Ayrshire breed determination. Fewer breed-determining SNP were available for Ayrshires than for Holsteins, Jerseys, and Brown Swiss because of the similarity of Ayrshires and Holsteins. A haplotype that affects fertility was identified on chromosome 17 and traces back in the genotyped population to the bull Selwood Betty's Commander (born in 1953). The haplotype carrier frequency for genotyped Ayrshires was 26.1%. Sire conception rate was decreased by 4.3 ± 2.5 percentage points for carriers of the haplotype as determined by 618 matings of carrier sire by carrier maternal grandsire. Genomic evaluations for Ayrshires were officially implemented in the United States in April 2013.
Thermal expansion and inferred permeability of climax quartz monzonite to 300°C and 27.6 MPa

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (..cap alpha..) has been evaluated for Climax Stock quartz monzonite at effective pressures (P) of 0, 13.8 and 27.6 MPa (0 to 276 bars) and at temperature (T) from 19 to 300/sup 0/C. The samples evaluated were deliberately chosen to include imperfections such as healed fractures and large phenocrysts characteristic of the Climax pluton near the site of a highlevel waste repository demonstration test at the Nevada Test Site. Values for ..cap alpha.. are neither constant with nor a simple function of T or P. For the range of T investigated, ..cap alpha.. ranges from 10 to 15.10/sup -6/ /sup 0/C/sup -1/ at 0 MPa, from 7 to 13.10/sup -6/ /sup 0/C/sup -1/ at 13.8 MPa, and from 7 to 12.10/sup -6/ /sup 0/C/sup -1/ at 27.6 MPa. These values of ..cap alpha.. are greater than those expected for a similar but crack-free rock. Observations on the heated rock indicate that the thermal expansion is accompanied by new microcrack formation. At the temperatures to be expected in the wall rock near a waste canister, this increase in crack porosity is inferred to increase local permeability by factors of 2 to 5.
Superconducting Tl2Ba2CuO6: The orthorhombic form

Abstract The structure of an orthorhombic variant of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 ( Z = 4), with a superconducting onset at 90 K, has been studied using neutron powder diffractometry at 12 K ( a = 5.4834(3), b = 5.4586(3), c = 23.198(1) A), 60 K ( a = 5.4834(3), b = 5.4585(3), c = 23.199(1)A), and 293 K ( a = 5.4967(3), b = 5.4651(3), c = 23.246(1) A). The distortion from I4 mmm symmetry, reported in single-crystal X-ray investigations, to Abma is manifested in the TIO layer. At the temperatures studied, the coordination of TI to oxygen is (2 + 1 + 2) square pyramidal rather than octahedral. At lower temperatures, distortion decreases but does not disappear. Despite the orthorhombic symmetry the CuO 2 -layers remain flat.
Motion estimation: the concept of velocity bandwidth

Abstract This paper shows that like spatial and temporal frequencies, velocity is subject to aliasing. Theanalysis is based on studying a two dimensional sinusoidal signal moving at constant velocity. It isshown that given the spatio-temporal grid used to sample the image, displacement of a sinusoidalsignal must remain confined to a well defined two dimensional domain to avoid velocity aliasing.Analytical derivations of the aliasing-free domains are provided for various sampling lattices suchas the rectangular field-interlaced and offset field-interlaced (quincunx) sampling grids. The paperconcludes with a few suggestions regarding how the concept of velocity bandwidth can be helpfulin the estimation of object displacement in digital video sequences. In particular, bounds for thesearch domains used in multiscale block matching-based motion estimation algorithms are derived. 1 INTRODUCTION The motion of objects in digital video sequences is often modeled as a translation in the image plane[1], [2]. Methods based on block matching or the constant intensity constraint are routinely used toestimate a translation vector describing the displacement of an object from one video frame or field
A Hemophilia Model in Zebrafish: Analysis of Hemostasis

We have developed artificial hemophilia in zebrafish by treating them with copper and measured their clotting function by a newly developed sensitive clotting time assay. The clotting function can be detected rapidly and reliably in 30 hr larvae and in adult fish by measuring the blood clotting time. We have used this assay to screen wild type zebrafish and identified fish with prolonged clotting time. This verifies the usefulness of this assay in future screening for recessive hemostasis defects generated by chemical and radiation mutagenesis methods.
SU-E-T-396: Dosimetric Accuracy of Proton Therapy for Patients with Metal Implants in CT Scans Using Metal Deletion Technique (MDT) Artifacts Reduction

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy for proton therapy patients with metal implants in CT using metal deletion technique (MDT) artifacts reduction. Methods: Proton dose accuracies under CT metal artifacts were first evaluated using a water phantom with cylindrical inserts of different materials (titanium and steel). Ranges and dose profiles along different beam angles were calculated using treatment planning system (Eclipse version 8.9) on uncorrected CT, MDT CT, and manually-corrected CT, where true Hounsfield units (water) were assigned to the streak artifacts. In patient studies, the treatment plans were developed on manually-corrected CTs, then recalculated on MDT and uncorrected CTs. DVH indices were compared between the dose distributions on all the CTs. Results: For water phantom study with 1/2 inch titanium insert, the proton range differences estimated by MDT CT were with 1% for all beam angles, while the range error can be up to 2.6% for uncorrected CT. For the study with 1 inch stainless steel insert, the maximum range error calculated by MDT CT was 1.09% among all the beam angles compared with maximum range error with 4.7% for uncorrected CT. The dose profiles calculated on MDT CTs for both titanium and steel inserts showed very good agreements with the ones calculated on manually-corrected CTs, while large dose discrepancies calculated using uncorrected CTs were observed in the distal end region of the proton beam. The patient study showed similar dose distribution and DVHs for organs near the metal artifacts recalculated on MDT CT compared with the ones calculated on manually-corrected CT, while the differences between uncorrected and corrected CTs were much pronounced. Conclusion: In proton therapy, large dose error could occur due to metal artifact. The MDT CT can be used for proton dose calculation to achieve similar dose accuracy as the current clinical practice using manual correction.
Does partial reinforcement dissociate verbal rules and the behavior they might be presumed to control

Summary Verplanck and Oskamp have presented evidence for the dissociation of card-placements and statements of verbal rules, a dissociation attributed to reinforcement contingencies. Using Verplanck and Oskamp's illustrated cards, Ss of the present study stated the rule they were following, then placed each card to right or left. For PH Ss, reinforcement (“yes” or “no”) was contingent on correct placements; for PHSs, on correct rules. The correct rule or placement was “Cards with two or more principal objects go to the left, those with one go to the right.” Criterion was followed by 100 trials of 60% reinforcement. During partial-reinforcement trials, PHSs placed the cards correctly on only 76.5% of the trials while stating 94.7% correct or correlated rules. However, this discrepancy reflected miscategorizations by Ss who failed to match E's somewhat arbitrary rule for sorting ambiguously classifiable pictures of one and more than one principal object. Nonreinforced Ss instructed to sort by this principle made a nonsignificantly different number of miscategorizations. Furthermore, on a new parallel task with an unambiguous defining attribute (one and more than one simple figure), Ss made no placement errors when they had stated a correct or correlated rule. Failure to place the card correctly while stating a correct or correlated rule depended upon task ambiguity rather than experimental reinforcement contingencies. PH Ss made 72.8% correct responses while stating only 42.8% correct or correlated rules. However, with two alternatives we should still expect about 50% correct responses on trials in which an incorrect rule is stated, and we find the empirical chance of level of success in this task to be 49.39%. Thus the number of correct responses does not differ from what we should expect from chance and correct or correlated rules. Both during acquisition and during partial reinforcement, the results are closely described by a simple equation expressing the prediction from a theory of propositional verbal control.
The Fiber Break Evolution Process in a 2-D Epoxy/Glass Multi-Fiber Array

Abstract The mechanical integrity of a structural composite is strongly affected by the strength and toughness of the fiber–matrix interface/interphase (Norwood, 1994), with interfacial shear strength (IFSS) being generally accepted as the best quantifying metric. The value of the IFSS is not directly measurable, but it can be approximated by several micromechanics based test methods with the value obtained being dependent on the choice of the model. The most popular of these test methods is the embedded single fiber fragmentation test (SFFT) which provides the experimental data needed to estimate the IFSS: (a) mean fragment length at saturation and (b) fiber strength at the critical fragment length. Because the IFSS is used in unidirectional composite models to predict strength and failure behavior, where the interaction between fibers can be important, the validity of extrapolating from test results based upon the repeated failure of a single isolated fiber has often been questioned. In this paper, the spatial distribution of fiber breaks in a 2-D array of glass fibers is compared with break locations observed from SFFT specimens. In both cases, the break locations in each fiber were found to evolve to a uniform distribution, thereby confirming that the ordered fragment lengths from the repeated fracture process conforms for both SFFT and multi-fiber fragmentation test (MFFT) specimens to a cumulative distribution function (CDF) derived by Whitworth (1887) and cited by others (Read, 1988; Pyke, 1988; Holst, 1980). The array break density was also observed to be less than the break density in isolated fibers, and break locations across array fibers were observed to be highly coordinated and mostly aligned.
Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Prepared by Fmoc-Based Thiolactone Peptide Synthesis

Virulence factor production in Staphylococcus aureus is largely under the control of the accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system. There are four agr groups, all of which exhibit bacterial interference: each agr type synthesizes a cyclic autoinducing peptide (AIP) with a distinct sequence that activates its cognate AgrC receptor and inhibits activation of others. To better understand inhibitory AIP−AgrC interactions, we aimed to identify the minimal molecular determinants required to inhibit both non-cognate and cognate receptors. This minimization of the AIP pharmacophore also may have therapeutic relevance as the use of native AIPs to block virulence of non-cognate agr strains can prevent the establishment of an infection in vivo. We synthesized and evaluated the inhibitory activities of 10 AIP derivatives based on a truncated AIP analogue that inhibits all four agr types. To carry out the rapid, parallel synthesis of these peptides, we employed a new linker for Fmoc-based thioester peptide...
Synthesis and microbial degradation of poly(2‐methyl phenylene oxide)

The synthesis and biodegradation of poly(2-methyl phenylene oxide) was studied as an example of a synthetic polymer containing a biodegradable aromatic backbone. Polymer prepared with cuprous 2,2-isopropoxy ethyl pyridine catalyst demonstrated good blending properties with polystyrene. In soil experiments, the homopolymer degraded readily with over 50% reduction in 40 days. No oligomeric intermediates were observed by gel permeation chromatography, suggesting degradation by cell-associated enzymes.
Primary care-based buprenorphine taper vs maintenance therapy for prescription opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial.

Importance Prescription opioid dependence is increasing and creates a significant public health burden, but primary care physicians lack evidence-based guidelines to decide between tapering doses followed by discontinuation of buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride therapy (hereinafter referred to as buprenorphine therapy) or ongoing maintenance therapy. Objective To determine the efficacy of buprenorphine taper vs ongoing maintenance therapy in primary care–based treatment for prescription opioid dependence. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a 14-week randomized clinical trial that enrolled 113 patients with prescription opioid dependence from February 17, 2009, through February 1, 2013, in a single primary care site. Interventions Patients were randomized to buprenorphine taper (taper condition) or ongoing buprenorphine maintenance therapy (maintenance condition). The buprenorphine taper was initiated after 6 weeks of stabilization, lasted for 3 weeks, and included medications for opioid withdrawal, after which patients were offered naltrexone treatment. The maintenance group received ongoing buprenorphine therapy. All patients received physician and nurse support and drug counseling. Main Outcomes and Measures Illicit opioid use via results of urinanalysis and patient report, treatment retention, and reinitiation of buprenorphine therapy (taper group only). Results During the trial, the mean percentage of urine samples negative for opioids was lower for patients in the taper group (35.2% [95% CI, 26.2%-44.2%]) compared with those in the maintenance group (53.2% [95% CI, 44.3%-62.0%]). Patients in the taper group reported more days per week of illicit opioid use than those in the maintenance group once they were no longer receiving buprenorphine (mean use, 1.27 [95% CI, 0.60-1.94] vs 0.47 [95% CI, 0.19-0.74] days). Patients in the taper group had fewer maximum consecutive weeks of opioid abstinence compared with those in the maintenance group (mean abstinence, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.72-3.75] vs 5.20 [95% CI, 4.16-6.20] weeks). Patients in the taper group were less likely to complete the trial (6 of 57 [11%] vs 37 of 56 [66%]; P Conclusions and Relevance Tapering is less efficacious than ongoing maintenance treatment in patients with prescription opioid dependence who receive buprenorphine therapy in primary care. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00555425
Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of a minimal amount of water

Abstract Diels-Alder reactions of neat reactive dienes and dienophiles are frequently vigorous and have a limited preparative value. It is possible to control the temperature of multi-gram scale Diels-Alder reactions by adding a minimal amount of water to neat reactants. In addition, the presence of water resulted in an increased reaction rate and formation of a higher purity product. The use of minimal amounts of other solvents, with lower heat capacities, did not give good results. Furthermore, some dienophiles, e.g. maleic anhydride, reacted poorly in a dilute water suspension or solution, but worked well in the presence of a minimal amount of water. This is an environmentally friendly, practical and efficient approach to preparation of Diels-Alder adducts on a multi-gram scale.
Diversity Courses and Students' Moral Reasoning: A Model of Predispositions and Change.

The purpose of this study was to examine how moral reasoning develops for 236 students enrolled in either a diversity course or a management course. These courses were compared based on the level of diversity inclusion and type of pedagogy employed in the classroom. We used causal modelling to compare the two types of courses, controlling for the effects of demographic (i.e., race, gender), curricular (i.e., previous course-related diversity learning) and pedagogical (i.e., active learning) covariates. Results showed that students enrolled in the diversity course demonstrated higher levels of moral reasoning than students enrolled in the management course. In addition, results show that previous diversity courses as well as current enrolment in a diversity course contributed to moral reasoning gains. Implications are discussed.
Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Postreconstructed and Postregistered Medical Images

Postreconstructed and postregistered medical images are typically treated as the raw data, implicitly assuming that those operations are error free. We question this assumption and explore how the precision of reconstruction and affine registration can be assessed by the image covariance matrix and confidence interval, called the confidence eigenimage, using a statistical model-based approach. Various hypotheses may be tested after image reconstruction and registration using classical statistical hypothesis testing vehicles: Is there a statistically significant difference between images? Does the intensity at a specific location or area of interest belong to the "normal" range? Is there a tumor? Does the image require rigid registration? We illustrate statistical hypothesis testing with three examples: breast computed tomography, breast near infrared linear reconstruction, and brain magnetic resonance imaging.
Metrology for the adaptive optics system at the Palomar 200-in. telescope

Precise registration of telescope pupil, wavefront sensor camera, and science camera is critical to optimum performance of an adaptive optics system. For this reason great care is taken in design and construction to ensure optical rigidity and stability. However, some residual flexure is unavoidable, particularly for a system like the one being built at the JPL for the Cassegrain focus of the Palomar 200 inch, which will experience changing gravity loads as the telescope points and guides. Such flexure has direct impact when it occurs in the non-common-path segments of the wavefront-sensor and science beams. the diffraction- limited image size in K-band at the 5 m telescope is 30 microns. To maintain non-common-path flexure errors at a small fraction of this scale would require costly, gravity- compensated optomechanics. A more practical approach is to use precise measurements of the flexure in a periodic recalibration of the wavefront sensor offsets. As an alternative to mapping flexure over a grid of sky pointing positions, we have investigated a low-bandwidth metrology scheme in which we sense tilts and translations of optical components in the various light paths using visible laser signals. We find that such a system is relatively easy to implement, and can be expected to provide dramatic improvement in adaptive optics performance when the 'real- world' effects of telescope orientation are considered.
Nature of Luminescent Centers in Alkali Halide and Zinc Sulfide Phosphors

The present state of understanding of the luminescent centers in alkali halide and zinc sulfide phosphors is reviewed. These two classes of phosphors complement each other: the first is ionic; the second, primarily covalent. The energy levels of the luminescent centers in alkali halides are approximated by states of the free impurity ion perturbed by crystalline interactions, whereas the levels of luminescent centers in zinc sulfide phosphors are suitably approximated by states of the crystal band structure perturbed by impurities. The theory of the excitation and emission spectra of thallium-activated potassium chloride is reviewed and extended to the problem of oscillator strengths for luminescent transitions. Semiconductor theory is applied to zinc sulfide phosphors, and the acceptor and donor nature of activator and coactivator, respectively, is thereby revealed. In contrast to semiconductors with small band gaps, association of acceptors and donors is shown to be important in transparent semiconductors. The energy level structure and optical properties of various associated acceptor-donor pairs, as well as of isolated impurities, in zinc sulfide are discussed.
Note---A Dynamic Programming Approach to Capacity Expansion with Specialization

The capacity expansion problem with specialization involves two classes of growing demand and two types of capacity. One type of capacity can supply both demands, while the second can supply only one. The specialization problem is an extreme case of the multilocation capacity expansion problem, and dynamic programming approaches for the multilocation problem can be adapted to solve the specialization problem.