cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging microscopic fluid viscosity and velocity fields using confocal scanning optical tweezers

Confocal microscopy and optical tweezers were combined to develop a minimally invasive instrument capable of making hydrodynamic measurements more rapidly than is possible with other devices. This result leads to the possibility of making scanning images of the viscosity distribution of materials around bipolymer producing cells. An image of the viscosity distribution around a pullulan producing cell of Aureobasidium pullulans is shown as an example. We present results from experiments supporting a linearized model for the motion of a trapped bead in an oscillating harmonic potential. Fluid velocity measurements are tested by comparing to an independent video based measurement. We apply the technique to obtain a 2-D map of the flow past a microscopic wedge and compare to a theoretical solution for the stream lines assuming potential flow. Since the velocity is measured simultaneously with the trap relaxation time, it requires practically no calibration and is independent of the trap stiffness and the particle size.
Computer-based monitoring and fault diagnosis: a chemical process case study

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) for process modeling and multivariate statistical techniques for monitoring, fault detection, and diagnosis are becoming more common in published research, but are still underutilized in practice. This paper summarizes an in-depth case study on a chemical process with 20 monitored process variables, one of which reflects product quality. Data from intervals of “good” operation times are used to determine a PCA model, and then data sets from intervals of “bad” operation times are compared to the model to detect the faulty variable and determine those variables responsible for the poor product quality. The analysis is performed using the PLS_Toolbox 2.01 with MATLAB. The methods used are reviewed summarily, and then results are shown based on typical application of the multivariate statistical techniques. An enhancement is made by using confidence limits on the residuals of each variable for fault detection rather than just confidence limits on an overall residual. Results show that the time required for fault detection is reduced. This approach was suggested in the literature, but its efficacy not demonstrated. Finally, ways to more effectively monitor processes and to more promptly detect and diagnose faults when they occur are identified.
The globalization of R&D: Results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA

Abstract This paper examines the globalization of innovation and the phenomenon of foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development. To do so, it draws from a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the United States. While the literature on foreign direct investment has emphasized the role of markets in driving off-shore investments, the main conclusion of this research is that the globalization of innovation is driven in large measure by technology factors. Of particular importance is the objective of firms to secure access to scientific and technical human capital.
Recent changes in Phoenix, Arizona summertime diurnal precipitation patterns

Summertime diurnal precipitation patterns for Phoenix, Arizona are analyzed for the period 1954 through 1985. Although the mean precipitation amounts and frequencies for the entire summer monsoon season have not shown any significant effects from the rapidly developing urban heat island, diurnal patterns have displayed substantial changes in the recent period of explosive population growth. During the most recent 16 years, late afternoon and evening storms have become more frequent and produce greater rainfall totals. Sharp declines are noted in the frequency of rain events between midnight and noon; especially large drops occur in the rainfall amounts between 9.00 and 12.00 MST. These findings appear to be consistent with several mechanisms proposed to explain the unusual diurnal character of the summertime rainfall in the Phoenix, Arizona area.
Surface-induced optical anisotropy of the (001) and (113) silicon surfaces

The surface-induced optical anisotropy of clean and hydrogenated (001) and (113) surfaces of silicon has been calculated. The equilibrium atomic configurations of the surface atomic structures were determined from fully converged self-consistent total-energy calculations within the local density approximation. The optical functions of the silicon surfaces have been obtained beyond the density-functional theory with ab initio pseudopotentials and by the semiempirical tight-binding method. The reflectance anisotropy (RA) spectroscopy signal of the clean (001) and (113) surfaces in the region around 3.0 eV originates from surface to bulk optical transitions. On the hydrogenated (113) silicon surface a strong surface induced RA response is obtained in the region of the ${E}_{1}$ and ${E}_{2}$ bulk critical points, where the line shape corresponds to the first derivative of the bulk dielectric function. The calculated RA spectrum of the hydrogenated (113) silicon surface in the regions of the ${E}_{1}$ and ${E}_{2}$ structures is more intense in relation to the (001) surface. These results will be discussed in comparison with experimental data.
Parallelizing Sequential Code

This introduction to the special issue discusses developments in the area of automatic parallelization of sequential code.
11B-1 Noninvasive Electromechanical Wave Imaging and Conduction Velocity Estimation In Vivo

Electromechanical imaging is a novel technique for the noninvasive mapping of electrical conduction waves in the left ventricle through the combination of ECG gating, high frame rate and RF-based displacement estimation techniques. In this paper, we identify and separate the electromechanical waves from the hemodynamically induced waves and determine the dependence of the wave direction and velocity at different pacing scenarios. In vivo imaging (30 MHz) was performed on anesthetized wildtype mice (n=12) at high frame rates (Vevo 770, Visualsonics, Inc.) in order to better explore the electromechanical coupling within the heart muscle. The acquisition was triggered on the mouse electrocardiogram (ECG) and yielded a high frame rate of 8000 fps. RF frames from long-axis views were digitized at 160 MHz. Axial, frame-to-frame displacements were estimated using 1D cross-correlation (window size of 240 microns, overlapping at 90%).Three pacing protocols were applied in each mouse: 1) sinus rhythm (SR) (natural pacing), 2) right-atrial (RA) pacing and 3) right-ventricular (RV) pacing. Pacing was achieved using a nine-electrode catheter and catheterization through the right side of the heart, with each separately activated for varying the pacing location. Throughout the entire cardiac cycle, several waves were shown on the electromechanical images that propagated transmurally and/or from base to apex (septum) or apex to base (posterior wall). Through comparison of the cine-loop images obtained at different pacing protocols, we were able to identify and separate the electrically induced, or contraction, wave from the hemodynamic (or, blood-wall coupling) waves. The contraction wave was best observed along the posterior wall starting at the S-wave of the ECG, which occurs after Purkinje and during myocardial activation. Only the contraction wave changed direction when the pacing origin changed, i.e., it propagated from apex to base at SR and RA pacing and from base to apex at RV pacing. This reversal in the wave propagation direction was found to be consistent in all mice scanned and the wave velocities were found to be within the reported conduction wave range with statistically significant differences between SR/RA pacing (0.8496 +/-0.2214 m/s and 0.8379 +/- 0.1967 m/s), respectively and RV pacing (0.5213 +/- 0.3125 m/s). This pacing study demonstrates that electromechanical imaging may constitute the sole noninvasive method for conduction mapping of the entire left ventricle and thus diagnosis and treatment of dyssynchrony, arrhythmia or other conduction abnormalities.
The Counter-Gradient Heat Flux in the Lower Atmosphere and in the Laboratory

Abstract Observations in the lower atmosphere and of laboratory convection which demonstrate the existence of upward heat flux, w′θ′¯ > 0, with vanishing or counter potential temperature gradient, ∂θ¯/∂z ≥ 0, are reviewed. Data of Telford and Warner (1964) are utilized to explain the magnitude of the counter gradient within the framework of the thermal variance equation. The diffusion or triple-correlation term, which can allow a counter-gradient flux to exist, is interpreted qualitatively. For theoretical studies of the planetary boundary layer which employ an eddy coefficient for sensible heat, the modified definitionis suggested, with γc ≈ 6.5 x 10-6C cm-1 in clear air.
Differential generation of class I H-2D- versus H-2K-restricted cytotoxicity against a demyelinating virus following central nervous system infection.

Despite the fact that both H-2K and D molecules are up-regulated in the central nervous system (CNS) following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, resistance in this virus model of multiple sclerosis maps exclusively to D. To address this paradox, we examined the ability of the K and D molecules to present viral antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Whereas no virus-specific CTL were detected in the CNS of susceptible B10.Q and B10.S mice 7 days post-infection, D-restricted CTL were identified readily in the CNS of resistant B10 animals. There was no evidence of K-restricted CTL in the CNS of B10 mice at day 7 post-infection. The presence of both K- and D-restricted virus-specific CTL in the spleen of immunized B10 mice demonstrates that the exclusive use of D molecules by CTL in the CNS of mice 7 days post-infection is not due to the inability of the K molecules to present viral peptides to lymphocytes. We conclude that the prominent role of the D locus in determining resistance or susceptibility to TMEV-induced demyelination is determined by factors governing the regulation of the immune response, and not by the presence or absence of CTL precursors capable of recognizing viral peptides presented by the K and D antigen-presenting molecules, or by differences in the ability of the K and D molecules to present viral peptides.
Impeded Electron Transfer From a Pathogenic FMN Domain Mutant of Methionine Synthase Reductase and its Responsiveness to Flavin Supplementation

: Methionine synthase reductase (MSR) is a diflavin oxidoreductase that transfers electrons from NADPH to oxidized cobalamin and plays a vital role in repairing inactive cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. MSR deficiency is a recessive genetic disorder affecting folate and methionine metabolism and is characterized by elevated levels of plasma homocysteine. In this study, we have examined the molecular basis of MSR dysfunction associated with a patient mutation, A129T, which is housed in the FMN binding domain and is adjacent to a cluster of conserved acidic residues found in diflavin oxidoreductases. We show that the substitution of alanine with threonine destabilizes FMN binding without affecting the NADPH coenzyme specificity or affinity, indicating that the mutation's effects may be confined to the FMN module. The A129T MSR mutant transfers electrons to ferricyanide as efficiently as wild type MSR but the rate of cytochrome c, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, and menadione reduction is decreased 10-15 fold. The mutant is depleted in FMN and reactivates methionine synthase with 8% of the efficiency of wild type MSR. Reconstitution of A129T MSR with FMN partially restores its ability to reduce cytochrome c and to reactivate methionine synthase. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometric studies localize changes in backbone amide exchange rates to peptides in the FMN-binding domain. Together, our results reveal that the primary biochemical penalty associated with the A129T MSR mutant is its lower FMN content, provide insights into the distinct roles of the FAD and FMN centers in human MSR for delivering electrons to various electron acceptors, and suggest that patients harboring the A129T mutation may be responsive to riboflavin therapy.
On sets of solutions to combinator equations

Abstract We show that every r.e. set of combinators closed under β-conversion is the set of solutions to a pattern matching problem.
Reference librarians and the Internet: a qualitative study

Reference librarians must interact daily with Internet‐based technologies. Communicating with others through listservs and e‐mail, avoiding information overload, answering reference questions with both print and electronic sources and dealing with patrons’ perceptions of the authoritative nature of Web‐based information are all many of the ways in which most reference librarians must navigate the depths of cyberspace. Uses qualitative survey data to find patterns and themes among librarians with regard to their attitudes toward reference services and related professional activities. Includes a selection of categorized survey responses, interpretation of the data by the author and suggestions for further research.
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Pattern Recognition Parameters on the Accuracy of Wireless-Based Task Time Estimation

Abstract Task time estimation is a core industrial engineering discipline. However, the process to collect the required data is manually intensive and tedious, thus making it expensive to keep the data current. Radio frequency signals have been used to automate the required data collection in some applications. However, such radio frequency data is subject to systemic and random noise, leading to a reduction in the accuracy of the task time estimation. This research investigates the use of a pattern recognition method, the k-nearest-neighbor algorithm, to improve the accuracy of task time estimation in a simulated assembly work area. The results indicate that the parameters of the kNN algorithm can be experimentally tuned to improve the accuracy and to dramatically reduce the necessary computational time and the costs of performing real-time task time estimation.
On some recent results concerning the superconducting transition temperature

Abstract The Eliashberg gap equations relate the transition temperature Tc of an isotropic superconductor to its electron-phonon spectral function α2F(ω) and Coulomb pseudopotential parameter μ ∗ . Recently the Eliashberg theory has been used to derive some supposedly rigorous results bearing on the problem of attaining higher superconducting transition temperatures: Bergmann and Rainer derived an expression for the functional derivative δT c δα 2 F(ω) ; Allen and Dynes showed that in the asymptotic limit of very large λ(λ≲10)k B T c =f(μ ∗ )(λ〈ω 2 〉) 1 2 and Leavens proved that for any isotropic superconductor kBTc ⩽0.2309A, where A is the area under its electron-phonon spectral function. In this letter we show that the result of Allen and Dynes is not compatible with the other results and is, in fact, incorrect.
Density of states and Fisher's zeros in compact U(1) pure gauge theory

We present high-accuracy calculations of the density of states using multicanonical methods for lattice gauge theory with a compact gauge group $U(1)$ on ${4}^{4}$, ${6}^{4}$, and ${8}^{4}$ lattices. We show that the results are consistent with weak and strong coupling expansions. We present methods based on Chebyshev interpolations and Cauchy theorem to find the (Fisher's) zeros of the partition function in the complex $\ensuremath{\beta}=1/{g}^{2}$ plane. The results are consistent with reweighting methods whenever the latter are accurate. We discuss the volume dependence of the imaginary part of the Fisher's zeros, the width and depth of the plaquette distribution at the value of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ where the two peaks have equal height. We discuss strategies to discriminate between first- and second-order transitions and explore them with data at larger volume but lower statistics. Higher statistics and even larger lattices are necessary to draw strong conclusions regarding the order of the transition.
Solving problems in computational physics using a general-purpose PDE solver

Abstract A general purpose partial differential equation solver, PDE2D, which is useful on a wide range of computational physics applications, including 1D, 2D and 3D, time-dependent, steady-state and eigenvalue problems, is described. This program has the advantages of being both accurate and very easy to use. Its wide applicability is illustrated by solving three representative quantum mechanics problems.
Template-assisted self-assembly: a versatile approach to complex micro- and nanostructures

Template-assisted self-assembly (TASA) is a process in which colloidal aggregates with well-controlled sizes, shapes, and structures are fabricated by dewetting aqueous dispersions of building blocks across surfaces patterned with two-dimensional arrays of templates. Since our first demonstration in 2001, the capability and feasibility of this approach has been illustrated with the organization of polymer latex spheres or silica beads into homo-aggregates, including circular rings; polygonal and polyhedral clusters; and linear, zigzag, and spiral chains. It has been demonstrated to produce hetero-aggregates in the configuration of HF and H2O molecules that contained colloidal spheres of different sizes, compositions, densities, optical properties, or a combination of these features. More recently, TASA has also been successfully extended to colloidal building blocks with sizes well below 100 nm, expanding this technique to the nanoscale where it is expected to impact on a broad range of applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection.
The question of extrinsic interference in direct leads

Abstract By simultaneous recording of two direct leads from the exposed surface of hearts with slowly progressive contraction waves, the following was observed: Deflections of the base line, amounting to a voltage of 3.5 mv. registered by one exploring electrode, were not accompanied by any simultaneous deflection on the tracing taken by another exploring electrode at a distance of 5 to 20 mm. from the first. The standardization of the registering galvanometers during the experiments was between 5 and 10 mm. per millivolt. Under the experimental conditions described in this paper, no interference of extrinsic voltages was registered on the exposed surface of the heart.
Influence of temperature, light and nutrient limitation on anthocyanin content of Potamogeton gramineus L.

Abstract Potamogeton gramineus L., growing in a northern California irrigation canal, was reddish-brown due to the presence of anthocyanin pigments. Tissue N and P were positively correlated with relative anthocyanin content. This suggests that anthocyanins did not accumulate due to N or P limitation. The anthocyanin content of P. gramineus grown in Byrnes Canal sediment, in the canal or in a greenhouse, was also unaffected by the addition of N, P, or N and P. Inorganic N concentrations in sediment samples from the Byrnes Canal were > 11 mg kg−1, which was the level of inorganic N associated with increased anthocyanin production in a greenhouse study. The addition of Fe to Byrnes Canal sediments did not influence the relative anthocyanin content of P. gramineus grown in the canal. P. gramineus grown at 25 combinations of temperature (10, 15, 25, 30 and 35°C) and light (8, 15, 22, 58 and 189 μmol m−2 s−1) in laboratory cultures exhibited greater changes in relative chlorophyll content than in relative anthocyanin content. In general, chlorophyll decreased sharply with increasing light while anthocyanin increased slightly. In the context of the light and temperature conditions prevalent in the Byrnes Canal, the reddish-brown color of P. gramineus appears to be the consequence of a decrease in relative chlorophyll content which unmasks the anthocyanins.
Acoustic analysis of four common voice diagnoses: moving toward disorder-specific assessment.

Summary Objectives To assess treatment outcomes via acoustic voice laboratory measurements before and after intervention in patients with common voice problems and Determine if outcome sensitivity of certain voice laboratory measures varies with disorder type. Study Design Retrospective and single-blinded. Methods In this study, 40 patients with a single voice disorder diagnosis of either benign vocal fold lesions (lesions), primary muscle tension dysphonia (MTD-1), vocal fold atrophy (atrophy) or unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) underwent baseline testing, a single intervention-type (phonosurgery/voice therapy), and follow-up testing at uniform time points. Ten patients per diagnosis group were analyzed before and after treatment. Time- and frequency-based acoustic measures taken from vowels and sentences as well as patient-perceptual analysis (Voice Handicap Index-10) were reviewed. Results Statistically significant improvements were observed for three of four groups. Patients with muscle tension dysphonia displayed an improvement in Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia speech (CSID) ( P P P P P P Conclusions For all groups except atrophy, treatment was successful in improving patient perception of voice handicap and/or some acoustic voice parameters. A disorder-specific response to frequency-based acoustic measures was found.
Lateral ion implant straggle and mask proximity effect

Lateral scattering of retrograde well implants is shown to have an effect on the threshold voltage of nearby devices. The threshold voltage of both NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs increases in magnitude for conventional retrograde wells, but for triple-well isolated NMOSFETs the threshold voltage decreases for narrow devices near the edge of the well. Electrical data, SIMS, and SUPREM4 simulations are shown that elucidate the phenomenon.
Microstructure-based Simulations of the High-Strain-Rate Response of Heterogeneous Ti/Al/B Reactive Powder Mixtures

We investigate the dynamic behavior under uniaxial stress loading conditions of heterogeneous mixtures of Ti/Al/B via impact simulations on simulated microstructures. We simulate a range of Al concentrations at a constant theoretical material density (TMD) to determine their effects on the mechanical response of a realistic microstructure to impact conditions. We also study particle-level effects such as mixing, extreme deformation, and hot spot formation due to void collapse, as a function of microstructure. Our goal is to shed light on the possible meso-scale phenomena that makes a certain mixture more reactive than others of variable Al composition.
Ekta+: opportunistic multiplexing in a wireless DHT

The bandwidth limitation, node mobility, and multi-access interference characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) pose unique challenges to deploying a DHT in MANETs. Previously, we proposed Ekta, a DHT protocol for MANETs that seamlessly integrates a DHT and a reactive routing protocol to effectively overcome the above challenges. In this paper, we propose an enhanced protocol to Ekta, called Ekta+, that improves the DHT routing performance of Ekta by exploiting the high degree of route reuse characteristic of DHTs - the very same characteristic that makes DHTs highly scalable. In essence, Ekta+ multiplexes (aggregates) many DHT messages (typically small packets) that share physical paths at clustering points which occur naturally in DHT routing. The multiplexing of multiple small packets into a single larger packet allows Ekta+ to reduce control overhead and interference which are critical to good performance in a MANET environment. We present the design of Ekta+ along with a preliminary performance evaluation using a detailed wireless network simulator.
The innervation of the primate fungiform papilla — development, distribution and changes following selective ablation

Abstract The development of the terminal parts of the chorda tympani nerve, lingual nerve and cranial sympathetics in the macaque fungiform papillae were studied by light- and electron microscopy. Their respective distributions in the intra- and extragemmal compartments of papillae from adult macaques were examined following selective ablation of each nerve. Prior to midgestation, a single bundle of unmyelinated axons which contained numerous axoaxonic synapses passed through the subepithelial connective tissue and ramified in the single nascent chemosensory corpuscle and surrounding non-gustatory epithelium. Following midgestation 1. (1), additional chemosensory corpuscles appeared, possibly by division of existing corpuscles, 2. (2) myelination of axons was begun, 3. (3) axoaxonic synapses were eliminated, and 4. (4) nerve terminals appeared in the subepithelial connective tissue as free nerve endings and coiled simple nerve endings. In the perinatal period, coiled simple endings, corpuscular receptors and Meissner corpuscles were present in the papilla core. Large numbers of intra-epithelial nerve endings were present in the extragemmal epithelium throughout development. Tonofilament collars ensheathed intra-epithelial axons and 80–100 nm dense core granules, occupying adjacent epithelial cells, appeared to be sequestered near such axons. Experimental selective ablation indicated that the terminal parts of chorda tympani fibers were present only within chemosensory corpuscles. In contrast, lingual nerve endings were present both in the extragemmal epithelium and chemosensory corpuscles and also were the sole supply of corpuscular receptors. Sympathetics appeared to be sparsely distributed in the papilla core. Intra-epithelial axons degenerated within 24 h following transection, while axons with Schwann or lamellar cell sheaths or myelin persisted for at least 3 days.
Coarse-Graining of TIP4P/2005, TIP4P-Ew, SPC/E, and TIP3P to Monatomic Anisotropic Water Models Using Relative Entropy Minimization

Coarse-grained models are becoming a competitive alternative for modeling processes that occur over time and length scales beyond the reach of fully atomistic molecular simulations. Ideally, coarse-grained models should not only achieve high computational efficiency but also provide accurate predictions and fundamental insight into the role of molecular interactions, the characteristic behavior, and properties of the system they model. In this work we derive a series of monatomic coarse-grained water models mXREM from the most popular atomistic water models X = TIP3P, SPC/E, TIP4P-Ew, and TIP4P/2005, using the relative entropy minimization (REM) method. Each coarse-grained water molecule is represented by a single particle that interacts through short-ranged anisotropic interactions that encourage the formation of “hydrogen-bonded” structures. We systematically investigate the features of the coarse-grained models in reproducing over 20 structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of the reference at...
On-line Compared with Face-to-face Introductory Food Science Courses: An Assessment

: This study tracked and compared the performance of traditional classroom and on-line students in 2 introductory level food science classes. Student evaluations were also compared for the 2 groups. All of the Face-to-face (FTF) students were full-time college students. Seventynine percent of on-line students lived over 50 miles from campus. About 21% of the on-line enrollments were of skilled workers from the food industry. Performance on standardized exams was significantly higher for on-line students. Student evaluations were very positive for both forms of instruction. Differences in maturity, academic load, motivation, class standing, and experience/knowledge of the food industry may have all played a role in the observed results. Although our study cannot differentiate between these effects, it is apparent that on-line food science instruction can be an effective alternative for individuals who are unable to attend traditional courses.
Stress lysis in childhood leukemia.

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can experience a decrease in their white blood count (WBC) prior to chemotherapy, a phenomenon commonly attributed to the administration of allopurinol and hydration. We reviewed the records of 20 children with newly diagnosed ALL prior to the administration of allopurinol and found that 80% of patients experienced a decrease in their WBC (median decrease 14,000/mm3) in the less than 24-hr interval between evaluation at the referring center and admission to our hospital (P = 0.002). The basis for this often-observed phenomenon appears to be that leukemic cells rapidly lyse in response to the stress-induced release of endogenous corticosteroids. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:137–139. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of Shot Peening Parameters on Process Effectiveness

The shot peening process is known for the surface treatment of metallic components. The process is used to enhance surface strength and extend component fatigue life by introducing a compressive residual stress pattern in the surface layers of the component. Numerical simulation of the shot peening process is a tool that has been recently used to help control the process. The simulation helps in investigating the effects of the process parameters with an aim of attaining the optimum residual stress profile and maximum process gain. In this paper, elasto-plastic finite element simulation is used to perform this investigative analysis. The process parameters that are varied in this analysis are: the shot diameter, shot velocity, incidence angle and target material. The analysis is to be carried for three different materials, namely, steel, aluminum and titanium. An Explicit commercial finite element code (ABAQUS) is used to simulate the impact phenomenon. The results of the analysis are sets of varying plots of residual stress through the depth of the targets.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A Strongly Interacting Pair of Residues on the Contact Surface of Charybdotoxin and a Shaker K+ Channel

Abstract Charybdotoxin, a peptide neurotoxin of known molecular structure, blocks Shaker K + channels by binding to a receptor at the outer opening of the ion conduction pathway. Analysis of variants of CTX at position 29 and of Shaker at position 449 shows that these two residues interact closely in the channel–toxin complex. The CTX mutation M29I leads to a slight strengthening of block when tested on Shaker -449T; the same CTX mutation weakens block 1700-fold when tested on Shaker -449F. The known position of CTX-29 on the toxin's interaction surface thus locates Shaker -449 within 5 A of the pore axis of the closed channel. All four subunits must carry the 449F mutation to produce a highly toxin-insensitive channel.
Abstract 5115: Inhibition of STAT-3 by piperlongumine induces anoikis in melanoma cells in vitro and blocks tumor formation potential in vivo.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 76,250 new cases of melanomas will be diagnosed in 2012 in the United States leading to at least 9810 related deaths. Metastasis of melanoma is the major challenge leading to the failure of its therapy. Hence, novel strategies to prevent metastasis are of prime importance. Anoikis is an anchorage independent cell death. Resistance to anoikis is one of the key features of a metastatic cell. In the current study, we show induction of anoikis by piperlongumine, a component of black pepper, by inhibition of STAT-3. Treatment of various melanoma cell lines in low attachment conditions with piperlongumine reduced the anoikis resistance in a concentration dependent manner. This decrease in anoikis resistance was associated with decrease in expression of STAT-3 and its phosphorylation at Y705. Significant down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, which are under the transcriptional regulation of STAT-3, was also observed by piperlongumine treatment indicating the role of STAT-3 in anoikis. Concentration dependent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was observed by piperlongumine treatment in melanoma cells. AG 490, an inhibitor of STAT-3 phosphorylation, alone induced anoikis in melanoma cells further indicating the role of STAT-3. IL-6 treatment not only increased the phophorylation of STAT-3 at Y05 but also abrogated the anoikis induced by piperlongumine. Silencing STAT-3 by shSTAT-3 sensitized the cells to piperlongumine treatment. On the other hand, over-expression of STAT-3 in SK-MEL28 and SK-MEL-2 cells conferred resistance to anoikis induced by piperlongumine. STAT-3 -/- SK-MEL-28 cells were highly sensitive to anoikis upon piperlongumine treatment. Finally, our in vivo studies established that melanoma cells treated with piperlongumine in suspension condition lost their potential to form tumors in mice. Taken together, our study suggests that the decrease in anoikis resistance induced by piperlongumine was mediated by STAT-3 inhibition. Notably, STAT-3 has been shown to be constitutively upregulated in melanoma rendering it resistant to chemotherapy and potential to metastasize. [Supported in part by R01 grant CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: Neel M. Fofaria, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Inhibition of STAT-3 by piperlongumine induces anoikis in melanoma cells in vitro and blocks tumor formation potential in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5115. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5115
Tuning of superconducting nanowire single-photon detector parameters for VLSI circuit testing using time-resolved emission

Time-Resolved Emission (TRE) is a truly non-invasive technique based on the detection of intrinsic light emitted by integrated circuits that is used for the detection of timing related faults from the backside of flip-chip VLSI circuits. Single-photon detectors with extended sensitivity in the Near Infrared (NIR) are used to perform time-correlated single-photon counting measurements and retrieve the temporal distribution of the emitted photons, thus identifying gates switching events. The noise, efficiency and jitter performance of the detector are crucial to enable ultra-low voltage waveform sensitivity. For this reason, cryogenically cooled Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) offer superior performance compared to state-of-the-art Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs). In this paper we will discuss how detector front-end electronics parameters, such as bias current, RF attenuation and comparator threshold, can be tailored to optimize the measurement Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), defined as the ratio between the switching emission peak amplitude and the standard deviation of the noise in the time interval in which there are no photons emitted from the circuit. For example, reducing the attenuation and the threshold of the comparator used to detect switching events may lead to an improvement of the jitter, due to the better discrimination of the detector firing, but also a higher sensitivity to external electric noise disturbances. Similarly, by increasing the bias current, both the detection efficiency and the jitter improve, but the noise increases as well. For these reasons an optimization of the SNR is necessary. For this work, TRE waveforms were acquired from a 32 nm Silicon On Insulator (SOI) chip operating down to 0.4 V using different generations of SNSPD systems.
Supporting Biracial Children's Identity Development

(2001). Supporting Biracial Children's Identity Development. Childhood Education: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 134-138.
Effect of Oxygen on the Auroral Afterglow

DURING the past year, I have been studying the effect of oxygen on the auroral afterglow in nitrogen. This afterglow is the one the spectrum of which corresponds to the nitrogen part of the auroral spectrum. Attention has been directed elsewhere1 to some of the more general results of these experiments, but in view of the recent communication by Vegard and Tonsberg2 on the difference between the spectra of sunlit and ordinary auroras, one aspect of my experiments seems worth special mention here.
TREATMENT OF CYANIDE WASTE IN A SEQUENCING BATCH BIOFILM REACTOR

Abstract Biological treatment of a synthetic leachate containing cyanide was accomplished in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). A mixed culture of organisms growing on silicone tubing were provided with cyanide as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Organisms consumed cyanide (20 mg/liter CN − WAD ) and produced ammonia in an approximate 1:1 molar yield. The SBBR was operated on a 24-h cycle. Over the course of each cycle, 20 mg/liter of cyanide was degraded to below 0.5 mg/liter. Results from four track studies are presented. It was demonstrated that, when supplied with glucose, the organisms would readily consume excess ammonia. For each mole of glucose added, 10 moles of NH 3 -N were removed from solution. The SBBR can be used as a mobile system for treatment of leachate from gold-mining operations. Large volumes of low concentration wastewater can be treated in the SBBR since it is not necessary to maintain a consortium of settling organisms. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
A test of causal sequences in two models for development of career-orientation in women☆

Abstract To evaluate the tenability of two causal orderings of variables in the development of career-orientation, responses of 92 college senior women to Need Achievement, Dating Frequency, and Career-Orientation items were analyzed. The postulated orderings were derived from two models: a compensatory model implying that failure in a woman's heterosexual affiliation leads to high n Ach which, in turn, produces high C-O; an enrichment model suggesting that a woman's high n Ach may lead to high C-O which, in turn, decreases heterosexual affiliation. Criteria for temporal sequences as per the Simon-Blalock correlational procedures rendered the enrichment model more tenable.
Pericardial cyst a rare mass abutting the aorta

Pericardial cysts are infrequently found. They are generally located in the cardiophrenic angle, dominantly on the right side. We present an example of a pericardial cyst in the anterior mediastinum abutting the ascending aorta.
Chemical tools for temporally and spatially resolved mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Accurate measurements of the abundances, synthesis rates and degradation rates of cellular proteins are critical for understanding how cells and organisms respond to changes in their environments. Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in the use of mass spectrometry for proteomic analysis. In many systems, however, protein diversity as well as cell and tissue heterogeneity limit the usefulness of mass spectrometry-based proteomics. As a result, researchers have had difficulty in systematically identifying proteins expressed within specified time intervals, or low abundance proteins expressed in specific tissues or in a few cells in complex microbial systems. In this review, we present recently-developed tools and strategies that probe these two subsets of the proteome: proteins synthesized during well-defined time intervals—temporally resolved proteomics—and proteins expressed in predetermined cell types, cells or cellular compartments—spatially resolved proteomics—with a focus on chemical and biological mass spectrometry-based methodologies.
Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters

As the literature on international water negotiations continues to grow, one resource of expertise remains untapped –that of indigenous populations who have historically inhabited arid regions throughout the world. This article investigates how indigenous peoples of two drylands regions – the Berbers of the High Atlas Mountains and the Bedouin of the Negev Desert –approach negotiations brought about by water scarcity and fluctuation, and their methods are described in the context of current international hydropolitics. Lessons learned from these indigenous methods for conflict resolution which are applicable to modern problems include the following: 1) Allocate time, not water. Berber water management quantifies water in units of time rather than in units of volume. This method allows for local management of a fluctuating supply, and provides a means for a water market without storage structures. 2) Prioritize different demand sectors. Berbers and Bedouin prioritize demand differently, but each provides a hierarchy of importance. This allows for less important uses to be cut off throughout a valley during low flow regimes, rather than entire down-stream villages, and protects investments in infrastructure. 3) Protect downstream and minority rights. Berbers allow only traditional diversion structures which, through their ``inefficiency,'' allow for flow to continue downstream, while Bedouin concepts of equity address honor and pride, as well as right and wrong. 4) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Each group has sophisticated mechanisms of dispute resolution, from which modern international management might benefit. Techniques include recognition of a defined water authority, and ``shared vision'' exercises. 5) The ``sulha.'' Both Berbers and Bedouin follow this Islamic practice of a ritual ceremony of forgiveness. Once the ceremony is performed, the dispute may not be discussed – it is as if it never occurred.
Fabrication of tunnel junction-based molecular electronics and spintronics devices

Tunnel junction-based molecular devices (TJMDs) are highly promising for realizing futuristic electronics and spintronics devices for advanced logic and memory operations. Under this approach, ~2.5 nm molecular device elements bridge across the ~2-nm thick insulator of a tunnel junction along the exposed side edge(s). This paper details the efforts and insights for producing a variety of TJMDs by resolving multiple device fabrication and characterization issues. This study specifically discusses (i) compatibility between tunnel junction test bed and molecular solutions, (ii) optimization of the exposed side edge profile and insulator thickness for enhancing the probability of molecular bridging, (iii) effect of fabrication process-induced mechanical stresses, and (iv) minimizing electrical bias-induced instability after the device fabrication. This research will benefit other researchers interested in producing TJMDs efficiently. TJMD approach offers an open platform to test virtually any combination of magnetic and nonmagnetic electrodes, and promising molecules such as single molecular magnets, porphyrin, DNA, and molecular complexes.
Life History and Biology of the Invasive Turkestan Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

ABSTRACT The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker), has become an important invasive species throughout the southwestern United States and has been reported in the southern United States. It is rapidly replacing the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis (L.), in urban areas of the southwestern United States as the most important peri-domestic species. They typically inhabit in-ground containers such as water meter, irrigation, and electrical boxes, raises of concrete, cracks and crevices, and hollow block walls. On occasion, they will invade dwellings. At 26.7°C, male and female nymphs developed into adults in an average of 222 and 224 d, respectively. Both males and females had five nymphal instars. Adult females deposited up to 25 oothecae. The oothecae averaged 16.8 eggs and 13.9 nymphs emerged per egg capsule, resulting in an 82.7% hatch rate. Adults lived for at least 612 d.Twoparameters that might contribute to the success of Turkestan cockroaches compared with oriental cockroaches are that...
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF IMIPRAMINE AND DESIPRAMINE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THEIR EFFECTS IN NORMAL MALES.

The effects of imipramine and desipramine were each examined at three dose levels in normal males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind procedure was employed. Effects were measured in a variety of behavioral and subjective responses. The resulting drug-action profiles reveal that imipramine produced hypnotic-like actions, as evidenced by the observation — and subjective reports — of marked sleepiness and concomitant impairment of intelectual and visuo-motor functioning. Side-effects of a cardiovascular, gastrointestinal disturbing, or anticholinergiclike nature were often experienced.
Characterization of LF9, an octoploid strawberry genotype selected for rapid regeneration and transformation.

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a valuable crop, yet the absence of a rapid, high-throughput transgenic system has precluded meaningful application of biotechnology and translation of information from plant models to this crop. A new octoploid strawberry genetic line Laboratory Festival #9 has been identified, selected solely for its rapid regeneration and efficient transformation. Direct organogenesis has been achieved from all tissues tested, with rapidly-growing shoot initials visible in as few as 13 days. The conditions for optimal shoot regeneration, transformant selection, root generation, and plant acclimatization are presented. The progression from explant to plant in soil can be achieved in about 60 days. The development of transformation protocols in this rapid-cycling genotype allows high-throughput studies of gene function in the octoploid strawberry genetic background.
‘1,3-dimetallabenzene’ derivatives of niobium and tantalum

Abstract The alkylidyne bridged compounds [(cb)2M(μ-CSiMe3)2M(cb)2] (1a M  Nb; 1b, M  Ta; cb = carbazole) react thermally with one equivalent of alkynes EtCCEt and Me3SiCCH to produce new organometallic derivatives 2 and 3, respectively. The molecular structures of 2 and 3 are shown to consist of non-planar six-membered di-metallacycles originating from insertion of an alkyne unit into one of the alkylidyne bridges of 1. Treatment of 1b with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2,6-diphenylphenol (ArOH) leads to the monophenoxide [(ArO)(cb)Ta(μ-CSiMe3)2Ta(cb)2] 4. Treatment of 4 with Me3SiCCH leads to the corresponding metallacycle [(ArO)(cb)Ta(μ-CSiMe3){μ-C(SiMe3)CHC(SiMe3)}Ta(cb)2] 5. Structural parameters for 2b, 3a, 3b and 5 obtained by X-ray diffraction show delocalization is present with four equivalent MC and two equivalent CC distances. The non-planar structure is best described as a twist of the planar [M(μ-C)M] and [CCC] units within the ring. The non-planar structure of 2a and 2b is maintained in solution as evidenced by diastereotopic methylene protons for the CH2CH3 substituents. At elevated temperatures coalescence to a simple A2B3 pattern is observed. From the coalescence temperatures of 328 K for 2b an activation barrier of 16.1(5) kcal mol−1 can be estimated for the adoption of a planar structure. The insertion of Me3SiCCH produces a 2,4,6-substitution pattern for 3a, 3b and 5 with the 5-H (beta to two metal centers) being downfield shifted to σ 8.43 (3a), 8.64 (3b) and 9.03 ppm (5).
Numerical simulation of submicron photolithographic processing

A complete numerical simulation package for submicron photolithography is described in depth. Four of the computational steps are analyzed: aerial image generation, exposure, postexposure bake, and dissolution. An application to bar printing over a MOSFET gate is described. In addition, the utility of phase-shift masks is described, and the effects of aberrations are explored.
Kronecker products in image restoration

A flexible preconditioning approach based on Kronecker product and singular value decomposition (SVD) approximations is presented. The approach can be used with a variety of boundary conditions, depending on what is most appropriate for the specific deblurring application. It is shown that, regardless of the imposed boundary condition, SVD approximations can be used effectively in filtering methods, such as the truncated SVD, as well as in designing preconditioners for iterative methods.