cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of open and closed kinematic chain exercises in rehabilitation of the lower extremity.

The goal of rehabilitation is to return patients to their preinjury level of function. This task is achieved by restoring specific parameters of function that include joint range of motion (ROM), muscle performance (i.e., torque, work, power, time rate of tension development), soft tissue flexibility, proprioception/kinesthesia/balance, agility, and cardiovascular conditioning. Several methods are used by clinicians to restore function, including modalities and manual therapy. A key element, however, is the application of resistive exercises. The implementation and progression of exercises employed by the clinician may affect the final outcome. Exercises are used to isolate muscle action over one joint in a cardinal plane of movement. Other exercises incorporate synergistic action of muscle groups over multiple joints, using multiplanar movements. Ideally, treatment should incorporate a variety of exercises to achieve optimum rehabilitation. To facilitate this process, the rehabilitation specialist should understand basic concepts ofhuman kinesiology, as well as anatomy and the physiology of soft tissue healing. The purpose of this article is to: define terms associated with human movement; discuss kinematic-chain exercises; review rehabilitation principles and exercise progression; and incorporate this information into case studies. TERMINOLOGY
Single-dose oral granisetron has equivalent antiemetic efficacy to intravenous ondansetron for highly emetogenic cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

PURPOSETo compare the antiemetic efficacy of a single dose of an oral antiemetic (granisetron 2 mg) with a single dose of an intravenous (i.v.) antiemetic (ondansetron 32 mg) given before cisplatin-based chemotherapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSThis was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Patients (N = 1,054) scheduled to receive cisplatin (> or = 60 mg/m2)-based chemotherapy were randomized to receive either 2 mg of oral granisetron tablets 1 hour before chemotherapy (n = 534) or i.v. ondansetron (32 mg) 30 minutes before chemotherapy (n = 520). The primary efficacy end point was total control (no emesis, no nausea, and no use of antiemetic rescue medication) over the initial 24 hours after the start of chemotherapy. Dexamethasone or methylprednisolone were permitted, but not required, as concomitant prophylactic antiemetics.RESULTSTotal control was equivalent 24 hours after cisplatin chemotherapy for single-dose oral granisetron (54.7%) and i.v. ondansetron (58.3%) (95% confidence int...
Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Contact

In a world where most individuals speak more than one language and most languages are in contact with other languages, the study of language in its social context must take into account language contact. Two central questions in the study of language contact and change are (1) whether social or linguistic factors are primary in predicting the outcomes of contact; and (2) whether change in the context of contact is a foregone conclusion. Quantitative studies of sociolinguistic variation provide an effective means of observing change in progress, but the majority of such studies have focused on monolingual speakers/communities. This article gives a brief summary of the study of language contact in variationist sociolinguistics before turning to a discussion of the types of data and approaches best suited to answering the question of how and when contact causes change in multilingual communities. Recognizing that the description of a multilingual community involves more social parameters and more inter-individual variation than a monolingual one, this article focuses on a core list of social factors to consider in studies of variation and change in multilingual communities, organized so that possible intersections may also be considered.
The Hitchhiking Effect on the Site Frequency Spectrum of DNA Polymorphisms

The level of DNA sequence variation is reduced in regions of the Drosophila melanogaster genome where the rate of crossing over per physical distance is also reduced. This observation has been interpreted as support for the simple model of genetic hitchhiking, in which directional selection on rare variants, e.g., newly arising advantageous mutants, sweeps linked neutral alleles to fixation, thus eliminating polymorphisms near the selected site. However, the frequency spectra of segregating sites of several loci from some populations exhibiting reduced levels of nucleotide diversity and reduced numbers of segregating sites did not appear different from what would be expected under a neutral equilibrium model. Specifically, a skew toward an excess of rare sites was not observed in these samples, as measured by Tajima's D. Because this skew was predicted by a simple hitchhiking model, yet it had never been expressed quantitatively and compared directly to DNA polymorphism data, this paper investigates the hitchhiking effect on the site frequency spectrum, as measured by Tajima's D and several other statistics, using a computer simulation model based on the coalescent process and recurrent hitchhiking events. The results presented here demonstrate that under the simple hitchhiking model (1) the expected value of Tajima's D is large and negative (indicating a skew toward rare variants), (2) that Tajima's test has reasonable power to detect a skew in the frequency spectrum for parameters comparable to those from actual data sets, and (3) that the Tajima's Ds observed in several data sets are very unlikely to have been the result of simple hitchhiking. Consequently, the simple hitchhiking model is not a sufficient explanation for the DNA polymorphism at those loci exhibiting a decreased number of segregating sites yet not exhibiting a skew in the frequency spectrum.
Joshua A. Fishman 1926–2015

Joshua Fishman died in March this year. He was founder-editor of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language, one of the early and central journals of sociolinguistics. Alongside this major editorial involvement, which he maintained to the end, he also edited several of the field-defining book collections which helped shape the growing field in the 1960s and 70s. He might well have viewed the founding of the Journal of Sociolinguistics in 1997 as unfortunate or competitive, the more so since our opening manifesto questioned the role of traditional sociology in our field. But Fishman responded graciously and positively to the invitation from me and Nikolas Coupland to join our inaugural Editorial Board. He remained on the Board, and was warm in his support and advice. The one piece he published with us was in 2000, a very personal obituary for Charles Ferguson which was notable for the respect and warmth it displayed. The editorial team is indebted to Fishman's longtime collaborator, Ofelia Garcia, for this memoir on him and his significance in sociolinguistics. The Editors
Anaerobiosis and Sodium Accumulation

ACCUMULATION of most cations by higher plants is considered to be an aerobic process. However, we now find that sodium is in part an exception to this generalization. Uptake of sodium by 6-day old plants of Hordeum vulgare, variety Atlas 46, occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Accumulation in the roots under anaerobic conditions is restricted to a period of about 2 hr. (Fig. 1), during which time transport to the shoots is almost nil (Fig. 2). The amount of sodium accumulated by plants the roots of which are in either aerobic or anaerobic solutions is inhibited by substances such as iodoacetate and methylene blue, indicative of the initial uptake being coupled to metabolic reactions in both cases rather than to passive processes. Non-steady-state uptake by the anaerobic plants, which decreases with time as if some process is attenuating, suggests that the reactions involving sodium uptake are several steps removed from the respiratory chain.
Hematologic disorders and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

The management of end-stage heart failure patients has changed dramatically in the past decade, primarily as a result of the use of mechanical circulatory support devices. In the 5-year period between 2007 and 2012, the number of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) implanted in the United States has increased almost 10-fold, from 247 in 2007 to 2162 in 2012. 1 Both improvements in the technology of the devices as well as expansion of the patient population, including not only those waiting for heart transplant but also those ineligible for transplant for whom the LVAD is used as a destination device, are responsible for this increase. Although overall outcomes have improved significantly, high rates of bleeding and thrombotic complications still occur. Almost 39% of patients will have bleeding complications; 17% will develop neurologic dysfunction, including thromboembolic strokes and intracranial hemorrhage; 5.4% venous thromboembolism (VTE); and 1.3% non-stroke arterial embolic events. 1 An increase in early post-implantation device thrombosis for the HeartMate II LVAD, the most commonly used device, has also been reported recently. 2
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and cyclin D1 promoter activity in cultured airway smooth-muscle cells. Role of Ras.

We hypothesized that in bovine tracheal myocytes, growth factor treatment induces transcription from the cyclin D1 promoter that is dependent on the activation of both Ras and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). We found that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treatment induced substantial activation of ERK2 that was blocked by expression of a dominant-negative Ha-Ras. Further, expression of a constitutively active Ha-Ras induced substantial ERK2 activity, consistent with the notion that Ras is required and sufficient for ERK activation. PDGF treatment induced only modest activation of the Jun amino terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Active Ras induced similar responses, implying that complete activation of the JNK and p38 pathways requires additional or alternative upstream signaling intermediates besides Ras. In contrast, expression of a constitutively active Rac1, an alternative guanosine triphosphatase involved in intracellular signaling, produced a h...
Politics, Military Spending, and the National Welfare

This paper has two major parts. First, the work of a Review Committee appointed by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) to evaluate the CIA's estimates of Soviet military spending is evaluated. The Review Committee's criticisms are presented in detail and, in general, they expressed “… serious reservations about certain methodologies and reporting styles …” which resulted in CIA estimates of Soviet military spending that were too high. The Review Committee's criticisms, while in the right direction, were deemed to be too lenient.
Structural Properties of Proteins as a Basis for Separation

In this brief review we focus on the molecular properties of proteins that are commonly exploited for their bioseparation. A formalism is then presented illustrating how structure (primary through quartenary) defines the properties of a protein and hence establishes the dominant interactions that determine the most appropriate group of separation processes that need to be considered for the recovery of the desired protein. The paper concludes with the assertion that recombinant DNA techniques will play an increasingly important role in protein separations
Bayesian estimation for target tracking: part II, the Gaussian sigma‐point Kalman filters

This is the second part of a three part article examining methods for Bayesian estimation and tracking. In the first part we presented the general theory of Bayesian estimation where we showed that Bayesian estimation methods can be divided into two very general classes: a class where the observation conditioned posterior densities are propagated in time through a predictor/corrector method; and a second class where the first two moments are propagated in time, with state and observation moment prediction steps followed by state moment update steps that use the latest observations. In this second part, we make the assumption that all densities are Gaussian and, after applying an affine transformation and approximating all nonlinear functions by interpolating polynomials, we recover the sigma-point class of Kalman filters, including the unscented, spherical simplex, and Gauss-Hermite Kalman filters. In part 3, we will show that approximating a density by a set of Monte Carlo samples leads to particle filter methods, where the posterior density is propagated in time and moment integrals are approximated by sample moments. WIREs Comput Stat 2012 doi: 10.1002/wics.1215 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Interaction of insulin and phorbol esters on the regulation of DNA synthesis in rat hepatome cells

Insulin and phorbol esters stimulated DNA synthesis in rat H4 hepatoma cells. Insulin and phorbol ester induction of thymidine incorporation was dose-dependent, with a maximal 4.2- and 3.0-fold increases at concentrations of 1 x 10(-9)M and 1 microM, respectively. Phorbol esters in combination with increasing concentrations of insulin resulted in additive effects, but only at submaximal insulin concentrations. The combination failed to increase thymidine incorporation above the maximal effects produced by insulin alone. When cells were pretreated with phorbol esters for 24h to produce protein kinase-C (PKC) deficiency, basal DNA synthesis was depressed. Pretreatment with phorbol esters abolished the effects of phorbol esters to induce DNA synthesis but did not impair the magnitude of insulin-induced DNA synthesis. Thus, although phorbol ester-activatable PKC-activity was necessary for basal DNA synthesis, it was not necessary for insulin-induction of DNA synthesis in H4 cells.
A boundary integral method applied to plates of arbitrary plan form

Abstract An integral equation method for the solution of thin elastic plates of arbitrary plan form has been presented. The method involves embedding the real plate in a fictitious plate for which the Green's function is known. An unknown load vector is then introduced on the boundary of the real plate (line load and line normal moment). The deflection field due to both known transverse and unknown boundary loads can then be found everywhere by superposition. Satisfaction of the boundary conditions on the real plate results in a vector integral equation in the unknown boundary vector. In concept, any consistent set of boundary conditions will yield a solution. Practically, boundary conditions requiring higher derivatives of the deflection are both very cumbersome and yield singularities in the integral equations which cause numerical difficulties. For these reasons only clamped boundary conditions are treated numerically in the present paper. For interior bending moments and deflections (greater than distances of the order of one boundary subdivision from the boundary) the method is both highly accurate and inexpensive. Errors right on the boundary, e.g. the clamping moment in the clamped boundary condition case, can be appreciable, however. While this can be improved by a more sophisticated treatment of the unknown boundary vector in the numerical solution (increased expense) it is shown in the paper that a simple boundary extrapolation procedure gives excellent accuracy there.
The Hawaiian Archipelago is a stepping stone for dispersal in the Pacific: an example from the plant genus Melicope (Rutaceae)

Aim Pacific biogeographical patterns in the widespread plant genus Melicope J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Rutaceae) were examined by generating phylogenetic hypotheses based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal sequence data. The aims of the study were to identify the number of colonization events of Melicope to the Hawaiian Islands and to reveal the relationship of Hawaiian Melicope to the Hawaiian endemic genus Platydesma H. Mann. The ultimate goal was to determine if the Hawaiian Islands served as a source area for the colonization of Polynesia. Location Nineteen accessions were sampled in this study, namely eight Melicope species from the Hawaiian Islands, four from the Marquesas Islands, one species each from Tahiti, Australia and Lord Howe Island, two Australian outgroups and two species of the Hawaiian endemic genus Platydesma. To place our results in a broader context, 19 sequences obtained from GenBank were included in an additional analysis, including samples from Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Southeast Polynesia and Asia. Methods DNA sequences were generated across 19 accessions for one nuclear ribosomal and three chloroplast gene regions. Maximum parsimony analyses were conducted on separate and combined data sets, and a maximum likelihood analysis was conducted on the combined nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast data set. A broader nuclear ribosomal maximum parsimony analysis using sequences obtained from GenBank was also performed. Geographic areas were mapped onto the combined chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal tree, as well as onto the broader tree, using the parsimony criterion to determine the dispersal patterns. Results Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Platydesma is nested within Melicope and is sister to the Hawaiian members of Melicope. The Hawaiian Melicope + Platydesma lineage was a result of a single colonization event, probably from the Austral region. Finally, Marquesan Melicope descended from at least one, and possibly two, colonization events from the Hawaiian Islands. Main conclusions These data demonstrate a shifting paradigm of Pacific oceanic island biogeography, in which the patterns of long-distance dispersal and colonization in the Pacific are more dynamic than previously thought, and suggest that the Hawaiian Islands may act as a stepping stone for dispersal throughout the Pacific.
Masculinity and Schooling

(2002). Masculinity and Schooling. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 306-312.
Multipulley Belt Drive Mechanics: Creep Theory vs Shear Theory

This paper investigates two belt mechanics theories and discusses the situations and materials for which they apply. Traditional creep theory is presented along with shear theory which was recently introduced to describe the behavior of steel-reinforced belts. Emphasis is placed on determination of tensions in the spans of a running belt and on applying results to multipulley configurations.
Recognizing and treating depression in children and adolescents

Purpose. The clinical presentation and neurobiology of depression in youth and its appropriate treatment, as well as strategies for improving therapeutic benefit and preventing adverse outcomes, including suicide, are reviewed. Summary. Functionally impairing depression occurs in 2–10% of children and adolescents. A diagnosis of depression should be considered when a physically healthy child exhibits depressed mood or anhedonia, multiple somatic complaints, or behavioral changes, such as bullying, aggression, and social withdrawal. Risk factors for depression include childhood trauma, genetic susceptibility, and environmental stressors. Antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy are the most effective treatments for adolescents with depression. Youth are at risk for the same adverse effects as adults but have an increased risk of behavioral activation, or switch, to mania and suicidal thoughts and behaviors early in treatment. Compared with other antidepressants, fluoxetine has the most evidence for safety and efficacy, particularly in adolescents 12 years or older. There is very little evidence for the effectiveness of any antidepressant in children 11 years and younger. Youth receiving antidepressants should be monitored closely for new-onset or worsening suicidality, particularly during the first two weeks after starting medication, and for three months of therapy. Behavioral activation, aggression, worsening depression, anxiety, insomnia, or impulsivity can herald a switch to mania or suicidality. Conclusion. Depression in youth is common and treatable and responds best to multimodal treatment combining patient and family education, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressant medication. The potential benefits of antidepressants outweigh the risks for adolescents. Family and psychotherapeutic interventions are most effective for prepubertal children.
Quantum Physics and the Dream Metaphor, Part II

To investigate the nature of reality it is necessary to use any clues that one can. Quantum physics and the fact of conscious experience are among those clues. We present a model of reality which uses the metaphors of a dream to describe our experience and to make some of the strange aspects of quantum physics seem more intuitive.
Bureaucratic Tyranny: “The Price of Structure” in the American University

I first encountered Laurence Veysey as an undergraduate at Pennsylvania State University in the early 1990s. I did not meet Veysey, who had long since left the academy. Nor did I read The Emergence of the American University, which happened years later in graduate school. Actually, my first contact with Laurence R. Veysey occurred without me knowing it. Despondent over the size of and lack of rigor in many of my general education classes and encouraged by my academic advisor-a child of the 1960s counterculture and an acolyte of authenticity-I picked up my dormitory room phone. "Hello, my name is Christopher Loss. I'm a third year student at Penn State. I'd like to speak with President Thomas about the problems with the undergraduate curriculum." [Silence] "What's your name, again," asked the receptionist? [Writing] "The President is unavailable at this time. Give me your Social Security number. I'll call you right back." A few minutes later I received a call confirming a one-on-one appointment with the president for the following week. Our meeting was brief. President Thomas sat quietly, nodded thoughtfully, and allowed me to talk. But after about ten minutes, he interrupted. "Chris," said the President, "I would like you to serve on the Undergraduate Life Committee of the Penn State Faculty Senate." Flattered beyond belief, I agreed on the spot.' Had I read Veysey before my meeting, however, I would have been less impressed by my solo ascent to the summit of the Penn State bureaucracy. Had I read Veysey, I would have known that in the modern university
A third Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype due to maternal uniparental disomy 15 with mosaic trisomy 15

A third Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype due to maternal uniparental disomy 15 with mosaic trisomy 15
Determining patterns in neural activity for reaching movements using nonnegative matrix factorization

We propose the use of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) as a model-independent methodology to analyze neural activity. We demonstrate that, using this technique, it is possible to identify local spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity in the form of sparse basis vectors. In addition, the sparseness of these bases can help infer correlations between cortical firing patterns and behavior. We demonstrate the utility of this approach using neural recordings collected in a brain-machine interface (BMI) setting. The results indicate that, using the NMF analysis, it is possible to improve the performance of BMI models through appropriate pruning of inputs.
Introduction of intellectual property courses in the STEM curriculum

The paper explains and emphasizes the need to include mandatory Intellectual Property (IP) courses in the undergraduate and graduate curriculum of STEM students. It prescribes the proposed content of IP to be covered at undergraduate level, and graduate depending on the degree pursued by the STEM student. More importantly, this paper advocates for an Integrated PhD/JD degree to produce highly skilled patent attorneys and agents, to overcome the problem of poor quality of patents, and the high number of patent related litigations. A framework is suggested which would enable STEM departments and law schools to successfully offer this integrated degree, and students to successfully pursue and complete this degree program in a realistic manner; without compromising any stake holder's interest.
Emergency ABO-incompatible liver transplant secondary to fulminant hepatic failure: Outcome, role of TPE and review of the literature

The increasing demand for solid organ transplants has brought to light the need to utilize organs in critical situations despite ABO-incompatibility. However, these transplantations are complicated by pre-existing ABO antibodies which may be potentially dangerous and makes the transplantation prone to failure due to rejection with resulting necrosis or intrahepatic biliary complications. We report the clinical outcome of an emergency ABO-incompatible liver transplant (due to fulminant hepatic failure with sudden and rapidly deteriorating mental status) using a modified therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) protocol. The recipient was O-positive with an initial anti-B titer of 64 and the cadaveric organ was from a B-positive donor. The patient underwent initial TPE during the peri-operative period, followed by a series of postoperative daily TPE, and later a third series of TPE for presumptive antibody-mediated rejection. The latter two were performed in conjunction with the use of IVIg and rituximab. The recipient's anti-B titer was reduced and maintained at 8 or less 8 months post-op. However, an elevation of transaminases 3 months post-transplant triggered a biopsy which was consistent with cellular rejection and with weak C4d positive staining suggestive of antibody mediated rejection. Additional plasma exchange procedures were performed. The patient improved rapidly after modification of her immunosuppression regimen and treatment with plasma exchange. This case illustrates that prompt and aggressive plasma exchange, in conjunction with immunosuppression, is a viable approach to prevent and treat antibody mediated transplant rejection in emergency ABO-incompatible liver transplant.
Acid-base relationships of cerebrospinal fluid and blood in children.

Abstract Data is presented regarding the acid-base relationships of cerebrospinal fluid and arterialized capillary blood in a group of infants and children without known metabolic disorders residing in an institution for the mentally retarded. The means of the acid-base parameters in blood were essentially similar to normal adult means. The means of CSF pH and HCO3− were lower compared to normal adult means. Correlational analysis revealed minimal association between CSF and blood acid-base parameters of individual subjects. No major deviations in CSF or blood acid-base balance were detected in any subjects in the group. A description is given of modifications reqired to determine the CSF acid-base status utilizing the Astrup pH apparatus.
The Functional Network of the Arabidopsis Plastoglobule Proteome Based on Quantitative Proteomics and Genome-Wide Coexpression Analysis

Plastoglobules (PGs) in chloroplasts are thylakoid-associated monolayer lipoprotein particles containing prenyl and neutral lipids and several dozen proteins mostly with unknown functions. An integrated view of the role of the PG is lacking. Here, we better define the PG proteome and provide a conceptual framework for further studies. The PG proteome from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf chloroplasts was determined by mass spectrometry of isolated PGs and quantitative comparison with the proteomes of unfractionated leaves, thylakoids, and stroma. Scanning electron microscopy showed the purity and size distribution of the isolated PGs. Compared with previous PG proteome analyses, we excluded several proteins and identified six new PG proteins, including an M48 metallopeptidase and two Absence of bc1 complex (ABC1) atypical kinases, confirmed by immunoblotting. This refined PG proteome consisted of 30 proteins, including six ABC1 kinases and seven fibrillins together comprising more than 70% of the PG protein mass. Other fibrillins were located predominantly in the stroma or thylakoid and not in PGs; we discovered that this partitioning can be predicted by their isoelectric point and hydrophobicity. A genome-wide coexpression network for the PG genes was then constructed from mRNA expression data. This revealed a modular network with four distinct modules that each contained at least one ABC1K and/or fibrillin gene. Each module showed clear enrichment in specific functions, including chlorophyll degradation/senescence, isoprenoid biosynthesis, plastid proteolysis, and redox regulators and phosphoregulators of electron flow. We propose a new testable model for the PGs, in which sets of genes are associated with specific PG functions.
Earth Scientists and Public Policy: Have We Failed New Orleans?

Earth scientists rarely influence public policy or urban planning. In defiance of geologic reality, cities are established on or expanded into floodplains, wetlands, earthquake faults, and active volcanoes. One exception to our lack of influence is that shortly after a major natural disaster, there is a brief window of heightened public awareness that may lead to sensible regulation or relocation of infrastructure. After the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, for example, California building codes were improved to reduce earthquake hazard. After Mississippi River flooding in 1993, several U.S. cities designated parts of their low-lying flood-plain as green space.
Maximum-entropy calculation of free energy distributions in tRNAs.

Abstract We have previously shown that the distribution function describing the probability that a biological macromolecule picked at random has a particular enthalpy value can be calculated from the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the macromolecule. The free energy as a function of enthalpy (free energy distribution) can then be determined from the enthalpy probability distribution. In addition, the free energy distribution at an arbitrary temperature can be calculated from the free energy distribution at a reference temperature. Here we apply this approach to a family of similar macromolecules, namely a set of transfer RNAs, specifically tRNA Phe , tRNA Val , tRNA Met , tRNA Ser , tRNA Asp and tRNA Ile . Using published heat-capacity data, we calculate the enthalpy probability distribution functions for all of these molecules at five different temperatures covering the range from 30 to 80 °C. We then use these distributions to give a reference free-energy distribution, from which the thermodynamics at any temperature can be calculated for each species. We compare the reference free-energy distribution for the five tRNAs and find that, while the overall form of the distributions is similar, the local behavior of the functions varies considerably between the species.
Confocal Fluorescence Imaging to Detect the Drug-induced Abnormality of Intracellular Ca2+ in Rat Brain

We have demonstrated a microscopic method of measuring intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the brain using the fluorescence calcium indicator Rhod2 to characterize cocaine-induced abnormality of the brain [Ca2+]iwith cellular morphological visualization.
Building a Lens for Critical Reflection and Reflexivity in Social Work Education

In order to fulfill the mission of the profession, social work educators are challenged to assist future practitioners to build a critically reflective lens for social work practice. This article presents a journey in utilizing reflection as a teaching tool in graduate social work education. A theoretical framework for utilizing critical reflection as a pedagogical strategy is presented. Specific tools for structuring reflection and enhancing critical thinking are offered. The authors discuss the process in moving from reflection which utilizes critical thinking skills to reflexivity which relies on critical social theory.
Liquid reagent CVD of carbon. I. Processing and microstructure

The processing and microstructure of carbon coatings deposited using liquid reagent CVD were studied. High density pyrolytic carbon coatings were successfully deposited on graphite and molybdenum substrates from benzene and cyclohexane precursors. Very high deposition rates were obtained. Examination via transmission electron microscopy showed that the deposits were of the desired turbostratic nodular structure with low texture.
Mean zonal wind and temperature structure during the PMP-1 winter periods

Abstract Since Autumn of 1978, the National Meteorological Center of the United States National Weather Service has been archiving in a single, unique data set, global, daily synoptic analyses and computer gridded fields of geopotential height and temperature at 18 pressure levels from 1000 to 0.4 mb. The paper discusses the fields, with special emphasis on data and analysis procedures used for the stratospheric fields, along with estimates of uncertainties. Results are presented for the mean zonal wind and temperature patterns for each January of the four PMP-1 winters 1978/79 to 1981/82. The Preparatory MAP (Middle Atmosphere Program) Project for coordinated study of the behavior of the middle atmosphere is called PMP-1.
Applying transactional analysis and personality assessment to improve patient counseling and communication skills.

Objective. To teach pharmacy students how to apply transactional analysis and personality assessment to patient counseling to improve communication. Design. A lecture series for a required pharmacy...
The Battle for the République Démocratique et Sociale in the Narbonnais, 1830–1875 – By Christopher E. Guthrie

This author presents a thoroughly researched and clearly organized and written volume focusing on the history of republican opposition movements between the French revolutions of 1830 and 1871 in t...
How organizations work: Taking a holistic approach to enterprise health

Alan P. Brache New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002, USA $29.95, Canada $34.00, UK £ 41.99, ISBN 0 471 20033 6 Global changes are putting unique demands on organizational leadership to increase ...
Using a meta-modelling knowledge management layer – a new approach to designing the enterprise information architecture

As managers continue to use varied set of information technologies in this fast moving era of globalisation, electronic commerce, and mobile commerce, organisations should adopt an information technology architecture that manages knowledge and meta-knowledge, and enables decision-makers to use information systems on a business intelligence platform. Thus, there is a need for an integrated, adaptive, flexible enterprise information architecture that enforces knowledge sharing and meta-knowledge management in an organisation. This study proposes an enterprise information architecture model for business and technology framework that includes a meta-knowledge-modelling level to enable knowledge sharing besides data and information sharing through organisational information systems. Further, the model is illustrated through two applications of meta-knowledge management systems through the use of object-oriented paradigm.
Preparation of primary cultured mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells for fluorescent imaging and physiological studies.

Preparation of primary cultured mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells for fluorescent imaging and physiological studies
Editorial Euthanasia and assisted suicide: The physician's role.

The American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs defines euthanasia as the act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick a...
Design of a laser beam line expander

The design of an optical element for laser beam line expansion is described. The element which bears some resemblance to a prism with a small radius at its apex expands the laser beam in one direction only. The technique for designing such a lens is given together with examples of lenses having different rates of divergence.
A necessary and sufficient condition for embedding principally decomposable finite lattices into the computably enumerable degrees preserving greatest element

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for embedding principally decomposable finite lattices into the computably enumerable (c.e.) degrees preserving greatest element. In the earlier work Lerman [19] gave a necessary and sufficient condition for embeddings of principally decomposable lattices into the c.e. degrees that do not preserve greatest element. Here, we present the construction of an embedding of a principally decomposable lattice that preserves greatest element, prove that Lerman's condition is sufficient for such an embedding construction and show that the necessity of the condition follows from [19].
Notch-1 inhibits apoptosis in murine erythroleukemia cells and is necessary for differentiation induced by hybrid polar compounds.

Strikingly increased expression of notch-1 has been demonstrated in several human malignancies and pre-neoplastic lesions. However, the functional consequences of notch-1 overexpression in transformed cells remain unclear. We investigated whether endogenously expressed notch-1 controls cell fate determination in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells during pharmacologically induced differentiation. We found that notch-1 expression is modulated during MEL cell differentiation. Premature downregulation of notch-1 during differentiation, by antisense S-oligonucleotides or by enforced expression of antisense notch-1 mRNA, causes MEL cells to abort the differentiation program and undergo apoptosis. Downregulation of notch-1 expression in the absence of differentiation inducer increases the likelihood of spontaneous apoptosis. We conclude that in MEL cells, endogenous notch-1 expression controls the apoptotic threshold during differentiation and growth. In these cells, notch-1 allows differentiation by preventing apoptosis of pre-committed cells. This novel function of notch-1 may play a role in regulating apoptosis susceptibility in notch-1 expressing tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 73:164–175, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metal–polysiloxane shields for radiation therapy of maxillo–facial tumors

In the treatment of some head and neck lesions with high-intensity radiation (teletherapy), an essential procedure is the application of an individually customized shielding appliance, which is designed, modeled, and formed into a working extra- or intraoral stent for the purpose of sparing healthy tissues. The present state of the art is slow and technique intensive, which can add to patient discomfort and inconvenience during molding and fabrication. A new formulation is described, which offers speed and ease of forming a moldable composite stent especially for intraoral use. Interleaved stacks of calibrated thin radiochromic film strips and soft-tissue-simulating plastic (polystyrene) layers gave a means of mapping one- or two-dimensional profiles of dose distributions adjacent to the high-density shielding materials using a spectrophotometer equipped with a gel scanner or a scanning laser-beam microdensitometer. Tests using collimated gamma-ray beams from a 60Co teletherapy unit were made in order to measure the dose distribution near interfaces of tissue-simulating polymer and the composite stent material with and without mixtures of metals (Ag-Cu and Sn-Sb). These results show that quickly formed composites made of a flexible resin with high concentrations of powdered spherical metal alloys provide effective custom-designed shielding, and, with a thin overlayer of the resin without metal, a diminished back-scattered radiation dose to normal tissues. An example of a successful formulation is a mixture of 90% by weight Ag-Cu alloy powder in a vinyl polysiloxane resin. This material is a moldable putty which, upon polymerization, forms a rigid elastomeric material, providing a half-value layer of approximately 2.5 to 2.8 cm for a gamma-ray beam from a 60Co source.
Basic research needs for advanced nuclear energy systems

This article is reproduced from excerpts from the Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, U.S. Department of Energy, October 2006, www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/fi les/ANES_rpt.pdf.
Millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber access architecture for implementing real-time cloud computing service

A cloud computing access network architecture based on millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber technologies has been proposed and demonstrated. Real-time communication between centralized computing resources and mobile wireless users are provided by bidirectional millimeter-wave over fiber links.
Turbulence in two-phase dispersed flows

Turbulence measurements in dispersed-bubble two-phase pipe flow, using laser velocimetry techniques, are presented. The turbulence-intensity measurements show a strong dependence on the quality of the flow. A theoretical basis for the prediction of turbulence levels in two-phase flows is proposed. The approach is applied to dispersed-gas/liquid (bubbly) and solid/gas (particulate) two-phase flows, for which experimental data are available, with excellent results.
Studies on membrane synthesis in Bacillus megaterium KM.

Abstract Radioactive palmitic acid was used to label specifically the cell membrane of exponentially growing Bacillus megaterium KM. The purified membranes contained approximately 80% of the total incorporated radioactivity. Extraction of the membrane lipids with 90 % aqueous acetone and 2:1 chloroform-methanol, and subsequent separation by column and thin-layer chromatography, demonstrated that the incorporated label was primarily in membrane phospholipid. Turnover and metabolism of membrane lipid was found to be small with respect to lipid synthesis in logarithmically growing cells. The site of lipid incorporation into the membrane was studied by two radioautographic techniques. In the first, the distribution of silver grains in whole cells and in half cells was determined for both pulse-labeled and fully-labeled cells. The experimental data were compared with theoretical distributions. The half-cell distribution was symmetric for fully-labeled cells but was highly asymmetric for pulse-labeled cells. Both whole cell distributions approximated Poisson distributions. The asymmetric pulse-label distribution was further examined by serial section radioautography. Analysis of the silver-grain distribution in the first four cell sections from the end of the cell suggests a site of lipid incorporation with the first 0.2μ of the cell end (the limit of resolution of the experiment). The distribution of membrane in cell division was studied by growth of fully-labeled cells on agar-coated microscope slides followed by radioautography. Membrane growth was found to be primarily end-localized, confirming the pulse-label experiment. The membrane lipid was also found, in general, to be conserved in cell growth and division.
The Role of Cerium Orthosilicate in the Densification of Si3N4

The existence of compounds between Si3N4-CeO2 and Si3N4-Ce2O3 was investigated for firing temperatures of 1600° to 1700°C. The two new monoclinic compounds found were Ce2O3·2Si3N4 with lattice parameters a= 16.288, b= 4.848, and c=7.853 A and β=91.54° and Ce4Si2O7N2 with lattice parameters a= 10.360, b= 10.865, and c=3.974 A and β=90.33°. Cerium orthosilicate (Ce4.67(SiO4)3O) is present during firing as a glassy intermediate phase which promotes sintering and densification and then reacts with silicon nitride to form cerium silicon oxynitrde (CeSiO2N).
Visual recognition memory in the preterm infant

Discrimination between familiar and novel visual stimuli was studied in human preterm newborns using a technique in which illumination of visual stimuli was contingent on nonnutritive high-amplitude sucking (HAS). Increased HAS following a shift to a novel color-pattern stimulus, relative to a no-shift control session, was obtained for a group of sixteen infants. A replication of this novelty discrimination effect was obtained with seven of the sixteen infants who were available for two additional testing sessions. Six of the seven infants showed increased levels of differential responsiveness to the familiar and novel stimuli on the replication measure. Individual differences in visual exploration and responsiveness to novelty were negatively correlated with perinatal complications, and positively correlated with maturation level.
Understanding Individual Differences in Employee Empowerment

Employee empowerment is essential for organizational success. Managers have increasingly heavy workloads as organizations seek to maintain a lean workforce, so the ability for lower level employees...
Integrated Colonization Control of Salmonella in Poultry

Control of the human enteropathogen Salmonella in poultry is a top priority of the USDA and the Agricultural Research Service. Numerous approaches are being taken to try and eliminate or at least reduce the levels of Salmonella on processed broilers. In this paper, factors that affect the degree of Salmonella colonization of poultry are examined, and different approaches to reduce Salmonella colonization are discussed. When used together, these approaches form a concept called integrated colonization control.
Hydrolytic Behavior of Some Alkyl-Substituted Succinanils

The mechanisms and the relative rates of alkaline hydrolysis of succinanil and methyl-substituted succinanils have been investigated partly to help to elucidate the mechanism of carboxyl facilitated formation and hydrolysis of amides observed in these laboratories and also because a number of important hypnotics possess similar structures. As may be expected, the observed rates for the several imides roughly parallel those found for the corresponding anhydrides, succinanil being more reactive than the methyl-substituted compounds. The relative rates were in the order: unsubstituted > monomethyl > mesodimethyl > 2.2 dimethyl > racemic dimethyl > trimethyl > tetramethyl; the first member of the series reacting 83 times faster than the last. The tetramethyl anil was found to be sufficiently stable to co-exist as the major species in equilibrium with its cleaved product at pH of 8.
Local structural and electronic changes accompanying photodoping in YBA2Cu3O6+x

Abstract Polarized X-ray absorption measurements reveal that photodoping of oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3O6+x (YBCO) produces a local axial distortion of the CuOx chains. The broad normal state axial Cu(1)O(4) bond distribution becomes two well-defined peaks in the photodoped state and suggest local ordering. XANES measurements reveal a transfer of hole density into the CuO2 planes. These results support a common structure-related transport enhancement mechanism in chemically doped and photodoped high temperature superconductor systems.
THE ELUSIVE MEDIAN VOTER

The median voter model has been a mainstay of empirical public finance for three decades. As far back as 1943, Bowen showed how a voting model might be used to determine the level of provision of a publicly provided good (Bowen, 1943). Later refinements of the framework provided a theoretical foundation for estimating demand functions for a wide variety of public goods and services.
Globalization and the Asia Pacific: an exploration of efficiency and equality aims of education1

The paper aims to explore the relationship between globalization and education through an investigation of educational policy development in the specific context of the Asia Pacific. The paper's primary focus is on data collected from the World Bank, OECD, IMF and UNESCO to look primarily at three interrelated trends in education: increasing enrollments at all educational levels, issues of gender equality, and changes in public expenditure. In the paper, we argue that developments in education are increasingly impacted by a particular conception of globalization, which is illustrated in the overarching pressure of efficiency on educational aims. Although both efficiency and equality aims of education are present in recent policy developments in the Asia Pacific, the importance attached to education's capabilities of advancing human capital development have brought about a fundamental tension between two purposes of education: one relating to efficiency and one underlying education's potential to advance g...