cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain measurement and brain activity: will neuroimages replace pain ratings?

Abstract Arguments made for the advantages of replacing pain ratings with brain-imaging data include assumptions that pain ratings are less reliable and objective and that brain image data would greatly benefit the measurement of treatment efficacy. None of these assumptions are supported by available evidence. Self-report of pain is predictable and does not necessarily reflect unreliability or error. Because pain is defined as an experience, magnitudes of its dimensions can be estimated by well-established methods, including those used to validate brain imaging of pain. Brain imaging helps to study pain mechanisms and might be used as proxy measures of pain in persons unable to provide verbal reports. Yet eliminating pain ratings or replacing them with neuroimaging data is misguided because brain images only help explain pain if they are used in conjunction with self-report. There is no objective readout mechanism of pain (pain thermometer) that is unaffected by psychological factors. Benefits from including neuroimaging data might include increased understanding of underlying neural mechanisms of treatment efficacy, discovery of new treatment vectors, and support of conclusions derived from self-report. However, neither brain imaging nor self-report data are privileged over the other. The assumption that treatment efficacy is hampered by self-report has not been shown; there is a plethora of treatment studies showing that self-report is sensitive to treatment. Dismissal of patients’ self-reports (pain ratings) by brain-imaging data is potentially harmful. The aim of replacing self-report with brain-imaging data is misguided and has no scientific or philosophical foundation. Perspective Although brain imaging may offer considerable insight into the neural mechanisms of pain, including relevant causes and correlations, brain images cannot and should not replace self-report. Only the latter assesses the experience of pain, which is not identical to neural activity. Brain imaging may help to explain pain, but replacing self-report with brain-imaging data would be philosophically and scientifically misguided and potentially harmful to pain patients.
Concurrent analysis of intracellular glutathione content and gap junctional intercellular communication.

The potential for performing dual analysis of intracellular glutathione levels and assessment of gap junctional intercellular communication with thiol-specific fluorescent probes in anchored cells was evaluated. Gap junction-mediated diffusion of monochlorobimane and 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate following intracellular loading and conjugation with glutathione was compared with 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (which is routinely used in laser cytometry to monitor intercellular communication) by means of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching using a variety of communication-competent and communication-incompetent cells. The rate of diffusion of fluorescence among communication-competent cells was inversely proportional to the size of the fluorescent probe employed. The thiol-specific probes were also employed to monitor depletion and synthesis of glutathione following treatments to inhibit glutathione synthesis or consume glutathione by adduct formation. Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communication following glutathione depletion revealed a direct correlation between glutathione levels and intercellular communication. These studies support the utility of the thiol-specific probes to monitor the respective role of cellular glutathione and intercellular communication in the mechanisms of cellular injury. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radiative–Convective Latitudinal Gradients for Jupiter and Saturn Models with a Radiative Zone

Abstract Local radiative–convective thermal structure is calculated on Jupiter and Saturn under the assumption that a low opacity zone exists near the 2000-K depth, as suggested by T. Guillot et al. (1994a, Icarus 112 , 337–353). The opacity is uncertain, and a simple but qualitatively accurate model is used to explore a range of opacities. Under the assumption of local radiative–convective equilibrium, insolation gradients lead to latitudinal temperature gradients in the shell outside the stably stratified radiative zone near 2000 K, and to a latitudinal variation in the emission to space. Measurements of the net heat balance (solar and planetary radiation) do not yet extend to high enough latitudes to test these predictions. On Jupiter and especially Saturn, the preference for westerly surface motion may be due to equator-to-pole temperature gradients in this shell. It is speculated that the dynamical response to radiative forcing due to low opacity near the 2000-K level may limit latitudinal temperature gradients and may be an important drive for meteorology on the outer planets.
DECREASING THE "BAD" FOR MIXED PUBLIC GOODS AND BADS: THE CASE OF PUBLIC SCULPTURE

A standard analysis in public economics involves the provision of a public good, and how much of that good it is desirable to provide. A related standard analysis con siders the problem of regulating a public bad, such as pollution. What is not usually considered is a class of public products that are both public goods and public bads: products that produce positive utility for some, and negative utility for others "forced" to experience them. Some might argue that expenditures on national defense sometimes fit this characterization; others might see the reintroduction of wolf populations into US national parks as fitting it. Whatever one's reaction to these possible examples, however, it seems clear, as we will argue below, that the example of controversial public sculpture does fit the mixed public good-public bad characterization. This paper considers the following issue: when confronted with a mixed public good/public bad, what are the "economic design" options for decreasing the negative utility generated relative to the positive utility produced? Or, to state the issue more flamboyantly, are there ways to help insure that public goods are not also serious public bads? Because it is both difficult and seemingly unrewarding to tackle this eco nomic design question in the abstract, we apply our analysis to the concrete example of controversial public sculpture. The later part of this paper sets forth some instructive specific controversies involving the provision of public sculpture in the United States. First, we present a simple public goods-bads framework that helps us analyze the economic design issues that arise in the controversial public sculpture setting.
Unexpected Thermal Fracture of a Ceramic Sensor

A ceramic substrate bonded to an electronic sensor was reported to crack during thermal testing between −46 and +71 °C. Initially, this was assumed to occur at high temperature because of the thermal expansion of a polymer pad under the sensor. However, further investigations indicated that fracture was also occurring at low temperature. This was surprising since the suspected cause of fracture was pressure exerted by the polymer pad under the ceramic. This polymer pad has a coefficient of thermal expansion much greater than any other component. Conventional wisdom suggests that this failure would happen only during expansion of the pad during high temperature phases of temperature cycling. Subsequent dynamic thermal analysis revealed that differential contraction of the steel clamp fasteners was causing pressure to be exerted on the ceramic during the initial phase of the cold cycle. In addition, lateral constraint of the polymer pad caused pressure to rise to counterintuitive levels. An alteration of the geometry of the pad proved to be the simplest and most economical solution. This was confirmed by subsequent testing.
Multi-scale meshfree parallel computations for viscous, compressible flows

In this paper, a Petrov–Galerkin formulation for a viscous, compressible fluid using the meshless reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) is first presented. The location of shocks is determined from the high-scale part of the solution using multiresolution analysis. A parallel computer implementation for distributed memory architectures is then proposed, including a discussion of handling boundary conditions in parallel. Preliminary results for 1–16 processors of an IBM SP computer are presented, and future directions for a massively parallel implementation are outlined.
Effects of picrotoxin treatment on GABAA receptor supramolecular complexes in rat brain.

The effects of acute and chronic administration of a subconvulsive dose of picrotoxin on t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([3S]TBPS), [3H]muscimol, and [3H]flunitrazepam binding characteristics in various regions and on the convulsant potency of picrotoxin in Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. Acute administration of a subconvulsive dose of picrotoxin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased [35S]TBPS and [3H]muscimol binding in cerebellum (CB) with no change in frontal cortex (FC). In rats treated chronically with picrotoxin (3 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 10 days), the Bmax of [35S]TBPS binding site was significantly decreased in the FC, striatum (ST), and CB with no change in KD values. Neither [3H]muscimol binding in the FC and CB nor [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the FC was affected in these rats. In addition, the potency of pentobarbital to inhibit [35S]TBPS binding in vitro was not altered following acute or chronic treatment of picrotoxin. Chronic administration of picrotoxin did not affect convulsive ED50 or LD50 of picrotoxin; however, it delayed the onset of convulsions and increased the time to death. These results suggest that treatment with picrotoxin at a subconvulsive dose for 10 days causes down-regulation of [35S]TBPS binding sites and that this down-regulation might be related, at least in part, to the decreased extent of convulsant potency of picrotoxin. In addition, the results indicate possible interaction between convulsant binding sites and GABAA receptor sites in the CB following picrotoxin treatment.
Protonospheric columnar electron content determination—II. Observations

The results of over 300 hours of measurements of the quantity I sub w - the difference between total columnar electron content, derived from the differential phase-path data, and Faraday electron content - is presented. The interpretation of the measurements in terms of protonospheric content is discussed in the light of a previous analysis which demonstrates that good protonospheric content measurements can only be obtained under certain geometries of observations unless information on the shape and height of the ionospheric layer is available. A strong correlation between I sub w and the ionospheric content is observed in most of the Arecibo data, because they were collected under unfavorable conditions. The Stanford data, on the other hand, yield good measurements of the protonospheric content. The May 1969 observations show a strong depletion of protonospheric content during a magnetic storm and its subsequent recovery. This is in general agreement with flux tube content behavior observed by the whistler technique during similar conditions.
Growth of nanodiamond/carbon-nanotube composites with hot filament chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The growth of diamond/carbon-nanotube (CNT) composites by Hot Filament Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD) was investigated. The growth was achieved by pre-dispersing commercially available multiwalled CNTs onto a Si(100) surface and subsequently growing diamond nanoparticles over this layer. The diamond/CNT composites were characterized with SEM, TEM, and Raman Spectroscopy. It was found that in a flow of 1% CH4 in H2 (a typical condition for microcrystalline diamond growth using HFCVD) most of the CNTs are destroyed by the harsh growth conditions. Reduction in the etching of the CNTs was achieved by reducing the H2 partial pressure in the precursor flow. There exists an optimal between 2–5% of CH4 in H2 wherein the CNTs are not destroyed and the resulting diamond film retains a high percentage of its sp3 structure. The TEM analyses showed that nanometer sized diamond particles nucleate on the surface of the CNTs and grow radially outward. The retention of the CNT structure and the direct growth of the diamond on the CNTs, the two factors necessary for good load transfer between a matrix and reinforcement, suggest the possibility of using this material as a structural composite. Based on the characterization of the composite, a growth mechanism for diamond onto the CNTs was proposed.
Competency of geropsychiatric patients to consent to voluntary hospitalization.

The authors compared younger (< 60 years old; n = 35) and older (≥ 60 years old; n = 33) psychiatric patients in their responses to a questionnaire that dealt with voluntary hospitalization. The younger and older groups both did poorly on the total questionnaire. The older population had significantly more difficulty with the questions regarding obtaining release and access to an attorney but answered as well as the younger group those questions pertaining to the nature of the hospitalization. The Mini-Mental State Exam score, age, and the anxiety/depression and hostility factors of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were the strongest predictors of questionnaire score. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A stylized model of ‘Momentum’ processes: a research note

Several phenomena of interest like stock price movements, online auction bid prices or inventory levels, can be stylized as ‘momentum processes’, whereby the very start of activity (‘up’ or ‘down’) can trigger subsequent activity in that direction. We calculate the transient probabilities of being in a particular state (eg, stock price or current auction bid level) in such activities. The calculations can be used to estimate the expected time to reach a certain price, inventory level or bid. The processes can be modified to show the phenomenon where the lack of activity can have an ‘inertia of rest’.
Risk assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs based on in vitro and in vivo bioassays

Abstract The mechanism of action of PCDDs and PCDFs has been extensively investigated and the results from a multitude of studies support the role of a receptor-mediated process. Initial binding of the PCDD or PCDF ligand to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor is necessary but not sufficient for eliciting the diverse biologic and toxic responses elicited by toxic PCDDs and PCDFs. Although the interspecies potencies of PCDDs/PCDFs (eg. 2,3,7,8-TCDD) may vary widely, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) observed for Ah receptor-mediated in vitro and in vivo responses are comparable. This observation leads to 2 important mechanism-based conclusions; namely, 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents values (or toxic equivalency factors) can be utilized for risk assessment of individual PCDD and PCDF congeners and simple in vitro (eg., AHH induction in rat hepatoma cells) or in vivo bioassays can be used for risk assessment of PCDD/PCDF mixtures.
Origin and Growth Mechanism of Authigenic Chlorite in Sandstones of the Lower Vicksburg Formation, South Texas

ABSTRACT Authigenic chlorite, occurring as grain coatings, pore fillings, and rosettes, is common in deltaic sandstones of the lower Vicksburg Formation in South Texas. Chlorite rosettes are isolated and occur late in the diagenetic history, whereas grain-coating and pore-filling chlorite occur early, predating the development of secondary porosity and the precipitation of quartz overgrowths and Fe-poor calcite. Grain-coating and pore-filling chlorite, which are interstratified with approximately 15 percent 7 A layers, are Fe-rich with a mean Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio of 0.68. Stable-isotope data (18O averages 13.5o/oo (SMOW)) indicate that the grain-coating and pore-filling chlorite began precipitating between 20°C to 40°C within the upper 1.8 km (6000 ft) of burial. Sandstones of the lower Vicksburg Formation were deposited in a relatively shallow deltaic environment as part of a large fluvial system draining the volcanics of Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico and Trans Pecos, Texas. Weathering of these volcanics brought large amounts of particulate Fe to the river mouth. An increase in salinity in the distributary channel complex caused Fe flocculation and deposition. During periods of high river discharge, or when coastal currents acted to concentrate particulate Fe, large amounts of particulate Fe were deposited in the delta system. This resulted in thick layers of Fe-rich clay (odinite?) around grains. During periods of low river discharge, or when coastal currents caused wide distribution of particulate Fe, less particulate Fe was deposited. It is proposed that the grain-coating and pore-filling chlorite began forming through the transformation of an Fe-rich clay precursor in the formation-water hydropressure zone following Ostwald processes. The presence of this synsedimentary Fe-rich clay, and its recrystallization to Fe-chlorite, strongly influenced fluid flow and played a large role in developing the diagenetic heterogeneity seen in lower Vicksburg sandstones today.
Blockade of NMDA Receptors in the Anterior Forebrain Impairs Sensory Acquisition in the Zebra Finch (Poephila guttata)

Abstract Juvenile zebra finches (Poephila guttata) learn song in two stages: during sensory acquisition, they memorize the song of an adult tutor, and during sensorimotor learning, they alter their vocalizations to match the stored song model. Like many other forms of neural plasticity and memory formation, vocal learning in zebra finches is impaired by pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors, but the relevant NMDA receptors have not yet been localized. During song development, one neural region that has been implicated specifically in song learning, the lMAN, exhibits an increased density of NMDA receptors as well as decreased binding affinity for the NMDA antagonist MK-801. To test the hypothesis that sensory acquisition requires activation of NMDA receptors in or near the lMAN we infused the NMDA receptor antagonist amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 2.5 μg in 0.1 μl) directly into the anterior forebrain. Birds receiving AP5 infusions prior to each of 10 tutoring sessions copied significantly less of their tutor's song than did sham-operated birds, saline-infused birds, birds that received AP5 infusions on nontutoring days, or birds that received AP5 infusions into the cerebellum. Furthermore, infusions of AP5 in the anterior forebrain did not impair young birds’ ability to discriminate zebra finch from canary song. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NMDA receptor activation in the anterior forebrain is necessary for the memorization of song material during avian vocal learning. This is also the first report that song-related regions of the anterior forebrain contribute to sensory acquisition specifically.
A Machine Learning Approach for Identifying Novel Cell Type–Specific Transcriptional Regulators of Myogenesis

Transcriptional enhancers integrate the contributions of multiple classes of transcription factors (TFs) to orchestrate the myriad spatio-temporal gene expression programs that occur during development. A molecular understanding of enhancers with similar activities requires the identification of both their unique and their shared sequence features. To address this problem, we combined phylogenetic profiling with a DNA–based enhancer sequence classifier that analyzes the TF binding sites (TFBSs) governing the transcription of a co-expressed gene set. We first assembled a small number of enhancers that are active in Drosophila melanogaster muscle founder cells (FCs) and other mesodermal cell types. Using phylogenetic profiling, we increased the number of enhancers by incorporating orthologous but divergent sequences from other Drosophila species. Functional assays revealed that the diverged enhancer orthologs were active in largely similar patterns as their D. melanogaster counterparts, although there was extensive evolutionary shuffling of known TFBSs. We then built and trained a classifier using this enhancer set and identified additional related enhancers based on the presence or absence of known and putative TFBSs. Predicted FC enhancers were over-represented in proximity to known FC genes; and many of the TFBSs learned by the classifier were found to be critical for enhancer activity, including POU homeodomain, Myb, Ets, Forkhead, and T-box motifs. Empirical testing also revealed that the T-box TF encoded by org-1 is a previously uncharacterized regulator of muscle cell identity. Finally, we found extensive diversity in the composition of TFBSs within known FC enhancers, suggesting that motif combinatorics plays an essential role in the cellular specificity exhibited by such enhancers. In summary, machine learning combined with evolutionary sequence analysis is useful for recognizing novel TFBSs and for facilitating the identification of cognate TFs that coordinate cell type–specific developmental gene expression patterns.
Dry season clouds and rainfall in northern Central America: Implications for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor

Abstract The proposed Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) is an ambitious effort to stem the erosion of biodiversity in one of the world's biologically richest regions. The intent is to connect large existing parks and reserves with new protected areas by means of an extensive network of biological corridors within Mesoamerica/Central America to create an environment which provides better prospects for the long-term survival of native species while also addressing the region's socioeconomic needs. While the forest types in northern Central America generally receive some dry season rainfall, in the proposed protected regions, however, it is unclear whether current rainfall has been altered by regional land-use change. Based upon climatological rainfall records at 266 stations in Guatemala and adjacent areas, dry season rainfall in March is markedly lower in deforested areas than in forested areas of the same life zone for each of the widespread life zones. In general, dry season deforested habitats have higher daytime temperatures, are less cloudy, have lower estimated soil moisture and lower values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) than do forested habitats in the same life zone. The result is hotter and drier air over deforested regions, with lower values of cloud formation and precipitation. Rainfall is predicted from the correlation of raingauge measurements and observed cloud cover; moreover, March rainfall deficiencies > 25 mm are found for several Holdridge life zones. The data suggest that deforestation is locally intensifying the dry season, increasing the risk of fire, especially for the long corridor connecting regions. In addition, forest regeneration in some parts of the MBC may not result in second-growth forest that is characteristic of that life zone but rather in forest regeneration more typical of drier conditions. The extent to which this would influence the conservation utility of any given corridor depends upon the ecological requirements of the organisms concerned.
Tactile retention as a function of delay interval and response mode

Forty Ss were tested for retention of a tactile stimulus. No differences were indicated for response mode (recognition or reproduction) or delay for shape. However, there was a retention mode by practice interaction on the shape measure and a retention mode difference on the weight measure.
Inhibitory effects of ethacrynic acid analogues lacking the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl unit and para-acylated phenols on human cancer cells

A series of ethacrynic acid analogues, lacking the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl unit, was synthesized and subsequently evaluated for their ability to inhibit the migration of human breast cancer cells, Hs578Ts(i)8 as well as of human prostate cancer cells, C4-2B. These cell lines provide a good model system to study migration and invasion, since they represent metastatic cancer. Our studies show that ethacrynic acid analogues with methyl substituents at the aromatic ring demonstrate no inhibitory effect on the migration of both cancer cell lines, whereas a precursor in the synthesis of these ethacrynic acid analogues (II-1, a para-acylated m-cresol) is an excellent inhibitor of the migration of both cancer cell lines.
Optimal symbol‐processing: A problem in individual and social economics

A typical chain of symbol-processors transforms events into data (inquiring), data into messages (communicating), messages into actions (deciding). A symbol-processor can be a man or a machine. This paper takes some examples from legal practice with criminal evidence as “data,” the “benefit” of condemning an innocent being even less than that of acquitting the guilty. In addition to the costs of inquiring and deciding, the costs of communication are considered. Related examples from the information industry are examined.
Spin and dimer correlations for S=1 bilinear-biquadratic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains.

Using the world-line quantum Monte Carlo method, we calculate the spin 〈${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{z}}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}^{\mathit{z}}$〉 and dimer 〈(${\mathbf{S}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathbf{S}}_{1}$)(${\mathbf{S}}_{\mathit{R}}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathbf{S}}_{\mathit{R}+1}$)〉 correlation functions for the S=1 biquadratic Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain. These results show the relevance of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state for describing the nonclassical behavior of the S=1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model. We also include results for S=3/2 and 2, which show the inhibition of staggered dimerization as the classical limit (S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}) is approached, where N\'eel order is favored.
Incubation Period of Eggs of certain Muscoid Flies at different constant Temperatures.

Despite the economic importance of the muscoid flies as a group, very few quantitative data are available on the effect of temperature on the duration of the incubation period. Wardle ( 11 ) presented valuable data on the incubation period of eggs of Lucilia sericata Meig. at a series of constant temperatures. Notes on the incubation period of Stomoxys calcitrans L. by Melvin ( 5 ) and of Haematobia irritans L. by Melvin and Beck ( 6 ) are available.
Complementary use of radiography, ultrasonography, and gallium-67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal abscess.

The use of radiography, gallium-67 scintigraphy, and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal abscess is presented.
Two photon absorption and Stimulated Raman Scattering in alkali vapor lasers

ABSTRACT Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers (DPAL) ar e being scaled to powers of greater than 1 kW and intensities exceeding 30 kW/cm 2 . We have demonstrated a pulsed potassium laser with pump intensities of 1 MW/cm and efficiency exceeding 10%. At these higher pump intensities, nonlinear processes including two photon absorption and Stimulated Raman Scattering offer alternative wavelengths for these gas lasers. We have observed 1 st and 2 nd order Stokes and anti-Stokes lasing due to Stimulated Electronic Raman Scattering (SERS) in a potassium cell. When the pump is tuned about halfway between the fine structure levels of the 4 2 P state, an efficient hyper-Raman pr ocess dominates. Up to 12 mW of red light is produced at a pump input of 232 mW. The threshold for the hyper-Raman process is about 60 mW. This type of laser may be useful for beam propagation experiments where a tunable probe beam spectrally close to the main beam is desired. Two-photon absorption at wavelengths near then DPAL pump transition has also been observed and used to demonstrate lasing in the blue and mid infrared. The transmission of a scanning cw ring laser through a static Rb cell reveals two-photon absorbance of greater than 10%. An absolute determination of the two-photon absorption cross-sections for the Rb 5
Factors affecting H2O absorption of the epoxy tetraglycidyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane cured with diaminodiphenyl sulfone

Mesures de la densite a l'ambiante, de l'absorption d'humidite a l'equilibre, de l'avancement de la reaction et des oligomeres extraits par le THF en fonction du temps et de la temperature du durcissement
Graph-based extraction of two-connected morphological features from boundary representations

In this paper a feature extraction technique to isolate two-connected features from a boundary model is discussed. The technique involves identification of faces with multiple edge loops and faces sharing multiple edges as candidates for entrance faces of such features. It is observed that the two-connected features constitute tri connected components in the edge-face graphs of the boundary models. Heuristics are used to enhance an algorithm to decompose the edge-face graph of a boundary representation into its triconnected components. Pros and cons of this method are compared with the classic graph theoretic algorithm used to obtain triconnected components from a graph.
Multi-Aspect, Robust, and Memory Exclusive Guest OS Fingerprinting

Precise fingerprinting of an operating system (OS) is critical to many security and forensics applications in the cloud, such as virtual machine (VM) introspection, penetration testing, guest OS administration, kernel dump analysis, and memory forensics. The existing OS fingerprinting techniques primarily inspect network packets or CPU states, and they all fall short in precision and usability. As the physical memory of a VM always exists in all these applications, in this article, we present OS-Sommelier $^+$ , a multi-aspect, memory exclusive approach for precise and robust guest OS fingerprinting in the cloud. It works as follows: given a physical memory dump of a guest OS, OS-Sommelier $^+$ first uses a code hash based approach from kernel code aspect to determine the guest OS version. If code hash approach fails, OS-Sommelier $^+$ then uses a kernel data signature based approach from kernel data aspect to determine the version. We have implemented a prototype system, and tested it with a number of Linux kernels. Our evaluation results show that the code hash approach is faster but can only fingerprint the known kernels, and data signature approach complements the code signature approach and can fingerprint even unknown kernels.
In situ Kidney Pressure-Flow-Resistance Relationship During Endotoxin Shock in Dogs.

SummaryExperiments were completed in anesthetized, mongrel dogs. Kidneys were exposed retroperitoneally through a flank incision to facilitate direct blood flow measurement from a cannulated renal vein. Perfusion was through the intact renal artery of the dog. Renal vascular resistance increased markedly as perfusion pressure and renal flow decreased to low levels by 2 minutes after intravenous endotoxin injection. By 30 minutes, perfusion pressure and flow were still low but renal resistance was at pre-endotoxin level where it remained until 90-120 minutes after endotoxin at which time resistance either increased or remained near control level. Renal perfusion pressure and blood flow were both very low at this point. These data indicate that during irreversible endotoxin shock, except for the very early phase, renal blood flow is not decreased out of proportion to renal perfusion pressure. During the latter period of shock, at extremely low arterial pressure, renal resistance may or may not be elevated.
On the proportionality between the probability of not-running and the punishment effect of being forced to run

Abstract Drinking was punished in four thirsty rats by forcing each S to run in a motordriven wheel for a fixed duration upon completion of five licks. Durations of forced running were converted into a probability of not-running on the basis of a prior and independent measure of the conditional probability that S would not be running at t + n sec given that it had started at t . Suppression of the initiation of drinking was a linear function of P (off), the probability of not-running.
A new grid-based method for the direct computation of excited molecular vibrational states: test application to formaldehyde

Abstract A new method is presented for the direct computation of excited vibrational energy levels of molecules. The method combines the advantages of grid-based approaches to molecular dynamics problems with those of the Davidson diagonalization technique, which has found widespread usage in molecular electronic structure theory. It permits the direct computation of a prespecified vibrational state without the need to compute all lower lying levels. The wavefunctions used in the present test applications are extremely accurate and are the vibrational analogues of “full configuration interaction (CI)” wavefunctions in electronic structure theory. The method is applicable to large problems in that it requires the storage of only a few vectors, between six and eleven in the examples given, and no large matrices need to be retained. The theory of the new method is presented, first for the case of a single degree of vibrational freedom and then for the general case. Test results are given both for a diatomic model system and for a realistic ab initio potential energy surface computed for the formaldehyde molecule. The method is expected to provide a starting point for the development of future techniques for computing highly accurate vibrational wavefunctions for much larger molecules. As with all grid-based methods, no matrix elements of the potential need to be evaluated. The value of the potential is required only at the grid points of the multidimensional grid in coordinate space.
Targeted deletion of the 9p21 non-coding coronary artery disease risk interval in mice

Sequence polymorphisms in a 58-kilobase (kb) interval on chromosome 9p21 confer a markedly increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death worldwide. The variants have a substantial effect on the epidemiology of CAD and other life-threatening vascular conditions because nearly one-quarter of Caucasians are homozygous for risk alleles. However, the risk interval is devoid of protein-coding genes and the mechanism linking the region to CAD risk has remained enigmatic. Here we show that deletion of the orthologous 70-kb non-coding interval on mouse chromosome 4 affects cardiac expression of neighbouring genes, as well as proliferation properties of vascular cells. Chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) mice are viable, but show increased mortality both during development and as adults. Cardiac expression of two genes near the non-coding interval, Cdkn2a and Cdkn2b, is severely reduced in chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) mice, indicating that distant-acting gene regulatory functions are located in the non-coding CAD risk interval. Allele-specific expression of Cdkn2b transcripts in heterozygous mice showed that the deletion affects expression through a cis-acting mechanism. Primary cultures of chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) aortic smooth muscle cells exhibited excessive proliferation and diminished senescence, a cellular phenotype consistent with accelerated CAD pathogenesis. Taken together, our results provide direct evidence that the CAD risk interval has a pivotal role in regulation of cardiac Cdkn2a/b expression, and suggest that this region affects CAD progression by altering the dynamics of vascular cell proliferation.
Research on the Impact of Military Trauma: Current Status and Future Directions

The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have absorbed our attention both as citizens and professionals. A new generation of veterans may be at risk for life course disturbances implicated by exposure to w...
Comparison of methods for calculating thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures in the sub and super critical state: Lee-Kesler and cubic equations of state for binary mixtures containing either CO2 or H2S

Abstract The ( ρ , T , p ) and (vapor + liquid) equilibria for fluid mixtures containing either CO 2 or H 2 S have been determined from 13 equations of state. The estimated values have been compared with published experimental results. CO 2 and H 2 S were used to represent non-polar and polar fluids, respectively. The equations of state investigated were as follows: (a) the Lee–Kesler equation; (b) two equations that included new reference fluids for the Lee–Kesler method; (c) three so-called extended equations of state; and (d) seven cubic equations of state. After adjustment of the binary interaction parameters the predicted values differed from the experimental data by about 0.8% for CO 2 mixtures while for H 2 S mixtures the uncertainty was about ±2.8%. Somewhat larger errors, although still lower than ±5%, were obtained for co-existing phase densities; the Lee–Kesler method provided results of the highest accuracy. The cubic equations proposed by Schmidt and Wenzel and Valderrama provide the most reliable predictions of both single and co-existing phase densities. Comparison of the predicted (vapor + liquid) equilibrium with experiment shows that each of the seven cubic equations provides results of similar accuracy and all within ±6%.
Effect of cognitive load in autonomous vehicles on driver performance during transfer of control

Present study on cognitive workload in driving focuses on reduction of workload for better driving performance. In this paper, we talk about the cognitive load in drivers of autonomous cars and their performance under multiple cognitive loads. Our previous studies have indicated that low to no workload is likely to induce drowsiness in drivers of autonomous vehicles. We hypothesize that there is an optimal cognitive load for a driver during autonomous driving for best performance after transfer of control from autonomous to manual. We propose an experiment to study the cognitive load on the driver of a simulated autonomous car and the effects on manual driving performance. We also describe our use of biometric devices to obtain physiological measures indicative of cognitive workload.
pHLIP-bionanosyringe for Targeting Acidic Solid Tumors and Selective Delivery of Nanomaterials

We have found a way to target tumors based on their elevated levels of extracellular acidity. Acidosis is a hallmark of tumor development both at very early and at advanced stages. However, the acidic extracellular environment in tumors has not been properly explored yet probably due to a lack of compounds that dramatically change their properties in the range of pH 6.0-7.5. Recently we designed the pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP), which acts as a bionanosyringe, it inserts into cellular membrane and forms transmembrane helix at acidic extracellular pH (6.0-6.5) but not at normal pH. Our data demonstrated that the fluorescently labeled pHLIP was accumulated in tumors established in mice. pHLIP can find cancer cells and insert itself in cell membranes. No insertion occurs in normal cells (pH 7.4). The pHLIP can be used to deliver various compounds, including diagnostic probes, drugs, nanomaterials, radiation or photo-sensitizers and thermosensitizers, to or into cancer cells. Here we demonstrated that pHLIP can selectively deliver near-red dyes, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes to the tumors established in mice. We found that pHLIP targeted particularly well on the highly metastatic tumors including newly formed metastatic lesions. Our technology opens the new opportunity to target cancer tumors with high selectivity and decrease side effects. The work has been supported by grants from the Department of Defense PCRP CDMRP BC061356 and National Institutes of Health NCI133890.
Copulsation Balloon for Right Ventricular Assistance Preliminary Trials

Background—Options for management of acute right ventricular (RV) failure are limited. This report describes preliminary testing of a temporary RV assist device that acts by direct compression of the RV. The system comprises a pancake-shaped silicone balloon (5 cm diameter) connected to a drive console that delivers a 65-mL pneumatic pulse during cardiac systole. Methods and Results—Initial in vivo tests were performed on 6 pigs (weight, 41±4 kg). RV wall motion and stroke volume were monitored via transesophageal echocardiography. Acute RV failure was created by graded right coronary ligation, which yielded a 63% reduction in RV stroke volume (39.9±8.2 to 14.7±1.9 mL; P<0.002). We secured the balloon over the RV free wall by attaching it to the edges of the opened pericardium. The sternum was then reapproximated, and data were collected with the device off and on (every beat). Device placement had no deleterious effect on RV function. Balloon activation returned RV stroke volumes to normal (37.8±9.2 mL) ...
Don't cares in logic minimization of extended finite state machines

Extended finite state machines (EFSMs) have been proposed to model control oriented systems. A version of this, with the data portion modeled by Presburger arithmetic, has been used in formal verification and test pattern generation. This paper proposes a general logic minimization scheme using don't care derived from both control and data path. It consists of methods to transfer don't cares through the data path and to generate logic don't cares from the data path using quantifier-free Presburger inequalities. Potential applications are discussed and preliminary results validate the scheme on reasonable examples.
Practical reasoning and science education: Implications for theory and practice

Practical reasoning is a fundamental competence required for everyday decision-making as well as for the production of scientific knowledge. However, very little attention is given to developing this competence in school science classrooms or in educational research programs. In this paper we explain the tradition of practical reasoning and its relevance to science and science education. We then suggest ways in which practical reasoning may be developed in students such that they are enabled to better understand how scientific knowledge is produced and how they may be better able to contribute to improving scientific practices.
The Problem of the Normal Hydrogen Molecule in the New Quantum Mechanics

The solution of Schroedinger's equation for the normal hydrogen molecule is approximated by the function $C[{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{z({r}_{1}+{p}_{2})}{a}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{z({r}_{2}+{p}_{1})}{a}}]$ where $a=\frac{{h}^{2}}{4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}m{e}^{2}}$, ${r}_{1}$ and ${p}_{1}$ are the distances of one of the electrons to the two nuclei, and ${r}_{2}$ and ${p}_{2}$ those for the other electron. The value of $Z$ is so determined as to give a minimum value to the variational integral which generates Schroedinger's wave equation. This minimum value of the integral gives the approximate energy $E$. For every nuclear separation $D$, there is a $Z$ which gives the best approximation and a corresponding $E$. We thus obtain an approximate energy curve as a function of the separation. The minimum of this curve gives the following data for the configuration corresponding to the normal hydrogen molecule: the heat of dissociation = 3.76 volts, the moment of inertia ${J}_{0}=4.59\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}$ gr. ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the nuclear vibrational frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}=4900$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
The Utilization of Wheat and Wheat By-products in Feeding Young Chickens III. Ground Wheat, Bran and Middlings as Sources of the Antineuritic Vitamin B

Abstract McCOLLUM et al (1916), as well as Osborne and Mendel (1919), showed that 15 percent of wheat in the diet was sufficient to prevent polyneuritis in rats, provided these animals ingested enough wheat. Hunt (1928) found that 15 percent of either wheat or corn supplemented with autoclaved yeast gave growth in rats; and he believed cereals supplied plenty of the antineuritic vitamin when fed at a 15 percent level. Hetler et al (1931) reported that 15 percent of either wheat or corn was not enough to prevent polyneuritis and death in rats, but 25 percent of these cereals provided sufficient antineuritic vitamin. Bell and Mendel (1922) reported that the germ, which constitutes about 2 percent of the whole wheat kernel, contains only one-sixth of the vitamin B content of the wheat kernel, and standard wheat middlings contained 40 percent of the total vitamin B of wheat, while bran contained 24 . . .
Challenges to Faithful Learning and Teaching: The Case of Statistics.

Statistics, and more generally mathematics, have been neglected in Christian scholarship on faithful learning and teaching. This subject has been generally classified in the “some areas are harder than others when it comes to making connections with faith” category. If statistics is more than just a technical tool and is in fact a way of thinking, such connections need to be made. The approaches that have been typically suggested to this end have taken two forms: (a) extremely philosophical and (b) the “add a Bible verse” superficial version of faithful learning. These two directions don't seem promising to me. I propose an approach that deals with specific statistical concepts rather than broad generalizations. This approach would be more useful to a statistics instructor attempting to integrate the course content with faith. This paper suggests some ways in which this can be done in the actual teaching of statistics.
Simple method for obtaining the equations of switched-capacitor circuits

A systematic method for writing the time-domain equations of switched-capacitor circuits is presented. By following four well-defined steps, as many linearly independent equations are obtained as there are capacitors in the circuit. The method is especially well suited for hand analysis, and relies on the intuitively appealing concept of identifying physical regions where charge is trapped.
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXX. Über Aldol‐Derivate der 1.3‐Diphenyl‐propan‐Reihe und ihre Reaktionen mit Hydrazinen

Die Aldole 1 und 2 werden unter milden Bedingungen (pH 9.0; 1.2 m bzw. 2 m Losungen, 37°) dargestellt. Der Einflus der Substituenten auf die Aldol-Bildung wird diskutiert. Die Reaktionen der Aldole mit Hydrazinen werden beschrieben. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Constituents, XXX. Aldol Derivatives of 1,3-Diphenyl-propanes and their Reactions with Hydrazines The aldols 1 and 2 are prepared under mild conditions (pH 9.0; 1.2 m or 2 m solutions, 37°). The influence of substituents on the aldol formation is discussed. The reactions of aldols with hydrazines are described.
Risk stratification for the development of a subsequent pneumonia after a nondiagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage

Background Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) is an invasive bedside procedure to define type and concentration of pathologic organisms causing ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). We evaluated if the absence of pathogens on final results represented a lavage aspect of the BAL as a therapeutic procedure to eliminate organisms. Methods BAL results collected from 2008 to 2009 were stratified as positive (POS) ≥100,000 cfu), indeterminate (INT)≤100,000 cfu pathologic organisms, or negative defined as mixed flora (MF) or sterile (STR). The INT, MF, and STR results were assessed by incidence of a subsequent POS sample. Results Nine-hundred forty-nine BALs performed on 490 SICU patients were interpreted as POS in 227 patients (46%). 237 non- POS patients needed a subsequent BAL. Any pathogen on the first BAL (INT group) indicates a high likelihood for subsequent BAL which will be POS. Monthly cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM) of yield was unable to identify any specific period in which BAL performance varied from trend. Conclusion MF and STR represent adequate sampling of secretions that are clinically benign. Any pathogen, regardless of concentration, should be considered a biomarker for future pneumonia. CUSUM analysis suggest better training in timing and indication may decrease unnecessary procedures yielding negative results.