cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Facial Displays in Male Non-human Primates and Men

Sexual selection theory provides a framework through which some facial displays of male non-human primates can be investigated and understood. Here, we explore how both intra- and inter-sexual selection may influence facial morphology, physiology, and the behavior of male primates inhabiting diverse social and ecological environments. First, we will review how elements of the ecological environment, such as the spatio-temporal distribution of food, interacting with the diet of different species, shapes the social and mating systems of primates. In turn, these dynamics then influence how facial expressions, colors, and shapes are utilized in both the competition for and attraction of mates. We will focus on sexually dimorphic facial features that exhibit variation in their expression among males and that can be linked to differences in proxies of reproductive success. Facial displays can generally be divided into four types, each commonly associated with certain mating systems, social systems, and sexually selective pressures. Facial expressions, skin color, pelage, and variation in facial shape, can be involved in either mediating intra-sexual competition, mate choice, or a combination of both. Certain aspects of male non-human primate facial displays are likely to be shaped by processes of both intra- and inter-sexual selection. Accordingly, homologies and analogies between human and non-human primate facial displays can inform us of the processes of sexual selection that may have been operating throughout human evolution.
Network Dysfunction in Comorbid Psychiatric Illnesses and Epilepsy

The episodic nature of both epilepsy and psychiatric illnesses suggests that the brain switches between healthy and pathological states. The most obvious example of transitions between network states related to epilepsy is the manifestation of ictal events. In addition to seizures, there are more subtle changes in network communication within and between brain regions, which we propose may contribute to psychiatric illnesses associated with the epilepsies. This review will highlight evidence supporting aberrant network activity associated with epilepsy and the contribution to cognitive impairments and comorbid psychiatric illnesses. Further, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating the network dysfunction associated with comorbidities in epilepsy, including interneuron loss and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction. Conceptually, it is necessary to think beyond ictal activity to appreciate the breadth of network dysfunction contributing to the spectrum of symptoms associated with epilepsy, including psychiatric comorbidities.
Body Armor Shape Sensing Using Fiber Bragg Gratings

This paper explores a new method developed for body armor testing using Fiber Bragg Gratings as the main sensing element for dynamic shape sensing. This will be used to help address injuries that result from armor deformation known as blunt force trauma. Tests were done with projectiles at speeds of up to 420+ m/s and the resulting displacement from the shape sensing algorithm produced profiles with errors less than 10% of the actual shape.
Machine Learning and Security: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly

I would like to share my thoughts on the interactions between machine learning and security. The good: We now have more data, more powerful machines and algorithms, and better yet, we don't need to always manually engineered the features. The ML process is now much more automated and the learned models are more powerful, and this is a positive feedback loop: more data leads to better models, which lead to more deployments, which lead to more data. All security vendors now advertise that they use ML in their products. The bad: There are more unknowns. In the past, we knew the capabilities and limitations of our security models, including the ML-based models, and understood how they can be evaded. But the state-of-the-art models such as deep neural networks are not as intelligible as classical models such as decision trees. How do we decide to deploy a deep learning-based model for security when we don't know for sure it is learned correctly? Data poisoning becomes easier. On-line learning and web-based learning use data collected in run-time and often from an open environment. Since such data is often resulted from human actions, it can be intentionally polluted, e.g., in misinformation campaigns. How do we make it harder for attackers to manipulate the training data? The ugly: Attackers will keep on exploiting the holes in ML, and automate their attacks using ML. Why don't we just secure ML? This would be no different than trying to secure our programs, and systems, and networks, so we can't. We have to prepare for ML failures. Ultimately, humans have to be involved. The question is how and when? For example, what information should a ML-based system present to humans and what input can humans provide to the system?
Review of Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing (Directed by Kenny Leon for The Public Theater) at the Delacorte Theatre, 9 June 2019. Streaming as part of PBS’s Great Performances

A black woman singing Marvin Gaye’s “What’s Going On”, a song written in response to police brutality, descends the staircase of a house emblazoned with a banner proclaiming, “Stacey Abrams 2020”. ...
Antibiotic use monitoring in feedlots and dairies

Antibiotic use monitoring suffers from a lack of uniformity in the metrics used and the related terminology. There are 8 key concepts which can help guide veterinarians through the initial steps of deciphering antibiotic use data. First, there is no one perfect metric. It is also critically important to understand the granularity of the data from which the antibiotic use is calculated. Weight of antibiotics is confounded by different potencies. Regimens can help normalize antibiotic use, but be sure to know the difference between a documented regimen and estimated defined daily doses (DDDs) and Defined Course Doses (DCDs). When using the number of reported regimens or estimated number of animals exposed as a proxy for disease incidence, be sure to understand how multiple exposures for the same disease incident were addressed. Kilograms of product sold for each food animal species has a unique relationship to the production cycle and time at risk for antibiotic use. Duration of antibiotic administration may be quite different from the duration of therapeutic effect and the duration of selection for antibiotic resistant bacteria. And, lastly, comparison of antibiotic use between food animal species by any antibiotic use metric is poorly advised.
Trace elemental behavior in the solar nebula: Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analyses of CM and CR chondritic iron sulfides and associated metal

Abstract We have performed a coordinated focused ion beam (FIB)-scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM)-electron probe microanalysis (EMPA)-synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobe study to determine phase-specific microstructural characteristics and high-resolution in situ trace element concentrations of primary pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and associated metal grains from chondrules in CM2 and CR2 carbonaceous chondrites. This work is the first of its kind to link trace element chemical and microstructural observations in chondritic sulfides in an attempt to determine formation mechanisms and conditions of primary sulfides in these meteorite groups. SXRF and TEM analyses were performed on a small number of FIB sections which act as representative samples of primary sulfides and associated metal present in pyrrhotite-pentlandite intergrowth (PPI) grains and sulfide-rimmed metal (SRM) grains. SXRF microprobe analyses allowed the concentrations of the minor and trace elements, Co, Cu, Ge, Zn, and Se to be quantified, in addition to Fe and Ni, at a spatial resolution of 2 µm. The similarity between the CM and CR PPI sulfide trace element patterns provides evidence for a common formation mechanism for this type of sulfide grain in both meteorite groups. In addition, the SRM sulfide and metal have comparable trace element patterns that indicate a genetic relationship between the two, such as sulfidization of metal. Enrichments in Ni, Co, Cu, and Se are consistent with the chalcophile/siderophile behavior of these elements. The observed depletions in Ge suggest that it may have been lost by evaporation or else was never incorporated into the metal or sulfide precursor materials. The depletion in Zn may also be attributable to evaporation, but, being partially lithophile, may also have been preferentially incorporated into silicates during chondrule formation. Trace element concentrations support crystallization from an immiscible sulfide melt in chondrules for formation of the PPI grains and sulfidization of metal for the origin of the SRM grains.
A Proposed Plan of Home Safety for the Older Adult

10.7% of Americans are 65 years or older and account for 24% of disabling injuries. Physiological changes associated with aging and relatively higher frequency of home accidents involving the aged suggest home modification which can reduce the frequency and severity of these injuries. This paper suggests some such modifications by exploring the background of the problem, discussing the existing safety features of newer and older houses, and proposing safety education programs for the adults. Language: en
Signal Transduction Mechanisms as a Target for Cancer Chemotherapy

Adriamycin is one of the most useful drugs employed to treat human cancer and, because of this central importance, there has been considerable effort devoted to understanding its mechanism of action. As summarized in Table 1, several proposals have been offered to explain the anticancer activity of adriamycin and other members of the anthracycline family.
Laser Microprobe Mass Analyzer (LAMMA) — A New Approach to the Study of the Association of Aluminum and Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation

Along with senile plaques, the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) represents one of the hallmarks of the pathologic changes which characterize Alzheimer’s disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The density of NFTs in the brain at autopsy has been correlated with the presence and severity of dementia during life (Tomlinson et al, 1970). NFTs are not restricted to Alzheimer’s disease, but have been found in association with several other neurologic diseases (Wisniewski et al, 1979), including repeated trauma (Corsellis et al, 1973), viral infections (Mandybur et al, 1976), lead intoxication (Niklowitz and Mandybur, 1975), or hereditary disorders (Hirano et al, 1968). The presence of abundant cortical and subcortical NFTs, unaccompanied by senile plaques, are prominent pathological findings in the brains of patients dying with either amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Malamud et al, 1961) or parkinsonism-dementia (PD) (Hirano et al, 1961) in the native population living on the island of Guam, where these neurodegenerative diseases have an unsually high incidence. The variety of circumstances under which NFTs are found suggests shared pathogenetic mechanisms, the unraveling of which will certainly contribute to the understanding of Alzheimer’s disease.
Sally J. Rogers, Geraldine Dawson, and Laurie A. Vismara. (2012). An Early Start for Your Young Child with Autism

There are never enough hours in the day. For parents of young children with autism, it can really feel as if there is not enough time. The severe impairments that young children with autism often p...
PVM: Parallel virtual machine: a users' guide and tutorial for networked parallel computing

Part 1 Introduction: heterogeneous network computing trends in distributed computing PVM overview other packages. Part 2 The PVM system. Part 3 Using PVM: how to obtain the PVM software setup to use PVM setup summary starting PVM common startup problems running PVM programs PVM console details host file options. Part 4 Basic programming techniques: common parallel programming paradigms workload allocation porting existing applications to PVM. Part 5 PVM user interface: process control information dynamic configuration signalling setting and getting options message passing dynamic process groups. Part 6 Program examples: fork-join dot product failure matrix multiply one-dimensional heat equation. Part 7 How PVM works: components messages PVM daemon libpvm library protocols message routing task environment console program resource limitations multiprocessor systems. Part 8 Advanced topics: XPVM porting PVM to new architectures. Part 9 Troubleshooting: geting PVM installed getting PVM running compiling applications running applications debugging and tracing debugging the system. Appendices: history of PVM versions PVM 3 routines.
Improved components for engine fuel savings

The Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Project formulated to address near term improvements for current engines is described with emphasis on the development of component technologies to reduce the fuel consumption of CF6, JT9D, and JT8D engines. The technical and economical acceptability and the fuel saving potential of nine concepts are demonstrated. Descriptions of these concepts, results of testing, and the status as to entering airline service are presented. Also presented is the status of the remaining concepts still under development.
High-risk prostate cancer—classification and therapy

Approximately 15% of patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed with high-risk disease. However, the current definitions of high-risk prostate cancer include a heterogeneous group of patients with a range of prognoses. Some have the potential to progress to a lethal phenotype that can be fatal, while others can be cured with treatment of the primary tumour alone. The optimal management of this patient subgroup is evolving. A refined classification scheme is needed to enable the early and accurate identification of high-risk disease so that more-effective treatment paradigms can be developed. We discuss several principles established from clinical trials, and highlight other questions that remain unanswered. This Review critically evaluates the existing literature focused on defining the high-risk population, the management of patients with high-risk prostate cancer, and future directions to optimize care.
"Home is at work and work is at home": Telework and individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication

Background Telework, the use of distance communication technologies to participate in the workforce, has been suggested as a promising employment strategy for individuals with disabilities. Objective The goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the benefits and negative impacts of telework, as well as the supports and challenges to telework activities, for persons who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Methods This study used a series of focus group discussions, conducted on the internet, to examine the employment experiences of nine individuals with disabilities who used AAC and who held jobs that involved the use of telework. Results Four major themes emerged from the discussion: (a) benefits of telework, (b) negative impacts of telework, (c) strategies for addressing negative impacts of telework, and (d) recommendations for improving employment outcomes for individuals who use AAC. Conclusions In summary, while participants identified the elimination of travel time and flexible work schedules as key strengths of telework, concerns were expressed regarding feelings of isolation and the difficulty in separating home and work environments. The participants also emphasized the important role of educational programs in supporting the acquisition of literacy and self-advocacy skills, and the need for post-secondary programs to support the school-to-workplace transition.
Serum urate gene associations with incident gout, measured in the Framingham Heart Study, are modified by renal disease and not by body mass index

We hypothesized that serum urate-associated SNPs, individually or collectively, interact with BMI and renal disease to contribute to risk of incident gout. We measured the incidence of gout and associated comorbidities using the original and offspring cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study. We used direct and imputed genotypes for eight validated serum urate loci. We fit binomial regression models of gout incidence as a function of the covariates, age, type 2 diabetes, sex, and all main and interaction effects of the eight serum urate SNPs with BMI and renal disease. Models were also fit with a genetic risk score for serum urate levels which corresponds to the sum of risk alleles at the eight SNPs. Model covariates, age (P = 5.95E-06), sex (P = 2.46E-39), diabetes (P = 2.34E-07), BMI (P = 1.14E-11) and the SNPs, rs1967017 (P = 9.54E-03), rs13129697 (P = 4.34E-07), rs2199936 (P = 7.28E-03) and rs675209 (P = 4.84E-02) were all associated with incident gout. No BMI by SNP or BMI by serum urate genetic risk score interactions were statistically significant, but renal disease by rs1106766 was statistically significant (P = 6.12E-03). We demonstrated that minor alleles of rs1106766 (intergenic, INHBC) were negatively associated with the risk of incident gout in subjects without renal disease, but not for individuals with renal disease. These analyses demonstrate that a significant component of the risk of gout may involve complex interplay between genes and environment.
Humans differ in their personal microbial cloud

Dispersal of microbes between humans and the built environment can occur through direct contact with surfaces or through airborne release; the latter mechanism remains poorly understood. Humans emit upwards of 10 6 biological particles per hour, and have long been known to transmit pathogens to other individuals and to indoor surfaces. However it has not previously been demonstrated that humans emit a detectible microbial cloud into surrounding indoor air, nor whether such clouds are suffi ciently diff erentiated to allow the identification of individual occupants. We used high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to characterize the airborne bacterial contribution of a single person sitting in a sanitized custom experimental climate chamber. We compared that to air sampled in an adjacent, identical, unoccupied chamber, as well as to supply and exhaust air sources. Additionally, we assessed microbial communities in settled particles surrounding each occupant, to investigate the potential long-term fate of airborne microbial emissions. Most occupants could be clearly detected by their airborne bacterial emissions, as well as their contribution to settled particles, within 1.5–4 h. Bacterial clouds from the occupants were statistically distinct, allowing the identification of some individual occupants. Our results confirm that an occupied space is microbially distinct from an unoccupied one, and demonstrate for the first time that individuals release their own personalized microbial cloud.
The Cali Cancer Registry An example for Latin America

The Cali Cancer Registry was started 50 years ago as a research program of the Department of Pathology of Universidad del Va­lle. It is presently continuing its strong silent but meaningful work, internationally recognized as the oldest most trustworthy and reliable source of data on descriptive epidemiology in Latin Ame­rica. This is evidenced by the publication, of its results in “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents”, the most prestigious source of data on cancer incidence, since 1968 until the present time. Some population based cancer registries have started but had a prema­ture death in Latin America. Some had been too ambitious in co­vering too large populations or whole countries. Others have been unable to maintain its modest but much needed economic sup­port, reflecting the shortsightedness of national and international entities that provided the initial but not the continued funding. A few had followed the Cali Registry experience and have been able to survive economic difficulties experienced recently by some Latin American countries. Hopefully their initial success can be sustained and allow them to maintain is pioneering work. Such is the case of the Cancer Registry of Quito, operating very efficiently for 25 years, and the recently created Colombian Registries in Pas­to, Manizales and Bucaramanga. The principal and most reliable sources of data are the histopatho­logy reports. A first attempt to analyze data in a defined population was done in Medellin, when the Pathology Department of Univer­sidad de Antioquia, founded and directed by Alfredo Correa He­nao, represented the only source of histopathology diagnoses in the department of Antioquia. Such collection of data covered the years of 1944 to 1951 and was since the bases for publications in national and international journals. Later, in Cali, the histopatho­logy diagnoses of cancer made in the pathology departments of the country were collected and presented the Third Congress of the Latin American Society of Pathology in Medellin in 1961.1,2 Dr. Harold Stewart, head of the Department of pathology of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, was a special guest of the Society at the Congress. Dr. Stewart showed special interest in the data and brought them to William Haenszel, head of the Biometry Branch of the Institute. This was the beginning of a lasting and fructiferous association of Haenszel with the Cali Registry recognized by Universidad del Valle, which gave him the title of Doctor Honoris Causa .
Case finding with incomplete administrative data: observations on playing with less than a full deck.

Abstract Capacity constraints and efficiency considerations require that disease management programs identify patients most likely to benefit from intervention. Predictive modeling with available administrative data has been used as a strategy to match patients with appropriate interventions. Administrative data, however, can be plagued by problems of incompleteness and delays in processing. In this article, we examine the effects of these problems on the effectiveness of using administrative data to identify suitable candidates for disease management, and we evaluate various proposed solutions. We build prospective models using regression analysis and evaluate the resulting stratification algorithms using R2 statistics, areas under receiver operator characteristic curves, and cost concentration ratios. We find delays in receipt of data reduce the effectiveness of the stratification algorithm, but the degree of compromise depends on what proportion of the population is targeted for intervention. Surprisin...
AMPA receptor involvement in 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor-mediated pre-frontal cortical excitatory synaptic currents and DOI-induced head shakes.

Abstract Glutamate plays an important role in the psychotomimetic effects of both channel blocking N-methyl d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and hallucinogenic drugs which activate 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Previous work suggested that activation of non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors mediates the effects of 5-HT-induced excitatory post-synaptic potentials/currents (EPSPs/EPSCs) when recording from layer V pyramidal cells in the rat medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC). However, those effects are mediated by either α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) or kainate receptors of the iGluk5 subtype. To test whether activation of AMPA receptors is sufficient to mediate 5-HT-induced EPSCs, a 2,3-benzodiazepine that selectively blocks AMPA receptors was assessed. This selective AMPA receptor antagonist potently suppressed 5-HT-induced EPSCs. Since phenethylamine hallucinogens induce head shakes by activating 5-HT2A receptors in the mPFC and this action is modulated by glutamate, we also examined whether selective blockade of AMPA receptors would suppress DOI-induced head shakes. As predicted, we found that selective blockade of AMPA receptors suppressed DOI-induced head shakes. Given evidence that activation of AMPA receptors is an important downstream effect for both channel blocking NMDA receptor antagonists and phenethylamine hallucinogens, we also tested multiple doses of DOI with a sub-anesthetic dose of MK-801. Synergistic action between these two classes of psychotomimetic drugs was demonstrated by MK-801 enhancing DOI-induced head shakes and locomotor activity. These findings expand the dependence of both channel blocking NMDA receptor antagonists and phenethylamine hallucinogens on enhancing extracellular glutamate.
Changes in Glucose Transport and Water Permeability Resulting from the T310I Pathogenic Mutation in Glut1 Are Consistent with Two Transport Channels per Monomer

Abstract We studied glucose and water passage across wild type (WT) glucose transporter Glut1 and its T310I pathogenic mutant, expressing them in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that the T310I mutation produced a 8-fold decrease in glucose transport (zero-trans influx, 13 ± 2% compared with WT), accompanied by a 2.8-fold increase in the osmotic water permeability (P f 280 ± 40% compared with WT), and no change in the diffusional water permeability (P d). The dependence of glucose and water transports on the amounts of mutant cRNA injected was identical exponential buildups (k = 19.7 ng), suggesting that they depend similarly on the quaternary structure. TheE a values for P f were 16 ± 0.4 (WT) and 11 ± 1 kcal mol−1 (T310I). We report for the first time that 10 mm d-glucose andl-glucose inhibit P f by ∼45% in the WT but not in the T310I mutant. In addition, 10 mm maltose reduces P f (15–20%) in both cases. However, 5 mm l-glucose increased theP f of T310I, consistent with a cooperative effect. These experimental observations and an analysis of our three-dimensional model strongly suggest the presence of two channels per Glut1 monomer, one of which can be blocked by the mutation T310I.
Comorbidity index does not predict outcome in allogeneic myeloablative transplants conditioned with fludarabine/i.v. busulfan (FluBu4).

The assessment of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) has been developed to predict the risk of TRM in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. As the myeloablative fludarabine/i.v. busulfan (FluBu4) regimen has been associated with limited extra-hematologic toxicity, we analyzed whether the HCT-CI represents a useful tool in transplant patients conditioned with this regimen. Of the 52 consecutive patients who received an allogeneic HSCT with FluBu4 at our institution, 50 were evaluable for assessing pre-transplant HCT-CI. Patients were divided into three groups: score 0 (n=7); score 1–2 (n=17) and score >3 (n=26). The three groups did not differ significantly in age, diagnosis, previous lines of chemotherapy and type of donor. High-risk disease was present in 57% of low, 82% of intermediate and 85% of high HCT-CI score groups (P=ns). Two-year TRM and OS was 14.3 and 85.7% in the low score group, 23.5 and 58.8% in the intermediate score group and 15.4 and 50% in the high HCT-CI score group (P=ns). In this study, the HCT-CI lacked sensitivity to reliably predict TRM although patients with no comorbidities showed a trend for improved survival.
RtcB Is the RNA Ligase Component of an Escherichia coli RNA Repair Operon

RNA 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate ends play important roles in RNA metabolism as substrates for RNA ligases during tRNA restriction-repair and tRNA splicing. Diverse bacteria from multiple phyla encode a two-component RNA repair cassette, comprising Pnkp (polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase-ligase) and Hen1 (RNA 3′-terminal ribose 2′-O-methyltransferase), that heals and then seals broken tRNAs with 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and 5′-OH ends. The Pnkp-Hen1 repair operon is absent in the majority of bacterial species, thereby raising the prospect that other RNA repair systems might be extant. A candidate component is RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase, a widely distributed enzyme that transforms RNA 3′-monophosphate termini into 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates but cannot seal the ends it produces. Escherichia coli RNA cyclase (RtcA) is encoded in a σ54-regulated operon with RtcB, a protein of unknown function. Taking a cue from Pnkp-Hen1, we purified E. coli RtcB and tested it for RNA ligase activity. We report that RtcB per se seals broken tRNA-like stem-loop structures with 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and 5′-OH ends to form a splice junction with a 2′-OH, 3′,5′-phosphodiester. We speculate that: (i) RtcB might afford bacteria a means to recover from stress-induced RNA damage; and (ii) RtcB homologs might catalyze tRNA repair or splicing reactions in archaea and eukarya.
Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola

Puerto Real, Haiti, is the site of the largest and most extensive archaeological excavation of any Spanish colony in the Caribbean. These essays are contributed by those who carried out the fieldwork there. They include William Hodge's first-hand account of discovering the site."
Evolution of artificial agents in a realistic virtual environment

Modern video game software implements very immersive, simulated worlds. These worlds benefit from highly sophisticated graphics and physics simulations provided by the software. The experiments presented here show that these complex simulated environments can provide an attractive research platform for evolutionary algorithms, specifically for the task of artificial agent evolution.
On the BCFT description of holes in the c=1 matrix model

Abstract We propose a boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) description of hole states in the c =1 matrix model.
Loss of capacity for acid-induced wall loosening as the principal cause of the cessation of cell enlargement in light-grown bean leaves

Cell enlargement in primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can be induced, free of cell divisions, by exposure of 10-d-old, red-light-grown seedlings to white light. The absolute rate of leaf expansion increases until day 12, then decreases until the leaves reached mature size on day 18. The cause of the reduction in growth rate following day 12 has been investigated. Turgor calculated from measurements of leaf water and osmotic potential fell from 6.5 to 3.5 bar before day 12, but remained constant thereafter. The decline of growth after day 12 is not caused by a decrease in turgor. On the other hand, Instron-measured cell-wall extensibility decreased in parallel with growth rate after day 12. Two parameters influencing extensibility were examined. Light-induced acidification of cell walls, which has been shown to initiate wall extension, remained constant over the growth period (days 10–18). Furthermore, cells of any age could be stimulated to excrete H+ by fusicoccin. However, older tissue was not able to grow in response to fusicoccin or light. Measurements of acid-induced extension on preparations of isolated cell walls showed that as cells matured, the cell walls became less able to extend when acidified. These data indicate that it is a decline in the capacity for acid-induced wall loosening that reduces wall extensibility and thus cell enlargement in maturing leaves.
Influence of substituent and ligand electronic factors on the measurement of gas phase olefins using a surface acoustic wave oscillator coated with trans-PtCl2(olefin)(amine) complexes

Certain olefin gases and vapors can be measured selectively at low concentrations using surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors coated with reagents of the general formula trans-PtCl2(olefin)(amine). The sensor response depends on the steady-state rate of mass change associated with substitution of the initially complexed olefin by the free olefin analyte. This paper examines the effects of changes in the electronic nature of substituents on the free olefin and the olefin and amine ligands in the complex on the sensitivity and selectivity obtained with this class of SAW sensor coatings. For a given reagent, higher reaction rates are generally observed with electron-donating substituents on the double bond of the free olefin. For a given free olefin, varying the 4-substituent of the pyridine ligand in PtCl2(ethylene)(4-X-pyridine) gives a maximum response at an intermediate degree of amine basicity. Replacing pyridine by aniline, pyridine N-oxide or the 4-substituted derivatives of these ligands results in reduced responses for the olefins tested. Changing the initially complexed olefin leads to large changes in response, the pattern of which varies with the nature of the free olefin. Results demonstrate the potential for controlling the response of SAW sensors through subtle structural modifications of these coating reagents.
The Three Rs of Supervising Graduate Psychology Students With Disabilities: Reading, Writing, and Reasonable Accommodations

Graduate students in clinical psychology and other mental health fields with disabilities are disadvantaged in seeking field placement training. Barriers are both physical and attitudinal. This article addresses the nature of both types of barriers and ways that field placement supervisors can minimize both, providing equal access for students with disabilities. Recommendations related to specific disabilities are given as well as more general ones.
Alternative Routes to Earning a Standard High School Diploma

States are working to improve their graduation rates, in part because of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) high school accountability requirements. This is taking place at the same time that 26 states have implemented exit examinations to determine, in part, whether a student has gained the knowledge and skills to earn a standard diploma and be prepared for a career or postsecondary education. This study examined the alternative routes that states have established for all students with and without disabilities to earn a standard diploma. Across the exit examination states, a total of 46 alternative routes were identified, with 23 each for all students or only for students with disabilities. The nature of the alternative routes and their passing criteria are presented. Although the alternative routes were fairly balanced across groups in what they required students to do (ranging from waivers, to other tests, to project/portfolios/performances, to comparable evidence), overall those routes for all students tende...
Qualitative Assessment: An Approach for Counselors

Qualitative assessment offers the counselor methods of helping clients to know and understand themselves better—methods that are flexible, open-ended, holistic, and nonstatistical. The methods are diverse and include card sorts, simulations, exercises and games, worksamples, and others. Many of the methods may be considered projective in nature and thereby tap values, interests, and needs in ways that standardized tests do not. Because these activities involve the client actively, they can flow directly out of and back into the counseling relationship rather than being a discrete element.
Exposure of employees to man-made mineral fibers: ceramic fiber production.

Abstract Employee exposure to ceramic fibers in the ceramic fiber production industry was measured. Data were collected in three plants operated by three different corporations. The average exposure of employees was in the range 0.05 to 2 fibers/ml. Although there were major operational diversities among the plants investigated, the size and length distributions of airborne fibers in the facilities were consistent. Thus, 95% of the airborne fibers were less than 4 μm in diameter and 50 μm in length, with geometric mean diameter of 0.7 μm and geometric mean length of 13 μm. An excellent correlation was demonstrated between average exposure to total suspended particulate matter and fiber concentrations for the work activities in the plants.
Interface Crack in a Three-Phase Composite Constitutive Model

An arc-shaped crack in fiber-reinforced composite material is the subject of this paper. A three-phase composite cylinder is taken as the material model to take into account the effect of surrounding fibers. The complex stress intensity factors for the interface crack, in the sense defined by Hutchinson, Mear, and Rice, are determined
Environmental persistence and transfer of enteric viruses

Non-enveloped enteric viruses, such as Human Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus, are readily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Outbreaks are often prolonged due to the ability of these viruses to survive on environmental surfaces, on foods, and in water. Delineation of properties impacting enteric virus transfer and persistence in the environment has been the focus of several recent publications and is the topic of this review. Such information is important for modeling transmission scenarios, identifying risks of food-borne and water-borne virus contamination, and targeting prevention and control efforts for risk mitigation.
Traumatic Anterior Atlanto-occipital Dislocation

The five cases of atlanto-occipital dislocation reported in the world literature are reviewed, and four additional cases are presented, including two survivors. The pathological anatomy of this potentially catastrophic injury and its management are briefly discussed. Because immediate recognition of the atlanto-occipital dislocation is critical to proper treatment and because the neurological findings are extremely varied, a new radiographic criterion for its identification has been developed.
Phonon Sidebands, Multiphonon Relaxation of Excited States, and Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer between Ions in Solids

A unified treatment is given in the adiabatic approximation for phonon sideband intensities, multiphonon relaxation transition probabilities, and phonon-assisted energy-transfer probabilities. The intensity distribution of phonon sidebands is determined by coupling constants of the vibrational modes with electrons or holes and a criterion for the appearance of discrete sidebands is given. Transition probabilities of multiphonon relaxation processes among various excited levels of an ion are shown to depend exponentially on the energy gap between these levels, in agreement with recent experimental results. A similar dependence is derived for the energy-transfer probabilities between two ions on the energy mismatch between excitation energies of these ions.
Design and testing of a two-monochromator reference spectrofluorimeter for high-accuracy total radiance factor measurements.

A two-monochromator reference spectrofluorimeter has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada in accordance with International Commission on Illumination and American Society for Testing and Materials colorimetry standards to permit high-accuracy total spectral radiance factor measurements of fluorescent materials. This fully automated instrument employs a xenon-arc light source, all-reflective optics, two grating monochromators with order-sorting filters, a cooled photomultiplier tube analyzing detector, and a calibrated silicon photodiode monitor detector. The instrument operating range is 250–1050 nm with a selectable bandpass (optimized for a 5-nm resolution), and the measurement geometry is 45° annular illumination and 0° viewing (45/0). We describe the instrument’s design, testing, and verification procedures. Systematic errors that have been determined and corrected for include instrument polarization, beam nonuniformity, wavelength shifts, stray light, and system drift. The wavelength accuracy and reproducibility are estimated to better than ±0.1 and ±0.03 nm, respectively. The photometric short-term repeatability and long-term reproducibility are estimated to be better than ±0.15% and ±0.5%, respectively. The overall photometric accuracy is better than 1% of the value over a wide range of reflectances, and the reproducibility of the color specification of a fluorescent material is better than 0.25 ΔEab units.
Dual cell seeding and the use of zymogen tissue plasminogen activator to improve cell retention on polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to enhance the retention of seeded endothelial cells (EC) on prosthetic vascular grafts. Dual-layer EC and smooth muscle cell (SMC) seeding and gene transfer of a zymogen tissue plasminogen activator gene (tPA) into seeded EC were studied. Methods: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts were precoated with fibronectin, seeded with SMC followed by EC a day later, and then, 24 hours later, exposed to an in vitro flow system for 1 hour. Cell retention rates were determined for grafts seeded with EC only, a dual layer of EC on top of SMC, EC transduced with wild-type tPA, and EC transduced with zymogen tPA. Results: Seeding efficiency of PTFE pretreated with fibronectin was 260 ± 8 cell/mm 2 . After exposure to flow, only 39% ± 14% of the EC were retained when EC were seeded alone, whereas 73% ± 22% of EC remained on grafts when EC were seeded on top of SMC ( P P =.001, n=10) in absence of fibrin, whereas its retention rate was reduced to 43% when the cells were exposed to fibrin. Conclusion: SMC seeded between EC and PTFE improves EC retention in vitro. Transduction of zymogen tPA increases thrombolytic ability of seeded cells with less adverse impact on cell retention than wild-type tPA. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:337-43.)
Human coronary arteriolar dilation to bradykinin depends on membrane hyperpolarization: contribution of nitric oxide and Ca2+-activated K+ channels.

Background—K+ channel activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a key role in regulating vascular tone. It has been proposed that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) contributes to microvascular dilation more than nitric oxide (NO) does. Whether hyperpolarization is important for coronary arteriolar dilation in humans is not known. Bradykinin (BK), an endogenous vasoactive substance, is released from ischemic myocardium and regulates coronary resistance. Therefore, we tested the effects of inhibiting NO synthase, cyclooxygenase, and K+ channels on the changes in diameter and membrane potential (Em) in response to BK in isolated human coronary microvessels. Methods and Results—Arterioles (97±4 μm; n=120) dissected from human right atrial appendages (n=78) were cannulated at a distending pressure of 60 mm Hg and zero flow. Changes in vessel diameter (video microscopy) and VSMC Em (glass microelectrodes) were measured simultaneously. In vessels constricted and depolarized (Em; −5...
The Effect of Wealth Inequality on Higher Education Outcomes: A Critical Review

American society reflects considerable class immobility, much of which may be explained by the wide gaps in college completion rates between economically advantaged and disadvantaged groups of students. First, we discuss the factors that lead to unequal college completion rates and introduce assets as an explanation often ignored by stratification scholars. We then discuss how a legacy of wealth inequality has led to wealthy students having an advantage at the financial aid bargaining table over low-income and minority students. We conclude by discussing how asset-building policies such as children’s savings accounts offer a potential policy strategy to alter the distributional consequences of the current financial aid system and help level the playing field.
Dissipation and oscillations in the flow of the saturated He II film

The response of the superfluid film velocityv to varying driving force is measured from 1 to 2.12 K using gravitational film flow between bulk reservoirs. Data on the reservoir level vs. time are analyzed and compared with four intrinsic dissipation models and can be best fit, to within 0.5%, by the formdv/dt∝−ν(T) exp [−v b (T)/v], where ν(T) andv b (T) are phenomenological parameters. Previous intrinsic dissipation measurements are critically reviewed. New indirect evidence for kinetic thinning of the film is found in 0.5% distortions in the thermally damped oscillations of the reservoir levels. Topics in potential flow damping are discussed.
The Moral Foundations of Equipoise and Its Role in International Research

In “The Real Problem With Equipoise,” Chiong (2006) raises two distinct, but interrelated issues concerning the concept of equipoise. The first deals with the role of equipoise in evaluating intern...
On the equilibrium set of magnetostatic energy by differential inclusion

This paper concerns the set of equilibriums of the nonlocal magnetostatic energy for saturated magnetizations. We study the stability of the equilibrium set under the weak-star convergence using methods of differential inclusion and quasiconvex analysis. The equilibrium set is shown to be unstable under the weak-star convergence and an estimate on its weak-star closure is obtained. This estimate is also shown to be accurate when the physical domain is an ellipsoid.
Fetal movements and biophysical profile scores after glucocorticosteroid administration in normal gestations

Objective: To evaluate and quantify the effect of glucocorticosteroid administration on fetal movements and biophysical profile scores. Methods: Eighteen women between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were an uncomplicated, low-risk, singleton pregnancy. After conducting a baseline biophysical profile (BPP) and nonstress test (NST), the subjects were given a 12-mg intramuscular injection of betamethasone. On day 2, the NST and betamethasone injection were repeated. The BPP and NST were repeated on day 3. Maternal kick counts were recorded throughout the study period. Comparison was made between biophysical profile scores before and after betamethasone administration and fetal movement. Results: Biophysical profile scores were reduced in 28% of the study population after betamethasone administration (P <0.05). Amniotic fluid index on day 3 was decreased from baseline in 72% of patients (P <0.05). Forty-four percent of patients reported a decrease in fetal movement. Of these patients, 87.5% had a decreased amniotic fluid index when compared with baseline (P <0.05). Conclusions: Fetal movements and breathing motion are decreased after glucocorticosteroid use as evidenced by biophysical profile scores and kick counts. The decrease in amniotic fluid index observed may be the result of decreased fetal breathing and therefore decreased efflux of lung fluid into the amniotic sac.
A Social Learning Explanation for Age-Related Changes in Children's Conceptual Behavior.

Abstract A social learning explanation for children's conceptual development is proposed. Recent training research on conservation is discussed, and it is concluded that it fails to support three key assumptions underlying Piaget's theory (a) Children are able to learn to conserve without being “in transition,” (b) nonconservation experiences are successful in promoting developmentally immature cognitive functioning, and (c) there is evidence of inconsistencies in children's cognitive functioning across tasks assessing the same cognitive stage. Two aspects of children's conservation responding are explained according to a social learning position: decalages and the shift from perceptual cues to quantitative cues. This explanation involves consideration of cognitive factors such as prior rule learning as well as impinging social experience.