cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 71-kDa heat-shock protein induces proliferation and cytokine secretion by murine gut intraepithelial lymphocytes.

Murine intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) respond poorly to T cell mitogens and to monoclonal antibody stimulation of T cell receptor (TCR)- and CD3-associated molecules. In contrast, we found that a soluble extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but not purified protein derivative of tuberculin, induced significant proliferative responses in IEL cultures. The active component was apparently a heat shock protein (HSP), since recombinant 71-kDa HSP from Mtb induced IEL to proliferate, while 65-kDa HSP from M. bovis and M. leprae did not. Both α/β and α/δ TCR-enriched IEL gave proliferative responses to 71-kDa HSP. Further, culture supernatants from IEL stimulated with 71-kDa HSP contained elevated levels of interleukin-(IL)-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-y and IL-6, but not IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or transforming growth factor-β Finally, several IEL T cell clones have been maintained for up to 6 weeks, when stimulated with 71-kDa HSP, IL-2 and feeder cells. Our results show that the 71-kDa HSP of Mtb induces IELT cells to divide and to secrete cytokines and this may offer a model for cloning and study of IEL T cells in vitro.
Use of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test as an indicator of infection in surgical patients.

Summary The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test was performed in fifty surgical patients. Thirty of thirty-one patients with normal NBT test results had no clinical infection. Nineteen patients had elevated NBT values and nine of these had a proved infection. No infective cause for elevation of the NBT value was found in the other ten patients.
Erythropoietin Receptor Signaling through STAT3 Is Required for Glioma Stem Cell Maintenance

Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) is a growth factor used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia, but recent studies suggest that EPO may accelerate cancer growth. Although several cancers express EPO receptors (EPORs), the mechanism by which EPOR promotes tumor growth remains poorly understood. Glioblastomas display a cellular hierarchy of self-renewal and tumor propagation restricted to glioma stem cells (GSCs). The authors find that GSCs express higher levels of EPOR than matched nonstem glioma cells. Prospective enrichment for EPOR on GSCs increased neurosphere formation, suggesting that EPOR can select for a subset of GSCs with increased self-renewal capacity. Targeting EPOR expression with lentiviral-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced GSC growth, survival, and neurosphere formation capacity, defining a crucial role for EPOR in GSC maintenance. The authors further find that STAT3 is an important mediator of EPOR signals in GSCs. EPOR knockdown attenuated the basal activation of STAT3 present in GSCs, and a small-molecule inhibitor of STAT3 reduced GSC growth and survival. EPOR signaling was critical for survival in vivo, as targeting EPOR expression decreased GSC tumorigenic potential. Elevated EPOR expression is also associated with poor patient outcome. Thus, EPOR on GSCs promotes tumor growth and may explain the poor survival of cancer patients treated with EPO.
The Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) Oncogene of Epstein-Barr Virus Can Simultaneously Induce and Inhibit Apoptosis in B Cells

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) regulates its own expression and the expression of human genes via its two functional moieties; the transmembrane domains of LMP1 are required to regulate its expression via the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy in B cells, and the carboxy-terminal domain of LMP1 activates cellular signaling pathways that affect cellular proliferation and survival. An apparent anomaly in the complex regulation of the UPR and autophagy by LMP1 is that the induction of either pathway can lead to cellular death, yet neither EBV-infected B cells nor B cells expressing only LMP1 die. Thus, we sought to understand how B cells that express LMP1 survive. The transmembrane domains of LMP1 activated apoptosis in B cells, the apoptosis required the UPR, and the carboxy-terminal domain of LMP1 blocked this apoptosis. The expression of the mRNA of Bcl2a1, encoding an antiapoptotic homolog of BCL2, correlated directly with the expression of LMP1 in EBV-positive B-cell strains, and its expression inhibited the apoptosis induced by the transmembrane domains of LMP1. These findings illustrate how the carboxy-terminal domain of LMP1 supports survival of B cells in the presence of the deleterious effects of the complex regulation of this viral oncogene.
The octanol/water distribution coefficients of methylmercuric species: The role of aqueous‐phase chemical speciation

A model is proposed that quantitatively describes the 1-octanol/water distribution coefficients of methylmercuric species in terms of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficients of each individual methylmercuric species (i.e., CH3HgCl0, CH3HgOH0, and CH3Hg+) and the aqueousphase equilibrium speciation of the methylmercuric species CH3HgCl0, CH3HgOH0, and CH3Hg+.
Large Data-Handling Equipment as a Commercial Tool

The primary purpose of this paper is to present for management an approach to the employment of large data-handling equipment in commercial problems. This approach is in the form of guideposts which, in a very general way, may indicate to people without a background in the data processing field, major requirements to consider or problems which will be encountered in connection with this employment. The problem arises in the military departments largely in connection with logistics and throughout non-military governmental and nongovernmental operations.
CONTROLLING OPTICAL TURBULENCE

A robust global control strategy, implemented as a spatial filter with delayed feedback, is shown to stabilize and steer the weakly turbulent output of a spatially extended system. The latter is described by a generalized complex Swift-Hohenberg equation [J. Lega, J. V. Moloney, and A. C. Newell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2978 (1994); Physica D 83, 478 (1995)], which is used as a generic model for pattern formation in the transverse section of semiconductor lasers. Our technique is particularly adapted to optical systems and should provide convenient experimental control of filamentation in wide-aperture lasers.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Multiple Myeloma: Rationale and Evidence for Their Use in Combination Therapy

Multiple myeloma (MM) arises from abnormal proliferation and survival (ie, a high proliferative index and a low apoptotic index) of mature immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. Development of novel therapeutic options, such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), has improved treatment outcomes. However, patients often develop relapsed and refractory MM, thus requiring alternative treatment approaches. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) control the acetylation status of proteins and affect a broad array of physiologic processes (eg, cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein folding) involved in cell growth and survival. The discovery that HDACs might have a role in various hematologic malignancies, including MM, has led to the development of HDAC inhibitors as potential antitumor agents. Preclinical evidence from studies of HDAC inhibitors in combination with proteasome inhibitors (eg, bortezomib and carfilzomib), other antimyeloma agents, including IMiDs (eg, lenalidomide), and cytotoxic agents (eg, melphalan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin), provides a strong scientific rationale for the evaluation of these regimens. Results from early stage clinical trials further support the use of HDAC inhibitors as a therapeutic option for MM, in combination with current and emerging antimyeloma agents. In this review, we examine the role of protein acetylation that underlies the antimyeloma effects of HDAC inhibitors, discuss the preclinical rationale for the use of HDAC inhibitors in combination with other antimyeloma agents, and provide an overview of the current clinical evidence supporting the use of HDAC inhibitors as a therapeutic option in MM.
School practitioners' perspectives on planning, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based practices

Abstract Although the evidence supporting the implementation of prevention and early intervention practices in schools is mounting, school personnel continue to encounter difficulties adopting and implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs). The current study sought to better understand school practitioners' experiences of planning, implementing and evaluating evidence-based social and emotional practices through an empowerment evaluation lens. Qualitative analyses of focus group transcripts yielded 16 themes across two general categories related to school districts' processes of planning, implementing, and evaluating EBPs, and general organizational capacities that either facilitated or impeded these processes. Results are discussed and implications for practice and future research are offered. Recommendations focus on next steps to advance school-based consultation within an empowerment evaluation framework.
The Use of a Kaleidoscope to Obtain Uniform Flux Over a Large Area in a Solar or Arc Imaging Furnace

The use of properly designed light pipes to redistribute the energy of a solar furnace or an arc imaging furnace is discussed. Compared to alternate schemes of obtaining uniform irradiation over a large area, the light pipe has the advantage of good uniformity without a serious loss of efficiency. Theoretical analyses concerning the principle of operation, as well as formulas for estimating the flux uniformity and reflection losses, are discussed. The results also indicate that the only suitable cross sections are the square, triangular, hexagonal, and rectangular. Other cross sections, including the circular, are not satisfactory unless used with diffusely reflecting surfaces.
Carbon–carbon bond formation for biomass-derived furfurals and ketones by aldol condensation in a biphasic system

Production of liquid alkanes in the range of C8–C15 from renewable sources, such as xylose and fructose (C5 and C6), requires the formation of CC bonds between the carbon chains. We have investigated aldol condensation as a catalytic route for this conversion in a biphasic system between various furfurals (furaldehyde (FUR), methyl furfural, and 5-hydroxylmethyl furfural (HMF)) and ketones (acetone, acetol, dihydroxyacetone, 2-hexanone, and 3-hexanone) derived from biomass. This system employs a reactive aqueous phase containing a basic NaOH catalyst, an organic extracting phase to remove the aldol-adducts from the homogeneous catalyst, with the addition of salt (NaCl) to the aqueous phase employed to expand the miscibility gap between the aqueous and organic phases. The effect of reagent ratios and reaction conditions on the final product distribution, such as ketone to furfural and base to furfural ratio, was investigated and a simple first order model was used to gain insight into the reaction network. High yields to single and double condensation products can be achieved for acetone condensation with furfural compounds by proper choice of reagent ratios. Degradation of HMF appears to be catalyzed by base, leading to the formation of organic acids that subsequently neutralize the base catalyst. This degradation process limits the recycling of the aqueous phase and also decreases the condensation yield of species such as hexanones that do not readily dissolve in the aqueous phase. FUR, which does not readily degrade, is more completely condensed to form products; however, because FUR is less soluble in the reactive aqueous phase compared to HMF, high concentrations of base must be used to increase the rate of reaction.
Ketals and hemithioketals of 1-methyl-4-piperidone and tropinone.

The preparation of ketals and hemithioketals of 1-methyl-4-piperidone and tropinone as potential postganglionic parasympathetic blocking agents has been undertaken. It is proposed that the relative activity of these rigid compounds will allow a more accurate description of the spatial arrangement in such a compound for optimal activity.
An ultra high throughput, double combinatorial screening method of peptide–metal binding

An effective ultra-high throughput, double combinatorial method of screening potential selective ligands based upon oligopeptides is described. This rapid screening of bead-based libraries by Micro X-ray Fluorescence (MXRF) was used to identify selective chelating agents for metals that may be found in radioactive dispersive devices (RDDs). The method has proven to be a powerful tool to rapidly and quantitatively screen metal–ligand interactions. It is a tag-free, sensitive technique, which in a combinatorial approach with peptide libraries (e.g. varying charge, length, hydrophobicity, ligand elements etc.), provides a rapid and quantitative means for identifying metal–ligand interactions.
Poor Predictive Value of Serum Creatinine for Renal Allograft Loss

Both medical care and pharmaceutical development have led to an increase in expected graft and patient survival for patients who undergo renal transplantation. From a research perspective, it has become increasingly difficult to study the efficacy of new therapies using traditional 'hard' endpoints. In reaction to this dilemma, the transplant community has sought a surrogate endpoint. A natural candidate for a surrogate marker for graft loss that has been proposed is renal function (serum creatinine or calculated GFR levels). Using data from the USRDS, we conducted a retrospective evaluation of transplant data from 1988 to 1999 to quantify the predictive value of renal function for the outcomes of graft loss, death-censored graft loss, and patient death. Renal function along with the change in renal function demonstrated a high relative risk for ultimate graft survival and graft loss (odds ratio = 2.2 for an increase of 1 mg/dL). However, the predictive value as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for this criteria was poor (0.627). These findings held true for the slope of creatinine and formulations of GFR. While renal function is a strong risk factor and highly correlated with graft failure, the utility of renal function as a predictive tool for graft loss is limited.
Impact of local-moment fluctuations on the magnetic degeneracy of iron arsenide superconductors

We investigate the fate of the orthorhombic stripe-type magnetic state [ordering vectors $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$/$(0,\ensuremath{\pi})$], observed in most iron-pnictide superconductors, in the presence of localized magnetic moments that tend to form a N\'eel state [ordering vector $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$]. We show that before long-range N\'eel order sets in, the coupling between the conduction electrons and the fluctuations of the local moments favors an unusual magnetic state consisting of a coherent superposition of the $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ and $(0,\ensuremath{\pi})$ orders that preserves tetragonal symmetry. The magnetization of this state is nonuniform and induces a simultaneous checkerboard charge order. We discuss signatures of this magnetic configuration on the electronic spectrum and its impact on the superconducting state, showing that its phase space for coexistence with the ${s}^{+\ensuremath{-}}$ state is smaller than the stripe-type state. Our results shed light on recent experimental observations on $\mathrm{Ba}{({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}})}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ compounds, where the N\'eel-type local Mn moments interact with the Fe conduction electrons.
What's religion cot to do with it?

In the early, confusing hours just after the Oklahoma City bomb blast, I heard on television that officials were looking for two male suspects, described as “swarthy.” While mentioning that the bombing occurred on the anniversary of the Waco tragedy, media attention seemed to focus quickly on these men, whose appearance was further described as “Middle Eastern.”. Just as quickly, anger against Muslims—for these days, swarthy Middle Easterners must of course be Muslim—boiled up in Riverside, where I live and work. The elementary school at the mosque was closed after a death threat was phoned in against the children; a woman wearing traditional headcovering was spat on in a restaurant on University Avenue; talk of Islamic extremists was on the lips of many.
Exploring Family Processes in the NLSY97

This article introduces a special edition of Marriage and Family Review. We comment on how this collection emerged and was funded. A theoretical foundation for the articles is also presented. Finally, a short description of each article is included. The overall conclusion of the article is that the NLSY97 is a significant and important starting point for researching inner family life and family process variables. However, the authors note that large-scale research projects are needed within which family processes are the focus and not a sidelight.
Optical chirality enhancement in twisted metamaterials

An important property of electromagnetic fields which is partly responsible for the interaction between fields and chiral medium is called optical chirality. By enhancing this field property while maintaining constant input power, we are able to increase absorption of circularly polarized light by chiral molecules of a certain handedness. This enhancement is achieved through the use of plasmonic nano-particles in conjunction with twisted metamaterials. Optical chirality enhancement (OCE) has an important application in sensing enantiomers of chiral molecules. Here we present a preliminary scheme to measure enantiomeric excess in mixtures of chiral molecules using OCE boosted by twisted metamaterials.
Reduced [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic receptors in disulfoton-tolerant mice

The organophosphate, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, disulfoton, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate, was given daily for 2 weeks to male mice at two different dosages. Clinical signs of poisoning disappeared in 5 days after the beginning of the treatment, i.e., the animals developed apparent tolerance to disulfoton toxicity. Tolerant mice were less sensitive to a lethal dose of carbachol and exhibited a decrease of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding in forebrain, hindbrain, and ileum. Scatchard analysis of saturation experiments revealed a decrease in the density of receptors (Bmax) in the disulfoton-treated mice, as compared with controls. No significant changes in affinity were found, except in the ileum. A time-course study showed a good parallelism between the decrease of [3H]QNB binding and the development of tolerance. Twenty-one days after the end of the disulfoton treatment AChE activity was still inhibited, but [3H]QNB binding had returned to normal levels. The recovery of [3H]QNB binding appears to be faster in ileum than in forebrain and hindbrain. These findings indicate that the development of tolerance to chronic organophosphate treatment is, at least partially, due to a reduction in the number of cholinergic receptors.
Locke's parity thesis about thinking matter : A response to Williams

Recently, Clifford Williams has attempted to argue for the plausibility of a Christian form of physicalism. To make his case, Williams appropriates certain claims by John Locke regarding the possibility of thinking matter to argue for what Williams calls the parity theses: (1) God can make matter and nonmatter either to think or not to think. Given God's omnipotence, the justification for (1) is: (2) there is no contradiction in asserting either that matter or nonmatter thinks or that they do not think. If we expand thinking to include other morally and religiously relevant operations of the mind, then we get: (3) God can make either a purely material being or a nonmaterial entity to have moral and religious characteristics. From this, Williams infers that: (4) there is an equal amount of mystery in thinking matter as there is in non-thinking matter. In response to Williams, I argue that his main arguments for the parity theses fail and his Lockean style argument must be judged a failure. To show this I, first, state Williams' Lockean parity argument and, second, criticize the three arguments he offers for its most important premise.
Crystallographic Texture of Nitinol and its Effects on Macrophage

The use of Nitinol for medical purposes was first reported in the late 1960’s. Today Nitinol is commonly used for the manufacture of stents, which are primarily used in peripheral and coronary bypass graft interventions. The application of NiTi in orthopedics is an exciting prospect but one that has yet to be realized. Nitinol’s unique mechanical behavior is derived from the coordinated atomic movements manifesting in phase transformations from cubic austenite to monoclinic martensite. These phase transformations are solid-to-solid phase transformations that occur without diffusion or plasticity, potentially making them reversible. They involve changes in the crystalline structure that can be induced by changes in either temperature or stress. In addition to phase transformations, Nitinol’s mechanical strength is strongly dependent on the alloy composition and the method in which the material is processed, i.e. rolled, drawn, extruded, or forged. The mechanical work, combined with the intermediate heat treatment steps, contribute to modify microstructure, transformation temperatures and mechanical properties. These manufacturing processing steps lead to texturing (crystallographic alignment) of the material. Alignment of the atomic planes from texture in the polycrystalline material have a marked influence on the mechanical response by either limiting or promoting phase transformations and shape recovery strains. Nitinol is an established biomaterial, whose biocompatibility is heavily grounded on the inertness of titanium based oxides that usually dominate the surface exterior. Surfaces that vary significantly in their chemistry, topography and corrosion resistance have different degrees of biocompatibility. As such, a better understanding of the biological response of NiTi’s surfaces with different crystallographic textures in needed. In the present research, a macrophage study is performed whereby 6 plates that are highly textured NiTi with different surface finishes are incubated with cells for approximately 3 days and then tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cellular proliferation are assessed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Increasing DHT Data Security by Scattering Data (Invited Paper)

This paper describes methods for increasing the security of data being stored in a distributed hash table (DHT) which leverages the inherent properties of the DHT to provide a secure storage substrate. The methods presented are based upon a framework referred to as "scatter, conceal, and recover" (SCAR). The standard method of securing data in a DHT is to encrypt the data using symmetrical encryption before storing it in the network. SCAR provides this level of security, but also prevents any known cryptoanalisys from being performed. It does this by dividing data into multiple blocks and scattering these blocks within the DHT. The security of SCAR is provided by the property that an attacker is unable to obtain and reassemble the data blocks correctly. However, if the attacker has access to the network communication, the likelihood of a successful attack is significantly increased. This paper defines how such attacks can be executed and provides methods for ensuring data security in spite of such attacks.
The Need for the “New Health Geography” in Epidemiologic Studies of Environment and Health

Abstract Growth during the past decade in what can be broadly referred to as social and environmental epidemiologic research has been an important contributor to an emerging understanding of environment and health relationships. While the incorporation of geographic information systems as well as concepts such as “neighborhoods” might be viewed as evidence of social epidemiology moving closer to health geography, I argue that the two fields are not well aligned. Health geography has much more to contribute to studies of environment and health, and attention by social epidemiologists to those potential contributions could help rectify this misalignment. This paper suggests a number of geographic perspectives on health and environment that could create useful connections between geography and public health, via social epidemiology. To illustrate this potential, I use an ongoing study of a Texas community exposed to a large petrochemical complex—an inquiry constructed in the mode of social epidemiology—as a case in point. I apply several perspectives and concepts from geography to the case study. Cultural ecology, discourse materialized, political ecology, and territoriality are used to assess the Texas City situation and suggest important types of understandings that can enhance the social epidemiology approach to environment and health. I conclude with a discussion of the prospects for a social epidemiology infused with this type of geographic thought and analysis.
Separation of CD4+ Functional Responses by Peptide Dose in Th1 and Th2 Subsets Expressing the Same Transgenic Antigen Receptor

Abstract CD4 + T cells from αβ-TCR transgenic mice were used to explore the effect of antigen dose on various functional activities. This transgenic system provides for a source of antigen-specific T cells with the same TCR which can develop into Th1 and Th2 phenotypes under controlled conditions. Of particular interest was to determine if detachment of adherent targets from their substrate could be separated from other functional activities by either antigen dose or functional subset. Using this model we have found that (a) Th1 and Th2 phenotypes exhibit a similar peptide dose-dependent pattern of detachment and lysis, although Th2 are generally less lytic on both fibroblast and lymphoma targets; (b) detachment and lysis can be dissociated from cytokine production by low peptide doses; (c) detachment and lysis can be physiologically as well as temporally and pharmacologically uncoupled as most targets recovered after detachment by Th2 effectors retain their capacity to proliferate.
American Beauty: The Seduction of the Visual Image in the Culture of Technology

The critical examination of the film American Beauty reveals characteristics illustrative of the form of culture coextensive with modern technological societies. This form of culture creates an imb...
Hierarchy, complicity and culture in the library and information science preservation agenda: Observations from Romania:

This paper argues that researchers involved in cultural heritage preservation need to adopt a more inclusive ethnographic research methodology that pays special attention to how power, class, and status shape the communities we study. Based on observations from field research in Ghimes-Faget, Romania, we discuss why the Hungarian ethnic identity was chosen as the village’s most visible representation although residents had many other identities from which to choose. We show how local efforts to preserve culture, history and self ‘in one direction’ were shaped by the current socio-economic reality in the village. Our findings suggest that identity selection is influenced by shifting power relations between ethnic groups over time as much as it is by the dominant ethnic group in a community. In an effort to show how existing research falls short, we discuss why one recently proposed ‘culturally responsive research methodology’ could not support any kind of legitimate preservation agenda in Ghimes or any oth...
Nucleotide binding and phosphorylation in microtubule assembly in vitro.

Abstract Two non-hydrolyzable analogs of GTP, guanylyl-β,γ-methylene diphosphonate and guanylyl imidodiphosphate, have been found to induce rapid and efficient microtubule assembly in vitro by binding at the exchangeable site (E-site) on tubulin. Characterization of microtubule polymerization by several criteria, including polymerization kinetics, nucleotide binding to depolymerized and polymerized microtubules, and microtubule stability, reveals strong similarities between microtubule assembly induced by GTP and non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs. Nucleoside triphosphates which bind weakly or not at all to tubulin, such as ATP, UTP and CTP, are shown to induce microtubule assembly by means of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP-kinase, EC 2.7.4.6.) activity which is not intrinsic to tubulin. The NDP-kinase mediates microtubule polymerization by phosphorylating tubulin-bound GDP in situ at the E-site. Although hydrolysis of exchangeably bound GTP occurs, it is found to be uncoupled from the polymerization reaction. The non-exchangeable nucleotide binding site on tubulin (N-site) is not directly involved in microtubule assembly in vitro . The N-site is shown to contain almost exclusively GTP which is not hydrolyzed during microtubule assembly. A scheme is presented in which GTP acts as an allosteric effector at the E-site during microtubule assembly in vitro .
Thermally Activated Dislocation Motion past Point Obstacles Including the Effects of Dislocation Shape

Thermally activated motion of dislocations past point obstacles is studied by treating a special case of radially symmetric obstacles created by considering a position dependent dislocation line energy. Detailed consideration of the shape of the dislocation in the equilibrium and activated states is made by applying the techniques of the calculus of variations. The activation energy is calculated as a function of the applied stress and the shape and height of the obstacle. It is shown that the stress dependence of the activation energy is similar in form to that found for linear obstacles by Dorn and Rajnak. An estimate of the activation area, made by directly integrating the shape of the dislocation, compares favorably with the activation area found by considering the stress dependence of the activation energy. The shape of the dislocation in both the equilibrium and activated states is also calculated. Two athermal stress levels for the point obstacle problem are identified and studied. These involve dislocation bowing between obstacles and athermal cutting of the obstacles, respectively. Die thermisch aktivierte Bewegung von Versetzungen an Punkthindernissen vorbei wird untersucht mit der Behandlung eines Spezialfalles eines radial-symmetrischen Hindernisses, das durch die Berucksichtigung einer ortsabhangigen Versetzungslinienenergie gebildet wird. Eine ausfuhrliche Betrachtung der Form der Versetzung im Gleichgewicht und der aktivierten Zustande wird durch Anwendung der Variationsrechnung durchgefuhrt. Die Aktivierungsenergie wird als Funktion der angelegten Spannung und der Form und Hohe der Hindernisse berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, das die Spannungsabhangigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie in der Form der von Dorn und Rajnak fur lineare Hindernisse ahnlich ist. Eine Berechnung der Aktivierungsflache durch direkte Integration der Form der Versetzung stimmt befriedigend mit der Aktivierungsflache uberein, die bei Berucksichtigung der Spannungsabhangigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie gefunden wird. Die Form der Versetzung wird sowohl im Gleichgewichts- als auch im aktivierten Zustand berechnet. Zwei athermische Spannungsniveaus fur das Problem der Punkthindernisse werden identifiziert und untersucht. Diese schliesen Versetzungskrummung zwischen Hindernissen bzw. athermisches Schneiden der Hindernisse ein.
Employer and healthcare policy interventions aimed at adult obesity.

Increasing rates of obesity in the population have made prevention a high public health priority. Participants for this study included 1139 respondents who were surveyed as part of the Research Triangle Institute Obesity Telephone Survey conducted in September 2004. Participants were asked to indicate to what degree they favor specific healthcare and work policy strategies for treating and preventing adult obesity. Participants were also asked about their beliefs regarding the causes of obesity. 85% favored a policy change strategy that offered employers tax breaks if they provided adequate exercise facilities in the workplace. Seventy-three percent favored a move by healthcare companies to require obesity treatment and prevention.(72% favored beneficiary discounts by employers or healthcare companies to motivate individuals to maintain or move toward a healthy weight. Majorities endorsed a lack of willpower and the cost of healthy food as causes. Nearly two thirds did not believe genes or lack of knowledge was related to obesity in society, and the sample was split with regard to the belief that obesity is caused by society. The findings suggest that there is strong support for healthcare and employment policies in obesity prevention and treatment. These findings may be important to policymakers in developing population-based strategies to prevent obesity
Charge Transfer associated with Temperature Gradients in Ice

THE deviation at temperatures above −7° C from the theoretical value for the charge transfer produced by temperature gradients in ice is shown to be a surface phenomenon.
Spherical vector wave functions for hybrid finite element/boundary element electromagnetic scattering problems

The use of spherical vector wave functions to represent the exterior fields for real problems in scattering, RF heating, and antenna design is considered. The wave functions are used both as exterior solutions and as finite-element-like basis functions in the interior, coupled by minimization of discontinuity at the boundaries. Accurate and rapidly computed numerical solutions of the vector Helmholtz's equation are obtained in both the near-field and far-field regions. >
Multiplexed trace signal selection using non-trivial implication-based correlation

Silicon debug with a trace buffer provides real-time visibility to the design under debug. It traces a small subset of internal signals during its normal operation. The effectiveness of silicon debug, then, depends critically on the selection of trace signals. This paper proposes a new multiplexer-based trace signal interconnection scheme and a new heuristic for trace signal selection based on implication-based correlation. As a result, we can effectively trace twice as many signals with the same trace buffer width. We also propose a SAT-based heuristic to prune the selected trace signal list further to take into account those multi-node implications. Finally, we propose a state restoration algorithm for the multiplexer-based trace signal interconnection scheme. Experiments for sequential benchmark circuits showed that the proposed approach selects the trace signals effectively, giving superior restoration percentage compared with other techniques.
Correctional Policy for Offenders with Mental Illness: Creating a New Paradigm for Recidivism Reduction

Offenders with mental illness have attracted substantial attention over the recent years, given their prevalence and poor outcomes. A number of interventions have been developed for this population (e.g., mental health courts). They share an emphasis on one dimension as the source of the problem: mental illness. Their focus on psychiatric services may poorly match the policy goal of reducing recidivism. In this article, we use research to evaluate (a) the effectiveness of current interventions, and (b) the larger viability of psychiatric, criminological, and social psychological models of the link between mental illness and criminal justice involvement. We integrate theory and research to offer a multidimensional conceptual framework that may guide further research and the devel- opment of efficient interventions that meaningfully reduce recidivism. We hypothesize that the effect of mental illness on criminal behavior reflects moderated mediation (i.e., the effect is direct in the case of one subgroup, but fully mediated in another); and that the effect of mental illness on other '' recidivism'' is partially mediated by system bias and stigma. We use this framework to propose three pri- orities for advancing research, articulating policy, and improving practice.
Gangrene of the immediate postoperative above-knee amputation stump: Role of emergency revascularization in preventing death *

Two hundred seventy-five lower extremity amputations were performed over a 4-year interval for end-stage peripheral vascular disease. Fourteen patients (8.5%) of a total of 165 patients undergoing above-knee amputation (AKA) either suffered acute gangrenous ischemia of the AKA stump postoperatively, or were thought to be at high risk for same, and therefore underwent prophylactic inflow revascularization prior to or concomitant with AKA. The overall operative mortality rate was 28.5% in these 14 patients and was related either to inability to revascularize (two of three patients) or to the attempt to revascularize in the presence of a frankly necrotic amputation stump (three of five patients). Lower extremity amputation may be performed with an overall acceptably low mortality rate, which for our series is 0.9% for 113 below-knee amputation (BKA) and 2.8% for 140 AKA levels. Acute postoperative gangrene of the stump carries a high mortality rate and may be prevented by inflow revascularization prior to amputation. Three situations were identified as carrying a high risk for the subsequent development of gangrene: acute thrombosis of a prior combined inflow/outflow procedure, occlusion of the superficial femoral artery with an occluded/stenotic deep femoral artery and no palpable femoral pulse, and flat pulse volume recordings at the high thigh level. Patients who present for AKA with one of these indications should be considered as a candidate for prophylactic inflow revascularization prior to AKA to prevent ascending gangrene.
Peptide influences on the development and regeneration of motor performance.

Abstract ACTH 1–39 (0.2 U IP daily for up to 18 days) has a beneficial effect on the functional reorganization of regenerating motor units of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in the adrenalectomized adult rat following crushing of the peroneal nerve. Motor unit activity (maximum twitch tension amplitude/mean increment in twitch tension as voltage is increased by 0.1 V gradations) and nerve-muscle efficiency (tetanic tension from indirect stimulation/tetanic tension from direct stimulation of EDL) were enhanced by ACTH 1–39. Other electrophysiological and contractile parameters were unaffected by the peptide. Spontaneous motor activity in cold stressed 13 day old rats was prolonged by Org 2766, a substituted analogue of ACTH/MSH 4–9, (0.1 μg/kg daily) but unaffected by the same dosage of ACTH/MSH 4–10. The responsiveness of developing and regenerating motor systems to neuropeptides indicates a plasticity of neuronal connections, which depends on peptide sequence, dosage and the physiological state of the animal (normal, depressed, regenerating or developing, at rest or stressed).
Experimental Techniques in Real Time Holographic Interferometry I - Reduction of Emulsion Shrinkage Effects

When an object being tested and its holographic image are 'superimposed for real time holographic interferometry studies a distorted fringe field is normally observed as a result of emulsion shrinkage on the hologram plate. A liquid gate is commonly employed to eliminate emulsion shrinkage effects. This paper describes an alternative technique for reducing these effects which requires only that the plate be overexposed and underdeveloped.
The Validity of Selected Measures to Predict Success on a Non-Traditional Criterion Developed for an Educational Research Program

The relationship of each of three selected predictors (a) self-reported confidence in knowledge of research competencies, (b) importance attached to them, and (c) attitude toward educational research to a non-traditional criterion measure was estimated as well as the psychometric characteristics of the non-traditional criterion. The criterion variable involved quantity and quality of research activities performed by the participants. The program participants were individually provided with guidance by experienced educational researchers. There was no statistically significant correlation between any one of the predictors and the criterion measure. However, the non-traditional criterion exhibited characteristics that might be judged as desirable.
Echocardiographic assessment of the effect of an antihypertensive regimen on left ventricular performance

Abstract A regimen consisting of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol would be useful in some hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease or aortic dissection if it could be shown that reflex cardiac stimulation induced by hydralazine is completely neutralized by propranolol. Nine hypertensive patients were treated with chlorthalidone during week 1, chlorthalidone and hydralazine during week 2 and a combination of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol during week 3. Blood pressure, heart rate, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) measured echocardiographically and plasma renin activity were measured weekly. This potent three drug regimen reduced mean blood pressure from 142 to 102 mm Hg, and with the third drug, propranolol, heart rate, VCF and plasma renin activity returned to control levels from the greater elevated levels produced by the diuretic drug and hydralazine. In six additional patients VCF (an index of left ventricular contractility) was found to be proportionate to the rate of rise of aortic pressure ( dP dt ) or aortic shearing force. This regimen appears safe for use in patients with ischemic heart disease and aortic dissection.
Fluvial processes, morphology and sediment budgets in the Coon Creek Basin, WI, USA, 1975–1993

Sediment budget processes in Coon Creek, Wisconsin, from 1975 to 1993 changed only moderately, generally continuing the trends that were evident in 1975. Perhaps most importantly, sediment yield to the Mississippi River appears to be unabated, with much of this clearly coming from storage loss, especially stream bank erosion. Vertical accretion continued on the lower (new) floodplains inset within their meander plains in tributaries and the upper main valley. The lower main valley also continued to aggrade but at the rate of about 6% of that occurring in the 1920s and 1930s. The major revision from earlier studies is that the upper main valley is a less significant net source of sediment than previously thought and the earlier prognostications of it being a significant net source of sediment in the future may be wrong. Perturbations have been caused by changes of riparian vegetation and, much more importantly, by the introduction of fish shelter structures and protected cut banks along the stream system reaching downstream to the end of the upper main valley. Because these structures do not permit natural stream migration, bank erosion and downstream sediment transfer, the Coon Creek basin has lost much of its suitability as a natural laboratory of fluvial processes.
Efficacy of an in-home nursing intervention following short-stay breast cancer surgery

This randomized controlled trial (n = 240) was designed to test the efficacy of a sub-acute home nursing intervention following short-stay surgery for breast cancer. Intervention participants received the in-home nursing protocol, whereas non-intervention participants received agency nursing care or no nursing care. Data, collected via questionnaire, telephone interview, and chart audit, included surgical recovery/self-care knowledge, functional status, anxiety, quality of life (QOL), and health service utilization. There were no significant group differences on postoperative functional status, anxiety, QOL, further surgeries, or complications. Intervention participants were more likely to receive instruction on surgical self-care (p <or=.001) and report improved social/family QOL (p <or=.05), with fewer home visits (p <or=.001). These findings suggest that a targeted nursing protocol may, at reasonable cost, improve QOL and enhance health-related knowledge.
Photochemistry in Hoagland's Nutrient Solution

Atrazine photodegraded (in the absence of plants) in Hoagland's hydroponic medium in sunlight. The medium contained two important solar UV absorbing species, complexed iron and nitrate. Increasing the concentrations of iron or of nitrate resulted in increased rates of atrazine loss. Increasing the concentration of trace elements copper, manganese, and zinc had little effect on the photodegradation rate. The pathway may involve the reaction of hydroxyl radicals produced by the photolysis of nitrate and/or iron with atrazine.
Generating Impact-Based Summaries for Scientific Literature

In this paper, we present a study of a novel summarization problem, i.e., summarizing the impact of a scientic publication. Given a paper and its citation context, we study how to extract sentences that can represent the most inuential content of the paper. We propose language modeling methods for solving this problem, and study how to incorporate features such as authority and proximity to accurately estimate the impact language model. Experiment results on a SIGIR publication collection show that the proposed methods are effective for generating impact-based summaries.
Bearded ladies: females suffer fitness consequences when bearing male traits.

A central assumption in evolutionary biology is that females of sexually dimorphic species suffer costs when bearing male secondary sexual traits, such as ornamentation. Nevertheless, it is common in nature to observe females bearing rudimentary versions of male ornaments (e.g. ‘bearded ladies’), as ornaments can be under similar genetic control in both sexes. Here, we provide evidence that masculinized females incur both social and reproductive costs in nature. Male fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) discriminated against ornamented females during mate choice. Ornamented females had lower reproductive output, and produced eggs that were laid and hatched later than those of non-ornamented females. These findings support established theories of the evolution of sexual dimorphism and intralocus sexual conflict, and raise questions regarding the persistence of masculinizing ornamentation in females.
How Blending Affects the Sensory and Chemical Properties of Red Wine

Three monovarietal wines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Cabernet franc) were used to produce 11 two-wine blends and four three-wine blends to study the changes in the sensory perception of the blends using descriptive analysis. In addition, chemical analyses (solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, polyphenol composition, titratable and volatile acidity, and pH) were performed to evaluate whether the sensory perception of the wine blends was matched by chemical parameters. A comparison of all data sets was performed with multifactor analysis and revealed that the overall results of both sensory and chemical analyses were very similar to those obtained from the sensory analysis alone, but none of the chemical analyses provided the same results as descriptive analysis.