cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Associative Meaning of the Concepts of Anger, Envy, Fear, Romantic Jealousy, and Sadness Between English and Korean

With emotion terms as a between-participants variable, 304 American and Korean undergraduates free associated in writing for 1 minute to either anger, envy, fear, jealousy, or sadness. In favor of the concept of language universals but in opposition to the tenet of postmodernism that emotion concepts are language and culture specific, a third of the associations were identical in the two languages, with differences centered on what aspect of the emotion guided the associations: identification of synonyms, consequences, correlates, or elicitors of the emotions. The association overlap between envy and jealousy was similar for Americans and Koreans. Contrary to prototype theory, the jealousy associations did not overlap more with the anger, fear, and sadness associations than the overlaps among the latter emotion terms.
The structure of basaltic scoria and reticulite and inferences for vesiculation, foam formation, and fragmentation in lava fountains

In this investigation pyroclast structures are used to constrain degassing in basaltic lava fountains. Vesicle size, shape, number density, interconnectedness and packing character are quantified and related to (1) the kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth, (2) the structural evolution of magmatic foams and (3) the influence of vesiculation rate on magma fragmentation. Measurements made on a diverse suite of pyroclasts from Kilauea volcano indicate that basaltic foams evolve through an initially disordered, closed-celled, spherical state to a well-ordered, open-celled, polyhedral state as the vesicularity rises from ~ 75 to 98%. The structural changes occur rapidly (< 10 s) in the conduit and fountain in response to an intense vesiculation burst. Vesicle size distribution systematics indicate bubble nucleation rates (~ 2 × 104 events cm−3s−1) that are approximately three orders of magnitude greater than those found for effusive eruptive activity. Bubble growth rates (~ 9 × 10−4 cm/s) exceed effusive estimates by a factor of 3. The observed “runaway” rate of bubble production indicates strong supersaturations at the onset of nucleation. We speculate that the rise speed of the magma, as it reaches the level where significant volatile exsolution begins, determines the intensity of the vesiculation burst, and hence the vigor of the eruption. Rapid expansion and acceleration of the magma under these conditions may provide the impetus for fragmentation.
The effects of terbium on the accumulation of cisplatin in human ovarian cancer cells

In this investigation, we report a relationship between the terbium (Tb3+) binding protein and the accumulation of cisplatin in human ovarian cancer cells. The number of Tb3+ binding sites in cisplatin-resistant C13+ cells is significantly greater by 79% than those in cisplatin-sensitive 2008 cells. Exposure to Tb3+ also increased the cellular accumulation of cisplatin. The accumulation of cisplatin as a function of the Tb3+ concentration in the C13+ cells (0.85%/microM Tb3+) was significantly greater than the accumulation of cisplatin in 2008 cells with respect to Tb3+ (0.46%/microM Tb3+). The number of Tb3+ binding sites in revertant RH4 cells was similar to that in 2008 cells. The RH4 cells were less sensitive to the stimulatory effects of Tb3+ than the C13+ cells. Our results show that the Tb3+ binding protein correlates with cisplatin resistance, and the receptor binding of Tb3+ increases the accumulation of cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant cells.
Habituating control for nonsquare nonlinear processes

A controller design strategy for nonlinear systems with more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs is proposed. The technique is called habituating control as a result of its similarity to control schemes commonly used in biological systems. Nonlinear control laws that provide input-output linearization while simultaneously minimizing the cost of affecting control are derived. In the single-output case, the cost function employed differs according to the relative degrees of the two inputs. Local stability analysis shows that the resulting controller can provide a simple solution to the singularity and nonminimum phase problems. An extension of the controller design strategy for multiple-output processes also is presented. The proposed method is evaluated using nonlinear models of chemical and biochemical reaction systems.
An On-the-Road Comparison of In-Vehicle Navigation Assistance Systems

This study compared system performance and driver opinion of three in-vehicle navigation aids--two advanced traveler information systems (ATISs), Ali-Scout and TetraStar, and written instructions--when used on the road concurrently under identical conditions. Few drivers in the study had difficulty finding initial routes or became lost. Users of Ali-Scout, an ATIS that utilizes traffic information in routing, drove longer-distance routes, got lost more frequently, and gave their system less positive ratings than did TetraStar users. Users of the two ATISs traversed routes that were significantly shorter in duration than those driven by users of written instructions. The time savings benefit of the advanced technology systems over written instructions was greatest during peak traffic conditions. Drivers who were familiar with the road network, overall, had less difficulty finding destinations and drove shorter-duration routes than drivers who were unfamiliar with the road network. Actual or potential applications of this research include improving the design of technologies that provide navigation assistance to travelers.
Path integrals for the quantum microcanonical ensemble

Path integral representations for the quantum microcanonical ensemble are presented. In the quantum microcanonical ensemble, two operators are of primary interest. First, rhoinsertion mark=delta(E-Hinsertion mark) corresponds to the microcanonical density matrix and can be used to calculate expectation values. Second, Ninsertion mark=Theta(E-Hinsertion mark) can give the number of states with energy E(n) and Theta(x,x('),E)= . A path integral formalism leads to exact integral representations for Omega(x,x('),E) and Theta(x,x('),E). We present both phase space and configuration space forms. For simple systems, such as the free particle and harmonic oscillator, exact solutions are possible. For more complicated systems, expansion schemes or numerical evaluations are required. A perturbative calculation and numerical integration results are presented for the quantum anharmonic oscillator.
Death from renal cyst

Simple renal retention cysts are the most common masses of the kidney, but rarely cause any clinical difficulty, are usually without attendant symptoms, generally posing only a differential diagnostic problem when discovered. However, renal cysts can predispose to hemorrhage, particularly in a setting of anticoagulation therapy. In this case, the patient died of massive hemorrhage from a small renal cyst while under anticoagulation treatment.
Evidence for conditioned tolerance of the tail flick reflex.

Behavioral tolerance of the tail flick reflex to the analgesic action of morphine was significantly modified by the context in which the reflex was assessed. Animals tested in a familiar environment, in which they had regularly received the drug, were significantly more tolerant than animals tested in a novel environment in which the drug had never been given.
In Vitro Biosynthesis of the Antitumor Agent Azinomycin B

Azinomycins have potential therapeutic value as antitumor agents; however, their biosynthesis is poorly understood. Here, we provide the first demonstration of a protein cell-free system capable of supporting complete in vitro biosynthesis of the antitumor agent azinomycin B. The cell-free system is utilized to probe the cofactor dependence and substrate requirements of the pathway en route to azinomycin.
Reproducible Anomalous Upper Triassic Magnetization

A stratigraphic sequence of three to four different directions of magnetization exists in the lower part of the Upper Triassic Kayenta Formation of the Colorado Plateau. The directions are not the same as the typical Triassic directions for North America and do not correspond to those for any younger rocks. The same sequence of directions exists in two localities 6.5 km apart, which have very different structural attitudes. The corresponding mean directions for each locality are nearly identical after the respective structural corrections have been applied. Remagnetization is not the likely explanation of these unusual directions; they may represent either secular variation or a systematic deviation of the field.
Pornography, Politics, and the Press: The U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

A close examination of the Commission's deliberations and Report shows selective use of evidence, without much light shed from more recent thinking and scholarship and with surprisingly little attention from the media.
Effects of prolactin and methallibure on second metamorphosis and plasma androgens in male newts, Taricha granulosa

Abstract 1. 1.Male rough-skinned newts, Taricha granulosa , were injected during late spring with ovine prolactin and/or methallibure (ICI 33,828), a known inhibitor of gonadotropin release. 2. 2. Methallibure injections, either alone or with prolactin, reduced androgen concentrations in the plasma, as measured by radioimmunoassay. 3. 3. Exogenous prolactin injections failed to affect plasma androgen titers in intact newts at this season. 4. 4. Saline-injected controls exhibited a diminution in tail fin height and water drive, preference for total submergence in water. 5. 5. The decrease in tail fin height and water drive was inhibited by prolactin treatment and, to a lesser degree, by methallibure treatment, suggesting that methallibure stimulated an increase in endogenous prolactin.
A study of the mechanism of resistance to ultraviolet light in a strain of Neurospora crassa.

1. The isolation of a microconidial strain ofNeurospora crassa which is resistant to ultraviolet irradiation has been described. 2. The resistance character behaves as though it were recessive in heterokaryons with macroconidial strains. 3. Comparison of the survival kinetics of the resistant strain with the parental microconidial strain, a macroconidial strain, and the survival kinetics of heterokaryons, indicate that inactivation of conidia may be attributed to three independent processes. At low doses of irradiation, conidia are inactivated by inactivation of nuclei, or by induction of recessive lethal mutations. At higher doses, cytoplasmic inactivation is added to the process of nuclear inactivation. 4. The development of resistance to ultraviolet irradiation inNeurospora may be attributed to an increase in average number of nuclei per conidium and a concomitant increase in cytoplasmic target number. The latter is directly proportional to the volume of the conidium. 5. The hypothesis of cytoplasmic inactivation has been applied in the analysis of the kinetics of inactivation of other organisms described in the literature.
Temperature-Sensitivity Characteristics Distinguishing Substrains of Fixed Rabies Virus: Lack of Correlation with Plaque-Size Markers or Virulence for Mice

Three characteristics of a variety of strains and substrains of cell culture-adapted rabies virus were examined: (1) relative capacity to replicate at 40.5 C (rct/40.5 marker); (2) plaque size in agarose-suspended baby-hamster kidney cells (subclone 13S); and (3) relative pathogenicity for adult mice. Each of four strains of fixed virus was capable of replication at 40.5 C, but quantitative differences in rct/40.5 efficiency, which did not correlate with virulence for mice, were noted. In addition, two substrains of challenge-virus-standard (CVS) cultivated at 23 C25 C and three temperature-sensitive mutants, all incapable of replication at 40.5 C, retained normal virulence for mice. CVS variants tested in the course of continuous passage in snake or lizard cell cultures became incapable of replication at 40.5 C at different passage levels, a phenomenon not related temporally to the acquisition of attenuation for mice or small-plaque markers in the same substrains. The independent variation of these three phenotypic characters suggests that they are controlled by different segments of the viral genome.
Passive and active inertia forces in flexible body dynamics

This investigation is devoted to a discussion on the effect of the coupling between the longitudinal and transverse displacements of kinematically driven rotating beams. To this end, the inertia forces that act on a flexible body as the result of the finite rotation are categorized into two classes. These are the passive and active inertia forces. While the effect of the active inertia forces of kinematically driven systems is recognized in the absence of external disturbances and nonzero initial conditions, the passive inertia forces of such systems are not recognized in the case of zero initial conditions and in the absence of external excitations. Depending on the assumed displacement field, three classes of mechanical systems are defined in this paper. These are the active, partially active, and passive systems. The active system has a mathematical model in which both passive and active inertia forces are fully presented. In a partially active system, a part of the passive inertia forces and the active inertia forces appear in the mathematical model. The vibration of the kinematically driven passive system is governed by homogeneous equations which contain only the passive inertia forces. In the case of zero initial conditions and in the absence of external excitation, the response of the passive kinematically driven system is zero regardless of the value of the angular velocity. The effect of the inertia forces of the passive system appear as a time varying modification of the system parameters. It is shown in this investigation that a rotating beam model in which the axial deformation is neglected is a partially active or passive system. It is also demonstrated that the neglect of the effect of the longitudinal displacement has two significant effects. It decouples the modes of vibration and makes the form of the complementary solution independent of the sense of rotation. The behavior of the active, partially active, and passive systems when they are subjected to driving constraints (specified motion) is examined and it is shown that the response of the passive system converges to the partially active system if the effect of the initial conditions becomes dominant as compared to the effect of the active inertia forces of the partially active system.
Liver involvement in childhood histiocytic syndromes.

The histiocytic syndromes of childhood are disorders of the reticuloendothelial system with variable clinical manifestations. Included among them are Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This discussion will be restricted to these two disorders. Liver disease in thes
Distribution of immunoreactive sites for several components of pro-opiocortin in the pituitary and brain of adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus tridentatus

Abstract The occurrence and localization of molecular components of pro-opiocortin in the pituitary and brain of two species of adult lamprey, Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus tridentatus , were studied immunocytochemically using antisera generated against human pro-γ-MSH (N-terminal fragment 1 Trp to 71 Gly of pro-opiocortin), porcine ACTH, α-MSH, human β-endorphin, γ-endorphin, and methionine enkephalin. (1) In both species of lamprey most cells of the rostral pars distalis and some cells of the caudal pars distalis contained Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Some of these cells also contained γ-endorphin-like immunoreactivity. After preabsorbing the antisera with their corresponding antigens or related peptides, the Met-enkephalin/γ-endorphin-like material was found to be related to Met-enkephalin, but not identical with either Met-enkephalin or γ-endorphin. However, results of anti-pro-γ-MSH, anti-ACTH, anti-α-MSH, or anti-β-endorphin were consistently negative in the pars distalis of both lamprey species. (2) Immunoreaction to anti-Met-enkephalin was found in some cells of the pars intermedia in both species of lamprey. Although the positive reaction had been eliminated by preabsorption with synthetic Met-enkephalin, the diffuseness of the positive stain in the pars intermedia cells resembled an artifactual cross-reaction rather than a specific reaction. In P. marinus , but not in E. tridentatus , similar inconsistent and questionable immunoreactions corresponding to ACTH and α-MSH also occurred in some pars intermedia cells. Results of other antisera (anti-pro-γ-MSH, anti-β-endorphin, or anti-γ-endorphin) were consistently negative in the pars intermedia of both lamprey species. (3) In both species of lamprey β-endorphin-like material was found in the hypothalamus. In E. tridentatus only Met-enkephalin-like material was observed in the hypothalamus, and these two substances were distributed in different neuronal elements. After application of anti-pro-γ-MSH, anti-ACTH, anti-α-MSH, or anti-γ-endorphin, no positive reaction was found in the brain of either species of lamprey. These findings suggest that if a pro-opiocortin-related prohormone exists in the lamprey, it may be chemically different from those of more advanced vertebrates, and it clearly differs in distribution between the brain and parts of the pituitary gland.
Re-certification of the CRM 125-A UO2 fuel pellet standard for uranium isotopic composition

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL) has been tasked to develop certified reference materials (CRMs) tailored for the demands of modern analytical methods in the field of nuclear forensics. As part of this effort, several existing uranium CRMs are being characterized for additional attributes. One of these materials is the CRM 125-A uranium oxide (UO2) pellet assay and isotopic standard (4% enriched in 235U), which is being developed as a CRM for U–Th age determinations. Reliable U isotopic composition data with relatively small uncertainties are essential for use as a uranium age standard. Therefore, re-characterization of the uranium isotopic composition of CRM 125-A was deemed necessary due to poorly constrained minor U abundances (i.e., 234U and 236U) resulting from instrumental limitations of the mass spectrometer used at the time of original certification (1996–1997). The analytical work presented in this study was undertaken with the purpose of reducing the uncertainties of certificate values for uranium isotope-amount ratios. Six randomly selected CRM 125-A pellets were characterized for the uranium isotopic abundances by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The re-certified major ratio n(235U)/n(238U) of 0.042301(25) was determined using the total evaporation (TE) and modified total evaporation (MTE) methods. The re-certified minor isotope ratios n(234U)/n(238U) and n(236U)/n(238U) of 0.00039130(38) and 0.0000040754(47), respectively, were measured by MTE and a conventional Faraday cup analysis method using internal normalization. Additionally, the material was checked for the presence of 233U using a secondary electron multiplier (SEM) equipped with a retarding potential quadrupole (RPQ). No 233U was observed within the instrumental detection limit. The homogeneity of CRM 125-A was confirmed by the absence of any statistically significant unit-to-unit variation in the uranium isotope amount ratios. The new values measured in this study represent a considerable refinement of the older data, in particular for the minor ratios, with uncertainties that are significantly smaller than those cited in the original certificate. The results of the characterization analyses are presented along with an explanation of the uncertainty estimates, which are compliant with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).
Foreign Languages and Some Objectives of the Liberal Arts College

F OR a number of years faculties of liberal arts colleges have been devoting much time to an analysis of the objectives of their institutions. The need to re-define and clarify the aims and purposes of instruction in the liberal arts colleges has been imposed by a number of developments which, for the purposes of this paper, merit only passing mention. For example, the student body of the last few years lacks the uniformity of preparation and certainty of purpose which it formerly had. The state universities have inaugurated programs of guidance and individual attention which threaten to invalidate some of the advantages traditionally associated with modest sized liberal arts colleges. Also, teachers' colleges which formerly functioned only as specialized services for teacher training programs are expanding their curriculum offering in directions overlapping that of colleges. The sensitivity of the colleges to this new and evolving situation has, then, promoted in many cases a healthy and vigorous attempt to set up a definite set of objectives. The next step has been to scrutinize the current program in an effort to determine how well the objectives decided upon are already being realized. A third consideration has been the discussion of ways and means of overcoming deficiencies in the actual curriculum offering. Perhaps in the majority of colleges these discussions have served, and will continue to serve, merely as forums at which argumentative faculty members sharpen their wits and the efficiency-plus get bored. But in some instances, a genuinely new program, or at least an old program with new emphasis, has been or is in the process of being evolved. Although the wording of the objectives vary, there seems to be general agreement to some degree at least on most of the following: (1) Proficiency in written and oral English. (2) An understanding of the significance of the social sciences. (3) An understanding of the significance of science and the scientific method. (4) An appreciation for esthetic values. (5) An appreciation for idealistic and ethical values. (6) Interpretation of vocational and professional values and potentialities involved in the liberal arts program. (7) A working reading knowledge of a foreign language.
Effects of Magnetic Field Intensity on Carbon Diffusion in Pure Iron in the Single-Phase Austenite Region

Effects of magnetic field intensity on carbon diffusion in pure iron in the single-phase austenite region were investigated. Specimens of high purity iron (99.99%) were buried in an air-proof melting pot filled up with cementation agent, and respectively subjected to isothermal annealing at 930° for 25 min with a heating rate of 5°C /min, and then cooled in the furnace. A magnetic field with different intensity was applied during the whole heating, isothermal holding and cooling processes. The results showed that the magnetic field annealing obviously hinders the carbon diffusion in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction and this effect increased with the enhancement of magnetic filed intensity.
The anthropometric history of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1890–1945

SummaryA positive relationship has been found between the height and socioeconomic status of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County residents born between 1890 and 1945. Generally, the higher their socioeconomic status, the higher was their stature. However, the relationship gradually became weaker and by World War II was nearly negligible, because the growing economy was able to meet the nutritional and medical needs of the population better. Inequality still existed, but it manifested itself less in necessities than in the area of education, amenities and luxury. The Great Depression did not seem to have an adverse effect on the biological well-being of the population as a whole, as most people were able to maintain the rising standard of necessities while sacrificing amenities and luxury.
The effects of children's goals for learning on video game performance

Abstract Children's goals for learning on their video game performance and patterns of attention were examined. Before playing a game, second- and fifth-graders were instructed to adopt an evaluative, process, outcome, or no specific goal focus while playing. Children were then interviewed about their game strategies and the game features they paid attention to while playing. Older children and more frequent players showed better performance. Among frequent players, process goal instructions facilitated performance. Younger children's interview references to process goals also were predictive of better performance. Their references to attention strategies, however, were predictive of poorer performance while older children's references to attention strategies were predictive of better performance. These findings highlight the efficacy of process goals for learning among younger and older children.
Dynamic Interactions Between Long, High Speed Trains of Air Cushion Vehicles and Their Guideways

Trains of high speed air cushion vehicles traversing simple spans are modeled as uniform pressure segments traveling at arbitrary speeds over identical Bernoulli-Euler beams. Series solutions are found for the transient span and vehicle responses where the trains overlap several spans at a time. Elastic foundation, span tension, and span damping effects are included. Conclusions reached after studying some realistic numerical examples for constant-speed trains on elevated spans are: (a) for trains which are longer than one span length, the dynamic deflection factors (maximum ratios of dynamic to static deflection at midspan) approach 2.0 at speeds between 300 and 600 mph, and occur as the end of the train approaches, midspan; (b) these dynamic deflections may be reduced by the addition of damping, by a reduction of span length, by the addition of span tension, and by an increase in span stiffness; (c) the high vertical accelerations of the vehicles, which may approach 2 g’s at speeds of 300 mph, show the need for advanced suspension systems to insure passenger safety and comfort.
Molecular Orbital Calculations of Proton Transfer Involving Amines as Models for the Clastic Binding of Opiates with Their Receptor

Abstract Semi-empirical (CNDO) molecular orbital calculations, based on a previously reported ammonia-amine model system, were performed on an extended series of methyl-, ethyl-, and propylamines as models for the analgesic receptor. Methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyla-mines were chosen to represent the opiate molecules. Interatomic distances were varied within normally expected biological values. The results for the larger systems are similar to more elaborate calculations previously reported using smaller molecules. At internuclear distances of > 0.275 nm, the potential energy curves had two minima. At 0.2731 nm, the optimized N-N distance, the "depth" of the minima in the potential energy curve were not as great. Energy differences as well as population differences suggest deviation from the currently stated clastic binding theories mechanism for the analgesic response of the tertiary amines. The dimethylamine energy profile and population data indicate that the hypothesis of N -demethylated opiate as the active molecule needs further consideration and investigation. Investigation of larger systems is also indicated to develop increasingly realistic models for the analgesic response.
Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice.

Background : Women represent 15% of practicing general surgeons. Gender-based discrimination has been implicated as discouraging women from surgery. We sought to determine women’s perceptions of gender-based discrimination in the surgical training and working environment. Methods : Following IRB approval, we fielded a pilot survey measuring perceptions and impact of gender-based discrimination in medical school, residency training, and surgical practice. It was sent electronically to 1,065 individual members of the Association of Women Surgeons. Results : We received 334 responses from medical students, residents, and practicing physicians with a response rate of 31%. Eighty-seven percent experienced gender-based discrimination in medical school, 88% in residency, and 91% in practice. Perceived sources of gender-based discrimination included superiors, physician peers, clinical support staff, and patients, with 40% emanating from women and 60% from men. Conclusions : The majority of responses indicated perceived gender-based discrimination during medical school, residency, and practice. Gender-based discrimination comes from both sexes and has a significant impact on women surgeons. Keywords: gender discrimination; women; sexual harassment; surgery; work discrimination; women in medicine (Published: 3 February 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20: 25923 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.25923
Teaching the world to sing: Planning for the future of online learning

This chapter describes some of the lessons learned during the evolution of distance education and suggests several important elements that practitioners should consider as they strategically plan for the future of online learning.
Diagnostic technique for electrical installation using external electrode method: Relationship between size of metal case and detected signal

The breakdowns between charged objects and grounded metal objects contained in grounded metal cases of electrical installation become the source of accidents such as an electric shock, a fire, and an explosion. The casualties are often caused by the occurrence of the accidents. The detection of corona discharges appeared before the breakdowns (spark discharges) is the first step in eliminating the potential of the accidents. However, the detection of corona discharges generated in the metal cases is difficult. In ongoing study, the external detection of negative corona discharges generated in a grounded metal case has become possible using the proposed method based upon the principle of the external electrode method. In this paper the relationship between the size of metal cases and the detected signals by means of the proposed method is reported. The results of this study are useful for engineers to detect early a foretaste of the accidents associated with electrical discharges generated in the metal cases of electrical installation.
Getting narced: neutralization of undercover identity discreditation

“Communicative work directed to transforming an individual's total identity into an identity lower in the group's social types is called a ‘status degradation ceremony'” (Garfinkel 1956, p. 420). Status degradation ceremonies are particularly troublesome for undercover narcotics agents. In this context, they act as the mechanism by which agents’ dissembled identities are questioned and their real police ones revealed. This process, what officers call “getting narced,” is the topic of the present paper. Explored here are both its causes and the responses officers proffer to neutralize full identity exposure. Causes are tactical in nature and involve transactional overaggressiveness. Neutralization responses are dramaturgical in nature and involve sarcastic admission, evidential refutation, and belligerent denial/threatening retort. Discussion focuses on the conceptual implications of officers’ counteruncovering moves (Goffman 1969) as these relate to the sociology of accounts (Scott and Lyman 1968). Data w...
Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent

Abstract Effects of lysine-based diisocyanate (LDI) as a coupling agent on the properties of biocomposite from poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and bamboo fiber (BF) were investigated. Tensile properties, water resistance, and interfacial adhesion of both PLA/BF and PBS/BF composites were improved by the addition of LDI, whereas thermal flow became somewhat difficult due to cross-linking between polymer matrix and BF. Crystallization temperature and enthalpy in both composites were increased and decreased with increasing LDI content, respectively. The heat of fusion in both composites was decreased by addition of LDI, whereas there was no significant change in melting temperature. Thermal degradation temperature of both composites was lower than those of pure polymer matrix, but the composites with LDI showed higher degradation temperature than those without LDI. Enzymatic biodegradability of PLA/BF and PBS/BF composites was investigated by Proteinase K and Lipase PS, respectively. Both composites could be quickly decomposed by enzyme and the addition of LDI delayed the degradation.
Reform and the Redefinition of the Social Contract under Gorbachev

The concept of “social contract” is useful in understanding the process of reform currently under way in the Soviet Union. The social contract “concluded” by Khrushchev and Brezhnev provided the population with economic guarantees but deprived it of any political power. Their contract was geared primarily toward less educated, blue-collar workers. During the past seventy years Soviet society has become industrialized, urbanized, and educated. Gorbachev has understood that the well-being of the Soviet economy will in the future rest on the labor and know-how of skilled and educated professionals. He must therefore conclude a new contract that will be advantageous to this sector of society in order to ensure its participation in his efforts to reform the economy.
Physical/verbal aggression: Sex differences in style1

Two studies exploring the use of physical/verbal aggression are reported, the first using women and the second using men as subjects. Both studies allowed subjects to choose between and control the intensity of two response modes: verbal aggression (insults) and physical aggression (electric shock). Aggressive style was investigated over two levels of arousal, sex of experimenter, and sex of provocateur-victim. Results indicated that women aggressed discriminatively in the verbal mode as a function of their arousal, while men were capable of aggressing discriminatively in both the verbal and physical modes. Men who had been disagreed with and punished by a female victim-provocateur in the presence of a male experimenter or by a male victim in the presence of a male experimenter demonstrated high levels of physical aggression compared to the other groups. Language: en
Rational spherical splines for genus zero shape modeling

Traditional approaches for modeling a closed manifold surface with either regular tensor-product or triangular splines (defined over an open planar domain) require decomposing the acquired geometric data into a group of charts, mapping each chart to a planar parametric domain, fitting an open surface patch of certain degree to each chart, and finally, trimming the patches (if necessary) and stitching all of them together to form a closed manifold. In this paper, we develop a novel modeling method which does not need any cutting or patching operations for genus zero surfaces. Our new approach is founded upon the concept of spherical splines proposed by Pfeifle and Seidel. Our work is strongly inspired by the fact that, for genus zero surfaces, it is both intuitive and necessary to employ spheres as their natural domains. Using this framework, we can convert genus zero mesh to a single rational spherical spline whose maximal error deviated from the original data is less than a user-specified tolerance. With the rational spherical splines, we can model sharp features and edit both the global shape and the local details with ease. Furthermore, we can accurately compute the differential quantities without resorting to any numerical approximations. We conduct several experiments in order to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach for reverse engineering, shape modeling, and interactive graphics.
Transient simulation of frequency-dependent nonuniform coupled lossy transmission lines with double orthogonal expansions and recursive convolution integrations

The most efficient method of simulating the transient response of frequency-dependent nonuniform lossy coupled transmission lines which are terminated in active nonlinear loads is presented. The transient simulation is carried out by applying recursive convolution integration with the impulse response functions derived from the orthogonal expansions of the transmission-line characteristics in both time and spatial domains. Transient responses of nonuniform coupled transmission lines with skin-effect parameters are simulated for illustrations. The accuracy and efficiency of the discrete-time analysis are substantiated with exact analytical solutions. >
iCAPTCHA: The Next Generation of CAPTCHA Designed to Defend against 3rd Party Human Attacks

CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a simple test that is easy for humans but extremely difficult for computers to solve. CAPTCHA has been widely used in commercial websites such as web-based email providers, TicketMaster, GoDaddy, and Facebook to protect their resources from attacks initiated by automatic scripts. By design, CAPTCHA is unable to distinguish between a human attacker and a legitimate human user. This leaves websites using CAPTCHA vulnerable to 3rd party human CAPTCHA attacks. In order to demonstrate the vulnerabilities in existing CAPTCHA technologies we develop a new streamlined human-based CAPTCHA attack that uses Instant Messenger infrastructure. Facing this serious human-based attack threat, we then present a new defense system called Interactive CAPTCHA (iCAPTCHA), which is the next generation of CAPTCHA technology providing the first steps toward defending against 3rd party human CAPTCHA attacks. iCAPTCHA requires a user to solve a CAPTCHA test via a series of user interactions. The multi-step back-and-forth traffic between client and server amplifies the statistical timing difference between a legitimate user and a human solver, which enables better attack detection performance. A performance and usability study of iCAPTCHA shows the proposed scheme is effective in attack detection, is easy to use, and is a viable replacement of the current text-based CAPTCHA.
Compensating Wage Differentials with Unemployment: Evidence from China

We estimate the economic value of mortality risk in China using the compensating-wage-differential method. We find a positive and statistically significant correlation between wages and occupational fatality risk. The estimated effect is largest for unskilled workers. Unemployment reduces compensation for risk, which suggests that some of the assumptions under which compensating wage differentials can be interpreted as measures of workers’ preferences for risk and income are invalid when unemployment is high. Workers may be unwilling to quit high-risk jobs when alternative employment is difficult to obtain, violating the assumption of perfect mobility, or some workers (e.g., new migrants) may be poorly informed about between-job differences in risk, violating the assumption of perfect information. These factors suggest our estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) in China, which range from approximately US$30,000 to US$100,000, may be biased downward. Alternative estimates adjust for heterogeneity of risk within industry by assuming that risk is concentrated among low-skill workers. These estimates, which are likely to be biased downward, range from US$7,000 to US$20,000.
Growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes in methane diffusion flames

Abstract Straight and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes were synthesized in a methane diffusion flame using a Ni–Cr–Fe wire as a substrate. The catalyst particles were nickel and iron oxides formed on the wire surface inside the flame. When the wire was oxidized using nitric acid more nanotubes could be produced. Most nanotubes grew by a base growth mode. The formation of bamboo-like nanotubes was related to the shape of the catalyst particles. A segregation growth mechanism of bamboo-like nanotubes is proposed.
A 0.9 V to 1.95 V dynamic voltage-scalable and frequency-scalable 32 b PowerPC processor

A 32 b PowerPC/spl trade/ system-on-a-chip supporting dynamic voltage supply and dynamic frequency scaling operates from 366 MHz at 1.8 V and 600 mW down to 150 MHz at 1.0 V and 53 mW in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Maximum supply change without PLL relock is 10 mV//spl mu/s. Processor state save/restore enables a deep-sleep state.
Tasking Distributed Sensor Networks

Distributed wireless sensor networks provide significant new capabilities for automatically collecting and analyzing data from physical environments. Such sensor networks gather and analyze data in response to queries posed by users of the network. By using more sensor nodes than is strictly necessary to cover an area, these sensor networks can provide reliable information, tolerate many types of faults, and have a long effective lifetime. Like most wireless systems, however, these sensor networks must effectively manage power consumption to achieve a satisfactory system lifetime. Power management at the node level, including low power hardware and power aware operating systems, can provide significant savings in power consumption. In this paper, we present algorithms for managing power at the distributed system level, rather than just at the individual node level. These distributed algorithms determine which set of sensor nodes will be tasked with a given user query and which sensor nodes will remain in an idle state conserving power. The goal of the algorithms is to extend the effective service time of the entire network. In this paper, we give a theoretical analysis of these algorithms along with extensive simulation results.
Establishment, distribution, and impact in southern New England of Lathrolestes nigricollis (Thompson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an introduced parasitoid of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae).

Lathrolestes nigricollis (Thompson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was released in New England against Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) in 1979–1980 and again in 1989–1990. By 1991, the parasitoid was widely established in southern New England. From 1979 to 1990 the commonness of leafminers at the original release site in the first generation declined from 50–54% of leaves mined to under 3%. Over 4 years at five sites, parasitism of larval birch leafminers increased between leafminer generations from 10.3% (G1) to 27.6% (G2) to 39.2% (G3). In Massachusetts, parasitism decreased (from 28 to 14%) with increasing distance from the original release site, while corresponding damage increased (from 6% of leaves mined to 33%). In areas local to the original release site (<4 km) parasitism has reduced damage from birch leafminer to inconsequential levels. Some sites in other parts of southern New England, particularly roadside sites, still have high levels of mined leaves in spite of the parasitoid’s presence in the general area.
Effects of Grain‐Boundary Structure on the Strength, Toughness, and Cyclic‐Fatigue Properties of a Monolithic Silicon Carbide

An in situ-toughened silicon carbide (ABC-SiC) has been examined in the as-processed condition, where the grain-boundary films are predominantly amorphous, and following thermal exposure at a temperature of 1300°C, where the films become fully crystalline. Previous work has shown that, at elevated temperatures (up to 1300°C), after the grain-boundary films crystallize in situ, only a marginal reduction in strength, fracture toughness, and cyclic-fatigue crack-growth properties is observed, in comparison with those of the as-processed microstructure at 25°C. In the present study, the effect of such crystallization on the subsequent strength, toughness, and fatigue properties at 25°C is examined. Little or no degradation is observed in the room-temperature properties with the crystallized grain-boundary films/phase; in fact, although the strength shows a small reduction (∼3%), the fracture toughness and fatigue-crack-growth threshold both increase by ∼20%, compared with that of the as-processed structure with amorphous grain-boundary films.
Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

Plate tectonics is the paradigm in the Earth system science that links solid Earth processes acting within and on the surface of the Earth with processes that have lead to the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The processes and phenomena that connect these parts of the Earth system are driven by magmatism and volcanism. This link is much stronger than the classic correlation between plate tectonic boundary type (i.e., convergent or divergent boundaries), magma generation, and volcanic phenomena acting on millennial or greater timescales. Magmatic and tectonic systems interact at timescales of seconds to years, leading to the triggering of volcanic eruptions by large magnitude earthquakes, and earthquakes by magmatic activity.
Abstract 32: A Rapid Method for Clinical Diagnosis of Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) is a cardiovascular risk that affects 25% of the world’s population due to its resulting hypertension, although independent of BP. Salt-sensitivity is detected with a two week controlled diet, which is difficult to administer in the clinical setting. We therefore developed a rapid method of diagnosis based on exfoliated renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) in urine. Subjects were divided into 3 salt sensitivity index categories: High-Salt-Sensitive (HSS; ≥ 7 mmHg increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) on a high salt diet of 300 mEq of sodium, 17%prevalence), Low-Salt-Sensitive (LSS; ≥ 7 mmHg increase in MAP on a low salt diet of 10 mEq of sodium, 11% prevalence) and Salt Resistant (SR; ≤ 7 mmHg increase in MAP on both high and low salt diets, 72% prevalence) (Carey et al., in review). Three individuals were analyzed in each category on a minimum of 3 separate occasions. Cells were isolated from urine using centrifugation and measured for dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) plasma membrane recruitment using fluorescently-labeled antibodies under a confocal microscope as well as in a flow cytometer. Confocal microscopy analysis (total of 100 RPTCs for the 9 subjects) showed a negative correlation between salt-sensitivity index and D1R surface recruitment in RPTCs in their response to salt stimulation (y = -0.0073x + 0.5248, p = 0.0159). Flow cytometry analysis (total of 4938 RPTCs for the 9 subjects) also demonstrated a negative correlation between salt-induced D1R recruitment and salt-sensitivity (y = -2.547x + 239.97, p
Gerrymandering Opposition: Minority-Concentrated Districts and Electoral Competition in Mexico

Can institutions that are designed to improve minority representation also have an effect on electoral competition? We address this question by examining how minority-concentrated districts (MCDs)—designed to empower indigenous populations—affected minority participation and party competition in Mexico. Using an original dataset and a matching design that helps alleviate causal inference problems inherent to observational studies, we find that MCDs had no effect on minority participation but enhanced electoral competition. Field-research reveals that MCDs weakened one-party dominance by assembling minority voting blocs that were amenable to opposition-party appeals. More broadly, our results suggest that the mobilization of minority voting blocs can promote electoral competition in transitional democracies.