cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Severing Primary Ties: Exit From Totalistic Organizations

This narrative analysis examines the exit process from totalistic organizations, defined as organizations with a far greater reach into a member's life than traditional employment or volunteer memberships. Findings suggest a nuanced view of exit that challenges both Jablin's (2001) phasic model of exit and Kramer's (2011) observations of a fluid and indefinite volunteer exit. Where previous research has privileged pay as the defining feature of organizational membership and exit, this study suggests that organizational form and organizational processes such as exit may be tied more to the reach of organizational values into the member's life than previous research has indicated.
Low-rate TCP-targeted denial of service attacks and counter strategies

Denial of Service attacks are presenting an increasing threat to the global inter-networking infrastructure. While TCP's congestion control algorithm is highly robust to diverse network conditions, its implicit assumption of end-system cooperation results in a well-known vulnerability to attack by high-rate non-responsive flows. In this paper, we investigate a class of low-rate denial of service attacks which, unlike high-rate attacks, are difficult for routers and counter-DoS mechanisms to detect. Using a combination of analytical modeling, simulations, and Internet experiments, we show that maliciously chosen low-rate DoS traffic patterns that exploit TCP's retransmission timeout mechanism can throttle TCP flows to a small fraction of their ideal rate while eluding detection. Moreover, as such attacks exploit protocol homogeneity, we study fundamental limits of the ability of a class of randomized timeout mechanisms to thwart such low-rate DoS attacks.
A circuit level fault model for resistive opens and bridges

Delay faults are an increasingly important test challenge. Traditional open and bridge fault models are incomplete because only the functional fault or a subset of delay fault are modeled. In this paper, we propose a circuit level model for resistive open and bridge faults. All possible fault behaviors are illustrated and a general resistive bridge delay calculation method is proposed. The new models are practical and easy to use. Fault simulation results show that the new models help the delay test to catch more bridge faults.
The host response to sepsis and developmental impact

Invasion of the human by a pathogen necessitates an immune response to control and eradicate it. When this response is inadequately regulated, systemic manifestations can result commonly manifested in physiologic changes described as “sepsis”. Recognition, diagnosis, and management of sepsis remain among the greatest challenges shared by the fields of neonatology and pediatric critical care medicine. Sepsis remains among the leading causes of death in both developed and under-developed countries with an incidence that is predicted to increase each year. Despite these sobering statistics, promising therapies derived from pre-clinical models have universally failed to obviate the substantial mortality and morbidity associated with sepsis. Thus, there remains a need for well-designed epidemiologic and mechanistic studies of neonatal and pediatric sepsis to improve our understanding of the causes—both early and late—of deaths attributed to the syndrome. In reviewing the definitions and epidemiology, developmental influences and regulation of the host response to sepsis, it is anticipated that an improved understanding of this host response will assist clinician-investigators in identifying improved therapeutic strategies.
Sonohysterography for endometrial abnormalities: Preliminary results

In examinations where the etiology of an abnormal endometrial sonographic image is not clear, saline infusion through a fine flexible catheter during transvaginal sonography provides visual contrast and uterine expansion. In 39 women, polyps, myomata, synechiae, endometrial hyperplasia, and cancer were correctly described as verified at surgery. Hyperplasia and neoplasia are not distinguishable, but the approach for biopsy and therapy is established by this simple and welltolerated technique, which is here called sonohysterography. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variable selection in high-dimension with random designs and orthogonal matching pursuit

The performance of orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) for variable selection is analyzed for random designs. When contrasted with the deterministic case, since the performance is here measured after averaging over the distribution of the design matrix, one can have far less stringent sparsity constraints on the coefficient vector. We demonstrate that for exact sparse vectors, the performance of the OMP is similar to known results on the Lasso algorithm (Wainwright, 2009). Moreover, variable selection under a more relaxed sparsity assumption on the coefficient vector, whereby one has only control on the l1 norm of the smaller coefficients, is also analyzed. As consequence of these results, we also show that the coefficient estimate satisfies strong oracle type inequalities.
High Blood Cholesterol and ATP III: Guidelines for Health Benefit and Health Care Providers

Health care and health benefit providers are faced, now more than ever, with the increasing need to provide aggressive lipid management in an attempt to reduce cardiac-related morbidity and mortality and the associated human and system costs. Amid this growing need, we are faced with new challenges. The removal of a recently approved cholesterol-lowering drug (cerivastatin, Baycol® by Bayer) from the market has raised doubts in the minds of Americans currently using the hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or so-called “statins” for cholesterol management.
Prepuberty and Adolescence

Adequate intake of calcium in prepuberty and adolescence is very important while peak bone mass is being acquired. The rate of calcium accretion during growth was determined from gains in bone mineral content (BMC) taken annually in a longitudinal study of a cohort of Caucasian Canadian boys and girls (1). Because calcium is a constant component of BMC, profiles of gains in BMC as shown in Fig. 1 also reflect calcium accretion. It is clear from this figure that rates of calcium retention are not uniform across childhood. The curve has a rather sharp peak; approximately one-fourth of adult BMC is acquired in 2 yr bracketing the peak accretion rate. Likely regulators of pubertal growth spurt and skeletal maturation include insulin-like growth factor-1 and sex steroid hormones (2). The figure further shows that boys have a higher mean peak rate of BMC accretion than girls (409 vs 325 g/yr) and the peak occurs later in boys than girls (age 14 vs 12.5 yr). A nonparametric function of age using weighted and mean averages of longitudinal data in white females showed maximum bone growth occurs at age 12 yr (11–12, 90% confidence interval [CI]) for the spine and femoral neck (10–14, 90% CI), whereas cessation of growth at the spine occurred at age 36 yr (32–44, 90% CI) and at age 24 yr (19–34, 90% CI) for the femoral neck (3). Estimates of the percent of peak BMC for selected sites are illustrated in Fig. 2 taken from data reported by Teegarden (4) and Lin (5). The age of attaining peak spine BMC was beyond the age of the cohort studied by Lin et al. (5), but the age at which 90% of peak spine BMD was achieved was 15.2 yr, and 17.6 yr for 95%. Bone accretion rates with age are not available for other races and ethnic groups.
PlantCAZyme: a database for plant carbohydrate-active enzymes.

PlantCAZyme is a database built upon dbCAN (database for automated carbohydrate active enzyme annotation), aiming to provide pre-computed sequence and annotation data of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) to plant carbohydrate and bioenergy research communities. The current version contains data of 43 790 CAZymes of 159 protein families from 35 plants (including angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophyte and bryophyte mosses) and chlorophyte algae with fully sequenced genomes. Useful features of the database include: (i) a BLAST server and a HMMER server that allow users to search against our pre-computed sequence data for annotation purpose, (ii) a download page to allow batch downloading data of a specific CAZyme family or species and (iii) protein browse pages to provide an easy access to the most comprehensive sequence and annotation data. Database URL: http://cys.bios.niu.edu/plantcazyme/
Structured and Dynamic Disordered Domains Regulate the Activity of a Multifunctional Anti-σ Factor

ABSTRACT The anti-σ factor NepR plays a central role in regulation of the general stress response (GSR) in alphaproteobacteria. This small protein has two known interaction partners: its cognate extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor and the anti-anti-σ factor, PhyR. Stress-dependent phosphorylation of PhyR initiates a protein partner switch that promotes phospho-PhyR binding to NepR, which frees ECF σ to activate transcription of genes required for cell survival under adverse or fluctuating conditions. We have defined key functional roles for structured and intrinsically disordered domains of Caulobacter crescentus NepR in partner binding and activation of GSR transcription. We further demonstrate that NepR strongly stimulates the rate of PhyR phosphorylation in vitro and that this effect requires the structured and disordered domains of NepR. This result provides evidence for an additional layer of GSR regulation in which NepR directly influences activation of its binding partner, PhyR, as an anti-anti-σ factor. We conclude that structured and intrinsically disordered domains of NepR coordinately control multiple functions in the GSR signaling pathway, including core protein partner switch interactions and pathway activation by phosphorylation. IMPORTANCE Anti-σ factors are key molecular participants in a range of adaptive responses in bacteria. The anti-σ factor NepR plays a vital role in a multiprotein partner switch that governs general stress response (GSR) transcription in alphaproteobacteria. We have defined conserved and unconserved features of NepR structure that determine its function as an anti-σ factor and uncovered a functional role for intrinsically disordered regions of NepR in partner binding events required for GSR activation. We further demonstrate a novel function for NepR as an enhancer of PhyR phosphorylation; this activity also requires the disordered domains of NepR. Our results provide evidence for a new layer of GSR regulatory control in which NepR directly modulates PhyR phosphorylation and, hence, activation of the GSR.
New evidence for the geological origins of the ancient Delphic oracle (Greece)

Ancient tradition linked the Delphic oracle in Greece to specific geological phenomena, including a fissure in the bedrock, intoxicating gaseous emissions, and a spring. Despite testimony by ancient authors, many modern scholars have dismissed these traditional accounts as mistaken or fraudulent. This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary study that has succeeded in locating young faults at the oracle site and has also identified the prophetic vapor as an emission of light hydrocarbon gases generated in the underlying strata of bituminous limestone.
Review of current and emerging therapies in acute ischemic stroke.

The statistics for stroke in the USA reads like a familiar ad slogan cited in most papers pertaining to acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the USA. While stroke ranks third among all causes of death, behind diseases of the heart and cancer, it is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the USA.1 Approximately 795 000 people, 87% of whom are ischemic, suffer from stroke each year in the USA.2 That means that on average, every 40 seconds someone within the USA develops a stroke. For 2009 the combined direct and indirect cost of stroke, from hospitalization and rehabilitation to institutionalization, is estimated at $68.9 billion within the USA.2
Prediction of age at menarche from annual height increments

The divergence in height velocity of early and late maturing girls in early adolescence is exploited to predict menarcheal age from a year's growth in height. Simple prediction equations are generated based on data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, and are subsequently tested against an independent sample from the Stuart Growth Study. The success of this prediction method compares favorably with others based on x-ray determinations of bone age; it is much more successful than a proposed method that utilizes estimations of body fat. The height increment method is recommended both by its simplicity and by the relative accessability of the information involved.
Loss of biological effect in prolonged fraction delivery

Abstract Purpose The decrease of biologic effect if delivery of dose fractions takes more than a few minutes has been occasionally recognized in the literature but has been insufficiently studied. It has been recognized as a problem in the long exposures necessary for stereotactic radiotherapy and is also a potential problem in some applications of IMRT. Modeling repair rates is a complex function of dose per fraction, dose rate, half-times of repair, and nature of the tissue of interest (the α/β ratio of intrinsic radiosensitivity to repair capacity). In this article, we model repair rates for a range of doses per fraction and draw conclusions. Methods and materials We review the data on half-times of repair in tissues in situ in animals and human patients and conclude that a single first-order (exponential) repair rate is no longer an appropriate assumption for most tissues. At least 2 half-times of repair, and perhaps a distribution of half-times, are required. The faster components have a median half-time of 0.3 h (range, 0.08–1.2 h), and the longer components have a median of 4 h (range, 2.4–>6 h). Modeling repair rates by a two-component model is the simplest approach. We have used two models of repair to represent these ranges, one with equal proportions of 0.2 h + 4.0 h half-times, the other with 0.4 h + 4.0 h half-times of repair. Data are also reviewed on the few experiments that have been reported with cell culture that investigate this problem. Results Computations indicate that any fraction delivery that lasts more than half an hour might experience a clinically significant loss of cell-sterilizing effect. We suggest that a loss of more than 10% in biologically effective dose should be compensated for and show modeled doses and fraction durations for which this situation seems to be likely. It will be dose, tissue, and system dependent and will require more investigation at the clinical level. Conclusion It is suggested that any radiotherapy schedule that requires more than half an hour for the delivery of 1 fraction should have careful records made and reported, to look for a possible decrease of biologic effect with fraction duration.
Temporal-chromatic interactions in LGN P-cells

We studied the interaction between the chromatic and temporal properties of parvocellular (P) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of macaque monkeys. We measured the amplitudes and phases of responses to stimulation by spatially uniform fields modulated sinusoidally about a white point in a three-dimensional color space, at a range of temporal frequencies between 1 and 25 Hz. Below about 4 Hz, temporal frequency had relatively little effect on chromatic tuning. At higher frequencies chromatic opponency was weakened in almost all cells. The complex interactions between temporal and chromatic properties are represented by a linear filter model that describes response amplitude and phase as a function of temporal frequency and direction in color space along which stimuli are modulated. The model stipulates the cone inputs to center and surround, their temporal properties, and the linear combination of center and surround signals. It predicts the amplitudes and phases of responses of P-cells, and the change of chromatic properties with temporal frequency. We used the model to investigate whether or not the chromatic signature of the surround in a red-green cell could be estimated from the change in the cell's chromatic properties with temporal frequency. Our findings could be equally well described by mixed cone surrounds as by pure cone surrounds, and we conclude that, with regard to temporal properties, there is no benefit to be gained by segregating cone classes in center and surround.
A Matrix Model of the Small Group.

Small groups are conceptualized as being composed of three systems and involved with three primary tasks The three systems are the social, the personality, and the cultural. Each of these in turn is involved with working on three tasks: establishing identity, developing modes of relating, and solving reality-adaptive problems. The Matrix Model is conceptualized in five perspectives: the adaptive, developmental, structural, transactional, and gestalt points of view. The argument is made that a synthesis of knowledge of small groups will provide for a more meaningful and useful understanding The matrix provides a holistic and empirical framework within which studies can be productively conducted.
Imaging performance of a normal incidence soft x‐ray telescope

We have made the first measurements of the imaging performance of a normal incidence soft x‐ray telescope at BKα (0.183 keV, 67.6 A). The performance is quite good; at 1.5° off axis the resolution is about 1 arcsec full width at half‐maximum and 50% of the reflected power within 512 arcsec is contained within a diameter of 5 arcsec.
Lithium toxicity presenting as transient transcortical motor aphasia: a case report.

Patients with chronic lithium toxicity typically present with symptoms of agitation, confusion, tremor, ataxia, and hyperreflexia. In rare cases, however, lithium toxicity can present with transient cognitive and language deficits. We report the case of a lithium-toxic patient who presented with transient transcortical motor aphasia, which resolved 2 days after discontinuation of lithium. This is the first report of focal transcortical motor aphasia in a patient with lithium toxicity. Given the narrow therapeutic range of lithium, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of focal aphasia as a rare manifestation of lithium toxicity.
A framework for the future of urban underground engineering

Abstract A special and holistic approach is needed that captures aggregate attributes and emergent behaviors of the complex system of infrastructure systems in a region. Effective management of the impacts of future population growth, urbanization, and risks arising from continued evolution of our natural, physical and human/societal systems will require a systematic exploration and characterization of the urban subsurface, including much improved understanding and assessment of geologic risks. With recent cost escalations for underground construction projects, incentives are needed for the underground construction industry to develop and implement innovations in methods and technology, and smart integrated planning is needed to reduce costs both during construction and with life-cycle engineered design and operation of our subsurface facilities. The needed framework requires investigation of potential metrics that reflect the performance of aggregate functions of an urban environment so that we can holistically study system performance response under “normal” and “stressed” operation. Such a metric can support a cross-disciplinary exploration of urban resilience, and build knowledge as we develop and test theory and models that explore resilience of complex socio-technical systems. Econometrics with spatial and temporal granularity will help to understand the integrated functionality of our cities and to establish appropriate policies that will drive continuous improvement in the quality of urban life while providing natural, human, and physical urban environmental resilience. The underground in urban regions can become an important component of managing the increasing complexity of our physical systems, and can also make more significant contributions to improving the robustness and resilience of our future cities.
Men's harassment behavior in online video games: Personality traits and game factors

Online video games afford co-play and social interaction, often anonymous, among players from around the world. As predicted by the social identity model of deindividuation effects, undesirable behavior is not uncommon in online gaming environments, and online harassment has become a pervasive issue in the gaming community. In this study, we sought to determine what personality traits and game-related variables predicted two types of online aggression in video games: general harassment (e.g., skill-based taunting, insulting others' intelligence) and sexual harassment (e.g., sexist comments, rape threats). Men who play online video games (N = 425) participated in an anonymous online survey. Social dominance orientation and hostile sexism predicted higher levels of both sexual harassment and general harassment in online games. Game involvement and hours of weekly gameplay were additional predictors of general harassment. We discuss implications of online social aggression and online sexual harassment for online gaming. We also apply our findings to the broader understanding of online harassment, cyberaggression, cyberbullying, and other forms of online hostility in computer-mediated communication contexts. Aggr. Behav. 9999:1-9, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
From Thrill to Defensive Motivation The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults

In the aftermath of the September 11 attack on America, thrill-motivated hate crimes tended to decline as the rate of violent crime generally declined, but defensive hate crimes seemed to increase substantially. Just as individual factors were important in accounting for thrill-motivated hate attacks, so group factors became important for the purpose of explaining defensive hate crimes. The purpose of the present study was to apply group threat theorizing to explain increases in hate crimes against various groups since the 9/11 attack on America. In particular, we examined the prevalence of hate-motivated assaults against Muslims, Jews, gays, Blacks, and Latinos. Two separate data sources were employed: newspaper articles from LexisNexis and the Southern Poverty Law Center “hate incidents” spreadsheet. To control for changes in the level of hate crimes generally over time, we examined the percentage of hate-motivated assaults overall (in addition to their frequency of occurrence) that were directed at par...
Lifespan and oxidative stress show a non-linear response to atmospheric oxygen in Drosophila

Oxygen provides the substrate for most ATP production, but also serves as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce cumulative macromolecular oxidative damage and cause aging. Pure oxygen atmospheres (100 kPa) are known to strongly reduce invertebrate lifespan and induce aging-related physiological changes. However, the nature of the relationship between atmospheric oxygen, oxidative stress, and lifespan across a range of oxygen levels is poorly known. Developmental responses are likely to play a strong role, as prior research has shown strong effects of rearing oxygen level on growth, size and respiratory system morphology. In this study, we examined (1) the effect of oxygen on adult longevity and (2) the effect of the oxygen concentration experienced by larvae on adult lifespan by rearing Drosophila melanogaster in three oxygen atmospheres throughout larval development (10, 21 and 40 kPa), then measuring the lifespan of adults in five oxygen tensions (2, 10, 21, 40, 100 kPa). We also assessed the rate of protein carbonyl production for flies kept at 2, 10, 21, 40 and 100 kPa as adults (all larvae reared in normoxia). The rearing of juveniles in varying oxygen treatments affected lifespan in a complex manner, and the effect of different oxygen tensions on adult lifespan was non-linear, with reduced longevity and heightened oxidative stress at extreme high and low atmospheric oxygen levels. Moderate hypoxia (10 kPa) extended maximum, but not mean lifespan.
Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Chronic viral hepatitis is a common clinical problem; it must be differentiated from other forms of chronic liver disease by history, laboratory data, and liver biopsy. This article reviews the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, delta hepatitis, and nonA and nonB viral hepatitis and emphasizes the controlled trials when available.
Feasting at Marj Rabba, An Early Chalcolithic Site in the Galilee

Summary Feasting is a common part of human culture in the present and past that can serve a variety of roles such as creating and maintaining social identities within and between social groups. In zooarchaeology, feasting evidence, rather than the accumulated and mixed refuse from long-term consumption, often gives us some of the only data from individual events at a site. A cattle bone refuse pit at the site of Marj Rabba, Israel, provides evidence for feasting from the early Chalcolithic (c.4500–3600 BC) in the southern Levant. The presence of cattle feasts at Marj Rabba provides a glimpse of cultural practices in this critical transitional period that may mirror practices from earlier periods.
Development Trend of Steel Used for Transmission Towers

The transmission line tower have characteristics of long-term outdoor operating,complex working conditions,and long distance distribution,which decides that the steel products used in towers have the strong professional characteristic.Along with the long distance,large capacity development of transmission line,the transmission tower scale and weight have varied greatly, which has proposed new requirements for the steel used for towers.The paper analyzes the development trend of the steel used for towers in combination with the national steel product supply situation and the transmission tower up-to-date research trend.
Plasma enzyme changes in goats infected with Fasciola hepatica and the effect of nitroxynil.

In goats experimentally infected with 200 cysts of Fasciola hepatica, there were significant increases in the plasma activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). The average number of flukes found at post-mortem examination was 104 per goat. An infective dose as low as 200 cysts administered to sheep would not have produced a significantly detectable difference in serum enzymes according to reports in the literature. Tissue enzyme levels found in 3 normal goats are given and the activity in the liver appears to be higher than that reported for cattle and sheep. Nitroxynil (4.-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzoni-trile) at 15 mg/kg, given subcutaneously, was 89% effective against a 6-wcek-old infection in 6 goats, but this effect was not detectable by changes in the GDH activity. The SDH activity, however, fell after dosing when compared with unclosed controls.
Interior Modes of Eternal Life

There are different ways of being religious, even within a single religious tradition. Within Christianity there are different ways of being Christian, within Judaism there are different ways of being Jewish, and within Islam there are different ways of being Muslim, just as there are different ways of being Buddhist within Buddhism and of being Hindu within Hinduism. John Hick suggests that in all these traditions there are ‘saints,’ persons, as he puts it, ‘in whom the transformation of human existence from self-centredness to Realitycentredness is so much more advanced than in the generality of us that it is readily noticed and acknowledged.’ In the various traditions, these spiritually advanced individuals may be known as bodhisattvas, gurus, mahatmas, masters, or saints. The expression of their ego-transcendence, Hick acknowledges, varies, although he finds that across the major religious traditions it takes two main forms: a ‘withdrawal from the world in prayer and meditation’ and ‘practical engagement in social and political action.’ Each of these forms may be expressed in various ways, and furthermore, a saintly life may alternate between these two main forms.1 Perhaps — although it may not necessarily be so — all who have attained a saintly life in the sense that Hick identifies have attained an eternal life in the conception that we have identified. Conversely, and perhaps more clearly, it may be possible to come to or receive eternal life without becoming a saint in Hick’s sense.
Apparent origin time of S̄

Representative travel times for 50 shocks in southern California indicate that transverse waves appear to leave the focus about half a second earlier, on the average, than longitudinal waves. If fault rupture is propagated with a speed greater than that of transverse waves, the originating of such waves along a moderately extended fault segment will completely explain the observations. An exact theory is given on the simplest assumptions.
Global warming: Chinese narratives of the future:

Anthropogenic Climate Change (climate change or global warming that is caused by human activity) is considered to be one of the key global concerns moving forward this century. The ongoing flow of ...
Mobius Syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorder

The relation between autistic spectrum disorder and Mobius syndrome was studied in 25 patients (18 males and 7 females) included in a multidisciplinary study of Mobius sequence at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Goteborg University, Sweden.
Contact engineering and channel doping for robust carbon nanotube NFETs

In this work, we present several strategies of making robust carbon nanotube (CNT) n-type field-effect transistors (NFETs). One approach uses low-work function metal contacts to enable electron injection into CNT for NFET operation while using pre-defined oxide trenches to protect the sidewalls of such easily oxidized contacts. The sidewall-protected NFETs are shown to be stable over several months. The contact length scaling study reveals a large contact resistance that increases rapidly as the contact size shrinks, probably due to the poor interface wetting. A thin Ti layer is shown to significantly enhance contact wetting on CNT and improve device performance. Another approach involves charge-transfer doping from layers deposited on top of CNT channel. Results from different doping layers and deposition conditions are presented and compared. For applications like CNT thin film transistors (TFTs, where transport is not limited by contacts), such channel doping techniques will be required to form NFETs.
Impact of juvenile chronic stress on adult cortico-accumbal function: Implications for cognition and addiction

Repeated exposure to stress during childhood is associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric illness, substance use disorders and other behavioral problems in adulthood. However, it is not clear how chronic childhood stress can lead to emergence of such a wide range of symptoms and disorders in later life. One possible explanation lies in stress-induced disruption to the development of specific brain regions associated with executive function and reward processing, deficits in which are common to the disorders promoted by childhood stress. Evidence of aberrations in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens function following repeated exposure of juvenile (pre- and adolescent) organisms to a variety of different stressors would account not only for the similarity in symptoms across the wide range of childhood stress-associated mental illnesses, but also their persistence into adulthood in the absence of further stress. Therefore, the goal of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge regarding disruption to executive function and reward processing in adult animals or humans exposed to chronic stress over the juvenile period, and the underlying neurobiology, with particular emphasis on the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. First, the role of these brain regions in mediating executive function and reward processing is highlighted. Second, the neurobehavioral development of these systems is discussed to illustrate how juvenile stress may exert long-lasting effects on prefrontal cortex-accumbal activity and related behavioral functions. Finally, a critical review of current animal and human findings is presented, which strongly supports the supposition that exposure to chronic stress (particularly social aggression and isolation in animal studies) in the juvenile period produces impairments in executive function in adulthood, especially in working memory and inhibitory control. Chronic juvenile stress also results in aberrations to reward processing and seeking, with increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse particularly noted in animal models, which is in line with greater incidence of substance use disorders seen in clinical studies. These consequences are potentially mediated by monoamine and glutamatergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, providing translatable therapeutic targets. However, the predominant use of male subjects and social-based stressors in preclinical studies points to a clear need for determining how both sex differences and stressor heterogeneity may differentially contribute to stress-induced changes to substrates mediating executive function and reward processing, before the impact of chronic juvenile stress in promoting adult psychopathology can be fully understood.
Chapter 36 – A Stepwise Approach to a Career in Translational Research

Careers in translational research are uniquely challenging and rewarding. However, research at the translational interface represents one of the most deeply satisfying careers that exist in academic medicine. The leverage of success in these positions is vast and the ability to potentially contribute to the alleviation of human suffering is irresistibly attractive, making all of the challenges seemingly small compared to the opportunity to accomplish a greater good in this pathway.
Motivation bei hochqualifizierten Wissensarbeitern

Das Thema dieses Beitrags lautet „Motivation von High-Q-Mitarbeitern“. Eine Thematik also, die immer mehr in den Mittelpunkt des betriebswirtschaftlichen Interesses ruckt. Gleichwohl: dieses Thema ist nicht erst seit heute von erheblicher Relevanz fur die Unternehmen. Die Bedeutung, die motivationalen Aspekten insbesondere bei hochqualifizierten Mitarbeitern zukommt, wurde bei Hewlett- Packard schon vergleichsweise fruh erkannt. Die folgenden Seiten werden daher davon handeln, auf welche Weise Hewlett-Packard versucht, das Engagement und die Kreativitat dieser sogenannten Wissensarbeiter zu verbessern.
A Half-century of SETI Science

We begin our journey with a brief review of half a century of SETI science. The material in this introductory chapter is offered for the benefit of those educated laypersons whose enthusiasm for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence exceeds their detailed knowledge of the relevant technologies. It is my hope that readers of this volume will better appreciate the material which follows if they first have a basic understanding of SETI concepts. Hence, I offer an overview, which is intended not to be exhaustive, but rather representative. Together, we will explore the nature of radio telescopes, experimental design strategies, SETI instrumentation, signal analysis, and the hallmarks of artificiality that allow us to differentiate between natural astrophysical emissions and intelligent interstellar transmissions. If you are already a technical specialist in these areas, feel free to bypass this introduction, and proceed directly to the subsequent chapters.
A Semianalytic Method for the Solution of the Steady-State Steam Generator Equations

A model was developed for steady-state steam generator analysis for purposes of continuous on-line data validation, plant state verification, and fault identification. The basic features of this model are as follows: 1. The water (steam) temperature in the subcooled and superheated regions is written as a quadratic function of enthalpy and the system equations are solved analytically. 2. The same equations are also solved analytically in the nucleate and film boiling regions. 3. The departure from nucleate boiling quality is determined from the iterative solution of a transcendental equation. These features allow the use of large nodes in each region and the direct determination of the region boundaries. Applications to typical steam generator problems showed computation times of 0.025 s. The analysis of four Energy Technology Engineering Center experiments showed very good agreement between model predictions and measurements.
IN VITRO INDUCTION OF NATURAL KILLER (NK) AND KILLER (K) CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses in vitro induction of natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells. Mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (MPBL) of normal, healthy donors were tested in a 4 h 51Cr release assay in a study described in the chapter. K-562, a myeloid cell line, was highly susceptible to NK. Chang liver cells coated with rabbit-antibody represented a well-defined target for K cells and were used to measure ADCC. Non-sensitized Chang liver cells were included in most tests but they never released more than 5% 51Cr in the presence of MPBL. Cytotoxicity was measured with fresh MPBL on day 0 and after various times in culture. Some MPBL preparations were depleted of FcR-bearing cells by absorption on antigen–antibody complexes according to the technique of P. Henkart and E. Alexander. Cells were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 in RPME 1640 with 10% of either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human serum (HuS). The MPBL were cultured either alone or with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic cells. It was observed that when MPBL were cultured alone in media for 7 days, the levels of NK and ADCC depended on the source of serum in the preceding culture. 10% FBS and agamma FCS and immunoprecipitated FBS resulted in good maintenance or in augmentation of NK and ADCC.
Light as Therapy for Sleep Disorders and Depression in Older Adults.

Proper lighting is necessary for vision and to carry out one’s daily activities. This aspect of light – light for vision – is well known by the general public and health professionals. What is less well appreciated is the large and growing body of scientific literature on light as a therapeutic agent. Indeed, although much has been documented over the past decades about its therapeutic uses, light is rarely prescribed by physicians and other health care providers. In part this is because much is yet to be understood about the optimum characteristics of light affecting our health and well-being. Published research studies have employed a wide range of light sources, quantities, spectra, and delivery schedules, without yielding a consensus as to how to optimally provide this treatment. However, under-use of light as therapy is also due to the fact that light is naturally available and thus un-patentable, making it unappealing as a research or marketing venue for industries.1 Sleep disorders and depression are extremely common in older persons, and in research trials, light therapy has shown some benefits for treating these disorders. Although drug treatments are available for both conditions, in each case the available drugs fail to work a significant proportion of the time and carry with them considerable risk of adverse effects. Therefore, health care providers treating older persons would benefit from considering light therapy as an alternative for selected patients with sleep disorders or depression. In this paper we review the physiology, scientific evidence, therapeutic uses, and cautions regarding light as a therapeutic agent for these common geriatric conditions, and provide recommendations for clinicians.
Traffic Simulation as Highway Design Tool

This paper is a summary of the research conducted to develop, test, calibrate and apply the digital computer model with actual roadway and traffic data collected from nine field locations on rural primary roads in North Carolina. The model is used to simulate traffic flow over a specified section of roadway, generally 5 to 6 miles long, at different volume levels ranging between 175 and 650 vehicles per hour. The process of calibration consists of making logical changes in key input variables until the simulation throughput data statistically matches similar throughput data observed at field sites. The technique of multiple regression is used to develop relationships between such input variables and other roadway and traffic variables. The model is sensitive to changes in such input variables as reflected by the throughput statistics and that it can realistically simulate the two-lane two-way traffic flow to evaluate the traffic consequences of highway redesign concepts.
Modeling transmission dynamics of lyme disease: Multiple vectors, seasonality, and vector mobility.

Abstract Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the United States, which humans acquire from an infected tick of the genus Ixodes (primarily Ixodes scapularis). While previous studies have provided useful insights into various aspects of Lyme disease, the tick's host preference in the presence of multiple hosts has not been considered in the existing models. In this study, we develop a transmission dynamics model that includes the interactions between the primary vectors involved: blacklegged ticks (I. scapularis), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Our model shows that the presence of multiple vectors may have a significant impact on the dynamics and spread of Lyme disease. Based on our model, we also calculate the basic reproduction number, R 0 , a threshold value that predicts whether a disease exists or dies out. Subsequent extensions of the model consider seasonality of the tick's feeding period and mobility of deer between counties. Our results suggest that a longer tick peak feeding period results in a higher infection prevalence. Moreover, while the deer mobility may not be a primary factor for short-term emergence of Lyme disease epidemics, in the long-run it can significantly contribute to local infectiousness in neighboring counties, which eventually reach the endemic steady state.
Noise in the Underdetermined Problem

Despite considerable progress in, and development of, maximum entropy and Bayesian techniques, a complete understanding of the process combining noise with incomplete information remains elusive. The underdetermined problem with noisy data is here re-examined, and various results are discussed, compared, and criticized. Specific examples suggesting a resolution are presented.
Managing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Transgender Adults Undergoing Hormone Therapy

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential risk of estrogen therapy. However, data show an improvement in the quality of life for transgender people who use feminizing hormone therapy. With few transgender-specific data, guidance may be drawn from cisgender (nontransgender) data, with a focus on hormonal birth control and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The aim of this review is to examine the degree to which routes of administration, patient comorbidities, and type of hormone utilized affect the safety of estrogen therapy. Methods: We identified 6,349 studies by searching PubMed with the terms “transgender”, “estrogen”, “VTE”, and “HRT”. Of these, there were only 13 studies between 1989 and 2018 that investigated the effects of hormone therapy, including types of estrogens used, in transgender women and men. Results: The data suggest that the route of hormone administration, patient demographics, and patient comorbidities all affect estrogen’s link with VTE. For example, avoiding ethinyl estradiol might make the use of hormone therapy in trans feminine individuals safer than oral birth control. Data from both cis and trans groups suggest additional VTE risk associated with the use of progestins. While transdermal estrogens dosed up to 0.1 mg/day or below appear lower risk for VTE than other forms of estrogen, it is unclear whether this is related to the delivery method or a dose effect. Finally, even if the risk from exogenous estrogen use remains significant statistically, the absolute clinical risk remains low. Conclusion: Clinicians should avoid the use of ethinyl estradiol. Additionally, data suggest that progestins should be avoided for transgender individuals. Further study of the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of VTE will serve to inform the safest care strategies for transgender individuals.
55-year-old Male with Exertional Dyspnea

Author(s): Friedman, Eric R.; Gatz, J. David; Dezman, Zachary D.W.; Bontempo, Laura J. | Abstract: Introduction: Dyspnea is a common presenting complaint for many patients in the emergency department.Case Presentation: A 55-year-old man with type I diabetes presented to the emergency department with one month of intermittent palpitations and dyspnea. His lungs were clear to auscultation, and his chest radiograph was normal.Discussion: This case takes the reader through the differential diagnosis and systematic work-up of dyspnea with discussion of the diagnostic study, which ultimately led to this patient’s diagnosis and successful treatment.
Testing an Interactionist Theory of Treatment Engagement in a Pennsylvania Prison-Based Therapeutic Community:

The prison-based Therapeutic Community (TC) is a promising substance use treatment program that emphasizes peer influence. Although program evaluations demonstrate positive results, the cognitive, ...
Trends of Cancer-Related Suicide in the United States: 1999-2018

The suicide rate has steadily increased in the United States during the past 2 decades. Cancer patients have elevated suicide risk because of prevalent psychological distress, treatment side effects, and potentially uncontrolled pain. Efforts to promote psychosocial and palliative care may reduce this risk. Using the 1999-2018 Multiple Cause of Death database, we found a decreasing trend of cancer-related suicide during the past 2 decades with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of age-adjusted suicide rates of -2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.5% to -2.1%) in contrast to an increasing trend of overall suicide rate (AAPC = 1.7%, 95% CI = 1.5% to 1.8%). We also observed the largest declines in cancer-related suicide rates among high-risk populations including male, older age, and certain cancer types, suggesting an evolving role of psycho-oncology and palliative and hospice care during this period.