cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of fungicides and irrigation practice on aflatoxin in peanuts before digging.

Peanuts grown under dryland conditions where drought stress occurred accumulated more aflatoxin before digging than peanuts grown under irrigation. Kernels became more susceptible to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus invasion when the soil moisture in the pod zone approached levels at which moisture moved from the pod into the soil and the kernel moisture dropped below 31%. Isolation frequencies of these aspergilli from fresh-dug kernels were lowest in 1968 (maximum of 3%). In 1967 and 1969, maximum percentages of 100 and 74, respectively, were noted. Kernel infestation was correlated with degree of aflatoxin contamination. Dryland fresh-dug kernels contained a maximum of 35,800 parts per billion aflatoxin while a maximum of 50 parts per billion was detected in kernels from irrigated plots. In 1969 A. flavus infestation was as high as 59% in peanuts from irrigated plots; however, no aflatoxin was detected. Absence of aflatoxin in these samples is attributed to the higher kernel moisture content which reduced the aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in degree of fungal infestation, production levels, and grade factors between any fungicide treatments.
Substitution of glutamine for lysine at the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of bacterial D-amino acid transaminase. Effects of exogenous amines on the slow formation of intermediates.

In bacterial D-amino acid transaminase, Lys-145, which binds the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in Schiff base linkage, was changed to Gln-145 by site-directed mutagenesis (K145Q). The mutant enzyme had 0.015% the activity of the wild-type enzyme and was capable of forming a Schiff base with D-alanine; this external aldimine was formed over a period of minutes depending upon the D-alanine concentration. The transformation of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate form of the enzyme to the pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate form (i.e. the half-reaction of transamination) occurred over a period of hours with this mutant enzyme. Thus, information on these two steps in the reaction and on the factors that influence them can readily be obtained with this mutant enzyme. In contrast, these reactions with the wild-type enzyme occur at much faster rates and are not easily studied separately. The mutant enzyme shows distinct preference for D- over L-alanine as substrates but it does so about 50-fold less effectively than the wild-type enzyme. Thus, Lys-145 probably acts in concert with the coenzyme and other functional side chain(s) to lead to efficient and stereochemically precise transamination in the wild-type enzyme. The addition of exogenous amines, ethanolamine or methyl amine, increased the rate of external aldimine formation with D-alanine and the mutant enzyme but the subsequent transformation to the pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate form of the enzyme was unaffected by exogenous amines. The wild-type enzyme displayed a large negative trough in the circular dichroic spectrum at 420 nm, which was practically absent in the mutant enzyme. However, addition of D-alanine to the mutant enzyme generated this negative Cotton effect (due to formation of the external aldimine with D-alanine). This circular dichroism band gradually collapsed in parallel with the transformation to the pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate enzyme. Further studies on this mutant enzyme, which displays the characteristics of the wild-type enzyme but at attenuated rates, may yield information on the factors controlling the stereochemistry of the reaction as well as on the catalytic steps of the transaminase pathway.
Assembly of collagen fibrils de novo by cleavage of the type I pC-collagen with procollagen C-proteinase. Assay of critical concentration demonstrates that collagen self-assembly is a classical example of an entropy-driven process.

Type I procollagen was purified from the medium of cultured human fibroblasts incubated with 14C-labeled amino acids, the NH2-terminal propeptides were cleaved with procollagen N-proteinase, and the resulting pC-collagen was isolated by gel filtration chromatography. pC-collagen did not assemble into fibrils or large aggregates even at concentrations of 0.5 mg.ml-1 at 34 degrees C in a physiological buffer. However, cleavage of pC-collagen to collagen with purified C-proteinase (Hojima, Y., (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15996-16003) generated fibrils that were visible by eye and that were large enough to be separated from solution by centrifugation at 13,000 x g for 4 min. With high concentrations of enzyme, the pC-collagen was completely cleaved in 1 h, and turbidity was near maximal in 3 h, but collagen continued to be incorporated in fibrils for over 10 h. Because the pC-collagen was uniformly labeled with 14C-aminoacids, the concentration of soluble collagen and, therefore, the critical concentration of polymerization were determined directly. The critical concentration was independent of the initial pC-collagen concentration and of the rate of cleavage. The critical concentration decreased with temperature between 29 and 41 degrees C and was 0.12 +/- 0.06 (S.E.) microgram.ml-1 at 41 degrees C. The thermodynamic parameters of assembly were essentially independent of temperature in the range 29 to 41 degrees C. The process was endothermic with a delta H value of +56 kcal.mol-1, but entropy driven with a delta S value of +220 cal.K-1.mol-1. The Gibbs energy change for polymerization was -13 kcal.mol-1 at 37 degrees C. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that type I collagen fibril formation de novo is a classical example of an entropy-driven self-assembly process similar to the polymerization of actin, flagella, and tobacco mosaic virus protein.
Cooperative Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Caveolin-1 in Regulating the Vascular Response to Low Nitric Oxide-High Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiovascular Injury.

Aldosterone interacts with mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to stimulate sodium reabsorption in renal tubules and may also affect the vasculature. Caveolin-1 (cav-1), an anchoring protein in plasmalemmal caveolae, binds steroid receptors and also endothelial nitric oxide synthase, thus limiting its translocation and activation. To test for potential MR/cav-1 interaction in the vasculature, we investigated if MR blockade in cav-1–replete or –deficient states would alter vascular function in a mouse model of low nitric oxide (NO)–high angiotensin II (AngII)–induced cardiovascular injury. Wild-type (WT) and cav-1 knockout mice (cav-1−/−) consuming a high salt diet (4% NaCl) received Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.1–0.2 mg/ml in drinking water at days 1–11) plus AngII (0.7–2.8 mg/kg per day via an osmotic minipump at days 8–11) ± MR antagonist eplerenone (EPL) 100 mg/kg per day in food. In both genotypes, blood pressure increased with L-NAME + AngII. EPL minimally changed blood pressure, although its dose was sufficient to block MR and reverse cardiac expression of the injury markers cluster of differentiation 68 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in L-NAME+AngII treated mice. In aortic rings, phenylephrine and KCl contraction was enhanced with EPL in L-NAME+AngII treated WT mice, but not cav-1−/− mice. AngII-induced contraction was not different, and angiotensin type 1 receptor expression was reduced in L-NAME + AngII treated WT and cav-1−/− mice. In WT mice, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was enhanced with L-NAME + AngII treatment and reversed with EPL. Acetylcholine relaxation in cav-1−/− mice was greater than in WT mice, not modified by L-NAME + AngII or EPL, and blocked by ex vivo L-NAME, 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), or endothelium removal, suggesting the role of NO-cGMP. Cardiac endothelial NO synthase was increased in cav-1−/− versus WT mice, further increased with L-NAME + AngII, and not affected by EPL. Vascular relaxation to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside was increased with L-NAME + AngII in WT mice but not in cav-1−/− mice. Plasma aldosterone levels increased and cardiac MR expression decreased in L-NAME + AngII treated WT and cav-1−/− mice and did not change with EPL. Thus, during L-NAME + AngII induced hypertension, MR blockade increases contraction and alters vascular relaxation via NO-cGMP, and these changes are absent in cav-1 deficiency states. The data suggest a cooperative role of MR and cav-1 in regulating vascular contraction and NO-cGMP–mediated relaxation during low NO–high AngII–dependent cardiovascular injury.
Teacher Reports of Children's Friendships and Social Groups: Agreement with Peer Reports and Implications for Studying Peer Similarity.

Teacher–peer agreement about children’s friendships and social group affiliations was examined in a sample of 219 children in grades 1, 3, and 5. Peer reports were used to identify reciprocated friendships and informal social groups. Teachers listed each child’s closest friends and described the informal social groups existing in their classrooms. Teachers also rated children’s externalizing behavior problems and academic orientation and provided direct ratings of the externalizing behavior problems and academic orientation of children’s friends. Teacher–peer agreement was reliable for friendships and social groups and was stronger in the upper elementary grades. Estimates of peer similarity were highest when teachers provided global ratings of the behaviors of the children’s friends. Results suggest that teacher reports of children’s peer affiliations have some validity but result in inflated estimates of peer similarity.
Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation in the forelimb and hindlimb vasculatures of swine.

Abstract Limb differences in endothelial function exist between arm and leg vasculatures of humans. The current investigation tested the hypothesis that forelimb and hindlimb vasorelaxation are similar in the absence of limb differences in blood pressure. Conduit arteries (brachials/femorals) and second order arterioles were harvested from 22 miniature Yucatan swine. In vitro assessment of vasorelaxation was determined by administering increasing doses of bradykinin (BK), acetylcholine (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The role of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways was assessed in conduit arteries but not resistance arterioles through l -NAME (300 μM) and INDO (5 μM) incubation, respectively. The relaxation responses to BK and ACh were similar in brachial and femoral arteries. SNP relaxation response was greater in the brachial compared to femoral arteries. There were also no significant differences in the relaxation responses of second order arterioles of the forelimb and hindlimb to BK, ACh, and SNP. Incubation of conduit arterial rings in l -NAME produced a greater reduction in BK and ACh relaxation in the brachial (∼ 25%) compared to femoral (∼ 13%) arterial rings. The current results of this investigation suggest that the forelimb and hindlimb vasculatures of swine have relatively similar vasorelaxation responses to both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators.
Conformal Families of Measures for Fibred Systems

In this paper, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of (pseudo) weakly conformal and conformal families of measures for fibred systems. We describe a general construction principle for these families, modelled on the one developed by Denker and Urbanski for conformal measures. For those systems that are fibrewise local homeomorphisms, the constructed families are (pseudo) conformal. If a system is, moreover, weakly topologically exact along fibres, then each measure in the associated family is supported on the whole fibre where it is naturally defined.
RNA interference directed against ribosomal protein S3a suggests a link between this gene and arrested ovarian development during adult diapause in Culex pipiens

Arrested ovarian development is a key characteristic of adult diapause in the mosquito Culex pipiens. In this study we propose that ribosomal protein S3a (rpS3a), a small ribosomal subunit, contributes to this shutdown. RpS3a is consistently expressed in females of C. pipiens that do not enter diapause, but in females programmed for diapause, expression of the rpS3a transcript is dramatically reduced for a brief period in early diapause (7-10 days after adult eclosion). RNA interference directed against rpS3a in nondiapausing females arrested follicle development, mimicking the diapause state. The effect of the dsRNA injection faded within 10 days, allowing the follicles to grow again, thus the suppression of rpS3a caused by RNAi did not permanently block ovarian development, implying that a brief suppression of rpS3a is not the only factor contributing to the diapause response. The arrest in development that we observed in dsRNA-injected females could be reversed with a topical application of juvenile hormone III, an endocrine trigger known to terminate diapause in this species. Though we speculate that many genes contribute to the diapause syndrome in C. pipiens, our results suggest that a shut down in the expression of rpS3a is one of the important components of this developmental response.
Multiframe quantitative coronary arteriography

Single-frame quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) requires a human operator to select one frame for analysis out of typically 90 or more acquired in each sequence. QCA measurements for the same arterial segment differ from frame to frame due to a variety of factors including: rapid coronary motion, overlapping arteries, patient scatter, and structure noise from imaging the ribs, spine and diaphragm. These factors make frame selection a source of diagnostic variability. Test images were generated by radiographically projecting 3- D model arteries of known diameters onto patient coronary angiograms. Our objective is to eliminate subjective selection of a single frame and improve the overall accuracy of QCA by utilizing all of the image frames in a sequence. Diameters of the artery within each image were measured with an automated edge detection algorithm. Our approach to improve the accuracy of the diameter measure is to search for the coronary artery edge in both the spatial (individual image frame) and temporal domain (all frames in the sequence that show the edge).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of wiggler taper rate and signal field gain rate in free-electron lasers

A dimensionless formulation of the motion of electrons in free-electron lasers (FEL) with tapered wigglers is derived that takes into account the cumulative effects of tapering and signal field gain. The mathematical problem involves three small parameters: epsilon , measuring the slowness of spatial variations of the wiggler field; mu , the ratio of signal wavelength to wiggler period, and kappa , the square of the ratio of the plasma frequency to signal frequency. Two limits governing the relation between mu and epsilon and three limits governing the relation between kappa and epsilon are identified. The mathematical problems which result consist of the solution of strictly nonlinear oscillators with slowly varying parameters and small perturbation terms. Techniques from the asymptotic theory of nonlinear oscillations are used to derive results pertinent for FEL problems. >
Intramolecularly Sensitized Precipitons: A Model System for Application to Metal Sequestration

We have investigated light-triggered or catalytically activated precipitation agents and have proposed the name “precipiton” for such molecules or molecular fragments. A phase separation is induced when the precipiton isomerizes to a low-solubility form. In this paper we describe the first intramolecularly activated precipitons. The isomerization process is induced by intramolecular triplet energy transfer from a covalently attached metal complex. As expected, intramolecular sensitization leads to a more rapid isomerization than can be achieved by intermolecular sensitization at accessible concentrations. Two isomeric bichromophoric precipiton species, each containing [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and 1,2-bis(biphenyl)ethene units covalently linked together by an ether tether, have been synthesized and characterized, and their photochemical properties have been investigated. The rates of photoisomerization of these complexes, [((Z)-1,2-bis(biphenyl)ethene-bpy)Ru(bpy)2](PF6)2 (2Z) and [((E)-1,2-bis(biphenyl)ethene-bpy)Ru(b...
Time-Varying Coefficient Models with ARMA-GARCH Structures for Longitudinal Data Analysis

Time-varying coefficient models with autoregressive and moving-average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity structure are proposed for examining the time-varying effects of risk factors in longitudinal studies. Compared with existing models in the literature, the proposed models give explicit patterns for the time-varying coefficients. Maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood (based on a Laplace approximation) are used to estimate the parameters in the proposed models. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of these two estimation methods, which is measured in terms of the Kullback–Leibler divergence and the root mean square error. The marginal likelihood approach leads to the more accurate parameter estimates, although it is more computationally intensive. The proposed models are applied to the Framingham Heart Study to investigate the time-varying effects of covariates on coronary heart disease incidence. The Bayesian information criterion is used for specify...
The 11th International Social Philosophy Conference

L'A. rend compte de la 11 e Conference Internationale en Philosophie Sociale qui s'est tenue a l'Universite du Nevada (Las Vegas) les 4-7 aout 1994. Les quatre lectures plenieres ont porte sur des sujets d'ethique environnementale (nucleaire, ecofeminisme, perspectives d'avenir), qui ont ete completes par de nombreuses contributions sur la violence, le racisme et la justice ecologiques, le postmodernisme, l'ethique feministe et homosexuelle, les droits a la propriete et la conception du pouvoir...
Seed development in Trimenia (Trimeniaceae) and its bearing on the evolution of embryo-nourishing strategies in early flowering plant lineages.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Seeds of most families in the ancient angiosperm lineage Austrobaileyales produce a full-fledged genetically biparental embryo-nourishing endosperm. However, seeds of fossil and extant Trimeniaceae have been described as having a perisperm, a maternal nutrient-storing and embryo-nourishing tissue derived from the nucellus of the ovule. Because perisperm is also found in Nymphaeales, another ancient angiosperm clade, the presence of a perisperm in Trimeniaceae, if confirmed, would be congruent with the hypothesis that the first angiosperms used a perisperm in addition to a minute (nutrient-transferring) endosperm. • METHODS Seed development was studied from fertilization through maturity/dormancy in Trimenia moorei and in maturing fruits of T. neocaledonica. • KEY RESULTS A persistent layer of nucellar tissue surrounds the endosperm but does not contain stored nutrients and does not function as a perisperm. The nutrient-storing and embryo-nourishing tissue in Trimenia seeds is an endosperm, as is the case in all other members of the Austrobaileyales studied to date. • CONCLUSION The absence of a perisperm and the presence of a typical nutrient-storing and embryo-nourishing endosperm in Trimeniaceae may represent the ancestral condition for angiosperms. However, the combination of a copious nutrient-storing and embryo-nourishing perisperm with a minute endosperm, as in Nymphaeales, remains a plausible plesiomorphic condition for angiosperms as a whole. In either case, the developmental and functional biology of the diploid endosperm of Trimenia (and other Austrobaileyales) differs markedly from the diploid endosperm of Nymphaeales, and is fundamentally similar to the triploid endosperms of most other angiosperms.
The effect of sulfide type on the fracture behavior of HY180 steel

In this paper are discussed the effects of sulfide type on the fracture toughness of HY180 steel. Manganese was added to one heat and the sulfides in this heat were MnS. Lanthanum additions but no manganese additions were made to the second heat and the sulfur was gettered in this heat as particles of La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S. Neither lanthanum nor manganese additions was made to the other two heats. These two heats were modified by small titanium additions. The sulfur in these two heats was gettered as particles of Ti{sub 2}CS. After the usual heat treatment for HY180 steel the fracture toughness of the heat in which the sulfur was gettered as MnS was 256MPam. The fracture toughness of the heat in which the sulfur was gettered as La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S was 344MPam. The fracture toughness of this heat was greater than the fracture toughness of the heat in which the sulfur is gettered as MnS because the particles of La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S are larger and more widely spaced than the particles of MnS. The fracture toughness of the two titanium modified heats were 478MPam and over 550MPam. Void generation studies indicate that void generation is more difficult at particlesmore » of Ti{sub 2}CS than at particles of MnS or La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S. The improved fracture toughness of the heats in which the sulfur is gettered as Ti{sub 2}CS is attributed to the particles of Ti{sub 2}CS having greater resistance to void generation than particles of MnS or La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S.« less
Computed tomography of cardiac and pericardiac masses

Cardiac and paracardiac masses include benign and malignant tumors and nontumoral mass lesions. Metastatic tumors are far more common than primary cardiac tumors. Although echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most frequently used imaging examinations, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is often used to evaluate these masses, particularly when MRI is contraindicated. MDCT is not only fast but also has high spatiotemporal resolution, multiplanar reconstruction capabilities, and a wide field of view, providing detailed evaluation of cardiac and paracardiac masses and adjacent structures, including the lungs. Knowledge of the characteristic and atypical imaging appearances is essential for thorough evaluation of these masses. In this pictorial review, the CT appearances of the most common cardiac and paracardiac masses are discussed and illustrated.
Gestational/Perinatal chlorpyrifos exposure is not associated with autistic-like behaviors in rodents

Although animal models cannot exactly replicate human psychiatric disorders, they may be useful to investigate whether the behaviors associated with certain exposures in animals parallel those observed in people. According to the most current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, autism is diagnosed based on (1) persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction; and (2) the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities. To address whether developmental chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure was associated with the development of autistic behaviors, a literature search was conducted to identify studies in rats and mice involving gestational or early postnatal exposure to CPF or CPF oxon (CPO, the active metabolite of CPF) and subsequent behavioral testing to assess behaviors related to autism. A total of 13 studies conducted in six different laboratories were identified. Analysis of these studies found that perinatal CPF exposure was generally associated with (1) no effect or increased social communications; (2) no effect or increased social encounters; (3) no effect, reduced stereotypies, or conflicting findings on stereotypic behaviors; and (4) no effect or increased preference for novelty and reduced anxiety in novel environments. These behavioral findings are generally inconsistent with the types of behaviors that would be expected in children with clinical autism. Based on the results of this analysis of rodent model studies involving CPF/CPO exposure, it cannot be concluded that gestational and/or perinatal CPF exposure is likely to be associated with the development of autism-like behaviors in humans.
Alkyl chloride initiators for SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate

Single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) proceeds by an outer-sphere single-electron transfer mechanism that induces a heterolytic bond cleavage of the initiating and propagating R-X (where X = Cl, Br, and I) species. Therefore, unlike the homolytic bond cleavage mechanism claimed for ATRP, SET-LRP is expected to show a small dependence of the nature of the halide group on the apparent rate constant of activation. This means the R-X with X = Cl, Br, and I must all be efficient initiators for SET-LRP and no chain transfer must be observed in the case of initiators with X = Br and I. Here, we report the SET-LRP of methyl acrylate initiated with the alkyl chlorides methyl-2-chloropropionate (MCP) and chloroform (CHCl3) and catalyzed by Cu(0)/Me6-TREN/CuCl2 in DMSO at 25 °C. A combination of kinetic and structural analysis was used to elucidate the MCP and CHCl3 initiating behavior under SET-LRP conditions, and to demonstrate the very small dependence of the SET-LRP apparent rate constant of propagation on X while providing polymers with well defined architecture. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4917–4926, 2008
Biocatalytic synthesis of polymers. III: Formation of a high molecular weight polyester through limitation of hydrolysis by enzyme-bound water and through equilibrium control

Enzyme-catalyzed preparation of polymers offers several potentially valuable advantages over the usual polymerization procedures and has been studied for several years. A significant limitation on the polyesters prepared to date has been the low molecular weights achieved. The present studies have established that, in the polycondensation of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) glutarate with 1,4-butanediol using porcine pancreatic lipase as the catalyst, this limitation arises from at least two sources: hydrolysis of activated ester end groups by water introduced along with the enzyme and the polymerization's reaching equilibrium despite using the poorly nucleophilic 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as the leaving group. Evidence is also developed that the presence of trifluoroethanol accelerates the release of the enzyme-bound water which hydrolyzes the activated ester end groups. The hydrolysis could be avoided by choosing a relatively high-boiling solvent, such as bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether, then removing the trifluoroethanol by placing the reaction mixture under vacuum periodically or by drying the enzyme rigorously. The vacuum method also removed the limitation on molecular weight resulting from the reaction's reaching equilibrium. A further improvement in the molecular weight to nearly 40,000 daltons, well within the range that is technically interesting, was achieved by using 1,2-dimethoxybenzene or 1,3-dimethoxybenzene as the polymerization solvent. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and visible light activity of new nanoparticle photocatalysts based on silver, carbon, and sulfur-doped TiO2

Abstract New nanoparticle photocatalysts based on silver, carbon, and sulfur-doped TiO2 having only the homogeneous anatase crystalline phase and high surface area were successfully synthesized by a modified sol–gel route. The catalysts were characterized by EDX, XRD, BET, UV–vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of the experimental parameters on the visible light reactivity of the catalysts were evaluated for the photodegradation of gaseous acetaldehyde as a model indoor pollutant. The activity results show that the silver(I) ion, Ag+, doping significantly promotes the visible light reactivities of carbon and sulfur-doped TiO2 catalysts without any phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Moreover, Ag/(C, S)–TiO2 photocatalysts degrade acetaldehyde 10 times faster in visible light and 3 times faster in UV light illuminations than the accredited photocatalyst P25–TiO2. The commendable visible photoactivities of Ag/(C, S)–TiO2 new nanoparticle photocatalysts are predominantly attributable to an improvement in anatase crystallinity, high surface area, low band gap and nature of precursor materials used.
Distribution of immunoglobulins in equine tissues by indirect immunofluorescence.

Abstract Monospecific rabbit antisera directed against the heavy chains of horse IgGa, IgGb, IgGc, IgA, IgB, IgG(T) and IgM were employed as reagents in the indirect immunofluorescent staining of horse tissues. Cells showing cytoplasmic staining for specific equine immunoglobulin heavy chain types could be identified and their distribution in horse parotid and submaxillary glands was compared with that obtained for the parotid and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as duodenum. Immunofluorescent staining of parotid and mesenteric lymph node sections revealed cells showing cytoplasmic fluorescence for IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgM among lymphoid cells comprising the core of germinal centres and medullary cords. IgA and IgG(T) staining was localized in cells predominantly situated in the cortex and around the periphery of germinal centres. Cells showing specific cytoplasmic staining for IgB were not found in sections of salivary glands or duodenum. Rare, isolated, single cells containing IgB immunoglobulin were encountered in cortical areas of parotid and mesenteric lymph nodes. Salivary glands stained for IgA showed localization of IgA immunoglobulin in individual cells of the acinar and ductular epithelium as well as in the cytoplasm of interstitial plasma cells. Heavy deposits of IgA were found within duct lumina. IgA, IgG(a,b,c) and IgG(T) were localized intercellularly in the interstitial connective tissue of salivary glands.
Insulin Regulates Plasma Ghrelin Concentration

Ghrelin is a novel gastric peptide which stimulates growth hormone and has orexigenic and adipogenic properties. Plasma ghrelin is influenced by nutritional status and is thought to play a role in regulating food intake and body weight. We examined the effect of infusing insulin (40 mU/m2/min) for 2 hours while maintaining euglycemia on plasma ghrelin in 8 subjects (5 M, 3 F) aged 46 ± 4 yrs (mean ± SEM). Plasma insulin increased from 78 ± 9 to 564± 23 pmol/L during and returned rapidly to basal values after stopping the insulin infusion. Plasma ghrelin decreased from 85 ± 28 to 61 ± 18 pmol/L (p < 0.01) by 90 minutes of and continued to be suppressed for 15 minutes after the insulin infusion was discontinued. Subsequently, plasma ghrelin rose rapidly to near-basal values (81 ± 23 pmol/L) within 60 minutes. The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32± 5) and occuring 90...
Use of mannitol to obviate propranolol‐induced myocardial depression in ischemic canine heart

To obviate the myocardial depressant action of propranolol, the use of this drug in combination with a positive inotropic agent, mannitol, was studied in the ischemic heart of the dog. Mannitol (25%) administered prior to propranolol augmented myocardial contractility, as shown by an upward shift of the relationship between the pressure change with time and the mean left atrial pressure. Subsequent administration of propranolol did not offset the positive inotropic response to mannitol whereas it markedly reduced the heart rate from a control ischemic value of 127.8 ± 3.4 to 109 ± 4.0 beats/min. The myocardial oxygen requirement, as determined by the tension-time index per minute, decreased 26.3 ± 1.2% below the control ischemic value. These findings suggest that hypertonic mannitol augments contractility in the ischemic failing heart while sustaining the desirable negative chronotropic action of propranolol. This procedure may potentiate the beneficial effects of propranolol on the myocardial oxygen balance and serve as an effective therapeutic modality in the control of acute irreversible ischemia.
Theatrical Citings and Bitings

The most-often-cited London Consistory Court record in relation to early modern London theatre history is the record of the playgoing of Marion Frith, or Moll Cutpurse. The London Consistory Court depositions from 1586-1611 contain still more rich information about players and playgoers - information, as far as the author has been able to determine, that has not yet appeared in print. These records in particular further confirm our understanding of contemporary attitudes toward women's playgoing, contribute to our knowledge of the Duke of York's (Prince Charles's) company, and provide extremely illuminating information concerning John Newton, both as a player and sharer in the Duke of York's company and as the plaintiff in a matrimonial enforcement suit full of suspicious circumstances, which suggest that the marriage contract was a confidence game.
Growth and welfare in the American South of the nineteenth century

Abstract Economic history focuses on two main issues: one is the economic growth, stagnation, or decline of a society; the other is what happens to people within the society in the course of such growth, stagnation, or decline.
Bacterial Persistence in Animal Tissues

Abstract The persistence of bacteria after invasion of animal tissue appears to be related to phase of growth, virulence and number of the organisms ingested. Actively growing S. enteritidis (log phase) were able to establish themselves in the spleen, liver and blood of mice only when their numbers were approximately 108. Fewer cells (103) or cells in accelerated death phase regardless of their numbers were not able to establish themselves within the organs of the test animals examined. The act of bruising and the accumulation of blood and fluid within the chicken muscles played an important role in the rate of growth and proliferation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis in experimentally infected poultry bruises. The data obtained in this investigation also showed that bruising affected the microenvironment of the tissues as evidenced by the changes in LDH and MDH enzyme activities. These changes were affected by whether or not the tissue was bruised, the type and number of organisms present, and the duration of infection. Both LDH and MDH enzymes exhibited similar activities under identical conditions. The persistence of bacteria in animals’ tissues is a function of the organism, itself, and the microenvironment in which it is placed.
Lipid A modifications characteristic of Salmonella typhimurium are induced by NH4VO3 in Escherichia coli K12. Detection of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, phosphoethanolamine and palmitate.

Abstract Two-thirds of the lipid A in wild-typeEscherichia coli K12 is a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine in which monophosphate groups are attached at positions 1 and 4′. The remaining lipid A contains a monophosphate substituent at position 4′ and a pyrophosphate moiety at position 1. The biosynthesis of the 1-pyrophosphate unit is unknown. Its presence is associated with lipid A translocation to the outer membrane (Zhou, Z., White, K. A., Polissi, A., Georgopoulos, C., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1998)J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12466–12475). To determine if a phosphatase regulates the amount of the lipid A 1-pyrophosphate, we grew cells in broth containing nonspecific phosphatase inhibitors. Na2WO4 and sodium fluoride increased the relative amount of the 1-pyrophosphate slightly. Remarkably, NH4VO3-treated cells generated almost no 1-pyrophosphate, but made six major new lipid A derivatives (EV1 to EV6). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry of purified EV1 to EV6 indicated that these compounds were lipid A species substituted singly or in combination with palmitoyl, phosphoethanolamine, and/or aminodeoxypentose residues. The aminodeoxypentose residue was released by incubation in chloroform/methanol (4:1, v/v) at 25 °C, and was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts and vicinal coupling constants of the two anomers of the aminodeoxypentose released from EV3 closely resembled those of synthetic 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose. NH4VO3-induced lipid A modification did not require the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system, and also occurred in E. coli msbB or htrB mutants. The lipid A variants that accumulate in NH4VO3-treated E. coli K12 are the same as many of those normally found in untreated Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella minnesota, demonstrating that E. coli K12 has latent enzyme systems for synthesizing these important derivatives.
Cyclic nucleotide concentrations in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and x-ray induced rat small intestinal cancer.

Summary The intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) were determined in adult male Holtzman rat small intestinal tumors induced by subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or X-irradiation of only the hypoxic ileum and jejunum. The levels of cAMP and cGMP in the cancer cells from DMH-treated animals were 50% and 200%, respectively, of the values measured for intestinal tissue. The amounts of cGMP in the lesion of the X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma determined in the present investigation and of cAMP measured previously were observed to be only 50% of the value for unirradiated intestine. It has thus been shown that in the DMH-induced colon and small intestinal tumors, the X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma and the human colon adenocarcinoma, the cAMP concentrations are consistently about 50% of the levels measured in comparable normal tissues. These findings of diminished intracellular cAMP concentrations imply a serious cellular defect mechanism occurring in intestinal cancer. However, there appears to be no similar pattern of change for the intracellular concentrations of cGMP, which suggests that different biochemical pathways exist in these malignancies.
mSSL: A framework for trusted and incentivized peer-to-peer data sharing between distrusted and selfish clients

Conventional client-server applications can be enhanced by enabling peer-to-peer data sharing between the clients, greatly reducing the scalability concern when a large number of clients access a single server. However, for these “hybrid peer-to-peer applications,” obtaining data from peer clients may not be secure, and clients may lack incentives in providing or receiving data from their peers. In this paper, we describe our mSSL framework that encompasses key security and incentive functions that hybrid peer-to-peer applications can selectively invoke based on their need. In contrast to the conventional SSL protocol that only protects client-server connections, mSSL not only supports client authentication and data confidentiality, but also ensures data integrity through a novel exploit of Merkle hash trees, all under the assumption that data sharing can be between untrustworthy clients. Moreover, with mSSL’s incentive functions, any client that provides data to its peers can also obtain accurate proofs or digital money for its service securely and reliably. Our evaluation further shows that mSSL is not only fast and effective, but also has a reasonable overhead.
A biomechanical evaluation and assessment of the accuracy of reduction of two methods of acetabular osteotomy fixation in dogs

Objective—To compare the accuracy of reduction, biomechanical characteristics, and mode of failure of two methods of acetabular osteotomy repair. Study Design—Acetabular osteotomies were created in 16 paired hemipelves and stabilized with a screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate composite fixation technique (SWP) or a 2-mm veterinary acetabular plate (VAP). Eight intact hemipelves were used as controls. Sample Population—Twelve canine cadavers. Methods—Accuracy of osteotomy reduction was evaluated grossly and by measurement of articular incongruencies formed in polyvinylsiloxane impression casts. Acetabula were loaded in modified bending until failure using a universal testing machine. Data from load-deformation curves were used to determine the biomechanical characteristics of the repaired and intact acetabula. Mode of failure was evaluated grossly and radiographically. Results—Osteotomy reduction was superior in acetabula stabilized with SWP. Mean values ± standard deviation for load at failure and stiffness of the intact acetabula were 2,796 ± 152.9 N and 267.5 ±61.9 N/mm. Corresponding values for SWP and VAP were 1,192 ± 202.7 N and 136.3 ± 76.5 N/mm, and 1,100.5 ± 331.6 N and 110.0 ± 51.3 N/mm, respectively. The mean load at failure and stiffness of intact acetabula was significantly greater than acetabula stabilized with SWP or VAP. There was no significant difference between SWP and VAP for load at failure or stiffness. Failure of acetabula stabilized with SWP occurred by fracture of the polymethylmethacrylate and ventrolateral bending of the wires. Acetabula stabilized with VAP failed by ventrolateral twisting of the plate and bending of the caudal screws. Conclusions—SWP and VAP provide comparable rigidity, however, the SWP facilitates more accurate osteotomy reduction. Clinical Relevance—These findings support the use of the SWP technique as an alternative method of acetabular fracture repair.
Effects of person-group and intragroup attitude similarity on perceived group attractiveness and cohesiveness

The generalizability of the Byrne-Nelson attraction function to the evaluation of group attractiveness and group cohesiveness was investigated by varying both the proportion of person-group attitude similarity (.25, .50, or .75) and the proportion of intragroup similarity (.33, .50, or .83) and having the experimental S evaluate the stimulus group for its attractiveness and its probable level of cohesive functioning. Group attractiveness was measured by scales for liking and desire to work with the group, and group cohesiveness was assessed with scales asking for evaluations of the group’s probable level of productivity, efficiency, feelings of belongingness, and morale. It was found that the evaluation of group attractiveness is a positive function of person-group attitude similarity (p <.001), whereas the evaluation of group cohesiveness is a positive function of intragroup similarity or the similarity of the group members to one another, independent of their similarity to the nonmember evaluator (p <.001).
The Differential Impact of Academic Self-Regulatory Methods on Academic Achievement Among University Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

Although research on academic self-regulation has proliferated in recent years, no studies have investigated the question of whether the perceived usefulness and the use of standard self-regulated learning strategies and compensation strategies provide a differential prediction of academic achievement for university students with and without learning disabilities (LD). We developed and tested a model explaining interrelationships among self-regulatory variables and grade point average (GPA) using structural equation modeling and multiple group analysis for students with LD (n = 53) and without LD (n = 421). Data were gathered using a new instrument, the Learning Strategies and Study Skills survey. The results of this study indicate that students with LD differed significantly from students without LD in the relationships between their motivation for and use of standard self-regulated learning strategies and compensation strategies, which in turn provided a differential explanation of academic achievement for students with and without LD. These paths of influence and idiosyncrasies of academic self-regulation among students with LD were interpreted in terms of social cognitive theory, metacognitive theory, and research conducted in the LD field.
Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia; Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism

UNTIL THE 1950s THE psychological literature on bilingualism was so much more extensive than its sociological counterpart that workers in the former field have often failed to establish contact with those in the latter. Since the 1960s a very respectable sociological (or sociologically oriented) literature has developed dealing with bilingual societies. It is the purpose of this chapter to relate these two research traditions to each other by tracing the interaction between their two major constructs: bilingualism (on the part of psychologists) and diglossia (on the part of sociologists).
Heavy Ion Induced Damage and Disorder in Intermetallic Compounds with the B2 Structure

Although the B2-type intermetallic compounds, NiAl, FeAl, NiTi and FeTi all maintained a high degree of order during irradiation, metastable phase formation was observed. Dislocation loops and network developed in NiAl and FeAl during irradiation and a nickel rich, fcc phase, most likely disordered Ni 3 Al, formed in NiAl after high doses. The build-up of constitutional vacancies (excess vacancies on Ni sites) and subsequent elemental partitioning of Ni and Al can explain the formation of a nickel rich phase in NiAl. No metastable phases formed in FeAl. Dislocation loop structures did not develop in NiTi or FeTi, rather a transformation to an amorphous phase occurred at relatively low doses. The amorphous transformation results when the free energy of the crystal lattice containing a high defect concentration exceeds the free energy of the amorphous configuration.
Photocount distributions for continuous-wave squeezed light.

For continuous-wave (cw) squeezed light that has a monochromatic mean field and a rectangular squeezing spectrum covering bandwidth B, we calculate the photocount distribution for a counting time T. The nonclassical oscillations in the photon-number distribution of single-mode squeezed light have reduced visibility in the cw photostatics and often disappear entirely. The even-odd oscillations associated a with single-mode squeezed vacuum are absent for BT\ensuremath{\ll}1, but for BT\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1 they appear in the cw photocount distribution with reduced visibility under appropriate conditions. The oscillations associated with a single-mode squeezed state that has a mean complex amplitude disappear from the cw photostatistics for all counting times.
A modified Dominici technic for autoradiography: acidified eosin-orange and alcoholic toluidine blue.

Mouse lymph nodes were fixed in Bouin-Hollande solution, processed through paraffin embedding, sectioned and coated with Kodak NTB3 liquid emulsion. After development, the autoradiographs were stained 10 min in a 0.5% eosin Y-orange G mixture acidified to pH 4.4, differentiated in 0.5% acid alcohol and counterstained 10 sec with 0.25% toluidine blue O in 50% ethanol. The technic yielded distinct differentiation of neutrophils, eosinophils, blast cells, plasmacytes, mast cells, macrophages, reticular cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells. The method also provided sensitive definition of the cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics of all cell types.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Substituted 3β-Tolyltropane Derivatives at Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine Transporters

A series of eight 2-substituted 3-tolyltropane derivatives were synthesized, and the in vitro and in vivo biological activities as dopamine uptake inhibitors were determined. From the in vitro structure−activity data, it is apparent that a tolyl group in the 2-position, independent of the stereochemical attachment to the tropane ring system, provided compounds (9−12, 14) that exhibit high-affinity binding at the dopamine transporter (DAT). Although a slight stereochemical preference in binding affinity at the DAT was observed for the 2β-(R)-alcohol 10 over the 2β-(S)-isomer 11, no significant differences in behavioral effects were observed. Furthermore, despite a relatively low potency of 10 for the inhibition of dopamine uptake compared to its affinity for the DAT, its behavioral profile did not vary significantly from cocaine. These data indicate that a behavioral characterization of compounds is a critical feature of efforts to discover pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse.