cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis Method and Numerical Simulation for Slope Stability

The slope stability is an important content in the research on geotechnical engineering.The analysis methods are different with the slope faiture modes being different.Here,taking the Anjialing open-pit mine as a research object and using the method of limit equilibrium theory by virtue of GEO-SLOPE,the slope failure modes under the conditions of hydraulic pressure and well-type-mined disturbance are analyzed,and the slope stability is also calculated and evaluated.The results indicate that the hydraulic pressure and well-type-mined disturbance are the important factors which could influence the slope stability.
Free flap transfer for restoration of sensation and lubrication to the reconstructed oral cavity and pharynx.

The reconstruction of defects of the oral cavity and pharynx, whether created by trauma or by tumor ablation, begins with a careful assessment of the patient and the defect. Ideally, it ends with the successful execution of the reconstructive surgical procedure that optimally restores form and function to the patient. The modern head and neck reconstructive surgeon must be adept at performing all reconstructive options* in order to objectively choose among the many grafts and flaps now available. This article attempts to guide the surgeon in selecting the most appropriate surgical tool to best restore defects of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Where Nonprofit Management Education Meets the Undergraduate Experience: American Humanics After 50 Years

The growth of nonprofit management education programs is of interest to practitioners in the public sector because of the inextricable links between the government, business, and nonprofit sectors. The education of nonprofit professionals, therefore, is of interest to those concerned about the efficiency and effectiveness of nonprofit organizations to provide essential human services. This article examines one undergraduate model of nonprofit management education promulgated by American Humanics (AH), a national organization with a network of campus affiliates that offers a unique curricular and cocurricular field of study. Despite a history of more than 50 years, AH has been largely unknown until the 1990s, when attention to nonprofit management education increased. Thanks to significant foundation funding, especially from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, AH began an aggressive campus expansion plan to more than 80 campus affiliates. This article analyzes the numerous contributions of AH to the evolution of...
Exploring the Co-Development of Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study

This study explores the co-development of two related but separate reading skills, reading fluency and reading comprehension, across Grades 1–4. A bivariate biometric dual change score model was applied to longitudinal data collected from 1,784 twin pairs between the ages of 6 and 10 years. Grade 1 skills were influenced by highly overlapping genetic and environmental factors. Growth in both skills was influenced by highly overlapping shared environmental factors. Cross-lagged parameters indicated bidirectional effects, with stronger effects from fluency to comprehension change than from comprehension to fluency change.
Duality and linear programs for stability and performance analysis of queueing networks and scheduling policies

Obtains a variety of linear programs to conduct the performance analysis and stability/instability determination of queueing networks and scheduling policies. The authors exhibit a strong duality relationship between the performance of a system, and its stability analysis via mean drift. A Performance LP bounds the performance of all stationary non-idling scheduling policies. If it is bounded, then its dual, called the Drift LP, has a feasible solution, which is a copositive matrix. The quadratic form associated with this copositive matrix has a negative drift, allowing the authors to conclude that all stationary non-idling scheduling policies are stable in the very strong sense of having a geometrically converging exponential moment. Some systems satisfy an auxiliary set of linear constraints. Their performance is also bounded by a Performance LP, provided that they are stable, i.e., have a finite first moment for the number of parts. If the Performance LP is infeasible, then the system is unstable. Any feasible solution to the dual of the Performance LP provides a quadratic function with a negative drift. If this quadratic form is copositive, then the system is strongly stable as above. If not, the system is either unstable, or else is highly non-robust in that arbitrarily small perturbations can lead to an unstable system. These results carry over to fluid models, allowing the study of networks with non-exponential distributions. Another LP test of stability avoids a copositivity check. If a Monotone LP is bounded, then the system is stable for all smaller arrival rates. Finally, a Finite Time LP provides transient bounds on the performance of the system. >
Riborex: fast and flexible identification of differential translation from Ribo-seq data

Motivation Global analysis of translation regulation has recently been enabled by the development of Ribosome Profiling, or Ribo-seq, technology. This approach provides maps of ribosome activity for each expressed gene in a given biological sample. Measurements of translation efficiency are generated when Ribo-seq data is analyzed in combination with matched RNA-seq gene expression profiles. Existing computational methods for identifying genes with differential translation across samples are based on sound principles, but require users to choose between accuracy and speed. Results We present Riborex, a computational tool for mapping genome-wide differences in translation efficiency. Riborex shares a similar mathematical structure with existing methods, but has a simplified implementation. Riborex directly leverages established RNA-seq analysis frameworks for all parameter estimation, providing users with a choice among robust engines for these computations. The result is a method that is dramatically faster than available methods without sacrificing accuracy. Availability and implementation https://github.com/smithlabcode/riborex. Contact andrewds@usc.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A novel urethral sparing technique for high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy after transurethral resection of the prostate.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess retrospectively the variability of the urethral dose optimized using a Foley catheter versus urethral contrast injected using a new modified triple-lumen catheter, in CT-based high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy of posttransurethral resection of prostate (TURP) patients. Methods and Materials At our institution, there were six post-TURP patients with prostate carcinoma between July 2014 and April 2016 who underwent transperineal interstitial HDR brachytherapy (16 needles). A custom modified triple-lumen catheter was placed to inject contrast into the TURP defect. Three-dimensional optimal plans using inverse planning simulated annealing algorithm was generated according to radiation therapy oncology group dose requirements. Alternative plans were retroactively generated for comparison using standard technique based on a Foley catheter as a urethral constraint volume for each patient with the same weighting factors. We compared the dosimetry parameters in each planning using Wilcoxon's ranked sum nonparametric test. Results The median followup of all patients was 17.5 months. No significant genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity was noted using this technique. In the dosimetric analysis, the prostate V100 values and TURP urethral V100 were significantly different between plans with and without the contrast (V100 [mean]: 92.4 [%] vs. 94.4 [%], p = 0.046; TURP UV100 [mean]: 1.4 cc vs. 2.2 cc, p = 0.028). There were no statistical differences in the mean values of planning target volume V150%, V200%, and D90, and each bladder V75 and rectum V75. Conclusions Post-TURP HDR brachytherapy with urethral contrast showed significantly more volume effect of the TURP defect than that with a Foley catheter alone. Better visualization of the TURP defect should lead to more accurate urethral sparing administration of HDR brachytherapy which is necessary to prevent urethral complication.
NOTE: On the Degree ofLpApproximation with Positive Linear Operators

Abstract The degree of approximation in L p -spaces by positive linear operators is estimated in terms of the integral modulus of smoothness. It is shown that the conjectured optimal degree of approximation is not attained in the class of functions having a second derivative belonging to L p .
Modulation of cognition and anxiety-like behavior by bone remodeling.

Abstract Objective That the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is necessary to promote normal brain development and function, along with its recently described sufficiency in reversing cognitive manifestations of aging, raises novel questions. One of these is to assess whether bone health, which deteriorates rapidly with aging, is a significant determinant of cognition and anxiety-like behavior. Methods To begin addressing this question, we used mice haploinsufficient for Runx2 , the master gene of osteoblast differentiation and the main regulator of Osteocalcin expression. Control and Runx2 +/− mice were evaluated for the expression of osteocalcin's target genes in the brain and for behavioral parameters, using two assays each for cognition and anxiety-like behavior. Results We found that adult Runx2 +/− mice had defects in bone resorption, reduced circulating levels of bioactive osteocalcin, and reduced expression of osteocalcin's target genes in the brain. Consequently, they had significant impairment in cognitive function and increased anxiety-like behavior. Conclusions These results indicate that bone remodeling is a determinant of brain function.
Communications over a state dependent channel, when the channel state and message are dependent

This paper studies communication over a discrete channel with state, where the (possibly non-ergodic) state of the channel is arbitrarily correlated with the message, and this state is provided causally to both encoder and decoder. Matching necessary and sufficient conditions for reliable variable length-channel codes are found. In particular, it is shown that in order to transmit a given message, the empirical capacity of the channel must be greater than the marginal entropy of the message conditioned on the total observed channel states.
A Single Reaction Thread Ties Multiple Core Concepts in an Introductory Chemistry Course

This work describes the use of a single chemical reaction to teach and connect a number of standard general chemistry course topics while also introducing students to polymer concepts. Through the study of the reaction that converts spiropyran into merocyanine, we are able to present and connect molecular orbital theory, quantum mechanics, equilibrium, hydrogen bonding, mechanical work, and polymer chemistry. By framing a number of different concepts with the same reaction, our goal is to allow students to see connections in seemingly disparate sections of general chemistry. At the same time, repeated study of this organic reaction provides a pathway for students to gain confidence and comfort with carbon-based molecular structures before stepping into an organic chemistry course. Experimental results indicate that there is no significant difference in student performance on problems linked to unit learning objectives when a group of students who complete the spiropyran-based exercises is compared to a co...
Posterior identification and exposure of the V3 segment of the vertebral artery.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to define the anatomy of the V3 segment of the vertebral artery (VA) from the posterior approach. Methods: Ten formalin-fixed cadavers were carefully dissected bilaterally using landmark features to identify and safely expose the VA from the posterior. Measurements regarding morphometric characteristics of landmark features and feasible resection quantifications were obtained and analyzed. The C2 pars was resected completely in all cadavers, averaging 15.03 ± 1.06 mm in thickness. Results: The average diameter of the VA at the midline of C2 on the right side was 4.66 ± 0.51 mm compared to the left 5.2 ± 0.49 mm (P = 0.002). The distance of the VA from the midline increased from caudal to rostral. The distance between the VA to the lateral edge of the dura in the middle of the window of approach was 9.67 ± 0.81 mm. The rostral-caudal length of the window of approach was 21.94 ± 1.60 mm. The percentage of C2 body removal was 28.04% ± 6.09% through each side (249.55 ± 55.5/898.2 ± 146.17 mm2). While carefully exposing the VA, a posterior approach can be feasible in cases of injury during C1–C2 instrumentation or during resection of tumors of the C2 pars with or without extension into the C2 body. Discussion: The posterior approach for a C2 partial corpectomy can also be used as an adjunct to anterior approaches when necessary to widen the extent of bone resection. Conclusion: Exposure of the V3 segment of the vertebral artery was defined as well as the extent of C2 corpectomy through the posterior approach.
Assessing Solar Power for Globally Migrating Marine and Submarine Systems

Remote marine sensing systems, such as autonomous underwater vehicles or telemetry tags, can be limited in data collection and deployment duration due to the finite energy of the onboard battery. With these technologies migrating vast distances over long-term deployments, maintaining high data resolution is difficult and often yields nonideal data sets. Furthermore, electronics systems used in telemetry tags are often potted in epoxy, which makes replacing or recharging the battery impractical. The implementation of solar energy harvesting on these technologies could increase the fidelity of collected data and/or tag longevity. This paper presents an assessment model that estimates the energy output of a stationary or migrating solar cell above or below the ocean's surface. The theory and assumptions behind the model are explained, including a review of established concepts for the purpose of consolidation and variable consistency. The model is then compared to benchmark data for verification. Finally, a preliminary analysis is conducted on the previously collected time, depth, and global location data from a northern elephant seal deployment to demonstrate the resulting model outputs and how they can be used for analysis in future works.
Preventing Complications in Argon Laser Retinal Photocoagulation Hunter

Complications have occurred from argon laser photocoagulation, Little & Zweng have documented incidents of corneal burn, lenticular burn, hemorrhage, preretinal membrane contracture, nerve fiber field defect, ischemic papillitis, and recurrent neovascularization (Little & Zweng). This paper provides a discussion of these complications and of methods to avoid them.
Very Accurate Coupled Cluster Calculations for Diatomic Systems with Numerical Orbitals

Correlation energies and electron affinities for ground and excited states of polar diatomic systems are investigated. Very accurate methods that combine purely numerical solutions to Hartree-Fock and Bethe-Goldstone equations for orbitals, with coupled-cluster and many-body perturbation methods for electron correlation, are able to obtain 99% of the correlation energy of LiH and 97% for FH. Such methods are thought to be sufficiently accurate that it is meaningful to use these techniques to obtain correlated electron affinities for excited states of diatomic molecules. The first results for excited state affinities are reported for BeO and LiH.
A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and untreated Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis microsporidiosis leading to small bowel perforation: Response to albendazole

BACKGROUND Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis is a common disseminating opportunistic intestinal microsporidian affecting patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This microsporidian does respond to albendazole therapy. A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and chronic diarrhea presented to George Washington University Hospital in January of 1996. Despite appropriate surgical specimens, no etiology had been found to explain his cholecystitis, cystitis, and enteritis 3 months previously at another hospital. DESIGN Tissue specimens were analyzed by light microscopy, using hematoxylin-eosin and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Brown-Brenn microsporidia stain, and by transmission electron microscopy. Urine and stool specimens were analyzed by modified chromotrope 2R trichrome and chitin fluorochrome stains and by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS At George Washington University Hospital, disseminated E intestinalis was diagnosed from duodenal biopsy, urine, and stool specimens. On the 14th day of oral albendazole therapy, a partial small bowel resection was performed to correct a perforation (air under the diaphragm). There was no enterocyte microsporidian infection at that time, only spores undergoing macrophage digestion. Review of previous specimens showed severe E intestinalis cholecystitis, cystitis, and enteritis. Albendazole was restarted and, after 2 weeks, the patient had negative stool and urine specimens. CONCLUSIONS Encephalitozoon intestinalis symptomatically targets many organs, including the urinary bladder. To our knowledge, this is the first tissue-documented case of cystitis. Left untreated with albendazole, small bowel infection can lead to perforation and peritonitis.
The Relevance of Gas-Phase Core-Electron Excitation and Decay Phenomena to Molecular Adsorbate Structure and Desorption

The results of recent experiments with two new techniques involving the excitation of core electrons and the decay of core holes in isolated molecules are reviewed. The techniques involve measurements of fragment-ion angular distributions and energy resolved electron-ion-ion coincidences. The results pertain to the photoabsorption anisotropy and core-hole excited-state symmetries, the assignment of resonances, the nature of the resulting valence-hole states, multiple electron ionization, and core-excitation induced fragmentation. Results for H2O, SiF4, CF4, N2O and acetone are reported
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An Endogenous Hallucinogen

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacology, and properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), leading to a conclusion that DMT may be a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The identification of DMT and other hallucinogens in man explains the experience of hallucinatory phenomena in general. Data is presented in the chapter to illustrate that DMT is a normal constituent of mammalian brain and other tissues. Enzymes capable of synthesizing DMT from tryptamine (TA) and -N-methyltransfera (NMT) are also described. These enzymes are apparently controlled by small peptide-like compounds as well as by feedback inhibition from substrate and product. A cyclic metabolic pathway for DMT is offered. There is also evidence that DMT is taken up into synaptosomes and stored in vesicles by mechanisms identical to those described for known neurotransmitter substances. Specific binding sites for DMT are suggested and DMT is shown to lead to the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. (cAMP), a secondary receptor messenger. As evidence of its electrophysiological activity, it has been shown that, DMT stimulates fluid secretion from the salivary glands of blowflies, changes the transepithelial and intracellular potential of the gland, and increases the production of cAMP. Thus, DMT fulfills the criteria for consideration as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator per se.
Brazil’s distinct brand of religious liberty: an example to the world, not without its challenges

Brazilian scholars, politicians, legal practitioners, and judges consistently refer to Brazil as a lay state, suggesting a type of secularism similar to French laicite . However, in practice, the interaction between government, religion, and society in Brazil more closely resembles religious freedom in the United States. Among the twenty-six most populous countries, Brazil has the lowest governmental restrictions on religious freedom. The Brazilian government protects religious liberty through extensive constitutional and statutory provisions, as well as numerous international conventions. Notwithstanding these governmental protections, the country has recently experienced a dramatic increase in social hostilities directed toward people of faith. Thus, while Brazil is an example to the world with regard to minimal governmental restrictions on religious liberty, both the government and Brazilian citizens must find ways to minimize social hostilities and religious intolerance. This paper compares religious liberty in Brazil to French laicite and U.S. religious freedom, explores governmental protections of religion in Brazil, exposes the growth of social hostilities towards religious groups in Brazil, highlights the work of government and grassroots organizations to turn back this rising tide of religious intolerance, and offers several suggestions on how the Brazilian government might further decrease social hostilities.
CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURE TRACKING STRAIN AS A SENSITIVE MARKER OF CARDIOTOXICITY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS COMPARED WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION

Both cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and echocardiography (echo) play a role in evaluation of cardiotoxicity from breast cancer therapy. CMR feature tracking (FT) circumferential strain (CS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) can be used to detect left ventricular dysfunction. Its use in
Connections Between Reading Comprehension and Word-Problem Solving via Oral Language Comprehension: Implications for Comorbid Learning Disabilities

In this article, we discuss the approach adopted within the Vanderbilt University Learning Disabilities Innovation Hub, which focuses on students with higher-order comorbidity: students with concurrent difficulty with reading comprehension and word-problem solving. The aim of the Hub's Research Project is to test what we refer to as the higher-order comorbidity hypothesis: that language comprehension plays a critical role in reading comprehension and word-problem solving. In the Hub's study, we test the hypothesize that language comprehension offers a coordinated approach for improving both outcomes and that this approach thus provides direction for understanding higher-order comorbidity and support for the validity of reading comprehension and word-problem solving comorbidity as a learning disabilities subtyping framework. In the first segment of this article, we describe a model that connects reading comprehension and word-problem solving development via oral language comprehension, and we provide a brief overview of prior related research on these connections. This first section provides the basis for the second segment of this article, in which we discuss the Vanderbilt Hub's innovative approach for investigating these connections. This study tests a theoretically-coordinated framework on students' performance in both high-priority domains of academic development, while exploring effects for boys versus girls and for linguistically diverse learners.
The perfect weapon: war, sabotage, and fear in the cyber age

In his latest book, The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age, The New York Times’ chief Washington correspondent David E. Sanger charts a history of recent state-sanctioned oper...
“Can we talk?”: A longitudinal analysis of Latino & non-Hispanic parent-child connectedness & adolescent ideation

Abstract Background Over 16 million U.S. adults report a major depressive episode each year. Hispanic females comprise the highest number of U.S. births compared to other race/ethnicities and are expected to remain as the Hispanic population grows. Research postulates that depression often co-occurs within families and is passed down to future generations but has yet to determine racial/ethnic disparities for depression and more acute forms including ideation. Methods Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, latent class analyses examined the association of primary caregiver’s (PCG) depressive symptoms and how their child’s perceived level of parent-child closeness is related to their now-adolescent’s (age 15) likelihood of ideation (N = 4,898 families). Results Hispanic PCG’s reported a lower rate of depressive symptoms (37%) than non-Hispanic PCG’s (45%). Hispanic PCG’s depressive symptoms were more likely to be chronic throughout their adolescent’s lifetime (15%). Regardless of race/ethnicity, PCG’s chronic depressive symptoms negatively affected parental closeness and increased suicidal risk for adolescents. These associations were found at ages 9 and 15 for non-Hispanic families, and at age 15 for Hispanic families. Limitations While this is an important first step, parental closeness and ideation can wax and wane. Asking teens about ideation before adolescence could have strengthened our study. Conclusions Suicide prevention must be family system focused, and not solely adolescent focused. Impressing upon individuals who serve children (i.e. teachers) and adults (i.e. physicians) to include yearly depression and suicide screens/assessments is crucial given PCG’s different wave presentations and how ideation can present as early as middle school.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation is disinhibited following traumatic brain injury in LIF heterozygous mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant problem that affects ~500,000 children each year. As cell proliferation is disturbed by injury and is required for normal brain development, we investigated how a pediatric closed head injury (CHI) would affect the progenitors of the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we evaluated the contribution of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) using LIF-heterozygous mice (LIF Het), as LIF is an injury-induced cytokine, known to influence neurogenesis and gliogenesis. CHI were performed on P20 LIF Het and WT mice. Ki-67 staining and stereology revealed that cell proliferation increased ~250% in injured LIF Het mice compared to the 30% increase observed in injured WT mice at 48 h post CHI. Furthermore, Olig2+ cell proliferation increased in the SVZ and white matter of LIF Het injured mice at 48 h recovery. Using an 8-color flow cytometry panel, the proliferation of three distinct multipotential progenitors were greater in LIF Het injured mice compared to WT injured mice. Early oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation was 6-fold higher in LIF Het injured mice compared to WT injured mice. In vitro, addition of LIF decreased overall cell proliferation and OPC proliferation compared to controls. Addition of LIF to OPC cultures induced an increase of phospho-Akt after 20 minutes and an increase of phospho-S6RP at 20 and 40 minutes of exposure, suggesting that LIF stimulates the mammalian target of Rapamycin pathway. Altogether, our data provide new insights into the regulatory role of LIF in suppressing neural progenitor cell proliferation after a mild TBI.
LEAF HAIR TUFTS FUNCTION AS DOMATIA FOR MITES IN QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA (FAGACEAE)

An identifying feature of Quercus agrifolia Nee (Fagaceae) is the presence of hair tufts on lower leaf surfaces. In other plant species, hair tufts act as domatia for arthropods such as mites, which in turn feed on leaf fungi or small herbivores and possibly benefit plant health. However, this mutualistic relationship remains untested in Q. agrifolia. In this study two primary questions were addressed within a natural stand of Q. agrifolia in San Luis Obispo, CA: 1) Do hair tufts act as domatia for mites? and 2) Does the removal of hair tufts impact mite abundance, herbivory or fungal pathogens on leaves? In an observational study of 377 leaves from 20 trees, we found a significant association between the presence of hair tufts and the presence of mites. When we experimentally removed hair tufts, we found a significant reduction in mites, yet there was no impact on leaf herbivory or necrosis. We conclude leaf hair tufts on Q. agrifolia serve as domatia for mites, but we found no evidence that mites reduce herbivory or fungal pathogens. Thus, while mites likely benefit from housing provided by hair tufts on Q. agrifolia, it is unclear that the tree benefits from the mites, i.e., whether this is a mutually beneficial relationship.
Supervised and Unsupervised Deep Learning Methods for Low-Dose CT Image Denoising

Low-dose Computed tomography (CT) is beneficial to patients if its diagnostic performance is not compromised. To suppress the elevated noise in low-dose CT images, deep learning based denoising methods have been actively pursued. In this study, we compared a supervised deep learning method, residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network (RED-CNN), with unsupervised deep learning methods based on cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (GAN), namely CycleGAN, GAN-CIRCLE and IdentityGAN. The unsupervised methods have the advantage of no need of the one-to-one correspondence between full-dose and low-dose training images over the supervised methods. We also investigate the influence of training samples on the denoising performance of two types of methods. The NIH-AAPM-Mayo Clinic Low Dose CT Grand Challenge data was used in this study. The results show that 1) the unsupervised methods can achieve the similar denoising performance as the supervised method for this data set, measured by peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM); 2) increasing the sample size can improve the denoising performance in general; and 3) the simplest network structures in GAN-CIRCLE work best for the current denoising task in terms of PSRN and SSIM and speed.
Electrochemical Characteristics of MCMB and LiNi x Co1 − x O2 Electrodes in Electrolytes with Stabilizing Additives

As part of our continuing efforts to develop advanced electrolytes to improve the performance of lithium-ion cells, especially over wide temperature ranges, we have identified electrolyte additives that can be incorporated into multicomponent electrolyte formulations that result in performance enhancement. Specifically, when electrolyte additives, such as dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) and N-methyl pyrrolidinone, are added to ternary mixtures of carbonates, improved resilience to high-temperature exposure is achieved. A number of experimental lithium-ion cells, consisting of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) carbon anodes and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 cathodes, have been fabricated to study the effect that these additives have upon the performance. In addition to investigating the use of Lewis base additives that are envisioned to complex any free PF 5 , other solid electrolyte interface promoting additives were also studied, including vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinyl ethylene carbonate. Significant improvement in the high-temperature resilience of Li-ion cells containing these additives was observed, with the most dramatic benefit being displayed by the addition of DMAc. When the electrochemical properties of the individual electrodes were analyzed, the degradation of the anode kinetics was slowed most dramatically by the incorporation of DMAc and the greatest retention in the cathode kinetics was observed when VC was added.
Literacy in the Television Age: The Myth of the TV Effect

Television represents a potent social influence for today's children. Whether it is a positive or negative force, however, continues to be hotly debated. This is the central issue of this second edition. Has television contributed to a decline in literacy skills? Are the charges justified by existing evidence or by the results of current experimentation? Are there certain cultural biases toward television that narrowly define its uses as a learning tool? Can these issues be resolved to take advantage of new opportunities that the television medium presents? Television's influence on literacy and school learning are examined within a framework of four major themes: the displacement hypothesis, whether television influences the way children learn, the public's concern that television affects school-related behaviors, and television's capacity to whet children's academic interests. This book takes a fresh look at these themes, starting with a review and synthesis of major studies to date and moving on to a new series of studies analyzing the relationship between media and literacy.
New developments in high power capacitor charging technology

This paper presents new advances in high-voltage power supplies, which are used for rapid capacitor charging. We are developing very compact power supplies with input voltages of around 250 V and output voltages of 30-50 kV. The output power levels of these chargers are above 10 kW. These chargers are using state-of-the-art isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as well as advanced packaging methods and other innovative circuitry. In addition, the size and weight of the step-up transformer has been significantly reduced. Design details as well as experimental results are presented.
Does Carbon Dioxide Play a Role in Retrolental Fibroplasia

Gordon et al1 were the first to note the association of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) with the administration of high concentrations of oxygen to premature infants. Since that time, clinical research has demonostrated that RLF can develop in a variety of circumstances. Typically, this retinopathy arises after the cessation of supplemental oxygen therapy to neonates. Currently, the most widely accepted paradigm proposes that the neovascularization of RLF is the immature vascular system9s response to a retina that has become hypoxic after the withdrawal of supplemental oxygen.
Nonlinear regression on multiple-dose data

Two examples are given to show how Metzler's nonlinear regression program can be used to estimate parameters in a model with multiple dosing. The model of one example is a set of equations involving sums of exponentials, whereas the other model is a set of differential equations reflecting first order absorption and Michaelis-Menten excretion. In both cases no data were given in one of the dosing intervals.
Maximum fluctuations in mass demand for service at public facilities

Abstract Demands for service at a public facility during some unit time are assumed to be independent, normally distributed random variables, with a parabolic mean function of time and constant variance. With the model used, consecutive m-minute demands starting each minute form a non-stationary process, whose mean and covariance functions of time depend on m and on the four other parameters of the distribution function of the unit time demand. Empirical joint distribution functions for the maximum m-minute demand (m = 1,5) and the total demand for a longer period of time n (n/m = 3,5,9) were obtained by computer simulation of this process for various values of the parameters corresponding to a wide range of practical situations. The results indicate that counts for both nonoverlapping short time demands and overlapping longer time demands are needed to relate fluctuations in demand to capacity. Also, the choice of the length of observation for the average demand is not very consequential for the variance of the observed ratio of the maximum fluctuations to the average demand or the variance of its difference with the appropriate fraction of the average, although the former tends to be smaller for longer observations of the maximum demand.
A comparison of the cutaneous microvascular properties of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Wistar-Kyoto rat.

The Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) and its non-hypertensive companion strain, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, provide an excellent comparative model to permit study of the differential properties of cutaneous microvascular beds. We explored the possibility that chronically elevated vascular pressures in the SHR rat might affect the microvascular constitution of the skin. We measured skin blood flow at the back and at the paw of a group of 20-week-old WKY rats and a contrast group of SHR rats. We then performed skin biopsies at these two locations and used the NIH Image program to count and measure the size of capillaries, arterioles, and venules. We also determined microvascular density as percentage of total tissue area. At basal temperature, skin blood flow was similar in the two rat strains at both the back and paw. Heat induced vasodilatation resulted in a 50% increase in blood flow at the back, reaching the same level in the two rat groups. However, at the paw site, thermal stimulation resulted in significantly greater flow (39.3±3.1 ml/100 gm tissue per min) in the SHR rats than the WKY rats (28.6±1.9 ml/100 gm tissue per min, P<0.05). The ratio of systemic arterial pressure to skin blood flow was computed as an index of vascular resistance to flow. At basal temperature, this index was 50% greater for the SHR rats at both skin sites. At 44°C, the resistance index decreased at both sites in both rat groups but was still ∼50% higher at the back of the SHR than the WKY rats. In contrast, the resistance index at 44°C at the paw site fell to the same level in both the SHR and WKY rats. There were twice as many capillaries at the back of the WKY rats than at the back of the SHR rats (9.2±2.0 per mm2 vs. 4.7±1.2 per mm2, P<0.05). Expressed as a percentage of total tissue area, the capillary density at the back in the WKY rats was 0.064±0.010% as compared to 0.034±0.008% in the SHR rats (P<0.05). There were five times more arterioles at the paw compared to the back in both rat groups with no significant difference between the groups. We measured the diameter of the lumen and the thickness of the wall of each arteriole and computed their ratio as an index of possible media hypertrophy. There were minimal differences seen in these parameters between the two rat groups at the back and paw sites. The venular density was significantly higher at the paw than at the back in both rat groups with no significant difference between them. Reduced capillary density at the back of the SHR rats may be a developmental adaptation to high blood pressure. Such a reduction in the pathways of blood flow may help account for increased flow resistance at that site, independent of arteriolar vasoconstriction.
HABITS AND MOVEMENTS OF CAVE-DWELLING BATS IN DEVONSHIRE

SUMMARY Between September 1948 and December 1954, 2040 bats found in natural caves and disused mine tunnels in S. Devon, have been marked on the forearm withnumbered aluminium “rings”. These rings, which weigh 005 grams, are numbered consecutively and bear the identifying code initials ‘D.S.S.’ (Devon Spelaeological Society). Bats of seven species have been marked with such rings, as follows: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, Myotis nattereri, M. daubentoni, M. mystacinus, Plecotus auritus, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus. The last-named species has not yet been found in a cave. The great majority of the bats banded in Devon are of the family Rhinolo-phidae. 1364 bats of the species R. ferrumequinum have been banded, and of this number, 851 have been found again: this high order of recovery (62–3 per cent) has been maintained for several years. Many bats of this species have been recovered a number of times and one individual has been found again sixteen times since it was first banded. 597 bats of the species R. hipposideros have been banded during the period under review, but for this species the recovery is rather lower (approximately 28 per cent). Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, although seen in numerous scattered haunts throughout S. Devon, is found chiefly in three main colonies, these being situated in groups of caves at Buckfastleigh and Chudleigh, and in a disused mine in the Tavy Valley. Although these colonies are many miles apart, some small interchange of population has been noted. Movements of the order of two to ten miles are common for this species, and 440 movements greater than one mile have been recorded. 143 of these movements have occurred during the months November to March (inclusive). This fact, coupled with general observations on the wakefulness and activity shown by such bats during the winter months, indicates that their hibernation is far from deep and is, at best, intermittent. Information concerning cross-country movements longer than fifteen miles is limited, but recently one individual, by making two flights between places forty miles apart, has provided some evidence that R. ferrumequinum ranges over a greater area than had hitherto been realized. For R. hipposideros, only thirty-two movements longer than one mile have been recorded in Devon. The longest of these, a journey of at least fourteen miles, took place during the winter months. During the winter season, R. hipposideros are found as solitary individuals, avoiding bodily contact, but R. ferrumequinum frequently cluster together in large, tightly packed groups. These groupings are temporary in nature and there is no segregation of the sexes. Observations are included on general winter and summer behaviour, sex ratio, ectoparasites, and seasonal variations in weight. It has been shown for R. ferrumequinum that at the beginning of winter, the females weigh more than the males, that both sexes reach a maximum weight early in December, and that between December and the end of April a decrease in weight occurs which is equivalent to approximately 25 to 30 per cent of the peak value.
Research Agenda for the Application of Visualization to Transportation Systems

Critical research needs associated with the effective application of visualization to transportation systems projects are identified. Visualization research needs are discussed within a broader, multidisciplinary context of technology development in the areas of simulation and modeling. Parallels are drawn between the current state of the practice in transportation as compared with that in the military-defense and aerospace areas. Some major differences between those areas and transportation systems development and user environments are noted, in particular (a) the current absence within the transportation community of a strong government research and development focal point for visual simulation and modeling and (b) the absence of an economic imperative similar to what prompted the defense community to embrace fully these technologies (i.e., fuel shortages, training system costs, and force readiness).
Antisomatostatin IgG in Major Depressive Disorder: A Preliminary Study With Implications for an Autoimmune Mechanism of Depression

• IgG reactive with somatostatin 1-14 was identified in human plasma by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. From a sample of 25 subjects, six (60%) of ten individuals with major depressive disorder demonstrated antibody reactive with somatostatin 1-14, in contrast to one (7%) of 15 controls. Overall, antisomatostatin reactivity was significantly higher in patients with major depressive disorder (0.233 ±0.177) than in the normal volunteers (0.084±0.039; t= 3.18, P
CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIGENIC SITES OF HUMAN PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE

Human prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP] is antigenically uniquely different from acid phosphatases of other tissue origins. Nevertheless, a small degree of antigenic cross-reactivity between PAP and other lysosomal acid phosphatase(s) [LAP] has been suspected. In order to resolve this question, we have adopted two approaches: one involving structural studies by peptide mapping, and the other involving topological mapping through the use of uniquely defined antibodies. Purified PAP was dissociated into subunits and was further cleaved by chemical and enzymological methods. The limited digestion of PAP by submaxillary protease yielded three fragments [Sp-1, 2, and 3]. One of the fragments, Sp-3 [Mr = 11,000-12,000], was shown to regain catalytic activity after interaction with anti-PAP antibodies. This along with other data suggested that the active site is localized in the Sp-3 fragment. These submaxillary protease fragments were also used in the antigenic studies. For the detailed antigenic mapping studies, we prepared 12 monoclonal anti-PAP antibodies. These monoclonal anti-PAP antibodies exhibited a remarkably specific binding to PAP, particularly to the Sp-1 fragment, without binding to other acid phosphatase preparations. We also prepared lysosomal acid phosphatase [LAP] and raised anti-LAP antibodies in rabbits. The anti-LAP antibodies were fractionated into subpopulations by the preparative isoelectric focusing method. Three anti-LAP antibody subpopulations [pI 5.2, 6.9, and 7.5] exhibited specific binding to LAP. However, two anti-LAP subpopulations [pI 5.3 and and 6.8] showed binding to the Sp-3 fragment, an active site fragment of PAP. Thus, the PAP molecule seems to consist of three domains, namely, Sp-1, Sp-3, and Sp-2. Sp-3, which is the active site domain, is an antigenically cross-reactive region. The Sp-1 domain represents an antigenically unique region of PAP, whereas none of the antibodies studied thus far bind to the Sp-2 fragment.
SUBSTITUTING OPERATIONAL CONTROL FOR PHYSICAL CAPACITY IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION

This paper develops recommendations for improving in an evolutionary manner the performance of our urban ground transportation systems. The strengths and limitations of present static control technology and current computer traffic signal and freeway surveillance and control systems in urban areas are described. A taxonomy of possible information and control configurations in urban traffic operations is developed. The alternatives in the taxonomy are analysed and used as the basis for recommending specific real time information and control functions for improving, in an evolutionary manner, the performance of urban ground transportation systems. The recommended improvements would allow for the first time a meaningful substitution of operational control for physical (static) capacity increases in urban transportation.