cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Running Start: Resource Guide for Youth Running Programs

The lack of physical activity is an epidemic problem among American youth today. In order to combat this, many schools are incorporating youth running programs as a part of their comprehensive school physical activity programs. These youth running programs are being implemented before or after school, at school during recess at the elementary level, or as a community physical activity program at both the primary and secondary levels. This article highlights 13 nationwide youth running programs and 19 additional programs offered in geographic-specific locations within the United States. Moreover, many adult marathon races now provide a simple “Kid's Marathon” mileage training plan so that youth can try to accumulate 25 (or 25.2) miles in the weeks leading up to the race so they can then run their final 1.2 (or 1) mile at a youth race in conjunction with the marathon. A sampling of marathons that offer training plans prior to a youth race, as well as additional marathons offering youth races, is also provided.
Views of Managed Care — A Survey of Students, Residents, Faculty, and Deans at Medical Schools in the United States

Background and Methods Views of managed care among academic physicians and medical students in the United States are not well known. In 1997, we conducted a telephone survey of a national sample of medical students (506 respondents), residents (494), faculty members (728), department chairs (186), directors of residency training in internal medicine and pediatrics (143), and deans (105) at U.S. medical schools to determine their experiences in and perspectives on managed care. The overall rate of response was 80.1 percent. Results Respondents rated their attitudes toward managed care on a 0-to-10 scale, with 0 defined as “as negative as possible” and 10 as “as positive as possible.” The expressed attitudes toward managed care were negative, ranging from a low mean (±SD) score of 3.9±1.7 for residents to a high of 5.0±1.3 for deans. When asked about specific aspects of care, fee-for-service medicine was rated better than managed care in terms of access (by 80.2 percent of respondents), minimizing ethical c...
Lead poisoning in small companion animals: an update (1987-1992)

Eighty-five cases of lead poisoning in small companion animals were retrospectively studied. Records from a lead toxicosis monitoring program at Angell Memorial Animal Hospital, Boston MA were reviewed from 1987 through 1992. The number of cases of lead poisoning substantially declined from the previous 6 y. Affected animals included 53 dogs, 20 birds, 8 cats, 3 rabbits and 1 iguana. Ages ranged from 0.3-48 y, with a median age of 1.5 y. Gastrointestinal and neurologic signs predominated. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 40-620 micrograms/dl. Seventy-three animals were successfully treated with chelation therapy; 7 animals required repeated treatments. Paint was identified as the most common source (32.4%) of lead exposure. Seventy of the 85 affected animals originated from the greater Boston area. Fifty-seven percent of the cases located within the Boston city limits could be traced to 3 inner city neighborhoods.
Antibiotics: Conflict and communication in microbial communities

The discovery that microbes produce antibiotic compounds that kill or inhibit other microbes revolutionized modern medicine by offering a means to treat microbial infections. Thus, the “golden age” of antibiotic discovery began when hundreds of antibiotics from diverse microbial genera were characterized for their efficacy in controlling pathogens and the infections they cause. When used at subinhibitory concentrations, however, antibiotics can alter microbial gene expression, suggesting that they also act as signaling compounds.
ANTIBODIES TO RIBONUCLEAR PROTEINS

SUMMARY This review has emphasized that utility of measuring the autoimmune responses to several RNP antigens in the diagnosis of SLE, as well as their-use in delineating clinical subsets. The future of this area lies in the definition of the pathogenetic mechanisms that link these autoimmune responses to clinical expression of disease.
Mechanism and Prevention of Anticancer Agent-Induced Cancer: Interactions of Vitamin E and Daunorubicin

The investigations of vitamin E and cancer have been stimulated by an unreproducible finding of Rowntree et al. (1) that crude wheat germ oil induced sarcomas in rats. Wheat germ oil is naturally enriched with vitamin E. To date, more than 20 reports have appeared in the literature demonstrating that animals fed with vitamin E, mostly in ester form, have a reduced incidence or a delayed appearance of tumor after the administration of a carcinogen or UV radiation. There are also a few reports against the efficacy of vitamin E as a cancer preventive agent (2–4).
Regulation of extraembryonic calcium mobilization by the developing chick embryo

During development, the chick embryo mobilizes the calcium it needs from two extraembryonic sources, first the yolk and then the eggshell. Since previous studies have strongly suggested that vitamins D and K may regulate chick embryonic calcium metabolism, we have examined here how these vitamins might be involved in regulating the calcium mobilization processes. We used as our experimental system chick embryos which were maintained in long-term in vitro culture in the absence of the eggshell. Our results showed that exogenous vitamin D3, in the form of the active 1,25-dihydroxylated metabolite, was hypercalcaemic in both control embryos and the calcium-deficient, shell-less embryos. Since the eggshell was absent in the latter, the vitamin D-induced hypercalcaemia must involve mobilization of calcium from the yolk and, or, the embryonic skeleton. The latter was unlikely since concomitant hyperphosphataemia was not observed. By radiolabelling the yolk with 45Ca2+ and subsequently monitoring its distribution, we showed that vitamin D3 stimulated yolk calcium mobilization. However, exogenous vitamin D3 did not appear to influence the calcium uptake activity of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the tissue responsible for translocating eggshell calcium. On the other hand, when embryos were rendered vitamin K deficient by the administration of its antagonist, Warfarin, CAM calcium activity was significantly depressed, an effect which was remedied by vitamin K supplementation. We conclude that, during normal chick embryonic development, vitamin D is primarily involved in regulating yolk calcium mobilization whereas vitamin K is required for eggshell calcium translocation by the CAM.
Assignment of function to a domain of unknown function: DUF1537 is a new kinase family in catabolic pathways for acid sugars

Using a large-scale “genomic enzymology” approach, we (i) assigned novel ATP-dependent four-carbon acid sugar kinase functions to members of the DUF1537 protein family (domain of unknown function; Pfam families PF07005 and PF17042) and (ii) discovered novel catabolic pathways for d-threonate, l-threonate, and d-erythronate. The experimentally determined ligand specificities of several solute binding proteins (SBPs) for TRAP (tripartite ATP-independent permease) transporters for four-carbon acids, including d-erythronate and l-erythronate, were used to constrain the substrates for the catabolic pathways that degrade the SBP ligands to intermediates in central carbon metabolism. Sequence similarity networks and genome neighborhood networks were used to identify the enzyme components of the pathways. Conserved genome neighborhoods encoded SBPs as well as permease components of the TRAP transporters, members of the DUF1537 family, and a member of the 4-hydroxy-l-threonine 4-phosphate dehydrogenase (PdxA) oxidative decarboxylase, class II aldolase, or ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, large subunit (RuBisCO) superfamily. Because the characterized substrates of members of the PdxA, class II aldolase, and RuBisCO superfamilies are phosphorylated, we postulated that the members of the DUF1537 family are novel ATP-dependent kinases that participate in catabolic pathways for four-carbon acid sugars. We determined that (i) the DUF1537/PdxA pair participates in a pathway for the conversion of d-threonate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and CO2 and (ii) the DUF1537/class II aldolase pair participates in pathways for the conversion of d-erythronate and l-threonate (epimers at carbon-3) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and CO2. The physiological importance of these pathways was demonstrated in vivo by phenotypic and genetic analyses.
Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Management of Neonatal Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is common in the neonatal and pediatric populations. Despite advances in the management of HF, this disease carries significant mortality, morbidity, and socioeconomic burden. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a therapeutic target in the treatment of HF. In adults, significant advances have been made in the management of HF by targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been used in the pediatric population with HF. In this review, we provide an in-depth update on the pathophysiology of HF and discuss the potential future uses of newer and novel pharmacologic interventions in the management of HF in pediatric patients.
Potential of a low-cost gas sensor for atmospheric methane monitoring

Abstract In order to expand current atmospheric methane monitoring capabilities, we investigated the performance of an off-the-shelf, low-cost, metal oxide based methane (CH4) gas sensor. A sensor assembly was designed that powered the gas sensor and its resistive heater, provided ancillary temperature (T) and relative humidity (rH) measurements, and controlled sensor read-out and data storage. After calibrating the gas sensor with respect to methane concentration ([CH4]), T, and rH, we were able to estimate the [CH4] of lab air over a period of 31 days for a large range of T and rH conditions with a systematic error of −1.0 ppm and a variable error within ±1.7 ppm. The sensor showed no significant drift in [CH4] estimate. We show that sensor accuracy can likely be improved by optimizing the voltage regulator that powers the gas sensor’s heater, and by measuring and compensating for the difference in partial oxygen pressure of the air that was sampled during calibration and validation experiments. Such improvements are expected to allow the use of the sensor assembly for fence-line methane monitoring, for example near fossil fuel extraction sites. In its current form, the sensor assembly is suitable for detecting fugitive methane from leak-prone equipment.
Challenges in Parole Supervision: Views from the Field

ABSTRACTThis article looks at parole supervision from the perspective of those most directly tasked with it, the parole field officers. The article draws on qualitative data (a focus group with parole officers) from one large state (Pennsylvania), collected as part of a larger inquiry following the imposition of a moratorium on all parole releases, which was triggered by a series of violent incidents involving recently released parolees. The special circumstances of the research allowed an in-depth investigation of the state’s parole processes. The perspectives of the parole field officers, discussed here, are particularly illumining about the challenges encountered in the day-to-day task of supervising parolees. The policy implications that emerged from considering the views of parole officers are also discussed.
Plasma concentrations of sucralose in children and adults.

ABSTRACTWe aimed to measure concentrations of the commonly used artificial sweetener sucralose, following ingestion of doses reflecting a range of consumption and to compare concentrations in children and adults. Eleven adults consumed 355 mL water containing 0 mg (control), 68, 170, or 250 mg sucralose (equivalent to 1–4 diet sodas). A second group of adults (n = 11) consumed 355 mL Diet Rite Cola™ (68 mg sucralose and 41 mg acesulfame-potassium (ace-K)) or 68 mg sucralose and 41 mg ace-K in seltzer. Beverages were provided at separate visits in randomized order, prior to an oral glucose tolerance test. Eleven children consumed 0 or 68 mg sucralose in 240 mL water, in an identical study design. Blood was collected before beverage ingestion and serially for 120 min. Sucralose doses (corrected for weight) resulted in similar plasma concentrations in children and adults. Concentrations were comparable whether sucralose was administered in water, combined with ace-K, or in diet soda. Due to their lower body ...
English Alliterative Verse : Poetic Tradition and Literary History

English Alliterative Verse tells the story of the medieval poetic tradition that includes Beowulf, Piers Plowman, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, stretching from the eighth century, when English poetry first appeared in manuscripts, to the sixteenth century, when alliterative poetry ceased to be composed. Eric Weiskott draws on the study of meter to challenge the traditional division of medieval English literary history into Old English and Middle English periods. The two halves of the alliterative tradition, divided by the Norman Conquest of 1066, have been studied separately since the nineteenth century; this book uses the history of metrical form and its cultural meanings to bring the two halves back together. In combining literary history and metrical description into a new kind of history he calls 'verse history', Weiskott reimagines the historical study of poetics.
Situational crime prevention

Traditional criminology has focused on the criminal nature of offenders as a means for reducing crime. In contrast, situational crime prevention (SCP) is a process of multiple stages and seeks to understand where, when, and how crime incidents occur. Similar to epidemiology, SCP has sought to alter environments which host crime behavior in order to make them less suitable for offending. Based on an analysis of the incidence and distribution of a given crime problem, the SCP approach then identifies risk factors, formulates and implements appropriate solutions, and evaluates the results. In this way, the individual “propensity” of offenders, like individual diagnoses, becomes less important, at least as a means of prevention. This chapter discusses in more detail the situational crime prevention approach. Following a brief description of its historical development, the theoretical foundations are presented. An overview of the process and types of prevention techniques are then outlined followed by a discussion on the existing evidence of effectiveness.
Air-Tunnel Studies of Diffusion in Urban Areas

The basic principles of model operation are outlined and the difficulties of general meteorological application described. Flow over a rough, irregular surface, such as an urban region, however, may be simulated in model studies: the experimental and analytical procedures for such studies are indicated. Finally, applications of the results of model tests to the pollution problems in urban areas are suggested.
Today’s College Students: Who Are They and What Do They Require From a College Education?

College students today are different. A review of the literature suggested that professors are encouraged to be technolgically knowledgeable; consider students preferences and skills; utilize technology innovatively; remember that students are already conducting research on their devices; teach students how to evaluate sources; augment research skills with academic skills; remember need for organization, constructive feedback, results orientation, to know what is expected of them, and to be evaluated; encourage career-connected decisions; provide opportunities for participation; consider games to engage them; respect their need for connection; ask questions for ownership; and link learning to the real world. The purpose of this archival quantitative, data mining study using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) of the National Center for Education Statistics was to identify the demographics of today’s college students in the United States during the Fall of 2014. This study was significant because understanding who these students are and what they need from college is critical for providing an education to become tomorrow’s leaders. Findings revealed that the majority of students tended to be under the age of 25; female; full-time; enrolled in face-to-face courses; and White. They tended to enroll in public 2-year and 4-year colleges.
Self-Antigen Recognition by the B Cell Receptors of Follicular Lymphoma

Abstract 4124 There is accumulating evidence that FL is a non-autonomous disease. Firstly, the t(14:18) translocation, which places the bcl-2 proto-oncogene under control of the IgH promotor, is a cytogenetic hallmark of FL, yet it can be detected in B cells from healthy individuals, indicating that this translocation is not sufficient for disease. Phenotypically, follicular lymphoma tumor cells resemble antigen experienced germinal center B cells in that they have highly mutated B cell receptors (BCRs) and are continually undergoing somatic hypermutation (SHM). Despite the high risk of SHM leading to the introduction of nonsense mutations, follicular lymphoma cell continue to express functional BCRs on their surface. These features suggest a selective pressure for the maintenance of BCR expression and indicate the possibility that follicular lymphoma cells may be receiving survival signals through the BCR via antigen recognition. We hypothesize that follicular lymphoma BCRs can recognize self-antigens. To determine the frequency of tumors with self-reactive BCRs, recombinant tumor immunoglobulins were utilized in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with the HEp-2 human cell line. With this assay self-reactivity was detected in 43/99 (43%) of tested tumor immunoglobulins. Within the self-reactive tumor immunoglobulins there was a great diversity of staining patterns, indicating the absence of a unifying antigen that is recognized by all follicular lymphoma BCRs. Autoantigen protein microarrays were utilized to determine the frequency of tumor immunoglobulins reactive for known autoantibody targets associated with autoimmune diseases. Irrespective of HEp-2 reactivity status, none of the tumor immunoglobulins tested (0/50) were reactive against known auto-antigens. These observations indicate that the self-antigens recognized by tumor immunoglobulins might be categorically different from those recognized by the autoantibodies present in patients with autoimmune disease. In an effort to identify specific self-antigens being recognized we utilized the recombinant follicular lymphoma immunoglobulins to immunoprecipitate targets from HEp-2 cell lysates. For one patient9s tumor immunoglobulin we identified myoferlin as a recognized self-antigen. The presence of ongoing SHM in follicular lymphoma tumors leads to the existence of multiple tumor clones. To assess how antigen recognition changed as this patient9s tumor evolved through SHM we performed a rescue fusion, which immortalizes the tumor cells, halts SHM, and allows for the secretion of the tumor immunoglobulins. Recovered clones differed by a number of silent and replacement mutations, yet all remained HEp-2 reactive. Additionally, all clones maintained their ability to bind myoferlin, though with variable avidity. The observation that ongoing SHM did not break the self-reactivity of the patient9s tumor supports the possibility that there is a selective pressure to preserve antigen recognition. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bivalirudin or heparin for radial access

Bivalirudin is a reasonable choice during transradial PCI for acute MI when bleeding risk is high and clopidogrel or cangrelor is used Heparin is reasonable during transradial PCI when bleeding risk is low and high-intensity antiplatelet therapy is used Future studies are required to define the utility of post-PCI bivalirudin infusions.
Probing Dative and Dihydrogen Bonding in Ammonia Borane with Electronic Structure Computations and Raman under Nitrogen Spectroscopy

Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane and they have similar structures, BH3NH3 exhibits rather atypical bonding compared to that in CH3CH3. The central bond in ammonia borane is actually a coordinate covalent or dative bond rather than the conventional covalent C–C bond in ethane where each atom donates one electron. In addition, strong intermolecular dihydrogen bonds can form between two or more ammonia borane molecules compared to the relatively weak dispersion forces between ethane molecules. As a result, ammonia borane’s physical properties are very sensitive to the environment. For example, gas-phase and solid-state ammonia borane have very different BN bond lengths and BN stretching frequencies, which led to much debate in the literature. It has been demonstrated that the use of cluster models based on experimental crystal structures led to better agreement between theory and experiment. Here, we employ a variety of cluster models to track how the interaction energies, bond lengths, a...
Head‐to‐Tail Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Interaction between Human von Willebrand Factor and Collagen

The development of peptide-based therapeutics is on the rise, with macrocyclic compounds providing the added stability and drug-like characteristics sought after. Currently, therapies and preventatives for pathogenic thrombosis target platelet interactions at the site of the clot and have many complications. Here we describe novel cyclic peptides as moderate inhibitors to the von Willebrand factor and collagen protein-protein interaction that initiates blood clot formation. We based our designs on two known disulfide-containing, peptide-based inhibitors of the vWF-collagen interaction. Replacing the disulfide with a head-to-tail cyclization strategy confers remarkable stability to the peptides when treated with a panel of proteases. Our peptides also showed moderate activity in our developed fluorescently-linked immunosorbent assay ("FLISA"), comparable to the most active disulfide-containing peptide. These peptides provide a springboard for future advances in exceptionally stable, active cyclic peptides as drugs.
Using recycled asphalt pavement in construction of transportation infrastructure: Alaska experience

Abstract Due to its enormous environmental and economic benefits, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) has been widely used in construction of transportation infrastructure. In Alaska, the use of RAP has been reported for decades. However, materials containing RAP used in transportation infrastructure in Alaska have not been fully characterized yet. The current experience is generally empirical and little documented. This paper provided a comprehensive study to characterize Alaska's construction materials containing RAP. Three most commonly-used applications were included, which were hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing RAP for both highway and airfield construction, and RAP treated base (RAP-TB) containing 50% RAP and 50% granular materials. The study developed dynamic modulus (|E*|) of HMA containing RAP and resilient modulus (MR) of RAP-TB using representative Alaskan materials, and provided predictive models to estimate their modulus. The performance evaluation showed that the incorporation of RAP increased the rutting resistance of HMA in Alaska, and caused limited effects on HMA's fatigue. RAP's effects on low-temperature performance of Alaska's HMA should be further evaluated. Field practices from Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (ADOT&PF)’s all three Regions were also summarized regarding RAP use in Alaska. The successful use of RAP and the tendency of using more RAP in Alaska's transportation infrastructure were both confirmed. A preliminary cost analysis reasonably estimated a saving of $13.3/ton in materials cost when 25% RAP was used in typical Alaska HMA in DOT's Northern Region. However, it seems that RAP is still not preferred when construction is needed, which means that further efforts should be made to promote its wider use in Alaska from which more confidence will be gained.
Bone Graft Substitutes in Single- or Double-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Systematic Review.

Study design Systematic review OBJECTIVE.: To undertake a systematic review of published literature to evaluate efficacy of bone graft substitutes on radiographic and clinical outcomes in single- or double-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for degenerative disease. Summary of background data ACDF is one of the most common spinal surgeries completed in the United States. Today bone graft substitutes including ceramic-based synthetic bone grafts, allografts, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), mesenchymal stem cells, and bone marrow aspirate are widely used to enhance fusions; even though the efficacy of these substitutes is poorly defined. Critical evaluation of these products is necessary to optimize radiographic and clinical outcomes for ACDF in degenerative disease. Methods A systematic literature review of 22 published articles was conducted. All articles reported results on patients who underwent a single- or double-level ACDF performed using a bone graft substitute and reported results on radiographic fusion rates at least 6 months after surgery. Results All studies using BMP showed 100% fusion rate despite length of the study or whether additional bone graft substitutes were used. Use of only ceramic-based synthetics had the lowest fusion rate, 80.5%. Use of only mesenchymal stem cells resulted in an average fusion rate of 87.7%. When used alone, allograft resulted in an average fusion rate of 87.3%. This was significantly influenced by one outlier, Kim et al, which when removed, increased the fusion rate to 93.5%. Clinical outcomes were improved postoperatively irrespective of the graft used, although dysphagia was significantly greater in studies using BMP (P Conclusion Allograft alone has the lowest cost with similar fusion rates and clinical outcomes compared to other bone graft substitutes. Physicians should consider this when choosing to use bone graft substitutes for routine ACDFs. Level of evidence 4.
Preoperative evaluation of children.

Ambulatory or same-day surgery provides Significant medical, psychologic, and economic benefits for children and their families. The authors review the effect of anesthesia on children and highlight the aspects of the child’s history and physical examination which are relevant to decreasing anesthetic risks.
Correlation between persistent forms of zeaxanthin-dependent energy dissipation and thylakoid protein phosphorylation

High light stress induced not only a sustained form of xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation but also sustained thylakoid protein phosphorylation. The effect of protein phosphatase inhibitors (fluoride and molybdate ions) on recovery from a 1-h exposure to a high PFD was examined in leaf discs of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper). Inhibition of protein dephosphorylation induced zeaxanthin retention and sustained energy dissipation (NPQ) upon return to low PFD for recovery, but had no significant effects on pigment and Chl fluorescence characteristics under high light exposure. In addition, whole plants of Monstera deliciosa and spinach grown at low to moderate PFDs were transferred to high PFDs, and thylakoid protein phosphorylation pattern (assessed with anti-phosphothreonine antibody) as well as pigment and Chl fluorescence characteristics were examined over several days. A correlation was obtained between dark-sustained D1/D2 phosphorylation and dark-sustained zeaxanthin retention and maintenance of PS II in a state primed for energy dissipation in both species. The degree of these dark-sustained phenomena was more pronounced in M. deliciosa compared with spinach. Moreover, M. deliciosa but not spinach plants showed unusual phosphorylation patterns of Lhcb proteins with pronounced dark-sustained Lhcb phosphorylation even under low PFD growth conditions. Subsequent to the transfer to a high PFD, dark-sustained Lhcb protein phosphorylation was further enhanced. Thus, phosphorylation patterns of D1/D2 and Lhcb proteins differed from each other as well as among plant species. The results presented here suggest an association between dark-sustained D1/D2 phosphorylation and sustained retention of zeaxanthin and energy dissipation (NPQ) in light-stressed, and particularly ‘photoinhibited’, leaves. Functional implications of these observations are discussed.
The Pursuit of Potent Anti-influenza Activity from the Antarctic Red Marine Alga Gigartina skottsbergii

With an estimated 3–5 million infections and as many as 500,000 deaths from the complications of influenza infections each year, there is a critical need to identify novel drug classes and structures that can be exploited for antiviral development. A bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from the red marine algae Gigartina skottsbergii, collected near Anvers Island, Antarctica, has yielded fractions that significantly inhibited the replication of influenza viruses A/Wyoming/3/2003 (H3N2) and A/WSN/1933 in vitro with an IC50 value of 4–8 μg/mL. The antiviral effect was dose dependent, strain specific, and selective as the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) was reduced at nontoxic concentrations of the extract. SDS-gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the active fraction suggested homology with lectins. Insight into the mechanism of action via hemagglutination and plaque assay indicates that the antiviral effect occurs early during viral infection by interfering with virus-receptor interactions. This study suggests that activity from current over-the-counter anti-influenza vitamin supplements prepared from the same algal species may not completely arise from the previously reported antiviral sulfated polysaccharides.
Superresolution Imaging—Revisited

Abstract Methods for synthesizing and recovering signal features below the diffraction limit are revisited and interpreted as instances of a single unifying principle. Based on the review of the Rayleigh resolution limit and Abbe's theory of the microscope two distinct strategies can be distinguished: The first uses suitable encoding methods to increase the signal bandwidth passed through the imaging system at the expense of other system parameters. The second strategy exploits the Fourier uncertainty between a localized signal feature and a sharp frequency cut-off. Recognizing the latter as a trade-off between the achievable resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio, that is the information transmitted with each degree of freedom, both strategies can be interpreted as different manifestations of the same principle, which identifies the total information capacity of the imaging system as the defining system parameter, rather than the signal resolution. This in turn allows one to relate various superresolution imaging methods, as well as superoscillations, and generalized and compressive sampling schemes to one another.
Dissolved organic matter processing and photoreactivity in a wastewater treatment constructed wetland.

Abstract Constructed wetlands have the capacity to degrade a host of contaminants of emerging concern through photodegradation via sunlight produced reactive oxygen species. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical intermediary in photodegradation as it influences the production of reactive oxygen species. In this study, the photochemical behavior of DOM of wastewater treated in constructed wetlands was characterized. Whole water samples and fractionated DOM were characterized using SUVA254, spectral slope ratios, excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMs), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Photoreactivity was assessed by measuring formation rates and steady state concentrations of hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and the triplet excited states of DOM (3DOM⁎). The effluent was observed to transition from a microbially sourced protein-like DOM to a terrestrial DOM with higher aromaticity. Size exclusion chromatography revealed an 18% increase in larger molecular weight fractions of vegetated wetland effluent DOM. Additionally, wetland effluent DOM was observed to have a 32% increase in the aromatic region of 1H NMR spectra as compared to untreated wastewater. 1H NMR analysis also indicated an increase in the complexity of wetland effluent DOM. Fluorescence intensity fraction of the protein-like Peak T (Ex/Em:278/342 nm) of EEMs decreased by 16% from the untreated wastewater to wetland effluent. A negative correlation between the percent fluorescence of Peak T (Ex/Em:278/342 nm) and Peaks A (Ex/Em:245/460 nm), C (Ex/Em:336/435 nm), and M (Ex/Em:312/400 nm) of the excitation emission spectra confirmed the transition from a spectrum of pure wastewater to a spectrum characteristic of terrestrially derived DOM. Microbial uptake of bio-labile DOM and leaching of humic like substances from vegetated wetland cells were the predominant processes involved in this transition. This transition coincided with an increase in the formation rates of 1O2 and 3DOM⁎ and in the steady state concentration of 1O2.
Reliance agreements and single IRB review of multisite research: Concerns of IRB members and staff

The new National Institutes of Health (NIH) Policy on the Use of a Single Institutional Review Board (sIRB) for Multi-Site Research was adopted primarily to simplify and speed the review of complex multisite clinical trials. However, speeding review requires overcoming a number of obstacles. Perhaps the most substantial obstacle is the time and effort needed to develop reliance agreements among the participating sites. We conducted 102 semistructured interviews with sIRB personnel, including directors, chairs, reviewers, and staff, from 20 IRBs that acted as sIRBs for multisite research, including 6 commercial/independent sIRBs, and 10 university-based academic and 4 federal sIRBs. Almost without exception, the interviewees agreed that reliance agreements were complex, difficult to develop, and time-consuming. A major problem for relying sites was that different agreements specified different responsibilities for the relying sites. Attitudes differed about whether these problems will be resolved as IRB staff and managers become more experienced with sIRBs. However it is clear that the process of developing reliance agreements must be simplified. Federal assistance in standardizing at least some sections of reliance agreements might reduce the difficulties involved.
Peridynamic Differential Operator

This chapter describes the peridynamic differential operator (PDDO) introduced by Madenci et al. (2016, 2017). The PDDO employs the concept of PD interactions, and it is based on the orthogonality property of the PD functions. It restores the nonlocal interactions at a point by considering its association with the other points within an arbitrary domain of interaction. The PD differentiation recovers the local differentiation as this interaction domain approaches zero. It converts the local form of differentiation to its nonlocal PD form. It is simply a bridge between differentiation and integration. Therefore, the PDDO enables numerical differentiation through integration.
A note on the variability of ozone at a high mountain location

Surface ozone data were obtained during September 1969 at an elevation of 3658 meters in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. These data indicate an early morning maximum and an early afternoon minimum of ozone. The data suggest that during the day air is brought to, the mountain top from below that is ozonedepleted. This would account for the distinct minimum of ozone in the afternoon. During the dark period the mountain criculation pattern is reversed and a maximum of ozone is seen.
Benefits and Risks of Testosterone Therapy in Men With Testosterone Deficiency

Abstract Testosterone (T) is the principal androgen hormone, which serves as a precursor for formation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) or aromatization to estradiol (E2), each with important diverse physiological functions. T deficiency (TD; also referred to as hypogonadism), irrespective of its etiology (primary, secondary, or functional hypogonadism) has deleterious effects on men’s health and negatively impacts glycol-metabolic and cardio-metabolic functions, body composition, sexual function, and bone mineral density. Although TD is thought to increase with age and older men are at higher risk of TD, a considerable number of younger men are also afflicted with TD due to various causes. In addition, if remained untreated, TD contributes to anemia, reduces the quality of life, and increases mortality. This chapter summarizes the benefits of testosterone therapy and highlights the therapeutic and clinical value of this intervention in men with hypogonadism. Numerous studies, including recent clinical trials funded by NIH, provide strong evidence that T therapy is associated with a significant health benefit with regards to bone mineral density (BMD), anemia, sexual function, glycol-metabolic and cardio-metabolic functions, as well as improvements in body composition, mood, and quality of life. Outcomes in many of these studies also indicate that T therapy in the physiological range in hypogonadal men is a safe and effective therapeutic modality improving overall health and quality of life. However, such positive outcomes of T therapy on men’s health must be viewed with caution since long-term risks, if exist, have yet to be identified.
The Spin-Up Rate of the White Dwarf of GK Per

We use hard X-ray light curves measured by the Chandra HETG and RXTE PCA during the late rise and plateau phases of the 2002 March-April outburst of the intermediate polar GK Per to determine that its X-ray pulse period P = 351.332 +/- 0.002 s. Combined with previous X-ray and optical measurements of the spin period of the white dwarf, we find that its spin-up rate Pdot = 0.00027 +/- 0.00005 s/yr.
The Chemisorbed State of Hydrogen on a Metal Surface Studied via Quantum Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The states of hydrogen and tritium chemisorbed on a Ni(100) surface are investigated, at various temperatures, using quantum path- integral molecular dynamics simulations. Following a brief description of the method we present results which demonstrate clearly the quantum nature of adsorbed hydrogen, and it’s isotopes, at all temperatures.
Admiral Gorshkov, The Man Who Challenged the U.S. Navy: Polmar, Norman; Thomas A. Brooks; George E. Fedoroff, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 264 pp., $39.95, ISBN 9781682473306, Publication Date: March 2019

This multi-authored book offers an in-depth study of Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov, the man most responsible for transforming the Soviet Navy into a major instrument of sea power. The team of author...
Ostracism and Motivation in Groups

Abstract This chapter reviews the research linking social ostracism to motivation in groups. Drawing from the broader literature on prosocial behavior, and consistent with the Collective Effort Model ( Karau and Williams, 1993 , Karau and Williams, 2001 ) and the Need-Threat Model of Ostracism ( Williams, 1997 , Williams, 2009 ), studies reveal that social exclusion motivates higher performance motivation within groups when there is a strong potential for reinclusion, group outcomes are meaningful, and efforts do not threaten to further undermine one’s status. Groups in turn will ostracize those who socially loaf but offer reinclusion in response to increases in effort. Ostracism appears to be an effective controlling mechanism for maintaining high levels of group motivation and cooperation, although with some caveats. Belongingness, self-esteem, and control needs may predict different motivational responses to ostracism, and the presence of cotargets of ostracism may reverse some of the patterns observed in the literature. Questions for future research are proposed.
Occipitotemporal Network for Face and Object Recognition Syndromes (Visual Network) Occipitoparietal and Provincial Hub Syndromes

Approximately half of the human cerebral cortex is concerned with vision, and it usually supersedes other senses when there is conflict with other sensory inputs. Our visual system has developed predominance over the other senses, and vision focuses our attention. It has been hypothesized that attention is nature’s way of coping with the prodigious sensory input receiving a constant stream of information. We are subject to a profusion of sensory input, with the combined human sensory inputs receiving ~11 million bits of information per second. However, we can only process ~16–50 bits per second (0.0002%). The majority of decisions are therefore made at a non-conscious level [1, 2].
Responses of two common coral reef macroalgae to nutrient addition, sediment addition, and mechanical damage

Abstract Shifts from coral-dominated to macroalgal-dominated states on coral reefs are typically attributed to overfishing, often in combination with natural or other anthropogenic disturbances. However, a recent study attributed increased macroalgal cover to enhanced nutrient supplies alone without associated reductions in herbivorous fishes. This highlights the need to understand macroalgal responses to terrestrial runoff and how this can contribute to their proliferation on coral reefs. We explored the responses of two common brown macroalgae, Sargassum mangarevense (Grunow) Setchell and Padina boryana Thivy to nutrient addition, sediment addition, and mechanical damage in 3 field experiments. In the first experiment, we exposed all experimental units to herbivores and found that nutrient addition ameliorated biomass loss of both S. mangarevense and P. boryana by 79% and 47%, respectively, while sediment addition had no effect on either species. Exploring the underlying causes of these findings, we determined nutrient addition caused a 5% increase in toughness of S. mangarevense and a 51% increase in calcification of P. boryana. In a final experiment, both mechanical damage and nutrient addition independently increased calcification of P. boryana, while an antagonistic interaction between these factors for S. mangarevense suggests an upper limit to thallus toughness. Overall, we demonstrate that nutrients from anthropogenic terrestrial runoff may support macroalgal proliferation on coral reefs by ameliorating short-term biomass losses in the presence of herbivores. Further, we suggest the mechanism behind this amelioration may be changes in algal physical characteristics, specifically thallus toughness and calcification, in response to anthropogenic or natural disturbances.
Tidbits From Tennessee, Part IV

Good evening from Tennessee. It's nice to be invited back to talk again in the practice tips session. I appreciate it. For those of you who heard me in Nashville, Buffalo, or Kansas City, this talk won't be any better than those, so your friends who aren't here tonight won't be missing much by not hearing me.
The Secure State Estimation Problem

Sensors are the means by which cyber-physical systems perceive their own state as well as the state of their environment. Any attack on sensor measurements, or their transmission, has the potential to lead to catastrophic consequences since control actions would be based on an incorrect state estimate. In this chapter, we introduce the secure state estimation problem, discuss under which conditions it can be solved, and review existing algorithms.
Acute, Low-Dose Neutron Exposures Adversely Impact Central Nervous System Function

A recognized risk of long-duration space travel arises from the elevated exposure astronauts face from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), which is composed of a diverse array of energetic particles. There is now abundant evidence that exposures to many different charged particle GCR components within acute time frames are sufficient to induce central nervous system deficits that span from the molecular to the whole animal behavioral scale. Enhanced spacecraft shielding can lessen exposures to charged particle GCR components, but may conversely elevate neutron radiation levels. We previously observed that space-relevant neutron radiation doses, chronically delivered at dose-rates expected during planned human exploratory missions, can disrupt hippocampal neuronal excitability, perturb network long-term potentiation and negatively impact cognitive behavior. We have now determined that acute exposures to similar low doses (18 cGy) of neutron radiation can also lead to suppressed hippocampal synaptic signaling, as well as decreased learning and memory performance in male mice. Our results demonstrate that similar nervous system hazards arise from neutron irradiation regardless of the exposure time course. While not always in an identical manner, neutron irradiation disrupts many of the same central nervous system elements as acute charged particle GCR exposures. The risks arising from neutron irradiation are therefore important to consider when determining the overall hazards astronauts will face from the space radiation environment.
COVID-19 messaging in U.S. state parks: Extensions of the outdoor recreation strategies and practices framework unmasked by the pandemic

Abstract U.S. state parks are a considerable part of the nation's recreation landscape. Understanding their management concerns, including impacts from pandemics, is imperative for sustainably achieving park objectives. Our study aimed to 1) examine park managers' responses to a novel stressor (COVID-19); 2) aid managers in communicating these strategies to visitors in their pre-visit phase; and 3) test a park management framework's ability to adapt to this novel stressor in this pre-visit phase. Manning and colleagues' outdoor recreation strategies and practices framework provides parks with up to 24 response options to an issue: four strategies intersecting with six practices. This framework has been limited to common in-park concerns and visitors. We examined how park systems communicate with potential visitors about COVID-19, to advance the framework toward broader concerns and scales. We analyzed the 50 U.S. state park systems' official COVID-19 communications at the traditional start of the peak use season (summer 2020). We qualitatively coded these for reference to the framework's components and mentions of scale. This highlighted that while “limit use” and “reduce impact of use” were the only strategies used, different practices and recognitions of beyond-park and beyond-visit scales were acknowledged (e.g., “please recreate close to home”). We suggest the data reveal a seventh practice in use and for framework inclusion: “influence pre-visit decisions.” The pandemic provided an opportunity for parks to communicate their managerial responses with consistency and creativity, as well as an opportunity for researchers and managers to advance the strategies and practices framework.
Optimal Supermajority Requirements in a Two-Party System

Legislative governance in the United States is characterized by a system of checks and balances. On the one hand, agenda-setting power is concentrated. The majority party has significant control over the agenda. Such power is tempered by supermajority requirements (such as the 60-vote requirement for invoking cloture), bicameralism, and the presidential veto. I develop a theory of legislative outcomes which incorporates supermajority requirements. I argue that supermajority requirements can, in fact, serve an important purpose in balancing concentrated agenda-setting power. I find that substantial supermajority requirements are optimal for legislation, if the aim is to enact policies preferred by the median voter.