cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empire: a blunt tool for democratization

Daedalus Spring 2005 On its face, using military occupation as a tool to promote democratization is about as intuitive as forcing people to take a self-improvement class to learn how to be more spontaneous. And yet the two most recent U.S. administrations, though on opposite ends of the political spectrum, have used America’s might to try to advance the cause of democracy in Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo, and, at least nominally, Afghanistan. The Bush administration’s major statement of its strategic policy, known mainly for its justi1⁄2cation of preventive war, dwells on the need to “shift the balance of power in favor of freedom.”1 Scholars and public intellectuals have played a prominent role as drummers on this bandwagon. Historian Niall Ferguson, in a colorful collection of stories that ends with a paean to empire, contends that “without the influence of British imperial rule, it is hard to believe that the institutions of parliamentary democracy would have been adopted by the majority of states in the world, as they are today.”2 Indeed, most of the postcolonial states that have remained almost continuously democratic since independence, such as India and some West Indian island states, are former British possessions. Still, as Ferguson acknowledges, many former British colonies have failed to achieve democratic stability: Pakistan and Nigeria oscillate between chaotic elected regimes and military dictatorships; Sri Lanka has held elections that stoked the 1⁄2res of ethnic conflict; Malaysia has averted ethnic conflict only by limiting democracy; Singapore is stuck in a pattern of stable but noncompetitive electoral politics; Kenya is emerging from a long interlude of one-party rule; and Iraq in the late 1940s flirted with electoral politics that played into the hands of violent radJack Snyder
Sequences of three class II promoters for the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase.

Abstract The sequences of three promoters recognized by the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in the class II region of T7 DNA are reported. They are located at 27.9, 33.3 and 34.7 T7 units. The sequences of these promoters are compared with those of other previously characterized late T7 promoters.
A numerically stable formulation of the Green's function parabolic equation: Subtracting the surface-wave pole

The original formulation of the Green's function parabolic equation (GFPE) can have numerical accuracy problems for large normalized surface impedances. To solve the accuracy problem, an improved form of the GFPE has been developed. The improved GFPE formulation is similar to the original formulation, but it has the surface-wave pole “subtracted.” The improved GFPE is shown to be accurate for surface impedances varying over 2 orders of magnitude, with the largest having a magnitude exceeding 1000. Also, the improved formulation is slightly faster than the original formulation because the surface-wave component does not have to be computed separately.
Nutrient pore water chemistry, Great Bay, New Hampshire: Benthic fluxes

Benthic fluxes of C, N, P and Si have been measured at two sites in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. Higher fluxes of reactive phosphate, nitrate and reactive silicate were observed at the site where bioturbation is known to occur and the fluxes of NH4 +, PO4 −3 and reactive silicate at this location were from 3 to 6 times higher than that calculated by simple pore water diffusion models. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY019 00010
Regional cerebral blood flow and arterial blood volume and their reactivity to hypercapnia in hypertensive and normotensive rats

Chronic hypertension induces cerebrovascular remodeling, changing the inner diameter and elasticity of arterial vessels. To examine cerebrovascular morphologic changes and vasodilatory impairment in early-stage hypertension, we measured baseline (normocapnic) cerebral arterial blood volume (CBV(a)) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) as well as hypercapnia-induced dynamic vascular responses in animal models. All experiments were performed with young (3 to 4 month old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) under ∼1% isoflurane anesthesia at 9.4 Tesla. Baseline regional CBF values were similar in both animal groups, whereas SHR had significantly lower CBV(a) values, especially in the hippocampus area. As CBF is maintained by adjusting arterial diameters within the autoregulatory blood pressure range, CBV(a) is likely more sensitive than CBF for detecting hypertensive-mediated alterations. Unexpectedly, hypercapnia-induced CBF and blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response were significantly higher in SHR as compared with WKY, and the CBF reactivity was highly correlated with the BOLD reactivity in both groups. The higher reactivity in early-stage hypertensive animals indicates no significant vascular remodeling occurred. At later stages of hypertension, the reduced vascular reactivity is expected. Thus, CBF and CBV(a) mapping may provide novel insights into regional cerebrovascular impairment in hypertension and its progression as hypertension advances.
Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results

To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
Control of Subtilisin Substrate Specificity by Solvent Engineering in Organic Solvents and Supercritical Fluoroform

We have investigated the effect of physical properties of 30 nonaqueous solvents on the specificity of Subtilisin Carlsberg for nucleophiles in the transesterification of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine ethyl ester by methanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol at fixed thermodynamic water activity. In organic solvents, enzyme activity and nucleophile specificity are solvent-dependent, while in supercritical fluoroform, the activity and specificity are pressure-dependent. Losses in catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity are observed when subtilisin is exposed to hydrophilic organic solvents such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile as compared to hydrophobic solvents (hexane and heptane). Log P is an important descriptor for correlating both the rate and the specificity of deacylation with solvent properties. A linear model of log initial rate against both log P and nonpolar unsaturated area provides the best two-variable fit to the data for solvents of high log P. A nonlinear model of specificity again...
Uptake of Chromium(III) by Particles in Sea-water

ATOMIC reactors at Hanford Laboratories, Washington, introduce easily measurable quantities of chromium-51 into the Columbia River. Although in hexavalent form when produced, some of the radioactive chromium is probably reduced to the trivalent state while passing downstream. Chemical species likely to exist are CrO4=, HCrO4−, Cr+3 (aq.) and Cr2O3.nH2O. Observations of Osterberg and Cutshall (unpublished) confirm the presence of several species in the river. They found that 51Cr could be removed from river water using membrane filters, chelating resins and both cation and anion exchange resins. Membrane filters (0.65 μpore size) retained about 20 per cent of the 51Cr from river water collected near Bonneville Dam. Seymour2 noted earlier that filters with a 0.45µ pore size removed about 25 per cent of 51Cr from river water taken near the mouth of the Columbia River. Measurements made during a recent cruise in the lower 210 km of the- river showed that the percentage of 51Cr attached to particles gradually increased downstream3.
Historical trend in river ice thickness and coherence in hydroclimatological trends in Maine

We analyzed long-term records of ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine and air temperature in Maine to determine whether there were temporal trends that were associated with climate warming. The trend in ice thickness was compared and correlated with regional time series of winter air temperature, heating degree days (HDD), date of river ice-out, seasonal center-of-volume date (SCVD) (date on which half of the stream runoff volume during the period 1 Jan. to 31 May has occurred), water temperature, and lake ice-out date. All of these variables except lake ice-out date showed significant temporal trends during the 20th century. Average ice thickness around 28 February decreased by about 23 cm from 1912 to 2001. Over the period 1900 to 1999, winter air temperature increased by 1.7 °C and HDD decreased by about 7.5%.Final ice-out date on the Piscataquis River occurred earlier (advanced), by 0.21 days yr−1 over the period 1931 to 2002, and the SCVD advancedby 0.11 days yr−1 over the period 1903 to 2001. Ice thickness was significantly correlated (P-value <0.01) with winter air temperature, HDD, river ice-out, and SCVD. These systematic temporal trends in multiple hydrologic indicator variables indicate a coherent response to climate forcing.
Changes in lymphocyte sensitivity to prostaglandin E, histamine, hydrocortisone, and X irradiation with age: studies in a healthy elderly population.

The sensitivity to the endogenous immunomodulators prostaglandin E, histamine, and hydrocortisone, as well as to X irradiation, was studied in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from old and young donors. The subjects included 279 healthy individuals over age 65, 24 “chronically ill” elderly individuals living in the community, 25 nursing home in-patients, and 180 healthy young controls. We confirmed our earlier finding of an increase in sensitivity to inhibition by PGE in healthy elderly individuals. The ID50 for PGE2 for the 279 individuals over 65 was 2.7 (± 0.2) × 10−8M versus 4.6 (± 0.3) × 10−7M for the 180 young controls (mean ± SEM, P < 0.0001). While the mean PHA responses of the healthy elderly individuals were not different from the responses of the chronically ill or nursing home populations, lymphocytes from these latter two groups were significantly less sensitive to PGE2. The more sensitive a healthy elderly subject's lymphocytes were to PGE2, the lower was the initial PHA response (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001). Exposure to 100 or 500 rad of X irradiation prior to culture caused significantly more inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes from healthy old people than into lymphocytes from young controls. On the other hand, lymphocytes from healthy elderly individuals were significantly less sensitive to inhibition by hydrocortisone (P < 0.001 at each of three hydrocortisone concentrations). The lowest dose of hydrocortisone (10−8M) actually enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation in lymphocytes of 30% of old people but not in young people (P < 0.001 by χ2). Lymphocytes from old people were also less sensitive to inhibition by histamine (20 ± 4% inhibition by 10−5M histamine in lymphocytes from old people versus 41 ± 2% inhibition in young people, P < 0.0001). Thus, while there are substantial changes with age in sensitivity to several different immunomodulators, the direction of the change in sensitivity varies depending on the agent.
Herpes simplex virus 1 ICP27 is required for transcription of two viral late (gamma 2) genes in infected cells.

The herpes simplex virus infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) is required for the expression of certain early viral proteins and for many late proteins during productive infection. Expression of at least one late (gamma 2) gene, that encoding glycoprotein C, is severely restricted in the absence of functional ICP27. The exact mode of action by which ICP27 induces late gene expression is not known, but the effect is apparent at the mRNA level as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. To determine whether ICP27 activates late genes via transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms, we initially used nuclear run-on assays to measure transcription of viral genes in Vero cells infected with wild-type (WT) virus or an ICP27 nonsense mutant virus, n504. We observed a 4-fold reduction in the nuclear run-on signal from the coding strand of the gC gene for n504-infected cells compared to that of WT-infected cells. However, interpretation of the results was complicated by the observation of a significant signal from the noncoding strand in these experiments. To obviate the problem of symmetrical transcription, we utilized in vivo RNA pulse-labeling to measure the amount of transcription of viral genes in cells infected with either WT virus or n504 virus. We found a 5- to 10-fold reduction in the transcription of the gC and U(L)47 genes, two late genes, in cells infected with n504 compared to that in cells infected with WT virus. In contrast, transcription of the ICP8 gene, an early gene, was similar in WT and n504 virus-infected cells. We also examined the stability of the gC and U(L)47 gene transcripts in n504-infected cells, and we found it to be comparable to that in WT virus-infected cells, further supporting an effect on transcription. Transcription of the gC and U(L)47 genes by n504 was normal in a cell line that expresses WT ICP27. From these results we conclude that ICP27 is required for transcription of the late gC and U(L)47 genes during productive infection.
Efficiency-Seeking Emerging Market Firms: Resources and Location Choices

We study the efficiency-seeking location choices of Indian software firms. In particular, we investigate the influence of heterogeneity in their resources on their location choices. The resource-based view posits that firms face difficulties in transferring their resources in dissimilar host-country environments. Prior research has investigated this phenomenon primarily for market-seeking motives of multinational firms. With the help of hierarchical linear modeling, we analyze 650 location choices of Indian software firms and find that efficiency-seeking firms face difficulties in locating in host countries with dissimilar and challenging labor environments. We find that the firms with core competence manifested through capability maturity model integration (CMMI) accreditation are able to overcome issues related to resource fungibility in dissimilar host-country environments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limited utility despite accuracy of the national SEER dataset for the study of craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma is histologically benign and associated with high survival rates but poor quality of life. The SEER Program is among the most cited data sources regarding malignancies in the United States. SEER began collecting data regarding craniopharyngiomain 2004. SEER-STAT v7.0.5 was utilized to identify patients (January 1, 2004–December 31, 2008) with ICD-O-3 codes for craniopharyngioma. Age was categorized into 3 groups: ≤19, 20–34, and ≥35 years, as was surgical intervention: none, subtotal resection, and gross total/radical resection. Demographic, initial treatment, and follow-up data were collected. 635/662 (95.9 %) patients had complete data. Incidence per million patient-years by age group was 1.9, 1.1, and 1.9, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was bimodal incidence, with peaks at 5–9 and 60–74 years. Surgery occurred in 528 patients (83.1 %), without association between age group and extent of surgery (p = 0.14). Radiation was delivered in 139 (21.9 %) cases, with no association between treatment and extent of surgery (p = 0.73) or age group (p = 0.14). Median follow-up was 23 months. Overall and Cause-specific Survival were 87.9 and 94.5 %, respectively. Neither was associated with extent of surgery but both were positively associated with radiation (p = 0.0003 and 0.0007, respectively). There was no difference in OS or CSS when comparing STR ± RT versus GTR alone (p = 0.38 and 0.56, respectively). SEER provides reliable demographic and survival data regarding craniopharyngioma. SEER’s focus on mortality statistics limits utility for outcomes studies in tumors with high survival rates, such as craniopharyngioma. Initial treatment data from SEER varies somewhat from current literature, meriting further investigation.
Half-life, clearance and production rate for oxytocin in cattle during lactation and mammary involution I

Abstract Basal concentration, production rate, metabolic clearance rate and T 1 2 for oxytocin were measured in Holstein cows at three lactational stages and during mammary involution. At each lactational stage, oxytocin was given intravenously at .5 IU/min or 1.0 IU/min for 60 min. Infusions were preceded by priming. During involution, the high dose was used. Mean basal concentrations of oxytocin ranged from 8.7 to 21.4 uU/ml. Mean basal values at early, middle, late lactation and involution were 17.57, 12.33, 15.15, 21.13 uU/ml, respectively and differed significantly. The mean “rapid” T 1 2 was 3.87 ± .1 min. Early, middle, late lactation and involution T 1 2 s were 4.2, 3.7, 4.0 and 3.5 min, respectively. The rapid T 1 2 was not affected by lactational stage. The mean “slow” T 1 2 was 25.53 ± 1 min. Early lactation and dry period means differed significantly. The overall mean oxytocin clearance rate was 8.41 ± .1 ml/kg · min. Clearance rate declined through lactation and into the dry period. Mean values of 9.3, 8.8, 7.8 and 7.1 ml/kg · min were obtained at early, middle, late lactation and involution, respectively. Clearance rates at late lactation and involution differed significantly from one another and from the early and middle stages. Mean entry rates for oxytocin at early, middle, late lactation and involution were 168.79, 106.03, 111.1 and 146.8 uU/kg · min, respectively. Measurements at early lactation and involution were greater than values for middle and late lactation. To summarize, basal oxytocin concentrations can be measured in cows that are lactating or undergoing mammary involution and changes in concentrations during lactation are related to hormone production (entry rate) and metabolic clearance rates.
The problem of a moving subsonic edge dislocation near an interface solved with only discrete image dislocations

The use of only discrete edge image dislocations to solve the problem of an edge dislocation, moving or stationary, near a welded interface separating material of different elastic constants (or a free surface) is thwarted, as is well known, because an image edge dislocation cannot deal simultaneously with the continuity at the interface of both the shear traction stress and the normal traction stress. In this paper, it is shown that the problem can be solved with only discrete edge image dislocation components if an edge dislocation is first separated into an edge dislocation component whose stress–displacement fields depend only on the shear wave velocity and an edge dislocation component whose stress–displacement fields depend only on the longitudinal wave velocity.
Quantitative prediction of feed intake in ruminants

Abstract A comparison of feed intake prediction models for sheep and cattle was conducted for identical data sets. The objective was to determine the degree of agreement between model predictions. This exercise concludes a series of papers on current quantitative concepts in the prediction of feed intake in cattle and sheep. A discussion of mathematical, conceptual and implementation properties of these models is provided. The central result of the study is the conclusion that quantitative models for the prediction of feed intake seem to be inadequate not only for robust prediction of intake levels, but also in conceptual and often mathematical terms. More importantly, the analysis provides disturbing evidence of the failure of model developers to thoroughly examine the theoretical basis of key assumptions upon which their models rest. Although it would be clearly more appropriate to formulate models as researchable hypotheses, given the current state of knowledge of intake regulation in ruminants, this is generally not done. Conflict of experimental evidence with model concepts was never found to be a stated incentive for experimental research.
OSCILLATING FLOWS OVER PERIODIC RIPPLES

Oscillating flows over periodic ripples are of practical as well as scientific interest because of their relevance to beach processes. When either the ripples are sufficiently steep or the amplitude of ambient oscillations large, streamlines of a viscous flow are no longer parallel to the ripple surface. Circulation cells are formed which can help redistribute suspended sediments. Here we study theoretically these cells for a low-viscosity fluid such as pure water over rigid ripples. In particular we have calculated cells whose dimensions are as large as the ripple wavelength and therefore represent viscous effects far above the usual Stokes boundary layer. An idea of Stuart which was originated for stationary mean circulations around a cylinder is extended here. For large ambient amplitude, large oscillating vortices drifting with the ambient flow are found by seeking the stationary cells in a moving coordinate system.
A Re-evaluation of Wakeley's “Critical Tests” of Morphological Grades of Southern Pine Nursery Stock

SYNOPSIS Data presented by Wakeley on field performance of subgrades of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were reexamined in the light of more recent studies indicating that morphological grades for southern pines are reliable predictors of field performance. It was learned that all longleaf pine subgrades tested by Wakeley are now considered as culls which may explain why he did not report the height growth after planting for this species. To produce seedlings with larger root-collars which emerge from the “grass” stage more quickly than seedlings tested by Wakeley, nursery managers in the southern United States are currently growing longleaf pine at much lower seedbed densities than recommended by Wakeley. The reexamination of Wakeley's data for slash pine seedlings found that instead of being inferior to smaller seedlings, the overall survival of grade 1 seedlings (root-collar diameter > 4,7 mm) was equal to grade 2 seedlings (root c...
Acceptance of emerging technologies for corporate accounting and business tasks: An international comparison

Abstract Multinational enterprises make use of a variety of information technologies, and require access and usage of various databases and information sources. Based on a global survey, this study examines patterns of technology usage and impediments to such technology in a multinational setting. Past research indicates that culture has an impact on corporate activities, and thus, culture would theoretically affect use of emerging technologies for corporate accounting and other business tasks. This is an important issue as usage of information technology has been shown to affect corporate performance, specifically profitability. The results indicate that external, cultural, and technological differences between countries can significantly affect the use of emerging technologies in the accounting function.
Social problem solving and mother-child interactions of educable mentally retarded children

Abstract Mothers of retarded children and nonretarded children were observed and videotaped as they interacted with their own child in a seminaturalistic situation, requiring teaching, cooperation, and free play. The child's social problem-solving abilities were assessed independently. The Vineland scale was employed to provide some convergent evidence of social problem-solving as a component of social competence. Twelve educable mentally retarded and 19 nonretarded 10-year-old children and their mothers comprised the sample. For the mentally retarded group, it was found that the higher maternal directiveness, the lower the child's social problem-solving skills. Mothers who often gave the child opportunity for decision-making and social influence had children with higher problem-solving skills. The retarded children produced significantly fewer different strategies for solving social problems, but gave a wider range of strategies than has been found in previous research. There was some support that social problem-solving skills are related to social maturity.
Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infectionin vivo II. Viral reassortants map growth hormone defect to the S RNA of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genome

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong caused disordered growth and glucose metabolism secondary to growth hormone deficiency in infected C3H/St mice. In contrast, LCMV strain WE replicated in fewer growth hormone-producing cells, failed to disrupt growth hormone synthesis, and did not cause growth hormone-induced disease in infected, matched controls. The generation of genetic reassortant viruses between the virulent strain of LCMV:Armstrong and the avirulent strain, LCMV:WE, is reported. Using such reassortants and both parental strains of virus in C3H/St mice, the perturbation of growth hormone synthesis was clearly mapped to the S RNA segment of LCMV:ARM.
Methods for the rapid solution of the pricing PIDEs in exponential and Merton models

The pricing equations for options on assets that follow jump-diffusion processes contain integrals in addition to the usual differential terms. These integrals usually make such equations expensive to solve numerically. Although Fast Fourier Transform methods can be used to to evaluate the integrals at all mesh points simultaneously, they are costly since the computational region must be extended in order to avoid problems with wrap around. Other numerical difficulties arise when the density function for the jump size is not smooth, as in the Kou double exponential model. We present new solution methods which are based on the fact that even when the problems contain time-dependent parameters the integrals often satisfy easily solved ordinary or parabolic partial differential equations. In particular, we show that by using the operator splitting method proposed by Andersen and Andreasen it is possible to reduce the solution of the pricing equation in the Kou and similar models to a sequence of ordinary differential equations at each time step. We discuss the methods and present results of numerical experiments.
Tree adjoining and head wrapping

In this paper we discuss the formal relationship between thw classes of languages generated by Tree Adjoining Grammars and Head Grammars. In particular, we show that Head Languages are included in Tree Adjoining Languages and that Tree Adjoining Grammars are equivalent to a modification of Head Grammars called Modified Head Grammars. The inclusion of MHL in HL, and thus the equivalence of HG's and TAG's in the most general case remains to be established.
Goading, ritual discord and the deflection of blame

This article brings some of the discourses of contemporary frame analysis to bear on female incitement — often called goading or whetting (from hvetja ‘to whet’) — in feud structures within several well-known medieval Icelandic family sagas. Broadly speaking, female goading in saga literature is a form of dialogic exchange in which women urge men to perform particular tasks, often seemingly against their will. These tasks mainly revolve around blood-vengeance and legal action, the twin obsessions of saga literature; in neither area is it simple for saga women to participate officially or directly. The article’s approach is similar to Marcel Bax’s (2000) approach to moments of ritual discord in sixteenth-century Dutch plays in that it considers specific historical framing practices as forms of ritual language.
Comparative physiology of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: historical clues from brisket disease

Some of the most valuable contributions to science have come about serendipitously, and, in 1913, when George Glover and Issac Newsom were commissioned by Colorado cattle ranchers to study high mou...
NONLINEAR ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR MANY-BODY THEORY

New developments in the self-consistent Green’s function (SCGF) method as applied to nuclear systems are discussed. Results for high-momentum components in the single-particle spectral function of 16O reveal that their observation is only feasible at a correspondingly high excitation energy in the (e, e′p) reaction. The consequences of the non-mean-field character of nucleons in the nuclear medium are further explored in the context of the nuclear matter saturation problem.
Surface-States of Charge-Carriers and Electrical-Properties of the Surface-Layer of Ice

We propose a theoretical model that successfully describes numerically such major features of the electrical conductivity of the surface of ice as its magnitude and frequency dependence. Comparison of the model with experimental results on σs confirms that the magnitudes of the ice surface charge density and ice surface potential are close to those observed in independent measurements. The model predicts the thickness of an electric double layer which is comparable with the experimentally observed thickness of the liquidlike layer on ice (∼5 nm at −10 °C). This coincidence raises a question about the role of electrostatic pressure and possible superionic transition in the specific structure and properties of the surface of ice.
Lyophilization — a Means of Increasing Shelf-Life of Phospholipid Bi-Layer Vesicles

AbstractThe release rates of sodium stibogluconate were followed in lyophilized and non-lyophilized phospholipid bi-layer vesicles. The release rates were followed under the following environmental temperatures: 4°C, 19°C, 29°C, 35°C, 45°C, 50°C and 55°C. Lyophilization did not significantly effect release rates within temperature groups 4°, 19°, 29°, 35 and 45°C. When the environmental temperature was varied above the tranisition temperature of the dipalmitoyl lecithin, release rates of sodium stibogluconate from lyophilized and non-lyophilized liposomes were found to be independent of temperature.
Hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients

In this study we examined multiple serial liver biopsy specimens from liver transplant recipients to determine the pathological features of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatitis. Hepatitis C virus infections acquired after transplantation and previous infections that recurred in patients after transplantation were confirmed by the results of the polymerase chain reaction. Of 43 patients infected with the hepatitis C virus, 18 had a mild form of chronic hepatitis. Four patients had hepatitis that progressed to focal bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. There were no significant clinical or pathological differences between infections acquired after transplantation and recurrent infections (as determined by polymerase chain reaction) except that acquired infections more often developed into hepatitis. Findings indicative of hepatitis C infection included portal and parenchymal mononuclear infiltrates of varying degrees, acidophilic necrosis and swollen hepatocytes. Other common findings included lymphoid aggregates, bile duct damage and fatty change. Atypical pathological conditions included extensive hepatocyte swelling or acidophilic necrosis with minimal inflammation mimicking ischemia and ductal or ductular damage and proliferation with mixed portal infiltrates mimicking rejection or obstruction. We conclude that in transplant recipients infection by the hepatitis C virus usually produces a mild disease state, but the diagnosis of hepatitis can be difficult to make because indicators of hepatitis may mimic those of rejection, ischemia, obstruction or other hepatic infections. Serial biopsy specimens with persistent pathology and polymerase chain reaction may be necessary to define the presence of a hepatitis C virus lesion.
Excretion of P32 and Ca45 into the Various Alimentary Segments of Hens

Abstract THE function of the various segments of the alimentary tract in the excretion of metabolized mineral is of considerable interest from both physiological and nutritional standpoints. Attempts have been made to determine the extent of excretion of calcium (Bergeim, 1926; and Cowell, 1937) and phosphorus (Bergeim 1926; and Youngsburg, 1936) by non-isotopic procedures. Other investigators have used radioactive P32 and Ca45 for excretion studies. L’Heureux et al. (1949) injected Ca45 subcutaneously into young adult rats and determined the concentration of the isotope in the contents of the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon at 1, 3, and 6 hours afterwards. Wallace et al. (1951) injected Ca45 intramuscularly and determined the rate of excretion of the isotope into the various alimentary segments of young and adult rats over a period of three weeks. Dols et al. (1937), Cohn and Greenberg (1938), and Shirley et al. (1950) have demonstrated the excretion of . . .
Synthesis of specifically deoxygenated disaccharide derivatives of the Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-antigen

Abstract The synthesis of methyl O -α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α- d -galactopyranosides specifically deoxygenated at position 2 ( 31 ), or 4 ( 21 ) of the rhamnopyranosyl residue was accomplished using methyl 3,4,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α-d-galactopyranoside ( 18 ) as the glycosyl acceptor. Phenyl thionocarbonate activation of the penta- O -benzoylated disaccharide precursor followed by Barton reduction and Zemplen transesterification gave 31 , while 21 was obtained via condensation of the deoxygenated monosaccharide donor with 18 , and subsequent debenzoylation of the product.
The structure of internally headed relative clauses

In this paper I have argued for two main points: (1) that IHRCs have at S-structure phonologically null heads which are coindexed with a nominal inside the modifying clause that is interpreted as the head; and (2) that at LF the nominal interpreted as the head has been raised from the modifying clause into head position. Evidence for the proposed S-structure is based on anomalies in the distribution of IHRCs cross-linguistically, and on the implications of the proposed structure for subjacency in the Quechua languages. IHRCs also provide the basis for an argument that in at least some languages both precedence and command are relevant to binding.
Mot protein assembly into the bacterial flagellum: a model based on mutational analysis of the motB gene

The 308 residue MotB protein anchors the stator complex of the Escherichia coli flagellar motor to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. Together with MotA, it comprises the transmembrane channel that delivers protons to the motor. At the outset of the mutational analysis of MotB described here, we found that the non-motile phenotype of a DeltamotAB strain was rescued better by a pmotA(+)B(+) plasmid than the non-motile phenotype of a DeltamotB strain was rescued by a pmotB(+) plasmid. Transcription in each case was from the inducible tac promoter but relied on the native ribosome-binding site (RBS). This result confirms that translational coupling to motA is important for normal translation of the motB mRNA, since overproduction of MotA in trans did not improve complementation by pmotB. However, introduction of an optimized RBS into pmotB (to generate pmotB(o)) did. To dissect the function of the periplasmic domain of MotB, site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace Gln, Ser, and Tyr codons scattered throughout motB with amber (UAG) codons. Plasmid-borne motB(am) genes were introduced into sup(o), supE, and supF strains to see what motility defects were imposed by particular amber mutations and whether the defects could be suppressed by amber-suppressor tRNAs inserting the native or heterologous amino acids. Amber mutations at codon 268 or earlier in pmotB, and at codon 261 or earlier in pmotB(o) or pmotAB, eliminated motility. Thus, in agreement with the deletion analysis of motB by another laboratory, we conclude that the portion of MotB carboxyl-terminal to its peptidoglycan-binding motif (residues 161 to 264) is not essential. In strains containing supE or supF alleles, motility defects associated with motB(am) mutations were suppressed weakly, if at all, in pmotB. In contrast, motility defects conferred by most motB(am) mutations in pmotB(o) or pmotAB could be suppressed to a significant extent. However, the S18(am), Q100(am), Q112(am), Q124(am), Y201(am), and Y208(am) mutations were still suppressed extremely poorly. Full-length MotB was present at very low levels in suppressor strains containing the first four mutations, but Y201(am) and Y208(am) were suppressed efficiently at the translational level. We suggest that a translational pause by suppressor tRNAs reading UAG at these two positions may divert the nascent polypeptide into an alternative folding pathway that traps MotB in a non-functional conformation. We further propose that MotA and MotB form a stable pre-assembly complex in the membrane. In this complex, MotB exists in a form that cannot associate with peptidoglycan and blocks the proton-conducting channel. Opening of the channel and attachment to the cell wall may occur when the complex collides with a flagellar basal body and MotA makes specific contacts with the C ring and/or the MS ring.
Disaster risk management in development projects: models and checklists

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the available information about the causes and consequences of risk is scarce and barely meets the needs of project engineers and decision makers. Although local governments and communities typically who bear the brunt of the losses, they do not participate in the definitions and are not informed about the “acceptable” level of risk or how to reduce it. The formulation and adoption of risk management criteria (supported by engineering geological modelling), throughout the cycle of development/investment projects, should take account of the affected communities and how they can play a part in the decision making. This requires an increased awareness and understanding of both natural hazards and vulnerability. The paper analyses best practices based on experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean, which may be useful for the evaluation of hazards and vulnerability and lead to proactive risk management.
Differences in dorsal integumentary lobe densities between Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from Northeastern North Carolina

Abstract With the aid of a scanning electron microscope differences in the density of dorsal integumentary lobes on two species of spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) were found to besignificant. Lobes per 10 microns along an integumentary fold avaraged 6. 44(S. E. = 0. 85, n=30) for T. urticae and 7. 47 (S.E.=0.81, n=30) for T. cinnabarinus.
A Dental Library Book Collection Intervention: From Diagnosis to Cure

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the rationale, resources, and process used by Indiana University School of Dentistry Library (IUSDL) staff to undertake a comprehensive book collection intervention (a.k.a. book weeding project). The process of diagnosing, developing, and executing a comprehensive book weeding project can be challenging, labor intensive, and time-consuming, but space scarcity and the need to update several collection areas compelled staff to undertake the project. Like the dentist, staff took a patient (i.e., collection) history, made diagnoses, then developed and executed a treatment (i.e., action) plan. Also, like the dentist who depends on appropriate knowledge and instrumentation, so did the library staff select and utilize appropriate bibliometric strategies, measures, and resources to effectively facilitate the process.
Market Model: Estimation Problems and Its Uses With Special Reference to the Hospitality Industry

ABSTRACT This paper examines the use of the market model for equity valuation within the hospitality sector. The model is analyzed in detail, including various errors related to beta estimation. Important caution points relevant to the use of market model in hospitality finance research are highlighted.
Can Intraoperative Spinal Cord Monitoring Reliably Help Prevent Paraplegia During Posterior Vertebral Column Resection Surgery

Abstract Study Design Retrospective case series. Objective Analyze patients who underwent posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) above the conus medullaris with intraoperative spinal cord monitoring (SCM) data loss. Summary of Background Data PVCR is a powerful technique for treating severe spinal deformity but carries a high risk for major spinal cord deficits. Methods We assessed clinical, radiographic, and electrophysiologic monitoring and operative records of 90 consecutive adult and pediatric patients (mean age, 24.8 years; range, 7.5–76.8) who underwent PVCR above the conus medullaris for severe spinal deformity performed from 2002 to 2010 by one surgeon at one institution. Results Fifteen of 90 patients (16.7%) (10 male/5 female; mean age, 15 years) lost SCM (n = 13) or had data degradation meeting warning criteria (n = 2). Diagnoses were kyphoscoliosis (n = 8), angular kyphosis (n = 3), global kyphosis (n = 2), and severe scoliosis (n = 2). Seven were revisions. The average pre-/postoperative scolioses were 99° (range, 32°–152°) and 43° (range, 6°–76°), respectively. The average pre-/postoperative kyphoses were +100° (range, 60°–170°) and +54° (range, 28°–100°), respectively. SCM fluctuated during osteotomy on nine occasions, stabilizing with elevation of blood pressure in addition to anterior spinal cord decompression in four, correction of subluxation in one, and traction reduction in one. Seven patients had SCM changes during rod compression. Three required partial release of correction, two larger cage insertion, one subluxation correction, and one pedicle screw removal. One experienced changes during rod placement/removal, and another, as a result of hypothermia. Data returned in all after prompt intervention (mean, 10.1 minutes; range, 1–60) and all awoke with intact lower extremity function. Conclusion The prevalence of SCM changes during PVCR above the conus medullaris was 16.7%, mostly during osteotomy and rod/screw compression. Data returned with prompt intervention and all had intact lower extremity motor function postoperatively. These SCM “saves” strongly emphasize the importance of multimodality neurophysiologic monitoring during high-risk cases, minimizing postoperative complications.
Empowering radiologie education on the internet: A new virtual website technology for hosting interactive educational content on the world wide web

Objective: We describe a virtual web site hosting technology that enables educators in radiology to emblazon and make available for delivery on the world wide web their own interactive educational content, free from dependencies on in-house re-sources and policies.Materials/Methods: Ibis suite of technologies includes a graphically oriented software application, designed for the computer novice, to facilitate the input, storage, and management of domain expertise within a database system. The database stores this expertise as choreographed and interlinked multimedia entities including text, imagery, interactive questions, and audio. Case-based presentations or thematic lectures can be authored locally, previewed locally within a web browser, then uploaded at will as packaged knowledge objects to an educator’s (or department’s) personal web site housed within a virtual server architecture. This architecture can host an unlimited number of unique educational web sites for individuals or departments in need of such service. Each virtual site’s content is stored within that site’s protected back-end database connected to Internet Information Server (Microsoft Corp, Redmond WA) using a suite of Active Server Page (ASP) modules that incorporate Microsoft’s Active Data Objects (ADO) technology. Each person’s or department’s electronic teaching material appears as an independent web site with different levels of access—controlled by a username-password strategy—for teachers and students. There is essentially no static hypertext markup language (HTML). Rather, all pages displayed for a given site are rendered dynamically from case-based or thematic content that is fetched from that virtual site’s database. The dynamically rendered HTML is displayed within a web browser in a Socratic fashion that can assess the recipient’s current fund of knowledge while providing instantaneous user-specific feedback. Each site is emblazoned with the logo and identification of the participating institution. Individuals with teacher-level access can use a web browser to upload new content as well as manage content already stored on their virtual site. Each virtual site stores, collates, and scores participants’ responses to the interactive questions posed on line.Conclusion: This virtual web site strategy empowers the educator with an end-to-end solution for creating interactive educational content and hosting that content within theeducator’s personalized and protected educational site on the world wide web, thus providing a valuable outlet that can magnify the impact of his or her talents and contributions.
Can states pick up the health reform torch

It is impossible to recall another time when a single incident — in this case, the off-cycle election of a U.S. senator — so thoroughly implicated the long-term direction of U.S. health policy. Washington is still taking the full measure of Senator Scott Brown's victory in Massachusetts, but among seasoned observers, the election's potential fallout for health reform was evident even before the first votes were cast.1 The political narrative of the Brown victory is the stuff of legend: the loss of a Senate seat held by an iconic figure who devoted his half-century political career to the very issue . . .
Digital Simulation Games for Social Studies Classrooms

Abstract Data from ten teacher candidates studying teaching methods were analyzed to determine perceptions toward digital simulation games in the area of social studies. This research can be used as a conceptual model of how current teacher candidates react to new methods of instruction and determine how education programs might change existing curricula to better prepare their students toward methods that have the ability to evoke higher-order thinking skills and technology integration.
Dynamic Force Response of Human Legs due to Vertical Jumps

Jumping is a natural exertion that occurs during a variety of human activities including playing sports, working, skateboarding, dancing, escaping from hazardous events, rescue activities, and many others. During jumping, the ankles in particular are expected to support the entire body weight of the jumper and that may lead to ankle injuries. Each year hundreds of patients are treated for ankle sprains/strains with ankle fractures as one of the most common injuries treated by orthopedists and podiatrists. The knee joint is also considered the most-often injured joint in the entire human body. Although the general anatomy of the lower extremities is fairly well understood, an understanding of the injury mechanism during these jumping tasks is not well understood. The aim of this study is to determine the reaction forces exerted on legs and joints due to vertical jumps, through musculoskeletal simulation and experimental studies to better understand the dynamic jump process and the injury mechanism. The joint reaction forces and moments exerted on the ankle, knee and hip joint during takeoff and extreme squat landing of a vertical jump were determined through the application of musculoskeletal simulation. It is concluded that during extreme squat landing of a vertical jump, joint reaction forces and moments were highest in proximal/distal and anteroposterior direction may cause most likely injury to the hip joint ligaments, ankle fracture and knee joint, respectively.Copyright © 2011 by ASME