cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling diffraction of optical beams using photonic crystals

We show that propagation of the envelope of the optical beams inside a periodic structure can be approximately modeled using a linear transformation solely based on its band structure. Using this model a simple description of the diffraction is obtained which relies on the shape of the equal-frequency contours of the photonic crystal band structure. This model provides intuitive insight on how to design these structures for diffraction-based applications. We consider various methods to modify the band structure, or to excite appropriate regions of the band structure to realize different functionalities inside the photonic crystal. Applications like diffraction-free propagation, frequency separation in space (superprism-based devices), and diffraction compensation are discussed in more detail.
Vowel processing during silent reading: evidence from eye movements.

Two eye movement experiments examined whether skilled readers include vowels in the early phonological representations used in word recognition during silent reading. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which the vowel phoneme was concordant or discordant with the vowel phoneme in the target word. In Experiment 1, the orthographic vowel differed from the target in both the concordant and discordant preview conditions. In Experiment 2, the vowel letters in the preview were identical to those in the target word. The phonological vowel was ambiguous, however, and the final consonants of the previews biased the vowel phoneme either toward or away from the target’s vowel phoneme. In both experiments, shorter reading times were observed for targets preceded by concordant previews than by discordant previews. Implications for models of word recognition are discussed.
Stress fractures of the pelvis and legs in athletes: a review

Context:Stress fractures are common injuries in athletes, often difficult to diagnose. A stress fracture is a fatigue-induced fracture of bone caused by repeated applications of stress over time.Evidence Acquisition:PubMed articles published from 1974 to January 2012.Results:Intrinsic and extrinsic factors may predict the risk of stress fractures in athletes, including bone health, training, nutrition, and biomechanical factors. Based on their location, stress fractures may be categorized as low- or high-risk, depending on the likelihood of the injury developing into a complete fracture. Treatment for these injuries varies substantially and must account for the risk level of the fractured bone, the stage of fracture development, and the needs of the patient. High-risk fractures include the anterior tibia, lateral femoral neck, patella, medial malleolus, and femoral head. Low-risk fractures include the posteromedial tibia, fibula, medial femoral shaft, and pelvis. Magnetic resonance is the imaging test of ...
Recovery of Alpine Vegetation on Small, Denuded Plots, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, U.S.A.

Small plots (0.25 to 1.0 m2) denuded 13 and 31 yr previously were studied to investigate vegetation recovery at the alpine site of the Long-Term Ecological Research network. Recovery was slow, prob...
The Prostitute's Allure: The Return to Beauty in Commercial Sex Work

We estimate the earnings premium for beauty in an occupation where returns to physical attractiveness are likely to be important: commercial sex work. Using data from sex workers in Ecuador and Mexico, we find that a one standard deviation increase in attractiveness yields 10-15 percent higher earnings. Including controls for personal characteristics (communication ability and desirability of personality) cuts the beauty premium by up to one-half. Beautiful sex workers earn higher wages, have more clients, and enjoy a larger compensating differential for disease risk.
The distribution of proenkephalin-derived peptides in the central nervous system of Turtles

The present study was carried out to examine if peptides similar to the various opioid peptide products of mammalian proenkephalin are present in the turtle central nervous system and to determine their distribution. Antisera against several enkephalin peptides were used: 1) leucine-enkephalin (LENK), 2) methionine-enkephalin (MENK), 3) methionine-enkephalin-arg6phe7 (MERF), 4) methionine-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leus (MERGL), 5) Peptide E (PEPE), and 6) BAM22P. Their specificity and cross-reactivity were carefully examined. The results indicated that LENK, MENK, and MERF (or highly similar peptides) are present in the turtle central nervous system, and that a peptide showing immunological similarity to BAM22P and PEPE also appeared to be present. In contrast, MERGL did not appear to be present. The distributions of the immunoreactive labeling for LENK, MENK, MERF, BAM22P, and PEPE were indistinguishable, and double-label studies showed that LENK, MERF, and BAM22P were colocalized within individual neurons and fibers. Although all of the above substances were observed in the same cell groups, there was some regional variation, in terms of which enkephalin peptide appeared to be most abundant. The distributions of these enkephalin peptides were very similar to those previously described in mammals and birds. Enkephalin was more abundant in the basal ganglia than in overlying telencephalic regions. Within the basal ganglia, enkephalin was present in striatal neurons and fibers and in pallidal fibers, thereby suggesting the existence of an enkephalinergic striatopallidal projection. Sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus were generally poor in enkephalinergic fibers, whereas the hypothalamus was rich in enkephalinergic neurons and fibers. Enkephalinergic neurons and fibers were present in the midbrain central gray. As is true of neurons of the nucleus spiriformis lateralis of the avian pretectum, the neurons of the homologous cell group in turtles, the dorsal nucleus of the posterior commissure of the pretectum, were found to contain enkephalin and have an enkephalinergic projection to the deep layers of the ipsilateral tectum. Enkephalinergic neurons and fibers were also abundant in the entry zones of the trigeminal nerve and dorsal root fibers of the spinal cord. The present results indicate that: 1) consistent with previously published biochemical studies (Lindberg and White, '86), proenkephalin in reptiles is similar in structure to that of mammals and, with the exception of MERGL, gives rise to similar or identical enkephalin peptides, and 2) the enkephalin peptides are found in many of the same systems of reptilian brain as mammalian and avian brain, and, therefore, may play a role in similar functions (e.g., basal ganglia motor functions) as in mammals and birds.
PLASMA NEAR THE HELIOSHEATH: OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING

Sound numerical modeling is capable of providing important predictive information about the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium. The results of our three-dimensional simulation show a good agreement with Voyager observations from 2007 to 2010. We analyze the termination shock properties at the Voyager crossing points and juxtapose them with the observed data. The heliospheric current sheet structure in the inner heliosheath is examined.
ELECTRON AND PHONON EFFECTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING FCC LEAD-BASED ALLOYS.

Abstract Electron tunneling measurements have been carried out in fcc lead-based alloys over a wide range of electron-phonon coupling strengths.
Modelling accelerated life test data by using a Bayesian approach

Summary. Because of the high reliability of many modern products, accelerated life tests are becoming widely used to obtain timely information about their time-to-failure distributions. We propose a general class of accelerated life testing models which are motivated by the actual failure process of units from a limited failure population with a positive probability of not failing during the technological lifetime. We demonstrate a Bayesian approach to this problem, using a new class of models with non-monotone hazard rates, the hazard model with potential scope for use far beyond accelerated life testing. Our methods are illustrated with the modelling and analysis of a data set on lifetimes of printed circuit boards under humidity accelerated life testing.
Immunization with P. carinii gpA is Immunogenic But Not Efficacious in a Mouse Model of P. carinii Pneumonia |[dagger]| 840

Recent studies have shown that P. carinii (Pc) pneumonia (PCP) can be prevented by immunization with whole organisms in an immunosuppressed mouse model of disease. This raises the interesting possibility of trying to use this strategy to prevent disease in “at-risk” humans. However, because Pc cannot be cultured, immunization with whole organisms is not feasible. Therefore, we have undertaken studies to more precisely define the protective immune response to Pc with the hope of identifying the antigens responsible for confirming protection after immunization with whole organisms. Passive immunization with either monoclonal antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes have suggested that Pc gpA may be one such antigen. To directly assess the role of gpA in eliciting a protective immune response, we immunized mice with gpA, either in the form of nitrocellulose antigen bearing particles, or administered with the adjuvant Quil-A. Control animals received either immunization with whole organisms or with BSA. A gpA-specific response induced by either form of isolated gpA was equivalent to or exceeded that measured in the animals immunized with whole Pc. Immunization with gpA in the form of nitrocellulose antigen bearing particles induced a Th2-like antibody response, while Quil-A produced a mixed Th1/Th2-like antibody response. Table
Incorporation of C14-acetate into intestinal fatty acids of rats with cannulated bile ducts.

Summary1. Deprivation of bile flow to the rat intestine by means of cannulation of the bile duct did not affect the ability of the intestine to accumulate normal amounts of highly labeled fatty acids after administration of C14-acetate as shown by comparison with sham-operated, pair-fed controls. 2. Total radioactivity in the biliary fatty acids amounted to only 5-16% of the amount found in the intestinal fatty acids in the time periods studied. 3. Fatty acids of combined intestinal and cecal contents of cannulated animals contained more fatty acid but of a lower specific activity than those of control rats.
One-dimensional combustor optimization.

The steepest-descent optimization technique has been applied to the equations describing the steady one-dimensional flow process with heat addition. Using a simplified kinetic model for the H2-air combustion process, the effects of mixing, friction, and shock total pressure losses are simulated. The methodology is developed whereby the combustor area variation that results in the optimum system payoff, for a specified set of boundary conditions, can be determined. The specific cases considered had a specified set of initial conditions (Mach 20, 105.8 kft) and 1) minimized the combustor entropy rise for a given total temperature rise AT* or for a specified combustor length and 2) maximized the combustor exit stream thrust for a given AT< or a given combustor exit Mach nurnber. Comparisons to several relevant combustor designs are presented to indicate the improvements that can be realized due to combustor shaping; for the cases considered, improvements of up to 1.7% and 5.0% over the corresponding constant area and constant pressure combustors, respectively, were found. This paper also serves to demonstrate the applicability of optimization techniques to the design and analysis of propulsion systems. The methodology developed can be extended to include more accurate combustor models as well as to consider the tradeoffs between the diffuser, combustor, and nozzle portions of a propulsion system.
Base composition and gene distribution: critical patterns in mammalian genome organization

Abstract Recent successes in developing transcriptional maps of large genomic regions provide excellent opportunities for the investigation of mammalian genome organization. Detailed definition of organizational features will, in the short term, aid in prioritizing genomic sequencing efforts and in interpreting sequencing results and, in the long term, will surely provide insights into the structural, functional and evolutionary basis for the mammalian chromosome and chromosomal bonding patterns. For such efforts, human chromosome 21 provides an excellent model system because the physical and clone maps are detailed, and several transcriptional mapping projects have provided large numbers of novel genes. It is, therefore, valuable at this point to examine these transcriptional mapping data and to compare them with the isochore model of the mammalian genome, which describes patterns in base composition and predicts gene distributions. Not only do compelling organizational patterns appear, but new questions about additional possible patterns in gene size, structure, conservation and transcription can be asked.
Photosynthesis, respiration, and organic carbon release in Elodea canadensis michx.

Abstract Photosynthesis, respiration, and release of organic carbon were examined using 14 C in the freshwater angiosperm Elodea canadensis Michx. to investigate ecophysiological implications of recent biochemical evidence for significant levels of C 4 photosynthesis in this plant, a pathway normally associated with low photorespiration and high photosynthetic efficiency. Photosynthetic light saturation level was somewhat high, but not in the normal C 4 range. In morning and afternoon in situ experiments with oxygen manipulations, the plant exhibited an afternoon depression of net photosynthesis suggestive of C 3 performance. Organic carbon release was significant and may have included glycolate, but photorespiration as oxygen-sensitive loss of carbon dioxide in the light was not demonstrable, and the carbon dioxide compensation point was very low and oxygen-insensitive, consistent with C 4 efficiency. Thus the plant, while not a C 4 species, appeared to have some responses consistent with partial operation of the C 4 pathway, which may contribute to the frequent competitive superiority of the plant.
CMOS-integrated low-noise germanium waveguide avalanche photodetector operating at 40Gbps

Germanium waveguide avalanche photodiode with 10dB gain and excess noise factor with k eff below 0.2 was demonstrated. Gain-bandwidth-product above 350GHz was achieved at voltages around 3V. The avalanche photodetector was monolithically integrated into front-end CMOS.
Inequality in Social Capital

This chapter examines a critical issue in social capital research – inequality in social capital, or the extent to which social capital is unequally distributed across social groups in a community or population. First, I will consider some general issues and approaches to the analysis of inequality in all types of capital. These considerations will lead to formulations of research agenda, and data from urban China will then be used to illustrate them. The chapter will conclude with a brief statement about the future research agenda. Theoretical Considerations Social inequality is a major research issue; its etiology demands attention. From the capital theoretic perspective, we may make the initial proposition that inequality in different types of capital, such as human capital and social capital, brings about social inequality, such as in socioeconomic standing and quality of life. Given this proposition, we may further explore the processes leading to inequality in capital. In this formulation, the plan is to identify the specific mechanisms that lead to inequality in capital, which in turn affects social inequality. Thus, the research task is twofold: identification and verification of mechanisms leading to inequality in capital, and demonstration of the linkage between inequality in capital and social inequality among social groups. The initial proposition, linkage between capital inequality and social inequality, has been the guiding theory regarding different types of capital (Chapters 1–6).
Identification and characterization of the mouse MutS homolog 5: Msh5.

We have identified and characterized the complete cDNA and gene for the mouse MutS homolog 5 (Msh5), as a step toward understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in the biological function of this new MutS homologous protein in mammals. The Msh5 cDNA contains a 2502-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes an 833-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 92.6 kDa, which shares 89.8% amino acid sequence identity with the human hMSH5 protein. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a Msh5 mRNA approximately 2.9-kb in length, most abundantly expressed in mouse testis. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that the mouse Msh5 protein positively interacted with the human hMSH4 protein—suggesting that Msh5 shares common functional properties with its human counterpart. Sequence and structural analyses show that the mouse gene Msh5 spans approximately 18 kb and contains 24 exons that range in length from 36 bp for exon 7 to 392 bp for exon 1. Structural comparison with the human hMSH5 gene revealed that all of the Msh5 internal exons, but not introns, are conserved in length with the human hMSH5. The Msh5 gene is located on mouse Chromosome (Chr) 17 in a location that is syntenic to the region of human Chr 6 harboring the hMSH5 gene. The identification and characterization of Msh5 will facilitate studies of the potential functional roles of this new member of the MutS family.
Growth of La2Ti2O7 and LaTiO3 thin films using pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The influence of substrate temperature, oxygen activity of the ambient gas, and substrate type on the growth morphology, phase selection, and epitaxy of thin films in the LaTiO x ( x ≈3.0 or 3.5) family were investigated. The films were deposited using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a La 2 Ti 2 O 7 target and were characterized using X-ray diffraction. In oxygen atmospheres, coupled with high deposition temperatures and use of (1 1 0)-oriented SrTiO 3 substrates, the growth of epitaxial films of (1 1 0)-layered perovskite La 2 Ti 2 O 7 is observed. However, under similar deposition conditions, on SrTiO 3 (1 0 0) substrates, no crystalline peaks were observed even at the higher temperatures. The reduction of Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ was achieved by the use of nitrogen atmospheres. This resulted in the formation of the cubic perovskite LaTiO 3 , on SrTiO 3 (1 1 0), SrTiO 3 (1 0 0), and LaAlO 3 (1 0 0) substrates.
Room temperature lattice constants of alloys of plutonium in alpha-uranium

Abstract Lattice constants of solid solutions of plutonium in alpha-uranium have been measured at room temperature, 25° ± 2° C , by the Debye-Scherrer method, from samples prepared by furnace cooling from 400° C. The, lattice constants a 0 and c 0 were found to increase and b 0 to decrease with increased plutonium content, until a concentration of about 15 wt % Pu was reached. The lattice constants of the 15 wt %, Pu alloy were: a 0 = 2.8625 A , b 0 = 5.8562 A , c 0 = 4.9631 A .
Performance Improvement of Small Gas Turbines Through Use of Wave Rotor Topping Cycles

Results are presented predicting the significant performance enhancement of two small gas turbines (30 kW and 60 kW) by implementing various wave rotor topping cycles. Five different advantageous implementation cases for a four-port wave rotor into given baseline engines are considered. The compressor and turbine pressure ratios, and the turbine inlet temperatures vary in the thermodynamic calculations, according to the anticipated design objectives of the five cases. Advantages and disadvantages are outlined. Comparison between the theoretic performance (expressed by specific cycle work and overall thermal efficiency) of wave-rotor-topped and baseline engines shows a performance enhancement by up to 33%. The results obtained show that almost all the cases studied benefit from the wave-rotor-topping, but the highest gain is obtained for the case in which the topped engine operates with the same turbine inlet temperature and compressor pressure ratio as the baseline engine. General design maps are generated for the small gas turbines, showing the design space and optima for baseline and topped engines.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Radiocarbon test of earthquake magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone

THE Cascadia subduction zone, which extends along the northern Pacific coast of North America, might produce earthquakes of magnitude 8 or 9 ('great' earthquakes) even though it has not done so during the past 200 years of European observation1–7. Much of the evidence for past Cascadia earthquakes comes from former meadows and forests that became tidal mudflats owing to abrupt tectonic subsidence in the past 5,000 years2,3,6,7. If due to a great earthquake, such subsidence should have extended along more than 100 km of the coast2. Here we investigate the extent of coastal subsidence that might have been caused by a single earthquake, through high-precision radiocarbon dating of coastal trees that abruptly subsided into the intertidal zone. The ages leave the great-earthquake hypothesis intact by limiting to a few decades the discordance, if any, in the most recent subsidence of two areas 55 km apart along the Washington coast. This subsidence probably occurred about 300 years ago.
Predicting delamination in composite structures

Abstract The mesoscale composite damage model (MCDM) and a new component damage indicator are incorporated into a finite element code to predict the initiation and evolution of damage, and then final failure of fibrous composites structure subjected to combined loadings. The veracity of the method is demonstrated through applications to a stiffened, composite panel that is subjected to various combinations of tension, compression, shear and pressure loadings. The stiffened panel is modeled as a structure consisting of web, flange, skin and interface between the flange and the skin. Any other composite structure can be investigated at the pleasure of the investigator, subject to limitations on the computer resources required for the degree of scale desired. A component damage indicator, D x , C , is defined as the average of the damage variable x , as determined by the MCDM, for each finite element in structural component C . If varying size elements are present in the component, a weighted average is used. When D reaches a value of 1.0, the component has no stiffness and completely lacks structural integrity. Experience indicates that D > 0.4 suggests component failure. An important feature of D is that it permits damage trends in a component to be monitored. Stable damage growth corresponds to a structure with remaining integrity whereas unstable growth is a precursor to structural failure. Selected results are presented for a stiffened panel made from the carbon–epoxy material M55J/M18. It is shown that delamination is the predominate mode of failure for the cases considered and that the load level corresponding to the onset of delamination is a strong function of the type of combined loading. Failure strains are shown to vary by as much as a factor of three depending upon the type of loading.
Contributions of surface features to the electrostatic properties of rough colloidal particles

Abstract Although theoretical descriptions of colloidal particles deal almost exclusively with idealized shapes and surface properties, real particles are often characterized by irregular shapes and surface properties. In this paper a perturbation method is used to evaluate the effect of shape irregularities on the potential distribution in and around a rippled sphere with a point charge at the center; of particular interest is the distribution around the bump or dimple in the polar region, since real rough particles may be considered composites of such bumps and dimples. Computational results show that surface roughness has a much larger effect on the external potential distribution than on that inside the particle. As expected, the effect is larger for thin than for thick double layers. Results are presented from which the average surface potential of bumps and dimples may be calculated. The perturbation approach may be useful in calculating potential distributions for more complex surface shapes and internal charge distributions, e.g. for proteins.
Electrophoresis-based motion planning and control of a nanowire in fluid suspension

Automated manipulation of nanowires or nanotubes would enable the scalable manufacturing of nanodevices for a variety of applications. This paper presents electrophoresis-based motion planning and control of a single nanowire in liquid suspension with a simple, generic set of electrodes. We first present a dynamic model of nanowires motion in dilute suspension with a set of N × N controllable electrodes. Since the motion planning of a nanowire from one position to the target location is NP-hard, we present two heuristic algorithms and then compare these algorithms with the rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) and A*-based approaches. The results show that the proposed algorithms obtain suboptimal minimum time trajectories. The experimental and numerical results confirm the analytical findings.
Field ion microscopy of metal-metal contacts

Abstract Tungsten-platinum and platinum-platinum mechanical contacts were investigated using field ion microscopy. A clean field evaporated field ion microscope tip served as one contact member, and a fiat outgassed platinum foil was used as the other. The experiments were conducted in-situ using an ultra-high-vacuum field ion microscope pumped to 2 × 10 −10 Torr before being backfilled to 5 × 10 −4 Torr of helium or neon for imaging. A refined contact device was employed having an ultimate applied load resolution of 5 micromg. In contrast to previous results, gross tip deformation could be avoided, while the contact area could clearly be seen against the untouched parts of the tip. It was found in most cases that the damage to the tip at the contact interface extended only 5–15 A deep, and that this damage depth was independent of both the magnitude of the applied load and the size of the contact area. The functional variation of the contact area with the applied load was found to be in basic agreement with the Hertz theory of elastic deformation. Fundamental limitations on the minimum observable size of the contact area due to impact are discussed.
Multitrait restricted and desired gains selection indices designed to change growth and body composition in mice1

Summary Effectiveness of restricted and desired gains index selection to change growth and body composition was tested in mice. Replicate lines were selected within full-sib families as follows: RI, restricted index to increase 12-week body weight (BW) and hind carcass weight (HC) with no change in right epididymal fat pad weight (EF); DG, desired gains index to increase BW and HC and decrease EF and right subcutaneous fat pad weight (SF) in designated proportions; RS, random selection. Realized heritabilities of index units, converted to an individual basis, were 0.65 ± 0.17 in RI and 0.50 ± 0.23 in DG, which exceeded the respective base population estimates of 0.32 ± 0.11 and 0.37 ±0.11, calculated as twice the regression of son on sire. Realized genetic correlation between the two selection index units of 0.87 ± 0.12 was not significantly different from the base population estimate of 0.91 ± 0.21. Realized correlated responses in component traits of the indices did not agree closely with expectation. Possible explanations for these discrepancies include genetic drift, weak selection intensity, discrepancies between estimated and true genetic parameters and changes in genetic parameters due to selection. Antagonistic selection for multiple traits may magnify the importance of these factors. Zusammenfassung Restringierte und erwunschte genetische Fortschritte zur Veranderung von Wachstum und Korperzusammensetzung von Mausen Die Wirksamkeit restraingierter und erwunschter Fortschritt-Indexselektionsveranderung von Wachstum und Korpergewicht wurde bei Mausen gepruft. Wiederholungslinien wurden innerhalb Vollgeschwisterfamilien folgendermasen selektiert: RI, restringierter Index zur Steigerung des 12-Wochengewichtes (BW), Schlachtkorperhalfte (HC) ohne Anderung des rechten Nebenhodenfettgewichts (EF); TG, erwunschter Zuchtfortschrittindex zur Steigerung von BW und HC und Verminderung von EF des rechten subkutanen Fettanteils (SF) in erwunschten Verhaltnissen; RS Zufallsselektion. Realisierte Heritabilitatswerte im Index, auf individuelle Basis umgerechnet, waren 0,65 ±0,17 bei RI und 0,50 ± 0,23 bei DG, die die diesbezuglichen Basispopulationsschatzungen von 0,23 ±0,11 und 0,37 ±0,11 ubertrafen. Diese wurden als die doppelte Regression von Sohn auf Vatertier berechnet. Realisierte genetische Korrelationen zwischen den zwei Selektionsindexeinheiten von 0,87 unterschieden sich nicht signifikant vom Basispopulationswert 0,91 ± 0,21. Realisierte korrelierte Selektion-sreaktionen in den Teilmerkmalen der Indices haben mit den Erwartungswerten nicht gut ubereingestimmt. Mogliche Erklarung fur diese Abweichung beinhalten genetische Drift, schwache Selektionsintensitat, Nichtubereinstimmung zwischen geschatzten und wahren genetischen Parametern und Veranderungen in diesen durch Selektion. Antagonistische Selektion fur mehrere Merkmale konnte die Bedeutung dieser Faktoren steigern.
Interruptions and Intertasking in Distributed Knowledge Work

I analyze ethnographic practices in a distributed, on-line research project. Through self-reflexive investigation of interactions with family and interviewees, I discuss challenges that I faced when doing distributed work from home and I problematize assumed benefits of “multitasking” and “flexible” home-based work. By examining remote work (such as interviewing people on-line), I show that “multitasking” inaccurately describes certain work processes which are not actually executed simultaneously. I propose the term intertasking to describe activities that are interleaved in short intervals to satisfy multiple and often-conflicting work demands. I explore whether multitasking and intertasking are gendered or smuggle in moralistic judgments and conclude that multitasking and intertasking may be effaced or judged differently by people with different work styles. I reveal these dynamics so that members of distributed projects and teams can design processes, tasks, and tools that accommodate different dispositions with regard to doing several things in a short amount of time.
Interleukin-6 production by human monocytes treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of lipopolysaccharide of oral microorganisms

This study focused on the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and lipopolysaccharide of the putative periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum on IL-6 production by THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line). Resting THP-1 cells were alternatively treated with GM-CSF (50 IU/ml) and lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum, in varying concentrations for varying time periods. IL-6 production in supernatant fluids of treated cells was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate gene expression. Untreated THP-1 cells did not produce IL-6 as determined by ELISA. RT-PCR also failed to detect IL-6 mRNA in untreated THP-1 cells, indicating that IL-6 was not constitutively produced. After stimulation of THP-1 cells with lipopolysaccharide of F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis, IL-6 was produced, peaking at 4 h (200-300 pg/ml) and thereafter sharply declining by 8 h. When GM-CSF was added together with lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum, there was a synergistic quantitative increase in production of IL-6 as measured by ELISA as compared with lipopolysaccharide alone. IL-6 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR, 15 min after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide of either P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum. GM-CSF supplementation with lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis shortened the transcription of IL-6 mRNA to 5 min, a shift which was not observed with lipopolysaccharide of F. nucleatum, possibly indicating a different mechanism of initiation of transcription. Production of IL-6 by GM-CSF-treated THP-1 cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide of oral microorganisms may provide a model for studying the role of macrophages in acute and chronic periodontal diseases, including the clinical periodontal exacerbation as observed in chemotherapy patients receiving GM-CSF for bone marrow recovery.
Transforming Citizens into Suspects: Factors that Influence the Formation of Police Suspicion

The present study examines the formation of police suspicion and the mental processes and decisions officers make prior to stopping and questioning citizens. Furthermore, the authors include a brief discussion of the outcomes of stops made. The authors use both quantitative and qualitative data drawn from an observational study of police decision making in Savannah, Georgia. The reasons officers gave for becoming suspicious of citizens were coded into four categories: appearance, behavior, time and place, and information. The results do not support the speculation that it is during this prestop stage in the officers’ decision making when major levels of discrimination take place. However, the authors did uncover some stops based on nonbehavioral criteria, which are potentially problematic. The implications of these findings for understanding police decision making during the prestop stage of the decision-making process are discussed.
Scalar effects of vegetation on bird communities in an urbanizing desert ecosystem

We analyzed how urbanization in a desert ecosystem affects avian distribution at two distinct scales. At the regional level, we compared how urban land use configuration, relative to its surrounding agricultural fields and desert, affected the distribution of native and exotic species. While exotic species are isolated to the city; native species actively utilize the entire region, even occurring at higher densities in the city than in some areas of the desert. We also used this approach to compare four foraging guilds of birds: granivores, nectivores, omnivores, and insectivores. Granivores occurred mostly in agricultural fields and in the surrounding urban areas. Nectivores and omnivores occurred throughout the region, but mostly within the city. In contrast, insectivores occurred mostly in the desert. At a more local scale, we tested how the abundance of native species, exotics species and the foraging guilds of birds responded to vegetation cover measured at varying spatial scales (0.1 km–10 km). Bird guilds responded to vegetation at different scales, depending on the association between their life history and vegetation. Granivore abundance was most strongly correlated with vegetation at relatively fine spatial scales, followed by nectivores and omnivores at larger scales; whereas insectivores did not correlate with vegetation at any scale. Exotic and native species showed strikingly opposite trends in their association with vegetation. Native species showed the best fit at the smallest spatial scale and became insignificant at larger scales, whereas the highest correlation of exotic species with vegetation was at moderate to larger scales. While guild relationship with vegetation appears straightforward, the differences between exotic and native birds may indicate a complex response to environmental factors. Possibly, native species are more sensitive than exotics on vegetation abundance for food and shelter, which in the desert is highly variable depending on water availability. In contrast, exotic species, tightly connected to the urban infrastructure, likely respond to the enhanced and homogenized resource abundance characteristic of desert cities. Our results suggest that relationships between birds and vegetation may bear important information that can be revealed when considering smaller class levels than total species diversity.
Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models with a Finite-Support Random-Effects Distribution: A Maximum-Penalized-Likelihood Approach

We discuss a method for simultaneously estimating the fixed parameters of a generalized linear mixed-effects model and the random-effects distribution of which no parametric assumption is made. In addition, classifying subjects into clusters according to the random regression coefficients is a natural by-product of the proposed method. An alternative approach to maximum-likelihood method, maximum-penalized-likelihood method, is used to avoid estimating “too many” clusters. Consistency and asymptotic normality properties of the estimators are presented. We also provide robust variance estimators of the fixed parameters estimators which remain consistent even in presence of misspecification. The methodology is illustrated by an application to a weight loss study.
Role of the pharmacist on a general medicine acute care for the elderly unit.

Abstract Background The prevalence of prescription medication use increases with age, and older adults are at increased risk of harm from medication use. Objective To describe the role of a pharmacist on a General Medicine Acute Care of the Elderly (GM-ACE) Unit. Methods A job description was prepared, and a clinical pharmacist specializing in internal medicine was re-assigned to participate in multidisciplinary rounds on the ACE unit twice weekly and to work with a unit-based pharmacist assigned to multiple units. The clinical pharmacist also provided formal education on geriatric pharmacotherapy for other health care providers. Interventions were defined as changes in the medical record and provision of drug information. Interventions were tracked with an existing form and sorted by category. Data on interventions were presented to the pharmacy and therapeutics committee routinely. Results After 3 months, the clinical pharmacist accomplished 76 interventions in the areas of agent selection, dose optimization, addition of therapy, deletion of therapy, medication reconciliation, intravenous to oral conversion, technology improvements, and drug information/patient education. Conclusion Expanding the role of the pharmacist in a GM-ACE unit has improved the medication use process in a high-risk population through improvements in medication overuse, medication underuse, dosing, medication reconciliation, patient education, and health care provider education.
Effects of low doses of caffeine on aggressive behavior of male rats

To date, the effect of low doses of caffeine on aggression has not been systematically examined. Doses of caffeine greater than 30 mg/kg appear to reduce social interaction and aggression in all sp...
Acute effects of unilateral ovariectomy in the baboonPapio cynocephalus

The purpose of this study was to determine if steroids secreted by one ovary affected the steroid secretion of the other ovary by direct transportation of the steroids via uterine blood vessels. Either two or three baboons were scheduled for ovariectomy on the day of ovulation and on alternate days from 1–15 days before the expected day of ovulation. Two days before the scheduled ovariectomy, utero-ovarian vein blood from both sides was collected by the use of a laparoscope. Measurement of estradiol (E2) was carried out in these samples. The ovary with a higher concentration of E2 was designated the dominant side. At the time of ovariectomy utero-ovarian vein and uterine vein blood from the two sides was again collected. After removal of the dominant side ovary another sample of utero-ovarian and uterine vein blood was collected. The interval between removal of one ovary and blood collection from the contralateral side ranged from 2–15 min. Steroids E2, progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and androstenedione (A) were measured in the blood plasma. Of the 21 baboons 12, 12, 11, and 10 baboons showed an increase in E2, P, T, and A values, respectively, on the contralateral side after unilateral ovariectomy. The time elapsed between pre-ovariectomy blood collection and post-ovariectomy blood collection as well as the day of the follicular phase, when these samples were collected had no effect on the increases and decreases on the contralateral side. Statistical analysis, however, showed that the change in utero-ovarian vein or uterine vein hormone levels on the contralateral side after removal of one ovary was not significant for any of the four hormones E2, P, T, and A. Thus there is no evidence to demonstrate cross circulation of steroids from one ovary to the other via direct vascular channels.
False lateralization of electrographic onset in the setting of cerebral atrophy

The localization of seizure onset relies on the concordance of clinical, electrographic, and imaging data, often supplemented by corroborating functional studies. On occasion, the presurgical evaluation may yield discordant information. Although the localization of seizure onset is sometimes in doubt, it is rare that the lateralization of the focus is in question. To date, there has been only a single publication on falsely lateralizing ictal EEG onsets in the setting of atrophic lesions. We describe two patients in whom the ictal EEG suggested seizure onset from the hemisphere opposite to the one with a sizeable atrophic lesion. The first patient was operated on without invasive EEG testing. In the second patient, we decided to place subdural electrodes before resection. In each case, resection of the lesion resulted in improvement of intractable seizures.
Sleep, activity, temperature and arousal responses of mice deficient for muscarinic receptor M2 or M4.

Abstract Aims The type 2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) differs from the other G-protein-coupled muscarinic receptor (type 4, or M4R) in tissue distribution and physiologic effects. We studied the impact of these receptors on sleep and arousal by using M2R and M4R knock-out (KO) mice. Main methods M2R and M4R KO and genetically intact mice were compared in terms of normal patterns of sleep, responses to sleep loss, infectious challenge and acoustic startle, and acoustic prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI). Key findings Under basal conditions, M2R and M4R KO mice do not differ from the background strain or each other in the amount or diurnal pattern of sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature. After enforced sleep loss, M2R KO mice, in contrast to the other two strains, show no rebound in slow-wave sleep (SWS) time, although their SWS is consolidated, and they show a greater rebound in time spent in REMS (rapid-eye-movement sleep) and REMS consolidation. During influenza infection, M2R KO mice, as compared with the other strains, show marked hypothermia and a less robust increase in SWS. During Candida albicans infection, M2R KO mice show a greater increase in SWS and a greater inflammatory response than do the other strains. M2R KO mice also show greater acoustic startle amplitude than does the background strain, although PPI was not different across the 3 strains over a range of stimulus intensities. Significance Taken together, these findings support different roles for M2R and M4R in the modulation of sleep and arousal during homeostatic challenge.
Guidelines for Intervention, III

In this chapter, factors affecting the gay community are addressed. Prevention and intervention outcomes are presented first, followed by some of the key issues that affect sexual risk-taking, such as the use of alcohol and other drugs, trauma history, partner coercion, grief, and loss. Issues that arise in treatment with clients who are living with AIDS or who are partners of HIV-infected individuals are presented. Death, dying, and grief in the gay community are also discussed.
Aerodynamic design via optimization

An aerodynamic design optimization method is presented that generates an airfoil, producing a specified surface pressure distribution at a transonic speed. The design procedure is based on the coupled Euler and boundary-layer technology to include the rotational viscous physics which characterizes transonic flows. A leastsquare optimization technique is used to minimize pressure discrepancies between the target and designed airfoils. The method is demonstrated with several examples at transonic speeds. The design optimization process converges quickly, that makes the method attractive for practical engineering applications. I. Introduction I N recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a valuable engineering tool in the aircraft industry. CFD plays a complementary role, not a replacement, to experiments in practical design communities. Rubbert1 showed some good examples of the use of CFD and experiment, in combination, for transonic design. A major strength of CFD is the ability to produce detailed insights into complex flow phenomena. The process of decomposition and parameterization can help identify the cause of weak aerodynamic performance, and the microscopic understanding of the flow can lead to improved design. Continuing advances in computer hardware and simulation techniques provide an unprecedented opportunity for CFD. Now simulations of more complete configurations with more complex physics can be performed at an affordable cost. Accuracy and reliability of the computation have been continuously improved. The use of high-level flow models and large-size refined grids enables one to analyze flows with complicated structures and various length scales. Compared to the remarkable advances in analysis capability, however, relatively few advances have been made in design technology. Conventional design practices, therefore, often depend on analysis methods through iterative cut-and-try approaches. A unique advantage of CFD is the capability of inverse design. Inverse design directly determines the airfoil geometry that produces the pressure distribution specified by a designer. Many existing inverse design methods are based on the potential flow assumption due to its simplicity. Volpe and Melnik2 employed an inverse design method using the nonlinear full potential formulation. Bauer and colleagues3 used the hodograph method that solves the full potential equation in the hodograph plane where the equations are linear. The potential flow model, however, cannot properly represent transonic features such as embedded shock waves and shock-boundarylayer interactions. An accurate analytic capability is a prerequisite for a successful design, because the quality of the design depends on the quality of the method used to predict the flowfield. Several inverse design methods were demonstrated using the Euler formulations by Giles and Drela,4 and Mani.5 Instead of achieving the prescribed pressure distribution, some design methods use a constrained optimization process
On the dimension of an APN code

A map f?:?V:?=?GF(2 m ) ? V is APN (almost perfect nonlinear) if its directional derivatives in nonzero directions are all 2-to-1. If m is greater than 2 and f vanishes at 0, then this derivative condition is equivalent to the condition that the binary linear code of length 2 m ???1, whose parity check matrix has jth column equal to ${\omega^j \brack f(\omega^j)}$ , is double-error-correcting, where ? is primitive in V. Carlet et al. (Designs Codes Cryptogr 15:125---156, 1998) proved that this code has dimension 2 m ???1???2m; but their indirect proof uses a subtle argument involving general code parameter bounds to show that a double-error correcting code of this length could not be larger. We show here that this result follows immediately from a well-known result on bent functions ...a subject dear to the heart of Jacques Wolfmann.