cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schleiermacher and Reformed Scholastics on the Divine Attributes

Schleiermacher's doctrine of the divine attributes has been controversial from its day until the present, with various nineteenth- and twentieth-century figures seeing it as a theological novum. Recent work has clarified Schleiermacher's understanding of the status of the attributes, challenging the simplistic readings of his critics. However, the charge of novelty still has not been addressed. I argue in response to this charge that Schleiermacher's doctrine is best explained as an inheritance of the Reformed tradition. Not only is Schleiermacher's doctrine of the divine attributes nearly identical to that of his Reformed Scholastic predecessors, but Schleiermacher holds the same conceptions for the same reasons.
Social Media Use in Organizations: Exploring the Affordances of Visibility, Editability, Persistence, and Association

The use of social media technologies—such as blogs, wikis, social networking sites, social tagging, and microblogging—is proliferating at an incredible pace. One area of increasing adoption is orga...
Nonoblivious Normalization Algorithms for Nonlinear Rewrite Systems

Term rewriting systems provide a very important computational paradigm with widespread applications. The fundamental problem in computing with term rewriting systems is normalization. Consequently, efficient algorithms for finding normal forms of given terms have been the subject of considerable research. However most known normalization algorithms are oblivious, i.e., they do not remember earlier computations and so they are likely to repeat them. In this paper, we present new nonoblivious normalization algorithms for several important classes of confluent rewrite systems. These are the first such algorithms which do not require left-linearity from the rewrite system. We devise and prove certain strong structural properties of reductions in nonlinear systems for justifying the steps in our algorithms. Two interesting consequences of our work are as follows. First, in the absence of overlaps left-linearity can be exchanged with termination for nonoblivious normalization. In analogy, note that for confluence also the same exchange holds in the absence of overlaps. Second, we have devised a new technique for proving certain strong properties of reductions in rewrite systems. This technique appears to be useful for proving other properties also.
Capacitive blade tip clearance measurements for a micro gas turbine

The efficiency of a gas turbine has an inverse relationship with the clearance between the rotor blades and the casing. Recent efforts in miniaturization of micro gas turbine engines have created new challenge in tip clearance measurement. This paper describes the development of a tip clearance measurement system, based on capacitive measurement for a palm-top micro gas turbine engine. The sensor uses a ratio-metric measurement principle with synchronous detector to measure the average tip clearance between the rotor blades and the casing. A surface modification of the nonconductive compressor is used to create an electrode opposing the casing. A measurement range of 100 /spl mu/m was achieved with a resolution of 0.8 /spl mu/m.
Cryogenic gamma detectors enable direct detection of 236 U and minor actinides for non-destructive assay

We demonstrate the utility of a superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) γ-ray detector with high energy resolution and low Compton background for non-destructive assay (NDA) of a uranium sample from reprocessed nuclear fuel. We show that TES γ-detectors can separate low-energy actinide γ-emissions from the background and nearby lines, even from minor isotopes whose signals are often obscured in NDA with conventional Ge detectors. Superconducting γ-detectors may therefore bridge the gap between high-accuracy destructive assay (DA) and easier-to-use NDA.
Contractors and the Ultimate Sacrifice

This brief article quantifies how, in Iraq and Afghanistan, contractor personnel increasingly have made the ultimate sacrifice alongside, or in lieu of, service members. The enormity of the contractor sacrifice gives pause - more than 2,000 contractors have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan. But what is more striking is that contractors are bearing an increasing proportion of the annual death toll. In the first half of 2010, more contractors died in Iraq and Afghanistan supporting the war effort than members of the U.S. military waging these wars.
Developmental and Service Trajectories of Students with Disabilities Recommended for Expulsion from School

Forty-one students who had special education histories and who were recommended for expulsion in one district were grouped and described according to their disability, onset of services, and services trajectory. Most students exhibited additional emotional and behavioral risk factors or were experiencing stressful family circumstances. The age at which special education services were initiated was related to case complexity and possible confusion about how best to serve the student within the context of special education services. Conduct problems that accompanied disabling conditions were likely to lead to full expulsion hearings or dismissal from special education services. These observations are discussed in the context of school systems' dilemma of balancing safe school environments with their obligation to service students with disabilities.
Gas separation membranes: A novel application for conducting polymers

Abstract Gas permeability values are reported for films of the conducting polymer polyaniline in the emeraldine oxidation state. Substantial improvements in gas selectivity, when compared to literature values, were observed for all gas pairs studied (He/N2, H2/N2, O2/N2, CO2/CH4). The doping procedure which enables conductivity in the film was found to cause significant concurrent changes in the film morphology which resulted in improved gas separations. These morphological changes primarily influence the permeant diffusivity as shown by comparison to the kinetic diameter of the permeant. The potential for development of conducting polymer membranes with precisely controlled morphology is clearly indicated, allowing optimization of films for any gas separation.
Changes in protein‐bound, complex‐bound, and ionized calcium related to parathyroid hormone levels in healthy donors during plateletapheresis

In order to relate changes in protein-bound and complex-bound calcium to levels of citrate and secretion of parathyroid hormone during mild hypocalcemia, total, ultrafiltrable, and ionized calcium were measured in 13 apparently healthy donors during plateletapheresis. Carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone was measured in seven of the donors, and both amino-terminal and intact parathyroid hormone assays were done on one donor. Mean concentrations of total and ionized calcium decreased during most of the procedure, as did total protein, albumin, and phosphorus. Complexed calcium increased, which was attributed to the large increases in citrate levels. Protein-bound calcium decreased more than other forms of calcium, even allowing for the decrease expected from hemodilution. The carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone response varied among different donors, but on the average, decreased slightly before gradually rising during the citrate-induced hypocalcemia. These findings suggest that calcium citrate does not affect the secretion of parathyroid hormone, and that at least a portion of protein-bound calcium is readily exchangeable and possibly influenced by the hormone.
Recovery of Locomotion and Skilled Forelimb Function After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: Effects of Transplants and Neurotrophic Factors

Spinal cord injury (SCI) removes descending input to spinal cord circuitry and results in loss of function below the level of injury. Interventions designed to increase the intrinsic capacity of CNS neurons for growth and other interventions to create a favorable environment at and below the lesion site result in increased regrowth and recovery of function. It is unlikely that any single intervention will restore function completely. After SCI in rats, transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue and the exogenous application of neurotrophic factors restore supraspinal input and permit recovery of skilled movement and locomotion. Delay of treatment leads to greater axon regeneration and recovery of function than immediate application of transplants and neurotrophic factors.
Recent advances in modeling stress distributions in multilayers subjected to biaxial flexure tests

Although biaxial flexure tests have been used extensively to measure the strength of brittle materials, the tests and analyses have been limited to materials of uniform properties. Despite the increasing applications of multilayered structures, characterization of their strengths using biaxial flexure tests has been difficult because the analytical description of the strength-fracture load relation for multilayers subjected to biaxial flexure tests is unavailable. The newly derived closed-form solutions for the elastic stress distributions in multilayered discs subjected to ring-on-ring tests are summarized here. These solutions are obtained by (i) finding the correlation between monolayered and multilayered discs subjected to biaxial bending moment and (ii) conversion from the existing solutions for monolayers. Using this methodology, the closed-form solutions for multilayers subjected to other biaxial flexure tests can also be obtained. Finite element results for ring-on-rings tests performed on (i) porcelain/zirconia bilayered discs and (ii) solid oxide fuel cells trilayered discs are also presented to validate the closed-form solutions. The closed-form solutions hence provide a basis for evaluating biaxial strength of multilayers using biaxial flexure tests.
Comment on "Climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene" by Previdi et al. (2011)

Abstract. Attention is called to several inconsistencies and errors in the definition and interpretation of quantities relating to climate sensitivity and feedbacks in the discussions paper "Climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene" by Previdi et al. (2011).
Hypertension in a Child With Type IA Glycogen Storage Disease

Hypertension and proteinuria were observed in a 2-year-old child with type IA (von Gierke's) glycogen storage disease (GSD). She had evidence of hyperfiltration and had elevated selective renal vein renins. On renal biopsy, increased mesangial cell matrix and cellularity were observed with focal thickening and irregularity of the basement membrane. This case may be representative of the early renal findings in type IA GSD.
Instrumented impact testing of glass reinforced polypropylene

The impact response of a glass fiber reinforced polypropylene was studied in a 3-point drop-weight impact test between −15 and 85°C and at a constant impact velocity of 2.2 m/s (5 mph). The response is a combination of tension and shear and can be expressed in terms of an apparent modulus, EA: 1 . Where E11 is the tensile modulus, G12: shear modulus, d: specimen thickness, and l: specimen length. For a 40 weight-percent glass reinforced polypropylene, E11 was found to have a room temperature value of 5.8 GPa, and shear modulus of 0.43 GPa. Both decreased with temperature increase, with the shear modulus showing greater sensitivity to a temperature change. The fracture initiation and propagation energies were relatively independent of temperature. The fracture initiation energy per unit deformed volume was of the order of 1 MJ/m3. The total fracture energy was found to be sensitive to l/d: about 7 MJ/m3 at l/d of 5.3 and about 1.7 MJ/ m3 at l/d of 16.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 improved Sorghum plant water status by ameliorating the adverse effects of drought

○ The interactive effects of atmospheric CO 2 concentration and soil-water content on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are reported here. ○ Sorghum plants were exposed to ambient (control) and free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE; ambient + 200 μmol mol -1 ), under ample (wet, 100% replacement of evapotranspiration) and reduced (dry, postplanting and mid-season irrigations) water supply over two growing seasons. ○ FACE reduced seasonal average stomatal conductance (g s ) by 0.17 mol (H 2 O) m -2 s -1 (32% and 37% for dry and wet, respectively) compared with control; this was similar to the difference between dry and wet treatments. FACE increased net assimilation rate (A) by 4.77 μmol (CO 2 ) m -2 s -1 (23% and 9% for dry and wet, respectively), whereas dry decreased A by 10.50 μmol (CO 2 ) m -2 s -1 (26%) compared with wet. Total plant water potential (ψ w ) was 0.16 MPa (9%) and 0.04 MPa (3%) less negative in FACE than in the control treatment for dry and wet, respectively. Under dry, FACE stimulated final shoot biomass by 15%. ○ By ameliorating the adverse effects of drought, elevated atmospheric CO 2 improved plant water status, which indirectly caused an increase in carbon gain.
Psychological Criteria Are Outcome Measures as Well as Prognostic Factors

Psychological criteria are important in selecting patients for spinal cord stimulation (SCS), as detailed in the Focus article by Nelson et al. It is useful to broaden our focus, however, and con­ sider the range of purposes for which psychological evaluation, including standardized testing, has been used in chronic pain patients: characterizing popula­ tions of patients with chronic pain, and evaluating responses to treatment, before we undertake predicting responses to treatment, so as to enhance our selection of patients.
The coevolution of gene family trees

Gene duplication mutants arise spontaneously at a high rate in bacteria, bacteriophages, insects and mammalian cells, and are generally viable. Thus, the rate-limiting step in the evolutionary process of gene duplication and divergence was probably not gene duplication per se. Rather, it is likely that only a small fraction of all duplicated genes were retained, and were able to diverge into new specificities. Furthermore, gene duplications and functionally related gene families often show similarities in divergence dates, functional specificities, and phylogenetic tree topologies. These correlations suggest that the family trees of functionally related gene families co-evolved because functionally complementary gene duplication and divergence events tended to be retained by natural selection.
Lanostane-type triterpenoids from the roots of Kadsura coccinea.

Seven new lanostane-type triterpenoids, seco-coccinic acids A−F (1−6) and coccinilactone A (7), were isolated from the roots of Kadsura coccinea. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configuration at C-24 of compound 5 was confirmed by the modified Mosher’s method. The cell growth inhibitory effects of these compounds were determined in human leukemia HL-60 cells, and it was found that compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 exhibited antiproliferative effects with GI50 values ranging from 6.8 to 42.1 µM.
Shop floor practices under changing forms of managerial control: A comparative ethnographic study of micro-politics, control and resistance within a Japanese multinational

Abstract This paper presents an ethnographic study of micro-politics, control and resistance within a Japanese multinational. The transfer of management practices within a multinational is a theoretically interesting context in which to examine these processes. The study reveals how micro-political strategies were sustained and resisted within different contexts, drawing on concepts of contextual rationality, contested rationality, institutional theory, labor process theory and recent theorizing of control processes within the multinational.
Forced to quit: Sexual harassment complaints and agency response

Sexual harassment has moved from back room to courtroom and from fun to fines. What used to be a joke has been discovered to be institutionalized within the workplace. With this discovery has come the realization that the phenomenon of sexual harassment has dimensions and implications for the efficiency and well-being of workers previously hidden and ignored. The workplace has traditionally been sexually segregated, and a 1982 study (Bielby & Baran, 1982) has pointed out that such segregation remains virtually unchanged. A number of theories have attempted to account for this phenomenon, but there is increasing evidence that a partial explanation is the extent and effect of sexual harassment. What is sexual harassment? In general, it has been defined to mean unwanted sexually oriented behavior by someone in a work context. What it means in reality, however, has been rather vague and ambiguous. The objectives of this study are to examine the types of cases filed with a state enforcement agency and the outcomes of these cases. This examination is based on cases field with the San Bernardino County Office of the California Fair Employment and Housing Department between January 1, 1979, and December 31, 1983. Eighty-eight cases are described and analyzed, and four dimensions of sexual harassment complaint are discussed: the complaints, the perpetrators, the behavior, and the agency action. Previous studies have focused primarily upon the victim. This research examines the situational context and agency responses. Employers will thus be better educated as to the social reality of sexual harassment, and thus be better equipped to enforce the legislation designed to eliminate this type of behavior.
Direct Bidirectional μ-Opioid Control of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is required for the rewarding and motivational actions of opioids and activation of dopamine neurons has been implicated in these effects. The canonical model posits that opioid activation of VTA dopamine neurons is indirect, through inhibition of GABAergic inputs. However, VTA dopamine neurons also express postsynaptic μ-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. We report here that in Sprague Dawley rat, the MOP receptor-selective agonist DAMGO (0.5-3 μM) depolarized or increased the firing rate of 87 of 451 VTA neurons (including 22 of 110 dopamine neurons). This DAMGO excitation occurs in the presence of GABAA receptor blockade and its EC50 value is two orders of magnitude lower than for presynaptic inhibition of GABA release on to VTA neurons. Consistent with a postsynaptic channel opening, excitations were accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. Excitations were blocked by CdCl2 (100 μM, n = 5) and ω-agatoxin-IVA (100 nM, n = 3), nonselective and Cav2.1 Ca(2+) channel blockers, respectively. DAMGO also produced a postsynaptic inhibition in 233 of 451 VTA neurons, including 45 of 110 dopamine neurons. The mean reversal potential of the inhibitory current was -78 ± 7 mV and inhibitions were blocked by the K(+) channel blocker BaCl2 (100 μM, n = 7). Blockade of either excitation or inhibition unmasked the opposite effect, suggesting that MOP receptors activate concurrent postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory processes in most VTA neurons. These results provide a novel direct mechanism for MOP receptor control of VTA dopamine neurons.
FAUST observations of ultraviolet sources in the directions of NGC 4038–39 and 6752

This article discusses an analysis of ultraviolet observations with the FAUST shuttle-borne telescope toward the Antennae and NGC 6752 celestial regions resulting in the detection of 46 and 221 candidate sources respectively, for a signal-to-noise ratio of 8.
Accuracy in Coronary Graft Flow Measurement

Abstract A blood flow calibration apparatus is described for use with electromagnetic flow probes. It is an automatic gravity-flow system, which provides a constant level and therefore constant flow at any preset rate. On several occasions, the use of this device has helped to determine whether flow probes require simple adjustment, factory repair, or replacement. Using this system, a systematic error in the manufacturer's "precalibration" averaging +22% (range, 9 to 50%) has been discovered, and appropriate corrections have been made. The accuracy of these corrections has been confirmed by a rapid, in vivo method of calibration, which also is described and which can be carried out during the conduct of aortocoronary bypass operation. It is recommended that all groups measuring coronary graft flow become familiar with their electromagnetic flowmeter and probes by means such as those described, in the interest of accurate flow measurement after bypass operation.
Properties of single calcium‐activated potassium channels in cultured rat muscle

1. Properties of the Ca-activated K channel were studied in excised patches of surface membrane from cultured rat muscle cells using single channel recording techniques.2. Increasing the concentration of calcium at the intracellular membrane surface [Ca](i), increased both the frequency and effective duration of channel openings. Ca at the extracellular membrane surface was not sufficient to activate the channels.3. An approximate third power relationship (slope = 2.7) was observed between [Ca](i) and the percentage of time the channels spent in the open state.4. Both the frequency and effective duration of channel openings increased as the intracellular membrane surface was made more positive; the percentage of time spent in the open state increased e-fold for a 15 mV depolarization for low levels of activity.5. The percentage of time spent with 1, 2,...n channels open in membrane patches with n channels was described by the binomial distribution, suggesting that the channels opened and shut independently of one another.6. Single channel conductance (144 mM-K on both sides of the membrane) was essentially independent of membrane potential (-50 to +50 mV) and [Ca](i) (0.1 muM -1 mM), but did increase with temperature, from 100 pS at 1 degrees C to 300 pS at 37 degrees C.7. Channel activity occurred in apparent bursts, with the duration of the apparent bursts increasing with increasing [Ca](i).8. Two exponentials were required to describe the distribution of observed channel open times, suggesting two different open channel states of apparently normal conductance. The observed mean channel open time of these states at +30 mV was 0.34 and 2.2 msec with 0.1 muM-Ca(i) and was 0.47 and 6.9 msec with 0.5 muM-Ca(i).9. The channel occasionally entered an apparent third open channel state with a single channel current amplitude about 40% the amplitude of the normally observed single channel currents. The reduced conductance state was immediately preceded and followed by a normal conducting state.10. While the kinetics of the Ca-activated K channel appear complex, its large conductance and high Ca and voltage sensitivity suggest that it is uniquely suited to resist depolarizations of the cell membrane potential that are accompanied by increases in intracellular Ca.
CFD investigation of powdered vaccine and gas dynamics in biolistic gun

Abstract This paper presents the development of a new device for powder DNA/vaccine delivery system to human skin. The device consists of a convergent–divergent (C–D) nozzle followed by a constant area mixing duct. It accelerates helium gas to supersonic speeds in the C–D nozzle. The particles are entrained from parallel inlet which in turn energizes the boundary layer to prevent flow separation that has been observed in the existing devices. Further, the supersonic flow accelerates the powder micro solid particles through the constant area mixing duct to high speeds sufficient to breach the stratum corneum layer of the human skin to achieve the pharmaceutical effect. The dynamics of the gas/particles flow have been studied numerically to achieve the maximum particle impact velocity. Three different types of micro particles are tested, two of which are gold of diameters 1.8 and 5 μm and the third is polystyrene of diameter 38 μm. Numerical results obtained using semi-empirical particle penetration calculation confirms that the first type of microparticles penetrate distance ranging from 20 to 50 μm and the second type achieve depth from 20 to 57 μm. The third type of microparticles penetrates a distance ranging from 20 to 60 μm beneath the skin. The new device design reduces gas delivery pressure which is required to achieve the same impact conditions compared to the previous devices by 33%. The effect of different parameters on the particle impact conditions are also studied through a series of parametric studies of the driver gas pressure, the device length to diameter ratio (L/D), the particle type. We tested also the use of air instead of helium as driver gas and gas swirling effect. A semi-empirical particles penetration and particle impact parameter (PIP) calculation show a good agreement compared to experimental data.
System dynamic performance: Robust stabilization of controls over a range of operating conditions

This paper presents a novel approach to analyse stability robustness of controls in power systems over a range of operating conditions. The controls considered include exciters, power system stabilizers, and governors. The analytical basis for the approach is presented. The robustness framework for power systems is formulated. Numerical results for a sample test system are obtained and compared with those obtained by conventional techniques.
Psychological and personal predictors of leadership behavior in female soccer athletes

Abstract This study was conducted to identify the personal and psychological characteristics which are associated with emergent team leadership among female athletes. High school soccer players (N = 106) completed a series of inventories designed to assess their perceptions of competence, sex-role orientation, competitive trait anxiety, and global self-worth. Athletes' actual sport competence was measured through Coaches' ratings. Leadership behavior was assessed through the use of personal, peer, and coach ratings on the Sport Leadership Behavior Inventory (SLBI). Multivariate and univariate regression analyses revealed that athletes who were high in perceived soccer competence, femininity, and masculinity rated themselves higher in leadership ability than did athletes who scored low on these same psychological characteristics. Athletes who were rated high in leadership ability by their peers exhibited high levels of competitive trait anxiety, masculinity, skill, and penxived soccer competence. In contra...
Effect of methionine deprivation on L5178Y murine leukemia cells in culture interference with the antineoplastic effect of methotrexate.

Abstract L5178Y cells in culture have a requirement for l -methionine which cannot be satisfied by supplying the components necessary for de novo biosynthesis [1]. Methionine deprivation produced a rapid and progressive loss of cell viability (30°o by 6 hr: 90°o by 24 hr). Cells which remained viable after being deprived of methionine could be rescued by l -methionine supplementation. L5178Y cells in culture were also highly sensitive to the folate antagonist, methotrexate. Exposure to a concentration of 10−6 M for 6 hr resulted in a 95–97°o loss of viability. However, if cells were deprived of methionine for 6 hr before exposure to methotrexate, the methotrexate effect was reduced. The cell-killing effect of melhotrexate was blocked by longer intervals of methionine deprivation. If the deprived cells were resupplied with the amino acid, the effect of methotrexate was still reduced for at least 12 hr following the methionine resupplementation.
Resorcinarenes as Templates: A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Large Macrocycles

The concept that resorcinarenes can be used as templates for the synthesis of large macrocycles is introduced. By way of example, previously inaccessible, aromatic crown ethers compounds are synthesized.
Infectious complications of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: pathogenesis, spectrum of infection, preventive approaches

Infectious complications continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The pathogenesis of infections in these patients is multifactorial, related to inherent immune defects and therapy-related immunosuppression. Hypogammaglobulinaemia is an important predisposing factor for infection in all patients. The use of the purine analogues such as fludarabine, and monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab and alemtuzumab, has introduced a new spectrum of infectious complications caused by pathogens such as Pneumocystis , Listeria , mycobacteria, herpesviruses Candida and Aspergillus , related to the cellular immune suppression induced by these agents. This review focusses on the pathogenesis and risk factors for infections in patients with CLL, the spectrum of infectious complications and preventive approaches to infection in these patients, using antimicrobial and immunoglobulin prophylaxis and vaccination strategies.
Economic and social correlates of handicraft selling in Tonga

Abstract Although tourism has stimulated employment opportunities in many Pacific island nations, some scholars argue that it has been at the expense of individual pride, cultural values and traditional occupations. Few scholars, however, have investigated whether such traditional occupations are actually available to all segments of contemporary Pacific island populations. Detailed examination of the economic options and activities of itinerant handicraft sellers in Tonga suggests that overpopulation and land shortages severely restrict participation in traditional occupations. Handicraft selling is consequently viewed by many Tongans as an immediate source of much needed cash, having low costs for the producer and providing freedom to participate in other socioeconomic and village activities.
Computational representation of lattice operators

Computational mathematical morphology is extended to provide computational representations of increasing and nonincreasing windowed translation-invariant operators of the form (psi) : LN yields M, where L and M are complete lattices. Representations are grounded on the Riemann zeta function and provide lattice-valued extensions of the classical disjunctive- normal-form, reduced, and positive logical representations. Both direct and dual representations are given. Representations are morphological because they involve elemental forms of erosion, dilation, or the hit-or-miss transform.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Open channel noise. III: High-resolution recordings show rapid current fluctuations in gramicidin A and four chemical analogues

Using a technique for high-resolution recording of currents from lipid bilayers, we have measured the current fluctuations in open channels formed by gramicidin A (GA) and the four analogues L-Ala7-GA, L-Leu5-GA, con D-Leu5a-L-Ala5b-GA and, des-L-Val7-D-Val8-GA. Over the frequency range 40 Hz-20 kHz the fluctuations in each type of channel showed flat (frequency independent) spectral densities which ranged from 1.1 to 2.4 times the value expected from shot noise. Larger values were obtained at 200 mV membrane potential than at 100 mV, and with 200 mM CsCl than with 1 M CsCl as the bath solution. A likely explanation for the excess noise would be the existence of brief interruptions in the channel current lasting less than 3 microseconds.
Scalpel for operations on patients possibly infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

A scalpel has been designed to reduce the risk of inadvertent inoculation of a member of the surgical team during open surgical procedures by blood infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sharp point at the end of the blade has been removed, and a rounded section substituted (Fig. 1). Except for such procedures as lancing a boil, the traditional point on a standard scalpel no longer serves a real purpose, since surgeons are taught to dissect and divide tissue with the belly of the blade. In fact, it may well be that the more curved surface that is available for cutting, the more useful and versatile the knifeblade. Until such a blade is manufactured, surgeons operating in areas of high risk may, in addition to having the scrub nurse pass the knife on a tray, be well-advised to grind off the very sharp point on a sterile whetstone on the nurse’s table before starting any surgical procedure. FIGURE 1. Rounded blade of scalpel.
Numerical treatment of the stability of plasma confinement configurations

The stabilizing effect of the ion-ion collisions on the collisional types of interchange instability has been recently reported (COPPI and ROSENBLUTH, 1966). Here the problem is rediscussed presenting the numerical solution of the relevant normal mode equations and the analytical steps which have led to the mentioned results. From the mathematical point of view the problem can be reduced to the solution of an eigenvalue problem which involves a second-order differential equation in which the eigenvalue is complex and appears in a highly non-linear fashion. The numerical programme solving this problem gives, for each set of input parameters, a systematic check on the consistency of the approximations made in deriving the above mentioned normal mode equations from the Vlasov equation with a Krook collision operator.
Crystal structure and bonding in the high-pressure form of fluorite (CaF2)

Abstract Single crystals of CaF2 in the PbCl2 structure were grown at high pressure in a molten calcium hydroxide flux, and the structure was refined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (Pnma, a=6.018(2) A, b=3.614(1) A, c=7.023(2) A). Calcium is in nine-coordination in this structure, with Ca–F distances range from 2.317 to 2.774 A. The two distinct fluorine atoms are in four and five coordination with calcium. Both the ambient pressure fluorite phase and the high pressure phase of CaF2 have calcium in a close-packed configuration, cubic in fluorite and hexagonal in the PbCl2 phase. This allows a simple comparison of the Ca arrays between the two phases. It is found that the close-packed array in the PbCl2 phase is contracted along a and b by 4.7 and 6.6%, respectively, and elongated along c by 4.8%, relative to the close-packed array in fluorite.
Electrospun blends of gelatin and gelatin-dendrimer conjugates as a wound-dressing and drug-delivery platform.

In this work, we report a new nanofiber construct based on electrospun blends of gelatin and gelatin–dendrimer conjugates. Highly branched star-shaped polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer G3.5 was covalently conjugated to gelatin via EDC/NHS chemistry. Blends of gelatin and gelatin–dendrimer conjugates mixed with various loading levels of silver acetate (0, 0.83, 1.65, and 3.30% w/w) were successfully electrospun into nanofiber constructs (NCs). The NCs were further converted into semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPNs) with photoreactive polyethylene glycol diacrylate (Mn = 575 g mol–1) (PEG DA575). They were characterized in terms of fiber morphology, diameter, pore size, permeability, degradation, and mechanical properties. The resulting sIPN NCs retained nanofiber morphology, possessed similar fiber diameters to counterpart NCs, and gained improved structural stability. The sIPN NCs also showed good swelling capacity owing to porous structures and were permeable to aqueous solutions. Silver-containing sIPN...
The 52-week high and momentum investing in international stock indexes

Abstract A commonly held view is that short-term momentum and long-term reversals in returns are an integrated process [e.g., Barberis, N., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1998). A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics, 49, 307–343; Daniel, K., Hirshleifer, D., & Subrahmanyam, A. (1998). Investor psychology and security market under- and over-reaction. Journal of Finance, 53, 1839–1886; Hong, H., & Stein, J. C. (1999). A unified theory of underreaction, momentum trading, and overreaction in asset markets. Journal of Finance, 54, 2143–2184]. Recently, George and Hwang [George, T. J., & Hwang, C. (2004). The 52-week high and momentum investing. Journal of Finance, 59, 2145–2176] strikingly find that momentum and reversals are largely separate phenomena. Due to the critical importance of this finding to theoretical asset pricing and practical investment decisions, we examine this issue in international stock markets. Differently from George and Hwang (2004), we find that their conclusions may be open to question because momentum and reversals co-exist in the international stock indexes.
Changes in oropharyngeal cavity size of dysarthric children.

Subjects were six cerebral palsied children with significant velopharyngeal dysfunction. The following hypothesis was tested: no decrease in the oropharyngeal cavity size will occur during vowel pr...
Sequence analysis of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar α dynein gene

Flagellar outer row dynein ATPases have been used extensively as model systems for studies of microtubule-based motility. Previously full-length sequences were only available for two of the three catalytic heavy-chain subunits (DHCs) of this enzyme. We have completed the sequence of an 18-kb genomic region encoding the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar outer row dynein alpha heavy chain. Unlike the beta- and gamma-subunits, DHC alpha is not required for assembly of other outer row dynein proteins, except for a tightly associated light chain, and thus occupies a unique position within this enzyme complex. The predicted 4,499 residue protein retains sequence homology to other dynein heavy chains throughout its central and C-terminal regions but lacks homology to any other dyneins in the first 1,000 amino acids, which may account for its unusual assembly properties. This N-terminal domain of DHC alpha contains a repetitive sequence rich in alanines, prolines, and glutamic acids. Within the more homologous C-terminal region, which includes the catalytic domain, three short sequences unique to DHC alpha may account for its specific catalytic properties and in vivo phosphorylation pattern.
Heterojunction GexSi1-x/Si infrared detectors and focal plane arrays

Heterojunction Ge[sub x]Si[sub 1[minus]x]/Si internal-photoemission infrared detectors are being developed for multispectral imaging in the middle-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral bands. The detectors, which are fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy of degenerately doped Ge[sub x]Si[sub 1[minus]x] heteroepitaxial layers on Si, exhibit high responsivity uniformity, low dark-current noise, tunable cutoff wavelength out to 25 [mu]m, and excellent producibility. High-quality MWIR and LWIR thermal imagery has been obtained for 320- x 244- and 400- x 400-element focal plane arrays consisting of Ge[sub x]Si[sub 1[minus]x]/Si detectors with cutoff wavelength of [approximately]10[mu]m and monolithic CCD readout circuitry.
Temperature dependence of critical currents in Nb/InAs/Nb Josephson junction arrays

We study extreme geometries in the field of 2DEG-coupled Josephson Junctions, at dilution refrigerator temperatures. The 2DEG is a continuous layer of InAs that contacts an overlying array of niobium stripes. The temperature dependence of other S–Semi–S systems has been studied in relatively small geometries. Our junctions are in a new regime with widths to 1mm and lengths of 1.5μm. We find temperature-dependences of the critical current, Ic, that are difficult to fit consistently with theories used for other InAs-based junctions.
Diagnostics for strategic decisions

Abstract Decisions were analyzed to identify how diagnostics and types of direction influence the success of decision making. Diagnostics compare performance to norms, creating quantitative or qualitative performance gaps, or make impressionistic observations. Directions were set as an idea, problem, target or reframing. Decision adoption rates, decision value, and timeliness were used to determine the success of these diagnostics and direction setting types. Reframing was found to be the most successful type of direction but was seldom used by decision makers. Targets were also quite successful. Directions based on problems and ideas were the least successful but these tactics were used far more often than targets or reframing. The diagnostics applied by decision makers also influenced decision success, with quantitative performance gaps producing the best results. Decision makers using an idea direction prefer qualitative diagnostics, although quantitative diagnostics were more successful. Problem directions were somewhat more successful with qualitative diagnostics, but were very inefficient. Target directions were successful only with quantitative diagnostics. Unlike the other types of directions, reframing was very successful when used with each diagnostic.
The Lower Ionosphere

There are two well-defined regions in the lower part of the ionosphere. One of these (the $D$ region) extends from 35-65 km, the other (the $C$ region) lies between 2-30 km. They have been detected by the use of a very short pulse of the order of 3 microseconds and a receiving set with a small time lag. The ground and reflected pulses are separated by using a rapid sweep on a cathode-ray oscilloscope. Similar results have been obtained by Watson-Watt, Mitra and their co-workers.
Ad and the Supercompactness of $\aleph_1$

Since the discovery of forcing in the early sixties, it has been clear that many natural and interesting mathematical questions are not decidable from the classical axioms of set theory, ZFC. Therefore some mathematicians have been studying the consequences of stronger set theoretic assumptions. Two new types of axioms that have been the subject of much research are large cardinal axioms and axioms asserting the determinacy of definable games. The two appear at first glance to be unrelated; one of the most surprising discoveries of recent research is that this is not the case. In this paper we will be assuming the axiom of determinacy (AD) plus the axiom of dependent choice (DC). AD is false, since it contradicts the axiom of choice. However every set in L [ R ] is ordinal definable from a real. Our axiom that definable games are determined implies that every game in L [ R ] is determined (in V ), and since a strategy is a real, it is determined in L [ R ]. That is, L [ R ] ⊨ AD. The axiom of choice implies L [ R ] ⊨ DC. So by embedding ourselves in L [ R ], we can assume AD + DC and begin proving theorems. These theorems true in L [ R ] imply corresponding theorems in V , by e.g. changing “every set” to “every set in L [ R ]”. For more information on AD as an axiom, and on some of the points touched on here, the reader should consult [14], particularly §§7D and 8I. In this paper L [ R ] will no longer even be mentioned. We just assume AD for the rest of the paper.
Ligand binding to heme proteins: connection between dynamics and function.

Ligand binding to heme proteins is studied by using flash photolysis over wide ranges in time (100 ns-1 ks) and temperature (10-320 K). Below about 200 K in 75% glycerol/water solvent, ligand rebinding occurs from the heme pocket and is nonexponential in time. The kinetics is explained by a distribution, g(H), of the enthalpic barrier of height H between the pocket and the bound state. Above 170 K rebinding slows markedly. Previously we interpreted the slowing as a "matrix process" resulting from the ligand entering the protein matrix before rebinding. Experiments on band III, an inhomogeneously broadened charge-transfer band near 760 nm (approximately 13,000 cm-1) in the photolyzed state (Mb*) of (carbonmonoxy)myoglobin (MbCO), force us to reinterpret the data. Kinetic hole-burning measurements on band III in Mb* establish a relation between the position of a homogeneous component of band III and the barrier H. Since band III is red-shifted by 116 cm-1 in Mb* compared with Mb, the relation implies that the barrier in relaxed Mb is 12 kJ/mol higher than in Mb*. The slowing of the rebinding kinetics above 170 K hence is caused by the relaxation Mb*----Mb, as suggested by Agmon and Hopfield [(1983) J. Chem. Phys. 79, 2042-2053]. This conclusion is supported by a fit to the rebinding data between 160 and 290 K which indicates that the entire distribution g(H) shifts. Above about 200 K, equilibrium fluctuations among conformational substates open pathways for the ligands through the protein matrix and also narrow the rate distribution. The protein relaxations and fluctuations are nonexponential in time and non-Arrhenius in temperature, suggesting a collective nature for these protein motions. The relaxation Mb*----Mb is essentially independent of the solvent viscosity, implying that this motion involves internal parts of the protein. The protein fluctuations responsible for the opening of the pathways, however, depend strongly on the solvent viscosity, suggesting that a large part of the protein participates. While the detailed studies concern MbCO, similar data have been obtained for MbO2 and CO binding to the beta chains of human hemoglobin and hemoglobin Zurich. The results show that protein dynamics is essential for protein function and that the association coefficient for binding from the solvent at physiological temperatures in all these heme proteins is governed by the barrier at the heme.
Germanium devices for integrated photonic circuits

World-wide interest in germanium-on-silicon photonics has grown enormously during the past few years. We report on our study of germanium deposition for which we found that there is potential to engineer films with significant increases in hole mobility. In addition, we report on our development of wet-etch techniques to pattern thin films and to form tapered regions of Ge, both important for the fabrication of Ge photonic devices.
Protecting the planet and its people: how do interventions to promote environmental sustainability and occupational safety and health overlap?

Abstract Problem: The challenges of both occupational safety and health and environmental sustainability require large-scale behavior change for meaningful improvements to occur. Environmental sustainability, or the ‘green movement’ has received far more attention recently, and certain strategies and recommendations from interventions designed for promoting pro-environmental behaviors may inform efforts to intervene on critical behaviors for improving occupational safety and health. Method: A survey of the literature regarding behavioral interventions for both environmental sustainability and occupational safety and health was conducted. Several theoretical approaches are reviewed, and successful approaches from each domain are identified, as well as parallel challenges and points for crossover. Recommendations are provided for adapting environmental sustainability intervention approaches for occupational safety and health applications. Impact on Industry: Safety and health leaders may achieve sustainable improvements in worker safety and health by harnessing the momentum of the green movement and adapting successful intervention approaches from the environmental sustainability domain.
Gas-phase chiral separations by ion mobility spectrometry.

This article introduces the concept of chiral ion mobility spectrometry (CIMS) and presents examples demonstrating the gas-phase separation of enantiomers of a wide range of racemates including pharmaceuticals, amino acids, and carbohydrates. CIMS is similar to traditional ion mobility spectrometry, where gas-phase ions, when subjected to a potential gradient, are separated at atmospheric pressure due to differences in their shapes and sizes. In addition to size and shape, CIMS separates ions based on their stereospecific interaction with a chiral gas. In order to achieve chiral discrimination by CIMS, an asymmetric environment was provided by doping the drift gas with a volatile chiral reagent. In this study (S)-(+)-2-butanol was used as a chiral modifier to demonstrate enantiomeric separations of atenolol, serine, methionine, threonine, methyl α-glucopyranoside, glucose, penicillamine, valinol, phenylalanine, and tryptophan from their respective racemic mixtures.