cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early reperfusion apoptosis is initated by mitochondrial calcium uptake during cold preservation

Abstract Introduction: Mitochondrial calcium (mCa+2) overload occurs during cold preservation. In other settings, mCa+2 overload has been linked to permeability transition pore formation and release of mitochondrial proapoptotic proteins such as cytochrome-c (cyt-c). We hypothesize that mCa+2 overload during cold ischemia and reperfusion (CIR) contributes to cellular injury by induction of apoptosis during the early reperfusion period. Methods: HepG2 cells were plated in UW with or without 10 μM ruthenium red (RR, a mitochondrial Ca+2 uniporter inhibitor) and subjected to cold ischemic storage for 6 hours. Cells were subsequently rewarmed with oxygenated media at 37°C to simulate reperfusion. To study the intracellular, spatio-temporal distribution of cyt-c, cells were plated on glass coverslips, transfected with a green fluorescence protein-tagged cyt-c cDNA construct (GFP-cyt-c), and then subjected to CIR as above. Cytoplasmic extraction (for western analysis) or cell fixation (for fluorescent microscopy) was performed at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes following reperfusion. To evaluate early reperfusion apoptosis, TUNEL staining was performed following 180 min of rewarming. Controls were untreated HepG2 cells, and cold normoxic stored cells. Results: 1) Following cold ischemia, western analysis demonstrated an increase in cytoplasmic cyt-c (p = 0.01), which was significantly decreased by RR treatment (p = 0.05). 2) CIR resulted in release of GFP-cyt-c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and this intracellular redistribution was prevented by RR following cold ischemia and throughout rewarming. 3) RR decreased the fraction of apoptotic cells following 180 min of rewarming from 45% to 16% (p = 0.001). Conclusions: These data indicate that hypoxic cold storage leads to a cyt-c release from mitochondria which is attenuated by blockade of mCa+2 uptake. Prevention of mCa+2 overload by RR also caused a significant decrease in apoptosis during early reperfusion. Together, these results indicate that mCa+2 overload during cold storage is a precursor to cellular proapoptotic cascade activation following reperfusion.
Consideration of the relationships between torsion, distortion and warping of thin-walled beams

Abstract This paper considers the relationship between torsional warping and distortional warping for the analysis of thin-walled beams. The paper explains why warping displacement can be defined by a single warping function in special cases, but in more general cases this description is insufficient. The paper also considers the relationships between warping functions and the torsional and distortional angles in thin-walled beam analysis. Finally, in order to demonstrate the essential features of the paper, a numerical example is solved for a thin-walled beam. Both open and closed cross-section profiles are investigated.
Preventing Stroke in Sickle Cell Anemia

Stroke in sickle cell anemia occurs in about 11 percent of patients under 20 years of age. Dr. Orah Platt writes that it appears that transfusion does not simply prevent stroke but actually reverse...
Considerations in using tumor markers: what the psycho-oncologist needs to know.

Tumor markers are measures of biological features of a cancer. By revealing important biological aspects of the tumor, tumor markers can be useful in staging patients, predicting cancer outcomes, and guiding treatments. The psychological consequences of using tumor markers are virtually unknown. In this review article, we draw on clinical studies involving the psychological impact of risk information, screening, prognostic information and surveillance of cancer. Such studies may be helpful in considering possible psychological reactions to tumor marker information in clinical practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures, and Binding Constants of Cyclic Ether and Thioether Adducts of Soluble Cadmium(II) Carboxylates. Intermediates in the Homopolymerization of Oxiranes and Thiiranes and in Carbon Dioxide Coupling Processes.

A synthetic methodology for the preparation of a large variety of η3-HB(3-Phpz)3Cd(acetate) adducts is presented which involves replacement of toluene in the η3-HB(3-Phpz)3Cd(acetate) solvate complex by the appropriate cyclic ether or cyclic thioether. In this manner, adducts of THF, dioxane, propylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and propylene sulfide were isolated. The solid-state structures of several of these complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography, revealing a six-coordinate complex where the acetate ligand is shown to be fairly symmetrically bonded to the cadmium center. In methylene chloride solution, the cyclic ether or thioether readily dissociates to afford the five-coordinate complex, as demonstrated by 113Cd NMR. A quantitative assessment of the binding of these base adducts of η3-HB(3-Phpz)3Cd(acetate) was determined by measuring the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants for the five- and six-coordinate derivatives. The presence of one sharp 113Cd resonance in this equil...
Adult education, lifelong learning, and the future

Adult continuing education will be of increasing importance, as the median age of our society and the pace of change continue to increase. The paper begins with an examination of the goals of all learning. It focuses on a new paradigm for learning, tried so far only on a very limited basis: computer‐based tutorial learning, considered particularly important for adult learning. This paradigm, practical today with modern technology, allows a much more individualized approach to learning than is largely available today, for very large numbers at much lower total costs than at present. Student interaction with the computer will be frequent (every few seconds) and in the student’s native language. Little large‐scale experience is available with such highly interactive material, so we should begin with extensive experimental efforts in this direction. A large worldwide developmental effort in many languages would follow successful research.
There Is Hope: Autogenic Biofeedback Training for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Many college students experience stress-related illness, and in one study, 82% of students reported significant improvement in health when they participated in a semester-long stress management program. The factors that contribute to symptom reduction are illustrated by the case report of a 23-year-old male student who had been suffering from psoriasis for the past 5 years, which was not alleviated with medication and traditional medical treatment. He participated in an integrated self-regulation program consisting of daily self-healing home practice for 3 weeks, a desensitization strategy, autogenic training, and biofeedback training, coupled with pre- and posttreatment biofeedback assessments. Results showed a significant improvement in the clearing of the skin, more positive self-talk, and improved posture. The benefits have been maintained at the 4-month follow-up. Discussed are the training components and procedures along with factors that contributed to the clinical success and that can be applied t...
The growing interest of biomedicine in complementary and alternative medicine: a critical perspective.

As development continues to en croach, campaigns to save the rain for ests proliferate, but less is being done to preserve the indigenous communities whose knowledge of forest vegetation constitutes a limited and irreplaceable resource. There can be no better way for contemporary anthropologists to honor the memory of Franz Boas and remain faithful to the spirit of his work than to protect these communities and the im portant and irreplaceable knowledge they possess.
Molecular imaging of the kidneys.

Radionuclide imaging of the kidneys with gamma cameras involves the use of labeled molecules seeking functionally critical molecular mechanisms to detect the pathophysiology of the diseased kidneys and achieve an early, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis. The most recent imaging technology, positron emission tomography, permits quantitative imaging of the kidney at a spatial resolution appropriate for the organ. H 2 15 O, 82 RbCl, and [ 64 Cu] ETS are the most important radiopharmaceuticals for measuring renal blood flow. The renin angiotensin system is the most important regulator of renal blood flow; this role is being interrogated by detecting angiotensin receptor subtype angiotensin subtype 1 receptor by the use of in vivo positron emission tomography. Membrane organic anion transporters are important for the function of the tubular epithelium; therefore, Tc99m MAG3 as well as some novel radiopharmaceuticals, such as copper-64 labeled mono oxo-tetraazamacrocyclic ligands, have been used for molecular renal imaging. In addition, other radioligands that interact with the organic cation transporters or peptide transporters have been developed. Focusing on early detection of kidney injury at the molecular level is an evolving field of great significance. Potential imaging targets are the kidney injury molecule 1, which is highly expressed in kidney injury and renal cancer but not in normal kidneys. Although pelvic clearance, in addition to parenchymal transport, is an important measure in obstructive nephropathy, techniques that focus on up-regulated molecules in response to tissue stress resulting from obstruction will be of great implication. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is a well-suited molecule here. The greatest advances in molecular imaging of the kidneys have been recently achieved in detecting renal cancer. In addition to the ubiquitous [ 18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose, other radioligands, such as [ 11 C] acetate and anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid, have emerged. Radioimmunoimaging with [ 124 I] G250 could lead to radioimmunotherapy for renal cancer. Considering the increasing age of general population, the incidence of kidney diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and cancer, is expected to increase. Successful management of these diseases offers an opportunity and a challenge for development of novel molecular imaging technologies.
The effect of sputter temperature on vacancy island behavior on Ni(111) measured by photoemission of adsorbed xenon

Abstract The temperature dependence of vacancy coalescence on an ion bombarded Ni(111) surface is measured by photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX). The Ni(111) crystal is sputtered by a low fluence (0.06 ML incident ions) Ar+ ion beam with incident kinetic energies of 500–3000 eV. The Xe coverage decreases rapidly with increasing temperature between 88 and 375 K with little additional change from 375 to 775 K. The PAX spectra are acquired with a Xe chamber pressure of 8 × 10−10 Torr and at a temperature of 88 K. Under these conditions, the Xe is selectively adsorbed at defect sites which would make the Xe coverage proportional to the surface defect density on simple defect structures but the large size of the Xe atom relative to the Ni atom prevents the direct relationship of Xe coverage to the defect density when complex and varying defect structures are present. The decrease in Xe coverage is not attributed to the loss of defect sites by adatom-vacancy recombination but the changing vacancy island shape and size with temperature which alters the ratio of adsorbed Xe atoms to surface vacancy sites. This ratio decreases with increasing temperature as the vacancy islands progress from small and irregularly shaped islands to larger and hexagonally shaped islands. This transition is seen in Monte Carlo simulations of the kinetically driven atomic diffusion on the sputtered surface.
Oxygen in the treatment of acute coronary occlusion

In a previous communication 1 we reported that the administration of 50 per cent oxygen to certain patients suffering from coronary thrombosis sustained cardiorespiratory function during a critical period and made possible their ultimate recovery. Because the importance of this measure has not been recognized in a number of recent articles and textbooks, further evidence in support of our original conclusions is presented and the technic of oxygen therapy outlined in detail. When a coronary branch is suddenly occluded, the area of myocardium normally supplied by this vessel is abruptly deprived of blood. The function of the affected muscle is impaired because of lack of nutrition, especially through want of the oxygen necessary for normal contraction. If a sufficiently large area is involved, the heart is no longer able to empty itself of the customary volume of blood and the pressure in the auricles and veins increases. Passive congestion is
X-Ray Diffraction Powder Data for Some 5α-Pregnanes

X-ray diffraction data for seventeen 5α-pregnanes were collected using a General Electric XRD-5 diffractometer with a nickel-filtered CA-7 copper target tube operated at 40 kv and 20 ma in conjunction with a scintillation counter and a No. 2 SPG preamplifier. The linear scale of a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax G recorder was used to record the X-ray powder spectra. Samples were run at a speed of 0.2°/min using a take-off angle of 2.0°, a 3.0° beam slit, a medium resolution Soller slit, and a 0.1° detector slit. The number of cps was recorded by a digital printer that was synchronized with the 2θ scan. The digital tape readings and Speedomax charts were compared to determine maximum peak heights and locations in accordance with the accepted methods outlined by Klug and Alexander (2) and by Clark (1).
Semiquantitative model for the oxide bias experiment and its application to the study of p+ nn+ photodiode degradation.

A model is presented to explain the effect of oxide bias on photodiode collection efficiency. Its attempts to distinguish the effects of charge density from those of recombination velocity at the Si–SiO2 interface. It has been tested by comparison with experimental oxide bias curves recorded on a p+nn+ photodiode with a thermally grown oxide at different stages of its degradation by excessive oxide bias and partial restoration by exposure to UV radiation. By fitting one parameter to the spectral responsivity and two to each oxide-bias curve, the ratio of the photocurrent as a function of oxide bias to the photocurrent with an oxide bias of −60 V could be reproduced with a maximum error ranging from 0.0033 for the undegraded diode to 0.019 when the response was lowest. The results indicate that both the interface charge density and trap density are affected in the degradation process. This study has also shown that oxide bias does not restore the collection efficiency strictly to unity.
Promoting Early Literacy for Diverse Learners Using Audio and Video Technology

Practical applications of multimedia technologies that support early literacy are described and evaluated, including several variations of recorded books and stories, utilizing mainstream audio and video recording appropriate for libraries and schools. Special emphasis is given to the needs of children with disabilities and children who are acquiring a second language.
Ultrasound propagation near the martensitic order-disorder transition in solid H 2 and D 2

The behavior of the longitudinal and transverse sound velocities and the qualitative change of acoustic attenuation are reported for solid H 2 and D 2 at constant volume upon repeated thermal cycling through the martensitic transition between the orientationally disordered and the ordered (cubic) phases. The observed relative velocity changes across the transition in D 2 are only about 10−3 –10−2 , whereas the acoustic attenuation is strongly dependent upon the history of thermal cycling. In general the attenuation increases dramatically as the crystal is cooled for the first time through the transition and is thermally cycled. The behavior in solid H 2 is quite different: In the ordered phase the sound attenuation is so great that the velocity cannot be measured, but upon warming the solid back into the disordered phase, the sound signal returns practically to its original intensity, even after several cyclings. It is shown that the observations are consistent with a soft-mode model for the martensitic transformation and that the effect of the order-disorder transition on the sound velocity is likely to be small.
What Do You Mean It Doesn't Make Sense? Redesigning Finding Aids from the User's Perspective.

ABSTRACT Archivists have begun to rethink the way that they present finding aids to patrons online. They are utilizing user studies to gain a better understanding of what information patrons expect to find and are investigating how to utilize Web 2.0 technologies to better meet patron needs. This article examines how the L. Tom Perry Special Collections is rethinking their finding aids presentation and their planned use of Web 2.0 technologies on their new finding aids Web site. It highlights the process for designing the new Web site and the usefulness of user studies to archivists.
Reenvisioning Access Services: A Survey of Access Services Departments in ARL Libraries

In spring 2012 a study was undertaken to investigate the current structure of Access Services in ARL Libraries and to understand current and future trends in departmental organization and cross-training. The survey determined that Access Services Departments in ARL Libraries typically contain a core set of services, though their structure is based on local needs. Most ARL Libraries have not experimented with combining reference and circulation functions and have only begun to consolidate traditional Access Services areas at single service points. The author recommends that Access Services be organized around a public services point instead of organizing the department around areas that provide some kind of access to library materials.
A dedicated general competencies curriculum for radiology residents development and implementation

Rationale and Objectives The Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) through its Outcome Project requires training programs in all medical specialties to integrate six general competencies into residency training: patient care, medical knowledge, professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills, practice-based learning and improvement, and systems-based practice. In response, a required, or dedicated general competencies rotation for diagnostic radiology residents was instituted. Materials and Methods We describe the development and implementation of this rotation. The rotation augments the core curriculum, with primary emphasis placed on resident-initiated quality improvement (QI) and quality assurance (QA) projects. Results Between academic years 2003 and 2009 diagnostic radiology residents completed 38 QI/QA projects and performed clinical float coverage for the department. Residents met requirements of the systems-based practice and practice-based learning competency domains. In this process, residents improved their medical knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, professionalism, and provided patient care. Conclusions A dedicated general competencies rotation can be successfully implemented, and complement the requirements of the core curriculum. In combination with coverage for clinical services, the rotation makes a substantive contribution to resident education to further the goal of improved patient care.
Intramural dissection of superior mesenteric artery: A complication of attempted renal artery balloon dilation

Abstract A patient with a right renal artery stenosis and renovascular hypertension was admitted for balloon dilation of the stenotic artery. During the procedure the catheter entered the superior mesenteric artery and caused a mural dissection and occlusion, which was successfully treated by endarterectomy and vein patch angioplasty. Delayed ischemia of the transverse colon required resection and colostomy, but the patient recovered fully after colostomy closure and cholecystectomy were performed. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:480-4.)
Transient elevation of spontaneous release at the frog neuromuscular junction following acetylcholine iontophoresis.

Miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) were recorded from frog neuromuscular junctions using a two-electrode voltage clamp. The m.e.p.c. frequency was temporarily elevated following 10 s iontophoretic applications of acetylcholine (ACh) when the junctions were clamped at 100 mV. This post-ACh “burst” of quanta was also observed at unclamped junctions. At −100 mV, the intensity of the burst was proportional to the amount of current flowing across the end-plate during ACh iontophoresis, but usually did not reach its peak until the end-plate receptor channels were almost completely closed. Addition of 0.5 μM TTX to the Ringer's solution, or total replacement of sodium with quanidine, lithium, or methylamine did not inhibit the burst. No burst was observed in Ca2+-free, EGTA solutions, or in Ca2+-free solutions containing 2 mM Mn2+. Sr2+ effectively substituted for Ca2+. Addition of 2 mM Co2+ or Mn2+ to normal Ringer's did not inhibit the burst. Presynaptic muscarinic receptors did not obviously contribute to the burst, since it was not blocked by atropine, nor produced by oxotremorine or pilocarpine. The ACh analogs carbachol and acetyl-β-methylcholine also produced the burst. The burst was highly dependent on the muscle membrane potential during the period of ACh iontophoresis, becoming more intense at potentials negative to −100 mV and disappearing at −60 mV. The critical importance of the post-synaptic membrane potential suggests that the burst may be due to an action of the muscle end-plate on the motor nerve terminal, possibly by the movement of an anionic substance through open end-plate receptor channels, but this hypothesis does not account for the delay of the burst until near the end of the ACh-induced end-plate current.
Inhibition of H-Y cell-mediated cytolysis by monoclonal H-Y specific antibody.

Assays of H-Y-specific, cell-mediated cytolysis (CMC) in vitro were carried out with B6 female effector cells and B6 male target cells. Monoclonal H-Y antibody was added to the lytic assay to test whether the antigenic determinant(s) involved in H-Y-specific CMC was distinct from the serologically detected H-Y antigen. Significant blocking was observed, suggesting that the H-Y antigen detectable serologically is similar to H-Y antigen recognized by cytotoxic T cells.
Electrical Properties and Defect Structure of Zirconia: II, Tetragonal Phase and Inversion

The defect structure of tetragonal zirconia was investigated by measuring the temperature and oxygen partial pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity and the electronic transference number. Tetragonal zirconia was a mixed electronic and ionic conductor under all conditions studied. The n-type electronic conductivity observed at high temperatures and low oxygen partial pressures was interpreted on the basis of a defect model involving fully ionized oxygen vacancies. The conductivity change associated with the monoclinic ⇒ tetragonal phase transformation was isothermal, but the rate of change was a function of the thermal history and the method of preparation of the sample.
Spontaneous regression of patent omphalomesenteric duct: From a fistula to Meckel's diverticulum

A newborn with a patent omphalomesenteric duct is described in this report. This anomaly is a very rare one. Regression of the omphalomesenteric duct occurs as a normal embryonic event in the intrauterine life between the fifth and ninth week of gestation; however, in this case regression occurred spontaneously in the neonatal period and resulted in a Meckel's diverticulum with no connection with the umbilicus. This is the first case to be reported.
Imagine That!: Science Fiction as a Learning Motivation.

This article, based on a presentation made by the author at the 2003 California Library Association conference, provides examples of how librarians and teachers can use Science Fiction to provide catalysts for discussion in a variety of subjects; teach students how to question intelligently; and stimulate their imaginations, thus motivating them to learn. It covers some of the books, short stories, motion pictures, and television shows that can be used to stimulate student learning, and methods of ascertaining what resources are available.
Of heroes and butterflies: Technological dreams and human realities

Abstract Since the seventeenth century the dream of rendering human life less arduous and of securing it against the whims of fate through the development and deployment of technological devices has been a factor stimulating scientific research and development. This dream rests on a supposition that we live in a universe governed by deterministic laws in which limits on our ability to predict and control are set only by the imperfection of our knowledge and skill. But recent work in chaos theory combined with reminders that human beings themselves form part of the worldin which they live and seek to control suggests that this supposition is unjustified. If this is the case, then the idea that there is a technological solution to every problem, one which can be found by scientists or experts (the modern heroes) is revealed as a magical attitude which should have no place in rational decision making and whose persistence threatens to turn scientists into the high priests of a cult of technology.
Effect of nutrient potassium on the uptake of caesium-137 and potassium and on discrimination factor.

PREDICTIONS of the potential hazards from fall-out radioisotopes in man's food chain have often been based on ion-pair relationships1,2. For example, because of close chemical similarities between strontium and calcium, the transfer of strontium-90 through biological materials has been correlated with calcium. The ratio of strontium-90/calcium of the tissue to the same ratio in the substrate, that is, strontium-90/calcium(tissue)/strontium-90/calcium(substrate), has been termed by Comar the observed ratio3. More recently caesium-137 hazards have been considered in terms of caesium-137/potassium ratios. Certain applications of these ratios have been criticized by Kornberg4, and the conditions necessary for their valid application in hazard assessment discussed. This report presents results which demonstrate the absence of any consistent relationship between the accumulation of caesium and potassium in bean plants, and further demonstrates the limited applicability of caesium-137/potassium ratios in hazard predictions.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) Induces Endothelial and Cancer Cell Migration through Direct Binding to Integrin α9β1 IDENTIFICATION OF A SPECIFIC α9β1 BINDING SITE

Integrin α9β1 mediates accelerated cell adhesion and migration through interactions with a number of diverse extracellular ligands. We have shown previously that it directly binds the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A, C, and D and contributes to VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Until now, the α9β1 binding site in VEGF has not been identified. Here, we report that the three-amino acid sequence, EYP, encoded by exon 3 of VEGF-A is essential for binding of VEGF to integrin α9β1 and induces adhesion and migration of endothelial and cancer cells. EYP is specific for α9β1 binding and neither requires nor activates VEGFR-2, the cognate receptor for VEGF-A. Following binding to EYP, integrin α9β1 transduces cell migration through direct activation of the integrin signaling intermediates Src and focal adhesion kinase. This interaction is biologically important because it mediates in vitro endothelial cell tube formation, wound healing, and cancer cell invasion. These novel findings identify EYP as a potential site for directed pharmacotherapy.
Developing verbal imitative behavior in a profoundly retarded girl

Abstract This report describes the use of food reinforcement to develop verbal imitative behavior in a mute profoundly retarded 14-yr-old girl. The study comprised nine phases (99 sessions). The first four phases alternated conditions of non-contigent and contigent reinforcement, bringing the subject's vocalizations under the control of experimenter-vocalizations. The remaining phases aimed at developing correct imitation of five training sounds. All sounds were presented within each session but reinforcement contigent upon imitation was introduced for one sound at a time in a multiple baseline design. Correct imitation of training sounds developed rapidly with some evidence of generalized imitative responding. Results are discussed in light of previous research with other populations and the implications of the present paradigm for further research on language development in the profoundly retarded child.
High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer: a major advance in imaging spectroscopy

2. HIRIS SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONSHIRIS data will contribute to new remote sensing, interdisciplinary Earth studies that are central tounderstanding global processes. Specifically, HIRIS data products will include the following:Atmosphere/climate:Total column ozoneAerosol optical depthTotal precipitable waterCloud fractional areaCloud optical thicknessSnow and ice:Snow covered areaSnow spectral reflectanceCloud top heightCloud base heightWater thermodynamic phaseCloud droplet effective radiusCloud droplet size distributionSnow surface grain sizeSnow particulate contentOceans and inland waters:Chlorophyll a, Case I watersAccessory pigment Case I watersChlorophyll a, Case II watersFractional vegetation coverCrown spacing and varianceCrown heightCanopy light path lengthTotal Chlorophyll concentrationCanopy cellulose concentrationCanopy lignin concentrationLeaf tissue water contentGreen biomassDead biomassChlorophyll a, Turbid Case IIBackscattering coefficient at 560 nmGelbstoff absorption coefficient at 410 nmVegetative Absorbed Photosynthetically ActiveRadiation (APAR)Non-vegetative APARLand coverChlorophyll stress indexVegetation indicesSurface BRDFRelative Abundance of Fe, CO3, SO4, OH mineralsThermal historyVolcanic temperature and extentLand products:
Accidental cross‐connexion of oxygen and nitrous oxide in an anaesthetic machine

Oxygen and nitrous oxide pipes were cross-connected during the servicing of an anaesthetic machine. This resulted in the delivery of 100% nitrous oxide instead of 100% oxygen at the end of the operation. The patient fully recovered and was discharged on the 13th day. Language: en
Algorithm 798: high-dimensional interpolation using the modified Shepard method

A new implementation of the Modified Quadratic Shepard Method for the interpolation of scattered data is presented. QSHEP5D is a C++ translation of the original Fortran 77 program QSHEP3D developed by Renka (for 2D and 3D interpolation) which has been upgraded for 5D interpolation. This software development was motivated by the need for interpolated 5D hypervolumes of environmental response variables produced by forest growth and production models.
Improving the Accuracy of Weight Status Assessment in Infancy Research

Abstract Both researchers and primary care providers vary in their methods for assessing weight status in infants. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare standing-height-derived to recumbent-length-derived weight-for-length standardized (WLZ) scores, using the WHO growth curves, in a convenience sample of infants who visited the lab at 18 and 21 months of age. Fifty-eight primarily White, middle class infants (25 girls) from a semi-rural region of southern Appalachia visited the lab at 18 months, with 45 infants returning 3 months later. We found that recumbent-length-derived WLZ scores were significantly higher at 18 months than corresponding standing-height-derived WLZ scores. We also found that recumbent-length-derived WLZ scores, but not those derived from standing height measures, decreased significantly from 18 to 21 months. Although these differential results are attributable to the WHO database data entry syntax, which automatically corrects standing height measurements by adding 0.7 cm, they suggest that researchers proceed cautiously when using standing-height derived measures when calculating infant BMI z-scores. Our results suggest that for practical purposes, standing height measurements may be preferred, so long as they are entered into the WHO database as recumbent length measurements. We also encourage basic science infancy researchers to include BMI assessments as part of their routine assessment protocols, to serve as potential outcome measures for other basic science variables of theoretical interest.
Surgical preparation of a chronic maternal-fetal model in pregnant sheep: A technique for the measurement of middle uterine blood flow, umbilical blood flow, and fetal sampling in the awake sheep

Abstract A surgical technique has been described for the preparation of a maternal-fetal model in the pregnant sheep. This preparation allows the measurement of maternal middle uterine arterial blood flow, fetal umbilical blood flow, maternal and fetal arterial blood pressure, and the sampling of fetal artery and vein and the maternal circulation in the unstressed animal. Blood gas data and electromagnetic flow data indicate that a 48-hour postsurgical period was necessary for complete recovery of the fetus from preparative surgery and anesthesia. This model enables the study of the fetal and uterine circulation without the stressful effects of preparative surgery and anesthesia.
Simultaneous and successive presentations of single-featured and multi-featured visual forms: Implications for the parallel processing hypothesis

The parallel processing hypothesis predicts no difference in hit rate (HR) for identical forms presented simultaneously or successively. This was tested in two experiments differing only in the number of features distinguishing stimulus forms: (1) one feature (Landolt Cs); (2) multiple features (the graphemes A, T, U). Each experiment had three conditions: (1) single form, (2) four simultaneous forms, (3) four successive forms. The major finding was a lack of HR increase for four simultaneous Cs over one C. HRs for successive Cs and both multiple letter conditions sharply increased over the one form condition. Results call into question the level at which parallel processing occurs. Three decision models, all assuming perceptual independence, were tested. None fit all the data.
Dual currents in arbitrary space-time dimension

Schwarz has shown a procedure for describing off-mass-shell states in dual models. The construction of such states is an important preliminary to constructing physical currents. The basic requirement motivating the construction of such states is that amplitudes with off-mass-shell lines should contain exactly the same spectrum of hadrons as the corresponding on-mass-shell model. This condition, which one must necessarily impose if one hopes to describe physical currents, led Schwarz to construct a dual current for a particular choice of space-time dimension $D$, namely $D=16$. Since this is not the critical dimension of the Veneziano model, a modification of the model appears to be necessary in order to bring the two dimensions into coincidence. In this paper we construct a method whereby it may be possible to find solutions which hold for any choice of space-time dimension $D$. We construct this current perturbatively, and find a unique solution up to the 6th level, given a few assumptions.
Hypoxia-induced pRB hypophosphorylation results from downregulation of CDK and upregulation of PP1 activities

Exposure of CV-1P cells to hypoxic conditions results in reversible cell cycle arrest concomitant with accumulation of pRB in the hypophosphorylated, growth suppressive form. Similar to cell cycle arrest induced by serum starvation, we show here that hypoxia-induced arrest is accompanied by a decrease in pRB-directed CDK4 and CDK2 activities, lower cyclin D and E protein levels, and by an increase in p27 protein abundance. Immunoprecipitation studies reveal an increase in p27 association with cyclin E-CDK2 complexes. In contrast to cell cycle arrest induced by serum starvation, hypoxia increases PP1-mediated pRB dephosphorylation. These data reveal that synergy between decreased pRB-directed cyclin/CDK activity and increased pRB-directed phosphatase activity contribute towards inducing and maintaining pRB in its hypophosphorylated, growth suppressive state during hypoxia.
Radiation mitigation effect of cultured mushroom fungus Hirsutella Sinensis (CorImmune) isolated from a Chinese/Tibetan herbal preparation -Cordyceps Sinensis.

Purpose: This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the anti-oxidant and growth promoting properties of the cultured mushroom fungus Hirsutella sinensis (CorImmune) of Cordyceps sinensis mitigate radiation injury in mice.Materials and methods: BALB/c mice received total body irradiation (TBI) followed by treatment with CorImmune. The effect of CorImmune on lymphoid tissue, spleen and blood cells as well as survival and hematopoietic recovery was compared to normal saline treated controls.Results: CorImmune administered beginning 2 hours after a lethal dose of TBI significantly improved survival: 55% in the CorImmune group vs. 0% in the saline control (p < 0.0001). It increased normal leukocyte levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Animals treated with sub-lethal TBI and monitored for blood leukocyte recovery exhibited a return to normal baseline 3 weeks after TBI injury. In contrast, only 50% returned to normal baseline in the saline control group (p < 0.01). CorImmune also stimulated immune lym...
The electronic highway

Although high-speed, electrically powered surface and subsurface transportation will help to alleviate future traffic congestion in some localities, a majority of the public will probably continue to prefer the mobility, privacy, and freedom afforded by the automobile. Therefore, some form of automation for individual vehicles appears to be desirable?in fact, necessary? if complete highway chaos is to be avoided. The approach described in this article involves the concept of a dual-mode system, whereby the vehicle (which must be specially equipped) is manually controlled on nonautomated roads and automatically controlled on automated ones.
WE‐G‐BRA‐01: A Framework to Determine Risk of Pneumonitis Following Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer

Purpose: To assess external validity of a framework, which was previously developed to predict the incidence of radiation‐induced pneumontis in patients following radiotherapy for lungcancer, by testing it on an alternate dataset (other than the one used to develop it). Methods: The study employed two independent datasets: 1) a Duke University dataset of 219 patients, of whom 34 were diagnosed with post‐radiotherapy pneumonitis; and 2) a Washington University (WashU) dataset of 219 patients, of whom 52 developed pneumonitis post‐radiotherapy. While the Duke dataset was used to develop the framework, the WashU dataset was used to assess its validity. The framework was based on a predictive model that combined results from four machine learning models into a single fused model using a Bayesian decision fusion methodology. The results of testing the framework on the WashU dataset was measured in terms of the area under ROC curve (AUC) and compared to the AUC value obtained by Mean LungDose (MLD) — a metric commonly used to discriminate between patients with and without pneumonitis. Results: The framework yielded an overall AUC of 0.84 for cross‐validated testing on Duke data. Six patient features were identified as most significant. They consisted of two dose features: EUD (a=1.3) and V30; and four non‐dose features: female gender, tumor in central lung location, adenocarcinoma, and chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy. Most notably, when tested on the WashU dataset, the framework yielded an AUC value of 0.73. In comparison, the AUC value obtained by employing MLD values was only 0.68. Conclusions: Based on testing with an independent dataset, the framework to predict the incidence of radiation‐induced pneumonitis appears to be fairly robust. The framework may potentially be used in the clinic to improve the treatment decision‐making process.
Masculinity and Race: The Dual Dilemma of Black Men

This article delineates the special status of black men in contemporary society. First, considering some of the common stereotypes of black men from a historical perspective, alternative explanations are posited to counter prevailing views of the Afro-American male as emasculated, dominated by women, and lacking in positive self-esteem. The socialization process and problems of black youth are examined. Afterwards the special roles of lover, husband, and father are analyzed as black men interpret and carry them out. Finally, black male sexism and the response of black feminism are discussed, as are the problems and prospects for black men in American society.
Performance analysis of VoIP codecs over multi-rate EDCA

Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) is a mandatory part of the IEEE 802.11e standard which provides Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution for Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). It is a contention based protocol which prioritizes channel access to QoS traffic using four Access Categories (ACs). In this paper, we introduce the performance evaluation of high priority Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic over EDCA in multi-rate WLAN. In a multi-rate environment, the channel physical transmission rate is changed by the Access Point (AP) as the stations move towards or away from the AP. The AP performs rate adaptation on each frame according to the channel condition or signal quality that the frame is likely to experience when stations are considered mobile. We implement EDCA at the MAC layer over the physical layer of IEEE 802.11b radios using the network modeling and simulation tool QualNet. We simulate multiple VoIP nodes in a single QoS-enabled Basic Service Set (QBSS) with one QoS-enabled AP (QAP). The performance of each VoIP node is evaluated with three VoIP codecs. We first use codecs without jitter buffer and evaluate jitter with other performance parameters. The simulations are repeated for different codecs with jitter buffer. The effect of jitter buffer on Jitter, Delay and Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for each VoIP node is compared with other codecs in stationary and mobile environments. Simulation results show the effectiveness of using jitter buffer and its limitations in a multi-rate environment.
Studies in ageing—VII Integration of genotypes, homeostasis, and the expression of ageing processes in Drosophila

Experiments were performed on first generation hybrid populations, obtained by reciprocally crossing two Drosophila melanogaster strains, one inbred continuously, and the other, before and after keeping parents in mass-cultures for some generations. Parental populations were divided at random into two groups. One group was permitted to lay eggs at 16 ± 1·00°C, and the other, at 25 ± 1·00°C. The adult longevity and the female fecundity, which provide some measure of fitness in the treated and untreated populations, were measured at 25 ± 1·00°C. While no appreciable differences were observed in the physiological parameters measured in the combined sexes, the average adult life span of males in one hybrid was considerably increased compared with that of males in the other population. It is suggested that the observed differences in the longevity are due to the X-chromosome differences and, possibly, to their interactions with the other chromosomes. On the other hand, the mean adult longevity of males in the treated populations was more adversely affected than that of females, indicating a sex difference for surviving, as adults, a temperature change introduced during development. Because significant differences in the average adult life span, although not in the average egg production, were found in the two hybrids, the presence of some kind of maternal effect is indicated. A comparison of the experimental populations revealed a drastic reduction in the fitness compared with the controls. Evidence is presented to show that this is due to the inability of homeostatic mechanisms to regulate effectively in a changed environment and that, besides heterozygosity, the nature of integration of genotypes is essential for eliciting homeostatic or adaptive responses contributory to the fitness of a population.
Ras protein p21 processing enzyme farnesyltransferase in chemical carcinogen—induced murine skin tumors

Farnesylation of ras protein p21 is crucial for the protein's membrane localization, which is essential for its cell-transforming activity, which in turn is thought to be critical for the ultimate induction of cancer. The cytosolic enzyme farnesyltransferase plays a major role in posttranslational modification of p21, but the level of farnesyltransferase activity in mammalian tumors and its relationship to the processing of cytosolic p21 that leads to tumorigenesis are unknown. We report here that farnesyltransferase activity was significantly higher in chemical carcinogen-induced benign skin papillomas in SENCAR mice than in the epidermises of control animals. The enzyme is primarily epidermal in origin, and kinetic studies with cytosol from epidermis and papillomas showed that the reaction was linear with respect to time, substrate concentration, and protein content. Skin papillomas showed significantly elevated levels of both cytosolic and membrane-bound Ha-ras p21, whereas far lesser cytosolic and almost negligible amounts of membrane-bound p21 were present in the epidermis of control mice. There was a positive correlation between increased enzyme activity in papilloma cytosol and the processing of overexpressed cytosolic Ha-ras p21 for its localization to membrane.
Irreparable Damage: Violence, Ownership, and Voice in an Indian Archive

This paper uses a 2004 destructive incident at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI) in Pune, India as a case study to discuss the intersection of caste politics, ownership, and violence in the archives. After a brief overview of the events leading up to, during, and subsequent to the violent destruction of archival documents by an angry lower caste mob, this paper provides the historical context necessary to analyze issues of ownership, politics, and colonialism within the context of a South Asian library, keeping in mind the complex interplay of religion, region, and caste in India. The paper then explores this incident from an archival studies perspective, looking at archives as both sites of violence and as cultural and political symbols, and explores how issues of ownership, political pressure, and access, if not properly addressed, can boil over into violent destruction of the archival record. Finally, this paper argues that violent incidents such as the one described can occur outside of the Indian context, in almost any archival setting, and concludes with recommendations on how to avoid future destruction in archival repositories.
Stable time-domain spectroscopy of femtosecond thermal-infrared pulses using a carrier-envelope-phase locked system

We generate stable carrier-envelop-phase thermal-infrared pulses by phase-lock two generating near-infrared pulses in a difference frequency mixing setup. Our newly developed phase-matched electro-optic sampling system completely (amplitude and phase) characterizes the mid-infrared transients.
Systemic Risk, Coordination Failures, and Preparedness Externalities: Applications to Tax and Accounting Policy

Sometimes resources are badly employed because of coordination failures. Actions by decisionmakers that affect the likelihood of such failures cause ‘systemic risk.’ We consider here the externality in the choice of ex ante risk management policies by individuals and firms: they are concerned with private risk, not with their contribution to systemic risk. One consequence is that individuals and firms become overleveraged from a social viewpoint. The US tax system taxes equity more heavily than debt, and therefore exacerbates the bias toward overleveraging. A possible solution is to reduce or eliminate taxation of corporate income and capital gains. Preparedness externalities can also cause firms to become too transparent, and thereby subject to financial runs. We consider the implications for debates over fair value accounting.