cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the radiative properties of contrail cirrus

Using the observed ice crystal size distribution in contrail cirrus from SUCCESS, we have carried out the scattering and absorption calculations based on a unified theory for light scattering by ice crystals covering all sizes and shapes. We illustrate the effects of ice crystal size and surface roughness on the scattering phase function features for remote sensing applications. The extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo exhibit a minimum feature at 2.85 µm, referred to as the Christiansen effect, which is particularly pronounced for clouds consisting of a significant number of small ice crystals. Based on a line-by-line equivalent solar model, we show from spectral curves that cloud reflection increases as ice crystal sizes become smaller, but the cloud absorption increase is only evident for wavelengths longer than about 2.7 µm. The ice crystal shape has a substantial effect on the cloud reflection and absorption for a given size; more complex ice particles reflect more solar radiation. Finally, we propose a contrail cirrus cloud model consisting of a combination of bullet rosettes (50%), hollow columns (30%), and plates (20%), with sizes ranging from 1 to 90 µm in association with radiation perturbation studies.
Prediction of 12-Month Neurodevelopmental Outcome From a 6-Month Neurologic Examination in Premature Infants

This study examined whether a neurologic examination at 6 months of age is predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. A neurologic examination and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were performed at 6 and 12 months with VLBW infants and full-term (FT) controls. VLBW infants were categorized based on early medical complications. High-risk (HR) infants had diagnoses of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary immaturity, grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, and/or periventricular leukomalacia. VLBW infants with other diagnoses were placed in the low-risk (LR) group. Total neurologic scores (NS) improved over time for all three groups but improved more for HR infants, who had more abnormal NS at both time points; NS at 6 months predicted neurologic and developmental scores at 12 months for all three groups, but the relation between 6-and 12-month outcomes was strongest for the HR infants. The neurologic examination may be helpful in assessing VLB...
A Similar Dichotomy of Sugar Modulation and Developmental Expression Affects Both Paths of Sucrose Metabolism: Evidence from a Maize Invertase Gene Family.

Invertase and sucrose synthase catalyze the two known paths for the first step in carbon use by sucrose-importing plant cells. The hypothesis that sugar-modulated expression of these genes could provide a means of import adjustment was initially suggested based on data from sucrose synthases alone; however, this hypothesis remained largely conjectural without critical evidence for invertases. Toward this end, a family of maize invertases was cloned and characterized. Here, we show that invertases are indeed sugar modulated and, surprisingly, like the sucrose synthase genes, fall into two classes with contrasting sugar responses. In both families, one class of genes is upregulated by increasing carbohydrate supply (Sucrose synthase1 [Sus1] and Invertase2 [Ivr2]), whereas a second class in the same family is repressed by sugars and upregulated by depletion of this resource (Shrunken1 [Sh1] and Invertase1 [Ivr1]). The two classes also display differential expression during development, with sugar-enhanced genes (Sus1 and Ivr2) expressed in many importing organs and sugar-repressed, starvation-tolerant genes (Sh1 and Ivr1) upregulated primarily during reproductive development. Both the Ivr1 and Ivr2 invertase mRNAs are abundant in root tips, very young kernels, silk, anthers, and pollen, where a close relationship is evident between changes in message abundance and soluble invertase activity. During development, patterns of expression shift as assimilate partitioning changes from elongating silks to newly fertilized kernels. Together, the data support a model for integrating expression of genes differentially responsive to carbohydrate availability (i.e., feast and famine conditions) with developmental signals. The demonstration that similar regulatory patterns occur in both paths of sucrose metabolism indicates a potential to influence profoundly the adjustment of carbon resource allocation.
RNA Viruses in Hymenopteran Pollinators: Evidence of Inter-Taxa Virus Transmission via Pollen and Potential Impact on Non-Apis Hymenopteran Species

Although overall pollinator populations have declined over the last couple of decades, the honey bee (Apis mellifera) malady, colony collapse disorder (CCD), has caused major concern in the agricultural community. Among honey bee pathogens, RNA viruses are emerging as a serious threat and are suspected as major contributors to CCD. Recent detection of these viral species in bumble bees suggests a possible wider environmental spread of these viruses with potential broader impact. It is therefore vital to study the ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in the hymenopteran pollinator community as a whole. We studied the viral distribution in honey bees, in their pollen loads, and in other non-Apis hymenopteran pollinators collected from flowering plants in Pennsylvania, New York, and Illinois in the United States. Viruses in the samples were detected using reverse transcriptase-PCR and confirmed by sequencing. For the first time, we report the molecular detection of picorna-like RNA viruses (deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus and black queen cell virus) in pollen pellets collected directly from forager bees. Pollen pellets from several uninfected forager bees were detected with virus, indicating that pollen itself may harbor viruses. The viruses in the pollen and honey stored in the hive were demonstrated to be infective, with the queen becoming infected and laying infected eggs after these virus-contaminated foods were given to virus-free colonies. These viruses were detected in eleven other non-Apis hymenopteran species, ranging from many solitary bees to bumble bees and wasps. This finding further expands the viral host range and implies a possible deeper impact on the health of our ecosystem. Phylogenetic analyses support that these viruses are disseminating freely among the pollinators via the flower pollen itself. Notably, in cases where honey bee apiaries affected by CCD harbored honey bees with Israeli Acute Paralysis virus (IAPV), nearby non-Apis hymenopteran pollinators also had IAPV, while those near apiaries without IAPV did not. In containment greenhouse experiments, IAPV moved from infected honey bees to bumble bees and from infected bumble bees to honey bees within a week, demonstrating that the viruses could be transmitted from one species to another. This study adds to our present understanding of virus epidemiology and may help explain bee disease patterns and pollinator population decline in general.
Simulation of free-electron lasers in the presence of correlated magnetic field errors

The authors address the numerical simulation of field errors that possess statistical correlations. The inevitable errors of actual magnetic wigglers yield a degraded performance of the free-electron laser (FEL) with respect to the performance obtained from ideally modeled magnetic wigglers. The impact of these errors has been theoretically and computationally investigated for simple error modes, in which the field errors have uniform or sinusoidal spatial extent and amplitudes that are statistically independent for each magnet pole piece. These simple models have been recently extended to include more complicated spatial structures and statistically correlated field errors in the analysis of FEL performance. Numerical simulations of the FEL are presented that verify the analytic predictions of the recently extended model. >
Black‐White Semantic Differences and interracial Communication1

In Phase I, black and white adolescent males made semantic differential ratings of 14 concepts representing a wide range of values. MOTHER, FATHER, GIRLS TV, GOD. POLICE. and NEXT YEAR yielded profiles significantly different for the 2 racial groups. In Phase II, 28 blacks and 28 whites each attempted to decode the profiles of 1 black and 1 white other. For combined racial groups, accuracy was greater when the other was semantically similar. Disregarding semantic similarity, accuracy was greater when the other was of the same race. Semantic similarity made little difference, however, when both encoder and decoder were black. Whites excelled in decoding the profiles of other whites where concepts were commonly encoded by both racial groups, while blacks were more accurate intraracially where concepts were differentially encoded by the 2 racial groups. Results were related to the assumption of a standard set of meanings for whites and a standard-nonstandard dual system for blacks.
The impact of data transfer and buffering alternatives on network interface design

The explosive growth in the performance of microprocessors and networks has created a new opportunity to reduce the latency of fine-grain communication. Microprocessor clock speeds are now approaching the gigahertz range. Network switch latencies have dropped to tens of nanoseconds. Unfortunately, this explosive growth also exposes processor accesses to the network interface (NI) as a critical bottleneck for fine-grain communication. Researchers have proposed several techniques, such as using block loads and stores, user-level DMA, and coherent network interfaces, to alleviate this NI access bottleneck. We systematically identify, examine and evaluate the key parameters that underlie these design alternatives. We classify these parameters into two categories: data transfer and buffering parameters. The data transfer parameters capture how messages are transferred between internal memory structures (e.g. processor caches, main memory) of a computer and a memory bus NI. The buffering parameters capture how and where an NI buffers incoming network messages. We evaluate seven memory bus NIs that we believe capture the essential components of the design space exposed by these data transfer and buffering parameters.
The Synthetic Triterpenoids, CDDO and CDDO-Imidazolide, Are Potent Inducers of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Nrf2/ARE Signaling

The synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its derivative 1-[2-cyano-3-,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole (CDDO-Im) are multifunctional molecules with potent antiproliferative, differentiating, and anti-inflammatory activities. At nanomolar concentrations, these agents rapidly increase the expression of the cytoprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme in vitro and in vivo. Transfection studies using a series of reporter constructs show that activation of the human HO-1 promoter by the triterpenoids requires an antioxidant response element (ARE), a cyclic AMP response element, and an E Box sequence. Inactivation of one of these response elements alone partially reduces HO-1 induction, but mutations in all three sequences entirely eliminate promoter activity in response to the triterpenoids. Treatment with CDDO-Im also elevates protein levels of Nrf2, a transcription factor previously shown to bind ARE sequences, and increases expression of a number of antioxidant and detoxification genes regulated by Nrf2. The triterpenoids also reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species in cells challenged with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, but this cytoprotective activity is absent in Nrf2 deficient cells. These studies are the first to investigate the induction of the HO-1 and Nrf2/ARE pathways by CDDO and CDDO-Im, and our results suggest that further in vivo studies are needed to explore the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of the triterpenoids.
Comparison of the BD MAX Enteric Bacterial Panel to Routine Culture Methods for Detection of Campylobacter, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O157), Salmonella, and Shigella Isolates in Preserved Stool Specimens

We compared the BD MAX enteric bacterial panel (EBP) to culture for the detection of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in seeded stool samples. The EBP panel demonstrated superior sensitivity and reliably detected Salmonella, EHEC O157, Shigella, and Campylobacter at concentrations 1- to 2-log10 lower than those needed for culture detection.
Longitudinal and cross-sectional age effects in nonverbal decoding skill and style.

This study examined longitudinal and cross-sectional age effects on accuracy of decoding nonverbal cues. A videotaped nonverbal discrepancy test was administered to children aged 9 to 15 years. The discrepancy test measured: (a) decoding accuracy—the extent to which subjects were able to identify affects (positivity and dominance) from video (facial and body) cues and audio (content filtered and random spliced) cues; (b) discrepancy accuracy—the extent to which subjects recognized the degree of discrepancy between audio and video cues; and (c) video primacy—the extent to which subjects were more influenced by video (face or body) than by audio cues. It was found that (a) older children benefited more than younger ones from the effects of retesting in their accuracy at decoding discrepant cues, especially for discrepant facial cues; (b) all children showed significantly less video primacy after retesting, and older relative to younger children displayed a trend for less body primacy after retesting; and finally (c) relative to younger children, older children showed less video primacy in decoding extremely discrepant ("leaky"), as compared to slightly discrepant, audio and video nonverbal cues. Thus, although older children performed better than younger children at most nonverbal decoding tasks, the advantages of age were especially great for the decoding of the more discrepant or leakier channels. The processes that may underlie increases in specific nonverbal skills and changes in nonverbal styles are discussed.
Evidence for the presence of Mn(III) intermediates in the bacterial oxidation of Mn(II)

Bacterial oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV) is believed to drive the oxidative segment of the global biogeochemical Mn cycle and regulates the concentration of dissolved Mn(II) in the oceanic water column, where it is a critical nutrient for planktonic primary productivity. Mn(II) oxidizing activity is expressed by numerous phylogenetically diverse bacteria and fungi, suggesting that it plays a fundamental and ubiquitous role in the environment. This important redox system is believed to be driven by an enzyme or enzyme complex involving a multicopper oxidase, although the biochemical mechanism has never been conclusively demonstrated. Here, we show that Mn(II) oxidation by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1 is a result of two sequential one-step electron transfer processes, both requiring the putative multicopper oxidase, MnxG, in which Mn(III) is a transient intermediate. A kinetic model of the oxidation pathway is presented, which shows that the Mn(II) to Mn(III) step is the rate-limiting step. Thus, oxidation of Mn(II) appears to involve a unique multicopper oxidase system capable of the overall two-electron oxidation of its substrate. This enzyme system may serve as a source for environmental Mn(III), a strong oxidant and competitor for siderophore-bound Fe(III) in nutrient-limited environments. That metabolically dormant spores catalyze an important biogeochemical process intimately linked to the C, N, Fe, and S cycles requires us to rethink the role of spores in the environment.
Snow-Shrub Interactions in Arctic Tundra: A Hypothesis with Climatic Implications

In the Arctic, where wind transport of snow is common, the depth and insulative properties of the snow cover can be determined as much by the wind as by spatial variations in precipitation. Where shrubs are more abundant and larger, greater amounts of drifting snow are trapped and suffer less loss due to sublimation. The snow in shrub patches is both thicker and a better thermal insulator per unit thickness than the snow outside of shrub patches. As a consequence, winter soil surface temperatures are substantially higher, a condition that can promote greater winter decomposition and nutrient release, thereby providing a positive feedback that could enhance shrub growth. If the abundance, size, and coverage of arctic shrubs increases in response to climate warming, as is expected, snow‐shrub interactions could cause a widespread increase (estimated 10%‐25%) in the winter snow depth. This would increase spring runoff, winter soil temperatures, and probably winter CO 2 emissions. The balance between these winter effects and changes in the summer energy balance associated with the increase in shrubs probably depends on shrub density, with the threshold for winter snow trapping occurring at lower densities than the threshold for summer effects such as shading. It is suggested that snow‐shrub interactions warrant further investigation as a possible factor contributing to the transition of the arctic land surface from moist graminoid tundra to shrub tundra in response to climatic warming.
Evaluation of Ensemble Predictions of Blocking in the NCEP Global Spectral Model

Abstract Ensemble forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Spectral Model (GSM) have been used to develop a probabilistic scheme for the prediction of blocking over the Northern Hemisphere. An evaluation of these forecasts during three recent cool seasons revealed that they underpredicted the frequency of blocking at all ranges considered. Probabilistic forecasts for blocking over a sector on a particular day were constructed via binary logistic regression from all ensemble forecasts verifying on that day. Forecasts from two cool seasons served as the developmental dataset; the probabilistic forecasts generated from these data were tested on data from a third, independent cool season. The resulting calibrated (bias corrected) ensemble forecasts were compared to the climatology of blocking derived from the 40-yr NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, and to the probability of blocking expected from the uncalibrated ensemble forecasts. The calibrated forecasts had higher skill, rel...
Monocyte Subsets and Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Distinct monocyte subsets predict cardiovascular risk and contribute to heart failure progression in murine models, but they have not been examined in clinical acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Methods and Results Blood samples were obtained from 11 healthy control subjects (HCs) and at admission and discharge from 19 ADHF patients. Serologic markers of inflammation were assessed at admission and discharge. Monocyte populations were defined with the use of flow cytometry for cell-surface expression of CD14 and CD16: CD14++CD16− (classic), CD14++CD16+ (intermediate), and CD14+CD16++ (nonclassic). In ADHF patients, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were higher compared with HCs (both P P = .005]; IL-6: 19.8 ± 34.5 to 7.1 ± 4.7 pg/mL [ P = .08]). In ADHF patients, the admission proportion of CD14++CD16− monocytes was lower (68% vs 85%; P P = .002) and CD14+CD16++ (17% vs 7%, P = .07) monocytes higher compared with HCs. Additionally, the proportion of CD14++CD16− monocytes increased (68% to 79%, P = .04) and the CD14+CD16++ monocytes decreased (17% to 7%, P = .049) between admission and discharge. Conclusions Following standard treatment of ADHF, the monocyte profile and circulating inflammatory markers shifts to more closely resemble those of HC, suggesting a resolution of the acute inflammatory state. Functional studies are warranted to understand how specific monocyte subsets and systemic inflammation may contribute to ADHF pathophysiology.
How Drug Shortages Affect Clinical Care: The Case of the Surgical Anesthetic Propofol.

Background: Periodic drug shortages have become a reality in clinical practice. In 2010, in the context of a nationwide drug shortage, our hospital experienced an abrupt 3-month shortage of the surgical anesthetic propofol. The purpose of this retrospective study was to survey the clinical impact of the abrupt propofol shortage at our hospital and to survey for any change in perioperative mortality. Methods: A retrospective before-and-after analysis, comparing May through July 2010 (group A, prior to the propofol shortage) to August through October 2010 (group B, during the propofol shortage). Results: In May through July 2010, before the propofol shortage, a majority of patients (80%) received propofol (group A, n = 2,830). In August through October 2010, during the propofol shortage, a majority of patients (81%) received etomidate (group B, n = 3,066). We observed that net usage of etomidate increased by more than 600% in our hospital. Baseline health characteristics and type of surgery were similar bet...
135. Re-exposure to social defeat initiated anxiogenic macrophage recruitment into the brain of sensitized mice

Repeated social defeat (RSD) is a murine stressor that promotes immune and behavioral consequences observed in humans exposed to psychosocial stress. Previous results show that RSD increased the inflammatory profile of brain CD11b + cells and caused prolonged anxiety-like behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the neuroinflammatory profile of brain CD11b + cells associated with prolonged anxiety-like behavior after RSD. Exposure to RSD increased circulating monocytes, promoted macrophage trafficking in the brain, and caused anxiety-like behavior that was evident 8 days after stress cessation. Moreover, RSD promoted social avoidance that persisted 24 days after stress cessation. Because stress-induced alterations were diminished after 24 days, the extent to which RSD sensitized stress responses was determined. Mice were sensitized (RSD) and then re-exposed to social defeat (1 cycle) 24 days later. Re-exposure to social defeat significantly increased recruitment of macrophages in the brain and re-established anxiety-like behavior in sensitized mice. This is relevant because none of these responses were observed in naive mice exposed to one cycle of social defeat. These results show that while RSD-induced immune and behavioral responses returned to baseline 24 days after stress cessation, RSD exposure sensitized mice to stressor re-exposure. Taken together, these findings implicate macrophage recruitment into the brain as a key intermediate in stress-induced anxiety disorders and demonstrate that neuro-immune pathways are sensitized to initiate immunological and behavioral responses.
FloraGator: A Novel, Interactive, and Online Multiple-entry Key for Identifying Plant Families

An interactive plant key was developed as an online tool with the specific goal of improving student learning of botanical vocabulary, plant morphology, and plant families. The online tool provides two options for using the multiple-entry key: identification of plant families based on historic botanical illustrations or live plant samples. The database consists of 196 angiosperm families, each with up to 220 botanical characters, and includes all of the plant families found in Florida. The tool uses a ternary system to record the diversity within each plant family such that upon entering identification information, families are eliminated that do not contain specific characters, which narrows the list of possible correct families. The remaining families are ranked according to total score, so families in which the features are common will appear first. This versatile online tool can be used nationwide to supplement in-person laboratory courses or distance education classes in horticulture, botany, systematics, and biology. To date, the newly launched site has been accessed by 1148 unique visitors from 15 countries.
Smart Buildings: An Introduction to the Library of the Future

Advances in building technologies are combining energy efficiency, networked sensors, and data recording in exciting ways. Modern facilities can adjust lighting, heating, and cooling outputs to maximize efficiency, provide better physical security, improve wayfinding for occupants, and provide detailed reports of building use. This column will briefly explore the idea of "smart buildings," describe some of the technologies that are being developed for these buildings, and explore their implications for libraries. A brief listing of selected smart building technologies is also provided.
Alcator C-Mod and the high magnetic field approach to fusion

Abstract Alcator C-Mod is the third in a series of high-field, compact tokamak fusion experiments built on the MIT campus. Its unique design and operating parameters have produced a wealth of new information since it began operation in 1993, contributing data that has supported ITER design decisions and operational planning. The C-Mod design and physics regimes also presented a set of reactor-relevant technical challenges that has driven its research agenda. These included plasma startup and control with a thick conducting vacuum vessel and magnet support structure; power handling at reactor levels ( q ‖ ∼ 1 GW/m 2 ); operation with high-Z metal walls; RF launchers capable of very high input power density and attainment of high plasma performance with metal walls; no external torque or core particle sources; and strong electron heating with equilibrated electrons and ions. Looking beyond ITER, C-Mod provides the technical underpinnings for a high-field approach to fusion energy—which offers the promise of a faster and cheaper development path.
Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits

Young sunflower plants track the Sun from east to west during the day and then reorient during the night to face east in anticipation of dawn. In contrast, mature plants cease movement with their flower heads facing east. We show that circadian regulation of directional growth pathways accounts for both phenomena and leads to increased vegetative biomass and enhanced pollinator visits to flowers. Solar tracking movements are driven by antiphasic patterns of elongation on the east and west sides of the stem. Genes implicated in control of phototropic growth, but not clock genes, are differentially expressed on the opposite sides of solar tracking stems. Thus, interactions between environmental response pathways and the internal circadian oscillator coordinate physiological processes with predictable changes in the environment to influence growth and reproduction.
Rafa Esparza's Red Summer

This essay analyzes the contributions that performance artist Rafa Esparza’s 2016 action “Red Summer” offers to legal analyses of police brutality and police killings of people of color. Building on the Demosprudence jurisprudence of Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres, as well as the author’s work on “artifacts” (studying relationships between visual and performance art and law), the author considers how Esparza’s invocation of grief and anguish combats official disdain of anti-police brutality social movements and etiolated legal responses to police killings.
Abstract 480: Serum Amyloid A Acts Through TGF-ß to Increase Atherosclerosis in ApoE Deficient Mice

Serum amyloid A (SAA), along with high sensitivity C- Reactive Protein, is a clinical marker of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in westernized countries. SAA is modestly but chronically elevated in several diseases such as diabetes and obesity that confer greater risk to developing atherosclerosis. It was recently reported that elevated SAA is pro-atherogenic in a murine model, although the mechanisms remain unclear. As outlined in the response to retention hypothesis, proteoglycan mediated lipoprotein retention is thought to be a key step in the initiation of atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated in vitro that vascular smooth muscle cells treated with SAA had increased vascular biglycan synthesis with increased LDL binding affinity. We further demonstrated that SAA stimulation of biglycan was mediated via induction of TGF-β. To evaluate the pro-atherogenic effects of SAA in vivo, ApoE-/- male mice were injected with an adenovirus carrying the gene for human SAA1 (adSAA), a null control (adNull) or saline and maintained on chow for 16 weeks. SAA was elevated immediately after injection of adSAA but returned to baseline by 10 days. Although the SAA elevation was short, mice injected with adSAA had increased vascular biglycan content and significantly increased atherosclerosis at the aortic sinus (p
Erratum to: Changing Places, Changing Plates? A Binational Comparison of Barriers and Facilitators to Healthful Eating Among Central American Communities

To understand the process by which immigrants adopt dietary practices, this study offers a binational comparison of factors that predispose, enable, and reinforce healthful eating in the sending and receiving countries. Data are from two qualitative studies that examined barriers and facilitators to healthful eating in El Salvador (four focus groups, n = 28 adults) and in the US (30 in-depth interviews n = 15 mothers recently migrated from Central America). There was a strong emphasis on hygiene and vitamin-content of foods among participants in El Salvador. In both settings, participants perceived that their respective community food environments (schools, food stores) exposed their families to highly processed, unhealthful foods. In both settings, they described similar struggles to encourage their families to eat foods healthfully (traditional, home-made foods). These results underscore the importance of acknowledging the changing food environment in sending countries where people may already be exposed to processed foods.
Testing an integrated self-determined work motivation model for people with disabilities: A path analysis.

Objective Individuals with disabilities are more likely to live in poverty, have more health issues, and be less likely to be employed than their same-aged peers. Although these issues may be attenuated by vocational rehabilitation services, amotivation and ambivalence to employment can limit the readiness of persons with disabilities to engage in these services. Drawing on self-efficacy, self-determination, and stages of change theories, the purpose of this study was to develop and test an integrated self-determined work motivation model for people with disabilities. Method Participants included 277 people with disabilities recruited through vocational rehabilitation agencies across 8 states. Path analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of functional disability, self-determination, and social efficacy variables in a hypothesized integrated self-determined work motivation model. Model estimations used maximum likelihood estimation and model-data fit was examined using several goodness-of-fit indices. Results The initial path analysis indicated a less than optimal fit between the model and the observed data. Post hoc model modifications were conducted based on examination of the critical ratios and modification indices and theoretical consideration. The respecified integrated self-determined work motivation model fit the data very well, χ²ldf = 1.88, CFI = .99, and RMSEA = 0.056. The R2 for the endogenous variables in the model ranged from .19 to .54. Conclusions Findings from this study support the integrated self-determined work motivation model in vocational rehabilitation as a useful framework for understanding the relationship among functioning levels, self-determination and self-efficacy factors, vocational rehabilitation engagement, and readiness for employment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Kant’s Idealism on a Moderate Interpretation

For many interpreters, the holy grail of Kant scholarship is to find a meaning for the doctrine of transcendental idealism that is not only consistent, understandable in its origins, and not immediately absurd, but also does full justice to the complex fact that Kant insists on claiming both that there are ‘real appearances’ (Erscheinungen in contrast to blosser Schein), that is, appearances disclosing to us features of physical objects that are empirically real, and also that these features are nonetheless ‘mere appearances’ in contrast to ‘things in themselves’.
Bridging the Gaps in Patient Education for DBS Surgery in Parkinson’s Disease

Introduction. Improvements in quality of life, tremor, and other motor features have been recognized as superior in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery versus best medical therapy. We studied a group of patients with PD after undergoing DBS surgery in regard to expectations and satisfaction with DBS outcomes to determine gaps in patient education. Methods. This study was a retrospective, single academic center chart review and outcome questionnaire sent to patients with PD who had undergone DBS surgery between 2007 and 2014. Results. All patients surveyed indicated that benefit from DBS surgery met their overall expectations at least partially, but only 46.4% (SE: 9.6%) were in complete agreement. 3.6% (SE: 3.6%) of participants strongly disagreed that preoperative education prepared them adequately for the procedure and 17.9% (SE: 7.4%) only somewhat agreed. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that patients’ expectations of DBS surgery in PD were at least partially met. However, there was a considerable percentage of patients who did not feel adequately prepared for the procedure. A structured, multidisciplinary team approach in educating PD patients throughout the different stages of DBS surgery may be helpful in optimizing patients’ experience and satisfaction with surgery outcomes.
Superintendents' Roles in Curriculum Development and Instructional Leadership: Instructional Visionaries, Collaborators, Supporters, and Delegators.

The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a survey study of superintendents’ work in the areas of curriculum development and instructional leadership. Four primary instructional leade...
Structures in Categories

In this chapter, we will examine several conceptual developments. We start with the idea of an “internal” category, described by diagrams within an ambient category. We then go on to study the sequences of composable arrows in a category — they constitute the “nerve” of the category, which turns out to be a simplicial set.
Teaching High School Chemistry as a University Science Educator: One Small Investment with a Significant Return

MaryKay Orgill taught high school chemistry during her first year as a university faculty member. To make sense of her experience as a first-time high school science teacher, she wrote an extensive journal. Using a community of practice lens, MaryKay and her collaborator examined her journal to identify the obstacles she encountered: lack of common, jointly negotiated goals and expectations for her K-12 teaching experience; struggles to become a member of the high school science department community; lack of knowledge about and experience with K-12 teaching practice; and a mismatch between the help she was given and help she felt she needed. To overcome these obstacles, MaryKay used the following strategies: investment in the high school and her high school colleagues and the establishment of a virtual support/mentoring group outside the school. In addition to these strategies, we offer proactive advice for avoiding these obstacles prior to returning to a K-12 classroom. Finally, MaryKay reflects on how her K-12 teaching experience has influenced her current work as a chemistry educator and professional developer.
Molecular Pathology of Melanocytic Skin Cancer

Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of melanoma could be helpful in identifying the pathogenetic profiles underlying both biological and clinical behaviors of the disease. Increasing evidence indicates the existence of a complex molecular machinery that provides checks and balances in normal melanocytes, whose alterations are implicated in generating different subsets of melanoma patients with different prognoses and/or clinical outcomes. Knowledge of the main molecular features underlying the pathogenesis of melanoma is thus crucial for the development of new diagnostic and prognostic tools.
Land Requirements for Solar Electricity Alternatives

A major consideration prior to constructing direct or indirect solar electricity facilities is the quantity of land required. A review of existing and proposed solar electricity installations reveals a very wide range of land (or water) surface areas that would be required to produce a standardized 100 MWe. These range from under 1000 acres (400 ha.) for waste-to-energy plants, pumped storage, and parabolic dishes and troughs, to over 10,000 acres (4000 ha.) for standard hydroelectric reservoirs, OTEC, solar chimneys, and both cultivated and non-cultivated biomass. In addition, qualitative changes to the land must also be considered.
Development and validation of a Weight Literacy Scale in English and Spanish

Objectives To develop and validate a Weight Literacy Scale in English and Spanish for adults. Methods The two-phase study utilized quantitative and qualitative methods. Phase 1 of the study consisted of developing an initial survey (English and Spanish versions) assessing weight literacy based on a review of the literature; conducting semi-structured interviews with content experts (N = 9) to refine survey items; and conducting in-person cognitive interviews with 20 study participants (N = 10 English-speaking and N = 10 Spanish-speaking adults) for survey pre-testing. Survey items were modified based on Phase 1 findings. Phase 2 consisted of a psychometric study of the Weight Literacy Scale developed in Phase 1. Procedures included administering the Weight Literacy Scale to 200 study participants (N = 100 English-speaking and N = 100 Spanish-speaking adults), a quantitative survey assessing dietary and physical activity behaviors and sociodemographics, measuring participants’ height and weight, and assessing the scale’s validity and internal reliability. A subset of Phase 2 participants (N = 71) completed the weight literacy scale at two-weeks follow-up to assess test-retest reliability. Participant recruitment and study procedures took place in community settings in central Massachusetts for both study phases. Weight literacy scale scores were calculated as the sum of total correct items. Three rounds of factor analysis were performed to identify items for elimination. The Kuder Richardson’s Coefficient of reliability was calculated. Correlations between the Weight Literacy Scale scores and related measures (body mass index and weight status, dietary behaviors, physical activity behaviors, and confidence in filling out medical forms) were examined. Results The final scale included 31 items and demonstrated strong internal consistency (Kuder Richardson Coefficient = 0.90), reasonable construct validity, and acceptable test-retest reliability (ρ = 0.72). Conclusion The Weight Literacy Scale is a reliable and valid research instrument to assess weight literacy among English- and Spanish-speaking adults.
Inactivation of plant pathogens in irrigation water runoff using a novel UV disinfection system

Untreated recycled irrigation water has been shown to introduce and spread plant pathogens such as Pythium and Phytophthora in commercial nurseries. Nevertheless, few nurseries currently treat their recycled irrigation water. Instead, nurseries use prophylactic pesticides to control the spread of plant pathogens, which increases costs and promotes the growth of resistant pathogens. Of interest to California is the spread of Phytopthora ramorum, causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD), responsible for the death of tens of thousands of trees in California and Oregon. This study investigated the use of a novel UV disinfection system to inactivate P. ramorum and other microbial contaminants at the National Ornamental Research Site at the Dominican University of California (NORS-DUC). In this system, the UV lamps do not come in contact with the water and hence remain free of the ‘lamp fouling’ problem. Tests on waters having the same characteristics as run-off from commercial nurseries showed a minimum of 3.7 log removal of bacterial species, 91.7% reduction of fungal counts, and 100% inactivation of the P. ramorum in the effluent. Treating the run-off from plant nurseries limits the spread of plant pathogens and enables the onsite re-use of the run-off.
Trace Formulas Applied to the Riemann ζ-Function

We use a spectral theory perspective to reconsider properties of the Riemann zeta function. In particular, new integral representations are derived and used to present its value at odd positive integers.
Data-enabled structure–property mappings for lanthanide-activated inorganic scintillators

The use of machine learning (ML) models toward development of validated structure–property relationships for two fundamental properties of activated inorganic scintillators for high energy radiation detection, namely the light yield (LY) and the decay time constant, is explored. The ML models are built on easily accessible proxies of materials—interchangeably referred to as features, descriptors or fingerprints—that are carefully selected on the basis of a physical understanding of the scintillation mechanism. Our study indicates that the developed physics-based ML models employing kernel ridge regression (KRR) and AdaBoost algorithm applied on top of a decision tree-based regression are able to “learn” the underlying design rules in a multi-dimensional feature space and thereby enable reasonably accurate predictions of the two target properties on unseen compounds (i.e., on a held-out test set). For instance, within a set of twenty-five cerium- or europium-doped scintillator materials, our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the average ionic part of the dielectric constant and the LY, irrespective of the specific chemistry of the compounds, indicating that the average ionic part of the dielectric constant is a particularly relevant descriptor toward prediction of the LY. Our results also demonstrate that, despite the use of small training datasets, the developed models are able to quickly distinguish high performing chemistries from those with relatively poor performance and therefore can play a crucial role in screening of new compounds with an attractive combination of targeted properties. The present study provides necessary motivation for future efforts involving ML models with relatively large training datasets, vast feature space explorations, and experimental design in search of promising novel scintillator chemistries.
Gas transport in shale matrix coupling multilayer adsorption and pore confinement effect

Abstract Accurate prediction of gas transport in shale formations mainly consisting of micro- and nano-scale pores is a great challenge since most existing models only consider monolayer adsorption and the underlying multi-physics are either partially or completely overlooked. In this work, we have proposed a comprehensive single-component gas transport model integrating multilayer adsorption, surface diffusion, real gas effect, and pore confinement effect. The new analytical model is developed based on Bravo layer-sequence-model and then upscaled using an Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) method, where the generalized Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model, the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) model, and the Sutton’s viscosity model are innovatively incorporated. The newly developed model has been successfully validated against simulation and experimental results with the assistance of an efficient iterative ensemble smoother (ES) algorithm. It is observed that the pore confinement effect is of importance when the pore size is smaller than 50 nm. The increase of gas viscosity due to the real gas effect is significant under reservoir conditions. The apparent permeability is found to increase greatly as the adsorption layer number increases, implying that the application of Langmuir model in existing gas transport models may substantially underestimate it. Given inorganic nanopores, the viscous flow is important at any pore sizes and the Knudsen diffusion plays a role in the pores that are less than 5 nm under reservoir conditions. As for organic nanopores, the contribution of surface diffusion is tangible when the pore size is below 150 nm and the Knudsen diffusion is negligible under high pressures.
Energizing and Exhausting Effects of Empowerment: A Within-Person Study of Empowering Leadership

Drawing from conservation of resources theory and regulatory focus theory, we examined weekly effects of empowering leadership on follower psychological states and in-, extra-, and cross-role outco...
Pediatric Digit Replantation Following Traumatic Amputation: Nationwide Analysis of Patient Selection, Outcomes, and Cost:

Background: Indications for replantation following traumatic digit amputations are more liberal in the pediatric population than in adults, but delineation of patient selection within pediatrics an...
Alternative splicing programming of axon formation

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates multiple mRNA isoforms of different structures and functions from a single gene. While the prevalence of alternative splicing control is widely recognized, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have long been studied, the physiological relevance and biological necessity for alternative splicing are only slowly being revealed. Significant inroads have been made in the brain, where alternative splicing regulation is particularly pervasive and conserved. Various aspects of brain development and function (from neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, to the homeostasis of neuronal activity) involve alternative splicing regulation. Recent studies have begun to interrogate the possible role of alternative splicing in axon formation, a neuron-exclusive morphological and functional characteristic. We discuss how alternative splicing plays an instructive role in each step of axon formation. Converging genetic, molecular, and cellular evidence from studies of multiple alternative splicing regulators in different systems shows that a biological process as complicated and unique as axon formation requires highly coordinated and specific alternative splicing events. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
Closed-loop Control Using High Power Hexapole Magnetic Tweezers for 3D Micromanipulation

This paper presents the design, modeling, integration, and application of 3D printed high power hexapole magnetic tweezers for 3D micromanipulation applications. Six sharp-tipped magnetic poles were configured with electromagnetic coils and mounted on 3D printed magnetic yokes to form a tilted Cartesian coordinate system for actuation. A closed loop control algorithm was developed to automatically manipulate external power supplies connected to the magnetic tweezers, by using 3D positional information obtained from real-time image processing techniques. When compared against other designs of magnetic tweezers, our system has a larger working space and can generate higher magnetic field strengths. This allows for more diverse applications regarding small scale manipulation, including cell manipulation and cell therapy. Experiments and analytics explained in this paper demonstrate the closed-loop manipulation of micro-swimmers can provide a magnetic force as high as 800 pN while maintaining a positional error below 4 µm in 3D and 1.6 µm in 2D. Using the desired location as the control input, the microswimmers investigated were able to achieve arbitrary 2D and 3D trajectories. We also show that the implemented hexapole magnetic tweezers have adequate power to control microswimmers in Newtonian fluid environments. The system will later be optimized and deployed to control microswimmers in non-Newtonian fluid environments.