cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid assembly of newly synthesized DNA into chromatin subunits prior to joining of small DNA replication intermediates

Abstract Nuclei from cells having the replicating DNA pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine and the nonreplicating DNA uniformly labeled with [14C]thymidine were treated with micrococcal nuclease according to procedures which have been used to study the subunit structure of chromatin. Sedimentation analyses of chromatin from nuclease-treated nuclei, together with measurements of the size of newly synthesized DNA, indicate that (1) chromatin subunits near the replication fork are more susceptible to nuclease attack than subunits in non-replicating chromatin; (2) newly synthesized DNA is rapidly assembled into chromatin subunits prior to joining of small DNA replication intermediates; and (3) within 10 min after synthesis, DNA in newly replicated chromatin acquires a susceptibility to nuclease treatment similar to that of non-replicating chromatin.
Dimming Titan Revealed by the Cassini Observations

Here we report the temporal variation of Titan's emitted energy with the Cassini/CIRS observations. In the northern hemisphere, the hemispheric-average emitted power decreased from 2007 to 2009 and increased from 2009 to 2012–13, which make the net change insignificant (0.1 ± 0.2%) during the period 2007–2013. The decrease from 2007 to 2009 is mainly due to the cooling around the stratospause, and the increase from 2009 to 2012–13 is probably related to temporal variation of atmospheric temperature around the tropopuase in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the emitted power continuously decreased by 5.0 ± 0.6% from 2.40 ± 0.01 W/m2 in 2007 to 2.28 ± 0.01 in 2012–13, which is mainly related to Titan's seasonal variation. The asymmetry in the temporal variation between the two hemispheres results in the global-average emitted power decreasing by 2.5 ± 0.6% from 2.41 ± 0.01 W/m2 in 2007 to 2.35 ± 0.01 W/m2 in 2012–13. The solar constant at Titan decreased by ~13.0% in the same period 2007–2013, which is much stronger than the temporal variation of emitted power. The measurements of Titan's absorbed solar power are needed to determine the temporal variation of the global energy budget.
Java will be faster than C

This paper shows that it is possible for Java to have better general performance than C++, and that it is likely that this will actually occur. Java performance can exceed that of C++ because dynamic compilation gives the Java compiler access to runtime information not available to a C++ compiler. This will occur because the rapidly growing market for embedded systems will be driven to extend battery life. Since each CPU clock cycle consumes some energy, battery life is extended by improving performance, thus achieving more computation per clock cycle.
Significantly improved oral uptake of amikacin in FVB mice in the presence of CRL-1605 copolymer.

Abstract Amikacin is an aminoglycoside which is used in the treatment of infection from gram negative bacteria. Amikacin is also used synergistically with penicillin against gram positive cocci. Amikacin cannot be delivered orally probably due to efflux of drug by P-glycoprotein pump in the brush border of intestine. We studied the possibility of delivering amikacin orally in mice using a copolymer (CRL-1605) as a vehicle. This copolymer inhibits P—glycoprotein pump. Two different doses of amikacin were used (500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The concentration of polymer used was 132 mg/kg. The liquid formulation was fed to mice by gavage and serum amikacin concentrations were estimated after one hour and two hours using flourescence polarization immunoassay. We observed a two fold increase in serum amikacin concentration when amikacin was orally delivered in the presence of CRL-1605 compared to controls (amikacin alone). We conclude that gastrointestinal absorption of amikacin is significantly increased in the presence of CRL-1605 in mice.
Glass fracture patterns and the (G,R) vs ∆C diagram

Abstract The crack patterns of glass which form when a propagating crack intersects a free surface are considered in terms of the (G,R) vs ∆C universal energy diagram for crack growth after Broek (1974) [1]. After briefly reviewing its derivation, the diagram is applied to glass fracture and the bifurcation of cracks in glass. The concepts are then extended to address the formation of the mirror/mist boundary on glass fracture surfaces. Features of the (G,R) vs ∆C diagram and the KI − V diagram after Richter (2002) [2] are combined to estimate the kinetic energy associated with a crack in soda lime silica glass at its terminal velocity. The kinetic energy is ~ 70% of the total energy requirement for crack growth. Implications regarding other glass fractures, such as the absence of the mirror/mist boundary for nano-whiskers, are also discussed. The (G,R) vs ∆C approach appears to have far reaching applications in describing glass fractures.
Metabolism of uscharidin, a milkweed cardenolide, by tissue homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae, Danaus plexippus L.

Midgut and fat body homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera:Danaidae), were examined for microsomal monooxygenase activity usingp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation and for the ability to metabolize a milkweed (Asclepias spp.) cardenolide (C23 steroid glycoside), uscharidin. All homogenates tested had bothN-demethylation and uscharidin biotransformation activities. Both transformations required NADPH. The monooxygenase inhibitors sesamex, SKF525A, and carbon monoxide inhibitedN-demethylation but not uscharidin biotransformation. Subsequent subcellular fractionation revealed the uscharidin biotransformation occurs in the soluble fraction and not the microsomal fraction, whileN-demethylation occurs in the microsomal fraction and not the soluble fraction. The larval NADPH-dependent microsomal monooxygenase apparently is not involved in the metabolism of uscharidin.
Disruption of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor phosphorylation prolongs ERK1/2 MAPK activation and enhances c-fos expression.

Previous studies have demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) binding to the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PPR) stimulates G protein coupling, receptor phosphorylation, β-arrestin transloca...
The relationship between macular cell layer thickness and visual function in different stages of glaucoma

To determine whether there were differences in the structure–function relationship between early and advanced glaucoma, and study the association between thickness of discrete macular cell layers, the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and visual field sensitivity. In all, 71 eyes of 50 subjects (28 glaucoma patients and 22 normal control subjects) were included. Thickness of macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), macular inner retinal layer (mIRL), and macular outer retinal layer (mORL) were measured from Stratus optical coherence tomography macular scans, using our previously published segmentation algorithm. Visual sensitivity loss was determined by mean deviation (MD) using Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. The mean thickness for each layer from the normal control subjects, early, and advanced glaucoma groups was compared. In addition, a mixed model analysis was used to explore the relationship between structure–function, allowing for possible interaction with glaucoma stage. The mean mRNFL thickness in early and advanced glaucoma patients was significantly less than measurements in normal subjects (P 0.8). There was no statistically significant difference in macular structure–function relationship between the two glaucoma groups (P>0.05). Mean mIRL thickness was significantly associated with MD (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in macular structure–function relationship between early and advanced glaucoma groups. Combined data from both glaucoma groups indicated that mIRL thickness was associated with visual sensitivity loss.
Peak and Nadir Experiences and Their Consequences Described by Pediatric Oncology Nurses

Abstract Pediatric oncology nurses experience role-related stressors, some of which are inherent to the speciality, and their consequences. Despite these difficulties, nurses continue in the specialty. One variable that helps to explain their continued commitment is “meaning,” or what pediatric oncology nurses find to be most significant and satisfying in their roles. One technique for determining meaning in a role is to inquire about the peak (significant and positive) and nadir (significant and negative) role-related experiences and the consequences of both kinds of experiences. The purpose of this study was to identify the peak and nadir experiences of pediatric oncology nurses and the short- and long-term consequences of those experiences. Using an interview format that consisted of four open-ended questions and a convenience sampling plan, five nurses interviewed 26 nurses from one pediatric cancer center and 38 nurses from a national sample. The interviewers completed an initial training session on interviewing and repeated that training two more times during data collection. Written or taped oral consent was obtained at the time of each interview. Using a content analytical technique (Krippendorff, 1980), four nurses independently coded each interview. Agreement ratings ranged from 75% to 100% per coded theme for an overall agreement level of 92%. Training for the coding process occurred initially and periodically throughout the analysis period. Fifteen different themes for peak experiences were identified, the majority of which reflect the nurses' experience with patients dying, or with patients recovering and living normal lives, or with the close relationships that develop between nurses and patients. Multiple short- and long-term consequences were identified and included changes in (1) values (becoming less judgmental), (2) behaviors (giving more empathic care), and (3) perspective (accepting limitations of care). Twenty-three different nadir themes were identified. A shared characteristic of several of these themes is the nurses' regret over a perceived inadequacy in handling a situation. Another common element is witnessing patient suffering and feeling unable to adequately relieve the suffering or provide comfort to the patient. The short-term consequences of nadir experiences tend to be negative and include guilt, anger, or dread. The long-term consequences tend to be positive and similar to the long-term consequences of peak experiences. Study findings indicate that pediatric oncology nurses do find meaning in their roles and that those who continue in the speciality are able to experience positive long-term consequences. Study findings will be used to develop a new scale to measure role-related meaning and to develop interventions designed to assist nurses in finding meaning in their roles even during particularly stressful periods.
A theory of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence of incompressible fluids

Abstract An eddy description of the Navier-Stokes equation is used to study the homogeneous, isotropic turbulence of incompressible fluids. Eddies can be split into two groups, corresponding to eddies appreciably smaller and appreciably larger than a given eddy under study. It is shown that the influence of the smaller eddies may be described by an effective turbulent viscosity whose coefficient is calculated as the functional of the energy spectrum of small eddies with the aid of a diagram technique; the viscosity coefficient is similar to that introduced by Heisenberg and may be interpreted by Prandtl's mixing-length theory. On the other hand, larger eddies act to diffuse the eddy in k space, exerting a diffusive force, and feeding energy to it; the diffusion coefficient and diffusive force are calculated diagrammatically as functionals of the spectrum of large eddies. An equation for the energy spectrum which holds in both the inertial and dissipative regions is then derived by combining the contributions from small and large eddies. In the inertial region the contributions from small eddies, which appear as the effective turbulent viscosity, are in equilibrium with the contributions from large eddies, which appear as the diffusion coefficient and diffusive force. It is shown that the interaction in the inertial region is local in wavenumber space, as assumed by Kolmogorov, and the scaling laws which lead to the Kolmogorov universal spectrum are derived. The equation for the energy spectrum in this region may be related to that of Heisenberg. The numerical predictions of the theory, such as the coefficient of the Kolmogorov spectrum, are shown to be in good accord with experiment. In the dissipative region the energy spectrum at wavenumber k obtained from our basic equation is shown to be proportional to exp (−√[15] k 2 k d 2 ) , where kd determines the boundary between the inertial and dissipative regions. The relationship of these results to those obtained by Townsend is established. To the extent that vertex corrections to the operator which describes the interaction between different eddies may be neglected, the theory is shown to be self-consistent.
Do Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Students Understand Linear Regression? Development and Early Validation of the REGRESS Quiz

Introduction Although regression is widely used for reading and publishing in the medical literature, no instruments were previously available to assess students’ understanding. The goal of this study was to design and assess such an instrument for graduate students in Clinical and Translational Science and Public Health. Methods A 27-item REsearch on Global Regression Expectations in StatisticS (REGRESS) quiz was developed through an iterative process. Consenting students taking a course on linear regression in a Clinical and Translational Science program completed the quiz pre- and postcourse. Student results were compared to practicing statisticians with a master's or doctoral degree in statistics or a closely related field. Results Fifty-two students responded precourse, 59 postcourse , and 22 practicing statisticians completed the quiz. The mean (SD) score was 9.3 (4.3) for students precourse and 19.0 (3.5) postcourse (P < 0.001). Postcourse students had similar results to practicing statisticians (mean (SD) of 20.1(3.5); P = 0.21). Students also showed significant improvement pre/postcourse in each of six domain areas (P < 0.001). The REGRESS quiz was internally reliable (Cronbach's alpha 0.89). Conclusion The initial validation is quite promising with statistically significant and meaningful differences across time and study populations. Further work is needed to validate the quiz across multiple institutions.
Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation

Abstract. There is a growing understanding that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can form through reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., clouds, fogs, and aerosol water). In clouds and wet aerosols, water-soluble organic products of gas-phase photochemistry dissolve into the aqueous phase where they can react further (e.g., with OH radicals) to form low volatility products that are largely retained in the particle phase. Organic acids, oligomers and other products form via radical and non-radical reactions, including hemiacetal formation during droplet evaporation, acid/base catalysis, and reaction of organics with other constituents (e.g., NH4+). This paper provides an overview of SOA formation through aqueous chemistry, including atmospheric evidence for this process and a review of radical and non-radical chemistry, using glyoxal as a model precursor. Previously unreported analyses and new kinetic modeling are reported herein to support the discussion of radical chemistry. Results suggest that reactions with OH radicals tend to be faster and form more SOA than non-radical reactions. In clouds these reactions yield organic acids, whereas in wet aerosols they yield large multifunctional humic-like substances formed via radical-radical reactions and their O/C ratios are near 1.
TREE-RING EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATIC CHANGES IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract The relationships between climatic factors and fluctuations in dated tree-ring widths are statistically evaluated. A wide ring indicates that the year's climate was moist and cool, and a narrow ring dry and warm. In general, ring width relates to a 14-month period from June through July but most tree-ring chronologies exhibit a closer relationship with autumn, winter, and spring moisture than with summer moisture. The climatic relationships for evergreen trees are attributed largely to the influence of environmental factors on photosynthesis and the accumulation of food reserves. Under abnormally dry and warm conditions, especially during the autumn, winter, and spring, little food is accumulated, new cells are formed more slowly during the growing period, and the resulting ring is narrow. Relative 10-yr. departures are calculated for the entire length of 26 tree-ring chronologies from western North America. Those portions after 1500 are used to map areas of high and low moisture. Periods of wide...
Analysis and design of joints and splices

In all assembled structures there exists the problem of joining the component parts. The joints, or splices, or attachments, must carry the same loads as the components they join together, and they must be efficient in that they add very little weight to the structure. Ideally, a joint should be as strong as the structure it joins together. Actually, in most cases it is very difficult and expensive to make a joint as strong as the structure. This means that ordinarily the joint is designed on the basis of the loads that the structure carries and not on the basis of the total strength of the structure. Because of strain concentrations and strain redistributions required in a joint, the joint may cause large reductions in the allowable loads in the materials being joined, particularly in materials with low ductility. In all too many cases, the joint becomes the weak link in the structure, with the majority of structural failures occurring at joints and splices. Thus, in the design of flight vehicles, much effort and time are spent on the analysis and design of joints.
Ion energization and transport associated with magnetic dipolarizations

Ion energization in the magnetotail during substorms is examined by simulating a modest substorm event that occurred on 7 February 2009. The simulation scheme combines global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling of the magnetosphere driven by realistic upstream solar wind conditions, with a large-scale kinetics (LSK) simulation. Multiple earthward propagating dipolarizations driven by reconnection outflow jets are modeled by the MHD simulation. Ion trajectories in the LSK simulation show that ions that originated near the reconnection site first gained energy nonadiabatically and then gained energy adiabatically as they “caught up with and then rode on” the earthward propagating dipolarizations. Consequently, the high-energy (>25 keV) ion fluxes were enhanced where and when the dipolarizations intensified. High-speed flows in narrow channels controlled the ion earthward transport in the outer magnetosphere due to the dominant E × B drift. The mechanisms of nonlocal energization by dipolarizations and transport controlled by high-speed flows operate similarly for electrons as described by Ashour-Abdalla et al. (2011) and Pan et al. (2014).
Critical system properties: survey and taxonomy

Abstract Computer systems are increasingly employed in circumstances where their failure (or even their correct operation, if they are built to flawed requirements) can have serious consequences. There is a surprising diversity of opinion concerning the properties that such ‘critical systems’ should possess, and the best methods to develop them. The dependability approach grew out of the tradition of ultra-reliable and fault-tolerant systems, while the safety approach grew out of the tradition of hazard analysis and system safety engineering. Yet another tradition is found in the security community, and there are further specialized approaches in the tradition of real-time systems. In this article are examined the critical properties considered in each approach, and the techniques that have been developed to specify them and to ensure their satisfaction. Since systems are now being constructed that must satisfy several of these critical system properties simultaneously, there is particular interest in the extent to which techniques from one tradition support or conflict with those of another, and in whether certain critical system properties are fundamentally compatible or incompatible with each other. As a step toward improved understanding of these issues, it is suggested that a taxonomy, based on Perrow's analysis (Perrow, C. Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies. Basic Books, New York, 1984), that considers the complexity of component interactions and tightness of coupling as primary factors, is used.
Reduction of fear-potentiated startle by benzodiazepines in C57BL/6J mice

Rationale Anxiety disorders affect 18% of the United States adult population annually. Recent surges in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from combat-exposed veterans have prompted an urgent need to understand the pathophysiology underlying this debilitating condition.
Determinants of Deforestation and the Economics of Protection: An Application to Mexico

We estimate the probability of deforestation at the plot level for Chiapas and Oaxaca, two poor Mexican states with high levels of biodiversity. Results highlight the importance of physio-geographic endowments as well as policy variables and allow to test explicitly for aggregation bias. They also suggest that, if combined with information on the biodiversity value of specific plots, such models could be of great relevance for policy by allowing to identify the ex ante risk of deforestation. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Improving GPS positioning precision by using optical encoders

A real-time positioning system for a precision chemical applicator has been developed; the system is composed of a low cost GPS combined with two optical encoders. GPS has good resolution in global range, but has poor resolution in local single-point positioning. With the optical encoders, the situation is just the opposite-they have high resolution in a small range, but the accumulative error grows as the vehicle moves. Based on the characteristics of GPS and optical encoders, an algorithm has been proposed to integrate the advantages of GPS and optical encoders. The results of this research show that the combined positioning system of GPS and the optical encoders can inherit all advantages of GPS and optical encoders and overcome their shortcomings. The positioning accuracy has been significantly improved, and can meet the real-time spatial high resolution positioning demands in field operations with the dynamic response of optical encoders.
The effects of complications and comorbidities on the quality of preventive diabetes care: a literature review.

Abstract Although concurrent conditions such as complications and comorbidities are common in people with diabetes, both are often omitted from studies of the quality of diabetes preventive care. This systematic review of the literature on the quality of diabetes preventive care assesses not only trends in the reporting of and adjusting for complications and comorbidities, but also the limitations of current measures of complications and comorbidities. This review identified 34 studies in which the quality of diabetes preventive care was assessed with process measures and complications or comorbidities were reported. More often than not, the studies identified the presence of certain complications or comorbidities, counted complications or comorbidities, or used comorbidity indices to measure morbidity. While earlier studies reported the prevalence of complications or comorbidities, more recent studies use complications or comorbidities as covariates in regression models. Despite this progress, the effect...
Electrical resistance study of bismuth antimonide to low temperature in vacuum

Abstract Four terminal electrical resistance measurements on polycrystalline ingots of BiSb as a function of decreasing and increasing temperature in vacuum indicate upon cooling anomaly of increasing resistance at about O°C and a reversible minimum resistance turning point near − 125°C. Interpretation of these results are given and comparison is made with recent similar work on tin.
Geometry based designs of LDPC codes

In this paper we construct three types of low-density parity-check codes with column weight j = 3 based on geometries in graphical models. Low-density parity-check codes with j > 2 are desired because their minimum distance improves linearly with the code block length n. The codes we present here have girth 8 and girth 10. All codes are regular and well-structured. These codes have flexible block lengths and code rates, and may be used in the area of communications and data storage. Our simulation results show that they have better bit-error-rate decoding performance and lower error floors in additive white Gaussian noise channels than randomly constructed low-density parity-check codes.
Dynamic Partitioning of an Aromatic Probe between the Headgroup and Core Regions of Cationic Micelles

Fluorescence lifetime measurements of 2-ethylnaphthalene (2EN) probes in the cationic micelles tetradecyl-trimethylammonium chloride (TTAC), tetradecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), dodecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), and dodecyl-trimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) demonstrate the close proximity of the 2EN to the Br- counterions. The fluorescence lifetimes in TTAB and DTAB are much shorter than in TTAC and DTAC because of fluorescence quenching caused by the external heavy atom (Br-) effect. These results indicate that 2EN resides to a substantial degree in the headgroup region of the micelles. However, detailed analysis of the fluorescence decays shows that the decays are nonexponential in TTAB and DTAB. For micelles with chloride counterions, the fluorescence decays are single exponentials. Fluorescence measurements on nonmicelle solutions with bromide ions are also single exponentials. The results indicate that 2EN is exchanged between the headgroup and the core regions on a short time scale. ...
Nitric Oxide Protects Bacteria from Aminoglycosides by Blocking the Energy-Dependent Phases of Drug Uptake

Our investigations have identified a mechanism by which exogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) induces resistance of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria to aminoglycosides. An NO donor was found to protect Salmonella spp. against structurally diverse classes of aminoglycosides of the 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine group. Likewise, NO generated enzymatically by inducible NO synthase of gamma interferon-primed macrophages protected intracellular Salmonella against the cytotoxicity of gentamicin. NO levels that elicited protection against aminoglycosides repressed Salmonella respiratory activity. NO nitrosylated terminal quinol cytochrome oxidases, without exerting long-lasting inhibition of NADH dehydrogenases of the electron transport chain. The NO-mediated repression of respiratory activity blocked both energy-dependent phases I and II of aminoglycoside uptake but not the initial electrostatic interaction of the drug with the bacterial cell envelope. As seen in Salmonella, the NO-dependent inhibition of the electron transport chain also afforded aminoglycoside resistance to the clinically important pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Together, these findings provide evidence for a model in which repression of aerobic respiration by NO fluxes associated with host inflammatory responses can reduce drug uptake, thus promoting resistance to several members of the aminoglycoside family in phylogenetically diverse bacteria.
Translation, interpretation, fan fiction: A continuum of meaning production

By using the arguments of Maria Tymoczko to enlarge the definition of translation and of Rosemary Arrojo to draw a parallel between the struggle between author and translator and creator and fic writer, I argue that translation studies is a fruitful way to theorize fan fiction and other transformative fan works.
Parental Contributions to the Delay of Gratification in Preschool-Aged Children.

Delay of gratification in young children has been linked to long-term behavioral and academic outcomes. This study explored parent behavior during a laboratory paradigm as possible associates of delay ability. The sample consisted of 50 two- and three-year-old children and their primary caregivers. A newly created laboratory task, the gift delay task, was conducted to assess delay of gratification. Additionally, parents completed a child temperament (EASI-III) questionnaire. Based on the award-oriented behavior in the gift delay task, children were classified into three groups: delay (20 %), touch and go (i.e., approached the gift, but demonstrated some delay ability; 46 %), and non delay (34 %). Likewise, parents were classified into three groups: non-directive (parents did not initiate any interactions, but may have participated in child-led activity), active (parents initiated interaction with the child no more than 3 times), and very active (parents initiated 4 or more interactions with the child). Significant differences in emotionality and impulsivity were found between the 3 groups of children; additionally, significant differences in delay ability were found based on parent classifications suggesting that there is an optimal level of involvement on part of the parent that helps the child to wait, but beyond this point, involvement may be detrimental to a successful delay outcome. Implications for behavioral interventions focused on parental support and scaffolding are discussed.
Creating an interdisciplinary course: a primer

The intention of this article is to assist faculty members who want to become involved in the creation and implementation of a successful course integrating mathematics and another discipline. This paper discusses areas that a faculty member should consider when designing and planning the course, including goal setting, choosing a topic, planning the course, evaluating the successes and failures of topics, and evaluating the course as a whole. While the body of the article applies to a course that can be taught by either an individual or a team, there is a separate section devoted to the specifics of teamteaching. The main concern when designing a course is: "Why will this approach be beneficial to students?" An interdisciplinary course is an excellent vehicle for increasing students' understanding of the reason for developing mathematical models, but integrating mathematics with another discipline requires careful attention to the interplay of the disciplines.
Comment on: A Case of Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis with Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage

Dear Editor, We read with interest the article by Sung et al. (1) They reported a 59-yr-old woman who presented with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). They wondered why the patient had developed such a rare and life-threatening condition in contrast to the typical course of PSGN. Although the exact mechanism of DAH in PSGN is unclear, one experimental study by Fitzsimons and Lange (1) suggested that antibody against streptococcal cell membrane (SCM) antigens might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the association. In this study (1), tissue injury was induced in mice by the injection of monoclonal antibody (mAb) against SCM antigens, and a more severe onset of the pathology, also on a dose-dependent basis, was induced by placement of the anti-SCM mAb-secreting hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity. The severity of observed lesions, such as pulmonary hemorrhage, was dependent on the number of cells injected, and was greater in the female littermate than the male. Immunohistochemical study and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated the ability of these anti-SCM mAb to react with glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens as well as lung basement membrane (LBM). Although not validated in a human model, this experiment might partly explain the possible relationship between PSGN and DAH, and therefore, DAH should also be considered as a possible cause of the serious complications when a patient, especially female, presents with PSGN as in this case. Further studies are necessary to identify clinical or laboratory markers to predict the development of DAH in patients with PSGN.
Mode Localization Experiments on a Ribbed Antenna

In this paper, the mode localization (ML) phenomenon is investigated experimentally and analytically to determine the influence of its parameters. For this purpose, a full-scale 12-rib loosely coupled antenna testbed with small imperfections is dynamically tested for various levels of inter-rib coupling stiffness and excitation force. The experimental results are described herein. Using a simplified numerical model of the structure, a sensitivity analysis of the modal behavior is also performed. The numerical and experimental results are shown to agree remarkably well, thereby providing conclusive validation of the ML phenomenon on a testbed having the dynamic characteristics of space structures. ODE localization (ML) is a dynamic phenomenon associated with weakly coupled periodic structures, and resulting from small imperfections (< 5%) which perturb the periodicity. Such imperfections typically result from random manufacturing or assembly imprecisions. Numerous numerical and analytical investigations have shown that such structures can be susceptible to displaying modal deformations which are quite different from those expected if the periodic structure had no imperfections . In extreme cases of ML, the modal energy and deformations are confined to a single component, instead of having the periodic distribution predicted for a perfect structure. If not adequately incorporated into the analysis model, ignoring ML could have adverse effects on the design of active control systems. It could compromise system identification schemes based on periodicity, or could lead to erroneous results if accurate shape control is required. Also, the confinement of the vibrational energy to particular components could yield dangerously high stress levels. Conversely, ML could be advantageous in reducing vibrations in specific regions of a structure. However, the existence of ML or the influence of its parameters have not yet been demonstrated on an actual space-like structure. This provided the motivation for the research described herein, with the objective of demonstrating analytically and experimentally the degree to which actual structures—having the complexity and dynamic characteristics of space structures—are susceptible to mode localization.1 For this purpose, the antenna testbed shown in Fig. 1 was used to investigate and ascertain the existence of ML. After a brief overview of the theory of ML, the testbed facility, the data acquisition system, and the data-reduction software are described, as well as the identified and measured small structural imperfections. A preliminary analysis of the sensitivity of the modal properties to variations in the inter-rib stiffness was conducted. A description of the model with the actual imperfections and conclusions derived from the numerical modal analysis are presented. Based on these conclusions, certain modes were targeted for the experiments and were excited at several forcing levels for various amounts of interrib stiffness. The impact of nonlinear dynamic response and
The effectiveness of grammar instruction for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication systems: a preliminary study.

This study examined the effectiveness of an instructional program designed to teach grammar skills to individuals who communicated via augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). A single-sub...
Dynamic-Inner Partial Least Squares for Dynamic Data Modeling

Abstract Partial least squares(PLS) regression has been widely used to capture the relationship between inputs and outputs in static system modeling. Several dynamic PLS algorithms were proposed to capture the characteristic of dynamic systems. However, none of these algorithms provides an explicit description for dynamic inner model and outer model. In this paper, a dynamic inner PLS is proposed for dynamic system modelling. The proposed algorithm gives explicit dynamic inner model and makes inner model and outer model consistent at the same time. Several examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Transportation alternative preferences of the aging population

The population of older adults in the US is growing extremely rapidly, and is expected to grow at an even faster rate in the near future. Consequently, there is an increasing need to provide transportation services for non-driving older adults. As older adults’ transportation needs are different from the needs of other age groups, the scholarly evaluation of viable transportation options is crucial. A nationwide survey was conducted to examine older adults’ perceptions and preferences for five transportation alternatives, including: volunteer drivers, shuttle buses, senior-center-based shuttle buses, prepaid taxi services, and specially coordinated bus/rail service to distant medical centers. Results found that the volunteer drivers alternative was the most preferred by both driving and non-driving older adults. This study also investigated the effects of location (rural, micropolitan, or metropolitan), driving status (driving and non-driving), nearness to the most frequently visited place (grocery stores), and familiarity with elderly transportation options on transportation alternative selection. This study provides vital information to transportation policy makers who design transportation systems for older adults in their communities.
Management of colorectal T1 carcinoma treated by endoscopic resection from the Western perspective

Detection of early colorectal cancer is expected to rise in light of national colorectal cancer screening programs. This The present review article delineates current endoscopic risk assessments, differentiating invasive from non-invasive neoplasia, for high likelihood of lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer, also termed high-risk early colorectal cancer, and endoscopic and surgical resection methods from a Western hemisphere perspective.
MEDIEVAL BRONZES OF THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN KINGDOMS

Over the last quarter-century, there has been a discernible increase in the number of scholars who have focused their research on metal production, working, and use in antiquity, afield of study which has come to be known as Archaeometallurgy. Materials scientists and conservators have worked primarily in the laboratory while archaeologists have conducted fieldwork geared to the study of metal technology in a cultural context with laboratory analysis as one portion of the interpretive program.
Coordination numbers of hydrated divalent transition metal ions investigated with IRPD spectroscopy.

Hydration of the divalent transition metal ions, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with 5–8 water molecules attached was investigated using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and photodissociation kinetics. At 215 K, spectral intensities in both the bonded-OH and free-OH stretch regions indicate that the average coordination number (CN) of Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ is ∼6, and these CN values are greater than those of Cu2+ and Zn2+. Ni has the highest CN, with no evidence for any population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvation shell for the hexa-hydrate at temperatures up to 331 K. Mn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+ have similar CN at low temperature, but spectra of Mn2+(H2O)6 indicate a second population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvent shell, i.e., a CN < 6, that increases in abundance at higher temperature (305 K). The propensity for these ions to undergo charge separation reactions at small cluster size roughly correlates with the ordering of the hydrolysis constants of th...
Thermal Model Correlations: Benefits, Limitations, and Best Practices

Abstract Thermal model correlations are used to determine thermal parameters used in a thermal analysis. Thermal resistance, heat capacity, and power dissipation are determined by attempting to match thermal test data to thermal model predictions. There are a series of tests, including steady state power on tests, linear ramp tests, and step tests that can help determine these parameters. It is demonstrated that linear ramp tests and step tests provide the same thermal information: the thermal time constant. Therefore, only one of these tests is necessary in a thermal model correlation. For multi node, multi path thermal systems, even at steady state, it is possible that many different sets of thermal parameters can induce the same temperature response. Therefore, matching test data to the analysis prediction does not guarantee that the chosen thermal parameters are physically representative of the hardware. It is therefore vital that the thermal analyst know the reasonable bounds of the thermal parameters when performing thermal model correlations. In this paper, three major thermal systems are evaluated: single node, multinode serial path, and multi-node multi-path. Additionally, a list of thermal model correlation best practices is described.
Effects of microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the effect of microbial phytase on ATTD and STTD of P in full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), brown rice, broken rice, and rice mill feed when fed to pigs. Ninety-six barrows (initial BW of 19.4 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 12 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal was formulated. Five additional diets containing corn, soybean meal, and each rice coproduct were also formulated, and the ratio between corn and soybean meal in these diets was similar to that in the basal diet. Six additional diets that were similar to the initial 6 diets with the exception that 1,000 units of microbial phytase were added to the diets were also formulated. The ATTD and STTD of P were calculated for each diet using the direct procedure, and the ATTD and STTD of P in each rice coproduct were calculated using the difference procedure. Results of the experiment indicated that the concentration of P in feces was reduced (P < 0.05) from pigs fed diets with microbial phytase compared with pigs fed diets without phytase. No differences were observed between the basal diet and the broken rice diet, but the ATTD and the STTD of P in those diets was greater (P < 0.05) than in all other diets both without and with phytase. Among the rice coproducts, the greatest (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P were observed for broken rice regardless of inclusion of phytase. If no microbial phytase was used, the values for STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed were not different, but if microbial phytase was included in the diet, ATTD and STTD of P in brown rice was greater (P < 0.05) than in FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed. The STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, and rice mill feed was greater (P < 0.05) if microbial phytase was used than if no microbial phytase was used. Addition of microbial phytase to the diets also increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca regardless of the rice coproducts used. In conclusion, the STTD of P is greater in broken rice than in all other rice coproducts. The STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed is relatively low due to the high concentration of phytate in these ingredients, but addition of microbial phytase will increase the STTD of P in most rice coproducts.
Species level phenotypic variation in lower Paleozoic trilobites

Phenotypic variation within species provides the raw material acted upon by natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms. As such, the range and variation of morphology within a species can play an important role in determining the tempo of evolution. The range and variance of aspects of cranidial morphology for nine lower Paleozoic trilobites were measured to identify microevolutionary correlates of macroevolutionary patterns. Comparisons were made among sets of homologous landmarks or upon partial warp vector matrices containing similar pro- portions of variance. Rarefaction and bootstrap analyses helped estimate the effects of sampling. Levels of variance and range of morphology differed considerably within and among time periods. There is no significant temporal decline in the variance or range of morphology, suggesting that developmental or genomic constraints may not have been the primary factors controlling the tempo of trilobite macroevolution. The spatial distribution of cranidial variance differed considerably among taxa, suggesting that a complex set of developmental processes governed the morphogen- esis of cranidia within trilobites.
A metal shuttle keeps pathogens well fed

S taphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of life-threatening infections in humans. Knowledge of how this pathogen colonizes the human host and causes disease is crucial for the development of strategies to prevent and treat S. aureus infections (see the image, next page). On page 1105 of this issue, Ghssein et al. report the discovery, isolation, and functional evaluation of staphylopine (see the figure), a compound biosynthesized by S. aureus that captures metal ions from the pathogen's surroundings and thereby enables it to grow ( 1 ).
Problems associated with ceramic brackets suggest limiting use to selected teeth.

Abstract Ceramic brackets became popular as esthetic appliances which could withstand orthodontic forces and resist staining better than plastic brackets. Several clinical complications may arise from the use of ceramic brackets. They include the effects debonding can have on underlying enamel, attrition of teeth occluding with ceramic brackets and increased friction in the orthodontic appliance. Solutions to these problems are discussed which indicate the need for careful selection of teeth to be bonded with ceramic brackets.
Pragmatism, Internalism, and Externalism

When a debate drags on interminably, and when both sides have the force of appealing intuitions and plausible arguments on their respective sides, one begins to think that perhaps both sides are latching onto some truth of the matter, and that neither position can be rejected as entirely false. The task, then, is to locate the truth in each position, and try to formulate a view that retains the insight in each position.
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

At this first women’s rights convention after the Civil War, the prominent African American writer Frances Harper told how her support of women’s rights was based on her own experience. But she also documented how the racism of American society differentiated the experience of black and white women, black men, and white men.