cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Results in the use of the Spectracon for Direct Electronography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some experimental results in the use of the Spectracon for direct electronograph. In this study, a mounting was designed and constructed to permit the Spectracon to be used for direct electronographic observations at the prime focus of the 120 inch Lick reflector and the Cassegrain focus of the 24 inch photoelectric reflector. The field to be recorded by the Spectracon can be outlined on an adjustable reticle located within this system. This reticle has an aluminum knife edge deposited on it for use in optically focusing the instrument. An offset eyepiece for guiding during exposures may be located on either of two adjustable mountings, which are situated on either side of the optical axis. The instrumentation has been used for a variety of different observing programs, including problems in stellar photometry, surface photometry of extragalactic nebulae, and the optical identification of radio pulsars. The observational results demonstrate that the Spectracon is an extremely valuable research tool for those problems where the small field size is not a limitation. Moreover, some other experimental work has also shown that Spectracons having fields up to at least 30 × 30 mm 2 could be constructed.
The Design of Products Liability: A Reply to Professors Henderson and Twerski

In The Expectations of Consumers,' I examine a much-maligned products liability doctrine that attempts to rest manufacturer liability for defective product designs on the expectations of ordinary consumers. Although I concur with previous commentators who regard the consumer expectations doctrine to date as both undertheorized and unwieldy in application, I also observe the stubborn refusal of a significant minority of jurisdictions to abandon it. Notably, several of these jurisdictions have clung to the doctrine even after the decisive conclusion of the ALI's Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability that consumer expectations are unworthy of recognition as an independent test for design defect. After first describing these treacherous waters, I then enter them by offering a reinvigorated understanding of the consumer expectations doctrine that seeks to capture important aspects of public health and safety concerns that the Restatement formulation excludes and that courts plausibly might be groping toward in their consumer expectations jurisprudence. Rather than permit unguided conjecture by jury members regarding the content of consumer expectations, however, I recommend that the doctrine be redirected specifically toward those aspects of risk perception and evaluation that express important public values regarding the acceptability of product-caused harms, but that cannot be subsumed within a technically-oriented reasonable alternative design standard. Although I attempt to provide both a theoretical foundation for and a practical explication of the consumer expectations doctrine as reconceived in this light, I also note in the Article that the test "should be thought of as a work in progress, subject to debate and revision in the best spirit of the common law."2 Consistent with that ambition, therefore, I am extremely grateful that Professors Henderson and Twerski, who served as Reporters for the Third Restatement, have offered their careful, constructive response to my proposal.3 Space permits me to address here only two of their critiques. The Reporters contend that the reinvigorated consumer expectations test described in The Expectations of Consumers reflects "elitism," first because it permits courts to make judgments that they believe should be made only by the "more populist-oriented branches of government"4 and, second, because it substitutes the "soft technology" of psychology for the free-
The Effect of Modifying Structure to Display Product Versus Graphical Representation on Packaging

Research is presented that investigates whether the amount of physical product visible from the primary display panel of a package has an effect on consumer attention and purchase decision in the category of grill ware. It is hypothesized that a package providing the most physical product exposure will be preferred by consumers over alternative structural designs. To test this, three similar products were placed in four distinct package structures varying the amount of visible product exposure (0%, 40%, 90% and 100%). The packages were positioned on the shelves of the fully immersive simulated shopping environment CUshop™. A total of 127 participants were fitted with eye-tracking glasses and presented a shopping list that included one of the three grill ware products (fork, spatula and tongs). Participants were asked to shop as they normally would, and data concerning their visual attention in the store and final purchase selection was collected. Purchase patterns showed that the packaging that revealed the most physical product possible was chosen more than the other three configurations tested. Analysis of eye-tracking data supports expected behaviour, suggesting that consumers prefer to see at least some of the product, with the 0% visible product receiving significantly fewer fixations, a slower time to first fixation and lower total fixation durations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error bounds for noisy compressive phase retrieval

This paper provides a random complex measurement matrix and an algorithm for complex phase retrieval of sparse or approximately sparse signals from the noisy magnitudes of the measurements obtained with this matrix. We compute explicit error bounds for the recovery which depend on the noise-to-signal ratio, the sparsity s, the number of measured quantitites m, and the dimension of the signal N. This requires m to be of the order of s ln(N/s). In comparison with sparse recovery from complex linear measurements, our phase retrieval algorithm requires six times the number of measured quantities.
Control of an Injection Molding Machine: Adaptive Regulation During Filling

An adaptive control algorithm, the self-tuning regulator (STR), was applied to control the injection phase of an injection molding machine cycle. The objective was to control the hydraulic pressure and cause it to follow a predetermined profile. The information of the previous cycle was used to correct the controller parameters for the next cycle. This computation is done between cycles. The STR control was found superior to standard proportional-integral control of the same system when high density polyethylene was injected into a heat distortion temperature test mold. Both algorithms had trouble controlling when acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene was injected into a flex bar mold. A number of potential directions are proposed to improve the control for the latter conditions.
12(b) What? Slater and Enforcing Forum Selection Clauses Through Dismissal

On March 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held in Slater v. Energy Services Group International, Inc. that Rule 12(b)(3) governs motions to dismiss under a forum selection clause, whereas 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) governs motions to transfer under a forum selection clause. In doing so, the Eleventh Circuit further weighed in on the disagreement among the circuit courts of appeal over the proper mechanism to enforce a forum selection clause through dismissal. This Comment argues that although the Eleventh Circuit’s holding in Slater is inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s holding in Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., the holding furthers sentiments implicit in the Supreme Court’s holding and furthers principles behind forum selection clauses
Analysis of the Impact of Blogs on the Information Society (Análisis de los Efectos de los Blogs en la Sociedad de la Información) (Spanish)

Recently there has been a proliferation of notebooks networks, better known as blogs. At the same time, the expansion in research around these new media of communication and debate emphasizes the importance of such forms within the Society of Information. This work analyzes empirically the influence that the blogs exert upon society, focusing in two main cornerstones of democracy: 1) journalism and 2) the participation of citizens in politics.
Clinical course of children with a depressive spectrum disorder and transient manic symptoms.

Nadkarni RB, Fristad MA. Clinical course of children with a depressive spectrum disorder and transient manic symptoms. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 494–503. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: To assess rates of conversion to bipolar spectrum disorder (BPSD) and risk factors associated with conversion in children with depressive spectrum disorders (DSD) and transient manic symptoms (TMS) over 18 months. TMS are manic-like symptoms of insufficient duration or number to warrant a diagnosis of BPSD. Methods: Participants were 165 children (mean = 9.9 years, SD = 1.3) with mood disorders from the Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (MF-PEP) treatment study: 37 with DSD+TMS, 13 with DSD, and 115 with BPSD. All were assessed with standardized instruments on four occasions over 18 months, with half receiving MF-PEP after their baseline assessment and half receiving MF-PEP after a one-year wait-list condition. Results: At baseline, the Children’s Global Assessment Scale scores did not differ significantly between the DSD+TMS, DSD, and BPSD groups. Conversion rates to BPSD were significantly higher for the DSD+TMS group (48.0%) compared to the DSD group (12.5%). Conversion was significantly more frequent for participants in the one-year wait-list control group (60%) compared to the immediate treatment group (16%). Clinical presentation, family environment, and family history did not differ significantly between the small subset of DSD+TMS participants who did convert to BPSD at follow-up and those who did not convert. Baseline functional impairment was greater for the converted group than the non-converted group. Conclusions: Transient manic symptoms are a risk factor for eventual conversion to BPSD; psychoeducational psychotherapy may be protective. As this exploratory study had a small sample size and did not correct for multiple comparisons, additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
Effect of Rotational Atherectomy in Noncalcified Atherosclerotic Plaque: A Volumetric Intravascular Ultrasound Study

AbstractObjectives. This study used pre-rotational and post-rotational atherectomy volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis to determine whether rotational atherectomy causes ablation of noncal...
Localization and function of ADP ribosylation factor A in Aspergillus nidulans

Filamentous fungi undergo polarized hyphal growth throughout the majority of their life cycle. The Spitzenkorper is a structure unique to filamentous fungi that participates in hyphal growth and is composed largely of vesicles. An important class of proteins involved in vesicle assembly and trafficking are the ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arf1p and Arf2p are involved in secretion. Aspergillus nidulans ArfA is a homolog of ScArf1p and ScArf2p with 75% of amino acid sequence similarity to each. ArfA::GFP localizes to cellular compartments consistent with Golgi equivalents. An N-terminal myristoylation motif is critical for localization of ArfA. Treatment with Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of Golgi transport, leads to ArfA::GFP diffusing through the cytosol and accumulating into a subcellular compartment further suggesting the ArfA localizes to and functions in the Golgi network. Costaining with FM4-64 revealed that ArfA::GFP likely localized to subcellular compartments participating in exocytosis. We were unable to recover arfA gene disruption strains indicating that the gene is essential in A. nidulans. The overexpression of ArfA protein partially suppresses the polarity defect phenotype of an N-myristoyltransferase mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that ArfA participates in hyphal growth through the secretory system.
An Ontology-Driven Framework and Web Portal for Spatial Decision Support

Numerous systems and tools have been developed for spatial decision support (SDS), but they generally suffer from a lack of re-usability, inconsistent terminology, and weak conceptualization. We introduce a collaborative effort by the SDS Consortium to build a SDS knowledge portal. We present the formal representation of knowledge about SDS, the various ontologies captured and made accessible by the portal, and the processes used to create them. We describe the portal in action, and the ways in which users can search, browse, and make use of its content. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned from this effort, and future development directions. Our work demonstrates how ontologies and semantic technologies can support the documentation and retrieval of dynamic knowledge in GIScience by offering flexible schemata instead of fixed data structures.
Diffraction of atomic waves by nonorthogonal standing waves

We present experiments to investigate momentum transfer between atoms and a standing wave radiation field in the case where the atoms initially have a velocity component up to 2 m/s along the k vector of the standing wave. We also present a theory which yields an analytic expression for the final momentum distributions as a function of this velocity component.
Nucleosome competition reveals processive acetylation by the SAGA HAT module

The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator complex hyperacetylates histone tails in vivo in a manner that depends upon histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), a histone mark enriched at promoters of actively transcribed genes. SAGA contains a separable subcomplex known as the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module that contains the HAT, Gcn5, bound to Sgf29, Ada2, and Ada3. Sgf29 contains a tandem Tudor domain that recognizes H3K4me3-containing peptides and is required for histone hyperacetylation in vivo. However, the mechanism by which H3K4me3 recognition leads to lysine hyperacetylation is unknown, as in vitro studies show no effect of the H3K4me3 modification on histone peptide acetylation by Gcn5. To determine how H3K4me3 binding by Sgf29 leads to histone hyperacetylation by Gcn5, we used differential fluorescent labeling of histones to monitor acetylation of individual subpopulations of methylated and unmodified nucleosomes in a mixture. We find that the SAGA HAT module preferentially acetylates H3K4me3 nucleosomes in a mixture containing excess unmodified nucleosomes and that this effect requires the Tudor domain of Sgf29. The H3K4me3 mark promotes processive, multisite acetylation of histone H3 by Gcn5 that can account for the different acetylation patterns established by SAGA at promoters versus coding regions. Our results establish a model for Sgf29 function at gene promoters and define a mechanism governing crosstalk between histone modifications.
Basilar Hyperlucency in a Patient With Emphysema Due to Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis Syndrome

Disproportionate emphysematous involvement of the lung bases, compared with the apices, sometimes called basilar hyperlucency, is an unusual radiographic pattern that has been reported primarily in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, but also in individuals with emphysema caused by intravenous injection of methylphenidate. We present a patient with emphysema associated with hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome and whose chest radiograph demonstrated basilar hyperlucency. To the extent that basilar hyperlucency has not been well recognized as a feature of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, this report extends the spectrum of causes of this unusual radiographic pattern of emphysema.
An adaptive hybrid time-stepping scheme for highly non-linear strongly coupled problems

This paper deals with the design and implementation of an adaptive hybrid scheme for the solution of highly non-linear, strongly coupled problems. The term ‘hybrid’ refers to a composite time stepping scheme where a controller decides whether a monolithic scheme or a fractional step (splitting) scheme is appropriate for a given time step. The criteria are based on accuracy and efficiency. The key contribution of this paper is the development of a framework for incorporating error criteria for stepsize selection and a mechanism for choosing from splitting or monolithic possibilities. The resulting framework is applied to silylation, a highly non-linear, strongly coupled problem of solvent diffusion and reaction in deforming polymers. Numerical examples show the efficacy of our new hybrid scheme on both two- and three-dimensional silylation simulations in the context of microlithography. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification of phospholipase D from citrus callus tissue.

Abstract Phospholipase D in extracts of soluble proteins from callus cultures derived from cotyledons of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is activated by Ca 2+ and anionic detergents and has a pH optimum of 6.5. The enzyme was purified 703-fold over the crude protein extract with a yield of 15% by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel nitration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Preparative electrophoresis was carried out using conventional slab gel equipment and electroelution of the sliced gel. Analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified phospholipase revealed two bands of the same staining intensity running at 94.2K and 90.5K.
Response-outcome associations remain functional through interference treatments

Prior reports have shown that instrumental responses are selectively depressed by devaluing the outcomes they have earned. This occurs even when the response-outcome association has been subjected to a decremental procedure, such as extinction or replacement of that outcome by another. From these results it has been concluded that response-outcome associations are unaffected by various decremental procedures. However, since devaluation takes several days, it is possible that the decremental treatments do attenuate the response-outcome association but it then spontaneously recovers during the time of devaluation. Four experiments investigated this possibility by replicating previous findings under circumstances that allow assessment of recovery for other, concurrently treated, behaviors. The primary responses continued to show full sensitivity to devaluation of their outcomes, despite evidence that recovery of the other behaviors was far from complete. This suggests that the original response-outcome association was preserved and fully functional throughout the decremental and devaluation phases of the experiment.
A far and extreme ultraviolet limb imaging spectrograph for DMSP satellites

The Naval Research Laboratory is developing a limb imaging far- and extreme-ultraviolet (FUV/EUV) spectrograph (800-1700 A) to measure vertical profiles of the ionospheric and thermospheric airglow from DMSP Block 5D3 satellites. The spectrograph, called the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI), uses a near-Wadsworth optical configuration with a mechanical grid collimator, concave grating and linear array detector. Measured airglow profiles from the SSULI sensors will be used to infer vertical profiles of electron density and neutral density. At night, electron densities will be determined by measurement of ion recombination nightglow. Daytime electron densities will be obtained from measurements of multiple resonant scattering of O(+) 834 A radiation produced primarily by photoionization excitation. Dayside neutral densities and temperatures will be inferred from measurement of dayglow emissions from N2 and O produced by photoelectron impact excitation.
Short-pulse conical emission and spectral broadening in normally dispersive media

The nonlinear Schrodinger equation predicts conical emission that is due to spatiotemporal propagation of short pulses in normally dispersive, cubically nonlinear media. This effect is a direct consequence of a four-wave interaction.
Somatosensory stimulus entrains spindle oscillations in the thalamic VPL nucleus in barbiturate anesthetized rats

This study reports the effect of external stimuli on spindle oscillations in the somatosensory thalamus of barbiturate anesthetized rats. Multi-unit responses to somatosensory stimuli were measured from the contralateral thalamic ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus at different stimulus strengths and periods. Spindle oscillations could be entrained by the somatosensory stimuli at periods between 2 and 5 s. A resonance phenomenon described as a quiescent pre-stimulus period followed by entrained post-stimulus oscillations, was observed for somatosensory stimuli above the threshold for eliciting cortical evoked potentials and a stimulus period between 2 and 5 s. This study demonstrates an ascending pathway for localized modulation of spindle oscillations.
Modulation of calcium transport improves myocardial contractility and enzyme profiles after prolonged ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract Background Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury causes myocardial dysfunction in part through intracellular calcium overload. A recently described pharmacologic compound, MCC-135 (5-methyl-2-[1-piperazinyl] benzenesulfonic acid monohydrate, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation), alters intracellular calcium levels. This project tested the hypothesis that MCC-135 would influence regional myocardial contractility when administered at reperfusion and after a prolonged period of ischemia. Methods A circumflex snare and sonomicrometry crystals within remote and area-at-risk regions were placed in pigs (n = 18, 32 kg). Coronary occlusion was instituted for 120 minutes followed by 180 minutes of reperfusion. At 105 minutes of ischemia pigs were randomly assigned to IR only (n = 11) or MCC-135 (IR-MCC [300 μg · kg −1 · h −1 , n=7]) administered intravenously. Regional myocardial contractility was determined by calculation of the regional end-systolic pressure-dimension relation (RESPDR [mm Hg/cm]). Myocardial injury was determined by measurement of plasma levels of myocyte-specific enzymes. Results At 90 minutes ischemia, mean troponin-I was 35 ± 8 ng/mL with no significant difference between groups. At 180 minutes reperfusion, heart rate was increased by 18% ± 5% in the IR only group ( p p p p p Conclusions Despite similar degrees of injury at 90 minutes ischemia MCC-135 improved regional contractility and reduced the egress of CK-MB. Moreover MCC-135 was associated with decreased heart rate, a determinant of myocardial oxygen demand. Pharmacologic modulation of calcium transport ameliorates myocardial dysfunction in the acute IR period.
Fixation probabilities and effective population numbers in diploid populations with overlapping generations

Abstract A finite diploid population, observed at times t = 0, 1, 2,…, is studied. An individual is said to be in age group i at time t if its age is between i and i + 1 units at that time, where i ⩾ 1. It is assumed that the number of individuals in a particular age-sex class is the same for every t and that the probability that a male offspring was produced by a mating of a male in age group i and a female in age group j is p ij m (with a corresponding probability p f ij for a female offspring), regardless of when the individual is born. The probability of ultimate fixation of an allele A 1 and the inbreeding effective number, for large populations, is calculated under the further assumptions that A 1 is neutral and that mating is random, given the ages of the mates.
POWER, “TEXT,” AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF JACQUES DERRIDA'S CRITIQUE OF “SUBJECTIVITY”

This paper seeks to clarify the distinction between positivist/scientific and interpretive approaches to public policy using the critical framework of Jacques Derrida. Derrida s deconstructive method helps to clarify the relationship among state power, public policy, and the cultural “text” of “subjectivity.” It is asserted that the positivistic approaches to policy formation rely on a representation of subjectivity that does not contain sufficient epistemological validity to stand as a foundation for the imposition of norms and values through policy process. This approach to public policy extends, or seeks to extend, the normative grammar that is contained in the dominant discourse through the establishment of a system of rewards and punishments for behavior that conforms, or fails to conform, to that grammar. Public policy, therefore, initiates pressure toward uniformity in the content of “subjectivity.” Derrida s deconstructive methodology shows the often hidden ideological content in public discourse, raising questions about the imposition of any fixed definition of subjectivity through public policy. Following Derrida, policy must be more open to a plurality of different modes of existence that can be accommodated by a positivistic approach.
Maximizing the Effectiveness of a Preventive Maintenance System: An Adaptive Modeling Approach

The dynamic nature of an operating environment, such as machine utilization and breakdown frequency results in changing preventive maintenance PM needs for manufacturing equipment. In this paper, we present an approach to generate an adaptive PM schedule which maximizes the net savings from PM subject to workforce constraints. The approach consists of two components: a task prioritization based on a multi-logit regression model for each type of PM task, and b task rescheduling based on a binary integer programming BIP model with constraints on single-skilled and multi-skilled workforce availability. The task prioritization component develops a multi-logit regression for machine failure probability associated with each type of PM task at the beginning of the year, using historical data on machine utilization, PM, and machine breakdowns. At the start of each PM time-bucket e.g., a month, we use the updated machine failure probability for each candidate PM task to compute its current contribution to net PM savings, which indicates its current priority. The task rescheduling BIP model incorporates the priorities in selecting tasks for the current bucket to maximize PM effectiveness subject to workforce availability, yielding an adaptive and effective PM schedule for each time-bucket of the master PM schedule. We examine the effect of using multi-skilled workforce on the overall PM effectiveness, and also provide an illustration from a newspaper publishing environment to explain the use of the approach. We have developed four heuristic algorithms to yield good solutions to large scale versions of this scheduling problem. The heuristics perform extremely well, and the best heuristic solution is within 1.4% of optimality on an average.
Three-dimensional holographic display using a photorefractive crystal

We report on a definitive demonstration of a 3D holographic display utilizing a photorefractive crystal. The resultant holographic image is viewed in real-time over a wide perspective, which can be extended by a mosaic of crystals. The image is also free from system-induced aberrations and has a uniform high quality over the entire range of FOV angles. The enhanced image quality results from the use of a phase-conjugate read beam generated from a second photorefractive crystal acting as a double-pumped phase- conjugate mirror. Multiple 3D images have been stored in the crystal via wavelength and angle multiplexing.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical and numerical investigation of filament onset distance in atmospheric turbulence

We analyze and simulate the propagation of laser beams with powers larger than the nonlinear self-focusing power through atmospheric turbulence. Turbulence-induced filamentation is theoretically described in terms of whole-beam self-focusing and transverse modulational instability. We describe a numerical simulation method to model nonlinear focusing in turbulence. We find good agreement between our simulation and a previously published laboratory-scale experiment. Simulations are then performed to calculate probability distributions for filament onset and wander over kilometer distances, and are compared with theory. The theoretical model can be made to agree with the simulations for physically meaningful choices of a few fitting parameters. We also examine the use of focusing optics to control filamentation range of modulationally unstable beams.
Investigations of Chemical Vapor Deposition of GaN Using Synchrotron Radiation

The authors apply synchrotron x-ray analysis techniques to probe the surface structure of GaN films during synthesis by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Their approach is to observe the evolution of surface structure and morphology in real time using grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS). This technique combines the ability of x-rays to penetrate the chemical vapor deposition environment for in situ measurements, with the sensitivity of GIXS to atomic scale structure. In this paper they present examples from some of their studies of growth modes and surface evolution as a function of process conditions that illustrate the capabilities of synchrotron x-ray analysis during MOCVD growth. They focus on studies of the homoepitaxial growth mode, island coarsening dynamics, and effects of impurities.
Preparation and properties of FeAs2 and FeSb2

Abstract Single crystals of FeAs2 and FeSb2 were prepared by chemical vapor transport using chlorine as the transporting agent. Electrical and magnetic measurements have been made on well-characterized samples. FeAs2 was found to be a diamagnetic semiconductor with a band gap of 0.22 eV. FeSb2 has an extremely narrow band gap and shows unusual electrical and magnetic properties. Aproposed band model is used to explain the experimental results.
The effect on soot formation of oxygen in the fuel of a diffusion flame

This study deals with the effect on soot formation of the addition of small quantities of oxygen to the fuel of a propane air diffusion flame. Electron microscopy of extracted samples and in ‘in situ’ laser light scattering techniques were used to determine the soot volume fractions, soot aggregate diameters and number densities as well as spherule sizes. From these the local degrees of agglomeration were obtained. It was shown that while the basic processes of soot formation in a diffusion flame are unchanged by the addition of small quantities of oxygen to the fuel, the soot loadings are increased far beyond what would be predicted by considering the resultant rise in temperature only. The increased rate of chemical reactions caused by the catalytic action of the oxygen in the preheating zone of the fuel results in the production of larger soot spherules. These, along with an accelerated agglomeration account for a more rapid growth of the soot aggregates in the oxygenated flames. The maximum soot aggregate diameters are, however, equal in the flames with and without oxygen in the fuel. Once this maximum diameter has been attained, any further increase in total soot loading in the oxygenated flames is due to spreading of the soot carrying region towards the flame center.
Sex-Manifestation and Motion in Molluscs

I DO not wish to prolong the discussion upon sex-differentiation and mode of life, though I venture to think that Dr. Orton's reply in NATURE of November 3 to my letter in the issue of October 13 leaves several questions very much as they were before.
The evolution of convention: Conformity and innovation in task-oriented networks

The individual choice between conformity and innovation within task-oriented collectivities is presented as a social dilemma. Adaptive, network-embedded actors are seen to modify their propensities to conform or innovate retrospectively, based on performance differences between the individual and task group levels. A computational framework, based on simulation techniques and algorithmic complexity theory, is advanced to investigate the impact of antecedent structural conditions on innovative behavior and the effect that such behavior has on the evolution of patterns of interaction (conventions) and efficiency. Findings indicate that the dynamics of innovation differ dramatically based on the complexity of tasks faced by actors. When simple tasks are addressed, innovative behaviors have a destabilizing effect on social conventions and are clearly linked to contextual factors. When complex tasks are involved, commitment to innovation may actually help reinforce conventions and is not tied to structural antecedents.
Scaffolds with encapsulated DNA for non-viral gene delivery

Abstract A novel approach to create a biodegradable scaffold containing a condensed DNA core and a biodegradable polymer shell has been demonstrated. In this approach, the extended DNA chains were first collapsed into compact globules in a poor solvent, containing 94% DMF + 6%TE buffer, where the shrinkage in the radius of gyration was by a factor of about 9. The condensed DNA globule was then encapsulated by using a tri-block copolymer of polylactide–poly(ethylene glycol)–polylactide (LEL). The encapsulated DNA protected it from degradation during the electro-spinning process, which also removed the undesirable DMF solvent, preserving the DNA in the dry nanofibrous scaffold. An enhanced transfection activity was observed when the scaffold was used to deliver the embedded DNA to cells adhered to the scaffold.
Electron and ion temperature variations in temperate zone sporadic- E layers

Electron and ion temperature changes in sporadic E layer based on wind shear theory, using energy equation
Hydrogen sulfide modulates contractile function in rat jejunum.

Background Effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a third gasotransmitter of the gut, are not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine effects/mechanisms of H2S action on contractile function in rat jejunal muscle. Methods Transmural strips of longitudinal muscle were evaluated. Response to sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, H2S donor; 10−5–10−3M) was studied on spontaneous contractile activity and after precontraction (bethanechol, 3 × 10−6M). Atropine, propranolol, phentolamine, tetrodotoxin, capsaicin, L-NG-nitro arginine (L-NNA), and glibenclamide were used to determine mechanisms. L-cysteine (10−4–10−2M; substrate for H2S production) and aminooxyacetic acid and DL-propargylglycine (inhibitors of enzymes generating H2S endogenously) were used to study endogenous production. Aminooxyacetic acid, DL-propargylglycine, L-NNA, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antagonist [D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP were used to study H2S release during electrical field stimulation (EFS) and interaction with VIP and nitric oxide. Immunohistofluorescence of jejunal whole mounts was performed for endogenous H2S-producing enzymes. Results Cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase were expressed only in myenteric plexus. NaHS suppressed spontaneous and stimulated contractile activity (P Conclusions H2S presumably suppresses contractile activity in jejunum by direct effects on smooth muscle. Mechanism(s) of inhibition remains unclear, because blocking known neurotransmitters enhanced H2S-induced suppression, while blocking adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+-channels did not block H2S-induced inhibition.
Activation of Cre Recombinase Alone Can Induce Complete Tumor Regression

The Cre/loxP system is a powerful tool for generating conditional genomic recombination and is often used to examine the mechanistic role of specific genes in tumorigenesis. However, Cre toxicity due to its non-specific endonuclease activity has been a concern. Here, we report that tamoxifen-mediated Cre activation in vivo induced the regression of primary lymphomas in p53−/− mice. Our findings illustrate that Cre activation alone can induce the regression of established tumors.
Voice-onset time as a clue to the nature of Broca speech errors.

Abstract Blumstein, Cooper, Goodglass, Statlender, and Gottleib ( Brain and Language , 9, 153–170 (1980) ) attempt to determine by an examination of the VOTs of aphasic speakers whether Broca's aphasics make phonemic substitutions in addition to their well-known phonetic errors. There are a number of problems with this study, mostly due to an apparent failure to fully appreciate the fact that VOT is a cover term for several acoustic features. It is suggested that VOT measurement in any given position in a word cannot solve this problem and that future studies should include glottographic observations as well as VOT measurements made in all positions in the word.
Hypoxylon deustum: The chromosome number

The haploid chromosome number ofHypoxylon deustum is 4. Ascospores are uninucleate when formed, becoming binucleate shortly thereafter. One of the two nuclei disappears in maturing ascospores. Mature ascospores are apparently uninucleate. The significance of these and other findings to the taxonomy of the fungus is discussed.
Spectroscopic and Mutational Analysis of the Blue-Light Photoreceptor AppA: A Novel Photocycle Involving Flavin Stacking with an Aromatic Amino Acid†

The flavoprotein AppA is a blue-light photoreceptor that functions as an antirepressor of photosynthesis gene expression in the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Heterologous expression studies show that FAD binds to a 156 amino acid N-terminal domain of AppA and that this domain is itself photoactive. A pulse of white light causes FAD absorption to be red shifted in a biphasic process with a fast phase occurring in <1 micros and a slow phase occurring at approximately 5 ms. The absorbance shift was spontaneously restored over a 30 min period, also in a biphasic process as assayed by fluorescence quenching and electronic absorption analyses. Site-directed replacement of Tyr21 with Leu or Phe abolished the photochemical reaction implicating involvement of Tyr21 in the photocycle. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of wild-type and mutant proteins also indicates that Tyr21 forms pi-pi stacking interactions with the isoalloxazine ring of FAD. We propose that photochemical excitation of the flavin results in strengthening of a hydrogen bond between the flavin and Tyr 21 leading to a stable local conformational change in AppA.
The economic selection of sample sizes for list testing

Abstract This paper provides practical, tailored advice on the selection of sample sizes for list testing. The advice is based on an economic decision model that accounts for both the statistical properties of test samples and the economic factors relevant to the sample-size selection decision. This economic selection approach distinguishes the advice in this paper from the purely statistical approaches found elsewhere. Because the advice is tailored to a particular direct marketing situation, it represents an improvement over often-used rules of thumb. The approach can be implemented in an electronic spreadsheet. Illustrative numerical examples are provided.
Microanalysis of lactose in tissue culture medium using an enzymatic-fluorometric method

Abstract A fluoroenzymatic microdetermination of lactose in tissue culture medium is described. The method is based on the conversion of lactose to galactonic acid by the enzymes galactosidase and galactose dehydrogenase. The resultant reduction of NAD to NADH is measured fluorometrically. Before assaying for lactose the high background fluorescence of tissue culture medium is reduced by deproteinization and adsorption of fluorescent substances with either Florisil or dextran-charcoal. As little as 0.05 nmol of lactose in medium with or without phenol red can be detected after this treatment, whereas for untreated medium the limit of sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 nmol. This method should prove useful for the detection of lactose produced by small numbers of mammary epithelial cells in culture.
Self-Consistent Reaction Field Calculations of Aqueous Al3+, Fe3+, and Si4+: Calculated Aqueous-Phase Deprotonation Energies Correlated with Experimental ln(Ka) and pKa

Reaction energies for the deprotonation of Al3+·6(H2O), Fe3+·6(H2O), and Si(OH)4 were calculated using Hartree−Fock and density functional methods with 6-311+G(d,p) (for Al3+ and Si4+) and 6-311G(d) (for Fe3+) basis sets. Theoretical energies were calculated using a supermolecule approach (i.e., explicit hydration of the solute) combined with the Integral Equation Formalism Polarized Continuum Model (IEFPCM; Cances et al., 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 3032) and the Self-Consistent Isodensity Polarized Continuum Model (SCIPCM; Keith and Frisch, 1994, ACS Symp. Ser. 56, 22) in Gaussian 98. Tests on the effects of increasing the number of water molecules explicitly included in the supermolecule were also carried out. Additional water molecules in the energy minimizations of Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, and [Si(OH)3(OH2)]+ resulted in 5-coordinate complexes for all three species. Correlations of deprotonation energies with observed ln(Ka) values are good for individual cations. These correlations suggest that the combined ...
SEC12 encodes a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor essential for transport vesicle budding from the ER

In yeast a type II integral membrane glycoprotein that is essential for transport vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is encoded by SEC12 (refs 1-3). SAR1 was discovered as a multicopy suppressor of the sec12-1ts strain and encodes a GTPase of M(r) 21,000 (21K) also essential for vesicle budding from the ER. Sar1 is a peripherally associated membrane protein which shows enhanced membrane binding in cells containing elevated levels of Sec12 protein (refs 6, 7). We show here that a purified fragment of Sec12 promotes guanine-nucleotide dissociation from Sar1 whereas the purified mutant Sec12-1 has only 15% of the wild-type activity. GTP hydrolysis by Sar1 is not enhanced by Sec12, but is stimulated more than 50-fold by a mixture of Sec12 and Sec23, a GTPase-activating protein specific for Sar1 (ref. 8). We propose that Sec12 catalyses Sar1 guanine-nucleotide exchange in a process that recruits Sar1 to a vesicle formation site on the ER membrane.
Process capability: a criterion for optimizing multiple response product and process design

In this research, we consider the maximization of process capability as the criterion in product/process design that is used for selecting preferred design factor levels and propose several approaches for single and multiple response performance measure designs. All of these approaches assume that the relationship between a process performance measure and a set of design factors is represented via an estimate of a response surface function. In particular, we develop: (i) criteria for selecting an optimal design, which we call MCpk and MCpm; (ii) mathematical programming formulations for maximizing MCpk and MCpm, including formulations for maximizing the desirability index (Harrington, 1965) and for maximizing the standardized performance criteria (Barton and Tsui, 1991) as special cases of the formulation for maximizing MCpk; (iii) formulations for considering cost when maximizing MCpk and MCpm; (iv) a means for assessing propagation of error; (v) a robust design method for assessing design factor effects on residual variance; (vi) a means for assessing the optimality of a proposed solution; and (vii) an original application in the screening of printed circuit board panels.
Reoccurrence of the Microsporidan Perezia pyraustae in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, reared on diet containing Fumidil B

Abstract Fumidil B suppressed the level of Perezia pyraustae infection in the larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, while they were feeding on diet containing the drug. After feeding ceased and the gut was emptied of diet containing Fumidil B, the level of infection again increased. Drug levels of 1000 and 1500 ppm in the meridic diet significantly reduced the mean level of P. pyraustae in the adult stage as compared with lower drug levels of 200 and 500 ppm. The level of infection increased throughout the pupal and adult stages, but during the pupal stage it increased much faster in the female than in the male. The rapid increase in the level of infection in the female is discussed in relation to transovariole transmission to the next generation.
Axisymmetrical Vibrations of Underwater Hemispherical Shells

Free vibrations of an underwater elastic hemispherical thin shell with fixed edge have been investigated based on the bending theory. The solution of this fluid-solid interaction problem involves the differential equations of motion of underwater spherical shells, the velocity potential of the water field, the hydrodynamic pressure, and the continuity and boundary conditions. A transcedental frequency equation in terms of Legendre functions is derived and the normal and tangential mode shapes are found. Examples are given and results are plotted for natural frequencies and modes shapes.
Infrared Spectrum of the Novel Electron-Deficient BH4 Radical in Solid Neon

Laser-ablated boron reacts with hydrogen on condensation in excess neon to give BH4 radical, BH4- anion, and B2H6 as the major products. Identifications are based on 10B and D substitution, DFT frequency calculations, and comparison to previous spectra. Infrared spectra of BH4 support the C2v structure deduced from previous ESR spectra and theoretical calculations with two normal B-H bonds and two long B-H bonds for this novel electron-deficient radical. NBO analysis suggests that the two long B-H bonds and the H- -H bond are one-electron bonds.
Segregation in reaction-diffusion systems

Abstract Segregation of reactants in reaction-diffusion systems is a spatial structure that can be formed either as a result of a dynamical process or as an initially prepared system. In this paper we review our recent results on both such systems. First we study the dynamic segregation at a single trap, in particular in the presence of fields and disorder. Then we study properties of the dynamic reaction front produced due to initial segregation of the reactants in the A + B→C system. Both systems are shown to exhibit anomalous kinetic properties.
3D printed molds for non-planar PDMS microfluidic channels

Abstract This article introduces the use of three-dimensionally (3D) printed molds for rapid fabrication of complex and arbitrary microchannel geometries that are unattainable through existing soft lithography techniques. The molds are printed directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files, making rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices possible in hours. The resulting 3D printed structures enable precise control of various device geometries, such as the profile of the channel cross-section and variable channel diameters in a single device. We report fabrication of complex 3D channels using these molds with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. Technology limits, including surface roughness, resolution, and replication fidelity are also characterized, demonstrating 100-μm features and sub-micron replication fidelity in PDMS channels.
Calibration of 10∶−1 inductive voltage dividers by Thompson's method using an electronically-enhanced three-stage calibrating transformer

This paper describes the calibration of 10∶−1 inductive voltage dividers at power frequencies using Thompson's method. It also describes an electronically-enhanced three-stage 10∶−1 inductive voltage divider (IVD) with an additional, secondary winding, used as a calibrating transformer. The correction circuitry was designed to further reduce the calibrating transformer magnetic error and is isolated from the input and output voltages. To define open-circuit voltage at IVD and calibrating transformer outputs, a BNC connector was modified with an additional electrode and used as part of the special socket with a switch. The calibration system was applied to the calibration of two two-stage IVDs.