cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic Behavior and Symmetry of Internal Waves in Two-Layer Fluids of Great Depth

Abstract This paper studies certain asymptotic and geometric properties of internal waves at the interface of a two-layer fluid flow of infinite depth bounded below by a rigid bottom under influence of gravity. It is shown that if the governing equations of the flow have a nontrivial solution which approaches to a supercritical equilibrium state at infinity, then the solution decays to the equilibrium exactly with an orderO(1/x2) for largexwherexis the horizontal variable. Furthermore, the solution is symmetric. The interface is always above the equilibrium state and monotonically decreasing for positivexand increasing for negativex. The exact decay estimates are obtained using the properties of Green's function for an integro-differential equation and some tools from harmonic analysis. The proof of symmetry is similar to the one given by Craig and Sternberg for a two-fluid flow of finite depth using the Alexandrov method of moving planes.
Use of fluorescence spectroscopy to elucidate structural features of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

The authors review three examples of how fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been employed to elucidate structural features of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the electric organ of Torpedo californica. The instrumentation and most relevant fluorescence methods utilized for these studies are briefly discussed. The examples reviewed are as follows: (1) the measurement of the average distance between the two acetylcholine binding sites on the receptor and the noncompetitive inhibitor binding site in the central ion channel, (2) the measurement of distance between fluorescently labeled snake (alpha) -toxins bound to the same membrane-associated receptor oligomer and bound to the adjacent receptor oligomers, and (3) the relative orientation of snake (alpha) -toxin with respect to the central ion channel and the plane of the lipid membrane into which the receptor is embedded.
Estimating Land Cover-Induced Increases in Daytime Summer Temperatures Near Mt. Adams, Washington

A wealth of 20th-century instrumental data indicates that daytime near-surface temperatures differ greatly between clear-cut and mature forest stands, decreasing approximately linearly with stand height and density. Although these temperatures are easily observed in individual stands, extrapolating the net temperature effect to an actively logged terrain is difficult due to the heterogeneous mixture of different forest stand heights and densities. Previous work has related the percentage of tree shade observed in remotely sensed imagery to forest stand structure; we further developed this proxy to derive an estimate of the near-surface daytime air temperature during the summer months. This temperature proxy can be integrated across a region using both actual shade from the modern landscape and an idealized data set representing old-growth forest. In our 10 × 20 km study area on Mt. Adams, Washington, the temperature difference between these two data sets implies that as much as 0.6°C of recent near-surfac...
Effects of Forced Exposure to a Hypothetical Population on False Consensus

Participants were forced to view a hypothetical population of 30 bogus students. Later, participants estimated consensus for 10 traits in this predefined population. On the false consensus effect (FCE) measure (estimates from those who exemplify the trait contrasted with estimates from those who do not), false consensus was observed. On the accuracy measure (estimates compared with actual consensus), estimates regressed inward. A week delay between the forced viewing and consensus estimates enhanced the regression effect but did not affect the FCE measure. The fact that false consensus obtained under forced viewing demonstrates for the first time that social projection can occur in the absence of selective exposure. The fact that the two measures diverged argues against their equivalence as false consensus measures.
Current strategies for in vitro protein glycosylation

Natural glycoproteins are mixtures of multiple glycoforms possessing identical peptide backbones, but differing in composition of glycan parts. This microheterogeneity presents a serious challenge in pharmaceutical applications of glycoproteins, where well-characterized and reproducible structural characteristics are required. Due to the growing importance of biopharmaceutical glycoconjugates, a wide variety of practical approaches to the preparation of glycosylated proteins and oligopeptides have been developed in recent years, with emphasis on strategies for selective glycosylation. This review presents a concise summary of concepts and synthetic approaches currently employed in glycoprotein chemistry.
A Novel Murine Model of Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis affects over 40 million patients per year in the United States. Here we present the first murine model that incorporates the clinical, cellular, and humoral parameters of allergic conjunctivitis, including a ragweed-induced Th2-type cytokine production by lymphocytes. SWR/J mice were immunized with short ragweed pollen in aluminum hydroxide. Ten days after immunization, allergic conjunctivitis was induced by one topical application of ragweed pollen onto the eye. Immediate response was characterized by chemosis, redness of the conjuctiva, and lid edema. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry showed dense conjunctival infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition, ragweed-specific IgG1 and IgE serum levels were significantly higher in immunized animals, and high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 were detected in supernatants from ragweed-activated lymphocytes. This reproducible model is a well-suited instrument for testing the pathophysiology and future therapies of allergic conjunctivitis.
Force field description of the bending motion of triatomic molecules

Abstract A power series in the angular variable ρ = [sin (θ/2) - sin (θ e /2)]/sin (θ e /2) is shown to accurately describe the bending motions of triatomic molecules. Comparisons of force fields and ab-initio bending potentials are given.
Sequence and antigenicity of calf metallothionein II.

Abstract Metallothionein isoform II was purified from calf liver. The protein had a metal content of 1.2–1.9 Cu ions and 5.6–6.2 Zn ions per molecule in different preparations. The complete amino acid sequence of the molecule was determined by automatic Edman degradation of CNBr and tryptic peptides of the carboxymethylated protein. The positions of the 20 cysteines were identical to those in other mammalian metallothioneins. The calf molecule exhibited one position of microheterogeneity. The homology in amino acid sequence of the calf protein to horse and human metallothioneins exceeded 87%. Attempts to isolate the Cu-binding domain by selective destabilization of the Zn-binding region followed by proteolysis revealed that the β domain is the predominant site of Cu ligation, but significant quantities of the α domain peptide were also recovered. Therefore, the native CuZn-metallothionein must contain separate populations of molecules with Cu distributed differently. The immunoreactivity of the calf protein and the two corresponding domain peptides was analyzed. Analogous to the situation with rat metallothionein, the antigenic epitopes reside in the amino-terminal β domain with the α domain region containing only minimal antigenicity.
Dietary protein restriction impairs growth, immunity, and disease resistance in southern leopard frog tadpoles

The immune system is a necessary, but potentially costly, defense against infectious diseases. When nutrition is limited, immune activity may consume a significant amount of an organism’s energy budget. Levels of dietary protein affect immune system function; high levels can enhance disease resistance. We exposed southern leopard frog [Lithobates sphenocephalus (=Rana sphenocephala)] tadpoles to high and low protein diets crossed with the presence or absence of the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd) and quantified: (1) tadpole resistance to Bd; (2) tadpole skin-swelling in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) injection (a measure of the T cell-mediated response of the immune system); (3) bacterial killing ability (BKA) of tadpole blood (a measure of the complement-mediated cytotoxicity of the innate immune system); and (4) tadpole growth and development. Tadpoles raised on a low-protein diet were smaller and less developed than tadpoles on a high-protein diet. When controlled for developmental stage, tadpoles raised on a low-protein diet had reduced PHA and BKA responses relative to tadpoles on a high-protein diet, but these immune responses were independent of Bd exposure. High dietary protein significantly increased resistance to Bd. Our results support the general hypothesis that host condition can strongly affect disease resistance; in particular, fluctuations in dietary protein availability may change how diseases affect populations in the field.
Syntheses and chromatographic properties of 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-galactose and its methyl ethers

Abstract 2-Deoxy-2-methylamino- D -galactose hydrochloride and three mono-, three di-, and one tri-methyl ethers were prepared as standards for identification of products formed during methylation-fragmentation studies on certain polysaccharides. The isomers are those that can be formed from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactopyranose residues when the Kuhn methylation technique is used. The standards are best distinguished by their mobilities on paper chromatograms and on an amino acid analyzer. Differences are noted in the retention times of their trimethylsilyl ethers on g.l.c.
Functional image data acquisition and processing

In the production of functional images certain hardware and software considerations are necessary for the rapid and accurate determination of kinetic parameters. The advent of the digital scintillation camera has made available increased accuracy of quantitation and ease of image handling, although its integrated computer system may not be optimal for program development presently. To reduce the deleterious effects of Poisson noise on parameter estimation, the single or multiple application of easily implemented smoothing operators in space and time is recommended as a first step in image processing. The properties of these operators are conveniently expressed in terms of their variance. Following smoothing, count or variance thresholding is performed to reduce computer processing time and eliminate extraneous background from functional images. Time-activity curves can be fit by a variety of mathematical functions, the most useful of which is probably the finite Fourier series. In a simulated gated blood-pool study of the left ventricle, with and without an aneurysm, it is found that increased smoothing of the original image data results in more accurate parameter determinations, to the extent that small regions of dissimilar temporal behavior are not obliterated.
Demonstration Of A Smart Material With Embedded Actuators And Sensors For Active Control

A novel class of 'Smart' materials utilizing embedded actuators and sensors has been developed and demonstrated at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. This class of adaptive material with sensing capabilities utilize a shape memory alloy (Nitinol) in a laminated, fiber reinforced composite as the embedded distributed actuators and embedded optical fiber sensors for evaluating the dynamic response of the structure. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) reinforced composites have the capabilities to: change their material properties, induce large internal forces in the material, modify the stress and strain state of the structure and alter its configuration, all in a controlled manner. The SMA reinforced composite adaptive abilities has resulted in two new concepts for active vibration control; i) Active Strain Energy Tuning, and ii) Active Modal Modification, both of which will be briefly explained in this paper. Results from the experimental demonstration of 'Active Strain Energy Tuning' using the first known composite material containing embedded distributed actuators and sensors will be presented. The variation and controllability of the dynamic response of a beam made of shape memory alloy reinforced composites was determined from a single optical fiber sensor embedded in the material with the distributed actuators. The optical fiber sensing method used was modal domain sensing and the experimental results are compared to accelerometer data. Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) of both the optical fiber and the accelerometer outputs were performed to compare the two methods for deducing the natural frequency of the structure.
Metastable polymorphs of hydrogen isotopes solidified near the triple point

Hydrogen $({\text{H}}_{2})$, deuterium $({\text{D}}_{2})$, and the $0.25{\text{D}}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}0.5\text{DT-}0.25{\text{T}}_{2}$ isotopic mixture of deuterium and tritium (D-T) each form a metastable solid state below their respective triple-point temperatures $({T}_{TP})$. The metastable solid is observed to nucleate and grow from inside of a $5--10\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ inner diameter borosilicate glass tube when the liquid hydrogens are slowly cooled through their respective ${T}_{TP}$. These metastable solids have their triple-point temperature 15--43 mK below the stable hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal of the same composition, a different growth habit, and recrystallize to the hcp solid. This metastable solid may be a crystal with unknown structure or, less likely, hcp with stacking faults and other defects.
Cancer chemotherapy: with or without food?

Introduction Over the past few years, new chemotherapy agents have emerged, and several are oral. This review attempts to highlight the challenges associated with the interactions between food and chemotherapy, both oral and intravenous.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation, and sexual abuse history in epileptic and nonepileptic seizure patients

Rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative symptoms, and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are believed to be higher among patients with nonepileptic seizures (NES) than those with epileptic seizures (ES). However, women have higher rates of CSA and sexual assault than men. Comparisons of seizure type controlling for gender may produce different results. Data from an opportunity sample of 34 patients with ES and 17 with NES evaluated during or following phase 1 video-EEG monitoring demonstrated that patients with NES had statistically higher rates of PTSD and CSA and higher Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) scores than patients with ES. No differences were found between women with NES and ES for histories of PTSD or CSA. Mean between-group DES score differences remained. Results indicated that PTSD, dissociation, and CSA may be common among women presenting to a tertiary epilepsy referral center for both ES and NES. Neither a positive history of CSA nor a history of PTSD was evidence against epilepsy.
Diagnosis and management issues in thoracic aortic aneurysm

Thoracic aortic enlargement is an increasingly recognized condition that is often diagnosed on imaging studies performed for unrelated indications. The risk of unrecognized and untreated aortic enlargement and aneurysm includes aortic rupture and dissection which carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality. The etiologies underlying thoracic aortic enlargement are diverse and can range from degenerative or hypertension associated aortic enlargement to more rare genetic disorders. Therefore, the evaluation and management of these patients can be complex and requires knowledge of the pathophysiology associated with thoracic aortic dilation and aneurysm. Additionally, there have been important advances in the treatment available to patients with thoracic aortic disease, including an increased role of endovascular therapy. Given the risk of mortality, increased clinical recognition and advances in therapeutics, the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association and related professional societies have recently published guidelines on the management of thoracic aortic disease. This review focuses on the pathophysiology and various etiologies that lead to thoracic aortic aneurysm along with the diagnostic modalities and management of asymptomatic patients with thoracic aortic disease.
Thermal properties of photo‐oxidized nylon 6 fibers

Nylon 6 fiber begins to increase in weight at about 180°C when heated in oxygen. The increase is attributed to an uptake of oxygen resulting from thermal oxidation. A similar weight increase is not found in photo-oxidized nylon 6 on heating in oxygen. It appears that nylon 6 tends to form volatile compounds more easily on heating after photodegradation. Changes detected by differential thermal analysis and also by thermomechanical analysis after nylon 6 has been exposed to sunlight are discussed primarily in terms of the supramolecular structure of the fiber.
The presence of alpha-amino-beta, gamma-dihydroxybutyric acid in hydrolysates of actinomycin Z1.

Actinomycin Z1, synthesized by Streptomyces fradiae contains only one residue of the amino acid, threonine. Hydrolysates of actinomycin Z1 were investigated using paper, gas and ion-exchange chromatographic procedures. Identification of an unknown amino acid in actinomycin Z1 (and other actinomycins of the Z series) as α-amino-β, γ-dihydroxybutyric acid (hydroxythreonine) was confirmed by massspectrometry.
Stiffness Reduction Due to Fiber Breakage

Reduction of longitudinal stiffness induced by fiber breakage in uni-directional fiber-reinforced composites is examined. A model problem simulating a dilute concen tration of broken fibers which are partially debonded from the matrix is formulated and solved approximately. The extent of debonding emerges as a principal determinant of stiffness reduction. For reasonable values of material parameters, a stiffness change of several percent is predicted.
Revitalizing Chinatown Into a Heterotopia: A Geosemiotic Analysis of Shop Signs in Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown

With the changing immigrant population and rising real-estate prices in downtown Washington, D.C., the number of Chinese residents and businesses in its Chinatown has declined in recent years. Mean...
Biomarkers for pediatric urological disease.

Purpose of review New disease-specific biomarkers are sorely needed within all fields of medicine. This review covers the current literature of biomarkers within pediatric urology and discusses future perspectives and directions for biomarker discovery. Recent findings Biomarkers can be used to diagnose disease, monitor response, or sub-classify disease. Within pediatric urology, numerous markers for renal obstruction [ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)] and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) have been identified and have shown initial promise; however, no markers have been rigorously validated or demonstrated to be clinically effective. Recent advances in proteomic technologies may provide a new discovery method to identify panels of markers for specific disease. Summary New clinically significant biomarkers of UPJ or VUR that can improve the diagnostic capability or help determine risk for renal damage are sorely needed. However, rigorous clinical validation of previously identified markers has been limited. Other studies have demonstrated that combining various markers may help improve the ability to define clinical relevance. To improve biomarker discovery efforts, a combination of focused biomarker studies, potentially using new advanced proteomic technologies, and well designed clinical studies are needed.
Cardinal interpolation and spline functions: II interpolation of data of power growth

Abstract Let m be a natural number and let Sm denote the class of functions S(x) of the following nature: If m is even, then S(x) is a polynomial of degree m − 1 in each unit interval (v, v + 1) for all integer values of v, while S(x) ϵ Cm − 2 on the entire real axis. If m is odd, then the conditions are the same except that the intervals (v, v + 1) are replaced by ( v − 1 2 , v + 1 2 ). The main result is as follows: If a sequence (yv)(−∞ y v = O(¦ v ¦ 8 ) as v → ±∞, with s ⩾ 0 , then there exists a unique S(x) ϵ Sm satisfying the relations S(v) = yv, for all integer v, and the growth condition S(x) = O(¦ x ¦ 8 ) as x → ±∞ .
Immature Forms of the Mite, Caeculus Pettiti

Vitzthum (1933) described the larva of a new species of mite, Caeculus willmanni , from Guatemala. Both the description and the figure of this larva are so at variance with the appearance of C. pettiti that it was thought worth while to describe and to figure the larva and nymph of the latter species. Jacot (1936) compared some nymphal characters with adult characters for C. laoshanensis, C. sinensis and C. sinensis taishanicus .
Analysis of Compatibility between Repair Material and Substrate Concrete Using Simple Beam with Third Point Loading

Due to the availability of a wide variety of repair materials in the industry with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties, it is important to determine the compatibility of a repair material with the substrate concrete. In this paper, the writers investigate the compatibility between selected cementitious repair materials and a substrate concrete using a modified ASTM C 78 test procedure. The flexural strength and load-deflection curves of composite beams prepared with substrate concrete and repair materials were compared to the results from the substrate beam to assess the compatibility. In addition, the influence of three different types of curing conditions was evaluated on the compatibility between the repair materials and substrate concrete. Compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and drying shrinkage of the repair materials and substrate concrete were individually measured to aid in the analysis of compatibility between repair and substrate materials. It was observed that not only did significant differences in strength between the repair material and substrate concrete cause incompatible failures, but high drying shrinkage of the repair materials was also found to cause incompatible failure. These findings validate previous research findings.
Selective Inhibition of MCF-7piGST Breast Tumors Using Glutathione Transferase-Derived 2-Methylene-cycloalkenones

Human glutathione (GSH) transferase (hGSTP1-1) catalyzes the conversion of antitumor 2-crotonyloxymethyl-2-cycloalkenones (COMCs) to highly reactive exocyclic enone alkylating agents. In vitro efficacy studies show that the cytotoxicities of the COMCs directly correlate with the level of expression of GSTP1-1 in MCF-7piGST versus MCF-7wt breast tumors, indicating that the exocyclic enones are the actual cytotoxic species. The COMCs are a potentially important new class of prodrugs, which can specifically target multi-drug-resistant tumors overexpressing hGSTP1-1.
Determination of apurinic/apyrimidinic lesions in DNA with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

A new method has been developed to accurately measure apurinic and apyrimidinic (AP) DNA damage sites, which are lesions in DNA formed by loss of a nucleobase from oxidative stress or carcinogen ad...
The influence of metabolites on the assay of platelet serotonin

Abstract The techniques in common use for the assay of platelet serotonin do not differentiate between the amine and its metabolites, 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. Since the methods for recovery of serotonin from platelets have been improved, it is important to determine if metabolites of the amine contribute significantly to the assay and provide techniques which can separate serotonin from its oxidation products efficiently if required. In the present study ethyl acetate extracts of unaltered platelets contained 6% metabolites and after exposure to aggregating agents in the usual function studies the level increased to about 8–9%. Since ethyl acetate extracted some serotonin as well as its metabolites, Amberlite resin column chromatography of perchloric acid extracts from platelets was used and found to provide excellent recovery and nearly complete separation of serotonin and its metabolites. The procedure was useful even when most of the platelet serotonin had been oxidized to metabolites. Since normal platelets contain less than 6% metabolites which increase only slightly after exposure to agents which cause release, it is not necessary to determine the level of oxidation products during routine assay of serotonin. However, in situations where analysis of metabolites is required, Amberlite ion-exchange column chromatography provides an efficient, simple method for separating serotonin from its oxidation products.
Myc: Maestro of MicroRNAs

Hyperactivity of the Myc oncogenic transcription factor dramatically reprograms gene expression to facilitate cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. To elicit these effects, Myc coordinates the activation and repression of an extensive network of protein-coding genes and, as has recently been appreciated, noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs). Consistent with their ability to potently influence cancer phenotypes, the regulation of miRNAs by Myc affects virtually all aspects of the Myc oncogenic program, including proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review will summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying Myc-dependent transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of miRNAs and the resultant effects on tumorigenesis. As miRNAs are integral nodes in the transcriptional network controlled by Myc, modulating their activity represents a promising new approach for cancer therapy.
Increased Platelet Aggregates in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attacks

In order to evaluate the pathogenetic importance of platelet aggregates in cerebrovascular disease, a platelet count ratio method was used to study 66 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Thirty normal subjects and 22 patients without thromboembolic disorders were also included as controls. The mean platelet aggregate ratio of the TIA group was 0.75 ± 0.03 SEM which was significantly lower than that of normal subjects (0.90 ± 0.02) or patient controls (0.88 ± 0.01) (P < 0.01). Seventeen patients with TIA were then treated with aspirin (1,200 mg) and dipyridamole (200 mg) daily. The platelet aggregate ratios were normalized in 13 patients. Of four patients who did not respond to this regimen, one did respond to sulfinpyrazone. When sulfinpyrazone was discontinued, recurrence of symptoms was preceded by an increase in platelet aggregates. These findings suggest that platelet aggregates may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular insufficiency. The determination of platelet ...
The Effects of Local Learning on Environmental Awareness in Children: An Empirical Investigation

In this article, the author examines the effects of an urban environmental education program on children's awareness of their local biophysical environment. She examined changes in environmental awareness among 3rd- and 5th-grade participants in the Open Spaces as Learning Places program in New Haven, Connecticut. Results showed a significant positive effect of the program on students' awareness of the local environment and on their knowledge of environmental concepts. Improvements in environmental knowledge were uncorrelated with the children's socioeconomic status, whereas improvements in local environmental awareness appeared only among students living in high socioeconomic neighborhoods.
Adapting to an irrelevant item in an immediate recall task

Recall of the last one or two items of a spoken list is impaired when the list is followed by a nominally irrelevant item. At issue here was whether this suffix effect is reduced with repeated exposure to the irrelevant item. The effect was found to decline over successive blocks of trials, but only slightly (Experiment 1). No decisive evidence for adaptation to the irrelevant item was found when it was spoken after each of the list items rather than after the last one only (Experiments 2 and 3). The strongest evidence for adaptation was obtained when the irrelevant item was repeated in an unbroken stream that extended through the presentations and recall periods of successive lists: The recency effect and the level of recall at the last position within a list were greater under these conditions than when the irrelevant item was presented only once after each list (Experiments 4, 5, and 6).
The complex oxidative stress response of Bacteroides fragilis: the role of OxyR in control of gene expression☆

Abstract Gram-negative anaerobes in the genus Bacteroides are the predominant members of the GI-tract microflora where they play an important role in normal intestinal physiology. Bacteroides spp. also are significant opportunistic pathogens responsible for an array of intra-abdominal and other infections. Bacteroides fragilis is the most common anaerobic pathogen and it possesses virulence factors such as a capsule and neuraminidase that contribute to its success as a pathogen. Infection occurs when organisms escape from the anaerobic colon to aerobic sites such as the peritoneum where O 2 concentrations average 6%. Thus in addition to the classic virulence factors, resistance to oxidative stress is essential and may be involved in the initiation and persistence of infection. In fact, B. fragilis is highly O 2 tolerant, surviving extended periods (>24 h) of O 2 exposure without a significant affect on viability. For protection against this oxidative stress B. fragilis mounts a complex physiological response that includes induction of >28 proteins involved in detoxification of oxygen radicals, protection of macromolecules, and adaptive physiology. One experimental strategy used to characterize this oxidative stress response is the direct detection of genes and proteins induced during exposure to O 2 or H 2 O 2 . The methods employed have included RNA differential display to capture unique mRNA transcripts produced during oxidative stress, and native or 2D-gel electrophoresis to isolate and identify newly formed stress-induced proteins. Using these and other approaches a wide array of genes induced by oxidative stress have been discovered. These include genes for catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin-peroxidase, p20-peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, Dps, alkyl hydroperoxidase, aerobic ribonucleotide reductase, ruberythrin, starch utilization, aspartate decarboxylase, and an RNA binding protein. The genes encoding these activities fall into three regulatory classes: (1) induced by O 2 only, (2) induced by H 2 O 2 only, and (3) induced by either O 2 or H 2 O 2 . Such a complex regulatory response will likely involve multiple regulators. Thus far one regulator has been identified, OxyR, which controls a subset of the class 3 genes that are induced by either O 2 or H 2 O 2 . OxyR responds rapidly to oxidative stress and transcriptional analyses have shown that OxyR-controlled genes are activated by as little as 0.5% O 2 or 10 μM H 2 O 2 . Maximal expression of most OxyR regulon genes was reached at 50 μM H 2 O 2 and 2% O 2 . These oxidant concentrations are similar to environmental levels that would be experienced by the organisms in tissues outside of the colon suggesting that the OxyR regulon would be induced during the course of an infection.
So, you want to look for biomarkers (introduction to the special biomarkers issue).

The burgeoning field of proteomics plays a powerful and relevant role in the discovery of biomarkers, which are biometric measurements that convey information about the biological condition of the subject being tested. Biomarkers have changed the manner in which we diagnose disease, monitor the effect of therapy, classify disease, detect toxicity, and develop new drugs. The central part that proteins command in both disease etiology and treatment make them prime biomarker candidates. Indeed, the majority of clinical tests in use today measure proteins. This perspective introduces the Journal of Proteome Research Special Issue on Proteomics and Biomarkers. It outlines the major applications of biomarkers, discusses the basics of statistically assessing them and considers the crucial choice of sample type. Central considerations of biomarker discovery and validation, particularly with respect to their intended clinical and research applications, are highlighted. Keywords: biomarkers • clinical proteomics • ...
Foster care as a two-tiered system

Abstract This paper examines the current state of foster care placement of children in the United States. It identifies an ambivalence about the service system on the part of policymakers, advocates, and those involved in service programs. It is a system that has benefited from major federal legislation but continues to show serious problems related to the exacerbation of social problems in the United States. The system is inappropriately undervalued in that there is research evidence that it rescues many children from a life of failure. It is recommended that foster care be organized as a two-tiered system with one subsystem focusing on family status placement issues under the rubric of permanency planning and the second subsystem being focused upon treatment of youth who are at risk of becoming criminal in their life course development.
Steady-State Natural Convection in Empty and Partitioned Enclosures at High Rayleigh Numbers

Steady-state natural convection, which occurs in building enclosures (Rayleigh numbers of 1010 ), was studied experimentally in a full-scale room and in a 1:5.5 small-scale physical model containing R114 gas. The model was geometrically similar, had the same Rayleigh number, and had the same dimensionless end wall temperatures as the full-scale room. Configurations were tested with the enclosure empty, with a vertical partition extending from the floor to midheight, and with the vertical partition raised slightly off the floor. For isothermal opposing end walls at different temperatures, excellent agreement was found between the full-scale room and the scale model in flow patterns, velocity levels, temperature distributions, and heat transfer, even though the radiation heat transfer was not scaled between the two models.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA IN THE NICU. 365

Little is known of the appearance of circadian rhythm (CR) in sick premature infants. It is uncertain if this development is modified by external environment or more by the physiologic maturation of the organ systems. We studied CR (Heart Rate (HR), Skin Temperature (Ts), Blood Pressure (BP) in 9 extremely low birth weight infants (BW: 699.77 ± 95.02, GA: 27.11± 0.86, Apgar score in 1 min.: 2.33 ± 0.60 and 5 min.: 3.89± 0.77), all had Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia on stable ventilation.Methods: A new method of mathematical analysis, Joint Time Frequency Analysis (JTFA),was used to analyse CR in this study. HR was measured every 60 sec. BP every 30 min. Ts continously for consecutive 48 hours, at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week of postnatal life. The data were downloaded by Hewlett-Packard CareView System. The mathematical analysis was done by JTFA (LabView). Results: 1) Circadian rhythm was not observed in the measured parameters HR, BP, Ts at any of the tested ages. However further analysis showed ultradian rhythm in HR and BP at 4th week of postnatal age (33.75 ± 3,30 week of Postconceptional Age, (PCA), which occured in response to external stimuli eg. feeding, diapering, and other nursing procedures. Figure 2) There were no ultradian rhythm in Ts, which can be related to the fact that all neonates were in the incubators on servo-controled mode. Speculation: In extreme preterm infants who are in a stable NICU environment, although circadian rhythm doesn't appear by 37 week of PCA, presence of ultradian rhythm may be an early sign of potential development of circadian rhythm, a sign of neurologic maturation.
Comparison of relative versus absolute arm size change as criteria for quantifying breast cancer-related lymphedema: the flaws in current studies and need for universal methodology

The purpose of this article is to evaluate arm measurements of breast cancer patients to critically assess absolute change in arm size compared to relative arm volume change as criteria for quantifying breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). We used pre-operative measurements of 677 patients screened for BCRL before and following treatment of unilateral breast cancer at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2005 and 2008 to model the effect of an absolute change in arm size of 200 mL or 2 cm compared to relative arm volume change. We also used sequential measurements to analyze temporal variation in unaffected arm volume. Pre-operative arm volumes ranged from 1,270 to 6,873 mL and correlated strongly (Kendall’s τ = 0.55) with body mass index (BMI). An absolute arm volume change of 200 mL corresponded to relative arm volume changes ranging from 2.9 to 15.7 %. In a subset of 45 patients, modeling of a 2-cm change in arm circumference predicted relative arm volume changes ranging from 6.0 to 9.8 %. Sequential measurements of 124 patients with >6 measurements demonstrated remarkable temporal variation in unaffected arm volume (median within-patient change 10.5 %). The magnitude of such fluctuations correlated (τ = 0.36, P .05). Absolute changes in arm size used as criteria for BCRL are correlated with pre-operative and temporal changes in body size. Therefore, utilization of absolute volume or circumference change in clinical trials is flawed because specificity depends strongly on patient body size. Relative arm volume change is independent of body size and should thus be used as the standard criterion for diagnosis of BCRL.
Treatment of Lithium‐Induced Diabetes Insipidus with Amiloride

A 63-year-old African-American woman was admitted to the hospital with urosepsis and altered mental status. She had a history of schizophrenia and was treated with olanzapine 5 mg/day and lithium carbonate 300 mg 3 times/day. During her hospital stay, her sodium level and serum osmolality increased and her urine osmolality decreased, whereas her lithium levels remained within normal limits. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus secondary to lithium therapy and was treated successfully with amiloride. Clinicians have been aware of lithium toxicity for many years and traditionally have administered thiazide diuretics for lithium-induced polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Recently, amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, has been reported as a successful treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Wavelength and intensity dependent primary photochemistry of isolated Photosystem II reaction centers at 5°C

Abstract The long wavelength absorption band of the isolated Photosystem II reaction center was directly excited at five wavelengths between 655 and 689 nm to study the effects of excitation wavelength and intensity on both excitation energy transfer and charge separation processes. Subpicosecond transient absorption measurements were made monitoring principally the bleach of the pheophytin a Q x band at 544 nm. At all pump wavelengths, the kinetics require three exponentials (1–3, 10–25 and 50–100 ps) to be fit properly. The pump energy was varied by a factor of twenty-five (40–1000 nJ), with no apparent effect on either the rates or the amplitude ratios of the three components, although clear evidence of nonlinear behavior was observed at the higher excitation energies. The dependence of both the rates and amplitude ratios of the three components upon pump wavelength will be discussed in terms of excitation energy transfer occurring on a 30 ps timescale. Selective excitation into the short and long-wavelength sides of the composite Q y band give identical transient spectra at 500 ps, indicating near-unity efficiency of excitation energy transfer. At 1 ps, the spectra are quite different, calling into question the extent of ultrafast (∼ 100 fs) excitation energy transfer. The time after the excitation pulse at which the transient crosses ΔA = 0 was found to be a highly sensitive measure of both the excitation energy and the identity of the pigment pool that had been excited.
LIKING OF POPCORN CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALT

Approximately 300 subjects participated in a test to determine whether the level of salt in popcorn affected the change in overall liking observed as a consequence of consuming a serving of popcorn. Subjects tasted and rated three samples of popcorn (low, medium, high salt levels), ate a serving of popcorn at one of the salt levels and then tasted and rated the three samples again. Subjects returned one or seven days later and tasted and rated the samples again. Overall liking, salt intensity and salt liking were measured. The subjects also completed a questionnaire about their liking and consumption of popcorn. Liking scores for the popcorns decreased after eating a 3-cup serving; however, sensory specific satiety for the different levels of salt was not observed. Consuming low salt popcorn increased the rated saltiness of the popcorns, whereas consuming high salt popcorn decreased the rated saltiness — probably a frequency effect. When subjects retasted the popcorns one or seven days later, all liking ratings increased except the salt liking ratings for the high salt sample. There was also a trend for the overall liking of this high salt sample to increase less than for the medium and low salt samples. Questionnaire measures of liking or consumption were not related to the changes in liking observed.
Dietary Overlap Between Black Caimans and Spectacled Caimans in the Peruvian Amazon

Abstract: The Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) experienced a dramatic population decline in the mid-20th century, becoming extinct or locally rare over most of its range due to habitat destruction and the commercial value of its hide. As the success and re-establishment of the species is now dependent on conservation efforts throughout the Amazon basin, Black Caimans require continuous monitoring despite extensive current legal protection. Although such efforts have mitigated the threat of human harvesting, a key issue facing the species today is ecological competition from sympatric Spectacled Caimans (Caiman crocodilus). In this study, we investigated this inferred competition by detailing the dietary overlap between Black Caimans and Spectacled Caimans in the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve in 2009. Using an adaptation of the hose-Heimlich technique, we collected and then compared the stomach contents of several individuals of each species. We found that although the proportions of prey items in their...
Estimating the groundwater contribution into Florida Bay via natural tracers,222Rn and CH4

Groundwater may represent a significant pathway for nutrients and other dissolved solutes into Florida Bay, especially near the Keys where wastewater disposal practices add large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to the subsurface each year. Previously, we suggested that high water column inventories of the tracers 222Rn and CH4 may be indicative of groundwater discharge. In this study, we employed mass balance calculations to determine that the total benthic fluxes required to maintain the measured water column tracer inventories were significantly larger than diffusive fluxes and varied between 4.2–5.6 dpm m−2 min−1 and 5.8–15.4 nmoles m−2 min−1 for 222Rn and CH4, respectively. Independent estimates of the diffusive flux and porewater activities/concentrations allowed us to calculate an advective groundwater velocity, assuming that the difference between the total benthic flux (given above) and the diffusive flux is driven by seepage-driven porewater advection. These calculated velocities ranged from 0.2 to 4.3 cm d−1 for all sites, tracers, and sampling periods, with a best estimate of approximately 1.7 cm d−1. These estimates of groundwater velocities compare very well with previous measurements of groundwater flux (1–3 cm d−1) at the same sites via seepage meters.
Conjunctivitis in Infancy and Childhood

Conjunctivitis is one of the most common afflictions affecting the eyes. Practically every microorganism, from viruses to bacteria have been implicated as causes of conjunctivitis. Depending upon the etiologic agent, conjunctivitis may range from a mild self-limited infection to one that can destroy vision and even be life-threatening. This review will be divided into two sections covering conjunctivitis in older infants and children and ophthalmia neonatorum, which has a different epidemiology. CONJUNCTIVITIS BEYOND THE NEONATAL PERIOD Epidemiology and Etiology Bacterial infection probably accounts for most of acute conjunctivitis in children. The organisms thought to be most common are Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus species including H influenzae and H aegyptius, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Table I). Bacterial infection is frequently characterized by a purulent or mucopurulent discharge which is usually the source of transmission of infection. Towels and other commonly used articles may spread the infection from one person to another. Although Staph aureus has traditionally been assumed to be a pathogen, the organism is frequently isolated from the conjunctivae of individuals without conjunctivitis.1,2 In a recent prospective study of acute conjunctivitis in children,1Staph aureus was isolated from 24% of the children with acute conjunctivitis and 16% of the control subjects, a nonsignificant difference. It has been hypothesized that the increased isolation rate of Staph aureus seen in conjunctivitis may be secondary to the wetter environment of the infected eye rather than a direct cause of the infection.
NAVDAS: Formulation and Diagnostics

Abstract The Naval Research Laboratory Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS) is a three-dimensional variational data assimilation suite for generating atmospheric state estimates to satisfy a variety of navy needs. These needs range from global initial conditions for navy global prediction models to environmental input into forward-deployed shipboard tactical decision aids. In common with many other U.S. Navy applications, the NAVDAS system has been designed to be robust, flexible, and portable. In particular, it can perform central site global assimilation on massively parallel machines as well as local data assimilation on workstations with the same code. NAVDAS is an observation space algorithm. The preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used as the descent algorithm to minimize the three-dimensional cost function. The number of iterations required to reach convergence is minimized through the use of dual block diagonal preconditioners with Choleski decomposition. Vertical eige...