cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waves generated by a moving source in a two-layer ocean of finite depth

The velocity potentials of a point source moving at a constant velocity in the upper layer of a two-layer fluid are obtained in a form amenable to numerical integration. Each fluid layer is of finite depth, and the density difference between the two layers is not necessarily small. The far-field asymptotic behavior of the surface waves and internal waves are also derived using the method of stationary phase. They show that the wave system at the free surface or at the interface each contains contributions from two different modes: a surface-wave mode and an internal-wave mode. When the density difference between the two layers is small or the depth of the upper layer is large, the surface-wave mode mainly affects the surface waves while the internal-wave mode mainly affects the internal waves. However, for large density difference, both modes contribute to the surface wave or internal wave system. For each mode, both divergent and transverse waves are present if the total depth Froude number is less than a certain critical Froude number which is mode-dependent. For depth Froude number greater than the critical Froude number, only divergent waves exist for that mode. This classification is similar to that of a uniform fluid of finite depth, where the critical Froude number is simply unity. The surface waves and internal waves are also calculated using the full expressions of the source potentials. They further confirm and illustrate the features observed in the asymptotic analysis.
Responding to Skepticism About Doxastic Agency

My main aim is to argue that most conceptions of doxastic agency do not respond to the skeptic’s challenge. I begin by considering some reasons for thinking that we are not doxastic agents. I then turn to a discussion of those who try to make sense of doxastic agency by appeal to belief’s reasons-responsive nature. What they end up calling agency is not robust enough to satisfy the challenge posed by the skeptics. To satisfy the skeptic, one needs to make sense of the possibility of believing for nonevidential reasons. While this has been seen as an untenable view for both skeptics and anti-skeptics, I conclude by suggesting it is a position that has been too hastily dismissed.
Maternal obesity is not associated with increased crown-rump length in first-trimester ultrasounds of singleton gestations.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether or not obesity affects fetal growth in the first trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of obese versus non-obese women in our ultrasound database was performed to compare crown-rump length (CRL), a surrogate of fetal growth, at the first-trimester genetic screening. RESULTS A total of 50 obese and 50 non-obese women were included. CRL for both groups was performed at an average of 12wk5d ± 3 d. A linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was no difference between the cohorts in respect to CRL in the first trimester (p = .482). However, the estimated fetal weight at second-trimester anatomy ultrasound and the neonatal birth weight were increased in obese women (p < .001 for both analyses). CONCLUSION Maternal obesity does not significantly alter the fetal CRL. However, maternal obesity appears to be associated with increased fetal growth as early as the second trimester.
R-star wars: the phantom menace

The natural real rate of interest has been on a declining path for the past 30 years. I present a regime-switching analysis of the natural rate, which suggests that the current low levels are likely to persist in the near future. I identify a high global demand for safe assets as the most important factor in keeping the natural rate low. I conclude that the current low levels of the policy rate are generally appropriate, with some upside risk, and that forward guidance should be characterized by a flat policy rate path.
A Theoretical Model for Understanding Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Outcomes of Complaint Responses

Studies exploring satisfaction/dissatisfaction as outcomes of complaint responses have been generally scant in the literature. However, TARP research (1986; 1979) suggests that an investigation into the conditions under which complaints can be converted into satisfaction appears critical for marketing effectiveness. To help guide such an investigation, this paper proposes a theoretical model of processes that underlie the complaint response---> satisfaction/dissatisfaction link.
Isolation of mitochondria and mtDNA

The methods described here produce mitochondria with high respiratory activity suitable for the extraction of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of high molecular weight. The mitochondrial preparation involves differential centrifugation and banding in a Percoll gradient [1, 2]. Microbes are washed from the surface of plant tissue with detergent before homogenization. Contaminating nuclear DNA is removed from the mitochondrial preparation by DNase treatment. The procedure has been used with maize, voodoo lily and watermelon yielding mtDNA suitable for restriction analysis.
Prosthetic Design and Patellofemoral Function

In the early 1970’s, devices like the duocondylar knee were used to treat tibiofemoral arthritis, leaving the patellofemoral joint intact (22). Later that decade, the duopatellar and the total condylar knees (25, 14) replaced the patellofemoral joint as well as the tibiofemoral joint. Initially, these knee replacements were used both with and without patellar resurfacing. However, long-term follow-up of patients who did not receive a patellar replacement found a high incidence of reoperation to replace the patella articulation and relieve pain (15). This finding led to standard tricompartmental total knee arthroplasty.
Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway inhibition leads to AML cell differentiation and cell death

Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained unchanged for past 40 years. Targeting cell metabolism is a promising avenue for future cancer therapy. We found that enzymes involved in metabolic hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) are increased in patients with AML. Inhibiting GFAT (the rate-limiting enzyme of HBP) induced differentiation and apoptosis in AML cells, sparing normal cells. UDP-GlcNAc, the end product of HBP, is the substrate for O-GlcNAcylation, a posttranslational modification. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme which transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to target proteins. Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation, using OGT inhibitors as well as genetic knockdown of OGT, also led to cell differentiation and apoptosis of AML cells. Finally, HBP inhibition in vivo reduced the tumor growth in a subcutaneous AML xenograft model and tumor cells showed signs of differentiation in vivo A circulating AML xenograft model also showed clearance of tumor load in bone marrow, spleen, and blood, after HBP inhibition, with no signs of general toxicity. This study reveals an important role of HBP/O-GlcNAcylation in keeping AML cells in an undifferentiated state and sheds light into a new area of potential AML therapy by HBP/O-GlcNAc inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(10); 2226-37. ©2018 AACR.
Economic benefits of Smart Microgrids with penetration of DER and mCHP units for non-interconnected islands

Abstract The coordinated control of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) allows the full exploitation of DER advantages. Smart Microgrids (SM) seem to be the best solution for the management of modern Low Voltage (LV) grids with DER especially for Non-Interconnected Greek Islands. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic benefits that can be obtained from the coordinated control of DER and micro-Combined Heat and Power (mCHP) Units in SM operation. For each examined scenario, various market prices expressed by the System Marginal Prices (SMP) and DER-mCHP penetrations are considered for annual operation. All different cases are compared between them to determine which one is the most advantageous in terms of operational cost. A typical LV SM, standard DER units and typical market values have been considered to provide initial results. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out in order to determine the effect of installed DER power on grid operation, such as in operating cost, power losses, power injected from the upstream distribution network, local DER production, etc. The presented results show clear the economic benefits in SM operation.
Invisibility Is Not Invincibility: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Gay, Bisexual, and Straight Men’s Mental Health:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical public health problem. However, there is limited research conducted on and about men who are survivors. This project extends previous research by examining the post-traumatic impact of diverse forms of IPV (sexual, physical, emotional, control, and stalking) on the internalized and externalized mental health of gay, bisexual, and straight men. Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2011; N = 18,957), we find that all men are equally likely to report emotional victimization and controlling tactics (with between 50% and 70% doing so), while bisexual men are significantly more likely to report physical and sexual violence and gay men are significantly more likely to report intimate stalking. Due to these experiences, gay men are significantly more likely to report missing school or work, but bisexual men are significantly more likely to rate their current overall mental health as poor. Around 10% of all men, regardless of sexual orientation, report post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology and 30% of all men report difficulty sleeping. This research suggests that sexual orientation is a critical area of focus in the study of violence and mental health for men and that we can no longer ignore the voices and needs of men survivors: Invisibility is not invincibility.
The effect of O2 and pressure on thiosulfate oxidation by Thiomicrospira thermophila.

Microbial sulfur cycling in marine sediments often occurs in environments characterized by transient chemical gradients that affect both the availability of nutrients and the activity of microbes. High turnover rates of intermediate valence sulfur compounds and the intermittent availability of oxygen in these systems greatly impact the activity of sulfur-oxidizing micro-organisms in particular. In this study, the thiosulfate-oxidizing hydrothermal vent bacterium Thiomicrospira thermophila strain EPR85 was grown in continuous culture at a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations (0.04-1.9 mM) and high pressure (5-10 MPa) in medium buffered at pH 8. Thiosulfate oxidation under these conditions produced tetrathionate, sulfate, and elemental sulfur, in contrast to previous closed-system experiments at ambient pressure during which thiosulfate was quantitatively oxidized to sulfate. The maximum observed specific growth rate at 5 MPa pressure under unlimited O2 was 0.25 hr-1 . This is comparable to the μmax (0.28 hr-1 ) observed at low pH (<6) at ambient pressure when T. thermophila produces the same mix of sulfur species. The half-saturation constant for O2 ( KO2 ) estimated from this study was 0.2 mM (at a cell density of 105 cells/ml) and was robust at all pressures tested (0.4-10 MPa), consistent with piezotolerant behavior of this strain. The cell-specific KO2 was determined to be 1.5 pmol O2 /cell. The concentrations of products formed were correlated with oxygen availability, with tetrathionate production in excess of sulfate production at all pressure conditions tested. This study provides evidence for transient sulfur storage during times when substrate concentration exceeds cell-specific KO2 and subsequent consumption when oxygen dropped below that threshold. These results may be common among sulfur oxidizers in a variety of environments (e.g., deep marine sediments to photosynthetic microbial mats).
A quadrature-based moment method for polydisperse bubbly flows

Abstract A computational algorithm for polydisperse bubbly flow is developed by combining quadrature-based moment methods (QBMM) with an existing two-fluid solver for gas–liquid flows. Care is taken to ensure that the two-fluid model equations are hyperbolic by generalizing the kinetic model for the bubble phase proposed by Bieseuvel and Gorissen (1990). The kinetic formulation for the bubble phase includes the full suite of interphase momentum exchange terms for bubbly flow, as well as ad hoc bubble–bubble interaction terms to model the transition from isolated bubbles to regions of pure air at very high bubble-phase volume fractions . A robust numerical algorithm to couple the QBMM approach with a gas–liquid two-fluid solver is proposed. The resulting algorithm is tested to show hyperbolicity, verified against the two-fluid model currently implemented into OpenFOAM, and validated against two sets of experiments on bubbly flows from the literature. In both cases, the computational method shows good agreement with experimental data, and improved accuracy in comparison to a two-fluid model considered for comparison purposes. The robustness of the algorithm is demonstrated on an unstructured mesh with a high superficial gas inlet velocity and source terms for coalescence and breakup. The resulting computational approach is implemented in the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM as part of the OpenQBMM project.
Sustainability modelling of health information exchanges in dynamic environments

Healthcare practitioners have realised that sharing patient data is beneficial, which can be accomplished by joining a healthcare information exchange (HIE) network. Many challenges confront those joining an HIE network, and one of the most serious is the network's financial sustainability. This paper develops three linear programming models to study the sustainability of an HIE network. Two types of agent are considered: the healthcare provider (HCP) and the HIE network owner. Model 1 aims to maximise the benefits for HCPs, while Models 2A and 2B are intended to maximise the benefits for HIE owners. The results of model 1 showed that the benefits for HIE owners and HCPs were positive. In models 2A and 2B, the benefits for HIE owners were sometimes negative because in some cases there were not enough joined HCPs. This study helps decision makers understand the sustainability of HIE networks in a dynamic environment.
Predicting osteomyelitis in patients whose initial MRI demonstrated bone marrow edema without corresponding T1 signal marrow replacement

We endeavored to determine which characteristics of diabetic ulcers portend the strongest risk for osteomyelitis in patients whose initial T1-weighted imaging was normal. By determining which features have a greater risk for osteomyelitis, clinicians can treat patients more aggressively to reduce the sequela of inadequately treated osteomyelitis. We performed a retrospective analysis of MR imaging from 60 pedal ulcers with suspected osteomyelitis. Ulcer dimensions and depth were measured. Ratios of marrow ROI/joint fluid ROI on T2/STIR sequences were obtained. Progression to osteomyelitis on subsequent MRI was characterized by loss of normal marrow signal on T1-weighted images. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-sample t test and Cox proportional hazard model. A p value 53% had a 6.5-fold increased risk of osteomyelitis, p < 0.001. Proximity to bone averaged 6 mm in the osteomyelitis group and 9 mm in the non-osteomyelitis group, p = 0.02. Ulcer size averaged 4 cm2 in the osteomyelitis group versus 2.4 cm2 in the non-osteomyelitis group, p = 0.07. Ulcers greater than 3 cm2 has a 2-fold increase in the risk of osteomyelitis, p = 0.04. Increasing bone marrow ROI signal/joint fluid ratios on T2/STIR images were the strongest risk factors for developing osteomyelitis, while ulcer size and depth are weaker predictors.
A discrete element model simulation of structure and bonding at interfaces between cathode and cathode contact paste in solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract For the first time, the impacts of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode/contact paste interface roughness on mechanical strength are quantified using a particle based numerical technique in micro-scale. This work identifies a potential new direction to develop high strength SOFC stack structures to enhance SOFC long-term durability with most commonly used material. To model the effect of different interface roughness values on the integrity of the dissimilar material joint as well as the fracture behavior of the bonded interface, a discrete element model (DEM) method is adapted due to many unique advantages. The model demonstrates that interfacial toughness increases with interfacial roughness and sintering temperatures. In particular, the roughened interface can increase ultimate mechanical strength to a factor of 2–3 compared with the smooth interface. Moreover, contact paste with higher stiffness properties can be beneficial in terms of delaying the onset of the initial interfacial damage at rough interfaces. The results also show that toughness decreases with increasing strength ratio between the interface and contact paste. It is expected that this study can provide guidance to improve SOFC cathode design with better mechanical strengths, which would benefit the mechanical integrity of the SOFC stack.
What’s in a name? A comparison of attitudes towards artificial intelligence (AI) versus augmented human intelligence (AHI)

“Artificial intelligence” (AI) is often referred to as “augmented human intelligence” (AHI). The latter term implies that computers support—rather than replace—human decision-making. It is unclear whether the terminology used affects attitudes and perceptions in practice. In the context of a quality improvement project implementing AI/AHI-based decision support in a regional health system, we surveyed staff’s attitudes about AI/AHI, randomizing question prompts to refer to either AI or AHI. Ninety-three staff completed surveys. With a power of 0.95 to detect a difference larger than 0.8 points on a 5-point scale, we did not detect a significant difference in responses to six questions regarding attitudes when respondents were alternatively asked about AI versus AHI (mean difference range: 0.04–0.22 points; p > 0.05). Although findings may be setting-specific, we observed that use of the terms “AI” and “AHI” in a survey on attitudes of clinical staff elicited similar responses.
Characterizing the Latent Space of Molecular Deep Generative Models with Persistent Homology Metrics

Deep generative models are increasingly becoming integral parts of the in silico molecule design pipeline and have dual goals of learning the chemical and structural features that render candidate molecules viable while also being flexible enough to generate novel designs. Specifically, Variational Auto Encoders (VAEs) are generative models in which encoder-decoder network pairs are trained to reconstruct training data distributions in such a way that the latent space of the encoder network is smooth. Therefore, novel candidates can be found by sampling from this latent space. However, the scope of architectures and hyperparameters is vast and choosing the best combination for in silico discovery has important implications for downstream success. Therefore, it is important to develop a principled methodology for distinguishing how well a given generative model is able to learn salient molecular features. In this work, we propose a method for measuring how well the latent space of deep generative models is able to encode structural and chemical features of molecular datasets by correlating latent space metrics with metrics from the field of topological data analysis (TDA). We apply our evaluation methodology to a VAE trained on SMILES strings and show that 3D topology information is consistently encoded throughout the latent space of the model.
How do a pink plastic flamingo and a pink plastic elephant differ? Evidence for abstract representations of the relations same-different in a Grey parrot

Same/different are complex abstract relations that hold between any two entities. Demonstrating understanding of these concepts requires more than discriminating identity from non-identity and more than success on match-to-sample/nonmatch-to-sample tasks. Even success on relational match-to-sample or analogical reasoning tasks may not provide sufficient evidence for understanding these concepts, because these tasks may be solvable by alternative strategies. Abstract same/different concepts were clearly demonstrated by a parrot in a task that required it to provide a simultaneous inventory of the dimensions on which arbitrary pairs of entities were both same and different.
Plasmonic Computational Compound-Eye Camera

Recently, we have reported a novel compound-eye camera architecture—one that leverages the great design flexibility of metasurface nanophotonics and the advanced data-processing capabilities of computational imaging, to provide an ultrawide FOV greater than 150° in a planar lensless format.
General Relativistic Constraints on the Equation of State of Dense Matter Implied by Kilohertz Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Neutron-Star X-Ray Binaries

If the observed millisecond variability in the X-ray flux of several neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) is interpreted within a general relativistic framework of accretion, in which a cutoff frequency was expected (Klu?niak, Michelson, & Wagoner), severe constraints can be placed on the equation of state (EOS) of matter at supranuclear densities. The reported maximum frequency (1.15?0.02 kHz) of quasiperiodic oscillations observed in sources as diverse as Sco X-1 and 4U 1728-34 would imply that the neutron star masses in these LMXBs are M>1.9 M?, and hence many equations of state would be excluded. Among the very few still viable equations of state are the EOSs of Phandaripande & Smith and EOS AV14 + UVII of Wiringa, Fiks, & Fabrocini.
Faculty perspectives on transitioning public health nursing clinical to virtual in response to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for public health nursing as an integral part of a strong public health workforce. However, it has also created challenges in preparing future nurses as much of nursing instruction, including clinical experiences, needed to urgently transition learning to a virtual environment. This paper describes the process faculty experienced during spring 2020 to quickly transition public health nursing clinicals from in-person to virtual learning in response to COVID-19. Further, faculty lessons learned are shared and include the importance of creating a supportive team dynamic, embracing innovation, continuing to engage with community partners, and adapting to meet emerging student needs during the evolving pandemic. The process and lessons learned may act as a guide for other nursing programs as we continue to navigate nursing education during this and future pandemics.
Prescription Drug Dispensing to US Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND After the US coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, overall prescription dispensing declined but then rebounded. Whether these same trends occurred for children is unknown. METHODS Using the IQVIA National Prescription Audit, which contains monthly dispensing counts from 92% of US retail pharmacies, we assessed changes in the monthly number of prescriptions dispensed to US children aged 0 to 19 years during 2018–2020. We compared dispensing totals in April to December 2020 and April to December 2019 overall, by drug class, and among drug classes that typically treat acute infections (eg, antibiotics) or chronic diseases (eg, antidepressants). RESULTS Between January 2018 and February 2020, the median monthly number of prescriptions dispensed to children was 25 744 758. Dispensing totals declined from 25 684 219 to 16 742 568 between March and April 2020, increased to 19 657 289 during October 2020, and decreased to 15 821 914 during December 2020. Dispensing totals during April to December 2020 (160 630 406) were 27.1% lower compared with April to December 2019 (220 284 613). Among the 3 drug classes accounting for the most prescriptions in 2019, the corresponding percentage changes were −55.6% for antibiotics, −11.8% for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications, and 0.1% for antidepressants. Among drug classes that typically treat acute infections and chronic diseases, percentage changes were −51.3% and −17.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Prescription dispensing to children declined by one-quarter in April to December 2020 compared with April to December 2019. Declines were greater for infection-related drugs than for chronic disease drugs. Decreased dispensing of the latter is potentially concerning and warrants further investigation. Whether reductions in dispensing of infection-related drugs are temporary or sustained will be important to monitor going forward.
Do People Prescribe Optimism, Overoptimism, or Neither?

Past work has suggested that people prescribe optimism—believing it is better to be optimistic, instead of accurate or pessimistic, about uncertain future events. Here, we identified and addressed ...
A hybrid data–model approach to map soil thickness in mountain hillslopes

Abstract. Soil thickness plays a central role in the interactions between vegetation, soils, and topography, where it controls the retention and release of water, carbon, nitrogen, and metals. However, mapping soil thickness, here defined as the mobile regolith layer, at high spatial resolution remains challenging. Here, we develop a hybrid model that combines a process-based model and empirical relationships to estimate the spatial heterogeneity of soil thickness with fine spatial resolution (0.5 m). We apply this model to two aspects of hillslopes (southwest- and northeast-facing, respectively) in the East River watershed in Colorado. Two independent measurement methods – auger and cone penetrometer – are used to sample soil thickness at 78 locations to calibrate the local value of unconstrained parameters within the hybrid model. Sensitivity analysis using the hybrid model reveals that the diffusion coefficient used in hillslope diffusion modeling has the largest sensitivity among all input parameters. In addition, our results from both sampling and modeling show that, in general, the northeast-facing hillslope has a deeper soil layer than the southwest-facing hillslope. By comparing the soil thickness estimated between a machine-learning approach and this hybrid model, the hybrid model provides higher accuracy and requires less sampling data. Modeling results further reveal that the southwest-facing hillslope has a slightly faster surface soil erosion rate and soil production rate than the northeast-facing hillslope, which suggests that the relatively less dense vegetation cover and drier surface soils on the southwest-facing slopes influence soil properties. With seven parameters in total for calibration, this hybrid model can provide a realistic soil thickness map with a relatively small amount of sampling dataset comparing to machine-learning approach. Integrating process-based modeling and statistical analysis not only provides a thorough understanding of the fundamental mechanisms for soil thickness prediction but also integrates the strengths of both statistical approaches and process-based modeling approaches.
Assessment of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair at Laser-Induced Damage Sites in Hematological Cancer Cells

Certain tumors rely heavily on their DNA repair capability to survive the DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor the dynamics of DNA repair in patient samples during the course of their treatment, in order to determine whether a particular drug regimen perturbs the DNA repair networks in cancer cells and provides therapeutic benefits. Quantitative measurement of proteins and/or their post-translational modification(s) at DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) induced by laser micro-irradiation provides an applicable diagnostic approach to examine DNA repair and its dynamics. However, its use is restricted to adherent cell lines and not employed in suspension tumor cells that include the many hematological malignancies. Here, we now report a method to laser micro-irradiate and quantitatively measure DNA repair transactions at DSB sites in a variety of suspension leukemia and lymphoma cells including primary patient samples. We have also used our refined micro-laser method to examine the effects of small molecule inhibitors of epigenetic histone-modifying enzymes in modulating the levels of histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at DSB sites during DNA repair in a subset of DNA repair 'addicted' diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Results from our mechanistic studies and proof-of-principle data with patient samples together show the effectiveness of using the modified micro-laser-based assay to examine DNA repair directly in suspension cancer cells, and has important clinical implications by serving as a valuable tool to assess drug efficacies in cancer cells that grow in suspension. Funding: This work was supported by National Institute of Health grants (1R011CA188520 and R01CA1885200S1) as well as Huntsman Cancer Institute and Radiation Oncology development funds to SB. Declaration of Interest: The authors have no competing financial interests. Ethical Approval: The patient sample culture was carried out in accordance with the University of Utah IRB guidelines. The samples are de-identified samples and hence we do not have access to the patient history.
The Effects of the UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulation on Earnings Management in the European Football Industry

The purpose of this study is to examine various factors effecting earnings management behavior in the European football industry from 2006 to 2012. Empirical studies have documented the association between football clubs’ financial difficulties and player salaries, but none have empirically examined the association between player salaries and club’s earnings management behavior. In response to the increased financial instability of football clubs in Europe, the passage of the UEFA Financial Fair Play regulation in 2009 was intended to increase financial discipline and responsibility amongst football clubs. However, the findings from this study document that clubs with higher payrolls and those actively attempting to be in compliance with the Financial Fair Play regulation engage in more opportunistic earnings management behavior, thereby reducing the reliability of the club’s published financial statements. Additionally, this study examines the role corporate governance and audit quality plays in mitigating these aggressive earnings management behaviors, and finds, consistent with prior literature, stronger corporate governance and audit quality characteristics are negatively associated with forms of earnings management. Overall, the findings from this study reveal the possible adverse effects stemming from newly enacted financial regulations, and document the importance of sound fiscal policies to protect the interests of various shareholders and stakeholders.
Paradigms for behavioral assessment of viral pathogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter uses two approaches to describe the behavioral paradigms used in assessing viral pathology. First approach is the behavioral effects of viral infection in rodents by providing a broad overview of the types of studies conducted in rodents and by using examples from a number of virus model systems. Secondly, it discusses the behavioral effects of viral infection in nonhuman primates by focusing on the simian immunodeficiency virus model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and elaborating on recent work involving a number of behavioral paradigms in this one model system. Neurobehavioral dysfunction is a serious consequence of a number of viral infections in which the pathological and toxic changes induced by the virus affect nervous system structure and function. Viral infections have been associated with a wide range of functional and behavioral abnormalities, including those that affect basic physiology and homeostasis, motor performance, affective behavior, and complex cognition. Various neurotropic viruses may trigger transient or irreversible disorders in the central nervous system by causing neuronal death, altering the expression of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, or receptors or by triggering immune system mechanisms that interfere with neural function. One primary objective of the neurobehavioral studies of viral pathogenesis is to characterize specific behavioral phenotypes in infection models, in both rodents and nonhuman primates, that can then be correlated with the distinctive neuropathology and immunopathology observed in these same models.
Mock Disaster: An Effective Lesson in Preparation for the Real Thing.

(1989). Mock Disaster: An Effective Lesson in Preparation for the Real Thing. Health Education: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 46-50.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with complex cardiac anatomy

Abstract Patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) presenting with associated complex cardiac anatomy have a markedly less favorable prognosis when compared to patients with isolated TAPVD. The impact of associated cardiac lesions on the pathophysiology of TAPVD and the wide array of operative strategies for surgical palliation is discussed. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Development of Ionic Currents Underlying Changes in Action Potential Waveforms in Rat Spinal Motoneurons

Gao, Bao-Xi and Lea Ziskind-Conhaim. Development of ionic currents underlying changes in action potential waveforms in rat spinal motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3047–3061, 1998. Differentiation ...
SU‐E‐J‐241: Wavelet‐Based Temporal Feature Extraction From DCE‐MRI to Identify Sub‐Volumes of Low Blood Volume in Head‐And‐Neck Cancer

Purpose: A previous study showed that large sub-volumes of tumor with low blood volume (BV) (poorly perfused) in head-and-neck (HN) cancers are significantly associated with local-regional failure (LRF) after chemoradiation therapy, and could be targeted with intensified radiation doses. This study aimed to develop an automated and scalable model to extract voxel-wise contrast-enhanced temporal features of dynamic contrastenhanced (DCE) MRI in HN cancers for predicting LRF. Methods: Our model development consists of training and testing stages. The training stage includes preprocessing of individual-voxel DCE curves from tumors for intensity normalization and temporal alignment, temporal feature extraction from the curves, feature selection, and training classifiers. For feature extraction, multiresolution Haar discrete wavelet transformation is applied to each DCE curve to capture temporal contrast-enhanced features. The wavelet coefficients as feature vectors are selected. Support vector machine classifiers are trained to classify tumor voxels having either low or high BV, for which a BV threshold of 7.6% is previously established and used as ground truth. The model is tested by a new dataset. The voxel-wise DCE curves for training and testing were from 14 and 8 patients, respectively. A posterior probability map of the low BV class was created to examine the tumor sub-volume classification. Voxel-wise classification accuracy was computed to evaluate performance of the model. Results: Average classification accuracies were 87.2% for training (10-fold crossvalidation) and 82.5% for testing. The lowest and highest accuracies (patient-wise) were 68.7% and 96.4%, respectively. Posterior probability maps of the low BV class showed the sub-volumes extracted by our model similar to ones defined by the BV maps with most misclassifications occurred near the sub-volume boundaries. Conclusion: This model could be valuable to support adaptive clinical trials with further validation. The framework could be extendable and scalable to extract temporal contrastenhanced features of DCE-MRI in other tumors. We would like to acknowledge NIH for funding support: UO1 CA183848
Initial rates of propylene disproportionation

Abstract Initial differential rate data was obtained for the disproportionation of propylene over a CoO-MoO 3 -Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Temperatures of 394–478 °K and pressures of from 1 to 9 atmospheres were used. The experimental data were well correlated by assuming a dual site surface reaction was the controlling step in the reaction mechanism. The mechanism parameters and their temperature dependence were extracted from the experimental data using a least squares technique.
Properties of the Hydrogen Maser

Properties of the hydrogen maser and details of the apparatus are discussed. Experimental work is described which yields a new value for the hyperfine separation of hydrogen in its ground state. The result is Δν=1,420,405,762±4cps.This result is based on a value of the hyperfine separation in Cs133 which is taken to be Δν(Cs133)=9,192,631,840cps.
Effects of lysophospholipids and diacylglycerols on the transfer of arachidonic acid to phospholipids and triacylglycerols in rat brain membranes

Brain membranes catalyze the acylation of lysophospholipids and diacylglycerols (DAG) to form the respective phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAG). These acylation reactions were examined using brain plasma membrane-enriched fractions by measuring the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into TAG and individual phospholipids under a variety of conditions. In the absence of added lipid substrates, the amount of [14C]arachidonic acid incorporated into TAG in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and CoA was approx twice the amount incorporated into phosphatidylositol (PtdIns), and more than 10 times the amount incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). These results suggest the presence of endogenous DAG, lysoPtdIns, and the required enzymes in the membrane preparations for acylation reactions. The addition of DAG, lysoPtdCho or lysoPtdIns to the incubation system resulted in a 2-20-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid into TAG, PtdCho or PtdIns, respectively. LysoPtdEtn and lysoPtdSer were poor substrates for the synthesis of PtdEtn and PtdSer. On the other hand, the addition of lysoPtdSer stimulated the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into TAG and into most phospholipids, especially phosphatidic acid, the synthesis of which was enhanced more than 10-fold. Exogenous lysoPtdCho and lysoPtdIns inhibited the incorporation of [14C]arachidonate into TAG in the presence of DAG, and DAG inhibited the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into phospholipids in the presence of lysophospholipids. In general, [14C]palmitic acid was less effectively incorporated into lipids than arachidonic acid. These results suggest reciprocal regulatory effects of DAG and lysophospholipids on acyltransfer to phospholipids and triacylglycerol in brain membranes.
X chromosome drive.

I'd like to thank Catherine Montchamp-Moreau and Yun Tao for helpful comments on the manuscript.
Herndon's Lincoln: William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik

EDITED BY DOUGLAS L. WILSON AND RODNEY O. DAVIS Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006 Pp. 538, $35.00 (hbk), ISBN 978 025 203072 7 What to do with William Herndon? Probably every Lincoln schol...
Effects of clonidine and tricyclic antidepressants on gastric smooth muscle contractility.

Abstract To determine if and how clonidine and tricyclic antidepressants affect gastric contractility. Guinea pig fundic and antral circular muscle strips were studied in vitro. The effects of clonidine or amitriptyline added in graded concentrations on contractions to electric field stimulation (EFS), acetylcholine (ACh), and SP in the presence of N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) were studied. EFS produced frequency dependent contractions of fundic and antral muscle that were abolished by atropine or tetrodotoxin (TTX). ACh contractions were abolished by atropine but not TTX. Clonidine reduced contractile response to EFS but had no effect on ACh contractions. The threshold concentration of clonidine to inhibit EFS contractions was lower in the fundus than in the antrum. Amitriptyline reduced contractions to both EFS and ACh but not to SP. The threshold concentration of amitriptyline to inhibit EFS contractions was lower in the antrum than in the fundus. Both clonidine and amitriptyline affect gastric contractility. At threshold concentrations, clonidine affects fundic contractility whereas amitriptyline affects antral contractility. Clonidine affects gastric contractility in response to EFS but not to ACh, suggesting alpha-2 receptors on cholinergic nerves that reduce ACh release. Amitriptyline inhibits gastric contractility to EFS and ACh suggesting an inhibitory muscle effect.
Command shaping control for material handling

An application to an XYZ gantry machine is described. The machine is a case packer that transfers packed and wrapped meat products to shipping boxes at the nominal rate of 1 per second. System compliance is a significant problem. The machine structure itself deflects considerably because of the need for speed in a low cost machine. Command shaping allows a near doubling of machine speed.
Experimental studies on irreversibility of electrostatic adsorption of silica nanoparticles at solid-liquid interface.

Adsorption of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) at solid–liquid interface is a scientifically interesting and technologically important phenomenon due to its fundamental importance in many industrial, environmental, and biological processes, such as wastewater treatment, printing, coating of surfaces, chromatography, papermaking, or biocompatibility. The process is well understood theoretically by the random sequential adsorption (RSA) model, based on the assumption of irreversible adsorption. Irreversible adsorption is defined as a process in which, once adsorbed, a particle can neither desorb, nor to move laterally on the surface. However, published experimental data that verifies the irreversibility of particle adsorption are very limited. In this study, we demonstrate the irreversibility of electrostatically driven nanoparticle adsorption utilizing a carefully selected set of experiments. A simple method was employed by uniquely introducing Ag@SiO2 core/shell NPs to perform exchange adsorptions experiments. Stober SiO2 NPs with a diameter of 50–80 nm were initially electrostatically adsorbed onto amino-functionalized silicon wafer substrates followed by the subsequent adsorption of Ag@SiO2 NPs. The Ag@SiO2 NPs have the same surface chemistry as the neat SiO2 NPs. For the second step the adsorption time was varied from 1 min to 1 week so as to get a thorough understanding of the process irreversibility. Surface coverage quantification has shown that the surface coverage of the initially adsorbed SiO2 NPs stays the same independent of the duration of the second step adsorption using the Ag@SiO2 core/shell NPs. This observation directly confirms the irreversibility of electrostatic adsorption of NPs.
The Isolation and Identification of Glucose from the Albumen of the Hen’s Egg

ABSTRACT ANALYSES of the free carbohydrate components of the albumen can be traced to the isolation (Winckler, 1846) of a substance identified as lactose. Subsequent studies failed to verify the report but led to the assertion by Budge (1848) and Aldridge (1849) that glucose was a constituent of egg white. Needham (1931) lists eight investigations of glucose from this source before the end of the nineteenth century. Many quantitative determinations followed and Romanoff and Romanoff (1949) gives a value of 0.4% free glucose in the albumen in their comprehensive study. A variety of methods have been employed in the determinations referred to. These include measurement of evolved CO2 resulting from fermentation (Lehmann, 1853), polarimetry of the dialyzable albumen components (Salkowski, 1893), and a variety of volumetric and colorimetric procedures which utilize the reducing capacity of glucose. Most of the more recent studies have utilized the Fehling, Benedict, Hagedorn-Jensen, or Shaffer-Hartmann techniques . . .
Spin currents in superconductors

The possibility of the existence of macroscopic spin currents in the ground state of superconductors is raised. It is pointed out that such dissipationless currents are compatible with a slightly generalized form of the conventional BCS ground state, which breaks parity but is time-reversal invariant. It is shown that the magnitude of the measured magnetic field in rotating superconducting bodies can be understood if spin currents exist in the absence of body rotation, while it represents a puzzle otherwise. Concerning microscopic models of superconductivity it is shown that the attractive Hubbard model disfavors spin currents while the model of ``hole superconductivity'' favors them.
Temporization of an extensively fractured anterior tooth

Abstract A technique has been described for making a temporary restoration for an extensively fractured anterior tooth (Fig. 5). The esthetic and functional requirements are met with the acrylic resin and polycarbonate crown. Stability is met primarily with the endodontic file and secondarily with the resin coronal seal of the canal.
The effects of color-specific adaptation on the perceived duration of gratings

Abstract The perceived duration of briefly presented chromatic gratings was found to change with prior chromatic grating adaptation. Perceived durations of red and green, vertical and horizontal square wave gratings were measured by having subjects judge when the intermittently presented stimuli appeared continuously present. With monocular viewing, the apparent duration of a grating decreased only after adaptation to gratings of the same color and orientation. When viewed with the other eye, there were no significant changes in apparent duration, no matter what the grating color. These results extend the finding that duration judgements are sensitive to adaptation based on cortical receptive field parameters. The lack of interocular transfer is consistent with most visual aftereffects generated with colored gratings.
Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure

Abstract Measurements of soot distributions in fuel jets injected into high-temperature, high-pressure diesel-like operating conditions were made in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel. A laser-extinction technique was used to make quantitative measurements of path-length-averaged soot volume fraction. Flame luminosity and planar laser-induced incandescence imaging were used to visualize the sooting region of the fuel jet. Flame lift-off lengths were also measured and used in the interpretation and analysis of the soot measurements. Fuel was injected with a common-rail diesel fuel injector equipped with a single 100-μm-diameter orifice. The fuel used was #2 diesel fuel. The matrix of experimental conditions included ambient gas temperatures from 850 to 1300 K, ambient gas densities from 7.3 to 30.0 kg/m3, and injection pressures from 43 to 184 MPa. The results show that peak soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing ambient gas temperature, with the increase scaling linearly with temperature. However, near the tip of the flame, the soot levels decrease with increasing ambient temperature, indicating significantly higher soot oxidation rates in the flame-tip region at higher temperatures. The results also show that the peak soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing ambient gas density and decreasing injection pressure. The increase with increasing ambient density is nonlinear with respect to density. The increase with decreasing injection pressure is linear with decreasing injection velocity (or the square root of the pressure drop across the injector orifice). Overall, the trends observed in diesel fuel jet soot closely correlate with the cross-sectional average equivalence ratio at the lift-off length, with soot levels decreasing as the equivalence ratio decreases (i.e., as more air entrainment and mixing of fuel and air occur upstream of the lift-off length).