cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative importance of electrode placement over number of channels in transient myocardial ischemia detection by Holter monitoring

To compare the efficacy of 3-channel ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter monitoring) with 2-channel Holter monitoring in the detection of transient myocardial ischemia (TMI), channels CM2, CM5, and modified II were studied. Sixty patients with documented coronary artery disease underwent 48-hour Holter monitoring during their normal daily life, followed by exercise stress testing in the laboratory monitored by means of radionuclide ventriculography and standard 12-lead electrocardiography. Analysis revealed that 3-channel Holter monitoring identified 24 patients with a total of 205 TMI episodes and a total ischemic burden of 371.00 mV-min. By itself, CM2 would have detected only 3 patients (13% of the TMI population), 6 TMI episodes (3% of the total TMI episodes), and a 2.4 mV-min ischemic burden (0.7% of the total ischemic burden). Modified II alone would have identified 17 patients (71% of the TMI population), 160 TMI episodes (78% of the total TMI episodes), and 307.24 mV-min of the ischemic burden (82% of the total ischemic burden). The combination of CM5/modified II identified 23 patients (96% of the TMI population), 201 TMI episodes (98% of the total TMI episodes), and 370.44 mV-min of the ischemic burden (98% of the total ischemic burden). These findings suggest that the electrode placement is more important than the absolute number of channels in the detection of TMI by Holter monitoring.
Regional groundwater flow in structurally-complex extended terranes: An evaluation of the sources of discharge at Ash Meadows, Nevada

Summary Ash Meadows, Nevada, USA is a site of major groundwater discharge (∼38,000 L/min) in the arid Mojave Desert, and hosts a number of endemic and threatened wetland species. In addition to these resources, Ash Meadows may also represent the future discharge location of radionuclide-laden waters from nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site. More importantly, however, Ash Meadows provides the opportunity to understand the controls on water transfer between basins through fractured bedrock. 4000+ solute analyses were assembled from the literature into a single database. The data were screened for spatial distribution, completeness, charge balance, and elevated temperatures (⩾20 °C and within regional flow systems), with 246 candidate up-gradient water remaining distributed among six potential source areas in addition to and Ash Meadows itself. These potential sources include both carbonate, volcanic and perhaps valley-fill aquifer systems. These waters were characterized by cluster analysis in order to sort similar waters in an objective fashion into potential flow paths and to establish representative endmember waters for inverse geochemical models and other modes of analysis. Isotopic tracers, both conservative and those reflecting water–rock interaction, all suggest that waters at Ash Meadows are derived by southward flow from volcanic terranes, parallel to the preferred permeability structure induced by active regional east–west extension. Solute balances support this conclusion. However, this runs counter to the prevailing model that waters at Ash Meadows are derived from easterly and northeasterly flows from the Spring Mountains and Pahranagat Valley areas by interbasin flow through a continuous fractured carbonate aquifer. This work suggests that carbonate aquifer systems in extended terranes are more compartmentalized than previously appreciated and that anisotropy in fracture permeability is key to compartmentalization and the control of flow directions.
A global model for the early diagenesis of organic carbon and organic phosphorus in marine sediments

Sediments are the main repository in the oceanic cycles of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P). In order to relate the deposition of organic C and organic P from the water column, and ultimate burial in sediments, we present a model for the early diagenesis of organic matter in marine sediments. This general diagenetic model was developed for inclusion in global circulation models and is based on a single master variable, the sedimentation rate. The processes included are sediment advection, particle mixing by bioturbation, porewater diffusion, organic matter degradation by aerobic respiration, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis. Deposition fluxes of organic C and organic P, and the bottomwater concentrations of O2 and SO4= are used as input for the sediment model. First-order kinetics are assumed for the degradation of organic C and organic P (one-G model). Despite the model's simplicity, the model quantitatively reproduces the rates of organic matter oxidation and the burial fluxes of organic C and P. The predicted trends of oxygen penetration depth and the relative importance of oxygen and sulfate reduction are in good agreement with field observations. The model appears to account for the critical biogeochemical and transport processes that control the fate of organic matter in sediments.
Buoyant balaenids: the ups and downs of buoyancy in right whales

A variety of marine mammal species have been shown to conserve energy by using negative buoyancy to power prolonged descent glides during dives. A new non-invasive tag attached to North Atlantic right whales recorded swim stroke from changes in pitch angle derived from a three-axis accelerometer. These results show that right whales are positively buoyant near the surface, a finding that has significant implications for both energetics and management. Some of the most powerful fluke strokes observed in tagged right whales occur as they counteract this buoyancy as they start a dive. By contrast, right whales use positive buoyancy to power glides during ascent. Right whales appear to use their positive buoyancy for more efficient swimming and diving. However, this buoyancy may pose added risks of vessel collision. Such collisions are the primary source of anthropogenic mortality for North Atlantic right whales, whose population is critically endangered and declining. Buoyancy may impede diving responses to oncoming vessels and right whales may have a reduced ability to manoeuvre during free ascents. These risk factors can inform efforts to avoid collisions.
Model selection for neural network classification

Classification rates on out-of-sample predictions can often be improved through the use of model selection when fitting a model on the training data. Using correlated predictors or fitting a model of too high a dimensionality can lead to overfitting, which in turn leads to poor out-of-sample performance. I will discuss methodology using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) of Schwarz (1978) that can search over large model spaces and find appropriate models that reduce the danger of overfitting. The methodology can be interpreted as either a frequentist method with a Bayesian inspiration or as a Bayesian method based on noninformative priors.
Reactive coupling of core-shell impact modifiers to polyamide matrices using styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers

Abstract Core-shell impact modifiers have the advantage of a predetermined particle size; however, they must be appropriately dispersed in and coupled to the matrix polymer in order to be effective for toughening engineering plastics which are notch-sensitive. These functions can result from physical interaction of the shell material with the matrix or by chemical reaction. For the latter the most obvious route is to combine reactive moieties into the shell chains during fabrication by emulsion polymerization that subsequently react with the matrix during melt processing. An alternative is considered here for dispersing and coupling modifiers with shells based on poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, in a polyamide matrix. Certain styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, SMA, are miscible with PMMA, yet through the maleic anhydride moiety these copolymers can react with polyamides during melt processing (via amine end groups). This concept leads to very tough blends based on nylon 6 but not to those based on nylon 6,6. Evidence for the proposed role of the SMA copolymer was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Properties and morphology were examined for two different SMA copolymers, two core-shell impact modifiers (butadiene-based and acrylic-based rubber cores), various mixing protocols and component proportions. An attempt is made to explain the responses observed.
Universal fuzzy system representation with XML

An XML schema and an XML DTD (Document Type Definition) are designed as syntax to represent general fuzzy systems in XML. We demonstrate how fuzzy systems described in XML with our proposed schema can be universally compatible with different software by using appropriate XSLT (eXtensible Style Language Transformation) stylesheets. The proposed schema offers a standard platform for fuzzy system developers and users to collaborate without compatibility issues. We demonstrate how a fuzzy logic design coded in accordance with our XML schema can subsequently be understood and integrated with two different software like MATLAB and FuzzyJess.
Transient global amnesia: Diagnosis in the emergency department

Transient global amnesia is a not uncommon presentation of acutely altered neuropsychiatric status. It is, however, a clinical diagnosis that requires a careful history with attention to inciting events, risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, the absence of other abnormalities on neurological examination, and normal results of laboratory studies. Knowledge of the generally benign course of TGA can facilitate the care and psychological support of these patients and their families.
Partial purification and characterization of a lung antiproteinase and its differentiation from serum antiproteinases.

Model of Lung Growth. Unilateral pneumonectomy in the adult rabbit is followed by a "compensatory" doubling of the mass of the remaining lung within one month. This growth is accompanied by an increase in the total amount of collagen in the lung, yet the concentration of collagen per unit lung mass remains constant. This phenomenon is preceded by an apparent shift in the types of proteins synthesized by the growing lung, so that collagen synthesis is more pr~minent.~ Mechanisms of CoUagen Synthesis in Lung. A cellfree protein synthesizing system has been developed which actively synthesizes lung proteins including collagen. This technique has been used to demonstrate: (1) that collagen synthesis in lung takes place on large polysomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and (2) that the change in the relative rate of collagen synthesized in the developing neonatal lung is due, in part, to either a change in collagen gene expression or to a change in the number of cells synthesizing ~ollagen.~ Proteolysis of Collagen Synthesized in vitro. At least some of the collagen synthesized in vitro is lost following dialysis, suggesting that there must be mechanisms present in lung explant cultures to degrade collagen following synthesis. The relative amount of collagen hydrolyzed can be quantitated and the influence of serum proteins on this process can be investigated.
A general strategy for stereoselective glycosylations.

The principal challenge that the synthesis of oligosaccharides of biological importance presents is the development of a general approach for the stereoselective introduction of a glycosidic linkage. It is shown here that a (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl moiety at C-2 of a glycosyl donor can perform neighboring group participation to give a quasi-stable anomeric sulfonium ion. Due to steric and electronic factors, the sulfonium ion is formed as a trans-decalin ring system. Displacement of the sulfonium ion by a hydroxyl leads to the stereoselective formation of α-glycosides. NMR experiments were employed to show convincingly the presence of the β-linked sulfonium ion intermediate. The (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl moiety could be introduced by reaction of a sugar alcohol with acetic acid (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl ester in the presence of BF3−OEt2. Furthermore, it could be removed by conversion into acetate by treatment with BF3−OEt2 in acetic anhydride. The introduction as well as the...
Microporosity effects on cyclic plasticity and fatigue of LENS™-processed steel

Abstract Special microstructures of the newly developed Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™)-processed steel induce a new variability in fatigue damage formation and evolution mechanisms. The microporosity and mechanism of fatigue damage formation and growth were invested using X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Systematic observations were made of the variations in the fracture surfaces according to three fatigue damage evolution stages: fatigue crack formation (incubation), microstructurally/physically small cracks, and long cracks. The fatigue crack was formed almost exclusively at the relatively large pores located at or near the specimen surface, with rare cases at incompletely melted power particles on the surface. Distributed cracks from large interior pores coalesced with each other in the microstructurally small crack regime to form the major critical crack that eventually fractured the specimen. This coalescence accelerated the fatigue crack growth, which in turn decreased the fatigue life but not significantly. In the long-crack regime, the fracture surface was rougher, but the overall surface tended to be perpendicular to the loading direction, indicating a Mode I type fracture. Cyclic strain-softening, with reduced strain-hardening, was also observed. The multistage fatigue model of McDowell et al. was used to capture the microstructure effects in the three fatigue damage evolution regimes, and the upper and lower bounds for the strain–life are predicted.
A possibility of miniaturized fusion and fission hybrid reaction core with positive fusion yield

Abstract A novel fission–fusion hybrid reactor was proposed, comprising saturating of a fissile actinide core with a mix of deuterium–tritium hydrogen isotopes (U–D–T target), similarly to Hyperion design. Movement of massive, highly charged and short-range fissile fragments was assumed to produce transfer of energy to deuterons at the distances below collision impact parameter for electrons, when the latter are already deflected. The overall bulk of energy transfer was still assumed to be directed to electrons, being argued to experience secondary interactions in dense metallic matrix at a short distance (∼3 × 10−13 m) from the projectile. The resulting energy dissipation occurs as a continuous shockwave front (as opposed to discrete transfer in environments of lesser densities) producing compression ahead of the projectile and impacting local values of density. The continuity at short distances from the projectile justified hydrodynamic analogy and application of Taylor–Sedov's shockwave theory. At higher local densities in a bow-wave, the probability of high-energy deuteron acceleration was shown to increase in proportion to compression. The transient non-equilibrium equivalents of pressure and temperature may support fusion in the region with volume V over hot zone life-time τ. Both parameters were compared for the U–D–T and benchmark system (accelerator driven deuteron implantation in a non-actinide hydride target) in a dimensionless and hypothesis-free form, canceling the complexities of the mechanism. Based on the dimensionless theoretical prediction, ∼1–2 fusion 14 MeV neutrons per fission are expected to be produced, accompanied by 1–2 photoneutrons and leading to a significantly decreased critical mass. If confirmed experimentally, the proposed system could produce ∼10–20% of its energy output as controlled fusion, be of compact and economical design, environmentally friendly, lead to significant miniaturization of reactor core compatible with high rate of heat exchange. Novel technological applications in robotics, propulsion, sea bed exploration and as a robust energy source were proposed.
Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder

This study examined the relationships between the development of Crime-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CR-PTSD) and selected victim and crime characteristics. The sample consisted of 391 adult female residents of Charleston County, South Carolina, of whom 294 were crime victims assessed for CR-PTSD. Comparisons of CR-PTSD positive (n=82) and CR-PTSD negative (n=212) groups found significant differences on the variables of current age, years since most recent crime, experiencing a completed rape, perceiving a life threat during a crime, and sustaining physical injury during a crime. No differences existed on other assessed victim or crime variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found that life threat, physical injury, and completed rape each made significant individual contributions to explaining CR-PTSD. Hierarchical discriminant function analysis correctly classified 80.6% of the respondents. Rape, life threat, and physical injury had a synergistic effect on CR-PTSD in that victims whose crime history included all three elements were 8.5 times more likely to have developed CR-PTSD than those with none of the three elements. Rape was associated with CR-PTSD after controlling for the effects of violence and dangerousness, suggesting that rape has other elements important to the development of CR-PTSD.
Electromigration recovery and short lead effect under bipolar- and unipolar-pulse current

Electromigration (EM) of Copper interconnects is studied under unipolar pulse current (UPC) at 1.25 kHz ∼ 1.25 MHz and bipolar pulse current (BPC) at 100 kHz ∼ 5.0 MHz. For symmetric BPC, where a time-averaged current density (J avg ) is 0, we found interconnect failures by EM-induced void formation. This means EM is not fully recovered during the opposite-polarity pulse current. The degree of EM recovery is found to be 0.7 ∼ 0.9, where 1 is for full-recovery. Also, the short lead EM effect is investigated under UPC. We found short lead EM lifetimes are modeled by peak current density (J peak ), instead of J avg . Also, we observed, during the off-time between low frequency pulse currents, mechanical back-stress may reduce the stress gradient built by UPC and increase the EM lifetimes of the short leads.
PPBS in higher education planning and management: Part III, perspectives and applications of policy analysis

This is the concluding part of a three-part series on “Planning, Program, Budgeting Systems” (PPBS) in higher education planning and management. After the experiences of the University of California with PPBS, which we reviewed in Part II, and the subsequent lack of success of PPBS in non-defense applications, we believe a more carefully focused policy analysis approach to be more fruitful. In this paper we describe the nature, foci, and analytical base for policy analysis and present a case study of policy analysis applied to the decision of year-round operations for the University of California. Finally, we give some concluding comments and observations.
Flow Separation over a Prograding Beach Step at Pensacola Beach, Florida

ABSTRACT Houser, C., 2013. Flow separation over a prograding beach step at Pensacola Beach, Florida. Beach steps are a common feature of poorly sorted intermediate and reflective beaches that can develop as an accretionary wedge from foreshore sediment moved seaward by the backwash. Although there have been several studies describing the development and evolution of steps in response to wave and tidal forcing, characterization of the separated flow and development of the backwash vortex has been limited to a small number of laboratory experiments. This study presents the first field data in which flow separation and the backwash vortex are quantified using a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler over a 0.10-m prograding beach step. As the step migrated beneath the instrument station under a quasi-steady wave forcing it maintained its height and length, allowing for a space-for-time substitution. Flow separation developed under subcritical flows, when the backwash exceeded ∼0.50 m s−1 and extended over ...
Excess weight as a risk factor for kidney failure

Purpose of reviewThe increasing incidence of end-stage renal disease and the epidemic of obesity are major public health problems. We review recent epidemiological evidence that excess weight is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.Recent findingsA cohort s
The information yield from radiographs

Abstract This has been a discussion of the information yield from radiographs in dental practice. Possible approaches to upgrading the yield have been explored, in some instances without particularly helpful solutions beyond the recognition of unavoidable limitations. In a significant number of directions, however, specific suggestions have been developed which could assure a rewarding and productive extension of the diagnostic contribution to be anticipated from radiographic studies.
Holographic Imaging Through Fog

The numerous problems involved in making a hologram of a moving object are well known. Chief among them is the lack of coherence be-tween the reference wave and the light scattered from the moving object. This incoherence arises because the scattered light suffers a Doppler frequency shift due to the motion of the scattering object. At optical frequencies, this shift is so great that no available detector can perceive interference between object and reference waves, and hence they are effectively incoherent.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Informative g-Priors for Logistic Regression

Eliciting information from experts for use in constructing prior distributions for logistic regression coefficients can be challenging. The task is especially difficult when the model contains many predictor variables, because the expert is asked to provide summary information about the probability of “success” for many subgroups of the population. Often, however, experts are confident only in their assessment of the population as a whole. This paper is about incorporating such overall, marginal or averaged, information easily into a logistic regression data analysis by using g-priors. We present a version of the g-prior such that the prior distribution on the probability of success can be set to closely match a beta distribution, when averaged over the set of predictors in a logistic regression. A simple data augmentation formulation that can be implemented in standard statistical software packages shows how population-averaged prior information can be used in non-Bayesian contexts.
Glutathione depletion and cytotoxicity of buthionine sulphoximine and SR2508 in rodent and human cells.

Abstract SR2508 (1 mM) increases the rate of glutathione (GSH) depletion by L-buthionine-S-R-sulphoximine (BSO) in hypoxic V79 rodent and A549 human cells. Specifically, the GSH content for V79 and A549 cells, after incubating for about 6 hr with 50 and 100 μM BSO, respectively, was lower by at least 10-fold when 1 mM SR2508 was present. In addition, 1 mM SR2508 is extremely toxic to hypoxic cells with lower GSH content. Survival probabilities of GSH-depleted V79 and A549 cells are about 10 −3 after 10 hr incubation with 1 mM SR2508. By itself, 1 mM SR2508 or 50–100 μM BSO decreased cellular viability by about 50% with a 10 hr treatment period. Both the phenomena described above are preferential towards hypoxic cells with minimal effect on aerobic cells.
Nonlinear theory of two-beam coupling in a photorefractive material

Abstract A nonlinear theory of two-beam coupling is formulated using the decoupled Kukhtarev equations in the steady state to account for arbitrary pump-to-signal intensity ratios. The results, computed for the case of participating uniform plane waves, are reconciled with a numerical simulation using gaussian beams, and with available experimental results and empirical theory.
Receptor binding of fluorinated histidine analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in various regions of the rat brain

Binding properties of [4(5)-fluoro-imidazole-His2]-TRH (4(5)-F-TRH), [2-trifluoromethyl-imidazole-His2]-TRH (2-CF3-TRH) and [4(5)-trifluoromethyl-imidazole-His2]-TRH (4(5)-CF3-TRH), three novel TRH analogs, have been evaluated in rat pituitary, hypothalamus, brainstem and cortex tissue. 4(5)-F-TRH, previously shown to elicit arterial pressor responses and prolactin release similar to those of TRH, binds to TRH receptors with low, micromolar affinity (Ki = 7.5-13.5 microM). 2-CF3-TRH, an analog of less cardiovascular but increased prolactin-releasing activity, shows Ki values of 3.3-4.9 microM. 4(5)-CF3-TRH, which shows comparable biological activity to 2-CF3-TRH, demonstrates a binding affinity which is virtually nonspecific (Ki = 0.39-1.01 mM). It is therefore concluded that the biological effects of these analogs are mediated either through low affinity TRH binding sites not recognized by [3H][3Me-His2]-TRH or through mechanisms not involving TRH receptors as such.
Fine Structure of Presumed Pheromone Glands of Dacus cucurbitae and D. latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The fine structure of the presumed rectal pheromone gland cells of male Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and of male and female Dacus latifrons (Hendel) was examined for the presence of those organelles described in the literature as characteristic of pheromone-secreting cells. D. cucurbitae possessed almost all of these organelles. In male D. latifrons , the cells possessed few of the organelles that characterize secreting cells. The epithelium in this species appears to be modified instead for stretching when the rectum is filled. The fine structure of the rectal epithelial cells of females of D. latifrons was quite different from that of cells of the males of this species.
The A3 pulley

The tendon-pulley geometry and gliding resistance with and without the A3 pulley were compared in 6 fresh human cadaver fingers. We measured the x-ray images of the distal A2 pulley-tendon angle and proximal A4 pulley-tendon angle with varying degrees of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion between 0 degrees and 120 degrees before and after A3 pulley resection. The gliding resistance of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon under the A2 pulley was also measured at varying tendon-pulley angles. With the A3 pulley removed, the tendon-pulley angle significantly increased compared with the A3 intact state. The gliding resistance between tendon and pulley quadratically increased as the tendon-pulley angle increase from 0 degrees to 60 degrees. These results indicate that the A3 pulley might serve to reduce tendon-pulley gliding resistance by reducing the tendon-pulley angle during finger flexion.
Stimulation of prolactin secretion in the pig: central effects of relaxin and the antiprogesterone RU 486

Our previous study has shown that oral administration of a potent progesterone antagonist, RU 486, caused a marked elevation of plasma concentrations of both PRL and progesterone in hysterectomized pigs bearing aging corpora lutea. Hysterectomized pigs (hysterectomy performed on day 8; estrus = day 0) were subjected to cranial surgery for chronic placement of a head-mounted stereotaxic apparatus for intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of relaxin (300 U once daily on days 111 and 113; n = 6) and RU 486 (4 mg once daily on days 111, 113, and 115; n = 5) to test whether relaxin and RU 486 exert their actions within the central nervous system and/or pituitary gland to affect PRL and GH secretion. Control pigs (n = 3) received icv injection of vehicle. Intensive blood sampling revealed that icv injection of relaxin on day 111 markedly increased the plasma PRL concentration from 8 to 38 ng/ml within 10 min (P < 0.01). An identical icv injection of relaxin on day 113 caused only a modest increase in PRL...
HEAD START‐LATE START: RETRIEVING EDUCATION AND IDENTITY

This ethnographic study was prompted in part by the disturbing statistics on the lives of many Appalachian women. Their educational experiences are often disrupted by circumstances beyond their control. Those who are unable to complete formal education or other training programs before taking on the responsibilities of a family are usually forced to forgo any further efforts for their lifetimes. Lack of training almost assures that they will spend the remainder of their lives in the same impoverished, unrelenting circumstances from which they came. Four mature women living in rural, isolated areas, and existing at or below the poverty line, returned to school to retrieve training and education that eluded them when they were younger. Three enrolled in vocational training or GED programs, and a fourth continues to work toward a university degree. All were connected in some way with the federally funded preschool program Head Start. They were encouraged by staff members to resume their schooling and were at...
Integrated probabilistic design of marine propulsors to minimize lifetime fuel consumption

Abstract Marine propellers are typically designed to achieve optimal performance at a single or a few design points. It is well understood that the performance of marine propulsion systems decays at off-design conditions, where the system operates for the majority of its life, where fuel consumption rates are high and the system as a whole operates at lower efficiencies. This paper presents a novel integrated design methodology that considers the propeller, prime mover, and vessel as one integrated system, and considers the probabilistic operational profile of the vessel, to minimize lifetime fuel consumption. The proposed design methodology represents a new approach to evaluate the tradeoffs between different design objectives and constraints by considering the system performance characteristics along with probability of occurrence, and hence allows for global optimization of the propeller geometry. Results are shown for a pair of fixed-pitch propellers designed for a twin-screw naval combatant craft. System performance for a design obtained using the proposed methodology is compared with designs obtained using traditional point-based design approaches. This methodology can be easily extended to investigate the effects of variations in resistance, operational profile or additional performance criteria, such as safety during extreme operations, lifetime carbon emission, and life cycle costs.
An Automated Method for Evaluating Truck Design

A SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER TRUCK SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS IS PRESENTED. THE METHOD IS GENERAL AND INVOLVES THE COMBINATION OF SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES TO OBTAIN AN AUTOMATED DESIGN PROCEDURE. AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD IS GIVEN WHICH USES THE PROCEDURE TO EVALUATE AN IDEAL PROPORTIONAL BRAKING SYSTEM BASED ON THE STABILITY AND BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF THE TRUCK. A QUANTITY THAT MEASURES THE LATERAL STABILITY OF THE TRUCK IS USED TO SHOW THAT IDEAL PROPORTIONAL BRAKING CAN PRODUCE NEARLY OPTIMAL LATERAL BEHAVIOR. THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE INVESTIGATION ALSO SHOW THAT THE COMBINED DESIGN PROCEDURE IS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR STUDYING AND EVALUATING COMPLEX SYSTEMS. /AUTHOR/
Limitations on the determination of the stoichiometry and equilibrium constants of weak complexes by computer fitting methods: experimental verification

Abstract We present experimental evidence showing that computer fitting methods are inadequate for the study of weak complexations, whenever a certain equation relates the reaction parameters. In such cases, one must resort to direct (non-computational) methods for the determination of the stoichiometry of the interaction and the equilibrium constants. Our data refer to complex formation between cyclodextrins and diphenylpolyenes, and we show that differentiation between the 1/1 and 2/1 stoichiometries, by computer fitting, is not always possible. The direct method employed here to determine the correct interaction parameters was primarily time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
A Text-Driven Conversational Avatar Interface for Instant Messaging on Mobile Devices

In this letter, we investigate the use of conversational avatars as a means to improve the user experience on instant messaging (IM) for mobile devices. We describe the design and implementation of an interface for IM featuring a 3-D facial avatar that is driven by the text messages being exchanged between chatting participants. Our design is affordable under the limited computational capacity of current generation mobiles. We evaluate user acceptance and reaction via user studies, by comparing it to a more conventional IM interface, and provide recommendations for the effective design of conversational avatar interfaces for mobile applications.
The rate of formation of the hydrates of F-31(CH2ClF) and F-142b(CH3CClF2) in a stirred tank reactor

Abstract The kinetics of formation of the hydrates of F-31 and F-142b have been measured separately in a continuous-stirred tank reactor of 3700 cc volume. Rates of formation vary from 0.6 to 3 wt%/min with the ΔT ranging from 0.25 to 0.9°C and the agitation rate varying between 1 and 46 watts/liter. All data were taken in NaCl solutions of near 6% by weight. F-31(CH2ClF) hydrate appears to be an excellent choice for use in the hydrate process for desalting. Its formation conditions in pure water are 17.9°C and 2.8 atm absolute, the rates of formation are high, and the crystals formed are rough spheres of mean diameters of 200 to 250 microns.
Locally converging algorithms for determining the critical temperature in Ising systems

We introduce a class of algorithms that converge to criticality automatically, in a way similar to the invaded cluster algorithm. Unlike the invaded cluster algorithm which uses global percolation as a test for criticality, these local algorithms use an average over local observables, specifically the number of satisfied bonds, in a feedback loop which drives the system toward criticality. Two specific algorithms are introduced, the average algorithm and the locally converging Wolff algorithm. We apply these algorithms to study the Ising square lattice and the Ising Bethe lattice. We find reasonable convergence to the critical temperature for both systems under the locally converging Wolff algorithm. We also re-examine the phase diagram of the dilute two-dimensional (2D) Ising model and find results supporting our previously reported conclusions regarding the existence of a local regime of magnetization below the percolations threshold. In addition, the presented algorithms are computationally more efficient than the invaded cluster algorithm, requiring less CPU time and memory.
A novel neuroprosthetic interface with the peripheral nervous system using artificially engineered axonal tracts

Abstract Objective: We have previously described a technique developed in our laboratory to create transplantable living axon tracts of several centimeters in length. In this paper, we describe how these engineered neural tissue constructs can be used to create a novel neuroelectrical interface with the regenerating peripheral nervous system, to potentially enable afferent and efferent communications with prosthetic devices. Methods: Using continuous mechanical tension, we have generated axon tracts of up to 10 cm in length, spanning two populations of neurons in vitro. We have now adapted this stretch-growth paradigm to include a mechanically compliant multi-electrode array that is attached to one of the neuron populations. Once the desired axon length has been reached, the neuroelectrode construct is completely embedded in a supportive hydrogel matrix and affixed to the transected sciatic nerve. Results: Building upon our previous work with peripheral nerve repair, we have designed our neural interface ...
Phonemically contrastive fricatives in Old English

The article addresses two recent hypotheses regarding the history of the English fricatives /f/–/v/, /s/–/z/, /θ/–/ð/: the hypothesis that phonemicization of the voicing contrast occurred in Old English, and the related claim that the reanalysis of the contrast was due to Celtic substratum influence. A re-examination of the arguments for early phonemicization leads to alternative interpretations of the observed voicing ‘irregularities’ in Old English. The empirical core of the article presents the patterns of alliteration in Old and Middle English; this kind of evidence has not been previously considered in evaluating the progress of the change. The analytical core of the article is dedicated to the dynamics of categorization based on edge vs domain-internal contrasts, the relative strength of the voicing environments, and the distinction among fricatives depending on place of articulation. A comprehensive LAEME and MED database of all relevant forms reaffirms the traditional position regarding French influence for the phonemicization of voicing for the labial fricatives. The categorization of the contrast for the interdental fricatives is a language-internal prosodic process, and the history of the sibilants requires reference to both external and internal factors. The shift from a predominantly complementary to a predominantly contrastive distribution of the voiced– voiceless fricative pairs has been occurring at different rates for a whole millennium. The claim that phonemicization is attributable to Celtic influence in Old English is empirically and theoretically unsubstantiated.
Intensities of Vibration-Rotation Bands with Special Reference to Those of HCl

Intensity formula for vibration bands. The intensities of vibration bands depend on certain matrix elements of the electric moment of the molecule. The electric moment of a diatomic molecule is a function of the nuclear separation and must be expanded in a power series about the equilibrium point. Matrix elements are calculated by perturbation methods for the fundamental and first two harmonic bands of the vibration spectrum, and it is found that, to a first approximation, for the ${\mathit{n}}^{\mathrm{th}}$ harmonic it is necessary to consider the ${(\mathit{n}+1)}^{\mathit{th}}$ power in the series expansion of the electric moment, and higher powers for better approximations. The formulas for the fundamental and first harmonic are given to a second approximation. The matrix elements are also calculated from wave functions due to Morse for a diatomic molecule, and it is shown that there is a negligible difference between the two methods of calculation for small quantum numbers. Formulas are also given for the ratio of the intensity of the first two harmonic bands to that of the fundamental.
Stable Human Calcitonin Analogues with High Potency on Bone Together with Reduced Anorectic and Renal Actions

Various derivatives of human calcitonin have been synthesized and their biological characteristics compared with those of existing calcitonins. The acute effects of these analogues in reducing serum calcium levels and suppressing appetite were assessed in rats. A calcitonin analogue, PO-1 (CGNLSTCMLGKLSQELHKLQTYPQTAIGVGAP-NH2), having both the N- and C-terminal ten amino acid sequences those of human calcitonin, and the 12 amino acid central region that of salmon calcitonin, was found to have equal effectiveness with salmon calcitonin and elcatonin for reducing serum calcium lavels. Strong hypocalcemic activity was also exhibited by PO23 ([cyclo-Asp1, Lys7]-[des-Gly2]-[Leu8]-PO-1) and PO-29 ([Asp15, Asn17, Phe19, His20]-PO-23). PO-23 was prepared by replacing the N-terminal Cys-Cys S-S bond of PO-1 with a ring structure composed of an Asp-Lys peptide bond to enhance physicochemical stability. PO-29 was prepared by modifying the central area of the PO-23 molecule to more closely mimic human calcitonin. When tested in vitro, human calcitonin analogues with a [cyclo-Asp1, Lys7] structure showed biological activities on osteoclast-like cells comparable to those of existing calcitonins (salmon calcitonin and elcatonin) in keeping with their relative potencies for in vivo hypocalcemic action. Acute anorectic activity in rats was strong with salmon calcitonin and elecatonin but relatively reduced with human calcitonin analogues having a [cyclo-Asp1, Lys7] structure. The activities of these analogues on kidney cells were also weaker than that of salmon calcitonin or elecatonin. These results suggest that stable human calcitonin analogues with a [cyclo-Asp1, Lys7] structure suppress bone resorption to a degree similar to that of salmon calcitonin or elcatonin with weaker activities on non-osseous tissues which might be related to adverse reaction.
Multi-channel, high-density, ultra-low capacitance arrays for ESD and surge protection

A novel protection device providing ultra-low line capacitance and improved ESD (J. E. Vinson et al., 2003) and surge capability is presented. Applications include stand-alone protection arrays and integrated protection in baseband- or RF-filters. A proprietary epitaxial layer and isolation capability enable high levels of surge power handling capability, while keeping line capacitance low and reducing device footprint. The response of the device to ESD and surge stresses is investigated at wafer- and package-level. Process condition variations and derived structures are studied, along with a consideration of issues related to the measurement of capacitance, ESD and surge capability.
Bibliotherapy A Resource to Facilitate Emotional Healing and Growth

Children’s literature is a therapeutic tool for facilitating emotional growth and healing. Stories provide a catalyst for change, providing children with other perspectives and options for thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Appropriately shared stories provide opportunities for children to gain insight and learn healthier ways to face difficulties. To increase familiarity with bibliotherapy the following information is reviewed: a background of literature’s therapeutic use; the stages of involvement, identification, catharsis, insight and universalism; suggestions for effectively selecting and sharing stories and strategies for creating a positive and productive learning experience. A list of children’s books is provided to support counselling interventions.
Effects of rearing on homosexual behavior in the male laboratory rat

Thirty-six male laboratory rats were raised in one of three conditions: social isolation, sexual segregation, or cohabitation with females. Male interlopers introduced into the individual cages of adults elicited the most mounting and thrusting in isolates. Analysis of concomitant social behaviors suggests that the mounting functioned as a component of dominance processes; offensive postures and mounts correlated significantly in the group raised as isolates.
Beam divergence angle distribution dependence on data pattern

Data patterns are shown to affect the far field distribution of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Two data patterns with different frequency content resulted in different beam profile distributions even though both patterns had 50% duty cycles resulting in the same thermal dissipation. The effect of gain switching and varying high and low drive levels was also investigated. Angle dependent waveforms displayed overshoot on axis and undershoot off axis. The potential impact of pattern dependent launch conditions is discussed.
The Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments of Sharks and Sturgeons

With the exception of the stellate sturgeon, which has only cones, all acipenseriform species studied have a duplex retina. The retina is dominated by rods, but about 20% of the photoreceptors are cones. The rods are structurally similar to those of vertebrates in general. Most rods have outer segments that are broad and long, but at least one species has a very rare, very slender rod as well. Cones are also typical in structure, and they too are rather robust. With one exception, the inner segment of each cone houses a colorless oil droplet, the function of which is unknown. Packing density of both rods and cones is relatively low, indicating that both scotopic and photopic acuity is less than that of other nocturnal creatures. The visual pigment in the rods of all species studied has a peak absorbance near 540 nm. All species studied have multiple cone pigments and, therefore, the photoreceptor basis for wavelength discrimination. However, one cannot yet say whether or not any sturgeon or paddlefish has color vision. All visual pigments are based on the vitamin A2 chromophore, and there is no evidence that there is a shift to the vitamin A 1 chromophore with change of habitat or with age. At least one species does change its cone pigment complement with age. Larval white sturgeon up to 10 weeks of age have only green-sensitive cones; after 10 weeks, blue-sensitive and red-sensitive cones are also present.
Mechanical Stress as a Regulator of Cytoskeletal Contractility and Nuclear Shape in Embryonic Epithelia

The mechano-sensitive responses of the heart and brain were examined in the chick embryo during Hamburger and Hamilton stages 10–12. During these early stages of development, cells in these structures are organized into epithelia. Isolated hearts and brains were compressed by controlled amounts of surface tension (ST) at the surface of the sample, and microindentation was used to measure tissue stiffness following several hours of culture. The response of both organs was qualitatively similar, as they stiffened under reduced loading. With increased loading, however, the brain softened while heart stiffness was similar to controls. In the brain, changes in nuclear shape and morphology correlated with these responses, as nuclei became more elliptical with decreased loading and rounder with increased loading. Exposure to the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin indicated that these changes in stiffness and nuclear shape are likely caused by altered cytoskeletal contraction. Computational modeling suggests that this behavior tends to return peak tissue stress back toward the levels it has in the intact heart and brain. These results suggest that developing cardiac and neural epithelia respond similarly to changes in applied loads by altering contractility in ways that tend to restore the original mechanical stress state. Hence, this study supports the view that stress-based mechanical feedback plays a role in regulating epithelial development.
Passive Polarimetric Imagery Based Material Classification For Remote Sensing Applications

Passive imaging polarimetry has emerged as a useful tool in many remote sensing applications including material classification, target detection and shape extraction. In this paper we present a method to classify specular objects based on their material composition from passive polarimetric imagery. The proposed algorithm is built on an iterative, model-based method to recover the complex index of refraction of a specular target from multiple polarization measurements. The recovered parameters are then used to discriminate between objects by employing the nearest neighbor rule. Experimental results indicate that the classification approach is highly effective for distinguishing between various targets of interest. Most significantly, the proposed classification method is robust to a wide range of observational geometry.