cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating the Tensions Inherent in Understanding Creativity: An Interview with Mark Runco

Dr. Runco has written about the history of what is viewed by many as the standard definition of creativity (Runco and Jaeger 2012). First described by Stein (1953) and Barron (1955), this standard definition involves two components: originality and usefulness. According to Dr. Runco, originality, novelty or unconventionality is the most obvious component of any definition of creativity. Conversely, something boring, mundane, commonplace, or conventional is not original and thus not creative (Runco and Jaeger 2012). So, the first key component in the standard definition is originality, but that alone is not enough. For something to be creative it must also be effective. It must have some aspect of usefulness or value. Random processes will often generate things that are original or unique, but without the product being effective (or valued/useful) in some way it cannot be considered creative. The problem with the two-part standard definition, however, is that it can be too objective, and potentially misses the range and depth of possible creative endeavors. While the standard definition can be easily used to look at famed works or creators whose creativity is unambiguous (Michelangelo or Mozart, for example), a rigid adherence to this definition, argues Runco, may leave important parts of creativity ignored or unexamined. There is a dichotomy between the standard definition, which can be applied scientifically, and a more nuanced definition, which allows for the study and understanding of other parts of creativity. Dr. Runco recognizes the element of authenticity in his own definition. This is the part of creativity that is personal, and not easily compared to normative standards (Runco 2003). It is authentic to the self, and can lead—as is the case for Eastern philosophers such as Confucius—to self-enlightenment and self-understanding. Along the same vein, Dr. Runco asserts there is an important aesthetic component to creativity. This is consistent with our own work, in which we define creativity as NEW: Novel, Effective, and Whole (Mishra et al. 2013). The Whole in our definition seeks to capture some of the aesthetic, contextual elements that Dr. Runco speaks of. Dr. Runco studies everyday creativity, children’s creativity, and creative potential; and in that context, spontaneity can also be seen as an important part of a definition of creativity. In essence, Dr. Runco believes that a more nuanced definition of creativity goes beyond originality and usefulness to include consideration of the varied contexts in which creativity takes place. This nuanced expansion of the standard definition helps us understand creativity in new ways that are more representative of its role in the real world.
Systems of Two Differential Equations

In Chapter 3, we considered linear differential system of the form (3.10). In this chapter we study general systems of two differential equations of the first order,
Chapter 1 Light Emission in Silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter describes light emission in silicon (Si). The many and diverse approaches to materials science problems have greatly enhanced ability in recent times to engineer the physical properties of semiconductors. Silicon, of all semiconductors, underpins nearly all microelectronics today and will continue to do so for some time to come. However, in optoelectronics, the severe disadvantage of an indirect bandgap has limited the application of elemental Si. The ubiquitous Si microelectronics “chip” is taken for granted in modern society. There has been much research involved in producing these high technology marvels and such research continues unabated at a faster and faster pace. The merging of Si based electronics with photonics has largely required the pursuit of hybrid technologies for light emitters and modulators, which are often both expensive and complicated to produce. The general requirements in Si-based light sources are efficient light emitting diodes, lasers, and optical amplifiers for use in optical communications technologies such as fiber optics and displays.
Exile and Utopia as Playful Liminality

As I mentioned at the beginning of Chapter 1, in the past few decades, numerous studies have focused on exile and utopia as independent concepts, but very few have seen them as interdependent (or engaged in a relationship of mutual causality), and none has, at least to my knowledge, explored them as kindred forms of ludic liminality. In light of the foregoing discussion, I should like to suggest that although exile and utopia are obviously not interchangeable concepts, they share certain liminal and ludic features, imparting to them that air of “family-resemblance” which Wittgenstein discerns in the relations obtaining between discrete, yet kindred concepts (Wittgenstein 1986). Above all, I shall demonstrate that they can both reenact and transcend the dialectics of center and margin that is associated with a mentality of power.
Spatial Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting Endangered and Invasive Fish Species on the Belize Barrier Reef

The second largest reef in the world is experiencing a dramatic change in its environment with continued development and an influx in tourism having a direct impact on the physical and ecological balance of the reef. The introduction of hazardous materials and practices have contributed to reef degradation through excess sedimentation, overfishing, and increased shipping and have the ability to influence some of the reef’s most endangered inhabitants. A spatial examination using multiple variables impacting changes in certain populations of endangered and invasive fish species are studied, incorporating integrated species abundance and sighting data as well as potential environmental threats to aim to understand the trends and correlations between Belize’s recent spike in development, and the implications on its barrier reef.
The Great Medicine Road: Narratives of the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails, part 1, 1840-1848

Review of: The Great Medicine Road: Narratives of the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails, part 1, 1840–1848, edited by Michael L. Tate with the assistance of Will Bagley and Richard L. Rieck.
Mechanisms of Environmental and Occupational Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process, involving accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that confer a growth and/or survival advantage, through which cells gradually achieve unchecked growth and eventually become fully malignant and invasive. There are numerous sources of physical, chemical, and biological exposures that stem from endogenous and exogenous sources—including occupational settings—that can induce such genetic and epigenetic alterations. This damage is repaired through a high-fidelity DNA repair process that operates through multiple pathways, although the system is imperfect and varies by repair mechanism, potentially resulting in incorporation of DNA damage and epigenetic alterations. This chapter provides an introduction to mechanisms of environmental and occupational carcinogenesis and DNA repair, and provides examples of physical and chemical carcinogens and epigenetic effectors.
Effect of geometric azimuthal asymmetries of PPM stack on electron beam characteristics [TWTs]

A three-dimensional (3-D) beam optics model has been developed using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code MAFIA. The model includes an electron beam with initial transverse velocity distribution focused by a periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stack. All components of the model are simulated in three dimensions, allowing several azimuthally asymmetric traveling wave tube (TWT) characteristics to be investigated for the first time. These include C-magnets, shunts and magnet misalignment and their effects on electron beam behavior. The development of the model is presented and 3-D TWT electron beam characteristics are compared in the absence of and under the influence of the azimuthally asymmetric characteristics described.
Políticas Públicas Educacionais: Desafios da Inclusão no Ensino Regular

A proposta deste artigo e mostrar diversas conceituacoes de politicas publicas e que as mesmas sao diretrizes, principios que direcionam a atuacao do poder publico. As politicas sociais publicas sao aquelas que implantam operacionalizacao e manutencao dos servicos, programas, projetos e beneficios que sao de inteira responsabilidade do Estado. O direito ao ensino regular possibilita as criancas o desenvolvimento de funcoes cognitivas e sociais. Estas aprendizagens envolvem tanto os professores, quanto os alunos. O objetivo geral deste artigo e: compreender as politicas educacionais, com enfase nos desafios de inclusao no ensino regular, mostrando a importância do profissional da educacao preparado. Os objetivos especificos foram: comparar a implantacao destas politicas e aos avancos ate os dias atuais; caracterizar a importância da educacao para a sociedade; apontar os avancos, desafios e dificuldades para a inclusao da mesma no ensino regular; diferenciar programas, projetos e Leis implementadas. Tem-se um estudo descritivo, inserido na abordagem qualitativa. Isto e, realizado a partir d a leitura cuidadosa de recursos materiais como textos em consulta a internet, sites e livros bibliograficos, portanto sendo uma pesquisa bibliografica e documental. Os dados obtidos fornecem um conteudo onde destaca a importância dos avancos dentro das politicas publicas educacional, focando todo historico e acontecimento durando cada governo. A educacao e de suma importância para a conquista do desenvolvimento economico de um pais. Pois, os mais bem sucedidos em todas as areas sao aqueles que tem acesso a educacao e consegue romper com as limitacoes.
Epithelial IGF1R is dispensable for IGF2 mediated enhanced intestinal adaptation in retinoblastoma-deficient mice.

Abstract Purpose Previously, we demonstrated enhanced adaptation after small bowel resection (SBR) in intestinal-specific retinoblastoma (Rb)-deficient mice along with elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression within the villi. The purpose of this study was to verify that the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) plays a role in this phenomenon. Methods Inducible and intestinal specific Rb and IGF1R double knockout mice (iRb/IGF1R-IKO) (n = 4) and Rb single knockout mice (iRb-IKO) (n = 5) underwent 50% mid SBR. On post-operative day 28, mice were harvested, and structural adaptation was measured as changes in crypt depth and villus height. Rates of enterocyte proliferation were recorded. IGF2 expression within the remnant villi was measured via RT-PCR. Results Both iRb-IKO and iRb/IGF1R-IKO mice demonstrated enhanced adaptation with at least a 45% increase in both crypt depth and villus height in the proximal and distal remnant bowel. Both groups showed elevation of IGF2 expression in the remnant villi, but there were no differences between the two groups. Conclusion Epithelial IGF1R is dispensable for IGF2-mediated enhanced intestinal adaptation in retinoblastoma-deficient mice. Our findings suggest that IGF2 signals for enhanced adaptation in cells outside of the epithelium. Further investigation is needed to study the IGF2/IGF1R signaling interaction within the mesenchyme. Level of Evidence Animal study - not clinical.
Improving Sustainability of Machining Operation as a System Endeavor

This chapter elaborates on the attractiveness of the notion of sustainability in machining and points out needs for its improvement. It explains that the chief areas of further improvement in sustainability of machining operations are improvement in modeling of the cutting process and thus in the design of practical machining operations; system considerations of measures to enhance sustainability of machining; and development of proper metrics for sustainability assessment. As such, the proper modeling of machining operation plays the most important role as it allows realizing the idea of virtual machining as a keystone of machining sustainability. The chapter argues that one of the most common mistakes made in known an attempt to improve sustainability of machining operations is a nonsystem approach to the analysis of the result. The latter was exemplified by considerations of errors made in implementation practices of dry and near-dry machining as well in the reduction of the volume of the work material being removed by machining, i.e., the use of near-net-shape blanks.
Following Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion, Do Tooth-Borne or Bone-Borne Appliances Provide More Skeletal Expansion and Dental Expansion?

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare outcome measurements of skeletal and dental expansion with bone-borne (BB) versus tooth-borne (TB) appliances after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE). This study was performed to provide quantitative measurements that will help the oral surgeon and orthodontist in selecting the appliance with, on average, the greatest amount of skeletal expansion and the least amount of dental expansion. Materials and Methods A computerized database search was performed using PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar on publications in reputable oral surgery and orthodontic journals. A systematic review and meta-analysis was completed with the predictor variable of expansion appliance (TB vs BB) and outcome measurement of expansion (in millimeters). Results Of 487 articles retrieved from the 6 databases, 5 articles were included, 4 with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) data and 1 with non-CBCT 3-dimensional cast data. There was a significant difference in skeletal expansion (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.30; P < .001) in favor of BB rather than TB appliances. However, there was no significant difference in dental expansion (SMD, 0.05; 95% CI, −0.24 to 0.34; P = .03). Conclusion According to the literature, to achieve more effective skeletal expansion and minimize dental expansion after SARPE, a BB appliance should be favored.
Coherent quantum control of on-chip time-frequency entangled photons

We demonstrate a novel two-photon interference experiment for three coherent pumplines generating Biphoton Frequency Combs (BFC) in a silicon nitride microring resonator.
Phenomenology of Learning

Chapter Two addresses the foundational question, “What is learning?” The chapter considers the nature of learning as it is lived by human beings, including its typological variants, relying on phenomenological description and intuitive discernment rather than “defining” learning theoretically or operationally from without. There have been several descriptive phenomenological streams of investigation in the area of learning, beginning in the 1960s and continuing on into the new millennium. This chapter integrates relevant insights derived from these research efforts and concludes with a summative overview forecasting upcoming chapters. It is shown that learning, as a transformative encounter with the novel, has deeply personal and interpersonal implications that call for continued investigation.
Failure to Launch: Targeting Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes

The importance of inflammation and inflammatory pathways in atherosclerotic disease and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is well established. The success of statin therapy rests not only on potently reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but also on the many beneficial, pleiotropic effects statin therapy has on various inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerotic disease, from reducing endothelial dysfunction to attenuating levels of serum C-reactive protein. Due to the growing awareness of the importance of inflammation in ACS, investigators have attempted to develop novel therapies against known markers of inflammation for several decades. Targeted pathways have ranged from inhibiting C5 cleavage with a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against C5 to inhibiting the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. In each of these instances, despite promising early preclinical and mechanistic studies and phase 2 trials suggesting a potential benefit in reducing post-MI complications or restenosis, these novel therapies have failed to show benefits during large, phase 3 clinical outcomes trials. This review discusses several examples of novel anti-inflammatory therapies that failed to show significant improvement on clinical outcomes when tested in large, randomized trials and highlights potential explanations for why targeted therapies against known markers of inflammation in ACS have failed to launch.
Streptococcal Cell Wall Induced Arthritis: Leukocyte Activation in Extra-Articular Lymphoid Tissue

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic inflammatory disease thought to be T- helper-1 cell driven, though current controversy involves the relative role of T cells versus other leukocytes. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the role of various leukocytes and their subsets in RA. Using the streptococcal cell wall (SCW) induced arthritis model, we examined leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes using monoclonal antibodies directed against lineage specific cell surface markers. Activation status of these cells was assessed using CD44 and CD71 as markers. T cells in general, and CD4 C T cells in particular were found to be activated in spleen and lymph nodes. B cells and monocytes in spleen demonstrated increased activation as well. The activation of cells in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages in the chronic phase of arthritis indicates ongoing involvement of innate and cognate immunity. This study quantitates specific changes in B and T lymphocytes, and myeloid cells and is consistent with findings in human RA in which specific antibodies, T cells, and myeloid cells are all implicated in the pathogenesis of RA.
Schooling for the long-term: elite education and temporal accumulation

How do we make sense of educational strategies that stretch across decades and generations? Taking the case of elite bankers in the US, this article argues that part of the strength of their education is its ability to accumulate and protect learning over the long-term, through long-term education strategies and structures. Synthesizing key recent texts on banking, the article describes four of these strategies—institutional wormholes, biographically entrained field structures, quasi-school structures, and inter-generational folding. These are tentative identifications: the article is a conceptual foray, an effort to define a problematic of the long-term in elite schooling, with implications for education in general.
Reviewing the Use of “Soft Law” in Investment Arbitration

This essay surveys the extent to which instruments, such as those issued by the International Bar Association for use in arbitration that are not included in the formal sources of international law, are relied upon in investor-state arbitration. It considers the difficulties of defining what some call ‘soft’ or ‘informal’ law, of empirically measuring the extent to which arbitrators resort to it, and of determining whether its use is consistent with the accepted rules of treaty interpretation. It canvasses the significance of soft law in two recent rulings, Urbaser v. Argentina and Philip Morris v. Uruguay. The author, who previously has addressed the use of European human rights and trade law in investor-state arbitrator, reviews the pros and cons of this particular kind of ‘boundary crossing.’ He concludes that it is as yet too early to say whether resort to soft law will ameliorate or worsen the perceived ‘legitimate deficits’ of the investment regime.
Abstract TP27: Aspiration Success With Adapt Technique: Rate, Predictors, and Outcome

Introduction: First Aspiration Pass Technique (ADAPT) was shown to be effective, safe and cost effective. However, around third of patients treated with aspiration technique require rescue therapy....
Kinematics of Step Propagation

The movement of microsteps of a few angstroms in height across the surface of an electrode is not directly observable; however, these steps bunch together to form macrosteps and these are visible even to light microscopy, i.e., are several angstroms high. One can thus observe the movement of the crystal-forming entities, much as if one had a (much desired) electron microscope powerful enough to send a beam of electrons through a solution and record them after reflection. Rudimentary measurements of movements of such steps were published in 1932.33 However, the advent of electron microscopy, with a magnification power 100 to 1000 times greater than that of light microscopy, drew attention away from such measurements, for it allowed pictures of much greater detail to be made of electrolytically grown crystals, but only after they had been removed from the solution. Measurement of the kinematics of the step growth were thus no longer made,* and the very important information obtainable from knowledge of the dependence of the rate of step movements as a function of concentration, potential, etc., was not measured for the next 30 years.
Electrochemical reduction of nitrates and nitrites in alkaline media in the presence of hexavalent chromium

Electrochemical reduction of nitrates and nitrites in alkaline media at constant current is rendered inoperable in the presence of hexavalent chromate. Even at chromate concentrations as low as 9mgdm−3, the chromium hydroxide film, formed by the reduction of chromate, interferes with the reduction of nitrate and nitrite. We show that reversing the polarity of the electrodes at constant time intervals minimizes the adverse effects of the chromium hydroxide film, enabling the electrochemical reduction of nitrates and nitrites to proceed efficiently. The optimum current and reversal time are coupled through an optimum charge density of 625Ccm−2 per cycle. We also demonstrate through long-term studies that the reversal technique can be operated on a continuous basis.
HIV testing intentions and behaviors among 14-17-year-old sexual minority males.

ABSTRACTAdolescent sexual minority males have low rates of HIV testing despite increased risk for HIV acquisition. This study will examine adolescent sexual minority males’ (a) HIV testing behavior...
Mit „Strichern“ niederschwellig arbeiten: Zur Herstellung einer unzugänglichen Problemgruppe

Als offentlich anerkannte Problemgruppe werden „Stricher“ insbesondere durch niederschwellige Anlauf- und Beratungsstellen unterstutzt. Der Beitrag fokussiert auf die Hervorbringungen von „Strichern“ im Kontext der Inanspruchnahme dieser spezifischen sozialpadagogischen Unterstutzungsleistungen. Mittels einer ethnomethodologisch ausgerichteten Ethnografie und der Trans-Sequentiellen Analyse einer Anlauf- und Beratungsstelle fur „Stricher“ zeigt der Artikel auf, wie die Praktiken von Sozialpadagog*innen „Stricher“ als unzuganglich und problembelastet (re-)produzieren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Hervorbringungsweisen von „Strichern“ und die Problemgruppenkonstruktion nicht nur buhnenabhangig divergieren, sondern auch von situativ-lokalen und praktischen Erfordernissen abhangig sind.
The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study: sample, design, and procedures.

Objectives: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study aims to examine associations between sociocultural and psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome prevalence in Hispanics/Latinos. The conceptual framework is based on the Reserve Capacity and Lifespan Biopsychosocial Models, which emphasize multiple risk and protective pathways underlying socioeconomic and ethnic influences in health. This study describes the rationale, participants, and procedures for the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Design and Setting: The Sociocultural Ancillary Study to the HCHS/SOL is a crosssectional cohort study with future opportunities for prospective investigation. Participants: Participants were 5,313 adults, aged 18–74 years, of self-identified Hispanic/Latino descent and representing multiple Hispanic/Latino background groups, recruited from the Bronx, N.Y., Chicago, Ill., Miami, Fla., and San Diego, Calif. Intervention: Participants completed an interview-administered sociocultural assessment battery within 9 months of their HCHS/SOL clinical baseline exam. Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes are CVD and metabolic syndrome and its component risk factors. Results: The Sociocultural Ancillary Study sample is broadly representative of the HCHS/SOL cohort. Weighted demographics are: 55% male, 56% 18–44 years, 44% ≥45 years, and 37% Mexican, 20% Cuban, 16% Puerto Rican, 12% Dominican, 8% Central American, and 5% South American descent. Conclusions: By testing theoretically driven hypotheses concerning sociocultural and psychosocial factors in CVD, the Sociocultural Ancillary Study seeks to inform future prevention and intervention efforts for US Hispanic/ Latinos. (Ethn Dis. 2014;24[1]:77–83)
Towards Approximating Expected Job Completion Time in Dynamic Vehicular Clouds

Motivated by the success of cloud computing, vehicular clouds were introduced as a group of vehicles whose corporate computing, sensing, communication, and physical resources can be coordinated and dynamically allocated to authorized users. Our main contribution is to offer an easy-to-compute approximation of job completion time in a dynamic vehicular cloud model involving vehicles on a highway. We assume estimates of the first moment of the time it takes the job to execute without any overhead attributable to the working of the vehicular cloud. Our simulations have shown that our approximation is very accurate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper dealing with estimating job completion time in dynamic vehicular clouds.
Scalable Object Tracking in Smart Cities

In smart cities equipped with cameras, one desirable use-case is to detect and track objects. While object detection has been implemented using various methods, object tracking poses a different problem; to track an object requires object permanence to be established between each frame of video. While many technologies have been proposed as a solution for problem, an implementation with scalability in mind has not been developed and poses many new challenges. This paper proposes e-SORT, a solution for scalable object tracking using an enhanced version of the Simple Online and Realtime Tracking (SORT) algorithm. Beyond its scalability, e-SORT stores a mapping of each objects’ locations such that the full path of each object is available and several metrics (such as velocity and acceleration) can be calculated. Both e-SORT’s abilities and our proposed solution to scalable object tracking are tested and evaluated on Chattanooga Tennessee’s live urban testbed.
3 – Environmental Cracking

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with different aspects of environmental cracking. Materials under applied loads in aggressive environments often suffer from some form of subcritical crack growth. Crack propagation can initiate under adverse environmental conditions at relatively small loads. Variables that affect environmental crack growth rates include viscous fluid and molecular transport, physical and chemical adsorption, chemical reactions, film deposits, and internal diffusion. Hydrogen-assisted cracking is a phenomenon that afflicts both high-strength steels and titanium alloys. Subcritical crack growth can initiate in metals susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement at load levels far below those required for rapid fracture in inert environments. Chemical reactions that occur near the crack tip to produce hydrogen gas can also be rate-limiting. The crack growth controlled by the internal diffusion of hydrogen in 4340 steel exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas has been reported. The model of hydrogen embrittlement presented is based on the concept of a degrading cohesive force. The analysis for impending hydrogen-assisted crack propagation is also presented.
Studies of CO2 hydrogenation over cobalt/ceria catalysts with in situ characterization: the effect of cobalt loading and metal–support interactions on the catalytic activity

The catalytic activities of cobalt/ceria catalysts (Co loadings of 1, 2 and 4 wt%) for CO2 hydrogenation at 250 °C were measured. When catalyzed by samples with the same mass of cobalt, the CO2 conversion showed a trend where 4 wt% ≈ 2 wt% > 1 wt%. XRD results combined with XANES data of pristine and reduced samples showed that the size of the cobalt particles was proportional to the admetal loading. Moreover, XANES data of reduced catalysts indicated that samples with higher loading have a higher percentage of metallic cobalt while a significant part of cobalt in the 1 wt%Co/CeO2 sample remains as CoOx after reduction. By analyzing EXAFS data, it was found that the Co–O bond in the 1 wt% and 2 wt%Co/CeO2 was about 0.16 A shorter than that of standard CoO, which explains its stability during the reduction process. The positive charge on the cobalt atoms substantially affected the surface chemistry of the CO2 hydrogenation process. In situ DRIFTS experiments under reaction conditions showed that the Ce3+ site density on the surface of the 1 wt%Co/CeO2 catalyst was much lower than that of the other two samples. In addition, formates were found to be spectators in the 1 wt% sample while they could be further hydrogenated in the 2 wt% and 4 wt%Co/CeO2 surfaces. Based on these results, we propose that the strong perturbations on the structural and electronic properties, which cause positively charged cobalt atoms in the cobalt–ceria interface, make the highly dispersed cobalt on ceria less active for activating hydrogen leading to a lower CO2 hydrogenation efficiency in the case of 1 wt%Co/CeO2.
Diffuse Optical Imaging

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) takes advantage of the relative ‘transparency’ of biological tissue in the near infrared that allows light to penetrate fairly deeply (several centimeters). The primary tissue contrast used by DOI is given by hemoglobin content, affording measurements of blood volume/angiogenesis and tissue oxygenation. DOI instrumentation is fairly compact and can be easily transported for bedside use, and the use of optical fibers for light delivery and collection allows easy integration of optical measurements with traditional medical imaging methods. DOI is still in the research phase, but significant clinical translation work has been done in breast cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring, as well cerebral health assessment. Blood volume contrast has been shown to differentiate benign from malignant breast lesions, as well as predict chemotherapy outcome early in the course of treatment. At the same time, cerebral oxygenation and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen have been shown to correlate with perinatal brain injury. The main challenges on the path to clinical adoption are the need to demonstrate effectiveness in large-scale clinical trials and the need to develop targeted near-infrared contrast agents that can offer additional disease information beyond blood volume and hemoglobin oxygenation.
Evaluation of GPM-DPR Graupel and Hail Identification Algorithm on a Global Scale

A GPM level-2 product of “flagGraupelHail” is implemented in the Experiment Module [1]. It is a Boolean product available for each Ku and Ka band matched precipitation profile of the dual-frequency precipitation radar DPR. The flag identifies whether graupel or hail exists along the vertical profile. Figure 1 is a cartoon plot illustrating this product. As shown in figure 1, for each Ku and Ka band matched footprint, graupel or hail exists when the flag equals 1, and 0 represents graupel or hail not existent. This identification algorithm is built upon a precipitation type index (PTI) defined in (1).
Joint Retrieval and Generation Training for Grounded Text Generation.

Recent advances in large-scale pre-training such as GPT-3 allow seemingly high quality text to be generated from a given prompt. However, such generation systems often suffer from problems of hallucinated facts, and are not inherently designed to incorporate useful external information. Grounded generation models appear to offer remedies, but their training typically relies on rarely-available parallel data where corresponding information-relevant documents are provided for context. We propose a framework that alleviates this data constraint by jointly training a grounded generator and document retriever on the language model signal. The model learns to reward retrieval of the documents with the highest utility in generation, and attentively combines them using a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) ensemble to generate follow-on text. We demonstrate that both generator and retriever can take advantage of this joint training and work synergistically to produce more informative and relevant text in both prose and dialogue generation.
Guest-induced misfolding of a crown-ether-functionalized ortho-phenylene

A crown-ether-functionalized o-phenylene tetramer has been synthesized and co-assembled with monotopic and ditopic, achiral and chiral secondary ammonium ion guests. NMR spectroscopy shows that the o-phenylene forms both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with monotopic guests while remaining well-folded. Binding of an elongated ditopic guest, however, forces the o-phenylene to misfold by pulling the terminal rings apart. A chiral ditopic guest biases the o-phenylene twist sense.
A Unified Framework for Governing Equations of Hydrologic Flows

AbstractLaws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy lead, respectively, to the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy, which are used to mathematically represent hydrologic flow syste...
For the War Yet to Come: Planning Beirut’s Frontiers: Hiba Bou Akar (2018). Stanford University Press, 264 pages, $28 (paperback)

The mindset behind much of planning thought and practice is fundamentally one of hope. What do we plan for, if not to make the city a better place to live? In her book For the War Yet to Come: Plan...
Abstractions for Fault-Tolerant Distributed System Verification

Four kinds of abstraction for the design and analysis of fault tolerant distributed systems are discussed. These abstractions concern system messages, faults, fault masking voting, and communication. The abstractions are formalized in higher order logic, and are intended to facilitate specifying and verifying such systems in higher order theorem provers.
Algorithms for Multi-product Pricing

In the information age, the availability of data on consumer profiles has opened new possibilities for companies to increase their revenue via data mining techniques. One approach has been to strategically set prices of various products, taking into account the profiles of consumers. We study algorithms for the multi-product pricing problem, where, given consumer preferences among products, their budgets, and the costs of production, the goal is to set prices of multiple products from a single company, so as to maximize the overall revenue of the company. We present approximation algorithms as well as negative results for several variants of the multi-product pricing problem, modeling different purchasing patterns and market assumptions.
Rape Trauma Syndrome

Rape trauma syndrome (RTS) is a cluster of negative mental, emotional, and physical symptoms commonly experienced by victims of rape. There is no consensus among clinicians regarding the type, number, and severity of RTS symptoms and it is not included in the DSM-IV-TR. However, it is often diagnosed as a type of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to similar criteria. Expert testimony of RTS is often used in court, despite inconsistent rulings regarding its admissibility. In general, PTSD is preferable in court because it is an officially recognized diagnosis that does not necessarily imply that a rape occurred. Keywords: rape; trauma; syndrome; diagnosis; expert testimony
A Technique for the Collection of Larvae of Meloidogyne spp. and a Comparison of Eggs and Larvae as Inocula

T h e infectivity of second-stage larvae of Meloidogyne spp. is a function of soil temperature, aeration, moisture, texture, and density, as well as a funct ion of the distance the second-stage larvae have to travel pr ior to root penetra t ion (3, 4). Because eggs may require up to 2 weeks to hatch under greenhouse conditions, infection periods with larvae are normal ly shorter than those with eggs. Larvae inocu lum is easily obta ined by placing galled roots with egg masses in a container over a funnel in a mist chamber. However, a large percentage of larvae become noninfective or they die wi thin 12 to 24 h when numbers accumulat ing in the funnel stem exceed a few thousand. T h e object of this investigation was to compare the yield of larvae of Meloidogyne ineognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood obtained f rom egg masses in a mist chamber, and that obta ined with a new technique that allows for longer periods of accumulat ion of larvae wi thout loss of infectivity. T h e infectivity of the larvae hatched on the sieve was compared to that of larvae hatched from intact egg masses and from eggs released from egg masses by a sodium hypochlori te (NaOC1) solution (2). Method for collection of infective larvae: Heavi ly galled roots f rom three tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) 'Manapa l ' infected with M. incognita were washed clean of soil, cut in 2to 5-cm segments, mixed, and weighed. Ha l f of the
A Surgical Model for Determination of True Absorption and Biliary Excretion of Manganese in Conscious Swine Fed Commercial Diets

Some trace elements, such as Mn, Cu and Zn, are absorbed and quickly resecreted into the gut through the bile. When this occurs, the unabsorbed nutrient and the absorbed and resecreted nutrient may mix in the gut, preventing quantitative calculation of either. We have developed a surgical model that prevents this complication. Pigs (20-40 kg) were fitted with cannulas in the bile duct, lumen of the duodenum, portal vein, ileocolic vein and jugular vein. After recovery for 6-8 d, pigs were given an oral dose of 9.25 mBq of 54 Mn. The flow rate of blood past the portal vein was determined by infusion of P-amino hippuric acid into the ileocolic vein. Absorption was quantified by multiplying the concentration of 54 Mn in the portal blood by the flow rate. Biliary excretion was determined by quantitative collection of bile, and previously collected bile was reinfused into the gut lumen. Urine and feces were also quantitatively collected. A postoperative time of 6-8 d was sufficient for pigs to recover from the effects of surgery and anesthesia, as assessed by several measures of metabolic function and food and water intake. True absorption was calculated to be 0.5%. 54 Mn in the urine and bile began to increase after 4 d. When the pigs were killed after 12 d, only 0.5% of the 54 Mn remained in the carcass. Results of this study show that pigs surgically modified by the described procedure can recover fully and can serve as a model to study intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of nutrients. Furthermore, initial studies using 54 Mn showed that the model is applicable to studying Mn metabolism and suggest the need for a more detailed study of Mn absorption and biliary excretion.
Studies of the neural basis of evasive flight behavior in response to acoustic stimulation in Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): motoneuronal innervation of flight muscles.

The organization of the motoneurons that control the indirect flight muscles of the fore- and hindwings was investigated in the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). Cut axons of the nerves supplying the dorsolongitudinal and dorsoventral muscles were infiltrated with cobalt chloride. The cell bodies of the labeled motoneurons are located throughout all thoracic ganglia. Their respective dendritic fields are organized similarly and distributed in a segmented fashion, i.e., the somata and dendrites are restricted to a rather narrow region of the neuropil. The relevance of this organization for the neural basis of behavior is discussed, focusing on the divergent axonal terminations of primary afferents of the acoustic and mechanoreceptive sensory systems.
ACC/AHA, Adult Treatment Panel III, and ESC guidelines overestimated risk for CVD in older adults

Source Citation Kavousi M, Leening MJ, Nanchen D, et al. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for...
Second-best policies for congestion externalities

Abstract This is the third in a series of three articles on the topic of congestion externalities. We use an urban general-equilibrium model to test the efficiency of several second-best policies for congestion externalities. The most efficient second-best policy is a program of land-use controls; the program generates a welfare gain of $3.38 per household per week. A unit tax on commuting is a less efficient policy, with a welfare gain of $1.15.
An efficient method for multiple radiative transfer computations and the lookup table generation

Abstract An efficient method for the multiple radiative-transfer computations is proposed. The method is based on the fact that, in the radiative-transfer computation, most of the CPU time is used in the numerical integration for the Fourier components of the scattering phase function. With the new method, the lookup tables, which are usually needed to convert the spaceborne and the airborne sensor-measured signals to the desired physical and optical quantities, can be generated efficiently. We use the ocean color remote sensor Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor as an example to show that, with the new approach, the CPU time can be reduced significantly for the generation of the lookup tables. The new scheme is useful and effective for the multiple radiative-transfer computations.
Accurate estimates of sediment yield difficult to achieve

Sediment yield, the total mass of sediment discharged at a basin outlet during a hydrologic event such as a flood, is difficult to estimate. Scientists have tried to accomplish this task by developing relationships between sediment yield and hydrologic characteristics such as flow volume and peak flow. However, these relationships have generally not been successful at predicting sediment yield because they suffer from nonuniqueness—that is, the same flow and hydrologic characteristics sometimes yield different sediment amounts.
Doppler width of the annihilation line from positrons stopped in oxygen

The Doppler-broadened portion of the 511 keV annihilation line in oxygen has been measured with a germanium detector to have an r.m.s. width (1.27±0.11) keV which is consistent with the angular width deduced from two-quantum angular correlation work.
Learning in the Archives: A Report on Instructional Practices

ABSTRACT This article reports on the results of a survey of instructional practices in a variety of archival and manuscript repositories. The results of the survey suggest that archives professionals devote a significant amount of time and energy to instructing users of primary sources. However, a relatively small number of respondents conduct formal evaluations of their instruction. This lack of assessment results in a lack of information about the effectiveness of instruction and its impact on users.
Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes

Objectives Studies suggest that elevated circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) may contribute to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The source of plasma TNF has been thought to be adipocytes associated with obesity, but inflammation and infection result in TNF-alpha production as well. Methods We studied 46 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis to determine the relationship between plasma TNF-alpha levels and clinical measures of periodontitis, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), plasma endotoxin, serum glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). TNF-alpha levels were measured using a high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results TNF-alpha showed a significant positive correlation with attachment loss (r=0.40, p=0.009), plasma endotoxin (r=0.33, p=0.03), and GCF IL-1beta (r=0.33, p=0.035), but not probing depth (r=0.28, p=0.07), bleeding on probing (r=0.30, p=0.053), plaque index (r=0.22, p=0.17), serum glucose, HbA1c (r=0.10, p=0.50), or body mass index (r=0.077, p=0.62). A dose-response relationship was observed between periodontitis severity and TNF-alpha (p=0.012). Conclusion The finding that chronic periodontitis is associated with plasma TNF-alpha levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes supports the hypothesis that periodontal infection and inflammation may contribute to insulin resistance.
Flux jump avalanches in torque studies of single crystal YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract A series of avalanche-like jumps are observed in the mixed state of single crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) superconductors. Emerging as a saw-tooth pattern in torque vs. sample orientation in magnetic field, these jumps are discontinuous on our most resolute angular scale. While reminiscent of the classical flux jump instability, the present jumps are instead proposed to be associated with the layered nature of the material and twin boundary (TB) pinning, the combination of which promotes a crossover from a tilted to a kinked vortex structure.
Characteristics of and Problems With Primary Care Interactions Experienced by an Ethnically Diverse Group of Woman

Purpose To reflect women's voices as they discussed characteristics of health care interactions and spontaneously identified problems in primary care interactions. Data Sources Five successive meetings with an ethnically diverse group of eight women were held to discuss primary care interactions with nurse practitioners. Field notes, seating charts, participant interaction notations, session transcripts, and audiotapes were repeatedly reviewed to identify significant statements. These were grouped into common categories to identify essential themes. Results were validated with participants. Conclusions Components of primary care interactions included the process of making an appointment, access to the clinic, comfort of the waiting area and clinic rooms, and interactions with staff and clinicians. Problems were identified with interactions. The overarching issue was a lack of caring — a pervasive attitude demonstrated when clinicians failed to show concern, did not listen, were not trustworthy, or treated the women with disrespect or prejudice. Implications for Practice The women strongly valued caring clinicians. Caring, according to these women, is demon-strated when clinicians treat women as equals and show respect for their individual knowledge and life experiences.
A Comparison of Several Fracture Mechanics Methods for Measuring Interfacial Toughness with Microbond Tests

Several stress analysis methods were used to find the energy release rate for initiation of an interfacial crack in a microbond specimen. First, we used a recently-derived variational mechanics analysis of the stresses in a microbond specimen. Previous studies for analysis of crack growth have used shear-lag methods. For a second analysis, we present a new, and more complete, shear-lag analysis of the microbond specimen. Third, we consider some previously-published theories. For each of the stress analyses, the calculated energy release rate was used to predict the debonding stress as a function of the droplet length. The predictions were compared with two experimental results. Our new analyses that include residual thermal stresses were found to be the best. It was further observed that some of the terms in the analysis are negligible. The remaining terms provide a simple tool for doing a fracture mechanics analysis of microbond experiments.