cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Educators Fight Back: Facing and Navigating Vulnerability and Stress in Teacher Development.

This article examines Black educators’ experiences in Grow Your Own programs along a teacher development continuum at the intersection of social and human development constructs and frameworks, such as double binds and Phenomenological Variant Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST). More robust and nuanced interpretations of how Black educators grow and sustain their presence in the field of education are explored utilizing these analytical tools to determine how Black educators make their way along the teacher development continuum. Findings related to Black educators’ development as they transition as students to teachers, using double bind constructs at each stage of PVEST, are described, and research and praxis questions are extended for implications.
Exploring a Process: Using Technology to Define Firefighter Glove Fit Preference

The aim of this study was to develop methodologies for a replicable process to scan bare and gloved hands and evaluate the fit of a structural firefighter glove model using a Human Solutions Vitus Head scanner. Our analysis was grounded in a literature review and findings from two focus groups of fire fighters in New York State. In our charge to deliver a replicable process to generate 3D anthropometric data, the study identified changes to the current glove model that could be implemented immediately to improve dexterity, and future areas to research for long-term enhanced fit and sizing of this glove model.
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network

The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered to be distinct subcortical systems that perform unique functional operations. The outputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum influence many of the same cortical areas but do so by projecting to distinct thalamic nuclei. As a consequence, the two subcortical systems were thought to be independent and to communicate only at the level of the cerebral cortex. Here, we review recent data showing that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are interconnected at the subcortical level. The subthalamic nucleus in the basal ganglia is the source of a dense disynaptic projection to the cerebellar cortex. Similarly, the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum is the source of a dense disynaptic projection to the striatum. These observations lead to a new functional perspective that the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex form an integrated network. This network is topographically organized so that the motor, cognitive and affective territories of each node in the network are interconnected. This perspective explains how synaptic modifications or abnormal activity at one node can have network-wide effects. A future challenge is to define how the unique learning mechanisms at each network node interact to improve performance.
Computed Reconstructions from Phase-Only and Amplitude-Only Holograms

We have analyzed several types of acoustical holograms similar to and including the phase-only hologram suggested by Metherell.1 The analyses have involved three different diffraction regions: the Fraunhofer, Fresnel, and very-near-field. Each type of hologram studied is characterized by discarding some part of the information present in the wave scattered by the object and recording the portion that is left, thus allowing more efficient use of the recording medium. (For example, in the phase-only hologram the phase information in the scattered wave is retained, but the amplitude information is discarded.) The object investigated in each case was a long slit, thereby confining the analyses to one dimension.
Morse Theory On Grassmann Manifolds

In this chapter we show how Bott’s perfect Morse functions (discussed in Example 3.7) are examples of a more general class of Morse-Smale functions defined on the complex Grassmann manifolds. The Morse-Smale functions, f A : G n,n+k (ℂ) → ℝ, are defined analogous to the Morse functions constructed in Theorem 3.8.
Transforming Partial Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses transforming partial differential equations. Changing variables in a partial differential equation is a straightforward process. The general procedure involves construct a new function, which depends upon new variables, and then differentiating with respect to the old variables to see how the derivatives transform. If a differential equation can be written in terms of coordinate-free expressions (for example, in terms of the gradient operator), then a change of variables can be avoided by simply using the metric of the new coordinate system. This chapter describes representations of coordinate-free expressions for an orthogonal coordinate system. As a simple example of using coordinate free representations, the chapter also considers the diffusion equation in rectilinear coordinates.
Identification of the Dominant Heat Transfer Mechanisms during Confined Two-phase Jet Impingement

Two-phase jet impingement is a compact cooling technology capable of dissipating the large heat fluxes required for thermal management of high-power electronics devices. It is important to understand the primary heat transfer mechanisms that occur during regimes of jet impingement for which boiling occurs, specifically in the confined impingement geometries common to electronics cooling applications. In this study, heat transfer from a surface is experimentally characterized in both confined jet impingement and pool boiling configurations. The dielectric liquid HFE-7100 is used as the working fluid. For the impingement configuration, the jet issues through a single orifice with a diameter of 2 mm, at exit velocities of 1 m/s and 3.33 m/s, into a confinement gap with an orifice-to-target spacing ratio of 3. Additional orifice-to-target spacings of 0.5 and 5 times the jet diameter are tested at the lower jet velocity. The heat flux applied at the surface was increased in steps to characterize the single-phase and two-phase heat transfer performance; all experiments were carried through to critical heat flux conditions. Over the range of velocities and orifice-to-target spacings tested, the jet impingement data in the fully boiling regime coincide with the pool boiling data. This result indicates, for the range of parameters considered in this study, that nucleate boiling is the dominant heat transfer mechanism in the fully boiling regime in confined jet impingement. The impinging jet velocity and orifice-to-target spacing only influence the single-phase heat transfer and critical heat flux.
Buddhism and medicine: an anthology of premodern sources

This pioneering collection invites readers into the rarified, technical world of medical knowledge and practice in Buddhist communities across pre-modern Asia. Specialists in Buddhist Studies, ofte...
A phase-field formulation for dynamic cohesive fracture

Abstract We extend a phase-field/gradient damage formulation for cohesive fracture to the dynamic case. The model is characterized by a regularized fracture energy that is linear in the damage field, as well as non-polynomial degradation functions. Two categories of degradation functions are examined, and a process to derive a given degradation function based on a local stress–strain response in the cohesive zone is presented. The resulting model is characterized by a linear elastic regime prior to the onset of damage, and controlled strain-softening thereafter. The governing equations are derived according to macro- and microforce balance theories, naturally accounting for the irreversible nature of the fracture process by introducing suitable constraints for the kinetics of the underlying microstructural changes. The model is complemented by an efficient staggered solution scheme based on an augmented Lagrangian method. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed model is a robust and effective method for simulating cohesive crack propagation , with particular emphasis on dynamic fracture .
Methane detection of chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy using DSB-SC modulation

This paper discusses the use of double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) modulation and radio frequency mixer as phase detector to extract phase information for methane detection in chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy (CLaDS). The 1.66 μm light from narrow-linewidth laser was modulated by electro-optic modulator (EOM) working on DSB-SC mode. These two sidebands passed through gas chamber and formed interference on photodetector. The phase change from gas absorption in beating signal can be extracted by using passive RF mixer with another input as reference signal which is achieved by doubling RF drive signal of EOM. In RF mixer, two inputs with identical frequency but various phase shift corresponds to DC bias voltage variation of output. The phase change is proportional to refractive index change and can be referred to gas concentration by using Kramers-Kronig relations. The advantage of phase sensitive CLaDS is wide dynamic range for gas detection. It compensates the deficiency of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) on high concentration circumstances. And the passive scheme pushes the system requirement to the lowest level.
Can carsharing meet the mobility needs for the low-income neighborhoods? Lessons from carsharing usage patterns in New York City

Abstract For decades, carsharing has become an attentive dialogue among transportation planners and civic groups who have long supported and business owners and government officials who see carsharing as a means to realize their interests i.e., another market for revenue generation and replacement of government own vehicles with carshare units. It has particularly drawn attention in New York City (NYC). As of today, NYC is the largest carsharing market in the United States, accounting for about one third of all North American carsharing members. In addition to market-driven forces, the City government has pronounced pro-carsharing policies. Yet carsharing is still considered as an exclusive program to middle-income, white, and young populations. The purpose of this study is to see if carsharing can help meet the mobility demand for urban residents, especially in the marginalized neighborhoods. By investigating a leading carsharing program – Zipcar’s vehicle utilization pattern in NYC, I attempt to disentangle how neighborhoods with different socio-demographics are associated with carsharing usage. The study result revealed that there is high demand for midsize (standard) vehicles on weekdays and weeknights. In addition, carsharing usage was highly correlated with the number of total vehicles, not the number of Zipcar parking lots, if the cars are accessible within walking distances. More importantly, carsharing in low-income neighborhoods did not differ from the typical carsharing locations. What matters is the affordability. Hence, there is no reason not to consider new services or expanding existing service boundaries to the outer boroughs in the future.
Defective Renal Angiotensin III and AT 2 Receptor Signaling in Prehypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background Previous studies demonstrated that angiotensin (Ang) III, not Ang II, is the predominant endogenous agonist for Ang type‐2 receptor (AT2R)‐induced natriuresis in normal rats, and that hy...
Examining how different modes mediate adolescents’ interactions during their collaborative multimodal composing processes

Previous research illustrates the collaborative nature of adolescents’ multimodal composing processes. However, few studies have specifically focused on how different modes influence student intera...
Response from the Honoree

Well, this is a very special moment for me. Thank you for joining us for this symposium. I am most grateful to Monty MacNeil and Leo Rouse for their kind introductions and to Pam Zarkowski, Karl Haden, Carol Aschenbrener, and Lily Garcia for their thought-provoking presentations. This is my
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Fracture: More Expensive, More Complications, Same Diagnosis-Related Groups: A Local and National Cohort Study.

Background:Revision total hip arthroplasty (revision THA) occurs for a wide variety of indications and in the United States it is coded under Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) 466, 467, and 468, which do not account for revision etiology, a potentially substantial driver of cost. This study investigat
A Vedic Approach to Environmental Injustice: An Exploration into the Nature of the Ganga and Interconnected Consciousness

Nature has traditionally been a vital complement of human life in Indian tradition. The sacred river Ganges holds deep spiritual and mythological symbolism and has earned the reverence and worship of Indians for centuries. Now there is a mentality developing in India in which new hierarchies of values are being created and traditional teachings and core ethics are compromised. The current scenario in India speaks of a disconnection from ancient intrinsic values of the interconnected roles of humans and nature. By using the Ganges as a case study this study will explore the shift and renewal of the spiritual essence of the interconnection. In an attempt to understand the shift of values, this study will examine the human-nature relationship given in Vedic philosophy and core values and ethics existing in this interconnectedness. The study will investigate how and why the relationship between human beings and nature has changed, what ethics and values have been undermined, and how the ethics necessary for coexistence can be rediscovered and renewed today.
Suppression of active phase voluntary wheel running in male rats by unilateral chronic constriction injury: Enduring therapeutic effects of a brief treatment of morphine combined with TLR4 or P2X7 antagonists.

The present series of studies examine the impact of systemically administered therapeutics on peripheral nerve injury (males; unilateral sciatic chronic constriction injury [CCI])-induced suppression of voluntary wheel running, across weeks after dosing cessation. Following CCI, active phase running distance and speed are suppressed throughout the 7-week observation period. A brief course of morphine, however, increased active phase running distance and speed throughout this same period, an effect apparent only in sham rats. For CCI rats, systemic co-administration of morphine with antagonists of either P2X7 (A438079) or TLR4 ((+)-naloxone) (receptors critical to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and consequent inflammatory cascades) returned running behavior of CCI rats to that of shams through 5+ weeks after dosing ceased. This is a striking difference in effect compared to our prior CCI allodynia results using systemic morphine plus intrathecal delivery of these same antagonists, wherein a sustained albeit partial suppression of neuropathic pain was observed. This may point to actions of the systemic drugs at multiple sites along the neuraxis, modulating injury-induced, inflammasome-mediated effects at the injured sciatic nerve and/or dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and potentially higher levels. Given that our data to date point to morphine amplifying neuroinflammatory processes put into motion by nerve injury, it is intriguing to speculate that co-administration of TLR4 and/or P2X7 antagonists can intervene in these inflammatory processes in a beneficial way. That is, that systemic administration of such compounds may suppress inflammatory damage at multiple sites, rapidly and persistently returning neuropathic animals to sham levels of response.
An examination of the bidirectional relationship between federal civil rights guidance and research

As the primary agency responsible for enforcing federal civil rights laws in the educational context, the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issues policy guidance to help ensure that school districts and universities understand their legal obligations. These policy guidance documents have direct connections to topics studied by educational researchers (e.g., disproportionality in special education, race conscious admissions policies in higher education, transgender student inclusion, etc.). However, we do not have an empirical understanding of how this guidance is used by the research community. Nor do we have a strong grasp on the extent to which this guidance is explicitly informed by research. It is important to acquire an empirical understanding of the bidirectional relationship between research and educational policy in the context of civil rights enforcement in order to determine areas of strength and those in need of improvement. Specifically, this study poses the following research questions: 1) How often and in what ways do scholars explicitly use OCR policy guidance to inform their research? What are the characteristics of this research? 2) Conversely, how often and in what ways does OCR explicitly use research to inform policy guidance? What are the characteristics of research cited in OCR guidance?
Elemene, a novel plant anticancer drug, enhances cisplatin cell killing effects in resistant and sensitive NSCLC cell lines via p53-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways

4123 For more than two decades, the most effective systemic chemotherapy for NSCLC was based on cisplatin combinations. However, currently available cisplatin-based chemotherapy for lung cancer is only a narrow therapeutic window between efficacy and unacceptable toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop new strategies to treat this disease effectively. Our recent studies showed that elemene, a novel low adverse effect anticancer drug extracted from the ginger plant, triggered NSCLC cell death and increased NSCLC cells sensitivity to cisplatin. However, the precise mechanisms of elemene-inhibited cell proliferation and increased cisplatin sensitivity in NSCLC are largely unknown. This study investigated the ability of elemene and cisplatin to induce apoptosis in p53 wild-type, mutant and null NSCLC cell lines and the underlying mechanisms. We showed that elemene has an effect on cell-killing in the human NSCLC cell lines H460, H23, and H358. Elemene was also found to increase cisplatin cytotoxicity and significantly augment cisplatin sensitivity in all of these cell lines, particularly in H358, a p53 null and native cisplatin resistant cell line. Moreover, we demonstrated, by using FACS analysis with Annexin V staining, Cell Death Detection ELISA Kit and the mitochondrial membrane potential assay, that elemene or cisplatin independently induced apoptosis in these systems in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and that a synergistic effect in this regard was seen when cells were treated with both agents. Further studies clearly showed that these treatments (elemene, cisplatin alone, or in combination) induced increases in caspase-9, -8, -3, -7 and -10 activities, Bax expression, and Bcl-2 phosphorylation, decreased levels of Bcl-2 and XIAP proteins, caused cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and increased levels of cleaved caspase-9 and PARP in the three cell lines with different p53 status. In addition, introducing wild-type p53 into p53 null H358 cell line and silencing p53 by siRNA in p53 wild-type cell line H460 differentially affected apoptotic response to elemene, cisplatin, or combination treatments. Together, these findings suggest that elemene may augment sensitivity and reverse drug resistance to cisplatin in human NSCLC through p53-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways. This study was supported by NIH/NCRR grant P20 RR16440.
Point Cloud Segmentation using RGB Drone Imagery

In recent years, the ubiquity of drones equipped with RGB cameras has made aerial 3D model generation significantly more cost effective than traditional aerial LiDAR-based methods. Most existing aerial 3D point cloud segmentation approaches use geometric methods and are tailored to 3D LiDAR data. In this paper, we propose a pipeline for semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds obtained via photogrammetry from aerial RGB camera images. Our basic approach is to directly apply deep learning segmentation methods to the very RGB images used to create the point cloud itself, followed by back-projecting the pixel class in segmented images onto the 3D points. This is a particularly attractive solution, since deep learning methods for image segmentation are more mature and advanced as compared to 3D point cloud segmentation. Furthermore, GPU engines for 2D image convolutions are likely to result in higher processing speeds than could be achieved using 3D point cloud data. We demonstrate our segmentation approach on two RGB Drone image datasets captured in Alameda, California, and compare its performance with manually labelled ground truth data. We use F1 and Jaccard similarity coefficient scores to show that our methodology outperforms existing methods such as PointNet++ and commercially available packages such as Pix4D.
Modeling proton and electron heating in the fast solar wind

Context. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) measures solar wind protons and electrons near the Sun. To study the thermodynamic properties of electrons and protons, we include electron effects, such as distributed turbulent heating between protons and electrons, Coulomb collisions between protons and electrons, and heat conduction of electrons.Aims. We develop a general theoretical model of nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (NI MHD) turbulence coupled with a solar wind model that includes electron pressure and heat flux.Methods. It is important to note that 60% of the turbulence energy is assigned to proton heating and 40% to electron heating. We use an empirical expression for the electron heat flux. We derived a nonlinear dissipation term for the residual energy that includes both the Alfven effect and the turbulent small-scale dynamo effect. Similarly, we obtained the NI/slab time-scale in an NI MHD phenomenology to use in the derivation of the nonlinear term that incorporates the Alfven effect.Results. A detailed comparison between the theoretical model solutions and the fast solar wind measured by PSP and Helios 2 shows that they are consistent. The results show that the nearly incompressible NI/slab turbulence component describes observations of the fast solar wind periods when the solar wind flow is aligned or antialigned with the magnetic field.
Effect of actuation method on hydrodynamics of elastic plates oscillating at resonance

In this work we investigate the effects of two distinct actuation methods on the hydrodynamics of elastic rectangular plates oscillating at resonance. Plates are driven by plunging motion at the root or actuated by a distributed internal bending moment at Reynolds numbers between 500 and 4000. The latter actuation method represents internally actuated smart materials and emulates the natural ability of swimming animals to continuously change their shapes with muscles. We conduct experiments with plunging elastic plates and piezoelectric plate actuators that are simulated using a fully coupled three-dimensional computational model based on the lattice Boltzmann method. After experimental validation the computational model is employed to probe plate hydrodynamics for a wide range of parameters, including large oscillation amplitudes which prompts nonlinear effects. The comparison between the two actuation methods reveals that, for the same level of tip deflection, externally actuated plates significantly outperform internally actuated plates in terms of thrust production and hydrodynamic efficiency. The reduced performance of internally actuated plates is associated with their suboptimal bending shapes which leads to a trailing edge geometry with enhanced vorticity generation and viscous dissipation. Furthermore, the difference in actuation methods impacts the inertia coefficient characterizing the plate oscillations, especially for large amplitudes. It is found that the inertia coefficient strongly depends on the tip deflection amplitude and the Reynolds number, and actuation method, especially for larger amplitudes.
High Prevalence of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation Without Prior Endoscopy During Acute Variceal Bleeding Hospitalization in the United States.

Current clinical guidelines by both American Association for the Study of Liver Disease and European Association for the Study of the Liver recommend endoscopy in all patients admitted with acute variceal bleeding within 12 hours of admission. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation may be considered in patients at high risk if hemorrhage cannot be controlled endoscopically. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study to assess how frequently TIPS is created for acute variceal bleeding in the United States without preceding endoscopy. Adult patients undergoing TIPS creation for acute variceal bleeding in the United States (n = 6,297) were identified in the last 10 available years (2007-2016) of the National Inpatient Sample. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between endoscopy nonutilization and hospital characteristics, controlling for patient demographics, income level, insurance type, and disease severity. Of 6,297 discharges following TIPS creation for acute variceal bleeding in the United States, 31% (n = 1,924) did not receive first-line endoscopy during the same encounter. Rates of "no endoscopy" decreased with increasing population density of the hospital county (nonmicropolitan counties 43%, n = 114; mid-size metropolitan county 35%, n = 513; and central county with >1 million population 23%, n = 527) but not by hospital teaching status (n = 1,465, 32% teaching vs. n = 430, 26% nonteaching; P = 0.10). Higher disease mortality risk (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.80; P = 0.02) was associated with lower odds of noncompliance. Conclusion: One third of all patients undergoing TIPS creation for acute variceal bleeding in the United States do not receive first-line endoscopy during the same encounter. Patients admitted to urban hospitals are more likely to receive guideline-concordant care.
Patient Perceptions of Drive-through Medical Treatment Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The cumulative burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the United States’ healthcare system is substantial. To help mitigate this burden, novel solutions including telehealth and dedicated screening facilities have been used. However, there is limited data on the efficacy of such models and none assessing patient comfort levels with these changes in healthcare delivery. The aim of our study was to evaluate patients’ perceptions of a drive-through medical treatment system in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Patients presenting to a drive-through COVID-19 medical treatment facility were surveyed about their experience following their visit. An anonymous questionnaire consisting of five questions, using a five-point Likert scale was distributed via electronic tablet. Results: We obtained 827 responses over two months. Three quarters of respondents believed care received was similar to that in a traditional emergency department (ED). Overall positive impression of the drive-through was 86.6%, and 95% believed that it was more convenient. Conclusion: Overall, the drive-through medical system was perceived as more convenient than the ED and was viewed as a positive experience. While representing a dramatic change in the delivery model of medical care, if such systems can provide comparable levels of care, they may be a viable option for sustained and surge healthcare delivery.
Metrics, connections and gluing theorems

Introduction The anti-self dual equations Grafting theorems Deformations to anti-self duality I Deformations to anti-self duality II Metrics with $W_+\equiv 0$ Grafting metrics Deforming the metric Strategy for connect sums Open questions References.
Mean Ergodic Theorems

Let X be a topological semigroup, B the σ-algebra of Borel sets in X, and {v n , n ∈ N} a net of Borel probability measures.
Control of the Interface between 3He-Rich and 4He-Rich Phases Using Electric Fields

A program to experimentally and theoretically study the feasibility of operating a dilution refrigerator in a microgravity environment has been started at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. One of the major obstacles to be overcome before the ultimate goal can be realized is to find a replacement for gravity in orienting the boundary interface between the 3He-rich and 4He-rich phases of the liquid in the mixing chamber of the refrigerator.We present preliminary measurements showing that moderate electric fields in a suitable geometry can be used to generate the required orienting forces.
High Temperature Tensile Testing Method for Monofilament Ceramic Fibers

An alternative method for testing tensile strength of ceramic fibers at high temperatures has been developed, whereby the entire sample is in the hot zone of the furnace. This eliminates any effect that a thermal gradient might have on the mechanical properties of the fiber. The method proposed here was calibrated with Nextel 720 fibers. Tensile strengths comparable to those published by 3M were obtained.
The role of emotional dissonance and job desirability in predicting correctional officer turnover intentions

Correctional officers represent the most important component of penitentiaries, as they are required to regulate prisoner conduct and establish safety within the prison. Recent literature, however, reveals that many officers resign from their position shortly after being hired. Although extant literature has found a number of variables to significantly impact officer resignation intentions, including pay dissatisfaction and poor supervisory evaluations, no study has yet evaluated the influences of emotional dissonance and job desirability in predicting this outcome. Survey data collected from a statewide population of officers are used to examine the impact of these specific variables in predicting officer turnover intentions. While emotional dissonance did not have as influential an impact as originally hypothesized, officer evaluations of job desirability instead exhibited a positive and highly significant connection. To reduce officer turnover, prison administrators should improve officer working condi...
OBESITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN A HIGH-RISK POPULATION: EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO CHD RISK REDUCTION

Background: Obesity is becoming a worldwide public health problem and it is expected to worsen as its prevalence is increasing in children and adolescents. This report examined the distribution of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and the effect of lifestyle changes on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk prediction in a high risk obese African Americans. Methods: We examined the baseline distribution of CVD risk factors in 515 obese African Americans, with mean BMI of 42.9 +/- 6.8 kg/m2, and prospectively the effect of a 6-month low-salt, low-fat diet and aerobic-exercise intervention program on risk reduction. Results: Prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were 57%, 27% and 24% respectively. Metabolic syndrome was present in 36% and 39% met two features of the syndrome. The 10-year risk prediction for developing CHD ranged from 4% to 17% for women and 6% to 29% for men. After 6 months of life-style changes, many of the risk factors improved, and the CHD risk scores decreased from 6% to 4% in the women and 16% to 13% in the men. Conclusion: The high prevalence and increasing incidence of obesity and associated cardiovascular risk emphasizes the need to focus on obesity reduction in this high risk population. ( Ethn Dis. 2015;25[2]:208–213)
Industrial wrist motions and incidence of hand/wrist cumulative trauma disorders

One of the major research voids in the study of occupational hand/wrist cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) is the lack of quantification of the relationship between the known kinematic risk factors, such as wrist angle and repetition, and CTD risk. A previously published article in this journal (Marras and Schoenmarklin 1993) reported the descriptive results from a quantitative surveillance study performed in industry in which worker's wrist motions were monitored on the factory floor. The wrist motion components that were monitored on each subject were position, velocity, and acceleration measures in each plane of movement (radial/ulnar, flexion/extension, and pronation/supination). The objective of this article was to form a metric that associates the degree of incidence of hand/wrist CTDs with those types of wrist motions that were significant in the earlier paper. Of all the kinematic parameters measured, multivariate analysis of the motion data revealed that acceleration in the flexion/extension plane discriminated the best between groups of low and high incidence rates of CTDs. The epidemiological association between flexion/extension acceleration and CTD incidence rate is compatible with results from empirical studies and theoretical models in the physiologic and biomechanical literature. The flexion/extension acceleration values from this study can serve as preliminary motion benchmarks that establish relative risk levels of CTDs for hand-intensive, highly repetitive jobs that do not require hand tools. Industrial practitioners can use this methodology, along with other accepted tools, to enhance ergonomic assessments of jobs.
Churchill's naval holiday: Arms control and the Anglo‐German naval race, 1912–1914

(1992). Churchill's naval holiday: Arms control and the Anglo‐German naval race, 1912–1914. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 102-127.
472 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GER) AMONG RETARDED CHILDREN

It is generally believed that recurrent vomiting occurs with increased frequency among institutionalized retarded children. To test this hypothesis and to determine the causes of vomiting, we evaluated 136 pediatric residents of a school for the retarded. Recurrent vomiting (emesis > eight times per month) was present in 20 residents (14.7%). Fifteen of the vomiters were evaluated by radiographic techniques, esophageal mannometry, upper intestinal endoscopy and esophageal acid reflux test (ART). GER was demonstrated by x-ray and/or ART in 11 of these 15 subjects (73%). Of those with GER 10/11 had occult blood in stool or emesis in the preceding year; 3/11 were anemic (Hg 15mmHg, no esophagitis or abnormal peristalsis was present. The 11 patients with GER did not differ from the non-vomiting residents with respect to age (14.5 vs 13.9 yrs), incidence of seizures, spasticity or ability to walk. GER patients had significantly lower mental age (6.4 vs 16.6 mos) and higher incidence of kyphoscoliosis (54 vs 23%). Onset of vomiting was after age 2 years in 9 of the 11 patients. GER associated with a high incidence of hiatus hernia and esophagitis is common among retarded children who vomit. Vomiting appears later in life than in normal children with GER. Anatomic abnormalities accompanying kyphoscoliosis may contribute to the development of GER.
Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation into Styrene: Kinetic Modeling and Reactor Simulation

A set of intrinsic rate equations based on the Hougen—Watson formalism was derived for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene into styrene on a commercial potassium-promoted iron catalyst. The model discrimination and parameter estimation was based on an extensive set of experiments that were conducted in a tubular reactor. Experimental data were obtained for a range of temperatures, space times, and feed molar ratios of steam to ethylbenzene, styrene to ethylbenzene, and hydrogen to ethylbenzene. All the estimated parameters satisfied the statistical tests and physicochemical criteria, and the kinetic model yielded an excellent fit of the experimental data. The model was applied in the simulation of the dehydrogenation in industrial multibed adiabatic reactors with either axial or radial flow and accounting also for thermal radical-type reactions, internal diffusion limitations, coke formation, and gasification.
Automated management of network access control from design to enforcement

Recent studies show that more than 65% of the network vulnerabilities are due to misconfigured network access control. Arbor Networks in their ISP survey shows that managing access control is the top challenge in ISP networks today, which creates major reachability and security violations such as unauthorized access/traffic, backdoors and increasing attack surface [1]. Access control exists in network devices such as routers, firewall and IPSec gateways and application-level such RBAC systems and authorization servers. The wide distribution of large number of access control configurations that usually exhibit different syntactic and semantic behavior in highly dynamic network environments creates real challenges for verifying, evaluating and enforcing access control policies. Thus, there is a pressing need for models and tools that allow for global end-toend analysis of access control by integrating network and application-level access control in a single framework from design, verification and optimization to evaluation and deployment. These frameworks should also provide quantitative means to design and evaluate access control automatically and objectively [2, 3]. In addition, as security risk is dynamically changing in networks due to new threats or users' behavior, enabling proactive access control will play an important role in future network defense. In this talk, I will present the state-of-the-art and discuss future challenges of designing, verification and evaluation of access control policies.
Current–Voltage Analysis of a-Si and a-SiGe Solar Cells Including Voltage-dependent Photocurrent Collection

The current–voltage (J(V)) data measured in light and dark from a-Si-based solar cells have been analyzed to yield six parameters that completely specify the illuminated J(V) curve from reverse bias to beyond open-circuit voltage (Voc). A simple photocurrent collection model is used, which assumes drift collection in a uniform field. The method has been applied to J(V) data from over 20 single-junction a-Si or a-SiGe devices from five laboratories measured under standard simulated sunlight. Very good agreement is obtained between measured and calculated J(V) performance with only one adjustable parameter, the ratio of collection length to thickness Lc/D. Some of these devices have also been analyzed after extended light soaking or under filtered illumination. The effect of the voltage-dependent photocurrent collection on the fill factor and Voc is considered in detail. Results under 1 sun illumination for both a-Si and a-SiGe devices are consistent with hole-limited collection. Photocurrent collection in very thin devices (D ∼ 0.1 μm), or thicker devices under blue light, may be strongly influenced by interface recombination or back diffusion. The flatband voltage (Vfb) is dependent on the intensity and spectrum of illumination, and hence is not a fundamental device property and is not equivalent to the built-in potential. The Voc is limited by Vfb, not junction recombination current Jo, in typical devices. The illuminated solar cell performance is nearly independent of the forward diode current for low values of Lc/D, as occurs after light soaking or with a-SiGe. The model is also useful to investigate the intensity dependence of the fill factor and to predict the influence of Lc/D and Vfb on solar cell performance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TheOperational Code of John F. Kennedy During the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Comparison of Public and Private Rhetoric

This study examines the manner in which the Cuban missile crisis affected the belief system of President John F. Kennedy. The analysis uses data derived from primary source materials that have become available only in the last 2 years, in addition to well-known public statements by the president. The Verbs in Context System (VICS) was used to generate insights into how Kennedy's operational code differed across sources and changed during the period of the crisis. The results provide evidence of Kennedy's initial private belligerence and provisional support for the ‘Gettysburg thesis’ while calling into question some other potential interpretations of the effects of the crisis on the president's beliefs.
On the composition of martian surface materials

Abstract Observations were made of Mars with the birefringent interferometer. These observations when combined with spectra of the Sun show that Mars has an extremely strong band at 3.1 μ. This band is presumably produced by hydrated minerals on the surface of Mars. A search was also made for the limonite band at 8800 A with a photoelectric spectrometer. This band had a depth which was at most only 2% to 3%. Because of the weakness of this band iron oxides are not considered to be the primary constituent of the surface material.
Delta-compressed caching for overcoming the write bandwidth limitation of hybrid main memory

Limited PCM write bandwidth is a critical obstacle to achieve good performance from hybrid DRAM/PCM memory systems. The write bandwidth is severely restricted in PCM devices, which harms application performance. Indeed, as we show, it is more important to reduce PCM write traffic than to reduce PCM read latency for application performance. To reduce the number of PCM writes, we propose a DRAM cache organization that employs compression. A new delta compression technique for modified data is used to achieve a large compression ratio. Our approach can selectively and predictively apply compression to improve its efficiency and performance. Our approach is designed to facilitate adoption in existing main memory compression frameworks. We describe an instance of how to incorporate delta compression in IBM's MXT memory compression architecture when used for DRAM cache in a hybrid main memory. For fourteen representative memory-intensive workloads, on average, our delta compression technique reduces the number of PCM writes by 54.3p, and improves IPC performance by 24.4p.
Brillouin scattering, two‐plasmon decay, and self‐focusing in underdense ultraviolet laser‐produced plasmas

Underdense foam targets were irradiated with a single UV laser beam at intensities up to 1015 W/cm2. The incident laser propagated into the foam a distance of 500–1000 μm, depending on the average target density. The backscattered Brillouin and 3ω0/2 radiation were observed to have the same dependence on the incident laser intensity, indicating a strong interrelation of these processes. A possible coupling mechanism is proposed.
Examining the Disparity between Juvenile and Adult Victims in Notifying the Police: A Study of Mediating Variables:

Extant research has found that crimes against juveniles are substantially less likely than crimes against adults to come to the attention of the police. Few studies, however, have attempted to systematically examine variation in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims. With assault and robbery data from the 1994-2001 National Crime Victimization Survey, this research explores this issue by addressing whether victim, offender, and situational characteristics of crime are effective in mediating the disparity in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims. Current findings indicate that the relationship between juvenile victims and police reporting was only attenuated, in part, after controlling for school victimizations and crimes perpetrated by juvenile offenders. Current findings also reveal that distinguishing crimes reported to nonpolice officials had no effect, attenuating variation in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims.
Arthroscopy of the Posterior Knee Compartments: Neurovascular Anatomic Relationships During Arthroscopic Transverse Capsulotomy

Purpose To clearly define the anatomic relations that exist in the posterior knee under arthroscopic conditions in a cadaveric model and to describe a technique for an all-arthroscopic posterior capsule release. Methods Seven cadaveric knees were examined under arthroscopic conditions. After a routine diagnostic arthroscopy of the anterior compartment, posteromedial and posterolateral portals were created, the posterior capsule and septum were released, and the distance from the posterior border of the tibial insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) to the popliteal artery was measured under direct arthroscopic visualization after capsulotomy. The distances from the posteromedial arthroscopic portal and lateral arthroscopic portal to the saphenous neurovascular bundle and peroneal nerve, respectively, were evaluated. Results The mean distance between the PCL and popliteal artery was 19.3 mm (range, 15 to 28 mm; SD, 4.27 mm); between the posteromedial portal and saphenous vein, 22.6 mm (range, 16 to 35 mm; SD, 6.7 mm); and between the posterolateral portal and peroneal nerve, 40 mm (range, 30 to 52 mm; SD, 7.94 mm). Conclusions When arthroscopic posterior transverse capsulotomy is performed via the author's technique and with the knee flexed to 90°, there is an adequate safe zone between the popliteal neurovascular structures, peroneal nerve, saphenous neurovascular structures and the posterior capsule, posterolateral and posteromedial portals, respectively (minimum, 15 mm). Clinical Relevance With a mean distance of 19.3 mm between the PCL and the popliteal artery after capsulotomy, surgeons can feel confident that a safe zone is present for posterior knee arthroscopy. In addition, they can be reassured that posterior portals are safe if created with the knee in the proper position.
The existence, uniqueness, and instability of spherically symmetric solutions of a system of reaction—Diffusion equations

Abstract The system ∂x ∂t = Δx + F(x,y), ∂y ∂t = G(x,y) is investigated, where x and y are scalar functions of time ( t ⩾ 0), and n space variables (ξ 1 ,…, ξ n ), Δx ≡ ∑ i = 1 n ∂ 2 x ∂ξ i 2 , and F and G are nonlinear functions. Under certain hypotheses on F and G it is proved that there exists a unique spherically symmetric solution (x(r),y(r)), where r = (ξ 1 2 + … + ξ n 2 ) 1 2 , which is bounded for r ⩾ 0 and satisfies x (0) > x 0 , y (0) > y 0 , x ′(0) = 0, y ′(0) = 0, and x ′ y ′ > 0, ∀ r > 0. Thus, ( x ( r ), y ( r )) represents a time independent equilibrium solution of the system. Further, the linearization of the system restricted to spherically symmetric solutions, around ( x ( r ), y ( r )), has a unique positive eigenvalue. This is in contrast to the case n = 1 (i.e., one space dimension) in which zero is an eigenvalue. The uniqueness of the positive eigenvalue is used in the proof that the spherically symmetric solution described is unique.
Stress-dependent magnetoresistance in NbSe3

Abstract We have performed electrical resistance measurements on NbSe 3 in the lower charge density wave (CDW) state under the application of transverse magnetic fields and while the sample is under uniaxial stress. For zero stress, increasing the magnetic field results is an enhancement of the resistance anomaly consistent with previous measurements by Coleman et al. In zero magnetic field, increasing stress also enhances the resistance anomaly consistent with previous measurements by Lear et al. For combined stress and magnetic field, the resistance anomaly is not further enhanced, i.e. the effects are not additive. We examine the possibilities that magnetic fields and stress act on similar portions of the Fermi surface.
High speed hybrid silicon evanescent Mach-Zehnder modulator and switch

We demonstrate the first high speed silicon evanescent Mach Zehnder modulator and switch. The modulator utilizes carrier depletion within AlGaInAs quantum wells to obtain Vπ L of 2 V-mm and clear open eye at 10 Gb/s. The switch exhibits a power penalty of 0.5 dB for all ports at 10 Gb/s modulation.