cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hookup experiences and feelings of regret: The effects of gender, college context, and hookup characteristics.

To examine how specific aspects of a hookup are related to feelings of regret among college students, and how these patterns vary by gender and college context. Participants: Freshmen and sophomore...
Empathy and Coping: Older Adults' Interpersonal Tensions and Mood throughout the Day.

Introduction Scholars have proposed that empathy is a key feature of strong social ties, but less is known about the role empathy plays when tensions arise. Objective We examined whether older adults' empathy was associated with (a) coping strategies for interpersonal tensions, and (b) mood when there were tensions throughout the day. We also explored whether coping strategies explained the potential buffering effect of empathy on older adults' momentary mood. Methods Older adults (N = 302) from the Daily Experiences and Well-Being Study completed a baseline survey on empathy and coping strategies. They also completed ecological momentary assessments every 3 hours each day for 5-6 days, which included questions about interpersonal tensions and mood. This study considered tensions with close partners (e.g., family and friends) and with non-close partners (e.g., acquaintances and service providers). Results In the face of interpersonal tensions, more empathic older adults reported using more constructive and less destructive coping strategies than less empathic older adults, regardless of their closeness to social partners. Being more empathic also buffered older adults' mood when tensions occurred with close partners, but this buffering effect was not mediated by older adults' general preference for coping strategies. Conclusion This study advances our understanding of empathy and interpersonal tensions in later life, with a focus on daily experiences.
Integration of Small Pumped Storage Hydropower Units in Water Distribution System Operation

Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) is a proven energy storage technology that can provide large capacity support to the bulk power system. PSH is also a promising technology to increase energy storage capabilities of water distribution systems (WDSs), because these systems have most components necessary for supporting PSH, including a water supply, conduit, pumps, and water storage capacity. PSH must be sized to the water infrastructure that the energy storage will be integrated with, but generally these PSH applications are significantly smaller than traditional PSH units. This paper develops an optimization framework for integration of small PSH units in WDS operation to minimize operating costs associated with power and water consumption in WDS. The proposed model takes into account the hydraulic constraints of WDS and provides optimal operating strategies from an economic perspective based on available units in WDS (e.g., the hydropower generator, variable speed water pumps, and utilization of water storage capacity). The proposed model is applied to a 16-node test WDS using two cases that differ in terms of PSH design to demonstrate the merits of the proposed model. The results provide insight into improved operations for the test system. They also provide the basis for improving operations of more complex WDS systems, including enabling evaluation of PSH design and integration.
Future forward: AGS initiative addressing intersection of structural racism and ageism in health care

The American Geriatrics Society is committed to taking purposeful steps to address racism in health care, given its impact on older adults, their families, and our communities. In fall 2020, AGS added a statement to our vision for the future, which reflects that our commitment is central to mission: "We all are supported by and able to contribute to communities where ageism, ableism, classism, homophobia, racism, sexism, xenophobia, and other forms of bias and discrimination no longer impact healthcare access, quality, and outcomes for older adults and their caregivers." In 2021, we will be working to flesh out a multi-year, multi-pronged initiative that addresses the intersection of structural racism and ageism in health care. This will include engaging members in identifying strategies and with the goal of increasing member engagement around the idea that it will take all of us working together to achieve our vision for a collective future that is free of discrimination and bias. The Society has set as the first objective that by 2031, 100% of research presented at the AGS Annual Scientific Meeting and published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) will reflect the diversity of the population being studied. Other immediate efforts include undertaking a complete update of the Geriatrics Cultural Navigator, development of corresponding public education materials, and a webinar series focused on helping us all understand our own implicit bias, recognize implicit and explicit bias, and consider actions that we each might take to address bias when we observe it.
Autolysis and Cell Death Is Affected by pH in L. reuteri DSM 20016 Cells

A key obstacle to the successful delivery of a probiotic to the consumer is maintaining viability of the live cells during storage, a challenge for the beneficial Lactibacillus reuteri. Three processes play a role in the reduction of viability: autolysis, cell death, and cell weakening. Using a phosphate induction model of autolysis, the initial aim of this project was to discover novel molecular determinants of autolysis in L. reuteri, with the long -term goal of elucidating new strategies for increasing viability. We employed a 2D Native/SDS-Page method to monitor changes in protein expression over time; however, the result was that excess phosphate did not induce noticeable changes in expression patterns. On the other hand, we found that pH affects both the rate of total viability and autolysis, as seen with other species of LAB. In addition, we found that the phosphate model of autolysis may not be sufficient to explain how autolysis is triggered in L. reuteri. Two parameters appear to modulate the pH in media containing L. reuteri cells: overall buffering capacity and the presence of a carbon source. Ultimately, phosphate sources appear to facilitate autolysis by maintaining pH in the media via a higher buffering capacity. In addition, the alkaline sugar free almond drink appears to be a promising possible preservative for L. reuteri.
Multiparametric/explicit nonlinear model predictive control for quadratically constrained problems

Abstract Explicit model predictive control is an established methodology for the offline determination of the optimal control policy for linear discrete time-invariant systems with linear constraints. Nevertheless, nonlinearities in the form of quadratic constraints naturally appear in process models or are imposed for stability purposes in model predictive control formulations. In this manuscript, we present the theoretical developments and propose an algorithm for the exact solution of explicit nonlinear model predictive control problems with convex quadratic constraints. Our approach is based on a second-order Taylor approximation of Fiacco’s Basic Sensitivity Theorem, which allows for the existence and the analytic derivation of the optimal control actions. The complete exploration of the parameter space is founded on an active set strategy, which employs a pruning criterion to eliminate infeasible active sets. Based on that, the optimal map of solutions is constructed along with the corresponding control actions. The proposed strategy is applied to an explicit nonlinear model predictive control problem with an ellipsoidal terminal set, and comparisons with approximate solutions are drawn to demonstrate the benefits of the presented approach. Furthermore, as a practical application, the optimal operation of a chemostat in the presence of disturbances is exhibited.
A Dual Low Voltage Chopper Offset-Stabilized Operational Amplifier

The paper presents a dual low voltage chopper offset-stabilized operational amplifier with symmetrical RC notch filters, having a 1.6-5.5 V supply range, and being fabricated in a 0.25 µm CMOS process. The chopping frequency is 100 kHz. A new constant-gm technique is implemented within the input stage of main amp, improving most electrical performances. The amplifier has a typical offset voltage of 1 µV, a minimum PSRR of 128 dB, a minimum CMRR of 120 dB, a noise PSD of 42 nV/√Hz, 1.5 MHz unity gain bandwidth, and THD + noise of 0.001 % at 1 kHz, while consuming 70 µA per channel.
Peculiarities of Water as an Environmental Habitat for Microorganisms

As a habitat for the existence of microorganisms, water has properties not found in other natural microbial habitats such as soil, and plant and animal bodies; indigenous aquatic microorganisms are adapted to these conditions. Natural waters are generally low in nutrient content (i.e., they are oligotrophic); what nutrients there are, are homogeneously distributed in the water. The movement of water freely transports microorganisms; to counter this and offer themselves some protection, many aquatic organisms are either stalked or arranged in colonies immersed in gelatinous materials. To enable free movement in water, many aquatic microorganisms and/or their gametes have locomotory structures such as flagella. Microorganisms are often adapted to, and occupy particular habitats in the water body; some occupy the air–water interphase (neuston), while others live in the sediment of water bodies (benthic). The conditions which affect aquatic microorganisms are temperature, nutrient, light, salinity turbidity, water movement. The methods for the quantitative study of aquatic microorganisms are cultural methods (plate count and MPN), direct methods (micro­scopy and flow cytometry), and the determination of microbial mass. The microscopy methods are light (optical), epi-flourescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Microbial mass may be direct (weight after oven-drying) or indirect (turbidity, CO2 release, etc).
A Prototype of Translational Informatics in Action

As was introduced in Chap. 1, this book provides a survey of theories and methods that have the capability of enabling a deep integration between Biomedical Informatics and the domains of biomedical research and clinical care delivery. Such a linkage is critical to advancing a knowledge-based approach to the provision of individually tailored healthcare that is safe, high quality and maximizes patient outcomes. This vision can be referred to at a high level as being encapsulated by a Translational Informatics (TI) model. In order to provide sufficient context for the ensuing survey, in this Chapter, we will set the scene in terms of the major stakeholders and activities that can and should be impacted by a tight coupling of Biomedical Informatics and the aforementioned TI paradigm. In order to do so, we will use a fictionalized and prototypical example of a genetically linked cancer that can impact individuals, their families, and their surrounding communities. Using this example, we will then go on to illustrate the impact of TI on: (1) evidence and policy generators; (2) providers and healthcare organizations; and (3) patients and their communities. In doing so, we hope to provide readers with a concrete example of the TI paradigm in action.
Urban Structure and Economic Growth

Adam Smith was one of the first to call attention to economic growth differences among nations. He described how the workings of markets, specifically the extent of specialization in production, offer a plausible explanation of these differentials. This idea has been enriched over the years with the insights of Joseph Schumpeter, F.A. Hayek, Douglass North, and many others. Schumpeter highlighted the notion of the entrepreneur as the prime mover in markets. Acts of successful discovery underlie the dynamics of economic growth. Hayek elaborated that a market that generates opportunity cost signals makes it possible for large numbers of strangers to coordinate all the efforts that implement the entrepreneurâ€Ÿs vision.
Neuropathology of trimethyltin intoxication: IV. Changes in the spinal cord

Young C57BL/6N mice were injected (ip) with trimethyltin chloride at a dosage of 3.0 mg/kg body wt. Animals were sacrificed between 48 to 72 hr postinjection by means of intracardial perfusion of saline solution followed by 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde. For light microscopy, the cords were further fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in Paraplast. For electron microscopy, tissue samples were obtained from the cord levels at L1-L4, further fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon. Chromatolytic and vacuolar changes involving neurons mainly in the medial and lateral motor nuclei of the anterior horns were observed. Electron microscopy revealed lysosomal accumulation and extensive dilatation of the cytoplasmic membrane systems (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex). Large intraneuronal vacuoles were formed as a result of extensive intraneuronal edema. Progressive distention of the cytoplasmic membranes resulted in severe vacuolation, disintegration, and total breakdown of the neurons.
INCREASED MORBIDITY IN LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT |[lpar]|LBW|[rpar]| SURVIVORS WITH STAGE III-IV RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA |[lpar]|RLF|[rpar]|

14 of 645 (2.2%) of ICU survivors with a birth weight (b.w.) ≤1500 gm. cared for in the ICU between 1975 and 1981 were identified as having Stage III to IV RLF in 1 or both eyes. The RLF survivors and 14 controls (C) matched for b.w. (±200 gm.) have been followed for up to 7 yrs. There were no differences between RLF and C in b.w. (985±226 vs 999±214 gm.); gest. (28±1 vs 28±2 wks.), Hollingshead SES (28±13 vs 29±8), or multiple neonatal risk factors. The only sig. diff. was in prolonged O2 requirements (>2 wks.) 13 of 14 RLF vs 7 of 14 C infants (p <.025). As shown in the table below, the RLF survivors had lower IQ's, ↑incidence of neurologic abnormality (Ab), ↑hospitalizations, ↑requirements for early intervention (E.I.) and ↑need for special education (Sp. Ed.). A trend for ↑stress was also observed in the mother's adapted Life Experience Survey (p<.05), and ↑family unit breakdown (57% vs 28%).
Cognitive processes and ill-defined problems: a case study from design

In this paper the information processing theory of problem solving is extended to include ill-defined problems. A protocol of problem solving in architectural design and its analysis is presented. The significant difference between well-and ill-defined problem solving is shown to be a specification process similar to information retrieval processes now studied in artificial intelligence. A variety of issues in this retrieval process are examined. The search process involved in the space planning aspect of design is shown to correspond well with existing formulations of search. The interactive effects of retrieval and search processes are examined.
Augmented hemodynamic response to insufficient sleep in women: response to a novel repetitive sleep restriction challenge (1171.4)

Recent epidemiological studies demonstrate a consistent association between short sleep (i.e. self-reported) and higher risk of hypertension. While this association seems to be stronger in women compared to men, the evidence from laboratory-controlled studies is lacking. Thirty-four healthy subjects (age 32±2 yrs; BMI 24±1 kg/m2; 18 men and 16 women) participated in a 22-day in hospital study. Following 3 nights of adaptation sleep of 8h/night, subjects were randomly assigned to 4 cycles of repeated sleep restriction (4h of sleep/night for 3 nights followed by a night of 8h of sleep, repeated 4 times), or an 8h sleep control group. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every morning at 8:30am and evening at 10pm in a seated position for 5 times over a 15min period. Morning BPs were not significantly different between sleep restriction and control groups in men or women (p>0.05). In contrast, women had significantly increased evening BP (i.e. up to 10±2mmHg in systolic BP, 5±2mmHg in diasto...
SILENCIAMENTO DOS SENTIDOS: USO DO TEXTO LITERÁRIO APENAS PARA ENSINO DE GRAMÁTICA

Nosso objetivo consiste em analisar, sob a otica dos estudos do letramento literario, uma unidade do livro didatico alfabetizacao: serie Brasil, de Bonini (2007). Para tanto, assumimos como conceito de letramento literario o desenvolvimento de habilidades indispensaveis a formacao do leitor de literatura tais como a percepcao estetica, a sensibilidade e a imaginacao. Durante a analise da cartilha, percebemos, entretanto, que o texto literario foi utilizado mais como instrumento para facilitar a aquisicao da habilidade de reconhecimento do codigo linguistico e a decifracao de caracteres do que para se alargar a sensibilidade a explorar a construcao de sentido, o que caracteriza uma exploracao inadequada desse genero textual na escola.
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES Relationship Between the Age of the Subject and Enzyme Activity

Metabolism in erythrocytes was studied in a group of premature and full-term, newborn, healthy infants by assay of the following enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase and aldolase. Concentrations of fetal hemoglobin and stability of GSH were also determined. The studies indicate increased metabolic activity in the erythrocytes of young subjects. The pentose phosphate pathway appears to be very active at birth with gradual decline, to values found for adult subjects, in the second 6 months of life. GSH is unstable in newborns less than 3 days of age despite high levels of activity of G6PD in the same subjects.
Characterizing the response of a catchment to an extreme rainfall event using hydrometric and isotopic data

In this study we investigate an event-scale transit time distribution (TTD) for a catchment located in the Santa Catalina Mountains northeast of downtown Tucson, AZ USA during a series of extreme rainfall events. Traditionally, TTD studies look at the long-time response of a catchment to an input variation in tracer concentration. Few studies have determined the TTD at the scale of an event. Isotopic and hydrometric data collected during the event considered in this study provides the unique opportunity to characterize the response of the catchment under extreme conditions using both TTD modeling and hydrograph separation. This revealed similarity in the shapes of the event TTD and event water recession hydrograph. Also, the first moment of the event water recession hydrograph and the mean transit time of the TTD were similar. Due to the extreme nature of this event, it is likely that the catchment reaches and relaxes from the maximum possible storage making its response a time-invariant characteristic of the catchment based on hydraulic theory. The similarity between the event water recession and event TTD during this characteristic response of the catchment may, thus, allow for the derivation of a time-invariant event TTD. This result is especially valuable as it lays a basis for catchment similarity analysis linking a catchment’s hydrological response and geomorphic properties.
Framing Kenneth Burke: Sad tragedy or comic dance?

(1994). Framing Kenneth Burke: Sad tragedy or comic dance? Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 77-82.
Photomodification of human erythrocytes: external heavy atom effect, selective permeability and properties of the anion permeation pathway.

— Anion permeability was studied in normal and photomodified erythrocytes and the role of anion species in photomodification and singlet oxygen generation was evaluated. Relative permeability to halides and nitrate was assessed using lysis rates in valinomycin-treated cells to make anion permeation rate-limiting. In non-photomodified cells the normal high temperature dependence (E:, = 67 kJ/mol; 16 kcalhol), selectivity sequence (NO, > I > Br > F > Cl) and sensitivity to block by the stilbene derivative HzDIDS were confirmed. In cells photomodified by illumination in the presence of phloxine B the anion permeability was severely perturbed. The temperature dependence was strongly reduced, the permeability to ions other than fluoride increased, leading to a reversal of the F/CI selectivity, and the capacity to be blocked by HIDIDS was lost. Pretreatment with NEM and posttreatment with DTE did not affect rates of photohemolysis. The amount of photomodification varied with species of anion present in the reaction medium, being greatest for F and smallest for I. Rates of singlet oxygen generation in aqueous solution measured by the RNO bleaching method followed the same anion sequence, suggesting a strong external heavy atom effect.
A rigorous procedure for combining molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation algorithms

Abstract A combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods is proposed that may have advantages in some cases over either MD or MC alone. The method is simple: in each step of the algorithm, some of the particles are moved by MC rules and the rest by MD. We prove that the mixed method converges rigorously to the same equilibrium state as either MC or canonical MD alone; i.e., the sudden interruption of forces produced by the MC moves does not incorrectly bias the evolution of the MD particles. The method is tested on a simulation of a Lennard-Jones fluid. The results confirm that the mixed method (MDMC) achieves the correct statistics and that the overhead associated with the mixed methods is modest. MDMC may be more efficient than either MD or MC for simulating molecular systems in which some degrees of freedom are more effectively treated by MC (e.g., solvent motions) and others by MD (e.g., hydrocarbon chains).
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation during Pregnancy Severely Impairs Mammary Lobuloalveolar Development in Mice

To identify the potential functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in skin development, transgenic mice were generated to target constitutively activated PPARα (VP16PPARα) to the stratified epithelia by use of the keratin K5 promoter. In addition to marked alterations in epidermal development, the transgenic mice had a severe defect in lactation during pregnancy resulting in 100% pup mortality. In this study, the alteration of mammary gland development in these transgenic mice was investigated. The results showed that expression of the VP16PPARα transgene during pregnancy resulted in impaired development of lobuloalveoli, which is associated with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of mammary epithelia. Mammary epithelia from transgenic mice also showed a significant reduction in the expression of β-catenin and a down-regulation of one of its target genes, cyclin D1, which is thought to be required for lobuloalveolar development. Furthermore, upon PPARα ligand treatment, similar effects on lobuloalveolar development were observed in wild-type mice, but not in PPARα-null mice. These findings suggest that PPARα activation has a marked influence in mammary lobuloalveolar development.
Measured Wavelengths for n = 4 to 2 Transitions in Fe XXIV and Fe XXIII

Accurate wavelength measurements for Fe XXIV and Fe XXIII transitions near 8 A and of the type N = 4 to 2 from solar spectra are presented. The resonance transition in the hydrogenlike ion Mg XII is used as a reference. The measured wavelengths are compared with previous ones and with ab initio and semiempirical calculations that include screening parameters in the nonrelativistic, relativistic, and radiative terms.
Environmentally stable chemically amplified DUV resist based on diazoketone chemistry

This paper describes a resist that uses a polymer bound diazoacetoacetate as a photoacid generator in a two component system. The diazoacetoacetate is not used merely as a photoactive component, but its utility is extended to function as a photoacid generator for deprotection chemistry. The carboxylic acid generated upon exposure deprotects carboxylic acid-labile groups bound to another polymer backbone. This scheme has led to a resist with excellent performance like lithographically useful photospeed, resolution, environmental stability and aqueous base solubility combined with wide process latitudes. The resist does not require a topcoat or additives for stabilization towards airborne contaminants. The photo acid is a weak acid and hence allows fairly high concentrations of the acid generator to be used which helps in reducing contamination effects. Furthermore, being bound to a polymer backbone, diffusion into unexposed regions is limited and therefore exhibits greater stability towards PEB delay effects. Loss from surface due to volatility is also reduced in a polymeric acid generator compared to low molecular weight, monomeric compounds.
The effect of training on two-way shape memory effect of binary NiTi and NiTi based ternary high temperature shape memory alloys

The propensity for various high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMA), i.e., Ni28.5Ti50.5Pt21, Ni24.5Ti50.5Pd25 and Ni24.5Ti50Pd25Sc0.5, to exhibit two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was compared to that of a conventional binary Ni49.9Ti50.1 shape memory alloy (SMA). Thermomechanical training in the form of thermal cycling under constant stress levels was employed to induce two-way shape memory behavior in the various materials. The resulting TWSME was characterized for its magnitude and stability under stress-free conditions, while parameters such as training stress and upper cycle temperature during training were investigated for their influence on this phenomenon. For Ni49.9Ti50.1, a negative correlation was found between an increasing training stress, from 80 MPa to 200 MPa, and the magnitude of the resulting TWSM strain, while a positive correlation was observed for Ni24.5Ti50.5Pd25 and Ni24.5Ti50Pd25Sc0.5. The stability of the TWSME for the Ni49.9Ti50.1, measured by the strain evolution of the cold (martensitic) and hot (austenitic) shapes of the samples upon stress-free thermal cycling, was found to depend on the stress and temperature interval during training. Conversely, the stability of the NiTiPd based HTSMAs was much greater and less sensitive to these parameters over the stress and temperature intervals investigated. No TWSME was seen in Ni28.5Ti50.5Pt21 due to the higher upper cycle temperatures required during thermal cycling, which resulted in the recovery of any favorable dislocation structures generated during training.
A Gene Regulatory Network Subcircuit Drives a Dynamic Pattern of Gene Expression

Early specification of endomesodermal territories in the sea urchin embryo depends on a moving torus of regulatory gene expression. We show how this dynamic patterning function is encoded in a gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuit that includes the otx, wnt8, and blimp1 genes, the cis-regulatory control systems of which have all been experimentally defined. A cis-regulatory reconstruction experiment revealed that blimp1 autorepression accounts for progressive extinction of expression in the center of the torus, whereas its outward expansion follows reception of the Wnt8 ligand by adjacent cells. GRN circuitry thus controls not only static spatial assignment in development but also dynamic regulatory patterning.
Human intestinal beta defensins inhibit viral replication and are diminished in chronic untreated HIV infection

Background One of the hallmarks of HIV infection is an early and dramatic depletion of CD4 T cells in the intestinal lamina propria. This loss of T cells is accompanied by intestinal epithelial cell disruption resulting in the translocation of luminal bacterial products, persistent systemic immune activation and resultant disease progression. Beta defensins are cationic antimicrobial polypeptides produced by intestinal epithelial cells and phagocytes that are a part of the innate immune response. They have ap ivotal role in maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut. Although beta defensins have been reported to inhibit bacterial and viral replication in vitro, their role in HIV infection has been incompletely characterized. Methods We investigated anti-viral activity and production of defensins in intestinal mucosal biopsies, stool and plasma from individuals with chronic untreated HIV (chronic progressors), immunologically controlled HIV (elite controllers) and HIV uninfected individuals using ELISA, immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR and viral inhibition assays. Results Plasma levels of beta defensins were increased in the HIV controller group compared to HIV progressors, whereas levels of beta defensins were significantly decreased in biopsies from chronic progressors. Beta defensin release was induced by HIV in ex vivo cultured intestinal cells. Recombinant beta defensins inhibited HIV replication in vitro. Conclusion Beta defensins are upregulated by HIV and inhibit viral replication in vitro. Chronic progressors, however, had diminished levels of beta defensins in gut biopsies and in the plasma. We propose that beta defensins are induced in HIV infection and have a role in inhibiting viral replication and preventing intestinal epithelial cell disruption. In chronic infection, however, their release is diminished, likely due to epithelial damage in the setting of persistent viremia and mucosal inflammation.
Structural chromosomal variations in neurological diseases.

Background: Significant advancement in the identification of genetic mutations and molecular pathways underlying Mendelian neurologic disorders was accomplished by using the methods of linkage, gene cloning, sequencing, mutation, and functional analyses, in the 1990s. Subsequently, the Human Genome Project defined the entire sequence of the genome providing reference for any pathologic condition, and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms as a means for whole genome association studies and linkage disequilibrium mapping in common, complex trait diseases. Simultaneously, data also emerged describing the structural chromosomal variations, and it became increasingly recognized that in addition to the more traditional mutation types, gene copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to normal variability in human phenotypes and may underlie the development of diseases with Mendelian inheritance, complex trait, or sporadic presentation. Review Summary: Here we describe the occurrence of CNVs in the human genome, and discuss their importance in health and disease. Targeting the practicing neurologist, we review the presently known CNVs with pathogenic significance in common neurologic disorders, and highlight new research directions in complex trait diseases. Conclusions: The role of chromosomal structural variations in the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders is increasingly recognized. Available data may only capture a small subgroup of conditions related to these recently discovered genetic variations. The ongoing genome studies are expected to reveal structural chromosomal alterations as an underlying cause of many as yet poorly understood common diseases. New challenges include defining chromosomal break points, evaluating biologic consequences of gene dosage effect, and using molecular genetics for personalized therapeutic intervention. This survey of the CNV literature was closed in September 2008.
Using RevPAR to analyze lodging-segment variability

Abstract The higher the RevPAR, the greater the volatility in a hotel investment—but there's also more money to be made.
Bilingual Children’s Language Abilities and Early Reading Outcomes in Head Start and Kindergarten

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Head Start children’s receptive language development and their kindergarten reading outcomes. Method Eighty-eight bilin...
Enhanced Fitness Conferred by Naturally Occurring Variation in the Circadian Clock

Natural variation in clock parameters is necessary for the circadian clock to contribute to organismal fitness over a broad geographic range. Considerable variation is evident in the period, phase, and amplitude of 150 Arabidopsis accessions, and the period length is correlated with the day length at the latitude of origin, implying the adaptive significance of correctly regulated circadian timing. Quantitative trait loci analysis of recombinant inbred lines indicates that multiple loci interact to determine period, phase, and amplitude. The loss-of-function analysis of each member of the ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR family suggests that they are candidates for clock quantitative trait loci.
The ontology of creature consciousness: A challenge for philosophy

I appeal to Merker's theory to motivate a hypothesis about the ontology of consciousness: Creature consciousness is (at least partially) constitutive of phenomenal consciousness. Rather than elaborating theories of phenomenal consciousness couched solely in terms of state consciousness, as philosophers are fond of doing, a correct approach to phenomenal consciousness should begin with an account of creature consciousness.
Further evidence for selective antagonism of taurine by 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide

The putative taurine antagonist 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (TAG), was examined for activity in blocking contraversive turning evoked by the injection of taurine into the substantia nigra of the rat. Microinjected intranigrally as pretreatment to taurine, TAG caused a 71% reduction in taurine elicited turning. On the other hand, TAG pretreatment did not diminish the number of turns evoked by the intranigral injection of the GABA agonist, muscimol. These results and the lack of effect of TAG in a number of central radioligand binding assays provide further indications that TAG may be a selective taurine antagonist.
Entrance loss coefficients and exit coefficients for a physical model of the glottis with convergent angles.

Pressure distributions were obtained for 5°, 10°, and 20° convergent angles with a static physical model (M5) of the glottis. Measurements were made for minimal glottal diameters from d = 0.005–0.32 cm with a range of transglottal pressures of interest for phonation. Entrance loss coefficients were calculated at the glottal entrance for each minimal diameter and transglottal pressure to measure how far the flows in this region deviate from Bernoulli flow. Exit coefficients were also calculated to determine the presence and magnitude of pressure recovery near the glottal exit. The entrance loss coefficients for the three convergent angles vary from values near 2.3–3.4 for d = 0.005 cm to values near 0.6 for d = 0.32 cm. These coefficients extend the tables of entrance loss and exit coefficients obtained for the uniform glottis according to Fulcher, Scherer, and Powell [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 1548–1553 (2011)].
Varicella pneumonitis in adults: frequency of sudden death.

A review of the literature reveals 23 fatalities from adult varicella pneumonitis to which we add two of our own. In 16 of these (70 per cent) death was "sudden" or "unexpected". The often malignant, deceptive, and rapidly changing course of the disease is emphasized and attention is drawn to an appropriate attitude of "watchful expectancy" and "therapeutic alacrity" on the part of the attending physician. The available modes of supportive therapy are reviewed.
Decade of interdisciplinary process studies

During the past decade, interdisciplinary process studies have been conducted in may regions of the world oceans. The focus of this review is on studies which have been deployed from multiple sampling platforms. These studies have led to increased understanding of ocean processes which are of interest for problems concerning 1) fundamental ocean optics, 2) remote sensing of the ocean, 3) the ocean's ecology and renewable resources, 4) the ocean's role in global climate change, and 5) pollution and its effects. Here we describe some of the methodologies which have enabled advances and provide brief summaries of a few studies in diverse geographical regions.
The molecular origin of the MMR-dependent apoptosis pathway from dynamics analysis of MutSα-DNA complexes

The cellular response to DNA damage signaling by mismatch-repair (MMR) proteins is incompletely understood. It is generally accepted that MMR-dependent apoptosis pathway in response to DNA damage detection is independent of MMR's DNA repair function. In this study, we investigate correlated motions in response to the binding of mismatched and platinum cross-linked DNA fragments by MutSα, as derived from 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The protein dynamics in response to the mismatched and damaged DNA recognition suggests that MutSα signals their recognition through independent pathways providing evidence for the molecular origin of the MMR-dependent apoptosis. MSH2 subunit is indicated to play a key role in signaling both mismatched and damaged DNA recognition; localized and collective motions within the protein allow identifying sites on the MSH2 surface possible involved in recruiting proteins responsible for downstream events. Unlike in the mismatch complex, predicted key communication sites specific for the damage recognition are on the list of known cancer-causing mutations or deletions. This confirms MSH2's role in signaling DNA damage-induced apoptosis and suggests that defects in MMR alone is sufficient to trigger tumorigenesis, supporting the experimental evidence that MMR-damage response function could protect from the early occurrence of tumors. Identifying these particular communication sites may have implications for the treatment of cancers that are not defective for MMR, but are unable to function optimally for MMR-dependent responses following DNA damage such as the case of resistance to cisplatin.
Isolation and characterization of extracellular proteases ofClostridium perfringens type A

Two extracellular proteases, E-A and E-B, produced by sporulating cells ofClostridium perfringens NCTC 8798, were isolated by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by DEAE-Sephacel and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. E-A was further purified to homogeneity following separation on casein-agarose. E-A and E-B possessed native molecular weights of 330 kDa and 96 kDa respectively. SDS-PAGE of E-A indicated that it was composed of one major 120-kDa subunit. Both E-A and E-B hydrolyzed N-succinyl-l-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide and were inhibited by chymotrypsin but not antipain or leupeptin, indicating that they were chymotrypsin-like enzymes. Calcium but not dithiothreitol was effective in minimizing inactivation at 50°C. Comparative analysis of E-A and I-A-1, the principal intracellular protease, indicated that they were very similar but not identical.
Tuberculosis of the myocardium; a case report.

During the past decade, tuberculosis of the myocardium has been somewhat frequently reported. So far as we know, it has been described as occurring mainly in cases of far advanced pulmonary or generalized tuberculosis. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 In the case presented here, tuberculosis had not been previously diagnosed and no focus of active tuberculosis, other than in the myocardium, was found at the time of death. In reviewing the past history, it appears conceivable that pericardial invasion took place in 1944. As calcification progressed over the years, there developed electrocardiographic changes characteristic of myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was not found at autopsy; instead a large tuberculosis abscess was present in the wall of the LEFT ventricle. This had recently ruptured into the cavity of the left ventricle causing embolic phenomena, including cerebrovascular involvement and early death. Diagnosis was substantiated by autopsy, microscopic tissue study and successful growth of typical Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the caseous material obtained at the autopsy.
Essential carbamoyl-amino acids formed in vivo in patients with end-stage renal disease managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: isolation, identification, and quantitation.

Abstract Carbamoyl-amino acids (C-AA) are formed by reaction of amino acids with cyanate, which is spontaneously formed from urea at body temperature and pH. In vivo derivatized C-AA are not measured by the usual amino acid analysis methods, which require a free amino group for derivatization. Free-amino acids (F-AA) but no C-AA were found in the postabsorptive plasma of eight normal persons with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels ranging from 9 to 16 mg/dl. In a longitudinal study of postprandial plasma (n = 43), essential amino acids, both C-AA and F-AA, were isolated and quantified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in six patients with end-stage renal disease who were managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The mean BUN was 61 mg/dl (range, 36 to 79 mg/dl). In uremia, removal of F-AA from the essential amino acid pool to form C-AA is measured by the ratio of C-AA to F-AA (carbamoylation index (CI)). Using the mean value for each essential amino acid, the CIs were as follows: leucine, 4; valine, 3.3; isoleucine, 11.4; threonine, 9; lysine, 2; methionine, 3.5; histidine, 3.5; phenylalanine, 0.5; and tyrosine, 1.3. Carbamoylation of F-AA may account, in part, for the lower than normal levels of F-AA in patients with uremia. The derivatized amino group of C-AA interferes with formation of a peptide bond in protein synthesis, which requires an underivatized amino acid. A decrease in the F-AA pool available for protein synthesis and anabolism in the presence of C-AA may provide additional contributing factors for the development of malnutrition in uremia.
Plasmin enhances cell surface tissue factor activity in mesothelial and endothelial cells

Summary. Background: Mesothelial cells that line the thoracic cavity play an important role in maintaining the local balance between procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity, a role akin to the endothelial cells in blood vessels. The mechanism(s) responsible for increased tissue factor (TF) expression in mesothelial cells in response to injury are at present unclear. Objective: To investigate whether plasmin or thrombin, two major proteases that may be generated on the pleural surface upon injury, induce TF expression in human pleural mesothelial cells (HMC) and elucidate the underlying mechanism(s). Methods: Confluent monolayers of HMC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to plasmin or thrombin for varying time periods and TF expression was analyzed by measuring its activity in a factor Xa generation assay, TF antigen levels by immunoblot analysis and TF mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Results: Both plasmin and thrombin treatments increased cell surface TF activity in HMC by 3- to 4-fold. In contrast to thrombin, plasmin-induced TF activity is not dependent on the de novo synthesis of TF. In HUVEC, plasmin had a minimal effect on unperturbed HUVEC whereas it markedly increased TF activity of activated HUVEC. Plasmin treatment neither affected anionic phospholipid levels at the cell surface nor released protein disulfide isomerase, an oxidoreductase protein that was newly described to play a role in TF activation. Plasmin cleaved cell-associated TFPI. Conclusion: Thrombin up-regulates TF activity in HMC through the transcriptional activation of TF whereas plasmin increases TF activity by inactivating the cell-associated TFPI by a limited proteolysis.
Creating Fugitive Knowledge Through Disorienting Dilemmas: The Issue of Bottom Identity Development

Despite sexuality being a powerful source of emotional and physical experiences and learning, it remains underexplored as an area of interest and investigation in adult education and human resource development (HRD). Most work on sexuality in adult education and HRD has focused on learning, work experiences, discrimination, acceptance, and health and wellness for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. Notably, there is a need for conversations about sexuality that move beyond our most basic understandings of orientations (such as heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual) or temperaments (such as conservative/traditional or progressive/nontraditional). One particularly interesting place to begin new conversations is by examining subidentity groups, such as gay men who identify as bottoms (generally prefer receptive roles during anal and/or oral intercourse) because these men are likely to experience stigma related to the constraints of both heteronormative, homonormative, and gendered ideals. The purpose of this article is to explore how the fields of adult education and HRD might come to understand bottom identity development and how some gay men cultivate, construct, perform, and embody bottom identities in a variety of contexts.
Intraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation During Concomitant Cardiac Surgery

Background Radiofrequency ablation has been recently introduced as an alternative to the surgical maze procedure to eliminate atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of unipolar radiofrequency ablation in patients with AF undergoing open heart surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 54 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation with concomitant cardiac operations from March 2002 through July 2003. Forty-two patients (77.8%) received left atrial ablation, and 12 (22.2%) received biatrial ablation. Results Mean duration of preoperative AF was 46.3 ± 44 months; 23 (42.6%) had AF 5 years or more, 32 (59.3%) had continuous AF, and 12 (22.6%) had a preoperative left atrial diameter of 6.0 cm or greater. At discharge, 33 patients (70.2%) were free from AF, 30 (62.5%) were in normal sinus rhythm, and 6 (12.7%) required a new pacemaker. Mid-term follow-up was available in 44 (93.6%) patients, with a median follow-up of 8.7 months (range, 3 to 22 months). At follow-up, 34 (77.3%) patients were free from AF. There were no significant differences in freedom from AF in patients with continuous versus intermittent AF or duration of 5 or greater years versus less than 5 years. In patients with isolated mitral valve surgery and radiofrequency ablation, 22 (88.0%) were free from AF compared with 12 (63.2%) with other operations ( p = 0.074). In patients with left atrial diameter less than 6.0 cm, 30 (88.2%) were free from AF compared with 4 (40%) with left atrial diameter of 6.0 cm or greater ( p = 0.006). Conclusions Radiofrequency ablation is an effective surgical option for the treatment of continuous or intermittent AF. The elimination of AF using radiofrequency ablation is most successful in patients undergoing isolated mitral valve surgery with preoperative left atrial diameter less than 6.0 cm.
A pilot basic education program for school dropouts incorporating a token reinforcement system.

Abstract Five female school dropouts were “hired” to complete remedial workbook assignments. They were paid (via a token system) for the items that they worked correctly. Significant gains were observed in achievement test scores during the 2-month program. Experimental analyses with individual students showed the token reinforcement system to function as such.
The genus hampea(Malvaceae)

The genusHampea Schlecht. is included in the Malvaceae, tribe Gossypieae, rather than in the Bombacaceae where it was originally placed. Discussion includes the morphology, geography (central Mexico to western Colombia), reproductive cycle, utilization and vernacular names, and cytology (n = 13) of the genus. Three species have perfect flowers; the remainder are dioecious. The 16 species (and one variety) that are accepted are divided into three sections, one of which is further subdivided into three series. The following taxa are described as new:H. nutricia, H. mexicana, H. sphaerocarpa, andH. appendiculata var.longicalyx.