cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object attraction effects during subject-verb agreement in Persian.

Subject-verb agreement provides insight into how grammatical and semantic features interact during sentence production, and prior studies have found attraction errors when an intervening local noun...
To t-Test or Not to t-Test? A p-Values-Based Point of View in the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Framework

A common statistical doctrine supported by many introductory courses and textbooks is that t-test type procedures based on normally distributed data points are anticipated to provide a standard in decision-making. In order to motivate scholars to examine this convention, we introduce a simple approach based on graphical tools of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, a well-established biostatistical methodology. In this context, we propose employing a p-values-based method, taking into account the stochastic nature of p-values. We focus on the modern statistical literature to address the expected p-value (EPV) as a measure of the performance of decision-making rules. During the course of our study, we extend the EPV concept to be considered in terms of the ROC curve technique. This provides expressive evaluations and visualizations of a wide spectrum of testing mechanisms' properties. We show that the conventional power characterization of tests is a partial aspect of the presented EPV/ROC technique. We desire that this explanation of the EPV/ROC approach convinces researchers of the usefulness of the EPV/ROC approach for depicting different characteristics of decision-making procedures, in light of the growing interest regarding correct p-values-based applications.
High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers.

Aim The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between escalating higher doses of psilocybin and the potential psilocybin occasioned positive subjective effects. Methods Healthy participants ( n=12) were given three escalating doses of oral psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg; 0.45 mg/kg; 0.6 mg/kg) or (18.8-36.6 mg; 27.1-54.0 mg; 36.3-59.2 mg) a minimum of four weeks apart in a supervised setting. Blood and urine samples, vital signs, and electrocardiograms were obtained. Subjective effects were assessed using the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Persisting Effects Questionnaire. Results There was a significant linear dose-related response in Mystical Experience Questionnaire total score and the transcendence of time and space subscale, but not in the rate of a complete mystical experience. There was also a significant difference between dose 3 compared to dose 1 on the transcendence of time and space subscale, while no dose-related differences were found for Mystical Experience Questionnaire total scores or rate of a mystical experience. Persisting Effects Questionnaire positive composite scores 30 days after completion of the last dose were significantly higher than negative composite scores. Persisting Effects Questionnaire results revealed a moderate increase in sense of well-being or life satisfaction on average that was associated with the maximum Mystical Experience Questionnaire total score. Pharmacokinetic measures were associated with dose but not with Mystical Experience Questionnaire total scores or rate of a mystical experience. Conclusions High doses of psilocybin elicited subjective effects at least as strong as the lower doses and resulted in positive persisting subjective effects 30 days after, indicating that a complete mystical experience was not a prerequisite for positive outcomes.
An Overview of the Arguments Concerning the Development of a New Curriculum

You don’t have to believe that there should be a new curriculum for the first two years of college mathematics to be interested in the results of this conference. You need only believe that the arguments in favor of change are substantial enough to make the exercise of developing a new curriculum worthwhile. For only with a new curriculum available in considerable detail will it be possible to judge with any precision whether it is superior to the current curriculum. And only with a new model will it be possible to refute the arguments against change or, perhaps, to adjudge that these arguments are irrefutable.
Corneal synthesis of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin).

PURPOSE To determine if the cornea synthesizes alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin). METHODS Human corneas were placed in organ culture for 24 hours in the presence of 35S-methionine to radiolabel corneal proteins. Monoclonal antibodies were used to precipitate labeled alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. The immunologically isolated inhibitor was electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and visualized by autoradiography or by staining for protein. Human corneas were also fixed with formalin and imbedded in paraffin. Sections were probed with 3H-labeled complementary DNA probes to the coding region of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. RESULTS Metabolically labeled alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was recovered from organ-cultured corneas and the cornea-conditioned medium. Specific messenger RNA was observed in the cornea by in situ hybridization most prominently in corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor is synthesized and released by human corneal epithelial cells. These results indicate that the cornea has the ability to locally control degradation through synthesis of this inhibitor without total dependence on a supply of the inhibitor from the vascular system.
Optimality of Bilevel Programming Problems Through Multiobjective Reformulations

A bilevel optimization problem consists of minimizing an upper level objective function subject to the constraints that involve the solution mapping of the lower level optimization problem parameterized by the upper level decision variable. The global equivalence between a general bilevel programming problem and a multiobjective optimization problem with nonconvex ordering cone is established and optimality conditions of the bilevel problem are obtained using Mordukhovich extremal principles.
Culture as permanent revolution: Lev Trotsky’s Literature and Revolution

First published in 1923, Lev Trotsky’s Literature and Revolution was the first systematic treatment of art by a Communist Party leader. The international history of its publication and reception has gone hand-in-hand with the development of the Marxist theory of culture. This article highlights several specific concepts in Trotsky’s Literature and Revolution which exerted decisive formative influence on critical theory, including the relative autonomy of culture, a broadening of ideology to include cultural practices, and an innovative treatment of class. I conclude that for Trotsky culture can only be described negatively, as its own constant overcoming, as permanent revolution.
Fiber: Physiological and Functional Effects

Dietary fiber is a complex mixture of beta-linked carbohydrate polymers that, together with resistant starch, resist hydrolysis in the small intestine. Their presence modifies the physical properties of the luminal contents throughout the alimentary tract. Some types of fiber delay absorption of glucose and lipids in the small intestine, and thereby exert beneficial effects on carbohydrate metabolism and certain types of hypercholesterolemia. Residual carbohydrates enter the colon and cause increased fermentative activity, releasing biologically active short-chain fatty acids. Unfermented cell wall polysaccharides and increased bacterial mass both exert mild laxative effects by increasing fecal bulk.
Transformational Teaching: Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a Teacher and Murabbī

This article analyzes the transformative role of Prophet Muhammad as a murabbī. I apply the hermeneutic of reading the divine text as a structural unity, a concept known as al-waḥda al-binā’iyya li-l-Qur’ān. After defining the concept of murabbī, I suggest that a holistic reading of the Qur’an can help us rebuild our concepts from within the Qur’an, a methodological approach that we can use to reshape the current religious discourse. I present the Prophet’s (pbuh) mission as a roadmap, a model that envisions a holistic relationship between the Qur’an and the Sunna as its final goal. I then devote special attention to this model by focusing on his teaching strategies and how they impacted the first generation of Muslims. I argue that a strong methodology based on the Qur’an and Sunna can help revive the role of a compassionate Muslim community. I close by stressing the significance of developing this traditional role and applying it in all aspects of contemporary life.
Destrezas léxicas en la escritura formal e informal de estudiantes de español como segunda lengua y como lengua de herencia: un estudio comparativo

The teaching of Spanish as a second language and as a heritage language has largely focused on the acquisition of a prestige variety of the language so that students are able to communicate informal contexts. Hence, less importance has been given to language uses in informal situations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether these two populations of students are able to communicate in both registers. To do so, the following lexical strategies were analyzed in thirty informal and thirty formal compositions in college students with intermediate proficiency level: Type of vocabulary, lexical density, lexical diversity, and frequency of use. The results indicate that lexical density and lexical diversity increased in formal discourse, while both type of registers relied on a neutral register and a low frequency of use. Finally, the pedagogical implications of these results are discussed.
Malpractice Liability Due to Patient Violence.

The authors provide an overview of malpractice liability for patient violence, violence risk factors, and principles of violence risk assessment. They also offer some practical risk management stra...
An FT-IR and XPS spectroscopy dataset of Pinus ponderosa sporopollenin and related samples to elucidate sporopollenin structural features

The ATR FT-IR spectra of Pinus ponderosa sporopollenin isolated from pollen spores by enzymatic digestion. Sporopollenin is also isolated by solvent extraction, followed by either acidolysis with phosphoric acid, and acetolysis is reported [1]. The FT-IR spectra are supplemented by XPS data of the isolated sporopollenin samples. The enzymatically isolated sporopollenin is subjected to a variety of chemical treatments and modifications, including alkaline hydrolysis, deuteration (by both D20 and methanol-d4), sodium cyanoborohydride reduction, hydrolysis by peracetic acid, bromination, acetylization with acetone and octanal, and acid-catalyzed ketal cleavage. The sporopollenin isolated by acidolysis and acetolysis are also subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. The sporopollenin samples are compared to a variety of model compounds representative of putative structural constituents and functional groups.
Intentional Quantum Dynamics: Entangling Choices and Goals

An unresolved problem in psychology is prospective control, i.e., the question of how information about what is intended to be done can influence what is being done [22]. Over the past quarter century we have addressed this issue by working toward an intentional dynamics approach based on the Feynman path integral. From initial to final condition, i.e., from goal-selection to goal-satisfaction, the kernel of the integral’s transform, \(K(t_1,t_0)\), somehow propagates a path that solves a two-point boundary problem just as any constrained particle must. Here we treat choices at choice-points (including the initial, current, and final states) encountered along goal-paths as superpositions. Intention, or goal selection, is hypothesized to be just another word for entanglement whose path stability can be measured using quantum correlation. Also, we hypothesize that objects’ multiple uses (affordances) encountered along the way can be treated as superpositions that “collapse” as the goal-paths are successfully propagated. Under this approach, we hypothesize that intentional activities are made possible by the system’s entanglement dynamics – the progressive making and breaking of entanglements in order to stay on a goal-path.
Effect of alkaline and alkaline-photocatalytic pretreatment on characteristics and biogas production of rice straw

Abstract To overcome recalcitrant nature and investigate enhancement of biogas production of rice straw (RS), it was subjected to pretreatment under mild conditions. Alkaline pretreatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), photocatalytic pretreatment utilizing titania nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and alkaline-photocatalytic pretreatment was used to disrupt the lignocellulose complex. As compared to raw RS, maximum biogas and methane enhancement due to alkaline pretreatment was observed for 1.5% w/v NaOH pretreated RS which was 50 and 71% respectively. Photocatalytic pretreatment of RS at 0.25 g/L TiO2 increased biogas and methane yield by 30 and 36% respectively. However, maximum biogas and methane enhancement was observed for alkaline-photocatalytic pretreatment at 1.5% w/v NaOH-0.25 g/L TiO2 which was 74 and 122% respectively. Comparatively high enhancements were observed during alkaline-photocatalytic combined pretreatment due to increased cellulose and decreased lignin content. Moreover, the experimental data obtained from the experiments were validated using a non-linear kinetic model.
Comparing denominator sources for real-time disease incidence modeling: American Community Survey and WorldPop

Across the United States public health community in 2020, in the midst of a pandemic and increased concern regarding racial/ethnic health disparities, there is widespread concern about our ability to accurately estimate small-area disease incidence rates due to the absence of a recent census to obtain reliable population denominators. 2010 decennial census data are likely outdated, and intercensal population estimates from the Census Bureau, which are less temporally misaligned with real-time disease incidence data, are not recommended for use with small areas. Machine learning-based population estimates are an attractive option but have not been validated for use in epidemiologic studies. Treating 2010 decennial census counts as a "ground truth", we conduct a case study to compare the performance of alternative small-area population denominator estimates from surrounding years for modeling real-time disease incidence rates. Our case study focuses on modeling health disparities in census tract incidence rates in Massachusetts, using population size estimates from the American Community Survey (ACS), the most commonly-used intercensal small-area population data in epidemiology, and WorldPop, a machine learning model for high-resolution population size estimation. Through simulation studies and an analysis of real premature mortality data, we evaluate whether WorldPop denominators can provide improved performance relative to ACS for quantifying disparities using both census tract-aggregate and race-stratified modeling approaches. We find that biases induced in parameter estimates due to temporally incompatible incidence and denominator data tend to be larger for race-stratified models than for area-aggregate models. In most scenarios considered here, WorldPop denominators lead to greater bias in estimates of health disparities than ACS denominators. These insights will assist researchers in intercensal years to select appropriate population size estimates for modeling disparities in real-time disease incidence. We highlight implications for health disparity studies in the coming decade, as 2020 census counts may introduce new sources of error.
A replication note on humanitarian aid and violence

A recent systematic review by Zurcher (World Develop 98: 506–522, 2017) finds that humanitarian aid unequivocally increases violence. This note demonstrates that this conclusion is not warranted by a careful examination of the studies included in the abovementioned systematic review. We highlight the incorrect interpretation of econometric results and the lack of robustness in the sampled studies. We also replicate three studies, and report mixed evidence on the effect of humanitarian aid on violence.
Streaming data preprocessing via online tensor recovery for large environmental sensor networks

Measuring the built and natural environment at a fine-grained scale is now possible with low-cost urban environmental sensor networks. However, fine-grained city-scale data analysis is complicated by tedious data cleaning including removing outliers and imputing missing data. While many methods exist to automatically correct anomalies and impute missing entries, challenges still exist on data with large spatial-temporal scales and shifting patterns. To address these challenges, we propose an online robust tensor recovery (OLRTR) method to preprocess streaming high-dimensional urban environmental datasets. A small-sized dictionary that captures the underlying patterns of the data is computed and constantly updated with new data. OLRTR enables online recovery for large-scale sensor networks that provide continuous data streams, with a lower computational memory usage compared to offline batch counterparts. In addition, we formulate the objective function so that OLRTR can detect structured outliers, such as faulty readings over a long period of time. We validate OLRTR on a synthetically degraded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration temperature dataset, with a recovery error of 0.05, and apply it to the Array of Things city-scale sensor network in Chicago, IL, showing superior results compared with several established online and batch-based low rank decomposition methods.
Parametric Study of Non-Load-Bearing Sandwich Wall Panels for Blast Mitigation

AbstractSandwich wall systems provide resistance over a large deformation range, making them useful for blast resistance. This paper analyzed three sandwich panel systems: walls with symmetric conc...
Scale and Predictability in Ecological Modeling

Fundamental to sound environmental management is an understanding of the relevant scales of interest, and the interrelationships among scales. Predictability is intertwined with variability, and with the choice of temporal and spatial scales. Overly detailed models are useless as predictive devices, and techniques for aggregation and simplification are essential.
Cognitive Radio and Multi- Dimension Cooperative Communications

The view of cognition is being upgraded from cognitive radio to cognitive network and system.The cooperation becomes a powerful tool to improve the capability of cognition and lower the cost.Meanwhile,the performance of physical link techniques is close to the theoretical limitation.Further system performance improvement should rely on the multi-dimension cooperation among different entities in the entire system.The awareness of context and characteristics of radio environments and users 'traffic will be the foundation of both cooperative communications and joint radio resource management.Therefore,the combination of cognitive radio and multi-dimension cooperative communications is expected to be the future direction of mobile communications.
Making the Most of Uncertainties at the Sanderson Farm

This article advocates mining uncertainties for interpretive possibilities in a manner that fosters critical analysis, discovery, and reflexivity. An unexpected assemblage from a farm near Sutter Creek, California, is used to illustrate that approach. Several plausible scenarios are explored with a collaborative process that exposes the entire deliberative process and leaves conclusions in suspense. The stacked contingencies present throughout the interpretative process are first explored before constructing stories that help reveal underlying assumptions. That approach highlights the complexity and multivocality of the past while offering grounds for theoretical convergence.
History of the Signal Hypothesis

Abstract The signal hypothesis, which describes how secretory and membrane proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, was proposed in 1971 by Gunter Blobel and David Sabatini and demonstrated by Blobel and Bernhard Dobberstein in 1975. Subsequent research identified the key components of the membrane insertion and translocation machinery, including the signal recognition particle (SRP), the SRP receptor and the protein-conducting channel. Ultimately, the signal hypothesis was shown to be true for not only eukaryotes but also prokaryotes. Most importantly, the concept of signal-mediated targeting was expanded into a general hypothesis of cellular topogenesis that helps to explain how proteins are distributed to their correct locations within the cell following their synthesis in the cytoplasm. Key Concepts: Modern cell biology was developed in the post-World War II period. Cell biological research in the 30 years after World War II was characterised by a multidisciplinary approach that combined electron microscopy, cell fractionation, biochemical analysis and radioactive pulse-labelling of proteins. Formulation of the signal hypothesis was an outgrowth of protein synthesis and secretion research carried out at the Rockefeller University beginning in the late 1940s. The signal hypothesis was originally proposed by Gunter Blobel and David Sabatini in 1971, and demonstrated by Blobel and colleagues in 1975. The signal hypothesis showed that cytoplasmically synthesised proteins targeted to the ER use a signal sequence to direct them to the ER membrane. A signal sequence is a short peptide that is part of the original translation product of proteins targeted to the ER, often at the N-terminus of the protein, and is frequently removed proteolytically after translocation of the nascent polypeptide through the ER membrane. The mechanism of protein translocation was established through the isolation and characterisation of SRP, the SRP-receptor and the protein-conducting channel. The signal hypothesis was found to be applicable to protein translocation in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Although the original signal hypothesis proposed translocation of proteins during the elongation of the polypeptide chain (cotranslational), translocation was found to also occur in some instances after protein synthesis was complete (post-translational), primarily through studies of bacteria and yeast. The concept of signal-mediated targeting of proteins was expanded into a generalised hypothesis of protein topogenesis by Gunter Blobel in 1980. Keywords: signal sequence; translocation; targeting; sorting; topogenesis; ribosomes; protein synthesis; cotranslational; post-translational; membrane insertion; precursor; signal recognition particle (SRP); sec61; Gunter Blobel; George Emil Palade
Theory of Eddy Currents in Metal Matrix Composites

Eddy current nondestructive characterization of composite materials is complicated by the anisotropic nature of their electrical conductivities. Earlier calculations for anisotropic materials show that eddy current distributions can be quite different from the rather simple patterns produced in isotropic media, and this can have a profound effect on probe response [1-3]. It follows that proper interpretation of eddy current data in terms of microstructural material properties requires understanding of how microstructure affects electrical anisotropy and how this anisotropy is reflected in the response of an eddy current probe.
Quality-of-Life Research on the Internet: Feasibility and Potential Biases in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Objective: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a new communications medium that permits investigators to contact patients in nonmedical settings and study the effects of disease on quality of life through self-administered questionnaires. However, little is known about the feasibility and, what is more important, the validity of this approach. An on-line survey for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and patients whose UC had been treated with surgical procedures was developed. To understand how patients on the WWW might differ from those in practice and the potential biases in conducting epidemiological research in volunteers recruited on the Internet, post-surgery patients who responded to the WWW survey were compared with those in a surgical practice. Setting: The Internet and private practice surgical clinic. Main outcomes: Scores from the Short form 36 (SF-36) Health Assessment Questionnaire and the Self-Administered Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ).
Evidence against purinergic inhibitory nerves in the vagal pathway to the opossum lower esophageal sphincter.

Abstract Studies were performed on anesthetized opossums. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured with waterfilled and continously perfused catheters anchored in the sphincter. Administration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and ADP in the left gastric artery usually produced an initial contraction followed by a more prolonged inhibition. Adenosine, on the other hand, produced only inhibition. The effect of ATP was not modified by phentolamine (1 mg/kg), propranolol (1 mg/kg) or atropine (30 μg/kg). Tetrodotoxin partially antagonized (P
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

Disease Overview Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis The presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. Risk Stratification Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis. Risk-Adapted Therapy Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab-based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection. Management of Refractory Disease Bortezomib, thalidomide, everolimus, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 88:703–711, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: Empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis

Nucleus accumbens (DA) has been implicated in a number of different behavioral functions, but most commonly it is said to be involved in "reward" or "reinforcement". In the present article, the putative reinforcement functions of accumbens DA are summarized in a manner described as the "General Anhedonia Model". According to this model, the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens is conceived of as a crucial link in the "reward system", which evolved to mediate the reinforcing effects of natural stimuli such as food. The reward system is said to be activated by natural reinforcing stimuli, and this activation mediates the reinforcing effects of these natural stimuli. According to this view, other stimuli such as brain stimulation and drugs can activate this system, which leads to these stimuli being reinforcing as well. Interference with DA systems is said to blunt the reinforcing effects of these rewarding stimuli, leading to "extinction". This general model of the behavioral functions of accumbens DA is utilized widely as a theoretical framework for integrating research findings. Nevertheless, there are several difficulties with the General Anhedonia Model. Several studies have observed substantial differences between the effects of extinction and the effects of DA antagonism or accumbens DA depletions. Studies involving aversive conditions indicate that DA antagonists and accumbens DA depletions can interfere with avoidance behavior, and also have demonstrated that accumbens DA release is increased by stressful or aversive stimuli. Although accumbens DA is important for drug abuse phenomena, particularly stimulant self-administration, studies that involve other reinforcers are more problematic. A large body of evidence indicates that low doses of dopamine antagonists, or depletions of accumbens DA, do not impair fundamental aspects of food motivation such as chow consumption and simple instrumental responses for food. This is particularly important, in view of the fact that many behavioral researchers consider the regulation of food motivation to be a fundamental aspect of food reinforcement. Finally, studies employing cost/benefit analyses are reviewed, and in these studies considerable evidence indicates that accumbens DA is involved in the allocation of responses in relation to various reinforcers. Nucleus accumbens DA participates in the function of enabling organisms to overcome response costs, or obstacles, in order to obtain access to stimuli such as food. In summary, nucleus accumbens DA is not seen as directly mediating food reinforcement, but instead is seen as a higher order sensorimotor integrator that is involved in modulating response output in relation to motivational factors and response constraints. Interfering with accumbens DA appears to partially dissociate the process of primary reinforcement from processes regulating instrumental response initiation, maintenance and selection.
Magnetic properties of uranium - Transition-metal glasses

Results of resistivity, magnetization and susceptibility measurements are reported on U66T34 where T denotes Fe, Co, or Ni. Magnetic susceptibility data on each of the alloys displayed thermomagnetic-history effects indicating some spin-glass like character. The high-field magnetization data showed a significant non-linearity indicating a contribution to the magnetization from a cluster term. The evidence suggests that these alloys form cluster glasses in which only those T atoms whose local environment is sufficiently dense in T atoms bear a stable magnetic moment.
Operation of phase separators in zero gravity

Abstract Superfluid helium has already been utilized in zero gravity cooling systems and, because of its many advantages, it will be used in future space flight systems. This Paper reviews the operation of the phase separators required for operation of the dewar system and develops system considerations that are required for the design of a successful system. Both the porous plug and active phase separator are considered.
General polynomial identities. II

Abstract A generalized polynomial is a formal polynomial with coefficients in a noncommutative ring (so that the coefficients are interspersed with the indeterminates); a generalized monomial of a generalized polynomial is a sum of all monomials in which the indeterminates occur in the same order. A generalized polynomial identity (GI) of R is R-proper if one of its generalized monomials is not a GI of R . The two main results of this paper are: (i) Any GI of a primitive ring P is P soc P -improper, where soc P is the socle of P ; (ii) if R satisfies a GI that is proper for every nonzero homomorphic image of R , then R is a PI -algebra (in the usual sense). These theorems have several immediate applications: 1. (i) If some element r in R is a root of an algebraic equation f ( λ ) = 0 with f ′( r ) invertible, f ′ the formal derivative of f , and if the centralizer of r is a PI -algebra, then R is a PI -algebra (most of this was already known by M. Smith); 2. (ii) If R has two left ideals A and B that are PI -algebras, then A + B is a PI -algebra. The main results of the paper are also given in the context of rings with involution.
Approaches to valuing the hidden hydrological services of wetland ecosystems

Abstract This paper investigates the role of the production function approach in capturing the value of hydrological services of wetland ecosystems. Hydrological research in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria suggests that the major role of the wet season inundation of the wetlands is in recharging the underlying aquifers. This paper shows that the hydrological services extend beyond direct use values, and have a significant economic value associated with them. Whereas the direct benefits provided by the wetlands, such as floodplain agriculture, fishing and forestry, have previously been assessed, this paper synthesizes the results of two approaches to capture the value of indirect benefits derived from the role of the wetlands in replenishing and maintaining groundwater resources within the wetland area.
Race and the re-embodied voice in Hollywood film

Abstract As linguistic anthropologists and others have argued, the development of modern sound technologies led to the disembodiment of the voice; the resulting ideologies of voice, however, concerned embodiment rather than disembodiment. By contrast, in late-modern media regimes, essentialized voices have been recontextualized and linguistically re-embodied via crossing and stylization. This article demonstrates that the re-embodiment of voice reasserted naturalized boundaries of gender and race in Hollywood ‘wigger’ films from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. The ideological effects of such representations both locally and more widely point to the importance of examining mediatized practices and products through a linguistic-anthropological lens.
Assessment of examinations in computer science doctoral education

This article surveys the examination requirements for attaining degree candidate (candidacy) status in computer science doctoral programs at all of the computer science doctoral granting institutions in the United States. It presents a framework for program examination requirement categorization, and categorizes these programs by the type or types of candidacy examinations that are required. The performance of computer science departments, estimated via two common surrogate metrics, in these different categories of candidacy requirements are compared and contrasted and the correlation between candidacy requirements and program/department performance is assessed.
Alterations in exchangeable sodium content, "sodium 24 space" and body weight during the treatment of congestive failure.

Serial determinations of the exchangeable sodium content and sodium24 (Na24) space were made by the radioisotope dilution method in patients with congestive failure during the course of intensive therapy. In most instances, the decrease in body weight was too great to be accounted for solely on the basis of the change in sodium24 space or exchangeable sodium content. This excess weight loss is attributed to loss of intracellular fluid.
The effects of induced masculinization on reproductive and aggressive behaviors of the female mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis affinis

FemaleGambusia affinis affinis were masculinized with the degraded products of 65% stigmastanol-30% B-sitosterol, a phytosterol. The masculinized females were paired with non-treated males, non-treated females, and other masculinized females. The pairs were analyzed for reproductive and aggressive behaviors exhibited. The behavioral patterns of these pairs were compared statistically to the behavior patterns of the following non-treated pairs: male with male, female with female, and male with female. The masculinized females behaved like males in that they followed, swung, and thrust their gonopodia at non-treated females and larger masculinized females. However, the male-like behavior of the masculinized females was not as intense as that of normal males. Also, the effect of masculinization on the behavior of the treated female was context-dependent as seen when placed with a male or a smaller masculinized female. Under these conditions the masculinized females behaved like typical females and exhibited no masculinized behaviors. The effects of anal spots and size differences are discussed as possible explanations for the variability in behaviors exhibited. The masculinized females displayed no change in aggressive behaviors.
The evaluation of faculty development programs

This article reviews literature pertinent to the evaluation of faculty development programs and presents data from several studies conducted at two institutions. These data were consistent with those previously reported in that faculty participants consistently expressed satisfaction with development services. In addition, one study found that most faculty members voluntarily took some action to improve their instructional effectiveness, though only a minority pursued these efforts in depth. Volunteers who worked intensively with a faculty development consultant improved more on objective measures of effectiveness than did those who were only superficially involved in improvement efforts; those who received no consultative assistance failed to improve significantly. Evidence from a final study provided a control for faculty motivation and led to the conclusion that improvement was contingent both on faculty desire to improve and on the availability of professional assistance.
Influence of alloxan diabetes on coagulability of the blood.

SummaryBlood of rabbits injected with doses of alloxan monohydrate sufficient to determine an experimental condition of severe diabetes shows a slight delay of the clotting time of both whole blood and recalcified plasma but not accompanied by any appreciable modification of other tests giving more analytical information of the clotting process. The slight hypocoagulability, which is probably non-specific, is not due to the hyperglycemia as it is not corrected by an amount of insulin sufficient to normalize transitorily the blood sugar level.
H2 reduction of CeO2(111) surfaces via boundary RhO mediation

Abstract One of the unique features of cerium oxide is its ability to be reversibly converted into oxygen-deficient structures when it is exposed to a reducing atmosphere. Chemical processes on ceria surfaces serve as gateways in controlling such oxygen transfer. In this work, we have prepared cerium oxide films on which Rh is vapor-deposited and measured the Ce oxidation state following sequential exposure to oxygen and hydrogen. The difference between the fraction of Ce 4+ state of a ceria film resulting from room temperature O 2 exposure and the fraction following sequential H 2 exposure at 400 K was measured for various conditions. Our results show that to achieve an observable reduction by H 2 exposure, O 2 preexposure of the Rh-deposited ceria surface is needed. The H 2 reduction yield increases as the dose of Rh to CeO 2 surface increases. Although this reduction process is observed in as-grown Rh-deposited ceria films, ion sputtering of Rh-dosed ceria surfaces enhances the yield of H 2 reduction. The need of both Rh dose and oxygen preexposure for reduction of ceria by hydrogen suggests that oxygen removal from ceria films is catalyzed by RhO. A mechanism is proposed in which RhO in intimate contact with ceria transfers hydrogen to ceria lattice oxygen, followed by oxygen removal from the ceria surface through water desorption.
Age-related scaling for aerosol and vapor deposition in the upper airways of humans.

Abstract Several theoretical models have been proposed in recent years to calculate age-related respiratory tract deposition of aerosols in humans. A critical factor in these models is the assumption about deposition in the airways above the trachea. In those models in which upper airway deposition is considered, a scaling factor, related to another airway dimension (usually tracheal diameter), is used to calculate an upper-airway dimension which determines inertial deposition. The paper reviews present knowledge of upper airway dimensions and airflow and proposed an age-related relationship for the critical nasal dimension, the nasal orifice. Relative inertial parameters for breathing at rest are obtained as a function of age from 1 mo to adulthood and compared to previous assumptions. The use of dimensionless parameters for predicting age-related deposition of diffusing particles and vapors is considered, and suggested experimental studies are proposed to supply needed information for age-related dosimetry of the entire respiratory tract.
Deterioration of Myocardial Function Following Aorto-Coronary Bypass Operation

Twenty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization before and an average of five months after aorto-coronary bypass operation (ACBO). Two groups were examined: 10 patients with all grafts patent, and 12 patients with one or more grafts occluded. All patients improved symptomatically, regardless of graft patency. However, in the occluded group, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased (4.4 ± 2.2 mm Hg, P < 0.05), stroke volume index fell (9.8 ± 3.1 ml/m2, P < 0.05), ejection fraction decreased (10 ± 4%, P < 0.05), and left ventricular stroke work index fell (12 ± 3 g-m/m2, P < 0.01). Qualitative analysis of segmental left ventricular contractility was performed. Of 28 segments supplied by patent grafts, six improved and nine deteriorated. Of 22 segments supplied by occluded grafts, none improved and eight deteriorated. Frequently no angiographically demonstrable basis for the segmental deterioration was evident. We concluded that while ACBO may appreciably benefit severely symptomatic patients, our results do not substantiate the claim that ACBO should be recommended when the primary surgical goal is preservation or enhancement of myocardial function.
The Nearshore Benthic Community of Kasatochi Island, One Year after the 2008 Volcanic Eruption

Abstract A description is presented of the nearshore benthic community of Kasatochi Island 10–12 months after a catastrophic volcanic eruption in 2008. The eruption extended the coastline of the island approximately 400 m offshore, mainly along the south, southeast, and southwest shores, to roughly the 20 m isobath. Existing canopy kelp of Eualaria (Alaria) fistulosa, as well as limited understory algal species and associated fauna (e.g., urchin barrens) on the hard substratum were apparently buried following the eruption. Samples and observations revealed the substrate around the island in 2009 was comprised almost entirely of medium and coarse sands with a depauperate benthic community, dominated by opportunistic pontogeneiid amphipods. Comparisons of habitat and biological communities with other nearby Aleutian Islands, as well as with the Icelandic volcanic island of Surtsey, confirm dramatic reductions in flora and fauna consistent with an early stage of recovery from a large-scale disturbance event.
Different effects of chronic nicotine treatment regimens on body weight and tolerance in the rat

The effect of different chronic nicotine administration regimens on body weight and the development of tolerance was examined in female rats. Groups of animals were either treated with nicotine via a subcutaneous continuous release pellet or via two injections each day of either a high (5.6 mg/kg) or low (0.8 mg/kg) dose. Both the Pellet and Low injection groups showed a progressive weight loss during nicotine treatment followed by a weight gain upon cessation of treatment, but the time course and size of these weight changes were quite distinct. In contrast, the High injection group gained weight during the 17 days of nicotine treatment. Tolerance, as measured by locomotor activity following an acute injection of nicotine 1 week after cessation of chronic nicotine treatment, was evident only in the Low injection group. This study demonstrates that the regimen in which nicotine is administered is an important factor in determining the behavioral effects produced by chronic nicotine treatment.
Financial cost inclusive reformulations of inventory lot size models

Inventory systems for deterministic demand have been extensively discussed in the literature. Generally, lot size models have been developed to minimize per-period total inventory costs. Financial management theory, however, strongly suggests that the fundamental objective of management is to maximize shareholder wealth. Thus, in theory, inventory policy decisions should be made within a net present value, wealth maximization context. This paper reformulates the uniform replenishing rate inventory model in a present value framework under two cash-flow scenarios. In the first scenario, which is shown to be equivalent to the classical EOQ model, it is demonstrated that the classical EOQ methodology is consistent with the present value reformulation. In the second scenario, which is consistent with the classical uniform replenishing rate model, the present value reformulation recommends substantially higher optimal order quantities than the classical model and provides insight about both the traditional methodology and future uses of the present value methodology.
Poison control centers and state-specific poisoning mortality rates.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare poisoning mortality rates of states served by a poison control center certified by the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) to those that are not served by a certified center because health policy has been based on certification status. METHODS: Poisoning mortality rates from 1993 to 1997 were obtained from a public use database of death certificates and were stratified by state and circumstance. Each state was classified as being fully served, partially served, or not served by an AAPCC-certified center. States in one category of service for the entire 5 years were selected for analysis. RESULTS: During this 5-year period, 39 states exhibited a consistent category of poison control center services. The mortality rates per 100,000 population during these 5 years were 5.93, 6.12, 6.01, 6.23, and 6.68 respectively (P <0.05) for all 39 states. The mean 5-year mortality rate for states with certified poison control center services (7.08 +/- 2.59; n = 17) was higher (P <0.05) than those with noncertified service (5.17 +/- 1.46; n = 15) but not significantly different from those with partial certified service (6.25 +/- 1.75; n = 7). CONCLUSION: Increased poisoning mortality rates were associated with AAPCC certification status and year. Poisoning mortality rates may not be an appropriate outcome measure of the impact of poison control centers, AAPCC-certification notwithstanding, at this time. Basing poison control center-related policy on state-specific poisoning mortality rates can not be supported by these findings.
The Enzyme System of Trans-Animation, its Mode of Action and Biological Significance

THE reversible transfer of amino groups between aminodicarboxylic acids and α-ketoacids, or ‘trans-amination’, reported in a series of papers by me and my associates1, is of almost universal occurrence in biological objects. It is readily effected by most animal tissues2, and also, as shown in this laboratory and independently by Virtanen3 and Euler et al.4, by vegetable tissues and micro-organisms. Trans-amination is effected by a special group of intracellular enzymes, for which the name amino-pherases is suggested (in preference to the clumsy although more precise term aminotransportases). As trans-amination involves intermolecular oxido-reduction, the aminopherases should be classed among the desmolases. They differ in mode of action and in many properties from the formerly known enzymes of amino acid metabolism, including the I- and d-deaminases and specific glutamic and aspartic dehydrogenases.