cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-Guided Radiosurgery Using the Gamma Knife

Image guided brain surgery became a reality in the mid-1970s after the introduction of the first methods to obtain axial imaging using computed tomography (CT) [9]. The recognition of cranial disease much earlier in its clinical course prompted the need for concomitant minimally invasive technologies to both diagnose and to treat the newly recognized brain tumors and vascular malformations. Subsequently, the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spurred further interest in accurate, safe, and effective guided brain surgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was the brains child of the pioneering brain surgeons, Lars Leksell and Erik-Olof Backlund at the Karolinska Institute [4, 5]. Stereotactic guiding devices were adapted to newly evolving imaging techniques, ranging from encephalography to angiography, CT, and MRI. These new techniques prompted further evaluation of stereotactic radiosurgery, a field envisioned by Leksell in 1951. His concept that ionizing radiation could be cross fired to destroy or inactivate deep brain targets without a surgical opening proved to be an enormous step forward in minimally invasive surgery. Under the watchful eye of Leksell, Gamma knife technologies gradually expanded in their role and their usage exploded across the field of neurosurgery [1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Quality of Medical Advice Provided Between Members of a Web-Based Message Board for Patients With Implantable Defibrillators: Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: Patients use Web-based medical information to understand medical conditions and treatments. A number of efforts have been made to understand the quality of professionally created content; however, none have described the quality of advice being provided between anonymous members of Web-based message boards. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the quality of medical information provided between members of an anonymous internet message board addressing treatment with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Methods: We quantitatively analyzed 2 years of discussions using a mixed inductive-deductive framework, first, for instances in which members provided medical advice and, then, for the quality of the advice. Results: We identified 82 instances of medical advice within 127 discussions. Advice covered 6 topical areas: (1) Device information, (2) Programming, (3) Cardiovascular disease, (4) Lead management, (5) Activity restriction, and (6) Management of other conditions. Across all advice, 50% (41/82) was deemed generally appropriate, 24% (20/82) inappropriate for most patients, 6% (5/82) controversial, and 20% (16/82) without sufficient context. Proportions of quality categories varied between topical areas. We have included representative examples. Conclusions: The quality of advice shared between anonymous members of a message board regarding ICDs varied considerably according to topical area and the specificity of advice. This report provides a model to describe the quality of the available Web-based patient-generated material.
Inorganic Polyphosphate Accumulation in Escherichia coli Is Regulated by DksA but Not by (p)ppGpp

Production of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) by bacteria is triggered by a variety of different stress conditions. polyP is required for stress survival and virulence in diverse pathogenic microbes. Previous studies have hypothesized a model for regulation of polyP synthesis in which production of the stringent-response second messenger (p)ppGpp directly stimulates polyP accumulation. In this work, I have now shown that this model is incorrect, and (p)ppGpp is not required for polyP synthesis in Escherichia coli However, stringent mutations of RNA polymerase that frequently arise spontaneously in strains defective in (p)ppGpp synthesis and null mutations of the stringent-response-associated transcription factor DksA both strongly inhibit polyP accumulation. The loss of polyP synthesis in a mutant lacking DksA was reversed by deletion of the transcription elongation factor GreA, suggesting that competition between these proteins for binding to the secondary channel of RNA polymerase plays an important role in controlling polyP activation. These results provide new insights into the poorly understood regulation of polyP synthesis in bacteria and indicate that the relationship between polyP and the stringent response is more complex than previously suspected.IMPORTANCE Production of polyP in bacteria is required for virulence and stress response, but little is known about how bacteria regulate polyP levels in response to changes in their environments. Understanding this regulation is important for understanding how pathogenic microbes resist killing by disinfectants, antibiotics, and the immune system. In this work, I have clarified the connections between polyP regulation and the stringent response to starvation stress in Escherichia coli and demonstrated an important and previously unknown role for the transcription factor DksA in controlling polyP levels.
Client Power and the Sex Work Transaction: The Influence of Race, Class, and Sex Work Role in the Post-Apartheid Sex Work Industry

Systems of power influence client–sex worker interactions, in part, by shifting how actors perceive the interaction. In the present study, I argue that clients of sex workers determine appropriate behavior during the sex work transaction based on how they perceive the sex worker from whom they are purchasing services. Systems of power, such as race, socioeconomic status, and the local sex work status hierarchy, influence this perception. I present an analysis of national survey data on South African clients’ self-reported condom use and interview data on South African clients’ experiences while purchasing sex. Taking both data sets together, I find that clients characterize sex workers based on the sex workers’ perceived race, class, and the venue in which they work. Clients discussed perceiving the sex worker as a commodified object, one which ought to be used differently depending on their positionality. This perception manifest behaviorally when discussing sexual health risk and the appropriateness of violence against sex workers. Through this analysis, I demonstrate the utility of conceptualizing power along multiple levels of analysis (interpersonally and structurally) when studying decision-making in the sex work industry.
Modélisation et simulation des films liquides dans les turbines à vapeur

Dans la production d'electricite, un des leviers centraux pour reduire les deteriorations et les pertes causees par l'humidite dans les turbines a vapeur est l'etude des films liquides. Ces films minces, sont crees par la deposition de gouttes et sont fortement cisailles. Des gouttes peuvent ensuite etre arrachees du film. A l'heure actuelle, aucun modele complet et valide n'existe pour decrire ce phenomene. Un modele 2D a formulation integrale associe a des lois de fermetures a ete derive pour representer ce film. Compare aux equations classiques de Saint-Venant, le modele prend en compte davantage d'effets: le transfert de masse, l'impact des gouttes, le cisaillement a la surface libre, la tension de surface, le gradient de pression et la rotation. Une analyse des proprietes du modele (hyperbolicite, entropie, conservativite, analyse de stabilite lineaire, invariance par translation et par rotation) est realisee pour juger de la pertinence du modele. Un nouveau code 2D est implemente dans un module de developpement libre du code EDF Code_Saturne et une methode de volumes finis pour un maillage non-structure a ete developpee. La verification du code est ensuite effectuee avec des solutions analytiques dont un probleme de Riemann. Le modele, qui degenere en modele classique de Saint-Venant pour le cas d'un film tombant sur un plan inclinee, est valide par l'experience de Liu and Gollub, 1994, PoF et compare a des modeles de references (Ruyer-Quil and Manneville, 2000, EPJ-B et Lavalle, 2014, PhD thesis). Un autre cas d'etude met en scene un film cisaille en condition basse-pression de turbine a vapeur et, est valide par l'experience de Hammitt et al., 1981, FiI. Enfin, le code film est couple aux donnees 3D du champ de vapeur autour d'un stator d'une turbine basse-pression du parc EDF, issues de Blondel, 2014, PhD thesis. Cette application industrielle montre la faisabilite d'une simulation d'un film en condition reelle du turbine a vapeur.
Slave Trade and the Return to Africa

Slavery was an integral part of the Atlantic World and the involuntary movement of people within Africa and from the continent to other parts of the Atlantic World was part of the slave trade experience since well before the Atlantic World even came into existence.
Insider and outsider support for unions across advanced industrial democracies: Paradoxes of solidarity:

Why do workers support trade unions? For insider–outsider analysts, unions display limited concern with representing interests beyond the full-time labour force. However, recent research on union r...
Optical methods for non-invasive assessment of arteriole flow impedance (Conference Presentation)

Vascular impedance is a frequency dependent quantity relating a vascular compartment's flow dynamics to pressure changes. Although vascular impedance has been investigated in larger arteries, probing smaller arterioles using similar techniques has been difficult due to their small cross-sectional area. Here we show how vascular impedance can be quantified based on pulsatile data from cerebral measurements using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) as well as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results from head of bed tilting in healthy volunteers will be presented, showing that quantification of vascular impedance is possible. Applications and the relationship to cerebral autoregulation will be discussed.
Increasing Social Interaction Between General Education High School Students and Their Peers with Mental Retardation

We used a multiple-baseline design across participants to assess the effects of a verbal directive on the social interactions of general education high school students enrolled in a peer buddy program and their peers with mental retardation. General education students were asked to interact “as friends” with their peers while they engaged in leisure activities. Delivery of the directive was associated with increases in occurrence of social interaction, improvement in quality and reciprocity of interaction, and increases in range of communication behaviors performed by students with mental retardation. In addition, students discussed a greater variety of conversational topics. Findings are discussed with respect to strategies for increasing social interaction among high school students.
Decision-Making Algorithms for Surgical Treatment of Spine Metastatic Disease

The surgical treatment paradigm for treating metastatic disease to the spine continues to evolve as the long-term survival of patients with metastatic disease improves. There has been a significant advancement in radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease; however, surgery has evolved as a major treatment option for patients with spinal metastases. Surgical decompression is particularly useful in treating patients with high-grade ESCC (epidural spinal cord compression) and CEC (cauda equina compression), and instrumentation/stabilization is indicated for treating spinal instability. The use of NOMS (neurologic, oncologic, mechanical, systemic) framework provides a treatment algorithm that facilitates coordination between a multidisciplinary team to offer safe, reliable, and reproducible treatment for patients with metastatic spinal disease.
Patients over 65 with early breast cancer and preference for intraoperative radiation despite no survival benefit.

e12612Background: Patients over 65 years of age with early-stage hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer have many radiation treatment options based on the PRIME II and CALGB 9343. Our study a...
Analysis and quality evaluation on monitoring data of automatic alert and response system for infectious diseases in Zhejiang Province, 2014-2016

Objective To analyze and evaluate the monitoring data of China Infectious Diseases Automated-alert and Response System (CIDARS) in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2016, and to provide the evidences for further promoting the application and improvement of this system. Methods The data which were collected from the monitoring program during 2014 to 2016 were analyzed descriptively and compared with the incidence data from national notifiable communicable disease report system in the same period. Results A total of 37 870 signals were generated on 30 kinds of infectious diseases in the system in Zhejiang province. The response rate was 100% and the median time to response was 0.67 hour. There were 611 signals (1.61%) preliminarily verified as suspected outbreaks and 215 outbreaks were finally confirmed by further field investigation, with a positive ratio of 0.57%. In all the signals, 9 175 signals were generated by the fixed-value detection method, and 93.96% (8 621/9 175) of signals were responded in 2 hours. A total of 3 868 cases of 5 kinds of diseases were finally confirmed, accounting for 42.16% of the generated signals. There were 28 695 signals generated by the temporal model method, and 99.12% (28 443/28 695) of signals were responded in 24 hours. The signal number of time warning model was positively correlated with reported case numbers (r=0.96, P<0.01) . A total of 193 outbreaks of 6 kinds of diseases were confirmed. Conclusions CIDARS performs well in Zhejiang province which can be used to achieve automatic early alter for outbreak of infectious diseases. Signal response rate and time maintain a rather high level which can assist CDC to find potential outbreak of infectious disease in early stage. However, suspected rate and positive rate of the early warning signals should be improved. Key words: Communicable diseases; Automatic alert; Monitoring data; Evaluation
ART uptake and adherence among women who use drugs globally: A scoping review.

Abstract Objective To assess the state of peer-reviewed literature surrounding uptake and adherence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive women who use drugs (WWUD). Methods Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we conducted a scoping literature review on ART uptake and adherence among WWUD, searching PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts. Eligibility criteria included: reporting at least one ART uptake or adherence related result among WWUD aged 18 or older; peer-reviewed; published in English between 1996–2018. Results Our search identified 6735 studies; 86 met eligibility requirements. ART uptake ranged from 30 % to 76 % and adherence ranged from 27 % to 95 %. Substance use, co-morbid psychiatric disorders, and side effects emerged as the primary ART uptake and adherence barriers among this population. Few facilitators were identified. Conclusion This study is the first scoping review to look at ART uptake and adherence among WWUD globally. The wide range in uptake and adherence outcomes indicates the need for gold standard assessments, which may differ between high and low resource settings. This study offers rich insight into uptake and adherence barriers and facilitators, primarily at the intrapersonal level. More research is needed to examine interventions that focus on additional levels of the SEM (e.g., community and policy levels). These review findings can inform ART interventions, future research, and offer guidance to other support services with WWUD, such as PrEP interventions.
Nutrition in HIV and Tuberculosis

Nutritional compromise is one of the most frequent complications in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections, and poor nutritional status may also increase risk for infection with either HIV or TB. Many health outcomes, particularly immunity, comorbidities, disease progression, and response to therapy, are influenced by an individual’s nutritional status and vice versa. The co-occurrence of HIV and TB, particularly in the presence of malnutrition, can further worsen malnutrition, typically resulting in worse outcomes than would be associated with HIV or TB alone. While the conditions and complications of these infections in the era before readily available and effective antiretroviral treatments persist in many parts of the world, the advent and success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have led to a shift in healthcare priorities from AIDS-defining illnesses to noncommunicable diseases and conditions. A number of HIV-associated conditions are nutritionally relevant such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Social determinants of health such as food insecurity and drug use are also important considerations that link HIV and TB with nutritional concerns. Nutritional therapy, such as micronutrient supplementation, may offer significant benefits in populations at risk for HIV and/or TB infections, as well as for individuals living with the infections, whether treated or not.
Wolbachia Across Social Insects: Patterns and Implications

Wolbachia is one of the most common intracellular symbionts among insects, but the function of this infection and its effects on the host still remain largely unknown for many taxa. In the case of many social insects, living in colonies results in close interactions, facilitating the dispersion of the symbiont. However, having only one caste responsible for reproduction (queens) could restrict infections. Several groups of social insects have been reported to be highly infected with these symbionts. However, Wolbachia associations across social and closely related non-social insects in a comparative framework has not been examined to date, which may help us understand the role social behavior, geography, and ecology plays in structuring this association. Since 2006 the Multi-Locus Sequencing Type (MLST) approach has been shown to be appropriate for diversity studies, which consists of sequencing five genes spread across the Wolbachia genome. Over the past 15 yr, studies using this approach have been conducted worldwide and have generated large volumes of data. In this review article, we intend to produce a meta-analysis by combining MLST data from across social insects (ants, bees, termites, wasps) and beyond, together with their closest relatives to better elucidate the patterns behind the diversity of this symbiotic interaction. Our main findings reveal that the diversity of Wolbachia (supergroups) is correlated with the host insect taxonomy, biogeography, and social/solitary behavior. In addition, solitary insects such as bees and wasps can interact with a greater diversity of Wolbachia supergroup compared to their social representatives.
Computationally Guided Searches for Efficient Catalysts through Chemical/Materials Space: Progress and Outlook

Computational quantum chemistry promises to help guide the design of catalysts that are more sustainable and economical. This Feature Article gives a tutorial overview of how our group accounts for...
A course design format to facilitate teaching research online to RN - BSN students

Abstract Using research evidence to inform nursing practice and collaborate with other health care professionals is considered an essential professional competency in undergraduate nursing education. Yet teaching nursing research is often challenging because of the non-clinical nature of the content. Furthermore, non-traditional nursing students, such as those in RN – BSN programs, have unique needs such that course activities must be especially engaging, relevant to clinical practice, and flexible. The purpose of this paper is to present a course design format that facilitated teaching nursing research to RN – BSN students. Consideration of students' transitional experiences in RN – BSN programs as well as an integrative taxonomy of significant learning experiences are reported in the paper.
Simplicity and the form of grammars

The goal of theory construction is explanation: for language, theory for particular languages (grammar) and for the faculty of language FoL (the innate endowment for language acquisition). A primitive notion of simplicity of grammars is number of symbols, but this is too crude. An improved measure distinguishes grammars that capture genuine properties of language from those that do not. The theory of FoL must meet the empirical conditions of learnability (under extreme poverty of stimulus), and evolvability (given the limited but not insignificant evidence available). Recent work provides promising insights into how these twin conditions may be satisfied.
International Technology Licensing, Intellectual Property Rights, and Tax Havens

This paper investigates the determinants of international technology licensing using data for 61 countries during 1995-2012. A multi-country model of innovation and diffusion with international technology licensing yields a structural gravity equation for royalty payments as a function of fundamentals. The gravity equation is estimated using nonlinear methods. The model’s fundamentals account for 45% of the variation in royalty payments. Other factors such as imperfect IPR protection and tax havens account for a substantial fraction of the unexplained variation. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that technology transfer from the United States to China would have been 20% larger if China had standards of IPR protection similar to those in the United States.
The Tn916 family of conjugative transposons: their introduction and function in a soil environment

To examine conjugal transfer of UnQlG in the soil environment, matings were performed in a laboratory soil microcosm. In sterile soil, Tn916 was observed to transfer from Bacillus subtilis to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelesis at an average frequency of 2.1 x 10 ® conjugants per donor. Moreover, transfer was observed from Enterococcus faecalis to B. thuringiensis at an average frequency of 2.3 x 10 ®. In nonsterile soil, similar transfer frequencies were observed. The conjugal transfer of Tn9i6 between Bacillus species was evaluated over varying conditions of soil moisture, temperature, pH and available nutrients. Optimal transfer occurred at 2-5% moisture even though transfer was observed over the entire range tested. Detectable transfer only occurred between 18° and 37° C (optimimi at 30° C) and in a range of pH of 6 8.9; within this range, pH had minimal effect on transfer. Increasing the nutrient level in the soil enhanced transfer frequencies. Additionally, TnSifi mobilization of the nonconjugative plasmid pC194 occurred at an average frequency of 2.0 x 10 ®. Because Tn9ifi was originally isolated from E. faecalis, swine lot effluent was examined for the presence of Tn9i6-like elements. Outflow samples from the Iowa State University farrowing house were used to isolate E. faecalis. Of the enterococci isolated, 71% were found to be resistant to tetracycline. To screen these isolates for conjugal activity, a microassay was developed. Among the tetracyclineresistant enterococci isolated from the outflow sample, 34% were able to transfer tetracycline resistance to a B. thuringiensis recipient in microassay matings. The transfer frequencies for 10 random isolates were similar to those for transfer of Tn926 from E. faecalis to B. thuringiensis on filters, as weU as in a soil
Simple Syllable Structure and English Pre-nucleus Glides

The purpose of this paper is to test whether the Simple Syllable Structure (SSS) proposed by Duanmu (1990:[2]) is true of English onsets or not. If the SSS holds for English onset, English onglides should be secondary articulations on the onset consonant rather than separate sounds. We will test this by measuring the duration of the initial consonant –glide combination, to determine whether it is as long as two sounds or as one sound. If the consonant – glide combination is as short as one consonant, we can say that glides are secondary articulations supporting a simpler syllable structure hypothesis (Duanmu 1990:[2], Kim 1997:[6]) for English onsets.
A New Algorithm Based on Negative Selection and Idiotypic Networks for Generating Parsimonious Detector Sets for Industrial Fault Detection Applications

Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithms have been used for well over a decade to detect anomalies in computer security and data collection applications. They have also been used for real-time industrial fault detection applications, where they typically outperform traditional limit-checking algorithms in terms of anomaly detection ability. However, large computing overhead and large memory requirements make traditional AIS algorithms unsuitable for many applications. In this paper we propose a new AIS algorithm called Parsimonious Detector Set Algorithm which promises to greatly limit the effect of both constraints and make AIS algorithms suitable for a wider range of applications.
A technique for wing suppressed IR sampling

The development of hot electron techniques and high mobility materials is one more step bringing electronics to the 100 GHz regime. With these new approaches come the problems of measuring device characteristics and performance. Several approaches have now been developed to observe high-speed electrical transients using the electro-optic technique [1]. In the case of many III–V compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InP, direct probing of the semiconductor substrate is possible. Such probing is potentially very useful as it allows for the noncontact noninvasive probing of devices and circuits. Noncontact measurements of devices and circuits have been made using compressed pulses from a cw mode-locked Nd:YAG laser [2]. This paper deals specifically with the use of compressed pulses for directly probing device and circuit substrates.
Chapter 42 Restrictions of economic theory in nonparametric methods

Abstract This chapter describes several nonparametric estimation and testing methods for econometric models. Instead of using parametric assumptions on the functions and distributions in an economic model, the methods use the restrictions that can be derived from the model. Examples of such restrictions are the concavity and monotonicity of functions, equality conditions, and exclusion restrictions. The chapter shows, first, how economic restrictions can guarantee the identification of nonparametric functions in several structural models. It then describes how shape restrictions can be used to estimate nonparametric functions using popular methods for nonparametric estimation. Finally, the chapter describes how to test nonparametrically the hypothesis that an economic model is correct and the hypothesis that a nonparametric function satisfies some specified shape properties.
Cost comparison of electrocardiography versus fluoroscopy for central venous line positioning in children.

Abstract Background: Although most central venous lines in children are positioned using fluoroscopy, electrocardiography (ECG) has been shown to be accurate, and avoids unnecessary radiation exposure. We studied whether ECG may also have cost advantages. Study Design: All ports and Hickman/Broviac catheters placed during a 2.5-year period were reviewed. Two surgeons routinely used fluoroscopy, and two used ECG. Costs included surgeon and anesthesia fees, operating room use, and fluoroscopy equipment and personnel. Results: There were 287 cases with sufficient data to be included in the study (167 fluoroscopy and 120 ECG). In the ECG group, 12 (10%) were converted to fluoroscopy because an adequate tracing could not be obtained, but they were kept in the ECG group for data analysis. The groups were similar with regard to age, gender, indication, previous catheters, and intraoperative or postoperative complications. Time for surgical placement of the line was not significantly affected by the positioning technique. Ports placed using ECG were less costly than those placed fluoroscopically ($2,880 ± 408 versus $3,595 ± 357, p Conclusions: The ECG technique was less costly than fluoroscopy, despite a 10% conversion rate. At our center, the savings were approximately $700 per procedure. Because operating room time used is similar, the additional cost of fluoroscopy can be attributed to the need for x-ray equipment and personnel.
Heteroepitaxial growth of DYBa2Cu3O7−x/Dy2O3 multilayers analyzed by TEM

Layered structures of DyBa2Cu3O7−x and Dy2O3 grown on (100) and (110) oriented SrTiO3 have been examined in cross section by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine the feasibility of fabricating tunnel junctions with these materials. DyBa2Cu3O7−x and Dy2O3 exhibit a clear epitaxial relationship, resulting in heteroepitaxial growth of DyBa2Cu3O7−x on Dy2O3. The interfaces between DyBa2Cu3O7−x and Dy2O3 are structurally sharp, but interdiffusion between the chemical constituents occurs. Nevertheless, these results are a strong indication that high quality high-Tc superconductor tunneling junctions can be fabricated in this system.
How should network-based prevention for homeless youth be implemented?

We read Green, de la Haye, Tucker & Golinelli’s paper, ‘Shared risk: who engages in substance use with American homeless youth?’ (hereafter RAND) [1], with great interest and appreciation, both for its rigor and potential impact. We would like to open a friendly dialogue about the implementation of network-based prevention for homeless youth. We believe that these results and the results of others suggest that popular opinion leader interventions are not an advisable network-based strategy.
Arreglos conyugales en Baja California y sus jóvenes adultos

Uniones libres or consensual union formation has increased in Mexico and this is not an exception in its Northern region. Information from the Mexican Population and Household Census of 2010 and the Survey on Reproductive Health of Adolescents in Baja California, 2006 show that union libre as an preferential type of conjugal arrangement is more clearly manifested among the Baja California’s youth of both sexes in general and particularly among those residing in Tijuana and Rosarito. Also, union libre formation among the Baja California’s youth is extensively associated with childbearing what seems to indicate continuity in its traditional role in the Mexican family formation process, but this is happening in higher proportions among the young adults of the new generations.
Quality function deployment for large systems

Efforts to extend quality function deployment (QFD) to large-scale systems are described. QFD is linked to the system engineering process, the concurrent engineering process, the robust design process, and the costing process. The effect is to generate a tightly-linked project management process of high dimensionality which flushes out issues early to provide a high-quality, low-cost, and competitive product. A pre-QFD matrix linking customers to customer desires is described. >
Artist Authenticity: How Artists’ Passion and Commitment Shape Consumers’ Perceptions and Behavioral Intentions across Genders

Despite the fact that the art market is a multibillion dollar industry, marketing researchers have yet to fully explore the factors that drive consumers’ purchase intentions toward fine art. This research proposes that information about the artist who created a particular work is an important piece of information that consumers consider. This work is the first to empirically examine the impact of how one such characteristic of the artist, perceived authenticity, affects consumers’ behavioral intentions toward the art. This research, drawing on authenticity research in the arts, marketing, and psychology, builds on the proposed art valuation framework presented by Marshall and Forrest (2011) by testing the effect of consumers’ perceptions of the artist's motives. Empirical data involving 518 respondents were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that artist authenticity affected attitude toward the artist, conceptualized as a human brand, which in turn influenced consumers’ evaluation of the artist's work and their behavioral intentions. In addition, this research provides support for the selectivity model by showing woman and men evaluate art differently. Attitude toward the artwork had a stronger effect on behavioral intentions for women compared to men, whereas attitude toward the artist had a stronger effect on behavioral intentions for men compared to women. Overall, the results reveal that consumers use information about that artist's brand in the valuation of the artwork and have important practical implications for the management of the artist's human brand.
Escalation at the outset: An analysis of targets’ responses in militarized interstate disputes

The manner in which states behave within interstate disputes is of particular theoretical interest to those concerned with the question of why some disputes between states escalate to war while others do not. Much of the literature on interstate crises suggests that the way in which a state responds to a challenge from another state is a useful predictor of the way that crisis will end, i.e., whether the crisis will escalate to war. This analysis uses data on militarized disputes and finds this to be the case. The analysis goes further, however, in that it isolates some of the important factors influencing how targets of militarized challenges respond to those challenges. The results suggest that moving from interstate war to a finer level of analysis, such as the intra‐dispute behavior of states, can provide a more complete picture of how commonly held theoretical notions are related to the presence or absence of interstate war.
Toward a mathematical theory of graph-generative systems and its applications

Abstract This paper presents some formal generative specifications for describing the graph languages consisting of the sets of directed graphs with labeled arcs. Some mathematical results are introduced. In addition, we consider applications to specification technique for data structures and complexity measure of computer software. Finally, directions for future research are indicated.
PLASMA OSCILLATIONS OF A LARGE NUMBER OF ELECTRON BEAMS

Longitudinal oscillations of a large number of electron beams are investigated. The normal modes for the beams are found. An orthogonality relation between the modes is obtained and is used to solve the initial value problem and the problem of forced oscillations. It is demonstrated that no signal propagates faster than the fastest beam. The problem of passing to the limit of a continuous velocity distribution is considered in detail. It is shown that in the limit the results of Landau, Van Kampen, and others are recovered. The problem of Landau damping is discussed from the point of view of the beams.
Identification and somatotopic organization of nuclei projecting via the dorsolateral funiculus in rats: a retrograde tracing study using HRP slow-release gels.

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in slow-release gel was unilaterally implantedin the transected dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of either cervical, midthoracic, lumbar or sacral spinal cord levels of adult male rats. Cell mappings were made of all brain areas projecting through the DLF. Following cervical implants, dense labelling was observed within a band along the dorsolateral border of the inferior olive, locus coeruleus, the paralemniscal reticular formation, the mesencephalic central gray, the red nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The DLF projection from the central gray consisted of a rostrocaudal line of cells extending from the level of the mesen-/diencephalic junction to the rostral red nucleus. The somatotopic organization of labelled nuclei was assessed by comparing the pattern of filled cells following HRP implants at various cord levels. The potential role of these areas in pain modulation was discussed in light of their descending projections through the DLF of the spinal cord.
Lingual thyroid in a young infant presenting as airway obstruction: report of a case.

Abstract A case of lingual thyroid causing airway obstruction in a 3-month-old infant is reported. Endoscopic examination for stridor disclosed an obstructing 4 × 3 cm base of tongue lesion. Nuclear isotope scanning confirmed this to be the only thryroid tissue present in this patient. A transoral excision using the CO 2 laser was performed without complication. Only one other case of airway obstruction in the young infant secondary to lingual thyroid has been reported, that being the original case description in 1869. A review of the embryology and discussion of the suggested therapies is presented. The rationale for use of the CO 2 laser for this lesion is discussed.
Gluons in the chiral bag

Abstract A perturbative QCD calculation of gluon exchange corrections to the cranking moment of inertia of the chiral bag model is done using the full time-dependent cavity propagators. Cranking is used to construct the nucleon and delta states and a value of the effective strong coupling constant is extracted by fitting the empirical Δ N mass splitting. The MIT bag limit (large bag radius) of the chiral bag model is also examined.
Algebraic observations on the Jacobian conjecture

Abstract This paper contains conditions that are equivalent to the Jacobian Conjecture (JC) in two variables and partial results toward establishing these conditions. If u and v are a Jacobian pair of polynomials in k [ x , y ] which provide a counterexample then by a change of variables there is a Jacobian pair which generate an ideal of the form 〈 p ( x ), y 〉. (A similar result holds for an arbitrary number of variables.) JC follows if p ( x ) must be linear or equivalently if p ′( x ) is constant. Conditions which yield this result are derived from the Jacobian relation and the fact that 〈 u , v 〉=〈 p ( x ), y 〉. Other conditions that imply JC are derived from the fact that JC follows if the ring k [ x , u , v ]= k [ x , y ] when the Jacobian determinant of u and v is 1. One easily arranges for k [ x , y ] to be integral over k [ x , u , v ] with the same quotient fields. For example, if k [ x , u , v ] must be square-root closed in k [ x , y ], JC follows. The paper studies the case where j ( u , v )=1 forces k [ x , u , v ] to be seminormal in k [ x , y ]. In this case and in other cases, y satisfies a monic polynomial of degree two over a localization of k [ x , u , v ]. Conditions that imply k [ x , u , v ]= k [ x , y ] include equality after taking quotient rings and localizing. Other conditions which imply equality involve showing k [ x , u , v ] is a regular ring and computation of the conductor ideal which must be principal as an ideal of k [ x , y ].
Micromechanical modelling of creep using distributed parameters

Abstract Microstructural parameters such as diffusion coefficients and grain size usually have distributed values in a polycrystal. However, micromechanical constitutive equations for power-law creep and diffusional creep assume that these parameters are uniform. In this paper it is shown that the use of distributed parameters can lead to a transition from power-law creep to diffusional creep which is spread over several orders of magnitude in strain rate. It also leads to the generation of internal stress and anelasticity. Two specific cases, a bimodal distribution of grain size and a two phase structure, are analysed in detail. A graphical analytical technique which is developed can be extended to other distribution functions; but even the simple bimodal structures are relevant to engineering materials such as austenitic stainless steels and α-β titanium alloys. This paper primarily concerns steady state creep and includes a brief discussion on the transient problem. Further developments will be given in a subsequent paper.
Resident training in advanced airway management

Management of the difficult airway is an essential skill that should be taught during an anesthesiology residency. However, only a minority of anesthesiology residency programs have formal rotations in advanced airway management. We developed a formal advanced airway rotation as an integral part of our residency program, consisting of two 1-month rotations during the residency, each with a separate focus. While on the advanced airway rotation, the resident anesthesiologist is given a set of objectives, a list of required reading, and a required number of procedures unique to advanced airway management that they must perform during the rotation. We believe that this rotation has been beneficial in improving the residents' exposure to advanced airway techniques, and has dramatically improved their capabilities in this important aspect of anesthetic of anesthetic training. Additionally, the structure of the rotation ensures uniformity in the residents' acquisition of advanced airway skills.
The circulation of the Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow waters in the North Atlantic

Abstract The bottom waters of the northernmost northeast Atlantic are derived from a dense outflow from the Norwegian Sea through the Faeroe Bank Channel. Near-still mixing increases the salinity and lowers the dissolved oxygen content of the outflow, but when the mixed water later enters the northwest Atlantic through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, it is freshened and oxygenated by mixing with the denser, lower-salinity overflow water from Denmark Strait. The end product contributes to a deep tongue of relatively saline, oxygen-rich water that has been traced in other studies throughout much of the World Ocean. This study traces the saline tongue from its origin in the Faeroe Bank Channels to the deep waters south of the Grand Banks. The relatively close coupling of the deep northern North Atlantic with the sea surface in the Greenland, Iceland, and Norwegian seas makes this region potentially responsive to changes introduced at the sea surface, though this study shows no significant temperature and salinity changes in the deep water over the 1957 to 1973 period emphasized in the analysis.
Surgical reconstruction in patients with cancer of the head and neck

Reconstructive surgical techniques have greatly changed the treatment approach for patients with cancer of the head and neck. These techniques provide head and neck surgeons the flexibility of performing tumor resection without concerns about the repair of the final defect and significantly increase the quality of life in patients who have undergone ablative surgery by providing better cosmetic and functional outcome after cancer resection. Reconstruction of the defects after ablative surgery for head and neck cancer includes various options, and each option has its own advantages and disadvantages. Techniques for head and neck reconstruction are summarized in this article along with recent advances in their application.
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data for the evaluation of upper tropospheric water maps for short-term weather forecasting

Differential spectral imaging made possible by the new generation of hyperspectral sounders, such as AIRS, has applications for process studies and may also have applications for short-term weather forecasting. We use AIRS data to evaluate one such application: measurements of water vapor at 600 and 300 mb. The opacity of the 4.3 micron R-branch channels is almost entirely due to carbon dioxide, with weighting function peaks in the lower troposphere. Differences between these channels and selected pure water channels between 1300 and 1600 cm-1 cancel the local variability of the temperature to first order and measure the water column. Images of bt2388-bt1392, which measure the total water column above 600 mb from AIRS show large-scale patterns with sharp transitions between dry and wet upper tropospheric water vapor zones along frontal boundaries. The wealth of spatial features suggest applications to weather forecasting similar to the use of cloud images from satellite data, but unlike the visible light data, these images are available day and night. Data from tropical storm Arlene on 10 June 2005 are used to illustrate the potential of using high spectral resolution difference images. The motion of feature in these images correlate with the wind at 600 mb from upper airs measurements. The method does not require microwave channels or knowledge of the temperature profiles from a GCM and retains the full spatial resolution of the data. While the 15 km spatial resolution and 12 hour temporal repeat cycle of the EOS Aqua limits the practical application of AIRS data to mesoscale imaging and process studies, extension of the AIRS design concept can be used from hyper-spectral sounding with 1km spatial resolution from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with AIRS-like spectral resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and calibration quality. Similar performance available with 4 km spatial resolution from geostationary satellites with one hour repeat coverage will allow future hyper-spectral sounders in geostationary orbits to measure the hourly advance of frontal zones in support of short term regional forecasting. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS, was launched in May 2002 on the EOS Aqua satellite. The 4 million spectra gathered globally each day since September 2002 are being assimilated in the global forecast by the major NWP centers in near real time since May 2003. Details about AIRS and data availability can be found at http://jpl.nasa.gov/airs.
Secreted enzyme production by fungal pellets in a perfusion bioreactor

Abstract In this study, extracellular enzyme production by fungal pellets cultured in a novel continuous perfusion bioreactor is investigated. Cell retention during perfusion culture is achieved by incorporating an internal settling zone into an external-loop air-lift bioreactor. Production of an extracellular enzyme, acid phosphatase, by the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa was chosen as a model system. In order to control culture morphology to allow effective long-term perfusion culture, an anionic polymer Carbopol (carboxypolymethylene) at 0.1% was added to the culture medium to promote growth in a more dispersed form. The bioreactor has shown a high pellet retention efficiency over a wide range of medium perfusion rates. The fungal pellets were successfully cultivated in the bioreactor for over 30 days. By operating the bioreactor under phosphate limitation, and by a step-wise increase of the perfusion rate from 0.5 to 1 d−1, a steady state phosphatase volumetric productivity of ca. 900 U l−1 d−1 was reached while cell dry weight was maintained at over 4 g l−1.
Ent-pimaranes, ent-kauranes, Heliangolides and other Constituents of three Helianthus species

Abstract Aerial parts of Helianthus strumosus gave the C-2′ epimer of the heliangolide 2′,3′-dihydrobudlein A as well as the flavones nevadensin, hyme
Tavaborole for the treatment of onychomycosis

Introduction: Onychomycosis causes approximately one-half of all nail disorders and its prevalence has been steadily increasing. It is difficult to treat, partly due to the subungual location and the inability of both oral and topical antifungals to reach the site of infection. Published cure rates with oral drugs are < 50% and even lower with topical drugs. Pathogenic factors include the diversity of fungal organisms and the difficulty of drugs penetrating the nail plate. Tavaborole is a broad-spectrum oxaborole antifungal agent with low molecular weight, permitting optimal nail plate penetration. In vitro and ex vivo studies have demonstrated the superior nail-penetrating properties of tavaborole compared to existing topical antifungal medications approved for the treatment of onychomycosis.Areas covered: The clinical characteristics and prevalence of onychomycosis, currently available treatments, and the chemistry, safety and pharmacokinetic properties of tavaborole for the treatment of onychomycosis.E...