cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1952: Deregulated microRNA expression in the progression of salivary gland cancer.

Salivary gland cancer constitutes one of the five main subsets of cancer in the head and neck region. Nonresectable malignant tumors demonstrate a low 20-year survival rate due to radioresistance and a high propensity for metastasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of salivary cancer remains poorly elucidated, and thus necessitates further investigation. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that are predicted to regulate up to 30% of protein-encoding genes. Signature miRNA expression profiles have been identified in various malignancies, implicating miRNAs in the progression of human cancer. In order to better understand the role of miRNAs in the progression of salivary cancer, we profiled the miRNA expression levels of normal salivary tissue, benign salivary tumor, and salivary cancer. A total of 17 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded salivary tissues, including 4 normal, 4 pleomorphic adenoma (PA), 3 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 3 mucoepidermoid carcinoma (ME) and 3 adenocarcinoma (AC), were collected and the endogenous expression of 95 miRNAs was analyzed by microarray. A large number of miRNAs were observed to be aberrantly expressed and generally down-regulated in salivary cancer and salivary tumor tissues with respect to normal salivary gland tissues. An unsupervised clustering and a student t-test were performed with a threshold p-value less than 0.05, resulting in the identification of 22 miRNAs differentially expressed at a statistically significant level. Eight candidate miRNAs were selected and further validated by RT-qPCR. The results suggest three miRNAs in SCC (miR-200a, let-7-family, and miR-192) and three miRNAs in AC (miR-107, miR-15b and miR-200a) to be highly involved in the carcinogenetic process of salivary cancers. Furthermore, the up-regulated expression pattern of miR-203 is indicative of a tumorigenetic function in salivary tumors. Interestingly, miR-200b was found to be consistently and significantly down regulated (p=0.01, 19.03 fold decrease) in the three types of salivary cancer under investigation. Recent studies have implicated miR-200b in EMT and invasion in cancer cells by directly targeting E-cadherin transcriptional repressors. The miRNAs identified in this study may serve as potential biomarkers and targets for future miRNA based therapy. Citation Format: Hao Zheng, Alan Kiang, Selena Z. Kuo, Elham Rahimy, Jessica Wang-Rodriguez, Weg M. Ongkeko. Deregulated microRNA expression in the progression of salivary gland cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1952. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1952
Clinical effects of calcimimetics in hyperparathyroidism.

Hyperparathyroidism is a term that encompasses several conditions, the essential features of which are an increase both in secretion rate of PTH and in mass of the parathyroid tissue. Bone is a major target organ for PTH and skeletal disease in hyperparathyroidism is common. In secondary hyperparathyroidism the stimulus to increased PTH secretion and gland hyperplasia is chronic hypocalcemia and the gland mass may increase over 20-fold in weight. Chronic renal failure causes the severest form of secondary hyperparathyroidism, particularly if the patient is managed by long-term dialysis. In primary hyperparathyroidism there is a primary increase in parathyroid gland mass causing an increase in PTH secretion which in turn leads to hypercalcemia. Depending on the level of increase in PTH secretion the disease complications can range from mild to severe. Very rarely the cells may undergo cancerous change and maintain their ability to secrete PTH whilst spreading locally in the neck or metastasizing, parathyroid cancer. In these cases the disease is always severe. In some patients, the increased parathyroid tissue in secondary hyperparathyroidism may become autonomous. Hypocalcemia converts to hypercalcemia and the condition is referred to as tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In primary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, the increase in PTH secretion remains responsive to changes in serum ionized calcium concentrations but the dose-response curve is shifted to the right. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism lead to renal osteodystrophy 1,2 , osteoporosis 3 and increased risk of fracture 4 . Despite dialysis treatment these remain major clinical problems. Until very recently surgical removal of parathyroid glands, suppression of the parathyroid tissue by 1,25 vitamin D or its analogues, and maintenance of normophosphatemia by reduction of dietary phosphate absorption have been the mainstay of management. However, these treatment modalities are only partially successful. Further, if serum PTH is reduced to normal or low levels, there is an increased risk of developing adynamic bone disease. Thus, there remains a pressing need to regulate serum PTH levels more precisely. In primary hyperparathyroidism surgical removal of the abnormal parathyroid is usually curative. However a number of patients fail surgery or are unsuitable candidates for surgery and in these, reduction of serum PTH and calcium are important if osteoporosis and fracture 5,6 , hyperparathyroid bone disease, and other features of the disease are to be avoided 7 . Metastatic parathyroid cancer is resistant to anti-cancer treatment and these patients usually die of hypercalcemia 8 . Normalization of hypercalcemia greatly improves the patient’s quality of life although it does not affect the progression of the cancer. Thus, there is great clinical interest in the use of calcimimetics in all these hyperparathyroid diseases.
Early declines in physical function among aging adults with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Aims Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with reduced physical function and early disability. We hypothesized that changes in physical function occur early and differ by age. Our aims were to determine and compare differences in and predictors of physical function in older and younger adults with T2DM. Methods Eighty adults completed six-minute walk distance (6MWD) tests, wore wrist actigraphy for 5days and completed diabetes health and symptom surveys. Comparative and bivariate analyses were completed to assess differences between age groups determined by serial Box's M-plot analyses. Results 6MWD was low (476.9±106.2m), and negatively associated with female gender, age, neuropathic pain, diabetes duration, BMI, poor sleep quality, and fatigue and positively with habitual activity and education ( p R 2 =0.593, p R 2 =0.554, p Conclusions T2DM is associated with early declines in physical function; the predictors of which change in midlife. Therapies to maintain or improve physical function should be tailored by age, pain symptoms, and habitual activity levels.
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: ERP Output Capabilities

Access to ERP information was at first limited to the reports that could be generated from the system or through database queries of the underlying database model. Recently, however, organizations have begun to employ intranets and data warehouses to further distribute ERP-generated information. In addition, ERP vendors have begun to develop “portals” that are designed to provide users specific access to a range of information. This has led to improvements in ease of use and hence to new opportunities in electronic commerce for ERP vendors. ERP Reporting and Query Capabilities With ERP systems, information is made available to particular users in the form of specific reports. In addition, there are other approaches to generating data from the system, including database queries. Recently, ERP reporting capabilities have begun to evolve as ERP vendors have tried to increase the accessibility and ease of use of the ERP software. ERP Reports Enterprise resource planning systems can generate a wide range of standard reports that are designed to meet standard decision-making concerns. The reports that are available depend on the particular module of interest. For example, financial modules produce classic financial reports, including income statements and balance sheets. However, ERP reports do not always meet the users' needs, as will be seen in a number of examples in this chapter.
Simultaneous photoacoustic detection of multiple inflammatory biomarkers using bioconjugated gold nanorods as selective targeting agents

In vitro cell experiments have been performed to detect the upregulation of ICAM-1 and E-selectin simultaneously by photoacoustics (PA). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown on gelatin-coated glass slides and stimulated with inflammatory cytokines to induce the expression of the inflammatory biomarkers ICAM-1 and E-selectin. Gold nanorods (GNR) of aspect ratio (AR) 1:3 with absorption centered at 715 nm conjugated to anti-ICAM-1 antibody and GNR of AR 1:3.5 with absorption centered at 800 nm conjugated to anti-E-Selectin were exposed to HUVECs with different stimulation conditions. A focused high frequency ultrasonic transducer (60 MHz, f/1.5) was used to scan the PA signal over the top surface of the cell containing slides. Averaged PA signal intensity from the stimulated cells was about 3 folds higher (9 dB) compared to the unstimulated cells for both ICAM-1 and E-selectin. The strong binding of GNRs to the upregulated biomarker was evidenced by the fluorescence imaging. Exposure of HUVEC cells to GNR conjugated to isotype control antibodies confirms a low level non-specific binding.
History of Fluidized Solids Development at Exxon

The history of the development of fluidized solids technology and its industrial application is interesting since it represents a major new basic operation developed in the present generation. It is especially instructive as an R&D example in that development was compressed into a time span of less than four years from initial concept to successful start-up of full-scale catalytic cracking plants in 1942 (Anon, 1962, Larson, 1971). These commercial plants made a crucial contribution to the war effort including aviation gasoline and raw materials for synthetic rubber (Sweeney, 1978). Although development of fluidized solids operations was expedited because of the war, it provides an example of what might be done to alleviate today’s energy crisis by using our resources of innovation and technology.
Evidence that interfibrillar load transfer in tendon is supported by small diameter fibrils and not extrafibrillar tissue components

Collagen fibrils in tendon are believed to be discontinuous and transfer tensile loads through shear forces generated during interfibrillar sliding. However, the structures that transmit these interfibrillar forces are unknown. Various extrafibrillar tissue components (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, collagens XII and XIV) have been suggested to transmit interfibrillar loads by bridging collagen fibrils. Alternatively, collagen fibrils may interact directly through physical fusions and interfibrillar branching. The objective of this study was to test whether extrafibrillar proteins are necessary to transmit load between collagen fibrils or if interfibrillar load transfer is accomplished directly by the fibrils themselves. Trypsin digestions were used to remove a broad spectrum of extrafibrillar proteins and measure their contribution to the multiscale mechanics of rat tail tendon fascicles. Additionally, images obtained from serial block-face scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the three-dimensional fibrillar organization in tendon fascicles and identify any potential interfibrillar interactions. While trypsin successfully removed several extrafibrillar tissue components, there was no change in the macroscale fascicle mechanics or fibril:tissue strain ratio. Furthermore, the imaging data suggested that a network of smaller diameter fibrils (<150 nm) wind around and fuse with their neighboring larger diameter fibrils. These findings demonstrate that interfibrillar load transfer is not supported by extrafibrillar tissue components and support the hypothesis that collagen fibrils are capable of transmitting loads themselves. Conclusively determining how fibrils bear load within tendon is critical for identifying the mechanisms that impair tissue function with degeneration and for restoring tissue properties via cell-mediated regeneration or engineered tissue replacements. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2127-2134, 2017.
Solid-State Ionic Diodes Demonstrated in Conical Nanopores

Ionic transport at the nanoscale features phenomena that are not observed in larger systems. Nonlinear current–voltage curves characteristic of ionic diodes as well as ion selectivity are examples of effects observed at the nanoscale. Many man-made nanopore systems are inspired by biological channels in a cell membrane, thus measurements are often performed in aqueous solutions. Consequently, much less is known about ionic transport in nonaqueous systems, especially in solid-state electrolytes. Here we show ionic transport through single pores filled with gel electrolyte of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The system has no liquid interface and the ionic transport occurs through the porous gel structure. We demonstrate that a conically shaped nanopore filled with the gel rectifies the current and works as a solid-state ionic diode.
Child Well-Being and the Long Reach of Family Relationships

We build on Fingerman and colleagues’ emphasis on the multifaceted and variable nature of family relationships while demonstrating the long reach of earlier family context (family structure, relationships, and resources) on young adult well-being. Using three waves of data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we examine links between adolescent family context, young adult schooling and relationships, and young adult psychological well-being. Information from parents and children at various points in the life course provides leverage on temporal order and allows for some progress in sorting out the processes linking parent–child relationships and child well-being. We elaborate on family context by considering family structure and parental conflict in adolescence, specific dimensions of parent–child relationships over time, and constellations of family relationships, i.e., a child’s closeness with both, one, or neither parent. Our findings point to strong and persistent links between family relationships and young adult well-being.
Generation of tunable high-repetition rate middle infrared transform-limited picosecond pulses

Tunable middle infrared generation is now affordable through optical parametric generation and amplification in a number of infrared nonlinear crystals. However, maintaining narrow bandwidth, while achieving high conversion efficiency, remains a challenge. In this report, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a relatively simple setup, which utilizes a single-wavelength diode laser as a seed laser for an optical parametric amplifier.
Newsjam: Making Games at the Pace of News

Can games be made at the pace of news? The Newsjam, an event held in Miami, Florida in November of 2017, aimed to investigate whether short, simple games about current topics could be made in less than two days. While the plethora of game jam events does demonstrate that such games can be made, the larger questions was by whom and how? The Newsjam event convened a mixture of media professionals and non-gamers to test the hypothesis that game-making tools have become so simple those who have never made a game previously could make a game in a single weekend. The results indicate that while it possible to make simple digital toys, the highest quality contemporary newsgames were made by teams that had previously existing experience in game making. 19 participants, produced 5 games in just over 36 hours. Their expertise ranged from first time game maker to seasoned independent developers.
Equilibrium distribution of species among vessels of a gradostat

The distribution of concentrations of two competing microbial species among the vessels of an n-vessel gradostat at equilibrium is studied for the standard mathematical model of the gradostat. As the equilibrium concentrations cannot be explicitly computed, a continuum limit, as the number of vessels becomes large, is considered which yields a singularly perturbed boundary value problem. Standard singular perturbation techniques yield information on equilibrium species concentration distributions which agree well with numerical calculations for even moderate values of n.
Theory of Antiferromagnetic Superconductors

It is useful to summarize the basic theoretical picture that we now have of antiferromagnetic (AF) superconductors. For definiteness we’ll focus on the two types of ternary compounds RERh4B4 and REMo6S8 where RE denotes a rare earth element. There are a number of factors which aid the coexistence of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. In the first place there are believed to be three distinct classes of electrons which play an important role in these systems. The RE f electrons undergo magnetic order. The d electrons associated with Rh or Mo are superconducting. Finally the electrons which mediate the RKKY interactions between the RE localized electrons have probably little to do with the superconducting electrons and constitute a distinct (third) class of electrons. It is important to recognize that in the ternary superconductors the electrons which mediate or undergo magnetic order are distinct from those which are superconducting. The second factor which aids coexistence has to do with the nature of the AF order parameter, called . The fact that the wave vector Q of the AF order is considerably larger than ξ−1 means that on the size scale of a Cooper pair the average molecular field vanishes. By contrast,in ferromagnets the fact that Q<ξ−1 is at the heart of the very strong incompatibility between ferromagnetism and superconductivity.
Robust Optimal Control of Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants

The state feedback assisted control (SFAC) uses the concept of state feedback to modify the demand signal for an embedded classical output feedback controller to achieve an optimal control objectiv...
Comparison of outcomes in patients treated with multi-agent regiments of cisplatin, adriamycin, and VP-16 versus carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two multi-agent chemotherapeutic regiments that were previously used at the Institution for treatment of advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer. METHODS A retrospective review of patients with Stage III, IV, and recurrent endometrial cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy at Roswell Park Cancer Institute over a period of 21 years. Two patient groups were defined based on treatment received: cisplatin, adriamycin, and VP-16 with or without megace (PAV-M), or carboplatin and paclitaxel (CT). RESULTS Forty-two patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer were included in this review based on regimen received. Median duration of follow up was 55 months. Treatment with PAV-M resulted in more dose modifications compared to CT group (42% vs 11%, respectively). There were no significant differences in disease-free survival or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS PAV/PAV-M is active in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. However, toxicity associated with this triplet regimen may limit clinical use.
Primary Cutaneous and Systemic CD30+ T-cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders

The CD30 positive malignancies comprise a spectrum of both benign and malignant diseases. Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and lymphomatoid papulosis are the most common cutaneous entities and are restricted to the cutaneous compartment. There is significant clinical and histopathologic overlap between these entities and both have an excellent prognosis. The systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphomas are further characterized by expression of the ALK protein, with ALK positive variants having a much better outcome after chemotherapy than systemic ALK negative disease. Novel therapeutic approaches include CD30-targeted agents such as monoclonal antibodies and the CD30 fusion protein, brentuximab vedotin.
Publisher Correction: Heme enables proper positioning of Drosha and DGCR8 on primary microRNAs

The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 1. In panel d, the model on the right of the panel was incorrectly labeled '+Heme', and should have read '- Heme'. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
MMP-9-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight permeability is mediated by p38 kinase signaling pathway activation of MLCK gene.

MMP-9 is highly elevated in patients with IBD. IBD patients have compromised intestinal TJ barrier function manifested by an increase in intestinal permeability and intestinal inflammation. This st...
Sumagic (uniconazole) enhances flowering of 'Shishi-Gashira' camellia.

Abstract Growth of Camellia sasanqua Thunb. [C. hiemalis Nakai] ‘Shishi-Gashira’ was either unaffected or was inhibited by single foliar sprays of Sumagic (uniconazole), while flower number was sig...
An Implicit Dialogue Injection System for Interruption Management

This paper presents our efforts in redesigning the conventional on/off interruption management tactic (a.k.a. "Do Not Disturb Mode") for situations where interruptions are inevitable. We introduce an implicit dialogue injection system, in which the computer implicitly observes the user's state of busyness from passive measurement of the prefrontal cortex to determine how to interrupt the user. We use functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive brain-sensing technique. In this paper, we describe our system architecture and report results of our proof-of-concept study, in which we compared two contrasting interruption strategies; the computer either forcibly interrupts the user with a secondary task or requests the user's participation before presenting it. The latter yielded improved user experience (e.g. lower reported annoyance), in addition to showing a potential improvement in task performance (i.e. retaining context information) when the user was busier. We conclude that tailoring the presentation of interruptions based on real-time user state provides a step toward making computers more considerate of their users.
Controlled Delivery to the Brain

Controlled delivery of drugs directly to the site of a growing brain tumor has the potential to increase drug efficacy while reducing systemic side effects. Hochberg and Pruitt (1980) showed that 90% of malignant gliomas recur within a 2 cm margin of the original tumor. Thus, targeting therapy in this region holds the promise of controlling tumor growth and minimizing the systemic toxicity of the drugs. Localized, prolonged delivery of drugs to the brain is now possible by using polymeric delivery systems.
A causal analysis of the role of institutions and organizational proficiencies on the innovation capability of Chinese SMEs

Abstract We attempt to advance the existing narrative about the role of local institutions vis-a-vis the organizational capabilities of Chinese SMEs, and the influence of such linkages on the innovation capability of these firms. Specifically, we complement recent work by investigating the impact of macro- as well as micro-level aspects of Chinese institutions (Government support; Guanxi) on the ‘Improvisation’ and ‘Learning’ capabilities of Chinese SMEs and, ultimately, these firms’ innovation capability. Our conceptual arguments are embedded in Institutional, Organizational learning, and Resource-based theories. We isolate, unpack, and discuss several inter-related, yet distinct, causal mechanisms that ultimately influence Chinese SMEs’ innovation capability development. Based on a Partial Least Squares analysis of more than 200 firms, we find empirical support for all six hypotheses which represent the above-mentioned relationships. Our findings offer insights pertaining to: (1) the relative impact of institutional versus firm-specific factors in developing organizational proficiencies, (2) the mapping of macro- and micro-level institutional effects on organizational proficiencies, and (3) the relative effect of organizational proficiencies on innovation performance.
Hands-Joined Learning as a Framework for Personalizing Project-Based Learning in a Middle Grades Classroom: An Exploratory Study

This study investigates the hands-joined learning framework as an approach to personalize and provide instructional scaffolding within project-based learning. The authors include a case description...
A versatile and robust surface-poison-resisting Scanning Amperometric Proton Microscopy

Abstract A sensitive and accurate measurement of localized pH with improving spatial resolution is highly desirable to the scientific understanding of many processes ranging from clean energy production to biological cellular mechanisms. In this study, we report the observation that the diffusion-limited current (DLC) of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Pt surface is largely surface poison-resisting to carbon monoxide and thiol, two well-known Pt surface poisons. Building upon this observation, we proposed and tested a technique for amperometrically measuring localized proton concentration with a sub-μm spatial resolution through the utilization of a linear pH dependence of HER DLC on a Pt ultramicroelectrode, hereby referred to as Scanning Amperometric Proton Microscopy (SAPM). By bringing the Pt ultramicroelectrode close to a proton generating/consuming substrate through resonance feedback on an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tuning fork, SAPM can be used to measure and image localized proton concentrations and changes in pH caused by an active catalytic surface during reactions, largely free of concerns about the presence of surface-poisoning species. This was demonstrated through three proof-of-concept cases: methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) on a Pt thin film substrate, active proton-coupled electron transfer by a membrane-tethered protein (cytochrome c oxidase) in biological compatible electrolyte, and SAPM imaging of PtRu islands electrodeposited onto a Pt film substrate during MOR. The development of this surface-poison-resisting scanning probe technique through this study shows the potential of a broadly applicable way to study proton-generating or -consuming reactions for catalytically-active substrates with a sub-μm spatial resolution, including biological processes involving localized pH changes in a variety of salts, buffers or broth-type reaction media at near-neutral pH values.
Histology independent cancer drugs: the drug makers’ responsibility

Cooper and colleagues raise important challenges for health technology assessment (HTA) organisations in evaluating the benefits, risks, and cost effectiveness of drugs that target a genetic mutation independent of tumour type.1 Asking manufacturers for more robust …
Implantable Bio-Heating System Based on Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, on the possibility to achieve implantable bio-heating systems based on Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (pMUTs). Given the miniaturization capability and bio-compatibly of the pMUTs, this will enable non-invasive implantable platforms for ultrasonic therapies. By implanting the arrays in key locations into the body or integrating them into smart ingestible pills, it will be possible to pre-monitor ailment manifestation, continuously and non-invasively apply the ultrasound therapy, and ultimately post-monitor the effects on the individual. This first demonstration has shown a 4°C increase in relative temperature in less than ten seconds with a five by ten pMUT array. In an implanted system, this will allow to locally heat tissue areas from 37°C to 41°C, making it ideal for hyperthermia therapies.
A damage assessment framework for insider threats to national security information: Edward Snowden and the Cambridge Five in comparative historical perspective

A new ‘digital generation’ of insider threat has emerged within the US intelligence community. Edward Snowden’s mass leaks were not the first transparency-driven digital challenge to the United Sta...
Scaffold-based 3D cellular models mimicking the heterogeneity of osteosarcoma stem cell niche

The failure of the osteosarcoma conventional therapies leads to the growing need for novel therapeutic strategies. The lack of specificity for the Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) population has been recently identified as the main limitation in the current therapies. Moreover, the traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models, employed in the drug testing and screening as well as in the study of cell and molecular biology, are affected by a poor in vitro-in vivo translation ability. To overcome these limitations, this work provides two tumour engineering approaches as new tools to address osteosarcoma and improve therapy outcomes. In detail, two different hydroxyapatite-based bone-mimicking scaffolds were used to recapitulate aspects of the in vivo tumour microenvironment, focusing on CSCs niche. The biological performance of human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63 and SAOS-2) and enriched-CSCs were deeply analysed in these complex cell culture models. The results highlight the fundamental role of the tumour microenvironment proving the mimicry of osteosarcoma stem cell niche by the use of CSCs together with the biomimetic scaffolds, compared to conventional 2D culture systems. These advanced 3D cell culture in vitro tumour models could improve the predictivity of preclinical studies and strongly enhance the clinical translation.
Evaluation of a refugia-based strategy in pastured Stocker cattle treated with LongRange®

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, so there exists a need to develop novel approaches to manage and slow this progression. Refugia are the proportion of the worm population not selected by drug treatment, and the greater the proportion of the worm population left untreated (in refugia), the slower the progression of AR. Sources of refugia include worms in animals left untreated, stages of parasites not affected by the treatment, and free-living stages in the environment (e.g. eggs/larvae on pasture). Studies in sheep demonstrate that managing refugia will reduce the progression of AR without negatively impacting the health or productivity of the flock. However, many of these strategies are impractical for use with cattle, and consequently have not been tested or widely implemented in cattle. One refugia-based strategy with good potential applicability to the cattle industry is 'selective non-treatment’ where a percentage of the herd is deliberately left untreated. In this study, we examined the use of a selective non-treatment strategy in Stocker cattle.
A leucopoietic-arterial axis underlying the link between ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease in humans.

AIMS Air pollution [i.e. particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5)] is a risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). While PM2.5 promotes leucopoiesis and atherosclerotic inflammation in experimental models, it is unknown whether this occurs in humans. We tested in humans (a) whether PM2.5 associates with higher leucopoietic tissue activity and arterial inflammation (ArtI), (ii) whether these associations persist after accounting for the effects of potential confounders including socioeconomics, traffic noise, and risk factors, and (iii) whether these tissue effects mediate the association between air pollution and MACE. METHODS AND RESULTS Individuals (N = 503) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) or active malignancy underwent 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Major adverse cardiovascular event was adjudicated over 5 years of follow-up. Leucopoietic tissue activity (in bone marrow and spleen) as well as ArtI were measured. Annual PM2.5 levels were assessed at each individual's home address. At baseline, higher PM2.5 associated with increased leucopoietic activity [standardized (95% CI): 0.129 (0.042, 0.215), P = 0.004] as well as ArtI [0.088 (0.006, 0.171), P = 0.036] after adjusting for CVD risk factors. Over a median 4.1 years, 40 individuals experienced MACE. PM2.5 exposure associated with MACE [Cox HR (95% CI): 1.404 (1.135, 1.737), P = 0.002], remaining significant after adjustment for CVD risk factors and other potential confounders. Mediation analysis demonstrated that increased leucopoietic activity and ArtI serially mediate the link between PM2.5 exposure and MACE. CONCLUSIONS Higher air pollution exposure associates with heightened leucopoietic activity and ArtI and independently predicts MACE through a biological pathway that includes higher leucopoietic activity and ArtI in series.
Cell-Interactive Sensing of the Environment

Myxococcus xanthus can respond to nutrient limitation in either of two ways: (i) it can enter a stationary phase, in which cells grow very slowly, or (ii) it can stop growth and initiate the development of fruiting bodies with the eventual differentiation of spores. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, stationary phase triggers differentiation into environmentally resistant rod cells, but this resistance is not manifest in M. xanthus despite the presence of a stationary phase and a stationary-phase sigma factor, encoded by sigD. The time-ordered sequence of morphological and biochemical changes is coordinated by several signals passed between cells. One of these signals, A-factor, plays an important role in evaluating and responding to starvation. Purification of A-factor was based on an A-signal-dependent promoter. To identify A-factor, substances that would allow an A-signal-deficient mutant strain to express the Tn5 lacZ transcriptional fusion Ω4521 were sought from wild-type cells. Importantly, (p)ppGpp directly assesses the cell's capacity to synthesize any protein for which it has mRNA. There is as yet no evidence that other starvation-sensing pathways play a role in initiating development, even though the level of cyclic AMP rises twofold after starvation. The (p)ppGpp induces A-factor production, which requires asgA, asgB, and asgC. A-factor, being soluble, creates a pool outside the cells. Each cell then responds to the total amount of A-factor produced by all cells. The choice of response to depletion of nutrients is critical for cell survival.
The Fable of the Timed and Flagged LSAT: Do Law School Admissions Committees Want the Tortoise or the Hare?

This article questions whether the strict time limitations for taking the LSAT conflict with law school admissions committees' goals of measuring an applicant's aptitude and predicting who will be good law students or who will be good lawyers. Strictly timed tests, as gate keepers to the legal profession, emphasize test takers' speed, to the detriment of more valuable qualities such as perseverance, accuracy, and care. The article also questions whether the practice of flagging LSAT test scores of law school applicants with disabilities, is discriminatory. The practice of flagging LSAT scores of test takers with disabilities should end, as it has ended for most standardized tests, including the SAT, ACT, GRE, GMAT, and TOEFL. Flagging LSAT scores of test takers with disabilities stigmatizes law school applicants in the admissions process and is contrary to the goal of federal law in placing test takers with disabilities on equal footing by assessing their abilities, rather than their disabilities.
AN INOSITOLLESS MUTANT STRAIN OF NEUROSPORA AND ITS USE IN BIOASSAYS

A mutant of Neurospora crassa requiring inositol for growth is described. Its use in a bioassay method for inositol has been investigated. The suggested method appears to be satisfactory in reproducibility and precision. It is useful for concentrations between 5 and 30 γ of inositol per 20 ml. of medium. Inositol contents of a number of materials are reported, but it has not been established that these values represent both free and combined forms of inositol.
A theory of crack initiation and growth in viscoelastic media

A theory is developed for predicting the time-dependent size and shape of cracks in linearly viscoelastic, isotropic media. First, the effect of a narrow zone of disintegrating material at the crack tip on opening displacement and on a finite stress distribution ahead of the tip is examined for elastic materials. Extension to viscoelastic media is then made. Although the undamaged portion of the continuum is assumed linear, no significant restrictions are placed on the nature of the zone of failing material at the crack tip and, therefore, this material may be highly nonlinear, rate-dependent, and even discontinuous. Finally, formulation of the problem is completed by introducing a local energy criterion of failure at the tip which is applicable to both constant and transient tip velocities. Parts II–IV, to appear in succeeding issues, will cover approximate methods of analysis and several applications of the theory.
Culpable Control and Causal Deviance

Actions that are intended to produce harmful consequences can fail to achieve their desired effects in numerous ways. We refer to action sequences in which harmful intentions are thwarted as deviant causal chains. The culpable control model of blame (CCM) is a useful tool for predicting and explaining the attributions that observers make of the actors whose harmful intentions go awry. In this paper, we describe six types of deviant causal chains; those in which: an actor’s attempt is obviated by the intervention of another person or the environment; the intended effects could not have been produced regardless of the actor’s behavior; other causes diminish the actor’s causal role; the actor brings about foreseen but undesired consequences as a result of pursuing his or her focal goal; the focal action produces a chain of increasingly remote causal events; and the actor derives unforeseen benefits from his or her nefarious actions. A basic assumption of the CCM in these cases is that attributions for the participants’ actions will depend on positive and negative evaluations of their intentions and behaviors. We describe empirical findings that are consistent with this assumption, and predict other findings for causal deviance phenomena that have not yet been investigated empirically.
Now You See It, Now You Don't: Faculty and Student Perceptions of Classroom Incivility in a Social Work Program

Classroom incivility is identified as a concern in the higher education literature; however, the extent to which these concerns apply to social work education has not been empirically addressed. This initial, exploratory study examined the perceptions of classroom behaviors in a small convenience sample of faculty and students in one social work program. Quantitative results indicated that faculty tended to perceive incivility as generally less serious and frequent than did student participants. Qualitative findings suggested that while faculty believed they were addressing incivility, students did not. Students expressed the desires for instructors to be more aware of behaviors, especially distracting use of electronic devices, and to take stronger actions to enforce guidelines. Social work programs may need to consider developing uniform policies for addressing incivility as well as helping faculty to find more effective ways to address the problem. Future research is needed with larger, more representative samples.
Soil Phosphorus Availability and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality

Phosphorus (P) is ubiquitous in soils and is an essential element for plant and animal growth. Without enough soil P, crop yields will be low. However, excess soil P may become a part of surface runoff and can accelerate eutrophication of receiving fresh waters. Eutrophication has been identified as the main problem in U.S. surface waters that has impaired water quality. Although P and nitrogen (N) both influence eutrophication, P is generally the limiting nutrient in freshwater bodies. The degree of P input in surface waters depends on the soil availability of P and the degree of transport of dissolved and particulate P, especially in agricultural lands that have been fertilized for a long period of time. The availability of P in soils is controlled by various factors, such as soil pH, clay content, soil organic matter, amorphous Fe/Al oxide and carbonate content, soil moisture content, and degree of soil compaction. The amount of available P is generally estimated by a variety of soil-test methods, including both chemical extractants and nondestructive techniques simulating plant root action. Phosphorus transport from the source to surface waters is controlled by the rate of erosion and surface runoff. Hence, reducing P loss in agricultural runoff may be brought about by implementing proper source and transport control strategies. Popular source control techniques include soil P management, estimating thresholds for environmental risk assessment, manure management, and refining feed rations, common transport management techniques include conservation practices such as reduced tillage, cover crops, and buffer strips in critical areas of P export from a watershed. Keywords: eutrophication; water quality; phosphorus; bioavailability; soils
Suppression of lineage structure in float zoned platinum

Abstract High purity Pt crystals grown by the RF floating zone technique (FZT) in the presence of DC electric current are examined for lineage structure. Current and orientation are factors in suppressing this substructure. Lineage structure in Pt is not thermally stable and can be removed by annealing.
Two Rossi- α Techniques for Measuring the Effective Delayed Neutron Fraction

Two techniques for measuring the effective delayed neutron fraction have been developed. The techniques are based on a combination of the Rossi-α technique and the source-multiplication technique. ...
Monofluorination of some dihydrosilanes

Abstract The heterogeneous fluorination of diethylsilane, ethylvinylsilane and divinylsilane with SbF3 was studied by measuring the yields of the fluorinated products as a function of reaction time. As the reactions proceed, the monofluorinated species (two of them are new compounds) exhibit maxima in their percentage yields with respect to time. The proton NMR and IR spectra of the three silanes and their six fluorinated products are reported.
Toward nodal staging of axillary lymph node basins through intradermal administration of fluorescent imaging agents

As part of a proof-of-concept study for future delivery of targeted near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) tracers, we sought to assess the delivery of micrograms of indocyanine green to all the axillary lymph nodes following intraparenchymal breast injections and intradermal arm injections in 20 subjects with advanced breast carcinoma and undergoing complete axillary lymph node dissection. Lymphatic vessels and nodes were assessed in vivo. Ex vivo images demonstrated that 87% of excised lymph nodes, including 81% of tumor-positive lymph nodes, were fluorescent. Future clinical studies using microdose amounts of tumor-targeting NIRF contrast agents may demonstrate improved surgical intervention with reduced morbidity.
Design problems of a solar furnace

Abstract Errors are likely to take place in the construction and use of a solar furnace, and these errors, to a greater or less degree, interrupt the concentration of solar radiation on the heating surface of a specimen. In the present paper, the energy concentration of solar radiation incident to the focal plane given by an ideal parabolic reflecting mirror is first analyzed theoretically with reference to the aperture ratio. Next, the effect on the concentration of the solar radiation of the accuracy of the mirror, of the precision of the sun-tracking mechanism, and of the precision related to the placing of the specimen, is discussed quantitatively. The main source of error interrupting the energy concentration of the solar radiation is the accuracy of the mirror. The accuracy must be of such a degree that the diameter of the circle in which the focus scatters is less than half of the diameter of a solar image produced by its paraxial ray. The other two factors do not play such important roles, both being readily controllable within a permissible limit. An aperture ratio of 2 to 3 is recommended. The temperature a specimen will reach does not necessarily depend on the accuracy of the mirror alone. It is also closely related to the physical properties of the specimen, i.e. size, shape, reflective power, absorptive power, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and heat radiation. It is rather difficult to cover this subject completely; however, a numerical survey of attainable temperatures is given under several energy conditions.
Descriptive no more: the dawn of high-throughput microscopy

The next revolution in microscopy is upon us: it is High-Throughput Imaging (HTI). In HTI large numbers of images from many samples are acquired and analyzed. This has become possible due to a confluence of dramatic progress in microscope engineering, enabling efficient image collection, and the availability of high computing power for data analysis. Combining HTI with genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown technology offers a powerful approach for unbiased discovery of cellular mechanisms.
Global Contexts, Social Capital, and Acculturative Stress: Experiences of Indian Immigrant Men in New York City

Immigrants depend on within-group social networks for social support during the acculturation process. Within-group social networks are linked to higher mutual concern and reciprocity, lower acculturative stress, and lower depression among immigrants Studies are limited, however, about immigrants’ social support in the contexts of global connectedness and transnational connectivity. Grounded in social capital approach and immigrant health framework, this qualitative, community-based study examined the social networks of immigrant men from India to New York City. Drawing upon the participants’ narratives, the author illustrates the ways that social capital influences social networking and acculturative stress in post-immigration sociocultural contexts along with its implications for community-based interventions.
The ascending auditory pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia) II. Telencephalic projections of the nucleus ovoidalis thalami

Summary 1. The nucleus ovoidalis of the pigeon is a major diencephalic terminus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nucleus mesencephali lateralis, pars dorsalis). 2. The fiber degenerations following stereotaxic lesions of the nucleus ovoidalis were studied with the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer methods for degenerating axons and boutons terminaux. 3. Efferent axons of the nucleus ovoidalis form the medial portion of the fasciculus prosencephali lateralis and pass through the medial part of the paleostriatum augmentatum to enter the overlying capsula occipitalis interna (CIO). 4. Some scattered ovoidalis axons terminate on the intercalated neurons of the CIO, and in the medial caudal neostriatum. By far the major distribution of the ovoidal projection, however, takes place in a sharply demarcated region of the medial caudal neostriatum, consisting of small, densely packed neurons. This region corresponds to Field L of Rose. 5. This study, taken in conjunction with an earlier report on the projections of the avian inferior colliculus, indicates the existence of a discrete and sharply segregated auditory projection pathway leading from the inferior colliculus over the thalamic nucleus ovoidalis to the forebrain. 6. The relationships between avian and mammalian ascending auditory pathways are discussed.