cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation, Mylotarg, and DLI for Extramedullary Relapse from AML Post-Allogeneic Transplant.

Introduction: Extramedullary relapse of acute leukemia after hematopoietic cell transplant often occurs as granulocytic sarcomas or leukemia cutis. There is no standard of care for these patients and their prognosis is poor. We describe three patients with extramedullary relapse who were treated with a combination of radiation, gemtuzumab ozogamicin and DLI (donor leukocyte infusion). Methods: All three patients had a diagnosis of AML, underwent induction and consolidation therapy, and then received a myeloablative TBI-based allogeneic transplant. Two patients presented with chloromas and one presented with leukemia cutis as sites of recurrence. None had evidence of bone marrow recurrence, and relapse occurred from 4 – 11 months post transplant. All three were treated with radiation therapy to the site of relapse followed by gemtuzumab ozogamicin and DLI. The radiation doses were 20 – 30 Gy, followed by gemtuzumab ozogamicin 9 mg/m2 given every two weeks for two doses. All three patients received DLI initially at 1.0 x 10-7 CD3+ cells/kg, and subsequently dose-escalated to 2.0 x 10-7. Results: All three patients achieved complete remission. Median disease free survival has not been reached with a median follow-up of 8 months. One patient with leukemia cutis died from GVHD nine months after the first dose of DLI. The remaining two patients are alive, disease-free, and have no evidence of GVHD. Conclusion: The combination of radiation, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, and immunotherapy with DLI may offer survival to patients who relapse with AML after allogeneic transplant.
Race and Agency in the Williamsburg Area’s Free African American Population from 1723 to 1830

In 1723, Virginia’s slave code created a racial order that placed free African Americans, along with Native Americans, in the “other free” category. As freeborn individuals they were entitled to rights not afforded to enslaved individuals; yet, as “other free,” they were subject to restrictions not placed on European Americans. As a reaction to these restrictions, free African Americans drew on relationships and circumstances to create means for resisting their oppression. Virginia’s 1782 manumission laws opened freedom to those who were not born into it. As an unintended result, enslavers were confronted with an increasingly visible free African American population, which they believed threatened the institution of slavery. Additional laws and emerging public opinion significantly altered the ways in which free African Americans were racialized. In response to these changes, free African Americans formed new relationships and creatively used space and landscape to challenge their place in society.
Police Involvement in Intimate Partner Violence and Children's Anxiety Symptoms.

This study examined whether police involvement in intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with children’s anxiety symptoms and threat appraisals. Participants were 117 mothers and their child...
Colony Noise Levels in Monkeys as a Function of Various Stimulus Conditions

An attempt was made to use noise levels in the presence of different stimulus conditions as a measure of the group response by an established colony of pigtailed monkeys. Results suggest that intensity of vocalization differs significantly as a function of different stimulus conditions and may hold considerable potential for research on group processes.
Self-assembly with colloidal clusters: facile crystal design using connectivity landscape analysis

Recent experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that prefabricated micron-scale colloidal clusters functionalized with DNA oligomers offer a practical way for introducing anisotropic interactions, significantly extending the scope of DNA-mediated colloidal assembly, and enabling the formation of interesting crystalline superstructures that are otherwise inaccessible with short-ranged, spherically symmetric interactions. However, it is apparent that the high-dimensional parameter space that defines the geometric and interaction properties of such systems poses an obstacle to assembly design and optimization. Here, we present a geometrical analysis that generates connectivity landscapes for target superstructures, greatly reducing the space over which subsequent experimental trials must search. We focus on several superstructures that are assembled from binary systems comprised of 'merged' or 'sintered' tetrahedral clusters and single spheres. We also validate and extend the analytical constraint approach with direct MD simulations of superstructure nucleation and growth.
Stomach and Bone

The relation between gastrointestinal organs and bone metabolism has become clearer during the last decades. Of paramount importance is the tight and intertwined regulation of gastric acid secretion and bone metabolism in regard of diseases caused by dysfunction of any of these or intermediary organs or mediators. The importance of the functions of the endocrine modulators 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (calcitriol), PTH, and calcitonin becomes clear when seeing misbalances and its impact on the skeleton. Another important player in the gut-bone signaling axis is calcium, which is operating through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR is located on diverse tissues of the human body, such as the parathyroid glands, stomach, intestine, and kidney. The strict regulation of calcium homeostasis is of high importance and any disturbances have immense consequences for the body. Mechanisms and therapeutic implications, as well as diseases caused by imbalances on the stomach-bone signaling axis, are highlighted in the following chapter.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiles Drive Discovery of Novel Compounds that Reduce Binge Drinking in Mice

Transcriptome-based drug discovery has identified new treatments for some complex diseases, but has not been applied to alcohol use disorder (AUD) or other psychiatric diseases, where there is a critical need for improved pharmacotherapies. High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice are a genetic model of AUD risk that have been selectively bred (from the HS/Npt line) to achieve intoxicating blood alcohol levels (BALs) after binge-like drinking. We compared brain gene expression of HDID-1 and HS/Npt mice, to determine a molecular signature for genetic risk for high intensity, binge-like drinking. Using multiple computational methods, we queried LINCS-L1000 (Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures), a database containing gene expression signatures of thousands of compounds, to predict candidate drugs with the greatest potential to decrease alcohol consumption. Our analyses predicted novel compounds for testing, many with anti-inflammatory properties, providing further support for a neuroimmune mechanism of excessive alcohol drinking. We validated the top 2 candidates in vivo as a proof-of-concept. Terreic acid (a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and pergolide (a dopamine and serotonin receptor agonist) robustly reduced alcohol intake and BALs in HDID-1 mice, providing the first evidence for transcriptome-based drug discovery to target an addiction trait. Effective drug treatments for many psychiatric diseases are lacking, and the emerging tools and approaches outlined here offer researchers studying complex diseases renewed opportunities to discover new or repurpose existing compounds and expedite treatment options.
Low Energy Accelerator-Based Neutron Sources for Neutron Capture Therapy

Neutron beams for neutron capture therapy (NCT) have been studied by a number of investigators,1,2,3 using high flux research reactors as the source of neutrons. There are very few research reactors in the world, probably less than ten, that can meet the conditions of both flux intensity and neutron energy spectrum. Hence the availability of NCT for patients with malignant brain tumors would be quite limited, even if all of these reactors would be able to accommodate the necessary beam design and hospital room atmosphere into the operational program.
Bottom-up and top-down factors differentially influence stimulus representations across large-scale attentional networks

Visual attention is thought to be supported by three large-scale frontoparietal networks: the frontoparietal control network (FPCN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), and the ventral attention network (VAN). The traditional view is that these networks support visual attention by biasing and evaluating sensory representations in visual cortical regions. However, recent evidence suggests that frontoparietal regions actively represent perceptual stimuli. Here, we assessed how perceptual stimuli are represented across large-scale frontoparietal and visual networks. Specifically, we tested whether representations of stimulus features across these networks are differentially sensitive to bottom-up and top-down factors. In a pair of pattern-based fMRI studies, male and female human subjects made perceptual decisions about face images that varied along two independent dimensions: gender and affect. Across studies, we interrupted bottom-up visual input using backward masks. Within studies, we manipulated which stimulus features were goal relevant (i.e., whether gender or affect was relevant) and task switching (i.e., whether the goal on the current trial matched the goal on the prior trial). We found that stimulus features could be reliably decoded from all four networks and, importantly, that subregions within each attentional network maintained coherent representations. Critically, the different attentional manipulations (interruption, goal relevance, and task switching) differentially influenced feature representations across networks. Whereas visual interruption had a relatively greater influence on representations in visual regions, goal relevance and task switching had a relatively greater influence on representations in frontoparietal networks. Therefore, large-scale brain networks can be dissociated according to how attention influences the feature representations that they maintain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual attention is supported by multiple frontoparietal attentional networks. However, it remains unclear how stimulus features are represented within these networks and how they are influenced by attention. Here, we assessed feature representations in four large-scale networks using a perceptual decision-making paradigm in which we manipulated top-down and bottom-up factors. We found that top-down manipulations such as goal relevance and task switching modulated feature representations in attentional networks, whereas bottom-up manipulations such as interruption of visual processing had a relatively stronger influence on feature representations in visual regions. Together, these findings indicate that attentional networks actively represent stimulus features and that representations within different large-scale networks are influenced by different forms of attention.
Do Participants Report Any Undesired Effects in Ultrasound Speech Therapy

Purpose Ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue is increasingly used as a component of speech therapy in clinical research and practice. The purpose is to offer a preliminary summary of the nature...
What Do Movements Mean? The Value of Participant-Observation

Participant-observation can teach us much about the everyday meanings of doing social activism. I conceptualize these “implicit meanings” in relation to work in the sociology of culture, and social movement studies, and give examples from activists' everyday interaction. A participant-observer's forays into implicit meanings illuminate three dimensions of activists' experiences: the ways activists practice democratic citizenship in their groups, the ways they build group ties, and the ways they define the meaning of activism itself. By probing these implicit meanings, we can address questions that concern many social movement scholars. We increase our understanding of how movements grow, accomodate conflict, and build alliances, and we can specify which insights are useful in theories of contemporary or “new” social movements.
Highway Cross-Slope Measurement using Mobile LiDAR:

Ensuring adequate pavement cross-slope on highways can improve driver safety by reducing the potential for ponding to occur or vehicles to hydroplane. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems provide a ...
Survival after emergency department thoracotomy in the pediatric trauma population: a review of published data.

The utility of EDT in the adult trauma population, using well-defined guidelines, is well established, especially for penetrating injuries. Since the introduction of these guidelines, reports on the use of EDT for pediatric trauma have been published, and these series reveal a dismal, almost universally fatal, outcome for EDT following blunt trauma in the child. This report reviews the clinical outcomes of EDT in the pediatric population. We performed a review of EDT in the pediatric population using the published data from 1980 to 2017. Variables extracted included mechanism of injury and mortality. To minimize bias, single case reports were not included in the review. Upon review of four decades of published literature on the use of emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) in the pediatric population, mortality rates are comparable between adults and pediatric patients for penetrating thoracic trauma. In contrast, in pediatric patients sustaining blunt trauma, no patient under the age of 15 has survived. In patients between 0 and 14 years of age presenting with no signs of life following blunt trauma, withholding EDT should be considered. Patients between the ages of 15 and 18 should be treated in accordance with adult ATLS principles for the management of thoracic trauma. Level IV
Arrestin translocation in rod photoreceptors.

The vertebrate photoreceptor is the epitome of polarized neurons, containing two specialized compartments—the outer segment and the inner segment, connected by a narrow non-motile cilium. The outer segment of rod and cone photoreceptors is principally dedicated to capturing light and converting the energy of a photon into a change in membrane potential. The primary function of the inner segment is to provide the metabolic and synthetic demands of the photoreceptors. In order to maintain this high degree of specialization, molecules are routinely targeted to their appropriate compartment during protein synthesis. However, in addition to this relatively slow transport process, photoreceptors have a much more rapid process whereby some molecules are rapidly moved between the inner segment and outer segment through the connecting cilium in response to the light adaptational state of the eye. This translocation process has been conclusively demonstrated for two molecules involved in the phototransduction cascade—transducin and arrestin (Broekhuyse et al. 1985; Mangini and Pepperberg 1988; Whelan and McGinnis 1988; Sokolov et al. 2002; Peterson et al. 2003).
CHAPTER 16 – A Clinical Approach to the Theoretical Constructs of Failure and Normality

ABSTRACT A response to Albrecht's model of adult socialization requires the writer to assume at least three separate roles: human being, educator, and clinician. This paper will speak to all three simultaneously with particular emphasis on the clinical aspects.
The Effects of Stereotypes on Children’s Use of Decision Heuristics

One recurrent finding of decision-making research is that adults do not always use normatively optimal decision rules when making decisions (e.g., Einhorn & Hogarth, 1981; Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Slovic, Fischhoff, & Lichtenstein, 1977). The failure of normative rules to describe adult decision making has been attributed to the sometimes extreme demands such rules place on our limited-capacity information-processing system. In turn, heuristics are often employed to simplify the decision-making process (e.g., Kahneman et al., 1982). The utilization of such heuristics may, however, cause a person to overlook useful information and consequently, commit errors in judgment (but see Cohen [1981] for a different interpretation).
The effect of the parenteral injection of epinephrin on leukocyte counts in normal subjects and in patients with Addison's disease.

Ten normal subjects and 11 patients with Addison’s disease were studied as to their leukocyte response following the subcutaneous administration of epinephrin. The pattern of response was found to be similar in both groups, diphasic curves being noted. In general, the patients with Addison’s disease differ from normal individuals in having: (1) a lower and less labile white count, (2) a lower and less labile neutrophile count, (3) a higher lymphocyte count, (4) a slightly lesser percentage fall in absolute number of lymphocytes, and (5) a higher lymphocyte percentage. The use of this method to demonstrate adrenal cortical destruction is not feasible with the dosage of epinephrin employed in this study.
Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adversely impacts the educational achievement, mood and emotion processing, and interpersonal relationships of children and adolescents. ...
Higher order multivariate automatic differentiation and validated computation of remainder bounds

High order automatic dieren tiation has been used in recent years for simultaneous computation of Taylor expansions of functional dependencies as well as validated enclosures for the remainder over a certain domain. The resulting Taylor model methods oer certain advantages compared to other validated methods, including an approximation by a functional form with an accuracy scaling with a high order, as well as the ability to suppress the dependency problem. In this paper we describe the implementation of the method in a validated setting. Several steps are taken to increase computational eciency . Computations of coecien ts are not performed in interval arithmetic, but rather in oating point arithmetic with simultaneous accurate accounting of the possible computational errors. Furthermore, the storage and elementary operations of the objects supports sparsity of the coecien ts.
Introduction: Setting the Stage

This chapter consists of six Sections. Section I: “MKR” acquaints the readers with the facts and circumstances of the Mongkok Riot (MKR). Section II: “Issues with MKR” lists some impacts of and issues raised by the MKR that require attention and investigation. Section III: “Narratives on MKR” sets forth two narratives accounting for the MKR, one by progressives and the other from the establishment. Section IV: “Independent Inquiry” observes the need to mount an investigation into what happened during the MKR, to inform the public and bring closure to MKR. Section V: “Distorted Reporting” makes the case for objective and reliable data collection, with an example of distorted and biased news reporting from foreign media. Section VI: “A Study Proposal” sets forth the focus, contributions to and organization of the book.
Urban Influences on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Runoff and Precipitation during the 2009 Atlanta Flood

AbstractThe 2009 Atlanta flood was a historic event that resulted in catastrophic damage throughout the metropolitan area. The flood was the product of several hydrometeorological processes, includ...
Total and out-of-pocket costs of different primary management strategies in ovarian cancer

Background Communicating healthcare costs to patients is an important component of delivering high-quality value-based care, yet cost data are lacking. This is especially relevant for ovarian cancer, where no clinical consensus on optimal first-line treatment exists. Objective The objective of this study was to generate cost estimates of different primary management strategies in ovarian cancer. Study Design All women who underwent treatment for ovarian cancer from 2006–2015 were identified from the MarketScan database (n=12,761) in this observational cohort study. Total and out-of-pocket costs were calculated with the use of all claims within 8 months from initial treatment and normalized to 2017 US dollars. The generalized linear model method was used to assess cost by strategy. Results Among patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who underwent primary debulking, mean adjusted total costs were $113,660 and $107,153 (P Conclusion Costs vary across different treatment strategies, and patients bear a significant out-of-pocket burden, especially those enrolled in high-deductible health plans.
A ConFlat iris diaphragm device for direct beam control and alignment inside a vacuum chamber

We describe an easy-to-assemble and robust design of a ConFlat (CF) iris diaphragm device installed in a vacuum environment with its aperture size directly adjustable by users outside the vacuum. This design involves commercially available vacuum equipment, 3D-printed but vacuum-compatible components and a minimal need of professional machining to be straightforwardly taken advantage by a wide range of research groups. The iris diaphragm is centered in a 4.5 in. o.d. double-sided CF flange with user-customizable mounting orientation to allow a maximum range of aperture opening from 0.5 mm to 15 mm in diameter. Installation of this device does not require an additional pump for differential pumping across the iris diaphragm. The functionality of this device is examined at a pressure of ∼7 ×10−9 Torr to provide continuous control on the cross section of a light beam passed through the aperture.
Practice Patterns of Infectious Diseases Physicians in Transitioning From Intravenous to Oral Therapy in Patients With Bacteremia.

Background Bacteremia in adult patients has traditionally been treated with extended courses of intravenous antibiotics. Data on the use of (or rapid transition to) oral therapy are limited. Methods Adult infectious disease physicians participating in the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network (EIN) were surveyed regarding their use of oral antibiotics in patients with bacteremia. Respondents were asked to assume that patients were hemodynamically stable, recovered bacteria were susceptible to potential antibiotics, adequate source control had been achieved, and patients had adequate gastrointestinal absorption. Variables of specific bacteria, oral agent, and associated infection were included. Results A total of 655 (50%) of 1321 EIN participants responded. Under certain conditions, 88% would transition patients with Gram-negative bacteremia to complete a course of therapy with oral antibiotics; 71% would transition patients with Gram-positive bacteremia to oral agents. Only 78 (12%) respondents would not treat any bacteremic patient with oral agents. Most respondents (≥75%) were comfortable treating infections secondary to Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and β-hemolytic streptococci with oral agents. Fewer than 20% endorsed use of oral antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus or in cases of endocarditis. Fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were the preferred agents in Gram-negative bacteremia; linezolid and β-lactams were the preferred agents in Gram-positive bacteremia. Conclusions In select circumstances, the majority of respondents would transition patients to oral antibiotics, in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteremia. Most agreed with the use of oral agents in Gram-negative bacteremia caused by Enterobacteriaceae, but they would not use oral agents for Gram-positive bacteremia caused by S aureus or in endocarditis.
Corrigendum to: Connectedness Based on Shared Engagement Predicts Remote Biochemically Verified Quit Status Within Smoking Cessation Treatment Groups on Facebook.

INTRODUCTION Engagement with online content and online social network integration are associated with smoking behavior change, but less is known about social dynamics of shared engagement between participants in group-based social media interventions. METHODS Participants were 251 young adult smokers aged 18 to 25 assigned to one of 29 secret Facebook groups tailored to their readiness to quit smoking ("pre-contemplation," "contemplation," and "preparation"). Groups varied in size and were randomly assigned to receive monetary incentives for engagement. All groups received daily posts for 90 days and were assessed for remote biochemically verified smoking abstinence at the end of the intervention. Across 29 groups, we examined associations between group features (group size, incentive condition, readiness to quit) with how connected members were within the group based on shared engagement with the same content (measured by density). At the individual level, we examined associations between 7-day biochemically verified smoking abstinence and how connected an individual was within the group (measured by degree centrality). RESULTS After adjusting for comment volume, being in a contemplation group (vs. pre-contemplation group) was associated with a decrease in comment-based density. Individual degree centrality was significantly associated with biochemically verified smoking abstinence for both comments and likes. CONCLUSIONS Future group-based social media interventions for smoking cessation may want to focus on promoting connected engagement between participants, rather than simply quantity of engagement. IMPLICATIONS Participants in a smoking cessation intervention delivered through Facebook groups were more likely to have biochemically verified smoking abstinence if they were more connected to the rest of the group via shared engagement. Promoting shared engagement between participants may be more likely to promote behavior change than volume of engagement alone.
IG-VAE: Generative Modeling of Immunoglobulin Proteins by Direct 3D Coordinate Generation

ABSTRACT While deep learning models have seen increasing applications in protein science, few have been implemented for protein backbone generation—an important task in structure-based problems such as active site and interface design. We present a new approach to building class-specific backbones, using a variational auto-encoder to directly generate the 3D coordinates of immunoglobulins. Our model is torsion- and distance-aware, learns a high-resolution embedding of the dataset, and generates novel, high-quality structures compatible with existing design tools. We show that the Ig-VAE can be used to create a computational model of a SARS-CoV2-RBD binder via latent space sampling. We further demonstrate that the model’s generative prior is a powerful tool for guiding computational protein design, motivating a new paradigm under which backbone design is solved as constrained optimization problem in the latent space of a generative model.
An Unusual Spectral State of an Ultra-luminous Very Soft X-ray Source during Outburst

We report the results of Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of a new outburst of an ultra-luminous X-ray source in M101. During a Chandra monitoring observation of M101, M101 ULX-1 was found to be in outburst in 2004 December, the second outburst in 2004. The peak bolometric luminosity is about 3e40 erg/s (7e39 erg/s in 0.3-7 keV). The outburst spectra are very soft and can generally be fitted with a blackbody model with temperatures of 40-80 eV, similar to supersoft X-ray sources in the Milky Way and in the Magellanic Clouds. In one Chandra observation, the source spectrum appears to be harder with a temperature of 150 eV. Such a spectral state is rarely seen in M101 ULX-1 and no X-ray source in the Milky Way shows this kind of spectrum. However, such an unusual spectral state very likely belongs to a new class of X-ray sources, quasisoft X-ray sources, recently discovered in nearby galaxies. M101 ULX-1 returned to supersoft state in a subsequent XMM-Newton observation. Based on the two outbursts in 2004, the extremely high luminosity (L_bol=1e40-1e41 erg/s), very soft X-ray spectra (kT=40-150 eV), transient behavior, and state transition provide strong evidence that M101 ULX-1 harbors an intermediate-mass black hole.
Patterns of Surveillance, Control, and Abuse Among a Diverse Sample of Intimate Partner Abuse Survivors:

Using a mixed-methods design, the present study examined intimate partner surveillance among a diverse sample of intimate partner abuse (IPA) survivors (n = 246), including women of Mexican (n = 83), Korean (n = 50), Vietnamese (n = 49), and European descent (n = 64). Most survivors (57%) described surveillance in either survey or interview; inductive thematic analysis revealed seven forms of surveillance. Finally, two-step cluster analysis identified two patterns of victimization most clearly differentiated by surveillance, but ethnic group differences in rates and patterns of abuse did not emerge. Implications for both clinicians and researchers are discussed.
Impact of Biological Sex on Complications, Lengths of Stay, Readmission Rates, and Costs of Care Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.

The impact of gender on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) postoperative complications, readmission rates, and costs of care has not been often evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate which sex had higher rates of: (1) medical complications; (2) implant complications; (3) lengths of stay (LOSs); (4) readmission rates; and (5) costs after TKA. A query was performed using an administrative claims database from January 1, 2005, to March 31, 2015. Patients who had TKAs were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Males and females were filtered separately and matched according to age and various medical comorbidities leading to 1,590,626 patients equally distributed. Primary outcomes analyzed included 90-day medical complications, LOSs, 90-day readmission rates, in addition to day of surgery and total global 90-day episode of care costs. Pearson's chi-square analyses were used to compare medical complications and readmission rates. Welch's t-tests were used to test for significance in matching outcomes and costs. A p-value of less than 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Males had a smaller risk of complications than women (1.35 vs. 1.40%, p
The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018:

Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independ...
Review of Strategies For Measuring Advances In Student Learning: A Synopsis For Authors and Reviewers.

Objective. To provide guidance on how to design educational research studies to better capture evidence of student learning Findings. A wide variety of assessment tools are available to measure student learning associated with educational innovations. Each assessment tool is associated with different advantages and disadvantages that must be weighed to determine appropriateness for each situation. Additionally, the educational research design must be aligned with the intent of the study in order to strengthen the impact of the study. Summary. By selecting research methods aligned with Kirkpatrick’s levels of training evaluation, researchers can create stronger evidence of student learning when evaluating the effectiveness of teaching innovations.
Risk analysis of the TRI emissions from the shipbuilding, repair, and maintenance industry

The toxics release inventory (TRI) was mandated as a result of the enactment of the Emergency Planning, Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) of1986. Conceived largely in response to the Bhopal, India disaster in 1984, EPCRA was designed to compel state and local government to plan for unanticipated environmental excursions of hazardous chemicals. The TRI has evolved into a significant tool for regulatory agencies and public interest groups to use in assessing toxic chemical releases to the environment and by inference, for use as a local indicator of environmental quality. An analysis of the TRI is limited almost exclusively to comparison of the annual discharge of pollutants to different media from year to year. The validity ofthis type of analysis has been seriously questioned as it fails to address even superficially the toxicity, persistence, and exposure factors arising from the reported releases. This paper explores the use ofan adaptive method ofscoring the chemical releases taking into consideration human and environmental toxicity and the potential for exposure. The relative risk of typical TRI emissions from the ship building, repair, and maintenance industry are scored and compared to other sources of TRI emissions. A software program for use by the industry to do self-scoring was developed by the Environmental Resources and Information Center (ERIC) at the University ofNew Orleans.
Mitochondrial Excision-Amplification Plasmids in Senescent and Long-Lived Cultures of Podospora Anserina

Senescence in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is maternally inherited. Several laboratories, including our own, have shown that specific regions of the mitochondrial genome excise and replicate as autonomous plasmids during senescence. One particular plasmid, termed α senDNA, is found most often, but others (β, e, and θ senDNAs) are also observed. DNA sequence analysis has shown that the 2.6-kbp α senDNA is a complete group II intron of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Like other group II introns, α senDNA codes for amino acid sequences that have considerable homology with retroviral reverse transcriptase. Beta senDNA is a 9.8-kbp element, and, of the 5 kbp sequenced thus far, no introns have been noted. Epsilon senDNA is 5.5 kbp, and, while it contains no group II introns, three group I introns were detected.
An Ice-Structure Interaction Model

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a theoretical model to simulate ice–structure interaction during intermittent crushing. It is developed based on experimental results from indentation tests, which were conducted by pushing vertical, flat indentors into the edges of freshwater, floating ice sheets. An event during intermittent crushing comprises three phases: (1) a loading phase, (2) an extrusion phase, and (3) a separation phase. The chapter presents the differential equations and solutions during each phase of interaction along with conditions for termination of each phase. Besides simulating interaction during intermittent crushing, the model simulates the transition from intermittent to continuous crushing at high rates of indentation, as found during indentation tests. The chapter presents the results from the model to show the effect of various parameters on the velocity at which transition from intermittent to continuous crushing takes place and on the frequency of intermittent crushing.
Two-riccati H ∞ controllers for descriptor systems

H∞ formulae based on the 2-Riccati procedure are presented for plants in descriptor form. It is expected that this would lead to a method which is more numerically reliable method than those which currently exist for state-space realizations. The theory is developed first for the case where the E-matrix is nonsingular and the possibility of applying these formulae to cases where E is singular is discussed.
THERMOLYSIS OF SURFACE-IMMOBILIZED PHENETHYL PHENYL ETHER

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the thermolysis of surface-immobilized phenethyl phenyl ether. The surface coverage for ≈PhCH 2 Ch 2 OPh (≈PPE-3) and ∼PhOCH 2 Ch 2 PH (≈PPE-1) is 0.56 and 0.50 mmol of organic per gram of derivatized silica, respectively. In a study described in the chapter, p-HOC 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 2 Ph was prepared by mono-alkylation of hydroquinone by phenethyl tosylate with K 2 CO 3 in dimethylformamide. Thermolysis of PPE in the fluid and gas phase was performed in Pyrex tubes, degassed by six freeze-pump-thaw cycles and sealed under vacuum. Thermolysis was performed at 375 ± 1°C in a fluidized sand bath. Products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Cracking of PPE was proposed to proceed by a free radical chain decomposition reaction with the chain-propagation steps. Minor amounts of PhCH 3 and PhCH 2 CH 3 were detected but were attributed to secondary decomposition of PhCH=CH 2 . Thermolysis of PPE at 375 °C in the liquid phase yielded styrene and phenol as the major products and benzaldehyde and toluene as minor products.
Fermi Surface of Sodium and Lithium by Positron Annihilation

In recent years, the angular correlation of photons from the annihilation of positrons in metal single crystals has been used to obtain information about the shape of the Fermi surface. This paper presents an account of the results of such measurements on single crystals of sodium and lithium. The measurements yield information closely related to the areas of slices through the Fermi surface perpendicular to the (100), (110), and (111) directions.
Greenhouse gas emissions from road construction: An assessment of alternative staging approaches

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with road construction activities are analyzed. The main focus of this analysis is on the vehicle emissions associated with alternative project staging approaches, specifically a full closure of the road during construction, versus an intermittent road closure. The analysis includes the direct and upstream emissions associated with materials, construction equipment, mobilization of resources to the work site, and maintenance activity associated with the project over its lifetime. The analysis is based on one case study of a road project in New Jersey. The assumptions underlying the staging analysis are based on hypothetical approaches. Results provide an assessment of the main sources of project related emissions and the ability to minimize total project emissions by minimizing traffic disruption. In the analysis with a full closure of the road, traffic disruption accounts for 26% of total emissions, while with an intermittent road closure, traffic disruption accounts for only 2% of total emissions. The other main sources are from materials and life-cycle maintenance. The analysis demonstrates the feasibility of minimizing project related GHG emissions during road construction activities.
Probability of detection and speed of response in simple monitoring.

Two simple monitoring experiments were performed to study the dependence of probability of detection and of speed of response to detected signals on the initial probability of detection of the signal established psycho-physically and on duration of the task. The results indicated that: (1) detection during the task is directly related to the probability of signal detection before the task and inversely related to length of watch, and (2) the speed of response to those signals which are detected is directly dependent on the probability of detection before the watch but independent of factors which operate during the watch.
Therapeutic problem solving: a systematic approach

A systematic approach to therapeutic problem solving is discussed. Therapeutic problem solving includes defining the problem, assessing possible solutions to the problem and choosing the best solution (therapy). The thought processes specific to drug therapy include: (1) choice of agent, (2) evaluation of benefit versus risk ratios, and (3) determination of dosage. Once treatment has been initiated, the problem-solving process shifts to reassessing the patient, monitoring and readjusting therapy, and anticipating new problems related to therapy. An algorithm is provided to demonstrate a thought sequence for solving therapeutic problems. To assure that no important consideration has been neglected, it is useful to develop a pattern of thought that may be applied to each therapeutic situation.
Email end users and spam: relations of gender and age group to attitudes and actions

Abstract As the problem of spam email increases, we examined users’ attitudes toward and experience with spam as a function of gender and age. College-age, working-age, and retirement-age men and women were surveyed. Most respondents strongly disliked receiving spam yet took few actions against it. There were fewer gender differences than predicted, but age was a significant predictor of several responses. Retirement age men rated themselves as significantly lower in expertise than did working age men, and the oldest and youngest age groups took fewer actions against spam, used the computer less often, and spent fewer hours online than did the working age respondents. Older respondents were more likely than younger ones to report making a purchase as a result of a spam email and received the same amount of spam as other age groups in spite of lower overall use of the computer. The results suggest both that older computer users may be more vulnerable to spam, and that the usability of email for all users may be threatened by the inability of users to effectively take action against spam.
Full-motion recovery from multiple video cameras applied to face tracking and recognition

Robust object tracking still remains a difficult problem in computer vision research and surveillance applications. One promising development in this area is the increased availability of surveillance cameras with overlapping views. Intuitively, these overlapping views may lead to more robust object tracking and recognition. However, combining the information from the multiple cameras in a meaningful way is challenging. Our contribution in this work is a novel approach to object tracking by robustly and accurately recovering the full motion of the object from multiple cameras. This is accomplished by explicitly fusing the information from multiple cameras into a joint 3D motion calculation. We apply this approach to the tracking of faces in multiple video cameras and utilize the 3D cylinder model to realize the motion calculation. The method is demonstrated on a sequence of real data for pose estimation of the face. Also, the 3D cylinder texture map from the tracking result is used in face recognition. The performance of full-motion recovery from multiple cameras is shown to produce a significant increase in the accuracy of face pose estimation and results in a higher face recognition rate than from a single camera. Our approach may be applied to other types of object tracking such as vehicles.
Adjustment of the Munsell-Value and W*-Scales to Uniform Lightness Steps for Various Background Reflectances

For background reflectances taken equal to, or slightly lower than, the specimen reflectances, the Munsell-value, V, and the CIE 1964, W*, scales are found to be essentially linear with a power formulation for lightness previously shown to accord with lightness-spacing data for a wide variety of specimen and background reflectances. Adjustments required to make the Munsell-value function accord precisely with the power formulation for this background condition are all less than 0.2 of a Munsell-value step between 1/ and 9/. The power formulation is used to construct a table to show in Munsell terms the influence of background reflectance on perceived lightness for all combinations of specimen and background reflectance including Takasaki crispening for specimen reflectance approaching that of the background.
Phenomenological Neutron-Proton Potentials

Central, tensor, and spin-orbit potentials are calculated for the neutron-proton triplet state. They allow explicit solution of the Schr\"odinger equation and fit the low-energy data: effective range, scattering length, deuteron binding energy, quadrupole moment, and $D$-state probability. The deuteron wave function as well as scattering wave functions which result from these potentials are also computed. The potential and wave functions which fit the low-energy singlet state data are also obtained.
Mechanisms of intergranular fracture in alloy steels

Abstract Intergranular fracture of alloy steels can occur by a variety of mechanisms, most of them involving intergranular segregation of impurities or alloy elements. The appearance of the fractures under the microscope is often indistinguishable, one from another. In order to evaluate the probable cause of such a fracture, it is necessary to have some appreciation of the conditions that lead to one type or another. The discussions of the various types in the present article are intended to facilitate such an evaluation.
Negative Poisson ratios in crystalline SiO2 from first-principles calculations

THE Poisson ratio of a solid characterizes its response to uniaxial stress. It is defined as the negative ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain. Normally, this ratio is positive, as most solids expand in the transverse direction when subjected to a uniaxial compression. Although a negative Poisson ratio is not forbidden by thermodynamics, it is rare in crystalline solids: the results of recent experiments1 which observed a negative Poisson ratio in α-cristobalite were therefore unexpected. We have investigated the elastic behaviour of α-cristobalite and other forms of silica with first-principles calculations and classical interatomic potentials. Our calculations reproduce the negative Poisson ratio in α-cristobalite, and predict that α-quartz, the most common form of crystalline silica, will also exhibit a negative Poisson ratio under large uniaxial tension. We attribute the occurrence of a negative Poisson ratio in low-density silica polymorphs to the high rigidity of the SiO4 tetrahedra.
Public Education for Earthquake Hazards

With the creation of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program in the late 1970s, coordinated efforts were begun to educate the U.S. public about earthquake losses and mitigation approaches. The Federal Emergency Management Agency, the lead National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program agency, funded earthquake preparedness projects and earthquake education centers around the country. After more than 20 years of educational programs and initiatives, there have been some successes in teaching people about earthquake hazards and motivating them to reduce their potential losses. We have derived lessons about how to deliver hazards information effectively, although systematic assessments of the educational campaigns have been infrequent. This article summarizes what we know about the efficacy of our public education efforts for earthquakes, and details the evaluation efforts that have been undertaken. It reviews research findings on risk perception and behavior change. Lastly, it identifies promising ...
Holding Hope and Humanity in the Face of Trauma's Legacy: The Daunting Challenge for Group Therapists.

Reading the introduction and the five articles that follow in this special Issue of the International Journal of Group Psychotherapy takes one on a journey that is both enlightening and frustrating. We must navigate between the Scylla and Charybdis of affect and intellect, self–disclosure and interpretation, participation and authority. The important commonality is that the journey navigates the waters of trauma. The articles in this volume tell a story of struggle, fear, and humility. First, by examining countertransference, the authors take the risk of self-awareness and self–disclosure. They expose their own painful vulnerabilities and emotions, the dark places of their souls, their overwhelming doubts, and fervent wishes to be healers. They include themselves as observing participants in the endlessly challenging work of group psychotherapy. Second, by focusing on trauma, the authors do two things. One, they acknowledge a universal vulnerability that levels the playing field and includes the therapist in the category of risk