cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Geographic Information

Understanding intelligent spatial behavior is the ultimate goal for most geographic research concerned with human activities. Since human spatial behavior is frequently guided by visual interpretations of the environment or secondary representations of the environment, it is essential that geographers have an understanding of the visual processes used in decision making. This chapter is concerned with the processes used to learn geographic information. Discussions are centered on learning new information using visual processes and creating and storing spatial knowledge from initially learned information. The focus is on our ability to learn categories based on experiences and to make classification decisions that are fundamental for activities such as map reading and way finding (Golledge, Gale, Pellegrino, and Doherty 1992; Lloyd 1989; MacEachren 1992a). Most spatial behavior is the product of a sequence of events. Estes (1994) argued that intelligent behavior must be preceded by thinking that allows hypothesis testing and problem solving. Since such thinking requires information, it must be preceded by learning. Leaning information about the environment we live in must be a continuous process. For example, we learn categories from experiences and use them to make decisions. Each new experience, however, can potentially alter our understanding of the categories (Estes 1994). This means that decision-making processes that result in spatial behavior frequently combine previously learned information and newly acquired information and continuously change our understanding of the environment.
Exposure to inequality affects support for redistribution

The distribution of wealth in the United States and countries around the world is highly skewed. How does visible economic inequality affect well-off individuals' support for redistribution? Using a placebo-controlled field experiment, I randomize the presence of poverty-stricken people in public spaces frequented by the affluent. Passersby were asked to sign a petition calling for greater redistribution through a "millionaire's tax." Results from 2,591 solicitations show that in a real-world-setting exposure to inequality decreases affluent individuals' willingness to redistribute. The finding that exposure to inequality begets inequality has fundamental implications for policymakers and informs our understanding of the effects of poverty, inequality, and economic segregation. Confederate race and socioeconomic status, both of which were randomized, are shown to interact such that treatment effects vary according to the race, as well as gender, of the subject.
Does Vitamin D Deficiency Play a Role in Sickle Cell Nephropathy

Abstract 4755 Background: Although improvements in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD) have increased patient survival into adulthood, morbidity and mortality from end-organ damage remain major concerns. One of the most serious complications of SCD is renal failure, affecting about 20% of patients. Secondary prevention of the progression of SCD nephropathy is hindered by a lack of easily modifiable risk factors. Based on animal and observational human studies, vitamin D deficiency is potentially a novel, modifiable risk factor that may interrupt or delay the progression of kidney disease by suppressing renin gene expression and inflammation. Studies have reported varying prevalence rates of vitamin D deficiency in patients with SCD patients but their clinical significance is uncertain. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the association of vitamin D insufficiency with albuminuria among a cohort of patients with SCD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using a cohort of patients with SCD. Serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, spot urine for albumin/creatinine ratio, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels, measures of hemolysis, inflammation and other laboratory studies were obtained. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as 25(OH) D levels ?30 ng/ml. Results: 27 patients with SS disease were evaluated. The mean age was 18 +/− 4.9 years; 40% were males and 60 % females. Mean GFR by serum creatinine was 167 +/− 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 and by cystatin C was 150 +/− 29.4 ml/min/1.73 m2. Increased protein/creatinine ratio (ratio ? 0.2) occurred in 29 % of patients (n= 9). Increased albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR ?30 mg/g of creatinine, mean 216 mg/g of creatinine) occurred in 37% of patients (n= 10). 88% of subjects showed vitamin D insufficiency [n=24, mean 17+/− 7 ng/ml]. Mean 25 OH vitamin D level was 14.8 +/− 8.9 ng/ml (5–28) and 18.2 +/− 5 ng/ml (12–30) in subjects with and without albuminuria, respectively. Urinary ACR inversely correlated with 25(OH) D levels (r=-.4, P=.02). No correlations were observed between urinary ACR and other clinical or laboratory parameters (age, hemoglobin levels, percentage of reticulocytes and lactate dehydrogenase levels). Proteinuria correlated with age (r=-.4, P=.02) and reticulocyte counts (r=-.4, P=.02) in SS disease but not with other parameters. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitamin D insufficiency was common and significantly associated with albuminuria among patients with SCD. Additional studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship of vitamin D insufficiency with albuminuria and to determine the role of vitamin D supplementation to attenuate the development of SCD nephropathy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Individual Utility Depends Only on Absolute Consumption

Traditional economic theory assumes, preposterously, that a person’s loss in utility when he alone suffers an income decline is the same as his utility loss when everyone’s income declines by the same proportion. In fact, the person’s loss in utility is much smaller when everyone’s income declines. Traditional theory’s mistake is important because it causes people to overestimate the pain they’ll suffer if they pay higher taxes in support of public goods.
Intersectionality in Public Leadership Research: A Review and Future Research Agenda:

Intersectionality provides a critical analytic lens for expanding our knowledge of leadership in public organizations as well as highlighting barriers to leadership opportunities. By emphasizing multiple and simultaneous dimensions of social inequality—most commonly gender, race, class, and sexuality—intersectionality reveals the unique experiences of individuals who occupy multiple marginalized social categories. We reviewed literature on public leadership spanning the past 25 years to obtain a sense of whether and how scholars in public administration currently interpret and apply an intersectional perspective to leadership inquiries. We find that a majority of the research we reviewed relied upon a single dimension of social inequality—gender. We identify the contributions made by research that did apply intersectionality’s core concepts as well as the missed opportunities by neglecting it as an analytic tool. We conclude with an agenda for future research that includes a discussion of intersectionalit...
Instrumentation, Electronics, and Signal Analysis

Biological, physical, and chemical environment of the body tissues continually generates electromagnetic signals movements of which tell us about internal physiological changes in the body from which we can differentiate normal from abnormal phenomena. The physiological signals are minute in magnitude and hence must be amplified to recognize them visually. Amplification of essential signals and filtering of unwanted signals are the two most fundamental processes in understanding PSG and other neurophysiologic recording techniques. Using analog and now digital electronic devices, we can measure and analyze current flow and potential differences between different areas of the body and scalp to assess normal functions and alterations caused by disease. This chapter discusses briefly the basic electronics for sleep specialists and clinical neurophysiologists.
Ultrasensitive detection of acute myeloid leukemia minimal residual disease using single molecule molecular inversion probes

The identification of minimal residual disease is the primary diagnostic finding which predicts relapse in patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia. Ultrasensitive detection of minimal residual disease would enable better patient risk stratification and could open opportunities for early therapeutic intervention. Herein we apply single molecule molecular inversion probe capture, a technology combining multiplexed targeted sequencing with error correction schemes based on molecular barcoding, in order to detect mutations identifying minimal residual disease with ultrasensitive and quantitative precision. We designed a single molecule molecular inversion probe capture panel spanning >50 kb and targeting 32 factors relevant to acute myeloid leukemia pathogenesis. We demonstrate linearity and quantitative precision over 100-fold relative abundance of mutant cells (1 in 100 to 1 in 1,500), with estimated error rates approaching 1 in 1,200 base pairs sequenced and maximum theoretical limits of detection exceeding 1 in 60,000 mutant alleles. In 3 of 4 longitudinally collected specimens from patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we find that single molecule molecular inversion probe capture detects somatic mutations identifying minimal residual disease at substantially earlier time points and with greater sensitivity than clinical diagnostic approaches used as current standard of care (flow cytometry and conventional molecular diagnosis), and identifies persisting neoplastic cells during clinical remission. In 2 patients, single molecule molecular inversion probe capture detected heterogeneous, subclonal acute myeloid leukemia populations carrying distinct mutational signatures. Single molecule molecular inversion probe technology uniquely couples scalable target enrichment with sequence read error correction, providing an integrated, ultrasensitive approach for detecting minimal residual disease identifying mutations.
An Analysis of NASA Technology Transfer

A review of previous technology transfer metrics, recommendations, and measurements is presented within the paper. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of NASA's technology transfer efforts is performed. As a relative indicator, NASA's intellectual property performance is benchmarked against a database of over 100 universities. Successful technology transfer (commercial sales, production savings, etc.) cases were tracked backwards through their history to identify the key critical elements that lead to success. Results of this research indicate that although NASA's performance is not measured well by quantitative values (intellectual property stream data), it has a net positive impact on the private sector economy. Policy recommendations are made regarding technology transfer within the context of the documented technology transfer policies since the framing of the Constitution. In the second thrust of this study, researchers at NASA Langley Research Center were surveyed to determine their awareness of, attitude toward, and perception about technology transfer. Results indicate that although researchers believe technology transfer to be a mission of the Agency, they should not be held accountable or responsible for its performance. In addition, the researchers are not well educated about the mechanisms to perform, or policies regarding, technology transfer.
Abstract 622: Angiotensin-(1-12) Is A Better Substrate Compared To Angiotensin I To Generate Angiotensin Ii By Rat Chymase.

Angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is metabolized by chymase to generate angiotensin II (Ang II). We investigated the affinity of rat chymase to generate Ang II from Ang-(1-12) or angiotensin I (Ang I). Plasma membranes isolated from the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were incubated with radiolabeled 125I-Ang-(1-12) or 125I-Ang I substrate in the absence or in the presence of a chymase inhibitor (chymostatin, 50 μM). 125I-Ang II formation was quantified by HPLC. The rate of 125I-Ang II formation from 125I-Ang-(1-12) by chymase in cardiac plasma membranes was significantly higher (5.7±0.2 fmol/min/mg protein, P
Deep Correlational Learning for Survival Prediction from Multi-modality Data

Technological advances have created a great opportunity to provide multi-view data for patients. However, due to the large discrepancy between different heterogeneous views, traditional survival models are unable to efficiently handle multiple modalities data as well as learn very complex interactions that can affect survival outcomes in various ways. In this paper, we develop a Deep Correlational Survival Model (DeepCorrSurv) for the integration of multi-view data. The proposed network consists of two sub-networks, view-specific and common sub-network. To remove the view discrepancy, the proposed DeepCorrSurv first explicitly maximizes the correlation among the views. Then it transfers feature hierarchies from view commonality and specifically fine-tunes on the survival regression task. Extensive experiments on real lung and brain tumor data sets demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed DeepCorrSurv model using multiple modalities data across different tumor types.
Representations for Large-Scale Sequence Data Mining: A Tale of Two Vector Space Models

Analyzing and classifying sequence data based on structural similarities and differences is a mathematical problem of escalating relevance. Indeed, a primary challenge in designing machine learning algorithms to analyzing sequence data is the extraction and representation of significant features. This paper introduces a generalized sequence feature extraction model, referred to as the Generalized Multi-Layered Vector Spaces GMLVS model. Unlike most models that represent sequence data based on subsequences frequency, the GMLVS model represents a given sequence as a collection of features, where each individual feature captures the spatial relationships between two subsequences and can be mapped into a feature vector. The utility of this approach is demonstrated via two special cases of the GMLVS model, namely, Lossless Decomposition LD and the Multi-Layered Vector Spaces MLVS. Experimental evaluation show the GMLVS inspired models generated feature vectors that, combined with basic machine learning techniques, are able to achieve high classification performance.
The Normative Significance of Self

A number of recent (and not so recent) works in the metaethics of practical rationality have suggested that features of a person’s character, commitments, projects, practical identities and social roles have important normative consequences. For instance, I might commit to caring for a loved one, or I might become an artist, or take on the role of father to a child. In each case, it seems right to say that the normative landscape I face has been altered by this new fact – to put them under one general heading, the new fact about my self. In this paper, I explore the normative significance of self and how best it is to be understood. Typically, views that posit the normative significance of self hold that the content of one’s self can create practical reasons to behave in particular ways. For instance, if I become a father, this means that there are additional reasons to care for my child than there were prior to this fact of self. I argue, however, that this suggestion cannot be plausibly sustained – facts of self do not give rise to practical reasons. I show that, while there are two ways that facts of self might give rise to or create new practical reasons, both succumb to very serious problems. However, or so I also argue, we can salvage the normative significance of self via an alternative mechanism. Facts of self, such as the fact that one is an artist or a father, do not create new reasons. Rather, they strengthen certain pre-existing reasons, viz., those reasons to which I am especially susceptible given this fact of self.
Fractional Chebyshev Collocation Method for Solving Linear Fractional-Order Delay-Differential Equations

An efficient numerical method, the fractional Chebyshev collocation method, is proposed for obtaining the solution of a system of linear fractional order delay-differential equations (FDDEs). It is shown that the proposed method overcomes several limitations of current numerical methods for solving linear FDDEs. For instance, the proposed method can be used for linear incommensurate order fractional differential equations and FDDEs, has spectral convergence (unlike finite differences), and does not require a canonical form. To accomplish this, a fractional differentiation matrix is derived at the Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto collocation points by using the discrete orthogonal relationship of the Chebyshev polynomials. Then, using two proposed discretization operators for matrix functions results in an explicit form of solution for a system of linear FDDEs with discrete delays. The advantages of using the fractional Chebyshev collocation method are demonstrated in two numerical examples in which the proposed method is compared with the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
The impact of learning styles on student performance in flipped pedagogy

Flipped classroom is an emerging pedagogical model with potentials to support active engagement and improve student performance. This research empirically validate the impact of: 1) Flipped classroom on student performance; and 2) Preferred learning style on student performance in a flipped classroom. We designed an experiment to compare the performance of students in flipped classroom with traditional teaching method. This experiment involves a total of 35 students. The students were divided into two separate classes (01 and 1E) taught by the same professor with the same contents and assessment methods. Students in Class 01 are the ‘experiment group’ and were taught with flipped method, while students in Class 1E are the ‘control group’ and were taught with traditional method. Data was collected from three components of student assessment (Participation, Homework, and Exam) and questionnaire; we used the questionnaire to group students by their preferred learning styles. The key findings after data analysis include a) Students in flipped classroom achieved 7% higher ‘Participation Grade’ than their peers in traditional. b) Students in traditional classroom achieved 17% higher ‘Homework Grade’ and 6% higher ‘Exam Grade’ than their peers in flipped classroom. c) Logical Learners outperformed Visual Learners by 10% in flipped classroom. Further, we discussed the implications of these findings to practice. We expect this paper to be useful and informative to higher education instructors who adopt or plan to adopt flipped classroom in their courses.
Transcranial acoustic cavitation localization with ultrafast power cavitation imaging in non-human primates

Acoustic cavitation-guided blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening with focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles is a promising technique for safe and controlled opening of the BBB. Passive cavitation imaging has the ability to monitor the spatial intensity of acoustic cavitation for targeting verification and treatment monitoring. However, isolating acoustic cavitation emissions from tissue and skull reflections is a major challenge. In this study, we perform transcranial passive cavitation imaging with a 1.5D imaging array (M5Sc-D, bandwidth: 1.5–4 MHz, GE Medical Systems) placed in the central opening of a 0.5 MHz FUS transducer (H204, Sonic Concepts) in non-human primates. Broadband FUS pulses were used along with synchronous transmit and receive sequences to perform delay and sum beamforming with absolute time delays. Image sets were acquired at ultrafast frame rates (>1000 frames per second) for calculation of mean intensity images, i.e., power cavitation images. Spatiotemporal clutter filtering of image...
College Entrance Examinations

Although arguments concerning the usefulness of tests in education are not new (Cronbach, 1975), the last few years have seen two changes that should be noted. First, there has been a significant escalation in the intensity of the criticism directed at tests, so that a large proportion of those concerned with education—teachers, legislators, administrators, parents, and students—are disturbed, if not bewildered, by the vehemence and persistence of the attacks on tests. Second, the testing controversy has been increasingly centered on the public journalistic domains of newspapers, television, and popular magazines, rather than within the traditional scientific framework of educational research and professional literature. This has led inevitably to a reduction in the quality and the intellectual depth of the debates, as the most extreme critics are largely unfamiliar not only with the empirical research on testing but with the methodology of social science generally. Furthermore, the public has little understanding of and less patience for technical and scientific argument and is easily misled by superficial stereotypes, at least in the short run.
Abstract 205: Overexpression of the Mitochondrial FoF1 ATP Synthase regulators ATP12 and ATP5J are Protective against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Heart

Loss of cardiomyocytes by necrotic cell death is a substantial underlying problem in progressive heart failure. One crucial step that is required for regulated necrosis to ensue is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), which is triggered by elevations in mitochondrial matrix calcium and reactive oxygen species levels. Opening of the MPTP causes permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane and collapse of the electrochemical proton gradient required for ATP production. The latest model of the MPTP consists of the F o F 1 ATP synthase as the pore forming component within the inner mitochondrial membrane, although the mechanistic aspects of how the ATP synthase generates the pore is unknown. Two regulators of the ATP synthase, ATP12 and ATP5J, were identified in an unbiased calcium overload necrotic cell death screen using a lenti-viral gain-of-function library containing over 13,000 human cDNAs. ATP12 is an assembly factor of the F 1 component of the ATP synthase where it directly binds to the α-subunit and prevents homo-oligomerization. ATP5J is a component of the peripheral stalk that links the F o and F 1 portions of the ATP synthase together. To test if overexpression of ATP12 or ATP5J is indeed protective as we identified in the screen, here we generated cardiac-specific transgenic mice expressing each of these proteins. When subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, both ATP5J and ATP12 overexpressing mice were significantly protected. Additionally, mitochondria isolated from the overexpressing hearts demonstrated increased mitochondrial calcium uptake, a hallmark of MPTP desensitization. These data provide evidence that ATP12 and ATP5J are novel inhibitors of MPTP opening through their association with the F o F 1 ATP synthase and thus protect against necrotic cell death.
Monoclonal Antibodies for Combating Synthetic Opioid Intoxication.

Opioid abuse in the United States has been declared a national crisis and is exacerbated by an inexpensive, readily available, and illicit supply of synthetic opioids. Specifically, fentanyl and related analogues such as carfentanil pose a significant danger to opioid users due to their high potency and rapid acting depression of respiration. In recent years these synthetic opioids have become the number one cause of drug-related deaths. In our research efforts to combat the public health threat posed by synthetic opioids, we have developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the fentanyl class of drugs. The mAbs were generated in hybridomas derived from mice vaccinated with a fentanyl conjugate vaccine. Guided by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay, we selected six hybridomas that produced mAbs with 10–11 M binding affinity for fentanyl, yet broad cross-reactivity with related fentanyl analogues. In mouse antinociception models, our lead mAb (6A4) could blunt the effects of both fentanyl and...
Prepackaged Ramberg–Bäcklund reagents: useful tools for organic synthesis

Abstract The synthesis and reactions of several α,β-unsaturated chloromethyl sulfones is presented, for example [(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,3-propadiene ( 4 ), [(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]ethene ( 5 ), [(dichloromethyl)sulfonyl]ethene ( 6 ) and (E,Z)-1,2-bis[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]ethene ( 7 ). These compounds serve as ‘prepackaged’ Ramberg–Backlund reagents, which following an appropriate first step, such as Diels–Alder addition, react with base giving Ramberg–Backlund products.
Second-harmonic optical vortex conversion from WS 2 monolayer

Wavelength, polarization and orbital angular momentum of light are important degrees of freedom for processing and encoding information in optical communication. Over the years, the generation and conversion of orbital angular momentum in nonlinear optical media has found many novel applications in the context of optical communication and quantum information processing. With that hindsight, here orbital angular momentum conversion of optical vortices through second-harmonic generation from only one atomically thin WS2 monolayer is demonstrated at room temperature. Moreover, it is shown that the valley-contrasting physics associated with the nonlinear optical selection rule in WS2 monolayer precisely determines the output circular polarization state of the generated second-harmonic vortex. These results pave the way for building future miniaturized valleytronic devices with atomic-scale thickness for many applications such as chiral photon emission, nonlinear beam generation, optoelectronics, and quantum computing.
Sample Complexity for Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics

We consider identification problems for stochastic nonlinear dynamical systems. An explicit sample complexity bound in terms of the number of data points required to recover the models to some certain precision is derived. Our results extend recent sample complexity results for linear stochastic dynamics. Our approach for obtaining sample complexity bounds for nonlinear dynamics relies on a linear, albeit infinite dimensional, representation of nonlinear dynamics provided by Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operators. We exploit the linear property of these operators to derive the sample complexity bounds. Such complexity bounds may play a significant role in data-driven learning and control of nonlinear dynamics. Several numerical examples are provided to highlight our theory.
RADIOLOGIC EVALUATIONS IN HISTOPATHOLOGICAL GRAY ZONES

Background Generally, histopathologic examination provides the final diagnosis of osseous lesions in the jaws. Occasionally, the histopathology of such lesions may be equivocal. In these situations, analysis of the radiographic features become the dominant source of information on the nature of the lesion and can tip the scales of diagnostic possibilities. We illustrate this scenario with a case of a patient presenting with a maxillary swelling 18 years post-radiation therapy, and with radiographic features that were characteristic of osteosarcoma. However, histopathologic examination yielded no evidence of malignancy, posing important challenges to therapeutic decision making. Discussion/Conclusions A 69-year-old male presented with progressive bony growth in the posterior maxilla and recent onset of numbness. Eighteen years ago the patient received 60 Gy of radiation to treat a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Radiologic evaluation, including panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), showed a progressive, fast-growing bony lesion with expansile, invasive, and sclerotic changes that were highly suspicious of osteosarcoma, which is a radiation-induced neoplasm. In contrast, multiple biopsies showed chronically inflamed cellular infiltrates with atypical bony trabeculation, but no evidence of malignancy. Based on this information, a diagnosis of idiopathic reactive bone growth was adopted, and resulted in conservative management of the patient. This case illustrates a scenario where the radiographic and histopathological features are contradictory. We discuss the contributions of the oral and maxillofacial radiologist, including identification of potential biopsy sites that may be representative of the lesion, and recommend an appropriate radiographic follow-up examination with careful monitoring of the radiologic features that could change the diagnostic or treatment planning decision process.
Effective Management of Demolition Waste Containing Hexabromocyclododecane in China

Demolition waste containing hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can be disposed of at either a waste, material, or substance level; however, their efficiency in mitigating long-term HBCDD contamination can be different. In this chapter, we quantify how much HBCDD emissions can be avoided and how efficiently the stock of HBCDD embedded in the demolition waste can be reduced if mainland China adopts different levels of waste management. We find that a pre-demolition screening combined with environmentally sound treatment, that is, management at the substance level, is the most effective end-of-life management option for minimizing HBCDD emissions and stocks. This level of waste management reduces slightly more HBCDD emissions than accelerating the ban of backfill or illegal open dumping of general demolition waste, that is, management at the waste level. While increasing the recycling of polystyrene materials, that is, management of waste at the material level, is ideal for the circular economy, it is least effective in reducing HBCDD emissions and may introduce this problematic chemical into recovered materials as new in-use stocks.
Female mice exhibit less renal mitochondrial injury but greater mortality using a comorbid model of experimental sepsis

Given the inherent heterogeneity of the septic patient population and possible comorbid conditions, it is not surprising that the influence of gender on incidence and outcomes are still unclear. The goal of this study was to use a clinically relevant murine model of sepsis, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in CD1 mice, with and without uniphrectomy as a comorbid condition to investigate possible gender differences in renal mitochondrial function and dynamics. High resolution respirometry on fresh kidney biopsies was used to measure renal respiratory complex activities. At 18h post-CLP with nephrectomy male mice showed significant reductions in complex I, II, and III activities, while females were less effected; only complex I was significantly reduced from sham mice. Taken together, our studies revealed, for the first time, gender differences in mitochondrial respiratory activity even in the absence of sepsis. We also examined expression of key mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. In both genders and in both CLP models, protein expression of the primary fission protein, DRP1 was significantly decreased. No changes were observed in female mice in either CLP model; whereas, male mice demonstrated a slight reduction in MFN1 and the short form of OPA1 after CLP, and modest increase in MFN2 with CLP plus nephrectomy. In both genders CLP with nephrectomy produced a greater increase in serum blood urea nitrogen, a biomarker of renal injury, than without nephrectomy. However, CLP with nephrectomy produced significantly lower 96-hour survival in females. Our results suggest that the CLP nephrectomy comorbid model of sepsis may be an appropriate model to study gender differences a select group of predisposed individuals.
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus: virulence traits and control strategies

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. HLB, first identified in Asia, and its insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), are quickly spreading in citrus-producing areas in South America and North America. The main challenges for HLB control include the phloem-limited biology of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agent of HLB, which shields the pathogen from treatments, difficulty in controlling and containing the psyllid vectors, and lack of citrus varieties with resistance against HLB and ACP. This review is not intended to be comprehensive; instead, we focus on the virulence factors of Ca. L. asiaticus and the control approaches against HLB and ACP to complement other papers covering different aspects of HLB pathosystems of this issue.
Impact of Adsorbed Water on the Interaction of Limonene with Hydroxylated SiO2: Implications of π-Hydrogen Bonding for Surfaces in Humid Environments

The indoor environment is a dynamic one with many variables impacting indoor air quality and indoor air chemistry. These include relative humidity (RH) and the presence of different surfaces. Although it has been suggested that the indoor concentrations of gas-phase compounds increase at higher relative humidity, because of displacement of these compounds from indoor surfaces, little is known from a molecular perspective about how RH and adsorbed water impact the adsorption of indoor relevant organic compounds such as limonene with indoor relevant surfaces. Herein, we investigate the effects of RH on the adsorption of limonene, a hydrophobic molecule, on hydroxylated SiO2 surfaces, a model for glass surfaces. Experimental data using infrared spectroscopy to directly measure limonene adsorption are combined with both force field-based molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to understand the competitive interactions between limonene, water, and the SiO2 surface. The spectroscopic data provide evidence that adsorbed limonene is not completely displaced by adsorbed water, even at high RH (∼80%) when the water layer coverage is close to three monolayers (MLs). These experimental data are supported by AIMD and MD simulations, which indicate that limonene is present at the adsorbed water interface but displaced from direct interactions with SiO2. This study shows that although some limonene can desorb from the surface, even at the highest RH, more than half the limonene remains adsorbed on the surface that can undergo continued surface reactivity. A complex network of π-hydrogen bonds, water-water hydrogen bonds, and SiO2-water hydrogen bonds explains these interactions at the air/adsorbed water/SiO2 interface that hold the hydrophobic limonene molecule at the interface. Importantly, these interactions are most likely present for a range of other systems involving organic compounds and solid surfaces at ambient relative humidity and may be important in a range of scientific areas, from sensor development to cultural heritage science.
A large repertoire of B cell lineages targeting one cluster of epitopes in a vaccinated rhesus macaque

Abstract The repertoire of antibodies (Abs) produced upon vaccination against a particular antigenic site is rarely studied due to the complexity of the immunogens. We received such an opportunity when one rhesus macaque was immunized six times at 0, 4, 10, 16, 32, and 143 weeks with C4-447 peptide containing the 8-mer epitope for human monoclonal Ab (mAb) 447-52D specific to the V3 region of gp120 HIV-1. Strong anti-V3 antibody responses reached 50% binding titer in serum of 10−5 at week 10 that declined to 10−3 by week 70. After an additional boost of C4-447 peptide at week 143, titers rebounded to 10−5 at week 146, or 2.7 years after the first immunization. Using the blood sample at week 146, we produced 41 V3-specific recombinant mAbs by single B cell isolation and cloning. Sequence analysis revealed 21B cell lineages, single and clonally related, based on immunoglobulin gene usage and CDR3s. The broad repertoire of Abs directed to a small antigenic site shows the targeting potency of a vaccine-elicited immune response in rhesus macaques.
Review: Health Care Decision-Making WebCT Module for Medical Students

The Health Care Decision-Making Module was initially created as an interactive WebCT program and was subsequently converted to a pdf format for posting on the Portal of Geriatric Online Education in early 2006 and updated on October 29, 2009. WebCT was the first of what are now many comprehensive software programs used by universities for conducting online courses. The current Health Care Decision-Making module is a straightforward pdf with embedded hyperlinks and exercises, allowing for easy downloading, sharing, and adapting by other institutions.
Lubricants for inerted lubrication systems in engines for advanced aircraft.

Feasibility tests on liquid lubricants for inerted lubrication systems of advanced aircraft engines
Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities

Despite efforts toward equality, social rules of gender play a prominent role in leisure especially within the sport and physical activity arena. Recreational and organized sports are common leisur...
Arm pain of dental origin. Abbreviated case report.

Abstract An unusual case of referred pain is presented. The origin of the pain was the mandibular right second premolar. The areas of referral were the right mandible, neck, shoulder, medial arm, forearm, and wrist. The precise identification of the cause and the accurate description of the resultant pain by the patient, who is a physician, give a special interest to this report.
A dedicated PET scanner for breast cancer

The authors present a design of a PET scanner dedicated to breast imaging. The scanner uses two 2-dimensional position sensitive NaI(Tl) detectors, each with 16 PMTs, placed above and below the breast to detect tumors. The design combines high spatial resolution (3.5 mm) to detect small tumors (/spl ap/0.1 cc), high sensitivity and good energy resolution to suppress scatter background and to detect low contrast masses. Additional views of the breast and lymph nodes will be possible. Simulations show that the proposed design has better lesion detectability than a general purpose whole-body PET scanner. Detector thickness, position algorithms, surface treatments of the NaI(Tl) and PMT arrangements will ensure good performance under high countrate conditions and particularly at the edges of the detector closest to the body. A preliminary investigation of different iterative reconstruction algorithms with limited angle datasets show promise in obtaining good image quality and tumor detectability, the scanner's primary design goals. Simulation results are compared to preliminary phantom measurements.
Microvesicle‐associated tissue factor and Trousseau's syndrome

Summary. Background: Trousseau's syndrome is a prothrombotic state associated with malignancy that is poorly understood pathophysiologically. Methods and Results: Here we report studies on the blood of a 55-year-old man with giant-cell lung carcinoma who developed a severe form of Trousseau's syndrome. His clinical course was dominated by an extremely hypercoagulable state. Despite receiving potent antithrombotic therapy, he suffered eleven major arterial and venous thrombotic events over a 5 month period. We examined the patient's blood for tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of coagulation, and found its concentration in his plasma to be forty-one-fold higher than the mean concentration derived from testing of 16 normal individuals. Conclusion: Almost all of the TF in the patient's plasma was associated with cell-derived microvesicles, likely shed by the cancer cells.
Hypertrophic and hyperplastic effects of thyroxine on the submandibular gland of the mouse

The nature of the trophic response of the mouse submandibular gland to thyroxine (T4) was examined. Adult female Swiss-Webster mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of T4 (1 microgram/gm body weight) for two or four days; two injections of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) were given 24 and 29 hours after the last injection of hormone, and the mice were killed one hour after the last injection of 3H-TdR. One gland was analyzed chemically for DNA content and for incorporation of 3H-TdR, while the other was used to prepare autoradiograms. The cellular composition of each gland was analyzed by counting 1000 nuclei, and the frequency and labelling index (LI) of six cell types were established. A rise in specific activity of DNA and a fall in its concentration were seen in response to T4. The LI for the entire gland more than doubled. The LIs and frequencies of granular convoluted tubule and granular intercalated duct cells were increased more than those of acinar and nongranular intercalated duct cells; striated and excretory duct cells were not affected. It is concluded that the enlargement of the submandibular gland of the mouse caused by T4 is due to both hyperplastic and hypertrophic effects.
Influence of a medicine clerkship conference series on students' acquisition of knowledge

PURPOSE. To determine whether an intensive conference series during a third-year medicine clerkship would produce a significant improvement in students' standard scores on the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) medicine subject examination when taken at the end of the clerkship and on the me
Cladistics of a Sampling of the World's Diversity of Whiteflies of the Genus Dialeurodes (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The cladistic relationships were examined within a large sample of the world's diversity of Dialeurodes Cockerell. Forty-one species were analyzed, including 27 species placed in Dialeurodes, 1 previously misclassified species, Dialeurodes fici Takahashi stat. rev., 2 undescribed species of Dialeurodes, 3 species of Rusostigma Quaintance & Baker, 4 Kanakarajiella David & Sundararaj, and 2 species of Dialeuronomada Quaintance & Baker, with 2 species of Cockerelliella Sundararaj & David used as outgroups. The analysis found 2,068 equally parsimonious trees of length 183. Several well-defined groups were present in all these trees. The important characters that define these groups are discussed, and the distinctness of these groups from the type species of the genus Dialeurodes is noted.
Advances in pain management for older adult patients.

Management of pain is crucial to the success of any program of care and support for dying patients and their families. Pain can be controlled in more than 90% of older adults. Components of an effective program include comprehensive, repeated pain assessment; detection and treatment of complicating medical and psychological disorders (e.g., delirium); spiritual concerns; and the judicious use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies, radiation, and radiopharmaceuticals. Strategies that enable clinicians to prevent and treat the expected complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and opioid therapies are reviewed. Strategies to change opioid agents or routes to minimize opioid-induced side effects and to provide effective pain relief as death nears are presented.
Ultrarelativistic-positron-beam transport through meter-scale plasmas.

We report on the first study of the dynamic transverse forces imparted to an ultrarelativistic positron beam by a long plasma in the underdense regime. Focusing of the 28.5 GeV beam is observed from time-resolved beam profiles after the 1.4 m plasma. The strength of the imparted force varies along the � 12 ps full length of the bunch as well as with plasma density. Computer simulations substantiate the longitudinal aberration seen in the data and reveal mechanisms for emittance degradation. The interaction of intense positron beams with plasmas has received very little experimental attention compared to that for electron beams. In electron beam transport, an electron bunch can expel all the plasma electrons within its radius on a time scale shorter than the bunch duration. In this underdense or ‘‘blowout’’ regime [1– 4], where the peak beam density nb0 is much higher than the plasma density ne, a uniform ion channel is created for the remainder of the bunch. Because the transverse fields of an ion channel make a nearly ideal optic, an electron beam can propagate over extended distances in plasmas without substantial emittance degradation. However, for positron beams with n b0 � n e , there is no analogy to blowout. In this ‘‘flow-in’’ regime, background electrons from various distances from the beam will continue to enter the positron beam at various times along the bunch [5]. Moreover, while the ion density ni within an electron
A CONSIDERATION OF THE NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN TRANSMISSION RATIO AND RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY IN A MALE RECOMBINATION SYSTEM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The negative correlation between transmission ratio (k) and male recombination frequency (θ), which was found in the presence of the “major” male recombination element (Mr) in the pr+ region of the T-007 chromosome, was examined for hypothesized “minor” male recombination elements associated with T-007. The data indicate that many minor male recombination elements are distributed along the arms of the T-007 chromosome. They generally cause a reduction in k and an increase in θ, and their expression seems to be constant among males within each line.More interestingly, the presence of another type of male recombination element is also suggested by the present observations. It appears that a “Mr-related mutational change” (analogous to paramutation) occurs in the pr region (therefore, the Mr+ region) of previously non-male recombination second chromosomes. This change, designated Mr', enables those chromosomes which carry it to induce some male recombination and a distorted transmission ratio. In this case, the expression of Mr' seems to vary among males within each line.It is suggested that the relationship between k and θ among males within the same line is related to the position of the elements in the chromosome. Specifically, minor elements, which locate in largely euchromatic regions of the chromosome, appear to be “stable” in their expression, while the Mr and Mr' elements, which locate in or adjacent to the centric heterochromatin, appear to be “unstable”. The expression of these elements may be variable among males within each line such that the activities of Mr or Mr' are stronger (lower k, higher θ) for some males, while they are weaker (higher k, lower θ) for other males.Finally, it is estimated that the rate of the “Mr-related mutational change”, Mr+→Mr', is roughly 0.50.
Optimal design of leak-proof SRAM cell using MCDM method

As deep-submicron CMOS technology advances, on-chip cache has become a bottleneck on microprocessor's performance. Meanwhile, it also occupies a big percentage of processor area and consumes large power. Speed, power and area of SRAM are mutually contradicting, and not easy to be met simultaneously. Many existent leakage suppression techniques have been proposed, but they limit the circuit's performance. We apply a Multi-Criteria Decision Making strategy to perform a minimum delay-power-area optimization on SRAM circuit under some certain constraints. Based on an integrated device and circuit-level approach, we search for a process that yields a targeted composite performance. In consideration of the huge amount of simulation workload involved in the optimal design-seeking process, most of this process is automated to facilitate our goal-pursuant. With varying emphasis put on delay, power or area, different optimal SRAM designs are derived and a gate-oxide thickness scaling limit is projected. The result seems to indicate that a better composite performance could be achieved under a thinner oxide thickness. Under the derived optimal oxide thickness, the static leakage power consumption contributes less than 1% in the total power dissipation.