cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dale Hample: Arguing: Exchanging Reasons Face to Face

Arguing: Exchanging Reasons Face to Face is a synthesis of an impressive volume of scholarly work in which Dale Hample explores arguing as a form of human communication that serves a variety of functions in the process of people’s relating to one another in different facets of their personal and social lives. This focus sets the volume apart from most books that in one way or another address claims we make and what qualifies them as defensible, questionable, or unacceptable. Also setting it apart from other treatments of the subject are the author’s command of the subject matter, equal comfort with both quantitative and qualitative research, and ability to explain often complex ideas coherently for readers not as sophisticated as he. To Professor Hample, arguing is a form of collaborative activity in which the parties mutually engage in giving reasons for both their positions on issues in dispute, as well as seemingly in need of resolution, and challenging those pertaining to positions that are oppositional. Sometimes the process works well, in the sense that those participating manage to resolve differences to their satisfaction even though in different senses (e.g., logical soundness and evidentiary foundation) the adjudication may leave much to be desired. In other instances, differences may remain unresolved. Hample’s concern is not so much with improving the process as it is with illuminating what is occurring at an interpersonal level whatever the disposition of the differences in point of view that precipitate people’s engagement in arguing in the first place. In this respect, he succeeds admirably. Readers who share the author’s intellectual curiosity about the phenomenon, moreover, should find themselves embarked on a fascinating excursion through a rich, albeit sometimes dense, body of pertinent information, to which Professor Hample has been one of the principal contributors, and insightful rendering of it. In Chapter 1, ‘‘Definition of Argument,’’ Professor Hample distinguishes argument as a purely
Structurally heterogeneous electrode films of acrylamide/vinylpyridine gels: Dynamics of ferricyanide mediated electrooxidation of ascorbic acid and their dependence on the electrode film structure and composition

Abstract A novel electrode coating material was synthesized by bulk, radical copolymerization of acrylamide, bisacrylamide and vinylpyridine in aqueous solutions. Highly swelled, porous gels were obtained. Sections of the copolymeric gels, a fraction of a micrometer in thickness, were cut with a microtome and deposited on glassy carbon disk electrodes. Electrochemical measurements involving chronocoulometry, cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk methods were used to characterize these electrode coatings in terms of their physical structure and ion-exchange properties. After ion-exchange incorporation of ferricyanide ions, mediated electrooxidation of ascorbic acid was investigated in an acidic electrolyte. The kinetics of the processes involved in this electrocatalysis were analyzed according to the Saveant-Andrieux theory. All electrocatalytic systems behaved according to the R + S case. Detailed analysis of the electrocatalysis data allowed us to relate the key parameters determining the system's performance to the structure and the composition of the gel films. Self-segregation of vinylpyridine groups during polymerization of a gel in acidic solution was revealed and related to its superior ion-exchange properties and the high catalytic activity of the bound ferricyanide ions.
XML-Based Policy Engine Framework for Usage Policy Management in Grids

We have implemented a XML-basedusage policy framework that provides authorization and cost-based accounting in the EZGrid system, a resource broker for grid computing. Primarily, this framework allows the resource owners to exercise more control over their resources by dictating usage permissions in a grid environment. The usage policies and associated rules are expressed as attribute-value pairs in XML. Interfaces are developed for administrators to set these rules and tools are designed to help the users and client-side brokerage systems to examine these policies while making resource choices. Globus toolkit's middleware services are used for authentication and data transport.
Mini-PIC — A Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code on unstructured grids for next generation platforms

This talk outlines the infrastructure and capabilities of Mini-PIC, an open-source electrostatic/electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code, which has been developed to simulate low density plasmas in complex domains on unstructured meshes. This application is hybrid MPI+X and has been developed using the Kokkos (part of the Trilinos solver library) abstraction layer for the X. Kokkos enables execution on traditional clusters, Intel Phi, and GPUs using threads, OpenMP or Cuda all with the same application code. The application uses a FEM approach for fields and the linear systems are stored and solved with Tpetra, the next-generation solvers stack as part of Trilinos. Performance results will be given for Sandybridge CPUs, Nights Corner Intel Phi, and Nvidia K40m cards showing performant, scalable algorithms across the various platforms. Mini-PIC is available on the Mantevo website http://mantevo.org and is distributed under the BSD license.
Rapidly reconfigurable coarse-grained FPGA architecture for digital filtering applications

This paper presents a rapid reconfigurable coarse-grained FPGA architecture targeted for FIR filter, LMS adaptive FIR filters with multiple correlation and FFT/IFFT for digital filtering applications. The proposed architecture can configure up to four pipelined radix-4 or radix-2 2048 point FFT/IFFT, two 32-tap LMS filters or two 64-tap multiple FIR filters. By reducing unnecessary switching of general purpose routing resources, used extensively in fine-grained FPGAs, our approach can achieve the flexibility of a fine-grained FPGA with the performance and area efficiency similar to that of an ASIC.
American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: Update 1997

In the past, differences in opinion among professional groups about colorectal cancer screening have been a barrier to colorectal cancer prevention. It is clear that screening for colorectal cancer is currently practiced by fewer than 20% of American adults. However, a growing consensus now exists that even though we do not yet have trial data to compare precisely the various methods for screening, there is now both a compelling case for screening and a reasonable set of methods that clinicians and patients can consider. By applying the knowledge we already have, it is likely that most of the deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States could be prevented.
Lymphoid cells in delayed hypersensitivity. 1. In vitro vs. in vivo responses.

Abstract A strict correlation does not seem to exist between delayed hypersensitivity in vivo , as expressed by diameter of induration after skin testing, and delayed hypersensitivity in vitro , as expressed by migration inhibition of lymphoid cells on an agar surface. Lymphoid cells from sensitized newborn guinea pigs, which show little or no response by skin testing with specific antigen, can inhibit the migration of normal adult macrophages. Macrophages from normal neonatal guinea pigs can also be inhibited in their migration in vitro by sensitized adult lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells from the spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneal exudate, thymus, and bone marrow of sensitized guinea pigs are inhibited in vitro by specific antigen or inhibit normal peritoneal exudate cells or macrophages in vitro . Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to normal adult recipients was successful with cells from spleen, lymph nodes, and peritoneal exudate of adult sensitized guinea pigs but not with cells from the thymus or bone marrow of the same donors.
Dementia and driving: Perceptions and changing habits

ABSTRACT To better understand the importance of driving in the lives of older adults with dementia, the authors developed a survey that addressed driving history, driving habits and attitudes about cessation of driving. Seventy-five drivers with dementia and 75 collateral sources familiar with the patient's driving habits were surveyed. Patients had driven for an average of 57.8 years. They drove 5.0 days per week and in many situations. Forty-nine patients and 32 collaterals believed that the driver with dementia would be able to continue driving throughout the course of the disease. The driver with dementia was the preferred choice to best make the decision to discontinue driving by both patients and collaterals. Our findings indicate that both drivers with dementia and their collaterals lack insight into the inevitability of the need to limit and eventually discontinue driving.
The Dynamics of Chinese Regional Development — Market Nature, State Nurture – By Jane Golley.

The article reviews the book "The Dynamics of Chinese Regional Development—Market Nature, State Nurture," by Jane Golley.
Gene structure and expression of the Corynebacterium flavum N13 ask-asd operon.

Abstract Two promoters required for expression of the ask-asd genes, encoding aspartokinase (AK) and aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASD), in Corynebacterium flavum N13, askP1 and askP2, have been identified by deletion analysis and S1 nuclease mapping. Transcription from askP1 initiates 35 and 38 bp upstream of the ask structural gene. A second promoter, askP2, lies within the ask coding region, upstream of the translation start site of the AK beta subunit and can direct the expression of AK beta and ASD. Western immunoblot analysis and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli demonstrate that two separate polypeptides, a 44.8-kDa alpha subunit and an 18.5-kDa beta subunit, are expressed from the C. flavum N13 ask gene from distinct, in-frame translation initiation sites. A second AK mutation, G345D, which reduces the sensitivity of AK to concerted feedback inhibition by threonine plus lysine, was identified.
Electric deregulation impacts on metering, billing and customer information systems

Electric industry deregulation is approaching in many states, bringing with it enormous changes in the way that distribution utilities handle information within their customer information, metering and billing systems. Traditional utility metering and billing processes could largely become a thing of the past when such concepts as retail open access, 3/sup rd/ party metering and competitive billing services become the norm. In addition, distribution utilities will be required to develop electronic data interchange capabilities with many other entities that did not exist prior to the advent of retail competition. This paper examines a number of business processes in the retail electric market and explores the information that will be required to implement those processes.
Stable Prevalence of Powassan Virus in Ixodes scapularis in a Northern Wisconsin Focus

Deer tick virus (DTV), a variant of Powassan virus (POWV), appears to be maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle between Ixodes scapularis ticks and small mammals. Although POWV infection of human beings is rare, a recent report suggests increasing incidence and the possibility that POWV may be an emerging tick-borne zoonosis. Therefore, we assessed the long-term stability of the POWV transmission cycle in northwestern Wisconsin. Adult I. scapularis and Dermacentor variabilis were collected from Hayward and Spooner, Wisconsin, screened for infection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus was isolated. Seventeen of 1,335 (1.3%) of I. scapularis and 0 of 222 (0%) of D. variabilis ticks were infected. All isolated virus belonged to the DTV genotype of POWV. These findings suggest stable transmission of POWV in this focus over ten years and highlight the potential for this agent to emerge as a public health concern.
Non-Declarative Sequence Learning does not Show Savings in Relearning

Researchers have utilized the savings in relearning paradigm in a variety of settings since Ebbinghaus developed the tool over a century ago. In spite of its widespread use, we do not yet understand what type(s) of memory are measurable by savings. Specifically, can savings measure both declarative and non-declarative memories? The lack of conscious recollection of the encoded material in some studies indicates that non-declarative memories may show savings effects, but as all studies to date have used declarative tasks, we cannot be certain. Here, we administer a non-declarative task and then measure savings in relearning the material declaratively. Our results show that while material outside of awareness may show savings effects, non-declarative sequence memory does not. These data highlight the important distinction between memory without awareness and non-declarative memory.
The Supposed Inheritance of Acquired Characters

DR. FRANCIS DARWIN, in his presidential address before the British Association, writes as follows:— "Fischer showed that when chrysalids of Arctia caja are subjected to a low temperature a certain number of them produce dark-coloured insects; and further that these moths mated together yield dark-coloured offspring. This has been held to prove somatic inheritance, but Weismann points out that it is explicable by the low temperature having an identical effect on the colour-determinants existing in the wing-rudiments of the pupa, and on the same determinants occurring in the germ-cells".
Regeneration of Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. (Seashore Mallow) from callus cultures

Organogenic callus cultures of seashore mallow, Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl., originated from excised mature embryos or stem sections of aseptically germinated plants initially cultured on Murashige & Skoog minimal organics medium containing 30000 mg l-1 glucose, 2.0 mg l-1 indoleacetic acid and 1.0 mg l-1 kinetin. Plants were regenerated via shoots and roots from callus cultures following transfer through a series of media with different cytokinin/auxin ratios and changes in carbohydrate source. Meristematic regions, shoot and root primordia were observed during histological examination of the tissues. Somatic embryos were not found.
Growth retardation of Rhodnius prolixus symbionts by immunizing host against Nocardia (Rhodococcus) rhodnii

Abstract The possiblity of suppressing the growth of Nocardia (Rhodococcus) rhodnii symbiont in the gut of Rhodnius prolixus by feeding the bugs on rabbits immunized against the bacterium, was investigated. Rabbits immunized with symbionts isolated from adult bugs and grown in vitro developed high antisymbiont titres (1,024-2,048) and showed no ill side effects. The log-phase growth of the symbionts was retarded in the gut of R. prolixus larvae fed on immunized rabbits. Both growth rate and maximal number of symbionts were lower in groups receiving treatment. Rate of development of bugs reared on immunized rabbits was slowed and their success in moulting was reduced.
The thermo-hand method: Evaluation of a new indicator pad for acid permeation of chemical protective gloves

The thermo-hand method was developed to evaluate a new indicator pad for acid permeation through chemical protective gloves under in-use conditions (controlled conditions for the hand's skin temperature, hand movements, and relative humidity inside gloves). An indicator pad was used to detect both organic and inorganic acid permeation through glove materials. Breakthrough times for five types of gloves were determined and found to range from 5 to 308 min for propionic acid, from 4 to 293 min for acrylic acid, and from 15 min to >6 hours for HCl. Quantification was performed for propionic and acrylic acids following solvent desorption and gas chromatography. Both acids exhibited >99% adsorption (including the volume of acid, which reacted with an indicator to contribute the color change) on the pads at a spiking level of 1.8 µL for each acid. Acid recovery for the system was calculated for each acid, with results ranging from 52–72% (RSD≤4.0%) for both acids over the spiking range 0.2–1.8 µL. The quantitat...
Muonic 197Au: A test of the weak-coupling model

Abstract We report the measurement of the energies of various muonic atomic transitions above 500 keV in 197Au. We have used the weak-coupling model in order to analyze the hyperfine structure of 197Au. Using transitions to and from the 1s, 2s 2p and 3p levels as well as the fine structure of the 2p states and hyperfine splittings of the 2p, 3p and 3d states we have fitted our data to two deformed Fermi distributions: one with a constant skin thickness, the other with a skin thickness which varies. Both yield equally good fits. We have determined the quadrupole moment of 197Au to be 0.547±0.016 b. The model dependence of our results is discussed. The weak coupling parameters of de-Shalit Ω p , Ω 22 , Ω 20 and A 2 have been determined and are in fair agreement with Coulomb excitation results. There is also good agreement between our results and those of electron scattering.
Effect of protein level in calf starters on the growth rate and metabolism of young calves.

Summary Eighty two-day-old male and female calves representing the Holstein and Jersey breeds were used in two separate experiments, to determine the effect of protein level of calf starters on growth rate and metabolism of young dairy calves. In the first experiment, no significant differences were observed in growth rates of calves receiving starters containing either 12.2, 16.6, 20.2, or 24.3% crude protein. The most efficient gains made were on the 12.2 and 16.6% protein levels. In the second experiment, no significant differences were found among groups receiving either a 13.0, 20.0, or 23.7% crude protein starter. A starter containing only 8.5% crude protein supported growth at a significantly lower rate than any of the other starters. A 16.6% crude protein starter gave growth superior to any of the other groups, which may be explained in part by increased feed consumption. The most efficient gains as measured in terms of pounds of feed required per pound of gain were made by this group. The digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood studies tended to confirm results obtained from growth studies. Based on these studies, it appears that dairy calves two to 84 days of age do not require starters containing more than 12.0 to 16.0% crude protein, to maintain normal growth when a limited amount of whole milk and a medium to good quality alfalfa hay are fed. It was also shown that starters containing only 8.5% crude protein would not support normal growth, thereby indicating that the minimum protein level of calf starters is in excess of 8.5% crude protein.
Effects of a plyometric program on vertical landing force and jumping performance in college women

Abstract Objectives To examine the effects of a plyometric program on peak vertical ground reaction force as well as kinetic jumping characteristics in recreationally athletic college women. Design Six week prospective exercise intervention. Setting Division I university campus. Participants Twenty college females who competed recreationally in basketball were randomly assigned to a training ( n =10) or control ( n =10) group. Main outcome measures The absolute change values for vertical ground reaction force, countermovement jump height, peak and average jump power, and peak jump velocity. Comparisons were made using Mann–Whitney U tests. Results Vertical ground reaction force decreased in the intervention group (−222.8±610.9N), but was not statistically different ( p =0.122) compared to the change observed in the control group (54.6±257.6N). There was no difference in the absolute change values between groups for countermovement jump height (1.0±2.8cm vs. −0.2±1.5cm, p =0.696) or any of the associated kinetic variables following the 6-week intervention. Conclusions Although not statistically significant, the mean absolute reduction in vertical ground reaction force in the training group is clinically meaningful. Eight of the 10 women in the training group reduced vertical ground reaction force by 17–18%; however, improvements in jumping performance were not observed. This indicates that programs aimed at enhancing performance must be designed differently from those aimed at reducing landing forces in recreationally athletic women.
Auditory Evoked Responses in Clinical Populations and in the Cat

An overview is presented of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and middle- and long-latency auditory evolved responses recorded from clinical populations and from an experimental model, the cat. The research strategy of this program is to use auditory evoked responses as surface probes of central auditory processing functions and of substrate systems. Comparisons of ABRs between normal and mentally handicapped populations indicate specific types of abnormalities in particular subpopulations. Generator substrates of these responses have been suggested from analytical animal experiments. Middle- and longlatency responses are now beginning to be compared in normal and mentally handicapped subjects. Experimental data from the cat suggest that these responses reflect the relatively independent activation of several parallel forebrain systems which receive input from brainstem levels.
A modular multilevel converter for series compensation of an EVH transmission line with battery energy storage

This paper presents the design and analysis of a converter for integrating energy storage into the transmission grid. The system consists of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) interfaced to a Modular Multi-level Impedance Sourced Converter (MMZSC) acting as a bidirectional controllable source for a three phase isolating transformer arranged in a Series Compensation (SC) configuration that is dual-purposed for both power flow control and transient stability of distributed generation that is weakly coupled to the surrounding power system. The design example is detailed with respect to considerations of interfacing to 345 kV lines. First, a qualitative design review is given with respect to limitations of current technology and valuable improvements made possible by this paper's combination of system configuration, topology, and device considerations. A description is given of how the converter is operated via a modified space vector modulation scheme in conjunction with a sliding-mode direct power control method. Computer simulations are included that demonstrate operating modes of this system; including bidirectional power flow, superior efficiency, reduced DC impedance requirements, and lower distortion than equivalent voltage source converters (VSC). This paper provides a new contribution by combining the elements of bidirectional power flow with a multi-level Z-source converter. In addition the justification for this system as the best candidate for providing the grid regulation functions is considered
Effects of heroin and naloxone on cerebral blood flow in the conscious rat.

The widespread, heterogeneous distribution of opiate receptors and their endogenous ligands in the nervous system are reflective of the variety of central and systemic effects seen after opiate administration. Most neurons respond to either systemic or local opiate application with a decrease in firing rate, although increased neuronal activity has also been reported in such regions as the caudate, amygdala, ventral tegmentum, and substantia nigra. While regional metabolic studies have consistently reported neuronal suppression, some portion of this might be secondary to systemic hypercapnia. Using a brief blood flow marker, we recently reported a heterogenous increase in activity in more than half of the brain regions examined. To extend that study, we report herein the results of a dose-response and antagonist challenge experiment. Rats received an acute injection of one of the following: heroin (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg), naloxone (1.0 mg/kg), a cocktail of heroin (0.3 mg/kg) plus naloxone or saline. One min after drug administration, 160 μCi/kg [1-14C] octanoate, a marker for cerebral blood flow, was delivered IV. Rats were sacrificed two min later, brains removed and prepared for autoradiography. Of the fifty-eight areas analyzed, heroin caused an increase in blood flow in the caudate, claustrocortex, laterodorsal thalamus and dentate gyrus. Decreases were found for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, dorsomedial and paraventricular hypothalamus, entorhinal and cingulate cortices and dorsal raphe. Naloxone resulted in significant increases in the olfactory tubercle and paraventricular nucleus while decreases were seen in the cingulate and basolateral amygdala.
Peroxisomal targeting signal-1 receptor protein PEX5 from Leishmania donovani. Molecular, biochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization.

Abstract The human pathogens of the Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma genera compartmentalize glycolytic and other key metabolic pathways in unique subcellular microbodies called glycosomes, organelles related to the peroxisomes of mammals and yeast. The molecular machinery that carries out the specific targeting of glycosomal proteins to the organelle has not been characterized, although the bulk of glycosomal proteins contain the COOH-terminal tripeptide glycosomal peroxisomal targeting signal-1 (PTS-1) similar to the mammalian and fungal peroxisomal targeting signal. To characterize the mechanisms of glycosomal targeting, the gene encoding PEX5, designated LdPEX5, has been isolated from Leishmania donovani. LdPEX5 encodes a 625-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 69.7 kDa. Like its homologs in yeast and humans,LdPEX5 predicts a protein with seven copies of a tetratricopeptide repeat in its COOH-terminal half proposed to mediate PTS-1 binding and three copies of a WXXX(Y/F) motif in its NH2 terminus conjectured to be essential for protein translocation into the organelle. LdPEX5 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity for binding experiments and generation of antibodies. Recombinant LdPEX5 bound xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT), a PTS-1 containing glycosomal protein with a K D of 4.2 nm, but did not bind an XPRT in which the PTS-1 had been deleted. Moreover, binding studies with the COOH-terminal half of the LdPEX5 confirmed that this portion of the PEX5 protein was capable of binding the XPRT PTS-1 with an affinity of 17.3 nm. Confocal microsocopy revealed that LdPEX5 was predominantly in the cytosolic milieu, and genetic analysis implied that LdPEX5 was an essential gene.
The Infrared Spectrum of G29--38

New broad- and narrow-band IR data are presented for Giclas 29 - 38, a white dwarf with a large excess of IR emission. The most dramatic aspect of the new data, strong emission at 10-micron wavelength, points toward the existence of particulate matter in orbit around G29 - 38. It is shown that such orbiting matter cannot lie in a single plane or a thick disk but might take the shape of a thin warped disk.
Trial of oral physostigmine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We evaluated a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and double-crossover trial of oral physostigmine salicylate for a 9-month period in 13 of 25 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A large dropout rate of 48% was secondary to eight deaths and four exclusions attributed to the incapability to swallow the tablets (physostigmine) and capsules (lecithin) or to attend the clinic. Parameters used for assessment of the drug efficacy included body weight, ALS score, Jamar grip strength, forced vital capacity, and maximum voluntary ventilation. It revealed slight benefit in reduced loss of grip strength compared with the pretrial and placebo periods. However, the rates of decline for body weight, ALS score, forced vital capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation, and megascore did not differ significantly between the pretrial, placebo, and physostigmine periods. We therefore concluded that overall no significant alteration in the clinical course was gained by oral physostigmine therapy in the 13 patients with ALS who were included in this study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 54, 680–682; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.206
A Hitchhiker's guide to HIV.

Although anti-HIV drugs have been in place for decades, both prophylaxis and a cure remain elusive. Many treatments for HIV infection are associated with severe side effects (which may contribute to poor patient compliance), and resistance mutants frequently arise that render many front-line therapeutics impotent.
Protein folding: evaluation of some simple rules for the assembly of helices into tertiary structures with myoglobin as an example.

Abstract A computer program designed to fold a peptide chain consisting solely of helical segments and connecting links of known length is described and evaluated. This study is a detailed extension of certain aspects of the earlier work of Ptitsyn & Rashin (1975). Possible interaction sites on the helices are sequence dependent and are calculated as described by Richmond & Richards (1978) using probable changes in solvent contact area as a guide. The helices are then paired according to the list of potential sites, with each helix being paired at least once. The lists of pairings are then examined geometrically, each site having a defined dihedral helix axis angle, a specified inter-helix axis distance, and defined rotations, when required, about each helix axis. Two simplified filters are used: (1) lengths of connecting links must be equal to or greater than the end-to-end distances of the helices; and (2) non-paired helices must not collide. With myoglobin as a test example and only six of the eight helices being considered, a conformation space consisting of more than 3 × 108 structures was surveyed. The two filters reduced the acceptable structure list to 121. Slight readjustment of the parameters in the filters would have reduced this to 20 structures. Of these 20, one closely resembles the actual distribution of helices in myoglobin. The possible utility and pitfalls of this approach as part of an overall protein folding program are discussed.
Technical Editing at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Focusing on the crucial role of technical editors and communication managers, the article describes technical editing in environmental and energy research at The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Tennessee). The author examines the kinds of documents prepared, the audiences for whom the documents are intended, and the editing process employed by the Technical Publications Department. The author concludes that communication plays a vital role in complex research and technology and that communicators at The Oak Ridge National Laboratory occupy a central place in the efficient operation of this complex, multipurpose research facility.
Automobile ECU Design to Avoid Data Tampering

Modern embedded vehicle systems are based on network architectures. Vulnerabilities from in-vehicle communications are significant. Privacy and security measures are required for vehicular Electronic Control Units (ECUs). We present a security vulnerability analysis, which shows that the vulnerability mainly lies in the ubiquitous on-board diagnostics II (OBD-II) interface and the memory configuration within ECU. Countermeasures using obfuscation and encryption techniques are introduced to protect ECUs from data sniffing and code tampering. A security scheme of deploying lures that look like ECU vulnerabilities to deceive lurking intruders into installing rootkits is proposed. We show that the interactions between the attacker and the system can be modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP).
B27 Polymorphism and Peptide Repertoire

Over 130 HLA-B alleles have been defined at the level of nucleotide sequence. Nine of these are subtypes of HLA- B27. To understand how HLA- B27 predisposes towards arthritis it is important to determine which B27 subtypes are associated with disease susceptibility and which are not. A characteristic of HLAB27 is the binding of peptides having arginine at position 2. However, HLA- B*7301, a rare and unusual allele of European populations, has an identical “B” subpocket to B*27 and also binds peptides with arginine at position 2. The association of the Bw4 public epitope with inhibition of certain NK cells raises the possibility that NK cell responses may contribute to HLA-B27-associated disease.
Spectral Line Inversion For Sounding Of Stratospheric Minor Constituents By Infrared Heterodyne Technique From Balloon Altitudes

A combination of two different techniques for the inversion of infrared laser heterodyne measurements of tenuous gases in the stratosphere by solar occulation is presented which incorporates the advantages of each technique. An experimental approach and inversion technique are developed which optimize the retrieval of concentration profiles by incorporating the onion peel collection scheme into the spectral inversion technique. A description of an infrared heterodyne spectrometer and the mode of observations for solar occulation measurement is presented, and the results of inversions of some synthetic ClO spectral lines corresponding to solar occulation limb-scans of the stratosphere are examined. A comparison between the new techniques and one of the current techniques indicates that considerable improvement in the accuracy of the retrieved profiles can be achieved. It is found that noise affects the accuracy of both techniques but not in a straightforward manner since there is interaction between the noise level, noise propagation through inversion, and the number of scans leading to an optimum retrieval.
Phase equilibria and volumetric properties of the systems KCl-H2O and NaCl-KCl-H2O above 573 K: Equation of state representation

A comprehensive equation of state has been developed for the system KC1-H2O at high temperatures and pressures. The equation is based on a theoretical model developed earlier for the system NaCl-H2O. Experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium, solid-liquid equilibrium, and density data have been critically evaluated and used to fit the adjustable parameters of the model. The equation of state reproduces these properties within experimental uncertainty. It is valid for temperatures between 573 K and 973 K and pressures up to 5 kbar. Graphs are presented to provide recommended values of phase compositions and volumetric properties. Furthermore, the equations for NaCl-H2O and KC1-H2O have been combined to yield an equation for the ternary system NaCl-KCl-H2O. The equation reproduces solid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system and agrees with the available semiquantitative information about the relative concentration of Na and K in the vapor phase.
A theoretical study of 2,2′;5′,2″-terthiophene (α-T) and its analogs. Part 1. Correlation of electronic structure and energies with herbicidal phototoxicity

Abstract Geometry optimizations and orbital energy calculations were performed at the semi-empirical and ab initio Hartree-Fock SCF levels on 2,2′;5′,5″-terthiophene (α-T) and a series of related compounds of known phototoxic activity, Type II photosensitizers which produce singlet oxygen upon irradiation with near-UV light. Strong correlations were found between the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and triplet excited state energies in these species and their toxicity to grasses.
Mechanical stress in phonation

Mechanical stress is always encountered in phonation. This includes tensile stress, shear stress, impact stress during collision, maximum active contractile stress in laryngeal muscles, inertial stress, and aerodynamic stress (pressure). Order of magnitude calculations reveal that tensile stress can reach the greatest value (near 1.0 MPa), contractile stress is next in size (near 100 kPa), and aerodynamic stress is relatively small (1-10 kPa). Inertial stress and impact stress are greater than aerodynamic stress, but less than contractile stress. Excessive collision and acceleration may be responsible for the greatest tissue damage, even though they do not account for the greatest stresses. This is because they act perpendicularly to the direction of tissue load-bearing fibers and are applied directly to mucosal tissue.
Toward a new snap-through buckling criterion for axially compressed circular cylindrical shells.

Large deflection theory and the principle of stationary potential energy are used to determine postbuckled equilibrium configurations of an axially compressed circular cylindrical shell. Below the classical Euler stress an energy barrier, i.e., the magnitude of an energy hump, is seen to be a measure of the sensitivity of a shell to snap-through from one possible equilibrium configuration to another. Aside from the shell geometric and material properties, the magnitude of the energy hump is affected by initial imperfections as well as dynamic considerations. The energy hump concept is suggested as a basis for a snap-through buckling criterion for shells subjected to finite disturbances such as blast loads, impacting meteoroids, and vibrations. The present study is restricted to consideration of the geometric arid material properties of a shell, i.e., initial imperfections and dynamic effects are ignored.
Transportation Developments in South America and Their Effect on International Agricultural Competitiveness

Argentina and Brazil have emerged as major U.S. competitors in world grain markets. The effect of recent and planned transportation infrastructure improvements on their international competitiveness is to be determined. Existing and planned transportation system improvements in South America that increase transportation and logistical efficiency on export-grain corridors are identified, and with the use of spatial models of the international corn and soybean economies, the effect of the enhanced transportation efficiency on international competitiveness is evaluated. Results show that the transportation system improvements yield noteworthy gains in South America, with producer revenues increasing by more than $1 billion per year and annual exports increasing by 3.3 million metric tons. As a result of South America's improved transportation infrastructure and its increased exports, world grain prices decline and projected exports and producer revenues in the United States are reduced.
Unsuspected very small foci of carcinoma of the prostate in transurethral resection specimens.

Twenty cases of prostatic carcinoma discovered as small foci in specimens from transurethral resections performed for clinically benign prostatic disease were studied. A representative photomicrograph from each case is shown and the size of the tumor foci in each specimen is demonstrated graphically. As a group, the cases were not significantly different from a control group of 38 clinically apparent but localized cases of carcinoma of the prostate with respect to age at diagnosis, 5-year survival rate, average length of survival and rate of local recurrence. The control group had a significantly higher rate of metastasis during the follow-up period but this was probably attributable to an unusually high proportion of less-differentiated carcinomas. One of the incidentally discovered tumors remained latent until death 11 years, 8 months after diagnosis.
Metabolism of thiazopyr in laying hens.

Thiazopyr labeled with 13C/14C was found to be rapidly metabolized and eliminated by laying hens dosed orally for four consecutive days at either 1.3 or 10.4 mg/day. Over 90% of the total radioactive dose appeared in the excreta within 22 h after the final dose at both levels. Tissue residues were very low in the muscle and egg white (0.004−0.01 ppm) with somewhat higher levels observed for the liver, abdominal fat, skin with fat, egg yolk, and kidney (0.047−0.298 ppm). The most abundant tissue metabolite was a nitrile ester resulting from the breakdown of the thiazoline ring of thiazopyr. A carboxylic acid metabolite found in the liver and excreta was shown to arise from oxidation at C-3 of the isobutyl side chain of the nitrile ester. In vitro liver homogenate studies demonstrated the presence of similar metabolic pathways in hens, goats, and rats, although the levels of individual metabolites varied. Keywords: Thiazopyr; hens; metabolites; MS; NMR
Association of high-temperature injury with increased sensitivity of photosynthesis to abscisic acid in wheat

Abstract Photosynthetic responses of intact seedlings and detached leaves of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Len) exposed to 0 or 100 μM (±)-ABA were investigated at 15, 25, or 35°C. Photosynthetic gas exchange of intact seedlings and Chl variable fluorescence of detached leaves were nearly constant at 15°C but decreased steadily over time at 35°C; (±)-ABA accentuated the decline and was increasingly efficacious as the temperature rose. Thylakoid Chl and protein contents and PSII activity changed slowly and responded slightly to (±)-ABA at 15°C but declined rapidly at 35°C with (±)-ABA. Analyses of Chl fluorescence spectra at 77K indicated that high temperature and (±)-ABA altered the microenvironment of Chl beds in thylakoid membranes, shifting emission by Chl-binding proteins of PSII and causing preferential loss of PSI antenna pigments. Immunodetection levels of Chl-binding proteins, such as LHCII, LHCI, and the P700 approteins of PSI, declined after high temperature and (±)-ABA treatments; Western blots detected single bands of Chl-binding proteins in intact seedlings and multiple aberrant bands in detached leaves. Their similar effects and synergistic interactions indicate that ABA may be involved in high-temperature injury to photosynthetic processes.
Analysis and optimal design of delayless subband active noise control systems for broadband noise

Active control of wide-band noise presents certain unique challenges many of which can be addressed using delayless subband adaptive filtering techniques. The performance of a delayless subband active noise control (DSANC) system depends on a complex interplay between the (1) choice of adaptation algorithm, (2) number of subbands, (3) weight stacking scheme, (4) input noise spectrum, and (5) primary, secondary paths. This interplay is studied in this paper for two different kinds of broadband noise. Distortion introduced by the weight stacking methods is investigated and quantified. It is shown that the computational complexity decreases and the stacking distortion increases with the number of subbands. The performance limiting effect of the non-minimum phase property of secondary path on the system performance is evaluated and analytically formulated. An upper bound for the obtainable noise attenuation level (NAL) is derived. A step by step optimal design procedure for the best performance is developed taking computational complexity into consideration. Simulation results support the analytical development and the proposed approach for optimal design of DSANC systems.
Transport activity modifies thick ascending limb damage in the isolated perfused kidney

Abstract Transport activity modifies thick ascending limb damage in the isolated perfused kidney. The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) develops a specific and consistent structural lesion during perfusion of the isolated rat kidney that progresses from mitochondrial swelling at 15 min to complete cellular disruption at 90 min. Because it seemed possible that damage localized to this metabolically active portion of the nephron might be correlated with cellular transport, the histology of perfused kidneys was examined when transport activity in the TAL was varied. The fraction of TAL tubules showing severe damage (44 ± 2% in kidneys perfused with glucose) was dramatically reduced by furosemide (7 ± 2%; P L'activite de transport modifie la lesion de la branche ascendante large dans le rein perfuse isole. La branche ascendante large de l'anse de Henle (TAL) developpe une lesion structurelle specifique et importante pendant la perfusion du rein isole de rat, qui progresse d'un gonflement mitochondrial a 15 min a une rupture cellulaire totale a 90 min. Puisqu'il semblait possible que la lesion localisee a cette portion metaboliquement active du nephron pourrait etre correlee avec le transport cellulaire, l'histologie de reins perfuses a ete etudiee lorsque l'activite de transport dans le TAL variait. La fraction de tubule du TAL presentant une lesion severe (44 ± 2% dans des reins perfuses avec du glucose) etait considerablement reduite par du furosemide (7 ± 2%; P
Results of laparoscopic gastric bypass in patients with cirrhosis.

Background: The safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in patients with cirrhosis has not been well studied. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of patients with cirrhosis who underwent weight-loss surgery at a single institution. Results: Out of a total of 2,119 patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), 30 patients (1.4%) with cirrhosis were identified.When compared with the entire cohort, patients with cirrhosis were significantly more prone to be heavier (BMI 53 vs 48), older in years (age 50 vs 45), more likely to be male (RR=1.3), and have a higher incidence of diabetes (70% vs 21%) and hypertension (67% vs 21%), P 12 months postoperatively (n=15), the average percent excess weight loss was 63±15%. Conclusion: Laparoscopic RYGBP in the cirrhotic patient has an acceptable complication rate and achieves satisfactory early weight loss. Patients tend to be heavier, older, male and more likely to have diabetes and hypertension. Long-term studies are necessary to examine how weight loss impacts established cirrhosis.
The Americans With Disabilities Act and Reasonable Accommodation: The View From Persons With HIV/AIDS

This study examines the application of reasonable accommodation to situations involving employees with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Two questions are posed. What types of accommodations are needed? How readily available is the reasonable accommodation component of the Americans With Disabilities Act? These questions are addressed through qualitative analysis. Three lessons are drawn from the findings.
Assessment of Air Quality at Neighbor Residences in the Vicinity of Swine Production Facilities

Air sampling was completed on the front lawn of 35 homes neighboring swine farms in three different regions in the Upper Midwest of the United States. One region was dominated by large scale, swine confined animal feeding operations (CAFO's) noted as swine confinement area (SCA). The second area was dominated by smaller scale operations utilizing hoop structure facilities (HA). The third area was basically devoid of livestock, dominated by row-crop production, and served as the control area (CA). The time weighted average concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (8.42 ppb) was higher (p = 0.047) in SCA area than the control (3.48 ppb). However, carbon dioxide (449.6 ppm), ammonia (12.78 ppb) and PM10 (42.25 microg/m3) were higher in the hoop structure area than the other areas. Swine population density, distance between the homes and swine facilities, and wind direction had an interactive effect on the average levels of ammonia (p = 0.04). The contaminant levels at the homes were relatively low compared to typical concentrations inside animal buildings. However, exceedences of federal recommended limits for hydrogen sulfide in outdoor air were observed in the swine CAFO area. Concentration of hydrogen sulfide exceeded the recommended limits of the ATSDR (30 ppb) for chronic exposure at two of the 12 homes in the CAFO area (17%). Average hydrogen sulfide concentration exceeded the EPA recommended community standards (0.7 ppb) in all three areas assessed (SCA, HA, and CA). As chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide may be present in areas of production agriculture, a potential health risk may be present. Further studies to provide additional information regarding exposures to hydrogen sulfide in rural environments are warranted.