cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteases of the genus Bacillus. II. Alkaline proteases.

The alkaline proteases of B. subtilis NRRL B3411, B. pumilis, and B. licheniformis have been isolated by fractionation followed by ion exchange chromatography and their homogeneity demonstrated. General enzyme properties of the B. sublitis NRRL B3411 alkaline protease have been studied and attempts made to differentiate a group of alkaline proteases. It is clear that the alkaline proteases known as Subtilisins or Subtilopeptidases are not, exclusive to B. subtilis but are common to many Bacilli and therefore the generic name Bacillopeptidases has been proposed. It is clear too that on the basis of the effect of pH on activity, amino acid composition, esterase activity, and immunological cross-reactions the Bacillopeptidases can be divided into two groups or types: (a) Bacillopcptidase A (Subtilisin A or Subtilopeptidase A) which includes Subtilisin Carlsberg, B. licheniformis, and B. pumilis alkaline proteases; (b) Bacillopeptidase B (Subtilisin B or Subtilopeptidase B) which includes B subtilis NRRL B3411, Subtilisin Novo, Subtilisin BPN' (Nagarse), alkaline protease Daiwa Kasei, and (probably) B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus. At present, no further differentiation is possible and whether or not the enzymes within group A or B are identical remains an open question. Methods for examination of crude enzyme mixtures or fermentation beers are described and from the examination of a number of crude enzymes and fermentation beers it appears that organisms producing Bacillopeptidase A do not produce neutral protease or amylase, while organisms producing Bacillopeptidase B produce a neutral protease and amylase as well.
State Ownership and the Resource Curse: A New Dataset on Nationalizations in the Oil Industry

Recent expropriations in the oil sectors of Argentina, Bolivia, and Venezuela have renewed interest in the study of nationalizations in the oil industry. This paper analyzes oil nationalizations using a new dataset for 62 oil-producing countries for the period 1905-2005. As existing data on nationalizations are improperly measured and censored, this study considers a new approach to measuring nationalization through an analysis of national oil companies (NOCs). While the bulk of this paper is exploratory and descriptive, it offers a statistical analysis of additional determinants of nationalizations: production cycles, geology, and the advent of OPEC. The paper also confirms previous findings that commodity price shocks correspond to increased probability of nationalizations, but finds that this is only true for the post-1966 period.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAST HOUSEHOLD EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE

With data that were obtained in a private census in Washington County, Maryland, in 1963, the prevalence of household exposure to tobacco smoke was determined, and factors associated with passive smoke exposure were identified among 48,342 white adults. In 1963, 52% of men and 72% of women were exposed to smoke from others at home. Smokers of both sexes were more likely to live with other smokers than were nonsmokers. However, 30% of men who never smoked and 64% of women who never smoked lived with smokers. Marriage was a primary determinant of exposure for women but not for men, with 75% of married women who did not smoke exposed but only 38% of unmarried women who did not smoke exposed. Conversely, among men who did not smoke, exposure was more common among those who were not married than among those who were married. After control for other factors associated with exposure, exposure prevalence increased with years of school among men who did not smoke but decreased with years of school among women who did not smoke. Exposure prevalence also varied slightly with housing quality and location of residence. Smoking by spouse was an accurate reflection of household exposure for women but not for men; 88% of the exposure among women who did not smoke was contributed by the spouse, whereas only 62% of exposure among men who did not smoke was from the spouse.
Gravity Wave Diagnostics and Characteristics in Mesoscale Fields

AbstractAs numerical models of complex atmospheric flows increase their quality and resolution, it becomes valuable to isolate and quantify the embedded resolved gravity waves. The authors propose a spatial filtering method combined with a selection of quadratic diagnostic quantities such as heat, momentum, and energy fluxes to do this. These covariant quantities were found to be insensitive to filter cutoff length scales between 300 and 700 km, suggesting the existence of a “cospectral gap.” The gravity waves identified with the proposed method display known properties from idealized studies, including vertical propagation, upwind propagation, the relationship between momentum and energy flux, and agreement with fluxes derived from an alternative method involving simulations with and without terrain. The proposed method is applied to 2- and 6-km-resolution realistic WRF simulations of orographic and nonorographic gravity waves over and around New Zealand within complex frontal cyclones. Deep mountain wav...
Spatial Dispersion and Sequential Sampling Plan of the Southern Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Fresh Market Tomatoes

The spatial dispersion and sampling methodology of the southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula (L.), were studied on fresh market tomatoes, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. A visual count was used to sample SGSB populations from horizontal plant strata. More SGSB individuals were sampled from fruit clusters than from vegetative structures and samples from fruit clusters had the lowest coefficients of variation (CV) and the highest mean SGSB counts. Values of mean SGSB, CV, relative variation, and relative net precision indicated that the penultimate fruit cluster was the most efficient sampling unit among plant strata. Time consumed in counting SGSB on each stratum ranged from 3 to 10 s and showed little variation in mean or CV values. Regression equations estimating wholeplant populations of SGSB from individual fruit clusters were developed. The between-plant dispersion of SGSB fitted a negative binomial distribution with a moderate aggregation. A sequential sampling plan using the penultimate fruit cluster as a sample unit was developed to classify SGSB populations into light, moderate, and severe damage levels.
The effects of an orally administered cholinergic agonist on REM sleep in major depression

Abstract Background: Centrally active cholinergic agents such as arecoline and physostigmine shorten rapid eye movement (REM) latency, reduce REM interval times, or both and do so preferentially in patients with depression. We tested an orally administered cholinergic agonist (donepezil HCL 10 mg [Aricept]) to determine whether this agent also alters REM timing in depressed patients ( n = 8) compared with age- and gender-matched control subjects ( n = 8). Methods: All subjects were studied for 3 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. The design was a fixed-order placebo-donepezil protocol to accommodate the long half-life of donepezil. Night 1 served as an adaptation night. On night 2, placebo was administered at 8:00 pm. On night 3, donepezil was administered at 8:00 pm. Results: The cholinergic challenge distinguished the groups. In depressed patients REM latency was reduced compared with baseline (47.6 vs. 64.4, p = .04) following administration of donepezil. Control subjects showed no response: REM latency after donepezil was virtually identical to baseline REM latency (71.7 vs. 69.3). Conclusions: These data indicate that donepezil is likely to be useful in testing hypotheses related to cholinergic function in mood disorders.
Propaganda at pistol point: The use and abuse of education by leftist terrorists

Abstract The common tendency to speak and write of terrorists as “mindless,” and to either dismiss or dread them accordingly, is inappropriate. Many leftist extremists are deadly serious about their ideas. Most group leaders of the last three decades have been college‐educated at a minimum; many have professional backgrounds as teachers, college professors, writers, lawyers, and doctors. This sociopolitical reality suggests two questions for reflection: (1) what have been the effects of education upon leftist terrorists, and (2) how have terrorists used their schooling and their credentials to advance their enterprises?
Reduction in BCL-2 levels by 26S proteasome inhibition with bortezomib is associated with induction of apoptosis in small cell lung cancer

Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 is frequently observed in small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and is associated with chemoresistance. We examined the signaling pathways involved in upregulation of BCL-2 in SCLC, and whether inhibition of NF-kappaB using the 26S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib had any effect on BCL-2 levels or apoptosis. Mutation of a NF-kappaB site in the BCL-2 promoter reduced promoter activity to less than 20% of the wild-type promoter. Treatment with bortezomib resulted in decreased transcription of the BCL-2 promoter, decreased BCL-2 levels, and induced apoptosis. These data provide the necessary laboratory background for further investigation of bortezomib in the treatment of SCLC.
Loop 2 Structure in Glycine and GABAA Receptors Plays a Key Role in Determining Ethanol Sensitivity

The present study tests the hypothesis that the structure of extracellular domain Loop 2 can markedly affect ethanol sensitivity in glycine receptors (GlyRs) and γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs). To test this, we mutated Loop 2 in the α1 subunit of GlyRs and in the γ subunit of α1β2γ2GABAARs and measured the sensitivity of wild type and mutant receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes to agonist, ethanol, and other agents using two-electrode voltage clamp. Replacing Loop 2 of α1GlyR subunits with Loop 2 from the δGABAAR (δL2), but not the γGABAAR subunit, reduced ethanol threshold and increased the degree of ethanol potentiation without altering general receptor function. Similarly, replacing Loop 2 of the γ subunit of GABAARs with δL2 shifted the ethanol threshold from 50 mm in WT to 1 mm in the GABAA γ-δL2 mutant. These findings indicate that the structure of Loop 2 can profoundly affect ethanol sensitivity in GlyRs and GABAARs. The δL2 mutations did not affect GlyR or GABAAR sensitivity, respectively, to Zn2+ or diazepam, which suggests that these δL2-induced changes in ethanol sensitivity do not extend to all allosteric modulators and may be specific for ethanol or ethanol-like agents. To explore molecular mechanisms underlying these results, we threaded the WT and δL2 GlyR sequences onto the x-ray structure of the bacterial Gloeobacter violaceus pentameric ligand-gated ion channel homologue (GLIC). In addition to being the first GlyR model threaded on GLIC, the juxtaposition of the two structures led to a possible mechanistic explanation for the effects of ethanol on GlyR-based on changes in Loop 2 structure.
Distributed resource allocation in cognitive and cooperative ad hoc networks through joint routing, relay selection and spectrum allocation

Cooperative relaying and dynamic-spectrum-access/cognitive techniques are promising solutions to increase the capacity and reliability of wireless links by exploiting the spatial and frequency diversity of the wireless channel. Yet, the combined use of cooperative relaying and dynamic spectrum access in multi-hop networks with decentralized control is far from being well understood.We study the problem of network throughput maximization in cognitive and cooperative ad hoc networks through joint optimization of routing, relay assignment and spectrum allocation. We derive a decentralized algorithm that solves the power and spectrum allocation problem for two common cooperative transmission schemes, decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF), based on convex optimization and arithmetic-geometric mean approximation techniques. We then propose and design a practical medium access control protocol in which the probability of accessing the channel for a given node depends on a local utility function determined as the solution of the joint routing, relay selection, and dynamic spectrum allocation problem. Therefore, the algorithm aims at maximizing the network throughput through local control actions and with localized information only.Through discrete-event network simulations, we finally demonstrate that the protocol provides significant throughput gains with respect to baseline solutions.
DO GOLDEN EAGLES WARRANT SPECIAL CONCERN BASED ON MIGRATION COUNTS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES? REPLY TO MCCAFFERY AND MCINTYRE

Abstract In Hoffman and Smith (2003), we summarized two decades of raptor migration count data from western North America. McCaffery and McIntyre (2005) offer an extensive critique of the “conclusions” we drew from these data concerning the migration ecology and status of western Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Many of their specific points about data limitations are well taken. Contrary to the flavor of their critique, however, we were not offering any definitive conclusions about the status or habits of eagles. Rather, we merely sought to describe the tendencies in the data and offer reasonable speculation about potential underlying causes of the documented patterns and trends. Our primary goal was to challenge colleagues to help us carefully consider our data and help formulate reasonable hypotheses about causal factors. We welcome and applaud McCaffery and McIntyre's (2005) thorough review of our work and genuine concern for guarding against unwarranted speculation. We believe, however that the dep...
Be a Patriot, Buy a Home: Re-Imagining Home Owners and Home Ownership in Early 20th Century Atlanta

The Own Your Own Home campaigns launched by the federal government and private land dealers immediately after World War I lured Atlanta builders and real estate agents into the trajectory toward homeownership ideology. Rhetoric mobilized by state and private interests associated ownership with socially valued institutions, such as family, or other subjectivities, such as masculinity. Brokers and state interests enticed individuals into assuming the risk of (significant) debt—into participating in this system of predictability and order—by giving homeowners status within American society. In advertisements, speeches, expositions, and other practices, federal policymakers and private real estate interests positioned homeowners as patriots and citizens. Homeowners were painted as good family protectors and providers. They were labeled prudent and reliable. The association of homeownership with an individual’s thrift and constancy led to associations of homeownership with job stability and adulthood. Thus, young Americans came to view homeownership as part of life’s stages—and expectations. As homeownership became part of the American culture and life cycle, it became less necessary to persuade citizens that a relationship existed between homeownership and status or particular values.
Using Comparative Risk Surveys in Environmental Communication Pedagogy

Using student-generated comparative risk surveys in environmental communication pedagogy has been helpful in achieving specified learning objectives: to describe (1) the influence of socioeconomic, political, and scientific factors in the social construction of environmental problems; (2) the role risk perception plays in defining environmental problems; (3) the multifacetedness of public and stakeholder perspectives regarding environmental problems; (4) the limited knowledge base of the general public regarding environmental problems; and (5) the challenge of conducting research to ascertain the validity of these assumptions. Although traditional comparative risk surveys (CRS) are used to compare the perspectives of the public and environmental experts, this modified version compares ranking of local environmental problems by residents, businesses, and public officials. Based on four years of use and data from the Student Assessment of Learning Gains, indications suggest that the modified CRS has become ...
Trends in Rescinding Seafood Harvest Closures Following Oil Spills

ABSTRACT In the past 5 years, there have been numerous cases of seafood harvest closures following oil spills in the United States. This paper examines seven oil spills and the methods and criteria...
Duality overlap in infinite linear programs

Abstract This paper presents an infinite linear program with the optimal value of the maximizing problem strictly greater than the optimal value of the minimizing problem.
Inadequate Sleep and Unintentional Injuries in Young Children

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between adequacy of sleep and injuries sustained by children between 18 months and 4 years of age. Design, sample, and measures: Data from a descriptive, longitudinal study of 278 mothers and their preschool children were collected in Rochester, NY, from September 2002 to December 2004. Participants were recruited from 4 pediatric practices. The number of medically attended injuries that each child sustained between 18 months and 4 years of age served as the dependent variable. Data on injuries were collected through maternal report and medical record abstraction. Mothers reported on the child's sleep. The relationships among variables were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients and Poisson regression analysis. Results: Children who did not get enough sleep sustained a higher number of medically attended injuries. The results were significant even after controlling for key demographic variables and child's temperament. Conclusions: The present findings provide support for a relationship between children's sleep and injuries. Improving children's sleep hygiene may be an important component of parental interventions to reduce preschoolers' unintentional injuries. Language: en
Metamemory and the transfer of an interrogative strategy by EMR children

Abstract EMR children were taught to produce an interrogative strategy as an aid to paired-associate learning. Interrogative training was spread over four sessions with experimenter guidance gradually faded; training was followed by tests of long-term retention for the trained items, strategy maintenance, and generalization. Metamemory was assessed prior to training and following generalization. Analysis of recall demonstrated successful maintenance and generalization of the interrogative strategy; the quality of elaborations produced by the trained children predicted recall accuracy. Importantly, metamemory pretest measures for the interrogative trained children were related to strategy use at generalization. Metamemory posttest reliably predicted recall during training, maintenance, and generalization sessions and strategy use at maintenance. Interrogative training did not noticeably improve general aspects of metamemorial knowledge.
Three-phase tectonic evolution of the northern margin of Puerto Rico as inferred from an integration of seismic reflection, well, and outcrop data

Abstract Integration of seismic reflection, well, and outcrop data from the Oligocene–Pliocene Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands platform (PRVI platform), north of Puerto Rico, indicates that three major tectonic phases characterize this seismically-active region within the North America–Caribbean plate boundary zone. Tectonic phase 1 : Cretaceous to Eocene formation and sedimentary infilling from a southern source area into a forearc basin, formed between down-to-the-north normal faults near the present-day coast of Puerto Rico and an outer-arc ridge near the present-day shelf break. Tectonic phase 1 concluded the last volcanic arc activity in Puerto Rico produced by the subduction of oceanic crust of the North America plate beneath the Caribbean arc system. Formation of the outer arc high defining the northern limit of this elongate basin may have been related to the accretion of off-scraped sedimentary rocks beneath the northern margin of Puerto Rico in a manner similar to that observed in active arcs. The end of tectonic phase 1 is related to initial collision between the Caribbean arc and the Bahama carbonate platform. Tectonic phase 2 : Oligocene to Pliocene formation of a ∼1600 m thick, northward-thickening PRVI platform, predominately formed by carbonate rocks. This phase started with a period of non-deposition and erosion, resulting in an Latest Eocene–Oligocene unconformity. The base of the PRVI platform is formed by a ∼400 m thick middle to late Oligocene, basal siliciclastic sequence that prograded northward across the forearc basin. Depositional thicknesses of sedimentary layers deposited during phase 2 are controlled by two large arches: the NNW-trending Guajataca arch appears to have formed as the result of tectonic activity in the Mona Passage area; the northeast-trending San Juan arch cannot be related to any adjacent structure or plate boundary feature. Onlap relations between carbonate rocks of the platform and both arches suggest that the arches were most active in the period from middle Oligocene to early Miocene. Rocks deposited during Tectonic phase 2 are surprisingly devoid of faults and folds given their central position within the North America–Caribbean strike–slip plate boundary zone that is known from regional studies to have been active throughout the deposition of the platform rocks. Tectonic phase 3 : Pliocene to Holocene northward tilting of the PRVI platform, submerged the northern edge of the platform to a depth of 4 km and elevated the southern edge of the platform to several hundred meters above sea level on Puerto Rico. Northward tilting of this area occurred on the northern limb of a large arch or anticline formed parallel to the long axis of the island of Puerto Rico and its shelf areas. The arch formed in response to a post-Pliocene convergence between the North America and Caribbean plates.
Unified approach to topological quantum computation with anyons: From qubit encoding to Toffoli gate

Topological quantum computation may provide a robust approach for encoding and manipulating information utilizing the topological properties of anyonic quasiparticle excitations. We develop an efficient means to map between dense and sparse representations of quantum information (qubits) and a simple construction of multiqubit gates, for all anyon models from Chern-Simons-Witten SU(2){sub k} theory that support universal quantum computation by braiding (k{>=}3, k{ne}4). In the process, we show how the constructions of topological quantum memory and gates for k=2,4 connect naturally to those for k{>=}3, k{ne}4, unifying these concepts in a simple framework. Furthermore, we illustrate potential extensions of these ideas to other anyon models outside of Chern-Simons-Witten field theory.
The modified second-round estimator in the general qualitative response model

Abstract This paper suggests a modification of the method of scoring in the general multivariate qualitative response model to attain simpler computation when there are many observations per cell. The paper shows that the proposed estimator is asymptotically efficient even in the cases when the generalized Berkson's estimator (see Amemiya, Journal of the American Statistical Association , June 1976) is not.
Cephalopod haemocyanins. A review of structure and function

Cephalopod haemocyanins are among the best understood of molluscan respiratory proteins. They are composed of a decamer of subunits resembling in the electron microscope a hollow cylinder with dimensions of 15 nm × 30 nm. Molecular weight of the whole molecule is 3.5–4.0 × 106 daltons. Subunit molecular weights are 350–400 K daltons. They resemble a string of beads with seven or eight immunologically distinct but covalently linked functional units, each containing a single binuclear copper oxygen‐binding site. Individual units are about 50,000 daltons. Protein sequences now exist for several functional units which allow structural and evolutionary comparisons between cephalopod and gastropod haemocyanins. Octopus haemocyanin exhibits highly cooperative oxygen binding (maximum Hill coefficient >3.5) and a strong normal Bohr effect (?logP50/?pH = ‐1.7). The subunit, produced by removing divalent cations, retains a small Bohr effect and displays heterogeneity of function, which means that differences in prim...
Isotopic signatures (14C, 13C, 15N) as tracers of sources and cycling of soluble and particulate organic matter in the Santa Monica Basin, California

Measurements of Δ14C, δ13C and δ15N are reported for dissolved (plus colloidal), suspended and sinking particulate, and total sedimentary organic matter in the Santa Monica Basin (mid-basin and shelf sites) on CaBS cruises 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 10. These isotopic signatures were indicative of the following processes occurring within the basin regime: (1) terrestrial inputs of organic matter to the sinking and suspended particulate organic matter were of the order of 10% or less, and as high as 25% for the sedimentary organic matter; (2) Δ14C values of the UV-oxidizable dissolved organic matter below 5m were similar to those measured in open ocean waters, while the Δ14C values in the suspended, and, to a lesser degree, in the sinking organic matter decreased markedly with depth. This latter decrease was primarily attributed to episodic resuspension of shelf and slope sedimentary organic matter, and secondarily to natural and/or anthropogenic petroleum inputs; and (3) the isotopic signatures of the UV-oxidizable dissolved organic matter, coupled with total dissolved carbon and amino acid and carbohydrate concentrations were strikingly similar in the deep basin and at an open-ocean site, suggesting a common history for the subsurface (>300m) and deep water at both sites. In addition, total mass and organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes from five particle trap deployments are described in detail. Mass fluxes increased with depth, especially on the shelf, suggesting that particle input from the basin slopes may reach the mid-basin site. We conclude that there is minimal perturbation of all organic phases in the basin from terrestrial sources, and that the properties of the UV-oxidizable dissolved organic matter are not greatly influenced by particles of local origin. © 1992.
What America's Leaders Read

I N A STUDY OF THE TOP LEADERS of American institutions, respondents were asked which newspapers, columnists, magazines, and professional journals they read. Exposure to mass media was one of the factors being examined for its possible effect on the opinion-forming and decision-making activities of the most influential Americans. The larger study also examined social background, career history, group and interpersonal context, present social position and role, and policy opinions, as these relate to the behaviors of the leadership groups. This article presents the data on what leaders read. The sample for the study was drawn in two stages. First, institutional sectors that have a broad impact on society were identified: industrial corporations, non-industrial corporations (banking, insurance, retailing, etc.), labor unions, the Congress, federal departments and independent agencies, political parties, voluntary associations, and the mass media. In addition, because of interest in the role of the very wealthy, owners of large fortunes were included. Those holding leading positions in each set of institutions were sampled: chief executive officers of major corporations; presidents of the largest unions; Senators, and chairmen and ranking members of House committees; federal political appointees at the level of secretary and assistant secretary; federal civil servants in administrative posts at grades GS 17 and i8; national committeemen and state chairmen of Republican and Democratic parties; presidents and executive directors of such voluntary associations as farm, business, professional, ethnic, religious, women's, and public affairs organizations; and publishers, editors, columnists, TV public affairs executives, and commentators., Approximately fifty persons in each sector were interviewed in 1971-72. During the interview, each respondent was asked to name other in-
On the generalization of a retrocirculant

Abstract We study the properties of matrices of the form P (σ) A where σ is induced by an automorphism of an abelian group G and A is a group matrix. P (σ) A is a generalization of a retrocirculant. We also determine the eigenvalues of P (σ) A .
Analysis of the kinetics and voltage-dependency of transient and delayed K+ currents in muscle fibers isolated from the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni

There are two distinct voltage-dependent K+ currents in muscle fibers freshly isolated from the human flatworm parasite S. mansoni. Present is a delayed rectifier current with a tau act of 17 msec and tau inact > 3 sec. The delayed rectifier is very resistant to steady-state inactivation, with over 40% of the current non-inactivating, and over 15 sec required for the maximum inactivation of the other portion. The current is resistant to block by extracellular tetraethylammonium, is half-blocked by 10 mM 4-aminopyridine, and is insensitive to dendrotoxin. Also present is an "A" current with tau act < 1 msec and tau inact < 15 msec. The "A" current, like the delayed rectifier current, is resistant to block by external tetraethylammonium and is insensitive to dendrotoxin. Three micromoles of 4-aminopyridine produce a half-blockade of the "A" current. These two K+ currents are very similar to a delayed rectifier and "A" currents that have been described in a number of lower and more advanced animals.
The Effect of Aprotinin on Outcome after Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting

BACKGROUND Aprotinin has recently been associated with adverse outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We reviewed our experience with this agent in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Duke University Medical Center. METHODS We retrieved data on 10,275 consecutive patients undergoing surgical coronary revascularization at Duke between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2005. We fit data to a logistic-regression model predicting each patient's likelihood of receiving aprotinin on the basis of preoperative characteristics and to models predicting long-term survival (up to 10 years) and decline in renal function, as measured by increases in serum creatinine levels. RESULTS A total of 1343 patients (13.2%) received aprotinin, 6776 patients (66.8%) received aminocaproic acid, and 2029 patients (20.0%) received no antifibrinolytic therapy. All patients underwent coronary-artery bypass grafting, and 1181 patients (11.5%) underwent combined coronary-artery bypass grafting and valve surgery. In the risk-adjusted model, survival was worse among patients treated with aprotinin, with a main-effects hazard ratio for death of 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.55) for the comparison with patients receiving no antifibrinolytic therapy (P=0.003) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.46) for the comparison with patients receiving aminocaproic acid (P=0.004). As compared with the use of aminocaproic acid or no antifibrinolytic agent, aprotinin use was also associated with a larger risk-adjusted increase in the serum creatinine level (P<0.001) but not with a greater risk-adjusted incidence of dialysis (P=0.56). CONCLUSIONS Patients who received aprotinin had a higher mortality rate and larger increases in serum creatinine levels than those who received aminocaproic acid or no antifibrinolytic agent.
A multifrequency-resonator-based system for high-sensitivity high-field EPR investigations of small single crystals

In this paper, we describe a multifrequency spectroscopic system which is ideally suited to EPR investigations of very small single crystals. Our method utilizes oversized resonant cavities and a continuously tunable vector network analyzer. This system provides excellent sensitivity over a broad frequency range from about 30 GHz up to about 120 GHz, and in magnetic fields up to 33 T.
Did the library of congress survive the 1814 fire? Charles Goodrum's the best cellar and the documents in the case

Abstract During the War of 1812 invading British forces burned portions of the city of Washington, including the capitol building which, in those days, housed the Library of Congress. In 1987 Charles Goodrum wrote a novel, The Best Cellar , in which he postulates that the library did not burn and that the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's library as a replacement was a ruse to help pay the former President's debts. In this article, the U.S. documents relevant to the case are identified. The relationship of the documents, the 1814 destruction of the Library of Congress, and the acquisition by Congress of Thomas Jefferson's personal library are noted. Goodrum's interpretation of the events is questioned, and an alternate hypothesis proposed.
(S)(+)-Linalool from Oil of Coriander

Abstract Pure (S)(+)-linalool can be obtained from oil of coriander by formation and recrystallization of its 3,5-dinitrobenzoate ester followed by regeneration and distillation.
Mechanisms by which Li+ stimulates the (Na++K+)-dependent ATPase

The addition of LiCl stimulated the (Na++K+)-dependent ATPase activity of a rat brain enzyme preparation. Stimulation was greatest in high Na+/low K+ media and at low Mg. ATP concentrations. Apparent affinities for Li+ were estimated at the α-sites (moderate-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the associated K+-dependent phosphatase reaction), at the β-sites (high-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the overall ATPase reaction), and at the Na+ sites for activation. The relative efficacy of Li+ was estimated in terms of the apparent maximal velocity of the phosphatase and ATPase reactions when Li+ was substituted for K+, and also in terms of the relative effect of Li+ on the apparent KM for Mg· ATP. With these data, and previously determined values for the apparent affinities of K+ and Na+ at these same sites, quantitative kinetic models for the stimulation were examined. A composite model is required in which Li+ stimulates by relieving inhibition due to K+ and Na+ (i) by competing with K+ for the α-sites on the enzyme through which K+ decreases the apparent affinity for Mg·ATP and (ii) by competing with Na+ at low-affinity inhibitory sites, which may represent the external sites at which Na+ is discharged by the membrane NA+/K+ pump that this enzyme represents. Both these sites of action for Li+ would thus lie, in vivo, on the cell exterior.
Finite-Volume Electromagnetic Corrections to the Masses of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei

Now that lattice QCD calculations are beginning to include QED, it is important to better understand how hadronic properties are modified by finite-volume QED effects. They are known to exhibit power-law scaling with volume, in contrast to the exponential behavior of finite-volume strong interaction effects. We use nonrelativistic effective field theories describing the low-momentum behavior of hadrons to determine the finite-volume QED corrections to the masses of mesons, baryons and nuclei out to $\mathcal{O}(1/{\mathrm{L}}^{4})$ in a volume expansion, where L is the spatial extent of the cubic volume. This generalizes the previously determined expansion for mesons, and extends it by two orders in $1/\mathrm{L}$ to include contributions from the charge radius, magnetic moment and polarizabilities of the hadron. We make an observation about direct calculations of the muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$ in a finite volume.
A comparison of the soft agar and microtitre methodologies for the L5178Y tk± mouse lymphoma assay

Abstract The L5178Y tk± mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been validated as a sensitive and specific test system for the detection of mutagens/clastogens. There are currently two methodologies for performing the MLA: the original soft agar procedure and the newer microtitre procedure. While both procedures are considered acceptable, a limited amount of comparative information exists for the two methods. In this report the two methods were compared with regard to: (1) spontaneous and induced mutant frequencies; (2) cloning efficiencies; and (3) colony size distributions for mutants. In addition, small and large mutant colonies from microtitre wells were rechallenged for trifluorothymidine (TFT) resistance. In a majority of the cases, cloning efficiency values were higher for the microtitre as were the spontaneous and induced mutation frequency (MF) values. Nevertheless, when responses were compared according to mutation index (fold increase over background MF) the results from the two systems were often similar. More spontaneous small colonies were observed in the microtitre assay. While colony size distribution for induced mutant colonies was compound specific, generally, more small colonies were counted in microtitre. All mutant clones that were rechallenged with TFT demonstrated resistance. Aside from the differences mentioned above, both the microtitre and the soft agar procedures appear equally capable of identifying mutagenic agents.
New product adoption by the buying organization: Who are the real influencers?

Abstract This article reports on recent efforts to introduce a new brand of general maintenance product onto the industrial market. The study findings demonstrate that there are no easy paths to successful introduction of inexpensive items— even where the product benefits to the end users are substantial. Product sampling was shown to be an effective tool to interest end users and technical staff. Convincing key technical staff and end users that the new inexpensive product was superior did not necessarily result in sales. Purchasing departments exercised final authority for ordering the product, particularly in larger firms and nonmanufacturing organizations.
Egg and time limitation mediate an egg protection strategy

The number of mature eggs remaining in the ovaries and the time left for oviposition determine the reproductive decisions of the hyperdiverse guild of insects that require discrete and potentially limiting resources for oviposition (such as seeds, fruits or other insects). A female may run out of eggs before all available oviposition sites are used (egg limitation), or die before using all of her eggs (time limitation). Females are predicted to change clutch size depending on whether eggs or time is the limiting resource. We extend this framework and ask whether the same constraints influence a strategy in which females modify eggs into protective shields. In response to egg parasitism cues, female seed beetles (Mimosestes amicus) lay eggs in vertical groups of 2–4, modifying the top 1–3 eggs into shields in order to protect the bottom egg from attack by parasitoids. We made contrasting predictions of how egg and time limitation would influence egg size and the incidence and level of egg protection. By varying access to seed pods, we manipulated the number of remaining eggs a female had at the time she received a parasitism cue. Although egg size was not affected, our results confirm that egg-limited females protected fewer eggs and time-limited females protected more eggs. Female body size explained the number of eggs in a stack rather than host deprivation or the timing of parasitoid exposure. Our results clearly show that host availability relative to female age influences the incidence of egg protection in M. amicus. Furthermore, our study represents a novel use of life history theory to explain patterns in an unusual but compelling defensive behaviour.
Measurements of the stiffness map challenge a basic tenet of cochlear theories.

The cochlear frequency map is believed to depend on the progressive decrease in partition stiffness from base to apex. Measurements on cochleae from human cadavers by von Bekesy (1960) suggested that the elasticity of the partition increases by a factor of 100 from the stapes to the helicotrema. However, conventional models require a factor of nearly 10,000 to support the frequency range of normal hearing if entirely determined by partition stiffness. To test this assumption, we measured point stiffness along the width and length of the partition in the gerbil cochlea. Two major findings result from this study: (1) contrary to von Bekesy's results, both cellular and extracellular elements of the sensory epithelium exhibit stiffness gradients; and (2) the stiffness changes by only a factor of 100 over the whole cochlea. Our results imply that present ideas regarding partition vibration need to be significantly revised.
Left ventricular mechanical efficiency in coronary artery disease

The effect of coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction on cardiac energetics was determined by measuring left ventricular myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ), efficiency and ejection phase indexes in 36 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Eight control patients with normal coronary arteriograms and normal left ventricular function, 15 patients with coronary artery disease without prior myocardial infarction and 13 patients with coronary disease and prior myocardial infarction (> 6 months) were studied. Left ventricular efficiency was calculated from left ventricular work, myocardial blood flow (measured by clearance of intracoronary xenon-133), and aortic and coronary sinus oxygen content. Left ventricular volumes, mass and ejection phase indexes were measured by quantitative left ventriculography. Left ventricular myocardial blood flow per 100 g/min was reduced in patients with coronary artery disease (49.0 ± 8; p 2 did not differ significantly for the three patient groups (control 13.3, coronary artery disease 14.0 and myocardial infarction 14.3 ml/min). In the patients with myocardial infarction, left ventricular work index was reduced (2.4 versus 4.0 kg.m/m 2 per min in the control group; p These data indicate that 1) in control patients with normal coronary arteriograms, left ventricular myocardial efficiency averages 29%; 2) in patients with coronary disease without myocardial infarction, left ventricular MVO 2 and efficiency are in the normal range; 3) in patients with prior myocardial infarction, left ventricular efficiency is significantly reduced as a result of diminished left ventricular work and normal MVO 2 ; and 4) reduced efficiency after myocardial infarction correlates with reduced ejection phase indexes.
Signal Processing Techniques for a Lunar Radar System

The NRL lunar radar system is being used to make long term, precision Earth-Moon distance measurements. A pulse compression ratio of 104 permits a high signal to noise ratio for a range resolution of 1.2 ?s (180 meters). The high pulse compression ratio is achieved through the use of a pseudorandom (P-N) code, phase reversal modulation of the carrier, and a multichannel cross-correlation receiver. The transmitted signal is phase modulated by the P-N code. This code has a correlation function which permits separation of the echo in range. In each correlator, the echo is multiplied by a replica of the code with an appropriate delay, and the product is passed through a narrow band filter. The correlator output measures the energy of the echo from a range interval corresponding to the delay chosen. A separate correlator is used for each of 40 adjacent range channels. The correlation circuitry consists of ring modulators, crystal filters, and envelope detectors. The ring modulators permit compact and economical packaging of the 40 correlators. The multiple outputs are recorded on magnetic tape for analysis and are also displayed in realtime.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells--virus experts of innate immunity.

Abstract Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have emerged as a principal subset of dendritic cells in both human and mouse. PDC morphology, surface markers, their migration in vivo and the ability to rapidly produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFN-α/β) in response to toll like receptor (TLR) triggering sets them apart from other dendritic cell subsets. This review highlights the features that make pDC uniquely able to sense and respond to viral infection.
Acids in Storage Tissues. Effects of Salts and Aging.

It is now well established (8, 9, 15) that if barley roots are placed in dilute salt solutions and excess cation absorption occurs, this is accompanied by CO2 fixation into organic acids. In previous work with red beet tissue Hurd (7) has stressed the importance of bicarbonate availability on the uptake of cations and shown that C14 from bicarbonate-C14 appears in malate. MacDonald et al. (13) using similar material, found that after prolonged periods in Aberdeen tap water, oxalate had accumulated in amounts roughly balancing the excess of cation uptake. The present work stemmed from the observation (14) that in short experimental periods (6 hr) discs of red beet tissue in 0.1 M phosphate solutions have a remarkably high capacity for incorporating C14 from potassium bicarbonate-C'4 into malate. Striking accumulations of malate and succinate occurred. The effects of salt composition and concentration of the medium on levels of malate and sucoinate and the relationship between ion absorption and acid accumulation (8,9, 15) were investigated. Under the best conditions, increases of greater than 80-fold over initial malate levels were observed. Changes in acid levels and respiratory 02-uptake during aging were measured in red beet, potato, and carrot discs. The results from experiments with potato have a bearing on the interpretation of differences in malonate sensitivity which are observed as a results of different treatments during aging (10, 11). Materials and Methods
The analysis of unresolved Raman excitation profiles. 1—Totally symmetric vibrations with applications to ruthenium red and zirconium trisulfide

The problems involved in the analysis of unresolved Raman excitation profiles are studied theoretically. The aim of such an analysis is to identify vibrational parameters of the resonant state and possibly other states involved in the scattering. For totally symmetric modes, discussed in this paper, the most important of these parameters are the displacements of the equilibrium positions, the problem being to separate these parameters from vibronic line broadening. It is shown how this can be done for systems of several modes and several interfering electronically excited states by model calculations based on a multimode approach. The effect of coupling with solvent modes on vibronic lineshapes is considered explicitly. Some reported analyses based on the independent-oscillator approach are criticized for their lack of internal consistency or their use of unacceptable parameter values. It is demonstrated that these analyses can be improved by taking multimode effects into account. For cases where the full N-mode problem is too difficult to handle directly, a method based on interrelated n<N-mode calculations is developed. Two examples are treated in detail, namely ruthenium red and ZrS3. For both, sets of displacement parameters are derived from the unresolved profiles. A condition for the feasibility of such an analysis is the availability of excitation profiles for all Raman active fundamentals and one or more overtones or combination bands.
Osteosarcoma after radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Postradiation sarcomas are long-term complications of radiation treatment of various forms of cancer. Osteosarcoma, specifically, occurring in patients with a history of prostate cancer is rare; but with high-dose radiotherapy now an accepted standard of care for localized prostate adenocarcinoma, it should be considered in the clinical setting of patients presenting with potential remote disease relapse. We describe an osteosarcoma of the pubic ramus in a patient previously treated 10 years prior with radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Because of the long latency period, the appearance of lytic bone lesions with soft tissue components in pelvic bony structures may mimic recurrent/metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. The prognosis of patients developing osteosarcoma after radiotherapy for prostate cancer is similar to other radiation-induced osteosarcomas occurring in the axial skeleton, with a 50% overall mortality within the first year after diagnosis.