cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open government research over a decade: A systematic review

Abstract Academic studies of open government have flourished in the last decade. Nevertheless, comprehensive reviews of open government have been limited. This research gap not only impedes our understanding of the overall body of knowledge on open government but also hinders the advancement of existing practices. To address this gap, this article systematically reviews 189 studies published from 2008 to 2019. Guiding this review are the central research questions: (1) How has the concept of open government been defined and conceptualized in the literature? (2) How is open government being used and implemented? (3) What outcomes or impacts are attributed to open government initiatives? This research found that open government is generally conceptualized as a new governing structure emphasizing both transparency (vision) and public participation (voice). However, it also identifies a “transparency-driven focus” for both the case selection of academic studies and practical implementation, which represents a gap between open government theory and practice. This research also reveals the lack of empirical evidence regarding the effects of open government and highlights methodological concerns of prior studies. The article concludes with a discussion on future research.
Khoekhoegowab tone sandhi: New experimental evidence

Khoekhoegowab has a tone sandhi process that replaces each underlying tonal melody with an arbitrary secondary melody. This process at first appears to be an unusual example of a "left-dominant" sandhi process in the sense of Yue-Hashimoto (1987) or Zhang (2007). Within a given domain, the leftmost word retains its base from, but the other words undergo paradigmatic substitution; left-dominant systems typically involve spreading of a tonal melody rather than substitution. However, this description of Khoekhoegowab sandhi seems to break down when we consider verbs. Prior descriptions disagree as to whether verb sandhi depends on the placement of a tense-marking clitic (Haacke 1999) or the embedding status of the clause (Brugman 2009). This paper presents the results of a new prosodic production experiment aimed at resolving this conflict. The result is a hybrid generalization: verbs in matrix clauses undergo sandhi when preceded by a tense marker, but verbs in embedded clauses resist sandhi across the board. Thus, Khoekhoegowab continues to look like an exceptional left-dominant system: The verb and tense marking form a sandhi domain in matrix clauses (triggering sandhi on the verb whenever it is not leftmost within that domain), but in embedded clauses verbs form their own independent domain instead.
What Do Models of Reading Comprehension and Its Development Have to Contribute to a Science of Comprehension Instruction and Assessment for Adolescents

Cognitive models of reading comprehension provide a starting point for asking theoretically-motivated and empirically-driven questions relevant to understanding the reading comprehension of adolescent students. This chapter provides an introduction to the volume by reviewing component skills approaches and process models of reading comprehension followed by a discussion of selected empirical work related to these models. Developmental and individual differences in key comprehension-related processes from these models are discussed with particular reference to adolescent readers. Characteristics of discipline-specific texts that affect comprehension in middle school and high school students are also examined. Implications of this research for informing reading comprehension assessment, instruction, and interventions through the adolescent years are provided, with reference to the other chapters in this volume.
Urbanizing Urban Political Ecology: A Critique of Methodological Cityism

Urban political ecology (UPE), an offshoot of political ecology that emerged in the late 1990s, has had two major impacts on critical urban studies: it has introduced critical political ecology to urban settings, and it has provided a framework for retheorizing the city as a product of metabolic processes of socionatural transformation. However, there was another goal in early UPE programmatic statements that has largely fallen by the wayside: to mobilize a Lefebvrian theoretical framework to trouble traditional distinctions between urban/rural and society/nature by exploring urbanization as a global process. Instead of following this potentially fruitful path, UPE has become bogged down in ‘methodological cityism’––an overwhelming analytical and empirical focus on the traditional city to the exclusion of other aspects of contemporary urbanization processes. Thus UPE's Lefebvrian promise, of a research program that could work across traditional disciplinary divisions and provide insights into a new era of planetary urbanization, has remained unfulfilled. In this article we trace UPE's history to show how it arrived at its present predicament, and offer some thoughts on a research agenda for a political ecology not of the city but of urbanization.
Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on molecules and mechanisms that are at considerably earlier stages of development, are novel approaches to neuroprotection, and may become the next generation of drugs for the treatment of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Neuroprotection by caspase inhibitors and poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] polymerase inhibitors is described. Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that are expressed as inactive zymogens and undergo proteolytic maturation in a sequential manner. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a chromatin-bound nuclear enzyme involved in a variety of physiological functions related to genomic repair, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and repair, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are orphan receptors belonging to the steroids/thyroid/retinoid receptor super family of ligand-activated transcription factors. There are three peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (PPAR-α, -β, -γ), each of which is differentially expressed and displays a distinct pattern of ligand specificity. Src-family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are important signaling enzymes controlling cell growth, proliferation, and migration.
Art and Writing in the Maya Cities, A.D. 600–800: A Poetics of Line

Art and Writing in the Maya Cities, A.D. 600–800: A Poetics of Line. Adam Herring. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 316 pp.
Thirty-day readmission rates in spine surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECT The rate of 30-day readmissions is rapidly gaining significance as a quality metric and is increasingly used to evaluate performance. An analysis of the present 30-day readmission rate in the spine literature is needed to aid the development of policies to decrease the frequency of readmissions. The authors examine 2 questions: 1) What is the 30-day readmission rate as reported in the spine literature? 2) What study factors impact the rate of 30-day readmissions? METHODS This study was registered with Prospera (CRD42014015319), and 4 electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched for articles. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the current 30-day readmission rate in spine surgery. Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. The readmission rate as well as data source, time from enrollment, sample size, demographics, procedure type and spine level, risk factors for readmission, and causes of readmission were extrapolated from each study. RESULTS The pooled 30-day readmission rate was 5.5% (95% CI 4.2%-7.4%). Studies from single institutions reported the highest 30-day readmission rate at 6.6% (95% CI 3.8%-11.1%), while multicenter studies reported the lowest at 4.7% (95% CI 2.3%-9.7%). Time from enrollment had no statistically significant effect on the 30-day readmission rate. Studies including all spinal levels had a higher 30-day readmission rate (6.1%, 95% CI 4.1%-8.9%) than exclusively lumbar studies (4.6%, 95% CI 2.5%-8.2%); however, the difference between the 2 rates was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). The most frequently reported risk factors associated with an increased odds of 30-day readmission on multivariate analysis were an American Society of Anesthesiology score of 4+, operative duration, and Medicare/Medicaid insurance. The most common cause of readmission was wound complication (39.3%). CONCLUSIONS The 30-day readmission rate following spinal surgery is between 4.2% and 7.4%. The range, rather than the exact result, should be considered given the significant heterogeneity among studies, which indicates that there are factors such as demographics, procedure types, and individual institutional factors that are important and affect this outcome variable. The pooled analysis of risk factors and causes of readmission is limited by the lack of reporting in most of the spine literature.
Random Sets in Data Fusion Multi-Object State-Estimation as a Foundation of Data Fusion Theory

A general class of multi-object state-estimation problems is defined as the problems for estimating random sets based on information given as collections of random sets. A general solution is described in several forms, including the one using the conditional Choquet’s capacity functional. This paper explores the possibility of the abstract formulation of multi-object state-estimation problems becoming a foundation of data fusion theory. Distributed data processing among multiple “intelligent” processing nodes will also be briefly discussed as an important aspect of data fusion theory.
Sinusitis in HIV-infected patients: A clinical and radiographic review

Abstract purpose: To describe the clinical, radiographic, and laboratory features of sinus disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. patients: Seventy-two patients with a history of sinusitis identified from 1,461 consecutive admissions (667 patients) to the HIV ward at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. methods: Retrospective chart review. setting: The Johns Hopkins Hospital. results: Sinusitis was identified in 72 HIV-infected patients, predominantly individuals with a CD4 cell count of less than 200/mm 3 . A history of respiratory infections such as bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis, and otitis media was common. Although nasal congestion and postnasal drainage were found in the majority of patients, symptoms of sinusitis were often nonspecific and the diagnosis was incidental in 28 patients (33%). Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography was significantly more sensitive than plain radiography (p 3 (p conclusions: Sinusitis in HIV-infected patients is common, severe, and difficult to treat. Patients with CD4 counts less than 200/mm 3 are prone to disease involving multiple sinuses that responds incompletely to antibiotic therapy, often resulting in chronic sinusitis. Unlike the immunocompetent host, the majority of the HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency develop posterior sinus disease.
The effect of oscillatory shear flow on step bunching

Abstract During crystal growth, an imposed shear flow at the crystal–fluid interface can alter the conditions for the onset of morphological instability. In previous work, we studied the effect of time-independent shear flows and anisotropic interface kinetics on the morphological stability of a crystal growing from supersaturated solution. The model assumes that growth is by the motion of elementary steps, which is treated by a macroscopic anisotropic kinetic law; morphological instability corresponds to the bunching of elementary steps. Predictions from linear stability theory indicate that a solution flowing above a vicinal face of a crystal can either enhance or prevent the development of step bunches, depending on the direction of the steady shear flow in relation to the direction of step motion; this is also observed in experiments. Here we extend the linear stability analysis to include the effect of an oscillatory shear flow on the morphological stability of a crystal growing from solution and present results for a model system for a range of oscillatory shear rate amplitudes and frequencies both with and without a steady shear component. In the presence of a steady shear flow, modulation can either stabilize or destabilize the system, depending on the modulation amplitude and frequency. Numerical solutions of the linearized Navier–Stokes and diffusion equations and an approximate analytical treatment show that the flow oscillations weakens both the stabilization and destabilization induced by steady-state flow. This weakening comes from mixing of solution above the perturbed interface and a modification to the phase shift between the interface perturbation wave and the corresponding concentration and flow waves. Optimal values of modulation frequency and amplitude are found when the steady flow is destabilizing.
Ribavirin Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Cytokin Production in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Ribavirin Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Cytokin Production in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Brackish-water phytoplankton response to temperature elevation

Abstract An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of a temperature increase on the composition of brackish-water phytoplankton populations. Treatments were partitioned in duplicate and results were tested at the 95% confidence level with a randomized-block analysis of variance. The studies were made between 9 February and 18 April 1970 in four 14-m3 plastic pools located adjacent to the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A. Temperatures in the two control pools ranged from 5 to 19 °C and in heated pools from 10 to 27 °C during the study. Heated pools averaged 5·5 °C warmer than unheated. The only statistically significant effect noted on phytoplankton class composition was an increase in the dinoflagellate cell concentrations in the heated pools. Phytoplankton populations in the heated pools were more diverse and were composed of larger cells (cells averaged 5·2 times larger in volume) than in controls. It appeared that the warming tended to accelerate the succession of the late winter-early spring population and produced a more mature successional stage. Thus the warming of brackish water, possibly by heated effluents from electric generating plants, can alter the composition of phytoplankton populations.
Lattice-based Similarity Measures between Ordered Trees

A clustering algorithm has recently been developed by Reitman and Rueter to express both the structure of chunking in multi-trial free recall and the order of chunk production. The resulting ordered trees differ from ordinary rooted trees in that the elements of a chunk, at any level, may be restricted to a specific ordering. In order to make comparisons of long-term memory structures between subjects, a measure of the similarity between trees is needed. Previously developed similarity measures are shown to be inadequate for ordered trees. Lattice theory is used to generate new similarity measures suited to these richer structures. First, ordered trees are shown to form a nonmodular, graded lattice. Then, moves through this lattice are defined and used to produce several distance measures. These new measures are compared both to each other, and to existing measures, by examining the properties of each measure, and through application to hypothetical trees. The lattice-based measures prove to be theoretically superior, but lack computational ease. The general problem of describing paths in a nonmodular lattice is discussed.
Endurance Exercise Training Reduces Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Levels in 60- to 70-Year-Old Men and Women

BACKGROUND Aging is frequently associated with development of insulin resistance and deterioration of glucose tolerance. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations tend to be higher than in young people, even in those older individuals whose glucose tolerance is within the normal range. A sedentary life style could play a role in the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with advancing age. METHODS We evaluated the effect of 9 mo of vigorous endurance exercise training (approximately 80% of maximal heart rate) on the glucose-stimulated insulin response and glucose disposal rate, using the hyperglycemic clamp procedure, in 12 people aged 65 +/- 1 yr (mean +/- SE) with normal glucose tolerance. The post-training hyperglycemic clamps were performed approximately 16 h after a usual exercise session. RESULTS VO2max increased approximately 23% in response to the exercise program. The plasma insulin concentration (I) during hyperglycemia (180 mg.dL-1) was significantly lower (mean 36 +/- 6 microU.mL-1 before vs 26 +/- 5 microU.mL-1 after; p < .05) after the exercise program. Insulin action was improved by the exercise, as the glucose disposal rate (M) during hyperglycemia was unchanged despite the blunted insulin response, resulting in an increase in the M/I ratio from 24 +/- 5 to 30 +/- 5 (p < .05), a value similar to the M/I ratio of 33 +/- 4 found in normally active young subjects. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that regular exercise is effective in reducing hyperinsulinemia and improving insulin action in 65-yr-olds to levels typical of young people.
CBC'S “THE WORLD AT SIX” LOOKS AT THE U.S.–CONTENT ANALYSIS AS AN AID TO UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIA

The bi-national conference on mass media news flow between Canada and the United States, held September 23–25, 1976, in Syracuse, New York, featured many prominent news and government personnel fro...
Fast γ-ray coincidence timing using a BGO detector array in a nuclear reaction experiment

Abstract The ( 7 Li, 7 Be) nuclear charge-exchange reaction has been investigated at E( 7 Li ) = 350 MeV . Coincidences were measured between the charged 7 Be reaction products in the focal plane of a magnetic spectrometer and 430-keV Doppler-shifted γ-rays from the decay in flight of excited 7 Be ejectiles. The latter were detected in a compact BGO detector array. Fast timing was used to optimize the separation between prompt and randoms events. The BGO output signals display the statistical distribution of the arrival times of individual photoelectrons from the photocathode in the photomultiplier tubes. A timing resolution of 6.5 ns relative to the accelerator RF was obtained. A simple model was successfully developed to simulate the BGO output signals with a statistical distribution of a predetermined number of photoelectrons modulated by the light output response of the scintillator and the single-photoelectron gain distribution and transit time through the photomultiplier tube. It is concluded that the timing resolution is primarily limited by the small number of photoelectrons.
Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

Even though the cranial vault functions as protection for the brain and as a support structure for facial and masticatory functions, little is known about its mechanical properties or their variations. The cranial vault bone is interesting because of its maintenance in spite of low functional strains, and because calvarial bone cells are often used in cell culture studies. We measured thickness, density, and ash weight, and ultrasonically determined elastic properties throughout the cortices of 10 human parietal bones. The results are unique for studies of the cranial vault because: 1) measurements focused specifically on the cortical components, 2) the orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness were determined before measurement of elastic properties, and 3) two related measurements (bone density and percent ash weight) were compared. Results showed that the periosteal cortical plate (outer table) and the endosteal cortical plate (inner table) had significant differences in material properties. The outer table was on average thicker, denser, and stiffer than the inner table, which had a higher ash weight percentage. Within each table there were significant differences in thicknesses, ash weight percentages, and E(2)/E(3) anisotropies among sites. Few sites on either table had significant orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness. Despite this apparent randomness in orientation, almost all sites exhibited anisotropies equivalent to other parts of the skeleton.
In vivo insulin antagonism but evanescent in vitro tissue effect in rats with growth hormone-secreting tumors

Rats bearing mammosomatotropic tumors have raised insulin but lowered glucose concentrations. To determine if growth hormone (GH) secreted by these tumors causes insulin antagonism, pancreatic suppression tests utilizing infusions (per kg per min) of glucose (8 mg), insulin (200 ng) and somatostatin (1.4 μg) for 130 min were performed. Although the steady state plasma glucose and insulin levels (mean of 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130 min samples) were similar in 8 control and 13 tumor-bearing rats, the decrease from the already depressed basal glucose concentration (mmoles/l±SE) in the tumor animals was less than in the controls (0.90 ± 0.30 vs. 2.56 ± 0.040, p < 0.005). Since the interpretation of these results was not entirely clear, glucose and insulin-glucose tolerance tests were performed. The glucose disappearance rates (%/min ± SE) in the glucose tolerance test were lower in 17 tumor rats (2.00 ± 0.13) compared to 17 control animals (2.51 ± 0.22). This difference just missed statistical significance (t = 2.00, value of 2.04 necessary for p = 0.05). The decrease occurred in the presence of increased insulin (nmoles/l ×16 min) levels (4.29 ± 0.38 vs. 2.58 ± 0.29, p < 0.005) suggesting insulin antagonism. The glucose disappearance rates (%/min ± SE) in the insulin-glucose tolerance test were less in 12 tumor-bearing rats compared to 11 control animals (2.80 ± 0.29 vs. 4.12 ± 0.35, p < 0.02). Thus, these GH-secreting tumors cause insulin antagonism in vivo. Freshly isolated hepatocytes from these tumor-bearing animals manifest decreased insulin binding and action (Diabetologia 25: 60, 1983). In the present study, however, insulin binding and action (net glucose-C14 incorporation into glycogen) were normal after the hepatocytes were cultured for two days. This suggests that the changes induced by GH in vivo that lead to insulin antagonism are short-lived.
Parental communication deviance: Its relationship to parent, child, and family system variables

Audiotape recordings of family interaction samples from 30 nondistressed and 32 multiproblem families were coded for communication deviance (CD). Maternal CD was found to be higher in families high on measures of "preschizophrenic" child behavior, externalizing or "acting out" offspring behavior, overall family distress, and maladaptive marital and family alliance structures. Paternal CD was found to be higher in families in which offspring were rated high on externalizing behaviors.
Rapid prototyping of the Large Millimeter Telescope monitor and control system for effective user interface design

The monitor and control system of a telescope must provide users with a way to control certain values in the system and view other constantly changing values. Users may also want to log system values to a database and chart changes to numerical values in real time. The components of a telescope system may change and instruments may be added and removed. The set of values that the monitor and control system must provide access to may therefore change. The challenge is to provide a flexible monitor and control system to accommodate changes to the system. The Large Millimeter Telescope monitor and control system is automatically generated from a set of XML configuration files. Because the code for the system's software objects is generated automatically it is easy to include in the generated code sufficient information about the objects to inform the display. This paper will present monitor, control, logging and charting tools that automatically change to reflect changes in the components and properties of the system. These tools depend on generating software objects that include information about their own fields.
TPD, HREELS and UPS study of the adsorption and reaction of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO) on Pt(111)

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO, CD3ONO) on Pt(111) was studied using HREELS, UPS, TPD, AES, and LEED. Adsorption of methyl nitrite on Pt(111) at 105 K forms a chemisorbed monolayer with a coverage of 0.25 ML, a physisorbed second layer with the same coverage that desorbs at 134 K, and a condensed multilayer that desorbs at 117 K. The Pt(111) surface is very reactive towards chemisorbed methyl nitrite; adsorption in the monolayer is completely irreversible. CH3ONO dissociates to form NO and an intermediate which subsequently decomposes to yield CO and H2 at low coverages and methanol for CH3ONO coverages above one-half monolayer. We propose that a methoxy intermediate is formed. At least some C–O bond breaking occurs during decomposition to leave carbon on the surface after TPD. UPS and HREELS show that some methyl nitrite decomposition occurs below 110 K and all of the methyl nitrite in the monolayer is decomposed by 165 K. Intermediates from methyl nitrite decomposition are also relatively unstable on the Pt(111) surface since coadsorbed NO, CO and H are formed below 225 K.
Behavior and properties of shear bands

Some recent observations on shear bands in polymers are reviewed. These include intrinsic properties such as the mechanism of formation, the intersection of shear bands, the rate of propagation with and without obstacles, recovery of shear strain by annealing, and the stored energy in shear bands. Mechanical responses include the shear yielding criteria, reverse shear behavior and the Bauschinger effect, and the fracture of and at shear bands. Environmental effects include methanol transport in shear bands and in deformed poly(methvl methacrylate) in the region of mixed Fickian and case II behavior and methanol crazing of a shear banded material.
Characterization of cytoskeletal and neuronal markers in micromass cultures of rat embryonic midbrain cells

Micromass cultures of rat embryonic midbrain cells were characterized with regard to the immunolocalization of neuronal and cytoskeletal markers. Cells taken from gestational day-12 embryos and cultured for 5 days in vitro comprise at least two morphologically distinct cell types:-fibroblast-like cells and neurons. Antibodies to the following markers yieldedpreferential staining of neuronal cells: A2B5 (GQ ganglioside), ψ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), MIPS, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), and tau. Antibodies to β-tubulin, χ-neu, MAPI, and neurofilament (NF-H) stained both neuronal and fibroblast-like cells. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidicprotein (GFAP) and vimentin failed to immunoreact with any cells in day-5 CNS cultures. SDS-PAGE and Western analysis were employed to determine the specificity of the antibodies and determine the electrophoretic profiles of the markers. We conclude that thepattern of neuronal differentiation in CNS micromass cultures exhibits certain similarities to that observed in vivo. In addition, certain markers identified in this study may be ofpotential utility as (1) biomarkers of chemically-induced developmental neurotoxicity, and (2) indicators of diferential toxicity toward the diverse cell types that comprise the mammalian central nervous system.
High frequency DNA rearrangements associated with mouse centromeric satellite DNA

A DNA transformed mouse cell line, generated by the microinjection of a pBR322 plasmid containing the herpes thymidine kinase (tk) gene, was observed to exhibit a high frequency of DNA rearrangement at the site of exogenous DNA integration. The instability in this cell line does not appear to be mediated by the tk inserts or the immediately adjacent mouse DNA, but instead may be a consequence of the larger host environment at the chromosomal site of tk insertion. Results obtained from restriction analysis, in situ chromosome hybridizations, and cesium chloride density-gradient fractionations indicate that the tk inserts are organized as a single cluster of direct and inverted repeats embedded within pericentromeric satellite DNA. To determine the molecular identity of the flanking host sequences, one of the mouse-tk junction fragments was cloned, and subsequent restriction and sequence analyses revealed that this DNA fragment consists almost entirely of classical mouse satellite DNA. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that the instability in this cell line may reflect the endogenous instability or fluidity of satellite DNA.
Muscle spindle responses to horizontal support surface perturbation in the anesthetized cat: insights into the role of autogenic feedback in whole body postural control

Intact cats and humans respond to support surface perturbations with broadly tuned, directionally sensitive muscle activation. These muscle responses are further sensitive to initial stance widths ...
Oxygen and silicon isotope ratios of the Luna 20 soil

The δ O18 and δ Si30 analyses of the Luna 20 soil sample are +6.18 and +0.22, respectively, relative to the SMOW and Rose Quartz standards. However, an anomalous δ O18 value of +8.13 was obtained on one aliquot of the Luna 20 sample. Possible reasons for this apparently erroneous result are discussed.
Load sequencing for a parallel processing utility

The monetary cost optimization of a computer utility load distribution problem is examined. The problem is to find the sequence in which to distribute divisible computing load from a root processor to its children processors which achieves the lowest monetary distribution cost. The convergence performance of a heuristic greedy algorithm is studied. This problem is directly relevant to computer utilities which offer computing and software hosting to organizations for a monetary charge.
NMDA receptor antagonists that bind to the strychnine-insensitive glycine site and inhibit NMDA-induced Ca2+ fluxes and [3H]GABA release.

Abstract We have examined the actions of putative antagonists of the strychnine-insensitive glycine-mediated modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor using [ 3 H]MK801 binding, Ca 2+ influx and [ 3 H]GABA release assays. Kynurenic acid and HA-966 inhibited [ 3 H]MK801 binding, NMDA and glycine induced Ca 2+ influx measured using fura-2 and NMDA and glycine simulated [ 3 H]GABA release. The effects of kynurenic acid could be partially overcome by the addition of excess glutamate and glycine, indicating limited selectivity for the glycine binding site. In addition, a component of the action of kynurenic acid was insensitive to agonist concentration, indicating a third action of kynurenic acid at high concentrations. In contrast, HA-966 was 100-foled selective for the glycine compared to the NMDA site. HA-966 only partially inhibited [ 3 H]MK801 binding (IC 50 19.7 μM), NMDA-induced Ca 2+ influx and neurotransmitter release. The failure of HA-966 to completely block NMDA responses, even at high concentrations, suggests that glycine may not be an absolute requirement for the activation of NMDA receptors under these experimental conditions.
Self-Duality and the KdV Hierarchy

We derive the entire KdV hierarchy as well as the recursion relations from the self-duality condition on gauge fields in four dimensions.
A note concerning a credit rule for monetary policy

Abstract A technique introduced by Friedman is used to analyze the ability of the Federal Reserve to control the money supply. We find that the necessary conditions for control are so restrictive that a constant growth rate for the money stock may not be achievable. We suggest, therefore, a steady growth rate for Federal Reserve Credit.
Synthesis of novel bis- and tris-(cyclic carbonate)s and their use in preparation of polymer networks

Abstract Novel six-membered bis- and tris-(cyclic carbonate)s that are useful as cross-linking agents in the synthesis of structurally stable yet biodegradable polycarbonates and polyesters have been synthesized in good to moderate yield (85–45%). Cross-linked aliphatic polycarbonates, and polyesters were prepared by copolymerization of the bis-cyclic carbonate (3f) with trimethylene carbonate, and e-caprolactone. The polymers swelled in a wide variety of organic solvents, including CHCl3, CH2Cl2, ethyl acetate, acetone, DMSO, and DMF but not in protic polar solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and water. Swelling ratios of trimethylene carbonate/3f and e-caprolactone/3f networks at different feed ratios were investigated in dichloromethane. The glass transition temperature of the TMC/3f networks increased with increasing cross-link density.
Histochemical similarity of senile plaque amyloid to apudamyloid

Senile plaque amyloid of both isolated and perivascular (dyshoric) types was compared histochemically to other major types of amyloid. In contrast to most amyloids tested, senile plaque amyloid contained less tryptophan and tyrosine reactivity and more alcianophilia. These histochemical features indicate that senile plaque amyloid is similar to apudamyloid, and suggest that local factors are more important than systemic circulating factors in its genesis. The implications of these histochemical observations are discussed.
Saving the skin from drug-induced detachment.

Granulysin, a powerful cytolytic protein secreted from immune cells, underlies an extreme and deadly response to common medications, in which the skin blisters and sloughs off. The findings may also have implications for bone marrow transplant recipients suffering from graft-versus-host disease ( pages 1343–1350 ).
SMall Molecule Growth 2001 (SMoG2001): An Improved Knowledge-Based Scoring Function for Protein−Ligand Interactions

Computational lead design procedures require fast and accurate scoring functions to rank millions of generated virtual ligands for protein targets. In this article, we present an improved version of the SMoG scoring function, called SMoG2001. This function is based on a knowledge-based approach-that is, the free energy parameters are derived from the observed frequencies of atom-atom contacts in the database of three-dimensional structures of protein-ligand complexes via a procedure based on statistical mechanics. We obtained the statistics from the set of 725 complexes. SMoG2001 reproduces the experimental binding constants of the majority of 119 complexes of the testing set with good accuracy. On similar testing sets, SMoG2001 performs better than two other widely used scoring functions, PMF and SCORE1(LUDI), and comparably to DrugScore. SMoG2001 poorly predicts the affinities of ligands interacting via quantum mechanical forces with metal ions and ligands that are large and flexible. We attribute significant improvement in accuracy over previous versions of the SMoG scoring function to a better description of the reference state-that is, the state of no interactions.
Sudden Unexpected Death in Children and Adolescents

To determine the incidence and clinicopathologic spectrum of sudden unexpected death, we reviewed the death certificate of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota who were between 1 and 22 years of age when they died during the period from January 1950 to October 1982. Of 515 death certificates reviewed, 12 (2.3%) recorded sudden unexpected death, resulting in an incidence of 1.3 per 100,000 patient-years. The subjects ranged in age from 3 to 20 years (median 13); 8 of the 12 were male. Of the 12 deaths, 4 were definitely cardiac-related and 3 were probably cardiac-related. In the five other cases, the cause of death was unknown. Three of the 12 subjects had a history of syncope; 2 of the 3 had syncope associated with exercise, and both died while exercising. The relative rarity of sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents probably precludes population screening techniques to identify subjects at risk. However, a subset of subjects with 1) exercise-associated syncope, 2) nonvasodepressor syncope, 3) a family history of sudden unexpected death, or 4) a family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy deserves extensive and thorough evaluation.
Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene. II, Monocyclopentadienyltributoxy titanium/methylaluminoxane catalyst

Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene was catalyzed by monocyclopentadienyltributoxy titanium/methylaluminoxane [CpTi (OBu)3/MAO]. The atactic and syndiotactic polystyrenes were separated by extracting the former with refluxing 2-butanone. The activity and syndiospecificity of the catalyst were affected by changes in catalyst concentration and composition, polymerization temperature, and monomer concentration. Extremely high activity of 5 × 107 g PS (mol Ti mol S h)−1 with 99% yield of the syndiotactic product were achieved. The concentration of active species, [C*], has been determined by radiolabeling. The amount of the syndiospecific and nonspecific catalytic species, [C] and [C] respectively, correspond to 79 and 13% of the CpTi(OBu)3. The rate constants of propagation for C and C at 45°C are 10.8 and 2.0 (M s)−1, respectively, the corresponding rate constants for chain transfer to MAO are 6.2 × 10−4 and 4.3 × 10−4s−1. There was no deactivation of the catalytic species during a batch polymerization. The rate constant of chain transfer with monomer is 6.7 × 10−2 (M s)−1; the spontaneous β-hydride transfer rate constant is 4.7 × 10−2 s−1. The polymerization activity and stereospecificity of the catalyst are highest at 45°C, both decreasing with either higher or lower temperature. The stereoregular polymer have broad MW distributions, Mw/Mn = 2.8–5.7, and up to three crystalline modifications. The Tm of the s-PS polymerized at 0–90°C decreased from 261.8 to 241°C indicating thermally activated monomer insertion errors. The styrene polymerization behaviors were essentially insensitive to the dielectric constant of the medium.
Anticoagulants: A Review of the Pharmacology, Dosing, and Complications

Anticoagulants remain the primary strategy for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux, and warfarin have been studied and employed extensively with direct thrombin inhibitors typically reserved for patients with complications or those requiring intervention. Novel oral anticoagulants have emerged from clinical development and are expected to replace older agents with their ease of use and more favorable pharmacodynamic profiles. Hemorrhage is the main concerning adverse event with all anticoagulants. With their ubiquitous use, it becomes important for clinicians to have a sound understanding of anticoagulant pharmacology, dosing, and toxicity.
Automation and craftsmanship

Abstract This paper describes research at the manufacturing cell and machine tool level of a factory aimed at automating craftsmanship. A review is given of a cell management language ( CML ) that allows machines from different vendors to be integrated. The language has been used in a forging cell application. From this experience, it is discovered that the elements of craftsmanship are currently missing in automated systems. We decompose craftsmanship into sensing and control and investigate how their components can be automated. This work is applied to machining workstations.
A (partial) rehabilitation of the public interest theory

From the earliest work in Public Choice, scholars have tended to assume that the public interest is not a major theme in the operation of government, certainly in democratic government. In a way, this was a sensible and desirable reaction to the dominance of public interest type thinking in traditional political science. Further, public interest defined as abstract devotion to the public good is probably of little importance in politics. There is, however, another more restricted meaning of public interest in which it is of considerable importance and it is this restricted meaning that I intend to discuss. If we look at active governments, we see that they engage in a large number of activities whose benefit is not narrowly focused on certain small groups or individuals. Military establishments are an obvious example. There are no doubt manufacturers of military equipment who gain from increased military appropriations and the soldiers themselves, of course, gain from raising of wages, but the bulk of the population vote for or against such military machines, without any direct special interest in them. There are then, at least some cases of public interest voting. Further, if we consider even the special interest groups, let us say farmers who want higher prices for wheat, we can easily demonstrate that any individual farmer would be better off if he did nothing and let his fellow farmers take on the expense of influencing the government. We do observe individual farmers doing just that, but we also observe a fair amount of pressure being brought to bear on congressmen in such areas. This, from most of our standpoints is regarded as a public bad, but from the standpoint of the small group that will benefit, it is a public good. Here again, I think that we must include some explanation of this kind of public interest activity in a complete theory of politics. I do not want, of course, to quarrel with the existing literature here. Indeed, the problems involved in generating public goods, which were so
Convergence and coevolution of hepatitis B virus drug resistance.

Lamivudine treatment of hepatitis B is associated with drug-resistance mutations in the virus’ DNA polymerase. In this study, 11 patients with drug resistance are investigated and the primary mutation in the DNA polymerase shown to be essential but not sufficient for establishing drug resistance.
Self-transcendence : conceptualization and measurement

Self-transcendence has been hypothesized to be a critical component of wisdom (Curnow, 1999) and adaptation in later life (Tornstam, 1994). It reflects a decreasing reliance on externals for definition of the self, increasing interiority and spirituality, and a greater sense of connectedness with past and future generations. The Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory was administered to 351 individuals along with the NEO-FFI Personality Scale (McCrae & Costa, 1989). A principal axis factor analysis identified two factors: self-transcendence and alienation. The relationships between self-transcendence and neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and agreeableness were significant, although modest, suggesting that self-transcendence cannot be accounted for in terms of positive personality traits alone. As expected, a multiple regression analysis indicated that self-transcendence was negatively related to neuroticism and positively related to meditation practice. The present study appears to lend support to the construct of self-transcendence.
Variation of carotenoid, sugar, and ascorbic acid concentrations in watermelon genotypes and genetic analysis

The effects of flesh color, season, and test cross on carotenoid, sugar, and ascorbic acid contents of 20 watermelon genotypes with red, pink, orange, and yellow flesh were examined. Red- and pink-fleshed watermelons contained lycopene (4.8–47.8 μg·g−1 fresh weight), β-carotene (< 3.7 μg·g−1), and lutein (< 0.9 μg·g−1) as the major carotenoids. The orange and yellow watermelons contained complex mixtures of prolycopene, lycopene, and β-carotene with levels less than 7.4, 1.5, and 8.5 μg·g−1, respectively. There were also minor carotenoids, such as violaxanthin, lutein, neurosporene, and zeacarotene in the range of 0–1.4 μg·g−1. Total sugar contents ranged from 24 to 91 mg·g−1, with sucrose, glucose, and fructose as the major sugars. The sugar profiles were divided into sucrose-, fructose-, and non-dominant groups. Higher percentages of glucose and fructose were negatively correlated with the total sugar content. Fairly-low levels of ascorbic acid, less than 28.2 μg·g−1, were measured, and some genotypes had nearly no ascorbic acid. There were only slight differences in ascorbic acid, sugar, soluble-solid, and total-carotenoid contents among 11 genotypes harvested in June and November. Five sets of test crosses showed various trends of heritability of carotenoids, sugars, and ascorbic acid in F1 hybrids. In general, carotenoids and total sugar content tended to be inherited from the parent with lower carotenoid and sugar contents, respectively. Paralleled chemical analyses will be beneficial for efficient progress in breeding efforts and genetic research.
The Relative Efficiency of Agricultural Source Water Pollution Control Policies

This paper examines the relative expected efficiency of four general strategies which have been proposed for achieving agricultural nonpoint pollution abatement. Emphasis is placed on the implications of differential information about the costs of changes in farm management practices, the impracticality of accurate direct monitoring, and the stochastic nature of nonpoint pollution. The possibility of using hydrological models to reduce, but not eliminate, the uncertainty about the magnitude of nonpoint loadings is incorporated into the analysis. The principal result is that appropriately specified management practice incentives should generally outperform estimated runoff standards, estimated runoff incentives, and management practice standards for reducing agricultural nonpoint pollution.
Law, Liability, and the School Psychologist: Systems of Law, Privileged Communication, and Access to Records.

Abstract A description of the manner in which legal processes affect school psychologists is presented. Legal terms are defined and examples provided of how laws and court decisions regulate previleged communications and access to psychological records. Conclusions are drawn and views discussed.
Separation of gaseous olefin isomers using facilitated transport membranes

Abstract The sorption and transport of c-2-butene and t-2-butene in hydrated Nafion cation exchange membranes containing Ag + ions and Na + ions has been studied. The results of the flux measurements at 298.2 K and at feed pressures of up to 3 bars indicate that for c-2-butene/t-2-butene mixtures, a competitive effect in the Ag + membranes occurs which increases the selectivity from the ideal value of 1.4 calculated from pure gas fluxes at about 1.9–2.7 depending on the feed composition. Even at the highest feed gas concentrations the mixed gas selectivities do not drop below 1.9. The mixed gas solubility data of the Ag + membranes show the same enhancement in selectivity compared to the ideal sorption selectivity calculated from pure gas solubilities. All experimental results can be described consistently with a reaction equilibrium model which does not require any adjustable parameters.
Computational tools for protein–DNA interactions

Interactions between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins are central to living systems, and characterizing how and when they occur would greatly enhance our understanding of working genomes. We review the computational problems associated with protein–DNA interactions and the various methods used to solve them. A wide range of topics is covered including physics-based models for direct and indirect recognition, identification of transcription-factor-binding sites, and methods to predict DNA-binding proteins. Our goal is to introduce this important problem domain to data mining researchers by identifying the key issues and challenges inherent to the area as well as provide directions for fruitful future research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.