cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More or Less Human: Colonialism, Common Law, and the Social Construction of Humanity on Vancouver Island, 1849-1864

This Article contributes to contemporary debates about juridical personhood by providing an historical account of early contests over who counted as a legal subject in the colony of Vancouver Island. These early contests were critical to the production of racial categories and racial knowledge that remain relevant today, especially for Indigenous people. Using both primary and secondary sources, the Article engages legal, historical, and Indigenous legal studies scholarship to make several points. First, the construction of early liberal legal categories — Indian, corporation, alien and citizen, for example — was accomplished, in part, through practices of humanization and dehumanization. Second, then-governor of the colony, James Douglas, both exemplified and shaped early iterations of these practices. These practices make clear that, unlike colonial administrators who followed, Douglas viewed Indigenous people as human legal subjects. But while Douglas is sometimes valorized for having recognized Aboriginal title in unceded land and acknowledged the capacity of Indigenous people to enter contracts, the underlying assumption that Indigenous people were in fact human, or at least potentially human, does not reveal a robust and nuanced view of humanity, nor was it especially progressive except in contrast to the even more discriminatory views of others. Finally and most importantly, Douglas’s views would not have resonated with Coast Salish understandings of what it meant to be human. This Article concludes by suggesting some implications of this disconnect for both ongoing struggles and the project of reconciliation in Canada.
Synthesis and Bioconversion of Curcumin Analogs

Hydrogdnation of curcumin (1), a chemopreventive agent from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) yielded three major compounds: 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)heptane-3,5-dione (2), 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (3), and 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane- 3,5-diol (4). Incubation of compound (2) with Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 afforded the hexahydrocurcumin (3) as the sole metabolite while biotransformation.of curcumin (1) with B. bassiana gave metabolites 2-4 along with the curcumin-4'-0-4"'-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) and octahydrocurcumih-4'-O-4"'-O-methyl--β-D-glucopyranoside (6). The bioconversion of curcumin (1) with Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 yielded analogs 2-4 while no transformation of curcumin (1) was observed with Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888. The preparation, structural elucidation and biological activities of these metabolites are reported herein.
Taking it day-by-day: an exploratory study of adult perspectives on slow living in an urban setting.

ABSTRACTThis study is based within a local context and is focused on a number of adults within a family setting who had transitioned to a slower lifestyle. The key purpose of the study was to uncov...
Climatic Variability and Changing Reproductive Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract Using 40 rounds of Demographic and Health Survey data from 18 sub-Saharan African countries, linked to high-resolution historical climate records, we analyze the relationship between climatic variability and fertility goals among reproductive-aged women. We find that, overall, women exposed to above-average temperatures report lower ideal family size and reduced probability of desiring a first or additional child. Results indicate that exposure to precipitation anomalies during the 12 months prior to the DHS survey is associated with a significant reduction in ideal family size, but longer 60-month spells of above-average precipitation are associated with increases in ideal family size. Effects of unusual precipitation are null for women’s fertility preferences at both shorter- and longer-term periods. Additional analyses show that this association varies across sub-populations defined by parity, education, residence in rural or urban areas, and region. In general, our results suggest that women exposed to adverse environmental conditions—namely abnormally hot or dry spells—will reduce their ideal family size and their preferences for having another child. In some cases, however, fertility goals may also decline during spells of favorable environmental conditions, possibly due to increased labor demands among women and their spouses. One implication of the observed links between climate variability and reproductive goals is that policymakers concerned with climate adaptation should work to ensure women have access to the necessary family planning resources needed to realize dynamic reproductive goals in a changing climate.
Retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy in children

Objective To present the technical details of retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy in children and evaluate its clinical effects.Methods Between March 2004 and March 2007,16 children with ureteric calculus underwent retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy.Nine cases were as a salvage procedure after unsuccessful ESWL,ureteroscopy or both,while the other 7 cases as a primary procedure.The stone size ranged from 1.2 cm to 2.2 tin(mean 1.62±0.35 cm)with the incarceration time from 1 month to 2 years.Results All cases underwent retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy successfully,the operation time ranged from 41)to 150 minutes(mean 61.31±29.51 minutes),theblood loss ranged from 5 to 25 ml(mean 1 2.1 9±7.06 m1).Postoperative urinary leakage occurred in1 patient.but disappeared at the 3rd day after surgery.During the follow-up period of 16 cases,there was no ureteric stricture or recurrent calculus,and renal function of all these children had been improved.Conclusions Retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure for children with ureteric calculus.it can partly take place of conventional open surgery. Key words: Surgical procedures,laparoscopic; Ureteral calculi; Child
An Engineer’s Education

This chapter presents the career path of one global engineer, growing from volunteer international travel to scaling a nationwide health program in Rwanda over 16 years.
Underrepresented Minorities in Surgical Residencies: Where are They? A Call to Action to Increase the Pipeline.

OBJECTIVE To describe and evaluate trends of general surgery residency applicants, matriculants, and graduates over the last 13 years. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The application and matriculation rates of URMs to medical school has remained unchanged over the last three decades with Blacks and Hispanics representing 7.1% and 6.3% of matriculants, respectively. With each succession along the surgical career pathway, from medical school to residency to a faculty position, the percentage of URMs decreases. METHODS The Electronic Residency Application Service to General Surgery Residency and the Graduate Medical Education Survey of residents completing general surgery residency were retrospectively analyzed (2005-2018). Data were stratified by race, descriptive statistics were performed, and time series were charted. RESULTS From 2005 to 2018, there were 71,687 Electronic Residency Application Service applicants to general surgery residencies, 26,237 first year matriculants, and 24,893 general surgery residency graduates. Whites followed by Asians represented the highest percentage of applicants (n = 31,197, 43.5% and n = 16,602, 23%), matriculants (n = 16,395, 62.5% and n = 4768, 18.2%), and graduates (n = 15,239, 61% and n = 4804, 19%). For URMs, the applicants (n = 8603, 12%, P < 0.00001), matriculants (n = 2420, 9.2%, P = 0.0158), and graduates (n = 2508, 10%, P = 0.906) remained significantly low and unchanged, respectively, whereas the attrition was significantly higher (3.6%, P = 0.049) when compared to Whites (2.6%) and Asians (2.9%). CONCLUSION Significant disparities in the application, matriculation, graduation, and attrition rates for general surgery residency exists for URMs. A call to action is needed to re-examine and improve existing recommendations/paradigms to increase the number of URMs in the surgery training pipeline.
Spill-Over Reputation: Comparative Study of India & the United States

This paper compares India’s position with that of the US on the question of protection of well-known marks in the light of applicable international legal prescriptions. The discussion in this paper compares protection for famous foreign marks (as opposed to a famous mark). Famous foreign marks are those that have acquired fame in one country and hence, well-known in another country.
Efficient chito-oligosaccharide utilization requires two TonB-dependent transporters and one hexosaminidase in Cellvibrio japonicus.

Chitin utilization by microbes plays a significant role in biosphere carbon and nitrogen cycling, and studying the microbial approaches used to degrade chitin will facilitate our understanding of bacterial strategies to degrade a broad range of recalcitrant polysaccharides. The early stages of chitin depolymerization by the bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus have been characterized and are dependent on one chitin-specific lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and nonredundant glycoside hydrolases from the family GH18 to generate chito-oligosaccharides for entry into metabolism. Here, we describe the mechanisms for the latter stages of chitin utilization by C. japonicus with an emphasis on the fate of chito-oligosaccharides. Our systems biology approach combined transcriptomics and bacterial genetics using ecologically relevant substrates to determine the essential mechanisms for chito-oligosaccharide transport and catabolism in C. japonicus. Using RNAseq analysis we found a coordinated expression of genes that encode polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Mutational analysis determined that the hex20B gene product, predicted to encode a hexosaminidase, was required for efficient utilization of chito-oligosaccharides. Furthermore, two gene loci (CJA_0353 and CJA_1157), which encode putative TonB-dependent transporters, were also essential for chito-oligosaccharides utilization. This study further develops our model of C. japonicus chitin metabolism and may be predictive for other environmentally or industrially important bacteria.
Desiccation and rehydration dynamics in the epiphytic resurrection fern Pleopeltis polypodioides.

The epiphytic resurrection-or desiccation-tolerant (DT)-fern Pleopeltis polypodioides can survive extreme desiccation and recover physiological activity within hours of rehydration. Yet, how epiphytic DT ferns coordinate between deterioration and recovery of their hydraulic and photosynthetic systems remains poorly understood. We examined the functional status of the leaf vascular system, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic rate during desiccation and rehydration of P. polypodioides. Xylem tracheids in the stipe embolized within 3-4 h during dehydration. When the leaf and rhizome received water, tracheids refilled after ∼24 h, which occurred along with dramatic structural changes in the stele. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence recovered to predesiccation values within 12 h of rehydration, regardless of whether fronds were connected to their rhizome. Our data show that the epiphytic DT fern P. polypodioides can utilize foliar water uptake to rehydrate the leaf mesophyll and recover photosynthesis despite a broken hydraulic connection to the rhizome.
Efficient learning from delayed rewards through symbiotic evolution

This paper presents a new reinforcement learning method called sane (Symbiotic, Adaptive Neuro-Evolution) that evolves a population of neurons through genetic algorithms to form a neural network for a given task. Symbiotic evolution promotes both cooperation and specialization in the population, which results in a fast, efficient genetic search and discourages convergence to suboptimal solutions. In the inverted pendulum problem, sane formed effective networks 9 to 16 times faster in CPU time than the Adaptive Heuristic Critic and 2 times faster than the GENITOR neuro-evolution approach without loss of generalization. Such efficient learning, combined with few domain assumptions, makes SANE a promising approach to a broad range of reinforcement learning problems, including many real-world applications.
Discussion of “The Black Community and Its LGBT Members” Papers

The author discusses the paper by Ashley (2012), a review of the recent literature on sexual orientation, noting the lack of studies in ethnic minority populations on this topic. There is a discussion of the paper by Dudley (2012), which provides insights into black LGBT culture from the perspective of the history of the black LGBT community in New York City. Hill's paper (2012) questioning whether there is more homophobia in the black community is discussed and insights are provided. The paper by Gibbs and Jones (2012) on the role of behavioral scientists working with the LGBT members of the black community is reviewed. The author links these papers with the themes of stigma and homophobia, the intersection of multiple identities, and health and healthcare disparities. There is also a discussion focusing attention on youth as one of the most vulnerable populations.
From competitiveness to competition

Abstract Minimill steel companies-re;atively small, efficient producers that use electric furnaces to melt scrap or directly reduced iron ore - have steadily increased their share of US steel production from about 5% in 1970 to more than 35% today, forcing the closure of numerous integrated facilities over this period. Although these minimills received a stimulus from weak scrap prices in the 1980s, their continued success is attributable to lower labour and capital construction costs and steady improvements in electric furnace and rolling technology. Minimills have not yet spread widely to OECD countries outside North America, but they are likely to emerge in these countries unless governments attempt to block them in order to protect their declining large, integrated steel companies.
Exploiting self-similarities for single frame super-resolution

We propose a super-resolution method that exploits selfsimilarities and group structural information of image patches using only one single input frame. The super-resolution problem is posed as learning the mapping between pairs of low-resolution and high-resolution image patches. Instead of relying on an extrinsic set of training images as often required in example-based super-resolution algorithms, we employ a method that generates image pairs directly from the image pyramid of one single frame. The generated patch pairs are clustered for training a dictionary by enforcing group sparsity constraints underlying the image patches. Super-resolution images are then constructed using the learned dictionary. Experimental results show the proposed method is able to achieve the state-of-the-art performance.
Symposium on Interdisciplinary Approaches to International Studies: History, Psychology, Technology Studies, and Neuroeconomics

This symposium focuses on application of an integrated approach toward bringing together insights from respective disciplines and interdisciplinary fields to move International Studies (IS) forward. History and psychology, disciplines with an established connection to IS, are explored. Interdisciplinary fields with limited linkages to IS, referring to technology studies and neuroeconomics, also are probed for potential contributions. The introductory essay summarizes how contributions from the preceding disciplines and interdisciplinary fields are identified by the symposium's essays within an integrated approach.
STABILITY OF BREAKWATERS WITH VARIATIONS IN CORE PERMEABILITY

In setting-up a breakwater test in a laboratory flume, the conventional practice is to scale geometrically the armour units, underlayer rocks and core material based on the Proude scaling criteria. However, because some of the properties of the water are not scaled for a model test, the Reynolds scaling law is violated. This can result in improper water flow distribution through the model breakwater. To investigate this problem, a series of tests were performed with a model breakwater in which the permeability (and porosity) of the core was varied over a wide range, and the hydraulic response and breakage of the armour units were measured. It was found that the overall stability of the breakwater could be drastically affected if the flow in the core is scaled incorrectly.
Vacuolar ATPase of Neurospora crassa: electron microscopy, gene characterization and gene inactivation/mutation.

We are using three approaches to investigate the vacuolar ATPase, V-ATPase, from Neurospora crassa. (1) Examination in the electron microscope shows the enzyme has a 9ball and stalk9 structure like the F-type ATPases. However, the vacuolar ATPase is significantly larger, has a prominent cleft in the head sector, and has extra components associated with the stalk and membrane sectors. (2) Genes encoding three of the major subunits of the vacuolar ATPase and the homologous subunits of the mitochondrial F-ATPase have been isolated. The exon/intron structures of the genes have been analyzed and the chromosomal locations have been determined. Two of the vacuolar ATPase genes map very close to each other, suggesting the possibility of a cluster of ATPase genes. (3) The function of the ATPase is being investigated by isolating strains with altered or inactivated ATPase. We are characterizing strains that are resistant to bafilomycin A1, a potent and specific inhibitor of the vacuolar ATPase. Initial attempts to inactivate a vacuolar ATPase gene indicate that the enzyme may be essential for growth.
Fluorouracil Modulation in Colorectal Cancer: Lack of Improvement With N -Phosphonoacetyl- l -Aspartic Acid or Oral Leucovorin or Interferon, But Enhanced Therapeutic Index With Weekly 24-Hour Infusion Schedule—An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study

PURPOSE: To investigate mechanism-directed regimens in maximizing the efficacy of fluorouracil (5-FU) in advanced colorected cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Based on promising phase II data, a randomized comparison of various methods for the biochemical modulation of 5-FU was undertaken in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The control group received single-agent 5-FU as a 24-hour infusion weekly. Patients (N = 1,120) with no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were randomized to one of the following arms: arm A, 5-FU 2,600 mg/m2 by 24-hour infusion, weekly; arm B, N-phosphonoacetyl-l-aspartic acid 250 mg/m2 day l, 5-FU 2,600 mg/m2 by 24-hour infusion day 2, weekly; arm C, 5-FU 600 mg/m2 with oral leucovorin (LV) 125 mg/m2 hourly for the preceding 4 hours, weekly; arm D, 5-FU 600 mg/m2 with intravenous (IV) LV 600 mg/m2, weekly; arm E, 5-FU 750 mg/m2/d IV by continuous infusion for 5 days, then 750 mg/m2 weekly, and recombinant interferon alfa-2a 9 million units subcutaneously three times weekl...
Diet transition to a high-fat diet for 3 weeks reduces brain omega-3-fatty acid levels, alters BDNF signaling and induces anxiety & depression-like behavior in adult rats

Background: The consumption of diets high in calories and low in nutrient value is becoming increasingly common in modern society, which can lead to metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity, and potentially to psychiatric disorders. We have performed studies to assess how the shift from a healthy diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids to a diet rich in saturated fatty acid affects the substrates for brain plasticity and function, and anxiety and depression-like behavior. Methods: Pregnant rats were fed with omega-3 supplemented diet from their 2nd day of gestation period as well as their male pups for 12 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were randomly assigned to either a group fed on the same diet or a group fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fats for 3 weeks. Anxiety and depression-like behaviors were assessed by using open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Molecular assessments were performed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus as dysfunctions in these brain regions are main contributors towards depression, anxiety-like behavior and stress. Results: We found that the HFD increased vulnerability for anxiety and depression-like behavior, and that these modifications harmonized with changes in the anxiety-related neuropeptide Y (NPY)-1 receptor. The HFD reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the BDNF signaling receptor pTrkB, as well as the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), in these brain regions. Brain DHA contents were significantly associated with the levels of anxiety and depression-like behavior in these rats. Conclusions: These results suggest that the change in dietary lifestyle leading to alteration of dietary n3/n-6 fatty acids levels imposes a risk factor for anxiety-like behaviors. Dietary DHA might help for building cognitive reserve that can resist psychiatric disorders.
Helical gas—solids flow I. Pressure drop measurement and prediction

For the case of pneumatic transport of fine coal char particles through a continuous helical coil, the pressure drop has been measured as a function of gas velocity, solids loading and helix diameter. Although the coil can be modeled as a series of successive 90° bends, one cannot use pressure-drop correlations for gas—solids flow in such bends to predict the pressure drop in a helical coil. The correlations for the 90° bends include the energy required to reaccelerate the particles following passage through the bend. This energy is not required in a continuous bend or helical coil. Solids friction factors are independent of gas velocity and increase linearly with loading ratio.
Validation of geometric measurements of the left atrium and pulmonary veins for analysis of reverse structural remodeling following ablation therapy

Geometric analysis of the left atrium and pulmonary veins is important for studying reverse structural remodeling following cardiac ablation therapy. It has been shown that the left atrium decreases in volume and the pulmonary vein ostia decrease in diameter following ablation therapy. Most analysis techniques, however, require laborious manual tracing of image cross-sections. Pulmonary vein diameters are typically measured at the junction between the left atrium and pulmonary veins, called the pulmonary vein ostia, with manually drawn lines on volume renderings or on image cross-sections. In this work, we describe a technique for making semi-automatic measurements of the left atrium and pulmonary vein ostial diameters from high resolution CT scans and multi-phase datasets. The left atrium and pulmonary veins are segmented from a CT volume using a 3D volume approach and cut planes are interactively positioned to separate the pulmonary veins from the body of the left atrium. The cut plane is also used to compute the pulmonary vein ostial diameter. Validation experiments are presented which demonstrate the ability to repeatedly measure left atrial volume and pulmonary vein diameters from high resolution CT scans, as well as the feasibility of this approach for analyzing dynamic, multi-phase datasets. In the high resolution CT scans the left atrial volume measurements show high repeatability with approximately 4% intra-rater repeatability and 8% inter-rater repeatability. Intra- and inter-rater repeatability for pulmonary vein diameter measurements range from approximately 2 to 4 mm. For the multi-phase CT datasets, differences in left atrial volumes between a standard slice-by-slice approach and the proposed 3D volume approach are small, with percent differences on the order of 3% to 6%.
Regional assessment of microphysical properties of marine boundary layer cloud using the PATMOS‐x dataset

[1] Cloud droplet number concentration and geometrical thickness of marine boundary layer clouds are inferred from 25 years of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's AVHRR Pathfinder Atmospheres-Extended (PATMOS-x) Level 2b retrievals of optical thickness and cloud droplet effective radius over the period 1982 through 2009. A novel approach to addressing nonphysical values of cloud droplet number concentration N owing to satellite orbital drift is applied by normalizing estimated droplet number concentrations with respect to local observation time. Cloud geometrical thickness H is also normalized to a common reference time by scaling H against diurnal values from a passive microwave liquid water path climatology. The effectiveness of the methods applied to correct N and H are evaluated. Both quantities are spatially and temporally characterized in several subtropical subsidence regions for likely drizzle-free observations. Estimated liquid water path from PATMOS-x is further validated against 20 years of liquid water path values from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). Good agreement between SSM/I and PATMOS-x is found in coastal regions. Cloud droplet number concentrations in excess of 300 cm−3 are found along the western boundaries of the American and African continents, with greatly lower values found further out to sea with no observed long-term trends in cloud properties.
Development of a conceptual framework for evaluation of nanomaterials release from nanocomposites: Environmental and toxicological implications

Despite the fact that nanomaterials are considered potentially hazardous in a freely dispersed form, they are often considered safe when encapsulated into a polymer matrix. However, systematic research to confirm the abovementioned paradigm is lacking. Our data indicates that there are possible mechanisms of nanomaterial release from nanocomposites due to exposure to environmental conditions, especially UV radiation. The degradation of the polymer matrix and potential release of nanomaterials depend on the nature of the nanofillers and the polymer matrix, as well as on the nature of environmental exposure, such as the combination of UV, moisture, mechanical stress and other factors. To the best of our knowledge there is no systematic study that addresses all these effects. We present here an initial study of the stability of nanocomposites exposed to environmental conditions, where carbon nanotube (CNT) containing polymer composites were evaluated with various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. This work discusses various degradation mechanisms of CNT polymer nanocomposites, including such factors as UV, moisture and mechanical damage. An in vivo ingestion study with Drosophila showed reduced survivorship at each dose tested with free amine-functionalized CNTs, while there was no toxicity when these CNTs were embedded in epoxy. In addition to developing new paradigms in terms of safety of nanocomposites, the outcomes of this research can lead to recommendations on safer design strategies for the next generation of CNT-containing products.
Cajal Bodies and Plant RNA Metabolism

Intracellular location of components associated with RNA metabolism is a key feature of gene expression regulation, although it is often neglected in favor of more direct factors influencing expression. A number of nuclear and subnuclear compartments exist, each carrying out specific functions. This article focuses on Cajal bodies, a dynamic body composed of numerous proteins and small RNAs. Cajal bodies, or CBs, are universal entities found in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm of most living cells. Their function relates to RNA metabolism, including transcription, splicing, stable RNA modification, small RNA biogenesis, gene silencing, nonsense-mediated decay and telomere maintenance. It is generally thought that CBs form docking stations for each of these functions so that the individual processes proceed quickly and in an organized manner. A brief introduction on what is known about the function and composition of CBs in animal cells is provided, followed by highlights of the latest research on CBs in...
Photoemission studies of room-temperature oxidized Ga surfaces☆

The oxidation of in situ prepared Ga films at room temperature has been studied with photoemission. Direct formation of Ga2O3 has been observed. An interpretation of the valence band spectrum of Ga2O3 in terms of the electronic structure of Ga2O3 is offered. Correspendence between a donor-like bonding band, due to the interaction between a doubly occupied oxygen lone pair and an empty Ga orbital, an oxygen non-bonding band, and a Ga-O-Ga bonding band and three features in the valence band spectrum of oxidized Ga has been found. Interpretation of the photoemission spectrum of the recently reported chemisorbed-oxygen on Ga metal at 70 K is suggested based on the understanding of the spectrum of Ga2O3. The possible existence of an intermediate oxidation state formed by the room temperature oxidation of Ga films is also discussed based on the presence of intermediate chemical shifts (ΔE⩽2.0 eV) in the Ga-3d level
Group Choice in Ultimatum Bargaining

Abstract Three experiments examined the impact of groups on the formulation of ultimatum offers, that is, whether the offer was formulated by an individual or by a group, whether the offer was formulated for an ingroup or an outgroup, and perspective, which refers to the formulator's beliefs about the criterion the other would use in deciding to accept or reject the offer. We experimentally tested two perspectives: “rational,” where the other was expected to accept any amount offered because it would be better than nothing, and “fair,” where the other was expected to use fairness as the criterion for evaluating the offer. The latter perspective implies a need to show greater cooperation, i.e., to make more generous ultimatum offers. The results supported the hypotheses that groups adopt more of a rational perspective than individuals, and that offers to outgroups reflect a rational perspective more than offers to ingroups. The preference of the most competitive individual in the group was the best predictor of the group's ultimatum offer. The perspective adopted by the group had lasting effects, as individuals tended to adopt the level of competitiveness of their groups in subsequent individual ultimatum games.
Latino immigrant workers in the Los Angeles apparel industry

Abstract The apparel industry is one of the most globalized industries in the world. Apparel manufacturers are moving production to areas of the world where they can obtain the lowest wage labor. Imports of clothing to the US have risen dramatically, while garment jobs have dwindled. Los Angeles is the one area of the country that is running counter to this trend, in part because of its access to a large, Latino workforce, many of whom are undocumented. This paper considers the organization of the apparel industry in Los Angeles today, especially the return of sweatshops. It examines the role of Latino immigrants as operatives in the industry, and the conditions under which they must work. The fundamental problem lies in the lack of political power of these workers, who must labor under an apartheid‐like system that denies them basic civil rights. Even recent signs of growing Latino political mobilization cannot bring immediate relief. Garment workers need to unionize in order to protect themselves. The p...
Optical reflectance reduction of textured silicon surfaces coated with an antireflective thin film

Abstract Solar cells and optical detection devices often incorporate surface texturing and antireflective (AR) thin films to reduce reflection and enhance optical absorption. Using micromachining techniques, three different silicon surfaces were fabricated, optically characterized, and analyzed relative to their ability to reduce optical reflectance. The fabricated surfaces consisted of: randomly sized and spaced pyramids (RSSPs), deep vertical-wall grooves (DVWGs), and porous silicon (PS). Three regions of the optical spectrum were investigated: visible (500 ≤ λ ≤ 900 nm), near-infrared (1.25 ≤ λ ≤ 2.5 μm), and mid-infrared (2.5 ≤ λ ≤ 12.5 μm). A highly-polished, single-crystal silicon wafer was used as a reference surface. The RSSP surface reduced the reflectance by more than 69% across the entire measured spectrum. The DVWG surface reduced the reflectance by 85% in the visible region, 34% in the near-infrared range, and 14% over the mid-infrared wavelengths. “Thin” (pore depths less than 1 μm) and “thick” (pore depths greater than 5 μm) PS surfaces were investigated. The “thick” PS surfaces manifested a 91% reflectance reduction in the visible region, a 7% reduction in the near-infrared range, and a 53% reduction over the mid-infrared wavelengths. To further enhance the optical reflectance properties of the textured silicon surfaces in the mid-infrared region, a 1.53 ± 0.03 μm thick yttrium oxide AR thin film was deposited on the textured and reference samples. The AR-coated RSSP sample manifested the most significant improvement compared to the AR-coated silicon reference sample. Specifically, the reference sample manifested Ravc = 0.277 with Rσ = 0.04, and the RSSP sample yielded Ravc = 0.024 with Rσ = 0.017.
WORK RELEASE ADMINISTRATORS' VIEWS OF WORK RELEASE

Abstract Views of 80 misdemeanant work release administrator are reported. Information on the administrators' perceptions of the ideal and aetual objectives of work release as well as their views of the relative performance of their work release programs are reported. Not surprisingly, work release is both viewed and operated within a rehabilitative context. Respondents view their respective programs as relatively successful in achieving their program objectives.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION (ET) ON BILIRUBIN (BR) BINDING

By adding BR to sera the BR titration point (BRTP)-the lowest BR concentration at which loosely-bound BR could be demonstrated by sephadex column-was determined in samples from 9 ET in preterm (Group I) and from 8 ET in term (Group II) infants. The BRTP expressed as BR/Albumin (Alb) molar ratio was not raised by the ET. In every ET at the end the BRTP was below the expected level assuming that the donor Alb had retained its binding properties in the infant's circulation. The BRTP was also depressed from the expected level in the discarded blood, the depression being inversely related (r=0.604, p<0.03) to the amount of BR removed by the ET, the latter being 0.72±0.16mg per kg b.wt per mg/dl pre ET BR. These results indicate that interfering substances (and not intrinsic differences of the Alb molecule) are responsible for the decreased BR binding in newborn and particularly preterm infants. As several of our infants did not receive drugs or IV fluids, part, at least, of the interference must be due to endogenous substances.
RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON CONSTRUCTS OF CHANGE: INTERCULTURAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITIONS

In every society there are certain important life events that are predictable and normative therein and that demand from the individual some major and lasting personal change; they are often–but not always–connected with a biological change of life (e.g., puberty, graduations, maturity, parenthood, retirement). In contrast to these transitions, there also exist other critical life events, which are less prevalent and less predictable, and which place extreme demands on the individual for personal change and adaptation. These extraordinary experiences include intercultural transitions, particularly those associated with international migration. In recent years, the need for research attention to this type of life transition in individual development has increased, largely as a result of significant changes in immigration trends and in the ethnocultural mix of the nation's population. A multifaceted, complex, and consequential event, intercultural migration poses special challenges as a subject of scientific inquiry. At the same time, it provides a unique window for viewing processes of change and adaptation. In this paper some of these needs, challenges, and opportunities are identified and discussed in the context of varied research perspectives and constructs of change.
Estimation of saturated data using the Tobit Kalman filter

Saturated, clipped or censored data arises in multiple engineering applications including sensors systems and image based tracking. The saturation limits of a measurement consist of an upper limit and lower limit on the measurements. When a measurement is near a saturated region or in saturated region a standard Kalman filter will be biased and unable to track the true states. In this paper, we use a novel formulation of the Kalman filter for Tobit Type 1 censored measurements. The proposed formulation, called the Tobit Kalman filter for saturated data, converges to the standard Kalman filter in the no-censoring case. A motivating example is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of an estimator for censored data.
Monotonicity of the molecular electronic energy in the nuclear coordinates

Let e(R 1,..., R k ) be the electronic contribution to the ground-state energy of a molecule consisting of one electron and k nuclei located at R 1,..., R k . It is shown that e(R 1′,...,R k ′)⩾e(R 1,...,R k ) if |R i ′ − R j ′| ⩾ |R i − R j | for all pairs i,j.
Relative location of the triplet and singlet states in H2

Abstract Accurate adiabatic calculation of the energy carried out for the a 3 Σ + g state of H 2 confirms the experimental result of Beutler and Junger and proves the more recent result of Dieke to be wrong.
Positive Solutions for Boundary Value Problems of Second Order Difference Equations and Their Computation

Abstract We consider the following two classes of second order boundary value problems for difference equation: Δ ( r i − 1 Δ y i − 1 ) − b i y i + λ a i y i = 0 , 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n , y 0 − τ y 1 = y n + 1 − δ y n = 0 with δ , τ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] and Δ ( r i − 1 Δ y i − 1 ) − b i y i + λ a i y i = 0 , 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n , y 0 = α y n , y n + 1 = β y 1 with α , β ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . We establish the existence of positive solutions to both problems. A solver with linear computational complexity for almost tridiagonal linear systems is developed by exploring the special structure of linear system of equations. Based on fast solvers for linear systems, effective algorithms for the computation of positive solutions will be proposed.
Variation in the size and sensitivity of a genital sensory field in relation to the estrous cycle in rats

Abstract In rats showing normal estrous cycles, the size and sensitivity of the pudendal nerve's sensory field was determined by recording spike potentials from the pudendal nerve. The overall sensory field area was larger and more sensitive in estrous than in diestrous females. This indicates that the field's characteristics can change within 2 days (the interval between diestrus and estrus), perhaps as a result of the increased estrogen secretion that occurs around the time of mating. One effect of this increased estrogen secretion may be to sensitize and to enlarge the sensory field of the pudendal nerve. In a second experiment, we found that the genital area of the female which the male's penis contacts during an intromittive mount corresponds closely to an area of high sensitivity within the sensory field of the pudendal nerve. We suggest that the male rat's copulatory contact with this region of the female's perineum may facilitate the intensity of her lordosis and/or her orienting for intromission.
Superoxide Radical Anion Adduct of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-Oxide. 4. Conformational Effects on the EPR Hyperfine Splitting Constants

Spin trapping has been commonly employed in the detection of superoxide radical anion in chemical and biological systems; hence, accurate interpretation of the hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc's) arising from the O(2)(*-) adducts (also referred to as hydroperoxyl (HO(2)(*)) radical adducts) of various nitrones is important. In this work, the nature of the relevant hfsc's was investigated by examining the effect of conformational changes in the hydroperoxyl moiety of the O(2)(*-) adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO), 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO), and 7-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-6-one N-oxide, (CPCOMPO) on the magnitude of a(N), a(beta-H), and a(gamma-H). Conformational change around the substituents and their effect on the hfsc's were also explored. Results indicate that a(beta-H) is most sensitive to conformational changes of the hydroperoxyl and substituent groups relative to hfsc's of other nuclei. The orbital overlap between the C-H sigma-orbital and the SOMO of the nitroxyl nitrogen plays a crucial factor in determining the magnitude of the a(beta-H). The hfsc values for the O(2)(*-) adducts were predicted with high accuracy by using a low-cost computational method at the PCM(water)/BHandHLYP/EPR-III//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory without taking into account the explicit water interaction.
Viscoelastic properties and residual stresses in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐reinforced epoxy matrices

Fiber-filled thermosetting polymer composites are extensively used in aerospace industries. One disadvantage of these materials is cure induced or ther- mally induced residual stresses in the matrix, which may result in deteriorated per- formance and premature failure. This article explores the use of epoxy/multifunc- tional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites as resins with reduced thermal stress coefficients that result in mitigated residual stresses. The effect of POSS loading on the thermal stress coefficient of the epoxy/POSS nanocom- posite resins was investigated from below the b-relaxation to the a-relaxation, or glass transition temperature, (i.e., from � 100 to 180 � C) by measuring the shear modulus and linear thermal expansion coefficient. The thermal stress coefficient of the epoxy/POSS nanocomposites is found to be a strong function of temperature, decreasing rapidly with decreasing temperature through the a-relaxation region, increasing in the vicinity of the b-relaxation, and then decreasing below the tempera- ture associated with the peak in the b-relaxation. With increasing POSS content, the thermal stress coefficient is reduced compared with the neat resin in the vicinity of the a-relaxation; however, the thermal stress coefficient increases with increasing POSS content below the temperature of the b-relaxation peak. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals,
Late Occurrence of PML in a Patient Treated for Lymphoma with Immunomodulatory Chemotherapies, Bendamustine, Rituximab, and Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

PML caused by John Cunningham (JC) virus is a rare but an increasingly recognized entity. With the advent of newer immunomodulatory therapies with monoclonal antibodies, there is an increasing incidence of PML. Initially concern was restricted to patients treated for multiple sclerosis with natalizumab but more case reports are being reported during treatment for other conditions like Crohn’s disease and lymphoma with agents such as rituximab. We report the case of a 66-year-old woman who developed PML a year after completion of therapy with rituximab, ibritumomab, and bendamustine.
The organization of economic activity: insights from the institutional theory of John R. Commons

This paper develops a theory of economic organization based on the concepts of property rights, sovereignty, transactions, bounded rationality, the interdependence of preferences and economies of scale in production. All of these concepts were central to the work of institutional economist John R. Commons. My new synthesis of his ideas delineates the structure upon which the market and non-market systems of an economy rest, or in modern terminology the choice between make and buy. It provides a more comprehensive framework for comparative analysis that encompasses much of the contemporary literature in the economics of organization, while providing alternative interpretations and implications at critical points.
Adsorption and Diffusion of Single Molecules at Chromatographic Interfaces

This article details the contributions of single-molecule spectroscopy to the current understanding of an important problem in chromatography. Tailing is a long-standing problem in pharmaceutical a...
Cell-mediated immune response to hepatitis B antigen in patients with liver disease

Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) to both serum and purified hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) was measured in 151 subjects using the leukocyte MIF test. Ninety-five percent of patients with HBAg-positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH) and 64% of patients with HBAg-negative AVH had positive MIF tests. Positive MIF tests were rarely present in asymptomatic HBAg carriers and were not found in patients with alcoholic liver disease or in normal controls. The data suggest that many patients with AVH in whom HBAg is undetectable may have hepatitis B and that measurement ofin vitro MIF to HBAg is a sensitive index for establishing the etiological role of the antigen in the liver disease.
Collisions of HCl with rare gas and molecular colliders

Collisions of HCl (j = 0) with rare gas and molecular colliders were studied using velocity-mapped ion imaging. For the rare gas colliders, Ne and Kr, the observed scattering behavior is very similar to that previously observed for HCl + Ar, and any differences are primarily due to the rule of corresponding states. For the molecular colliders, N 2 and CH 4 , very different scattering behavior was observed, especially for high Δj H C l transitions. When HCI is scattered into j H C l = 2 or 3, the collision results in more forward-scattering than is observed for rare gas colliders, whereas when HCI is scattered into j H C l = 4 or 5, the collision results in more backscattering. This implies that to generate HCl in a highly rotationally excited quantum state following collision with a diatomic or polyatomic collider, the collision must have a smaller impact parameter than would be required for an atomic collision.
Learning in honeybees as a function of amount of reward: Rejection of the equal-asymptote assumption

Foraging honeybees were trained individually with successively presented targets differing in odor, one containing 5 µl and the other 20 µl of a 50% sucrose solution, after which preferences were measured in choice tests. In Experiment 1, there were either 8 training trials with each target, 16 trials with each, or 8 trials with the 20-µ1 target and 16 trials with the 5-µl target. In Experiments 2 and 3, the odor-amount relation was reversed after either 24 or 16 trials with each target. In Experiment 4, differential reward was introduced only after two, four, or six feedings-to-repletion on each target. All of the results could be simulated quantitatively and with considerable accuracy on the assumption that the attractiveness of an odor is given by the strength of its association with sucrose; that asymptotic associative strength is an increasing function of amount of reward; and that choice between two odors is determined by their relative associative strength.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Sabatia campestris (Gentianaceae), an Illinois state‐endangered plant

Sabatia campestris is a regionally endangered prairie plant. Eight polymorphic loci have been generated for S. campestris (Gentianaceae) using non-enriched and enriched libraries. Polymorphism was quantified from an isolated population from central Illinois yielding mean observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.723 and 0.801, respectively. The number of alleles per locus for this population ranged from three to 25 with a median of 15.5. These genetic markers will be used to determine population genetic structure of Illinois populations as well as to estimate fine-scale gene flow rates.