cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder of Early Infancy

AbstractPurpose: The nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder has traditionally been believed to represent a disorder of older children. We report on patients in whom congenital dysfunctional voiding may be the underlying cause of nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder in early infancy.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 5 male and 2 female patients newborn to 30 months old with dysfunctional neurogenic bladder and no evidence of neurological pathology or anatomical outflow obstruction. Presentation included prenatal hydronephrosis in 3 cases, urosepsis in 2 and failure to thrive in 2. Radiological and urodynamic investigations revealed thick walled, poorly compliant bladders in 5 patients and incomplete bladder emptying bordering on urinary retention in 2. There was significant upper tract pathology in all cases, including azotemia in 4, reflux in 4 and hydroureteronephrosis in 6. Due to poor bladder function, manifested by incomplete emptying or high storage pressures, all patients were initially treated with cutaneo...
Effect of ethacrynic acid on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop

Effect of ethacrynic acid on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Cortical thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro . The diuretic ethacrynic acid (10 -3 M) in the tubule lumen caused a reversible decrease in the electrical PD. Ethacrynic-cysteine complex, a major urinary excretion product of ethacrynic acid, also caused a reversible decrease in the PD as well as in net chloride transport, but at a much lower concentration (3 × 10 -6 M) in the lumen. Ethacrynic-cysteine in the bath (10 -5 M) had no effect on the PD. Ethacrynic-cysteine had little effect on Na and Cl conductances, measured electrically. On the basis of these results we suggest that the ethacrynic-cysteine complex is the major active form of the drug in vivo and that it acts in the lumen of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop to inhibit active Cl transport and thereby diminish NaCl reabsorption. Effet de l'acide ethacrynique sur la partie large de la branche ascendante de l'anse de Henle. Des branches ascendantes larges corticales d'anses de Henle ont ete dissequees a partis de veins de lapins et perfusees in vitro . L'acide ethacrynique (10 -3 M) dans la lumiere tubulaire determine une inhibition reversible de la difference de potentiel electrique. Le complexe ethacrynique-cysteine, un produit d'excretion urinaire majeur de l'acide ethacrynique, determine aussi une diminution reversible de la difference de potentiel et du transport net de chlore, mais a une concentration luminale moindre (3 × 10 -6 M). Le complexe ethacrynique-cysteine dans le bain n'a pas d'effet sur la difference de potential. Le complexe a peu d'effets sur les conductances Na et Cl mesurees electriquement. Sur la base de ces resultats, nous suggerons que le complexe ethacrynique-cysteine est le forme active majeure de la drogue in vivo et qu'il agit dans la lumiere de la partie large de la branche ascendante de l'anse de Henle en inhibant le transport actif du chlore et, de ce fait, en diminuant la reabsorption du NaCl.
The electronic structure of Si/GaP(110) interface and superlattice

Abstract It is argued that the (110) interface between group IV and III–V semiconductors are more likely to lend themselves to fabrication via MBE techniques. Results for the electronic structure of Si-GaP(110) superlattice are reported for the first time. Both, interface states and two dimensionally confined states are found. Sensitivity of the energy and charge distribution of these states to the interfacial geometry and the band edge discontinuity is investigated. The results are contrasted with the situation found for lattice matched III–V compound semiconductor systems such as GaAs/AlAs and GaSb/InAs.
Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury--1990-1997.

Abstract Objectives: To describe changes in acute and rehabilitation length of stay (LOS) for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), describe predictors of LOS, and explore year-1 anniversary medical and social outcomes. Design: Longitudinal, exploratory study of patients with SCI. Setting: Eighteen Model Spinal Cord Injury Centers across the United States. Sample: A total of 3,904 persons discharged from the Model Systems between 1990 and 1997 who had follow-up interviews at 1 year postinjury. Main Outcome Measures: Rehabilitation LOS; injury anniversary year-1 presence of pressure ulcers; incidence of rehospitalization; community or institutional residence; and days per week out of residence. Results: Acute rehabilitation LOS declined from 74 days to 60 days. Discharges to nursing homes and rehospitalizations increased between 1990 and 1997. Linear regression showed that lower admission motor Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, year of discharge from the Model System, method of bladder management, tetraplegia, race, education, marital status, discharge disposition, and age were related to longer LOS. At first anniversary, logistic regressions revealed that lower discharge motor FIM, injury level, and age were related to the presence of pressure ulcers, rehospitalization, residence, and time spent out of residence. Of those discharged to nursing homes, 44% returned to home by year 1, and these individuals had higher functional status and were younger. Discussion: High functional status is associated with shorter LOS, discharge to the community, and time spent out of residence, indicating efficiency in the system. For 44.4% of individuals one or more of the following outcomes were observed by first year anniversary: rehospitalization; residing in a skilled nursing facility; having pressure ulcers; or infrequently leaving one's residence.
Pavlovian conditioning of Chevreul's movement.

Abstract The purpose of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that Chevreul's Movement (CM) is subject to Pavlovian analysis. CM is defined as movement of a hand-held pendulum in a direction suggested to or expected by a subject when he reports that he did not voluntarily attempt to make it move. CM was successfully conditioned to nonsense syllable and word conditional stimuli. In addition, conditional CM was influenced by number of conditioning trials and displayed stimulus generalization. These results support the hypothesis that Pavlovian factors contribute to CM. Implications for analysis of other instances of “involuntary” behavior associated with suggestibility and hyponosis situations were discussed.
Thrust origin in EHD lifters

This paper1 presents the results of the analytical and experimental studies of thrust origin in electrohydrodynamic lifters. It was found that the thrust is the reactive force to the force driving the EHD flow when the electric corona discharge takes place. The results of the experiments confirmed that the thrust is mainly applied on the ground electrode and the net force on the corona wire is negative. The configuration of the lifter affects the thrust but simply increasing the number of corona wires won't increase the thrust.
Temporal patterns in evapotranspiration from lysimeters with three common wetland plant species in the eastern United States

Abstract Using replicated, whole plant lysimeters, we quantified and compared the daily evapotranspiration (ET) rates and temporal ET patterns of three plant species common in wetlands of the northeastern US: weeping willow ( Salix babylonica L.), red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), and cattail ( Typha latifolia L.). For comparison and control, we simultaneously measured evaporation from bare soil and open water. S. babylonica and T. latifolia had significantly higher ET rates per unit leaf area than A. rubrum ( P =0.0002), and all plant species’ ET rates were greater than evaporation rates from bare soil and open water. Temporal patterns in ET over the study period were strongly correlated with relative humidity for all treatments except T. latifolia . Within the shorter time frame of a day, the plants exhibited a peak in ET from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. A comparison with studies in the literature indicates that the examined wetland species exhibited higher rates of ET and a more continuous daily flux than do many terrestrial species.
Hydrogeological research, education, and practice: A path to future contributions

During the last several years, spirited discussions have taken place within the hydrogeologic community regarding the status and future of research in this field of scientific endeavor; some of these exchanges have found their way into the literature and catalyzed special sessions at professional meetings. In this contribution, we draw from and build upon the recent debates, discuss the status of hydrogeologic research and education, present an optimistic view of the future, and offer suggestions that we believe would benefit the development of the field and society at large.
Methanol electrooxidation on platinum spontaneously deposited on unsupported and carbon-supported ruthenium nanoparticles

Abstract Using an inverted spontaneous deposition method, unsupported Ru and carbon-supported 40% Ru nanoparticles were decorated with platinum after surface Ru oxides were reduced in the hydrogen atmosphere at 25 ° C for 1 h. All samples that we produced in this way yielded high catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation at an electrode potential of interest to DMFC fuel cells. In the chronoamperometric experiment, the activity increased with the uptake of platinum to high Pt packing density values. The 40% C/Ru/Pt catalyst with an optimized packing density shows higher reactivity than that of an equivalent commercial, carbon-supported Pt/Ru catalyst. Reduction of Ru (and Ru/Pt) nanoparticles at higher than ambient temperature induced unacceptable level of sintering, and was avoided.
Variation in external rotation moment arms among subregions of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles

A rotator cuff tear causes morphologic changes in rotator cuff muscles and tendons and reduced shoulder strength. The mechanisms by which these changes affect joint strength are not understood. This study's purpose was to empirically determine rotation moment arms for subregions of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and for teres minor, and to test the hypothesis that subregions of the cuff tendons increase their effective moment arms through connections to other subregions. Tendon excursions were measured for full ranges of rotation on 10 independent glenohumeral specimens with the humerus abducted in the scapular plane at 10 and 608. Supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons were divided into equal width subregions. Two conditions were tested: tendon divided to the musculotendinous junction, and tendon divided to the insertion on the humerus. Moment arms were determined from tendon excursion via the principle of virtual work. Moment arms for the infraspinatus (p < 0.001) and supraspinatus (p < 0.001) were significantly greater when the tendon was only divided to the musculotendinous junction versus division to the humeral head. Moment arms across subregions of infraspinatus (p < 0.001) and supraspinatus (p < 0.001) were significantly different. A difference in teres minor moment arm was not found for the two cuff tendon conditions. Moment arm differences between muscle subregions and for tendon division conditions have clinical implications. Interaction between cuff regions could explain why some subjects retain strength after a small cuff tear. This finding helps explain why a partial cuff repair may be beneficial when a complete repair is not possible. Data presented here can help differentiate between cuff tear cases that would benefit from cuff repair and cases for which cuff repair might not be as favorable. 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1737-1744, 2006
Basal ganglia calcification in the neonate

Calcification of the basal ganglia developed following intracranial hemorrhage in a neonate recovering from severe perinatal asphyxia. Cranial computed tomography is useful in demonstrating the anatomic distribution of dystrophic calcification in regions previously involved by hemorrhage. The demonstration of hemorrhage or hemorrhagic infarction with CT may help to verify the association of basal ganglia calcification with birth anoxia.
Low Crown Root Number Enhances Nitrogen Acquisition from Low-Nitrogen Soils in Maize

In developing nations, low soil nitrogen (N) availability is a primary limitation to crop production and food security, while in rich nations, intensive N fertilization is a primary economic, energy, and environmental cost to crop production. It has been proposed that genetic variation for root architectural and anatomical traits enhancing the exploitation of deep soil strata could be deployed to develop crops with greater N acquisition. Here, we provide evidence that maize (Zea mays) genotypes with few crown roots (crown root number [CN]) have greater N acquisition from low-N soils. Maize genotypes differed in their CN response to N limitation in greenhouse mesocosms and in the field. Low-CN genotypes had 45% greater rooting depth in low-N soils than high-CN genotypes. Deep injection of 15N-labeled nitrate showed that low-CN genotypes under low-N conditions acquired more N from deep soil strata than high-CN genotypes, resulting in greater photosynthesis and plant N content. Under low N, low-CN genotypes had greater biomass than high-CN genotypes at flowering (85% in the field study in the United States and 25% in South Africa). In the field in the United States, 1.8× variation in CN was associated with 1.8× variation in yield reduction by N limitation. Our results indicate that CN deserves consideration as a potential trait for genetic improvement of N acquisition from low-N soils.
Well-posedness of phase-lock equations of superconductivity

Abstract In this article we give an affirmative answer to an open question raised in [M. Zhan, Phase-lock equations and its connections to Ginzburg–Landau equations of superconductivity, J. Nonlinear Anal. 42 (2000) 1063–1075]. There, the author introduced the phase-lock equations to model superconductivity phenomena. We showed that the phase-lock equations have unique solutions with L 2 initial data for space dimensions n = 2 , 3 .
Advanced inductively coupled plasma etching processes for fabrication of resonator-quantum well infrared photodetector

Resonator-quantum well infrared photodetectors (R-QWIPs) are the next generation of QWIP detectors that use resonances to increase the quantum efficiency (QE). To achieve the expected performance, the detector geometry must be produced in precise specification. In particular, the height of the diffractive elements (DE) and the thickness of the active resonator must be uniformly and accurately realized to within 0.05 lm accuracy and the substrates of the detectors have to be removed totally. To achieve these specifications, two optimized inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching processes are developed. Using these etching techniques, we have fabricated a number of R-QWIP test detectors and FPAs with the required dimensions and completely removed the substrates of the test detectors and FPAs. Their QE spectra were tested to be in close agreement with the theoretical predictions. The operability and spectral non-uniformity of the FPA is about 99.57% and 3% respectively.
Separable utility functions

Abstract We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the norm properness of separable utility functions. The condition is illustrated with a variety of examples. The condition and the examples indicate that norm uniformly proper separable utility functions are much “closer” to linear utility functions than previously suspected. We also take this opportunity and present in a systematic and simplified manner the basic properties of separable utility functions that are scattered in a fragmented way throughout the literature.
Hiccups with High Dose Dexamethasone Administration A Case Report

BACKGROUND A 59-year-old male developed intractable hiccups during monthly therapy with high dose dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. Hiccups would begin hours after his first dose and continue over the 4 days of therapy. He sought assistance after his attempt at home remedies failed and the hiccups became exhausting. METHODS The strong temporal relation between dexamethasone administration and the occurrence of hiccups indicated that dexamethasone was the cause of the patient's hiccups. Because he was responding to dexamethasone, the decision was made to continue therapy and to relieve his hiccups with metoclopramide. RESULTS Low dose oral metoclopramide allowed the patient to continue therapy without a recurrence of the hiccups. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone administration can result in intractable hiccups that persist for the duration of therapy. Low dose oral metoclopramide may prevent hiccups in patients in whom the discontinuation of dexamethasone therapy is not appropriate. Cancer 1998;82:412-4. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
An Intertidal Salmon Fry Trap

Abstract A trap was constructed to catch pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry emigrating through the intertidal reaches of a small nonglacial stream on the Kenai Peninsula in south central Alaska. The trap consisted of two components: the trap frame, which housed the V -shaped trap, and the fry collection box. These components floated on sty-rofoam logs and were connected by a flexible hose. When the tide was high, the trap floated and fished the upper 1.2 m of the water column; when the tide was low, the trap rested on the bottom and fished effectively in 10 cm of water. The gear has functioned properly at 0 C. With three traps, 70,000-214,000 fry per year have been caught.
Kenny on Compatibilism

Traditional compatibilists contend that free action is not without its determining causes; it is caused by the desires, the beliefs, and ultimately by the character of the agent. Internal causation by psychological factors is distinguished from external causation or compulsion, and only the latter is held to be incompatible with freedom and responsibility. In his article, 'Freedom, Spontaneity and Indifference',' and more recently in his book, Will, Freedom and Power,2 Anthony Kenny defends a quite different sort of compatibilism. Unlike traditional compatibilists, he is prepared to concede that a certain measure of unpredictability is essential to freedom of action; and he contends that freedom is incompatible with psychological determinism. But that does not, in his view, settle the issue with regard to physiological determinism. The 'sophisticated compatibilist', he argues, will distinguish between 'levels of description and explanation' (WFP, p. I49). Specifically, he will distinguish between the concepts and vocabulary of physiology and those that are employed in the everyday description and explanation of human behaviour. Since it is only actions described in the latter terms that anyone claims to be free, Kenny thinks we can, without contradicting ourselves, claim to be free at the level of human action without prejudicing the issue with regard to the truth or falsity of determinism at the physiological level.I do not think this version of compatibilism is very plausible. Kenny's distinction between levels of description and explanation does not, I believe, enable him to make any advance over the traditional compatibilist position or to sidestep its leading problem: the analysis of the 'can' of human action. In what follows I hope to show that Kenny's attempt to demonstrate the compatibility of freedom and physiological determinism leads him to suggest an analysis of the 'can' of human action which makes freedom equally compatible with psychological determinism. Let us begin with the distinction between levels of description of an action-i.e., with the distinction between an event considered simply as a physical movement subject to physiological explanation and that same event considered as an action subject to explanation in terms of human conventions and purposes. Kenny makes a great deal of the fact that what is true of an action qua physical movement need not be true of that same action qua action and vice versa. From the fact that an event is causally determined under one description (a physiological one) it
Wilson's Disease

Wilson9s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) is a relatively rare cause of illness in the pediatric age group. But, as a chronic life-threatening disease that is treatable, even "curable," its investigation should be thoroughly pursued by the pediatrician. The recognition of Wilson9s disease provides the opportunity to prevent this illness in presymptomatic family members. Therefore, Wilson9s disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of all forms of liver disease in pediatrics and appropriately excluded. The clinical findings that are compatible with a diagnosis of Wilson9s disease are protean, and confirming or denying this diagnosis is often difficult. In order to appreciate these problems, it is necessary first to understand the normal physiology of copper in the body and the derangements in this homeostasis that characterize Wilson9s disease (Fig 1). COPPER HOMEOSTASIS Normal Copper is absorbed from the diet in excess of the body9s requirement for it. Many foods contain copper, but chocolate, nuts, mushrooms, liver, and shellfish are particularly rich sources. Once absorbed, copper is transported free in the blood to the liver. Here, a certain fraction is incorporated in an irreversible fashion into ceruloplasmin. This copper-containing protein separates in the α2-globulins, can be an acute-phase reactant, increasing in concentration in response to stress. Alternatively, in the presence of hepatic failure with decrerased protein synthesis, its concentration in blood decreases. Ceruloplasmin is an oxidative enzyme used in a variety of pathways, including the oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions.
Analysis of symmetric cross-ply laminated elastic plates using a higher-order theory. II - Buckling and free vibration

A previously developed higher-order plate theory and a technique based on the state space concept are used to investigate free vibration and buckling problems of rectangular cross-ply laminated plates. Unified results are presented for the case of arbitrary boundary conditions on two opposite edges. Good agreement is obtained with previous data for simply supported edge conditions. It is pointed out that classical laminated plate theory tends to overpredict both eigenfrequencies and buckling loads, leading to an increase of the degree of orthotropicity of individual layers and of the thickness ratio of the plate.
Molecular Evolution of Genetic Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cancer-related cause of death worldwide. There are widespread global differences in HCC risk. Although the impact of geographic prevalence of specific causes of chronic liver disease on HCC is recognized, the contribution of the underlying genetic architecture to the risk of HCC remains undefined. Our aim was to characterize evolutionary trends in genetic susceptibility to HCC. We examined the genetic risk associated with HCC risk alleles identified from genome-wide association studies and correlated these with geographic location and temporal and spatial patterns of human migration. A moderate increase in differentiation was noted for rs2596542 (F st = 0.106) and rs17401966 (F st = 0.116), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with chronic HCV and HBV, respectively. Both of these SNPs show a recent increase in allelic frequency with the most recent human migrations into East Asia, Oceania and the Americas. In contrast another SNP associated with an increased risk of HCC, rs9275572, showed a lack of differentiation (F st = 0.09) with stable allelic expression across populations. The genetic risk score for HCC, based on the allelic frequency and risk odds ratio of five SNPs associated with increased risk of HCC, was greatest in populations from Africa and decreased with subsequent migration into Europe and Asia. However, a major increase was noted with the most recent migrations into Oceania and the Americas. There are differences in directional differentiation of HCC risk alleles across human populations that can contribute to population-based differences in HCC prevalence.
Dual progesterone action in diencephalon facilitates the induction of sexual receptivity in estrogen-primed golden hamsters

In order to identify and characterize the progesterone (P) sensitive neural system that regulates feminine sexual behavior, 28-gauge P-filled cannulae were implanted in the medial preoptic area (MPO), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and central gray (CG) of ovariectomized estrogen-primed golden hamsters. Dual implants of P were placed either ipsilaterally or contralaterally in brain sites consisting of MPO-VMH, MPO-CG, or VMH-CG combinations. Tests for sexual receptivity commenced 44 hr after estrogen priming and consisted of a preimplantation test followed 4.5 to 5.5 hr later by a postimplantation test. In the preimplantation test, stimulus males were attacked when placed into the female's home cage which indicated that the subsequent display of sexual receptivity occurring in the postimplantation test was due to the action of P. Dual implants of P placed either ipsilaterally or contralaterally in MPO-VMH regions were significantly more effective in facilitating lordosis behavior than dual P implants placed in MPO-CG or VMH-CG regions. However, the duration of lordotic responsiveness produced by dual P implants in MPO and VMH regions appears to be shorter than the duration of lordosis typically observed in intact females on proestrus. Results suggest that MPO and VMH regions are sensitive to the lordosis facilitating actions of small dual implants of P.
Spectral geographies : haunting and everyday state practices in colonial and present-day Alaska.

Haunting is an analytic that foregrounds connections between the past and the present day. I employ haunting to analyze everyday practices of the colonial state in Alaska, thereby reinforcing the material connections between everyday activities and narratives and the imaginaries they create, questioning the timeless character of many studies of everyday geographies, and demanding attention to justice. A case study from Alaska involving federal non-recognition of the Qutekcak tribe demonstrates connections between colonial histories and present-day practices of the state, connections that take shape as a ‘spectral geography.’
992 COMMON POSTPARTUM RECOVERY: OBSERVATIONS ON IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION

A common recovery (CR) policy designed to create an atmosphere for relaxation of parents with their baby while testing the concept that more comprehensive nursing care can be maintained was instituted 12/1/76. This elective alternative is offered as part of a family-centered maternity program with parents advised prenatally. A 6-hour period was arbitrarily fixed by physicians and nurses while defining physical setting, equipment, admission and discharge, maternal and infant care criteria and policies. CR takes place in single patient labor rooms supervised by labor and delivery nurses who have received instruction in neonatal risk identification and care. When rooming-in is also elected, an infant may not need, to enter the nursery. In a group of 95 families, average CR stay was 3.3 hours. 19 elected to terminate early due to fatigue. Five newborn complications of temperature instability (2), tachypnea (1), cardiac disease (1), hypoglycemia (1) and four maternal complications, postpartum hemorrhage (3) and hematoma (1) caused interruption. Gravidity and parity did not seem to influence outcome. No significant nursing, physician or parental incidents have been reported. We conclude that CR, utilizing labor rooms and allowing high quality risk identification by nurses while facilitating family interaction can be safely instituted, even in hospitals of relatively small size, when appropriate staff interest, policies, and education are present.
Depression of LTP in rat dentate gyrus by naloxone is reversed by GABAA blockade

Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the lateral perforant path (LPP) to dentate granule cell (DGC) synapse is suppressed by the opioid antagonist, naloxone, and thus appears to be dependent upon the release of endogenous opioids from the LPP. It has been suggested that endogenous opioids enhance LTP by depressing GABA A inhibition. As one test of this hypothesis, we determined whether blockade of GABA A inhibition would alleviate the naloxone block of LTP in the LPP. Consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous opioids enable LTP by disinhibition of the DGCs, naloxone no longer blocked LTP in the presence of the GABA A antagonist, bicuculline methiodide. Futhermore, although blockade of μ receptors suppressed LTP of the slope of the population excitatory potential (pEPSP), blockade of both μ and δ opioid receptors was needed to suppress LTP of both the pEPSP and the orthodromic population spike (OPS).
Safety and efficacy of combined orthotopic liver transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting

Advanced coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasingly common in patients awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Unfortunately, in patients whose coronary artery anatomy is not amenable to angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) alone may precipitate hepatic decompensation. Thus, combined liver transplant and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG-OLT) may be required to effectively treat both conditions. Clinical records were analyzed for 5 CABG-OLT procedures at a single institution. Operative indications, technical details, and postoperative course were determined for each patient. Patients undergoing CABG-OLT had a mean age of 57.8 years (range, 54-66) and were predominantly male (80%). All patients had significant 3-vessel coronary atherosclerotic disease with preserved left ventricular function. There were no intraoperative deaths. At mean 25 months of follow-up (range, 8.0-25) there was an 80% graft and patient survival. Overall average length of stay was 21 days (range, 7-59 days). In conclusion, CABG-OLT procedure appears to be safe and effective in the population of patients with advanced CAD and liver disease. In this series, patients appear to benefit from multidisciplinary preoperative evaluation, coordination between cardiac and transplant surgeons, careful graft selection, and use of sapheno-atrial veno-veno bypass.
Heme-regulated Inhibitor Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Inhibits Translation, Induces Stress Granule Formation, and Mediates Survival upon Arsenite Exposure

Exposure to arsenite inhibits protein synthesis and activates multiple stress signaling pathways. Although arsenite has diverse effects on cell metabolism, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 at Ser-51 on the α subunit was necessary to inhibit protein synthesis initiation in arsenite-treated cells and was essential for stress granule formation. Of the four protein kinases known to phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, only the heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI) was required for the translational inhibition in response to arsenite treatment in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, HRI expression was required for stress granule formation and cellular survival after arsenite treatment. In vivo studies elucidated a fundamental requirement for HRI in murine survival upon acute arsenite exposure. The results demonstrated an essential role for HRI in mediating arsenite stress-induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, inhibition of protein synthesis, stress granule formation, and survival.
Screening stochastic Life Cycle assessment inventory models

A screening methodology is presented that utilizes the linear structure within the deterministic life cycle inventory (LCI) model. The methodology ranks each input data element based upon the amount it contributes toward the final output. The identified data elements along with their position in the deterministic model are then sorted into descending order based upon their individual contributions. This enables practitioners and model users to identify those input data elements that contribute the most in the inventory stage. Percentages of the top ranked data elements are then selected, and their corresponding data quality index (DQI) value is upgraded in the stochastic LCI model. Monte Carlo computer simulations are obtained and used to compare the output variance of the original stochastic model with modified stochastic model. The methodology is applied to four real-world beverage delivery system LCA inventory models for verification. This research assists LCA practitioners by streamlining the conversion process when converting a deterministic LCI model to a stochastic model form. Model users and decision-makers can benefit from the reduction in output variance and the increase in ability to discriminate between product system alternatives.
Lack of an independent association between the human leukocyte antigen allele DQA1*0501 and Graves' disease.

The association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serotype DR3 and Graves' disease (GD) in Caucasian populations is well known. However, an even stronger association has been reported recently, especially in the male population, between the closely linked HLA allele DQA1*0501 and GD. We postulated that the reported association between DQA1*0501 and GD may be a result of the linkage of this allele with DR3 and may not represent an independent association. Accordingly, we screened a population of North American Caucasians (n = 218), including patients with GD (n = 101, 32 males, 69 females) and individuals with documented normal thyroid function (n = 117, 51 males, 66 females), for the presence of the DQA1*0501 allele and those alleles corresponding to the DR3 serotype (DRB1*03). Screening was accomplished using sequence specific PCR. A significant association was documented in the total study population between DR3 positivity and GD (P = 0.0002), but not between DQA1*0501 positivity and GD (P = 0.0...
Aging impairs afferent nerve function in rat intestine. Reduction of mesenteric hyperemia induced by intraduodenal capsaicin and acid

The high incidence of peptic ulcer disease despite decreased acid secretion in the elderly suggests an impairment of mucosal defense mechanism with aging. Stimulation of the intestinal mucosal afferent nerves by intraduodenal application of capsaicin or hydrochloric acid (HCl) increases superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow and protects the duodenal mucosa against deep damage. We tested the hypothesis that the intestinal hyperemia induced by intraduodenal capsaicin or HCL is significantly reduced in older (12 months) rats compared with younger (2 months) rats. Mesenteric blood flow was measured by pulsed Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized rats with the flow probe around the SMA. Two milliliters per kilogram of 160 microM capsaicin or 0.1 N HCl administered intraduodenally increased SMA blood flow significantly in both age groups. The peak response in SMA blood flow, however, was significantly smaller in the older rats than in the younger rats. These observations support the hypothesis that impairment of afferent nerve function occurs with aging in the rat intestine.
Simple models for the geochemical response of the ocean to climatic and tectonic forcing

Abstract Simple models for the geochemical response of the ocean to periodic forcing are used as a framework to discuss the shortest periods of change resolvable by present analytical precision of elemental or isotopic ratio measurements of the chemical evolution of seawater. For chemical properties whose budget is dominated by fluxes into and out of the ocean, we show that the geochemical response to changing fluxes is strongly attenuated at periods shorter than the residence time, and that the response at these periods is also phase shifted so as to lag the forcing by one quarter cycle. The amplitude response as a function of period is used to estimate the periods of forcing resolvable by present analytical precision in measuring the 87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U evolution of seawater, and we find that the shortest periods resolvable are of the order of 1 myr. If variations at periods shorter than this are found, we would argue that these are very likely of local, as opposed to global, origin. We illustrate the importance of phase shifts as a function of forcing period by discussing some recently published data that show a high degree of correlation (over the last 300 kyr) between changes in 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O measured in the same sediment core. At first sight this correlation might be taken as good evidence that both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O are responding to some common climatic forcing, but given the long residence time of Sr in the ocean, Sr and O should in fact have different phase shifts relative to any proposed common forcing. Thus the apparent correlation between 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O over the past several 100 Ma is not necessarily an indication that they are responding to a common cause. Amplitude response curves are also used to place limits on permissible global seawater 234U/238U variations, and these are then compared with published data to identify local (diagenetic) effects. Application to 187Os/186Os and U records in seawater detectors is proposed.
Root colonization by Phymatotrichum omnivorum and symptom expression of Phymatotrichum root rot in cotton in relation to planting date, soil temperature and soil water potential

Cotton was grown in containers of soil with sclerotia of Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Plants were grown for 3 weeks in the greenhouse and then transferred to field plots. Foliar and stem symptoms of Phymatotrichum root rot occurred 15–50 days after field placement. Mean incubation periods (defined as time from field placement to symptoms) were about 24 days for placements made in June and July and about 35 days for placements made in August and September 1984. Colonization of roots was more advanced in the top 24 cm of soil. The time taken for symptoms to appear was not related to the amount of root colonization at the time plants were transferred to the field. In the later two planting dates a drop in soil water potential to approximately −25 bars after 20–24 days was associated with the delay in symptom expression. There were significant linear relationships between the length of the incubation period (days), or its inverse (day−1), and the independent variables: mean maximum daily temperature (°C) in the top 12 cm layer of soil, soil water potential in the 31–60 cm layer of soil and their product (representing the interaction of these two variables). In general, symptom expression was faster at higher temperatures and with wetter conditions. Newly-formed sclerotia were found most frequently in containers some 5–6 weeks after plant death when soil temperatures had decreased and soils were close to saturation (September and October).
Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in reiter's syndrome.

Studies by light microscopy on synovium obtained from 11 patients with Reiter's syndrome during the first month of an episode showed proliferation of synovial lining cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils among the synovial lining cells, increased surface fibrin, and vascular congestion. Biopsy specimens taken later showed vascular congestion and still proliferated synovial lining cells, fewer polymorphonuclear neutrophils in some, and a tendency toward increased infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells. Electron microscopy of samples from 8 patients during the first month of disease activity showed occlusion of vessels by platelets in 4, and fibrin or dense granular material in the vessel walls in 4. Five of the patients with arthritis of less than 4 weeks duration had unidentified intracellular and extracellular particles; some of these were highly suggestive of Chlamydia. No such particles were noted in samples from patients with more chronic cases. Using an antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, immunocytochemistry showed reaction product in synovial macrophages in 2 patients with arthritis of less than 4 weeks duration, but not in the 1 patient studied who had more chronic disease. These studies provide support for dramatic synovial vascular injury consistent with that caused by endotoxin and the presence of chlamydial antigen in synovial macrophages, at least in the early phases of synovitis.
A Clearing Technique for the Examination of Fungi in Plant Tissue

THE leaf-clearing method described here was designed to observe fungal hyphae on oak leaves from litter, and to differentiate hyphae inside the leaf from those on the surface.
Estrogen modulates 7/4 antigen distribution within eccentrically contracted injured skeletal muscle.

AbstractEccentric contractions are skeletal muscle stretches with concurrent active force production; these contractions commonly occur during dynamic sports activities and can cause acute muscle injury. Recovery from this injury depends in part on pro-inflammatory processes, such as neutrophil infiltration at the injured site, which is affected by estrogen. This estrogen effect has been examined broadly, but without distinguishing between major compartments within muscle in which neutrophil infiltration can occur. Therefore, we compared neutrophil antigen expression in two compartments of eccentrically contracted muscle of ovariectomized mice with or without estrogen. To quantify neutrophil antigen expression, serial cross sections of muscle were immunolabeled with antibodies that recognize 7/4 or Ly6C/G, then quantified using computer-assisted image analysis. At 48 h post injury, estrogen-positive (E+) mice had more 7/4-positive and Ly6C/G-positive myofibers, increased 7/4 area percentage, and more 7/4-...
Bias Factors in Loose-Grain Data: ABSTRACT

In loose-grain studies, sampling of grains by point-count or other conventional methods is never equivalent to sampling of the sediment by volume. This causes severe difficulties in comparison of Recent sediments, in which loose-grain data are frequently used, with older sediments, in which thin-section or chemical data are used. Even sieve data are not directly comparable. Correction of loose-grain data to a "volumetric" basis is surprisingly complex and uncertain. Where a sediment must be described in terms of its volume, all loose-grain point-count data are systematically biased in favor of the finest grains present on any area. Given equal volumes, the frequency of encounter of any grain-size category is cut in half every time the grain diameter is doubled. This can be demonstrated with assorted spheres, by chopping a potato into successively smaller cubes, or by simple algebraic derivations. Shape factors may contribute an additional bias which is not considered here. After transformation of the raw data to "volumetric" ratios by multiplication, a certain amount of bias is still present, or "uncorrectible," unless every grain in a sediment is counted. In statistical terms. [EQUATION] (where µ is the un-biased,"parent," "volumetric" model mean) The "uncorrectible" portion of the original bias is a function of: (1) sorting or "Variance"; (2) the number of points counted, or "sample size"; and (3) Gaussian normality of the un-biased natural property with respect to volume. Bias (1) increases dramatically as the sorting gets poorer, (2) decreases asymptotically toward zero as the number of points is increased, and (3) becomes highly erratic for properties which are not "normal." The effect of this bias on polymodal properties is catastrophic. Estimation of the "uncorrectible" portion of the bias, from the behavior of mathematical models, is a haphazard procedure at best. Only a few models have been worked out, due to the number of calculations which become necessary. In the model shown here, the "uncorrectible" bias is more than half of the total bias. Until good methods of bias-correction can be developed, statistical comparisons of loose-grain properties must be considered either: (1) unrelated to sediment volumes, or (2) confounded with sorting and (or) normality. Hence, comparisons of size, and any property dependent upon ("interacting with" or "correlated with") size, must be accompanied by tests demonstrating complete uniformity of sorting ("Homogeneity of Variance", at the "point" or "error" level). Where this is impossible, interpretation of the test results becomes frustrating and virtually futile. End_of_Article - Last_Page 355------------
A computationally efficient compact model for fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with independently-controlled front- and back-gates

Abstract In this paper a computationally efficient surface-potential-based compact model for fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with independently-controlled front- and back-gates is presented. A fully-depleted SOI MOSFET with a back-gate is essentially an independent double-gate device. To the best of our knowledge, existing surface-potential-based models for independent double-gate devices require numerical iteration to compute the surface potentials. This increases the model computational time and may cause convergence difficulties. In this work, a new approximation scheme is developed to compute the surface potentials and charge densities using explicit analytical equations. The approximation is shown to be computationally efficient and preserves important properties of fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs such as volume inversion. Drain current and charge expressions are derived without using the charge sheet approximation and agree well with TCAD simulations. Non-ideal effects are added to describe the I–V and C–V of a real device. Source-drain symmetry is preserved for both the current and the charge models. The full model is implemented in Verilog-A and its convergence is demonstrated through transient simulation of a coupled ring oscillator circuit with 2020 transistors.
Interannual variability in phytoplankton blooms observed in the northwestern Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon

Interannual changes in the strength and seasonal evolution of the 1979 through 1982 surface-level southwest monsoon winds are related to variations in the summer phytoplankton bloom of the northwestern Arabian Sea by synthesis of satellite ocean-color remote sensing with analysis of in-situ hydrographic and meteorological data sets. The 1979-1981 southwest monsoon phytoplankton blooms in the northwest Arabian Sea peaked during August-September, extended from the Omani coast to about 6 E, and appeared to lag the development of open-sea upwelling by at least 1 month. In all 3 years the bloom was driven by spatially distinct upward nutrient fluxes to the euphotic zone forced by the physical processes of coastal upwelling and offshore Ekman pumping. Coastal upwelling was evident from May through September, yielded the most extreme concentrations of phytoplankton biomass, and along the Omani coast was limited in its impact on upper ocean biological variability to the continental shelf. Ekman pumping stimulated the development of a broad open-ocean component of the southwest monsoon phytoplankton bloom oceanward of the Omani shelf. Phytoplankton biomass on the Omani continental shelf was increased during both the early and late phases of the 1980 southwest monsoon due to stronger coastal upwelling under the most intense southwesterly winds of the four summers investigated. Diminished coastal upwelling during the early phase of the weak 1982 southwest monsoon resulted in a coastal bloom that reached a mean phytoplankton-pigment concentration that was 28 percent of that seen in 1980. The lack of a strong regional northwestern Arabian Sea bloom in late summer 1982 is attributed to the development of persistent, shallow temperature stratification that rendered Ekman pumping less effective in driving upward nutrient fluxes.