cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Moving quietly through the door of opportunity”: Perspectives of College Students who Type to Communicate

Colleges and universities across the United States are becoming increasingly diverse. That increased diversity includes students who do not use speech as their primary means of expression. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences and challenges of higher education for individuals with autism who type to communicate using a method known as facilitated communication. This article focuses on the perspectives of these individuals as they make sense of their inclusion in and, at times, exclusion from higher education, particularly their academic and social access. In addition, the findings of this research indicate that while there are structural and classroom supports that are helpful for individuals who type to communicate, their participation and meaningful inclusion is also incumbent on attitudinal factors and how receptive faculty and staff are to the students’ method of communication. While there is still much work to be done in the area of higher education for individuals with more complex need...
When do group projects widen the student experience gap

This paper presents a case study as a "cautionary tale" to faculty, demonstrating how students and instructors often perceive pressure to finish projects for clients. As a result of this pressure, and because students generally lacked any understanding of how to work well in groups, students selected their roles based on expediency or familiarity. This worked against the benefits of collaborative learning and learning new skills or concepts, widening the experience gap between males and females and across disciplines. Faculty should carefully consider the learning outcomes expected for students and find ways of ensuring they are achieved.
Multi-use D-fiber sensors

This paper demonstrates the value of D-type optical fibers (D-fibers) in a variety of sensing applications. The principal advantage of the D-fiber is that it allows for interaction with light traveling in the core of an optical fiber with materials or structures placed in contact with the fiber. This permits stimulus sensitive materials to be placed on the D-fiber to interact with the light in the core of the fiber. The presentation shows that this feature of D-fibers can be used to create alternatives to sensors formed in standard optical fibers for measuring temperature, strain, and shape change. In addition, D-fiber sensors have been fabricated to measure chemical concentrations, and electric fields.
Differential effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on dopamine receptor D1- and D2-induced abnormal involuntary movements in a preclinical model

Dopamine-replacement therapy with l-DOPA is still the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). One drawback is the common development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients, which can be as disabling as the disease itself. There is no satisfactory adjunct therapy available. Glutamatergic transmission in the basal ganglia circuitry has been shown to be an important player in the development of LID. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 has previously been shown to reduce l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in a rat preclinical model but only at concentrations that worsen parkinsonism. We investigated the contribution of the direct and indirect striatofugal pathways to these effects. In the direct pathway, dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) are expressed, whereas in the indirect pathway, dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are expressed. We used the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemi-parkinsonian rat model initially primed with l-DOPA to induce dyskinesia. When the rats were then primed and probed with the D1R agonist SKF81297, co-injection of MK-801 worsened the D1R-induced limb, axial, and orolingual (LAO) AIMs by 18% (predominantly dystonic axial AIMs) but did not aggravate parkinsonian hypokinesia as reflected by a surrogate measure of ipsiversive rotations in this model. In contrast, when the rats were then primed and probed with the D2R agonist quinpirole, co-injection of MK-801 reduced D2R-induced LAO AIMs by 89% while inducing ipsiversive rotations. The data show that only inhibition of the indirect striatopallidal pathway is sufficient for the full anti-dyskinetic/pro-parkinsonian effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, and that MK-801 modestly worsens dyskinesias that are due to activation of the direct striatonigral pathway alone. This differential activation of the glutamatergic systems in D1R- and D2R-mediated responses is relevant to current therapy for PD which generally includes a mixture of dopamine agonists and l-DOPA.
EFFECT OF DEEP-FAT FRYER CLEANING PROCEDURES ON OIL LIFE AND FOOD QUALITY

The purpose of this study was to determine how cleaning procedures for deep-fat fryers affect food quality and the useful life of frying shortenings. In one four-week trial period, oil was filtered after each meal and fryer baskets and utensils mechanically cleaned. In another four-week trial period, oil was filtered after each meal; but, in addition, fryers and utensils were cleaned daily with an alkaline agent. The additional daily alkaline cleaning improved food quality as judged by sensory evaluation. Fatty acid levels increased at a slower rate when the daily alkaline cleaning procedure was employed. Frequent cleaning of the deep-fat fryer is recommended as a way to increase the fry life of shortening and improve food quality.
Evaluation of Seismic Behavior of a Braced Tubular Steel Structure by Pseudodynamic Testing

The inelastic seismic behavior of an X-braced, tubular steel frame is studied experimentally by means of pseudodynamic testing. The pseudodynamic method, which utilizes a numerical algorithm in the on-line computer control of a test specimen, can realistically simulate the seismic response of a structural model. This paper presents a brief outline of the experimental procedure and the results of the tubular frame tests, including the global responses, the inelastic energy-dissipation capabilities, and the failure mechanism of the frame at various excitation levels. Correlation of these results with previous experimental studies illustrates the feasibility and accuracy of the new test method.
A user's guide to veterinary surgical pathology laboratories. Or, why do I still get a diagnosis of chronic dermatitis even when I take a perfect biopsy?

During the past decade, clinicians have come to rely more heavily on veterinary surgical pathology services to provide assistance in the diagnosis of inflammatory and neoplastic skin disease. To obtain maximum results from each skin biopsy, it is important that clinicians have a good understanding of the factors that can affect histologic evaluation after the biopsy specimen has been removed from the patient. This article discusses the role proper tissue fixation; trimming, and grooming can play in obtaining an accurate histologic evaluation. The importance of understanding the limits of dermatopathology in establishing a definitive diagnosis of many inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases is emphasized.
Enhanced Fibonacci Cubes

We propose the enhanced Fibonacci cube (EFC) structure for parallel systems. It is defined based on the sequence F n = 2F n-2 + 2F n-4 . We show that the enhanced Fibonacci cube contains the Fibonacci cube (FC) as a subgraph and maintains virtually all the desirable properties of the Fibonacci cube. In addition, it is a Hamiltonian graph. We can embed complete binary trees into enhanced Fibonacci cubes with dilation one and with a relatively small expansion. We also propose a series of enhanced Fibonacci cubes EFC (k) , where k is a series number. Each EFC (k) contains an FC of the same order as a subcube. Moreover, each EFC (k) in the series contains any other cube that precedes it as subcubes and the last one in the series is a hypercube of the corresponding order. This series of EFC (k) s provides us with more options for selecting cubes with various sizes. Because EFC is a subgraph of the hypercube, it may find applications in fault-tolerant computing for degraded hypercube computer systems. As an application of EFC, we show that the parallel prefix sum computation can be efficiently implemented on enhanced Fibonacci cubes.
Vibrational circular dichroism study of [3R,4R]-dideuteriocyclobutane-1,2-dione. Preliminary comparison of experiment and calculations

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri
Enzymatic sulfation of bile salts. II. Studies on bile salt sulfotranferase from rat kidney.

Abstract An enzyme system which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfate group from 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate to bile salts has been isolated and characterized from rat kidney. The enzyme is present in the cytosol fraction of kidney cells. It was purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-50, agarose-hexane-adenosine 3′,5′-diphosphate affinity chromatography and isoelectrofocusing electrophoresis. The apparent K m values of the enzyme are 2 · 10 −6 M for 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, and 4 · 10 −5 M for taurolithocholate. Sulfation occurred with conjugated as well as with unconjugated bile salts. The enzyme reacts with both primary bile salts (cholate, chenodeoxycholate and their conjugates), and secondary bile salts (lithocholate and its conjugates). The rates of reaction in decreasing order are monohydroxylated > dihydroxylated > trihydroxylated and glycoconjugates > tauroconjugates > unconjugates. The enzyme activity is inhibited by p -chloromercuri benzoate and iodoacetate indicating the possible requirement of a sulfydryl group for activity. A molecular weight of 80 000 was estimated by gel filtration techniques which is significantly smaller than the liver enzyme (130 000). The purified enzyme does not react with estrone or dihydroepiandrosterone.
Towards improved hazardous materials flow data

Abstract With the increasing traffic volumes of hazardous materials, risk minimization has become a topic of widespread interest to the transportation community Flow data can be of great value in planning the minimum risk movement of these goods. For example, local governments can use the data to help set prior This paper discusses the challenges involved in developing such a database for the United States (U.S.). It focuses on issues of completeness, consiste
Optimal Source-Channel Decoder for Correlated Markov Sources over Additive Markov Channels

In this paper we propose an optimal joint source channel decoder (JSCD) for two mutually correlated sources each having memory that can be represented by first order Markov processes, and are transmitted through channels with memory representing slow fading wireless channels. We use the additive Markov channel (AMC) model and multiple access source codes (MASC)
Multiple frequency detection in undersampled complex-valued waveforms with close multiple frequencies

The determination of multiple frequencies in undersampled waveforms is studied, where the multiple frequencies are close to each other. Given multiple undersampling rates, the maximal range of the detectable multiple frequencies is the least common multiple of these multiple rates under the assumption that these rates are larger than twice the maximal distance between the multiple frequencies.
Evaluation of derivative normal pulse polarography for use in metal speciation studies

Abstract A simple inexpensive microcomputer-orientated approach for obtaining pseudo-derivative polarograms is demonstrated. The method, called derivative normal pulse polarography (d.n.p.p.), produces better signal-to-noise ratios, and therefore lower detection limits, than differential pulse polarography (d.p.p.). The foremost advantage of d.n.p.p. is its relative freedom from influences of homogeneous chemical kinetics which makes it an excellent method for metal speciation studies. Response curve shapes for Pb(II) between 2 × 10 -4 and 8 × 10 -4 M exhibit excellent agreement with theory. Titration of EDTA with 0.01 M Cu(II) and 0.01 M Cd(II) using d.n.p.p. for detection exhibited recoveries of 98.0 and 99.5%, respectively.
Irrigation Frequency and Timing Influence Pepper Yields

Information on how application of irrigation affects vegetable production can help growers improve efficiency and profitability. Irrigation was applied by sprinkler with approximately 5 cm at 1000 or 1400 hr either once a week or split between two applications in a week to bell and non-pungent jalapeno peppers, both Capsicum annuum L., in 2009 and 2010. There were differences in precipitation between years with 2009 receiving more rainfall than in 2010. Interactions of year and irrigation frequency and time of day irrigation was applied, affected yields of non–pungent jalapeno. In 2009, irrigating twice a week produced yields in non-pungent jalapeno pepper plants that were 2.5-fold and 1.8-fold higher, respectively, than those irrigated once a week. Differences in yield appeared to be due to amounts and distribution of precipitation occurring in conjunction with irrigation rather than irrigation alone. Additional research is needed to better determine the interaction of irrigation and precipitation on pep...
Neuroprotection by caspase inhibitors.

In the majority of brain diseases, apoptosis causes or exacerbates neuronal damage. Caspases are the final executioners of the apoptotic cell death programme. This family of proteases is implicated in the pathogenesis of many forms of brain damage, including those induced by ischaemia, inflammation or trauma, as well as those arising in Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and epilepsy. Collectively, these conditions affect more than 10 m people in the USA alone. Apoptosis can be blocked by agents that inhibit caspase activity; these inhibitors have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of several model systems of brain diseases. In this review we focus on recent advances and summarise current knowledge concerning the use of these cell death inhibitors in neuroprotection.
Monoamine oxidase B inhibition reduces gastric mucosal blood flow, basal acid secretion, and cold water restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) by selective inhibitors pargyline andl-deprenyl increases dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in nucleus accumbens (NACB) and is associated with reduction in cold water restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury, inhibition of basal gastric acid output, and regional gastric mucosal blood flow. Similar effects were not observed with administration of MAO A inhibitors. These observations suggest that activation of central dopamine and norepinephrine receptors, particularly in NACB, are involved in the control of gastric mucosal function.
The quantitative production of aldehydes from O-alk-1-enyl glycerols

The quantitative recovery and structural alterations of aldehydes liberated from O-alk-1-enyl glycerols on thin layer chromatographic layers have been evaluated by using14C-labeled fatty aldehydes and chromatography. The results led to the development of a quantitative procedure for isolating the aldehydes produced from O-alk-1-enyl glycerols by shaking an ethereal solution of the ether-linked lipids with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The procedure is rapid and silicic acid does not interfere.
Representations of quantum groups defined over commutative rings II

Abstract In this article we study the structure of highest weight modules for quantum groups defined over a commutative ring with particular emphasis on the structure theory for invariant bilinear forms on these modules.
Fish Markets of Belize: Problems of Fish Consumption

The coastal waters of Belize, in Central America, are well stocked with fish, but since early colonial limes the commercial development of marine resources, beginning with the exploitation of turtles in the 17th century, has depended more on foreign markets than domestic markets for fish. Today the bulk of the most popular fish (spiny lobster, conch and snappers) is collected by five fisherman cooperative societies for export to the United States, leaving some preferred specimens in short supply in the domestic market. Where marine resources are utilized for domestic consumption, the demand for fish is highly selective. Most species have a low consumer demand. This imbalance in the demand for fish is exacerbated by government supported price controls on different species that favor the purchase of the most popular fish. The degree to which fish are consumed in the Belizean households is culturally determined. Based on a survey, Black Caribs have the highest consumption of fish followed by Creoles and Span...
The strain A anti-p-azophenylarsonate major cross-reactive idiotypic family includes members with no reactivity toward p-azophenylarsonate.

The sera of unimmunized A/J mice contain low but detectable levels of immunoglobulin, bearing previously described cross-reactive idiotypic (CRI) determinants diagnostic of the strain A anti-p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) response. Such molecules from nonimmune sera cannot be adsorbed onto affinity columns coupled to a high density with Ars. After extensive immunization with Ars-coupled proteins, Ars-nonbinding CRI is found at the same low level, even though substantial Ars-binding CRI appears. On the other hand, immunization with a monoclonal rat anti-CRI, which was originally raised against Ars-binding CRI, elicits high concentrations of Ars-binding as well as Ars-nonbinding CRI immunoglobulin. Three hybridoma proteins produced from an A/J mouse immunized with the rat anti-CRI react with all tested anti-idiotypic sera from three species of animals, but show no reactivity toward Ars in several different assays. One hybridoma protein from the same fusion demonstrates Ars-binding capacity.
Structural comparison of the models in EMF 12

This paper analyses the structures of the energy and economic models represented in the recently completed Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) study, EMF 12: Economic Impacts of Policies to Reduce Energy-Sector Carbon Dioxide Emissions. The 14 models in the study are heterogeneous, which has a number of advantages. Chief among these is the greater number of insights obtainable by comparing the models' results in and across global warming policy scenarios. To fully appreciate the results, however, it is necessary to understand how a model's structure affects its output. The disadvantage of a diverse set of models is that it complicates structure comparison, and thereby the interpretation of results. The relevant model characteristics fall into three broad areas of comparison. The first is the model type, including market representation. Despite the many differences among the models, five distinct classes of market representations are seen within which models have great similarity. This simplifies understanding the remaining areas of comparison: energy demand and supply modelling. The foci here are the representation of capital stock dynamics and market penetration of carbon free energy sources respectively.
A general measure of human population growth regulation.

The mathematical development of an Index of Growth Regulation a general measure relating the relative effects of mortality and fertility on population growth is described. It takes into account the natural causes of mortality the natural causes of infertility and makes allowances for social factors influencing both births and deaths. Applying this index to various types of populations it is concluded that hunting-gathering peoples were regulated more by mortality than by fertility factors. These 2 forces were of about equal weight among urbanized agricultural populations before the industrial revolution. Since then the industrial revolution fertility factors have predominated. Much of the decline in mortality resulted from improved living conditions and sanitation since medical advances were rather slow in coming. Populations of the future will have to rely on reduced fertility to equal zero growth since mortality is playing an increasingly smaller part in the population equation.
APOBEC3 inhibits DEAD-END function to regulate microRNA activity

The RNA binding protein DEAD-END (DND1) is one of the few proteins known to regulate microRNA (miRNA) activity at the level of miRNA-mRNA interaction. DND1 blocks miRNA interaction with the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of specific mRNAs and restores protein expression. Previously, we showed that the DNA cytosine deaminase, APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide like 3), interacts with DND1. APOBEC3 has been primarily studied for its role in restricting and inactivating retroviruses and retroelements. In this report, we examine the significance of DND1-APOBEC3 interaction. We found that while human DND1 inhibits miRNA-mediated inhibition of P27, human APOBEC3G is able to counteract this repression and restore miRNA activity. APOBEC3G, by itself, does not affect the 3′-UTR of P27. We found that APOBEC3G also blocks DND1 function to restore miR-372 and miR-206 inhibition through the 3′-UTRs of LATS2 and CX43, respectively. In corollary experiments, we tested whether DND1 affects the viral restriction function or mutator activity of APOBEC3. We found that DND1 does not affect APOBEC3 inhibition of infectivity of exogenous retrovirus HIV (ΔVif) or retrotransposition of MusD. In addition, examination of Ter/Ter;Apobec3−/− mice, lead us to conclude that DND1 does not regulate the mutator activity of APOBEC3 in germ cells. In summary, our results show that APOBEC3 is able to modulate DND1 function to regulate miRNA mediated translational regulation in cells but DND1 does not affect known APOBEC3 function.
Genetic and evolutionary algorithms come of age

Before there were computers, there was thinking about the mind as a computer-as a machine. And in this way, computer science and engineering trace their roots to using natural examples. Within these fields of endeavor, AI drew its initial inspiration from nature, and work on computer-simulated brains received the lion's share of the early attention. But even back then, nature's other metaphor of adaptation planted a different seed that is now blossoming around the globe. Specifically, Darwinian evolution has spawned a family of computational methods called genetic algorithms (GAs) or evolutionary algorithms (EAs)
Impact of Gluten-free Camp on Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD), or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a digestive disease characterized by intolerance to gluten, a protein composite found in wheat, rye, and barley. Even minimal exposure to gluten results in small intestinal injury that can lead to a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and irritability, and long-term complications such as osteoporosis, infertility, and malignancy. 1–3 Patients with a diagnosis of CD must remain on a diet that completely excludes all forms of gluten, and adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is often difficult for economic, social, and practical reasons.3–7 A survey by Rashid et al3 revealed that more than one quarter of children who were on a GFD had difficulty locating stores with gluten-free foods and determining whether a food was gluten-free. More than half of families with children who were on a GFD avoided restaurants all or most of the time, and 83% always carried gluten-free food.3 Studying health-related quality of life includes measures of changes to physical, emotional, social, and cognitive aspects of their disease over time and generally reflects the individuals’ views of their health status. A chronic illness such as CD can reduce a child’s quality of life, affecting life at home, at school, and during extracurricular activities. 8 Camp can be another obstacle. Thousands of summer camps across the United States host>11 million children and adults each year9; however, for children with medical issues or severe dietary restrictions, camp can be challenging and even unmanageable. Recently, camps that cater to children who have CD and are on a GFD have become established across the United States in an effort to alleviate some of the isolation precipitated by the disease.10 Similar camps designed for children with other chronic diseases exist.11–14 Bohmet al11 demonstrated improved glycemic control among children with diabetes in a camp setting, and summer camps have been shown to improve quality of life in groups of children with pediatric end-stage renal disease, asthma, or inflammatory bowel disease.12–14 Although a strict GFD is challenging, studies have shown that the adherence is high, as high as 98% among adults in the United States and 95% among children in Canada.3,15 Children are typically aware when they have ingested gluten: 54% of children in the study reported a symptomatic reaction within 0.5 to 60.0 hours after ingestion of a gluten-containing product. 3 Almost all children recognized the importance to their health of eating a GFD.3 We surveyed a group of children who had CD and attended a gluten-free camp to assess whether the camp experience leads to improvement in measured quality of life. We specifically assessed general well-being, emotional outlook, and self-perception. We hope that our findings will help children with CD across the United States to find and use CD camps and that those camps will be encouraged to improve their programs and continue to improve on these relatively brief but invaluable experiences for patients with CD.
A note on sub-expression ordering in the execution of arithmetic expressions

A counterexample to the supposed optimality of an algorithm for generating schedules for trees of tasks with unequal execution times is presented. A comparison with the “critical path” heuristic is discussed.
Rapid crustal accretion and magma assimilation in the Oman‐U.A.E. ophiolite: High precision U‐Pb zircon geochronology of the gabbroic crust

[1] New high-precision U/Pb zircon geochronology from the Oman-United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) ophiolite provides insight into the timing and duration of magmatism and the tectonic setting during formation of the lower crust. The new data come from a well-preserved and exposed crustal section in the center of the Wadi Tayin massif. Single grain and grain fragment 206Pb/238U dates from upper-level gabbros, tonalites/trondhjemites and gabbroic pegmatites, corrected for initial Th exclusion, range from 112.55 ± 0.21 to 95.50 ± 0.17 Ma, with most data clustered between 96.40 ± 0.17 to 95.50 ± 0.17 Ma. Zircon dates from upper-level gabbros are most consistent with the ophiolite forming at a fast spreading ridge with half-rates of 50–100 km/Ma. Dates from tonalites/trondhjemites and from a gabbroic pegmatite associated with a wehrlite intrusion overlap with dates from adjacent upper-level gabbros, suggesting that any age differences between these three magmatic series are smaller than the analytical uncertainties or intrasample variability in the dates. Three of the dated upper-level gabbros and a single gabbroic pegmatite from the base of the crust have >1 Ma intrasample variability in single grain dates, suggesting assimilation of older crust during the formation or crystallization of the magmas. Whole rock eNd(t) of seven samples, including the upper-level gabbros with variable zircon dates, have tightly clustered initial values ranging from eNd(96 Ma) = 7.59 ± 0.23 to 8.28 ± 0.31. The eNd values are similar to those from other gabbros within the ophiolite, suggesting that any assimilated material had a similar isotopic composition to primitive basaltic magmas. The new dates suggest that the studied section formed at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge between ∼96.4–95.5 Ma. The large intrasample variability in zircon dates in some samples is unexpected in this setting, and may be related to propagation of a younger ridge into older oceanic lithosphere.
Comparison of alkaline industrial wastes for aqueous mineral carbon sequestration through a parallel reactivity study

Thirty-one alkaline industrial wastes from a wide range of industrial processes were acquired and screened for application in an aqueous carbon sequestration process. The wastes were evaluated for their potential to leach polyvalent cations and base species. Following mixing with a simple sodium bicarbonate solution, chemistries of the aqueous and solid phases were analyzed. Experimental results indicated that the most reactive materials were capable of sequestering between 77% and 93% of the available carbon under experimental conditions in four hours. These materials – cement kiln dust, spray dryer absorber ash, and circulating dry scrubber ash – are thus good candidates for detailed, process-oriented studies. Chemical equilibrium modeling indicated that amorphous calcium carbonate is likely responsible for the observed sequestration. High variability and low reactive fractions render many other materials less attractive for further pursuit without considering preprocessing or activation techniques.
A CHOP-regulated microRNA controls rhodopsin expression

Using genome-wide microribonucleic acid (microRNA [miRNA]) expression profiling, bioinformatics, and biochemical analyses, we identified miR-708, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducible miRNA whose expression is regulated by the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in vertebrates. miR-708 is encoded within an intron of the CHOP-regulated gene Odz4, a member of the highly conserved teneurin family of developmental regulators. Odz4 and mir-708 expression is coregulated by CHOP, and the two transcripts are coexpressed in the brain and eyes of mice, suggesting common physiological functions in these tissues. We validated rhodopsin as a target of miR-708 through loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Together, our data implicate miR-708 in the homeostatic regulation of ER function in mammalian rod photoreceptors, whereby miR-708 may help prevent an excessive rhodopsin load from entering the ER. Hence, miR-708 may function analogously to other unfolded protein response controls that throttle protein influx into the ER to avoid ER stress through mechanisms, such as general translational attenuation by protein kinase RNA–like ER kinase or membrane-bound messenger RNA decay by inositol-requiring enzyme 1.
Cross-racial lineup identification: assessing the potential benefits of context reinstatement

The current research examined the potential benefit of context reinstatement on the cross-race effect in lineup identification. Participants viewed a series of own- and other-race faces and subsequently attempted identification of these faces from target-present and target-absent lineups. The traditional cross-race effect was found on measures of discrimination accuracy and response bias; however, discrimination accuracy across own- and other-race faces was shown to interact with context reinstatement such that only own-race faces benefited from the provision of contextual information. This finding is discussed in light of encodingbased theories of the cross-race effect, and with regard to the theoretical and practical limitations of mitigating the phenomenon at the time of identification.
Nicotine and Synaptic Plasticity in Prefrontal Cortex

Nicotinic receptor activation enhances working memory and attention. The prefrontal cortex is a key brain area involved in working memory, and plasticity of excitatory synaptic transmission within the cortex is likely an important cellular mechanism of memory. A recent study has explored the cellular and synaptic basis of nicotine's effects on excitability within the prefrontal cortex. The findings suggest that nicotine enhances inhibitory synaptic inputs to layer V pyramidal cells, which suppresses induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). This inhibitory effect can be overcome by stimulating the pyramidal cells in bursts, which suggests a modification in the signal-to-noise ratio for synaptic input. Thus, the impact of strong stimuli on working memory would be enhanced when combined with nicotinic receptor activity. These findings may lead to novel and more effective treatments for memory disorders.
Individuals versus organisms versus populations in the definition of ecological assessment endpoints.

Discussions and applications of the policies and practices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessment will benefit from continued clarification of the concepts of assessment endpoints and of levels of biological organization. First, assessment endpoint entities and attributes can be defined at different levels of organization. Hence, an organism-level attribute, such as growth or survival, can be applied collectively to a population-level entity such as the brook trout in a stream. Second, assessment endpoints for ecological risk assessment are often mistakenly described as ‘‘individual level,’’ which leads to the idea that such assessments are intended to protect individuals. Finally, populations play a more important role in risk assessments than is generally recognized. Organism-level attributes are used primarily for population-level assessments. In addition, the USEPA and other agencies already are basing management decisions on population or community entities and attributes such as production of fisheries, abundance of migratory bird populations, and aquatic community composition.
The Chinese Civil Society Needs to be Nurtured by a Sound Legal Framework

Since Deng Xiaoping started the Reform and Opening Up policies in the late 1970s, the communist government’s rigid control of Chinese society has loosened, and a growing number of social organizations were established in the 1980s. Not only have some government-sanctioned social organizations emerged, but more and more student and worker organizations also began to operate in the public arena. China’s communist government tried to create the legal framework for the country’s emerging civil society. In the aftermath of student movements in 1986 and 1989, the communist government began to establish a series of laws and regulations regarding the registration and administration of China’s civil society organizations (CSOs). For example, in 1988, China’s State Council issued the Measures for the Administration of Foundations, and in 1989, it issued Regulations on Registration and Administration of Social Organizations. In 1998, the State Council issued the Interim Regulations on the Registration and Administration of Civil NonCommercial Institutions, and in 2004, the Regulations on the Registration and Administration of Foundations. Currently, China’s State Council is deliberating on three revised administrative regulations that will manage three types of CSOs in China—social organizations, private non-enterprise organizations, and foundations. According to China Daily, a mouthpiece of the communist government, these revised administrative regulations are expected to be promulgated in 2014. In addition, China’s central government plans to devolve to provincial governments its power of approving registration of foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Thus, foreign NGOs will find it easier to get registered in China.
Voiding Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients

The goals of this study were to describe the pattern of voiding disorders in children in our community, to describe clinical criteria for making the specific diagnoses, and to comment on management. The medical records of 226 children referred because of voiding dysfunction or urinary tract infections (UTI) were evaluated. Children with normal voiding patterns when uninfected, with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, and with known neurologic or anatomic abnormalities were excluded. Detrusor instability, an abnormal voiding pattern characterized by urgency with or without frequency, was the diagnosis in 175 of the 226 children. Children with detrusor instability who used various posturing maneuvers to avoid urinary incontinence had a significantly higher incidence of UTIs than those who did not attempt to obstruct urine outflow. Detrusor instability appeared to be secondary to constipation in 19 of the children. The other diagnoses were extraordinary daytime urinary frequency, infrequent voiding, monosymptomatic daytime wetting, transient voiding dysfunction, giggle incontinence, dysfunctional voiding, and unexplained dysuria. It is concluded that children with detrusor instability who use posturing maneuvers to avoid incontinence are at high risk for recurrent UTIs. Constipation is 1 cause of detrusor instability. Dysfunctional voiding, the form of voiding dysfunction most likely to result in renal damage, was present in only 2 of 226 children seen for voiding disorders.
Electron Holography of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials

Off-axis electron holography and micromagnetic calculations that involve solutions to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations are used to study magnetization reversal processes in lithographically patterned submicron-sized Co and Co/Au/Ni magnetic elements.
Exploring the Advantages of Materials Design in a Product Design Process

In this paper, we explore the benefits of materials design in a product design process. We also compare the methods of material selection and materials design by demonstrating two examples—the design of a cantilever beam for minimum weight and the design of a fan blade for minimum weight. The design of the cantilever beam is carried out using Ashby’s material selection method as well as a proposed method for materials design. The design of the fan blade and its material is completed using computational tools. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate the benefits of materials design over material selection methods and to illustrate the flexibility inherent in materials design processes. We are more interested in revealing the possibilities of materials design, rather than the specific results from the example problems. The investigation of materials design presented in this paper moves us one step closer towards the realization of a systematic, inductive method for the concurrent design of products and materials.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Factors Affecting the Yield of Pediatric EEGs in Clinical Practice

Clinical factors affecting the yield of 2500 pediatric electroencephalograms were analyzed. Electroencephalograms were interpreted as epileptiform in 40% of children with epilepsy. Most electroencephalograms were ordered for seizure in children not taking anti-epileptic drugs; just 15% showed epileptiform features. Six percent of electroencephalograms were epileptiform in non-seizure patients. The neurologist significantly influenced the odds of epileptiform interpretation (P- 0.022) and the recommendation to repeat the electroencephalogram (P< 0.001). In practice most electroencephalograms ordered for seizure are actually for non-seizure. In routine pediatric practice, electroencephalography has a low yield and appears to be over-used.
Real‐Time GPS Spoofing Detection via Correlation of Encrypted Signals

A method for detecting the spoofing of civilian GPS signals has been implemented and successfully tested in a real-time system. GPS signal spoofing is an attack method whereby a third party transmits a signal that appears authentic but induces the receiver under attack to compute an erroneous navigation solution, time, or both. The detection system described herein provides a defense against such attacks. It makes use of correlations between the unknown encrypted GPS L1 P(Y) code signals from two narrow-band civilian receivers to verify the presence or absence of spoofing. One of these receivers is assumed to be at a secure location that is not subject to spoofing. The other receiver is the potential spoofing victim for which the present developments constitute a defense. Successful detection results are presented using a reference receiver in Ithaca, New York, a victim receiver in Austin, Texas, and a spoofer in Austin, Texas.
The Second Law, Computation, And The Temporal (a)symmetry Of Memory

A memory is a system for transferring informationfrom one moment in time to another. Photograph-type memories work by exploiting a collapse of state space flow which “initializes” the memory. The Landauer principle tells us that regardless of whether the collapsing proceeds from the past to the future or visa-versa, entropy must be greater on the collapsed side of such aflow. Consequently, the second law means that the collapsing can onlyproceed from the past to the future. This establishes the logical necessity of the empirical observation that photograph-type memories can only tell us about the past, and not the &we. In contrast to such systems, computer-type memories do not require initialization, and therefore need
The influence of neural activity and intracortical connectivity on the periodicity of ocular dominance stripes

Several factors may interact to determine the periodicity of ocular dominance stripes in cat and monkey visual cortex. Previous theoretical work has suggested roles for the width of cortical interactions and the strength of between-eye correlations. Here, a model based on an explicit optimization is presented that allows a thorough characterization of how these and other parameters of the afferent input could affect ocular dominance stripe periodicity. The principle conclusions are that increasing the width of within-eye correlations leads to wider columns, and, surprisingly, that increasing the width of cortical interactions can sometimes lead to narrower columns.
Contribution of socioeconomic factors and health care access to the awareness and treatment of diabetes and hypertension among older Mexican adults

Beltran-Sanchez H, Drumond-Andrade FC, Riosmena F. Contribution of socioeconomic factors and health care access to the awareness and treatment of diabetes and hypertension among older Mexican adults. Salud Publica Mex 2015;57 suppl 1:S6-S14. Abstract Objective. To estimate changes in self-report and treatment of diabetes and hypertension between 2001 and 2012 among Mexican aged 50-80, assessing the contribution of education and health insurance coverage. Materials and methods. The Mexican Health and Aging Study was used to estimate associations of education and insurance on prevalence and treatment of diabetes and hypertension in 2001 and 2012. Multivariate decomposition was used to assess the contri- bution of changes in the composition of covariates vs. their "effects" on changes in prevalence and treatment over time. Results. Increases in the prevalence/diagnosis and treatment during the period are largely attributable to the expansion of health insurance. Its effects on diagnosis/prevalence and treatment have also increased over time. Conclusions. The expansion of Seguro Popular likely improved screening and treatment. More research is needed to assess if these have translated into better control and a lower burden of disease.
Resource‐based and property rights perspectives on value creation: the case of oil field unitization

Resource-based theory implicitly assumes that property rights to resources are secure. Extant property rights theory enables us to relax this assumption to take into account processes where there are struggles in establishing property rights that enhance the realized economic value of resources. A case study of oil field unitization (where a single firm is designated as unit operator to develop the oil reservoir as a whole) is analyzed to illustrate the following points: a full resource-based analysis of value creation must incorporate the role of property rights to internalize externalities and to solve prisoners' dilemma problems of common-pool resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ionospheres of the major planets

A review of the ionospheres of the major planets is given from the pre-Voyager 1 encounter perspective of Jupiter. Ion chemistry, recombination, and sources are individually discussed. It is concluded that material sputtered off the surfaces of the Galilean sattelites, ionized by electron impact, and accelerated by magnetic field capture and inward radial diffusion by flux tube interchange may dissipate sufficient energy in Jupiter's upper atmosphere to completely dominate the solar column production of ionization and Lyman ..cap alpha.. radiation and heating by dissipation of upward propagating inertia-gravity waves. These precipitating ions may also be a source of the pronounced layers observed by the Pioneer 10 and 11 radio occultation experiments in Jupiter's lower ionosphere. If Saturn has a strong magnetic field, similar conclusions also apply to hydrogen escaping Titan's atmosphere. Cosmic rays are probably the most important ionization source on Neptune.
A direct Lyapunov approach for a class of underactuated mechanical systems

A Lyapunov direct method is proposed for a class of underactuated, mechanical systems. The direct method is derived in general for systems having n degrees of freedom of which only m < n are actuated. The applications consist of a class of systems where the elements of the mass/inertia matrix and the gravitational forces/torques are either constants or functions of a single generalized position variable and where n is two and m is one. The time derivative of the candidate Lyapunov function produces a relation that is solved via a matching method. Some of the matching equations consist of linear differential and partial differential equations. It is shown for this class of systems, that the solutions of these linear differential and partial differential equations necessary for assuring asymptotic stability can be evaluated numerically as part of the feedback process. Examples are presented involving an inverted pendulum cart and an inertia wheel pendulum.
Experimental results from using a rank and fuse approach for multi-target tracking in CCTV surveillance

We study a novel approach to the problem of fusion of sensory information in tracking multiple targets in CCTV surveillance video. The approach, called "rank and fuse" (RAF) is based on multiple feature ranking and merging as opposed to a more typical combination of all scores (similarity or probability) in a single ranking. This has the advantages of low computational complexity, easy scalability to multiple features, and low-latency. Experimental results are presented to illustrate two aspects of the RAF approach for a "difficult" example from CCTV surveillance: the advantage of rank versus score combination, and the use of the rank versus score curve to decide which features to fuse.
Switchless Photonic Architecture for Parallel Computers

The design and analysis of a switchless, scalable, all-photonic architecture for high- performance parallel and distributed computers using passive optical interconnect technology is discussed.
Iron and Copper in Mitochondrial Diseases

Transition metals are frequently used as cofactors for enzymes and oxygen-carrying proteins that take advantage of their propensity to gain and lose single electrons. Metals are particularly important in mitochondria, where they play essential roles in the production of ATP and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. At the same time, transition metals (particularly Fe and Cu) can promote the formation of harmful radicals, necessitating meticulous control of metal concentration and subcellular compartmentalization. We summarize our current understanding of Fe and Cu in mammalian mitochondrial biology and discuss human diseases associated with aberrations in mitochondrial metal homeostasis.