cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
31P NMR studies of the ATP/α-crystallin complex: Functional implications

Evidence is presented for the binding of ATP to alpha-crystallin in the lens by 31P NMR spectroscopic measurements. The chemical shift data as well as the T1 and T2 values indicate that P beta and P gamma of ATP are of prime importance in binding. In addition, it is demonstrated that the association of alpha-crystallin with purified fiber cell membranes is significantly enhanced by the addition of ATP. These results suggest that ATP modulates the functional behavior of alpha-crystallin.
Transcriptional occlusion caused by overlapping promoters

RpoS (σ38) is required for cell survival under stress conditions, but it can inhibit growth if produced inappropriately and, consequently, its production and activity are elaborately regulated. Crl, a transcriptional activator that does not bind DNA, enhances RpoS activity by stimulating the interaction between RpoS and the core polymerase. The crl gene has two overlapping promoters, a housekeeping, RpoD- (σ70) dependent promoter, and an RpoN (σ54) promoter that is strongly up-regulated under nitrogen limitation. However, transcription from the RpoN promoter prevents transcription from the RpoD promoter, and the RpoN-dependent transcript lacks a ribosome-binding site. Thus, activation of the RpoN promoter produces a long noncoding RNA that silences crl gene expression simply by being made. This elegant and economical mechanism, which allows a near-instantaneous reduction in Crl synthesis without the need for transacting regulatory factors, restrains the activity of RpoS to allow faster growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
Infrared absorption in KCl:Na

Abstract The experimental result of Templeton and Clayman that the Na+ defect pairs in KCl have an infrared-active resonance mode at 44 cm−1 is used to show that the defect produces a very large softening of the short-range force constants. Ward and Timusk concluded from their single-defect infrared absorption results that the changes in these force constants are quite small. This apparent paradox is resolved in favor of the present conclusion.
Teratoid cyst of the cecum.

A teratoid cyst of the cecum in a 1-year-old female infant is described. Previous pertinent cases are briefly reviewed, and comments are made as to possible pathogenesis.
Firebrand trajectory study using an empirical velocity-dependent burning law

Abstract By the use of available experimental data on the burning characteristics of wood spheres with forced convection, a burning rate law has been obtained. By utilizing a constant drag coefficient model for a firebrand, trajectories have been obtained for firebrands in two fluid flow fields of interest in forest fire research. One ambient air flow field is the swirling turbulent natural convection plume, which approximates the velocity field above a fire whirl, a phenomenon which has been observed in the vicinity of large-scale forest fires. The second flow field examined is a tilted constant-velocity convection plume. In both cases, for some values of fire brand or plume parameters, trajectories were obtained which carried the the firebrands far from the point of release. These firebrands present a danger of initiating secondary forest fires far from the main conflagration.
Measurement of the Energy Dependence of X-ray-Induced Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate

We report the first measurements of the X-ray induced decomposition of KClO3 as a function of energy in two experiments. KClO3 was pressurized to 3.5 GPa and irradiated with monochromatic synchrotron X-rays ranging in energy from 15 to 35 keV in 5 keV increments. A systematic increase in the decomposition rate as the energy was decreased was observed, which agrees with the 1/E3 trend for the photoelectric process, except at the lowest energy studied. A second experiment was performed to access lower energies (10 and 12 keV) using a beryllium gasket; suggesting an apparent resonance near 15 keV or 0.83 Ǻ maximizing the chemical decomposition rate. A third experiment was performed using KIO3 to ascertain the anionic dependence of the decomposition rate, which was observed to be far slower than in KClO3, suggesting that the O–O distance is the critical factor in chemical reactions. These results will be important for more efficiently initiating chemical decomposition in materials using selected X-ray wavelen...
Effect of backwashing on perchlorate removal in fixed bed biofilm reactors.

Abstract The influence of backwashing on biological perchlorate reduction was evaluated in two laboratory scale fixed bed biofilm reactors using 1- or 3-mm glass beads as support media. Influent perchlorate concentrations were 50 μg/L and acetate was added as the electron donor at a concentration of 2 mg C/L. Perchlorate removal was evaluated at various influent dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Complete perchlorate removal was achieved with an influent DO concentration of 1 mg/L resulting in bulk phase DO concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L. The influence of increasing influent DO concentrations for 12 h periods was evaluated before and after individual backwash events. Partial perchlorate removal was achieved with an influent DO concentration of 3.5 mg/L before a strong backwash (bulk phase DO concentrations of approximately 0.2 mg/L), while no perchlorate removal was observed after the strong backwash at the same influent DO level (bulk phase DO concentrations of approximately 0.8 mg/L). The immediate effect of backwashing depended on influent DO concentrations. With influent DO concentrations of 1 mg/L, strong backwashing resulted in a brief (
Children's responses to emergency department care

Children's responses in, and to, the emergency department (ED) were investigated. Data collected in 1975 by Resnick and Hergenroeder at the Pediatric Trauma Center of the Johns Hopkins Hospital were reanalyzed. One coder recorded all patient information, scored the Behavioral Rating List (BRL) designed for the study, and kept an anecdotal record of the responses and activities of patients and parents while in the ED. Principal components analysis of the items of the BRL found two types of response — protest and withdrawal. Of all the personal variables, only the child's age was found to be related significantly to the type of stress response exhibited. The verbalization categories of fears, curiosity, and concern about the immediate future were also found to be significant with respect to stress response. For the situational variables, the degree of injury or amount of time spent in the facility did not predict the patient's stress response. Parents' presence or proximity did not affect the child's response significantly. Parental responses of quieting and personal guilt were related significantly to child's protest score; parents of boys quieted their children significantly more often than did parents of girls; and with age, parental responses of quieting, personal guilt, and affection decreased significantly, while responses of guilt/punishment and anger increased significantly.
A kinetic study of the β to a massive transformation in a Cu-Zn alloy

Transformation kinetics of the Cu-Zn β to α massive transformation have been studied by combining resistivity measurements with pulse heating techniques. Samples previously quenched to retain the β phase were pulse heated with a capacitor discharge apparatus to temperatures where they transformed to α phase. Quantitative measurements of transformation kinetics were obtained by taking into account also the dependence of the measured resistivities on the temperature change produced by the transformation. A prominent feature of the kinetics curves is that they do not show any evidence of the delay times observed with the use of metallographic techniques. Large nonsystematic variations in the reaction rates precluded comparison of the data with theoretical models.
A numerically-based parametric study of heat transfer off an inclined surface subject to impinging airflow

Abstract Impinging jets may be used to achieve enhanced local heat transfer for convective heating, cooling, or drying. The issuing jet may contact the surface normally or obliquely. Factors such as jet attachment, surface angle, jet angle and size, separation distance between jet orifice and surface of impingement, and trajectory influence heat transfer dramatically. This study addresses the thermal problem of jet impingement on an inclined surface and is motivated by the practical application of air jets issuing out of a defroster’s nozzles and impinging on the inclined windshield surface of a vehicle. The effects of incoming fluid velocity, openings’ geometry (circular vs. rectangular), number of openings, angle that the inclined surface makes with the horizontal plane and angle of impinging jet on heat transfer are examined. Fluid mechanics and heat transfer characteristics are exhibited in details for a configuration with three rectangular openings. A comparative study for other configurations is also featured. The results are correlated in terms of governing dimensionless parameters through numerically-based correlations that are useful for predicting heat transfer on an inclined surface subject to impinging airflow.
An essential role for phospholipase D in the activation of protein kinase C and degranulation in mast cells

Activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and protein kinase C (PKC) as well as calcium mobilization are essential signals for degranulation of mast cells. However, the exact role of PLD in degranulation remains undefined. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that the PLD product, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerides generated therefrom might promote activation of PKC. Studies were conducted in two rodent mast cell lines that were stimulated with Ag via FceRI and a pharmacologic agent, thapsigargin. Diversion of production of phosphatidic acid to phosphatidylbutanol (the transphosphatidylation reaction) by addition of l-butanol suppressed both the translocation of diacylglyceride-dependent isoforms of PKC to the membrane and degranulation. Tertiary-butanol, which is not a substrate for the transphosphatidylation, had a minimal effect on PKC translocation and degranulation, and 1-butanol itself had no effect on PKC translocation when PKC was stimulated directly with phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Also, in cells transfected with small inhibitory RNAs directed against PLD1 and PLD2, activation of PLD, generation of diacylglycerides, translocation of PKC, and degranulation were all suppressed. Phorbol ester, which did not stimulate degranulation by itself, restored degranulation when used in combination with thapsigargin whether PLD function was disrupted with 1-butanol or the small inhibitory RNAs. However, degranulation was not restored when cells were costimulated with Ag and phorbol ester. These results suggested that the production of phosphatidic acid by PLD facilitates activation of PKC and, in turn, degranulation, although additional PLD-dependent processes appear to be critical for Ag-mediated degranulation.
The economics of immediate gratification

People have self-control problems: We pursue immediate gratification in a way that we ourselves do not appreciate in the long run. Only recently have economists considered the behavioral and welfare implications of such time-inconsistent preferences. This paper outlines a simple formal model of self-control problems, applies this model to some specific economic applications, and discusses some general lessons and open questions in the economic analysis of immediate gratification. We emphasize the importance of the timing of the rewards and costs of an activity, as well as a person's awareness of future self-control problems. We identify situations where knowing about self-control problems helps a person and situations where it hurts her, and also identify situations where even mild self-control problems can severely damage a person. In the process, we describe specific implications of self-control problems for addiction, incentive theory, and consumer choice and marketing. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thumb Amputations from Team Roping

BackgroundThumb injuries during team roping have elements of both avulsion and crush, resulting in a poor prognosis for replantation success.PurposeTo review 19 cases of thumb amputation from team roping at our institution since 1983.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsCases were included in the study only if a microvascular repair of artery and vein was needed for the thumb to survive. Vein grafts were used to span the damaged vessel segment. Of the 19 thumb amputation cases, 15 attempts were made to replant the thumb. In the remaining four cases, patients had bone shortening and primary closure. The force of injury was calculated based on mechanism.ResultsOf the 15 attempts at replantation, only 5 (33%) were successful, despite meticulous technique. One patient subsequently had an emergency toe-to-thumb transfer after an unsuccessful replant, and the remaining nine underwent amputation. Nine of the 10 patients with failed replants had poor flow intraoperatively. In the group of patients younge...
The embourgeoisement of revolutionary regimes: Reflections on Abdallah Laroui

The definitive version of this document can be found here: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/tf/1057610x.html This document was created using OCR technology, and may contain minor discrepancies from the published document.
The effect of nematicides, applied to the seed rows in spring, on growth and yield of sugar beet in Docking‐disorder‐affected fields

SUMMARY Both Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp. damage roots of sugar-beet seedlings in sandy soil, causing Docking disorder. Trials in infested fields between 1969 and 1972 tested the effects of fumigation along the rows with different amounts of D-D or Telone applied either two weeks before sowing or immediately before sowing, application of the systemic nematicide aldicarb (Temik) in the furrow with the seed during sowing, and top-dressing with nitrogen. Seedling establishment was often decreased by fumigation immediately before sowing, especially when followed by excessive rainfall, but only rarely by earlier fumigation or by aldicarb; differences in numbers of roots harvested were smaller because hand-singling removed excess seedlings. There was usually little difference between the yield increases given by the most effective treatments, which were aldicarb at 1·12 kg active ingredient/ha and 2·2–6·6 ml D-D or Telone/m of row at either time of application. Nitrogen top-dressing never affected sugar yield significantly. Longidorus spp. and Trichodorus spp. were both controlled well in the fumigated row but much less well at 13 cm, and not at all at 25 cm from the row (i.e. mid-way between two treated rows).
Microscopic Simulations in Physics

In 1820, Laplace speculated on determining the consequences of physical laws: An intelligent being who, at a given moment, knows all the forces that cause nature to move and the positions of the objects that it is made from, if also it is powerful enough to analyze this data, would have described in the same formula the movements of the largest bodies of the universe and those of the lightest atoms. Although scientific research steadily approaches the abilities of this intelligent being, complete prediction will always remain infinitely far away.
Using subject-oriented modeling to develop Jini applications

A major contributing factor to the complexity of creating and evolving distributed systems is the tangling of middleware-specific functionality with core business functionality in system designs. Changing middleware functionality that is entangled with business functionality can lead to costly and risky rearchitecting of the system or extensive redesign of parts of the system. The subject-oriented software development approach addresses this problem by separating the design of crosscutting features into design subjects. We describe an approach for separating Jini middleware features as design subjects which can be composed with primary design subjects that realize the core functionality of the application. In this context, we identify limitations in the existing specification notation and propose extensions.
Experimental investigation of low-velocity impact characteristics of sandwich composites

Abstract This study presents the results of an experimental investigation concerning the low-velocity impact response of sandwich composites. Impact tests were conducted to characterize the type and extent of the damage observed in a variety of sandwich configurations with graphite/epoxy face sheets and foam or honeycomb cores. Correlation of the residual indentation and cross-sectional views of the impacted specimens provide a criterion for the extent of the damage. In the foam-core samples, significant damage was found to be present for residual indentations over 0.13 mm. Although the high-density foam-core and thicker face sheet increased the amount of energy required to generate damage, the damage was still similar for similar levels of residual indentation. For the honeycomb samples, 0.25 mm of residual indentation indicated significant levels of internal damage. However, the surfaces of both the honeycomb and foam samples revealed very little damage at these levels of impact energy. As the impact energy was increased, the samples experienced one of two types of damage: a tear or crack from the center of the laminate to the edge, or significant damage consisting of a dent localized in the region of impact.
Comparison of cosyntropin versus caffeine for post-dural puncture headaches: A randomized double-blind trial

RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included and four patients were excluded from the analysis because of protocol violations or incomplete data. Analysis was based on intention-to-treat. Caffeine was 80% (95% CI 60–100%) effective and cosyntropin was 56% (95% CI 33–79%) effective in treating post-dural puncture headaches. The group's VAS scores at 0, 60, and 120 minutes were 80 mm, 41 mm, 31 mm for caffeine and 80 mm, 40 mm, 33 mm for cosyntropin, respectively ( P=0.66). CONCLUSION: Caffeine was not more effective than cosyntropin in treating patients with postdural puncture headaches, and there was no difference in the degree of pain relief on VAS assessment.
Through the Looking Glass: The Politics of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

The 2003 Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) represents a watershed event in Medicare politics. This essay explores the political lessons and policy legacies of the MMA, focusing on how the MMA fits with and deviates from established patterns in Medicare politics and how it will affect future reform.
A chains model for localizing participants of group activities in videos

Given a video, we would like to recognize group activities, localize video parts where these activities occur, and detect actors involved in them. This advances prior work that typically focuses only on video classification. We make a number of contributions. First, we specify a new, mid-level, video feature aimed at summarizing local visual cues into bags of the right detections (BORDs). BORDs seek to identify the right people who participate in a target group activity among many noisy people detections. Second, we formulate a new, generative, chains model of group activities. Inference of the chains model identifies a subset of BORDs in the video that belong to occurrences of the activity, and organizes them in an ensemble of temporal chains. The chains extend over, and thus localize, the time intervals occupied by the activity. We formulate a new MAP inference algorithm that iterates two steps: i) Warps the chains of BORDs in space and time to their expected locations, so the transformed BORDs can better summarize local visual cues; and ii) Maximizes the posterior probability of the chains. We outperform the state of the art on benchmark UT-Human Interaction and Collective Activities datasets, under reasonable running times.
VLSI neuroprocessors for video motion detection

The system design of a locally connected competitive neural network for video motion detection is presented. The motion information from a sequence of image data can be determined through a two-dimensional multiprocessor array in which each processing element consists of an analog neuroprocessor. Massively parallel neurocomputing is done by compact and efficient neuroprocessors. Local data transfer between the neuroprocessors is performed by using an analog point-to-point interconnection scheme. To maintain strong signal strength over the whole system, global data communication between the host computer and neuroprocessors is carried out in a digital common bus. A mixed-signal very large scale integration (VLSI) neural chip that includes multiple neuroprocessors for fast video motion detection has been developed. Measured results of the programmable synapse, and winner-takes-all circuitry are presented. Based on the measurement data, system-level analysis on a sequence of real-world images was conducted. >
Explaining the horse race of 2008

larly, the headline on October 21 read "Obama Appeal Rises in Poll; No Gains for McCain Ticket." The 2008 presidential election, more so than any previous campaign, was presented as a horse race between senators Barack Obama and John McCain. In the midst of president George W. Bush's plummeting approval ratings, a growing discontent among the American people about the continued U.S. presence in Iraq, and the largest economic recession since the Great Depression, the media did not cast the election as a debate about issues. Ratherr the 2008 election was about the candidates' relative positioning, how they got there, and what strategies they would employ to secure victory. This shift in how the election was covered coincided with
Income effects on relative importance of two online purchase goals: Saving time versus saving money?

article i nfo Internet shopping Online consumer behavior Marketing strategy Disadvantaged consumers Public policy Digital divide The premise of the article is that income levels influence the relative importance of two objectives most consumers identify as reasons for shopping online, namely, saving time and saving money. The paper proposes and examines twin hypotheses that higher-income consumers may be more interested in saving time, while lower-income consumers may be more interested in saving money. The results show that higher- income consumers exhibit a greater tendency toward saving time than lower-income consumers, while the relationship between income level and saving money is less certain. The findings have important implications for marketing managers and public policy makers. Marketing managers need to be aware of the relative importance of saving time versus saving money to online shoppers while selecting the product assortment to be made available online. Public policy makers want to educate lower-income consumers on the importance of having saving money as an important shopping goal.
Fan beam image reconstruction using generalized natural pixel bases [SPECT]

The purpose of this study is to represent the natural pixel basis for fan beam geometry. The image equation for generalized natural pixel basis can be described as Mq=p, where p is the projection measurement, q is the unknown estimation, and matrix M is the backprojection-projection operation. Without considering photon scatter, geometric response, and attenuation, the natural pixel representation of the projection operator for fan beam geometry is a unit strip of which central line is along the line from the center of the detector bin to the focal point. Since the backprojection operator can be different from the adjoint projection operator, one fan beam, two parallel beam backprojection operators were used to define the behavior of the backprojection functional. The singular value decomposition (SVD) reconstruction method is used to solve q in this inverse problem, and the final image is obtained by backprojecting this q into a discrete array of points. We observed that different backprojection geometries can reconstruct almost an identical image. Moreover, the use of the natural pixel basis for fan beam geometry has higher resolution than the filtered backprojection algorithm.
Expression of an antisense hla fragment in Staphylococcus aureus reduces alpha-toxin production in vitro and attenuates lethal activity in a murine model

Isogeneic bacterial strains that differ only in the production of a single microbial factor have been invaluable in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. The targeted, intentional inactivation of a gene encoding a potential virulence determinant generally requires homologous recombination to replace the gene with an inactivated allele. To determine whether the insertion and expression of a fragment of a bacterial gene in an antisense orientation could be used as a rapid alternative to allelic inactivation for producing paired isogeneic isolates, we inverted a 600-bp fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus gene encoding alpha-toxin, hla, behind its native promoter on an Escherichia coli-S. aureus shuttle vector. A transformant of an S. aureus strain carrying the antisense hla fragment produced antisense hla RNA and made 16-fold less alpha-toxin than either its parent or an isogeneic transformant containing vector DNA without hla. Also, intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 x 10(9) CFU of the antisense hla-containing transformant was significantly less lethal in a murine model than that of the parent (1 of 10 versus 7 of 10 mice expired [P < 0.02]) or the transformant without hla (1 of 10 versus 7 of 7 mice expired [P < 0.001]). We conclude that the expression of a fragment of hla in an antisense orientation in S. aureus on a plasmid vector reduces alpha-toxin production and the lethal activity of the strain in a murine model. The antisense strategy for creating isogeneic strains of bacteria may facilitate molecular investigations into the pathogenesis of infection. It also may be useful in creating novel live-attenuated strains of bacteria for use as vaccine candidates.
John Mitchell's Map of North America (1755): A Study of the Use and Publication of Official Maps in Eighteenth‐Century Britain

John Mitchell's famous map of North America stands as an archetype of the official publication of maps in eighteenth‐century Britain. It was, however, the product of a special effort by the Earl of Halifax, president of the Board of Trade, who sought to advance his own aggressive agenda with respect to the British empire in North America in the run‐up to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763, known in North America as the French and Indian War, 1755–1760), to persuade his ministerial colleagues both directly through negotiation and indirectly by manipulating public opinion. This re‐evaluation of Mitchell's work concludes that its archetypal status is unwarranted. The practices that were developed by administrators in London and the colonies for commissioning, using and circulating regional maps are examined. A distinction is made between the use by officials of printed maps as sources for general geographical knowledge and of manuscript maps for knowledge specific to certain administrative issues. Then the orig...
Review of Environmentally Conscious Transportation by Myer Kutz

This book addresses a timely topic in this period of rising transportation costs and public consciousness of environmental effects of their transportation decisions. Recent fluctuations in the cost of conventional transportation fuels i.e., gasoline and diesel have driven an unprecedented level of interest in alternatives to petroleum-based fuels, which is part of the focus of this book. This book is part almanac, part handbook, and part reference material, potentially serving as a handy starting point to learn about the impacts of transportation on the natural and built environment as well as about alternative fuel vehicles. Although the chapters of the book are individually contributed, there is little overlap among them, but the level of detail and number of works referenced does vary widely. For the engineer curious about alternative-fueled vehicles or the environmental impacts of mass transit systems, this book provides a reasonably thorough coverage of the issues. In this way, the book is likely more suitable as a reference than as the primary textbook in traditional civil engineering courses as there are no end-of-chapter problems and the compilation of material does not fit typical course syllabi. However, the book may serve well as supplemental or enrichment material. For example, Chapter 3, entitled “Transportation and Air Quality,” might serve well as a brief supplemental reading to accompany a lecture on environmental aspects of transportation planning in a junior-level first course in transportation engineering. The remaining chapters are organized as follows. Chapter 1, “The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Transportation,” provides a brief overview of key economic and environmental transportation data. Chapter 2, “Public Transportation and the Environment,” provides a healthy discussion of environmental impacts, policies, and mitigation strategies of public transportation systems, covering air and noise pollution, energy consumption, and land use and development. Chapter 4, “The Social Cost of
Food intake regulation in birds

Food intake regulation in birds represents a complex homeostatic mechanism involving multiple levels of control. This review discusses the role of various neurotransmitters and nutrients in regulating food intake. These compounds have effects on food intake when injected both inside and outside the blood-brain barrier. Food intake is decreased when various compounds including epinephrine, amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids are infused directly into the hepatic portal blood system. Furthermore, genetic selection for increased body weight as has occurred in broiler type chickens has altered the food intake response to such infusions. Food intake has not been increased by injections into the liver. A considerable number of neurotransmitters have also been shown to either increase or decrease food intake when injected directly into the central nervous system. Genetic selection, physiological state of the bird, and the site of injection influence the response to these compounds. When injected into the brain, neuropeptide Y, avian pancreatic polypeptide, and opioids are potent stimulators of food intake whereas other peptides investigated to date decrease food intake. While many aspects of food intake regulation in birds appear similar to that in mammals, there are some responses that are unique to birds. J. Exp. Zool. 283:333–338, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cs3Mo5P6O25, ein neues Molybdatophosphat mit einem cubanartigen Mo4O4‐Cluster mit sechs MoMoBindungen

Le compose du titre cristallise dans le systeme rhomboedrique, groupe d'espace P31c et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,021
A simplified subnormothermic machine perfusion system restores ischemically damaged liver grafts in a rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation

Background Liver donor shortages stimulate the development of strategies that incorporate damaged organs into the donor pool. Herein we present a simplified machine perfusion system without the need for oxygen carriers or temperature control, which we validated in a model of orthotopic liver transplantation.
The Palaeoindian-Archaic transition in North America: new evidence from Texas

The transition from Palaeoindian to Archaic societies in North America is often viewed as a linear progression over a brief but time-transgressive period. New evidence from the Wilson-Leonard site in Texas suggests social experimentation by Palaeoindians over a 2500-year period eventually resulted in Archaic societies. The process was neither short nor linear, and the evidence shows that different but contemporaneous lifeways existed in a variety of locales in the south-central US in the Early Holocene.
The Procaine Esterase Activity of Serum from Different Mammalian Species

SummaryThe rate of procaine hydrolysis was studied in unmodified serum at 37°. It was rapid in man, chimpanzee, Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, and Macaca nemestrina. It was slow or absent in gibbon, M. radiata, P. cynocephalus, C. aethops, Erythrocebus, Saimiri, and galago. Procaine hydrolysis was rapid in sera from mice and gerbils and was slow or absent in sera from hamsters, rats, rabbits, pigs, ferrets, opossum, guinea pigs, horses, goats, and dogs. Thus rapid hydrolysis of procaine in serum is another pathway of drug metabolism that occurs largely in higher primates.I appreciate the help of Miss B. Henderson and Mr. A. Jackson with some of the hydrolysis measurements, and Dr. S. Purcell of Smith, Kline, and French, Dr. P. Conti of Merck, Sharp, and Dohme and Dr. Larry Wong of Bionetics Research Labs., Inc. for aid in obtaining sera from the primates.
Ligand Field Strengths of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide in Octahedral Coordination

Ligand field splittings were extracted from absorption spectra of metal hexacarbonyl and hexacyano complexes over 35 years ago by Gray and coworkers (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 2922 (1963); ibid. 90, 4260, 5713 (1968)). Recent time-dependent density functional theory calculations by Baerends and coworkers (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 10356 (1999)) on M(CO)6 with M = Cr, Mo, W raised questions about the magnitudes of these ligand field splittings. In order to reexamine such effects systematically, we report here the splittings for a series of 3d6 metal hexacarbonyl, hexaisocyano and hexacyano complexes: , Cr(CO)6, and ; and ; and , Cr(CNH)6, and . This work demonstrates that the 3d splittings induced by the ligands in question generally fall in the order CO > CNH > CN−. We agree with Baerends and colleagues that CO exerts a much stronger ligand field than was originally thought.
Nondisclosure of sexual orientation to a physician among a sample of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth.

Background The American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Society for Adolescent Medicine recommend discussing sexual orientation as part of the health supervision of all adolescents. Little is known about whether lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth hide their orientation from health care providers, which can potentially lead to missed opportunities in identifying individual health risks and provide appropriate screening and counseling. Objectives To describe the health care experiences of a nonclinical sample of LGB youth and identify factors associated with disclosure and nondisclosure of orientation to physicians. Design Community-based participatory study using a self-administered questionnaire. Setting Los Angeles youth empowerment conference held in October 2003 targeting high school–aged LGB youth. Participants One hundred thirty-one youth aged 14 to 18 years who identified themselves as LGB. Main Outcome Measure Physician's knowledge of participant's sexual orientation. Results Thirty-five percent of the sample reported that their physician knew they were LGB. Bisexual youth were less likely than gay and lesbian youth to have disclosed. The strongest predictor of disclosure was having discussed sex or sexual health of any kind with a physician (odds ratio, 15.47; 95% confidence interval, 4.34-55.18). When asked what a physician could do to make talking about being LGB more comfortable, 64% of participants chose the survey response, “Just ask me.” Conclusions Even among a nonclinical sample of LGB youth who were open enough about their orientation to attend a conference on the subject, only 35% reported that their physician knew their orientation. The results indicate that physicians had not discussed sexuality with most LGB youth in the study and that most youth would welcome such a discussion.
Dense Water Formation beneath a Time-Dependent Coastal Polynya

Abstract Recent modeling studies of dense water formation beneath an idealized steady coastal polynya have provided simple analytical expressions for the maximum density anomaly achievable as a function of the polynya geometry and the imposed surface buoyancy flux. These studies have assumed that the buoyancy flux and polynya geometry are both constant and independent parameters. To relax these assumptions, dense water formation is examined beneath a coastal polynya whose size and surface buoyancy flux are computed from atmospheric temperature and wind velocity according to a polynya model developed by Pease. Though highly idealized, the Pease model produces polynyas that open and close on reasonably realistic timescales, and it thermodynamically couples the polynya size and buoyancy flux. Results reveal several interesting and potentially useful features of the ocean response to time-dependent polynya forcing. First, under reasonable atmospheric conditions, both the maximum density anomaly achievable and...
Kinetic Study of Carbophilic Lewis Acid Catalyzed Oxyboration and the Noninnocent Role of Sodium Chloride.

In the present study, the oxyboration reaction catalyzed by IPrAuTFA in the presence and absence of NaTFA has been examined with kinetic studies, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR and 11B NMR spectroscopy. Data from monitoring the reactions over the temperature range from 30 to 70 °C, the catalyst range from 1.3 to 7.5 mol %, and the NaTFA additive range from 2.5 to 30 mol % suggests a mechanism that involves rate-determining catalyst generation. Data from additive studies that replaced NaTFA with NaBARF (BARF = tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate) or Bu4NTFA as an alternative additive suggest that catalyst quenching from residual NaCl remaining from a one-pot substrate synthesis/reaction method is the cause of this effect, despite the low solubility of this NaCl byproduct in toluene. Material produced through an alternative, sodium chloride-free substrate synthesis exhibited faster reaction rates, consistent with a change in rate-determining step that depended on the substrate synthesis route.
Acid-Base Contributions to Polymer-Filler Interactions

Abstract 1. Acid-base interactions determine adsorption and bonding of polymers to fillers. 2. Quantitative predictability of the enthalpy of such bonding is attainable from the Drago C and E equation once the C and E constants are determined for polymers and fillers. 3. Infrared and calorimetric methods are discussed for determining the C and E constants for polymers and fillers. 4. For the case of poly(methylmethacrylate) filled with silica, the enthalpy of bonding has been determined by FTIR spectroscopy. 5. Acid-base interactions between polymers and fillers generate high zeta-potentials which tend to eliminate filler flocculation and reduce viscosity of filled polymer melts.
Elastomeric Polypeptide Biomaterials: Structure and Free Energy Transduction

The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures are presented and discussed for elastomeric polypeptides capable of undergoing inverse temperature transitions, that is, these polypeptides fold with the extrusion of water on raising the temperature through a transition. The elastomeric polypeptides, which are comprised of repeating peptide sequences, appear to be dominantly entropic elastomers. As these elastomers exhibit preferred secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure, they are not properly characterized as the random chain networks commonly ascribed to entropic elastomers. Instead, a mechanism of damping of internal chain dynamics on extension is described and referred to as the librational entropy mechanism of elasticity. Indeed, there are emerging a set of structural concepts for elastomeric polypeptides. Of particular interest is that these elastomers are capable of exhibiting free energy transduction, e.g., thermomechanical and chemomechanical. A principle is stated for thermomechanical transduction and a postulate is given for chemomechanical transduction which is supported by prediction and experimental verification. The underlying mechanism is considered to be an aqueous(hydration) mediated apolar(hydrophobic)-polar interaction free energy which arises out of a competition between apolar and polar groups for limited waters of hydration. In general, there emerges a simple structural perspective of free energy transduction in elastomeric polypeptide biomaterials that involves thermal, mechanical or chemical means of altering the equilibrium between folded and unfolded states, where the folded states are dynamic helices called β-spirals with dominantly hydrophobic intramolecular interturn contacts and the unfolded states have the hydrophobic groups exposed to water.
Effects of Hydrogen Plasma Treatment on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

We have studied the effects of hydrogen plasma treatments of a-Si:H at elevated temperatures using conductivity, photoconductivity, and spin density measurements. Effects were measured as a function of temperature and of treatment time; control specimens were subjected to comparable treatments without the plasma. In no case did plasma treatment improve the specimen photoconductivity over the as-deposited state. At treatment temperatures (230 °C < T < 460 °C) plasma treatment reduced the photoconductivity below that of the control specimen. This effect may be evidence for plasma-assisted dehydro-genation of the specimen. The defect structural equilibration determined by hydrogen chemical potential depending on temperature and hydrogen plasma is also addressed.
Textural properties and surface acidity of AlPO4−Al2O3 catalysts modified with urea

The presence of urea during the gelling of AlPO4−Al2O3 catalysts (AlPO4/Al2O3 weight ratio =3) has been studied with respect to its effect on the porous texture and surface acidity of the resulting gels. An increase in pore volume and mean pore radius with no modification in surface acidity is found when the AlPO4−Al2O3 catalyst is modified by the addition of 5 mol% urea in the AlPO4 solution.
Dynamics of ion beam charge neutralization by ferroelectric plasma sources

Ferroelectric Plasma Sources (FEPSs) can generate plasma that provides effective space-charge neutralization of intense high-perveance ion beams, as has been demonstrated on the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment NDCX-I and NDCX-II. This article presents experimental results on charge neutralization of a high-perveance 38 keV Ar+ beam by a plasma produced in a FEPS discharge. By comparing the measured beam radius with the envelope model for space-charge expansion, it is shown that a charge neutralization fraction of 98% is attainable with sufficiently dense FEPS plasma. The transverse electrostatic potential of the ion beam is reduced from 15 V before neutralization to 0.3 V, implying that the energy of the neutralizing electrons is below 0.3 eV. Measurements of the time-evolution of beam radius show that near-complete charge neutralization is established ∼5 μs after the driving pulse is applied to the FEPS and can last for 35 μs. It is argued that the duration of neutralization is much longer than ...
Determination of Formaldehyde in Indoor Air by Spectrophotometry with Phenol Reagent

[Objective]To establish a method for the determination of formaldehyde in indoor air.[Methods]The air sample was collected in the large bubble absorption pipette with water as absorbing liquid.The formaldehyde reacted with Phenol reagent,the generation of azine was oxidized to blue compound by high-iron ion.Quantitative colorimetric accorded to the color depth.[Results]Determination range was 0.005~0.1 mg/m3,linear regression equation was Y=0.1909X+0.0444,correlation coefficient r=0.9998,RSD ≤3.5%,recovery of standard addition was 92.0% ~ 96.0%.[Conclusion] The method is simple,with good precision and recovery,and suitable for the determination of formaldehyde in indoor air.
The 2015 Fillmore Earthquake Swarm and Possible Crustal Deformation Mechanisms near the Bottom of the Eastern Ventura Basin, California

The 2015 Fillmore swarm occurred about 6 km west of the city of Fillmore in Ventura, California, and was located beneath the eastern part of the actively subsiding Ventura basin at depths from 11.8 to 13.8 km, similar to two previous swarms in the area. Template‐matching event detection showed that it started on 5 July 2015 at 2:21 UTC with an M ∼1.0 earthquake. The swarm exhibited unusual episodic spatial and temporal migrations and unusual diversity in the nodal planes of the focal mechanisms as compared to the simple hypocenter‐defined plane. It was also noteworthy because it consisted of >1400 events of M ≥ 0.0, with M 2.8 being the largest event. We suggest that fluids released by metamorphic dehydration processes, migration of fluids along a detachment zone, and cascading asperity failures caused this prolific earthquake swarm, but other mechanisms (such as simple mainshock–aftershock stress triggering or a regional aseismic creep event) are less likely. Dilatant strengthening may be a mechanism that causes the temporal decay of the swarm as pore‐pressure drop increased the effective normal stress, and counteracted the instability driving the swarm.
Resection of the thoracic aorta with replacement by homograft for aneurysms and constrictive lesions.

SUMMARY For fusiform aneurysms and constrictive lesions of the descending thoracic aorta, resection of an extensive segment of aorta may be necessary making end-to-end anastomosis impossible. In such cases restoration of aortic circulation may be achieved by insertion of vascular homografts. This method of therapy was employed in twelve thoracic aortic resections, seven of which were done for aneurysm and five for constrictive lesions. The degree of ischemic damage to the spinal cord occurring during periods of temporary aortic occlusion is influenced by a number of factors, including the duration of occlusion, extent and location of the lesion, and extent to which collateral circulation exists. In constrictive lesions the collateral circulation is usually well developed, and temporary aortic occlusion may be tolerated for indefinite periods. In aneurysms, however, where collateral circulation is poorly developed, successful performance of aortic resection depends upon prevention of ischemic damage to the spinal cord during temporary aortic cross-clamping. Two cases of aneurysm are reported in which general body hypothermia was employed, and another in which local spinal cooling was used to prevent postoperative paraplegia. Other means of reducing this hazard are concerned with the technical procedure itself. In constrictive lesions, where there is no haste in restoration of aortic flow, emphasis is placed upon precise reconstruction of all major vascular channels by homograft. One case of acquired coarctation of the aorta is reported in which constrictions occurred in the lower thoracic aorta and in the proximal abdominal aorta. Good results were obtained after two homografts were inserted to replace the diseased segment of aorta. Addendum.—Since the preparation of this manuscript, 9 additional cases have been performed, 5 of which were done for aneurysms and 4 for constrictive lesions. All of these patients recovered, making a total of 21 cases with 3 deaths (14.3 per cent). Of particular interest is the fact that two of the additional patients had aneurysms involving the distal part of the aortic arch similar to that described in Case 6. In both of these patients the resection and graft replacement was done under general hypothermia as described in Case 6. The proximal occluding clamp was applied just distal to the left common carotid artery in each for periods of 58 and 50 minutes, respectively. Both have completely recovered with no evidence of ischemic damage to the spinal cord or other viscera.