cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosols in the Stratosphere: A Comparison of Techniques of Estimating Their Concentration

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the stratospheric aerosol by light scattering and small ion interaction are presented. The cross section of the stratosphere aerosol is estimated to vary from 107 to 10−3 cm2/cm3. The stratification of the aerosol shows layers of high concentration with vertical dimensions of the order of 30 meters separated by intrusions of clean air with vertical dimensions of the order of 300 meters.
The role of extracellular ionic changes in upregulating the mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein following spreading depression

While spreading depression has been shown to be a powerful stimulus in upregulating glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA expression, the specific physiological signal underlying the upregulation is unknown. During spreading depression, extracellular ionic concentrations are altered markedly. The present study evaluates the role of these changes in extracellular ionic concentrations as potential signals influencing GFAP mRNA expression. Gel foam pledgets saturated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) solutions in which [Na+], [Ca2+], [K+] and [H+] were altered one at a time to match concentrations seen in spreading depression were applied to exposed parietal cortex for one hour. Dot and in situ hybridization techniques were used to evaluate GFAP mRNA levels. We found that CSF containing 60 mM KCl produced a dramatic upregulation of GFAP mRNA levels throughout the cerebral cortex of the ipsilateral hemisphere without causing detectable tissue damage. The pattern and time course of the change were similar to those following application of 3 M KCl. Alteration of other ionic species did not affect GFAP mRNA levels. However, the upregulation of GFAP mRNA was not likely due directly to the increased [K+], but rather to the spreading depression that the elevated [K+] induced. This was demonstrated by the finding that the upregulation in GFAP mRNA induced by the potassium exposure was totally blocked by prior administration of MK-801, an NMDA antagonist that blocks spreading depression. These results demonstrate that an upregulation in GFAP mRNA can occur in the absence of degeneration debris and that the initiating events can be related to physiological changes, but that changes in extracellular ionic concentrations are not the likely molecular signals underlying the upregulation.
SABRE — a novel software tool for bibliographic post‐processing

This paper describes the software architecture and application of SABRE (Semi‐Automated Bibliographic Research Environment), a novel software tool for bibliographic post‐processing. Sabre is one of the first products to provide a semi‐automatic environment for relevancy ranking of citations obtained from searches of online or CD‐ROM databases. Sabre also contains tools designed to meet the review, categorization, culling and reporting needs of bibliographic researchers.
Closed linear one-cell functional spatial approximations

Abstract Closed linear one-cell functional (closed LOF) methods are introduced as a class of discrete spatial approximations to the discrete-ordinate equations for anisotropically scattering monoenergetic transport in slab geometry. It is shown that most spatial approximations currently used or suggested for use, for this class of problems, are specific realizations of closed LOF methods. An appropriate concept of consistency is introduced for closed LOF methods. It is shown that a consistent closed LOF method is asymptotically a finite-difference method, in the sense that the approximating equations can be expressed in terms of approximations to the cell-edge fluxes, for sufficiently fine meshes. Further questions related to closed LOF methods are suggested for future study.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: beyond the Milan criteria.

Liver transplantation represents a cornerstone in the management of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expansion beyond the Milan criteria for liver transplantation (1 lesion ≤ 5 cm, or 2 to 3 lesions each ≤ 3 cm) remains controversial. This review covers several key areas: (1) Recent developments and published data on expanded criteria for deceased donor and live-donor liver transplantation, with emphasis on criteria that have been applied to preoperative imaging. (2) Independent testing of expanded criteria, where published data are largely limited to the proposed University of California, San Francisco criteria (1 lesion ≤ 6.5 cm, 2–3 lesions each ≤ 4.5 cm with total tumor diameter ≤ 8 cm). (3) Response to loco-regional therapy and tumor downstaging. (4) The fundamental questions and answers in resolving the controversy over expanded criteria. The key issue pertains to whether acceptable outcome can be achieved on a broader scale beyond single center experience, which appears to support modest expansion beyond the Milan criteria. The foundation of the debate over expanded criteria may rest upon what the transplant community would consider to be the acceptable threshold for patient survival using expanded criteria, without causing significant harm to other transplant candidates without HCC.
In-situ measurement of solder joint strength in board-mounted chip-scale packages using a quantitative laser spallation technique

A previously developed laser spallation (LS) technique for measuring the interface strengths of planar films is modified to determine the interfacial tensile strengths of solder joints, in situ, in board-mounted chip-scale packages (CSPs). The new technique is demonstrated on packages with bare Cu pads and Pb-free solders. The solder/pad interface strength is determined by first using a laser-generated stress wave to separate the geometrically heterogeneous interface, in situ, and then quantifying the failure stress by a combination of interferometry and wave mechanics simulation. The solder to pad interfacial strengths were found to be 705 ± 102, 510 ± 71, and 369 ± 55 MPa for packages stressed by baking at 150 °C for 0, 48, and 100 h, respectively. The interface strengths were found to be roughly proportional to the critical laser energies for separation of solder joints. Thus, it may suffice to use the critical laser energy as a parameter for the purposes of material selection and solder joint quality ...
Human use of human subjects: The problem of deception in social psychological experiments.

THOUGH THERE IS OFTEN GOOD REASON FOR DECEIVING SS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS, WIDESPREAD USE OF SUCH PROCEDURES HAS SERIOUS (1) ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS, INVOLVING NOT ONLY THE POSSIBILITY OF HARM TO S, BUT ALSO THE QUALITY OF THE E-S RELATIONSHIP; (2) METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS, RELATING TO
Health Insurance Status and the Care of Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia

Importance Nursing home residents with advanced dementia commonly experience burdensome and costly hospitalizations that may not extend survival or improve the quality of life. Fragmentation in health care has contributed to poor coordination of care for acutely ill nursing home residents. Objective To compare patterns of care and quality outcomes for nursing home residents with advanced dementia covered by managed care with those covered by traditional fee-for-service Medicare. Design, Setting, and Participants Choices, Attitudes, and Strategies for Care of Advanced Dementia at the End-of-Life (CASCADE) was a prospective cohort study including 22 nursing homes in the Boston, Massachusetts, area that monitored 323 nursing home residents for 18 months to better understand the course of advanced dementia at or near the end of life. Data from CASCADE and Medicare were linked to determine the health insurance status of study participants. Exposures The health insurance status of the resident, either managed care or traditional fee for service. Main Outcomes and Measures The outcomes included survival, symptoms related to comfort, treatment of pain and dyspnea, presence of pressure ulcers, presence of a do-not-hospitalize order, treatment of pneumonia, hospital transfer (admission or emergency department visit) for an acute illness, hospice referral, primary care visits, and family satisfaction with care. Results Residents enrolled in managed care (n = 133) were more likely to have do-not-hospitalize orders compared with those in traditional Medicare fee for service (n = 158) (63.7% vs 50.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4), were less likely to be transferred to the hospital for acute illness (3.8% vs 15.7%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5), had more primary care visits per 90 days (mean [SD], 4.8 [2.6] vs 4.2 [5.0]; adjusted rate ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6), and had more nurse practitioner visits (3.0 [2.1] vs 0.8 [2.6]; adjusted rate ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.1). Survival, comfort, and other treatment outcomes did not differ significantly across groups. Conclusions and Relevance Medicare managed-care programs may offer a promising approach to ensure that nursing homes are able to provide appropriate, less burdensome, and affordable care, especially at the end of life.
Isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Aims: To determine whether American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are an unrecognized poikilothermic source of faecal coliform and/or potential pathogenic bacteria in South Carolina’s coastal waters. Methods and Results: Bacteria from the cloaca of American alligators, as well as bacteria from surface water samples from their aquatic habitat, were isolated and identified. The predominant enteric bacteria identified from alligator samples using biochemical tests included Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter braakii, Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Plesiomonas shigelloides and putative Salmonella, and these were similar to bacteria isolated from the surface waters in which the alligators inhabited. Based on most-probable-number enumeration estimates from captive alligator faeces, faecal coliform bacteria numbered 8·0 × 109 g−1 (wet weight) of alligator faecal material, a much higher concentration than many other documented endothermic animal sources. Conclusions: A prevalence of enteric bacteria, both faecal coliforms and potential pathogens, was observed in American alligators. The high faecal coliform bacterial density of alligator faeces may suggest that alligators are a potential source of bacterial contamination in South Carolina coastal waters. Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings help to increase our understanding of faecal coliform and potential pathogenic bacteria from poikilothermic reptilian sources, as there is the potential for these sources to raise bacterial water quality levels above regulatory thresholds.
Combined polymerized chiral micelle and γ-cyclodextrin for chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A combination of a polymerized chiral micelle, poly(sodium N-undecylenyl- d -valinate) [poly( d -SUV)] and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) is used for the first time for chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis. A simple theory is presented to rationalize the synergistic effect of the enantioselectivity obtained by use of poly( d -SUV) and γ-CD in combination. A mixture of four enantiomeric pairs is successfully resolved by use of this combination. The resolutions of the enantiomers using this approach are far superior to those obtained by use of either poly( d -SUV) or γ-CD alone. In addition, the effects of the antipode ( l -SUV), γ-CD concentration, buffer concentration, organic solvents, and urea concentration on the resolution are also examined.
Computer Information Retrieval Systems as a Clinical Tool

Recent advances in computerized library retrieval methods can be used by clinicians and researchers alike, yet practicing professionals are often unaware of the ready accessibility of on-line and o...
Tumor growth reduction and DNA transfer by cavitation-enhanced high-intensity focused ultrasound in vivo

The potential application of high-intensity focused ultrasound (US), HIFU, was investigated for nonthermal gene transfer and tumor ablation. Renal carcinoma (RENCA) tumors were implanted on the hind leg of BALB/c mice and injected with a marker plasmid. Optison US contrast agent was also injected into the tumor (IT) or into the venous (IV) circulation. HIFU at 1.55 MHz was applied to the tumors with guidance from diagnostic US images. One test of transfection was also performed with lithotripter shock waves. In one set of exposures, tumor volume was followed for 4 days and a beta-galactosidase marker plasmid was used for localization of transfected cells. A second set of exposures employed a luciferase marker plasmid for assessing overall transfection after 2 days. Use of 100-ms bursts at 8-MPa peak rarefactional pressure amplitude stopped tumor growth during the 4-day period, compared to a 2.8-fold growth in shams and yielded luciferase expression 34-fold greater than in shams. Longer bursts or higher pressure amplitudes led to decreases in tumor growth, but did not yield increases in transfection. The HIFU results were similar to those of shock waves for cavitation enhanced by IT Optison. These results should aid in optimizing the application of HIFU for nonthermal tumor treatment.
Optogenetic approaches for deciphering the neural circuits of the cortex

Recent developments in optogenetics have generated new opportunities for deciphering the synaptic organization of the cortex, a massively interconnected neuronal network essential for generating a rich repertoire of behavior, including perception and voluntary movement.
Culture of Nitrosomonas europaea in Media Free of Insoluble Constituents

SINCE Winogradsky's discovery of Nitrosomonas in the latter part of the nineteenth century, members of this genus have been grown in a variety of culture media containing insoluble constituents, the most common of these being calcium carbonate. This component serves as a means of pH control necessary because of the accumulation of large amounts of nitrous acid and also can provide the inorganic carbon source necessary for the autotrophic metabolism of these bacteria. Eventually, it was tacitly assumed that these micro-organisms require adsorption to particulate medium ingredients in order for active proliferation to occur1,2. This phenomenon takes on practical significance for soil nitrification in view of the demonstration that substrate ammonium apparently must first be adsorbed before oxidation can commence3.
The role of inorganic nutrients and herbivory in controlling microbioerosion of carbonate substratum

The effect of herbivore abundance and nutrients on microborer communities and their rates of bioerosion of Strombus gigas shells was studied using herbivore-exclusion cages and inorganic fertilizers at Glovers Reef, Belize. Microborers colonizing shells in each treatment were identified and their colonization rates were calculated from scanning electron microscopy of the boring casts. In all treatments the dominant microborer was the green alga Phaeophila sp. Cyanobacteria were most abundant within fertilized and fungi in unfertilized treatments. The highest microbioerosion rates and most distinctive microborer community were found on the treatment with both reduced herbivores and fertilization. All fertilized treatments had significantly higher bioerosion rates than unfertilized treatments. Treatments with macrograzer access had microbioerosion rates less than half the fertilized cages. Bioerosion rates in unfertilized treatments were lowest and not different with and without macrograzers. Consequently, increased nutrient concentrations on reefs have the potential to increase rates of microbioerosion and macrograzers can modify the composition and density of the microborer community.
When commonsense does not make sense

‘Will power is not a prerogative of thin people’ and ‘providing calorie information as a policy, may not be the sharpest sword to fight the obesity epidemic’ appear to be the paraphrased conclusions of two articles published in this issue of the journal.1, 2 Loeber et al.1 questioned the notion that links obesity to addictive behavior. It seems intuitive to link obesity to food addiction, and easy to stereotype obese individuals as preoccupied with food. Using obese and normal-weight healthy subjects and food or non-food related (neutral) pictures as stimuli, Loeber et al.1 demonstrated that indeed, food related stimuli are more pleasant than neutral stimuli, but that was equally true for both the groups. Unlike the previous studies that have reported a predilection of alcoholics or smokers to alcohol or smoking related stimuli, respectively, attention to food stimuli was similar in the obese and non-obese subjects. There was no significant difference between the two groups, for hunger scale, restraint or impulsivity. Overall, the results of this study combined with earlier brain-imaging reports, which show high-calorie foods light up reward centers in the brain, propose that as food is essential for survival, it is connected with neural circuitry of reward and pleasure. However, thoughts about food may not be processed differently in obese vs non-obese individuals.
When Mama Can't Read: Counteracting Intergenerational Illiteracy

Almost 50 million American adults do not have adequate reading skills to fill out a job application, read a food label, or read a story to a child. These individuals often lack the literacy skills needed to find and keep decent jobs, support their children's education, or participate actively in civic life. In this column, the author offers some research-proven answers to a very basic question facing many urban reading teachers: What can a mother with limited literacy skills do to support and enhance the literacy development of her children? The author reviews recent research on the causes of intergenerational illiteracy and explores several promising evidence-based practices.
effect of Object Orientation Angle on T2* Image and Reconstructed Magnetic susceptibility: numerical simulations

The magnetic field resulting from material magnetization in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an object orientation effect, which produces an orientation dependence for acquired T2* images. On one hand, the orientation effect can be exploited for object anisotropy investigation (via multi-angle imaging); on the other hand, it is desirable to remove the orientation dependence using magnetic susceptibility reconstruction. In this report, we design a stick-star digital phantom to simulate multiple orientations of a stick-like object and use it to conduct various numerical simulations. Our simulations show that the object orientation effect is not propagated to the reconstructed magnetic susceptibility distribution. This suggests that accurate susceptibility reconstruction methods should be largely orientation independent.
Fracture mechanics transfer function for irregularly shaped two dimensional flaws

Abstract In an elastic medium, transfer functions converting a two-dimensional nondrcular flaw to a circular flaw with equivalent fatigue properties are developed for the simple case of uniaxial stress applied normal to the flaw plane. Elliptical and rectangular flaws are specifically discussed. The method outlined may have important applications in predicting the kinetics of growth of irregularly shaped flaws in conjunction with nondestructive measurements.
Seeing ourselves: Exploring the social production of criminological knowledge in a qualitative methods course

In comparison with its quantitative counterpart, the teaching of qualitative methods in criminology and criminal justice has been largely neglected. Part of the explanation for this neglect is a widespread recognition that access to appropriate study sites is dangerous and difficult. Student researchers cannot rush the delicate process of penetrating a hidden or deviant population; nor can they magically comprehend the inner workings of the criminal justice bureaucracy to meet course deadlines. During winter semester 1994, the senior author attempted to overcome these problems by assigning advanced honors students to study the social production of criminological knowledge in their own department, using the standard tools of qualitative research: participant observation and interviewing. This article reports on what was learned during the planning and teaching of that course. In doing so, it draws directly on field notes and other materials produced by both the students and the instructor as part of the re...
Lead isotopic studies of the Samail ophiolite, Oman

The isotopic composition of Pb and the concentrations of U, Th, and Pb are determined for samples from massive sulfides and lithologic units of the Samail ophiolite. It is shown that the magma that formed the ophiolite was probably derived from a depleted mantle, similar in Pb isotopic composition to the source area of mid-ocean ridge basalt. The gross geochemical characteristics of the mantle sources have remained almost unchanged for the last 100 million years. It is also shown that the U-Th-Pb systematics of the Samail formation indicate that local vertical heterogeneity in the oceanic crust can result from crystal fractionation and metasomatism at, and near, an oceanic spreading center.
Estimating population size and habitat associations of two federally endangered mussels in the St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA.

1. North America is a globally important centre of freshwater mussel biodiversity. Accurate population estimates and descriptions of critical habitat for endangered species of mussels are needed but are hindered by their patchy distribution and the dynamic nature of their habitat. Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) was used to estimate population size and habitat associations of two federally endangered species, Higgins eye (Lampsilis higginsii) and winged mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa), in the St. Croix River. 2. This river holds the largest known winged mapleleaf population in the upper Mississippi River and contains Essential Habitat Areas for Higgins eye. Winged mapleleaf density ranged from 0.008–0.020 individuals m−2 (coefficient of variation=50–66%), yielding an estimate of 13 000 winged mapleleaf in this reach of the river. Higgins eye density varied from 0.008–0.015 individuals m−2 (coefficient of variation=66–167%) giving an estimate of 14 400 individuals in this area. 3. Higgins eye and winged mapleleaf were associated with areas of the overall highest mussel density and species richness, suggesting these endangered species occur in ‘premier’ mussel habitat. There were no differences in many microhabitat factors for sites with and without either endangered species. Select hydraulic measures (such as shear velocity and shear stress) showed significant differences in areas with and without the winged mapleleaf but not for Higgins eye. Areas that are less depositional support dense and diverse mussel assemblages that include both endangered species, with winged mapleleaf having a narrower habitat range than Higgins eye. 4. This study suggests that ACS can provide statistically robust estimates of density with 2–3 times more efficiency than simple random sampling. ACS, however, was quite time consuming. This work confirmed that of others demonstrating that larger-scale hydraulic parameters might be better predictors of prime mussel habitat than fine-scaled microhabitat factors. Using hydraulic measures may allow improved identification of potentially critical mussel habitat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross-level fault detection and diagnosis of building HVAC systems

Abstract This paper presents a cross-level fault detection method. Two key features of the proposed method are 1) an energy description of all the units in an HVAC system and 2) a spatial–temporal partition strategy, which allows us to apply the FDD strategy to the entire building in a uniform manner. Energy flow models for HVAC units at all levels are presented. The concept of absolute and relative references for monitoring the energy performance is introduced. We have discussed the inherent complexity of HVAC systems, and proposed a grouping strategy of VAVs via correlation analysis. Examples of the temporal and spatial partitions are presented. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the cross-level detection of two faults on AHU level and one fault on VAV level.
Surface alterations of P388 leukemia cells by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract Treatment of P388 murine leukemia cells in vitro with relatively low concentrations of 2-deoxy- d -glucose results in altered plasma membrane architecture, as detected by an increase in the binding of and in the subsequent rate of cellular agglutination by concanavalin A. In contrast, binding of and agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin in 2-deoxy- d -glucose-treated cells are reduced, while these parameters are not changed when soybean agglutinin is employed. These effects of 2-deoxy- d -glucose on surface architecture are not due to partial synchrony of the cell population by the carbohydrate since the DNA content distribution profiles are not altered markedly. The changes detected in the surface membrane appear to be partially due to 2-deoxy- d -glucose incorporation into membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids; in support of this concept, 2-deoxy- d -glucose was found to compete with P388 cells for concanavalin A binding, but did not compete for the binding of either wheat germ or soybean agglutinins. CMP-sialic acid: glycoprotein sialyl transferase and UDP-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activities, and the availability of acceptor glycoproteins were measured in 2-deoxy- d -glucose-treated cells. Exposure of cells to this agent decreased sialyl transferase activity and the availability of endogenous acceptor glycoprotein molecules for this enzyme, suggesting that the observed decrease in wheat germ agglutinin binding might be due to decreased sialylation of the cell surface.
Effects of irradiation-temperature change on void growth and shrinkage in ion-irradiated Nb

Abstract Pure and O-doped Nb have been irradiated to 50 atom displacements per atom with 3.0-MeV 58 Ni + ions at successive temperatures of 1050, 1230, 1050 or 770 K. The effects of these temperatures changes on the void diameter and void number density in the irradiated Nb have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The void volume resulting from these successive temperature changes is significantly lower than the combined void volume expected from separate isothermal irradiations. The lower void volume is due to irradiation- and thermal-induced shrinkage of voids with the more pronounced effect occurring in O-doped Nb. Shrinkage effects occur with a change of irradiation temperature from 1230 to 1050 or 770 K as well as from 1050 to 1230 K. In addition to these void-shrinkage effects, anomalous growth of some voids was observed for a change of irradiation temperature from 1230 to 1050 or 770 K. Mechanisms based on the segregation of 0 impurity to the vicinity of void surfaces are presented to explain these void shrinkage and growth effects.
Breakdown of the Schmid law in homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation events of slip and twinning in magnesium

Abstract During the past two decades, twinning and slip in hexagonal close-packed structures have been extensively studied using molecular dynamics. However, the simulation methods and corresponding results have rendered different conclusions regarding the active twin modes and their mechanisms for nucleation and growth. The nucleation mechanisms for twinning in hexagonal close-packed polycrystalline materials are known to depend strongly on grain boundary orientations, but little is known of the exact mechanisms that occur. The variability in the experimental behavior of single crystals reported in early literature may result from the extreme sensitivity of twinning and slip to heterogeneities in the crystals and their complex dislocation cores. Therefore, both the boundary conditions and loading directions are likely to have profound effects on the mechanisms of deformation captured by molecular dynamics simulations. In an effort to rationalize the inconsistencies reported in literature and guide future molecular dynamics studies, we have performed a comprehensive molecular dynamics study on magnesium that encompasses effects of crystal orientation, boundary conditions, initial defects, and interatomic potentials. The general trends of the results support theories which advocate heterogeneous nucleation for both twinning and slip. In fact, the behavior of perfect crystals with periodic boundary conditions deviated substantially from previous experimental observations. Additionally, strong non-Schmid effects were identified and consistently correlated to non-Schmid stresses. Deviations from Schmid's law were strikingly reduced by introducing defects such as free surfaces and voids, but twinning was still influenced by non-Schmid stresses. Twin–twin interactions led to secondary twinning and nanovoids, which encouraged stress localization and damage.
HI Clouds Detected Toward Virgo with the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey is in the process of yielding a complete HI dataset of the Virgo Cluster and its environs (Giovanelli et al. 2007, Kent et al., in preparation). Assuming a distance to Virgo of 16.7 Mpc, the minimum detectable HI mass by ALFALFA is of order 2 10 7 M. A number of the HI detections appear to have interesting properties. Some appear associated with, but oset from, low surface brightness optical counterparts; others, at larger spatial osets, may be tidally related to optical counterparts. Yet another class includes detections which are not identiable with any optical counterparts. We present the ALFALFA results on these objects in the Virgo region, as well as followup aperture synthesis observations obtained with the VLA. Regions of high galaxian density in the local Universe aord the opportunity to explore a wealth of morphological diversity and physical processes. Observations of the local Universe provide a census of the low luminosity and low mass populations and their kinematic and photometric properties. Covering large areas of sky with blind surveys is extremely useful in giving a homogeneous dataset that can be compared and correlated with observations at multiple wavelengths. The Virgo Cluster is the nearest rich cluster of galaxies, at a distance of 16.7 Mpc. The 1300 cataloged member galaxies of Virgo are morphologically segregated, with early type galaxies inhabiting the cluster centers, dominated by ellipticals M87 and M49, and late type spirals dominating the outer periphery. Dwarfs are the most abundant class in Virgo, with over 850 members. Binggeli, Sandage & Tammann (1985) carried out the rst high quality optical survey of the cluster, releasing a catalog (VCC; Binggeli, Sandage, & Tammann 1987, 1993) that has served as an important standard of reference for Virgo studies. Redshift measurements show that several subclumps in the outer periphery lie behind the main cluster centered around M87. As the cluster progresses toward a state of virial equilibrium, many galaxies in the outlying periphery of Virgo are moving at high speed while falling into the cluster (Binggeli, Sandage & Tammann 1993; Solanes et al. 2002). The cluster environment aects galaxies, evidenced by HI deciency studies (Haynes & Giovanelli 1984; Solanes et al. 2002), in the form of ram pressure interaction with the hot intracluster gas and other gravitational and hydrodynamic mechanisms. High resolution HI imaging has revealed disturbances and asymmetries in the gas disks, further evidence that the galaxies are interacting with the cluster environment (Cayatte 1990; Chung 2007). The 21cm spectral line of neutral hydrogen is an extremely useful tool in determining
Citation Patterns to Traditional and Electronic Preprints in the Published Literature

The number of physics and astronomy preprints available electronically has increased dramatically over the past five years. Internet-accessible preprint servers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and elsewhere provide unrestricted access to citations and/or full text of many physics and astronomy papers long before they appear in print. Because of the timeliness of these papers, as well as the increasing demand for current research, physicists and astronomers have found it necessary to cite these pre-prints in their research articles rather than wait until they appear in print. This paper identifies the growing importance of electronic preprints in the published literature and addresses several areas of concern regarding the future role of electronic preprints in scientific communication.
The anomalous winter of 1783–1784: Was the Laki eruption or an analog of the 2009–2010 winter to blame?

The multi ]stage eruption of the Icelandic volcano Laki beginning in June, 1783 is speculated to have caused unusual dry fog and heat in western Europe and cold in North America during the 1783 summer, and record cold and snow the subsequent winter across the circum-North Atlantic. Despite the many indisputable impacts of the Laki eruption, however, its effect on climate, particularly during the 1783.1784 winter, may be the most poorly constrained. Here we test an alternative explanation for the unusual conditions during this time: that they were caused primarily by a combined negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and an El Nino ]Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event. A similar combination of NAO ]ENSO phases was identified as the cause of record cold and snowy conditions during the 2009.2010 winter in Europe and eastern North America. 600-year tree-ring reconstructions of NAO and ENSO indices reveal values in the 1783.1784 winter second only to their combined severity in 2009.2010. Data sources and model simulations support our hypothesis that a combined, negative NAO ]ENSO warm phase was the dominant cause of the anomalous winter of 1783.1784, and that these events likely resulted from natural variability unconnected to Laki.
Treatment of Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis in Southeastern Texas

Background Isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis (INHr-TB) can be treated successfully with several treatment regimens. However, the optimal regimen and duration are unclear. Studyobjective To analyze the efficacy of treatment regimens used for INHr-TB in the southeastern Texas region. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Health-care facilities reporting tuberculosis (TB) patients in the Houston and Tyler areas. Subjects All patients reported to have INHr-TB from 1991 to 1998. Exclusion criteria included poor compliance, additional first-line drug-resistance (except aminoglycosides), and death before completion of 1 month of treatment. Measurements and results Main treatment outcomes were treatment failure, relapse, and TB-related death. Fifty-three of 83 patients were included in the study; aminoglycoside resistance coexisted in 37.5% of isolates. Seven types of treatment regimens were identified. Eighteen patients (34%) received rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol thrice weekly for 9 months. Four patients (7.5%) had a total effective treatment duration of Conclusions Several treatment regimens were prescribed for INHr-TB in southeastern Texas. INHr-TB treatment durations were > 7 months, and treatment regimen efficacy was adequate. Twice-weekly treatment was associated with relapse, whereas thrice-weekly and daily treatments performed similarly. A prospective study with different treatment durations is needed to determine the optimal treatment regimen for patients with INHr-TB.
Nonlinear optical signal processing on multiwavelength sensitive materials

Exploiting salient features in the photodynamics of specific types of light sensitive materials, a new approach is presented for realization of parallel nonlinear operations with optics. We briefly review the quantum structure and mathematical models offered for the photodynamics of two multiwavelength sensitive materials, doped crystals of lithium niobate and thick layers of bacteriorhodopsin. Next, a special mode of these dynamics in each material is investigated and a graphical design procedure is offered to produce highly nonlinear optical responses that can be dynamically reshaped via applying minimum changes in the optical setup.
Voltage Characteristics of Diodes Used for Passive Quench Protection of Low-Current Magnets

Cold diodes and resistors in parallel with the coils are keys components in the passive quench protection system of low-current (high inductance) superconducting magnets. The diodes prevent current from flowing in the circuits that are in parallel with sections of the superconducting coil when the magnet is being charged or discharged. The use of diodes and resistors in parallel with the superconducting coil sections reduce the peak voltages to ground and, in some cases, the hot-spot temperature in the magnet during a quench. This paper presents measurements of the onset (low current) forward voltage of several power diodes as a function of temperature and magnetic field.
Critiquing the “Good Enough” Mother: A Perspective Based on the Murik of Papua New Guinea

Despite ongoing debates about family, work, and the characteristics of good mothers, cultural and disciplinary biases have led many anthropologists and psychologists to ignore cultural aspects of mothering. Feminists and others have questioned the lack of agency for women in dominant psychological theories and the relative absence in psychoanalytic theory of mothers as subject persons. On the basis of data from the Murik of Papua New Guinea, in which mothering is conceptualized as a template for many kinds of social relationships and as a source of power, I argue that a holistic and relational view of mothering in social and cultural context is needed to restore subjectivity and agency to women as mothers and to understand mothering as a dynamic and culturally informed process.
The Distribution and Abundance of Neomysis mercedis in Relation to the Entrapment Zone in the Western Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Abstract The distribution and abundance of the opossum shrimp, Neomysis mercedis, was studied in a portion of the upper San Francisco Bay estuary in 1976, the fourth-driest year on record. For much of 1976 the entrapment zone, an area of zero net horizontal flow, was located in the study area. Variations in the annual abundance of N. mercedis can be related to the location of the entrapment zone. In years of low flow, such as 1976, the entrapment zone is in the narrow channels of the upper estuary, thereby reducing habitat availability and, thus, the abundance of N. mercedis. Mysid population dynamics were highly correlated with reproduction, and fecundity with length, although the latter relationship changed seasonally. Juvenile mysids (⩽3 mm long) tend to be higher in the water column during daylight than do mature mysids (⩾7 mm long) leading to a geographic separation of these life stages. Estuarine hydraulics rather than salinity tolerance determines the distribution of N. mercedis in the study area.
Simulating a function of visual peripheral processes with an analog VLSI network

A two-dimensional analog VLSI network for implementing a function of motion perception during the peripheral process is described. The network contains many nodes, or processing elements (PEs), which operate concurrently in asynchronous fashion. Each PE performs an image-difference operation as well as thresholding to extract motion information on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Analog voltage, which interacts extremely quickly, implements all computations. An energy equilibrium state of the network provides stabilized analog voltage across the network. SPICE simulations and experiments using real images verify the results of the theoretical analysis. >
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in ovarian function: effects on steroidogenesis, metabolism and nuclear receptor signaling

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous agents with the ability to interfere with processes regulated by endogenous hormones. One such process is female reproductive function. The major reproductive organ in the female is the ovary. Disruptions in ovarian processes by EDCs can lead to adverse outcomes such as anovulation, infertility, estrogen deficiency, and premature ovarian failure among others. This review summarizes the effects of EDCs on ovarian function by describing how they interfere with hormone signaling via two mechanisms: altering the availability of ovarian hormones, and altering binding and activity of the hormone at the receptor level. Among the chemicals covered are pesticides (e.g. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and methoxychlor), plasticizers (e.g. bisphenol A and phthalates), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzo[a]pyrene).
On Intergenerational Equity and Its Clash with Intragenerational Equity and on the Need for Policies to Guide the Regulation of Disposal of Wastes and Other Activities Posing Very Long-Term Risks

This article begins with some history of the derivation of 40 CFR Part 191, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard that governs the geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes. This is followed by criticisms of the standard that were made by a Sub-Committee of the EPA Science Advisory Board, by the staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and by a panel of the National Academies of Science and Engineering. The large disparity in the EPA approaches to regulation of disposal of radioactive wastes and disposal of hazardous, long-lived, nonradioactive chemical waste is illustrated. An examination of the intertwined matters of intergenerational equity and the discounting of future health effects follows, together with a discussion of the conflict between intergenerational equity and intragenerational equity. Finally, issues related to assumptions in the regulations concerning the future state of society and the biosphere are treated, as is the absence of any national philosophy or guiding policy for how to deal with societal activities that pose very long-term risks.
Peer victimization : Cause or consequence of school maladjustment?

Past research has shown that peer victimization and school maladjustment are related, but it is unclear whether victimization is a cause or consequence of such difficulties. This study examined whether (a) peer victimization is a precursor of school maladjustment, (b) the effects are limited to the period of victimization, and (c) stable peer victimization experiences compound adjustment difficulties. Toward this end, data were collected on 200 5- and 6-year-old children (105 males, 95 females) in the fall and spring of kindergarten. Findings supported the hypothesis that victimization is a precursor of children's loneliness and school avoidance. Whereas children's feelings of loneliness were more pronounced while victimization was occurring, delayed effects were found for school avoidance. Furthermore, the duration of children's victimization experiences was related to the magnitude of their school adjustment problems.
Nonsymmetry of Z‐matrices for planar circuits as obtained by the contour integral method

This article points out the possibility of obtaining nonsymmetrical Z-matrices when the contour integral method is used for analysis of a general-shaped, two-dimensional planar component even when the component is passive and reciprocal. The nonsymmetry is caused by dependence of the normal derivative of the Green's function on the geometry. This nonsymmetry may be reduced by increasing the number of sections on the contour or by selecting a Green's function such that its normal derivative on the contour is zero. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Translocation of ExsE into Chinese hamster ovary cells is required for transcriptional induction of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system.

Transcription of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) is induced under Ca2+-limiting growth conditions or following the contact of the bacteria with host cells. The regulatory response to low Ca2+ levels is initiated by the T3SS-mediated secretion of ExsE, a negative regulatory protein that prevents T3SS gene transcription. In the present study, we demonstrated that ExsE plays an analogous role in transcriptional induction following host cell contact. By using a flow cytometry assay, the host contact-dependent induction of T3SS gene expression was found to be dependent upon the presence of functional type III translocation machinery. Using three independent assays, we demonstrated that ExsE was translocated into Chinese hamster ovary cells in a T3SS-dependent manner. Deletion mapping experiments indicated that the amino terminus of ExsE is required both for secretion under Ca2+-limiting growth conditions and for translocation into host cells. A P. aeruginosa mutant expressing an exsE allele lacking codons 3 through 20 was deficient in ExsE secretion and translocation and showed constitutive repression of T3SS gene expression under Ca2+-limiting growth conditions. The mutant also failed to induce T3SS gene expression following host cell contact and demonstrated a significant reduction in T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity towards Chinese hamster ovary cells, indicating that the translocation of ExsE is required for the host contact-dependent induction of T3SS gene expression.
Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes Among Never-Smoking US Middle and High School Electronic Cigarette Users: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011–2013

Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing rapidly and their impact on youth is unknown. We assessed associations between e-cigarette use and smoking intentions among U.S. youth who had never smoked conventional cigarettes. Methods: We analyzed data from the nationally representative 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Youth Tobacco Surveys of students in grades 6–12. Youth reporting they would definitely not smoke in the next year or if offered a cigarette by a friend were defined as not having an intention to smoke, while all others were classified as having positive intention to smoke conventional cigarettes. Demographics, pro-tobacco advertisement exposure, ever use of e-cigarettes, and ever use of other combustibles (cigars, hookah, bidis, kreteks, and pipes) and noncombustibles (chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, snus, and dissolvables) were included in multivariate analyses assessing associations with smoking intentions among never-cigarette-smoking youth. Results: Between 2011 and 2013, the number of never-smoking youth who used e-cigarettes increased 3-fold, from 79,000 to over 263,000. Intention to smoke conventional cigarettes was 43.9% among ever e-cigarette users and 21.5% among never users. Ever e-cigarette users had higher adjusted odds of having smoking intentions than never users (adjusted odds ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.24–2.32). Those who ever used other combustibles, ever used noncombustibles, or reported pro-tobacco advertisement exposure also had increased odds of smoking intentions. Conclusion: In 2013, over a quarter million never-smoking youth had used e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use was associated with increased intentions to smoke cigarettes. Enhanced prevention efforts for youth are important for all forms of tobacco, including e-cigarettes.