cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of repeated discovery and benign neglect of Non-Interaction of Waves (NIW)

This paper presents the historical background behind the repeated discovery and repeated ignoring of the generic important property of all propagating waves, the Non-Interaction of Waves (NIW). The focus will be on the implications of NIW in most of the major optical phenomena with brief hints of importance. We argue that the prevailing postulate of wave-particle duality becomes unnecessary, once we accept NIW. Semi-classical model of treating light-matter interactions should be the preferred approach since the quantumness actually arises from within the structure of the energy levels (bands) in materials. Waves, and wave equations, do not support bullet-like propagation. We follow the historical trend starting from the tenth century physicist Alhazen, to the seventeenth century Newton and Huygens, then to the nineteenth century Young and Fresnel. Then we jump to twentieth century physicists Planck, Einstein, Bose, Dirac and Feynman. Had we recognized and appreciated NIW property of waves from the time of Alhazen, the evolutionary history of physics would have been dramatically different from what we have today. The prevailing dominance of the postulate of wave-particle duality is keeping us confused from seeking out actual reality; and hence, we should abandon this concept and search out better models. The paper demonstrates that NIW provides us with a platform for deeper understanding of the nature of EM waves that we have missed; it is not just semantics.
Towards a balanced view of the bacterial tree of life

The bacterial tree of life has recently undergone significant expansion, chiefly from candidate phyla retrieved through genome-resolved metagenomics. Bypassing the need for genome availability, we present a snapshot of bacterial phylogenetic diversity based on the recovery of high-quality SSU rRNA gene sequences extracted from nearly 7000 metagenomes and all available reference genomes. We illuminate taxonomic richness within established bacterial phyla together with environmental distribution patterns, providing a revised framework for future phylogeny-driven sequencing efforts.
Considerations in Modeling the Human Supervisory Controller

Abstract In a variety of systems the human operator is being removed from that of in-the-loop controller and placed in the position of a supervisory controller. In this mode a computer handles the continuous control of vehicle or plant, closing the loop between sensors of key state variables and control effectors. The human supervisor operates in a higher level loop, playing the key roles of: planning, teaching, monitoring, intervening as an in-the-loop controller when the need arises, and developing trust in the system as warranted. He scans and keeps track of many variables, processes this data relative to his internalized performance criteria, and updates the various computer programs which model and control the ongoing process. This paper describes several areas where supervisory control is becoming applied, discusses the various roles of the supervisor, and reviews theoretical considerations to be considered in modeling these roles.
Assessing Layout Density Benefits of Vertical Channel Devices

Vertical channel devices have been considered as promising candidates for sub-5 nm regime for the reduced area and large driving current. Several styles of layout designs and fabrication details of vertical channel devices have been proposed. However, due to the fast-changing manufacturing constraints for the advanced devices, the most efficient layout structures are still yet to be explored. In this paper, we study the efficiency in terms of cell area of in-bound power vertical channel device layout, which is potentially the most compact vertical layout style. We develop and implement an efficient vertical layout generation framework for in-bound power layout to provide a quick evaluation of cell area given design rules and choices of folding strategies. The results are compared to vertically stacked lateral channel devices and out-bound power vertical channel devices. Both cell-level and chip-level comparisons show that in-bound power layout is more area-efficient than lateral devices and vertical out-bound power layouts.
Retrospect and More

This chapter is a summary account of the content of previous chapters and reinforces the point that Western intellectual culture, especially in its American incarnation, is thoroughly racist. I augment the summary dimension of this chapter with brief historical comments on ideology, race and genocide. The genocide carried out against Natives of “the New World” was founded on the intellectual, religious and moral traditions of the Western world discussed in preceding chapters.
The Impact of Auditor Task Difficulty and Audit Quality Indicators on Jurors' Assessments of Audit Quality

ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of auditor task difficulty on jurors' overall assessment of audit quality following an alleged audit failure (i.e., a restatement) given audit quality indica...
Ethics and aesthetics of World War II memory: The case of David Foenkinos, Charlotte:

Winner of the 2014 Renaudot prize, David Foenkinos’s novel Charlotte recounts the tragic life and highly original work of the German Jewish artist Charlotte Salomon, arrested in the south of France...
Dynamic Multilevel Covariance Structure Models for Analyzing Rolling Cross-Sectional Tracking Surveys

Appendix is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3127752 Modeling customer satisfaction tracking data presents some unique challenges. Customer satisfaction tracking data are neither strictly cross-sectional nor strictly longitudinal in a panel sense. We refer to such data as nested repeated (rolling) cross-sectional, reflecting the fact that respondents are nested within brands and that the data are composed of a series of repeated cross-sections. In this study, we develop a new methodology that extends multilevel modeling techniques by considering both temporal variation and individual-level heterogeneity simultaneously in the presence of nested repeated cross-sectional samples. Our modeling approach essentially uses a Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) form and a multilevel structural equation form to “marry” the time series and cross-sectional sources of variation. Our empirical analysis explores the long-term effects of overall customer satisfaction and feature-level satisfaction on brand sales and the salutary benefits, if any, of controlling for individual-level response heterogeneity.
Effects of Installation of Different Density Geofoam and Continuous Vertical Gaps

The mechanical properties of EPS geofoam vary with density. Usually, only one density or grade of EPS geofoam is specified per project. To maximize performance while reducing costs, higher density or grade EPS geofoam blocks have been specified for the top layers of fills in a few cases. The consistent best practices in EPS geofoam block installation have been: (a) not to install blocks of different densities in the same layer; (b) not to place blocks of lower density above higher density blocks; and (c) to stagger joints between blocks in successive layers so as to prevent continuity of inter-block vertical gaps. In practice, either by inadvertent misplacement or due to lax quality assurance and installation control, one or more of these three conditions can be violated. This investigation examined the effects of mixed densities and continuous vertical gaps between block layers. Groups of EPS block samples of the same density and also of mixed densities were tested with either staggered or continuous joints. The laboratory tests were simulated in computer models. The deformed shapes and dimensions indicated by the computer simulations were compared with the observed shapes and dimensions of the laboratory tests.
Cardiac MRI for the assessment of early chemotherapeutic cardiac injury and toxicity

Background Chemotherapeutically induced myocardial injury continues to pose a major problem. The exact mechanism of drug-related cardiomyopathy (DRC) is still poorly understood. An early diagnosis of cardiotoxicity and the ability to predict patients at risk are important for preventing chronic heart failure. The guidelines for noninvasive cardiac imaging to screen for DRC show limitations in early identification of patients at risk, currently relying on left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) for establishing high risk. Contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (ce-CMR) may offer a stronger screening approach, especially since it can assess the right ventricle (RV) and detect early changes in response to chemotherapy.
Combustion-Generated Air Pollution Legal Aspects

The legal means to prevent and control air pollution have developed over a period of many years during which time much change has occurred in both the nature of the problem and legal basis for dealing with it. The first known anti-pollution laws were adopted in 1306 during the reign of King Edward II of England. These laws were directed against the use of sea coal because the burning of such coal caused smoke, soot and odor.
John Moulder and the Evolution of Model-Based Quantitative Eddy Current NDE

John Moulder’s lifetime coincided with a period of exceptionally creative innovation in the theory and practice of eddy current testing (ECT). But, as an unusually gifted experimentalist arriving on the scene at the ideal moment, he contributed far more than his share to the advances made during this period.
Contributions of Glycosaminoglycans to Collagen Fiber Recruitment in Constitutive Modeling of Arterial Mechanics.

Abstract The contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to the biological and mechanical functions of biological tissue has emerged as an important area of research. GAGs provide structural basis for the organization and assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM). The mechanics of tissue with low GAG content can be indirectly affected by the interaction of GAGs with collagen fibers, which have long been known to be one of the primary contributors to soft tissue mechanics. Our earlier study showed that enzymatic GAG depletion results in straighter collagen fibers that are recruited at lower levels of stretch, and a corresponding shift in earlier arterial stiffening (Mattson et al., 2016). In this study, the effect of GAGs on collagen fiber recruitment was studied through a structure-based constitutive model. The model incorporates structural information, such as fiber orientation distribution, content, and recruitment of medial elastin, medial collagen, and adventitial collagen fibers. The model was first used to study planar biaxial tensile stress-stretch behavior of porcine descending thoracic aorta. Changes in elastin and collagen fiber orientation distribution, and collagen fiber recruitment were then incorporated into the model in order to predict the stress-stretch behavior of GAG depleted tissue. Our study shows that incorporating early collagen fiber recruitment into the model predicts the stress-stretch response of GAG depleted tissue reasonably well (rms = 0.141); considering further changes of fiber orientation distribution does not improve the predicting capability (rms = 0.149). Our study suggests an important role of GAGs in arterial mechanics that should be considered in developing constitutive models.
Optical extinction efficiencies for metallic single wall carbon nanotubes in the infrared spectral region

ABSTRACTThe extinction efficiency (mass normalized extinction cross section) of a sample of metallic single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been measured in the infrared spectral region. The tubes were obtained from Nano-Integris Inc. and measured while suspended in propanol. Calculation of the extinction efficiency based on a computational code for fibers of finite length shows good agreement with the experimental results. The computation involved convolution over the SWCNTs’ length and diameter distributions. The results emphasize the potential of SWCNTs as efficient obscurants of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared spectral region.
Molecular Architecture of the Inositol Phosphatase Siw14.

Siw14 is a recently discovered inositol phosphatase implicated in suppressing prion propagation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this paper, we used hybrid structural methods to decipher Siw14 molecular architecture. We found the protein exists in solution as an elongated monomer that is ∼140 A in length, containing an acidic N-terminal domain and a basic C-terminal dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) domain, structurally similar to the glycogen phosphatase laforin. The two domains are connected by a protease susceptible linker and do not interact in vitro. The crystal structure of Siw14-DSP reveals a highly basic phosphate-binding loop and an ∼10 A deep substrate-binding crevice that evolved to dephosphorylate pyro-phosphate moieties. A pseudoatomic model of the full-length phosphatase generated from solution, crystallographic, biochemical, and modeling data sheds light on the interesting zwitterionic nature of Siw14, which we hypothesized may play a role in discriminating negatively charged inositol phosp...
"Teaching them that pain exists": dilemmas regarding memory transmission and entrepreneurship in adult children of former political prisoners 40 years after the coup d'etat in chile

The present study sought to identify and understand the memory transmission and entrepreneurship processes conducted by children of victims of politically motivated imprisonment and torture during ...
Adult intradural intramedullary astrocytomas: a multicenter analysis

Background: Intramedullary tumors constitute approximately 20–30% of all spinal cord tumors and approximately 30–40% of these are astrocytomas. Furthermore, they comprise only about 2–4% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Due to their rarity and poor prognosis, large population-based studies are needed to assess the epidemiology and survival risk factors associated with these tumors in the hope of improving outcomes. The authors undertook this retrospective study to explore factors that may influence survival in adult patients with intramedullary astrocytomas. Methods: Utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, a prospective cancer registry, the authors retrospectively assessed survival in histologically confirmed, intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas in patients 18 years of age and older. Survival was described with Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the association of several variables with survival while controlling for confounding variables. Results: Analysis by multivariate regression of 131 cases showed that increasing age of diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.99, P=0.001], WHO grade IV classification (HR 8.85, 95% CI: 2.83–27.69, P<0.001), tumor invasiveness (HR 2.94, 95% CI: 1.00–8.64, P=0.047), and sub-total resection (HR 5.80, 95% CI: 1.20–28.03, P=0.029) were associated with statistically significant decreases in survival. Conclusions: This study suggest that older age, higher WHO grade, tumor invasiveness as well as sub-total resection were all associated with a worse prognosis.
Infant Feeding Practices In a Diverse Group of Women: The Healthy Start Study:

Background:To describe infant feeding practices among a diverse group of mother-offspring pairs and identify factors associated with adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommenda...
Metrics and Methods Used To Compare Student Performance Data in Chemistry Education Research Articles

Quasi-experiments are common in studies that estimate the effect of instructional interventions on student performance outcomes. In this type of research, the nature of the experimental design, the choice in assessment, the selection of comparison groups, and the statistical methods used to analyze the comparison data dictate the validity of causal inferences. Therefore, gathering and reporting validity evidence in causal studies is of utmost importance, especially when conclusions have real policy implications for students and faculty, among other stakeholders. This review examines 24 articles that reported quantitative investigations of the effect of instructional interventions on performance-based outcomes conducted within undergraduate chemistry courses. Specifically, we examined four aspects of conducting such evaluations, including: (1) the type of quasi-experimental design used to study the relationship between interventions, students, outcomes, and settings; (2) the metrics used to measure perform...
Facilitation of long-delay conditioned taste aversion in weanling rats

The impact of prior odor or taste conditioning on long-delay conditioned taste aversion in weanling rats was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, target conditioning consisted of saccharin paired 1.5 h later with an injection of LiCl. Weanlings given an odor or a different taste paired immediately with LiCl prior to long-delay conditioning showed significantly stronger saccharin aversions than did subjects exposed to the odor or taste unpaired with LiCl. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that the delay facilitation was not the result of any residual effect of LiCl; LiCl alone the day before delay conditioning did not enhance conditioned saccharin aversions. The results are discussed with respect to maturational and experiential interpretations of age-related differences in transfer of training and short-term memory.
The Practical Applications of Self-Transcendent Wisdom

Practical wisdom is focused on sound decisions to promote a good life, while self-transcendent wisdom focuses on making ethical decisions for the greater good. Self-transcendence develops through self-knowledge, integration, and non-attachment, which focuses on decentering from egoistic perspectives. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of people and life in general, leading to a focus on ethical issues. Wisdom is generally perceived to be a characteristic of individuals, but it is clear that it develops in a social context. Further, wisdom can be considered an organizational attribute. Not only can organizational cultures promote and support the development of wisdom in individuals, but some have argued that wisdom can also be a characteristic of organizations, such as learning and adapting to new situations, making wise judgments, and focusing on the inherent ethics of any decision-making. Both practical and self-transcendent wisdom are clearly needed in our current economic and political institutions.
Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of burr formation in micro-milling of polycarbonates

Abstract Polycarbonates are naturally transparent amorphous polymers, used extensively nowadays to replace some of the applications of glass. Polycarbonates possess excellent impact and heat resistance, which made them suitable candidates for automotive, semiconductor, medical, household, and many industrial applications. Although polycarbonates are mostly formed by molding, further processing, especially machining of them still remains challenging. The objective of this study is to focus on an important issue during machining of polycarbonate, named burr formation. This study aims to identify the reasons and conditions behind the burr formation, and to investigate the effect of machining conditions, tool wear and tool coating on the amount of burr formation. In addition, the Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis using AdvantEdge software has been used to analyze the behavior of material and to investigate the burr formation during up-milling of polycarbonates. It was found that tool coating doesn’t have a significant effect on burr formation, as both TiN and TiAlN coatings were found to be ineffective in the reduction of burrs. The burr formation, interestingly, was found to depend on the combination of depth of cut and feed rate, rather than a single parameter alone. It was found that the FEM modeling was able to predict the burr heights within 1.6% - 10.8% accuracy. To conclude, the selection of cutting parameters by identification of ductile regime is found to be the most effective way of controlling the burr formation and obtaining smooth surface finish in polycarbonate glass.
Photocurrent in organic semiconductor/halide perovskite heterostructures: Impact of grain size on charge generation efficiency (Conference Presentation)

The emergence of hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) perovskites, with their higher charge carrier mobilities and tunable bandgap, coupled with low-cost processability, has opened new avenues of research in optoelectronic applications. Various devices based on HOIPs, including photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, transistors or photodetectors have been reported. Here, we explore the photocurrent properties in heterostructures consisting of small molecule semiconductors and HOIPs. Bilayer devices can use bandgap alignment to improve carrier separation and collection. The HOIP CH3NH3PbI3-xClx was the primary photoactive layer and electron transport layer, while the hole transport layer was 2,8-Difluoro-6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TIPS-ADT). We found that the responsivity of the bilayer device was six times greater than neat perovskite film, reaching values as high as 5.1 A/W, and detectivity more than doubled, to 2.9*10^11 Jones. We further tuned the interfacial processes by altering the microstructure of the organic semiconductor layer and evaluated the photocurrent response. We found that treatment of the gold contacts with (2,3,4,5,6)-Pentafluorothiophenol (PFBT) resulted in large grains within the organic semiconductor. Consequently, responsivity was over 15 times greater than that of the neat perovskite film, reaching values of 13.7 A/W, and detectivity improved by 8 times to 8.4*10^11 Jones. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that diF-TIPS-ADT is preferentially oriented with its (001) plane parallel to the substrate in both sample types. The observed performance improvement thus cannot originate from differences in the interfacial coupling related to molecular orientation. Instead, we believe differences in trapping at grain boundaries is responsible for the changes in charge generation efficiency.
Rathke's cleft cyst with xanthogranulomatous change: A case report and review of the literature.

Background Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, typically asymptomatic sellar lesions found incidentally in adults, with a dramatically lower incidence in pediatric patients (<18 years). We present a case of RCC with xanthogranulomatous change (XGC) - an even less common subtype of RCC - treated by endoscopic endonasal surgical resection. This is the second reported instance of an RCC with XGC occurring in a pediatric patient. Case Description The patient is a 17-year-old male with delayed puberty who presented with bitemporal hemianopsia and was found to have a 2.6 cm lesion, initially thought to be a craniopharyngioma. He subsequently underwent uncomplicated transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal resection. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of RCC and demonstrated marked degenerative XGCs with squamous metaplasia. The patient tolerated the procedure well with improvement in visual symptoms. Conclusion RCC with XGC is a very rare pathology, particularly in the pediatric population. These lesions, while benign, can manifest clinically with significant symptoms. While treatment paradigms are not fully established with a small cohort of cases, endoscopic endonasal approaches have made surgical resection of these lesions a safe and effective treatment strategy, even in the pediatric population.
Successful bilateral popliteal-plantar bypasses for polyarteritis nodosa induced ischemia.

Abstract Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare vasculitis that can cause peripheral ischemia. We present the case of a 49-year-old man who developed PAN causing toe gangrene and severe rest pain in one foot and claudication of the contralateral foot. He was treated with immunosuppression and underwent popliteal-plantar artery bypass with resolution of rest pain and subsequent amputation of his mummified toe. Despite remission of PAN, his contralateral foot claudication was lifestyle limiting; thus, 5 years later he underwent contralateral popliteal-plantar bypass with resolution of claudication. This case demonstrates the anatomically symmetric presentation of PAN induced ischemia with successful open revascularization after resolution of inflammatory markers with systemic therapy.
Irisin-Associated Neuroprotective and Rehabilitative Strategies for Stroke

Irisin, a newly discovered protein hormone that is secreted in response to low frequency whole body vibration (LFV), could be a promising post-stroke rehabilitation therapy for patients who are frail and cannot comply with regular rehabilitation therapy. Irisin is generated from a membrane-bound precursor protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Aside from being highly expressed in muscle, FNDC5 is highly expressed in the brain. The cleaved form of FNDC5 was found in the cerebrospinal fluid as well as in various regions of the brain. Numerous studies suggest that irisin plays a key role in brain metabolism and inflammation regulation. Both the metabolism and inflammation govern stroke outcome, and in a published study, we demonstrated that LFV therapy following middle cerebral artery occlusion significantly reduced innate immune response, improved motor function and infarct volume in reproductively senescent female rats. The observed effect of LFV therapy could be working via irisin, therefore, the current review focuses to understand various aspects of irisin including its mechanism of action on the brain.
Reimagining the IR Workflow for a Better Work-Life Balance.

Abstract Several workflow changes were implemented in a large academic interventional radiology practice, including separation of inpatient and outpatient services, early start times, and using an adaptive learning system to predict case length tailored to individual physicians. Metrics including procedural volume, on-time start, accuracy at predicting case length, and room shutdown time were assessed before and after the intervention. Considerable improvements were seen in accuracy of first case start times, predicting block times, and last case encounter ending times. It is proposed that with improved role clarity, interventional radiologists can regain control over their schedules, utilize work hours more efficiently, and improve work–life balance.
Management of Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries: Erbs and Extended Erbs Palsy

Currently, there is no clear consensus on the surgical treatment of the nerve injury in infants with Erb’s palsy (C5–C6) and extended Erb’s palsy (C5–C7) who fail to attain adequate spontaneous recovery. Surgical timing and technique both remain a topic of significant debate. Neurolysis, neuroma excision and nerve grafting, and nerve transfer techniques have all been supported as viable treatment options for the nerve injury that fails to recover spontaneously. Neuroma excision and nerve grafting arguably remain the gold standard, but nerve transfers have significantly changed the classic treatment algorithms for these patients. In addition, the early treatment of glenohumeral dysplasia has further complicated the decision-making in regard to surgical timing and technique.
Deepest Cuts for Benders Decomposition

Since its inception, Benders Decomposition (BD) has been successfully applied to a wide range of large-scale mixed-integer (linear) problems. The key element of BD is the derivation of Benders cuts, which are often not unique. In this paper, we introduce a novel unifying Benders cut selection technique based on a geometric interpretation of cut ``depth'', produce deepest Benders cuts based on $\ell_p$-norms, and study their properties. Specifically, we show that deepest cuts resolve infeasibility through minimal deviation from the incumbent point, are relatively sparse, and may produce optimality cuts even when classical Benders would require a feasibility cut. Leveraging the duality between separation and projection, we develop a Guided Projections Algorithm for producing deepest cuts while exploiting the combinatorial structure or decomposablity of problem instances. We then propose a generalization of our Benders separation problem that brings several well-known cut selection strategies under one umbrella. In particular, we provide systematic ways of selecting the normalization coefficients in the Minimal Infeasible Subsystems method by establishing its connection to our method. Finally, in our tests on facility location problems, we show deepest cuts often reduce both runtime and number of Benders iterations, as compared to other cut selection strategies; and relative to classical Benders, use $1/3$ the number of cuts and $1/2$ the runtime.
VISUALIZING THE DATA VISUALIZATION NETWORK: THE DVMAP PROJECT

Data visualization is a familiar buzzword. Experts in the humanities, social and natural sciences, as well as technology, along with semi-experts and the general public, reach people everywhere with trends and conclusions drawn from visualized data. Governments, industries, businesses, sciences, marketers, academics, students and others value data visualization methods and tools as critical, applicable tools for understanding the world, which provide rich information analyses for specialists and generalists alike. Unfortunately, no single resource offers a space where people working in the multifaceted field of data visualization can share projects they are working on, tools they created, educational opportunities in the field, nor where they (and their work) are situated geographically. A research group at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology seeks to fill this gap with a repository of data visualization resources called ―Data Visualization Map (DVMap).‖ The DVMap is an interactive network data and geographic representation graph that provides a data visualization space for people across the world to share, view and/or collaborate on projects and publications; tools deployed or under development; educational opportunities in data visualization, such as formal programs, summer seminars, conferences; and the geographical locations of the users, projects, tools and educational opportunities. Given the necessity of this repository, this paper outlines the structure, underlying methodology, and anticipated outcomes for the DVMap data visualization network. The paper also accounts for limitations of the project and the potential problems of creating a map that wants to share work – especially work in progress – with everyone.
On sexual agglutination and mating type substances in isogamous dioecious chlamydomonads. IV. Unilateral inactivation of the sex contact capacity in compatible and incompatible taxa by alpha-mannosidase and snake venom protease.

Abstract Sex cell contact at fertilization is analysed in the mating type reaction of isogamous Chlamydomonas species. Contact is based upon a complementarity between special mating type substances, sex and species specific glycoprotein complexes. In three related taxa, the contact capactiy of their (+) gamete type is sensitive to snake venom protease (α-protease) and depends decisively on terminal α-glycosidically bound mannose residues. Enzymatic removal of these residues by α-mannosidase incapacitates live (+) gametes and inactivates isolated (+) mating type substance. (+) gametes inactivated by α-mannosidase or α-protease do not agglutinate with (−) gametes nor respond to isolated (−) mating type substance. Isolated (−) substance is adsorbed to and inactivated by the homologous (+) gametes. (+) gametes incapacitated by α-mannosidase or α-protease do not adsorb nor inactivate the isolated (−) substance. The agglutinability of live (−) gametes and the contact capacity of isolated (−) mating type substance is not affected by α-mannosidase or α-protease. The mannose residues react only within the species-typical complementarity. Some additional feature(s) of the (+) mating type substances must effect their species specificity and account for gametic isolation and sexual incompatibility between species.
Situation-Aware Caching Strategies in Highly Varying Mobile Networks

Some emerging applications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and mobile sensor networks (MSNs) have varying mobility patterns that entails different routing strategies at different times to maintain high performance. This requires the routing protocol to adapt to different situations for better overall routing performance. We propose a model-based approach to enable such situation-awareness for the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol in such challenging environments. Our model captures the access behavior of route cache (hit, miss, and false hit) and is simple enough to be used in real-world settings. We also present a feedback-based architecture that uses the model outputs to cope with mobility changes by adjusting caching strategy on-the-fly. We validate our model against ns-2 simulations for a variety of scenarios, including a real-world mobility. Our results show that the model can aptly drive adaptive routing that leads to consistent performance improvement over DSR for the scenarios considered.
Resume Padding Among Economists

Abstract: The policy of the American Economic Review (AER) to publish unrefereed papers in the same volume as refereed ones gives economists the opportunity to pad their resumes by trying to pass Papers & Proceedings off as refereed AER articles. Using unique data on curricula vitae of economists at the top 25 U.S. economics departments, we provide preliminary evidence in support of deliberate obfuscation. Economists with more Papers & Proceedings are more likely to list them in a way that is difficult to distinguish from refereed ones. We then go on to provide support for a more benign explanation, that the convention guiding how one should document Papers & Proceedings is in transition and varies across communities of scholars. We provide a series of difference-in-differences analyses of citation behavior, both at the level of demographic groups and individuals, showing that economists who cite Papers & Proceedings more tend to be the ones who “pad” more, suggesting both are correlated with an additional latent factor — a judgment about the journal’s prestige.
Individual Identification from Video based on "Behavioural Biometrics".

This chapter presents multiple methods for recognizing individuals from their “style of action/actions”, i.e. “biometric behavioural characteristics”. Two forms of human recognition can be useful: the determination that an object is from the class of humans (which is called human detection), and the determination that an object is a particular individual from this class (which is called individual recognition). This chapter focuses on the latter problem.For individual recognition, this chapter considers two different categories. Firstly, individual recognition using “style of single action” i.e. hand waving and partial gait and secondly individual recognition using “style of doing similar actions” in video sequences. The “style of single action” and “style of doing similar actions”, i.e. behavioural biometric characteristics, are proposed as a cue to discriminate between two individuals. Nowadays multi-biometric security systems are available to recognise individuals from video sequences. Those multi-biometric systems are combined with finger print, face, voice and iris biometrics. This chapter reports multiple novel behavioural biometric techniques for individual recognition based on “style of single action” and “style of multiple actions” (i.e., analysing the pattern history of behavioural biometric motion), which can be additionally combined with finger print, face, voice and iris biometrics as a complementary cue to intelligent security systems.
Group Drills for Tennis Skills

(1974). Group Drills for Tennis Skills. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 34-37.
Strategy purification and thresholding: effective non-equilibrium approaches for playing large games

There has been significant recent interest in computing effective strategies for playing large imperfect-information games. Much prior work involves computing an approximate equilibrium strategy in a smaller abstract game, then playing this strategy in the full game (with the hope that it also well approximates an equilibrium in the full game). In this paper, we present a family of modifications to this approach that work by constructing non-equilibrium strategies in the abstract game, which are then played in the full game. Our new procedures, called purification and thresholding, modify the action probabilities of an abstract equilibrium by preferring the higher-probability actions. Using a variety of domains, we show that these approaches lead to significantly stronger play than the standard equilibrium approach. As one example, our program that uses purification came in first place in the two-player no-limit Texas Hold'em total bankroll division of the 2010 Annual Computer Poker Competition. Surprisingly, we also show that purification significantly improves performance (against the full equilibrium strategy) in random 4 x 4 matrix games using random 3 x 3 abstractions. We present several additional results (both theoretical and empirical). Overall, one can view these approaches as ways of achieving robustness against overfitting one's strategy to one's lossy abstraction. Perhaps surprisingly, the performance gains do not necessarily come at the expense of worst-case exploitability.
Subglacial conditions at a sticky spot along Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica

We present the results of a seismic reflection experiment performed transverse to flow a few tens of kilometers above the main trunk of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, where we image a basal high surrounded by variable subglacial conditions. This high rises as much as 200 m above the surrounding bed, acting as a major sticking point that resists fast flow. Application of the amplitude variation with offset (AVO) seismic technique has highlighted regions of frozen sediments along our profile, suggesting that the ice stream is experiencing basal freeze-on in the region. The bedrock high appears to be at least partially draped in sediment cover, with a concentrated area of weak, dilatant till flanking one edge. This dilatant till is further dispersed along our profile, though it does not possess enough continuity to maintain streaming ice conditions. These results support the hypothesis that the ongoing shutdown of Kamb Ice Stream is due to a loss in continuous basal lubrication. Citation: Peters, L.E., and S. Anandakrishnan (2007), Subglacial conditions at a sticky spot along Ka mb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, in Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World - Online Proceedings of the 10 th
Massively parallel models of the human circulatory system

The potential impact of blood flow simulations on the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from vascular disease is tremendous. Empowering models of the full arterial tree can provide insight into diseases such as arterial hypertension and enables the study of the influence of local factors on global hemodynamics. We present a new, highly scalable implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method which addresses key challenges such as multiscale coupling, limited memory capacity and bandwidth, and robust load balancing in complex geometries. We demonstrate the strong scaling of a three-dimensional, high-resolution simulation of hemodynamics in the systemic arterial tree on 1,572,864 cores of Blue Gene/Q. Faster calculation of flow in full arterial networks enables unprecedented risk stratification on a perpatient basis. In pursuit of this goal, we have introduced computational advances that significantly reduce time-to-solution for biofluidic simulations.
Active Learning with Monty Hall in a Game Theory Class

The authors describe a game that students can play on the first day of a game theory class. The game introduces the 4 essential elements of any game and is designed so that its sequel, also played on the first day of class, has students playing the well-known Monty Hall game, which raises the question: Should you switch doors. By implementing a procedure proposed some 45 years ago, students not only quickly grasp the correct answer, but also become keenly aware of the importance of the assumption that players have common knowledge of the essential elements of a game.
A New Method for Studying Nutrient Limitation of Periphyton: A Case Study From Acid Mine Drainage Streams

Acid mine drainage (AMD) affects about 16 900 km of streams in the Appalachian region, but little is known about the biology of these habitats. Typically, these habitats have low primary productivity most likely due to metal stress. However, these streams are also very low in nutrients. Traditionally, nutrient limitation studies of periphyton have been conducted employing terracotta pots. Recently, research has concluded that this methodology may have inherent flaws due to variable porosity. Therefore, development of new nutrient diffusing substrates is needed. To test a new approach for nutrient diffusion, Petri dishes were filled with agar and the nutrient of choice. A Whatman glass microfiber filter (GF/F) was attached to the top of the dish, which served as the medium through which the nutrients diffused and as a uniform surface area for periphyton colonization. Before testing in a stream impacted by acid mine drainage, laboratory studies were conducted to simulate field conditions. The Petri dishes readily diffused the nutrients and were durable to the acid conditions. Six replicates with a control, nitrogen (0.5 M), phosphorus (0.5 M), and nitrogen + phosphorus (0.5 M of each) Petri dishes were deployed in four AMD impacted streams for the month of February. Samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, ash-free dry mass (AFDM), and taxa present. The chlorophyll a analyses showed the phosphorus treatment to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater than all other treatments and the nitrogen treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) lower. However, these trends were not seen in the AFDM results with no difference among treatments detected. Seasonal assessment of this approach is currently under way.
The Flavin Environment in Old Yellow Enzyme AN EVALUATION OF INSIGHTS FROM SPECTROSCOPIC AND ARTIFICIAL FLAVIN STUDIES

Spectroscopic and chemical modification studies of modified flavins bound to old yellow enzyme have led to predictions about the flavin environment of this enzyme. These studies analyzed solvent accessibility and hydrogen bonding patterns of particular flavin atoms, in addition to suggesting amino acid residues that are in close proximity to those atoms. Here, these studies are evaluated in the light of the crystal structure of old yellow enzyme to reveal that the spectroscopic and modified flavin results are generally consistent with the crystal structure. This highlights the fact that these are useful methods for studying flavin binding site structure. Although several of the inferred properties of the flavin environment are not consistent with the crystal structure, these discrepancies occurred in cases where an incorrect choice was made from among multiple plausible explanations for an experimental result. We conclude that modified flavin studies are powerful probes of flavin environment; however, it is risky to specify details of interactions, especially because of uncertainties due to induced charge delocalization in the flavin.
A critical evaluation of the environmental scanning electron microscope for the analysis of paint fragments in art conservation

Cross-sections from medieval paintings by Cenni di Francesco and Dosso Dossi were analyzed for the inorganic components as well as the binding media using an environmental scanning electron microscope (E-SEM). The advantages of this instrument compared to a normal SEM-EDX are illustrated and a number of optimization studies are reported. It was found that using a chamber gas pressure of 1.5 kPa and a tungsten source instead of the usual LaB6 source with the 38 kPa pressure normally used for imaging would significantly improve the x-ray analyses. Quantitative analyses for most of the common medieval pigments are also presented.
Examining competing hypotheses for the effects of diagrams on recall for text.

Supplementing text-based learning materials with diagrams typically increases students’ free recall and cued recall of the presented information. In the present experiments, we examined competing hypotheses for why this occurs. More specifically, although diagrams are visual, they also serve to repeat information from the text they accompany. Both visual presentation and repetition are known to aid students’ recall of information. To examine to what extent diagrams aid recall because they are visual or repetitive (or both), we had college students in two experiments (n = 320) read a science text about how lightning storms develop before completing free-recall and cued-recall tests over the presented information. Between groups, we manipulated the format and repetition of target pieces of information in the study materials using a 2 (visual presentation of target information: diagrams present vs. diagrams absent) × 2 (repetition of target information: present vs. absent) between-participants factorial design. Repetition increased both the free recall and cued recall of target information, and this occurred regardless of whether that repetition was in the form of text or a diagram. In contrast, the visual presentation of information never aided free recall. Furthermore, visual presentation alone did not significantly aid cued recall when participants studied the materials once before the test (Experiment 1) but did when they studied the materials twice (Experiment 2). Taken together, the results of the present experiments demonstrate the important role of repetition (i.e., that diagrams repeat information from the text) over the visual nature of diagrams in producing the benefits of diagrams for recall.
Electron Transport through Conjugated Molecules: When the π System Only Tells Part of the Story

In molecular transport junctions, current is monitored as a function of the applied voltage for a single molecule assembled between two leads. The transport is modulated by the electronic states of the molecule. For the prototypical delocalized systems, namely, π-conjugated aromatics, the π system usually dominates the transport. Herein, we investigate situations where model calculations including only the π system do not capture all of the subtleties of the transport properties. Including both the σ and π contributions to charge transport allows us to demonstrate that while there is generally good agreement, there are discrepancies between the methods. We find that model calculations with only the π system are insufficient where the transport is dominated by quantum interference and cases where geometric changes modulate the coupling between different regions of the π system. We examine two specific molecular test cases to model these geometric changes: the angle dependence of coupling in (firstly) a biphenyl and (secondly) a nitro substituent of a cross-conjugated unit.