cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of Composite Layered Rough Medium in Contact

This study presents a first attempt to develop a numerical three-dimensional multilayered (more than 2 composite layered coatings) elasticperfectly plastic rough solids model to investigate the contact behavior under combined normal loading and tangential traction. Contact analyses are performed to study the effects composite thin film layers. Local contact pressure profiles, von Mises stresses, and shear stresses as a function of material properties and applied normal and tangential friction loads are calculated.
Developing ‘Expert Systems’: Contributions from decision support systems and judgment analysis techniques

In considering the application of expert systems to the practice of R&D management, an age-old conflict continues to plague those who would be innovators—proper consideration of the need to evaluate information both systematically and intuitively. Operations researchers/management scientists can, and often do, find that the results of their arduous efforts to develop sophisticated models, algorithms, and statistical validation techniques are less than satisfactory to decision-makers. The reason, they are told, is that their systematic approach did not, and could not, give proper weight to the incommensurables. This paper discusses the concept that significant contributions could be made to lessen the occurrence of this dilemma by combining judgment analysis techniques with appropriately designed decision support systems. Current levels of performance/price ratios for computing systems are such that meaningful research can be undertaken to test the validity of this hypothesis. A research design is outlined and some recommendations presented toward that end.
The Asian red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) invades the Gulf of Maine

We report the invasion of the Gulf of Maine, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, by the largest red seaweed in the world, the Asian Grateloupia turuturu. First detected in 1994 in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, south of Cape Cod, this alga had expanded its range in the following years only over to Long Island and into Long Island Sound. In July 2007 we found Grateloupia in the Cape Cod Canal and as far north (east) as Boston, Massachusetts, establishing its presence in the Gulf of Maine. Grateloupia can be invasive and may be capable of disrupting low intertidal and shallow subtidal seaweeds. The plant's broad physiological tolerances suggest that it will be able to expand possibly as far north as the Bay of Fundy. We predict its continued spread in North America and around the world, noting that its arrival in the major international port of Boston may now launch G. turuturu on to new global shipping corridors.
Normal modes for piecewise linear vibratory systems

A method to construct the normal modes for a class of piecewise linear vibratory systems is developed in this study. The approach utilizes the concepts of Poincare maps and invariant manifolds from the theory of dynamical systems. In contrast to conventional methods for smooth systems, which expand normal modes in a series form around an equilibrium point of interest, the present method expands the normal modes in a series form of polar coordinates in a neighborhood of an in variant disk of the system. It is found thal the normal modes, modal dynamics and frequency-amplitude dependence relationship are all of piecewise type. A two degree of freedom example is used to demonstrate the method.
Fragment-molecule adduct ion formation in the mass spectra of cyclic N-acetylamines and related nitramines

Mass spectra of seven related N-heterocyclics, introduced by direct exposure probe, were determined in electron impact (EI) and positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization (PCI and NCI) modes. Proton adducts were the predominant molecular ion species in the EI and PCI modes. In addition, a variety of fragment–molecule adduct ions were observed for each compound in one or more of the modes. The propensity of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine for fragment–molecule adduct formation was high in all three ionization modes. Fragmentation processes were documented by collision-induced dissociation experiments.
Tensile properties and morphology of pyrophosphate copper deposits

New data which precisely define the effects of various operating parameters on the tensile properties of electrodeposits from the dimercaptothiadiazole/copper pyrophosphate system are presented. Two additive concentration ranges yielding high ductility and high tensile strength are delineated. Characteristic deposit microstructures are identified and correlated with the tensile properties. The results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism by which the additive functions, and implications for circuit board plating are discussed.
Empowering Abused Women Through Equine Assisted Career Therapy

Female survivors of domestic violence may experience symptoms of low self-esteem, insecurity, difficulty with problem solving, low self-efficacy, and high anxiety with regard to their economic future. Creative methods are needed to help abuse survivors overcome these factors so they are able to set and attain career goals. Equine assisted therapy has been shown to increase self-esteem, improve self-efficacy, and lower anxiety (Marx & Cumella, 2003). This article discusses an overview of the literature regarding career-related consequences for female survivors of intimate partner abuse, describes equine assisted therapy, and details a creative career counseling method.
SU‐E‐T‐433: VMAT Arc Delivery with Gantry Acceleration Constraints

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of gantry acceleration on the VMAT arc therapy delivery. Methods and Materials: The rapid delivery of VMAT arc therapy requires fast motion of the gantry around the patient. The difficulty is that the large inertia of the accelerator gantry limits rotation speed changes restricting the ability of the accelerator to arc as fast as possible without violating the integrity of the plan (plan delivery requires preserving mutual relations between gantry speed, MLC leaves speeds and beam dose rate). This work examines arc therapy deliveries for static and moving target in presence of acceleration limitation for gantry angular speed. We compute the shortest time of arc therapy delivery, provided different acceleration limitations are imposed. The problem of arc delivery to moving target is a complex optimal control due to dependence of motion constraints on the state of the evolution. As may be expected more stringent limits on the acceleration lead to longer delivery time and the successive decrease of the mechanical strain on the gantry rotation mechanism. Results. The static prostate VMAT arc treatment investigated sets the acceleration limitations for gantry speed from 2deg/sec2 to 1.5deg/sec2 to 1.0deg/sec2 to 0.5deg /dsec2 to 0.0deg sec2. For subsequent deliveries the optimal time of therapy delivery increases appropriately from a just above 1 minute to above 3 minutes. Conclusions. The ultimate limitation imposed on the acceleration of the gantry (constant gantry speed delivery) leads to approximately threefold increase in most efficient delivery times for the example. This time increase is accompanied, by complete removal of mechanical stress on the system of the gantry motion. The constant gantry angular speed delivery is not realistically achievable for moving target when the motion is measured in real time if the planned dose delivery integrity is to be preserved.
Ethics in an age of changing technology: familiar territory or new frontiers?

Rapid advances in computer technology led computing and philosophy professionals in the late 1980s and early 1990s to examine, with considerable debate, whether new or substantially different ethical dilemmas were being created as new technologies were deployed. In librarianship, however, the effort to keep up with the steady flow of new technologies may have worked against a systematic examination of new ethical issues. This article reviews the literature to examine whether new technologies have indeed created new ethical dilemmas in librarianship. Four possible areas of concern are identified (privacy and confidentiality, acquisitions and collection development, archiving and preservation, and deskilling and gender bias). The implications for the profession are discussed.
Optimization of Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) Growth for the Development of Mid-Infrared (IR) II–VI Quantum Cascade Lasers

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers operating in the mid-infrared (IR) are being intensely pursued for environmental sensing and other important technological applications. Having demonstrated mid-IR (3 μm to 5 μm) electroluminescence (EL) from a II–VI intersubband device based on wide-band-gap (2.9 eV) Zn0.24Cd0.26Mg0.5Se on InP, there has been a drive towards production of a QC laser from these materials. To achieve lasing, waveguiding layers that straddle the active region used in the EL structure must be included. Initial attempts to grow this more complex structure resulted in degradation of the material quality. This paper presents the optimization steps required for the growth of the full QC laser structure and discusses possible mechanisms for the degraded quality.
Anti-inflammatory properties of medrysone in external ocular inflammations.

Corticosteroid treatment of ocular inflammations is restricted by the tendency of available steroids to increase intraocular pressure in susceptible patients.13 This problem initiated a search for a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory activity which produced no increased intraocular pressure. The search for such a drug began with published articles concerning the pressure reducing effect of progesterone (Becker,4 Obal,5 Posthumus,6 and Grant7). Obal reported that systemic progesterone could lower intraocular pressure significantly.
SERS beacons for multiplexed oligonucleotide detection

Gold-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) beacons have been developed, which represent a simple, biocompatible and rapid means of performing multiplexed DNA sequence detection in a non-arrayed format. These SERS beacons consist of a simple stem-loop oligonucleotide probe in its native form with one end attached to a SERS active dye molecule and the other to a gold nanoparticle, approximately 50 nm in diameter. The probe sequence is designed to achieve a stem-loop structure, with the loop portion complementary to the target sequence, similar to fluorescent molecular beacons. In the absence of the target DNA sequence, the SERS signal of the associated dye molecule is detected, representing the "ON" state of the probe. When the target sequence is hybridized to the probe, which results in an open conformation, its respective reporter dye is separated from the gold nanoparticle, producing diminished SERS signal. In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of these SERS beacons is described. We also demonstrate selective hybridization of a target sequence to one beacon in a mixture, revealing their potential for use in a multiplexed fashion.
A Practical Guide to the Comparative Case Study Method in Political Psychology

The case study, as a method of inquiry, is particularly suited to the field of political psychology. Yet there is little training in political science, and even less in psychology, on how to do case study research. Furthermore, misconceptions about case studies contribute to the methodological barrier that exists within and between the two parent disciplines. This paper reviews the various definitions and uses of case studies and integrates a number of recent insights and advances into a practical guide for conducting case study research. To this end, the paper discusses various stereotypes of the case study and offers specific steps aimed at addressing these criticisms.
Gapless Peierls transition.

For one-dimensional chains, transverse displacements of atoms produce zigzag structures, which are encountered in such diverse areas as polymers and metallic overlayers on semiconductor surfaces. Such displacements lead to an apparent reduction of translational symmetry but do not open a gap at the zone edge [gapless Peierls transition (GPT)]. The total energy remains analytic and hence the formation of zigzag chains on semiconductors is governed by material-specific interactions. The applications of the GPT ideas are illustrated by examining the stability issues and electronic structure of trans-(CH${)}_{\mathit{x}}$, Al chains on Si(001), and consequences of the tetragonal-orthorhombic transition in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Phase diagram for sodium clusters

A temperature-size (T-N) phase diagram is derived for Na clusters of up to N\ensuremath{\sim}1000 atoms. It is based on first-order pseudopotential calculations and the Lindemann criterion for melting. It contains three regions of stability: (1) a liquid (jellium) phase at temperatures above the melting line ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{M}}$(N); (2) a phase related to the body-centered-cubic structure at temperatures below the melting line; and (3) a close-packed structure at very low temperatures and sufficiently large N. The melting line drops to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{M}}$(N)=0 for N65. The phase diagram reduces asymptotically to the known phases of Na as N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, including the known martensitic transformation at T\ensuremath{\approxeq}5 K.
The Real-Balance Effect in the Great Depression

The initiating forces and contributing factors in the contraction of economic activity during the Great Depression have received a good deal of attention from students of economic history. The occurrence of concomitant falls in the price level and income level during the 1929–1934 depression period has often been cited as evidence of the real-balance effect's lack of empirical significance. In light of the recent developments in monetary theory regarding the contribution of demand deposit creation to net wealth, some reappraisal of the role of monetary wealth as a stabilizing influence in the depression period seems in order. The purpose of this article is to examine the endogenous determinants of the deposit ratios during a severe economic downturn and their relation to cyclical changes in the price level by which changes in business activity affect the stock of demand deposits, bank reserves, and thus the stock of bonds held by banks.
Long-term durability of the distal urethral polypropylene sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: minimum 11-year followup.

Purpose: We report on the long-term outcomes of the distal urethral polypropylene sling for stress urinary incontinence in a patient cohort that was closely followed and whose outcomes were reported at 1 and 5 years after surgery.Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent a distal urethral polypropylene sling procedure between November 1999 and April 2000. The 1 and 5-year outcomes for this particular patient cohort were previously reported. At the minimum 11-year followup, outcome was determined by patient self-assessment including validated questionnaires.Results: A total of 69 patients were followed prospectively and followup was obtained for 30. Of those lost to followup 10 were deceased and 5 were cognitively impaired. Mean patient age at followup was 73 years (range 40 to 97). More than 11 years after surgery 48% of patients reported no stress urinary incontinence symptoms and 63% were never bothered by stress urinary incontinence. Patients repo...
Use of Medicare Claims Data to Evaluate Outcomes in Elderly Patients Undergoing Lung Resection for Lung Cancer

Objective: To estimate, using Medicare claims data, the outcomes in elderly Americans undergoing lung resection for lung cancer. Design: We used discharge diagnosis and procedure codes in 1983 to 1985 Medicare hospital (part A) claims records to identify patients who underwent lung resection for lung cancer; we assessed perioperative, one-year, and two-year survival using Medicare enrollment file data. Patients: From a nationally random sample of 1,138,000 Medicare beneficiaries over 65 years of age, we identified 1,290 individuals who fulfilled our definition for lung resection for lung cancer. Measurements and Main Results: Overall perioperative (30-day) mortality was 7.4 percent. Postoperative survival at one and two years was 69 percent and 54 percent, respectively. Male sex, older age, and pneumonectomy, as opposed to a lesser procedure, were associated with reduced perioperative and one-year and two-year survival. The adverse effect of advanced age on one-year and two-year survival following lung resection was not explained by the lower life expectancy of older individuals. Conclusions: Medicare claims data can be used to estimate likely outcomes for elderly patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. Expected outcomes vary with the patient's age, sex, and the type of surgical procedure performed. (Chest 1991; 100:729-34)
Origin of the chloride current in olfactory transduction

In the cilia of amphibian olfactory receptor neurons, odorants elicit a receptor current that has two components: a cationic current through cAMP-gated channels and a Cl- current. Here, a cascade of ciliary currents that accounts for the total receptor current is demonstrated. In isolated olfactory cilia, cAMP sequentially activates two currents. The first is a primary cationic current through channels directly gated by cAMP. Part of this current is carried by Ca2+, which in turn activates a Cl- current. This secondary current is eliminated by the presence of Cl- channel inhibitors, replacement of Cl- with methanesulfonate-, removal of external Ca2+, or blockers of the cAMP-gated cationic channels. When cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering is low, small cationic currents can activate Cl- currents that are 20 times larger.
Rapid sex determination of chick embryos using the polymerase chain reaction 1

Abstract The sex of early chicken embryos was determined by DNA dot‐blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An oligonucleotide probe, specific to the XhoI family of repetitive DNA of the W chromosome, was hybridized to crude and purified preparations of DNA obtained from blood or cells from embryos and detected using chemiluminescence. Complete agreement was observed in sexing 100 embryos using the dot‐blot assay and visual inspection of embryonic gonadal tissue. Although the dot‐blot system was useful for determining the sex of embryos prior to and throughout incubation, the time required for hybridization and detection did not allow for the immediate manipulation of embryos. Therefore, a PCR assay was developed using primers specific to the XhoI repetitive element and rapid thermocycling with an air thermocycler. A female‐specific amplification product was observed using DNA from as few as two cells in the PCR. Furthermore, female DNA was detected in mixtures of male and female DNA a...
Laboratory Schools as Places of Inquiry: A Collaborative Journey for Two Laboratory Schools

Research Findings: Although there have been organizations that have supported cross-university collaboration (e.g., the National Organization of Child Development Laboratory Schools and the National Coalition of Campus Child Care), most laboratory schools have not engaged in sustained cross-program collaboration in order to advance their missions. This narrative describes an innovative and sustained collaborative journey of 2 university laboratory schools that share similar program philosophies and a common value for teacher research with children and preservice teachers. These 2 groups of faculty have developed a unique cross-university collaborative inquiry. Practice or Policy: The authors share highlights of their journey and their insights regarding the positive outcomes of their collaboration, including building a community of practice, articulating their practices, becoming a collective catalyst for change, and providing opportunities for professional development to occur on a daily basis within the...
Survey of effective and practical solutions for longer-term voltage stability

Abstract We survey some of the more effective and practical solutions to the voltage stability challenges facing electric utilities. Solutions are grouped by the distribution/load, transmission, and generation subsystems of a power system. Most of the effective (cost-effective) solutions involve controls and, in some cases, tele-communications.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of seeded epitaxial Co/Pt superlattices

Abstract In this paper we describe the results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of MBE-grown Co/Pt superlattices. These studies were made on superlattices grown along the three major axes of Pt: [111], [110], [001], on Ag films grown on GaAs substrates. Cross-section, transmission electron micrographs of [3.2A Co-16.7 A Pt]n superlattices reveal a high density of stacking faults on the (111) planes for [111] oriented superlattices. In addition, plane-view transmission electron diffraction patterns showed intense Bragg diffractions originating from a high density of steps and stacking faults in the superlattice. For the [110] and [001] oriented superlattices stacking faults were not observed. It is suggested that a combination of limited interdiffusion, partial ordering of the alloy and stacking faults may contribute to the suggested that a combination of limited interdiffusion, partial ordering of the alloy and stacking faults may contribute to the perpendicular anisotropy observed for the [111] superlattices.
Arrowhead encodes a LIM homeodomain protein that distinguishes subsets of Drosophila imaginal cells.

Abstract The Arrowhead gene encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor required for establishment of a subset of imaginal tissues: the abdominal histoblasts and the salivary gland imaginal rings. Consistent with its role in development, during embryogenesis Arrowhead is expressed in each abdominal segment and in the labial segment. Late in embryonic development, expression is refined to the abdominal histoblasts and salivary gland imaginal ring cells themselves. When ectopically expressed in imaginal disc cells, Arrowhead causes programmed cell death and loss of corresponding adult structures. Therefore, Arrowhead expression is required for development of one set of imaginal cells and is incompatible with development of another, emphasizing the specificity of Arrowhead and the sensitivity of different target cells to its expression. Loss-of-function mutations in Arrowhead affect conserved or invariant amino acids in the LIM- and homeo-domains demonstrating the importance of these residues in LIM homeodomain protein activity.
Dinucleotide microsatellite loci isolated from flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.)

We report eight variable dinucleotide microsatellite loci cloned from flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) using a biotin enrichment protocol. Degenerate oligonucleotide primer-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) was used to generate a population of DNA fragments, from which adenine-cytosine dinucleotide (AC) and adenine-guanine dinucleotide (AG) repeats were captured using biotinylated probes and streptavidin coated magnetic particles. The captured fragments were cloned into plasmids, and the plasmid library was screened for microsatellites using a simple PCR technique. Selected plasmids were sequenced, and PCR primers were designed and optimized using a thermal-gradient thermocycler. The loci reported are highly variable with an average of 9.25 allele per locus and an average heterozygosity of 0.84.
The Effects of Antiformin-Citric Acid Chemical Curettage on the Microbial Flora of the Periodontal Pocket*

This study investigated the hypothesis that antiformin-citric acid chemical curettage combined with scaling and root planing (SRP/AF) would significantly reduce pathogenic bacteria of the periodontal pocket when compared to scaling and root planing alone (SRP). Ten patients with moderate periodontitis participated. Four pockets per patient, one in each posterior sextant, were chosen. Pocket depths, attachment levels, and gingival index (GI) were measured. Bacterial samples were examined under dark-field microscope for: (1) spirochetes, (2) motile rods, and (3) all others. A randomized four-sextant treatment design was used. One sextant received no treatment, a second received SRP, and the two remaining sextants received identical treatments of SRP/AF. Of these two sextants, one was sampled at baseline and 12 weeks only in order to serve as an additional control. The remaining sextants were sampled at 1,4, 8, and 12 weeks. Both SRP and SRP/AF significantly reduced the percentage of spirochetes and motile r...
Inactivation of Microorganisms in a Semisolid Model Food Using High Voltage Pulsed Electric Fields

Abstract Inactivation of microorganisms in a semisolid model food was investigated using pulsed electric fields. Three microorganisms, Escherichia coil (ATCC 11229). Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 16664), were inoculated into a model food (potato dextrose agar) in fluid form and treated with high voltage pulsed electric fields (PEF) in semisolid form. The PEF microbial inactivation was proportional to the number and duration of pulses. Five to six log cycles of microbial inactivation were obtained for the three microorganisms tested in the model food. Microbial inactivation in this semisolid model food was found sufficient for the purpose of food pasteurization.
The Birthdate Effect A Maturational Effect

There are high positive correlations between the percentages of learning disabled children and their months of birth in Hawaii. The relationships are similar for the sexes and do not decrease with age. The LD children born early or late in the year show differences in variability of IQ subtests and age of referral. This, together with a trend towards IQ differences, suggests that simple immaturity at school entrance is an insufficient explanation for the relationships observed. An investigation of the neuropsychological characteristics of early-born and late-born LD children is in progress.
Radiology trainees' comfort with difficult conversations and attitudes about error disclosure: effect of a communication skills workshop.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the effect of communication skills training on radiology trainees' (1) comfort with communicating directly with patients and family members about unexpected or difficult diagnoses ("bad news"), radiologic errors, and radiation risks and (2) attitudes about disclosing radiologic errors directly to patients and their families. Methods One hundred nine radiology trainees from 16 US programs were asked to complete questionnaires immediately before and after attending an institutional review board–exempted, full-day communication workshop. Questionnaires assessed (1) comfort communicating with patients and their families generally and about bad news, radiologic errors, and radiation risks specifically; (2) attitudes and behavioral intent regarding a hypothetical vignette involving a radiologic error; and (3) desire for additional communication training. Results All trainees completed the questionnaires. After completing the workshop, more trainees reported comfort communicating with patients about bad news, errors, and radiation risks (pre vs post, 44% vs 73%, 25% vs 44%, and 34% vs 58%, respectively, P P = .002) and apologize (pre vs post, 78% vs 94%; P P Conclusions This program provides effective communication training for radiology trainees. Many trainees desire more such programs.
Digital libraries: technological advances and social impacts

Public awareness of the Net as a critical infrastructure in the 1990s has spurred a new revolution in the technologies for information retrieval in digital libraries. The paper discusses a range of research projects that investigate the development and usage of new information technology for substantial collections.
Biomass stakeholder views and concerns: Environmental groups and some trade association

This exploratory study of the views and concerns of 25 environmental organizations found high interest and concern about which biomass feedstocks would be used and how these biomass materials would be converted to energy. While all favored renewable energy over fossil or nuclear energy, opinion diverged over whether energy crops, residues, or both should be the primary source of a biomass/bioenergy fuel cycle. About half of the discussants favored biomass ``in general'' as a renewable energy source, while the others were distributed about equally over five categories, from favor-with-conditions, uncertain, skeptical, opposed, to ``no organizational policy.''
Single-strand breakage on binding of DNA to cells in the genetic transformation of Diplococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Mutants of Diplococcus pneumoniae that lack a membrane-localized DNAase are defective in transformation because entry of DNA into the cell is blocked. Such mutants still bind DNA on the outside of the cell. The bound DNA is double-stranded and its double-stranded molecular weight is unchanged. Its sedimentation behavior in alkali, however, shows that it has undergone single-strand breakage. The breaks are located randomly in both strands of the bound DNA at a mean separation of 2 × 106 daltons of single-stranded DNA. Both binding and single-strand breakage occur in the presence of EDTA. Single-strand breaks are similarly formed on binding of DNA to normally transformable cells in the presence of EDTA. The single-strand breaks appear to be a consequence of attachment. DNA may be bound to the cell surface at the point of breakage. A mutant that is partially blocked in entry also binds DNA mainly on the outside of the cell. In the presence of EDTA, DNA bound by this mutant undergoes only single-strand breaks. In the absence of EDTA, however, double-strand breaks occur, apparently as a result of the initiation of entry. It is possible that the double-strand breaks arise from additional single-strand breaks opposite those that occurred on binding. The double-strand breaks presumably result from action of the membrane DNAase as it begins to release oligonucleotides from one strand segment while drawing the complementary strand segment into the cell.
N-Myristoylation and βγ Play Roles beyond Anchorage in the Palmitoylation of the G Protein αoSubunit

Many of the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) are palmitoylated, a modification proposed to play a key role in the stable anchorage of the subunits to the plasma membrane. Palmitoylation of alpha subunits from the G(i) family is preceded by N-myristoylation, which alone or together with betagamma probably supports a reversible interaction of the alpha subunit with membrane as a prerequisite to the eventual incorporation of palmitate. Previous studies have not addressed, however, the question of whether membrane association alone, carried out through N-myristoylation, interaction with betagamma, or other events, is sufficient for palmitoylation. We report here for alpha(o) that it is not. We found that N-myristoylation is required for palmitoylation at least in part because it supports events subsequent to membrane attachment. Mutants of alpha(o) designed to target the subunit to membrane without an N-myristoyl group are unable to be palmitoylated as evaluated by incorporation of [(3)H]palmitate. Mutants of alpha(o) unable to interact normally with betagamma yet still attach to membrane demonstrate that betagamma, in contrast, is not required for palmitoylation. betagamma becomes necessary, however, when the N-myristoyl group is absent. Our results suggest that N-myristoylation and betagamma, while almost certainly relevant to the reversible interaction of alpha(o) with membrane, also play at least partly overlapping, post-anchorage roles in palmitoylation.
On linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations

Abstract The decomposition method (Adomian, “Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations,” Academic Press, New York, in press; “Stochastic Systems,” Academic Press, New York 1983) is shown to be applicable to integro-differential operator equations.
Perspectives, Perceptions, and Risk-Taking Behavior

Abstract Several organizational researchers have recently argued that the propositions of Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) prospect theory are in conflict with commonly held notions of risk taking for opportunities and risk aversion for threats. This investigation was an attempt to empirically separate threat and opportunity perceptions from loss and gain perspectives. Experiment 1 ( N = 244) revealed that most decision makers, faced with a traditional framing problem, perceived the risky alternative as an opportunity when they were in the loss domain, but perceived it as a threat when they were in the gain domain. Experiment 2 showed that framing the same (loss and gain) problems as threats versus opportunities influenced risk taking, such that management students ( N = 84) were more risk taking for opportunity-framed problems and risk averse for threat-framed problems. At the same time, the students took more risks for the loss problem than for the gain problem. We conclude that threat and opportunity perceptions are theoretically and empirically distinguishable from loss and gain perspectives.
A Walsh—Fourier Analysis of the Effects of Moderate Maternal Alcohol Consumption on Neonatal Sleep-State Cycling

Abstract Recent discussions of the functional significance of ultradian rhythms emphasize their importance to human physiology. Over the past 25 years, electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns have been used in assessing the cerebral and central nervous system maturation of neonates. Through an interdisciplinary effort, spectral (Fourier) methods have been developed to discriminate between the various stages of sleep based on EEG recordings. Nevertheless, there has been little effort to develop methods for the statistical analysis of sleep-state cycling. In particular, attention has primarily been focused on the ultradian rhythm of sleep as it cycles between two states, active or rapid eye movement (REM) and quiet or non-REM sleep. There are, however, several components of REM and non-REM sleep, as well as a transitional state (indeterminate sleep) and abrupt alterations of state (arousal). Moreover, few studies have investigated the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the neurophysiological devel...
Concerning Variations in the Application of the Phenomenological Method

We are living in an era when many qualitative research methods are being introduced into psychology. Among the qualitative methods being introduced are phenomenological methods based on different phenomenological philosophers. Not unexpectedly, different psychologists are interpreting the primary philosophers in different ways. This article reviews the methods articulated by psychologists who claim to follow Husserl at least partially. Some of the variations that exist among the methods articulated by Colaizzi, Hycner, Moustakas, van Manen, and Karlsson are noted and discussed. While an orthodox methodology is not being proposed, it is nevertheless argued that not all variations can be justified. In addition, it is emphasized that strategies for researching phenomena differ from those focusing on individuals.
The derivative of the exponential matrix with respect to a matrix

The gradient matrix and its extensions have been useful tools in estimation theory [1], [3], [6]. Vetter developed the generalization to matrix-valued functions [4], [8]. Vetter's theory is extended here to include the differentiation of the exponential of a matrix function.
The Brugada syndrome

Brugada syndrome describes the syndrome of sudden cardiac death in the setting of the following electrocardiographic findings: right bundle branch block pattern with ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads. The right bundle branch block may be incomplete while the ST segment elevation is minimal. The electrocardiographic findings are not constant. Patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome should be promptly referred for electrophysiological testing and treatment. Rapid referral and placement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas failure to diagnose this condition is associated with a high risk for sudden death. Therefore, it is imperative that all emergency physicians be familiar with the typical ECG manifestations of Brugada syndrome. Three illustrative cases are presented with a review of the syndrome.
70-nm contact hole pattern with shrink technology

The present paper demonstrates the applicability of thermal flow resist to print sub-0.1micrometers contact holes using 248nm lithography. With the thermal flow resist, 200nm contact holes were defined by KrF lithography system. Then following one step thermal flow resulted in down to 70nm contact holes with vertical sidewall profile. The main feature of the thermal flow resist is one step process having the linear dependency of flow rate on baking temperature. As the results, thermal flow resists pattern shrinkage controlled by post development baking temperature. Resist flowing occurred post development temperature was higher than Tg. Baking temperature was not the dominant factor from the contact hole shrinkage size curve. The thermal flow process using the thermal flow resist is a promising candidate for the fabrication of gigabit devices.
Polyaniline is poly-para-phenyleneamineimine: proof of structure by synthesis

Abstract We present a new method for the preparation of polyaromatic amines. This regiospecific procedure was employed to prove the structure of polyaniline and to shed light on the mechanism of Bronsted acid doping.
Temperature-jump kinetics of the dC-G-T-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G double helix containing a G . T base pair and the dC-G-C-A-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G double helix containing an extra adenine.

The kinetics of helix formation were investigated using the temperature-jump technique for the following two molecules: dC-G-T-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G, which forms a double helix containing a G.T base pair (the G.T 12-mer), and dC-G-C-A-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G, which forms a double helix containing an extra adenine (the 13-mer). When data were analyzed in an all-or-none model, the activation energy for the helix association process was 22 +/- 4 kcal/mol for the G.T 12-mer and 16 +/- 7 kcal/mol for the 13-mer. The activation energy for the helix-dissociation process was 68 +/- 2 kcal/mol for the G.T 12-mer and 74 +/- 3 kcal/ for the 13-mer. Rate constants for recombination were near 10/sup 5/ s/sup -1/ M/sup -1/ inthe temperature range from 32 to 47/sup 0/C; for the dissociation process, the rate constants varied from 1 s/sup -1/ near 32/sup 0/C to 130 s/sup -1/ near 47/sup 0/C. Possible effects of hairpin loops and fraying ends on the above data are discussed. 19 references, 3 figures, 4 tables.
Some approximations in the linear dynamic equations of thin cylinders

Theoretical analysis is performed on the linear dynamic equations of thin cylindrical shells to find the error committed by making the Donnell assumption and the neglect of in-plane inertia. At first, the effect of these approximations is studied on a shell with classical simply supported boundary condition. The same approximations are then investigated for other boundary conditions from a consistent approximate solution of the eigenvalue problem. The Donnell assumption is valid at frequencies high compared with the ring frequencies, for finite length thin shells. The error in the eigenfrequencies from omitting tangential inertia is appreciable for modes with large circumferential and axial wavelengths, independent of shell thickness and boundary conditions.
Neonatal truncus arteriosus repair: Surgical techniques and clinical management

Truncus arteriosus is now ideally repaired in the neonatal period with low morbidity and mortality. Published reports have documented mortality rates in the range of 4% to 5% with mean age at repair as low as 11 days. The physiologic basis for improved outcomes with earlier repair is the avoidance of damaging sequelae of pulmonary overcirculation and heart failure. Data show that baseline mean pulmonary artery pressure is lower in infants undergoing earlier repair. Improved operative outcomes also have been achieved with aggressive truncal valve repair versus replacement in the presence of truncal valve dysfunction, right ventricular outflow tract reconstructive techniques that are patient anatomy-specific, and use of regional perfusion techniques for repair of associated interrupted aortic arch. In addition, a heightened awareness of anomalies of coronary artery ostial location, number, angle of takeoff, and degree of patency can result in avoidance of inadvertent injury to the artery and associated myocardial insult. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris.

Abstract Acne affects between 40 to 50 million individuals in the United States. Recent findings regarding the multifactorial pathogenesis of acne have facilitated a reexamination of the classification of acne and acne-related disorders. Disorders without a microcomedo as the initial pathologic condition are no longer classified as "acne." Research has also identified that the clinical characteristics of acne vary with age, pubertal status, gender, and race. These findings may have implications for the clinical management of acne and acne-related disorders. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:S34-7.)
Treatment Outcome Research with Abused Children: Methodological Considerations in Three Studies

This article reviews three new studies of treatment outcome for abused children and discusses their methodological implications. Among those issues considered are measurement quality, level of experimental design, potential sources of bias, clinical significance, real-world generalizability, and prediction of treatment outcome.
Optical clock recovery demonstration using periodic oscillations of a hybrid electrooptic bistable system

Optical clock recovery using the periodic oscillations (also known as Ikeda oscillations) that arise from the astable behavior of a Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ Mach-Zehnder modulator with delayed feedback at a frequency of 13.6 MHz is discussed. The jitter performance of the timing extraction scheme for several input patterns is presented. The circuit provides gain, and its speed can be improved by monolithic integration of the modulator and the feedback-loop components. >
Why is a technical baseline important on a non-engineering technical project?

The engineering world understands that a technical baseline is the foundation for success on any major project.12 This cornerstone of systems development is the official source of critical data that will be used by all project participants, provides the framework for the standard communication language of the project, and most importantly is the reference design where change is identified and controlled over the project lifecycle.
Frequency-aware energy optimization for real-time periodic and aperiodic tasks

Energy efficiency is an important factor in embedded systems design. We consider an embedded system with a dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) capable processor and its system-wide power consumption is dominated by the processor and memory. We present speed assignment polices for a set of periodic/aperiodic tasks that minimize the overall system energy consumption including active and idle power of CPU and other components. A limitation of most DVS-based system-wide energy optimization techniques is that they assume the number of worst-case execution cycles (WCEC) of a task is a constant, independent of CPU frequency. This is not the case when other system components such as memory are taken into account. In this paper, we decompose task execution time into two parts: on-chip inside CPU and off-chip outside the CPU. We propose a frequency-aware system-wide energy minimization approach and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality. By exploiting properties of the conditions, we derive a bisection algorithm that finds the optimal solution to offline periodict asks in a linear time complexity. We apply a similar analytical approach to online aperiodic tasks scheduling and devise an iterative speed assignment algorithm in the complexity of O(n2). We prove it is optimal among all online algorithms without assumptions about future task releases.
Gas Chromatography of Estriol in Pregnancy Urine

Many methods have been reported for the determination of urinary estriol as an index of placental function. Frandsen (1) has summarized the status of this determination up to 1963 in a mongraph. Most chemical methods are modifications of the method of Brown (2). This laboratory has used a chemical procedure involving alumina column chromatography followed by colorimetry (3). The present report describes how the method was modified for use with a gas chromatograph.
Associations of Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Concentrations With Death and Progression to Maintenance Dialysis in Patients With Advanced Kidney Disease

Background Low vitamin D concentrations are prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the relationship between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH] 2 D) concentrations with death, cardiovascular events, and dialysis therapy initiation in patients with advanced CKD. Study Design The HOST (Homocysteinemia in Kidney and End Stage Renal Disease) Study was a randomized double-blind trial evaluating the effects of high doses of folic acid on death and long-term dialysis therapy initiation in patients with advanced CKD (stages 4 and 5 not yet on dialysis therapy). 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D were measured in stored plasma samples obtained 3 months after trial initiation and evaluated at clinically defined cutoffs ( 30 ng/mL) and tertiles ( 22 pg/mL), respectively. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between vitamin D concentrations and clinical outcomes. Setting & Participants 1,099 patients with advanced CKD from 36 Veteran Affairs Medical Centers. Predictors 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D concentrations. Outcomes Death, cardiovascular events, and time to initiation of long-term dialysis therapy. Results After a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 41% (n = 453) died, whereas 56% (n = 615) initiated dialysis therapy. Mean 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D concentrations were 21 ± 10 ng/mL and 20 ± 11 pg/mL, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, the lowest tertile of 1,25(OH) 2 D was associated with death (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.01-1.74) and initiation of long-term dialysis therapy (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.40-2.26) compared with the highest tertile. The association with death and initiation of dialysis therapy was moderately attenuated after adjustment for plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) concentrations (HRs of lower tertiles of 1.20 [95% CI, 0.91-1.58] and 1.56 [95% CI, 1.23-1.99], respectively, compared with highest tertile). There was no association between 25(OH)D concentrations and outcomes. Limitations Participants were mostly men. Conclusions Low plasma 1,25(OH) 2 D concentrations are associated with death and initiation of long-term dialysis therapy in patients with advanced CKD. FGF-23 level may attentuate this relationship.