cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercultural Education for the Twenty-First Century: A Comparative Review of Research

Based on the assumption that globalization should not imply homogenization, it is important for education to promote dialogue and intercultural understanding. The first appearance of the term ‘intercultural education’ in Europe dates back to 1983, when European ministers of education at a conference in Berlin, in a resolution for the schooling of migrant children, highlighted the intercultural dimension of education (Portera in Intercultural Education 19:481–491, 2008). One of the mandates of intercultural education is to promote intercultural dialogue, meaning dialogue that is “open and respectful” and that takes place between individuals or groups “with different ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic backgrounds and heritage on the basis of mutual understanding and respect” (Council of Europe in White paper on intercultural dialogue: Living together as equals in dignity. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 10, 2008). Such backgrounds and heritages form cultural identities, not limited to ethnic, religious and linguistic ones, as culture is a broader concept including several layers such as “experience, interest, orientation to the world, values, dispositions, sensibilities, social languages, and discourses” (Cope and Kalantzis in Pedagogies: An International Journal 4:173, 2009). As cultural identities are multi-layered, so is cultural diversity, and therefore it becomes a challenge for educators and researchers to address it (Hepple et al. in Teaching and Teacher Education 66:273–281, 2017). Referring to Leclercq (The lessons of thirty years of European co-operation for intercultural education, Steering Committee for Education, Strasbourg, 2002), Hajisoteriou and Angelides (International Journal of Inclusive Education 21:367, 2017) argue that “intercultural education aims to stress the dynamic nature of cultural diversity as an unstable mixture of sameness and otherness.” This challenge relates to the dynamic concept of culture itself, as socially constructed, and continuously shaped and reshaped through communicative interactions (Holmes et al. in Intercultural Education 26:16–30, 2015).
Regionally divergent roles of the South Korean state in adopting improved crop varieties and commercializing agriculture (1960–1980): a case study of areas in Jeju and Jeollanamdo

The South Korean government’s historical efforts to introduce improved crop varieties have been ambiguously successful. State-bred rice varieties helped achieve national food production goals during the Green Revolution of the 1970s, but these varieties were highly unpopular and were abandoned soon, as the government stopped promoting them. This paper contrasts that experience with the simultaneous successful introduction of an improved variety of tangerine (Citrus unshiu) as a cash crop in Jeju Province. Smallholders of Jeju found space for the high-return fruit in the existing land use system, including the partial conservation of agrobiodiversity without critically risking their subsistence-based food security. Citrus in general was a spatially less-demanding crop that farmers could partly co-cultivate with subsistence crops, while state-bred rice varieties occupied farmland exclusive of other varieties and rice’s double crops. Additionally, by employing political ecology, this paper asserts that the different roles of the state in introducing the two crops and the different regions were other factors behind such divergent adoption outcomes. Considering rice, the state was highly interventionist, because the government depended on rice-producing regions to “feed the nation”; with regard to non-staple-crop production in low-productivity, hard-to-develop regions like Jeju, in contrast, the government gave farmers more autonomy, thus allowing farmers to determine their own space and pace for citrus adoption. The study critically investigates the variable of spatial compatibility between a crop and the land system and sheds light on the current development mission to harmonize the cultivation of food and cash crops.
Avoid the Phrase "No Drainable Fluid Collection" When Interpreting Examinations for Suspected Odontogenic Infection.

The phrase “no drainable fluid collection” harbors implicit management guidelines that may be inappropriate in the setting of acute odontogenic infection. For many emergency department physicians, ...
Tumor Microenvironment-Associated Pericyte Populations May Impact Therapeutic Response in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and aggressive radioactive iodine refractory thyroid carcinomas still lack an effective treatment. A deeper understanding of tumor heterogeneity and microenvironment will be critical to establishing new therapeutic approaches. One of the important influencing factors of tumor heterogeneity is the diversity of cells in the tumor microenvironment. Among these are pericytes, which play an important role in blood vessel stability and angiogenesis, as well as tumor growth and metastasis. Pericytes also have stem cell-like properties and are a heterogeneous cell population, and their lineage, which has been challenging to define, may impact tumor resistance at different tumor stages. Pericytes are also important stroma cell types in the angiogenic microenvironment which express tyrosine-kinase (TK) pathways (e.g., PDGFR-β). Although TK inhibitors (TKI) and BRAFV600E inhibitors are currently used in the clinic for thyroid cancer, their efficacy is not durable and drug resistance often develops. Characterizing the range of distinct pericyte populations and distinguishing them from other perivascular cell types may enable the identification of their specific functions in the thyroid carcinoma vasculature. This remains an essential step in developing new therapeutic strategies. Also, assessing whether thyroid tumors hold immature and/or mature vasculature with pericyte populations coverage may be key to predicting tumor response to either targeted or anti-angiogenesis therapies. It is also critical to apply different markers in order to identify pericyte populations and characterize their cell lineage. This chapter provides an overview of pericyte ontogenesis and the lineages of diverse cell populations. We also discuss the role(s) and targeting of pericytes in thyroid carcinoma, as well as their potential impact on precision targeted therapies and drug resistance.
Three-Point Belt Induced Injuries: A Comparison Between Laboratory Surrogates and Real World Accident Victims

Injuries produced by standard three-point restraint systems with retractors are compared between cadavers in laboratory simulated collisions at 30 mph barrier equivalent speed and lap and shoulder belted front seat occupants in real world frontal collisions of '73-'75 full sized cars. Tests conducted at Southwest Research Institute with belted, unembalmed, fresh cadavers have resulted in extremely severe thoracic and cervical injuries, including multiple rib fractures, fractures of the sternum, clavicle and cervical vertebrae. On the other hand, injury data from a national accident investigation study to evaluate the effectiveness of restraints in late model passenger cars indicates that such injuries in real world crashes of equivalent severity are not always observed. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Immunologic properties of mouse thymus cells: membrane antigen patterns. Associated with various cell subpopulations

Abstract The membrane antigen components of mouse thymus cells and fractions derived from BSA density gradient centrifugation were assayed by quantitative cytotoxicity tests. Two subpopulations were identified on the basis of average density and antigen patterns. The major subpopulation consisted of small lymphoid cells and comprised 80%–90% of all cells, was of high relative density and rich in θ, TL, G IX , Ly-A, Ly-B, and Ly-C, but contained little or no H-2. The minor subpopulation was chiefly large lymphoid cells, comprised 10%–15% of cells, was of low relative density, was relatively rich in H-2 but low in θ and Ly antigens, and contained no detectable TL or G IX . This minor subpopulation was identical in density and antigen patterns to those cells remaining in the thymus after short-term cortisone treatment or whole-body irradiation. It could also be reproduced by treating whole thymus with anti-TL or anti-θ sera. The antigenic attributes of this minor subpopulation differed from those of spleen lymphocytes only with respect to average density.
A Review of “White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush”

As Byron Daynes and Glen Sussman readily acknowledge, the environment is a secondary or tertiary issue for the modern presidents. Yet these authors transform this unfortunate truth into an advantag...
HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION AS A TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONTROL OF DREAMING

Dream research is almost exclusively a matter of correlational research. We have, of course, learned a great deal about the nature of nocturnal dreaming as a result of correlational studies, and I have no doubt that we will continue to learn a great deal from them. If we could supplement correlational studies with functional studies, however, we could probably progress a good deal faster in our understanding of dreaming. What I would like to discuss are some attempts of mine to develop hypnotic suggestion or, more precisely, posthypnotic suggestion as a powerful and precise technique which would allow functional studies of dreaming and some speculations about the usefulness of such a technique and where it might lead us.
Learning to diagnose by doing

This paper is a study on the process of evolution of a novice to an expert in a diagnostic context. In this paper, we have chosen an abstract example of a diagnostic problem. The results in this article are based on a longitudinal study of a single subject. The empirical base is a protocol of the subject as he solved this problem until he mastered the most sophisticated strategy. Based on an analysis of the protocol, we have identified four different strategies that were used by the subject to solve the given set of problems. These strategies vary in their efficiency of diagnosis and in their modes of reasoning. We also identify the different operators that were used by the subject to transform one strategy into a more efficient one. The learning process has been implemented as a computer simulation. Finally, we discuss the hypotheses that are suggested by this experiment and the implications of our observations.
The Collateral Anti-Therapeutic Effects of the Death Penalty

The death penalty debate in the United States typically pits the offensiveness of the crime and offender and the societal need for this extreme punishment as an expression of moral outrage against evidence of arbitrariness, the risk of executing an innocent person and other systemic injustices. Most recently, in these tough economic times, the extraordinary financial cost of the death penalty has been thrown into the balance. There are additional costs, however, that are rarely acknowledged in the death penalty debate - the human costs. Tens of thousands of people in the United States who are not on death row are intimately affected by current death sentences and past executions. This essay provides evidence - some of it first hand - of these human costs as measured by the anti-therapeutic effects of traumatic stress. Its focus is on the four groups: death row lawyers, family members of the condemned, murder victim family members, and the execution team. Therapeutic jurisprudence calls upon law-makers and law-advocates to understand and to consider both the therapeutic and anti-therapeutic effects a law has on individuals and on communities. This essay makes the case that in assessing the value of the death penalty, legislators must consider its collateral emotional and psychological damage.
Mechanisms by Which Gram‐Positive Bacteria and Tobacco Smoke Stimulate Mucin Induction through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)

Mucin, the major macromolecular component of mucus, is generally considered to be a protective substance. When overproduced in a variety of lung diseases, however, mucin gives rise to clinical problems such as airway obstruction and recurrent infection. Our approach to identifying drug targets for the control of mucin overproduction is the analysis of cellular signalling pathways linking stimuli in the diseased lung to mucin transcription. Here we show that mucin transcription in response to both gram-positive bacteria and tobacco smoke is mediated through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The mode of activation of EGFR in response to bacterial lipoteichoic acid involves cleavage of the transmembrane ligand HBEGF by ADAM 10, whereas the activation of EGFR in response to smoke involves cleavage of amphiregulin by ADAM 17.
Research Programmes, Productivity, and Usage Statistics for the 0.9m Telescopes at Kitt Peak

Current research programmes using the smaller telescopes at Kitt Peak include spectroscopy, photometry, and imaging of clusters, variable stars, nebulae, and extragalactic objects. Their scientific productivity is competitive with the 4m and 2.1m telescopes. Subscription rates indicate that when advanced instrumentation is made available on a small telescope, the demand will increase significantly.
Ethnic Differences in Nonverbal Pain Behaviors Observed in Older Adults with Dementia

Abstract Research supports using nonverbal pain behaviors to identify pain in persons with dementia. It is unknown whether variations exist among ethnic groups in the expression of nonverbal pain behaviors in this special population. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine ethnic differences in the presentation and intensity of nonverbal pain behaviors among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic older adults with dementia when screened for pain by certified nursing assistants. Six certified nursing assistants were trained to review and score 28 video recordings of subjects with dementia for nonverbal pain behaviors using the Non-Communicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument. Chi-square was used to examine differences among ethnic groups with regard to the display of nonverbal pain behaviors, and ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in the intensity of overall pain across ethnic groups. Of the 168 assessments, pain words (28%), pain noises (29.8%), and pain faces (28%) were observed most often as indicators of pain. Rubbing, bracing, and restlessness were rarely noted. Chi-square analysis revealed ethnic differences in the expression of pain words (χ 2 = 19.167, p
Zero-voltage-transition converters using a simple magnetic feedback technique

This paper presents a simple active energy recovery circuit which can be magnetically coupled to any isolated or nonisolated switching power converter to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the power devices. Converters using this soft-switching technique exhibit low voltage and current stresses characteristic of hard-switched PWM converters, yet achieve ZVS thus enabling higher frequency operation. Based on this technique, an experimental 300 W, 250 kHz boost converter is designed for offline power factor correction. Steady-state analysis as well as simulations are also presented. >
Creating New Operational Concepts for Global Automated ATM Systems

With the availability of new CNS (Communications, Navigation and Guidance, Surveillance), tools as described by the ICAO FANS agreement and the potential of new tools for Automation at the ATC controller’s console, the aviation world is once again in the same position as it was in 1945 when radar and ground based radio-navigation aids were introduced to create the present forms of ATC operations. But instead of providing the tools and waiting to see what the operational people will create in the form of new ATC operating procedures with them, the size and global scope of the new investments make it necessary to do a proper, top down approach to engineering a new ATM system which brings real benefits to the aviation community. This means predetermining the set of new Operational Concepts and the details of their procedures which are safe and economical, which allow compatible transitions under mixed old and new operations, and which provide a significant increase in capacity needed in certain high density traffic areas. This paper is concerned with establishing a framework for describing and analyzing new ATC Operational Concepts.
Radar observations of highly-transient meteor and related plasma phenomena at Jicamarca Radio Observatory

We describe a variety of MLT (Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere) transient—microsecond through a few seconds—phenomena observed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) with a few additional examples from Arecibo Observatory (AO). The primary source of these transient events is the meteoroid flux. However, a significant fraction are likely electrodynamic in nature and include EEJ- (Equatorial ElectroJet) and 150 km echo-related phenomena. These results introduce new HARM (High Altitude Radar Meteor; B. Gao, and J. D. Mathews, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 446, 2015, pp. 3404–3415, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2176) events extending to ∼180 km altitude. Also given are examples of meteoroid fragmentation and flaring and detailed observations of Field-Aligned Irregularity (FAI) and RSTE (Range-Spread, Trail-Echo) development following meteoroid flares. New features of these observations include the simultaneous use of six-receiver interferometry (holography) for angle-of-arrival-ambiguity removal and a hybrid interferometry/compressed-sensing technique that yields unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution of transient events.
Localization of specific [3H]dexamethasone binding in urethan-induced mouse lung tumors.

Pulmonary tumors induced in A/J mice 14 months after a single i.p. injection of urethan vary greatly in size. Since glucocorticoids may play a major role in regulating lung cell proliferation, glucocorticoid binding was examined in these tumors to determine whether tumor size was related to any specific pattern of [3H]dexamethasone ([3H]DEX) binding. Tumor samples were incubated in vitro with 17 nm [3H]DEX for 90 min at 37°, washed extensively to reduce nonspecific binding, and either fractionated by differential centrifugation to quantify nuclear and cytosolic binding or processed for autoradiography. Quantitative binding studies demonstrate a reduction in specific nuclear [3H]DEX binding and an increase in nonspecific cytosolic binding in all of the tumors examined as compared to normal adult lung. Autoradiographic studies reveal pulmonary tumors of different morphology which vary in their [3H]DEX binding characteristics. Small tumors were of two histological patterns, alveolar adenomas which are probably derived from alveolar type II cells and papillary adenomas which are probably derived from bronchiolar Clara cells. The alveolar adenomas contain little nuclear [3H]DEX binding, whereas the papillary adenomas show extensive nuclear localization of [3H]DEX. These results indicate that nuclear localization of [3H]DEX can provide a biochemical criterion for distinguishing alveolar from papillary adenomas. Most of the larger tumors were either papillary or anaplastic in morphology and localized [3H]DEX in their nuclei. This suggests that these larger and possibly more malignant tumors are derived from papillary adenomas.
Late-stage coarsening dynamics in phase separating systems : simulation results

Abstract Simulations of diffusional interactions among precipitate particles with a given instantaneous size distribution and volume fraction are referred to as snapshot simulations. Dynamic (time-dependent) and snapshot simulations of large ensembles of coarsening particles with monopolar and dipolar interactions are presented. The snapshot simulations show that the deviation of coarsening rates from that of the infinite dilution limit of TLS varies as 3√V v or √V v (Debye screening) depending on the range of volume fraction and number of particles in the system. Dynamic simulation results of the same system confirm the cubic growth law of particles showing that they are in the asymptotic regime. The deviation of coarsening rates from TLS from dynamic simulations is larger than that predicted by the snapshot simulations at V v = 0.10 and higher. The results of the snapshot and dynamic simulations however agree at volume fractions ≤0.01. Structure factor calculations indicate that the scaled structure factor S(q) ~ q −4 (Porod's law) at large values of wave number q , consistent with the presence of sharp interfaces between the droplet and matrix phases.
Rotator cuff tendonitis in lymphedema: A retrospective case series

Abstract Herrera JE, Stubblefield MD. Rotator cuff tendonitis in lymphedema: a retrospective case series. Objectives To report rotator cuff tendonitis as a complication of lymphedema and to discuss the possible etiology and treatment options. Design Retrospective review of 8 cases. Setting University hospital outpatient clinic. Participants A total of 8 breast cancer patients with a history of lymphedema and ipsilateral shoulder pain. Intervention Patients with lymphedema and ipsilateral shoulder pain were diagnosed with rotator cuff tendonitis if all of the following 3 tests were positive: supraspinatus test, Neer's impingement test, and Hawkin's impingement test. Patients diagnosed with rotator cuff tendonitis were prescribed a nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and physical therapy (PT). Main outcome measures Improvement in symptoms of shoulder pain at a 4- to 6-week follow-up, as measured by visual analog scale (VAS). Results Seven of 8 patients reported a subjective decrease in their symptoms of shoulder pain at a 4- to 6-week follow-up. The average improvement in shoulder pain as measured by VAS was a 4.5-point decrease from the original pain score given. One of 8 patients had a full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear and required additional decongestive therapy and PT to obtain relief of symptoms. Conclusions Rotator cuff tendonitis is a complication of lymphedema caused by internal derangement of tendon fibers, which may be subject to impingement, functional overload, and intrinsic tendinopathy. Conservative treatment with NSAIDs and PT is a safe and effective treatment.
Bone mineral density behavior of proximal femur in women with vertebral fractures

When radiological evidence for vertebral osteoporosis exists, it is more prudent to perform proximal femur DEXA measurements given the limitations in the interpretation of vertebral BMD results.
The synthesis of 5′ thioanalogs of polydeoxyribonucleotides

Abstract Oligo 5′-thiodeoxythymidylates and oligo 5′-thiodeoxyadenylates were prepared via displacement of tosylates by thiophosphate mono- and diesters. The 5′ ends contain O-tosyl or S-phosphoryl groups, while the 3′ ends terminate in deoxythymidine. The types of starting materials used for such polymerization were 5′-O-tosyl nucleoside 3′ cyanoethyl phosphorothionates and the corresponding monoesters. Both oligonucleotide analogs possess secondary structure according to spectral evidence.
Evaluating the ability of regional models to predict local avian abundance

Spatial modeling over broad scales can potentially direct conservation efforts to areas with high species-specific abundances. We examined the performance of regional models for predicting bird abundance at spatial scales typically addressed in conservation planning. Specifically, we used point count data on wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and blue-winged warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera) from 2 time periods (1995–1998 and 2006–2007) to evaluate the ability of regional models derived via Bayesian hierarchical techniques to predict bird abundance. We developed models for each species within Bird Conservation Region (BCR) 23 in the upper midwestern United States at 800-ha, 8,000-ha, and approximately 80,000-ha scales. We obtained count data from the Breeding Bird Survey and land cover data from the National Land Cover Dataset (1992). We evaluated predictions from the best models, as defined by an information-theoretic criterion, using point count data collected within an ecological subregion of BCR 23 at 131 count stations in the 1990s and again in 2006–2007. Competing (Deviance Information Criteria <5) blue-winged warbler models accounted for 67% of the variability and suggested positive associations with forest edge and proportion of forest at the 8,000-ha scale, and negative associations with forest patch area (800 ha) and wetness (800 ha and 80,000 ha). The regional model performed best for blue-winged warbler predicted abundances from point counts conducted in Iowa during 1995–1996 (rs = 0.57; P = 0.14), the survey period that most closely aligned with the time period of data used for regional model construction. Wood thrush models exhibited positive correlations with point count data for all survey areas and years combined (rs = 0.58, P ≤ 0.001). In comparison, blue-winged warbler models performed worse as time increased between the point count surveys and vintage of the model building data (rs = 0.03, P = 0.92 for Iowa and rs = 0.13, P = 0.51 for all areas, 2006–2007), likely related to the ephemeral nature of their preferred early successional habitat. Species abundance and sensitivity to changing habitat conditions seems to be an important factor in determining the predictive ability of regional models. Hierarchical models can be a useful tool for concentrating efforts at the scale of management units and should be one of many tools used by land managers, but we caution that the utility of such models may decrease over time for species preferring relatively ephemeral habitats if model inputs are not updated accordingly. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
IR detection in wide-gap semiconductors using extreme nondegenerate two-photon absorption

We compare GaAs and GaN for IR detection using extremely non-degenerate two-photon absorption. While the small gap material has larger ND-2PA and hence better sensitivity to IR, unwanted background from degenerate 2PA outweighs this advantage.
The impact of observed precipitation upon the transport of aerosols from South Asia

Deposition of atmospheric aerosols by precipitation is investigated by assimilating near-global 3-hourly precipitation estimates from satellites at 0.25° resolution into a global chemical transport model. Simulations of 21 d duration during February 2002 are performed where satellite observations of surface rain rate are incorporated into the computation of the aerosol removal rate. A steady source of a tracer simulating a soluble aerosol species is imposed on the bottom layer of the model over the Indian Subcontinent at a rate of 0.08 μg m −2 s −1 . The impacts of wet deposition by observed precipitation patterns upon regional-scale and global-scale transport of aerosols are examined. The results are compared with a model simulation where wet deposition has been turned off and a simulation which uses model-simulated precipitation to compute wet deposition. Observed precipitation patterns are responsible for reducing aerosol amounts over the Indian Ocean basin by about 25% compared with a case with no wet deposition. Over the remainder of the Northern Hemisphere the aerosol amounts are reduced by nearly 80%. Precipitation in the region of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) acts as an effective barrier to the transport of aerosol to the Southern Hemisphere. Virtually all of the wet deposition over the Indian Ocean occurs in grid cells experiencing rain rates of less than 1 mm h −1 , even though these events account for only 20% of the total precipitation observed in the region. Light-rain events to the north of the ITCZ occur frequently enough, and scavenge aerosol efficiently enough, to remove much of the aerosol before southward-moving air masses reach the ITCZ. Model-simulated precipitation over the Indian Ocean occurs more frequently than observed by satellite, by as much as 50%, and is characterized by more drizzle events and fewer heavy-rain events than observed. The differences in simulated and observed rain rate distributions result in only a 6% difference in aerosol amount over the Indian Ocean, and an 8% difference over the remainder of the Northern Hemisphere. Satellite observations also reveal that rain events covering more than 80% of the horizontal area of a model grid cell occur up to an order of magnitude more frequently than predicted by a common parametrization of precipitation scavenging. A test of wet deposition based on the observed spatial coverage of surface precipitation suggests that incorrect assumptions about the physical sizes of rain events may result in as much as a factor of 2 over-estimate of the amount of aerosol transported out of the South Asia region to the remainder of the Northern Hemisphere in global atmospheric transport models. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00121.x
Modulation of Outer Hair Cell Electromotility by Cochlear Supporting Cells and Gap Junctions

Outer hair cell (OHC) or prestin-based electromotility is an active cochlear amplifier in the mammalian inner ear that can increase hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. In situ, Deiters supporting cells are well-coupled by gap junctions and constrain OHCs standing on the basilar membrane. Here, we report that both electrical and mechanical stimulations in Deiters cells (DCs) can modulate OHC electromotility. There was no direct electrical conductance between the DCs and the OHCs. However, depolarization in DCs reduced OHC electromotility associated nonlinear capacitance (NLC) and distortion products. Increase in the turgor pressure of DCs also shifted OHC NLC to the negative voltage direction. Destruction of the cytoskeleton in DCs or dissociation of the mechanical-coupling between DCs and OHCs abolished these effects, indicating the modulation through the cytoskeleton activation and DC-OHC mechanical coupling rather than via electric field potentials. We also found that changes in gap junctional coupling between DCs induced large membrane potential and current changes in the DCs and shifted OHC NLC. Uncoupling of gap junctions between DCs shifted NLC to the negative direction. These data indicate that DCs not only provide a physical scaffold to support OHCs but also can directly modulate OHC electromotility through the DC-OHC mechanical coupling. Our findings reveal a new mechanism of cochlear supporting cells and gap junctional coupling to modulate OHC electromotility and eventually hearing sensitivity in the inner ear.
Integrating Cognitive and Existential Treatment Strategies in Psychotherapy With Dependent Patients

A dependent personality orientation is associated with increased risk for a broad array of Axis I and Axis II disorders. Although traditional treatment interventions have modest ameliorative effects on problematic dependency, the multifaceted nature of dependency suggests that integrated treatment strategies may hold more promise than traditional treatment approaches. This article outlines one potentially useful integrated treatment strategy, combining elements of cognitive and existential therapy to alter dependency-related thought, behavior, and emotional responding. Procedures for implementing an integrated cognitive-existential treatment model are outlined, and challenges in use of the model are discussed.
THE INTERNATIONAL CONTROL CONUNDRUM: THE CASE OF 'HYPERINFLATIONARY' SUBSIDIARIES

Standard methods for financial controls of multinational corporations' (MNCs) foreign subsidiaries generally provide inadequate managerial support under conditions of extreme environmental turbulence, resulting in a highly distortive performance evaluation system. This article examines the specific conditions of monetary hyperinflation and how existing control systems should be upgraded or environmentalized in order to cope with such operating conditions. A taxonomy of hyperinflationary environments and a control model—based upon variance analysis—aimed at smoothing excessive swings in the performance of foreign operations is developed, thereby correcting for some of the dysfunctionalities in the traditional planning and control processes.
Taxonomy in Psychology: Looking for Subatomic Units

Abstract A taxonomy is a model helpful in subsequent theory building because it provides lawful representation of the elements that comprise a theory. A taxonomy also permits scientists to predict the internal structure of previously undiscovered elements. Though taxonomic abstractions exist in the vernacular and in the practice of psychology, no scheme comparable to that of the Linnaean or Mendeleev systems in biology or chemistry has been developed. The following discussion suggests a method for developing any of three such schemes from the systematic explication of “subatomic” units of behavior.
Racial Representation and U.S. Senate Apportionment

Objectives. This research note explores whether the system of assigning each state equal representation in the U.S. Senate adversely affects racial minorities, groups that often have common political interests. We also project changes in minority representation over the next 20 years using Census data. Methods. We develop a new method of assessing racial bias due to apportionment, which calculates the number of seats lost by groups due to equal representation, a more substantively meaningful statistic than correlational measures. Results. We find that both African Americans and Hispanics are substantially underrepresented due to their greater presence in high-population states as compared to in low-population states. Whereas bias against African Americans appears to be falling, the demographic patterns of Hispanics will make them even more underrepresented in coming years. Conclusions. These findings are especially consequential considering that malapportionment has important public policy implications, including greater per-capita distributive benefits for smaller states. Further, given that the Senate serves as a major veto point in U.S. politics, racial bias due to equal apportionment may have a significant impact on current and future political debates relevant to minority groups.
A Reformulation of the Portfolio Model of Hedging: Comment

In a recent article, Stewart L. Brown finds that hedge ratios estimated using percentage price change data are not significantly different from one while hedge ratios estimated using price level data are. He argues that (a) the use of percentage price change data (which he calls returns) is more appropriate, and (b) his empirical results do not support the portfolio theory of hedging. Many objective functions do indeed suggest the use of price change data (although not necessarily percentage price change data) instead of price-level data when estimating hedge ratios (and Brown gives no new reasons for their use). However, Brown's conclusion that hedge ratios significantly less than one support the portfolio theory while ratios not significantly different from one do not is erroneous. Moreover, his paper misrepresents previous research on this topic. My comment is intended to clarify these two issues.
A two-phase tabu search approach to the location routing problem

In many distribution systems, the location of the distribution facilities and the routing of the vehicles from these facilities are interdependent. Although this interdependence has been recognized by academics and practitioners alike, attempts to integrate these two decisions have been limited. The location routing problem (LRP), which combines the facility location and the vehicle routing decisions, is NP-hard. Due to the problem complexity, simultaneous solution methods are limited to heuristics. This paper presents a two-phase tabu search architecture for the solution of the LRP. First introduced in this paper, the two-phase approach offers a computationally efficient strategy that integrates facility location and routing decisions. This two-phase architecture makes it possible to search the solution space efficiently, thus producing good solutions without excessive computation. An extensive computational study shows that the TS algorithm achieves significant improvement over a recent effective LRP heuristic.
Toward Healthy People 2000: The Role of the Nurse Practitioner and Health Promotion

The central purpose of Healthy People 2000 is to increase the proportion of Americans who live long and healthy lives. The best health promotion strategies are those related to individual lifestyle, and include personal choices made in a social context that have a significant influence over one's health. The primary lifestyle activities include: physical activity; nutrition; alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; family planning; and violent and abusive behavior. Nurse practitioners play a significant role in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors in their patients. This article presents an innovative teaching strategy used to teach health promotion concepts and intervention strategies to nurse practitioner students. The course design follows a clinical protocol format, which facilitates translation to clinical practice.
Design of Observer-Based Feedback Control for Time-Delay Systems With Application to Automotive Powertrain Control

A new approach for observer-based feedback control of time-delay systems is developed. Time-delays in systems lead to characteristic equations of infinite dimension, making the systems difficult to handle with classical control methods. In this paper, a recently developed approach, based on the Lambert W function, is used to address this difficulty and to control time-delay systems by designing an observer-based state feedback controller via eigenvalue assignment. The designed observer provides estimation of the state, which converges asymptotically to the actual state, and is then used for state feedback control. The feedback controller and the observer take simple linear forms and, thus, are easy to implement when compared to nonlinear methods. This new approach is applied, for illustration, to the control of a diesel engine to achieve improvement in fuel efficiency and reduction in emissions. The simulation results show excellent closed-loop performance.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Differential Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Salt-Resistant and Salt-Sensitive Subjects

We studied the characteristics of insulin resistance in 19 normotensive and 25 hypertensive subjects who underwent an acute protocol for determination of salt-sensitivity of blood pressure. Hypertensive subjects were older and more obese, with higher creatinine, lipids, and aldosterone than normotensive volunteers. They also had higher glucose and insulin levels with a marked decrease in insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-S index). Once all participants were classified into salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-resistant (SR) groups, most of these differences were no longer present. In contrast, SS had classical characteristics of this phenotype (higher percentage of blacks, suppressed plasma renin, increased aldosterone-to-renin ratio, and blunted renin and aldosterone responses to changes in salt balance). Despite similar insulin levels, HOMA2-S was significantly lower in SS than SR. Salt-loading did not change HOMA2-S in SS or SR. In contrast, salt-depletion, by significantly increasing glucose and insulin of SR, decreased their HOMA2-S to the levels observed in SS. Correlates of insulin resistance in SR included age, triglycerides, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, aldosterone, and epinephrine. However, only body mass index and aldosterone remained as significant predictors in multivariate analyses. Correlates of insulin resistance in SS were mean arterial pressure, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, all remaining as significant predictors in multivariate modeling. Our data confirm that salt-sensitivity of blood pressure is associated with insulin resistance, suggest that salt restriction may be beneficial in SS but perhaps detrimental in SR subjects, and uncover possible differences in mechanisms of insulin resistance between SS and SR, with implications for pharmacological therapy.
Empowerment and production workers: a knowledge‐based perspective

This paper emphasizes that production workers achieve empowerment through participation in processes of innovation and through a collaborative partnership with the sources of design knowledge in a company (including engineers and managers). An alternative reading of Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management suggests that empowerment ultimately depends on the distribution and use of knowledge. By including promising theory from the literature and a few examples from industry and field study, the author concludes that to create effective opportunities for empowerment on the factory floor, knowledge development for production workers must move beyond the confines of routine continuous improvement and beyond efficiency‐based logic and reach into the realms of innovation that define the very paradigms of production.
Microphonic sensitivity of surface-acoustic-wave resonators

The shift in resonant frequency due to acceleration has been measured for surface-acoustic-wave resonators (SAWRs). SAWR devices were subjected to vibration from 5 Hz to 10 kHz with peak accelerations ranging from 10/sup -2/ to 10/sup 3/ g. The vibration was applied both normal to and in the plane of propagating surface wave yielding microphonic sensitivities on the order of 1 ppb/g. To confirm the results of the direct measurement method, an oscillator loop was closed around the vibrated SAWR and the magnitudes of the FM sidebands were measured to indicate the resulting frequency shift. Several bulk crystal resonators were also measured and it was found that the microphonic sensitivities were generally comparable in magnitude to those of the SAWRs but spanned much wider ranges. >
Analog signal processing in deep submicron CMOS technologies using inverters

Analog signal-processing in deep sub-micron technologies poses many challenges arising from both low supply voltage and intrinsic voltage-gain of short channel devices. ClassAB CMOS transconductance obtained by a pair of complementary transistors is a widely used power efficient building block because it has linear v − i characteristics. This is topologically the same as the logic inverter of CMOS digital systems. This block enables the basic signal-processing operations of addition, subtraction, scaling and integration. Replica-circuits are used to keep the large process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations under control. Thus we can perform analog signal-processing at a level of precision required for designing high-speed data communication systems. This paper discusses this in a canonical fashion. Simulation results using device models for 65 nm CMOS process are presented to validate these ideas.
Fats in human nutrition

Dietary fats represent the most compact chemical energy available to man. They contain twice the caloric value of an equivalent weight of sugar. However dietary fats should not be thought of solely as providers of unwanted calories as fats are as vital to cell structure and biological function as protein. If an individual consumes food items of high fat content, an adequate protein and vitamin intake should be assured in order to provide the lipotropic factors necessary for normal fat metabolism. It may be more judicious to control the total caloric intake under such circumstances rather than to resort to periods of semi-starvation or to drastically decrease the dietary fat intake which could result in an increase in hunger pangs and an actual increase in total caloric intake. If the excess calories furnished by carbohydrates are converted to fatin vivo, the problem of obesity could not be solved under conditions of increased total caloric intake. The problem could be solved by a curtailed intake of a diet which includes meat, milk, eggs, vegetables, fruits, and sufficient cereals and bread to provide for an adequate protein, vitamin, and caloric intake. Dietary fats provide the essential linoleic acid which seems to have both a structural and functional role in animal tissue. Although the optimum total intake of linoleic acid by man has not been established, it is evident that the level of intake in the American dietary pattern could be increased. However the indiscriminate substitution of soft for hard fats seems undesirable as an excess consumption of highly unsaturated fatty acids may change the functional value of the triglycerides in the depot fats and may put an undue stress on the antioxidant supply availablein vivo.
Thomas Kühne, Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community, 1918–1945

Thomas Kuhne, Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community, 1918–1945 (2010), vii + 216 (Yale University Press, New Haven, $40.00). Belonging and Genocide is an elegant, concise and exceptionally cle...
A Rational Approach for Estimating the Resilient Modulus of Constructed Granular Subgrade Materials

The resilient modulus is an essential engineering property for determining the stress-strain characteristics of pavement structures subjected to traffic loadings. Due to the complexity, labor intensiveness, and time consumption in conducting resilient modulus measurements in a laboratory, it is necessary to establish a rational approach for estimating the resilient modulus of subgrade materials after compaction. This paper presents an extensive study to estimate the resilient modulus from basic soil properties for two common types of granular subgrade soil in Florida: fine sand (A-3 soil), and silty/clayey sand (A-2-4 soil). Laboratory triaxial tests were conducted to measure the resilient modulus values of constructed granular subgrades at different conditions. Correlation models were developed for different types of soil from experimental results. The estimated resilient modulus values from the correlation models were generally within a range of +/- 20% of the measured resilient modulus values from laboratory triaxial tests. This approach for estimating the resilient modulus of subgrades could be utilized in the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide to better evaluate the resilient modulus of constructed subgrade materials.
Retinal insulin receptors. 1. Structural heterogeneity and functional characterization

Neural cells of the bovine retina contain specific, high-affinity receptors for insulin. When solubilized and wheat-germ purified, these receptors exhibit a kinase activity that is capable of phosphorylating the receptor's β-subunit (autophosphorylation) and a tyrosine-containing exogenous substrate, poly (Glu, Tyr) 4:1. Studies of the structure of retinal insulin receptors revealed the existence of two insulin receptor subpopulations. For these populations, the apparent molecular weights of the α-subunit were 120- and 133 kDa. This structural heterogeneity does not appear to be related to the presence of vascular contamination and stands in contrast to the brain and liver where a single α-subunit type was found (120 kDa for brain and 133 kDa for liver). In addition to being distinguishable by their molecular weights, the two populations of retinal insulin receptors could be distinguished in terms of (a) their solubility in Triton X-100, (b) glycosylation, and (c) recognition by anti-insulin receptor antibody. Despite these structural differences, the two populations of retinal insulin receptors appear to have similar insulin binding affinities.