cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration of wing size through over-expression of scribbler isoforms.

scribbler was identified as a genetic modifier of the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene Merlin. Loss of Merlin results in hyperplasia in a number of different epithelial tissues including the wing and eye imaginal discs, however loss of scribbler does not. The lack of an overt proliferation sbb phenotype has complicated the mechanistic link between sbb and Merlin. Scribbler encodes two novel transcriptional repressors which function in numerous processes including axon guidance and pattern formation within the wing. While the two sbb isoforms have some redundant functions over-expression of two sbb isoforms within the wing show distinct and opposite effects. Over-expression of the smaller SbbA isoform results in a larger wing, while over-expression of larger SbbB isoform results in a smaller wing with defects in venation. Co-expression of sbb isoforms ameliorates the effects of expression of either isoform alone, suggesting that a balance between the express of each scribbler isoform is required to ensure ...
Home and Community Nutrition Care for Elders

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME : To develop a module enabling dietetic students to apply nutrition care principles and skills for elders in home and community based settings. Delivery of health, supportive and nutrition services is shifting from institutional to home and community settings. Dietetic students must be able to translate didactic knowledge into practical solutions that elders and caregivers can use in home settings. This module is designed to facilitate this translation for our coordinated and didactic internship students who elect to participate in an optional community based elderly nutritional practicum. Initially, students complete a self assessment on eider nutrition practices and identity their rotation objectives. The module includes nutrition screening, comprehensive assessment, interdisciplinary interventions, nutrition case management, community resources, outcomes and prevention interventions. Each topic provides students with a variety of interactive assignments including case studies, short answers, and short projects. Assessment forms are included to provide orientation to available and/or commonly used nutrition assessment tools. Students use books, newsletters, videos, and journal references for completeness, accuracy and consistency of information. Module completion varies based on previous knowledge and experience. Most assignments are completed during the first week, before the field practice begins. The module begins as a learning tool and later becomes a reference. Ongoing practice application discussions with practicum supervisors are held. Students evaluate the efficacy of the module and identify additional information needed. The module, updated regularly with students' suggestions and new clinical information, helps students make practical nutrition care plans for frail homebound elders.
Location of impact in composite plates using waveform-based acoustic emission and Gaussian cross-correlation techniques

This paper investigates the use of waveform-based acoustic emission (AE) techniques for location of low velocity impact in composite plates. An eight-ply [0 degrees/90 degrees/0 degrees/90 degrees], laminated glass/epoxy plate is investigated. The plate is impacted with a steel ball using a drop tower. Three broadband AE sensors are mounted on the surface of the composite plate. The response signals of the AE transducers are amplified by broadband AE preamplifiers and fed into a fracture wave detector made by Digital Wave Corporation. The signals are instantaneously sampled and stored in a pentium computer. The digitized AE signals are processed in the time and frequency domains. The raw AE signals were pre- processed to remove reflections from the plate boundaries that cause location error. The Gaussian cross-correlation method and Hilbert transformation are used to obtain arrival time differences among sensors and to overcome dispersion problems. Theoretical flexural wave velocities are calculated using the first order shear deformation plate theory. The calculated arrival time differences among sensors and the flexural velocities are used to determine impact location. The experimental results show that the flexural wave is the dominant mode for low velocity impact of the composite plate. Little or no extensional waves were observed. The locations of impact points are successfully determined. The location error varied from 0.00984 to 0.4807 radial inch for the 11.5' by 11.5' composite plate investigated. The method of using the Gaussian cross-correlation technique to determine AE arrival time differences among AE sensors is suitable for AE wave propagation detection due to low velocity impact.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Topic and Feedback in Native‐Speaker/Nonnative‐Speaker Conversation

E Much attention has been given to the role of conversational interactions between native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs) in second language acquisition (SLA). Investigations have been undertaken into the basis for interactions, such as tasks (e.g., Gass & Varonis, 1985; Pica & Doughty, 1985). The study summarized in this report compared sets of three NS/NNS conversations, each set performed by the same speakers: Two were associated with the completion of problem-solving "communication tasks," and one was a "free conversation," in which there was no explicit task objective. Evidence for different conditions for interlanguage development occurring in these three "two-way tasks" (Long, 1980) was examined.
Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes: Recruitment and baseline characteristics

Abstract Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes (HELP PD) is a randomized controlled trial designed to translate the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle intervention into a community setting using community health workers engaged through an existing Diabetes Care Center (DCC). Overweight and obese (BMI 25–40 kg/m2) individuals with pre-diabetes (fasting blood glucose 95–125 mg/dl) with no medical contraindications to participate in a lifestyle intervention were recruited for participation in this study. Standard recruitment strategies were employed, including mass mailing, direct provider referral, and community events. Participant recruitment and randomization for this trial began in 2007 and was concluded in 2009. 1818 screenings were conducted; of these, 326 (17.9%) qualified and 301 (16.6%) participants were randomized over a 21 month period. 23.8% of potential participants were excluded during the initial telephone screening, primarily for BMI and recent history of CVD. The majority of participants (220, 73.1%) reported mass mailing as their primary source of information about the study. Mass mailing was more effective with participants who identified themselves as white when compared to African-Americans. The cost of recruitment per randomized participant was $816, which includes direct costs and staff effort. 41% of the randomized participants were male and approximately 27% reported a race or ethnicity other than white. In comparison to the DPP study cohort, the HELP PD population is older, more educated and predominately white. These differences, reflecting in part the community in which HELP PD was conducted, may have implications for retention and adherence in the lifestyle intervention group.
Charge oscillations and many-body effects in bundles of like-charged rods

We study charge correlations in bundles of like-charged rods that attract each other via counterion-mediated interactions, using a Debye-H\"uckel approach. We first show that the approach can predict oscillatory charge correlations in electrolyte solutions once the nonzero ion size is taken into account. We then apply the approach to bundles of rods, and find that the charge correlation function exhibits oscillatory decay due to many-body effective interactions among the rods.
Postoperative adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy in surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma

A combined surgical and radiotherapeutic approach is widely in Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. The technique and timing of the radiotherapy varies from center to center. Postoperative external-beam (EB) radiotherapy has the advantage of patient selection based upon surgical findings, comprehensive treatment of the pelvic nodal and vaginal cuff areas, and elimination of the need for an intracavitary procedure. Although frequently utilized, this technique is surprisingly poorly described in the medical literature. From 1979 to 1986, 46 surgical Stage I patients received adjuvant postoperative EB therapy at Georgetown University Hospital (GUH) (Washington, DC). Indications for treatment were Grade greater than or equal to 2 and/or depth of myometrial invasion of greater than 33%. The 5-year actuarial survival was 90% with a disease-free survival of 82%. The failure rate within the irradiated field was 6.5% with a distant failure rate of 8.7%. The rate of significant long-term complications was acceptable at 6.5%. The authors conclude that postoperative EB radiotherapy is an effective adjuvant therapy with results comparable to other available radiotherapeutic techniques.
THE CHALLENGING ROLE OF A READING COACH, A CAUTIONARY TALE.

The purpose of this case study is to describe the challenges one coach faced during the initial implementation of a coaching initiative involving 33 teachers in an urban, high-poverty elementary school. Reading coaches are increasingly expected to play a key role in the professional development efforts to improve reading instruction in order to improve reading achievement for struggling readers. Data sources included initial reading scores for kindergarten and first-graders, pretest and posttest scores of teachers' knowledge, a teacher survey, focus group interviews, project documents, and field notes. Data were analyzed using a mixed methods approach. Findings revealed several challenges that have important implications for research and practice: that teachers encountered new information about teaching early reading that conflicted with their current knowledge, this new information conflicted with their core reading program, teachers had differing perceptions of the role of the reading coach that affecte...
COPE-MAC: A Contention-based medium access control protocol with Parallel Reservation for underwater acoustic networks

Long propagation delays of acoustic signals in underwater networks pose grand challenges in medium access control (MAC) protocol design, often significantly undermining network performance if not handled appropriately. In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol, called COntention based Parallel rEservation MAC (COPE-MAC) for underwater acoustic networks. In COPE-MAC, we introduce “parallel reservation” and “cyber carrier sensing” techniques. The first method improves communication efficiency, while the latter one can detect and avoid collisions by mapping a physical channel to a virtual one in the cyber space. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated via simulations. Experiment results show that COPE-MAC can significantly increase the overall network throughput, and is especially suitable for larger networks with long distances.
An Application of the Autogyro Theory to Airborne Wind Energy Extraction

Auto-rotation or autogyro is a well-known phenomenon where a rotor in a wind field generates significant lift while the wind induces considerable aerodynamic torque on the rotor. The principle has been studied extensively for applications in aviation. However, with recent works indicating immense, persistent, and pervasive, available wind energy at high altitudes, the principle of autogyro could potentially be exploited for energy harvesting. In this paper, we carry out a preliminary investigation on the viability of using autogyros for energy extraction. We mainly focus on one of the earliest documented works on modeling of autogyro and extend its use to explore energy harvesting. The model is based on blade element theory. We provide simulation results of the concept. Although the results are encouraging, there are various practical aspects that need to be investigated to build confidence on this approach of energy harvesting. This work aims to build a framework upon which more comprehensive research can be conducted.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Control of infection in a neonatal nursery.

Excretion ofEscherichia coli 04 affecting babies with diarrhea, was investigated in a neonatal nursery. Two episodes of infection occurred separated by a period of about three months. In the second outbreak of 21 babies excretingE. coli 04, 11 had diarrhea and 10 appeared to be healthy. Diarrhea occurred more frequently in preterm infants fed by means of nasogastric tubes than in those who were bottle and breast fed. Washings from the feeding tubes in culture showedE. coli 04 in two tubes andPseud monas andStaphylococcus aureus in others. Measures taken to control the spread of infection are described. Hand hygiene was considered to be particularly important.
The institutional environment of global project organizations

Among the many complexities global construction projects (GCPs) confront, we focus on the challenge of spanning diverse types of firms, countries, and cultures. To augment previous theoretical approaches devised to examine GCPs—in particular, contingency- and resource-based perspectives, we pursue an institutions-based approach. Institutions are conceptualized as comprising of three independent, but interdependent elements: regulative (rule-setting and sanctioning activities), normative (prescriptive, evaluative and obligatory activities) and cultural–cognitive (shared conceptions of social reality). These analytic elements are usually combined in empirically existing institutional forms, but within these forms, the elements exert independent effects and, sometimes, work at cross-purposes. In the analysis of GCPs, we employ the concept of organization field to illuminate the ways in which institutional elements operate at various levels of analysis, including that of the transnational field of GCPs and th...
Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Escape from Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Recognition at a Structurally Constrained Epitope

Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) exert intense selection pressure on replicating simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. The immunodominant Mamu-A(*)01-restricted Gag p11C, C-M epitope is highly conserved among all sequenced isolates of SIV and therefore likely is structurally constrained. The strategies used by virus isolates to mutate away from an immunodominant epitope-specific CTL response are not well defined. Here we demonstrate that the emergence of a position 2 p11C, C-M epitope substitution (T47I) in a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain 89.6P-infected Mamu-A(*)01(+) monkey is temporally correlated with the emergence of a flanking isoleucine-to-valine substitution at position 71 (I71V) of the capsid protein. An analysis of the SIV and HIV-2 sequences from the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database revealed a significant association between any position 2 p11C, C-M epitope mutation and the I71V mutation. The T47I mutation alone is associated with significant decreases in viral protein expression, infectivity, and replication, and these deficiencies are restored to wild-type levels with the introduction of the flanking I71V mutation. Together, these data suggest that a compensatory mutation is selected for in SHIV strain 89.6P to facilitate the escape of that virus from CTL recognition of the dominant p11C, C-M epitope.
Hyposalivation after undergoing stapedectomy.

ABSTRACT Background Treatment for otosclerosis involves patients' undergoing stapedectomy. Inadvertent damage to the chorda tympani nerve's (CTN's) secretory fibers during stapedectomy can result in inadequate secretory stimulation of the submandibular salivary glands (SMSGs) and sublingual salivary glands (SLSGs). Because most saliva originates from these glands, hyposalivation and subjective xerostomia manifest during resting periods when parotid gland secretions are minimal. Stimulation with food increases parotid gland salivation enough to overcome the subjective sense of dryness. Case Description The author examined a 52-year-old man who had undergone bilateral stapedectomy because of hearing loss; his rheumatologist referred him to the Salivary Gland Center (New York City) because of a complaint of dry mouth. After the author examined the patient, he concluded that the patient had decreased SMSG and SLSG secretion and recommended that the patient use sugarless chewing gum or sour candy frequently to stimulate his parotid glands and use oral lubricants and sip water as needed. Clinical Implications Stimulation of parotid gland secretion is independent of SMSG and SLSG activation. Therefore, the dental practitioner must become aware of the innervation of the salivary glands and each gland's secretory production during periods of oral stimulation and of rest.
Acute arterial plethora.

Summary(1) These experiments were carried out in an effort to confirm a previous report of the production of an acute arterial and arteriolar necrosis in the rat by sudden brief increases in intra-arterial pressure. Twelve rats were subjected to such an experiment. These animals were given rapid injections of saline or Ringer's solution into the common carotid artery. Increases in peripheral arterial pressure during and immediately following injections of fluid were not detected by indirect measurement of blood pressure. (2) In no instance was there evidence of vascular abnormalities other than those which could be explained on a basis of pre-existing pyelonephritis. The existence of pyelonephritis in both experimental and control groups depended on the age of the animals and was seen exclusively in the older age groups. There was no correlation between the vascular lesions and the total volume of fluid injected in the experimental group. (3) Neither acute necrosis nor inflammation of the arteries or arte...
Synthesis and Structures of Zirconium−Pyrrolyl Complexes: Computational Analysis of the Factors That Influence the Coordination Modes of Pyrrolyl Ligands

The first series of structurally characterized zirconium complexes that feature both η1- and η5-pyrrolyl coordination modes is reported. Specifically, 2,5-diarylpyrrolyl [pyrAr2] ligands (Ar = Ph, 2,4-Xyl) have been used to prepare [pyrAr2]Zr(NMe2)3(NMe2H), [pyrAr2]Zr(NMe2)3, [pyrAr2]Zr(NMe2)I2, and [η5-pyrAr2]2ZrCl2. DFT calculations indicate that the relative stabilities of the various coordination modes are influenced by both steric factors and the Lewis acidity of the metal center.
Segregation of copper in aluminum-copper alloys during ion beam etching

Abstract The segregation of copper in aluminum-copper alloys during ion beam etching was studied. Unannealed thin film aluminum-copper alloys were etched by 500 eV and 1000 eV argon ions. Microprobe analysis indicated that the copper, which was initially uniformly distributed in the films, segregated as a result of ion beam etching to copper rich regions on the surface. These regions etched at a slower rate than the matrix AlCu, creating a rough surface. Nearby regions of the aluminum-copper film that were masked also showed segregation of copper during etching, although the surface remained smooth. The amount of segregation in both the etched and masked films was found to decrease at low ion beam current densities. These observations indicate that heating of the film due to energetic ion bombardment can be a significant problem in the fabrication of microelectronic devices which use aluminum-copper alloys in metallization layers.
Regulation of apolipoprotein E gene expression after injury of the rat sciatic nerve

The expression of apolipoprotein E (apo E) is dramatically increased following peripheral nerve injury. This increased expression has been postulated to be negatively influenced by unknown mechanisms during subsequent axonal regeneration (Muller et al.: Science 228:499-501, 1985). The present study investigates the role of the regenerating axon in regulating apo E gene expression in two experimental paradigms which permit or prevent axonal regeneration in the adult rat sciatic nerve--the crush or permanent transection injuries. The nerves in these two models undergo axonal degeneration, demyelination, and Schwann cell proliferation; however, subsequent axonal regeneration and remyelination occur only in the distal segment of the crush-injured and not in the permanently transected nerve. The steady-state levels of apo E mRNA in both models increase sharply between 1 and 4 days and reach a maximum level at 12-14 days, which did not change significantly between 14 and 35 days after injury. No significant difference is observed in the steady-state levels of apo E mRNA between the crushed and permanently transected nerves as a function of time after injury. The steady-state protein level of apo E in the endoneurial segments initially increases, peaks at 14-21 days, and then decreases between 35 and 60 days after injury in both models. In contrast, the rate of newly translated and secreted apo E significantly increases by fourfold (P less than 0.005) between 35 and 60 days after permanent transection whereas it does not significantly differ at these times after crush injury. The increased rate of translation and secretion of apo E after transection compared to the constant rate observed after crush injury, together with the comparable steady-state levels of apo E mRNA and protein in both models, suggests translational or post-translational control, but not transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional control, by the regenerating axons. Furthermore, the increasing rate of biosynthesis and secretion of apo E after permanent transection concomitant with the decreasing steady-state levels of the protein suggests that apo E is either removed from the endoneurium or subsequently utilized or degraded by mechanisms that are independent from nerve regeneration.
Examining the manipulation of the dynamic properties of virtual objects to optimize upper extremity rehabilitation activities

This paper presents the design of the latest game aimed at gross motor movement training of the upper extremity for NJIT RAVR system [1], which already employs various games to help stroke patients in rehabilitation. The unique feature of this game is to aid motor function of patients that come to use in day to day life like making use of hands, fingers and shoulders to pick small objects on table, moving them and placing them elsewhere. This game employs physics for the objects within the VR world and CyberGrasp hand exoskeleton which gives the subject a more realistic feeling to the grasping and releasing in real-time.
Some Things Y'all Need to Know: Teaching Southern Politics at Home and Abroad

The modern South is a thriving region that is increasingly like the rest of the United States; however, that has not always been the case. Indeed, the political history of the American South is one that has been focused on the integration of this historically underdeveloped region into the remainder of American society, economically (especially in terms of labor markets), politically, judicially, and socially. And, even as the South has become increasingly similar to the rest of the country, it remains an especially important region for the balance of national political power. In this essay, I describe a class I teach on Southern Politics, explaining how I have organized it around topics critical to an understanding of American political development, and I describe the innovative pedagogical perspective I bring to the class (rooting the course in the labor economics of slavery and the “peculiar institution's” long-term consequences). I also discuss in some detail the importance of this class for American ...
Context effects produced by question orders reveal quantum nature of human judgments

The hypothesis that human reasoning obeys the laws of quantum rather than classical probability has been used in recent years to explain a variety of seemingly “irrational” judgment and decision-making findings. This article provides independent evidence for this hypothesis based on an a priori prediction, called the quantum question (QQ) equality, concerning the effect of asking attitude questions successively in different orders. We empirically evaluated the predicted QQ equality using 70 national representative surveys and two laboratory experiments that manipulated question orders. Each national study contained 651–3,006 participants. The results provided strong support for the predicted QQ equality. These findings suggest that quantum probability theory, initially invented to explain noncommutativity of measurements in physics, provides a simple account for a surprising regularity regarding measurement order effects in social and behavioral science.
The ensemble approach to understand genetic regulatory networks

Abstract Understanding the genetic regulatory network comprising genes, RNA, proteins and the network connections and dynamical control rules among them, is a major task of contemporary systems biology. I focus here on the use of the ensemble approach to find one or more well-defined ensembles of model networks whose statistical features match those of real cells and organisms. Such ensembles should help to explain and predict features of real cells and organisms.
Custom-built research refrigerators for ultra-low temperature

Abstract The Janis line of ultra-low-temperature research refrigerators is presented. Cryogen-containing and cryogen-free 3 He, 3 He– 4 He dilution and adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators for the mK temperature range are described in detail and their possible use for cooling low-temperature sensors and detectors is discussed. A special emphasis is made on the Janis temperature scale down to 10 mK, maintained with a newly designed compact CMN thermometer and superconducting fixed point device.
Gender differences in planning ability and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is primarily spread through risky injection practices, including sharing needles, cookers, cottons, rinse water, and the practice of backloading. An important aspect of harm reduction for people who inject drugs (PWID) is to identify factors that contribute to safer injection. Planning ability may influence risky injection practices and gender differences in factors that drive injection practices indicate a need to examine associations between planning and injection behaviors in men versus women. Data from the NEURO-HIV Epidemiologic Study was restricted to those who had ever injected in their lifetime ( n = 456). Impaired planning ability was assessed with the Tower of London and defined as a standardized total excess move score below the 10th percentile. We used logistic regression to estimate the gender-specific adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between impaired planning, each injection practice, and biologically-confirmed HCV. Impaired planning ability was associated with sharing needles (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.33, 6.47), cookers (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.22, 8.02), cottons (AOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.23, 6.78), rinse water (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.15, 5.14), and backloading (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.70) and HCV (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.03, 11.38) among men. Planning ability was not significantly associated with the injection behaviors or HCV among women, suggesting that other factors likely contribute to risky injection practices. Interventions to promote harm reduction among PWID should ascertain and strengthen planning ability. Women may have additional barriers to practicing safe injection beyond impaired planning abilities, which should also be addressed.
Teaching reading, writing, speaking and risk: dialoguing with Eades, French and Lecuna

maintain the status of the powerful to continue in their oppression of the powerless. People like Mench? who have survived genocidal warfare and the women that have suffered the violence of domestic abuse narrate their stories in hopes of changing the cruel world they live in. And we academics, researches and teachers?committed to social justice?try to do our part, no matter how intractable things may seem, to change the world also. At some level, it seems silly and naive to write about "changing the world" these days for so many reasons. Yet giving in to this idea that "change" is just "wishful thinking" extinguishes the chance for dialogue and reduces the possibility of a nuanced understanding of difficult subjects that are caught in a complex conversation, often underwritten by ideologies that blame victims rather than perpetrators and that suggest that a complainant is evil if their complaint does not comply with the self-serving (often double) standards of comfortable people whose lives are rarely in danger of physical violence or at risk of genocide. I came to understand narrative as a fundamentally risky subject from dialogues across the disciplines of linguistics, literature, Latin American studies, anthropology and cultural studies, as I saw it emerging from and reinserted in diverse social, domestic and political contexts (Mench?/Guatemala?domestic violence/US. Latinas/ legal systems), and as I studied it being entextualized in distinct genres (stories, reports, testimonio, testimony) and decontextualized often in an attempt "to put
The potential clinical applications for inhibition of the serum complement system

Summary The recent availability of a selective complement inhibitor, sGRI, permits the discovery of those adverse clinical situations that are complement-dependent. The use of sCR1 as a drug might be anticipated in situations of thermal injury, ARDS, septic shock, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, such as myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy. sCRI may also serve as the tool with which to unravel and possibly treat xenograft rejection, with potential major societal consequences.
Use of PCR primers derived from a putative transcriptional regulator gene for species-specific determination of Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that has accounted for an important portion of human foodborne diseases worldwide. In this study, through comparative analysis of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes genomic sequences, we selected a L. monocytogenes specific gene (lmo0733) that has the potential for specific detection of L. monocytogenes. Using PCR primers (lmo0733F and lmo0733R) derived from this gene, a specific fragment of 453 bp was amplified only from genomic DNA of L. monocytogenes strains. PCR products from other Listeria species as well as other Gram-positive and -negative species were not detectable, confirming the specificity of this assay. Thus, the PCR test employing primers lmo0733F and lmo0733R represents an additional tool in the diagnostic arsenal for rapid, sensitive and specific detection and identification of human infections due to L. monocytogenes.
Dosimetry rules for brachytherapy using high dose rate remote afterloading implants

The increasing availability of high dose rate (HDR) afterloading units has highlighted the potential use of this form of brachytherapy in an ever wider number of clinical sites. Alongside this, commercial planning systems for brachytherapy offer almost infinite possibilities for the differential loading of applicators in an attempt to produce an ideal dose distribution. Dosimetry in the UK has been based largely on the Manchester and Paris systems; modifications and optimization of the Paris system in HDR brachytherapy have been proposed, but the Manchester dosimetry system, with its emphasis on dose homogeneity throughout the specified treatment plane or specified treatment volume, can also be successfully applied, unmodified, in HDR dosimetry. A comparison of Manchester, Paris and optimized distributions for an HDR implant is presented, illustrating how subjectively and on the basis of dose-volume histograms, optimization has in this clinical case failed to improve on the uniformity of the Manchester rules distribution. It is proposed that optimization systems should have an option to apply these rules with further individualized clinical optimization if required. This would permit uniform reporting of implant parameters where, by describing the clinical target volume, the total reference air kerma and initial distribution of dwell times will be defined.
Expression of the core exon-junction complex factor eukaryotic initiation factor 4A3 is increased during spatial exploration and striatally-mediated learning

Abstract Regulation of dendritically localized mRNAs offers an important means by which neurons can sculpt precise signals at synapses. Arc is one such dendritically localized mRNA, and it has been shown to contain two exon-junction complexes (EJCs) within its 3′UTR. The EJC has been postulated to regulate cytoplasmic Arc mRNA availability through translation-dependent decay and thus contribute to synaptic plasticity. Core proteins of the EJC include eIF4A3, an RNA helicase, and Magoh, which stabilizes the interaction of eIF4A3 with target mRNAs. Arc mRNA expression is activity-regulated in numerous brain regions, including the dorsal striatum and hippocampus. Therefore in this study, the in vivo expression of these core EJC components was investigated in adult Sprague–Dawley rats to determine whether there are also behaviorally regulated changes in their expression. In the present work, there was no change in the expression of Magoh mRNA following spatial exploration, a paradigm previously reported to robustly and reliably upregulate Arc mRNA expression. Interestingly, however, there were increases in eIF4A3 mRNA levels in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus following spatial exploration, similar to previous reports for Arc mRNA. Furthermore, there were activity-dependent changes in eIF4A3 protein distribution and expression within the striatum following spatial exploration. Importantly, eIF4A3 protein colocalized with Arc mRNA in vivo . Like Arc mRNA expression, eIF4A3 mRNA expression in the dorsomedial striatum, but not dorsolateral striatum or hippocampus, significantly correlated with behavioral performance on a striatally-mediated, response-reversal learning task. This study provides direct evidence that a core EJC component, eIF4A3 , shows activity-dependent changes in both mRNA and protein expression in the adult mammalian brain. These findings thus further implicate eIF4A3 as a key mediator of Arc mRNA availability underlying learning and memory processes in vivo .
On the role of the seasonal cycle

The definition of the seasonal cycle as the projection of an atmospheric time series onto a suitably defined subset of orthogonal basis functions guarantees that any atmospheric covariance may be expressed as the sum of a seasonal cycle part and a transient part (where transient refers to departures from the seasonal cycle rather than the time mean). Results are presented for the seasonal cycle contribution to the zonally averaged fluxes of momentum and heat, and for the zonally averaged height variance, in data for: the winter season, the winter season with the Fourier basis set appropriate for the seven-year time series, and the seven-year mean. The Fourier basis set calculation indicates that the interannual variability of the momentum flux is dominated by the interactions between the seasonal cycle and the meteorologically low frequency flow.
Atomic structure in the Pauli-correlated approximation.

In the approach proposed by Harbola and Sahni for the determination of electronic structure, the correlations between the interacting electrons are directly related to the local effective many-body potential in which they move by Coulomb's law. As such this potential is the work required to move an electron in the force field of its Fermi-Coulomb-hole-charge distribution. In this paper we have applied this approach within the Pauli-correlated approximation, in which only correlations between the electrons due to the Pauli exclusion principle are considered, to atoms from He (Z=2) to Rn (Z=86). For open-shell atoms the central-field model is assumed. The calculations are also spin restricted and nonrelativistic. The self-consistently-determined atomic properties presented are the total ground-state energy, the highest-occupied-orbital eigenvalue, and the expectation value of the single-particle operators r,${\mathit{r}}^{2}$, ${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$,${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, and \ensuremath{\delta}(r). The total ground-state energies and expectation values are essentially equivalent to those of Hartree-Fock theory, with the relative differences diminishing with increasing atomic number. The total ground-state energies lie above, as must be the case, and within parts per million of the Hartree-Fock theory results. By $^{9}\mathrm{F}$ this difference is 50 ppm, by $^{35}\mathrm{Br}$ 10 ppm, and by $^{72}\mathrm{Hf}$ less than 5 ppm.The most remarkable results, however, are those for the highest-occupied-orbital eigenvalues. In the Harbola-Sahni approach, the asymptotic structure of the effective potential in the Pauli-correlated approximation is that of the fully correlated system, in which correlations between the electrons due to Coulomb repulsion are also considered. This is manifested by the fact that in comparison with Hartree-Fock theory, the highest-occupied-orbital eigenenergies for the majority of atoms are closer to the experimental ionization potentials. For the remaining atoms, the differences between the two theories are of the order of hundredths of a rydberg or less. Furthermore, we note that in the central-field model the density-functional-theory exchange-energy-potential sum rule due to Levy and Perdew is rigorously satisfied by the potentials and orbitals of this approach. For the present calculations this sum rule is satisfied numerically from six to eight significant figures, as is the virial theorem. Finally, the Harbola-Sahni approach in the Pauli-correlated approximation is contrasted to Hartree-Fock theory, and directions for future research to go beyond it within this framework are indicated.
Animal carbonic anhydrase isozymes.

Abstract 1. 1. The relative carbonic anhydrase activities of the erythrocytes of various animals based on humans as 100 was rabbits 119, dogs 78, goats 85, horses 33, cows 234 and guinea pigs 146. 2. 2. Only rabbit and horse erythrocytes had cathodically migrating carbonic anhydrases characteristic of the C isozyme in humans. 3. 3. The anodically migrating carbonic anhydrases of rabbits, horses, cows and guinea pigs showed individual variations suggestive of genetic differences.
Basis-set effects on computed acid-base interaction energies using the Dunning correlation-consistent polarized split-valence basis sets

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been performed at correlated levels of theory to investigate the convergence of the binding energies of hydrogen-bonded neutral, positive ion and negative ion complexes with systematic expansion of the basis set. For this study, the Dunning correlation-consistent polarized split-valence basis sets augmented with diffuse functions only on nonhydrogen atoms (aug'-cc-pVXZ, where X = D for double-split, T for triplesplit, and Q for quadruple-split) have been used. Computed hydrogen bond energies of all complexes converge with increasing basis set size, with satisfactory convergence occurring at aug'-cc-pVTZ. Binding energies are not sensitive to the presence of diffuse f functions in the aug'-cc-pVTZ basis set, and these f functions may be omitted. The presence or absence of diffuse d functions has little effect on the computed binding energies of neutral and positive ion complexes. However, these functions are important for describing the binding energies of the negative ion complexes. In contrast, quantitatively accurate proton affinities for corresponding neutral and anionic monomeric bases require the presence of both diffuse f and diffuse d functions in the aug'-cc-pVTZ basis set. For neutral and positive ion hydrogen-bonded complexes, MP4/aug'-cc-pVTZ binding energies are within 0.1 kcal mol −1 of CCSD+T(CCSD) binding energies, but may be as much as 1 kcal mol −1 smaller for the negative ion complexes.
Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology: With Special Reference to the Work of Aleš Hrdlička

Prior to World War II research in physical anthropology functioned within its social and political context to produce an inegalitarian ideology. Ales Hrdlicka, 1869-1943, held a prominent place in these developments. Subsequent contextual changes (not simply hypothesis testing) produced epistemological changes.Although the field has been liberalized, many of the research interests and beliefs regarding the concept of race of the pre-war period remained for reasons having little to do with analytical efficacy. The continuing emphasis placed on naturalistic explanation in general is shown in continuity with the apologetic politics of pre-war anthropology. Yet, its promise for political application has dimished. Alternatives with broader application exist in social science approaches to comparative human biology, but social constraints upon the field limit the focus of physical anthropology to natural history. Moreover, this historical analysis shows socio-scientific articulation is intrinsic to the process ...
Fermi velocity and Fermi radius in platinum

Abstract A new technique for determining the Fermi velocity in metals has been developed. Using this technique we determine the Fermi velocity for the Γ-centered surface of Pt.
The Chinese Health System At A Crossroads

The Chinese government has committed to increasing government funding for health care by directing 1–1.5 percent of its gross domestic product to universal basic health care. However, China is at a...
Development of extramedullary myeloma in the era of novel agents: no evidence of increased risk with lenalidomide–bortezomib combinations

Summary Proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory agents (IMIDs) have improved the overall survival (OS) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but concerns have been raised about increased incidence of extramedullary disease (EMD) after the combined use of PIs and IMIDs for upfront therapy. We evaluated whether the addition of lenalidomide to bortezomib-based front-line regimens precipitated earlier development of EMD. We reviewed the charts of 117 MM patients (median follow-up from diagnosis 6·1 years; range 0·1–10·2 years) enrolled in eight clinical trials of first-line treatment with bortezomib-based regimens, with or without lenalidomide. We assessed development of EMD as extraosseous (distant from bone) or osseous (originating from bone) plasmacytomas. The primary endpoint was time from diagnosis until development of EMD, based on imaging, biopsy and/or physical examination. Any form of EMD at progression was observed in 40 (34·2%) patients, including 21 (18%) osseous, 8 (7%) extraosseous and 11 (9%) both osseous and extraosseous. Median OS was 0·9 years (range 0·1–4·8 years) after extraosseous EMD development. Sensitivity analyses with follow-up times truncated at 5 years detected no statistically significant difference in rates of any EMD form between the two groups (P > 0·2 for each comparison). Therefore, we observed no evidence that bortezomib–lenalidomide-based front-line therapy precipitates earlier EMD.
Energy Decay for a Weak Solution of the Navier–Stokes Equation with Slowly Varying External Forces

We consider the Navier–Stokes system with slowly decaying external forces[formula]We show that the energy norm of a weak solution has non-uniform decay,‖u(t)‖2→0 (t→∞),under suitable conditions on the data f and a which make the energy of solution bounded in time. Also, we show the exact rate of the decay (uniform decay) of the energy,‖u(t)‖2⩽C(1+t)−e,for external forces with a given explicit decay rate.
Supervisory Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Fuel and Emission Reduction

Past research on Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) focused primarily on improving their fuel economy. Emission reduction is another important performance attribute that needs to be addressed. When emissions are considered for hybrid vehicles with a gasoline engine, horizon-based optimization methodologies should be used because the light- off of the three-way catalytic converter heavily depends on the warming-up of catalyst temperature. In this paper, we propose a systematic design method for a cold-start supervisory control algorithm based on the Dynamic Programming (DP) methodology. First, a system-level parallel HEV model is developed to efficiently predict tailpipe emissions as well as fuel economy.The optimal control problem for minimization of cold-start emissions and fuel consumption is then solved via DP. Since DP solution cannot be directly implemented as a real-time controller, more useful control strategies are extracted from DP solution over the entire state space via the comprehensive extraction method. The DP results indicate that the engine on/off, gear-shift, and power-split strategies must be properly adjusted to achieve fast catalyst warm-up with minimal cold-start engine-out emissions. Based on DP results, we proposed a rule-based control algorithm that is easy to implement and achieves near- optimal fuel economy and emissions performance.
Utility of ultrasensitive growth hormone assays in assessing aging-related hyposomatotropism.

Dynamic control of the somatotropic axis varies significantly across the human lifespan. Concentrations of growth hormone (GH) decline precipitously after a neonatal surge, stabilize during childhood, increase during puberty, and then fall exponentially as adulthood unfolds. Augmented GH release during adolescence is an appropriate physiologic mechanism to promote normal growth and physical maturity. The importance of adequate GH availability in later life was recognized recently based upon studies of adult hypopituitarism. Organic and age-related hyposomatotropism are marked by decreased bone and muscle mass, increased visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diminished sense of well being, and reduced quality of life. Detailed assessment of the basis of reduced somatotropic function in aging individuals had been impeded by insufficiently sensitive assays to measure low GH concentrations. Ultrasensitive assay methods have unveiled an ensemble of distinct age-related deficits for regulating GH secretion.
Psychological Dimensions of the Israeli Settlements Issue: Endowments and Identities

When you have a rational discussion of what to do with the Israeli settlements, how do you factor in the irrational, the deeply held beliefs of people with varying views? As we witnessed at the conference, when people speak about the Israeli settlements, they do so with emotion, using such phrases as “Messianic spirit,”“longing for homeland,”“compassionate revenge,” and “the destruction of dreams.” The land in question is precious to two different groups, who each imbue the land with their own narrative and fervor. In fact, at the very heart of what makes the settlements issue so complex and seemingly intractable is its psychological dimensions — the mental and emotional factors that permeate the discussion at every level.