cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Subthreshold Ionization a Chaotic Phenomenon

The dynamics of strongly perturbed quantum systems is discussed in this paper through the study of a simple model. Aiming at a clarification of the role of classical chaos in quantum mechanics, the mechanism of strong field subthreshold ionization is illustrated in different situations.
Optimal Control of Deformable Bodies and Its Relation to Gauge Theory

I investigate the question “What is the most efficient way for a deformable body to deform itself so as to achieve a desired reorientation?” I call this the Cat’s Problem, since itis the problem faced by the upside-down zero-angular momentum cat in freefall. In order of increasing generality, I show that the Cat’s Problem is a special case of problems which occur (1) in the geometry of principal bundles, (2)in subRiemannian geometry, and (3) in optimal control. Some model cases are explicitly solved in which the deformable body consists of a collection of point masses. In one of these models the principal bundle breaks down due to isotropy for the action of the rotation group. Nevertheless we are still able to obtain the general solution.
The Real Estate Covenant as Commons: Incomplete Contract Remedies Over Time

Real estate covenant regimes are a form of common pool resource in which property owners retain ultimate ownership but contractually surrender some rights to the use of their land into a commons. The pooled rights generate surplus for the owners. This article explores the efficiency of legal rules protecting covenants, applying three perspectives: the property/contract interface, incomplete contracts and common pool resource literatures. Efficiency is considered at two points: when the initial investment decision is made (ex ante); and at a later point (ex post) when a new use would be higher-valued and the covenant should be modified or terminated. Covenants are interests along the property/contract interface: promises with respect to the use of land. The choice between property or contract status is determined by which will maximize investment while minimizing the sum of holdout and transaction costs on renegotiation. When investment incentives predominate, this favors property status protected by property rules. When the later risks of high transaction costs and holdouts predominate, this favors contract status, which allows easy breakage protected by liability rules. Because real estate is an investment-intensive asset class, covenants are generally given property status and governed by property rules protected by injunctions. The investment induced by property status generates an expectation of surplus for each unit owner; when these rights are defeated, the result may be demoralization leading to underinvestment. The primary conclusions are first, that for most covenant violations, courts should give greater respect to the private ordering of remedies, such as fines, self-help and expulsion. These remedies provide lower-cost enforcement than the current regime of injunctive relief and limit the inefficient erosion of covenant regimes. Second, over decades, covenant regimes are likely to be inefficiently rigid, a problem made worse because the rise of the community association has radically lowered enforcement costs. This results in an anticommons where fragmented control prevents transfers of property to more efficient uses. Third, to combat this, courts should use mixed property-liability rules in the form of supercompensatory damages for major use violations occurring more than 40 years after creation of the covenant regime. Supercompensatory damages would limit demoralization from defeated investment expectations (if contract status protected by a liability rule applied) or excessive performance of an uneconomic promise (if property status protected by injunctive relief applied).
Notes on Pascal’s Wager

“The soul is injected into the body, there it finds number, time, dimension... We are aware... of the existence and nature of the finite because we, like it, are finite and extended. We are aware of the existence of the infinite, but we do not grasp its nature because, though it is extended as we are, it is unlike us in that it has no limits. We do not know either the existence or the nature of God, for he has neither extension nor limits.”
OpenNotes: Toward a Participatory Pediatric Health System.

Pediatricians have long been at the vanguard of innovation in care delivery, most recently leading efforts in participatory care in multiple areas, such as family-centered rounds. In participatory or collaborative care, patients and their families are properly empowered with information and invited to actively engage in their care. The American Academy of Pediatrics embraced this vision in a 2012 policy statement in which it elaborated that for effective participation by patients, parents, and providers, the sharing of complete health information is essential.1 The expansion of patient portals (electronic sources for patients to view their electronic health record data) has enabled the expedient sharing of more information than previously possible. Laboratory test results and diagnostic studies are part of this information, but clinical documentation (a synthesis of the provider’s thoughts and interpretation of all available data) is what completes the story. OpenNotes is an international movement that was founded in 2010 to realize this vision and advocate for patients and families to have easy access to provider documentation. Although many physicians who participated in OpenNotes were initially concerned about taking a longer time to write notes, they largely did not find this to be the reality after participating.2 Through accumulating research, patients report a better understanding of their care, and physicians endorse a stronger relationship with patients without a change in their practice.3 Ever since the passage of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 1996, patients have had the legal right to their notes but have had to go through cumbersome steps to obtain them; OpenNotes is used to simplify this … Address correspondence to Chethan Sarabu, MD, Department of Clinical Informatics, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, 750 Welch Rd, Suite 315, Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail: csarabu{at}stanfordchildrens.org
Understanding the $C-V$ Characteristics of InAsSb-Based nBn Infrared Detectors With N- and P-Type Barrier Layers Through Numerical Modeling

Capacitance–voltage ( C–V ) profiling is a useful technique for accurate and non-destructive determination of carrier concentrations in semiconductor materials. Recently, this measurement has been applied to the infrared barrier detector to determine the doping densities of the absorber and contact layers. This paper provides three contributions to the development of barrier detectors. First, we develop a physics-based semi-analytical model for computing the C–V characteristics derived from metal–oxide–semiconductor and heterojunction device physics and show that it is in agreement with results obtained from drift-diffusion simulations. Second, we assess the possibility of using the developed model to determine not only the absorber and contact doping densities, but also the doping density and thickness of the barrier layer. Lastly, we use the same drift-diffusion methodology to conduct a comprehensive parametric study of the C–V profile for a variety of absorber n-type doping densities, barrier N- and P-type doping densities, barrier thicknesses, and contact layer n-type doping densities. We also offer an extensive discussion of the role of the various device parameters on shaping the C–V profile. While this paper uses the InAsSb and AlAsSb material system, the analysis can be extended to other materials used to implement barrier devices, such as HgCdTe or superlattices.
Definitions of Psychopathy

Antisocial personality disorder is commonly abbreviated by the acronym ASD. The psychopathic personality is void of empathy and is not necessarily criminal in nature, whereas the sociopathic personality may realize, but not care, about the hurt or harm to others, and involves violations of social norms, rules, or laws (i.e., criminal conduct is common). Whether stimulation seeking is neurologically based or not, there is reason to believe that culture, child rearing, and life experiences may combine with social learning to produce an idiosyncratic personality structure. The propensity for manipulation, which is present with both ASD and psychopathy in general, is manifested in disregard for and violations of the rights of others, beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing on into adulthood. Modern times may be leading “emancipated” females to engage in more criminal and violent conduct than in the past. Males tend to receive a diagnosis of ASD or APD, whereas a female with many of the same characteristic would be more apt to be diagnosed as having a borderline personality disorder
Devices for endoscopic hemostasis of nonvariceal GI bleeding (with videos)

Background Endoscopic intervention is often the first line of therapy for GI nonvariceal bleeding. Although some of the devices and techniques used for this purpose have been well studied, others are relatively new, with few available outcomes data. Methods In this document, we review devices and techniques for endoscopic treatment of nonvariceal GI bleeding, the evidence regarding their efficacy and safety, and financial considerations for their use. Results Devices used for endoscopic hemostasis in the GI tract can be classified into injection devices (needles), thermal devices (multipolar/bipolar probes, hemostatic forceps, heater probe, argon plasma coagulation, radiofrequency ablation, and cryotherapy), mechanical devices (clips, suturing devices, banding devices, stents), and topical devices (hemostatic sprays). Conclusions Endoscopic evaluation and treatment remains a cornerstone in the management of nonvariceal upper- and lower-GI bleeding. A variety of devices is available for hemostasis of bleeding lesions in the GI tract. Other than injection therapy, which should not be used as monotherapy, there are few compelling data that strongly favor any one device over another. For endoscopists, the choice of a hemostatic device should depend on the type and location of the bleeding lesion, the availability of equipment and expertise, and the cost of the device.
Mate-retention behaviors mediate the association between spouses' attachment insecurity and subsequent partner satisfaction

Abstract Partner defection for attractive alternatives is a notable threat to relationships. Intimates' attachment insecurity likely influences the behaviors they engage in to combat this threat. Whereas attachment anxiety is likely positively associated with mate-retention frequency, attachment avoidance is likely negatively associated with mate-retention frequency. Moreover, given the partner-directed nature of mate-retention behaviors, such behaviors may subsequently impact intimates' partners. We examined these possibilities in one cross-sectional study of young adults and one dyadic, 3-year longitudinal study of newlywed couples. We also explored potential sex differences in each of these associations. Across both studies, men's and women's attachment anxiety was positively associated with their cost-inflicting mate retention whereas their attachment avoidance was negatively associated with their benefit-provisioning mate retention. Study 2 further demonstrated that the partners of more (versus less) anxiously attached people experienced declines in marital satisfaction over time that was due, in part, to being the target of more frequent cost-inflicting behaviors (though these effects only trended toward significance among wives), and the partners of more (versus less) avoidantly attached people experienced increases in marital satisfaction over time that was due, in part, to being the target of fewer cost-inflicting behaviors. Implications and future directions of research are discussed.
Embedding cybersecurity in the second programming course (CS2)

Cybersecurity is currently a key thrust area for public, private, and governmental sectors. In order to protect our society from cyber-terrorism, cyber-espionage and cyber-warfare, we need to change the mindsets of our current and future workforces. The key to doing so is to embed cybersecurity education throughout the computer science curriculum. Rather than relegating the principles and practices of cybersecurity to only the few students who are able to take high level technical electives in those topics, this approach brings cybersecurity education to all of the students who may take one or more computer science classes. In our previous paper we developed our methodology of embedding cybersecurity concepts in the first computer programming course (CS1). In this paper, we continue our work on embedding cybersecurity concepts across the computer science curriculum, and focus on the second computer programming course (CS2).
Chapter 18 – T Cell-Based Gene Therapy of Cancer

Adoptive immunotherapy using gene-engineered T cells is a promising and rapidly evolving field. Recent clinical trials illustrate that T cells manifesting desired phenotypes and functions can be infused into patients to expand in vivo and eradicate malignancy. This chapter summarizes current thought about gene engineering of T cells with a focus on identified requirements for the successful application of T cell-based immunotherapy. Gene therapy based strategies that address these requirements are discussed in the context of enhancing the successful implementation of this promising approach to treating cancer.
Conscientization Calls: A White Dual Language Educator’s Development of Sociopolitical Consciousness and Commitment to Social Justice:

Literature is limited demonstrating how some in-service teachers have developed sociopolitical consciousness and why they commit to social justice. Drawing on interviews, email correspondence, and ...
Sensitivity of idealized mixed-phase stratocumulus to climate perturbations

Large eddy simulations (LES) that explicitly resolve boundary layer (BL) turbulence and clouds are used to explore the sensitivity of idealized Arctic BL clouds to climate perturbations. The LES focus on conditions resembling springtime, when surface heat fluxes over sea ice are weak, and the cloud radiative effect is dominated by the longwave effect. In the LES, the condensed water path increases with BL temperature and free‐tropospheric relative humidity, but it decreases with inversion strength. The dependencies of cloud properties on environmental variables exhibited by the LES can largely be reproduced by a mixed‐layer model. Mixed‐layer model analysis shows that the liquid water path increases with warming because the liquid water gradient increase under warming overcompensates for geometric cloud thinning. This response contrasts with the response of subtropical stratocumulus to warming, whose liquid water path decreases as the clouds thin geometrically under warming. The results suggest that methods used to explain the response of lower‐latitude BL clouds to climate change can also elucidate changes in idealized Arctic BL clouds, although subtropical and Arctic clouds occupy different thermodynamic regimes.
KLERC: kernel Lagrangian expectile regression calculator

As a generalization to the ordinary least square regression, expectile regression, which can predict conditional expectiles, is fitted by minimizing an asymmetric square loss function on the training data. In literature, the idea of support vector machine was introduced to expectile regression to increase the flexibility of the model, resulting in support vector expectile regression (SVER). This paper reformulates the Lagrangian function of SVER as a differentiable convex function over the nonnegative orthant, which can be minimized by a simple iterative algorithm. The proposed algorithm is easy to implement, without requiring any particular optimization toolbox besides basic matrix operations. Theoretical and experimental analysis show that the algorithm converges r-linearly to the unique minimum point. The proposed method was compared to alternative algorithms on simulated data and real-world data, and we observe that the proposed method is much more computationally efficient while yielding similar prediction accuracy.
A Streamlined Regenerative Glycosylation Reaction: Direct, Acid-Free Activation of Thioglycosides.

Our group has previously reported that 3,3-difluoroxindole (HOFox) is able to mediate glycosylations via intermediacy of OFox imidates. Thioglycoside precursors were first converted into the corresponding glycosyl bromides that were then converted into the OFox imidates in the presence of Ag2 O followed by the activation with catalytic Lewis acid in a regenerative fashion. Reported herein is a direct conversion of thioglycosides via the regenerative approach that bypasses the intermediacy of bromides and eliminates the need for heavy-metal-based promoters. The direct regenerative activation of thioglycosides is achieved under neutral reaction conditions using only 1 equiv. NIS and catalytic HOFox without the acidic additives.
Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis versus systemic anticoagulation alone for submassive pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Catheter-directed, ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis (USAT) uses high-frequency, low-energy ultrasound waves to disaggregate uncrosslinked fibrin fibers and increase thrombus penetration of a locally delivered thrombolytic to treat an acute PE. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of catheter-directed USAT versus systemic anticoagulation alone in submassive PE. This was a single-center, retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of acute submassive PE from April 4, 2014 to May 1, 2019 at a large, academic medical center. Subjects were split into two different groups based on treatment with either USAT with systemic anticoagulation or systemic anticoagulation alone. The primary outcome was the incidence of severe or life-threatening GUSTO bleeding within 72 h or until hospital discharge if sooner. A total of 130 subjects were included (n = 40 in the USAT group and n = 90 in systemic anticoagulation alone group). Significantly fewer subjects in the USAT group had an active diagnosis of cancer at the time of presentation (7.5% vs 28.9%, p = 0.006). There was no difference in severe or life-threatening GUSTO bleeding or any component of the GUSTO bleeding definitions. Administration of USAT with systemic anticoagulation was well-tolerated when compared to systemic anticoagulation alone, but bias may have led to selection of patients for USAT with a lower bleeding risk and higher functional status at baseline.
The Intersection Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in U.S. Households With Children.

Introduction Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a potent risk factor for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Research reveals, moreover, that children who are exposed to SHS are at an increased risk of disease and premature mortality. Limited research, however, has examined whether households with children experiencing accumulating adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are also more likely to be characterized by ETS-particularly in the form of family members smoking inside the housing unit. Aims and methods The current study employs a nationally representative sample of 102 341 households with children from the three most recent cohorts of National Survey of Children's Health. Both multinomial logistic regression and a strategic comparison approach are used to examine the association between ACEs and ETS categories. Results A large majority of households characterized by ETS report one or more ACEs, while households without ETS are largely void of ACEs. Findings indicate that this association is not merely a function of general family member smoking, as ACEs are strongly and uniquely associated with family smoking inside the housing unit-above and beyond family members smoking more generally. Conclusions Households exhibiting an accumulation of ACEs may benefit from interventions providing resources and education supporting smoke-free home environments. Such families may also be screened and referred through existing family and parenting programs administered in the home environment (eg, home visiting). Implications Public health initiatives designed to mitigate child adversities from early life stages may help reduce ETS in housing units-thereby diminishing the risk of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among children.
Child attachment behavior as a moderator of the relation between feeding responsiveness and picky eating behavior

Abstract Background Picky eating (PE) behavior is common in early childhood, but persistent PE is associated with unhealthy development and caregiver-child stress during feeding. Identifying modifiable feeding and parent-child relationship factors that impact PE is important for decreasing risks associated with PE. Objective This study examined associations between caregiver Feeding Responsiveness (FR) and child PE behaviors using caregiver reports and observations of family mealtimes. An additional aim examined whether children's attachment behavior moderates this association. Methods The analysis sample consisted of 110 families participating in a larger longitudinal study of nutrition and child health. Home observations were conducted when children were 18–24 months (52% females) to assess caregiver-child interactions. Caregivers were, on average, 30.9 years old and mostly White (73.6%). Family mealtimes were videotaped and coded for FR and child PE behaviors. Caregivers completed surveys regarding FR and PE behaviors. Results Caregiver-reported FR was significantly correlated with observed FR, r (107) = 0.26, p = 0.007; and caregiver-reported PE was associated with observed PE, r (107) = 0.21, p = 0.029. Caregiver-reported FR was inversely related to observed PE, but only when children were characterized by observers to have more positively toned and smooth interactions with caregivers. Using observational data, child attachment significantly moderated the relationship between FR and PE behaviors. Conclusions The quality of caregiver-child interactions may impact the degree to which FR is effective in reducing PE. Future longitudinal studies that include more diverse populations, multiple caregivers, and potential mechanisms accounting for these associations are needed.
Update on SWI/SNF-related gynecologic mesenchymal neoplasms: SMARCA4-deficient uterine sarcoma and SMARCB1-deficient vulvar neoplasms.

Our knowledge regarding the role of genes encoding the chromatin remodeling switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex in the initiation and progression of gynecologic malignancies continues to evolve. This review focuses on gynecologic tumors in which the sole or primary genetic alteration is in SMARCA4 or SMARCB1, two members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. In this review we present a brief overview of the classical example of such tumors, ovarian small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic type, and then a detailed review and update of SMARCB1-deficient and SMARCA4-deficient tumors of the uterus and vulva. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Recovery From Repeat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescent Rats Is Dependent on Pre-injury Activity State

Adolescents and young adults have the highest incidence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); sport-related activities are a major contributor. Roughly a third of these patients diagnosed with mTBI are estimated to have received a subsequent repeat mTBI (rTBI). Previously, animal studies have only modeled mTBI in sedentary animals. This study utilizes physical activity as a dependent variable prior to rTBI in adolescent rats by allowing voluntary exercise in males, establishing the rat athlete (rathlete). Rats were given access to locked or functional running wheels for 10 d prior to sham or rTBI injury. Following rTBI, rathletes were allowed voluntary access to running wheels beginning on different days post-injury: no run (rTBI+no run), immediate run (rTBI+Immed), or 3 day delay (rTBI+3dd). Rats were tested for motor and cognitive-behavioral (anxiety, social, memory) and mechanosensory (allodynia) dysfunction using a novel rat standardized concussion assessment tool on post-injury days 1,3,5,7, and 10. Protein expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and proliferator-activated gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) was measured in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, and gastrocnemius muscle. Sedentary shams displayed lower anxiety-like behaviors compared to rathlete shams on all testing days. BDNF and PGC1α levels increased in the parietal cortex and hippocampus with voluntary exercise. In rTBI rathletes, the rTBI+Immed group showed impaired social behavior, memory impairment in novel object recognition, and increased immobility compared to rathlete shams. All rats showed greater neuropathic mechanosensory sensitivity than previously published uninjured adults, with rTBI+3dd showing greatest sensitivity. These results demonstrate that voluntary exercise changes baseline functioning of the brain, and that among rTBI rathletes, delayed return to activity improved cognitive recovery.
Fast spectral Petrov-Galerkin method for fractional elliptic equations

Abstract In this work, we revisit the spectral Petrov-Galerkin method for fractional elliptic equations with the general fractional operators. To prove the optimal convergence of the method, we first present the ultra-weak formulation and establish its well-posedness. Then, based on such a novel formulation, we are able to prove the discrete counterpart and obtain the optimal convergence of the spectral method in the weighted L 2 -norm. For simple and easy implementation of the method, we also describe the fast solver with linear storage and quasilinear complexity. To support our theory, we carry out the numerical experiments and provide several numerical results to show the accuracy and efficiency of our method.
Salmon aquaculture, Piscirickettsia salmonis virulence, and One Health: Dealing with harmful synergies between heavy antimicrobial use and piscine and human health comment on Avendaño-Herrera (2021)

Abstract Dr. Avendano-Herrera's comments (Avendano-Herrera, 2021) on our review (Godfrey and Cabello, 2019) are mostly marginal to its content. They provide insufficient scientific evidence to weaken our hypothesis that Piscirickettsia salmonis is a potential opportunistic (facultative) pathogen/endogenous pathobiont of salmon. They also fail to undermine our review's central points, that infections caused by P. salmonis could be prevented by improved husbandry practices and that the excessive amounts of antimicrobials used in Chilean salmon aquaculture for their prevention/treatment are detrimental to the health of fish, other animals, humans and the environment.
Equality Rights in Indian Education

The increasing salience of Hindu nationalism and the emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as a serious competitor in Indian politics during the 1990s forced Congress into a difficult position. Congress increasingly defended Other Backward Classes reservations to retain its appeal across India's "Hindi Belt," even hoping to ensure that members of the lower castes gained access to educational opportunities. But, by exercising increased authority over private school enrollment, Congress's policies potentially jeopardized the independent character of private minority schools that educated Christian and Muslim students, opening the door for further government control if the BJP won elections. Congress officials worked with aligned justices to develop a constitutional framework that protected education reservations while preserving the independent character of minority schools. Unlike the other examples in this book, however, these deliberations repeatedly produced inadequate results. Finally, Congress amended the Constitution and the Supreme Court willingly capitulated in a subsequent basic structure challenge, which is consistent with the deliberative partnership thesis.
Structural change in the Russian far east: The implications for trade and factor markets

This study compares actual directions of structural adjustment in the Russian Far East since the collapse of the former Soviet Union with estimated directions of adjustment that would be predicted to follow an opening of the region to the world market. How would moving to world prices affect the competitiveness of individual sectors of the Russian Far East? This author estimates the impact of changing terms of trade by revaluing a 1987 input-output table for the Russian Far East by price relatives between internal Soviet prices and world prices estimated by David Tarr [1992]. These estimates measure apparent competitiveness of each sector at world prices and identify four sectors of the Russian Far East—food processing, forest products, light industry, and the chemical industry—as negative value added sectors at world prices. However, actual short-run directions of adjustment in 1992–94 are only partly consistent with the directions predicted in the model. Measured gains from trade are strong on the import side but not on the export side.
Morphence: Moving Target Defense Against Adversarial Examples.

Robustness to adversarial examples of machine learning models remains an open topic of research. Attacks often succeed by repeatedly probing a fixed target model with adversarial examples purposely crafted to fool it. In this paper, we introduce Morphence, an approach that shifts the defense landscape by making a model a moving target against adversarial examples. By regularly moving the decision function of a model, Morphence makes it significantly challenging for repeated or correlated attacks to succeed. Morphence deploys a pool of models generated from a base model in a manner that introduces sufficient randomness when it responds to prediction queries. To ensure repeated or correlated attacks fail, the deployed pool of models automatically expires after a query budget is reached and the model pool is seamlessly replaced by a new model pool generated in advance. We evaluate Morphence on two benchmark image classification datasets (MNIST and CIFAR10) against five reference attacks (2 white-box and 3 black-box). In all cases, Morphence consistently outperforms the thus-far effective defense, adversarial training, even in the face of strong white-box attacks, while preserving accuracy on clean data.
Estimating population-based coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) interventions from health management information systems: a comprehensive review.

Background Routinely collected health facility data usually captured and stored in Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) are potential sources of data for frequent and local disaggregated estimation of the coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions (RMNCH), but have been under-utilized due to concerns over data quality. We reviewed methods for estimation of national or subnational coverage of RMNCH interventions using HMIS data exclusively or in conjunction with survey data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of studies indexed in PubMed and Scopus to identify potential papers based on predefined search terms. Two reviewers screened the papers using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following sequences of title, abstract and full paper reviews, we retained 18 relevant papers. Results 12 papers used only HMIS data and 6 used both HMIS and survey data. There is enormous lack of standards in the existing methods for estimating RMNCH intervention coverage; all appearing to be highly author dependent. The denominators for coverage measures were estimated using census, non-census and combined projection-based methods. No satisfactory methods were found for treatment-based coverage indicators for which the estimation of target population requires the population prevalence of underlying conditions. The estimates of numerators for the coverage measures were obtained from the count of users or visits and in some cases correction for completeness of reporting in the HMIS following an assessment of data quality. Conclusions Standard methods for correcting numerators from HMIS data for accurate estimation of coverage of RMNCH interventions are needed to expand the use of these data. More research and investments are required to improve denominators for health facility-derived statistics. Improvement in routine data quality and analytical methods would allow for timely estimation of RMNCH intervention coverage at the national and subnational levels.
Form, Program, and Metaphor in the Music of Berlioz

Few aspects of Berlioz's style are more idiosyncratic than his handling of musical form. This book, the first devoted solely to the topic, explores how his formal strategies are related to the poetic and dramatic sentiments that were his very reason for being. Rodgers draws upon Berlioz's ideas about musical representation and on the ideas that would have influenced him, arguing that the relationship between musical and extra-musical narrative in Berlioz's music is best construed as metaphorical rather than literal - 'intimate' but 'indirect' in Berlioz's words. Focusing on a type of varied-repetitive form that Berlioz used to evoke poetic ideas such as mania, obsession, and meditation, the book shows how, far from disregarding form when pushing the limits of musical evocation, Berlioz harnessed its powers to convey these ideas even more vividly.
An approach to manage large inheritance networks within a DBS supporting nested relations

When developing large scale knowledge-based systems concepts are required for handling large knowledge bases as well as for guaranteeing the integrity of the knowledge base contents In this paper we present an approach for managing structured inheritance networks in an andvanced database system. Actually, we develop concepts for handling a KL-ONE like formalisms in an extended relational database system supporting nested relations. Of special importance is the handling of the general graph structure provided by KL-ONE like formalisms within the tree structure offered by nested relations. The described approach is oriented towards the specific requirements which have to be met in a natural language processing environment.
Graphic Data Display for Cardiovascular System Case Study

Our multi-disciplinary group has developed a visual representation for cardiovascular physiological variables. This enhances a clinician's ability to detect and rapidly respond to critical events. The integrated and intuitive display communicates a patient's cardiovascular state so that it is easily and quickly understood without prior training. The display is designed to show patterns of functional relationships that aid in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of a critical event.
Studies on the Stereospecificity of Mitochondrial Oxidation of Phytanic Acid and of α-Hydroxyphytanic Acid

Abstract Rates of oxidation to 14CO2 of pure 3d,7d,11d-[U-14C]-phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) and of an equimolar mixture of 3d, 7d, 11d-[U-14C]phytanic acid and 3l,7d,11d-[U-14C]phytanic acid were determined in rat liver mitochondria. At low substrate concentrations oxidation rates were similar; at high substrate concentrations the mixture of diastereoisomers was oxidized somewhat more rapidly, suggesting that the 3l,7d,11d-isomer is more readily oxidized. α-Hydroxyphytanic acid prepared from 3d,7d,11d-phytanic acid by bromination and methanolysis yielded two bands on thin layer chromatography, presumably representing 2d-hydroxyphytanate and 2l-hydroxyphytanate, but absolute configurations were not determined. The isomer with the greater mobility on thin layer chromatography was oxidized 40 to 60% faster than the isomer with lower mobility. Incubation of 3d,7d,11d-[U-14C]phytanic acid with heavy mitochondria led to accumulation of α-hydroxyphytanic acid which was recovered primarily in a single thin layer band, the band with greater mobility. Similar results were obtained during oxidation of mixtures of 14C-labeled 3d,7d,11d- and 3l,7d,11d-phytanic acid isomers, i.e. the labeled α-hydroxyphytanic acid formed was recovered predominantly (l85%) in the band with greater mobility. Heavy mitochondria do not appear to have the ability to interconvert the α-hydroxyphytanic acid isomers. It is concluded that the rat liver mitochondria can oxidize either of the two isomeric forms of phytanic acid, the 3l,7d,11d-isomer being somewhat more rapidly oxidized, particularly at high concentrations of substrate. Again, both the α-hydroxyphytanic acid isomers are oxidized but one form is oxidized 40 to 60% faster. Finally, it appears that the enzymatic introduction of the hydroxyl group in the α position is highly stereospecific.
The differential inactivation of histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium by sulfhydryl reagents.

Abstract Treatment of histidinol dehydrogenase with either p-chloromercuribenzoate (CMB) or N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (DDPM), but not with N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetic acid, produces an enzyme form which is differentially inactivated with respect to the oxidation of its two substrates, histidinol and histidinal. The binding of 2 eq of DDPM reduces activity with histidinol and histidinal as substrate to 25 and 42% of their respective initial values. Binding of 4 eq of CMB reduces activity with histidinol as the substrate to 25% of its initial value although activity measured with histidinal is not decreased. Enzymatic activity measured with histidinol as the substrate decreases as a linear function of the concentration of CMB or DDPM added, but neither reagent can totally inactivate the enzyme. During the binding of 4 eq of mercuribenzoate the rate of mercaptide bond formation appears to be proportional to the rate of inactivation measured with histidinol as the substrate. We conclude that the addition of CMB produces a uniform differential inactivation of all enzyme molecules rather than the complete inactivation of a portion of the molecules. Apparent Km values for histidinol and histidinal do not change upon differential inactivation. However, LineweaverBurk plots of velocity with respect to DPN concentration with either substrate in excess, while linear with the native enzyme, are concave downward for differentially inactivated enzyme. These effects may be due to (a) the presence of nonidentical active sites; (b) negative cooperativity between multiple active sites; or (c) an alteration in the normal reaction mechanism.
Neck spasm after chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer: natural history and dosimetric correlates.

Background Little is known about the determinants of postradiation neck spasms in patients with head and neck cancer. Methods Patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiation therapy (RT) from 2004 to 2010 who experienced neck spasms werereviewed. Radiation doses were generated for their sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles bilaterally. Unaffected SCMs were used as controls. Results Thirty-four patients reported neck spasms. Thirty had received definitive chemoradiation, and 4 had RT alone. Seven also had an ipsilateral neck dissection. Median time to onset was 23 months (range, 6–67 months). There were significantly higher radiation doses to the affected SCMs with a median of the mean dose to the affected and unaffected SCM of 62.3 Gy (range, 29–71 Gy) and 53.7 Gy (range, 27–65 Gy), respectively (p < .0001). Other dosimetric variables were also statistically significant but were highly correlated with the mean SCM dose. Neck dissection did not affect our results. Conclusion Neck spasms after chemotherapy intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) shows a strong dose–response relationship. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 176–180, 2014
Analysis of the Toyota Production System and the genesis of Six Sigma programs: An imperative for understanding failures in technology management culture transformation in traditional manufacturing companies

The principles of the Toyota Production System (TPS), or Lean manufacturing, are well known in the auto manufacturing industry. Many companies, utilizing aspects of the TPS focus on creating higher quality products and, at the same time, less waste in ever increasingly competitive global markets. Since the advent of Six Sigma programs, many companies have identified themselves as being a Lean manufacturer or a Six Sigma company, and in some cases both. This study explores the root of the TPS and how the Six Sigma programs represented today are simply a re-branding of Statistical Process Control (SPC), which was incorporated in the TPS from the work of Shewhart and Deming in the earlier half of the last century. Furthermore, an exploration of the tools and behaviors utilized in the TPS that do not appear in Six Sigma programs will show the limitations associated with a narrow improvement program based solely on Six Sigma technology management practices. Finally, a proposed behavioral management model for understanding the layers of tools and actions necessary to deploy a comprehensive TPS-style manufacturing enterprise is presented.
Resolvins attenuate inflammation and promote resolution in cigarette smoke-exposed human macrophages

Inflammation is a protective response to injury, but it can become chronic, leading to tissue damage and disease. Cigarette smoke causes multiple inflammatory diseases, which account for thousands of deaths and cost billions of dollars annually. Cigarette smoke disrupts the function of immune cells, such as macrophages, by prolonging inflammatory signaling, promoting oxidative stress, and impairing phagocytosis, contributing to increased incidence of infections. Recently, new families of lipid-derived mediators, "specialized proresolving mediators" (SPMs), were identified. SPMs play a critical role in the active resolution of inflammation by counterregulating proinflammatory signaling and promoting resolution pathways. We have identified dysregulated concentrations of lipid mediators in exhaled breath condensate, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In human alveolar macrophages from COPD and non-COPD patients, D-series resolvins decreased inflammatory cytokines and enhanced phagocytosis. To further investigate the actions of resolvins on human cells, macrophages were differentiated from human blood monocytes and treated with D-series resolvins and then exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Resolvins significantly suppressed macrophage production of proinflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and lipid mediators. Resolvins also increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoted an M2 macrophage phenotype, and restored cigarette smoke-induced defects in phagocytosis, highlighting the proresolving functions of these molecules. These actions were receptor-dependent and involved modulation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB expression, with the first evidence for SPM action on alternative NF-κB signaling. These data show that resolvins act on human macrophages to attenuate cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory effects through proresolving mechanisms and provide new evidence of the therapeutic potential of SPMs.
Structured Products for the Retail Market: Regulatory Implications of Investor Innumeracy & Consumer Information Processing

Financial innovations have resulted in an explosion in the number of so-called structured products being offered in the retail marketplace. To explain the complex structure of these hybrid debt securities, their prospectuses frequently employ numerical examples to illustrate the investment’s return formula. These depict hypothetical reward scenarios, utilizing an atypical set of premises. Consequently, these example sets portray highly unlikely investment results. Behavioral science, particularly consumer information processing and principles of numeracy generally, reveal that these “illustrative” example sets can and do create a highly skewed picture of the investment’s potential returns. The target investor’s innumeracy and cognitive biases thus can be leveraged strategically by issuing firms. This latent form of deception has enormous implications for the retail investing population, implications that are only beginning to be felt and understood given the timing of the popularity of these investment instruments and their medium term maturity dates. Armed with research at the intersection of behavioral law and behavioral finance, the authors propose a measured regulatory response. A focused regulation restricting the use of numerical examples that give rise to unrealistic investor expectations is consistent with other regulators’ responses to implied messages of typicality, it is consistent with the law relative to disclosure of issuer projections, and it is consistent with the limited interventionist approach favored by most scholars who have addressed the question of regulation as a method of de-biasing investors. The proposed regulation preserves the important policy objective of investor choice, leaving sophisticated investors with structured notes as a menu option when creating their portfolios, but it also prevents the inevitably mistaken inferences that motivate more innumerate retail investor purchases.
Voces pancaribeñas en América Central: Anacristina Rossi y Limón Reggae

En Limon Reggae , la autora describe las experiencias de una protagonista que no tiene entrada en ningun grupo: nacion, raza o grupo politico. Son representaciones de las comunidades afrocaribenas junto con la lucha revolucionaria en El Salvador y las experiencias de los ninos de la calle. En After Exile , Amy Kaminsky plantea la presencia de imagenes corporales en la obra de muchos escritores latinoamericanos exiliados o expatriados. Rossi explora situaciones desesperadas centroamericanas y mundiales, junto a una lucha de resistencia. In Limon Reggae , the author describes the experiences of a protagonist who never finds acceptance or inclusion in any group, whether that of nation, ethnicity or politics. We find representations of Afro-Caribbean communities along with the revolutionary struggle in El Salvador and the experiences of present-day street children. In After Exile , Amy Kaminsky acknowledges the presence of images of the body in the work of many Latin American writers who have been exiled or have lived expatriate lives. Rossi explores desperate situations, both Central American and worldwide, together with a resistance struggle.
Di‐ and Tri‐Cobalt Silicotungstates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability Studies.

Compounds (IV), (V), and (VI) are characterized by single crystal XRD, cyclic voltammetry, IR, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
Using R2 to compare least-squares fit models: When it must fail

Abstract R 2 can be used correctly to select from among competing least-squares fit models when the data are fitted in common form and with common weighting. However, when models are compared by fitting data that have been mathematically transformed in different ways, R 2 is a flawed statistic, even when the data are properly weighted in accord with the transformations. The reason is that in its most commonly used form, R 2 can be expressed in terms of the excess variance ( s 2 ) and the total variance in y ( s y 2 ) — the first of which is either invariant or approximately so with proper weighting, but the second of which can vary substantially in data transformations. When given data are analyzed “as is” with different models and fixed weights, s y 2 remains constant and R 2 is a valid statistic. However, then s 2 , and χ 2 in weighted fitting, are arguably better metrics for such comparisons.
The surface electronic structure of 3–5 compounds and the mechanism of Fermi level pinning by oxygen (passivation) and metals (Schottky barriers)☆

Abstract The surface electronic structure, sorption of oxygen, and effect of metallic overlayers on cleaved (110) surfaces of GaAs, GaSb, and InP has been studied using photoemission spectroscopy for 2