cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nutritional and physiological impact of milk in human nutrition.

The nutritional value of milk as an important source of energy, high-quality protein, calcium, and riboflavin has been recognized for many years. Currently, the widespread use and promotion of milk in the U.S. as well as developing countries has been questioned. This review examines the nutrient composition of dairy products, factors that account for variability in composition of milk, milk processing, preservation, quality control, and contaminants (such as minerals, radionuclides antibiotics, microorganisms and their metabolites, herbicides, and insecticides) in milk. Consumption patterns for milk and evidence for its nutritional value, especially in children, are presented. Milk consumption has been related to disease or conditions such as atherosclerosis, milk allergy, lactose intolerance, anemia, dental problems, and others. Recent recommendations for dietary changes for individuals in the U.S. and other developed countries could affect the use of milk. In addition, the use of feeding programs in the U.S. and developing countries which are based primarily on milk has been criticized. The preparation of new types of milk designed to offset certain difficulties encountered with cow's milk are now being evaluated in humans.
Parallel processing scheme for the Navier-Stokes equations, Part 1: Scheme development

Using a lower and upper decomposition procedure, an implicit parallel processing scheme for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is developed. In this scheme, the solution for a multidimensional problem is obtained by the superposition of two independent solution cycles. Because of the independence of these two solutions, they can be performed on separate processors simultaneously. To confirm the analytical developments, numerical results are obtained using the proposed scheme and compared with other available solutions and experimental data. A study of other characteristics of the proposed scheme such as stability, symmetry preserving, and effects of domain decomposition on convergence and stability is also conducted
Non-exponential decay of indole fluorescence--the red-edge effect.

Abstract The fluorescence of indole in glycerol decays exponentially at both 22° and −80°C for 280 nm excitation. Under 296 nm excitation the 22°C emission decay is exponential, but at −80°C, a second shorter lived (1.3 ns) component is also detected. The relevance of this result to the determination of protein fluorescence lifetime is described.
Juvenile Rainbow Trout Production in New York Tributaries of Lake Ontario: Implications for Atlantic Salmon Restoration

Abstract Three Pacific salmonid species Onchorynchus spp. have replaced the extirpated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar as the main migratory salmonid in the Lake Ontario drainage. One of those species, the nonnative rainbow trout O. mykiss, has become widely distributed within the historical Atlantic salmon habitat, occupying an ecological niche similar to that of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Consequently, both a tributary's carrying capacity for Atlantic salmon and competition from established nonnative species are important when considering the feasibility of Atlantic salmon restoration. Estimation of juvenile rainbow trout production will help evaluate the capacity of tributaries to produce salmonids that occupy similar niches. Geostatistical methods were applied to standardized and efficiency-corrected electrofishing data from three of New York's best salmonid-producing streams to precisely estimate juvenile rainbow trout populations. Results indicated that each study stream could produce 20,000–40,000 age-0...
Camassa-Holm Equations as a Closure Model for Turbulent Channel and Pipe Flow

We propose the viscous Camassa-Holm equations as a closure approximation for the Reynolds-averaged equations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid. This approximation is tested on turbulent channel and pipe flows with steady mean. Analytical solutions for the mean velocity and the Reynolds shear stress are consistent with experiments in most of the flow region.
The effect of hydrogen on constrained yielding in a spheroidized aisi 1520 steel

Etude de l'endommagement produit par chargement electrochimique sous faible densite de courant. Comparaison des resultats a ceux d'autres auteurs
A comparison of some recycle permeators for gas separations

Abstract The performances of several different recycle permeators are compared by calculating the enrichment, extend of separation, and area requirements for different overall stage cuts and recycle ratios, using the separation of air as an example. Membrane modules investigated included a two-unit series type permeator with permeate recycle, a continuous membrane column with high-pressure feed, and two single-unit countercurrent permeators with permeate recycle (both high-pressure and low-pressure feed). The use of Rony's extent of separation in the analysis greatly aids in the visualization of limiting permeator performance at different recycle ratios. The composition of O2 in the high-pressure product (reject) stream becomes zero at specific values of the stage cut which depend on recycle ratio for all but the low-pressure feed module. This would require an infinite permeator area, hence stage cuts greater than this limiting value are not possible. For the case of the low-pressure feed unit, the reject stream composition approaches a minimum finite value that depends on pressure ratio in the permeator. This limiting minimum composition would also be reached at specific values of stage cut that depend on recycle ratio and hence a stage cut greater than this limiting value cannot be obtained. Other permeator types (co-current, perfect mixed models) do not behave in this manner. It is concluded that the two-unit series type permeator gives the best separation and requires smaller membrane areas at high recycle ratios. Performance of the four permeators is not greatly different at lower recycle ratios.
Isolated root caps, border cells, and mucilage from host roots stimulate hyphal branching of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora gigantea.

Unlike previous reports that have shown that water soluble and volatile compounds from roots or root exudates play an important role in precolonization events during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus-host root interactions (Becard & Piche 1989, Giovannetti et al. 1993), the results shown here deal with particulate and viscous fractions isolated from host roots. Root caps and a slow sedimenting participate fraction (SSPF) were rapidly isolated and separated from Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots ( D. carota ) grown in liquid culture. In addition, border cells (BC) and mucilage were isolated from aseptically grown corn seedlings ( Zea mays ). Root caps, SSPF (composed mainly of small root cap fragments and some BCs), BCs), and mucilage all had an associated AM fungus hyphal branching stimulator. Root caps stored for 5 d at 4 °C appeared to either synthesize or slowly release the branching stimulator. Also, isolated root caps from roots grown in the absence of P contained more branch stimulating activity than those isolated from roots grown in the presence of P. Although the branching stimulation activity in particulate fractions was low compared to that of the exudate, the particulate fractions can stick to the root surface at considerable distances from the root tip. This may be significant during the infection and colonization of host roots at sites far removed from the primary location of exudation.
Kcnq1-5 (Kv7.1-5) potassium channel expression in the adult zebrafish

KCNQx genes encode slowly activating-inactivating K+ channels, are linked to physiological signal transduction pathways, and mutations in them underlie diseases such as long QT syndrome (KCNQ 1), epilepsy in adults (KCNQ 2/3), benign familial neonatal convulsions in children (KCNQ 3), and hearing loss or tinnitus in humans (KCNQ 4, but not KCNQ 5). Identification of kcnqx potassium channel transcripts in zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains to be fully characterized although some genes have been mapped to the genome. Using zebrafish genome resources as the source of putative kcnq sequences, we investigated the expression of kcnq1-5 in heart, brain and ear tissues. Overall expression of the kcnq x channel transcripts is similar to that found in mammals. We found that kcnq1 expression was highest in the heart, and also present in the ear and brain. kcnq2 was lowest in the heart, while kcnq3 was highly expressed in the brain, heart and ear. kcnq5 expression was highest in the ear. We analyzed zebrafish genomic clones containing putative kcnq4 sequences to identify transcripts and protein for this highly conserved member of the Kcnq channel family. The zebrafish appears to have two kcnq4 genes that produce distinct mRNA species in brain, ear, and heart tissues. We conclude that the zebrafish is an attractive model for the study of the KCNQ (Kv7) superfamily of genes, and are important to processes involved in neuronal excitability, cardiac anomalies, epileptic seizures, and hearing loss or tinnitus.
Relative phase tuning of coupled defects in photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Evanescent coupling can be achieved by patterning the top facet of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a multiple defect photonic crystal pattern. We show that for 2×1 coupled defect arrays, the phase between these emission sites changes as the current is varied. The phase variation is manifest in the far field pattern and may be determined using antenna array theory. It is found that the phase varies 81 deg between transversely coupled cavities as the current to the VCSEL is varied by 24 mA. This corresponds to a far field angular change of approximately 1.5 deg.
A depth processing theory of the Poggendorff illusion

The Poggendorff illusion is attributed to the processing of the oblique lines of the Poggendorff figure as receding horizontal lines with their inner ends equidistant because of attachment to a frontal plane (defined by the parallel lines of the figure). Collinearity in three-dimensional space is inconsistent with such equidistance; one line must lie on a higher horizontal plane than the other. This necessarily noncollinear resolution of the lines in depth processing (which is inferred irrespective of the O’s consciousness of depth) is assumed to influence apparent projective relationships within the figure, thus accounting for the illusion. Predictions from the theory, involving manipulations of the plane defined by the parallels, were confirmed experimentally. In addition, the theory is shown to account very well for the effects of amputations and rotations of the figure, which other theories of the illusion cannot handle.
Digital Compensation for Control and Simulation

This paper describes a technique for improving the performance of digital feedback control systems and operational digital simulators by making use of the computer to perform information programming or data processing. The system stability can be improved and the system error can be reduced by digital programng of the input and error signals together with digital correction computations. This technique of digital compensation is illustrated by an example.
Emotional Reactions to Interracial Achievement Outcomes1

Students interacted with a White or a Black partner on an achievement task. It was predicted that the anxiety elicited by interacting with an outgroup member would lead to amplified emotional reactions to achievement outcomes. Consistent with this prediction, emotional reactions to success were more positive with a Black partner than with a White partner, whereas emotional reactions to failure were more negative with a Black partner than with a White partner. In addition, under conditions of low public self-awareness, Black partners were given less credit for success and blamed more for failure than White partners. This prejudicial pattern of attributions disappeared under conditions of high public self-awareness.
Empowering and Demedicalized Case Management Practices: Perspectives of Mental Health Consumer Leaders and Professionals

Abstract The principles of empowerment and demedicalization have been central to the formulations of rehabilitation and social service practices as well as case management, a core community support service provided to people with psychiatric disabilities. This study describes empowering and demedicalized practices in mental health case management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty leaders in the mental health consumer movement and five professionals. Twenty-five categories of such practices were developed and are presented. Findings have implications for both the nature of the interaction between case manager and client and for program structures, activities, and missions.
The effect of levels and types of experience on judgment of synthesized voice quality.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of level and type of experience on the judgment of voice quality and to examine the correlation among acoustical measurements and perceptions of voice quality. Study Design This was a within-subjects group design. Methods Speech-language pathologists, singing voice teachers (SVTs), speech-language pathology graduate students with and without experience with a voice client, graduate students who have completed a voice pedagogy course, and inexperienced listeners (IEs) rated stimuli with systematically altered measurements of jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio (NHR) on a visual analog scale ranging from mild to severe for overall severity, roughness, breathiness, strain, and pitch. Results Results showed that the type of experience had an impact on judgments of voice quality more than the level of experience. Also, jitter/shimmer combination stimuli and shimmer only stimuli frequently correlated with the ratings of overall severity, roughness, and strain, and NHR stimuli correlated with ratings of breathiness across all groups. Only IEs, SVTs, and their students had significant correlations for ratings of pitch with jitter/shimmer combination stimuli having the highest correlations. Conclusion The conclusion was that the level and type of experience affect judgments of voice quality.
Nature of the Hypophysial Blood Supply in the Rat

Radioactive microspheres injected into the carotid artery of the anesthetized or unanesthetized rat are found in the infundibulum and posterior lobe but not in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is concluded that the anterior lobe of the living rat is perfused by none but portal systems.
Multi-objective agent-based modeling of single-stream recycling programs

Abstract In this research, our goal is to develop an agent-based simulation-based decision making framework for the effective planning of single-stream recycling (SSR) programs. The proposed framework is comprised of two main modules: a structured database and a simulation module. The database houses data necessary for simulating the entire solid waste management (SWM) system. The simulation module performs two major tasks. First, it identifies the various sources of system uncertainties and incorporates them into the SSR simulation model. Second, it compares and evaluates the alternatives of SSR (i.e., dual-stream recycling) with respect to cost, bottleneck facilities, and types and capacities of the processing facilities needed. For demonstration purposes, the proposed framework is applied to the state of Florida which has set a goal of reaching a 75% recycling rate by 2020. The proposed framework is a powerful tool that can be used by stakeholders for the evaluation of several “what-if” scenarios in their system before reaching a conclusion and making a decision.
Intracellular and Extracellular Cytokine Production by Human Mixed Mononuclear Cells in Response to Group B Streptococci |[diams]| 31

Group B streptococci (GBS) are a major cause of severe and overwhelming infection in newborns, pregnant females and other immunocompromised hosts. Patients in the neonatal period often present with early onset infection which includes septicemia, shock, pneumonia and respiratory failure. In previous studies, we have reported that GBS induce marked production of TNFα by human neonatal mononuclear cells (J. Pediatr. 123:292, 1993). Recently, an experimental system has been developed that uses flow cytometry to measure the production of intracellular cytokines by various cell types. Making use of this system, in addition to enzyme linked immunoabsorbent analysis of extracellular cytokines, the present studies were designed to not only measure the production of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IFNγ, but also determine from what cells and at what point during incubation with GBS these cytokines are being produced. Mixed mononuclear cells obtained from healthy adult subjects were incubated with heat killed GBS, media alone, or 1μg E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Brefeldin-A was added to each sample 4 hours prior to staining which prevented the export of cytokines by the Golgi apparatus. The cells were then stained with the appropriate conjugated antibodies and analyzed using a flow cytometer. Results indicate that intracellular cytokines appear, in almost all cases, before secreted proteins are detected. In contrast to the response to LPS, where TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 appear almost simultaneously, the human monocyte response to GBS results in the production of TNFα, but delayed appearance of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The lymphocyte response to GBS was also strikingly different from that to LPS, in that both secreted IFNγ and IL-12 were detected, while LPS failed to induce production of these critical cytokines. This suggests an important role for IFNγ and IL-12 in GBS pathogenesis and/or immunity. The primary or first cytokine produced, following exposure of human mononuclear cells to GBS, however, appears to be TNFα. Immunotherapy against TNFα using monoclonal antibodies, pharmacologic agents, or receptor antagonists may interrupt the cytokine cascade and improve survival in this most fulminant neonatal infection.
PROGESTERONE BINDING AND METABOLISM IN HUMAN FETAL MEMBRANES

At term lysosomes are perturbed allowing phospholopase A2 activity which results in hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids and the release of free aranchidonic acids may be converted to prostaglandin or prostaglandin-like substances which may diffuse to the myometrium to inhibit ATP-dependent calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thereby initiate myometrial contractions of human labor. It is suggested that the lysosomes are perturbed by an increase in progesterone-binding substance causing progesterone withdrawal in the fetal membranes which decrease enzymes that metabolize progesterone. The progesterone withdrawal alone or with estrogen stimulation perturbs the lysosomes. Another suggestion is that progesterone-binding substance in the chorion laeve or protein-progesterone complex may perturb fetal membrane lysosomes. In either case a unique protein with high progesterone affinity appears in the fetal membranes before the onset of parturition.
Understanding the effects of changes on the cost-effectiveness of regression testing techniques

Regression testing is an expensive testing process used to validate modified software. Regression test selection and test-case prioritization can reduce the costs of regression testing by selecting a subset of test cases for execution, or scheduling test cases to meet testing objectives better. The cost-effectiveness of these techniques can vary widely, however, and one cause of this variance is the type and magnitude of changes made in producing a new software version. Engineers unaware of the causes and effects of this variance can make poor choices in designing change integration processes, selecting inappropriate regression testing techniques, designing excessively expensive regression test suites and making unnecessarily costly changes. Engineers aware of causal factors can perform regression testing more cost-effectively. This article reports the results of an embedded multiple case study investigating the modifications made in the evolution of four software systems and their impact on regression testing techniques. The results of this study expose tradeoffs and constraints that affect the success of techniques and provide guidelines for designing and managing regression testing processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dipeptide prodrug approach to evade efflux pumps and CYP3A4 metabolism of lopinavir

Abstract Oral absorption of lopinavir (LPV) is limited due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2) mediated efflux by intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, LPV is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. In the present study, dipeptide prodrug approach was employed to circumvent efflux pumps (P-gp and MRP2) and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of LPV. Valine–isoleucine–LPV (Val–Ile–LPV) was synthesized and identified by LCMS and NMR techniques. The extent of LPV and Val–Ile–LPV interactions with P-gp and MRP2 was studied by uptake and transport studies across MDCK–MDR1 and MDCK–MRP2 cells. To determine the metabolic stability, time and concentration dependent degradation study was performed in liver microsomes. Val–Ile–LPV exhibited significantly higher aqueous solubility relative to LPV. This prodrug generated higher stability under acidic pH. Val–Ile–LPV demonstrated significantly lower affinity toward P-gp and MRP2 relative to LPV. Transepithelial transport of Val–Ile–LPV was significantly higher in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral) relative to LPV. Importantly, Val–Ile–LPV was recognized as an excellent substrate by peptide transporter. Moreover, Val–Ile–LPV displayed significantly higher metabolic stability relative to LPV. Results obtained from this study suggested that dipeptide prodrug approach is a viable option to elevate systemic levels of LPV following oral administration.
Walter Bradford Cannon: Pioneer of stress research

Walter Bradford Cannon, M.D., made a significant contribution to psychology and medicine with the discovery of the stress response around 1915, setting the cornerstone for psychosomatic medicine. This brief, introductory article etches out the nature of his contribution and sets the stage for Dr. Bradford Cannon to reflect on his father's important professional contributions and personal life in the following article.
Activation of Cannabinoid-1 Receptors Disrupts Sensory Gating and Neuronal Oscillation: Relevance to Schizophrenia

Background Impaired auditory gating and abnormal neuronal synchrony are indicators of dysfunctional information processing in schizophrenia patients and possible underlying mechanisms of their impaired sensory and cognitive functions. Because cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids have been linked to psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor activation on sensory gating and neuronal oscillations in rats. Methods Auditory sensory gating has been recorded from the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) in anesthetized rats. Neuronal network oscillations were recorded from the hippocampus, medial septum, EC, and medial prefrontal cortex in anesthetized and freely moving rats. Effects of systemic administration of CB1 receptor agonist CP-55940 were evaluated on these parameters. Results CP-55940 significantly disrupted auditory gating both in the hippocampus and EC in anesthetized rats. Theta field potential oscillations were disrupted in the hippocampus and EC, with simultaneous interruption of theta-band oscillations of septal neurons. Administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM-251 reversed both the agonist-induced gating deficit and the diminished oscillations. In freely moving rats, CP-55940 significantly reduced theta and gamma power in the hippocampus, whereas in the EC, only gamma power was attenuated. However, novelty-induced theta and gamma activities were significantly diminished by CP-55940 in both the hippocampus and EC. Conclusions Our data indicate that activation of CB1 receptors interferes with neuronal network oscillations and impairs sensory gating function in the limbic circuitry, further supporting the connection between cannabis abuse and increased susceptibility of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Enhanced robustness of generic model control using derivative feedback

Presentation de la theorie de controle GMC (Generic Model Control) et de ces limitations. Introduction de la structure de controle RGMC (Robust Generic Model Control) et discussion de ces avantages. Demonstration de la robustesse de RGMC et comparaison a GMC sur deux exemples
Lysine ubiquitination and acetylation of human cardiac 20S proteasomes

Purpose Altered proteasome functions are associated with multiple cardiomyopathies. While the proteasome targets polyubiquitinated proteins for destruction, it itself is modifiable by ubiquitination. We aim to identify the exact ubiquitination sites on cardiac proteasomes and examine whether they are also subject to acetylations. Experimental design Assembled cardiac 20S proteasome complexes were purified from five human hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy, then analyzed by high-resolution MS to identify ubiquitination and acetylation sites. We developed a library search strategy that may be used to complement database search in identifying PTM in different samples. Results We identified 63 ubiquitinated lysines from intact human cardiac 20S proteasomes. In parallel, 65 acetylated residues were also discovered, 39 of which shared with ubiquitination sites. Conclusion and clinical relevance This is the most comprehensive characterization of cardiac proteasome ubiquitination to date. There are significant overlaps between the discovered ubiquitination and acetylation sites, permitting potential crosstalk in regulating proteasome functions. The information presented here will aid future therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating the functions of cardiac proteasomes.
Noninvasive testing of lung function and inflammation in pediatric patients with acute asthma exacerbations.

Objective. There is limited information on performance rates for tests of lung function and inflammation in pediatric patients with acute asthma exacerbations. We sought to examine how frequently pediatric patients with acute asthma exacerbations could perform noninvasive lung function and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) testing and participant characteristics associated with successful performance. Methods. We studied a prospective convenience sample aged 5–17 years with acute asthma exacerbations in a pediatric emergency department. Participants attempted spirometry for percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (%FEV1), airway resistance (Rint), and FENO testing before treatment. We examined overall performance rates and the associations of age, gender, race, and baseline acute asthma severity score with successful test performance. Results. Among 573 participants, age was (median [interquartile range]) 8.8 [6.8, 11.5] years, 60% were male, 57% were African-American, and 58% had Medicaid insura...
Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: Calcaneal fractures

Fractures of the calcaneus are usually associated with a high-force mechanism, which frequently can involve associated injuries and prolonged disability. Due to distracting injury and variations in clinical findings, calcaneal fractures may be initially missed or misdiagnosed. This review article examines the clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and management of calcaneal fractures applicable to the emergency practitioner.
Control of Inverted Pendulum Using Only Vertical Force via Harmonic Oscillation

Control of an inverted pendulum using horizontal force (e.g. cart-pole) is a well-established problem. However, there is no work in the literature that addresses controlling an inverted pendulum using only vertical force without horizontal movement. In this paper, control algorithm is presented that can control the inverted pendulum via only vertical force within the operating range of the given system. In the process, the dynamic stabilizing effect of vertical harmonic oscillation acting on inverted pendulum is exploited and previous works on the analysis of the stabilizing effect is utilized. The result is a nonlinear controller that combines sliding mode and energy shaping control which is capable of stabilizing the pendulum upright as well as at any titled angle within the region of attraction described. This is done for pendulum starting at any initial angle while maintaining vertical movement of the inverted pendulum within the prescribed space limit.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Oldest known eutherian stapes and a marsupial petrosal bone from the Late Cretaceous of North America

Cranial remains of Late Cretaceous therian mammals are rarely found in North America and are usually limited to isolated petrosal bones. The oldest known associated stapes and petrosal bone of a Late Cretaceous eutherian are reported here. Comparison with a Late Cretaceous marsupial petrosal bone gives a further indication of the probable condition of several character states of the ancestral mammalian (or at least therian) middle ear, and also indicates the antiquity of various aspects of the middle ear of extant eutherians and marsupials.
Acceptance diagrams for curved neutron guides

Abstract The method of acceptance diagrams is used to obtain analytic expressions for the intensity and spatial and angular distributions of the neutrons transmitted along a one-dimensional curved guide, provided that the length of the guide is greater than the minimum length necessary to eliminate direct radiation. The acceptance area for curved guides is parabolic in shape, and shows the asymmetry in the spatial distribution of the transmitted neutrons. From these formulations the average number of reflections can be determined as a function of wavelength.
Determination of cleavage pattern in embryonic blast cells of the leech

The o blast cells of the leech embryo become committed to one of two alternative cleavage geometries shortly before they divide. Cleavage geometry depends upon the presence or absence of the adjoining p bandlet, and if that bandlet is ablated, the pattern of o blast cell cleavages will undergo an abrupt transition several hours later. Previous work has shown that the oblast cell becomes committed to the formation of a particular complement of postmitotic descendants early in its differentiation, but the present findings suggest that cleavage pattern and descendant fate are determined at separate commitment events.
Translational repression by chemical inducers of the stress response occurs by different pathways

Abstract The mechanism by which chemical inducers of the stress response inhibit protein synthesis was examined. All the chemicals tested principally inhibit the initiation phase of translation. Covalent modification of the initiation factor proteins does not constitute a common mechanism. Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2α phosphorylation is moderately to strongly induced by Na arsenite and diamide, but only slightly to imperceptibly affected by iodoacetamide, azetidine carboxylic acid, and canavanine. eIF-4B dephosphorylation does not occur in any case. The only consistent change detected is the hyperphosphorylation of the 28,000 Da heat stress protein. These results indicate that these diverse chemicals, all of which enhance the transcription of the stress mRNAs, do not inhibit translation by a common, recognized mechanism; it is likely that several distinct pathways leading to inhibition exist.
Dynamics of the inverse MAPLE nanoparticle deposition process

Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a processing technique by which laser-sensitive materials are dissolved or placed into colloidal solution with a strongly absorbing sacrificial solvent, which when frozen into a solid target and irradiated under vacuum disperses the undamaged solute material onto a desired substrate. We present an inversion of the original MAPLE process, where the irradiation of metal-based acetate precursors in solution with UV transparent water results in the deposition of inorganic nanoparticles. A theory is forwarded to explain the underlying multiscale sequence of events that control the inverse MAPLE process from acetate decomposition to nanoparticle formation and subsequent ejection. Support for this theory is provided through the analysis of deposited nanoparticles and by novel characterization of MAPLE targets post-irradiation via cryostage scanning electron microscopy. Ejection is shown to proceed through the same phase-explosion mechanism that drives conventional MAPLE, relating the two techniques and advancing the broader understanding of MAPLE deposition processes.
Classification of Hematopoietic System Neoplasia in the Dog

This article contains an overview of the classification of neoplasia of the hematopoietic system in the dog. The objective of this article is to convey an understanding of currently used classification schemes and to correlate this classification with modern concepts of hematopoietic system biology. This article will be concerned with those neoplastic disease processes that are derived from the mesodermally derived pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny.
IS SCIENCE PERSISTENCE A MATTER OF VALUES

This study investigates the hypothesis that congruence in value perspectives distinguishes science-able students who persist in science from those who do not (nonpersisters). A science values measure was administered to 173 undergraduates with high levels of commitment and ability in the sciences. On each of six hypothetical dilemmas from everyday science, respondents rated the importance of three justice and three care considerations for self and for science, using a Likert-type 7-point scale. A significant three way interaction involving sex, persistence, and point of view (self/science) emerged, with persisters generally demonstrating congruence between self and science on the value perspectives; female persisters, however, were more likely to combine justice and care perspectives than were males. Nonpersisters' self/science ratings of justice and care were sharply dissimilar, with females demonstrating the most incongruence. In all groups, justice was the prominent perspective attributed to science.
Effects of Short-Term Treatment of Hyperlipidemia on Coronary Vasodilator Function and Myocardial Perfusion in Regions Having Substantial Impairment of Baseline Dilator Reverse

Background —We tested the hypothesis that correction of hyperlipidemia improves coronary vasodilator response and maximal perfusion in myocardial regions having substantial impairment of pretreatment vasodilator capacity. Methods and Results —Measurements of myocardial blood flow were made with PET [ 13 N]ammonia in 12 patients with ischemic heart disease (11 men; age, 65±8 years [mean±SD]) at rest and during adenosine at 70 and then 140 μg · kg −1 · min −1 for 5 minutes each before and ≈4 months after simvastatin treatment (40 mg daily). Simvastatin reduced LDL (171±13 before versus 99±18 mg/dL after simvastatin, P P −1 · min −1 adenosine as normal (flow ≥2 mL · min −1 · g −1 ) or abnormal (flow −1 · g −1 ). In normal segments, baseline myocardial blood flow (0.95±0.32) increased ( P P P P P Conclusions —Short-term lipid-lowering therapy increases stenotic segment maximal myocardial blood flow by ≈45%. The mechanism involves enhanced, flow-mediated dilation of stenotic epicardial conduit vessels and may account at least in part for the efficacy of lipid lowering in secondary prevention trials and in reducing ischemic episodes in ambulatory patients.
Document Theft: Appropriate Responses

Abstract This column deals with the theft of several thousand internal documents created by Diebold Election Systems. Diebold's attempts to force Internet service providers to remove the material from their Web sites led to severely negative consequences for the company. This column also discusses how the courts view the use of stolen documents by journalists and how the courts balance the public's right to know under freedom of the press against the individual and corporate right to privacy.
Complete RNA-seq analysis of cancer transcriptomes from FFPE samples

We have developed a new protocol that enables sequencing of the complete transcriptome from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. The method uses a DSN (Duplex-Specific Nuclease) normalization process to remove ribosomal RNA and other abundant transcripts, which allows full-length RNA-seq libraries to be created from even the most highly degraded samples. We have used this protocol to study various sub-types of breast cancer and compare our results from FFPE samples with RNA derived from fresh/frozen tissues of the same tumors. We observe very good concordance of the gene expression changes when comparing fresh RNA and FFPE RNA. Since this method does not use a poly-A selection procedure, we are able to sequence all of the RNA in the tumor including many interesting non-coding RNAs that are usually missed in other gene expression assays. We will show data analyzing the gene expression changes of mRNA and ncRNA, and also characterize SNPs and mutations, alternative splicing and fusion transcripts in these cancers.
An Abnormality in the Life Cycle of Tokophrya infusionum

SYNOPSIS. Tokophrya infusionum reproduces by endogenous budding, forming a ciliated embryo within a brood pouch. The embryo is released to the outside medium, where it swims for some time, then undergoes metamorphosis by the formation of a disk, stalk, and tentacles. In one of the clones (E22), 1–2% of the adults display abnormalities during reproduction. In some of the abnormal adults, the embryo is retained inside a greatly enlarged brood pouch and undergoes metamorphosis within the parent; in others, the embryo is not formed, and only a large empty brood pouch appears. Attempts to establish a separate clone composed only of abnormal organisms were unsuccessful, and led to the conclusion that all members of clone E22 are potentially abnormal. Experiments were performed to increase the percentage of abnormal organisms; it was found that overfeeding is one of the factors favoring abnormal reproduction. Physiological and genetic explanations of the abnormality are proposed and discussed.
The Conventionality of Slow-Transport Synchrony

The conventionality of distant simultaneity, as maintained by Hans Reichenbach and Adolf Grunbaum, is by now so widely known that it can be stated very briefly. Let us consider two points A and B which are separated from one another in an inertial frame K. For a light signal emitted from A and reflected at B back to A, we compare the time interval for the out-going trip to that for the round trip. This ratio is called ‘epsilon’ (≤). In formulating the special theory of relativity, Einstein effectively took ≤ to be ½ thus, we may use ≤=½ in defining what is now called ‘standard signal synchrony’. Reichenbach views ⊀ as being restricted only by the causal relations involved in the signaling process. That is, the reflection of the light ray at B must take place after the ray’s emission at A but before its return to A. These considerations require us to restrict ∈ between zero and one, but Reichenbach (1958, p. 127) insists that within these limits values of ∈≠ ½ “could not be called false”. He claims that there are no facts which would mediate against using these values in definitions which are now called ‘nonstandard signal synchrony’. This allegedly physical possibility of choosing ∈ between zero and one is the conventionality of distant simultaneity as determined by signals. Grunbaum (1973, p. 353) also argues for this thesis, making clear that it obtains within a single inertial frame.1 In this paper I will not be concerned with the situation in more than one inertial frame.2 Rather, I will consider a nonsignaling definition of synchrony and ask what sort of conventionality it manifests in a single inertial frame.
Political imprints on business scalability and planning

The business community like other communities also depends on the general state of affairs of any state. The state is governed by the administration of political bodies. Thus, political environment directly affects the business policies and the execution thereof as far as the scalability and development of the business set up is concerned. Political environment like other segments of the business environment has its own considerations for the business leaders and planners. What would be the acceptability level of the intended products and services, this all depends on the general interference of the political inputs for the business community. Through this paper, it has been intended to put light on the political interferences in the business planning process across political structures and regimes. How a political set is critical for the performance or scope of the business process in a given geography. The geo-coverage of the paper should be taken as general as no specific reference is made to any political structure of any particular state.
Is the mouse LD50 unit here to stay

Investigators adopted the mouse LD50 unit for quantifying botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in the early 1900s, and through a combination of necessity and tradition, public health agencies, laboratory researchers, clinicians and manufacturers of BoNT have continued to use the mouse LD50 unit as the gold standard for expressing toxin quantity and potency. A recent article by Pickett (2011) questions whether there is still a need in the botulinum community to continue to use this bioassay and raises issues regarding a lack of standardisation in the reporting of toxin preparations.
On Gaussian feedback capacity

M. Pinsker and P. Ebert (Bell Syst. Tech. J., p.1705-1712, Oct.1970) proved that in channels with additive Gaussian noise, feedback at most doubles the capacity. Recently, T. Cover and S. Pombra (ibid., vol.35, no.1, p.37-43, Jan.1989) proved that feedback at most adds half a bit per transmission. Following their approach, the author proves that in the limit as signal power approaches either zero (very low SNR) or infinity (very high SNR), feedback does not increase the finite block-length capacity (which for nonstationary Gaussian channels replaces the standard notion of capacity that may not exist). Tighter upper bounds on the capacity are obtained in the process. Specializing these results to stationary channels, the author recovers some of the bounds recently obtained by L.H. Ozarow (to appear in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory) using a different bounding technique. >
Template-based parasitic-aware optimization and retargeting of analog and RF integrated circuit layouts

Parasitic effects are extremely significant for the performance of analog and RF integrated circuits. Although layout retargeting for technology migration or specification update is able to preserve designers' intent, the associated layout parasitics cannot be guaranteed to meet the performance requirements. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that performs parasitic-aware automatic layout retargeting for analog/RF integrated circuits. Given parasitic resistance/capacitance bounds and matching constraints ensuring desired circuit performance, the algorithm creates a reduced-template-graph from original layouts and adds parasitic constraints. Using a two-dimensional hybrid scheme of graph-based optimization and nonlinear programming, the nonlinear problem is solved effectively and efficiently. The algorithm has successfully retargeted operational amplifiers and an RF low-noise amplifier within minutes of CPU time.
Effect of luminance and text size on information acquisition time from traffic signs

Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m2 to 80 cd/m2 on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimul...
Younger than yesterday: is vascular senescence a two-way street?

A therosclerotic cardiovascular disease is an intrinsically age-related process, and epidemiologic data support the idea that the milieu of the elderly body, rather than a diseased blood vessel’s age, determines this susceptibility to atherosclerosis and its consequences. This notion, if true, suggests that vascular senescence may be a reversible process and raises the possibility of rejuvenative therapies for cardiovascular protection in the elderly. A report by Haendeler and colleagues in this issue of Circulation Research 1 addresses the mechanisms by which cultured vascular endothelial cells undergo senescence and suggests that both antioxidant mechanisms and statins, the pharmacologic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, may reverse at least some features of the vascular senescence phenotype. What can we learn about vascular aging from this impressive report? The title of this article indicates that the authors are interested in replicative senescence of endothelial cells in cell culture as a model for understanding the mechanisms that underlie vascular aging. In now classic experiments, Leonard Hayflick discovered that somatic cells in culture cannot divide indefinitely.2 Replicative senescence therefore refers to the process by which cells lose their ability to replicate after a finite number of cell divisions, and Hayflick (among many others) noted that somatic cells exhausted of their ability to divide in culture may have characteristics associated with aging. This led to the notion that replicative senescence might account for organismal aging in vivo and, conversely, that the phenomenon of replicative senescence in culture might be a practical model for understanding the mechanisms that determine aging. It must first be noted that the studies of Haendeler and colleagues in this issue do not actually measure replicative senescence per se but …
Risk and the environment reporters: a four-region analysis

Who are the environment reporters who explain the science of the environment to the general public? Do they consider risk when writing environmental stories? How often do they say they use a risk a...