cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel technique of interlocking screw placement after missing a screw hole

Interlocking nailing has become the common method of treatment of most diaphyseal fractures of long bones today (Brumback et al. in J Bone Joint Surg A 70:1453–1462, 1988; Winquist et al. in J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 66:529–539, 1984). Interlocking screws at the end of the nail that is free of the jig is usually done free hand, by perfect circle technique. Recently, computer-guided interlocking of the nail at the far end of the jig has been introduced, and this technique decreases the radiation and the time for locking at the far end. In fact, it completely avoids radiation while locking at the distal end of the nail (Tornetta et al. in Distal locking using an electromagnetic field guided computer based real time system, San Diego, CA, 2009). Trying to drill without obtaining perfect circles is one of the common causes of missing a screw hole during interlocking nailing, and this is mostly due to inexperience, making small skin incisions, thick fascia causing walking of the drill bit while drilling or being overconfident (Brumback in Tech Orthop 16:342–348, 2001). Further localization of the correct hole is often made difficult by the drill bit trying to re-enter the previously drilled hole. We describe a technique to aid in finding the appropriate screw hole after missing a hole.
Novel procedure for the extraction and concentration of carotenoid-containing chromoplasts from selected plant systems.

Natural sources of carotenoids for nutraceutical use are desired by the food industry as a result of the increased production of convenience and other highly processed foods. As new physiological roles are discovered for some of the minor carotenoids that are found in only small amounts in present sources, the need for discovery of new sources will amplify. Thus, a method is needed that will effectively and gently concentrate carotenoids from potential new sources for subsequent identification and analysis. A procedure is presented by which carotenoid-containing tissue chromoplasts can be extracted and subsequently concentrated by precipitation, all in an aqueous milieu. The chromoplasts are extracted and solubilized with 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water. The addition of a nominally equal volume of acetonitrile to the chromoplasts in SDS immediately precipitates the chromoplasts out of solution with generally >90% recovery. Carotenoids contained in the concentrated, still-intact chromoplasts can...
Deriving a discriminative color model for a given object class from weakly labeled training data

This paper presents a method for creating a discriminative color model for a given object class based on color occurrence statistics. A discriminative color model can be used to classify individual pixels of images with regards to whether they may belong to the wanted object. However, in contrast to existing approaches, we do not exploit pixel-wise object annotations but only global negative and positive image labels. Therefore our approach requires significantly less manual effort. We quantitatively evaluate the performance of our approach on two publicly available datasets and compare it to a baseline approach, which utilizes pixel annotations. The experimental results show that our approach is on par with pixel-wise approaches although requiring only a single global image label.
A latent-variable causal model of faculty reputational ratings

Saunier (1985), in an attempt to explain sources of variation in the NRC reputational ratings of university faculty, conducted a stepwise regression analysis using twelve predictor variables. Due to problems with multicollinearity and because of the atheoretical nature of stepwise regression, Saunier's conclusions were only speculative. By using LISREL the present reanalysis demonstrates the value of regressing reputational ratings on three latent variables: size, faculty research productivity, and the quality of program graduates. The model was tested using NRC data for each of six disciplines: English, French, philosophy, geography, political science, and sociology. The relative magnitude of the contributions made by the three latent variables depended upon the discipline of interest, but generally size and research productivity were found to be more important than the quality of the program graduates.
Three Genes Encoding Zinc Finger Proteins on Human Chromosome 6p21.3: Members of a New Subclass of the Krüppel Gene Family Containing the Conserved SCAN Box Domain

Abstract Five genes encoding zinc finger proteins of the Cys 2 His 2 (or Kruppel) family were identified by direct cDNA hybridization to YACs 753H12 and 638D7, which encompass a region of human chromosome 6p21.3 extending from just centromeric of the microsatellite marker D6S306 to telomeric of D6S1260. The genes span a distance of approximately 1750 kb. The complete cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and tissue distribution of three of the zinc finger proteins, LD65/ZNF165, ZNF192 (previously called LD5-1), and ZNF193, are described. The three zinc finger proteins do not contain either Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) A or KRAB B domain, present in about one-third of all Kruppel-type zinc finger proteins (E. J. Bellefroid et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3608–3612). The three zinc finger proteins do contain the conserved SCAN box domain (A. J. Williams et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270: 22143–22152). SCAN boxes are found in eight other genes in the GenBank database, five of which are also in the Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins lacking KRAB A and B domains and thereby define a new subclass of zinc finger proteins. In addition, three polymorphisms were identified in ZNF192, one of the zinc finger proteins. One of the three polymorphisms, Pro163Leu, is the second proline in a proline cluster (PEPP) in a region separating the SCAN box from the zinc finger motifs.
Relationship between Cell Permeability and Respiration in Ripening Banana Fruit Tissue

The hypothesis that changes in membrane permeability may be a causative factor in the climacteric rise in fruit respiration was suggested by Blackman (2) and also by Kidd in a lecture before the Royal Institute of Great Britain in 1934 (1). Support for this hypothesis has recently appeared in studies by Sacher (4) with banana and avocado fruits. He observed a close parallel during the respiratory climacteric between the respiratory increase and the rate of diffusion of substances from the tissue into distilled water. Young et al. (6) also observed that climacteric avocado tissue leaked P32 more readily than preclimacteric tissue. Although differing in methodology, the studies reporited here confirm the findings of Sacher (4) with banana fruit. Also, reported are the observations on ions leaking from the tissue, and the influence of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on ion leakage and respiration of tissue slices taken from banana fruit ripening from green to fully ripe.
A ''snapshot'' of declarative memory: Differing developmental trajectories in episodic and autobiographical memory

Episodic and autobiographical memory are clearly related, yet in both the adult and developmental literatures it is difficult to compare them because of differences in how the constructs are assessed, including differences in content, levels of control, and time since experience. To address these issues, we directly compared children's and adults' autobiographical and episodic memory using the same controlled paradigm. Participants engaged in a photo-taking activity in a museum (autobiographical encoding) and viewed others' photographs of the same museum exhibits (episodic encoding). At test, participants classified photos as ones they took, viewed, or novel. In the autobiographical condition older children and adults performed similarly; younger children's performance was lower than adults'. In contrast, in the episodic condition both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. The findings suggest the developmental primacy of autobiographical relative to episodic memory, and that traditional episodic tasks may underestimate older children's declarative memory abilities.
Spatial analysis of habitat selection by Sitka black-tailed deer in Southeast Alaska, USA

We used a vector-based geographic information system (GIS) to examine habitat selection by radiocollared Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in logged forests of southeast Alaska. Our main objective was to explain deer habitat selection relative to old-growth/clear-cut edges and edge habitats at two different spatial scales. Deer home ranges contained higher percentages of recent clear-cuts (50–69%) than the study area (37%;P<0.01) and had higher old-growth/clear-cut edge densities than expected by chance (P<0.01). Deer relocation points were closer to old-growth/clear-cut edges (average=135 m) than random points located within each deer's relocation area (average=168 m;P=0.05). Likewise, deer relocations were closer to old-growth/clear-cut edges than points randomly located within old-growth stands or recent clear-cuts (P<0.01). As the size of clear-cuts increased, both deer relocation density and the proportion of a clear-cut occupied by deer home ranges decreased. Because old growth is important deer habitat and clear-cuts can produce deer forage for only 20–30 years after logging in southeast Alaska, deer management plans such as preserving entire watersheds and maintaining mixes of old growth and recent clear-cut have been proposed. Our data suggest that deer need a diversity of habitats near each other within their home ranges.
Hierarchical addressing in symbolic computation

Abstract To facilitate symbolic computation that parallels the traditional style of mathematical physics, we report some notations and supporting software, based on Mathematica , 1 that let a user specify parts of a mathematical expression to be altered in situ . The scheme is mnemonic and easily extended. It evolved in the course of some lengthy symbolic computations that applied a variety of mathematical techniques to several areas of study, and bears also on a number of more general and abstract topics that affect the manipulation of mathematical and other symbolic material and text.
Effects of Water Soaking on Biomass Particle Size in Cellulosic Biofuel Manufacturing

Cellulosic biofuels are an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. However, manufacturing costs of cellulosic biofuels are high partially due to low density and sugar yield of cellulosic biomass. Previous studies show that UV-A pelleting can increase the density and sugar yield of cellulosic biomass. A hypothesis for UV-A pelleting to increase the density and sugar yield of cellulosic biomass is that UV-A pelleting can reduce biomass particle size. To test this hypothesis, biomass particle sizes before and after UV-A pelleting need to be compared. Soaking pellets in water is an efficient and non-invasive method to separate pellets into particles. However, water soaking itself might change biomass particle size. This paper reports an investigation on effects of water soaking on biomass particle size. The biomass particle sizes before and after water soaking are measured and compared. Results show that effects of water soaking on biomass particle size are dependent on the initial particle size (particle size before water soaking) and time period of water soaking.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
MEMBRANE-AIDED DISTILLATION OF AZEOTROPIC SOLUTIONS

A new process is described in which pervaporation is used in tandem with conventional distillation to separate azeotropic solutions. The pervaporator features a moderately selective, high-flux membrane and a flow arrangement that minimizes temperature drop. Preliminary data and calculations support the feasibility of the process.
A 26-year stable isotope record of humidity and El Niño-enhanced precipitation in the spines of saguaro cactus, Carnegiea gigantea

article i nfo Seasonal and annual variations of rainfall and humidity are recorded in the carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of sequentially grown spines found on the columnar cactus, Carnegiea gigantea. A 26-year long composite δ 18 O and δ 13 C isotope record from the spines of five saguaro cacti was created using bomb radiocarbon and semi-annual variations in δ 13 C. Once dating errors in the composite record are corrected, 18 O is negatively correlated (Pb0.001) with total annual precipitation (TAP) from November through October and positively correlated (Pb0.01) with mean annual nighttime vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Year-to-year decreases (N2‰) in the maximum annual spine δ 18 O are positively correlated (Pb0.01) with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). We attribute these decreases to enhanced winter rainfall associated with the El Nino phase of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Minimum annual δ 13 C is negatively correlated with TAP (Pb0.05) and mean nighttime VPD (Pb0.05). These results bolster proposed mechanistic models of isotopic variation in the spines of columnar cactus and demonstrate how isotopic spine series may be used as climate proxies in regions of the Americas where trees suitable for traditional or isotopic dendrochonology are absent. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Serum contributions to culture medium: comparative dehydrogenase activity.

Abstract Commercial preparations of serum intended for use in cell and tissue culture medium have the ability to reduce both NAD and NADP. This activity appears to be enzymatic in nature since it requires a non-dialyzable, heat-sensitive component. Dialysis of serum against physiological NaCl completely abolished endogenous activity which could again be restored by the addition of ultrafiltrates of serum or specific substrates such as lactate, malate or isocitrate. Comparative studies show this property to be generally universal in serum of various species prepared by different commercial suppliers. Of interest is the fact that considerable dehydrogenase activity for both NAD and NADP still remains after heat treatment at 56°C for 30 minutes. This point is discussed with references to the implications to mammalian cells and tissues cultured in artificial medium in which serum is a component.
Transported PDF modeling of pulverized coal jet flames

Abstract A transported composition probability density function (PDF) method is developed for pulverized coal combustion. A consistent hybrid Lagrangian particle/Eulerian mesh algorithm is used to solve the modeled PDF transport equation for the gas phase, with finite-rate gas-phase chemistry. The model includes k – e turbulence, gradient transport for scalars, and a Euclidean minimum spanning tree (EMST) mixing model. A separate Lagrangian description is used to solve for the coal particle phase, including particle tracking, coal devolatilization and surface reaction models. Interphase coupling models are developed to handle the interaction between the gas phase and the solid phase. Radiative heat transfer is modeled by a P 1 model for a gray absorbing emitting and scattering gas–particle system. Two independent laboratory-scale pulverized coal jet flames (“flame A” and “flame B”) are simulated using the new model. For flame A, the baseline model reproduces the measured mean and rms particle axial velocity reasonably well. Some discrepancies are found in particle temperature and gas-phase concentrations, which may in part be due to the uncertainties in the experimental data. Sensitivities of model results to coal-related model variations, turbulence–chemistry interactions, different interphase coupling strategies, and finite-rate chemistry are explored to establish sensitivities and to determine which aspects of the models are most important. The same model is applied to a second flame (flame B), the only change being in parameters related to the different coal composition. It is found that experimental standoff heights cannot be reproduced for three different stoichiometric ratios using a single model. Time scales for chemical reactions, devolatilization and turbulence are extracted and compared, to study the level of turbulence–chemistry–particle interactions in flame A and to test the popular assumption of equilibrium chemistry in coal combustion modeling. Mixture-fraction statistics for flame B are explored to test assumptions that have been proposed for mixture-fraction-based coal models. While the usual assumption of Beta distributions is found to be appropriate, assumptions of statistical independence of two mixture fractions are not valid.
Thermal emittance enhancement of graphite-copper composites for high temperature space based radiators

Graphite-copper composites are candidate materials for space based radiators. The thermal emittance of this material, however, is a factor of two lower than the desired emittance for these systems of greater than or equal to 0.85. Arc texturing was investigated as a surface modification technique for enhancing the emittance of the composite. Since the outer surface of the composite is copper, and samples of the composite could not be readily obtained for testing, copper was used for optimization testing. Samples were exposed to various frequencies and currents of arcs during texturing. Emittances near the desired goal were achieved at frequencies less than 500 Hz. Arc current did not appear to play a major role under 15 amps. Particulate carbon was observed on the surface, and was easily removed by vibration and handling. In order to determine morphology adherence, ultrasonic cleaning was used to remove the loosely adherent material. This reduced the emittance significantly. Emittance was found to increase with increasing frequency for the cleaned samples up to 500 Hz. The highest emittance achieved on these samples over the temperature range of interest was 0.5 to 0.6, which is approximately a factor of 25 increase over the untextured copper emittance.
The Effects of Extracellular Ions on β-Blocker Cardiotoxicity

Abstract The mechanism of β-blocker induced cardiotoxicity is poorly understood. One possible explanation is that β-blockers induce ion dyshomeostasis, resulting in cardiac hyperpolarization. The intent of this study was to determine if modifying extracellular ions would reverse cardiotoxicity from two β-blockers: propranolol (PROP) and atenolol (ATEN). Two treatments were studied: low extracellular K+and high extracellular Na+. Isolated rat hearts were perfused on a Langendorff apparatus with Krebs–Henseleit–Bicarbonate buffer (KHB) solution. Toxicity (Tox) was induced by perfusing hearts for 30 min with KHB + PROP [5 μg/ml] or KHB + ATEN [2.5 mg/ml]. Subsequently, hearts were perfused with KHB containing either PROP or ATEN, but modified by lowering K+[2.3 m M ] or raising Na+[160 m M ] for a 30-min treatment (Tx) period. Hearts were paced near the end of treatment. Cardiodynamics were monitored via a balloon-tipped catheter in the left ventricle. The first derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt) with respect to time served as our index of myocardial performance. Tx groups were as follows: (1) KHB only, (2) PROP only, (3) PROP + ↓K, (4) PROP + ↑Na, (5) ATEN only, (6) ATEN + ↓K, and (7) ATEN + ↑Na. PROP induced negative chronotropic effects and rendered the hearts refractory to pacing. ATEN demonstrated similar chronotropic toxicity plus decreased myocardial contractility. Tx with low extracellular K+and high extracellular Na+increased HR and restored the ability to pace, thereby reversing toxicity. These data suggest that β-blocker toxicity is mediated via hyperpolarization.
Determining the minimum number of passive stretches necessary to alter musculotendinous stiffness

Abstract In this study, we examined the minimum number of constant-torque passive stretches necessary to reduce musculotendinous stiffness. Thirteen healthy individuals (mean age 22 years, s = 3; stature 1.67 m, s = 0.1; mass 66 kg, s = 13 kg) volunteered to participate in the investigation and underwent four 30-s constant-torque passive stretches of the plantar flexor muscles. Musculotendinous stiffness was examined from the angle–torque curves generated prior to the passive stretches, at the beginning of each 30-s stretch, and immediately following the four 30-s passive stretches. The results indicated that musculotendinous stiffness of the plantar flexors was reduced following two 30-s constant-torque passive stretches (P < 0.05) compared with the pre- musculotendinous stiffness assessment. Musculotendinous stiffness remained depressed following the third and fourth stretches, but did not decrease further. These findings suggest that two 30-s bouts of constant-torque passive stretching may be necessary...
Incoherent inelastic neutron scattering investigation of ammoniated titanium disulfide

Abstract Incoherent inelastic neutron spectra of the intercalation compounds (NH 4 + ) 0.20 (NH 3 ) 0.36 TiS 2 0.20- and (NH 4 + ) 0.20 TiS 2 0.20- have been measured below 560 cm −1 . Bands due to NH 3 occur at 295, 355, 470, 520 and 575 cm −1 in (NH 4 + ) 0.20 (NH 3 ) 0.36 TiS 2 0.20- . A band at 215 cm −1 in (NH 4 + ) 0.20 TiS 2 0.20- is assigned to the NH 4 + torsional fundamental. The results of this study are compared to those found in a previous study of ammoniated TaS 2 .
Development of Diabesity in Mice with Neuronal Deletion of Shp2 Tyrosine Phosphatase

Obesity and diabetes, termed "diabesity," are serious health problems that are increasing in frequency. However, the molecular mechanisms and neuronal regulation of these metabolic disorders are not fully understood. We show here that Shp2, a widely expressed Src homology 2-containing Tyr phosphatase, plays a critical role in the adult brain to control food intake, energy balance, and metabolism. Mice with a neuron-specific, conditional Shp2 deletion were generated by crossing a pan-neuronal Cre-line (CRE3) with Shp2(flox/flox) mice. These congenic mice, CRE3/Shp2-KO, developed obesity and diabetes and the associated pathophysiological complications that resemble those encountered in humans, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, insulin and leptin resistance, vasculitis, diabetic nephropathy, urinary bladder infections, prostatitis, gastric paresis, and impaired spermatogenesis. This mouse model may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of diabesity in humans and provide a tool to study the in vivo complications of uncontrolled diabetes.
Multiphoton ionization of transition-metal tetraphenylporphines. Metal complexes which display molecular ionization

Abstract The tetraphenylporphine (TPP) complexes of cobalt, nickel, and copper were studied by multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. These complexes were found to exhibit molecular ionization without ligand predissociation using radiation at 266 nm. The laser power dependences for Cu(TPP) + and Cu + ion formation show that Cu(TPP) + is not formed by an ion/molecule reaction with Cu + . The ionization behavior of these complexes is discussed in terms of a gas-phase macrocyclic ligand effect which inhibits efficient molecular dissociation prior to ionization.
Taxonomic studies of the aflatoxin-producing strains in the aspergillus flavus group.

SUMMARY Twenty-eight representative strains of the Aspergillus flavus group including A. flavus, A. flavus var. columnaris, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. tazarii, and a new taxon were examined for their ability to utilize a variety of carbon sources. The objective was to find some method which would separate these taxa on other than morphological grounds. Of the 36 compounds tested practically all supported growth of the A. flavus group except cellulose and dextran. Utilization of carbon sources does not offer much promise in separating species and varieties but does emphasize the close relationship of all the members of the group. One strain of A. flavus var. columnaris appears to have a vitamin deficiency. Most of the A. flavus strains produced kojic acid. When strains of the A. flavus group were grown at various temperatures, all grew at 37 C and only one grew very poorly at 45 C. The number of sclerotia could be altered drastically by changing the amounts of nitrate and sucrose with the optimal amounts appearing to be about 3% sucrose and 0.5% NaNO:. All strains tested for their ability to digest gelatine were positive, and all formed amylase. Twelve selected strains were examined for their ability to produce aflatoxin on rice and wheat with constant agitation. No aflatoxin was formed by two A. oryzae and two A. flavus var. columnaris strains. One strain of A. parasiticus, which had been in continuous pure culture for 46 years, produced as much as 378 ,tg/g of total aflatoxin on wheat. Strains of both Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare were reported to produce aflatoxin (Parrish et al., 1966), although many strains of the former apparently produce none. Both species are placed in the A. flavus group in Raper and Fennell's "The Genus Aspergillus" (1965). This group, often referred to as the flavis-oryzae group, contains species that are difficult to distinguish since sharp differences between them appear to be lacking. Obviously, with the current concern about mycotoxins, a more convenient and precise means is desirable for distinguishing among these species or at least between the toxin
Convective scheme solution of the Boltzmann transport equation for nanoscale semiconductor devices

A model for the simulation of the electron energy distribution in nanoscale metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices, using a kinetic simulation technique, is implemented. The convective scheme (CS), a method of characteristics, is an accurate method of solving the Boltzmann transport equation, a nonlinear integrodifferential equation, for the distribution of electrons in a MOSFET device. The method is used to find probabilities for use in an iterative scheme which iterates to find collision rates in cells. The CS is also a novel approach to 2D semiconductor device simulation. The CS has been extended to handle boundary conditions in 2D as well as to calculation of polygon overlap for polygons of more than three sides. Electron energy distributions in the channel of a MOSFET are presented.
The Effects of Chemical Treatment On Tylenchulus Semipenetrans and Citrus Tree Response During 8 Years

Thirty-year-old citrus trees were treated for "slow decline" caused by citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) with applications of 56 or 37 liters per ha (6 or 4 gal per acre) of an emulsifiable formulation containing 75% by weight of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). Populations of citrus nematodes on the roots of the trees and tree response were studied for 8 years. Over 99% control of nematodes was obtained with both application rates. Tree growth improved, and fruit yields and average size of fruit increased within 2 years after treatment. The nematode populations increased slowly, reaching economically damaging levels after 5 years. At this time, tree growth began to decline, and average size of fruit became smaller. Trees re-treated with 37 liters of DBCP per ha after 4 years did not revert to decline. Trees in advanced stages of decline recovered as rapidly as trees showing less severe symptoms of decline after both initial and retreatment.
A facile method of using sulfobetaine‐containing copolymers for biofouling resistance

Antifouling materials are desirable for many biomedical applications. In this work, the poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) (PSB) copolymers were investigated for their antifouling properties. The copolymers were synthesized via a simple free-radical polymerization with feed ratio of the zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) varying from 0 to 20 mol %. The polymer composition was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance were used to evaluate protein adsorption on a series of PSB copolymers from the single protein solution of fibrinogen, undiluted human blood serum, and undiluted human blood plasma. Results show that the protein adsorption amount decreased with the increasing content of SBMA in the copolymers. The adsorption levels achieved by PSB containing 20 mol % SBMA (PSB20) were only 4, 17, and 15 ng/cm2 from fibrinogen, serum, and plasma, respectively, which represented 99%, 90%, and 90% reduction compared with the adsorption amounts on poly(butyl methacrylate) with no SBMA. The PSB20 film also completely inhibited endothelial cell attachment. Fouling resistance of PSB polymers can be well correlated with their receding water contact angles, which represent the polymer surface compositions in aqueous environment. The excellent antifouling abilities of PSB copolymers, combined with the facial synthesis method, commercial availability of all monomers, and low cost, render them highly promising for wide practical applications. The polymers can be applied versatilely as both solvent-cast films and surface coatings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40789.
The social sources of alienation

As a key concept in the social sciences, alienation refers to various mental states, often identified by such terms as ‘powerlessness’, ‘meaninglessness’, ‘anomic’, etc. Recent advances in sociological theory permit us to indicate systematically the social conditions linked to these states. A simple though exhaustive typology of the social sources of alienation’ is here presented. To illustrate the typology, examples of alienation are drawn from the writings of classical and contemporary social theorists.
Implementing and supporting a wireless classroom

This paper discusses the challenges in setting up and supporting a seminar style wireless laptop classroom.
Cytotoxicity of post shock mesenteric lymph depends on the depth and duration of hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Mesenteric hypoperfusion of circulatory shock is a key event in the pathogenesis of subsequent distant organ injury. Postshock mesenteric lymph (PSML) has been shown to contain cytotoxic mediators elaborated from the ischemic gut. We hypothesize that the cytotoxicity of PSML is dependent on the depth and/or duration of circulatory shock. Method. Exp. 1: To first determine the timing of PSML cytotoxicity, we subjected rats to hemorrhagic shock (30 mmHg × 45 min) and then resuscitation with 50 vol % of shed blood and normal saline (4× shed blood) over 2 h. Mesenteric lymph was collected hourly up to 6 h after shock. Superoxide release was measured from human neutrophils incubated with lymph fractions collected from each of the hourly time points. Exp. 2: Rats were subjected to three different shock variations: (1) 30 mmHg × 45 min; (2) 30 mmHg × 15 min; (3) 45 mmHg × 45 min; and were resuscitated. Superoxide production was measured with neutrophils incubated with PSML collected from the third postshock hour in each group. Statistics: ANOVA. Results. Maximal PSML cytotoxicity was noted during the third postshock hour (Fig. 1). Varying the depth of shock increased PSML cytotoxicity more than its duration (Fig. 2). ∗ indicates that superoxide production in each of three groups is significantly different from one another ( P Conclusion. Hemorrhagic shock provokes the release of bioactive agents in PSML that is dependent on both depth and duration of shock. The depth of shock is a more important factor for generating toxic lymph than the duration of shock. Download full-size image
Cannabinoid-Induced Immune Suppression and Modulation of Antigen-Presenting Cells

The study of marijuana cannabinoid biology has led to many important discoveries in neuroscience and immunology. These studies have uncovered a new physiological system, the endocannabinoid system, which operates in the regulation of not only brain function but also the regulation of the immune system. Studies examining the effect of cannabinoid-based drugs on immunity have shown that many cellular and cytokine mechanisms are suppressed by these agents leading to the hypothesis that these drugs may be of value in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this report, we review current information on cannabinoid ligand and receptor biology, mechanisms involved in immune suppression by cannabinoids with emphasis on antigen-presenting cells, and preclinical and clinical models analyzing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based drugs.
Design challenges for ultra-wideband wireless communications within a computer chassis

Conventional metal wiring is becoming an inevitable difficulty for a computing platform. This paper presents an Ultrawideband (UWB) wireless interconnection solution. The channel characteristics within a computer chassis is analyzed, including the path loss, multipath reflections and electromagnetic interferences (EMI). To address the above problems, an IR-UWB transceiver is proposed with equalization in transmitter to relax the multipath reflections and pulse injection-locking for receiver clock recovery and synchronization. The transceiver achieved a significant power saving for high data rate (up to 500Mbps) demodulation.
Superconductivity and Magnetoresistance in Nb Se 2

Electron conduction in single crystals of Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ has been measured at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in magnetic fields up to 150 kOe. The upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ has been measured as a function of the angle between the applied field and the layers of the crystal for currents flowing both parallel and perpendicular to the layers. An effective-mass model based on simple considerations of the anisotropy of the crystal has been used to obtain a value for the ratio of effective masses for electron motion parallel and perpendicular to the layers, and the best value obtained is $\frac{{m}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}=0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$. Transverse-magnetoresistance rotation diagrams have been studied and structure due to flux flow and flux pinning has been observed.
Direct-transmission electron microscopy and activity measurements on thin copper film catalysts

Abstract Thin copper films were prepared by vacuum deposition onto freshly cleaved rock salt to provide an epitaxial (100) orientation. The films served as catalysts for the combination of hydrogen and oxygen at 325 °C. A linear relationship of activity vs. mass of the film was found. Geometric holes in the films were formed during catalysis and are interpreted in terms of the atomic rearrangement process, developing [111] planes known to occur on bulk crystal surfaces.
Coronagraph observations of the coronal condensation of 4 February 1962

Climax coronagraph observations of the accessible Fe lines, as well as the Caxv λ5694 line at the time of the 1962 total eclipse, are analyzed. The spectra show that the ionization equilibrium of iron is not substantially changed in an intense coronal condensation, at least for the stages x through xv. The only exception is Fexv λ7059, for which density effects are important. The stability of the ionization distribution is explained by the dynamic nature of the Fe ionization, with ions entering on the high side (Fexvi and up) due to rapid heating and then cooling through the visible stages.
COMMENTS ON JASON STANLEY'S "ON THE LINGUISTIC BASIS FOR CONTEXTUALISM" ∗

1.1. JS’s Section 1. Motivating Contextualism The most direct argument for contextualism about know is “that it explains certain relatively clear intuitions about the truth-conditions of various knowledge-ascriptions” (JS, p. 120). (Scenarios: Mary and John and the flight itineraries; Hannah and her husband and the bank opening hours; Prof. X and the student in the philosophy classroom.) In core examples, we frequently see a contrast between an assertion “I know that P”, followed after some discussion of doubt-inducing factors by an assertion by the same speaker of “I guess I don’t really know that P.” Can both be true? And if so, on what basis? The contextualist argues, contrary to the skeptic, that both can be true in their respective contexts. The key feature of the contextualist account is said to be that the verb know has context-dependent content, is covertly indexical: “Relative to different contexts of use, it expresses different relations between persons and propositions” (JS, p. 120). The role of the adverbial really comes up for further discussion in JS’s next section, and in Section 4.2 of these comments.
Dichloro[(5,6:12,13-η4)-pentacyclo[8.4.0.03,8.04,14.07,11]tetradeca-5,12-diene]platinum(II)

The title compound, [PtCl2(C14H16)], contains a square-planar d8 platinum(II) center which is coordinated by two Cl atoms and the double bonds of a rigid polycyclic ligand containing a 1,4-cyclo­octa­diene subunit. This compound is an inter­esting substrate for additional mechanistic studies of catalytically active metal complexes.
The Universal and the Local in Quantum Theory

Any empirical physical theory must have implications for observable events at the scale of everyday life, even though that scale plays no special role in the basic ontology of the theory itself. The fundamental physical scales are microscopic for the “local beables” of the theory and universal scale for the non-local beables (if any). This situation creates strong demands for any precise quantum theory. This paper examines those constraints, and illustrates some ways in which they can be met.
Consumer perceptions of foods processed by innovative and emerging technologies: A conjoint analytic study

Abstract Conjoint analytic surveys were administered to 225 potential consumers of foods processed by innovative and emerging food technologies in order to assess the factors contributing to their interest in using such products. Respondents included 1) a consumer panel of civilian lab employees, 2) shoppers in a mall in the northeastern U.S., and 3) U.S. military troops on training exercises. Respondents rated their interest in 49 different food product concepts that varied in food type, processing or production technology, costs, benefits, risks, endorsing agencies, and product information. Results showed that the relative importance of factors did not vary greatly among the consumer groups. Perceived risks associated with the technologies were the most important factors influencing interest in use. Among the emerging technologies assessed, irradiation and genetic modification resulted in the greatest negative effect on likely use, while high pressure processing produced the most positive effect. The term “cold preservation” had positive associations for all groups, but “minimally processed” had negative associations. Implications of the data for the marketing of foods processed by innovative and emerging technologies are discussed. Industrial relevance The food industry is currently interested in a variety of novel production and processing technologies that may result in economical and improved quality products. However, consumer attitudes toward and conceptions of these new technologies can greatly influence their success in the marketplace. The results of this study show that “perceived risks” of the technologies are the most important determinant of interest in their use by consumers. This and other data uncovered in this study suggest that industry must be vigilant in their knowledge of consumer attitudes toward these processes in order to avoid unexpected failure of these products upon market introduction.
Real-Time MRI Guided Atrial Septal Puncture and Balloon Septostomy in Swine

Background—Cardiac perforation during atrial septal puncture (ASP) might be avoided by improved image guidance. X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF), which guides ASP, visualizes tissue poorly and does not convey depth information. Ultrasound is limited by device shadows and constrained imaging windows. Alternatively, real-time MRI (rtMRI) provides excellent tissue contrast in any orientation and may enable ASP and balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) in swine. Materials and Methods—Custom MRI catheters incorporated “active” (receiver antenna) and “passive” (iron or gadolinium) elements. Wholly rtMRI-guided transfemoral ASP and BAS were performed in 10 swine in a 1.5T interventional suite. Hemodynamic results were measured with catheters and velocity encoded MRI. Results—Successful ASP was performed in all 10 animals. Necropsy confirmed septostomy confined within the fossa ovalis in all. BAS was successful in 9/10 animals. Antenna failure in a reused needle led to inadvertent vena cava tear prior to BAS in one animal. ASP in the same animal was easily performed using a new needle. rtMRI illustrated clear device-tissue-lumen relationships in multiple orientations, and facilitated simple ASP and BAS. The mean procedure time was 19 ± 10 minutes. Septostomy achieved a mean left to right shunt ratio of 1.3:1 in these healthy animals. Conclusion—Interactive rtMRI permits rapid transcatheter ASP and BAS in swine. Further technical development may enable novel applications.
A multi-sensor approach for fall risk prediction and prevention in elderly

Scientific research on smartphone-based fall detection systems has recently been stimulated due to the growing elderly population and their risk of falls. Even though these systems are helpful for fall detection, the best way to reduce the number of falls and their consequences is to predict and prevent them from happening in the first place. To address the issue of fall prevention, in this paper, we propose a fall prediction system by integrating the sensor data of smartphones with a smartshoe. In our previous research, we designed and implemented a pair of sensing shoes (smartshoe) that contained four pressure sensors with a Wi-Fi communication module in each shoe to unobtrusively collect data in any environment. After assimilating the smartshoe and smartphone sensor data, we performed an extensive set of experiments in the lab environment to evaluate normal and abnormal walking patterns. In the smartphone, the system can generate an alert message to warn the user about the high-risk gait patterns and potentially save them from a forthcoming fall. We validated our approach using a decision tree with 10-fold cross validation and found 97.2% accuracy in gait abnormality detection.
Biodiversity development of terrestrial testate amoebae: is there any succession at all?

Heterotrophic protists (e.g. testate amoebae) play an important part in primary succession because these unicellular organisms occur immediately at newly exposed land surfaces in high abundances and biomasses, facilitating the establishment of plants and animals. We investigated testate amoebae from soils of different age and successional stage, which revealed remarkably high abundances and biomasses even at very dry sites. Emphasis was set on two inland dune microchronosequences of different plant successional stages (bare sand, Corynephorus canescens and Polytrichum piliferum as early stages; Festuca ovina and Pinus sylvestris as late stages). The number of testate amoebae species increased clearly with the successional stage of the vegetation cover, but no consistent replacement or extinction of taxa was observed. The “newcomers” obviously did not reduce the density of the “residents”, although the community pattern (abundances, biomasses, dominances) was significantly altered. Organism-free substrate of different quality exposed to the air or adjacent soil was colonised quickly and in high abundance by testate amoebae, but no temporal replacement of species occurred. Cluster analysis of species inventory and abundances of numerous types of soil of different age highlight a classification of amoebal communities towards regional influences rather than local successional stages of vegetation. These data corroborate the fact that belowground communities operate differently from plant communitites in that they are characterised by additive invasion and not by interspecific competition. This is typical for a neutral community model.
Mutagenicity of Maillard browning products obtained from a starch--glycine model system.

Abstract Starch, and a mixture of starch and glycine were heated at 290°C for 40 min in flasks. Volatile chemicals produced in these dry reaction systems were entrained on porous polymers (Porapak Q). The samples recovered from the flasks and the Porapak Q traps by methylene chloride extraction were subjected to the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. The samples from the starch-glycine system showed distinct dose-related mutagenic activities towards S. typhimurium strain TA98 with metabolic activation (S-9 mix) both in agar-incorporation and preincubation assays. Samples from the starch alone did not show any mutagenic activity towards S. typhimurium strain TA98 or TA100 with or without S-9 mix. All of the samples were toxic to the bacteria under certain conditions at the levels used.
The lost history of American veterinary medicine: the need for preservation

Objective: The objective of this study was to survey holdings of ephemeral veterinary literature.
Effects of gastric bypass procedures on bone mineral density, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin d

Weight loss after gastric bypass procedures has been well studied, but the long-term metabolic sequelae are not known. Data on bone mineral density (BMD), calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D were collected preoperatively and at yearly intervals after gastric bypass procedures. A total of 230 patients underwent preoperative BMD scans. Fifteen patients were osteopenic preoperatively, and three patients subsequently developed osteopenia postoperatively within the first year. No patient had or developed osteoporosis. At 1 year, total forearm BMD decreased by 0.55% (n = 91; P = .03) and radius BMD had increased overall by 1.85% (n = 23; P = .008); both total hip and lumbar spine BMD decreased by 9.27% (n = 22; P < .001) and 4.53% (n = 31; P < .001), respectively. By the second postoperative year, BMD in the total forearm had decreased an additional 3.62% (n = 14; P < .001), whereas radius BMD remained unchanged. Although total hip and lumbar spine BMD significantly decreased at 1 year, by year 2 both total hip and lumbar spine BMD only slightly decreased and were not significantly different from before the operation. Serum calcium decreased from 9.8 mg/dL to 9.2 during the first year (not significant [NS]) and then to 8.8 (NS) by the second year. Parathyroid hormone increased from 59.7 pg/mL (nl 10-65 pg/mL) preoperatively to 63.1 during year 1 (NS) and continued to increase to 64.7 by year 2 (NS). No difference was noted among levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D preoperatively (25.2 ng/mL; nl 10-65 ng/mL), at 1 year (34.4), and at 2 years (35.4). Our data indicate that bone loss is highest in the first year after gastric bypass with stabilization, and that, in some cases, there is an increase in bone density after the first year.
Wussinomics: the state of competitive efficiency in private health insurance.

I believe that, in theory, a competitive insurance market should lead to efficient levels of care and efficient rates of growth in medical spending for the great majority of Americans, who are not poor and not stupid. Externalities apply to coverage and care of low income people, and there may be some misinformation, but for most of us most of the time things should work out as well as they can. But, despite my faith in this proposition in theory, I have been puzzled and sometimes distressed that the private health insurers in the United States have apparently failed to deliver on this promise. The contentious data on the rates of growth of private versusMedicare premiums shows at best equivalent growth for private premiums; private insurers have not been more successful than government in cost-containment (Holahan and McMorrow 2012). The more relevant measure of the rate of growth of insured spending per person (which adjusts for changes in cost sharing) is apparently unavailable on reliable basis, even from the CBO, but such measures as exist do not show large differences. And the debate about Medicare’s lower administrative cost and greater bargaining power totally misses the point that it is only the change in these factors which is meaningful, if anything is. Most importantly it is not relative to some also unsatisfactory government benchmark, but relative to its own ideal growth rate, that should be the basis of comparison. On all these scores, I believe we do not have positive