cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production and Release of Sex Attractant by the Female Indian-Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella

In Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) females, the sex attractant was first detected in pharate adults. Newly eclosed adults contained a concentration of attractant comparable to that found in 1- to 5-day-old adults. Mating had no effect on the concentration of extractable attractant. Virgin females released attractant almost continuously during their adult life, while mating and certain anesthetics greatly decreased subsequent release of attractant.
INTEGRATION-SWITCHED PID CONTROL METHOD FOR IMPEDANCE CONTROL OF TCSC

Whether the performance of TCSC device can be implemented or not depends on its impedance control. The reason of the phenomenon is thoroughly analyzed that the robustness of traditional PID control is bad when different impedance levels are ordered to step to a same level by traditional PID control and the conclusion is obtained that the results of traditional PID control are principally decided by the first integration area which is enclosed by the ordering impedance and measured impedance after the order of impedance step is received. On this basis a practical integration- switched PID approach to control the impedance of TCSC is put forward by which the integrating element is switched off while the impedance step order is received, and the integrating element is switched on when the measured impedance excesses the specified impedance. The comparison of the simulation result from the proposed approach with that from the traditional PID control shows that the proposed approach possesses stronger robustness and good dynamic and static performances, so it is available.
Epidemiological Investigation on Pneumoconiosis in Longyan City in 2009

[Objective]To understand the incidence,development characteristics and epidemiological features of newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis in Longyan City in 2009[Methods]The epidemiological investigation was performed on newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis cases in Longyan City in 2009.[Results]A total of 199 newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis was reported,the major were coalminer's pneumoconiosis(56.79%) and silicosis(42.71%).169 cases concentrated in coal industry(84.43%),followed by 19 cases in transportation industry(9.55%).98.49% of total cases were in state-owned enterprises.[Conclusion]Prevention and control of pneumoconiosis is still under severe conditions.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the propaganda of prevention and control knowledge of pneumoconiosis and the periodic occupational health examination in coal industry,transportation industry and state-owned enterprises.
Back-gate controlled READ SRAM with improved stability

We have presented a novel back-gate controlled UTSOI SRAM cell structure and associated design considerations. The proposed scheme offers improved stability compared with conventional 6T cell, and has less number of transistors than the conventional 10T cell. Due to over 3/spl times/ improvement in SNM even at low VDD and reduced area penalty compared with 10T cell, the proposed 8T cell could be aggressively scaled down. This scheme can also be applied to SRAM cells with asymmetrical DG devices.
Data Driven Monitoring of Energy Systems: Gaussian Process Kernel Machine for Fault Identification with Application to Boiling Water Reactors

Energy production units are large complex installations comprised of several smaller units, subsystems, and mechanical components, whose monitoring and control to secure safe operation are high demanding tasks. In particular, human operators are required to monitor a high volume of incoming data and must make critical decisions in very short time. Although they are explicitly trained in such situations, there are cases that may not be able to identify a gradually developing crucial faulty state. To that end, automated systems can be used for monitoring operational quantities and detecting potential faults in time. The field of machine learning offers a variety of tools that may be used as the ground for developing automated monitoring and control systems for energy systems. In the current chapter, we present an approach that adopts a single Gaussian process learning machine in monitoring high complex energy systems. The Gaussian process is a data-driven model assigned to monitor a set of operational parameters. The values of the operational parameters at a specific instance comprise the system’s operational vector at that time instance. The operational vector consists the input to the individual Gaussian process machine whose task is to classify the operation of the system either as normal (or steady state) or match it to a faulty state. The presented approach is benchmarked on a set of experimentally data taken from the Fix-II test facility that is a representation of a Boiling Water Reactor. Obtained results exhibit the potential of Gaussian processes in monitoring highly complex systems such as nuclear reactors, by identifying with high accuracy the faults in system operation.
Open Problem: The Statistical Query Complexity of Learning Sparse Halfspaces

We consider the long-open problem of attribute-efficient learning of halfspaces. In this problem the learner is given random examples labeled by an unknown halfspace functionf on R n . Furtherf is r-sparse, that is it depends on at mostr out ofn variables. An attribute-efficient learning algorithm is an algorithm that can output a hypothesis close to f using a polynomial in r and logn number of examples (Blum, 1992). Despite a number of attempts and some partial progress, there are no efficient algorithms or hardness results for the problem. We propose a potentially easier question: what is the query complexity of this learning problem in the statistical query (SQ) model of Kearns (1998). We show that, as in the case of general PAC learning, the query complexity of attributeefficient SQ learning of any concept class can be characterized by a combinatorial parameter of the concept class. The proposed question is then equivalent to estimating the value of this parameter for the concept class of halfspaces. A potentially simpler problem is to estimate this parameter for the concept class of decision lists, a subclass of halfspaces.
Financial Literacy and Financial Education in High School

Increased interest in financial literacy among youth has put more focus on financial education in high school. Financial education offered in high school may be students’ only exposure to the subject and therefore it should provide instruction in basic finance concepts and decision-making skills that can be useful later in life. Recognition of the value and importance of financial literacy for youth has influenced curriculum and instruction in schools throughout the USA. Many states have included financial literacy in their standards or as a requirement for graduation. There are more programs devoted to teaching personal finance to high school students and national tests to measure the level of high school students’ financial literacy. This chapter discusses major developments in high school financial education, including personal finance coursework, content standards, testing, and research about state mandates and specific curriculum.
Household Wealth and Macroeconomic Activity: 2008–2013

This paper provides estimates of the effects of the fall in financial and housing wealth in 2008–09 on overall macroeconomic activity. When the wealth losses are run through a structural macroeconometric model, it is estimated that the fall in wealth contributed about 2.1 percentage points to the rise in the unemployment rate in 2009 and about 3.3 points in 2010. The contribution to the fall in real GDP was 4.5% and 5.4% in the 2 years. These estimates account for most—but not all—of the recessionary increase in unemployment. The remaining increase in unemployment may have resulted more directly from financial stresses, but little evidence is found for this in this study.
Parental Psychological Distress and Family Food Insecurity: Sad Dads in Hungry Homes.

ABSTRACT:Objective:To examine whether household food insecurity is associated with serious psychological distress (SPD) in fathers and mothers in a nationally representative US sample.Methods:We analyzed cross-sectional, matched child-parent data from the 2014 to 2015 National Health Interview Surve
Investigation of the two- and three-fragment photodissociation of the tert-butyl peroxy radical at 248 nm.

The photodissociation dynamics of the tert-butyl peroxy (t-BuOO) radical are studied by fast-radical-beam coincidence translational spectroscopy. The neutral t-BuOO radical is formed by photodetachment of the corresponding t-BuOO− anion at 700 nm (1.77 eV), followed by dissociation at 248 nm (5.00 eV). Photofragment mass and translational energy distributions are obtained. The major channel is found to be three-body fragmentation to form O, CH3, and acetone (83%), with minor two-body fragmentation channels leading to the formation of O2 + tert-butyl radical (10%) and HO2 + isobutene (7%). Experimental results show that the translational energy distribution for two-body dissociation peaks is close to zero translational energy, with an isotropic angular distribution of fragments. These results indicate that two-body fragmentation proceeds via internal conversion to the ground electronic state followed by statistical dissociation. For three-body dissociation, the translational energy distribution peaks close...
Sharing Uncertain Graphs Using Syntactic Private Graph Models

Many graphs in social and business applications are not deterministic, but are uncertain in nature. Related research requires open access to these uncertain graphs. While sharing these datasets often risks exposing sensitive user data to the public. However, current graph anonymization works only target on deterministic graphs and overlook the uncertain scenario. Our work seeks a solution to release uncertain graphs with high utility without compromising user privacy. We show that simply combining the representative extraction strategy and conventional graph anonymization method will result in the addition of noise that significantly disrupts uncertain graph structure. Instead, we introduce an uncertainty-aware method, Chameleon, that provides identical privacy guarantees with much less noise. With the possible world semantics, it enables a fine-grained control over the injected noise. Finally, we apply our method to real uncertain graphs and show that it produces anonymized uncertain graphs that closely match the originals in graph structure statistics.
Synthesis of TiO2 nanosheet photocatalysts from exfoliation of TiS2 and hydrothermal treatment

TiO2 nanomaterials with platelet or nanosheet morphologies can offer improved properties for photocatalytic applications, but established methods to produce them typically require structure-directing agents since anatase-phase TiO2 does not have a layered structure. In the present work, the preparation of TiO2 nanosheets by the chemical oxidation of TiS2 nanosheets is demonstrated. Electrochemical exfoliation of bulk TiS2 into TiS2 nanosheets, followed by the hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 14 h is performed. The results show that polycrystalline TiO2 nanosheets with the anatase structure are formed, and that the nanosheet morphology can still be maintained after the hydrothermal treatment. The TiO2 nanosheets show good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue, but the performance is negatively affected by the residual carbon black that was needed in the TiS2 electrode to enable electrochemical exfoliation. These results show that conversion of TiS2 nanosheets to TiO2 nanosheets is a promising synthetic strategy but highlights how the interfacial properties of the obtained materials could be affected by ancillary components in the preparation method.
Relating Narrative Events in Translation

We must assume that translators strive to maintain or enhance the force and vividness of the source text. Thus the use of translations provides a particularly stringent test of each language’s capacities (within the limits, of course, of the skills of individual translators). The translation task gives us a window into the maximum possibilities of a language, as it strives to adapt to the demands of a source language. Even under these strong demand factors, verb-framed languages apparently are less concerned with the domain of manner of motion than are satellite-framed languages (though with some possibilities of expanded attention to manner using special means). And verb-framed languages break paths up into somewhat different sorts of segments. Nevertheless, each of the translations of The hobbit provides a great and gripping story—the same essential story that Tolkien must have had in mind. The last sentence of Berman and Slobin’s Relating events in narrative is an appropriate conclusion to this little study of translation as well: “We are left, then, with a new respect for the powerful role of each individual language in shaping its own world of expression, while at the same time representing but one variant of a familiar and universally human pattern” (1994: 641).
Toxin production by strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis

Abstract Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis were divided into three classes based on their capability to produce tagetitoxin: class 1 strains produce tagetitoxin in plants, but in-artificial media such small amounts are produced that normally none can be detected; class 2 strains however produce tagetitoxin in easily detectable amounts in vitro , as well as in plants; and class 3 strains do not produce the toxin. Class 1 and 2 strains from various hosts induced necrotic lesions and chlorosis of essentially equivalent severity in marigold; however mucoid isolates, which are class 2, produced increased amounts of tagetitoxin in vitro and caused earlier and more severe chlorosis. Class 3 strains were less virulent. When the DNA from 18 diverse strains representing all three classes were treated with each of three restriction endonucleases, no differences in restriction patterns were detected within each treatment, supporting the idea that they constitute a closely related group of strains.
Effects of Trajectory Resolution on Human Intent Inference

Real-world human intent inference tasks are often performed online and demand high computational tractability. Human trajectories, on which intent inference algorithms rely, are thus approximated via discretized waypoints at a resolution of the designer's choice. The key contribution of this work is to investigate the effects of this trajectory resolution on the efficacy of intent inference algorithms. First, a Bayesian goal inference algorithm is formalized from an action-based perspective, and a novel method for discerning non-intentional motion is presented. Based on these frameworks, it is hypothesized that higher resolution trajectory representations enable better results for both goal and intentionality inference in near-optimal and noisy regimes. Finally, an experiment using human-generated trajectories was conducted to justify these claims.
Effect of prenatal androgenization on performance, lactation, carcass, and sensory traits of heifers in a single-calf heifer system.

Twenty-four prenatally androgenized (PA) heifers, born to testosterone propionate-implanted cows, and 27 control (C) heifers, born to nonimplanted cows, were bred, calved, and placed in drylot pens, with calf at side, to assess the effects of PA on feedlot growth and lactational performance of heifers used in a single-calf heifer (S C H) system. Lactating heifers were fed an 85% concentrate diet, calves weaned at 117 d postpartum, and heifers slaughtered at a constant compositional end point of 1.1 cm of s.c. fat. Preweaning, PA heifers gained 22.5% faster (P<.01) and were 17.3% more efficient (P<.01) than controls. Prenatal androgenization of the heifer, however, did not affect calf growth performance. All calves gained more than 1.4 kg/d and had an average weaning weight of 159 kg at 117 d of age. Combining heifer-calf weights, PA and C pairs gained 2.88 and 2.53 kg/d, respectively. Correcting for DMI of calves, PA improved (P<.01) efficiency of beef production 10.8%. Four percent fat-corrected milk yield of PA and C heifers averaged 7.96 and 7.60 kid, respectively, and the percentage of milk protein and fat did not differ. Accounting for average BW, milk production, and DMI, PA and C lactating heifers should have gained 1.27 kg/d; however, gains were 137 and 127% of those predicted, respectively. Overall, pre- and postweaning, PA heifers required 10 fewer (P<.04) days on feed, gained 23% faster (P<.01), and were 16% more efficient (P<.02) than C heifers. At slaughter, PA and C heifers averaged 853 and 865 d of age, respectively. Bone and lean maturity scores averaged B 0 and A 60 , respectively, although one carcass was classified as mature (C-maturity). Marbling scores exceeded Small 50 , and sensory traits did not differ. Thus, PA enhanced growth and efficiency of beef production from heifers used in a SCH system but did not affect lactational or carcass traits
Evidence for kinetic and oxidative stabilization of Rh on Mo-promoted RhAl2O3

Abstract Carbon monoxide hydrogenation studies on silica- and alumina-supported Rh catalysts conducted in our laboratories as well as those reported in the literature suggest that the addition of early transition-metal oxides to the catalyst surface exerts a promotional influence on active Rh centers. This promotion leads to enhanced oxygenate selectivity. Explanations of the promotional influence of the early transition-metal oxides fall into three categories: (i) kinetic stabilization of small Rh aggregates, (ii) wetting and spreading of the transition-metal oxide, leading to decoration of the surface of Rh crystallites, and (iii) oxidative stabilization of Rh aggregates, altering Rh interactions with sub-carbonyls during reaction. Characterization of the RhMo γ- Al 2 O 3 system provides supporting evidence for both kinetic stabilization and oxidative stabilization of Rh aggregates and suggests that these processes contribute to the enhanced oxygenate selectivity of these materials. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide chemisorption results provide evidence for highly dispersed and oxidatively stabilized Rh aggregates. Even after extended on-stream testing (> 10 h), where metal aggregation is unavoidable, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, associated energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the use of fast-Fourier transform post-processing to produce optical diffractograms highlight differences in the metal-aggregate morphology.
A Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist's Transition to Manager

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was twofold: (1) to identify common experiences or barriers that arise during the first year as Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) move into management and (2) to identify knowledge, skills, abilities, and resources needed to ensure a smooth and successful career transition for new CRNA managers. A sample of 18 current and past CRNA managers participated in one-on-one phone interviews using a 16-question, semistructured interview protocol. Interview data were analyzed for emergent themes using qualitative data analysis software. Results identified 2 common phenomena among CRNA managers. First, many managers did not seek management opportunities but fell into their management role, with 11 (61%) having no management experience. Second, 14 (76%) of the participants performed greater than 50% clinical duties as a manager, thus a hybrid manager. Important knowledge, skills, abilities, and resources identified as valuable during a transition into a managerial role included mentorship (83%), previous relevant education or experiences (67%), and people skills (56%). This study found lack of direction or training (28%) as the most common difficulty during transition. Results of this investigation may assist current and future CRNA managers to be better prepared to assume managerial roles.
Additives pitching in: L*+H signals ordered Focus alternatives

Approaches to the meaning of intonational meaning differ in associating each subcomponent with a meaning that remains invariant across contours (e.g. Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg 1990) or treating a contour as contributing its meaning holistically (e.g. Goodhue et al. 2015). This paper argues for a common core of the L*+H pitch accent across two intonation contours, the Rise-Fall-Rise (RFR, e.g. Ward & Hirschberg 1985), and a novel contour coined the Downscale-Contour (DSC). Both contours are analyzed as indicating the presence of an alternative with respect to a scale derived from the QUD, but differ in the relative strength of this alternative, with the DSC indicating a weaker and the RFR a stronger one.
Response of a High Damping Rubber Bearing to Multiaxial Excitation

A high damping rubber bearing fabricated as part of a seismic isolation system was tested at the Caltrans Seismic Response Modification Device Test Facility at the University of California, San Diego. The purpose of the test program, which consisted of 33 tests, was to assess the impact of multiaxial excitation and input rate on the response of the bearing. The test protocol consisted of unique tests, including testing the bearing in all six degrees of freedom (uncoupled and coupled) and testing the bearing dynamically to failure. This article examines the hysteretic response and resulting performance parameters of the bearing to the different tests. The most notable impacts on the bearing’s hysteretic response were the axial loading and coupling the lateral degrees of freedom, while the rotational degrees of freedom had minimal impact on the bearing’s response. The bearing’s hysteretic response to coupling input in the rotational degrees of freedom with lateral and axial degrees of freedom was consistent with the expected performance from superimposing the response to input from individual degrees of freedom. The bearing failed at almost three times the design shear strain and at a shear force over five times the shear force at the design shear strain during the dynamic test to failure.
Synthesis of a far-red emitting flavonoid-based lysosome marker for live cell imaging applications.

Abstract A bright far-red emitting flavonoid derivative (FuraET) was synthesized in good yields by inserting a π extension group (i.e., furan) into the flavonoid skeleton, via using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. FuaraET exhibited optical absorption at λab ≈ 450 nm and emission λem ≈ 660 nm by recognizing as the first far-red emitting flavonoid derivative reported. FuraET exhibited a large Stokes shift (Δλ > 150 nm) high fluorescent quantum yield (φfl ≈ 0.2–0.4), and good photostability indicating excellent characteristics for an imaging probe. Live cell fluorescent confocal microscopy imaging revealed the exceptional selectivity of the FuraET towards cellular lysosomes (Mander’s overlap coefficients >0.9). The observed non-alkalinizing nature and high biocompatibility (LC50 > 50 µM) suggested that FuraET can a reliable lysosome marker for live cell imaging experiments. Our further study also indicated that FuraET may likely internalized into hydrophobic regions of the cellular lysosomes in contrast to acidic lysosomal lumen.
Does the Presence of Internal Audit Affect the Outcome of a Municipality’s Financial Audit?

Several recent studies have examined whether the presence of internal audit in the public sector affects the outcomes of external audits. The issue is important because all government leaders face pressure to justify program and organizational unit value in measurable ways or risk budget reductions and elimination. The earlier studies offer mixed conclusions focusing on larger cities and state agencies. Our study examines the same issue but focuses on larger and smaller cities. Using data from a population of Florida cities we test using logistic regression whether external audit outcomes differ between those cities with and those without an internal audit function. Our results show that cities with an internal audit function are more likely to receive a clean audit report than those without one.
Joint displays for mixed methods research in psychology

Abstract Mixed methods researchers use joint displays for integration at different phases of the research process in psychological research. Joint displays are visual displays that are used to integrate quantitative and qualitative data during data collection, analysis, and interpretation. We discuss different mixing purposes and how joint displays may help researchers integrate the quantitative and qualitative strands of a study. We provide examples of joint displays for data collection and for data analysis, including newer innovations. Finally, we discuss considerations, including benefits and challenges, of using joint displays during data collection and analysis.
Treatment of thoracic spine pain and pseudovisceral symptoms with dry needling and manual therapy in a 78-year-old female: A case report.

Design Case Report. Background and purpose Thoracic spine pain and movement dysfunction is a relatively common problem in the general population but has received little attention in research. Dry needling is frequently utilized by physical therapists and has been shown to reduce pain and improve function in areas, such as the cervical and lumbar spine, shoulder, hip, and knee. However, little research has been performed on the use of dry needling in the thoracic area with only two prior case studies being published. This case report documents the use of dry needling and manual therapy to treat a patient with symptoms of thoracic spine pain with concurrent pseudovisceral symptoms of chest pain and difficulty breathing. Case description The patient was a 78-year-old female who was referred to physical therapy with complaints of pain focused in her mid-thoracic spine radiating anteriorly into her chest. The patient underwent medical diagnostic tests prior to her referral to physical therapy to rule out cardiac pathology, pulmonary pathology, and fracture. She was treated with dry needling and manual therapy for a total of four sessions over a two-week period. Outcomes Fifteen days after her initial evaluation, the patient reported she was pain-free with a pain score of 0/10 on the VAS. She reported she was no longer taking pain medication or NSAIDS. She was able to return to normal daily activities without restriction and normal sleep pattern. Her score on the Oswestry disability index at intake was 42% impairment and 2% impairment after 4 treatments. At follow-up 6 weeks and 12 weeks after her discharge from physical therapy, the patient reported she continued to be pain-free.
Drug-induced Myoclonus in a Patient on Continuous Dobutamine Infusion (5125)

Objective: To report a rare case of generalized myoclonus in the setting of dobutamine infusion for systolic heart failure. Background: Drug-induced myoclonus can present challenging diagnostic and management obstacles, especially in the setting of polypharmacy and medical comorbidities. Many medications have been described to cause symptomatic myoclonus; however dobutamine has only rarely been associated with this side effect. Design/Methods: A 71 year-old male with a history of CKD (GFR 60–90), DM type II, depression, atrial fibrillation, chronic hypotension, and severe systolic heart failure presented with nonrhythmic myoclonic movements affecting the face, oropharynx, arms, torso, and legs within 24 hours of initiating continuous dobutamine infusion therapy. Neurological exam was otherwise unremarkable. EEG showed normal electrographic activity. Levetiracetam 2500 mg IV was given, with moderate improvement. Myoclonus resolved after dobutamine infusion was stopped and its administration route was later changed from a PICC line to peripheral IV infusion. Results: One prior case report implicates dobutamine infusion and myoclonus in a patient with end-stage renal disease at an infusion rate of 3 μg/kg/min; the symptoms lasted for 3 weeks before subsiding spontaneously. Our patient was initially placed on a dobutamine infusion rate of 5 μg/kg/min. No changes in baseline creatinine levels (0.8–1.1) were seen preceding or during admission. His medications also included gabapentin and sertraline, which have been previously implicated in drug-induced myoclonus; however no changes to these medications were made preceding or during admission. Dobutamine infusion was resumed prior to discharge with no return of myoclonus, even at 2 months when patient seen for PICC line revision. Conclusions: Dobutamine infusion has rarely been associated with generalized myoclonus. Adjusting infusion rate or route of administration may help ameliorate symptoms. Levetiracetam may also be useful for symptomatic treatment in patients where the infusion cannot be adjusted or stopped. Disclosure: Dr. Zamora has nothing to disclose. An immediate family member of Dr. Shpiner has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of University of Miami.
MONOCYTE HLA-DR EXPRESSION AND NEUTROPHIL CD64 EXPRESSION AS BIOMARKERS OF INFECTION IN CRITICALLY ILL NEONATES AND INFANTS

Reduced monocyte HLA-DR expression and increased neutrophil CD64 expression have been proposed as biomarkers of infection. From 2009–2011, blood samples from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients <1 y of age were collected at enrollment and during subsequent evaluation for suspected infection, if it occurred. Samples were analyzed for monocyte HLA-DR and neutrophil CD64 expression levels by flow cytometry. Forty-seven infants had study samples collected at enrollment; 26 infants had study samples collected at the time of a suspected infection. At enrollment, there was an inverse relationship between neutrophil CD64 expression and age (P ≤ 0.047). At the time of suspected infection, infants with an infection demonstrated a lower percentage of HLA-DR+ monocytes (P = 0.02, area under the curve (AUC) 0.78), higher percentage of CD64+ neutrophils (P = 0.009, AUC 0.81), and higher neutrophil CD64 expression levels (P = 0.04, AUC 0.75). Monocyte HLA-DR and neutrophil CD64 expression in critically ill infants are related to age and infection.
Attitudes of Rural Middle-School Youth toward Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs, and Violence

Since 1996, our research team has conducted 15 focus groups with 169 middle-school youth in small communities as formative research for campaigns against alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and violence. Some key findings of a synthesis of focus-group results are that girls and boys perceive different risks to alcohol and tobacco use; peer relationships are important, but there is great potential for parents to increase influence; females and Hispanic youth are most concerned about serving as good role models; and youth prefer campaign materials that feature typical youth and activities.
Some inequalities derived from log-Sobolev inequalities

We show how a log-Sobolev inequality can be manipulated to give an improved version of itself. There is a very simple manipulation of some log-Sobolev inequalities by means of which the inequality is strengthened, leading in turn to inequalities which could not have been derived from the unimproved version. We begin with a particularly simple illustration of the manipulation, and will then give a slight generalization to other settings. In order to keep things relatively simple, we will generally work in the smooth (infinitely differentiable) category. Thus we begin with a smooth compact Riemannian manifold, metric scaled so total volume is one, with gradient V and (positive) Laplacian A. Assume we have a defective logarithmic-Sobolev inequality (LSI for short): T JVff12 > Jf2 In f2 _ f2 In Jf2 _ p J f2 where f is a real smooth function, and p (p > 0) is the defect. As is well known, the above implies T JiVfi2 > Jf2v Jf2In Jev p Jf2 for any smooth V, and the modified inequality holding for all such V implies, by a simple approximation argument, the original LSI. The advantage of the modified inequality is its simple quadratic character. In it we may replace f by f + x; the left-hand side does not change, so we choose x to maximize the right-hand side. Simple algebra yields the inequality: TJ~vfI2 ? f ~ ff~ln~eV p~f2+(fflIn feV + pfff fV) 2 TJ Vf 12 > f2v _ f 2 In JeV _ p f f2 + JfIn e+piV) I ] ] l~~~~~~nf eV +p f V Since p > 0, the denominator of the last term on the right is positive if V is not constant. If f is not constant, we may now set V = ln f2 (or more properly let V approach lnf2 through a sequence of smooth functions) to get an inequality obviously superior to the original. Received by the editors July 3, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47D07, 58G11.
Acute oral testing for determining antiarrhythmic drug efficacy. I. Quinidine.

Abstract Acute oral drug testing with quinidine was used in 18 patients with high grade ventricular arrhythmia. This method involves administering a single large dose of the antiarrhythmic agent, monitoring heart rhythm by means of programmed trendscription and determining blood drug levels at selected intervals. After quinidine was given in a dose of 0.6 g, 10 patients had a positive response, defined as a 50 percent or greater reduction in ventricular premature beats and abolition of repetitive ectopic beats. Drug action began a mean of 88 minutes after administration, and the mean peak blood quinidine level was 3.2 ± 0.5 (standard error) μg/ml. Four patients had a paradoxic increase in arrhythmia. In nine patients the response to acute drug testing was compared with the response to maintenance quinidine therapy with doses of 1.2 and 1.8 g/day. The presence of arrhythmia was assessed with 24 hour ambulatory monitoring and exercise stress testing. With both techniques, seven of nine patients showed results concordant with those of acute testing. Disparity in results of the two methods of drug administration was explained by the serum concentration of quinidine. Acute oral drug testing provides a new approach for determining expeditiously whether quinidine is effective or hazardous in an individual patient.
Are the Band Width Synthesis delay and delay rate observables useful for VLBI imaging

The Band Width Synthesis (BWS) delay and delay rate observables measured by VLBI are used in astrometry to determine positions of extragalactic radio sources with a precision of 0.001 arcsec. At this level of precision, extragalactic radio sources exhibit extended structures that induce significant effects in the measured BWS delays and delay rates. The question whether closure BWS delays and delay rates could supplement the amplitudes and closure phases for VLBI imaging is studied. Preliminary results for the radio source NRAO140 observed in July 1983 are presented.
Renormalization of Lattice Gas Transport Coefficients

A method is described for calculating corrections to the Boltzmann/Chapman-Enskog analysis of lattice gases due to the buildup of correlations. It is shown that renormalized transport coefficients can be calculated perturbatively by summing terms in an infinite series. A diagrammatic notation for the terms in this series is given, in analogy with the Feynman diagrams of quantum field theory. This theory is applied to an example lattice gas and shown to correctly predict experimental deviation from the Boltzmann prediction.
Strategies for developing, implementing, and institutionalizing a comprehensive assessment process for engineering education

This paper draws upon experiences in the development and implementation of comprehensive educational assessment and continuous improvement programs in several US universities associated with the National Science Foundation's Gateway Coalition for Undergraduate Engineering Education. Four integrated strategies, required to imbed assessment and continuous improvement in the educational environment, are fully described.
Spectroscopic observations on nonequilibrium glassy poly(vinyl chloride) and polystyrene

The relationship of valence-coordinate deformation to the temperature dependence of some infrared peak-absorption frequencies in Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) is stated. A skeletal band and a CH2 rocking band in PVC and a ring-mode band in PS were studied in two kinds of experiments: steady heating and cooling of a quenched (nonequilibrium, glassy) sample through its glass-transition temperature, Tg, and long-term annealing of quenched samples below Tg, followed by steady heating and cooling. The results, a slope discontinuity, ΔM, in the v(T) relation at Tg and a frequency shift, Δviso, during isothermal annealing below Tg, are analyzed in two theoretical approaches. Interchain and intrachain contributions to the observed frequency shifts are expected to occur with a differing relative significance in different kinds of molecular vibrations, leading to one possible method of distinguishing valence-coordinate deformation (chain strain) from other effects.
Evaluating Estimation Techniques in Medical Imaging Without a Gold Standard: Experimental Validation.

Imaging is often used for the purpose of estimating the value of some parameter of interest. For example, a cardiologist may measure the ejection fraction (EF) of the heart to quantify how much blood is being pumped out of the heart on each stroke. In clinical practice, however, it is difficult to evaluate an estimation method because the gold standard is not known, e.g., a cardiologist does not know the true EF of a patient. An estimation method is typically evaluated by plotting its results against the results of another (more accepted) estimation method. This approach results in the use of one set of estimates as the pseudo-gold standard. We have developed a maximum-likelihood approach for comparing different estimation methods to the gold standard without the use of the gold standard. In previous works we have displayed the results of numerous simulation studies indicating the method can precisely and accurately estimate the parameters of a regression line without a gold standard, i.e., without the x-axis. In an attempt to further validate our method we have designed an experiment performing volume estimation using a physical phantom and two imaging systems (SPECT< CT).
LETTER RESPONSE HIERARCHIES WITHIN AND AMONG SUBJECTS

In the typical free association procedure with a list of words as stimuli, each S of a group of Ss gives a single word response to each stimulus. Since different Ss give different responses to the same stimulus word, and since the responses usually vary in frequency, i.e., in number of Ss giving each response, the different responses given to each stimulus represent what may be called a response hierarchy among Ss. In another procedure each S is asked to give several different response words to the same stimulus word. Since the several responses elicited from one S to one stimulus are given successively later in time, there is established for each stimulus, either from a single S or from a group of Ss whose data have been combined in some fashion, what may be called a response hierarchy within Ss. An obvious question is: for the same stimuli, are hierarchies within Ss and hierarchies among Ss similar? Both Rosen and Russell ( 1957 ) , and Cofer (1958), each using somewhat different methods of measuring response hierarchies within Ss, have found that within-5's and among-Ss hierarchies are similar, though not identical. The present study is a further comparison of within- and amongas hierarchies. It differs from the studies of Rosen and Russell, and Cofer, in using letters rather than words as stimuli and responses, and in employing a different method of measuring within-Ss hierarchies. METHOD
Aspects of Mathematical Experience

In the current discussion on philosophy of mathematics some do as if systematic foundational work supported an exclusive alternative between Platonism and Constructivism; others do as if such mathematical and logical research were deeply misguided and had no bearing on our understanding of mathematics. Both attitudes prevent us from grasping insights that underlie such work and from appreciating significant results that have been obtained. In consequence, they keep us from turning attention to the task of understanding the role of accessible domains for foundational theories and that of abstract structures for mathematical practice.
Impact of Rising Fuel Prices on Prevailing Traffic Speed on Freeway in Houston, Texas

This study investigates the impact of the 50% rise of gasoline prices over a nine-month period (October 2007 to June 2008) on the free-flow traffic speeds on freeways in Houston, Texas. The impact was estimated using a multiple linear regression technique with controls for time of day, day of week, and season. Three separate models were developed for the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentile traffic speeds, which represent motorists whose value of time is low, medium, and high. These groups of motorists decreased their free-flow speeds from the baseline speed by 5.5%, 3.9%, and 3.1%, respectively, when the gasoline price rose by $2.00 per gallon.
A dynamic conflict resolution model acceptability of alternatives and conflict solvability

A conflict resolution model based on the concepts of living systems, dynamic goal setting behavior, stable habitual domains, self-interest principle, and mutual victory condition is proposed and discussed. Acceptability of alternatives, conflict solvability, and probability of resolving the conflict are described. Computation formula and method for the related probability are also suggested. Understanding and estimating the acceptability of alternatives and conflict solvability is an important step to resolve nontrivial conflicts.
Fine structure and function of the alimentary epithelium in Artemia salina nauplii.

The fine structure of the alimentary tract in the second instar nauplius of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, has been described. The foregut and hindgut of the larva are composed of cuboidal epithelium which is cuticularized. The epithelium of the midgut and gastric caeca is columnar and is characterized by apical microvilli, basal membrane infolds, and abundant mitochondria. The structural characteristics of the midgut cells correlate with previous physiological and biochemical evidence on both adult and larval brine shrimp which indicates that the midgut plays an important role in absorption and osmoregulation in these animals.
Evaluation of commercial immunoperoxidase kits in diagnosis of prostate carcinoma

Comparison of one commercial immunoperoxidase kit for prostate specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) and two for prostate specific antigen (PA) with an unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique using rabbit antihuman PSAP revealed generally good reproducibility of results on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of primary and metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Frequency of positivity was 92 per cent with both our noncommercial PAP and the kit method for PSAP, and 82 per cent and 89 per cent with kits for PA. Thus, sensitivity with the PA kits was less than with our noncommercial PAP and the kit PSAP, with less intense immunostain and occasional false negatives. Specificity was good with all three kits, and no false positive results were obtained. Commercial immunoperoxidase kits provide a relatively easy and inexpensive means for practicing pathologists in a service-oriented setting to make more precise diagnoses in cases of poorly differentiated or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin.
A voltage-gated proton-selective channel lacking the pore domain

Voltage changes across the cell membrane control the gating of many cation-selective ion channels. Conserved from bacteria to humans, the voltage-gated-ligand superfamily of ion channels are encoded as polypeptide chains of six transmembrane-spanning segments (S1-S6). S1-S4 functions as a self-contained voltage-sensing domain (VSD), in essence a positively charged lever that moves in response to voltage changes. The VSD 'ligand' transmits force via a linker to the S5-S6 pore domain 'receptor', thereby opening or closing the channel. The ascidian VSD protein Ci-VSP gates a phosphatase activity rather than a channel pore, indicating that VSDs function independently of ion channels. Here we describe a mammalian VSD protein (H(V)1) that lacks a discernible pore domain but is sufficient for expression of a voltage-sensitive proton-selective ion channel activity. H(v)1 currents are activated at depolarizing voltages, sensitive to the transmembrane pH gradient, H+-selective, and Zn2+-sensitive. Mutagenesis of H(v)1 identified three arginine residues in S4 that regulate channel gating and two histidine residues that are required for extracellular inhibition of H(v)1 by Zn2+. H(v)1 is expressed in immune tissues and manifests the characteristic properties of native proton conductances (G(vH+)). In phagocytic leukocytes, G(vH+) are required to support the oxidative burst that underlies microbial killing by the innate immune system. The data presented here identify H(v)1 as a long-sought voltage-gated H+ channel and establish H(v)1 as the founding member of a family of mammalian VSD proteins.
Picosecond optical detection of longitudinal spatial hole burning in an AlGaAs semiconductor laser

Summary form only given. The author reports the observation of spatially and temporally resolved carrier dynamics in the cavity of a top-surface AlGaAs laser using a modified picosecond differential phase-contrast confocal microscope, which has a single optical probe spot. The sample in the experiment was an AlGaAs crank transverse junction stripe laser. It was prebiased below threshold, and a 2-mA, 100-MHz sine wave signal was used to modulate the charge density within the cavity. The optical probe beam was focused onto the top of the AlGaAs laser sample and x-y scanned across its surface. The measurements show uniform charge density along the edges of the laser cavity and longitudinal spatial hole burning along the laser cavity center. The temporal variation of carriers within the laser cavity was also observed by focusing the picosecond 1.3- mu m laser probing spot to the center of the device. The measurements demonstrate that the internal charge level overshoots and then clamps at the threshold level, where the amount of overshoot is proportional to the overdrive current. >
Micro and Nanoparticle‐Based Delivery Systems for Vaccine Immunotherapy: An Immunological and Materials Perspective

The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.