cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patch Choice Decisions among Ifaluk Fishers

Studies of patch choice decisions among human foragers have failed to explain why foragers do not exclusively exploit the patch with the highest mean profitability. One possible explanation is that profitability rankings are likely to vary daily; however, this instability is not captured when profitabilities are calculated as a sampled average over a longer time span. Here I present data on the patch choice decisions of Ifaluk fishers to evaluate whether men are responding to daily variation in the profitability of their primary fishing patch. Results show that men choose to fish most frequently in the patch with the highest mean profitability. Men fish in alternative patches (alternative from the most profitable patch) when, on that morning or the previous day, return rates in the most profitable patch are lower than the overall mean per capita return rate of alternative patches. Results also indicate that when fishers pursue alternative patches after fishing in the patch with the highest profitability, their mean per capita return rates are generally higher in the alternative patches exploited. However, variance in the profitability of the most profitable patch cannot explain why men exploit two patches, the Nine-mile reef and the dogtoothed tuna patch, which on average have very low profitability. These results and directions for future research are discussed. [Keywords: human behavioral ecology, patch choice decisions, Micronesia]
Adaptive isotopic approximation of nonsingular curves: the parametrizability and nonlocal isotopy approach

We consider domain subdivision algorithms for computing isotopic approximations of nonsingular curves represented implicitly by an equation f(X,Y)=0. Two algorithms in this area are from Snyder (1992) and Plantinga & Vegter (2004). We introduce a new algorithm that combines the advantages of these two algorithms: like Snyder, we use the parametrizability criterion for subdivision, and like Plantinga & Vegter we exploit non-local isotopy. We further extend our algorithm in two important and practical directions: first, we allow subdivision cells to be rectangles with arbitrary but bounded aspect ratios. Second, we extend the input domains to be regions R0 with arbitrary geometry and which might not be simply connected. Our algorithm halts as long as the curve has no singularities in the region, and intersects the boundary of R0 transversally. Our algorithm is also easy to implement exactly. We report on very encouraging preliminary experimental results, showing that our algorithms can be much more efficient than both Plantinga & Vegter's and Snyder's algorithms.
Psychiatric Care in an AIDS Nursing Home

Of the first 675 persons admitted to a new acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) nursing home, 423 were seen in psychiatric consultation. They ranged in age from 22 to 70 years. Most were coping with multiple losses of health, fitness, homes, careers, loved ones, strength, and functional capacity. All had multiple and severe medical illnesses. Of the 423 persons evaluated, 422 (99.8%) had 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Three hundred fifty-one (83%) had a diagnosis of dementia, 349 (82.5%) substance abuse, 276 (65%) psychiatric diagnoses other than cognitive or substance abuse, and 61 (14.4%) delirium. The individuals admitted to the AIDS nursing home were younger, more medically and psychiatrically ill, on more complex medical regimens, and had a higher prevalence of both dementia and substance abuse than those in a separate study of geriatric nursing homes.
Ethylene and ethane production in an estuarine river: formation from the decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Ethylene and ethane concentration in an estuarine river (Georgia, USA) averaged 0.5 nM and 0.03 nM, respectively. Exposure of this water to sunlight for 8 h resulted in concentrations of ethylene and ethane increasing to 1.6 nM and 0.07 nM, respectively. Dark production of ethylene and ethane was very slow, with detectable increases occurring only after 24 h. Filtration (0.2 μm) of estuarine water before sunlight exposure reduced ethylene production four-fold; this finding indicates the importance of particulates in the production of ethylene. Previous work showed that diatoms can produce ethylene. Ethylene and ethane are among the products of the photo-decomposition of particulate and dissolved polyunsaturated fatty acids. Linolenic acid added to sunlit estuarine water resulted in the production of both ethylene and ethane. When estuarine water was sterilized before sunlight exposure, the concentrations of ethylene and ethane reached 4.3 nM and 0.09 nM, respectively. This increase in sterilized estuarine water was probably due to the decomposition of cellular polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are no longer protected against photolysis by protective enzyme systems found in living cells. We suggest that the ethylene produced in estuarine water is produced biotically by phytoplankton and abiotically by the photolysis of polyunsaturated lipids in particulate and dissolved organic matter. High concentrations of ethylene are predicted to be produced in areas with high primary productivity.
Goldilocks and Mrs. Ilych: A Critical Look at the “Philosophy of Hospice”

Anyone who thinks contemporary American society is hopelessly contentious and lacking in shared values has probably not been paying attention to the way the popular media portray the hospice movement. Over and over, we are told such things as that “Humane care costs less than high-tech care and is what patients want and need,” that hospices are “the most effective and least expensive route to a dignified death,” that hospice personnel are “heroic,” that their “compassion and dedication seem inexhaustible,” and that “few could argue with the powerful message that it is better [for dying patients] to leave wrapped in the love of family and care givers than locked in the cold, metallic embrace of a machine.“
Seismic evidence for a thermo-chemical boundary at the base of the Earth’s mantle

Abstract We report seismic evidence for a unique 300 km thick layer at the base of the mantle beneath the south Atlantic ocean, with a steeply dipping edge, anomalously low shear wave velocities linearly decreasing from 2% (top) to 10–12% (bottom), and a maximum P velocity decrease of 3% relative to the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). These characteristics can be best explained by partial melt driven by a compositional change produced early in the Earth’s history and a vertical thermal gradient within the layer. This boundary layer may provide an explanation for the distinctive isotope geochemical DUPAL anomaly observed at some surface ocean islands.
Performance of Triangular Aperture Geogrid-Reinforced Base Courses over Weak Subgrade under Cyclic Loading

AbstractGeogrid (uniaxial or biaxial) is one type of geosynthetics that has been successfully used in slopes, walls, roads, and other applications. The main application of biaxial geogrid is to stabilize soft subgrade and reinforce weak base courses by providing lateral confinement. The confinement due to the interaction between aggregates and the ribs of biaxial geogrid depends on the geometry properties of the geogrid, such as rib shape and apertures size, the stiffness of the ribs, and the properties of aggregates. Research has shown that biaxial geogrid cannot provide uniform tensile resistance in all directions. To overcome this problem, a geogrid product with triangular apertures was developed and introduced into the market. Recent studies showed that the triangular aperture geogrid can provide nearly uniform tensile resistance in all directions and is more efficient in improving the performance of reinforced bases as compared with biaxial geogrid. However, the performance of triangular aperture geo...
Changes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: 1987–1990

Abstract A prospective study of 7,590 consecutive patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at five medical centers in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont between July 1987 and December 1990 assessed changes in patient characteristics over time. Variables included age, sex, surgical priority, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and left main coronary artery stenosis of 90% or greater. Trends were assessed for each variable and for predicted mortality using linear regression. The mean age increased significantly, whereas ejection fraction decreased. The percentage of urgent cases increased, whereas the elective cases became less frequent. No changes were observed in the percentages of emergent cases, female patients, or patients with severe left main coronary artery disease. The predicted in-hospital mortality rose significantly from 4.2% to 5.2% ( p
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Direction Parallel to the Magnetic Field in Semiconductive Bi—Sb Alloys

Measurements are carried out on the small-gap-semiconductor Bi—Sb at temperatures of liquid helium and in a frequency range between 9 and 70 GHz. Special attention is paid to the investigation of spatial resonances in a magnetic-field range in the neighbourhood of cyclotron resonance. The anisotropy of the Fermi surface and the redistribution of charge carriers over the parted Fermi surface in a quantizing magnetic field have a great influence on the dispersion behaviour of the waves. A comparison between the experimental and the theoretical dispersion behaviour provides information about the cyclotron masses and the dispersion relation of the charge carriers for the alloy system investigated. Die Messungen erfolgen am Halbleiter mit schmaler verbotener Zone Bi—Sb bei Temperaturen des flussigen Heliums und im Frequenzbereich zwischen 9 bis 70 GHz. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der Untersuchung der raumlichen Resonanzen in Magnetfeldbereichen nahe der Zyklotron-resonanz gewidmet. Die Anisotropie der Fermiflache und die Umverteilung der Ladungstrager zwischen der mehrteiligen Fermiflache im quantisierenden Magnetfeld besitzen grosen Einflus auf das Dispersionsverhalten der Wellen. Es werden durch Vergleich von experimentellem und theoretischem Dispersionsverlauf Aussagen uber die Zyklotronmassen und das Dispersionsgesetz der Ladungstrager fur das untersuchte Legierungssystem gewonnen.
Surface viscosity of glycosylated derivatives of beta-lactoglobulin at the air—water interface

Abstract Surface viscosities of beta-lactoglobulin (βLG) and glycosylated derivatives of βLG were determined at the air—water interface using a rotational viscometer. The surface viscosity of 0.1% solutions increased rapidly during the first few minutes and then decreased slightly. Surface viscosity and rate of development of surface viscosity were maximum near the isoelectric point of βLG. Glycosylation of βLG decreased its rate of development and maximum surface viscosity. Apparently, surface viscosity was affected by decreased electrostatic repulsions and increased hydrophilic interactions, protein conformational stability and the interfacial concentration of βLG. The shearing action of the viscometer probably contributed to surface viscosity by increasing the rate of protein adsorption and desorption and increasing the entanglement of proteins at the air—water interface. This study increases our understanding of the protein structure—function relationships in foams and emulsions.
Sexually Explicit Media, Gender Differences, and Evolutionary Theory

L'A. s'efforce de comprendre les differences observees entre les sexes concernant la perception de la pornographie. Il presente une approche qui fait appel a la psychologie evolutionniste. Il presente ce type de perspective et montre qu'elle s'inspire des analyses du comportement humain developpees par Darwin. Il estime que les differences d'attitude entre les sexes concernant la pornographie resultent de l'evolution divergentes des sexes
Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the In vitro evagination process of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolices

Abstract Marchiondo A. A. and Andersen F. L. 1984. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the in vitro evagination process of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolices. International Journal for Parasitotogy14:151–157. During histogenesis of the protoscolices of Echinococcus multilocularis, the apical portion of the protoscolex consisting of the suckers, rostellum and hook region develops as an introversion and invagination within the tissue of the basal portion. In vitro incubation of protoscolices in evagination fluid stimulates the emergence of the apical portion. The initiation of evagination is first detected by a surface change in the basal portion. The smooth contour of this surface which lacks microtriches becomes transformed into tegumental indentations that form transverse and longitudinal furrows within the basal tegument as the protoscolices contract and expand, respectively. An orifice formed at the site or junction where the apical portion is invaginated begins to expand laterally in order to allow emergence of the suckers. The hooks are arranged within the invaginated protoscolex with blades directed towards the basal orifice, the handles directed towards the peduncle and the guards directed laterally. This arrangement persists throughout the evagination of the suckers and rostellum until the apical dome of the hook region emerges, thereby rotating the blades laterally in the direction of the peduncle and rotating the handles and guards medially to assume a coronal arrangement. Evagination is an asynchronous event and therefore allows observation of individual protoscolices in various stages of emergence.
Glavlit, Ideological Censorship, and Russian‐Language Book Publishing, 1922–38

This article discusses the development of censorship practices in the years 1922 to 1938, the period when party leaders debated and defined the role of the censor, and more generally, the role of censorship in Soviet book production. It focuses on the work of the Main Directorate of Literature and Publishing Houses (Glavlit) and the censors under its authority. Using a range of archival and published sources, it contextualizes censorship as part of a comprehensive system of print regulation, in order to see how it was meant to work in conjunction with other types of control and influence, and in doing so, to understand the logic and limitations of ideological censorship. Censorship was meant to function as part of a system designed both to facilitate the creation of works seen as useful by the Bolsheviks as well as to repress printed material viewed as ‘undesirable’ or dangerous. Approaching the topic in this manner illuminates Soviet methods of regulating cultural production and suggests a broader definition for ideology in the Soviet context. The article's first section examines the relationship between Glavlit and private publishers during the 1920s, revealing the logic that underpinned Glavlit's work and how censorship practices were designed with the private sector in mind. Glavlit exercised a range of proscriptive and prescriptive powers over private publishers, in order to limit the ideological threat they presented and to channel their work into those subjects designated by the Party. The next section considers Glavlit's relationship to the state publishing sector, explaining what its powers were and why they were much weaker than those exercised over private publishers. The third section of the article examines debates about the role of censorship in the state sector that occurred between 1925 and 1928. It explains why censorship powers were expanded in some respects, but not in others. It also examines claims by Glavlit's head, Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii, that Glavlit could address a series of growing ideological and material challenges facing the Soviet publishing industry, and why these claims were eventually rejected by party leaders. The final section considers the party leadership's decision to relegate Glavlit and censorship to a secondary role in print regulation during the decade after 1928. It considers both the limits placed on censors during this period, and also the role of editors and other outside bodies, such as the Central Committee's cultural apparatus, in realizing the party's positive and negative agendas in book publishing.
Microstructural characterization of thin gold films on a polyimide substrate

Abstract The study of thin metal films on flexible substrates is of interest for manufacture of many devices, such as implantable electrode arrays consisting of gold film on polyimide substrates. Adhesion of the film to the substrate is of utmost importance for device durability. Gold adhesion to a polyimide has previously been shown to increase when a variety of substrate treatments are performed prior to gold sputter deposition, but little microstructural analysis has been made to complete the process–structure–properties relationship. Here, the grain size is shown to increase slightly but statistically significantly if an oxygen plasma etch and adhesion layer treatment of the film is performed prior to deposition of the gold. A log-normal grain size distribution is found for gold on each sample, and the grains are shown to be columnar. Gold deposited on non-treated polyimide shows a strong {111} texture, but a random texture is seen in both pretreated systems, indicating that the pretreatment affects the surface energy of the polyimide and alters the gold film growth.
Virtual plurality and polemical synthesis: Carl Schmitt and the staging of a public

In this essay I derive a theory of virtual publics from Carl Schmitt's discussions of polemical identification. In Schmitt's well‐known formulations, a public is distinguished from private individuals and groupings by an existential opposition to an enemy. As I show, the polemical formation of the public involves the channeling of intensities from diverse pre‐political or private conflicts. Adopting the terms of Gilles Deleuze and Brian Massumi, I argue that these intensities harbor a plurality of incipient or ‘virtual’ polemical alignments. As this reading suggests, the public can be polemically opposed to its antithesis only insofar as it is selected from and so excludes other modes of itself.
Inhibition of protein carbonyl formation and lipid peroxidation by glutathione in rat liver microsomes

Abstract The peroxidation of rat liver microsomal lipids is stimulated in the presence of iron by the addition of NADPH or ascorbate and is inhibited by the addition of glutathione (GSH). The fate of GSH and the oxidative modification of proteins under these conditions have not been well studied. Rat liver microsomes were incubated at 37 °C under 95% O 2 :5% CO 2 in the presence of 10 μ m ferric chloride, 400 μ m ADP, and either 450 μ m ascorbic acid or 400 μ m NADPH. Lipid peroxidation was assessed in the presence 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, or 5 m m GSH by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and oxidative modification of proteins by measuring protein thiol and carbonyl groups. GSH inhibited TBARS and protein carbonyl group formation in both ascorbate and NADPH systems in a dose-dependent manner. Heat denaturing of microsomes or treatment with trypsin resulted in the loss of this protection. The formation of protein carbonyl groups could be duplicated by incubating microsomes with 4-hydroxynonenal. Ascorbate-dependent peroxidation caused a loss of protein thiol groups which was diminished by GSH only in fresh microsomes. Both boiling and trypsin treatment significantly decreased the basal protein thiol content of microsomes and enhanced ascorbate-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Protection against protein carbonyl group formation by GSH correlated with the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and appeared not to be due to the formation of the GSH conjugate of 4-hydroxynonenal as only trace amounts of this conjugate were detected. Ninety percent of the GSH lost after 60 min of peroxidation was recoverable as borohydride reducible material in the supernatant fraction. The remaining 10% could be accounted for as GSH-bound protein mixed disulfides. However, only 75% of the GSH lost during peroxidation appeared as glutathione disulfide, suggesting that some was converted to other soluble borohydride reducible forms. These data support a role for protein thiol groups in the GSH-mediated protection of microsomes against lipid peroxidation.
Integration of copper multilevel interconnects with oxide and polymer interlevel dielectrics

Copper interconnect structures are being evaluated for 0.25 μm minimum feature size technology and below. This work focuses on fabrication of one- and two-level test structures with copper metallization and both oxide and polymer interlevel dielectrics to demonstrate the compatibility of unit processes being developed for future copper-based interconnects. Emphasis is placed on dual Damascene patterning and material and process compatibility with such patterning and the required barriers and passivation techniques required with copper. Future directions of this work are described in this invited review paper.
Microstructure of rapidly solidified Al2O3 dispersion strengthened type 316 stainless steel

Abstract An aluminum oxide dispersion strengthened 316 stainless steel was developed by surface oxidation. Surface oxidation was chosen as a preferred method in order to minimize formation of less stable chromium oxides. Ultra low C+N 316 stainless steel was alloyed with 1 wt% A1, rapidly solidified to produce fine powders and attrited to approximately 0.5 pm thick flakes to provide for surface oxidation. Oxide particles in the extruded material were identified mostly as A1 oxides, In the preirradiated condition, oxide dispersion retarded crystallization and grain growth and had an effect on room temperature tensile properties. These structural modifications are expected to have an effect on the swelling resistance, structure stability and high temperature strength of austenitic stainless steels (Path A alloys).
Fate of atrazine in biologically active granular activated carbon

The fate of atrazine in biologically active laboratory-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) reactors was studied through analysis of atrazine and its breakdown products in the influent and effluent water of the GAC reactor and sand reactor. The biological activity in the GAC bed, influent, and effluent was monitored by measuring the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria. The HPC reached equilibrium concentrations of 1.37 to 1.67 × 106 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) after two to three weeks in the GAC effluents, and 7.65 × 103 cfu/ml after four to six weeks in the effluent of the sand reactor. A solution of natural ground water spiked with 200 μg/L atrazine was continuously applied to the biologically active reactors at a flow rate of 5 ml/min for 70 d. Composite weekly samples of the effluent were extracted and analyzed for atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine using GC. Hydroxyatrazine was analyzed by liquid chromatography. Deethylatrazine was consistently detected in the effluent of the sand reactor only, and hydroxyatrazine was detected in the effluent of one of the GAC reactors, before complete development of bacterial activity. The percentage of atrazine disappearance was 98.10 to 98.67% in the GAC reactors and 42.10% in the sand reactor. The results suggest the possibility of complete mineralization of atrazine at 200 μg/L in biologically active GAC, with significantly low exportation of toxic breakdown products to the effluent water.
On the partitioning of the rate of deformation gradient in phenomenological plasticity

Abstract The rate of deformation gradient is partitioned additively into its elastic and plastic parts within the framework of phenomenological plasticity based on the multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient. The corresponding partition of the nonsymmetric nominal stress is also given. The results are compared with the well-known results of partitioning the rates of Lagrangian strain and its conjugate symmetric Piola–Kirchhoff stress. Extension to the framework of monocrystalline plasticity is then discussed.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the thoracic spine: case report and review of the literature

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS), a lesion of the synovial tissues, is rarely found in the spine. We present a 73-year-old male with increasing lower extremity weakness and paresthesias. MRI scans revealed disc herniation and spinal cord compression at the T11-T12 and T12- L1 levels. Intraoperative exploration revealed an epidural mass originating in the T12 lamina, compressing the spinal cord at T11-T12. Pathologic examination was consistent with pigmented villonodular synovitis.
Tethering human immunodeficiency virus 1 integrase to a DNA site directs integration to nearby sequences

Abstract Certain retrovirus and retrotransposons display strong biases in the selection of host DNA sites for integration. To probe the possibility that simple tethering of the retroelement integrase protein to a target DNA site is sufficient to direct integration, the activities of a hybrid composed of human immunodeficiency virus 1 integrase and lambda repressor were analyzed. In in vitro reactions containing several target DNAs, the lambda repressor-integrase hybrid was found to direct integration selectively to targets containing lambda operators. Addition of lambda repressor blocked selective integration, indicating that binding to the operators was required. The lambda repressor-integrase hybrid protein directed integration primarily to sites near the operators on the same face of the B-DNA helix, indicating that target DNA was probably captured by looping out the intervening sequences. Such hybrid integrase proteins may be useful for directing retroviral integration to specific sequences in vivo.
Validating the simulation metamodel: Some practical approaches

This paper stresses the usefulness of developing a metamodel as an auxilliary model in simulation analysis and emphasizes the importance of validating the metamodel in order to determine whether it accurately approximates the simulation-generated data. A simulation model of the M/M/s queuing system was used for demonstration purposes. Two statistical validation procedures appropriate for simulation metamodels were discussed and demonstrated: use of a holdout sample and double cross- validation. The metamodel developed from the M/M/s queuing system simulation data proved to be valid as an approximation not only to the simulation but also to the real-world system itself.
Los Angeles: A tale of two stones

We compare and contrast the mineralogy and petrology of the 2 stones of the extremely ferroan and Cr-poor martian meteorite, Los Angeles. The 2 stones are similar in many characteristics, strongly suggesting that they originated from a single flow or shallow intrusion. However, stone 2 is more ferroan and enriched in late-stage materials than its larger, and more widely studied, sibling. Stone 2 has a far higher abundance (~25 vol%) than stone 1 (10 vol%) of combined opaques, meaning not only conventional opaque minerals but also, and more abundantly, fine-grained symplectitic intergrowths of fayalite + ferroan augite + silica (interpreted as pyroxferroite breakdown material, PBM). The bulk composition of the PBM is close to that of stoichiometric pyroxferroite, with roughly 45 wt% FeO. Extensive zonation within the pyroxenes of both stones is consistent with origin by closed-system fractional crystallization of the parent basaltic melt(s). However, the compositional and modal disparity between the two stones suggests that they formed in an environment where at least mild multi-cm-scale differentiation occurred. Probably, in both stones, crystallization began from similar melts with mg ~27-28 mol%, but during crystallization, significant migration of the melt component occurred, perhaps by crystal settling and/or filter pressing. Stone 2 acquired an enhanced proportion of residual melt and, thus, higher proportions of late-stage materials such as PBM, oxides, and phosphates. Within the PBM, clinopyroxene poikiloblastically encloses fayalite and silica. At least some of the PBM had already formed by decomposition of pyroxferroite before the major shock that caused the very scarce brecciation within Los Angeles. However, the low abundance of fractures within PBM, in comparison to pyroxene and some other minerals, may be an indication that the textures of PBM regions typically did not assume their final detailed configuration until after the last major shock. The steep slope of a pyroxene mg-Cr correlation suggests that igneous crystallization occurred at higher fO2 in Los Angeles than in otherwise similar shergottites such as QUE 94201, Shergotty, and Zagami.
The demographic role of soil seed banks. II. Investigations of the fate of experimental seeds of the desert mustard Lesquerella fendleri

Summary 1 Although poorly studied and understood, the post-dispersal movements and fates of seeds may affect critically the subsequent structure of plant communities, particularly in desert ecosystems where seeds can be the most abundant or only viable form of many plant species. We investigated the fate of experimental seeds of the desert mustard Lesquerella fendleri by examining seed dispersal and predation, and by quantifying the proportion of seeds that germinated and survived as seedlings in three different microsites within a New Mexico desert shrubland. 2 We found very limited seed dispersal but strong density-dependent seed predation by rodents. There was a significant and consistent microsite effect in the proportion of soil seeds germinating and seedlings surviving to the end of the experiments. We did not find a consistent microsite effect for soil seed persistence, but did find a positive correlation between soil seed persistence and soil seed germination. Overall, these results indicate that seed predation may strongly affect the distribution of the seed bank, and that the abiotic environment may largely determine the extent to which soil seed populations in turn affect the distribution of emerging surface plants. 3 We present a seed fate model that synthesizes the results of the present and previous empirical investigations of the Lesquerella study system. This diagram illustrates how interactions among the abiotic environment, microsite variation and seed genotypes can determine which soil seeds successfully germinate and establish into the surface plant population. We suggest that the demography of desert surface plant populations may depend more on the time between seed inputs and the longevity of these seeds in the soil than on the amount of seeds produced at any one point in time and space.
Effects of congestion on the shape of a city

Abstract This paper develops a model for the allocation of urban land among the residential and transportation sectors and the central business district. The model is used to derive the intensity of land use, i.e., the capital per unit of land, in the residential and transportation sectors. Two different institutional arrangements are discussed: a central planning agency, and a competitive market. It is shown that the externalities imposed by traffic congestion results in the market city being larger (for the same population), and with flatter density profiles.
REGIONAL SHIFTS IN CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT

China's industrial output is large and has grown rapidly since 1950. The communist government which took power in 1949 sought to decentralize industry to the interior. Analysis of gross provincial industrial output data based on information statistics indicated a period of increasing industrial concentration from 1952–1957. Thereafter gross industrial output decentralized. Specific industries, however, displayed different spatial patterns. Steel, for example, has become more concentrated, whereas chemical fertilizers and cement showed remarkably dispersed patterns. The patterns reflect a dual structure of industrial production comprised of large, modern, efficient plants and small, less efficient plants producing for local consumption.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of Mn(III) etioporphyrin I at the π→π* and charge transfer bands: The use of charge transfer bands to monitor the complexation state of metalloporphyrins

Electronic transitions of Mn(III) etioporphyrin I (MnETP) are assigned by the use of resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS). Dramatic differences are found in the RR spectra of MnETP upon excitation within different absorption bands. RRS supports the assignment of the strong absorption band of Mn(III) porphyrins between 460–490 nm to a charge transfer transition. The two bands between 540–600 nm are assigned to vibronic components of a π→π* transition. The RR spectra of MnETP–X (X=F−,Cl−,Br−,I−, or butanol) show large differences in the low frequency Raman spectrum (100–500 cm−1) depending on the axial ligand. Pure Mn–halide vibrations are assigned. An explanation is proposed to account for the differences between the RR spectra excited in the Q bands and the charge transfer band. Some of the vibrational Raman bands in the low frequency region may serve as probes for the degree of out‐of‐plane distortion of the metal from the porphyrin plane.
Novel sites of aldose reductase immunolocalization in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Glucose metabolism by aldose reductase (AR) is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diabetic complications, including neuropathy. We have re-evaluated the distribution of AR in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of normal rats, expanded these observations to describe the location of AR in the spinal cord and footpad skin, and investigated whether diabetes alters the distribution of AR. In sciatic nerve, AR was restricted to cytoplasm of myelinated Schwann cells and endothelial cells of epineurial, but not endoneurial, blood vessels. AR immunoreactivity (IR) was present in satellite cells in the DRG. In skin, AR-IR was detected in vascular endothelial cells, Schwann cells of myelinated fibers, and axons of perivascular sympathetic nerves. AR was localized selectively to oligodendrocytes of the white matter of spinal cord. The distribution of AR-IR in sciatic nerve, DRG, skin, and spinal cord was not altered by up to 12 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Identification of perineuronal satellite cells, oligodendrocytes, and perivascular sympathetic nerves as AR-expressing cells reveals them as cellular sites with the potential to contribute to diabetic neuropathy.
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Prader-Willi and 'Prader-Willi-like' patients

ABSTRACT Objective To compare obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and symptoms in a group of patients presenting with “Prader-Willi—like” features but without the genetic abnormalities associated with PWS. Method 16 patients aged 4 through 20 years were evaluated in a clinic specializing in the assessment and management of behavioral and food-related problems in PWS. Eight patients were found to have key features of the syndrome but did not have a PWS genotype. These PWS-like subjects were matched to 8 clinic patients with a confirmed deletion of the PWS critical region of the paternally derived chromosome 15. All subjects were evaluated for obesity, IQ. food-related problems, maladaptive behaviors, and non—food-related OC symptoms. Results There were no differences between the 2 groups with respect to measures of obesity, IQ, food-related difficulties, or overall maladaptive behaviors. The PWS group showed significantly greater numbers of OC symptoms and greater symptom severity. Conclusions Patients with PWS have elevated numbers of OC symptoms and significant symptom-related impairment which are not explained by developmental delay, food-related difficulties, or obesity. OC symptoms are part of a behavioral phenotype that accompanies deletions on the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 in PWS.
Application of numerical and optical evaluation schemes for particle image velocimetry

Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques for measurement of fluid velocities typically requires two steps. The first of these is the photography step in which one or more exposures of a particle field are taken. The second step is the evaluation of the particle pattern and production of appropriate velocities. Each of these steps involves optimization which is usually specific to the experiment being conducted and there is significant interaction between photographic parameters and evaluation characteristics.
Segregation and fluidization characteristics of a dolomite bed with a range of particle sizes and shapes

Results of experiments carried out to gain a better understanding of the quality of fluidization and to correlate minimum fluidization velocities with the particle size distribution of the solids making up the bed and with bed temperature and reactor pressure are reported. The experiments were performed on a fresh unsulfated dolomite bed with particle size range of 2000-88 ..mu..m or 2000-44 ..mu..m with a temperature range of 70 to 800/sup 0/F and with a pressure range of 26 to 121 lbf in/sup -2/.
Forage dynamics in mixed tall fescue–bermudagrass pastures of the Southern Piedmont USA

Abstract Botanical composition and forage productivity of mixed cool- and warm-season perennial pastures are important determinants of agricultural sustainability. Effects of three sources of nutrient (inorganic only, organic + inorganic combination, and organic only) and four utilization regimes (unharvested, low and high grazing pressure, and hayed) were evaluated on botanical composition, residual forage mass, and forage production during seven years of management on tall fescue ( Lolium arundinaceum , a cool-season C3 grass) overseeded into existing bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon , a warm-season C4 grass) sod in Georgia. Nutrient source had few major impacts on responses, except for greater hay yield with organic fertilization (broiler litter) than with organic + inorganic and inorganic only fertilization. Botanical composition of grazed pastures shifted with time from initial dominance with bermudagrass (∼50% basal area) to mixed composition of tall fescue (60%)/bermudagrass (36%) under low grazing pressure and tall fescue (45%)/bermudagrass (48%) under high grazing pressure. To maintain optimum botanical composition and productivity for year-round sustainable grazing, forage mass needs to be balanced within a maximum threshold to avoid deterioration of forage quality and a minimum threshold to avoid environmental degradation.
Implementing a ‘bottom-up,’ multi-sector research collaboration: The case of the Texas air quality study

The vast majority of research collaboration among firms is informal. Unfortunately, little research has focused on informal, multi-institutional research collaboration, partly because by their very nature these collaborations are difficult to study systematically. In this study, we employ case study methodology to examine a large-scale research collaboration, the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study, which could be labeled ‘multi-sector, multi-institution’ and ‘informal.’ We develop the case based on a contingency model of research collaboration effectiveness, our chief objective being to assess the impact of various characteristics of the collaboration on the project’s outcomes. We find the case to align with the terms of the model, thereby distilling some implications for a theory of research collaboration effectiveness, at least within the domain of large-scale, multi-institutional, multi-sector research collaborations.
Electronic States in Cd1−xZnxTe/CdTe Strained Layer Coupled Double Quantum Wells and their Photoluminescence

Experimental and theoretical investigations of electronic states in a strained-layer CdTe/CdZnTe coupled double quantum well structure are presented. The optical properties of this lattice mismatched heterostructure were characterized by photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation and polarization spectroscopies. The influence of electrical field on exciton states in the strained layer CdTe/CdZnTe coupled double quantum well structure is experimentally studied. The confined electronic states were calculated in the framework of the envelope function approach, taking into account the strain effect induced by the lattice-mismatch. Experimental results are compared with the calculated transition energies.
Near complete surgical resection predicts a favorable outcome in pediatric patients with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas: results from a single center in the magnetic resonance imaging era.

BACKGROUND Because few reports on outcome in patients with pediatric malignant gliomas during the magnetic resonance imaging era were available, the authors studied the outcomes of children with these tumors at their institution. METHODS The medical records of 39 patients with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas who were treated at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between February 1, 1989 and December 31, 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess tumors at presentation and at follow-up. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS The median follow-up for the 14 surviving patients was 47.6 months. The median PFS for all patients was 12.2 months, and the median OS for all patients was 21.3 months. The extent of surgery was the strongest prognostic factor for predicting outcomes in these patients, with a median survival of 122.2 months in patients who underwent macroscopic total resection compared with 14.1 months in patients who had significant residual disease after surgery. In univariate analyses, other than the extent of surgery, only the absence of visual symptoms at diagnosis significantly predicted improved OS. Local control was improved for patients who underwent better resection and had smaller tumors. In multivariate analyses, although the extent of surgery continued to predict outcomes significantly, histologic grade, which was not significant in the univariate analysis, also was significant. CONCLUSIONS Children with malignant gliomas appeared to fare better than their adult counterparts. Because the extent of resection was one of the strongest predictors of outcome, the authors concluded that the optimal therapy for these patients would include the maximal possible resection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Mineral inclusions in diamond: temperature and pressure of equilibration.

Two distinct suites of minerals included in natural diamond occur and probably represent different physical and chemical conditions during diamond growth. Minerals of the ultramafic suite appear to have equilibrated in the range 1000° to 1300°C between 45 and 65 kilobars, whereas the temperature range for minerals of the eclogitic suite is 850° to 1250°C. At present, models relating the partitioning of magnesium and iron between coexisting phases are not sufficiently rigorous to determine a value for the pressure of equilibration of these eclogitic suite inclusions.
Sensitivity of warm-frontal processes to cloud-nucleating aerosol concentrations

An extratropical cyclone that crossed the United States on 9-11 April 2009 was successfully simulated at high resolution (3-km horizontal grid spacing) using the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. The sensitivity of the associated warm front to increasing pollution levels was then explored by conducting the same experiment with three different background profiles of cloud-nucleating aerosol concentration. To the authors' knowledge, no study has examined the indirect effects of aerosols on warm fronts. The budgets of ice, cloud water, and rain in the simulation with the lowest aerosol concentrations were examined. The ice mass was found to be produced in equal amounts through vapor deposition and riming, and the melting of ice produced approximately 75% of the total rain. Conversion of cloud water to rain accounted for the other 25%. When cloud-nucleating aerosol concentrations were increased, significant changes were seen in the budget terms, but total precipitation remained relatively constant. Vapor deposition onto ice increased, but riming of cloud water decreased such that there was only a small change in the total ice production and hence there was no significant change in melting. These responses can be understood in terms of a buffering effect in which smaller cloud droplets in the mixed-phase region lead to both an enhanced vapor deposition and decreased riming efficiency with increasing aerosol concentrations. Overall, while large changes were seen in the microphysical structure of the frontal cloud, cloud-nucleating aerosols had little impact on the precipitation production of the warm front.
Lessons from Chernobyl: the event, the aftermath fallout: radioactive, political, social

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station on April 26, 1986, released about 300 MCi of radioactive substances, including about 40 MCi of 131I and 100 MCi of short-lived radioiodines. In the immediate surroundings there were 143 cases of acute radiation syndrome, 34 deaths, and hundreds of thousands of people displaced from their homes, many permanently. The social and psychologic stresses that followed have been enormous and long-lasting. This article focuses on the rising incidence of thyroid cancer in exposed children. Radiation-induced thyroid cancer following external radiation is well documented but there is little evidence in humans of thyroid cancer from internal radiation and the risk coefficient for radioiodine exposure is known. To achieve this, thyroid dose reconstruction and prospective follow-up of about 50,000 persons who were children in 1986 will be required. Thyroid cancer in children of southern Belarus began to increase in 1990 and there now are about 1,000 cases in Belarus and northern Ukraine. These aggressively growing tumors, almost all variants of papillary thyroid cancer, are typical for thyroid cancer in children not exposed to radiation, and a low mortality rate is to be expected. It also is expected, however, that malignant as well as benign thyroid neoplasms will continue to arise in these exposed children well into their adult life.
Using Authorware Professional for developing courseware

This paper describes the use of Authorware Professional, an icon-based, object-oriented authoring system, to develop courseware and on-line experiments. Notable features include direct editability, facility with many response types, and built-in variables. Shortcomings include the difficulty of learning how to use the program, inability to present stimuli rapidly, the program’s linear development style, weak drawing tools, a lack of scroll bars for text, and some problems in the use of Authorware with other applications. Overall, the package is recommended for users with adequate resources.
Liquid-crystalline polyethers based on conformational isomerism: 12. Molecular engineering of phase transitions in copolyethers based on 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane and multiple combinations of flexible spacers

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of copolyethers based on 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (MBPE) and various combinations of from three to eight α,ω-dibromoalkanes. Copolymers containing spacers with an odd number of methylene units display a uniaxial nematic mesophase and a second unidentified mesophase. Copolymers containing spacers with odd and even or only even numbers of methylene units display a uniaxial nematic mesophase. The parameters of the mesomorphic phase transitions of all copolymers represent weight-averaged values of the corresponding parameters of the parent homopolymers. This proves that the structural units of these copolymers are isomorphic within their mesophase. These results also demonstrate that the parameters of the mesomorphic phases can be engineered by copolymerization. All MBPE copolymers are crystallizable. Their crystallizability decreases by increasing the number of flexible spacers and decreasing their length, and by using an odd rather than an even number of methylenic units in the spacer.