cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Stress-Growth Hypothesis in Saphenous Vein Perfusion Culture.

The great saphenous vein (GSV) has served as a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) conduit for over 50 years. Despite prevalent use, first-year failure rates remain high compared to arterial autograft options. Amongst other factors, vein graft failure can be attributed to material and mechanical mismatching that lead to apoptosis, inflammation, and intimal-medial hyperplasia. Through the implementation of the continuum mechanical-based theory of “stress-mediated growth and remodeling,” we hypothesize that the mechanical properties of porcine GSV grafts can be favorably tuned for CABG applications prior to implantation using a prolonged but gradual transition from venous to arterial loading conditions in an inflammatory and thrombogenic deficient environment. To test this hypothesis, we used a hemodynamic-mimetic perfusion bioreactor to guide remodeling through stepwise incremental changes in pressure and flow over the course of 21-day cultures. Biaxial mechanical testing of vessels pre- and post-remodeling was performed, with results fit to structurally-motivated constitutive models using non-parametric bootstrapping. The theory of “small-on-large” was used to describe appropriate stiffness moduli, while histology and viability assays confirmed microstructural adaptations and vessel viability. Results suggest that stepwise transition from venous-to-arterial conditions results in a partial restoration of circumferential stretch and circumferential, but not axial, stress through vessel dilation and wall thickening in a primarily outward remodeling process. These remodeled tissues also exhibited decreased mechanical isotropy and circumferential, but not axial, stiffening. In contrast, only increases in axial stiffness were observed using culture under venous perfusion conditions and those tissues experienced moderate intimal resorption.
Fibrinolysis Dysregulation Following Trauma

Derangement of fibrinolysis has been an interest of surgical scientists for over 200 years. Appreciation of the spectrum of fibrinolysis following severe injury confirms the long-perceived notion that pathology occurs at the extremes of any protease system. Trauma can provoke overactivation of fibrinolysis resulting in uncontrolled bleeding or inhibition resulting in fibrinolysis shutdown resulting in organ dysfunction. While the CRASH II trial demonstrated a modest benefit in survival using antifibrinolytic medication in trauma patients, there are likely superior resuscitation strategies to improve survival in patients with abnormal fibrinolytic activity. This chapter is intended to refresh the reader’s historic appreciation of trauma-induced fibrinolysis and emphasize the physiologic role of the fibrinolytic system in response to injury.
Recent developments in gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours

The pathologist's approach to gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours has changed dramatically during the last 25 years. In particular, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) has evolved from a wastebasket mesenchymal tumour category to a precisely defined entity with an increasingly detailed genetic subclassification. This subclassification has brought gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasia into the realm of precision medicine, with specific treatments optimised for particular genetic subtypes. Molecular genetic data have also greatly improved our understanding of oesophageal mesenchymal tumours, including the discovery that so-called 'giant fibrovascular polyps' in fact represent a clinically distinctive presentation of well-differentiated liposarcoma. Here, we will focus on gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours for which there have been recent developments in classification, molecular genetics or tumour biology: granular cell tumour, 'giant fibrovascular polyp'/well-differentiated liposarcoma, plexiform fibromyxoma, gastroblastoma and, of course, GIST.
Spectrally-resolved absorption cross-section measurements of shock-heated O2 for the development of a vibrational temperature diagnostic

Abstract In shock-heated high-enthalpy air flows, the vibrational temperature of oxygen ( O 2 ) provides critical insight into the non-equilibrium chemistry. Here, a two-color O 2 vibrational temperature diagnostic was developed by utilizing spectroscopic models to inform optimal wavelength candidates for both a continuous-wave (CW), ultraviolet (UV) laser and a picosecond pulsed, UV laser. Cross-sections of shock-heated O 2 were measured using a CW UV laser, and results over a range of wavelengths and temperatures are compared against a Stanford model and Specair, a spectroscopic model for high temperature air species developed by Laux et al. All measurements were completed behind reflected shocks in 2% and 5% O 2 in argon (Ar) mixtures. Vibrational temperatures for cross-section measurements were calculated for plateaus and peaks in experimental absorbances using a Bethe-Teller relaxation model up to 6,000 K and a steady-state approach above 6,000 K. Temperature sweep measurements were fixed around 223.237 nm, while wavelength sweep measurements were taken around 4550 K and ranged between 223.23 nm to 223.27 nm. Temperature sweep cross-sections agree to within 15% of Specair modeled cross-sections, with most measurements falling within 10% of Specair predictions. Wavelength sweep cross-sections agree at shorter wavelengths with Specair cross-sections, but longer wavelength features are offset from both the Stanford model and Specair predictions. Changing the spin-splitting equations used by the Stanford model from the Herzberg formulation to the Nicolet formulation also brought the Stanford model to within 15% of all temperature sweep data, with most measurements falling within 10% of the Stanford model predicts. The spin-splitting adjustment also improved the agreement between the Stanford model and the wavelength sweep data at shorter wavelengths.
On the stability and layered organization of protein-DNA condensates

Multi-component phase separation is emerging as a key mechanism for the formation of biological condensates that play essential roles in signal sensing and transcriptional regulation. The molecular factors that dictate these condensates9 stability and spatial organization are not fully understood, and it remains challenging to predict their microstructures. Using a near-atomistic, chemically accurate force field, we studied the phase behavior of chromatin regulators that are crucial for heterochromatin organization and their interactions with DNA. Our computed phase diagrams recapitulated previous experimental findings on different proteins. They revealed a strong dependence of condensate stability on the protein-DNA mixing ratio as a result of balancing protein-protein interactions and charge neutralization. Notably, a layered organization was observed in condensates formed by mixing HP1, histone H1, and DNA. This layered organization may be of biological relevance as it enables cooperative DNA packaging between the two chromatin regulators: histone H1 softens the DNA to facilitate the compaction induced by HP1 droplets. Our study supports near atomistic models as a valuable tool for characterizing the structure and stability of biological condensates.
Zinc–hydrogen and zinc–iridium pairs in β-Ga2O3

Zinc-doped monoclinic gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3:Zn) has semi-insulating properties that could make it a preferred material as a substrate for power devices. Infrared and UV/Visible spectroscopy were used to investigate the defect properties of bulk β-Ga2O3:Zn crystals. As-grown crystals contain a single O-H stretching mode at 3486.7 cm−1 due to a neutral ZnH complex. A deuterium-annealed sample displays the corresponding O-D stretching mode at 2582.9 cm−1, confirming the O-H assignment. A strong Ir4+ electronic transition at 5147.6 cm−1 is also observed, along with sidebands attributed to ZnIr pairs. These sidebands show distinct differences compared with Mg-doped samples; most importantly, several peaks are attributed to Ir4+ paired with a Zn on the tetrahedral Ga(I) site. Annealing under an oxygen atmosphere produced an insulating material with a resistance above 1 TΩ.
Procoagulant Response of the Endothelium and Monocytes

Tissue factor (TF), an integral membrane protein located on the surface of a variety of different cell types, is considered to be the primary triggering agent for the coagulation cascade in normal hemostasis (Nemerson 1988; Rapaport 1990; Gailani and Broze 1991). In addition, pathologic expression of TF in endothelial cells and monocytes is implicated as an underlying cause of the coagulopathy associated with a variety of thrombohemorrhagic disorders, including septic shock. This chapter will describe the regulation of TF expression (and alterations in expression of other factors important in regulating the coagulation system) in two vascular cell types, monocytes and endothelial cells, in response to inflammatory mediators that are likely to underlie the pathogenic activation of the blood coagulation system observed in gram-negative sepsis.
Crystal structure of a wheat germ agglutinin/glycophorin-sialoglycopeptide receptor complex. Structural basis for cooperative lectin-cell binding.

Abstract The crystal structure of wheat germ agglutinin isolectin 1 (WGA1) complexed with a tryptic sialoglycopeptide fragment (T-5) from its erythrocyte receptor glycophorin A, which contains the O-linked tetrasaccharide NeuNAc-alpha 2,3-Gal-beta 1,3-(alpha 2,6-NeuNAc) Gal-NAc-alpha 1-O-Thr, has been determined by molecular replacement techniques and refined at 2.0-A resolution (R = 18.1%). The structure reveals that association between WGA1 dimers, composed of two identical four-domain (A-D) monomers, and T-5 is asymmetric and involves sialic acid binding at three nonequivalent aromatic residue-rich sites. Two independent binding modes are observed. In the dominant ("major") binding mode, the two highest affinity sites are utilized to cross-link neighboring crystallographically related WGA1 dimers. The branched tetrasaccharide has an extended rigid conformation, and its terminal alpha 2,6-NeuNAc and alpha 2,3-NeuNAc residues occupy specificity sites in domains B1 (monomer 1) and C2 (monomer 2) on opposing dimers, respectively. This asymmetric selection of binding sites leads to infinite open-ended arrays of interlinked lectin molecules. In the subsidiary "minor" binding mode, only the terminal alpha 2,6-NeuNAc, anchored to the aromatic residue-rich binding site in domain A2, is clearly visible. The remaining portion of T-5 is disordered. This structure presents the first evidence for NeuNAc binding in the aromatic residue-rich sites of domains A and C and suggests a preference of WGA for alpha 2,6-linked NeuNAc. Moreover, the unusual asymmetric WGA1-tetrasaccharide association, involving domain binding sites that differ in their binding affinities for NeuNAc, offers explanations for the widely observed cooperative cell binding behavior of WGA.
Some Practical Suggestions on Defense Motions and Other Procedures before Trial

A PRIMARY objective of the defense trial lawyer should be to terminate the litigation successfully at the earliest possible stage of the litigation in a manner which will afford reasonable assurance of receiving favorable treatment in the event of an appeal. The accomplishment of this objective before trial on the merits is much to be desired. The law affords a variety of tools for the accomplishment of that end in appropriate cases. The practical usefulness of some of these implements is the main burden of this paper. Some suggestions as to when one of these tools may work if another is out of order may be worthwhile. The practitioner starts with the premise that on the hearing of a demurrer the court is bound by the facts alleged in the pleading and is not entitled to consider facts presented to it through the medium of an affidavit.1 But should he stop with that rule? Or are there other means available, in proper cases, to reach false allegations or facts not alleged in the complaint, either on demurrer or on motion and before trial on the merits? The answer to that question presents interesting possibilities to the practicing attorney.
Three-dimensional image processing and optical scanning holography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses optical scanning holography (OSH) through the development of a two-pupil optical heterodyne scanning image processor. To gain some perspectives and insights into scanning holography, first, a 3D imaging theory is developed for the two-pupil optical heterodyne scanning image processor to show that the 3D imaging properties of the processor can be expressed in terms of the two pupils in the system. The theory is applicable to dilute transparent 3D objects or diffusely reflecting surfaces without shadowing or vignetting. The processor is used to process 3D objects coherently or incoherently, depending on the detection scheme used. The chapter discusses the way the two pupils in the optical system should be modified to obtain holographic recording by active optical scanning. This technique to record holographic information in real time is now called optical scanning holography. The so-called sine- and cosine-FZP hologram is introduced and it is shown that a complex hologram can be formed by using these two holograms to reject the well-known twin image noise in holography. The chapter illustrates one of its important 3D imaging examples in OSH, and describes that two reconstructions can be obtained corresponding to the real and pseudoscopic reconstructions of a conventional hologram.
Learning, Developmental Research, and Individual Differences

Publisher Summary This chapter explores, systematically, the subject of individual differences in human development. It covers a set of topics that do not often occur together in the traditional literature. Many of the ideas presented may be interesting more for the implications caused by their rearrangement than by their novelty. In traditional psychology, individual differences have been regarded in two ways. In research bent upon discovering the general laws of behavior they have been treated as the “margin of error.” Thus, a whole cadre of inferential statistical techniques has been developed to aid the investigator to cull out the general functional relationships from an array of individual variations. The second and more popularly known concern has been in the area of differential psychology. Indeed, the term differential psychology has been used interchangeably with “the study of individual differences.” Beginning with Galton and continuing in the works of others, the two main goals of differential psychology have been articulated: to study the interrelations of traits and to factor out the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the development of the individual.
REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Particle Data Group

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.
CASE REPORT: THE COINCIDENCE OF BILIARY ATRESIA AND THE HETEROZYGOUS STATE OF GALACTOSEMIA.

A case is presented in which biliary atresia and the heterozygous state of galactosemia occurred coincidentally. The mother was also heterozygous for galactosemia. A liver biopsy revealed changes compatible with biliary atresia and no evidence of galactosemia cirrhosis.
Increasing water-use efficiency and age-specific growth responses of old-growth ponderosa pine trees in the Northern Rockies

We examined radial growth responses of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) between 1905-1954 and 1955-2004 to determine if the effects of increased intrinsic water-use efficiencies (iWUE) caused by elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations were age-specific. We collected 209 cores from five sites in the Northern Rockies and calculated iWUE using carbon isotope data from 1850 to 2004. Standardized radial growth responses were age dependent, with older trees exhibiting significantly higher values than younger trees during the later period at four sites and all sites combined. No significant differences in radial growth existed either for the individual sites or combined site during the earlier period. Increases in iWUE during 1955-2004 were 11 % greater than during 1905-1954, and pentadal fluctuations in iWUE were significantly correlated with the radial growth of older trees from 1850 to 2004. Radial growth of younger trees and iWUE were not significantly correlated. Our results suggest that: (1) responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2 in old-growth ponderosa forests are age-specific; (2) radial growth increases in older trees coincided with increased iWUE; (3) ponderosa had increased growth rates in their third, fourth, and fifth centuries of life; and (4) age-specific growth responses during 1955-2004 are unique since at least the mid-16th century.
Utilization of intravenously infused glucose-oligosaccharides in fasted and fed pigs.

The ability of fed or fasted 30-day-old pigs to utilize intravenously administered glucose-oligosaccharides (supplied at 20 g/day) was compared in a randomized crossover design. Six pigs were fed a stock diet from days 10 to 30 of life. A central venous catheter was placed on day 30. From days 30 to 39 of life, either a balanced electrolyte solution or a glucose-oligosaccharide solution was infused through the intravenous (i.v.) catheter. On the first i.v. feeding day, all animals were infused with an isotonic, balanced electrolyte solution and were allowed food and water ad libitum per os. On days 2 through 5 of the i.v. period, 3 animals received glucose-oligosaccharides intravenously (20 g/day), with all other needed nutrients, including energy, supplied enterally. On days 6-9 of the i.v. infusion period these animals continued to receive oligosaccharides intravenously, but were denied food. The other three animals were infused with oligosaccharides in the fed or fasting state in the reverse order. Based on urinary carbohydrate excretion, mean (+/- SD) glucose-oligosaccharide utilization was 92% whether the animals were fed or fasted. These results differ from those observed in fasted human subjects.
Selective expression of a novel high-affinity transport system for acidic and neutral amino acids in the tapetum cells of Arabidopsis flowers.

Summary Within the flower, microsporogenesis represents a major sink for nitrogen, but knowledge on how the imported nitrogen is transferred from the anther cell layers to developing pollen is lacking. Here, we provide information on characterization of a transporter (AtLHT2) that might play an important role in partitioning of amino acids for microspore development. Biochemical analysis in yeast showed that AtLHT2 transports proline and aspartate with high affinity. However, other neutral and acidic amino acids act as strong competitors for proline and aspartate uptake indicating that AtLHT2 generally transports uncharged and negatively charged amino acids. Comparison of the apparent Km values of AtLHT2 with previously characterized amino acid transporters clearly demonstrated that AtLHT2 represents a novel high-affinity system for neutral and acidic amino acids. Northern blot analysis showed strong expression of the amino acid transporter in flower buds. Cellular expression could be resolved by using RNA in situ hybridization and in situ RT-PCR methods, which localized AtLHT2 specifically to the tapetum tissue of the anthers. Developing pollen grains are symplasmically isolated from the sporophytic tissue and rely on the nutrients and other compounds secreted from the tapetum cells. Thus, the functional characterization of AtLHT2, together with our expression and localization studies, strongly suggest that in Arabidopsis flowers, AtLHT2 has a critical function in import of neutral and acidic amino acids into the tapetum cells for synthesis of compounds important for microspore structure and in transfer of organic nitrogen to the locule for pollen development.
The Unique Morgue Ubiquitination Protein Is Conserved in a Diverse but Restricted Set of Invertebrates

Drosophila Morgue is a unique ubiquitination protein that facilitates programmed cell death and associates with DIAP1, a critical cell death inhibitor with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Morgue possesses a unique combination of functional domains typically associated with distinct types of ubiquitination enzymes. This includes an F box characteristic of the substrate-binding subunit in Skp, Cullin, and F box (SCF)-type ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes and a variant ubiquitin E2 conjugase domain where the active site cysteine is replaced by a glycine. Morgue also contains a single C4-type zinc finger motif. This architecture suggests potentially novel ubiquitination activities for Morgue. In this study, we address the evolutionary origins of this distinctive protein utilizing a combination of bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches. We find that Morgue exhibits widespread but restricted phylogenetic distribution among metazoans. Morgue proteins were identified in a wide range of Protostome phyla, including Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Platyhelminthes. However, with one potential exception, Morgue was not detected in Deuterostomes, including Chordates, Hemichordates, or Echinoderms. Morgue was also not found in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Placozoa, or Porifera. Characterization of Morgue sequences within specific animal lineages suggests that gene deletion or acquisition has occurred during divergence of nematodes and that at least one arachnid expresses an atypical form of Morgue consisting only of the variant E2 conjugase domain. Analysis of the organization of several morgue genes suggests that exon-shuffling events have contributed to the evolution of the Morgue protein. These results suggest that Morgue mediates conserved and distinctive ubiquitination functions in specific cell death pathways.
Low-energy collisional activation of polyatomic ions with different target gases

Abstract The dependence of collision-activated dissociation spectra on the nature of the target gas was examined by activating the molecular ions of tetraethylsilane, tungsten hexacarbonyl, furan and 2,2′-bithiophene, as well as the chromium pentacarbonyl radical cation, by 5–30 eV collisions with various mono- and polyatomic target gases. Average internal energies were estimated for the activated ions from the collisional activation spectra by utilizing a knowledge of the sequence and energetics of dissociation. For all of the ions studied, the data indicate that the amount of internal energy deposited increases as a function of the kinetic energy of the molecular ion. For some of these systems, the internal energy of the parent ions can also be increased by using a heavier target. However, for ionized furan, ionized tetraethylsilane, and the chromium pentacarbonyl radical cation, smaller internal energy deposition is observed at a given center-of-mass energy (Ecm) when heavier targets are used. This unexpected result appears to be due to significant ion loss caused by scattering of the fragments beyond the acceptance cone of the instrument when the mass of the target (Mt) is large compared to that of the parent ion (Mp). Another result is that the use of polyatomic targets leads to less extensive fragmentation of [(C2H5)4Si]+· and ionized furan than does the use of monatomic targets of similar mass. The relatively large number of internal degrees of freedom in the polyatomic targets appears to favor distribution of a significant amount of the excitation energy into the internal modes of the target. Conversion of translational energy to vibrational energy is observed to be constant (15±5%) over the center-of-mass kinetic energy range 4–16 eV for nearly all targets. Practical consequences of these target effects are discussed.
Adaptive Active Learning for Image Classification

Recently active learning has attracted a lot of attention in computer vision field, as it is time and cost consuming to prepare a good set of labeled images for vision data analysis. Most existing active learning approaches employed in computer vision adopt most uncertainty measures as instance selection criteria. Although most uncertainty query selection strategies are very effective in many circumstances, they fail to take information in the large amount of unlabeled instances into account and are prone to querying outliers. In this paper, we present a novel adaptive active learning approach that combines an information density measure and a most uncertainty measure together to select critical instances to label for image classifications. Our experiments on two essential tasks of computer vision, object recognition and scene recognition, demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Optical and photoemission studies of TmTe

We report here on the optical absorption of TmTe films ($5lTl300$ K; $0.2lh\ensuremath{\nu}l4.5$ eV) and the reflectance ($0.2lh\ensuremath{\nu}l20$ eV) and ultraviolet photoemission spectra (UPS; $15\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}90$ eV) of vacuum- and air-cleaved TmTe single crystals. Much of the structure seen in absorption and reflectance spectra can be attributed to transitions from ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$, e.g., the first absorption band centered at 0.7 eV is identified as due to a transition from ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$ $4{f}^{13}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4{f}^{12}(^{3}H_{6})5d({t}_{2g})$. No optical structure was seen which would permit us to identify ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ in TmTe. The UPS data show a small amount of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ which was, however, strongly influenced by surface conditions in spite of in situ study in a vacuum of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ Torr. We conclude that Tm is essentially divalent in TmTe.
Motivated misperception: Self-regulatory resources affect goal appraisals

Abstract Three studies examine how self-regulatory resources affect goal appraisals, finding support for the hypothesis that when low in self-regulatory resources, individuals endorse statements that rationalize either inaction or less effortful goal pursuit. Study 1 examines appraisals of self-set personal goals, finding that resource-depleted participants describe their goals as less urgent and less consequential. Study 2 examines reappraisals of weight loss goals, replicating the effects of Study 1. Finally, Study 3 examines this reappraisal process in the context of a broader societal goal of environmental conservation. This work contributes a new perspective to the large literature on resource depletion by demonstrating that depletion alters cognition in ways that may excuse the well-documented decrease in behavioral pursuit that arises from resource depletion.
A new technique for chronic single-unit extracellular recording in freely behaving animals using pipette electrodes

Abstract Using extracellular pipette electrodes made of glass or plastic whose tip diameters ranged from 60 to 100 μm, it was possible to record the activity of single identified neurons in freely behaving animals. Multiple pipettes can be reliably positioned and attached to the sheath. Large signals can be obtained from neurons having soma diameters as small as 70 μm. We have used this technique to monitor the activity of an identified interneuron ( B4 B5 ) during feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. The technique can also be used in reduced or in vitro preparations for rapidly mapping the neural activity of a ganglion without removing its sheath.
The effects of norepinephrine transporter inactivation on locomotor activity in mice.

Background Acute administration of different classes of antidepressants can enhance or reduce spontaneous locomotor activity in a novel environment, but the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on spontaneous locomotor activity in novel and familiar environments are less well characterized. Because norepinephrine is an important regulator of spontaneous locomotor activity, we speculated that norepinephrine transporter blockade contributes to the effects of some antidepressants on spontaneous locomotor activity. Methods Antidepressant drugs (reboxetine, desipramine, imipramine, venlafaxine, bupropion) were administered acutely (intraperitoneal) or chronically (via osmotic minipump) to control and norepinephrine transporter knockout mice, and spontaneous locomotor activity in novel or familiar environments was recorded. Results Acute treatment with most norepinephrine transporter–blocking antidepressants decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in a novel environment, whereas chronic treatment decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in both novel and familiar environments. The exception was bupropion, a dual norepinephrine transporter/dopamine transporter blocker, which tended to increase spontaneous locomotor activity. Coadministration of reboxetine and the dopamine transporter blocker GBR 12909 also increased spontaneous locomotor activity. Norepinephrine transporter knockout mice had low basal spontaneous locomotor activity, which was increased by bupropion, whereas reboxetine had no effect in norepinephrine transporter knockout mice. Conclusions Acute or chronic inactivation of the norepinephrine transporter decreases spontaneous locomotor activity in novel and familiar environments unless coupled with dopamine transporter blockade.
Structural, molecular mechanics, and DFT study of cadmium(II) in its crown ether complexes with axially coordinated ligands, and of the binding of thiocyanate to cadmium(II)

Abstract The role of relativistic effects (RE) in the structures of Cd(II) complexes with crown ethers, and the reason the ‘soft’ Cd(II) strongly prefers to bind to SCN− through N, are considered. The synthesis and structures of [Cd(18-crown-6)(thiourea)2] (ClO4)2.18-crown-6 (1) and [Cd(Cy2-18-crown-6)(NCS)2] (2) are reported. (18-crown-6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane; Cy2-18-crown-6 = cis–anti–cis-2,5,8,15,18,21-hexaoxatricylo[20.4.0.0(9,14)]hexacosane). In 1 Cd is coordinated in the plane of the crown which has close to D3d symmetry, with long Cd–O bonds averaging 2.688 A. The two thiourea molecules form relatively short Cd–S bonds that average 2.468 A, with an S–Cd–S angle of 164.30°. This structure conforms with the idea that Cd(II) can adopt a near-linear structure involving two covalently-bound donor atoms (the S-donors) with short Cd–S bonds, which resembles gas-phase structures for species such as CdCl2. The structure of 2 is similar, with the two SCN− ligands N-bonded to Cd, with short Cd–N bonds of 2.106 A, and N–Cd–N angle of 180°. The crown in 2 forms long Cd–O bonds that average 2.698 A. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest that a main reason Cd(II) prefers to bind to SCN− through N is that when bound through S, the small Cd–S–C angle, which is typically close to 100°, brings the ligand into close contact with other ligands present, and causes steric destabilization. In contrast, the Cd–N–C angles for SCN− coordinated through N are much larger, being 171.4° in 2, which keeps the SCN− groups well clear of the crown ether. DFT (density functional theory) calculations are used to generate the structures of [Cd(18-crown-6)(H2O)2]2+ (3) and [Cd(18-crown-6)Cl2] (4). In 3, the Cd(II) is bound to only three O-donors of the macrocycle, with Cd–O bonds averaging 2.465 A. The coordinated waters form an O–Cd–O angle of 139.47°, with Cd–O bonds of 2.295 A. In contrast, for 4, the Cd is placed centrally in the cavity of the D3d symmetry crown, with long Cd–O bonds averaging 2.906 A. The Cl groups form a Cl–Cd–Cl angle of 180°, with short Cd–Cl bonds of 2.412 A. With ionically bound groups on the axial sites of[Cd(18-crown-6)X2] complexes, such as with X = H2O in 3, the Cd(II) does not adopt linear geometry involving the two X groups, with long Cd–O bonds to the O-donors of the macrocycle. With covalently-bound X = Cl in 4, short Cd–Cl bonds and a linear [Cl–Cd–Cl] unit results, with long Cd–O bonds to the crown ether.
SINGLET OXYGEN INVOLVEMENT IN PHOTOHEMOLYSIS SENSITIZED BY MEROCYANINE‐540 and ROSE BENGAL

Merocyanine-540 is currently in use in experimental protocols for the treatment of leukemia and neuroblastomas. The mechanism of cellular phototoxicity of this membrane binding sensitizer is unexplored. We have used sodium azide and deuterium oxide to examine the role of singlet oxygen in photomodification of cell membranes in a photohemolysis assay. The effects of these agents on the photomodification process were separated from the effects on the ion fluxes leading to lysis (lytic phase). Azide significantly inhibited photohemolysis sensitized by merocyanine-540 or rose bengal. The inhibition was equal for both sensitizers. Azide had no effect on the lytic phase. Deuterium oxide significantly potentiated lysis with both sensitizers to approximately the same degree. There was little effect of deuterium oxide when added after illumination. The results indicate that singlet oxygen plays a significant role in membrane photomodification sensitized by both rose bengal and merocyanine-540.
Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to ultraviolet‐B radiation and carbon dioxide

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of UV-B radiation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO(2)]) on leaf senescence of cotton by measuring leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll content and to identify changes in leaf hyperspectral reflectance occurring due to senescence and UV-B radiation. Plants were grown in controlled-environment growth chambers at two [CO(2)] (360 and 720 micro mol mol(-1)) and three levels of UV-B radiation (0, 7.7 and 15.1 kJ m(-2) day(-1)). Photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carotenoids and phenolic compounds along with leaf hyperspectral reflectance were measured on three leaves aged 12, 21 and 30 days in each of the treatments. No interaction was detected between [CO(2)] and UV-B for any of the measured parameters. Significant interactions were observed between UV-B and leaf age for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Elevated [CO(2)] enhanced leaf photosynthesis by 32%. On exposure to 0, 7.7 and 15.1 kJ of UV-B, the photosynthetic rates of 30-day-old leaves compared with 12-day-old leaves were reduced by 52, 76 and 86%, respectively. Chlorophyll pigments were not affected by leaf age at UV-B radiation of 0 and 7.7 kJ, but UV-B of 15.1 kJ reduced the chlorophylls by 20, 60 and 80% in 12, 21 and 30-day-old leaves, respectively. The hyperspectral reflectance between 726 and 1142 nm showed interaction for UV-B radiation and leaf age. In cotton, leaf photosynthesis can be used as an indicator of leaf senescence, as it is more sensitive than photosynthetic pigments on exposure to UV-B radiation. This study revealed that, cotton leaves senesced early on exposure to UV-B radiation as indicated by leaf photosynthesis, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance can be used to detect changes caused by UV-B and leaf ageing.
Haematology and pathology of captive southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus)

A colony of Onychomys torridus was evaluated for the prevalence of infectious, parasitic and congenital diseases. Multiple limb defects including brachydactyly, syndactyly, and hemimelia were observed in offspring from the colony. The colony was parasitized by Ornithonyssus bacoti (tropical rat mites) on 2 occasions. No infectious diseases were detected. Normal haematologic values were determined in healthy adult animals.
K2K: KEK to Kamioka long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment

Abstract K2K is a Japan-Korea-US collaboration which is constructing a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment employing a muon neutrino beam directed from KEK to Super-Kamiokande. The near detector complex at KEK is under construction and data taking will begin in early 1999. The experimental arrangement and anticipated data rates are described.
Proposed Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki — Will They Weaken the Ethical Principles Underlying Human Research?

At a recent meeting of the human subjects committee of which I am a member, we discussed a proposed protocol involving an analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnant women and subsequent follow-up of their offspring in rural areas of a country in sub-Saharan Africa. Recalling the recent controversy over the use of placebo in trials of zidovudine treatment to halt perinatal transmission of HIV infection in Third World countries1–4 and the decision by U.S. agencies to stop funding such trials,5 some members of our committee thought that the proposed protocol was ethically suspect because it did . . .
Seeking a Holocene drift ice proxy non-clay mineral variations from the SW to N-central Iceland shelf trends, regime shifts, and periodicities

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the <2 mm sediment fraction was carried out on 1257 samples (from the seafloor and 16 cores) from the Iceland shelf west of 18° W. All but one core (B997-347PC) were from transects along troughs on the NW to N-central shelf, an area that in modern and historic times has been affected by drift ice. The paper focuses on the non-clay mineralogy of the sediments (excluding calcite and volcanic glass). Quartz and potassium feldspars occupy similar positions in an R-mode principal component analysis, and oligoclase feldspar tracks quartz; these minerals are used as a proxy for ice-rafted detritus (IRD). Accordingly, the sum of these largely foreign minerals (Q&K) (to Icelandic bedrock) is used as a proxy for drift ice. A stacked, equi-spaced 100 a record is developed which shows both low-frequency trends and higher-frequency events. The detrended stacked record compares well with the flux of quartz (mg cm−2 a−1) at MD99-2269 off N Iceland. The multi-taper method indicated that there are three significant frequencies at the 95% confidence level with periods of ca. 2500, 445 and 304 a. Regime shift analysis pinpoints intervals when there was a statistically significant shift in the average Q&K weight %, and identifies four IRD-rich events separated by intervals with lower inputs. There is some association between peaks of IRD input, less dense surface waters (from δ18O data on planktonic foraminifera) and intervals of moraine building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescence properties of AlxGa1–xN(0.4 < x < 0.5)/AlyGa1–yN (0.6 < y ≤ 1) quantum structures grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy

We report structural and optical properties of AlxGa1–xN (0.4 < x < 0.5)/AlyGa1–yN (0.6 < y ≤ 1) quantum structures grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy with ammonia on (0001) sapphire substrates. The structures are designed for light emission at ∼ 280 nm. The AlxGa1–xN (0.4 < x < 0.5) well material was grown under two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and (2D+3D) conditions by the varying group-III/ammonia ratio. The formation of nanoscale islands, or quantum dots (QDs), in the wells grown in 3D and (2D+3D) modes was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Optical properties are investigated using room temperature cathodoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence. Systematic studies allow us to obtain well growth conditions to produce ∼ 60 fold intensity enhancement over purely two-dimensional structures. Under these conditions, corresponding to deposition ∼ 10 monolayers of well material, we obtain emission at ∼ 280 nm with narrowest line width and longest photoluminescence decay time. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Restoration of Retinal Architecture following Systemic Immunosuppression in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

Purpose: To describe restoration of retinal architecture following systemic immunosuppressive treatment in a patient with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR).Design: Case report.Methods: A patient with BSCR and vitritis, reduced electroretinographic responses, and a constricted visual field was treated with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil.Results: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline demonstrated a disruption of retinal architecture. After 4 months of treatment retinal architecture, as visualized on SD-OCT, was restored to normal.Conclusions: Treatment of BSCR with systemic immunosuppression can result in restoration of disrupted retinal architecture. This structural improvement can be visualized and assessed using SD-OCT.
Molecular Brain Imaging in the Multimodality Era

Multimodality molecular brain imaging encompasses in vivo visualization, evaluation, and measurement of cellular/molecular processes. Instrumentation and software developments over the past 30 years have fueled advancements in multimodality imaging platforms that enable acquisition of multiple complementary imaging outcomes by either combined sequential or simultaneous acquisition. This article provides a general overview of multimodality neuroimaging in the context of positron emission tomography as a molecular imaging tool and magnetic resonance imaging as a structural and functional imaging tool. Several image examples are provided and general challenges are discussed to exemplify complementary features of the modalities, as well as important strengths and weaknesses of combined assessments. Alzheimer's disease is highlighted, as this clinical area has been strongly impacted by multimodality neuroimaging findings that have improved understanding of the natural history of disease progression, early disease detection, and informed therapy evaluation.
Hohenberg-Kohn density-functional theory as an implicit Poisson equation for density changes from summed fragment densities.

An implicit Poisson equation is derived for the change in density {Delta}{ital n}({bold r}) from summed atomic or atomiclike densities within the Hohenberg-Kohn formulation of density-functional theory. Iterative and perturbation solutions are detailed. The first-order perturbation and first iterative solutions are equivalent, yielding {Delta}{ital n}({bold r})=(4{pi}){sup {minus}1}{nabla}{sup 2}[({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub system}{minus}({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub atoms}], where the kinetic-exchange-correlation potential of the full system and the summed isolated atoms are ({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub system} and ({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub atoms}, respectively. {ital G} is the integrand of the kinetic-exchange-correlation energy. The second-order perturbation solution leads to a Fredholm equation relating (1) the second functional derivative, ({delta}{sup 2}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}{sup 2}){sub system}, with summed atomic densities; (2) the induced electrostatic energy; and, (3) the difference between ({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub system} and ({delta}{ital G}/{delta}{ital n}){sub atoms}. Numerical examples are shown for the Ni, O, and Na atoms embedded in jellium. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Super-resolution microscopy of lipid bilayer phases.

Sub-diffraction optical imaging with nanometer resolution of lipid phase-separated regions is reported. Merocyanine 540, a probe whose fluorescence is sensitive to the lipid phase, is combined with super-resolution imaging to distinguish the liquid- and gel-phase nanoscale domains of lipid bilayers supported on glass. The monomer−dimer equilibrium of MC540 in membranes is deemed responsible for the population difference of single-molecule fluorescence bursts in the different phase regions. The extension of this method to other binary or ternary lipid models or natural systems provides a promising new super-resolution strategy.
Deformable B-Solids and Implicit Snakes for 3D Localization and Tracking of SPAMM MRI Data

To date, MRI?SPAMM data from different image slices have been analyzed independently. In this paper, we propose an approach for 3D tag localization and tracking of SPAMM data by a novel deformable B-solid. The solid is defined in terms of a 3D tensor product B-spline. The isoparametric curves of the B-spline solid have special importance. These are termed implicit snakes as they deform under image forces from tag lines in different image slices. The localization and tracking of tag lines is performed under constraints of continuity and smoothness of the B-solid. To track motion from boundaries and restrict image forces to the myocardium, a volumetric model is employed as a pair of coupled endocardial and epicardial B-spline surfaces. To recover deformations of the left ventricle (LV), an energy-minimization problem is posed where both tag and LV boundary data are used. The framework has been implemented on tag data from short axis (SA) cardiac images, as well as SA LV boundaries, and is currently being extended to include long axis data.
Further studies on the hypophyseal substance giving increased gonadotropic effects when combined with prolan

The hypophyseal substance—the synergic factor—which gives increased gonadotropic effects when combined with prolan has been shown to itself possess a definite though slight gonadotropic activity. It produces transitory follicular enlargement within 24–48 hours, which, however, regresses at once on cessation of treatment so that by the end of the 4th day the ovary again approximates its infantile weight. The synergic principle indeed provokes only moderate ovarian development when administered in 100 times the dose necessary to demonstrate the activation phenomenon. By means of isoelectric precipitation or by means of tryptic and ereptic digestion, fractions containing the synergic principle were freed of many contaminants, in particular of the antagonistic factor. The synergic principle has been shown to be unaffected by digestion with trypsin or trypsin followed by a short digestion with erepsin, but the action of pepsin inactivated the material. A preparation of the active substance has been obtained which is potent in a total dose of 27 gamma.
Reactions of 1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropene with methanolic sodium methoxide

Abstract Slow addition of sodium methoxide in methanol to 1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropene yields initially 1-chloro-2-methoxy-3,3-difluorocyclopropene. Further addition of methoxide in methanol yields preferentially Z 1-chloro-2-fluoro-3,3,3-trimethoxypropene and a small amount of dimethyl malonate. The ortho ester undergoes facile hydrolysis during the reaction and work up to form the acrylate ester, Z methyl 2-fluoro-3-chloroacrylate. A mechanism is suggested to account for the selective isomer formation.
SAT-Based Methods for Sequential Hardware Equivalence Verification without Synchronization

The BDD- and SAT-based model checking and verification methods normally require an initial state. Here we are concerned with sequential hardware verification, where an initial state must be one of the reset states. In practice, a reset state is not always given by the designer, and computing a reset state of a circuit is a hard problem. In this paper we propose a method allowing usage of SAT-based verification methods without a need for a user-given or a computed initial state. The idea is to employ a binary encoding of 3-valued modeling of circuits, and use the undefined state X as a reset state.
Roman Warships. By Michael Pitassi. (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 191. $90.00.)

Romans called the Mediterranean mare nostrum (“our sea”), but no remains of seagoing Roman warships survive. Scholars know surprisingly little about Roman warships. Precise definitions of, e.g., a ...