cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal shifts in use of summer habitat by age-0 brown trout in a regulated mountain stream

Diurnal shifts in habitat use by age-0 (< 50 mm total length) brown trout (Salmo trutta) were observed from June to July 1989 and 1990 in low-gradient (< 1% channel slope) reaches of Douglas Creek, Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. Fish were visually located during day and night, and water depth, water velocity, distance from the stream edge, substrate, habitat type, and cover were determined at each location. The fish were found predominantly in locations with slow water velocities in stream-margin and backwater-pool habitats. They were observed in slower water, closer to the stream edge at night than during the day.
Highly active and stereoselective olefin polymerization catalysts generated by the transfer-epimetallation of olefins or acetylenes with dialkyltitanium(IV) complexes: three-membered metallocycles as active catalyst sites‡

Efficient transfer-epimetallations of simple olefins and acetylenes by R 2 TiL 2 reagents (R = Bu n , Bu 1 ; L = X) are readily achieved in THF at -78°C to generate titanacyclopropa(e)ne intermediates, readily capable of inserting various unsaturated addends (olefin, acetylene, nitrile). Analogous epimetallations conducted in hydrocarbons lead to the isotactic stereoselective polymerization of 1-alkenes and the cyclotrimerization of acetylenes. In place of the widely accepted Arlman-Cossee model for the active catalytic site, namely a Ti-C bond on the TiCl 3 crystal lattice, the 2-substituted-l-halotitanacyclopropyl cation formed in hydrocarbon media is proposed as the active site for stereoselective olefin polymerization.
Proton events in the magnetosphere associated with magnetic bays.

Low energy proton flux increases in outer radiation belt during quiet magnetic activity and correlation with magnetic bay appearances
Effect of reduced temperatures on protein synthesis in mouse L cells.

Abstract The rate of incorporation of leucine into protein, the rate of polypeptide elongation and termination, and the relative quantity and size of polysomes were analyzed in mouse L cells grown in suspension culture at various temperatures between 0°C and 36°C. Between 10°C and 36°C protein synthesis exhibited two different apparent activation energies (39 kcal/mole, 10–25°C; 14 kcal/mole, 25–36°C), whereas elongation and termination had only one (16 kcal/mole). Below 36°C, the polysome level and size decreased, reaching a minimum of 30% of the control 36°C values at 10°C; below 10°C the level increased again back to control values at 0°C. The polysome decline was time dependent, requiring about 5 hr to reach the equilibrium value. This decline is completely reversible within 60 min, even in the presence of 4 μg/ml of actinomycin D, and even after 15 hr of incubation at the lower temperature. The results suggest that polypeptide initiation is rate limiting, particularly below 25°C; whereas above this temperature, elongation or perhaps some other process may be limiting. These results are quite different from those obtained for E. coli and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis.
Reduction of elevated arterial blood pressure in obese Zucker rats by inhibition of ganglionic long-term poteniation

Sustained enhancement of the basal tone of ganglionic transmission is expected to result in an enduring increase in peripheral resistance that would lead to elevated blood pressure. Long-term potentiation of sympathetic ganglia is an activity-dependent long-lasting increase in strength of ganglionic transmission. Therefore, ganglionic long-term potentiation might be involved in the manifestation of neurogenic forms of hypertension. Expression of sympathetic ganglionic long-term potentiation is dependent on activation of 5-HT(3) receptor. We examined the possibility that elevated blood pressure in obese Zucker rat, which is reported to be stress-prone, might be partly due to a neurogenic factor resulting from expression of ganglionic long-term potentiation. Chronic treatment with the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg/day) caused a significant decrease in blood pressure of the obese Zucker rats without affecting that of normotensive lean Zucker rats. Electropysiological procedures to test for long-term potentiation in isolated ganglia suggest that ganglionic long-term potentiation has been previously expressed in vivo in ganglia from obese Zucker rat but not in those from the normotensive lean Zucker rats. The results indicate that expression of ganglionic long-term potentiation in sympathetic ganglia may be responsible for neurogenic increase in blood pressure, which contributes to the moderate hypertension often seen in the obese Zucker rats.
Circadian timekeeping: Loops and layers of transcriptional control

In recent years, this fascinating and profound problem of biological timekeeping has begun to yield its secrets at a quickening pace, progress in large part propelled by the cloning and characterization of the first three circadian clock genes, period (per) (5, 6) and timeless (tim) (7–9) from Drosophila and frequency (frq) (10, 11) from the fungus Neurospora (reviewed in ref. 12). As yet no clock gene has been cloned from any vertebrate, though the identification of hamster (13) and mouse (14) circadian clock mutants indicates that genetic dissection of vertebrate clocks is possible. At present it is unclear how the treasure trove of knowledge about the anatomy, physiology, and formal properties of vertebrate circadian clocks relates to the emerging …
The C-terminal Ca2+-binding domain of SPARC confers anti-spreading activity to human urothelial cells.

The anti-spreading activity of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been assigned to the C-terminal third domain, a region rich ina-helices. This ‘‘extracellular calcium-binding’’ (EC) domain contains two EF-hands that each coordinates one Ca 2þ ion, forming a helix-loop-helix structure that not only drives the conformation of the protein but is also necessary for biological activity. Recombinant (r) EC, expressed in E. coli, was fused at the C-terminus to a His hexamer and isolated under denaturing conditions by nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. rEC-His was renatured by procedures that simultaneously (i) removed denaturing conditions, (ii) catalyzed disulfide bond isomerization, and (iii) initiated Ca 2þ -dependent refolding. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies demonstrated that rEC-His exhibited a Ca 2þ -dependent conformation that was consistent with the known crystal structure. Spreading assays confirmed that rEC-His was biologically active through its ability to inhibit the spreading of freshly plated human urothelial cells propagated from transitional epithelium. rEC-His and rSPARC-His exhibited highly similar anti-spreading activities when measured as a function of concentration or time. In contrast to the wild-type and EC recombinant proteins, rSPARC(E268F)-His, a point substitution mutant at the Z position of EF-hand 2, failed to exhibit both Ca 2þ -dependent changes ina-helical secondary structure and anti-spreading activity. The collective data provide evidence that the motif of SPARC responsible for anti-spreading activity was dependent on the coordination of Ca 2þ by a Glu residue at the Z position of EF-hand 2 and provide insights into how adhesive forces are balanced within the extracellular matrix of urothelial cells. J. Cell.
Corrigendum to "Transdermal alcohol concentration data collected during a contingency management program to reduce at-risk drinking"

It has come to the attention of the authors that there was an error in some wording within the fifth paragraph of the discussion of our aper. Therein, wemade reference to the previous work of Barnett et al. (2011) andmistakenly stated in line 5 of that paragraph, that they ad used “standard AMS” criteria in their study of contingencymanagement. In fact those authors used amodification of the standard AMS riteria. In order to correct the erroneous statement about the use of a modified criteria and to clarify the other two points we originally wanted o make, we wish to revise the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th sentences of the paragraph discussing the work of Barnett et al. (2011, 2014) to read s follows: . . .Barnett et al. (2011) previously used a financial contingency to reduce drinking using the SCRAM transdermal alcohol monitor. That tudy modified the standard AMS criteria to make it less conservative by requiring only a single TAC reading >0.02g/dl (rather than three eadings required by AMS) and requiring either the absorption or elimination rates specified by AMS (rather than both as required by AMS). his criteria was used to definewhether or not a drinking event occurred, however this method only reliably detects drinking events when or more drinks are consumed (Barnett et al., 2014). Therefore any drinking that may have occurred that did not exceed their threshold of etection using these modified AMS criteria was classified as “non-detected” in these studies. In contrast, using TAC levels to quantify no, ow, moderate and high drinking we showed that low-level drinking, revealed by low-level TAC readings, was actually increased during he contingency. . .
Interference with activities due to pain and fatigue: accuracy of ratings across different reporting periods

Purpose This study examined the impact of different reporting period lengths on the accuracy of items measuring interference due to pain and fatigue with work, walking, and relations with others.
Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, as Host for Heterakis and Histomonas

Bobwhites were experimentally infected with Histomonas meleagridis and Heterakis gallinarum. Chickens and turkeys were similarly infected for comparison. Although the bobwhites were nearly as susceptible to Histomonas infections as were New Hampshire chickens, and more susceptible to tissue invasion, clinical histomoniasis was much less severe than in young turkeys. The bobwhites were poor hosts for Heterakis, whether Histomonas was also present or not. Thus, it appears that bob-whites are relatively unimportant in contaminating soil with Histomonas-bearing Heterakis eggs.
Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma

The initial draining lymph node (sentinel node) has been successfully localized using intraoperative vital dye mapping and reportedly is predictive of regional nodal metastases in Clinical- Stage 1 melanoma [1]. In an animal model, we previously established the technique of gamma-probe-guided localization of the technetium-99 sulfur colloid labelled sentinel node [2] and found its sensitivity equal to vital dye mapping. We now report our initial experience using gamma-probe-guided localization to identify and then surgically remove the first draining lymph node(s) in 10 malignant melanoma patients. Lymphoscintigraphy was used to confirm localization. We conclude that this technique: (a) reliably localizes the sentinel node draining the site of a primary melanoma, (b) allows the lymphatic bed to be checked intraoperatively verifying complete sentinel node biopsy, and (c) is relatively simple and can be performed under local anaesthesia.
PREOPERATIVE PREDICTION OF POSTOPERATIVE MORBIDITY IN CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Background The risk factors of patients selected for coronary artery bypass grafting have increased in recent years because of the aging population. Prediction of postoperative complications is essential for optimal use of the available resources. The aim of this study was to develop a scoring method for prediction of postoperative morbidity of individual patients undergoing bypass grafting. Methods Data from 386 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in a single center were retrospectively collected. The relationship between the preoperative risk factors and the postoperative morbidity was analyzed by the Bayesian approach. Three risk indices (15-factor and seven-factor computed and seven-factor manual models) were developed for the prediction of morbidity. The criterion for morbidity was a prolonged hospital stay postoperatively (>12 days) because of adverse events. Results The best predictive preoperative factors for increased morbidity were emergency operation, diabetes, rhythm other than sinus rhythm on the electrocardiogram or recent myocardial infarction, low ejection fraction ( Conclusions The results show that individual patients can be stratified according to postoperative risk for complications on the basis of preoperative information that is available for most patients.
Structural analysis of the Brigham City-Weber segment boundary zone, Wasatch normal fault, Utah: Implications for fault growth and structure

We investigate the history, kinematics, principal stress orientations and geometry of deformation at the end of a bent normal fault segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah. Three fault types, developed in Archean crystalline rocks, reflect progressive uplift of fault-related footwall rocks. Chlorite-breccias and phyllonites reflect deep-level, reaction-assisted plastic deformation along the north-striking part of the segment. Planar, fretted faults which formed by cataclasis cut the phyllonites and breccias and are developed throughout the footwall of the segment. Youngest faults are hematitecoated, extremely narrow polished surfaces. Slip vectors and kinematic analyses of small faults developed in the footwall indicate oblique normal slip along the north-striking portion of the segment. Slip vectors and fault orientation along the northwest-striking portion of the segment reflect complexly oriented slip on faults which strike subparallel and at high angles to the main fault trace, yet slip is confined to a broad fault-parallel zone. Small faults at the southernmost tip of the segment indicate a strong influence of the north-striking Weber segment to the south. Inversion of fault data for principal stress orientations document complexly oriented principal stresses through the segment boundary zone and suggest that σ3 may have reoriented approximately 60° over the life of the segment. Subsurface structure combined with small fault data indicate the segment boundary is comprised of a southwest-plunging bedrock high which is reflected by a sharp bend in the Brigham City segment. The southern end of the Brigham City segment may have started, as a straight, north-striking fault which has bent due to changes in stress orientations and/or interaction with the adjacent Weber segment.
Radiative Transfer in Astronomical Masers. II. Three-dimensional Masers

A comprehensive, unified approach to radiative transfer in astronomical maser sources is presented. A general formalism and detailed analytic solutions are given for the linear maser, including the case of a source illuminated by background radiation. A new, general expression is presented for the product of intensities of the two streams on any given ray. The complete analytic solution of a linear maser without background radiation is developed, and the results of the numerical calculations of Alcock and Ross (1985) are explained. A detailed solution is presented of a three-dimensional maser of an arbitrary shape. This general solution is then expressed in terms of the escape probability approach, providing for the first time a rigorous, formal foundation for the employment of this useful method in numerical solutions of the level populations of a maser system. The general solution is applied to the spherical geometry, discussing the observational implications. 25 refs.
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and 1-Year Post-Partum

Using data on a nationally representative cohort of pregnant women in US cities, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of interpersonal violence (IPV)—physical, emotional, and coercion-control—during pregnancy and 1 year after birth. Overall, 33% of mothers and 40% of fathers experience some form of IPV during or after pregnancy. Hispanic women and those no longer romantically involved with their children’s fathers were most likely to experience IPV during pregnancy. Less educated women, women who reported that they or their spouses used substances (i.e., alcohol or illicit drugs), and women who reported that their pregnancy was unwanted were at high risk of IPV both during and after their pregnancy. Violence during pregnancy strongly predicted violence after pregnancy. Recent immigrants were among the least likely to leave a violent relationship 1-year post-partum. US-born women who were employed during their pregnancy were among the most likely to leave an abusive relationship 1-year post-partum.
Effect of Thyroid on Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Brain

Extract: Triodothyronine (T3) was given daily by injection to rats from 1 day of age to 2 hr prior to death. In the brain microsomal fraction of 5− to 6-day-old animals, incorporation of malonyl-CoA into total fatty acids increased from 0.9 to 2.25 mμmoles/mg protein. Although thyroid increased precursor incorporation into total fatty acids in other age groups, the difference was not statistically significant. Increased precursor incorporation was entirely due to increased formation of saturated fatty acids, and this effect was observed at all age groups.
Myosin Essential Light Chain Isoforms Modulate the Velocity of Shortening Propelled by Nonphosphorylated Cross-bridges

The differential effects of essential light chain isoforms (LC17a and LC17b) on the mechanical properties of smooth muscle were determined by exchanging recombinant for endogenous LC17 in permeabilized smooth muscle treated with trifluoperazine (TFP). Co-precipitation with endogenous myosin heavy chain verified that 40–60% of endogenous LC17a could be exchanged for recombinant LC17aor LC17b. Upon addition of MgATP in Ca2+-free solution, recombinant LC17 exchange induced slow contractions unaccompanied by regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation only in TFP-treated, but not in untreated, permeabilized smooth muscle; the shortening velocity and rate of force development were approximately 1.5 and 2 times faster, respectively, in response to LC17a than LC17b. Additional incubation with recombinant, thiophosphorylated RLC increased the shortening velocity, independent of the LC17 isoform exchanged. The LC17-induced contractions of TFP-treated muscles were abolished by prior addition of nonphosphorylated RLC. We suggest that LC17 stiffens the lever arm of myosin and, in the absence of regulation by RLC, permits cross-bridge cycling without requiring RLC phosphorylation. Our results are compatible with nonphosphorylated RLC acting as a repressor and with LC17isoforms modulating the MgADP affinity and, consequently, rate of cooperative cycling of nonphosphorylated cross-bridges.
Multipoint Approach to the Two-Point Boundary Value Problem,

Abstract This paper treats nonlinear, two-point boundary value problems of the form x − ϑ(x, t) = 0 , in which the Jacobian matrix ϑx(x, t) is characterized by large positive eigenvalues. The resulting numerical difficulties are reduced by treating the two-point boundary value problem as a multipoint boundary value problem. A totally finite-difference approach is employed, thus bypassing the integration of the nonlinear equations, which characterizes shooting methods. The approach employed consists of extending to multipoint boundary value problems the modified-quasilinearization method developed by Miele and lyer for two-point boundary value problems. Basic to the method is the consideration of the performance index P, which measures the cumulative error in the differential equations, the boundary conditions, and the interface conditions. A modified-quasilinearization algorithm is generated by requiring the first variation of the performance index δP to be negative. This algorithm differs from the ordinary-quasilinearization algorithm because of the inclusion of the scaling factor or stepsize α in the system of variations. The main property of the modified-quasilinearization algorithm is the descent property: if the stepsize α is sufficiently small, the reduction in P is guaranteed. Convergence to the desired solution is achieved when the inequality P ⩽ ϵ is met, where ϵ is a small, preselected number. The variations per unit stepsize Δx(t) α = A(t) are governed by a system of mn nonhomogeneous, linear differential equations subjected to p initial conditions, q final conditions, and (m − 1)n interface conditions, with p + q = n, where n is the dimension of the vector x and m is the number of subintervals. Therefore, the total number of boundary conditions and interface conditions is mn. The above system is solved employing the method of particular solutions: m(n + 1) particular solutions are combined linearly, and the coefficients of the combination are determined so that the linear system is satisfied. Two numerical examples are presented, one dealing with a linear system and one dealing with a nonlinear system. The examples illustrate the effectiveness as well as the rapidity of convergence of the present method.
Identification in Haloferax volcanii of Phosphomevalonate Decarboxylase and Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase as Catalysts of the Terminal Enzyme Reactions in an Archaeal Alternate Mevalonate Pathway

Mevalonate (MVA) metabolism provides the isoprenoids used in archaeal lipid biosynthesis. In synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, the classical MVA pathway involves decarboxylation of mevalonate diphosphate, while an alternate pathway has been proposed to involve decarboxylation of mevalonate monophosphate. To identify the enzymes responsible for metabolism of mevalonate 5-phosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate in Haloferax volcanii, two open reading frames (HVO_2762 and HVO_1412) were selected for expression and characterization. Characterization of these proteins indicated that one enzyme is an isopentenyl phosphate kinase that forms isopentenyl diphosphate (in a reaction analogous to that of Methanococcus jannaschii MJ0044). The second enzyme exhibits a decarboxylase activity that has never been directly attributed to this protein or any homologous protein. It catalyzes the synthesis of isopentenyl phosphate from mevalonate monophosphate, a reaction that has been proposed but never demonstrated by direct experimental proof, which is provided in this account. This enzyme, phosphomevalonate decarboxylase (PMD), exhibits strong inhibition by 6-fluoromevalonate monophosphate but negligible inhibition by 6-fluoromevalonate diphosphate (a potent inhibitor of the classical mevalonate pathway), reinforcing its selectivity for monophosphorylated ligands. Inhibition by the fluorinated analog also suggests that the PMD utilizes a reaction mechanism similar to that demonstrated for the classical MVA pathway decarboxylase. These observations represent the first experimental demonstration in H. volcanii of both the phosphomevalonate decarboxylase and isopentenyl phosphate kinase reactions that are required for an alternate mevalonate pathway in an archaeon. These results also represent, to our knowledge, the first identification and characterization of any phosphomevalonate decarboxylase.
Phosphatase Inhibition Delays Translational Recovery

In cells, various signaling pathways help to maintain proteostasis—the proper concentrations, folding, and function of proteins. When a cell is under stress, upstream “stress sensors” within these pathways are activated, initiating a signaling cascade that minimizes the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, which can lead to disease ( 1 – 3 ). Stress sensors often respond to the accumulation of misfolded proteins within specific cell compartments by activating the transcription of proteostasis components, such as enzymes and “chaperone” proteins that assist with folding or by attenuating new protein synthesis. The propagation of stress-response signaling is often mediated by phosphorylation, or the addition of a phosphate group to the stress sensor and/or downstream signaling components. Because of the central importance of stress signaling pathways in maintaining the integrity of the cellular proteome, manipulating these pathways has become an attractive strategy for preventing the protein misfolding linked to numerous human diseases ( 4 , 5 ).
A nonlinear variation of constants method for integro differential and integral equations

A variation of constants technique is utilized to obtain representation formulas for solutions of perturbed nonlinear integrodifferential and integral equations. These representations are used to analyze boundedness and stability properties of perturbed integral equations. Questions on the existence of the inverse of the fundamental matrix as well on the existence of the semigroup property of the fundamental matrix are discussed.
Immunochemistry of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II as studied by radioimmunoassay

The immunoreactivity of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II was investigated using a specific radioimmunoassay. In whole plasma, the mean value quantitated was 2.21 +/- 0.415 mg/dl, while in delipidated plasma, a mean value of 3.84 +/- 1.186 mg/dl was obtained, suggesting that the antigenic sites of the apolipoprotein were not fully detected in unmodified plasma by our antibody preparation. Two detergents, Tween-20 and Triton X-100, were studied to determine if they could enhance the immunoreactivity of apolipoprotein C-II in whole plasma. At concentrations of 0.012-0.06%, Tween-20 markedly increased the immunoreactivity of whole plasma, but not of delipidated plasma, indicating that antigenic sites of plasma apolipoprotein C-II has been exposed by Tween-20. In contrast, Triton X-100 had no effect on the immunoreactivity of whole plasma apolipoprotein C-II. A radioimmunoassay conducted in the presence of 0.06% Tween-20, resulted in a mean value in whole plasma (3.39 +/- 1.11 mg/dl) that was not significantly different from that obtained when the assay was done on delipidated samples. The immunoreactivity of VLDL apolipoprotein C-II was also drastically enhanced following lipolysis by bovine milk lipoprotein lipase, supporting the hypothesis that antigenic sites are masked by the lipids. Finally, the mechanism responsible for the effect of Tween-20 on apolipoprotein C-II immunoreactivity was investigated. The results obtained from circular dichroism and ultracentrifugation suggest that the detergent may dissociate the apolipoprotein from lipoprotein particles, thus fully exposing the antigenic sites for reaction with antibodies.
Relaxation by adenosine and its analogs of potassium-contracted human coronary arteries.

The present study was an attempt to characterize the adenosine receptor in human coronary arteries, and to establish the dependence of the relaxations mediated by this receptor on a functional endothelium. Human coronary arteries were obtained from organ donors. Adenosine and its analogs (5′-N-ethyl-carboxamido-adenosine, NECA; N6-l-phenylisopropyladenosine, LPIA; 2-chloroadenosine, CAD), all inhibited the contraction induced by 25 mmol/l KCl in a concentration-dependent manner and the order of potency was found to be NECA > CAD > L-PIA > adenosine. These relaxations were antagonized by 8-phenyltheophylline (8PT). At higher concentrations of KCl, the relaxations were attenuated. In rings which relaxed in response to endothelium-dependent relaxing agents (bradykinin and A23187), NECA and CAD produced relaxations similar to those produced in rings which did not show endothelium-dependent responses. The results suggest that the coronary adenosine receptor (probably A2) mediates relaxations which may not be dependent on the relaxing function of the endothelium.
Chip-packaging interaction: a critical concern for Cu/low k packaging

Chip-packaging interaction is becoming a critical reliability issue for Cu/low k chips during package assembly. With the traditional TEOS interlevel dielectric being replaced by much weaker low k dielectrics, packaging induced interfacial delamination in low k interconnects has been widely observed, raising serious reliability concerns for Cu/low k chips. In a flip-chip package, the thermal deformation of the package can be directly coupled into the Cu/low k interconnect structure inducing large local deformation to drive interfacial crack formation. In this paper, we will first review the experimental techniques for package thermal deformation measurement and interfacial fracture energy measurement for low k interfaces. Then 3D finite element analysis (FEA) based on a multilevel sub-modeling approach in combination with high-resolution Moire interferometry is employed to examine the packaging effect on low k interconnect reliability. Our results indicate that packaging assembly can significantly impact wafer-level reliability causing interfacial delamination to become a serious reliability concern for Cu/low k structures. Possible solutions and future study are discussed.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos and its major metabolites diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in the rat.

Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a commonly used diethylphosphorothionate organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) are products of metabolism and of environmental degradation of CPF and are routinely measured in urine as biomarkers of exposure. However, because these same chemicals can result from metabolism or by biodegradation, monitoring total urinary metabolite levels may be reflective of not only an individual's contact with the parent pesticide, but also exposure with the metabolites, which are present in the environment. The objective of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of orally administered DEP, DETP and TCPy with their kinetics following oral dosing with the parent insecticide CPF in the rat. Groups of rats were orally administered CPF, DEP, TCPy or DETP at doses of 140 μmol/kg body weight, and the time-courses of the metabolites were evaluated in blood and urine. Following oral administration, all three metabolites were well absorbed with peak blood concentrations being attained between 1 and 3 h post-dosing. In the case of DEP and TCPy virtually all the administered dose was recovered in the urine by 72 h post-dosing, suggesting negligible, if any, metabolism; whereas with DETP, ∼50% of the orally administered dose was recovered in the urine. The CPF oral dose was likewise rapidly absorbed and metabolized to DEP, TCPy and DETP, with the distribution of metabolites in the urine followed the order: TCPy (22 ± 3 μmol) > DETP (14 ± 2 μmol) > DEP (1.4 ± 0.7 μmol). Based upon the total amount of TCPy detected in the urine a minimum of 63% of the oral CPF dose was absorbed. These studies support the hypotheses that DEP, DETP and TCPy present in the environment can be readily absorbed and eliminated in the urine of rats and potentially humans.
Maintenance Medication for Opiate Addiction: The Foundation of Recovery

Illicit use of opiates is the fastest growing substance use problem in the United States, and the main reason for seeking addiction treatment services for illicit drug use throughout the world. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality related to human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, and overdose. Treatment for opiate addiction requires long-term management. Behavioral interventions alone have extremely poor outcomes, with more than 80% of patients returning to drug use. Similarly poor results are seen with medication-assisted detoxification. This article provides a topical review of the three medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration for long-term treatment of opiate dependence: the opioid-agonist methadone, the partial opioid-agonist buprenorphine, and the opioid-antagonist naltrexone. Basic mechanisms of action and treatment outcomes are described for each medication. Results indicate that maintenance medication provides the best opportunity for patients to achieve recovery from opiate addiction. Extensive literature and systematic reviews show that maintenance treatment with either methadone or buprenorphine is associated with retention in treatment, reduction in illicit opiate use, decreased craving, and improved social function. Oral naltrexone is ineffective in treating opiate addiction, but recent studies using extended-release naltrexone injections have shown promise. Although no direct comparisons between extended-release naltrexone injections and either methadone or buprenorphine exist, indirect comparison of retention shows inferior outcome compared with methadone and buprenorphine. Further work is needed to directly compare each medication and determine individual factors that can assist in medication selection. Until such time, selection of medication should be based on informed choice following a discussion of outcomes, risks, and benefits of each medication.
Minimal sufficient statistics for a general class of mixed models

Abstract Khuri and Ghosh (1990) used a certain technique to obtain minimal sufficient statistics for the unbalanced random two-fold nested model. The present article provides an extension of this technique to a general class of unbalanced models with fixed and random effects.
Point-loaded discs and blocks applicable to tensile testing of brittle materials

AbstractA method of numerically approximating the solutions of plane-stress or plane-strain elasticity problems with boundary conditions consisting of concentrated forces or distributed loads is presented herein. The effect of each concentrated force (commonly termed a point load) that acts on the boundary is represented by a Flamant solution. Usually, the combined effect of these Flamant solutions indicates the presence of distributed loadings or ‘residual stresses’ on some portions of the boundary that are not consistent with the actual boundary conditions. The negatives of these ‘residual stresses’ are used as stress boundary conditions in a singular integral method of numerical analysis that is applicable to plane elasticity problems involving distributed loadings on the boundaries. Since the method presented herein involves only stress boundary conditions, the solutions are valid for both plane stress and plane strain.The accuracy of this superposition method is demonstrated by consideration of a cir...
FXa takes center stage in vascular inflammation

In this issue of Blood , Sparkenbaugh et al identify coagulation factor Xa (FXa), the target for new protease-selective oral anticoagulants, as a crucial mediator for both coagulation abnormalities and chronic vascular inflammation that characterize sickle cell disease.[1][1] ![Figure][2]
Authentication tests and disjoint encryption: A design method for security protocols

We describe a protocol design process, and illustrate its use by creating ATSPECT, an Authentication Test-based Secure Protocol for Electronic Commerce Transactions. The design process is organized around the authentication tests, a method for protocol verification based on the strand space theory. The authentication tests dictate how randomly generated values such as nonces may be combined with encryption to achieve authentication and freshness. ATSPECT offers functionality and security guarantees akin to the purchase request, payment authorization, and payment capture phases of SET, the secure electronic transaction standard created by the major credit card firms.
The influence of surface hydration on the interfacial electron transfer dynamics from Rhodamine B into SnO 2

The influence of surface hydration on the time-scales and mechanisms of interfacial electron transfer from rhodamine B into SnO2 is investigated. We combine molecular dynamics simulations and quantum dynamics propagation of transient electronic excitations to analyze the regulatory role of water molecules affecting the adsorbate-semiconductor interactions and the underlying electronic couplings that determine the electron injection times. The reported results are essential to advance our understanding of interfacial electron transfer dynamics in dye sensitized semiconductor surfaces at the molecule level, including fundamental interactions that affect the efficiency of interfacial electronic processes in dye-sensitized solar cells as well as in a wide range of other technological applications.
The Demand for Food by Low Income Families

Introduction: the importance of consumers' price elasticities and food habits, 596. — Income elasticity and price elasticity, 599. — Demand curves from market data, 604. — New data on low income demand curves: sources, 606; advantages and disadvantages, 608 — The findings: butter, 612; eggs, 615; pork, 616; lard, 618; oranges, 619; grapefruit, 621; apples, 623; prunes, 623; potatoes, 623; white flour, 625; dry beans, 625; rice, 627; comparisons, 627. — Conclusions, 629.
Helmets and Preventing Motorcycleand Bicycle-Related Injuries

RESOLUTION 423, as amended and adopted at the 1992 Interim Meeting, asked that the American Medical Association (AMA) evaluate the effectiveness of motorcycle and bicycle helmets in preventing injuries, determine the medical costs of not using helmets, and explore ways of ensuring the use of helmets by instituting incentives or disincentives such as insurance premium adjustments or licensing fees. This report responds to the medical science aspects of the resolution and considers the occurrence and prevention of motorcycle- and bicycle-related injuries and the efficacy of helmet use by motorcyclists and bicyclists. The AMA's Council on Medical Services is studying the use of incentives and disincentives and will report to the House of Delegates at a future meeting. See also pp 1506 and 1541. According to age-adjusted data, injuries are the third most common cause of death in the US population, with vehiclerelated deaths causing approximately half of all deaths. 1
Super-Resolution Focusing Using Volumetric, Broadband NRI Media

We describe the design, fabrication and testing of broadband negative permeability and broadband negative-refractive-index (NRI) metamaterials. The NRI metamaterial is designed to address two major limitations of current NRI media: high loss and narrow bandwidth of operation. The proposed NRI design has a backward-wave bandwidth of 44.3%. This large bandwidth allows the structure to operate away from resonant frequencies, where the loss is significantly lower. The stopband characteristics of a lambda0/3 slab of the negative permeability medium were measured. In addition, the focusing characteristics of the NRI medium were tested and resolution beyond the diffraction limit was experimentally observed. The slab measured in this paper achieved a resolution enhancement of 2.0 over a bandwidth of 0.33%.
Enhanced JAMIA Online Features

The appearance of the latest issue of Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association ( JAMIA ) is something that you, as a reader, might eagerly anticipate. Yet, for the past several years, the “next issue” of JAMIA has arrived in two “flavors” and not all at once. JAMIA publishes its traditional print version bimonthly and, in addition, an online version (available at www.jamia.org) hosted by HighWire Press. The purpose of this overview is to acquaint JAMIA readers with the unique capabilities available through its HighWire-enhanced electronic format. All JAMIA subscribers receive access to both forms of the Journal . Of note, at an appropriate interval after an article appears in the printed version of JAMIA , HighWire transfers a copy of it to PubMed Central at the NIH (www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/). PubMed Central provides both universal free-of-charge electronic access and long-term archival for articles. In 1995, Stanford University founded HighWire Press to address the concern that scientific societies and not-for-profit publishers would individually lack the resources and expertise to remain competitive in the Internet era. HighWire, a not-for-profit organization, focuses exclusively on the online hosting of full-text, peer-reviewed journals and other scholarly content. Currently, 749 full-text journals are hosted on HighWire, including 42 of the 100 most frequently cited journals in the world and a much larger proportion of the major …
Iron and zinc absorption in human subjects from a mixed meal of extruded and nonextruded wheat bran and flour

The effect of extrusion cooking of a bran-flour mixture on iron and zinc retention was measured in normal adults. The stable isotopes 58Fe (1.253 mg) and 67Zn (5.13 mg) were administered with 40 g nonextruded or extruded cereal with milk and isotopic retention was measured from fecal excretion over the next 4-7 d by neutron-activation analysis (Fe) and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (Zn). 58Fe retention was 15.1 +/- 2.4% (means +/- SEM) with the nonextruded meal and 16.5 +/- 2.7% with the extruded meal. 67Zn retention was 18.9 +/- 1.7% with the nonextruded meal and 18.3 +/- 1.5% with the extruded meal. Extrusion cooking had no effect on 58Fe or 67Zn retention.
Recent advances in IR semiconductor laser diodes and future trends

The wall plug efficiency of the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in room temperature continuous wave (cw) operation is brought to 21%, with a maximum output power of 5.1 W. Using a surface grating distributed feedback (DFB) approach, we demonstrated 2.4 W single mode output in room temperature cw operation. With a photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) design, we achieved single mode spectrum and close to diffraction limited far field with a room temperature high peak power of 34 W.
Mesoscopic model of actin-based propulsion.

Two theoretical models dominate current understanding of actin-based propulsion: microscopic polymerization ratchet model predicts that growing and writhing actin filaments generate forces and movements, while macroscopic elastic propulsion model suggests that deformation and stress of growing actin gel are responsible for the propulsion. We examine both experimentally and computationally the 2D movement of ellipsoidal beads propelled by actin tails and show that neither of the two models can explain the observed bistability of the orientation of the beads. To explain the data, we develop a 2D hybrid mesoscopic model by reconciling these two models such that individual actin filaments undergoing nucleation, elongation, attachment, detachment and capping are embedded into the boundary of a node-spring viscoelastic network representing the macroscopic actin gel. Stochastic simulations of this ‘in silico’ actin network show that the combined effects of the macroscopic elastic deformation and microscopic ratchets can explain the observed bistable orientation of the actin-propelled ellipsoidal beads. To test the theory further, we analyze observed distribution of the curvatures of the trajectories and show that the hybrid model's predictions fit the data. Finally, we demonstrate that the model can explain both concave-up and concave-down force-velocity relations for growing actin networks depending on the characteristic time scale and network recoil. To summarize, we propose that both microscopic polymerization ratchets and macroscopic stresses of the deformable actin network are responsible for the force and movement generation.
Nondestructive Optical Measurements of a Single Electron Spin in a Quantum Dot

Kerr rotation measurements on a single electron spin confined in a charge-tunable semiconductor quantum dot demonstrate a means to directly probe the spin off-resonance, thus minimally disturbing the system. Energy-resolved magneto-optical spectra reveal information about the optically oriented spin polarization and the transverse spin lifetime of the electron as a function of the charging of the dot. These results represent progress toward the manipulation and coupling of single spins and photons for quantum information processing.
Rediscovering Volition: The Institutional Economics of Douglass C. North

The article reviews several books by Douglass C. North, including “The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790 to 1860,” “Structure and Change in Economic History,” and “Institutional Change and Economic Growth.”
Discrimination in Hiring Versus Retention and Promotion: An Empirical Analysis of Within-Firm Treatment of Players in the NFL

If the costs and benefits of discriminating at the hiring stage differ from those at the retention and promotion stages, as recent evidence suggests, the effect of an individual's race on a firm's hiring decision should differ from its effect on the firm's retention and promotion decisions. This paper presents the first direct empirical test of this proposition. Using data of players drafted into the National Football League (NFL), we show that after controlling for draft selection, position, team, draft year, collegiate division, and team wins the prior season, white players have a 0.13 lower probability of having an active contract and start 1.56 games less than nonwhite players. When compared with the average probability of a drafted player having an active contract, 0.48, and the average number of starts, 2.6 games, these results provide strong evidence that nonwhite players face hiring discrimination in the NFL but are treated more equitably in retention and promotion decisions. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Probabilistic leakage power estimation of Partially-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) gates

This paper presents a novel probability based analysis for leakage power estimation of partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) circuits. The proposed leakage power estimation algorithms is implemented in C language, and the proposed methodology is tested by ISCAS85 benchmark circuits designed in 100 nm SOI technology. The results show that the error is within 4% compared with Hspice Monte Carlo simulation results.
Is Length of Shelter Stay and Receipt of a Protection Order Associated With Less Violence and Better Functioning for Abused Women? Outcome Data 4 Months After Receiving Services

To provide differential effectiveness on length of stay at a shelter and receipt versus non-receipt of a protection order (PO), and outcomes of violence, functioning, and resiliency, in 300 abused women (150 first-time users of a shelter and 150 first-time applicants for a PO) who participate in a 7-year study with outcomes measured every 4 months. Four months after a shelter stay or application for a PO, abused women staying 21 days or less at a shelter reported similar outcomes compared with women staying longer than 21 days. Similarly, women receiving and not receiving a PO reported overall equivalent outcomes. Seeking shelter or justice services results in similar improved outcomes for abused women 4 months later, regardless of length of stay at the shelter or receipt or no receipt of the PO. Contact with shelter and justice services results in positive outcomes for abused women and indicates the urgent need to increase availability, accessibility, and acceptability of shelter and justice services.