cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Context on Strategic Decision Making Processes and Outcomes

This chapter summarizes a 5-year, longitudinal field study of strategic decision making (SDM) which examined the effects of context on the processes of SDM and how these processes then affect the outcome of the strategic initiatives. We posited that SDM occurs within “contexts”: the business environment, the characteristics of the organization, the SDM team, and the content of the strategic decision (SD). We identified three separate processes by which managers make SDs: procedurally rational, political, and flexible methods. We tested antecedent models for each approach and examined how the approaches affect SD outcomes. Controlling for implementation quality and environmental favorability, we found that the use of procedurally rational methods improves the outcomes of SDs, the use of political methods inhibits these same outcomes, and flexible methods were not related to decision outcome.
Verbal Working Memory and Its Connections to Language Processing

Publisher Summary The working memory (WM) is the cognitive mechanism that allows one to keep a limited amount of information active. It is not the case that there is a single general-purpose working memory; rather, research indicates that there are different kinds of working memories for different kinds of information. The neuroimaging experiments support the claim that verbal WM consists of a rehearsal process and a storage process. These studies further indicate that the rehearsal process is implemented by neural mechanisms involved in speech. When the image acquired during the control task is subtracted from that acquired during the memory task, there are several sites of activation, mostly in the left hemisphere. Thus verbal working memory clearly depends on language, or at least the phonological component of language. The studies of neurological patients who have defects in short-term storage suggest that verbal WM is sometimes used as backup, particularly when the syntactic or semantic complexity of the sentence outstrips the capacity of normal processing mechanisms. But the patient findings on this point are quite variable.
Impact of a Nature of Science and Science Education Course on Teachers’ Nature of Science Classroom Practices

Science education reform documents have for some time emphasized the need for accurate and effective nature of science (NOS) instruction. However, efforts to encourage teachers to consistently and effectively address the NOS have had mixed results. The first author developed a NOS course that promoted and modeled explicit and reflective NOS instruction, emphasizing the importance of incorporating NOS activities along a decontextualized to highly contextualized continuum and extensively scaffolding between those contexts (Clough, 2006). This study determined the quantity and quality of NOS instruction participants implemented during the following semester. Six teachers were observed on three occasions and interviewed afterwards. Their students completed a questionnaire indicating the kind and frequency of NOS instruction they experienced. Structured interviews were conducted with each teacher following the school year. Four of the six teachers consistently implemented NOS when teaching science content, and the remaining two teachers implemented NOS decontextually. While teachers at low levels of implementation cited institutional constraints hindering their efforts, high-level implementation teachers faced the same constraints. High implementation teachers are committed to teaching the NOS, exhibited risk-taking behaviors and a conscious awareness they were “bucking” the system. These teachers valued learning how to integrate NOS instruction within the science content they already teach, rather than adding numerous decontextualized NOS activities to an already overburdened curriculum.
A Finite Subelement Generalization of the Variational Nodal Method

The variational nodal method is generalized by dividing each spatial node into a number of triangular finite elements designated as subelements. The finite subelement trial functions allow for expl...
The Constitutionalization of Disparate Impact — Court-Centered and Popular Pathways

Responding to Owen Fiss’s call for the Court to recognize the constitutional status of the Griggs principle, I question court-centered accounts of constitutional change and examine the constitutional development of disparate impact law inside and outside of the courts. To illustrate the important role that democratic actors have played in shaping the development of disparate impact law, I sample conflict over disparate impact standards across all three branches of the federal government since the 1970s, from the Burger Court to the Roberts Court, in Congress, and in the Reagan, Obama, and Trump administrations. Examining disparate impact’s history reminds us that on numerous occasions, Congress has proven more willing than the Court to protect minority rights. Further, this account shows that constitutionalization of disparate impact could take forms that Fiss does not anticipate, given conservative opposition to the use of disparate impact standards to combat race discrimination (as distinct from discrimination on the basis of religion or disability). Fiss argues that a Court in the coming decades could interpret the Equal Protection Clause to require judges to review the racially disparate impact of state action. The history I consider suggests that constitutionalization might instead take the form of a Court interpreting the Equal Protection Clause to prohibit or limit federal laws mandating such review — a prospect that grows with the shifting composition of the Court and growing hostility to disparate impact in the Trump administration. This Comment makes the case for a dialogic understanding of our constitutional law primarily on grounds of descriptive accuracy. Situating the Court’s work in dialogue with democratic actors supplies a better understanding of how our law has evolved and is likely to evolve in the coming decades. But I close by offering a brief, normative account that suggests why conflict strengthens our constitutional law. When properly constrained, constitutional conflict can give democratic authority and direction to constitutional law.
Efficacy of afidopyropen against soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and toxicity to natural enemies

Background Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), remains the most significant soybean insect pest in the North Central Region of the USA. The sustainability of reliance on only a few insecticide groups for this pest is questionable. We evaluate afidopyropen, a novel pyropene insecticide (Group 9D), for efficacy against A. glycines in field and greenhouse experiments and toxicity to common natural enemies in laboratory experiments. Results Across 4 site-years of field experiments and a greenhouse experiment, afidopyropen reduced A. glycines populations similar to commonly used broad-spectrum [i.e. lambda-cyhalothrin (Group 3A) and chlorpyrifos (Group 1B)] insecticides and potential selective insecticides [i.e. sulfoxaflor (Group 4C) and flupyradifurone (Group 4D)]. In the greenhouse, however, A. glycines mortality was delayed slightly for afidopyropen compared to the other insecticides. In laboratory experiments with natural enemies of A. glycines, afidopyropen was not toxic to adult or third instar Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) or adult Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and was only moderately toxic to Aphelinus certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Conclusion Afidopyropen is effective against A. glycines and relatively non-toxic to natural enemies, and appears to be an effective option for integrated pest management and insecticide resistance management programs for A. glycines. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Buckling of Ultralight Ladder-type Coilable Space Structures

We analyse the buckling and post-buckling behavior of ultralight ladder-type coilable structures for space solar power applications. The structures are composed of thin-shell longitudinal elements connected by thin rods, which can be flattened and packaged efficiently. Rather than relying on an eigenvalue based analysis, this paper presents an alternative approach to thin-shell buckling based on recent work on the stability of cylindrical and spherical shells. The stability of ladder-type structures loaded by normal pressure is studied using a probe that locally displaces the structure and a stability landscape for the structure is plotted. This landscape plot gives insight into the structure's buckling, post-buckling, and sensitivity to disturbances.
The effects of digital symbol format on the naming, identification, and sentence production incorporating verbs for individuals with aphasia

Purpose: To investigate the effects of symbol format and verb argument structure on the naming, identification, and sentence generation in people with aphasia (PWA).Methods: A 2 × 2 randomized, mix...
Chapter 11 – Surface Modifications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques like sandblasting, surface texturing, shot- and laser-peening, and chemical, electrochemical, and thermal modifications. It also reviews the various types of coatings like: carbon-, glass-, ceramic-, hydroxyapatite-, and Ca-P coating. The surface modifications are applied to metallic biomaterials to improve mechanical, chemical, and physical properties such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and surface energy. For enhancing the mechanical retention between two surfaces, one or both the surfaces are modified in order to increase the effective surface area. This is done either by the sandblasting, the shot-peening, or the laser-peening method. Sandblasting and shot-peening possess three purposes: cleaning surface contaminants, roughening surfaces to increase the effective surface area, and producing beneficial surface compressive residual stress. As a result, such treated surfaces exhibit higher surface energy, indicating higher surface chemical and physical activities, and enhancing the fatigue strength as well as the fatigue life. Satisfactory fixation and biofunctionality of the biotolerated and bioinert materials can be obtained by mechanical surface alternations, such as the threaded surface, the grooved surface, the pored surface, and the rough surface—promoting tissue and bone ingrowth.
KDM3A/Ets1/MCAM axis promotes growth and metastatic properties in Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy of childhood. RMS exists as two major disease subtypes, with oncofusion-positive RMS (FP-RMS) typically carrying a worse prognosis than oncofusion-negative RMS (FN-RMS), in part due to higher propensity for metastasis. Epigenetic mechanisms have recently emerged as critical players in the pathogenesis of pediatric cancers, as well as potential new therapeutic vulnerabilities. Herein, we show that the epigenetic regulator KDM3A, a member of the Jumonji-domain histone demethylase (JHDM) family, is overexpressed, potently promotes colony formation and transendothelial invasion, and activates the expression of genes involved in cell growth, migration and metastasis, in both FN-RMS and FP-RMS. In mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that both RMS subtypes utilize a KDM3A/Ets1/MCAM disease-promoting axis recently discovered in Ewing Sarcoma, another aggressive pediatric cancer of distinct cellular and molecular origin. We further show that KDM3A depletion in FP-RMS cells inhibits both tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, and that RMS cells are highly sensitive to colony growth inhibition by the pan-JHDM inhibitor JIB-04. Together, our studies reveal an important role for the KDM3A/Ets1/MCAM axis in pediatric sarcomas of distinct cellular and molecular ontogeny, and identify new targetable vulnerabilities in RMS.
Practitioners and ICTD: Communities of Practice Theory in Technology Interventionism

ICTD is a field with a long history of interventionist research in a broad set of domains, including health, agriculture, education, and civics. A common thread between many of these interventions is that they addressed the knowledge and actions of practitioners who were engaged in development activities in their contexts. In this paper, I survey the past literature of ICTD interventions targeting practitioners to identify a common typology that spans domain and context. I use Lave and Wenger's Communities of Practice (CoP) theory as a way to understand the situated and social aspects of practice and describe how ICTD interventions have often engaged with such communities. I discuss how a CoP lens may intersect with other theoretical lenses in ICTD and related fields, specifically around concepts of agency, intrinsic motivation, amplification, and sustainability. I describe how such intersections may inform future interventionist research in the Global South.
Changes in Teacher Stress and Wellbeing Throughout the Academic Year

Teacher wellbeing has taken on increased importance in understanding contextual variables related to student academic, social-emotional, and behavioral growth. Despite its importance, little is kno...
Clinical Outcomes of an All-Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis Using the Anterolateral Anchor During Concomitant Double-Row Rotator Cuff Repair:

Background:Pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon frequently occurs concomitantly with rotator cuff tears, necessitating a surgical treatment, often in the form of a tenodesis procedure. M...
Dilute-Se Ga 2 (O 1-x Se x ) 3 for Ultraviolet and Visible Photodetector

First-principle analysis of the electronic properties of dilute-Se β-Ga 2 (O 1-x Se x ) 3 alloys with Se-content ranging from 0~16.67% were performed. The findings showed the potential of using β-Ga 2 (O 1-x Se x ) 3 alloys and Ga2O3 alloys for deep ultraviolet and visible light photodetector.
A Systematic Approach to Improve Productivity and Profitability of Beef Cattle Ranches

Small producers of beef cattle are being taken over by large corporations that market the majority of cattle by contracting with feedlots and packers in vertical harmony.1 To survive and prosper under this transition, the food animal practitioner must adapt to the transformation.2 The public's perception of the veterinary medical profession must also change. To facilitate this change, the veterinarian must become a valuable asset to the producer by providing services beyond the scope of traditional veterinary care. A recent national survey found that livestock producers perceived their veterinarian's knowledge of agribusiness/economics to be 19.4% less than that of producers', and 9% below that of Extension Agents'.3 The traditional veterinary educational process furnishes the new graduate with little training in economics, production, or management. In fact, training in the management of disease, the forte of the veterinary profession, is inadequate at most schools because it overwhelmingly concentrates on individuals rather than populations of animals. To gain knowledge in agribusiness/economics, the veterinarian must rely upon extensive graduate work or gradually obtain the knowledge over a longer period of time through an "on-the-job" training process. If the veterinarian has the expertise to furnish producers with valuable information, the producers' perception of veterinarians will be favorably altered, and the veterinarian's area of specialization expanded so that the veterinarian can become actively involved in decisions that affect beef cattle production and profitability.
Managing Complications of Patellar Fracture Hardware Removal.

A simple surgical procedure is not without the risk of complications and when removing hardware from the bone, such as a previous patella fracture hardware, the surgeon must be well aware of this potential. Here we present the case of a 71-year-old male who presented for removal of retained hardware of united right patella fracture with overlying skin complications. Surgical intervention was uneventful. On post-operative day 1, the patient suffered a fall while using the restroom unassisted with a subsequent large amount of bleeding from the incision site. X-rays demonstrated a new displaced inferior pole patellar fracture. The patient returned to the operating room for debridement and repair of this new patellar fracture with primary closure. Intraoperative cultures of initial operative site were positive for Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The patient was then started on intravenous Vancomycin based on culture sensitivities. The patella fixation/repair was protected with a knee immobilizer as there was increased risk of falls due to his age/underlying medical condition. This case discusses recommendations and guidelines for preventing and managing these various postoperative complications.
The Long Tail of World War II: Jus Post Bellum in Contemporary East Asia

The shadow of World War II still looms over East Asia. Unlike the West, issues of state accountability, corporate liability, and individual reparation roil the victims, governments, and civil society organizations. It stills form a critical, often controversial, backdrop for international relations among China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian nations. This chapter fills an important gap by focusing on jus post bellum outside of the West. The chapter examines the results, motivations, and achievements of civil litigation, namely approximately one hundred World War II reparations lawsuits filed in Japan. In so doing, it answers three related questions. Why does World War II still generate controversy in the contemporary geopolitical triangle of China, Japan, and Korea? How has litigation contributed to the reconciliation process? What are the broader prospects in the future?
Characterization of Shear Band Nucleation and Propagation in Bulk Metallic Glasses

A novel experimental configuration was devised to monitor the deformation mechanisms in metallic glasses at the microscopic scale. The experiment is comprised of a wedge like cylindrical indenter while monitoring the evolution of the associated plastic zone, and crack initiation and propagation by a microscopic digital image correlation system. A new algorithm is developed to measure the localized shear strain with the shear band, which found to be in excess of several thousand percent. The deformation within the band and outside the band were resolved and showed very intricate cooperative interactions. The measurements and in-situ observations shed lights on the micromechanisms of deformation in BMG alloys.
Influence of Charging Power of Cable on Voltage and Reactive Power

The wide application of cable brings a lot of charging power, which leads to the surplus of reactive power and the high voltage of the system. This paper discusses the theoretical calculation of charging power of the cable in detail, and analyzes the influence of charging power on voltage and reactive power under small load mode combined with the specific example of Fenghuangshan power supply area in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Finally, some control measures such as installing inductive reactive power compensation device are proposed.
Bicycling facility inequalities and the causality dilemma with socioeconomic/sociodemographic change

Abstract How well has the recent expansion of bicycling networks advanced transportation justice through appropriate distribution across the socioeconomic/demographic (SED) spectrum? Furthermore, does the installation of bicycling facilities lead to SED changes in a neighborhood or vice versa? We longitudinally assess 11,010 miles of bicycling facilities over ten years (2010–2019) in 11,293 block groups across 29 U.S. cities by facility type. Findings suggest inequalities in bicycling facility installation with People of Color (POC) experiencing the lowest rates of overall facility installation. However, bike lane installation was concentrated in lower-income areas (both POC and White). The causality relationships between bicycling facilities and SED changes were weak and largely non-significant. Income increases were followed by bicycling facility installations more so than increases in White populations were followed by bicycling facility installations. SED changes were more correlated with later bicycling facility installation than the inverse, suggesting that bicycling facilities were not linked to displacement.
Three-Dimensional Printed Prosthesis for Repair of Superior Canal Dehiscence:

Outcomes following repair of superior canal dehiscence (SCD) are variable, and surgery carries a risk of persistent or recurrent SCD symptoms, as well as a risk of hearing loss and vestibulopathy. Poor outcomes may occur from inadequate repair of the SCD or mechanical insult to the membranous labyrinth. Repair of SCD using a customized, fixed-length prosthesis may address current operative limitations and improve surgical outcomes. We aim to 3-dimensionally print customized prostheses to resurface or occlude bony SCD defects. Dehiscences were created along the arcuate eminence of superior semicircular canals in cadaveric temporal bones. Prostheses were designed and created using computed tomography and a 3-dimensional printer. The prostheses occupied the superior semicircular canal defect, reflected in postrepair computed tomography scans. This novel approach to SCD repair could have advantages over current techniques. Refinement of prosthesis design and materials will be important if this approach is translated into clinical use.
Recent Airport Design and Development

The recent developments and trends in airport design and construction are common knowledge to the engineer. This paper presents the reasons for these trends and developments. These advances have be...
The Effect of Capitalization on Banks' Risk under Regulation and Managerial Moral Hazard: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation

We investigate the relationship between banks' capitalization and risk-taking behavior. The conventional wisdom is that well-capitalized banks are less inclined to increase asset risk, because the option value of deposit insurance decreases with capitalization. There are, however, at least three shortcomings in the existing theories that cast doubt on the validity of the conventional wisdom. First, many studies neglect agency problems arising from the separation of management and ownership. Second, past studies rely on limited risk-return profiles of the asset choice set and do not consider profiles in which higher risk is associated with higher return. Finally, empirical studies on this issue provide only mixed evidence. The aim of this article is to shed new light on this issue by expanding existing models to account for the shortcomings identified. Thus, we explicitly model three different incentives of the agents that shape risk-taking behavior in banking; regulatory bodies, shareholders, and management. We consider how the respective incentives influence the riskiness of a bank-portfolio for four distinct assumptions about the characteristics of risk-return profiles. By combining these factors, we demonstrate that a bank's risk can either decrease or increase with capitalization depending on the relative forces of the three agents in determining asset risk and on various parametric assumptions about risk-return profiles. In the empirical study, the regression equations are modeled so that the differing incentives of the three agents are allowed to interact. The test results show differences in risk-capitalization relationships across high and low capital banks and across publicly and non-publicly traded banks. This indicates that risk-capitalization relationships are, indeed, sensitive to the relative forces of the three agents in determining asset risk.
Pain CME: Misguided Direction?

In his contribution, Dr. Cain has made an excellent point regarding the plight of primary care physicians (PCPs), the professionals who provide over half of all chronic pain care in the United States [1]. Only so much time can be spent in the classroom, particularly given their growing patient loads as the PCP shortage approaches crisis proportions. Dr. Cain also makes an astute observation that mandatory CME is not a panacea to the prescription opioid abuse crisis in the United States. Dr. Manworren expresses considerable concern regarding the quality of pain management in the United States, noting the research indicating that most PCPs feel neither prepared nor comfortable providing pain management. She also notes that the quality of pain education needs to improve, particularly given that issues of conflict …
THE IMAGE/POETRY EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH PROGRAM

Education and public outreach are viewed by NASA as significant undertakings for all of its space missions. The IMAGE satellite is one of the first missions to explicitly include ‘E&PO’ in its original proposal to NASA in 1996. We will discuss what IMAGE has accomplished in this area to date, and what new activities it will conduct following a successful launch.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

ABSTRACT.Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is characterized by frequent attacks of myoclonic jerking, which occur most commonly in the morning hours (mainly after a night of insufficient sleep). Ictally and interictally, the EEG shows bursts of generalized, synchronous spike-waves (3–4/sec, often 4–5/sec) with frontal maximum. Absences may precede the myoclonic seizures, starting in late childhood or early adolescence. Sodium valproate (Depakote) is the treatment of choice—unfortunately not tolerated in presented case report. This case also shows that JME may extend well into adulthood. Arousing stimuli in a state of drowsiness are crucial in the precipitation of bursts and myoclonus; even generalized tonic-clonic seizures may occur in the wake of myoclonic jerking. Lifestyle is an important factor in view of the need for sufficient hours of sleep. JME is a subform of primary generalized epilepsy even though the genetic findings are not conclusive in this regard.
Asian Agri and the Future of Palm Oil (TN)

For Asian Agri and other Indonesian palm oil producers, the future promised rising demand from fast-growing Asian populations, but also intensifying criticism from environmental groups. With the highest yield and lowest production cost of any edible oil, palm oil constituted an abundant, inexpensive source of food for Asian and, to a lesser extent, international markets. Its production had soared from 1970 to 2010, sparking concern from environmentalists over the conversion of high-value conservation land in Malaysia and Indonesia (where nearly 90% of palm oil was produced) into palm oil plantations. Critics had intensified their campaigns in recent years, urging - at times successfully - packaged food makers and investors to boycott palm oil suppliers accused of environmental mismanagement. While noting that some accusations were unjustified, palm oil producers argued the industry was making strides towards greater sustainability and cited the unique advantages of palm oil: it was free of unhealthy trans fats, for example, and required less land to produce more oil than any known substitute. Asian Agri, an established Indonesian palm oil grower and exporter, had thus far avoided public scrutiny. The company was a key source of employment in many rural communities, had extensive experience negotiating the complex Indonesian regulatory environment, and was moving to certify its operations according to industry-set sustainability guidelines. In 2010, Asian Agri appeared well positioned to capitalize on the growing palm oil market, but the broad-strokes vilification of the palm oil industry was a source of serious concern. In the face of great uncertainty, the management team needed to devise a strategy for the future.To evaluate a company's strategic options in the context of a booming, but controversial, industry environment.
Future Imperfect: Technology and Freedom in an Uncertain World

Part I. Prolog: 1. Introduction 2. Living with change Part II. Privacy and Technology: 3. A world of strong privacy 4. Information processing: threat or menace? or if information is property, who owns it? 5. Surveillance tech: the universal panopticon Part III. Doing Business Online: 6. Ecash 7. Contracts in cyberspace 8. Watermarks and barbed wire 9. Reactionary progress - amateur scholars and open source 10. Intermission: what's a meta phor? Part IV. Crime and Control: 11. The future of computer crime 12. Law enforcement x 2 Part V. Biotechnologies: 13. Human reproduction 14. The more you know ... 15. As gods in the garden 16. Mind drugs Part VI. The Real Science Fiction: 17. The last lethal disease 18. Very small Legos 19. Dangerous company 20. All in your mind 21. The final frontier 22. Interesting times.
Mariner Sails into Leishmania

[ Daniel L. Hartl ][1] Transposons are bits of DNA that can move from place to place in the genomes of plants and animals. The wide-ranging transposon mariner is found in many different animals, and in this issue [Gueiros-Filho and Beverley][2] show that, given the right circumstances, it can also move into the genome of Leishmania , the cause of a deadly disease in the tropics. In his Perspective, Hartl explains the features of this transposable element and how the ability to move it into the Leishmania genome will increase the tools available in the search for a treatment for this pathogen. [][3] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org#affiliation [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5319/1716 [3]: http://
Natural selection at the class II major histocompatibility complex loci of mammals

The role of natural selection at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci was studied by analysis of molecular sequence data from mammalian class II MHC loci. As found previously for the class I MHC molecule and a hypothetical model of the class II molecule, the rate of non-synonymous nucleotide substitution exceeded that of synonymous substitution in the codons encoding the antigen recognition site of polymorphic class II molecules. This pattern is evidence that the polymorphism at these loci is maintained by a form of balancing selection, such as overdominant selection. By contrast, in the case of monomorphic class II loci, no such enhancement of the rate of non-synonymous substitution was observed. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, in contrast to monomorphic (‘non-classical’) class I MHC loci, some monomorphic class II loci of mammals are quite ancient. The DMA and DMB loci, for example, diverged before all other known mammalian class II loci, possibly before the divergence of tetrapods from bony fishes. Analysis of the patterns of sharing of polymorphic residues at class II MHC loci by mammals of different species revealed that extensive convergent evolution has occurred at these loci; but no support was found for the hypothesis that MHC polymorphisms have been maintained since before the divergence of orders of eutherian mammals.
Immunizing mobile ad hoc networks against collaborative attacks using cooperative immune model

In this paper, a security problem of cooperative immunization against collaborative attacks such as blackhole attacks and wormhole attacks, in the mobile ad hoc networks such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks, was discussed. Because of the vulnerabilities of the protocol suites, collaborative attacks in the mobile ad hoc networks can cause more damages than individual attacks. In human immune system, nonselfs (i.e., viruses, bacteria and cancers etc.) can attack human body in a collaborative way and cause diseases in the human body. With the inspiration from the human immune system, a tri-tier cooperative immune model was built to detect and eliminate the collaborative attacks (i.e., nonselfs) in the mobile ad hoc networks. ARM-based Network Simulator (NS2) tests and probability analysis were utilized in the prototype for immune model to analyze and detect the attacks. Experimental results demonstrate the validation and effectiveness of the model proposed by minimizing the collaborative attacks and immunizing the mobile ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetry in information flow

Abstract The article investigates information flow properties of symmetric multi-party protocols. It gives a sound and complete axiomatic system for properties of the functional dependence predicate that are common to all protocols with the same group of symmetries.
Bayesian Prediction and Evaluation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been implicated in a variety of cognitive control functions, among them the monitoring of conflict, error, and volatility, error anticipation, reward learning, and reward prediction errors. In this work, we used a Bayesian ideal observer model, which predicts trial-by-trial probabilistic expectation of stop trials and response errors in the stop-signal task, to differentiate these proposed functions quantitatively. We found that dACC hemodynamic response, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, encodes both the absolute prediction error between stimulus expectation and outcome, and the signed prediction error related to response outcome. After accounting for these factors, dACC has no residual correlation with conflict or error likelihood in the stop-signal task. Consistent with recent monkey neural recording studies, and in contrast with other neuroimaging studies, our work demonstrates that dACC reports at least two different types of prediction errors, and beyond contexts that are limited to reward processing.
A new electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with electrostatic wire ion guide

Abstract The structure and performance of a time-of-flight (TOF) electrospray-ionization mass spectrometer with new features are described which are intended to give more control of the electrospray droplet desolvation process and to produce an analyte ion beam with low divergence. Free jet expansion of the carrier gas from the electrospray ion source produces a high energy beam of electrospray droplets with low divergence, which is desolvated under conditions where the pressure and temperature are well defined and controlled. The analyte ions formed retain the low divergence features of the parent electrospray droplets. The ions are transported to an orthogonal acceleration TOF analyzer using an electrostatic wire ion guide operating at low pressure. Excellent efficiency of transport to the orthogonal acceleration region is achieved with this configuration. Using the parameters of the instrument, simion trajectory calculations predict a maximum transport efficiency for a specific electrostatic ion guide (EIG) voltage which matches the experimental observations. Examples of the application of the system include a study of mass accuracy, thermally induced dissociation, and the study of ion-molecular collisions in the EIG region.
Solutions in intertidal and supratidal environments of modern carbonate sedimentation: Their implication on diagenesis

Abstract When sea water is trapped and evaporated in the intertidal zone of tropical coasts, calcium carbonate precipitates as consequence of increasing concentrations. The precipitation takes place only on surfaces where calcium carbonate is already present. Beachrock formation on Bimini, Bahamas, can be attributed entirely to precipitation of aragonite cement from sea water. Because of the low solubility of calcium salts as compared with the higher solubility of halite and magnesian salts, a chemical separation of calcium and magnesium takes place during evaporation of sea water as well as upon dissolution of sea salt in rain water. Dissolution of sea salt yields magnesium-rich solutions with initial pH values above 9 over a wide range of concentrations prior to equilibration with the atmospheric p CO 2 . The counterpart of these magnesium-rich solutions is rich in calcium, exhibits pH values below 9 (around pH 8), and tends to decompose unstable magnesian-calcite and to precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum during evaporation. The tendency for calcium sulfate to precipitate in an early stage of evaporation, as compared to magnesian salts, but to redissolve readily, as compared with the sluggish dissolution of once-precipitated calcium carbonate, makes gypsum a convenient shortterm depot for calcium ions in intertidal and supratidal environments, where gypsum has to be considered as an ubiquitous reaction partner.
Effects of ammonium sulfate aerosol exposure on lung structure of normal and elastase-impaired rats and guinea pigs

Rats and guinea pigs, pretreated with intratracheally administered elastase or saline, were exposed to 1.03 mg/m/sup 3/ (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/; MMAD, 0.42 ..mu..m. Identically treated controls were sham exposed. Measurements and evaluation of structural changes were conducted using morphometric techniques on SEM photographs and by applying subjective ratings. Pathology studies were conducted by light and electron microscopy. All examination methods confirmed elastase-induced emphysema, which was aggravated by (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ exposure in the rat. Ammonium sulfate exposure of saline-treated animals produced measurable degrees of enlargement of alveoli, and alveolar ducts and sacs. Electron microscopy revealed increased interstitial collagen in affected lung areas of elastase-treated, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-exposed animals. Alveolar-pore size was significantly increased in elastase-treated animals (control and exposed) but not in saline-treated, exposed animals. The data suggest a possible difference between elastase and (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ in the mechanisms responsible for the increased diameter of alveolar structures. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of nonciliated epithelial cells of the small airways and of the Type II alveolar cells were observed in otherwise untreated guinea pigs exposed to (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ but not in elastase-treated guinea pigs, nor in any of the rats. 12 references.
Calcium phosphate cement reinforcement by polymer infiltration and in situ curing: a method for 3D scaffold reinforcement.

This study describes a novel method of calcium phosphate cement reinforcement based on infiltrating a pre-set cement with a reactive polymer and then cross-linking the polymer in situ. This method can be used to reinforce 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds, which we demonstrate using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a model reinforcing polymer. The compressive strength of a 3D scaffold comprised of orthogonally intersecting beams was increased from 0.31 ± 0.06 MPa to 1.65 ± 0.13 MPa using PEGDA 600. In addition, the mechanical properties of reinforced cement were characterized using three PEGDA molecular weights (200, 400, and 600 Da) and three cement powder to liquid (P/L) ratios (0.8, 1.0, and 1.43). Higher molecular weight increased reinforcement efficacy, and P/L controlled cement porosity and determined the extent of polymer incorporation. Although increasing polymer incorporation resulted in a transition from brittle, cement-like behavior to ductile, polymer-like behavior, maximizing polymer incorporation was not advantageous. Polymerization shrinkage produced microcracks in the cement, which reduced the mechanical properties. The most effective reinforcement was achieved with P/L of 1.43 and PEGDA 600. In this group, flexural strength increased from 0.44 ± 0.12 MPa to 7.04 ± 0.51 MPa, maximum displacement from 0.05 ± 0.01 mm to 1.44 ± 0.17 mm, and work of fracture from 0.64 ± 0.10 J/m2 to 677.96 ± 70.88 J/m2 compared to non-reinforced controls. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our novel reinforcement method, as well as its potential for fabricating reinforced 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds useful for bone tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Getting Explicit Memory off the Ground: Steps toward Construction of a Neuro-Developmental Account of Changes in the First Two Years of Life.

Abstract Historically, infants and very young children were thought incapable of explicit memory. As a result of changes in theoretical perspective and methodological developments, this assumption was challenged in the latter part of the 20th century. Substantial progress was made in describing age-related changes in explicit memory in the first two years of life. These developments permitted the first steps toward construction of a neuro-developmental account of the changes. By considering the timing and course of development of the neural substrate responsible for explicit memory we are able to bring greater specificity to the question “what develops?” Thus far, behavioral and electrophysiological methods (event-related potentials: ERPs) have revealed both individual and age-related variability in encoding and in consolidation and storage processes; the variability is systematically related to variability in long-term explicit memory. Suggestions are made for additional research to further our understanding of relations between brain and behavioral development in the first years of life.
The enteric nervous system: a second brain.

Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly—and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease.
Self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies among adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective Self-esteem can play an important role in suicidal tendencies among adolescents. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies in 254 adolescent psychiatric inpatients and 288 high school students. Method The direct relationship between self-esteem and suicidal tendencies was examined by assessing suicidal ideation and history of suicide attempts. An indirect relationship between selfesteem and suicidality was examined by assessing depression and hopelessness. Results Differences were found across gender and hospitalization status, with males reporting higher self-esteem than females and high school students scoring higher in self-esteem than psychiatric inpatients. However, correlations among variables remained similar across gender and hospitalization status. Thus, low self-esteem was related to higher levels of depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and an increased likelihood of having previously attempted suicide. Furthermore, self-esteem added to the understanding of suicidal ideation beyond what could be explained by depression and hopelessness. Conclusions Low self-esteem was closely related to feelings of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal tendencies. Assessment of adolescents should include an evaluation of self-esteem, and therapy should attempt to address any self-esteem deficits. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1995, 34, 7:919–928.
Work Values, Gender, and Expectations About Work Commitment and Pay: Laying the Groundwork for the “Motherhood Penalty”?

The gender pay gap most seriously affects women with children—a situation labeled the motherhood penalty. One common explanation is that mothers value family more than employment, leading to reduced work commitment and hence to lower pay. Using a questionnaire, we examined the relationship between endorsement of two work-related values (family and power), anticipated work commitment, and expected peak pay among 229 undergraduates at a southeastern U.S. university. Men expected higher peak salaries, valued power more and family less than women. For both genders, valuing power predicted higher expected peak salary and valuing family predicted lower anticipated work commitment. For women, reduced work commitment, in turn, predicted lower anticipated peak pay. For men, valuing family predicted higher peak pay expectations.
Tuberculosis and urban growth: Class, race and disease in early Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Healthseekers [i.e., people seeking climactic cures from diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB)] migrated to the American West starting in the 19th century. Local officials, interested in promoting urban growth, capitalized on this phenomenon by aggressively advertising for healthseekers. This paper analyzes the case of TB in Phoenix, Arizona, USA during its period of early growth (1880-1946) to demonstrate how social constructions of disease intersected with political constructions of race and class to produce pathologized bodies and stigmatized places. Contradictions in Phoenix's pro-growth strategy are discussed in this paper, along with strategies employed by city leaders to 'solve' them. These strategies included an emergent discourse by those in power that served to construct race, class and place-based inequities. Further, ideological and spatial strategies were instantiated to ensure that other Phoenix residents did not 'see' the injustices being produced. The material results of these discursive strategies included dilapidated housing, a lack of urban infrastructure, and lack of health-care services for minorities and the poor in Phoenix. Those in power, in the name of private accumulation and urban growth, had constructed a context in which poor persons with TB were spatially isolated and socially stigmatized while wealthy whites with TB were socially, culturally and environmentally advantaged.
61. Cultural differences in the link between supportive relationships and proinflammatory cytokines

Social relationships influence physical health, possibly by influencing systemic inflammation. We examined whether positive, negative, and competitive daily social interactions predict levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and the soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor-α (sTNFαRII) and their reactivity to a social stressor. One hundred twenty-two healthy university students and employees completed daily diaries that assessed positive, negative, and competitive social interactions for 8 days. Participants then engaged in laboratory-based social stress tasks, and IL-6 and sTNFαRII were collected from oral mucosal transudate at baseline and at 25 and 80 min post-stressor. Negative social interactions predicted elevated sTNFαRII at baseline, and competitive social interactions predicted marginally higher levels of IL-6 at baseline and significantly higher levels of sTNFαRII at baseline. Negative social interactions were predictive of IL-6 and sTNFαRII 25 min post-stressor. For competitive interactions, participants reported: (1) competitive leisure-time activities, (2) academic/work-related competitive events, and (3) competing for another person’s attention. Internal analyses revealed that academic/work-related competitive events were significantly associated with baseline IL-6 and sTNFαRII, and competing for another’s attention was predictive of baseline IL-6. Daily negative and competitive social interactions are associated prospectively with heightened proinflammatory cytokine activity perhaps because they represent daily interpersonal stressors. Competing for another’s attention and academic/work related competitive events might be particularly related to proinflammatory activity, possibly because they are more threatening than competitive leisure activities.
Naloxone dose dependently produces analgesia and hyperalgesia in postoperative pain

IF endorphins modulate pain, then naloxone should affect pain behaviour even in subjects who have not received exogenous opiates. However, some naloxone studies claim a lack of effect1,2, others a hyperalgesic effect3–5, and others both hyperalgesic and analgesic effects6,7. Such discrepancies may arise from the different methods used to induce and assess pain8, and from variation in dose. We know of only one previous human study which used multiple doses of naloxone6; this indicated a dose-dependent bi-directional effect. In the present study, a clinical pain paradigm was used to generate a dose–response curve for naloxone. We report that naloxone produces analgesia at low doses and hyperalgesia at high doses.