cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A series of N-(2-phenylethyl)nitroaniline derivatives as precursors for slow and sustained nitric oxide release agents.

Notwithstanding its simple structure, the chemistry of nitric oxide (NO) is complex. As a radical, NO is highly reactive. NO also has profound effects on the cardiovascular system. In order to regulate NO levels, direct therapeutic interventions include the development of numerous NO donors. Most of these donors release NO in a single high-concentration burst, which is deleterious. N-Nitrosated secondary amines release NO in a slow, sustained, and rate-tunable manner. Two new precursors to sustained NO-releasing materials have been characterized. N-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,4-dinitroaniline, C16H17N3O6, (I), crystallizes with one independent molecule in the asymmetric unit. The adjacent amine and nitro groups form an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond. The anti conformation about the phenylethyl-to-aniline C-N bond leads to the planes of the arene and aniline rings being approximately perpendicular. Molecules are linked into dimers by weak intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds such that each amine H atom participates in a three-center interaction with two nitro O atoms. The dimers pack so that the arene rings of adjacent molecules are not parallel and π-π interactions do not appear to be favored. N-(4-Methylsulfonyl-2-nitrophenyl)-L-phenylalanine, C16H16N2O6S, (II), with an optically active center, also crystallizes with one unique molecule in the asymmetric unit. The L enantiomer was established via the configuration of the starting material and was confirmed by refinement of the Flack parameter. As in (I), there is an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond between adjacent amine and nitro groups. The conformation of the molecule is such that the arene rings display a dihedral angle of ca 60°. Unlike (I), molecules are not linked via intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds. Rather, the carboxylic acid H atom forms a classic, approximately linear, O-H...O hydrogen bond with a sulfone O atom. Pairs of molecules related by twofold rotation axes are linked into dimers by two such interactions. The packing pattern features a zigzag arrangement of the arene rings without apparent π-π interactions. These structures are compared with reported analogues, revealing significant differences in molecular conformation, intermolecular interactions, and packing that result from modest changes in functional groups. The structures are discussed in terms of potential NO-release capability.
N=2 supersymmetry and dipole moments

We derive sum rules for the magnetic and electric dipole moments of all particle states of an N=2 supermultiplet. For short representations, we find agreement with previously determined N=1 sum rules, while there is added freedom for long representations (expressed as certain scalar expectation values). With mild assumptions we find the simple result that the supersymmetry generated spin adds to the magnetic (electric) dipole moment with strength corresponding to $g=2$ ($g_e=0$). This result is equally valid for N=1, this time without any further assumptions.
Ornithine delta-aminotransferase activity in retina and other tissues

Ornithine δ-aminotransferase (OAT) activity was determined in liver, kidney, brain, retina and ciliary body-iris of rat, rabbit, calf and human. OAT activities (nanomoles Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate/mg protein/hr) in retina were (mean±SE) 324±43, 240±24, 234±26 and 218±22 respectively in rat, rabbit, calf and human. The OAT activities in retina were three times higher than in brain and 80% of that of liver. 2-oxoglutarate was the preferred amino acceptor substrate for OAT activity. In rat retina the activities of OAT with glyoxalate, β-hydroxypyruvate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate were 51, 44, 30, and 30% of that of 2-oxoglutarate respectively. A lack of substrate OAT specificity indicates OAT deficiency such as occur in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina could impair metabolism of ketoacids. A candidate for possible toxicity to the retina in OAT deficiency is glyoxalate. Arginine glycine transamidinase activity was not detectable in human retina, thus a previously postulated creatine phosphate deprivation in OAT deficiency may not be applicable to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Acoustic Structure of Long Calls in Free-Ranging Groups of Golden Lion Tarnarins, Leontopithecus Rosalia

Like many other callitrichids, golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia, emit Long Calls. Recordings of four free-ranging groups were made to explore different types of Long Calls. Three Long Call types were identified acoustically, and analyzed sonographically. The calls usually started with an Introductory Syllable (a chirp, a trill, or a whine) which was followed by either one, two, or three different phrases in a fixed sequential order. Each of the three phrases was unique and contained a typical number of syllables of characteristic shape, frequencies, and durations. Possible functions of these calls are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A molecular basis for interactions between sleep and memory.

The “sleep-for-memory” hypothesis has gained considerable momentum in response to a growing body of literature detailing the beneficial effects of sleep on memory function. Indeed, memory function from humans to flies appears to benefit from, if not depend on, some core property of sleep. Over time, sleep has been proposed to serve a variety of functions 120. However, it has been argued that the core function of sleep is likely cellular since the function of proteins from membrane receptors to transcription factors are remarkably consistent across phylogenetic lines, as is the need for sleep, regardless of differences in sleep architecture and brain complexity 21. The sleep-for-memory hypothesis posits that a primary cellular function of sleep is memory consolidation, the process by which newly acquired information is stabilized and stored. Like the need for sleep, the molecular mechanisms that mediate memory consolidation are also conserved across species. Although little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating sleep-dependent memory processing, there is evidence to suggest that wakeful experience is recapitulated during sleep, suggesting, by extension, that the same molecular processes that promote memory consolidation might be re-engaged during sleep to further stabilize and improve memory. Here we present several key concepts and molecular processes that are known to underlie learning and memory consolidation. We then give an overview of some the electrophysiological events specific to various sleep states that might serve to modulate activity within these signaling pathways. We address recent progress, questions still unanswered, and the challenges and limitations associated with the methodologies used to study sleep-memory interactions on a molecular level.
Minimizing Intergroup Contact: An Urban Field Study

This study examines the effects of observing the negative or neutral behavior of a black or a white couple on white subjects' subsequent social interactions with either a black or a white person. Subjects encountered either a black or a white couple having an argument or a neutral interaction. Shortly thereafter the subjects were approached by either a black or white male confederate who asked for directions. A 2 (Couple's Race) × 2 (Couple's Behavior) × 2 (Confederate's Race) analysis of variance revealed that white subjects interacted with a black confederate for a shorter period of time after having observed a black couple's argument.
Effect of forecast- based pricing on irrigated agriculture : A simulation

Seasonal climate prediction offers potentially useful information for water managers. However, implementing forecast infor- mation is challenging due to the probabilistic nature of forecasts and limited demonstrations of usefulness. In this study, an adaptive groundwater pricing model utilizing operational seasonal climate forecasts was evaluated for groundwater management. The price for groundwater in the upcoming season was selected according to an algorithm that incorporates the current groundwater elevation and a prediction of seasonal rainfall. A simulation based on 37 years of rainfall data and operational monsoon forecasts for Tamil Nadu, India, was conducted to assess the effect of forecast-based pricing on societal benefits, groundwater elevation, and farmer income. Results indicate the adaptive pricing model is far more effective at maintaining groundwater elevations and maximizing societal benefits than a static groundwater price. Current groundwater elevation was a more effective input to the pricing algorithm than the forecast of seasonal rainfall when evaluated separately. A comparison of forecast use by water managers to select prices and use by farmers to choose crop patterns found similar societal benefits for each approach. Controlling demand for groundwater through pricing will cause hardship for current groundwater users who currently access groundwater without tariffs. Water managers should consider using tariff revenue to provide drought relief and transitional assistance.
Temperature dependence of liquid Sn sputtering by low-energy He + and D + bombardment

Absolute sputtering yields of liquid tin from 240 to 420 C due to irradiation by low-energy helium and deuterium have been measured. For ion energies ranging from 300 to 1000 eV,temperature enhancement of liquid tin sputtering was noted. These measurements were obtained by IIAX (the Ion-surface InterAction eXperiment) using a velocityfiltered ion beam at 45 incidence to sputter material from a liquid tin target onto deposition monitors. Sputtering yields from 500 eV ion bombardment at 45 incidence increase from 0.1 ± 0.03 and 0.019 ± 0.008 Sn particles/ion at room temperature,for He + and D + ions respectively,to 0.30 ± 0.12 and 0.125 ± 0.05 Sn particles/ion for 380 C. Temperature enhanced sputtering has been seen in other liquid metals (namely lithium,tin–lithium,and gallium) using both ion beam and plasma irradiation. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Targeting metastatic breast cancer: problems and potential.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality of women in the United States. Since the majority of cancer deaths are due to metastases rather than the primary tumor, a better understanding of the biological mechanisms that lead to metastatic disease is critical to reduce breast cancer associated mortality. Current adjuvant therapies use the same broadly cytotoxic and targeted strategies against metastases as are used against the primary tumor. However, resistance to chemotherapy due to the cellular dormancy, high genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity between primary tumor and metastases as well as among individual metastases, and the limitations in detection of disseminated tumor cells and micrometastases significantly hinder the efficiency of currently available therapies. While it is crucial to directly address the issue of metastatic dormancy and evaluate for anti-metastatic therapy the relevance of molecular targets chosen based on primary tumor profiling, it is also imperative to address metastasis-specific mechanisms of growth and survival that are likely to be distinct from those of the primary tumor. We believe that a three-pronged approach to therapy will be necessary to deal with progressive disease: blocking of further dissemination after diagnosis; eradication of disseminated tumor cells and prevention of the dormant-to-proliferative switch of those remaining; and elimination of established metastatic tumors. The implementation of this strategy requires a greater depth of knowledge of metastasis driver and maintenance genes and suggests the need for a “Metastasis Genome Atlas” project to complement the current investigations into cancer genomic landscapes.
Wisdom, Sense Perception, Nature and Philo's Gender Gradient

Apanorama of female figures people the writings of Philo of Alexandria, ranging from the most sublime to the most debased. Amid this colorful array of characters are three female personifications of important conceptual constructs in Philo's worldview—Wisdom (ἡ σοφία), sense perception (ἡ αἴσθησις), and Nature (ἡ φύσις). Like the concepts they represent, these figures have little in common, and it is hard to reconcile their heterogeneity with what Philo says about the “female” as a category in itself. Here the data become particularly contradictory and confusing, for Philo's gender categories are among the most rigid and consistently applied principles of his thought. My purpose here is to try to unravel this rather glaring inconsistency between Philo's narrow perception of gender and the breadth of his female characterization as displayed by these three figures.
Effect of gender on lipid kinetics during endurance exercise of moderate intensity in untrained subjects

We evaluated lipid metabolism during 90 min of moderate-intensity (50% V˙o 2 peak) cycle ergometer exercise in five men and five women who were matched on adiposity (24 ± 2 and 25 ± 1% body fat, re...
Dynamic Pragmatics, or Why We Shouldn't Be Afraid of Embedded Implicatures *

This paper examines a particular case of embedded pragmatic effect, here dubbed local pragmatic enrichment. I argue that local enrichment is fairly easily accommodated within semantic theories which take content to be structured. Two standard approaches to dynamic semantics, DRT and Heimian CCS, are discussed as candidates. Focusing on cases of local enrichment of disjuncts in clausal disjunctions, I point out that in these cases, local enrichment is driven by global felicity requirements, demonstrating that the local/global distinction is not a simple dichotomy.
In the beginning, there was the cell: cellular homeostasis

In the past 5 years, the biomedical, scientific community has sequenced the genomes of several organisms (including Homo sapiens), has cloned entire organisms and has determine the molecular struct...
Tethered cord syndrome in adults.

Abstract RE: Gupta SK, Khosla VK, Sharma BS, Mathuria SN, Pathak A, Tewari MK. Tethered cord syndrome in adults. Surg Neurol 1999;52:362–70. The authors present a series of 18 adult patients with tethered cord syndrome who were evaluated with MRI. The most frequent MRI finding was a low-lying cord with an intradural and/or extradural lipoma; MRI findings correlated well with operative findings. Pain was relieved in eight of nine patients after surgery, but sphincter dysfunction improved in only two of six patients. The authors recommend surgical treatment of all adult patients with tethered cord syndrome.
Label switched multi-path forwarding in wireless ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we present an architectural view of label switched wireless ad hoc networks, in which each forwarding node is a wireless label switching router. Particularly we propose the wireless ad-hoc label switching (WALS) protocol. The protocol can establish locally disjoint label switched multi-path (LSMP) in ad hoc networks with no requirement for signaling. The 802.11 data frame header is extended to carry label and flow information for multi-path setup and packet forwarding. Data packets are simultaneously forwarded over multiple locally disjoint paths according to the attached label. It is possible that a node receives multiple copies of the same packet from different upstream nodes in multi-path forwarding. The techniques to detect and suppress such duplicates are discussed.
Mutual Optimism and War

Working with the definition of mutual optimism as war due to inconsistent beliefs, we formalize the mutual optimism argument to test the theory's logical validity. We find that in the class of strategic situations where mutual optimism is a necessary condition for war—i.e., where war is known to be inefficient, war only occurs if both sides prefer it to a negotiated settlement, and on the eve of conflict war is self-evident—then there is no Bayesian-Nash equilibrium where wars are fought because of mutual optimism. The fundamental reason that mutual optimism cannot lead to war is that if both sides are willing to fight, each side should infer that they have either underestimated the strength of the opponent or overestimated their own strength. In either case, these inferences lead to a peaceful settlement of the dispute. We also show that this result extends to situations in which there is bounded rationality and/or noncommon priors.
Dispersion effects on the detuning properties of actively harmonic mode-locked fiber lasers.

Detuning properties for actively harmonic mode-locked fiber lasers has been studied both theoretically and experimentally while taking into account of finite cavity dispersions. The theoretical work is based on the self-consistent time domain circulating pulse method. By keeping terms which are usually neglected in previous studies, we have derived an analytic formula which can predict the saturation behavior associated with large modulation frequency detuning. It is found that for the case of medium cavity dispersion, both the pulse-modulator RF phase lag and the optical carrier frequency of the circulating pulse will change significantly as a function of the modulation frequency detuning. The analytical results are supported by both the numerical simulations as well as the experimental measurements. Our theory can potentially serve as a design guidance for cavity length feedback control of harmonic mode-locked fiber lasers.
Marital Status Discrimination: A Proposal for Title Vii Protection

This Article proposes amending Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to protect marital status discrimination. In doing so, this Article seeks to overcome two injustices in the law. The first injustice is when an employer terminates an employee because the employer disapproves of the employee's marital status for moral reasons. Because such terminations involve invidious and arbitrary decisions by an employer that are not based on the skill or qualifications of an employee, they should be prohibited. However, less than half of the states protect against marital status discrimination, leaving an employee's freedom to be protected from this type of discrimination dependent on the state in which he lives. Even though this is troubling, it is not itself a sufficient reason for protecting marital status under federal law. Instead, I am more concerned with protecting marital status discrimination because of the effect that companies' "no-spouse" or "anti-nepotism" policies have on women. This Article reveals that when a married couple who works together is or becomes subject to a no-spouse rule (forcing one of them to quit), it is usually the woman who does so. This is because it is most often the woman who earns less money and whose job is seen as second in the couple's relationship (perhaps because of time taken for childbirth and rearing). Because our sex discrimination laws have not adequately protected against the disparate effect no-spouse rules have on women, this Article proposes that marital status be protected under federal law. This Article also proposes that Congress adopt a broad interpretation of marital status because a narrow interpretation (adopted by some states) only prohibits the discrimination if it is based on the "status" of being married. A no-spouse rule might not violate the marital status provision because the rule is seen as discriminating not just because of the status of being married but because of the identity of the spouse. A broad or "identity" interpretation would prohibit no-spouse rules because it would protect against discrimination based on both the status of being married and the identity of an employee's spouse. Finally, because I recognize that there are some situations where employers have a legitimate reason for not wanting married employees working together; this proposed amendment to Title VII would include a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) defense which would allow an employer to prohibit married employees from directly supervising one another.
Kinetics stabilized doping: computational optimization of carbon-doped anatase TiO2 for visible-light driven water splitting

Using density functional theory calculation we investigate the carbon doping of anatase TiO2, a technique widely studied for visible-light driven water splitting. By a detailed analysis of the thermodynamics of C defects in TiO2, we show that any significant concentration of C dopants in the TiO2 lattice must be a result of non-equilibrium doping, which emphasizes the importance of kinetics stabilized C defects. Based on the band gaps calculated using hybrid density functionals, we exclude the possibility of C occupying Ti lattice sites or interstitial sites to enhance visible-light absorption of TiO2, as extensively discussed in the literature. Also, the recently proposed defect with a CO species occupying two O sites yields a too small band gap for water splitting. Two defects that can effectively reduce the band gap for the water splitting application are identified to be: (1) the CO-VO complex, i.e., a C substituting for O (CO) paired with an O vacancy (VO) and (2) the (C2)2O complex with a C dimer (C2) occupying two neighboring O vacancies. Compared with the CO-VO complex, (C2)2O exhibits strong binding (greater than 2.5 eV) between the two C atoms, which could significantly enhance its kinetic stability to survive from high temperature annealing. With a reduced band gap of about 1.4 eV, carbon dimers could be ideal for kinetic doping of anatase TiO2 to enhance its visible-light activity in photocatalytic reactions. Molecular doping using C2H2 or C2H4 as C precursors has been proposed to introduce the carbon dimers into TiO2.
Tests of Intellectual Abilities

Disturbances of the intellectual functions—those mental activities having to do with the processing of information—figure very prominently in symptom constellations of brain damage. As a result, intellectual functions have received a great deal of attention from neuropsychologists.
Using microsatellite DNA to determine whether American Hazelnut Clumps are multiclonal

We have been selecting high yielding American hazelnut (Corylus americana) from wild populations. Because hazelnuts tend to have a spreading growth form, it was unclear whether phenotypic variation among the individual stems of a clump was due to multiple genotypes which had grown together. This would significantly complicate selection. In order to determine if these bushes were single genotypes, we collected leaf samples from the four cardinal directions from each of 23 high producing stems. These were analyzed for 4–6 microsatellite loci. We determined that of the 23 selections, 5 were composed of more than one genotype. Additionally, one clump had one allele on one direction that was different (likely allele dropout from a heterozygote where one allele did not amplify correctly). Overall, the majority of clumps (78 %) were composed of a single genotype. This suggests that selecting at the level of “clump” is viable. Additionally, we noticed that within our selection sites, certain plants seemed to function only as males (produced male catkins but seldom produced female flowers) while others produced copious female flowers and subsequently nuts. Within one site, we selected 20 hazelnuts with both male and female flowers and 19 with only male flowers. Using the same microsatellite techniques for 10 loci, we assessed whether there were obvious genetic differences between these types of plants. Overall, there was no difference between plants that bore female flowers and those that did not. Microsatellite DNA techniques are becoming a more useful tool for selection of potential agroforestry crops from wild populations.
miR-34 activity is modulated through 5′-end phosphorylation in response to DNA damage

MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is tightly regulated by several mechanisms, including transcription and cleavage of the miRNA precursor RNAs, to generate a mature miRNA, which is thought to be directly correlated with activity. MiR-34 is a tumour-suppressor miRNA important in cell survival, that is transcriptionally upregulated by p53 in response to DNA damage. Here, we show for the first time that there is a pool of mature miR-34 in cells that lacks a 5'-phosphate and is inactive. Following exposure to a DNA-damaging stimulus, the inactive pool of miR-34 is rapidly activated through 5'-end phosphorylation in an ATM- and Clp1-dependent manner, enabling loading into Ago2. Importantly, this mechanism of miR-34 activation occurs faster than, and independently of, de novo p53-mediated transcription and processing. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of rapid miRNA activation in response to environmental stimuli occurring at the mature miRNA level.
An Investigation of the Harbor Pilot Concept for Single Pilot Operations

Abstract Commercial aviation is expected to see an average growth of 3.7% per year over the next five years. At the same time, regional airlines are expressing concerns that they are unable to find a sufficient number of pilots who meet the minimum number of required flight hours and certifications. One option for handling the increased demand for, and reduced supply of, pilots is to better distribute the pilots already employed. This could be accomplished by reducing the number of required crewmembers on the flight deck from two to one. However, a significant challenge to the implementation of a single pilot crew is the increase in workload a single pilot would face especially in complex airspace. The harbor pilot is one concept of operations that has been proposed to deal with the potentially serious problem. In this concept, the harbor pilot is a ground operator whose job it is to help arriving single pilot aircraft navigate the complex terminal area airspace. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of the harbor pilot concept by measuring the workload and performance of harbor pilots during a series of back-to-back simulated arrival procedures. Preliminary results show that harbor pilots rate their workload generally low and indicate that the maximum consecutive normal approaches that they are able to complete in a row is about four to six, provided they are not emergency situations.
Stimulation of Mitosis in Rat Marrow Cultures by Serum From Infected Rats.

SummarySerum from acutely infected rats produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in mitotic index of rat marrow cells in short-term tissue cultures. These results suggest that a serum-borne marrow-stimulating substance may play a part in producing the characteristic peripheral granulocytosis which normally accompanies acute infection.
Effect of interferon on RNA synthesis in Sindbis virus infected cells.

SummaryIt has been shown that CE cells put into simulated suspension cultures by versene are capable of supporting the growth of Sindbis virus, and that chicken interferon prevents this virus growth. Under these conditions, an inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis is generally detectable within 1 1/2 hours after infection in the absence of interferon. Pretreatment of the cells with chicken interferon, but not mouse interferon, prevents the development of this virus-induced inhibition. It is suggested that the action of interferon may be on a very early phase of virus replication.
Development and Its Trend of Assembling Capacitor

Since operation in 1985, assembling capacitor has a rapid development due to its simple wiring, small occupation area and reliable operation. It developed to its peak at the end of last century with market share of approximately 45%. However, with the development of full film insulation technology, its advantage of small occupation area decreases gradually and the problem of not high operation reliability is becoming more and more outstanding, which leads to its market share down around 20%. Therefore, the assembling capacitor has faced the problem on how to develop in the next step. In this paper, the author expresses his opinion to provide reference for the readers.
Determination of dimethyl fumarate in foods with ultrasonic extraction by gas chromatography

Objective:To develop a packed column gas chromatography method for the determination of dimethyl fumarate in flour and cakes.Methods: After ultrasonic extraction with ethyl acetate,the analyte was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector.Results: The limit of detection was 10 mg/kg.The calibration curve had good linearity in the range of 0 μg～300 μg,the mean recoveries were between 89.0% and 97.6% and the relative standard derivations were lower than 5.0%.Conclusion: This method was proved to be simple,rapid and accurate.It is suitable for determination of dimethyl fumarate in flour and cakes.
Accumulation of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in the nuclei of lung cancer cells mediates radiation resistance

// Chuncheng Hao 1, 2 , Ruping Shao 1 , Uma Raju 3 , Bingliang Fang 1 , Stephen G. Swisher 1 , Apar Pataer 1 1 Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA 2 Current Address: Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, the Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 3 Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA Correspondence to: Apar Pataer, e-mail: apataer@mdanderson.org Keywords: lung cancer, PKR, radiation sensitivity Received: February 04, 2016 Accepted: April 28, 2016 Published: May 18, 2016 ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that radiation induced cell death in PKR (-/-) deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) but not in PKR (+/+) wild type MEFs. Our study indicated that PKR can also be involved in survival pathways following radiation therapy through activation of the AKT survival pathways in these MEFs is mediated in part through PKR. The role of PKR on radiation sensitivity in cancer cells has not been evaluated. In this study, we demonstrated that radiation treatment causes nuclear translocation of PKR in human lung cancer cells. The transduction of lung cancer cells with a dominant negative adenoviral PKR vector blocks nuclear translocation of PKR and leads to the reversal of radiation resistance. Plasmid transduction of lung cancer cells with nuclear targeted wild type PKR vectors also increased radiation resistance. This effect is selectively abrogated by plasmid transduction of dominant negative PKR vectors which restore radiation sensitivity. These findings suggest a novel role for PKR in lung cancer cells as a mediator of radiation resistance possibly through translocation of the protein product to the nucleus.
A History of Chile, 1808–2002: The Chilean road to socialism, 1970–73

As in the classic Greek tragedies, everybody knows what will happen, everybody says they do not wish it to happen, and everybody does exactly what is necessary to bring about the disaster…. – Radomiro Tomic to General Carlos Prats (August 1973) Born into a comfortable, if not affluent, Valparaiso family, Salvador Allende (he was 62 in 1970) had originally wanted to become a physician, like his respected paternal grandfather, Ramon Allende Padin, the Radical politician and Serene Grand Master of Chilean freemasonry. (Allende himself was a loyal and lifelong freemason.) While studying medicine, he discovered firsthand the appalling conditions of the poor, and in particular their medical situation – malnutrition, infant mortality, congenital disease. Though he qualified as a doctor, politics gradually superseded medicine as his real vocation. He was active in the FECH, and was briefly jailed during the Ibanez dictatorship. He quickly rose to prominence in the fledgling Socialist party of the 1930s, was elected a deputy for Valparaiso in 1937, and served as minister of Health between 1939 and 1942. In 1945 he became a senator, and remained in the upper house (rising to be its president in 1966) until he moved to the Moneda. He was a politician to the marrow of his bones. There can be no denying the enthusiasm with which allendistas greeted the new government and which remained alive for many (if not most) of them while it ran its course. The Left had come into its own at long last.
Overall Safety of Peroxides

Current tooth whiteners contain peroxides as active ingredients, which release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the process of application. The primary source of safety concerns with the peroxide-based tooth whiteners is the capability of H2O2 to produce oxidative free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been associated with various pathological consequences including carcinogenesis and degenerative diseases. This chapter will review and discuss toxicology of H2O2, its presence in the human body, and its potential systemic effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity on the basis of evidence available in the literature.
CHAPTER 43 – Pesticide Percutaneous Absorption and Decontamination

This chapter focuses on pesticide percutaneous absorption and decontamination, and its major processes and outcomes. Human skin is a primary body organ that contacts the environment and is a route by which pesticides enter the body. Human skin is designed to retain body fluids and act as a barrier to the environment. This barrier can be crossed by a process called percutaneous absorption. It is a primary focal point for dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology. Local and systemic toxicity depend on a chemical penetrating the skin. The skin is both a barrier to absorption and a primary route to the systemic circulation. The major processes of estimating absorption are: biological or pharmacological response; in vitro methodology; skin flaps, and stripping method. Human absorption differs in regions of the body, and clothing can be a partial barrier. However, pesticides have managed to cross those barriers, leading to illness and death. Although decontamination of a chemical from the skin is commonly done by washing with soap and water, recent evidence suggests that the skin and the body are often unknowingly subjected to enhanced penetration and systemic absorption or toxicity because the decontamination procedure does not work or may actually enhance absorption.
Design of CMOS telemetry circuits for in-vivo wireless sonomicrometry

In this paper we present the design and implementation of CMOS telemetry circuits that can be used for in-vivo wireless sonomicrometry. The proposed transmitter circuit uses a digital pulse modulator that directly drives a sonomicrometry crystal using a train of ultra-wide-band pulses. The receiver is also designed using a pulse modulator which is configured to measure the energy of the ultrasonic pings received by the crystal. Using measured results from a prototype fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS process we verify the operation of the telemetry circuits and using 1mm diameter sonomicrometry crystals we present measurement results using three types of phantom setups: (a) a saline bath; (a) a chicken bone/bone-marrow; and (b)chicken breast and tissue. The measurement results demonstrate that for the three phantoms the integrated telemetry system can be used for bi-directional data transfer at a rate of 1 Kbps with a power dissipation of 611 μW.
Malignant B Cells Skew the Balance between Treg Cell and TH17 Cell Differentiation in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).

Numerous clinical therapies have attempted to modulate tumor cell immunity, but for the most part, have proven unsuccessful. The inability to produce or augment an effective immune response is due in part to regulatory T (T reg ) cells, which inhibit CD4 and CD8 T cell function. Our group has recently shown that T reg cell numbers are elevated in NHL tumors and that NHL B cells induce the development of T reg cells thereby inhibiting anti-tumor responses. The ability of NHL B cells to direct the cellular composition of their microenvironment is critical to our understanding of tumor immunity and we therefore wanted to determine if NHL B cells also directed the expansion or reduction of other T cell populations. IL-17-secreting CD4 + T cells (T H 17), a newly characterized CD4 + T helper cell lineage, promote inflammation and play an important role in autoimmune disease. IL-17 has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth suggesting a potential role for T H 17 cells in anti-tumor immunity. We therefore set out to determine if T H 17 cells were present in NHL tumors and whether or not their numbers were regulated by NHL B cells. Using unsorted mononuclear cells from malignant lymph nodes, we were unable to detect IL-17 expression in resting CD4 + T cells or CD4 + T cells activated with PMA/Ionomycin stimulation (less than 1%). However, IL-17-secreting CD4 + T cells could be detected in significant numbers in inflammatory tonsil and normal PBMCs. Interestingly, depletion of CD19 + NHL B cells from mononuclear cells obtained from patient biopsies resulted in detection of a clear population of IL-17-secreting CD4 + T cells (5%). These results suggest that NHL B cells suppress T H 17 cell differentiation. The frequency of IL-17-secreting CD4 + T cells could not be further enhanced by the addition of exogenous TGF-b and IL-6, a cytokine combination favoring for T H 17 differentiation, suggesting a further impairment of T H 17 cell differentiation in the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, Foxp3 expression could be detected in resting CD4 + T cells (30%) and could be induced in CD4 + CD25 − Foxp3 − T cells activated with TCR stimulation (28%). Contrary to the inhibition of TGF-b-mediated T H 17 differentiation, Foxp3 expression could be dramatically upregulated by TGF-b in intratumoral CD4 + T cells (35%). In addition, lymphoma B cells strongly enhanced Foxp3 expression in intratumoral CD4 + CD25 − Foxp3 − . Furthermore, when added together, the frequency of Foxp3 + T cells and Foxp3-inducible cells reached up to 60% of CD4 + T cells in tumor microenvironment of B-cell NHL. These findings suggest that the balance of effector T H 17 cells and inhibitory T reg cells is disrupted in B-cell NHL and significantly favors the development of inhibitory T reg cells. Our data indicate that lymphoma B cells are key factor in regulating differentiation of intratumoral CD4 + T cells toward inhibitory CD4 + T cells.
Joint Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in FFR-Based Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

Heterogeneous cellular network is considered as an important network architecture to improve spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Extensive research has revealed that spectral efficiency and energy efficiency could be two conflicting performance metrics under most scenarios. Toward the next generation 5G wireless systems, both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency become increasingly important. How to design a wireless system that jointly considers/optimizes these two performance metrics is critical yet challenging. This paper jointly analyzes the area spectral efficiency and area energy efficiency in a wireless heterogeneous network with inter-tier fractional frequency reuse. Proportional fairness resource allocation is used to balance the spectral efficiency and user fairness within each cell. A theoretical framework is formulated to analyze the area spectral efficiency and area energy efficiency in such a system. Fractional frequency reuse and proportional fairness resource allocation define the optimal power reduction factor and fractional bandwidth partition to maximize the joint area spectral efficiency and area energy efficiency. The system performance is evaluated by using the proposed scheme with different system parameter settings including base station densities, cell fractional bandwidth partition, power threshold, and base station power consumptions. The study shows that fractional frequency reuse with proper settings can significantly increase the area spectral efficiency and area energy efficiency in wireless heterogeneous networks.
An Updated Look at the Factors Contributing to the Final Selling Price of Auctioned Gift Cards

ABSTRACTMuch has changed in 10 years, and this study follows up on one previously published that employed linear regression on Home Depot gift cards sold on eBay, which utilized the standard auction format as a proxy for a homogeneous good. The previous study looked at data beginning in 2006 and found results indicating that a number of variables associated with the card influenced the percentage of total value obtained for the card. Gift cards are used much more widely today than previously, and eBay has many more fixed price listings than auctions. It is now much more difficult to see variables related to buyers, leave negative feedback, and accept anything but electronic payment. This article looks at a number of the variables examined in the first study and updates the findings using a dataset of Home Depot cards auctioned over a 2-month time period in 2016.
Distinguishing Characteristics of Elementary Schoolboys Recommended for SED Placement

As a total group, 170 boys aged 6 to 11 years who were referred for SED consid eration were characterized by limited mental health and educational intervention, noteworthy family stressors, and externalizing DSM-III psychiatric disorders, espe cially attention deficit disorder. The 100 boys recommended for SED placement were especially distinguished by multiple family stressors, serious dysfunction ac cording to clinician ratings, and complex diagnostic pictures. The findings lend support to current revision of Public Law 94-142 SED criteria, as well as suggest directions for the prevention and treatment of SED students. Dissatisfaction continues with the Public Law 94-142 definition of seriously emotionally dis turbed. The imprecision of its criteria has led to varying interpretations by states, often to the detriment of students with serious behavioral and/or emotional problems who may need specialized intervention in school. Critics who have reviewed identification and placement is sues for such students (Forness, 1988; Smith, Wood, & Grimes, 1988) have emphasized the need for uniform terminology, definition, eligibility criteria, and data collecting proce dures. In response, the Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders in cooperation with the other groups in the National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition has been developing a new definition for "emotional or behavioral disorder" to resolve terminology and definition issues (CCBD, 1989). The development of a more acceptable definition could be enhanced by more specific data on the characteristics of children and adolescents recommended for special classes for students with serious social and emotional disturbance (SED; Kauffman, Cullinan, & Epstein, 1987). A clearer understanding of the characteristics of students currently being re ferred to SED classrooms could also help educators determine appropriate initial identifica tion factors. Our earlier work suggests that more comprehensive investigation of potential SED students may indicate other background factors (e.g., family stressors) which might aid in the identification of pupils who need SED placement (Mattison et al., 1986). Such expand ed research concerning the assessment of potential SED students is consistent with educa tors' suggestions to study the family environment more closely (McGinnis, Kiraly, & Smith, 1984; Wood, Smith, & Grimes, 1985) as well as to use multiple sources of data (Smith et al., 1988). The purpose of the current study was to investigate educational, family, and psychiatric diagnosis characteristics of elementary schoolboys aged 6 to 11 years who were evaluated for SED placement. We hypothesized that specific characteristics would emerge which would significantly differentiate the boys recommended for SED placement from the boys recommended for other educational intervention. Then we wished to rank their order of im portance. Such factors could prove valuable in suggesting precursors of SED eligibility that may be helpful in early identification.
HIV/AIDS: Transmission, Treatment, and Prevention, Economics of

At the end of 2011, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV with approximately 69% of all people living with HIV, despite representing only 12% of the global population. This article discusses the economics of HIV/AIDS, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa, by exploring three topics: transmission, prevention, and treatment. The Section ‘HIV Prevention’ reviews the recent advances in both biomedical prevention and behavioral interventions. The Section ‘AIDS Treatment’ reviews briefly the literature on adherence to treatment before presenting the evidence about the socioeconomic benefits of antiretroviral treatment. The article also addresses the intersection between AIDS treatment and HIV prevention. It stresses the importance of behavioral responses, rather than biomedical interventions, as important mediators of HIV transmission and of the efficacy of HIV prevention and AIDS treatment.
Young athletes after ACL reconstruction with quadriceps strength asymmetry at the time of return-to-sport demonstrate decreased knee function 1 year later

Quadriceps femoris (QF) strength deficits at return-to-sport (RTS) after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) contribute to decreased knee function at the same time point. However, the impact of QF strength at RTS on longitudinal function has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that young athletes after ACLR with QF strength asymmetry at RTS would demonstrate decreased knee-related function and lower proportions of functional recovery at 1 year post-RTS compared to young athletes following ACLR with nearly symmetric QF strength at RTS. Participants included 76 young athletes (74% female; mean age at RTS = 17.3 years) after primary, unilateral ACLR, cleared to RTS, and followed for 1 year after RTS. At the time of RTS, QF strength was quantified on an isokinetic dynamometer and a Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) was calculated [(involved/uninvolved) × 100%]. The cohort was subdivided into two groups based on RTS QF LSI: high quadriceps (HQ; LSI ≥ 90%; n = 36) and low quadriceps (LQ; LSI < 85%; n = 36). The cohort was followed for 1 year post-RTS, and knee-related function was assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective form (IKDC), the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and LSI of single-leg hop tests. Functional recovery at 1 year post-RTS was defined as KOOS scores above literature-reported cut-offs. While the HQ group demonstrated higher symmetry on all 1 year post-RTS hop tests, only the triple-hop test (p = 0.020) was found to be statistically different. Similarly, while the HQ group scored higher on all 1 year post-RTS self-reported knee function measures, only differences on the KOOS-Sport/Rec score (p = 0.039) and IKDC score (p = 0.011) were statistically different. Additionally, the HQ group demonstrated higher proportions of functional recovery at 1 year post-RTS than the LQ group on the KOOS-Symptoms (HQ: 88.9%, LQ: 69.4%; p = 0.040) and KOOS-Sport/Rec (HQ: 91.7%, LQ: 69.4%; p = 0.017). Young athletes after ACLR with QF strength asymmetry at RTS demonstrated decreased knee-related function and lower proportions of functional recovery at 1 year post-RTS. However, group differences did not exceed reported minimal clinically important difference values. Further study is warranted to understand factors that contribute to longitudinal knee function after ACLR. Clinicians should focus on restoring symmetric QF strength at RTS after ACLR, which may promote higher longitudinal knee function. Level II, Prospective cohort study.
Abstract 18201: Pregnancy Associated Acute Myocardial Infarction due to Spontaneous Coronary Dissection: Clinical Characteristics and Effect on Maternal and Fetal Outcome

Background: Spontaneous coronary dissection (SCAD) is the most common mechanism of pregnancy-associated myocardial infarction (MI). Because of the rarity of this condition, most available informati...