cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth factor neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: Long-term effects of AAV2-BDNF gene delivery in the entorhinal cortex of non-human primates

deleting these protease genes on memory deficits in the AD mouse model expressing human APP containing the WT beta-secretase site sequence and the London gamma-secretase site (APPWT/Lon mice), as well as the effects of administering the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d on memory deficits in that model. Methods: Firstly, transgenic APPWT/Lon mice with deletion of the cathepsin B or BACE1 gene were generated. Secondly, APPWT/Lonmicewere treated with E64d by oral administration. Both gene deletion and E64d treated animals were assessed for memory deficits by the Morris water maze test, for brain amyloid plaques by immunohistophathology, and for brain Abeta peptides and APP-derived fragments by ELISA and western analyses. Results: Knockout of the CatB gene in the APPWT/Lon mice improved memory deficits and altered the pattern of Abeta-related biomarkers in a manner consistent with CatB having WT beta-secretase activity. But deletion of the BACE1 gene had no effect on these parameters in the APPWT/Lon mice. These data are the first to show that knockout of a putative beta-secretase gene results in improved memory in an AD animal model expressing the WT beta-secretase site sequence of APP, present in the majority of AD patients. Furthermore, treatment of these mice with E64d, by oral administration, resulted in improvedmemory deficits and reduced brain Abeta.Conclusions: CatB may be an effective drug target and E64d may be an effective oral therapeutic agent for improving memory deficits in the majority of AD patients.
Mechanical property evaluation and failure analysis of cantilevered LIGA nickel microposts

An experimental apparatus has been built to measure the elastic modulus and bending strength (modulus of rupture) of LIGA nickel posts. The apparatus uses the static cantilever beam bending approach to measure mechanical properties in a direction parallel to the growth direction. Experimental results are presented for two sets of largely identical posts constructed using an overplating method. One set was electroplated using a Watts bath, and the other set was electroplated using a sulfamate bath. For the Watts bath, the measured modulus of elasticity was slightly lower than that of bulk nickel (182 GPa), while, for the sulfamate bath, it was approximately half (93 GPa). The strength properties of the two sets of posts also differ dramatically. Microhardness measurements, Focused Ion Beam (FIB) images of grain structure, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of failure regions are used to further characterize and explain the differences in the results. This integrated testing approach yields a consistent set of data regarding material properties, grain size/structure and failure mechanisms. Potential sources of experimental error are also identified and improvements in experiment design are suggested to reduce these errors.
RT-MaC: runtime monitoring and checking of quantitative and probabilistic properties

Correctness of a real-time system depends on its computation as well as its timeliness and its reliability. In recent years, researches have focused on verifying correctness of a real-time system during runtime by monitoring its execution and checking it against its formal specifications. Such verification method is called runtime verification. Most existing runtime verification tools verify computation correctness using qualitative property specifications but do not verify timeliness or reliability correctness. In this paper, we investigate the verification on timeliness and reliability correctness by offering quantitative and probabilistic property specifications and implementing efficient verifiers.
Mapping an invasive plant, Phragmites australis, in coastal wetlands using the EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral sensor

Mapping tools are needed to document the location and extent of Phragmites australis, a tall grass that invades coastal marshes throughout North America, displacing native plant species and degrading wetland habitat. Mapping Phragmites is particularly challenging in the freshwater Great Lakes coastal wetlands due to dynamic lake levels and vegetation diversity. We tested the applicability of Hyperion hyperspectral satellite imagery for mapping Phragmites in wetlands of the west coast of Green Bay in Wisconsin, U.S.A. A reference spectrum created using Hyperion data from several pure Phragmites stands within the image was used with a Spectral Correlation Mapper (SCM) algorithm to create a raster map with values ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 represented the greatest similarity between the reference spectrum and the image spectrum and 1 the least similarity. The final two-class thematic classification predicted monodominant Phragmites covering 3.4% of the study area. Most of this was concentrated in long linear features parallel to the Green Bay shoreline, particularly in areas that had been under water only six years earlier when lake levels were 66 cm higher. An error matrix using spring 2005 field validation points (n=129) showed good overall accuracy—81.4%. The small size and linear arrangement of Phragmites stands was less than optimal relative to the sensor resolution, and Hyperion's 30 m resolution captured few if any pure pixels. Contemporary Phragmites maps prepared with Hyperion imagery would provide wetland managers with a tool that they currently lack, which could aid attempts to stem the spread of this invasive species.
Environmental research from here and there: : Numerical modelling labs as heterotopias

This paper examines the production of local and remote knowledge about the flows of a large Italian lake (Lake Como) on the basis of a dual ethnographic engagement with lake fishermen and computer modellers. The focus is the relationship between these two ways of knowing a lake, in relation to the lake itself and the places where the knowledge is produced. I first argue that despite being seemingly located at different edges of the environmental knowledge spectrum—the local and the remote and computer- mediated—the fishermen's and scientists' knowledges emerge from similar forms of skilled engagement in their respective environments. In other words, knowledge develops in place and fisherman and scientist do not know the same place in different ways; rather they know different places in similar ways. This raises the question of what kind of places these environmental modelling labs and offices are, and how they relate to the places they talk about, which are located elsewhere. I propose here the use of Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia to model this complex articulation of the 'here' and 'there' in environmental modelling.
Heterogeneous Integration of InGaAs Nanowires on the Rear Surface of Si Solar Cells for Efficiency Enhancement

Wedemonstrateenergy-conversion-efficiency(η)enhancementof silicon (Si) solarcells by the heterogeneous integration of anInxGa1� xAs nanowire (NW) array on the rear surface. The NWs are grown via a catalyst-free, self- assembled method on Si(111) substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Heavily p-doped InxGa1� xAs (x ≈ 0.7) NW arrays are utilized asnotonlyback-reflectorsbutalsolowbandgaprear-point-contactsoftheSisolar cells.ExternalquantumefficiencyofthehybridInxGa1� xAsNW-Sisolarcellisincreasedovertheentiresolarresponsewavelengthrange;and ηisenhanced by 36% in comparison to Si solar cells processed under the same condition without the NWs.
Optimum Size of Dairy Plants as Determined by Survivor Analysis

Abstract This analysis sought to approximate the limits to optimum size among dairy processing plants and to determine the relative importance of plants of optimum size. Optimum size, as defined, included plants of those size groups which maintained or increased their share of industry output over time. Typically those groups included small but growing proportions of the plants, with no determinable upper limits to size, which processed substantial and increasing proportions of the total product. The survivor technique is imprecise, particularly if group intervals are broad, plants operate in widely diverse environments, or there are serious lags in adjusting plant size to changing conditions. However, though findings should be interpreted with caution, they rest upon operating experience and the technique is comparatively quick and inexpensive; in some cases the only feasible means of estimating effective size for competitive survival.
Rates and risk factors for hepatitis B reactivation in a cohort of persons in the inactive phase of chronic hepatitis B-Alaska, 2001-2010.

Abstract Background A high prevalence of reactivation of hepatitis B has been documented among immunosuppressed individuals in the inactive phase of chronic hepatitis B; However, the proportion of and the risk factors for reactivation are largely unknown among non-immunosuppressed persons. Objectives Estimate the incidence rate of and risk factors for hepatitis B reactivation in a population-based cohort of persons in the inactive phase of chronic hepatitis B in Alaska. Study design A cohort of 414 Alaska Native Persons in the inactive phase of hepatitis B (HBV DNA Results A total of 36 (9%) persons had reactivation during 2984 person-years of follow-up, with an annual incidence of 1.2%. Persons aged ≥50 years (1.8%) at study entry had the highest incidence rates of reactivation although incidence rates were not significantly different by age group. Risk factors for hepatitis B reactivation were male sex (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.41; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.17–4.96), HBV DNA ≥ 1000 IU/mL at study entry (HR = 7.61; 95% CI: 2.81–20.6), and HBV genotype B (HR = 6.08; 95% CI: 1.32–28.0). Conclusions The incidence of hepatitis B reactivation was low during the 10 years of follow-up. However, given the higher risk of reactivation than their counterparts, males, and those with HBV DNA ≥ 1000 IU/mL need to be followed-up more frequently.
Rapid Detection of Isoniazid and Rifampin Resistance Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex from Cultures or Smear-Positive Sputa by Use of Molecular Beacons

The slow-growing nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex hinders the improvement of turnaround time for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. We designed a set of molecular beacons for the detection of isoniazid and rifampin resistance mutations in M. tuberculosis complex organisms from cultures or from N-acetyl-l-cysteine-NaOH-treated, smear-positive specimens. The performance of the molecular beacons was characterized by studying a total of 196 clinical isolates (127 drug-resistant isolates and 69 drug-susceptible isolates). For detection of isoniazid resistance, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 82.7 and 100%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) at a resistance prevalence of 10% were 100 and 98.11%, respectively. For detection of rifampin resistance, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 97.5 and 100%, and the PPV and NPV at a resistance prevalence of 2.0% were 100 and 99.95%, respectively.
Implementing the Rivest, Shamir, Adleman cryptographic algorithm on the Motorola 56300 family of digital signal processors

The Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA) algorithm [Rivest et al. 1978] is one of a class of cryptographic algorithms that utilize very large precision arithmetic. Multiplication, division, addition and subtraction typically need to be implemented with 512 or more bits precision-and the need for more precision grows as computational processing speeds increase. Digital signal processors are one natural way to create fast cryptographic systems because they have hardware optimized for fast arithmetic. The 56300 family of DSPs possesses characteristics that are well suited for this type of algorithm. These DSPs operate on 24 bit word sizes, and can do multiply accumulates in one clock cycle. We consider how to effectively apply these properties to obtain a fast implementation of algorithms used for RSA cryptography. The presentation is in three parts. The first section presents the RSA algorithm, with emphasis on the implementation approach use. The second section consists of a brief discussion of some salient architectural features of the 56300 family. Finally, we combine these two to obtain efficient implementations of the critical sections of the RSA algorithm.
Activation of creatine kinase-B and phospholamban gene expression in transformed latissimus dorsi muscle: evaluation of mRNA by polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract Latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) transformation following chronic stimulation is the critical requirement for its use in cardiac assist procedures. In order to identify one or two molecular markers that can be used to effectively monitor the LDM transformation, the modulation in the expression of creatine kinase (CK) and phospholamban (PLB) genes by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was examined. Continuousin situstimulation of left LDM was performed in four dogs for a period of 10 weeks after a vascular delay period of 2 weeks following surgery. For RT-PCR, gene-specific radiolabeled primers and equal amounts of cDNA synthesized from total RNA extracted from the LDM biopsies obtained at 4, 7, and 10 weeks of stimulation were used. A 2.6-fold increase in creatine kinase (brain type) (CK-B) mRNA was observed in transformed LDM compared to the control (P=0.004) following 10 weeks of stimulation. On the contrary, a 30% decline was observed in creatine kinase (muscle type) (CK-M) mRNA level. An increase up to eight-fold was also observed in PLB mRNA in stimulated LDM compared to the contralateral muscle (P=0.002). The PLB mRNA level in transformed LDM reached plateau and became comparable to that of normal heart after 7 weeks of stimulation. However, a sustained increase in CK-B mRNA level was observed until 10 weeks of stimulation. The level ofβ-actin mRNA used as control remained the same in both stimulated and control samples. Thus the increase in CK-B and PLB mRNA and downregulation of CK-M mRNA in transformed LDM, demonstrated here by RT-PCR, indicate a switch from anaerobic to aerobic potential of transformed LDM along with a change towards slow-twitch phenotype and provide valuable markers to monitor the effectiveness of muscle transformation in cardiomyoplasty.
A Joule-class, TEM00 spatial profile, narrow-linewidth laser system

A Joule-class, narrow-linewidth amplifier line delivering 20 ns pulses with a TEM00 spatial profile is presented. A Q-switched Nd:YAG oscillator with an intra-cavity volume Bragg grating (VBG) is used to seed the amplifier line. A series of flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG amplifiers consisting of a double-pass and two single-pass amplifiers boost the energy of the 21 ns pulses to 480 mJ. The presented amplifier line will be used for fundamental studies including remote Raman spectroscopy and ns filamentation.
The Elements of Examination of the Oral Cavity

The clinical examination of the oral cavity is straightforward and easily accomplished with minimum tissue manipulation or discomfort to patients. As with any physical examination, a standardized sequence and good lighting are important to assure accuracy. The procedure should take no more than 2 min to complete.
Unusual sequela of meconium peritonitis in an infant: massive contralateral extension of a hernial sac.

Meconium peritonitis may result in a number of genital manifestations, including inguinal and scrotal or labial hydrocele containing meconium or calcifications and hard tumor-like scrotal masses.1–3 We describe a patient with an unusual sequela of meconium peritonitis involving massive extension of a processes vaginalis to the contralateral anterior abdominal wall. To our knowledge this condition has not been reported previously.
Paternal Involvement and Perception Toward Fathers' Roles: A Comparison Between Japan and the United States

Using a representative sample of Japanese and American fathers and their adolescent children, this cross-national study examines the extent of paternal involvement and fathers' and children's perception toward their relationships. Consistent with the media image of involved fathers, we found that American fathers spend more time with their children than their Japanese counterparts. However, although American children's perception toward their fathers is associated with such interaction, Japanese children's views toward their fathers are not strongly related to the quantity of father-child interaction. Concerning fathers' evaluations, both American and Japanese men consider themselves understanding and feel closer to their children when they interact more frequently with their offspring. We conclude that a cross-national comparison of paternal involvement and perception toward fathers' roles must take into account different types of activities rather than aggregate time of father-child interaction. Several...
Predicting the impact of biocorona formation kinetics on interspecies extrapolations of nanoparticle biodistribution modeling.

Aim: To assess the impact of biocorona kinetics on expected tissue distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) across species. Materials & methods: The potential fate of NPs in vivo is described through a simple and descriptive pharmacokinetic model using rate processes dependent upon basal metabolic rate coupled to dynamics of protein corona. Results: Mismatch of time scales between interspecies allometric scaling and the kinetics of corona formation is potentially a fundamental issue with interspecies extrapolations of NP biodistribution. The impact of corona evolution on NP biodistribution across two species is maximal when corona transition half-life is close to the geometric mean of NP half-lives of the two species. Conclusion: While engineered NPs can successfully reach target cells in rodent models, the results may be different in humans due to the fact that the longer circulation time allows for further biocorona evolution.
Treatment of rotator-cuff pathologyin throwing athletes

The throwing athlete's shoulder is unique in many ways. The forces generated in the rotator cuff are extreme and can lead to injury due to either compression or tension. The evaluation of the thrower's shoulder must take into account the abnormalities inherent to these athletes. The information presented here represents our approach to throwers and the rotator cuff problems which are commonly encountered. Of particular importance is the attempt to treat every thrower conservatively. Only after failure of conservative measures will surgical intervention be considered. At the time of surgery, efforts are directed at not only relieving pain but also correcting any underlying pathology as it relates to pathologic laxity.
Interference Mitigation in Aeronautical Telemetry Systems using Kalman Filter

In this correspondence we present a new method for mitigating multipath and adjacent channel interference in aeronautical telemetry systems. The proposed method uses a linear equalizer that is derived using Kalman filtering theory, which has been used successfully for channel equalization for high-speed communication systems. We illustrate the proposed method with numerical examples obtained from simulations that show the improvement in bit error rate performance (BER) for two modulation schemes using (ARTM) tier-1 waveforms currently used in aeronautical telemetry systems.
Terrestrial deposition of aquatic insects increases plant quality for insect herbivores and herbivore density

1. Mobile organisms such as emergent aquatic insects can subsidise land with aquatic nutrients, creating a link between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. 2. Deposition of aquatic insects on land produces bottom-up effects in arthropod detritivore communities and may also affect plants and plant–herbivore interactions. 3. To investigate the effects of insect deposition on plant–herbivore interactions, we conducted a field experiment and surveys of tealeaf willow (Salicaceae; Salix phylicifolia Coste) and July highflyer caterpillars (Geometridae; Hydriomena furcata Thunberg) at lakes in Northeast Iceland with either high- or low-midge density and deposition to land. 4. It was found that willow at high-midge lakes had 8–11% higher nitrogen content compared with willow at low-midge lakes. In addition, natural caterpillar density was 4–6 times higher and caterpillars were 72% heavier at high-midge lakes than low-midge lakes. 5. A fully reciprocal caterpillar transplant experiment among willow at high- and low-midge lakes was performed to separate the influence of habitat and midge effects on caterpillar performance. 6. After transplant, pupae of July Highflyer caterpillars were on average 11% heavier at high-midge sites compared with low-midge sites. However, this difference was not statistically significant. 7. The present findings indicate that cross-ecosystem subsidies in the form of aquatic insects can increase plant foliar quality and the abundance of insect herbivores in recipient ecosystems.
Phreak the Speak: The Flawed Communications within Cyber Intelligentsia

This chapter will examine a fundamental dichotomy that has developed within the academic, technical and policy communities when it comes to understanding, advancing, and communicating work on cyberspace within global affairs. This distinct tendency today has technical cyber scholarship partially blind and deaf to important political ramifications while political cyber work remains partially illiterate and mute on cyberspace’s technical complexity. This dichotomy not only exists as an intellectual barrier between scholars of the hard and social sciences, it impinges on progressive cooperation between the political and technical communities. Consequently, there is a gap weakening the scope and reach of theoretical and empirical work on cyberspace in general. Indeed, this problem has the potential to become exponentially larger in the immediate future: not only are real-world professionals and scholars having trouble building bridges between obvious mutual interests, but this ‘Chinese knowledge wall’ separates each group respectively. Just as phreaking involves a subculture of specialists who experiment and toy with telecommunication systems, the intellectual, technical, and governmental worlds need a new generation of ‘phreak-scholars’ who are adept at building connections between these diverse, inter-related knowledge bases.
Multilingual Computational Semantic Lexicons in Action: The W YSINNW YG Approach to NLP

Much effort has been put into computational lexicons over the years, and most systems give much room to (lexical) semantic data. However, in these systems, the effort put on the study and representation of lexical items to express the underlying continuum existing in 1) language vagueness and polysemy, and 2) language gaps and mismatches, has remained embryonic. A sense enumeration approach fails from a theoretical point of view to capture the core meaning of words, let alone relate word meanings to one another, and complicates the task of NLP by multiplying ambiguities in analysis and choices in generation. In this paper, I study computational semantic lexicon representation from a multilingual point of view, reconciling different approaches to lexicon representation: i) vagueness for lexemes which have a more or less finer grained semantics with respect to other languages; ii) underspecification for lexemes which have multiple related facets; and, iii) lexical rules to relate systematic polysemy to systematic ambiguity. I build on a What You See Is Not Necessarily What You Get (WYSINNWYG) approach to provide the NLP system with the "right" lexical data already tuned towards a particular task. In order to do so, I argue for a lexical semantic approach to lexicon representation. I exemplify my study through a cross-linguistic investigation on spatially-based expressions.
Secondary Spread of Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 by Anuraphis middletonii

Aphids trapped in water pans near and within a planting of watermelon were identified and caged on virus indicator plants throughout the development of a watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) epidemic. With this technique, no vectors of primary inoculum were identified, but aphids transmitting WMV-2 within the field were detected when infection in watermelon reached 4%. Final mosaic incidence was 99%. Of all aphids trapped within the watermelon planting, 87% were Anuraphis middletonii (Thomas), a consistent natural vector.
Temporal variation in the diets of California Quail in western Oregon

This study was designed to describe dietary changes by comparison of information on long-term diet and plant food availability of California Quail ( Callipepla californica ) in western Oregon. We examined crops from 222 California Quail collected in 1976-78 and 1985-87. Diets included 14 key plant foods (annual frequency > 15%) among 53 taxa consumed; 10 of the 14 key foods were similar between time periods. Collectively, key foods contributed 87% of the diet by aggregate dry mass during 1985-87; six species of legumes (family Leguminosae) composed 67% of diet. Relative rankings of availabilities of key foods were similar between 1976-78 and 1985-87. This study revealed that quail were opportunistic within the group of key foods because 9 of the 14 key foods were consumed in different frequencies between the two periods. Legumes were an important dietary component in western Oregon because they composed the bulk of the diet, were among the most frequently consumed, and most were taken in substantially greater proportions than available.
Dose-effect relationship between pH and Ca~(2+) in HepG2 cell induced by H_2O_2

Objective To research the relationship of dose-effect between pH and Ca 2+ in HepG2 cell H_2O_2 in a model about cell apoptosis induced by H_2O_2.Methods We Cultivated HepG2 cells to let the number be 8×107/L,and designed four groups with different doses of H_2O_2:negative group,low dose group(50 μmol/L,middle dose group(100 μmol/L)and high dose group(200 μmol/L).Then we analysied the change of pH、Ca 2+ and apoptosis of HepG2 cell.Results There was apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by H_2O_2 and it was more obvious in high dose group(P0.01).The values of pH lower with different doses of H_2O_2 than negative group,but those were higher in middle dose group than other two testing groups.And the contents of Ca 2+ were higher than negative group.There was a relationship of dose-effect between Ca 2+ and H_2O_2.Conclusion The value of pH in HepG2 cell can be lower induced by ROS,and this change let Ca 2+ enter into cytoplasm and the result is that HepG2 cell will be apoptosis finally.But there is no relationship of dose-effect between the value of pH in HepG2 cell and H_2O_2,so we guess that there is different process about apoptosis of HepG2 cell induced by H_2O_2.
Evaluation of Fatigue Measurement Using Human Motor Coordination for Gesture-Based Interaction in 3D Environments

Benefits of immersive three-dimensional (3D) applications are enhanced by effective 3D interaction techniques. While gesture-based interaction provides benefits in these types of environments users commonly report higher fatigue than with other interaction solutions. Typically, fatigue is measured subjectively but may lack precision, consistency and depth. Our research proposes a novel, more consistent and predictable measure of fatigue. This paper presents the details of our technique based on human motor coordination, the results of an experimental study on gesture-based interaction, identifies attributing causes for fatigue and outlines design guidelines to reduce fatigue for gesture-based interaction techniques. These results have implications for gesture-based or mid-air interaction techniques for 3D environments, such as virtual environments and immersive visualizations.
Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie (HPLC)

Die Hochleistungs-Flussigkeits-Chromatographie ist heute die leistungsfahigste Methode der Flussigkeits-Chromatographie (1). Deshalb steht dieses Kapitel auch am Ende der vier Teile umfassenden Einfuhrung in die Flussigkeits-Chromatographie. In den letzten Jahren hat die Technik der HPLC und die Anwendung dieser Methode trotz ihrer hohen Kosten einen enormen Aufschwung erfahren, und die HPLC wurde zu einer der wichtigsten Analysenmethoden in einem chemischen Labor. Auch die Anwendung der HPLC als praparative Methode scheint immer interessanter zu werden. Die heute kauflichen HPLC Gerate bestehen aus einem sehr aufwendigen Pumpensystem, das Gradientmischungen aus bis zu vier verschiedenen Losungsmittel liefert. Die Pumpen konnen dabei einen Druck bis zu 400 bar aufbringen. Weitere Bauteile des Systems sind die Saulen, die die stationaren Phasen enthalten und schlieslich ein Durchflusdetektionssystem, das nach unterschiedlichen Mesprinzipien arbeitet. Sehr oft wird die gesamte Anlage von einem Kleincomputer uberwacht und gesteuert. Die verfugbaren Saulen bringen auf einem Meter die fast unglaubliche Anzahl von 100000 theoretischen Boden auf. Bei der HPLC wird die Chromatographie im geschlossenen System unter fast idealen Bedingungen durchgefuhrt, so das daraus sehr gute Trennungen resultieren.
Gifts to the Nations: Ludwig Mond’s Art Collections in London and Rome

The home of the Monds at Winnington Hall at Northwich had already been a salon for travelers from Germany who were visiting the Brunner & Mond Works because they were businessmen and scientists. In the 1880s, that circle was expanded to include scholars, writers, painters, and musicians from Germany and England. Among them was the German composer Max Bruch, who stayed with his family for an extended period at the Mond’s house in 1883/1884; the violinist Hermann Richard Gompertz; Theresa Dabis, a Greek scholar and senior lecturer at the Royal Holloway College in Egham; the poet and literary critic Arthur Symons; the painters Ernst Meister and Sigismund Goetze; and the scientists Sir James Dewar and Sir Norman Lockyer.1 The Jean Paul and Louise Richter were invited personally by Ludwig Mond in the fall of 1883 and joined the Bruch family, spending several weeks at the Mond residence. Louise Richter wrote about their first visit in her autobiographic recollections:
Should Governments Tax the Rich and Subsidize the Poor? An Empirical Study of Opinion in the United States

The present study reports the findings of a survey conducted by the World Values Survey scientists in the United States on the question of whether governments should tax the rich and subsidize the poor. The sample size of 2166 consisted of individuals from all parts of the United States. A 10-point Likert Scale was used to determine the extent of agreement or disagreement with the question. Various demographic variables were also examined to determine whether differences between groups were significant. Demographic variables included gender, age, marital status, social class, education level, region of the country, religion and ethnicity.
Literacy Interventions for Secondary Students Formally Identified with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Trends and Gaps in the Research

There has historically been much less research on the literacy skills of adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) compared to the amount of intervention research targeting their behavior. Within the limited literacy research available, there are multiple issues that need to be addressed, including (a) a predominant focus on children in elementary school, (b) gender differences in students with EBD, and (c) variation in the labels of research participants. The purpose of this integrative, comprehensive review was to investigate these concerns and provide a summary of the data to guide future research studies. A total of 63 articles targeting the reading and/or writing skills of middle and high school students with EBD were identified, spanning 37 years of research (1980–2016). Analysis of the articles revealed that less than 15% of the participants were female, and the percentage of females included in this research has declined across time; 11 different labels have been used to describe research participants; oral reading fluency, persuasive writing, and reading comprehension were the three most common dependent variables; and less than 5% of studies took place in inclusive general education settings. Recommendations for practitioners serving students with EBD and for researchers are discussed.
NUMERICAL MODELS | General Circulation Models

Synopsis General circulation models (GCMs) are essential tools for climate studies. The history of the general circulation modeling is broadly divided into three phases characterized, respectively, by the rapid development of theories on large-scale atmospheric motion, development of early GCMs, and expansion of internal processes and use of higher resolutions. The scope of general circulation modeling is outlined. The basic approximations, boundary conditions, discretization of the governing equations, and the problem of parameterization of physical processes are addressed. Current trends toward unification and the reduction of the dependency of model physics on grid size are mentioned.
Gender, quality of life, and growth in Asia 1970 to 1990

This paper examines the gender distribution of the benefits of economic growth in several Asian economies from 1970-90. Using Borda rank ordering, we compare the progress made in these countries towards closing the gender gap in well-being. In addition to commonly-used indicators, trends in the ratio of females to males in the population are examined. We explore determinants of changes in this ratio, using regression analysis. The results indicate that gender equity in quality-of-life ratings is highest in those Asian economies that grew the slowest over the period in question. Further, the data indicate that economic growth does not have a significant effect on the female to male population ratios for this set of countries. Variables that affect women’s bargaining power do, however, have a positive effect on relative female life chances, as does spending on public education.
Transdisciplinary Benefits of Convergence in Big Data Analytics

Big Data applications can benefit from transdisciplinary convergence spanning multiple domains and opportunity areas. These big data applications in areas as diverse as healthcare, energy, and business must now process a tremendous volume of data and from a variety of data sources. New ways to process and store information beyond the standard three V’s of information characterization defined by volume, variety, and velocity are needed, to also include data variability and veracity. As such, volume and variety of data types alone pose significant challenges to timely and accurate analysis by human as well as machine operators. Although big data applications can instantiate human logic into executable code, process the volume of data quickly, and make correlations across the variety of data, leading to better analysis and predictive capabilities, the resulting conclusions are delimited by other key factors imposed by data velocity that limits immediate inferencing, data variability that limits data consistency, and data veracity that limits data quality. As these challenges are resolved in other disciplinary domains, the spillover benefits can be profound when transdisciplinary advances in one particular domain impact other domain application areas by way of convergence.
Engineering Consent: How the Design and Marketing of Newsroom Analytics Tools Rationalize Journalists’ Labor

As the reach and influence of audience analytics tools continue to grow in newsrooms, a burgeoning body of scholarship conceptualizes them as a form of managerial surveillance that seeks to standar...
Estimation of Lead Time via Low-Dose CT in the National Lung Screening Trial

Based on recent reports from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), smokers who were screened by low-dose computer tomography (LDCT) had a 20% lower chance of dying from lung cancer than those screened by chest X-rays. However, due to the complexities of lead time bias and over diagnosis, no formal test has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality. To correctly evaluate survival benefit due to early detection, it is critical to estimate lead time, the length of time that detection of a disease is advanced by screening. We applied a recently developed probability method to estimate lead time, using the LDCT data from NLST, where human lifetime was treated as random and derived from the actuarial life table of the US Social Security Administration. Using Bayesian posterior samples of key parameters extracted from the NLST-LDCT data, simulations on lead time were carried out on 16 hypothetical cohorts with four initial ages (55, 60, 65, and 70) and four future screening intervals (12, 18, 24, and 30 months). For each scenario, the estimated lead time for both screen-detected and interval cases is reported. Results show that the probability of no-early-detection (interval cases) increases monotonically when the screening interval increases for both genders. A male heavy smoker with an initial screening age at 60 has 11.65% (female 6.76%) chance of no-early-detection with annual screenings. This probability increases to 36.35% (female 28.26%) if the screenings were biennial. The mean lead time appears longer for women than for men. The mean lead time decreases when the screening interval increases, but it appears stable across different initial age groups. These results lay a foundation to evaluate survival benefit accurately with LDCT and to schedule future screening exams.
Fostering Resilience in Exceptional Children: The Search for Islands of Competence

Almost all mental health professionals and educators have taken required courses that focus on pathology. During my workshops about exceptional children—especially children with learning, attentional, and behavioral disorders—I typically ask the audience how many have had classes with such titles as Abnormal Psychology, or Psychopathology of Childhood, or Behavior Disorders in Children. Most hands are raised. In contrast, when I then ask how many have ever had a course titled Resilience in Children, at most one or two hands go up. Even professionals who have only recently completed their course work and training report a noticeable absence of any discussion about those factors that help youngsters with exceptional needs to confront adversity and lead more successful lives.
Disablement Model and Health-Related Quality of Life Classification for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Instruments

Context The National Institutes of Health created a medical research road map that included the development of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). A key feature o...
Lipocalin-2 Protects Against Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Targeting Hepatocytes

Hepatocytes are the major source of hepatic lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is up-regulated in response to inflammation, injury, or metabolic stress. So far, the role of hepatocyte-derived LCN2 in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. Herein we show that overexpression of human LCN2 in hepatocytes protects against high fat/high cholesterol/high fructose (HFCF) diet-induced liver steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and inhibiting de novo lipogenesis (DNL), lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. LCN2 fails to reduce triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes lacking sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. In contrast, Lcn2-/- mice have defective lipolysis, increased lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, and exacerbated NAFLD after being fed an HFCF diet. In primary hepatocytes, Lcn2 deficiency stimulates de novo lipogenesis but inhibits FAO. Conclusion: The current study indicates that hepatocyte LCN2 protects against diet-induced NAFLD by regulating lipolysis, FAO, DNL, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. Targeting hepatocyte LCN2 may be useful for treatment of NAFLD.
Structure and Magnetic Ordering of MII[N(CN)2]2 (M = Co, Ni)†

The reaction of [MII(OH2)6](NO3)2 (M = Co, Ni) and [N(CN)2]- leads to formation of isomorphous M[N(CN)2]2 [M = Co (2a), Ni (3)], respectively, while the reaction of [CoII(OH2)6](NO3)2 in 1% pyridin...
Enabling ICT adoption in developing Knowledge Societies

The deployment of ICT in its present form requires simultaneously mastering of many skills and having a developed infrastructure of human and technical resources. These are frequently lacking in regions remote from the affluent neighbourhoods of major cities, whether in developed or developing economies. Moreover, potential users in these developing Knowledge Societies may have different needs or a different balance of needs from the established user base. Such neighbourhoods of major cities already provide an ICT ecology and their users’ needs are heavily pre-determined by the prevailing Internet culture. In developing Knowledge Societies, however, the introduction of ICT — like any major infrastructure investment — is likely to be a communal decision, prioritised against other needs, and conditioned by local values. So the introduction of ICT into such a community needs to consider 1) what needs do we wish to meet, 2) what ICT infrastructure can meet those needs, and 3) how can we bootstrap the ICT ecology that will enable the deployment to become rapidly self-sustaining. The technology selection and deployment process thus requires a much broader assessment and the choices may — paradoxically — be wider than for an established Knowledge Society. In my contribution, I will propose a framework for preparing for the creation of a new Knowledge Society that is based in part on current experiments in developing economies and in part on a view of the evolution of the underlying technologies.
Far from Home and All Alone: The Impact of Prison Visitation on Recidivism

Tightening corrections budgets, the lack of a legal right to in-person prison visitation, and the increasing availability of video visitation have led many prison and jail administrators to consider limiting opportunities for in-person visitation. This is concerning given the large literature which argues inmates receiving in-person visits are less likely to recidivate upon release. On the other hand, these studies have not determined whether this relationship is causal or is instead driven by the correlation between receiving visits and having a network of family and friends that can offer support upon release. In this article, I estimate the causal effect of in-person visitation on recidivism using unique, administrative data from the Iowa Department of Corrections. I find that visitation itself, as currently implemented in Iowa, has no impact on recidivism. Instead, my results suggest prison policies that create meaningful support networks available to prisoners upon release may yield significant benefits.
Dynamics of strongly coupled two-component plasma via ultrafast spectroscopy.

A combination of ultrafast emission and transmission spectroscopy is presented that provides a model-independent temperature measurement and tracking of the expansion dynamics for a dense, strongly coupled plasma. For femtosecond laser breakdown of hydrogen gas at 10 bar, we observe a 30,000 K two-component plasma for hundreds of picoseconds where both electrons and protons have a strong coupling parameter value of $\Gamma \sim{0.5}$Γ∼0.5. Furthermore, the plasma’s degree of ionization (45%) results in a condition where the Debye screening length (6 A) is less than the interatomic spacing (13 A). Plasma formation occurs under an isochoric initial condition, which simplifies hydrodynamic modeling of the plasma channel expansion. The channel radius is found to accelerate at a constant rate until the front is moving with the speed of sound. Comparing hydrogen and deuterium for the same breakdown conditions grants unique insight into the hydrodynamics of strongly coupled plasma due to their nearly identical electronic structure yet large mass difference. The ultimate goal of these experiments is to access a plasma regime where continuum mechanics become nonlocal, as compared with the hydrodynamic motion described by the Navier–Stokes equations.
Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Fully Zwitterionic Triblock Copolymers

Zwitterionic polymers are a distinctive class of materials with unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, the synthesis of fully zwitterionic ABA triblock copolymers was achieved by c...
Inclusive Innovation in Technology Entrepreneurship: What Is It and How Can We Study It?

According to the 2016 report by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation entitled “The Demographics of Innovation in the United States”, only 12% of “U.S. innovators” are women, and onl...
Concentration-dependent Early Antivascular and Antitumor Effects of Itraconazole in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Itraconazole has been repurposed as an anticancer therapeutic agent for multiple malignancies. In preclinical models, itraconazole has antiangiogenic properties and inhibits Hedgehog pathway activity. We performed a window-of-opportunity trial to determine the biologic effects of itraconazole in human patients. Experimental Design: Patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had planned for surgical resection were administered with itraconazole 300 mg orally twice daily for 10–14 days. Patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and plasma collection for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses. Tissues from pretreatment biopsy, surgical resection, and skin biopsies were analyzed for itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole concentration, and vascular and Hedgehog pathway biomarkers. Results: Thirteen patients were enrolled in this study. Itraconazole was well-tolerated. Steady-state plasma concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole demonstrated a 6-fold difference across patients. Tumor itraconazole concentrations trended with and exceeded those of plasma. Greater itraconazole levels were significantly and meaningfully associated with reduction in tumor volume (Spearman correlation, −0.71; P = 0.05) and tumor perfusion (Ktrans; Spearman correlation, −0.71; P = 0.01), decrease in the proangiogenic cytokines IL1b (Spearman correlation, −0.73; P = 0.01) and GM-CSF (Spearman correlation, −1.00; P Conclusions: Itraconazole demonstrates concentration-dependent early antivascular, metabolic, and antitumor effects in patients with NSCLC. As the number of fixed dose cancer therapies increases, attention to interpatient pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differences may be warranted.
Simple suturing of the bladder neck muscle layer at the vesicourethral anastomosis site to the dorsal vein complex during anterior reconstruction led to a better postoperative urinary continence after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

To elucidate whether a modified technique for anterior reconstruction could improve urinary continence after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). Among 325 consecutive patients...