cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a multipurpose optical system for use with a centrifugal fast analyzer.

A Centrifugal Fast Analyzer is basically a sophisticated photometric measuring device containing a multicuvet rotor as its major component. Several reactions are simultaneously initiated in the rotor, which is then rotated through a stationary optical monitor and the resulting signals acquired and processed by an on-line data system. With the miniature version of this analyzer, one has the option of directing the incident optical beam, via a fiber optical bundle, into the cuvets of the spinning rotor in either a 90° or a 180° orientation relative to the analyzer's photodetector. The combination of newly designed rotors and a flexible optical system having multiple configurations has provided a versatile system in which one can measure the transmittance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or light-scattering (either turbidimetrically or nephelometrically) properties of the ensuing reaction species, all with a single analyzer. This flexibility in choosing the optical mode in which a particular set of reactions is to be monitored provides the analyst with a powerful and versatile analytical tool for developing new methods for use in various clinical laboratory applications, including chemistry, toxicology, immunology, and hematology.
The MMI Ontology Registry and Repository: A portal for Marine Metadata Interoperability

To address important marine research and application challenges, there is a critical need for ocean observatories to share data in a way that is easy to use and integrate. Fulfilling this interoperability requirement is greatly facilitated by several standards efforts and recent advancements in Web technology. Although these infrastructures provide a fundamental capability for data sharing, there remains a gap from mere syntactic interoperability toward a more powerful, semantic interoperability, in which the diversity of terminologies, vocabularies, and conceptualizations across multiple observatories can be more effectively harmonized, exchanged, and fully integrated. In this paper, we describe the MMI Ontology Registry and Repository and associated semantic services developed by the Marine Metadata Interoperability Project. We present the architecture and the suite of key functions that allow data providers and users to include, use, and exploit semantic information in representative real world scenarios. We show how OGC Sensor Web Enablement services describing sensor systems and data products can be enriched with semantic references that client applications can readily resolve in corresponding semantic descriptions. Data discovery mechanisms enhanced with the provided semantic services are demonstrated with a Web data portal for integrated ocean observing systems. Services for resolution of Web identifiers, along with query and inference mechanisms, which can be accessed in a programmatic way, enable better data integration capabilities. We also demonstrate the ability to relate data quality flags across agencies, to fully describe processing tests and methods, as well as the ability to link definitions to bibliographic references, also registered using the MMI semantic portal.
Spectrum estimation from quantum-limited interferograms

A quantitative model for interferogram data collected in a quantum-limited hyperspectral imaging system is derived. This model accounts for the geometry of the interferometer, the Poisson noise, and the parameterization of the mean of the noise in terms of the autocorrelation function of the incident optical signal. The Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound on the variance of unbiased spectrum estimates is derived and provides an explanation for what is often called the "multiplex disadvantage" in interferometer-based methods. Three spectrum estimation algorithms are studied: maximum likelihood via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, least squares (LS), and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) with data precorrection. Extensive simulation results reveal advantages and disadvantages with all three methods in different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes.
Aromatic amine carcinogenesis: Activation and interaction with nucleic acid bases

Aromatic amines are indirectly acting carcinogens requiring multiple metabolic transformation to hydroxylamines and their ultimate active form. Current evidence implicates arylnitrenium ions as the ultimate carcinogen of this class of compounds. Using semiempirical molecular orbital methods, the electronic parameters related to metabolic activation and the stability and electro-philicity of these ultimate carcinogens were calculated for a series of aromatic amines. In addition, both semiempirical quantum mechanical perturbation and empirical potential methods have been used to characterize incipient covalent complexes of arylnitrenium ions with guanine and adenine. Such complexes could be intermediates in adduct formation at different base sites. The results of these studies are used to correlate to carcinogenic or mutagenic activity and to obtain insight into the specificity of adduct formation with DNA.
Four themes to explain the rise in hours worked in the United States

This article examines why hours worked in the United States have risen for the last thirty years. This increase has been contrasted by Prescott and Blanchard to the European experience of falling hours worked. Four basic explanations of this divergence are combined in a reduced form model of hours worked in the United States from 1965 to 2001. The explanation that seems to fit the data best is that rising health care costs in the United States is a key explanation. Other explanations for the increase in United States average hours worked per week include a decline in marginal tax rates, a rise in income inequality coupled with a decline in real wage rates, and productivity growth. A reduced form model is estimated using four explanatory variables representing each of these four themes.
Evaluating How Local- and Regional-Scale Processes Interact to Regulate Growth of Age-0 Largemouth Bass

Abstract Regional- and local-scale processes may interact to influence early growth and survival, thereby governing cohort strength. During summer through fall 1994–1996, we assessed how precipitation (a regional-scale process) and prey availability (a local-scale process) influenced piscivory and growth of age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in five Ohio reservoirs (190–1,145 ha). We expected early growth to vary with the abundance and relative sizes of age-0 gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. We collected age-0 largemouth bass and prey fishes every 3 weeks in each reservoir. In 1994, May precipitation was low (total = 4 cm), resulting in low mean daily reservoir discharge (x 5 reservoirs = 3.6 m3/s). In four reservoirs, stable water levels may have led to successful largemouth bass reproduction and perhaps an early hatch. As such, age-0 largemouth bass in these systems were abundant, consumed gizzard shad, and reached large sizes by fall (15.3 g). In 1995 and 1996, high precipitation (total > 12 ...
Achieving information flow security through precise control of effects

This paper advocates a novel approach to the construction of secure software: controlling information flow and maintaining integrity via monadic encapsulation of effects. This approach is constructive, relying on properties of monads and monad transformers to build, verify, and extend secure software systems. We illustrate this approach by construction of abstract operating systems called separation kernels. Starting from a mathematical model of shared-state concurrency based on monads of resumptions and state, we outline the development by stepwise refinements of separation kernels supporting Unix-like system calls, interdomain communication, and a formally verified security policy (domain separation). Because monads may be easily and safely represented within any pure, higher-order, typed functional language, the resulting system models may be directly realized within a language such as Haskell.
A note on the first moment of makespan in an assembly shop

Abstract We establish formulae for the first and second moment of the number of components of each type (waiting to be assembled or being assembled) in an assembly shop, when each component arrives to the assembly shop according to a Poisson process. By Little’s law, the first moment of makespan in steady state is immediately obtained. We obtain these formulae by a diffusion approximation in heavy traffic.
Characteristics of resting ventilation and response to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and emersion in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun)

Ventilation volume was monitored in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus using an electromagnetic flow probe. The mean resting ventilation volume for a 200 g crab was 111 ± 78 ml. min−1, mean oxygen consumption was 62 ± 27 ml. kg−1. hr−1, and mean extraction efficiency was 53 ± 15%. Blue crabs continued to ventilate in air for at least eight hours at room temperature and were able to maintain oxygen consumption during exposure to air. The crabs did not change ventilation, oxygen consumption or extraction efficiency significantly in response to hypercapnia (7.5 or 15 torr Pco2), whether breathing air, fresh water, or sea water. Ventilation increased 37% at reduced oxygen tensions (24–65 torr), but since the extraction efficiency remained the same, oxygen consumption fell more sharply at lower O2 tensions. Pecularities of the ventilatory system, such as apnea, reversals, unilateral apnea or reversals, and variable phasing of the two scaphognathites were observed. Ventilation volume varied linearly with scaphognathite frequency and pressure differential; the scaphognathite stroke volume and gill sieve resistance appeared to be constant.
Expression of IGF-II, the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor and IGFBP-2 during rat embryogenesis.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the IGF system (including both IGF-I and IGF-II, at least two IGF receptors, and a family of at least six IGF binding proteins; 1-3) has a fundamental role in the normal progression of prenatal development. The initial observation that IGF-II peptide levels were high in the fetus but decreased post-natally (4) was the first to suggest that this peptide might have functional importance during ontogeny. In situ hybridization studies (5-7) extended Northern analysis and confirmed that the developmental regulation of IGF-II expression extends to the level of RNA regulation and demonstrated that the IGF-II gene expression pattern during ontogeny is precisely regulated both temporally and spatially. These results suggested that if the autocrine-paracrine mode of action classically proposed for the IGFs (1,2) was in fact correct, then interference with normal IGF-II synthesis would be expected to produce regional rather than systemic deficits.
Integrated Legal Education

This article, for a Chinese law journal, explores the benefits of an integrated legal education, one that combines the best aspects of traditional doctrinal courses, lawyering skills courses, and clinical skills courses. After discussing the objectives of legal education, the article turns to learning theory, relying on Bloom’s Taxonomy, Frank Bloch’s work on andragogy, and Binder and Bergman’s explanation of deep transfer. There are obstacles to integrated legal education in China, but those obstacles can be overcome.
A new species of Sphaeropsocus Hagen from southeastern United States: the first living species of its genus (Psocodea "Psocoptera":Troctomorpha: Sphaeropsocidae) 1

2 Abstract: Sphaeropsocus bicolor n. sp. is described. It is the first living species of its genus, known otherwise only from the generotype, Sphaeropsocus kuenowii Hagen, a fossil species from the Baltic amber (Eocene). A key to the living and fossil genera of the family Sphaeropsocidae, based on females, is included.
Transplantation Traffic — Geography as Destiny for Transplant Candidates

While rule revisions to reduce geographic disparities in U.S. organ distribution are debated, some patients have taken it upon themselves to travel to areas where organs are more abundant, and some companies have been created to enable more patients to follow suit.
Predicting Students' Standardized Test Scores Using Online Homework

How students do homework has been under-researched relative to classroom learning because it is more difficult to collect data on students' homework behaviors. Presumably, such data would have implications for students' achievement. To understand how students do homework and how homework performance and behaviors relate to end-of-year standardized test scores, we analyzed the system logs from an online homework support platform used by more than 1,500 seventh-grade students in Maine.
Oral anticancer therapy: a comprehensive assessment of patient perceptions and challenges.

Background Oral anticancer agents are more convenient to use and better tolerated than traditional intravenous therapy but come with significant concerns about patient noncompliance, adverse effects, and high cost. Identifying areas for improvement in the medication use process may help ensure optimal use of these agents. Objectives To characterize patient experience with oral anticancer treatment, highlight the areas for improvement in the medication use process, and assess the utility of a pharmacist-led educational program. Methods 30 patients who were receiving oral anticancer therapy were administered a brief survey during their visits to an ambulatory Department of Veterans' Affairs oncology clinic where pharmacists are heavily involved in providing initial and follow-up medication use education. Veterans aged 18 years or older were considered for inclusion into the study if they were currently being treated with an oral anticancer medication from a specified list for at least 1 month. Topics addressed included drug information sources, regimen compliance, management of side effects, and cost. The results were results were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. Results Most of the patients were satisfied with their oral treatment, reporting ease of use with minimal side effect occurrence. Oncologists and pharmacists were equally named as sources of drug information. Limitations Sample size was small and patients were overwhelmingly male. Response bias may be partially responsible for the observed results for regimen management, side effect occurrence, missed doses, and overall treatment satisfaction. Conclusions Oral anticancer therapy represents a significant therapeutic advance for many types of cancer. Pharmacists can serve as vital informational resources to these patients. Further studies examining the role of pharmacist-led educational programs in terms of overall patient outcomes are warranted.
Epidemiology of glaucoma in central Ethiopia

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of glaucoma, treatment patterns and patient attitudes in Ethiopia.·METHODS: A survey was administered to glaucoma patients in hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.·RESULTS: Of the 415 qualified patients, exfoliative glaucoma (17%) was most commonly found in the Gurage population (33%), whereas chronic angle-closure glaucoma (5%) was found in the Amhara/Tigre (6%) population (P=0.006). Patients were treated with an average of 1.4±0.8 medications: 52% admitted recent noncompliance and 36% had undergone filtering surgery. Patients believed their physician was trying to help them (93%). God wanted them to receive treatment (89%) and their spouse was sympathetic to their disease (82%). Patients noted their community was unaware of their condition (87%) with Muslims [most common in the Gurage population (31%, P0.0001)] reporting this the most(25%,P=0.01).Amhara/Tigre patients strongly believed their doctors were concerned about them (94%, P= 0.04).·CONCLUSION: The prevalence of glaucoma type varies among ethnic groups in Ethiopia with exfoliation more common in the Gurage population and chronic angle-closure glaucoma more frequent in the Amhara/Tigre population.
Domination: Strategic Premise Setting as Ideological Instrument

“If you allow me to determine the constraints, I don’t care who selects the optimization criterion” (Simon, 1964: 3).
Tissue engineering: Scalable vascularized implants

Biodegradable and perfusable scaffolds enable the fabrication of implantable, millimetre-scale cardiac and hepatic tissue models.
Evaluation of Intrarehearsal Achievement by Listeners of Varying Levels of Expertise

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate expertise-related differences in the evaluation of moment-to-moment rehearsal achievement. Nonmusic majors, music education majors, and expert music teachers (N = 60) listened to 18 “before” and “after” pairs of rehearsal trials of various high school bands in their pursuit of proximal rehearsal goals, or targets. These pairs of rehearsal trials (“dyads”) were presented to participants on audio compact discs without evidence of the band directors’ intervening rehearsal procedures. The performance quality of the ensembles heard on the recordings was either high or low, and the targets they pursued addressed Tone Quality/Intonation, Musicianship/Expressiveness, or Rhythm/Articulation. The dependent measure was participants’ evaluation of the extent of improvement heard within each dyad. A significant main effect was found for listener expertise, with experts evaluating ensembles’ achievement on these targets most critically (i.e., lower), and with nonmajo...
Fresh paradoxes in food data

AbstractThis article frames some of the implications of consumer-facing ‘fresh food traceability systems’ for designers. These infrastructures, which support the production and transportation of perishable food, enable the tracking, or ‘traceback’ of different items as they move from farm to table. Food traceability presents a unique paradox: communicating new information about the provenance of food contradicts a longstanding history of obfuscation in the design of its packaging and advertising. In this article I analyze this paradoxical nature of food as a data object, and present designers with a series of contradictory positions they have to navigate when working with fresh food traceability systems. These include ambiguity regarding stakeholders, issues of schematization, and third order effects of ubiquitous food data.
Survivable Command, Control and Communication

To support future command and control (C2) concepts, military telecommunications and information processing must change significantly. Highly automated and integrated communications and processing systems will be required, which must be able to manage and reconstitute themselves at the network level and the internetwork level if the survivable C2 architectures required by the military are going to be developed. Emerging technologies in automated communication-resource management, distributed processing, and artificial intelligence (AI) will provide the foundation for building such systems. With these technologies, a battlefield information-management environment can be developed that will readily support distributed, self-managing and self-reconstituting, and, hence, survivable, C2. The series of papers presented in this MILCOM '87 session entitled "Distributed Systems" were invited to address the theme of survivable command, control and communication (C3). Although one could anticipate a myriad of papers and topics related to such a broad theme, I have selected a series of papers that focus on advanced research and development of technologies related to a conceptual model that I developed as a result of several years of involvement with distributed processing and communications research for tactical and strategic survivable C3. This model and its relevance to survivable C3 are presented in my paper, which introduces the session. This model provides a framework for the six papers that will be presented, which are shown below. 1. "Multi-Destination Protocols for Tactical Radio Networks" by Edgar Caples, Rockwell International. 2.
A Methodology for Prevention of Biometric Presentation Attacks

Given their widespread use for authentication, biometricsystems are a key target for Presentation Attacks (PAs). A presentation attack is an attempt to circumvent a biometricsystem by simulating the trait of an authorized person andpresenting it to the sensor. Social dimension of biometric authenticationnourishes the interest in spoofing attacks. Dependingon motivation and availability of resources, general usersbecome potential attackers. There is a strong need for extensivevulnerability analysis of biometric authentication systems to aidthe implementation of appropriate countermeasures. One of themethodologies for analyzing system security is based on attacktrees (ATs). In ATs, attacks against a system are represented in atree structure that helps the designer understand different waysin which the system may be attacked as well as who the attackersmay be, including their abilities, motivation, and goals. Securityanalysts may use attack trees to identify attack patterns, whichin turn can serve system designers to implement more effectivedefense mechanisms.
Phase 1 dose escalation trial of intravenous radium 223 dichloride alpha-particle therapy in osteosarcoma.

TPS10600 Background: Prognosis of patients with osteoblastic metastases from osteosarcoma is extremely poor. Given the heterogeneity in the biology of osteosarcoma, a novel approach is needed to overcome the current therapeutic plateau. Preclinical studies in rodents with alpha particle 223RaCl2 (223Ra) showed avid skeletal deposition, and relative sparing of the bone marrow. Experience with 223Ra in phase I, II and III trials in men with metastatic prostate cancer confirmed excellent activity against bone metastases and a low toxicity profile (i.e., a high therapeutic index) and has been US FDA approved for prostate cancer. Because of the unique physical properties of 223Ra, this agent is anticipated to be a highly effective and better-tolerated treatment for bone-forming sarcoma. We hypothesize that can be safely administered to osteosarcoma patients, and early response and / or resistance signals can be assessed by correlative imaging studies and biomarkers. Methods: We are conducting an investigator i...
Tooth brushing Recognition using Neural Networks: Poster Abstract

Daily toothbrushing is essential for maintaining oral health. Recently, a wrist-watch based system was designed to monitor the effectiveness of toothbrushing at home [3]. Since toothbrushing involves complex motions of the hand and the toothbrush, advanced machine learning techniques are needed for accurate recognition. In this paper, we design a neural network classifier to recognize toothbrushing surfaces based on wrist watch sensor data, including accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data. Experiments shows that our algorithm successfully recognized toothbrushing surfaces with a recognition precision of 91.2%, outperforming existing solutions.
Encoding Deficits Impede Word Learning and Memory in Adults With Developmental Language Disorders.

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether the word-learning challenges associated with developmental language disorder (DLD) result from encoding or retention deficits. Method In Study...
Abstract 20376: Validation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equation for 10-year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Assesment in a Contemporary, Community-Based Historical Cohort

Introduction: The 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equation (AHA Risk Calculator) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has been shown to accurately predict ASCVD in some cohorts, but its ac...
Influence of Nonwetting Phase Saturation on Dispersivity in Laboratory-Scale Sandy Porous Media

Abstract Quantification of dispersive mixing is critically important for characterizing and predicting solute transport in porous media. Dispersion is often estimated by fitting to data collected f...
Carrageenan-based superabsorbent biopolymers mitigate autogenous shrinkage in ordinary portland cement

We report the synthesis and characterization of biobased superabsorbent copolymers from κ-carrageenan and poly(acrylic acid) that mitigate autogenous shrinkage in ordinary portland cement paste. Synthesized via free radical graft polymerization, the biobased superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were characterized with regard to their thermochemical properties and swelling behavior in both aqueous and ionic solutions. The biobased SAPs were incorporated into cement paste to investigate their ability to mitigate autogenous shrinkage cracking in high-performance concrete. Results demonstrate that the biobased SAPs absorb up to 438 and 94 [g/g] (by mass) in aqueous and ionic solutions, respectively, after 24 h. Furthermore, the biobased SAPs were successful in mitigating shrinkage in low water-to-cement ratio pastes. While the control paste exhibited negative strain and ultimate shrinkage cracking, the samples containing biobased SAP experienced net-positive expansion during cement hydration.
A high resolution Mars surface gravity grid

Abstract We have developed a new model of the gravitational acceleration vector at the surface of Mars, and present it on an equal area grid covering the surface of Mars, with a 1.73 km resolution. The long wavelength part of the model is adopted from MRO120d, which is a spherical harmonic model of the potential derived from Doppler tracking data of spacecraft in orbit about Mars. The short wavelength part is derived from convolution of appropriate Green's functions with the surface mass distribution associated with the MOLA topography, assuming a uniform mass density. The density was selected to be 2782 k g / m 3 , which yields surface gravity values, from that approach, which match those from the spacecraft-derived model at the transition wavelength, which is taken to be degree 80. Our estimate of the error in the radial component is 11 mGal, with a larger contribution from long wavelength sources than from short wavelengths.
Ex Vivo Cytokine Release, Determined by a Multiplex Cytokine Assay, in Response to Coccidioidal Antigen Stimulation of Whole Blood among Subjects with Recently Diagnosed Primary Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis.

ABSTRACT The elements of the cellular immune response in human coccidioidomycosis remain undefined. We examined the ex vivo release of an array of inflammatory proteins in response to incubation with a coccidioidal antigen preparation to ascertain which of these might be associated with diagnosis and outcome. Patients with a recent diagnosis of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and a control group of healthy subjects were studied. Blood samples were incubated for 18 h with T27K, a soluble coccidioidal preparation containing multiple glycosylated antigens, and the supernatant was assayed for inflammatory proteins using the multiplex Luminex system. The presentation and course of illness were compared to the levels of the inflammatory proteins. Among the 31 subjects studied, the median time from diagnosis to assay was 15 days. Of the 30 inflammatory proteins measured, the levels of only 7 proteins, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 receptor alpha (IL-1RA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were more than 10-fold above the levels seen without antigen stimulation. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly elevated in those subjects not receiving triazole antifungal therapy compared to those who were receiving triazole antifungal therapy. While the levels of IL-1RA were nonspecifically elevated, elevated levels of IL-13 were seen only in those with active pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Only six cytokines were specifically increased in subjects with recently diagnosed primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. While IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α have been previously noted, the finding of elevated levels of the innate cytokines GM-CSF and IL-1β could suggest that these, as well as IL-13, are early and specific markers for pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. IMPORTANCE Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley fever, is a common pneumonia in the southwestern United States. In this paper, we examined the release of 30 inflammatory proteins in whole-blood samples obtained from persons with coccidioidal pneumonia after the blood samples were incubated with a preparation made from the causative fungus, Coccidioides . We found that six of these proteins, all cytokines, were specifically released in high concentrations in these patients. Three of the cytokines were seen very early in disease, and an assay for all six might serve as a marker for the early diagnosis of Valley fever.
Replication of RNA viruses

In the reaction catalyzed by the RNA virus RNA polymerase, the ribonucleotide analogs BrUTP†, ψ UTP, rTTP, BrCTP, ITP and 6-CH 3 ATP each specifically replaced the comparable normal ribonucleoside triphosphate. The apparent K s values of UTP analogs were greater for the RNA virus RNA polymerase than for the DNA-directed RNA polymerase. The data are consistent with a template mechanism utilizing hydrogen-bonded pairing of complementary bases in RNA-directed RNA synthesis. These results provide further evidence that replication of single-strand RNA viruses involves the synthesis of RNA complementary to parental RNA.
The Effects of Partner Learning During Spelling for Students with Severe Disabilities and Their Peers

A multiple baseline across subjects design was used to examine the effects of partner learning on the spelling performance, academic responding, and competing behavior of three students with severe disabilities and three of their classmates without disabilities. The students were enrolled in different general elementary classes. All students in these classes were assigned to partner learning triads by the general education teacher. One triad in each class included the student with severe disabilities and two classmates without disabilities. All students in the class received two, 20 min partner learning sessions each week. During partner learning, each member of the triad was asked to spell words, present words to be spelled, provide feedback to the speller, and check the spelling accuracy. These roles were rotated among the members of the triad after each trial. These roles were adapted as necessary to accommodate the academic and communication skills of the students with severe disabilities. The effects of partner learning on spelling accuracy were assessed through weekly spelling tests. The effects of partner learning on academic responding and competing behavior were assessed using the MS-CISSAR (Carta, Greenwood, Schulte, Arreaga-Mayer, Terry, 1988). Results of weekly spelling indicated that partner learning led to improved spelling accuracy for students with severe disabilities and did not negatively affect the spelling accuracy of their peers. Partner learning also led to improved rates of academic responding and reduced rates of competing behavior for 5 of 6 students. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for practice and future research.
In defense of 'The Free Will Defense' : Response to Daniel Howard-Snyder and John O'Leary-Hawthorne

La defense du libre arbitre d'Alvin Plantinga a pour but de demontrer qu'il est logiquement possible a la fois que Dieu existe et que le mal existe. Le raisonnement de Plantinga qui mene a cette conclusion semble convaincant. Cependant Daniel Howard-Snyder et John O'Leary-Hawthorne pensent que ce raisonnement n'atteint pas son but. Au centre de leur debat on trouve l'idee de transworld sanctity (etat de saintete du monde), concept modele a partir du concept de Plantinga de transworld depravity (etat de depravation du monde). Ces deux concepts sont discutes ici, puis un argument contre la these de Howard-Snyder et de O'Leary-Hawthorne est propose.
Carbon quality regulates the temperature dependence of aquatic ecosystem respiration

Ecosystems are responding to broad‐scale changes in climate and other factors in complex ways. Two key changes occurring in many inland waterbodies are increasing temperatures and increasing terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) inputs. Due in part to tDOM inputs, inland waters play an important role in the global carbon cycle, with release of CO₂ from these ecosystems a substantial portion of the combined carbon sinks of terrestrial ecosystems and the oceans. Ecosystem respiration (ER) is an important mechanism regulating CO₂ in aquatic systems, and ER rates are temperature‐dependent. However, it is unknown how ER rates will change in the future because ER is sensitive to factors other than temperature, such as the concentration and source of organic matter. Theory posits that ER rates supported by refractory carbon compounds should exhibit a greater temperature dependence than ER rates supported by labile carbon compounds, but empirical tests of this theory are inconclusive. We experimentally manipulated temperature and carbon quality in mesocosms while monitoring dissolved oxygen (DO) with in situ high frequency DO sensors. We used two highly divergent, natural DOM sources and diluted the more refractory source so that dissolved organic carbon concentrations were similar in all mesocosms. We calculated daily ER rates over 27 days in each mesocosm. We found that ER increased more with temperature when tDOM dominated the organic carbon pool. Given widespread increases in temperature and tDOM inputs to aquatic ecosystems, these results highlight important interactions governing how ecosystems may respond to concurrent environmental changes and alter their contributions to the global carbon cycle.
A Consensus Approach to Infer Tumor Evolutionary Histories

Inspired by recent efforts to model cancer evolution with phylogenetic trees, we consider the problem of finding a consensus tumor evolution tree from a set of conflicting input trees. In contrast to traditional phylogenetic trees, the tumor trees we consider contain features such as mutation labels on internal vertices (in addition to the leaves) and allow multiple mutations to label a single vertex. We describe several distance measures between these tumor trees and present an algorithm to solve the consensus problem called GraPhyC. Our approach uses a weighted directed graph where vertices are sets of mutations and edges are weighted using a function that depends on the number of times a parental relationship is observed between their constituent mutations in the set of input trees. We find a minimum weight spanning arborescence in this graph and prove that the resulting tree minimizes the total distance to all input trees for one of our presented distance measures. We evaluate our GraPhyC method using both simulated and real data. On simulated data we show that our method outperforms a baseline method at finding an appropriate representative tree. Using a set of tumor trees derived from both whole-genome and deep sequencing data from a Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia patient we find that our approach identifies a tree not included in the set of input trees, but that contains characteristics supported by other reported evolutionary reconstructions of this tumor.
Determine the absolute roughness of phenolic duct (RP-1764)

An experimental program was conducted to measure the relative and absolute roughness of phenolic duct systems connected with a four-bolt flange and cleat joint. Ducts with seven distinct rectangula...
The impact of intimate partner violence, depressive symptoms, alcohol dependence, and perceived stress on 30-year cardiovascular disease risk among young adult women: A multiple mediation analysis

Intimate partner violence (IPV), the physical, sexual, psychological abuse or control by a former or current intimate partner, affects almost one-third of women in the United States. IPV exposure can result in many negative outcomes including physical injury, increased stress, and depression. Currently, there is a small, but, growing body of literature examining the link between IPV victimization and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among young adult women. To better prevent this negative outcome, it is imperative to understand what factors associated with IPV victimization may be increasing this risk. A secondary analysis of Wave IV of the Add Health study was conducted to examine possible factors mediating past year IPV exposure and 30-year CVD risk score including perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and alcohol dependence among a representative sample of young adult women in the United States. Multiple mediation analyses were run to examine the possible mediating factors in the relationship between IPV and CVD risk. In a multiple mediation model, the indirect effect of perceived stress became insignificant when depressive symptoms were introduced. The findings of this study reveal that 30-year CVD risk in the context of IPV victimization should continue to be examined among this population. The mediation models suggested the importance of stress and depression in the context of IPV and heart health. Screening for depression among women exposed to IPV should be considered as an important intervention point, not only to mitigate mental health issues, but to also help prevent the development of cardiovascular disease.
Does Current General Mental Health Status Relate to Current Smoking Status in Pregnant Women

Purpose. Research shows that smoking during pregnancy is related to mental health diagnoses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether current general mental health status is related to current smoking status in pregnant women after controlling for other factors related to both mental health and tobacco use during pregnancy. Methods. This cross-sectional analysis used 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data for 621 pregnant women aged 18-38 from Florida (N=136), Kansas (N=116), Minnesota (N=105), Nebraska (N=90), New York (N=78), and Utah (N=96). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between current mental health status and current tobacco use, while controlling for state, depression diagnosis, routine checkup, healthcare plan, age, marital status, ethnicity/race, education level, income level, and employment status. Results. Overall, very few participants reported current smoking (6%) and about one-third reported low or moderate mental health status in the past 30 days. Adjusted results indicated that those who reported high mental health status were about 3 times less likely (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.09, 0.88) to report current smoking status compared to those who reported low mental health status. Conclusions. Overall, current mental health status was highly related to current smoking status in pregnant women. Clinicians in obstetrics may expect a very low proportion of pregnant women to report smoking and up to one-third to report low or moderate current general mental health status. Given that current mental health issues and current tobacco use may harm both mother and child, be highly related in pregnant women, and change throughout the pregnancy, pregnant women should be screened automatically for both at each visit.
Handling Climate Displacement

Migration ist eine der moglichen Reaktionen der betroffenen Bevolkerungsgruppen auf die Veranderungen ihres Lebensraumes aufgrund des Klimawandels. Obwohl die zwischenstaatliche Sachverstandigengruppe uber Klimaanderungen (IPCC) bereits 1990 in ihrem ersten Sachstandsbericht festgestellt hat, dass menschliche Migration die bedeutendste Folge des Klimawandels sein wird, wurde dieser Zusammenhang erst vor kurzem, nach einer mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte dauernden teils kontrovers gefuhrte Diskussion, anerkannt. Wahrend Schatzungen je nach den spezifischen Umstanden und den verwendeten Parametern deutlich voneinander abweichen, wird prognostiziert, dass der Klimawandel in den kommenden Jahrzehnten zu einer noch nie dagewesenen Anzahl von Vertriebenen auf der Welt fuhren wird. Dabei wird die Mehrzahl derer, die ihre Aufenthaltsorte verlassen mussen, innerhalb ihrer Landesgrenzen verbleiben, wahrend einige auch internationale Grenzen uberschreiten konnen. Bisher hat die internationale Gemeinschaft keine ausreichenden Antworten auf den Umgang mit der Klimavertreibung geliefert und zur Bewaltigung der sich daraus ergebenden Herausforderungen fur den Schutz der betroffenen Personen. Angesichts der normativen, politischen und operativen Lucken die sich in der Arbeit betroffenen Gemeinschaften offenbart haben, hat Displacement Solutions, eine internationale Nichtregierungsorganisation, die im Bereich der Klimavertreibung tatig ist, die Initiative zur Konsolidierung bestehender Normen und Verfahren ins Leben gerufen. Diese Bemuhungen gipfelten 2013 in ein Treffen von Experten und Praktikern die einen Redaktionsausschuss bildeten um eine Reihe von Grundsatzen zu erarbeiten und zu verabschieden, die sogenannten Peninsula Principles on Climate Displacement within States. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob Mangels eines international vereinbarten Rahmens die Peninsula Principles eine adaquate Antwort auf den Umgang mit der Klimavertreibung bieten, indem sie die Prinzipien aus einer politischen, operationellen und rechtlichen Perspektive betrachtet und kommentiert.
Fellowship Candidate Factors Considered by Program Directors

Abstract Objective The neuroradiology fellowship match has been in existence for about 20 years. However, the elements by which neuroradiology fellowship program directors evaluate candidates have not been clearly elucidated. We sought to identify the factors that program directors use to rank neuroradiology fellowship applicants. Methods An anonymous Qualtrics online five-question survey about educational credentials, personal traits, extracurricular activities, and demographic characteristics was sent to 72 neuroradiology program directors in April 2019. Each question required ranking of 10 factors based on different characteristics of fellowship candidates. Items included gender, nationality, US Medical Licensing Examination scores, internal applicants, work and research experience, recommendation letters, residency program, medical school attended, and visa status. Program directors had the ability to list any new characteristics that were not included in the survey. Results In all, 68 of 72 (94.4%) neuroradiology programs responded to the survey. The most important criteria by which candidates were assessed were (1) residency program attended for educational credential, (2) personality as assessed by faculty at interviews for candidate personal traits, (3) research performed for candidate’s extracurricular activities, and (4) likelihood of coming to or previous experience in the fellowship geographic area. Neuroradiology program directors independently stressed residency program attended, personality assessed during the interview by faculty, internal candidate status, letters of recommendation, and research activities as their top five criteria in ranking the candidates. Conclusion Multiple factors are weighed by neuroradiology fellowship program directors in selecting fellows, but recent experiences in residency, research, and faculty interactions are prioritized. Internal candidates have an advantage for remaining as fellows within their residency programs.
Design and development of a high-performance Ni-based superalloy WSU 150 for additive manufacturing

Abstract This research proposes a design and development strategy of a new nickel-based superalloy for additive manufacturing. A new Ni-based superalloy has been developed by the application of the combinatorial alloy development technique coupled with CALPHAD based solidification modeling by effectively suppressing the precipitation kinetics. The suppression of precipitation during processing paved a way for prevention of cracks during deposition. The new alloy “WSU 150″ revealed excellent room temperature mechanical properties with a yield strength of 867 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1188 MPa, and an elongation of 27.9% in the as-deposited condition. The mechanical properties of the heat-treated alloy were improved significantly to 1114 MPa yield strength, 1396 MPa ultimate tensile strength, and an elongation of 16.1%. Improvement in the mechanical properties is attributed to the additional precipitation and coarsening of γʹ and carbides during heat-treatment. Microstructural investigation of the alloy revealed spherical γʹ with a rippled size distribution from the center to the interdendritic region. The average size of the γʹ particles in the as-deposited condition was found to be around 48 nm in the interdendritic region. Heat-treatment promoted the coarsening of γʹ which is explained in the paper.
Ensemble perception includes information from multiple spatial scales.

Most visual scenes contain information at different spatial scales, including the local and global, or the detail and gist. Global processes have become increasingly implicated in research examining summary statistical perception, initially as the output of ensemble coding, and more recently as a gating mechanism for selecting which information is included in the averaging process itself. Yet local and global processing are known to be rapidly integrated by the visual system, and it is plausible that global-level information, like spatial organization, may be included as an input during ensemble coding. We tested this hypothesis using an ensemble shape-perception task in which observers evaluated the mean aspect ratios of sets of ellipses. In addition to varying the aspect ratios of the individual shapes, we independently varied the spatial arrangements of the sets so that they had either flat or tall organizations at the global level. We found that observers made precise summary judgments about the average aspect ratios of the sets by integrating information from multiple shapes. More importantly, global flat and tall organizations were incorporated into ensemble judgments about the sets; summary judgments were biased in the directions of the global spatial arrangements on each trial. This global-to-local integration even occurred when the global organizations were masked. Our results demonstrate that the process of summary representation can include information from both the local and global scales. The gist is not just an output of ensemble representation – it can be included as an input to the mechanism itself.
Solving the Network Shortest Path Problem on a Quantum Annealer

This article addresses the formulation for implementing a single source, single-destination shortest path algorithm on a quantum annealing computer. Three distinct approaches are presented. In all the three cases, the shortest path problem is formulated as a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem amenable to quantum annealing. The first implementation builds on existing quantum annealing solutions to the traveling salesman problem, and requires the anticipated maximum number of vertices on the solution path $|P|$ to be provided as an input. For a graph with $|V|$ vertices, $|E|$ edges, and no self-loops, it encodes the problem instance using $|V||P|$ qubits. The second implementation adapts the linear programming formulation of the shortest path problem, and encodes the problem instance using $|E|$ qubits for directed graphs or $2|E|$ qubits for undirected graphs. The third implementation, designed exclusively for undirected graphs, encodes the problem in $|E| + |V|$ qubits. Scaling factors for penalty terms, complexity of coupling matrix construction, and numerical estimates of the annealing time required to find the shortest path are made explicit in the article.