cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating biogeochemical and biotic interactions between a stream channel and a created riparian wetland: A medium-scale physical model

Abstract Straightened channels and altered and drained adjacent riparian wetlands have adversely impacted streams and rivers throughout the US Midwest. This research investigated the biological connection and water quality of a 0.07 ha diversion wetland and adjacent stream at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. Before the flowthrough conditions were established, we demonstrated with mark and recapture techniques that the wetland already was a biorefuge for fish under extreme conditions; two species (Centrarchidae) captured in the stream before a total drawdown of the stream were found in the wetland a year later. In addition, water at the bottom remained at around 4 °C over the winter likely due to groundwater input, which possibly provided a warmer shelter for fish. Stream water quality of the lower section, downstream of the wetland outlet, generally improved with hydrologic pulsing in spring after flow-through reconnection due to the trapping of nutrients in the wetland. Mean removal per flood pulse for nitrate–nitrite, total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP) were 1.81 g-N m −2 per pulse, 1.02 g-N m −2 per pulse, 0.014 g-P m −2 per pulse, and 0.004 g-P m −2 per pulse, respectively. The wetland exported 2.8 g-C m −2 per pulse of organic carbon. A greater attenuation of NO 3 − and TP occurred in the marshy outlet channel section of the wetland than the open water section. The diversion wetland successfully removed nitrate and phosphorus during storm pulses in spring. Similar designs should be applied to other locations to examine their function under different climatic and hydrological conditions.
Student and Instructor Use of Comments on Business Communication Papers

Writing comments on student papers takes tremendous effort, and this study attempted to determine how students use these comments, the importance of the comments, and methods to encourage students to use comments. The results revealed that students' course grades did not correlate with their use of comments; however, students were likely to review comments if they had to rewrite assignments. Significant differences existed between course grades and these variables: (a) how well students read comments, (b) how useful com ments were, (c) how well students understood comments, and (d) how likely students were to get help in understanding comments.
Detection of disorder at a Cu(110) single-crystal surface by the use of ion scattering spectroscopy

Abstract Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ICISS) studies involving 3 keV 6 Li + scattered from Cu(110) have demonstrated the existence of a disordered surface layer of Cu atoms on samples that displayed a sharp Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) pattern. Additional annealing did not affect the LEED pattern, but the ICISS polar scans changed significantly until an ordered surface was achieved. The experimental data agreed quantitatively with Monte-Carlo calculations for scattering from the ordered surface. The calculations also demonstrated how disorder affects ICISS polar scans.
InGaN/GaN nanopillar‐array light emitting diodes

GaN light emitting diodes were fabricated from arrays of nanopillars with embedded InGaN quantum wells. InGaN heterostructures were grown by MOCVD on n-type GaN templates and pillars were fabricated by laser interference lithography and subsequent reactive ion etching and annealing. The tops of the pillars were coalesced by lateral growth of p-type GaN by MBE forming a planar contact layer. This structure enables integration with standard planar processing while taking advantage of the nanopillar structure. LEDs were fabricated and characterized by electroluminescence, current-voltage, and output power vs. current measurements. The devices showed rectifying behavior with a turn-on voltage of 3 V and electroluminescence peak at 400 nm. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Management of malignant, mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus

Forty-two patients with malignant, mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus were identified by retrospective chart review. Only 2 patients were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis. Six of the patients had previously received pelvic radiotherapy. Surgical/pathologic findings were inconsistent with clinical staging in 17 of the patients. Patients with stage I tumors were found to have extrauterine extension of tumor in 39% of the cases. Overall, 2- and 5-year actuarial survival rates were 40 and 18%, respectively. The surgical extent of disease was a major prognostic factor in patient survival (P = 0.006). Patients with tumors showing no invasion or invasion limited to the inner two-thirds of the myometrium also demonstrated a significant survival advantage as compared to those with deeper myometrial invasion (P = 0.02). However, no statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between survival and patient age, the nature of the sarcomatous element (homologous or heterologous), or the presence of cervical involvement. Patients with recurrent or persistent disease did poorly; only 4 patients have survived more than 1 year after documentation of recurrent disease. Two patients had prolonged disease stabilization with radiotherapy and cisplatin. Another patient with pulmonary metastases had a 6-month, complete response to cisplatin.
Rb-Sr Dating of Illite Diagenesis: ABSTRACT

In the Woodford Shale (Upper Devonian), apparent Rb-Sr ages decrease as clay grain size decreases, which in turn correlates with increasing abundance of diagenetic illite. Analyses of the fine-clay size fraction (< 0.2µ) from widely spaced wells in the Delaware basin of west Texas, plot on a single isochron indicating an age of 300 ± 4 m.y. (Middle Pennsylvanian). At this time the Woodford was buried only 200 to 600 m; consequently diagenesis must have been triggered by a circumstance other than deep burial. Possibly diagenesis was accomplished by hydrothermal fluids moving toward the craton out of the Ouachita geosyncline, which at that time was experiencing horizontal compression. These fluids may have been responsible for petroleum migration and lead-zinc ineralization. In the Frio Formation (Oligocene) of the Texas Gulf Coast, samples of fine clay-size material (< 0.06µ) from the 3 to 5 km depth interval in a single well also provide a well-defined isochron corresponding to 21.6 ± 2.2 m.y. Burial here was possibly so rapid that transformation of smectite to illite approximated an episodic event over the entire depth interval. Alternatively, because the sediment is geopressured, the age might record the time of geopressure development which was accompanied by a rapid rise in temperature. Clay diagenesis at the surface is illustrated by a paleosoil developed on Pennsylvanian shale in the Llano uplift of central Texas. The paleosoil was buried by Cretaceous basal conglomerate and records the time of marine transgression 119 ± 3 m.y. ago. Constituents of the shale were degraded by soil-forming processes which erased previous isotopic memory, then reconstituted by coming in contact with marine water. This field relation offers a new way to date directly a time of sedimentary deposition. End_of_Article - Last_Page 610------------
Vorticity and potential vorticity in mountain wakes

A wake is traditionally defined as the region of nearly stagnant flow downstream of a body in a uniform stream. In a stratified fluid, the motions and density surfaces downstream of an obstacle become primarily horizontal; the vertical component of the vorticity associated with the wake, coexisting with the stable vertical density stratification, implies that there is potential vorticity (PV) in the wake. Recent work has demonstrated that dissipation aloft, associated with a breaking mountain wave over an isolated peak, produces a dipole in PV downstream; the dipolar vertical vorticity of the wake is associated with the PV dipole. Although one may infer the existence of vorticity downstream, the PV argument is silent on the question, Where does the wake vorticity come from? To answer this question, a weakly nonlinear model for PV production and wake formation in the case of a small-amplitude mountain has been analyzed, and numerical simulations pertaining to the strongly nonlinear large-amplitude case have been carried out. The simple model indicates that even with dissipation in the system, the vertical vorticity of the wake arises through the tilting of baroclinically generated horizontal vorticity by the dissipating mountain wave. This analysis shows that there need not be any direct effect of friction in the vorticity equation to produce the vorticity of the wake; dissipation (due to friction and/or heating) enters indirectly through its effect on the tilting term. Analysis of numerical simulations of the large-amplitude case shows that the conclusions from the weakly nonlinear model regarding the source of wake vorticity continue to hold in the strongly nonlinear regime.
Principles of minimal residual disease detection for hematopoietic neoplasms by flow cytometry

Flow cytometry has become an indispensible tool for the diagnosis and classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. The ability to rapidly distinguish cellular subpopulations via multiparametric assessment of quantitative differences in antigen expression on single cells and enumerate the relative sizes of the resulting subpopulations is a key feature of the technology. More recently, these capabilities have been expanded to include the identification and enumeration of rare subpopulations within complex cellular mixtures, for example, blood or bone marrow, leading to the application for post-therapeutic monitoring or minimal residual disease detection. This review will briefly present the principles to be considered in the construction and use of flow cytometric assays for minimal residual disease detection including the use of informative antibody combinations, the impact of immunophenotypic instability, enumeration, assay sensitivity, and reproducibility.
Micromachined high aspect ratio coplanar waveguide with high impedance and low loss on low resistivity silicon

A micromachining process has been developed to create high impedance and low loss high aspect ratio coplanar waveguide (HARC) on low resistivity silicon. The process uses silicon DRIE to create an array of tall mesas that are spaced with a precise pitch. The silicon mesa array is then merged into a single solid SiO2 mesa using thermal oxidation. The solid SiO2 mesa creates a wide dielectric for use in high impedance HARC. The complete fabrication process includes DRIE, thermal oxidation, electroplating, planarization, and substrate removal to create HARC on low resistivity silicon with a planar surface. A high impedance HARC has been fabricated on silicon using this method. Measurements show that silicon substrate removal increases the line impedance from ∼ 20 Ohms to 57 Ohms, reduces effective dielectric constant from ∼ 6 to 2, and reduces attenuation constant from ∼ 33 dB/cm to 4 dB/cm @ 30 GHz. Measurements are compared to an analytical model derived for HARC.
Endocarditis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum

Corynebacterium amycolatum, a normal inhabitant of human skin, is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, mycolic acid-free, aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacillus. Since its description in 1988, it has only rarely been associated with infective endocarditis. This paper describes a case of infective endocarditis successfully treated by combination therapy with daptomycin and rifampicin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of C. amycolatum endocarditis from the USA successfully treated with these agents.
The Effects of Relational and Firm-Specific Human Capital on Employee and Firm Value Appropriation

Extant theory suggests firm-specific human capital influences the share of value appropriate by firms and employees. However, when critical firm resources are the employees themselves, employee-fir...
Multifactor Analysis of Environmental Preconditioning of Tomato Seedlings on Protoplast Culture and Development

Summary Donor seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum (P.I. 367942) grown in a controlled environment chamber (CEC) or in vitro (IV) were preconditioned in a 3 × 3 factorial of 0, 12 or 24 hours at 10 °C and 0, 24 or 48 hours in the dark. Multifactor fixed effect linear models were constructed and analyzed by the Least Squares Approach to determine the influence of seedling source and cold/dark preconditioning on protoplast yield, viability, microcalli diameter and shoot morphogenesis. The cold x dark interaction was significant for the variables protoplast yield and viability from both donor tissues, and also microcalli diameter from IV seedlings. Protoplast yields were significantly decreased (13.2 %) by cold and dark preconditioning from CEC and IV seedlings, respectively. Protoplast viability was improved (14.1 %) in CEC cells by a 48 hour dark pretreatment, and improved (6.9 %) in IV cells by a combination of cold and dark preconditioning. Microcalli diameter of CEC-derived cells 30 days after isolation was increased (5.1 %) by 24 or 48 hour dark preconditioning and decreased (12.5 %) by cold treatments. In contrast, IV microcalli benefitted (11.8 %) by a 12 hour cold treatment. Shoot morphogenesis was decreased (18.0 %) in both CEC and IV derived calli by cold preconditioning. The preconditioning treatments giving optimum responses to all four measured variables were 48 h dark and 12 h cold for CEC and IV seedlings, respectively.
Quantitative, waking EEG research on depression

Abstract Research published in the past decade that used quantitative indices to evaluate the waking EEG characteristics of depressed patients is reviewed. Methodological problems that make results of different research laboratories difficult to compare include diagnostic heterogeneity of depressed groups, lack of inclusion of control subjects, and differences in the EEG techniques. Despite interpretive problems that arise from such substantial variation, consistencies nevertheless emerge. Unmedicated, actively depressed patients appear to exhibit elevated EEG alpha and beta compared to control subjects. Delta and theta distinguished depressed patients from controls in some single studies, but variation in age, specific diagnostic depression categories, and EEG acquisition and analysis techniques rendered these results less definitive. Quantitative EEG differences that may distinguish depressed subject samples from those with other psychiatric disorders are considered. Factors that limit comparability of the findings are discussed in conjunction with strategies that deseve systematic study in future research.
Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications

Diabetes diagnoses are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. The majority of diabetes-related deaths arise from cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be present in animal models as well as in patients with diabetes and has been suggested as a possible contributor to the accelerated atherosclerosis seen in diabetics. The generation of reactive oxygen species in diabetes occurs via several mechanisms and is initiated not only by glucose, but also by other substances that are found at elevated levels in diabetic patients. The resulting oxidative stress leads to a number of proatherogenic events. The elucidation of the mechanisms of oxidative stress in diabetes and their relationship with atherosclerosis could potentially identify molecular targets of therapy for this condition and its cardiovascular consequences.
Defects and transport in langasite I: Acceptor-doped (La3Ga5SiO14)

Both nominally undoped and 1%Sr-doped langasite were found to exhibit acceptor behavior and correspondingly mixed ionic-electronic conductivity under experimentally accessible conditions. At high pO2, the conductivity of nominally undoped langasite was pO2-independent (ionic behavior) but became increasingly pO2-dependent (n-type behavior) under reducing conditions. The substitution of strontium on lanthanum sites, increased the ionic and introduced a p-type electronic conductivity behavior at the highest pO2’s, while completely depressing the n-type electronic conductivity – observations consistent with predictions of the proposed defect model based on oxygen vacancy formation in response to negatively charged acceptor impurities.
Crowd-sourcing urban air-quality in developing countries through open source technologies

Outdoor air pollution now contributes annually to over 3.2 million premature deaths worldwide and is among the top health risk factors. Urban air pollution is on course to become the top environmental cause of mortality by 2050 - greater than the effects of dirty water and lack of sanitation. This risk is especially high in developing countries, where it is often difficult or expensive to obtain air quality data. This paper outlines the initial development of a system for mapping crowd-sourced air quality data in urban environments in developing countries. This system includes a (1) low cost wearable air quality monitor and (2) a mapping and data visualization web application for use in urban settings in developing countries. Based on open source hardware and software, the air quality monitor is composed of an Arduino microcontroller and sensor shields and collects real-time geographically explicit air quality data, with data storage on removable memory. The mapping and data visualization web application uses javascript functions and Google Maps API to visualize the paths travelled and the intensity of ozone and particulate matter as a heat map.
Preparation and chemical analysis of high purity iron-zinc alloys

We have produced and chemically analyzed a series of high purity iron-zinc alloys with iron concentrations in the range 4-27 wt. %. The technique involved slow diffusion of high purity zinc with small particle iron powder. We produced alloys within the four main iron-zinc phases, Zeta, Delta, Gamma-1, and Gamma to aid in the identification of the intermetallic phases formed in commercially produced galvanneal steel coatings. The diffusion technique produces iron-zinc alloys which are suitable as instrument calibration standards for galvanneal producers and users. A chemical titration technique which measures iron concentration to within 0.5 wt. % was also refined. In determining the bulk iron concentrations of the samples, we have compared the accuracy of the wet chemical technique with Induction Coupled Plasma spectroscopy. Homogeneity was measured using an electron microprobe and a scanning transmission electron microscope. The data show that samples are homogeneous to greater than 98% of the mean iron concentration.
INVENTORYING AIRPORT AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS

This paper presents a detailed, accurate method for assessing air pollutant emissions from airport operations for the purpose of environmental assessment. Sources may include commercial aircraft, small general aviation aircraft, military aircraft, ground support equipment, stationary sources, fuel storage, fueling operations, and motor vehicles on the airport property. The methods used to estimate emissions for each of these categories are discussed and delineated. A case study of an inventory for the planned addition of a runway to a medium‐sized airport hub is followed throughout the discussion.
Recent Developments In Growth And Characterization Of Thin Diamond Films

Many different process and deposition equipment technologies have been developed worldwide for the deposition of thin diamond films. The diamond films that result from these technologies are, in general, polycrystalline and differ primarily in nucleation density, growth rate, crystallite size, non-diamond carbon content, etc. This paper reviews, briefly, the primary technologies and their resulting films. The primary focus of this paper is, however, the presentation of a methodology for the determination of the relative quality of diamond materials, both bulk and film. The methodology presented utilizes a combination of measurements from the mirage effect (Thermal Wave Technique) and the raman effect. This paper reviews, briefly, both techniques and their resulting data. Results are presented that show an excellent correlation between the thermal diffusivity and the graphitic content of thin diamond films.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Real-time optimization of the pulp mill benchmark problem

An economic optimization methodology for the pulp mill benchmark problem is presented. The process variables with economic significance and the available degrees of freedom in the process control structure are identified and used to build an optimization-relevant model. This model is later used to solve a linear programming (LP) based economic optimization problem. The optimization results are utilized to change the operating conditions of the benchmark problem leading to a 17% reduction of operating costs. Sensitivity analysis results at the new operating conditions indicate potential profit improvement with respect to changes in both market conditions and process disturbances. Based on this analysis, a real time optimizer (RTO) is designed and interfaced with the existing control systems and the pulp mill benchmark. On-line optimization scenarios with the RTO system demonstrate annual savings up to US$ 250,000 compared to a static operating strategy.
PHOTIC RELATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DISSOCIATION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PINEAL COMPOSITION AND RUNNING ACTIVITY IN RATS

— It has been shown previously that pineal composition and some of its enzyme activities in mammals appear to be responsive to light and darkness in vivo, possibly indirectly. One such possible indirect mechanism would be by whole animal activity and the sympathetic innervation of the pineal. Study of the rhythmic changes in the pineal ethanol-soluble fraction (mostly lipid) and in whole animal running activity in normal, adult male rats in standard daily photocycle and then in continuous light, shows rapid dissociation of the two rhythms in continuous light, with pineal composition being more light-dependent. The free-running circadian rhythm in the male rat's running activity in both standard daily photocycle and continuous light is shown to be similar in normal and in pinealectomized animals. This negative finding is relevant with regard to an hypothesized pineal function in lower tetrapods in regulation of locomotor activity in response to solar radiation.
Various carbohydrates in a semipurified diet for the growing pig.

Abstract Various carbohydrates were studied in a semipurified diet containing supplementary antibiotics for the pig at 9 weeks of age. The different carbohydrates constituted 50% of the diet. Glucose, sucrose, dextrin, and corn starch produced equally satisfactory results. However, lactose-fed pigs exhibited a depressed feed intake, slow growth, and a moderate diarrhea, but the efficiency of gains was equal to that of pigs fed other carbohydrates. At 16 weeks of age the pig was able to tolerate 25% lactose in the diet without harmful effect. At a level of 50% the older pig exhibited the same symptoms noted above, and the severity of the adverse effects was markedly retarded by the presence of antibiotics in the diet. Supplementary antibiotics yielded an increment in daily gains, particularly at the high level of lactose; however, antibiotics failed to exert an effect upon the efficiency of feed utilization.
Comparison with observations shows cloud simulations improving

Climate projections, such as those used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, rely on models that simulate physical properties that affect climate, including clouds and water vapor content. Clouds and water vapor are difficult to simulate in global climate models because they are affected by small-scale physical processes, and cloud feedback on climate is therefore a large source of uncertainty in climate predictions. A new study finds that model simulations of vertically averaged cloud water amount have improved in recent years. Jiang et al. developed a quantitative scoring method to evaluate the accuracy of 19 climate models at various vertical heights between the surface and the tropopause (16–18 kilometers in altitude) over the tropical oceans (30°N–30°S). They compared the models' simulated multiyear mean of cloud water content and water vapor with observations made using several NASA satellites.
ent-Beyerane diterpenoids from the heartwood of Excoecaria parvifolia

Abstract Chromatographic fractionations of the toluene extract of the heartwood of Excoecaria parvifolia collected in Australia resulted in the isolation of 12 beyerane diterpenes (1–12), and the triterpene, lupeol. Four of the isolated diterpenoids (5–7 and 12) have unusual structures: ent-3-oxa-beyer-15-en-2-one, (5); ent-15,16-epoxy-2-hydroxy-19-norbeyer-1,4-dien-3-one (6); methyl ent-2,4-seco-15,16-epoxy-4-oxo-3,19-dinorbeyer-15-en-2-oate (7); and ent-2,17-dihydroxy-19-norbeyer-1,4,15-trien-3-one (12). The structures were established by spectroscopic analyses, NMR data comparisons with similar diterpenes, and chemical correlations. All the diterpenes are assumed to have the same absolute configuration as the co-occurring (+)-stachenol (4). Diosphenol 2 and nor-lactone 5 exhibited significant potency in bioassays for cytotoxic activity against leukemia cells (L1210). Plausible biosynthetic pathways are proposed to explain the origin of the diterpene metabolites.
Ultrasound-Guided Blockade of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve: Technical Description and Review of 10 Cases

Blockade of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is performed for therapeutic management of meralgia paresthetica and as a regional anesthetic technique. The conventional technique is associated with high failure rates secondary to variable LFCN anatomy. We describe a technique for blockade of the LFCN using ultrasound guidance. A cross-sectional view of the LFCN was obtained by identifying the anterior superior iliac spine, then moving a 14-to-7MHz linear array ultrasound probe in a medial caudal direction until the nerve was encountered. The needle was advanced to the LFCN under ultrasound guidance via a lateral to medial approach. Injection using dynamic ultrasound demonstrated excellent perineural spread. Ten subjects underwent successful blockade of the LFCN with this technique. Five subjects were obese. Use of ultrasound for precise needle placement allowed low injection volumes to be utilized. Theref were no complications. Ultrasound guidance can facilitate blockade of the LFCN for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and may be particularly beneficial with patients with challenging surface anatomic landmarks, or when low volume injections are desired.
Time-dependent self-consistent field approach to infrared laser multiphoton excitation

Abstract A classical version of the time-dependent self-consistent field (TDSCF) approach is presented for the non-perturbative treatment of intense field multiphoton excitation (MPE) and dissociation (MPD) of polyatomic molecules. The method is applied to the study of infrared MPE of SO2 It is found that besides being much more computationally efficient, the TDSCF method reproduces the fully classical trajectory results quantitatively. Furthermore, the essential frequency- and intensity-dependent dynamical excitation phenomena predicted by the TDSCF calculations accord with both the experimental and the quantum-mechanical results.
In situ polymerization of polyamide 66 nanocomposites utilizing interfacial polycondensation. III. Co‐synthesis of silica nanocomposites via sol–gel chemistry

In situ co-synthesis of nylon 66 (PA66)-silica nanocomposites can be accomplished through sol–gel chemistry conducted simultaneously with the nylon polymerization. Unfunctionalized silica nanocomposites and bonded silica nanocomposites wherein the inorganic silica phase chemically couples to the nylon polymer through a functionalized silane are generated via the simultaneous initiation of synthesis reactions in the inorganic and organic species. The effects of agitation and water-to-silane molar ratio on the courses of the inorganic and organic reactions and the generated silica morphology in the resulting nanocomposites are investigated using the tools of Brookfield Viscometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirms the mechanical reinforcement of the various nanocomposites in relation to their silica content and network morphology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rooms: the use of multiple virtual workspaces to reduce space contention in a window-based graphical user interface

A key constraint on the effectiveness of window-based human-computer interfaces is that the display screen is too small for many applications. This results in “window thrashing,” in which the user must expend considerable effort to keep desired windows visible. Rooms is a window manager that overcomes small screen size by exploiting the statistics of window access, dividing the user's workspace into a suite of virtual workspaces with transitions among them. Mechanisms are described for solving the problems of navigation and simultaneous access to separated information that arise from multiple workspaces.
The Fields Teaching Tests

Using various Latin square and incomplete Latin square formats, the Fields test formats provide a novel way of presenting tests to students using machine scoreable answer sheets that can be item an...
Effect of tumor promoter TPA on spontaneous and mitomycin C induced mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract It has been proposed that mitotic recombination is involved in tumor promotion. To test this idea, we investigated the effect of a tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on spontaneous and mitomycin C (MMC)-induced mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. The test system used was the wing-spot assay. Third instar larvae (mwh + / + flr) were treated with MMC (0–0.3 mM) for 6 h and fed media containing TPA (0–10 μg/ml), and the wings of surviving adults were analyzed for the presence of mutant spots. The results are: (1) MMC induced twin spots as well as single spots dose dependently (0.03–0.3 mM). (2) TPA itself did not induce twin spots or single spots in the range of doses examined (0.1–10 μg/ml). (3) TPA did not enhance the frequencies of twin or single spots induced by MMC. These results indicate that TPA induced neither mitotic recombination nor mutations under these experimental conditions. Thus the results would not support the mitotic recombination theory in tumor promotion. Rather, in this study, TPA posttreatment resulted in reduced frequencies of mutant single spots induced by MMC.
Dietary fiber enhances a tumor suppressor signaling pathway in the gut

Objective: To determine whether sodium butyrate (NaB), a major short-chain fatty acid produced in the human gut by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, enhances transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling and potentiates its tumor suppressor activity in the gut.
A conceptual framework for population socialization

The term "population socialization" first appeared in the literature only a few years ago, and research truly falling within that category dates only from the late 1960's. In education, marital and family relationships, social deviance, and political conduct, there has been extensive study of the idea that attitudes and behavior carried into adulthood are learned early in life. Still, this notion has only recently found its way into the study of population processess. Moreover, the attention given population socialization so far has been rather unsystematic, and in need of guidance and development. The purpose of this paper, and of those which follow it, is to help shape a perspective on population socialization inquiry and to stimulate those with interest in the area to elaborate and add substance to the perspective through their own research. The conceptual framework adopted here is designed to embrace what has already been accomplished and to indicate aspects which have not yet been considered.
Efficient Acid-Catalyzed 18F/19F Fluoride Exchange of BODIPY Dyes

Fluorine-containing fluorochromes are important validation agents for positron emission tomography imaging compounds, as they can be readily validated in cells by fluorescence imaging. In particular, the (18) F-labeled BODIPY-FL fluorophore has emerged as an important platform, but little is known about alternative (18) F-labeling strategies or labeling on red-shifted fluorophores. In this study we explore acid-catalyzed (18) F/(19) F exchange on a range of commercially available N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester and maleimide BODIPY fluorophores. We show this method to be a simple and efficient (18) F-labeling strategy for a diverse span of fluorescent compounds, including a BODIPY-modified PARP-1 inhibitor, and amine- and thiol-reactive BODIPY fluorophores.
Strategies Used by Secondary Mathematics Teachers to Solve Proportion Problems.

Twenty secondary mathematics teachers described their thinking as they solved four proportion problems (Task 1), explained how they would teach two of the problems (Task 2), and solved four similar problems after being asked to use proportion strategies (Task 3). Their solution strategies were classified using a nine-category scheme. Overall, the teachers were more successful with direct proportion than with inverse proportion. On Task 1 proportion strategies were used on only half the problems. On Task 3 three fourths of the responses depended upon proportion strategies. On Task 2 most teachers said they would use the same strategies in teaching the problems that they used in solving them.
Decision support software for value‐based planning

You'd like to give value‐based planning a try but have been dragging your feet because you're put off by its intricacy? Or, you worry about how you can get your managers to become proficient enough in the method to be comfortable with it? If so, you certainly aren't alone. The sheer complexity of the data analyses and computations has been a major stumbling block to the acceptance of value‐based planning (VBP). So, what can you do if you're really interested in trying the VBP process in your organization?
Oral dosing of rats with polychlorinated biphenyls increases urinary homovanillic acid production

The effect of a single oral gavage with a mixture of Aroclors 1254 and 1260 on 24‐h production of urinary homovanillic acid was determined in the laboratory rat. Adult male Wistar‐derived rats were exposed to a single dose of corn oil, either alone or containing equal amounts of Aroclors 1254 and 1260 at a dosage of 500 or 1000 mg/kg. Urinary homovanillic acid concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The 500‐mg/kg group showed a transient increase in homovanillic acid production, while the 1000‐mg/kg group showed a biphasic response‐an initial decrease (due to decreased food consumption) followed by a prolonged elevation. Only transient changes in body weight, food and water consumption, and urine output were observed. The results demonstrate that peripheral measurement of a dopamine metabolite may provide a means of monitoring changes in an important neurotransmitter system after exposure to a putative neurotoxin.
Writing method and productivity of science and engineering faculty

The present study aimed to describe the methods of writing used by university faculty and to explore relationships between method and productivity in writing. The survey reported here examined the cognitive strategies, tools, work scheduling, environment, and rituals used by 121 science and engineering faculty members in writing technical documents such as journal articles. The most commonly reported methods (e.g., the cognitive strategy of mentally planning large units of text structure and selecting a pen or pencil for a tool) were uncorrelated with reported productivity. Selecting a quiet work environment was the only typical habit that was associated with high productivity. Three other aspects of writing method were also related to high productivity, but they were not widely employed. These were using a dictation machine, preparing detailed written outlines before beginning a first draft, and the ritual of exercising vigorously before or during a writing session.
A method to ensure electrode alignment in an ion source without accelerator down time

Abstract A method has been developed which allows an electrode to be adjusted with respect to its mounting base. This enables accurate alignment to be obtained without close machining tolerances and maintained inspite of aperture erosion. The use of an off-line alignment apparatus allows an electrode to be accurately set without the need to interrupt the accelerator operating schedule. Thus any electrode may be serviced and new or experimental electrodes completed and they will be accurately aligned when mounted into the source.
Extensions of certain operators to spaces of abstract integrable functions

In this paper we discuss the extension of operators onL1R spaces to operators onL1E andP1E spaces (see Section 1), whereE is a Banach space. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the extension to a spaceP1E is given (see Section 3) whenE has the weak Radon-Nikodym property. The paper contains certain applications to ergodic theory and a theorem giving a characterization of weakly conditionally compact sets.
Detection of endogenous malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adducts in human liver: Chaudhary AK, Nokubo M, Reddy GR, Yeola SN, Morrow JD, Blair IA, Marnett LJ. Science 1994; 265: 1580–1581

Abstract Endogenous DNA adducts may contribute to the etiology of human genetic disease and cancer. One potential source of endogenous DNA adducts is lipid peroxidation, which generates mutagenic carbonyl compounds such as malondialdehyde. A sensitive mass spectrometric method permitted detection and quantitation of the major malondialdehyde-DNA adduct, a pyrimidopurinone derived from deoxyguanosine. DNA from disease-free human liver was found to contain 5400 adducts per cell, a frequency comparable to that of adducts formed by exogenous carcinogens. Reprinted with permission from Science 1994; 265: 1580–1581. Copyright 1994 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Staffing by Design: A Methodology for Staffing Reference

The growth in number and kind of online reference services has resulted in both new users consulting library research services as well as new patterns of service use. Staffing in-person and virtual reference services desks adequately requires a systematic analysis of patterns of use across service points in order to successfully meet fluctuating patron needs. This article examines an assessment methodology for examining patron use of in-person and virtual reference services, and designing variable staffing models which balance the observed needs of each mode of communication and patron type.
Assessing the association between brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) activity and food and harbourage characteristics in a residential community of a medium-sized United States city

Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) is a host for several zoonoses. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides survey tools to ascertain prevalent rat food and harbourage (FAH) and activity (RA) to complement as integrated pest management strategies. The local health department in a medium-sized city assessed to what degree FAH surveys alone predicted where and when to deploy mitigating infestation interventions by determining (1) neighbourhood-specific food and harbourage prevalence; (2) neighbourhood-specific rat activity prevalence; and (3) whether food and harbourage survey alone could predict prevalent rat activity. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from lots (land parcels) in targeted survey areas. Area-specific survey means and proportions were compared and assessed for true differences. Multiple linear regression was used to construct an intervention decision tool. Investigators observed significantly different food and harbourage scores between control a...
The Geography of Opportunity and Unemployment: An Integrated Model of Residential Segregation and Spatial Mismatch

This article combines the neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch frameworks into a single model explaining how geographic factors contribute to unemployment. Using National Longitudinal Survey o...
Detection of noncontingent feedback in EMG biofeedback.

Noncontingent feedback is frequently used as a placebo control procedure in biofeedback research. Researchers, however, have criticized this procedure for lacking credibility because of easy detection. The present study examined detection of false feedback in biofeedback with EMG. Contingent feedback (CF), truly random false feedback (FF), and controlled false feedback (CFF) groups were compared for changes in EMG levels, report of inaccurate feedback, and report of learning muscle activity reduction. The results indicated that FF procedures are easily detected; therefore, differences found between the FF and CF groups may be influenced by extraneous variables. The CFF group did not detect false feedback, but subjects reported some suspicions in later trials. With more trials, CFF may have also been detected. These results indicate a need for more attention to appropriate placebo control procedures in evaluating the parameters and efficacy of biofeedback.
Response Bias in Studying Hospice Clients' Needs

Client-centered needs assessments are a useful tool in attempting to design hospice programs so that they meet the needs and wants of their clients. Because of its recent development, hospice propo...
Depression and wish to die in a multicenter cohort of ALS patients

AbstractOur objective was to determine prevalence of depressive disorders and wish to die at the baseline visit of a longitudinal multisite study of patients with ALS. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with patients diagnosed in past 18 months at 16 U.S. ALS centers. Demographic, medical, psychiatric and other psychological measures were administered. Of 329 patients assessed, mean ALSFRS-R score was 36.6; 88% (289/329) had no depressive disorder, 7% (24/329) had minor depression, and 5% (16/329) had current major depressive disorder (DSM-IV criteria). Demographic, financial and employment factors were unrelated to depression, as were duration of ALS symptoms and respiratory status, although depressed patients had lower scores on the total ALSFRS-R (p = 0.004) and gross motor function (p < 0.001). Depressed patients reported less pleasure, greater suffering, weariness and anxiety, more stress, were less hopeful, felt less control over illness management, reported lower quality of life, more o...
Studies of reproductive cyclicity: Evaluation of computermodeling as a tool*

Abstract Assessment of toxic effects on human reproductive function using fetal health or teratogenic criteria presumes the conditions of parental fertility. Toxins that compromise fecundity through derangement of the menstrual cycle may require quite different models and criteria. Nonlinear dynamic interactions of the hormonal and morphological components of the menstrual cycle add to the difficulty of such studies. With appropriate mathematical models, computer simulation can provide a useful guide to the design and conduct of in vivo experiment.
Gaps in preoperative surveillance and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms among Medicare beneficiaries

Objective Screening and surveillance are recommended in the management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Gaps in surveillance after early diagnosis may lead to unrecognized AAA growth, rupture, and death. This study investigates the frequency and predictors of rupture of previously diagnosed AAAs. Methods Data were extracted from Medicare claims for patients who underwent AAA repair between 2006 and 2009. Relevant preoperative abdominal imaging exams were tabulated up to 5 years prior to AAA repair. Repair for ruptured AAAs was compared with repair for intact AAAs for those with an early diagnosis of an AAA, defined as having received imaging at least 6 months prior to surgery. Gaps in surveillance were defined as no image within 1 year of surgery or no imaging for more than a 2-year time span after the initial image. Logistic regression was used to examine independent predictors of rupture despite early diagnosis. Results A total of 9298 patients had repair after early diagnosis, with rupture occurring in 441 (4.7%). Those with ruptured AAAs were older (80.2 ± 6.9 vs 77.6 ± 6.2 years; P P = .001), were less likely to be treated in a high-volume hospital (45.4% vs 59.5%; P P P Conclusions Despite previous diagnosis of AAA, many patients experience rupture prior to repair. Improved mechanisms for surveillance are needed to prevent rupture and ensure timely repair for patients with AAAs.
Exploring Characteristics of Retained First-Year Students Enrolled in Non-Proximal Distance Learning Programs:

This study explored pre- and post-admission characteristics of retained first-year students enrolled in non-proximal distance learning programs within public, 2-year colleges. Five pre-admission an...
Routine intragastric feeding following traumatic brain injury is safe and well tolerated

Abstract Background: Delayed gastric emptying following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has led some to advocate jejunal feeding. Our purpose was to review our experience with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and intragastric feeding in TBI patients to assess safety and effectiveness. Methods: All patients on a TBI clinical pathway at our institution were targeted for early PEG. After PEG, standard enteral nutrition was initiated. Abdominal examination and gastric residual volumes were used to assess tolerance. Results: There were 118 patients with moderate to severe TBI. The average age was 36 years. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 25. Enteral access was obtained and intragastric feeding was initiated on day 3.6. Intragastric feeding was tolerated without complication in 111 of 114 (97%) patients. Five patients aspirated, but had no evidence of intolerance prior to the event. Conclusions: PEG provided reliable enteral access in moderate to severe TBI patients. Intragastric feeding was well tolerated with a low complication rate (4%).