cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic disruption of the autism spectrum disorder risk gene PLAUR induces GABAA receptor subunit changes

Disruption of the GABAergic system has been implicated in multiple developmental disorders, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. The human gene encoding uPAR (PLAUR) has been shown recently to be associated with the risk of autism. The uPAR(-/-) mouse exhibits a regionally-selective reduction in GABAergic interneurons in frontal and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex as well as in the CA1 and dentate gyrus subfields of the hippocampus. Behaviorally, these mice exhibit increased sensitivity to pharmacologically-induced seizures, heightened anxiety, and atypical social behavior. Here, we explore potential alterations in GABAergic circuitry that may occur in the context of altered interneuron development. Analysis of gene expression for 13 GABA(A) receptor subunits using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicates seven subunit mRNAs (alpha(1), alpha(2), alpha(3), beta(2), beta(3), gamma(2S) and gamma(2L)) of interest. Semi-quantitative in situ hybridization analysis focusing on these subunit mRNAs reveals a complex pattern of potential gene regulatory adaptations. The levels of alpha(2) subunit mRNAs increase in frontal cortex, CA1 and CA3, while those of alpha3 decrease in frontal cortex and CA1. In contrast, alpha(1) subunit mRNAs are unaltered in any region examined. beta(2) subunit mRNAs are increased in frontal cortex whereas beta(3) subunit mRNAs are decreased in parietal cortex. Finally, gamma(2S) subunit mRNAs are increased in parietal cortex while gamma(2L) subunit mRNAs are increased in the dentate gyrus, potentially altering the gamma(2S):gamma(2L) ratio in these two regions. For all subunits, no changes were observed in forebrain regions where GABAergic interneuron numbers are normal. We propose that disrupted differentiation of GABAergic neurons specifically in frontal and parietal cortices leads to regionally-selective alterations in local circuitry and subsequent adaptive changes in receptor subunit composition. Future electrophysiological studies will be useful in determining how alterations in network activity in the cortex and hippocampus relate to the observed behavioral phenotype.
The ethics of belief and two conceptions of christian faith

This article deals with two types of Christian faith in the light of the challenges posed by the ethics of belief. It is proposed that the difficulties with Clifford’s formulation of that ethic can best be handled if the ethic is interpreted in terms of role-specific intellectual integrity. But the ethic still poses issues for the traditional interpretation of Christian faith when it is conceived as a series of discrete but related propositions, especially historical propositions. For as so conceived, the believer makes claims that fall within the province of an intellectual discipline, history, that requires evidence and rules of procedure for the adjudication of such claims. It is noteworthy how few Christian theologians and philosophers of religion deal with the issue in these terms. Alvin Plantinga is a noteworthy exception and his views are examined and criticized because, among other things, his conclusion is that any believer without having any training in biblical languages or historical studies can know that the New Testament narratives are true. The article then considers a second conception of Christian faith in which this conflict does not arise. One finds it in the works of Schleiermacher, Wittgenstein, and, surprisingly, in the conception of faith found in the early writings of Karl Barth.
Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of dienamines with acrylates: trends in stereoselectivity upon substitution

Abstract Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of all- trans ethyl 10-diethylamino-2,7,9-decatrienoate and 11-diethylamino-2,8,10-trienoate occur readily to produce trans and cis -fused products in ratios of 85:15 and 55:45, respectively.
General coping strategies and their impact on quality of life in older adults with schizophrenia

Abstract Background Both symptom specific and general coping strategies may affect the well-being of persons with schizophrenia. There are little data on how older adults with schizophrenia employ various coping styles. This study examines the types of general coping strategies used by older persons with schizophrenia and examines the extent to which the various coping strategies affect quality of life. Methods The schizophrenia group consisted of 198 persons aged 55 and over living in the community who developed schizophrenia before age 45. A community comparison group (n = 113) was recruited using randomly selected block-groups. Cognitive, instrumental, and avoidant coping scales were created based on a principal component analysis with equamax rotation of items from a self-report coping inventory. A modified version of Yanos and Moos' integrative model was used to assess the direct and mediating effects of each of the coping strategies scales on the Quality of Life Index. Results Older adults with schizophrenia and their age peers in the general community most commonly use cognitive coping strategies, and there was no significant difference in their scores on this scale. For persons with schizophrenia, the active coping strategies – cognitive and instrumental – were used more frequently than the avoidant strategies. Both active and avoidant strategies mediated the impact of psychiatric symptoms on quality of life as well as contributing independently to improving life quality; however, they had no impact on the other stressor variables. Conclusion This study suggests that general coping strategies, especially more active approaches, may be useful in diminishing the adverse impact of psychiatric symptoms on quality of life as well as having direct effects on life quality. Such strategies can complement symptom specific approaches.
Normal Human Sera Cytotoxic to Cells of Human Acute Leukemia

Eight human sera from healthy individuals with no history of immunization with human transplantation antigens have demonstrated complement dependent cytotoxicity to cells of some patients with active acute leukemia. The antigen(s) detected by these sera are absent from normal and remission lymphocytes and appear most often in ALL patients with a high peripheral lymphoblast count. Some B and T lymphoblastoid cell lines carry the antigen(s) as evidenced by their ability to react with and absorb the antileukemia activity. The data support the existence of at least two overlapping specificities detected by these antileukemia sera. The leukemia antigen(s) show no strong correlation with any known HLA antigen. These observations provide evidence for a human leukemia blast associated antigen or set of antigens which may be immunogenic in man. Their relationship to normal HLA antigens of loci other than A, B or C is unknown.
Photomultiplier Counters in High-Energy Physics Experiments

Techniques in the use of photomultipliers in high-energy nuclear physics are presented by the description of experiments that have been prominent recently. The applications involve the use of photomultipliers with attendant amplification at the limit of present possibilities of time resolution. Such applications include measurements of time of flight, measurement of lifetime of heavy unstable particles, and the elimination of background effects in the pulsed radiation fields of high-energy accelerators. The need for the development of large fast-rising signals from events of small light output, such as Cerenkov light pulses, is made apparent, and a discussion of the performance desired from electron multipliers in view of contemplated experiments is presented.
Factors Affecting the Assembly of Carbon Nanostructures With Cells and Enzymes

Carbon nanostructures were synthesized and deposited through flame synthesis on stainless steel grids and foils, and on bare and ferrofluid-painted silicon wafers at different nonpremixed flame locations to produce hydrophobic surfaces. The hydrophobicity is characterized through the contact angle for water droplets placed on the surface. The surface morphology of the nanoparticles is obtained from high-resolution FESEM images. Following synthesis and deposition the adherence, activity, and stability of bacterial cells, antibodies, and enzymes on the carbon nanostructures can be studied.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Surface Roughness and Critical Exponent Analyses of Boron-Doped Diamond Films Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging: Application of Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density Functions

The evolution of the surface roughness of growing metal or semiconductor thin films provides much needed information about their growth kinetics and corresponding mechanism. While some systems show stages of nucleation, coalescence, and growth, others exhibit varying microstructures for different process conditions. In view of these classifications, we report herein detailed analyses based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization to extract the surface roughness and growth kinetics exponents of relatively low boron-doped diamond (BDD) films by utilizing the analytical power spectral density (PSD) and autocorrelation function (ACF) as mathematical tools. The machining industry has applied PSD for a number of years for tool design and analysis of wear and machined surface quality. Herein, we present similar analyses at the mesoscale to study the surface morphology as well as quality of BDD films grown using the microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique. PSD spectra as a function of boron concentration (in gaseous phase) are compared with those for samples grown without boron. We find that relatively higher boron concentration yields higher amplitudes of the longer-wavelength power spectral lines, with amplitudes decreasing in an exponential or power-law fashion towards shorter wavelengths, determining the roughness exponent (α ≈ 0.16 ± 0.03) and growth exponent (β ≈ 0.54), albeit indirectly. A unique application of the ACF, which is widely used in signal processing, was also applied to one-dimensional or line analyses (i.e., along the x- and y-axes) of AFM images, revealing surface topology datasets with varying boron concentration. Here, the ACF was used to cancel random surface “noise” and identify any spatial periodicity via repetitive ACF peaks or spatially correlated noise. Periodicity at shorter spatial wavelengths was observed for no doping and low doping levels, while smaller correlations were observed for relatively higher boron concentration. These semiquantitative spatial analyses may prove useful in comparing synthesis techniques and varying compositional makeups of diamond films and other technologically important electronic materials. These findings in terms of critical exponents are also correlated with traditional Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction structural properties, thus helping to provide insight into the growth kinetics, albeit in reverse manner.
Stereochemical studies of demethylated ketamine enantiomers

The enantiomorphs of norketamine, 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-aminocyclohexanone, were synthesized and screened for biological activity. Resolution was achieved by fractional crystallization of the tartrate salts. Stereochemical purity was determined using standard GC or GC-MS analysis. Preliminary pharmacological evaluations revealed that intraperitoneally injected dextrorotatory norketamine caused a greater duration of loss of righting reflex in mice than the levorotatory isomer.
A Grounded Theory of Fluid Organizing

The scholarly literature suggests that organizations need to be exceptionally flexible or fluid to succeed in highly competitive and dynamic environments, yet the idea of fluidity raises both theor...
Fluoride Excretion With Sodium Fluoride-Vitamin Tablets

Studies were conducted with children who ingested a supplemental fluoride-vitamin preparation, and the pattern of fluoride excretion during a three-year period was investigated. The rate of excretion was greater than the control level throughout a 24-hour period, although the greatest rate of excretion occurred within the first two hours.
Partition relations for countable topological spaces

Abstract We consider partition relations for pairs of elements of a countable topological space. For spaces with infinitely many nonempty derivatives a strong negative theorem is obtained. For example, it is possible to partition the pairs of rationals into countably many pieces so that every homeomorph of the rationals contains a pair from every piece. Some positive results are also proved for ordinal spaces of the form ωα + 1, where α is countable.
Temperature dependence of the band parameters of bismuth

The temperature dependence of the band parameters associated with the electron pockets in bismuth is presented from 4 to 280 K, based on analysis of magnetoreflection data. This first determination of the bismuth band parameters over a wide temperature range shows that the same form of the energy dispersion relation is applicable over the entire temperature range. Above \ensuremath{\sim}60 K a large temperature dependence is found for both the band parameters and the momentum matrix elements coupling the valence and conduction bands.
DATA RETENTION AND ACCESS REGIMES FOR WIRELESS MESSAGE LOGS IN THE UNITED STATES: EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

The application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) solutions for government agencies in the United States raises special concerns about how information collected by new ITS-related systems will be used and maintained. In the United States, Freedom of Information Act laws require almost all government agencies to provide the general public with access to government records, including electronic records. Government agencies are also required by state and federal courts to provide access to their records. Consequently, as government agencies apply ITS solutions, they must examine issues related to data retention and access. The development of data access and retention was examined in the case of the Capital Wireless Integrated Network (CapWIN) project, a partnership of numerous government agencies and universities of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan region that is developing the first interjurisdictional, interagency integrated and scalable wireless transportation fleet and public safety communica...
Effects of caloric restriction on rodent drug and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes: implications for mutagenesis and cancer

Abstract Caloric restriction in rodents results in increased longevity and a decreased rate of spontaneous and chemically induced neoplasia. The low rates of spontaneous neoplasia and other pathologies have made calorically restricted rodents attractive for use in chronic bioassays. However, caloric restriction also alters hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) expression and so may also alter the biotransformation rates of test chemicals. These alterations in DME expression may be divided into two types: (1) those that are the direct result of caloric restriction itself and are detectable from shortly after the restriction is initiated; (2) those which are the result of pathological conditions that are delayed by caloric restriction. These latter alterations do not usually become apparent until late in the life of the organism. In rats, the largest direct effect of caloric restriction on liver DMEs is an apparent de-differentiation of sex-specific enzyme expression. This includes a 40–70% decrease in cytochrome P450 2C11 (CYP2C11) expression in males and a 20–30% reduction of corticosterone sulfotransferase activity in females. Changes in DME activities that occur late in life in calorically restricted rats include a stimulation of CYP2E1-dependent 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity and a delay in the disappearance of male-specific enzyme activities in senescent males. It is probable that altered DME expression is associated with altered metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens. For example the relative expression of hepatic CYP2C11 in ad libitum-fed or calorically restricted rats of different ages is closely correlated with the amount of genetic damage in 2-acetylaminofluorene- or aflatoxin B1-pretreated hepatocytes isolated from rats of the same age and caloric intake. This suggests that altered hepatic drug and carcinogen metabolism in calorically restricted rats can influence the carcinogenicity of test chemicals.
Understanding Condom Use Decision Making Among Homeless Youth Using Event-Level Data

This is one of the first qualitative event-based studies to understand the various mechanisms through which multiple factors influence condom use decision making among homeless youth. Event-level interviews that explore characteristics of the environment surrounding sexual events were conducted with 29 youth who were asked to describe two recent sexual encounters. In thematic analyses of data across events, reasons that youth gave for engaging in unprotected sex included the expectation of having sex and use of alternative methods of protection against pregnancy. Other nonevent factors that influenced condom use decision making were related to attributes of the partnership (e.g., testing, trust and love, and assessments of risk) and attributes of the youth (e.g., perceptions of diseases, concerns over pregnancy, and discomfort using condoms). Additional event analyses conducted within the same individuals found that decision making was influenced by multiple interacting factors, with different pathways op...
Glyphosate interaction with manganese in tank mixtures and its effect on glyphosate absorption and translocation

Abstract Recent reports indicate that manganese (Mn), applied as a foliar fertilizer in tank mixtures with glyphosate, has the potential to antagonize glyphosate efficacy and reduce weed control. It was hypothesized that Mn2+ complexed with glyphosate in a similar manner to Ca2+, forming salts that were not readily absorbed and, thereby, reducing glyphosate efficacy. This study was conducted to confirm the interaction of Mn2+ and glyphosate and to measure the effect of Mn on glyphosate absorption and translocation in velvetleaf. In aqueous solutions, Mn2+ binds with solvent molecules and with chelating agents to form hexacoordinate complexes. The distribution of paramagnetic species, both the free manganous ion ([Mn{H2O}6]2+) and the Mn2+–glyphosate complex, in Mn–glyphosate solutions at various pH values were analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Glyphosate interaction with Mn appeared to increase as the pH was increased from spray solution levels (2.8 to 4.5) to levels commo...
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Vanadium Commercial Egg-Type Laying Hens

SUMMARY A 56-d experiment was conducted with 32-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of vanadium (V) on performance, hatchability, hatch residue, and excreta moisture. Ammonium metavanadate was added to a corn and soybean meal control diet to supply 20, 40, or 60 mg V/kg diet. A concentration as low as 20 mg V/kg diet caused a decline in egg interior quality and percentage of total hatch and an increase in excreta moisture. Feeding 40 and 60 mg V/kg diet resulted in a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in excreta moisture and decreased feed consumption, egg fertility, hatchability, and egg production. Embryo malposition was unaffected by dietary V, but embryonic mortality and unpipped eggs were increased by dietary concentrations of 60 mg V/kg diet.
Current status of nematodes for the biological control of insects

This review highlights published research on the principal entomogenous nematodes that have potential as biological control agents of insects. The life-cycles and status of promising members of the families Allantonematidae, Diplogasteridae, Heterorhabditidae, Mermithidae, Neotylenchidae, Rhabditidae, Sphaerulariidae, Steinernematidae and Tetradonematidae are discussed. Emphasis is placed on attempts to control insect populations with these nematodes. Mass propagation of the Steinernematidae and Mermithidae are also discussed, including current in vivo and in vitro rearing systems. A number of these nematodes show promise as biological control agents but commercial development has been slow because of environmental limitations, host specificity and inherent problems associated with manipulation of living organisms. Although some of these nematodes have been considered for commercial preparation, it appears that they will remain ‘on the shelf’ until the need for such biological control provides small businesses with the incentive to make them available for general use.
Rapid DNA sequencing based upon single molecule detection

We are developing a laser-based technique for the rapid sequencing of 40-kb or larger fragments of DNA at a rate of 100 to 1000 bases per second. The approach relies on fluorescent labeling of the bases in a single fragment of DNA, attachment of this labeled DNA fragment to a support, movement of the supported DNA fragment into a flowing sample stream, and detection of individual fluorescently labeled bases as they are cleaved from the DNA fragment by an exonuclease. The ability to sequence large fragments of DNA will significantly reduce the amount of subcloning and the number of overlapping sequences required to assemble megabase segments of sequence information.
Antidumping and Strategic Industrial Policy: Tit-for-Tat Trade Remedies and the China-X-Ray Equipment Dispute

This article examines the relationship between antidumping duties and strategic industrial policy. We argue that the dynamic between the two instruments is more complex and elaborate than that offered by the conventional account. We use the recent China-X-Ray Equipment dispute as a case study to show that linkage between the two instruments may not be the consequence of a government-led policy but instead a result of firm-driven responses to an industrial policy. This in turn may lead to antidumping tit-for-tat behavior between WTO members. We also analyze how WTO litigation serves as a means to alter the payoff and discuss the implications and unresolved questions that remain following the China-X-Ray Equipment ruling by the WTO.
Automatic Sales Lead Generation from Web Data

Speed to market is critical to companies that are driven by sales in a competitive market. The earlier a potential customer can be approached in the decision making process of a purchase, the higher are the chances of converting that prospect into a customer. Traditional methods to identify sales leads such as company surveys and direct marketing are manual, expensive and not scalable. Over the past decade the World Wide Web has grown into an information-mesh, with most important facts being reported through Web sites. Several news papers, press releases, trade journals, business magazines and other related sources are on-line. These sources could be used to identify prospective buyers automatically. In this paper, we present a system called ETAP (Electronic Trigger Alert Program) that extracts trigger events from Web data that help in identifying prospective buyers. Trigger events are events of corporate relevance and indicative of the propensity of companies to purchase new products associated with these events. Examples of trigger events are change in management, revenue growth and mergers & acquisitions. The unstructured nature of information makes the extraction task of trigger events difficult. We pose the problem of trigger events extraction as a classification problem and develop methods for learning trigger event classifiers using existing classification methods. We present methods to automatically generate the training data required to learn the classifiers. We also propose a method of feature abstraction that uses named entity recognition to solve the problem of data sparsity. We score and rank the trigger events extracted from ETAP for easy browsing. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the method and thus establish the feasibility of automatic sales lead generation using the Web data.
An update on the clinical and molecular characteristics of pseudohypoparathyroidism

Purpose of reviewTo provide the reader with a review of contemporary literature describing the evolving understanding of the molecular pathobiology of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP).Recent findingsThe features of PHP type 1 reflect imprinting of the GNAS gene, which encodes the α subunit of the hete
Lithium Mass Transport in Ceramic Breeder Materials

The objective of this activity is to measure the lithium vaporization from lithium oxide breeder material under differing temperature and moisture partial pressure conditions. Lithium ceramics are being investigated for use as tritium breeding materials. The lithium is readily converted to tritium after reacting with a neutron. With the addition of 1000 ppM H{sub 2} to the He purge gas, the bred tritium is readily recovered from the blanket as HT and HTO above 400{degree}C. Within the solid, tritium may also be found as LiOT which may transport lithium to cooler parts of the blanket. The pressure of LiOT(g), HTO(g), or T{sub 2}O(g) above Li{sub 2}O(s) is the same as that for reactions involving hydrogen. In our experiments we were limited to the use of hydrogen. The purpose of this work is to investigate the transport of LiOH(g) from the blanket material. 8 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Mannose-binding lectin in chronic hepatitis C in children.

AbstractObjective. To investigate effect of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) genetic polymorphisms and phenotype in chronic hepatitis C and its impact on response to antiviral therapy in children. Methods. Fifty four children with chronic hepatitis C, aged 2.5–18 years were enrolled. Forty-five children were treated with interferon-α (IFN-α) alone (n = 2) or IFN-α and ribavirin (n = 43). Twenty-one children who responded to antiviral therapy were defined as sustained responders to therapy (IFN-SR). Before therapy, MBL genotypes and serum MBL levels (by ELISA) were determined. MBL genotype distribution and levels were correlated to disease characteristics and response to therapy. Results. Children with chronic hepatitis C who did not respond to antiviral therapy (IFN-NR) presented more frequently MBL2 polymorphisms, although this did not reach significance (p = 0.08). MBL levels were significantly lower in children classified as IFN-NR when compared to children defined as IFN-SR (1.623 ng/ml vs. 3.699 ng/ml), ...
Long-term potentiation: What's learning got to do with it?

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is operationally defined as a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers. Since the first full description of the phenomenon in 1973, exploration of the mechanisms underlying LTP induction has been one of the most active areas of research in neuroscience. Of principal interest to those who study LTP, particularly in the mammalian hippocampus, is its presumed role in the establishment of stable memories, a role consistent with "Hebbian" descriptions of memory formation. Other characteristics of LTP, including its rapid induction, persistence, and correlation with natural brain rhythms, provide circumstantial support for this connection to memory storage. Nonetheless, there is little empirical evidence that directly links LTP to the storage of memories. In this target article we review a range of cellular and behavioral characteristics of LTP and evaluate whether they are consistent with the purported role of hippocampal LTP in memory formation. We suggest that much of the present focus on LTP reflects a preconception that LTP is a learning mechanism, although the empirical evidence often suggests that LTP is unsuitable for such a role. As an alternative to serving as a memory storage device, we propose that LTP may serve as a neural equivalent to an arousal or attention device in the brain. Accordingly, LTP may increase in a nonspecific way the effective salience of discrete external stimuli and may thereby facilitate the induction of memories at distant synapses. Other hypotheses regarding the functional utility of this intensely studied mechanism are conceivable; the intent of this target article is not to promote a single hypothesis but rather to stimulate discussion about the neural mechanisms underlying memory storage and to appraise whether LTP can be considered a viable candidate for such a mechanism.
Enrolling Eligible Children In Medicaid And CHIP: A Research Update

Keeping children who are eligible for Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrolled in these programs remains an important policy challenge. An earlier study showed that one-third of all uninsured children in 2006 had been enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP the previous year. Updated results show that in 2008, children enrolled in Medicaid were somewhat more likely to remain in the program than in 2006. However, more than a quarter of all uninsured children in 2008 had been enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP the year before. In other words, roughly two million children became uninsured in 2008, despite their ongoing eligibility for these programs. It is possible that fewer children may also be enrolling in public programs since 2006 because of requirements that their U.S. citizenship status be documented.
Design and analysis of a two-channel three-mirror x-ray telescope.

Alternate configurations for a two-channel three-mirror glancing incidence x-ray telescope have been designed and evaluated. A Wolter-Schwarzschild type I telescope is used as a base system for one channel of operation. The second channel consists of the secondary mirror of the Wolter-Schwarzschild type I telescope used as a primary mirror and a third aspheric mirror as a secondary for the inner channel. Two alternate aspheric mirror designs for the secondary of the inner channel were produced, one corrected for spherical aberration and the other corrected for coma. A ray-tracing technique was used to calculate the rms blur circle radius on the focal plane for both channels and each configuration.
Amplifying limited expert input to sanitize large network traces

We present a methodology for identifying sensitive data in packet payloads, motivated by the need to sanitize packets before releasing them (e.g., for network security/dependability analysis). Our methodology accommodates packets recorded from an incompletely documented protocol, in which case it will be necessary to consult a human expert to determine what packet data is sensitive. Since expert availability for such tasks is limited, however, our methodology adopts a hierarchical approach in which most packet inspection is done by less-trained workers whose designations of sensitive data in selected packets best match the expert's. At the core of our methodology is a data reduction and presentation algorithm that selects candidate workers based on their evaluations of a small number of packets; that solicits these workers' designations of sensitive data in a larger (but still minuscule) subset of packets; and then applies these designations to mark sensitive data in the entire data set. We detail our algorithms and evaluate them in a realistic user study.
Reassessment of parasystole

Abstract Fifty-eight electrocardiograms from 21 patients showing parasystole were studied both individually and as a group. Several interesting cases were presented to illustrate (1) parasystolic activity of long duration (one over 7 years and the other 2 years and 9 months), (2) parasystole causing periods of ventricular bigeminy with both progressive prolongation and shortening of the coupling interval, (3) possible example of a parasystolic rhythm with fixed coupling interval, (4) complex arrhythmia caused by parasystole and escape beats originating from the region of parasystolic focus, and (5) an example of intermittent parasystole. Furthermore, (6) distribution of the mean parasystolic cycle lengths, (7) stability of parasystolic impulse formation and its relationship with exit block, (8) the relationship between the QRS configuration of the sinus and the parasystolic beats, and (9) the correlation between the refractory period and the Q-T or Q-aU interval of the sinus beats were studied in the entire group. These studies suggest automaticity in some protions of the specialized conducting system as the most likely mechanism of both parasystolic impulse formation and protection of such parasystolic focus. The relationships between the protective mechanism and exit block as well as intermittence were also discussed. Finally, the following hypotheses were presented: (1) Parasystolic focus is most likely located in one of the major bundle branches or fascicles when sinus beats show intraventricular conduction disturbances, while the focus is located more peripherally in the Purkinje system when sinus beats show normal QRS duration, and (2) the U wave of the electrocardiogram may very well represent the repolarization process in the Purkinje system.
Coordinated control of senescence by lncRNA and a novel T-box3 co-repressor complex

Cell division and growth are essential for survival. But it is equally important that cells can stop dividing, because failing to do so can lead to the uncontrolled tumor growth seen in cancer. One such quality control mechanism is called senescence, which stops the growth and multiplication of cells that are old, damaged or behaving in ways that may harm the organism. All cells eventually stop dividing and undergo senescence, but a number of factors may trigger the process early, such as DNA damage, stress or the appearance of cancer-causing proteins. Senescence can be harmful if it occurs too early in life and interferes with normal growth. Severe birth defects—including fatal heart problems and limb malformations—occur if senescence is inappropriately triggered early in development. Mutations in a gene encoding a protein called TBX3 have been linked to these severe birth defects. Normally, TBX3 stops the production of other proteins that trigger senescence in early development, and helps to maintain stable conditions in adult cells. Understanding how it does so could help scientists understand normal cell function and aging, and also help to find ways to trigger senescence in cancerous cells. Kumar et al. found that a protein called CAPERα—for short Coactivator of AP1 and Estrogen Receptor—forms a complex with TBX3 that stops cells dividing in living organisms in at least two different ways. One way is by altering how DNA is folded. The other way involves a non-coding strand of RNA from a gene called UCA1: this RNA prevents the degradation of proteins that stop cell division. In normal proliferating cells, the CAPERα/TBX3 protein complex prevents the production of UCA1 RNA. In contrast, in cells that received a cancer causing stimulus, TBX3 and CAPERα physically separate: this activates production of UCA1 RNA and causes senescence. Further studies will be required to establish exactly how the CAPERα/TBX3 protein complex interacts with DNA and RNA to control senescence and prevent cancer.
Whole genome sequencing of 56 Mimulus individuals illustrates population structure and local selection

Across western North America, Mimulus guttatus exists as many local populations adapted to site-specific challenges including salt spray, temperature, water availability, and soil chemistry. Gene flow between locally adapted populations will effect genetic diversity in both local demes and across the larger meta-population. A single population of annual M. guttatus from Iron Mountain, Oregon (IM) has been extensively studied and we here building off this research by analyzing whole genome sequences from 34 inbred lines from IM in conjunction with sequences from 22 Mimulus individuals from across the geographic range. Three striking features of these data address hypotheses about migration and selection in a locally adapted population. First, we find very high intra-population polymorphism (synonymous π = 0.033). Variation outside genes may be even higher, but is difficult to estimate because excessive divergence affects read mapping. Second, IM exhibits a significantly positive genome-wide average for Tajima's D. This indicates allele frequencies are typically more intermediate than expected from neutrality, opposite the pattern observed in other species. Third, IM exhibits a distinctive haplotype structure. There is a genome-wide excess of positive associations between minor alleles; consistent with an important effect of gene flow from nearby Mimulus populations. The combination of multiple data types, including a novel, tree-based analytic method and estimates for structural polymorphism (inversions) from previous genetic mapping studies, illustrates how the balance of strong local selection, limited dispersal, and meta-population dynamics manifests across the genome.
Patient Perspectives on the Need for and Barriers to Professional Medical Interpretation

BACKGROUND: Individuals with limited English profi ciency (LEP) constitute an increasing share of the patient population in American healthcare settings. Few studies have described the patient’s perspective on barriers to medical interpretation and experiences in the clinical setting. METHODS: We conducted focus groups with 22 LEP Spanish-speaking adults. Focus groups were transcribed and analyzed in their original Spanish. RESULTS: LEP patients face significant challenges when accessing health care services due to inadequate or insufficient access to professional interpreters. Predominant themes include: lack of interpreter availability, fear of disclosing limited English skills, and language discordant providers overestimating LEP patients’ understanding of English. Many participants felt they had received poorer quality care. CONCLUSIONS: LEP patients face multiple barriers to accessing adequate interpretation leading to a perceived worsening in the quality of care. In order to improve health outcomes for LEP patients, routine provision of adequate interpretation is essential.
Resource-constrained scheduling with hard due windows and rejection penalties

This work studies a scheduling problem where each job must be either accepted and scheduled to complete within its specified due window, or rejected altogether. Each job has a certain processing time and contributes a certain profit if accepted or penalty cost if rejected. There is a set of renewable resources, and no resource limit can be exceeded at any time. Each job requires a certain amount of each resource when processed, and the objective is to maximize total profit. A mixed-integer programming formulation and three approximation algorithms are presented: a priority rule heuristic, an algorithm based on the metaheuristic for randomized priority search and an evolutionary algorithm. Computational experiments comparing these four solution methods were performed on a set of generated benchmark problems covering a wide range of problem characteristics. The evolutionary algorithm outperformed the other methods in most cases, often significantly, and never significantly underperformed any method.
Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Brevibacillin, an Antimicrobial Lipopeptide from Brevibacillus laterosporus That Combats Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria

A new environmental bacterial strain exhibited strong antimicrobial characteristics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus plantarum, and other Gram-positive bacteria. The producer strain, designated OSY-I1, was determined to be Brevibacillus laterosporusvia morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. The antimicrobial agent was extracted from cells of OSY-I1 with isopropanol, purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and structurally analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The MS and NMR results, taken together, uncovered a linear lipopeptide consisting of 13 amino acids and an N-terminal C6 fatty acid (FA) chain, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid. The lipopeptide (FA-Dhb-Leu-Orn-Ile-Ile-Val-Lys-Val-Val-Lys-Tyr-Leu-valinol, where Dhb is α,β-didehydrobutyric acid and valinol is 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol) has a molecular mass of 1,583.0794 Da and contains three modified amino acid residues: α,β-didehydrobutyric acid, ornithine, and valinol. The compound, designated brevibacillin, was determined to be a member of a cationic lipopeptide antibiotic family. In addition to its potency against drug-resistant bacteria, brevibacillin also exhibited low MICs (1 to 8 μg/ml) against selected foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes,Bacillus cereus, and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Purified brevibacillin showed no sign of degradation when it was held at 80 °C for 60 min, and it retained at least 50% of its antimicrobial activity when it was held for 22 h under acidic or alkaline conditions. On the basis of these findings, brevibacillin is a potent antimicrobial lipopeptide which is potentially useful to combat drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.
The Role of Neoantigens in Naturally Occurring and Therapeutically Induced Immune Responses to Cancer

Definitive experimental evidence from mouse cancer models and strong correlative clinical data gave rise to the Cancer Immunoediting concept that explains the dual host-protective and tumor-promoting actions of immunity on developing cancers. Tumor-specific neoantigens can serve as targets of spontaneously arising adaptive immunity to cancer and thereby determine the ultimate fate of developing tumors. Tumor-specific neoantigens can also function as optimal targets of cancer immunotherapy against established tumors. These antigens are derived from nonsynonymous mutations that occur during cellular transformation and, because they are foreign to the host genome, are not subject to central tolerance. In this review, we summarize the experimental evidence indicating that cancer neoantigens are the source of both spontaneously occurring and therapeutically induced immune responses against cancer. We also review the advances in genomics, bioinformatics, and cancer immunotherapy that have facilitated identification of neoantigens and have moved personalized cancer immunotherapies into clinical trials, with the promise of providing more specific, safer, more effective, and perhaps even more generalizable treatments to cancer patients than current immunotherapies.
Simulated imaging of atherosclerotic & radiofrequency ablation lesions using phase subtraction

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation are structural and electrical pathophysiology, respectively, that can lead to acute events such as stroke or myocardial infarction. We used particle-based Monte Carlo methods to simulate X-ray phase imaging of atherosclerotic plaque types IV–VIII in the aorta, iliac, and coronary arteries. We also assessed scar lesion development in radiofrequency catheter ablation treatment of atrial fibrillation by simulating lesions 2, 5, 10, 30, and 60 days post-procedure. For both applications, we found high signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in all lesions. These results suggest that X-ray phase imaging is a viable technique for non-invasive quantitative cardiovascular lesion characterization.
Question-Asking and Advocacy by African American Parents at Individualized Education Program Meetings: A Social and Cultural Capital Perspective

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 mandates parental involvement during Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Several factors including previous IEP experiences, level of ongoing communication between parents and education professionals, or existence of social and cultural capital resources can impact involvement. African American parents with low educational attainment or from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds can be at risk for lower levels of involvement. With in-depth, semistructured interviews, this exploratory study examines two critical communicative dialoguing skills that parents at risk for lower levels of involvement often lack: question asking and advocacy. Eight African American parents (across socioeconomic and educational backgrounds) recalled questions asked and advocacy statements made at previous IEP meetings. Using grounded theory analysis, Strauss and Corbin (1998) showed that collaboration and communication occurred in areas mandated by law, but parents were largely unguided in asking their own questions or making statements. While many participants recalled high levels of involvement in the IEP process via question asking and advocacy, they drew on contacts and specifi c knowledge that at-risk parents do not typically have. Implications for parents with limited social or cultural capital are discussed, and a model approach to increase parental involvement based on innovations in patient‐provider research is explored. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (now known as IDEA, most recently authorized in 2004 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) requires parents of children identifi ed with a need for special education services and education professionals to meet, share goals, and decide upon specially designed instruction and supplemental services necessary to address the educational impairment of children with disabilities of 3–21 years of age (21 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.). Education professionals must include parents within the decision-making process (Trainor, 2010b). The aforementioned aspects of special education accommodations and services are typically outlined and discussed at a student’s yearly Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting. The mandated promotion of parental involvement is further supported by research documenting the positive impact of parent–school collaboration, with studies fi nding that parents with high levels of involvement at IEP meetings tend to have more positive attitudes toward education professionals (Xu & Filler, 2008) and support their child’s learning activities, goals, and outcomes more thoroughly
Greenbug, parasite, and predator populations on sorghum, as related to six systemic insecticides

Sorghum was treated with certain rates of the systemic insecticides acephate, disulfoton, CGA 12658 (Ent. no. 27,920), carbofuran, Counter® [ S-(tert -butylthio) methyl O,O -diethyl phosphorodithioate], and aldicarb. Sorghum treated with the latter 3 products had the lowest populations of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), 37 days after planting and the lowest parasite mummy populations 58 days after planting. These populations were not significantly different from untreated check populations. At 37 days after planting sorghum treated with certain rates of carbofuran, C.G.A. 12658, and aldicarb had parasite mummy populations which were significantly lower in their numerical differences from the untreated check populations. The parasites were tentatively identified as Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) and Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead).
Formaldehyde in the Workplace and in the Home: Exploring Its Clinical Toxicology

Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous low—molecularweight substance with a wide range of applications. Millions of Americans are exposed to formaldehyde on a daily basis by inhalation and skin contact. This review focuses on physical properties as well as potential health effects of formaldehyde exposure. The potential for irritational syndromes are discussed. Systemic reactions, dermatologic and respiratory disease are reviewed. Studies on formaldehyde’s potential as a carcinogenic substance are presented
The Application of Computer to Display Control Systems of Antiaircraft Missile

The composition,working principle,operating process and logical process of dis play control systems of antiaircraft missile weapon is studied.Based on the composition of the display control system, the general principle and consideration for the selection of computer in the design is proposed. According to functions of computer in the display control system, the tasks of computer in the system are described.