cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: intricate molecules with intriguing functions

The term heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) refers to a dichotomous structure, a protein coupled to a unique glycosaminoglycan chain characterized by a linear array of alternating disaccharide units. Both the protein core and the side chains undergo a series of modification reactions, which endow them with a very complex fabric (1). The final product is a sophisticated compound that can fluctuate in size, fine structure, and biology (2–5). The complexity of a usual heparan sulfate chain, for instance, can easily surpass that of common nucleic acids (6, 7). The field of proteoglycan research is nearly equally split into two factions: those who feel that heparan sulfate is the prima donna, with the protein core being just a carrier, and those who feel that there would be no role for heparan sulfate without the protein core. The truth, as usual, is in the middle. Both possess unique features that in some respects act synergistically to provide the maximal strength of signaling and biological activity. This Perspective series, motivated by the recent flurry of discoveries, has been coordinated to provide a balanced view of the most recent advances in the field of HSPG research. The development of novel experimental strategies for decoding the sequence of heparan sulfate (8–10), together with the availability of antibodies specific for heparan sulfate epitopes (11), holds promise for deciphering the functional specificity of heparan sulfate in tissues. The medical importance is underscored by the direct involvement of HSPGs in various human diseases involving the musculoskeletal system, such as the Schwartz-Jampel chondrodystrophic myotonia (12) and the dyssegmental dysplasia Silverman-Handmaker type (13), overgrowth syndrome (Simpson-Golabi-Behmel) (14), or hereditary bone disorders (hereditary multiple exostoses) (15).
Infrared photography of the so-called third Purkinje image.

A brief history of the significance of the 1st and 2nd lens reflexes in physiological optics is presented and the development of photographic techniques for recording the lens reflexes is outlined. A new technique photographing the 1st lens reflex under infrared, and hence extra-visible, illumination is detailed.
Stimulation of adult neural stem cells with a novel glycolipid biosurfactant.

Glycolipids are amphipathic molecules which are highly expressed on cell membranes in skin and brain where they mediate several key cellular processes. Neural stem cells are defined as undifferentiated, proliferative, multipotential cells with extensive self-renewal and are responsive to brain injury. Di-rhamnolipid: α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoic acid, also referred to as di-rhamnolipid BAC-3, is a glycolipid isolated from the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the previous studies, di-rhamnolipid enhanced dermal tissue healing and regeneration. The present study provides the first assessment of di-rhamnolipid, and glycolipid biosurfactants in general, on the nervous system. Treatment of neural stem cells isolated from the lateral ventricle of adult mice and cultured in defined media containing growth factors at 0.5 and 1 μg/ml of di-rhamnolipid increased the number of neurospheres (2.7- and 2.8-fold, respectively) compared to controls and this effect remained even after passaging in the absence of di-rhamnolipid. In addition, neural stem cells treated with di-rhamnolipid at 50 and 100 μg/ml in defined media supplemented with fetal calf serum and without growth factors exhibited increased cell viability, indicating an interaction between di-rhamnolipid and serum components in the regulation of neural stem cells and neuroprogenitors. Intracerebroventricular administration of di-rhamnolipid at 300 and 120 ng/day increased the number of neurospheres (1.3- and 1.63-fold, respectively) that could be derived from the anterior lateral ventricles of adult mice. These results indicate that di-rhamnolipid stimulates proliferation of neural stem cells and increases their endogenous pools which may have therapeutic potential in managing neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disorders and promoting nervous tissue regeneration following injury.
Probing general relativity with radar astrometry in the inner solar system

We describe a long-term program designed to obtain and interpret high-precision radar range measurements of a number of near-Earth objects (NEOs) that have trajectories reaching deep inside the gravitational well of the Sun. Objects in our sample have perihelion shift rates 1.5 to 2.5 times that of (1566) Icarus (10″/cy) and span a wide range of inclinations and semi-major axes, allowing for an unambiguous separation of general relativistic and solar oblateness effects. Four objects have been observed at Arecibo on at least two apparitions since 2000, with typical uncertainties of a few hundred meters. Within the next three years, we anticipate securing a total of 15 observations of 5 different NEOs. This program is expected to provide a purely dynamical measurement of the oblateness of the Sun ( J 2 at the 10 −8 level) and to constrain the Eddington parameter β at the 10 −4 level. Although our objects are selected to minimize Yarkovsky orbital drift, we also anticipate measuring Yarkovsky drift rates, which are orthogonal to the GR and J 2 signatures.
Glycoproteomics: protein modifications for versatile functions

This satellite meeting of the Thirtieth FEBS Congress and the Ninth IUBMB Conference was held in Dubrovnik, Croatia, between 28 and 30 June 2005. The conference was organized by G. Lauc, J. Dumic and M. Flogel from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. ![][1] Glycosylation is perhaps the most common and versatile post‐translational modification of proteins. It is estimated that well over one‐half of all mammalian proteins are glycosylated (Apweiler et al , 1999). The roles of protein glycans, whether N ‐ or O ‐linked forms, are varied. Glycan is required for the biological function of certain proteins, such as the Fc‐effector function of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the regulated clearance of the glycohormone lutropin (LH), the targeting of lysosomal enzymes and controlling the circulation lifetime of glycoprotein drugs (for example, erythropoietin). Glycans also serve as recognition targets for their complementary binding proteins, the lectins. This family includes self proteins that are involved in such diverse functions as fertilization, development, differentiation and lymphocyte circulation, as well as in the development of pathological conditions. Glycans are also used as sites of attachment by microbes and toxins, and often constitute the first contact point between pathogen and host. In addition, glycans serve subtle functions, such as protecting proteins from proteolytic enzymes, promoting protein folding into proper tertiary and quaternary structures, and modulating the biological activities of proteins. Other forms of glycans, such as glycolipids and proteoglycans, also have important structural roles, as well as acting as recognition targets. Glycomics is the investigation and documentation of the large collection of glycan structures. The function of a glycan can vary depending on the protein to which it is attached and the precise site of attachment. It is imperative, therefore, to document the structure and function of the entire glycoprotein. This integrated approach of compiling glycoprotein structure and function … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Public Opinion and Affordable Housing: A Review of the Literature

Public support for planning programs and initiatives are an important component of its success but opposition can be a powerful impediment. When siting unwanted land uses such as affordable housing, neighborhood opposition can be a particularly effective barrier. Understanding the factors that influence opposition is a necessary precursor to successful planning initiatives. This review discusses how attitudes toward affordable housing are likely shaped by factors that influence other social policy attitudes — particularly ideology and stereotyping. The author concludes with recommendations and methods that planners can use to manage public opposition and influence attitudes toward affordable housing.
Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis: Mapping of the structural gene for L glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

The structural gene for the biosynthetic l-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been mapped at min 71.5 on the Escherichia coli chromosome. This gene (gpsA) is co-transduced with the xyl, mtl, and pyrE loci. Three-factor conjugational crosses and the transduction data indicate that the order of loci in this region of the chromosone is mtl, gltE, gpsA, gadR, gadS, pyrE. Study of a temperature-sensitive gpsA mutant possessing a dehydrogenase of increased thermolability indicated that gpsA is the structural gene for the dehydrogenase. All dehydrogenase-deficient strains tested were mapped very close to the gpsA locus. Attempts at genetic complementation analysis were unsuccessful.
ISOLATION OF ANTIGEN-BINDING CELLS FROM UNPRIMED MICE : Demonstration of Antibody-Forming Cell Precursor Activity and Correlation between Precursor and Secreted Antibody Avidities

Cells binding DNP groups conjugated to fluoresceinated mouse gamma globulin ((F)DNP-MGG) were isolated from spleens of unprimed mice using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). The isolated cells were specifically enriched at least 100-fold for anti-DNP precursor activity in an adoptive transfer assay as compared to unfractionated spleen. The fraction depleted of binding cells, although depleted of anti-DNP precursor activity, responded as well as unfractionated spleen when assayed for anticarrier (keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH]) precursor activity. High avidity binding cells were stained using low concentrations of (F)DNP-MGG. Medium and low avidity binding cells were stained using high concentrations of (F)DNP-MGG in the presence of free hapten which selectively blocked staining of the high avidity binding cells. Cells were supplemented with an excess of carrier-primed (KLH), nylon-purified splenic T cells and transferred to irradiated recipients. DNP-KLH was given at transfer and 5 days later. The anti-DNP plaque-forming cell (DNP-PFC) response and the avidities of the DNP-PFC in the irradiated recipients were measured by hapten inhibition of direct PFC plaque formation 12 days after transfer. At this time, very few indirect PFC were found. There was a positive correlation between the avidity of the DNP-binding cells and the avidity of the anti-DNP antibody secreted by their progeny. High avidity DNP-binding cells gave rise to predominantly high avidity anti-DNP-PFC. Medium and low avidity binding cells gave rise to medium and low avidity DNP-PFC.
An Empirical Assessment of Meta-Analytic Practice

In the three decades after the publication of the first meta-analyses in the behavioral sciences, hundreds of articles and a number of technical guides have emerged concerning meta-analytic practice and reporting standards. The purpose of the present study is to review the practice and reporting standards of a random sample of published meta-analyses (n 100) in psychology and related disciplines in the decade from 1994 through 2004. We focus on practice and reporting at each stage of the meta-analytic process and explore differences between psychological subdisciplines. These findings suggest that the practice of meta-analysis in the last decade has not yet converged on a set of common standards, though some expert recommendations are beginning to be heeded. Authors should be attentive to proper procedure and reporting in light of the numerous threats to the validity of a meta-analysis. Ironically, even though meta-analysts often struggle with incomplete or inconsistent reporting in primary research they are themselves not entirely consistent in reporting their methods and results.
Las flores en el modernismo hispanoamericano

The Latin American Modernistas were inspired by certain flowers and endowed them with symbolic meanings, adding to their traditional meaning new values representative of the turn-of-the-century sensibility. Several aesthetic trends and movements - Exoticism, Pre-Raphaelism, Parnasianism, Symbolism, Decadentism determined their predilection for flowers like the chrysanthemum, the lotus, the rose, the orchid, the lily, as can be seen in their literature and art.
Three Languages, One Nation: Trilingualism and National Identity in England, From the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century

iv Acknowledgements v Introduction: Nations, not Nations 1 Chapter One: The Dispossessed, the Assimilated, and the Foreigner 21 Chapter Two: "Their utmost endeavors to oppress natural English subjects and nobles" 62 Chapter Three: Imperial Englishness and a Divided Community 109 Bibliography 154
Reservoir Evaluation for Carbon Sequestration at Dickman Field, Kansas

Summary We present results from our reservoir evaluation study of a carbonate brine reservoir at Dickman Field, Kansas. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the capability of this reservoir in hosting and trapping injected CO2. Our analysis includes estimating some reservoir parameters (porosity, permeability) of this formation using pre-stack seismic inversion, and simulating flow of injected CO2 using a simple injection technique. The estimated porosity indicates a potential candidate for hosting formation with high and continuously distributed porosity below the original formation. Primary flow simulation results suggest low trapping capability of the target formation unless a more advanced injection technique is introduced.
The S.S. Mongolia Incident: Medical Politics and Filipino Colonial Migration in Hawai‘i

On December 23, 1910, the S.S. Mongolia arrived at the Port of Honolulu with 119 Filipinos aboard. The treatment of these passengers resulted in vigorous debates about Filipino labor mobility that impacted U.S.-Philippine relations, Hawaiian business needs, and health policies, as well as continental U.S. labor and sugar interests. From January through April 1911, officials in Washington, D.C., and the Philippines worked hard to stem fears about the health of Filipinos and maintain both the flow of these workers to Hawai‘i and the U.S.-Philippine political-legal relationship. Despite extensive regional protests, the acquisition of labor for sugar plantations and the preservation of U.S.-Philippine colonial ties ended up prevailing over nativist fears about the health and growing numbers of Filipinos in the United States.
Widespread rifting and retreat of ice-shelf margins in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment between 1972 and 2011

The major outlet glaciers that drain the eastern sector of the Amundsen Sea Embayment (Smith, Haynes, Thwaites and Pine Island) are among the largest, fastest-flowing and fastest-thinning glaciers in West Antarctica. Their recent ice-flow acceleration is linked to ocean-induced ice-shelf thinning, but may also arise from additional losses of ice-shelf buttressing that are not well understood. Here we present a comprehensive history of coastal change in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment between 1972 and 2011 derived mostly from Landsat imagery. The termini of all four major outlet glaciers have retreated, but retreat is most rapid along the ice-shelf margins, where progressive rifting has occurred. This pattern of retreat coincides with the recent acceleration of grounded ice and contributed to loss of ice-shelf buttressing. The observed pattern of margin-led gradual ice-shelf disintegration appears to be common in accelerating ocean-terminating outlet glaciers. We hypothesize that this pattern is part of a positive feedback between glacier acceleration and rift growth that could drive further buttressing loss in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment.
Sport and the Italian American Quest for Whiteness

More than 4,000,000 Italians migrated to the United States in search of better opportunities; but their poverty, lack of education, Catholic religion and ethnic lifestyles denied them full inclusion in the mainstream American society dominated by middle class, white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants. This study examines the Italians' development of an Italian national identity in the United States, the transition to an American identity and the Italians' quest for inclusion within the mainstream society. Disdainful of education as contrary to the peasant familial value system, the Italian reliance on physicality marked a particular working-class habitus that transferred well to the labour gangs that built the American infrastructure, but their physical prowess allowed for greater recognition as Italian youth adopted American sport forms. Physical prominence led to university athletic scholarships and participation on US Olympic teams; while others pursued fame and fortune as professional boxers and in the American...
Governmental Function Position in Virtual Economic Development

The virtual economy is a concept that corresponds with the economic entities,based on securities,futures,property rights and other forms of virtual capital transactions,that is the money directly to the activities of health money.The virtual economy is a "double-edged sword." To develop the virtual economy,we should play a positive role in promoting economic entities to achieve real economic development by leaps and bounds.But also on the macro level,we should play a role in the government's macro-control advantages;prevent virtual economy excessive expansion to commit negative effect.At present,China's virtual economic development has lagged behind,it is necessary to reposition the functions of the government.The government should actively promote the policy of virtual economic development;should build a good environment for risk investment and create conditions for the virtual economy;should speed up the development of the real economy in order to promote the healthy development of the virtual economy;should develop and improve our modern financial system;should strengthen the financial supervision to guard against and defuse financial risks.
Near infrared optical monitoring of intact skeletal muscle during hypoxia and hemorrhagic hypotension in cats.

Pathophysiologic states associated with decreased arterial oxygen delivery are often accompanied by fractional redistribution of cardiac output (1,2). Such responses, mediated in part by chemo or baroreceptor reflexes, divert oxygen flow away from resting tissues such as splanchnic viscera or skeletal muscle and towards more hypoxia-ischemia sensitive tissues such as brain. The feasibility of using non-invasive, near infrared (NIR) multiple wavelength optical assessment of skeletal muscle metabolism as a sensitive and early indicator of progressive O2 insufficiency during physiological conditions associated with blood flow redistribution was investigated in anesthetized, paralyzed cats. Optically derived NIR cytochrome a,a 3 oxidation-reduction responses were recorded continuously and together with combined oxygen-labile optical density changes in capillary blood and myoglobin saturation during controlled protocols of hypoxic hypoxia or hemorrhagic hypotension and recovery.
Feasibility of software-based real-time calibration of multi-gigabit PET data

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the breast has the potential to play a role in the detection, diagnosis, staging, guiding surgical resection, and monitoring of therapy for breast cancer. Of these potential roles, producing images at near or real-time is especially important to guide surgical resection and biopsy. This task becomes more difficult in systems with large numbers of detectors and channels. We are constructing a two-panel clinical PET system dedicated to imaging the breast that has 294,912 LYSO crystals read out by 4608 Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes (PSAPD). The system will read out data using UDP over six gigabit ethernet ports with a maximum predicted data rate of 456MBps for clinical settings. We discuss software considerations for receiving data since UDP does not guarantee transmission. We implement a dual-threaded design for receiving then processing raw data from the system. This model shows 0.037 ± 0.004 % data loss at 240MBps. This rate is the maximum for the current two gigabit ethernet cable setup. We extend and test data loss of the dual-threaded model by adding additional processing of raw data in the second thread. The processing of raw data produces calibrated data with an accurate timestamp, energy, and position in real-time. We show negligible « 0.0001 %) loss at or below 60MBps. There, however, is a steady increase in loss with increasing data rate up to 45.9 ± 0.6 % loss at 240MBps. We conclude, that barring upgrades to our current data acquisition computer, we need to produce calibrated data from saved raw data after the scan, which can be done quickly without the constraint of minimizing data loss.
Brief Report: Whole-Exome Sequencing for Identification of Potential Causal Variants for Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis.

Objective Scleroderma is a genetically complex autoimmune disease with substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified common genetic variants associated with disease risk, but these studies are not designed to capture rare or potential causal variants. Our goal was to identify rare as well as common genetic variants in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) through whole-exome sequencing (WES) in order to identify potential causal variants. Methods We generated WES data for 32 dcSSc patients with or without interstitial lung disease (ILD) and for 17 healthy “in-house” controls. Variants were annotated and filtered by quality, minor allele frequency, and deleterious effects on gene function. We applied a gene burden test to identify novel dcSSc and dcSSc-associated ILD candidate genes that were enriched with deleterious variants in cases compared to in-house controls as well as controls from the 1000 Genomes Project (n = 130). Results We identified 70 genes that were enriched with deleterious variants in dcSSc patients. Two of them (BANK1 and TERT) were in pathways previously implicated in SSc or ILD pathogenesis or known susceptibility loci. Newly identified genes (COL4A3, COL4A4, COL5A2, COL13A1, and COL22A1) were significantly enriched in the extracellular matrix–related pathway, which is relevant to the fibrotic features of dcSSc, and in the DNA repair pathway (XRCC4). Conclusion This study demonstrates the value of WES for the identification of novel gene variants and pathways that may contribute to scleroderma risk and/or severity. The candidate genes we discovered are potential targets for in-depth functional studies.
Testing and Validation of a Micro-Pulse, Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for Measuring the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Water Vapor in the Lower Atmosphere

A compact, field-deployable, micro-pulse DIAL for measuring water vapor in the lower troposphere has been developed and validated at field campaigns. Details of the intercomparisons and improvements since the field studies are discussed.
Replacing the Guaiac Fecal Occult Blood Test With the Fecal Immunochemical Test Increases Proportion of Individuals Screened in a Large Healthcare Setting.

Background & Aims The most commonly used noninvasive test for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been the guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT). The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) detects CRC and colorectal polyps with higher levels of sensitivity than the gFOBT, and may be more acceptable to patients. However, the FIT has not replaced the gFOBT in many clinical settings. We analyzed data from a large healthcare system that replaced the gFOBT with the FIT to determine the effects on CRC screening. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of 7898 patients at the Veterans' Administration San Diego Healthcare System, 50–75 years old, who were offered stool-based CRC screening as part of primary care March 2014 through January 2015. Test orders and results were extracted from electronic health records; we performed manual reviews of colonoscopy and pathology reports for Veterans with positive results from the tests. Our primary outcome was test completion within 1 year of order; secondary outcomes were positive results and detection of advanced neoplasia by diagnostic colonoscopy. The primary analysis used an intention-to-screen approach, which included all patients with test orders; as-screened analyses were also performed. Results Among 7898 patients, 3236 had gFOBT and 4662 FIT orders. In the intention to screen analysis, a significantly higher proportion of subjects completed a FIT (42.6%) than a gFOBT (33.4%) ( P P = .003). The numbers needed to invite to achieve 1 additional completed test and identify 1 additional patient with advanced neoplasia were 11 and 196, respectively. Conclusions In a retrospective study of patients at a Veterans' administration healthcare system, replacing the gFOBT with the FIT increased the proportion of patients who completed CRC screening. Replacement of the gFOBT with the FIT should be strongly considered by all healthcare systems.
Are the Fama French Factors Treated as Risk? Evidence from CEO Compensation

Asset pricing theory postulates that a risk factor correlates with individuals' marginal utility of consumption. Hence, under plausible preferences, individuals should become more risk tolerant given favorable factor returns. We show that this wealth effect predicts a positive association between performance pay in observed contracts and factor returns, and test this prediction empirically with commonly-used asset pricing factors, such as the Fama French and momentum factors. Over the period 1992-2014, our empirical results support the hypothesized relationship for the market, book-to-market and momentum factors. These relationships appear to be driven by the delta of options, and for the market factor, stock grants. We also find that factors constructed from bond prices are positively associated to incentives, incrementally to the Fama French factors, but obtain mixed evidence for higher-order market factors, liquidity factors or factors constructed from national income accounts, including pricing kernels.
Epidemiology of mesothelioma of the pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis.

Abstract Purpose Malignant mesothelioma most commonly arises in the pleura and peritoneum but also occurs rarely at other anatomical sites with mesothelial tissue, namely, the pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis (TVT). This review provides a better understanding of the epidemiology of mesothelioma of these extrapleural sites. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiologic and clinical literature on pericardial mesothelioma and mesothelioma of the TVT. We also analyzed U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data to describe incidence patterns of these malignancies. Results An etiologic role of asbestos exposure has been hypothesized for pericardial and TVT mesotheliomas, but no analytical case-control epidemiologic studies exist to test this relationship. A substantial proportion of cases with these malignancies report no known asbestos exposure. In large occupational cohorts with heavy asbestos exposures, no cases of pericardial or TVT mesothelioma have been reported. Trends in the incidence of these malignancies do not match those of pleural mesothelioma, which correspond to historical trends of commercial asbestos use. A male preponderance of pericardial mesothelioma is not evident. Conclusions In the absence of analytic epidemiologic studies, the etiologic role of environmental risk factors for mesothelioma of the pericardium and TVT remains elusive.
Light Field Modeling for Coded Aperture Systems

This paper presents an automated calibration procedure for modeling the light field between a digital mirror device and a camera sensor for coded aperture based compressive spectral imagers and high dynamic range cameras.
Retention of Structural Cores in the Synthesis of High-Nuclearity Polyoxoalkoxomolybdate Clusters Encapsulating [Na(H2O)3]+ and [MoO3] Moieties. Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structures of (NH4)7[NaH12Mo16O52]·4H2O and (Me3NH)4K2[H14Mo16O52]·8H2O and Their Structural Relationships to the Class of Superclusters [XHnMo42O109{(OCH2)3CR}7]m- (X = Na(H2O)3+: n = 13, m = 9; n = 15, m = 7. X = MoO3: n = 14, m = 9; n = 13, m = 10)

Hydrothermal reactions of molybdenum−oxide precursors with polyalcohols in the presence of base yielded two series of mixed-valence oxomolybdenum clusters, the hexadecanuclear species [XH12(MoVIO3)...
The incidence and outcomes from Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized adults with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVES Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) may worsen outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but large database-driven studies have conflicting results. The study objective is to analyze clinical features and outcomes in patients with CDI and IBD using the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) database from 2005 to 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS NHDS collects the clinical information on patients dismissed from non-Federal short-stay United States hospitals. CDI and IBD patients were identified using ICD-9 codes. Demographics, diagnoses, procedures, length of stay (LOS) and dismissal information were abstracted. RESULTS Of an estimated 162 million hospitalizations; 5.62 × 105 were for IBD (0.35%); 53.2% were female. CDI developed in 3.7% of hospitalized IBD patients as compared to 0.78% of all adults (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 3.3-4.6; p < .0001). African-Americans with IBD had a higher likelihood of CDI compared to Caucasians with IBD (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.59-1.75; p < .0001). After adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities, IBD patients with CDI had a longer LOS (mean difference 1 day, p < .0001), higher all-cause, in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 4.2-4.9; p < .0001), and a higher risk of dismissal to a care facility (adjusted OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.2-2.4; p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS CDI in IBD patients prolonged hospitalization and increased in-hospital mortality and likelihood of dismissal to a care-facility as compared to IBD patients without CDI. CDI was more common among African-American IBD patients compared to IBD patients of other races.
Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine.

Abstract Mumps outbreaks among vaccinated patients have become increasingly common in recent years. While there are multiple conditions driving this re-emergence, convention has suggested that these outbreaks are associated with waning immunity rather than vaccine escape. Molecular evidence from both the ongoing American and Dutch outbreaks in conjunction with recent structural biology studies challenge this convention, and suggest that emergent lineages of mumps virus exhibit key differences in antigenic epitopes from the vaccine strain employed: Jeryl-Lynn 5. The American and Dutch 2016–2017 outbreak lineages were examined using computational biology through the lens of diversity in immunogenic epitopes. Findings are discussed and the laboratory evidence indicating neutralization of heterologous mumps strains by serum from vaccinated individuals is reviewed. Taken together, it is concluded that the number of heterologous epitopes occurring in mumps virus in conjunction with waning immunity is facilitating small outbreaks in vaccinated patients, and that consideration of a polyvalent mumps vaccine is warranted.
Labour migration to Chinese Super League: an examination of UK newspapers from Anelka in 2011 to Tevez in 2017

There have been many studies about soccer labour migration, and these studies have employed different theoretical frameworks to understand players’ migration such as a neocolonial exploitation-base...
Modulating the resting-state functional connectivity patterns of language processing areas in the human brain with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the Broca’s area

Cortical circuit reorganization induced by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the Broca's area of the dominant language hemisphere in 13 healthy adults was quantified by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Transient cortical reorganization patterns in steady-state functional connectivity (seed-based and graph theory analysis) and temporal functional connectivity (sliding window correlation analysis) were recorded before, during, and after applying high current tDCS (1 mA, 8 min). fNIRS connectivity mapping showed that tDCS induced significantly ([Formula: see text]) increased functional connectivity between Broca's area and its neighboring cortical regions while it simultaneously decreased the connectivity to remote cortical regions. Furthermore, the anodal stimulation caused significant increases to the functional connectivity variability (FCV) of remote cortical regions related to language processing. In addition to the high current tDCS, low current tDCS (0.5 mA, 2 min 40 s) was also applied to test whether the transient effects of lower stimulation current could qualitatively predict cortical connectivity alterations induced by the higher currents. Interestingly, low current tDCS could qualitatively predict the increase in clustering coefficient and FCV but not the enhancement of local connectivity. Our findings indicate the possibility of combining future studies fNIRS with tDCS at lower currents to help guide therapeutic interventions.
Family Nurse Practitioner/Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Collaboration in Drug-Seeking Telephone Triage Simulation in an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Curriculum

Abstract Background Many advanced practice nursing programs incorporate interprofessional collaboration into the curriculum. Few combine intraprofessional collaboration between nurse practitioner (NP) students of different population foci. Telephone triage is a skill that is rarely covered in NP education. Description We describe a simulation program in which family nurse practitioner (FNP) students collaborate with psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) students in a drug-seeking telephone triage scenario. The patient was portrayed by an improvisational actor. Forty-seven FNP students and 14 PMHNP students participated in the scenario. Outcome Students reported that the telephone triage scenario was useful and that they would be more likely to both collaborate with and refer patients to NPs from the other specialties. Conclusions With some modifications, combining FNP and PMHNP students in a telephone triage simulation scenario is beneficial to both groups of students.
Additive Processes for Polymeric Materials

Polymers are an increasingly important MEMS material. They are available in diverse forms and possess material properties not found in more traditional microfabrication materials originating from the integrated circuit industry. These include, for example, improved fracture strength, low Young’s modulus, and high elongation. Many polymers also exhibit biocompatibility and chemical inertness which are desirable in challenging biological or chemical applications. Furthermore, low material and processing costs present interesting possibilities in MEMS both in terms of fabrication of novel research devices and mass production of inexpensive products. A variety of traditional and nontraditional processing approaches exists to manipulate polymeric materials as substrates, coatings, and sacrificial or structural layers in MEMS devices. A wide variety of polymer types and classifications exists (e.g., elastomers, epoxies, conductive polymers, hydrogels, thermosets, thermoplastics, etc.); it is the combination of material properties, processing conditions, and intended use (e.g., substrate, coating, sacrificial layer, or structural layer) that govern the selection of appropriate polymer type for a particular application. Several common MEMS polymer materials and their fabrication processes are reviewed here. The reader is also referred to Chapters 7, 8, and 9 for more in-depth discussions on wet/dry etching and lithography processes.
Flamelet structure in turbulent premixed swirling oxy-combustion of methane

Abstract Two key flame macrostructures in swirling flows have been observed in experiments of oxy-combustion (as well as air-combustion); as the equivalence ratio is raised, the flame moves from being stabilized on just the inner shear layer (Flame III) to getting stabilized on both the inner and outer shear layers (Flame IV). We report results of an LES investigation of two different inlet oxy-fuel mixtures, in a turbulent swirling flow at Re = 20 , 000 , that capture these two macrostructures. Previous work on the effects of heat loss have mostly focused on its impact on macro-scale observations. In this paper, we examine how heat loss impacts the flame microstructures as well for these two macrostructures. For both flames, the flamelet structure, as represented by a scatter plot of the normalized fuel concentration against the normalized temperature, depends on whether the combustor walls are adiabatic or non-adiabatic. For the adiabatic case, the flamelets of both macrostructures behave like strained flames. When wall heat transfer is included, Flame III microstructure is more bimodal. Since this flame extends farther downstream and part of it propagates along the walls, heat transfer has a greater impact on it’s microstructure. These results show that heat loss impacts not just the macro properties of the flame such as its shape or interactions with the wall, but also fundamentally changes its internal structure. Scatter plots of the turbulent flames are constructed and compared to different 1D laminar flame profiles (e.g., strained or with heat loss), and comparisons suggest the important role of the wall thermal boundary conditions in the accurate simulations of combustion dynamics and interpretations of experimental data, including data reduction and scaling.
Generic Strategy Research: Application of LISREL and Smallest Space Analysis

The concept of generic strategies remains the principal framework in discussions of business-level strategy formulation in research and teaching. Given that generic strategy typologies (e.g., Porter, 1980; Mintzberg, 1988) represent latent constructs, researchers have predominantly employed Factor Analysis to identify underlying dimensions among observed variables (i.e., generic competitive methods). However for the generic strategy research stream to progress, statistical techniques that examine the relative “goodness-of-fit” of different typologies to empirical field data are sorely needed. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the appropriateness and application of LISREL and Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) for generic strategy research. Specifically, we argue that the use of these techniques allow researchers to clarify and crystallize some of the assertions underlying the concept of generic strategies and to test them more rigorously than in the past.
LVAD Care for the Rural Population: A Single-Center Experience

Objectives LVAD therapy is an established treatment for patients with advanced heart failure. However, the persistent risk of long-term complications including pump thrombosis, GI bleeds and infection, requires close follow-up and care of these patients. This attentive care can be complicated in patients living in rural communities, distant from the implanting LVAD center, and may therefore complicate the post-implant outcomes for these patients, compared to patients living in urban settings or in close proximity to an LVAD center. We therefore chose to compare the outcomes of patients living in rural vs urban settings after DT-LVAD implantation. Methods A retrospective review of all LVAD implants performed at our center was undertaken. Patients who died in the perioperative period were excluded. Midterm outcomes for patients living in rural Nebraska were compared to patients living in the two largest urban centers in the state. Results A total of 40 LVAD implants occurred in patients who were discharged alive after the implant procedure. Of those, 19 were performed in patients living in urban centers, within 30 miles of an LVAD center. Thirty-day readmissions were somewhat more frequent in patients in urban settings (16% vs 9%). However, 68% of patients living in a rural setting experienced at least 1 readmission in the first year after implant, while only 52% of patients in an urban setting experienced any readmission. In the first year, stroke rates were higher in the rural-residing patients (10% vs 5%) while rates of major bleeds (4.7% rural vs 5.2% urban) and driveline infection rates were similar. One patient in the rural group died within 1 year after discharge, while there were no deaths in the urban-residing patients within the 1st year. At 2 years the actual survival was 76% in the rural-residing patients and 89% in the urban-residing patients. Conclusions LVAD therapy can be safely instituted in patients residing in rural settings. Although geography may limit some access to care, mid-term outcomes after implantation are acceptable. Our data suggests a trend towards higher rates of strokes and bleeds in patients residing in rural settings. In addition, there is a suggestion that patients residing in an urban setting with LVADs may experience improved long-term survival.
A 100MS/s 9-bit Companding SAR ADC with On-Chip Input Driver in 65nm CMOS for Multi-Carrier Communications

This paper presents a 100MS/s 9b companding SAR ADC which exploits the statistical properties f broadband multi-carrier signals to reduce the dynamic range requirement for the ADC. The architecture emulates the performance of a higher resolution ADC by reducing the PAPR of a multi-carrier signal to that of a single carrier. Additionally, gain-before-sampling results in reduced sampling capacitor size which lowers power and area. To verify the concept, a prototype implemented in TSMC’s 65nm GP CMOS process consumes 12.27 mW at 100 MS/s while extending the dynamic range of the sub-ADC by 13 dB, and resulting in a Schreier FOM of 150.7 dB.
Safety and efficacy of metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction in patients treated with bevacizumab.

Background and Aims The aim of this study was to examine clinical outcomes and adverse events (AEs) of self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) in the management of malignant colonic obstruction (MCO). Methods Patients with SEMSs for MCO treated at our institution from 2007 to 2016 were included. Clinical success was defined as successful oral intake after the procedure and technical success as stent deployment across the stricture in the desired location. Results Of 199 patients, the mean age was 58, 54% were men, and 99% had stage IV cancer. MCO etiology was colorectal cancer in 82% and extrinsic compression in 17%. Technical success was achieved in 99.5% and clinical success in 89%. The SEMSs were palliative in 97% and were a bridge to surgery in 4%. MCO occurred in the left side of the colon in 90%, transverse in 4.5%, and ascending colon in 5.5%. SEMSs were placed in curved segments in 30% and straight segments in 70%. Tandem SEMSs were required in 27 patients. Forty-six patients had 48 AEs (24%), including 2% periprocedure, 15% postprocedure, and 83% after 72 hours. Stent-related AEs (n = 25) included persistent obstruction (n = 14), occlusion (n = 10), and failure of expansion (n = 1). Procedural AEs (n = 23) included minor bleeding (n = 2), perforations (n = 4), abdominal pain (n = 12), stent migration (n = 4), and respiratory insufficiency (n = 1). Repeat procedures were performed in 21 of 46 patients. After SEMSs, 48 patients underwent surgery, including resection with primary anastomosis (n = 8), resection with definitive stoma (n = 18), and diverting stoma without resection (n = 19). Mean time to surgery after SEMS placement was 175 days. Postsurgical AEs occurred in those with resections (leak, 2; infection, 2). Of 104 receiving bevacizumab, 22% had AEs, including 1 perforation compared with 3 in the nonbevacizumab group (P = .549). Mean overall survival was 5.6 months. Extrinsic compression and curved strictures were associated with poor clinical success by univariate analysis and etiology (noncolonic with poor outcome) by multivariate analysis. Conclusions SEMSs for MCO has high technical but suboptimal clinical success. Curved strictures and extrinsic compression are associated with poor outcomes. The perforation rate was not higher in the bevacizumab compared with the nonbevacizumab group, although this should be further validated in a larger population.
Procedural Justice in Algorithmic Fairness: Leveraging Transparency and Outcome Control for Fair Algorithmic Mediation

As algorithms increasingly take managerial and governance roles, it is ever more important to build them to be perceived as fair and adopted by people. With this goal, we propose a procedural justice framework in algorithmic decision-making drawing from procedural justice theory, which lays out elements that promote a sense of fairness among users. As a case study, we built an interface that leveraged two key elements of the framework---transparency and outcome control---and evaluated it in the context of goods division. Our interface explained the algorithm's allocative fairness properties (standards clarity) and outcomes through an input-output matrix (outcome explanation), then allowed people to interactively adjust the algorithmic allocations as a group (outcome control). The findings from our within-subjects laboratory study suggest that standards clarity alone did not increase perceived fairness; outcome explanation had mixed effects, increasing or decreasing perceived fairness and reducing algorithmic accountability; and outcome control universally improved perceived fairness by allowing people to realize the inherent limitations of decisions and redistribute the goods to better fit their contexts, and by bringing human elements into final decision-making.
Does Teacher Learning Last? Understanding How Much Teachers Retain Their Knowledge After Professional Development:

Teacher professional development (PD) is seen as a promising intervention to improve teacher knowledge, instructional practice, and ultimately student learning. While research finds instances of si...
The Effects of the Extracellular Matrix Microstructural Deformation on the Nuclear Aspect Ratio of the Tricuspid Valve Interstitial Cells: A Computational Study

Objective: The normal function of the tricuspid valve interstitial cells (VICs) is essential for maintaining the biomechanical integrity of the valve, especially the production of collagen for the ...
Three-dimensional maps of geometrically necessary dislocation densities in additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy IN718

Abstract In this work, we present a method to characterize the subgranular three-dimensional distribution of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and apply it to an additively manufactured (AM) Ni-based superalloy IN718. A three-dimensional (3D) Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) data set was obtained using TriBeam tomography with resolutions of 1.5 μm in all three dimensions. We demonstrate that the method provides a 3D assessment of the subgranular GND distribution. For the various AM grains studied, the GNDs were arranged into long non-crystallographic subboundaries, lying within the interior of the grain and extending along the build direction and through the grain interior. The choice of 3D neighborhood in the calculation of GNDs is examined, finding that the subboundaries are sufficiently sharp such that considering only the nearest neighbors is sufficient. The total GND densities in the subboundaries are high, reaching in excess of 1013 m−2, whereas away from the subboundaries they are low, at around 1011 m−2 or below. The analysis reveals that GNDs are predominantly edge-oriented GNDs (>57% of total GND density) and are unequally distributed among the {111}-type planes, accumulating the least on the (111) plane. These findings reveal that AM grains contain well-organized patterns of dense GND subboundaries that would noticeably affect their mechanical performance.