cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Frequency and Diversity of 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids Appearing in the Literature

The hypothetical assertion that there are potentially millions of ionic liquids (ILs) can be validated using basic knowledge of IL precursors and simple calculations. While it is an interesting thought exercise to ponder the possibilities of ILs, it is important to investigate how many discrete ILs (i.e., unique cation and anion pairings) have actually been synthesized and reported in the literature. A complete analysis of all ILs is a daunting task, especially if the definition of what constitutes an IL is broad. Nonetheless, insight can be gained into the use of ILs over the past ∼20 years from a focused analysis of systematically varied 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-based ILs (i.e., [R1R2im][X], where R1 and R2 are n-alkyl chains and X is either a halide or molecular anion). This family of ILs includes many of the most widely used and most thoroughly studied IL substances, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim][PF6]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([C2mim][Tf2N]). Us...
Trigger Warnings: History, Theory, Context , edited by Emily J. M. Knox

Since its emergence as a complicated and controversial topic in higher education, trigger warnings have spread beyond academia into popular culture. To be “triggered” has entered the vernacular, and usually with negative connotations about the sensibilities of the one being triggered. Emily Knox’s timely book provides multiple viewpoints on trigger warnings within the context of how trauma and its aftereffects impact the educational process, while also exploring the potentially negative impact of trigger warnings on intellectual freedom. Through a combination of theoretical essays, historical examinations, and case studies, this collection of essays provides a variety of perspectives that, in combination, will challenge any reader’s preconceptions about the topic.
Safety and Labelling of 3D Printed Food

Abstract This chapter covers the issues of safety and labelling in 3D printed food by utilising hypothetical scenarios. It starts by presenting possible uses for 3D printed food and the implications that come with such uses. The chapter then explores the safety issue in both the short- and long-term consumptions of 3D printed food in the cases of food poisoning and permanent changes to the human body. It goes on to investigate the labelling issue through four scenarios: (1) food printing the majority of the packaged food for the mass population, (2) food printing only a small portion of the packaged food for the mass population, (3) food printing on sight before packaging, and (4) food printing at home. The chapter closes by analogising the safety issue of 3D printed food with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations over food safety in the United States and the labelling issue of 3D printed food with the ongoing litigation over genetically modified organism (GMO) food.
Rethinking “(Under) Performance” for Black English Speakers: Beyond Achievement to Opportunity:

We draw on the concept of the opportunity gap explanatory framework in this study to problematize the notion of “(under)performance” of Black American (i.e., African American) and Black immigrant y...
Metabolic reprogramming in tumors: Contributions of the tumor microenvironment.

The genetic alterations associated with cell transformation are in large measure expressed in the metabolic phenotype as cancer cells proliferate and change their local environment, and prepare for metastasis. Qualitatively, the fundamental biochemistry of cancer cells is generally the same as in the untransformed cells, but the cancer cells produce a local environment, the TME, that is hostile to the stromal cells, and compete for nutrients. In order to proliferate, cells need sufficient nutrients, either those that cannot be made by the cells themselves, or must be made from simpler precursors. However, in solid tumors, the nutrient supply is often limiting given the potential for rapid proliferation, and the poor quality of the vasculature. Thus, cancer cells may employ a variety of strategies to obtain nutrients for survival, growth and metastasis. Although much has been learned using established cell lines in standard culture conditions, it is becoming clear from in vivo metabolic studies that this can also be misleading, and which nutrients are used for energy production versus building blocks for synthesis of macromolecules can vary greatly from tumor to tumor, and even within the same tumor. Here we review the operation of metabolic networks, and how recent understanding of nutrient supply in the TME and utilization are being revealed using stable isotope tracers in vivo as well as in vitro.
Plasma‐thrombin cell blocks: Potential source of DNA contamination

Background Cell blocks are being used more frequently in cytology for ancillary testing, including molecular diagnostics. There are several different methods of processing cell blocks, with plasma-thrombin being one of the most common. Plasma is a blood-derived product and may be a source of DNA. The aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma used for the plasma-thrombin cell block method has amplifiable DNA that may potentially interfere with molecular testing results. Methods Expired bags of fresh frozen plasma were collected from a blood bank. From each sample, DNA was extracted from a 1-mL aliquot with the QIAsymphony MIDI kit (Qiagen). The concentration of DNA was measured on a NanoDrop instrument. The amplifiable DNA quality was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers to generate amplicons of various sizes. Characterization was performed with the AmpFLSTR Identifiler Plus PCR kit with capillary electrophoresis. Results Twenty samples from 20 bags were collected. All samples showed amplifiable DNA despite low DNA concentrations in a few cases. PCR amplification revealed the presence of high-quality amplifiable DNA (up to 600 base pairs). DNA was amplified at the 16 loci interrogated in all samples tested with the AmpFLSTR Identifiler Plus PCR kit. Conclusions The presence of genomic DNA in plasma may theoretically interfere with results of molecular testing. Particularly in clinical samples with low cellularity, the DNA in plasma may potentially either mask the presence of minute amounts of tumor-derived DNA or lead to a false-positive result.
Different Sides of the Story

Providing effective decision support to physicians in care provider order entry (CPOE) systems is a recurring challenge for informatics staff. Reminders or alerts displayed to providers easily convey knowledge to assist with patient encounters, often reducing errors in patient care.1,2 However, studies show that providers may develop “alert fatigue” and ignore the alerts and reminders displayed in computer systems. A high rate of nonserious, irrelevant, and repeated alerts most often contributes to alert fatigue among providers.1 The ability to appropriately alert providers, at the right time, with the correct type of support, and at an appropriate level of intrusiveness, is critical in the reduction of alert fatigue and ultimately in the success of decision support systems in improving quality and safety of patient care.2
Variation in movement behavior of alligators after a major hurricane

Hurricanes can have catastrophic effects on coastal ecosystems. To minimize negative impacts of storms, animals may seek shelter in place, move to a nearby refuge, or evacuate long-distances. Crocodilians can be important predators in estuarine habitats, but little is known about how they respond to extreme weather events. We investigated the movement behaviors of eight acoustically tracked American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) before, during, and after Hurricane Irma in 2017 within the Shark River Estuary of Everglades National Park, USA. Using tracking data, we compared their movements and habitat use before and after the hurricane to similar timeframes in other years without major storms. We observed considerable variation in movement tactics and responses to the hurricane. Of eight animals that we tracked, two showed no changes in movement or habitat use throughout the study. Two animals ceased upstream excursions that they were regularly making before the hurricane with one of these animals reducing the distance ranged across the river system. Another animal moved upstream from the lower river to the mid-estuary immediately after the hurricane despite having not done this in the 60 days prior. Two other animals moved from the marsh and mangrove forest habitats to river channels several days after the hurricane. One animal shifted to commuting downstream from its upstream habitat shortly before the storm and continued this behavior for the rest of the 2017 and 2018 wet seasons. We found considerable variability in behavioral responses to the hurricane, ranging from no discernable changes in movements to one animal exhibiting a complete shift in movement tactics not observed by any animal in the long-term tracking of this population. Our research provides insight into alligator movement behavior and ecology in the context of a major hurricane disturbance.
Why Japanese? Why Not Japanese?: A Case Study of Chinese International Students Studying Japanese at American Universities

As Chinese students have become a larger share of the international student population at U.S. universities, their participation in Japanese language classes has increased. However, Chinese student enrollment significantly decreases after the completion of the first Japanese class, and consequently, fewer Chinese students take intermediate or advanced level classes. This study examined the experiences of Chinese international students enrolled in Japanese classes as well as those who stopped taking Japanese after the first quarter or first-year class in a private university in the United States. We used semistructured interviews to investigate the reasons and goals of Chinese international students for studying the Japanese language, the successes or challenges both inside and outside of the Japanese classroom, and the reasons students continue or discontinue learning Japanese.
Towards a Microscopic Theory of the Modulus of Elasticity in Crystalline Covalent Materials and a Survey of Potential Superhard Materials

The present report is an account of the generalization of the dynamic elasticity theory earlier proposed by Bucknum and applied to the cubic diamond and tetragonal glitter lattices. It describes a theory of elasticity in which the elasticity moduli are based upon the microscopic constants of the various structure-types. Such microscopic constants include the force constants of the chemical bonds in the unit of pattern of the material, its associated lattice parameters, and the elastic chemical bond deformation parameters of the material. In developing the outward features of the dynamic elasticity model, it is shown that an integral over the force density in the unit cell of a given material; where the force is modeled based upon the elastic deformation forces of the chemical bonds in the unit of pattern of the material, and the volume is written as a function of the deformations taking place inside the unit cell of the material; generates the terms for calculating its modulus of elasticity at pressure, in components, that are directed along the principal axes of the unit cell. Several potential solutions to the problem of superhardness are discussed and illustrated.
Mechanisms and Evolution of Diversity-Generating RiPP Biosynthesis

This review focuses on the prochlorosin and cyanobactin biosynthetic pathways, unusual examples of pathways in cyanobacteria that appear to be diversity generating. In the case of prochlorosins, a single enzyme catalyzes post-translational modifications on an impressive number (10–80) of peptide substrates, resulting in polycyclic peptides of very different sizes and sequences. Like the prochlorosins, the cyanobactins are an extraordinarily diverse group of (mostly) cyclic peptides, but they are decorated further in parallel fashion by substrate-tolerant enzymes. This review discusses the current understanding of catalysis and possible evolutionary models that might explain the perplexing enzymatic tolerance of these systems.
LIDAR Studies of Small-Scale Lateral Dispersion in the Ocean

Abstract : Our long-term goal is to better understand lateral mixing processes in the ocean on scales of 10 m to 10 km (i.e., the submesoscale). We aim to understand the underlying mechanisms and forcing, as well as the temporal, spatial, and scale variability of such mixing. The research will contribute to fundamental knowledge of ocean dynamics at these scales, and to efforts to properly parameterize sub-grid scale mixing and stirring in numerical models. Ultimately our research also will enhance modeling and understanding of upper ocean ecosystems, since the flow of nutrients and plankton depends on stirring and mixing at these scales. One objective of our work is to determine the extent to which shear dispersion -- the interaction of vertical mixing with vertical shear -- can explain lateral dispersion at scales of 10 m to 10 km. A second objective is to determine whether slow but persistent vortices enhance the stirring attributable to shear dispersion. We also share the overall objectives of the Lateral Mixing DRI to try to determine the extent to which submesoscale stirring is driven by a cascade of energy down (in wavelength) from the mesoscale versus a propagation of energy upwards from small mixing events (e.g., via generation of vortices). A key technical goal of our work is to develop the use of airborne LIDAR surveys of evolving dye experiments as a tool for studying submesoscale lateral dispersion. Our approach is to release dye patches on an isopycnal surface in the seasonal pycnocline, and to survey their evolution for periods of 1 to 6 days in collaboration with other investigators in the DRI. Drogues released with the dye not only help with tracking, but also give valuable measurements of the shear/strain field on the outer scale of the patches. Lagrangian floats released with the dye patches give measurements of vertical shear and strain following the patch. The dye patches are sampled not only with towed instruments from ships, but also with airborne LIDAR.
Heavy ion fusion: prospects and status

The occasion of this Symposium on Fusion Engineering marks almost exactly two decades since the late Al Maschke (BNL) and Ron Martin (ANL) began working on the promising synthesis of high-energy accelerators and inertially confined fusion. Although a start on a large-scale fusion driver is still far in the future, it is possible to mark this occasion by noting progress on several fronts. Key events in the heavy ion fusion (HIF) field are usually marked by the dates for the International Symposium series which began in 1976 at the Claremont Hotel (Berkeley/Oakland), and most recently in the eleventh meeting in the series at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in September 1995. The main purpose of this talk will be to review the status of HIF as it was presented at Princeton, and also to try to deduce something about the prospects for HIF in particular, and fusion in general, from the world and the US political scene.
Personal Exposure Assessment: Implications for Clinical Studies of Inhaled Pollutants

In clinical studies of inhaled pollutants, the investigator controls the concentration of the pollutants and the temporal profile of exposure; by varying the degree of exertion during exposure, the investigator can further affect the dose delivered to the respiratory tract. Of necessity, the protocols for clinical studies limit exposures to brief periods, typically from lh or less to no more than 5 or 6h. In most protocols, subjects are exposed at only a single concentration, although a recent study imposed “peaks” of NO2 exposure on a lower background (Utell et al. 1990). In selecting concentrations of inhaled pollutants for a clinical study, some relevant considerations include expectations of producing effects on outcome measures based on the results of previous studies, evidence from animal studies, the need to describe “safe” levels of exposure for regulatory purposes, and ethical constraints.
Low scale seesaw, electron electric dipole moment, and leptogenesis in a model with spontaneous CP violation

Strong correlations between leptogenesis and low energy CP violating leptonic processes have been shown by us to exist fin the minimal left-right symmetric model with spontaneous CP violation. In this note, they investigate the implications of this model for the electric dipole moment of the electron. With an additional broken U(1){sub H} symmetry, the seesaw scale can be lowered to close to the electroweak scale. This additional symmetry also makes the connection between CP violation in quark sector to that in the lepton sector possible.
Disc Golf, a Growing Sport Description and Epidemiology of Injuries

BACKGROUND: Disc golf is a sport played much like traditional golf, but rather than using a ball and club, players throw flying discs with various throwing motions. It has been played by an estimated 8 to 12 million people in the United States. Like all sports, injuries sustained while playing disc golf are not uncommon. Although formalized in the 1970s, it has grown at a rapid pace; however, disc golf-related injuries have yet to be described in the medical literature. PURPOSE: To describe the most common injuries incurred by disc golf players while comparing the different types of throwing styles. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: The data in this study were collected from 883 disc golf players who responded to an online survey collected over a 1-month period. Respondents answered 49 questions related to demographics, experience, style of play, and injury details. Using a chi-square analysis, common injuries sustained in players using backhand and forehand throwing styles were compared. RESULTS: More than 81% of respondents stated that they had sustained an injury playing disc golf, including injuries to the elbow (n = 325), shoulder (n = 305), back (n = 218), and knee (n = 199). The injuries were most commonly described as a muscle strain (n = 241), sprain (n = 162), and tendinitis (n = 145). The type of throw primarily used by players varied, with 86.2% using backhand, 12.7% using forehand, and 1.1% using an overhead throw. Players using a forehand throw were more likely to sustain an elbow injury (P =.014). Many players (n = 115) stated they had undergone surgery due to a disc golf-related injury, with the most common surgeries including meniscal, shoulder, spine, and foot/ankle surgeries. CONCLUSION: The majority of surveyed disc golfers sustained at least 1 injury while playing disc golf, with many requiring surgery. The types of injuries sustained by players varied by the types of throw primarily used. As the sport of disc golf continues to expand, health professionals should be aware of injuries sustained, with future studies focusing on injury prevention and education strategies. Language: en
Geospatial landscape permeability modeling for archaeology: A case study of food storage in northern Michigan

Abstract As archaeologists continue to be interested in understanding how people encountered and engaged with past landscapes, layering them with social knowledge, it is important to harness geospatial techniques that are not tethered analytically to discrete points and can represent the flow of processes across a whole landscape. This paper explores landscape permeability modeling as one such geospatial approach. Applied archaeologically, permeability modeling examines the degree to which a given landscape, with a specific mix of physical and social variables, was conducive to the movement of people and the flow of social, economic, political, and/or ideological processes. An archaeological case study is presented that uses a resistant-kernel permeability model to examine food storage suitability in an inland lake landscape in northern Michigan during Late Precontact (ca. AD 1100/1200 – 1600) and how people in their intimate, day-to-day, encounters with this landscape understood the storage potential(s) of this matrix. While a specific case is detailed in this paper, the procedures employed are adaptable to other archaeological landscapes.
Lectures in Sub-Synoptic Scales of Motion and Two-Dimensional Turbulence

It has long been recognized that the atmosphere shares certain attributes with those of a turbulent fluid. Its apparent randomness and unpredictability on many scales combined with long term statistical order are just about what one would expect to observe if he were, say, an ant dwelling amongst the eddies of a turbulent pipe flow. Until recently, however, little use has been made of this sort of analogy except in the case of the surface boundary layer. The principal reason was first (before about World War II) the non-recognition by meteorologists of the special characteristics of the large scale atmosphere as a quasi-two-dimensional fluid and later the non-recognition by fluid dynamicists of the meaning-fulness and general characteristics of two-dimensional turbulence.
Whose values count: is a theory of social choice for sustainability science possible?

If sustainability science is to mature as a discipline, it will be important for practitioners to discuss and eventually agree upon the fundamentals of the paradigm on which the new discipline is based. Since sustainability is fundamentally a normative assertion about tradeoffs among values, how society chooses the specifics among these tradeoffs is central to the sustainability problem. Whose values should count in making social decisions and how should the multiplicity of values that exist be known and used in that decision process? Given the vast spatial domains and temporal domains at work in the sustainability problem, we need some means of reconciling the inevitably divergent choices depending on whose values we count, how we know what those values are, and how we count them in making social decisions. We propose an approach to dealing with these questions based on Rawls (A theory of justice. Belknap Press, Cambridge, 1971) and explore the problems inherent in a social choice theory for sustainability science.
Approximation of inverse Laplace transform solution to heat transport in a stream system

[1] The Laplace transform is a powerful tool used in solving partial differential equations. However, due to considerable difficulty associated with inverting analytical solutions from Laplace space to the original time variable, this final step is often performed by numerical techniques. Unfortunately, this does not deliver a closed form solution to the original model. Here we illustrate a technique for approximating a closed form inversion to the Laplace transformed solution of a heat transport model for a natural river system. We show the approximation method provides good results when compared to the analytical solution that is dependent upon numerical techniques for the inversion of the Laplace transform. Our approximation results in a simple and concise expression in terms of the model parameters without relying on difficult numerical computations. We focus on the contribution to downstream temperatures from upstream boundary conditions, illustrating how boundary condition temperature decays in terms of model parameters.
Probing the Kondo lattice model with alkaline-earth-metal atoms

We study transport properties of alkaline-earth-metal atoms governed by the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian plus a harmonic confining potential, and suggest simple dynamical probes of several different regimes of the phase diagram that can be implemented with current experimental techniques. In particular, we show how Kondo physics at strong coupling, at low density, and in the heavy fermion phase is manifest in the dipole oscillations of the conduction band upon displacement of the trap center.
Recent Perspectives on the Toxicodynamic Basis of Cyanide Antagonism

The mechanism of action of nitrite-thiosulfate (Chen et al., 1933a ,b; Hug , 1933) in the antagonism of the lethal effects of cyanide is much more complex than proposed 50 years ago. Some of the recent findings concerning the mechanism of nitrite action have conceptual theoretical and practical significance, as the development of newer cyanide antagonists are dependent on the elucidation of the basic mechanism of antidotal action. There are preliminary evidence which suggest a vasogenic action rather than methemoglobin formation is the primary action of nitrite, as a cyanide antagonist. Various vasogenic compounds have been uncovered and they may play an important role in the future development of a new class of cyanide antagonists. Also recent development in thiol detoxication of cyanide suggest that rhodanese may play a more complex role. The detoxification of cyanide may be viewed from a considerably more complex perspective with the elucidation of recent mechanisms. It also may provide a newer conceptual basis for a more rational development of future compounds to antagonize the lethal effects of cyanide.
Low-wave-number statistics of randomly advected passive scalars

A heuristic analysis of the decay of a passive scalar field subject to statistically steady random advection, predicts two low-wave-number spectral scaling regimes analogous to the similarity states previously identified by Chasnov [Phys. Fluids 6, 1036 (1994)]. Consequences of their predicted coexistence in a single flow are examined. The analysis is limited to the idealized case of narrow band advection. To complement the analysis, and to extend the predictions to physically more realistic advection processes, advection diffusion is simulated using a one-dimensional stochastic model. An experimental test of the predictions is proposed.
Microsaccades precisely relocate gaze in a high visual acuity task

It had been thought that microscopic relocations of gaze (microsaccades) were suppressed during fine spatial judgments. Ko et al. find that microsaccades move the eye to locations of interest and are influenced by task demands. This suggests that they may actively contribute to the acquisition of fine spatial detail.
Electrophoretic studies on serum and plasma of control and vitamin deficient monkeys.

SummaryThe plasma or serum proteins of rhesus monkeys maintained on various vitamin deficient diets were studied by chemical and by electrophoretic analysis. Partial or complete deficiency of vit. B6 resulted in hypoalbuminemia and a significant increase in the gamma globulin component. On a niacin deficient diet 2 monkeys developed a lowered albumin and an increase in the gamma globulin. A low choline diet led to a decrease in the albumin and to an increase in the beta globulin. The addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet of control or vit. B6 deficient monkeys produced a significant increase in the alpha-3 component. The electrophoretic composition of the plasma did not appear to be altered by a state of early chronic scurvy. The mobilities of the plasma components appeared to be increased by an ascorbic acid deficient diet but were unaffected by the other regimens.
Synthesis of vinyloxy phosphorus monomers from the enolate of acetaldehyde

A simple synthetic procedure for vinyloxy phosphorus monomers involves the reaction of the enolate of acetaldehyde, obtained from the cycloreversion of tetrahydrofuran in the presence of n-butyllithium, with chlorophosphites or phosphorochloridates leading to vinyl phosphites or vinyl phosphates, respectively, in high yield and purity.
Historical seismograms: Preserving an endangered species

Abstract The youth of seismology as a science, compared to the typical duration of seismic cycles, results in a relative scarcity of records of large earthquakes available for processing by modern analytical techniques, which in turn makes archived datasets of historical seismograms extremely valuable in order to enhance our understanding of the occurrence of large, destructive earthquakes. Unfortunately, the value of these datasets is not always perceived adequately by decision-making administrators, which has resulted in the destruction (or last-minute salvage) of irreplaceable datasets. We present a quick review of the nature of the datasets of seismological archives, and of specific algorithms allowing their use for the modern retrieval of the source characteristics of the relevant earthquakes. We then describe protocols for the transfer of analog datasets to digital support, including by contact-less photography when the poor physical state of the records prevents the use of mechanical scanners. Finally, we give some worldwide examples of existing collections, and of successful programs of digital archiving of these valuable datasets.
High‐intensity red light suppresses melatonin

Early studies on rodents indicated that the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum (orange- and red-appearing light) could influence circadian and neuroendocrine responses. Since then, both polychromatic and analytic action spectra in various rodent species have demonstrated that long-wavelength light is very weak, if not entirely inactive, for regulating neurobehavioral responses. Since testing of monochromatic light wavelengths above 600 nm is uncommon, many researchers have assumed that there is little to no effect of red light on the neuroendocrine or circadian systems. The aims of the following studies were to test the efficacy of monochromatic light above 600 nm for melatonin suppression in hamsters and humans. Results in hamsters show that 640 nm monochromatic light at 1.1 x 10(17) photons/cm2 can acutely suppress pineal melatonin levels. In normal healthy humans, equal photon density exposures of 1.9 x 10(18) photons/cm2 at 460, 630, and 700 nm monochromatic light elicited a significant melatonin suppression at 460 nm and small reductions of plasma melatonin levels at 630 and 700 nm. These findings are discussed relative to the possible roles of classical visual photoreceptors and the recently discovered intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells for circadian phototransduction. That physiology, and its potential for responding to red light, has implications for domestic applications involving animal care, the lighting of typical human environments, and advanced applications such as space exploration.
Measuring International Service Outcomes: Implications for International Social Work Field Placements

International field placements are a unique educational opportunity for social work students to develop the skills they need for social work practice in a globalized world; however, outcomes of international placements have not been rigorously studied. This article reports on the International Volunteer Impacts Survey (IVIS), a 48-item survey administered to 983 respondents that measures perceived outcomes of international service. Using factor analysis procedures, the authors assess factor structure and reliability of major outcomes of international service including international contacts, open-mindedness, international understanding, intercultural relations, life plans, civic activism, community engagement, media attentiveness, and financial contributions. Further development of the IVIS and the implications for using it to assess student outcomes in international social work field placements are discussed.
C2-Symmetric nitroxides and their potential as enantioselective oxidants

Abstract The synthesis and evaluation of four C2-symmetric nitroxides are presented. The nitroxides were evaluated for their ability to mediate the oxidation of several alcohols and found to have good catalytic activity. One enantioenriched nitroxide was found to kinetically resolve selected secondary alcohols with very modest selectivities.
An interactive decision support system for designing appropriate and adaptive sampling procedures in electric utility load research

Abstract Confidence interval estimation of customer demand for electricity plays a vital role in the capacity and financial planning of electric utility companies. Inaccurate or inadequate estimation could severely affect the economic efficiency of these companies. Selecting the appropriate sampling procedure is, in turn, critical to ensuring success in the accurate estimation of electrical demand. Because of the nature and diversity of demand for electricity, however, classical sampling procedures have to be extensively modified. This paper describes a decision support system (DSS) that aids electric utility companies in selecting and designing appropriate sampling plans. The DSS adapts sophisticated statistical techniques to address all aspects of the sampling procedure.
See My Suffering: Women With Alcohol Use Disorders and Their Primary Care Experiences

Despite global initiatives to improve the primary care of 2.5 million US women meeting criteria for alcohol use disorders (AUD), many women with serious problems are unseen, misunderstood, misdiagnosed, or ignored. This interpretive phenomenological study explored the meaning of the primary care experience for a small group of women with self-identified AUD. Interviews uncovered suffering. Subsuming themes of Presenting My Damaged Self and Being Silenced/Being Heard revealed potential interventions for primary care practitioners. Analyzed alongside extant literature on suffering, these findings complement and enhance recent important research in the area of diagnosis of and intervention for AUD in primary care.
Defeat engenders pentylenetetrazole-appropriate responding in rats: antagonism by midazolam.

Defeat and the threat of defeat by an aggressive conspecific is stressful and may engender an anxiety-or fear-like state in animals; the present experiment investigated whether defeat generalized to the discriminative stimulus properties of PTZ and how benzodiazepine receptors were involved in this generalization. Separate groups of male Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trained to discriminate 20 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or 0.4 mg/kg midazolam (MDZ) from saline in a two-choice drug-discrimination task. After establishing stimulus control, PTZ- and MDZ-trained rats were exposed to an aggressive conspecific which resulted in defeat, as defined by the display of defensive and submissive postures as well as audible and ultrasonic vocalizations. Administration of saline after defeat resulted in greater than 80% PTZ lever selection in 15 out of 25 PTZ-trained rats; this effect was attenuated through pretreatment with MDZ (1 mg/kg). Furthermore, short-term defeat substitution for the PTZ discriminative stimulus was not accompanied by long-term changes in the post-defeat generalization curves for PTZ and MDZ when compared to pre-defeat generalization curves. Nor did defeat alter the antagonism of PTZ by diazepam (2.5 mg/kg) or MDZ by flumazenil (10 mg/kg). In order further to characterize the necessary features for defeat substitution for the PTZ discriminative stimulus, exposure to a threatening conspecific was also attempted by PTZ-trained rats protected from physical contact with a wire mesh cage. In these tests, saline continued to engender greater than 50% PTZ lever responding in 15 of 25 rats. These results suggest that an anxiety-like state is induced during defeat and exposure to a threatening conspecific in most rats; this state, as well as the PTZ discriminative stimulus, can be reversed by benzodiazepine receptor agonists. In contrast, short-term defeat substitution for the PTZ discriminative stimulus does not appear to be related to long-term alterations in the benzodiazepine receptor.
Modeling of human factor Va inactivation by activated protein C.

Because understanding of the inventory, connectivity and dynamics of the components characterizing the process of coagulation is relatively mature, it has become an attractive target for physiochemical modeling. Such models can potentially improve the design of therapeutics. The prothrombinase complex (composed of the protease factor (F)Xa and its cofactor FVa) plays a central role in this network as the main producer of thrombin, which catalyses both the activation of platelets and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the main substances of a clot. A key negative feedback loop that prevents clot propagation beyond the site of injury is the thrombin-dependent generation of activated protein C (APC), an enzyme that inactivates FVa, thus neutralizing the prothrombinase complex. APC inactivation of FVa is complex, involving the production of partially active intermediates and “protection” of FVa from APC by both FXa and prothrombin. An empirically validated mathematical model of this process would be useful in advancing the predictive capacity of comprehensive models of coagulation. A model of human APC inactivation of prothrombinase was constructed in a stepwise fashion by analyzing time courses of FVa inactivation in empirical reaction systems with increasing number of interacting components and generating corresponding model constructs of each reaction system. Reaction mechanisms, rate constants and equilibrium constants informing these model constructs were initially derived from various research groups reporting on APC inactivation of FVa in isolation, or in the presence of FXa or prothrombin. Model predictions were assessed against empirical data measuring the appearance and disappearance of multiple FVa degradation intermediates as well as prothrombinase activity changes, with plasma proteins derived from multiple preparations. Our work integrates previously published findings and through the cooperative analysis of in vitro experiments and mathematical constructs we are able to produce a final validated model that includes 24 chemical reactions and interactions with 14 unique rate constants which describe the flux in concentrations of 24 species. This study highlights the complexity of the inactivation process and provides a module of equations describing the Protein C pathway that can be integrated into existing comprehensive mathematical models describing tissue factor initiated coagulation.
Validation of the Insomnia Treatment Acceptability Scale (ITAS) in Primary Care

Patients with insomnia respond best to cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBT) if they find the approach acceptable. One tool, the Insomnia Treatment Acceptability Scale (ITAS), has been used to identify such patients, however, its reliability and validity has not been well established especially in primary care. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the ITAS in a primary care setting. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 236 primary care patients, aged 18 and above, with clinically significant insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥8). Descriptive and summary statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, Principal Axis Factor analysis with Promax rotation, and comparison of ITAS subscale scores with self-reported treatment preferences (Chi-Square) are included. Factor analysis identified two factor solutions for the ITAS subscales. The ITAS was shown to be a reliable and valid tool that can be used to facilitate psychological practice and research on interdisciplinary behavioral-medical care.
The Infrared and Raman Spectra of Tetracalcium Phosphate (Ca4P2O9)

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4P2O9) were measured and interpreted on the basis of factor group analysis. Factor group splitting can be noted for the various internal vibrational modes of the PO4 3- ion. However, a fewer number of factor group-split bands can be seen than predicted because of either the weak intensities of these bands or the convolution of such bands for the various internal modes of vibration.
Seasonal occurrence of thin metallic ion layers at high latitudes

A year-long series of incoherent-scatter radar observations of the high-latitude ionosphere conducted at Sondrestrom in Greenland has revealed an apparent increase in the rate of occurrence of thin metallic ion layers within the E-region during the summer months, consistent with the known seasonal effect existing at middle latitudes. Unlike the situation at temperate latitudes, where shears in the neutral wind drive layer formation, layers at high latitudes are often formed by the action of large-scale electric fields of magnetospheric origin. It is suggested here that a summertime increase in layer occurrence at high latitudes is attributable to a seasonal variation in the structure of the convective electric field, which determines the regions in which the necessary conditions for layer formation are present.
MAPK activation and the specification of the D quadrant in the gastropod mollusc, Crepidula fornicata

Embryos of the gastropod snail Crepidula fornicata exhibit a typical spiral cleavage pattern. Although a small polar lobe is formed at the first and second cleavage divisions, the embryo of C. fornicata exhibits a mode of development similar to that of equal-cleaving spiralians in which the D quadrant is conditionally specified by inductive interactions involving the derivatives of the first quartet micromeres. This study demonstrates that mitogen activated protein kinases, MAPK, are initially activated in the progeny of the first quartet micromeres, just prior to the birth of the third quartet (e.g., late during the 16-cell and subsequently during the 20-cell stages). Afterwards, MAPK is activated in 3D just prior to the 24-cell stage, transiently in 4d and finally in a subset of animal micromeres immediately following those stages. This pattern of MAPK activation differs from that reported for other spiralians. Using an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK), we demonstrated that activated MAPK is required for the specification of the 3D macromere, during the late 16-cell through early 24-cell stages. This corresponds to the interval when the progeny of the first quartet micromeres specify the D quadrant macromere. Activated MAPK is not required in 3D later during the 24-cell stage or in the embryonic organizer, 4d, for its normal activity. Likewise, activated MAPK is not required in the animal micromeres during subsequent stages of development. Additional experiments suggest that the polar lobe, though not required for normal development, may play a role in restricting the activation of MAPK and biasing the specification of the 3D macromere.
Streptomycin revisited: molecular action in the microbial cell.

Abstract The key event for antimicrobial action begins when streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit (S12 protein) of a ribosome. Lysine 42 and lysine 87 are involved. It is proposed that antagonism of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by streptomycin results in faulty fatty acids, lipids and derivatives marked exclusively for cell membrane synthesis. Streptomycin-sensitive growing cells are fatally wounded when defective membranes leak K + ions, then amino acids, nucleotides, oligonucleotides and proteins as increasing amounts of streptomycin enter the cell.
Interactions of light and a temperature shift on seed germination.

Germination of Rumex obtusifolius L. seeds is potentiated to an observable degree in 2 minutes by a single shift in temperature from 20 to 35 C. Half-maximal potentiation requires less than 32 minutes at the higher temperature. Similar sensitivities to shifts in temperature were observed for seeds of Barbarea vulgaris, R.Br. B. verna (Mill.) Asch., and Lepidium virginicum L. A shift in temperature interacts strongly with change in form of phytochrome induced by light on germination of the four kinds of seeds. The potentiated effects for R. obtusifolius are only moderately affected by 40 μm cycloheximide. Both the temperature shift and light actions are apparently independent of processes of synthesis necessary for growth.
Influences of regional differences in activities of brush-border membrane peptidases within the rat intestine on site-dependent stability of peptide drugs.

Abstract Proteolytic hydrolysis rates of neurotensin and acetyl-neurotensin-(8–13) by brush-border membranes from various rat intestinal segments were as follows: jejunum > duodenum ∼ jejunoileal junction > ileum > caecum. The rank order of endopeptidase-24.11 activity along the intestine was jejunum > duodenum ∼ jejunoileal junction > ileum > caecum. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) had a similar distribution profile as endopeptidase-24.11. Activities of these two enzymes were lower in the distal intestine. Distribution of endopeptidase-2 activity along the intestine was different: ileum > duodenum ∼ jejunum ∼ jejunoileal junction > caecum. The profiles of differential hydrolysis of neurotensin and acetylneurotensin-(8–13) within the gut corresponded to the distribution of endopeptidase-24.11 and ACE. Moreover, effects of enzyme inhibitors confirm that these two enzymes initiated proteolysis of neurotensin and acetylneurotensin-(8–13). These results suggest that the regional differences in the activities of key brush-border membrane peptidases will affect site-dependent stability of peptide drugs.
Replacement fibrosis detected by CMR is a predictor of outcome in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) is important predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICMP). With the advent of gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), it has now become possible to discern the presence of myocardial replacement fibrosis (RF) with a high level of accuracy. The aim of our study is to investigate the predictive value of RF in patients with NICMP.
Stability of Student Evaluations of Instructors and Their Courses with Implications for Validity

A course-instructor evaluation form was administered to 775 undergraduates in 15 large and small section introductory courses after the second class meeting and again near the end of the semester. The median pretest posttest correlation was +.60. Students were generally more negative toward their course and instructor at the end of the semester than they were at the beginning.As a separate portion of this project, two instructors deliberately attempted to alter their students' evaluation in one of two large sections of their introductory psychology course. In both cases, there was a significant overall mean difference between the experimental and control groups on the initial evaluation but there was no difference on the end-of-semester evaluation.The results of this study indicated that although students quickly form reasonably lasting judgments of their instructors and courses they are also able to alter their judgments as warranted by changing situations. These findings appear to provide support for th...
An overview of the clinical use of ondansetron in preschool age children.

The introduction of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist has revolutionized the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting in preschool aged children. These distressing symptoms, arising from multiple etiologies such as anesthesia, chemotherapy, and viral infection, are a major concern of patients and their families. Clinical research has demonstrated the antiemetic effectiveness of ondansetron in children. Although most of these studies focus primarily on preventing vomiting across the pediatric age group, they provide strong evidence for the use of ondansetron in preschool age children. For children at high risk, pediatric practice guidelines recommend ondansetron in conjunction with other antiemetics to achieve complete control of symptoms.
PRODUCTION OF H ATOMS IN THE 3s STATE BY THE IMPACT OF FAST GROUND-STATE H ATOMS ON N .

Cross sections for the production of hydrogen atoms in the $3s$ state by the impact of ground-state hydrogen atoms on nitrogen molecules have been measured in the kinetic energy range 10-35 keV. The cross-section curve appears to have a maximum at the lower energies of about 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. This value is roughly 2\textonehalf{} times less than the maximum cross section for producing $3s$ atoms through electron capture by proton impact on nitrogen molecules in the same energy range.