cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Wind Flow Field Analysis around Power Transmission Lines Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Method

The power transmission lines are vulnerable under high intensity winds such as typhoon. To evaluate the risk of transmission lines under typhoon, it’s necessary to know the exact speed of approaching wind at any location. In the paper, computational fluid dynamics method was proposed to obtain the high-resolution flow field around an actual transmission line which was attacked by typhoon. The terrain where the transmission line located was modeled. Speed-up ratio was used to evaluate the effect of the terrain on the wind. The results show that wind speed can be drastically affected by the complex terrain, and cause significantly different wind loads on each tower, which explain the collapse of towers at certain locations.
Erythrocytosis is associated with intradialytic hypotension: a case series.

For patients with end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis, erythrocytosis occurs rarely. Erythrocytosis increases the risk of thrombosis, which is a common complication in hemodialysis patients. The risk of thrombosis may also be increased by hypotension. The purpose of our report is to examine the relationship between intradialytic hypotension and erythrocytosis. We present a series of five patients with end stage renal disease and erythrocytosis (peak hemoglobin range 15.2–18.5 g/dL). All were erythropoiesis-stimulating agent naive and non-smokers. Prior to developing erythrocytosis, each patient developed recurring episodes of intradialytic hypotension over several months. A statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between nadir intradialytic systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin concentration. In the index case, midodrine treatment resulted in resolution of the hypotension and erythrocytosis. Most of the patients had multiple acquired renal cysts, which is a potential source of erythropoietin. Four of the five cases developed arteriovenous dialysis access or deep venous thrombosis. An association between intradialytic hypotension and erythrocytosis was observed in five cases. We postulate that chronic intermittent hypotension and renal ischemia may lead to erythropoietin secretion, and this cascade could represent a newly recognized cause of secondary erythrocytosis.
A Comparison of Manual Sign and Speech Generating Devices in the Natural Environment

Between 30 and 50% of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) do not develop vocal language deemed functionally acceptable to meet their daily communication needs. As a result, individuals with ASD may require intervention alternatives to vocal speech, such as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). However, very little is known about how members of the public may respond to forms of AAC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how two commonly used AAC formats, manual sign and a selection-based speech generating device (SGD), result in access to reinforcement in the natural environment. To do this, we approached naive adults (i.e., individuals unfamiliar with the aims of the study) and asked questions that were likely to result in reinforcement. We measured whether or not naive adults accurately responded to each question, and we collected additional descriptive information about their reaction to that form of AAC. This study has important implications for social validity and long-term considerations of AAC.
Establishing a Research Program in the ICU

The creation of a critical care research program is a challenging endeavor that requires an understanding of important concepts in trial design and execution, as well as the local research landscape, including key stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and potential funding sources. It is important for the investigator to be able to identify the type of study (randomized controlled trial or retrospective chart review), the setting in which the research will occur (in a community hospital or an academic medical center), and the scope of the contemplated effort (single-center, multicenter, or as part of a research consortium). It is also necessary to assemble the research team, which consists of a clinician-scientist and a research coordinator, and potentially other contributors, including a research pharmacist, nurse educator, and project manager. Patient, ICU, and hospital demographics will dictate which disease processes can be adequately studied at the local level. The investigative team needs to plan for the design of the protocol and its submission, the budgeting process, patient recruitment, and reporting and publication strategies, as prudence at this stage can lead to future success and sustainability. Finally, the team needs to focus on ethical issues such as how to determine whether a critically ill patient is competent to make an informed decision about participation, as well as other variables such as co-enrollment and recruitment when the investigator is acting simultaneously as the clinical attending.
Chapter 16 – The Really Hard Problems

Publisher Summary The ability to improve spectral efficiency, enhance network efficiency, and serve the telecommunication user—the purview of cognitive radio (CR)—is an application that adds significant value to the telecommunication market. CR is a radio that is sufficiently intelligent to aid spectrum efficiency, aid the radio networks and network infrastructures, and aid the user. This chapter presents several classes of radios. To begin with, there is the radio designed and built for defense applications. When used in peacekeeping missions, such radios are expected to comply with the regulatory requirements of the regions where they are used. They will need to have details of the radio networks of other allies and coalition partners, including waveforms, protocols, frequencies, and what conditions should be communicated with partners. The second class of radio involves the cellular telephone subscriber unit, the corresponding base station, and its corresponding infrastructure. The third class of radio is those embedded into computing devices. This includes laptop computers, PDAs, and similar devices, for which the primary access is a wireless personal area network. The chapter also predict a fourth class of radio: automobiles that will soon have an add-on business of transmitting and receiving useful services to the driver and passengers by using wireless regional area network (WRAN) services.
Fuzzy Monte Carlo Method

This chapter introduces our fuzzy Monte Carlo method. We will be working with a very simple linear programming problem. The crisp linear program is presented in the next section. Then we fuzzify the linear program in the third section. We make some of the parameters in the problem triangular fuzzy numbers and allow all the variables to be triangular shaped fuzzy numbers. We will need to decide on a definition of ≤ between fuzzy numbers and we will use Kerre’s method (Section 2.6.2 of Chapter 2) first and then Chen’s method (Section 2.6.3 of Chapter 2) second. This chapter, and Chapters 7 and 8, are based on ([5],[6]), see also ([3],[4]).
Effect of State Legislation on Discharge Opioid Prescriptions After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties

Abstract Background Recent literature suggests that state-level legislation is effective in reducing postoperative opioid prescribing after total joint arthroplasty but has not addressed the effect on opioid antagonist coprescribing. This study aims to describe the change in postoperative opioid and opioid antagonist prescribing patterns after total joint arthroplasty following passage of state-level opioid-limiting legislation and to determine the comorbidities associated with increased opioid prescribing in this population. Methods Billing data were used to identify all patients who underwent primary total hip or knee arthroplasty admitted between March 2016 and March 2018 at our institution. The data were divided into 2 cohorts comprising the year before (671 subjects) and after (713 subjects) the legislation. Discharge prescriptions were reviewed, and the median morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per day and naloxone prescriptions were recorded. International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify comorbid conditions of interest present during previous inpatient or outpatient encounters. Results There was a significant reduction in both the minimum and maximum median MME per day after introduction of state legislation and a substantial increase in opioid antagonist coprescription. Total knee arthroplasty, younger age, male sex, chronic pain disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and prior opioid abuse were correlated with increased opioid prescribing. Conclusion Our findings suggest that state-level legislation is effective in decreasing the MME per day prescribed and increasing opioid antagonist coprescription in the postoperative period for patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasties at our institution. These changes may lead to a decrease in opioid-related morbidity and mortality in the patient population undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasties.
The IMF in Starbursts

The history of the IMF in starburst regions is reviewed. The IMFs are no longer believed to be top-heavy, although some superstar clusters, whether in starburst regions or not, could be. General observations of the IMF are discussed to put the starburst results in perspective. Observed IMF variations seem to suggest that the IMF varies a little with environment in the sense that denser and more massive clusters produce more massive stars, and perhaps more brown dwarfs too, compared to intermediate mass stars.
Seismic response of electrical equipment subjected to high–frequency ground motions

Abstract Recent ground motion studies conducted at nuclear facilities indicate that in Central and Eastern United States, the ground motion response spectra exceed the safe–shutdown earthquake spectra at high frequencies. Even though high–frequency ground motions do not cause structural damage, high–frequency accelerations may propagate through the structure and interfere with the output of the safety–related equipment such as relays required to ensure safe shutdown of the plant during a seismic event. Hence, it is essential to seismically qualify electrical equipment subjected to high–frequency accelerations. The seismic qualification is conducted by comparing in–cabinet response spectra evaluated at the equipment locations with the capacities of equipment obtained from shake table tests. The in–cabinet response spectrum is obtained from analysis of nuclear power plant building and electrical cabinet in which the equipment are mounted. This study is based on the hypothesis that the high–frequency motions do not reach the equipment as the small displacements induced by such motions are filtered out by the geometric nonlinearities. The effect of two different types of nonlinearities are studied: (1) a gap in the connection between electrical cabinet and floor; (2) sliding friction between electrical cabinet’s base and the floor. The results from an analyses of various different cases show that the high–frequency motions do not reach the relays if the maximum displacement of building floor is less than the gap. Even if the displacement is larger than the gap, the in–cabinet spectral accelerations are not excessively high. On the contrary, results from a conventional linear analysis give excessively high unrealistic spectral accelerations.
Pharmacological Profile and Ocular Hypotensive Effects of Cromakalim Prodrug 1, a Novel ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener, in Normotensive Dogs and Nonhuman Primates.

Purpose: To evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters and ocular hypotensive effects of cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) in normotensive large animal models. Methods: Optimal CKLP1 concentration was determin...
Giambattista Marino’s L’Adone: A Drama of Madrigals

Giambattista Marino’s L’Adone (1623) is the longest poem written in the Italian language. Exceeding even Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata (1581) in length, L’Adone lacks the most central chara...
Single-Site Robotic Cholecystectomy: The Timeline of Progress.

To investigate the learning curve and perioperative outcomes of single-site robotic cholecystectomy during the first 102 cases by a single surgeon. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed on the first 102 cases of single-site robotic cholecystectomy. Patients were divided into five chronological groups based on the date of surgery, with 20 patients in each group except the 5th group which had 22 patients. The groups were compared by docking time, robotic dissection time, and overall surgery time. A P value of 0.05 was used as statistically significant. The female to male ratio was 2:1. The mean age was 51 years (18–87) and the mean BMI was 28.26 (18–41). Overall, 69 % of the patients underwent elective cholecystectomy and 31 % required urgent surgery. In all, 17 % of patients had previous abdominal surgeries. In total, 45 % of procedures were regarded as same day surgery. The total mean length of stay was 1.97 days (0–8). The mean operative time was 110 min (36–265), mean robotic console time 70 min (26–179), and mean docking time 9 min (1–26). The overall conversion rate was 3.9 % and the complication rate was 4 %. The docking time, robotic time, and average operative time were significantly different in the first group as compared to the remaining the five groups (P = 0.001). Single-site robotic cholecystectomy is safe in both elective and urgent conditions, and in patients with previous abdominal surgeries. It has a short learning curve.
Recent Results on "Approximations to Optimal Alarm Systems for Anomaly Detection"

An optimal alarm system and its approximations may use Kalman filtering for univariate linear dynamic systems driven by Gaussian noise to provide a layer of predictive capability. Predicted Kalman filter future process values and a fixed critical threshold can be used to construct a candidate level-crossing event over a predetermined prediction window. An optimal alarm system can be designed to elicit the fewest false alarms for a fixed detection probability in this particular scenario.
A general stochastic model for product development processes

The pressure to reduce product development time has increased due to rapidly changing technology and customer's needs. Therefore, a shortened product development time has become a critical issue for many enterprises. Being first to market is a major strategy for establishing product identity and capturing market share. Axiomatic design can be used to structure the design processes and reduce the complexity of product development. Using a hierarchical design structure tree (DST) created using design axioms, several theorems have been derived for modeling the product development process. These theorems capture successive iterations of design activities and provide a basis for a hierarchical probabilistic model-generating (HPMG) algorithm. This algorithm can be used to generate probabilistic models for every task in a DST. These models provide a mechanism to forecast the expected time window of a design project or design tasks in a project and assess the impact of design decisions. In addition, the derived theorems and the developed algorithms can also be employed to predict a general process with a hierarchical tree structure in which certain assumptions are made.
MICROCHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICALLY STABILIZED GRANULAR MATERIALS

The effects of grain size and shape, gradation, and density on grain concentrations and number of grain contacts were studied by use of ungrouted and gravel specimens. The chemical grout was a solution of hydrated sodium silicate, water, and reactant (solution of ethyl acetate and formamide); after establishing the role of the reactant components, the influence of variations in grout composition on the microstructure and macroproperties (miniscus formation, shrinkage, hardness, and adhesion to glass) of grout were examined. Finally, the interaction between grout and sand was evaluated in terms of percentage of pore volume occupied by grout and changes in sand grain characteristics; photomicrographs were used to analyze the effect of grout on individual grains, and the grain concentrations on failure planes in grouted sand were studied by means of enlarged photographs. Also assessed were the usefulness and accuracy of sieve analyses, the changes in grout composition and concentration with distance from point of injection.
A Monte Carlo Learning/Biasing Experiment with Intelligent Random Numbers

A Monte Carlo learning and biasing technique that does its learning and biasing in the random number space rather than the physical phase space is described. The technique is probably applicable to...
Superstition or Sanctioned Solemnities? Representations of Rituals in Anglo-Saxon Literature

Anglo-Saxon literature expresses a period of transition between the traditions of the pagan, tribal peoples of Britain and early medieval Christianity. This literature, therefore, contains an amalgamation of pagan and Christian rituals, many of which are surprisingly similar on several levels. Modern readers often attempt to label the rituals as magical or religious, but this paper argues that, rather than defining the rituals according to modern terms, the labels that the authors give to the rituals should be examined. The survey of literature is examined through comparison of rituals that were deemed magical or Christian by the authors, primarily found in penitentials and saint's legends. The analysis reveals insights into the authors' views of their own religions and what makes rituals viable and sanctified as well as their evaluations of the rituals of "others."
SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARDBOARD FLAVOR IN WHEY PROTEIN

Cardboard flavor is one of the most commonly described off-flavors in whey proteins. The objective of this research was to identify volatile components that are likely sources of cardboard flavor in dried whey protein concentrate and isolates and characterize them by sensory analysis. Cardboard and brown paper samples (n = 5) soaked in deionized water and whey proteins with and without cardboard flavor were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and descriptive sensory analysis to select the potential contributors to cardboard flavor. Compounds were evaluated by trained sensory panelists using sniff jars, dose-response experiments and whey protein models. Sensory analysis of the aroma of the chemical standards yielded no single compound exhibiting a cardboard aroma, suggesting that cardboard flavor does not result from one compound but a combination. A combination of compounds (pentanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1-octen-3-one, dimethyl trisulfide) elicited cardboard flavor in whey protein previously deemed free of cardboard flavor. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study established that a combination of pentanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1-octen-3-one and dimethyl trisulfide elicited cardboard flavor in whey protein and can be utilized as a training reference for identifying cardboard flavor. The direct association of specific lipid oxidation products with cardboard flavor in whey protein emphasizes the necessity to control lipid oxidation to reduce this off-flavor in whey protein ingredients. These compounds could potentially be utilized to instrumentally monitor cardboard flavor in whey protein. Hexanal, while a major indicator for lipid oxidation, was not directly indicative of cardboard flavor in whey protein.
Two percent sodium chloride is required for susceptibility testing of staphylococci with oxacillin when using agar-based dilution methods.

The need to add NaCl to agar media to ensure accuracy of results when testing staphylococci with oxacillin was investigated. The results of four antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods (agar and broth dilution, E test, and disk diffusion) in which the growth medium contained 0, 2, 4, or 5% NaCl were compared with the results of a hybridization assay using a mec gene probe. We tested 223 strains of staphylococci, 128 of which were mec gene positive. A total of 7 of the 128 positive strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci with 24-h oxacillin MICs of or = 4 micrograms/ml. The oxacillin MICs for mec gene-positive, oxacillin-resistant strains of staphylococci increased two- to fourfold with the addition of NaCl to the test medium, while the MICs for mec gene-negative strains did not change in the presence of added salt. Very major error rates for the agar dilution and E test methods in the absence of salt ranged from 18.2 to 20.2%. Major error rates for mec gene-negative S. aureus isolates were > 17% for all test methods when 4 or 5% NaCl was added to the test medium. The addition of 2% NaCl to Mueller-Hinton agar for testing of oxacillin resulted in very major error rates of or = 18.3%. We recommended the addition of 2% NaC1 to Mueller-Hinton agar when testing staphylococci with oxacillin by either the agar dilution or E test method. NaC1 should not be added for the disk diffusion test.
War correspondence: Reading romantic war

(1996). War correspondence: Reading romantic war. Prose Studies: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 173-185.
Perceived uncertainty about menopause in women attending an educational program

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of uncertainty among a convenience sample of 177 women attending an educational program on menopause and to determine whether an educational intervention modified uncertainty. A one group pre-test post-test design was used. Uncertainty, measured by the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Community Form (MUIS-C), was relatively high before, and decreased significantly after, the program. Findings indicated that uncertainty is an important phenomenon associated with menopause. Predictors of pre-program uncertainty ( T1 ) were age and perceived level of knowledge. Post-program uncertainty ( T2 ) was predicted by pre-program uncertainty ( T1 ), perceived knowledge gained and level of knowledge at ( T2 ).
Simulation using software agents II: domain-general simulation and planning with physical schemas

Physical schemas are representations of simple physically grounded relationships and interactions such as "move," "push," and "contain." We believe they are the conceptual primitives an agent employs to understand its environment. Physical schemas can be used at varying levels of abstraction across a variety of domains. We have designed a domain-general agent simulation and control testbed based on physical schemas. If a domain can be described in physical terms as agents moving and applying force, it can be simulated in this testbed. Furthermore, we show that physical schemas can be viewed as the basis for abstract plans and a domain-general planner, GRASP. Our simulation and planning system is currently being evaluated in a continuous, dynamic, and adversarial domain based on the game of Capture the Flag. The paper concludes with an example of how GRASP was applied to the problem of Course of Action generation and evaluation.
Occupation Times for Stable-like Processes

We consider a class of pure jump Markov processes in \({\mathbb R}^d\) whose jump kernels are comparable to those of symmetric stable processes. We prove a support theorem, a lower bound on the occupation times of sets, and show that we can approximate resolvents using smooth functions.
Study of low-lying 86Rb levels in the 87Rb(τ, α)86Rb reaction

Abstract The low-lying levels in 86 Rb were investigated via the 87 Rb(τ, α) 86 Rb reaction with a 16 MeV 3 He beam. Nine excited levels at 0.49, 0.56, 0.87, 0.98, 1.02, 1.09, 1.42, 1.66 and 2.12 MeV excitation were identified. A distorted-wave analysis was performed yielding spectroscopic information about these levels.
Dioxygen-initiated oxidation of heteroatomic substrates incorporated into ancillary pyridine ligands of carboxylate-rich diiron(II) complexes

Progress toward the development of functional models of the carboxylate-bridged diiron active site in soluble methane monooxygenase is described in which potential substrates are introduced as substituents on bound pyridine ligands. Pyridine ligands incorporating a thiol, sulfide, sulfoxide, or phosphine moiety were allowed to react with the preassembled diiron(II) complex [Fe2(μ-O2CArR)2(O2CArR)2(THF)2], where -O2CArR is a sterically hindered 2,6-di(p-tolyl)- or 2,6-di(p-fluorophenyl)benzoate (R = Tol or 4-FPh). The resulting diiron(II) complexes were characterized crystallographically. Triply and doubly bridged compounds [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)3(O2CArTol)(2-MeSpy)] (4) and [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(2-MeS(O)py)2] (5) resulted when 2-methylthiopyridine (2-MeSpy) and 2-pyridylmethylsulfoxide (2-MeS(O)py), respectively, were employed. Another triply bridged diiron(II) complex, [Fe2(μ-O2CAr4-FPh)3-(O2CAr4-FPh)(2-Ph2Ppy)] (3), was obtained containing 2-diphenylphosphinopyridine (2-Ph2Ppy). The use of 2-mercaptopy...
New Demographic Perspectives on Studying Intermarriage in the United States

The study of Jewish intermarriage has largely ignored the measurement conventions prevalent in the field of demography such as using first marriages (as opposed to current marriages) and not controlling for mixed parentage. I re-analyze the NJPS 2000–2001 using first marriages and controlling for parentage and find evidence that intermarriage has leveled off among single ancestry Jews. Jewish intermarriage is placed in an American context by (1) putting in Kalmijn’s conceptual schema and (2) using the odds-ratio to compare intermarriage in controlling for group size. Single ancestry Jews are surprisingly endogamous compared with other groups in America. Two new directions for further research in a demographic context are discussed: including non-jewish spouses in population studies and thinking about mixed ancestry Jews in the context of multi-racial persons.
TERRITORY IN THE MEADOWLARKS, GENUS STURNELLA.

Summary. A recent study of the comparative ethology and ecology of the morphologically similar meadowlarks of the American grasslands permitted (1) a comparison of territorial behaviour and (2) an analysis of the interspecific aspect of territorialism. Both species were found to be territorial in that the males spaced themselves on selected units of grassland, within which they mated, gathered food, and reared young, and which they defended against intruding meadowlarks. No differences were noted between the two species with regard to the establishment, size, or maintenance of territories. Species outside of the genus were normally tolerated within meadowlark territories. But territorial defence and display between males of the two species of meadlowarks was as frequent and intense as intraspecific display, resulting in the complete segregation of their territories. Interspecific territorialism may contribute to the continued independence of these species on a common breeding ground.
Benthic organic carbon influences denitrification in streams with high nitrate concentration

SUMMARY 1. Anthropogenic activities have increased reactive nitrogen availability, and now many streams carry large nitrate loads to coastal ecosystems. Denitrification is potentially an important nitrogen sink, but few studies have investigated the influence of benthic organic carbon on denitrification in nitrate-rich streams. 2. Using the acetylene-block assay, we measured denitrification rates associated with benthic substrata having different proportions of organic matter in agricultural streams in two states in the mid-west of the U.S.A., Illinois and Michigan. 3. In Illinois, benthic organic matter varied little between seasons (5.9–7.0% of stream sediment), but nitrate concentrations were high in summer (>10 mg N L )1 ) and low (<0.5 mg N L )1 ) in autumn. Across all seasons and streams, the rate of denitrification ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 l gNg )1 DM h )1 and was positively related to stream-water nitrate concentration. Within each stream, denitrification was positively related to benthic organic matter only when nitrate concentration exceeded published half-saturation constants. 4. In Michigan, streams had high nitrate concentrations and diverse benthic substrata which varied from 0.7 to 72.7% organic matter. Denitrification rate ranged from 0.12 to 11.06 l gNg )1 DM h )1 and was positively related to the proportion of organic matter in each substratum. 5. Taken together, these results indicate that benthic organic carbon may play an important role in stream nitrogen cycling by stimulating denitrification when nitrate concentrations are high.
Raman non-coincidence effect of the carbonyl stretching mode in confined polar liquids

The Raman non-coincidence effect of the symmetric C=O stretching band was measured in liquid acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide confined to porous silica glasses prepared by the sol—gel process. The experiments were carried out both on bulk liquids and liquids confined to glasses with pore radii from 17—76 A at 293 K. The value of the non-coincidence was decreased with decreasing pore radius (R) and scaled approximately as 1/R. Additional information about the role of pore surface effects was obtained by measurements on the polar liquids confined to surface-modified glasses when the surface hydroxyl groups were replaced by OSi(CH3)3 groups. The experimental data show that the non-coincidence effect is independent of the pore size in surface-modified glasses.
Strong nondipole effects in low-energy photoionization of the 5s and 5p subshells of xenon

Large nondipole effects are predicted in the angular distribution of photoelectrons from the 5s and 5p subshells of xenon for photon energies below 200 eV. The nondipole parameter {gamma}{sub 5s} exhibits a dispersion-curve variation near the first minimum of the 5s cross section at 35 eV, reaching a minimum value of -0.8 near 40 eV. Rapid variation of {gamma}{sub 5s} is also found near the second minimum of the 5s cross section at 150 eV, where {gamma}{sub 5s} reaches a maximum value of 1.2. Smaller, but significant, nondipole effects are also found in the parameter {zeta}{sub 5p}={gamma}{sub 5p}+3{delta}{sub 5p}, which has a maximum value of 0.15 near 50 eV, and a second maximum value of 0.18 near 160 eV. The higher energy maxima in {gamma}{sub 5s} and {zeta}{sub 5p} arise from correlation enhanced by shape resonances in the 4p{yields}f quadrupole photoionization channels. These predictions are based on relativistic random-phase approximation calculations in which excitations from 5p, 5s, 4d, 4p, and 4s subshells are coupled.
Bathymetric Mapping Using IKONOS Multispectral Data

The objective of this research was to develop an accurate bathymetric map for an area around Roatan Island, Honduras using high-resolution multispectral IKONOS data based on a variation of a linear regression model. Linear regression models estimate water depths by regressing brightness values over known benthos (albeit non-homogeneous) and known depths. However, we contend that if mixed bottom types are used, the regression coefficients deteriorate because the variability in brightness values from a heterogeneous bottom has a deleterious effect on the correlation coefficient. By selecting uniform bottom types, this variability can be reduced and a strong correlation between depth and brightness value can be established, thus improving the accuracy of estimated depths. Three uniform bottom types (seagrass, coral, and sand) were selected, and the transformed brightness values derived from principal components analysis for each bottom type were regressed against known depths. The most statistically signific...
A reliable method for quantitating chromatin fragments by flow cytometry to predict the effect of total body irradiation and hyperthermia on mice.

Abstract The frequencies of chromatin fragments, including micronuclei, in murine thymus cells, spleen cells and bone marrow cells have been used as a quantitative indicator of gamma-ray induced chromosome damage and could be used to screen potential radioprotective agents as well. The yield of chromatin fragments induced in mice receiving different dosage levels of total body irradiation alone and in mice also given whole body hyperthermia as a potent radioprotector were assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Our results demonstrated that chromatin fragments induced by irradiation in vivo was clearly dose-dependent and that chromatin fragments could potentially serve as a biological indicator of radiation damage. One hour of whole body hyperthermia at 40°C (±0.2°C) given 20 hours before a lethal dosage (900 cGy) of total body irradiation protects 100% of DBA/2 mice from an LD 100/16 irradiation dose (dose of irradiation that killed 100% of the mice in 16 days). This is in good agreement with the percent of chromatin fragments formed in the cells of the protected animals, which showed no significant difference from those observed in the normal mice. The results indicate that whole body hyperthermia protected the thymus and bone marrow from irradiation damage. This study provides further evidence which supports that whole body hyperthermia can act as a potent radioprotector in vivo . Measurement of the frequencies of chromatin fragments by flow cytometry is simple and reliable. The method can be applied to screen radioprotective agents.
On the theory of self-diffusion in liquid metals

Abstract The theory of diffusion in liquids is considered from the standpoint of fluctuation theory. It is postulated that diffusion results from the movement of atoms small and variable distances as a result of local density fluctuations. From geometrical considerations it is deduced that about four atoms besides the diffusing atom are involved in such a fluctuation. The energy of a fluctuation is expressed in terms of the Morse function. The following equation is derived for D, the self-diffusion coefficient D = 1.29 × 10−8T2/ΔHvα2cm2/sec where ΔHv is the heat of vaporization and α is related to the curvature of the potential vs. distance curve. The theory results in there being no activation energy for the diffusion process but a plot of log D vs. 1 T yields an apparent straight line over a small temperature interval, the slope of which is not a function of the properties of the element but only a function of the temperature of measurement. The relative value of D for various elements is a function of the properties of the elements, however. The theory is compared with experimental results with the agreement being generally quite good. It also follows that there is no activation volume in the usual sense but what is measured in pressure experiments, according to the theory, is the effect of pressure on the magnitude of fluctuations. The theory, if correct, also implies that thermodynamic properties such as the partial molar heat of solution are important in solute diffusion and may be more important than solute atomic size effects.
ON GETTING AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AND SOUTH AFRICA

In this paper basic considerations underpinning agricultural supply are revisited. Some conditions are easier said than achieved, but little growth is likely to be feasible unless nearly all are adequately catered for, including the policy and institutional environments, with particular emphasis on the effective provision of public-sector services, from infrastructure to knowledge and information.
In vitro characterization of the mitochondrial processing and the potential function of the 68-kDa subunit of renal glutaminase.

Rat renal mitochondrial glutaminase (GA) is initially synthesized in primary cultures of proximal tubule cells as a 74-kDa precursor and is processed via a 72-kDa intermediate to generate a heterotetrameric enzyme which contains three 66-kDa subunits and one 68-kDa subunit (Perera, S. Y., Chen, T. C., and Curthoys, N. P.(1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265,17764-17770). The two mature subunits may be derived by either of two possible mechanisms: 1) alternative proteolytic processing or 2) initial synthesis of the 66-kDa subunit followed by its covalent modification to generate the 68-kDa subunit. An in vitro system was utilized to further characterize this unique processing pathway and to investigate the potential function of the 68-kDa subunit. In vitro transcription and translation of the GA cDNA yields a single 74-kDa precursor. Upon incubation with isolated rat liver mitochondria, the precursor is translocated into the mitochondria and processed via a 72-kDa intermediate to yield a 3:1 ratio of the 66- and 68-kDa subunits, respectively. The kinetics of the in vitro processing reaction also closely approximate the kinetics observed in cultured cells. Mitochondrial processing is blocked by o-phenanthroline, an inhibitor of the matrix processing peptidase (MPP). The 72-amino acid presequence of the 66-kDa subunit contains a large proportion of basic amino acids. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of mature GA established that the 68-kDa subunit is slightly more basic than the 66-kDa subunit. In addition, incubation of the 74-kDa precursor with purified MPP yields equimolar amounts of the two mature peptides. A cDNA construct, pΔGA, was created which lacks the nucleotides that encode the amino acid residues 32 through 72 of GA. When transcribed and translated in vitro, pΔGA yields a 70-kDa precursor. This precursor is processed by mitochondria to a single mature subunit with a M of 66 kDa. This observation suggests that the 68-kDa subunit is not produced by covalent modification of the 66-kDa subunit and further supports the conclusion that the two mature subunits of GA are produced by alternative processing reactions which can be catalyzed by MPP. However, the yield of products obtained in intact mitochondria may be determined by some unidentified accessory factor. Submitochondrial fractionation of imported GA and ΔGA precursors suggest that the 68-kDa subunit may function to retain the mature GA within the mitochondrial matrix.
Peripheral nervous system manifestations of Sjögren syndrome: clinical patterns, diagnostic paradigms, etiopathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies.

Sjogren syndrome is among the most common autoimmune diseases affecting adults in the United States, and is frequently regarded as an immune-mediated exocrinopathy exclusively causing dry eyes and dry mouth. However, as a systemic rheumatic disease, there can be various "extraglandular" complications. The eclectic permutation of peripheral nervous system (PNS) syndromes which occur in Sjogren patients are among the most common and severe extraglandular complications. This review article highlights the evaluation, differential diagnosis, immunopathogenic mechanisms, and potential treatment options of these PNS complications encountered by neurologists. The sensory neuropathies constitute the most frequent PNS complication. Sjogren patients can suffer from severe neuropathic pain, with small-fiber neuropathy causing lancinating or burning pain which can disproportionately affect the proximal torso or extremities, and the face (ie, in a "non-length-dependent distribution"). The technique of skin biopsy, assessing for the intraepidermal nerve fiber density of unmyelinated nerves, provides a useful technique for neurologists to diagnose small-fiber neuropathies, especially when there is such a non-length-dependent distribution. Other diagnostic techniques (ie, electromyography/nerve-conduction studies, evoked potentials, nerve and muscle biopsy) may be useful in specific subtypes of neuropathies. A rational approach to treatment requires a careful appraisal of the clinical subtype of the neuropathy, as well as a familiarity with such discriminating immunopathogenic mechanisms. The application of the traditional armamentarium used for neuropathic pain can be especially challenging. Sjogren patients can suffer from debilitating fatigue, sicca symptoms, and autonomic findings; as such manifestations can be complications of various neuropathic agents, neurologists should understand how to minimize such iatrogenic complications. Therefore, this article will empower neurologists to more effectively collaborate with rheumatologists, in the diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren patients with PNS complications.
Paper: Optimal wind velocity estimation

A new approach to remote wind velocity sensing is proposed, developed, and tested. Wind estimates were obtained from the spectral signature of an optical signal source. The signal was derived from the random scattering of a laser beam in the lower atmosphere. A quasi-supervised learning machine, using a minimal variance linear estimator, was used to produce the wind velocity estimate. New stopping rules, used to guarantee the convergence of the learning process, were also developed. Field experimentation indicates that the new system will perform well, even under extreme optical nonlinear conditions due to severe turbulence.
Activation of pancreatic islet myosin ATPase by ATP and actin

Previous work from our laboratory indicated that pancreatic islets contain myosin light chain kinase, a calcium- and calmodulin-activated enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of myosin which, in tissues containing smooth muscle, is believed to permit the ATPase of myosin to be activated by actin. The current report shows that incubating islet cytosol with ATP under conditions that should permit phosphorylation of myosin markedly enhances islet myosin ATPase activity in the presence of actin. It has been suggested that contractile proteins power insulin granule movements in the beta cell. Phosphorylation of myosin may be one of the means of coupling stimuli to insulin secretion.
Interweaving the Strands: β-Catenin, an HIV Co-Receptor, and Schwann Cell Tumors

WNT/β-catenin signaling is critical to the development of many cancer types. A paper by Mo and colleagues in a recent issue of Cell shows that autocrine CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine signaling activates β-catenin signaling in a rare peripheral nerve sarcoma. Together with the availability of small molecules targeting CXCR4, this finding suggests new avenues for cancer therapy.
Leucaena - a promising soil-erosion-control plant.

This woody legume, originally native to Mexico but now naturalized in Arizona, Florida and Texas, has been extensively used in Indonesia for soil erosion control and should be similarly employed in our Southern States.
WHAT IS THE OBSERVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES RICHNESS AND PRODUCTIVITY

Understanding the relationship between species richness and productivity is fundamental to the management and preservation of biodiversity. Yet despite years of study and intense theoretical interest, this relationship remains controversial. Here, we present the results of a literature survey in which we examined the relationship between species richness and productivity in 171 published studies. We extracted the raw data from published tables and graphs and subjected these data to a standardized analysis, using ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression and generalized linear-model (GLIM) regression to test for significant positive, negative, or curvilinear relationships between productivity and species diversity. If the relationship was curvilinear, we tested whether the maximum (or minimum) of the curve occurred within the range of productivity values observed (i.e., was there evidence of a hump?). A meta-analysis conducted on the distribution of standardized quadratic regression coefficients showed that ...
Simultaneous formaldehyde PLIF and high-speed schlieren imaging for ignition visualization in high-pressure spray flames

Abstract We applied simultaneous schlieren and formaldehyde (CH 2 O) planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging to investigate the low- and high-temperature auto-ignition events in a high-pressure (60 bar) spray of n-dodecane. High-speed (150 kHz) schlieren imaging allowed visualization of the temporal progression of the fuel vapor penetration as well as the low- and high-temperature ignition events, while formaldehyde fluorescence was induced by a pulsed (7-ns), 355-nm planar laser sheet at a select time during the same injection. Fluorescence from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was also observed and was distinguished from formaldehyde PLIF both temporally and spatially. A characteristic feature previously recorded in schlieren images of similar flames, in which refractive index gradients significantly diminish, has been confirmed to be coincident with large formaldehyde fluorescence signal during low-temperature ignition. Low-temperature reactions initiate near the radial periphery of the spray on the injector side of the spray head. Formaldehyde persists on the injector side of the lift-off length and forms rapidly near the injector following the end of injection. The consumption of formaldehyde coincides with the position and timing of high-temperature ignition and low-density zones that are clearly evident in the schlieren imaging. After the end of injection, the formaldehyde that formed on the injector side of the lift-off length is consumed as a high-temperature ignition front propagates back toward the injector tip.
The Location of Metaphosphate in the Yeast Cell

All metachromatically staining substances were originally thought by Lison (1935a; 1935b) to be the sulfuric esters of high-polymeric carbohydrates. Michaelis (1947) found that high-polymeric carbohydrates with carboxyl groups such as the capsular substances of pneumococci and mucin stain metachromatically (purple to red) with toluidine blue. Wiame (1946) found that metaphosphate also stains metachromatically. Both Wiame and Michaelis have shown by spectrophotometric analyses that metachromasy (when toluidine blue is used as the stain) is dependent upon (1) the concentration of metaphosphate, (2) the concentration of dye, and (3) the condition of the metaphosphate.The following tests devised by Grimme (1902) for the detection of volutin (metaphosphate), have been retained in general use: 1) metachromatic staining with dilute methylene blue, 2) extractability from unfixed cells with hot water at 80°C in five minutes, and 3) retention of the stain after treatment with 1 per cent sulfuric acid. Acid fastness is superior to the occurrence of metachromasy as a test for the presence of volutin.A cytological investigation of the location of metaphosphate (volutin) in the yeast cell was made in two types of preparations: 1) fixed impression smears and 2) progressively stained living cells. Essentially the same results were obtaned with both preparations except that the vacuoles were destroyed by drying the impression smears. The results showed that volutin (metaphosphate) is confined to the nuclear vacuole.There are three items which have led to erroneous conclusions concering the location of metaphosphate. The spindle, which is not visible in the unstained cell, often appears after staining as a clear area and is mistaken for the vacuole. Heavy deposits of glycogen similarly appear in the stained cell as clear areas and have been mistaken for the vacuole. The mitochondria, which are obvious in the cytoplasm, are destroyed by the staining and have been confused with the chromosomes covered with volutin which appear after staining.