cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mathematical formulation of uncertain information

This paper introduces a mathematical model of uncertain information. Each body of uncertain information is an information quadruplet, consisting of a code space, a message space, an interpretation function, and an evidence space. Each information quadruplet contains prior information as well as possible new evidence which may appear later. The definitions of basic probability and belief function are based on the prior information. Given new evidence, Bayes' rule is used to update the prior information. This paper also introduces an idea of independent information and its combination. A combination formula is derived for combining independent information. Both the conventional Bayesian approach and Dempster-Shafer's approach belong to this mathematical model. A Bayesian prior probability measure is the prior information of a special information quadruplet; Bayesian conditioning is the combination of special independent information. A Dempster's belief function is the belief function of a different information quadruplet; the Dempster combination rule is the combination rule of independent quadruplets. This paper is a mathematical study of handling uncertainty and shows that both the conventional Bayesian approach and Dempster-Shafer's approach originate from the same mathematical theory.
Effect of magnetic field on the performance of millimeter-wave detectors using bulk InSb

The performance of microwave-biased millimeter-wave detectors using bulk InSb in the presence of a magnetic field is described. Broad-band transitions between the impurity and conduction bands together with free-carrier absorption are responsible for the detection mechanism. The performance of the device is examined as a function of the magnetic field, millimeter-wave signal, and microwave bias levels. The results show that the performance can be improved by proper choice of the magnetic field.
Multiple opiate receptors: emerging concepts.

Abstract Increasing biochemical evidence indicates that the wide spectrum of opiate pharmacological actions are mediated via heterogeneous classes of receptors. μ receptors have been identified as the high affinity sites where morphine-like opiates exert their analgesic effects. δ receptors have a somewhat different CNS distribution and have been identified as sites relatively selective for the naturally occuring enkephalins. Recent biochemical studies provide evidence for two additional classes of opiate receptor sites which were originally proposed on the basis of physiological studies. Ketocyclazocine-like opiates produce their unique ataxic and sedative effects via interaction with K receptors, and SKF-10,047 (N-allylnorcyclazocine) and related opiates produce stimulant and psychotomimetic effects via interactions with σ receptors. Many opiate drugs interact at multiple receptor sites. Thus, the constellation of neuropharmacological actions of a particular opioid ligand may reflect its various potencies at a combination of μ, δ, K, and σ receptors.
Regulation of endocytosis by CUP-5, the Caenorhabditis elegans mucolipin-1 homolog.

Loss of the human mucolipin-1 gene underlies mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), a lysosomal storage disease that results in severe developmental neuropathology1,2,3. Unlike other lysosomal storage diseases, MLIV is not associated with a lack of lysosomal hydrolases4; instead, MLIV cells display abnormal endocytosis of lipids and accumulate large vesicles, indicating that a defect in endocytosis may underlie the disease4,5,6. Here we report the identification of a loss-of-function mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans mucolipin-1 homolog, cup-5, and show that this mutation results in an enhanced rate of uptake of fluid-phase markers, decreased degradation of endocytosed protein and accumulation of large vacuoles. Overexpression of cup-5(+) causes the opposite phenotype, indicating that cup-5 activity controls aspects of endocytosis. Studies in model organisms such as C. elegans have helped illuminate fundamental mechanisms involved in normal cellular function and human disease; thus the C. elegans cup-5 mutant may be a useful model for studying conserved aspects of mucolipin-1 structure and function and for assessing the effects of potential therapeutic compounds.
The Influence of Vibrational Excitation on the Photoisomerization of trans-Stilbene in Solution†

Preparing electronically excited trans-stilbene molecules in deuterated chloroform using both one-photon excitation and excitation through an intermediate vibrational state explores the influence of vibrational energy on excited-state isomerization in solution. After infrared excitation of either two quanta of C−H stretch vibration |2νCH⟩ at 5990 cm−1 or the C−H stretch−bend combination |νCH + νbend⟩ at 4650 cm−1 in the ground electronic state, an ultraviolet photon intercepts the vibrationally excited molecules during the course of vibrational energy flow and promotes them to the electronically excited state. The energy of the infrared and ultraviolet photons together is the same as that added in the one-photon excitation. Transient broadband-continuum absorption monitors the lifetime of electronically excited molecules. The lifetime of excited-state trans-stilbene after one-photon electronic excitation with 33 300 cm−1 of energy is (51 ± 6) ps. The excited-state lifetimes of (55 ± 9) ps and (56 ± 7) ps ...
Anisotropic Diffusion of Polyelectrolyte Chains within Multilayer Films

We have found diffusion of polyelectrolyte chains within multilayer films to be highly anisotropic, with the preferential chain motion parallel to the substrate. The degree of anisotropy was quantified by a combination of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and neutron reflectometry, probing chain diffusion in directions parallel and perpendicular to the substrate, respectively. Chain mobility was controlled by ionic strength of annealing solutions and steric hindrance to ionic pairing of interacting polyelectrolytes.
Regulation by Calcium of Parathyroid Growth and Secretion in vitro

EVIDENCE that the concentration of calcium in the blood directly controls parathyroid activity has been obtained in whole animals1,2. Gaillard3 found that parathyroid glands could be maintained in organ cultures and that the medium in which these glands had been cultivated could stimulate bone resorption. These findings prompted me to examine the effect of changes in calcium concentration in the medium on parathyroid growth and secretion in vitro.
Myocardial protective effects of adenosine. Infarct size reduction with pretreatment and continued receptor stimulation during ischemia.

BACKGROUND We hypothesized that 1) endogenous adenosine released during ischemia conferred an inherent cardioprotection, and 2) a pretreatment dose of adenosine before ischemia would provide additional protection independent of hemodynamic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits underwent 30 minutes of regional ischemia produced by coronary occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. The adenosine group (ADO, n = 9) received a 5-minute pretreatment infusion of 140 micrograms/kg/min of adenosine before ischemia. A control group (SAL, n = 9) received saline before ischemia. To separate the effects of adenosine used as a pretreatment versus the effects during ischemia, a third group (ADO+SPT, n = 9) received adenosine as pretreatment followed by 10 mg/kg 8-p-sulfophenyl theophylline (8-SPT), an A1/A2-receptor antagonist given before ischemia, thus allowing pretreatment with adenosine but antagonizing its effects during ischemia. To preclude any protection from endogenous adenosine released during ischemia, the fourth group (SAL+SPT, n = 9) received saline as pretreatment and 8-SPT before ischemia. Area of necrosis within the area at risk (infarct size) was determined with tetrazolium and Evans blue stains, and transmural blood flow was measured using radioactive microspheres. Collateral blood flow in the area at risk was similar in all groups, as was the size of the area at risk. Infarct size was reduced by adenosine pretreatment (ADO, 8.4 +/- 7.2%) in contrast to saline vehicle (SAL, 27.8 +/- 6.3%; p less than 0.05 versus ADO). alpha 1/alpha 2-Receptor blockade after adenosine pretreatment abolished the ischemic protection provided by pretreatment adenosine (ADO+SPT, 42.7 +/- 8.3%; p less than 0.05 versus ADO). Finally, receptor blockade of endogenously released adenosine without adenosine pretreatment increased infarct size by 24% over the nonpretreated saline group (SAL+SPT, 51.5 +/- 9.0%; p less than 0.05 versus SAL). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 1) endogenous adenosine building up during ischemia is cardioprotective, and 2) pretreatment with adenosine confers cardioprotection independent of hemodynamic effects. Whether pretreatment effects of adenosine subsequently modulate the effects of endogenous adenosine (through alterations in receptor population or sensitivity) or endogenous and exogenous adenosine represent additive compartments is unclear.
The importance of the cathode specific interfacial area in modeling a cylindrical alkaline cell

Abstract Low initial cell voltage predictions from a mathematical model of a Zn/MnO2 cylindrical alkaline cell are corrected by increasing the cathode specific interfacial area. A simplified model of the cathode region is used to estimate the initial polarization loss when the cathode specific interfacial area is changed, for a particular AA-size design and galvanostatic discharge rate. The model expression for the cathode specific interfacial area is reformulated to match the literature values for this quantity more closely. A new formulation is accepted as the revision, and the discharge time improvement is substantial with respect to the base case when simulations using the complete model are performed. The physical effects of raising the cathode specific interfacial area are analyzed. The increased discharge time leads to a localized region in the cathode that is totally depleted of zincate ion. This creates numerical problems in the cell voltage calculation.
Effective employment screening in the American health care industry

The purpose of this article is to show the importance of pre‐employment screening for hospitals. Pre‐employment screening in the hiring process is a must for hospitals, especially in the health care industry, where financial damages and lawsuits for hospitals recently increased because of negligent hiring. The information in this article is based on books about human resources in the health care industry, journals about medicine and law, and mostly articles from outsourced screening firms that provide service in the health care field. The scope of the article is to show the effectiveness of employee screening for hospitals in order to prevent or minimise lawsuits because of negligent hiring. Based on information about the benefits of employment screening in the health care industry, it is important for hospitals to implement “due diligence” by including screening programmes in their hiring process. The screening process can be done in‐house or be delegated to outside service providers that match the criteria. It is better to outsource these tasks so that hospitals can focus on other human resources tasks such as managing their employees to improve services for their visitors or customers.
Fabrication of cuprous and cupric oxide thin films by heat treatment

Abstract Cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) and cupric oxide (CuO) thin films were prepared by thermal oxidation of copper films coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and non-alkaline glass substrates. The formation of Cu 2 O and CuO was controlled by varying oxidation conditions such as, oxygen partial pressure, heat treatment temperature, and oxidation time. The microstructure, crystal direction, and optical properties of copper oxide films were measured with X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. The results indicated that the phase-pure Cu 2 O and CuO films were produced in the oxidation process. Optical transmittance and reflectance spectra of Cu 2 O and CuO clearly exhibited distinct characteristics related to their phases. The electrical properties indicated that these films formed ohmic contacts with Cu and ITO electrode materials. Multilayers of Cu 2 O/CuO were fabricated by choosing the oxidation sequence. The experimental results in this paper suggest that the thermal oxidation method can be employed to fabricate device quality Cu 2 O and CuO films that are up to 200–300 nm thick.
The Relation of Culture and Musical Play A Literature Review

Children express the cultures they bring into the classrooms through musical play. When children are left to their own devices they dance, create songs, and play instruments. Campbell emphasizes ho...
TAXONOMIC STUDY OF VELUTICEPS (APHYLLOPHORALES)

Veluticeps is emended to include Columnocystis. New combinations of V. fimbriata and V. fusispora are proposed. Descriptions of seven species of Veluticeps are included as well as cultural descriptions of V. abietina and V. fimbriata. Veluticeps fimbriata, common throughout western North America, is a distinct species from V. abietina, which is found primarily in eastern and northwestern North America and Europe. A key to the species of Veluticeps is provided. The Chaetodermataeeae is emended to include Veluticeps and Crustoderma.
The Role of Aldosterone Blockade in patients with Hypertensive Heart and cardiovascular Disease

Aldosterone blockade has been shown to be effective in reducing total mortality in patients with severe heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction and in patients with heart failure post myocardial infarction. Increasing evidence suggests that aldosterone blockade alone and or in conjunction with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) with or without a thiazide diuretic may also prevent target organ damage (TOD) in patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD) independent of its effects on blood pressure. Aldosterone blockade may be of especial value in patients with resistant hypertension, visceral obesity, and sleep apnea. Aldosterone blockade prevents myocardial fibrosis and improves echocardiographic indices of diastolic function in patients with heart failure and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (HFNEF). Its effects on cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for heart failure in HFNEF are currently under investigation. Aldosterone blockade has also been shown to be beneficial in preventing experimental atherosclerosis and in limiting experimental stroke, although not as yet in man. Although aldosterone may cause serious hyperkalemia this is unlikely in patients with normal renal function. Nevertheless careful selection of patients and serial monitoring of serum potassium, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, is essential if one is to obtain benefit from this strategy. The risk/benefit of aldosterone blockade alone and or in combination with an ACE-I or ARB with or without a thiazide diuretic in patients with HHD will however require further large scale prospective randomized study.
Surfactant protein-B supplementation improves in vivo function of a modified natural surfactant.

ABSTRACT: The effect of the addition of surfactant protein (SP)-B or SP-B plus SP-C (SP-BC) to a surfactant made from bovine lung (Survanta) was evaluated in 27-d-gestation preterm rabbits. The animals were treated with Survanta, Survanta + 2% SP-B, Survanta + 3% SP-BC, or sheep surfactant. They were then ventilated with 3 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure and tidal volumes of 8 mL/kg. Survanta + 2% SP-B was prepared by adding SP-B in water to Survanta or by adding SP-B in chloroform [SP-B(Chl)] to lipid-extracted Survanta. Dynamic compliances of the Survanta + 2% SP-B(Chl)- and Survanta + 3% SP-BC-treated rabbits were greater (p < 0.05) than those treated with Survanta or Survanta + 2% SP-B in water and were comparable to sheep surfactant. Postventilation pressure-volume curves for the groups treated with Survanta supplemented with SP-B had significantly larger retained volumes on deflation compared with those treated only with Survanta (p < 0.01). The effects of ventilation style on the responses were assessed by ventilating other groups of rabbits treated with Survanta, Survanta + 0.5% SP-B(Chl), Survanta + 2% SP-B(Chl), or sheep surfactant with tidal volumes of 10 mL/kg and 0 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure. SP-B (2%) augmented the in vivo function of Survanta without positive end-expiratory pressure, and 0.5% SP-B had no effect. Infasurf, a surfactant with more SP-B, was more effective than Survanta when tested in the preterm rabbits. SP-B is a critical factor for optimum immediate surfactant function.
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis In Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a developmental disorder that mainly affects the kidneys and the biliary tract. Affected patients often have massively enlarged cystic kidneys as well as congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) characterized by dilated bile ducts and associated peribiliary fibrosis. This review will examine what is known about ARPKD-associated liver disease and will highlight areas of ongoing research into its pathogenesis and potential treatment.
Exact Natural Frequencies and Modal Functions for a Thick Off-Axis Lamina

The three-dimensional elastic field equations that describe the vibration of a class of thick, orthotropic, laminae are solved exactly. The class is characterized by an arbitrary, in-plane, angle of inclination of the principal orthotropic axes to the plate axes. The frequency spectra and modal func tions are presented for two types of materials and five inclination angles. Comparison of these results to classical thin plate theory shows that clas sical flexural plate theory is adequate for vibration with wave lengths greater than 20 times the thickness. Thin extensional plate theory is ade quate also, but shows larger errors in some of the test cases than flexural theory. In other cases, extensional theory is astoundingly accurate
Knee joint anatomy predicts high-risk in vivo dynamic landing knee biomechanics.

Abstract Background With knee morphology being a non-modifiable anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor, its consideration within injury prevention models is limited. Knee anatomy, however, directly influences joint mechanics and the potential for injurious loads. With this in mind, we explored associations between key knee anatomical and three-dimensional biomechanical parameters exhibited during landings. We hypothesized that lateral and medial posterior tibial slopes and their ratio, and tibial plateau width, intercondylar distance and their ratio, were proportional to peak stance anterior knee joint reaction force, knee abduction and internal rotation angles. Methods Twenty recreationally active females (21.2 (1.7) years) had stance phase three-dimensional dominant limb knee biomechanics recorded during ten single leg land-and-cut tasks. Six anatomical indices were quantified for the same limb via a series of two dimensional (sagittal, transverse and coronal) magnetic resonance images. Linear stepwise regression analyses examined which of these anatomical factors were independently associated with each of the three mean subject-based peak knee biomechanical measures. Findings Lateral tibial slope was significantly (P Interpretation Knee anatomy is directly associated with high-risk knee biomechanics exhibited during dynamic landings. Continued understanding of multifactorial contributions to the anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism should dictate future injury screening and prevention efforts in order to successfully cater to individual joint vulnerabilities.
The Unitary Model for Estrogen Deficiency and the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis: Is a Revision Needed?

Over a decade ago, we proposed a “unitary” model for the pathogenesis of osteoporosis that identified estrogen deficiency as the predominant cause of both the early, accelerated, and late slow phases of bone loss in postmenopausal women and as a contributing cause of the continuous phase of bone loss in aging men. While this was a plausible model then, new data over the intervening years suggest a need to modify these concepts. Indeed, based largely on rodent studies, a “revisionist” view of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has been proposed recently that attempts a paradigm shift from the estrogen-centric model to one in which bone loss is largely independent of estrogen deficiency and is driven instead by cell-autonomous age-related factors. However, detailed clinical investigative studies using quantitative computed tomography demonstrate that the onset of cortical bone loss in humans is closely tied to estrogen deficiency; thus the estrogen-centric view is likely correct for cortical bone, which comprises over 80% of the skeleton and is the major structural determinant of fracture risk at most skeletal sites. By contrast, these same studies also demonstrate that trabecular bone loss begins in sex hormone–replete young adults of both sexes. This suggests that a significant proportion of trabecular bone loss is either estrogen-independent or, as suggested by some studies, requires higher levels for its regulation. In this perspective, we critically review these and other findings, leading us to conclude that our original model requires modification but not revision. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The generalized matrix product and the wavelet transform

This paper provides a new formulation of wavelet transforms in terms of generalized matrix products. After defining the generalized matrix product, a fast algorithm using parallelism for compactly supported wavelet transforms that satisfy m-scale scaling equations for m ≥ 2 is established. Several special examples, such as the Fourier-wavelet matrix expansion and wavelet decompositions and reconstructions, that demonstrate that the new formulation and algorithm offer unique advantages over existing wavelet algorithms are provided.
Origin of the troodos and other ophiolites: A reply to hynes

Abstract Advocates of the hypothesis of mid-oceanic ridge origin for ophiolites endeavored to show similarities between ophiolites and mid-oceanic ridges as evidence for their hypothesis. Some of the similarities claimed to exist appear to be true. However, this does not prove their hypothesis, because analogous similarities exist between ophiolites and some island arcs as well. Such advocates claim that rocks of the Troodos ophiolitic complex were subjected to such intense metasomatic changes that my hypothesis of island-arc origin for Troodos based on the bulk chemical analyses of rocks is not justified. However, a detailed examination of compositional variation in Troodos volcanic rocks has revealed that, though some components (e.g., K) were strongly mobile during secondary processes, other components were not, and the presently observed compositional variation resulted mainly from crystallization differentiation. Their assumption of large-scale silica metasomatism for Troodos cannot explain the compositional features of rocks and is contradictory to the hypothesis of mid-oceanic ridge origin, because such metasomatism does not appear to take place in mid-oceanic ridges.
Side-Pull and Stiffness of Magnetic Bearing Radial Flux Return Paths

Certain magnetic bearing designs, both radial and axial, contain a cylindrical radial flux return path. The magnetic flux in this path produces a radial negative stiffness and, if the journal is displaced, a side-pull force. In this paper, closed-form solutions are found for both of these properties by determining the magnetomotive force in the eccentric gap. This is achieved by solving the Dirichlet boundary value problem in the eccentric annulus. A conformal transformation to bipolar coordinates is utilized which results in a much simpler boundary value problem than if the physical coordinates are used. An example problem is presented which indicates the significance of these two properties.
A new enrichment approach identifies genes that alter cell cycle progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mechanisms that coordinate cell growth with division are thought to determine the timing of initiation of cell division and to limit overall cell proliferation. To identify genes involved in this process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we describe a method that does not rely on cell size alterations or resistance to pheromone. Instead, our approach was based on the cell surface deposition of the Flo1p protein in cells having passed START. We found that over-expression of HXT11 (which encodes a plasma membrane transporter), PPE1 (coding for a protein methyl esterase), or SIK1 (which encodes a protein involved in rRNA processing) shortened the duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle, prior to the initiation of DNA replication. In addition, we found that, although SIK1 was not part of a mitotic checkpoint, SIK1 over-expression caused spindle orientation defects and sensitized G2/M checkpoint mutant cells. Thus, unlike HXT11 and PPE1, SIK1 over-expression is also associated with mitotic functions. Overall, we used a novel enrichment approach and identified genes that were not previously associated with cell cycle progression. This approach can be extended to other organisms.
Ultrastructural study of hepatic regeneration following one-lobe, two-lobe, and subtotal hepatectomy in the rat.

Summary The sequential and comparative ultrastructural features of regenerating rat liver following onelobe, two-lobe, and subtotal hepatectomy were studied. All three groups demonstrated glycogen depletion at the 12 h post-hepatectomy interval with reaccumulation occurring at 24 h in the first two groups but not until 72 h in the subtotal hepatectomy group. Other hepatocellular alterations attributed to regenerative activity were similar in the three groups, however the onset and magnitude of those changes occurring in the two-lobe and subtotally hepatectomized rats differed significantly from those alterations occurring in the one-lobe hepatectomy group. These changes were characterized by a greater and more prolonged mitotic activity, increased proliferation of RER and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and by increased Golgi bodies. These two groups also manifested greater hepatocellular accumulation of phagolysosomes, myelin figures, and lipid bodies when compared with the one-lobe hepatectomy group.
Effect of carbon dioxide laser treatment on lesion progression in an intraoral model

Previous studies have shown that pretreatment of dental enamel by specific carbon dioxide laser conditions inhibited subsequent progression of caries-like lesions in vitro. The aim of the present study was to use an intra-oral model to determine whether similar inhibition is observed in the human mouth. A cross over study with 23 subjects and three regimens was used. Pre-formed varies-like lesions were made in extracted human enamel and exposed intra-orally in partial dentures in each subject to A) placebo dentifrice and no laser treatment, B) placebo dentifrice following laser pretreatment, or C) sodium fluoride dentifrice and no laser treatment during each of three study periods. Samples were assessed by micro radiography to compare the mineral loss before and after each treatment and drive a net change in mineral value. Overall P was not significantly different form L but both P and L were different from F. For those subjects who demineralized in P, L and F were significantly better than P, with L showing an 84 percent inhibition of further demineralization, but no enhancement of demineralization.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Please release me.

In this issue of Neuron , Sudhof and colleagues determine which of the eight Ca 2+ -binding synaptotagmin isoforms expressed in brain can support synchronous neurotransmitter release at mammalian CNS synapses. Unexpectedly, only three—synaptotagmin-1, -2, and -9—can serve as Ca 2+ sensors for fast transmission. Further characterization reveals the unique ability of each isoform to shape neurotransmission.
Denial of pregnancy: a review and case reports.

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the characteristics of women who deny awareness of their pregnancies, the underlying causes and conflicts, and specific interventions required to address these issues. Case reports illustrate this complication of pregnancy. The absence of many physical symptoms of pregnancy, inexperience, general inattentiveness to bodily cues, intense psychological conflicts about the pregnancy, and external stresses can contribute to the denial in otherwise well-adjusted women. Assessment should include the possible contribution of painful reactivation of memories concerning childhood or adult trauma and the effect of dissociative states on the development of denial of pregnancy. Psychotherapy is recommended to resolve these conflicts, and to prevent future pregnancy denials and child abuse or neglect. Denial of pregnancy is easier to understand in women with psychosis or serious cognitive impairment than in those without such disorders. The underlying illness requires treatment by a psychiatrist. Psychological conflicts also exist in psychotic women, such as the intense wish to have a baby while fearing loss of the infant to child-protection services. Acknowledging the conflict and supporting the mother despite her puzzling behavior is an important task for health caregivers.
Performance evaluation of an RSSI based localization scheme for wireless sensor networks to mitigate shadowing effects

In this paper, we present the performance of an RSSI based localization scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSN) that is proposed to reduce the adverse effects of shadowing caused by obstacles in the field of deployment. The proposed scheme applies spatial correlations between a set of candidate solutions that are obtained from subsets of beacon signals that are used for localization. We analyze the error performance of the proposed scheme using numerical calculations as well experimental results.
Mast Cell Proteases and Inflammation

Mast cells are best known for their role in allergic reactions but are also now recognized for their important contributions to a number of disparate inflammatory conditions through the release of inflammatory mediators, serglycin and other proteoglycans, and proteases. Because these tissue resident inflammatory cells express proteases in such great abundance and their enzymatic activity results in cleavage of a multitude of proteins and peptides, which in turn modify tissue function, their substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and mode of action have become the subjects of great interest. Although mast cell protease-dependent proteolysis is critical to host defense against invading pathogens, regulation of these hydrolytic enzymes is essential to limiting self-induced damage as well. Indeed, dysregulated release of mast cell proteases is now recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory conditions including asthma, abdominal aortic aneurysm formation, vessel damage in atherosclerosis and hypertension, arthritis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Understanding how mast cell proteases contribute to inflammation will thus help unravel molecular mechanisms that underlie such immunologic disorders and will help identify new therapeutic targets for drug development.
Stories of the silent: advocating for a disabled woman at end of life.

Carol’s story is one of a disabled woman who, after living in her home for 10 years with the assistance of paid providers, is hospitalized in an acute care facility for surgery. Postoperative delirium and confusion cause Carol to lose decision-making capacity for a short time; even when her mental clarity returns, Carol is subject to disability bias, possibly unconscious, by health care providers who are persuaded to listen to her psychiatrically impaired son. The case study demonstrates that patients with disabilities in the acute care hospital environment need health care providers and ethics consultants who are open to learning their story and incorporate their wishes into a plan of care that supports their dignity.
Construction and Evaluation of a Fluorescent Sensor for the Detection of High Explosives

A sensor for the detection of airborne nitrate explosives was developed and laboratory tested. The device consisted of a quartz optical fiber, of which a 4-cm length was stripped and treated with an aminoalkylmethoxysilane. A fluorescent surface was produced by chemically attaching a sulfonated polyaromatic fluorophore to the amino group of the silylated quartz. Excitation was effected by radiation admitted through the fiber. When explosive laden air was drawn across the fluorescent surface, the analyte molecules interacted with the fluorophore and caused the emission to be quenched. This signal was monitored as an indicator of the explosive and was shown to be effective for TNT, di- and mononitrotoluenes, Tetryl, RDX, and HMX (marginal). Sensitivities were in the ng/m3range, and the surface could be flushed and restored after a quenching episode. Few interferences were encountered among common substances brought in contact with the surface.
THE JIRGL TEST IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE.

Jirgl's flocculation test for obstructive jaundice was evaluated in 101 tests in 70 patients, 54 of whom were jaundiced. There were 29.8% false positive tests among 47 cases of hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of varying causes. In all 7 cases of extrahepatic obstruction, the Jirgl test was positive.
The influence of lubrication rate on wear behavior

Abstract The influence of lubrication rate on wear for thin film lubrication is investigated. It was found that reduction of lubrication rates below a critical level can result in significant increases in wear. It is proposed that a minimum film thickness of six to ten times the combined peak-to-peak roughness is required to achieve a wear rate that is not sensitive to changes in the rate of lubrication.
Some physical properties of purified fraction I protein from spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract Fraction I protein, from spinach chloroplasts and homogeneous by electrophoretic and sedimentation velocity criteria, had an uncorrected specific refractive increment of 1.69 × 10 −4 ml/mg protein at 10.0 ° and 546 mμ. Its specific extinction coefficient was 1.82 at 1 mg/ml in pH 8.0, 0.001 m Tris-chloride for a 1-cm light path. Moving boundary electrophoresis of this protein at about 4 ° yielded mobilities from −3.2 to −6.2 × 10 −5 cm 2 volt −1 sec −1 at pH 6.3–9.5, which, on extrapolation, indicated an isoelectric point around pH 4.3–5.5. The sedimentation coefficient decreased with increasing protein concentration above 0.3 mg/ml and was 18.7S when extrapolated to zero concentration. At less than 0.3 mg/ml, the sedimentation coefficient decreased with decreasing concentration, suggesting the dissociation of the protein. The apparent diffusion coefficient was 3.01 × 10 −7 cm 2 sec −1 , which when combined with the extrapolated sedimentation coefficient gave a molecular weight of 559,000. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments gave a limiting molecular weight at the meniscus of 475,000 ± 11,000 and suggested the presence of a 545,000 molecular weight component. An attempt was made to explain the 17% discrepancy between the molecular weights from sedimentation velocity runs and that from sedimentation equilibrium runs
Integration of palliative medicine into comprehensive cancer care

Because of the advent of disease-modifying agents for patients with malignancies, cancer is now a chronic illness. However, most cancer patients will experience significant symptoms and complications during the course of their illness or its treatment. In addition to their physical symptoms, patient and families are burdened with psychological, social, and spiritual difficulties. Palliative medicine addresses all these issues and complements attempts to cure the disease; it is an essential part of modern comprehensive cancer care.
The effective potential in extended supersymmetric non-linear sigma models

Abstract It is proved that for a certain class of off-shell formulations the effective potential is either renormalizable, or extended supersymmetry is broken by the effects of renormalization. Examples of the latter are given and possibilities for the former are discussed. Explicit two loop calculations support the general results.
Kalman filter for improved PO2 management in closed circuit rebreathers

Modern rebreathers rely on galvanic oxygen sensors to monitor the composition of the breathing gas to enable humans to safely breathe for long periods with minimal supplemental oxygen. While these sensors are effective, they are prone to failure and typically exhibit poor noise characteristics. In this paper a Kalman filter based approach is evaluated for the purposes of improved rebreather state estimation. A Kalman filter based approach is proposed due to its ability to accurately estimate system states in the presence of substantial sensor noise. Testing and simulation procedures are presented and the author concludes that the use of a Kalman filter effectively filters out sensor noise. In addition, an augmented Kalman filter is presented with a discussion of sensor failure detection capabilities.
Streptomyces scabies 87-22 Possesses a Functional Tomatinase

The actinomycete Streptomyces scabies 87-22 is the causal agent of common scab, an economically important disease of potato and taproot crops. Sequencing of the S. scabies 87-22 genome revealed the presence of a gene with high homology to the gene encoding the alpha-tomatine-detoxifying enzyme tomatinase found in fungal tomato pathogens. The tomA gene from S. scabies 87-22 was cotranscribed with a putative family 1 glycosyl hydrolase gene, and purified TomA protein was active only on alpha-tomatine and not potato glycoalkaloids or xylans. Tomatinase-null mutants were more sensitive to alpha-tomatine than the wild-type strain in a disk diffusion assay. Interestingly, tomatine affected only aerial mycelium and not vegetative mycelium, suggesting that the target(s) of alpha-tomatine is not present during vegetative growth. Severities of disease for tomato seedlings affected by S. scabies 87-22 wild-type and DeltatomA1 strains were indistinguishable, suggesting that tomatinase is not important in pathogenicity on tomato plants. However, conservation of tomA on a pathogenicity island in S. acidiscabies and S. turgidiscabies suggests a role in plant-microbe interaction.
Plane turbulent buoyant jets. Part 1. Integral properties

An integral technique suggested for the analysis of turbulent jets by Corrsin & Uberoi (1950) and Morton, Taylor & Turner (1956) is re-examined in an attempt to improve the description of the entrainment. It is determined that the hypothesis of Priestley & Ball (1955), that the entrainment coefficient is a linear function of the jet Richardson number, is reasonable, and that two empirically determined plume parameters are sufficient to describe the transition of buoyant jets to plumes. The results of a series of experiments in which both time-averaged velocity and time-averaged temperature profiles were recorded in a substantial number of plane turbulent buoyant jets of varying initial Richardson numbers are used to verify the basic ideas. In addition, measurements of the mean tracer flux in a series of buoyant jets indicate that as much as 40% of the transport in plumes is by the turbulent flux.
Retrieval of contextual memories increases activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein in the amygdala and hippocampus.

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) integrates information from multiple intracellular signaling cascades and, in turn, regulates cytoskeletal proteins involved in structural synaptic modifications. The purposes of the present study were: (1) to determine if the retrieval of contextual memories would induce Arc in hippocampal and amygdalar neurons; (2) use unbiased stereology at the ultrastructural level to quantify synapses contacting Arc-labeled (Arc+) and unlabeled (Arc−) postsynaptic structures in brain regions in which the amount of Arc integrated density (ID) correlated strongly with the degree of amphetamine conditioned place preference (AMPH CPP). The retrieval of contextual memories increased the Arc ID in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis (CA)1, and CA3 fields of the hippocampus and the basolateral, lateral, and central nuclei of the amygdala but not the primary auditory cortex, a control region. Stereological quantification of Arc+ and Arc− synapses in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) was undertaken because the strongest relationship between the amount of Arc ID and AMPH CPP was observed in the BLA. The retrieval of contextual memories increased the number and density of asymmetric (presumed excitatory) synapses contacting Arc+ spines and dendrites of BLA neurons, symmetric (presumed inhibitory or modulatory) synapses contacting Arc+ dendrites of BLA neurons, and multisynaptic boutons contacting Arc+ postsynaptic structures. Thus, the retrieval of contextual memories increases Arc in the amygdala and hippocampus, an effect that could be important for approach behavior to a drug-associated context.
Expression and potential role of the extracellular matrix in hepatic ontogenesis: A review

Studies from a number of laboratories have provided information on the temporal and spatial expression of a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the developing liver and insight into their potential roles in hepatogenesis. Collagen type IV and laminin are present in the basement membranes of the capsular mesothelium, vascular structures of the portal and hepatic vein branches, and the ductular elements of the developing liver. The mesothelial, vascular, and ductular epithelial cells synthesize laminin and type IV collagen. In contrast, fibronectin and type I collagen are restricted to the adjacent or surrounding interstitium of those ductal and vascular elements, but are not within the basement membrane proper. The hepatic perisinusoidal space (Space of Disse) of the fetal rat develops a delicate extracellular matrix by 12.5 days of gestation, which is characterized by banded collagen fibrils and bundles associated with filamentous and flocculent material. Fibronectin, laminin, and collagen types I, III, and IV are present in the developing perisinusoidal space by this early gestational date, with laminin being the most prevalent component detected. The laminin chains localized to that region in the fetal/neonatal period are alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and gamma 1, whereas the alpha 1 chain of laminin is absent from the developing Space of Disse. Similar data have been reported on the laminin phenotype in the perisinusoidal space during hepatic regeneration. Electron microscopy immunohistochemistry studies have demonstrated that the sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes synthesize these ECM proteins during hepatogenesis. By 6 to 8 weeks of postnatal life, laminin is not detectable in the perisinusoidal space. Both the transient expression of laminin and the similarity of the laminin chain phenotype expressed in the perisinusoidal space in the developing and regenerating liver suggests a role for this protein in the organization of the hepatic lobule in those forms of hepatic morphogenesis.
Process optimization using a fuzzy logic response surface method

A new response surface method using fuzzy logic models (FL-RSM) has been proposed. The algorithm starts with a fuzzy logic model (FLM) constructed on the experimental data obtained with design of experiments (DOE). The gradient search method is used with a specified step size, and a confirming experiment is conducted at each step. The search continues until no further improvement in the objective function is observed in that gradient direction. The FLM is trained with the new experimental data combined with the old DOE data, and a new gradient is evaluated. The process is repeated until the working point is close to the optimum, as indicated by a marginal improvement in the objective function. Then the algorithm switches to the optimum search mode. It calculates the optimum based on the model, and a confirming experiment is conducted at the suggested optimum settings. The procedure is repeated until the exit criterion is satisfied. The optimization procedure has been applied to a vertical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with various noise levels. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FL-RSM. It is similar to the existing regression-model-based RSM approaches. The main difference is that it uses one self-adjusted FLM to replace the combination of linear and nonlinear regression models. As a result, FL-RSM can be more user friendly and efficient in many applications. >
Learning class-specific image transformations with higher-order Boltzmann machines

In this paper, we examine the problem of learning a representation of image transformations specific to a complex object class, such as faces. Learning such a representation for a specific object class would allow us to perform improved, pose-invariant visual verification, such as unconstrained face verification. We build off of the method of using factored higher-order Boltzmann machines to model such image transformations. Using this approach will potentially enable us to use the model as one component of a larger deep architecture. This will allow us to use the feature information in an ordinary deep network to perform better modeling of transformations, and to infer pose estimates from the hidden representation. We focus on applying these higher-order Boltzmann machines to the NORB 3D objects data set and the Labeled Faces in the Wild face data set. We first show two different approaches to using this method on these object classes, demonstrating that while some useful transformation information can be extracted, ultimately the simple direct application of these models to higher-resolution, complex object classes is insufficient to achieve improved visual verification performance. Instead, we believe that this method should be integrated into a larger deep architecture, and show initial results using the higher-order Boltzmann machine as the second layer of a deep architecture, above a first layer convolutional RBM.