cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ynamides: A Modern Functional Group For The New Millennium

An Overview on Ynamines Alkynes represent one of the most important and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Heteroatom-substituted alkynes, which can be considered as subgroups of alkynes, have also been vastly utilized in developing synthetic methods. In particular, ynamines [1-amino-alkynes or N-alkynyl amines] became the most valuable subgroup of alkynes after the establishment of their practical synthesis in the 1960's. The first attempt at preparation of an ynamine was reported by Bode1,2 in 1892. While well-characterized ynamines were reported in 19583 and 1960,4 a practical synthesis was not achieved until the effort led by Viehe5 in 1963 in addition to other subsequent works. In the ensuing twenty years, the synthetic significance of ynamines in organic and organometallic chemistry was firmly established by the work of many creative synthetic chemists. These elegant pioneer works have been informatively and carefully reviewed by Viehe in 19676 and 1969;7 Ficini in 1976;8 Pitacco and Valentin9 in 1979; Collard-Motte and Janousek10 in 1986; Himbert11 in 1993; and most recently by us12,13 and Katritzky14. Open in a separate window The synthetic eminence of ynamines is well merited because of the predicable regioselectivity in their transformations as shown by the generalization in Scheme i, and more importantly, because they are inherently highly reactive. However, this latter attribute is also the source of the limitation that has seriously hampered the development of ynamine chemistry, thereby shortening the period of its prominence in synthesis. Ynamines are very sensitive toward hydrolysis, as protonation of the electron-rich alkynyl motif affords reactive keteniminium intermediates, which upon trapping with water leads to simple amides in a rather expensive manner (Scheme i). This hydrolytic instability has caused much difficulty in the experimental preparation and general handling of ynamines, and more detrimentally, rendered ynamine chemistry inaccessible. Open in a separate window Scheme i Consequently, the synthetic utility of ynamines has suffered a dramatic decline during the last thirty years.15 The most glaring limitations have been in the development of intramolecular and stereoselective reactions.7–14 The only reported intramolecular reaction of ynamines was Genet and Kahn's acid catalyzed addition of a hydroxyl group to an ynamine [i→ii in Scheme ii] in 1980,16 and although clever, it constitutes a hydrolytic process. Open in a separate window Scheme ii Besides Reinhoudt's17 sole account in 1987 reporting hetero-[4 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral ynamine iii with nitroalkenes that led to cycloadducts iv in modest de, the only other notable studies were reported ten years later by Fischer18 showcasing [2 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral ynamides v and vi with vinylidene chromium carbene complexes, and another three years later by Pericas19 in their Pauson-Khand cycloadditions using chiral ynamines vii.
The values of global futures

This article provides concluding reflections for the monograph on Values and Culture by focusing on the role that values can play in the shaping of global futures. It discusses the emerging reconce...
Sun-angle and canopy-architecture effects on the spectral reflectance of six wheat cultivars

Abstract Canopy spectral reflectances were measured over six cultivars of spring wheat (Trticum aestivum L.) grown at Phoenix, Arizona. Data were collected at 30-45 min intervals on 9 March 1983 using two ground-based radiometers with bandpass characteristics similar to those of the Muttispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper on LANDSAT-4 and -5. Major differences in reflectance were observed among cultivars at every time period despite their apparent similarities in green leaf area and green biomass. Single-leaf spectra measured in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer revealed no cultivar-related differences and supported the contention that the reflectances were strongly influenced by canopy architectural features. The diurnal patterns of reflectance reinforced this conclusion with planophile canopies exhibiting the least amount of variability due to changes in Sun angle and erectophile canopies showing the most. These data underscore the complexities of interpreting remotely sensed multispectral data ...
RORA, a large common fragile site gene, is involved in cellular stress response

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are large genomic regions present in all individuals that are highly unstable and prone to breakage and rearrangement, especially in cancer cells with genomic instability. Eight of the 90 known CFSs have been precisely defined and five of these span genes that extend from 700 kb to over 1.5 Mb of genomic sequence. Although these genes reside within some of the most unstable chromosomal regions in the human genome, they are highly conserved evolutionarily. These genes are targets for large chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in cancer and are frequently inactivated in multiple tumor types. There is also an association between these genes and cellular responses to stress. Based upon the association between large genes and CFSs, we began to systematically test other large genes derived from chromosomal regions that were known to contain a CFS. In this study, we demonstrate that the 730 kb retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene is derived from the middle of the FRA15A (15q22.2) CFS. Although this gene is expressed in normal breast, prostate and ovarian epithelium, it is frequently inactivated in cancers that arise from these organs. RORA was previously shown to be involved in the cellular response to hypoxia and here we demonstrate changes in the amount of RORA message produced in cells exposed to a variety of different cellular stresses. Our results demonstrate that RORA is another very large CFS gene that is inactivated in multiple tumors. In addition, RORA appears to play a critical role in responses to cellular stress, lending further support to the idea that the large CFS genes function as part of a highly conserved stress response network that is uniquely susceptible to genomic instability in cancer cells.
On reflection from a half-space with negative real permittivity and permeability

The reflection of a normally incident wideband pulse by a half-space whose permittivity and permeability obey the one-resonance Lorentz model is calculated. The results are compared with those from frequency-domain reflection analysis. In the spectral regime, wherein the real parts of the permittivity and the permeability are negative, as well as in small adjacent neighborhoods of that regime, the time-domain analysis validates the conclusion that it is sufficient to ensure that the imaginary part of the refractive index is positive—regardless of the sign of the real part of the refractive index. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 465–467, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10352
Seasonally varying impact of detritivorous fishes on the benthic ecology of a tropical floodplain river

AbstractThe Cinaruco River, a lowland floodplain river in the Venezuelan llanos, has a strongly seasonal hydrology, low nutrient concentrations, and high fish diversity and abundance. Fish exclosure/enclosure experiments were conducted in the littoral zone of the river channel and connected lagoons to examine seasonal variation in the magnitude of fish effects on benthic organic matter and algal biomass. During the dry season, large-fish exclosures in the channel accrued significantly more sediment, organic material, and chlorophyll than control cages after 20 d. Grazing scars suggested the bocachico, Semaprochiloduskneri, was a major consumer of organic-rich sediments. Further experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the relative strength of top−down (grazer) control of organic matter in sediments varies according to species, hydrologic period, and habitat. At flooding onset (May), S. kneri migrate to the Orinoco River to reproduce and feed. Thus, their densities are extremely low in the Ci...
Immunoreactivity for Met-enkephalin and substance P in cells of the adenohypophysis of larval and adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus☆

Procedures for localizing immunoreactive Met-enkephalin and substance P were applied to the adenohypophysis of larval and adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Immunopositive reaction to anti-Met-enkephalin antiserum was found in certain adenohypophysial cells of both larvae and adults. This reaction was specific, as judged by preabsorption of the antiserum with synthetic Met-enkephalin and subsequent elimination of the immunoreaction. An immunopositive response to one of three anti-substance P antisera, also selective for certain adenohypophysial cells was obtained in both larval and adult glands. This reaction was not completely eliminated by preabsorption with authentic substance P. Although the substance P immunoreaction is not specific for authentic mammalian substance P, its localization is characteristic and distribution of cells exhibiting it is described. Immune-staining of Met-enkephalin was seen in most of the cells of the rostral pars distalis, and it was as strong or stronger in larvae (ammocoetes) of Petromyzon as it was in adults. The substance P response was found in about half of the cells of the caudal pars distalis and in a few cells of the rostral pars distalis. In ammocoetes substance P staining was limited to a few cells of the caudal pars distalis, and no cells in the rostral pars distalis were stained. Thus, Met-enkephalin staining in Petromyzon is a general property of cells in the rostral pars distalis both in larvae and adults and cannot be correlated with such events in the life cycle as metamorphosis or reproduction. On the other hand, cells containing materials reactive with the anti-substance P serum appear at a very low level in the larva and grow in number and intensity of staining in a time pattern that parallels development of reproductive capacity. Furthermore, the disparity in time of synthesis and adenohypophysial and cellular distribution of Met-enkephalin-like and substance P-like materials indicates that these two peptides are not functionally related, as has been suggested for some higher vertebrates.
Classical H II regions in the Magellanic Clouds. 2: Stellar content

In this second in a series of papers on the nature of classical H II regions in the Magellanic Clouds I investigate the properties of the underlying stellar content of the nebulae. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying and classifying the ionizing source(s) for each H II region. With the exception of the LMC H II regions DEM 20 and DEM 8c, I find that all of the objects in this sample are ionized by more than one O or B star. Even the faintest H II regions reflect the formation of a handful of massive, albeit early B type, stars. Typically, one star accounts for 60% - 70% of the ionizing photons and 2 - 5 less massive stars provide the remaining 30% - 40%. From the statistics of the hottest stars in these H II regions, and from considering all the blue stars contained within each region, the distribution of massive stars with spectral type is consistent with results found in similar galactic H II regions.
Outcome of surgery for scoliosis in patients with myelomeningocele

Background Since the 1950s, patients with severe, progressive scoliosis have undergone spinal instrumentation to reduce the curvature and to provide more stability to the spinal fusion. Patients that have scoliosis secondary to myelomeningocele (MMC), have been shown to have an increased number of complications compared to patients with scoliosis due to other conditions. There is little literature on risk factors for and ways to prevent post operative complications for these patients. Many children have been found to have asymptomatic urinary tact infections due to their neurogenic bladder.
Modeling the distributions of shrub species in Pacific northwest forests

In Pacific Northwest forests, understory species are important elements of forest structure and composition, providing habitat and forage for wildlife and contributing to much of the floral diversity. Knowledge of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of understory species is central to understanding the ecology and dynamics of natural forests and how they will respond to management. Generalized linear models of the binomial family were used, at two spatial scales, to estimate the probability of occurrence of shrub species as a function of environmental variables and the cover of mature and regenerating tree species. Graphical analysis and resampling techniques were used to: (1) examine whether species show unimodal responses to environmental gradients; (2) explore the scale-dependence of model forms; and (3) predict areas of high probability of species occurrence within a multi-dimensional environmental space. Results suggest that the concept of unimodal response to environmental gradients can be used to improve predictions about species' distributions, and to strengthen the biological interpretation of statistical models. They also demonstrate the scale-dependence of model equations and the likelihood that key processes influencing plant distributions may change, or appear different, when viewed at different scales.
Including genotype information in health surveys

In a study that examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci within the promoter of the PRTN3 gene and the autoimmune disease Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), we implemented a self-administered pilot survey that captured participants' demographic data, family relationships, incidence of autoimmune disease among family members, and attitudes about DNA collection. We next integrated the survey and genotype data to test associations between genotype and phenotype, to examine demographic characteristics of WG patients and their families, and to examine the robustness of the data collection approach. The subjects in this study had previously been diagnosed with WG and were recruited through the North Carolina Wegener's Granulomatosis Association. Those who indicated a willingness to participate in the study were asked to provide the names of biological relatives who might also be willing to participate. PRTN3 genotype information was obtained from DNA samples collected from the 145 study participants using a noninvasive and self-administered buccal-cell harvesting method. This manuscript describes a pilot study that was performed to collect information from a sample of patients diagnosed with WG and from their parents and siblings who were disease-free. One of its objectives was to identify problems that might be encountered, and possibly prevented, in larger epidemiological studies. Linking epidemiological and genotype data has the potential to yield extended results that cannot be achieved using data from either source alone. We estimate a total burden oversampling estimate of 9%: 2.1% to offset the loss of respondents due to including genotype data and 7.0% due to the effects of using a buccal-cell sample to harvest DNA.
Multifragmentation and flow in central collisions of heavy systems

Experimental results are presented on the production of light particles (A < 5) and intermediate mass fragments (6 < A < 18) over a large solid angle. The reactions 200 MeVn Au + Au and Au + Fe were studied to provide information on multifragmentation processes and collective flow.
Intraluminal crystalloids in prostatic adenocarcinoma immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and X‐ray microanalytic studies

Histochemical, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and x-ray microanalytic studies were performed on crystalloids within glandular lumina of adenocarcinomas of the prostate. In a review of light microscopic sections of 343 prostatic adenocarcinomas, unequivocal crystalloids were identified in 35 cases (10.2%). Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies revealed distinct differences between these crystalloids and the Bence Jones crystals of multiple myeloma: anti-kappa and anti-lamda immunostaining was negative, and the characteristic lattice-like architecture of Bence Jones crystals was not seen. Differences from corpora amylacea also were demonstrated. X-ray microanalysis did not elucidate the nature of the prostatic crystalloids, and their biochemical composition and mode of formation remain uncertain. Detection of the crystalloids in light microscopic sections nevertheless can aid in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma, particularly when the tissue is distorted by crushing artifact, or if the tumor is so well-differentiated that it can be confused with atypical hyperplasia or inflammatory atypia. When intraluminal crystalloids are detected in prostatic glands that appear histologically benign or atypical, study of additional levels or a repeat biopsy should be undertaken.
The homograft response to whole-organ transplantation of the canine spleen.

Summary o 1. A one-stage technique of canine spleen transplantation has been developed which leaves the transplanted spleen in normal anatomic position with the splenic vessels united by end to end anastomosis. 2. Using this technique, 43 homotransplantations and 12 autotransplantations of the spleen have been carried out. Many operations failed to achieve prolonged vascularization of the spleen owing to suture line thrombosis; but 22 homografts and 6 autografts showed excellent vascularization at reexploration. Subsequent histologic changes were followed by periodic biopsies of the spleen. 3. Homotransplanted spleens usually show destruction of the splenic architecture with widespread necrosis by the end of one week. There is a transient early phase of striking follicular activity in the homotransplanted spleen which may represent an immune response of the graft against its new host. This is quickly obliterated by a far greater reaction of the host against the graft. Histologically, the reaction directed against the graft is quite analogous to renal homograft rejection. 4. Autotransplanted spleens show essentially normal follicular activity and survive indefinitely
Spatial resolution in depth-controlled surface sensitive X-ray techniques

Abstract The spatial resolution along the surface normal and the total depth probed are two important parameters in depth-controlled surface sensitive X-ray techniques employing grazing incidence geometry. The two parameters are analyzed in terms of optical properties (refractive indices) of the media involved and parameters of the incident X-ray beam: beam divergence, X-ray energy, and spectral bandwidth. We derive analytical expressions of the required beam divergence and spectral bandwidth of the incident beam as a function of the two parameters. Sample calculations are made for X-ray energies between 0.1 and 100 keV and for solid Be, Cu and Au, representing material matrices consisting of low, medium and high atomic number elements. A brief discussion on obtaining the required beam divergence and spectral bandwidth from present X-ray sources and optics is given.
The epidemiology of cardiac failure

Abstract This paper reviews available data related to the epidemiology of cardiac failure with special reference to mortality and morbidity in the United States. It is difficult to correlate such data because of multiple methods of collection in poorly defined populations and because most data are concerned with pathological data rather than with functional impairments. As a result, estimates of the prevalence of cardiac failure may lack validity. Available studies, which may be applied to the community, suggest that one per cent of the living population of the United States has been or is in cardiac failure, and that this disorder is most common in older people. Further studies of cardiac failure in defined populations are warranted in order to understand its epidemiology and clinical course. Standardized methods for collecting data and improved reporting are necessary in order to compare differences and trends in mortality and morbidity. The overall objective in the study of cardiac failure is to improve the quality of health as well as the duration of life for older persons.
Disability and education: The longest road to inclusion

Abstract Children with disabilities are one of the many groups of children still not enrolled in primary education in developing countries. However, their educational exclusion and right to education are now receiving more policy attention. This paper reviews some of the key issues and challenges in relation to disability, education and development: definitions and data, policies, service delivery and finance, and capacity development. Drawing on a review of education sector planning and provision in 28 developing countries and other literature, the paper makes comparative reference to policy and practice in a number of developed and developing country contexts.
Automatically inferring patterns of resource consumption in network traffic

The Internet service model emphasizes flexibility -- any node can send any type of traffic at any time. While this design has allowed new applications and usage models to flourish, it also makes the job of network management significantly more challenging. This paper describes a new method of traffic characterization that automatically groups traffic into minimal clusters of conspicuous consumption. Rather than providing a static analysis specialized to capture flows, applications, or network-to-network traffic matrices, our approach dynamically produces hybrid traffic definitions that match the underlying usage. For example, rather than report five hundred small flows, or the amount of TCP traffic to port 80, or the "top ten hosts", our method might reveal that a certain percent of traffic was used by TCP connections between AOL clients and a particular group of Web servers. Similarly, our technique can be used to automatically classify new traffic patterns, such as network worms or peer-to-peer applications, without knowing the structure of such traffic a priori. We describe a series of algorithms for constructing these traffic clusters and minimizing their representation. In addition, we describe the design of our prototype system, AutoFocus and our experiences using it to discover the dominant and unusual modes of usage on several different production networks.
On the structure of speaker–auditor interaction during speaking turns

The structure of speaker-auditor interaction during speaking turns was explored, using detailed transcriptions of language, paralanguage, and body-motion behaviors displayed by both participants in dyadic, face-toface conversations. On the basis of certain observed regularities in these behaviors, three signals were hypothesized: (a) a speaker within-turn signal, (b) an auditor back-channel signal, and (c) a speaker continuation signal. These signals were composed of various behaviors in language and in body motion. It was further hypothesized that the display of appropriate ordered sequences of these signals by both participants, served to mark 'units of interaction' during speaking turns. (Conversational analysis; speaking turns; back-channel behaviors; interrelations of verbal and nonverbal behavior; American English (Chicago)). It is axiomatic that language is used within a larger communication context. This context typically includes, among other things, both (a) other behaviors (such as those in paralanguage (Trager 1958) and in body motion) displayed conjointly with language behaviors, and (b) one or more other persons with whom the language user is interacting. It is commonplace to consider language (as that term is traditionally used) to be the province of highly structured, rule-governed phenomena. One might inquire, however, as to the possibility that such structured phenomena might be found to extend beyond the bounds of language proper, to include elements of the larger communication context. This paper reports some findings from a program of research designed to discover elements of structure in the broader communication context, not only in paralanguage and body motion, together with language, but also in the respective behaviors of both participants in dyadic, face-to-face conversations.
The French language and questions of identity

The French language and questions of identity, edited by Wendy Ayres-Bennett and Mari C. Jones, Oxford, Legenda, 2007, x + 244 pp., £48 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-904350-68-2 In The French language and...
Interplay of Stress and Physical Inactivity on Muscle Loss: Nutritional Countermeasures

Inactivity-mediated protein catabolism occurs in many circumstances ranging from catastrophic events such as severe illness or injury, to unique environments such as spaceflight/microgravity, to more insidious causes such as physical frailty and the progression of aging. Nevertheless, regardless of the etiology, the consequences of inactivity are readily observable and debilitating. Mechanistically, the loss of lean body mass during inactivity is the result of a chronic imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. When inactivity is accompanied by the stress of trauma or disease, the rate of muscle protein catabolism can increase several fold. Bed rest studies in healthy volunteers provide a unique opportunity to examine the mechanisms contributing to muscle loss and evaluate strategies for intervention that may slow muscle catabolism and promote anabolism. The prerequisite for muscle protein synthesis and the most readily adaptable stimulus is dietary-derived amino acids. This review focuses on the role of amino acid supplementation in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass during age-related and clinically mandated inactivity.
Calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV regulates nuclear export of Cabin1 during T‐cell activation

Calcium signaling is critical for activation of T lymphocytes and has been proposed to be transduced through multiple calmodulin target proteins. Whereas the calcineurin–NFAT signaling module is critical for all mammalian T cells, the role of calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) in mouse naive CD4+ T-cell activation remains enigmatic. We have applied lentivius-mediated RNA interference of CaMKIV to human T cells and found that knockdown of CaMKIV abrogates T-cell receptor-mediated transcription of the IL-2 gene. We demonstrate that CaMKIV directly phosphorylates Cabin1, a transcriptional corepressor for myocyte enhancer factor 2, creating a docking site for 14-3-3, which causes its nuclear export. CaMKIV-mediated nuclear export of Cabin1 is likely to account for a significant part of the requirement of CaMKIV during human T-cell activation.
EFFECT of METAL SHIELDING ON MICROWAVE HEATING UNIFORMITY of A CYLINDRICAL FOOD MODEL

Cylindrical model food samples containing 3% agar gel were shielded with metal bands during microwave heating. the metal bands were arranged in various patterns, with different spacing and orientation. the focus of this work was to study-how these patterns could affect the heating uniformity and power absorption in the samples. the heating rates of the samples during microwaving were measured with fiberoptic temperature sensors. A two-factor central composite rotatable design and the corresponding response surface methodology were used to analyze the data. It was found that orientation was an important design parameter, and it was possible to design patterns that could greatly increase the heating uniformity without greatly reducing the power absorption.
Red fish, blue fish: Trade-offs between pigmentation and immunity in Betta splendens

Carotenoid pigments are responsible for many examples of sexually attractive red, orange, and yellow coloration in animals and play an important role in antioxidant and immune defenses. Because vertebrates cannot synthesize carotenoids, limited dietary availability may impose a trade-off between maintaining ornamental coloration and health. We used an experimental approach to test the carotenoid trade-off hypothesis in the fighting fish Betta splendens, by examining whether carotenoid allocation strategies differ among conspecifics that exhibit a gradient of body coloration from blue to red. We found that male redness is underlain by carotenoids and that females preferred to associate with red males over blue males, suggesting a sexually-selected advantage to being red. Moreover, we found strong experimental support for the carotenoid trade-off hypothesis, as individuals that varied in color did not appear to allocate carotenoids equally to both immune response and coloration. Redder fish given supplemental carotenoids increased in both immune response (to a phytohemagglutination challenge) and redness compared with controls. In contrast, bluer fish given supplemental carotenoids did not become more red but instead benefited immunologically more so than either control or redder supplemented fish. These results enhance our understanding of the evolution and plasticity of carotenoid mobilization and utilization pathways in animals. Key words: carotenoids, coloration, immune response, pteridines, sexual selection. [Behav Ecol]
A hardware-efficient implementation of the fast affine projection algorithm

This paper presents a high-throughput, low-latency, hardware-efficient fixed-point implementation of the fast affine projection (FAP) algorithm. The proposed architecture utilizes reusable distributed arithmetic (RDA) in combination with optimizations in the update process to enable the coefficients to be updated in a fixed number of cycles independent of filter length. Fixed-point simulations show that the effect of replacing some of the multiplications with arithmetic shifts is minor, with RDA-FAP maintaining a faster convergence rate than NLMS. The proposed design is also compared against a multiplier-based design in terms of number of computations and number of clock cycles needed for a single FAP update cycle.
Light-Operated Mechanized Nanoparticles

Mesoporous silica (MCM-41) nanoparticles modified by azobenzene derivatives, capable of storing small molecules and releasing them following light irradiation, have been fabricated and characterized. In the presence of the β-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified β-cyclodextrin rings, the β-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified β-cyclodextrin rings will thread onto the azobenzene-containing stalks and bind to trans-azobenzene units to form the pseudorotaxanes, thus sealing the nanopores and stopping release of the cargo. Upon irradiation, the isomerization of trans-to-cis azobenzene units leads to the dissociation of the β-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified β-cyclodextrin rings from the stalks, thus opening the gates to the nanopores and releasing the cargo.
A malleable catalyst dominates the metabolism of drugs.

In this issue of PNAS, Ekroos and Sjogren (1) present new structures of a cytochrome P450 (P450, or “CYP”), in one case bound with two ligands. The results are of considerable importance not only in regard to the practical issues in drug development but also because they have general significance in consideration of the flexibility of enzymes in recognizing substrates. The concept of how some enzymes accommodate a broad variety of ligands and catalyze multiple, regioselective reactions on a single substrate is a challenge to a classical lock-and-key model of catalysis. The current work has broad implications for a number of important enzyme systems and how we understand them.
Implementing Treatment Frequency and Duration Guidelines in a Hospital-Based Pediatric Outpatient Setting: Administrative Case Report

Background and Purpose Determining treatment frequency and duration of physical therapist services is an important component of outpatient pediatric physical therapist practice, yet there is little research available to inform these decisions. Treatment frequency guidelines (TFG) can assist decision making in guiding pediatric physical therapy. The purpose of this project was to examine the feasibility and application of implementing TFG in hospital-based pediatric outpatient physical therapy. Project Description Previously developed TFG were modified for use in our pediatric outpatient physical therapy department to include duration and were referred to as treatment frequency and duration guidelines (TFDG). In order to successfully implement the TFDG, there were 2 phases to the project. In phase 1, the staff were provided the guidelines and procedures in a staff meeting and via email using a PowerPoint presentation. Phase 2 was initiated due to the poor response of the staff in implementing the guidelines in their practice after phase 1. The format was changed to include formal re-education via small-group and one-on-one education sessions (phase 2). Chart reviews were completed to assess therapists' adherence to using TFDG. Outcomes Therapists' adherence to use of TFDG increased following re-education: phase 1 (n=225 charts, 31% adherence) and phase 2 (n=197 charts, 90% adherence). Discussion Treatment frequency and duration guidelines may assist in guiding frequency and duration decisions in pediatric physical therapy. Education via in-person meetings may improve adherence among staff.
Prosecuting Intimate Partner Sexual Assault: Legal and Extra-Legal Factors That Influence Charging Decisions

Prosecutors play a crucial role in determining whether persons who are accused of intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA) will be sanctioned by the criminal justice system. Prosecutors have unconditional discretion at the initial charging stage because a case rejection decision is typically immune to review. Using qualitative data from 47 IPSA complaints that were referred to Los Angeles County or City prosecution in 2008, this study examines the factors that influence charging decisions. Findings suggest that prosecutors consider both legal and extralegal factors when making charging decisions and that various cultural, legal, and rape myths surrounding IPSA influence these decisions.
Making Heritage Legible: Who Owns Traditional Medical Knowledge?

In recent years an increasing number of state-based heritage protection schemes have asserted ownership over traditional medical knowledge (TMK) through various forms of cultural documentation such as archives, databases, texts, and inventories. Drawing on a close reading of cultural disputes over a single system of TMK—the classical South Asian medical tradition of Ayurveda—the paper traces some of the problems, ambiguities, and paradoxes of making heritage legible. The focus is on three recent state practices by the Indian government to protect Ayurvedic knowledge, each revolving around the production of a different cultural object: the translation of a seventeenth-century Dutch botanical text; the creation of an electronic database known as the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL); and the discovery of an Ayurvedic drug as part of a bioprospecting benefit-sharing scheme. Examined together, they demonstrate that neither TMK, nor Ayurveda, nor even the process of cultural documentation can be treated as monoliths in heritage practice. They also reveal some complexities of heritage protection on the ground and the unintended consequences that policy imperatives and legibility set into motion. As the paper shows, state-based heritage protection schemes inspire surprising counterresponses by indigenous groups that challenge important assumptions about the ownership of TMK, such as locality, community, commensurability, and representation.
DESCRIPTION OF BUCKAROOTREMA GOODMANI N. G., N. SP. (DIGENEA: PRONOCEPHALIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE FRESHWATER TURTLE EMYDURA MACQUARII (GRAY, 1830) (PLEURODIRA: CHELIDAE) FROM QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, AND A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA OF THE PRONOCEPHALIDAE LOOSS, 1902

Buckarootrema goodmani n. g., n. sp. is described from the small intestine of the Murray turtle, Emydura macquarii (Gray, 1830), from the vicinity of Warwick, Queensland, Australia. The distinctive taxonomic features include the vitellarium, which consists of 2 compact masses directly anterior to and occasionally overlapping the testes; the uterus with extensive pre- and postovarian coils; intestinal ceca with small, medial diverticula that terminate anterior to or at the anterior margin of the testes; a comma-shaped cirrus sac with both internal and external seminal vesicles. Phylogenetic systematic analysis of the genera of the Pronocephalidae including Buckarootrema and Notopronocephalus, the only other genus of pronocephalids reported from Australian freshwater turtles, indicates that Buckarootrema is the sister taxon of Neopronocephalus and Notopronocephalus is the sister group of the rest of the Pronocephalinae.
The dynamics of P300 during dual-task performance.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dynamics of p300 during dual-task performance. When a subject is presented with two stimuli in a Bernoulli sequence and is instructed to count one of the stimuli, a P300 component will be elicited. The amplitude of the P300 will be inversely proportional to the subjective probability of the stimulus. If, however, the same Bernoulli series is presented and the subject is instructed to ignore the stimuli while performing some other task (e.g., solving a crossword puzzle), no P300 is elicited by either of the stimuli, regardless of their probabilities. This observation is consistent with the generally accepted proposition that the amplitude of P300 depends, in part, on the task relevance of the eliciting stimuli. It appears, then, that the subject must in some way “attend” to the stimuli for P300 to be elicited. Attention, however, need not be invested entirely in one task, to the exclusion of all others. Several theories suggest that “attention” should be viewed as a resource of limited supply, various quantities of that can be allocated to different information-processing activities.
Service discovery in pervasive computing environments

Service discovery is a driving force in realizing pervasive computing. It provides a way for users and services to locate and interact with other services in a pervasive computing environment. Unfortunately, current service discovery solutions do not capture the effects of the human or physical world and do not deal well with diverse device populations; both of which are characteristics of pervasive computing environments. This research concentrates on the examination and fulfillment of the goals of two of the four components of service discovery, service description and dissemination. It begins with a review of and commentary on current service discovery solutions. Following this review, is the formulation of the problem statement, including a full explanation of the problems mentioned above. The problem formulation is followed by an explanation of the process followed to design and build solutions to these problems. These solutions include the Pervasive Service Description Language (PSDL), the Pervasive Service Query Language (PSQL), and the Multi-Assurance Delivery Protocol (MADEP). Prototype implementations of the components are used to validate feasibility and evaluate performance. Experimental results are presented and analyzed. This work concludes with a discussion of overall conclusions, directions for future work, and a list of contributions.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States with one of every four deaths attributable to cancer (Jemal et al. 2006). The first references to cancer date back to Egyptian papyrus circa 1600 BC. The introduction of nitrogen mustards in the 1940s can be considered the origin of modern, systemic antineoplastic therapies (Papac 2001). Rapid improvements in the understanding of cancer biology, medicinal chemistry, and biopharmaceutical technology have provided rationally designed drugs exploiting differences in normal and malignant cells. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) bind to a specific epitope. This allows for a targeting approach for the development of effective anticancer compounds with relatively less and/or nonoverlapping toxicity compared to other cytotoxic drugs used to treat cancer. In cancer treatment, MABs have been developed that exert a wide array of pharmacologic effects. This chapter focuses on FDA-approved MABs for the treatment of cancer and cancer-related symptoms. Antibodies are organized based on their target. Table 17.1 summarizes the current FDA-approved MABs for cancer indications, year of approval, target, and the indications that are discussed within the chapter.
Volumetric 3D CT analysis - an early predictor of response to therapy

4576 Background: Evidence suggests that changes in unidimensional measurements (using RECIST criteria) may not accurately reflect actual changes in tumor size, and do not correlate well with other ...
Scholarly Discussion and Research: A Formula for the Advancement of Science

The first issue of Volume 36 contains a sample of discussion articles, research reports, and a book review representing current work submitted by scholars, researchers, and practitioners. The selec...
Metabolic effects of exercise. II. Residual metabolic effects of exercise in rats.

SummaryThis report describes the duration of changes in serum lipids, adrenal weight and hepatic G-6-PD activity in rats following the termination of 10 weeks of voluntary activity in a revolving drum. Exercised rats had lower weight gain, larger adrenal glands, lower serum cholesterol, lower serum triglycerides and lower liver glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity than the sedentary controls. The differences between exercise and control rats in adrenal gland weight, body weight and G-6-PD tend to disappear within 3 wk after termination of the exercise. These experiments provide evidence that exercise can affect lipid metabolism and have a beneficial effect on the lowering of serum lipids. It also shows that this effect will persist for up to 3 wk after the exercise is terminated, under the experimental conditions of this study.The authors greatly acknowledge the technical assistance of Mrs. Lillie Bell.
The Basic Doctrines and Concepts of Reinhold Niebuhr's Political Thought

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) was a penetrating and per sistent critic of American society for nearly fifty years. To the credit of Americans he was not a prophet without honor in his own country. Hans Morgenthau undoubtedly had Reinhold Niebuhr in mind when he wrote nearly two decades ago that "it is not by accident that some of the most important contributions to contemporary political theory have been made ... by theo logians."1 Many have ascribed to Niebuhr a position of seminal importance in American political thought. The scope of Niebuhr's writing was immense. His concern for society in general and the imminence of events brought forth numerous commentaries. As world conditions changed, he sug gested that governments respond by changing their policies. His writings are examples of both his scope and timeliness. His first book, Does Civilization Need Religion? written in 1927, was a polemic against industrial automation which was bringing about a depersonalization of society. Thirty years later The Structure of Nations and Empires was published as an analysis of a world divided by a massive power struggle involving a "cold war" and atomic power. Each commentary was modern, and thus each was colored by the events it analyzed because of this contemporaneousness. As a result Niebuhr often changed his positions. As Michael Novak correctly observed, "It would be
The Development of a Geometry Engine with Analytic Sensitivities

The objective of this work is to develop and demonstrate geometry based sensitivity analysis capability that uses gradient-based optimization for conceptual designs. This work uses an object oriented environment with overloaded operators to generate analytic sensitivity trails to support automated gradient-based optimization solvers. It uses an established geometry engine to create and manipulate NURBS-based topologies. The preliminary results of the integration are presented using an aircraft wing with substructures, which demonstrate the ability to interactively synthesize geometric concepts.
Maternal Health Innovations and Urbanization

In 2014, nearly 300,000 women around the world will die from causes attributable to pregnancy and childbirth. An estimated 99 % of these maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Most of these maternal deaths are caused by postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), infection, unsafe abortion, eclampsia, and obstructed labor. In stark contrast, in well-resourced settings, complications of pregnancy can usually be prevented or addressed successfully without death or disability to the mother (Maternal Mortality [Internet]. WHO; 2012 May [cited 2014 January 01]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/). The major determinants of this enormous disparity in maternal survival are social, economic, and physical barriers to accessing quality healthcare.
Stability Analysis of Discrete Event Dynamic System

In this paper,stability and periodic behavior of a class of deterministic discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) are further studied.It has been proved that if the system is stable,the state space Sn can be decomposed into a certain number of stabilizable regions (Dr(s)} in which Dr(s) has essential period characteristics,D0(s) is the stable equilibrium region of the stabilizable class ∪tDr(s) and D0(1) is the eigenspace of the system.A method for decomposing the state space and determining the stabilizable regions {Dr(s)} is given.
On-line synchronous machine parameter extraction from small signal-injection techniques

This paper proposes using a novel line-to-line voltage perturbation as a technique for on-line measurement of synchronous machine parameters. The perturbation is created by a chopper circuit connected between two phases of the machine. Using this method, it is possible to obtain the full set of four complex small signal impedances of the synchronous machine d-q model over a wide frequency range. Typically, two chopper switching frequencies are needed to obtain one data point. However, it is shown herein that, due to the symmetry of the machine equations, only one chopper switching frequency is need to obtain the information. A 3.7-kW machine system is simulated and then constructed for validation of the impedance measurement technique. A genetic algorithm is then used to obtain IEEE standard model parameters from the d-q impedances. The resulting parameters are shown to be similar to those obtained by a series of tests involving synchronous reactance measurements and a stand-still frequency response.
Active matrix liquid crystal display design using low and high temperature processed polysilicon TFTs

The authors compare polysilicon n- and p-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) which have been fabricated using either a low-temperature ( >
The impact of substrate surface potential on the performance of RF power LDMOSFETs on high-resistivity SOI

This paper presents an in-depth study of the effects of substrate surface potential on the RF power performance of LDMOSFETs on high-resistivity SOI. Substrate surface inversion and accumulation substantially degrade the RF power performance of these devices by providing an RF shunt between source and drain through the substrate surface. The degradation is most prominent under conditions of low gain, high frequency, and high power compression. The potential of HR-SOI for RF applications can only be realized by preventing the appearance of a continuous conducting path at the substrate surface. Under appropriate conditions, we demonstrate an RF LDMOSFET on HR-SOI with a peak PAE of 40% at 7.2 GHz.