cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Gamma $z$ calculus via sub-Riemannian density manifold

We generalize the Gamma $z$ calculus to study degenerate drift-diffusion processes, where $z$ stands for extra directions introduced into the degenerate system. Based on this calculus, we establish the sub-Riemannian Ricci curvature tensor and the associated curvature dimension bound for general sub-Riemannian manifolds. These results do not require the commutative iteration of Gamma and Gamma z operator and go beyond the step two condition. These allow us to analyze the convergence properties of degenerate drift-diffusion processes and prove the entropy dissipation rate and several functional inequalities in sub-Riemannian manifolds. Several examples are provided. In particular, we show the global in time convergence result for displacement group with a weighted volume on a compact region. The new Gamma $z$ calculus is motivated by optimal transport and density manifold. We embed the probability density space over sub-Riemannian manifold with the $L^2$ sub-Riemannian Wasserstein metric. We call it sub-Riemannian density manifold (SDM). We study the dynamical behavior of the degenerate Fokker-Planck equation as gradient flows in SDM. Our derivation builds an equivalence relation between Gamma z calculus and second-order calculus in SDM.
Rationing as a Signal

Two consumers sequentially purchase at most one unit of some homogeneous good from a monopolist who knows the state of nature, either high or low. I characterize a rationing equilibrium at which the high-type monopolist produces only one unit and rations customers, whereas the low-type monopolist serves customers by producing two units.
Unified Effect of Dispersed Xe on the Thermal Conductivity of UO 2 Predicted by Three Interatomic Potentials

Thermal conductivity is a critical fuel performance property of uranium dioxide (UO2)-based nuclear fuels. Numerous studies have shown that xenon (Xe) fission gas plays a major role in fuel thermal conductivity degradation. It has also been shown that dispersed Xe atoms can cause a stronger phonon-scattering effect than their clustered form. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to study the dispersed Xe-induced thermal conductivity reduction using three different interatomic potentials. It is found that although these potentials result in significant discrepancies in the absolute thermal conductivity values, the normalized values are very similar at a wide range of temperatures and Xe concentrations. By integrating this unified effect into the experimentally measured thermal conductivities, a new analytical model is developed to predict the realistic thermal conductivities of UO2 at different dispersed Xe concentrations and temperatures. Using this new model, the critical Xe concentration that offsets the grain boundary Kapitza resistance effect in a high burnup structure is revisited.
Schooling in Sickness and in Health: The Effects of Epidemic Disease on Gender Inequality

Epidemics can worsen social inequality by increasing gender gaps in educational attainment through raising the direct and opportunity costs of investing in girls, particularly in poorer countries. We investigate this hypothesis by examining the effects of sudden exposure to the 1986 meningitis epidemic in Niger on the gender gap in education. We document a significant reduction in years of education for school-aged girls relative to boys following the epidemic. We explore several channels underlying the results and find evidence highlighting income effects of epidemics on households and increased early marriage of girls.
Reproductive Behavior in a Neuroendocrine Perspective

My objective in this brief presentation is to describe some of the ways in which one can look at reproductive behavior within the framework of an overall neuroendocrine scheme, an approach to which Danny Lehrman made such pioneering contributions. Figure 1 portrays in simplified form various interrelationships among environment, reproductive physiology, and behavior. The diagram shows two feedback loops, one neuroendocrine and the other behavioral, as well as their links to environmental stimuli. According to the view I am presenting, information from the environment is seen as being conveyed, via various sensory modalities, eventually to two separate hypothalamic mechanisms involved in regulating sexual behavior and pituitary gonadotropic function.
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Nonaligned World

1. 'Walking a tightrope': Eisenhower and nonalignment 2. Rationales for engagement: the new frontiersmen approach nonalignment 3. Conferences amid crises: the United States and nonalignment, 1961-2 4. 'Getting the worst of both worlds': the United States and colonial conflicts 5. The 'diffusion of power' and the spread of regional conflicts 6. 'Our most difficult political battle': the question of aid 7. 'A heavy burden for us to bear': the era of Vietnam Conclusion: 8. 'A decent respect for the opinions of mankind'.
Section 115 in practice

Days before President Reagan’s inauguration and over a year after initiating negotiations with Canadian regulators, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President Carter sought to activate Section 115 of the Clean Air Act and thereby commit the federal government to regulating the coal-fired power plants thought to be primarily responsible for causing acid rain in Canada and the United States. His attempt kicked off a decade of litigation and regulatory maneuvering between proponents and opponents of limiting power plants’ sulfur dioxide emissions. The D.C. Circuit’s 1990 decision resolving that dispute involved very little interpretation of Section 115’s language, and so put almost no constraint on how EPA might interpret that language in the future. This lack of constraint was evident from comments on Section 115 submitted in 2008 to the Bush Administration’s EPA, which had sought input on options for regulating greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act. Neither EPA nor the courts have engaged with Section 115 since.
Ultra-low pressure drop membrane-based heat sink with 1000 W/cm2 cooling capacity and 100% exit vapor quality

Abstract This paper presents the most recent progress on advancing the membrane-based heat sink (MHS) science. A model developed to predict the MHS performance suggested that the membrane permeability limited the critical heat flux (CHF). The new generation MHS discussed here benefits from a newly developed membrane with 7 times higher permeability compared to the membrane used in the previous generation MHS. Experimental studies were conducted on a heat sink with a heater surface area of 0.7 × 0.7 cm2. The results confirmed that a higher membrane permeability substantially increases the CHF of surface structures with enhanced wickability and surface area ratio (Ar) at low pressure drops. A maximum CHF of about 1000 W/cm2 was achieved on a surface with Ar = 3.45 at a supplied liquid pressure of only 4 kPa, 2.5 times higher than the CHF reached with the low permeability membrane used in the first generation MHS. The new membrane enhanced the heat transfer coefficient at low supplied liquid pressures but substantially less than the 1.8 MW/m2 K reached at the highest pressure (i.e. 20 kPa). This low pressure drop along with a heat sink exit vapor quality of 100% resulted in an extremely low pumping power. The ratio of CHF versus the theoretical pumping power is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the other two-phase heat sinks reported in the literature.
Combined gas chromatography—mass spectrometry for the analysis of central and peripheral biogenic amines

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of combined gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry for the analysis of central and peripheral biogenic amines. It describes the analytical power of mass fragmentography (MF) in research aimed at exploring the role of biogenic amines in mediating central and peripheral functions of the nervous system. It discusses the measurement of phenylethylamine and other noncatecholic amines in urine, plasma, and brain tissues. It presents the structural characteristics of a number of biogenic amines that can be evaluated by MF employing either electron impact ionization or chemical ionization. The chapter discusses the effect of microwave fixation on the concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites. It describes the assay of phenylacetic acid in urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissues.
A methodology for capability-based technology evaluation for systems-of-systems

Post-Cold War military conflicts have highlighted the need for a flexible, agile joint force responsive to emerging crises around the globe. The 2005 Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) acquisition policy document mandates a shift away from stove-piped threat-based acquisition to a capability-based model focused on the multiple ways and means of achieving an effect. This shift requires a greater emphasis on scenarios, tactics, and operational concepts during the conceptual phase of design and structured processes for technology evaluation to support this transition are lacking. In this work, a methodology for quantitative technology evaluation for systems-of-systems is defined. Physics-based models of an aircraft system are exercised within a hierarchical, object-oriented constructive simulation to quantify technology potential in the context of a relevant scenario. A major technical challenge to this approach is the lack of resources to support real-time human-in-the-loop tactical decision making and technology analysis. An approach that uses intelligent agents to create a "Meta-General" capable of forecasting strategic and tactical decisions based on technology inputs is used. To demonstrate the synergy between new technologies and tactics, surrogate models are utilized to provide intelligence to individual agents within the framework and develop a set of tactics that appropriately exploit new technologies. To address the long run-times associated with constructive military simulations, neural network surrogate models are implemented around the forecasting environment to enable rapid trade studies. Probabilistic techniques are used to quantify uncertainty and richly populate the design space with technology-infused alternatives. Since a large amount of data is produced in the analysis of systems-of-systems, dynamic, interactive visualization techniques are used to enable "what-if" games on assumptions, systems, technologies, tactics, and evolving threats. The methodology developed in this dissertation is applied to a notional Long Range Strike air vehicle and system architecture in the context of quantitative technology evaluation for the United States Air Force.
Effects of the velocity-space particle loss on the behavior of field-reversed configurations

The electric current profiles in the presence of the velocity-space particle loss (VSPL) have been calculated. A self-consistent, one-dimensional magnetic field has been obtained by solving Ampere's law. Since more ions are lost in the separatix and the small-r regions, causing charge separation in these two regions, the electric field can be developed in the direction pointing away from the field null. The electric field structure developed from the VSPL mechanism can be used to explain the origin of the rotation and the unusually broad edge layer. For the origin of the rotation, quantitative calculations of the stable period have been carried out. Qualitatively, the dependence of the stable period on the experimental parameters such as temperature, magnetic field density, and plasma length is totally consistent with the VSPL predictions. Quantitative results have also shown certain consistencies. The VSPL mechanism can explain inconsistencies observed between the inferred end-loss time and the MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) end-loss time to some extent. >
Games with Small Forgetfulness

While it is known how players may learn to play in a game they know, the issue of how their model of the game evolves over time is largely unexplored. This paper introduces small forgetfulness and shows that it may destabilize standard full-memory solutions. Players are repeatedly matched to play a game. After any match, they forget with infinitesimal probability the feasibility of any opponents' unobserved action, and they are reminded of all actions that they observe. During each period, they play an equilibrium consistent with their perception of the game. We show that the unique backward induction path drifts into a non-Nash, self-confirming equilibrium, in a class of extensive-form games that are fully characterized. Such a long-run prediction is always Pareto-undominated, and may Pareto dominate the original backward induction path. In one-shot simultaneous-move games, forgetfulness yields a refinement stronger than trembling hand perfection. Our results imply that there are games that players may never fully learn.
Density Functional Theory of Superconductors Regarded as Two-Component Plasmas

The recent density functional formulation of superconductivity is discussed as a theory of a 2-component plasma. The two “fluids” are described by the total electron density, n(r), and the pair-function, Δ(r). Connections with the following theories are discussed: Density functional theory (DFT) of a one-component plasma without and with an external magnetic field, at T=0 and T>0; simple two-component plasmas; the Bogoliubov Gennes equations; Ginsburg-Landau theory; and the phenomenological 2-fluid model of superconductivity. The DFT formulation may be especially appropriate for high T c materials, because of their strong normal many body effects and short coherence lengths.
Education and training of nonmedical users of portable emergency oxygen inhalators at the occupational setting

As part of patient care procedures, many occupational sites keep portable emergency oxygen inhalator (PEOI) devices for use by nonmedical emergency responders. While many PEOIs seem simple to operate, standardized training in their use, mechanics, maintenance or storage is rarely provided by distributors or manufacturers. Even when supervision by medical practitioners is available, these topics are often not part of their clinical training. To attend to this, a standardized training course for PEOI users at occupational sites was created and tested. Core content areas in this course are: use of PEOIs for victims of oxygen deficiency due to accident or illness; appropriate transportation; handling; storage; and, refilling of cylinders. Inasmuch as. PEOIs are becoming more common at the worksite, a standardized training program to insure safe use is essential.
13 Not Just any Category: The Representation of the Self in Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates on the evidence that suggests that individuals possess a memory schema for knowledge about the self and also reviews a program of research on this topic. Beyond the demonstration of self-schemas, however, is a debate about whether knowledge for social categories—such as the self—is organized and represented in the same way as knowledge for object. The chapter also considers whether differences between self and object representations, particularly in the superiority for the self that is often observed in comprehension and memory tasks, can be attributed to structural differences in the underlying mental architecture or to process differences in the way in which those structures are used. A review of the research on spontaneously generated self-schemas showed that when central aspects of the self-schema were identified, there appeared to be processing advantages in comprehension and memory tasks for the self compared to other categories along with the evidence that self-schemas undergo modification across the lifespan. Although the available empirical findings do not allow a strict determination of whether self and object categories differ in their mental structure, they do point toward a model of processing differences between self and object categories that may be related to the degree of expertise associated with self-knowledge. The chapter describes a model of self-schema change that focuses on the way the self-schema changes in response to changes in the cognitive information available in different social contexts.
A Genetically Modified Adenoviral Vector with a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Incorporated into Fiber Fibritin Chimera Prolongs Survival in Experimental Glioma.

The dismal clinical context of advanced-grade glioma demands the development of novel therapeutic strategies with direct patient impact. Adenovirus-mediated virotherapy represents a potentially effective approach for glioma therapy. In this research, we generated a novel glioma-specific adenovirus by instituting more advanced genetic modifications that can maximize the efficiency and safety of therapeutic adenoviral vectors. In this regard, a glioma-specific targeted fiber was developed through the incorporation of previously published glioma-specific, phage-panned peptide (VWT peptide) on a fiber fibritin-based chimeric fiber, designated as “GliomaFF.” We showed that the entry of this virus was highly restricted to glioma cells, supporting the specificity imparted by the phage-panned peptide. In addition, the stability of the targeting moiety presented by fiber fibritin structure permitted greatly enhanced infectivity. Furthermore, the replication of this virus was restricted in glioma cells by controlli...
Novel Vehicle Mass-Based Automated Passenger Counter for Transit Applications:

Federally subsidized transit funding is based on ridership; therefore, an accurate count of passengers is imperative. Most existing automated passenger counters (APCs) use infrared beam methods of detection. Such systems are expensive and inaccurate for scenarios such as multiple-passenger boarding and alighting. The preliminary results are reported here from a novel APC method that has the potential to improve accuracy over existing technology while decreasing overall system cost. This result is accomplished through integration of existing vehicle systems that include the vehicle air ride suspension, which has near-universal adoption in transit buses. The system counts passengers by measuring pressure inside the vehicle air bag suspension system, which directly correlates to vehicle mass. Two algorithms were developed to detect discrete boarding events on the basis of time-resolved vehicle mass data. The first algorithm uses incremental change of vehicle mass, assuming a well-calibrated average passenger...
IMPORTANCE OF STANDARDS OF CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS.

AN IMPORTANT consideration in regard to standards of care for children with cardiovascular problems is that the pediatricians have the responsibility for organizing a good diagnostic and surgical team. A good anesthesiologist, a competent surgeon, good nursing care, and keen postoperative observation for early signs of complications are all essential to success. The pediatricians cannot regulate the surgeon, but the standards set can require that the surgeons have met their own standards before they have charge of the pediatric surgical program. The superb results of open-heart surgery as quoted by Dr. Kirklin from the Mayo Clinic are unfortunately not a universal experience and hence recommendations for surgery in a given area must be based on local operative results. The responsibility for operation rests clearly with the pediatrician and the pediatric cardiologist. The family grants permission for operation but their consent is given on the basis of the advice they receive from the doctor. If operation is not indicated or the risk too high, ours is the responsibility to persuade child and parent not to have an operation. To do right by the child and the family the diagnosis should be accurate, the indications for surgery should be clear, and the family should fully understand the situation. Even if the odds are overwhelmingly in favor of a successful operation, for any one patient the odds are one to one between life and death. Cardiac operations should be undertaken only to correct or alleviate an abnormality of the heart. Indeed, the pediatrician must be certain that the child9s complaints are related to the cardiac condition. The tendency is a natural one to assume that two unknowns go together.
A Generalized Multi-Entrance Time-Sharing Priority Queue

A generalized multi-entrance and multipriority M/G/1 time-sharing system is dealt with. The system maintains many separate queues, each identified by two integers, the priority level and the entry level The arrival process of users is a homogenous Poisson process, while service requirements are identically distributed and have a finite second moment. Upon arrival a user joins one of the levels, through the entry queue of this level. In the (n, k)-th queue, where n is the priority level and k is the entry level, a user is eligible to a (finite or infinite) quantum of service. If the service requirements of the user are satisfied during the quantum, the user departs, and otherwise he is trans- ferred to the end of the (n + 1, k)-th queue for additional service. When a quantum of service is completed, the highest priority nonempty level is chosen to be served next; within this level the queues are scanned according to the priority of their entry level, and the user at the head of the highest priority nonempty queue is chosen to be served. In such a priority discipline, preferred users always get an improved service, though the service of all users is degraded in proportion to their service requirements. Expected flow times and expected number of waiting users are derived and then specialized to the head-of-the-line M/G/1 priority discipline (in which quanta have infinite length and service is uninterrupted) and to the FBn time-sharing system. Finally, the generalized multientrance and multipriority time-sharing discipline is (numerically) compared with several other time-sharing systems.
Determination of the partition coefficients and absorption kinetic parameters of chemicals in a lipophilic membrane/water system by using a membrane-coated fiber technique

The absorption kinetics of chemicals in a lipophilic membrane/water system was studied with a membrane-coated fiber (MCF) technique, in which the partition coefficient, membrane diffusivity and boundary layer adjacent to the membrane were taken into account. The cumulative amount permeated into the membrane was expressed as a function of absorption time in an exponential equation. Two constants were introduced into the model. Both of them were clearly defined by the physiochemical parameters of the system and were obtained by regression of the experimental data sampled over a limited time. The partition and diffusion coefficients, as well as the thickness of the boundary layer, were calculated from the two constants. The kinetic model adequately described the absorption kinetics of the MCF technique. All of the theoretical predictions were supported by the experimental results. The measured partition coefficients correlated well with the published octanol/water partition coefficient (R(2)=0.91). The thickness of the boundary layer was 5.2 microm in a solution stirred at 400 rpm. An inference of the kinetic model revealed that the contribution of the boundary layer to the absorption kinetics is significant for lipophilic chemicals by a lipophilic membrane. It suggested that the absorption rate of a very lipophilic compound could be controlled by the boundary layer even though the diffusivity of the compound in the membrane is lower than that in the solution. It was demonstrated that the MCF technique could be used to determine the partition, diffusion and permeation coefficients, as well as the thickness of the boundary layer in a lipophilic membrane/water system.
Reply to comment by M. D. Sacchi and T. J. Ulrych on ‘Simultaneous time-domain deconvolution with application to the computation of receiver functions’

We thank Sacchi & Ulrych (1996; hereafter referred to as SU96) for bringing to our attention their paper, ‘Estimation of optimum tradeoff parameters using the extended information criterion (EIC): an application to deconvolution’, published in the Journal of Seismic Exploration (Sacchi & Ulrych 1994; hereafter referred to as SU94). We were not aware of their work before writing our own paper (Gurrola, Baker & Minster 1995; hereafter referred to as G. et al.) because ours was submitted to Geophysical Journal International in March 1993. We are aware that our treatment is akin to the Wiener filter approach to time-domain deconvolution. We do not claim to have originated the application of Backus-Gilbert inversion to this problem. We reference Sipkin & Lerner-Lam (1992) and Oldenburg (1981) because they address problems very similar to our own. We do apologize for the imprecision in our claim that frequency-domain deconvolution using the water-level method is subjective and time-consuming. In G. et al., we were comparing the simultaneous time-domain deconvolution with the most common method used in receiver function studies-hand selection of the ‘water level’ on a case-by-case basis. It is absolutely true that the FFT computations required for frequency-domain deconvolution are faster than the matrix inversion required for a time-domain deconvolution. Our characterization of the former as ‘time-consuming’ referred to the standard hand picking of water levels-not to CPU time. The main point of G. et al. was, however, that simultaneous deconvolution improves the signal-to-noise ratio within the deconvolution and reduces the amount of pre-whitening necessary in either domain. In G. et al., we decided to concentrate on the time domain because it is more easily adaptable to the specific problems that we addressed. We appreciate SU96‘s recognition of this fact in their concluding remarks.
Fostering Change of Psychologically Abusive Behavior in Couples

SUMMARY Fostering change of psychologically abusive behavior in couples requires that helping professionals be able to recognize such behavior, to assess the couple's capacity for safety as well as their willingness to change, and to offer direction and guidance for helpful change. Following a review of the research on psychological abuse (including emotional and verbal abuse), each of these areas is discussed.
Death Symbolism in Matrilineal Societies: A Replication Study:

In 1984, Somersan reported the results of a cross-cultural study of ancestral spirit, afterlife, and reincarnation beliefs in relation to descent groups. She claimed significance on each of four tests and described a pattern of "death symbolism" that seemed to typify matrilineal societies in contrast to those organized in other ways. None of her findings were supported in this replication study. However, an alternative hypothesis, contrasting unilineal and bilateral societies, was supported.
Closing the food gap: resetting the table in the land of plenty

‘You have to walk the walk’ according to the old adage, in order to really understand and then organize for responsible and appropriate action. Author Mark Winne certainly has taken this journey as...
Self-Monitoring as a Personality Correlate of Materialism: An Investigation of Related Cognitive Orientation

For a sample of 170 undergraduate students, scores on Snyder's Self-monitoring scale were correlated .85 with scores on Richins and Dawson's Materialism scale. This suggests that the constructs reflect a similar externally focused cognitive orientation. In addition, stepwise regression indicated that variance in Self-monitoring scores is explained largely by the success and centrality components of Materialism. Since these components entail a characteristic use of external contextual cues, their predictive efficacy lends further support to an explanation of construct relationship grounded in individuals' cognitive orientation.
Research Note: Effect of Iodine-Treated Water on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Reared Under Various Stocking Densities

Abstract A total of 544 day-old sexed broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of 2 ppm iodine-treated water on body weight and feed efficiency when the chicks were reared at 900, 720, 540, and 360-cm2 stocking densities. Chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet calculated to contain 3,212 kcal ME/kg and 21.58% CP. Iodine added to the drinking water at the rate of 2 ppm improved growth significantly after 4 wk of age. Feed efficiency was not significantly affected by the addition of iodine to the drinking water. Maximum effects on growth were obtained when the broilers were housed at stocking densities of 720 and 540 cm2/bird. A stocking density of 360 cm2 appeared to provide a crowding stress severe enough to negate the beneficial effects of adding iodine to the drinking water.
Carcinoid tumor: an extremely unusual presacral lesion. Report of a case.

PURPOSE: Use of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative evaluation of a presacral lesion is demonstrated. METHOD: The natural history, presentation, evaluation, and treatment of presacral lesions in adult patients are presented. The case of a female patient with a presacral carcinoid tumor is presented and discussed. RESULTS: The patient underwent preoperative evaluation including physical examination, hematologic studies, proctosigmoidoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic scanning, and endorectal ultrasonography. Ultrasonography proved to be extremely valuable in differentiating tumor compression from tumor invasion of the rectal wall. The patient underwent en bloc excision of the lesion, surrounding tissue, and coccyx. Pathologic diagnosis was carcinoid tumor, possibly replacing a presacral lymph node. Postoperative complete gastrointestinal tract work-up and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid analysis along with preoperative imaging revealed no evidence of synchronous lesions or additional metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Presacral lesions are extremely rare entities. The role of endorectal ultrasonography has not been clearly defined. This case demonstrates the value of this simple and safe imaging procedure in detecting bowel wall compression vs.invasion, greatly assisting in planning an operative approach.
Averaged encephalic response of aphasics to linguistic and nonlinguistic auditory stimuli.

This study investigated the averaged encephalic responses (AER) of aphasics to words and to white noise stimuli matched to the amplitude of each word. Subjects were classified according to the Func...
Fugacity coefficients of H2, CO2, CH4, H2O and of H2O- CO2-CH4 mixtures: A virial equation treatment for moderate pressures and temperatures applicable to calculations of hydrothermal boiling

Abstract Equations derived from a quadratic virial equation in pressure, with virial coefficients expressed as a function of temperature, are fitted to published P - V - T and solubility data to yield values of second and third virial coefficients for pure and mixed gases. These coefficients are not virial coefficients sensu stricto and are used to compute fugacity coefficients of pure H 2 , H 2 O, CO 2 and CH 4 , and of mixed H 2 O, CO 2 and CH 4 , and to estimate enthalpies for these gases. For H 2 , the P-T range of application is from 25 to 600 C and up to 3000 bars, and for CH 4 , from 16 to 350 C and up to 500 bais. For H 2 O and CO 2 , two P-T ranges are considered: below 350 C, up to 500 bars, and from 450 to 1000 C, up to 1000 bars. The method presented here is limited to the P-T range of the fitted experimental data, and cannot represent accurately P-V-T data close to the critical region. This virial equation treatment yields simple analytical expressions that are suitable for multicomponent equilibrium calculations. Examples of equilibrium calculations between aqueous and gas phases show that ideal mixing of real gases is a sufficient approximation for modeling boiling in geothermal and epithermal systems. However, non-ideal mixing has to be considered for aqueous-gas systems at pressures much higher than the saturation pressure of pure water.
Consciousness Raising: From Revolution to Re-Evaluation.

Consciousness raising was developed in the radical feminist wing of the women's liberation movement. It was originally envisioned as a means of creating revolution. The reform wing of the movement took up consciousness raising after 1970 partially in response to grassroots pressure and partially to attract members. As consciousness raising spread, the political content began to disappear. Ultimately, consciousness raising moved into the orbit of the group therapy movement. The transformation of consciousness raising from its revolutionary origins to convergence with group therapies is tied to the history of radical feminism and to a change in its practitioners. The history of consciousness raising reflects not only the power of the therapeutic view, but more significantly, brings into question the value of the process both for the movement and for individuals, as long as political content is left out.
Energy finite‐element analysis of the NASA aluminum test‐bed cylinder

A formulation was developed in the energy finite‐element analysis (EFEA) for modeling the vibration of cylindrical structures with periodic axial and circumferential stiffeners. Appropriate power transfer coefficients are computed from the values of the propagation constants. The joint matrices of the EFEA formulation are computed based on the power transfer coefficients derived from periodic structure theory. EFEA analyses are performed for the NASA aluminum test‐bed cylinder and simulations are compared to experiments. Excitation is applied on the test‐bed cylinder by four shakers and the vibration is measured at 40 bays formed by axial and circumferential stiffeners. The EFEA results are compared successfully to test data between the 1/3 octave bands of 315 and 6300 Hz. [Work sponsored by NASA Langley Structural Acoustics Branch.]
Reducing leakage power in wearable medical devices using memory nap controller

The increasing demand for wearable medical devices, coupled with their short battery life, has led to a renewed interest in low power processors. A significant proportion of the total power consumed by these medical device processors, occur in the memory systems, and therefore the focus of sour work. In this paper, we propose a technique that reduces the static power consumption in caches with no side effect on processor perforemance. Our proposed architecture achieves this power saving by deterministically lowering the power state of cache lines that are guaranteed not to be accessed in immediate future cycles. We simulated our architecture across different cache configurations, using widely known CAD tools, and observed up to 92% reduction in static power consumption on SPEC2006 benchmarks with no performance penalties and minimal hardware overhead.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results obtained in the 1992 performance assessment for the waste isolation pilot plant

Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results obtained in the 1992 performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) are presented. The primary performance measure under study is the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) used in assessing compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste (40 CFR 191, Subpart B). The analysis considers releases to the accessible environment initiated by exploratory drilling for natural resources and models cuttings removal to the surface due to drilling intrusions, brine and gas flow in the vicinity of the repository and through drilling intrusions away from the repository, radionuclide transport by the flow of brine through intruding boreholes, and brine flow and radionuclide transport in permeable formations overlying the repository (i.e., the Culebra Dolomite). The effects of 49 imprecisely known variables are assessed with techniques based on Latin hypercube sampling and regression analysis. In addition, the effects of several alternative conceptual models for radionuclide transport in the Culebra Dolomite are investigated. Important issues identified in the analysis include (1) the importance of characterizing retardations and solubilities for individual elements, (2) the impact of assumptions involving human activities, including the rate and properties of drilling intrusions, and (3) the need to resolve the question of whether a single-porosity or dual-porosity transport model is appropriate for use in the Culebra Dolomite.
1H and 2H NMR of Hydrogen Adsorption on Carbon Nanotubes

Hydrogen adsorption on carbon nanotubes was studied with 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopy. A total of eight single- and multiwalled carbon nanotube samples provided by various manufacturers and synthesized by different production methods were investigated before and after an oxidative purification procedure. NMR data are corroborated by TEM, ICP-MS, and ESR spectroscopy. The presence of residual metal catalyst particles causes considerable broadening of the spectra. While susceptibility broadening and dipolar interactions often dominate the 1H NMR spectra, quadrupolar interactions lead to additional broadening in the 2H NMR. Smaller line widths in the 2H NMR data allowed for free hydrogen gas and adsorbed hydrogen to be distinguished. The adsorption is fast and reversible and must be described as physisorption. Hydrogen uptake capacities at a pressure of 1480 kPa and at ambient temperature were estimated to be about 0.1 wt %.
Surviving Adult Cancers. Part 1: Physiologic Effects

To provide an overview of the physiologic long-term and late effects of adult cancers and cancer treatments by a review of the medical and nursing literature. Primarily from an English-language literature search using MEDLINE (1980 to 1988) and Index Medicus (1980 to 1988). After a consensus review by four observers, 285 articles were selected that addressed the stated purpose. Four observers assessed the literature using predetermined criteria for eliciting information about long-term and late effects. RESULTS AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Much has been written about the acute phases of cancer and cancer treatments. In comparison, relatively few data are available that define physiologic long-term: and late effects of cancer treatments in adult survivors. Review of the existing data showed that these sequelae may affect virtually any body system months or years after treatment ends. In addition, few prospective studies dealing with physiologic survivorship issues have been done. Health care providers need to be aware of long-term or late complications that may affect the increasing number of adult cancer survivors. Attention to treatment regimens in the acute cancer phase and careful follow-up once the disease is eradicated may help to prevent or manage these complications. More prospective research should be done in this area.
Hybrid phenolic friction composites containing Kevlar® pulp Part II—wear surface characteristics

Abstract The wear surfaces of control (without Kevlar®) and hybrid (with Kevlar®) phenolic composites were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-rays to determine the influence of Kevlar® pulp on the wear surface morphologies at various sliding conditions. At a high sliding speed of 11.2 m s −1 , the wear surface of a control glass fiber composite showed the formation of a nearly continuous and homogeneous film comprised of elements from the counterface and the composite itself. This film did not appear to form in a glass-Kevlar® hybrid composite at a similar operating speed. At 11.2 m s −1 , a control steel fiber composite was found to wear due to a predominantly abrasive mechanism, while this mechanism was diminished in a steel-Kevlar® hybrid composite.
The Powell Hypothesis: Race and non-capital sentences for murder in Kentucky, 1976–1991

The 1987 U.S. Supreme Court decision McCleskey v. Kemp ruled, in part, that the findings of the Baldus study, offered by the petitioner to support a claim of racial bias in death penalty cases, were insufficient to demonstrate unconstitutional discrimination under the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Lewis Powell offered additional justification for the ruling when he wrote, “If we accepted McCleskey’s claim that racial bias has impermissibly tainted the capital sentencing decision, we could soon be faced with similar claims as to other types of penalty. ” This statement has become labeled as the “Powell Hypothesis. ” This paper tests the “Powell Hypothesis” to determine whether race has an impact on sentences levied in noncapital murder cases in Kentucky between 1976 and 1991. The results indicate racial factors influenced sentence length in these cases.
Modern Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy

On absorption of electromagnetic radiation, the fate and pathway of a molecule back to the ground state are dictated by its inherent structure and the physiochemical properties of its local environment. In some situations, one or more of the pathways back to the ground state involve emission of electromagnetic radiation. When this emission is from a singlet state the process is termed fluorescence.
Fröhlich polaron model for trapping of Compton electrons in hydrogen-bonded glasses

Abstract The applicability of the Frohlich polaron model to Compton electrons trapped in polar alcoholic glasses is discussed. The agreement of the properties deduced from the model with experiment is noted, and further experiments to test the applicability of the model are suggested.
The Greek-American Acculturation Scale: Development and Validity:

The development of a self-report measure of acculturation in Greek-Americans began with item construction in three systematic steps. First, four first-generation Greek-American judges who were familiar with both Greek-American and Anglo-American cultures were asked to generate separate lists of cultural beliefs and practices along seven dimensions on which Anglo-Americans and Greek-Americans differ. Second, the most commonly listed beliefs and practices identified by the judges were included in a pilot inventory. Here, three Greek-American judges rated the accuracy of items as measures of Greek-American acculturation. Third, a 44-item revised inventory of items that had the highest mean ratings (content validation) showed good construct and concurrent validity among Greek-Americans.
Free surface waves in equilibrium with a vortex

Finite amplitude solitary waves of uniform depth which interact with a stationary point vortex are considered. Waves both with and without a submerged obstacle are computed. The method of solution is collocation of Bernoulli's equation at a finite number of points on the free surface coupled with equations for equilibrium of a point vortex. The stream function and vortex location are found by computing a conformal map of the flow domain to an infinite strip. For a given obstacle the solutions are parametrized with respect to Froude number and vortex circulation. When no obstacle is present there are two families of solutions, in one of which the amplitude of the wave increases by increasing the circulation, while in the other amplitude increases by decreasing the circulation. Beyond a certain critical Froude number the maximum amplitude wave has a sharp crest with an angle of 120 degrees. Similar behavior is observed for the flow past a submerged obstacle except that there is a critical Froude number below which there is no solution at all.
SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN CRITICALLY ILL PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Abnormalities in serum magnesium levels are known to cause potentially life-threatening problems in critically ill patients. Such abnormalities have also been shown to occur with high frequency in critically ill adults. This study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and significance of magnesium disturbances in critically ill pediatric patients. Methods. Ninety serum magnesium levels were obtained in critically ill pediatric patients upon admission to our intensive care unit. Also noted were measures of renal and hepatic function, serum electrolytes, and prospective evaluation of outcome parameters. Results. The mean magnesium level on admission for our patient population was 2.022 mg/dl (+/- 0.874). More importantly, 35 (38.9%) of our patients had levels outside the normal range for our laboratory, with 23 (25.5%) hypo- and 12 (13.3%) hypermagnesamic. The mortality rates were 8.7%, 9.1%, and 41.7% in the hypo-, normo-, and hypermagnesemic patients respectively. The mortality association for the hypermagnesemic patients was significant at p<.01. Conclusions. We conclude that 1) disturbances in magnesium homeostasis occur wit a high and previously unrecognized high frequency, and 2) hypermagnesemia is associated with a significantly greater mortality than hyper- or normomagnesemia.
Spatial variability of steady-state infiltration into a two-layer soil system on burned hillslopes.

Summary Rainfall–runoff simulations were conducted to estimate the characteristics of the steady-state infiltration rate into 1-m 2 north- and south-facing hillslope plots burned by a wildfire in October 2003. Soil profiles in the plots consisted of a two-layer system composed of an ash on top of sandy mineral soil. Multiple rainfall rates (18.4–51.2 mm h −1 ) were used during 14 short-duration (30 min) and 2 long-duration simulations (2–4 h). Steady state was reached in 7–26 min. Observed spatially-averaged steady-state infiltration rates ranged from 18.2 to 23.8 mm h −1 for north-facing and from 17.9 to 36.0 mm h −1 for south-facing plots. Three different theoretical spatial distribution models of steady-state infiltration rate were fit to the measurements of rainfall rate and steady-state discharge to provided estimates of the spatial average (19.2–22.2 mm h −1 ) and the coefficient of variation (0.11–0.40) of infiltration rates, overland flow contributing area (74–90% of the plot area), and infiltration threshold (19.0–26 mm h −1 ). Tensiometer measurements indicated a downward moving pressure wave and suggest that infiltration-excess overland flow is the runoff process on these burned hillslope with a two-layer system. Moreover, the results indicate that the ash layer is wettable, may restrict water flow into the underlying layer, and increase the infiltration threshold; whereas, the underlying mineral soil, though coarser, limits the infiltration rate. These results of the spatial variability of steady-state infiltration can be used to develop physically-based rainfall–runoff models for burned areas with a two-layer soil system.
The diabetogenic effect of thiazide diuretics

Abstract 1. 1. Two hour post prandial blood specimens were obtained for glucose determination before and after administration of either chlorothiazide or trichloromethiazide in twenty-five hospitalized ambulant patients after a week's stabilization of illness and unrestricted high carbohydrate diet. All but one had no knowledge of diabetes mellitus. 2. 2. Fourteen of the twenty-five patients showed a value greater than 120 mg. per cent after thiazide administration. Of these fourteen, the control value was less than 120 mg. per cent in four and greater in ten. In these ten, all with a control value greater than 120 mg. per cent, the glucose level after thiazide administration was higher in six, unchanged in one and less in three. 3. 3. A total of ten of the twenty-five patients had an increase in blood glucose values to abnormal levels after thiazide administration, ranging from 6 to 70 mg. per cent over control values. 4. 4. Thiazide compounds may precipitate or intensify hyperglycemia.