cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Urban Typology Model Adapting Data Mining Analytics to Examine Dominant Trajectories of Neighborhood Change: A Case of Metro Detroit

This article develops an integrated methodology to investigate dominant trajectories of neighborhood change that are often confronted in urban studies. Currently, researchers are using k-means clus...
Does Load Lead to Decision Bias or are We Biased Against Load

We examine moderators of the impact of cognitive load on choice strategies and susceptibility to decision bias. In four studies, we investigate the conditions under which load increases the compromise effect. Overall, our research shows that the ultimate influence of load on bias is contingent on motivational factors that determine how choice processes would have progressed under conditions of no load. Our findings indicate that there is no de facto impact of load on bias. Instead, the biasing effects of reduced resources are confined to consumers who have sufficient motivation to resolve choice problems and avoid biased (e.g., based on preferences rather than compromise position) choice outcomes. The implications of our research for the reliance on load to study consumer choice and for the two-system view of consumer decision making are discussed.
Advances in Image Database Languages

This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in query languages for multimedia databases. Emphasis is placed on query language support for new types of media and the user interface design of such a query language. The chapter focuses on an in-depth examination of one such advanced language, MQuery, and its application in the medical domain.1
The Bail Book: A Comprehensive Look at Bail in America's Criminal Justice System - Introduction

Mass incarceration is one of the greatest social problems facing the United States today. America incarcerates a greater percentage of its population than any other country and is one of only two countries that requires arrested individuals to pay bail to be released from jail while awaiting trial. After arrest, the bail decision is the single most important cause of mass incarceration, yet this decision is often neglected since it is made in less than two minutes. Shima Baradaran Baughman draws on constitutional rights and new empirical research to show how we can reform bail in America. Tracing the history of bail, she demonstrates how it has become an oppressive tool of the courts that disadvantages minority and poor defendants and shows how we can reform bail to alleviate mass incarceration. By implementing these reforms, she argues, we can restore constitutional rights and release more defendants, while lowering crime rates.
Stress-dependent shear wave splitting and permeability in fractured porous rock

Abstract It is well known that shear wave propagates slower across than parallel to a fracture, and as a result, a travelling shear wave splits into two directions when it encounters a fracture. Shear wave splitting and permeability of porous rock core samples having single fracture were experimentally investigated using a high-pressure triaxial cell, which can measure seismic shear wave velocities in two directions mutually perpendicular to the sample axis in addition to the longitudinal compressive wave velocity. A single fracture was created in the samples using a modified Brazilian split test device, where the cylindrical sample edges were loaded on two diametrically opposite lines by sharp guillotines along the sample length. Based on tilt tests and fracture surface profilometry, the method of artificially induced tensile fracture in the sample was found to create repeatable fracture surfaces and morphologies. Seismic velocities of the fractured samples were determined under different levels of stress confinement and fracture shear displacement or mismatch. The effective confining stress was varied from 0.5 MPa to 55 MPa, while the fractures were mismatched by 0 mm, 0.45 mm and 1 mm. The degree of matching of the fracture surfaces in the core samples was evaluated using the joint matching coefficient (JMC). Shear wave splitting, as measured by the difference in the magnitudes of shear wave velocities parallel (VS1) and perpendicular (VS2) to the fracture, is found to be insensitive to the degree of mismatching of the fracture joint surfaces at 2 MPa, and decreased and approached zero as the effective stress was increased. Simple models for the stress- and JMC-dependent shear wave splitting and fractured rock permeability were developed based on the experimental observations. The effects of the joint wall compressive strength (JCS), JMC and stress on the stress dependency of joint aperture were discussed in terms of hydro-mechanical response. Finally, a useful relationship between fractured rock permeability and shear wave splitting was found after normalization by using JMC.
Monosodium Glutamate in the Diet Does Not Raise Brain Glutamate Concentrations or Disrupt Brain Functions.

The non-essential amino acid glutamate participates in numerous metabolic pathways in the body. It also performs important physiologic functions, which include a sensory role as one of the basic tastes (as monosodium glutamate [MSG]), and a role in neuronal function as the dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its pleasant taste (as MSG) has led to its inclusion as a flavoring agent in foods for centuries. Glutamate’s neurotransmitter role was discovered only in the last 60 years. Its inclusion in foods has necessitated its safety evaluation, which has raised concerns about its transfer into the blood ultimately increasing brain glutamate levels, thereby causing functional disruptions because it is a neurotransmitter. This concern, originally raised almost 50 years ago, has led to an extensive series of scientific studies to examine this issue, conducted primarily in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. The key findings have been that (a) the ingestion of MSG in the diet does not produce appreciable increases in glutamate concentrations in blood, except when given experimentally in amounts vastly in excess of normal intake levels; and (b) the blood-brain barrier effectively restricts the passage of glutamate from the blood into the brain, such that brain glutamate levels only rise when blood glutamate concentrations are raised experimentally via non-physiologic means. These and related discoveries explain why the ingestion of MSG in the diet does not lead to an increase in brain glutamate concentrations, and thus does not produce functional disruptions in brain. This article briefly summarizes key experimental findings that evaluate whether MSG in the diet poses a threat to brain function.
LESS FREQUENT CAUSES OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

Although they account for a minority of episodes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the awareness of less frequent causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be crucial to the endoscopist in the evaluation of the patient with bleeding. This review discusses the Dieulafoy lesion, hemobilia, gastric antral vascular ectasia, Mallory-Weiss tear, and gastroduodenal arteriovenous malformation.
Sensory Perception and Identity Formation in Hans Fallada’s Kleiner Mann - Was Nun? (1932)

Hans Fallada’s 1932 novel Kleiner Mann - was nun? (Little Man - what now?) is highly ranked in the literary canon of German modernism and has received much scholarly attention because it exemplifies the New Objectivity of the 1920s. Despite this attention, scholars have not yet sufficiently examined the key role sensory perceptions play in the narration and their implications for illustrating the Zeitgeist of the Depression and fall of the Weimar Republic, along with the knowledge and insight we can gain from their use in this literary text. My investigation of the text shows how Fallada utilizes sensory perception to emphasize and understand the disorientation of the individual at the time of the Depression. By applying theories based on a phenomenological approach to sensory perception in literature, I pursue the following questions in this paper: What is the significance of the use of sensory perception regarding identity formation processes in the novel? How is sensory perception used and abused to define one’s own identity, or to understand others’ identities? What is the connection between sensory perception, everyday life, and fictional media, such as movies, in the novel?I argue that the integration and primacy of sensory perception in this novel is vital for the identity formation processes of its individual characters. My analysis demonstrates how characters manipulate and purposefully distort sensory perceptions in order to define themselves or to deceive others, and how the main character Pinneberg, even more so than other characters, suffers from the inability to distinguish between appearance and reality.
Alternating Direction Methods for Solving Partial Difference Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of the Peaceman–Rachford alternating direction implicit method for solving the finite difference analogs of boundary value problems involving linear elliptic partial differential equations. It describes the application of the Peaceman–Rachford method to the separable case. The method is then applied to the nonlinear differential equation.teh chapter presents the numerical results obtained from solving boundary value problems for various mesh sizes and for various values of n. It was found that the use of the so-called proper application of the Peaceman–Rachford method yielded fairly satisfactory results. However, it was also found that the more natural application of the method was generally more effective. Further investigations are now underway to explain why the proper application was generally less effective than the other procedure.
The Bayesian polyvertex score (PVS-B): a whole-brain phenotypic prediction framework for neuroimaging studies

The traditional brain mapping approach has greatly advanced our understanding of the localized effect of the brain on behavior. However, the statistically significant brain regions identified by the standard mass univariate models only explain minimal variance in a behavior despite increased sample sizes and statistical power, highlighting the nonsparseness of the explanatory signal in the brain. We introduced the Bayesian polyvertex score (PVS-B), a whole-brain prediction framework that aggregates the effect sizes across all vertices to predict individual variability in behavior. The PVS-B estimates the posterior mean effect size at each vertex with the summary statistics from the brain mapping approach and the correlation structure of the imaging phenotype. Empirical data showed that the PVS-B was able to double the variance explained in the total composite cognition by an nBack fMRI contrast when compared to prediction models based on the mass univariate parameter estimates as well as models based on p-value thresholds. A fivefold improvement in variance explained by the stop signal fMRI contrast was observed using the PVS-B to predict individual variability in the stop signal reaction time. We believe that the PVS-B can shed light on the multivariate investigation of brain-behavioral associations and will empower small scale neuroimaging studies with more reliable and accurate effect size estimates.
Lipids of Calcium-Oxalate Urinary Stones

It is generally agreed that crystal nucleation during urolithiasis is heterogeneous. However, the nature of these nucleators is still unknown. Membrane lipids have been histochemically and biochemically demonstrated at physiological as well as pathological calcification sites (1) and have been implicated in nucleation of crystals in a number of bio-mineralization systems. Acidic phospholipids and lipid extracts from calcified tissues have been shown to initiate in vitro calcium phosphate formation from metastable calcium phosphate solutions (1). We have recently demonstrated the presence of lipids in various types of human urinary stones (2). In the present study, we will present additional information regarding lipids of calcium oxalate stones.
Extending the Discussion: Intonation Pedagogy for Bowed Stringed Instruments, Part 1:

There are many factors that influence the ability to play with accurate intonation, and this Part 1 “Extending the Discussion” article provides background on string intonation, including the physic...
Screening, Evaluation, and Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder

Patients with substance use often have a complex clinical picture, and screening, evaluation, and a psychological assessment can help to guide detection, diagnosis, and treatment in individuals with SUD. In this chapter, we first review screening practices and recommended screeners for standard of care that can help identify a potential SUD. Next, we describe the more in-depth assessment process necessary to further diagnose SUD if results of screeners warrant such assessment. First, clinical screeners are utilized to identify the population of patients with potentially harmful substance use or SUDs who may not otherwise be identified for intervention or treatment. Brief screeners can be used as standard practice in many settings for new or returning patients to help identify harmful behaviors. When a patient has been identified as being at risk for problem substance use or SUD, longer neuropsychological tests or a comprehensive clinical interview focused on past and current substance use patterns can be used for diagnosis. Based on severity of symptoms, patients are then triaged to appropriate levels of care for treatment.
W. W. Werntz and the curious case of ASR No. 78 (1957): insights and lessons for historians

The Securities and Exchange Commission censured its former Chief Accountant, William W. Werntz, in a case involving his first audit after leaving the SEC. This study investigates the oddities and m...
Are Convolutional Neural Networks Trained on ImageNet Images Wearing Rose-Colored Glasses?: A Quantitative Comparison of ImageNet, Computed Tomographic, Magnetic Resonance, Chest X-Ray, and Point-of-Care Ultrasound Images for Quality.

Objectives Deep learning for medical imaging analysis uses convolutional neural networks pretrained on ImageNet (Stanford Vision Lab, Stanford, CA). Little is known about how such color- and scene-rich standard training images compare quantitatively to medical images. We sought to quantitatively compare ImageNet images to point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and chest x-ray (CXR) images. Methods Using a quantitative image quality assessment technique (Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator), we compared images based on pixel complexity, relationships, variation, and distinguishing features. We compared 5500 ImageNet images to 2700 CXR, 2300 CT, 1800 MR, and 18,000 POCUS images. Image quality results ranged from 0 to 100 (worst). A 1-way analysis of variance was performed, and the standardized mean-difference effect size value (d) was calculated. Results ImageNet images showed the best image quality rating of 21.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41) except for CXR at 13.2 (95% CI, 0.28), followed by CT at 35.1 (95% CI, 0.79), MR at 31.6 (95% CI, 0.75), and POCUS at 56.6 (95% CI, 0.21). The differences between ImageNet and all of the medical images were statistically significant (P ≤ .000001). The greatest difference in image quality was between ImageNet and POCUS (d = 2.38). Conclusions Point-of-care ultrasound (US) quality is significantly different from that of ImageNet and other medical images. This brings considerable implications for convolutional neural network training with medical images for various applications, which may be even more significant in the case of US images. Ultrasound deep learning developers should consider pretraining networks from scratch on US images, as training techniques used for CT, CXR, and MR images may not apply to US.
Proton therapy for thoracic malignancies: a review of oncologic outcomes

Introduction: Radiotherapy is an integral component in the treatment of the majority of thoracic malignancies. By taking advantage of the steep dose fall-off characteristic of protons combined with...
The Role of the Think Tank in Creating a More Equitable and Resilient Shared Future

Sarah Rosen Wartell, President of the Urban Institute in Washington, DC, explores the Future of Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the United States.
Pathogenetic Features and Current Management of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor with a devastatingly poor prognosis. The disease does not discriminate, affecting adults and children of both sexes, and has an average overall survival of 12-15 months, despite advances in diagnosis and rigorous treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. In addition, most survivors will eventually experience tumor recurrence that only imparts survival of a few months. GBM is highly heterogenous, invasive, vascularized, and almost always inaccessible for treatment. Based on all these outstanding obstacles, there have been tremendous efforts to develop alternative treatment options that allow for more efficient targeting of the tumor including small molecule drugs and immunotherapies. A number of other strategies in development include therapies based on nanoparticles, light, extracellular vesicles, and micro-RNA, and vessel co-option. Advances in these potential approaches shed a promising outlook on the future of GBM treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of adult GBM's pathogenetic features that promote treatment resistance. We also outline novel and promising targeted agents currently under development for GBM patients during the last few years with their current clinical status.
Retrospective analysis of predisposing factors for difficult lumbar punctures requiring image guidance in pediatric oncology patients

Success rates of lumbar punctures (LPs) in children are reportedly as low as 50%. In addition to procedural complications and failure, difficult LPs are a risk factor for traumatic LPs (TLPs), whic...
A continuum model and simulations for large deformation of anisotropic fiber-matrix composites for cardiac tissue engineering.

Abstract Cardiac patch therapies promise to restore heart function and lower the risk of heart failure after heart attack. Fiber–matrix engineered tissue scaffolds have gained significant attention due to their tunable micro-structures, providing nonlinear mechanical properties similar to native anisotropic heart tissues. Mechanical properties of engineered scaffolds directly affect the stress fields generated inside and around the tissue scaffolds and have significant impact on the tissue functionality. Currently, biomedical cardiac patches are designed through experimentation and there exists a need for an accurate model that will allow micro-structural design optimization and analysis of effectiveness of the implanted patches. We have developed a three-dimensional large strain continuum model that can predict nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical response of engineered tissue scaffolds that have two orientation families of fibers inside a bulk hydrogel matrix. We have validated the predictive capability of our continuum model for the fiber–matrix composite using selected experiments and a suite of detailed finite element analysis that incorporated the micro-structural details of the composites. Comparing the continuum model predictions (1 element) against the representative volume micro-structural geometry finite element simulations (with greater than 4,00,000 elements), we show that the proposed model can accurately predict nonlinear mechanical behavior of highly anisotropic tissue scaffolds in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, as a function of the critical design parameters inter-fiber angle and fiber spacing. We show that the model can also capture native heart tissue’s anisotropic large strain mechanical response. We implemented our model in the finite element software Abaqus by writing a user material subroutine UANISOHYPER and demonstrated its predictive abilities by conducting a full three-dimensional analysis of engineered tissue patch application on an infarcted heart.
Ethical leadership is not black and white: a case study on stakeholders and African rhino conservation

Rhinos are a charismatic symbol of Africa's thriving wildlife, but their future is threatened. Rising demand for rhino horn along with inefficiency and corruption in protecting rhinos makes these animals vulnerable. The rhino population is facing a crisis situation with thousands killed illegally for their horns each year. The countries of eSwatini, Botswana, and South Africa are at the forefront of the issue, but little attention has been paid to understanding the positions and viewpoints of the local people. Qualitative interviews were conducted with local ranchers, conservationists, and the general population. Grounded theory techniques were utilised and various stakeholder interviews were conducted to examine the situation from different ethical perspectives. Primary ethical perspectives considered in this case include deontology, consequentialism, and justice/fairness; each perspective is applied to frame the issue with respect to different stakeholder groups that directly influence the rhino crisis.
Interrogating the collegiate experiences of African American males formerly in foster care: A critical qualitative analysis

Abstract Interview data from 11 African American male collegians formerly in foster care attending a PWI were analyzed using the constant comparison method. Three major themes were identified using this approach. Participants reported feeling isolated from most others on campus and keenly aware of differences between them and their peers, as well as worrying frequently about having basic needs met; basic needs ranged from health care coverage to housing, from sense of belonging to safety and transportation. They also identified three protective factors that sustained them in college: role models and mentors, engagement in race-conscious campus clubs and organizations, and an unwavering personal drive to persist despite adversity. Findings have significant implications for educational research, practice, and policy. Information from this study may also provide clues for future intervention efforts.
Diastolic dysfunction in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease: Mechanistic insight from magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Background Ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is prevalent in women and is associated with increased risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); however, the mechanism(s) contributing to this progression remains unclear. Given that diastolic dysfunction is common in women with INOCA, defining mechanisms related to diastolic dysfunction in INOCA could identify therapeutic targets to prevent HFpEF. Methods Cardiac MRI was performed in 65 women with INOCA and 12 reference controls. Diastolic function was defined by left ventricular early diastolic circumferential strain rate (eCSRd). Contributors to diastolic dysfunction were chosen a priori as coronary vascular dysfunction (myocardial perfusion reserve index [MPRI]), diffuse myocardial fibrosis (extracellular volume [ECV]), and aortic stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity [aPWV]). Results Compared to controls, eCSRd was lower in INOCA (1.61 ± 0.33/s vs. 1.36 ± 0.31/s, P = 0.016); however, this difference was not exaggerated when the INOCA group was sub-divided by low and high MPRI (P > 0.05) nor was ECV elevated in INOCA (29.0 ± 1.9% vs. 28.0 ± 3.2%, control vs. INOCA; P = 0.38). However, aPWV was higher in INOCA vs. controls (8.1 ± 3.2 m/s vs. 6.1 ± 1.5 m/s; P = 0.045), and was associated with eCSRd (r = −0.50, P Conclusions These data provide mechanistic insight into diastolic dysfunction in women with INOCA, identifying aortic stiffness and ventricular remodeling as putative therapeutic targets.
Continuum model for solitons in polyacetylene

Solitons in a one-dimensional charge-density-wave system with half-filled electron bands are studied theoretically with a continuum model. This model is a continuum version of the one of polyacetylene recently considered by Su, Schrieffer, and Heeger (SSH). We have analyzed a variational solution with the displacement order parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}(x)={\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}tanh(\frac{x}{\ensuremath{\xi}})$ with $\ensuremath{\xi}$ as a variational parameter. It is shown within the weak-coupling limit that the soliton (creation) energy takes the minimum value $(\frac{2}{\ensuremath{\pi}}){\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ with $\ensuremath{\xi}=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}{v}_{F}}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}$, where $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ and ${v}_{F}$ are the dimerization energy gap and the Fermi velocity, respectively. These results agree quite well with numerical results by SSH for the discrete system. Furthermore, we show that the above $\ensuremath{\Delta}(x)$ is an exact solution of the self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation.
Modals and anaphors in korean

In this paper, we investigate Korean modals such as su isse, keta and ci. We assume that suisse is an epistemic possibility operator and keta is an epistemic necessity operator and ci and keyssci are both evidentials. Asher and McCready (2005) [2] offered an account of the discourse behavior of Japanese epistemic modal/evidential, focusing on the phenomenon of modal subordination (Roberts 1989) [11]. In this paper, too, focus on modal subordination to help analyze the Korean modal system. This article is concerned with the theory of anaphoric relations involving pronouns. Our main interest is to show that this theory amounts solely to a theory of the conditions under which pronouns and their antecedents can, must, or cannot be identified.
A communications architecture concept for ATIS

Three recent developments suggest cost-beneficial approaches to communications for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) : 1) the use of FM subcarrier for efficient paging-type (digital) one-way broadcast, along with the upcoming introduction of Radio Data System (RDS) vehicle receivers, 2) the rapidly growing use of RF "tags" for automatic tolling, which have recently been upgraded for discrete zone two-way communication, and 3) the "signal processing gain" and "demand access" capability of spread-spectrum-type coding, which together make event-driven communications more feasible and cost- beneficial. An architecture concept exploiting these thrusts is outlined in terms of a "baseline" and a higher level ATIS. The baseline emphasizes basic traffic exception and safety messages and supports higher level (optional) services such as navigators and in-vehicle route guidance computers. The baseline portion emphasizes minimum cost; overall the level-of-service choices of both the consumer and the traffic manager are maximized.
The {L}aczkovich—{K}omjáth property for coanalytic equivalence relations

Let E be a coanalytic equivalence relation on a Polish space X and ( A n ) n∈ω a sequence of analytic subsets of X . We prove that if lim sup n∈k A n meets uncountably many E -equivalence classes for every K ∈ [ω] ω , then there exists K ∈ [ω] ω such that ∩ n∈k A n contains a perfect set of pairwise E -inequivalent elements.
Oscillatory motion of drainage divides

[1] A simple model of topographic ridge evolution is developed in which mass-wasting is treated as a vectorial erosion process. Channel incision drives backcutting as well as downcutting of the connected hillslope and the result is a mobile drainage divide that exhibits sustained horizontal and vertical motions mediated by asynchronous, asymmetric channel incision rates. The model resolves a ridge cross-section into coupled hillslope and channel links and the model equations are found to form a low-dimensional, non-linear dynamical system. For weak forcing of hillslope erosion the system converges to a stable, symmetric geometry, but for strong forcing a limit cycle arises and the divide oscillates back and forth over time. The lessons to draw from this model are that such low-dimensional dynamical behavior: (i) may explain the sinuous planform of interfluves; (ii) may form a key constituent of the high-dimensional dynamics of landscape evolution as a whole.
Investigation of the origin of acoustic Wood anomaly

In the spectrum of a broadband wave reflected from a periodically corrugated surface, spectral anomalies have been observed earlier and identified as acoustic Wood anomalies. A thorough investigation of the physical origin of the acoustic Wood anomaly is made through an experimental investigation and an examination of the existing theories. The existing explanations of acoustic Wood anomaly are reviewed and evaluated based on the analysis of the experimental results obtained from three types of interfaces: liquid-solid, solid-liquid and solid-air interfaces. In addition, spectral tips are observed and identified as another type of acoustic Wood anomaly. The investigation is based on time-frequency analysis and offers much more insight into this phenomenon than earlier research where only the frequency spectrum was considered.
Implementing the optimal bounding ellipsoid algorithm on a fast processor

It is shown that the optimal bounding ellipsoid (OBE) algorithm for identifying an ARMAX system can be formulated as a conventional weighted recursive least squares estimator with special weights. In this framework the OBE can be implemented using contemporary algorithms developed for least squares solutions on systolic machines. An example of a systolic processor for OBE is given, and computational complexity issues are considered. >
(Social) Democracy in the Blood? Civic and Ethnic Idioms of Nation and the Consolidation of Swedish Social Democratic Power, 1928–1932

This paper attempts to explain Swedish Social Democrats' consolidation of power between 1928 and 1932 through an examination of idioms of nation. Qualitative analysis of articles and editorials from a Social Democratic and a liberal newspaper is carried out. The analysis focuses on how civic, ethnic and, a mixed civic-ethnic idiom of nation were deployed in order to expand the Social Democrats' electoral base. The Social Democrats could combine egalitarianism/democracy with ethnic nationalism because ethnic bases for the nation were more inclusive than other, especially class, bases available to them. Two challenges for the literature on nationalism and the welfare state are raised: (1) the civic-ethnic distinction must be rethought to accommodate the Swedish case, wherein ethnic nationalism was used for “civic” ends; and (2) the focus on the Social Democrats as promoting working class interests may be misplaced given the party's mobilization on the basis of nation.
A Numerical Study of a Stably-Stratified Mixing Layer

The dynamics of a stably-stratified unstable mixing layer are studied using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. The effects of the stable stratification on the two- and three-dimensional instabilities, on the vorticity dynamics, and on the flow energetics are analyzed. In particular, the behavior of the flow in the later stages of decay, when the effects of stratification have become dominant, are investigated. It is found useful to then interpret the flow in terms of propagating (internal wave) and nonpropagating components, the latter associated with the potential vorticity of the flow.
Effect of methanol and seepage control in permeable kaolinite soil

Abstract In this laboratory study, the effects of pure methanol on the behavior of kaolinite clay and clay-sand mixture and methods to reduce the hydraulic cond Cement and bentonite (6% by weight) can be used as additives to effectively reduce the hydraulic conductivity of kaolinite clay and clay-sand mixture,
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogens in a children's hospital: A 5-year experience

Background Pediatric infection with bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has not been well described. We sought to determine the proportion of isolates producing ESBLs and the incidence of infection or colonization with these organisms in our tertiary care pediatric facility over 5 years. In addition, we sought to evaluate the characteristics of children affected. Methods We identified all Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp cultured from children younger than 18 years of age at our facility between January 2003 and December 2007. Medical records were reviewed for affected children. Results Of 2697 E coli , K pneumoniae , and K oxytoca cultured, 26 ESBL producers were isolated from 16 children. Rates of ESBL production among cultured isolates significantly increased, from 0.53% in the first half of the study period to 1.4% in the second. Incidence of a primary ESBL infection also increased significantly, from 0.14/10,000 patient encounters to 0.31/10,000. The majority of children infected or colonized with ESBL-producing organisms were those with chronic medical conditions, frequent hospitalizations, or a history of recurrent infection. However, 4 affected children were less than 5 months old and evaluated in an outpatient setting. Conclusion Rates and incidence of ESBL infection increased over the study period. Whereas most patients belonged to traditional risk groups for antibiotic-resistant infection, infants in the ambulatory setting were also affected, an at-risk population not previously described.
Guess Who's Coming to Town: White Supremacy, Ethnic Competition, and Social Change

Abstract This paper is an attempt to understand more thoroughly the dynamics of white racist movements by exploring the socioeconomic factors associated with communities targeted by the Ku Klux Klan for their public activities. Ethnic competition theory is utilized to provide clues for understanding which social environments are conducive to formation of racist and white nationalist movements. Locational data on almost 900 incidents of white supremacy activity in the American South that occurred between 1980 and 1990 are used to explore the empirical relationship between competition, social change, and white supremacy. Using data on all counties in the South, it was found that in static models, there was no support for linking ethnic competition to Klan activity, but in dynamic models there was evidence that coupled white supremacy activity to communities where Asians and Hispanics were increasing their relative share of resources.
The Old Man and the Sea: Navigating the Gulf between Special Educators and the Content Area Classroom

The special educator in the content area classroom often experiences an ill-defined role, which can translate into marginalization within instructional settings. Indeed, most students with learning disabilities (LD) receive content area instruction from a general education teacher with the support of a special educator. However, the literacy demands of the respective content areas often present content specific challenges for students with language-based disabilities and their teachers. To date, proposed content area literacy interventions have not addressed the specific language-based needs of students with LD. In this article, we highlight the similarities among history, science, English language arts, and mathematics texts from a language perspective, and present strategies specifically targeting students’ background knowledge. We also provide recommendations to researchers and practitioners for improving content area learning.
μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptor agonists selectively modulate sexual behaviors in the female rat: Differential dependence on progesterone

Previous studies suggested that opioid receptor agonists infused into the lateral ventricles can inhibit (through mu receptors) or facilitate (through delta receptors) the lordosis behavior of ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with estrogen and a low dose of progesterone. The present study investigated the behavioral and hormonal specificity of those effects using more selective opioid receptor agonists. Sexually experienced OVX rats were implanted stereotaxically with guide cannulae aimed at the right lateral ventricle. One group of rats was treated with estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 micrograms) 48 hr and progesterone (P, 250 micrograms) 4 hr before testing, whereas the other group was treated with EB alone. Rats were infused with different doses of the selective mu-receptor agonist DAMGO, the selective delta-receptor agonist DPDPE, or the selective kappa-receptor agonist U50-488. The females were placed with a sexually vigorous male in a bilevel chamber (Mendelson and Gorzalka, 1987) for three tests of sexual behavior, beginning 15, 30, and 60 min after each infusion. DAMGO reduced lordosis quotients and magnitudes significantly in rats treated with EB and P, but not in rats treated with EB alone. In contrast, DPDPE and U50-488H increased lordosis quotients and magnitudes significantly in both steroid-treatment groups. Surprisingly, measures of proceptivity, rejection responses, and level changes were not affected significantly by mu or kappa agonists, although proceptivity and rejection responses were affected by DPDPE treatment. These results suggest that the effects of lateral ventricular infusions of opioid receptor agonists on the sexual behavior of female rats are relatively specific to lordosis behavior. Moreover, the facilitation of lordosis behavior by delta- or kappa-receptor agonists is independent of progesterone treatment, whereas the inhibitory effect of mu-receptor agonists on lordosis behavior may require the presence of progesterone.
Gestation length in Tarsius bancanus

A gestation length of 178 days was determined for Tarsius bancanus based on a vaginal smear containing whole sperm. This value replaces the only previously reported information on gestation length in tarsiers, a rough estimate of approximately 6 months for T. syrichta.
The Uses of Completed Landfills

Abstract Completed landfills can provide the base for parks and other beneficial land uses, thus serving to recycle waste products into new forms. However, the conversion is not trouble-free. This paper examines some of the uses to which completed landfills have been put as well as the problems which have been encountered to date, and suggests actions which planners and solid waste managers can take to mitigate some of these problems in the future. Information is based largely on experiences in Los Angeles County, California, where landfilling has been both practised and studied over an extended period.
Estimating the Capacity Value of Concentrating Solar Power Plants: A Case Study of the Southwestern United States

We estimate the capacity value of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants without thermal energy storage in the southwestern U.S. Our results show that CSP plants have capacity values that are between 45% and 95% of maximum capacity, depending on their location and configuration. We also examine the sensitivity of the capacity value of CSP to a number of factors and show that capacity factor-based methods can provide reasonable approximations of reliability-based estimates.
Characterization of Collagen and Elastin Remodeling in Engineered Arteries

We have shown that elongation of arteries perfused ex vivo is possible by applying moderate axial strain (∼8%) daily. In 9 days we were able to elongate porcine carotid arteries 48 ± 3% while being perfused under subphysiological conditions, retaining a 20 ± 3% increase when removed from the system and unloaded (p < 0.005). General appearance, viability and vasoactive function were similar to fresh and control (perfused but not elongated) arteries. Mechanical properties (ultimate stress and strain, elastic modulus) were insignificantly different than fresh arteries. To investigate the effects of pressure and flow rate on elongation and remodeling, we elongated arteries under the same elongation protocol, but with physiological flow, pressure and viscosity. Arteries were able to elongate 50 ± 1% in the system, but only retained an 8 ± 1% length increase when unloaded (p < 0.005). The increase in wet weight (29 ± 13%) was similar to that seen in previous elongation experiments (40 ± 18%), as was the increase in the total collagen content 30% vs. 34% previously). Data are also presented on mechanical properties, and elastin arrangement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cellular immunity to Legionella antigens—Laboratory assays

Summary There is now a great deal of evidence that cellular immunity to Legionella develops both in animal and human subjects after exposure to the bacteria, either by immunization or prior infection and recovery. There is little evidence, however, that cellular immunity is actively involved in resistance to infection in vivo. More work must be done in order to better understand the mechanism of resistance to L. pneumophilia infection. Nevertheless, several in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity are readily available and could be performed in most laboratories that provide services for patients being examined for responsiveness mediated by cellular as well as humoral immunity.
Modeling the growth of objects through a stochastic process of random sets

Abstract We develop models to capture the growth or evolution of objects over time as well as provide forecasts to describe the object in future states utilizing information from the current state. For this purpose, we propose a methodology to model random sets (RS) that describe the objects using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Estimation of the model parameters is carried out using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The methodology is exemplified with an application to nowcasting of severe weather precipitation fields as obtained from weather radar images, where severe storm cells are treated as random sets.
Conceptions of Ability Affect Motor Learning

The authors examined the effects of induced conceptions of ability on motor learning. Participants in 3 groups practiced a balance task after receiving instructions suggesting that the task would reflect an inherent ability (IA group), represent an acquirable skill (AS group), or no ability-related instructions (control group). Across 2 days of practice, the AS and IA groups showed greater improvement in performance compared with the control group. For the retention test on Day 3, the AS group tended to demonstrate generally more effective balance performance than the control group and increasingly greater effectiveness compared with the IA group. Moreover, AS group participants made higher-frequency (reflexive) movement adjustments than participants of the other 2 groups, indicating a greater automaticity in the control of their movements. Thus, learning was enhanced by instructions portraying the task as a learnable skill, rather than revealing a fixed inherent capacity or no instructions (control group).
Interfacing modeling systems and solution algorithms

Abstract The paper discusses the demands an algorithm developer has to a modeling system when he adds a new algorithm to the system, and it discusses how algorithms should be designed so they later on can be added to several independent modeling systems. Two practical examples are used to make the issues clearer. The purpose of the paper is to make both developers of modeling systems and of algorithms aware of each other's needs and problems, such that future cooperation can be improved.
Properties of the flash-induced proton binding encountered in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: a functional pK on the ubisemiquinone?

Abstract 1. 1. Further evidence for an intimate coupling of light-activated electron transfer to the uptake of externally located protons by Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores is demonstrated. The extent of external proton uptake is proportional to the state of reduction of the reaction center P P + at the time of each flash in a train of single-turnover flashes. This is satisfied under a variety of conditions of redox potential, inhibition and added ionophore. 2. 2. More specifically, in the presence of antimycin A, which confines electron transfer to the primary acceptor, ubiquinone, cytochrome b50 part of the cycle, the stoichiometry of electrons delivered from P to the primary acceptor and hence to ubiquinone is 1.0 ±0.1 H + e − on a single-turnover basis. The stoichiometry holds also on a multiple single-turnover basis. Since each electron transfer system is turned over once, and one electron is delivered to each primary acceptor, we postulate that the product of reduction is ubisemiquinone. 3. 3. The rate of protonation of what we tentatively regard as ubisemiquinone is 150 μs at pH 7.0; the evidence presented indicates that there is no kinetic impediment for the protonation of the reduced ubiquinone (UQ). 4. 4. The pK of the ubisemiquinone varies with the state of reduction of cytochrome c2 before flash activation and hence with the presence (or lifetime) of P+ after the flash. The apparent pK is at pH 8.5 at potentials such that cytochrome c2 can rapidly rereduce P+ following flash activation and at pH 7.5 when cytochrome c2 is chemically oxidized. This effect is interpreted as a charge interaction between the P+ and the sol UQ· − UQ·H couple. Thus the presence of a long-lived P+ in the reaction center stabilizes the UQ·− species adjacent to the reaction center and lowers the apparent pK. Although the thermodynamic properties of the protonation reaction are altered, the rate of protonation is not affected by the presence of P+ after a flash. This and other evidence discussed suggest that after a flash the electron on the primary acceptor moves on to secondary acceptors irrespective of the state of reduction of P P + .
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)/Electronic Graphics Interchange (EGI) and bar codes: fundamental components of your world-class manufacturing enterprise

Abstract World-Class Manufacturing requires that people and machines be organized along the work flow pattern, integrating resources in the cause of product improvement, increased productivity and product quality, reduced inventory investments, time-based competitiveness and a host of other dominant themes devised to reduce operating costs and at the same stance, increase customer service. Manufacturers in the U.S. and around the world are continually striving for global comptitiveness and sustained profitability. Electronic Data Interchange/Electronic Graphics Interchange (EDI/EGI) used in combination with other automated data collection techniques, notably Bar Codes, is allowing manufacturers to enhance the performance of procurement, production and required timely customer delivery functions. This paper provides an overview of both the Bar Code and EDI/EGI technologies, System Components, System integration consideration and provides a typical of applicaion of these technologies in production and distribution of goods.