cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Part-Time Education in an M.S.W. Program

Because of the dearth of debates on the merits of full-time vs. part-time M.S.W. education, some findings on law-school part-time education are reported, together with the results of an empirical study which compared the achievement of part-time and full-time social work students. Given the same opportunities, parttime students do as well as full-timers. In spite of a continuing demand for part-time programs from individuals and groups interested in pursuing graduate studies in social work, and in spite of the proliferation of part-time MSW programs in various schools of social work, there has been a virtual absence of debate on the merits of such a program in the social work literature. A careful search of several social work journals published during the past 15 years fails to reveal any discussion of the issue. 1 The failure to discuss such a vital issue related to professional social work education may rest on the long-established but seldom articulate assumption that part-time studies are somehow inferior to full-time. This assumption in turn seems to rest on the notion that while knowledge from the behavioral sciences could be acquired by students through independent reading, extension courses and parttime programs, the one crucial ingredient that cannot effectively be imparted in part-time education is the "Socialization to the profession (which) requires an in-depth encounter with social work practice over a period of time.'2 Up until the middle of the 190's this "in depth encounter" had been interpreted by the Council on Social Work Education to include at least one year of full-time residence for all MEW students. 3 Recently the Council issued proposed r~risions of procedures and standards for accreditation of baccalaureate MSW programs. The proposed revisions no longer make the year's full-time residence an absolute requirement for accreditation and concomitantly for MSW studies. If accepted, the new CSWE standards effectively allow for the inclusion of part-time programs in curricular options. This will be a most welcome new factor in the accreditation standards since it will allow many wageearning heads of households and others who cannot afford full-time attendance to matriculate in MSW curriculae.
An Arcless Voltage Regulator Based on Hybrid Tap Changing Topology

Step voltage regulators have been widely used in power distribution systems. Step-type voltage regulators have used tap changing mechanisms which arc under oil during tap changes. However, electric arc in tap changer operation imposes constraints on conventional voltage regulators when it comes to life time and maintenance period. This paper proposed a new scheme of arcless voltage regulator featured with hybrid tap changing topology. Eletromechanical and semiconductor switching devices are paralleled as a hybrid switch which can eliminate arc during the tap changing operation. The practical circuit design is also presented to solve voltage and current stress issues to achieve a better performance. The proposed solution is based on the existing Step Voltage Regulator (SVR) but improves the reliability and the life time of the SVR.
Studies on lysozyme modifications induced by substituted p-benzoquinones.

Abstract Protein misfolding can facilitate a protein damaging process and makes it susceptible to a series of events such as unfolding, adduct formation, oligomerization, or aggregation. Loss of a protein’s native structure may result in its biological malfunction and/or cellular toxicity that could cause associated diseases. Several factors were identified for causing structural changes of a protein, however quinone-induced protein modifications received very little attention whether for amyloidal or non-amyloidal proteins. In this paper, we report our investigation on lysozyme modifications upon treatment with selected benzoquinones (BQs), utilizing fluorescence spectroscopy including anisotropy determination, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and SDS-PAGE. Lysozyme was reacted with substituted BQs in order to examine substituent effects on protein modifications. In addition, we evaluated lysozyme modifications induced by 1,4-benzoquinone in concentration-, pH-, temperature-, and time-dependent studies. Our study shows that all BQs can readily modify lysozyme in a complex manner through adduct formation, oligomerization, polymeric aggregation, and/or fibrilization. Electrochemical properties of selected BQs were monitored using cyclic voltammetry in phosphate buffered aqueous solution, and it was found that quinone reduction potentials correlate well with their reactivity trend toward lysozyme.
Quantitative causality

Events generated by the execution of a distributed system are related by causality and concurrency. While providing a means of reasoning about the relative occurrence of events, this partial order fails to represent the timeliness of occurrence. In this paper, we develop a novel means of assigning weights to events where the weights are reduced as the temporal proximity to an anchor event decreases. This weight quantifies the strength of the causal or concurrent relationship with respect to an anchor event. Those events that causally succeed the anchor are the focus of this paper with concurrency and causally preceding being part of future work plans. Three methods of computing event weights for causally succeeding events are defined. Each contains a tunable parameter to determine the rate of weight decrease. The methods are piece-wise linear, exponential, and relevant vector difference decay. A case study has been performed that applied quantitative causality to the well-known software engineering problem of feature location. A summary of the case study results is provided to illustrate the utility of quantitative causality for succeeding events.
AI for the M.D

Eric Topol is optimistic about the future of health care. In Deep Medicine , he anticipates that new machine learning technologies will improve the precision and accuracy of disease diagnosis, thus providing a better way to identify the best therapies. He hopes that the time freed up by these approaches will be devoted to reviving humane medical practices.
Using Independent Research Projects to Foster Learning in the Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Laboratory.

This paper presents a teaching methodology involving an independent research project component for use in undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy laboratory courses. The proposed project introduces cooperative, active learning in a research context to comparative vertebrate anatomy. This project involves pairs or groups of three students testing a hypothesis concerning variation of an anatomical feature among vertebrates and an oral or poster presentation that reports the results. The project requires both examination of anatomical descriptions in scientific literature and direct anatomical investigation of vertebrate specimens available in the laboratory. This project component has been used successfully at two schools, where it has increased student enthusiasm for the discipline, increased student interpretive skills, and better placed the course material within the context of science. Both faculty and student perceptions of the successes and difficulties of such a project are presented.
Heartbeat: Predictors of left atrial thrombus in patient with atrial fibrillation.

Currently, the CHA2DS2-VASc score is the primary tool for assessing thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, other potentially relevant clinical variables have not been considered which might improve risk stratification in individual patients. In this issue of Heart , Kaplon-Cieślicka and colleagues1 identified predictors of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus in 1033 patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography prior to cardioversion or an ablation procedure, of whom 89% had received pre-procedure oral anti-coagulation. LAA thrombus was present in about 6% of subjects and two additional predictors were identified: type of AF (persistent/permanent vs paroxysmal) and renal dysfunction (defined as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <57 mL/min/1.73 m2). The area under the receiver-operator curve increased from 0.70 with the CHA2DS2-VASc score alone to 0.81 with the addition of AF type and renal dysfunction, with similar findings in a separate validation cohort. In an editorial, Floria and Tanase2 point out that both AF type and renal dysfunction are related to the underlying structural pathology of atrial fibrosis in patients with AF. In addition, there are many other potential mechanisms that might explain the association of renal dysfunction with AF thromboembolic risk as detailed in figure 1. They suggest that “Both parameters …
Biblical Wisdom as a Model for Christian Liberal Arts Education.

AbstractChristian educators recognize the value of biblical wisdom. Indeed, one of the foremost objectives of a Christian liberal arts education is that all members of the learning community would ...
The role of surface morphology on nucleation density limitation during the CVD growth of graphene and the factors influencing graphene wrinkle formation

CVD graphene growth typically uses commercially available cold-rolled copper foils, which includes a rich topography with scratches, dents, pits, and peaks. The graphene grown on this topography, even after annealing the foil, tends to include and reflect these topographic features. Further, the transfer of such CVD graphene to a flat substrate using a polymer transfer method also introduces wrinkles. Here, we examine an electropolishing technique for reducing native foil defects, characterize the resulting foil surface, grow single-crystal graphene on the polished foil, and examine the quality of the graphene for such defects.
DFT and microkinetic comparison of Pt, Pd and Rh-catalyzed ammonia oxidation

Abstract Ammonia oxidation is the heart of the Ostwald process and is important in emissions control. Catalytic behaviors are a function of conditions and are observed to vary across the platinum group metals (PGMs) Pt, Pd, Rh. Here, we combine density functional theory computations and microkinetic modeling to rationalize these dependencies. We compute reactions over model (2 1 1) and (1 1 1) surfaces of PGMs. Binding energies are similar on Pd and Pt and generally greater on Rh, while activation energies vary across all metals. Rates on (2 1 1) surfaces are greater than (1 1 1) surfaces. The stepped Pt is most active and stepped Rh most selective to N2 at ammonia slip conditions, while at Ostwald process conditions, stepped Pd is most active and stepped Pt most selective to NO. Degree of rate and selectivity control analysis provides insights into the reactions limiting performance of PGMs. Both activation barriers and surface coverages influence rates and selectivities.
Recent advances in thermal analysis of nanoparticles: methods, models and kinetics*

This chapter will provide an overview of the thermal techniques available to study nanoparticles, with particular attention to thermogravimetric analysis, calorimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The advantages of thermal analysis for nanoparticle characterization include minimal sample preparation and rapid analysis of a number of properties. Relevant measurements include purity and composition, phase changes, coating/functionalization composition and properties, and kinetics of reactive processes. Because of their low cost and high speed, thermal analysis tests are suitable for quality control, environmental monitoring, and research, particularly for verification of the nanoparticle’s morphology and composition. New thermal analysis techniques are being developed that require much less sample. As these techniques become robust, they will broaden the scope and applications for thermal analysis of nanoparticles.
Social Network Analysis of Patient Movement Across Health Care Entities in Orange County, Florida

ObjectiveMultidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are continually emerging and threatening health care systems. Little attention has been paid to the effect of patient transfers on MDRO dissemination ...
Watch out for the big girls: Black plus-sized content creators creating space and amplifying visibility in digital spaces

During the first part of the millennium some of the most visible media images of large Black women in American media were of Black actors wearing fat suits playing fat Black women in comedic roles ...
Interpreting Information Requests in Context A Collaborative Web Interface for Distance Learning

We describe the use of theories of agent collaboration and human dialogue processing in providing a principled basis for the design of web interfaces to multimedia information stores. The DIAL system, an implementation in the domain of information support for distance learning by students in an introductory programming class, is used to illustrate the efficacy of this approach. DIAL builds a representation of context that is based on the collaborative plans of the system and its user and uses this contextual information to reduce the communication burden. Context is represented by a structure of intentions that a user is attempting to satisfy. This structure is modified as tasks are completed or task descriptions are refined. DIAL interprets information requests relative to the prevailing context as it is represented by this structure. As a result, requests may be expressed more economically; contextual information is added by the system. Furthermore, DIAL uses information about the intentional context to respond and act collaboratively, rather than in the master-slave style typical of most current human-computer interfaces. DIAL and the access method it supports provide a unique support tool for distance learning environments as well as a demonstration of a general way in which agent models can be used to improve human-computer communication.
Ergodic Theory of Attractors

We begin with an overview of this article. Consider a dynamical system generated by a diffeomorphism f with an attractor Λ. We assume f|Λ is sufficiently complex that it is impossible to have exact knowledge of every orbit. The ergodic theory approach, which we will take attempts to describe the system in terms of the average or statistical properties of its “typical” orbits.
Adoptive therapy of established syngeneic leukemia by cells primarily sensitized in vitro.

The aim of the current studies was to determine whether cells primarily sensitized in vitro are effective in adoptive therapy of established tumors. Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were cultured for 5 days at variable responder:stimulator ratios with an X-irradiated syngeneic Moloney virus-induced leukemia (LSTRA), denoted as BALB/c.(LSTRA)x, or with X-irradiated normal BALB/c spleen cells, denoted as BALB/c. (BALB/C)x, and tested for ability to eradicate an established lethal inoculum of LSTRA in adaptive chemoimmunotherapy. BALB/c mice inoculated with 2 X 10(3) LSTRA i.p. on Day 0 were treated on Day 5 with cyclophosphamide (180 mg/kg) plus 1 X 10(7) cultured cells. Treatment with cyclophosphamide alone cured only 3% of mice. As an adjunct to cyclophosphamide, therapy with BALB/c.(BALB/c)x cultured at responder:stimulator ratios of 8:1, 32:1, and 128:1 cured 29%, 37%, and 33% of mice, respectively; and BALB/c.(LSTRA)x cultured at the same responder:stimulator ratios cured 54, 83, and 29% of mice, respectively. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of BALB/c.(LSTRA)x was abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 + complement. Thus, culture of normal lymphoid cells with tumor at optimal responder:stimulator ratios substantially enhanced their ability to eradicate established tumor, and the enhanced therapeutic efficacy was mediated by a T-cell generated during culture.more » The specificity of primary in vitro sensitization in generating cells effective in the therapy of established tumors was confirmed by treating BALB/CH-2d X C57BL/6H-2b F1 (hereafter called B6F1) mice bearing either LSTRAH-2d or an antigenically distinct chemically induced leukemia, EL-4(G-)H-2b, with CB6F1 spleen cells sensitized in vitro to either of the parental tumors.« less
Storage and Retrieval of Large RDF Graph Using Hadoop and MapReduce

Handling huge amount of data scalably is a matter of concern for a long time. Same is true for semantic web data. Current semantic web frameworks lack this ability. In this paper, we describe a framework that we built using Hadoop to store and retrieve large number of RDF triples. We describe our schema to store RDF data in Hadoop Distribute File System. We also present our algorithms to answer a SPARQL query. We make use of Hadoop's MapReduce framework to actually answer the queries. Our results reveal that we can store huge amount of semantic web data in Hadoop clusters built mostly by cheap commodity class hardware and still can answer queries fast enough. We conclude that ours is a scalable framework, able to handle large amount of RDF data efficiently.
Variable selection through correlation sifting

Many applications of computational biology require a variable selection procedure to sift through a large number of input variables and select some smaller number that influence a target variable of interest. For example, in virology, only some small number of viral protein fragments influence the nature of the immune response during viral infection. Due to the large number of variables to be considered, a brute-force search for the subset of variables is in general intractable. To approximate this, methods based on l1-regularized linear regression have been proposed and have been found to be particularly successful. It is well understood however that such methods fail to choose the correct subset of variables if these are highly correlated with other "decoy" variables. We present a method for sifting through sets of highly correlated variables which leads to higher accuracy in selecting the correct variables. The main innovation is a filtering step that reduces correlations among variables to be selected, making the l1-regularization effective for datasets on which many methods for variable selection fail. The filtering step changes both the values of the predictor variables and output values by projections onto components obtained through a computationally-inexpensive principal components analysis. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of our method on synthetic datasets and on novel applications in virology. These include HIV viral load analysis based on patients' HIV sequences and immune types, as well as the analysis of seasonal variation in influenza death rates based on the regions of the influenza genome that undergo diversifying selection in the previous season.
In Vivo Confocal Fluorescence Imaging of the Intratumor Distribution of the Photosensitizer Mono-l-Aspartylchlorin-e6

We present an in vivo fluorescence microscopic evaluation of intratumor distribution of the photosensitizer mono-l-aspartylchlorin-e6 (NPe6) in an intradermal mouse EMT6 tumor model. Although the identification of favorable photophysical and pharmacological properties has led to the development of new photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, their intratumor distribution kinetics have remained relatively understudied. In this study, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to follow the transport of NPe6 in vivo after systemic administration through the tail vein. Labeling of vasculature using fluorophore-conjugated anti-CD31 antibodies allows visualization of the uptake of NPe6 in tumor and normal vessels and its partitioning kinetics into the adjacent parenchyma for 3 hours after injection. During the initial 60 minutes after injection, the drug is predominantly confined to the vasculature. Subsequently, it significantly redistributes throughout the extravascular regions with no discernable difference in its extravasation rate between tumor and normal tissues. Further, we investigate the sensitizer's altered intratumor distribution in response to photodynamic therapy irradiation and observe that treatment-induced changes in vessel permeability caused enhanced accumulation of NPe6 in the extravascular space. Our findings are of immediate clinical relevance and demonstrate the importance of an in vivo imaging approach to examine the dynamic process of intratumor drug distribution.
Favorable prognosis in patients with T1a/T1bN0 triple‐negative breast cancers treated with multimodality therapy

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the clinical characteristics, natural history, and outcomes of patients who had ≤1 cm, lymph node-negative, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS: After excluding patients who had received neoadjuvant therapy, 1022 patients with TNBC who underwent definitive breast surgery during 1999 to 2006 were identified from an institutional database. In total, 194 who had lymph node-negative tumors that measured ≤1 cm comprised the study population. Clinical data were abstracted, and survival outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 73 months (range, 5-143 months). The median age at diagnosis was 55.5 years (range, 27-84 years). Tumor (T) classification was microscopic (T1mic) in 16 patients (8.2%), T1a in 49 patients (25.3%), and T1b in 129 patients (66.5%). Most tumors were poorly differentiated (n = 142; 73%), lacked lymphovascular invasion (n = 170; 87.6%), and were detected by screening (n = 134; 69%). In total, 129 patients (66.5%) underwent breast-conserving surgery, and 65 patients (33.5%) underwent mastectomy. One hundred thirteen patients (58%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 123 patients (63%) received whole-breast radiation. The patients who received chemotherapy had more adverse clinical and disease features (younger age, T1b tumor, poor tumor grade; all P < .05). Results from testing for the breast cancer (BRCA) susceptibility gene were available for 49 women: 19 women had BRCA1 mutations, 7 women had BRCA2 mutations, and 23 women had no mutations. For the entire group, the 5-year local recurrence-free survival rate was 95%, and the 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was 95%. There was no difference between patients with T1mic/T1a tumors and patients with T1b tumors in the distant recurrence rate (94.5% vs 95.5%, respectively; P = .81) or in the receipt of chemotherapy (95.9% vs 94.5%, respectively; P = .63). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent 5-year locoregional and distant control rates were achievable in patients with TNBC who had tumors ≤1.0 cm, 58% of whom received chemotherapy. These results identified a group of patients with TNBC who had favorable outcomes after early detection and multimodality treatment. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Competence and Psychopathology in Development

A core mission of developmental psychopathology is studying the interplay between normal and abnormal developmental processes. Working from this perspective, we review research on associations between competence and psychopathology as divided among three major areas: (1) functional impairment in the context of formal mental disorder classification systems as a parallel to the negative extreme of competence; (2) cascade models that test longitudinal cross-domain links between constructs with statistical controls for continuity and potential common-cause variables; and (3) preventive interventions aimed at promoting competent adaptation. Each of these areas shows compelling examples of the dynamic interplay between competence in age-salient developmental tasks and either broad dimensions of psychopathology or discrete mental disorders. We begin with a historical and theoretical discussion of the nature of competence and psychopathology and conclude with an overview of this broad domain and suggestions for future work. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize the interdependence of theory and statistical methodology. Keywords: psychopathology; competence; impairment; mediation; cascade models; prevention; structural equation modeling
Experimental demonstration of "fast light" in an absorptionless, non-reflective system using the birefringence of a photonic crystal

This study investigates the first experimental observation of faster-than-c group velocities in a passive system with neither absorption nor reflection. The investigation shows that superluminal and even negative group velocities can exist because of interference, instead of absorption or reflection. Results suggest that causal superluminal propagation can potentially be observed in any system in which input energy can escape into other modes. These results also demonstrate a particularly unusual application of the amplitude-phase Kramers-Kronig (K-K) relations; for the system being described, an infinitesimal adjustment of parameters radically affects the validity of the K-K transformation between amplitude and phase.
Use of a VXI algorithmic closed loop controller and a graphical programming language to control a film process tester

An instrumentation system that included a VXI algorithmic closed loop controller was used to demonstrate feasibility of controlling the functions of a film process tester at Eastman Kodak Company. The tester which is used by Kodak for testing innovations in film, implements the photographic film-making process on a small scale. To meet the requirements, the algorithmic closed loop controller continuously controls PID loops, monitors voltages and temperatures and responds to interrupts (such as sensing the film sample in a desired location or detecting an open door). The system also analyzes an exposed pattern by taking thousands of externally triggered voltage readings. While these functions are being performed, a PC running a graphical program written in HP VEE queries the process variables and displays the current status on the computer screen for the test operator. The results of this effort were (1) distributed intelligence where the closed loop controller does the monitoring and control while the PC program is free to respond to the operator and display the status of the test; (2) implementing the multi-tasking capabilities of the graphical programming language VEE by using multiple threads; (3) a demonstration of the capabilities and programming the HP E1415A algorithmic closed loop controller.
Resting-state connectivity predictors of response to psychotherapy in major depressive disorder

Despite the heterogeneous symptom presentation and complex etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), functional neuroimaging studies have shown with remarkable consistency that dysfunction in mesocorticolimbic brain systems are central to the disorder. Relatively less research has focused on the identification of biological markers of response to antidepressant treatment that would serve to improve the personalized delivery of empirically supported antidepressant interventions. In the present study, we investigated whether resting-state functional brain connectivity (rs-fcMRI) predicted response to Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression, an empirically validated psychotherapy modality designed to increase engagement with rewarding stimuli and reduce avoidance behaviors. Twenty-three unmedicated outpatients with MDD and 20 matched nondepressed controls completed rs-fcMRI scans after which the MDD group received an average of 12 sessions of psychotherapy. The mean change in Beck Depression Inventory-II scores after psychotherapy was 12.04 points, a clinically meaningful response. Resting-state neuroimaging data were analyzed with a seed-based approach to investigate functional connectivity with four canonical resting-state networks: the default mode network, the dorsal attention network, the executive control network, and the salience network. At baseline, the MDD group was characterized by relative hyperconnectivity of multiple regions with precuneus, anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seeds and by relative hypoconnectivity with intraparietal sulcus, anterior insula, and dACC seeds. Additionally, connectivity of the precuneus with the left middle temporal gyrus and connectivity of the dACC with the parahippocampal gyrus predicted the magnitude of pretreatment MDD symptoms. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that response to psychotherapy in the MDD group was predicted by pretreatment connectivity of the right insula with the right middle temporal gyrus and the left intraparietal sulcus with the orbital frontal cortex. These results add to the nascent body of literature investigating pretreatment rs-fcMRI predictors of antidepressant treatment response and is the first study to examine rs-fcMRI predictors of response to psychotherapy.
Biosynthesis and secretion of proatrial natriuretic factor by cultured rat cardiocytes

Rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is translated as a 152-amino acid precursor preproANF. PreproANF is converted to the 126-amino acid proANF, the storage form of ANF in the atria. ANF isolated from the blood is approximately 25 amino acids long. It is demonstrated here that rat cardiocytes in culture store and secrete proANF. Incubation of proANF with serum produced a smaller ANF peptide. PreproANF seems to be processed to proANF in the atria, and proANF appears to be released into the blood, where it is converted by a protease to a smaller peptide.
Experimental Evaluation of Four Biologic Prostheses for Ventral Hernia Repair

To evaluate two bioprostheses derived from bovine pericardium, one cross-linked (Peri-Guard®) and the other non-cross-linked (Veritas®), and to compare them with Alloderm® and Permacol® for abdominal wall repair. The four prostheses were tested in acute and chronic hernia models. Prostheses were either sutured to the edge of the abdominal wall defect (inlay) or secured as an underlay with surgical tacks. Evaluation at 3 and 6 months included adhesion formation, defect area size and thickness, tensile strength, and histology. Mean adhesion coverage area ranged from 25 to 31%. The two cross-linked materials, Permacol and Peri-Guard, showed greater tensile strength. Significant defect contraction followed repair with Veritas, whereas Alloderm stretched. All prostheses had cellular ingrowth and neovascularization by 3 months. No significant differences were found in prosthesis to abdominal wall breaking strength. Operative site infection occurred in six animals (5 Peri-Guard, 1 Veritas), and overlying skin ulceration in six others (6 Peri-Guard). Permacol provided a strong and durable repair for up to six months. Peri-Guard was equally strong but prone to infection and to skin ulceration. With time, Veritas and Alloderm lost tensile strength associated with marked thinning and with hernia-like bulging in the case of Alloderm.
Soviet religious policy and the Georgian Orthodox apostolic Church: From Khrushchev to Gorbachev

(1989). Soviet religious policy and the Georgian Orthodox apostolic Church: From Khrushchev to Gorbachev. Religion in Communist Lands: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 292-312.
Impact of maintenance on life cycle impact and cost assessment for residential flooring options

Most life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for flooring exclude the environmental and economic impacts incurred from the maintenance required due to uncertainty in average cleaning procedures, although some studies indicate that it may be the most significant component of the life cycle. This study investigates the impacts of maintenance on types of flooring and develops a single scoring system to compare floors based on both environmental and economic impacts. The focus of this study was on the impact of maintenance on the life cycle of flooring choices. Maintenance data was collected from trade association studies and manufacturer’s recommendations. This data was compiled, along with data from previous flooring studies, to create a comprehensive life cycle inventory which was analyzed with the LCA software, SimaPro. A number of maintenance techniques and frequencies were tested in order to do a sensitivity analysis. An uncertainty analysis was completed using Monte Carlo simulations. A life cycle costing (LCC) analysis was used to evaluate the total present value cost of flooring including maintenance. Environmental and economic impacts were normalized to create a single score in order to compare the overall performance of flooring choices. Maintenance procedures may account for a significant portion of environmental and economic impacts of floorings. In the case of environmental scores, adding high maintenance to the life cycle can increase scores by anywhere from 31 % (hardwood) to 114 % (carpet). A sensitivity analysis of these scores shows that most of the score increase can be attributed to vacuuming. Maintenance costs considerably increase the total cost, accounting for 49 % of hardwood’s total cost and about 30 % of costs for linoleum, vinyl, and carpet. The expected service life of the home greatly influences which flooring is best, as costs and environmental scores change dynamically over time. For the expected service life of a home of 61 years, carpet has the worst and linoleum has the best overall performance. Although averages for maintenance techniques are not currently known, ignoring maintenance as a part of the use phase presents a significant error in the comparison of flooring options environmentally and economically. Due in part to yearly maintenance effects, the flooring choice with the best overall performance changes dynamically depending on the expected service life remaining for the home.
On the History of Man-made Destruction: Loss, Death, Memory, and Germany in the Bombing War

For the last five years, remarkably, Germans have been fighting the war all over again–in illustrated magazines, television documentaries, the feature sections of their newspapers, big-box-office films, fat books with many, many footnotes and still others with many, many pictures. In Germany, the Second World War is 'in'. This essay examines one key aspect of what historian Norbert Frei has called the 'battle for memory'–the renewed interest among many Germans in the consequences of the Allied bombing campaign in the Second World War. It focuses in particular on an immensely popular account of the bombing war, Jorg Friedrich's Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940-1945, Munich, 2002 ('The Conflagration: Germany in the Bombing War 1940-1945', English translation forthcoming). The essay locates the current discussion about the bombing war in the 'memory landscape' of contemporary Germany and it offers suggestions of how it might be possible to write a history of the bombing war that moves beyond the binary of victims and perpetrators framing Friedrich's account.
Rare-earth, yttrium and scandium abundances in meteoritic and terrestrial matter—II

Abstract Abundances and selected isotopic ratios of the 14 rare-earth elements (REE), yttrium, and scandium have been determined by neutron-activation analysis in 13 meteorites and 2 terrestrial specimens: 3 carbonaceous, 2 hypersthenic, and 1 bronzitic (troilite phase) chondrite; 2 calcium-rich and 2 nakhlitic achondrites; 1 mesosiderite; 2 pallasites; an Australian eclogite; and a Columbia Plateau basalt. This research is a continuation of recent REE work by Schmitt et al. (1963a). Absolute abundances of the REE and Sc in 2 Type I carbonaceous chondrites are about 33 per cent less compared with the Type II. Atomic ratios of Y 10 6 Si in carbonaceous chondrites remain approximately constant at 4.7 (Type I), 4.1 (Type II), and 4.8 (Type III), and ratios of the REE (La is representative) yielded La 10 6 Si at 0.36 (Type I), 0.53 (Type II), and 0.51 (Type III). The REE, Y, and Sc contents in the troilite-phase of a chondrite is ~0.3 of the content in the entire chondritic matrix. REE and Y abundances in Ca-rich achondrites and nakhlites are ~10 and ~5 times larger, respectively, than found in ordinary chondrites. No fractionation of the REE and Y distribution was observed in Ca-rich achondrites compared to chondritic REE and Y; fractionation in nakhlites is similar to terrestrial basalts. Fractionation of the REE and Y (Eu is enriched) in the mesosiderite Veramin and in two pallasites (Eu depleted in one pallasite) has been found. The observed fractionation of the REE and Y in Australian eclogite is opposite to fractionation in African eclogite, and fractionation in Columbia Plateau basalt was similar to Kilauea basalt.
Analysis of Far-Infrared Spectra of Antiferromagnetic FeC O 3

The transmission spectrum of antiferromagnetic FeC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been investigated in the far-infrared region from 20 to 300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, for temperatures from 4.2 to 70 K and in applied fields up to 90 kOe. Spectra were obtained from natural single crystals and high-purity synthetic powders. At 4.2 K, a sharp electronic transition (magnetic dipole) was observed at 112.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, exhibiting parallel and perpendicular splitting factors of 6.6 and O, respectively. Its oscillator strength is $f=2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. An additional weak electronic line is observed at 160 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The details of these transitions and electronic Raman transitions observed by others are successfully described by the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ single-ion Hamilitonian $\mathcal{H}=R\ensuremath{\lambda}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{L}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}+{R}^{2}\ensuremath{\zeta}({L}_{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3})+\mathcal{J}{S}_{z}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\zeta}$, and $\mathcal{J}$ are the spin-orbit, trigonal-field, and Ising-molecular-field parameters, respectively, and $R$ is an "orbital-reduction" factor. The analysis yields values for these parameters of $R\ensuremath{\lambda}=105$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{-}{R}^{2}\ensuremath{\zeta}=1506$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $R\ensuremath{\approx}1$, and $\mathcal{J}=19$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The observed far-infrared transitions are identified as being within the low $^{5}E$ spin-orbit manifold from the ground state (${M}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}1$) to the two components of the ${M}_{J}=0$ doublet. The temperature dependence of the 112.5-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ transition is studied from 4.2 to 70 K, and its intensity is observed to drop sharply as the temperature is raised to the vicinity of ${T}_{N}=38.4$ K. This behavior is compared to that of an Ising spin system. In addition, three phonons are observed at 186, 201, and 224 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and are identified as external ${E}_{u}$, ${A}_{2u}$, and ${E}_{u}$ modes, respectively.
Unassisted recovery from stuttering: self-perceptions of current speech behavior, attitudes, and feelings.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of recovery from stuttering based on the experiences of adults who recovered without treatment. Using a semi-structured, open-ended interview format, 15 speakers verified as persons who recovered without treatment were asked to describe their status as everyday speakers. Seven speakers reported that they no longer stuttered and eight reported that they still stuttered on occasion. Interview material was coded and analyzed by the investigators and checked by independent judges. Results suggested that complete recovery was possible for speakers who reported that they no longer stuttered; whereas, those who still stuttered occasionally appeared to no longer be handicapped by stuttering, but required some vigilance to maintain their relatively fluent speech. Educational objectives: After completing this activity, the learner will be able to: (1) describe the relevance of self-report data for evaluating the nature of recovery from stuttering without treatment; (2) describe the differences in self-perception concerning the nature of recovery for those who no longer have any tendency to stutter compared to those who still have an occasional tendency to stutter; and (3) suggest the possible implications for understanding the nature of recovery from persistent stuttering based on investigations of late recovery without treatment.
Effects of alcohol on sexual reflexes and mating behavior in the male rat.

In order to determine if some of the impairment of sexual behavior by alcohol reflects a selective depressive action of alcohol on sexual reflexes, intraperitoneal injections of 1, 2 and 3 gm per kg doses of alcohol, as well as a control dose of saline, were given to intact and spinal adult male rats. Intact males were tested for sexual behavior and spinal males were tested for sexual reflexes. The number of genital responses in spinal subjects with the 2 and 3 gm doses of alcohol were significantly less than the number of genital responses with saline injections or lower doses of alcohol. With the 1 gm dose intact subjects appeared normal. With the 2 gm dose intact subjects were sexually motivated, as indicated by their attempts to copulate with a receptive female, but there was a significant reduction in number of ejaculations and a significant increased latency to ejaculation. There was also a depression of other measures of sexual activity. With the 3 gm dose all intact subjects fell asleep. The results support the conclusion that with certain levels of alcohol intoxication, sexual motivation, reflecting the activity of higher neural structures, may remain while sexual potency or capability, reflecting the activity of sexual reflexes in the spinal cord, is diminished.
Peyotism and the Control of Heavy Drinking: The Nebraska Winnebago in the Early 1900s

This article, based on ethnohistorical research, describes the drinking practices of the Winnebago Indians from the early 1860s, when they moved into Nebraska, until the early 1920s and relates these drinking practices to the changing sociocultural environment. The major focus is on the manner in which the Peyote religion helped control excessive drinking. The discussion examines Peyotism as a native therapeutic system and compares it to other such native systems and to Western regimens. It is argued that common elements in these diverse approaches are responsible for the successful control or "treatment" of excessive drinking.
Simultaneous calcium‐dependent delivery of neutrophil lactoferrin and reactive oxygen metabolites to erythrocyte targets: Evidence supporting granule‐dependent triggering of superoxide deposition

Optical microscopic techniques have been utilized to study the deposition of lactoferrin, a specific granule marker, and superoxide anions into target erythrocytes during antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the entry of superoxide anions into erythrocytes can be sensitively monitored with Soret band transmitted light microscopy. When neutrophils were incubated with BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, they phagocytosed IgG-opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBC) but did not affect the microscopically detected absorption of their Soret band. When these same erythrocytes were observed after the infusion of 20 microM ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore, 58% of the cell-bound SRBC targets were destroyed immediately. However, neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients were unable to affect the Soret absorption of erythrocyte targets under any conditions. These results suggest that a Ca2+ signal can participate in triggering superoxide deposition in targets. Since Ca2+ signals are known to participate in the exocytic release of granules, we tested the hypothesis that specific lactoferrin-bearing granules are delivered to targets in parallel with superoxide anions. Lactoferrin delivery to phagosomes was monitored using resonance energy transfer (r.e.t.) microscopy. SRBCs were opsonized with both unconjugated and rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC)-conjugated rabbit anti-SRBC IgG. After incubation with adherent neutrophils, the samples were washed, fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde, then labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antilactoferrin IgG. Energy transfer between FITC and RBITC was imaged microscopically and quantitated by photon counting. Significant levels of r.e.t. between antilactoferrin and anti-SRBC labels were observed after phagocytosis, but not in the absence of acceptor fluorochromes. To control for r.e.t. specificity, neutrophil membranes were labeled with FITC-conjugated, anti-HLA IgG after internalization of rhodamine B-tagged SRBCs (RSRBCs). Although r.e.t. between lactoferrin and RSRBCs labels was observed, no r.e.t. between HLA and RSRBC labels could be found. Further studies showed that treatment of neutrophils with BAPTA inhibited r.e.t. between anti-lactoferrin and RSRBCs. However, addition of ionomycin relieved this inhibition of energy transfer. These experiments show that both lactoferrin and superoxide delivery to targets are regulated in parallel by a Ca(2+)-dependent pathway. Furthermore, by combining Soret microscopy with r.e.t. microscopy, we have shown that superoxide anions and lactoferrin are delivered to the same phagosomes. We speculate that the NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide anions, is assembled on specific granule membranes, thus accounting for their parallel Ca(2+)-dependence, activation, and delivery.
Comparative Metabolism and Excretion of Resorcinol in Male and female F344 Rats

Abstract Following oral administration, resorcinol was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, rapidly metabolized, and excreted by male and female rats. In both sexes, most of the dose of resorcinol (>90%) was excreted in the urine within 24 hr after oral administration of 112 mg/kg, indicating little potential for bioaccumulation in animal tissues. Less than 3% of an oral dose was excreted in feces. An analysis of bile indicated that at least 50% of the dose excreted in bile undergoes enterohepatic circulation to be eventually excreted in urine. Little (
Cooperative control using data-driven feedback for mobile sensors

This article describes and validates a data-driven cooperative feedback control system for mobile sensors. The system can be used to guide resource constrained mobile sensors through a dynamically changing environment in order to obtain a path that results in data collection at important locations in the domain. A simulated chemical puff is used as a test application where small, resource constrained aerial vehicles provide mobile sensing capabilities. A fluid-based control scheme is used to guide the mobile sensors through the domain to collect data on the puff. The data is then used to update and improve a model of the puff concentration. Simulations are provided, demonstrating the decrease in error between the simulated and actual puffs over time. Additionally, the effect of using different numbers of mobile sensors as well as different schemes for guiding the mobile sensors is investigated. The feasibility of the technique using real sensors is demonstrated experimentally using a single UAV tracking a simulated puff.
Sensitivity Analysis of Dynamics System in the Upper Limb Movement Control

The dependence of muscle force on muscle length gives rise to a “spring–like” behavior which has been shown to play an important role during human movement.Neville Hogan (Hogan, 1985) proposed a mathematical model in terms of impedance control of arm movement. Discussing this work, Dr. Hogan admits that it can not effectively model all aspects of the performance of the system. He said “Controlling the complete dynamic behavior of the limb may be beyond the capacity of the central nervous system. If the disturbance is sufficiently abrupt, then, because of the inevitable transmission delays, continuous intervention based on neural feedback information will not be a feasible method of modulating these quantities.”. However, the model proposed in this study, accomplished most the work which Hogan believed was not feasible. In order to validate the result of proposed model, this study perform sensitivity analysis between the results produced by the dynamics system and the results measured, the comparison showed the difference between these two results were less than 10%, which strongly support the idea that proposed dynamic model can accurately reflect dynamics system in the upper limb movement control.Copyright © 2012 by ASME