cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keys to unlock cancer : Targeted therapy

For decades, perhaps even centuries, researchers have searched for a cure for cancer. The effort has taken many approaches, from surgery to cytotoxic or cytostatic chemotherapy to radiation therapy to agents that alter the cellular microenvironment to preventive measures, such as nutrition, screening, and medications. The ultimate goal of each intervention has been to specifi cally affect the malignant cells, leaving normal cells intact. Unfortunately, this simple concept has been diffi cult to implement. The problem has been two-fold: first, identifying a unique property of malignant cells (target) and second, developing an agent that interacts solely with that property. Agents developed to interact with such targets are called targeted therapy. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are two such targets. A targeted therapy approach to the treatment of disease is not exclusive to cancer and has been used successfully in other disease processes. The science of targeted therapy in cancer has taken years to evolve, beginning with the pioneering work by Folkman that elucidated the role of angiogenesis in cancer to the discovery of a molecular marker, such as the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia, to signal transduction research, which showed the importance of the human EGFR family in the growth and proliferation of malignancies. The journey has been long and arduous and is far from complete. This article focuses on the function of the human EGFR family and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and their role in therapeutic options for control of tumor growth.
Software for automated interpretation of mass spectrometry data from glycans and glycopeptides

The purpose of this review is to provide those interested in glycosylation analysis with the most updated information on the availability of automated tools for MS characterization of N-linked and O-linked glycosylation types. Specifically, this review describes software tools that facilitate elucidation of glycosylation from MS data on the basis of mass alone, as well as software designed to speed the interpretation of glycan and glycopeptide fragmentation from MS/MS data. This review focuses equally on software designed to interpret the composition of released glycans and on tools to characterize N-linked and O-linked glycopeptides. Several websites have been compiled and described that will be helpful to the reader who is interested in further exploring the described tools.
The Afro-American Woman's Emerging Selves:

This article goes beyond the question of the positive-negative valence of the Afro-American female self-concept. It pro poses a model of self-concept formation for Afro-American women that explains the complexity involved in the syn thesis of gender and race self-referents. Three self-referents. psychophysiological referent, African-American referent, and myself referent, are proposed to provide an under standing of the Black female self.
DiffProbe: Detecting ISP Service Discrimination

We propose an active probing method, called Differential Probing or DiffProbe, to detect whether an access ISP is deploying forwarding mechanisms such as priority scheduling, variations of WFQ, or WRED to discriminate against some of its customer flows. DiffProbe aims to detect if the ISP is doing one or both of delay discrimination and loss discrimination. The basic idea in DiffProbe is to compare the delays and packet losses experienced by two flows: an Application flow A and a Probing flow P. The paper describes the statistical methods that DiffProbe uses, a novel method for distinguishing between Strict Priority and WFQ-variant packet scheduling, simulation and emulation experiments, and a few real-world tests at major access ISPs.
Baryon Masses in the Bound State Approach to Strangeness in the Skyrme Model

Abstract We diagonalize exactly the O( N 0 c ) hamiltonian relevant to the bound state approach to strangeness in the Skyrme model. The hyperfine splitting of strange baryons computed within this framework agree well with the experimental values.
Population Growth and Economic Growth: Long-Run Evidence from Latin America

Unit root tests, the Johansen maximal likelihood methodology, and Granger causality tests in the context of a one-step error correction model are used to examine the long-run relation between population and per capita GDP in seven Latin American countries over most of the 20th century. The results suggest that no long-run relation has existed and, hence, population growth neither causes per capita GDP growth nor is caused by it.
Effects of pH on tubulin-nucleotide interactions

Significant GTP-independent, temperature-dependent turbidity development occurs with purified tubulin stored in the absence of unbound nucleotide, and this can be minimized with a higher reaction pH. Since microtubule assembly is optimal at lower pH values, we examined pH effects on tubulin-nucleotide interactions. While the lowest concentration of GTP required for assembly changed little, GDP was more inhibitory at higher pH values. The amounts of exogenous GTP bound to tubulin at all pH values were similar, but the amounts of exogenous GDP bound and endogenous GDP (i.e., GDP originally bound in the exchangeable site) retained by tubulin rose as reaction pH increased. Endogenous GDP was more efficiently displaced by exogenous GTP than GDP at all pH values, but displacement by GTP was 10-15% greater at pH 6 than at pH 7. Dissociation constants for GDP and GTP were about 1.0 microM at pH 6 and 0.02 microM at pH 7. A small increase in the affinity of GDP relative to that of GTP occurs at pH 7 as compared to pH 6, together with a 50-fold absolute increase in the affinity of both nucleotides for tubulin at pH 7. The time courses of microtubule assembly and GTP hydrolysis were compared at pH 6 and pH 7. At pH 6, the two reactions were simultaneous in onset and initially stoichiometric. At pH 7, although the reactions began simultaneously, hydrolysis seemed to lag substantially behind assembly. Unhydrolyzed radiolabeled GTP was not incorporated into microtubules, however, indicating that GTP hydrolysis is actually closely coupled to assembly. The apparent lag in hydrolysis probably results from a methodological artifact rather than incorporation of GTP into the microtubule with delayed hydrolysis.
National Trends Over 25 Years in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in pediatric kidney transplant outcomes over time and potential variations in these changes between the early and late posttransplant periods and across subgroups based on recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics. METHODS: Using multiple logistic regression and multivariable Cox models, graft and patient outcomes were analyzed in 17 446 pediatric kidney-only transplants performed in the United States between 1987 and 2012. RESULTS: Ten-year patient and graft survival rates were 90.5% and 60.2%, respectively, after transplantation in 2001, compared with 77.6% and 46.8% after transplantation in 1987. Primary nonfunction and delayed graft function occurred in 3.3% and 5.3%, respectively, of transplants performed in 2011, compared with 15.4% and 19.7% of those performed in 1987. Adjusted for recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics, these improvements corresponded to a 5% decreased hazard of graft loss, 5% decreased hazard of death, 10% decreased odds of primary nonfunction, and 5% decreased odds of delayed graft function with each more recent year of transplantation. Graft survival improvements were lower in adolescent and female recipients, those receiving pretransplant dialysis, and those with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Patient survival improvements were higher in those with elevated peak panel reactive antibody. Both patient and graft survival improvements were most pronounced in the first posttransplant year. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes after pediatric kidney transplantation have improved dramatically over time for all recipient subgroups, especially for highly sensitized recipients. Most improvement in graft and patient survival has come in the first year after transplantation, highlighting the need for continued progress in long-term outcomes.
Source Attributions and Persuasion: Perceived Honesty as a Determinant of Message Scrutiny

A hypothesis derived from current two-route models of persuasion was examined-that a communicator's perceived honesty is a determinant of the extent to which attitude change is based on scrutiny of the substance of the persuasive message. Specifically, cognitive misers are expected to forgo effortful message scrutiny when a communicator can be assumed to be truthful. In a preliminary study, honesty was found to be the source characteristic most highly associated with providing an accurate message. Then, in three experiments, source honesty was manipulated either directly (by presenting information about past honesty of the source) or indirectly (using an expectancy confirmation! disconfirmation procedure). In all three studies, post message attitudes of individuals low in the need for cognition (NC) cognitive misers-were less dependent on message scrutiny when the source was assumed to be relatively honest. For high-NC individuals, message scrutiny did not differ depending on the source.
Tau mesonic decays and strong anomaly of PCAC

It is shown that the matrix elements of the quark axial-vector currents of the decays {tau}{r_arrow}{omega}{pi}{pi}{nu} and {omega}{rho}{nu} are not conserved in the limit of m{sub q}=0. Pion exchange dominates the decay mode {tau}{r_arrow}{omega}{rho}{nu}. The theoretical result of {tau}{r_arrow}{omega}({pi}{pi}){sub non{rho}}{nu} agrees with data well. Both decay modes provide evidence for the existence of a strong anomaly of the PCAC. The strong anomaly originates in the Wess-Zumino-Witten anomaly. The PCAC with a strong anomaly is written down and is applied to study {omega}{r_arrow}{pi}{gamma}, {rho}{r_arrow}{pi}{gamma}, and {omega}{r_arrow}3{pi} under the soft pion approximation. Theoretical results are in good agreement with data. The decay {tau}{r_arrow}K{sup {asterisk}}{rho}{nu} and K{sup {asterisk}}{omega}{nu} and the PCAC ({Delta}s=1) with a strong anomaly is presented. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Effective biasing schemes for DUCT streaming problems

The effective use of biasing for the Monte Carlo solution of a void streaming problem is essential to obtaining a reasonable result in a reasonable amount of time. Most general purpose Monte Carlo shielding codes allow for the user to select the particular biasing techniques best oriented to the particular problem of interest. The biasing strategy for void streaming problems many times differs from that of a deep penetration problem. The key in void streaming is to bias particles into the streaming path, whereas in deep penetration problems the biasing is aimed at forcing particles through the shield. Until recently, the biasing scheme in the SCALE SAS4 shielding module was considered inadequate for void streaming problems due to the assumed one-dimensional nature of the automated bias prescription. A modified approach to the automated biasing in SAS4 has allowed for significant gains to be realised in the use of the code for void streaming problems. This paper applies the modified SAS4 procedures to a spent fuel storage cask model with vent ports. The results of the SAS4 analysis are compared with those of the ADVANTG methodology, which is an accelerated version of MCNP. Various options available for the implementation of the SAS4 methodology are reviewed and recommendations offered.
Revisit to the determinants of capital structure: A comparison between lodging firms and software firms

Abstract This study validates the contradiction between capital structure theories and previous empirical studies, and it further identifies lodging firms’ unique leverage behavior through a comparison to software firms, using a generalized least squares analysis. This study also explores the joint effects of key financial leverage determinants. The findings indicate that fixed assets, growth opportunities, and the joint effect of these two variables are the significant long-term debt determinants of the lodging industry. The analysis of the joint effect also suggests that fixed assets and growth opportunities affect each other's relationship with long-term debt usage. With the findings on lodging firms’ unique financing rationale, authors hope to provide useful information for corporate financial planners and lending institutions regarding debt-financing behavior.
A CNN chip for connected component detection

The first working chips that implement a cellular neural network (CNN) are reported. They have been integrated in a CMOS 2- mu m technology, and are intended for connected component detection processing applications. The operation is made in continuous time using analog circuitry. The design, fabrication, and testing of these chips are presented. >
FE and experiment analysis of net-shape polymer membrane optics

The Air Force, as well as many other organizations, has considerable interest in developing deployable space-based parabolic membranes. One of the key factors for the success and user acceptance of this technology is 'performance' of the deployed optical membrane. Performance hinges critically on the precision of obtaining a near-net shape parabolic membrane. In a net shape optics concept, these parabolic membranes are maintained by stresses developed due to optical coatings. Continuum-based predictive models of coating requirements must be translated into a prescription for the coating process, which is an atomistic-based activity. In this paper we present some preliminary results of experiments performed to validate the coatings applied to polymer membranes in order to match numerical predictions. Bulge tests were performed to determine the coating stress of a thin film membrane. The bulge tests related the deflection of a pressurized thin film to the film's mechanical proprties (incuding coating stress). A finite element model was created using ABAQUS for comparison with the bulge test data. Vibration tests were also performed to determine the coating stress, since natural frequencies give an estimate of the intrinsic coating properties. An ABAQUS model provided the first few natural frequencies for comparison against the experimental results. In a net shape optics concept, these parabolic membranes are maintained by stresses developed due to optical coatings. Continuum-based predictive models of coating requirements must be translated into a prescription for the coating process, which is an atomistic-based activity. In this paper we present some preliminary results of experiments performed to validate the coatings applied to polymer membranes in order to match numerical predictions. Bulge tests were performed to determine the coating stress of a thin film membrane. The bulge tests related the deflection of a pressurized thin film to the film's mechanical properties (including coating stress). A finite element model was created using ABAQUS for comparison with the bulge test data. Vibration tests were also performed to determine the coating stress, since natural frequencies give an estimate of the intrinsic coating properties. An ABAQUS model provided the first few natural frequencies for comparison against the experimental results.
A robotic procedure for the determination of soil lime requirement

Abstract A commercial laboratory robot has been programmed to aid in the determination of soil lime requirement. Soil samples submitted to our laboratory, after drying, grinding, and sieving, are manually scooped into racks of pre‐weighed glass tubes. From this point onward, the robot performs all functions. The weight of soil in each tube is obtained using an analytical balance. Deionized water is added using a mobile pipet, and the contents of each tube stirred, and optionally centrifuged. The soil/water pH (pHw) is determined using a mobile combination electrode. SMP buffer solution is added, the contents stirred, optionally centrifuged again, and the soil/SMP buffer pH (pHsMP) value is obtained. The weight and two sets of pH data for each soil sample are transferred to disk, and lime requirement results calculated using a computer spreadsheet program.
CHROMATIN STRUCTURES AT THE t(14;18) BREAKPOINTS OF THE HUMAN BCL-2 GENE RELATE TO GENE ACTIVITIES. † 933

CHROMATIN STRUCTURES AT THE t(14;18) BREAKPOINTS OF THE HUMAN BCL-2 GENE RELATE TO GENE ACTIVITIES. † 933
Rate-dependent effects of amphetamine on responding under random-interval schedules of reinforcement in the rat

The parameters of 12 random-interval schedules (cycle length and interreinforcement interval) were varied systematically in order to examine the ability of these schedules to separate the usual relationship between response rate and reinforcement frequency using rats. Response rates varied over a two-fold range for the same frequency of reinforcement under random-interval 30-sec schedules. However, cycle length did not alter response rates significantly at other interreinforcement intervals. Subsequently, the effects of amphetamine on random-interval responding were examined in order to evaluate the roles of control rates of responding and reinforcement in amphetamine's actions. Amphetamine's effects were significantly correlated with both control response rate and control rate of reinforcement. However, by comparison, control response rate was the better predictor of amphetamine behavioral effects. The results support the rate dependency hypothesis that control rate of responding is closely associated with amphetamine's effects on operant behavior.
Low temperature measurements on compensated Germanium with application to Bolometry

Abstract Samples of Ga doped Ge compensated with Sb have been studied over the temperature range 0.38–0.60K. At 0.38K measured and calculated noise equivalent power, NEP, values as low as 5 × 10−15 W Hz 1 2 and responsivities, R , as high as 106 V W were obtained with a thermal conductance, G = 10−6 W K . It is shown theoretically that some samples could operate below 0.1K with resistances W Hz 1 2 , and R > 5 × 106 V W . For these materials the temperature coefficient of resistance, α, has a large effect on the value of R , but little effect on the NEP value. The NEP value is decreased much more by lowering the temperature. It is also shown that the values of R and the NEP are insensitive to the difference between bolometer and bath temperatures, ΔT, over a wide range, and that the low temperature resistance is very sensitive to the dopant concentrations and the degree of compensation.
Ontogenetic differences in expressed fear of context following aversive conditioning

A conditioned-emotional-response procedure was used to compare acquired fear of a light conditioned stimulus and the conditioning context in 17-, 21-, and 60-day-old rats. Separate groups at each age received either light and shock paired, light and shock unpaired, shock alone, or neither light nor shock before testing 24 h later. Differences in learned context fear, measured on the basis of group differences in baseline activity prior to presentation of the light, appeared in 17- and 21-day-old rats but not in adult rats. Activity also declined significantly over the baseline intervals at the two younger ages among all groups that received shock; activity levels in adults did not change over the baseline intervals. Although all three ages expressed conditioned fear of the light, indexed as a decrement in activity during the light relative to the no-light baseline period, adults also exhibited pseudoconditioning and sensitization. These results are discussed in terms of possible ontogenetic differences in context learning.
Conduction Mechanisms In Crystallized Silicon Films On Molybdenum Substrates

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films deposited on molybdenum sheet metal substrates have been crystallized by thermal annealing at 850°C for 4 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the average grain size in the crystallized films was approximately 200A. Palladium contacts were fabricated and the resulting Pd/Si/Mo structures were electrically characterized. Current-voltage-temperature measurements for phosphorus doped and undoped annealed samples resulted in a J ∝V2 characteristic consistent with space-charge-limited current. Using this data, mobility as a function of temperature from 100K-300K was obtained. In phosphorus doped samples, the mobility appeared to be limited by energy barriers at the grain boundaries. In undoped samples, a σ ∝ T1/2 exp(-b/T1/4) temperature dependence consistent with variable-range hopping conduction was observed.
Cathode erosion tests for 30 kW arcjets

Endurance tests (100 hours) were conducted to examine the effects of geometry and spacing on 30 kW arcjet cathode erosion. The effects of input power source ripple were also examined. The preliminary results from a 413 hour endurance test are also discussed. This test was terminated voluntarily. The condition of the nozzle, boron nitride propellant injector, and cathode are discussed. A modeling effort is described which is aimed at quantifying the cathode tip heating phenomena. The results of the experiments and the model are compared.
Making a stand: five centuries of population growth in colonizing populations of Pinus ponderosa

The processes underlying the development of new populations are important for understanding how species colonize new territory and form viable long-term populations. Life-history-mediated processes such as Allee effects and dispersal capability may interact with climate variability and site-specific factors to govern population success and failure over extended time frames. We studied four disjunct populations of ponderosa pine in the Bighorn Basin of north-central Wyoming to examine population growth spanning more than five centuries. The study populations are separated from continuous ponderosa pine forest by distances ranging from 15 to >100 km. Strong evidence indicates that the initial colonizing individuals are still present, yielding a nearly complete record of population history. All trees in each population were aged using dendroecological techniques. The populations were all founded between 1530 and 1655 cal yr CE. All show logistic growth patterns, with initial exponential growth followed by a slowing during the mid to late 20th century. Initial population growth was slower than expectations from a logistic regression model at all four populations, but increased during the mid-18th century. Initial lags in population growth may have been due to strong Allee effects. A combination of overcoming Allee effects and a transition to favorable climate conditions may have facilitated a mid-18th century pulse in population growth rate.
I See the Stars: An Autoethnographer Speaks on Fieldwork and Flashbacks

This text speaks on flashbacks of lived experiences in doing ethnographic fieldwork. The weaving of multiple and diverse flashbacks that often “stood” right before the author’s eyes at certain poin...
Locking Versus Nonlocking T-Plates for Dorsal and Volar Fixation of Dorsally Comminuted Distal Radius Fractures: A Biomechanical Study

Purpose To see if locking volar plates approach the strength of dorsal plates on a dorsally comminuted distal radius fracture model. Volar plates have been associated with fewer tendon complications than dorsal plates but are thought to have mechanical disadvantages in dorsally comminuted distal radius fractures. Locking plates may increase construct strength and stiffness. This study compares dorsal and volar locking and nonlocking plates in a dorsally comminuted distal radius fracture model. Methods Axial loading was used to test 14 pairs of embalmed radii after an osteotomy simulating dorsal comminution and plating in 1 of 4 configurations: a standard nonlocking 3.5-mm compression T-plate or a 3.5-mm locking compression T-plate applied either dorsally or volarly. Failure was defined as the point of initial load reduction caused by bone breakage or substantial plate bending. Results No significant differences in stiffness or failure strength were found between volar locked and nonlocked constructs. Although not significant, the stiffness of dorsal locked constructs was 51% greater than that of the nonlocked constructs. Locked or nonlocked dorsal constructs were more than 2 times stiffer than volar constructs. The failure strength of dorsal constructs was 53% higher than that of volar constructs. Failure for both volar locked and nonlocked constructs occurred by plate bending through the unfilled hole at the osteotomy site. Failure for both dorsal locked and nonlocked constructs occurred by bone breakage. Conclusions Locking plates failed to increase the stiffness or strength of dorsally comminuted distal radius fractures compared with nonlocking plates. Failure strength and stiffness are greater for locked or nonlocked dorsal constructs than for either locked or nonlocked volar constructs. Whether the lower stiffness and failure strength are of clinical significance is unknown. The unfilled hole at the site of comminution or osteotomy is potentially a site of weakness in both volar locked and nonlocked plates.
Interaction of male and female germ cells of two mammalian species in culture.

When viewed by scanning electron microscopy, the heads of mouse spermatozoa are smaller than those of the hamster. The vitelline microvilli of hamster eggs are longer than those of the mouse egg. Both these factors may contribute to the enhanced interaction of mouse spermatozoa and hamster eggs. Treating unfertilized mouse eggs with Newcastle disease virus causes the vitelline microvilli to elongate, thus improving the interaction between mouse eggs and hamster spermatozoa.
Nonviolence and Differentiation in the Equal Rights Movement

The larger movement for racial equality in the United States has experienced considerable structural and ideological differentiation in the past decade, largely as a consequence of disagreement over tactics to be employed. Two direct-action sub-movements, the southern sit-ins and the urban riots, best illustrate the divergence with the former committed to tactical nonviolence and the latter to violent means of effecting social change. To regain the momentum lost through this differentiation, certain leaders must reorganize a major part of the black population around a tactical approach that acknowledges both the peculiar needs and temper of the potential protestors, and the nature and tolerance level of the system it seeks to change. Responding to these criteria, the approach may develop in the form of an extremely militant but basically nonviolent tactic of social disruption, combining all but the most violent techniques used to date by equal rights activists.
A rapid screening technique for determining the lipid composition of soybean seeds

An efficient method to determine the fatty acid composition of a large number of small seed tissue samples is needed to facilitate the genetic manipulation of seed lipid composition in soybean and other oilseeds. A rapid procedure has been developed to simultaneously extract and transmethylate the neutral lipids from soybean cotyledons at 90°C in a mixture of hexane and 1% H2SO4 in methanol (pretreatment of cotyledon pieces with hexane prior to methanolysis was found to improve yields). Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by capillary or packed column gas chromatography. The method required less than 10 mg of cotyledon tissue which could be taken from opposite the embryo axis so the sampled seed remained viable. This direct transmethylation method was compared to Soxhlet extraction and subsequent acid methanolysis and to methods requiring separate steps for extraction [with hexane alone, hexane:isopropanol (3:2) or chloroform:methanol (2:1)], washing, solvent removal and methanolysis. Determinations of fatty acid content and composition were similar among the four methods. Approximately 30 times more samples could be analyzed (more than 2000 samples per month) using the direct transesterification method than were possible with the Soxhlet procedure. This direct transmethylation method is more rapid, requires less tissue, and provides results comparable to other inexpensive methods. It should be especially useful in breeding studies where large numbers of small samples are encountered.
Full-field optical coherence tomography used for security and document identity

The optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging technology for high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of 3D structures. In the past years, OCT systems have been used mainly for medical, especially ophthalmological diagnostics. Concerning the nature of OCT system being capable to explore the internal features of an object, we apply the OCT technology to directly retrieve the 2D information pre-stored in a multiple-layer information carrier. The standard depth-resolution of an OCT system is at micrometer level. If a 20mm by 20mm sampling area with a 1024 x 1024 CCD array is used in the OCT system having 10 μm, an information carrier having a volume of 20mm x 20mm x 2mm could contain 200 Mega-pixel images. Because of its tiny size and large information volume, the information carrier, with its OCT retrieving system, will have potential applications in documents security and object identification. In addition, as the information carrier can be made by low-scattering transparent material, the signal/noise ratio will be improved dramatically. As a consequence, the specific hardware and complicated software can also be greatly simplified. Owing to non-scanning along X-Y axis, the full-field OCT could be the simplest and most economic imaging system for extracting information from such a multilayer information carrier. In this paper, deign and implementation of a full-field OCT system is described and the related algorithms are introduced. In our experiments, a four layers information carrier is used, which contains 4 layers of image pattern, two text images and two fingerprint images. The extracted tomography images of each layer are also provided.
Presence of Compounds containing Iron in the Digestive System

PROBLEMS concerned with iron storage and its subsequent utilization by invertebrates have, most often, concentrated on those forms in which haemoglobin is present1–10 and in certain instances in those organisms in which haemocyanin is utilized as a respiratory pigment11. Reports have shown that when haemoglobin is utilized as a respiratory pigment it is demonstrable not only in the body fluid of the animal but also in a variety of tissues—muscle, nerve and eggs6, as well as fat cells12. In some cases, such as Daphnia magna which is actively losing haemoglobin, porphyrins are not demonstrable, but loosely bound iron is easily demonstrated histologically in the walls of the gut caeca, in the fat cells and in the maxillary glands13. In certain organisms possessing the copper blood pigment haemocyanin it has also been possible to demonstrate the presence of iron porphyrin compounds (haemochromogens) not only in the blood but also in such diverse structures as the eggs of Limulus polyphemus, the radula muscle and heart of Busycon canaliculatum (both myoglobin and cytochrome being present), cytochromes in the heart, claw and skeletal muscle of Homarus americanus, and cytochromes in many of the tisssues of Loligo peali11. Conclusions drawn from these many experiments indicate that, except for the substitution of haemocyanin for haemoglobin, oxygen utilization is essentially the same as in mammals. They also point out that these animals are utilizing iron in the synthesis of certain porphyrin compounds of the cytochrome system. It has thus been fairly well established that possession of haemoglobin as a respiratory pigment is no prerequisite for the presence of compounds containing iron in animal tissues.
The stress field induced by contact with asperities

A finite element method (FEM) is used for determining the two-dimensional elastic stress fields which are developed when two surfaces with asperities make contact. The cases of contact with and without friction are considered. The results of the analysis show that the maximum in stress intensity occurs below the surface at a distance which is proportional to the width of the asperities on the contact surface. Neighboring asperities have significant influence on the stress field beneath the contact surface. For contact without friction, the location of maximum stress intensity shifts towards positions between asperities as the contact ratio is increased. When surface tractions are prescribed on the contact area, with increasing friction coefficient, the position of maximum stress intensity shifts toward the surface. Tensile stresses are predicted on the free surface between the contact asperities which may result in initiation and propagation of cracks at the surface. The current FEM analysis gives us a better understanding of the nature of the stress field which exists beneath the contact surface and can be useful in analyzing wear problems.
SEVERAL RECENT FINDINGS CONCERNING THE DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETOTAIL*

Several recent results concerning the nature of the Earth's magnetotail are briefly reviewed. These observational findings include: (1) the three-dimensional character of the plasma sheet via a comprehensive survey of proton bulk flows, (2) a region of earthward flowing plasmas at the interfaces of the plasma sheet and magnetotail lobes during magnetic substorm recovery, and (3) the signature of electrostatic acceleration for protons within the jetting plasmas from magnetotail fireballs.
In, Out, Within, and Through: Geography of Truck Freight in the Lower 48

The 1993 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) proved that most freight transport on U.S. highways is interstate. The nation's highway system functions principally to link the economies of states to form an integrated national economy rather than to serve the economies of individual states. Data from the 1997 CFS allow comparisons with the 1993 data to determine (a) whether the predominant pattern of interstate shipments continues as a stable phenomenon; (b) how fast the within-, from-, to-, and through-state components of truck freight are growing; and (c) whether important regional trends are evident. The shipment of freight by truck in the United States was even more predominantly interstate in 1997 than in 1993. In 1997, interstate shipments made up 76 percent of the total tonmiles shipped by truck; in 1993 it was 73 percent. The proportions of truck freight shipments originating from, destined to, passing through, or occurring entirely within a state vary significantly from state to state. Individual state dis...
Use of Affinity Elution Chromatography for the Microassay of Adenosine 3′: 5′-Monophosphate

Using the principle of affinity elution chromatography, a microassay has been developed for the determination of picomolar and even smaller quantities of adenosine 3′: 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in biological samples. In principle, cyclic AMP along with the other anions is adsorbed onto an anion exchange cellulose and subsequently, the cyclic nucleotide is specifically eluted with cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. In the actual assay cyclic AMP is determined by competitive displacement of radiolabelled cyclic AMP by the non-labelled cyclic nucleotide. The described procedure results in a linear dependence for the displacement of the radioactive nucleotide on cyclic AMP concentration and obviates the usual procedure of sample enrichment by lyophilization. The degree of interference of different nucleotides including cyclic GMP was found to be minimal and in this respect the use of affinity elution chromatography was comparable to radioimmunoassay.
Diversity in the game industry: is outreach the solution?

Over the last decade, the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) has considered the lack of diversity in the game industry workforce a quality of life issue. Using the results of our recent study on demographics of undergraduate students in game degree programs, we compare our data against data reported in the 2005 IGDA Quality of Life survey. The most significant result of this study is that gender diversity in the current group of undergraduate students studying games is statistically the same as that reported within the industry seven years ago, with an approximate 8 to 1 ratio of males to females. The number of black and Asian students was higher than in the industry survey, and the number of Hispanic and other ethnic and racial groups was only slightly lower. Our data shows that there is a greater diversity in sexual orientation and of reported disabilities than in the industry survey results. We describe effective initiatives for recruiting and retaining women in related fields and suggest that similar efforts might address the imbalance in the game industry.
The seven habits of highly defective people

Steven Covey had tremendous success with his seven habits for success in business in particular and life in general. This article takes a light‐hearted, irreverent look at analyzing the habits of the people who do not have such great prosperity. Chronically less than successful people suffer from seven diseases (or habits) including: playing the victim, failure to see the bigger picture, a lack of priorities, destructive competition, blind spots, a lack of creativity and resistance to change. The article really explores how some people stop themselves from becoming all that they could be.
BIOMECHANICAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BONE REMODELING

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed. The cell populations that participate in this process--the osteoblasts and osteoclasts--are derived from different progenitor pools that are under distinct molecular control mechanisms. Together, these cells form temporary anatomical structures, called basic multicellular units, that execute bone remodeling. A number of stimuli affect bone turnover, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical stimuli. All of these factors affect the amount and quality of the tissue produced. Mechanical loading is a particularly potent stimulus for bone cells, which improves bone strength and inhibits bone loss with age. Like other materials, bone accumulates damage from loading, but, unlike engineering materials, bone is capable of self-repair. The molecular mechanisms by which bone adapts to loading and repairs damage are starting to become clear. Many of these processes have implications for bone health, disease, and the feasibility of living in weightless environments (e.g., spaceflight).
Hebbian Learning And Temporary Storage In The Convergence-Zone Model Of Episodic Memory

Abstract The convergence-zone model shows how sparse, random memory patterns can lead to one-shot storage and high capacity in the hippocampal component of the episodic memory system. This paper presents a biologically more realistic version of the model, with continuously weighted connections and storage through Hebbian learning and normalization. In contrast to the gradual weight adaptation in many neural network models, episodic memory turns out to require high learning rates. Normalization allows earlier patterns to be overwritten, introducing time-dependent forgetting similar to the hippocampus.
No-carrier-added electrochemical nucleophilic radiofluorination of aromatics

Direct nucleophilic radiosynthesis of di-tert-butyl-(4-[18F]fluoro-1,2-phenylene)-dicarbonate was conducted through no-carrier-added electrochemical reactions. 10 mM of triethylamine acetic acid (Et3N·3HAc) in acetonitrile was used to release [18F]fluoride ion trapped in the quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin. The relationship between radiofluorination efficiency, concentration of the Et3N·3HAc, and the working potential were studied with a di-tert-butyl-(4-(tert-butyl)-1,2-phenylene)-dicarbonate substrate in nonaqueous acetonitrile solution. Radiochemical yields of 6.8 ± 1.3 % with specific activity of up to 13 GBq/µmol were achieved with a precursor concentration of 50 mM after a reaction time of 57 min at 0 °C.
Free radical-induced redox chemistry of platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs.

Abstract Swancutt, K. L., Mezyk, S. P. and Kiddle, J. J. Free Radical-Induced Redox Chemistry of Platinum-Containing Anti-cancer Drugs. Radiat. Res. 168, 423–427 (2007). Arrhenius parameters for the reactions of oxidizing hydroxyl radicals and reducing hydrated electrons with cisplatin, transplatin and carboplatin in aqueous solution have been determined using pulsed electron radiolysis and absorption spectroscopy techniques. Under physiological pH and chloride concentration conditions, hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants of (9.99 ± 0.20) × 109, (8.38 ± 0.55) × 109, and (6.03 ± 0.08) × 109 M−1 s−1 at 24.0, 20.7 and 24.0°C, respectively, with corresponding activation energies of 12.79 ± 0.57, 13.88 ± 1.14, and 14.35 ± 0.56 kJ mol−1 for these three reactions, were determined. These oxidations of cisplatin and transplatin to form a PtIII transient are significantly faster than reported previously at room temperature. The lower rate constant for carboplatin is consistent with hydroxyl radical reaction pa...
Site directed mutagenesis of Drosophila flightin disrupts phosphorylation and impairs flight muscle structure and mechanics

Flightin is a myosin rod binding protein that in Drosophila melanogaster is expressed exclusively in the asynchronous indirect flight muscles (IFM). Hyperphosphorylation of flightin coincides with the completion of myofibril assembly and precedes the emergence of flight competency in young adults. To investigate the role of flightin phosphorylation in vivo we generated three flightin null (fln 0 ) Drosophila strains that express a mutant flightin transgene with two (Thr158, Ser 162), three (Ser139, Ser141, Ser145) or all five potential phosphorylation sites mutated to alanines. These amino acid substitutions result in lower than normal levels of flightin accumulation and transgenic strains that are unable to beat their wings. On two dimensional gels of IFM proteins, the transgenic strain with five mutant sites (fln 5STA ) is devoid of all phosphovariants, the transgenic strain with two mutant sites (fln 2TSA ) expresses only the two least acidic of the nine phosphovariants, and the transgenic strain with three mutant sites (fln 3SA ) expresses all nine phosphovariants, as the wild-type strain. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Thr158 and/or Ser162 is necessary for subsequent phosphorylation of other sites. All three transgenic strains show normal, albeit long, IFM sarcomeres in newly eclosed adults. In contrast, sarcomeres in fully mature fln 5STA and fln 2TSA adults show extensive breakdown while those in fln 3SA are not as disordered. The fiber hypercontraction phenotype that characterizes fln 0 is fully evident in fln 5STA and fln 2TSA but partially rescued in fln 3SA . Mechanics on skinned fibers from newly eclosed flies show alterations in viscous modulus for fln 5STA and fln 2TSA that result in a significant reduction in oscillatory power output. Expression of fln 5STA and fln 2TSA , but not fln 3SA , in a wild-type (fln + /fln + ) background resulted in a dominant negative effect manifested as flight impairments and hypercontracted IFM fibers. Our studies indicate that Thr158 and/or Ser162 are (is) indispensable for flightin function and suggest that phosphorylation of one or both residues fulfills an essential role in IFM structural stability and mechanics.
Laminar Characterization of Spiking Activity in the Rat Motor Cortex

The neocortex is a six-layered tissue consisting of different cell types. How does unit activity in the different layers of the motor cortex relate to movement? Does implantation in a particular layer improve direction decoding ability for a neuroprosthetic device? We simultaneously recorded unit activity in different layers of the rat motor cortex using chronic multi-site silicon electrodes. We used a combination of histology and electrophysiological signatures of Local Field Potentials (LFPs) to accurately localize the electrode sites in the different layers of the cortex. We analyzed 142 units from two animals and found that 40 units (28%) in Layers II to V showed significant modulation with respect to movement. Of these units that showed significant modulation, 9/20 (45%) of units in Layers II/III encoded directional information as compared to 15/19 (79%) of the units in Layers IV/V. These preliminary results suggest that units in Layers IV/V relatively contain more directional information than other layers of the cortex.
Hispanic construction workers and assertiveness training

BACKGROUND: Hispanic (Latino) construction workers experience disparities in occupational death and injury rates in the United States. The cultural value of respect for those in authority may hinder these workers from requesting safe working conditions from supervisors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether Hispanic construction workers in Las Vegas, Nevada found assertiveness training more useful than non-Hispanic trainees and whether or not they practiced this behavior at work after the training. METHODS: An assertiveness training simulation was part of fall prevention classes offered to area construction workers. Eight weeks after the training, participants were interviewed by telephone about class topics they found most useful and whether or not they had made any subsequent behavior changes at work. RESULTS: More than half of the 760 fall prevention trainees completed telephone interviews. A smaller proportion of Hispanic trainees found assertiveness training to be useful (11%) than non-Hispanics (28%) (p 0.001). Only 2% of both groups identified practicing assertiveness at work. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of Hispanic trainees valued other knowledge more highly. They may weigh job security as more important than speaking up about safety issues, which might threaten their employment. Interventions to improve safety should focus instead on improving work safety climate and engineering controls.
Expectations and interpretations during causal learning.

In existing models of causal induction, 4 types of covariation information (i.e., presence/absence of an event followed by presence/absence of another event) always exert identical influences on causal strength judgments (e.g., joint presence of events always suggests a generative causal relationship). In contrast, we suggest that, due to expectations developed during causal learning, learners give varied interpretations to covariation information as it is encountered and that these interpretations influence the resulting causal beliefs. In Experiments 1A–1C, participants’ interpretations of observations during a causal learning task were dynamic, expectation based, and, furthermore, strongly tied to subsequent causal judgments. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adding trials of joint absence or joint presence of events, whose roles have been traditionally interpreted as increasing causal strengths, could result in decreased overall causal judgments and that adding trials where one event occurs in the absence of another, whose roles have been traditionally interpreted as decreasing causal strengths, could result in increased overall causal judgments. We discuss implications for traditional models of causal learning and how a more top-down approach (e.g., Bayesian) would be more compatible with the current findings.
“Papists” and Prejudice: Popular Anti-Catholicism and Anglo-Irish Conflict in the North East of England, 1845–70. By Jonathan Bush. (Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. Pp. vii, 274. $67.99.)

The author's approach to his subject is topical rather than chronological. Thus in chapter 1, he summarizes the prevailing ideology of anti‐Catholicism. In England by 1829, Roman Catholics were gra...