cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of research linking body image and sexual well-being

The link between body image and sexual well-being is intuitive and increasingly supported by psychological research: individuals, particularly women, with greater body satisfaction and body appreciation tend to report more positive sexual experiences. Although both perceptions of one's body and one's sexual life are central to most adults' experiences, this area of research has remained somewhat understudied. In this review, we discuss the findings that are available and suggest directions for future research and applied implications of this work. We highlight Thomas Cash's contributions to this area of study, given his significant contributions to moving our understanding of body image and sexual well-being forward.
Increased Accuracy, Confidence, and Efficiency in Anterior Ethmoidal Artery Identification with Segmented Image Guidance.

ObjectiveTo determine whether using image guidance technology with 3-dimensional image segmentation increases the endoscopic surgeon’s accuracy, efficiency, and confidence in identifying the anteri...
Limited Cross-Complementation Between Haloferax volcanii PilB1-C1 and PilB3-C3 Paralogs.

Type IV pili are evolutionarily conserved cell surface filaments that promote surface adhesion and cell aggregation providing bacteria and archaea protection from a variety of stress conditions. In fact, prokaryotic genomes frequently contain several copies of the core biosynthesis genes, pilB and pilC, encoding an ATPase and membrane anchor, respectively. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that in haloarchaea, a subset of pilB-C paralogs, such as the Haloferax volcanii pilB1-C1, were gained via horizontal transfer from the crenarchaea, while the co-regulated type IV pilus subunits, the pilins, evolved by duplication, followed by diversification of the ancestral euryarchaeal pilins. Here, we report the identification of an H. volcanii pilB1 transposon mutant that exhibits an adhesion defect in defined media. A similar defect observed in an H. volcanii ∆pilB1-C1 strain can be rescued by expressing pilB1-C1 in trans. However, these proteins cannot rescue the severe adhesion defect of a previously reported ∆pilB3-C3 strain. Conversely, pilB3-C3, which are not predicted to have been laterally transferred, expressed in trans can rescue the adhesion defect of a ∆pilB1-C1 strain. This cross-complementation supports the proposed hybrid origin of the operon containing pilB1-C1 and shows that at least certain euryarchaeal PilB paralogs can work with different pilin sets. Efficient recognition of the euryarchaeal pilins by the crenarchaeal PilB1-C1 may have required some degree of pilin modification, but perhaps the modifications were minor enough that PilB3 recognition of these pilins was not precluded, resulting in modular evolution and an extensive combinatorial diversity that allows for adaptation to a variety of stress conditions and attachment to varied surfaces.
The European Spring, 1848–1851: Marx and Engels versus Tocqueville

If the French Revolution of 1789 inaugurated the modern era, as is widely recognized, its second edition secured its place in history. The 1848–1849 revolutions that commenced in Paris in February 1848 put in place, if haltingly, the prerequisites for republican rule in France; not for the last time a revolutionary process would extend over decades. The “European Spring,” as it would come to be known, commenced the definitive end to a centuries-old institution, absolute monarchy. That the mass upheavals that began in 2011 to put an end to decades-long despotic rule in North Africa and the Middle East—and that continue to reverberate—are called the “Arab Spring” is no coincidence. Three participants in those mid-nineteenth-century developments would come to exercise enormous influence afterward—two exactly because of the seismic character of what had taken place and whose lessons they distilled.
Sluggish cognitive tempo in children with traumatic brain injuries

This exploratory study is the first to investigate whether the construct of sluggish-cognitive tempo (SCT) is related to slowed processing speed in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI), while...
Ontogeny of Amniote Fetal Membranes and Their Application to Phylogeny

The extraembryonic or fetal membranes of vertebrates play an important functional role in the nutrition, respiration, excretion, and protection of the embryo and fetus during prenatal life. They are auxiliary structures which develop in continuity with the tissues of the embryo proper, and both embryo and fetal membranes are derived from the same three basic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). The fetal membranes are transitory structures which persist for only a relatively brief period during the ontogeny of the individual; nevertheless, their functional differentiation is essential for the normal development of the embryo during prenatal life. The functional life of the fetal membranes is terminated at the time of birth or hatching; they may become partially resorbed into the body of the newborn, or, more commonly, they become disrupted and degenerate.
Simultaneous measurement of CO and OH in flames using a single broadband, femtosecond laser pulse

Abstract In this short communication, we report simultaneous measurement of CO and OH in flames using a single femtosecond (fs)-duration laser source. Two-photon excitation of CO A1Π ←←X1Ʃ+(3,0), (4,0) and (5,0) bands and single-photon excitation of OH A2Ʃ+←X2Π (1,0) band are achieved simultaneously using one fs-duration laser pulse near 283 nm. Subsequently, crosstalk-free, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) emissions are detected from the v’=3, 4 and 5 upper vibrational levels of CO in the 200–230 nm region, and (1,1) and (0,0) bands of OH near the 310-nm region. A detailed spectroscopic investigation of CO in a gas cell is followed by simultaneous detection of CO and OH in C2H4/air flames. The measured CO and OH profiles as a function of flame equivalence ratio agree well with equilibrium calculations. The present study extends the applicability of broadband fs-LIF imaging of OH in flames, and reveal an alternate method to obtain heat release rate in turbulent flames via simultaneous OH and CO measurements.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immunotherapy: A real-world retrospective study.

557Background: Advanced HCC is an aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis. Newer agents, including immunotherapy (IT), have been granted accelerated approval. Information outside clinical trial...
Utilizing Gamification and Visualization in Designing Labs for Teaching Algorithms

This poster describes an effort to design labs for teaching algorithms through gamification and visualization. In order to make the labs doable and enjoyable, games are crafted under four simple rules. Visualization code is provided for each lab, so that students only need to focus on developing solutions to implement algorithms. Students work in pairs and demonstrate solutions of labs visually using pictures or animations at the end. This experience helps students to engage in the learning process.
Integrating patients’ values into decisions to enroll in phase I trials: A feasibility study.

e20608 Background: The American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends that physicians (MDs) assess the treatment goals and preferences of patients (pts) with advanced stage cancer. Available data...
Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefit in the U.S.: A Scoping Review From 2010 to 2019

Background: U.S. nonprofit hospital community benefit recently underwent significant regulatory revisions. Starting in 2009, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) required hospitals to submit a new Schedule H that provided greater detail on community benefit activities. In addition, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which became law in 2010, requires hospitals to conduct community health needs assessments (CHNA) and develop community health implementation plans (CHIP) as a response to priority needs every 3 years. These new requirements have led to greater transparency and accountability and this scoping review considers what has been learned about community benefit from 2010 to 2019. Methods: This review identified peer-reviewed literature published from 2010 to 2019 using three methods. First, an OvidSP MEDLINE search using terms suggested previously by community benefit researchers. Second, a PubMed search using keywords frequently found in community benefit literature. Third, a SCOPUS search of the most frequently cited articles in this topic area. Articles were then selected based on their relevance to the research question. Articles were organized into topic areas using a qualitative strategy similar to axial coding. Results: Literature appeared around several topic areas: governance; CHNA and CHIP process, content, and impact; community programs and their evaluation; spending patterns and spending influences; population health; and policy recommendations. The plurality of literature centered on spending and needs assessments, likely because they can draw upon publicly available data. The vast majority of articles in these areas use spending data from 2009 to 2012 and the first cycle of CHNAs in 2013. Policy recommendations focus on accountability for impact, enhancing collaboration, and incentivizing action in areas other than clinical care. Discussion: There are several areas of community benefit in need of further study. Longitudinal studies on needs assessments and spending patterns would help inform whether organizations have changed and improved operations over time. Governance, program evaluation, and collaboration are some of the consequential areas about which relatively little is known. Gaps in knowledge also exist related to the operational realities that drive community benefit activities. Shaping organizational action and public policy would benefit from additional research in these and other areas.
The New Migration Law: Migrants, Refugees, and Citizens in an Anxious Age

Once every generation or so, entire fields of law require a full reset. We need to rethink basic premises, ask new questions, and even recast the role of law itself. This moment has come for the law governing migration. Seasoned observers of immigration and refugee law have developed answers to core questions that emerged a generation ago. But their answers often fail to engage coherently with the daunting challenges posed by migration in this anxious age. To try to do better, I undertake four inquiries. In isolation they may seem familiar, but I combine them here in new ways to find a path forward. Part I starts by analyzing how U.S. immigration law and immigrants’ rights have come to be argued in civil rights terms. This trend reflects a nation-centered perspective on migration and justice that has tried—though often failed—to expand legal protections for noncitizens, including noncitizens without lawful status. But viewing immigration law through a civil rights lens has limits and costs, not only for migrants and noncitizen residents, but also for longtime U.S. citizens. Part II examines “forced migrants”—people fleeing dire situations under duress. A civil rights framework misses much of what makes their claims so compelling. Refugee law emerged in the mid-twentieth century to address their plight, but only as a narrow exception that did not challenge the basic ideas of national sovereignty and borders. Refugee law is too narrow legally and too fragile politically to deal coherently with the many forced migrants who do not fit the formal definition of “refugee.” Part III responds by sketching a broader role for migration law. I start by asking: what is the relationship between temporary and permanent admissions, and what is the relationship between migration and citizenship? The answers depend on both why people migrate and why they want to stay in destination countries or instead return. What matters are conditions in countries of origin, especially security, governance, human rights, and economic development. Migration law has too often left these topics to ad hoc arrangements that can do as much harm as good. Here the new migration law can play a constructive role that is as yet untapped. Just as Part III asks what causes migration, Part IV considers what migration causes. In destination countries, politics often reflect anxieties about immigration—much of it expressed in economic terms, but often fundamentally cultural, racial, or religious anxieties. Addressing economic anxieties is essential for exposing cultural, racial, or religious anxiety for what it is. This effort requires correcting a serious shortcoming of a civil rights approach to migration: its tendency to neglect economic justice inside destination countries. These four inquiries combine to draw a roadmap for the new migration law.
Birds of a feather: The impact of race on the supplier selection and evaluation process

Abstract Despite its recognized importance at the regulatory level, little attention has been paid to racial issues in the context of buyer-supplier relationships. To help address these limitations the current manuscript explores the impact of race in the supplier selection process. We used a scenario-based experiment approach across two studies conducted in the United States with 596 American buyer managers. Our findings indicate that the buyer's race and the supplier's race impact the buyer's decision of which supplier to select. Further, the race of the buyer's supervisor impacts the buyer's supplier selection decision. In addition, our findings show that the buyer's racial identity and racism also influence the buyer's perception of the severity of a supplier's service failure, and ultimately the buyer's level of satisfaction with the respective supplier.
Outcome of Clinical Genetic Testing in Patients with Features Suggestive for Hereditary Predisposition to PTH-Mediated Hypercalcemia

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is associated with familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), 2A (MEN2A), MEN-like syndromes (CDKN1B), and CDC73-related disorder (hyperparathyroidism – jaw tumor syndrome (HPJT)). Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) caused by CASR variants is an important differential diagnosis for pHPT. In order to evaluate the contribution of hereditary causes to pHPT in patients encountered in a specialized clinic, we conducted a retrospective study on patients with pHPT that underwent germline genetic testing. We evaluated 46 patients referred to a Cancer Genetics Clinic. Reasons for referral were young age (age < 40) for 29 patients (63%), multi-gland disease for 23 patients (50%), and a positive family history of pHPT for 11 patients (24%). All 46 patients underwent genetic evaluation. A total of 11 rare variants were found (CASR (4), CDC73 (2), MEN1 (2) CDKN1B (1), and RET (2)). One MEN1 variant was classified as pathogenic, and all others were variants of uncertain significance (VUS). All patients with CASR variants had clinical features of FHH and were counselled against parathyroidectomy. Both patients with CDC73 variants were counselled about recurrence of pHPT and parathyroid cancer. Neither of the RET variants were MEN2-associated. The CDKN1B variant was regarded as a true VUS and no action was taken. In this study, genetic testing impacted clinical care in 7 (15%) patients. We suggest that all patients < 40 years of age, with multi-gland disease, single gland disease refractory to treatment, and a positive family history for pHPT or associated tumors should be considered for genetic evaluation.
Antiphilosophy (Philosophical Negativism)

Aristotle characerized man, homo sapiens, as “the rational animal,” and the prime objective of philosophy since in his day has been the consolidation of a coherent view of the world and our place within it through reasoning about the data that human experience puts at our disposal.
Anti-media expression by citizens: conservative summary sites, hostile media perceptions, and media trust in Japan

This study adopts a populism communication framework to examine the influences of conservative summary site use on trust in mainstream news organizations. Data from two-wave panel surveys show that...
A Conceptual Model of Irritability Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Qualitative, Participatory Research Study.

Background Individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have chronic problems with irritability, which can negatively affect their lives. Objectives (1) To describe the experience (thoughts and feelings) of irritability from the perspectives of multiple people living with or affected by the problem, and (2) to develop a conceptual model of irritability. Design Qualitative, participatory research. Participants Forty-four stakeholders (individuals with a history of TBI, family members, community professionals, healthcare providers, and researchers) divided into 5 focus groups. Procedures Each group met 10 times to discuss the experience of irritability following TBI. Data were coded using grounded theory to develop themes, metacodes, and theories. Measures Not applicable. Results A conceptual model emerged in which irritability has 5 dimensions: affective (related to moods and feelings); behavioral (especially in areas of self-regulation, impulse control, and time management); cognitive-perceptual (self-talk and ways of seeing the world); relational issues (interpersonal and family dynamics); and environmental (including environmental stimuli, change, disruptions in routine, and cultural expectations). Conclusions This multidimensional model provides a framework for assessment, treatment, and future research aimed at better understanding irritability, as well as the development of assessment tools and treatment interventions.
Glycosphingolipid β-Galactosidases III. CANINE FORM OF GLOBOID CELL LEUKODYSTROPHY; COMPARISON WITH THE HUMAN DISEASE

Abstract Liver specimens of dogs affected with the canine form of globoid cell leukodystrophy were assayed for activities of specific glycosphingolipid β-galactosidases. As in the human disease, activities of galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine β-galactosidases were deficient in three homozygous affected dogs, while lactosylceramide, Gm1-ganglioside and asialo Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidases were normal. Upon electrofocusing, the livers of the affected dogs totally lacked the normal major galactosylceramide β-galactosidase peak at an isoelectric point of 5.4 to 5.5 and the minor peak at pH 5.8 to 6.0. A suspected carrier dog showed an intermediate activity of the major enzyme peak. However, another peak of galactosylceramide β-galactosidase at pH 5.0 to 5.1 was relatively preserved in the affected dogs, and it was only slightly less than normal in the carrier dog. Corresponding to these findings, the sharp peak at pH 5.4 to 5.5 of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase was almost absent in affected dogs and was partially deficient in the heterozygous dog, while other two peaks were normal. Electrofocusing patterns of lactosylceramide and asialo Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidases were completely normal in affected dogs. The peak of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase at pH 5.4 to 5.5 was not associated with the latter two sphingolipid β-galactosidase activities. Therefore, the 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase peak at pH 5.4 to 5.5 appears to represent one of the two major components of galactosylceramide β-galactosidase, which is primarily defective in the canine form of globoid cell leukodystrophy. The human and canine forms of the disease can be considered equivalent to the extent that both are caused by genetic deficiency of galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine β-galactosidases, but they are clearly different in the nature of the mutations underlying the defective enzymes.
Contraceptive Needs and Preferences of Bhutanese Women Refugees

Introduction Bhutanese immigrants are the first poor Hindus to arrive in the United States as refugees in large numbers, and health care providers are often not familiar with Bhutanese beliefs and attitudes toward contraception. The objectives of this qualitative study were to explore and identify Bhutanese contraceptive beliefs and practices to facilitate provision of culturally sensitive contraceptive services. Background All contraceptive methods, except abortion and emergency contraception, are considered acceptable to Hindi people. Sex outside marriage is prohibited in this culture, and sexual health is often considered a taboo topic. Women are generally not educated about contraceptive options until after the birth of their first child; however, contraception and family planning services were widely used and accepted in Bhutanese refugee camps. Methods Individual interviews were conducted with 14 Bhutanese women in the Nepali language. The interviews were audio recorded then later translated and transcribed verbatim. The interviews were evaluated for common themes and quotes. Results The interviews revealed contraception is a private matter for Bhutanese women. They are comfortable talking about pregnancy and other health issues rather than contraception. However, contraception is known about and accepted in Bhutanese culture. There are no religious prohibitions regarding contraception. The medroxyprogesterone acetate injection was the most common method of contraception. None of the Bhutanese women were using long-term contraception such as intrauterine devices. Women were hesitant to use contraception because of the concerns about menstrual side effects and fears about infertility. Contraception appeared to be used only after the ideal family size and composition were met and only if women were married. Single women did not use any contraception. Most of the women agreed that they discussed contraception with married women, as a source of information. Most women were exposed to an explanation of contraceptive methods at the hospital after the birth of their first child. Discussion These findings inform midwives and other health care providers about Bhutanese women's beliefs so that they can provide culturally congruent contraceptive counseling.
Mining Meta-Actions for Action Rules Reduction

Meta-actions effect and selection are the fundamental core for a successful action rule execution. All atomic action terms on the left-hand side of an action rule have to be covered by well chosen meta-actions in order for it to be executed. The choice of meta-actions depends on the antecedent side of action rules; however, it also depends on their list of atomic actions that are outside of the action rule scope, seen as side effects. In this paper, we strive to minimize the side effects by decomposing the left-hand side of an action rule into executable action rules covered by a minimal number of meta-actions and resulting in a cascading effect. This process was tested and compared to original action rules. Experimental results show that side effects are diminished in comparison with the original meta-actions applied while keeping a good execution confidence. ding effect. This process was tested and compared to original action rules. Experimental results show that side effects are diminished in comparison with the original meta-actions applied while keeping a good execution confidence.
Structural Concepts Study of Non-circular Fuselage Configurations

A preliminary study of structural concepts for noncircular fuselage configurations is presented. For an unconventional flying-wing type aircraft, in which the fuselage is inside the wing, multiple fuselage bays with non-circular sections need to be considered. In a conventional circular fuselage section, internal pressure is carried efficiently by a thin skin via hoop tension. If the section is non-circular, internal pressure loads also induce large bending stresses. The structure must also withstand additional bending and compression loads from aerodynamic and gravitational forces. Flat and vaulted shell structural configurations for such an unconventional, non-circular pressurized fuselage of a large flying-wing were studied. A deep honeycomb sandwich-shell and a ribbed double-wall shell construction were considered. Combinations of these structural concepts were analyzed using both analytical and simple finite element models of isolated sections for a comparative conceptual study. Weight, stress, and deflection results were compared to identify a suitable configuration for detailed analyses. The flat sandwich-shell concept was found preferable to the vaulted shell concept due to its superior buckling stiffness. Vaulted double-skin ribbed shell configurations were found to be superior due to their weight savings, load diffusion, and fail-safe features. The vaulted double-skin ribbed shell structure concept was also analyzed for an integrated wing-fuselage finite element model. Additional problem areas such as wing-fuselage junction and pressure-bearing spar were identified.
Myocardial metabolism. 3. Myocardial intermediates and substrate oxidation during in vitro perfusion of palmitate and glucose.

Abstract Isolated hearts from fasted rats were perfused with Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing glucose and palmitic acid, either individually or in combination. Glucose-U- 14 C was perfused for 75 minutes, and in some cases, unlabeled palmitate was added after 45 minutes' perfusion. Similarly, palmitic-1- 14 C acid, complexed to albumin, was perfused for 75 minutes with or without addition of unlabeled glucose. Substrate uptake and oxidation were determined at 15-minute intervals. Incorporation of isotope into various lipid fractions of heart, and the levels of certain glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates, were also determined. Addition of unlabeled palmitate to perfusates containing glucose-U- 14 C caused a complete cessation of 14 CO 2 production and a decrease in glucose uptake by the myocardium. However, this block was not reflected by changes in the levels of myocardial glucose 6-phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate. Accumulation of these intermediates was apparent only after 75 minutes' perfusion with palmitate alone. Addition of unlabeled glucose to perfusates containing palmitate-1- 14 C caused a rapid increase in 14 CO 2 evolution within 5 minutes after addition of the glucose. However, there was a decrease in the levels of glucose and fructose phosphates, indicating a release in the block of glycolysis at the level of the phosphofructokinase reaction. Also, the addition of glucose resulted in increased incorporation of label into tissue triglyceride. In this case, all of the labeled palmitate taken up by the heart was accounted for either as CO 2 or tissue lipids. It is proposed that the increased 14 CO 2 evolution caused by addition of glucose to the perfusion medium containing labeled palmitate represents rapid depletion of the acyl coenzyme A intermediates rather than activation and oxidation of additional palmitic acid. The release of inhibition of glycolysis due to the presence of high concentrations of circulating glucose resulted in a decrease in glucose and fructose phosphates. This increased glycolysis would then provide α-glycerol phosphate for phospholipid and glyceride synthesis, and would also provide intermediates such as pyruvate, which are necessary for optimum turnover of the Krebs cycle.
Análisis retrospectivo del uso de paracetamol intravenoso en pacientes con cirugía medular

Resumen es: Objetivo: Este estudio trato de determinar si el paracetamol [acetaminofen] intravenoso (IV APAP) podria disminuir la puntuacion de la escala visual anal...
Skin injury from electrode paste used in electroencephalography.

(1979). Skin Injury from Electrode Paste Used in Electroencephalography. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 97-101.
Plasma and Dietary Phytosterols in Children

Plasma phytosterol (plant sterol) levels were studied in 26 infants on various commercial formulas, in 36 infants on breast or cow's milk formulas, in 101 normal and 22 hypercholesterolemic children on a free diet, and in 32 hypercholesterolemic children on a low-cholesterol diet. Commercial formulas, poor in animal fats and enriched with vegetable oils, and low-cholesterol, phytosterol-rich diets generally elevated total plasma phytosterol levels in infants and hypercholesterolemic children from normal mean levels of 2 mg/100 ml to about 9 mg/100 ml. The implications of long-term three- to five-fold elevations of the plasma phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol) in infancy and childhood are unknown. Watchful prospective analysis of plasma phytosterol levels may be useful, particularly in regards to otherwise unanticipated long-term effects of cholesterol-poor, phytosterol rich diets.
Protein Structure Prediction with Large Neighborhood Constraint Programming Search

Protein structure predictions is regarded as a highly challenging problem both for the biology and for the computational communities. Many approaches have been developed in the recent years, moving to increasingly complex lattice models or even off-lattice models. This paper presents a Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) to find the native state for the Hydrophobic-Polar (HP) model on the Face Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice or, in other words, a self- avoiding walk on the FCC lattice having a maximum number of H-H contacts. The algorithm starts with a tabu-search algorithm, whose solution is then improved by a combination of constraint programming and LNS. This hybrid algorithm improves earlier approaches in the literature over several well-known instances and demonstrates the potential of constraint-programming approaches for ab initiomethods.
Plasmolysis of Escherichia coli B/r with Sucrose

Escherichia coli B/r cells were plasmolyzed in sucrose solutions and observed under phase contrast. The prevalence of plasmolysis under various conditions was noted, and the degree of plasmolysis was categorized as slight, extensive, or severe. The presence of ions reduced the prevalence of plasmolysis. Survival curves showed that extensive plasmolysis was not lethal to colony-forming ability.
Experiences of Pregnant African American Adolescents: Meanings, Perception, Appraisal, and Coping

This article is an exploratory descriptive investigation of the meanings given by pregnant African American adolescents to the experience of being pregnant. Twenty-one participants between the ages...
Late customization strategy with service levels requirements

Abstract Both supply issues and interaction between various stages of a production network are common occurrences in product customization under a delayed differentiation strategy. This paper studies non-decouple systems for product customization in the context of a single-market segment under a delayed differentiation strategy by incorporating supply issues and interaction between various stages of a production network. We analyze two alternatives for customizing two individual products. One alternative is the contractual obligations for raw materials delivery where the supplier is responsible for maintaining certain inventory service levels agreements. The other alternative is the customer demand requirements where the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining certain end-products service levels to prevent customer erosion. We characterize the service level requirements in both scenarios and determine the optimal customization point of the production network where the practitioner can operate at minimum cost. We use a Bayesian Belief Networks method to model interaction between stages of the production network and derive the inventory service level requirements. A mini-case involving the customization of a personal desktop computer is used to illustrate the applicability of this framework. We also compare the benefits of delayed product differentiation under non-decouple systems and the traditional decouple systems and provide insights into how firms can choose the right strategy to effectively compete.
Basal phosphorylation of μ opioid receptor is agonist modulated and Ca2+-dependent

The μ opioid receptor was shown to be phosphorylated at a basal rate in the absence of agonist, measured in permeabilized HEK293 cells transfected with an epitope tagged μ receptor (EE-μ) [Arden, J., Segredo, V., Wang, Z., Lameh, J. and Sadee, W. (1995) J. Neurochem. 65, 1636–1645]. In the present study, basal phosphorylation was found to be Ca2+ dependent; however, several inhibitors of protein kinase C and Ca2+-cahnodulin dependent kinases failed to affect basal μ receptor phosphorylation. Thus, the basal μ receptor phosphorylating activity differed from the main kinases involved in receptor regulation. The general kinase inhibitor H7 (100 μM) suppressed basal μ receptor phosphorylation. Pretreatment with the agonist morphine, followed by drug removal, resulted in a sustained increase of basal It receptor phosphorylation. The gradual agonist dependent modulation of basal μ receptor phosphorylation suggests a novel regulatory mechanism which may play a role in narcotic tolerance and dependence.
Structural polypeptides of three rhinoviruses.

Abstract Growth, purification and electrophoretic analysis of three rhinoviruses and an enterovirus are described. It is shown that, with regard to structural polypeptides, the three rhinoviruses differ from other picornaviruses, and from each other. However, all three rhinoviruses resemble one another in possessing structural polypeptides of molecular weights 33,000 and 30,000 in similar proportions.
The effects of plastic pollution on aquatic wildlife: current situations and future solutions.

The majority of consumer products used today are comprised of some form of plastic. Worldwide, almost 280 million t of plastic materials are produced annually, much of which ends up in landfills or the oceans (Shaw and Sahni Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 46–48, 2014). While plastics are lightweight, inexpensive, and durable, these same qualities can make them very harmful to wildlife, especially once they become waterborne. Once seaborne, plastics are most likely found circulating in one of five major ocean gyres: two in the Pacific, one in the Indian, and two in the Atlantic. These ocean garbage patches are not solid islands of plastic; instead, they are a turbid mix of plastics (Kostigen 2008; Livingeco 2011). Recent research conducted on the surfaces of the Great Lakes has identified similar problems (Erikson et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77(1), 177–182, 2013). A growing concern is that once plastics reach the wild, they may cause entanglement, death from ingestion, and carry invasive species. Several cutting edge technologies have been piloted to monitor or gather the plastics already in our environments and convert them back into oil with hopes to reduce the damage plastics are causing to our ecosystems.
Experience-the England and Wales network

NGC (National Grid Company), the transmission company in England and Wales is the holder of the transmission licence for England and Wales. NGC has five years experience of operating in the private sector. It is from that experience that the author approach's the themes of network pricing, investment and access. The author approaches it by considering: the legal and institutional framework of the industry; a more detailed look at the regulation of transmission; the pricing solutions NGC has adopted; and an overview of the position today. NGC's pricing system has been designed to send clear signals to participants in the market regarding investment and other costs imposed. Setting the network prices involves balancing transparency and stability, which facilitate access, and cost-reflectivity, which provides for economic efficiency.
A Transcoding System for Audio Standards

We describe an efficient implementation for converting MPEG-2/MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) encoded data to Dolby Digital AC-3. We describe many techniques to exploit the information in the AAC bitstream to simplify the AC-3 encoder. These techniques can be straightforwardly used in other transcoding schemes between different multimedia standards.
Associations between the size of hurricane rain fields at landfall and their surrounding environments

This study examines relationships between the extent of hurricane rain fields, storm size, and the environment surrounding the storm. A Geographic Information System is employed to measure the extent of the rain fields in each quadrant of 31 hurricanes at landfall-time. After correlating the extents with measures of storm size, multiple linear regression models are developed to determine which atmospheric forcing(s) at 0, 12, and 24 h prior to landfall are most highly related to rain field size in each quadrant. Results show that the radius of the outermost closed isobar encompasses the rain fields in 90% of the observations. Strong vertical wind shear from the southwest correlates with a larger (smaller) rain field extent toward the northeast (southwest), while higher relative humidity values correlate with a larger extent toward the northwest, southwest, and southeast. Storm intensity and location also exhibit statistically significant correlations with rain field size.
Nanoscale Shear Deformation Mechanisms of Opposing Cartilage Aggrecan Macromolecules

The nanoscale shear deformation behavior of two opposing end-grafted aggrecan layers was studied in aqueous solutions using atomic force microscopy, and was observed to depend markedly on bath ionic strength, the presence of calcium ions, and the applied lateral displacement rate. These results provide molecular-level insights into the contribution of aggrecan deformation mechanisms to cartilage tissue-level material properties.
Structure and expression of the human p58clk-1 protein kinase chromosomal gene.

Abstract A cDNA corresponding to a 58-kDa cell division control-related protein kinase, p58 clk-1 , has previously been isolated, sequenced, and assigned to human chromosome 1p36. Aberrant expression of this protein kinase regatively regulates normal cellular growth. The p58 clk-1 protein contains a central domain of 299 amino acids that is 46% identical to human p34 cdc2 , the master mitotic protein kinase. Deletion of 1p36 has been correlated to numerous tumors, and this chromosome region has been suggested to harbor a putative tumor suppressor gene on the basis of the growth characteristics of these tumors. In this report we detail the complete structure of the p58 clk-1 chromosomal gene, including its putative promoter region, transcriptional start sites, exonic sequences, and intron/exon boundary sequences. The gene is 10 kb in size and contains 12 exons and 11 introns. Interestingly, the rather large 2.0-kb 3′ untranslated region is interrupted by an intron that separates a region containing numerous AUUUA destabilization motifs from the coding region. Furthermore, we detail the expression of this gene in normal human tissues as well as several human tumor cell samples and lines. The origin of multiple human transcripts from the same chromosomal gene, and the possible differential stability of these various transcripts, is discussed with regard to the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of this gene. This is the first report of the chromosomal gene structure of a member of the p34 cdc2 supergene family.
Precocious Spawning of Red Drum

Abstract Eggs from laboratory-spawned red drums (Sciaenops ocellatus) were hatched, and larvae were reared to maturity in captivity. Twenty of the largest fish were selected for spawning studies. They began spawning 19.5 months after hatch. Details of temperature and photoperiod are presented.
Volatile Carbonyl Constituents of Dairy Butter

SUMMARY Volatile constituents of fresh butter were separated from fat and other components of high molecular weight by vacuum steam distillation. The carbonyl compounds in the aqueous distillate were converted to their 2, 4-dinitro-phenylhydrazones. Separation of these by column and paper chromatography gave the derivatives of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, isovaler-aldehyde, n-hexanal, n-nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, acetone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, diacetyl and (-)-acetoin, all identified by comparison with authentic samples. Possible biosyntheses of these flavor constituents are discussed.
Part Task Training Methods in Simulated and Realistic Tasks

Part task methods are widely used in training programs when the full target task is too complex or impractical due to cost or availability. However, part task training has had mixed success in transfer to the whole task, in comparison to whole task training. For unmanned systems, the goal is to create training that prepares trainees to control an actual vehicle once one is available. The present research compares part and whole task training options in a simulated training environment and a realistic transfer environment. The task is teleoperating a robotic device to detect and identify vehicles in an urban environment. Part task training on the real task yielded a significant benefit in first trial whole task transfer performance and in trials to achieve transfer criteria relative to training on the simulated environment only. While this gain came at a relative cost in overall training time, it produced a significant training effectiveness gain by reducing the training time required on the more expensive...
Sexual differentiation of the Mullerian ducts of the chick embryo.

WOLFF1,2 and others have interpreted in vitro evidence to mean that Mullerian ducts of the chick embryo undergo involution as a result of androgen-activation of an intracellular proteolytic enzyme specific to the ducts. Brachet et al.3 have reported for the two male and the right female Mullerian ducts undergoing involution a marked progressive rise in ribonuclease, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin in comparison to the left female duct, which is normally stable during differentiation. This preliminary communication is designed to consider such findings in the light of the work at present being done on the mechanism of steroid hormone action and to outline the direction of experiments now in progress in my laboratory.
Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection

We assessed the severity and temporal profile of distant neuromuscular effects from a single dose (280 units) of botulinum neurotoxin injected into neck muscles for torticollis. We performed single-fiber EMG studies on the biceps brachii of six patients to measure jitter (20 pairs) and fiber density on the initial treatment day and then again, at least once more, after 2 to 12 weeks. No patient developed weakness beyond the neck muscles or decrement of the biceps response to repetitive 3-Hz nerve stimulation. Between the baseline and the last follow-up study, the average of mean MCD increased from 29 μsec to 38 usec (31%). Mean fiber density increased concurrently or earlier from 1.35 to 1.79 (33%). There were no electrophysiologic signs of presynaptic blockade, even at 2 and 4 weeks. The effects we observed are compatible with stimulation of terminal sprouting by the neurotoxin, without significant presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release. We therefore believe that higher dosages of the neurotoxin may be used if clinically indicated.
An analysis of the "eveningness-morningness" dimension in "depressive" college students.

Abstract Background: Circadian variability in depression has not been well characterized with respect to the “eveningness–morningness” dimension. Methods: The “eveningness–morningness” dimension, as measured by the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire, was examined among a student population (n=1617) that was named as “depressive”. Three depression scales (BDI, GDS-SF, and CESD) were used to determine “depressiveness”. The Horne and Ostberg questionnaire was used to measure the degree of “eveningness–morningness”. It was hypothesized that there would be negative and significant correlations between the scores on the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire and the depression scales. Consequently, it was expected that there would be a significantly higher number of evening types than the morning types among the participants identified as “depressives”. Results: There were significant, negative correlations between the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire scores and the responses on the 3 depression scales (for BDI r=−.174, GDS-SF r=−.182, CESD r=−.176, all p
Hearing loss in syndromic craniosynostoses: Otologic manifestations and clinical findings

Abstract Objective This review addresses hearing loss as it occurs and has been reported in Muenke syndrome as well as six additional FGFR related craniosynostosis syndromes (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Beare-Stevenson syndrome, Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans, and Jackson-Weiss syndrome. Data sources Pub-Med, Medline, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, NLM Catalog. Review methods A Medline search was conducted to find all reported cases of the 7 FGFR related syndromic craniosynostosis. Special attention was paid to literature that reported hearing findings and the audiology literature. Results Hearing loss occurs in variable percentage as a component part of all FGFR related craniosynostosis syndromes. Our literature review revealed the following incidences of hearing loss in FGFR craniosynostoses: 61% in Muenke syndrome, 80% in Apert Syndrome, 92% in Pfeiffer syndrome, 74% in Crouzon syndrome, 68% in Jackson Weiss syndrome, 4% in Beare Stevenson syndrome and 14% in Crouzon syndrome with Acanthosis Nigricans. The majority of the hearing loss is a conductive hearing loss, with the exception of Muenke syndrome where the majority of patients have a sensorineural hearing loss and Crouzon syndrome where almost half of patients have a pure or component of sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusion This manuscript presents a diagnostic and management algorithm for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. It will aid clinicians in treating these patients and further, the recognition of a possible syndrome in patients with hearing loss who also have syndromic features.
A coming ‘Magnesian’ age? Small states, the global system, and the international community

Since Plato, we have considered that the ideal polis, or political community, is the small state, akin to the idyllic ‘Magnesia’ of the Laws. The Platonic ideal, however, generally has been considered unrealistic. Even in the ancient world, the Alexandrine model ‐ an expanding, pluralistic network of large trading cities under a single aegis ‐ came to contradict it. Subsequent history, especially the imperialism of the nineteenth century which swallowed up many small polities around the world, seemed to prove that only large and powerful entities were ‘fit’ to survive. Why, then, are there still so many small‐sized countries in the world today? Why is their number actually increasing? Decolonisation, the end of bipolarity, democratisation, trade liberalisation and the digital revolution are five factors that have given small states more freedom. Yet many are vulnerable, and the economics of their situations are precarious. The workings of the global system, particularly the globalisation of business, may ...