cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic algorithms and scatter search: unsuspected potentials

We provide a tutorial survey of connections between genetic algorithms and scatter search that have useful implications for developing new methods for optimization problems. The links between these approaches are rooted in principles underlying mathematical relaxations, which became inherited and extended by scatter search. Hybrid methods incorporating elements of genetic algorithms and scatter search are beginning to be explored in the literature, and we demonstrate that the opportunity exists to develop more advanced procedures that make fuller use of scatter search strategies and their recent extensions.
Establishing interrater reliability for kindergarten and primary-grade writers

Two procedures for establishing interrater reliability for the holistic scoring of young children's compositions are described in this study. The first procedure occurred after eight hours of training and in which 20 papers were randomly selected from kindergarten, first, second, and third grade samples in June of the year. All compositions were written on the same theme. They were ranked for writing proficiency and holistically scored using a holistic scoring guide developed by the authors. The reliability coefficients reflecting the average of three raters were found to be .738, .932, .851, and .890 for kindergarten through third grade respectively. The second procedure occurred during the implementation of a writing project in which experimental and control group children wrote papers on the same themes. Randomly set of November and February compositions were selected from each of three treatment groups at the four grade levels to yield a second measure of interrater reliability. Finally, a stratefied ...
Spectrophotometric determination of platinum o-phenylenediamine as a reagent

Summary The orange color complex formed by platinum(IV) with o-phenylenediamine at the p h range 3–4 forms the basis of sensitive colorimetric method for determination of the metal. The color complex has an absorption maximum at 450 mμ and obeys Beer's law for a platinum(IV) concentration of 1 to 12 p.p.m., the optimum concentration range being 4 to 12 p.p.m. where the per cent relative error per 1% absolute photometric error is 2.87. Sensitivity of the color reaction is 1 part of platinum per 59,000,000 parts of the solution. Continuous variation and molar ratio methods indicate that platinum(IV) forms with the reagent a 1 3n2 complex which has an average dissociation constant of 2.3.·10−8 at room temperature.
Effect of Cross-Shafting on Landing Reliability of V/STOL Aircraft

Fig. 3 Axial distance and capture area vs pressure ratio. Enhancement of Facility Pumping Capability The required low backpressure, Pa, must be supplied by the facility pumping capability. This capability is usually supplied by an air or steam driven ejector. In cases where large model sizes ard to be tested, facility pumping capability can become limiting, and the requirement to enhance such capability can be imperative. When large test models with high-pressure recovery inlets are utilized, the test model flow itself can have significant pumping capability. Thus, as suggested in Fig. 4, the model exhaust flow can be utilized as the primary flow of a preliminary ejector to raise the pressure at entry to the main ejector. The preceding calculations provide the necessary mass flows in the primary and secondary streams of the preliminary ejector. Estimates of the delivery stagnation pressure from the test model should be available, and it has been found a reasonable lower estimate of the secondary stream stagnation pressure to simply take it equal to the static backpressure, Pa. With the approximations suggested above, the combined system capability can be estimated in a straight-forward fashion utilizing established theories.' When high Mach number tests are to be conducted, considerable pumping enhancement occurs when a preliminary ejector is utilized.
Numerical Simulations of Deep Nonlinear Richtymer-Meshkov Instability

The Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instability is an interfacial instability between two fluids of different densities driven by shock waves and plays an important role in the studies of inertial confinement fusion and supernova. So far, most of the studies are for RM unstable interfaces driven by weak or intermediate shocks in planar geometry. Some results are given for the weak shock case in cylindrical geometry. For experiments conducted at Nova laser, the unstable material interface is accelerated by very strong shocks. We also present scaling laws for the RM unstable interface driven by strong imploding and exploding shocks.
Association of germline microRNA SNPs in pre-miRNA flanking region and breast cancer risk and survival: the Carolina Breast Cancer Study

Purpose Common germline variation in the 5′ region proximal to precursor (pre-) miRNA gene sequences is evaluated for association with breast cancer risk and survival among African Americans and Caucasians.
Low-Temperature Combustion Within a HSDI Diesel Engine Using Multiple-Injection Strategies

Low Temperature Compression Ignition (LTCI) combustion employing multiple injection strategies in an optical High-Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engine was investigated in this work. Heat release characteristics were analyzed through the measurement of in-cylinder pressure. The whole cycle combustion process was visualized with a high-speed digital video camera by imaging natural flame luminosity and three-dimensional-like combustion structures were obtained by taking flame images from both the bottom of the optical piston and the side window simultaneously. The NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. The effects of pilot injection timing, pilot fuel quantity, main injection timing, operating load, and injection pressure on the combustion and emissions were studied. Low temperature combustion mode was achieved by using a small pilot injection with an injection timing much earlier than TDC followed by a main injection after TDC. For comparison, experiment of a diffusion diesel combustion case was also conducted. Premixed-combustion-dominated heat release rate pattern was seen for all the low temperature combustion cases, while a typical diffusion flame combustion heat release rate was obtained for the conventional combustion case. Highly luminous flame was observed for the conventional combustion condition while much less luminous flame was seen for the low temperature combustion cases. For the higher load and lower injection pressure cases, liquid fuel being injected into low temperature premixed flame was observed for certain cases, which was different from the conventional diesel combustion with liquid fuel injected into hot premixed flame. Compared with the conventional diffusion diesel combustion, simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx was obtained for the low temperature combustion mode at both the same and increased injection pressure with similar operating load. For high load conditions, higher NOx emissions were obtained than the low load conditions with the same injection pressure due to a higher in-cylinder temperature under high load conditions with more fuel burned. However, compared with the diffusion combustion mode with a lower load at lower injection pressure, a significant reduction of soot was achieved for the high load conditions, which shows that increasing injection pressure greatly reduce soot emissions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Post-transcriptional processing of cellular RNAs in herpes simplex virus-infected cells

In HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus 1)-infected cells, the U(L)41 gene product carried with the virion has been shown to mediate the degradation of mRNA, leading to the shut-off of cellular protein synthesis. Analysis of the RNAs accumulating in cells infected with HSV-1 revealed the accumulation of RNAs encoding numerous cellular proteins both associated with and independent of activation of the NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) pathway. Studies on the activation of NF-kappaB and the expression and fate of selected cellular transcripts revealed the following. (i) In HSV-1-infected cells, NF-kappaB is activated by activated protein kinase R. Furthermore, the blockade of NF-kappaB translocation by suppression of protein kinase R activation does not render the cell more susceptible to apoptosis induced by viral gene expression. (ii) A number of mRNA up-regulated in infected cells [e.g. IkappaBalpha (inhibitory kappaBalpha), the immediate-early response protein IEX-1 and c-fos] are partially degraded and not translated. The degradation is U(L)41-dependent and results in deadenylation, endonucleolytic cleavage and 3'-5' degradation. The 5'-portion resulting from the endonucleolytic cleavage tends to linger in the infected cells. To date, the RNAs processed in this manner contained ARE (AU-rich elements) in their 3'-untranslated domains. RNAs lacking ARE were expressed and not degraded in this manner. (iii) Tristetraprolin and T-cell internal antigen-1, cellular proteins involved in the degradation of ARE-containing RNAs, are induced and activated in infected cells and tristetraprolin interacts physically with the U(L)41 protein.
Embryos of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis as a cell and tissue model for pyrolysis-mass spectrometry studies

Abstract The embryo of the frog Xenopus laecis was examined as a possible model for pyrolysis studies of cells and tissues from higher organisms. Individual cells from embryos in stages 5 and 6 (16–32 cells), and tissue fragments from neural stage embryos, were studied by low-voltage Curie-point pyrolysis—mass spectrometry (Py-MS) in combination with computerized multivariate analysis techniques. The results show that single cells, as well as selected tissue parts, of X. laecis can be analyzed by Curie-point Py-MS and that reproducible differences are found between different parts of the embryo. The biochemical difference patterns expressed in the spectra appear to reflect primarily protein, phospholipid and (poly)hexose moieties, thought to represent intracellular nutrients such as yolk and glycogen. The yolk/glycogen ratio was found to change markedly between the animal and vegetal poles of embryos in stages 5 and 6. Similar changes were found in different tissue regions of neural plate stage embryos, stages 13–14.
Theory of optical scintillation

A heuristic model of irradiance fluctuations for a propagating optical wave in a weakly inhomogeneous medium is developed under the assumption that small-scale irradiance fluctuations are modulated by large-scale irradiance fluctuations of the wave. The upper bound for small turbulent cells is defined by the smallest cell size between the Fresnel zone and the transverse spatial coherence radius of the optical wave. A lower bound for large turbulent cells is defined by the largest cell size between the Fresnel zone and the scattering disk. In moderate-to-strong irradiance fluctuations, cell sizes between those defined by the spatial coherence radius and the scattering disk are eliminated through spatial-frequency filtering as a consequence of the propagation process. The resulting scintillation index from this theory has the form σI2=σx2+σy2+σx2σy2, where σx2 denotes large-scale scintillation and σy2 denotes small-scale scintillation. By means of a modification of the Rytov method that incorporates an amplitude spatial-frequency filter function under strong-fluctuation conditions, tractable expressions are developed for the scintillation index of a plane wave and a spherical wave that are valid under moderate-to-strong irradiance fluctuations. In many cases the models also compare well with conventional results in weak-fluctuation regimes. Inner-scale effects are taken into account by use of a modified atmospheric spectrum that exhibits a bump at large spatial frequencies. Quantitative values predicted by these models agree well with experimental and simulation data previously published. In addition to the scintillation index, expressions are also developed for the irradiance covariance function of a plane wave and a spherical wave, both of which have the form BI(ρ)=Bx(ρ)+By(ρ)+Bx(ρ)By(ρ), where Bx(ρ) is the covariance function associated with large-scale fluctuations and By(ρ) is the covariance function associated with small-scale fluctuations. In strong turbulence the derived covariance shows the characteristic two-scale behavior, in which the correlation length is determined by the spatial coherence radius of the field and the width of the long residual correlation tail is determined by the scattering disk.
Headway and Hurdles in the Clinical Development of Dietary Phytochemicals for Cancer Therapy and Prevention: Lessons Learned from Vitamin A Derivatives

Accumulating epidemiologic and preclinical evidence support the pharmacologic use of a variety of dietary chemicals for the prevention and treatment of cancer. However, it will be challenging to translate these findings into routine clinical practice since phytochemicals have pleiotropic biological activities that have to be balanced for optimal efficacy without unacceptable and potentially unanticipated toxicities. Correctly matching patient populations and settings with optimal, natural product-based phytochemical therapies will require a greater understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying the efficacy, toxicity, and resistance of each agent in a variety of normal, premalignant, and malignant settings. This, in turn, necessitates continued commitment from the basic research community to guide carefully designed and informed clinical trials. The most developed class of anticancer phytochemicals consists of the derivatives of vitamin A called retinoids. Unlike other natural product chemicals currently under study, the retinoids have been extensively tested in humans. Over 30 years of clinical investigation has resulted in several disappointments, but there were some spectacular successes where certain retinoid-based protocols are now FDA-approved standard of care therapies to treat specific malignancies. Furthermore, retinoids are one of the most evaluated pharmacologic agents in the ultra-challenging setting of interventional cancer prevention. This review will summarize the development of retinoids in cancer therapy and prevention with an emphasis on currently proposed mechanisms mediating their efficacy, toxicity, and resistance.
State of Indiana V. Ford Motor Company revisited

In 1980, a jury returned “not guilty” verdicts on three counts of reckless homicide against the Ford Motor Company. The company was indicted when three girls were killed after their Ford Pinto burst into flames following a rear impact collision. This paper re-examines the consequences of this landmark case involving corporate wrongdoing from the perspectives of the participants 20 years later. Interviews were conducted with 22 individuals directly involved with the litigation, as well as with insightful observers and experts. The lasting impact of this case is demonstrated through its influence on the development of corporate liability, even though the company was found “not guilty.”
Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems

Knowledge of temperature and pressure, however qualitative, has been central to our views of geology since at least the early 19th century. In 1822, for example, Charles Daubeny presented what may be the very first “Geological Thermometer,” comparing temperatures of various geologic processes (Torrens 2006). Daubeny (1835) may even have been the first to measure the temperature of a lava flow, by laying a thermometer on the top of a flow at Vesuvius—albeit several months following the eruption, after intervening rain (his estimate was 390°F). In any case, pressure ( P ) and temperature ( T ) estimation lie at the heart of fundamental questions: How hot is Earth, and at what rate has the planet cooled. Are volcanoes the products of thermally driven mantle plumes? Where are magmas stored, and how are they transported to the surface—and how do storage and transport relate to plate tectonics? Well-calibrated thermometers and barometers are essential tools if we are to fully appreciate the driving forces and inner workings of volcanic systems. This chapter presents methods to estimate the P-T conditions of volcanic and other igneous processes. The coverage includes a review of existing geothermometers and geobarometers, and a presentation of approximately 30 new models, including a new plagioclase-liquid hygrometer. Our emphasis is on experimentally calibrated “thermobarometers,” based on analytic expressions using P or T as dependent variables. For numerical reasons (touched on below) such expressions will always provide the most accurate means of P-T estimation, and are also most easily employed. Analytical expressions also allow error to be ascertained; in the absence of estimates of error, P-T estimates are nearly meaningless. This chapter is intended to complement the chapters by Anderson et al. (2008), who cover granitic systems, and by Blundy and Cashman (2008) and Hansteen and Klugel (2008), who consider additional methods …
Time resolved observations of NH2 and benzyl radicals produced in the infrared multiple photon dissociation of benzylamine

Abstract The average internal energy of benzylamine molecules dissociated via infrared multiple photon excitation is derived from laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of [NH 2 ] versus time, and is 50–70 kcal mol −1 above threshold at fluences of 10–30 J cm −2 . The benzyl radical is monitored by LIF and is produced vibrationally “hot”. Fluorescence lifetimes of bands in its 1 2 A 2 -1 2 B 2 system are reported.
Laser Photoetching of Polymers

Laser photoetching of polymers has been shown to be a useful method of producing via holes or patterns and is of potential importance in microelectronics fabrication. The maskless, self-developing nature of the process also offers unique opportunities in the preparation of packaging assemblies. Etching of via holes at any discretionary site for multichip interconnect, for example, provides the circuit designer with additional design flexibility. The photoetching rate is dependent on the absorption coefficient of the polymer (at the laser wavelength) and the irradiating fluence. Further, there appears to be an optimum absorption coefficient to achieve the maximum photoetch rate for a given fluence level. To laser drill holes for interconnects, it is desirable to irradiate at the highest energy (increased rate) possible without damaging underlying metal contact pads.
Pressure broadening and shift of the D 1 line of Ag by He, Ar, and N 2

We have studied experimentally pressure broadening and shift of the Ag ${D}_{1}$ line caused by He, Ar, and N${}_{2}$ buffer gases. The measurements were done in a heat-pipe-type absorption cell at a temperature of $\ensuremath{\approx}$1000 K and gas pressures up to 1000 torr. The measured values for pressure broadening and shift (in MHz/torr) are as follows: Ag-He 5.8(1), +1.16(2); Ag-Ar 5.2(2), $\ensuremath{-}2.28(4)$; Ag-N${}_{2}$ 5.2(1), $\ensuremath{-}2.52(7)$. The plus and minus signs indicate the direction for the shifts towards higher and lower frequencies, respectively.
Solving the problems of the tuberculous war veteran.

The modern tuberculosis institution is a great deal more than a place where only the disease is treated. Due to the long duration of hospitalization, the frequent paucity of symptoms and the fact that the majority of the patients are in their early adult years, it is important to give due consideration to the eventual aim of treatment, namely, restoration of the patient to as normal a working capacity as possible. It is necessary to utilize the patient's time and energies in useful pursuits which will be helpful towards his rehabilitation. A well planned and well executed intramural program of rehabilitation, carefully integrated with the therapeutic regimen, designed to fit in with the post-hospital program of rehabilitation, is a vital function of the modern tuberculosis institution. Rehabilitation should be started as early as possible after admission, consistent with the physical condition of the patient. Skillful guidance is required to guard the patient from lapsing into the hypochondrical state of phthisiophobia, and this must be carefully balanced against the other extreme which is overconfidence to the stage of foolhardiness. Treatment and rehabilitation are viewed as parts of one continuous program for the purpose of fitting the patient back into the social fabric as a useful, self-supporting, and self-respecting member of the community.
Spermatophore Transfer and Fertilization of Lone Star Ticks off the Host

Adult male Amblyomma americanum (L.) allowed to feed for 9–10 days on a host and then placed with unfed virgin females (density of 25 ♂ and 25 ♀) in vials successfully transferred spermatophores to 20–56% of the females. When these females were thereafter allowed to engorge on guinea pigs, they produced viable eggs. Engorgement periods of females that mated off the host were shorter (minimum 6 days) than those of females placed on a host at the same time with unfed males (minimum 11 days), but the percent hatch of eggs laid by females mated off the host was lower. Prefed males mated only once. Increasing the density of prefed males and females in the vials from a density of 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ to 5 ♂ and 5 ♀ and to 10 ♂ and 10 ♀ increased the chances of successful matings. The percent hatch of eggs laid by females mated off the host decreased with an increase in the interval between mating and placement of the females on the hosts for engorgement.
Burning fat: the structural basis of fatty acid β-oxidation

Recent advances in the structural biology of the enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation have revealed their catalytic mechanisms and modes of substrate binding. Although these enzymes all use coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters as substrates, they share no common polypeptide folding topology or CoA-binding motif. Each family adopts an entirely unique protein fold. Their mode of binding the CoA thioester is similar in that the fatty-acyl moiety is buried inside the protein and the nucleotide portion is mainly exposed to solvent; however, the conformations of the enzyme-bound CoA ligands vary considerably. Furthermore, a comparison of these structures suggests a structural basis for the broad substrate chain length specificity that is a unique feature of these enzymes.
Nonlinear effects of water deficits on foliar tannin concentration

The differential effects of various levels of water deficits on carbon gain, foliage expansion, and allocation patterns were incorporated into a graphical model in an attempt to explain the inconsistent reports in the literature on the effects of water deficits on contents of phenolic compounds in plant tissues. The model predicts that the concentration of phenolic comfpounds should vary nonlinearly with water deficit. In a preliminary evaluation of this model, the foliar tannin concentration of Douglas-fir trees growing along a gradient of water availability was examined. Tannin concentration showed a strong, significant relationship with water status that was best described by a nonlinear (quadratic) equation. These results underscore the need for investigators interested in the effects of water deficits on plant secondary metabolites, or in concomitant effects on processes such as herbivory, to take quantitative measurements of water status. The model may be applicable to all classes of nonnitrogenous plant secondary metabolites, but deviations from predictions should be expected both between classes and among specific components of a class.
How the Principalship Has Changed: Lessons from Principals' Life Stories.

The life stories of principals in a graduate education class reveal that many changes have occurred in the last 20 years, and suggest some changes that may occur in the next 20.
When government used publicity against itself: Toledo's Commission of Publicity and Efficiency, 1916–1975

Abstract In early 20th century America, the Progressive Movement sought to fight corruption and graft in city governments through publicity. The usual approach was to establish a nonprofit bureau of research or efficiency that would investigate city government and publicize the results. However, in Toledo (OH), that bureau was a government agency and was also publisher of the official city gazette. Was the public sector affiliation of the Toledo Commission of Publicity and Efficiency a fatal flaw? This inquiry concludes that the Toledo bureau was as effective as its nonprofit counterparts. Contrary to the dogma of Progressive Era reformers, a public agency dedicated to reform could successfully use publicity against its own government to accomplish reform.
Nature and regional significance of thrust faulting in the southern Inyo Mountains, eastern California

A belt of imbricate thrust faults, here named the “Swansea thrust fault system,” is exposed for a distance of about 27 km along the western flank of the southern Inyo Mountains, and it may Continue another 25 to 30 km to the southeast. The faults cut rocks of probable Early Jurassic age. Faults such as these may be formed within a structural ramp over which large thrust sheets may ride. Direction and time of movement on the fault system are similar to those on generally horizontal thrust faults underlying large allochthons to the north and northeast, but the Swansea faults occur entirely within the autochthonous sequence. The Swansea thrust fault system, therefore, is interpreted as representing deformation within a structural ramp that was overridden by thrust sheets related to those now preserved to the northeast.
Compression of Infrared Libraries by Eigenvector Projection

Different methods of data preprocessing were evaluated for the compression of Fourier transform-infrared spectral libraries by principal component analysis (PCA). The effect of noise on compressed library searches was examined. A PCA compression of an infrared library achieved an 81% reduction in size without any loss in search performance.
Investigation of α-Pinene + Ozone Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation at Low Total Aerosol Mass

We present a method for measuring secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production at low total organic mass concentration (COA) using proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). PTR-MS provides high time resolution measurements of gas-phase organic species and, coupled with particle measurements, allows for the determination of aerosol yield in real time. This approach facilitates the measurement of aerosol production at low COA; in fact aerosol mass fractions can be measured during alpha-pinene consumption as opposed to only at the completion of gas-phase chemistry. The high time resolution data are consistent with both the partitioning theory of Pankow (Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28,185 and 189) and the previous experimental measurements. Experiments including the effect of UV illumination and NOx reveal additional features of alpha-pinene + ozone product photochemistry and volatility. The high time resolution data also elucidate aerosol production from alpha-pinene ozonolysis at COA < 10 microg m(-3) and show that extrapolations of current partitioning models to conditions of low COA significantly underestimate SOA production under dark, low-NOx conditions. However, extrapolations of current models overestimate SOA production under illuminated, higher-NOx conditions typical of polluted regional air masses.
Expression of the kallikrein/kinin system in human anterior segment

Tissue kallikrein acts on the substrate, low molecular weight kininogen, to liberate bradykinin in a variety of tissues. Bradykinin stimulation of B2 kinin receptors has been shown to initiate signaling in trabecular meshwork cells and increase conventional outflow facility. The objective of the present study was to determine if the components for kinin generation and response are expressed in tissues of the human anterior segment. Expression of mRNA encoding tissue kallikrein (KK), low molecular weight kininogen, and B1 and B2 kinin receptors was examined in human ciliary smooth muscle (CM), trabecular meshwork (TM) and non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells using RT-PCR. Expression of component proteins was also investigated by immunohistochemical analyses performed on parasagittal sections of human anterior segment and TM cells, and by immunoblot. KK mRNA was detected in NPE cells and in cultured CM and TM cells from multiple donors. Each cell type also expressed mRNAs encoding both B1 and B2 kinin receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis of KK protein in sectioned anterior segment supported the RT-PCR results. Intense KK immunofluorescence was observed in the epithelial lining of the ciliary body and KK protein was also detected in the ciliary muscle. KK protein expression within the TM was demonstrated by analyses of TM tissue and cultured TM cells. The presence of KK along with B1 and B2 receptor proteins was confirmed by immunoblots of cell lysates prepared from CM, NPE or TM cells. Finally, both CM and TM cells were found to possess enzymes for bradykinin inactivation. These data demonstrate that key components for kinin generation and regulation are localized within the human anterior segment. Further, multiple cell types express both B1 and B2 kinin receptors and are targets for kinin action. The results support the possibility that kinins produced within the eye may contribute to the regulation of aqueous outflow.
The sensitivity of RNA polymerase II in elongation complexes to C-terminal domain phosphatase.

The phosphorylation state of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase (RNAP) II subunit plays an important role in the regulation of transcript elongation. This report examines the sensitivity of RNAP II to dephosphorylation by CTD phosphatase (CTDP) and addresses factors that regulate its sensitivity. The CTDP sensitivity of RNAP IIO in paused elongation complexes on a dC-tailed template does not significantly differ from that of free RNAP IIO. RNAP IIO contained in elongation complexes that initiate transcription from the adenovirus-2 major late promoter in the presence of a nuclear extract is relatively resistant to dephosphorylation. Complexes treated with 1% Sarkosyl remain elongation-competent but demonstrate a 5-fold increase in CTDP sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of RNAP IIO in both control and Sarkosyl-treated elongation complexes is dependent on their position relative to the start site of transcription. Elongation complexes 11–24 nucleotides downstream are more sensitive to dephosphorylation than complexes 50–150 nucleotides downstream. The incubation of Sarkosyl-treated elongation complexes with nuclear extract restores the original resistance to dephosphorylation. These results suggest that a conformational change occurs in RNAP II as it clears the promoter, which results in an increased resistance to dephosphorylation. Furthermore, the sensitivity to dephosphorylation can be modulated by a factor(s) present in the nuclear extract.
The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes.

Catherine Pihokera, Gun Forsanderb, Bereket Fantahunc, Anju Virmanid, Xiaoping Luoe, Marie Hallmanb, Joseph Wolfsdorff and David M Maahsg aDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; bDivision of Diabetes, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; cDepartment of Pediatrics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; dDepartment of Pediatrics, Apollo, Max, Pentamed and SL Jain Hospitals, Delhi, India; eDepartment of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; fDivision of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USAand gBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO, USA
How do prudent laypeople define an emergency medical condition

To determine the public's perception as to the general definition of an emergency medical condition (EMC), and to compare opinions between the general public and healthcare workers (HCW) on which specific medical conditions require emergency department (ED) care, a survey of people at 12 supermarkets and shopping malls in Northern California was conducted over a 6-month period in 1997. Individuals over age 18 were asked in person to complete a survey sheet. It asked participants to choose one of four definitions of "emergency medical condition." In addition, people were asked to determine which of 30 chief complaints they thought needed care in the ED. Demographic information was also collected. A second set of surveys asking the same questions was conducted among nonemergency healthcare providers at hospitals. Healthcare worker was defined as an MD, RN, LVN, or PA. A total of 1,018 members of the public and 126 healthcare workers completed the survey. EMC definitions selected by the public were: 1) an abbreviated federal EMTALA definition: a condition that may result in death, permanent disability, or severe pain (48.7%); 2) the federal definition plus other conditions preventing work (3.0%); 3) the federal definition plus any other conditions outside business hours (16.5%); and 4) any condition at any time as determined by the patient (31.6%). HCWs selected the following: definition 1 (71%); definitions 2 and 3 (0%); and definition 4 (27%). Definitions 1 and 3 were statistically different when comparisons were made between the public and HCWs. On the question of which of the 30 chief complaints needed care in an ED, agreement was seen between the public and HCWs for severe abdominal pain (94% vs. 99%, respectively) and severe chest pain (96% vs. 99%, respectively). However, the two disagreed on the need for ED care for severe headache (58% vs. 91%, respectively); mild chest pain (51% vs. 79%, respectively); and difficulty breathing (77% vs. 98%, respectively). No significant difference in opinions on the need for ED care was seen for some minor conditions: mild headache, sore throat, cough, flu symptoms, minor foot problems. No significant differences in answers occurred when age groups, occupations, or locations were compared. In conclusion, the public has split views concerning the general definition of an emergency medical condition. Approximately half uses a conservative federal definition, and half uses patient self-determined need as the definition. Data on which specific conditions need ED care provide additional insight on agreement between the public and HCWs on most problems. Both groups agree that many perceived minor medical complaints do not require ED care.
Role of Cholecystokinin in Gallbladder and Duodenal Motility in the Interdigestive State of Dogs

This study was designed to determine the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the motility patterns of duodenum and gallbladder in fasted conscious dogs. During the naturally occurring activity front in the duodenum a significant increase in the motility index, (MI) of the gallbladder was accompanied by a decrease in the gallbladder volume from about 28 ± 4 ml (control) to 21 ± 3 ml. Similar changes in the gallbladder were observed after intravenous bolus injections of motilin (20 to 40 ng/kg), which gave increments in plasma motilin comparable to those occurring spontaneously during the activity front but failed to affect plasma levels of CCK. Blocking of CCK receptors by L-364, 718 (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) delayed the occurrence of the spontaneous activity front in the duodenum and the accompanying alterations in the gallbladder motility. CCK receptor antagonism abolished the premature activity front induced by motilin in both the duodenum and the gallbladder, converted the fed-like pattern induced by exogenous CCK to a fasted motility pattern in the duodenum and prevented CCK-induced reduction in the gallbladder volume. Atropine (12.5 μg/kg) blocked the spontaneous activity front in the duodenum and accompanying alterations in the gallbladder motility and volume but failed to affect those induced by motilin. We conclude that the motility of the gallbladder in fasted dogs shows cyclic changes with typical reduction in the organ volume coinciding with the spontaneous or motilin-induced activity front in the duodenum, and that both CCK and muscarinic receptors are involved in the MMC-related alterations in the motor activity of the gallbladder.
Resource Use and Survival of Patients Hospitalized with Congestive Heart Failure: Differences in Care by Specialty of the Attending Physician

In this observational study of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure, cardiologist care was associated with greater costs and resource use and no difference in survival at 30 days of ...
Prompted to treatment by the criminal justice system: Relationships with treatment retention and outcome among cocaine users.

Background and Objectives A substantial portion of individuals entering treatment for substance use have been referred by the criminal justice system, yet there are conflicting reports regarding treatment engagement and outcome differences compared to those not referred. This study examined baseline characteristic and treatment outcome differences among cocaine-dependent individuals participating in cocaine treatment randomized trials.
Transitioning to Fly the Mission

The Hypersonic Propulsion Test Capability (HPTC) upgrade to the Aerodynamic and Propulsion Test Unit (APTU) at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) will allow ramjet/scramjet engines to “fly the mission” in a ground-test facility prior to riskier and more costly flight tests. This paper addresses the recently completed transient performance testing of the combustion air heater (CAH) in APTU. This test project operated the facility in a manner similar to how it will operate once the HPTC upgrade is complete by varying both the pressure and temperature in the CAH combustion chamber. Verification of this novel capability was needed to support ongoing control system work for HPTC. After an introduction to the APTU and the CAH, the paper presents the transient project's requirements and test configuration. It then delves into the application of Design of Experiments (DOE) where details are provided on how DOE made requirements verification attainable, given the configuration, measurement system, and budgetary constraints. The paper concludes with data plots using the DOE correlations and measured parameters that were utilized to determine whether the CAH in APTU is capable of supporting “fly the mission” type operations.
Interference cancellation for multirate multiuser systems

Multistage successive interference cancellation (SIC) and multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) are compared under two different realistic dual rate asynchronous DS-CDMA schemes. The effect of power control and imperfect channel side information are also considered. Multistage SIC outperforms single- or multi-stage PIC for any conditions considered.
Generating English Determiners in Phrase-Based Translation with Synthetic Translation Options

We propose a technique for improving the quality of phrase-based translation systems by creating synthetic translation options—phrasal translations that are generated by auxiliary translation and postediting processes—to augment the default phrase inventory learned from parallel data. We apply our technique to the problem of producing English determiners when translating from Russian and Czech, languages that lack definiteness morphemes. Our approach augments the English side of the phrase table using a classifier to predict where English articles might plausibly be added or removed, and then we decode as usual. Doing so, we obtain significant improvements in quality relative to a standard phrase-based baseline and to a to post-editing complete translations with the classifier.
Consensus Data Mining (CDM) Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Server

Summary: One of the challenges in protein secondary structure prediction is to overcome the cross-validated 80% prediction accuracy barrier. Here, we propose a novel approach to surpass this barrier. Instead of using a single algorithm that relies on a limited data set for training, we combine two complementary methods having different strengths: Fragment Database Mining (FDM) and GOR V. FDM harnesses the availability of the known protein structures in the Protein Data Bank and provides highly accurate secondary structure predictions when sequentially similar structural fragments are identified. In contrast, the GOR V algorithm is based on information theory, Bayesian statistics, and PSI-BLAST multiple sequence alignments to predict the secondary structure of residues inside a sliding window along a protein chain. A combination of these two different methods benefits from the large number of structures in the PDB and significantly improves the secondary structure prediction accuracy, resulting in Q3 ranging from 67.5 to 93.2%, depending on the availability of highly similar fragments in the Protein Data Bank. Availability: The CDM server is freely accessible by public users and private institutions at http://gor.bb.iastate.edu/cdm Contact: taner@iastate.edu
Effect of Birth Weight on Blood Pressure and Body Size in Early Adolescence

The fetal programming theory that birth weight contributes to blood pressure or body size in later life is examined in this study. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on subjects who were examined as newborns and prospectively interviewed and re-examined at 11 to 14 years old. Low birth weight (<2500 g) was present in 36% of the sample. The adolescent examination included measurements of blood pressure (BP), both auscultation and oscillometric methods; anthropometrics (height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]); health status; and health behaviors. Data were analyzed on 250 subjects. Correlation coefficients of birth weight with all BP measures were nonsignificant, except for the last auscultated diastolic BP (r=0.19, P<0.01), which had a positive relationship. The simple correlation coefficients of birth weight with adolescent body size were significant and positive for weight and BMI. After multiple linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, Tanner stage, and gestational age, there was no significant effect of birth weight on adolescent weight or BMI. No significant correlations were detected for ponderal index at birth with adolescent measures. This study, which includes a substantial portion of low-birth-weight cases (36%), indicates that birth weight does not correlate negatively with later BP. These results do not support the low-birth-weight theory and indicate that childhood factors that are more proximal have a greater effect on adolescent BP than intrauterine factors.
Modeling of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuator with Atmospheric Air Chemistry

Surface discharge in air has been studied using chemistry of formation of different ion and neutral species of nitrogen and oxygen. Continuity equations governing densities of electrons, ions and neutral species of nitrogen and oxygen are solved with Poisson’s equation to obtain spatial and temporal profiles of densities, and voltage. Results show that density profiles of charged species are nearly opposite to each other about the electrode set at positive and negative peaks of the cycle. Density profiles of nitrogen atom N and oxygen atom O are similar to each other at the same temporal location in a cycle because these do not respond to the electric field. Also + N and + 2 O respond to electric field in a similar manner, hence, their density profiles are similar to each other at same time instance. There is difference in the level of ionization of different species due to difference in rate coefficients. The motion of electrons and ions in response to electric field results in charge separation. The value of separated space charge shows footprints of electron deposition downstream of the overlap region of the electrodes resulting in formation of virtual negative electrode. The electrodynamic body force per unit volume has been predicted about the dielectric surface for the twentieth cycle. A time averaged force, predominantly downstream with a transverse component towards the wall, acts on the plasma in forward direction. This results in a moving wave of plasma over dielectric surface in the positive x-direction which can induce a control mechanism in the neighboring air flow.
EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBCLASS OF SUPERNOVA GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

The spatial and temporal coincidence of gamma-ray burst (GRB) 980425 and supernova (SN) 1998bw has prompted speculation that there exists a subclass of GRBs produced by SNe (“S-GRBs”). A physical model motivated by radio observations lead us to propose the following characteristics of S-GRBs: (1) prompt radio emission and an implied high brightness temperature close to the inverse Compton limit, (2) high expansion velocity (*50,000 km s 21 ) of the optical photosphere as derived from lines widths and energy release larger than usual, (3) no long-lived X-ray afterglow, and (4) a single-pulse GRB profile. Radio studies of previous SNe show that only (but not all) Type Ib and Ic SNe potentially satisfy the first condition. We investigate the proposed associations of GRBs and SNe within the context of these proposed criteria and suggest that »1% of GRBs detected by BATSE may be members of this subclass. Subject headings: gamma rays: bursts — supernovae: general — supernovae: individual (SN 1998bw)
Stability and heat transfer of rotating cryogens. Part 2. Effects of rotation on heat-transfer properties of convection in liquid He

Heat-transfer measurements have been made in normal liquid He contained within a rotating, cylindrical, cryogenic Benard cell with variable aspect ratio. Data are presented for a range of dimensionless angular velocities 0 ≤ Ω Pr
New Strategies for Automated Differential Diagnosis of Degenerative Brain Disorders

New strategies are considered for automated, single-subject differential diagnosis of independent degenerative brain disorders characterized by similar clinical symptoms using functional imaging. The methodology of these strategies is described and its application in Parkinsonian movement disorders is illustrated for PET data. Using an automated diagnostic topographic profile rating (TPR) technique based on the scaled subprofile model (SSM-PCA), single-subject score values for different conditions are compared with reference values to predict diagnosis. The discriminatory parameters of reference score sets associated with significant SSM principal components referred to as group invariant subprofiles (GIS networks) are examined. It is shown that the extraction of exclusive subnetworks that stem from contrasting image features between conditions can be an effective tool for optimization that does not require expert knowledge.
An Examination of Teachers' Ratings of Lesson Plans Using Digital Primary Sources

This mixed method study examined teachers’ ratings of 37 field-tested social studies lesson plans that incorporated digital primary sources through a grant from the Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources program for K-12 teachers. Each lesson, available in an online teaching materials collection, was field-tested and reviewed by at least three teachers other than the lesson’s author. The analysis illustrates that the majority of lessons (70%) utilized PowerPoint to show primary sources and pose questions to students about the primary sources examined. Qualitative analysis identified key factors that impacted lesson implementation and teachers’ analysis of student learning. This study raises several implications regarding the design and purpose of lesson plans available online for integrating digital primary sources into P-12 teaching, as well as the design and content of professional development whose purpose is to prepare teachers to integrate digital primary sources in their teaching.
Environmental Preference: A Comparison of Four Domains of Predictors

This article examines four domains of variables to assess their relative merit in explaining environmental preference. Within each of the domains, between three and seven specific attributes were m...