cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Question of Authority and the Various Responses to New Ideas: A (Possible) Buddhist Perspective.

The primary objective of this paper is to study the various possible responses to a new theory or perspective, whether this new theory is in science, philosophy, or religion. The response will depend on how one defines authority and truth. A brief discussion on certain aspects of Eastern spirituality is given. I rely on the philosophical aspect of Buddhism, as a basis to further my presentation. Specifically, the search for truth and certainty based on personal experience are discussed. The example of the Buddha as an archetypical teacher whose authority was based on his personal experience is also presented.
Serpentinization and infiltration metasomatism in the Trinity peridotite, Klamath province, northern California: implications for subduction zones

The Trinity peridotite was emplaced over metabasalts and metasedimentary rocks of the central metamorphic belt along the Devonian Trinity thrust zone. Three metamorphic events can be recognized in the Trinity peridotite: (1) antigorite (δD= −63 to −65%.) formation related to regional underthrusting of the central metamorphic belt; (2) contact metamorphism associated with Mesozoic dioritic plutons; and (3) late-stage formation of lizardite ± brucite and chrysotile (δD= −127 to −175%.) due to infiltration of meteoric waters. Abundant relict phases indicate incomplete reactions and strongly suggest that the availability of H2O was a controlling factor during serpentinization. Antigorite (event 1) formed as a result of infiltration into the Trinity peridotite of mixed H2O-CO2 fluids derived from the underlying central metamorphic belt. Foliation defined by magnetite veins and shear zones within antigorite serpentinites are subparallel to the Trinity thrust. The assemblage Fo + Atg + Chl + Mag ± Tr ± Carb reflects partial hydration of peridotite at 425–570° C. Talc-rich serpentinite formed along the thrust as a result of the infiltration of silica-bearing fluids. Metasomatic mass-balance calculations based on silica solubilities and the extent of antigorite serpentinization suggest that 80–175 volumes of fluid have passed through a given volume of original peridotite at the Trinity thrust. The Trinity thrust probably represents a Devonian subduction zone. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that hydration reactions account for ∼30–35% of the total heat released by the cooling Trinity peridotite. By analogy, similar hydration reactions are to be expected in the overlying mantle wedge of a subduction zone which act to retard cooling of the hanging wall, just as dehydration reactions delay heating of the downgoing slab. Metasomatic zones formed in peridotite at the Trinity thrust may reflect similar metasomatic processes to those proposed to occur in the mantle wedge above a subducting slab.
Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science ☆

Abstract This article provides an overview of current research on psychological aspects of persistent pain. It is divided into 3 sections. In section 1, recent studies are reviewed that provide evidence that psychological factors are related to adjustment to persistent pain. This section addresses research on factors associated with increased pain and poorer adjustment to pain (ie, pain catastrophizing, pain-related anxiety and fear of pain, and helplessness) and factors associated with decreased pain and improved adjustment to pain (ie, self-efficacy, pain coping strategies, readiness to change, and acceptance). In section 2, we review recent research on behavioral and psychosocial interventions for patients with persistent pain. Topics addressed include early intervention, tailoring treatment, telephone/Internet-based treatment, caregiver-assisted treatment, and exposure-based protocols. In section 3, we conclude with a general discussion that highlights steps needed to advance this area of research including developing more comprehensive and integrative conceptual models, increasing attention to the social context of pain, examining the link of psychological factors to pain-related brain activation patterns, and investigating the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of psychological treatments for pain. Perspective This is one of several invited commentaries to appear in The Journal of Pain in recognition of The Decade of Pain Research. This article provides an overview of current research on psychological aspects of persistent pain, and highlights steps needed to advance this area of research.
Order transmission efficiency in large hierarchical organizations

We consider the elements in a, hierarchical organization (i.e. the decision-maker, the order transmitters and the executors) and their interdependence as described by a set of dependent random variables. An order corresponds to a specific value of the top random variable. Using the notions of conditional expectation and mutual information in a transmission channel, we introduce definitions for the operating cost and for the order transmission efficiency of the organization. We study how this efficiency is influenced by the number of hierarchical levels, by the number of degrees of freedom of the executors and by the existence of subformal communication (as opposed to official). The main conclusions are: (1) to improve efficiency, the hierarchy should be made as flat as possible ; (2) total control is almost always much too expensive ; and (3) subformal communication can either enhance or degrade efficiency ; examples of each kind are provided.
Two novel broadband MMIC amplifiers in SMT package for 1 to 40 GHz low cost applications

This paper describes the design and usage of two SMT packaged broadband amplifiers suitable for low cost sub mm-wave applications. Amplifiers shown in this article are a 1-to-40GHz traveling wave amplifier (TWA) and a 17 to 33GHz four stage power amplifier. Both of the amplifiers were optimally designed for 5/spl times/5mm surface mount (SMT) package. The TWA exhibits state of the art 15+/-1.5 dB of small signal gain between 1 and 40GHz, and 21dBm P-1dB output power at 26 GHz. The four stage PA exhibits 20dB minimum gain with more than 24dBm P-1 output power. Those are the only known or published MMIC amplifiers to work at these frequencies for SMT applications.
New Trends In Computer Vision Research

The problem of understanding how human vision works and how visual perceptions are transformed into words, has inspired a significant body of intriguing scientific research over the last two decades. Many of the ideas which determine the directions of contemporary research in this field stem from an inclination to apply to vision, concepts which describe intricate computer-based electro-optical imaging systems. The question as to how complete a theory of human vision can be constructed from such concepts has emerged as a key issue.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cloning and physical mapping of DNA sequences encompassing a region in N-myc amplicons of a human neuroblastoma cell line

Cloning and physical mapping of DNA sequences encompassing N-myc amplicons of a human neuroblastoma cell line were done. A number of lambda phage clones within this region were isolated using the probes prepared by the phenol emulsion reassociation technique. Based on the restriction mapping, they were integrated into 8 contigs with sizes of 25-60 kb which, in total, encompassed a 330 kb region. Several amplicons, 100, 420, 480 and 520 kb in size as a Notl fragment, were identified using hexagonal field gel electrophoresis, and the contigs were assigned in these Notl fragments. The region encompassed by the contigs was equivalent to some 60-80% of the amplicons identified as a Notl fragment. In order to compare the amplified regions flanking the N-myc gene among the cell lines, the phage clones to cover the whole contigs were used for hybridization as a probe. The results showed that the portions of the whole contigs ranging 18-45% were also amplified in the cell lines examined. These results allowed us to identified the 'rearranged sites' which were rather evenly distributed, one at every 40 kb, through the contigs. These observations lead to the idea that an amplified DNA domain is constructed after the multiple rearrangements and then increases in number, finally resulting in the formation of subsets of amplicons with sequence homogeneity.
Manufacturing and economic growth in the United States

Kaldor's growth laws are applied to the post-World War II United States. Each variable employed in the time-series analysis is smoothed with a moving average. This procedure successfully mitigates the effects of short-term cyclical changes and emphasizes long-term economic growth, indicate that Kaldor's laws are compatible with the economic growth of United States.
Studies on the mechanism of clonidine-induced mydriasis in the rat.

1. Intravenous administration of clonidine hydrochloride (3–100μg/kg) produced a dose-dependent pupillary dilation in anaesthetized rats. All experiments were carried out in rats in which vagosympathetic nerve trunks were sectioned bilaterally at the cervical level. 2. Clonidine-induced mydriasis was present only in those preparations having intact parasympathetic neural tone to the iris. 3. Depletion of CNS monoamines by more than 95% with reserpine (5mg/kg) and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (2×300mg/kg) failed to alter the dose-response relation to clonidine. 4. Pretreatment with the alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine hydrochloride (1.5 mg/kg), produced about a 10-fold shift to the right in the pupillary dose-response curve to clonidine. Yohimbine administered after the highest dose of clonidine also antagonized the mydriatic response. 5. The above results suggest that clonidine acts on CNS post-synaptic alpha-2-adrenoceptors to produce mydriasis by withdrawal of parasympathetic neural tone to the iris. 6. In an attempt to assess the physiological substrate(s) involved, mydriatic responses, due to parasympatho-inhibition, were evoked by electrial stimulation of ascending (sciatic nerve and medullary) and descending (hypothalamic) pathways. 7. Yohimbine (0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the pupillary dilation evoked by stimulation of the sciatic nerve and medullary loci, whereas these doses of yohimbine failed to alter the dilation in response to hypothalamic stimulation. 8. Similarly, monoamine depletion greatly antagonized the pupillary dilation elicited by sciatic nerve and medullary stimulation without significantly affecting mydriasis due to hypothalamic stimulation. 8. These results suggest that pupillary dilation produced by activation of ascending inhibitory mechanisms may utilize a monoamine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (perhaps noradrenaline) and that inhibition descending from the hypothalamus is not monoaminergic. It is further speculated that clonidine may produce mydriasis in this species by activation of CNS post-synaptic alpha-2-adrenoceptors (perhaps on neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) which normally subserve tonic inhibition arising from the periphery.
Fragmentation of deprotonated nitrophenol anions

Abstract This work examined the dissociation reactions and energetics of deprotonated nitrophenols. All species were generated using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source and were studied using tandem mass spectrometry. Collision induced dissociation studies revealed three common fragments: C 6 H 4 O − , NO 2 − , and C 6 H 4 O 2 − . Energy dependent collision induced dissociation showed the formation of C 6 H 4 O 2 − by the loss of NO is the lowest energy pathway for each isomer. The C N dissociation energy to yield NO 2 − is large, and is due to the stability of the nitrophenoxide anion.
Dyakonov‐Perel Effect on Spin Dephasing in n‐Type GaAs

We study the spin dephasing in n-doped bulk GaAs under moderate magnetic fields in Voigt configuration due to the Dyakonov-Perel (DP) effect by constructing and numerically solving the kinetic Bloch equations. Both acoustic (AC) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering, together with impurity scattering, are included in our theory, and their contributions to the spin dephasing time under the DP effect are examined in detail. The spin dephasing time is obtained from the time evolution of the incoherently summed spin coherence. We investigate how the spin dephasing time is affected by temperature, impurity level, magnetic field, and electron density. In particular, our theory shows that spin dephasing time increases with increasing magnetic field. We find that, contrary to the prediction of previous simplified treatments of the DP effect, the spin dephasing time increases with temperature in the presence of impurity scattering. These results are in qualitative agreement with recent experiments.
Effects of Intentional Touch on Complicated Grief of Bereaved Mothers

Loss of one's child represents one of the most traumatic events a human may endure. Few effective interventions have been documented. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of tou...
The effect of adherent cell-derived factors on immunoglobulin and anti-DNA synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract The role of adherent cells in the regulation of anti-DNA and immunoglobulin synthesis was investigated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured for 7 days, or were washed after 20 hr of incubation and recultured in fresh media. This washing resulted in a marked decrease in total IgG, IgM, and anti-DNA synthesis compared with unwashed cultures. Reculturing the washed cells in their original supernatant reconstituted Ig and anti-DNA synthesis. Hence it appeared that a supernatant factor, or factors, present in the first 20 hr of mononuclear cell cultures, was required for maximal Ig synthesis. Adherent cells were found to be the source of this Ig-stimulating activity. Moreover, adherent cell supernatants had no direct Ig-stimulating effect on B cells. Ig synthesis was stimulated, however, when T cells where present with the B cells at a 3:1 ratio. Autologous SLE mononuclear cell supernatants reconstituted Ig synthesis to a greater degree than did autologous normal supernatants. SLE adherent cell supernatants were fractionated on an HPLC sizing column. The fractions were tested for their ability to stimulate IgG synthesis by SLE mononuclear cells that had been washed after 20 hr of culture. A single peak of IgG-stimulating activity was found at approximately 14,000 M r . A rabbit antiserum to interleukin-1 (IL-1) neutralized the 1g-stimulating activity in adherent cell supernatants. No correlations were found, however, between supernatant IL-1 levels assayed by C3H-HeJ mouse thymocyte proliferation and IgG stimulation in mononuclear cell cultures, suggesting that the effects of IL-1 on cell proliferation may not accurately reflect its effects on Ig synthesis. These observations suggest that in normal individuals and in patients with SLE in vitro polyclonal Ig and anti-DNA synthesis requires the presence of soluble adherent cell factors. The Ig-stimulating effect is facilitated by T cells and appears to be mediated at least in part by IL-1. This culture technique provides a new way of analyzing the role of soluble factors in autoantibody synthesis and suggests that IL-1 may be an important contributor to lupus B-cell hyperactivity.
Partitioning the contributions of forage-based production system components to weight gain of juvenile crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Abstract Because commercial aquaculture of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, depends mainly on a foragebased production system, management could benefit from a better understanding of the linkages between system food components and growth of crayfish. This study was designed to estimate the contribution of this production system's separable dietary components to juvenile crayfish growth and assess the system's limitations. Crayfish weight gain was determined in static-water microcosms with and without various dietary components of the forage-based production system and a prepared feed. Crayfish were held individually in 3.8-1 glass jars with water maintained at 26.5 ± 1.5 °C and supplied with supplemental aeration. Approximately 450 ml of pond soil (except where absence of soil was used as a treatment) and unfiltered pond water (except when different water sources were used as treatments) provided the basic simulated production system. Six-week weight gain data from three separate feeding trials were used to fit a multiple linear model with zero intercept to estimate contribution to growth from separable components of the system. These components were — in decreasing order of importance — prepared feed, microbially enriched detrital forage, soil benthos, soil substrate and possibly peron associated with detritus. Nitrogen and phosphorus amendments to microcosms under the conditions of this study failed to improve crayfish weight gain. Likewise, microbial biomass of detrital rice (as estimated by ATP concentration) was not affected by either addition.
Prevalence of Taking Actions to Control Blood Pressure Among Adults With Self-Reported Hypertension in 18 States and the District of Columbia, 2009

The authors used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to assess the prevalence of taking actions to control hypertension among adults with self-reported hypertension. Differences by descriptive characteristics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, access to health care, medication adherence), presence of other health risk factors (overweight/obesity, smoking, heavy drinking, inadequate fruit/vegetable intake, and physical inactivity), and comorbidities (diabetes, high cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke) were compared. The prevalence of hypertension was 29.6%, and 75.0% of these patients reported taking antihypertensive medications, 73.1% changed eating habits, 72.8% decreased the use of salt, 78.8% reduced alcohol consumption, and 69.9% increased their physical activity. Overall, 87.2% reported taking two or more actions to reduce blood pressure. Patients taking antihypertensive medications were more likely to take two or more actions than their counterparts (90.6% vs 79.4%, P<.01). Those with at least one other health risk factor were 1.85 times as likely to take two or more actions as their counterparts (95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.92 times). More than 80% of hypertensive adults reported taking two or more actions to control blood pressure. The prevalence of taking actions differed significantly by descriptive characteristics, the presence health risk factors, and comorbidities.
Health Limitations and Post-Secondary School Enrollment

Using 25 years of data taken from the NLSY-79, I investigate the relationship between two measures of health-related work limitations and the likelihood of post-secondary school enrollment. I measure health-related work limitations both in terms of limitations in the kind of work that can be performed and in the amount of work that can be performed. I argue that limitations in kind of work will spur school enrollment, while limitations in amount of work will suppress school enrollment. Results support these arguments.
Selective amplification of repetitive DNA in the eukaryote, Tetrahymena.

Summary Selective amplification of the repeated DNA sequences (ERRF) of the genome of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis W can be induced by periodic heat shock treatment of populations of cells in the circadian-infradian mode of growth. The amplified DNA sequences are replicated from pre-existing repetitive DNA sites within the genome as revealed by DNA/DNA kinetic-hybridization experiments.
The E-Test applied to susceptibility tests of gonococci, multiply-resistant enterococci, and enterobacteriaceae producing potent β-lactamases

Abstract The E-Test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden), a new and novel approach developed to test antimicrobial susceptibility, was compared with the agar dilution method. A collection of 57 organisms, including those with known resistances to various antimicrobial agents was tested against 15 drugs using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) methods. The E-Test quantitative accuracy (±2 log 2 dilutions) compared with agar dilution results was 99% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 95% for Escherichia coli strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamases, 100% for Enterobacter-Citrobacter spp. with type-1 stably derepressed enzymes, and 95% for Enterococcus spp. with various drug resistances (penicillins, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin). The E-Test procedures with these species were easy to perform, reproducible, and quantitatively and qualitatively accurate (89%–100%). The E-Test appears to be an acceptable option for susceptibility testing of these difficult-to-treat, drug-resistant bacterial strains.
Agouti-related protein segments outside of the receptor binding core are required for enhanced short- and long-term feeding stimulation.

The Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP) plays a central role in energy balance by reducing signaling through the hypothalamic melanocortin receptors (McRs) 3 and 4, in turn stimulating feeding and decreasing energy expenditure. Mature AgRP(83-132), produced by endoproteolytic processing, contains a central region that folds as an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) stabilized by a network of disulfide bonds; this domain alone carries the molecular features for high affinity McR binding and inverse agonism. Outside of the ICK domain are two polypeptide segments – an N-terminal extension and a C-terminal loop – both completely conserved but of unknown function. Here we examine the physiological roles of these non-ICK segments by developing a panel of modified AgRPs that were administered to rats through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. Analysis of food consumption demonstrates that basic (positively charged) residues are essential for potent short and long term AgRP stimulated feeding. Moreover, we demonstrate an approximate linear relationship between protein charge density and 24 hr food intake. Next, we developed artificial AgRP(83-132) analogs with increased positive charge and found that these species were substantially more potent than wild type. A single dose of one protein, designated AgRP-4K, results in enhanced feeding for well over a week and weight gain that is nearly double that of AgRP(83-132). These studies suggest new strategies for the development of potent orexigenic species, and may serve as leads for the development of therapeutics for treating wasting conditions such as cachexia.
Electrostatic Repulsion of Charged Pith Balls Hanging from Strings

Two positively charged pith balls hang from a nail at the end of equal-length strings in Earth's surface gravitational field. The problem consists in finding each of the hanging angles when the balls do not necessarily have the same mass or charge. The solution is an excellent exercise in developing two skills: wisely choosing the coordinate axes in a free-body diagram, and correctly interpreting the roots and limits of a numerical solution. The treatment is accessible to undergraduate physics majors in their first or second year of physics courses.
Barium diffusion in metallo-organic solution deposited barrier layers and Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x films

Barium silicate and barium aluminate films were studied for use as chemical reaction and diffusion barrier layers for Y1Ba2Cu3O7 (YBC) deposited on sapphire and fused silica substrates by the sol-gel technique. Depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to characterize the abruptness of the interfaces between the barrier layer and the YBC film as well as the barrier layer and the substrate. We found that barium aluminate films reacted with fused silica substrates forming a coarse-grained barium silicate phase. Barium silicate, BaSiO3, also reacted with silica substrates forming a broad, amorphous reaction zone containing some BaSi2O5. Although barium silicate and barium aluminate deposited on sapphire formed a BaA112O19 phase, they provided a barrier to barium diffusion from sol-gel deposited YBC. Crystalline barium aluminate grown on c-cut sapphire was the most effective barrier layer for the growth of YBC films; compositionally uniform YBC films were made similar to that grown on strontium titanate substrates. These data show that chemically stable, crystalline films are more effective barrier layers than amorphous films.
Results of Spraying And Dusting For The Control of The Red Spider Paratetranychus Pilosus)

Red spider, Paratetranychus pilosus, has been a serious pest on several types of fruit trees in the Erie-Chautauqua fruit section. The mites appear on the foliage early in the spring and develop from egg to adult in two to three weeks, there being such an overlapping that eggs and adults were always present; consequently effective dusts must remain active upon the foliage for some time. A lime sulphur wash, 1 to 40 easily controls red spider, though it is too strong for prune foliage, which at times may be seriously injured by 1to 75. The control by various sulphur dusts in combination with arsenate of lead or nicotine did not vary greatly, ranging from 50 to 60 percent. Soap added to a lime sulphur wash, increases its value by at least 5 to 10 percent. A1 percent lime sulphur with 6 lbs. of sulphur paste for each 100 gals. and 1 lb. of resin fish oil soap gave very satisfactory control.
Human rights and health: A perspective from the developing world

This paper considers the links between human rights abuses and problems faced by health workers who are required by oppressive regimes to participate in abuses but are also aware of the social and economic background to repression. The role of Western governments and human rights agencies in emphasizing the abuse of a few individuals rather than the wider suffering from oppression is criticized.
The confirmation of high-altitude radar meteors observed with the Jicamarca 50MHz array radar

There have been several optical observations of high-altitude meteors reported over the years. For instance, Olech et al. (A. Olech et al., A&A, 557, A89, 2013) recently reported a large Orionid fireball which was observed with the Polish Fireball Network of video and Photographic cameras. The fireball was captured at a beginning height of 168.4±0.6 km and a terminal height of 69.4±0.6 km. The radar meteor community, however, has remained skeptical with regard to the results of high-altitude meteors observed with High-Power, Large-Aperture (HPLA) radars. Antenna side-lobe contamination is placed in the center of this issue as the commonly raised objection. In order to confirm the existence of high-altitude radar meteors (HARM), we present here two nicely recorded high-altitude meteor head echoes whose beginning heights were 170 km and 140 km respectively. They were observed from our April 15, 2010 meteor observations using the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) main 50 MHz radar array antenna system. These two head echoes have significantly distinguishable SNR patterns and high Doppler velocities. An interferometric technique was employed to locate these meteor events via matching their SNRs with the JRO antenna radiation pattern (J. L. Chau et al., Ann. Geophys., 26(8), 2333–2343, 2008). To resolve the antenna side-lobe ambiguity issue, we demonstrate here the beam width and distant side-lobe properties for these observations. The sensitivity was so low that seeing meteor-zone meteors via the side-lobes was unlikely. For example, no satellites were detected in the side-lobes in this experiment. In addition, a flare-related trail-echo of one of these two events further locates the meteor head echo within the antenna main lobe as it is consistent with k⊥B scattering (A. Malhotra et al., JGR, 112, A12303, 2007).
Device fingerprinting to enhance wireless security using nonparametric Bayesian method

Each wireless device has its unique fingerprint, which can be utilized for device identification and intrusion detection. Most existing literature employs supervised learning techniques and assumes the number of devices is known. In this paper, based on device-dependent channel-invariant radio-metrics, we propose a non-parametric Bayesian method to detect the number of devices as well as classify multiple devices in a unsupervised passive manner. Specifically, the infinite Gaussian mixture model is used and a modified collapsed Gibbs sampling method is proposed. Sybil attacks and Masquerade attacks are investigated. We have proven the effectiveness of the proposed method by both simulation data and experimental measurements obtained by USRP2 and Zigbee devices.
Role of Microbial Immigration in the Colonization of Apple Leaves by Aureobasidium pullulans

The role of microbial immigration in the veinal colonization pattern of Aureobasidium pullulans on the adaxial surface of apple leaves was investigated in two experiments at two periods (early and late seasons) in 2004 by applying green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged blastospores to the foliage of orchard trees. Individual leaves were resampled by a semidestructive method immediately after inoculation (t0) and about 1 (t1), 2 (t2), and 3 (t3) weeks later. At t0, there were no significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in densities (cells/mm2) on veinal (excluding midvein) sites and those on interveinal sites, but at all points thereafter, densities were significantly higher on veins. GFP-tagged A. pullulans cells remained primarily as singletons on interveinal regions (≥90% at all points), while ≥20% of cells over veins at t3 were in colonies of ≥4 cells. The colonies that developed from single cells placed on midveins and other veins were significantly larger than those that developed on interveinal regions of detached field and seedling leaves incubated under controlled conditions. Colonies primarily developed linearly along veins, reaching average colony sizes (72 h) of 24.4 ± 12.7 (mean ± standard deviation) cells. In contrast, colonies on interveinal regions tended to average only 2.9 ± 1.3 cells, with less linearity. To examine the potential role of A. pullulans growth-inhibiting factors associated with interveinal features, single GFP-tagged A. pullulans cells in droplets previously incubated on interveinal sites were placed on midveins and compared to midvein colonies derived from cells in a water-only suspension. No differences in colony size resulted. Our results indicate that immigration limitation and growth-inhibiting factors are not the primary factors responsible for A. pullulans veinal colonization patterns in the field. Rather, indirect evidence suggests that growth-promoting substances occur locally in the veinal areas.
Frequency and extent of CD30 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its relation to clinical and biologic factors: a retrospective study of 167 cases

Previous studies have suggested that CD30 may be expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). However, the prevalence of CD30 + DLBCLs and extent of CD30 expression within an individual tumor have not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and extent of CD30 expression in DLBCLs, and explore possible relationships between CD30 expression and clinical and biologic variables. We retrospectively identified and analyzed 167 cases of CD30 + DLBCLs from our pathology archive. Twenty-one percent (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.8-27.1%) of these cases expressed CD30, and in 52% of them CD30 was positive in > 80% of tumor cells. CD30 expression was more frequent in DLBCLs with non-germinal center origin phenotype, BCL2 + DLBCLs and in patients ≤ 47 years old. There was significant interaction of BCL2 expression with age and subtype of DLBCL. A multivariate analysis performed in BCL2 + DLBCLs showed a higher frequency of CD30 + cases in non-germinal center DLBCLs (odds ratio [OR]: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.1-36.5) and in patients ≤ 47 years old (OR: 6.9, 95% CI: 1.5-29.5). These associations could suggest a common biologic pathogenesis. The effectiveness of anti-CD30 drugs in other lymphomas opens the possibility for their use in patients with CD30 + DLBCLs.
Tetrahymena Genome Database (TGD): a new genomic resource for Tetrahymena thermophila research

We have developed a web-based resource (available at www.ciliate.org) for researchers studying the model ciliate organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Employing the underlying database structure and programming of the Saccharomyces Genome Database, the Tetrahymena Genome Database (TGD) integrates the wealth of knowledge generated by the Tetrahymena research community about genome structure, genes and gene products with the newly sequenced macronuclear genome determined by The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). TGD provides information curated from the literature about each published gene, including a standardized gene name, a link to the genomic locus in our graphical genome browser, gene product annotations utilizing the Gene Ontology, links to published literature about the gene and more. TGD also displays automatic annotations generated for the gene models predicted by TIGR. A variety of tools are available at TGD for searching the Tetrahymena genome, its literature and information about members of the research community.
RELIGIOUS COGNITION AS INTERPRETED EXPERIENCE: AN EXAMINATION OF IAN BARBOUR'S COMPARISON OF THE EPISTEMIC STRUCTURES OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION

. Using as a model contemporary analyses of scientific cognition, Ian Harbour has claimed that religious cognition is neither immediate nor inferential but has the structure of interpreted experience. Although I contend that Barbour has failed to establish his claim, I believe his views about the similarities between scientific and religious cognition are well founded. Thus on that basis I offer an alternative proposal that theistic religious cognition is essentially inferential and that religious experience is in fact the use of inferentially acquired religious beliefs to interpret ordinary nonreligious experiences.
Porous Alginate−Poly(ethylene glycol) Entrapment System for the Cultivation of Mammalian Cells

A novel gel entrapment method has been developed where macropores are created within alginate beads to provide an environment for high-density growth of mammalian cells. The method takes advantage of an interaction between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and alginate to provide a network of pores within the bead for growth while the surrounding alginate matrix retains the integrity of the bead and minimizes cell leakage. Hybridomas were grown to a density approaching 10 8 cells/mL of beads in this system, while conventional alginate restricted growth to a maximum of 2 x 10 7 cells/mL of beads. In addition, cell leakage was minimal even at high cell densities, which was not the case with the conventional alginate system. Study of the conventional system determined that cell growth was limited by the alginate matrix; increasing the alginate concentrations resulted in lower final cell densities. In contrast, the PEG-alginate system permits growth in pores so the alginate matrix serves only as a structural matrix for cells. The pore size can be varied as a function of PEG concentration (10-20 wt % PEG) to provide radially defined areas for cell growth and radial diffusion pathways for nutrients/products in the adjacent alginate matrix. Because the PEG-alginate entrapment process does not require additional chemical reactions or temperature changes, the system offers a simple alternative to attain high cell densities in an immobilized bead system. As an illustration of the concept, cells entrapped in this system were grown to high density in both batch and perfusion modes for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Using the suspension batch culture as the base case, the specific monoclonal antibody production rate increased 1.6-fold for the slower growing batch-immobilized culture and 3-fold for the immobilized perfusion culture.
Evaluation of subsurface drip irrigation design and management parameters for alfalfa

Alfalfa is one of the most cultivated crops in the US, and is being used as livestock feed for the dairy, beef, and horse industries. About nine percent of that is grown in California, yet there is an increasing concern about the large amounts of irrigation water required to attain maximum yield. We introduce a conceptual framework to assist in the design and management of subsurface drip irrigation systems for alfalfa that maximize yield, while minimizing deep percolation water losses to groundwater. Our approach combines the strengths of numerical modeling using HYDRUS-2D with nonlinear optimization using AMALGAM and Pareto front analysis. The HYDRUS-2D model is used to simulate spatial and temporal distributions of soil moisture content, root water uptake, and deep drainage in response to drip-line installation depth and distance, emitter discharge, irrigation duration and frequency. This model is coupled with the AMALGAM optimization algorithm to explore tradeoffs between water application, irrigation system parameters, and crop transpiration (Ta), to evaluate best management practices for subsurface drip irrigation systems in alfalfa. Through analysis of various examples, we provide a framework that seeks optimal design and management practices for different root distribution and soil textures.
Integration of heterogeneous electronic information resources in engineering

It is pointed out that the diversity and rapid growth of the volume of scientific literature have made it more difficult for individuals in the sci-tech community to stay current. The authors present an innovative approach to accessing that literature: the library information workstation. The information workstation integrates diverse information sources, remote and local, commercial and home-grown. From a single terminal, patrons can access Illinois' statewide online catalog; article databases such as Current Contents, Medline, and Applied Science and Technology Index; and files of local interest such as the titles and call numbers of journals received in the university's several sci-tech libraries. The workstation in the Library of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology is presented as an example. >
A Study of Circulatory Dynamics by Means of Crystal Radiation Detectors on the Anterior Thoracic Wall

A description is given of simultaneous tape records from four well-shielded crystal detectors placed on the anterior chest in the projections of the right atrium, pulmonary artery, ventricles, and lung vessels alone. Single intravenous injections of J131 human serum albumin were made. Cardiac outputs calculated from the observed data compare favorably with those obtained by catherization. Use of the tape recorder with slow playback speeds allows for unique storage, transformation and interpretation of data. Characteristic curves obtained from patients with congenital and valvular heart disease are analyzed.
MINDO/3 study of the interaction of small carbon clusters

Abstract Interaction of small carbon clusters is studied using the MINDO/3 method. Energetic barriers for coagulation and isomerization are estimated. It is shown that coagulation of two linear chains leads to formation of a chain with possible closure to a monocyclic ring, while a linear chain and a ring results in a monocyclic ring. The barriers for these processes are less than 0.5 eV for coagulation and 2 eV for isomerization. Coagulation of two rings leads to a bicyclic cluster with a barrier of 0.2–0.7 eV. Binding of two even rings is relatively weak (1.5–2.0 eV). Odd and even rings may form a non-planar bicyclic cluster with an energy gain of 3.0–4.0 eV. Most stable structures result from two odd rings with binding energies of ≈ 5 eV.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of High‐Temperature Creep in Silicon Carbide: III, Sintered α‐Silicon Carbide

The operative and controlling mechanisms of steady-state creep in sintered α-SiC have been determined both from kinetic data within the ranges of temperature and constant compressive stress of 1670 to 2073 K and 138 to 414 MPa, respectively, and from the results of extensive TEM and other analytical analyses. Dislocations in glide bands, B4C precipitates, and the interaction of these two entities were the dominant microstructural features of the crept material. The stress exponent increased from 1.44 to 1.71 with temperature; it was not a function of stress at a given temperature. The curves of In ɛ vs 1/T showed a change in slope at 1920 ± 20 K. The respective activation energies below and above this temperature interval were 338 to 434 and 802 to 914 kJ/mol. A synthesis of all this information leads to the conclusion that the controlling creep mechanism at low temperatures is grain-boundary sliding accommodated by grain-boundary self-diffusion; at high temperatures, the controlling mechanism becomes grain-boundary sliding accommodated by lattice diffusion. The parallel mechanism of dislocation glide contributes increasingly to the total strain as the number/volume of precipitates declines as a result of progressive coalescence with increasing temperature.
Multiplanar Knee Laxity and Perceived Function During Activities of Daily Living and Sport

Context: Greater knee-joint laxity may lead to a higher risk of knee injury, yet it is unknown whether results of self-reported outcome measures are associated with distinct knee-laxity profiles. Objective: To identify the extent to which multiplanar knee laxity is associated with patient-reported outcomes of knee function in healthy individuals during activities of daily living and sport. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty healthy individuals (20 men, 20 women; age = 18–31 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): All participants were given the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADL) and Sports Activities Scale (KOS-SAS) and subsequently measured for knee laxity in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Separate backward stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine the extent to which multiplanar knee-laxity values predicted KOS-ADL and KOS-SAS scores within each sex. Results: Women ...
Localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the thyroid gland

BACKGROUND The current study was undertaken to define the natural history and patterns of failure of localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) involving the thyroid gland. METHODS A retrospective review of 51 patients with Ann Arbor Stage I or II NHL involving the thyroid gland was performed. The median age of the patients was 59 years. There were 33 females. There were 21 patients with Stage I disease and 30 patients with Stage II disease. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) was known for 43 patients (it was 0 in 16 patients and ≥ 1 in 27 patients). Fifteen patients had mediastinal involvement. Four patients underwent thyroidectomy, 18 patients received radiation therapy, 5 patients received chemotherapy, and 24 patients received combined modality therapy (CMT) with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Treatment modality, patient gender, IPI, disease stage, and mediastinal involvement were examined for significance with regard to overall survival (OS) and failure free survival (FFS). RESULTS The 5-year OS and FFS rates were 64% and 76%, respectively. The 5-year FFS rates by treatment regimen were 76% for radiation therapy, 50% for chemotherapy, and 91% for CMT (P = 0.15). IPI was found to be the only significant predictor of OS. The 5-year OS rates were 86% and 50%, respectively, for IPIs of 0 and ≥ 1 (P = 0.02). None of the 5 variables were found to correlate significantly with FFS, although the 5-year FFS rates were 93% and 68%, respectively, for IPIs of 0 and ≥ 1 (P = 0.08). Eleven patients failed treatment. Nine patients had a component of distant failure across the diaphragm. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of patients with localized NHL involving the thyroid gland appears to be very good, especially when CMT is used. Distant recurrences appear to account for the majority of treatment failures. The IPI was found to be a significant prognostic factor for OS and a marginal one for FFS. Cancer 2001;91:629–35. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
The Role of Perceptions in Dating Violence Among Young Adolescents

The high prevalence of dating violence and the severity of its aftermath warrant the collaboration between research and practice for the development of prevention and intervention programs. This study investigates young adolescents' perceptions of dating partner's behaviors in common dating situations and their behavioral reaction to these dating situations. Initially, focus groups provided responses used for the development of a dating violence questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of dating scenarios related to perceptions and expected behaviors of the characters in the scenarios. Second, another sample of adolescents responded to the scenarios. Descriptive statistics found that boys and girls reported fewer aggressive perceptions than aggressive behavioral responses to the dating scenarios. Nonparametric statistics revealed that adolescent boys were significantly more likely to expect aggressive responses than girls. These findings have implications for practitioners charged with preventing dating violence.
Note on the Insurance Industry

This Note provides an overview of the structure and function of the Insurance industry, with a primary focus on the U.S. It was designed to support the HBS MBA course "Managing the Financial Firm."
CD4 + T cells suppress immune response to cancer: novel targets for antitumor efforts

T-cell suppression/tolerance is one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape and one of the main limitations in the success
A power-efficient CMOS UWB signal-generation module

This paper presents a new carrier-based ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter architecture and its CMOS implementation. The new transmitter topology adopts a double-stage switching to enhance RF-power efficiency, reduce dc-power consumption and circuit complexity. Fabricated using a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the UWB signal generation module includes an UWB sub-nanosecond-switching single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch and a tunable impulse generator. Measurement results show that the generated UWB signal has variable 10-dB signal bandwidths from 0.5 to 4 GHz and tunable central frequency covering the entire UWB frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The CMOS module consumes less than 2 mW DC power. The proposed carrier-based UWB transmitter and the demonstrated module provide an attractive means for UWB signal generation for both UWB communications and radar applications.