cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HuR, a novel target of anti-Hu antibodies, is expressed in non-neural tissues

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) is characterized by a diverse set of clinical signs that are limited to the nervous system. The serologic hallmark of PEM is the presence of circulating autoantibodies, collectively referred to as 'anti-Hu,' which immunoreact specifically with members of the Elav protein family. Until recently, the ELAV antigens were only detected in neurons, thus strongly supporting a role for anti-Hu antibodies in the selective neural tissue injury in PEM. The identification of HuR, however, a new member with a broad, non-neural pattern of RNA expression, raises several fundamental questions regarding PEM. First, why are non-neural tissues spared in PEM? Second, why is PEM predominantly associated with neuroendocrine tumors? To begin addressing these questions, we sought to determine whether the antibody response to HuR differs from the neural-specific counterparts in patients with PEM, and to characterize the protein expression pattern of this novel antigen in peripheral tissues and tumors. Using sera from 11 patients with Hu-positive PEM, we found that the majority of samples (73%) were weakly or non-reactive for recombinant HuR on Western blot, in contrast to consistently strong immunoreactivity with the neural-specific members HuD and Hel-N1. We also demonstrate that HuR is expressed at the protein level in both non-neural tissues and non-neuroendocrine tumors. These findings suggest that immunoreactive differences among Elav family members may contribute to the neural-restrictive pattern of tissue injury in patients with PEM.
Micron-Level Actuators for Thermal Management of Microelectronic Devices

The failure rate of electronic equipment depends on the operating temperature. Although demand for more effective cooling of electronic devices has increased in the last decades because of the microminiaturization in device sizes accompanied by higher power dissipation levels, there is still a challenge for engineers to attain improved reliability of thermal management for intermediate and low-heat-flux systems. In the present study, an innovative alternative method is proposed and a computational parametric study has been conducted. A single microchip is placed in a two-dimensional channel. Different synthetic jet configurations are designed as actuators in order to investigate their effectiveness for thermal management. The effect is that the actuator enhances mixing by imparting momentum to the channel flow, thus manipulating the temperature field in a positive manner. The best control is achieved when the actuator is placed midway on the chip length and increasing the throat height. Also, using nozzle...
Some aspects of SO2 absorption by water-generalized treatment

Abstract The absorption of SO 2 by water in processes such as precipitation scavenging and deposition at ground level by rivers and lakes involves the solution of gaseous SO 2 followed by the first and second dissociations of sulfurous acid. Analysis of this phenomena can be simplified by considering the dissociation reactions to be very fast relative to the diffusion processes occurring in the liquid phase. In that context, a generalized theory for SO 2 absorption is presented in this paper, and model calculations for washout by rain show improved results in predicting the pH of the liquid phase. Applicability of the theory is discussed, and comparisons of the predictions with recent measurements are very good.
Association of Deoxycholic Acid in Organic Solvents

The distribution of deoxycholic acid (I) between aqueous buffer and an organic phase consisting of isooctane-1-octanol (70:30, v/v) (System A) or isooctane-chloroform (80:20, v/v) (System B) was studied. The distribution isotherms suggested that I associates strongly in the organic Systems A and B unlike in pure 1-octanol. Therefore, a previous model, describing distribution of bile salts between 1-octanol and aqueous buffer, was modified to include association of I in the organic phases to describe distribution behavior. The treatment suggested that I exists as monomer and dimer in System A with a dimerization constant of 820 M-1. A model consisting of monomer-tetramer-hexamer in the organic phase best describes the data for System B. The data support the view that association in the organic phase is due to hydrogen bonding between bile acid molecules.
Estimates of Holocene precipitation for Rajasthan, India, based on pollen and lake-level data.

A pollen profile obtained from lake sediments at Lunkaransar, Rajasthan, in northwest India was used along with a pollen-climate calibration function to estimate past precipitation. Between 10,500 and 3500 yr B.P., the estimated precipitation was about 500 mm/yr, or about 200 mm/yr above the modern value. A model was used for the energy and hydrologic budget of a lake basin and lake at Sambhar (located 240 km SE of Lunkaransar) to calculate that a 200 mm/yr increase in rainfall above the modern amount would have raised the lake level about 20 m above the modern level. Topographic charts and satellite imagery provided some evidence in support of an enlarged paleolake of that elevation, but field exploration would be required to confirm the size and date of a former lake. After about 3500 yr B.P., the Lunkaransar profile indicated a desiccated lake bed; because no pollen was preserved, the pollen-climate calibration function was of no use for estimating the amount of the precipitation decline. A reduction of precipitation of about 200 mm/yr below the modern amount was estimated from the energy and hydrologic budget for paleolake Sambhar by assuming that the lake was one-tenth of its present size during the dry interval.
Workload Variability and Social Support: Effects on Stress and Performance

The current study investigated the effect of workload variability on performance and stress, as well as the role of social support as a potential intervention. Based on previous research it was predicted that a shift in workload from either high to low or low to high would lower performance and increase stress, while the provision of social support would result in higher performance and lower stress. Results revealed significant decrements in performance following workload shifts, though no increase in stress was perceived. Performance in both workload conditions significantly, but inconsistently, increased following the provision of social support and stress significantly decreased following the shift from high to low workload. Implications and future research steps are discussed further.
The synergic effect of tri-n-butyl phosphate in the extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid

Abstract The partition of uranium (VI) between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions containing combinations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (DEHPA) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene has been investigated at varying concentrations of sulphuric acid, solvent, and uranium and at different temperatures. The change in the acidity of the organic solutions has also been examined. An infra-red spectral study has been made of the organic phases obtained. The mechanism on the synergic effect of TBP in the extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by DEHPA is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Minimum volume confidence regions

Abstract In this paper a simple method of constructing a 1 − α confidence region that has the smallest volume among all − α confidence regions based on a pivotal quantity is presented. To illustrate the usefulness of the method, its application to a standard problem is included.
Lipid peroxidation and paraquat toxicity.

Abstract Paraquat, added in vitro , stimulated lipid peroxidation in lung microsomes obtained from mouse lung but not from rat lung. Pretreatment of mice with N , N '-diphenyl- p -phenylene diamine, an antioxidant, or a high carbohydrate diet prevented the stimulatory effects of paraquat on lipid peroxidation but did not protect the animals against the lethal effects of paraquat. Conjugated dienes were not elevated in vivo after a dose of paraquat in mice equivalent to twice the ld 50 . Plasma and lung concentrations and edematogenic activities of paraquat and diquat were measured in rats after subcutaneous injections of these chemicals. At equimolar doses, diquat was less edematogenic and found at lower concentrations in lung than was paraquat, but, considering the greater efficacy of diquat in stimulating lipid peroxidation in vitro (R. Talcott, H. Shu and E. Wei, [24], these results indicate that the effects of bipyridinium herbicides in vitro may not be related to their mechanisms of toxicity in vivo .
Gender-based outcomes in percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry).

Gender-based outcomes have not been evaluated in unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DESs). We investigated whether gender influences the relative safety and efficacy of DESs compared with bare metal stents (BMSs) in routine clinical practice. Using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry, in-hospital and 1-year outcomes were stratified by gender in patients who received ≥1 DES (486 women, 974 men) or BMS (631 women, 1,132 men). There were significant baseline differences by gender, including older age and a higher prevalence of co-morbidities in women and more previous coronary artery disease in men. There were no gender-related differences in in-hospital myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, and death in those treated with BMSs or DESs. Antiplatelet use and stent thrombosis (1.3% of women vs 1.2% of men, p = 0.85) were similar at 1 year with DESs. At 1 year, patients with DESs had a lower rate of repeat PCI (14.1% in women vs 9.5%, p = 0.02; 12.0% in men vs 8.8%, p = 0.02). Adjusted 1-year outcomes in patients with BMSs and DESs, including death and myocardial infarction, were independent of gender. Use of DESs was the only factor, other than age, that conferred a lower risk for the need for repeat PCI in women (relative risk 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.89, p = 0.01) and men (relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.91, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the widespread use of DESs is safe and has decreased clinically driven revascularization compared with BMSs equally in women and men.
Revisiting the Cumulative Grade-Tonnage Relationship for Major Copper Ore Types

In order to develop long-term scenarios of copper supply and demand, a grade-tonnage density function model was developed for four major copper ore types. The model was used to create cumulative grade-tonnage curves, representing 1,778 million metric tons (Mt) of mineable copper. These cumulative curves were then validated against 70 years of historical world average ore grade using production input by ore type from 1800 to 2000. Additionally, the curves were used in conjunction with estimates of the ultimate porphyry resource and copper concentration in common rocks to conduct a rough analysis of the validity of the bimodal log-Gaussian distribution hypothesis for the global copper resource base. The resulting analysis did not confirm or refute the hypothesis but did provide guidance as to the way in which data from new resource exploration can be used to address the issue of the ultimate mineable copper resource. As ore deposit grade-tonnage data for other geochemically scarce metals becomes available, the methods described in this paper can serve as a template for further investigations of resource quality.
Open circuit voltage of vanadium redox flow batteries: Discrepancy between models and experiments

A major issue with the existing vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) models is the inaccurate prediction of the open circuit voltage (OCV), which results in a discrepancy of 131 to 140 mV in predicted cell voltages when compared to experimental data. This deviation is shown to be caused by the incomplete description of the electrochemical double layers within the cell when calculating the OCV using the Nernst equation adopted from fuel cell literature. Here, we propose a more complete description of the Nernst equation, which accounts for two additional electrochemical mechanisms that exist in a VRFB, namely: i) the proton activity at the positive electrode due to the involvement of the protons in the redox reaction, and ii) the Donnan potential due to the proton concentration differences across the membrane. The complete form of the Nernst equation proposed herein accurately predicts the reported experimental data with an average error of 1.2%, showing a significant improvement over the incomplete Nernst equation (8.1% average error) currently used in VRFB models.
Atmospheric Conditions and the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer

SINCE 1925, I have made observations upon the signal strength of KDKA in Pittsburg. The observing station at Morgantown, West Virginia, is sixty miles due south of KDKA. My results are in complete agreement with the discoveries of Prof. Ivo Ranzi1, provided I assume that the 309-metre wave from KDKA behaves like a 100-metre wave in so far as tho E layer is concerned.
International Politics at the Brain's Edge: Social Neuroscience and a New “Via Media”

Social neuroscience has seen a profound rise in other social science disciplines, such as economics, yet there has been relatively little systematic analysis of the usefulness of social neuroscience for international relations and the study of world politics. This article suggests that while there are many potential explanations for why this might be the case, one important barrier to adopting neuroscience may be our metaphysical assumptions and philosophical wagers. I suggest that if all politics is rooted in the brain, then two distinct arguments regarding agent-structure are plausible. One argument suggests that structure becomes redundant once the brain is accounted for; the other suggests that the brain simply drops out as epiphenomenal. After all, if all politics is reflected in the brain, then the brain itself is less interesting than the structure being reflected. These wagers ultimately relate to positions we take on the mind–body problem and well-known ideational-material divide. New research in neuroscience and philosophy of mind suggests that this binary distinction can be overcome, suggesting a new “via media” between ideas and material that may offer significant promise for both theory and practice.
Coming to Terms with “Integrated Coastal Management”: Problems of Meaning and Method in a New Arena of Resource Regulation

This paper traces the emergence of coastal management in the late twentieth century and assesses the social and spatial implications of the new Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) philosophy that guides national regulatory programs worldwide. A review of the epistemology of ICM reveals its link to the United Nations marine regulatory regime (the Law of the Sea) and the sustainable development paradigm embraced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. I suggest that the resulting regulatory regime facilitates the opening of coastal zones worldwide to aggressive state and global capital investment. By promoting the overhaul of existing social and spatial organization in coastal zones and by asserting the primacy of resource access for modern economic interests, ICM may introduce more rather than less social conflict and ecological degradation. To illustrate this dynamic, I examine the case of coral reef management in general, and in the context of the Sri Lankan ICM program.
Cloning and sequencing of the calcium-sensing receptor from the feline parathyroid gland

Messenger RNA of the calcium-sensing receptor from feline parathyroid gland (fCaSR) was reversed transcribed to cDNA, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into E. coli. Sequences obtained from cloned E. coli were used for genetic characterization of the fCaSR mRNA and for exonic PCR primer design. Multiple fCaSR exons sequence alignments obtained from PCR amplification of genomic DNA of 5 healthy domestic shorthair cats indicated the presence of 3 synonymous missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 1 nonsynonymous missense SNP, which changed an amino acid from arginine to proline. The fCaSR has 96%, 96%, and 94% homology to the canine, human, and bovine amino acid sequences, respectively.
Giant magnetoelectric effect in nanofabricated Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 -Fe 85 B 5 Si 10 cantilevers and resonant gate transistors

Magnetoelectric (ME) laminates show higher ME coefficients than that of natural multiferroics (e.g. Cr 2 O 3 , BiTiO) by up to several orders of magnitude. Recent studies on bulk ME sensors using Fe 85 B 5 Si 10 (Metglas) /polyvinylidene fluoride composite show a high ME voltage coefficient of 21V/cm·Oe at 20 Hz [1]. However, bulk sensors suffer from poor epoxy bonding, aging and difficulty of integration with CMOS electronics. Here, we report, for the first time, the monolithic nanofabrication of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT)-Fe 85 B 5 Si 10 ME cantilevers (Fig.1(a)) on silicon substrate which achieve 0.46 V/cm·Oe at 20 Hz and 1.8 V/cm·Oe at a resonance frequency of 8.4 KHz. Also, ME cantilever based resonant gate transistors (RGT) (Fig.1 (b)) has been designed and analyzed in comparison with ME cantilever. A 10X signal to noise ratio improvement can be reached by ME RGT. This shows the compatibility of the nanofabricated cantilever ME sensors with the Si process technology and paves the way for the future integration of MEMS based ultra-sensitive magnetic sensors with advanced Si nanoelectronics.
Genetics: We are the 98%

Nathaniel Comfort unpicks the metaphors in a trio of books exploring the 'junk'-ridden genome.
Proprioceptor distribution and properties in Limulus walking legs

The third walking leg of Limulus has approximately 350 proprioceptor neurons found in 12 distinct organs. They are categorized as articular membrane receptors (9 organs), nerve receptors (2 organs) and tendon receptors (one organ). The articular membrane organs are present in one or more of the soft articular membranes of each walking leg joint except the tarsoclaw joint. These proprioceptors, as exemplified by the coxotrochanteral units, are large multipolar neurons with long, multiple branching dendrites ending among epidermal cells. The nerve proprioceptors are located near the femoropatellar and tarsoclaw articular membranes and appear as cell bodies in ganglion-like swellings of branches of the small leg nerve. The cells resemble the articular-membrane type in size and shape, but they may be bipolar and their peripheral endings are unknown. The tendon receptor organ is composed of a group of multipolar neurons embedded in a tendon with fixed ends. In addition the organ has two accessory muscles connected to the tendon close to the region where the sensory cells are located. This organ monitors movements and position of the trochanter and femur segments by means of unidirectional extension movement units and position units which differ by predominance of phasic or tonic response. Flexion inhibits the tonic response and is followed by recovery of the response at a lower frequency. All of these responses are probably mediated by the effects of the joint movements on tension changes in the accessory muscles. The presence of efferent innervation to the accessory muscles implies its function for efferent control of the receptor response.
Fertility of bull semen at high extension rates in Tris-buffered extenders.

Abstract A 0.20-m Tris-yolk extender buffered to pH 6.50 or 6.75 was superior to other combinations tested in preserving motility of sperm (P 0.10).
Corrosion Inhibition of AA2024-T3 by Vanadates

The speciation of vanadate solutions and the resulting inhibition of oxygen reduction and corrosion of AA2024-T3 were investigated. 51V NMR is very useful for assessing vanadate speciation. Clear metavanadate solutions contain no decavanadate, which forms whenever the pH was decreased by the addition of acid. Orange decavanadate solutions contain no monovanadate, even when the pH is adjusted to high values. Monovanadate is a potent inhibitor in contrast to decavanadate. Inhibition by monovanadate seems to result from an adsorption mechanism rather than reduction. Monovanadate effectively protects S phase particles. Aging of high-pH decavanadate solutions does not improve the inhibition performance or result in complete depolymerization of the decavanadate.
Effect of alkali on the refunctionalization of soy protein by hydrothermal cooking

The effects of hydrothermal cooking (HTC) at alkaline conditions on refunctionalization of heat-denatured protein of extruded-expelled (EE) soy meals and on preparation of soy protein isolate (SPI) from EE soy meal were determined. Two HTC setups, flashing-out HTC (without holding period) and HTC with holding for 42 s at 154°C, were evaluated. Alkali (NaOH) addition dramatically enhanced the refunctionalization of EE meal having an initial protein dispersibility index of 35. The more alkali added, the more refunctionalization occurred. Extensive refunctionalization was achieved at 0.6 mmol alkali/g EE meal, and additional improvement was small with more alkali. For both HTC setups, the solids and protein yields of SPI from alkali-HTC-treated EE meals were significantly higher than those from HTC without alkali addition. The yield of protein as SPI increased from 40 to 82% after HTC treatment at 0.6 mmol alkali/g EE meal compared with no alkali addition. The emulsification capacities of SPI after alkali-HTC were similar to those from HTC without alkali. SPI from holding-tube HTC-treated EE meals had higher emulsification capacities than those prepared by flashing-out HTC.
Considering Greek Yogurt for Chronic Kidney Disease

T IS THE big time for Greek yogurt. It is Greek yogurt requires careful consideration to I packed full of protein, it is lower in sodium and sugar than regular yogurt, it is relatively easy to eat, and it tastes good. Sales have skyrocketed, and three new yogurt plants are revitalizing the dairy industry of NewYork state, which will bring jobs to Batavia NY (the site of the annual Council of Renal Nutrition conference in that region). Remarkably, Chobani yogurt, which is the leading brand of Greek yogurt, was an official sponsor of Team USA for the London 2012 Olympics. This shines the national spotlight on this new food product and company, which arrived on supermarket shelves just 7 years ago. Part of the appeal of Greek yogurt is its simple and pure recipe. Traditionally, Greek yogurt is made with three ingredients—milk, cream, and live cultures—and is strained to get its signature texture and flavor. It is thick and tangy. As an example, it takes 40 oz of milk strained 3 times to make 16 oz of yogurt. This explains the other draw—its appealing nutritional profile. There are up to 18 g of protein in a 6-oz cup. However, Greek yogurt is expensive. Much to the dismay of purists, some manufacturers have turned to food technology to produce a product that mimics Greek yogurt produced the traditional way. For example, Yoplait adds thickeners such as milk protein concentrate and organic cornstarch to their formulation. This allows for production to meet market demand and it cuts cost. Although there is a Standard of Identity for yogurt, there is no standard for Greek yogurt.
In Strangers We Trust? Findings of an Empirical Study of Distributed Teams

Trust has long been a contentious issue in human endeavours. It is not readily given nor gained, more so when strangers are involved. It often becomes an issue during distributed development where individuals are expected to interact with strangers they may not “meet” during the project lifetime. Trust was spontaneously raised by respondents in an empirical study of practices within distributed development and is reported in this paper. A qualitative analysis of study data suggests that trust typically becomes an issue in large teams when developers are to deliver an innovative product. We also found that it is more likely to be an issue the greater the diversity (of culture, language, time zone…etc.) within the team. Finally the data also suggests that developers more readily trust an authoritative team member (e.g. team leader), even if remote. Data suggests these factors can act as positive and negative forces to influence trust within distributed teams. These forces are reported in this paper together with proposed approaches that can promote equilibrium of the net forces.
The Scandinavian Democratic Model

Given the continuing importance of democracy as an analytic concept. this article seeks to compare Scandinavian practice with accepted general definitions and theories. Definitions that recognize contemporary political democracy as consensual and procedural seem most appropriate to the Scandinavian cases. Although remaining dynamic. political democracy has not been a contested principle for more than 50 years. Efforts since 1945 to extend democracy to social and economic spheres have been more controversial, however. Welfare state measures enjoy broad support, not least for functional reasons. For many, however, such policies seek a broader social democracy instead of merely a humane ‘safety net’. Economic democracy remains the most contested dimension. Seeking to transcend corporatism and rational collective bargaining, economic democracy seeks simultaneously to promote greater economic equality and participation while maintaining an efficient productive system. The dynamic and expanded democratic model has engendered much domestic debate about means and ends. This has been, on balance, a source of reinvigoration.
Daily Tympanometry for High-Resolution Measurement of the Time between Onset Of Cold-Like Illness and Middle Ear Effusion

Background: Tympanometry is a simple method to assess middle ear pressure (MEP) and the presence of middle ear effusion (MEE), a marker of otitis media (OM). Objectives: To determine whether daily parental tympanometry and illness sign recording in their children can be used to define the time between onsets of cold-like illness (CLI) and MEE at high resolution. Study Design: Prospective, longitudinal, 7 month, daily follow-up on 169 children aged 1 through 8.6 years. Methods: Tympanograms and illness were recorded daily by a parent. Tympanograms were examined, rejected if artifactual, and MEP data were entered into a database, with “flat tympanograms” coded as −400 mm H2O = MEE. The incidence and burden of CLIs (>2 days) were calculated, and for each CLI, the presence/absence of concurrent MEE (>2 days) was determined. For each child, the average MEP for CLI and nonCLI days was calculated. Paired CLI and tympanometric results were aligned and the days between event onsets determined. Stepwise regression was used to assign risk predictors for the measured outcomes. Results: A total of 566 CLIs were recorded, and the average CLI burden/child was 16%. Age was a significant predictor of CLI incidence/child, and age, history of colds, and daily environment were predictors of CLI-burden/child. Of the 433 evaluable CLI episodes, MEE was a complication in 37%, and MEE with a CLI was predicted by age, OM history, and environment. MEP was significantly more negative during CLI episodes, and the magnitude was predicted by age, race, and OM history. The average difference in MEE-CLI onsets was 1.2 ± 4.0 days; approximately 32% of MEEs occurred prior to CLI onset and 17% on the same day as CLI onset. Conclusions: CLIs adversely affect the middle ear-ambient pressure balance and are frequently associated with MEE episodes. The distribution in onsets between those events suggests that chemoprophylaxis of a child with a newly identified CLI to prevent MEE would have a low expected efficiency.
Karyotype and Relationships of Anolis desechensis

We determined the karyotype of Anolis desechensis and compared it with the known karyotypes of other members of the Anolis cristatellus series. The diploid (2N) number of chromosomes of two male A. desechensis was 27, with six pairs of large metacentric macrochromosomes, six pairs of microchromosomes of gradually decreasing size, and sex chromosome heteromorphism (three sex chromosomes, X1X2Y). This chromosome complement is identical to that of A. cristatellus and A. scriptus, thus providing additional evidence of a close relationship to these taxa. The evolution of chromosome number within the cristatellus series appears to have involved minimal homoplasy and therefore contains useful phylogenetic information.
On the Invariance of a Mean Voter Theorem

Abstract Under the assumption that preferences can be represented by linear-in parameters utility functions, Caplin and Nalebuff ( Econometrica 59 (1991), 1-23) have demonstrated that in a super-majority voting problem, the mean voter′s choice is unbeatable according to a rule that depends on the distribution and dimensionality of voters′ preferences. We show in some cases that the mean voter and the social choice, as well as this rule, are not invariant with respect to transformations of the parameters of the utility functions that preserve the voters′ ordinal preferences. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number D71.
Incremental maintenance of semantic links in dynamically changing hypertext systems

Abstract One purported advantage of hypertext systems is the ability to move between semantically related parts of a document (or family of documents). If the document is undergoing frequent modification (for example while an author is writing a book or while a software design stored in the hypertext system is evolving) the question arises as to how to incrementally maintain semantic interconnections in the face of the modifications. The paper presents an optimal technique for the incremental maintenance of such interconnections as a document evolves. The technique, based on theories of information retrieval based on lexical affinities and theories of incremental computation, updates semantic interconnections as nodes are checked into the hypertext system (either new or as a result of an edit). Because we use the semantic weight of lexical affinities to determine which affinities are meaningful in the global context of the document, introducing a new affinity or changing the weight of an existing affinity can potentially have an effect on any node in the system. The challenge met by our algorithm is to guarantee that despite this potentially arbitrary impact, we still update link information optimally. Once established the semantic interconnections are used to allow the user to move from node to node based not on rigid connections but instead on dynamically determined semantic interrelationships among the nodes.
PLD1 is overexpressed in an ER-negative MCF-7 cell line variant and a subset of phospho-Akt-negative breast carcinomas

We have used a novel variant of the human oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cell line, TMX2-28, as a model to study breast cancer. TMX2-28 cells show no detectable levels of mRNA or protein expression for the ER and express basal cytokeratins (CKs) 5, 14, and 17. cDNA microarray comparison between TMX2-28 and its parent cell line, MCF-7, identified 1402 differentially expressed transcripts, one of which was, phospholipase D1 (PLD1). Using real-time RT–PCR, we confirmed that PLD1 mRNA levels are 10-fold higher in TMX2-28 cells than in MCF-7 cells. We next examined PLD1 expression in human breast carcinomas. Phospholipase D1 mRNA levels were higher in breast tumours that expressed high-mRNA levels of basal CKs 5 and/or 17, but PLD1 mRNA levels were not significantly higher in ER-negative tumours. Phospholipase D1 protein was overexpressed in 10 of 42 (24%) breast tumours examined by IHC. Phospholipase D1 was overexpressed in 6 of 31 ER-positive tumours and 4 of 11 ER-negative tumours. Phospholipase D1 was overexpressed in three of the four tumours that showed high CK5/17 expression. Five PLD1-positive tumours were negative for phospho-Akt expression, but positive for phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression. The other five PLD1-positive breast tumours showed positive expression for phospho-Akt; however, only two of these cases were positive for phospho-mTOR. In this study, we report that PLD1 and phospho-mTOR are coexpressed in a subset of phospho-Akt-negative breast carcinomas.
Sequential sampling and maximum likelihood estimation

The equivalence of maximum likelihood and least squares estimation for sequentially generated dependent normal observations in indicated. The relevance of this equivalence to response surface analy...
Hybrid Robust Air-Path Control for Diesel Engines Operating Conventional and Low Temperature Combustion Modes

This paper describes a hybrid robust nonlinear control approach for modern diesel engines operating multiple combustion modes; in particular, low temperature combustion and conventional diesel combustion modes. An innovative control system is designed to track different key engine air-path operating variables at different combustion modes as well as to avoid singularity which is inherent for turbocharged diesel engine running multiple combustion modes. The overall system consists of a finite-state machine-based supervisory controller and multivariable sliding mode controllers with integral actions in sliding surfaces for different combustion modes. The system controlled outputs for different combustion mode controllers are carefully chosen with respect to combustion characteristics as well as sensor/measurement limitations. The performance of the control system is evaluated on a modern light-duty diesel engine. Experimental results demonstrate significant merits of the proposed control system compared against those obtained by conventional mapping/calibration-based approaches.
Dictionaries for sparse representation and recovery of reflectances

ABSTRACT The surface reectance function of many common materials varies slowly over the visible wavelength range. Forthis reason, linear models with a small number of bases (5-8)are frequently used for representation and estimationof these functions. In other signal representation and recovery applications, it has been recently demonstratedthat dictionary based sparse representations can outperform linear model approaches. In this paper, we describemethods for building dictionariesfor sparseestimation ofreectance functions. We describe a method for buildingdictionaries that account for the measurement system; in estimation applications these dictionaries outperformthe ones designed for sparse representation without accounting for the measurement system. Sparse recoverymethods typically outperform traditional linear methods by 20-40% (in terms of RMSE).Keywords: Reectance estimation, sparse recovery, dictionary learning 1. INTRODUCTION Light incident on a surface can be absorbed, transmitted, or reected. The complete interaction of light at thesurface is dicult to predict from rst principles and is a function of many variables. An important rst-orderapproximation for imaging is to assume that objects reect energy equally in all directions, and the reectanceis only a function of wavelength. In typical imaging applications, only the visible range of roughly [400,700] nmis considered.In digital imaging applications, light scattered from surfaces is gathered by the lens and converted to anirradiance at the sensor surface, In color imaging analyses, the irradiance image, which is commonly referred toas a color signal, is often discretizedby sampling the visible wavelengthinterval every 10 nm. The resulting length31 vector has been found to well represent common illuminants and surface reectances.
Dirhenium paddlewheel compounds supported by N,N'-dialkylbenzamidinates: synthesis, structures, and photophysical properties.

Dirhenium(III,III) compounds Re2(DMBA)4Cl2 (1, DMBA = N,N‘-dimethylbenzamidinate) and Re2(DEBA)4Cl2 (2, DEBA = N,N‘-diethylbenzamidinate) were synthesized via molten reactions between Re2(OAc)4Cl2 and the corresponding amidine. Re2(DMBA)4(NO3)2 (3) was obtained through reacting Re2(DMBA)4Cl2 with AgNO3. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the Re−Re distances in compounds 1−3 are 2.212(1), 2.217(1), and 2.173(1) A, respectively, which are consistent with the presence of a Re−Re quadruple bond. Voltammetric studies revealed that compound 2 exhibits two quasireversible couples, an oxidation and a reduction, and an irreversible reduction, while compound 1 displays irreversible couples at similar potentials. The three complexes exhibit 1δδ* absorption as a shoulder at ∼440 nm (e ∼1500 M-1 cm-1). Upon excitation of solid samples or CH2Cl2 solutions of 2 with visible light, emission is observed at 824 nm (77 K) and 833 nm (298 K), respectively. The luminescence is assigned as arising from the ...
Effect of self‐monitoring on binge eating: treatment response or ‘binge drift’?

The current study aimed to determine if subjective bulimic episodes (SBEs) and objective bulimic episodes (OBEs) have different reactive effects to self-monitoring. Fourteen women with bulimia nervosa (57%) or binge eating disorder (43%) were diagnosed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE; version 12.0). During the 7-days post-interview, participants filled out daily self-monitoring records indicating the food consumed and any episodes of loss of control over eating. These records were reviewed and coded for OBEs and SBEs using the EDE coding scheme. Paired samples t-tests indicated that participants' average number of daily OBEs significantly decreased from baseline to the period of self-monitoring (t = 2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.90), whereas there was a significant increase from baseline to self-monitoring in their average number of SBEs (t = −2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.86). Of the 12 participants who showed a decrease in OBEs, 75% showed a concurrent increase in SBEs. The data suggest that the reactivity of OBEs to minimal or brief interventions may in part be due to binge drift, or the reduction of OBEs at the expense of increasing SBEs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
c-abl is required for the development of hyperoxia-induced retinopathy.

The requirement for the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-abl in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was examined using the mouse model for ROP and c-abl‐ deficient mice. Hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization was observed in wild-type and heterozygous mice but animals that were homozygous null for c-abl did not develop a vasoproliferative retinopathy in response to hyperoxia. Two gene products, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ROP. The mRNA expression of ET-1 and VEGF was assessed in mice maintained in normoxia and in hyperoxia-exposed mice. ET-1 mRNA levels were unchanged in wild-type mice throughout the hyperoxia treatment, suggesting that ET-1 mRNA expression is not regulated by the increase in inspired oxygen. In wild-type mice maintained in room air, VEGF mRNA levels rose threefold from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P17. When wild-type mice were treated with the hyperoxia regimen, a fivefold decrease in VEGF mRNA expression was observed from P7 to P16. However, retinal VEGF expression in hyperoxia-treated homozygous null mice did not decrease and remained at control levels. These data suggest that c-abl is required for the hyperoxiainduced retinal neovascularization and hyperoxia-induced decrease in VEGF mRNA levels.
Loss of CCR5 results in glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice.

Macrophage and T cell infiltration into metabolic tissues contributes to obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), expressed on macrophages and T...
Qualitative Evidence in Working with Cognitively Impaired Older Adults

With the growing prevalence of dementia around the world has come a corresponding increase in the number of scientific investigations into late life cognitive disorders. In addition to fundamental inquiries about the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders, there has been a marked increased in qualitative studies designed to understand subjective experience of cognitively impaired individuals and their family members. This objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current body of qualitative literature on cognitive impairment in four areas: (1) cognitive impairment and existential issues; (2) the diagnostic process and its impact; (3) functional impact; and (4) cognitive impairment and comorbid medical conditions. Synthesis of findings from 53 studies reveals that the experience and impact of living with late life cognitive impairment varies by contextual factors and stage of the illness, and may be influenced by encounters with health professionals. Implications for practice are provided with an emphasis on holistic and person-centered approaches to dementia care.
Family History: The Key that Unlocks the Door to Familial Colorectal Cancer

This simple question should be a routine part of every patient history and is particularly important in patients presenting with bowel-related complaints. This chapter will discuss the significance of a family history of colorectal neoplasia, describe the way to obtain a reliable family history, and recommend follow-up of the possible answers.
A single center review of the experience with mitomycin C (MMC) and the risk of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

15167 Background: MMC related TTP/HUS has been reported between 4 and 15%, with a higher incidence in patients receiving cumulative doses of 60 mg or higher. It tends to occur within 4 months of dr...
Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae) a new burrowing sea anemone from Brazil, with a discussion of the genus Metapeachia

The diversity of burrowing sea anemones from Brazil is poorly known with only three species recorded. Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. is described from specimens collected in the intertidal zone of Sao Sebastiao and Cabo Frio in the southeastern coast of Brazil. Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. is the second species described for the genus and the second haloclavid recorded from Brazil. A comparison between Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. and Metapeachia tropica, the type species of the genus, is included. The two valid species of Metapeachia differ in the morphology of the conchula, internal anatomy, cnidae and geographical distribution.
Meeting Across the River: Why Affirmative Action Needs Race and Class Diversity

This paper is a response to Richard Sander’s latest work challenging the notion that race based affirmative action is still relevant and demanding that institutions of higher education consider class based affirmative action. To support his thesis, Sander conducts an empirical study on who benefits from affirmative action.This Article is divided into three sections, each containing a critique of Sander’s arguments and analysis. First, I briefly reframe and reiterate the history of race and ethnicity in affirmative action’s origins to directly confront the assumption that Sander makes about what affirmative action’s original purpose entailed. The goal of Part I is to correct the erroneous epistemology from which Sander’s study emerges: the entrenched de-contextualization of race and ethnicity as a means to supplant race with class in an effort to assert that high socioeconomic minorities are over-represented in law school admissions. Part II critiques the way in which Sander presents the data to create a narrative that supports his post-race argument rather than presenting them in the most transparent manner – thus allowing the data in their fullest form to reveal their story. Specifically, Sander ignores wealth as a key measure of socioeconomic status (SES), ignores the increasing data on racial inequality, and ignores the data indicating that class and race are not interchangeable. In Part III of this Article, I consider the arguments Sander continues to reify regarding the harms of affirmative action for students of color. Ultimately, I argue that while class and racial diversity should and do intersect, racial diversity should play a key role in higher education regardless of one’s SES. In addition, I argue that a central component of Sander’s goal is to perpetuate the myth of a colorblind society without confronting how best to use racial diversity within educational institutions. Finally, I address the role of wealth and its function in access to education.
Adolescent Delinquency: Is Too Much or Too Little Parental Control a Problem?

Delinquent behavior is a parental concern during the period of adolescence. Previous theories and studies suggested that high parental control relates to lower delinquent behavior. However, Nye’s social control theory suggests a curvilinear rather than a linear relationship between parental control and delinquency. This study uses Nye’s social control theory to explore a curvilinear relationship between parental control and delinquency. Data concerning parental control and delinquency from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) was analyzed using negative binomial regression in conjunction with “Svy” estimation method. The adolescents in the sample ranged from ages 12–21 years old (M = 15.55) and varied in race/ethnicity, family structure, and socioeconomic status. The quadratic term of parental control had a significant relationship with delinquency while controlling for the linear term of the parental control variable and covariates. The results suggested that high and low parental control related to higher levels of delinquent behavior. Moderate amounts of parental control related to lower levels of delinquent behavior. The practical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed within the study.
Origin of Populations of the Six-Spotted Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons, in Anoka County, Minnesota

During the years 1958-1962 studies were conducted to determine the origin of populations of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) in a 100-squaremile area in Anoka County, Minnesota, Two sources of infestation were found: eggs produced locally, and adults entering from outlying areas, Some eggs laid in the fall overwintered, while those produced in spring and summer had short incubation periods. In 1961 there was evidence of 3 complete generations and a partial fourth. The host plants on which the leafhopper was found to reproduce are listed, It is suggested that dispersal flights are primarily long distance, covering large areas at a time. Local dispersal flights are probably of secondary importance. Leafhoppers originating outside the study area appeared to be more important as initial sources of inoculum than populations produced locally.
American Public Opinion About Prisons

Politicians in the United States frequently cite public anger when they attack “country-club” conditions in prisons. Despite the ubiquity of this rhetoric, it is backed by limited empirical support...
Tuning Structure and Properties of Graded Triblock Terpolymer-Based Mesoporous and Hybrid Films

Despite considerable efforts toward fabricating ordered, water-permeable, mesoporous films from block copolymers, fine control over pore dimensions, structural characteristics, and mechanical behavior of graded structures remains a major challenge. To this end, we describe the fabrication and performance characteristics of graded mesoporous and hybrid films derived from the newly synthesized triblock terpolymer, poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine). A unique morphology, unachievable in diblock copolymer systems, with enhanced mechanical integrity is evidenced. The film structure comprises a thin selective layer containing vertically aligned and nearly monodisperse mesopores at a density of more than 1014 per m2 above a graded macroporous layer. Hybridization via homopolymer blending enables tuning of pore size within the range of 16 to 30 nm. Solvent flow and solute separation experiments demonstrate that the terpolymer films have permeabilities comparable to commercial membranes, are stimuli-respon...