cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: III. Triglyceride and phosphoglyceride biosynthesis in minimal deviation hepatoma 7288C

Minimal deviation hepatoma 7288 C cells were cultured on media containing 25% serum to the confluent stage. The growth media was replaced with serumfree media containing 1-14C-palmitate, and incubations were continued for 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr. The distribution of radioactivity among the major neutral lipids and phosphoglycerides was determined for cells and culture media. Radioactivity in individual fatty acids of cellular triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine also was determined. After 24 hr, more than 95% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in neutral and phosphoglycerides, indicating that only a small amount of the fatty acid was oxidized. At any time period examined, over 80% of the incorporated radioactivity was found in triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Incorporation of the label into cellular triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine plateaued at 12 hr, whereas incorporation of radioactivity into phosphatidylethanolamine still was increasing at 24 hr. In contrast, during the entire incubation period the relative distribution of14C among esterified lipid classes in the culture media remained constant. Elongation of palmitic acid to stearic acid and its subsequent desaturation to oleic acid suggests that these cells possess an active elongation and monoenoic desaturation system. Labeled glycerol ether diesters were not detected in the cells or culture media. Positional distribution of the14C label in the triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine suggests that minimal deviation hepatoma cells do not exhibit diglyceride selectivity in the biosynthesis of these two lipid classes.
A DOUBLE BLINDED, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO (P) CONTROLLED PILOT STUDY OF RhGM-CSF(GM) IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES (LBWN). PRELIMINARY RESULTS DEMONSTRATE A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS WITH RhuGM-CS

A DOUBLE BLINDED, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO (P) CONTROLLED PILOT STUDY OF RhGM-CSF(GM) IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES (LBWN). PRELIMINARY RESULTS DEMONSTRATE A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS WITH RhuGM-CS
Bootstrapping model of the origin of life

The origin of life is analyzed in terms of the self-facilitating aspect of evolution. According to the self-facilitation (or bootstrap) principle the structure of biological systems becomes increasingly suited to effective evolutionary search through the process of evolution. The principle may be extended to primitive collections of polymers with catalytic properties. The origin of the code may be based on a form of bootstrapping evolution. Once a primitive code appeared it could become more sophisticated through a multi-coding mechanism together with classical Darwinian mechanisms. The bootstrapping principle is also formulated in terms of the fluctuation-instability framework of Prigogine, Nicolis, and Babloyantz. Primitive collections of polymers accumulate evolution-enhancing redundancies which tend to reduce the extent to which they change when destabilized by fluctuation, but which increase the chances that these changes will lead to new predominant regimes. We show that the bootstrapping of evolutionary amenability is accompanied by the accumulation of a thermodynamic load, that is, a free energy cost which reduces the mechanistic efficiency. The bootstrapping effect suggests that the origin of life is most fruitfully approached as a long process during which the capacity to evolve facilitates itself in a step by step fashion rather than as a series of low probability events.
Bioreactor for glycerol conversion into H2 by bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes

Abstract Glycerol was used as a substrate for H2 production by bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes in the test tubes and bioreactor. A BioFlo/CelliGen 115 bioreactor (10 L working volume) was utilized to conduct the experiments for conversion of glycerol into H2 by E. aerogenes cells. The highest H2 production rate was observed under 2% glycerol in the culture medium. The glycerol uptake efficiency by bacteria in the bioreactor was found to be 65% during the 6 day period, matching glycerol uptake efficiency observed in the test tubes experiment (65%).Hydrogen production from glycerol (2% glycerol, v/v) by E. aerogenes in the bioreactor and test tubes was measured over the 6 days, showing the maximal H2 rate at 650 mL g−1 dry weight h−1. The yield of H2 production from glycerol at 0.89 mol/mol in the bioreactor was high, corresponding to the theoretical yield of 1 mol of H2 per 1 mol of glycerol.
Stability in thin film multilayers and microlaminates: the role of free energy, structure, and orientation at interfaces and grain boundaries

Abstract In polycrystalline multilayer systems, the free energies of the interfaces and grain boundaries will determine the relative stability of each layer as well as the overall stability of the system. The stability of immiscible systems and systems that form intermetallic compounds is discussed, and the effects of texture and orientation of grains on stability are examined.
A fully-decoded 2048-bit electrically-programmable MOS ROM

A novel MOS charge storage transistor developed for an electrically-programmable ROM will be described. The memory element is a fully-decoded 2048-bit silicon gate MOS chip that provides access times of 500 ns (dynamic mode) or 800 ns (static mode).
Most adolescents who participate in school-based screenings for sexually transmitted infections do not perceive themselves at high risk of sexually transmitted infection

Statements of study limitations have been made in a number of reports that voluntary participants in school-based screenings for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be individuals who self-select for participation because they perceive themselves at high risk of STI. We surveyed 3336 students participating in the New Orleans school-based screening for chlamydia and gonorrhoea to determine their perceived personal risk of STI. Among all screening participants, 1183 (35.5%) estimated that their chances of getting an STI were pretty high or very high and 2153 (64.5%) estimated that their chances were none, not very high or medium. These findings indicate that most participants in the New Orleans school-based screening for chlamydia and gonorrhoea do not perceive themselves at high risk of STI.
Asymptotic behavior of a reaction-diffusion system in bacteriology

Abstract This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the solution for a coupled system of reaction-diffusion equations which describes the bacteria growth and the diffusion of histidine and buffer concentrations. Under the basic boundary condition of Neumann type or mixed type the coupled system can have infinitely many steady-state solutions. The present paper gives some explicit information on the asymptotic limit of the time-dependent solution in relation to these steady states. This information exhibits some rather distinct properties of the solutions between the Neumann boundary problem and the Dirichlet or mixed boundary problem.
Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: A phase I study in adults and children

Abstract Background: Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant used in organ transplant recipients; an ointment formulation is being developed as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis. Objective: Our purpose was to define the pharmacokinetics and evaluate tacrolimus 0.3% ointment as therapy for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Methods: Thirty-nine patients, 5 to 75 years of age, received 14 applications over 8 days. Serial blood samples were collected on days 1 and 8, with predose samples collected on days 2 through 7. Overall response and signs/symptoms were rated daily on days 1 through 11. Incidence of adverse events and laboratory profile were determined. Results: Mean area under the curve (0.9 to 42.5 ng ·hr/ml) was highly variable and appeared to be related to size of application area. No systemic accumulation of tacrolimus was observed. Comparison to historical intravenous data indicates that absolute bioavailability of topical tacrolimus was less than 0.5%. Ninety-five percent of patients showed at least good improvement. All adverse events were transient. Burning was the most common application site adverse event and vasodilatation ("flushing/warmth") was the most common nonapplication site adverse event. No drug-related changes in laboratory profile were observed. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that tacrolimus 0.3% ointment may be a safe and effective therapy for atopic dermatitis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:69-76.)
Ensemble docking of multiple protein structures: Considering protein structural variations in molecular docking

One approach to incorporate protein flexibility in molecular docking is the use of an ensemble consisting of multiple protein structures. Sequentially docking each ligand into a large number of protein structures is computationally too expensive to allow large-scale database screening. It is challenging to achieve a good balance between docking accuracy and computational efficiency. In this work, we have developed a fast, novel docking algorithm utilizing multiple protein structures, referred to as ensemble docking, to account for protein structural variations. The algorithm can simultaneously dock a ligand into an ensemble of protein structures and automatically select an optimal protein structure that best fits the ligand by optimizing both ligand coordinates and the conformational variable m, where m represents the m-th structure in the protein ensemble. The docking algorithm was validated on 10 protein ensembles containing 105 crystal structures and 87 ligands in terms of binding mode and energy score predictions. A success rate of 93% was obtained with the criterion of root-mean-square deviation <2.5 A if the top five orientations for each ligand were considered, comparable to that of sequential docking in which scores for individual docking are merged into one list by re-ranking, and significantly better than that of single rigid-receptor docking (75% on average). Similar trends were also observed in binding score predictions and enrichment tests of virtual database screening. The ensemble docking algorithm is computationally efficient, with a computational time comparable to that for docking a ligand into a single protein structure. In contrast, the computational time for the sequential docking method increases linearly with the number of protein structures in the ensemble. The algorithm was further evaluated using a more realistic ensemble in which the corresponding bound protein structures of inhibitors were excluded. The results show that ensemble docking successfully predicts the binding modes of the inhibitors, and discriminates the inhibitors from a set of noninhibitors with similar chemical properties. Although multiple experimental structures were used in the present work, our algorithm can be easily applied to multiple protein conformations generated by computational methods, and helps improve the efficiency of other existing multiple protein structure(MPS)-based methods to accommodate protein flexibility.
A modular software architecture for miniature capsule robots based on TinyOS

Minimally invasive surgical techniques are becoming popular due to their enhanced patient benefits. Less invasive procedures can be achieved with the use of wireless Medical Capsule Robots (MCRs). MCRs are low powered and small in size and can be used for physiological parameter monitoring, therapy delivery, and biopsy sampling. Designing MCRs from the ground up is a costly and time consuming process. In this work, we present a flexible modular architecture to facilitate the design of MCRs and propose using TinyOS as the operating system. To assess the architecture and validate the feasibility of TinyOS, we implement a closed-loop control of a sensor-actuator system and compare the results with a traditional MCR built based on an 8051 microcontroller (MCU) programmed in plain C. Similar performances from the two approaches lead us to conclude that TinyOS is a valid option to implement a modular architecture for designing MCRs.
Salt modulates the stability and lipid binding affinity of the adipocyte lipid-binding proteins.

Adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP or aP2) is an intracellular fatty acid-binding protein that is found in adipocytes and macrophages and binds a large variety of intracellular lipids with high affinity. Although intracellular lipids are frequently charged, biochemical studies of lipid-binding proteins and their interactions often focus most heavily on the hydrophobic aspects of these proteins and their interactions. In this study, we have characterized the effects of KCl on the stability and lipid binding properties of ALBP. We find that added salt dramatically stabilizes ALBP, increasing its Delta G of unfolding by 3-5 kcal/mol. At 37 degrees C salt can more than double the stability of the protein. At the same time, salt inhibits the binding of the fluorescent lipid 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) to the protein and induces direct displacement of the lipid from the protein. Thermodynamic linkage analysis of the salt inhibition of ANS binding shows a nearly 1:1 reciprocal linkage: i.e. one ion is released from ALBP when ANS binds, and vice versa. Kinetic experiments show that salt reduces the rate of association between ANS and ALBP while simultaneously increasing the dissociation rate of ANS from the protein. We depict and discuss the thermodynamic linkages among stability, lipid binding, and salt effects for ALBP, including the use of these linkages to calculate the affinity of ANS for the denatured state of ALBP and its dependence on salt concentration. We also discuss the potential molecular origins and potential intracellular consequences of the demonstrated salt linkages to stability and lipid binding in ALBP.
Is the Patient a Candidate for Liver Transplantation

Identifying whether someone is a good candidate for liver transplantation is a complex process that requires a team approach. There are several medical and psychosocial considerations involved, each of which is thoroughly explored during the evaluation process. Both the indications and contraindications to transplantation can change over time, reflecting advances in understanding of, and ability to treat, certain disease processes. Ultimately, the goal of liver transplantation remains to provide a survival benefit to those with acute or chronic liver diseases.
Hölder Continuity for the Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao Equation

It has been shown that the Cauchy problem for the Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao equation is well-posed for initial data $$u_0\in H^s$$ , $$s>5/2$$ , with its data-to-solution map $$u_0\mapsto u$$ being continuous but not uniformly continuous. This work further investigates the continuity properties of the solution map and shows that it is Holder continuous in the $$H^r$$ topology when $$0\le r<s$$ . The Holder exponent is given explicitly and depends on both $$s$$ and $$r$$ .
Teaching At-Risk Students to Read Using Specialized Techniques in the Regular Classroom.

The reading achievement of at-risk first, second, and third grade students participating in a systematic, sequential, multi-sensory, synthetic, phonetically-based approach to reading (Project Read) was compared with that of control group students instructed through the use of traditional basal readers. Data were analyzed for both the full study and a sub-group in which the teacher variable was controlled. Significant differences were found at first grade for all subtests and the total reading achievement of treatment group students. First grade students reached achievement levels thought possible only through tutoring.
Identification of a thrombin-binding region in the sixth epidermal growth factor-like repeat of human thrombomodulin.

The interaction of thrombin with a 28-residue peptide corresponding to the N-terminal subdomain of the sixth EGF-like repeat of human thrombomodulin plus the junction between the fifth and the sixth EGF-like domains was characterized in solution by use of NMR spectroscopy, particularly differential resonance perturbations and transferred nuclear Overhauser effects (transferred NOEs). The EGF-like thrombomodulin fragment, or hTM422−449, is conformationally flexible in the absence of thrombin. Upon addition of thrombin, differential resonance perturbations and transferred NOEs are observed for the thrombomodulin peptide, suggesting specific and rapidly reversible binding and structuring of hTM422−449 in complex with thrombin. Residue-specific analysis of the differential line broadening, resonance shifts, and transferred NOEs identified regions of hTM422−449 responding to thrombin binding as the N-terminal residues Thr422−Ile424 and residues His438−Ile447 corresponding to the central β-hairpin, or B-loop, o...
Purification of human milk bile salt-activated lipase

Abstract A modified procedure for a large-scale purification of human milk bile salt-activated lipase (BAL) has been devised. An initial step used cholate-Sepharose affinity chromatography for the partial purification of the enzyme followed by the removal of cholate with a Bio-Rex 5 anionexchange resin. The final step of purification used heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. This procedure of purification resulted in a 50-fold purification of BAL from human skim milk and a specific activity of 50–60μmol/min/mg with p -nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. From 450 ml of human skim milk, approximately 30 mg of purified enzyme could be obtained. The N -terminal-region amino acid sequence of the purified BAL was determined as follows: Ala-Lys-Leu-Gly-Ala-Val-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Gly-Lys-Phe-Val-Glu-Gly-Val-Asn-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gly-Leu-. Despite the finding that BAL interacts with heparin-Sepharose, soluble heparin had no effect on BAL activity. The possible physiological role of BAL-heparin interaction has also been discussed.
Taming Labour’s MEPs

The national party leaders of Europe, sitting in separate national parliaments from their party’s Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), normally have difficulty influencing MEP policy decisions. This article, after pointing out the obstacles which minimize national party influence, analyzes a new and largely unacknowledged system of MEP coordination and control developed by the British Labour Party. Using data from interviews with Labour’s MEPs, the article concludes that Labour’s leaders have created an influential system of rewards and sanctions that have encouraged a closer and more disciplined relationship in this dualparliamentary setting.
When Nonvictims Derogate Powerlessness in the Helping Professions

A survey of child-care workers was conducted to assess the relationship between their perceived power and derogation of the youths they serve. As predicted, results indicate that child-care workers who experience themselves as powerful, that is, able to help the youths, offer positive perceptions of these youths and tend not to attribute their problems to enduring causes. In contrast, child-care workers who feel powerless to help the youths tend to perceive them negatively and attribute their problems to enduring causes. Implications are offered for a theoretical understanding of victim derogation within formal helping relationships.
Reviving the Bank and Fund

The missions of both the Bank and the Fund have changed greatly since the early years. And the client base has changed greatly. It is time to change procedures to match the rhetoric about governance, corruption, and ownership to incentives that help to bring about these results. The paper offers some suggestions for shifting from the command and control arrangements to systems that encourage local officials to reform.
Incorporation of Uncertainty in Composition of Feeds into Least-Cost Ration Models. 1. Single-Chance Constrained Programming

Ration formulation by linear programming techniques assumes a perfect knowledge of all coefficients involved. Because of variation in composition of feedstuffs, this assumption cannot hold in practical situations. However, the problem can be reformulated as a chance-constrained programming model for which a deterministic equivalent can be derived. In the case where only one nutrient is considered random, the methodology is labeled as single-chance constrained programming. The exact deterministic equivalent requires nonlinear programming methods for which algorithms are not available to the feed industry. Three linear approximation algorithms were derived and compared with the exact solution given by nonlinear programming in the formulation of a premix feed. Prices from 1970 to 1979 for 17 feed ingredients were used. An algorithm based on a linear function of the standard deviation of the random nutrient within each feedstuff, for which a penalty parameter is iterated in a search for a desired probability, yielded results very similar to the exact solutions found by nonlinear programming methods. This methodology could be implemented easily by the feed industry.
Genetic evidence from mitochondrial, nuclear, and endosymbiont markers for the evolution of host plant associated species in the aphid genus Hyalopterus (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Over the past several decades biologists' fascination with plant–herbivore interactions has generated intensive research into the implications of these interactions for insect diversification. The study of closely related phytophagous insect species or populations from an evolutionary perspective can help illuminate ecological and selective forces that drive these interactions. Here we present such an analysis for aphids in the genus Hyalopterus (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a cosmopolitan group that feeds on plants in the genus Prunus (Rosaceae). Hyalopterus currently contains two recognized species associated with different Prunus species, although the taxonomy and evolutionary history of the group is poorly understood. Using mitochondrial COI sequences, 16S rDNA sequences from the aphid endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, and nine microsatellite loci we investigated population structure in Hyalopterus from the most commonly used Prunus host species throughout the Mediterranean as well as in California, where the species H. pruni is an invasive pest. We found three deeply divergent lineages structured in large part by specific associations with plum, almond, and peach trees. There was no evidence that geographic or temporal barriers could explain the overall diversity in the genus. Levels of genetic differentiation are consistent with that typically attributed to aphid species and indicate divergence times older than the domestication of Prunus for agriculture. Interestingly, in addition to their typical hosts, aphids from each of the three lineages were frequently found on apricot trees. Apricot also appears to act as a resource mediated hybrid zone for plum and almond associated lineages. Together, results suggest that host plants have played a role in maintaining host-associated differentiation in Hyalopterus for as long as several million years, despite worldwide movement of host plants and the potential for ongoing hybridization.
Eigenfunction Decay and Eigenvalue Accumulation for the Laplacian on Asymptotically Perturbed Waveguides

An asymptotically perturbed cylinder is a manifold which, to the exterior of a compact set, is of the form R×M, where M is a compact manifold (with or without boundary), and for which the metric approaches the product metric as the axial variable tends to infinity. The properties of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on asymptotically perturbed cylinders, with either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions if the boundary is non-empty, are studied. For a large class of asymptotic perturbations, the eigenfunctions are proved to decay faster than the reciprocal of any polynomial as the axial variable tends to infinity. The decay estimates are then used to prove that the eigenvalues are of finite multiplicity, and can accumulate at the thresholds only from below. The results are shown to apply to a large class of acoustic and quantum waveguides.
Characteristics of planar monopole antenna on high impedance electromagnetic surface

This paper presents for the first time measured characteristics of a planar monopole antenna placed directly on a high impedance electromagnetic surface or artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). The return loss and radiation patterns are compared between the antenna in free space, and when placed directly on a perfect electrical conductor (PEC), and on the AMC. The antenna measured in free space has a wide pass band from 3 to 10 GHz. The return loss for the antenna on the PEC is nearly all reflected back and the return loss for the antenna on the AMC has a 10 dB bandwidth from 7.5 to 9.5 GHz. The gain of the antenna in free space, on PEC and on AMC is 1, −12 and 10 dBi, respectively. This indicates that the AMC is working properly, sending all the radiation outward with little loss.
Age of Acquisition Effects in Word Reading and Other Tasks

Recent studies have suggested that age of acquisition (AoA) has an impact on skilled reading independent of factors such as frequency. This result raises questions about previous studies in which AoA was not controlled and about current theories in which it is not addressed. Analyses of the materials used in previous studies suggest that the observed AoA effects may have been due to other factors. We also found little evidence for an AoA effect in computational models of reading that used words that exhibit normal spelling-sound regularities. An AoA effect was observed, however, in a model in which early and late learned words did not overlap in terms of orthography or phonology. The results suggest that with other correlated properties of stimuli controled, AoA effects occur when what is learned about early patterns does not carry over to later ones. This condition is not characteristic of learning spelling-sound mappings but may be relevant to tasks such as learning the names for objects.
Adaptive nulling with a reflector antenna using movable scattering elements

This paper describes an adaptive nulling system for reflector antennas that uses a genetic algorithm to mechanically adjust scattering elements in order to place nulls in the sidelobes of cylindrical parabolic reflector antennas.
Dynamic Data Driven Application System for Plume Estimation Using UAVs

In this article, a full dynamic data-driven application system (DDDAS) is proposed for dynamically estimating a concentration plume and planning optimal paths for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with environmental sensors. The proposed DDDAS dynamically incorporates measured data from UAVs into an environmental simulation while simultaneously steering measurement processes. In order to assimilate incomplete and noisy state observations into this system in real-time, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to estimate the plume concentration by matching partial observations with pre-computed dominant modes in a least-square sense. In order to maximize the information gain, UAVs are dynamically driven to hot spots chosen based on the POD modes. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) techniques are used for UAV guidance with collision and obstacle avoidance. We demonstrate the efficacy of the data assimilation and control strategies in numerical simulations. Especially, a single UAV outperforms the ten static sensors in this scenario in terms of the mean square error over the full time interval. Additionally, the multi-vehicle data collection scenarios outperform the single vehicle scenarios for both static sensors at optimal positions and UAVs controlled by SPH.
Selenium incorporation in fish otoliths: effects of selenium and mercury from the water

To study fish migration using otolith microchemistry, it is important to understand the relationship between ele- ments in the otoliths and in the surrounding water, including potential interactions with other elements. Selenium (Se) is a trace element with strong affinity for mercury (Hg). To test if Se is a reliable tracer for fish migration, the effects of dis- solved Se and Hg concentrations on Se incorporation in fish otoliths were investigated experimentally. Brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) were reared in waters spiked with various concentrations of inorganic Se and Hg. Otolith Se:Ca in- creased nonlinearly with dissolved Se concentrations as there was no significant difference between fish reared in low and medium (Se) waters (Se:Ca for low (Se) waters, 7.64 � 10 -6 ; medium, 6.59 � 10 -6 ; high, 1.24 � 10 -5 ). Our study also provided the first evidence of a negative effect of Hg on Se incorporation into otoliths (p = 0.01), a phenomenon most evi- dent in high (Se) waters. Because of the influence of Hg, caution should be taken when inferring fish migration based on Se. Resume´ : Pour etudier la migration des poissons a l'aide de la microchimie des otolithes, il est important de comprendre les relations entre les concentrations en elements presents dans l'eau et dans les otolithes, en tenant compte des inter- actions potentielles entre les elements. Le selenium (Se) est un element trace presentant une forte affinitepour le mercure (Hg). Afin de savoir si le Se est un marqueur fiable des histoires migratoires, les effets du Se et du Hg dissous dans l'eau sur l'incorporation du Se dans les otolithes ont eteetudies de facon experimentale. Des barbottes brunes (Ameiurus nebulo- sus) ont eteelevees dans des eaux adifferentes concentrations en Se et Hg inorganiques. Le rapport Se:Ca des otolithes augmente de facon non lineaire avec les concentrations en Se dissous. En effet, aucune difference significative de rapport Se:Ca des otolithes n'a etedetectee entre les poissons elevesades concentrations en Se dissous faibles et moderees (Se:Ca pour faible, 7,64 � 10 -6 ; moderee, 6,59 � 10 -6 ; forte, 1,24 � 10 -5 ). Notre etude met en evidence, pour la premiere fois, un effet negatif du Hg sur l'incorporation du Se dans les otolithes (p = 0,01). Ce phenomene est particulierement evi- dent pour des (Se) fortes. Du fait de l'influence du Hg, des precautions doivent etre prises pour interpreter correctement les migrations des individus apartir du Se dans les otolithes.
Life–Bombing–Injury–Life: A qualitative follow-up study of Oklahoma City bombing survivors with TBI

Primary objective: To learn about and come to an understanding of the recovery process and outcomes experienced by the survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) along with other injuries in the blast.Research design: A phenomenological study was conducted using in-person interviews, document and video-tape review, internet communication and researcher journals as the primary data set.Methods and procedures: A total of 20 of the 46 bombing survivors with TBI (44%) agreed to be a part of the study. The data collection process focused on stories about service needs, services accessed and long-term outcomes of the participants.Main outcome and results: The researchers’ data analysis yielded four themes (Trauma-Healing-Support; What TBI?; How I went back to work and life; Now I really need assistance!) that represented the content and meanings of the interviews and supplemental data.Conclusions: A common thread running through the interviews of survivors with TBI...
Binder Based on Polyelectrolyte for High Capacity Density Lithium/Sulfur Battery

Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery is unique in that it is indeed a liquid electrochemical system. In discharge, elemental sulfur is first reduced into high order polysulfide (PS, Li2Sx, x= 8), which dissolves into liquid electrolyte and leaves voids in the cathode, whereas in the last stage, the dissolved low order PS (Li2Sx, x = 4) is reduced into insoluble Li2S2 and Li2S, which fill the voids up. In order to facilitate reversible cycling, the sulfur cathode is required to be capable of retaining the stable void structure. For this purpose, we introduce a poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (AMAC) as the binder of high sulfur loading cathodes. AMAC is a cationic polyelectrolyte, which is substantially insoluble in organic solvent while being highly soluble in water. This feature enables the cathode to retain the stable void structure formed repeatedly during discharge and charge cycling of the sulfur cathode. However, in the process of aqueous slurry coating, AMAC causes severe pitting corrosion of Al current collector. In this work, we study AMAC binder by comparing it with the conventional poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) binder, discussing the mechanism of Al pitting corrosion, and finally solving the problem of Al corrosion. © 2012 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.039208jes] All rights reserved.
Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream

[1] We investigated the response of hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) to wood removal in a small, low-gradient, gravel bed stream in southeast Alaska using a series of groundwater models built to simulate HEF for the initial conditions immediately after wood removal and 1 month, 2 years, 4 years, and 16 years following wood removal. The models were based on topographic surveys of the stream channel and surrounding floodplain, and surveyed water surface elevations (WSEs) were used to assign stream boundary conditions. Using the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the particle tracking model, MODPATH, we calculated hyporheic exchange fluxes, their residence time distributions, and both longitudinal and plan view spatial patterns of downwelling and upwelling zones. In the first few years, streambed scour and sediment deposition smoothed the streambed and WSE profile, reducing HEF. Also, large contiguous patches of downwelling or upwelling were fragmented, nearly doubling the total number of patches present on the streambed. As the stream continued to adjust to the loss of wood, those trends began to reverse. Accretion of sediment onto alternating bars resulted in better developed pool-riffle morphology, enhanced HEF, and increased residence times and also resulted in downwelling and upwelling zones coalescing into elongated patches along bar margins. This study showed that the hyporheic zone is sensitive to changes in wood loading and that initial changes in HEF resulting from the direct effects of wood removal were contrary to longer-term channel adjustments to changes in wood loading.
The use of some imitation flavors for masking distasteful drugs. VII. Terramycin hydrochloride.

The imitation flavored vehicles found best for masking Terramycin® hydrochloride were wild cherry, plain, and acid added, root beer, and ginger ale syrups. Several found excellent for masking the initial taste of this drug were not found as effective for masking the obnoxious effects of it, particularly within the 5 per cent confidence levels. Cacao syrup, U. S. P. was significantly better than most vehicles, imitation flavored and official, for masking both effects of Terramycin® hydrochloride.
Molecular characterization of colorectal neoplasia in translational research.

Objective.-To present recent advances in the use of molecular markers in diagnosis, in prognosis, in early detection, in novel therapies, and in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. Data and Literature Sources.-A review of studies of molecular markers in colorectal neoplasia, published in English and available on MEDLINE and BioMednet, indicates that molecular markers are being increasingly studied to predict clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC). We have used this resource, together with our published and unpublished observations at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, to provide an overview of translational research related to molecular markers in colorectal neoplasia. Conclusions.-Currently, the prognosis of patients with CRC is predicted primarily on the basis of clinicopathologic staging; however, pathologists and oncology surgeons have recently begun to investigate the use of molecular markers to diagnose and/or understand the progression of CRC. In recent years, much has been learned about the molecular events responsible for the development of CRC. Also, several studies have reported the implication of some molecular markers in metastasis and tumor aggression and their usefulness in predicting clinical outcome. In this article, we discuss the use of specific molecular markers, including tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and oncofetal tumor antigens (Lewis X and Y) in diagnosis and as targets for novel therapies, as well as the phenotypic expression of bcl-2, mucin antigens (MUC1 and MUC2), and nuclear accumulation of p53 in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with CRC. We also review the ways in which molecular markers may aid the early detection of colorectal neoplasia and promote our understanding of the earliest changes in colorectal neoplasia.
Pathogenomics of the Virulence Plasmids of Escherichia coli

Bacterial plasmids are self-replicating, extrachromosomal elements that are key agents of change in microbial populations. They promote the dissemination of a variety of traits, including virulence, enhanced fitness, resistance to antimicrobial agents, and metabolism of rare substances. Escherichia coli, perhaps the most studied of microorganisms, has been found to possess a variety of plasmid types. Included among these are plasmids associated with virulence. Several types of E. coli virulence plasmids exist, including those essential for the virulence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Despite their diversity, these plasmids belong to a few plasmid backbones that present themselves in a conserved and syntenic manner. Thanks to some recent research, including sequence analysis of several representative plasmid genomes and molecular pathogenesis studies, the evolution of these virulence plasmids and the implications of their acquisition by E. coli are now better understood and appreciated. Here, work involving each of the E. coli virulence plasmid types is summarized, with the available plasmid genomic sequences for several E. coli pathotypes being compared in an effort to understand the evolution of these plasmid types and define their core and accessory components.
Exploring the impact of bariatric surgery on high density lipoprotein

Abstract Low HDL cholesterol is an independent cardiac risk factor. A general efficacy gradient exists for the resolution of cardiovascular risk factors after bariatric surgery (i.e., biliopancreatic diversion [BPD]>Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB]>sleeve gastrectomy [SG]>adjustable gastric banding [AGB]). However, a review of high level of evidence clinical studies shows a different hierarchy for the effect of bariatric surgery on HDL (i.e., RYGB=SG>BPD, AGB). Surgically induced weight loss effectively reverses many steps in HDL metabolism that have been altered with obesity. Furthermore, enterocytes contribute to HDL levels through the synthesis of apolipoproteins A-IV and A-I. RYGB and SG that preserve the small intestine (particularly the jejunum) lead to a significant rise in HDL. However, when the small intestinal contribution does not reinforce the weight loss dependent mechanisms (e.g., after BPD and AGB), only a modest rise in HDL occurs. Further experimental and clinical studies are required to better delineate the issue.
LACK OF EVIDENCE FOR PATIENT-TO PATIENT TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN A DENTAL PRACTICE

This report reviews data pertaining to the hypothesis that transmission of HIV to five patients of a Florida dentist with AIDS resulted from the patient-to-patient transfer of infectious materials through the reuse of contaminated instruments. Findings strongly suggest that patient-to-patient transmission of HIV through contaminated handpieces, prophylaxis angles or anesthetic needles or cartridges did not occur in this practice.
Neurologic aspects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Thirty seven infants were identified with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Their hospital records were examined and survivors evaluated to determine the neurologic aspects of BPD. Five infants exhibited progressive neurologic disease; nine infants, nonprogressive neurologic disease; and 19, normal neurologic outcome. In four, neurologic outcome was indeterminate because of early death. Thus, evaluation of this population of infants with BPD has established two syndromes of neurologic disease—progressive and nonprogressive. The patients with nonprogressive neurologic disease exhibited static neurologic deficits identical to those described in earlier reports of outcome in infants with BPD. The infants with apparently progressive neurologic disease had clinical courses comparable to the fatal pattern of cerebral deterioration previously described. The syndromes appear to be distinct in etiology and clinical presentation. Intraventricular hemorrhage complicated by hemorrhagic intracerebral involvement appea...
Cellular Stretch Increases Superoxide Production in the Thick Ascending Limb

Superoxide (O 2 − ) is an important regulator of kidney function. We have recently shown that luminal flow stimulates O 2 − production in the thick ascending limb (TAL), attributable in part to mechanical factors. Stretch, pressure and shear stress all change when flow increases in the TAL. We hypothesized that stretch rather than shear stress or pressure per se stimulates O 2 − production by TALs. We measured O 2 − production in isolated perfused rat TALs using fluorescence microscopy and dihydroethidium. Tubules were perfused with a Na-free solution to eliminate the confounding effect of Na transport. Flow induced an increase in O 2 − production from 29±4 to 90±8 AU/s ( P 2 − production by TALs perfused at 10 nL/min decreased from 113±6 to 25±10 AU/s ( P 2 − production (40±6 to 118±17 AU/s; P 2 − production from 66±7 to 84±9 AU/s (29±8%; P 2 − production in the TAL. Stretch of the TAL during hypertension, diabetes, and salt loading may contribute to renal damage.
Ozone and Water Vapor Injected into the Stratosphere from Two Isolated Thunderstorms

Abstract The local ozone concentration and water vapor overburden were measured from a WB-57F aircraft near thunderstorms that reached or penetrated the tropopause. Two storms were studied extensively: one that penetrated 800 m above the tropopause and another that reached to about the tropopause level. In both cases, water vapor overburdens above and downwind averaged some 40% higher than those upwind of the storms. The water vapor overburdens directly above the higher storm were about 2.4 times that of those background measurements upwind and at the same levels; directly above the weaker storm the water vapor was about 1.8 times as great as the background measurements. The spatial distribution of ozone around the two storms was similar to that of the water vapor: downwind concentrations exceeded those upwind at all levels. An excess in ozone of about 25% was observed in circumnavigations above the storm tops when compared with fair-weather values at the same levels away from the storm. Ozone concentrati...
Endoscopic Component Separation

Endoscopic component separation provides a minimally invasive approach to obtain myofascial advancement during abdominal wall reconstruction. It involves utilization of standard laparoscopic instrumentation, endoscopic balloon dissectors, and standard hernia repair techniques. The primary advantage of the endoscopic approach is that it does not violate the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall skin and therefore significantly reduces wound morbidity.
Networks of Software, 1990-2002: Do Web of Links Contribute to Sales?

We develop and test a model of key determinants of software sales based on characteristics of a firm's business scope and network position - especially, cluster coefficient, degree centrality, partner diversity and linkage scope diversity. We use data on a sample of 509 firms in the packaged software industry during 1990-2002 to test our model and find strong empirical support for the additional explanatory power of network characteristics. We also complement the statistical analyses with insights from a decision support system for network visualization that we have built to explore the complexities underlying the operations and temporal evolution of the software industry. We identify a set of implications and future directions and call for researchers to further develop insights on how we can retain the holistic system of inter-linkages amongst firms to better understand organizational actions and firm performance.
Early cellular abnormalities induced by RET/PTC1 oncogene in thyroid-targeted transgenic mice.

The RET/PTC1 oncogene, a rearranged form of the RET proto-oncogene, has been reported to be associated with human papillary thyroid carcinomas. We have shown that targeted expression of RET/PTC1 in the thyroid gland leads to the development of thyroid carcinomas in transgenic mice with histologic and cytologic similarities to human papillary thyroid carcinoma. To further investigate how RET/PTC1 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid tumor, the time of tumor onset and the early phenotypic consequences of RET/PTC1 expression in thyrocytes were determined. All high copy transgenic mice developed bilateral thyroid tumors as early as 4 days of age. At embryological days 16 – 18, increased proliferation rate, distorted thyroid follicle formation and reduced radioiodide concentrating activity were identified in transgenic embryos. The reduced radioiodide concentrating activity was attributed to decreased expression of the sodium-iodide symporter. Our study showed that RET/PTC1 not only increased proliferation of thyrocytes, it also altered morphogenesis and differentiation. These findings provide a model for the role of RET/PTC1 in the formation of abnormal follicles with reduced iodide uptake ability observed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Fault Management as a Controller

Fault Management (FM) architectures use control theory terms such as sense, act, state and feedback loop to describe their FM functions. This is often the extent of the comparison to closed-loop feedback control theory, as FM architectures do not leverage the linear algebra equations of modern control theory. It is natural to understand why this occurs. Control theory addresses numeric control of continuous setpoints while FM control addresses symbolic control of discrete setpoints. A closer examination of the mathematical equations of modern control theory shows it to have real benefits for FM control. It provides a canonical set of control law equations that allow alternative FM implementations to be easily compared. It provides deterministic knowledge acquisition templates for the classes of knowledge needed by FM control applications. It can scale to extremely large systems. This paper introduces the canonical equations of modern control theory, illustrates their applicability using examples from both nominal and FM control and provides a procedure for users to extract the required knowledge to support their own FM solutions.