cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a subpopulation of children with growing pains who really have Restless Legs Syndrome? A review of the literature.

Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) can begin in childhood and persist into adulthood. To our knowledge, no one has done a systematic review of the literature to determine if the descriptions of 'growing pains' are consistent with the diagnosis of childhood RLS. Our group and that of Ekbom have noted that childhood onset RLS can be misdiagnosed as 'growing pains'. We therefore reviewed the work of seven groups of authors that addressed 'growing pains' as an isolated phenomenon in order to determine whether the descriptions of 'growing pains' were consistent with the clinical features of RLS. We found no consistent pattern in the descriptions even when articular pain was excluded. Thus, it is unlikely that all patients with 'growing pains' have RLS and it is likely that 'growing pains' is a heterogeneous disorder. The aforementioned authors were not looking for features unique to RLS and descriptions of the complete symptom complex of RLS are usually lacking. Further complicating the data are problems with methodology, e.g. in some studies small children and their parents were asked to retrospectively recall remote and infrequent events, and in other studies, articular pain was not adequately ruled out. Inconsistent with the hypothesis that RLS and 'growing pains' are the same are the high association of 'growing pains' with migraine headaches and abdominal pain. However, from this background emerge subsets of patients with 'growing pains' that are described as having one, some, or all of the following features consistent with the diagnosis of RLS: symptoms that are primarily in the legs, the patients rub their legs to get relief of the discomfort, the symptoms are worse at night, sleep disturbance is present and the discomfort is sometimes accompanied by motor restlessness A non-painful form of 'growing pains' has even been described. Ekbom and Brenning, a contemporary of Ekom, directly addressed the relationship between 'growing pains' and RLS. Ekbom felt that 'growing pains' and RLS were probably different since 'growing pains' disappear after childhood and one of his patients described her childhood 'growing pains' as being different from the sensory discomfort of her adult onset RLS. However, Brenning showed that RLS-like features in adulthood and a previous history of 'growing pains' in childhood occurred far more frequently in the parents of children with 'growing pains' than in control parents. More work needs to be done on the potential relationship between 'growing pains' and RLS.
Latent plaque rupture in a patient undergoing stenting for acute coronary syndrome and diffuse coronary disease : A case report and review of literature

Secondary prevention of plaque rupture following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome is not well studied. This case report describes a 53-year-old man who experienced plaque rupture between two previously successfully implanted stents in the right coronary artery, as documented during the 3rd intervention using intravascular ultrasound.
Contending Perspectives: Curricular Reform in Economics

A discussion of the experience of integrating heterodox economic theories (radical, institutional, post-Keynesian, steady-state, and neo-Austrian economics) into the undergraduate economics curriculum at Dickinson College.
Ion chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of fluoroacetic acid and formic acid in soil

Abstract An analytical method has been developed for the determination of fluoroacetic acid (FC2A) and formic acid (FA) which previously co-eluted in ion chromatographic analysis. The separation is based upon a solvent compatible, ion-exchange column. The analytes are retained by ion exchange, but selectivity is provided by a mechanism that has reversed-phase characteristics. Low detection limits (0.1 μg FC2A / g soil) are achieved through the use of a preconcentrator column. The method is designed to detect small amounts of FC2A in the presence of high concentrations of FA, a major interference found in some western soils. Sample preparation is minimal. The method has been applied to Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) Standard Soil and to samples collected at RMA.
Results of a large-scale, multi-institutional study of undergraduate retention in computing

The recent upsurge in enrollments in computing means that student attrition has a substantial opportunity cost. Admitting a student who leaves both reduces graduation yield and prevents another equally qualified student from enrolling. Professors cannot change the background of students, but they can control many aspects of student experience in the computing major. This paper presents the results of a study to understand strongest predictors of retention in undergraduate computing based on a large-scale survey administered in 14 U.S. institutions. Although some factors have more influence for certain demographic groups, findings from this data set suggest that some teaching practices have more power for predicting retention in computing including: relevant and meaningful assignments, examples, and curriculum; faculty interaction with students; student collaboration on programming assignments; and for male students, pace and workload expectations relative to existing experience. Other interactions such as those that a student has with teaching assistants or peers in extracurricular activities seem to have less value for predicting retention. Faculty would be wise to protect their enrollment investments by inspecting course themes, assignments, and examples for student interest and ensuring that students have many opportunities to interact with faculty both in and outside of class.
Research Note: Film-to-Meat Adhesion Strength with a Cook-in-the-Film Packaging System for a Poultry Meat Product

Abstract Film-to-meat adhesion strength for a comminuted product of poultry breast meat processed by a cook-in-the-film procedure ranged from 4.42 to 4.18 g (In force) across a width of 2.54 cm when sufficient raw tissue was used in the blends of raw tissue and precooked meat. The adhesion strength was reduced (P
Distribution of Chromium Contamination and Microbial Activity in Soil Aggregates

Biogeochemical transformations of redox-sensitive chemicals in soils can be strongly transport-controlled and localized. This was tested through experiments on chromium diffusion and reduction in soil aggregates that were exposed to chromate solutions. Reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) occurred only within the surface layer of aggregates with higher available organic carbon and higher microbial respiration. Sharply terminated Cr diffusion fronts develop when the reduction rate increases rapidly with depth. The final state of such aggregates consists of a Cr-contaminated exterior, and an uncontaminated core, each having different microbial community compositions and activity. Microbial activity was significantly higher in the more reducing soils, while total microbial biomass was similar in all of the soils. The small fraction of Cr(VI) remaining unreduced resides along external surfaces of aggregates, leaving it potentially available to future transport down the soil profile. Using the Thiele modulus, Cr(VI) reduction in soil aggregates is shown to be diffusion rate- and reaction rate-limited in anaerobic and aerobic aggregates, respectively. Thus, spatially resolved chemical and microbiological measurements are necessary within anaerobic soil aggregates to characterize and predict the fate of Cr contamination. Typical methods of soil sampling and analyses that average over redox gradients within aggregates can erase important biogeochemical spatial relations necessary for understanding these environments.
UNSTABLE AND DAMPED MODES IN COUPLED OCEAN MIXED LAYER AND CLOUD MODELS

Abstract The ocean mixed layer and clouds are coupled by the fluxes of momentum, heat, and water mass at the interface. The importance of the fluxes of momentum and heat is well recognized by both meteorologists and oceanographers. However, the water mass flux has been given considerable attention only in atmospheric models since the latent heat release is an important source of energy for the atmospheric general circulation. The water mass flux is given less attention in ocean models although it is realized that evaporation and precipitation contribute to the surface buoyancy flux which influences the depth of mixing and the thermohaline circulation. Clouds and the ocean mixed layer are coupled by both the heat and moisture fluxes across the air-ocean interface. Two time scales are demonstrated in this paper: a sea surface temperature (SST) evolution time scale, τT, that is virtually controlled by the oceanic planetary boundary layer (OPBL) and a cloud-SST coupling time scale, τn.T. These two time scales depend on the stability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The more unstable the atmosphere, the shorter the time scales will be. For a stable atmosphere, τT ∼ 1–3 years, and τn.T ≈ 0.3–1 years. However for an unstable atmosphere, τT ≈ 20–30 days, and τn.T — 3–6 days. An air-ocean coupled model is presented in this paper for two different regimes: (1) the non-entraining ocean mixed layer case and (2) the entraining mixed layer case. The model results demonstrate that the exchanges of heat and water across the sea surface lead to both growing and decaying modes of oscillation on the two time scales due to the stability of the atmosphere. These oscillatory solutions are entirely thermodynamic and do not require wave dynamics for their existence.
Evaluation of selected phosphorus soil tests for lettuce on Histosols

Abstract The University of Florida's Soil Testing Laboratory for organic soils has been using a water‐extracable P soil test since 1944. This test was selected because of its reliable correlation with response of vegetable‐crop commodities produced on Histosols. However, this soil test has not consistently provided reliable correlations for agronomic crops which have a longer growing season. In the interest of calibrating an extractant for both horticultural and agronomic crops, and possibly accomplish progress toward the use of a more universal extractant for all Florida soils, data from four field experiments were used to evaluate several extractants as alternatives to the water P test currently used. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was used as the test crop and the extractants evaluated were, the sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate‐DPTA, EDTA, Mehlich‐I, and Mehlich‐III soil test. Overall, no extractant provided superior correlations to lettuce response than the water P test. However, the M‐III extrac...
Overview of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) with emphasis on target systems

Abstract The status of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is discussed. In addition, a more detailed overview is given of the Target Systems’ part of the SNS with emphasis given to the technology issues that present the greatest scientific challenges. At present, SNS is within budget and schedule limits and excellent progress is being made on all fronts – design, fabrication, installation, and testing. First beam on the Hg target system is expected in December 2005. The project, as of June 2002, was 42% complete.
High average power harmonically mode locked ring laser based on phosphate glass fiber

We report passive harmonic mode locking of Er/Yr doped phosphate fiber ring laser. The laser can be mode-locked at repetition rates from 1.7 to 7.2 GHz producing pulses with durations from 300 fs to 570 fs and 1.1 W of average power.
Judicial policy‐making and the evolving rotection of human rights: The European court of human rights in comparative perspective

This contribution is a comparative analysis of three attempts to strengthen the supranational protection of human rights in an increasingly transnational world. It focuses on the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter‐American Court of Human Rights. The recent decision by the Inter‐American Court on the forced disappearance of individuals by state or para‐state forces illustrates the important role of cross‐pollenisation from the European Court and the United Nations. It further demonstrates how judges on supranational courts attempt to make law in the face of uncertain government compliance.
Attempts to induce double resistance to drugs in the flagellate, Chilomonas paramecium.

Adaptation to two antipurines, 8-azaguanine and 6-mercaptopurine, has resulted in increased resistance to the inducing agent without modifying an original resistance to sulfanilamide in a strain of Chilomonas paramecium. In the case of isoniazid, a sulfonamide-resistant strain proved to be much more susceptible than the normal strain. Adaptation has reduced this susceptibility but, so far, has not brought sensitivity back to the level of the normal strain. However, this adaptation of a sulfonamide-resistant strain to isoniazid has not appreciably decreased the original resistance to sulfanilamide.
An OLS approach to computing Ramsey equilibria in medium-scale macroeconomic models

Abstract This note describes a general procedure for solving for the steady state and the dynamics implied by the Ramsey equilibrium of medium-scale macroeconomic models. The procedure yields an exact numerical solution for the steady state and second-order accurate dynamics. It introduces a novel projection-based approach to calculating exact solutions to the steady state of Ramsey equilibria.
A model of anuran auditory periphery reveals frequency-dependent adaptation to be a contributing mechanism for two-tone suppression and amplitude modulation coding

Anuran auditory nerve fibers (ANF) tuned to low frequencies display unusual frequency-dependent adaptation which results in a more phasic response to signals above best frequency (BF) and a more tonic response to signals below. A network model of the first two layers of the anuran auditory system was used to test the contribution of this dynamic peripheral adaptation on two-tone suppression and amplitude modulation (AM) tuning. The model included a peripheral sandwich component, leaky-integrate-and-fire cells and adaptation was implemented by means of a non-linear increase in threshold weighted by the signal frequency. The results of simulations showed that frequency-dependent adaptation was both necessary and sufficient to produce high-frequency-side two-tone suppression for the ANF and cells of the dorsal medullary nucleus (DMN). It seems likely that both suppression and this dynamic adaptation share a common mechanism. The response of ANFs to AM signals was influenced by adaptation and carrier frequency. Vector strength synchronization to an AM signal improved with increased adaptation. The spike rate response to a carrier at BF was the expected flat function with AM rate. However, for non-BF carrier frequencies the response showed a weak band-pass pattern due to the influence of signal sidebands and adaptation. The DMN received inputs from three ANFs and when the frequency tuning of inputs was near the carrier, then the rate response was a low-pass or all-pass shape. When most of the inputs were biased above or below the carrier, then band-pass responses were observed. Frequency-dependent adaptation enhanced the band-pass tuning for AM rate, particularly when the response of the inputs was predominantly phasic for a given carrier. Different combinations of inputs can therefore bias a DMN cell to be especially well suited to detect specific ranges of AM rates for a particular carrier frequency. Such selection of inputs would clearly be advantageous to the frog in recognizing distinct spectral and temporal parameters in communication calls.
Monitoring field populations of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with its sex pheromone

Field studies demonstrated that ( Z )-9,( E )-12-tetradecadienol ( Z 9, E 12-14:OH) is the primary sex pheromone component of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). Additions of tetradecanol and ( Z )-9-tetradecenol, which previously had also been identified in female extracts of this species, did not increase the attractancy of Z 9, E 12-14:OH for target males. Traps baited with 10 μg of Z 9, E 12-14:OH captured significantly more sunflower moth males than traps baited with virgin females. The effects of lure dose of Z 9, E 12-14:OH and of trap location with respect to surrounding vegetation on male captures were studied.
Benzodiazepine Receptor Synthesis and Degradation by Neurons in Culture

The benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex was used to study functional receptor synthesis and degradation in primary cultures of neurons. Fifty percent of the receptors turned over with an unusually rapid half-life (4 hours); this was followed by a second, slower phase (32 hours). These results provide the basis for elucidating the mechanism by which neurons derived from the central nervous system control neurotransmitter receptor number, an important problem in cellular neurobiology. The findings may be of significance in the study of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Facilitation in Wason’s selection task: Content and instructions

Two experiments investigated the influence of rule content and instructions on subjects’ ability to reason about conditional rules. Experiment 1 had subjects determine whether two rules were “true or false” or whether two rules were being “violated.” Subjects had direct experience with one rule and indirect experience with the other. Performance was superior with direct experiential rules and with violation instructions. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether violation instructions could facilitate correct selections with content for which subjects had no experience. Subjects were presented with a familiar and unfamiliar rule. The results were consistent with those of Experiment 1. The possibility of a cognitive trade-off between rule familiarity and instructions is discussed.
Bacterial and eukaryotic intact polar lipids in the eastern subtropical South Pacific: Water-column distribution, planktonic sources, and fatty acid composition

Abstract Fatty acids are generally the most abundant lipid molecules in plankton, and thus play a central role in the cycling of organic matter in the upper ocean. These fatty acids are primarily derived from intact polar diacylglycerolipids (IP-DAGs), which compose cell membranes in plankton. The molecular diversity of IP-DAGs in the upper ocean remains to be fully characterized, and the advent of high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) approaches have now provided the opportunity to readily analyze IP-DAGs from marine planktonic communities. We used HPLC/ESI-MS to determine the concentrations of three classes of phospholipids (phosphatidlyglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC)), three classes of betaine lipids (diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), diacylglyceryl hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA), and diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC)), and three classes of glycolipids (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)) in plankton filtered (>0.2 μm) from seawater collected within the euphotic zone of the eastern South Pacific. The distributions of these IP-DAGs along the cruise transect provided important new insights on their tentative planktonic sources. Complementary data from our cruise, a principle components analysis of our IP-DAG concentrations, observed fatty acid compositions of IP-DAG classes and published IP-DAG distributions in pure cultures of plankton suggest that heterotrophic bacteria were the dominant sources of PG and PE, while MGDG and SQDG originated primarily from Prochlorophytes. The origins of the other classes of IP-DAGs were less clear, although it is likely that PC, DGTS, DGTA, and DGCC were derived primarily from eukaryotic phytoplankton. The molecular distributions of fatty acids attached to the different classes of IP-DAGs were generally distinct from one another, and suggest that reported distributions of total fatty acids (as analyzed by gas chromatography) in the literature should be regarded as homogenized mixtures of distinct molecular pools of fatty acids.
Traits: experience with a language feature

This paper reports our experiences using traits, collections of pure methods designed to promote reuse and understandability in object-oriented programs. Traits had previously been used to refactor the Smalltalk collection hierarchy, but only by the creators of traits themselves. This experience report represents the first independent test of these language features. Murphy-Hill implemented a substantialmulti-class data structure called ropes that makes significant use of traits. We found that traits improved understandability and reduced the number of methods that needed to be written by 46%.
Influence of early printmaking on the development of neuroanatomy and neurology.

Early Renaissance scientists were heavily influenced by psychological, philosophical, religious, sociological, and anthropological problems that perpetuated blind adherence to classically accepted doctrines. The unchallenged theories of Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Galen (AD 130-200), limited practice of cadaver dissection, and scarcity of books 1 during this time are just a few examples of early obstacles to the advancement of scientific thought. Printmaking and book printing, however, were breakthroughs that enabled science to progress by leaps and bounds. It is difficult to separate the advancements of printmaking and book printing because they are complementary. We will focus on the art of printmaking, present a synopsis of early printing, and discuss the corresponding development of the neurological sciences.
Impacts of Lowered Urban Air Temperatures on Precursor Emission and Ozone Air Quality.

ABSTRACT Meteorological, photochemical, building-energy, and power plant simulations were performed to assess the possible precursor emission and ozone air quality impacts of decreased air temperatures that could result from implementing the “cool communities” concept in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Two pathways are considered. In the direct pathway, a reduction in cooling energy use translates into reduced demand for generation capacity and, thus, reduced precursor emissions from electric utility power plants. In the indirect pathway, reduced air temperatures can slow the atmospheric production of ozone as well as precursor emission from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. The simulations suggest small impacts on emissions following implementation of cool communities in the SoCAB. In summer, for example, there can be reductions of up to 3% in NOx emissions from in-basin power plants. The photochemical simulations suggest that the air quality impacts of these direct emission reductions are ...
Head tilt in rats during exposure to a high magnetic field

During exposure to high strength static magnetic fields, humans report vestibular symptoms such as vertigo, apparent motion, and nausea. Rodents also show signs of vestibular perturbation after magnetic field exposure at 7 tesla (T) and above, such as locomotor circling, activation of vestibular nuclei, and acquisition of conditioned taste aversions. We hypothesized that the acute effects of the magnetic field might be seen as changes in head position during exposure within the magnet. Using a yoked restraint tube that allowed movement of the head and neck, we found that rats showed an immediate and persistent deviation of the head during exposure to a static 14.1 T magnetic field. The direction of the head tilt was dependent on the orientation of the rat in the magnetic field (B), such that rats oriented head-up (snout towards B+) showed a rightward tilt of the head, while rats oriented head-down (snout towards B-) showed a leftward tilt of the head. The tilt of the head during magnet exposure was opposite to the direction of locomotor circling immediately after exposure observed previously. Rats exposed in the yoked restraint tube showed significantly more locomotor circling compared to rats exposed with the head restrained. There was little difference in CTA magnitude or extinction rate, however. The deviation of the head was seen when the rats were motionless within the homogenous static field; movement through the field or exposure to the steep gradients of the field was not necessary to elicit the apparent vestibulo-collic reflex.
Maximum likelihood estimates, from censored data, for mixed-Weibull distributions

An algorithm for estimating the parameters of mixed-Weibull distributions from censored data is presented. The algorithm follows the principle of the MLE (maximum likelihood estimate) through the EM (expectation and maximization) algorithm, and it is derived for both postmortem and non-postmortem time-to-failure data. The MLEs of the nonpostmortem data are obtained for mixed-Weibull distributions with up to 14 parameters in a five-subpopulation mixed-Weibull distribution. Numerical examples indicate that some of the log-likelihood functions of the mixed-Weibull distributions have multiple local maxima; therefore the algorithm should start at several initial guesses of the parameters set. It is shown that the EM algorithm is very efficient. On the average for two-Weibull mixtures with a sample size of 200, the CPU time (on a VAX 8650) is 0.13 s/iteration. The number of iterations depends on the characteristics of the mixture. The number of iterations is small if the subpopulations in the mixture are well separated. Generally, the algorithm is not sensitive to the initial guesses of the parameters. >
Reconstructing My Life: Becoming a Long-Term Survivor of AIDS

This naturalistic study reports the ways of becoming a long-term survivor of AIDS. Ethnographic interviewing techniques were used to interview a purposive sample of 14 men and 6 women who had AIDS for at least 3 years and who were living in the Tampa/St. Petersburg, Florida, area. Part of a larger study on the phenomenon of surviving AIDS, the ways of becoming a long-term survivor are embedded within 5 dimensions that allowed participants to reconstruct their lives within the context of AIDS. The reconstructed life was a process supported by normalizing, focusing on living, taking care of oneself, being in relation to others, and triumphing. This study offers health care providers strategies to assist people in all stages of HIV disease to find health within the context of their illness.
Repression of Escherichia coli PhoP-PhoQ Signaling by Acetate Reveals a Regulatory Role for Acetyl Coenzyme A

The PhoP-PhoQ two-component system regulates the transcription of numerous genes in response to changes in extracellular divalent cation concentration and pH. Here we demonstrate that the Escherichia coli PhoP-PhoQ two-component system also responds to acetate. Signaling by the E. coli PhoP-PhoQ system was repressed during growth in acetate (≥25 mM) in a PhoQ-dependent manner. The periplasmic sensor domain of PhoQ was not required for acetate to repress signaling. Acetate-mediated repression of the PhoP-PhoQ system was not related to changes in the intracellular concentration of acetate metabolites such as acetyl-phosphate or acetyladenylate. Genetic analysis of acetate metabolism pathways suggested that a perturbation of acetyl coenzyme A turnover was the cause of decreased PhoP-PhoQ signaling during growth in acetate. Consistent with this hypothesis, intracellular acetyl coenzyme A levels rose during growth in the presence of exogenous acetate. Acetyl coenzyme A inhibited the autokinase activity of PhoQ in vitro, suggesting that the in vivo repressing effect may be due to a direct inhibition mechanism.
Radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy

Radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy has been controversial and no consensus has developed on the most appropriate use of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. In the last decade the results of three randomized controlled trials examining the effects of early radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk features (positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension and seminal vesical involvement) have been published. The results of these trials indicate that early radiotherapy changes the natural history of high-risk prostate cancer. Specifically, early radiotherapy reduces the risk of biochemical recurrence, improves clinical disease-free survival, decreases the utilization of salvage androgen suppression and, in the study with longest follow-up, early radiotherapy improves overall survival. This article will review the evidence, provide a commentary on the existing evidence, and describe key issues going forward (timing of radiotherapy, androgen suppression and radiotherapy techniques).
Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Rate Variation in Nuclear Genes of Mammals

A maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate the synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates in 48 nuclear genes from primates, artiodactyls, and rodents. A codon-substitution model was assumed, which accounts for the genetic code structure, transition/transversion bias, and base frequency biases at codon positions. Likelihood ratio tests were applied to test the constancy of nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratios among branches (evolutionary lineages). It is found that at 22 of the 48 nuclear loci examined, the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio varies significantly across branches of the tree. The result provides strong evidence against a strictly neutral model of molecular evolution. Our likelihood estimates of synonymous and nonsynonymous rates differ considerably from previous results obtained from approximate pairwise sequence comparisons. The differences between the methods are explored by detailed analyses of data from several genes. Transition/transversion rate bias and codon frequency biases are found to have significant effects on the estimation of synonymous and nonsynonymous rates, and approximate methods do not adequately account for those factors. The likelihood approach is preferable, even for pairwise sequence comparison, because morerealistic models about the mutation and substitution processes can be incorporated in the analysis.
Calibration and measurement of dielectric properties of finite thickness composite sheets with open-ended coaxial sensors

The application of open-ended coaxial sensors for dielectric measurement of finite thickness composite sheets is studied. Expressions for calculation of the complex aperture admittance for two geometries are presented. These expressions are used to calculate the dielectric constant of infinite half-space as well as finite thickness slabs. A more efficient method of such calculations, using a personal computer, for low to medium loss dielectrics is demonstrated. The question of when a dielectric layer may be considered as infinitely thick is also addressed, and examples are presented. A different calibration technique (compared to the conventional ones) is described and successfully implemented. This calibration technique utilizes a dielectric sheet with known dielectric properties and thickness. Measurements for different airgaps between the open-ended coaxial line and the dielectric sheet are used to perform and enhance the calibration. The results of this calibration technique and several subsequent measurements are presented and discussed. >
Bortezomib sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis

Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the proteasome that is currently under investigation for the treatment of solid malignancies. We have shown previously that bortezomib has activity in pancreatic cancer models and that the drug induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress but also suppresses the unfolded protein response (UPR). Because the UPR is an important cytoprotective mechanism, we hypothesized that bortezomib would sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Here, we show that bortezomib promotes apoptosis triggered by classic ER stress inducers (tunicamycin and thapsigargin) via a c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent mechanism. We also show that cisplatin stimulates ER stress and interacts with bortezomib to increase ER dilation, intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and cell death. Importantly, combined therapy with bortezomib plus cisplatin induced JNK activation and apoptosis in orthotopic pancreatic tumors resulting in a reduction in tumor burden. Taken together, our data establish that bortezomib sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to ER stress-induced apoptosis and show that bortezomib strongly enhances the anticancer activity of cisplatin.
Multiple matrix switch: a high-performance universal switching system

The requirements and design considerations involved in the development of a "Smart" switching interface are described. The implementation of the Universal Pin concept is presented, along with a discussion of switch ing system performance and reliability. The relocation of certain functions such as syntax checks, pin validity checks, and path allocation and conflict checks, from their traditional location in the compiling system to self contained firmware contributes significantly to the flex ibility of the switching interface. The resulting simpli city with which the switching interface can be incor porated into various ATE system configurations is discussed.
Modulation of PECAM-1 expression and alternative splicing during differentiation and activation of hematopoietic cells.

PECAM-1 (CD31) is a member of immunoglobulin gene superfamily, which is highly expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and at moderate levels on hematopoietic cells. Hematopoietic cells and platelets, like endothelial cells, express multiple isoforms of PECAM-1. However, the identity and physiological role of these isoforms during hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PECAM-1 expression is dramatically up regulated upon phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-mediated differentiation of leukemic HEL and U937 cells. The level of PECAM-1 expression did not significantly change during activation of Jurkat T cells by PMA or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Utilizing RT-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis, we show that the expression of PECAM-1 isoforms changes in a cell-type and lineage specific manner during cellular differentiation and activation. We identified a number of novel PECAM-1 isoforms previously not detected in the endothelium. These results demonstrate that regulated expression of PECAM-1 and its exonic inclusion/exclusion occurs during differentiation and/or activation of hematopoietic cells. Thus, different PECAM-1 isoforms may play important roles in generation of hematopoietic cells and their potential interactions with vascular endothelium.
Comparison of Walleye Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Information with Habitat Features of a Walleye Spawning Stream

Abstract The objective of our study was to determine habitat conditions in a stream where walleye successfully produce fry and to compare these conditions with the nationally-applicable Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for walleye. During 17–20 d migration periods in April of 1996, 1997 and 2000, walleye were observed spawning; eggs were collected primarily in April and fry primarily in May. Water depths, velocities, and temperatures where walleyes spawned were at the lower end of or below the optimum ranges specified in the HSI for spawning walleye. However, random sampling indicated that optimum HSI conditions for these parameters generally did not exist in the stream. Substrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH were optimal according to the HSI. Our results indicate that predictions using the HSI alone are not sufficient to identify regional tributaries where walleye can successfully establish viable populations.
Prone Retroperitoneoscopic Approach for 30 Heminephroureterectomies; The Specific Advantages

Abstract Purpose The lateral approach is more widely used in retroperitoneoscopic renal surgery due to familiar orientation and ease of conversion. We present a series of 30 heminephroureterectomies (HNU) where prone approach was utilised extremely effectively with no conversions and low complications. Material and Methods From November 2003 to October 2007, 31 HNU were performed. Thirty of these, done in prone position, were included in the study. Females constituted 57%. Mean age was 3.1 years (range 0.9-13.3, 60% under 2 years). The upper moieties were excised in 17 patients (9 ureterocels, 8 ectopic ureters) and lower moieties in 13 (10 reflux, 2 pelviureteric junction obstruction, 1 lower moiety stones). The video demonstrates the important steps and the specific advantages of this approach. Prospectively recorded data and notes were reviewed. Mean follow up was 19 months. Results Mean operative duration was 141 min (range 100- 280 min). Drains were used in 50% for a mean of 2 days. Average post-operative stay was 1.7 days (range 0-6 days). One child, undergoing lower HNU, sustained ‘nipping’ of the upper moiety ureter with an endoloop causing incomplete obstruction. This was the 8th patient of the series. Residual ureteric stump was seen in 5; however, only one was symptomatic requiring excision of the stump and the ureterocele (this was the third patient of the series). There were no transfusions or conversions. Routine ultra sound showed healthy residual moieties in all. Conclusions With prone approach, the anatomy could be demonstrated quickly and clearly. The dissection could be done with ‘two-hands’ as the kidney is hanging down with no need for retraction. The whole length of the renal vessels could be seen, enabling accurate and meticulous control. The extent of ureteric dissection wasn't impaired and stump complications were minimal. Prone retroperitoneoscopic approach could be highly recommended for HNU.
Construction and molecular modeling of phospholipid surfaces

A protocol is given for the construction of phospholipid surfaces that possess variable head groups and thus variable net charge. Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations are performed to establish the necessary force field (AMBER) parameters. The charge distribution is defined by an electrostatic potential method consistent with the ab initio wave function. As a model calculation, a monolayer surface with head groups of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine derived from the crystal structure of 1,2-dilauroyl-DL-phosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE) is placed in a water bath with two Ca(II) ions present. The resultant surface is energy-optimized followed by 64 ps of molecular dynamics integration. Evaluation of calcium ion coordination environments, characterization of the P-N dipole inclination with respect ot the plane of the monolayer, and calculation of molecular surface area is performed and compared with experimental data.
Introduction to network analysis in systems biology.

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes, slides, and a problem set for a set of three lectures from a course entitled “Systems Biology: Biomedical Modeling.” The materials are from three separate lectures introducing applications of graph theory and network analysis in systems biology. The first lecture describes different types of intracellular networks, methods for constructing biological networks, and different types of graphs used to represent regulatory intracellular networks. The second lecture surveys milestones and key concepts in network analysis by introducing topological measures, random networks, growing network models, and topological observations from molecular biological systems abstracted to networks. The third lecture discusses methods for analyzing lists of genes and experimental data in the context of prior knowledge networks to make predictions.
Amorphous silicon carbide coatings for extreme ultraviolet optics

Amorphous silicon carbide films formed by sputtering techniques are shown to have high reflectance in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region. X-ray scattering verifies that the atomic arrangements in these films are amorphous, while Auger electron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy show that the films have composition close to stoichiometric SiC, although slightly C-rich, with low impurity levels. Reflectance vs incidence angle measurements from 24 to 1216 A were used to derive optical constants of this material, which are presented here. Additionally, the measured extreme ultraviolet efficiency of a diffraction grating overcoated with sputtered amorphous silicon carbide is presented, demonstrating the feasibility of using these films as coatings for EUV optics.
Dietary manipulations affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus: II. Effects of energy level and nutrient density at various feeding rates

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with red drum in recirculating, 110-l aquaria to examine the effects of increasing dietary energy levels, and altering dietary energy and protein levels in conjunction with feeding rates on weight gain, body composition and ammonia production. In the first experiment, juvenile red drum (initially ∼35 g) were fed diets containing 45% crude protein and 15.1 to 18.4 kJ estimated digestible energy/g for 6 weeks. In the second experiment, smaller (initially ∼3.5 g) red drum were fed diets with digestible protein and digestible energy levels (DP/kJ) of 33/13, 40/15.5 and 50/18 at rates of 6, 5 and 4% of body weight (BW)/day, respectively, for 8 weeks. The 40/15.5 diet also was provided to apparent satiation. Each treatment was fed in triplicate and fish were weighed weekly to adjust feeding rates. Results from the first experiment indicated there were no significant (P
Photographic assessment of colour changes in cold and heat‐cure resins

Summary A photographic method for assessing colour change was compared with an instrumental colorimetric procedure. Two denture base resins were stained in various solutions. Optical density changes of colour transparencies were measured with a transmission densitometer. Good agreement with the colorimetric technique was obtained after 15 days of staining over a range of F-stops and bandpass filters.
Integer Coal Programming for Media Selection in the Industrial Electronics Market: Ameliorating Conflicting Management Preferences

Integer Goal Programming is shown to be an effective tool for media selection in a firm where conflict exists among marketing, sales and other executives in terms of media preferences and perception of market segment Importance. A multiple stage iterative use of integer goal programming is presented.
Effect of substrate orientation on CdS homoepitaxy by molecular dynamics

Abstract CdS homoepitaxy growth was performed by molecular dynamics using different substrate orientations and structures in order to analyze the CdS crystallinity. As anticipated from thermodynamics of homoepitaxy, highly crystalline films with only point defects were obtained on substrates with rectangular surface geometries, including [ 11 2 ¯ ] zinc blende (ZB), [ 10 1 ¯ 0 ] wurtzite (WZ), [ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] WZ, [ 110 ] ZB, [ 010 ] ZB, and [ 1 10 1 1 10 ] ZB. In contrast, films grown on substrates with hexagonal surface geometries, corresponding to the [ 0001 ] WZ and [ 111 ] ZB growth directions, showed structures with a large number of defects including; anti-sites, vacancies, stacking faults, twinning, and polytypism. WZ and ZB transitions and grain boundaries are identified using a lattice identification algorithm and represented graphically in a structural map. A dislocation analysis was performed to detect, identify, and quantify linear defects within the atomistic data. Systematic simulations using different temperatures, deposition rates, and substrate polarities were perform to analyze the trends of dislocation densities on [ 0001 ] WZ direction and showed persistent polytypism. The polytypism observed in the films grown on the substrates with hexagonal surface geometry is attributed to the similar formation energies of the WZ and ZB phases.
NBR1 enables autophagy-dependent focal adhesion turnover

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway involving the sequestration of cellular contents into a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome. Although recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy supports cell migration, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using live-cell imaging, we uncover that autophagy promotes optimal migratory rate and facilitates the dynamic assembly and disassembly of cell-matrix focal adhesions (FAs), which is essential for efficient motility. Additionally, our studies reveal that autophagosomes associate with FAs primarily during disassembly, suggesting autophagy locally facilitates the destabilization of cell-matrix contact sites. Furthermore, we identify the selective autophagy cargo receptor neighbor of BRCA1 (NBR1) as a key mediator of autophagy-dependent FA remodeling. NBR1 depletion impairs FA turnover and decreases targeting of autophagosomes to FAs, whereas ectopic expression of autophagy-competent, but not autophagy-defective, NBR1 enhances FA disassembly and reduces FA lifetime during migration. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how autophagy promotes migration by revealing a requirement for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy in enabling FA disassembly in motile cells.
Between SAT and UNSAT: The Fundamental Difference in CDCL SAT

The way CDCL SAT solvers find a satisfying assignment is very different from the way they prove unsatisfiability. We propose an explanation to the difference by identifying direct connections to the workings of some of the most important elements in CDCL solvers: the effects of restarts and VSIDS, and the roles of learned clauses. We give a wide range of concrete evidence that highlights the varying effects and roles of these elements. As a result, this paper also sheds a new light on the internal workings of CDCL. Based on our reasoning on the difference in solver behaviors, we present several ideas for optimizing SAT solvers for either SAT or UNSAT instances. We then show that we can achieve improvements on both SAT and UNSAT at the same time by judiciously exploiting the difference. We have implemented a hybrid idea mixing two different restart strategies on top of our new solver COMiniSatPS and observed substantial performance improvement.
Aliphatic Polyester Block Polymer Design

Aliphatic polyester block polymers constitute a highly useful and amazingly versatile class of self-assembled materials. Analogous to styrenic block polymers in both design and function, the property profiles of these degradable materials can be precisely tailored by altering the chemical structure of the components. Driven by this ideal, we have examined the impact of n-alkyl substituents on the polymerization thermodynamics and kinetics of substituted δ-valerolactone monomers and developed guiding design principles based on critical structure–property relationships in the resulting aliphatic polyesters. Under bulk room temperature conditions the polymerization rate depends strongly on substituent position and exhibits a more modest dependence on alkyl length (from −CH3 to −(CH2)8CH3). The enthalpy and entropy of polymerization are significantly influenced by substituent position, but both are largely insensitive to n-alkyl length. However, the physical properties of the resulting aliphatic polyesters de...
Name borders

The problem of name resolution for cascaded names which spans multiple naming systems is discussed and the concept of name border is introduced. Name borders are used in resolving names that span two or more name spaces, possibly in a distributed environment. A name border between two name spaces isolates the needed information to link the two name spaces while preserving the autonomy and independence of each name space. The use of name borders for cascaded name resolution solves the problem of multiple syntax for name representation m different naming systems.