cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Imaging of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: an Office-Based Tool to Assist Physicians in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

Traditional coronary heart disease risk prediction schemes such as the Framingham Risk Score, although useful, do not adequately identify all individuals who experience an adverse coronary heart disease event. Therefore, additional tools, including biomarkers, genetic markers, and imaging markers, are being evaluated for their value in improving cardiovascular risk assessment. Of the two accepted imaging markers of atherosclerosis, namely coronary artery calcium score (CACS) measured by CT scan and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by ultrasound, CIMT has the potential to be widely adopted as a clinical tool for physician offices. Ultrasound-based CIMT measurement is safe but has several challenges, including reproducibility and operator-dependency. We review and present data with respect to the added value of CIMT and information about plaque presence or absence in improving coronary heart disease risk prediction and further provide information related to adequate scanning protocols. New developments in the area of automated CIMT measurement, three-dimensional, ultrasound-based plaque volume estimation are promising and have the potential to create a quantum leap in our ability to measure, characterize, and monitor carotid atherosclerosis and in turn prediction of cardiovascular disease risk.
An Automatic Method for Finding the Assembly Configurations of Planar Non-Single-Input-Dyadic Mechanisms

This paper examines the problem of identifying the assembly configurations (ACs), also called circuits, of planar non-single-input-dyadic (NSID) mechanisms. An SID mechanism is a multi-loop mechanism which can be defined by adding one loop at a time such that the mechanism has one degree of freedom (DOF) after each loop is added. An NSID mechanism is any mechanism that does not meet the SID criterion. This includes all multi-DOF mechanisms, and some complex single-DOF mechanisms. An automatic method is presented which allows a computer to determine the ACs of an NSID mechanism. For single-DOF mechanisms, the ACs are represented by curves drawn in a plane represented by two joint variables. For multi-DOF mechanisms, the ACs consist of one or more regions in the plane, which are defined by the curves that bound them. The automated method finds these bounding curves, and then determines which curves belong to the same region, and which regions belong to the same AC. Mechanisms with pin joints and sliding joints are considered.
Laughter with someone else leads to future social rewards: Temporal change using experience sampling methodology

Abstract Prior research suggests that laughter is correlated with resilience and well-being. To date, there is little research on the subsequent social benefits following laughter with another person. We hypothesized that laughing with another person would be associated with greater social rewards in subsequent social interactions. Using a two-week daily diary study with 162 people (68% women), we collected data on 5510 face-to-face social interactions in everyday life. We found that laughing with another person during an interaction predicted greater intimacy, positive emotions, and enjoyment in the subsequent social interaction. There was no evidence for the reverse direction, as intimacy, positive emotions, and enjoyment failed to predict laughter in subsequent social interactions. As for specificity, laughter was associated with subsequent intimacy and positive emotions even after accounting for the variance attributable to enjoyment felt when socializing. As for robustness, laughter with another person had the same effect on subsequent interactions regardless of whether interacting with the same person or a new person. In summary, besides being immediately pleasurable, laughing with social interaction partners influences the likelihood of future social rewards. This study adds to theory and research suggesting that laughing is an important social bonding mechanism.
FURTHER STUDIES OF NONVERBAL LEARNING AND APHASIA.

This research study follows a previous paper on the performance of adult aphasics tested with a modified form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. It investigates the effects of varying the order of...
Gender differences in knowledge and attitude towards biotechnology

The relationship between gender, knowledge of biotechnology, attitudes toward biotechnology, and various socio-demographic variables was investigated using the Eurobarometer 52.1. It was found that neither socio-demographics, nor differing levels of scientific knowledge could explain females' greater probability of being pessimistic toward biotechnology. After running separate models for males and females, it was discovered that, for males, more knowledge of biotechnology decreased their probability of being pessimistic about science, but for females more knowledge of biotechnology actually lead to a greater probability of being pessimistic. Further, a gender-education interaction was discovered that revealed that, for males, education and knowledge of biotechnology have independent effects on attitudes, but for females education has no effect on attitudes towards biotechnology when knowledge is controlled. The results for females complicate the deficit model of social support for science, which posits that more knowledge of science always leads to more positive attitudes.
West Nile virus meningitis in a chronic immunosuppressed patient with rheumatoid arthritis

The clinical presentation of West Nile virus (WNV) can be severe in immunosuppressed patients. A 65-year-old with steroid-dependent rheumatoid arthritis on infliximab and methotrexate presented with meningitis and profound muscular weakness. Serum WNV IgM and IgG antibody were positive. WNV should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in peak months.
AFM characterization of out-of-plane high frequency microresonators

The feasibility of characterization of vertically driven high frequency microresonators using atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been successfully demonstrated to easily measure resonant frequency of high frequency resonator. The distinctive achievement of this technique is the rapid, direct characterization of resonant frequency and quality factor for structures that cannot be readily characterized using optical or electrical techniques. Experimentally, an annular high frequency resonator was measured to have its fundamental resonance mode at 2.75 MHz with a quality factor of 6. Discrepancy between design and measured frequency is due to fabrication process errors and dynamic coupling error. This new characterization approach might be a good candidate for easy detection of high frequency microresonators.
Multicultural psychology: Bringing together gender and ethnicity.

This article suggests that just as gender studies should not proceed without consideration of the various contexts in which men and women behave, similarly multicultural psychology should recognize gender, among other characteristics in the populations examined. Focusing on ethnic group women, who are understudied, develops this theme. Two arguments are proposed: (a) that gender must be recognized as impinging on every aspect of psychological research and practice, and (b) that gender should be considered an aspect of culture, just as ethnicity now is. The literature in psychology is reviewed to demonstrate how erroneous beliefs and exclusion operate to minimize examination of ethnicity and gender. Finally, a call to advocacy is made for attention to complexity.
Abstract B57: Cabozantinib (XL184) reduces pain symptoms in patients (pts) with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastases: Results from a phase 2 nonrandomized expansion cohort.

Background: Cabozantinib is a potent inhibitor of MET and VEGFR2. Cabozantinib treatment (100 mg qd) of CRPC pts in a Phase 2 randomized discontinuation trial resulted in high rates of both disease control per RECIST and resolution of bone lesions on bone scans. In addition, the majority of pts with bone metastases and pain at baseline experienced pain improvement per post-hoc investigator survey. Based on these data, a non-randomized expansion cohort was initiated for CRPC pts that included prospective evaluation of changes in pain and analgesic use. Methods: Eligible pts had CRPC metastatic to the bone and had progressed on prior docetaxel therapy. Pain at baseline was not required for study entry. Cabozantinib was administered open label at 100 mg free base equivalent qd, and pain and analgesic use were evaluated daily over 7-day assessment intervals at baseline and during Weeks 3, 6, 12, and every 6 weeks thereafter. Using an interactive voice-response system (IVRS) questionnaire, pts rated pain at its worst over the prior 24 hours on a scale of 0–10 (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine), and interference with sleep and daily activity caused by pain using items from the Brief Pain Inventory. Pts also rated pain at its worst relative to the most recent prior assessment. Daily analgesic use was self-reported by pt diary. Of 100 planned patients, 51 have been enrolled and are evaluable for pain changes in this interim analysis. Results: For the 51 enrolled pts with a minimum of 6 weeks of follow-up, evaluable data were obtained for 183/201 (91%) assessment intervals. Changes in average worst pain are summarized in Table 1. Among the 23 pts that had average daily worst pain at baseline ≥4, 20 reported regular use of narcotic analgesics during the baseline assessment interval. Changes in sleep and daily activity, as assessed by pain interference questions, were generally consistent with the effects observed in pain. Conclusions: Docetaxel-pre-treated CRPC pts with bone metastases treated with cabozantinib completed IVRS pain questionnaires with a high rate of compliance (>90%) in this prospective analysis. High rates of pain reduction that was often accompanied by a concomitant decrease in narcotic use were observed in pts with baseline pain, consistent with prior retrospective analyses. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B57.
Evaluation of protective effects of sulforaphane on DNA damage caused by exposure to low levels of pesticide mixture using comet assay

The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential risk of DNA damage due to exposure to a mixture of the most widely used pesticides, namely endosulfan, chlorpyriphos and thiram at an environmentally relevant concentration (5 microM each) and the DNA protective capacity of sulforaphane (SFN) (10-30 microg/mL). DNA damage in human lymphocytes was ascertained with Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE), also called Comet Assay. For positive control, H(2)O(2) at 100 mM was used. The pesticide mixture produced DNA damage at the concentration used in the lymphocytes. SFN was able to offer a statistically significant (P < 0.01), concentration-dependant protection to DNA damage between 10-20 microg/mL in both the pre-incubation and co-incubation strategies. The results indicate that exposure to low levels of these pesticide mixtures can induce DNA damage, and the presence of SFN in diet may reduce the incidence of genetic damage, especially in farm workers. However, it is not clear whether SFN is involved in quenching of the free radicals generated by the pesticide mixture or it is involved in DNA repair mechanism.
Acceleration of pentylenetetrazol seizure kindling associated with induction of sensitized visual responses evoked by strobe stimulation.

Abstract Exposure of normal adult rats of a variety of species to trains of light flashes leads to acquisition of an enduring high amplitude visual cortical response [Uhlrich DJ, Manning KA, O'Laughlin ML, Lytton WW (2005) Photic-induced sensitization: acquisition of an augmenting spike-wave response in the adult rat through repeated strobe exposure. J Neurophysiol 94:3925–3937]. The photically-induced sensitized response exhibits epileptiform characteristics, including spike-wave morphology, tendency to generalize across the brain, and sensitivity to the anti-epileptic drug ethosuximide. These findings and anecdotal clinical reports raise the possibility that certain sensory stimulation could induce neural plastic changes that affect seizures in some individuals. We hypothesize that photic-induced sensitization can prime seizure-related neural circuitry, resulting in exacerbation of seizures. To test this we compared seizure kindling rates using the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model of epileptogenesis in sensitized and unsensitized adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Experimental group rats were sensitized by exposure to repetitive stroboscopic stimulation over 4–6 days until the sensitized photic response fully developed and response magnitude stabilized at its highest plateau. Rats then received a sub-convulsive injection of PTZ (24 mg/kg i.p.) every other day until they attained class 5 seizures. Control rats were not strobed or sensitized, but were otherwise treated identically. Chronic electrodes overlying the dura in occipital cortex recorded the primary visual response. Similar electrodes near the border of somatosensory and motor cortex (SM) were used to record spread of the sensitized response to a patently non-visual region. Rat behavior was monitored by direct observation and digital audio/video recording. All control rats and seven of 14 photically sensitized rats kindled seizures at rates consistent with those reported previously. However, the seven other photically sensitized rats displayed markedly accelerated seizure kindling. Rats with accelerated kindling showed greater spread of the sensitized visual response to somato-motor cortex and, when tested in a post hoc experiment, exhibited a higher likelihood of photo-triggered seizures. These results indicate that photic-induced sensitization in susceptible individuals can prime neural circuitry involved in the generation of PTZ-kindled seizures.
The Rosenbergs Meet Nebuchadnezzar: The Narrator's Use of the Bible in Doctorow's The Book of Daniel

Abstract […] it is instructive to pause for a moment over the career of Daniel, a definitely minor, if not totally apocryphal figure (or figures) who worked with no particular delight for a few of the kings in the post-Alexandrine Empires. It is a bad time for Daniel and his co-religionists, for they are second-class citizens, in a distinctly hostile environment. But in that peculiar kind of symbiosis of pagan kings and wise subject-Jews, Daniel is apparently able to soften the worst excesses of the rulers against his people by making himself available for interpretations of dreams, visions or apparitions in the night. […] Daniel seems to be a modest man, brave, and more faithful to God than wise, for it is by means of prayer and piety that he learns from God the dream interpretations he must make to the King in order to survive. (The Book of Daniel 11)
New antigenic determinants revealed on human IgG by binding two immunoblotting membranes

Abstract During immunoblotting for detection of human IgG, rabbit antibodies to goat IgG reacted with human IgG, Fc fragments and γ chains when these proteins were bound to nitrocellulose or Immobilon-P membranes. This reactivity could not be absorbed with human IgG-agarose beads or blocked with fluid phase human IgG. It was readily abrogated with human IgG adsorbed to one of these membranes indicating that new antigenic determinants were exposed and accounted for the cross-reactivity.
THE PHYCOBILISOME β18 SUBUNIT GENE OF ALLOPHYCOCYANIN IS LOCATED ON THE PLASTID GENOME IN AGLAOTHAMNION NEGLECTUM(RHODOPHYTA) AND CO TRANSCRIBED WITH AN UNIDENTIFIED OPEN READING FRAME1

The gene encoding the β 18 subunit of allophycocyanin (apcF) is on the plastid genome of the red alga Aglaothamnion neglectum Feldman-Mazoyer. Immediately 3' of apcF and on the same transcript is a second open reading frame (ORF100) with homology (49% amino acid identity) to a gene tentatively identified as apcC in Cyanidium caldarium Geitler. The predicted amino acid sequence of the apcF gene product is 36% identical to analogous polypeptides from cyanobacteria. The apcF and ORF100 genes are clustered with other genes encoding phycobilisome polypeptides, which include the genes for the rod-core linker polypeptide and the α and β subunits of phycoerythrin
Applications of milk-fat fractions in confectionery products

Incompatibilities between fats limit the use of modified milk fat in confectionery applications. To further enhance the use of milk-fat fractions in chocolates and compound coatings, a better understanding of mixed crystallization effects between lipids is required. Recent work documents that highmelting fractions incorporated into chocolates drastically reduce bloom formation and cause less softening than anhydrous milk fat. Isosolids diagrams for mixtures of cocoa butter and milk-fat fractions show that softening occurs due to both dilution effects and a slight eutectic formation. Incorporation of milk-fat fractions into palm kernel oil-based coatings shows some differences with results in chocolates. Milk fat and its fractions cause significant bloom formation in these coatings, as compared to the control, and cause significant softening. However, both milk fat and milk-fat fractions are fully compatible with palm kernel oil, based on isosolids diagrams. Softening occurs only because of dilution effects, rather than eutectic formation. Further work is necessary to understand the effects of milk-fat fractions on bloom formation in compound coatings.
Culturally Responsive Teaching in the Context of Mathematics: A Grounded Theory Case Study.

In this grounded theory case study, four interconnected, foundational cornerstones of culturally responsive mathematics teaching (CRMT), communication, knowledge, trust/relationships, and constant reflection/revision, were systematically unearthed to develop an initial working theory of CRMT that directly informs classroom practice. These cornerstones were found to interact in unique ways. Results have implications for teachers of mathematics who aim to become more culturally responsive, mathematics teacher educators and supervisors, and school administrators who seek to promote equity in mathematics.
The molecular weight of bovine lactoferrin.

Abstract The molecular weight of bovine lactoferrin in a neutral solvent (e.g. 0.2 M NaCl, pH 7.8, 20 °C) has been determined using high-speed sedimentation equilibrium at various concentrations and speeds. Under these conditions the protein behaved as a single thermodynamic component with a weight-average molecular weight [M w ] c =0 = 93 000 ± 2000 and a second virial coefficient B = 4.3 · 10 −5 mol · ml −1 · g −2 . This value of the molecular weight is in good agreement with values previously reported by Groves (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 3345–3350, 1960) and Szuchet and Johnson (Eur. Polym. J. 2, 115–128, 1966); it is, however, in disagreement with the more recent value given by Castellino et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 245, 4269–4275, 1970). The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults.

FORD, EARL S., CHAOYANG LI, LISA C. MCGUIRE, ALI H. MOKDAD, AND SIMIN LIU. Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obesity. 2007;15:1139–1146. Objective: Limited data suggest that people with the metabolic syndrome have lower intakes or circulating concentrations of magnesium than those who do not have the syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary intake of magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Research Methods and Procedures: We used data for 7669 participants 20 years of age of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994). The metabolic syndrome was defined using the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Magnesium intake was determined from a single dietary 24-hour recall. Results: The unadjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome were 29.0% (quintile of lowest magnesium intake), 27.5%, 25.8%, 23.9%, and 21.8% for increasing quintiles of magnesium intake (p for trend 0.002). After multiple adjustment, the odds ratios for the second through the fifth quintiles (highest intake) of magnesium intake among all participants included in the analysis were 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58, 1.23], 0.76 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.07), 0.62 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.98), and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.92), respectively (p for trend 0.029). The associations were similar for men and women. Discussion: Our results showing an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome add to the evidence that adequate magnesium intake or a diet rich in magnesium may be important for maintaining good cardiometabolic health.
Bayesian composite quantile regression

One advantage of quantile regression, relative to the ordinary least-square (OLS) regression, is that the quantile regression estimates are more robust against outliers and non-normal errors in the response measurements. However, the relative efficiency of the quantile regression estimator with respect to the OLS estimator can be arbitrarily small. To overcome this problem, composite quantile regression methods have been proposed in the literature which are resistant to heavy-tailed errors or outliers in the response and at the same time are more efficient than the traditional single quantile-based quantile regression method. This paper studies the composite quantile regression from a Bayesian perspective. The advantage of the Bayesian hierarchical framework is that the weight of each component in the composite model can be treated as open parameter and automatically estimated through Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling procedure. Moreover, the lasso regularization can be naturally incorporated into the mod...
Photoregulated potassium ion permeation through dihexadecyl phosphate bilayers containing azobenzene and stilbene surfactants

Photoresponsive asymmetrically organized systems based upon small unilamellar dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) vehicles were constructed by entrapping high concentrations of potassium ion within the vesicular aqueous core and incorporating either an amphiphilic trans-azobenzene-containing phosphate monoester or an amphiphilic trans-stilbene-containing carboxylic acid into its membrane structure. Spectroscopic measurements indicated that the azobenzene derivative was molecularly dispersed in the hydrocarbon phase of the vesicle and that the extent of aggregation of the membrane-localized stilbene derivative was minor. Thermal K{sup +} leak rates from the doped vesicles were very low, with calculated permeability coefficients (P) of {approximately}4 {times} 10{sup {minus}12} cm/s at 40 C for DHP vesicles containing 5.5 mol % of the trans-azobenzene derivative and {approximately}1.5 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} cm/s at 38 C for vesicles containing 5.5 mol % of the trans-stilbene derivative; for comparison, P {approx_equal} 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}12} cm/s for undoped vesicles at 40 C. Photoexcitation of the azobenzene-doped vesicles at 360 nm caused >90% trans {r_arrow} cis photoisomerization over the measured temperature range (25--40 C), with complete reversion to the trans isomer upon photoexcitation at 450 nm. Photoexcitation of deoxygenated suspensions of the stilbene-doped vesicles at 315 nm gave {approximately}80% conversion to the cis isomer in the photostationary state,more » which was not reversible. At 25 C, K{sup +} leak rates for the isomeric azobenzene-doped vesicles were nearly identical; at 40 C, K{sup +} leakage for the DHP vesicles containing the cis-azobenzene isomer corresponded to P {approx_equal} 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} cm/s, 5-fold greater than that of the trans isomer. In trans {r_arrow} cis {r_arrow} trans photocycling experiments, K{sup +} leak rates alternately increased and decreased, indicating that the vesicles remained intact. At 40 C, K{sup +} leakage from the vesicles containing predominantly cis-stilbene was {approximately}2-fold greater than that from vesicles with the corresponding trans isomer. In electrochemical experiments, viologen-mediated reduction of the DHP-bound trans-azobenzene occurred at E < {minus}0.44 V, with hydrazobenzene reoxidation at E {approx_equal} {minus}0.16 V; addition of viologen radicals to aqueous suspensions of the trans-azobenzene-doped DHP vesicles caused immediate decolorization of the dye.« less
Prediction of the Effects of the Val66Met Polymorphism and Adjacent Structured Domains on the Conformational Ensemble of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

The discovery of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDP) has challenged the structure-function paradigm and required new approaches for identifying functional mechanisms of proteins. Disease-associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) are common in the disordered regions of proteins (>21.7 %), but not much is known about their effect on the conformational ensemble. Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) belongs to the family of neurotrophins, and facilitates neurogenesis in its short (mature) form but apoptosis in its long (pro) form. A common (4% US population) SNP that results in the Val66Met mutation in the disordered N terminus domain of the long form of BDNF (proBDNF) has been associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders. We previously explored the effect of this SNP on likely conformations of the BDNF prodomain, using large-scale fully atomistic replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the disordered region, and found significant effects of the single point mutation on the global conformational ensemble. In the present study, we investigate the effects of the presence of the ordered region on this conformational ensemble, as well as the role of the SNP on docking of the disordered prodomain to the ordered region, using fully atomistic Hamiltonian Replica Exchange Simulations. These computational investigations complement previous NMR approaches that were restricted to the isolated prodomain, and serve as model calculations for studying the role of adjacent structured regions on conformations of intrinsically disordered regions.
Global Property Market Diversification

This paper examines global diversification benefits provided by developed property markets over 1992–2007. We employ a cointegration methodology, invariant to pair-wise correlational instability plaguing MPT approaches, to investigate regional and country property market diversification benefits for U.S. domiciled global real estate investors. We show, theoretically and empirically, the cointegration procedure aptly identifies markets integrated by common trends that mitigate diversification potential. We show global property markets are interregionally independent but find intraregional market cointegration. A portfolio of markets independent of cointegrating relationships performs best during the period but is insufficiently diversified relative to a cointegrated portfolio. Independent country markets do account for the bulk of global property diversification gains but cointegrated markets, particularly from the North American and Asia Pacific regions, retain some diversifying qualities. We also show cointegrated markets converge toward benchmark characteristics, reducing their attraction as portfolio candidates.
Function of leaf hamamelitol as a compatible solute during water stress treatment of Hedera helix L.

Hamamelitol is an unusual branched-chain sugar alcohol previously suggested to function as a leaf compatible solute. In this study, we have examined the leaf metabolism and intracelluiar compartmentalization of hamamelitol and other soluble sugars during long-term water stress treatment of Hedera helix (English ivy). Total leaf hamamelitol content was relatively low in greenhouse control plants, but increased 2-fold during water stress treatment to levels approaching those observed in field-grown plants (6–7 μmol g−1 fresh weight). Using density gradient fractionation with non-aqueous solvents, we showed that hamamelitol occurs primarily in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of leaf mesophyll cells. During water stress treatment most of the increase in leaf hamamelitol occurred in the mesophyll cytoplasm, compensating osmotically for a decrease in cytoplasmic sucrose concentration. The maximum concentration of cytoplasmic hamamelitol was 155 mol m−3 and occurred in field-grown plants. Labelling experiments showed that hamamelitol is slowly synthesized from 14CO2 in leaves of H. helix, but is very long-lived (estimated t1/2 of 4 years). Together, these data indicate that hamamelitol probably functions during long-term stress conditions as an osmotically active, compatible solute in plant leaves. We suggest that the signal for enhanced accumulation of hamamelitol during the water stress treatment was initiated by decreased plant growth and increased leaf sucrose hydrolysis.
HIV risk behavior and the health belief model: An empirical test in an African American community sample

The increasing prominence of minority groups, particularly African Americans, in the growing rates of HIV infection and AIDS underscores the urgency for developing ethno-gender specific models for changing behaviors that are placing those groups at risk. To this end, HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions reported by an urban community sample of African Americans (N = 364) and formulated as components of the Health Belief Model (HBM) have been tested against HIV avoidance practices, using both structural equation and OLS regression analysis. Both multivariate approaches identified perceived vulnerability as a significant negative predictor and, additionally for women, a positive relationship with generalized sense of personal efficacy. The results suggest an inverted causal sequence from what the HBM assumes: risk behavior leading to or predicting perceptions. Some implications of this critical reversed ordering are suggested. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plasmid profiles ofLegionella species

Forty-six strains ofLegionella species were assayed for plasmid DNA content using routine laboratory procedures. Large-molecular-weight cryptic plasmids were detected inLegionella pneumophila serogroups 2, 3, and 4,L. bozemanii, L. dumoffii, L. micdadei, L. gormanii, L. longbeachae, and as yet unclassifiedLegionella-like organisms. No plasmids were found in strains ofL. pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 6. No correlations could be made between the possession of a specific plasmid profile, or lack of one, and any phenotypic markers such as virulence or antibiotic resistance. Several parameters were identified in this study as critical to the isolation of plasmid DNA fromLegionella: (i) DNA preparations obtained from frozen egg or animal materials had a higher incidence of detectable plasmid DNA than subcultures on bacteriologic media. (ii) A newly formulated broth supported exponential growth in all of the 46 strains; one strain required the addition of CO2. (iii) Considerable heterogeneity was seen in cell susceptibility to various detergents. Since no single lytic agent was suitable for all strains, both ionic and noninic lysis methods were used with each strain. Within the limitations of both crude lysate preparations and the agarose gel electrophoresis method, this study identified a large 60–80 megadalton plasmid species in over 50% of the plasmid-containing strains.
Cardiac arrest witnessed by prehospital personnel: intersystem variation in initial rhythm as a basis for a proposed extension of the Utstein recommendations.

Abstract See related editorial Study objective: To test the hypothesis that intersystem variation in initial rhythm among EMS-witnessed arrests is of sufficient magnitude to warrant standardization of survival by creation of an Utstein-style denominator of EMS-witnessed ventricular fibrillation (VF). Methods: We conducted a planned subset analysis of a prospective observational cohort study of consecutive EMS-witnessed adult cardiac arrests occurring in New York City and meeting Utstein entry criteria. The primary outcome measure was intersystem variation in frequency of EMS-witnessed VF in New York City compared with that in other EMS systems. Secondary outcome measures were variations in survival after EMS-witnessed VF arrests and overall survival after all EMS-witnessed arrests. Results: Intersystem variation showed a threefold difference in the frequency of EMS-witnessed VF (24% in New York City versus 77% in Scotland; 99% confidence interval [CI] for 53% difference, 43% to 63%; P –7 ), a twofold difference in survival after EMS-witnessed VF (25% in NYC versus 48% in King County, WA; 99% CI for 23% difference, 6% to 39%; P P –7 ). Conclusion: Conclusion: The marked variation in frequency of initial rhythm in EMS-witnessed arrests suggests that a modified Utstein denominator of EMS-witnessed VF would facilitate more uniform intersystem comparison of survival in this unique cohort. However, even after adjustment for initial rhythm, large residual intersystem survival differences remain unexplained. [Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P: Cardiac arrest witnessed by prehospital personnel: Intersystem variation in initial rhythm as a basis for a proposed extension of the Utstein recommendations. Ann Emerg Med July 1997;30:76-81.]
New guidelines for cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery.

To cite this article: Int J Dent Hygiene DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00427.x Pickett FA. New guidelines for cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery. Abstract: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has established guidelines to determine the risk for non-cardiac procedures, such as oral procedures, when individuals have experienced severe cardiac disease, including myocardial infarction. This is the first time the ESC has developed consensus guidelines to assist practitioners in managing care for cardiac patients receiving medical or dental procedures. Factors for risk assessment are described and management for oral care is discussed.
Properties of uridine diphosphate D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase from wheat germ.

Abstract Uridine diphosphate d -glucuronic acid decarboxylase was partially purified from wheat germ, and some of its properties were studied. No requirements for added cofactors could be shown. Attempts to find a postulated 4-keto intermediate were unsuccessful, and a dependence of decarboxylase activity on a protein-bound pyridine nucleotide could not be demonstrated. Preliminary studies on the protection of the enzyme by various nucleotides against p -chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate inactivation are described.
Liquid crystalline polymer/fluoropolymer blends: Preparation and properties of unidirectional “prepregs” and composite laminates

Extruded films of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP)/fluoropolymer blends were melt drawn to develop uniaxial orientation of a microfibrillar dispersed LCP phase. The anisotropy of the films increased with increasing draw and LCP content in the blend. Laminated composite plates were prepared using the extruded sheets as prepreg. The mechanical properties and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the prepreg and laminates agreed well with predictions from composite lamination theories. The potential for replacing glass fiber reinforced fluoropolymers with LCP/fluoropolymer blends in applications such as microwave circuit boards is discussed.
Ferroelectric perovskites for electromechanical actuation

There has been a recent surge of activity in ferroelectric materials motivated by the desire for materials capable of large strains for actuator applications. New materials have been developed and systematic attempts to exploit underlying domains have been pursued. New experimental methods have probed the material at the atomistic and domain scales. Significant advances have been made in the theoretical understanding of the origins of ferroelectricity, nature of domain patterns and their overall behavior. Modern methods of synthesis with controlled texture and composition have opened the possibility of exploiting the inherent microscopic features of these materials. This paper provides some snapshots of the recent advances in theory and experiment, and points to open issues and opportunities for the future.
Non-social adaptation defers a tragedy of the commons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing

In a process termed quorum sensing (QS), the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses diffusible signaling molecules to regulate the expression of numerous secreted factors or public goods that are shared within the population. But not all cells respond to QS signals. These social cheaters typically harbor a mutation in the QS receptor gene lasR and exploit the public goods produced by cooperators. Here we show that non-social adaptation under growth conditions that require QS-dependent public goods increases tolerance to cheating and defers a tragedy of the commons. The underlying mutation is in the transcriptional repressor gene psdR. This mutation has no effect on public goods expression but instead increases individual fitness by derepressing growth-limiting intracellular metabolism. Even though psdR mutant populations remain susceptible to invasion by isogenic psdR lasR cheaters, they bear a lower cheater load than do wild-type populations, and they are completely resistant to invasion by lasR cheaters with functional psdR. Mutations in psdR also sustain growth near wild-type levels when paired with certain partial loss-of-function lasR mutations. Targeted sequencing of multiple evolved isolates revealed that mutations in psdR arise before mutations in lasR, and rapidly sweep through the population. Our results indicate that a QS-favoring environment can lead to adaptations in non-social, intracellular traits that increase the fitness of cooperating individuals and thereby contribute to population-wide maintenance of QS and associated cooperative behaviors.
Energy-aware enterprise femtocell deployment

Large-scale enterprise femtocell deployments can significantly impact the performance and energy consumption of the underlying wireless networks that support them. Naive femtocell deployments can lead to higher overall network energy usage, while optimized femtocell deployments can increase total network connectivity and reduce macrocell energy consumption. This paper approaches femtocell deployment as a combinatorial optimization problem. We first consider accelerated greedy algorithms using one of two metrics: femtocell coverage and area spectral efficiency. Then, motivated by an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each metric, we introduce an algorithm that takes the weighted sum of both metrics. We evaluate our algorithms using extensive simulations, and find that our weighted sum algorithm decreases outage probability by up to 30% relative to existing greedy approaches. Furthermore, our algorithm can lead to a reduction in total network energy usage by up to 14%.
Institutional Research Productivity in Science Education for the 1990s: Top 30 Rankings

The purpose of this study was to identify the major science education programs in the United States, where the science education researchers published their research. This research is the first study of the scholarly productivity of science education programs at domestic institutions of higher education. Each issue of the eight research journals (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Science Education, International Journal of Science Education, Journal of Science Teacher Education, School Science and Mathematics, Journal of Computers in Math and Science Teaching, Journal of Science Education and Technology, and Journal of Elementary Science Education) published in the 1990s provided the author(s) and their institutional affiliation. The resultant ranking of raw and weighted counts for the top 30 science educations programs shows variation in journals where research was published. Overall, regardless whether the total number of publications (raw) or weighted rating there was 90% agreement among top 10 and 70% agreement among the bottom 10. Potential explanations for variations and uses for rankings are discussed.
Defect mechanisms for the anomalously high charge and mass transport in silver halides

Abstract The defect structure in AgCl and AgBr is Frenkel-type and the ionic transport takes place by vacancy, interstitial and interstitialcy increase of conductivity and silver diffusion is believed due to the increase of defect concentration resulting from the decrease of defect-formation energy at high temperature. The present results of the diffusion of Rb + , a substitutional homovalent ion, in AgCl and AgBr do not show any such anomaly. The high temperature anomaly is also conspicuous by absence in most of the impurity diffusion studied in this system. The mis-match of the ionic radii of the solute and host ions in may lead to a context. The mis-match of the ionic radii of the solute and host ions may lead to a strain induced binding between a solute ion and vacancy. With the observed decrease of elastic modulii at higher temperature, this binding energy will decrease and thus compensate the effect of nonlinear decrease of defect-formation energy.
Incidence of Apnea and Bradycardia in Newborn Population During Post Surfactant Era (1990-1996) 966

Incidence of Apnea and Bradycardia in Newborn Population During Post Surfactant Era (1990-1996) 966
Effect of lower limb preference on local muscular and vascular function

Unilateral physical training can enhance muscular size and function as well as vascular function in the trained limb. In non-athletes, the preferred arm for use during unilateral tasks may exhibit greater muscular strength compared to the non-preferred arm. It is unclear if lower limb preference affects lower limb vascular function or muscular endurance and power in recreationally active adults. To examine the effect of lower limb preference on quadriceps muscle size and function and on lower limb vascular function in middle-aged adults. Twenty (13 men, 7 women) recreationally-active middle-aged (55 ? 7 yrs) adults underwent measurements of quadriceps muscle thickness, strength, mean power, endurance, and arterial stiffness, calf venous compliance, and calf blood flow in the preferred and non-preferred lower limb. The preferred limb exhibited greater calf vascular conductance (31.6 ? 15.5 versus 25.8 ? 13.0 units flow/mmHg; p = 0.011) compared to the non-preferred limb. The interlimb difference in calf vascular conductance was negatively related to weekly aerobic activity (hrs/week) (r =??0.521; p = 0.019). Lower limb preference affects calf blood flow but not quadriceps muscle size or function. Studies involving unilateral lower limb testing procedures in middle-aged individuals should consider standardizing the testing to either the preferred or non-preferred limb rather than the right or left limb.
Assessing the impact of expert systems: The experiences of a small firm

Abstract The impacts of information processing technologies have been the subject of considerable debate for some time now. Several alternate views to assessing impacts have been proposed, predominantly in the context of management information and decision support systems. In the case of expert systems technology, the few systems described in the literature have primarily been deployed in large firms with significant resource outlays. This article details the significant impact of expert systems technology on a small firm—a regional credit union. Employing an assessment framework that examines the effects of information technology at the level of both product and process, impact is assessed along two orthogonal dimensions of breadth (local and global effects) and depth (direct and induced effects). Furthermore, the framework suggests how a longitudinal evaluation that allows for a consideration of both system impact and potential obsolescence may be conducted. Although the framework is used here to assess the impact of a specific application, it has broader applicability to other types of systems as well.
Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Sub-Clinical Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Newborn Mice

Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure at high concentrations results in overt neurotoxicity. Exposure to low CO concentrations occurs commonly yet is usually sub-clinical. Infants are uniquely vulnerable to a variety of toxins, however, the effects of postnatal sub-clinical CO exposure on the developing brain are unknown. Apoptosis occurs normally within the brain during development and is critical for synaptogenesis. Here we demonstrate that brief, postnatal sub-clinical CO exposure inhibits developmental neuroapoptosis resulting in impaired learning, memory, and social behavior. Three hour exposure to 5 ppm or 100 ppm CO impaired cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis in neocortex and hippocampus of 10 day old CD-1 mice. CO increased NeuN protein, neuronal numbers, and resulted in megalencephaly. CO-exposed mice demonstrated impaired memory and learning and reduced socialization following exposure. Thus, CO-mediated inhibition of neuroapoptosis might represent an important etiology of acquired neurocognitive impairment and behavioral disorders in children.
Hybrid submental flaps for reconstruction in the head and neck: part pedicled, part free.

Objectives/Hypothesis Evaluate feasibility and success of elongating only the venous pedicle of the submental flap to increase the superior arc of rotation for the “hybrid” flap allowing coverage of more distal defects. Study Design Retrospective evaluation of all submental flaps undergoing pedicle-lengthening procedure at a single institution. Methods Medical records were reviewed for all patients undergoing reconstruction with submental flaps between 2002 and 2012. Information regarding demographics, etiology, location, size, and extent of defects, type of submental flap harvested, operative time, and outcomes were recorded. Special note was made of vascular pedicle length and any pedicle vessel manipulation to increase the superior arc of rotation. Results Nine patients (67% male) with a mean age of 61 years (range, 25–83 years) underwent hybrid submental flap procedures. Eight surgical defects resulted from cancer ablation and one from trauma. Five flaps were musculocutaneous, and four were osseomusculocutaneous. The divided pedicle vein was anastomosed to the external jugular vein (n = 6), retromandibular vein (n = 1), common facial vein (n = 1), and internal jugular vein (n = 1). Pedicle vessel elongation averaged 5 cm. Skin paddle size averaged 71 cm2 (range, 48–99 cm2). All donor sites were closed primarily with no further surgery required. One flap experienced venous thrombosis and was successfully salvaged. Overall flap survival was 100%. No local or regional cancer recurrence was detected in the cancer patients with a mean follow-up of 20 months (range, 3–87 months). Conclusions The hybrid submental flap safely extends the arc of rotation 5 cm, allowing coverage of defects in the forehead, temporal-parietal, and occipital regions. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 124:637–641, 2014
Density Level Detection is Classification

We show that anomaly detection can be interpreted as a binary classification problem. Using this interpretation we propose a support vector machine (SVM) for anomaly detection. We then present some theoretical results which include consistency and learning rates. Finally, we experimentally compare our SVM with the standard one-class SVM.