cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Equine Dermatoses Characterized by Scaling and Crusting

Scaling and/or crusting are common clinical findings associated with equine skin diseases. Scaling and crusting may be associated with pruritic or nonpruritic dermatoses. This article focuses on those conditions that are usually nonpruritic in horses. They include the infectious dermatoses, the keratinization/seborrheic disorders, photosensitization, and the immunologic/inflammatory disorders, including pemphigus foliaceus, equine exfoliative eosinophilic dermatitis and stomatitis, and equine histiocytic dermatitis (sarcoidosis). Clinical signs that help differentiate the various disorders are given, and diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed.
Contribution to the development of low frequency terahertz coherent Raman micro-spectroscopy and microscopy

Abstract We report the construction and characterization of a coherent Raman tabletop system utilizing a novel astigmatic optical focusing geometry, a broadband nanosecond optical parametric oscillator and volumetric Bragg filters assisting 3CBCRS measuring system for the first time. In order to illustrate the versatility of the measurements and reveal the molecular information obtainable, two well-characterized chemicals were selected. Polarization sensitive epi-detected 3CBCRS spectra of liquid CCl4 and calcite crystal were recorded and analyzed. An unexpected polarization dependence of the signals of the lowest frequency modes of CCl4 was observed. The 1122 third order susceptibility component was phase flipped. The non-resonant susceptibility normalized 1122 component was found to be larger than the 1111 component for the lowest vibrational modes. This anomalous comportment was attributable to the anisotropy Raman tensor invariant in the third order nonlinear susceptibility tensor.
Are individuals with loss-of-control eating more prone to dietary lapse in behavioural weight loss treatment? An ecological momentary assessment study.

OBJECTIVE Individuals with overweight/obesity and loss-of-control eating (LOC) may experience poorer outcomes from behavioural weight loss due to reactivity to internal (e.g., affective and physical) states that impact treatment adherence (e.g., dietary lapses). This study examined (a) whether the presence of LOC increased risk for dietary lapses and (b) the moderating role of LOC on the relation between internal states and dietary lapses. METHOD Individuals (n = 189) with overweight and obesity completed ecological momentary assessment early in behavioural weight loss. RESULTS LOC was positively associated with dietary lapse. LOC did not moderate the relation between momentary changes in internal states and dietary lapses. However, the effect of average levels of internal states on lapses was attenuated for those with LOC. DISCUSSION Results suggest that those with LOC are at higher risk of dietary lapse, whereas elevated average levels of internal states may contribute to early inadherence for those without LOC.
10 Systematic review of the effectiveness of prehospital critical care following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Aim Improving survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a priority for modern emergency medical services (EMS) and prehospital research. Advanced life support (ALS) is now the standard of care in most EMS. In some EMS, prehospital critical care providers are also dispatched to attend OHCA. This systematic review presents the evidence for prehospital critical care for OHCA, when compared to standard ALS care. Method We searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, EmBASE, CINAHL Plus and AMED (via EBSCO), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, NIHR Health Technology Assessment Database, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov. Search terms related to cardiac arrest and prehospital critical care. All studies that compared patient-centred outcomes between prehospital critical care and ALS for OHCA were included. Results The review identified six full text publications that matched the inclusion criteria, all of which are observational studies. Three studies showed no benefit from prehospital critical care but were underpowered with sample sizes of 1028 to 1851. The other three publications showed benefit from prehospital critical care delivered by physicians. However, an imbalance of prognostic factors and hospital treatment in these studies systematically favoured the prehospital critical care group. Conclusion Current evidence to support prehospital critical care for OHCA is limited by the logistic difficulties of undertaking high quality research in this area. Further research needs an appropriate sample size with adjustments for confounding factors in observational research design. Conflict of interest Johannes von Vopelius-Feldt and Jonathan Benger work as prehospital critical care physicians with the Great Western Air Ambulance. Funding This work is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) doctoral research fellowship for Johannes von Vopelius-Feldt (DRF-2015–08–040). The funder is not involved in the design of the study or collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Advances in materials for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing

Abstract: Chemical, biological and nuclear (CBN) threats are still a major challenge faced by civilized nations. As these threats have become unconventional these days, solutions to tackle them should also be unconventional in nature. In other words, it is not possible for a single discipline to come up with a solution to counter CBN threat agents. In the CBN defense program, there are three main aspects, which include: 1) sensing the threat agents; 2) protection from the threat agents; and 3) preserving after attacks. Fibrous materials can be involved in all three aspects of CBN counter-measures. This chapter briefly discusses the characteristics of the CBN threat agents and their counter-measure strategies involving textile materials. New developments such as dry decontamination wipes and nanotechnology-based protective materials are highlighted in this chapter.
Mediating empathy: The role of news consumption in mitigating attitudes about race and immigration:

Controversies over racism and xenophobia during and after the campaign of President Donald Trump contributed to big increases in media consumption—and racist incidents. This study examines whether ...
Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Insights from the National Inpatient Sample)

Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is an acute and typically reversible heart failure syndrome classically characterized by apical akinesis following an acute emotional or physiologic stressor. Although it had been first thought to be a benign condition, it has gained increasing recognition as a syndrome associated with poor clinical outcomes and death. The aim of this study is to identify the predictors of mortality in patients with TTC. Methods This is a retrospective study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of patients hospitalized with TTC (ICD9 code 429.83) between 2012 and 2016 (n=32,500). All patient demographics were obtained and the primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Chi-squared tests and multivariate regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, TTC was more prevalent in women (85%) and mean age was 67.2 (±13.9) years. Out of the 32,500 identified patients, 81.7% were White, 7.6% were Black, and 5.9% were Hispanic. The inpatient mortality rate was 5.4% with a mean length of stay of 6.7 (±8.9) days. Compared to patients with TTC who survived to discharge, patients with TTC who died during the hospitalization were more likely to be older (68.8 vs. 67.2, p-value Conclusion TTC is a syndrome associated with an in-hospital mortality rate of 5.4%. Furthermore, patients with TTC that are more likely to die during the index hospitalization are older, males, and non-whites. Preexisting conditions, such as cerebral vascular accidents and atrial arrhythmias were associated with increased mortality in this population.
Focus More on Causes and Less on Symptoms of Moral Distress

In this commentary on Carse and Rushton's call for reorientation of moral distress, we state agreement with the authors that the discourse of moral distress should refocus on the moral components of integrity. We then explain how our philosophical taxonomy of moral distress, mentioned by the authors, appeals to moral integrity. In this process, we clarify our taxonomy's appeal to Aristotle's concept of akrasia. We conclude by offering support of Carse and Rushton's challenge to organizations to strengthen moral integrity by fostering resilience.
Nation-Building and Institutional Change: Lessons from U.S. Special Forces

Nation-building is a broad term used to describe international efforts to conduct exogenous institutional change in weak and failed states primarily through the use of military force. The prevailing view is that nation-building is best accomplished by imposing democratic institutions (the so-called government-in-a-box) that will, in turn, stimulate economic development and growth. Global security is enhanced as under-governed spaces are decreased through the buildup of state capacity. We argue that, except in a few isolated cases, this nation-building strategy has failed to achieve the intended economic growth and political stability. Top-down change is rarely successful because it fails to engage at the cultural ‘embeddedness’ level described by Oliver Williamson, and triggers indigenous resistance to the invader typical of psychological in-group/out-group processes. In military operations, U.S. Special Forces was constituted to conduct irregular warfare in a bottom-up strategy, referred to as ‘by, with, or through’, that builds capabilities within the indigenous population to achieve national policy objectives. Within this construct, Special Forces operators act as ‘force multipliers’ to achieve ‘influence without presence’. In Helmand Province, Afghanistan in February 2010, one eight-man Special Operations Detachment was able to achieve pacification in the city of Marjah in a three week period during the surge operations, coined Operation Moshtarak, by applying Special Forces techniques.While the field of institutional economics has a growing awareness of the importance of informal institutional factors like culture and mindsets (North, 1995), they have yet to develop a strategy for intervening in national economies in a bottom-up fashion. As a result, the ‘know what’ exceeds the ‘know how’ in creating economic growth (P. Boettke, 1996), and the practice of nation-building tends to be top-down only. This paper explores how Special Forces techniques can overcome the ‘know-how’ deficit and be used to trigger the development of economic institutions during nation-building. This ‘know-how’, rooted within a Special Forces mindset defined by the imperatives to ‘Understand the Operational Environment’ and ‘Establish Rapport’ combined with a loose-tight management model similar to that found in British Indirect rule, can be specifically applied to peaceful nation-building activities by civilian organizations. The implementation of a successful bottom-up strategy requires exogenous forces to: (1) understand and adopt the indigenous mindset; (2) work by, with, and through, but not against, the mindset; (4) as an advisor, model the behavior desired in the indigenous population; (5) achieve legitimacy by indirectly applying capabilities and resources toward indigenous objectives; and (7) employ influence within trust-based relationships to nudge indigenous behavior towards desired institutional change – e.g. rule of law.
Effect of agricultural pesticide on precocious puberty in urban children: an exploratory study

Background The incidence of precocious puberty has increased throughout the 20th century. The association between precocious puberty and endocrine disrupting chemicals including agricultural pesticides has been a subject of global study, but human data are lacking. Purpose We investigated the relationship between agricultural pesticides and the development of precocious puberty. Methods We enrolled 60 female subjects at Severance Children's Hospital from December 2015 to January 2017. Of them, 30 were diagnosed with precocious puberty, while the other 30 prepubertal girls were enrolled as normal controls. We investigated their clinical characteristics and analyzed the urinary levels of 320 different agricultural pesticides. Results Agricultural pesticide was detected in one of 30 patients with precocious puberty (3.3%) versus 2 of 30 girls in the normal control group (3.3% vs. 6.7%, P=0.554). Dinotefuran, a neonicotinoid-class insecticide, was detected in the samples of all 3 positive subjects. Conclusion Our results showed no relationship between agricultural pesticides and the development of precocious puberty. Larger sample sizes and robustly controlled variables are necessary to further investigate this topic.
Autoimmune Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease: Looking Back, Looking Ahead

Chagas heart disease is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy that develops in approximately one-third of individuals infected with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . Since the discovery of T. cruzi by Carlos Chagas >100 years ago, much has been learned about Chagas disease pathogenesis; however, the outcome of T. cruzi infection is highly variable and difficult to predict. Many mechanisms have been proposed to promote tissue inflammation, but the determinants and the relative importance of each have yet to be fully elucidated. The notion that some factor other than the parasite significantly contributes to the development of myocarditis was hypothesized by the first physician-scientists who noted the conspicuous absence of parasites in the hearts of those who succumbed to Chagas disease. One of these factors—autoimmunity—has been extensively studied for more than half a century. Although questions regarding the functional role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease remain unanswered, the development of autoimmune responses during infection clearly occurs in some individuals, and the implications that this autoimmunity may be pathogenic are significant. In this review, we summarize what is known about the pathogenesis of Chagas heart disease and conclude with a view of the future of Chagas disease diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention, emphasizing recent advances in these areas that aid in the management of Chagas disease.
High-dose folic acid and its effect on early stage diabetic foot ulcer wound healing.

High-dose folic acid (HDFA; vitamin B9)-5 mg, given daily, has not been evaluated as a treatment to improve early stage-diabetic foot ulcer (ES-DFU) wound healing. However, HDFA has been demonstrated to correct: (a) endothelial dysfunction and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); and (b) hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) that may promote impaired DFU-wound healing. Measures of wound area (cm2 ) reduction (wound closure; WC), over a 4-week period (4 W-WC), greater than 50% of the wound area, have been reported as a robust indicator of the potential for DFU-wound healing. By using this model, we examined the effectiveness of a wound treatment in promoting progressive healing and complete wound closure for the chronic, nonhealing DFU-wound. To investigate this possible relationship between HDFA and ES-DFU wound healing, a retrospective cohort study of medical records, between November 2018 and April 2019, was performed for Veterans with T2DM and ES-DFUs following treatment with HDFA. During the study period 29 (n = 29) Veterans with ES-DFU wounds who received HDFA treatment were identified. Medical record reviews of this retrospective cohort of ES-DFU Veterans receiving HDFA report 90% (26/29) experiencing complete DFU-wound closure during the study period. Of the 29 Veterans with ES-DFUs receiving HDFA, the medical records of nine (30%), with healed wounds, provided documentation suitable for 4 W-WC, pre- and post-HDFA treatment study comparisons. This study documents significant (P < .05) improvements comparing 4 W-WC values for standard treatment for Veterans with poorly progressing, worsening or stagnating ES-DFU-wounds to those for the same subjects following HDFA treatment. These observations suggest that chronic ES-DFUs treated with HDFA may experience significantly improved wound closure and complete healing (re-epithelialization) when compared with standard treatments without HDFA. With validation from RCTs, HDFA may be established as an effective treatment to promote wound healing and closure for nonhealing ES-DFUs.
Differences in brain activity patterns during creative idea generation between eminent and non-eminent thinkers.

Abstract An influential model of the neural mechanisms of creative thought suggests that creativity is manifested in the joint contributions of the Default Mode Network (DMN; a set of regions in the medial PFC, lateral and medial parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobes) and the executive networks within the dorsolateral PFC. Several empirical reports have offered support for this model by showing that complex interactions between these brain systems account for individual differences in creative performance. The present study examined whether the engagement of these regions in idea generation is modulated by one’s eminence in a creativity-related field. Twenty (n ​= ​20) healthy eminent creators from diverse fields of expertise and a ‘smart’ comparison group of sixteen (n ​= ​16) age- and education-matched non-eminent thinkers were administered a creative generation task (an adaptation of the Alternative Uses Task) and a control perceptual task, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants’ verbal responses were recorded through a noise-canceling microphone and were later coded for fluency and accuracy. Behavioral and fMRI analyses revealed commonalities between groups, but also distinct patterns of activation in default mode and executive brain regions between the eminent and the non-eminent participants during creative thinking. We interpret these findings in the context of the well-documented contributions of these regions in the generation of creative ideas as modulated, in this study, by participants’ creative eminence.
Charm jets as a probe for strangeness at the future Electron-Ion Collider

We explore the feasibility of the measurement of charm-jet cross sections in charged-current deep-inelastic scattering at the future Electron-Ion Collider. This channel provides clean sensitivity to the strangeness content of the nucleon in the high-$x$ region. We estimate charm-jet tagging performance with parametrized detector simulations. We show the expected sensitivity to various scenarios for strange parton distribution functions. We argue that this measurement will be key to future QCD global analyses, so it should inform EIC detector designs and luminosity requirements.
Glycopyrrolate does not ameliorate hypothermia associated bradycardia in healthy individuals: a randomized crossover trial

Abstract Background Hypothermia improves outcomes following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shivering is common and can be mediated by agents such as dexmedetomidine. The combination of dexmedetomidine and hypothermia results in bradycardia. We hypothesized that glycopyrrolate would prevent bradycardia during dexmedetomidine-mediated hypothermia. Methods We randomly assigned eight healthy subjects to premedication with a single 0.4 mg glycopyrrolate intravenous (IV) bolus, titrated glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg IV every 3 min as needed for heart rate Results Mean age was 27 (SD 6) years and most (N = 6, 75%) were male. Neither heart rate nor core temperature differed between the groups during maintenance of hypothermia (p > 0.05). Mean arterial blood pressure was higher in the glycopyrrolate bolus condition (p Conclusions Glycopyrrolate did not prevent the bradycardic response to hypothermia and dexmedetomidine. Mean arterial blood pressure was higher in subjects receiving a bolus of glycopyrrolate before induction of hypothermia. Bolus glycopyrrolate was associated with less intense thermal sensation and less discomfort during cooling.
A poro-viscoelastic model for the subcutaneous injection of monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Subcutaneous delivery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has recently attracted exceptional interests in the pharmaceutical industry. The mechanical response of the tissue during the injection and the drug distribution after the injection are yet to be understood. We are motivated to study the subcutaneous injection using a nonlinear poro-elastic model with a viscoelastic constitutive law of the solid. The model is first validated against experimental data of relaxation tests. Then the poro-viscoelastic model is applied to subcutaneous injection, and is compared against a poro-hyperelastic model. The pressure at the injection site, which serves as an indicator of possible fracture initiation, differs significantly by taking into account the viscosity of the solid.
Serum Antibody Activity against Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (PNAG), but Not PNAG Vaccination Status, Is Associated with Protecting Newborn Foals against Intrabronchial Infection with Rhodococcus equi.

Rhodococcus equi is a prevalent cause of pneumonia in foals worldwide. Our laboratory has demonstrated that vaccination against the surface polysaccharide β-1→6-poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) protects foals against intrabronchial infection with R. equi when challenged at age 28 days. However, it is important that the efficacy of this vaccine be evaluated in foals when they are infected at an earlier age, because foals are naturally exposed to virulent R. equi in their environment from birth and because susceptibility is inversely related to age in foals. Using a randomized, blind experimental design, we evaluated whether maternal vaccination against PNAG protected foals against intrabronchial infection with R. equi 6 days after birth. Vaccination of mares per se did not significantly reduce the incidence of pneumonia in foals; however, activities of antibody against PNAG or for deposition of complement component 1q onto PNAG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher among foals that did not develop pneumonia than among foals that developed pneumonia. Results differed between years, with evidence of protection during 2018 but not 2020. In the absence of a licensed vaccine, further evaluation of the PNAG vaccine is warranted, including efforts to optimize the formulation and dose of this vaccine. IMPORTANCE Pneumonia caused by R. equi is an important cause of disease and death in foals worldwide for which a licensed vaccine is lacking. Foals are exposed to R. equi in their environment from birth, and they appear to be infected soon after parturition at an age when innate and adaptive immune responses are diminished. Results of this study indicate that higher activity of antibodies recognizing PNAG was associated with protection against R. equi pneumonia, indicating the need for further optimization of maternal vaccination against PNAG to protect foals against R. equi pneumonia.
Mesoscale structures in the Rough Creek Graben, U.S. Midcontinent craton: An integrated DEM analysis, structural modeling, and field-based approach

Abstract The Rough Creek Graben (RCG) within the U.S. Midcontinent craton possesses some of the world's longest cave and karst landforms such as the Mammoth Cave. Despite the graben's position at the junction of two active seismic zones, the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone (WVSZ), the RCG is seismically inactive. Here, we map mesoscale geologic structures within the RCG for understanding structural deformation and styles. We integrated DEM (Digital Elevation Model)-based structural analysis, field-based structural documentation, 3-d models, and GIS-based spatial analysis. Results of this integrated study reveal the presence of dominantly E-W-striking mesoscale structures with secondary NW-SE- and NE-SW-strikes. Many of these structures are documented in the field as high-angle normal faults with distinct fault cores, displacements, and damage zones. Most of the mapped structures are likely originated from extensional stresses associated with the development of the RCG. The presence of less frequent contractional structures (reverse and thrust faults, and folds) suggests subsequent strain localization within this graben. Although most of these structures are seismically inactive, understanding their deformation and kinematics is crucial for synthesizing any reactivation in response to a large magnitude earthquake originating from either the NMSZ or the WVSZ. The findings of this study not only advance our knowledge of the mesoscale structures in a midcontinent cratonic rift but also help evaluate potential earthquake hazards and risks. Moreover, positive correlations between these mesoscale structures and the karst systems suggest a relationship between these structures and the ultimate morphology of conduit systems that assisted in developing these karst landforms.
A comparison of alternative Web service allocation and scheduling policies

Web services (WSs) are emerging as the building block of Internet scale database management systems (IDBMSs). These systems must intelligently execute plans that reference autonomous WSs. This requires policies and mechanisms for both scheduling and allocating WSs that constitute a plan. In this study, we analyze two scheduling strategies and four allocation policies. Obtained results show that dynamic scheduling with least response time (LRT) allocation policy is superior to other alternatives when the service time of a WS can be estimated accurately. The traditional least recently used (LRU) allocation policy is inferior to all policies including random. These observations are important because they impact the scalability of a system. Only with a smart allocation policy, one should expect improved system performance by increasing the number of nodes that constitute an IDBMS to support a larger number of WS replicas.
Eleonora Duse and Women: Performing Desire, Power, and Knowledge

AbstractThe article explores Eleonora Duse’s particular take on feminism before World War One and the influence she had on intellectual women through her acting, her letter-writing and her persona as a liberated, professional and creative woman. Duse is seen as a precursor of later feminist practices of affidamento (entrustment) in Italy. Through both her creative performance and interpretation of women’s stories on stage and her complex web of often-intimate female friendships, Duse fostered a new sense of legitimacy for women’s thought, women’s writing, and women’s autonomous subjectivities. The autobiographical narratives about Duse by Ofelia Mazzoni and Enif Robert are examined as exemplary cases.
Metastable Decay of Photoionized Niobium Clusters: Evaporation vs. Fission Fragmentation

The metastable decay of photoionized niobium clusters (Nbn +) has been observed in a newly constructed cluster beam machine. The decay manifests itself in the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrum as an asymmetric broadening of daughter ion peaks. Pulsed ion extraction has been used to measure the decay rate constants and to establish the mechanism of the fragmentation, evaporation and/or fission of the photoionized clusters. It is found that within the experimental time window evaporation dominates for the smaller clusters (n<15), whereas fission fragmentation becomes facile for 15<n<30. The decay rate constants obtained all fall within the range 0.5–2.0 × 106 sec-1 . The average kinetic energy release is also determined and is found to be on the order of 5 meV.
Knowing the World

The author discusses the classic ways of understanding. He cites intuition as the first mode of understanding wherein the observer becomes so close to the object observed that he begins to experience its existence from both outside and inside it. He also explains the other three ways, including theories, models and data.
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine: its role in the treatment of liver disorders

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) exerts many key functions in the liver, including serving as a precursor for cysteine, 1 of 3 amino acids of glutathione--the major physiologic defense mechanism against oxidative stress. SAMe is particularly important in opposing the toxicity of free oxygen radicals generated by various pathogens, including alcohol, which cause oxidative stress largely by the induction of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) and by its metabolite acetaldehyde. SAMe also acts as the main methylating agent in the liver. The precursor of SAMe is methionine, one of the essential amino acids, which is activated by SAMe-synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6). Unfortunately, the activity of this enzyme is significantly decreased as a consequence of liver disease. Because of decreased utilization, methionine accumulates and, simultaneously, there is a decrease in SAMe that acquires the status of an essential nutrient and therefore must be provided exogenously as a supernutrient to compensate for its deficiency. Administration of this innocuous supernutrient results in many beneficial effects in various tissues, mainly in the liver, and especially in the mitochondria. This was shown in alcohol-fed baboons and in other experimental models of liver injury and in clinical trials, some of which are reviewed in other articles in this issue.
Magnetic properties and structural implications for nanocrystalline Fe-Ti-N thin films

The magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) profiles have been measured for a series of soft-magnetic nanocrystalline $\mathrm{Fe}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ti}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$ films. Magnetization $(M)$ measurements were made as a function of temperature $(T)$ from 2 to $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and in-plane field $(H)$ up to $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$. Additionally, room temperature easy and hard direction in-plane field hysteresis loops were measured for fields between $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Oe}$, and $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GHz}$ FMR measurements were performed. The $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ thick films were made by magnetron sputtering in an in-plane field. The nominal titanium concentration was $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ and the nitrogen concentrations $({x}_{N})$ ranged from 0 to $12.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$. The saturation magnetization $({M}_{s})$ vs $T$ data and the extracted exchange parameters as a function of ${x}_{N}$ are consistent with a lattice expansion due to the addition of interstitial nitrogen in the body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattice and a structural transition to body-centered-tetragonal (bct) in the $6\char21{}8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ nitrogen range. The hysteresis loop and FMR data show a consistent picture of the changes in both the uniaxial and cubic anisotropy as a function of ${x}_{N}$. Films with ${x}_{N}\ensuremath{\ge}3.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ show an overall uniaxial anisotropy, with an anisotropy field parameter ${H}_{u}$ that increases with ${x}_{N}$. The corresponding dispersion averaged uniaxial anisotropy energy density parameter $⟨{K}_{u}⟩={H}_{u}{M}_{s}∕2$ is a linear function of ${x}_{N}$, with a rate of increase of $950\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}150\mathrm{erg}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{per}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ nitrogen. The estimated uniaxial anisotropy energy per nitrogen atom is $30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕\mathrm{mol}$, a value consistent with other systems. For ${x}_{N}$ below $6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$, the scaling of coercive force ${H}_{c}$ data with the sixth power of the grain size $D$ indicate a grain averaged effective cubic anisotropy energy density parameter $⟨{K}_{1}⟩$ that is about an order of magnitude smaller that the nominal $⟨{K}_{1}⟩$ values for iron, and give a quantitative $⟨{K}_{1}⟩$ vs $D$ response that matches predictions for exchange coupled random grains with cubic anisotropy.
Implicit Attitudes Reflect Associative, Non-associative, and Non-attitudinal Processes

It is a common assumption that responses on implicit measures are proxies for automatically activated associations stored in memory. Consequently, explanations for implicit attitude malleability, variability, and prediction have assumed differences in underlying associations. However, a growing body of evidence challenges the assumption that implicit attitude change is driven only by associative processes. This paper reviews evidence from research with the Quadruple Process model on the influence of associative and non-associative processes on implicit task performance. We also describe recent research on non-attitudinal processes that do not pertain directly to the attitude object of interest but that, nevertheless, influence implicit task performance. Implications for the interpretation of implicit measures and implicit attitude change are discussed. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Enhancement of the Acid and Alkaline Bohr Effects of Hemoglobin by Organic Phosphates

The alkaline Bohr effect (release of protons as a result of the oxygenation of hemoglobin) has been shown to be enhanced in human hemoglobin in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (1–4). A similar enhancement of the Bohr effect has been found in studies of certain fish hemoglobins (5). Both Bailey et al. (2) and De Bruin et al. (6) have reported differential titration experiments which show enhancement not only of the alkaline Bohr effect but also of the acid Bohr effect. That is, oxygenation of human hemoglobin at sufficiently low pH is associated with an additional uptake of protons in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The data of De Bruin et al. (6) but not those of Bailey et al. (2) suggested that this additional uptake was, in fact, equal to the additional release of protons which occurs in alkaline solution. These experiments are not sufficient by themselves to ascertain whether the oxygen affinity is raised or lowered in the presence of organic phosphates at low pH. We have therefore undertaken a study of the oxygen equilibrium to determine which of these two alternatives may prevail.
A neural network approach to retinal layer boundary identification from optical coherence tomography images

In this paper, we propose a method by which the boundaries of retinal layers in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images can be identified from a simple initial user input. The proposed method is a neural network approach in which the neural networks are trained to identify points within each layer, from which, the boundaries between the retinal layers are estimated. This method focuses on training neural networks to identify layers themselves, instead of boundaries, because the available date is richer and more cohesive as compared to boundary identification. Results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method.
Vitamins E and C Improve Pigment and Lipid Stability in Ground Beef

Effect of vitamin E (Vit E), vitamin C (Vit C) and their combination (Vit E + C) on pigment and lipid stability in raw ground beef was studied during 7 days illuminated display at 4°C. Oxidations of pigment and lipid were greatest in controls. Vit E treatment showed moderate pigment and lipid oxidation, and Vit C treatment showed low pigment and lipid oxidation. Vit E+C treatment resulted in the lowest pigment and lipid oxidation.
Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets prepared by rapid solidification

The preparation of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets by rapid solidification processing is described. The initial rapid quench is typically carried out by melt spinning; magnetic hardening can be achieved either by quenching directly from the melt or by annealing an overquenched precursor. In both instances, optimum permanent magnet properties are associated with the formation of a uniform, finely crystalline (<100 nm diam) microstructure consisting primarily of the Nd2Fe14B phase. Consolidation of the rapidly solidified material into isotropic magnets can be achieved by conventional cold compaction of the powder with a resin binder or by hot pressing to full density. Owing to the extremely fine grain size, orientation of the isotropic ribbons by grinding followed by magnetization would be extremely difficult. Crystallographic anisotropy can be achieved, however, by hot deformation. Alignment occurs entirely by thermomechanical means with rotation of the easy crystallographic direction normal to the direction of plastic flow. Energy products to 40 MGOe have been achieved by this technique. Properties of the various types of magnets prepared from this rapidly solidified material are presented as is microstructural data for the material at key points in the manufacturing process.
PHOTORESPONSE MECHANISMS OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS AND SUPERCONDUCTING DETECTORS

The photoresponse of ordinary and high-Tc superconductors depends critically on the hierarchy of relaxation times, such as the electron–phonon and phonon–electron scattering times, the time of phonon escape from a superconducting film and also the phonon return time. For thin films of cuprates, close to the superconducting transition the following components of transient response are identified. The picosecond photoresponse is attributed to the dynamics of nonequilibrium quasiparticles and Cooper pairs. The nanosecond response is described by the thermal boundary resistance (the Kapitza resistance) between a superconducting film and a substrate. The microsecond response is associated with the phonon diffusion in the substrate. Using experimental results, we deduce the characteristic time of electron–phonon relaxation and parameters of the film-substrate interface. The kinetic inductance photoresponse of superconductors with s- and d-wave pairing far below the superconducting transition is also calculated. We study parameters (responsivity, operating speed and noise equivalent power) of a nonequilibrium detector, in which only electron states are changed under the radiation, while the film phonons stay in thermodynamic equilibrium with the substrate. Our analysis demonstrates that the nonequilibrium superconducting detectors have essential advantages compared to superconducting bolometers and other detectors.
Atrial natriuretic peptides cleaved by endopeptidase are inactive in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract The dose-related natriuretic and depressor responses to atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) 99–126, 103–126 and 103–123 were determined in unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and were compared to the activities of their Cys105-Phe106 ring-opened metabolites. These metabolites were previously identified as the major initial products formed by incubation of the intact peptides with neutral endopeptidase (NEP). The areas over the curves (AOC) of the depressor responses to the intact peptides were dose-related and, at 30 nmole/kg, iv were greatest for ANP 99–126 and 103–126 (833±241 and 1157±221 mm Hg × min). Thirty nmole/kg of ANP 103–123, a possible product of NEP cleavage of ANP 103–126, produced a lesser AOC (442±152 mm Hg × min) than did either of the longer peptides. The AOC responses to 100 nmole/kg of the ring-opened metabolites of ANP 99–126, 103–126 and 103–123 (105±80, 153±43 and 148±64 mm Hg × min) were not significantly different from the effect of vehicle treatment (84±23 mm Hg × min). Although the natriuretic responses to increasing doses of the intact peptides did not occur in a linear fashion, sodium excretion was maximally elevated by 24±4, 16±3 and 10±3 μEq/kg/min by 3 nmole/kg of ANP 99–126, 30 nmole/kg of ANP 103–126 and 10 nmole/kg of ANP 103–123, respectively. In contrast, the natriuretic responses to 100 nmole/kg of the ring-opened metabolites of ANP 99–126, 103–126 and 103–123 (1±0, 5±2 and 2±1 μEq/kg/min, respectively) were not significantly different from the response to vehicle treatment (3±1 μEq/kg/min). In conclusion, three ring-opened products of NEP cleavage of ANP 99–126, 103–126 and 103–123 were inactive in conscious SHR.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in pathology: I. Principles and general aspects.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become established as a powerful diagnostic imaging technique in medicine. The power of. NMR as a tool for characterizing molecular structure and for quantitative analysis of complex mixtures in the clinical laboratory or even in vivo is beginning to be exploited. In the clinical laboratory, NMR can analyze the complex mixtures of bodily fluids, intact cells, tissues, and their extracts. Phosphorus-31 or 1 H NMR spectroscopy in vivo can provide a noninvasive probe of high-energy compounds, amino acids, and compounds of phospholipid metabolism. The basic principles of NMR spectroscopy are presented here, with emphasis on the various NMR parameters and the information they provide. A companion article presents a survey of applications in pathology.
On distributions of order statistics and their applications to uniform distribution

Some results on the relationships between distributions of order statistics and of spacings are presented. These results are then used to establish a characterization of the uniform distribution extending some existing results in this direction.
Middle-ear transmission in humans: wide-band, not frequency-tuned?

Postmortem and in vivo vibration responses to sound of the stapes and the umbo of human ears are surveyed. The magnitudes of umbo velocity responses recorded postmortem decay between 1 and 5 or 10 kHz at rates between 0 and −3 dB/octave. In contrast, the magnitudes of in vivo umbo vibration are relatively invariant over a wide frequency range, amply exceeding the bandwidth of the audiogram according to one report. Similarly, most studies of postmortem stapes vibration report velocities tuned to about 1 kHz, with magnitudes that decay at a rate of about −6 dB/octave at higher frequencies. In contrast, in vivo stapes responses are apparently only mildly tuned. We conjecture that the bandwidth of stapes vibration velocity in humans will eventually be shown to exceed the bandwidth of the audiogram, in line with findings in other amniotic vertebrates.
Rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under alternative straw management practices.

Nitrogen fertility is an important component of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation systems, especially where air and soil quality issues have prompted a search for alternatives to rice straw burning. This study examined the effects of different rice straw management practices and winter flooding on yield, N uptake, and N use efficiency. The experiment, established on two sites in California, was initiated in 1993 on a Sodic Endoaquert near Maxwell and in 1994 on a Xeric Duraquert near Biggs. Main plot treatments were winter flooding and no winter flooding, and four straw management practices-straw burned, incorporated, rolled, and baled/removed-were subplot treatments. Zero N fertilizer microplots were established yearly in each plot. At currently recommended N fertilization levels, where other nutrients were sufficient, grain yield was unaffected by alternative straw management or winter flooding. However, in the third year after experiment initiation, the grain yield in zero N fertilizer plots was greater where straw was retained, i.e., incorporated and rolled. In Years 3 through 5 at Maxwell, straw retention increased N uptake by rice by an average of 19 kg N ha -1 where no N fertilizer was applied and by 12 kg N ha ' at recommended rate of N fertilizer application. Winter flooding further increased crop N uptake when straw was retained. The additional available soil N from straw led to increased N uptake without corresponding increased grain yield, which decreased N use efficiency and necessitates the re-evaluation of N fertilizer application rates.
Predictive modeling of streaming servers

In this paper, we describe our approach to deriving saturation models for streaming servers from vector-labeled training data. If a streaming server is driven into saturation by accepting too many clients, the quality of service degrades across the sessions. The actual saturating load on a streaming server depends on the detailed characteristics of the client requests: the content location (local disk or stream relay), the relative popularity, and the bit and packet rates [1]. Previous work in streaming-server models has used carefully selected, low-dimensional measurements, such as client jitter and rebuffering counts [2], or server memory usage [3]. In contrast, we collect 30 distinct low-level measures and 210 nonlinear derivative measures each second. This provides us with robustness against outliers, without reducing sensitivity or responsiveness to changes in load. Since the measurement dimensionality is so high, our approach requires the modeling and learning framework described in this paper.
Crossing the Chasm with Classroom Response Systems

Research and literature on the adoption of technology provides a useful lens through which to view the adoption and implementation of classroom response systems (CRS). The technology adoption life cycle describes groups of adopters in ways that are helpful in understanding the adoption and sustained implementation of CRS in chemistry departments. Marketers have noted that the early market and mainstream market are separated by a chasm. Not every new technological innovation makes it across the chasm into the mainstream market. How can this model be used to help understand the adoption and sustained implementation of CRS by faculty, and ultimately how can it be used to cross the chasm?
The importance of extratropical and tropical cyclones on the short-term evolution of barrier islands along the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA

Abstract Data are presented indicating the complexity and highly variable response of beaches to cold front passages along the northern Gulf of Mexico, in addition to the impacts of tropical cyclones and winter storms. Within the past decade, an increase in the frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes impacting the northern Gulf has dramatically altered the long-term equilibrium of a large portion of this coast. A time series of net sediment flux for subaerial and nearshore environments has been established for a section of this coast in Florida, and to a lesser extent, Mississippi. The data incorporate the morphological signature of six tropical storms/hurricanes and more than 200 frontal passages. Data indicate that (1) barrier islands can conserve mass during catastrophic hurricanes (e.g., Hurricane Opal, a strong category 4 hurricane near landfall); (2) less severe hurricanes and tropical storms can promote rapid dune aggradation and can contribute sediment to the entire barrier system; (3) cold fronts play a critical role in the poststorm adjustment of the barrier by deflating the subaerial portion of the overwash terrace and eroding its marginal lobe along the bayside beach through locally generated, high frequency, steep waves; and (4) barrier systems along the northern Gulf do not necessarily enter an immediate poststorm recovery phase, although nested in sediment-rich nearshore environments. While high wave energy conditions associated with cold fronts play an integral role in the evolution and maintenance of barriers along the northern Gulf, these events are more effective in reworking sediment after the occurrence of extreme events such as hurricanes. This relationship is even more apparent during the clustering of tropical cyclones. It is anticipated that these findings will have important implications for the longer term evolution of barrier systems in midlatitude, microtidal settings where the clustering of storms is apparent, and winter storms are significant in intensity and frequency along the coast.