cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power electronics laboratory R-L load bank development for traction inverter of hybrid/ electric vehicles

This paper talks about the development of a laboratory test bench, particularly the load bank, for testing Inverter of Hybrid/Electric Vehicle. This paper discusses capabilities, pros and cons of different load bank options, namely, motor dynamometer, active load emulator and inductive load in terms of testing the inverter power module stress. Enhancements to inductive load test bench are discussed with simulation and testing indicating the effectiveness of this inexpensive load bank to achieve module power stress compared to other load banks. This paper explains the importance of load power factor and modulation index that impacts the module power loss and hence the thermal stress. Multiple operating conditions by changing fundamental frequency and phase currents were tested and the results were analyzed against the simulation model for inductive, resistive-inductive load bank and motor dyne.
AN ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE THICKNESS OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL AND CAVITY IN AORTIC STENOSIS AND OTHER VALVULAR LESIONS. HEMODYNAMIC-ANGIOGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTION TO LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW.

In order to provide information concerning changes in the width of the left ventricular cavity and the thickness of the left ventricular wall in patients with various forms of heart disease, relatively simple measurements were carried out on angiocardiograms exposed during diastole in the frontal projection. The diameter of the left ventricular cavity and the thickness of the free wall of the left ventricle were measured in a standardized manner in 57 patients, in all of whom the diagnosis had been established. In patients with valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, the thickness of the free wall of the left ventricle was usually greater than in patients without abnormalities of the left ventricle, and the degree of thickening correlated closely with the degree of obstruction. This type of correlation was not present in patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. No increase in the width of the left ventricular cavity was noted in patients with obstruction to left ventricular outflow. In pat...
Nonsurgical management of diplopia

Diplopia is a potential undesirable outcome of nearly any ocular surgery. In some cases, the unexpected strabismus and diplopia resolve quickly without intervention, especially if due to swelling or minor insult from the surgical procedure. When double vision persists, effective treatment may be more elusive in patients in which the strabismus is the result of a restrictive process. The sudden onset of strabismus makes treatment more challenging. Frequently these patients will require surgical intervention. Where possible, patients may be managed with nonsurgical treatments until the time of surgery or indefinitely if successful and acceptable to the patient. Diplopia has been documented as a result of restrictive strabismus following vitreoretinal surgery, glaucoma surgery, orbital decompression surgery, strabismus surgery, orbital surgery, conjunctival surgery, cataract surgery, blepharoplasty, and others. The treatment of diplopia after ocular surgery is complicated by the incomitance and torsion that may be associated with restrictive strabismus as well as the variability of the deviation during healing. Nonsurgical treatment options include prisms or occlusion. Fresnel prisms are used primarily, but occasionally the prism is ground into the spectacles. Occlusion of the involved eye may be partial or complete, using a "pirate" patch, adhesive patch, Bangerter foil, tape, or related method.
Evaluating the influence of road salt on water quality of Ohio rivers over time

Abstract Anthropogenic inputs have largely contributed to the increasing salinization of surface waters in central Ohio, USA. Major anthropogenic contributions to surface waters are chloride (Cl−) and sodium (Na+), derived primarily from inputs such as road salt. In 2012–2013, central Ohio rivers were sampled and waters analyzed for comparison with historical data. Higher Cl− and Na+ concentrations and fluxes were observed in late winter as a result of increased road salt application during winter months. Increases in both chloride/bromide (Cl−/Br−) ratios and nitrate (N-NO3−) concentrations and fluxes were observed in March 2013 relative to June 2012, suggesting a mixture of road salt and fertilizer runoff influencing the rivers in late winter. For some rivers, increased Cl− and Na+ concentrations and fluxes were observed at downstream sites near more urban areas of influence. Concentrations of Na+ were slightly lower than respective Cl− concentrations (in equivalents). High Cl−/Br− mass ratios in the Ohio surface waters indicated the source of Cl− was likely halite, or road salt. In addition, analysis of 36Cl/Cl ratios revealed low values suggestive of a substantial dissolved halite component, implying the addition of “old” Cl− into the water system. Temporal trend analysis via the Mann–Kendall test identified increasing trends in Cl− and Na+ concentration beginning in the 1960s at river locations with more complete historical datasets. An increasing trend in Cl− flux through the 1960s was also identified in the Hocking River at Athens, Ohio. Our results were similar to other studies that examined road salt impacts in the northern US, but a lack of consistent long-term data hindered historical analysis for some rivers.
Inhibitory Effect of Gamma Interferon on Cultured Human Keratinocyte Thrombospondin Production, Distribution, and Biologic Activities

Abstract Rapidly proliferating keratinocytes (KCs) maintained in low calcium, serum-free medium produce and utilize thrombospondin (TSP) as an attachment and spreading factor. To begin to understand the modulation of KC TSP metabolism, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a product of activated T lymphocytes, was added to KC cultures. IFN-γ was chosen because activated T cells appear at sites of cutaneous injury. Two additional cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFN-β were also examined. IFN-γ (600 U/ml), but not TNF (500 U/ml) or IFN-β (10 3 U/ml), as single agents decreased KC TSP biosynthesis, secretion, and utilization as an attachment factor. IFN-γ alone did not detectably decrease TSP mRNA levels suggesting a post-transcriptional effect in KCs. However, the combination of IFN-γ (600 U/ml) and TNF (500 U/ml) inhibited TSP mRNA production. These results demonstrate the modulation of KC TSP metabolism and biologic activity.
Cutaneous presentation of prolymphocytic leukaemia

We report a case of prolymphocytic leukaemia which presented with annular, purpuric, erythematous plaques in the skin. Histology of the lesions showed cutaneous invasion with leukaemic cells. The lesions cleared with chlorambucil and prednisolone, and the leukaemic state responded to deoxycoformycin, an experimental anti T cell agent.
Do Eddington-Sweet circulations exist?

Abstract The initial value problem for a rotating baroclinic star is considered. Arguments are derived suggesting that the steady meridional circulations first postulated by Vogt (1925) and Eddington (1925) do not exist and that instead a state of a purely zonal velocity field is approached from rather arbitrary initial conditions. By extending previous criteria for stability with respect to axisymmetric disturbances to the case of non-vanishing Prandtl number, it is shown that the purely zonal velocity field may be stable in special cases. In realistic situations, it tends to be unstable, but the preferred instability is likely to introduce nonaxisymmetric toroidal eddies rather than meridional circulations.
An Efficient Framework for IT Controls of Bill 198 (Canada Sarbanes-Oxley) Compliance by Aligning COBIT 4.1, ITIL v3 and ISO/IEC 27002

Canadian companies have been struggling with the Bill 198 (CSOX) compliance. The main problem is the lack of clear guidelines and the non-existence of a specific compliance process the IT staff could use to achieve the IT control objectives of the Bill 198. This research paper demonstrates a possibility of creating a new comprehensive framework to accomplish the compliance goal by aligning three existing effective frameworks COBIT 4.1, ITIL v3, and the ISO/IEC 27002 standard. It is shown in the paper, that relative to the current CSOX compliance practices, the new framework provides for higher efficiency and reduction of resources needed to comply with the Bill.
Binding to δ and μ opioid receptors by deltorphin I/II analogues modified at the Phe3 and Asp4/Glu4 side chains: a report of 32 new analogues and a QSAR study

Abstract The synthesis and binding affinities of 32 X 3 Gly 4 dual-substitution analogues of the natural opioid heptapeptides deltorphin I and II are reported. A multiple regression QSAR analysis was performed using those results along with literature data for the X 3 Asp 4 and Phe 3 X 4 side chain analogues. Fitting to a three-term potential well model with hydrophobic and van der Waals attraction terms and a steric repulsion term indicates that the δ and μ receptor sites for binding the residue three side chain are similar, and that the binding interaction is primarily van der Waals and secondarily hydrophobic. Further analysis indicates that both sites are more constrained with respect to side chain length than width or thickness, and the μ site appears to be somewhat larger. A binding model consistent with these findings pictures the native third residues Phe ring laying on a step notched out of the receptor surface, pointing toward the back (riser) of the step, and sandwiched between the receptor and ligand. However, the binding sites for the residue four side chains are quite different on δ and μ receptors. Binding to the δ site appears to involve both electrostatic attraction (probably to a partial positive charge) and van der Waals attraction, but not necessarily hydrogen bonding, and more constraint with respect to side chain length than width or thickness. In contrast, there is no evidence for any kind of binding attraction between the side chain of residue four and the μ site, which acts more as steric repulsion site, as though the space that is a pocket on the δ receptor is filled in on the μ receptor. A regression model based only on steric repulsion by van der Waals bulk and/or the effective bulk of a hydration layer accounts for over 80% of the residue four related variation in μ affinity. Thirty-two new X 3 Gly 4 analogues of deltrophin I/II opioid peptides are described. A QSAR study of the X 3 Gly 4 , X 3 Asp 4 , and Phe 3 X 4 analogue series using a potential well model reveals the roles of hydrophobic, van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and steric interactions in δ and μ receptor binding of X 3 and X 4 side chains.
Heating and Cooling of the Early Intergalactic Medium by Resonance Photons

During the epoch of reionization a large number of photons were produced with frequencies below the hydrogen Lyman limit. After redshifting into the closest resonance, these photons underwent multiple scatterings with atoms. We examine the effect of these scatterings on the temperature of the neutral intergalactic medium (IGM). Continuum photons, emitted between the Lyα and Lyγ frequencies, heat the gas after being redshifted into the H Lyα or D Lyβ resonance. By contrast, photons emitted between the Lyγ and Lyman limit frequencies produce effective cooling of the gas. Prior to reionization, the equilibrium temperature of ~100 K for hydrogen and helium atoms is set by these two competing processes. At the same time, Lyβ resonance photons thermally decouple deuterium from other species, raising its temperature as high as 104 K. Our results have important consequences for the cosmic 21 cm background and the entropy floor of the early IGM, which can affect star formation and reionization.
Multilevel Resist For Photolithography Utilizing An Absorbing Dye: Simulation And Experiment

Linewidth control using a tri-level resist system on wafers with topology is investigated. An absorbing dye is incorporated in the bottom layer to improve the usable resolution. Resist patterns of 1 μm and 0.75 μm over underlying geometries are demonstrated using a projection aligner. The advantages of a multilevel system are investigated using an exposure and development simulation program for optical lithography. The relative contributions of planarization and reflection suppression are discussed.
Effect of Pressure on the Low Frequency Dielectric Constant of Ionic Crystals

Data on the pressure dependence of the dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ of MgO, LiF, NaCl, KCl and KBr at 1000 c.p.s. and room temperature are given as a function of hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 8000 bars. The dielectric constants are found to decrease with an initial slope ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\partial}p})}_{T}$ ranging from -0.32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{bar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the case of MgO to -1.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{bar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the case of KBr. Present lattice theories are only capable of explaining these data if the inner field decreases with increasing pressure.
Wave diffraction by a long array of cylinders

Water wave diffraction by an array of bottom-mounted circular cylinders is analysed under the assumptions of linear theory. The cylinders are identical, and equally spaced along the array. When the number of cylinders is large, but finite, near-resonant modes occur between adjacent cylinders at critical wavenumbers, and cause unusually large loads on each element of the array. These modes are associated with the existence of homogeneous solutions for the diffraction by an array which extends to infinity in both directions. This phenomenon is related to the existence of trapped waves in a channel. A second trapped wave is established, corresponding to Dirichlet boundary conditions on the channel walls, as well as a sequence of higher wavenumbers where ‘nearly trapped’ modes exist.
Concomitant Heart Rate and Eyeblink Pavlovian Conditioning in Human Subjects as a Function of Interstimulus Interval

Pavlovian heart rate and eyeblink conditioning were simultaneously assessed in human subjects. Tone durations of 0.6, 1.1, and 2.1 s were employed in separate groups of subjects as the conditioned stimulus. A 100-ms corneal airpuff, which served as the unconditioned stimulus, overlapped the last 100 ms of the tone in each group, thus producing interstimulus intervals of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 s. Other groups of pseudoconditioning subjects received explicitly unpaired tone and airpuff presentations of identical durations but in a pseudorandom sequence so that they never occurred together. The best eyeblink conditioning was observed in the group with the .5-s interstimulus interval, although the 1.0-s group also demonstrated some evidence of eyeblink conditioning. The group with the 2.0-s interstimulus interval showed a lower overall rate of conditioned response occurrence and the highest rate of pseudoconditioned responding. The conditioned heart rate response in all three conditioning groups consisted of cardiac decelerations, but tone-evoked cardiac accelerations were observed in the pseudoconditioning groups. The magnitude of the cardiac deceleration was comparable in all three conditioning groups.
The Election And The Nation’s Fiscal Plight Aim The Spotlight Again On Medicare

The candidates’ differing prescriptions for what ails Medicare mask real uncertainties about the effectiveness of proffered solutions.
Antibody Capture Immunoassay for the Detection of Permethrin Carboxylesterase in Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies were generated against the three denatured forms (30-, 48-, and 59-kDa proteins) of permethrin carboxylesterase from Colorado potato beetle. Each antiserum showed cross-reactivities to all the denatured forms of permethrin carboxylesterase as judged by antibody capture immunoassay. An antibody capture immunoassay was developed using the immunoglobulin purified from the 30-kDa antiserum in conjunction with denatured Colorado potato beetle hemolymph as the antigen source. In this antibody capture immunoassay, the hemolymph from the permethrin-resistant strain produced 1.1–5.3 times higher signal levels than that from the susceptible strain depending on assay conditions, suggesting that the hemolymph from the resistant strain contains more permethrin carboxylesterase. These results corroborate our original findings that permethrin carboxylesterase is overexpressed in the hemolymph of the permethrin-resistant strain of Colorado potato beetle and contributes to overall permethrin resistance. The relative quantities of permethrin carboxylesterase in four different strains of Colorado potato beetle with different levels of permethrin resistance were assessed with this immunoassay and with a carboxylesterase activity assay using α-naphthyl caproate as substrate. The average levels of permethrin carboxylesterase determined by the antibody capture immunoassay were better correlated with the levels of permethrin resistance than those determined by the carboxylesterase activity. Thus, the antibody capture immunoassay can be utilized as a sensitive means to detect the levels of permethrin carboxylesterase as a resistance marker in field populations of Colorado potato beetle.
Pressure pulse reflection as a means of diagnosing obstructions in the lower urinary tract.

Abstract The feasibility of applying a pressure pulse technique to diagnose the presence of intraurethral obstructions in males is examined. This is done by means of an experimental model study which utilizes a model of the lower urinary tract with simulated obstructions (restrictions) along its length. A quick-acting valve is used to induce a pressure wave which propagates upstream within the model for flow conditions which are selected to be dynamically similar to those which exist within the urethra during micturition. The influence of restriction size, type and location on wave reflection behavior in the model are investigated by examining pressure-time traces monitored near the valve. The results indicate a definite feasibility of the technique for diagnostic purposes. The presence of an obstruction, even one with a relatively small loss coefficient, can readily be detected, and multiple restrictions can be diagnosed as accurately as single ones. The results also show that obstructions with large loss coefficients can be detected as long as normal wave rarefaction occurs.
An efficient format for nearly constant-time access to arbitrary time intervals in large trace files

A powerful method to aid in understanding the performance of parallel applications uses log or trace files containing time-stamped events and states (pairs of events). These trace files can be very large, often hundreds or even thousands of megabytes. Because of the cost of accessing and displaying such files, other methods are often used that reduce the size of the tracefiles at the cost of sacrificing detail or other information. This paper describes a hierarchical trace file format that provides for display of an arbitrary time window in a time independent of the total size of the file and roughly proportional to the number of events within the time window. This format eliminates the need to sacrifice data to achieve a smaller trace file size (since storage is inexpensive, it is necessary only to make efficient use of bandwidth to that storage). The format can be used to organize a trace file or to create a separate file of annotations that may be used with conventional trace files. We present an analysis of the time to access all of the events relevant to an interval of time and we describe experiments demonstrating the performance of this file format.
The Role of Early LDL Lowering to Prevent the Onset of Atherosclerotic Disease

Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease that begins early in life and progresses slowly over several decades before becoming clinically manifest. The causal relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the risk of coronary atherosclerosis is well established. Multiple randomized trials have demonstrated that lowering LDL-C levels during treatment with a statin reduces the risk of major atherosclerotic coronary events. However, individuals being treated with a statin continue to experience a high residual risk of events. Here we review the evidence that lowering LDL-C levels beginning earlier in life, and therefore earlier in the atherosclerotic disease process, can prevent or substantially delay the development of atherosclerosis and thereby substantially improve the clinical benefit of therapies that lower LDL-C levels. We focus on providing a critical appraisal of the naturally randomized evidence that is emerging from recently conducted genetic association studies.
Transcriptional Induction of the Urokinase Receptor Gene by a Constitutively Active Src REQUIREMENT OF AN UPSTREAM MOTIF (−152/−135) BOUND WITH Sp1

Since c-src overexpression increases colonic cell invasiveness and because both Src activity and urokinase receptor protein are elevated in invasive colon cancers, the present study was undertaken: 1) to determine if a constitutively active Src regulates urokinase receptor expression and 2) to identify required cis-elements and trans-acting factors. SW480 colon cancer cells transfected with an expression plasmid (c-srcY527F) encoding a constitutively active Src protein manifested increased urokinase receptor gene expression and Src activity. Treatment of the src transfectants with a Src-inhibitor (PD173955) reduced urokinase receptor protein levels and laminin degradation. Inasmuch as we recently implicated an upstream region of the urokinase receptor promoter (-152/-135) in constitutive urokinase receptor expression, we determined its role for the induction by src. Whereas the activity of a CAT reporter driven by this region was stimulated by c-srcY527F, the u-PAR promoter mutated at the Sp1-binding motif in the -152/-135 region was not. Nuclear extracts from the src transfectants demonstrated increased Sp1 binding to region -152/-135 compared with those from SW480 cells. Finally, endogenous urokinase receptor protein amounts in 10 colon cancers and corresponding normal colon correlated with Src specific activity. These data suggest that urokinase receptor gene expression is regulated by Src partly via increased Sp1 binding.
Solubilization of a membrane-associated protein from rat nervous system tissues which binds anionic glycolipids and phospholipids.

Abstract An anionic glycolipid and phospholipid binding protein was characterized in detergent-solubilized rat brain synaptosomes using a synthetic, polyvalent radiolabeled ganglioside-protein conjugate as radioligand. Gangliosides are prominent cell surface glycoconjugates in vertebrate brain, where they may function in membrane protein regulation or in cell-cell recognition. The neoganglioprotein (GT1b)13BSA was radioiodinated and used to probe solubilized synaptosomal proteins for ganglioside binding activity using a receptor-ligand precipitation assay. Binding data revealed a high affinity ( K D = 1 nM ), saturable ( B max = 173 pmol/mg protein ) binding activity that was proteinase sensitive, calcium independent and maximal at neutral pH. Size exclusion chromatography of the synaptosomal (GT1b)13BSA binding activity indicated a M r of ≈ 28 kDa. Binding activity with similar characteristics was solubilized from other rat tissues, with activity from sciatic nerve = muscle > synaptosomes > central nervous system myelin = liver . Gangliosides added as mixed detergent-lipid micelles inhibited (GT1b)13BSA binding: GT1b, GD1a and GD1b were the most effective inhibitors (IC50 ≈ 200 nM), while GM1 and GM3 were 5-fold less effective. In addition, the sphingolipids sulfatide and sialylneolactotetraosylceramide were effective inhibitors, with IC50 values of 300 nM and 200 nM, respectively. The neutral sphingolipid GA1 did not block (GT1b)13BSA binding. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were non-inhibitory, however phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol inhibited half-maximally at 200–300 nM. Inhibition by both gangliosides and anionic phospholipids was competitive with (GT1b)13BSA. We conclude that a binding protein for anionic glycolipids and phospholipids is distributed on nerve and muscle membranes.
Periurban deforestation in developing countries

Abstract In this research, we develop a conceptual, bioeconomic model to explain deforestation around developing-country cities, and apply the model in an empirical analysis to a cross-section of 33 cities in Africa, Asia, and Central and Latin America. We find that forests decline around cities in response to urban income growth, with the deforestation pattern reflecting a combination of such factors as transportation development, topography, precipitation, and island location. We also find that the establishment of protective state property regimes appears to have little impact on stemming deforestation in the vicinity of developing-country cities.
An abstract Radon-Nikodym theorem

Abstract In this paper we obtain a Radon-Nikodym theorem for positive linear functionals on a B ∗ -algebra M . Some corollaries analogous to those obtained in the classical case are also obtained here. It is known that if X is a Banach space, then the space L 1 (Ω, X) of Bochner integrable functions on a probability space Ω with values in X is the completion (in a suitable topology) of the tensor product L 1 (Ω) ⊗ X . Using our theorem, it is possible to extend this result for certain linear mappings from M ⊗ X to X .
Building Information Modeling in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction: Emerging Research Directions and Trends

Currently, the architecture, engineering, and construction industry is facing enormous technological and institutional changes and challenges including the proliferation of information technology and appropriate application of sustainable practices. The 21st century engineer and architect must be able to deal with a rapid pace of technological change, a highly interconnected world, and complex problems that require multidisciplinary solutions. This paper focuses on research directions and trends around building information modeling (BIM) through interdisciplinary endeavors: how BIM research topics could be explored; their relevancy; and their potential future impact. It identifies BIM research topics that are considered to be important to a wide range of practitioners and future practitioners, both architecture and engineering students. It also assesses the relevance of current research projects to the industry and categorizes future BIM research topics. It aims to formulate research ideas and methodologies to pursue them and to explore how an industry/academic partnership for exploring exciting research opportunities could be established.
Configurational arrangements in chalcogenide glasses: A new perspective on Phillips' constraint theory

Abstract High purity chalcogenide glasses with an average covalent coordination number, 〈 r 〉, in the GeSe binary and GeSbSe ternary systems between 2 and 2.8 were prepared by vacuum melting pre-distilled elements. To understand the effects of 〈 r 〉 on glass-forming capability, properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, molar volume and heat capacity were studied as a function of 〈 r 〉. Prior authors have searched, generally fruitlessly, for extremum behavior either in glassy state properties or in liquid state properties of glass-forming compositions at 〈 r 〉 = 2.4 to support Phillips' constraint theory. The missing link is provided if one examines the configurational changes during glass transition at ordinary cooling rates. The configurational contributions to the heat capacity and thermal expansion, in addition to the molar volume, show distinct minima at 〈 r 〉 = 2.4, suggesting that the structural rearrangements for the 〈 r 〉 = 2.4 liquid in the glass transition region are minimized. If such a liquid possesses minimized accessible structural rearrangements in the supercooled liquid region as well, then it may be concluded that such a liquid would display a poor crystallization tendency. This, then, renders support to Phillips' argument that 〈 r 〉 = 2.4 solid with degrees of freedom equal to the number of constraints marks the ‘best’ glass.
Which aqueous species control the rates of trace metal uptake by aquatic biota? Observations and predictions of non-equilibrium effects

Abstract Over the past 2 decades, great progress has been made in understanding the relationship of metal speciation and biotic metal uptake in aquatic systems. Most work in this area has adopted the `free ion model' (FIM) to express the dependence of metal uptake rates on medium chemistry. Coupled with recent advances in analytical chemistry, this approach has led to successful predictions of metal uptake by aquatic organisms in natural systems. There are some cases that have proved difficult to reconcile with the FIM and one case in which the central assumption of the FIM, that pre-equilibrium exists between metals in solution and bound to cell surface transporter sites, has been proved incorrect. In order to take these exceptions into account, this paper explores the implications of reaction kinetics and diffusion for the uptake of metals. In particular, it shows how the apparent aqueous metal species controlling the rates of metal uptake will depend on whether any of these two rate-limiting factors become important. Guidelines are suggested for predicting when they may be important factors.
Microscopic Quantum Hydrodynamics for Interacting Bose Systems

Two equivalent microscopic formulations of quantum hydrodynamics are developed. Commutation rules for hydrodynamical quantities are developed, and in particular, the commutation rule for components of the fluid velocity operator is found to be in disagreement with that derived by Landau. Vortex quantization is found to be a natural consequence of the theory.
Twin intersections in silicon on sapphire

Abstract Twin intersections and terminations have been examined in epitaxial films of silicon on sapphire by high-resolution electron microscopy. Twins are found to propagate to the Si surface or to terminate within the bulk. Termination occurs either at {112} twin boundaries or by intersection with a second twin. Intersection results in the formation of segments of Σ9 {111}/{115} and {114} boundaries. Removal of twin boundaries during high-temperature annealing is shown to be thermally activated and a grain boundary migration mechanism is discussed.
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Gamma Ray Detectors Using Scintillation Fibers

AbstractThe development of thin plastic scintillating fibers has opened the way to newdesigns for detectors in gamma ray spectroscopy and imaging. Monte Carlo simulation ofthese scintillating fiber detectors can provide important data for their use in designs ofgamma ray telescopes and medical imagers. Results will be presented for different detectordesigns using 0.25 mm to 1 mm wide scintillation fibers for gamma ray energies between0.5 and 50 Mev. These simulations show the significant improvements which can beachieved by applying this type of detectors in gamma ray astronomy and medical imaging.1. IntroductionThe recently developed high photon yielding scintillation fibers will greatly enhancethe spatial and time resolution of gamma ray detectors using optical methods. Thescintillation fibers coupled to position sensitive photomultipliers or solid statephotomultipliers, will have a great impact on many of the fields which rely on thesedetectors. Monte Carlo modeling will demonstrate the benefits of using these detectorsystems, and help to determine their design parameters. We present Monte Carlo resultson the application of this technology in medical imaging and astronomical experiments.The medical application is in the field of Positron Emission Tomography, while theastronomical application is in the design of a large area High Resolution Gamma RayTelescope (HGRT), being developed by the UTD and UCLA collaboration
Host-specific pit-forming epizoans on Silurian crinoids

Brett, Carlton E. 197807 15: Host-specific pit-forming epizoans on Silurian crinoids. Lethaia, Vol. 11. pp. 217–232. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Circular-parabolic pits occur commonly on the endoskeletal remains of certain Paleozoic crinoids. Detailed study of several hundred specimens, representing about 30 pelmatozoan species from the Upper Silurian Rochester Shale of New York and Ontario, reveals that such pits occur exclusively in seven species of crinoids. Furthermore, there are consistent differences in the morphology and orientation of holes occurring on the different crinoid species. This suggests that distinct epizoan species settled selectively on given hosts. The relationship between the hole-producing epizoans and crinoid hosts is inferred to have been a form of dependent commensalism. Preliminary surveys of other Paleozoic crinoid assemblages reveal similar host-selectivity by pit-producing epizoans. Crinoidepizoan pairs apparently co-evolved through considerable spans of geologic time as related genera and species of different ages, from Silurian to Pennsylvanian, exhibit similar pits.
PERFECT--conclusions and future developments.

The PERFECT project indicates the usefulness of a bottom-up approach to performance measurement, especially when the main interest is in the measurement of the process, cost and outcomes of health ...
Forming Rigid Fibre Assemblies: The Interaction of Textile Technology and Composites Engineering

Developments in fibres, matrices, and composites manufacturing are reviewed, with particular attention to textile methods. Although the textile manufacturing processes are more complex than injection moulding and laminating, they have advantages in greater control of fibre placement and in ease of handling preforms. 3-D shell structures can be made by various methods, including knitting, weaving, and braiding, but the most important development is in 3-D integrated structures. The methods include false interlacing by winding, stitching, and the true textile interlacing of 3-D weaving and braiding. The research challenge involves problems of topology and geometry, structural mechanics, engineering machinery, and software.
Porous silica materials as low-k dielectrics for electronic and optical interconnects

The need to decrease signal delay and cross-talk in interconnects within integrated circuits is becoming increasingly important as device dimensions shrink. Electrical connections require lower resistivity metals and lower dielectric constant insulating films to meet future goals. Even these materials may not provide for sufficient signal bandwidth, and so optical interconnections are also envisioned. Porous materials offer the opportunity to fabricate scaleable dielectric constant materials for both electrical and optical interconnections. At Rensselaer, we have been working on projects using porous silica materials (xerogels) as low-k dielectrics for electrical interconnections and as low refractive index 'cladding' materials for optical interconnections. This paper focuses on the relationship between the porosity of the material and its optical, electrical, interfacial and mechanical properties. We find porosity has profound effects on the adhesion and stability of thin metal or dielectric films deposited on porous materials. In some instances, such as copper, porosity actually enhances the stability of the film. In others, such as silicon dioxide or tantalum, small changes in porosity lead to buckling or delamination of the film. The interfacial properties also affect the diffusion of metals into these films. The leakage current of copper into porous silica films is an order of magnitude or more less than that through solid SiO . This may be the result of surface passivation processes used to make the materials hydrophobic. The elastic 2 modulus of the films varies as a power law with density in accordance with the prediction for open-cell foam materials. Finally, the optical properties of waveguides formed using porous silica claddings are discussed. Core ycladding refractive index differences of 0.6 or more are possible for compact optical waveguide interconnects. Low refractive index, space-filling porous materials may also find uses in photonic crystal applications. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Strongly fluorescent dipyrrinones. Internal quenching

Yellow N,N′-carbonyl-bridged dipyrrinones can generally be prepared from dipyrrinones simply by reaction with N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole in the presence of a strong, non-nucleophilic base. They are typically intensely fluorescent, with fluorescent quantum yields approaching 1.0. In an effort to shift the excitation wavelength, and thus the fluorescence emissions, strongly to the red, we prepared bridged dipyrrinones conjugated with thiobarbituric acid and Meldrum’s acid substituents at C-9. Such conjugation causes the dipyrrinones to have a magenta color (absorption wavelength shifted from ∼400 nm of a typical dipyrrinone to ∼550 nm of the dipyrrinone conjugate). For comparison, we also prepared analogs with formyl, carboxyl, acrylate, and acetyl substituents at C-9. Unexpectedly and uniquely, the 9-CHO substituent caused the fluorescence quantum yield to drop to ∼10−3 while carboethoxy substituent exerted only a minor influence.
Nascent vibrational distribution of the O−2 product ion in the photodissociation of (O2)−n, n = 2–4

Abstract The nascent vibrational distributions of the O − 2 photoproduct created in the processes (O 2 ) − n + h ν→O − 2 ( v ) + ( n − 1)O 2 are obtained at 1.165 and 2.33 eV by analyzing the photoelectron spectrum of the O − 2 fragment ions. The distributions at 1.165 eV reveal substantial population in the levels 0⩽ v ⩽3 and are reasonably well characterized by Boltzmann distributions with temperatures of 2600 and 1500 K for n = 3 and 4, respectively. The average O − 2 vibrational energy decreases from 0.11±0.01 to 0.065±0.005 eV in going from n = 3 to n = 4, representing a cooling of about half of the binding energy associated with the fourth O 2 . The cooling of the monomer photofragment is correlated with the onset of dimer formation for n ⪢ 3.
Minimizing gang violence in the emergency department

Street gang members are frequently injured, and the violence of their subculture may follow them from the streets into the emergency department. We present four cases in which in-hospital gang violence occurred or was prevented. To decrease the risk of injury from gang-related violence within the hospital, we offer guidelines for patient care and health care provider safety. Emphasis is on education, awareness, and early hospital security involvement.
What Stops Synchronized Thalamocortical Oscillations

Slow-wave sleep as well as generalized absence seizures are characterized by the occurrence of synchronized oscillations in thalamocortical systems that spontaneously appear and disappear. The spontaneous appearance of synchronized oscillations results from the initiation by one or a small number of cells followed by the progressive recruitment of large numbers of neighboring neurons into the synchronized network activity. Synchronized network oscillations representative of slow-wave sleep, as well as absence seizures, were demonstrated to cease spontaneously at least in part through the persistent activation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance. Block of this conductance resulted in oscillations that, once generalized, occur continuously. These results indicate that the persistent activation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance is a key mechanism through which synchronized oscillations in thalamocortical networks normally terminate.
A methodological proposal for Life Cycle Inventory of fertilization in energy crops: the case of Argentinean soybean and Spanish rapeseed.

Abstract Fertilization is one of the agronomic practices that generates the highest environmental burdens in energy crops. However, this practice is essential, since its omission could entail long term processes of soil degradation, endangering the environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. In most of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of energy crops found in the scientific literature, the inputs and outputs of nutrients are not calculated and the environmental impacts of nutrient loss are ignored as well. In this paper, a methodological approach to calculate the balance of nutrients that occurs during annual crop production in the context of the Life Cycle Inventory phase of LCA is proposed and applied to two study cases of energy crops: rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) in Cadiz, Spain, and soybean ( Glycine max ) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The results show that when rational fertilization is carried out, rapeseed fertilization in Spain generates more severe environmental impacts than soybean in the Argentinean Pampas when 1 ha of crop per year is used as the functional unit.
Assessment of resolution and dynamic range for digital cinema

The proponents of digital cinema seek picture quality exceeding that of the best film-based presentation. Quantifying the performance of systems for the presentation of high quality imagery presents several challenges. One is that the dynamic range and the resolution may not be simply related to the nominal characteristics of bit-depth and pixel counts. We review some of the measurement methods that have been applied to determining these characteristics. One of the presumed advantages of high bit depth systems is to reduce the visibility of image banding. Non-uniformity of the display can be compensated in test pattern design to enable the measurement of banding contrast. The subjective assessment of banding is compared to a contrast-weighted model of just noticeable image differences. Applied to a class of image banding test patterns, the metric relates dynamic range to contouring. The model produces an estimate of the visibility threshold for image contouring in a 10-bit system, superior to a simple Weber model. These measurement issues will continue to be challenges as d-cinema systems improve.
Pseudorecurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter ablation

Abstract Over an 11-month period (November 1992 to October 1993), 32 radiofrequency catheter ablations were performed for recurrent symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia in 17 patients with atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentry, 13 with AV reentry with an accessory pathway), and 2 with both AV and AV nodal reentry. Each patient underwent both diagnostic and therapeutic electrophysiologic study with radiofrequency catheter ablation in a single session. Twelve of the 32 patients had recurrent symptoms after catheter ablation. A repeat study was performed in 9 of the 12 patients. At 7.7 ± 0.8 months (range 4 to 11) of follow-up only one patient had had a true sumptomatic recurrence. Additional sessions of ablation cured this patient. We conclude that pseudorecurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a common phenomenon in patients after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Follow-up electrophysiologic study demonstrates and helps differentiate pseudo from true paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia recurrence.
Rapid incorporation of label from ribonucleoside disphosphates into DNA by a cell-free high molecular weight fraction from animal cell nuclei

Abstract A readily sedimentable nuclear fraction from Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast (CHEF/18) cells catalyzes incorporation of 14 C-rCDP into DNA. Data indicated that this incorporation is made possible by the conversion of rCDP into a small and functionally compartmentalized, rather than a large and freely diffusible, pool of dCTP. This catalytically active sedimentable fraction from S phase CHEF/ 18 cells or actively replicating calf thymus cells contains nascent and template DNA, and numerous enzymes required for DNA biosynthesis including ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, thymidylate synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase, DNA methylase, topoisomerase and DNA polymerase. We have named this catalytically active macromolecule the replitase. The replitase fraction contained spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 24 to 30 nm and had an estimated molecular weight on the order of 5 × 10 6 .
Gauge-invariant definition of gravitational radiation in Robertson-Walker cosmologies

Gauge-invariant quantities are introduced which relate directly to the ideal fluid perturbations in Robertson-Walker backgrounds. It is shown how the vanishing of these gauge invariants is equivalent to the definition of purely radiative perturbations found in some early works. If one imposes a regularity condition, then the vanishing of just four gauge invariants is sufficient to define the condition of no perturbation of matter. The latter result is used to clarify the relationship to Hawking's definition of gravitational radiation.
Patient perceptions of stool DNA testing for pan-digestive cancer screening: a survey questionnaire.

Patient perceptions of stool DNA testing for pan-digestive cancer screening: A survey questionnaire
FORAGE: a model of forage intake in beef cattle

Abstract A deterministic simulation model (FORAGE) has been developed as an interface between the plant and animal components of a general rangeland ecosystem model (SPUR). The model predicts forage intake and diet selection of grazing beef cattle by simulating the mechanistic components of grazing behavior. Bite size, rate of biting, rate of intake and grazing time are modified by changes in sward characteristics. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model is sensitive to underestimation of critical parameters. The model suggests that, when forage availability is limited, intake is limited by rate of intake and grazing time.
What controls the length of noncoding DNA

Abstract Several recent studies of genome evolution indicate that the rate of DNA loss exceeds that of DNA gain, leading to an underlying mutational pressure towards collapsing the length of noncoding DNA. That such a collapse is not observed suggests opposing mechanisms favoring longer noncoding regions. The presence of transposable elements alone also does not explain observed features of noncoding DNA. At present, a multidisciplinary approach — using population genetics techniques, large-scale genomic analyses, and in silico evolution — is beginning to provide new and valuable insights into the forces that shape the length of noncoding DNA and, ultimately, genome size. Recombination, in a broad sense, might be the missing key parameter for understanding the observed variation in length of noncoding DNA in eukaryotes.
Free riding on Gnutella

An extensive analysis of user traffic on Gnutella shows a significant amount of free riding in the system. By sampling messages on the Gnutella network over a 24-hour period, we established that almost 70% of Gnutella users share no files, and nearly 50% of all responses are returned by the top 1% of sharing hosts. Furthermore, we found out that free riding is distributed evenly between domains, so that no one group contributes significantly more than others, and that peers that volunteer to share files are not necessarily those who have desirable ones. We argue that free riding leads to degradation of the system performance and adds vulnerability to the system. If this trend continues copyright issues might become moot compared to the possible collapse of such systems.
Big MAC attack: complement proteins cause leaky patches

Abstract Although hemolysis of erythrocytes and killing of Gram-negative bacteria led to the discovery of the complement system more than one hundred years ago, the precise mechanism of complement-mediated cytotoxicity remains unresolved. Currently, there are two vying hypotheses: in one model, the polar domains of inserted complement proteins cause local distortion of the phospholipid bilayer, resulting in ‘leaky patches'; the alternative, ‘pore', model proposes that the polar surfaces of the individual complement components come together to form a hydrophilic channel through the membrane. Here, the relative merits and demerits of each proposal are discussed.