cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transbilayer Phospholipid Movements in ABCA1-Deficient Cells

Tangier disease is an inherited disorder that results in a deficiency in circulating levels of HDL. Although the disease is known to be caused by mutations in the ABCA1 gene, the mechanism by which lesions in the ABCA1 ATPase effect this outcome is not known. The inability of ABCA1 knockout mice (ABCA1−/−) to load cholesterol and phospholipids onto apoA1 led to a proposal that ABCA1 mediates the transbilayer externalization of phospholipids, an activity integral not only to the formation of HDL particles but also to another, distinct process: the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of both macrophages and their apoptotic targets is required for efficient engulfment of the apoptotic cells, and it has been proposed that ABCA1 is required for transbilayer externalization of PS to the surface of both cell types. To determine whether ABCA1 is responsible for any of the catalytic activities known to control transbilayer phospholipid movements, these activities were measured in cells from ABCA1−/− mice and from Tangier individuals as well as ABCA1-expressing HeLa cells. Phospholipid movements in either normal or apoptotic lymphocytes or in macrophages were not inhibited when cells from knockout and wildtype mice or immortalized cells from Tangier individuals vs normal individuals were compared. Exposure of PS on the surface of normal thymocytes, apoptotic thymocytes and elicited peritoneal macrophages from wildtype and knockout mice or B lymphocytes from normal and Tangier individuals, as measured by annexin V binding, was also unchanged. No evidence was found of ABCA1-stimulated active PS export, and spontaneous PS movement to the outer leaflet in the presence or absence of apoA1 was unaffected by the presence or absence of ABCA1. Normal or Tangier B lymphocytes and macrophages were also identical in their ability to serve as targets or phagocytes, respectively, in apoptotic cell clearance assays. No evidence was found to support the suggestion that ABCA1 is involved in transport to the macrophage cell surface of annexins I and II, known to enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. These results show that mutations in ABCA1 do not measurably reduce the rate of transbilayer movements of phospholipids in either the engulfing macrophage or the apoptotic target, thus discounting catalysis of transbilayer movements of phospholipids as the mechanism by which ABCA1 facilitates loading of phospholipids and cholesterol onto apoA1.
Citizens' perceptions of police in rural US communities: a multilevel analysis of contextual, organisational and individual predictors

There has been little research on citizens' attitudes about policing in rural communities in the USA, and existing studies do not examine the effects of community characteristics on these attitudes. We extend this work theoretically and analytically by considering the effects of community context, police organisation and individual characteristics on attitudes about police. Using data for a large sample of citizens residing in 98 small towns in Iowa, we employed multilevel ordered logistic regression techniques to model citizens' rating of police protection and degree of trust in the police. At the community level, social disorganisation was negatively associated with both outcome variables, and social integration was positively related to trust in the police. Town police departments were viewed more favourably than county sheriff's offices for both police protection and trust. Individual-level perceptions of social integration and community safety were positively related to both outcome variables. Respon...
Computerized system for the measurement of gallstone volume, in vivo

Instrumentation and methodology for the determination of gallstone volume from standard roentgenographic views have been developed. Evaluation of size is made by using video viewing, an operator‐set electronic window, intercept registers, and the programming of a PDP/8E for handling the data. The programming makes corrections for geometric factors arising from anatomical variations, corrections for variations in technique, roentgenographic magnification, and provides for the use of several roentgenographic views. The precision of the measuring (video) technique is ∼0.5 mm as measured on the roentgenogram. Estimates and test data indicate that this system should be capable of an absolute accuracy within 10% of the true volume.
Hand-held computers for ergonomics data collection

The new generation of inexpensive, powerful, hand-held computers allows ergonomists to collect field data more easily and reliably. Typical programs are described for data collection by questionnaires, event timing and occurrence sampling. Further programs evaluate basic human capabilities using the keyboard and screen as control and display.
“Direct” and “Correct” Calculation of Canonical and Microcanonical Rate Constants for Chemical Reactions

Theoretical approaches for calculating rate constants of chemical reactionseither the microcanonical rate for a given total energy k(E) or the canonical rate for a given temperature k(T)are described that are both “direct”, i.e., bypass the necessity of having to solve the complete state-to-state quantum reactive scattering problem, yet also “correct”, i.e., in principle exact (given a potential energy surface, assuming nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, etc.) Applications to a variety of reactions are presented to illustrate the methodology for various dynamical situations, e.g., transition-state-theory-like dynamics where the system moves directly through the interaction (transition-state) region and reactions that form long-lived collision complexes. It is also shown how this rigorous quantum theory can be combined with the Lindemann mechanism for describing the effects of collisions with a bath gas, so as to be able to treat recombination reactions and other effects of pressure. Finally, several ways ...
The Alaska community development quota fisheries management program

The State of Alaska and the National Marine Fisheries Service administer a Community Development Quota (CDQ) fisheries management program for the groundfish pollock in the Bering Sea off Alaska. The CDQ program is of interest as a limited access management system which explicitly recognizes the special needs of communities as distinct from business firms or individuals, while achieving some of the benefits, as well as costs, of other programs such as limited licensing and individual transferable quotas. This article describes the program, reviews some of its benefits and costs, notes the recent creation of CDQs for other species, and suggests the importance of CDQs for future fisheries management.
Educational cognitive style: Implications for instruction

Lee Mullally Department of Curriculum and Instruction Kent State University Kent, Ohio Ln order to effectively design instruction and maximize learning, educators should recognize and respect the learner as an individual. In addition to analyzing student characteristics relating to academic or social factors, educators should be determining how an individual seeks meaning. The mode of behavior an individual employs when searching for meaning is known as Educational Cognitive Style (ECS). The conceptual framework for ECS was developed mainly through the efforts of Joseph E. Hill, president of Oakland Community College in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea

ABSTRACT Coccoids are abundant and diverse in most amber deposits around the world, but largely as macropterous males. Based on a study of male coccoids in Lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), Burmese amber (Albian-Cenomanian), Cambay amber from western India (Early Eocene), and Baltic amber (mid-Eocene), 16 new species, 11 new genera, and three new families are added to the coccoid fossil record: Apticoccidae, n. fam., based on Apticoccus Koteja and Azar, and including two new species A. fortis, n. sp., and A. longitenuis, n. sp.; the monotypic family Hodgsonicoccidae, n. fam., including Hodgsonicoccus patefactus, n. gen., n. sp.; Kozariidae, n. fam., including Kozarius achronus, n. gen., n. sp., and K. perpetuus, n. sp.; the first occurrence of a Coccidae in Burmese amber, Rosahendersonia prisca, n. gen., n. sp.; the first fossil record of a Margarodidae sensu stricto, Heteromargarodes hukamsinghi, n. sp.; a peculiar Diaspididae in Indian amber, Normarkicoccus cambayae, n. gen., n. sp.; a Pityococcidae fr...
Sex differences in GABA/benzodiazepine receptor changes and corticosterone release after acute stress in rats

Since many hormonal indices of stress responsiveness are sexually dimorphic in rats, we examined sex differences and the effects of gonadectomy on the stress-related changes in GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors in rats. Intact or ovariectomized female rats displayed a markedly greater corticosterone response and a more pronounced increase in benzodiazepine receptors than males (intact or orchidectomized) after acute handling or swim stress. Swim stress increased benzodiazepine receptor density without modifying affinity in cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Corticosterone treatment induced benzodiazepine receptor levels comparable to those seen after swim stress in all hormone groups. Handling stress also enhanced cortical low-affinity GABAA receptor levels in males and ovariectomized females. Both GABA and benzodiazepine receptor levels were positively correlated with circulating corticosterone levels in female, but not male, groups. GABA/benzodiazepine coupling was unaffected by stress or hormonal status. These sexual dimorphisms in hormonal responses to stress may help elucidate the causes and consequences of stress-induced changes in the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.
Automated Design and Programming of a Microfluidic DNA Computer

Previously, we described ways to implement the functions AND and OR in a DNA computer consisting of microreactors with attached heating elements that control annealing of DNA. Based on these findings, we have devised a similar device that can solve a satisfiability problem in any form. The device occupies linear space and operates in quadratic time, while a previously described competing device is built in quadratic space and operates in quadratic time or greater. Reducing the number of reactors in a DNA computer reduces the loss of DNA through binding to the surfaces of the system.
Electrochemical Studies on Ion Transport in Gels with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Ion transport properties of two gels made from polyacrylate and polyacrylamide (PAAM) were studied with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) by using three ferrocene derivatives, which carry different charges, as the probe molecules. Ion diffusion in these gels could be nearly as fast as in aqueous electrolytes and did not adhere to the Stokes−Einstein equation. Passivation of the electrode surface in polyacrylate gels reported previously was mainly caused by the electrophoretic deposition of gel particles on the surface of the electrode. The deposited gel film can act as a cation-exchange membrane and shows permselectivity, which affects both the electrochemical and SECM behavior. No detectable film formation was found in the PAAM gel perhaps because of its neutral charge and rigid three-dimensional network structure. The small change in diffusion coefficients as a function of PAAM gel concentration and charges of the probe molecules suggest much of the transport in the gel occurs via a water-fille...
Evaluation of the Roux-Elmslie-Trillat procedure for knee extensor realignment

One method for correction of patellofemoral malalignment in acute and recurrent dislocations and subluxations of the patella involves a lateral retinacular release, medial capsular reefing, and medial displacement of the infrapatellar tendon insertion. The procedures was originally described by Roux and later modified and popularized by Elmslie and Trillat. It allows adequate evaluation and easy adjustment of the extensor mechanism at the time of surgery. This current report is an evaluation of 116 of these procedures followed for at least one year and examined by an orthopaedic surgeon. This evaluation indicates that this is a satisfactory method for prevention of recurrent subluxation of the patella with recurrence in only 7% of the cases. A critical evaluation of the results of the procedure reveals only 66% were rated as good or excellent. The results were directly related to associated intraarticular pathology such as hemarthrosis, patellar chondromalacia, degenerative changes on the femoral or tibial articular surfaces, torn or absent semilunar cartilages, torn anterior cruciate ligaments, and insufficient correction of either patella alta or a wide quadriceps angle. The procedure has been slightly modified and the indications for the procedure have been revised.
Many-electron correlation effects on anomalous scattering factors.

The effect of many-electron correlations on anomalous scattering factors in Rayleigh scattering is studied, in the case of the Ar atom, using dispersion relations and the relativistic random-phase approximation (RRPA). The correlation effect changes the Ar 3s-subshell photoionization cross sections significantly compared with the corresponding independent-particle approximation calculations; thereby the anomalous scattering factors of Rayleigh scattering from this subshell also experience marked structural changes. But the Ar 3p subshells dominate the coherent total-atom scattering amplitude so that subshell structural changes in the Ar 3s subshell due to many-electron correlation effects are not seen in the total-atom scattering cross section or the total-atom anomalous scattering factors, which are the physical observables in Rayleigh-scattering experiments. One anticipates this outcome generally for closed-shell atoms, while in the case of open shells one can anticipate a greater importance for the many-electron-correlation effects.
Sites and mechanisms of function-related changes in energy metabolism in the nervous system.

Traditional neuroanatomies and electrophysiological methods to localize functional activities in the nervous system focus on perikarya as the sites of activity. Metabolic mapping of local functional a
Phosphoran pyroxene and olivine in silicate inclusions in natural iron-carbon alloy, Disko Island, Greenland

A survey of literature data on the P contents of olivine, pyroxene, and garnet in mantle xenoliths and the bulk P contents of mantle xenoliths shows that available data is ambiguous as to whether mantle P is primarily contained in silicates or in phosphates, even though phosphates are rarely observed in mantle xenoliths. Garnet probably contains more of the mantle's P than olivine or pyroxene. Bulk P contents of mantle xenoliths vary significantly. Estimation of the primitive mantle P content from xenoliths requires interpretation of the partial melting and contamination histories of the xenoliths.
On the electron-transfer-coupled proton release of cytochrome c

Abstract Horse heart ferrocytochrome c was oxidized by injection of ferrihexacyanide and the amount of protons released was measured quantitatively over the pH range 7–11, leading to the two electron-transfer-linked p K H 's of 9.1 and 10.4. The kinetic result that the proton changes took place more rapidly than the changes in the 695-mμ absorption band for both types of rapid pH changes on oxidized cytochrome c (pH 7 → 10 and pH 10 → 7) led to the proposal of a cyclic reaction scheme. Involved protonreleasing amino acid residues are discussed.
Dental rehabilitation of the patient with severe caries after radiation therapy

Dental management of the patient with severe caries after radiation therapy can be accomplished by the general practitioner in an office setting. Because of the decrease in vascularity that results from radiotherapy, the general practitioner must keep the following points in mind when treating these patients: Extraction of teeth that were in the field of radiotherapy is contraindicated. If there is a question about a possible extraction, consultation should be made with the patient's radiotherapist and a hospital-trained dentist (preferably, an oral surgeon). Endodontic treatment is the only treatment indicated for pulpally damaged teeth in the field of radiotherapy. When endodontic treatment is done, the following precautions are necessary: all teeth that are an immediate source of infection must be treated first; prophylactic antibiotics should be administered for the duration of treatment'; all endodontic procedures must be administered in an aseptic field of treatment--if a tooth is badly deteriorated as a result of severe caries, a copper band should be used with a rubber dam and no tooth should ever be left "open for drainage" in these patients; temporary fillings should be of sufficient strength to prevent contamination between appointments; tooth-length determination should be done with precision--instrumentation beyond the apex should be avoided; caustic irrigating solutions such as sodium hypochlorite should be avoided--sterile water or sterile saline solution is preferable. For fabrication of prostheses, the general practitioner should be aware that: metallic-oxide impression materials such as zinc-oxide and eugenol should be avoided because of their irritating properties; trismus is common when the masticatory muscles are bilaterally in the field of radiotherapy-therefore, to prevent encroachment on the freeway space for these patients, the vertical dimension of occlusion should be decreased accordingly; monoplane teeth are preferable to cusped teeth for patients with trismus because their border movements are often irregular-monoplane teeth cause less interferences and are easier for the patient to manage; a remount of the overdentures to check the occlusion as well as a careful examination of flange extensions are necessary to prevent tissue ulcerations that could lead to tissue and bony necroses. Cast restorations should be avoided for patients with severe caries after radiation therapy (for example, a cast core and dowel). Prevention of postradiotherapy treatment complications is the primary goal in the management of the patient who has had head and neck cancer. If, however, the patient who has received radiation therapy and as a result has severe caries does come to the general practitioner, a logical and organized treatment plan can be followed that will result in control of the carious disease process and the functional rehabilitation of the patient.
Effects of lichens on the reflectance spectra of granitic rock surfaces

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lichen cover on the spectral reflectance characteristics of granitic rocks. Rock samples collected from bedrock exposures and talus slopes were granodiorite, tonalite, granite, and quartz-diorite. The lichens found on these rocks varied in color, i.e., black, dark brown, medium gray, olive-green, yellow-green, green, orange, and orange-red. The visible and near infrared reflectance spectra (400–1100 nm) of the rock and lichen samples show that lichens can affect the rock's spectra. These changes are dependent on the reflectance contrast between the rock surface and the lichen covering.
Two-pulse discrimination and rapid light adaptation: complex effects on temporal resolution and a new visual temporal illusion.

Temporal resolution during rapid light adaptation was studied using a suprathreshold two-pulse discrimination paradigm with stimulus conditions modeled after the classic increment threshold experiments of B. H. Crawford. The two-pulse stimulus (1° diam, two 20-ms pulses separated by 40 ms) was presented before, during, and after a 6° diam, 500 ms background conditioning field, and discriminability was measured as d’ using signal detection methods. Discriminability is depressed at background field onset and offset, but increases during the exposure time of the background. Immediately following background offset, two-pulse discriminability is dramatically enhanced: two pulses are discriminated from one pulse with a d’ of 4 or more. When the two-pulse stimulus follows background offset by 80 to 240 ms, a novel temporal illusion occurs: a single pulse consistently appears as a double pulse. Several hypotheses for understanding these results are discussed.
Deep Subwavelength Focusing Of Broad Beam Using Hyperbolic Metamaterial

We demonstrated deep sub wavelength focusing using hyperbolic metamaterial both numerically and experimentally. The results verified that broad beam can be focused to a spot size of ~ λ/6.
Effect of high surface curvature on the main phase transition of supported phospholipid bilayers on SiO2 nanoparticles.

Investigation of the physical properties of highly curved membranes is important in biology, for example, in fusion intermediates, and in pharmaceutical or chromatographic applications, where nanoscale features may affect substrate binding. However, vesicle fusion below 40 nm precludes study of this size regime. In this investigation, the effect of high surface curvature on the adsorption and morphology of phosphotidylcholine lipids with alkyl chain lengths of 14 (DMPC), 16 (DPPC), and 18 (DSPC) onto silica (SiO2) nanobeads was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high sensitivity nanocalorimetry, and vibrational spectroscopy. The SiO2 beads ranged in size from 5 to 100 nm. Stable supported bilayers were formed on all bead sizes by vesicle fusion of the parent MLVs at temperatures above the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of the lipids. A downward shift in Tm, and a broadening (ΔT1/2) of the transition with respect to the parent MLVs, was observed for the 100 nm beads. With decreasing ...
Influence of wavy structured surfaces and large scale polymer structures on drag reduction

Drag reduction was studied for turbulent flow over a structured wall that contained 600 sinusoidal waves with a wavelength of 5 mm and an amplitude of 0.25 mm. A concentrated solution of a co-polymer of polyacrylamide and sodium acrylate was injected into the flow through wall slots. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure turbulence. A fluorescence technique was developed that enabled us to demonstrate the existence, under certain circumstances, of large gelatinous structures in the injected polymer solution and in the flow channel.
Cutter-path generation using multiple cutting-tool sizes for 2-1/2D pocket machining

Abstract Existing commercial CAD/CAM systems allow the user to generate the cutter-path for machining a 2-1/2D pocket by using only a single cutting-tool size. Therefore, to avoid potential problems, such as gouging and unmachined areas, the user tends to choose the size of the cutting-tool in a conservative manner. This can result in longer processing time and higher production cost than those that can be achieved by using multiple cutting-tool sizes to machine a given pocket. The key to cutter-path generation using multiple cutting-tool sizes lies in having an efficient mechanism for representing the material volumes that can be removed by a specified cutting-tool size and the unmachined material volumes that will remain after its use. In this paper, we develop a novel concept called the Voronoi mountain and describe its application to cutter-path generation using multiple cutting-tool sizes. The theoretical significance of this approach stems from its ability to: (i) to create a Voronoi mountain repres...
Mass-Loaded Winds

This paper explores the steady state behavior of mass-loaded winds. The topology of the critical point that results from the slowing of the wind is a function of the local slope of the mass-loading function. Mass-loading functions that increase sufficiently rapidly with radius as well as gravitational force can cause the steady state approximation to break down. Pressure equilibrium of a mass-loaded wind with an external medium and possible transitions back to supersonic flow are discussed including the interaction of an active galactic nucleus wind with a "starburst wind".
RISING INEQUALITY: TRENDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN INDUSTRIALIZING NEW ENGLAND

This article assembles new data and methods for studying wealth inequality trends in industrializing America. Inequality grew sharply between 1820 and 1850, leveled off, and increased steadily between 1870 and 1900. Inequality grew due to compositional changes in the population, but also grew within occupations, age groups, and the native-born population. Proposed labor-market explanations are inconsistent with the fact that wealth inequality between occupational groups was declining. Wealth accumulation patterns are also inconsistent with the hypothesis of child default on responsibilities for old-age care. We propose research on a new explanation based on luck, rents, and entrepreneurship.
A survey of post-discharge side effects of conscious sedation using chloral hydrate in pediatric CT and MR imaging

Background. Limited information is available on post-discharge side effects of chloral hydrate sedation in pediatric imaging. Objective. To prospectively study the post-discharge side effects of chloral hydrate sedation in pediatric CT and MR imaging. Materials and methods. A total of 119 children undergoing CT and MRI were sedated using chloral hydrate with 89 % success (mean initial dose, 72 mg/kg body weight) and 98 % success after augmentation (mean total, 78 mg/kg body weight). The frequency of each post-discharge side effect was correlated with other side effects and 12 patient/technical parameters. Results. The survey was completed in 80 children. Sleepiness lasted for > 4 h in 28 %. Unsteadiness occurred in 68 % and hyperactivity in 29 %. Appetite became poor in 14 % and vomiting occurred in 15 %. Normal activity was resumed after > 4 h in 54 %. Sleep deprivation did not result in increased success or earlier onset of sedation and might be associated with hyperactivity. A higher dose did not result in an increased success rate or earlier onset of sedation within the dose range used in this study. Conclusion. Data on the post-discharge side effects of chloral hydrate sedation will be useful to radiologists, technologists, and nurses explaining to parents about sedation using this agent.
Funga Alafia 1 : Toward Welcoming, Understanding, and Respecting African American Speakers' Bilingualism and Biliteracy

This article focuses on the development and experiences of two African American Language speakers who are on the precipice of biliteracy and bilingualism. Using a composite counterstory that integrates samples of the girls' language during daily routines as a critical race theoretical analytic tool, we examine their language virtuosity as well as their positive perceptions about AAL. Contrary to pervasive deficit perspectives and narratives about AAL, the counterstory reveals that the girls sometimes viewed Standard English (SE) as bothersome and tedious, and they actively resisted it. At other times, they embraced it when they determined using AAL instead of SE made sense. We capture aspects of their emergent biliteracy and bilingualism as they navigate between two literacies and languages. We demonstrate their transliterate and translingual confidence and proficiency. Implications for educators are included.
Development and evaluation of a SYBR green-based real time RT-PCR assay for detection of the emerging avian influenza A (H7N9) virus.

Most recently a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China and has been associated with lots of human infection and fatal cases. Genetic analysis of the viral genome revealed that this reassortant virus might be better adapted to humans than other avian influenza viruses. Molecular diagnostic methods are thus urgently needed in public health laboratories. In this study, a SYBR green-based one-step real time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was developed to detect the novel H7N9 virus. The primer pairs on the basis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene sequences of H7N9 viruses amplified subtype-specific fragments with Tm values of 80.77±0.06°C for H7 and 81.20±0.17°C for N9 respectively. The standard curves showed a dynamic linear range across 6 log units of RNA copy number (106 to 101 copies/ µl) with a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction for both H7 and N9 assays by using serial ten-fold diluted in-vitro transcribed viral RNA. In addition, no cross-reactivity was observed with seasonal H1N1, H1N1 pdm09, H3N2, H5N1 and H9N2 viruses as well as other human respiratory viruses. When the assay was further evaluated in H7N9 virus infected clinical samples, positive amplification signals were obtained in all of the specimens with the accordance between H7 and N9 assays. Therefore, the established SYBR green-based real time RT-PCR assay could provide a rapid, sensitive, specific and reliable alternative approach with lower costs for high throughput screening of suspected samples from humans, animals and environments in first line public health laboratories.
Leukemic glaucoma: the effects on outflow facility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of the leukemic glaucoma. We established a cell culture from leukemic cells collected from the aqueous humor of a living patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and glaucoma secondary to the leukemia. We then perfused 16 pairs of fresh cadaver normal human eyes at a constant pressure of 10 mmHg at 37°C. We delivered as a bolus either cultured CLL cells or cultured normal lymphocytes, using 3 × 10 2 , 3 × 10 3 , 3 × 10 4 or 3 × 10 5 cells in Barany's solution, into one eye of each pair. The other eye of the pair served as a control, receiving a sham bolus of Barany's solution alone. In addition, CLL and normal lymphocytes were perfused through 0·2, 0·6, 2, and 3 μ m millipore filters. Following perfusion, the tissue and the filters were examined histopathologically by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cultured leukemic lymphocytes perfused into normal cadaver eyes caused a significantly more profound reduction in outflow facility than normal lymphocytes ( P
Strain limiting for clustered shape matching

In this paper, we advocate explicit symplectic Euler integration and strain limiting in a shape matching simulation framework. The resulting approach resembles not only previous work on shape matching and strain limiting, but also the recently popular position-based dynamics. However, unlike this previous work, our approach reduces to explicit integration under small strains, but remains stable in the presence of non-linearities.
The wave forms of temporomandibular joint sound clicking and crepitation.

summary The aim of the present study was to determine the sound wave forms which correspond to auscultatory findings of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking and crepitation. Such knowledge is important when selecting parts of digital recordings for spectral analysis. Electronic digital recordings were made with a sampling rate of 44 100 Hz from 60 subjects, including 51 patients referred for suspected rheumatological disease and nine healthy subjects. Accelerometers with the bandwidth 20–3600 Hz were used for all subjects and complementary recordings were made from a subgroup of nine subjects using a measurement microphone with the bandwidth 20–20 000 Hz. The clicking sounds could be classified into different types according to differences in temporal period duration (T) as measured on the analogue display. One type of clicking, found in 51% of the patients, had a T of 2–20 ms. Another type, found in 70% of the subjects, had a T of less than 1 ms, often as low 0.2 ms. This type of clicking was not seen at all in the analogue display if the sampling rate was below 3 000 Hz. The character of the two types of clicking differed: the short duration sounds had a very high pitch, while the pitch of the longer duration sound was lower. Crepitation was found in 63% of the subjects and was observed to be composed of a series of short duration sounds, occurring with brief (less than 10 ms) intervals. It is concluded that the accelerometer (or microphone) bandwidth should cover the entire audible range (20–20 000 Hz), and that sampling rates must be much higher than 3000 Hz, and preferably greater than 10 000 Hz, before the true significance of electronically recorded joint sounds/vibrations can be determined.
Consistency relations of the spline functions derived from a Pascal-like triangle

In this short paper, a very interesting Pascal-like triangle is introduced to derive and easily write the consistency relations of any spline function of any degree.
The variation of K Ic with temperature and loading rate

The relation, KIcY2 = (Σ*/2.35)3, where KIc is plane strain fracture toughness, Y is the local value of yield stress in the crack-tip plastic zone, and Σ* is the cleavage stress of an unnotched bulk specimen, is shown to be a reasonable approximation to the data from a large number of investigations. The relation is shown to be consistent with the results of metallographic studies of subcritical crack formation. Methods of extrapolating KIc to high strain rates and low temperatures are suggested.
Central bank independence: A critical view from a developing country perspective

Abstract Merely establishing an independent central bank may not bring about its professed benefits in developing countries with shallow financial markets where there is limited scope for a truly independent monetary policy. The benefits of an independent central bank may be eroded by conflicts between fiscal and monetary policy and by inherent problems of central bank institutional design, so that problems of dynamic inconsistency associated with monetary policy are not solved but merely transformed. Less-developed countries wishing to establish a low-inflation path should concentrate on instituting financial policy reforms that bolster opposition to inflation and institutional arrangements that force discipline on fiscal policy directly rather than indirectly through monetary policy.
A theoretical study of extrudate swell

Abstract The extrudate swell problem for a simple fluid issuing from a two-dimensional channel is solved using the method of domain perturbations. The problem is solved through second-order in the Reynolds number (ϱ u 2 b /μ) and surface tension coefficient (μ 2 /ϱσ b ). The solution includes formulas and sketches of the streamlines of the motion, the surface shape, and other quantities of interest. It is shown that (1) the jet may swell or contract depending on the values of the surface tension parameter and the Reynolds number, and (2) non-Newtonian fluids will swell more than Newtonian fluids of the same Reynolds number and surface tension. An explanation is also given as to why the limiting swelling ratio at zero Reynolds number is greater than one.
Renal denervation for refractory ventricular arrhythmias

The autonomic nervous system is known to play a significant role in the genesis and persistence of arrhythmias. Neuromodulation has become a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) is being studied as a treatment option for drug-refractory hypertension. Ablation within the renal arteries, by altering efferent and afferent signaling, has the potential to improve blood pressure, as well as heart failure, atrial, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. We present a brief review of the anatomic and pathophysiological rationale for RDN as an adjunctive treatment for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
American National Pastimes: The Genealogy of an Idea

In the early twenty-first century, a variety of sports jockey for a position as an American national pastime alongside football, basketball, and baseball, the games currently ensconced as the leading threesome. In the longer course of American history, hunting, horse racing, and prizefighting have also laid claim to the national pastime title. Popular acceptance as a national pastime gives a sport tremendous economic, cultural, and social clout. In an American republic historically grounded in consumption, national pastimes represent powerful commodities. They shape identities, particularly at the national level. But what features constitute national pastimes, the number of spectators, the number of participants, the number of references to a sport in popular culture, or some other measure? Historically, the term national pastime became common in the mid-nineteenth century in the Anglo-American world as writers and readers developed the concept that a nation's sporting habits revealed important characteri...
Reply to a discussion by J.W. Christian and D.V. Edmonds of papers by Aaronson and co-workers on the proeutectoid ferrite and bainite reactions

Abstract By giving preference to “soft” experimental evidence, left uncriticized, CE [1] have made it appear that Widmanstatten ferrite, upper and lower bainite form by various varieties of shear [2,4] even though the weight of “hard” experimental evidence (which they ignore, discard or harshly criticize) now available indicates that each of these transformation products forms by purely diffusional nucleation and growth mechanisms, with growth probably occuring predominantly in ledgewise fashion.
Bethe-bloch stopping power parameters for light projectiles at energies near the stopping power maximum

Abstract Recent measurements of the stopping power of H2, He, O2, N2, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe for protons and alpha particles near the stopping power maximum have been analyzed with modified Bethe—Bloch theory in conjunction with an effective charge factor. Satisfactory fits were attained with a single charge state parameter, in general, although the shell corrections used required an increase in prescribed values of about 22% for low velocity protons traversing Ar, Kr, and Xe targets.
Heat generation in a viscoelastic solid.

The temperature distributions in a viscoelastic solid which result from mechanical deformations are investigated. The solid is assumed to be isotropic and linear. A coupled energy equation is used to calculate the transient and steady-state temperature distributions in a thin-walled tube subjected to torsional oscillations. The heating is determined solely by the materials mechanical behavior and by consistency with thermodynamics.
The story of adhesion and developments in dentistry

Abstract The history of the use of adhesive bonding and adhesives in dentistry is described through consideration of the two major adhesive challenges: bonding to enamel and bonding to dentine. Other applications for adhesives in dentistry and future developments are then discussed.
High-fidelity, faster than real-time dynamics simulation

With support from the Department of Energy, Illinois Institute of Technology is leading a team to develop a high fidelity "faster than real-time" dynamics simulator capable of predicting complex, large-scale power system behavior based on (eventually) real-time measurements. The team is leveraging several mathematics and computational advances (e.g., PETSc linear solvers, nonlinear solvers, time-stepping algorithms, memory management and multi-core processors) to improve the speed of dynamics simulations. In addition, the team is leveraging recent modeling and simulation advances (e.g., new three-phase unbalanced network models, single-phase induction motor models, protection system models) to improve the fidelity of the dynamics simulations.
Interaction Shock Shape for Transverse Injection in Supersonic Flow

This paper is concerned with the development of a capability for predicting the interaction shock shape attending transverse injection in supersonic flow. Both gaseous and liquid injectants are treated. New experimental results for liquid injection at Mach 2.1 are also presented with particular attention directed at the importance of the relation of the injectant vapor pressure to the external pressure in the vicinity of the injection port. For gaseous injection, a new analysis based on an equivalent solid-body concept is presented and substantiated by comparison with experiment over a wide range of conditions. A complementary analysis for liquid injection is also developed and shown to provide reasonable predictions for problems where significant flash vaporization occurs.
Determination of the H-Y antigen in amniotic cells. Its use in prenatal diagnosis.

This paper describes the determination of the H-Y antigen in cells obtained from amniotic fluids of two male and two female fetuses found to be normal at birth, and from another fetus that was suspected to have a karyotype 46,XY,t(15;Y) by Q banding. Since the area of the Y chromosome where the H-Y antigen gene appears to be located on the chromosomal material was suspected to be involved in the translocation, it was thought that this fetus could have a double dose of H-Y antigen as seen in 47,XYY individuals. The fetus was found to have a normal dose of the antigen and a normal 46,XY karyotype. The extra material on chromosome 15 was found to be NOR (nuclear organizer region) and to be present in his father's karyotype. The possibility of this determination in other inherited conditions is discussed. The normal H-Y antigen was an important element in the counseling of this family and helped to rule out the suspected chromosome abnormality. The determination of H-Y antigen is shown to be reliable and simple in amniotic cells, both cultured and directly obtained from the fluid. Its determination appears to be useful in the prenatal determination of other conditions like campomelic dysplasia and Swyer's syndrome.
Mutational loss of the prohibitin AtPHB3 results in an extreme constitutive ethylene response phenotype coupled with partial loss of ethylene-inducible gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings

The eer3-1 loss-of-function mutant, which was identified by screening for Arabidopsis mutant seedlings with an enhanced ethylene response, has both increased sensitivity and profound exaggeration of response to ethylene when visually assessed, yet exhibits partial ethylene insensitivity at the molecular level. The eer3-1 mutation represents a conditional allele with an ethylene-dependent phenotype that results from an amino acid substitution in the previously uncharacterized prohibitin, AtPHB3, with complete loss of EER3 function resulting in an extreme constitutive ethylene response in air. Prohibitins in other organisms have diverse roles including transcriptional regulation, with loss of prohibitin function in this capacity associated with tumour formation in mammals. Subcellular localization of AtPHB3 indicates that it is found in several cellular locations, including the nucleus and throughout the cytoplasm. Genetic analysis demonstrates that EER3 functions downstream of EIN2, since an ein2-5;eer3-2 double mutant has the same profound hypocotyl inhibition phenotype seen with the eer3-2 mutant. Based on the presented work, AtPHB3 probably functions as a positive regulator of expression of a subset of ethylene-regulated genes along with a group of genes required to maintain growth in the presence of ethylene.
Transient global amnesia and functional retrograde amnesia: contrasting examples of episodic memory loss

We studied 11 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) and ten patients with functional retrograde amnesia (FRA). Patients with TGA had a uniform clinical picture: a severe, relatively isolated amnesic syndrome that started suddenly, persisted for 4-12 h, and then gradually improved to essentially normal over the next 12-24 h. During the episode, the patients had severe anterograde amnesia for verbal and non-verbal material and retrograde amnesia that typically covered at least two decades. Thirty hours to 42 days after the episode, the patients had recovered completely and performed normally on tests of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. By contrast, patients with FRA had a sudden onset of memory problems that were characterized by severe retrograde amnesia without associated anterograde amnesia and with a clinical presentation that otherwise varied considerably. The episodes persisted from several weeks to more than two years, and some of the patients had not recovered at the time of our last contact with them. The uniform clinical picture of TGA and the variable clinical picture of FRA presumably reflect their respective neurologic ('organic') and psychogenic ('non-organic') aetiologies.
Shallow water temporal coherence of broadband acoustic signals in the presence of internal waves

Temporal coherence is closely related to single path phase rate. The single path phase rates in a shallow water environment were obtained by applying two different multipath models [Dyson, Munk, and Zetler, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 59, pp. 1121-1133, 1976 and Mikhalevsky, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 66, pp. 751-762, 1979] on simulated data with internal waves. The estimated phase rates were consistent between the two models. In contrast, previous application of the same models on deep water data showed a factor of 8 difference in their phase rates. The phase rates derived from the models become independent of range after a uniform phase distribution is reached in the (-/spl pi/,/spl pi/) region. The shallow water coherence time varies considerably with depth at a given range. The depth dependence is explained with a correlation function constructed with mode depth functions.
Results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries.

Abstract We used Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data collected over time to monitor articles of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Methods The GYTS is a school-based survey, conducted in 23 countries in WHO EMR countries from 1999–2008. Results The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco use was high compared to cigarette use in all countries. In general, the following changes were observed between baseline and repeated surveys: in five countries fewer youth supported a ban on smoking in public places. In four countries more youth saw actors smoking on TV and were exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) outside of home. Fewer youth were offered free cigarettes in ten countries; in eight countries youth saw less advertisement on TV; in seven countries youth had fewer items with a tobacco logo, discussed more reasons for smoking and dangers of smoking, and were less exposed to SHS at home; in six countries youth saw less advertisement at sports events. Conclusion The GYTS data can be used for monitoring, evaluation of national tobacco control plans and defining future directions for tobacco control.
Association of systolic blood pressure at time of myocardial ischemia with angina pectoris during exercise testing

In a sample of 306 patients with positive treadmill test results, we found that patients with silent ischemia had a higher systolic blood pressure at onset of ST depression than patients with painful ischemia. We conclude that systolic blood pressure at the time of ischemia influences the experience of angina during exercise in a manner consistent with acute activation of baroreceptors and resulting antinociception.