cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genistein inhibits human prostate cancer cell detachment, invasion, and metastasis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death. Death is not caused by the primary tumor but rather by the formation of distinct metastatic tumors. Therefore, prevention of metastasis is of utmost importance. The natural product genistein, found in high amounts in soy products, has been implicated in preventing PCa formation and metastasis in men who consume high amounts of soy. In vitro studies and in vivo rodent models that used human PCa cells, as well as prospective human clinical trials, provide a mechanistic explanation directly supporting genistein as an antimetastatic agent. Specifically, our group showed that genistein inhibits cell detachment, protease production, cell invasion, and human PCa metastasis at concentrations achieved in humans with dietary intake. Finally, phase I and phase II clinical trials conducted by us and others showed that concentrations of genistein associated with antimetastatic efficacy in preclinical models are achievable in humans, and treatment with genistein inhibits pathways that regulate metastatic transformation in human prostate tissue.
Alarm Fatigue: A Risk Assessment

Alarm fatigue is the phenomenon which occurs when nurses become overwhelmed by the high number of alarms in the clinical environment. This is a significant patient safety issue as delayed or inappropriate responses can and have resulted in patient harm. The purpose of the observational study was to conduct a risk assessment of alarm fatigue at an acute care teaching hospital in Providence, RI. Observations of telemetry alarms and response were conducted, utilizing a standardized tool on two medical surgical units over a six week time period. Participants were 36 nurses working on the two units at time of observations. Alarms were quantified to determine the percentage of false, technical, valid, and nuisance alarms. Alarm frequency was calculated and average response time to critical and leads off alarms were determined. Nurses were found to be at risk for and experiencing alarm fatigue based on high alarm frequency, increased number of false and nuisance alarms, and a delayed response to leads off conditions. The findings in this study are consistent with what is occurring in healthcare organizations nationally, as evidenced by a recent Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert about medical device alarm safety that cited alarm fatigue as a major contributing factor. Recommendations and implications are presented and discussed.
Spouse and Survivor Benefits Distribution among Aged Women

Recommendations by the HEW Task Force on the Treatment of Women under Social Security indicate that dependent's benefits paid to aged wives and widows of retired workers may be altered, if not eliminated for future cohorts of retirees. The impact of their elimination will depend on the characteristics of persons who would otherwise have been eligible to receive these benefits. Spouse and widow benefits were initially enacted to transfer income to these presumably needy groups. Thus, the appropriate test of these benefits' fulfilling the original antipoverty goals of their passage is the extent to which they are available to relatively low-income aged. This paper examines the income redistributional effects of the additional benefits available to wives and widows, above those for which they are eligible as retired workers. The results show that additional benefits paid to wives do not target aged poor couples and cannot be justified on antipoverty grounds.
Network arts: exposing cultural reality

In this article, we explore a new role for the computer in art as a reflector of popular culture. Moving away from the static audio-visual installations of other artistic endeavors and from the traditional role of the machine as a computational tool, we fuse art and the Internet to expose cultural connections people draw implicitly but rarely consider directly. We describe several art installations that use the World Wide Web as a reflection of cultural reality to highlight and explore the relations between ideas that compose the fabric of our every day lives.
Play Behaviors and Social Interactions of a Child who is Blind: In Theory and Practice:

This case study describes the play behaviors and social interactions of a preschool-age girl who is blind and has no additional disabilities. The data obtained from the assessment protocol indicate...
The cosmological constant and the red shift of quasars

How the cosmological constant that is used in Einstein's model has an equivalent in the Big Bang model is discussed; gravitational fields are also considered. That model requires a critical density of matter that leads to the problem of dark matter. It is shown that data on new cosmological structures and on a non-Doppler red-shift mechanism lead to an unlimited and ageless Universe. It is also explained why quasars appear to be unusual objects and have a large red shift while being physically much closer to us than usually claimed. One can see that their luminosity is about the same as standard galaxies and not as millions of galaxies as believed previously. One can also explain why the luminosity-distance relationship observed in galaxies is not observed in quasars. >
A Technique for Measuring the Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Flat Insulations

A technique for measuring the apparent thermal conductivity, lambda*, of flat insulations - either batt or loose - is described. This technique employs an electrically heated flat Nichrome-screen wire sandwiched between two samples. Results from a limited experimental test are described and compared with results from a pipe insulation tester. Thermal modeling of this system shows that accurate measurements with lambda* down to 0.01 W/m K and insulation thicknesses below 0.089 m (3 1/2 in.) should be straightforward. Measurement of lambda* for material as thick as 0.305 m (12 in.) should also be possible with a lateral guard scheme to reduce heat flow along the screen wire heater. 9 figures.
A Technique for Die Surface Temperature Measurement of High-Voltage Power Electronic Components using Coated Thermocouple Probes

The performance capabilities of high-voltage high-power systems are significantly impacted by the thermal limitations of power electronic components. To address this issue, numerous current research efforts have been conducted to examine advanced packaging materials and structures as well as novel cooling techniques. Critical to the success of this work is the accurate measurement and characterization of the thermal characteristics of the power electronic components. This paper presents a methodology and assessment of using coated thermocouple probes for measuring the die surface temperature of active high-voltage power electronic components
By reason and authority: a system for authorization of proof-carrying code

We present a system, BLF, that combines an authorization logic based on the Binder language with a logical framework, LF, able to express semantic properties of programs. BLF is a general system for specifying and enforcing policies that rely on both reason and trust. In particular, BLF supports extensible software systems that employ both digitally signed code and language-based security, especially proof-carrying code. We describe BLF, establish some of its fundamental properties, and explain its use.
A conceptual framework and a toolkit for supporting the rapid prototyping of context-aware applications

Computing devices and applications are now used beyond the desktop, in diverse environments, and this trend toward ubiquitous computing is accelerating. One challenge that remains in this emerging research field is the ability to enhance the behavior of any application by informing it of the context of its use. By context, we refer to any information that characterizes a situation related to the interaction between humans, applications, and the surrounding environment. Context-aware applications promise richer and easier interaction, but the current state of research in this field is still far removed from that vision. This is due to 3 main problems: (a) the notion of context is still ill defined, (b) there is a lack of conceptual models and methods to help drive the design of context-aware applications, and (c) no tools are available to jump-start the development of context-aware applications. In this anchor article, we address these 3 problems in turn. We first define context, identify categories of contextual information, and characterize context-aware application behavior. Though the full impact of context-aware computing requires understanding very subtle and high-level notions of context, we are focusing our efforts on the pieces of context that can be inferred automatically from sensors in a physical environment. We then present a conceptual framework that separates the acquisition and representation of context from the delivery and reaction to context by a context-aware application. We have built a toolkit, the Context Toolkit, that instantiates this conceptual framework and supports the rapid development of a rich space of context-aware applications. We illustrate the usefulness of the conceptual framework by describing a number of context-aware applications that have been prototyped using the Context Toolkit. We also demonstrate how such a framework can support the investigation of important research challenges in the area of context-aware computing.
The effects of government transfers on monthly cycles in drug abuse, hospitalization and mortality ☆

This paper analyzes the monthly patterns of adverse outcomes due to the consumption of illegal drugs by recipients of government transfer payments. We find evidence that certain subpopulations on government cash aid significantly increase their consumption of drugs when their checks arrive at the beginning of the month, and as a result, experience adverse events including hospitalization and death. Using data from California, we find that the overall rate of drug-related hospital admissions increases abruptly at the beginning of the month, with admissions increasing 23% during the first five days of the month. We find that this cycle is driven largely by recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI). SSI recipients also experience an abrupt 22% increase in within hospital mortality after receiving their checks. These findings suggest that “full wallets” adversely affect some aid recipients, and that policymakers should explore alternate disbursement regimes such as a staggered disbursement schedule or in-kind support that have the potential to reduce the rate of adverse events.
Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) encoding 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta4,delta5 isomerase (3beta-HSD) during recruitment and selection of bovine ovarian follicles: identification of dominant follicles by expression of 3beta-HSD mRNA within the granulosa cell layer.

The objective of the present study was to examine changes in expression of mRNA encoding 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Δ 4 ,Δ 5 isomerase (3β-HSD) during recruitment and selection of bovine ovarian follicles. Dairy heifers (4-5/time period) were ovariectomized at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, or 96 h after initiation of the first follicular wave (Time 0) following estrus. Expression of 3β-HSD mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization and quantified by image analysis. Expression of 3β-HSD mRNA was first detected in theca interna cells of preantral follicles with a well-developed theca layer and in granulosa cells of follicles ≥ 8 mm in diameter. Regardless of stage of follicular wave, expression of 3β-HSD mRNA in granulosa cells of follicles ≥ 8 mm was correlated with follicular size (r = 0.665; p < 0.01). The 36-h time period appeared to be a transition period for selection since dominant follicles were detected by size and expression of 3β-HSD mRNA in some cows but not in others. By 48 h after wave initiation, dominant follicles could be identified by both size and expression of 3β-HSD mRNA. Expression of mRNA for 3β-HSD in theca cells was higher (p < 0.05) at 24 h than at 12 h and remained elevated thereafter through 96 h. In contrast to theca cells, expression of mRNA for 3β-HSD was undetectable within granulosa cells at 12 and 24 h. At 36 h, 3β-HSD mRNA was expressed in granulosa cells of healthy follicles ≥ 8 mm, and expression was higher (p < 0.05) at 48 h compared with 36 h. Expression of 3β-HSD mRNA levels increased further in granulosa cells (p < 0.05) at 84 and 96 h compared to 48 h. Upon detection of mRNA for 3β-HSD in granulosa cells, high levels of expression were always found in one (dominant) follicle/cow with the exception of two cows at 36 and 84 h that expressed 3β-HSD mRNA in two large healthy follicles. Expression of 3β-HSD mRNA was also detectable in granulosa cells of a few large atretic follicles in which remnant granulosa cells appeared to be luteinized. Healthy follicles expressed higher (p < 0.05) levels of 3β-HSD mRNA in both theca and granulosa cells than did atretic follicles. Expression of 3β-HSD mRNA in theca cells was higher (p < 0.01) in dominant follicles than in other subordinate healthy follicles. These results indicate that only selected dominant follicles express 3β-HSD mRNA within granulosa cells, and expression increased in both thecal and granulosa cells during the follicular wave. Therefore, expression of 3β-HSD mRNA within granulosa cells may be associated with the mechanism of selection of the dominant follicle during a follicular wave and may be required for maximum steroid production during follicular dominance.
Perspectives in Biomechanics Research and Education for Next Decade

An optimistic view on biomechanics research is taken primarily from the remarkable beginning recently made in the integration of applied mechanics and biology. The paper projects the future research in the mechanics of physiological systems, biomechanics of trauma, mechanics in molecular biology, animal models in clinical biomechanics, prostheses, artifical organs, instruments, and equipment. Also considered are the interface between engineering mechanics and biomechanics, collaboration between life scientists and engineers, and the educational implication of advances in bioengineering.
A message-passing architecture without public ids using send-to-behavior

We explore a novel model of computation based on nodes that have no public addresses (ids). We define nodes as concurrent, message-passing computational entities in an abstract communication medium, similar to the Actor model, but with all public node ids elided. Instead, drawing inspiration from biological systems, we postulate a send-to-behavior language construct to enable anonymous one-way communication. A behavior, defined as a function of input to actions, is also an intensional definition of the subset of nodes that express it. Sending to a behavior is defined to deliver the message to one or more nodes that implement that behavior.
Corporate Bankruptcy as a Filtering Device: Chapter 11 Reorganizations and Out-of-Court Debt Restructurings

This article uses a game theoretic model of Chapter 11 bankruptcy and out-of-court debt restructuring to evaluate the economic efficiency of U.S. bankruptcy procedures. The model assumes that there are two types of failing firms: economically inefficient firms that should liquidate and economically efficient firms that should be saved. From an efficiency standpoint, the goal of corporate bankruptcy procedures is to liquidate the former under Chapter 7 and save the latter by reorganization under Chapter 11-that is, to filter out inefficient firms. However, it is difficult to identify which failing firms are inefficient, so bankruptcy procedures may operate with error. The model shows that a pooling equilibrium may occur in which both efficient and inefficient failing firms reorganize under Chapter 11. Adding restructuring as a bankruptcy alternative appears to make things worse, since the transactions cost savings in restructuring compared to reorganization makes the inefficient equilibrium more likely to occur. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
Comaparing Tobacco and Gun Litigation

This chapter first compares tobacco control and gun control from the public health perspective. It then examines possible aims of litigation against tobacco and gun companies, linking those aims to the public health goals earlier described. The results of tobacco litigation are then discussed, followed by an exploration of the implications for gun litigation. The chapter concludes that, based upon the experience with tobacco, gun litigation should not be viewed as a central policy strategy for making public health gains with respect to firearms, especially given the highly uncertain prospects for the claims that cities have brought against the gun industry. Nonetheless, individual tort litigation might play a modest role in the broader public health initiative on guns.
Size and Charge Dependence of Ion Transport in Human Nail Plate.

The electrical properties of human nail plate are poorly characterized yet are a key determinate of the potential to treat nail diseases, such as onychomycosis, using iontophoresis. To address this deficiency, molar conductivities of 17 electrolytes comprising 12 ionic species were determined in hydrated human nail plate in vitro. Cation transport numbers across the nail for 11 of these electrolytes were determined by the electromotive force method. Effective ionic mobilities and diffusivities at infinite dilution for all ionic species were determined by regression analysis. The ratios of diffusivities in nail to those in solution were found to correlate inversely with the hydrodynamic radii of the ions according to a power law relationship having an exponent of -1.75 ± 0.27, a substantially steeper size dependence than observed for similar experiments in skin. Effective diffusivities of cations in nail were 3-fold higher than those of comparably sized anions. These results reflect the strong size and charge selectivity of the nail plate for ionic conduction and diffusion. The analysis implies that efficient transungual iontophoretic delivery of ionized drugs having radii upward of 5 A (molecular weight, ca. ≥ 340 Da) will require chemical or mechanical alteration of the nail plate.
Robust kriged Kalman filtering

Although the kriged Kalman filter (KKF) has well-documented merits for prediction of spatial-temporal processes, its performance degrades in the presence of outliers due to anomalous events, or measurement equipment failures. This paper proposes a robust KKF model that explicitly accounts for presence of measurement outliers. Exploiting outlier sparsity, a novel l1-regularized estimator that jointly predicts the spatial-temporal process at unmonitored locations, while identifying measurement outliers is put forth. Numerical tests are conducted on a synthetic Internet protocol (IP) network, and real transformer load data. Test results corroborate the effectiveness of the novel estimator in joint spatial prediction and outlier identification.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OFFERS NO INCREMENTAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE TO A NEGATIVE TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAM IN CRYPTOGENIC CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is often used to investigate the etiology of cryptogenic cerebral vascular accident (CCVA). We sought to investigate the incremental utility of TEE over transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the diagnosis and management of CCVA. We evaluated 115 patients
Cardiovascular effects of droperidol during enflurane and enflurane — nitrous oxide anaesthesia in man

The cardiovascular effects of intravenous droperidol 5 mg were measured in 20 patients during steady state enflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen or enflurane-oxygen anaesthesia. During enflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia, droperidol produced significant decreases in SVR and\(\overline {BP} \) and increases in HR and\(\dot QT\) which were maximal after five minutes, somewhat less five minutes later, and back to control values 15 minutes after administration. SV was not significantly altered by droperidol during enflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen at any time after administration. During enflurane-oxygen anaesthesia droperidol reduced SVR and\(\overline {BP} \) after five and ten minutes but did not significantly alter any other variable. All variables had returned to control levels 15 minutes after droperidol during enflurane-oxygen anaesthesia. These data demonstrate that droperidol produces a significant though transient reduction of\(\overline {BP} \) and SVR during enflurane anaesthesia which is associated with no change or an increase in\(\dot QT\). Our findings suggest that droperidol causes minimal or no myocardial depression when used during potent inhalation anaesthesia and may have a place as an amnesic supplement and/or “afterload” reducer during light enflurane anaesthesia.
COLD-PCR: Applications and Advantages

Co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-based polymerase chain reaction (COLD-PCR) is a single-step amplification method that results in the enhancement of both known and unknown minority alleles during PCR, irrespective of mutation type and position. This method is based on exploitation of the critical temperature, Tc, at which mutation-containing DNA is preferentially melted over wild type. COLD-PCR can be a good strategy for mutation detection in specimens with high nonneoplastic cell content, small specimens in which neoplastic cells are difficult to micro-dissect and therefore enrich, and whenever a mutation is suspected to be present but is undetectable using conventional PCR and sequencing methods. We describe in this chapter our COLD-PCR-based pyrosequencing method for KRAS mutation detection in various clinical samples using DNA extracted from either fresh or fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens.
RNA-Based Coacervates as a Model for Membraneless Organelles: Formation, Properties, and Interfacial Liposome Assembly.

Liquid–liquid phase separation is responsible for formation of P granules, nucleoli, and other membraneless subcellular organelles composed of RNA and proteins. Efforts to understand the physical basis of liquid organelle formation have thus far focused on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as major components that dictate occurrence and properties. Here, we show that complex coacervates composed of low complexity RNA (polyuridylic acid, polyU) and short polyamines (spermine and spermidine) share many features of IDP-based coacervates. PolyU/polyamine coacervates compartmentalize biomolecules (peptides, oligonucleotides) in a sequence- and length-dependent manner. These solutes retain mobility within the coacervate droplets, as demonstrated by rapid recovery from photobleaching. Coacervation is reversible with changes in solution temperature due to changes in the polyU structure that impact its interactions with polyamines. We further demonstrate that lipid vesicles assemble at the droplet interface...
Gas Near a Wall: Shortened Mean Free Path, Reduced Viscosity, and the Manifestation of the Knudsen Layer in the Navier–Stokes Solution of a Shear Flow

For the gas near a solid planar wall, we propose a scaling formula for the mean free path of a molecule as a function of the distance from the wall, under the assumption of a uniform distribution of the incident directions of the molecular free flight. We subsequently impose the same scaling onto the viscosity of the gas near the wall and compute the Navier–Stokes solution of the velocity of a shear flow parallel to the wall. Under the simplifying assumption of constant temperature of the gas, the velocity profile becomes an explicit nonlinear function of the distance from the wall and exhibits a Knudsen boundary layer near the wall. To verify the validity of the obtained formula, we perform the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo computations for the shear flow of argon and nitrogen at normal density and temperature. We find excellent agreement between our velocity approximation and the computed DSMC velocity profiles both within the Knudsen boundary layer and away from it.
The significance of Freud for modern philosophy of mind

The aspects of Freud’s thought that have generated the greatest amount of recent philosophical discussion, and have provoked significant critical commentary from various psychoanalysts, are those concerning the nature of the unconscious and its connection with conscious thought and conduct. The most important viewpoints may be conveniently grouped according to the details that they would stress in Freud’s famous description of the id: We approach the id with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations… It is filled with energy reaching it from the instincts but it has no organization, produces no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principle. The logical laws of thought do not apply in the id, and this is true above all of the law of contradiction. Contrary impulses exist side by side, without cancelling each other out or diminishing each other: at most they may converge to form compromises under the dominating economic pressure towards the discharge of energy. There is nothing in the id that could be compared with negation; and we perceive with surprise an exception to the philosophical theorem that space and time are necessary forms of our mental acts. ([ I] 22, 73–74)
General Anaesthesia and the Developing Brain

Advances in modern anaesthesiology have enabled us to perform complex surgical interventions in the early stages of human development. General anaesthesia is routinely administered to neonates, infants, and very young children, and the use of anaesthesia in premature infants (as young as 20 weeks postconception), has steadily increased. It would be over-simplistic to consider the child as a small adult when it comes to anaesthesia management, and many concerns in paediatric anaesthesia are unique to the pathophysiology and psychology of a child. Of special interest for our research is the fact that the young brain undergoes immense growth during early childhood. Although its development begins during the last trimester of in utero life, the human brain is not fully developed at birth and continues to grow over the first couple of years of postnatal life [1].
An automatic holographic adaptive phoropter

Phoropters are the most common instrument used to detect refractive errors. During a refractive exam, lenses are flipped in front of the patient who looks at the eye chart and tries to read the symbols. The procedure is fully dependent on the cooperation of the patient to read the eye chart, provides only a subjective measurement of visual acuity, and can at best provide a rough estimate of the patient’s vision. Phoropters are difficult to use for mass screenings requiring a skilled examiner, and it is hard to screen young children and the elderly etc. We have developed a simplified, lightweight automatic phoropter that can measure the optical error of the eye objectively without requiring the patient’s input. The automatic holographic adaptive phoropter is based on a Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor and three computercontrolled fluidic lenses. The fluidic lens system is designed to be able to provide power and astigmatic corrections over a large range of corrections without the need for verbal feedback from the patient in less than 20 seconds.
Tooth Be Told, Genetics Influences Oral Microbiome.

The mix of bacteria that coat our teeth impact oral health, but it remains unclear what factors govern their composition. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Gomez et al. (2017) examine the relationship between host genetics and the oral microbiome in the context of health and disease.
Tissue Level Diet and Sex-by-Diet Interactions Reveal Unique Metabolite and Clustering Profiles Using Untargeted Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry on Adipose, Skeletal Muscle, and Liver Tissue in C57BL6/J Mice

Dietary intervention is commonly used for weight loss or to improve health, as diet-induced obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers. Various dietary patterns are associated with effects on health, yet little is known about the effects of diet at the tissue level. Using untargeted metabolomics, this study aimed to identify changes in water-soluble metabolites in C57BL/6J males and females fed one of five diets (Japanese, ketogenic, Mediterranean, American, and standard mouse chow) for 7 months. Metabolite abundance was examined in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue for sex, diet, and sex-by-diet interaction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggests that liver tissue has the most metabolic plasticity under dietary changes compared with adipose and skeletal muscle. The ketogenic diet was distinguishable from other diets for both males and females according to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. P...
Juggler: a dependence-aware task-based execution framework for GPUs

Scientific applications with single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) computations show considerable performance improvements when run on today's graphics processing units (GPUs). However, the existence of data dependences across thread blocks may significantly impact the speedup by requiring global synchronization across multiprocessors (SMs) inside the GPU. To efficiently run applications with interblock data dependences, we need fine-granular task-based execution models that will treat SMs inside a GPU as stand-alone parallel processing units. Such a scheme will enable faster execution by utilizing all internal computation elements inside the GPU and eliminating unnecessary waits during device-wide global barriers. In this paper, we propose Juggler, a task-based execution scheme for GPU workloads with data dependences. The Juggler framework takes applications embedding OpenMP 4.5 tasks as input and executes them on the GPU via an efficient in-device runtime, hence eliminating the need for kernel-wide global synchronization. Juggler requires no or little modification to the source code, and once launched, the runtime entirely runs on the GPU without relying on the host through the entire execution. We have evaluated Juggler on an NVIDIA Tesla P100 GPU and obtained up to 31% performance improvement against global barrier based implementation, with minimal runtime overhead.
Quantification of acidity in H-ZSM-5*

Calorimetry measurements of simple amines and 13C NMR measurements of adsorbed allyl alcohol have been used to characterize the acidity of H-ZSM-5. It is shown that H-ZSM-5 is made up of identical sites in a coverage of one/Al and that the differential heats for a series of bases adsorbed at the Al sites correlate very well with gas-phase, proton affinities. In contrast, there is no correlation between the differential heats of adsorption and aqueous-phase heats of protonation. A simple model, based on a thermochemical formalism and the calorimetry data, is developed which allows one to calculate the relative energies for various intermediates which may be formed in simple unimolecular reactions. This model was tested by examining the initial products formed by the reaction of allyl alcohol using 13C NMR and was shown to predict the observed chemistry very well.
The Stage Manager's Toolkit: Templates and Communication Techniques to Guide Your Theatre Production from First Meeting to Final Performance

As a Stage Manager, you are responsible for organizing rehearsals, running performances, and keeping everyone and everything on track and in sync. To do the job well, you need to be a communication wizard—able to collect a wide range of details and share them as effectively as possible. The Stage Manger’s Toolkit is more than another overview book which generalizes how to be a Stage Manager. It presents the day-to-day duties in detail—discussing not only what to do but also why. Focusing on communication best practices, the book explores objectives, paperwork, and the questions that need to be asked in order to ensure a smooth production whether on Broadway, at a university, or somewhere in between. Introduces strategies for sharing information both in person and in writing Explores how document design can enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of your reports, charts, and lists Contains principles for web-based information sharing as well as hard-copy paperwork Provides customizable paperwork templates on the accompanying website, allowing you to put the ideas to work on your own show Other features: Organized based on the chronology of a typical theatre production: pre-production work, rehearsals, the tech period, performances, and post-production duties. In each section, the book outlines the objectives for the stage manager and the communication techniques that will ensure success. Provides examples of paperwork a stage manager commonly works with, including variations for plays and musicals, shortcuts for shows on an abbreviated time table, and strategies for maintaining consistency and legibility. The book highlights differences the stage manager may encounter when working on professional and academic productions.
Constraints on Regional Coal Production in the U.S.: A Time Series Analysis

This chapter investigates the impact of the 1970 Clean Air Act, the 1977 Amendments to the Act and the UMW strikes of 1977–1978 and 1981 as regional constraints on coal production. ARIMA time series analysis and ordinary least squares regression analysis are used. The results indicate that the Act had a negative effect on Midwestern coal and a positive effect on Western coal. Results with respect to the other events are less conclusive.
Art therapists’ perceptions of what happens when they create art alongside their clients in the practice of group therapy

Abstract Although case studies and personal accounts since the founding of the art therapy field discussed creating art alongside clients as a valuable practice, few systematic studies have explored this method. This collaborative art-based dissertation explored art therapists’ perceptions of what happens when art therapists create art alongside their clients in their group art therapy practices. Four group art therapists (3 females, 1 male) with 5–31 (median 8.5) years of experience contributed as coresearchers. They participated in six hours of semi-structured interviews that incorporated art-making and discussion. As the researcher, I used personal response art-making, creative writing, painting, and poetic responses to gain a holistic sense of the inquiry and generate four video summations. These summations identify and present the individual co-researchers’ ideas, thoughts, gestures, phrases, and concepts related to the research questions. Finally, I created a culminating video to synthesize outcomes from work with all co-researchers. The outcomes suggest that creating art alongside clients affects four interrelated aspects of group art therapy: (a) developing an egalitarian group environment, (b) expressing authentic leadership, (c) augmenting therapist presence, and (d) boosting group member engagement.
2 – Transaction Costs

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the incentives to integrate and transaction cost determinants. It discusses the inadequacy of the simple decision rule, which states that a firm should always integrate across any market for which internal transfers are cheaper than market transactions. The effect of such integration on the costs of internal transfers of other intermediate products must also be considered, and the fully simultaneous optimization problem can obviously become quite complex when more than two inputs are utilized. It is found that the firm would integrate across the market for which the per-unit reduction in the costs of completing the exchange was smaller but the total savings were larger. This result, too, could easily be altered by introduction of differential impacts on the costs of internal transfers of the other inputs. It is conceivable that optimality would require integration across a market in which the total cost savings for that particular input were less if such integration has relatively less impact upon the internal transfer costs of other inputs.
Balancing “Aggression” and Compassion in International Law: The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention

There is a problematic overlap between bona fide humanitarian intervention and the crime of aggression. Under international law, the crime of aggression is defined so vaguely that it potentially could be applied to try leaders who seek to stop documented mass atrocities with armed force. This Note seeks a resolution to that overlap: a path that would allow those who would plan and engage in bona fide humanitarian intervention to be exempt from prosecution for aggression. The Note first examines the genealogy of the crime of aggression. It then analyzes several possible solutions to policing aggression without unduly deterring humanitarian intervention. Finally, this Note concludes that the existing imbalance can be corrected by: (1) granting the International Criminal Court exclusive jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute the crime of aggression, (2) modifying the current regulations to bar the U.N. Security Council in prosecuting the crime of aggression, and (3) developing an affirmative defense to the crime of aggression that would allow indicted leaders to use either a high or low evidentiary standard depending on whether their state acted alone or through a multilateral organization.
Endovascular Treatment of Carotid and Subclavian Artery Stenosis

Endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis for the prevention of thromboembolic events has evolved and matured over the past two decades, along with the devices and approaches to performing this procedure safely and effectively. Subclavian disease continues to have a mix of open and endovascular options for obstructions of various etiologies, and this chapter highlights the endovascular approaches to the treatment of subclavian disease.
Genetic basis of offspring number-body weight tradeoff in Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster egg production, a proxy for fecundity, is an extensively studied life-history trait with a strong genetic basis. As eggs develop into larvae and adults, space and resource constraints can put pressure on the developing offspring, leading to a decrease in viability, body size, and lifespan. Our goal was to map the genetic basis of offspring number and weight under the restriction of a standard laboratory vial. We screened 143 lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel for offspring numbers and weights to create an 'offspring index' that captured the number vs. weight trade-off. We found 18 genes containing 30 variants associated with variation in the offspring index. Validation of hid, Sox21b, CG8312, and mub candidate genes using gene disruption mutants demonstrated a role in adult stage viability, while mutations in Ih and Rbp increased offspring number and increased weight, respectively. The polygenic basis of offspring number and weight, with many variants of small effect, as well as the involvement of genes with varied functional roles, support the notion of Fisher's "infinitesimal model" for this life-history trait.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army

The U.S. Army and U. S. Army Public Health Center are dedicated to protecting the health, and readiness of Department of the Army Service Members, civilians, and contractors. Despite implementation of health programs, policies and tobacco control interventions, the advent of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), represent unregulated and poorly defined systems to supplant or substitute use of conventional nicotine products (e.g., cigarettes and pipe tobacco). E-cigs present unique challenges to healthcare officials vested in preventive medicine. The health impact of an e-cig and vaping on an individual's acute or chronic disease susceptibility, performance and wellness, is fraught with uncertainty. Given the relatively recent emergence of e-cigs, high-quality epidemiological studies, and applied biological research studies are severely lacking. In sparsely available epidemiological studies of short-term cardiovascular and respiratory health outcomes, any attempt at addressing the etiology of acute and chronic health conditions from e-cig use faces incredible challenges. Until relatively recently, this was complicated by an absent national regulatory framework and health agency guidance on the manufacture, distribution, selling and use of e-cigs or similar ENDS devices and their chemical constituents. Two key issues underpin public health concern from e-cig use: 1) continued or emergent nicotine addiction and potential use of these devices for vaping controlled substances; and 2) inadvertent sudden-onset or chronic health effects from inhalational exposure to low levels of complex chemical toxicants from e-cig use and vaping the liquid. Herein, the health impacts from e-cig vaping and research supporting such effects are discussed.
New Coherent and Hybrid Detectors for Distributed MIMO Radar with Synchronization Errors

We examine the impact of synchronization errors on target detection in distributed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. The problem was initially considered in a recent work [1], which also introduced an approximate coherent detector (ACD). The ACD neglects the cross correlation of the radar waveforms, which may be significant in distributed MIMO radar. As the sensors are spatially distributed, the waveforms undergo different propagation delays and Doppler frequencies and thus may lose mutual orthogonality. The problem becomes more severe in the presence of synchronization errors. In this paper, we propose an improved coherent detector (CD) that takes into account the cross correlation in phase compensation and exploits different signal strength among different transmit-receive (TX-RX) paths. We also propose a new hybrid detector (HD) as a trade-off solution, in terms of detection performance and synchronization requirement, to bridge coherent detection and non-coherent detection. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of existing and proposed detectors with or without synchronization errors.
The Promise of Student Loan Debt Letters: A Critical and Linguistic Analysis

As the student loan debt crisis has continued to gain national attention from higher education leaders, education policymakers, and the media, states have begun mandating that institutions send student loan debt letters to any current or former student with outstanding student loan debt. Preliminary studies of the effectiveness of student loan debt letters have been mixed, but these studies have not analyzed how institutions have composed student loan debt letters at the word-, sentence-, and document-level. As a result, this study gathered six student loan debt letters sent by different institutions across the United States and analyzed these letters for readability, cohesion, and lexical diversity. Results suggest student loan debt letters have been written in drastically different ways and do not share common vocabulary, possibly confusing the debt repayment process for students. Implications for research and practice are addressed.
Monitoring the Daily Evolution and Extent of Snow Drought

Abstract. Snow droughts are commonly defined as below average snowpack at a point in time, typically 1 April in the western United States (wUS). This definition is valuable for interpreting the state of the snowpack but obscures the temporal evolution of snow drought. Borrowing from dynamical systems theory, we applied phase diagrams to visually examine the evolution of snow water equivalent (SWE) and accumulated precipitation conditions in maritime, intermountain, and continental snow climates in the wUS using station observations as well as spatially distributed estimates of SWE and precipitation. Using a percentile-based drought definition phase diagrams of daily observed SWE and precipitation highlighted decision-relevant aspects of snow drought such as onset, evolution, and termination. The phase diagram approach can be used in tandem with spatially distributed estimates of daily SWE and precipitation to reveal variability in snow drought type and extent. When combined streamflow or other data, phase diagrams and spatial estimates of snow drought conditions can help inform drought monitoring and early warning and help link snow drought type and evolution impacts on ecosystems, water resources, and recreation. A web tool is introduced allowing users to create real-time or historic snow drought phase diagrams.
Nuclear Architecture in Developmental Transcriptional Control of Cell Growth and Tissue-Specific Genes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of nuclear architecture in developmental transcriptional control of cell growth and tissue-specific genes. Nuclear architecture provides a basis for the support of stringently regulated modulation of cell growth and tissue-specific transcription which is necessary for the onset and progression of differentiation. The S phase transcription factor complexes assembling at the H4 promoter include cdc2, cyclin A, retinoblastoma-related protein, and interferon regulatory factor-2, reflecting an integration of phosphorylation-mediated control of histone gene expression, enzymes involved in DNA replication, and growth stimulation and suppression at the G1/S phase transition point. The bone-specific osteocalcin (OC) gene is organized in a manner which supports responsiveness to homeostatic physiological mediators and developmental expression in relation to bone cell differentiation. The nuclear structure supporting developmental and steroid hormone-responsive OC gene transcription during osteoblast differentiation is also elaborated.
Management of the 2014 Enterovirus 68 Outbreak at a Pediatric Tertiary Care Center

Abstract Purpose Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) is an uncommonly recognized cause of acute respiratory tract infections. During the late summer of 2014, an international EV-D68 outbreak occurred. We review the steps of outbreak recognition and management in the context of 1 hospital’s experience with the EV-D68 outbreak. Methods We reviewed the role of Children’s Mercy Hospital as one of the first hospitals to recognize the 2014 EV-D68 outbreak in the United States. The steps of outbreak management were applied to real-life examples as the outbreak unfolded at our hospital. Findings Management of the 2014 EV-D68 outbreak was a multifaceted effort requiring close coordination with hospitals, local and state health departments, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The importance of clear and frequent communication is highlighted both intra- and interinstitutionally. Increased respiratory disease−related pediatric admissions at hospitals nationally were attributed to EV-D68. Outcomes for these children, including the association of EV-D68 with acute flaccid myelitis, remain under investigation. Implications Following the steps of outbreak management is critical to providing optimal patient care and ensuring the health of the public. During the 2014 EV-D68 outbreak, close adherence to outbreak principles led to swift recognition of illness, rapid diagnostic measures, institution of appropriate therapies, and dissemination of information to health care providers and the public. Equally important was the subsequent identification of an increase in acute flaccid myelitis cases against the backdrop of an increase in EV-D68 detections nationally. Future prospective studies are needed to determine the true burden of EV-D68 disease, potential vaccines and therapeutics, and outcomes of children with EV-D68 infection.