cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imide-aryl ether phenylquinoxaline random copolymers

Abstract Novel imide-aryl ether phenylquinoxaline copolymers were prepared and their morphology and mechanical properties investigated. A key feature of these copolymers is the incorporation of an aryl ether phenylquinoxaline linkage into a semi-rigid polyimide backbone based on 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and pyromellic dianhydride (PMDA) by the use of either 1,4-bis[6-(3-aminophenoxyl)-3-phenyl-2-quinoxalinyl] benzene or 1,4-bis[6-(4-aminophenyoxyl)-3-phenyl-2-quinoxalinyl]benzene as co-diamines. These monomers were prepared by a novel nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 1,4-(6-fluoro-3-phenyl-2-quinoxalinyl) benzene with 4- or 3-aminophenol in the presence of K2CO3. These diamines were used as co-monomers with PMDA and ODA to synthesize poly(amic-acids). Films were cast and cured (350°C) to effect imidization, affording films which showed high elongations and moduli. The copolymers with high phenylquinoxaline compositions displayed Tg values in the 300°C range. The thermal stability of the copolymers was comparable to that of the parent polyimide with decomposition temperatures between 470 and 530°C. The morphology of the copolymers was investigated by dynamic mechanical, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and swelling measurements.
Self-consistent calculation of the enhanced donor polarizability below the insulator-metal transition☆

Abstract A continuum model potential taking into account a spatially varying dielectric constant is employed to make a fully self-consistent calculation of the enhancement of the donor polarizability as a function of donor concentration ND as ND approaches Nc, the critical concentration for metallic behavior. The results yield a new self-consistent Clausius-Mossotti criterion for the polarization catastrophe at Nc. Using the dilute concentration value of the donor polarizability Nc is uniquely determined. The results are compared with earlier experimental results for N-type silicon and with other theoretical calculations.
Incompatibility of hole-filling and pair-breaking in RBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductors

Abstract R-site magnetic rare-earth ions in superconducting RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ cannot both fill holes and break pairs. Therefore the observation of both phenomena implies that some rare-earth ions occupy sites other than the R-sites, presumably Ba sites.
The L-amino acid oxidases of snake venom. III. Reversible inactivation of L-amino acid oxidases.

Abstract 1. 1. Solutions of the l -amino acid oxidase of moccasin venom, in the crude or purified state, undergo an unusual type of spontaneous inactivation. 2. 2. The process is entirely reversible, and the position of the apparent equilibrium between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme is determined by the pH. In the range of about pH 5.5–7.5, the higher the pH, the greater the extent of inactivation at equilibrium. 3. 3. Temperature influences primarily the rate of the process. Below 10 ° no inactivation or reactivation is observed. Between 25 and 45 ° the rate of inactivation increases in a regular fashion, with an energy of activation of 42,500 cal./mole. 4. 4. Protein concentration does not seem to influence the inactivation. 5. 5. The inactivation process follows the kinetics of a first-order reversible reaction. 6. 6. The inactivation is completely prevented by 10 −2 M univalent anions and by low concentrations of riboflavin and those of its analogs which have a high affinity for the oxidase. Substrates and competitive inhibitors of the enzyme are also effective protective agents. At concentrations of 10 −4 to 10 −3 M , Cl − and similar anions effect partial prevention of the inactivation. 7. 7. Concentrations of univalent anions and of flavins which prevent the inactivation effectively, reverse it also. Reactivation, like inactivation, proceeds at a measurable rate only at elevated temperatures. In general, the higher the temperature, the more rapid is the return of activity. Reactivation is also a function of the concentration of univalent anions and of pH. Significant reversal is accomplished without added anions by merely lowering the pH. At 55 ° the return of activity is very rapid under these conditions.
Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on glucose homeostasis in humans

Background: Under-γ-carboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) increases insulin secretion and decreases glucose concentrations in mice. Objective: We determined whether changes in ucOC concentrations in humans were associated with changes in insulin and glucose concentrations. Design: Twenty-one community-dwelling postmenopausal women received 1 mg phylloquinone daily for 12 mo (experimental group), and 21 subjects were treated with a placebo during the same period (control group). Total serum osteocalcin, ucOC, glucose, and insulin concentrations were measured before and 6 and 12 mo after treatment. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated and correlated with ucOC concentrations. Results: Before administration of the placebo or phylloquinone, total osteocalcin, ucOC, glucose, and insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR (1.24 ± 0.15 for the control group compared with 1.93 ± 0.37 for the experimental group) did not differ. After treatment, total osteocalcin concentrations were similar at 6 and 12 mo. At 6 mo, serum ucOC concentrations in the experimental group were 0.96 ± 0.08 ng/mL compared with 2.94 ± 0.27 ng/mL in the control group (P < 0.001). At 12 mo, serum ucOC concentrations were 0.92 ± 0.09 ng/mL and 3.13 ± 0.26 ng/mL (P < 0.001) in experimental and control groups, respectively. Despite a decrease of ≈200% in ucOC concentrations, HOMA-IR was similar in the 2 groups at 6 and 12 mo (at 6 mo, HOMA-IR was 2.24 ± 0.54 and 1.52 ± 0.23 in the experimental and control groups, respectively; at 12 mo, HOMA-IR was 2.13 ± 0.38 and 1.47 ± 0.22 in the experimental and control groups, respectively; P = NS). Conclusions: In postmenopausal women, phylloquinone administration is not associated with changes in insulin secretion and action despite reductions in ucOC concentrations. Changes in ucOC concentrations do not alter glucose metabolism in women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00062595","term_id":"NCT00062595"}}NCT00062595.
Existence and construction of noncoherent unitary space-time codes

We consider transmission using N transmit and reception using M receive antennas in a wireless environment assuming that neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the channel coefficients. For the scenario that the transmission employs noncoherent T /spl times/ N unitary space-time codes and for a block-fading channel model where the channel is static during T channel uses and varies from T channel uses to the other, we establish the bound r /spl les/ min(T-N, N) on the diversity advantage rM provided by the code. In order to show that the requirement r /spl les/ min(T-N, N) cannot be relaxed, for any given R, N, T, and r /spl les/ min(T-N, N), we then construct unitary T /spl times/ N space-time codes of rate R that guarantee diversity advantage rM. Two constructions are given that are also amenable to simple encoding and noncoherent maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding algorithms.
3D shape construction and recognition by fusing intensity and structured lighting

A new technique is developed for 3D shape reconstruction and recognition from 2D images of multiple objects with mutual occlusion. To facilitate such an analysis, both intensity and structured-light coded images are used. From intensity images, equi-brightness contours, which are swaths of points sharing similar intensities, are located for a qualitative classification of homogeneous regions. To achieve a quantitative description of the shape and orientation of the imaged surfaces, an analysis is made of the projected pattern in the corresponding structured-light coded images. >
The Role of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition in the Antineoplastic Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (Nsaids)

According to WHO statistics, in 1996 875,000 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed and 495,000 deaths were attributed to it worldwide ([1][1]). It is the third most common cause of cancer deaths and its incidence and mortality rates continue to rise. Most colorectal cancers develop via a
Mechanical Behavior of Materials by Norman E. Dowling

(2000). Mechanical Behavior of Materials by Norman E. Dowling. Materials and Manufacturing Processes: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 775-776.
Segmentation of 3D holographic images using bivariate jointly distributed region snake.

In this paper, we describe the bivariate jointly distributed region snake method in segmentation of microorganisms in Single Exposure On-Line (SEOL) holographic microscopy images. 3D images of the microorganisms are digitally reconstructed and numerically focused from any arbitrary depth from a single recorded digital hologram without mechanical scanning. Living organisms are non-rigid and they vary in shape and size. Moreover, they often do not exhibit clear edges in digitally reconstructed SEOL holographic images. Thus, conventional segmentation techniques based on the edge map may fail to segment these images. However, SEOL holographic microscopy provides both magnitude and phase information of the sample specimen, which could be helpful in the segmentation process. In this paper, we present a statistical framework based on the joint probability distribution of magnitude and phase information of SEOL holographic microscopy images and maximum likelihood estimation of image probability density function parameters. An optimization criterion is computed by maximizing the likelihood function of the target support hypothesis. In addition, a simple stochastic algorithm has been adapted for carrying out the optimization, while several boosting techniques have been employed to enhance its performance. Finally, the proposed method is applied for segmentation of biological microorganisms in SEOL holographic images and the experimental results are presented.
Measurements of Scalar and Velocity Fields in Turbulent Crossflowing Jets with Low Velocity Ratio

=5.7 and the jet exit Reynolds number is roughly 5000. The measurements are focusedon the developing region of the jet. Two ﬂow con gurations are studied, one in whichthe jet nozzle is ﬂush with the tunnel wall and the other where the nozzle protrudesinto the uniform region of the tunnel ﬂow. The jet nozzle in both cases is a simplepipe. The averaged scalar and velocity elds show a strong similarityin growth ratesand centerline decay rates between the two con gurations when using the centerlinecoordinate
Characterization of Light Emission From Electron-Beam-Generated Plasmas in Oxygen

In this paper, characterization of light emission from pulsed electron-beam plasmas in oxygen is presented. High-speed CCD images reveal light intensity evolution during a pulse. From the individual frames, averaged light intensities were calculated and compared with current measurements. As expected, the comparison suggests that excited species are produced mainly during the pulse. Optical emission spectrum indicates the type of excited species being produced.
From Meaning to Meaning: The Influence of Translation Techniques on Non-English Focus Group Research

Language translation techniques are at the core of many cross-cultural qualitative research projects. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of translation techniques on the collection and interpretation of non-English to English qualitative data and, in particular, on focus-group data collection and analysis. The goal is to offer suggestions that will minimize potential threats to validity. This article includes a working definition of translation, a discussion of issues related to translation in quantitative research, a discussion of how translation issues differ in focus group research, evaluation criteria for translators and interpreters, and an example of translation techniques used in a research study of perimenopausal Hispanic women.
Hydrodynamic and radar modeling of surface features observed in Gulf Stream boundary regions

The perturbed ocean wave field and the radar return associated with Gulf Stream boundary current convergence fronts (Rips) are modeled. The surface wave field is simulated using the full-wave action density equation including the effects of wind input, wave/current interaction, and dissipation. Radar return from the ocean surface is computed using a tilted-Bragg scattering model and wave breaking statistics obtained using modelled wave dissipation results. The effect of wave breaking is examined for a range of commonly observed Rip conditions and compared with observations made during the NRL Gulf Stream 90 (Valenzuela, 1991), and Hi-Res Ocean experiments (Mied, 1992). >
The Effect of Dietary Cirrhosis and CCl14 Poisoning on Glucuronyl Transferase Activity of Rat Liver

Summary Hepatic injury was produced in rats by a protein-deficient diet and by acute and chronic CCI 4 poisoning. Glucuronyl transferase activity in liver homogenates was measured and compared with that in a control group of animals. The homogenates were incubated in a suitable medium with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid and with both bilirubin and phenolphthalein as acceptors of glucuronide. The glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin was significantly decreased by both nutritional cirrhosis and by acute and chronic CCI 4 toxicity. The conjugation of phenolphthalein was not affected by nutritional liver injury, but was markedly diminished by CCI 4 damage. The recovery after acute CCI 4 poisoning was more rapid for bilirubin conjugation than for phenolphthalein conjugation. The differences between bilirubin and phenolphthalein conjugation suggest that in the presence of liver damage the rate of bilirubin glucuronide synthesis should not be inferred from studies using other glucuronide acceptors, particularly phenolphthalein.
Suppression of pituitary gland hormone content by pituitary tumor hormones.

Pituitary tumors that secrete combinations of growth hormone, prolactin and ACTH were transplanted into female rats and the pituitary glands of the hosts were examined to ascertain any change in hormonal content. The size of the pituitary gland was decreased in tumor-bearing rats. Implantation of tumor MtTW5, which secretes prolactin and growth hormone, caused a decrease in the growth hormone, prolactin and TSH content; however, the ACTH content was increased. These findings were compared with those from the pituitary glands of rats with StW5, a growth hormonesecreting tumor which caused a decrease in the growth hormone content but did not affect either the prolactin or TSH. When rats were implanted with 7315a, a tumor which secretes prolactin and ACTH, the pituitary gland content of prolactin was decreased but that of growth hormone was normal. It is concluded that an exogenous source of pituitary hormones decreases pituitary gland function by selectively decreasing the concentration of analogous pituita...
A component system for broadcasting sound for research and management

We designed, deployed, and evaluated a sound broadcast system for use in an experiment investigating response of songbirds to conspecific vocalizations in habitat selection; the system was func- tional, flexible, and allowed for easy assembly, customization, and repair. Broadcast of sound in the field can enable study of animal response to predators, conspecifics, heterospecifics, noise, and other stimuli and is being considered for a variety of management applications. However, no published method is available for building a sound broadcast system from readily available components for use in the field. 2011 The Wildlife Society. Broadcasting sound in the field has been used for investi- gating animal habitat selection and behavioral responses to noise, predators, conspecifics, and heterospecifics (Ward and Schlossberg 2004, Hahn and Silverman 2006, Betts et al. 2008, Fletcher 2008) and has been suggested for manage- ment applications such as attracting birds to restored habitat areas (Ahlering and Faaborg 2006, Hahn and Silverman 2007). Current ecological research requires a sound broad- casting system to simulate a variety of sounds for conducting manipulative experiments or testing potential management approaches. However, no published method is available for constructing a sound broadcast system with readily available components for use in the field, requiring researchers and managers to spend time and expense designing, building, and testing their own systems. We developed and field-tested a portable, component system for broadcasting sound in the field that can be used by other researchers and managers for a variety of applications.
Potassium Beta''‐Alumina Membranes

Although single-crystal beta- and beta/double prime/-aluminas can be ion-exchanged by immersion in molten nitrates, polycrystalline membranes of Na-/beta/sub d/double prime/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ fracture on contact with molten KNO/sub 3/. A KCl vapor ion-exchange process allows synthesis of leaktight potassium-ion-conducting /beta/sub d/double prime/-AlO/sub 3/ membranes. Material properties, including results of electrical tests with molten potassium electrodes, are reported for a 12.65% K/sub 2/O 0.7% Li/sub 2/O, 86.65% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ composition. Low-resistivity polycrystalline K-/beta/sub d/double prime/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ may be an alternative to the Na-/beta/sub d/double prime/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ion-conducting membrane for secondary batteries. 14 refs.
Nitrogenase complexes : Multiple docking sites for a nucleotide switch protein

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis in the nitrogenase complex controls the cycle of association and dissociation between the electron donor adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (Fe-protein) and its target catalytic protein (MoFe-protein), driving the reduction of dinitrogen into ammonia. Crystal structures in different nucleotide states have been determined that identify conformational changes in the nitrogenase complex during ATP turnover. These structures reveal distinct and mutually exclusive interaction sites on the MoFe-protein surface that are selectively populated, depending on the Fe-protein nucleotide state. A consequence of these different docking geometries is that the distance between redox cofactors, a critical determinant of the intermolecular electron transfer rate, is coupled to the nucleotide state. More generally, stabilization of distinct docking geometries by different nucleotide states, as seen for nitrogenase, could enable nucleotide hydrolysis to drive the relative motion of protein partners in molecular motors and other systems.
Sequence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa trpI activator gene and relatedness of trpI to other procaryotic regulatory genes.

Abstract In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the trpI gene product regulates the expression of the trpBA gene pair encoding tryptophan synthase. trpI and trpBA are transcribed divergently. The trpI DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence were determined. The trpI start codon was found to be 103 base pairs from that of trpB. trpI encodes a 293-residue protein and the size of the trpI gene product, measured on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels, was close to that calculated from the amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of trpI resembles that of Enterobacter cloacae ampR, the regulatory gene for the ampC cephalosporinase. The N-terminal portions of trpI and ampR resemble corresponding portions of ilvY, metR, and lysR in Escherichia coli and nodD in Rhizobium meliloti. This resemblance may help to define a trpI-related family of activator proteins sharing a common structural plan.
Eliminating sunspot effects in overlapping generations models

Abstract We reappraise the robustness of sunspot effects in overlapping-generations models. Azariadis’s well-known example economies have stationary, deterministic fundamentals (preferences, technologies, and endowments), yet sunspots affect multiple equilibria. And those equilibria are robust to common perturbations of underlying fundamentals. However, we find that judiciously splitting each of Azariadis’s goods into close substitutes eliminates sunspot effects, and the remaining equilibrium is unique and deterministic. Forecasting thus becomes conclusive, and there is no longer a role for government policy to stabilize excess volatility.
WRITING THE SELF: ETHICAL SELF‐FORMATION AND THE UNDEFINED WORK Of FREEDOM

In this essay, John Ambrosio examines the role of ascetic writing practices in Michel Foucault’s conception of ethical self-formation. Ambrosio argues for an interpretation of Foucault’s later writings as representative of both an extension, and a dramatic break, from his previous writings — from demolishing the subject to embracing the notion of an autonomous and reflexive subject. Ambrosio further contends that Foucault’s notion of ethical self-formation cannot be divorced from his genealogical method, and that his primary preoccupation near the end of his life was to counterbalance his strong notion of a disciplinary society with the recognition of a subject able to make ethical choices and thus to transform itself. Finally, Ambrosio examines the implications of this for educators and argues that Foucault’s conception of ethical self-formation through ascetic writing practices provides a powerful tool for teachers who seek to improve and transform their pedagogy.
Experience with capture cavity II

Valuable experience in operating and maintaining superconducting RF cavities in a horizontal test module has been gained with Capture Cavity II. We report on all facets of our experience to date.
Toward interactive scheduling systems for managing medical resources

Managers of medico-hospital facilities are facing two general problems when allocating resources to activities: (1) to find an agreement between several and contrasting requirements; (2) to manage dynamic and uncertain situations when constraints suddenly change over time due to medical needs. This paper describes the results of a research aimed at applying constraint-based scheduling techniques to the management of medical resources. A mixed-initiative problem solving approach is adopted in which a user and a decision support system interact to incrementally achieve a satisfactory solution to the problem. A running prototype is described called Interactive Scheduler which offers a set of functionalities for a mixed-initiative interaction to cope with the medical resource management. Interactive Scheduler is endowed with a representation schema used for describing the medical environment, a set of algorithms that address the specific problems of the domain, and an innovative interaction module that offers functionalities for the dialogue between the support system and its user. A particular contribution of this work is the explicit representation of constraint violations, and the definition of scheduling algorithms that aim at minimizing the amount of constraint violations in a solution.
Bezier formulation of multistep algorithms

Predictor-based integration formulas are presented by formulating the solution function as a vectored value Bernstein polynomial, namely a Bezier function. The Bezier function subdivision theorem leads to a predictor evaluation algorithm for the next solution point using de Casteljau's iterative control vertex generation technique. It is shown that the convergence of the algorithms is a consequence of the use of Bernstein uniform approximation basis and that the de Casteljau predictor evaluation scheme leads to a computationally simple estimate of the local truncation error. >
Toward Eradicating Pregnancy Discrimination at Work: Interpreting the PDA to 'Mean What It Says'

In 1978, Congress amended Title VII to include the Pregnancy Discrimination Act ('PDA'), which clarified that 'all individuals should be fully protected against unjust discrimination, including pregnant workers.' Despite Congress's efforts to clearly recognize pregnancy discrimination as a Title VII violation, many courts have debated the meaning of the PDA. In particular, courts are diametrically split over the proper standard for determining the accommodations that employers must provide pregnant workers under the PDA. Most courts agree that when accommodations are not provided to any employees, the PDA does not require employers to treat pregnant women preferentially. But when employees injured on the job receive special benefits, courts disagree about whether employers are required to provide pregnant workers with similar benefits. This Note argues that the PDA requires employers to afford the same accommodations to employees who are 'similarly situated' in their 'ability to work.' Thus, if an employee injured on the job has disabilities similar to those of a pregnant worker and receives accommodation, then the employer is obligated to provide the pregnant worker with the same accommodation. If the courts fail to embrace this approach, Congress must amend the PDA to send a clear message to employers that preventing pregnant women from achieving equal opportunities in the workplace will not be tolerated.
A Concise History of International Finance: From Babylon to Bernanke

1. Introduction 2. Distant beginnings: the first 3,000 years 3. The Italians invent modern finance 4. The rise of international financial capitalism: the seventeenth century 5. The 'big bang' of financial capitalism: financing and refinancing the Mississippi and South Sea Companies, 1688-1720 6. The rise and spread of financial capitalism, 1720-89 7. Financial innovations during the 'birth of the modern', 1789-1830: a tale of three revolutions 8. British recovery and attempts to imitate in the US, France and Germany, 1825-50 9. Financial globalization takes off: the spread of sterling and the rise of the gold standard, 1848-79 10. The first global financial market and the classical gold standard, 1880-1914 11. The Thirty Years War and the disruption of international finance, 1914-44 12. The Bretton Woods era and the re-emergence of global finance, 1945-73 13. From turmoil to the 'Great Moderation', 1973-2007 14. The sub-prime crisis and the aftermath, 2007-14 References Index.
Electrical Characterization Of Success Dam In Porterville, California

An integrated geophysical investigation of Success Dam, near Porterville, California, evaluated the foundation of a proposed new dam and delineated zones of underground water seepage. In fall 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted seismic refraction tomography, direct current (DC) resistivity, self-potential (SP), and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) surveys of the base of the current Success Dam. The seismic refraction tomography delineated alluvium and bedrock and mapped the bedrock surface. The DC resistivity survey delineated more electrically conductive zones (ground water) and less conductive (unsaturated) zones within the alluvium. The DC survey also mapped resistive bedrock and indicated subsurface displacement east of the spillway. Interpretation of self-potential data confirmed the fault by modeling it as a sheet flow source. A repeat SP survey, performed along the dam face in June 2006 during the high water levels, indicated much stronger seepage along the eastern end of the dam. The AMT survey provided corroborating evidence of the conductive zones representing water in unconsolidated materials. Integration of the geophysical information has helped resolve ambiguities and brought out subtleties in data sets that might have been overlooked if another data set with similar, but physically different, information were not present. These geophysical investigations have been successful in characterizing variations in lithology and geologic structure that should be of assistance to the designers of the new Success Dam under development.
The Dynamics of Cultural Discontinuity in a Peasant Society

It is certain, however, that there are some tensions and strains in the social structure. These have been largely ignored in the present paper, since the going society is characteristically stable. A forthcoming paper, however, will examine in some detail the role of changing bases of land tenure as a source of actual discontent at present, and as a probable source of later social change of a significant degree.'
The Demonstration of Electrostatic Field Carrying with Electrostatic Field Energy

According to the transform relationship of energy in the charge process of electric condenser,this essay discusses on the conceptions of electrostatic field energy and electrostatic energy,verifies that electrostatic field energy is carried by field itself,electrostatic energy is carried by charged body itself.This essay analyzes the reasons why the conceptions of self energy,mutual energy,electrostatic energy and electrostatic field energy,etc.in the traditional electromagnetism theory are easily mixed up,this essay also proposes the suggestions of abandoning the conceptions of self energy and mutual energy,establishing the conceptions of electrostatic energy and electrostatic field energy,thus coordinates electromagnetism theory with solid theory.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES TO LIGHT INTENSITY IN IN TACT LEAVES OF SOME COASTAL DESERT AND TROPICAL RAIN FOREST PLANT SPECIES IN ATMOSPHERES WITH DIFFERENT CO 2 CONCENTRATIONS

The photosynthetic responses to light (A/light response) at different CO 2 concentration levels were studied in five coastal desert plant species (two C 4 species and three C 3 species) and five tropical rain forest plant species (all C 3’s) using LI 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System. The measurements were carried out in the Coastal Desert and Tropical Rain Forest mesocosms of Biosphere 2, located in Oracle, Arizona, USA. All the species measured had been growing in Biosphere 2 under very high CO 2 concentrations (1500～4000 μmol·mol -1 ) for about four and half years. The authors measured A/light response curves in intact leaves of different species under a series of CO 2 concentrations, 350 to 1500 μmol·mol -1 . Except for the C 4 grass, Panicum maximum, the initial slopes and convexity (θ) of A/light curves of all the species increased with the elevation of CO 2 concentration. For most C 3 species the light compensation points (LCP) and light saturation points (LSP) had increased when CO 2 concentrations were elevated, especialy the LSPs. But for the C 4 species, changes in LCPs and LSPs were small. In all the C 3 species and the C 4 shrub, Atriplex canescens, the apparent maximum quantum yield of CO 2 fixation (Φ m,app ) and maximum assimilation rate (A max ) increased under elevated CO 2. But both Φ m,app and A max in Panicum maximum (C 4) decreased. The A max in Biosphere 2 increased by 127% when CO 2 concentration was doubled (from 375 to 750 μmol·mol -1 ), and C 4 species by 39%. Such great enhancement could possibly be due to the fact that the plants had developed under very high CO 2 concentration and large growth rooms in Biosphere 2.
Valency and density matter: Deciphering impacts of immunogen structures on immune responses against a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen using synthetic glycopolymers

For successful carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines, it is critical that B cells are activated to secret antibodies targeting the tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Despite the availability of many TACA based constructs, systematic understanding of the effects of structural features on anti-glycan antibody responses is lacking. In this study, a series of defined synthetic glyco-polymers bearing a representative TACA, i.e., the Thomsen-nouveau (Tn) antigen, have been prepared to probe the induction of early B cell activation and antibody production via a T cell independent mechanism. Valency and density of the antigen in the polymers turned out to be critical. An average of greater than 6 Tn per chain was needed to induce antibody production. Glycopolymers with 40 antigens per chain and backbone molecular weight of 450 kDa gave the strongest stimulation to B cells in vitro, which correlated well with its in vivo activity. Deviations from the desired valency and density led to decreased antibody production or even antigen specific B cell non-responsiveness. These findings provide important insights on how to modulate anti-TACA immune responses facilitating the development of TACA based anti-cancer vaccines using glycopolymers.
Choice of technique for reconstruction

This article discusses the complex set of issues that go into choosing a technique for breast reconstruction. These factors include not only the technical aspects of breast restoration, but oncologic care, psychologic factors, and patient preference. The various flap options and indications for them are described.
Voting with Their Feet? Local Economic Conditions and Migration Patterns in New England

Over the past several years, policymakers and business leaders throughout New England have expressed concern regarding the region’s ability to attract and retain skilled workers, given the economic climate of the region compared with other parts of the nation. Indeed, net domestic migration for New England became increasingly negative after the 2001 recession, as the number of people leaving the region exceeded those entering. Examining the factors underlying these migration trends is important for determining what role, if any, public policy might play in addressing their potential impact on the region’s labor supply. Using a logistic migration model, this paper examines the relative role of economic factors — namely labor market conditions, per capita incomes, and housing affordability — in determining domestic state-to-state migration flows. Using such flows from the Internal Revenue Service for each of the 48 states in the continental United States from 1977 through 2006, the model controls for demographic characteristics of origin states as well as state-specific fixed amenities, such as climate, culture, and natural features. The model’s estimates show that while all three measures of relative economic conditions are significant determinants of migration, the magnitude of their impact varies. The estimates also show that the impact of these economic factors on state-to-state migration flows has changed considerably over time. For example, the importance of per capita income as a determining factor has fallen considerably since the late 1970s, while that of housing affordability has risen. Forecasts of net domestic migration based on the model show that while New England will continue to lose individuals to other states during 2009, the pace of out-migration will likely slow, particularly in Massachusetts. This is likely due to the fact that both the region and the Bay State are performing slightly better than the nation as a whole during the current recession. However, this trend may reverse itself if economic conditions deteriorate in the New England states relative to other parts of the country.
Schoolwork-ability estimates and aspirations as a function of socioeconomic level, race, and sex.

Questionnaire data from 4245 Ss, Grades 7—12, were used to test hypotheses about the influence of cultural learning on self-regard and aspirations and to examine stability of findings across times, schools, and communities. Some major findings were: Socioeconomic level was positively associated with (1) self-estimated scholastic ability and achievement, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragement. Equal or greater proportions of Negroes (as compared to whites) gave favorable self-reports on (1) scholastic ability, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragements. No consistent sex differences occurred regarding (1) self-estimated scholastic ability or (2) career aspirations. In the total group of Ss marked tendencies toward self-overestimation of scholastic ability occurred.
Saying “No” to Cake or “Yes” to Kale: Approach and Avoidance Strategies in Pursuit of Health Goals

In developing plans for achieving health-related goals, two fundamentally different strategies are often used: focusing on healthy foods that one should include in their diet, such as kale (referred to as “approach”), and focusing on unhealthy foods that one should exclude from their diet, such as cake (referred to as “avoidance”). The present research examines the differential effectiveness of approach- and avoidance-based strategies across levels of self-control, highlighting differences in food choices. The results reveal that those low in self-control focus on avoidance items they really like and approach items that are less appealing, while those higher in self-control show an opposite pattern, leading to more-motivating plans. In addition, the results show that the self-control by strategy type interaction on liking leads to differences in propensity to choose healthy items. Overall, this research highlights the importance of understanding differences in the implementation of commonly recommended strategies to improve one's health and wellness.
Combining Spinal Manipulation With Standard Counseling for Tobacco Cessation: Results of a Feasibility Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of combining spinal manipulation (SM) with standard tobacco cessation counseling.
ACCEPTABILITY OF MAIN DISHES (ENTREES) BASED ON MIXTURES OF GROUND BEEF WITH GROUND FISH OBTAINED FROM UNDER-USED SOURCES

Technological, economic, and nutritional considerations suggest that ground fish can be better utilized if a greater variety of acceptable food items are developed. Using well-known main dish recipes, the feasibility of mixing ground beef and ground fish was tested. Several types of main dishes received favorable acceptance ratings. Some of these evaluations were based on ground fish that had been stored in a freezer for up to a year.
Mitochondria and Iron: current questions.

Introduction: Mitochondria are cellular organelles that perform numerous bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and regulatory functions and play a central role in iron metabolism. Extracellular iron is taken...
The Courtroom Context of Plea Bargaining

In Garden City, misdemeanor plea bargaining is conducted in a busy public courtroom where, simultaneously, defendants enter pleas, defense attorneys talk with clients, and a host of other conversations and activities take place. On the surface, the courtroom appears disorganized. In fact, there is an underlying order to the many and diverse engagements.
The electron shuffle: Cerium influences samarium 4f orbital occupancy in heteronuclear Ce–Sm oxide clusters

The anion photoelectron (PE) spectra along with supporting results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations on SmO−, SmCeOy−, and Sm2Oy− (y = 1, 2) are reported and compared to previous results on CeO− [M. Ray et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 064305 (2015)] and Ce2Oy− (y = 1, 2) [J. O. Kafader et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 154306 (2016)]. Similar to the results on CexOy− clusters, the PE spectra of SmO−, SmCeOy−, and Sm2Oy− (y = 1, 2) all exhibit electronic transitions to the neutral ground state at approximately 1 eV e−BE. The Sm centers in SmO and Sm2O2 neutrals can be described with the 4f56s superconfiguration, which is analogous to CeO and Ce2O2 neutrals in which the Ce centers can be described with the 4f 6s superconfiguration (ZCe = ZSm − 4). The Sm center in CeSmO2, in contrast, has a 4f6 occupancy, while the Ce center maintains the 4f 6s superconfiguration. The less oxidized Sm centers in both Sm2O and SmCeO have 4f6 6s occupancies. The 4f6 subshell occupancy results in relatively weak Sm–O bond ...
The Virginia Carlton—Hunter Morgan

Hunter Morgan had looked at several apartments over the past week, and Taylor Hayden's apartment in the Virginia Carlton topped the list. The Virginia Carlton was a newly constructed and well-maintained apartment building on Jefferson Park Avenue, located fairly close to the central grounds of the University of Virginia. If there were an available space in the building's underground parking garage, Morgan's car could be left there, and the bus would be the principle mode of transportation for the summer. In addition, the newness of the building made for a bright and pleasant ambiance. The big unknown was the cost, which would be discussed tomorrow morning during a meeting with Hayden. This case and its companion case, “The Virginia Carlton—Taylor Hayden” (UVA-QA-0781), describe a predominantly distributive bargaining situation to which additional issues can be added for the mutual benefit of both parties. Excerpt UVA-QA-0782 Rev. Sept. 6, 2012 The Virginia Carlton—Hunter Morgan Hunter Morgan had looked at several apartments over the past week, and Taylor Hayden's apartment in the Virginia Carlton topped the list. The Virginia Carlton was a newly constructed and well-maintained apartment building on Jefferson Park Avenue, located fairly close to the central grounds of the University of Virginia (U.Va.). The location had two major pluses: (1) it was close to friends who would be in Charlottesville, Virginia, over the summer; and (2) it was on a bus line that served the downtown area, where Morgan would be working for the summer. If there were an available space in the building's underground parking garage, Morgan's car could be left there, and the bus would be the principle mode of transportation for the summer. In addition, the newness of the building made for a bright and pleasant ambiance. The big unknown was the cost, which would be discussed tomorrow morning during the rescheduled meeting with Hayden. Morgan was a second-year U.Va. student who had recently been admitted to the McIntire School of Commerce and planned on concentrating in finance and marketing. As a first step along that career path, Morgan had worked hard to find a summer internship in the financial services industry. After a month of endless first- and second-round interviews, an exciting offer of an internship at MH Financial in Charlottesville was presented and quickly accepted. Now accommodations for the summer needed to be found because Morgan currently lived on university grounds and had missed the deadline to sign up to stay over the summer. The Search for a Summer Sublet . . .
Nonlinear Optics in Micro-Meter Sized Droplets

Many groups are actively studying various aspects of microcavity physics and optics; hence the topic of this NATO ASI. One of the subfields is dye lasing and nonlinear optical effects in microdroplets (since 1984) and, more recently, in liquid jets and liquid in thin capillary tubes. Although dye lasing and nonlinear optical effects in an optical cell are well studied and much understood, when dye lasing and nonlinear optical experiments are conducted in the spherical, nearly spherical, and cylindrical liquid microstructures, inevitably “surprises” occur because of the microstructure morphology (size, shape, and index of refraction).
Patient with antiphospholipid syndrome presenting with testicular torsion-like symptoms

Testicular torsion, a urological emergency, occurs due to absence of testicular blood supply secondary to a mechanical twist of the spermatic cord. The authors describe a 28-year-old male who presented with torsion symptoms, first in the left testicle and four months later in the right testicle. Doppler ultrasound and surgical exploration revealed disruption of blood flow but no evidence of spermatic cord twisting. Additionally, physical examination findings at the time of presentation were inconsistent with testicular torsion. Hematologic workup revealed triple positive antiphospholipid syndrome as the cause of testicular ischemia. The patient was successfully treated with aspirin and therapeutic heparin.
Predicting clinical decline in progressive agrammatic aphasia and apraxia of speech

Objective: To determine whether baseline clinical and MRI features predict rate of clinical decline in patients with progressive apraxia of speech (AOS). Methods: Thirty-four patients with progressive AOS, with AOS either in isolation or in the presence of agrammatic aphasia, were followed up longitudinally for up to 4 visits, with clinical testing and MRI at each visit. Linear mixed-effects regression models including all visits (n = 94) were used to assess baseline clinical and MRI variables that predict rate of worsening of aphasia, motor speech, parkinsonism, and behavior. Clinical predictors included baseline severity and AOS type. MRI predictors included baseline frontal, premotor, motor, and striatal gray matter volumes. Results: More severe parkinsonism at baseline was associated with faster rate of decline in parkinsonism. Patients with predominant sound distortions (AOS type 1) showed faster rates of decline in aphasia and motor speech, while patients with segmented speech (AOS type 2) showed faster rates of decline in parkinsonism. On MRI, we observed trends for fastest rates of decline in aphasia in patients with relatively small left, but preserved right, Broca area and precentral cortex. Bilateral reductions in lateral premotor cortex were associated with faster rates of decline of behavior. No associations were observed between volumes and decline in motor speech or parkinsonism. Conclusions: Rate of decline of each of the 4 clinical features assessed was associated with different baseline clinical and regional MRI predictors. Our findings could help improve prognostic estimates for these patients.
Heavy particle transport in a trellised agricultural canopy during non-row-aligned winds

Abstract Agricultural systems are exposed to and influenced by particles of many types (e.g., pathogens, pollen, pests), the concentrations of which are typically highest in the regions immediately surrounding their sources. The intermittent nature of trellised canopies creates an unique canopy architecture that directly affects the shape of particulate plumes and tends to alter their transport patterns in the near-source region. To investigate the behavior of particle plumes near their sources in a trellised canopy, a set of particle release experiments was conducted during a field campaign in an Oregon vineyard in 2013. Specifically, plumes of inert fluorescent microspheres (10–45 μm diameter) were released into the canopy during periods when the mean wind direction was significantly different from the vine-row direction. Plume concentrations were collected at over 100 separate locations in a three-dimensional space
Current Trends in Anticoagulation Bridging for Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation on Warfarin Undergoing Endoscopy

For warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at low thromboembolic risk, recent studies have shown harm associated with periprocedural bridging using low–molecular-weight heparin. Clinician surveys have indicated a preference toward excessive bridging, especially among noncardiologists; however, little is known about actual practice patterns in these patients. We performed a retrospective evaluation of bridging in the setting of gastrointestinal endoscopy. We identified 938 patients with AF on warfarin who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy between 2012 and 2016 at a tertiary health center. Urgent, inpatient, or advanced endoscopic procedures were excluded. Clinical variables were abstracted using a predefined data dictionary. Values were expressed as means and compared using a t test or a chi-squared test as appropriate. Three hundred seventy-four patients met criteria for analysis. Twenty-five percent of these patients received bridging therapy, including 11% of patients with CHADS2 scores of 0 to 2 without valvular AF or previous venous thromboembolism. Of the clinical variables assessed, CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and a history of stroke were the strongest predictors of bridging. Cardiologists were also significantly less likely to prescribe bridging than noncardiology providers (18% vs 30%, p = 0.011); this effect was significant when controlling for CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, or stroke history. In conclusion, patients with AF on warfarin receive excessive low–molecular-weight heparin bridging in the setting of endoscopy; the lower rates of bridging observed among cardiologists suggests a need for their increased involvement in this decision making.