cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum: relevance to cancer promotion and cancer control in humans.

We propose that SF derived from normal-appearing biopsies of ACR gene carriers exist in an initiated state as the result of a dominant mutation. Based on our studies with the ACR cell system, we further suggest that, although an initiated state is essential to cancer development, not all initiated cells necessarily develop into cancerous cells. The genetic makeup of an initiated cell has been established through linkage between abnormal phenotypic markers and pedigree profiles and through cell hybridization, including initial analysis of gene products. We believe that it is consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. In contrast, cells from patients who are homozygous for chromosomal breakage syndromes, including those with xeroderma pigmentosum, represent an experiment of nature which presumably underlies factors associated with cancer promotion in humans. We have demonstrated that ACR cells can be differentially transformed by oncogenic viruses, a carcinogen (MNNG), and gamma-ray irradiation, and that they can proliferate in vitro after exposure to a tumor promoter (TPA. This simple experimental model provides a novel system for the study of tumor promotion in vitro. We further suggest that, through the use of TPA, various stages associated with cancer development in humans, i.e., initiation through promotion and progression, can be identified in vitro. Attempts to apply these results in vivo are currently in progress. The apparent susceptibility of ACR cells to further transformation by oncogenic viruses and chemical and physical agents indicates that genetic information residing within these cells, probably in the form of a relatively limited and specific number of DNA sequences associated with the ACR mutation, renders them more sensitive to these three distinct classes of carcinogens. We submit that, through our tests on SF, and ACR gene carriers within recognized ACR clusters can be diagnosed at present with sufficient certainty to warrant immediate action. In addition, it seems that the time has arrived for a major undertaking to screen for persons who are likely to be at increased risk of cancer, perhaps through walk-in clinics. An underlying assumption in these studies is that predisposition to cancer, in general, is associated with an autosomal dominant trait in obligatory heterozygote gene carriers.
CABG surgery versus drug-eluting stent implantation in multivessel disease: an interventional cardiology perspective

CABG surgery versus drug-eluting stent implantation in multivessel disease: an interventional cardiology perspective
Toroidal compactification of non-supersymmetric heterotic strings

We show that all the recently discovered rank-16 non-supersymmetric heterotic strings form a single connected class of theories when compactified on tori in the presence of constant background fields. In addition we show that in a weaker sense all the heterotic theories compactified on tori are connected. We also discuss the dependence of the higher loop amplitudessb in the heterotic string on the background fields, and show that whenever the compactified theory has an enhanced gauge symmetry without U(1) factors, the cosmological constant to all loops is an extremum with respect to the background field expectation values.
Removal of mercury from solutions of mercuric nitrate by mercuric sulfide

Abstract The removal of mercury from dilute solutions of mercuric nitrate by mercuric sulfide is indicative of an adsorption process. The relation of log x m vs. log C shows that the Freundlich adsorption isotherm exists. At higher concentrations of mercuric nitrate a reaction takes place with the mercuric sulfide forming a compound of the possible formula 2HgS·Hg(NO3)2 mercuric nitratodisulfide.
Decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid during development alters dopamine-related behaviors in adult rats that are differentially affected by dietary remediation

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a major component of neuronal membranes. In rats, low brain levels of DHA during development produce alterations in the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. In this study, male Long–Evans rats (n=6–7 per group) were raised from conception on diets with (control) or without α-linolenic acid, the dietary precursor of DHA. The deficient diet reduced brain DHA to 80% of that of control animals at maturity. At weaning (P21), half of the pups from each deficient litter were changed to a remediation diet enriched in DHA by the addition of fish oil. Beginning at P56, rats were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. Catalepsy induced by haloperidol (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in deficient animals was 49% of that observed in control animals (P<0.05). Catalepsy in remediated animals was similar to that observed for control animals. In a test of locomotor activity in a novel environment, deficient animals exhibited 187% of the activity of control animals (P<0.05). Locomotor activity stimulated by d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) in deficient animals was 145% of that observed in control animals (P<0.05). Basal and amphetamine-stimulated activity of remediated animals was similar to that of deficient animals. Response to a thermal stimulus was not different between groups. These findings demonstrate that rats exposed from conception to a diet that produces a relatively modest decrease in brain DHA content exhibit alterations in adult behavior indicative of altered dopaminergic function. Some of these behavioral alterations were reversed by dietary remediation initiated at weaning.
Are ambient short-day cues necessary for puberty in a short-day breeder?

Some exposure to long days (LD) is necessary for female sheep to achieve puberty during short days (SD). In this regard, a 5-wk block of long days in lambs otherwise raised in short days will result in puberty at the normal age. In the present study, Suffolk lambs were raised in various artificial photoperiods to assess the role of short days. An increase in circulating progesterone to luteal phase levels was used as the criterion for puberty. Controls exposed to short days except for S wk of long days between 17 and 22 wk (SD-LD-SD) began repetitive reproductive cycles at the expected age (34 ± 0. 7 wk, mean ± SE). When the final block of short days was eliminated and exposure to long days was continued after 22 wk of age (SD-LD-LD), puberty was delayed (41 ± 0.8 wk of age). Removal of the first block of short days (LD-LD-SD) did not prevent normal puberty, and the initiation of cycles (29 ± 0.9 wk) occurred earlier than in controls. Lambs in which the pineal gland was denervated at 22 wk so that it was unable to transduce short-day cues after exposure to long days (SD-LD-X) exhibited puberty at an age (33 ± 1.2 wk) similar to that of controls. The results indicate that a) neonatal exposure to short days is not necessary for subsequent recognition of long days; b) exposure to long days during the final stages of sexual maturation, rather than short days, delays puberty; and c) long day lengths set events into motion for normal puberty many weeks later, which can occur in the absence of additional photoperiod information about season. These combined findings raise the possibility that the short days of spring and autumn are largely permissive to the onset of puberty and that it is the long days of summer followed by their disappearance which times the initiation of reproductive cycles in spring-born lambs.
Effective Community Responses to Wildfire Threats: Lessons From New Mexico

National policies to address the wildfire threat in the United States place emphasis on community responsiveness, but great uncertainty surrounds the scope and success of community response to wildfire threats and why some communities foster effective responses while others fail to do so. Two case studies of community responses to wildfire threats in New Mexico are explored. A decision process framework illustrates how an effective response can be defined. Findings indicate that an effective community response to wildfire means that a community works through all stages of the decision process with appropriate social and structural responses to its specific threat.
Preparation of 6-aminohexyl d-aldopyranosides☆

Abstract 6-Aminohexyl glycosides covalently linked to solid matrices are effective reagents for the isolation of proteins that bind to carbohydrates [Schnaar and Lee, Biochemistry, 14 (1975) 1535–1541], and for the study of interactions between intact cells and immobilized carbohydrates [Weigel et al., J. Biol. Chem., 253 (1978) 330–333]. The preparation of the 6-aminohexyl glycosides of the following D -pyranoses is now described: β-glucose, β-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-glucose, α-mannose, β-maltose, β-melibiose, β-lactose, and β-cellobiose. These glycosides were prepared by glycosylation of 6-(trifluoroacetamido)hexanol with the appropriate acetylated glycosyl halide in 1:1 (v/v) benzene-nitromethane, with mercuric cyanide as the catalyst. Deacylation of the glycosides was achieved in two steps: use of sodium methoxide for O -deacetylation, and of an anion-exchange resin for N -de(trifluoroacetyl)ation.
Cryogenic design of the liquid helium experiment Critical Dynamics in Microgravity

Although many well-controlled experiments have been conducted to measure the static properties of systems near criticality, few experiments have explored the transport properties in systems driven far away from equilibrium as a phase transition occurs. The cryogenic design of an experiment to study the dynamic aspect of critical phenomena is reported here. Measurements of the thermal gradient across the superfluid (He II)-normal fluid (He I) interface in helium under microgravity conditions will be performed as a heat flux holds the system away from equilibrium. New technologies are under development for this experiment, which is in the definition phase for a space shuttle flight.
A Systematic Study of Thermochromic Aromatic Donor-Acceptor Materials

Molar mixtures (1:1) of electron-rich dialkoxynapthalene (Dan) and electron-deficient 1,4,5,8-napthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (Ndi) derivatives form highly tunable, columnar mesophases with a dark red color due to a charge transfer absorbance derived from alternating face-centered stacking. Certain Dan−Ndi mixtures undergo a dramatic color change from dark red to an almost colorless material upon crystallizing from the mesophase. Macroscopic morphology of the solid is not changed during this process. In order to investigate the origins of this interesting thermochromic behavior, Dan and Ndi side chains were systematically altered and their 1:1 mixtures were studied. We have previously speculated that the presence or absence of steric interactions due to side chain branching on the aromatic units controlled the level of color change associated with crystallization. Results from the present study further refine this conclusion including a key crystal structure that provides a structural rationale for the ...
The interplanetary modulation and transport of Jovian electrons

Based on simultaneous measurements by Pioneer 11 of the 3-6 MeV Jovian electron flux, interplanetary magnetic field magnitude, and solar wind speed, the interplanetary transport of energetic particles is studied. It is found that corotating interaction regions (CIR's) greatly inhibit electron transport across the average field direction. Cross-field transport is also influenced by the degree of compression of the solar wind since CIR's are areas of compressed solar wind plasma. The propagation of Jovian electrons is studied by a model that includes the effects of CIR's. The model tests whether or not the three-dimensional convection-diffusion theory adequately describes the cross-field transport of electrons. The model is also valid for Jovian electron observations from earth-orbiting satellites. The model may be further applied to 1 AU from the sun where it is found that the cross-field diffusion of electrons explains why Jovian electrons are detected at the earth even during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field does not connect the earth directly to Jupiter.
PARAMETERS OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTIVE SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

Selenium (Se) dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px) and α-tocopherol (α-T), as part of the antioxidative system, synergistically protect membrane lipids from free radical damage. GPH-Px activity has been shown to be a more reliable indicator of Se bioavailability than blood Se levels. In CF patients, vitamin E deficiency is well known; in contrast, there are only a few data on impaired GPH-Px activity in these patients. Patients and methods: In 41 CF patients aged 0.8-27.6 yrs, GPH-Px activity and α-T in red blood cell (RBC) membranes, plasma α-T and plasma α-T/cholesterol ratio were determined. Correlations with parameters of nutritional status (NS), nutrient intake, fat absorption and liver disease (LD) were studied. Results: GPH-Px activity was decreased in 34 patients, ranging from 3% to 79% (x=44.12, SEM=3.49) below the lower limit of the normal range. In 17 patients, RBC α-T was 2% to 82% (x=29.12, SEM= 5.67) below the cut-off point, in spite of oral α-T supplements (100-300 mg/d). In addition, only 4 patients had normal values both for GPH-Px and RBC α-T, and 14 were deficient for both. Severe GPH-Px deficiency tended to be associated with worse NS. In patients with LD (n=7), α-T levels were lower than in the others. No correlation with the other parameters studied was found. Conclusions: The combined deficiency of both GPH-Px and α-T in 34% of CF patients may be particularly deleterious due to their synergism in preventing lipid peroxidation. α-T supplementation has been recommended for GPH-Px deficiency; yet, in our CF patients, high dose oral α-T was not always effective in correcting vitamin E deficiency and will therefore obviously not compensate for the lack of antioxidative capacity due to GPH-Px deficiency.
On deriving and validating comparative statics of a symmetric model of advertising competition

In this article, a market share attraction model is estimated using a data set of six manufacturers related to the ready-to-eat cereal industry in the US. For each year of the studied period, the market share of each firm is less than 50%, and these market shares are further apart from one another. In the reported application it is demonstrated, for the first time in the literature, that if model parameters change, all rivals in the industry should adjust their advertising spending in a manner consistent with the symmetric competitive structure for which all market shares are equal. Implications of this important finding are discussed.
Using Geospatial Information Systems for Strategic Planning and Institutional Research for Higher Education Institutions

This article discusses the implementation and use of Geospatial Information Systems GIS at The University of Texas at Dallas in the Office of Strategic Planning and Analysis OSPA. Many institutional research offices primarily focus on traditional statistical and analytical tools to provide data for assessing, developing, or modifying institutional policies. However, by adding an additional facet such as location, more in depth analysis can be provided on a wide array of research topics. The article focuses on how the Office of Strategic Planning and Analysis utilizes Geospatial Information Systems GIS for a wide array of tasks. GIS is used currently by the department for facility information, tracking logistics through the university, benchmarking and for operational information for the university. In addition GIS can be used for admissions and recruiting, alumni giving, emergency management as well as homeland security purposes. In this article the requirements for using GIS in an institutional research or strategic planning office is addressed as well as some pitfalls and advantages to using such applications to perform institutional research in addition to providing data that can be used for institutional operations.
Bacterial Manganese Reduction and Growth with Manganese Oxide as the Sole Electron Acceptor

Microbes that couple growth to the reduction of manganese could play an important role in the biogeochemistry of certain anaerobic environments. Such a bacterium, Alteromonas putrefaciens MR-1, couples its growth to the reduction of manganese oxides only under anaerobic conditions. The characteristics of this reduction are consistent with a biological, and not an indirect chemical, reduction of manganese, which suggest that this bacterium uses manganic oxide as a terminal electron acceptor. It can also utilize a large number of other compounds as terminal electron acceptors; this versatility could provide a distinct advantage in environments where electron-acceptor concentrations may vary.
Mitochondrial Morphology and Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Cytochrome Oxidase-Deficient Human Fibroblasts ☆

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies arise from mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genome and result in defective energy metabolism. Investigation of cellular pathophysiology in these disorders has been limited to nonneuronal explant cultures such as fibroblasts and myoblasts. While investigating mitochondrial structure and function in fibroblasts obtained from control and cytochrome oxidase-deficient (COX) patients, we observed possible abnormalities by vital dye confocal microscopy. Most notable were swelling, reticulation (e.g., intricate fusion of mitochondria), and proliferation of mitochondria. However, a detailed quantitative comparison of mitochondrial morphology in age-, sex-, and passage-matched cultures revealed no significant differences between control and cytochrome oxidase-deficient fibroblasts, nor any differences with passage. In addition, COX fibroblasts exhibited no obvious impairment of intracellular calcium handling, measured by fura-2. These results indicate that cytochrome oxidase deficiency, at the level in these cultures, does not produce structural or ionic concentration alterations in fibroblasts. Future investigation of the pathophysiology of this respiratory chain disorder may require excitable tissue.
Use of the MMPI-2 in the Treatment of Offenders:

The MMPI-2 is among the most frequently relied upon inventories for personality assessment. The test is utilized across a variety of nonforensic settings (e.g., psychiatric inpatient and outpatient) as an aid in formulating treatment plans, assessing treatment progress, and measuring treatment outcome. The MMPI-2 can also be utilized in forensic settings in a manner similar to its use in other settings, such as identifying treatment goals and evaluating treatment efficacy. Various MMPI-2 scales can identify an individual's treatment needs, reveal potential obstacles to treatment, and serve as a measure of treatment efficacy. Such information can be very helpful to the clinician in formulating or modifying a course of treatment for offenders. This article provides an overview of the use of the MMPI-2 in treatment planning and describes the relation between scores on the validity, clinical, and various supplementary scales and treatment-related issues.
Correlation of minute (0.5 MM or less) focus of prostate adenocarcinoma on needle biopsy with radical prostatectomy specimen: role of prostate specific antigen density.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Few studies have examined the radical prostatectomy followup of a minute focus of adenocarcinoma on prostate needle core biopsy.Materials and Methods: We searched the surgical pathology data base (1999 to 2000) for patients with a minute focus of Gleason score 6 adenocarcinoma (defined as a single focus less than or equal to a 40 × microscopic field) who subsequently underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at our institution. Potentially insignificant tumors were defined as those with a radical prostatectomy tumor volume of less than 0.5 cc, Gleason score 6 or less and organ confined disease.Results: A total of 54 patients (mean age 58 years, range 45 to 70) were evaluated. The average number of prostate cores per biopsy was 6.3. All had Gleason score 6 by study design. Mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 6.0 (range 0.8 to 15). Average tumor volume at radical prostatectomy was 0.39 cc. Of the 54 tumors 24 (44%) were 0.1 cc or less. Two-thirds of the tumors were clinically potentia...
Interaction of dopamine and cardiac sac modulatory inputs on the pyloric network in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion

Dopamine and cardiac sac network activity each have strong, and different, modulatory actions on the pyloric rhythm in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. When combined, the two modulatory inputs have a complex effect. Dopamine and cardiac sac activity cancel one another's effects to restore normal pyloric activity to 4 of the 6 classes of pyloric neurons. In the remaining two pyloric neurons, dopamine's strong modulatory effects are completely overruled during cardiac sac network related activity. Possible cellular mechanisms underlying these interactions are discussed.
Eos, Goddess of Treg Cell Reprogramming

Under certain conditions, Sharma et al. (2013) show in this issue of Immunity that a subpopulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells loses expression of the transcription factor Eos and develops into Foxp3+ T helper cells that facilitate priming of naive CD8+ T cells.
Timely identification of mental health problems in two foster care medical homes

Abstract Despite known high rates of mental health problems among children in foster care, these problems are often not identified promptly by primary care or other systems. A novel delivery system is a centralized primary care practice for foster care. The purpose of this study was to examine the identification of mental health within two pediatric medical homes for foster care. We conducted a retrospective medical chart review of all children, aged 6–18 years, newly entering foster care, in two foster care clinics serving two county-wide populations. Our sample of 242 children describes demographics, rates for mental health problem identification, and length of time after entering foster care that mental health needs were identified. We used logistic regression analyses to examine variables associated with identification of mental health needs. Both centralized foster care medical homes had high rates for identification of mental health problems (> 70% in both sites), timely identification (the majority identified within two months after entry into care), and high mental health referral rates for children entering foster care (> 70%). Our findings suggest that attention to mental health needs for children in foster care within their primary care setting can impact identification rates and management of mental health.
Dorso/Ventral Genes Are Asymmetrically Expressed and Involved in Germ-Layer Demarcation during Cnidarian Gastrulation

Summary Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, hydroids, and jellyfish) are a basal taxon closely related to bilaterally symmetrical animals [1–3] and have been characterized as diploblastic and as radially symmetrical around their longitudinal axis. We show that some orthologs of key bilaterian dorso/ventral (D/V) patterning genes, including the TGFβ signaling molecules NvDpp and NvBMP5-8 and their antagonist NvChordin , are initially expressed asymmetrically at the onset of gastrulation in the anthozoan sea anemone Nematostella vectensis . Surprisingly, unlike flies and vertebrates, the TGFβ ligands and their antagonist are colocalized at the onset of gastrulation but then segregate by germ layer as gastrulation proceeds. TGFβ ligands, their extracellular enhancer, NvTolloid , and components of their downstream signaling pathway ( NvSmad1/5 and NvSmad4 ) are all coexpressed in presumptive endoderm, indicating that only planar TGFβ signaling operates at these stages. NvChordin expression forms a boundary between TGFβ-expressing endodermal cells and aboral ectoderm. Manipulation of nuclear β-catenin localization affects TGFβ ligand and antagonist expression, suggesting that the ancestral role of the dpp/chordin antagonism during gastrulation may have been in germ-layer segregation and/or epithelial patterning rather than dorsal/ventral patterning.
Patterns of reproduction in Malayan silvered leaf monkeys at the Bronx Zoo.

Within phylogenetic limits reproductive characteristics of a given species may vary between populations in response to ecological and social factors. For instance, in environments where high quality nutrition is readily available, the onset and speed of reproduction are often accelerated. Other influencing factors might be maternal experience or the sex of the infant. Here we present data on reproductive characteristics for the silvered leaf monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus), a medium-sized Asian colobine housed at the Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo as a one-male group. To place the species into an appropriate phylogenetic context, we limited our comparison to other colobine species. Demographic data span 21.4 years (October 1985 to March 2007) and derive from 30 adult females (128.0 female years). Detailed behavioral data stem from a 2.2 years study (November 2002 to January 2005; 734 days, 4,225 hr). As in other Asian colobines, receptive periods were short (mean=4.3 days, n=68). This is expected for one-male groups where receptivity likely indicates, rather than conceals, ovulation. Gestation length was estimated based on a change in the pattern of sexual behavior (mean=194.6 days, n=7). It fell within the range reported for the taxon. Births occurred year round, at an early age (mean=2.9 years, n=8), at short intervals (mean=14.9 months, n=59) in combination with a short lactation (mean 12.1 months, n=9) likely due to the nearly unlimited availability of nutrition in this zoo setting. Primiparous females tended to have a longer first interbirth interval but infant survival rates were similar to multipara possibly due to the absence of predators. Maternal investment was independent of the infant's sex and birth sex ratio was even. Our results emphasize that when interpreted with caution, zoo populations yield realistic reproductive characteristics that can help fill the gap in our knowledge about colobine life history. Am. J. Primatol. 71:852–859, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Triply-convergent synthesis of a homochiral 3,3-dimethyl, 15-cyclohexyl prostacyclin analog

Abstract Allylic bromocuprate reagent 13b undergoes synfacial SN2′ addition to homochiral allyl ammonium salt 14 to provide vinyl sulfone 15 as a single stereoisomer. Addition of homochiral acetylenic anion 18 to vinyl sulfone 17 smoothly provides the bicyclic sulfone 19 which is further transformed to prostacyclin analog 22 . Analog 22 was only a weak inhibitor of platelet aggregation having an IC50 of 0.48 μM.
Industrial Dynamics---After the First Decade

Industrial dynamics, described as the application of feedback concepts to social systems, is evolving toward a theory of structure in systems as well as being an approach to corporate policy design. In high-order, nonlinear systems, with multiple loops and both positive and negative feedback, are found the modes of behavior which have been so puzzling in management and economics. The time is at hand when more sharply defined concepts and principles can form a core through management education to interrelate the functional areas and to move from static to dynamic understanding of systems. To do so should help close the gap between what the management school can now teach and what the manager must understand if he is to successfully cope with the increasing complexity of our society.
Effective mode selector for tunable terahertz wire lasers

We demonstrate an effective mode selector design that enables a terahertz quantum cascade wire laser to have a robust single-mode operation at frequencies much lower than the gain peak. This is achieved by selectively guiding the undesired modes into a lossy session while keeping the desired lasing mode largely unperturbed. The large mode discrimination obtained by this mode selector is necessary to further extend the tuning range to the lower half of the gain curve. Additionally, the connectors of this mode selector conveniently provide electrical bias to the wire lasers without degrading the lasing performance.
Validity of the management communication style construct

A relatively recent addition to the organizational communication literature is the Management Communication Style (MCS) measure developed by Richmond and McCroskey (1979). Although the reliability of this measure has been reported, estimates of validity are noticeably missing. The present study assesses the validity of the MCS instrument by examining the relationship between employees perceptions of supervisors on the MCS and pertinent communication behaviors. Results support positive relationships between MCS and listening, understanding, and quality of communication. Findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the validity of the MCS instrument. Implications for future research are discussed.
Influences on Teacher Education Majors' Interpretations of Financial Morality

This article argues that narrow interpretations of financial literacy lack a valued moral component. Reviewing literature that defines financial literacy, morality, and financial morality, the authors present the results of a study that interpreted patterns of influence on agreement with financial morality. The study involved education majors at a public Midwest institution for higher learning. There were approximately 270 respondents. The study found that the set of variables significantly influenced only one of the subscales (identity issues). The authors call for additional research into this area that uses broader samples and which interprets relationships among other influential variables.
Achieving ICME with Multiscale Modeling: The Effects of Constituent Properties and Processing on the Performance of Laminated Polymer Matrix Composite Structures

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is a useful approach for tailoring the performance of a material. For fiber-reinforced composites, not only do the properties of the constituents of the composite affect the performance, but so does the architecture (or microstructure) of the constituents. The generalized method of cells is demonstrated to be a viable micromechanics tool for determining the effects of the microstructure on the performance of laminates. The micromechanics is used to predict the inputs for a macroscale model for a variety of different fiber volume fractions, and fiber architectures. Using this technique, the material performance can be tailored for specific applications by judicious selection of constituents, volume fraction, and architectural arrangement given a particular manufacturing scenario
Microengineered Surfaces for Thin Film Evaporation for Enhanced Heat Dissipation

The increasing performance of integrated chips has introduced a growing demand for new thermal management technologies. While various thermal management schemes have been studied, thin film evaporation promises high heat dissipation rates (1000 W/cm2 ) with low thermal resistances. However, methods to form a thin liquid film including jet impingement and sprays have challenges associated with achieving the desired film thickness. In this work, we investigated novel microstructures to control the thickness of the thin film where the liquid is driven by capillarity. Micropillar arrays with diameters ranging from 2 μm to 10 μm, spacings between pillars ranging from 5 μm to 10 μm, and heights of 4.36 μm were studied. A semi-analytical model was developed to predict the propagation rate of the liquid film, which was validated with experiments. The heat transfer performance was investigated on the micropillar arrays with microfabricated heaters and temperature sensors. The behavior of the thin liquid film under varying heat fluxes was studied. This work demonstrates the potential of micro- and nanostructures to dissipate high heat fluxes via thin film evaporation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Oncogenesis by interspecific interaction of malignant murine and non-malignant hamster cells in vitro.

A clone of Cloudman S91 murine melanoma 1 was fused in vitro with non-malignant hamster cheek pouch cells by means of lysolecithin, and the putative hybrid progeny cells, HCP-MM, were found to be highly malignant in hamsters, but not in appropriate mice. A malignant clone of HCP-MM cells was shown to have hamster species-specific surface antigens (as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and the cytotoxic antibody) and hamster-like lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme profiles. Nevertheless, chromosomes similar to those of both murine and hamster parental cells could be distinguished in cells of this malignant clone and in hamster tumor grafts by the method of trypsin-Giemsa banding. A majority of the murine chromosomes, however, appeared to be lost. This study indicates that a murine melanoma previously found untransplantable in hamsters could produce a highly malignant and lethal tumor for hamsters after being mixed in vitro with non-malignant hamster cells, in the presence of a fusing chemical. It is not as yet certain whether the production of transformed cells in vitro and of highly malignant tumors in the hamster (both with predominantly hamster properties) required heterosynkarion formation between the murine melanoma and hamster cheek pouch cells. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the presence of the murine melanoma, and possibly the interaction of its genome with non-malignant hamster cells, was implicated in this process.
The Delaware Oyster Industry: A Reality?

Abstract Delaware oyster beds in the Bay and associated tributaries were studied from 1968 to 1970 to determine their general condition following mass mortalities from MSX (Minchinia nelsoni) during the late 1950's and 1960's. Estimates of standing crop of oysters yielded a total of 54,582 bushels covering 236.9 acres (95.9 hectares) in the river beds and 65,482 bushels covering 941 acres (380.8 hectares) in the bay beds. Bay beds were badly depleted whereas certain rivers showed potential as seed areas. The association of high oyster production with a hard shell substrate was demonstrated which emphasized the need for a regular shell planting program. Spat monitoring indicated that setting occurred in two waves and extended from July 4 to early in September. River mouths generally received the heaviest set. Since there has been practically no oystering in Delaware for twelve years, an experimental planting of seed on three planted beds was carried out in 1969–1970. Although all the experimental beds were...
Classifying first-order phase transitions

Abstract The usual classification of phase transitions does not allow for anomalous transitions, such as jumps in a pressure isotherm at constant density, which appear in certain statistical mechanical models of fluids and spin systems (which embody many-body interactions of indefinitely high order). These experimentally unobserved but thermodynamically allowed phase transitions may appear as discontinuities in any first-order derivative of any thermodynamic function other than the appropriate Gibbs free energy. First-order phase transitions, including the anomalous ones, may be grouped into distinct types by identifying six classes of discontinuity in the graphs of y versus x at constant z , where x, y and z can be chosen in 24 ways from a set of two thermodynamic densities, Q a and Q b (or, loosely, “extensive” variables), such as the entropy density and particle density, and their conjugate thermodynamic fields, h a and h b , such as the temperature, T , and chemical potential μ. Thermodynamic convexity implies that class 2 discontinuities, typified by ( x , y , z ) = ( h a , h b , Q b ), may occur only at isolated values of z . In class 4, typified by ( x , y , z ) = ( Q a , h a , h b ) the value of x , say x Δ ( z ), at which the discontinuity occurs must be piecewise constant ; conversely, in class 5, typified by ( x , y , z ) = ( h a , Q b , h b ), x Δ ( z ) cannot remain fixed over any nonvanishing range of z . A jump in the pressure versus density, ϱ, isotherm is in class 4 and so the transition point, ϱ Δ ( T ), must remain fixed as T varies locally or, more generally, must be a piecewise constant function of T . The allowed discontinuities fall into twenty distinct groups of thermodynamically associated discontinuities , any particular discontinuity appearing in two or, sometimes, three groups. The twenty groups are, in turn, generated by nine distinct transition types which specify the geometrical structure of the internal energy (or entropy) surface and of the conjugate Gibbs free energy surface, indicating ridges and ruled surfaces, aligned ridges and cylinders, peaks and planar facets, generic or aligned linear ridges, generic or aligned pinch spots and isolated ruled lines, aligned isotransclines, and isosectional surfaces. All thermodynamically allowed discontinuities and transition types, normal or anomalous, can be realized in exactly soluble models with suitable Hamiltonians.
Quality of Life in Patients With Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

• Objectives : To quantify quality of life and identify demographic and clinical correlates of functioning in a well-characterized sample of patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Patients and Methods Prospective patients were those seen at the Mayo Clinic Autonomic Disorders Laboratory from September 2000 to June 2001. Neurologists made diagnoses of POTS according to established criteria. Patients completed a questionnaire packet that included measures of quality of life (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36]) and symptom severity (Autonomic Symptom Profile). Additional clinical information was abstracted from medical records. Results Ninety-four patients (89% female; mean age, 34.2 years) were enrolled in the study. Patients with POTS reported impairment across multiple domains on the SF-36. Physical functioning, role functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, and social functioning were all significantly impaired compared with a healthy population ( P P P P Conclusions Patients with POTS experience clear limitations across multiple domains of quality of life, including physical, social, and role functioning. Treatment should address the multiple and varied impairments experienced by these patients and may require a multidisciplinary approach. Future research must further delineate factors, both disease related and psychosocial, that predict functioning and adjustment in this population.
Starch characteristics influencing resistant starch content of cooked buckwheat groats.

ABSTRACT Cooked buckwheat groats are suggested to contain a greater amount of resistant starch (RS) than cereal grains. High RS content, in addition to dietary fibers present in groats, contributes to the low-calorie, high-fiber food status of buckwheat. Six buckwheat genotypes exhibiting high, medium, and low RS content of cooked groats were selected, and starches were isolated to determine their functional properties to explore the possible cause of high RS content of cooked buckwheat groats. Apparent and actual amylose contents were 27.4 and 31.6–34.5% in high, 27.4–28.6 and 32.5–33.7% in medium, and 21.4–25.6 and 24.5–32.0% in low RS genotypes, respectively. Genotypes of high RS content exhibited greater amylose leaching based on total starch content during cooking than genotypes of low RS content, mainly because of higher amylose content in the former than latter. Genotypes of low RS content exhibited a relatively high content of amylose-lipid complexes, as determined with a differential scanning cal...
Improving Mud Removal and Simplifying Challenging Cement Design: A Deepwater Case History in the South China Sea

The study presents an innovative cement spacer fluid based on microemulsion technology and an operationally simple cement design using a water-based multifunctional polymer. A case history is described where their combination was successfully applied on a deepwater exploration well in the South China Sea. Laboratory testing, modeling, and engineering design that preceded the field operation are outlined. The spacer’s performance to clean the mud from contact surfaces was verified with the goniometer method. Mud/spacer and spacer/cement tests for optimum compatibility were conducted and a fluid friction pressure chart for the mud-spacer-cement train at different displacement rates was generated. The results show that the designed spacer is highly effective in displacing the mud and converting an oil-wet surface to a water-wet surface, and therefore to provide a clean and water-wet surface to which cement can strongly bond. A water-based multifunctional polymer in the designed cement slurry was tested to validate its ability to adjust slurry properties for deepwater challenges. The cement slurry was easy to mix at surface, stable under downhole conditions, and had a sufficient short transition time at low temperature, preventing water and gas intrusion. Furthermore the evaluated multifunctional polymer was found to work as a stabilizer and extender as well as provide very good fluid loss, free fluid, and gas control. As a consequence, the multifunctional polymer reduces the total number and amount of required chemicals, thereby simplifying logistics and operations for deepwater wells. The presented spacer and cementing technologies contribute to successful zonal isolation of deepwater wells and so minimize risks as well as expensive rig and nonproductive times due to remedial work.
Neuronal extracellular proteases facilitate cell migration, axonal growth, and pathfinding

The release of extracellular proteases by the axonal growth cone has been proposed to facilitate its movement by digesting cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts in the path of the advancing growth cone. The serine protease plasminogen activator (PA) has been shown to be secreted and focally concentrated at axonal growth cones of cultured mammalian neurons. Thus, PAs are well-placed to play an active role in growth cone movement and axonal pathfinding in development and regeneration. We discuss recent findings that suggest that the biological action of these proteases is more complex than originally thought.
FIRST STRUCTURAL STUDY OF A THIOPHOSPHORANE CONTAINING A SIX-MEMBERED RING. PHOSPHORUS-SULFUR VS PHOSPHORUS-OXYGEN LIGAND PREFERENCES

Abstract Oxidative addition of phenanthrenequinone to the newly synthesized dithiaphosphorinane, (Xylyl-O)P-S(CH2)3S (1), results in a new thiophosphorane containing a sulfur-bonded six-membered ring. X-ray analysis on separate crystals reveals both a monoclinic and triclinic modification. This represents the first structural study of a six-membered ring containing thiophosphorane. The structure which is a trigonal bipyramid has the ring sulfur atoms located in apical-equatorial sites instead of the expected diequatorial arrangement. As a consequence, the more electronegative xylyloxy oxygen atom is relegated to an equatorial position. A slightly twisted boat conformation exists for the dithiaphosphorinane ring. IH NMR spectroscopy is consistent with the retention of the solid-state structure in solution which undergoes rapid intramolecular ligand exchange.
UV-induced T→C transition at a TT photoproduct site is dependent on Saccharomyces cerevisiae polymerase η in vivo

UV-induced reversion of the arg4-17 ochre allele in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is largely dependent on translesion polymerase eta (Rad30p), known to bypass cyclobutane-type TT dimers in an error-free fashion. arg4-17 locus reversion was predominantly due to T-->C transition of T127, the 3' T of a TT photoproduct site. This event was at least 20-fold reduced in a rad30 deletion mutant, irrespective of the status of nucleotide excision repair. These data correlate with known properties of 6-4 TT photoproducts and in vitro characteristics of polymerase eta and suggest that polymerase eta plays an important in vivo role in inserting G opposite the 3' T of 6-4 TT photoproducts at this site. Alternatively, an unprecedented error-prone processing of cyclobutane-type photoproducts at this site by polymerase eta must be assumed as the critical mechanism. Whereas photoreactivation results indeed hint at the latter possibility, a possible regulatory influence of reducing the overall UV damage load on the bypass probability of non-cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimer photoproducts should not be dismissed.
Addressing stakeholders’ needs: Economics and patient satisfaction

Purpose. The economics of acute post-operative pain management are discussed. Studies identifying cost drivers in post-operative pain treatment and the economic sequelae of undertreated pain are reviewed. The relative costs of intermittent intramuscular analgesia, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, and epidural analgesia are described. Medication errors and their consequences are addressed. The importance of patient satisfaction and data on its correlation with acute post-operative pain are reviewed. Summary. Although the economics of acute post-operative pain treatment are difficult to accurately assess, studies have demonstrated that pharmacy acquisition costs represent as little as 1% of the total hospital cost of surgical treatment. Costs of analgesia are driven largely by staff time. Inadequate treatment of post-operative pain can have important economic ramifications associated with increased patient morbidity, extended hospital stays, and readmissions. Inadequate treatment of post-operative pain is also associated with reduced patient satisfaction, a measure of increasing importance to health systems and pharmacists who practice within them. Conclusion. Undertreatment of acute post-operative pain has important implications for health systems from the standpoints of economics and patient satisfaction.
Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Concept of Temperature

Heat and temperature proved to be very elusive concepts to early scientists. Most historic theories—for examples, the phlogiston and the caloric-assumed that heat was a substance that could flow, much as a gas or a fluid. In fact, the mathematics of heat flow were correctly worked out before scientists learned the true nature of heat and its associated property, temperature. For indeed “heat” does flow; but what is heat?