cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persister Formation and Antibiotic Tolerance of Chronic Infections

Two different types of mechanisms allow bacteria to evade killing by antibiotics—genetically encoded resistance and phenotypic tolerance conferred by persister cells. While our knowledge of resistance mechanisms is fairly sophisticated, understanding of tolerance is still fragmentary, partly because the phenomenon is only displayed by a few rare cells.
Self-consistent solution of Hedin's equations: Semiconductors and insulators

The band gaps of a few selected semiconductors/insulators are obtained from the self-consistent solution of the Hedin's equations. Two different schemes to include the vertex corrections are studied: (i) the vertex function of the first order (in the screened interaction $W$) is applied in both polarizability $P$ and self-energy $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$, and (ii) the vertex function obtained from the Bethe-Salpeter equation is used in $P$ whereas the vertex of the first order is used in $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$. Both schemes show considerable improvement in the accuracy of the calculated band gaps as compared to the self-consistent $GW$ approach ($\mathrm{sc}GW$) and to the self-consistent quasiparticle $GW$ approach ($\mathrm{QS}GW$). To further distinguish between the performances of two vertex-corrected schemes one has to properly take into account the effect of the electron-phonon interaction on the calculated band gaps which appears to be of the same magnitude as the difference between schemes (i) and (ii).
Comparison of Short-Term Outcome after Thoracotomy for Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Compared with Re-Do Sternotomy in Patients with Previous Cardiac Surgery

Purpose A thoracotomy approach for left ventricular assist device implantation is theoretically beneficial in patients who had previous sternotomy. The aim of this study is to investigate short-term outcomes of a thoracotomy approach versus a re-do sternotomy approach for left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with previous sternotomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 227 patients who underwent left ventricular assist device (HeartWare, HVAD) implantation between 7/2011 and 1/2019. Of these, 52 had a previous sternotomy. Twenty-eight patients were excluded because they had an extracorporeal ventricular assist device, cardiac surgery during the same hospitalization, concomitant procedures or an alternative outflow graft anastomosis at the time of the implantation. The study cohort was divided in two groups based on incision approach: a left anterior thoracotomy approach (LAT group, N=14) and a re-do sternotomy approach (RS group, N=10). Results Previous cardiac surgeries of the cohort were coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 16 patients, aortic valve replacement (AVR) in 1, mitral valve (MV) replacement in 1, MV repair in 1, CABG + AVR in 1, CABG + MV repair in 1, atrial septal defect closure in 2, and heart transplant in 1. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the groups. Median cardiopulmonary bypass time was similar, though median operative time in the LAT group was longer than that in the RS group (LAT; 267 mins vs RS; 235 mins). There was no statistical difference in postoperative short-term outcomes between the groups, except the LAT group required less postoperative red blood cell transfusion compared to the RS group (LAT; 57 % vs RS; 100 %, P = 0.024). Conclusion A thoracotomy approach was feasible alternative in patients with previous cardiac surgery and associated with less blood transfusion requirement compared with a re-do sternotomy approach.
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

Since the beginning of recorded history, characteristics of panic disorder (PD) have been noted. Modern ideas of PD evolved simultaneously in the United States and Europe in the early to mid-1960s. Donald Klein's ideas about PD led to the predominant view of the syndrome in the United States. Klein argued that panic attacks (PAs) were the core of the syndrome and that the remaining clinical phenomena were consequences of PAs. He argued that anticipatory anxiety was the fear of the possible recurrence of PAs and that agoraphobia was the subsequent fear and avoidance of situations where PAs had occurred. This concept was accepted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV) in the United States. Klein also demonstrated that imipramine was effective in PD. During this time, Isaac Marks in England also described PAs and agoraphobic avoidance and had treated the syndrome effectively with behavior therapy. Until recently, PD and agoraphobia were thought to be rare syndromes. However, PD is one of the most common problems in individuals seeking mental health treatment. It is also the fifth most common problem seen in primary care settings.
Strengthening Weak Emergence

I offer an improved version of Bedau’s influential (Philos Perspect 11:375–99, 1997) account of weak emergence in light of insights from information theory. Bedau analyzes weak emergence in terms of the non-derivability of a system’s macrostates from its microstates except by simulation. However, non-derivability alone does not guarantee that a system’s macrostates are weakly emergent. Rather, it is non-derivability plus the algorithmic compressibility of the system’s macrostates that makes them weakly emergent. I argue that the resulting information-theoretic picture provides a metaphysical account of weak emergence rather than a merely epistemic one.
Arterial Spin Labeling Applications in Pediatric and Adult Neurologic Disorders

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a powerful noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enables quantitative evaluation of brain perfusion. To optimize the clinical and research utilization of ASL, radiologists and physicists must understand the technical considerations and age-related variations in normal and disease states. We discuss advanced applications of ASL across the lifespan, with example cases from children and adults covering a wide variety of pathologies. Through literature review and illustrated clinical cases, we highlight the subtleties as well as pitfalls of ASL interpretation. First, we review basic physical principles, techniques, and artifacts. This is followed by a discussion of normal perfusion variants based on age and physiology. The three major categories of perfusion abnormalities-hypoperfusion, hyperperfusion, and mixed patterns-are covered with an emphasis on clinical interpretation and relationship to the disease process. Major etiologies of hypoperfusion include large artery, small artery, and venous disease; other vascular conditions; global hypoxic-ischemic injury; and neurodegeneration. Hyperperfusion is characteristic of vascular malformations and tumors. Mixed perfusion patterns can be seen with epilepsy, migraine, trauma, infection/inflammation, and toxic-metabolic encephalopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3.
A Federal Army, Not Federalist: Regime Building in the Jeffersonian Era

This paper will explore the early years of the American republic, the early American presidency, and state-building in the young nation through the lens of partisan regime theory. Specifically, the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison will be examined in terms of their relationships to the military. Jefferson's ideological opposition to a strong Federalist military transmuted into qualified support, as part of the building of a Republican state. Madison subsequently attempted to continue the Jeffersonian revolution, but soon faced new obstacles that impeded his efforts to complete Jefferson's project. This episode in state-building demonstrates how the new Republican regime did not simply shatter parts of the old order, as Skowronek and others have suggested occurs when a new regime takes office, but rather attempted to mutate them into becoming loyal parts of the new order. Institutional change in this respect came about gradually, as the military, thought to be a Federalist bastion, was slowly transformed into an organization more amenable to Republicans.
The Contributions of Childhood Vaccination Misconceptions to the Evaluation and Sharing of Information from Multiple Internet Texts.

The current work was conducted to better understand the influences of source presence and individual differences on evaluating and sharing information from multiple conflicting Internet texts about...
Labor Rights for Platform Workers

This Essay explores new and proposed collective bargaining legislation for non-employee workers, including drivers and other gig economy workers. Labor law protects the rights of employees to unionize, but non-employee workers, such as independent contractors, are on shakier footing when they attempt to advocate collectively to ameliorate poor pay and working conditions. In particular, employers have no legal duty to bargain with them, and antitrust law can prevent them from joining together to set prices. This Essay canvasses the labor law and antitrust challenges to concerted action and collective bargaining for these workers, and explores innovative laws enabling collective bargaining through unions or union-like entities. The Essay exposes the paradox of the new and proposed collective bargaining laws for workers excluded from federal labor law, which serve as both compromise measures and measures that improve upon federal labor law. These collective bargaining measures are a middle-ground effort to alter the imbalance of power between workers and companies on more worker-friendly terms than federal labor law has provided. But they still leave these workers outside the scope and protection of employment status. However, for that very reason, these laws facilitate collective bargaining under fairer rules for which scholars and advocates have been arguing for many years.
Pathomechanism and Biomechanics of Degenerative Disc Disease: Features of Healthy and Degenerated Discs

The human intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex organ composed of fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissues, and it serves as a boundary between 2 adjacent vertebrae. It provides a limited range of motion in the torso as well as stability during axial compression, rotation, and bending. Adult IVDs have poor innate healing potential due to low vascularity and cellularity. Degenerative disc disease (DDD) generally arises from the disruption of the homeostasis maintained by the structures of the IVD, and genetic and environmental factors can accelerate the progression of the disease. Impaired cell metabolism due to pH alteration and poor nutrition may lead to autophagy and disruption of the homeostasis within the IVD and thus plays a key role in DDD etiology. To develop regenerative therapies for degenerated discs, future studies must aim to restore both anatomical and biomechanical properties of the IVDs. The objective of this review is to give a detailed overview about anatomical, radiological, and biomechanical features of the IVDs as well as discuss the structural and functional changes that occur during the degeneration process.
What Is the “New Normal” in Physical Education Post-COVID-19?

The purpose of this editorial is twofold. First, to shed light on these on-going questions that are not yet explored, and second, to provide initial strategies that could yield success upon integra...
Plantar Verruca and Dermoscopy: An Update

Traditionally, plantar warts or verrucae are often diagnosed by visual appearance and the lateral squeeze test. At times, these methods are not able to elucidate the difference between a plantar wart and a callus. The use of the dermatoscope can not only distinguish the difference between a wart and a callus, which ultimately helps to customize treatment plans to increase efficacy, but also be used to follow the therapeutic effects of treatment. The dermatoscope is a tool that can be used in the diagnosis of plantar verrucae and in assessment of the success of therapy.
3D Virtual Worlds: An Ethnography of Key Artifacts and Processes

The development of an educational 3D virtual world requires a complex skillset, which includes programming, modeling, texturing, animating, and quest/level designing. When these skills are distributed across multiple workers, the workers must negotiate a shared understanding of their intermediate work products, which ultimately culminate in the virtual world. This paper is an ethnography of the intermediate work products (“artifacts”) and processes used in the development of Virtual Energy World—a 3D virtual world for instruction on sustainable energy issues. The resulting artifacts and processes have utility as a general development framework for both educational virtual worlds and video games.
Cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report and literature review

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is an uncommon tumor of young adults that typically occurs supratentorially. It is generally considered to be a low-grade, circumscribed tumor that when treated by surgical resection has a relatively favorable outcome. Cases of cerebellar PXA are rare, and those associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are even less common, with only 2 cases reported to date. We present herein a third case of PXA-NF1 with unusual features. A 33-year-old woman presented with a history of headache. Her medical and family history was significant for NF1. Brain MRI revealed a 3.4 cm ill-defined lesion with a gyriform enhancing pattern in the left cerebellum, superficially mimicking Lhermitte-Duclos disease. The patient underwent a gross total resection of the lesion and had an unremarkable postoperative course. While the lesion had histological features typical of "pure" PXA (WHO grade II) it had an unusual growth pattern with thickening of the superficial cerebellar folia and predominant leptomeningeal involvement. No BRAF, IDH-1, or IDH-2 mutation was identified. Three months after surgery, local recurrence was detected, and the patient was treated with radiation therapy. One year after the first surgery, she underwent surgical resection of the recurrent/residual tumor. Histologically, the recurrent tumor showed very similar features to the initially resected tumor, with no anaplastic features. Most cerebellar PXAs have an indolent clinical behavior as do most cerebral PXAs. Whether co-existence of NF1 was a factor in altering the clinical course and biologic behavior of this patient's tumor is currently unknown.
An analytic approach to the theory of phase transitions: II. A model equation

Abstract In this paper we propose a model to describe phase transitions of a fluid. Our model differs from others in not being based on a hamiltonian, but rather on a replacement of the kernel of the fundamental nonlinear integral equation for the singlet distribution function. The model equation is solved in a number of regimes, and also analyzed using bifurcation theory. However, we have not obtained a complete solution of the model equation. The results found are in agreement with those reported in earlier papers, but the simplicity of the model equation permits deeper understanding of the stability and the nature of the singlet density function under various conditions. In an appendix we show how the integral-equation approach is related to the Percus-Yevick theory.
Displacement of hepatitis B virus by hepatitis C virus as the cause of continuing chronic hepatitis

Abstract Background/Aims: It has been shown that hepatitis C virus (HCV) superinfection may suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) leading to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance and that hepatitis may persist after HBsAg clearance in a few patients. The role of HCV in continuing hepatitis after termination of chronic HBsAg antigenemia remains to be explored in a series of patients. Methods: HCV markers were studied using second generation enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription and were compared between 41 patients with persistent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (hepatitis group) and 82 age/sex-matched patients with normal ALT (control group) after HBsAg clearance. Results: Twenty-six (63%) of the 41 hepatitis group patients were seropositive for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) compared with only 4 (5%) of 82 controls ( P P Conclusions: The results suggest that HCV may usurp the role of HBV in chronic hepatitis and act as the major cause of continuing hepatitis or ALT elevation after HBV/HBsAg clearance.
Toward a Transformative Alchemy: The Phenomenology of the Event of Psychotherapy

English Abstract: This paper takes up Jung’s concept of Alchemy and applies the theory of this transformational process to prison psychotherapy. In particular, it discusses the manifest meanings in the prison system, how those can be made present and manifest, and how psychotherapy can prove an event, a moment when transformation can take place. It then discusses the openness and closedness of the client and the therapist to the transformational possibilities of the event, and the consequences of those fluid positions. Contextualizing the degree of openness is the adjacent possible in this potentially very human form of relating, and how the apparatus of prisons situated within a broader culture informs the transformational alchemy of forensic psychotherapy.Spanish Abstract: Este articulo recoge el concepto de alquimia de Jung, y aplica la teoria de este proceso transformativo a la psicoterapia de prisiones. En particular, se tratan los significados evidentes del sistema de prisiones, como estos se pueden hacer presentes y evidentes, y como la psicoterapia puede probar un evento, un momento en el que la transformacion puede tener lugar. Seguidamente analiza la apertura y cerrazon del cliente y el terapeuta a las posibilidades transformadoras del evento, y las consecuencias de esas posiciones flexibles. Contextualizar el grado de apertura es el adyacente posible en esta forma potencialmente muy humana de relacionarse, y como el sistema de prisiones situado en una cultura mas amplia, informa de la alquimia transformacional de la psicoterapia forense.
Intelligent microsystems: convergence at the analog-digital interface

Summary form only given: The last two decades have witnessed significant advances in high speed electronics, photonics and MEMS devices for applications in information systems. In this presentation I will review the challenges and opportunities that exist in the coming decade as silicon CMOS technology approaches the end of the scaling paradigm that has been the driving force for Moore's Law and new capabilities for compound semiconductor electronics in high speed applications emerge. These challenges will be discussed in the context of parallel advances in photonic and MEMS devices, that taken together, offer the opportunity for realizing the integration of electronic, photonic and MEMS technologies in ways that will greatly enhance the capability for intelligent control of chip-scale microsystems for application in future information systems.
A Structure‐Activity Relationship for the Binding of Acridine‐4‐Carboxamides to DNA

The DNA binding constants for a series of acridine-4-carboxamides were modeled using quantitative structure-activity relationship methodology. In particular, a data set containing 52 acridine derivatives along with their DNA binding constants for the poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC) sites of DNA was obtained from the literature. The descriptors which were calculated and ultimately used in the regression models were designed to encode a specific binding site model which had previously been proposed in the literature. Since it is believed that the acridines interact with the DNA by intercalation, surface area and charge descriptors were calculated for regions of the acridine backbone which are theorized to be in close proximity to the DNA chain. The ability of these descriptors to successfully model the DNA binding constants for the data set supports the binding model which was previously proposed.
The influence of imprisonment on HIV and its impact on health-related inequalities in New York City

New York City has been the centre of the HIV epidemic where vulnerable populations disproportionately face negative health outcomes. This paper explains the behaviour of the HIV epidemic in terms of its racial/ethnic composition due to the effects of the criminal justice system, and sustains the necessity of more culturally tailored health interventions to prevent the spread of the disease. To achieve this goal, secondary data analysis and a panel regression device including individuals of specific racial/ethnic backgrounds periodically observed between 2002 and 2009, are required. This paper explores the fundamental characteristics of the HIV epidemic and its swings in terms of socio-economic determinants as a result of the unbalanced prevalence of imprisonment amid historically underrepresented groups.
Defining critical flux in submerged membranes : Influence of length-distributed flux

Flux can vary along the fiber length in submerged hollow-fiber membranes depending upon the axial gradients of both pressure and foulant layer build-up. However, the measurement of flux is necessarily length-averaged because it is determined by the flow rate exiting the end of the fiber. The length-averaged flux below which no foulant accumulates in a specified filtration time is defined as the critical flux. Critical flux is shown in this work to be a relative rather than absolute value. It depends on the fiber length, observation time, aeration rate and the compressibility of the particles. Fouling will occur in full-scale if the critical flux test is established in tests with fibers that are much shorter than in full-scale and/or with a filtration time that is shorter than in full-scale.
Organic contaminants in the environment: Research progress and needs

Abstract An already large and rapidly increasing number of manmade organic contaminants is found to be present in environmental samples from around the world. However, the biological effects of many of these compounds are unknown. Traditional biological testing, albeit important, cannot be done on each chemical due to limitations of the available resources. Therefore, new avenues should be pursued to screen out the hazardous compounds for more intensive research. One of these avenues, quantitative structure-activity correlations, applies the existing knowledge to estimate the effects of other, structurally related compounds. In combination with a fast and cost-effective biological test, this method appears useful in solving both the existing backlog and future needs for information on the safety and environmental effects of new chemicals.
Boston confronts Jim Crow, 1890-1920

An adept, well-written illumination of this crucial time in an extraordinary city . . . The text in engrossing and written in a conversational tone, but it is most impressive for the intelligible way it fits the pieces of the political puzzle together to form a complete, multidimensional picture of Beantown racialists. -- Publishers Weekly
Clonidine inhibits central noradrenergic neurons in unanesthetized cats

Abstract Within the feline locus coeruleus complex (LCx) there exists a subpopulation of neurons with a distinct behavioral neurophysiological profile; these neurons fire most during waking, less so during slow wave sleep, and fall virtually silent during paradoxical sleep (PS). These ‘PS-off’ cells have been thought to be noradrenergic, largely because their heterogeneous distribution throughout the LCx parallels the distribution of noradrenergic neurons within the feline dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. The α2-adrenergic agonists clonidine has been shown to markedly inhibit the central noradrenergic neurons of the anesthetized rat, regardless of the route of administration. We therefore tested the PS-off cells of the feline LCx with intravenous clonidine, to determine if they too were inhibited by this agent. We found 13 13 LCx PS-off cells to be inhibited by intravenous clonidine (2–4 μg/kg) as compared with saline controls; non-PS-off cells were not inhibited. These data add strength to the argument that the PS-off cells of the feline LCx are noradrenergic.
Studies on the distribution of Zostera in the outer Thames Estuary

Abstract There are two species of eelgrass in the study area, Zostera marina L. (narrow leaved form) and Z. noltii Hornem. The former occurs lower down the shore, usually in hollows which hold standing water at low tide. The latter occurs higher up the shore and on hummocks which drain freely at low water. Z. noltii , unlike Z. marina , holds its leaves well into the winter and is thus available as an early winter food source for herbivores, principally Brent geese and wigeon. The survey showed that the 28 000 ha of mud flats in the study area included 844 ha of Zostera . The largest continuous bed of Z. noltii is at Maplin (241 ha), and of Z. marina is at Holbrook on the Stour (98 ha). Changes in the Zostera bed at Leigh Marsh over the last 30 years are also described.
Transient simulation of facet growth during directional solidification

Computational simulation of faceting is carried out for Bridgman growth of YAG crystals. The numerical scheme considers the coupling between a kinetic undercooling model with the melt convection and thermal transport calculations. The interface location is tracked, which records an initial time-dependent evolution of the facet towards its time-independent shape. The effects of crystal growth surroundings on the facet sizes are also investigated.
ON SOME PATTERNS OF REDUCTION

The notion of reduction in the natural sciences has been assimilated to the notion of inter-theoretical explanation. Many philosophers of science (following Nagel) have held that the apparently ontological issues involved in reduction should be replaced by analyses of the syntactic and semantic connections involved in explaining one theory on the basis of another. The replacement does not seem to have been especially successful, for we still lack a plausible account of inter-theoretical explanation. I attempt to provide one.
A Redox-Active Ligand as a Reservoir for Protons and Electrons: O2 Reduction at Zirconium(IV)

The [ONO] ligand {(ONOcat)3– = bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-phenoxy)amide} can be installed onto zirconium(IV) in two different protonation states. The reaction of (ONOcat)3– with ZrCl4 afforded the octahedral complex (ONOcat)ZrCl(THF)2 (1). This complex, characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by NMR,UV/Vis, and IR spectroscopy, is assigned as a zirconium(IV) complex coordinated to the fully reduced form of the [ONO] redox-active ligand. When (ONOcat)H3 was doubly deprotonated and treated with ZrCl4, the complex (ONHO)ZrCl2(THF) (2) was isolated, in which one ligand proton remains on the [ONO] ligand. Exposure of 2 to dry O2 resulted in a four-electron, two-proton reaction to form the bis(hydroxo) complex [(ONOq)ZrCl2(μ-OH)]2 (3), which shows that the [ONO] ligand platform can serve as both an electron and proton reservoir in small-molecule reactions.
Short-pulse scattering from buried wires and bodies of revolution

The method of moments is used to analyze short-pulse plane- wave scattering from perfectly conducting thin wires and bodies of revolution buried in a lossy, dispersive half space. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain, with the time-domain fields synthesized via Fourier transform. To make this analysis efficient, the method of complex images is used to compute the frequency-dependent components of the half-space dyadic Green's function. Results are presented for short-pulse scattering from buried wires, spheres and cylinders, using measured frequency- dependent soil parameters (permittivity and conductivity), and the phenomenology associated with the scattering is investigated in detail.
Hemostatic Treatment in the Early Stage of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Recombinant Factor VIIa Experience

Section Editors: Marc Fisher MD Antoni Da valos MD The treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been a largely neglected item. In contrast to literally dozens of clinical trials of treatment of ischemic stroke, only a handful have addressed treatment of ICH with either medical (steroids,1 osmotic diuretics2) or surgical3 interventions. The medical intervention trials, primarily aimed at reducing brain edema surrounding the ICH, have shown lack of benefit of treatment with dexamethasone1 or glycerol solutions.2 Although some pilot data suggested a potential benefit of early surgical drainage of the hematoma,4,5 the recent publication of neutral results in the large, prospective, and randomized international Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH) study6 has been a disappointment. Mendelow and colleagues went for 8 years of enrollment and follow up of over 500 subjects in each treatment group, one managed “conservatively,” the other subjected to surgical drainage of the hematoma within a maximum of 4 days from symptom onset. The final results showed no benefit of one mode of treatment over the other, because a favorable outcome occurred as frequently in the “conservative” (24%) as in the surgical (26%) group when they were evaluated at 6 months. Although a prespecified subgroup analysis suggested a possible advantage of surgical treatment for superficially located (≤1 cm from the cortical surface) lobar hematomas, the overall trial results showed that only one fourth of patients with ICH can be expected to have a good clinical outcome, which cannot be improved on by surgical treatment. In the wake of the neutral STICH trial results, it is refreshing to see some hope for the treatment of this devastating stroke subtype with the publication of the results of the phase IIB trial of recombinant activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in ICH. …
General Relativistic Variational Principle for Perfect Fluids

The field equations for the gravitational field of a perfect compressible fluid and the equations of motion of the fluid in its own gravitational field are derived from a single variational principle in which the variations of the various field quantities are restricted so that mass is conserved.
The kinetics and mechanism of dissociation of metal carbonyls in high infrared laser fields

Abstract The method of laser induced dielectric breakdown has been used to study the dissociation of three metal carbonyls. Following non-resonant excitation by a TEA CO2 laser, amorphous micro-metallic particles are deposited. The identity of the various species within a laser induced plasma for a series of related reactant molecules, has been determined using infrared and visible real time fluorescence techniques. Based upon the energetics of dissociation and the relative magnitudes of the rates of activation and deactivation for various collision partners of the plasma fluorescence, an energy transfer map as well as probable mechanisms are proposed. The kinetics of a variety of chemical reactions under plasma conditions are discussed in terms of elementary collision theory. It is shown that the internal vibration manifold of the metal carbonyls is equilibrated prior to the dissociation in agreement with the majority of laser induced multiphoton dissociation experiments.
Relationship Between Motivation and Learning in Physical Education and After-School Physical Activity

Purpose: A primary goal of physical education is to develop physically literate individuals with the knowledge, skills, and confidence necessary for a physically active lifestyle. Guided by the expectancy-value and interest motivation theories, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between students' motivation and health-related fitness knowledge developed in physical education and their after-school physical activity participation. Method: Third-, 4th-, and 5th-grade students (N = 293) from 6 elementary schools in a large metropolitan school district in the United States provided data on expectancy beliefs and perceived task values, situational interest, health-related fitness knowledge, and after-school physical activity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a simultaneous multiple regression model. Results: It was found that expectancy beliefs (β = .20, t = 2.16, p = .03) and perceived exploration demand (β = .25, t = 2.58, p = .01), a source for situational interest...
Long-distance transportation of human hearts for transplantation.

Abstract This communication describes the preservation and long-distance (203 to 1,400 km) transportation of 6 human donor hearts with a hemodynamically successful short-term outcome in the recipients, all of whom were critically ill from end-stage cardiac failure. These techniques of long-distance donor heart transportation, not previously described in the human, offer prospects for markedly improving the logistics of heart transplantation in critically ill recipients who require immediate transplantation in face of limited local capability for securing an adequate donor heart. These systems may also prove of value in cardiac transplant protocols, such as rapid retransplantation during rejection and programmed protocols for recipient pre-treatment to promote enhancement of graft survival, that require obtaining a donor heart in an expedient manner.
Steel Plate Shear Walls - From Research to Codification

This paper will briefly discuss some of the research that will likely be incorporated into US design codes for the use of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) as seismic load resisting systems. References to numerous research projects carried in the United States, Canada, and other countries will be given and their major findings highlighted. The strip model, developed by others for the representation of SPSW, is described and plastic analysis results for that model and their use in design is discussed. Finally, new directions for SPSW research, including the use of light-gauge and low yield-point steels, strategic hole placement, and reduced beam sections are described in the context of some recently completed and ongoing research.
Levels of viral glycoprotein reflect enhanced effectiveness of combined drug treatments.

Abstract A chemosensitivity assay with small replicate Mm5mt/cl C3H mammary tumor cell cultures was developed to determine whether charges in viral antigen expression and release into culture fluids could be utilized as an in vitro measure of single and combined drug effect. The measurement of drug concentrations required for identical 50% reductions in viral antigen levels (ED50s) allowed the dosage-dependence of the same drug to be compared alone and in combination drug treatments. The 52,000 MW viral envelope glycoprotein (gp52) of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was measured in culture fluids of control and drug-treated cultures while cell density was simultaneously determined by cell staining and OD 664 mu determination. While extracellular gp52 levels and cell density increased over 72 hours in control cultures, dose-dependent declines in both parameters provided dual measures of effect for combination CAF treatment [cyclophosphamide: doxorubicin (Adriamycin): 5-fluorouracil], combination CMF treatment [cyclophosphamide: methotrexate: 5-fluorouracil] and single component treatments of these combinations. Comparison of ED50s for gp52 reduction revealed that each drug's ED50 concentration was lower in combination treatment than it was in single treatment. In combined drug treatments, the ED50 of doxorubicin was lowered from 5.17 μM to 0.36 μM, that of 5-fluorouracil was lowered from 0.69 μM to 0.22 μM and that of methotrexate was lowered from 15 nM to 1.65 nM. Reductions of ED50 in combined drug treatments argued for drug synergisms in these combinations. When drug concentrations, rather than gp52 reductions, were fixed at identical levels in single and combined treatments, additional declines in gp52 levels reflected the enhanced effects of CAF and CMF combinations over single drug treatments. When the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, was added to CAF and CMF treatments, further declines in gp52 levels (below CAF and CMF levels) reflected the fact that these hormone-augmented treatments were more effective than either hormone or combination chemotherapy alone. These results indicate that decreases in extracellular levels of MMTV gp52 can be utilized in this in vitro assay an an alternative measure of chemotherapeutic effect for evaluating the synergistic of antagonistic nature of drug or hormone interactions and as a tool for in vitro optimization of combined drug effect.
Electron translucent vesicles in adrenal medulla following catecholamine depletion.

Abstract The fine structure of rabbit adrenal chromaffin cells was examined prior to, and at various times after, hypoglycemic stress-induced release of catecholamines. At the time of maximum catecholamine depletion, 12 hr after insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress, the ratio of electron translucent vesicles to total vesicles was greatest. Return of this ratio to control values occurred when catecholamine levels returned to prestimulation values. Likewise, the ratio of dense core vesicles to total vesicles decreased as the catecholamine level decreased and returned to control values concomitantly with the return of the catecholamines to their prestimulation levels. A rise in the ratio of dense core microvesicles to translucent microvesicles when the catecholamine levels are returning to their prestimulation values suggests that the dense core microvesicles may represent vesicles in the process of synthesizing or accumulating catecholamines. It is concluded that the translucent vesicles arise from dense core chromaffin vesicles and decrease in number as the catecholamine stores are replenished.
A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions

Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Methods: This meta-analysis of 49 fibromyalgia treatment outcome studies assessed the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment across four types of outcome measures—physical status, self-report of FMS symptoms, psychological status, and daily functioning. Results: After controlling for study design, antidepressants resulted in improvements on physical status and self-report of FMS symptoms. All nonpharmacological treatments were associated with significant improvements in all four categories of outcome measures with the exception that physically-based treatment (primarily exercise) did not significantly improve daily functioning. When compared, nonpharmacological treatment appears to be more efficacious in improving self-report of FMS symptoms than pharmacological treatment alone. A similar trend was suggested for functional measures. Conclusion: The optimal intervention for FMS would include nonpharmacological treatments, specifically exercise and cognitive-behavioral therapy, in addition to appropriate medication management as needed for sleep and pain symptoms.
Duplication 11p11.3 14.1 to meiotic crossing-over

An infant with macular dysfunction, cleft lip and palate, and developmental delay was shown to have an inverted duplication of 11p11.3 leads to p14.1 on the basis of meiotic recombination subsequent to an intrachromosomal "shift" in his mother. A half-sister had previously been shown [3] to have the reciprocal recombinant with resultant deletion of 11p11.3 leads to 11p14.1.
Effects of Enzyme-Inoculant Systems on Preservationand Nutritive Value of Haycrop and Corn Silages

Abstract Third-crop mixed grass-legume forage and corn were ensiled in 70-tonne bunker silos to evaluate the effects of a commercial carbohydrase enzyme-inoculant mixture (220 ml/tonne) and an experimental enzyme-inoculant mixture (264 ml/tonne) on silage fermentation and composition, ruminal degradation, and milk production. Twelve Jersey and 24 Holstein early lactation cows were fed one of four TMR at 32.5:32.5:35.0 haycrop silage:corn silage:concentrate (DM basis) containing a combination of treated and untreated silages from d 2 to 100 of lactation. Bunker silages were incubated twice in situ in fistulated cows in each dietary treatment to determine rates of DM and NDF degradation. Treatment of haycrop silage significantly reduced silage pH and acetic acid concentration and increased titratable acidity, lactic acid concentration, lactate: acetate ratio, and DM and NDF disappearances after 24h of ruminal incubation. Treated haycrop silage increased DMI:BW ratio and daily production of milk, milk protein, and SNF of early lactation cows. Application of the experimental mixture to corn silage did not change silage fermentation or composition, except that the concentration of NH 3 was reduced. Enzyme-treated corn silage did not improve DMI and slightly reduced daily milk production in early lactation cows.
A study of protein oxidative products using a pyrolysis-membrane inlet quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer with air as the buffer gas

Abstract Pyrolysis-membrane inlet mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the oxidative products of several peptides in an air buffered quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Results indicate that ion-molecule reactions can occur with solvent species present, forming adducts in the mass spectrometer. In addition, products resulting from oxidative pyrolysis may appear to be ion-molecule additions. Using isotopically labeled standards, different buffer gases and tandem mass spectrometry, two major oxidation products were determined to occur from proteins. Tyrosyl and phenylalanyl residues present in peptides and proteins were found to produce p -methoxybenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde upon oxidative thermal degradation. Subsequent analyte enhancement by the membrane inlet produced large mass spectral peaks characteristic of these amino acid species, when present. This paper details the investigation into the source and mechanism leading to the formation of some of these products.
An Inverse Method for Controlling the Temperature Distribution and Identification of the Conductivity of Thick Cylindrical Shells

The paper presents an inverse method for control of temperature distribution in thick cylindrical shells. Since the thickness is large enough, three-dimensional heat diffusion equations must be considered. To control the temperature distribution, the heat fluxes at the boundary surfaces of the cylindrical shell are assigned values such that the desired temperature distribution, which satisfies the steady state heat conduction equation, will be achieved. Furthermore, a Lyapunov-based method for identification of the conductivity of the cylinder is presented, and the estimated conductivity is updated such that it converges to the exact value. The numerical results are obtained by the finite element method (FEM), which include the heat flux at the surfaces of the cylinder. These results are shown to be in excellent agreement with the analytical solution.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Analysis of interdiffusion in multi-phase systems

Interdiffusion in multicomponent systems is typically studied through diffusion couple experiments in which two alloys are abutted and annealed at an elevated temperature for a fixed time. For diffusion zones with two-phase or multi-phase layers, however, the determination of fluxes and interdiffusion coefficients for a component is not straightforward. There is no single concentration profile for a component. Instead, there are distinct profiles for that component in each phase. In this paper the authors present two techniques to overcome the difficulties of analyzing multi-phase diffusion. For two-phase regions, quantitative metallography can be used to evaluate average compositions along the diffusion zone. For layers with two or more simultaneous phases, SEM/EDX linescan average composition measurements can be taken along with spot readings. The two techniques are compared in a study of a six-component diffusion couple experiment between a U-Pu-Zr alloy and a Fe-Ni-Cr stainless steel.
Attitude assessment in organizations: Testing three microcomputer-based survey systems.

Abstract The interface of social psychology and organizational behavior is illustrated through the area of attitude assessment, which has had a central role in social psychology and other fields, such as management, marketing, and organizational behavior. Organizations have increasingly used attitude surveys to assess employee concerns. To increase speed and efficiency, we suggest the use of computers to administer organizational surveys. Although recent studies have compared computer administration of a survey to an equivalent paper-and-pencil version, there has not been a comparative test among various computer systems to determine whether presentation differences (speed, size, color) affect user satisfaction. We compared three systems, CENSUS, MASQ, and P-MASQ, to each other as well as to a paper-and-pencil version of an attitude survey administered to 296 civilian Navy personnel. All three systems produced responses equivalent to each other and to the paper-and-pencil administration. American civilian...
Identification of children with low-risk brain injuries – Authors' reply

www.thelancet.com Vol 375 January 16, 2010 199 Authors’ reply Peng Luo and colleagues raise some questions about our study. The fi rst pertains to the reliability of assessing duration of loss of consciousness. In our “real world” study, loss of consciousness was reported by multiple individuals, which is typical in the emergency department, and achieved high inter-rater reliability. There were four broad categories of duration of loss of consciousness, acknowledging the inaccuracy of assessing exact duration. In the prediction rule for children aged 2 years and older, any loss of consciousness was an important predictor; for children younger than 2 years, a loss of consciousness of 5 s or longer was important. These categories rely minimally on duration of loss of consciousness. Luo and colleagues also question the lack of information regarding the region of the head struck. This information is not commonly known or reported accurately. Objective physical fi ndings (skull fracture, location of scalp haematoma), how ever, were important factors in our rules. Regarding the concern that subjective data could limit the reliability of the prediction rules, we only considered predictors that showed acceptable inter-rater agreement. Furthermore, the accuracy of our rules were nearly identical in derivation and validation groups. Another concern was that “derivation and validation were processed by the same group of investigators”. In fact, patients were assessed and data forms completed by hundreds of clinicians, and the rules generated and validated by statisticians from a separate data centre. Luo and colleagues suggest that the inclusion and exclusion criteria could limit the feasibility of the prediction rules in developing countries. It is unclear, however, how the broad, general entry criteria would limit generalisability. In fact, we deliberately did not require CT imaging as an entry criterion, and we sought a clinical rather than radiographic outcome applicable to developing world settings. There was also concern that a child just older than 2 years would be placed in the same age category as a 17-year-old. Although it is possible that rules derived for multiple small age subsets might vary slightly from the ones generated in our study, generation of these rules would require a study even larger than ours and add complexity to rule application. Nevertheless, ours is the fi rst study to separately derive and validate rules for preverbal children and verbal children. Finally, Luo and colleagues request more evidence about the risk of CT radiation. This is not feasible in a 3-year study, owing to the latency period of developing radiationinduced malignancies. Furthermore, this much-discussed topic is beyond the scope of our investigation.