cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extent, Nature and Consequences of Performing Outside Scope of Training in Global Health

Globalization has made it possible for global health professionals and trainees to participate in short-term training and professional experiences in a variety of clinical- and non-clinical activities across borders. Consequently, greater numbers of healthcare professionals and trainees from high-income countries (HICs) are working or volunteering abroad and participating in short-term experiences in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). How effective these activities are in advancing global health and in addressing the crisis of human resources for health remains controversial. What is known, however, is that during these short-term experiences in global health (STEGH), health professionals and those in training often face substantive ethical challenges. A common dilemma described is that of acting outside of one’s scope of training. However, the frequency, nature, circumstances, and consequences of performing outside scope of training (POST) have not been well-explored or quantified. The authors conducted an online survey of HIC health professionals and trainees working or volunteering in LMICs about their experiences with POST, within the last 5 years. A total of 223 survey responses were included in the final analysis. Half (49%) of respondents reported having been asked to perform outside their scope of training; of these, 61% reported POST. Trainees were nearly twice as likely as licensed professionals to report POST. Common reasons cited for POST were a mismatch of skills with host expectations, suboptimal supervision at host sites, inadequate preparation to decline POST, a perceived lack of alternative options and emergency situations. Many of the respondents who reported POST expressed moral distress that persisted over time. Given that POST is ethically problematic and legally impermissible, the high rates of being asked, and deciding to do so, were notable. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that additional efforts are needed to reduce the incidence of POST during STEGH, including pre-departure training to navigate dilemmas concerning POST, clear communication regarding expectations, and greater attention to the moral distress experienced by those contending with POST.
Body mass index is associated with smaller medial temporal lobe volume in those at risk for Alzheimer's disease

Body mass index (BMI) has a complex relationship with Alzheimer's disease (AD); in midlife, high BMI is associated with increased risk for AD, whereas the relationship in late-life is still unclear. To clarify the relationship between late-life BMI and risk for AD, this study examined the extent to which genetic predisposition for AD moderates BMI and AD-related biomarker associations. Participants included 126 cognitively normal older adults at baseline from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Genetic risk for AD was assessed via polygenic hazard score. AD-related biomarkers assessed were medial temporal lobe volume and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Hierarchical linear regressions were implemented to examine the effects of BMI and polygenic hazard score on AD-related biomarkers. Results showed that BMI moderated the relationship between genetic risk for AD and medial temporal lobe volume, such that individuals with high BMI and high genetic risk for AD showed lower volume in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. In sex-stratified analyses, these results remained significant only in females. Finally, BMI and genetic risk for AD were independently associated with CSF biomarkers of AD. These results provide evidence that high BMI is associated with lower volume in AD-vulnerable brain regions in individuals at genetic risk for AD, particularly females. The genetic pathways of AD may be exacerbated by high BMI. Environmental and genetic risk factors rarely occur in isolation, which underscores the importance of looking at their synergistic effects, as they provide insight into early risk factors for AD that prevention methods could target.
Value of technology in the U.S. electric power sector: Impacts of full portfolios and technological change on the costs of meeting decarbonization goals

Abstract Power sector decarbonization is an important pillar of climate mitigation efforts, but perspectives differ about the relative competitiveness of generation technologies and how limited portfolio approaches (e.g., where non-renewable generation options are prohibited) could alter the costs and likelihoods of reaching emissions reduction goals. The existing literature on impacts of technological availability and cost on electric sector planning typically use models that do not have sufficient technological, spatial, and temporal detail to adequately resolve the economic competitiveness of variable renewable energy vis-a-vis dispatchable generators. Using a state-of-the-art energy-economic model, this work examines impacts of technological availability and advanced generation technologies on U.S. electricity market outcomes across a range of regional, market, and policy contexts. We show that decarbonization costs are 11%–76% higher as technological options are removed from consideration (incremental compliance costs for a 95% CO2 reduction below 2005 levels are roughly twice as high when new nuclear, carbon-capture-equipped units, and transmission are not allowed). However, the economic and technical implications of limited portfolios depend on the market and policy contexts (e.g., costs are higher with stringent targets, more extensive end-use electrification, and lower gas prices) and the costs and capabilities of the remaining options. The analysis demonstrates how lower temporal and spatial resolution models likely understate the value of technology by omitting key economic and technical features of high variable renewable pathways. Additionally, the analysis quantifies how technological change can lower costs of emissions reductions by 7%–73% and how low-cost battery storage can provide a hedge against higher costs when technological portfolios are limited.
The Degree of Deterioration of Associated Death Scene Material

Experiments to determine the rate of deterioration of materials commonly found in association with human skeletonized remains at death scenes are described. Data of this kind can be used as an independent means of estimating time lapse between death and recovery of the victim's remains.
Cooperating Music Teachers’ Opinions Regarding the Importance of Selected Traits, Behaviors, and Skills as Predictors of Successful Student Teaching Experiences:

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of cooperating teachers regarding the importance of certain teacher traits, behaviors, and skills as predictors of a successful student te...
Rare Earth-bearing particles in fly ash carbons: Examples from the combustion of eastern Kentucky coals

Abstract Graphitic carbons from the combustion of bituminous coals and, perhaps, other coal ranks, tend to capture iron and a number of hazardous elements, including As, Hg, and Se. Rare earth elements in fly ashes occur in minerals, such as monazite, xenotime, and davidite. They also occur in sub-nm particles, probably in a mineral form, within the Al–Si glass on the investigated fly ashes. Just as graphitic carbons can capture Fe and hazardous elements, the carbons surrounding the fly ash glass and magnetic particles captures or encapsulates a broad suite of rare earth elements.
Does maladaptive cardiovagal modulation extend to gastric modulation in women with chronic pelvic pain

BACKGROUND Women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) have poor cardiovagal modulation. It is unclear whether this finding reflects a broader abnormality across many systems such as gastro-vagal modulation. AIM To determine if maladaptive cardiovagal activity in females with CPP is accompanied by maladaptive gastric myoelectric activity. METHODS A total of 36 health controls (HC) and 75 CPP underwent supine (10 min), then upright (tilted 70° head up; 30 min), and back to supine (10 min) positions. High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV; 0.15-0.4 Hz) was measured as an index of cardiovagal activity. Cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG) assessed gastric myoelectric activity pre- and during-upright tilt. EGG measures from 16 HC and 31 CPP patients were available for analysis and included relative percentage of gastric activity within the normal (2-4 cpm) and tachygastria (4-10 cpm) ranges, plus ratio of normal/tachygastria. RESULTS HF-HRV was lower in CPP individuals at all time points (each p < .05). CPP individuals showed lesser decrease in HF-HRV from supine to upright, and poorer HF-HRV recovery from upright back to supine (F[1, 106] = 4.62, p = .034). HC showed increase in tachygastria activity (t[15] = -2.09, p = .054) while the CPP group showed no change in tachygastria activity from pre-upright to upright (t[30] = -0.62, p = .537). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CPP going from supine to upright demonstrate an impairment in both tachygastria and the parallel decrement in HRV. These results support the hypothesis of a generalized blunting in the physiological modulation in CPP individuals affecting both cardiovascular and gastric systems.
Transfer of the Serotonin Modulator Vortioxetine into Human Milk: A Case Series.

Background: Vortioxetine (Trintellix) is a serotonin modulator used in the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. There are no data presently published on the transfer of vortioxetine in...
Return to work after deceased donor kidney transplant under the kidney allocation system.

BACKGROUND The Kidney Allocation System (KAS) includes a scoring system to match transplant candidate life expectancy with expected longevity of the donor kidney, and a backdating policy that gives waitlist time credit to patients waitlisted after starting dialysis treatment (post-dialysis). We estimated the effect of the KAS on employment among patient subgroups targeted by the policy. METHODS We used a sample selection model to compare employment after transplant before and after KAS implementation among patients on the kidney-only transplant waitlist between December 4, 2011 and December 31, 2017. RESULTS Post-dialysis transplant recipients aged 18-49 were significantly more likely to be employed 1-year post transplant in the post-KAS era compared to the pre-KAS era. Transplant recipients aged 35-64 with no dialysis treatment were significantly less likely to be employed 1 year after transplant in the post-KAS era compared to the pre-KAS era. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first assessment of employment after DDKT under the KAS and provides important information about both the methods used to measure employment after transplant and the outcome under the KAS. Changes in employment after DDKT among various patient subgroups have important implications for assessing long-term patient and societal effects of the KAS and organ allocation policy.
Assessment of Pain and Sleep Symptoms in Children at High Risk for Cerebral Palsy in a Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Clinic: Implications for Future Quality Improvement Interventions

Abstract Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often experience distressing symptoms. It is estimated that 3 in 4 have chronic pain and 1 in 5 have a sleep disorder, with the highest frequency and severity occurring in children with the greatest impairment. Sleep impairment and pain can adversely impact activities, participation and quality of life; however, prevalence of these symptoms in children at risk for CP
Fine Structure of Pentaquark Multiplets in the Dynamical Diquark Model

We apply the dynamical diquark model to predict the spectrum of hidden-charm pentaquark states in both unflavored and open-strange sectors. Using only Hamiltonian parameters introduced in the tetraquark $S$- and $P$-wave multiplets, the model naturally produces the level spacing supported by the most recent LHCb results for $P_c$ structures. Furthermore, using model inputs obtained from data of hidden-charm, open-strange tetraquarks ($Z_{cs}$), we predict the spectrum of $P_{cs}$ states, including the recently observed $P_{cs}(4459)$. We find all pentaquark candidates observed to date to belong to the $1P$ multiplet and hence have positive parity.
Flows of Direct Energy

Accounting for direct energy as it flows through an economy is essential for developing a dynamic picture of its metabolism. In this chapter, we apply the First Law of Thermodynamics to sectors of the economy to describe flows of direct energy from the biosphere, through economies, and ultimately back to the biosphere as waste heat. Direct energy accounting equations are developed through a series of example economies with increasing levels of disaggregation. Finally, direct energy flows for the example of the US auto industry are discussed.
Implementing the Gen 2 MAC on the Intel-UW WISP

We present the implementation and evaluation of the Gen 2 anti-collision protocol on the Intel-UW WISP. Because WISPs are wirelessly powered and highly energy constrained, appropriate MAC protocols are an open challenge. The previous approach to medium access on the WISP was to transmit data at every opportunity. This strategy consumes very little energy per data transmission, and works well when only one WISP is active at a time. However, when many tags are present and attempting to transmit simultaneously, their transmissions collide and no WISP can communicate with the reader. The Gen 2 RFID standard speci?es an anti-collision mechanism where tags randomize their transmissions across a number of slots, though this approach has been considered too energy intensive for use on the WISP. Through experimentation with a deployment of WISPs, we show that our Gen 2 MAC implementation allows all tags to communicate at a high rate, generally achieving better than 10 responses per second when close to a reader. This is in contrast to WISPs using the prior MAC approach where no tag can respond to the reader more than once per second in the same scenario. We additionally show that even for a single tag, the use of slotting does not degrade performance. This means that the full Gen 2 MAC is appropriate for use on the WISP, as it enables tags to communicate effectively in deployments consisting of one or many tags.
Antimicrobial Resistance Impacts Clinical Outcome of Granulomatous Colitis in Boxer Dogs

Background: Escherichia coli have recently been identified within the colonic mucosa of Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis (GC). Eradication of invasive E. coli is associated with clinical and histological remission. Objectives: To determine antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. coli strains from GC and healthy dogs, and the association of antimicrobial resistance with clinical outcome. Animals: Fourteen Boxer dogs with GC and 17 healthy pet dogs. Methods: Prospective study: E. coli was cultured from GC biopsies and rectal mucosal swabs of healthy dogs. Individual strains were selected by phylogroup and overall genotype, determined by triplex- and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: Culture yielded 23 E. coli strains from GC (1–3/dog, median 2) and 34 strains from healthy (1–3/dog, median 2). E. coli phylogroups were similar (P= .18) in GC (5A, 7B1, 5B2, 6D) and healthy (2A, 10B1, 15B2, 7D). Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfa (TMS), ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol was greater (P < .05) in GC (21–64%) than healthy (0–24%). Enrofloxacin resistant E. coli were isolated from 6/14 GC versus 0/17 healthy (P= .004). Of the enrofloxacin resistant cases, 4/6 were also resistant to macrophage-penetrating antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and TMS. Enrofloxacin treatment before definitive diagnosis was associated with antimicrobial resistance (P < .01) and poor clinical outcome (P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Antimicrobial resistance is common among GC-associated E. coli and impacts clinical response. Antimicrobial therapy should be guided by mucosal culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing rather than empirical wisdom.
Visualizing Evidence and Inference in Legal Settings

This short paper discusses two key functions of visualizing evidence and inference in legal settings such as trials and pretrial investigation.
Multinets in \(\mathbb{P}^{2}\)

Multinets are certain configurations of lines and points with multiplicities in the complex plane \(\mathbb{P}^{2}\). They are used in the studies of resonance and characteristic varieties of complex hyperplane arrangement complements and cohomology of Milnor fibers. If all multiplicities equal 1 then a multinet is a net that is a realization by lines and points of several orthogonal latin squares. Very few examples of multinets with nontrivial multiplicities are known. In this paper, we present new examples of multinets. These are obtained by using an analogue of nets in \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\) and intersecting them by planes.
Eccentrically Loaded Columns

If an eccentrically loaded column is stressed beyond the proportional limit, the stress-strain relation varies in a complex manner from point to point in the member. Since a rigorous analysis is extremely difficult, an approximate solution of the load-deflection curve is presented. It is based on two assumptions: 1) the column axis deflects in a half sine wave, and 2) the stress varies linearly across the section. This method is best suited for wide flange shapes bent about the major axis of symmetry.
Low‐cloud characteristics over the tropical western Pacific from ARM observations and CAM5 simulations

This study evaluates the ability of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) to reproduce low clouds observed by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) cloud radar at Manus Island of the tropical western Pacific during the Years of Tropical Convection. Here low clouds are defined as clouds with their tops below the freezing level and bases within the boundary layer. Low-cloud statistics in CAM5 simulations and ARM observations are compared in terms of their general occurrence, mean vertical profiles, fraction of precipitating versus nonprecipitating events, diurnal cycle, and monthly time series. Other types of clouds are included to put the comparison in a broader context. The comparison shows that the model overproduces total clouds and their precipitation fraction but underestimates low clouds in general. The model, however, produces excessive low clouds in a thin layer between 954 and 930 hPa, which coincides with excessive humidity near the top of the mixed layer. This suggests that the erroneously excessive low clouds stem from parameterization of both cloud and turbulence mixing. The model also fails to produce the observed diurnal cycle in low clouds, not exclusively due to the model coarse grid spacing that does not resolve Manus Island. This study demonstrates the utility of ARM long-term cloud observations in the tropical western Pacific in verifying low clouds simulated by global climate models, illustrates issues of using ARM observations in model validation, and provides an example of severe model biases in producing observed low clouds in the tropical western Pacific.
Palatal width, height, and length in human twins.

Abstract No Abstract Available. Based on a thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. This investigation was supported in part by USPHS research grant 5 RO1 DE0271302 from the National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and General Research support Grant SO1 FR0533008 to the School of Dentistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York.
Terra Vibrata: Some Observations on the Dynamics of Soil Landscapes

(1988). Terra Vibrata: Some Observations on the Dynamics of Soil Landscapes. Physical Geography: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 175-185.
Ultra-low noise microwave phase stabilizer using sapphire ring resonator

The preliminary design details for two sapphire whispering gallery mode phase stabilizers are presented. The sapphire resonators are cooled in individual liquid nitrogen dewars to an operating temperature of approximately 80 K. Each operates to stabilize the phase of an 8.1 GHz signal derived from a quartz crystal oscillator operating at 100 MHz. Ultra-low phase noise (-80 dB/Hz at 1 Hz offset) is projected due to the high resonator Q (3*10/sup 7/ at 80 K). The temperature of the thermally uncompensated sapphire resonators is stabilized by RF heating to a value approximately 3 degrees above that of a liquid nitrogen bath. Oscillator configurations which can further reduce oscillator phase noise are discussed and analyzed. These circuit improvements should provide crystal-oscillator type performance in a room-temperature 10 GHz (X-band) oscillator using a whispering gallery mode sapphire resonator with an intrinsic Q of 2*10/sup 5/. A general description of the oscillator systems and the thermal design considerations together with design details and analysis for the microwave aspects is presented. >
Chain‐Reaction Polymerization

Chain-reaction polymerization is one of the two processes for converting monomer to polymer; the other is step-reaction polymerization. Equivalent terms are either chain polymerization or chain-growth polymerization for the former and step polymerization or step-growth polymerization for the latter. Chain polymerizations require an initiator, which produces an initiator species with a reactive center. The reactive center may be a free radical, cation, anion, or organometallic complex. Polymerization occurs by the propagation of the reactive center through successive additions of large numbers of monomer molecules in a chain reaction. The utility of chain-reaction polymerization resides in the wide range of polymer structures that can be obtained through proper choice of monomer and method of initiation, ie, radical, cationic, anionic, and coordination. Further variations in polymer structure are available through copolymerization and stereochemical control. Keywords: polymerization; initiators; monomers; chain-growth
The X-ray luminosity function of Abell clusters.

X-ray sources identified with Abell clusters of galaxies in distance classes less than or equal to 3 give a quantitative estimate of the volume luminosity function for those clusters emitting between 10 to the 44th and 10 to the 45th power ergs/s in X-rays. At higher luminosities, tentative identifications with more distant clusters can be interpreted at least as an upper limit. This limit allows a smooth extension of the luminosity function, but with a fairly steep decrease in the range from 10 to the 45th to 10 to the 46th power ergs/s. No direct information is available for luminosities less than 10 to the 44th power ergs/s because current X-ray surveys are limited to nearby distances with very few Abell clusters; however, constraints at the low-luminosity end can be set by considering the total volume density of Abell clusters and the upper limit to the numbers of unidentified X-ray sources. The luminosity function must flatten or turn over below 10 to the 44th power ergs/s; therefore, counts of distant X-ray clusters to such a faint intrinsic luminosity can yield cosmological information.
Comparing Energy Expenditure in Adolescents With and Without Autism While Playing Nintendo(®) Wii(™) Games.

Abstract Objective: Obesity rates are on the rise in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which underscores the importance of finding new ways in which to engage this population in physical activity. We wanted to explore the energetic expenditure of adolescents with and without ASD while playing Nintendo® Wii™ (Nintendo of America, Inc., Redmond, WA) games compared with more traditional exercise modalities. Specifically, we wanted to compare energy expenditure (EE) among the different activities and to see which activities lead to the greatest amount of time classified as “moderate to vigorous.” Subjects and Methods: Two groups of adolescents (15 with ASD [mean age, 17.50±2.4 years], 15 without ASD [mean age, 17.23±4.1 years]) participated in 20-minute bouts of walking, running, and playing Nintendo Wii “Sport™,” Wii “Fit™,” and “Dance Dance Revolution” (DDR) (Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc., El Segundo, CA). During each session, EE was calculated using an Actical (Mini Mitter Co., Bend, O...
Opportunities for Ethnography in the Sociology of Music

Abstract Since the 1920s the sociological study of music has greatly benefited from the contributions made by researchers who use ethnographic methods in their work, and in this article I review some of this noteworthy scholarship. I argue that the last 10 years have seen a flourishing of ethnography on the relationships between music and, respectively, gender, place, and globalization. I conclude by identifying three topics that could benefit from further ethnographic study: the use of popular music in the marketing of urban areas; the production process within the culture industries; and the consumption of music in real time and space.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene deletions.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequences of 10 intragenic human HPRT gene deletion junctions isolated from thioguanine-resistant PSV811 Werner syndrome fibroblasts or from HL60 myeloid leukemia cells. Deletion junctions were located by fine structure blot hybridization mapping and then amplified with flanking oligonucleotide primer pairs for DNA sequence analysis. The junction region sequences from these 10HPRT mutants contained 13 deletions ranging in size from 57 bp to 19.3 kb. Three DNA inversions of 711, 368, and 20 bp were associated with tandem deletions in two mutants. Each mutant contained the deletion of one or more HPRT exon, thus explaining the thioguanine-resistant cellular phenotype. Deletion junction and donor nucleotide sequence alignments suggest that all of these HPRT gene rearrangements were generated by the nonhomologous recombination of donor DNA duplexes that share little nucleotide sequence dentity. This result is surprising, given the potential for homologous recombination between copies of repeated DNA sequences that constitute approximately a third of the human HPRT locus. No difference in deletion structure or complexity was observed between deletions isolated from Werner syndrome or from HL60 mutants. This suggests that the Werner syndrome deletion mutator uses deletion mutagenesis pathway(s) that are similar or identical to those used in other human somatic cells.
Impacts of HIV infection on Vγ2Vδ2 T cell phenotype and function: a mechanism for reduced tumor immunity in AIDS

HIV infection causes rapid and lasting defects in the population of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. To fully describe the impact of HIV, we examined PBMC samples from HIV+ patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had displayed prolonged viral control and CD4 counts above 300 cells/mm3. We observed lower frequencies of CD27–/CD45RA– Vγ2Vδ2 cells in HIV+ individuals when compared with controls, coupled with an increased proportion of CD45RA+ cells. These changes were common among 24 HIV+ patients and were not related to CD4 cell count or viral RNA burden. Vγ2 cells from HIV+ individuals had lower expression of Granzyme B and displayed reduced cytotoxicity against Daudi targets after in vitro stimulation. There was increased expression of FasR (CD95) on Vγ2 cells from HIV+ PBMC that may be a mechanism for depletion of Vγ2 cells during disease. In addition to the well-characterized defects in the Vγ2 repertoire and functional responses to phosphoantigen, the proportion of CD27–/CD45RA– Vγ2Vδ2 T cells after isopentenyl pyrophosphate stimulation was reduced sharply in HIV+ donors versus controls. Thus, HIV infection has multiple impacts on the circulating Vγ2Vδ2 T cell population that combine to reduce the potential effector activity in terms of tumor cytotoxicity. Changes in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, along with concomitant effects on NK and NKT cells that also contribute to tumor surveillance, may be important factors for elevating the risk of malignancy during AIDS.
Inhibition by GDPβS of agonist-activated phospholipase C in human platelets requires cell permeabilization

The inhibition by guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate (GDP beta S) of phospholipase C was compared in intact and saponin-permeabilized human platelets in order to assess whether effects of GDP beta S on phospholipase C activation unrelated to guanine nucleotide binding function were occurring. GDP beta S exhibited no effect on phospholipase C activity, monitored by phosphatidic acid formation, in intact platelets that were unstimulated or stimulated with 0.5 U/ml thrombin or 20 nM ONO-11113 (a stable thromboxane A2 analogue). However, GDP beta S did cause a marked decrease in the activity of phospholipase C in saponin-permeabilized platelets. Thus GDP beta S is a viable tool for studying the role of G-proteins in transducing receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C in platelets.
Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 °C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.
Training in community psychiatry: Its relation to clinical psychiatry

The community psychiatry training programs, in response to national need, have begun to train psychiatrists who are not given much basic clinical psychiatry training. This poses some serious problems. The community psychiatrist does not usually function in immediate relationship to the people with whom he is concerned. It is thus easier to dehumanize people and see them as a mass to be manipulated. Clinical training, with continued clinical work, not only sensitizes one to transference and countertransference problems of individuals and group psychotherapeutic work vital to self-awareness in all interpersonal situations, but it also keeps one focused on the individual human being and his needs and reactions to programs and process. It also makes it possible to utilize clinical acumen in all of one's interpersonal relations at all levels.
Determination of the activity coefficient of a volatile component in a binary system by gas‐liquid chromatography

The gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method of measuring the activity coefficient of the solute in a binary system has been extended from infinite dilution to the finite concentration range. An equation is presented relating the retention volume of the injected solute sample to the equilibrium solute concentration present in the column. This relation permits determination of the activity coefficient of the solute. Based on the experimental results obtained from the study of the two binary systems, benzene in diethylene glycol at 50°, 70°, and 90°C. and n-hexane in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 30°C., the activity coefficients of the solute measured by the GLC method were found to agree within about ±5% with those obtained by the static equilibrium method.
Scintigraphic detection of sinusitis.

Radionuclide scintigraphy is useful in the diagnosis of sinusitis. Three cases are described, using different radionuclide agents (99mTc-MDP, 67Ga-citrate and 111Inleukocytes) in which sinusitis was discovered, though clinically unsuspected. The advantages and limitations of these agents are briefly reviewed.
Ground-state energetics of helium and deuterium fermion fluids

The method of correlated basis functions (CBF) is applied to the evaluation of the ground-state energy of atomic fermion fluids as a function of density. As a first step, liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in both unpolarized and fully polarized spin configurations is considered variationally, using Slater-Jastrow trial wave functions. Results are reported for a conventional analytic choice of the state-independent two-body correlation function $f(r)$ and for the optimal $f(r)$ determined by the solution of a suitable Euler equation. The Jastrow treatment is found to be inadequate in that (i) the energy expectation value lies above the experimental equilibrium energy by some 1.5 K, and (ii) the polarized phase is predicted to be more stable than the unpolarized one. For a given polarization, a correlated basis is formed by application of the assumed Jastrow correlation factor to the elements of a complete set of noninteracting-Fermi-gas Slater determinants. The exact ground-state energy may be developed in a perturbation expansion in the correlated basis, the leading term being the Jastrow energy expectation value. Considerable improvement on the Jastrow description of the unpolarized phase is achieved upon inclusion of the correlated two-particle\char22{}two-hole component of the second-order CBF perturbation correction. At the experimental equilibrium density, this contribution, which incorporates important momentum- and spin-dependent correlations, can amount to some 0.6-1.1 K [depending on the choice of $f(r)$]. The required correlated-basis matrix elements are calculated by Fermi hypernetted-chain (FHNC) techniques, crucial Pauli effects of the elementary diagrams being introduced through the FHNC/C algorithm. The Euler equation is approximated within the same framework. The momentum-space integrations in the second-order perturbation correction are evaluated by a Monte Carlo procedure. One may reasonably expect that further refinements of the CBF method will lead to an accurate microscopic description of the ground-state energetics of liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. Bulk atomic deuterium with all electronic spins aligned is treated at the same level of approximation as applied to helium. Three choices of nuclear-spin distribution are examined, with a single spin state present, or two or three equally populated nuclear spin states. The finite-density energy minimum is found to lie very close to zero energy in all three examples; a very precise many-body calculation will thus be needed to decide their liquid or gaseous nature at zero temperature under zero external pressure.
Biodegradation of estolides from monounsaturated fatty acids

Mono- and polyestolides, made from oleic acid, meadowfoam oil fatty acids and erucic acid, were subjected to biodegradation with mixed cultures of Penicillium verucosum, Mucor racemosus, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Fermentations were continued for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 d. Meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids, oleic acid and soybean oil were also biodegraded under the same conditions. After 10 d, oleic acid and soybean oil were degraded 99.8 and 99.2%, respectively; meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids were degraded 89.0 and 97.7%, respectively. After 30 d, oleic acid-derived poly- and monoestolides were degraded 98.6 and 90.0%, respectively, meadowfoam estolides were degraded 75.7%, and erucic acid estolides were degraded 84.0%.
Remarks on local discrete symmetry

Abstract It is pointed out that discrete symmetries left unbroken after a spontaneous Higgs condensation remain as global symmetries in the low-energy effective theory. The global nature of these discrete symmetries makes the associated charges physical so that they may become “quantum hair” for black holes as has been suggested recently. It is also emphasized that to obtain a theory with a local discrete symmetry G, one must not only introduce sectors in the Hilbert space corresponding to G-twisted boundary conditions, but should also project out G non-invariant states in each sector to preserve the local G gauge invariance. Explicit examples discussed here include a Z N model with two scalars and the SO(3) → O(2) model with Alice strings.
Advantage or Disadvantage? The Changing Institutional Landscape of Underserved Mortgage Markets:

This article argues that the resolution to the banking crisis after 1989 created a set of market rules promoting financial consolidation and giving large financial conglomerates competitive advantages that could allow them to more effectively tap historically underserved mortgage markets. Focusing on Chicago during the period 1993—2000, the author assesses the role played by consolidating lenders and their counterparts in altering the allocation of home purchase mortgages so as to benefit historically underserved markets. The results indicate that even as consolidating lenders are often leaders in more permissive mortgage market outcomes, substantial variations across time and between different areas of the city are suggestive of how underserved markets fare in the new financial marketplace.
Effects of unreliable automation and individual differences on supervisory control of multiple ground robots

A military multitasking environment was simulated to examine the effects of unreliable automation on the performance of robotics operators. The main task was to manage a team of four ground robots with the assistance of RoboLeader, an intelligent agent capable of coordinating the robots and changing their routes based upon developments in the mission environment. RoboLeader's recommendations were manipulated to be either false-alarm prone or miss prone, with a reliability level of either 60% or 90%. The visual density of the targeting environment was manipulated by the presence or absence of friendly soldiers. Results showed that the type of RoboLeader unreliability (false-alarm vs. miss prone) affected operator's performance of tasks involving visual scanning (target detection, route editing, and situation awareness). There was a consistent effect of visual density for multiple performance measures. Participants with higher spatial ability performed better on the two tasks that required the most visual scanning (target detection and route editing). Participants' attentional control impacted their overall multitasking performance, especially during their execution of the secondary tasks (communication and gauge monitoring).
Effect of confining pressure on fracture toughness of Indiana limestone

The use of linear elastic fracture mechanics for modeling the fracture of rock is discussed and compared to Griffith theory. Fracture toughness, KIc, is measured for single-edge-notch specimens of Indiana limestone as a function of hydrostatic pressure. Results of 11 tests are reported for which specimens were pre-cracked in fatigue, jacketed with urethane, and loaded to failure under superimposed confining pressure. KIc is found to increase from 0.93 MN m−32 (0.85 ksi √in.) at atmospheric pressure to 4.2 MN m−32 (3.8 ksi √in.) at a confining pressure of 62 MPa (9000 psi).
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: from pathogenesis to therapy.

CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) (1) characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) (2). The Ph is the result of a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of a hybrid BCR/ABL gene on chromosome 22 (3). The p210BCR/ABL oncoprotein is necessary and sufficient for transformation. Introduction of BCR/ABL into hematopoietic cell lines renders them cytokine independent in vitro and tumorigenic in vivo (4,5). Transplantation of BCR/ABL-transduced murine HSC causes a CML-like syndrome (6±8), and transgenic expression of BCR/ABL induces leukemias and lymphomas (9,10). Although these studies show the transforming potential of BCR/ABL, they do not explain the typical clinical features of CML. The clinical syndrome of CML can be summarized as an (a) abnormal, unregulated expansion of Ph1 progenitors and precursors (b) affecting the myeloid but not erythroid or lymphoid lineages, (c) which circulate prematurely in the peripheral blood and home to extramedullary locations and (d) demonstrate a tendency to acquire additional molecular defects, leading to blast crisis over a period of 3±5 years (11,12). In this article, we review the molecular pathways that are affected by the BCR/ABL oncoprotein and how this may explain the clinical features of the disease. We also discuss ongoing and future therapeutic approaches for CML that are based on our current understanding of the pathophysiology of CML.
Computer power. Part 2: electrical power problems and their amelioration

Computers need clean, reliable, electrical power. The various faults of electrical power, such as spikes, sags, outages, noise, frequency variations, and static electricity, are defined and described. Preventive measures that computer users can employ to reduce the potential of electrical problems are discussed, as are the processes for detecting, diagnosing, and curing electrical problems when they do occur. Sidebars consider: transformers; power distribution units (PDUs); surge currents/ linear and non‐linear loads; and sizing the power conditioning system. The next issue will conclude this series with an article on uninterruptible power supplies and a bibliography.
Phase development of Bi-2212 superconductor: A time-resolved neutron powder diffraction investigation

Time-resolved {ital in} {ital situ} neutron powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement have been used to study the synthesis of Bi-2212 from hydroxide precursors in a 2{percent} O{sub 2} atmosphere. Bi-2212 was found to form within the temperature range 770{endash}800{degree}C. Studies at 800{degree}C show that Bi-2212 grows rapidly at the expense of Bi-2201. Upon lowering the temperature to 500{degree}C and changing the atmosphere to Ar, a rapid increase in the lattice parameters was observed. We attribute this change to the loss of oxygen from the Bi-2212 lattice. The final material exhibited a {ital T}{sub {ital c}} of 94 K. {copyright} {ital 1996 Materials Research Society.}
A note on a semicircle theorem

A new semicircle theorem is derived for unstable barotropic disturbances to a class of rectilinear barotropic currents u(y) in systems with an ambient potential vorticity gradient (f/h)y which satisfies (u—us)(f/h)y ⩾ 0 throughout the y domain, where us is some value of u. In the conventional semicircle theorem for this flow, the radius of the semicircle is a function of both the range of u and the maximum speed of the stable Rossby waves that can exist in the system when u = 0. In the new semicircle theorem, the radius is only a function of the former when it is small compared to the latter. Currents which do not satisfy the above condition, as well as stable modes and baroclinic systems, are also discussed.
The photochemistry of ethyl chloride

Abstract Ethyl chloride and deuterium-labelled ethyl chlorides have been photolyzed at 184.9, 163.3, 147.0 and 123.6 nm in the gas phase and at 163.3 and 147.0 nm in the liquid phase. The use of NO, O 2 and HI as radical scavengers has permitted a determination of the quantum yields of primary photodecomposition processes as a function of wavelength. At low energies, excitation of an electron into an antibonding σ* orbital leads primarily to CCl bond cleavage, while at higher energies this process is largely replaced by loss of HCl and hydrogen. Both 1,1- and 1,2-HCl eliminations are observed. The absence of significant amounts of hydrogen atom production at 163.3 nm and at low pressures suggests that one excited state may be responsible for HCl elimination and a second for chlorine atom loss, in agreement with the mechanism of Ichimura .
Attention and memory in cerebral palsied infants

Attention and memory in cerebral palsied (CP) infants have been difficult to evaluate because of their impaired motor ability. The present experiment overcame this difficulty by using a visual habituation task which involved minimal motor activity. Sixteen CP and 16 normal infants, 9 to 16 months of age, matched on age, sex, and SES were habituated to a photograph of a female face and then were tested with the familiar face, a novel female face, and a lion's face. Independent measures were taken of Attention Getting, the tendency to turn to a photograph, and Attention Holding, the tendency to fixate after turning. On all Attention Getting measures, CP infants' latencies were longer than those of the normal infants; but on all Attention Holding measures CP infants were equal. Both groups habituated at the same rate and both discriminated novel from familiar faces. The study demonstrated that on a visual recognition memory task, CP infants performed quite well, and that the habituation paradigm can be used effectively with infants having severe motor impairment.
Contraceptive nonuse among US women at risk for unplanned pregnancy.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to assess risk factors for contraceptive nonuse among a nationally representative sample of US women and explored the influence of future pregnancy intentions on contraceptive nonuse. Study Design Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), we analyzed 12 months of contraceptive behavior among 3687 women at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Results Compared with contraceptive users, contraceptive nonusers were more likely to be older than 40 years (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.7–14.7), black (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8), less educated (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–4.0), uninsured (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.4), Medicaid recipients (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.9) or having infrequent intercourse (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7–5.3). We found no significant association between future pregnancy intentions and contraceptive behavior. Conclusions While family planning efforts have traditionally focused on disadvantaged women, older women and women who have infrequent sex are also at high risk for nonuse. Future pregnancy intentions, as currently assessed by the NSFG, is not a useful indicator of contraceptive behavior.
Coiled Bodies and Gems: Janus or Gemini?

Coiled bodies (CBs) were discovered around the turn of the century by Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1903), a true pioneer of cytology and neuroscience. In 1906, Cajal and Camillo Golgi shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for their descriptions of the architecture of the vertebrate nervous system. As an almost ancillary part of their studies, each investigator discovered a new cellular organelle: the internal reticular apparatus and the accessory body. Cajal originally termed his structure the “accessory body” because, like its larger cousin, the nucleolus, it was easily stained by silver nitrate.