cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells

We report the application of single-molecule-based sequencing technology for high-throughput profiling of histone modifications in mammalian cells. By obtaining over four billion bases of sequence from chromatin immunoprecipitated DNA, we generated genome-wide chromatin-state maps of mouse embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells and embryonic fibroblasts. We find that lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation effectively discriminates genes that are expressed, poised for expression, or stably repressed, and therefore reflect cell state and lineage potential. Lysine 36 trimethylation marks primary coding and non-coding transcripts, facilitating gene annotation. Trimethylation of lysine 9 and lysine 20 is detected at satellite, telomeric and active long-terminal repeats, and can spread into proximal unique sequences. Lysine 4 and lysine 9 trimethylation marks imprinting control regions. Finally, we show that chromatin state can be read in an allele-specific manner by using single nucleotide polymorphisms. This study provides a framework for the application of comprehensive chromatin profiling towards characterization of diverse mammalian cell populations.
Technical progress and social development

Technology has made enormous contributions to modern society, but there still remain many attention-challenging aspects of its influence upon social development; some of these aspects are discussed here by this noted scientisteducator, who says that many future social developments can be realized only through better technical developments and better management. The type of management that is most likely to be successful in the long run will direct and inspire, but not too rigidly control.
Secondary Iron and Manganese Distributions and Aquic Conditions in a Mollisol Catena of Central Iowa

Redoximorphic features, saturation, and reduction of Fe are the essential properties that define aquic conditions. Proposed colorimetric tests for reduction of Fe did not respond in sola of a Mollisol catena from central Iowa. The objectives of this study were to determine the distributions of redox-sensitive metals as potential indicators of aquic condition and relate them to soil morphology and water table depth of soils to differentiate aquic from nonaquic conditions. The variabilities of different forms of extractable Fe and Mn throughout the soil profile and their relationships to aquic and nonaquic conditions were investigated for five soils from a Mollisol catena in central Iowa. Selective dissolution methods were used to extract various forms of Fe and Mn. There was a pronounced decrease in total Fe as the duration of saturation increased. With permanent saturation and presence of gray matrices in soil horizons, content of Fed and Mnd (citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite-extractable Fe and Mn) decreased, but Mn d increased where periodic saturation exists. The ratio of Mn d /Fe d with its depth function in conjunction with water table data and soil morphology separated aquic from nonaquic conditions among members of the Mollisol catena studied. Therefore, secondary Fe and Mn distributions within this Mollisol catena are better indicators of aquic and nonaquic environments than the colorimetric tests for Fe 2+ . This ratio needs to be tested in other areas and could be used as an alternate criterion instead of reduction of Fe when a colorimetric test does not differentiate aquic from nonaquic conditions.
The Hidden Influences of Office Design

A good deal of attention has been directed at the suggestion that office design including the arrangement of offices, furnishings, and physical objects present in the work setting influences job performance, job attitudes, and impressions. With almost 40 million people currently working in 9 billion square feet of office space in the United States,1 even relatively small influences of office design on performance, attitudes, and impressions could have a large impact on productivity levels and employee attitudes. Many managers are unaware of the relationship between office design and various organizational behaviors, attitudes, and impressions. In this paper, I will (1) identify and describe the ways various elements of office design influence attitudes and behaviors, (2) identify and describe symbolic messages conveyed by office design, and (3) elaborate on actions managers can take that may result in more efficient and effective work environments.
U.S. Small Arms Policy: Having It Both Ways

weapons had been stored, even as the superpowers and their allies averted their gaze from the conflicts that had once engaged them. Fresh supplies of assault rifles and other easily portable weapons began flooding conflict zones, threatening life and livelihood of the world's poorest peoples. In October 2000, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan soberly announced that the annual death toll from small arms regularly exceeded the carnage wrought at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. No less than the atomic bombs that devastated those cities, he argued, smaller weapons should be recognized as "weapons of mass destruction." The United States formally undertook to address the growing concern, promising to "promote regional security, peace and reconciliation in regions of conflict and to make the world safer by helping to shut down illicit arms markets that fuel the violence associated with terrorism and international organized crime." Washington offered strong support for the recommendations of a UN Panel of Experts on Small Arms, and in December 2000 pledged to observe the highest standards of restraint in its own small arms export policies. Senior government officials frequently hold up U.S. laws, practices, and enforcement procedures as an effective model for other nations to follow. Even analysts and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are otherwise critical have lauded U.S. policy. In 2005, the independent Small Arms Survey ranked the U.S. first among 25 countries in its Transparency Barometer, with a score of 16 out of 20 on an index assessing export reporting practices. Similarly, a consortium of NGOs reviewing state efforts to implement the UN's 2001 action plan on small arms gave the United States mostly high marks for its policy and programs. The Congressional Research Service (crs) in 2006 summed up the consensus: "The export licensing and monitoring laws, regulations and procedures of the United States are widely acknowledged to be the most
Shear Stress Induces Time- and Domain-Dependent Changes in Lipid Dynamics of Endothelial Cell Membranes

Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of the blood vasculature and are exposed to shear stress (τ), the tangential component of hemodynamic forces. ECs transduce τ into biochemical signals possibly via EC-membrane perturbations. We have previously used confocal-FRAP on the DiI-stained plasma membranes of confluent cultured bovine aortic ECs (BAECs) to show that τ induces a rapid, spatially heterogeneous, and time-dependent increase in the lateral diffusion of the fluorescent lipoid probe in the BAEC membrane [1]. We now present evidence at the single molecule level that shear stress differentially perturbs membrane domains that are defined by their selective staining by lipoid dyes (DiI) of differing alkyl chain lengths. This study is the first to directly measure perturbation by shear stress of endothelial cell membrane microdomains.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Systems engineering of the Thirty Meter Telescope through integrated opto-mechanical analysis

The merit function routine (MFR) is implemented in the National Research Council Canada Integrated Modeling (NRCIM) toolset and based in the MATLAB numerical computing environment. It links ANSYS finite element structural models with ZEMAX optical models to provide a powerful integrated opto-mechanical engineering tool. The MFR is utilized by the Thirty Meter Telescope Project to assess the telescope active optics system requirements and performance. This paper describes the MFR tool, including the interfaces to ANSYS, ZEMAX, the method of calculation of the results, and the internal data structures used. A summary of the required performance of the Thirty Meter Telescope, and the MFR results for the telescope system design are presented.
Prevalence of metabolic bone disease among chronic rhinosinusitis patients treated with oral glucocorticoids.

BACKGROUND The treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often requires chronic or intermittent oral steroid therapy, which has the potential for adverse skeletal effects, including osteoporosis and increased risk of fragility fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis (OP) or low bone density (LBD) in patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral glucocorticoids. METHODS Retrospective chart analysis was performed at a tertiary-care rhinology practice. Patients with CRS with/without polyposis evaluated between September 2003 and July 2008 were included if they had (1) previous history of oral steroid usage (> or =5 mg daily for at least 3 months) and (2) previous bone mineral density evaluation. RESULTS A total of 197 patients were included with a mean age of 51.1 years (range, 15-79 years). The primary presenting diagnoses included CRS with polyposis in 176 cases (89.3%) and CRS without polyposis in 21 cases (10.7%). Concomitant asthma was present in 161 patients (81.7%). Overall, the prevalence of low bone mass was 38.6%. Among men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women, the prevalence of osteopenia/OP or LBD was 62.5 and 62.2%, respectively. Comparing men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women to their respective younger populations, both had a statistically higher presence of low bone mass (p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 10.6 (3.9-28.7) and 34.6 (7.4-161.5), respectively. There was no statistical difference in the presence of bone loss when comparing groups by gender. A multivariable analysis of common comorbidities revealed age to be the only factor associated with increased risk for OP/osteopenia or LBD. CONCLUSION Patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral steroids who underwent bone density testing were found to have a high prevalence of LBD. High index of suspicion is required to identify at-risk patients and to initiate careful evaluation and treatment to prevent additional bone-related complications.
Tristetraprolin binds to the 3'-untranslated region of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. A polyadenylation variant in a cancer cell line lacks the binding site.

In human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, we found two major transcripts of cyclooxygenase-2, the full-length mRNA and a short polyadenylation variant (2577 kb) lacking the distal segment of the 3′-untranslated region. Tristetraprolin, an mRNA-binding protein that promotes message instability, was shown to bind the cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in the region of the 3′-untranslated region between nucleotides 3125 and 3432 and to reduce levels of the full-length mRNA. During cell growth and confluence, the expression of tristetraprolin mRNA was inversely correlated with that of the full-length cyclooxygenase-2 transcript, and transfection of tristetraprolin into HCA-7 cells reduced the level of full-length cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. However, the truncated transcript escaped tristetraprolin binding and downregulation.
Implementing and Evaluating the National Healthy School Program in England

The purpose of this article is to trace development of the National Healthy School Program (NHSP) from a global concept to implementation at the local school level in England with a view toward clarifying and, more importantly, determining if implementation is proceeding as planned, as evidenced by the presence of process evaluation. The NHSP is designed to serve as a catalyst for health promotion in schools by identifying core health themes linked to evaluation principles in the whole-school approach. In this analysis, process evaluation of the NHSP whole-school approach indicates that program data are collected and recorded, but these data are not used to form an evidence-based program implementation strategy to transform the data into action. The NHSP brings valuable concepts to the global school health community that should be embraced because schools are increasingly being recognized as key settings for health promotion activities.
Transdermal delivery of nitric oxide from diazeniumdiolates.

Adverse physiological effects can often interfere with the use of nitric oxide (NO) as a therapeutic agent, especially when it is systemically generated from prodrugs. NO which is generated and delivered site-specifically by transdermal donors may be useful in the treatment of parasitic, bacterial or viral skin infections without causing systemic side effects. Three diazeniumdiolates (formerly "NONOate"), including two water soluble compounds, (Z)-1-[N-2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]-diazen-1- ium-1,2-diolate (DETA-NO) and (Z)-1-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl)amino] diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DPTA-NO), and one insoluble compound, DPTA-NO grafted to dextran microspheres (DPTA-NO-g-dextran) were used to transdermally deliver NO to rats. Dextran microspheres were obtained by simultaneously grafting DPTA-NO to dextran and cross-linking dextran with CNBr in an oil-water emulsion. Suspended in hydrogel, DETA-NO, DPTA-NO, and DPTA-NO-g-dextran were applied three times to depilated rats at 4 day intervals. Results show that metabolic urinary nitrate levels increase with time (24-48 h), reach a maximum, and return to baseline by the fourth day. DPTA-NO applications produced an average maximum nitrate level of 94.2 mumol/day +/- 34.2 mumol S.D. compared to the average maximum nitrate level of 39.8 mumol/day +/- 8.6 mumol S.D. obtained from treatment with DETA-NO. These results suggest that DPTA-NO delivered NO more efficiently than DETA-NO. When DPTA-NO-g-dextran microspheres were used as the NO donor, results comparable to DPTA-NO were observed with an average maximum nitrate level of 14.9 mumol/day +/- 3.0 mumol S.D. These and other conclusive data indicate that, via these diazeniumdiolates, NO can be delivered effectively through rat skin.
Perceived cognitive changes with chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot study.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine perceived cognitive functioning, fatigue, depression and general well-being among women before and after the initiation of chemotherapy for breast cancer compared to a sample of healthy women. Method This descriptive, repeated measures study compared women receiving chemotherapy and healthy women. Women completed measures of quality of life, fatigue, cognitive changes and depression. Results Before chemotherapy, women with cancer reported more fatigue and depression than healthy women. After chemotherapy, women with cancer reported decreased cognitive functioning accompanied by more fatigue and depressive symptoms than healthy women. Conclusion This study is one of the first to use multiple symptom measures before and after starting chemotherapy. Understanding cognitive changes and related symptoms that occur before and during chemotherapy for breast cancer is the first step toward helping women cope with changes that occur with breast cancer treatment.
Gender, Migration, and Law: Crossing Borders and Bridging Disciplines

The gendered nature of the immigration experience is shaped and reinforced by law, legal consciousness, and the normative understandings they help constitute. This article provides an overview of t...
Sampling in the Multicanonical Ensemble: Small He Clusters in W

Abstract We carry out generalized-ensemble molecular dynamics simulations of the formation of small helium (He) clusters in bulk tungsten (W), a process of practical relevance for fusion energy production. We calculate formation free energies of small helium clusters at temperatures up to the melting point of W, encompassing the whole range of interest for fusion-energy production. From this, parameters like cluster break-up or formation rates can be calculated, which help to refine models of microstructure evolution in He-irradiated tungsten.
The shaping of individual meanings assigned to assistive technology: a review of personal factors.

Purpose : This review article examines the development of individualized meanings assigned to assistive technology and how these personal meanings influence the integration of assistive technology into daily activities. Methods : A review of the published literature regarding assistive technology use and abandonment was conducted by performing two independent searches using 26 search terms and three databases. Publications were reviewed for whether they addressed device use, device abandonment, coping, adjustment, adaptation, values, outcomes and/or cultural issues; 81 publications met these criteria. Results : The evidence suggests that psychosocial and cultural issues influence the shaping of individualized meanings assigned to assistive technology. Theoretical arguments suggest that the process of adapting to disability is another influential factor. Conclusions : The synthesis of evidence and theories suggests that successful integration of assistive technology into daily lives requires potential devi...
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome

The Laugier-Hunziker syndrome represents a rare acquired pigmentary disorder of the lips, oral mucosa, and nails. We report the first case of this syndrome to be recognized in the United States and review other causes of hyperpigmentation in these locations.
A specialized nonlinear thin plate inextensional bending theory

Abstract The present paper describes a fundamentally different approach to the nonlinear plate theory. Based upon an analogy between linear elasticity theory and linear thin plate theory, the development herein presented introduces a “moment tensor,” a nonlinear “curvature tensor,” boundary conditions on moment, torque and loadings, a nonlinear relation between moment and curvature tensors and nonlinear curvature compatibility conditions. It must be emphasized that the theory and relations presented herein are postulated; there is no assurance that solutions of physical interest exist.
The electrical resistivity of a partially ionized cesium plasma

Abstract The electrical resistivity of a partially ionized cesium plasma has been measured by direct current methods at temperatures ranging from 1100°K to 1900°K and for cesium equilibrium temperatures of 250°C ( p = 0·5 mm Hg), 275°C ( p = 1·0 mm Hg), and 340°C ( p = 5·0 mm Hg.) The measurements were made in a cell consisting of two parallel tungsten plates, one of which was guard ringed to avoid edge effects. By measuring total resistance versus separation distance the plasma resistance was separated from the sheath resistance and a plasma resistivity obtained. The resistivity ranged from approximately one ohm-cm at the high temperature to a few thousand ohm-cm at the low temperatures. Scattering cross sections for electron-neutral atom collisions were calculated from the resistivity measurements. These cross sections are valid for a cesium plasma having electrons with a Maxwellian velocity distribution. The values of the cross section range from approximately 7 × 10 −15 cm 2 at 1100°K to approximately 15 × 10 −15 cm 2 at 1870°K with an accuracy of about 50 per cent.
Why we travel: picturing global mobility in user-generated travel journalism

Travel journalism provides unique insights into changing notions of culture, media, and mobility. This study examines ‘Why we travel,’ a New York Times collection of over 2000 reader-submitted photos and captions about travel. To locate trends within this multi-authored text, the author refers to the theories of tourism scholars MacCannell and Urry to distinguish between enduring and emergent travel representations. The former include unequal distributions of certain subject matter across regions, emphasis on ‘authentic’ touristic experiences, and visual methods for minimizing signs of western culture. Within the same collection, however, emergent representations feature ‘new’ tourisms, highly reflexive portraits of tourists, and conscious confrontation of interconnectivity. In conclusion, the study considers some of the cultural messages communicated by ‘Why we travel’ as it coheres under the New York Times’ authoritative aesthetic. More than a travel feature, the collection can be read as a guide to glo...
Development of a CMOS active-pixel phase-sensitive detector imaging array

Single-point laser diagnostics use various electronic signal-processing techniques to improve signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). These include simple signal averaging, gated integration (boxcar averaging) for pulsed systems, and phase sensitive detection (lock-in amplification) for modulated cw systems. An ongoing program at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) has evaluated methods for implementation of electronic signal processing in imaging arrays (see e.g. Fisher1 for a gated-integrator array). Here we describe the development of a new imaging array that performs phase-sensitive detection signal processing at the chip level, at each pixel.
Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River

Reliable estimates of historic streamflow are important when estimating future flows and water resources availability based on factors such as climate change, population growth, and changes in land use or land cover. Many regions across the globe have limited streamflow observations. Additional information about streamflow in these basins is critical to water resources planning and economic development strategies. In southeastern Africa, the remote Rovuma River lies on the border between Mozambique and Tanzania. There are limited historic measurements in the main tributary, the Lugenda River, and no publicly available observations from recent years. Improved knowledge of the water resources availability and seasonal and annual variability of this river will enhance transboundary river basin management discussions. A combination of methods, including index-gauge methods and a macro-scale hydrological model are used to estimate historic streamflow conditions in the Rovuma River. These methods incorporate data from remote sensing, gridded global soil data, a composite runoff dataset, and in situ observations. The hydrological model was tested in a nearby gauged basin yielding a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency ratio of 0.8, an efficiency ratio based on mean historical streamflow by month of 0.6, an efficiency ratio based on inverse flows (sensitive to low flows) of 0.9, and a coefficient of determination equal to 0.99. In the Rovuma River, the mean and standard deviation of the index gauge-estimated mean monthly flows agree with streamflow estimates using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model with a 0.25 decimal degree spatial resolution. A closer look at precipitation records suggests that the model results provide a more accurate historic flow record than the index gauge methods due to small-scale precipitation events. Model inputs and results are evaluated by leveraging available regional in situ data in comparison to remote sensing data input data. Uncertainties in the streamflow estimates are high, however, additional in situ measurements can reduce these uncertainties. This combination of methods could prove useful for estimating flows in other rivers in southern Africa and other regions with intermittent or sparse streamflow observations.
Charge-gas compressors in coal gasification and olefin plants — 25 years of experience with a vital plant component

Zusammenfassung Charge-gas compressors are used in coal gasification and olefin plants. The gas to be compressed contains a great number of components, often with a corrosive, erosive or polymerizing effect. These components have a bearing on the thermodynamic and mechanical behaviour of the machines. Since any charge-gas compressor failure automatically means an interruption of plant operation, special precautions must be taken in the design and application of these machines to ensure reliable operation even under extreme working conditions. The present report handles the most important problems and their solution for charge-gas compressors. Rohgaskompressoren kommen in Kohlevergasungsanlagen und Olefinanlagen zum Einsatz. Das zu komprimierende Rohgas enthalt eine Vieizahl von Komponenten und korrosive, erosive und polymerisierende Bestandteile. Durch diese Komponenten wird das thermodynamische und mechanische Verhalten der Kompressoren beeinflusst. Da der Ausfall des Rohgaskompressors automatisch einen Anlagenstillstand verursacht, mussen bei der Konstruktion und beim Einsatz der Maschinen Vorkehrungen getroffen werden, um einen sicheren Betrieb unter diesen extremen Arbeitsbedingungen sicherzustellen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Probleme der Rohgaskompressoren und deren Losung beschrieben.
The relationship between tegumental disruption and muscle contraction inSchistosoma mansoni exposed to various compounds

The antischistosomal drugs praziquantel and Ro 11-3128, which cause a tetanic contraction ofSchistosoma musculature, concurrently produce a disruption of the parasite's tegument. Both phenomena are attenuated by preincubation of the parasites in high Mg2+ containing media before addition of the drugs, and the therapeutically inactive stereoisomers of these drugs cause neither effect. Other antischistosomal drugs tested cause neither muscle contraction nor tegumental disruption. Some unrelated agents which cause muscle contraction (but have no antischistosomal effect) alter the parasite's tegument, while others do not. Cytochalasin B, but not colchicine, causes tegumental disruption without affecting muscle tension. Thus, there is no simple correlation between a drug's antischistosomal activity or ability to contract the parasite's muscle and its ability to damage the parasite's tegument.
Temperature prediction and control in pulsed fusion-hybrid neutron multipliers

A numerical algorithm was developed for the one-dimensional unsteady-conduction heat-transfer equation to model the effects of volume heating in fusion hybrid-system neutron multipliers of slab geometry for any fusion-core pulsing scenario. The algorithm was shown to be highly accurate in all cases where it could be compared to the exact solution. The algorithm was compared to a previously developed simple analytic expression for predicting average multiplier temperatures over a wide range of fusion-core pulsing parameters. For most pulsed fusion-core scenarios, the analytic expression agreed with the numerical algorithm results to within a few percent or less. In the worst case, which corresponded to theta pinch-type operation (where the heat-pulse length is small relative to the multiplier thermal time constant and the time between pulses is large relative to the time constant), the analytic expression was accurate to within 10–15%. Thus, for most applications of temperature estimation and prediction, the analytic expression is adequate. A simple nomogram was developed to allow the average slab temperatures to be calculated easily as functions of the heat-pulse length, cooling time, and slab thermal time constant. As the computations showed, for those cases in which high slab average temperatures were due to short pulse lengths and long times between pulses, large average temperature decreases required slab thermal time constants that were small relative to the heating-pulse length and, therefore, very thin slabs. Finally, it was shown that, for long-pulsed systems, allowing high-intensity volume heating of the slab near the faces only, with no internal heat generation over the bulk of the interior, permitted the average temperature to be reduced by an order of magnitude relative to the uniform volume heating with the same total slab power generation. For short-pulsed systems with a large energy input per pulse (such as impact fusion and theta pinch), where the heat generated does not have time to diffuse throughout and from the slab during the heating pulse and where the temperature profiles at the end of the heating pulse would thus mirror the heat generation profiles, minimum peak temperatures are obtained by heating the volume uniformly.
Molecular weight and subunit structure of delta-crystallin from embryonic chick lens fibers

Abstract The molecular weight of purified native delta-crystallin (F.I.S.C.) obtained from lens fibers of 13–17-day-old chick embryos was determined to be approximately 200 000 daltons by gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The subunit molecular weight of delta-crystallin was found to be between 45 000 and 50 000 daltons when examined in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate by electrophoresis and at sedimentation equilibrium. Delta-crystallin was completely dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate without reduction, indicating that the subunits are not covalently bound by disulfide bridges. Thus, native delta-crystallin appears to consist of four polypeptides of the same size. Delta-crytallin was heterogeneous in sedimentation and electrophoretic experiments in the presence of 8 m -urea or 5 m -guanidine hydrochloride. This finding requires that previous experiments with urea concerned with the subunit composition of delta-crystallin be re-examined. Amino acid composition analyses showed that delta-crystallin has an unusually high proportion of leucine and isoleucine, namely 15% and 7·5%, respectively. Possibly the high leucine and isoleucine content contributes to the stability of delta-crystallin to urea and guanidine hydrochloride.
Octahedral complexes of anti-cancer Pt(IV)(cyclohexyldiamine) agents with 9-methylguanine

The compounds [Pt(IV)(dach)(9-methylguanine) 2 X 2 ] 2+ (X=Cl, OH) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Their existence shows that it is possible to accommodate two purine bases (in a cis configuration) and four other ligands around a Pt(IV) atom. The geometries of these complexes have very different orientations of the guanine rings as compared to their corresponding Pt(II) counterparts.
HIDDEN HIGGS PARTICLES

Abstract In a class of extended Higgs structures containing a light or massless pseudoscalar it is quite likely the normal Wienberg-Salam Higgs particle decays preferentially into spin-zero bosons if its mass is below the t t threshold. These spin-zero bosons may be invisible either because they do not decay or because they decay into neutrinos. Thus Higgs particles may be light enough to be produced at accessible energies but difficult to detect through their decay products.
Genes Involved in the Pathogenesis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Priya Duggal, MD, MPH; Alison P. Klein, PhD; Kristine E. Lee, MS; Ronald Klein, MD, MPH; Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH; Joan E. Bailey-Wilson, PhDObjective: To identify genetic loci that control intraocular pressure (IOP).Methods: We performed a genomewide scan of IOP, using 486 pedigrees ascertained through a population-based cohort, the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Linkage analysis was performed using the modified Haseman-Elston regression models and variance components linkage analysis.Results: Seven regions of interest were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, and 19. The novel linkage region on chromosome 19p had an empirical multipoint P value of 6.1 × 10−5. Two of the regions (2 and 19) were especially interesting since each has been identified as a potential linkage region for blood pressure.Conclusions: The results of this genomewide scan provide evidence that a quantitative trait locus may influence elevated IOP and may colocalize with blood pressure loci. These loci may control systemic pressure reflected in the eye and vascular system.Clinical Relevance: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world, and the identification of genes that contribute to this disease is essential. Elevated IOP is a principal risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma and an intriguing quantitative trait that may strongly influence the development of disease.
Nonuniform Heating Patterns of Commercial Electrodes for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Heating Patterns of Ablation Electrodes. Introduction: Previous investigations of the biophysics of myocardial ablation using radiofrequency energy have focused mainly on the electrode-myocardial interface. Relatively little has been written about the overall function of commercial electrodes used for ablation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the heating patterns of several commercial electrodes used for myocardial ablation. Methods and Results: The specific absorption rate, a unit of measure proportional to the initial rate of rise of the temperature at the electrode-tissue interface and reflecting the energy deposition from the electrode, was measured during radiofrequency energy application at multiple points around each electrode. These measurements were combined to form a specific absorption rate pattern, which reflected the spatial pattern of energy deposition from the electrode. There was significant nonuniformity of the specific absorption rate pattern of each electrode evaluated. The proximal edge of the electrode and the curvature of the distal portion of the electrode were two sites of accentuated heating relative to the remaining portions of the electrode. The magnitude of this nonuniformity was similar between the 4-mni length electrodes of different manufacturers, but increased progressively in larger (5- and 8-mm length) electrodes. Conclusions: The heating patterns of commercial electrodes used for myocardial ablation are nonuniform. These data have implications for electrode design and utilization.
Practical limitations to accuracy in a nulling automatic wavelength-scanning ellipsometer

Abstract The limits of accuracy in an automatic wavelength-scanning ellipsometer are defined on the basis of measured mechanical properties of the instrument and the geometrical and optical defects of the optical components. A computational procedure is described for obtaining accurate Δ and ψ values by using a matrix model of the instrument, and the areas in which the greatest improvements in accuracy can be achieved are identified.
Understanding intra-abdominal hypertension: From the bench to the bedside

Received November 10, 2009. Received Revised June 17, 2010. Submitted June 21, 2010. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are highly morbid conditions that are common and underrecognized in the intensive care unit. Intra-abdominal hypertension affects the critically ill patient population and is not solely limited to the trauma and surgical subgroups. The recognition of IAH and ACS as distinct clinical states has become more apparent. Extensive bench and clinical research has shed significant light into the definition, incidence, etiology, physiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. Although further research into this morbid condition is needed, improvement in recognition is a critical first step. This review aims to scrutinize the basic science and clinical literature available on this condition in a surgically focused, organ-system-based approach.
Markers of oxidative stress in adipose tissue during Trypanosoma cruzi infection

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease. Cardiac and adipose tissues are among the early targets of infection and are sites of persistent infection. In the heart and adipose tissue, T. cruzi infection results in an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. In the heart, infection is associated with an increase in the markers of oxidative stress. To date, markers of oxidative stress have not been evaluated in adipose tissue in this infection. Brown and white adipose tissues were obtained from CD-1 mice infected with the Brazil strain of T. cruzi for 15, 30, and 130 days post infection. Protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation assays were performed on these samples. There was an upregulation of these markers of oxidative stress at all time-points in both white and brown adipose tissue. Determinants of anti-oxidative stress were downregulated at similar time-points. This increase in oxidative stress during T. cruzi infection most likely has a deleterious effect on host metabolism and on the heart.
Latent Space Approaches to Social Network Analysis

Network models are widely used to represent relational information among interacting units. In studies of social networks, recent emphasis has been placed on random graph models where the nodes usually represent individual social actors and the edges represent the presence of a specified relation between actors. We develop a class of models where the probability of a relation between actors depends on the positions of individuals in an unobserved “social space.” We make inference for the social space within maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, and propose Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures for making inference on latent positions and the effects of observed covariates. We present analyses of three standard datasets from the social networks literature, and compare the method to an alternative stochastic blockmodeling approach. In addition to improving on model fit for these datasets, our method provides a visual and interpretable model-based spatial representation of social relationships and improv...
Comparison of antifreeze glycopeptides from arctic and antarctic fishes

Antifreeze glycopeptides from the Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod), saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis), and Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) were isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that fewer sizes of antifreeze glycopeptides are present in the serum of M. tomcod and E. gracilis compared to the Antarctic nototheniid (Dissostichus mawsoni), Glycopeptide 6 from M. tomcod and E. gracilis as well as glycopeptide 8 from G. ogac were sequenced and compared with known sequences of similar-sized glycopeptides from Antarctic fishes. It was found that arginine residues in glycopeptide 6 from E. gracilis and M. tomcod occur at positions 15 and 18, that proline periodically replaces alanine (ala) at positions 7, 13, and 19. In contrast, none of the antifreeze glycopeptides from Antarctic fishes contain arginine. Threonine (thr) occupies positions 15 and 18 instead. Glycopeptide 8 from G. ogac was found to have the same sequence as glycopeptide 8 from the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). The results indicate that the repeating sequence (ala-ala-thr) appears to be highly conserved within polar fishes. However, greater variation in antifreeze glycopeptide structure exists within one family of northern cods (Gadidae) than within species belonging to four separate families of Antarctic fishes.
A NOVEL INERT COLLAGEN MATRIX FOR HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

AbstractPurpose: In select patients with hypospadias in whom genital skin is insufficient alternative tissues are needed for urethral reconstruction. Although skin and mucosal grafts may be used, they may increase hospitalization and morbidity. We explored the feasibility of using a bladder submucosal, collagen based inert matrix as a free graft substitute for urethral repair.Materials and Methods: Four patients with a history of hypospadias underwent repeat hypospadias repair using a collagen based inert matrix for urethral reconstruction. The inert collagen matrix was trimmed to size as needed for each patient. The neourethra was created by anastomosing the matrix in an onlay fashion to the urethral plate with continuous 6-zero polyglactin sutures. The created neourethra size ranged from 5 to 15 cm.Results: After a 22-month followup 3 of the 4 patients had a successful outcome in regard to cosmesis and function. One patient in whom a 15 cm. neourethra was created had a subglanular fistula.Conclusions: T...
The hypoglossal nucleus of the primate: A Golgi study

Abstract The neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus were examined in Golgi preparations of adult macaque and squirrel monkeys. Two distinct types of neurons were found. The first type was a large multipolar cell which was typical of the majority of the neurons of the nucleus. Its soma ranged in size from 18 to 50 μm and numerous dendrites emerged from it. The dendritic spread of these neurons was within the ipsilateral nucleus, across the midline into the contralateral hypoglossal nucleus, or out into the adjacent reticular formation. The second type of neuron was a small cell. The soma of this neuron was oval in shape, measured less than 20 μm in its largest diameter, and gave off only two or three dendrites which remained within the nucleus.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes for a modern series of primary gliosarcoma patients

BACKGROUND: Primary gliosarcoma (PGS) is a rare central nervous system tumor with limited experience reported in the literature. In the current study, the authors present a modern series of confirmed PGS cases treated in the era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after the accepted glioblastoma management of resection, radiation, and temozolomide. METHODS: Using a retrospective review, patients with confirmed PGS were identified (1996-2008). Cases were determined to be PGS by central pathology review using the 2007 World Health Organization criteria. Extensive chart review was performed to gather clinical and pathologic data on these cases. RESULTS: All but 1 patient had undergone a preoperative MRI, with 1 patient receiving a computed tomography scan due to a cardiac pacemaker. A total of 10 patients received radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy, and 8 patients received radiotherapy alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. In 2 patients, the history of adjuvant treatment could not be confirmed. The overall median survival was 13.9 months (range, 2.2-22.9 months). Patients with gliosarcomas resembling meningioma were found to have a significantly prolonged median survival compared with patients harboring gliosarcoma resembling glioblastoma multiforme (16 months vs 9.6 months; P = .011). However, no difference in survival was noted between patients who received concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide compared with those who did not (10.4 months vs 13.9 months; P = .946). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study support previous hypotheses that there are 2 distinct types of PGS. The type mimicking the appearance of a meningioma appears to carry a significantly more favorable prognosis, most likely due to an increased chance at achieving macroscopic total resection. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cardiac frequency: control and adjustments to alterations.

T HE STRIKING VARIATIONS in heart rate that occur during differing physiologic states in man and other mammals are so well known that they are frequently taken for granted. Cardiac rate frequently rises to over 200/min during maximal exercise in man, ’ to a somewhat higher level in the higher subhuman primate,2 and to over 300/min in the exercising dog.3-” On the other hand, extreme bradycardia may occasionally occur in man during immersion of the head into water, while rates as low as 4/min regularly occur in marine mammals during diving.6,7 A similar intense bradycardia, but much more sustained, occurs in some mammals during hibernation.x In human disease states, ventricular rate may vary over a tenfold range, from as low as 25/min to levels in excess of 250/min. Rates outside these limits may occur for brief periods but cannot be sustained. An understanding of the mechanism of control of heart rate, the importance of normal adjustments, and the consequence of disturbance of these adjustments are of critical importance not only to the cardiovascular physiologist but to the physician called upon to deal with patients with disturbances of impulse formation and a variety of other cardiac disorders. It is the purpose of this review to aid in providing such an understanding by summarizing the results of some of the important relevant experiments.
Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Pediatric Overweight? Analysis of Longitudinal Data From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System

Objective. To examine whether increasing duration of breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of overweight in a low-income population of 4-year-olds in the United States. Methods. Visit data were linked to determine prospectively the duration of breastfeeding (up to 2 years of age) and weight status at 4 years of age. Overweight among 4-year-old children was defined as a body mass index (BMI)-for-age at or above the 95th percentile based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Logistic regression was performed, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and birth weight. In a subset of states, links to maternal pregnancy records also permitted regression analysis controlling for mother’s age, education, prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and postpartum smoking. Data from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, which extracts breastfeeding, height, and weight data from child visits to public health programs, were analyzed. In 7 states, data were linked to Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System data. A total of 177 304 children up to 60 months of age were included in our final pediatric-only analysis, and 12 587 were included in the pregnancy-pediatric linked analysis. Results. The duration of breastfeeding showed a dose-response, protective relationship with the risk of overweight only among non-Hispanic whites; no significant association was found among non-Hispanic blacks or Hispanics. Among non-Hispanic whites, the adjusted odds ratio of overweight by breastfeeding for 6 to 12 months versus never breastfeeding was 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.50–0.99) and for >12 months versus never was 0.49 (95% confidence interval: 0.25–0.95). Breastfeeding for any duration was also protective against underweight (BMI-for-age below the 5th percentile). Conclusion. Prolonged breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of overweight among non-Hispanic white children. Breastfeeding longer than 6 months provides health benefits to children well beyond the period of breastfeeding.
SEM and polarization analyzes updating early light microscope studies related to {101} twin formation in gypsum

Abstract Understanding gypsum twin formation has important application in industrial processes, and in determination of paleo and recent geochemical environments. Over six decades of gypsum literature based upon early laboratory experiments contained the pervasive concept that formation of d{101} “Montmartre” gypsum twins involved precipitation from supersaturated solutions in the absence of the Na + ion. Polarized light microscopy, not used by early investigators in examination of crystals formed under those conditions, verifies that the crystals are not d{101} twins. SEM reveals them to be habit-modified a{100} twin crystals that resemble d{101} twins.
Tetrahydro-sepiapterin is an intermediate in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis.

Summary 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin is not an intermediate in the de novo biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor required for aromatic amino acid hydroxylations. However, N-acetyl-serotonin inhibition of sepiapterin reductase, an enzyme whose previously only known function was the reduction of sepiapterin to 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, completely inhibited biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin by bovine adrenal medulla extracts. We have now shown that sepiapterin reductase catalyzes the reduction of tetrahydro-sepiapterin to tetrahydrobiopterin and that this reaction is N-acetyl-serotonin-sensitive. A new pathway for tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis is proposed which takes these observations into account and which involves tetrahydro intermediates.
Chromatographic methods for determining the configuration of 1,2- and 1,3- (unsymmetrically substituted) dialkylglycerol ethers

Abstract The preparation of a series of 1,2- and 1,3-dialkylglycerol ethers as potential alternative substrates for biological and chemical studies is described. The absolute configurations of these compounds and their configurational purity can be determined by conversion into diastereomeric derivatives, the chromatographic properties of which are reported here. The gas—liquid chromatographic elution orders of the diastereomeric derivatives are discussed in relation to molecular size and shape.