cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Edge-Heat-Loss of a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Analysis on the error in measured specimen thermal conductivity arising from edge-heat-loss at the periphery of any guardedhot-plate apparatus is presented. It is shown that the error due to edge-heat-loss varies linearly with respect to the deviation of the ambient temperature from mean specimen temperature. Explicit expressions are presented for the line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatus being constructed at the National Bureau of Standards.
Receiving and institutionalising Islam at the municipal level: the case of the Turkish com-munity of Schaerbeek

In theBrusselsregion, the case ofSchaerbeekwas particularly exemplary in this context between 1970 and 1994. Within the framework of the project “Faiths and Social cohesion” (2001-2004), this community was observed. We therefore propose a closer look at the relations between the Muslims and the Schaerbeek Municipalityby focusing on the history of the Turkish community that is resident in this locality.The setting up and the progress of the Fatih mosque will be the objective here.
Panspermia, spores and the Bacillus subtilis genome.

The publication of the complete genome sequence of the Gram positive bacterium,Bacillus subtilis, is sure to make a big contribution to understanding other bacteria in this group. Gram positive bacteria include some of the nastiest pathogens known to man, such as those that cause botulism, pneumonia and tuberculosis. The B. subtilisgenome has yielded many surprises including a greater than expected number of genes that encode regulators of transcription. Furthermore, genes were found for as many as 77 different types of transporter proteins, which have the job of importing nutrients into the bacteria and expelling toxic agents such as antibiotics.
WE-F-304-03: Optic Nerve/Chiasm Hypofractionated SRS/SRT Dose Tolerance

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) was introduced clinically more than twenty years ago, and many subsequent publications have reported safety and efficacy data. The AAPM Working Group on Biological Effects of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy/SBRT (WGSBRT) extracted published treatment outcomes data from extensive literature searches to summarize and construct tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models for six anatomical regions: Cranial, Head and Neck, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic, and Spinal. In this session, we present the WGSBRT’s work for cranial sites, and recurrent head and neck cancer. From literature-based data and associated models, guidelines to aid with safe and effective hypofractionated radiotherapy treatment are being determined. Further, the ability of existing and proposed radiobiological models to fit these data is considered as to the ability to distinguish between the linear-quadratic and alternative radiobiological models such as secondary cell death from vascular damage, immunogenic, or bystander effects. Where appropriate, specific model parameters are estimated. As described in “The lessons of QUANTEC,” (1), lack of adequate reporting standards continues to limit the amount of useful quantitative information that can be extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Recommendations regarding reporting standards are considered, to enable such reviews to achieve more complete characterization of clinical outcomes. 1 Jackson A, Marks LB, Bentzen SM, Eisbruch A, Yorke ED, Ten Haken RK, Constine LS, Deasy JO. The lessons of QUANTEC: recommendations for reporting and gathering data on dose-volume dependencies of treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 1;76(3 Suppl):S155–60. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the techniques, types of cancer and dose schedules used in treating recurrent H&N cancers with SBRT 2. List the radiobiological models that compete with the linear-quadratic model in explaining the results of hypofractionated RT 3. Describe the dose/volume metrics that are considered safe in SBRT treatment of tumors near the optic structures. 4. Discuss the efficacy of hypofractionation and dosing schedules used in treating vestibular schwannomas 5. Identify some difficulties in modeling TCP and NTCP for cranial tumors treated with hypofractionation. One moderator, Dr. Grimm, designed and holds intellectual property rights to the DVH Evaluator software tool which is an FDA-cleared product in commercial use, and can analyze some of this data. No others have relevant conflicts of interest.
Testing of blood grouping cards under field-type conditions.

Abstract : Dried blood grouping reagent cards were evaluated by comparing against standard tube test under the following field-type conditions: High temperature with and without high humidity, low temperature and after exposure to prolonged water immersion, heat and cold. Generally, the reagents for ABO blood groups on each card system were reproducible, but cold did cause slower reactions. The Rh reagent in particular was slow or unreactive in the cold and considered unreliable. The packaging did allow some water leakage which usually resulted in loss of the card. In field conditions these cards could be used in emergencies when standard methods are not available, but for blood group identification only. As already indicated by the manufacturer, these cards are not yet acceptable for cross-match tests. (Author)
Fast bit-reversal algorithms

A novel fast algorithm for computing a sequence of bit-reversed integers is presented. In finding a mapping function from a sequence of integers to a sequence of their bit-reverse, a recursive approach is taken to overcome the logarithmic factor burdening the standard scheme. The associated constant for the timing factor is shown to be very low even at the register level. The method generalizes to radix-r and mixed-radix cases and provides an efficient vectorizable scheme with the same low constant. >
Reformulating constraint satisfaction problems to improve scalability

Constraint Programming is a powerful approach for modeling and solving many combinatorial problems, scalability, however, remains an issue in practice. Abstraction and reformulation techniques are often sought to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper we introduce four reformulation techniques that operate on the various components of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) in order to reduce the cost of problem solving and facilitate scalability. Our reformulations modify one or more component of the CSP (i.e., the query, variables domains, constraints) and detect symmetrical solutions to avoid generating them. We describe each of these reformulations in the context of CSPs, then evaluate their performance and effects in on the building identification problem introduced by Michalowski and Knoblock.
Using a constellation of CubeSats for in-space optical 3D scanning

The assessment of in-space objects is an area of ongoing research. Characterization of resident space objects (RSOs) can be useful for assessing the operating status of operator-affiliated or non-affiliated space assets, identifying unknown objects or gathering additional details for known objects. Under the proposed approach, a ring-like constellation of CubeSats passes around the target (at a distance) collecting imagery. This imagery is then utilized to create a 3D model of the target. This paper considers several key elements of a constellation to perform this type of imaging, including the constellation design and imaging capabilities required and the astrodynamics relevant to maintaining formation. A discussion of the impact of the locations of the lighting sources is presented and the utility of this data for a variety of applications is assessed. Analysis of simulated test data is discussed.
Effect of sorbitol, single, and multidose activated charcoal administration on carprofen absorption following experimental overdose in dogs.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of single dose activated charcoal, single dose activated charcoal with sorbitol, and multidose activated charcoal in reducing plasma carprofen concentrations following experimental overdose in dogs. Design Randomized, four period cross-over study. Setting University research setting. Animals Eight healthy Beagles. Interventions A 120 mg/kg of carprofen was administered orally to each dog followed by either (i) a single 2 g/kg activated charcoal administration 1 hour following carprofen ingestion (AC); (ii) 2 g/kg activated charcoal with 3.84 g/kg sorbitol 1 hour following carprofen ingestion (ACS); (iii) 2 g/kg activated charcoal 1 hour after carprofen ingestion and repeated every 6 hours for a total of 4 doses (MD); (iv) no treatment (control). Measurements and Main Results Plasma carprofen concentrations were obtained over a 36-hour period following carprofen ingestion for each protocol. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed and time versus concentration, area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half-life were calculated and compared among the groups using ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Activated charcoal, activated charcoal with sorbitol (ACS), and multiple-dose activated charcoal (MD) significantly reduced the area under the curve compared to the control group. AC and MD significantly reduced the maximum concentration when compared to the control group. MD significantly reduced elimination half-life when compared to ACS and the control group. There were no other significant differences among the treatment groups. Conclusions Activated charcoal and ACS are as effective as MD in reducing serum carprofen concentrations following experimental overdose in dogs. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of AC, ACS, and MD in the clinical setting.
Inhomogeneous Models of Jupiter and Saturn

The H-He rich giant planets Jupiter and Saturn serve to test predictions on the high-pressure behavior of hydrogen and helium. Incorporating the process of H/He phase separation and He rain, or of core erosion, into planet structure and evolution models leads naturally to the assumption of inhomogeneous planetary interiors. In this article we review and discuss recent developments in that regard. It is found that Saturn's luminosity is consistent with a semi-convective thick shell where the heavy element abundance changes continuously, and that Jupiter's luminosity can as well be explained by a balance between additional gravitational energy and reduced cooling through a He-rain zone. We present the first Jupiter structure models that include a superadiabatic shell. Using the SCvHi EOS, Jupiter emerges as a mostly homogeneous body apart from a He-rain zone at a few Megabars. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Changes in the geography of Trinidad

(1957). Changes in the geography of Trinidad. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 158-166.
An analysis of continuous vertical nutrient profiles taken during a cold-anomaly off Peru

Abstract Continuous vertical profiles of nutrient concentrations to depths of ∼250 m with a vertical resolution of ∼2 m help to describe and explain conditions during a cold-anomaly in the waters off Peru. The data suggest that primary production (∼2 g C m 2 d 1) in the euphotic zone above an extraordinary shallow oxygen deficient zone (maximum nitrite value of 23 μM) was supported largely by vertical transports from a thin layer between 10 and 20 m. Calculations based on the profiles suggest that the denitrification rate in the shallow oxygen deficient feature (2–5 × 103μmol m−2 d−1) was also supported by vertical diffusion. Both calculations are based on a vertical diffusion coefficient of 1 cm2 s−1. Deeper oxygen deficient zones with secondary nitrite maxima embedded within them were also sampled; an unusual feature found north of 11°S centered at about 300 m and the main secondary nitrite maximum (MSNM) centred at about 200 m south of 11°S. Our data and calculations suggest that vertical diffusion was not the dominant control on denitrification rates in the northern feature. A possibly atypical station within the MSNM, however, revealed a steep vertical gradient at the relatively shallow upper boundary of the nitrite maximum. In this case, the denitrification rate required to balance losses through the upper boundary may have been on the order of 40% of the total rate. Comparison of the vertical nutrient profiles with variations in static stability shows structures with similar depth scales. The data also suggest that these features may arise from the interleaving of water masses with different histories and that the rates of microbial nitrogen transformations may display similar fine structure. A stability maximum is common at the upper boundary of the oxygen deficient zones, but our data agree with previous results suggesting that the nitrite maxima embedded within the cores of these features are not associated with unusually strong stratification.
Mass-Customization of Hip-Replacement Joint Design Using Shape Grammar

Hip-replacement joints are designed to meet shape specifications for each individual patient. Because the height and shape of bones of every patient are different than the other, the shapes of hip-replacement joints need to be customized for each individual patient. Customizing for each individual patient will increase the overall cost of hip-replacement joint production and eventually the cost of whole surgery process. Mass-production is necessary to reduce the production cost for such products. A technique of mass-customization can address to both of these issues providing customization of individual design in mass format and in reasonably low production cost. In this paper we investigate the use of shape grammar to develop a common platform for mass-customization of hip-replacement joints. To capture the common shape used in regular hip replacement surgery, a set of rules is presented to define the shape grammar. The rules are then varied inside the limits and the variations of design are observed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Planar saline bath phantom of the Rush head model

The Rush head model is an approximation of the volume conducting properties of the human head. A planar saline bath phantom was developed to simulate the key properties of the Rush head model while creating a testing platform for implantable neural devices. The phantom closely mimics electrical properties of human tissue such as increased resistivity through the skull region and current flow that wraps around the head. Preliminary testing shows good agreement of the saline bath phantom to predictions from a computer model.
VLA-4 mediates CD3-dependent CD4+ T cell activation via the CS1 alternatively spliced domain of fibronectin

We previously showed that fibronectin (FN) synergized with anti-CD3 in induction of CD4+ T cell proliferation, and that VLA-5 acted as a functional FN receptor in a serum-free culture system. In the present study, we showed that VLA-4 is also involved in this CD3-dependent CD4 cell activation through its interaction with the alternatively spliced CS1 domain of FN. When highly purified CD4 cells were cultured on plates coated with anti-CD3 plus synthetic CS1 peptide-IgG conjugate, significant proliferation could be observed. Neither CS1 alone nor anti-CD3 alone induced this activation. This proliferation was completely blocked by anti-VLA beta 1 (4B4) and anti-VLA-4 (8F2), while anti-VLA-5 (monoclonal antibody [mAb] 16 and 2H6) had no effect. These data indicate that VLA-4 mediates CD3-dependent CD4 cell proliferation via the CS1 domain of FN. Anti-VLA-4 also partially (10-40%) inhibited CD4 cell proliferation induced by native FN plus anti-CD3, implying that the CS1 domain is active in the native plasma FN. However, this native FN-dependent proliferation was entirely abolished by addition of anti-VLA-5 alone. Moreover, when native FN-coated plates were pretreated with anti-FN (mAb 333), which blocks RGDS sites but not CS1 sites, no CD4 cell activation could be observed. These results strongly suggest that CD4 cell activation induced by plasma FN/anti-CD3 may be dependent on both VLA4/CS1 and VLA5/RGDS interactions, although the latter interaction may be required for function of the former.
Pricing-To-Market In Korean Manufacturing Exports

This paper shows that pricing-to-market behavior is prevalent is sixteen Korean manufacturing export industries. Since Korea is a relatively country, its pricing-to-market can be explained by the market power asymmetry between home and export markets. This explanation yields two empirical predictions that are examined here. First, pricing-to-market is affected by export market shares. Second, export prices are effected by the exchange rate of a dominant third country. The date provide support for the first prediction. [D4,E3]
Expression and RNA Splicing of the Maize Glutathione S-Transferase Bronze2 Gene Is Regulated by Cadmium and Other Stresses

The Bronze2 (Bz2) gene in maize (Zea mays) encodes a glutathione S-transferase that performs the last genetically defined step in anthocyanin biosynthesis[mdash]tagging anthocyanin precursors with glutathione, allowing for recognition and entry of anthocyanins into the vacuole. Here we show that Bz2 gene expression is highly induced by heavy metals such as cadmium. Treatment of maize seedlings with cadmium results in a 20-fold increase in Bz2 message accumulation and a 50-fold increase in the presence of the unspliced, intron-containing transcript. The increase in message levels during cadmium stress appears to result, at least in part, from activation of an alternative mRNA start site approximately 200 nucleotides upstream of the normal start site; this site is not used in unstressed or heat-stressed tissues. The effect of cadmium on the RNA splicing of Bz2 seems to be specific: splicing of other intron-containing maize genes, including a maize actin gene under the control of the cadmium-inducible Bz2 promoter, is unaffected by cadmium stress. Conversely, Bz2 intron splicing is not affected by other stress conditions that induce Bz2 gene expression, such as abscisic acid, auxin, or cold stress. Surprisingly, the increase in Bz2 mRNA during cadmium stress does not result in an increase in Bz2 glutathione S-transferase activity. We propose that an alternative protein may be encoded by Bz2 that has a role during responses to heavy metals.
Long-term follow-up of the STARFlex device for closure of secundum atrial septal defect.

Background: There is limited published outcome data on the STARFlex® device for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD). Aim: To contribute to the long term outcomes of ASD device closure with the STARFlex® device. Methods: Results of a prospective FDA approved clinical trial (1999–2001) from a single institution of the STARFlex device for simple ASD was reviewed. The inclusion criteria included age ≥2 years, isolated secundum ASD, evidence of right ventricular volume overload, and maximum stretched diameter <22 mm. A retrospective review of the original study data with most recent follow-up was performed. Clinical success in the trial was defined as complete closure or residual leak ≤2 mm, absence of a severe complication and no need for an additional device or surgery to treat the ASD. Results: Twenty seven (27) patients were prospectively enrolled in the study period with a procedural success in 23 (85%). There were two severe complications, both 40 mm device embolizations that underwent semiurgent surgical intervention for deviceremoval and ASD closure (40 mm device subsequently withdrawn from trial). Device placement was unsuccessful in two patients due to malposition related to an insufficient retro-aortic rim, with elective surgical closure. Unsuccessful procedural outcomes were statistically associated with deficient rims (P < 0.01). Of the 23 long term follow-up device patients, 23 (100%) achieved clinical success: 22 (96%) had complete closure at 1 year and latest echocardiographic follow-up and one case had a small <2 mm residual defect that has persisted. There have been no late complications with normalization of RV volumes in 92% and no deleterious ECG changes. Device fractures occurred in 8/23 (35%) devices and were more common in the larger devices (P < 0.05) but had no sequalae. None required any further intervention to treat the ASD and there were no infectious or thrombotic issues. Conclusions: In this cohort the STARFlex device for secundum ASD closure provided procedural success in 85% with failures due to surgical referral. All 23 patients with a STARFlex device with available long term follow-up had clinical success. Further long term data is required. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of copper on ethambutol's antimicrobial action and implications for ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy

The principal side effect of the antimycobacterial agent ethambutol (EMB) is an optic neuropathy with clinical features very similar to a mitochondrial hereditary optic neuropathy (Leber's). The mechanism of EMB-induced optic neuropathy may be EMB's chelation of copper, thereby precluding normal cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial metabolism in the optic nerve. Before attempting to use therapeutic copper to replenish endogenous stores in an attempt to preclude EMB-induced optic neuropathy, we wished to determine whether EMB is still effective against mycobacteria in the presence of copper. EMB and copper, alone and in combination, were tested against six strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and five strains of Mycobacterium avium using a radiometric broth macrodilution assay. Copper did not effect EMB's antimicrobial actions against either species of mycobacteria. This in vitro study suggests that if copper were given to patients to prevent EMB-induced optic neuropathy, it would not compromise EMB's bacteriostatic properties.
Rep/Cap Gene Amplification and High-Yield Production of AAV in an A549 Cell Line Expressing Rep/Cap

Cell lines stably expressing rep/cap are important tools for studying adeno-associated virus (AAV) biology and producing AAV vectors. Several rep/cap cell lines have been isolated, each of which is based on HeLa cells. Infection of these cell lines with adenovirus for production of AAV vector is associated with substantial amplification of the rep/cap gene. Concerns over the presence of human papilloma viral (HPV) sequences in HeLa cells may limit use of such lines for production of clinical-grade vectors. Here we describe a non-HeLa-derived rep/cap cell line called K209, generated by stable transfection of A549 cells with a plasmid construct containing the P5 rep/cap cassette from AAV2. Infection of K209 cells with adenovirus leads to a 1000-fold amplification of the rep/cap gene with high-yield production of AAV vectors. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) of adenovirus that led to maximum amplification of the rep/cap gene and high-level production of AAV is 10 times higher in the HeLa-based cell line than that required in K209 cells. Our data suggest that papilloma-derived gene products present in HeLa cells are not required for high-yield production of AAV vectors.
Scattering by spheres with nonisotropic refractive indices

Some results of experimental studies on microwave scattering by artificially constructed axially symmetric spheres with anisotropic refractive indices are presented. An approximation using Mie theory for spheres with appropriate orientation dependent indices of refraction is shown to provide a good explanation of the observed dependence of the complex forward-scattering amplitudes on target orientation.
Image retrieval and pattern recognition

In this work, we study the relationship between content- based image retrieval and pattern recognition, by modeling the image retrieval process in a probabilistic method. A model called random image database will be presented, together with a retrieval quality measure called probability of self similar, which enables us to establish the link between image retrieval and pattern recognition. The main result is that such a quality measure is uniformly upperbounded by its pattern recognition counterpart using nearest neighbor rule, when only one training sample is available for each class. Therefore a feature measure having better performance in the one training sample per class case should be favored over features doing well in large training sample situations.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proliferating cells in psoriatic dermis are comprised primarily of T cells, endothelial cells, and factor XIIIa+ perivascular dendritic cells

Determination of the cell types proliferating in the dermis of patients with psoriasis should identify those cells experiencing activation or responding to growth factors in the psoriatic dermal milieu. Toward that end, sections of formalin-fixed biopsies obtained from 3H-deoxyuridine (3H-dU)-injected skin of eight psoriatic patients were immunostained, followed by autoradiography. Proliferating dermal cells exhibit silver grains from tritium emissions. The identity of the proliferating cells could then be determined by simultaneous visualization with antibodies specific for various cell types. UCHL1+ (CD45RO+) T cells (recall antigen-reactive helper T-cell subset) constituted 36.6 +/- 3.1% (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) of the proliferating dermal cells in involved skin, whereas Leu 18+ (CD45RA+) T cells (recall antigen naive T-cell subsets) comprised only 8.7 +/- 1.5% (n = 6). The Factor XIIIa+ dermal perivascular dendritic cell subset (24.9 +/- 1.5% of proliferating dermal cells, n = 6) and Factor VIII+ endothelial cells (23.0 +/- 2.3%, n = 6) represented the two other major proliferating populations in lesional psoriatic dermis. Differentiated tissue macrophages, identified by phase microscopy as melanophages or by immunostaining with antibodies to Leu M1 (CD15) or myeloid histiocyte antigen, comprised less than 5% of the proliferating population in either skin type. In addition to calculating the relative proportions of these cells to each other as percent, we also determined the density of cells, in cells/mm2 of tissue. The density of proliferating cells within these populations was increased in involved versus uninvolved skin: UCHL1+, 9.0 +/- 1.7 cells/mm2 versus 1.8 +/- 0.6 cells/mm2, p less than 0.01; Factor XIIIa+, 6.0 +/- 0.7 cells/mm2 versus 1.5 +/- 0.5 cells/mm2, p less than 0.01; Factor VIII+, 5.5 +/- 1.4 cells/mm2 versus 0.0 cells/mm2, p less than 0.05. The presence of preferential active proliferation of a T-cell subset in lesional dermis suggests that activating signals specific for this subset are contained within the psoriatic dermis in vivo. The activation of recall antigen-reactive T cells may be a driving force behind the dendritic cell and endothelial cell proliferation. Alternatively, the selective proliferation and expansion of these two constitutive cell types (Factor XIIIa+ and Factor VIII+) may result in signals that promote activation of UCHL1+ (CD45RO+) T cells.
Physical and electrical properties of oxides grown on carbon-implanted silicon

Abstract The effects of C on gate-oxide integrity have been quantified by implanting C into 〈100〉 Si and growing an oxide ( ∼ 400A) which incorporates the C as the Si is consumed. Implants of 1012, 1013, 1014, and 1015 10 keV C ( R p ∼ 240 A ) were follow damage anneals at 800°C, gate oxide growth at 1100°C, and a final 1000°C anneal in N2/O2. I–V curves showed significant lowering of breakdown field at fluences as low as 1013/cm2 and degradation at 1012/cm2. 24 MeV Si elastic recoil detection (ERD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profiling of C implants showed small accumulations of C by the growing oxide relative to that left in the Si.
Effects of drivers' license suspension policies on alcohol-related crash involvement: long-term follow-up in forty-six states.

Background: We evaluated the effects of driving under the influence (DUI) mandatory preconviction and postconviction drivers' license suspension laws in each of 46 U.S. states using 1 to 2 decades of long-term follow-up data on fatal car crashes. State-specific results were combined using meta-analytic techniques, and provide a direct test of the concept of celerity-time between offending behavior and consequent punishment-from deterrence theory. Methods: Four key outcome measures of monthly fatal alcohol-related crash involvement were examined using data from January 1976 through December 2002: single-vehicle nighttime, breath or blood alcohol concentration (BAC)=0.01 to 0.07, BAC=0.08 to 0.14, and BAC>/=0.15 g/dL. Missing BAC test data for some individual cases were filled using multiple imputation methods, and consequent increases in standard errors were incorporated into subsequent analyses. Separate ARIMA models were estimated for each state, including controls for state-specific levels of crash involvement over time due to other factors and effects of other major DUI countermeasures. Estimates were pooled across states using inverse variance weighting methods. Results: Administrative or preconviction drivers license suspension policies have statistically significant and substantively important effects in reducing alcohol-related fatal crash involvement by 5%, representing at least 800 lives saved per year in the United States. Moreover, these laws have similar effects on drivers at all drinking levels-from lower-risk drivers below the legal alcohol limit to drivers at extreme levels of intoxication. In clear contrast, postconviction license suspension policies have no discernable effects. Conclusions: The effectiveness of a deterrence policy appears to be more strongly affected by celerity-the speed by which punishment is applied after the offending behavior-than by the high severity of the penalty. This finding could be fruitfully applied to other areas of alcohol control policy and laws and regulations in general. Language: en
VCAM-1-, ELAM-1-, and ICAM-1-independent adhesion of melanoma cells to cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.

We have examined the mechanisms by which tumor cells bind to endorhelial cells utilizing cultured melanoma cells and microvascular endothelial cells derived from human dermis (HDMEC). The ability of biologic response modifiers (BRM) to modulate the adhesion of melanoma cells to HDMEC was defined and those results were compared with results from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). SK-MEL-2, WM 266-4, and Hs 294T melanoma cells all bound to HDMEC and HUVEC monolayers and adherence of melanoma cells was enhanced in a dose- and time-dependent manner by the treatment of HDMEC with interleukin 1 (IL-1) alpha or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Similar increases in binding to HDMEC or HUVEC were induced after BRM stimulation, although baseline melanoma cell binding to HUVEC tended to be slightly higher than to HDMEC. In contrast, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) augmented melanoma cell adherence to HDMEC, PMA failed to increase adherence to HUVEC. The alterations in melanoma cell binding were induced only after pretreatment of endothelial and not melanoma cells with PMA. Studies of the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on HDMEC and HUVEC using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) is not induced by PMA on HDMEC and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is down regulated on HDMEC by PMA treatment. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) is induced by PMA, IL-1alpha, or TNFalpha, but its expression does not correlate with increased melanoma cell binding MoAb recognizing VCAM-1 -inhibited TNFalpha-induced increases in melanoma cell binding to HUVEC. However, anti-VCAM-1 antibody failed to clock melanoma cell binding to PMA or IL-1alpha-stimulated HDMEC and only partially inhibited melanoma cell binding to TNFalpha-stimulated HDMEC. This study demonstrates that PMA and IL-1alpha-induced increase in melanoma cell adherence to HDMEC are not mediated via known CAM, including ICAM-1, VCAM-1 or ELAM-1, and may be affected through microvessel-specific novel proteins not previously described on endothelial cells.
Modulation of Turbulence Energy by Longitudinal Rolls in an Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract Horizontal roll vortices influence the distribution of turbulence, with turbulence variances and fluxes concentrated in regions of positive roll vertical velocity ωr. This “modulation” of turbulence can be explained simply in terms of the advection of turbulence-generating elements by rolls. A budget equation is derived for the roll-modulated turbulence energy. Evaluations of various terms in the equation shows that the modulation of turbulence variance is accounted for primarily by a similar modulation in mechanical and buoyancy production near the surface and by vertical transport at higher levels (∼100 m). Energy exchange between rolls and turbulence is relatively unimportant. That is, the rolls modulate, turbulence energy mainly by redistributing turbulence and turbulence-producing elements, rather than by exchanging energy. Similarly, it is shown that the exchange of energy between rolls and roll-modulated turbulence contributes considerably less to the energy equation of rolls than does the...
Completely conservative, covariant numerical solution of systems of ordinary differential equations with applications

The conservation laws of Newtonian dynamics are described and discussed forN-body problems. The related dynamical, nonlinear equations are then approximated by a new class of difference equations. These difference equations preserve the very same conservations laws as the differential equations. They are also shown to be covariant under fundamental coordinate transformations. Applications of current interest are discussed.
Design of class hierarchies: an introduction to OO program design

We report on the experience of teaching an introductory second semester computer science course on Fundamentals of Computer Science that uses our curriculum How to Design Class Hierarchies and the ProfessorJ programming languages implemented within the DrScheme programming environment.This comprehensive curriculum for an introductory course focuses on principled design of class based programs in an object-oriented language (Java) with a carefully structured gradual increase in the complexity of the class structure and the programming language.The curriculum includes extensive lecture notes, programming assignments, closed lab plans, exams, and the first part of a textbook. The curriculum is supported by a programming environment ProfessorJ with a series of gradually more complex teaching languages that support a novice learner. The pedagogy focuses on teaching the students problem solving and design skills that transcend the study of programming. The organization of the topics draws its strength from the theory of programming languages by focusing on the structure of data rather than on algorithms, user interactions, or arcane details of the programming language syntax.
Interactive effects of shock loading parameters on the substructure and mechanical properties of nickel and stainless steel

Abstract The dislocation density, dislocation cell size and intertwin spacing have been measured in shock-loaded nickel (about 35 μm grain size) along with the dislocation density, intertwin spacing, twin-fault volume fraction and α′ martensite volume fraction in shock-loaded type 304 stainless steel having grain sizes of 14, 38 and 89 μm. The three stainless steel grain sizes and the nickel sample were simultaneously shock loaded in a single experimental sandwich stack of sheet specimens. Single shock loading events were performed at 150, 300 and 450 kbar at 2 μs pulse duration and 450 kbar at 6 μs pulse duration, while a single sandwich was repeatedly shock loaded three times at 150 kbar at 2 μs pulse duration to investigate the effects of multiply shocked substructures. The dislocation density in the stainless steel decreased without exception as the grain size increased, and the α′ martensite volume fraction increased with increasing grain size. The α′ martensite also increased with increasing shock pressure to some extent with increasing (longer) pulse duration. The residual 0.2% offset yield stress followed a Hall-Petch type relation when considering cell size d and intertwin spacing Δ in nickel ( σ∼d −1 , σ∼Δ − 1 2 ), while a Hall-Petch type relation was also followed in stainless steel for grain size D and intertwin spacing Δ ( σ∼D − 1 2 , σ∼Δ −1/2 ). It was shown that dislocation cells, twins or twin-faults and martensite all contribute to subgrain refinement and residual shock strengthening. Multiply loaded nickel and type 304 stainless steel exhibited microstructures and residual properties different from single events but were not representative of either additive shock stress or pulse duration. The initial microstructure was observed to influence the residual shock microstructure strongly as expected on the basis of work-hardening considerations. Multiply shocked 304 stainless steel contained a high density of martensite as compared with (equivalent) single shock events (150 kbar, 2 μs), and this was due to the shock loading of existing (initial) twin faults and the interactions of these faults to nucleate and grow martensite within such twin-fault bundles.
No−2 and No−3 formation on oxygenated Ag Surfaces exposed to nitrogen oxide gases: a sers study

Brief exposure of oxygenated Ag powder to NO and No2/N2O4 gases resulted in surface-enchanced Raman scattering spectra of NO−2 and NO−3. Morphology chages in the originally smooth crystalline facts of the Ag powder were noted after exposure to NO2/NO2O4. The NO−3 remained stable after heating to 200°.
The aims and methods of technology assessment

Technology Assessment (T.A.) is viewed as a dynamic process. The paper emphasizes the basic aims of T.A. as an assessment and synthesis process. Specific areas of system analysis and the tracking of technology are presented with respect to T.A. priorities, stage of development, and the collateral use of the basic techniques of quantitative analysis in the context of community health. An information system, in conjunction with the role of new approaches to T.A. such as Meta-Analysis are discussed. Several examples from the literature are presented by way of illustration.
Knock Out, Knock In, Knock Down — Genetically Manipulated Mice and the Nobel Prize

In Stockholm this fall, the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology was awarded to Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi for their discoveries of “principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.” Dr. John Manis discusses the technology of gene manipulation. Dr. Susan Dymecki discusses the 2007 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, gene modification in mice, and its potential therapeutic implications for humans. Dr. Dymecki is an associate professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Increasing evidence of purchasing power parity over the current float

We conduct unit root tests of real exchange rates with the United States dollar and the German mark as base currencies. Using samples of data which begin in 1973 and end between 1982 and 1996, we find that, as the sample is extended, the evidence of PPP strengthens with panel, but not univariate, methods. Because of the sharp rise and fall of the dollar in the early 1980s, rejections of the unit root null do not monotonically increase with the sample size. The evidence of PPP is uniformly stronger when the mark is used as the base currency.
Some analytical and numerical results for cladded fuel rods subjected to thermo-irradiation induced creep

Abstract Stresses and velocities are analyzed for a hollow cylinder of fuel encased in metallic cladding and subjected to high temperature and high neutron flux fields. The material is represented by a compressible nonlinear thermo-irradiation viscoelastic model. A stress function for axisymmetric plane strain is introduced, and the problem essentially reduces to solving a nonlinear ordinary differential equation in the interfacial contact pressure. Some analytical results are obtained for the case of material properties independent of position. For the case of temperature, flux and thus material properties dependent on position, an approximate formulation is employed whereby the cylinder is divided into discrete rings with constant properties.
Three-dimensional object representation based on the largest convex patches method

We introduce a representation of the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of objects which describes object shape through configurations of interrelated parts and accounts for their surface and volumetric properties as well. The decomposition into constituent parts is obtained by an earlier developed surfaced based method that uses the largest locally convex patches (LCP) and the largest nonconvex patches to characterize and define part boundaries. This characterization of the part boundary provides the basis for assigning to each part a simple volumetric primitive that preserves its surface type. We propose a heuristics for choosing the volumetric description motivated by a theorem from differential geometry which classifies surface points (elliptic, hyperbolic, parabolic, plane) through the type of the parabolloid that approximates a finite environment. This provides a natural way of relating surface properties of the boundary-based decomposition to volumetric properties of the primitive-based part description. A further decomposition into subparts and the computation of associated features on an 'if needed' basis allow us to account for structural details which appear to be closely related to the use of the object in actions. We present examples of the shape descriptions of various machine tools.
Levels of vasopressin in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJECTIVES It is accepted treatment to give vasopressin to adults in postcardiotomy shock, but such use in children is controversial. Cardiopulmonary bypass is presumed to attenuate the normal endogenous vasopressin response to shock. We hypothesized that levels of vasopressin in children are altered by bypass, and that children having low endogenous levels perioperatively are more likely to develop hypotension, or require vasopressors. METHODS Serial levels of vasopressin were assessed prospectively in children undergoing bypass at a single center. RESULTS Of 61 eligible patients, we enrolled 39 (63%). Their median age was 5 months. The mean level of vasopressin prior to bypass was 18.6 picograms per millilitre, with an interquartile range from 2.6 to 11.4. Levels of vasopressin peaked during bypass at 87.1, this being highly significant compared to baseline (p < 0.00005), remained high for 12 hours at a mean of 73.5, again significantly different from baseline (p = 0.002), were falling at 24 hours, with a mean of 28.1 (p = 0.04), and had returned to baseline by 48 hours, when the mean was 7.4 (p = 0.3). Age, gender, and the category for surgical risk had no influence on the levels of vasopressin. There was no statistically significant relationship between the measured levels and hypotension or the requirement for vasopressors, although a few persistently hypotensive patients had high levels subsequent to bypass. Higher levels correlated with higher levels of sodium in the serum (r(s) = 0.37, p < 0.00005), higher osmolality (r(s) = 0.37, p < 0.00005), and positive fluid balance (r(s) = 0.23, p < 0.008). Preoperative use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme, preoperative congestive cardiac failure, and longer periods of bypass predicted higher levels during the first eight postoperative hours. CONCLUSIONS Children do not have deficient endogenous levels of vasopressin following bypass, and lower levels are not associated with hypotension. Any therapeutic efficacy of infusion of vasopressin for post-cardiotomy shock in children is likely due to reasons other than physiologic replacement.
Equisolution matrices for the matric computor

Abstract Certain purely mathematical results are induced by the application of the Matric Computor to the solution of systems of nonlinear algebraic and integrodifferential equations. The results arise because the Matric Computor is an analytic machine homeomorphic to matric equations in which only constant, first-order differential, and linear functional entries appear in the coefficient matrix of the system being solved. The conversion of given nonlinear equations to equisolution matric systems with coefficient matrices of the class described—which, in view of their linear functional entries, have properties transcending those of purely linear algebras—is therefore central to the employment of this analytic machine. As an interesting example, the equation 0 = ( y  ) 2 −t·sin y —which, parenthetically, requires twenty scalar equations for its decomposition according to Shannon's theory— reduces to a mere (5;5)-order system according to the equisolution matric equation construction delineated in the paper.
Aggressive Cognitions of Violent Versus Nonviolent Spouses

This study extends previous research on the relationship between aggressive cognition and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration by comparing the aggressive cognitions of both husbands and wives (not just husbands) in an actual (not hypothetical) relationship problem discussions across three groups of couples—bi-directionally violent (V), nonviolent but maritally distressed (NVD), and nonviolent and nondistressed (NVND). Further extending previous work, across these groups, we also compared spouses’ inferences of aggressive cognitions in their partners’ thoughts and objective observers’ inferences of aggressive cognitions. Violent spouses, whether male or female, had significantly more aggressive cognitions than NVD and NVND spouses. Findings are discussed in relation to how they extend past research and their clinical implications.
Building and Running Application Codes on the ARL Linux Networx Cluster (JVN)

Porting, building and running application codes in the high-performance Linux cluster environment are different than the traditional high-performance computing environment with which many users are familiar. There are multiple compiling environments to choose from, along with their associated MPICH environments and optimized scientific libraries. Determining which of these environments is best suited to a user�s application is not always apparent, as is defining the user�s environment to properly access the chosen compiler and libraries during the build process. After successfully building an application, creating LSF batch run scripts that will successfully and efficiently run these newly built applications to solve user-defined problems has its own unique requirements inherent to the Linux environment. The objective of this paper is to provide the information necessary for new users to the Linux cluster to determine the most appropriate compiling environment for their application, as well as the means to access the compiler and associated libraries to successfully build and, if necessary, debug the desired application. Usage of the LSF batch system to submit batch jobs that will successfully and efficiently run on Linux cluster compute nodes will also be addressed. A discussion of each compiler�s characteristics will provide a basis for users to determine which compiling system is most appropriate for their application. An introduction to the use of software "modules" will provide a way for users to easily tailor their environment to use the desired compiling environment for code development/building. Finally, LSF batch script examples will be used to demonstrate correct script usage. By better understanding the ARL Linux Networx cluster environment, new users will be able to become effective and productive users of the system more quickly. By minimizing the time required by users to port their codes onto a new platform and begin production jobs, the overall efficacy of the cluster�s capability as a research tool is enhanced thereby increasing its overall value to the program.