cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural damping of composites under sustained vibratory stresses

The dynamic properties of a fiber-reinforced composite under uniaxial sinusoidal stresses have been studied and the dynamic modulus and loss coefficients have been evaluated. Effects of fiber orientation to applied stress, the magnitude of static biaxial stresses, frequencies of fluctuating stresses and the temperature on the dynamic properties have been studied. The paper describes a dynamic biaxial testing machine specially developed for the measurement of dynamic properties of fiber-reinforced materials for a low frequency range. Results indicate that the single laminate material displays very little damping. However, the multilaminate material reveals an appreciable damping that is dependent on the frequency of fluctuation of applied stress. The loss coefficient for the multilaminate material was found to decrease with frequency and was appreciably affected by fiber orientation, magnitudes of mean biaxial stresses, and temperature. Finally, an examination of data indicated that the time-temperature equivalence hypothesis can be applied. Using this principle, master loss coefficient curves for an extended frequency range have been obtained.
Reaction of dioxygen with a cross-conjugated carbon-carbon double bond in a bis-macrocycle diiron compound

Abstract Dioxygen at atmospheric pressure attacks a cross-conjugated carbon-carbon double bond in a diiron complex to form two, like, keto macrocyclic iron(II) complexes. This reaction occurs with high yield in both solution and in the solid state. A dioxetane intermediate is, therefore, invoked. The rate of the reaction is very dependent on the nature of the axial ligands on the low-spin iron(II) ions in the bimetallic complex. The rate is at least a factor of 10 4 faster with DMF ligands than with CH 3 CN axial ligands. This rate dependence is explained by stabilization of a peroxo biradical transition state en route to a dioxetane intermediate. The keto-macrocyle product has the carbonyl group conjugated with a β-diimine in a six-membered chelate ring. The conformation of this keto macrocycle is fixed on the NMR time scale and the spectra of all ten non-equivalent protons in the complex can be unambiguously assigned. The keto β-diimine ligand is an excellent π-acceptor as indicated by the high Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxidation potential of the compound and by the Mossbauer spectrum, which shows a low value for the center shift and a high value for the quadrupole splitting parameter.
Induction of proliferation of growth-inhibited keratinocytes and fibroblasts in monolayer culture by sodium lauryl sulfate: Comparison with all-trans retinoic acid

We have previously shown that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) has the capacity to stimulate proliferation of growth-inhibited human epidermal keratinocytes and growth-inhibited human dermal fibroblasts. The same treatment also stimulates extracellular matrix synthesis by fibroblasts (J Invest Dermatol 93:449; 94:717). In the present study we have examined the capacity of sodium lauryl sulfate to stimulate keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation under the same conditions. Our data show that both cell types are stimulated to proliferate. Sodium lauryl sulfate is less potent than RA; it requires a higher molar concentration to achieve optimal stimulation and the number of responding cells at optimal concentrations is less with sodium lauryl sulfate than with RA. Further, there is a rapid onset of toxicity at concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate that are only slightly higher than the optimal stimulatory concentration. Finally, sodium lauryl sulfate is less effective than RA in stimulating production of extracellular matrix (fibronectin, thrombospondin, and laminin) by dermal fibroblasts. Despite its ability to partially mimic RA as a stimulant of keratinocyte and fibroblast growth, sodium lauryl sulfate does not activate chloramphenicol acetyl transferase in cells co-transfected with retinoic acid receptors and a retinoic acid responsive element linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene.
The crystal structures and phase transition of α and β BaCu4S3

Abstract BaCu 4 S 3 has an α→β phase transition at 640 ± 10°C and melts at 879 ± 10°C. The unit cell parameters and space groups are: α phase, a = 10.7686 (8) A b = 4.0348(6) A, c = 13.2805(9) A, Pnma, z = 4; β phase, a = 4.0584(4) Ab = 13.8637(6) A, c = 10.3733(5) A, Cmcm, z = 4. The structures are very similar and consist of chains of BaS 6 trigonal prisms which share the triangular faces to form an infinite chain. Adjacent chains are displaced so that S atoms cap one of the rectangular faces in the α phase and two faces in the β phase. The unique aspect in these structures is the interleaving of infinite Cu chains, zig-zag in the α and linear in the β phase. The BaS distances vary from 3.12–3.47 A and the CuS distances from 2.28–2.77 A. The Cu atom coordination varies from a distorted triangle to a distorted tetrahedron.
Neutral and alkaline lipolytic activities in human adipose tissue

Abstract Previous work from this laboratory suggested that human adipose tissue contains at least 2 lipolytic activities. Assay systems have been developed for the optimal demonstration of these activities in cell-free preparations of human adipose tissue, and additional differences have been demonstrated. Neutral lipolytic activity was assayed at pH 7.0, 37° with olive oil as substrate, and alkaline lipolytic activity at pH 8.0, 47° with tributyrin as substrate. Studies which related triglyceride concentration to both lipolysis and absorbance of the assay system suggested that neutral lipolytic activity represents hydrolysis of an emulsified ester and alkaline lipolytic activity hydrolysis of a soluble ester. In general, neutral lipolytic activity was augmented considerably by albumin, 50 mg/ml, but alkaline activity was not. In addition to the differences in assay conditions the 2 activities differed in their thermal stability, pH dependence, and inhibition characteristics. These activities differ in their hydrophilic tendencies as seen by the fact that they were partially separated by centrifugation of an adipose tissue homogenate, or by extraction of an adipose tissue preparation with diethyl ether. In addition each activity differs from lipoprotein lipase activity.
Randomly organized lipids and marginally stable proteins: a coupling of weak interactions to optimize membrane signaling.

Abstract Eukaryotic lipids in a bilayer are dominated by weak cooperative interactions. These interactions impart highly dynamic and pliable properties to the membrane. C2 domain-containing proteins in the membrane also interact weakly and cooperatively giving rise to a high degree of conformational plasticity. We propose that this feature of weak energetics and plasticity shared by lipids and C2 domain-containing proteins enhance a cell's ability to transduce information across the membrane. We explored this hypothesis using information theory to assess the information storage capacity of model and mast cell membranes, as well as differential scanning calorimetry, carboxyfluorescein release assays, and tryptophan fluorescence to assess protein and membrane stability. The distribution of lipids in mast cell membranes encoded 5.6–5.8 bits of information. More information resided in the acyl chains than the head groups and in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane than the outer leaflet. When the lipid composition and information content of model membranes were varied, the associated C2 domains underwent large changes in stability and denaturation profile. The C2 domain-containing proteins are therefore acutely sensitive to the composition and information content of their associated lipids. Together, these findings suggest that the maximum flow of signaling information through the membrane and into the cell is optimized by the cooperation of near-random distributions of membrane lipids and proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY‐METAL IONS IN SILICATES CONTAINING SEVERAL ANIONS OF DIFFERENT SIZE

A study of the color of minerals revealed that cobalt blue, the most common blue colorant in glasses, glazes, ceramic pigments, and synthetic minerals, seems to be almost completely absent in the mineral kingdom. This observation led to an investigation of the conditions under which the CoO4 groups form and to the composition of natural cobalt minerals. It was found that minerals containing Co2+ ions surrounded by oxygen must have formed generally at low temperature and that the cobalt was removed from the magma when the crystallization of silicates, aluminosilicates, and aluminates began. To explain this phenomenon, the distribution of heavy-metal ions in silicate melts containing anions of different size was examined by means of model experiments. It could be demonstrated that these anions are statistically distributed around the heavy-metal ions as long as the thermal energy is high and the interionic distances are large. With decreasing temperatures the statistical distribution changes into one that is governed by two energy terms, one resulting from the Coulomb forces, the other from the mutual polarization of the ions. On the basis of Fajans' theory of the deformation of ions it was possible to explain the formation of sulfidic ores from the original magma and the striking of glasses of the CdS type.
Separation of electrostatic and magnetic phase shifts using a modified transport-of-intensity equation

We introduce a new approach for the separation of the electrostatic and magnetic components of the electron wave phase shift, based on the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) formalism. We derive two separate TIE-like equations, one for each of the phase shift components. We use experimental results on FeCoB and Permalloy patterned islands to illustrate how the magnetic and electrostatic longitudinal derivatives can be computed. The main advantage of this new approach is the fact that the differences in the power spectra of the two phase components (electrostatic phase shifts often have significant power in the higher frequencies) can be accommodated by the selection of two different Tikhonov regularization parameters for the two phase reconstructions. The extra computational demands of the method are more than compensated by the improved phase reconstruction results.
On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia

In his book Babylonia 689-627 B.C., G. Frame provides a maximally detailed history of a specific region during a closely delimited time period, based on all available sources produced during that period or bearing on it. This review article critiques the methods used to derive the history from the sources and the conceptual framework used to apprehend the subject of the history.
The Stereotypes of Four Ethnic Groups

Abstract The possible interfering effects of social desirability (SD) on stereotype questionnaires were investigated. By controlling SD, it was assumed subjects would more likely respond to the qualitative meaning of an adjective, and unique stereotypes would result for each nationality. The Katz and Braly adjectives were presented to 800 students in a forced choice format. Two different questionnaires—one controlling for SD, the other for applicability or frequency (but not for SD)—were analyzed for Israelis, Jews, Japanese, and Germans. Results showed that when SD was controlled, negative as well as positive adjectives were chosen to describe the groups. When SD was not controlled, frequency of choice and SD correlated substantially. However, except when Japanese were in the comparison, stereotypes overlapped each other.
Socioeconomic status and the sentencing of the traditional offender

Abstract Conflict theory postulates that lower-class criminal defendants receive the most severe legal sanctions. The empirical literature testing the validity of this proposition, however, is equivocal. This study examined the sentencing of property, violent, and moral order offenders in a southeastern state with legally mandated sentencing guidelines. It was hypothesized that the severity of imposed legal sanction would depend on the interplay between an offender's socioeconomic status and offense type. Results from four different regression models indicate some support for this hypothesis. A significant inverse relationship was observed between socioeconomic status and length of sentence for manslaughter and the possession of narcotics. Findings also show that extralegal factors played a greater role in the sentencing of violent and moral order offenders while prior criminal record was more salient in the sanctioning of property offenders. Further offense-specific analyses are needed to shed light on the relationship between socioeconomic status and criminal sentencing.
A Discrete-Time Hazard Analysis of the Role of Gender in Persistence in the Economics Major

Many researchers have investigated gender differences in performance in economics courses (e.g., Siegfried 1979; Becker 1997). Allowing for differences in method, most of these studies report significant gender differences in both learning and understanding economic knowledge, with men outperforming women. Fewer studies exist of gender differences in continued participation in economics courses. Horvath, Beaudin, and Wright (1992) found that female students were less likely to persist from a first course in economics into a second and that grades seemed to be an important determinant of persistence for female students. Dynan and Rouse (1997) examined the factors that explain the underrepresentation of undergraduate majors in economics. Summarizing the state of economic education research, Becker (1997, 1368) stated: "Research needs to move beyond simple measures of knowledge to consider what leads to student persistence during a course, into another course, or into a major, and what skills students need for future performance in the workplace." I examine in this study one of these issues-whether gender differences exist in the persistence pattern of economic majors. A study of gender differences in persistence patterns of economics majors is important in its own right but also because it could shed light on a concern that has occupied the discipline since 1995-the decline in the number of economics
Studies with calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate in calves; toxicity and use in bovine lead poisoning.

Abstract The purposes of the present study were (1) to determine the most effective therapeutic regimen of CaEDTA for the mobilization of lead in cattle and (2) to evaluate the toxic effects associated with short-term administration of CaEDTA. The studies indicate that optimal conditions of lead mobilization in calves are provided by concentrations in the order of 135 mμmoles of EDTA per milliliter of plasma and above maintained for 10–12 hours. These concentrations can be achieved by the constant intravenous infusion of CaEDTA at 110–220 mg/kg over 12 hours or approximated by two rapid intravenous injections 6 hours apart at 110 mg/kg each. Intraperitoneal administration is not as effective as intravenous administration in mobilizing lead. The manifestations of CaEDTA toxicity in calves were similar to those observed in man and the dog, but were considerably more extensive than those reported for the rat. Daily 12-hour infusions of CaEDTA at 220 mg/kg were not toxic when maintained for 3 successive days and were mildly toxic when maintained for 5 successive days. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions are described.
Reliability sensitivity analysis with random and interval variables

In reliability analysis and reliability-based design, sensitivity analysis identifies the relationship between the change in reliability and the change in the characteristics of uncertain variables. Sensitivity analysis is also used to identify the most significant uncertain variables that have the highest contributions to reliability. Most of the current sensitivity analysis methods are applicable for only random variables. In many engineering applications, however, some of uncertain variables are intervals. In this work, a sensitivity analysis method is proposed for the mixture of random and interval variables. Six sensitivity indices are defined for the sensitivity of the average reliability and reliability bounds with respect to the averages and widths of intervals, as well as with respect to the distribution parameters of random variables. The equations of these sensitivity indices are derived based on the first-order reliability method (FORM). The proposed reliability sensitivity analysis is a byproduct of FORM without any extra function calls after reliability is found. Once FORM is performed, the sensitivity information is obtained automatically. Two examples are used for demonstration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inputs of Fossil Carbon from Wastewater Treatment Plants to U.S. Rivers and Oceans

Every day more than 500 million cubic meters of treated wastewater are discharged into rivers, estuaries, and oceans, an amount slightly less than the average flow of the Danube River. Typically, wastewaters have high organic carbon (OC) concentrations and represent a large fraction of total river flow and a higher fraction of river OC in densely populated watersheds. Here, we report the first direct measurements of radiocarbon (14C) in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The radiocarbon ages of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) in effluent are old and relatively uniform across a range of WWTPs in New York and Connecticut Wastewater DOC has a mean radiocarbon age of 1630 +/- 500 years B.P. and a mean delta13C of -26.0 +/- 1 per thousand. Mass balance calculations indicate that 25% of wastewater DOC is fossil carbon, which is likely derived from petroleum-based household products such as detergents and pharmaceuticals. These findings warrant reevaluation of the "apparent age" of riverine DOC, the total flux of petroleum carbon to U.S. oceans, and OC source assignments in waters impacted by sewage.
Estimation of Average Concentration in the Presence of Nondetectable Values

Abstract In the attempt to estimate the average concentration of a particular contaminant during some period of time, a certain proportion of the collected samples is often reported to be below the limit of detection. The statistical terminology for these results is known as censored data, i.e., nonzero values which cannot be measured but are known to be below some threshold. Samples taken over time are assumed to follow a lognormal distribution. Given this assumption, several techniques are presented for estimation of the average concentration from data containing nondetectable values. The techniques proposed include three methods of estimation with a left-censored lognormal distribution: a maximum likelihood statistical method and two methods involving the limit of detection. Each method is evaluated using computer simulation with respect to the bias associated with estimation of the mean and standard deviation. The maximum likelihood method was shown to produce unbiased estimates of both the mean and s...
The Effects of Encoding in Hypnosis and Post-Hypnotic Suggestion on Academic Performance

This study examined the relationship between proactive learning in hypnosis, post-hypnotic suggestion, and academic performance. Participants (N = 56) were randomly assigned to a control group or a treatment group. The treatment group was hypnotized and read a passage while in hypnosis. Concurrently, they were given a post-hypnotic suggestion, which attempted to aid recognition and performance on a test immediately following the hypnosis session. Both groups completed a multiple-choice test based on the aforementioned passage. An analysis of covariance discerned the effect of proactive learning and post-hypnotic suggestion on test performance, while controlling for the variance introduced by scholastic aptitude as measured by the ACT. Results indicated that the hypnosis sessions predicted significantly impaired test performance.
Characterization of Vancomycin-Heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus from the Metropolitan Area of Detroit, Michigan, over a 22-Year Period (1986 to 2007)

We screened for heteroresistant, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus collected from three hospitals (two urban teaching hospitals and one community hospital) in the Detroit metropolitan area over a 22-year period. The Macro Etest method was used to screen all available isolates. Confirmation of hVISA-positive screens were confirmed by population-area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) analysis. A total of 1,499 isolates revealed hVISA/VISA rates of 2.2/0.4% (n = 225; 1986 to 1993), 7.6/2.3% (n = 356; 1994 to 2002), and 8.3/0.3% (n = 917; 2003 to 2007). Population-AUC analysis confirmed 92.6% of the hVISA-positive strains determined by the Macro Etest method. For the isolates with known sources (1,208), the predominant source of hVISA was blood (60%), followed by lung (21%), skin and wound infections (14%), abscess (1%), and other (4%). The percentage of hVISA-positive strains appeared to increase as a function of the vancomycin MIC. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing revealed that the majority (56.9%) of the hVISA strains were SCCmec type II and 39.4% were type IV; the majority of these strains were collected from 2000 to 2007. Our data indicate that the prevalence of hVISA may be increasing. Based on the association of vancomycin treatment failure in patients with hVISA, surveillance of hVISA strains is warranted.
Tobacco, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity, and the risk of head and neck cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cohort.

Background Estimation of attributable fractions for tobacco and alcohol, and investigation of the association between body mass index (BMI) and head and neck cancer risk have largely been in case-control studies. These aspects and physical activity need to be assessed as possible head and neck cancer risk/protective factors in a cohort study. Methods In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial, of the 101,182 study subjects, 177 individuals developed head and neck cancer. Results The proportion of head and neck cancer cases attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol was 66% (50.5% tobacco alone, 14.7% alcohol alone, 0.9% tobacco and alcohol combined). BMI was not associated with head and neck cancer risk, but increasing hours of physical activity per week was associated with a reduced head and neck cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35–0.96). Conclusions Cigarette smoking is clearly the most important head and neck cancer risk factor in this population. The reduced cancer risk due to physical activity was consistent with results from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Collagen of brain microvessel preparations.

Abstract The collagen in rabbit brain microvessel preparations has been quantitated and partially characterized. Pancreatic elastase is employed to isolate an enriched insoluble collagen fraction. Approximately half of the collagen (as measured by the hydroxyproline content) in the microvessel preparations is associated with striated collagen fibers. Elastin, in small amounts, is also detected in the brain microvessels.
Paradoxical increase in LDL oxidation by endothelial cells from an atherosclerosis-resistant mouse strain.

Abstract Oxidative modification of LDL accumulated in the subendothelial space is a critical step in atherogenesis. Mouse strains C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c differ markedly in atherosclerosis susceptibility. We sought to determine whether variation of endothelial cells in the capacity to oxidize LDL or in response to minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL) constitutes a genetic component in atherosclerosis. LDL oxidation was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) production. Responses to MM-LDL were evaluated by examining induction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Both strains exhibited comparable endothelial responses to MM-LDL, whereas BALB/c mice had an increased rate of oxidizing LDL compared with B6 mice. To examine whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contributed to the difference in LDL oxidation, cells were incubated with native LDL in the presence or absence of N Ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), a specific NOS inhibitor. Although l -NAME significantly inhibited endothelial cell-mediated LDL oxidation, it failed to abolish the difference between the strains. In contrast, Baicalein, a specific 12/15 lipoxygenase inhibitor, abolished the difference in LDL oxidation. Thus, the paradoxical increase in LDL oxidation by endothelial cells is attributable to higher oxidant activity of 12/15-lipoxygenase in BALB/c mice and endothelial cells appear unlikely to be a source of the resistance to atherosclerosis.
Exhaust and territorialisation at the Washington Bridge Apartments, New York City, 1963–1973

Completed in 1963, the Washington Bridge Apartments are part of the Washington Bridge Extension Complex sited above the Trans-Manhattan Expressway in the Washington Heights neighbourhood of upper M...
The phantom of the matrix: Inverting the case on closure in Cole's model

In Closing the Case on Closure in Cole's Model Randall Jackson and Moss Madden critique my solution to the time-lagged regional input-output model. My rebuttal demonstrates that they: i) interpret my model incorrectly, ii) are inconsistent in their own specification, and iii) make inapplicable numerical comparisons between short- and long-term solutions. I show also iv) the correct solution to the totally closed model is neither trivial, nor singular, and v) this resolves the apparent paradox of infinite multipliers in a finite world. Moreover, vi) in my model, injecting exogenous demands equal to export earnings correctly reproduces the base output levels. The standard model does not meet this test.
Amphetamine isomers: Influences on locomotor and stereotyped behavior of cats

Abstract Catecholamine release and reuptake are considerably more stereoselective at norepinephrine than at dopamine nerve terminals, suggesting that pronounced differences in the influence of amphetamine isomers on particular behaviors favors norepinephrine mediation while similar actions of these isomers indicates a predominant role for dopamine. (+)-Amphetamine is markedly more potent than its (−)-isomer in stimulating locomotor activity of the cat while the two isomers differ less in provoking stereotyped behavior. These findings support a major role for brain norepinephrine in mediating amphetamine-induced locomotor enhancement, while dopamine may be more important in facilitating stereotyped behavior. Besides inducing stereotyped behavior, L-Dopa greatly enhances locomotor activity, which suggests an important role for dopamine in mediating locomotor activation.
Recognizing and localizing features in brief picture presentations

In two experiments, subjects saw a series of brief picture flashes, each followed by a 10-sec presentation of a small picture section. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to decide if the section had been part of the 100-msec picture presentation. Experiment 2 had 100-msec and 500-msec presentations, and the task was to indicate the location of the section in the picture. Both recognition and localization accuracy depended upon the rated informativeness of the probed section and the section’s location with respect to point of focus. Performance on the recognition task was superior to that on the localization task, suggesting different rates of acquisition of identity and location information. The results were interpreted in terms of a model of picture perception based upon two kinds of processing: identification of individual objects and a holistic characterization of the scene. The results also have implications regarding the use of information in the guidance of initial eye fixations.
Effect of nolinium bromide on vascular smooth muscle.

AbstractNolinium bromide inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. While the compound's gastric antisecretory action has been attributed in part to inhibition of gastric adenylate cyclase and the gastric proton-transport ATPase, the mechanism of nolinium bromide's relaxant effect on smooth muscle has not been elucidated. We have determined that nolinium bromide inhibits contraction of vascular smooth muscle, using isolated rabbit aortic strips. This report characterizes the specificity of this inhibition (by using several agonists) and its Ca2+ dependence (by using contractile conditions of known dependence on various Ca2+ pools). Nolinium bromide (50-200 μM) was a reversible, insurmountable inhibitor of contractions induced by Ca2+ (in 40 mM KCl depolarizing medium) and norepinephrine, with IC50 values of 96 and 118 μM, respectively, for suppression of maximum contractile force. Contractions in response to Asn1Val5-angiotensin II in both 2.5 mM Ca2+ and 0 mM Ca2+ med...
Preparation, properties, and characterization of boron phosphide films on 4H- and 6H-silicon carbide

Abstract Epitaxial growth of boron phosphide (BP) films on 4H- and 6H-SiC(0001) substrates with on- and off-axis orientations was investigated in this study. The films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition using phosphine and diborane as reactants over a temperature range of 1000 oC–1200 °C. The effects of growth parameters such as temperature, reactant flow rates, substrate type, and crystallographic orientation on BP film properties were studied in detail. The epitaxial relationship between BP film and 4H-and 6H-SiC substrate was ( 111 ) BP 11 2 ¯ > BP || ( 0001 ) SiC 1 1 ¯ 00 >SiC . Film quality, determined by preferred crystalline orientation and grain size, improved with temperature and PH3/B2H6 flow ratio, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, smoother films were obtained when the diborane flow rate was reduced. Rotational twinning in BP films was absent on 4H-SiC(0001) tilted 4° towards [ 1 1 ¯ 00 ] , but was confirmed on both 4H-SiC(0001) tilted 4° towards [ 1 2 ¯ 10 ] , and on-axis 6H-SiC(0001) substrates by synchrotron white beam x-ray topography technique.
Direct calculation of Young's moidulus of glass

Abstract An equation has been derived for the direct calculation of the Young's modulus of oxide glasses from their chemical compositions. The method is based on a consideration of dissociation energy of the oxide constituents per unit volume and the packing density. For borate glasses, the ratio of four-coordinated to three-coordinated borons must be taken into consideration. Excellent agreement is obtained between calculated and measured values of Young's modulus for over thirty different glasses.
Responding to the Trauma of Sexual Violence in Asylum Seekers A Clinical Case Study

Civil and social unrest, human rights abuses, and various acts of violence around the world continue to force many to flee their homelands in search of safety. Such chaos often results in the disin...
High-energy collision-induced dissociation of multiply charged polypeptides produced by electrospray

Abstract The recent commercial implementation of an electrospray source on a four-sector mass spectrometer has allowed the study of high-energy collisional activation of multiply charged cations. With this configuration, higher mass-to-charge ratios can be accommodated in both precursor ion selection and fragment ion detection. Good mass accuracy facilitates analysis of fragment ions and allows more reliable mechanistic correlation of these fragments. A convenient scheme was devised to permit the use of kilovolt potentials in both MS-I and MS-II, with precursors of varying charge states. Algorithms were devised to assign masses of different types of multiply charged fragment ions. Nine polypeptides were studied in the mass range 2000-5000 Da. Through this entire mass range, fragment ions were observed to be amply formed by cleavages in both the backbone and side chains, analogous to high-energy collisional activation of singly charged ions. This stands in sharp contrast to the patterns reported with low-energy, multiple collisions. Abundances of sequence ion series are influenced by the positions of basic residues. Analysis of charge distributions in fragment ions also indictes that the charges tend to be spread out across the peptides.
Population Statistics for Paddlefish in the Wisconsin River

Abstract Although paddlefish Polyodon spathula are protected in Wisconsin and Minnesota, limited information exists on the status of populations in the upper Mississippi River. Paddlefish populations in the upper Mississippi River probably have never fully recovered from declines that occurred in the late 1800s and early 1900s following habitat loss and extensive fishing. In our study, we estimated population size, size and age structure, and mortality for a paddlefish population in the Wisconsin River, a tributary of the upper Mississippi River, during 1993 and 1994. We tagged 337 paddlefish and recaptured 33. Unequal probability of capture and small sample sizes violated the assumptions of published population models. To improve interpretation of results, data were adjusted for assumption violations, and estimates were generated using three widely used models (modified Jolly–Seber, adjusted Petersen, and Chapman's modified Schnabel). Based on Chapman's modified Schnabel adjusted for mortality and estima...
Models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking from a SU(2k + 3) gauge model

Abstract We investigate three classes of supersymmetric models which can be obtained by breaking the chiral SU(2 k + 3) gauge theories with one antisymmetric tensor and 2 k − 1 antifundamentals. For N = 3, the chiral SU(2 k )×SU(3)×U(1) theories break supersymmetry by quantum deformations of the moduli spaces in the strong SU(2 k ) gauge coupling limit. For N = 2, it is the generalization of the SU(5) × U(2) × U(1) model mentioned in the literature. Supersymmetry is broken by carefully choosing the quark-antiquark-doublet Yukawa couplings in this model. For N = 1, this becomes the well-known model discussed in the literature.
Automating the Assembly of Aviation Safety Cases

Safety cases are among the state of the art in safety management mechanisms, providing an explicit way to reason about system and software safety. The intent is to provide convincing, valid, comprehensive assurance that a system is acceptably safe for a given application in a defined operating environment, by creating an argument structure that links claims about safety to a body of evidence. However, their construction is a largely manual, and therefore a time consuming, error prone, and expensive process. We present a methodology for automatically assembling safety cases which are auto-generated from the application of a formal method to software, with manually created safety cases derived from system safety analysis. Our approach emphasizes the heterogeneity of safety-relevant information, and we show how diverse content can be integrated into a single argument structure. To illustrate our methodology, we have applied it to the Swift Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) being developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. We present an end-to-end fragment of the resulting interim safety case comprising an aircraft-level argument manually constructed from the safety analysis of the Swift UAS, which is automatically assembled with an auto-generated lower-level argument produced from a formal proof of correctness of the safety-relevant properties of the software autopilot.
Radioactivity, Shielding, Radiation Damage, and Remote Handling

Proton beams of a few hundred million electron volts of energy are capable of inducing hundreds of curies of activity per microampere of beam intensity into the materials they intercept. This adds a new dimension to the parameters that must be considered when designing and operating a high-intensity accelerator facility. Large investments must be made in shielding. The shielding itself may become activated and require special considerations as to its composition, location, and method of handling. Equipment must be designed to withstand large radiation dosages. Items such as vacuum seals, water tubing, and electrical insulation must be fabricated from radiation-resistant materials. Methods of maintaining and replacing equipment are required that limit the radiation dosages to workers. The high-intensity facilities of LAMPF, SIN, and TRIUMF and the high-energy facility of FERMILAB have each evolved a philosophy of radiation handling that matches their particular machine and physical plant layouts. Special tooling, commercial manipulator systems, remote viewing, and other techniques of the hot cell and fission reactor realms are finding application within accelerator facilities.
Development and use of a remote-controlled mitral valve

A remote-controlled mitral valve was designed and constructed to occlude the mitral or tricuspid orifice at any time in the cardiac cycle. It is used to study ventricular properties in the anesthetized dog by controlling ventricular filling, atrial properties by controlling atrial emptying and interaction of the two chambers by uncoupling them. The device can produce transient or steady-state perturbations in filling volume which make possible studies of intrinsic control of cardiac output. When filling volume is transiently reduced, stroke volume and end-systolic volume are reduced. A compensatory increase in stroke volume of the next cycles occurs due to increased ventricular preload and reduced afterload. The compensation continues until the lost stroke volume is regained, at which time the system returns to its previous steady state.
Health attitudes and behaviors of African American adolescents

African Americans continue to die disproportionately from chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease. Eating fruits and vegetables have been shown to reduce those risks yet little is known about the health attitudes of African American adolescents and their eating habits and engagement in physical activity. A survey was administered to African American adolescents in a Midwestern city to determine the health attitudes and behaviors related to dietary intake and physical activity. The total sample consisted of 448 African American adolescents aged 12–17. Forty-seven percent were males and 53% were females. The findings show that African American adolescents did have poor fruit and vegetable intake and fairly low rates of exercise. The study also showed there were statistically significant differences between males and females regarding eating a balanced diet, reducing the amount of fat in diets and engaging in physical activity. African American females were more likely to eat a balanced diet and have reduced the fat in their diets than males but African American males were more likely to engage in physical activity in the past 7 days than females. Findings suggest more efforts are needed to curb the poor eating and exercising habits of African American adolescents if a reduction in chronic disease is to be met for this population.
Release Factor Translation of RNA Phage Terminator Codons

Release factors R1 or R2 stimulate equally well the release of f2 coat protein, suggesting that UAA is the first coat terminator codon. The suppression of a nonsense codon can be regulated in vitro by the concentration of R factor of appropriate codon specificity.
An empirical assessment of fixed and random parameter logit models using crash- and non-crash-specific injury data

Traditional crash-severity modeling uses detailed data gathered after a crash has occurred (number of vehicles involved, age of occupants, weather conditions at the time of the crash, types of vehicles involved, crash type, occupant restraint use, airbag deployment, etc.) to predict the level of occupant injury. However, for prediction purposes, the use of such detailed data makes assessing the impact of alternate safety countermeasures exceedingly difficult due to the large number of variables that need to be known. Using 5-year data from interstate highways in Indiana, this study explores fixed and random parameter statistical models using detailed crash-specific data and data that include the injury outcome of the crash but not other detailed crash-specific data (only more general data are used such as roadway geometrics, pavement condition and general weather and traffic characteristics). The analysis shows that, while models that do not use detailed crash-specific data do not perform as well as those that do, random parameter models using less detailed data still can provide a reasonable level of accuracy.
Chordomas and cartilaginous tumors at the skull base.

Special attention was given to chordomas and all cartilaginous tumors at the base of the skull during a study of the clinical and pathologic data on 155 chordomas (76 sacrococcygeal, 55 spheno-occipital, and 24 vertebral) seen at the Mayo Clinic. Attention also was drawn to a histologically separate group of spheno-occipital chordolmas which comprised one third of the tumors in this location and was associated with a surprisingly better prognosis. These tumors, which may bear a striking histologic resemblance to chondrosarcomas or chondromas, had clinical and roentgenologic features that convinced us of their kinship to ordinary chordomas and led us to designate them as “chondroid” chordomas. When these were excluded from the cartilaginous tumors of the base of the skull, there remained only four such tumors, all chondrosarcomas, in the files of the Mayo Clinic. Thus most of the chondrosarcoma-like tumors of the base of the skull have a paradoxically indolent course. Assessment of long-term survival patients indicated that extensive surgical resection combined with irradiation offers the best palliation and prolongation of life.
Multiple electroconvulsive shocks and disruption of estrus

The effects of increasing numbers of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatments on the estrous cycle in the rat were investigated. Seventy-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected on the basis of stability of estrus from an initial subject pool. The rats were assigned randomly to one of eight treatment conditions, with the restriction that each treatment condition contain 14 subjects and each control condition contain 5 subjects. Treatment conditions were as follows: 5 ECSs, 10 ECSs, 15 ECSs, and 20 ECSs; 5 sham ECSs (SECSs), 10 SECSs, 15 SECSs, and 20 SECSs. Results indicated that all ECS conditions produced a significant delay in the onset of estrus following treatment. No additional delays in estrus were observed once estrus resumed.
Modeling in vivo transfer of long-circulating polymers (two classes of long circulating polymers and factors affecting their transfer in vivo)

Abstract The relationships between polymer structure and circulation in vivo are discussed on the basis of a mathematical model of polymer transfer. Significant differences in polymer distribution in liquid compartments allow to divide long-circulating polymers and particulates into two groups, large (non-extravasating) and small (extravasating) polymers. Transfer processes that members of these two groups undergo are distinctively different and can be described by different idealized models. Although polymers of both classes may consist of the same constituents, their in vivo localization in liquid compartments and capability of cooperative interactions with components of biological systems may be essentially different. Therefore, relative impact of polymer structure on biokinetics of large and small polymers may differ. Minimization of polymer clearance due to interactions with biological systems and renal filtration is important in the development of long-circulating polymers. Hydrophilic interface brushes assembled of non-reactive polymer chains proved to be effective in prolongation of circulation of both extravasating and non-extravasating polymers, although prolongation mechanisms may differ.
Metastable Hydrogen Molecules

The existence of a metastable electronic state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ has been established by means of the molecular beam magnetic resonance technique. Observations have been made of the radio-frequency Zeeman spectrum of natural and para-hydrogen. At a magnetic field of about 5 gauss the strongest line corresponds to a $g$ value of 0.83. The appearance potential for this line is 11.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25 ev. Observation of the quadratic Zeeman effect made it possible to estimate the fine structure of the $N=2$ level of para-hydrogen. The observed intervals are: $f(J=2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}J=3)=5730\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ Mc/sec, $f(J=2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}J=1)=5000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ Mc/sec. This represents the first complete resolution of the fine structure of a rotational level of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Knowledge of the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, agreement of the appearance potential with spectroscopic data, agreement of the fine structure with partially resolved optical spectra, and good agreement of the Zeeman spectra with theory lead to the conclusion that the metastable state must be ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, $c(1{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}, 1{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{u})^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$.
Extinction of elastic wave energy due to scattering in a viscoelastic medium

Abstract Forward scattering theorem for elastic longitudinal and shear wave scatterings by an arbitrary-shaped three-dimensional object embedded in a viscoelastic medium is derived. It is shown that the formulae for extinction cross-sections of an object in an energy-absorbing medium are formally the same with those of the object in the lossless elastic medium. Numerical calculations are executed for the longitudinal wave scattering in an epoxy matrix by a spherical inclusion with different material properties. The condition of negative extinction is examined with the causality constraint on the viscoelastic medium taken into account. It is found that the negative extinction occurs in the Rayleigh limit when the attenuation of the medium is sufficiently high and, more restrictedly, the wave speed in the object is larger than that in the medium, while it occurs less likely in the high frequency range considered in this paper (0
What Do Pregnant Women Know about Preventing Preterm Birth

Approximately 75% of all perinatal mortality is attributable to preterm birth and its sequelae; therefore, the prevention of preterm birth is a major public health priority. In an effort to determine what pregnant women need to be taught about this subject, 211 pregnant women in an inner-city clinic were given a questionnaire to ascertain their basic knowledge about the subject. Among the results were that almost one-half of the women surveyed did not know how many weeks constituted a normal pregnancy and one-third did not know that neonates born preterm could have health problems. The importance of teaching these and other basic facts (which nurses might think are already known by pregnant women) is a notable finding of this research. If perinatal nurses are to effectively teach pregnant women about the prevention of preterm birth, they must target the appropriate facts and build their patients' knowledge base.
Ultrasonic attenuation studies in molybdenum

The electronic attenuation of longitudinal and shear waves has been measured in both the normal and superconducting states of molybdenum. In all cases the limiting attenuation is an order of magnitude larger than the free-electron prediction. A model based on the tight-binding approximation is proposed to explain these results and the absence of a rapid-fall region in the superconducting shear wave attenuation.