cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IS THERE A QUANTUM MEASUREMENT PROBLEM.

It is shown that the quantum-mechanical state vector correctly describes not only the probabilities for the outcomes of measurements, but also the correlations between the outcomes of successive measurements. In particular, von Neumann's axiom $M$ is shown to be redundant. Consequently, no extra---quantum-mechanical "reduction" of the joint object-apparatus state vector is required for a full statistical description of a sequence of measurements. It is also shown that any attempt to determine experimentally whether or not a reduction of the joint state vector has taken place during a measurement is incompatible with the preservation of the outcome of that measurement.
An immunocytochemical method for quantification of lung tissue fibronectin.

AbstractA technique to quantify tissue fibronectin was developed, using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry and automated scanning light microscopy. This technique was developed using isolated perfused rat lungs, some of which were subjected to acute oxidant lung injury. Both injured and control lungs were perfused with solutions containing heterologous fibronectin. The technique clearly demonstrated differences in the amount of tissue fibronectin in injured and noninjured lung as well as differences between lungs exposed to fibronectin and those not exposed. The described technique offers a reliable method for quantifying tissue fibronectin and is sensitive enough to detect differences in tissue fibronectin under experimental conditions of acute lung injury.
In vivo and in vitro models of ionizing radiation to the vocal folds.

Background Radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck often results in damage to the vocal folds (VF) and surrounding structures. Characterization and treatment of these sequelae is limited, likely due to the lack of experimental models. Methods Larynges from rats exposed to 2 fractionation schedules (40 Gy total) were analyzed histologically. In vitro, reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis, and transcription of select genes associated with ROS, inflammation, and fibrosis were examined in VF fibroblasts after single-dose radiation. Results Although radiation-induced histologic alterations are made to VF architecture, 1 fractionation schedule was accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. In vitro, radiation increased ROS synthesis and inflammatory and profibrotic gene expression. Conclusion Our data suggest that hyperfractionated RT is more tolerable. Utilizing this model, RT-induced histologic aberrations are made to the VF mucosa. In addition, a relationship between radiation, ROS, and inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression was observed in vitro. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Thermodynamic cost of computation, algorithmic complexity and the information metric

Algorithmic complexity is discussed as a computational counterpart to the second law of thermodynamics. It is shown that algorithmic complexity, which is a measure of randomness, sets limits on the thermodynamic cost of computations and casts a new light on the limitations of Maxwell's demon. Algorithmic complexity can also be used to define distance between binary strings.
Microprocessor-based EEG spike detection and quantification

Abstract A microprocessor-based system for the detection and quantification of sharp EEG waveforms is described. The hierarchical approach utilises initial transient detection based on computation of a second-derivative measure of curvature, followed by pattern-recognition and artifact-rejection routines based on consideration of specific waveform parameters. Initial results demonstrate an ability to approximate human-analysis results, while providing precise measures of amplitude, duration, and sharpness. The decreasing cost of microprocessors makes multichannel configurations economically feasible.
The effect of silica support texture and anion of impregnating solution on Ru dispersion and on RuCu interaction

Three sets of Ru and Ru-Cu catalysts were prepared by different methods and were placed on different types of silica supports which have been used by various groups of experimentalists. The initial reduction temperature (773 and 723/sup 0/K) and the volume of solution/g of support were judged not to be critical preparation variables in this study - the ethane hydrogenation activity. Little evidence exists for Ru-Cu interaction in the H/sub 2/ chemisorption. The anions of the impregnating solution and the texture do not directly affect Cu-Ru interactions, but may do so indirectly by their effect on the dispersion of Ru. Apparently nitrate complexes of Ru undergo stronger ion exchange on silica than do chloride containing complexes. The resulting better dispersion of Ru with its accompanying segregation decreases the likelihood of Ru-Cu interaction. This interpretation is undergoing further study. 2 figures, 1 table.
The effect of 5-bromouracil on recombination of phage lambda.

Abstract Crosses between various amber mutants of phage λ were carried out in thymine-requiring hosts in growth medium containing thymine or 5-bromouracil (BU). When BU replaced thymine, either in the parental phage DNA and/or in the medium (and presumably therefore in progeny DNA), the fraction of recombinants among the progeny was enhanced several-fold. This enhancement was due, at least in part, to an increase in the number of rounds of mating. A similar enhancement resulted from a period of thymine starvation.
The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies.

Although extensive literature supports connections between bipolar disorder and creativity, possible mechanisms underlying such relationships are only beginning to emerge. Herein we review evidence supporting one such possible mechanism, namely that personality/temperament contribute to enhanced creativity in individuals with bipolar disorder, a theory supported by studies showing that certain personality/temperamental traits are not only common to bipolar disorder patients and creative individuals but also correlate with measures of creativity. Thus, we suggest based on studies using three important personality/temperament measures—the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness Personality Inventory (NEO); the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); and the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A)—that changeable (increased TEMPS-A–cyclothymia) and at times negative (increased NEO-neuroticism) affect and open-minded (increased NEO-openness) and intuitive (increased MBTI-intuition) cognition may contribute importantly to enhanced creativity in individuals with bipolar disorder.
Intraosseous infusion for burns resuscitation

Two examples of resuscitation of a scalded child by intraosseous infusion, following failed peripheral venous cannulation, are presented. The technique of intraosseous infusion is reviewed and it is concluded that this technique provides a valuable second-line technique for establishing emergency venous access in children. It is quick, reliable and enables the rapid infusion of intravenous fluids and drugs into the systemic venous system. Complications are rare but can be serious and close observation of the infusion site is advisable.
Estimation and use of uncertainty in pseudo-relevance feedback

Existing pseudo-relevance feedback methods typically perform averaging over the top-retrieved documents, but ignore an important statistical dimension: the risk or variance associated with either the individual document models, or their combination. Treating the baseline feedback method as a black box, and the output feedback model as a random variable, we estimate a posterior distribution for the feed-back model by resampling a given query's top-retrieved documents, using the posterior mean or mode as the enhanced feedback model. We then perform model combination over several enhanced models, each based on a slightly modified query sampled from the original query. We find that resampling documents helps increase individual feedback model precision by removing noise terms, while sampling from the query improves robustness (worst-case performance) by emphasizing terms related to multiple query aspects. The result is a meta-feedback algorithm that is both more robust and more precise than the original strong baseline method.
Hedgehog does not guide migrating Drosophila germ cells

In many species, the germ cells, precursors of sperm and egg, migrate during embryogenesis. The signals that regulate this migration are thus essential for fertility. In flies, lipid signals have been shown to affect germ cell guidance. In particular, the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) pathway is critical for attracting germ cells to their target tissue. In a genetic analysis of signaling pathways known to affect cell migration of other migratory cells, we failed to find a role for the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in germ cell migration. However, previous reports had implicated Hh as a germ cell attractant in flies and suggested that Hh signaling is enhanced through the action of the Hmgcr pathway. We therefore repeated several critical experiments and carried out further experiments to test specifically whether Hh is a germ cell attractant in flies. In contrast to previously reported findings and consistent with findings in zebrafish our data do not support the notion that Hh has a direct role in the guidance of migrating germ cells in flies.
Decay of fluorescence from single vibronic states of SO2

Abstract The fluorescence from ten vibronic states in the 2300 to 2100 A absorption region of SO2 has been studied. A sharp drop in fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime for wavelengths shorter than 2206 A is attributed to the dissociation of SO2. The quantum yield of fluorescence in the spectral region where there is no dissociation is unity at zero pressure, within our experimental error. We observed neither anomalously long lifetimes of fluorescence, nor non-exponential decay of fluorescence, indicating that there is weak coupling between the state(s) studied and other states. Comparison of our experimental data with calculations based on RRKM theory suggests that energy randomization is not complete before dissociation, and that coupling between the symmetric bending mode and the asymmetric stretching mode is very weak.
Systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation to symptoms and prognosis.

BACKGROUNDDilated cardiomyopathy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with congestive heart failure. Hemodynamic and prognostic characterization are critical in guiding selection of medical and surgical therapies.METHODS AND RESULTSA cohort of 102 patients with the clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent echocardiographic examination between 1986 and 1990 was identified and followed up through July 1, 1991. Patients with moderate or severe symptoms had lower indices of systolic function and greater left atrial and right ventricular dilation. Mitral inflow Doppler signals were characterized by a restrictive left ventricular filling pattern. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, deceleration time, ejection fraction, and peak E velocity were independently associated with symptom status. Over a mean follow-up of 36 months, 35 patients died. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival at 1, 2, and 4 years was 84%, 73%, and 61%, respectively, and was significantly poore...
On Fluorescence Radiation of Nitrogen.

In Wood's resonance spectra of iodine vapor, Lenz [1] succeeded in measuring some fundamental constants of the iodine molecule. In an attempt to apply the same methods to other gases, especially hydrogen and nitrogen, some observations have been made upon the fluorescence radiation of the nitrogen ion. These are reported in the present paper. The main difficulty in exciting fluorescence in hydrogen and nitrogen is that these gases absorb only wave-lengths of the extreme ultra-violet. We cannot, therefore, put a window of any material in the path of the exciting light. Instead, the light source, e.g., a condensed spark, must be put into the same bulb with the gas. Further, the pressure of the gas must be as low as a few tenths of a millimeter, in order to prevent the extinction or change of the fluorescence because of the collisions of the excited molecules. In the present experiments disturbing electric currents (glow discharges) were prevented by three different means: (1) by enclosing the condensed spark in a glass tube containing one small lateral opening out of which the light could come, (2) by meaus of a Faraday cage with a small opening into which the light could shine and there excite the fluorescence, (3) by a strong magnetic field parallel to the spark discharge.
CONSUMPTION OF FROZEN AND LIVE Artemia BY PROTOZOEA OF Penaeus setiferus

The role of an animal component in the diet of protozoeal penaeid shrimp larvae is not known. Short-term experiments were performed on the larvae of Penaeus setiferus (L.) to determine the ability of each protozoeal substage to consume frozen and live Artemia nauplii. Significant consumption of frozen Artemia took place during the protozoea 2 and 3 substages at rates of 1.0 and 1.6 Artemia nauplii/penaeid larva/hour respectively. Consumption of live Artemia occurred in the protozoea 3 substage, at a rate of 0.7 Artemia nauplii/penaeid larva/hour. Data suggesting that there is a beneficial role of an animal component in the diet of protozoeal penaeid shrimp larvae are discussed.
Effect of additives on some properties of silicon oxynitride ceramics

Silicon oxynitride ceramics are formed by reaction sintering of silicon nitride and silica with certain metal oxide additives. The reaction rate during sintering and the subsequent properties of silicon oxynitride are affected by the quantity and kinds of additives. The reaction rate increased for addition of equal molar amounts of ZrO2, ZrO2 (+2.8 mol % Y2O3), AlO1.5, LnO1.5, CeO2, MgO, in that order (where Ln=Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb and Y). The lanthanide oxide (1.5 mol %)-doped silicon oxynitride ceramics had a high fracture toughness, because crack deflection occurred due to the precipitation of an intergranular crystalline phase with a high thermal expansion coefficient compared with silicon oxynitride. The oxidation rate was higher with an increasing quantity of additive. In samples containing an intergranular crystalline phase, stability of the crystalline phase is an important factor and could impair the oxidation resistance of silicon oxynitride ceramics.
Characterization of pathogenic races of the sugarcane smut fungus by neutron activation analysis

Representative samples of five major races of Ustilago scitaminea, the causal organism of the smut disease of sugarcane, were obtained from infected sugarcane fields in the western hemisphere. The variations in concentration of 10 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, and Zn) in the sporidial yeast-like cells of this fungal pathogen were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. Comparative analysis of the elemental compositions in the different races of the fungus showed that the five pathogenic races of Ustilago scitaminea may be distinguished from each other on the basis of elemental compositions.
Classification of certain commutator ideals and the tensor product closure property

On etudie les equations commutateur d'ideaux [I,I]=I 2 et [I,J]=IJ pour des ideaux I,J⊂L(H)
Recovery of Imidacloprid from Leachate and Soil

Abstract. Greenhouse experiments simulated field treatments with Premise® 75 WP imidacloprid insecticide at the highest recommended labeled rate (0.10% AI) for prevention and control of subterranean termites around and within structures. Persistence of imidacloprid was examined in treated sandy loam soil with and without vegetation. Samples from soil substrates and leachates collected 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment during a 1-year post-treatment period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean concentrations of imidacloprid in the treated soil and leachate immediately after application were 842.6 ± 9.2 µg per gram and 941.5 µl per liter, respectively. Recovery of imidacloprid utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography was 84.2 ± 9.2 and 94.5 ± 10.6%, respectively. No imidacloprid was found in soil or leachate 6 months after treatment. The results indicated that imidacloprid was soluble and leached from the treated soil.
Health care financing policy for hospitalized nephrology patients.

The Medicare diagnosis-related group (DRG) prospective payment system is now entering its 6th year, with no reported major adverse effects on the health status of the American people. Currently 13 states are using DRG prospective "all-payer systems" for hospital reimbursement; other states may adopt DRG all payer systems. In DRG all-payer systems, Medicare, Medicaid, Blue Cross, and other commercial insurers pay by the DRG mode; New York state has been all-payer since January 1, 1988. This study simulated DRG all-payer methods on a large sample (n = 558) of adult nephrology patients for a 2-year period using both federal and New York DRG reimbursements now in effect. Both Medicare and Medicaid patients had (on average) longer hospital lengths of stay and higher total hospital costs compared with patients from Blue Cross and other commercial payers. Medicare and Medicaid patients also had greater severity of illness than patients from Blue Cross or other payers. However, all payers (le, Medicaid, Blue Cross, Medicare, and commercial insurers) generated significant financial risk under our DRG all-payer scheme. These data suggest that federal, state, and private payers may be underreimbursing for the care of hospitalized nephrology patients using the DRG prospective hospital payment scheme. As DRG payment rates are further reduced compared with the real hospital costs of treating patients, both the access to and the quality of care for many nephrology patients may be jeopardized.
Newly Diagnosed Contralateral Reflux After Successful Unilateral Endoscopic Correction: Is It Due to the Pop-Off Mechanism?

AbstractPurpose: Our aim was to analyze the incidence of newly diagnosed contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after successful endoscopic correction of unilateral reflux by subureteral Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) injection and to explain the possible mechanisms responsible for new contralateral reflux.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,195 children underwent successful endoscopic correction of high grade primary and duplex grades III to V vesicoureteral reflux by subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection. Unilateral and bilateral reflux was noted in 495 and 700 children, respectively. The 495 cases of unilateral reflux were retrospectively analyzed for new contralateral reflux. Voiding cystourethrography was performed in all cases 3 months and 1 year after injection.Results: New contralateral reflux was diagnosed in 37 children (7%), including reflux in a single system in 33 and into a lower pole of a completely duplicated system in 4. There was no correlation of grade of ipsilateral reflux with ...
Reaction probability of peroxyacetyl radical on aqueous surfaces

The uptake coefficient for the loss of peroxyacetyl radical, CH3C(O)O2 (PA), on H2O is measured to be 0.0043 (+0.0024/−0.0015) at 274±3 K. Uptake measurements onto aqueous solutions of sodium ascorbate yield limits for the PA Henry's law coefficient in H2O (≤ 0.1 M atm−1) and the CH3C(O)O2 hydrolysis rate coefficient (≥ 7 × 105 M−1 s−1) at ∼275 K. These measurements support the hypothesis that PA heterogeneous reaction can mediate the loss of PAN in fog (Roberts et al., submitted manuscript, J. Geophys. Res., 1995). The most likely products of PA hydrolysis are HO2 and acetic acid. PA hydrolysis may be a significant source of odd hydrogen at night as well as an important source of acetic acid in the atmosphere.
Intrinsic pulsatility of ACTH release from the human pituitary in vitro.

SUMMARY An in-vitro perifusion system was used to investigate spontaneous ACTH release from human fetal (21–23 weeks gestation) and adult pituitaries. The pattern of ACTH release from fetal pituitaries (n= 7) exhibited a remarkable pulsatile character with a mean (± SEM) pulse interval of 11.3 ± 0.8 min. The mean pulse amplitude was 49.7 ± 6.3 pg, with a nadir to peak increment of 90.7 ± 10.4%. The mean ACTH release rate was 87.2±13.3 pg/2 min. Addition of the calcium chelator EGTA (4 nM) to the perifusion medium induced a significant (p±0.01) decrease in both ACTH release rate (from 102.0 ± 8.5 to 52.0 ± 9.9 pg/2 min) and ACTH pulse amplitude (from 57.7 ± 2.8 to 31.3 ± 4.6 pg) (n= 3). Administration of either 2 nM corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) or 56 mM KCl induced 10- and 2-fold increases in ACTH secretion, respectively (n= 2). Quarters of adult human pituitaries (n– 6) also secreted ACTH in a pulsatile fashion, with a pulse interval of 14.8±1.7 min, pulse amplitude of 86.7± 10.0 pg, nadir to peak increment of 84.5 ± 9.8%, and overall release rate of 167.2 ± 8.8 pg/2 min. These studies demonstrate that ACTH release from the isolated human pituitary in vitro is characterized by high frequency/low amplitude pulses, independent of hypothalamic stimulation. Accordingly, this spontaneous calcium-dependent pulsatile ACTH release apparently reflects the activity of an intrinsic intrapituitary pulse-generating mechanism.
Human action recognition in video data using invariant characteristic vectors

We introduce the concept of the “characteristic vector” as an invariant vector associated with a set of freely moving points relative to a plane. We show that if the motion of two sets of points differ only up to a similarity transformation, then the elements of the characteristic vector differ up to scale regardless of viewing directions and cameras. Furthermore, this invariant vector is given by any arbitrary homography that is consistent with epipolar geometry. The characteristic vector of moving points can thus be used to recognize the transitions of a set of points in an articulated body during the course of an action regardless of the camera orientation and parameters. Our extensive experimental results on both motion capture data and real data indicates very good performance.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AN IMMERSION FRIED POTATO STARCH‐GLUTEN GEL DURING POSTFRYING PERIOD

Moisture profiles in fried samples of potato starch with different gluten contents were determined during postfrying storage. Over time, moisture migrated from the core to the crust of the sample, and the moisture content of the crust region increased. The addition of gluten caused a significant increase in oil uptake in the crust. The initial hardness of the crust significantly decreased as the gluten content increased to 10 and 30%, during the first 30 min of storage. With longer storage time (> 240 min), the crust hardness tended to increase, due to an increase in firmness of the starch sample. This behavior was less pronounced for samples with 10 and 30% gluten. The range of linear viscoelastic behavior (up to 14% strain) was determined from the initial linear zone of the stress-strain curves. Stress relaxation tests were performed in the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regions, with a strain level of 5% and 40%, respectively. According to stress relaxation curves, samples became less elastic with the addition of gluten and more elastic with the time of storage.
Electron density images from imperfect data by iterative entropy maximization

Information theory provides a uniquely powerful apparatus for reconstructing an image from imperfect data in its dual space. An iterative procedure based on constrained entropy maximization is presented here for reconstruction of electron density from imperfect single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. In the ideal situation, continuous electron density, its periodicity given by the lattice, is the Fourier transform of an infinite set of structure factors whose squared moduli are observables. An ideal electron density is unattainable from experiment because of the common experimental inadequacies of incomplete and noisy data discussed by Gull and Daniell1. These inadequacies are partially overcome in the present procedure which yields true super-resolution and is economical even for protein crystal structures as illustrated.
Effect of distillers dried solubles and molybdenum on the growing chick.

Summary1) Growth of chicks was significantly improved by the addition of distillers dried solubles, sodium molybdate or a mixture of unidentified factor sources. Removal of the molybdenum from the ash of distillers dried solubles resulted in the same growth rate exhibited by the control group. The ash of this product produced a 9.1% increase in growth; which was not quite significant. 2) Bone ash values were not affected by the dietary treatments. Intestinal xanthine dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased in all cases except the “molybdenum-free” distillers dried solubles ash-fed group.
Looking through the lens of B2B and beyond...

Abstract The systems perspective discussed by Vargo and Lusch (2010) is an intriguing notion that has the potential to spur the development of a unifying theory of marketing. While that may take time to develop, the perspective offers useful ideas for research and practice immediately.
The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on SFEMG in myasthenia gravis

We report four patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) in whom single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) jitter measurements were normal in some muslces while they were taking pyridostigmine and became abnormal 2-14 days after the medication was discontinued. When the abnormality of neuromuscular transmission in MG is mild, cholinesterase inhibitors may mask the findings of increased jitter on SFEMG.
Feasible regions for step-growth melt polycondensation systems

The attainable-region approach for reaction, mixing, and separation is applied for step-growth melt polycondensations. A concentration-based formulation is applied to develop hybrid reactor−separator models for the two-phase continuous stirred tank reactor and plug-flow reactor with simultaneous vapor removal. The evaporation of the volatile byproducts, which is typically limited by liquid-phase mass transfer, is characterized with a Thiele modulus. A reaction−separation vector that satisfies the same geometric properties as the reaction vector is defined, so that a candidate attainable region can be constructed by following a known procedure for reaction−mixing systems. The technique is demonstrated on the industrially important polycondensation step in the production of Nylon 6,6. The effect of temperature, pressure, and Thiele modulus on the candidate attainable region for number-average molecular weight is analyzed.
Risk for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss From Use of Portable Media Players: A Summary of Evidence Through 2008

Abstract A growing body of evidence suggests that a small, but significant, percent of users of portable media players (PMP) are at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) from abusive use. This...
Quantitative study of hypoxia stress in piglet brain by IQ phase modulation oximetry

The quantification of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation has great clinical significance either to predict per-term baby brain damage or other dysfunction due to abnormal hemoglobin saturation level. From our experiments we find out that the background absorption can affect the accuracy in calculating saturation of hemoglobin either the range or the value. Practically it is difficult to get the absolute value of background absorption so we try to use empirical approach to obtain this value. Our goal is to investigate the transferability of this empirical value from a small ground of population to general population and from piglets to man.
Experimental evidence for the spatial variation of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter in superconductors

Abstract In this letter we offer a simple explanation for certain anomalies observed during magnetization studies of superconductors. In particular, it seems possible to understand the unusually large values of the surface nucleation field H c 3 reported by several authors and the strange discontinuity in the magnetic moment of type II alloys near H c 2 by considering the spatial variations of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter due to composition inhomogeneities affecting the mean free path. We present experimental evidence to support this notion for the two cases cited.
Fundamental understanding and optimization of PBTI in nFETs with SiO2/HfO2 gate stack

An electrical measurement technique is introduced which provides direct information on the energy distribution of trapped electrons within SiO2/HfO2 dual layer gate stacks of fully processed high-k/metal gate nFETs. Using this electron spectroscopic technique, it is shown that electron trap levels in HfO2 are located adjacent to the conduction band of Si with trap energies which agree with recently calculated defect levels induced by oxygen vacancy defects in HfO2. A strong sensitivity of these shallow defects to the gate stack processing conditions is observed and it is found that the Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) can be reduced by suppressing oxygen vacancy formation in the HfO2 layer.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

This article begins with a review of the major central nervous system functional systems that allow for optimal alertness during the waking day, and the rapid initiation and good maintenance of sleep at night. Subsequent sections discuss each of the 6 primary circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Attention is paid to known or suspected pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria and assessment methodology, and treatment options. The article concludes with a discussion of challenges that must be met to improve the recognition and treatment of these quite impactful sleep disorders.
Er-doped wet thermal oxides of InAlP on GaAs for optoelectronics integration

Room temperature, 1.53 /spl mu/m photoluminescence from wet thermally oxidized In/sub 0.47/Al/sub 0.53/P (lattice matched to GaAs) shows the phosphate-rich host for implanted Er provides broad 61 nm emission and a long 8 ms lifetime suitable for optoelectronic integration.
Design and analysis of a replicated elusive server scheme for mitigating denial of service attacks

The paper proposes a scheme, referred to as proactive server roaming, to mitigate the effects of denial of service (DOS) attacks. The scheme is based on the concept of "replicated elusive service", which through server roaming, causes the service to physically migrate from one physical location to another. Furthermore, the proactiveness of the scheme makes it difficult for attackers to guess when or where servers roam. The combined effect of elusive service replication and proactive roaming makes the scheme resilient to DoS attacks, thereby ensuring a high-level of quality of service. The paper describes the basic components of the scheme and discusses a simulation study to assess the performance of the scheme for different types of DoS attacks. The details of the NS2-based design and implementation of the server roaming strategy to mitigate the DoS attacks are provided, along with a thorough discussion and analysis of the simulation results.
Technical and ethical challenges of fertility preservation in young cancer patients

As cancer treatment improves, more young men and women survive, but they suffer from infertility as a major sequel of cancer treatment. Gamete and embryo cryopreservation are the only options available to these patients for preserving their fertility. Although cryopreservation of spermatozoa and embryos are already established, oocyte banking is still experimental. The advent of testicular tissue cryopreservation and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in men, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation and in-vitro follicular maturation in women, has started a frenzy of experiments worldwide trying to demonstrate their potential use in fertility preservation. Although major improvements have been made in tissue cryobanking in the past decade, there are still many unresolved technical issues related to these procedures. Furthermore, the intersection of cancer and fertility preservation in young patients raises ethical, legal and policy issues for oncologists and cancer survivors. Informed consent of minor patients, legal parentage and medical negligence claims are some of the potential legal challenges faced by society and healthcare providers. This review summarizes the technical and ethical challenges of gamete cryopreservation in young cancer patients.
Progressive and Concordant Expression of PKC-η and iNOS Phenotypes in Monocytes From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association With Disease Severity

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a relatively common autoimmune disease with strong genetic and environmental determinants. The disease manifests itself as inflammation of the synovia and usually progresses to joint erosion and destruction. The disease can also be considered as a systemic disease because extra-articular manifestations are often observed throughout many organs and tissues of the body. Patients with severe RA have altered peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) that express activation markers. Two such markers, PKC-eta and iNOS, were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine how these markers are expressed during disease progression. Healthy individuals expressed neither of the two markers, but there was an elevated level of PKC-eta observed as the disease progressed (40% in mild RA and 100% in severe RA patients). Concordant expression of the two markers was observed in only 3% of PBM from mild RA patients, reaching 38% in severe RA patients. No cells expressing iNOS alone were observed in any of the patients studied. These data support the hypothesis linking PKC-eta expression with the regulation and predisposition to the development of the iNOS phenotype in severe RA patients. PKC-eta may therefore be a key regulator in the production of elevated plasma nitric oxide (NO) and corresponding circulating reactive nitrogen intermediates in severe RA and may be a possible target to regulate iNOS induction and NO production by monocytic cells in RA patients and possibly other inflammatory diseases.
Application of Contemporary Technology to the Rehabilitation of Deteriorated Cooling Towers

From the 1960’s to around 2000, approximately 100 large hyperbolic cooling towers (HCTs) with weights up to 160 meters or about 525 feet were constructed in the US. This period roughly coincides with the expansion of the nuclear power industry. Since 2000 apparently very few towers have been built in the US, with the Braydon Pt. project (Smith, 2013) reported at SEI 2013 featuring the first new towers constructed in many years. Of the large US towers some have been demolished, such as the iconic Trojan Tower in Washington State, and some have been permanently shut down, such as the Three Mile Island Towers, but many remain in operation, either continuously for base power production or intermittently for peak load demands. Given the age of these towers and the often severe service environments, it is expected that most are in need of rehabilitation. The consensus documents for cooling tower design and construction produced in the 1970s were widely used for the design and construction of many of the large towers during that era but have not been updated. While deteriorated towers have been cosmetically repaired, it is desirable in many cases to carry out the rehabilitation in a manner that facilitates the determination of the structural capacity and service life of the restored structure. Given the vintage of the original consensus documents, it is evident that they are an insufficient basis for the complete rehabilitation of existing towers. In the decades since the US recommendations were produced, there have been many advancements in design methodologies and assessment provisions and technology, primarily in Europe. In this paper, key factors that affect the rehabilitation of deteriorated towers are reviewed and prioritized with consideration of current capabilities and developments so as to provide a reasonable basis for restoring any lost structural capacity and extending the service life.
Development of 'Optimal polarimetric contrast enhancement coefficients: OPCEC' for the analysis or depolarization due to rain, ice and surface scatter utilizing POL-RAD and POL-SAR measurements

In order to fully analyze depolarization effects of various kinds of surface and volumetric scatterer ensembles both the coherency and the stochasticity of the scatter returns need to be optimized. This is achieved, first by solving the eigenvalue and optimization problems for the scattering matrices [S(AB)],[G(AB)], [C(AB)], [M] and [K] from which the optimal (characteristic) polarization states are derived; second, by optimizing the stochasticity expressions (degree of coherency and polarization) and by equally or more importantly devicing the exact and correct expressions for the enhancement of the 'optimal contrast' between two (or more) classes of scatterer ensembles. In general, two distinct classes of scatterers may be defined as T' and 'C', where T defines the desirable (useful) scatterer, the target: T, and 'G' the undesirable scatter ensemble, the clutter 'G', against which T is to be discriminated or to be optimally contrasted. The formal development of the related 'OPCEC' expressions associated with a specific matrix description in terms of either [S], [G], [/spl Sigma/], [K] and/or any combination of such is addressed in this presentation. The formal solutions of various 'OPCEC' expressions for [S], [G], [4, [M] and [K] are presented and the obtained canonical results are compared. >
Cross-Curricular Connections: Video Production in a K-8 Teacher Preparation Program.

The purpose of this article is to describe the attempts of faculty members in one teacher education program to foster integration of content and skills across courses, prepare teachers for the diverse classrooms they will encounter, and connect course content to real life experiences. This paper describes the design of a cross-curricular video production project for undergraduate elementary teacher education. Four faculty members collectively created a video production project that would count as a major assignment in either three or four courses, depending on the students’ choice of topics. Our intent was to help the students understand the enmeshed nature of the content in the special education, social foundations, ESL methods, and educational technology courses. Students demonstrated the abilities needed to conceptualize, organize, and carry out a digital video production. The video project personalized situations and circumstances once known only abstractly through discussions and texts. Faculty members learned that students are able to think deeply and critically about a topic in a multilayered synthesis of course content, their own experiences, and issues around schooling. A clear understanding of how content can be included in quality student productions will enable faculty members to better scaffold the experience for students.
Comparative economics: evolution and the modern economy

Comparative economics—the description and underlying explanation of human and nonhuman variations on the relationship between life and its environment—seeks to discover how and to what extent the limitations that apply to some living systems can be overcome in others, including our own economy. It is founded on four phenomena, which collectively explain how life and its economic structures arise, how diversity of form and function come about, and how change occurs. These phenomena are self-organization, emergence (new properties and entities formed when parts combine), selection and adaptation, and feedback between living things and their surroundings. The systems of life vary in patterns of inheritance, the units among which selection takes place, resources, and size; these variables, in turn, affect patterns of history, adaptability, and innovation. Beneath the variation, all living systems are subject to local competition, cooperation, and evolution. Ten distinctive institutions and capacities have been thought to be unique to modern humans: cultural (non-genetic) inheritance of information and adaptations; cooperation among genetically unrelated individuals; markets in which enforceable contracts determine the quantities and prices of goods and services; utility, emergent goals and values informed by stable preferences; intentionality, deliberate action toward a predetermined goal; innovation by designing devices and institutions without historical precedents; symbolic thought; extrasomal extension, work performed beyond internal metabolism; and unsustainable exploitation of resources. These traits and capacities, which confer unprecedented power and reach, occur widely outside the human realm and have evolved independently in many organisms and ecosystems. They accelerate but do not fundamentally alter adaptation and innovation, and reduce but do not eliminate the constraints under which life in a finite world has persisted for three and a half billion years. Future civilization on Earth is therefore unlikely to forge an entirely new world order. Policies and predictions that are inconsistent with these universal realities are likely to fail. In particular: (1) local competition will remain necessary for successful adaptation and innovation; (2) an information-based economy will not replace an energy-based one, and energy use is unlikely to decline; and (3) redundancy of production in multiple sites must not be sacrificed through free trade and elimination of subsidies to achieve greater economic efficiency. Human survival requires that we work with nature, not against it.
State-Dependent Expression of Pressure Diuresis in Conscious Rats

In 1967, Guyton and Coleman modeled pressure diuresis as the underlying, essential, long-term mechanism that regulates arterial pressure when sodium intake changes. Other mechanisms that influence renal function interact with pressure di- uresis to achieve sodium balance and determine the blood pressure. Increases in sodium intake suppress sodium conserving mechanisms and activate natriuretic mechanisms; decreases in sodium intake have the opposite effect. If the Guyton- Coleman model is correct, then pressure diuresis should be more readily detected in animals on a high-salt diet than in animals on a low-salt diet. We measured sponta- neous changes in arterial pressure and urine flow in conscious rats fed low-salt (0.4% NaCl) and high-salt (8.0% NaCl) chow. For 10 rats fed a high-salt diet, arterial pressure and urine flow were positively correlated in 19 of 32 (59%) trials. In 10 rats fed a low-salt diet, a positive correlation was observed in 10 of 33 (30%) trials. Chi-square analysis revealed that differences in Na + content of the diet were significantly asso- ciated with the probability of a positive relationship between blood pressure and urine flow. These results support the hypothesis that the expression of pressure diuresis across time is dependent on the state of sodium balance. (P.S.E.B.M. 2000, Vol 224:109-115)
Tertiary Aromatic Amine Accelerators with Molecular Weights Above 400

With the proper ring substituents, tertiary aromatic amines with large substituents on the nitrogen atom can be effective accelerators in free radical polymerization. Resistance to discoloration appears to be primarily a function of the substituents on the aromatic ring of the amine, whereas the rate of polymerization is dependent on both the alkyl substituents on the ring and the groups attached to the nitrogen atom.
Evidence for a Monomeric Intermediate in the Reversible Unfolding of F Factor TraM

F factor TraM is essential for efficient bacterial conjugation, but its molecular function is not clear. Because the physical properties of TraM may provide clues to its role in conjugation, we have characterized the TraM oligomerization equilibrium. We show that the reversible unfolding transition is non-two-state, indicating the presence of at least one intermediate. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicate that the first phase of unfolding involves dissociation of the tetramer into folded monomers, which are subsequently unfolded to the denatured state in the second phase. Furthermore, we show that a C-terminal domain isolated by limited proteolysis is tetrameric in solution, like the full-length protein, and that its loss of structure correlates with dissociation of the TraM tetramer. Unfolding of the individual domains indicates that the N- and C-terminal regions act cooperatively to stabilize the full-length protein. Together, these experiments suggest structural overlap of regions important for oligomerization and DNA binding. We propose that modulating the oligomerization equilibrium of TraM may regulate its essential activity in bacterial conjugation.
Small computer algorithms for comparing therapeutic performances of single-plane iridium implants

We present a uniform method for selecting an optimum implant geometry by presenting techniques for evaluating the therapeutically significant maximum dose rate (herein referred to as the ‘‘maximum dose rate’’), the reference isodose (85% of the maximum dose rate), and the area enclosed by the reference isodose contour. The therapeutic performances of planar iridium implants may be compared by evaluating their respective maximum dose rates, reference isodoses, and areas within the reference isodose contours. Because these parameters are mathematically defined, they reproducibly describe each implant geometry. We chose a small microcomputer to develop these comparison algorithms so that the radiotherapist need not have large, expensive computer facilities available to conduct his own studies. The development of these algorithms led to some significant conclusions and recommendations regarding the placement of interstitial implants. Using seeds that are centrally located in the array to evaluate the maximum dose contour avoids underestimating the array’s maximum dose rate. This could occur if edge or corner seeds were used. Underestimating the maximum dose rate (and hence the reference isodose contour area) may have a serious therapeutic outcome, because the actual total treatment dosage may be excessive. As ribbon spacing is increased, there is a point beyond which the reference isodose contours become decoupled. At this point, a single relatively uniform reference isodose contour separates into several contours. This effect not only complicates the planimetry calculations, but it also adversely affects the therapeutic efficacy of the implant by producing therapeutically ‘‘cold’’ regions.
Size, persistence and interrelation of nominal and real shocks: Some evidence from four countries

Abstract One of the major themes in Karl Brunner's work is the comparative size, persistence and interaction of real and monetary impulses. The paper uses a univariate, multi-state Kalman filter to forecast quarterly values of money, prices, output, velocity and exchange rates during the Bretton Woods and post-Bretton Woods monetary regimes and to compute shocks or impulses. Vector autoregression is used to relate the shocks and to compare the two regimes. Several propositions are tested including the Phillips curve, currency substitution, ‘reverse causation’ and the role of monetary impulses as a cause of fluctuations in output and prices.