cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the reinforcement value of clinic-based privileges through a multiple choice procedure

A novel multiple choice procedure was utilized to evaluate the potential reinforcement value of three clinic-based incentives available during routine methadone treatment: methadone take-homes, methadone dose increases, and extra counseling. Fourteen methadone maintenance patients who were not earning any of these incentives completed a multiple choice form in which they made choices between pairs of incentives and subsequently between each incentive and a series of monetary values. Choice behavior was intermittently reinforced by randomly awarding to patients one of their chosen preferences. Results demonstrated that take-homes were worth US$20.24 and were rated as more desirable than dose increases (US$13.89) and extra counseling (US$7.47). The study updates and extends past research in this area and provides a methodology for establishing both a monetary value for clinic-based incentives and an absolute magnitude between preferences. The procedure could be used to examine a larger number of potential reinforcers and to understand individual differences in responding to incentive-based treatment programs.
Synthesis of C-glycoside analogues of α-galactosylceramide via linear allylic C-H oxidation and allyl cyanate to isocyanate rearrangement.

C-Glycoside analogues of α-galactosylceramide were synthesized in which several significant modifications known to promote Th-1 cytokine production were included. The key transformations include C–H oxidation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, olefin cross metathesis, and an allyl cyanate to isocyanate rearrangement.
Resolving Prokaryotic Taxonomy without rRNA: Longer Oligonucleotide Word Lengths Improve Genome and Metagenome Taxonomic Classification

Oligonucleotide signatures, especially tetranucleotide signatures, have been used as method for homology binning by exploiting an organism’s inherent biases towards the use of specific oligonucleotide words. Tetranucleotide signatures have been especially useful in environmental metagenomics samples as many of these samples contain organisms from poorly classified phyla which cannot be easily identified using traditional homology methods, including NCBI BLAST. This study examines oligonucleotide signatures across 1,424 completed genomes from across the tree of life, substantially expanding upon previous work. A comprehensive analysis of mononucleotide through nonanucleotide word lengths suggests that longer word lengths substantially improve the classification of DNA fragments across a range of sizes of relevance to high throughput sequencing. We find that, at present, heptanucleotide signatures represent an optimal balance between prediction accuracy and computational time for resolving taxonomy using both genomic and metagenomic fragments. We directly compare the ability of tetranucleotide and heptanucleotide world lengths (tetranucleotide signatures are the current standard for oligonucleotide word usage analyses) for taxonomic binning of metagenome reads. We present evidence that heptanucleotide word lengths consistently provide more taxonomic resolving power, particularly in distinguishing between closely related organisms that are often present in metagenomic samples. This implies that longer oligonucleotide word lengths should replace tetranucleotide signatures for most analyses. Finally, we show that the application of longer word lengths to metagenomic datasets leads to more accurate taxonomic binning of DNA scaffolds and have the potential to substantially improve taxonomic assignment and assembly of metagenomic data.
Pulsed Far Infrared Lasers

AbstractThe use of optical pumping as a means of producing intense far infrared and submillimeterradiation is discussed. Characteristics, configurations, and limitations of these systemsare reviewed.IntroductionThe generation of intense far infrared (FIR) and submillimeter radiation via laser actionpresents a somewhat difficult and challenging problem from the standpoint of conventionallaser techniques. The usual successful high powered laser is characterized by two distinctfeatures; a) relatively long upper lasing state lifetimes with correspondingly good energystorage, and b) the ability to be excited with a broadband pump which implies the presenceof an energy funneling mechanism leading to excitation of the narrow laser level. Twoexamples will illustrate these points further. Nd +3 in glass has a lifetime of about amsec and is excited by an incoherent broadband optical source. There are a number of broadabsorption bands a few hundred angstroms wide which would result in the excitation of stateswhich nonradiatively cascade into the upper laser level thus providing a funneling action.The second example is high pressure electrically excited CO2 which has a lifetime of a fewpsec at one atmosphere. Here the broadband pump is the electrons with a spread of a few eV.Excitation is accomplished by first exciting N2 into its lower vibrational levels and thentransferring the internal molecular energy to CO2, a process which happens to favor theupper laser level predominately.For the specific case of the FIR, one deals predominately with single rotational statesof molecules which typically have lifetimes in the range of 10 nsec at 1 Torr pressure.Hence because of the short lifetime there is generally little or no energy storage and thusthe usual technique of Q- switching is of limited use. Furthermore, the energy separationbetween upper and lower laser levels is comparable to or smaller than kT which generallyprecludes any useful funneling action by energy transfer or cascade excitation.
Effect of space charge on resolving power and ion loss in ion mobility spectrometry.

The effect of space charge on the performance of an Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) system becomes more important as the system is made smaller. We use the SIMION software package with the Statistical Diffusion Simulation (SDS) module and SIMION’s new capability to solve the Poisson equation to study the effect of space charge on ion loss and resolving power in IMS systems. We consider IMS systems ranging in length from 50 mm to 150 mm and in diameter from 8.33 mm to 50 mm with a fixed electric field of 50 V/mm. We also examine a system with a length of 50 mm, a diameter of 16.7 mm, and an electric field of 16.7 V/mm. We assume that any charge density can be injected into the IMS system, and we have obtained expressions that predict the ion loss and resolving power of IMS systems as a function of input charge density and drift tube aspect ratio (length/diameter).
Cardiovascular Health in Africans Living in the United States

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally as well as in the United States. African-born immigrants comprise one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States. Despite differences in culture, lifestyle, psychosocial issues, diet, and birth environment, African-born immigrants are often categorized with African Americans and other foreign-born blacks in studies attempting to define CVD risk in blacks. This review examines the very few studies that have attempted to separately characterize the cardiovascular health of this unique group, particularly as it relates to the African continent. Concurrently, cardiovascular disease and risk factors are compared between African-born immigrants and African Americans—the larger umbrella term that covers most persons of African descent in the United States, regardless of place of birth.
Satellite Cells and the Universe of Adult Muscle Stem Cells.

Skeletal muscle is, in terms of volume, the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body. It exerts a key role in controlling several physiological functions such as driving locomotion, maintaining body temperature, and hosting a significant portion of the metabolic activity. Myofibers are the primary unit of all skeletal muscles, and they are specialized multinucleated syncytial structures that express a specific array of proteins necessary for muscle contraction.
Analysis of Resistant Starches in Rat Cecal Contents Using Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) qualitatively and quantitatively measured resistant starch (RS) in rat cecal contents. Fisher 344 rats were fed diets of 55% (w/w, dry basis) starch for 8 weeks. Cecal contents were collected from sacrificed rats. A corn starch control was compared against three RS diets. The RS diets were high-amylose corn starch (HA7), HA7 chemically modified with octenyl succinic anhydride, and stearic-acid-complexed HA7 starch. To calibrate the FTIR-PAS analysis, samples from each diet were analyzed using an enzymatic assay. A partial least-squares cross-validation plot generated from the enzymatic assay and FTIR-PAS spectral results for starch fit the ideal curve with a R2 of 0.997. A principal component analysis plot of components 1 and 2 showed that spectra from diets clustered significantly from each other. This study clearly showed that FTIR-PAS can accurately quantify starch content and identify the form of starch in complex matrices.
A Novel Single Card FMCW Radar Transceiver With On Board Monopulse Processing

This paper presents the design of a complete single card Frequency Modulated Continuos Wave (FMCW) radar transceiver system with a novel four-element active antenna array. Azimuth tracking ability is achieved at the intermediate frequency (IF) via a monopulse processor. The single card FMCW system provides a highly cost effective solution for radar ranging and tracking purposes such as collision avoidance and automated roadways without bulky expensive hardware.
Possible Existence of Hybrid Glycosyltransferase in Heterozygous Blood Group AB Subjects

. The human blood group glycosyltransf erases A and B have a dimeric structure, i.e., the A enzyme is an aa dimer and the B enzyme is a bb dimer. Considering the fact that the ABO blood group determinant are not x-linked, i.e. both A and/or B genes are expressed in a given cell, a hybrid enzyme (ab dimer) may exist in heterozygous A1B subjects. Because the A enzyme, but not the B enzyme, adsorbs with Sepharose 4-B, the adsorption characteristics of the A and B enzymes from plasma of various phenotypes were examined to look for this hybrid enzyme. The A enzyme activity from A1 plasma and from a mixture of A1 and B plasma was completely adsorbed to Sepharose 4-B, while 25–50% of A enzyme activity from heterozygous A1B plasma was not adsorbed. The results indicated that heterozygous A1B plasma contains an additional enzyme component which does not exist in a mixture of A1 and B plasma, suggesting the existence of a hybrid heterodimer (ab) in heterozygous A1B subjects.
Implicit enumeration of strongly connected components

This paper presents a binary decision diagram (BDD) based implicit algorithm to compute all maximal strongly connected components (SCCs) of directed graphs. The algorithm iteratively applies reachability analysis and sequentially identifies SCCs. Experiments suggest that the algorithm dramatically outperforms the only existing implicit method which must compute the transitive closure of the adjacency matrix of the graphs.
Can antitumor immune responses discriminate between self and nonself

A recent workshop addressed the issue of self nonself discrimination in cancer, and examined the current state of knowledge concerning tumor antigens, the specificity of the antitumor immune responses, and new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Here, Kamal Moudgil and Eli Sercarz report on the outcome of these discussions.
Fabric analysis of rock glacier debris mantles, La Sal Mountains, Utah

Macrofabrics of rock glacier debris mantles display significant variation even among similar microtopographic features. Fabrics of longitudinal ridges of La Sal rock glaciers are equally divided between cluster and girdle distributions. In some cases, fabric patterns resemble those of lahars, implying that the flow mechanics of rock glaciers bears some similarity to that of large-scale debris flows. Shear zones are found at the margins of many longitudinal ridges, and in at least one case these zones separate the rock glacier from a pair of bounding ridges that resemble debris-flow levees. Other sites display fabric patterns that indicate that the dominant processes are dry creep of the open-matrix debris mantle. Weak fabrics are found at sites where rockfall inputs occur on a low-angle surface, or where a debris mantle is undergoing passive transport by a moving core. La disposition des blocs qui surmontent des glaciers rocheux montrent des variations significatives měme sur des microtopographies semblables. Des [fabrics], realisees sur des rides longitudinales de glaciers rocheux [La Sal] sont egalement reparties en distributions en groupe ou en ceinture. Dans quelques cas, la disposition des blocs ressemble a celle des lahars, impliquant que les mecanismes d'ecoulement des glaciers rocheux ressemblent a ceux d'importantes laves torrentielles. Des zones de cisaillement sont observees a la bordure de nom-breuses rides longitudinales et, dans au moins un cas, ces zones separent le glacier rocheux de rides laterales qui ressemblent aux levees des laves torrentielles. D'autres sites montrent une disposition des blocs qui indique que le processus dominant est le creep sec du manteau de debris sans matrice. Des dispositions preferentielles peu marquees sont trouvees dans des sites ou la chute d'eboulement se fait sur une surface peu inclinee ou lorsque le manteau de debris subit un transport passif sur un noyau profond qui se deplace.
Attention and Multistep Problem Solving in 24-Month-Old Children

The current study examined the role of increased attentional load in 24 month-old children's multistep problem-solving behavior. Children solved an object-based nonspatial working-memory search task, to which a motor component of varying difficulty was added. Significant disruptions in search performance were observed with the introduction of the motor component, but the expected differential interference effects based on task difficulty were largely absent. The primary costs to search performance seem to be incurred as the addition of an intermediate subgoal overtaxes working memory through increased goal-monitoring demands, independent of its difficulty.
The influence of an applied heat flux on the violence of reaction of an explosive device

It is well known that the violence of slow cook-off explosions can greatly exceed the comparatively mild case burst events typically observed for rapid heating. However, there have been few studies that examine the reaction violence as a function of applied heat flux that explore the dependence on heating geometry and device size. Here we report progress on a study using the Uintah Computation Framework, a high-performance computer model capable of modeling deflagration, material damage, deflagration to detonation transition and detonation for PBX9501 and similar explosives. Our results suggests the existence of a sharp threshold for increased reaction violence with decreasing heat flux. The critical heat flux was seen to increase with increasing device size and decrease with the heating of multiple surfaces, suggesting that the temperature gradient in the heated energetic material plays an important role the violence of reactions.
Mitochondrial Glutathione and Oxidative Stress: Implications for Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity in Premature Infants

Administration of supplemental oxygen, despite being an important clinical therapy, can cause significant lung damage. Because they have underdeveloped lungs, prematurely born human infants frequently require supportive therapies that employ elevated oxygen concentrations, which put them at risk for developing pulmonary oxygen toxicity. This risk is made even greater by the immaturity of their cellular antioxidant defenses. Although the exact mechanisms of oxygen toxicity are still not fully defined, cellular damage is probably mediated by increased production of chemically reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria. Cellular protection against ROS is provided by a variety of antioxidant molecules and enzymes, including the glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant system. The GSH-dependent antioxidant enzyme system provides vital cellular protection against ROS, particularly hydrogen peroxide and certain organic hydroperoxides, under pathological and toxicological conditions, by using selenium-dependent and -independent peroxidases to reduce hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxides to water or the respective alcohols, with the concurrent oxidation of GSH to glutathione disulfide (GSSG). In the mitochondria, limitations of GSH synthesis and transmembrane transport suggest that optimal functioning of the mitochondrial GSH system, and maintenance of adequate thiol-disulfide redox tone is essential to protect against the injurious effects of ROS. Manipulation of endogenous GSH concentrations can alter cellular responses to oxidant injury. Beneficial effects are evident when intracellular GSH concentrations are increased. In conditions that increase mitochondrial production of ROS, such as exposure to high concentrations of oxygen, therapies based on enhancing mitochondrial GSH concentrations could be highly beneficial.
Anatomy of the oblique retinacular ligament of the index finger

The available literature includes conflicting descriptions of the anatomy and function of the oblique retinacular ligament. We have studied this ligament in the index finger to better define its presence, configuration, points of attachment, length, and relationship to the proximal interphalangeal joint axis. Twenty fresh frozen index fingers were dissected. Five additional specimens were decalcified, mounted, sectioned transversely at 1 mm intervals and studied under the microscope. An oblique retinacular ligament was identified on the radial side of the index finger in 95% and on the ulnar side in 90% of the specimens. The radial oblique retinacular ligament was usually longer and more developed than the ulnar oblique retinacular ligament. Proximally, the ligament arose from the middle third of the proximal phalanx and the A-2 pulley whereas, distally, it inserted into the lateral extensor band with a fan-shaped expansion centered 4 to 6 mm distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint line. In 70% of the specimens, the oblique retinacular ligament was supplemented by a contribution from the proximal cruciform pulley (C-1). Histologic cross sections also confirmed the presence of the oblique retinacular ligament but not the supplemental contribution arising from the C-1 pulley. The relationship of the oblique retinacular ligament to the proximal interphalangeal joint axis is dependent on the proximal interphalangeal joint position; the ligament lies palmar to the proximal interphalangeal joint axis only when the proximal interphalangeal joint is flexed.
To What Degree Does Food Assistance Help Poor Households Acquire Enough Food? A Joint Examination of Public and Private Sources of Food Assistance

ABSTRACT We study the efficacy of public and private food assistance in alleviating food shortages among poor households by jointly considering the effects of all major forms of domestic food assistance–the Food Stamp Program, WIC, and food pantries. The analyses are based on detailed data collected in 1993 from 398 low-income households in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. We examine the effect each of the widely available forms of food assistance has on helping poor households acquire enough resources potentially to meet basic nutritional requirements. Research findings suggest that compared with other forms of food assistance, the receipt of a significant amount in food stamps has a much greater impact on whether a household attains at least the Thrifty Food Plan than the receipt of food from a food pantry or through the WIC program.
Using light to control the interactions between self-rotating assemblies of active gels

Abstract Polymer gels undergoing the oscillating Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction exhibit an autonomous, periodic swelling and deswelling, where the mechanical oscillations are driven by the chemical reaction within the polymer network. Using computer simulations, we show that these BZ gels can undergo a form of auto-chemotaxis, enabling the gels to spontaneously move in response to self-generated chemical gradients. Focusing on four millimeter-sized pieces of these BZ gels, we show that the pieces can organize into self-rotating clusters that resemble a moving pinwheel or gear. By analyzing the factors that promote the formation of a single self-rotating cluster, we attempt to design systems of multiple, interacting gears. We show that light, which suppresses the oscillations of the gels, can be harnessed to promote the formation of two self-rotating clusters. These studies point to a novel form of photo-chemo-mechanical transduction, where light is utilized to control the conversion of chemical and mechanical energy in the system. Moreover, the interaction between the BZ gel gears reveals a new form of entrainment between these moving units. Namely, their coordinated motion is achieved through chemical coupling or communication, rather than a mechanical coupling. These findings can lead to the formation of chemically “communicating” devices that can be programmed to perform autonomous work through the use of light.
Theory of the D+D Reactions. Part II. Relation to the Internucleonic Forces

The adequacy of current ideas about the internucleonic forces in accounting for the observations as analyzed in Part I is investigated. In particular, the adequacy of the spin-orbit coupling provided by the tensor forces is examined. To this end, a "minimal" formulation of the four-body problem is attempted. The interaction responsible for the reaction is derived. Some order-of-magnitude comparisons with the experimental data are presented.
The utilization of urea by ruminants as influenced by the level of protein in the ration.

Summary 1. The protein content of rumen ingesta showed a decided increase when the level of protein in the concentrate fed was increased to 24 per cent. 2. The rate of conversion of urea nitrogen to protein in the rumen decreased as the protein level of the rumen ingesta became greater than 12 per cent. 3. When the level of protein in the concentrate fed was increased to more than 18 per cent the rate and extent of conversion of added urea nitrogen to protein began to decrease. 4. When no linseed oil meal was added to the basal grain mixture (11.3 per cent protein), the added urea was utilized up to a level of 4.5 per cent (protein equivalent of 12 per cent) of the grain mixture.
Mechanism of Spectral Tuning Going from Retinal in Vacuo to Bovine Rhodopsin and its Mutants: Multireference ab initio Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Studies

We have investigated photoabsorption spectra of bovine rhodopsin and its mutants (E122Q and E113Q) by hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations as well as retinal in vacuo by pure QM calculations, employing multireference (MR) ab initio and TD-B3LYP methods. The sophisticated MR-SORCI+Q and MRCISD+Q methods extrapolated with respect to adopted approximations can reproduce the experimental absorption maxima of retinal very well. The relatively inexpensive MR-DDCI2+Q method gives absorption maxima blue-shifted by ca. 65 nm from experimental values; however, this error is systematic and thus MR-DDCI2+Q can be used to estimate spectral shifts. In MR calculations, the ground-state energy of retinal at B3LYP geometry is significantly lower than that at CASSCF geometry. Therefore, B3LYP geometry is more reliable than CASSCF geometry, which has a blue-shift error as large as 100 nm in the gas phase. The effect of ground-state geometry on the excitation energies is less critical in the po...
Serial reversal learning in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Serial reversal learning problems have been used primarily with the pigeon to develop theories of learning for the class Aves as a whole. This experiment tested the mallard duck and employed a procedure similar to that used for the pigeon. Five mallard ducks were tested in a visual discrimination task in daily sessions, with the rewarded symbol changed every 20 days. Improvement in the performance of the ducks did not occur to the same degree as that reported for the pigeon, and no evidence was found for a weakening of retention over time.
Stanley fish and the old quarrel between rhetoric and philosophy

In Doing What Comes Naturally, Stanley Fish argues on behalf of rhetoric and against philosophy. The latter assumes an independent reality that can be perceived without distortion and then reported in a transparent verbal medium. The former insists that this is impossible. As Fish acknowledges, this debate is a version of the “old quarrel” that has raged since the dialogues of Plato and the orations of the sophists. The present paper first examines how the Greek sophist Isocrates actually formulated the terms of the debate. Then it turns to Plato in order to demonstrate that his treatment of the old quarrel is superior to Fish's postmodern update.
Continental Intersections with Oceanic Rises and Petroleum Provinces of Pacific Slope of Americas: ABSTRACT

All petroleum provinces on the American rim of the Pacific lie on or near present or past intersections of continents and spreading centers. Pacific coast production in the conterminous United States is restricted to the region between the East Pacific Rise in the Gulf of California and the Gorda Rise off northern California; the coastal basins may have started generating petroleum when North America drifted westward over the East Pacific Rise. The petroleum provinces of coastal and offshore Ecuador and Peru are near an east-west spreading center near the Galapagos Islands. Cook Inlet, Alaska, is not now on an oceanic rise, but magnetic anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska suggest that a rise intersected southern Alaska in Tertiary time. In contrast, no commercial oil has been found on the Pacific slope of any American island arc, including the Aleutian, Cascade, Mexican-Central American, and Andean arcs and volcanic chains. Intersections of rises and continents are favorable regions for petroleum accumulation. Block faulting characteristic of rises tends to produce stagnant basins End_Page 663------------------------------ with sapropelic shales; adjacent fault-block mountains shed coarse detritus into the basins so that reservoir rocks are interbedded with petroleum source rocks. Faulting and folding contemporaneous with deposition may result in early-formed, time-persistent structures, High heat flow may cause petroleum generation at relatively shallow depths. Using this hypothesis as an exploration tool, regions that warrant further prospecting include the head of the Gulf of California, Magdalena Bay in Baja California Sur, and southern Chile. End_of_Article - Last_Page 664------------
IBC arrays: Present and future prospects

The development of arrays which operate at wavelengths longer than 8 µm has opened up new possibilities for imaging and spectroscopy but offers challenges not present at shorter wavelengths. Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) or Blocked-Impurity-Band (BIB) detectors can meet these challenges and offer numerous advantages over standard photoconductors. We review some of the general operating principles of these devices and discuss the current state of technology. We then discuss the requirements placed on mid-infrared arrays by groundbased, airborne and spacebased astronomy.
Dielectric response to an acceptor ion in a Ga1−xA1xAs/GaAs/Ga1−xA1xAs quantum well

We consider the dielectric response to an acceptor ion placed at the center of a GaAs quantum well of finite depth and calculate the binding energy of heavy-hole and light-hole acceptor atoms as a function of the width of the well. We compare our values with those we have calculated from a hydrogenic approximation and find that consideration of the dielectric response of the GaAs quantum well leads to deviations with respect to the hydrogenic approximation. Specifically, we find that our binding energies are larger in magnitude than those calculated from the hydrogenic approximation. We further find that the acceptor ion binding a heavy hole is much more affected by the dielectric response of the GaAs quantum well than the acceptor ion that binds a light hole.
Correlating Internet Performance Changes and Route Changes to Assist in Trouble-Shooting from an End-User Perspective

With the growth of world wide data intensive scientific collaborations, there is a need to transfer large amounts of data to and from data repositories around the world. To effectively enable such transfers, high speed, predictable networks are needed. In turn, these require performance monitoring to ensure their quality. One tool/infrastructure that has been successfully used for the analysis and monitoring of critical paths is IEPM-BW [1]. Based on experience gained from the achievable throughput monitoring in IEPM-BW, we developed AbwE [2], a tool to enable quick (< 1 second), low impact (40 packets) measurements of available bandwidth. Using ABwE we have been able to quickly detect significant changes in available bandwidth on production links up to 1Gbps, and report this information to the appropriate Network Operations Centers (NOCs) for repair, as such changes are often associated with route changes. This paper discusses this set of tools and their effectiveness together with examples of their utilization.
Effect of Various Coatings on the Surface Fatigue and Wear Behavior of Cemented Tungsten Carbide

Thin coatings of various materials on the mating surface can drastically affect the surface fatigue and wear behavior of cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide subjected to alternating surface stresses. Coatings of gold, tin, silver, manganese, freshly deposited titanium, lead, tin bronze, and solder on the mating surface all allowed a carbide slider to operate for a great many cycles at conditions which caused surface fatigue failure of the same slider on uncoated carbide in a relatively few cycles. Of the tested coatings, gold and tin appear to be of most value. The observed effects cannot be attributed to reduction of the alternating friction forces by a solid film lubrication of the surfaces but are probably caused by a diffusion of the coating materials into the cermet structure. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Hauston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
Early, sustained efficacy of adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene therapy in glycogen storage disease type Ia

The deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) underlies life-threatening hypoglycemia and growth retardation in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia). An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding G6Pase was pseudotyped as AAV8 and administered to 2-week-old GSD-Ia mice (n=9). Median survival was prolonged to 7 months following vector administration, in contrast to untreated GSD-Ia mice that survived for only 2 weeks. Although GSD-Ia mice were initially growth-retarded, treated mice increased fourfold in weight to normal size. Blood glucose was partially corrected by 2 weeks following treatment, whereas blood cholesterol normalized. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was partially corrected to 25% of the normal level at 7 months of age in treated mice, and blood glucose during fasting remained lower in treated, affected mice than in normal mice. Glycogen storage was partially corrected in the liver by 2 weeks following treatment, but reaccumulated to pre-treatment levels by 7 months old (m.o.). Vector genome DNA decreased between 3 days and 3 weeks in the liver following vector administration, mainly through the loss of single-stranded genomes; however, double-stranded vector genomes were more stable. Although CD8+ lymphocytic infiltrates were present in the liver, partial biochemical correction was sustained at 7 m.o. The development of efficacious AAV vector-mediated gene therapy could significantly reduce the impact of long-term complications in GSD-Ia, including hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia and growth failure.
Mast cells contribute to fibrin deposition in reverse passive Arthus reaction in mouse skin.

The activation of the clotting system is an important process during inflammation to contain the injury and initiate tissue repair. In the present study, we investigated the effect of mast cells on fibrin deposition in reverse passive Arthus reaction in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/WV(W/WV) and control WBB6F1-+/+(+/+) mice, that were given 125I-labeled fibrogen intravenousty. An antibody dose-dependent increase in radioactivity was observed in the challenged skin sites. Sequential water and urea extractions characterized the radioiodinated fibrinogen derivatives present in the tissue. The radioactivity found in the various fractions of the stimulated samples from +/+ was 2–10-fold higher than that in specimens from W/WV mice. The greatest difference was observed in the urea-insoluble pellet (cross-linked fibrin and its early degradation products). Reconstitution of W/WV mice with mast cells augmented the response to levels similar to those in +/+ mice. Pretreatment with the antihistamine pyrilamine blocked the accumulation of 125I-labeled fibrinogen and its derivatives by approximately 70% in +/+ but not in W/WV mice. Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis by A-63162 markedly decreased the accumulation of iodinated fibrinogen in both +/+ and W/WV mice. The data suggest that mast cells and their vasoactive mediator histamine contribute to the exudation of clotting factors, which results in fibrin deposition and that mast cells also enhance fibrin cross-linkage.
In Situ Generation of Pd/PdO Nanoparticle Methane Combustion Catalyst: Correlation of Particle Surface Chemistry with Ignition

Decomposition of a fuel-soluble precursor was used for in situ generation of Pd/PdO nanoparticles, which then catalyzed ignition of the methane/O2/N2 flow. To help understand the relationship between particle properties and activity, the composition, structure, and surface chemical state of the particles were determined by a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM/EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The particles, collected under methane-free conditions, were found to be primarily crystalline, metallic Pd, with TEM results showing a narrow size distribution around 8 nm and scanning mobility particle sizing measurements (SMPS) indicating a median particle size of ∼10 nm. The ignition temperature was lowered ∼150 K by the catalyst, and we present evidence that ignition is correlated with formation of a subnanometer oxidized Pd surface layer.
A Comparison of the 16S Ribosomal RNAs from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Bacilli: Some Modifications in the Sanger Method for RNA Sequencing*

Two modifications in the Sanger two dimensional electrophoretic procedure for RNA analysis are reported. One increases resolution on the primary fingerprint to the point that digests of large RNAs, of the size 1500–3000 nucleotides yield well resolved fingerprint patterns. The other is a novel endonucleolytic procedure that proves useful in determining sequences of the large oligonucleotides produced by T1 ribonuclease.
Effect of Acetylcholine on the Incorporation of Radiophosphorus into the Phosphatido-Peptide Fraction of Pancreas Slices

EARLIER work by Hokin1 has shown that pancreas slices actively secrete the digestive enzymes, amylase, lipase and ribonuclease, when incubated in the presence of acetylchlione and eserine. Hokin and Hokin2,3 have shown further that the stimulation of enzyme secretion was associated with a marked stimulation of the incorporation of radiophosphorus into the phospholipide fraction of pancreas slices. With acetylcholine, they found that the incorporation of radiophosphorus was increased approximately 1,000 per cent in the non-choline-containing phospholipides.
On k-Subspaces of L-vector-spaces

Let k ⊆ L be division rings, with [L: k]right <∞ and let Bk ⊆ AL be right vector spaces. Conditions are established in terms of the k-codimension of B in A, respectively the k-dimension of B, for there to exist a nonzero element a∈A such that aL∪B={0}, respectively an L-linear functional f on A such that f(B). Some consequences and related open questions are discussed.
Forest development in North America following major disturbances

Abstract Large-scale, man-created or natural disturbances play a mjaor role in determining forest structure and species composition in many areas of North America and probably other temperate and tropical forests. Trees begin growth by a variety of mechanisms — each of which can respond to disturbances of a different severity. Studies suggest: a single group of species is not predestined to inhabit an area; forest physiognomic appearances assumed to imply all-aged succession often occur in single-age class stands; and recruitment of new stems into a forest often follows a disturbance rather than being a constant occurrence. After disturbances, forests develop through general physiognomic stages: “stand initiation”, “stem exclusion”, “understory reinitiation”, and “old growth”. Disturbance severity determines which species will dominate the forest afterward. The frequency of disturbances is also important in determining the general forest type over a large area, because species dominance and stand physiognomy change with time following disturbance.
Dynamics of the Antiferromagnetic Spin-Flop Transition

The critical magnetic field producing spin flop in many antiferromagnets is too small to soften a three-dimensional magnon, i.e., to remove the energy barrier between the equal-energy phases. The barrier can be bypassed, however, via the softening of surface magnons in a smaller field, forming two-dimensional surface-spin-flop states, which broaden with increasing field and which catastrophically spread inward across the three-dimensional material as the critical field is approached.
Comparison of plasma formation in n+p and p+n and TRAPATT diodes

A numerical solution of the plasma-trapping part of the cycle for equivalent ‘N’ and ‘P’-type TRAPATT diodes shows that, if the conventional criteria for plasma formation are used, the results predicted are contradictory to experimental observations. These calculations, however, do show evidence for a different physical mechanism of plasma formation, with negative electric fields, than has been assumed previously. This mechanism can help explain the observed superiority of ‘P’-type diodes. In addition, it is suggested that the material parameters of p—p+ epitaxial layers may be significantly different for the general run of wafers.
The Design and Performance of Distributed LT Codes

This paper describes techniques to decompose LT codes (a class of rateless erasure-correcting codes) into distributed LT (DLT) codes. DLT codes can be used to independently encode data from multiple sources in a network in such a way that, when the DLT-encoded packets are combined at a common relay, the resulting bit stream (called a modified LT (MLT) code) has a degree distribution approximating that of an LT code, with simulations indicating comparable performance. In essence, DLT codes are designed so that the final stage of encoding for erasure correction can be carried out by a low-complexity relay that selectively xors the bit streams generated at each source and transmits the result to the sink. This paper presents results for two-source and four-source networks. It is shown that, when the relay-to-sink link is the bottleneck, the DLT/MLT approach can yield substantial performance benefits compared with a competing strategy wherein each of the sources uses its own independent LT encoder and the resulting bit streams are time-multiplexed through the relay.
Etiology of Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Developmental Perspective

Approximately 5% of adolescents in the U.S. qualify for a diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD). Low affect and behavior self-regulation during child development interacting with family, peer and other ecological factors predisposes to substance use in adolescence. Maturational processes during adolescence, particularly involving the brain and reproductive system, exacerbate the low psychological self-regulation evidenced during childhood to promote initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) consumption. This discussion examines the etiology of ATOD abuse and SUD from a developmental perspective. The ramifications of a developmental perspective for clinical practice and social policy are also considered.
Surgical duration and risk of venous thromboembolism

RESULTS The overall VTE rate was 0.96% (n = 13 809); the rates of DVT and PE were 0.71% (n = 10 198) and 0.33% (n = 4772), respectively. The association between surgical duration and VTE increased in a stepwise fashion. Compared with a procedure of average duration, patients undergoing the longest procedures experienced a 1.27-fold (95% CI, 1.21-1.34; adjusted risk difference [ARD], 0.23%) increase in the odds of developing a VTE; the shortest procedures demonstrated an odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83-0.88; ARD, −0.12%). The robustness of these results was substantiated with several sensitivity analyses attempting to minimize the effect of outliers, concurrent complications, procedural differences, and unmeasured confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients undergoing surgery, an increase in surgical duration was directly associated with an increase in the risk for VTE. These findings may help inform preoperative and postoperative decision making related to surgery.
A hydraulic analogue study of the Hartmann oscillator phenomenon

Abstract : The paper describes the construction of a water channel and its use for the investigation of the hydraulic analog of the Hartmann oscillator problem. Continuous 'shooting' water flow was found to be analogous to supersonic isentropic gas flow; a static depth of approximately one quarter-inch of water appeared to be satisfactory with this channel. Measurements were of two types: direct measurement of the height of the free surface, and measurement obtained through photographic records. Quantitative agreement between hydraulic jumps and shock waves was not obtained; this was not expected due to the theory given in the text. Qualitative features of the flow were reproduced and agreed well with the observations made with the cavity in the air stream. For research purposes, it seems that the most valuable aspect of 'the hydraulic analogy is its ability to easily present excellent flow visualization of flow phenomena which are not well understood. Furthermore, its usefulness as a teaching aid for the subject of fluid mechanics seems obvious. (Author)
The Anaphoric Theory of Tense

In this article I extend the discussion of Sequence of Tense phenomena in English that I have presented in earlier work (particularly Higginbotham 2002a and 1995) so as to include some properties of the English Perfect, and so as to clarify some pieces of the construction that I left open or unarticulated there. I also call attention to some features of what I call here indexical mismatch as between adverbials and tenses, a phenomenon that may well extend in a number of directions, both within individual languages and cross-linguistically. In large part, however, my purpose here is critical: I aim to show, despite arguments to the contrary, that anaphoric theories of tense do exactly what needs to be done to explain the dependencies of c-commanded tenses upon c-commanding ones, and that alternatives, notably those of the sort proposed in Ogihara (1995), von Stechow (1995) and Abusch (1994) and (1997), must build back into their respective accounts the anaphoric properties of Sequence of Tense if those accounts are to be part of an empirically adequate system. The semantics that I deploy here will require abandonment, or at least radical modification, of any framework that takes sentential complements in a “notation-free” manner, as in possible-worlds semantics; but that framework wants modification anyway, or so (for familiar reasons) I will assume.
Does Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Influence the Results of Studies of Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Risk?

In this issue of the Journal, Kavanaugh et al. ( 1 ) describe how the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the scientific evidence for proposed qualified health claims for tomatoes and lycopene with respect to the risks of prostate cancer and other types of cancers. After the authors qualitatively reviewed the studies, they concluded that there was “a very low level of comfort that a relationship exists between the consumption of tomatoes and/or tomato sauce and prostate cancer risk.” This conclusion is disappointing given that some initial studies of tomato product intake or circulating lycopene levels suggested an association with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, providing some hope for prostate cancer prevention ( 2 – 6 ). However, a number of recent studies, including some ( 7 – 9 ) too recent to be included in the review by Kavanaugh et al. ( 1 ), have not supported this association or have been equivocal. Should we now conclude that tomatoes or lycopene are unlikely to have any role in prostate carcinogenesis? Before we do, we should consider a potentially complicating factor, which is that most of the recent studies have been conducted in populations in which most prostate cancers are identified through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. In interpreting the evidence for a risk factor in relation to prostate cancer risk, two major considerations are how PSA screening influences the diagnosis and epidemiology of prostate cancer and when during prostate carcinogenesis that risk
2-D and 3-D numerical modelling of a dynamic resonant shear stress sensor

Despite the importance of wall shear stress measurements in both fundamental and applied fluid dynamic problems, sensors for this application suffer from several shortcomings. A new class of wall shear stress sensor concept that addresses these shortcomings is studied numerically. The properties of a dynamic resonant shear stress sensor are determined using a specially-developed two-dimensional unsteady boundary layer code and a commercially available three-dimensional fluid model. Several characteristics of the sensors are determined using these models including: static sensitivities with and without pressure gradients, sensor design parameter effects. These results indicate that low amplitude, high resonant frequency operation associated with small sensors will have optimum performance. These results also suggest that a MEMS implementation of this sensor should provide the capability of measuring wall shear stress fluctuations in turbulent flows.
Radiation-induced apoptosis in a murine lymphoma in vivo

A number of radiobiologic parameters of radiation-induced apoptosis were investigated in a syngeneic murine B-cell lymphoma, designated LY-TH. These included radiation dose effect, kinetics of apoptosis development, the effect of hypoxia and split-dose recovery. Tumors, 8 mm in size, were locally irradiated with graded doses ranging from 1 to 10-Gy gamma rays. Radiation-induced apoptosis was observed as early as 1 h after irradiation, peaked between 4 and 6 h and could no longer be detected 24 h later. The magnitude of the apoptotic response generally increased with radiation dose, but lower doses seemed to be relatively more effective than higher doses. Tumor hypoxia, produced by tumor clamping, inhibited induction of apoptosis by a factor of about 2.5. When two doses of radiation were separated by times of 1-10 days, the proportion of apoptotic cells induced by the second dose was greatly reduced compared to the initial dose. This reduction was the greatest when the second dose was given 2 days after the first dose. The proportion of apoptotic cells induced by the second dose slowly recovered after 2 days but it did not return to the initial levels after as long as 10 days.