cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social Contexts of High Schools

In addition to their roles as educational institutions structuring human capital development during a critical period of socioeconomic attainment, high schools organize the peer contexts in which young people come of age during a critical period of development. Consequently, understanding the peer processes that characterize the social contexts of schools sheds light on how schools are operating as formal institutions of teaching and learning. This chapter provides an overview of research from sociologists of education and scholars in other disciplines about the social contexts of high schools and their relevance to curricula, achievement, and other formal processes of schooling. After using three key books in this field to trace the historical evolution of thinking about the social contexts of high schools, we describe key components of these contexts (peer networks, peer crowds, school climate) and then discuss the value of greater attention to them in educational policy and practice.
Promoting and Protecting Individual Strengths: Part 2

We continue the general topic of promoting and protecting individual strengths that be began in Chapter 2 in a discussion of physical health. In Chapter 3, we deal with Psychosocial Health, including a variety of positive orientations and actions, and with Spiritual Health, or the presence of meaning in the lives of older persons. We conclude this chapter with a discussion of healthy lifestyles, and attempt to pull together the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual aspects of individual strengths.
Recap of 2018 IAEE Expo Expo

AbstractThis article is a review of the 2018 International Association of Exhibitions and Events (IAEE) Expo Expo annual convention and faculty program including the poster session listing.
Mismatched suppletion in Azeri as morphology/phonology competition

This paper focuses on a puzzle about suppletion of the perfect/evidential suffix in north Azeri/Azerbaijani. This morpheme’s default form is -mIʃ , but it can also be realized as -(j)Ib when the subject is 2nd or 3rd person, with one exception: in certain contexts where this suffix is used twice, the first instance is realized as -(j)Ib , even if the subject is not 2nd/3rd person. I hypothesize that this over-application of suppletion is driven by a requirement to avoid strings with adjacent identical morphemes. If this analysis is correct, this phonologically-forced morphological mismatch provides evidence that lexical insertion interacts and competes with phonological constraints (Wolf 2008, 2009, Pertsova 2015, a.o.). I go on to consider some remaining puzzles about the distribution of -(j)Ib.
Annot: a Django-based sample, reagent, and experiment metadata tracking system

In biological experiments, comprehensive experimental metadata tracking – which comprises experiment, reagent, and protocol annotation with controlled vocabulary from established ontologies – remains a challenge, especially when the experiment involves multiple laboratory scientists who execute different steps of the protocol. Here we describe Annot, a novel web application designed to provide a flexible solution for this task. Annot enforces the use of controlled vocabulary for sample and reagent annotation while enabling robust investigation, study, and protocol tracking. The cornerstone of Annot’s implementation is a json syntax-compatible file format, which can capture detailed metadata for all aspects of complex biological experiments. Data stored in this json file format can easily be ported into spreadsheet or data frame files that can be loaded into R ( https://www.r-project.org/ ) or Pandas, Python’s data analysis library ( https://pandas.pydata.org/ ). Annot is implemented in Python3 and utilizes the Django web framework, Postgresql, Nginx, and Debian. It is deployed via Docker and supports all major browsers. Annot offers a robust solution to annotate samples, reagents, and experimental protocols for established assays where multiple laboratory scientists are involved. Further, it provides a framework to store and retrieve metadata for data analysis and integration, and therefore ensures that data generated in different experiments can be integrated and jointly analyzed. This type of solution to metadata tracking can enhance the utility of large-scale datasets, which we demonstrate here with a large-scale microenvironment microarray study.
A Randomized Controlled Trial in the Evaluation of a Novel Stress Management Tool: A Lounge Chair Experience:

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the stress reduction effects of spending 25 minutes reclining in a SolTec™ Lounge between 2 intervention groups. Group 1 experienced the Lounge with m...
And Now for Something Completely Different: Immunotherapy Beyond Checkpoints in Melanoma

Advances in the understanding of biology and therapy of melanoma have occurred at an astonishing pace over the past approximately 15 years, and successful melanoma therapy has led the way for similar advances in many other solid tumors that are continuing to improve outcomes for all patients with cancer. Although the 2018 Nobel Prize was awarded to two investigators who discovered that therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints held the key to major patient benefits, there are many additional immunotherapeutic strategies that warrant further study and discussion at scientific and medical meetings. This article provides the newest information on three areas of immunotherapy that have been successfully applied to melanoma and continue to pave the way for new developments: cytokines, adoptive cell therapies (ADTs), and intratumoral injection of immunomodulatory agents.
Tumor Mutation Burden and Depression in Lung Cancer: Association With Inflammation.

Background Patients with lung cancer with greater systemic inflammation have higher rates of depression. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) predicts immunotherapy response in patients with lung cancer and is associated with intratumoral inflammation, which may contribute to systemic inflammation and depression. This study evaluated whether higher TMB was associated with increased depression and systemic inflammation in patients with lung cancer. Patients and methods Patients with metastatic lung cancers were evaluated for depression severity using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. TMB was measured using the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets. Inflammation was evaluated using C-reactive protein (CRP) level and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Results A total of 96 patients with adequate TMB testing were evaluated. The average number of mutations (TMB) was 10.8 (SD, 10.9). A total of 19% of patients endorsed clinically significant depression symptoms. TMB was significantly correlated with depression severity (r = 0.34; P=.001) and NLR (r = 0.37; P=.002) but not CRP level (r = 0.19; P=.07). TMB was also higher in patients receiving chemotherapy (mean, 12.0) and immunotherapy (mean, 14.4) versus targeted therapy (mean, 4.8). A multivariate model found that TMB (β = 0.30; P=.01) and CRP level (β = 0.31; P=.01) were independently associated with depression; there was no significant interaction effect of TMB × CRP and depression. A similar multivariate model showed no independent effect for NLR and depression (β = 0.16; P=.17) after accounting for TMB. Conclusions These data provide evidence for biologic depression risk in patients with lung cancer who have high levels of TMB. The underlying mechanism of the association is not clearly related to inflammation but warrants further analysis to broadly elucidate the mechanism of biologically derived depression in cancer.
Patient-Specific Numerical Analysis of Coronary Flow in Children With Intramural Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronary Arteries.

Unroofing surgery for anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) alters coronary anatomy by opening the intramural segment so that the anomalous coronary orifice arises perpendicularly from appropriate aortic sinus. Computational fluid dynamics modeling (CFD) allows for quantification of hemodynamics linked to morbidity such as wall shear stress (WSS), relative to patient-specific features like the angle of origin (AO). We hypothesize that CFD will reveal abnormal WSS indices in unroofed arteries that are related to AO. Six AAOCA patients (3 left, 3 right) status post unroofing (median = 13.5 years, range 9–17) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. CFD models were created from pre (n = 2) and postunroofing (n = 6) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data, for the anomalous and contralateral normally-arising arteries. Downstream vasculature was represented by lumped parameter networks. Time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were quantified relative to AO and measured hemodynamics. TAWSS was elevated along the outer wall of the normally-arising left vs right coronary arteries, as well as along unroofed left vs right coronary arteries (n = 6/group). No significant differences were noted when comparing unroofed and same-sided normally-arising coronaries. TAWSS was reduced after unroofing (eg, 276 ± 28 dyne/cm2 vs 91 ± 15 dyne/cm2; n = 2/group). Models with more acute preoperative AO indicated lower TAWSS at the proximity of ostium. Differences in OSI were not significant. Different flow patterns exist natively between right and left coronary arteries. Unroofing may normalize TAWSS but with variance related to the AO. This study suggests CFD may help stratify risk in AAOCA.
Keeping what you like: grandfathering and health insurance coverage take-up rates under the ACA

According to various reports, between 1.8 million and 4.7 million health insurance plans were replaced shortly after passage of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 with new ACA-compliant plans. In order to limit this occurrence, provisions in the ACA included “grandfathering,” which allowed many Americans to retain health insurance coverage that was in place on or before the ACA was signed into law. These health insurance plans were in many cases favored by individuals and employees because they had been customized, unlike many of the new non-grandfathered plans. This study explores the effect of grandfathering on health insurance coverage take-up rates by employees, given that there are some key differences between grandfathered and non-grandfathered plans that perhaps make the former relatively more attractive to employees. Using survey data from the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Health Research Educational Trust, difference-in-difference regressions reported here suggest that take-up rates for grandfathered health insurance plans are generally higher than those for non-grandfathered plans. Estimates generally place these take-up rate differences, favoring grandfathered plans, somewhere between 2.9 and 8.2 percentage points, depending on plan type, firm size and firm location. This finding suggests that more flexible plans are needed to increase employer-sponsored health insurance coverage.
A New Method for Discovering Daily Depression from Tweets to Monitor Peoples Depression Status

Many countries are actively involved in Mental Health Illness prevention programs as at present, this affects more than 300 million (>4%) people across the world, and this number is increasing every day. Predictions assume that Mental Health Illness will become the second leading cause for disease burden to stakeholders and rulers in the coming years. Identification of a mental health illness patient is complicated, as many do not agree that they have this stigma. Social Networks is one media that is involved in every ones' life to share/exhibit his emotions and feelings. More people share emotion-related tweets indicate that a predominant feature occurred on that day or in that location. We attempted to study the tweets related to depression and anti-depression and computed a new parameter, which indicates the depressive level of that day. While comparing with past data, this parameter will help the social scientists in the study of psychotherapy (afterburn) and ‘agitated depression’ levels to promote mental health and psychosocial interventions and sustainable development goals.
A comparison of three approaches for identifying correlates of heterogeneity in change

Longitudinal research is often interested in identifying correlates of heterogeneity in change. This paper compares three approaches for doing so: the mixed-effects model (latent growth curve model), the growth mixture model, and structural equation model trees. Each method is described, with special focus given to how each structures heterogeneity, attributes that heterogeneity to covariates, and the kinds of research questions each can be used to address. Each approach is used to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to understand the similarities and differences between methods in the context of empirical data. Specifically, changes in weight across adolescence are examined, as well as how differences in these change patterns can be explained by sex, race, and mother's education. Recommendations are provided for how to select which approach is most appropriate for analyzing one's own data.
Flow of long chain hydrocarbons through carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

The pressure-driven flow of long-chain hydrocarbons in nanosized pores is important in energy, environmental, biological, and pharmaceutical applications. This paper examines the flow of hexane, heptane, and decane in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of pore diameters 1–8 nm using molecular dynamic simulations. Enhancement of water flow in CNTs in comparison to rates predicted by continuum models has been well established in the literature. Our work was intended to observe if molecular dynamic simulations of hydrocarbon flow in CNTs produced similar enhancements. We used the OPLS-AA force field to simulate the hydrocarbons and the CNTs. Our simulations predicted the bulk densities of the hydrocarbons to be within 3% of the literature values. Molecular sizes and shapes of the hydrocarbon molecules compared to the pore size create interesting density patterns for smaller sized CNTs. We observed moderate flow enhancements for all the hydrocarbons (1–100) flowing through small-sized CNTs. For very small CNTs the larger hydrocarbons were forced to flow in a cork-screw fashion. As a result of this flow orientation, the larger molecules flowed as effectively (similar enhancements) as the smaller hydrocarbons.
Artifacts Created by Imbalanced Electrode Impedance

(1980). Artifacts Created by Imbalanced Electrode Impedance. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 149-160.
How to Search in History

This paper considers the problem of granting a dynamic data structure the capability of remembering the situation it held at previous times. We present a new scheme for recording a history of h updates over an ordered set S of n objects, which allows fast neighbor computation at any time in the history. This scheme requires O(n + h) space and O(log n log h) query response-time, which saves a factor of log n space over previous structures. Aside from its improved performance, the novelty of our method is to allow the set S to be only partially ordered with respect to queries and the time-measure to be multi-dimensional. The generality of our method makes it useful to a number of problems in three-dimensional geometry. For example, we are able to give fast algorithms for locating a point in a 3d-complex, using linear space, or for finding which of n given points is closest to a query plane. Using a simpler, yet conceptually similar technique, we show that with only O(n2) preprocessing, we can determine in O(log2 n) time which of n given points in E3 is closest to an arbitrary query point.
Regulation of protein synthesis during density-dependent growth inhibition of BHK21-13 cells.

Abstract Regulation of protein synthesis in BHK21/13 cells has been examined as a function of cell growth rate and density, both in vivo by pulse-labeling of cells with [3H]valine and in an in vitro cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The specific activity of [3H]valyl-tRNA in the pulse-labeled cells was determined and the true in vivo rate of [3H]valine incorporation into protein was measured. Unlike the reported behavior of many other cell lines, BHK21/13 cells did not shut off their protein synthesis at all while their growth rate declined 10-fold or more during density-dependent inhibition of growth or during arrest of growth by serum deprivation. In vitro assays of the cells' protein synthetic activity with both synthetic and natural messenger RNA confirmed that all of the components needed for protein synthesis were equally active in rapidly growing and in density-inhibited or serum-deprived cells. Hence, in these cells the protein synthesis rate and the cell division rate are not coupled, and the amount of protein in the cell is not regulated at the level of synthesis, but rather at the level of protein degradation or export.
Effect of simvastatin on bone markers in osteopenic women: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial [ISRCTN85429598]

Background Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors increase new bone formation in vitro and in rodents. Results of epidemiologic analyses evaluating the association between use of these cholesterol-lowering drugs, bone mineral density and fracture have been mixed.
Innate sense of purpose for IKKβ

The innate immune response is initiated upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs including transmembrane receptors, typified by the Toll-like receptors (TLR) and cytoplasmic receptors, including the RIG-I–like receptors (RLRs), trigger signal transduction cascades culminating in the activation of transcription factors that regulate innate antimicrobial immune responses and induction of adaptive immunity. Members of the NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) families of transcription factors are the key targets of PRR ligation and together regulate transcription of a broad array of antimicrobial effectors, including defensins, chemokines, and cytokines that orchestrate the immune response to pathogen invasion. Two articles in PNAS (1, 2) identify a new mechanism of cross-talk between the NF-κB and IRF immune signaling pathways and position the kinase IKKβ as a master regulator of innate immunity.
Secondary Production in Inland Waters 1

Publisher Summary The measurement of production is being employed as an indicator of the health of an ecosystem, assessing the effect of environmental pollution or other disturbance. Additionally, secondary production is of vital interest to natural resource administrators responsible for the management of wild populations utilized for both food and recreation and in inland waters, particularly for vertebrate fisheries. This chapter discusses a selected portion of aquatic production biology, secondary production in inland waters. The chapter focuses on three groups, fishes, zoobenthos, and zooplankton, which have received most attention, for which methodology has been best worked out, and which are of most immediate concern to man. The production of other secondary producers, including heterotrophic algae, bacteria and fungi, protozoans, amphibians, reptiles, and other aquatic vertebrates, such as some birds and mammals more commonly associated with the terrestrial environment, must await further advances and reviews by other specialists. The energy flow through these other groups may be extremely important.
Abstract 1783: Puupehenol natural product inhibits STAT3 signaling and induces antitumor cell effects in vitro against human glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor that lacks effective therapeutics and has a high mortality rate. Constitutively-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is prevalent and implicated in GBM phenotype and represents a valid anti-GBM target. To discover novel STAT3 inhibitors suitable for GBM therapy, natural product extracts were investigated. Whole extracts from marine organisms were first screened for effects against cell viability using the human glioma model line, U251MG that harbors aberrantly-active STAT3 and normal fibroblasts that do not. The screening campaign identified the puupehenol, CC-1-2 from the whole extracts of leiodermatium sp as a bioactive compound that suppressed U251MG cell viability, with an IC50 4.1±0.1 µM, compared to an IC50 value of 7.3±0.3 µM against normal NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Western blot analysis showed pSTAT3 levels in U251MG cells substantially decreased in a time-dependent manner in response to CC-1-2. Decreased pSTAT3 in treated cells occurred in parallel with partial suppression of both phospho- Janus kinase (Jak) 2 and pSrc levels and no induction of protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 levels also decreased in time-dependent manner, while pAkt remained unchanged in U251MG cells under the same treatment conditions. Furthermore, treatment of U251MG cells with CC-1-2 led to dramatic morphological changes that occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner, compared to minimal changes observed for similarly-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells that do not harbor aberrantly-active STAT3. Colony survival assay of U251MG cells revealed single treatment with 1-10 µM CC-1-2 decreased colony sizes and numbers in a dose-dependent manner, compared to moderate effects on MCF-7. In vitro wound-healing assay further showed reduced U251MG cell migration into the denuded area in response to CC-1-2 treatment. CC-1-2 further induced apoptosis in U251MG cells in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, and Bcl-2 levels, which are known STAT3-regulated genes. Studies together identify CC-1-2 as a natural product inhibitor of STAT3 that preferentially induces antitumor cell effects against human glioblastoma cells. Citation Format: Tyvette S. Hilliard, Christopher Chock, Philip Williams, James Turkson. Puupehenol natural product inhibits STAT3 signaling and induces antitumor cell effects in vitro against human glioblastoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1783. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1783
Assessment of group-based diabetes education using the "continuing your journey with diabetes" conversation map in the veteran population.

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been recognized as serious health concerns. The majority of cases of type 2 diabetes are preventable, and, after diagnosis, various complications can be prevented by effective self-management. Although there are multiple pharmacological interventions for the treatment of diabetes, it is difficult to achieve target A1C levels with drug therapy alone. Most patients must also implement various lifestyle modifications such as following a healthy diet and getting adequate physical activity, both of which require willingness and motivation. Therefore, patient education is an important component of diabetes management. Each patient’s unique needs and barriers require an individualized strategy for diabetes management (1). Diabetes self-management education is listed as one of seven crucial elements in the Joint Commission standards of care addressing diabetes care (2). The National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education (3) states that group education can be effective and that programs using behavioral and psychosocial strategies result in improved outcomes. A 2009 Cochrane review (4) concluded that group-based training helped participants improve fasting blood glucose and A1C, decreasing the need for diabetes medications. Such programs may also help decrease blood pressure and body weight, although studies evaluating such outcomes are limited. The Conversation Map education tool was developed by Healthy Interactions to empower patients with diabetes and help them proactively manage their health. Reaney et al. (5) recently reviewed this tool in more detail. The Conversation Map promotes effective communication among patients with type 2 diabetes, their health care providers, and their support network. This learner-centered approach is intended to improve health literacy, a significant predictor of health status. A conversation with other patients, led by a facilitator using a Socratic approach, is meant to encourage participants to share personal knowledge and experiences, ultimately engaging and motivating patients to take control of …
A comparison of tree growth models

Abstract Tree growth models project the growth and development of forest ecosystems by increasing the size of each simulated tree in the forest on an annual or greater periodic basis. These models are often referred to as ‘tree models’ because they are based on the birth, growth and death of individual trees, and the characteristics of individual trees are aggregated to describe the stand. This paper distinguishes between two types of models based upon their major purpose for development and data requirements. Forest growth models are defined as those used to assess the yield of a managed forest under prescribed conditions and usually require large calibration data sets. Community dynamics models are defined as those applied to ecological questions about the feedback of environment and species characteristics on growth and yield, and have species-specific rather than site-specific data requirements. The structure and data requirements for each model type affects their regional and temporal applicability as well as their predictive value. A combination approach using the two types of models may be t the most general model of tree growth and stand development.
Endobronchial brachytherapy and external-beam radiotherapy in patients with endobronchial obstruction and extrabronchial extension.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy (HDR-EB) with concomitant short-course external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in patients with both endobronchial and extrabronchial tumor. Methods and Materials: Patients with endobronchial disease and extrabronchial lesions greater than 2.5cm were treated with three 5Gy HDR-EB and 37.5Gy EBRT delivered over 3.5 weeks. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed with the patient under conscious sedation, and tumor location, length of lesion, percentage of lumen occlusion, and presence of bleeding were recorded. Fluoroscopic visualization of the guide wire in the catheter tip assisted in demarcating the proximal and distal extent of the intraluminal tumor. 5Gy was prescribed to a distance of 1cm from the catheter and a computerized treatment planning system was used to optimize the dose distribution to the gross target volume with 1.5–2cm margins at the distal and proximal ends. Bronchoscopic and symptomatic response rates were assessed at the third HDR-EB and patients were seen in follow-up every 2 months. Results: One hundred seventeen endobronchial treatments were delivered to 33 patients with primary carcinoma, and 8 patients with metastatic carcinoma. The median age was 69 (range = 36–94); 95% reported dyspnea; 71% cough and 22% hemoptysis. Seventy-two percent of patients reported resolution of their symptoms and 54% achieved a bronchoscopic response (at least 50% decrease in intraluminal obstruction). In a multivariate logistic model including stage, age, primary tumor type, and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) as predictors, only KPS was statistically associated with bronchoscopic response (OR = 1.1; 95%CI = 1.01–1.13) and palliation of symptoms (OR = 1.3; 95%CI = 1.05–1.59). The overall median survival was 5.2 months and was associated with bronchoscopic response (11 months in responders vs 4 in nonresponders) and symptom resolution (8 months in responders vs 1.5 in nonresponders). In a multivariate Cox survival model with stage, age, primary tumor type, and KPS as predictors, only KPS was significantly associated with survival (RR = 0.92;95%CI = 0.88–0.95). Conclusions: HDR-EB with concomitant EBRT is an effective treatment regimen for patients with both endobronchial and extrabronchial tumor. Patients with higher performance status are more likely to have resolution of disease and have longer median survival.
Visual homing using an associative memory

Homing is the process by which an autonomous system guides itself to a particular location on the basis of sensory input. In this paper, a method of visual homing using an associative memory based on a simple pattern classifier is described. Homing is accomplished without the use of an explicit world model by utilizing direct associations between learned visual patterns and system motor commands. The method is analyzed in terms of a pattern space and conditions obtained that allow the system performance to be predicted on the basis of statistical measurements on the environment. Results of experiments utilizing the method to guide a robot-mounted camera in a three-dimensional environment are presented.
Numerical models of black hole accretion flows

Black hole accretion flows are the hot, magnetized, turbulent plasma that surround black holes in astrophysical settings and in some cases make them the most luminous objects in the universe. I review recent developments in the numerical modeling of these plasmas. For weakly radiating flows it is now possible to follow the dynamics of the plasma by integrating the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics using numerical methods borrowed from nonrelativistic hydrodynamics. Ray tracing, along the curved trajectories followed by light close to the black hole event horizon, can then be used to create simulated observations of these weakly radiating flows. These models are relevant to the faint source at the galactic center, which may soon be directly imaged by millimeter interferometry.
Preparation of poled, twin-free crystals of ferroelectric bismuth tttanate, Bi4Ti3O12

Twinning involving interchange of the a- and b-axis directions in ferroelectric bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12, can be eliminated by annealing the crystals through the Curie transition in an appropriate thermal gradient. The crystals can be poled at a temperature just below the Curie transition by the application of pulsed electric fields, using a suitable electrode configuration. The techniques employed permitted the application of fields up to 30 kv/cm to crystals with resistivities of the order of 103 ohm cm. The transition at the Curie point from monoclinic to tetragonal symmetry is complex, and appears to occur in at least two stages.
Strategic Planning and Assessment: Pigs of the Same Sow?

Column Editor's Note. This new column will focus on the closely related topics of strategic planning and assessment in all types of libraries. The column will examine all aspects of planning and as...
The choking of pore‐space in the soil and its relation to runoff and erosion

The identification and evaluation of all factors influencing runoff and erosion on the erosive lands of the nation are manifestly studies of the most fundamental importance, especially in so far as they may be made to yield definite information upon methods of control over this insidious tendency upon cultivated lands. Investigations in progress at our Soil Erosion Experiment Stations have rather clearly shown that we may divide the factors that are mainly responsible for preventing or provoking erosion into two broad categories, namely: (1) The protective effects of dense covers of vegetation of one kind or another, and (2) the almost certain destruction that follows the exposure of cultivated slopes to natural conditions of rainfall. Thus it is a fact that increasing the slope on Kirvin fine sandy loam-soil— which is the most extensive and probably the most erosive soil-type in the East Texas—Louisiana-Arkansas sandy-land region served by the Erosion Station at Tyler, Texas—from 8 3/4 per cent to 16 1/2 per cent does not appreciably affect the almost perfect erosion-control provided by the use of a dense Bermuda sod. However, under conditions of clean cultivation, as with cotton, the same change in slope on the same soil greatly increases the soil-loss which already is excessive under such conditions on slopes of more than six or seven per cent.
Political Islam in Uzbekistan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami

Abstract This article aims to understand the rise of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Uzbekistan. It begins with a description of political Islam in Uzbekistan, and situates the Hizb ut-Tahrir in the broader context of transnational Islamic mobilisation. The article draws on fieldwork and explores how theories of social movements can help explain the emergence of this group. Social movement theories focus on multiple aspects of the origins of collective action, including responses to structural strains, mobilisation of resources, responses to political opportunities and framing processes. Although most studies of social movements focus on one or another of these theories, they are employed here together in relation to the emergence of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Uzbekistan. Finally, the article suggests that the group's ideology can be understood as a powerful basis for collective action.
Allometry in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata

Workers of the ponerine ant, Paraponera clavata, grow allometrically, with the head disproportionately larger in larger workers. The anterior (clypeus)-posterior (occiput) dimension of the head capsule is allometric with the lateral (interocular) dimension, so that larger workers have elongate heads. The degree of head capsule allometry varies among colonies; this could result either from differences in colony maturity or from variation in developmental patterns among colonies. These data resolve a previously controversial issue concerning caste in Paraponera clavata.
Berkeley on Immediate Perception: Once More unto the Breach

I have previously argued that within an argument to show that we cannot perceive the causes of our sensations, Berkeley's Philonous conflates a psychological and an epistemic sense of ‘immediately perceive’, and uses the principle of perceptual immediacy (PPI), that whatever is perceived by the senses is immediately perceived. George Pappas has objected that Berkeley does not operate with either of these concepts of immediate perception, and does not subscribe to (PPI). But I show that Berkeley's argumentative strategy requires him to use these two concepts, and that the concept of immediate perception Pappas attributes to Berkeley would weaken this strategy. I also defend attributing to Berkeley a slightly modified version of (PPI), on which it both serves his strategy and allows sense perception to incorporate what he calls ‘suggestion’.
February 1997--9 year old girl with hydrocephalus.

Case Abstract A nine year old girl presented with nausea vomiting and hydrocephalus. Imaging studies demonstrated a large right thalamic mass with areas of cystic change or necrosis. Sections of resected material showed perivascular pseudorosettes, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, numerous mitoses, densely cellular areas and numerous foci with a clear-cell morphology. This case is used to illustrate the features of anaplastic ependymomas and to discuss the relationship of the histologic features to prognosis.
Using Instrumental Variables for Assessing the Overall Bias of Size-Number Relationships

Abstract Studies of relationships between number of trees (or other plants) per unit area and their average size have been haunted by doubts about their statistical validity. These doubts are based on the fact that both sides of the size-number equations share the same variable-number of trees. As a result, the error term may be correlated with the predicting variable which would bias the regression. Because of this bias, called artificial correlation, it has been recommended to avoid size-number relationships and use biomass-number relationships instead. This recommendation may work if the shared variable was the only source of bias. Actually, there are several other sources (error of independent variable and constrained variability), which affect both types of relationships. To estimate their overall influence, the variables (stand biomass, average diameter, and number of trees) were smoothed using age of the investigated stands. Using these smoothed variables, it was found that the overall bias of biom...
Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera)

A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
An improved direct search numerical optimization procedure

Abstract An improved, nonlinear, constrained mathematical programming optimization algorithm is presented in this report. It couples a rotating coordinate pattern search with a feasible direction finding procedure used at points of pattern search termination. The procedure is compared with nineteen algorithms, including most of the popular methods, on ten test problems. These problems are such that the majority of codes failed to solve more than half of them. The new method proved superior to all others in the overall generality and efficiency rating, being the only one solving all problems. It was particularly effective on constrained problems where it was best in all rating categories.
Comparison of the results of theoretical calculations with experimental measurements from the Los Alamos free electron laser oscillator experiment

Abstract A comparison between some of the measurements made with a uniform wiggler during the Los Alamos free electron laser oscillator experiment and the results of one-dimensional pulse propagation calculations using the mathematical model of Colson and Ride will be presented. Small-signal gain data will be discussed. Calculated output power vs optical resonator length will be compared with data. Time-integrated optical spectral data, which show clear evidence for Raman sidebands, will be compared with calculated spectra as a function of resonator length. The calculated electron energy distribution function, using the measured electron-beam micropulse shape, and the associated extraction efficiency will be compared with measurements.
An Oral Interaction Control Method with Web pages by VXML Metadata Definition

In ubiquitous society, there will be a demand for enhancing the mechanism that allows the user to talk with PCs or mobile terminals connected to the Internet so that anyone can access the network and retrieve information regardless of where he or she is, and the aggravation of the digital divide can be prevented. In this paper, we propose a method of providing a voice interface for access to Web pages using a Web browser. Specifically, VoiceXMI metadata, which contains an oral interaction scenario, is placed in the Web server along with the associated HTMI data. Two alternative methods are considered for the client terminal to acquire this metadata: the built-in address method and the self-acquisition method. We have also developed a method of synchronizing oral interactions with the Web page display. We have built an experimental system, and used it to confirm that the proposed method operates as intended.
Independence polynomials of k-tree related graphs

An independent set of a graph G is a set of pairwise non-adjacent vertices. Let @a(G) denote the cardinality of a maximum independent set and f"s(G) for 0@?s@?@a(G) denote the number of independent sets of s vertices. The independence polynomial I(G;x)=@?"i"="0^@a^(^G^)f"s(G)x^s defined first by Gutman and Harary has been the focus of considerable research recently. Wingard bounded the coefficients f"s(T) for trees T with n vertices: (n+1-ss)@?f"s(T)@?(n-1s) for s>=2. We generalize this result to bounds for a very large class of graphs, maximal k-degenerate graphs, a class which includes all k-trees. Additionally, we characterize all instances where our bounds are achieved, and determine exactly the independence polynomials of several classes of k-tree related graphs. Our main theorems generalize several related results known before.
Adherence to Mammography Among Subgroups of Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT We present analyses comparing risk perception and screening behavior within subgroups of women at increased risk for breast cancer by virtue of family history and other epidemiologic risk ...
Management of acute otitis media in afebrile neonates.

Acute otitis media (AOM) in the neonate may occur more frequently than previously assumed. From 2006 to 2010, our highly experienced, general pediatric outpatient rural practice has observed a cumulative AOM rate of 1% and 2% in “neonates” from 2 to 5 weeks and 2 to 8 weeks old, respectively. However, AOM at this age is very difficult to diagnose and perplexing to manage. In fact, the current 2004 and probably the new 2012 AAP/AAFP guidelines on AOM have avoided the issue altogether.1 To further compound the problem, many practitioners still rely on outdated middle ear microbiology data obtained between 1970 and 1989 that suggests Gram-negative bacilli are quite common in neonatal (under 60 days of life) AOM.2
Tolerability and Safety of Eletriptan in the Treatment of Migraine: A Comprehensive Review

Objective.—To provide a comprehensive review of the tolerability and safety of eletriptan. Background.—Eletriptan is a potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D agonist that has demonstrated significant efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine in doses of 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg. Design.—This review reports the tolerability and safety of eletriptan across a broad spectrum of preclinical studies and clinical trials that collectively included treatment of more than 11 000 subjects and more than 74 000 migraine attacks. Results.—In clinical trials, eletriptan was well tolerated and safe across its dosing range of 20 mg to 80 mg. The adverse event profile of eletriptan 20 mg was similar to placebo, while the most commonly used dose, eletriptan 40 mg, has an adverse event profile that is only marginally higher than placebo. Eletriptan was safe and well tolerated regardless of age or gender, and for both short- and long-term treatment. Eletriptan is metabolized primarily by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Coadministration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors was not associated with clinically meaningful change in eletriptan tolerability or safety in the population included in these clinical trials. The margin of cardiovascular safety for eletriptan was also confirmed by a well-controlled clinical study in which intravenous eletriptan in excess of an 80-mg dose was rapidly infused in patients undergoing coronary angiography; nonetheless, it is recommended that eletriptan not be coadministered with a limited list of 7 potent CYP3A4 inhibitors; in addition, the triptan class in general (including eletriptan) is contraindicated in patients with symptoms or findings consistent with ischemic heart disease or other significant underlying cardiovascular disease. Conclusions.—This comprehensive review found that eletriptan is safe and well tolerated, and that relatively large changes in dose and plasma concentration result in minimal changes in tolerability.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES ON HUMAN PULMONARY EGF RECEPTOR PROMOTER ACTIVITY. † 271

Androgens delay while estrogens accelerate fetal lung maturation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances fetal lung development. Previously, we found that EGF receptor (EGFR) binding was significantly higher in female than male human fetal lung tissue. We hypothesized that sex hormones affect human fetal lung development, at least in part, by modulating EGFR gene expression. To determine the effects of sex hormones on EGFR promoter activity, we used PCR to amplify a 448bp segment of human genomic DNA (451 to 3 bp relative to the AUG translation initiation codon) containing the promoter and flanking 5′ untranslated region for the human EGFR and cloned it into a pGL3 luciferase expression vector. Plasmids containing the reporter gene constructs were transiently transfected, using the DEAEdextran method, into H441 cells (a human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line with morphology characteristic of pulmonary epithelial cells). The cells were incubated for 24h in RPMI media with 10% fetal calf serum, then exposed for 24h in serumfree media to either 5αdihydrotestosterone or 17βestradiol. Luciferase activity was measured as an index of transcription. The luciferase assays were controlled for transfection efficiency by cotransfecting the cells with aβgalactosidasecontaining plasmid and normalized for bothβgalactosidase activity and protein concentration. We found a 50% dosedependent increase in luciferase activity with estrogen, but only a 30% increase with androgen (ANOVA, n=3, p<0.001, 0.1500 ng/ml). At a dose of 500 ng/ml there was a significant difference (p=0.02) in promoter activity between estrogens and androgens. We conclude that estrogens have a greater effect than androgens in increasing EGFR promoter activity in human pulmonary epithelial cells, and we speculate that this leads to sexspecific differences in EGF receptors.
Cultivating future fundraisers of color at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Although population predictions suggest that over the next 40 years, minorities will become the new majority in the country, the fundraising profession is not listening to these predictions as its demographics remain unchanged. The fact that President Obama has called for more Americans to become college educated, which says more and more people of color will be tomorrow's alumni base, seemingly would indicate an increased need for fundraisers of color. This article focuses on a possible solution to this dilemma by suggesting historically black colleges cultivate their own future fundraisers to satisfy the nation's growing need for fundraisers of color.
The numerology of T cell functional diversity

Memory T cells are heterogeneous in phenotype and function. In this issue of Immunity, Newell et al. (2012) use a new flow cytometry platform to show that the functional heterogeneity of the human T cell compartment is even greater than previously thought.