cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the “STEM Pipeline”: Expertise, Careers, and Lifelong Learning

Studies of education and careers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) commonly use a pipeline metaphor to conceptualize forward movement and persistence. However, the “STEM pipeline” carries implicit assumptions regarding length (i.e. that it “starts” and “stops” at specific stages in one’s education or career), contents (i.e. that some occupational fields are “in” the pipeline while others are not), and perceived purpose (i.e. that “leakage,” or leaving STEM, constitutes failure). Using the National Survey of College Graduates, we empirically measure each of these dimensions. First, we show that a majority of STEM workers report skills training throughout their careers, suggesting no clear demarcation between education and work. Second, we show that using on-the-job expertise requirements (rather than occupational titles) paints a very different portrait of the STEM workforce—and persistence in it (where substantial attrition remains evident, especially among women and African Americans). Third, we show that STEM-educated workers are well-prepared for but dissatisfied with non-STEM jobs, complicating our understanding of leaving. Collectively, these results recommend expanded conceptions of STEM education and careers and contribute to studies of science and engineering workforce transitions and diversity.
DEM based investigation of powder packing in 3D printing of pharmaceutical tablets

3D printing is emerging as one of the most promising methods to manufacture Pharmaceutical dosage forms as it offers multiple advantages such as personalization of dosage forms, polypill, fabrication of complex dosage forms etc. 3D printing came into existence in 1980s but its use was extended recently to pharmaceutical industry along with the approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam by FDA in 2015. Spritam was manufactured by Aprecia pharmaceuticals using binder jetting technology. Binder jet 3D printing involves a hopper for powder discharge and printheads for ink jetting. The properties of tablets are highly dependent upon the discharge quality of powder mixture from the hopper and jetting of the ink/binder solution from the printhead nozzle. In this study, numerical models were developed using Discrete element method (DEM) to gain better understanding of the binder jet 3D printing process. The DEM modeling of hopper discharge was performed using in-house DEM code to study the effect of raw material attributes such as powder bed packing density (i.e. particle size, particle density etc) on the printing process, especially during powder bed preparation. This DEM model was further validated experimentally, and the model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.
Can remittances compensate for manpower outflows: The case of Philippine physicians

Abstract This paper addresses questions about the desirability of skilled migration which generates remittance flows. Focusing on Filipino physicians, the paper explores under what conditions remittances from Filipino doctors practicing overseas might be sizeable enough to compensate the nation for the losses associated with doctor emigration. While data limitations and questions about the correct social welfare function preclude definitive empirical results, the analysis does indicate in the Philippine case that it may pay to train doctors for export.
Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924)

Founder of the ‘Cambridge School of Economics’ and mentor of John Maynard Keynes, Marshall was one of the leading economists of his era. After studying mathematics at Cambridge University in the UK he taught economics at Cambridge, Bristol, and Oxford before returning to Cambridge as professor in 1885, retiring in 1908. His influential Principles of Economics (1890) set out his main contributions to the theories of value and distribution. Especially associated with his name are the concepts of partial equilibrium analysis, consumer surplus, short-period versus long-period analysis, external versus internal scale economies, derived demand, and demand elasticity, all still in general use. He remained in the deductive tradition of the British classical school, seeking to improve rather than overthrow it, emphasizing the need to use deduction cautiously, with close attention to the facts of the situation being analyzed. Influenced by evolutionary ideas he stressed the importance of changes in the human factor. He published too late to be an originator of the neoclassical or marginalist revolution commencing in the early 1870s but was prominent in extending marginalism to distribution theory. Two further works, Industry and Trade (1919) and Money Credit and Commerce (1923) came too late to have much impact on economic thought.
Long‐term residues arising from 14CO2 fixation in swine tissues

Pigs injected intramuscularly with 14C sodium earbonate solution were killed after 9 and 21 days. The protein hydrolysate from liver tissues were treated with ninhydrin to liberate CO2 which was used for determination of residual radioactivity. Most of the 14C from the fixed CO2 was liberated by this treatment, which was considered to be a suitable method for estimating long-term residues of 14C in tissues arising from a 14CO2 fixation process. The proportion of 14C in various amino acids remained almost constant over the period of the test.
Super Settlements for Superfund: A New Paradigm for Voluntary Settlement?

Despite some recent improvements, cleanup of hazardous waste sites across the United States remains slow and very expensive, especially in terms of legal costs. In response to the continuing gridlock, those involved in settlement negotiations at various cleanup sites, including the Environmental Protection Agency, other federal and state government agencies, and private potentially responsible parties (PRPs), are exploring new arrangements of liability and cleanup responsibility under the existing legal and regulatory framework. One emerging response is the "Super Settlement" concept. Under a Super Settlement, a single entity agrees with all, or at least a sufficient preponderance, of the PRPs at a given cleanup site to assume all of their cleanup-related liability in exchange for a fixed and permanent cash-out amount. The Comment examines the Super Settlement concept in light of the current status of federal and state cleanup-related law. The Comment also identifies the trends that have made the concept possible and the issues that remain to be addressed. Finally, the Comment concludes by predicting that the Super Settlement concept will be put into widespread use across the United States as its advantages become better known.
Successful realization of Non-Foster circuits for wide-band antenna applications

Non-Foster circuits (NFCs) are promising for numerous microwave and antenna applications because they are not limited by the gain-bandwidth product. Although NFCs can be very useful in many applications, successful realization of these circuits is difficult because they suffer from several issues, including losses, noise, and instability. As a consequence, an accurate and efficient design technique is necessary to predict and correct any undesired behavior. In this paper, we introduce a successful realization of grounded NII and floating NIC for wide-band electrically small antennas. We show the effect of the transmission lines on stability and losses. Measured results of the realized gain of two antennas showing improvement of 11.5 and 15 dB is provided. Measured time-domain data also shown to demonstrate the system is stable.
Implementing Cost Control in Health Care

Publisher Summary Managers of health organizations have been confronted by two classes of problems: Inadequate understanding and definition of the cost containment problem; and lack of management experience and skills that are needed to affect the many facets of health organizations contributing to the cost-containment problem. To improve cost control within the organizations, health care managers should adopt a broader, systems-based approach. Systems thinking and an organizational model can help define the cost-containment problem more broadly and, subsequently, can help design and manage specific cost-containment strategies. Currently, AMCs are facing significant pressures to adapt in what is increasingly defined as a “hostile organizational environment.” The key to successful interventions to contain costs lies in careful consideration of both the direct and the interactive impact on all systems of the health care organization. This chapter provides a case example of an academic medical center's (AMC) effort to curtail costs. The health care cost problem is, in effect, a design–redesign problem, not a single difficulty with, for example, a reimbursement system. It is not just the containment of hospital costs that is a strategic necessity, but health and medical care costs at all individual patient, provider, and organizational levels.
An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Home Modification Practice, by Elizabeth Ainsworth and Desleigh de Jonge

An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Home Modification Practice is written as a guide for therapists to enable them to modify the living environment of disabled people for independent living. The b...
Development of Lightweight Radiators for Lunar Based Power Systems

This report discusses application of a new lightweight carbon-carbon (C-C) space radiator technology developed under the NASA Civil-Space Technology Initiative (CSTI) High Capacity Power Program to a 20 kWe lunar based power system. This system comprises a nuclear (SP-100 derivative) heat source, a Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion unit with heat rejection by means of a plane radiator. The new radiator concept is based on a C-C composite heat pipe with integrally woven fins and a thin walled metallic liner for containment of the working fluid. Using measured areal specific mass values (1.5 kg/m2) for flat plate radiators, comparative CBC power system mass and performance calculations show significant advantages if conventional heat pipes for space radiators are replaced by the new C-C heat pipe technology.
Discovering the meanings of design in IS: reviews and future directions

The purpose of this study is to identify the meanings of design to Information Systems (IS) scholars as revealed in their research. We conducted an extensive review of IS research papers from 1970 to 2007 that are related to design research broadly construed and analyzed them to reveal the overview of their scope and patterns using two approaches. The first approach locates existing research in a design space based on attention to design artifacts versus design processes, and their interests in the analytic or the synthetic aspect of design cognition. The second approach locates existing research in a design space based on the level of organization system from local to global that design affects, and the temporal state (past, present, future) that it considers. Finally, this study draws upon where the lack of design research in IS remains as future research opportunities.
Daya Bay: Results and Perspectives

Abstract Recent results from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment are presented. These results include the latest measurements of the mixing parameters θ 13 and | Δ m e e 2 | based on a combined analysis of the detected ν ‾ e rates and energy spectra, an independent measurement of θ 13 using inverse-beta decays associated with n-H captures, a search for light sterile neutrino in the 10 − 3 eV 2 | Δ m 41 2 | 0.3 eV 2 range, and a measurement of the absolute antineutrino flux. Future prospects of the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment are also discussed.
Student Engagement and College Unions.

This chapter explores the role that college unions play in fostering meaningful engagement of students in their college experiences.
Polyadic Research on Families with Adolescents

Research efforts that have focused attention on triadic and larger (polyadic) relationships in families with adolescents largely have focused on a core number of “compelling family processes.” These family processes historically have been used to describe the reciprocal and mutually causal interactions that occur between and among family members over time. The present chapter reviews studies of these family processes over the past 15 years that have included constructs such as family differentiation, triangulation, parentification, family conflict, and family decision making activities. Particular attention is paid to the increased use of multiple family member perspectives in this type of research. The increased concentration on variation in family processes as a function of race, ethnicity, gender, age and other significant demographic variables is discussed as well. Finally, empirical efforts that have focused on the impact of siblings are highlighted, as these studies are thought to represent an important and innovative advancement in the study of families with adolescents.
Multilocation Audit Risks

Multilocation audits (MLAs) pose unusual risks for external auditors. Recent lawsuits against auditors manifest these risks. Despite the complexity and risk, there is little existing research and/or professional guidance that address MLA issues. This sparsity is especially surprising given that most companies of medium and large size conduct business activities in multiple locations. The purpose of this paper is to identify risks that exist in a MLA environment that do not necessarily exist in a single-location audit. The MLA risk framework was developed by 1) identifying risk factors specific to MLAs that we believe are important in audit planning, 2) evaluating the risk factors through interviews with MLA experts, 3) examining the policy and procedure manuals of public accounting firms, and 4) relating the risk factors to the audit risk model. The paper is intended to provide a framework for future research related to MLAs.
Adaptive responses of GLUT-4 and citrate synthase in fast-twitch muscle of voluntary running rats

Glucose transporter (GLUT-4) protein, hexokinase, and citrate synthase (proteins involved in oxidative energy production from blood glucose catabolism) increase in response to chronically elevated neuromuscular activity. It is currently unclear whether these proteins increase in a coordinated manner in response to this stimulus. Therefore, voluntary wheel running (WR) was used to chronically overload the fast-twitch rat plantaris muscle and the myocardium, and the early time courses of adaptative responses of GLUT-4 protein and the activities of hexokinase and citrate synthase were characterized and compared. Plantaris hexokinase activity increased 51% after just 1 wk of WR, whereas GLUT-4 and citrate synthase were increased by 51 and 40%, respectively, only after 2 wk of WR. All three variables remained comparably elevated (+50-64%) through 4 wk of WR. Despite the overload of the myocardium with this protocol, no substantial elevations in these variables were observed. These findings are consistent with a coordinated upregulation of GLUT-4 and citrate synthase in the fast-twitch plantaris, but not in the myocardium, in response to this increased neuromuscular activity. Regulation of hexokinase in fast-twitch muscle appears to be uncoupled from regulation of GLUT-4 and citrate synthase, as increases in the former are detectable well before increases in the latter.
A note on multiple general equilibria with child labor

Abstract It has been conjectured that the child-labor market may exhibit multiple equilibria. This paper develops the concept of a ‘wage bill curve’, and establishes the multiple-equilibrium result in a general-equilibrium model, thereby clarifying the circumstances where child labor should be banned.
Selective organic precipitation/extraction of released N-glycans following large-scale enzymatic deglycosylation of glycoproteins.

Abstract A major difficulty with isolating enzymatically or chemically released oligosaccharides from large-scale glycoprotein deglycosylation reactions is the time-consuming chromatography, desalting, and concentration steps required to prepare a glycan fraction of manageable proportions. To overcome these time and preparative chromatography equipment requirements, we have developed a rapid organic solvent precipitation/extraction procedure that allows sequential isolation of endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H (EC 3.2.1.96)-released high-mannose and hybrid, peptide- N 4 -( N -acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) Asn amidase (EC 3.5.1.52)-released complex, and β-eliminated O-linked glycans without the need for intermediate chromatography, desalting, or concentration steps. The method involves precipitation of protein and released glycans at −20°C in 80% acetone and extraction of the glycans from the pellet with 60% aqueous methanol after each deglycosylation step. Three pools of essentially salt- and detergent-free oligosaccharides (high-mannose/hybrid, complex, and O-linked) can be isolated in a high yield in 4 days with this protocol, which has been extensively tested using bovine RNase B, human bile salt-stimulated lipase expressed in Pichia pastoris, hen ovalbumin, bovine fetuin, bovine thyroglobulin, and several invertase preparations from wild-type and mutant yeast strains.
Survival of dental implants in post-menopausal bisphosphonate users

Abstract Purpose To determine whether post-menopausal women with a history of bisphosphonate use are at greater risk for implant failure or osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) than an age- and gender-matched population with no history of bisphosphonate use. Methods A retrospective chart review and phone interview was conducted of patients seen at the Mayo Clinic who had implants placed after November 2006. Bisphosphonate users were identified by medical chart review. Dental implant survival and ONJ incidence were determined in a total of 82 post-menopausal non-bisphosphonate users and 55 post-menopausal bisphosphonate users using a phone interview. Implant failures were recorded and survival percentages were calculated for comparison. Results ONJ was not observed consequent to implant placement in any of the bisphosphonate users or non-users. In non-users, 163 out of 166 implants were surviving for a cumulative survival rate of 98.19%. In bisphosphonate users, 120 out of 121 implants were surviving for a cumulative survival rate of 99.17%. Conclusion Dental implants placed in post-menopausal women have the same survival potential regardless of whether patients have a history of bisphosphonate use. Bisphosphonate users who undergo dental implant surgery are at low risk for osteonecrosis of the jaw and a bisphosphonate "drug holiday" is not indicated in these patients.
Racial disparities in medical care.

Many studies have shown that black Americans are less likely than whites to receive a wide range of medical services, including potentially lifesaving surgical procedures.1,2 Despite these data, which span two decades, there is little evidence that racial disparities in medical care or in measures of health have substantially diminished. Black Americans have an average life expectancy that is 6 years shorter than that of white Americans, and there has been little change in this disparity during the past 30 years.3 Why has the evidence on racial disparities failed to galvanize a response within the medical community? Four factors . . .
Studies of Multichannel Photothermal Refraction for the Measurement of Absolute Absorptivity

Multichannel crossed-beam photothermal refraction experiments have been performed. Iron(II)-phenanthroline in methanol was the test solute. The response as a function of concentration exhibited a nonlinear relationship, which does not agree with the current theoretical description of the phenomena. Although photophysical and photochemical processes were not totally eliminated as possible causes of the nonlinear concentration response, arguments are presented which indicate, for the experimental conditions employed in this study, that these processes are negligible. It is proposed that the heat transfer model must be modified to include refractive index gradients in both the radial and axial coordinates of the pump laser beam.
Angular effects and beam quality in optical parametric amplification

Advances in optical parametric devices, in particular those requiring high conversion efficiency, rely on pump laser and gain medium properties. We describe and theoretically model the source of dephasing due to angular deviation from ideal phase matching in optical parametric amplification. Real laser beams have angular content, which is described by their spatial frequency spectrum. Such beams cannot be treated as single plane waves in nonlinear interactions. Our mathematical model is based on a plane wave decomposition of Gaussian and top-hat beams into their components in spatial frequencies. Several popular nonlinear materials (beta-barium borate, lithium borate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate) are examined for phase matching angles and dephasing is rigorously calculated. The impact of the beam angular content on small signal gain and on conversion efficiency in the strongly depleted regime is evaluated numerically. In addition, a criterion is formulated for beam quality tolerance in optical parametric amplifiers, for critical and noncritical phase matching. The impact of initial conditions in optical parametric amplification is considered. Our calculations are intended primarily for devices pumped with long (nanosecond) pulses.
A Method for Improving Rain Estimates from Vertical-Incidence Doppler Radar Observations

Abstract For an exponential drop size distribution, the mean Doppler velocity at vertical incidence, after correction for vertical air motion, depends only on the slope of the distribution. The intercept of the distribution can then be deduced from the radar reflectivity and the slope and the intercept can be used to compute the rainwater content and the rainfall rate. The necessity of correcting for the vertical air motion limits the method to stratiform rain where it may be obtained by VAD methods or may be small enough to be neglected. Two examples of the use of the method are presented.
Elements of a theory of computer simulation I: Sequential CA over random graphs

This paper is a first step in the development of mathematical foundations for a theory of simulation. We employ sequentially updated cellular automata (sCA) over arbitrary graphs as a paradigmatic framework. In the development of the theory, we focus on the properties of causal dependencies among local mappings in a simulation. Let Y be a graph in which (a) each vertex i has a state x"i0, 1 and (b) there exists a local map @?"i defined on the states of the Y-neighbors and x"i that returns the state of y"i0, 1. Suppose i"1, ..., i"n is a permutation of the Y-vertices, then the order of application of the local maps @?"i"k induces a sequential (or asynchronous) cellular automaton (sCA) over Y. In this paper we introduce a mapping between the base graph Y, over which the sCA is defined and which represents the mutual dependencies of the local maps, and the update graph U(Y), whose vertices are permutations of all Y-vertices. Two permutations @p"1, @p"2 are adjacent in U(Y) if they differ in exactly two consecutive coordinates, {i"k, i"k+1|, and {i"k, i"k"+"1@? eY. U(Y) represents a conceptual framework which allows to determine equivalence classes of sCA for a given graph X, independent of the family of local maps (@?"i) "1" "=<" "i" "=<" "n. We consider: (a) U as a random variable over G"n","p and analyze the induced random graph U(G"n","p), the update graph, and show (b) that U exhibits properties of a covariant functor.
An empirical analysis of the matching patterns of same-sex and opposite-sex couples.

We used 1990 Census data to compare the matching behaviors of four types of cohabiting couples: same-sex male couples, same-sex female couples, opposite-sex unmarried couples, and married couples. In general, we found evidence of positive assortative mating for all traits and across all types of couples. The positive assortative mating, however, is stronger for non-labor-market traits (e.g., age, education) than for labor-market traits (e.g., hourly earnings). Further, members of married couples are more alike with respect to most characteristics than are members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples, and members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples are more alike than are members of same-sex couples.
A review of how the quality of HIV clinical services has been evaluated or improved.

To examine approaches being used to evaluate and improve quality of HIV clinical services we searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library collection, EMBASE, Global Health, and Web of Science databases f...
Beam me up, Scotty: The future of ablation

Cardiac arrhythmias occur when the heart cells beat out of sync. Most arrhythmias, including atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia, can be managed with ablation—a process that kills tissues that are moving to the wrong beat. Although complication rates are generally low, ablation is an invasive procedure that requires the placement of multiple catheters in different positions inside the heart. Towards catheter-free ablation, Lehmann et al. investigated the use of ion beams. A previous study in animals showed the feasibility of targeting x-rays to specific cardiac locations. Lehmann et al . similarly used a radioactive energy source, carbon-12 ion beams,but were able to better focus on the intended site than x-ray. To test this method, they removed intact hearts from four pigs, perfused them on a Langendorff apparatus, and defibrillated them so they continued to function as if they were inside the body. Using CT images of the hearts, a 15-mm target sphere in the vicinity of the AV node (the structure where the atrial and ventricular conduction systems meet) was digitally identified. Radioactive 12C was then targeted at the AV node using a single beam that was configured to deposit radiation at the appropriate depth. Several doses were tested, with the highest dose achieving acute electrophysiologic effects similar to conventional catheter ablation. Although this approach has yet to be tested in living animals, catheter-free ablation could have important clinical implications. Ultimately, this technique could be coupled with available methods for noninvasively defining arrhythmias, to ablate without making an incision or inserting a catheter. Such an approach would transform arrhythmia treatment, and make cardiac ablation of the future look like a scene out of Star Trek. H. I. Lehmann et al ., AV node ablation in Langendorff-perfused porcine hearts using carbon ion particle therapy: Methods and an in vivo feasibility investigation for catheter-free ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 10.1161/CIRCEP.114.002436 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/early/2015/01/21/CIRCEP.114.002436.abstract
A comparison of object-based and contextual pixel-based classifications using high and medium spatial resolution images

Object-based classification has demonstrated numerous advantages over non-contextual pixel-based classification due to its capability of modelling spatial information through image segmentation. Similarly, contextual pixel-based classification can also incorporate spatial information among neighbouring pixels to improve the performance of non-contextual pixel-based classification. However, to our knowledge, no study has compared object-based approaches with contextual pixel-based approaches for image classification. In this letter, we compared an object-based approach using a segmentation algorithm embedded in eCognition with a contextual pixel-based approach using Markov random fields. The performances were evaluated with a high spatial resolution image (3 m) and a medium spatial resolution image (30 m) using various thematic and geometric accuracy indices. The results showed that the classification accuracy of the contextual pixel-based approach is higher than the object-based approach on both images, a...
Perioperative anesthesia issues in the elderly

Surgical procedures on geriatric patients are not always benign, but postoperative mortality and morbidity is improving. Optimal care depends on our ability to recognize potential risk factors and intervene in a positive manner. Not all the data are complete, and we are missing several key randomized trials, but investigators have identified many areas for possible intervention. Hopefully, in the near future, more concrete recommendations can be given for this very large and important topic of perioperative anesthetic issues in the elderly.
The modification and generalization of BWR equation

Abstract In this paper a modified Benedict–Webb–Rubin (BWR) equations of state (EOS) is proposed. A series of thermodynamic properties is applied to obtain the constants in the equation. The final equation contains only one empirical parameter. The validity of the equation is verified by calculating the PVT properties of different substances in very wide density, pressure and temperature range, and the results are satisfactory.
Clonal priming of human lymphocytes: Specificity and cross-reactivity of cellular immune reactions.

Abstract Clonal priming in response to chemical and microbial antigens which defines the specificity of cellular immune reactions, was demonstrated by culture techniques. Human leucocyte cultures stimulated with specific antigens typically show peak levels of D.N.A. synthesis after 5 to 7 days in culture. Such primary leucocyte cultures were incubated for 10-20 days, then the cells were gently centrifuged and resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640 with 20% plasma. These secondary or primed cultures typically showed
Syntactic and Phonological Influences on Children’s Articulation

The effects of syntactic and phonological structure on the consonant articulations of children with phonological deficits were investigated. Three structural variables were studied: syntactic struc...
The effect of bee propolis on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a pilot study

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common, painful, and ulcerative disorder of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. No cure exists and medications aim to reduce pain associated with ulcers through topical applications or reduce outbreak frequency with systemic medications, many having serious side effects. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of a product to reduce the number of outbreaks of RAS ulcers. Propolis is a bee product used in some cultures as treatment for mouth ulcers. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients were assigned to take 500 mg of propolis or a placebo capsule daily. Subjects reported a baseline ulcer frequency and were contacted biweekly to record recurrences. Data were analyzed to determine if subjects had a decrease of 50% in outbreak frequency. The data indicated a statistically significant reduction of outbreaks in the propolis group (Fisher's exact test, one sided, p = 0.04). Patients in the propolis group also self-reported a significant improvement in their quality of life (p = 0.03). This study has shown propolis to be effective in decreasing the number of recurrences and improve the quality of life in patients who suffer from RAS. Propolis should be evaluated further in a larger sample clinical trial.
Implants of Cultured Schwann Cells Support Axonal Growth in the Central Nervous System of Adult Rats

Growing axons require an appropriate substrate on which to elongate. In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells provide this substrate, and in the developing central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes are involved. In the adult CNS damaged axons do not normally regenerate but they can grow through peripheral nerve grafts. Also, they can grow along sheets of implanted Schwann cells or astrocytes. This study examines the ability of dissociated suspensions of Schwann cells and astrocytes to support axonal growth when implanted into the brains of adult rats. Schwann cells and astrocytes are cultured from near-term rat fetuses or newborn pups. They are transferred to polycarbonate tubes, and one end of each tube is inserted into the dorsal thalamus. The other end is secured extracranially. After 4 weeks to 6 months, the tubes are filled with tissue and are well vascularized. Evidence that Schwann cells support axonal growth comes from retrograde labeling studies in which horseradish peroxidase is applied to the extracranial ends of the tubes. In addition, immunolabeling reveals axon-like fibers inside the tubes using three neuron-specific antibodies. Finally, electron microscopy shows that these tubes contain small peripheral nerve-like structures consisting of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and a perineurial wrapping. Tubes filled with astrocytes contain less tissue than Schwann cell tubes and cells in the brain could not be retrogradely labeled by applying HRP to the extracranial ends. However, immunocytochemical studies reveal axon-like fibers extending for several millimeters into these tubes although few, if any, reach the external end.
Oxygen-nitrogen interactions in ion-implanted silicon

Interaction of oxygen and nitrogen in ion-implanted crystalline silicon layers has been investigated by infrared absorption. Infrared absorption bands which are not produced by either 14N or 160 alone are observed after sequential implantation of 14N and 160 into overlapping profiles followed by annealing at 500°C. The new bands indicate oxygen — nitrogen interactions and are ascribed to Si-N vibrational modes with oxygen in nearby interstitial sites.
Longitudinal Functional Recovery After Postacute Rehabilitation in Older Hip Fracture Patients: The Role of Cognitive Impairment and Implications for Long-Term Care

Objective To compare functional recovery patterns of cognitively impaired and nonimpaired older adults who had hip fracture surgeries, and to identify associated long-term care needs. Methods Longitudinal study (n = 231). Data were collected within 72 hours of admission to and before discharge from the postacute rehabilitation facilities and at 2, 6, and 12 months following postacute rehabilitation discharge. Six functional independence measures (FIM) were used to assess functional recovery. Mini-mental status examination was used to gauge cognitive function. Mixed-effects analyses quantify differences of FIM functional recovery patterns between groups while adjusting for potential confounders. Results Multivariate results showed that patients with impaired cognition had notably different functional recovery patterns and significantly worse overall FIM scores (P Conclusion Cognitively impaired patients experienced recovery at 2 and 6 months but were unable to retain rehabilitation gains in locomotion, transfers, self-care, and sphincter control at 1 year following postacute rehabilitation discharge, and they still required human assistance to stay in their homes within the community. To prevent or delay nursing home entry, it is suggested that appropriate long-term care planning and social support for caregivers are needed for cognitively impaired hip fracture patients.
Multiuser interference suppression in wideband broadcast CDMA networks

Multipoint-to-point code division multiaccess (CDMA) networks have been the primary focus in multiuser interference (MUI) suppression research, where the recent development of the turbo minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector promises near interference-free performance at an acceptable complexity. The complementary case, namely point-to-multipoint, i.e. broadcast transmission is increasingly becoming more important since traffic on the forward link is likely to increase substantially, particularly for data, in the near future. In (synchronous) broadcast with orthogonal spreading, e.g. the forward link in a single-cell configuration such as a wireless local area network (WLAN), MUI arises only due to the frequency selectivity of the propagation medium. MMSE and turbo MMSE equalisation based receivers are developed. They are observed to significantly mitigate MUI in a WLAN's forward link, especially with the turbo configuration comprising a linear MMSE front-end equaliser in early iterations and a decision feedback MMSE front-end equaliser in later iterations. The relevance of such approaches to the multicell CDMA forward link is also discussed in relation to recent trends that tie pricing to the quality of service provided to the user.
Characterization by theory of H-transfers and onium reactions of CH3CH2CH2N+H=CH2

H-transfers by 4-, 5-, and 6-membered ring transition states to the π-bonded methylene of CH3CH2CH2NH+=CH2 (1) are characterized by theory and compared with the corresponding transfers in cation radicals. Four-membered ring H-transfers converting 1 to CH3CH2CH=N+HCH3 (2) and CH3N+H=CH2 to CH2=NH+CH3 are high-energy processes involving rotation of the source and destination RHC= groups (R = H or C2H5) to near bisection by skeletal planes; migrating hydrogens move near these planes. The H-transfer 1 → CH3C+HCH2NHCH3 (3) has a higher energy transition-state than 1 → 2, in marked contrast to the corresponding relative energies of 4- and 5-membered ring H-transfers in cation-radicals. Six-membered ring H-transfer-dissociation (1 → CH2=CH2+CH2=N+HCH3) is a closed shell analog of the McLafferty rearrangement. It has a lower energy transition-state than either 1 → 2 or 1 → 3, but is still a much higher energy process than 6-membered ring H-transfers in aliphatic cation radicals. In contrast to the stepwise McLafferty rearrangement in cation radicals, H-transfer and CC bond breaking are highly synchronous in 1 → CH3N+H=CH2+CH2=CH2. H-transfers in propene elimination from 1 are ion-neutral complex-mediated: {fx270-1}
HLA-DQ Associations in Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Objective To determine whether, in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3 and DR4 positivity, any DQ antigen is disease-specific. Material and Methods HLA class II typing was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 103 patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, 104 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and 80 normal subjects. A shared association with a disease-specific DQ antigen was sought in patients with HLA-DR3, DR4, and DR3-DR4. Results Patients with HLA-DR3 and DR4 shared positivity for DQ2, DQ4, DQ5, DQ6, and DQ7, but the associations reflected established linkages or were of low frequency. Patients heterozygous for DR3-DR4 or homozygous for either DR3 or DR4 did not have a shared DQ antigen. Only the DR3-DQ2 haplotype distinguished patients with autoimmune hepatitis from normal subjects or those with chronic viral hepatitis. Conclusion The DR3 and DR4 antigens are not associated with a single disease-specific DQ antigen in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. The DR3-DQ2 haplotype is the principal risk factor for the disease at our referral center. Analyses by restriction fragment length polymorphism do not implicate a single susceptibility gene at the DQ locus.
RECIDIVISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS

America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of theprison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life.President George W. BushState of the Union Address, 2004In March 2008, the PEW Center on the States published a report onU.S. incarceration trends showing that 2.3 million people—1% of Ameri-can adults—are now in prison or jail (PEW Charitable Trusts, 2008).Although the PEW report received widespread publicity, its contentscome as little surprise to criminologists. What may be of some surprise,however, is the report’s overall optimistic tone. Forget “nothing works.”Those days are over. The budget-breaking costs of incarceration are forc-ing policy makers to try “new approaches that save money but still ensurethat the public is protected and that offenders are held accountable”(PEW Charitable Trusts, 2008:4). This is good news.On the heels of the PEW report, Congress finally passed the SecondChance Act, four years after the President first proposed it, authorizing upto $362 million for prisoner reentry programs to provide job training,placement, transitional housing, and other services to released prisoners(
Financial Structure, Corporate Finance and Economic Growth

This paper examines how a country’s financial structure affects economic growth through its impact on how corporations raise and manage funds. We define a country’s financial structure to consist of the institutions, financial technology and rules of the game that define how financial activity is organized at a point in time. We emphasize that the aspects of financial structure that encourage entrepreneurship are not the same as those that ensure the efficiency of established firms. Financial structures that permit the development of specialized capital by financial intermediaries are crucial to economic growth.
Reflection-Based Phase-Shifted Long Period Fiber Grating for Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Refractive Index

We report a reflection-based phase-shifted long period fiber grating (PS-LPFG) and demonstrate its capability for simultaneous mea- surement of temperature and external reflective index (RI). The sensor device comprises a grating directly written by CO2 laser and silver-coated end face. A π-shifted LPFG is presented with two attenuation bands through its reflection spectrum. These two bands have different sensitivity towards temperature and external RI that can be used for simultaneous measurement of the two variables. The experimental results show that this probe-type PS-LPFG performs well in terms of linearity and sensitivity.
Reprogramming of tRNA modifications controls the oxidative stress response by codon-biased translation of proteins

Selective translation of survival proteins is an important facet of the cellular stress response. We recently demonstrated that this translational control involves a stress-specific reprogramming of modified ribonucleosides in tRNA. Here we report the discovery of a step-wise translational control mechanism responsible for survival following oxidative stress. In yeast exposed to hydrogen peroxide, there is a Trm4 methyltransferase-dependent increase in the proportion of tRNA(Leu(CAA)) containing m(5)C at the wobble position, which causes selective translation of mRNA from genes enriched in the TTG codon. Of these genes, oxidative stress increases protein expression from the TTG-enriched ribosomal protein gene RPL22A, but not its unenriched paralogue. Loss of either TRM4 or RPL22A confers hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis reveals that oxidative stress causes a significant translational bias towards proteins coded by TTG-enriched genes. These results point to stress-induced reprogramming of tRNA modifications and consequential reprogramming of ribosomes in translational control of cell survival.
Allocation and analysis of reliability: multiple levels: system, subsystem, and module

We model the reliability allocation and prediction process across a hierarchical software system comprised of modules, subsystems, and system. We experiment in modeling complex reliability software systems using several software reliability models to test the feasibility of the process and to evaluate the accuracy of the models for this application. This is a subject deserving research and experimentation because this type of system is implemented in safety-critical projects, such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) flight software modules, that we use in our experiments. Given the reliability requirement of a software system in the software planning or design stage, we predict each module’s reliability and their relationships (e.g., reliability interactions among modules, subsystems, and system), Our critical interfaces and components are failure-mode sequences and the modules that comprise these sequences, respectively. In addition, we evaluate how sensitive the achievement of reliability goals is to predicted component reliabilities that do not meet expectations.
Transvenous intramyocardial cellular delivery increases retention in comparison to intracoronary delivery in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction.

Background: Clinical trials using intracoronary (IC) delivery of cells have addressed efficacy but the optimal delivery technique is unknown. Our study aimed to determine whether transvenous intramyocardial (TVIM) approach was advantageous for cellular retention in AMI. Methods: Domestic pigs (n = 4) underwent catheterization with coronary angiography and ventriculography prior to infarction and pre- and post-cells. Pigs underwent 90-minute balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). After one week they were prepared for IC (n = 2) or TVIM (n = 2) delivery of bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNC) labeled with GFP. IC infusion used an over-the-wire catheter to engage the LAD and balloon inflation to prevent retrograde flow. Venography via the coronary sinus was used for TVIM delivery. The anterior interventricular vein was engaged with a guidewire allowing use of the TransAccess™ catheter that is outfitted with an ultrasound tip for visualization. Animals were sacrificed one hour after delivery and tissue was analyzed. Results: Procedures were performed without complication and monitoring was uneventful. 1 × 108 MNC were isolated from each bone marrow (BM) preparation and 1 × 107 MNC delivered. Ventriculography at one week revealed wall motion abnormalities consistent with an anterior AMI. TVIM and IC delivery revealed mean 452 cells per section and 235 cells per section on average, respectively, in the infarct zone (P = 0.01). Conclusion: We have demonstrated that TVIM approach for cell delivery is feasible and safe. Moreover, this approach may provide an advantage over IC infusion in retention of the cellular product; however, larger studies will be necessary.
Red cell and plasma sodium and potassium changes in the San Diego pocket mouse during hibernation.

As compared to that of active animals, blood from P. fallax torpid at an ambient temperature (TA) of 15°C (hibernation) shows a decrease in red cell K and increases in cell Na and plasma K, and analyses of blood from animals hypothermic at TA = 25°C (aestivation) suggest increases in cell Na and plasma K. Blood electrolyte metabolism of this hibernating rodent shows no special resistance to hypothermia.
Unimodular quadratic forms over global function fields

The isometry problem is studied for unimodular quadratic forms over the Hasse domains of global function fields. Over the polynomial ring k[x] the problem reduces to classification of forms over k; but examples are provided showing that in general no such reduction occurs, even when the underlying ring is Euclidean. Connections with the structure of the ideal class group are given, and a complete invariant for the isometry class is found in the ternary isotropic case.