cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minority Families in the Rural United States: Family Processes, Child Care, and Early Schooling

Early reading and math achievement help set trajectories of positive school performance over children’s entire school career, particularly for children in poverty and for minority children. However, longstanding evidence shows that African American and Latino children enter school with less optimal reading and math scores. School trajectories can be even more strained in rural areas, especially low-wealth rural areas, where teachers have less training and where children and families have fewer opportunities to access high-quality resources such as libraries and after-school programs. Lower reading levels at kindergarten entry can then translate into lower literacy levels during adolescence and adulthood, contributing to lower lifetime earnings, higher unemployment levels, and a continued cycle of poverty. Thus, inequities related to poverty play out during the earliest years of school. This chapter provides a background on the transition to school for rural ethnic minority children, with a focus on ecological factors that have been linked to school readiness in this population. Ecological factors discussed in the chapter include rural economic restructuring; parental educational attainment and constraints on parental investments; family stability; child care accessibility, stability, and quality; and parenting characteristics such as warmth, discipline, home learning stimulation, and cultural socialization. The end of the chapter includes recommendations for future study with rural ethnic minority children, including implementing effective interventions in rural schools and conducting sensitive and efficacious studies in rural minority communities.
Divinely Generic: Bible Translation and the Semiotics of Circulation

AbstractIn this article I examine the practice of Bible translation and the underlying sets of Christian ideologies regarding the commensurability of linguistic forms. Based on ethnographic researc...
I am involved - therefore I am! : pharmaceutical practitioner

To be involved in pharmacy politics or not (to adapt the phrase from Descartes) that is a question that many of us ask ourselves often.
HEPATITIS B EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ITS RELATION TO IMMUNOGENETIC TRAITS IN SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS

Serologic tests for hepatitis B prevalence and immunogenetic characterizations were carried out on a sample of 800 persons from several isolated tribes of the lower Amazon basin and the southern Andes. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen carriers and of antibody to the surface antigen varied from one tribe to another, but were high in all the forest tribes. The serologic evidence indicated high infection rates early in life, but also an increasing proportion showing evidence of infection with increasing age. The frequency of past infections was not differentially associated with the antigen status of the mother or father. A higher proportion of infected males than females had antigenemia. Contrary to published reports, no association of antigenemia was found with any HLA-A, B or C antigen or immunoglobulin allotype, individually or interactively. Antibody prevalence, however, did differ in persons with different HLA haplotypes.
Innovative Bioluminometric Quantification of Cancer Cell Load in Target Organs: Implications for Studying Anticancer Drugs, Including ROS Enhancers

Animal models are essential for developing effective drugs for treating human cancer. Examination of the formation of lung surface foci of B16-F10 melanoma cells is a widely used animal model for studying cancer metastasis and drug intervention. This model, however, suffers from several drawbacks, including its non-quantitative nature and inability to yield information on cancer cell load inside the target organ. Here we report the development of a highly sensitive, bioluminescence-based method for quantifying melanoma cell load in mouse lungs following intravenous injection of luciferase-expressing B16-F10 melanoma cells. This method could readily detect as few as 1–10 cells in the samples and enable quantification of cancer cell load before the formation of surface foci in mouse lungs following metastasis of intravenously inoculated B16-F10 melanoma cells. This innovative bioluminometry-based method has important implications for studying anticancer drugs, including naturally occurring redox-active quinones that generate reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells.
A Revision of the Pogonocherini of North America (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

The following paper presents the results of a study of the members of the longicorn tribe Pogonocherini which are known to occur on the continent of North America and in the adjacent West India Islands. An attempt has been made to define the genera and species and keys have been offered to assist in their determination. Whenever possible, biological and distributional data have been utilized to shed additional light upon the relationships of species. The study is not intended as a monograph, since the future will undoubtedly reveal many new species, and additional knowledge will probably necessitate a re-arrangement of the group as here conceived. It has been the writer's object merely to include such information as our present knowledge would seem to warrant, and to make known certain changes in our conception of the various genera and species that seem advisable at this time.
Behavior modification: evaluation in a typical psychiatric ward setting.

For 50 psychiatric patients and 15 mentally retarded adults a 3½-yr. behavior-modification program yielded no significant changes in affect or intellectual functioning, but improvements in appearances, sociability and frustration tolerance.
Endotoxin cytotoxicity: role of cell-associated antibody.

SummaryCytotoxic effects of endotoxins in vitro seem to require the presence of endotoxin-specific antibody at the surface of susceptible cells. This conclusion is based on the finding that exposur...
Low Bandgap Polymers Based on Silafluorene Containing Multifused Heptacylic Arenes for Photovoltaic Applications

A series of donor–acceptor copolymers based on a new silafluorene containing multifused heptacylic arenes have been designed and synthesized in order to further modulate and optimize their electronic and optical properties. Polymer solar cells based on a blend of these polymers and PC61BM exhibited high open circuit voltages of up to 0.86 V. Through simple and straightforward engineering of molecular structures, the devices based on the PSiFDCTBT:PC61BM (1:3.5 in wt %) blend provided, on average, a Voc of 0.86 V, a Jsc of 8.8 mA/cm2, a FF of 56%, delivering a PCE of 4.2%.
The Analysis of Adverse Reactions of Shuanghuanglian Injection and Risk Control

In a retrospective study,223 cases of adverse reactions caused by Shuanghuanglian Injection were statistically analyzed in respect of genders,ages,routes of administration,clinical manifestations,influencing factors etc.We pinpointed the main factors that might be associated with safety problems of Shuanghuanglian Injection are irrational drug use and Physical Constitution,and put forward suggestions for strengthening the surveillance and administration of Shuanghuanglian Injection and improving clinical rational use.
Age-Varying Links Between Violence Exposure and Behavioral, Mental, and Physical Health

Abstract Purpose To examine age-varying prevalence rates and health implications of weapon-related violence exposure (WRVE) from adolescence to young adulthood (ages 14–30) using time-varying effect modeling. Methods Data were from the Add Health study, a longitudinal study of adolescents in the United States (N = 5,103) followed into young adulthood across four assessment waves from age 14–30. Results WRVE rates varied with age, peaking during mid-to-late adolescence (ages 16–18). Rates were higher for males (vs. females) and African-American youth (vs. white) across nearly all ages. Rates were higher for Hispanic youth (vs. white) during adolescence. WRVE was positively associated with frequent heavy episodic drinking and negatively associated with self-reported general health; these associations were significant during adolescence and early adulthood (ages 15–24). WRVE was positively associated with depressive symptoms. This association remained stable over age and was stronger for females from ages 16–21. The association between violence exposure and decreased general physical health was stronger for white versus African-American youth from ages 15–17, with no significant association observed for African-American youth at any age. Conclusions Despite its severity, WRVE is prevalent among U.S. youth during adolescence and young adulthood, particularly among males and African-Americans during mid-to-late adolescence. The associations between WRVE and health were stronger during adolescence and differed by sex and race/ethnicity. This information may assist in the timing and targeting of intervention efforts aimed at interrupting the effects of violence exposure on youth behavioral, mental, and physical health.
Person-Perception Research and the Perception of Life-Span Development

ABSTRACT Developmental psychologists have addressed themselves to the issue of a phenomenologically oriented approach to augment existing experimentally derived theories. Within a life-span frame of reference such an approach can be utilized to focus upon perceived changes and differences in life-span processes. Consideration is given to the perceptual process involved in person perception in order to underscore the relevant variables which interact with both the developmental process itself as well as the perception of this process. Within this framework, attention is directed to the consideration of perceived or subjective differences in age-functional behavior. Research focusing upon perceived age stereotypes is discussed as a historical antecedent to the current consideration of perceived age differences and age changes in life-span research. Major findings related to the perception of age-functional behavior are discussed and implications for methodological considerations are stressed. Emphasis is placed upon the role of perceived developmental change as crucial in effecting subsequent objective change in personality systems. The relevance of a phenomenological approach to investigate the role of perceived age-functional behavior is considered in relation to the impact such perceptions possess for life-span socialization processes.
Predicting arterial breakdown probability: A data mining approach

ABSTRACTPredicting the probability of traffic breakdown can be used as an important input for creating advanced traffic management strategies that are specifically implemented to reduce this probability. However, most, if not all, past research on the probability of breakdown has focused on freeways. This study focuses on the prediction of arterial breakdown probability based on archived traffic data for use in real-time transportation system operations. The breakdown of an arterial segment is defined in this study as a segment's operating condition under the level of service F according to the highway capacity manual threshold, although any other level of service could be used. Data from point detection and automatic vehicle identification matching technologies are aggregated in space and time to allow their use as inputs to the prediction model. A decision tree approach, combined with binary logistic regression, is used in this study to predict the breakdown probability based on these inputs. The model ...
Effect of botulinum toxin on inducibility and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in ovine myocardial tissue.

BACKGROUND Aberrant vagal stimulation may promote the generation and propagation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Researchers have suggested that botulinum toxin (BTX), a neurotoxin that decreases neural vagal stimulation, may decrease the incidence of postoperative AF. The exact electrophysiologic mechanism underlying the observations and histopathologic alterations associated with BTX are unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the electrophysiologic, functional, and histopathologic effects of BTX on fibrillation induction in ovine atria. METHODS Eight sheep underwent BTX injections into their pulmonary veins, atrial fat pads, and ventricular walls. Electrophysiology with pacing was performed at baseline and 7 days after injection to evaluate the atrial effective refractory period (ERP) and vulnerability to AF with and without vagal stimulation. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and day 7. After euthanasia, histopathologic analysis was performed. RESULTS Seven sheep completed the study. For both atria, there was significant shortening in the ERP with vagal stimulation versus no stimulation on day 0 but not on day 7. More aggressive pacing was required to induce AF in the left atrium on day 7 than on day 0. Echocardiography on day 7 showed no significant changes in ejection fraction or new wall-motion abnormalities of the left and right ventricle. Histopathologic analysis showed no significant adverse effects. CONCLUSION The subacute BTX effect reduced the vulnerability of atrial tissue to AF induction and reduced the vagal influence on atrial ERP shortening compared to baseline levels. Direct BTX injection did not cause myocardial dysfunction or histologic adverse effects.
Translating Nursing Philosophy for Practice and Healthcare Policy

This article introduces the feature article on policy implications of integrative nursing. It describes unitary ontology in nursing, highlighting the Rogerian view of holism. The importance of linking philosophy to practice policy is emphasized.
Energy density and dry matter content in fish: new observations and an evaluation of some empirical models

AbstractEnergy density (ED) is an indicator of fish nutritional status, physiological status, and fitness. Estimates of ED of predators and prey are also needed for bioenergetics modeling, but direct measurements of ED are difficult to obtain. Hence, investigators often borrow published values from the same species or related species. Alternatively, models have been developed that predict ED from dry matter content (DM). The scarcity of published ED values makes data borrowing and the generality of predictive modeling difficult to evaluate. We report new ED measurements derived from bomb calorimetry for six freshwater fish species (Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka, Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, Rainbow Trout O. mykiss, and White Sucker Catostomus commersonii) and compared them to previously published data. We used our data to validate existing ED:DM models and to fit new ones. We also quantified bias that could result from borrowing inappropriate ED v...
Economic impacts of cancelled recreational trips to Northwest Florida after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

This paper presents estimates of the economic impacts of cancelled recreational trips to coastal counties in Northwest Florida due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, which were developed for legal claims by the State of Florida. A survey of households in 13 states indicated that 1.88 million planned visitor-trips to the region were cancelled up to a year after the incident, resulting in a loss of $1.30 billion in visitor spending. Total regional economic losses were estimated at $2.04 billion in industry output, $1.37 billion in value added, and an employment loss of 20,486 job-years.
Buenellus chilhoweensis n. sp. from the Murray Shale (lower Cambrian Chilhowee Group) of Tennessee, the oldest known trilobite from the Iapetan margin of Laurentia

The Ediacaran to lower Cambrian Chilhowee Group of the southern and central Appalachians records the rift-to-drift transition of the newly formed Iapetan margin of Laurentia. Body fossils are rare within the Chilhowee Group, and correlations are based almost exclusively on lithological similarities. A critical review of previous work highlights the relatively weak biostratigraphic and radiometric age constraints on the various units within the succession. Herein, we document a newly discovered fossil-bearing locality within the Murray Shale (upper Chilhowee Group) on Chilhowee Mountain, eastern Tennessee, and formally describe a nevadioid trilobite, Buenellus chilhoweensis n. sp., from that site. This trilobite indicates that the Murray Shale is of Montezuman age (provisional Cambrian Stage 3), which is older than the Dyeran (provisional late Stage 3 to early Stage 4) age suggested by the historical (mis)identification of “Olenellus sp.” from within the unit as reported by workers more than a century ago. Buenellus chilhoweensis n. sp. represents only the second known species of Buenellus, and demonstrates that the genus occupied both the Innuitian and Iapetan margins of Laurentia during the Montezuman. It is the oldest known trilobite from the Iapetan margin, and proves that the hitherto apparent absence of trilobites from that margin during the Montezuman was an artifact of inadequate sampling rather than a paleobiogeographic curiosity. The species offers a valuable biostratigraphic calibration point within a rock succession that has otherwise proven recalcitrant to refined dating.
A critical review of daylighting metrics for residential architecture and a new metric for cold and temperate climates

Residential architecture constitutes one of the largest market segments in the construction sector. However, the attention that it is given in the field of daylight performance simulation is surprisingly low. This poses the question of whether existing daylighting metrics are well suited for residential design. Findings from 79 references are summarized, and a critical review of current climate-based daylighting metrics in the context of residential architecture is provided. It is found that existing workflows often overlook relevant aspects of daylight in residential spaces, such as diurnal and seasonal availability of daylight and access to direct sunlight. Hence, a concept for a new climate-based, annual evaluation framework that overcomes these shortcomings, called the residential daylight score, is introduced.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Population

Antimicrobial stewardship is important in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients because their underlying immunosuppression places them at high risk for life-threatening infectious complications. Limited data exist regarding optimal antimicrobial use in these patients. This review is intended to evaluate current evidence regarding best practices for antimicrobial stewardship in the HSCT population and to explore areas of active research. Carefully selected antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment are critical, although this remains difficult as the HSCT population also has an increased incidence of multidrug-resistant infections and Clostridium difficile. Research is now focusing on stewardship issues unique to HSCT recipients, including prophylactic antimicrobial use, antifungal utilization, neutropenic fever treatment, C. difficile prevention and treatment, and implementation of rapid diagnostic testing to guide antimicrobial de-escalation. Targeted interventions from an antimicrobial stewardship team, including prospective audit and feedback, antimicrobial restriction, evidence-based protocol development, and surveillance, can have substantial impact in the HSCT population. However, further study in partnership with hematology/oncology providers will be needed to determine which strategies are the most efficacious and whether modifications are indicated to optimize their benefit. An emphasis on decision support tools, including antibiograms specific to HSCT populations, may be useful in guiding appropriate empiric antimicrobial selection, as an evidence-based approach could increase buy-in from HSCT providers.
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) overexpression enhances wound repair in airway epithelial cells exposed to agricultural organic dust

AbstractObjective: Workers exposed to dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations have a high prevalence of pulmonary diseases. These exposures lead to chronic inflammation and aberrant airway remodeling. Previous work shows that activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) enhances airway epithelial wound repair while activating protein kinase C (PKC) inhibits wound repair. Hog barn dust extracts slow cell migration and wound repair via a PKC-dependent mechanism. Further, blocking nitric oxide (NO) production in bronchial epithelial cells prevents PKA activation. We hypothesized that blocking an endogenous NO inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine, by overexpressing dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase mitigates the effects of hog dust extract on airway epithelial would repair.Materials/methods: We cultured primary tracheal epithelial cells in monolayers from both wild-type (WT) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase overexpressing C57Bl/6 (DDAH1 transgenic) mice and measured wound repair...
Agent-Based Models of Wound Healing

Wounds can arise either from a disease process or are surgically created as part of therapy. The healing of damaged tissue is a fundamental biological process, involving a complex set of cellular and molecular components acting within a specific spatial context. Impairment or aberration of the wound healing process is a considerable source of morbidity and mortality, likely only to increase in clinical significance given an aging population. Despite considerable advances in the mechanistic knowledge of wound healing, as with all complex biological processes converting that knowledge into effective therapeutics is a substantial translational challenge. As result, wound healing has been a major focus in the field of Translational Systems Biology, and, in particular, been a subject of agent-based mechanistic computational modeling. The intuitive mapping between biological knowledge and the rules in an agent-based model (ABM), the ability of an ABM to readily represent stochastic processes, and the inherent spatial representation capability of an ABM all facilitate the utilization of this method in the practice of Translational Systems Biology. Presented herein are a series of ABMs of wound healing that demonstrate the translational potential and utility of this methodology in advancing the rational development of wound healing therapeutics.
THE FRENCH NOUVEAU ROMAN: THE ULTIMATE EXPRESSION OF IMPRESSIONISM

In his Social History of Art Arnold Hauser claims that “Impressionism is the last valid European Style.” 1 A reappraisal of such a statement is in order, for it is essential to understand the method and goal of Impressionism before one can accept Hauser’s statement.
Decoding the Electoral College: The History and Controversy of Selecting the President

This is an introduction to the electoral college that appears as the first chapter of the first volume of a three volume work entitled Voting in America. Edited by Morgan Felchner, the book was published by Praeger in 2008. The chapter highlights the dissonance between perception and reality in the current American approach to selection of the nation's President and Vice-President.
The Contribution of Religiousness and Spirituality to Subjective Wellbeing and Satisfaction with Life

This chapter examines the numinous constructs of religiousness and spirituality relative to one another and to the five-factor model of personality (FFM). An empirical approach to defining numinous measures that involves the FFM will be outlined. The value of this approach will be highlighted through an examination of spirituality and religiousness’ relations to subjective wellbeing. A review of the literature demonstrates that spirituality and religiousness have an unmediated impact on levels of life satisfaction. Two important conclusions will be developed from these findings. First, the numinous constructs represent universal human motivations that are not redundant with extant models of personality. Thus, any model of human functioning needs to include these constructs, if it is to be comprehensive. Second, because numinous constructs have the potential for impacting psychological functioning, the potential exists for the identification of a new class of intervention techniques that can promote durable psychological change.
ICE-MoCha: Intelligent Crowd Engineering using Mobility Characterization and Analytics

Human injuries and casualties at entertaining, religious, or political crowd events often occur due to the lack of proper crowd safety management. For instance, for a large scale moving crowd, a minor accident can create a panic for the people to start stampede. Although many smart video surveillance tools, inspired by the recent advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology and machine learning (ML) algorithms, enable object detection and identification, it is still challenging to predict the crowd mobility in real-time for preventing potential disasters. In this paper, we propose an intelligent crowd engineering platform using mobility characterization and analytics named ICE-MoCha. ICE-MoCha is to assist safety management for mobile crowd events by predicting and thus helping to prevent potential disasters through real-time radio frequency (RF) data characterization and analysis. The existing video surveillance based approaches lack scalability thus have limitations in its capability for wide open areas of crowd events. Via effectively integrating RF signal analysis, our approach can enhance safety management for mobile crowd. We particularly tackle the problems of identification, speed, and direction detection for the mobile group, among various crowd mobility characteristics. We then apply those group semantics to track the crowd status and predict any potential accidents and disasters. Taking the advantages of power-efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ubiquitous availability, we specifically use and analyze a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) signal. We have conducted experiments of ICE-MoCha in a real crowd event as well as controlled indoor and outdoor lab environments. The results show the feasibility of ICE-MoCha detecting the mobile crowd characteristics in real-time, indicating it can effectively help the crowd management tasks to avoid potential crowd movement related incidents.
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps as Bridge to Heart Transplantation - A Single Center Experience

Purpose An intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) can help optimize and bridge to transplant (BTT) patients with advanced congestive heart failure. We retrospectively reviewed the application and safety of this technique at our center. Methods Between January 2016 and April 2018, 32 patients underwent IABP as BTT including femoral (n=11), subclavian (n=17), and axillary (n=4) approaches with a median duration of support of 5 (IQR 3;14), 18 (IQR 15;36) and 30 (IQR 18;39) days, respectively. Results The mean age was 57.5 +/- 9.4 years, 15 (48%) had NICM, and 30 (94%) patients were in INTERMACS 1&2 profiles. Prolonged IABP support was associated with significant improvements in mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 35.8 +/- 11.1 to 28.2 +/- 7.9, p=0.02); cardiac index (from 2.0 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 0.6, p Conclusion IABP provides reasonable hemodynamic support for BTT in many patients with end stage heart failure; however, over one third developed complications of prolonged support. Further investigation is needed to identify which patients are most appropriate for BTT IABP.
Improved Specificity and False Discovery Rates for Multiplex Analysis of Changes in Strain-Specific Anti-Influenza IgG.

We describe a statistical approach to compare absolute antibody concentrations, both within and across subjects, derived from a multidimensional measurement of IgG binding to the influenza surface receptor hemagglutinin (HA). This approach addresses a fundamental problem in the field of vaccine immunology: how to accurately compare the levels of antibodies against multiple influenza strains. The mPlex-Flu assay can simultaneously measure the concentration of IgG antibodies against up to 50 influenza strains with only of serum. It yields mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) over a 4-log range with low inter- and intrasample variability. While comparison of IgG binding to a single HA between subjects is straightforward, variations in binding behavior across influenza strains, coupled with reagent variations, make quantifying and comparing binding between multiple HA subtypes within subjects challenging. In this paper, we first treat such HA variations as an independent antigen and calculate each subtype antibody concentration using its own standard curve, normalizing variations in HA binding. We applied this method to the analyses of data from an H5 influenza clinical vaccine study. The results demonstrated that there are differences in coefficient estimates and in results of “comparing groups” between those with versus those without consideration of subtype antibody variations. Then, we used simulation studies to show the importance of taking the subtype antibody variations into account in HA strain antibody data analysis. Using a common standard curve for all subtype antibodies resulted in both inflated type I error and lowered specificity when comparing different treatment groups. Our results suggest that using individual standard curves for each influenza HA strain, and independently calculating anti-HA IgG concentrations, allows for adjustment of influenza HA subtype variations in treatment group comparisons in clinical vaccine studies. This method facilitates the direct comparison of serum anti-HA IgG concentrations against different influenza HA subtypes for multiplex assays.
Online Interactive Collaborative Filtering Using Multi-Armed Bandit with Dependent Arms

Online interactive recommender systems strive to promptly suggest users appropriate items (e.g., movies and news articles) according to the current context including both user and item content information. Such contextual information is often unavailable in practice, where only the users’ interaction data on items can be utilized by recommender systems. The lack of interaction records, especially for new users and items, inflames the performance of recommendation further. To address these issues, both collaborative filtering, one of the most popular recommendation techniques relying on the interaction data only, and bandit mechanisms, capable of achieving the balance between exploitation and exploration, are adopted into an online interactive recommendation setting assuming independent items (i.e., arms). This assumption rarely holds in reality, since the real-world items tend to be correlated with each other. In this paper, we study online interactive collaborative filtering problems by considering the dependencies among items. We explicitly formulate item dependencies as the clusters of arms in the bandit setting, where the arms within a single cluster share the similar latent topics. In light of topic modeling techniques, we come up with a novel generative model to generate the items from their underlying topics. Furthermore, an efficient particle-learning based online algorithm is developed for inferring both latent parameters and states of our model by taking advantage of the fully adaptive inference strategy of particle learning techniques. Additionally, our inferred model can be naturally integrated with existing multi-armed selection strategies in an interactive collaborative filtering setting. Empirical studies on two real-world applications, online recommendations on movies and news, demonstrate both the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed approach.
Parkinson disease: Enhance nursing knowledge

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, incurable disease caused by dopamine deficiency. This article provides an overview of this neurodegenerative disorder and offers information for optimal outcomes.
Lung Function, Dietary Intake, and Weight Status in Children with Persistent Asthma from Low-Income, Urban Communities.

Objective: Asthma and obesity are prevalent chronic childhood diseases that commonly co-occur in youth from low-income, minority backgrounds. Diet is a known risk factor for obesity; however, its role in asthma/obesity comorbidity is not well established. This analysis examined the association between diet and lung function and effect modification by weight status. Methods: Lung function (FEV1 % predicted), anthropometric, and dietary data were collected from 95 children, ages 7–9 years old with persistent asthma, from low-income, urban communities in the United States. Associations between lung function, diet and weight status were examined using multivariable linear regression. Results: There were no significant differences in dietary intake between children with persistent asthma with and without obesity; however, >85% of participants did not meet recommendations for fruit, vegetable, and whole grain intake for their age and sex. Only intake of fruit (whole fruit and juice) was significantly associated with FEV1 % predicted (−3.36; 95% CI: −6.5 to −0.2). Conclusions: Diet quality was poor in this sample, independent of weight status. More research is needed to understand the relationship between diet, lung function, and weight status, so that interventions can be developed to concurrently address obesity and weight.
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics: From Cosmic Scales to Nearby Stars

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to P. James E. Peebles, Michel Mayor, and Didier Queloz for discoveries that have changed our perspective on the world we live in. Peebles’ research ques...
Potential role of silicon oxygen radicals in acute lung injury

This paper summarizes our recent investigations of the potential role of silicon-oxygen based free radical species in the biochemical mechanism of the lung injury caused by the inhalation of freshly fractured silica. The impetus for this study came from the following observations. Inhalation of crystalline silica is associated with the development of acute and chronic silicosis. Chronic silicosis is characterized by the development of sharply marked concentric fibrotic nodules in the lung. This occurs over a period of several decades with the development of progressive respiratory impairment. In contrast, acute silicosis is manifested by the filling of the alveoli with an amorphous lipoproteinaceous exudate within a short period after exposure, and rapid development of respiratory disability often leading to fatality. Most studies on the pathogenesis of silicosis have focused on the elucidation of cellular mechanisms of cell injury and the development of chronic silicosis. Because pulmonary responses to crystalline silica are distinctly different for the acute and chronic silicosis, we hypothesized that the acute response is associated with some unique properties of freshly formed silica particle surfaces, due to the formation of some reactive chemical species caused by the rupturing of the silicon-oxygen bonds. In occupations involving drilling, tunneling and sandblasting operations acute silicosis can be correlated with this unique surf ace reactivity of silica.
Hasidic studies: essays in history and gender: by Ada Rapoport-Albert, Introduction by Moshe Rosman, Liverpool, UK, Littman Library, 2018, 424 pp., $38.08, ISBN 978-1906764821

The untimely passing of Ada Rapoport-Albert in June 2020 coincides with a moment of renewed and intense debate about the historical nature of Hasidism, especially in light of recent developments in...
On the disciplinary identity of second language writing

Abstract The disciplinary status of second language writing has important consequences for second language writing specialists but there has not been a clear and shared conception of the nature of disciplinarity and what it means to be a "field" or "discipline." This article offers definitions of key terms that are important in continuing the discussion of disciplinarity, and makes the distinction between forms and levels of disciplinarity. It then explains why second language writing is not a discipline, and explains why it should not become one. It concludes by offering ways of improving the institutional status of second language writing that can help enhance the standing of the field and those who are associated with it.
Development of interpretable, data-driven plasticity models with symbolic regression

Abstract In many applications, such as those which drive new material discovery, constitutive models are sought that have three characteristics: (1) the ability to be derived in automatic fashion with (2) high accuracy and (3) an interpretable nature. Traditionally developed models are usually interpretable but sacrifice development time and accuracy. Purely data-driven approaches are usually fast and accurate but lack interpretability. In the current work, a framework for the rapid development of interpretable, data-driven constitutive models is pursued. The approach is characterized by the use of symbolic regression on data generated with micromechanical finite element models. Symbolic regression is the search for equations of arbitrary functional form which match a given dataset. Specifically, an implicit symbolic regression technique is developed to identify a plastic yield potential from homogenized finite element response data. Through three controlled test cases of varying complexity, the approach is shown to successfully produce interpretable plasticity models. The controlled test cases are used to investigate the robustness and scalability of the method and provide reasonable recommendations for more complex applications. Finally, the recommendations are used in the application of the method to produce a porous plasticity model from data corresponding to a representative volume element of voids within a metal matrix.
Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, and Retroperitoneum

The retroperitoneum is the anatomical space in the abdomen located behind the peritoneum. Structures that lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall that are not suspended by a mesentery are classified as retroperitoneal in location and include the pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys, duodenum, portions of the colon, great vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatics. In this chapter, normal development and anatomy of the pancreas, adrenal glands, and retroperitoneum are discussed, as well as anatomic variants, congenital abnormalities, inflammatory, traumatic and neoplastic disorders.
Reporting from My Home: Location Effect on the Para-Social Phenomenon and the News Broadcast Industry

The current pandemic has created a unique opportunity to study news broadcasting in different formats as many broadcasters report from home versus the studio. Using the well-established Para-Social...
Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?

Proposals for power-sharing constitutions remain controversial, as highlighted by current debates in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sudan. This book updates and refines the theory of consociationalism, taking account of the flood of contemporary innovations in power-sharing institutions that have occurred worldwide. The book classifies and compares four types of political institutions: the electoral system, parliamentary or presidential executives, unitary or federal states, and the structure and independence of the mass media. The study tests the potential advantages and disadvantages of each of these institutions for democratic governance. Cross-national time-series data concerning trends in democracy are analyzed for all countries worldwide since the early 1970s. Chapters are enriched by comparing detailed case studies. The mixed-method research design illuminates the underlying causal mechanisms by examining historical developments and processes of institutional change within particular nations and regions.
The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives

This book offers an analysis of the policing of terrorism in a variety of national and international contexts. Centered on developments since the events of September 11, 2001, the study devotes its empirical attention to important police aspects of counter-terrorism in the United States and additionally extends its range comparatively to other nations, including Israel and Iraq, and to the global level of international police organizations such as Interpol and Europol. Situated in the criminology of terrorism and counter-terrorism, this book offers a fascinating look into the contemporary organization of law enforcement against terrorism, which will significantly influence the conditions of global security in the foreseeable future.
Constant-Time Record Management in a Java Embedded Small Device

In this paper, we present an approach that can provide faster and constant-time record operations with a smaller memory usage while consumes less battery power, using the Record Management System (RMS) of Java Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) in small embedded devices. The comparable program segments are presented and analyzed in order to show the efficient use of Java MIDP RMS with or without Record-Enumeration inter-face. The proposed approach in this paper supports the faster access of record traversal that can retrieve and update any records in the MIDP RMS file in constant time, while the previous approach takes O (log n) time.
The rat gene encoding neurotensin and neuromedin N. Structure, tissue-specific expression, and evolution of exon sequences

Recombinant DNA clones encoding the neurotensin/neuromedin N precursor protein have been isolated from both bovine hypothalamus cDNA and rat genomic libraries using a heterologous canine cDNA probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these clones and comparison with the previously determined canine sequence has revealed that 76% of the amino acid residues are conserved in all three species. The protein precursor sequences predicted from bovine hypothalamus and canine intestine cDNA clones vary at only 9 of 170 amino acid residues suggesting that within a species identical precursors are synthesized in both the central nervous system and intestine. The rat gene spans approximately 10.2 kilobases (kb) and is divided into four exons by three introns. The neurotensin and neuromedin N coding domains are tandemly positioned on exon 4. RNA blot analysis has revealed that the rat gene is transcribed to yield two distinct mRNAs, 1.0 and 1.5 kb in size, in all gastrointestinal and all neural tissues examined except the cerebellum. There is a striking variation in the relative levels of these two mRNAs between brain and intestine. The smaller 1.0-kb mRNA greatly predominates in intestine while both mRNA species are nearly equally abundant in hypothalamus, brain stem, and cortex. Sequence comparisons and RNA blot analysis indicate that these two mRNAs result from the differential utilization of two consensus poly(A) addition signals and differ in the extent of their 3' untranslated regions. The relative combined levels of the mRNAs in various brain and intestine regions correspond roughly with the relative levels of immunologically detectable neurotensin except in the cerebral cortex where mRNA levels are 6 times higher than anticipated.
Brain neurotoxic amyloid-beta peptides: their potential role in the pathophysiology of depression and as molecular therapeutic targets.

The monoamine hypothesis ascribes an important role to the underactivity of brain monoamines such as 5-HT, noradrenaline and dopamine to the pathophysiology of depression. This view emerged more than 50 years ago and has guided development of most medications currently used for the treatment of this disorder. However, large numbers of depressed individuals treated with currently available antidepressant agents, or even with various combinations, do not respond. Residual symptoms, relapses and recurrences are common while receiving adequate doses of these medications. In a recent issue of the BJP, Colaianna et al. describe results suggesting that a new neurobiological mechanism with treatment implications should be considered for the development of depression in humans, namely, elevations in potentially neurotoxic brain amyloid-β peptides. LINKED ARTICLE To view the paper by Colaianna et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00669.x
An Adaptive, Fault-Tolerant Implementation of BSP for JAVA-Based Volunteer Computing Systems

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in Javabased volunteer computing systems, which aim to make it possible to build very large paralledl computing networks very quickly by enabling users to join a parallel computation by simply visiting a web page and running a Java applet on a standard browser. A key research issue in implementing such systems is that of choosing an appropriate programming model. While traditional models such as MPI-like message-passing can and have been ported to Java-based systems, they are not generally well-suited to the heterogeneous and dynamic structure of volunteer computing systems, where nodes can join and leave a computation at any time. In this paper, we present an implementation of the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model, which provides programmers with familiar message-passing and remote memory primitives while remaining flexible enough to be used in dynamic environments. We show how we have implemented this model using the Bayanihan software framework to enable programmers to port the growing base of BSP-based parallel applications to Java while achieving adaptive parallelism and protection against both the random faults and intentional sabotage that are possible in volunteer computing systems.
Uteroglobin and serum proteins of rabbit blastocysts as affected by maternal factors

Abstract Proteins in the blastocoelic fluid of the rabbit were studied electrophoretically at 12 hr. intervals between 5 and 10 days post coitus (p.c.). Uteroglobin appeared in the fluid at 5.5 days p.c., occurred in large and maximal amounts between 6.5 and 7 days p.c., and disappeared by 8 days p.c. Albumin appeared at 5 days p.c.; prealbumin and γ-globulin appeared at 6 days p.c. The postalbumin, transferrin, and posttransferrin bands at 7 days p.c. resembled those found in maternal serum or peritoneal fluid. These 6 protein fractions increased in intensity and persisted after implantation. The distribution and intensity of protein bands in blastocoelic fluid was the same as those in the maternal serum at 8.5 days p.c. The total protein content of the fluid increased gradually until 6.5 days p.c. and then increased rapidly, at 8 days p.c., to the levels of peritoneal fluid (40 mg. per milliliter). The effects of maternal environment on uteroglobin content of blastocoelic fluid was studied at 7 days p.c. The intensity of uteroglobin bands was less with exogenous progesterone than with exogenous progesterone, probably as a result of promoted blastocyst growth with progesterone. The intensity of uteroglobin bands was higher in the blastocoelic fluid from ovariectomized animals and overcrowded uteri than in controls. The intensity of uteroglobin was higher in lactating rabbits than in postpartum rabbits. The strong staining of uteroglobin seems to be associated with the maternal factors which result in the reduction in blastocyst size.
The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and its Variation in Recent Human Populations

Acknowledgements Prologue 1. Dental anthropology and morphology 2. Description and classification of permanent crown and root traits 3. Biological considerations: ontogeny, asymmetry, sex dimorphism and intertrait association 4. Genetics of morphological trait expression 5. Geographic variation in toot crown and root morphology 6. Establishing method and theory for using tooth morphology in reconstructions of late Pleistocene and Holocene human population history 7. Tooth morphology and population history Epilogue Appendices References Index.