cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evanescent light-wave atom mirrors, resonators, waveguides, and traps

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of atom mirrors, resonators, waveguides, and traps that operate for the most part on the evanescent light-wave mechanism for atom manipulation. For many years, it has been known that light can be used to trap and manipulate small dielectric particles and atoms. In particular, the intense coherent light of lasers has been used to cool neutral atoms down to the micro-Kelvin and now even the nano-Kelvin regimes. The chapter discusses several convex, evanescent light-wave traps or guides in which at least one field is red-detuned, and hence attractive but a centrifugal force or a blue-detuned field provides a repulsive counterforce to allow the atoms to remain confined in stable orbits around the convex, dielectric, and optical resonator. The chapter focuses on the use of the evanescent field for making atom mirrors, resonators, waveguides, and traps. One of the principal experimental drawbacks of the evanescent light-wave mirror is that it requires quite high laser power to produce a sufficiently large potential barrier to reflect atoms with any realistic component of velocity normal to the surface, while not introducing an unacceptable degree of spontaneous emission probability.
The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets

As described in detail in other chapters of this book, the mammalian platelet is derived from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, the only polyploid hemopoietic cell. Polyploid megakaryocytes and their progeny, nonnucleated platelets, are found only in mammals. In all other animal forms, cells involved in hemostasis and blood coagulation are nucleated. The nucleated cells primarily involved in nonmammalian hemostasis are designated thrombocytes to distinguish them from nonnucleated platelets.
Mental Illness, Medicine and Law

In Western Literature, the first case of criminal action coupled with emotional disruption appears in Genesis: Cain's slaying of Abel. This case of first impression has been discussed in great deta...
Light shifts in a pulsed cold-atom coherent-population-trapping clock

Field-grade atomic clocks capable of primary standard performance in compact physics packages would be of significant value in applications ranging from network synchronization to inertial navigation. A coherent-population-trapping clock featuring laser-cooled $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms and pulsed Ramsey interrogation is a strong candidate for this technology if the frequency biases can be minimized and controlled. Here we characterize the light shift in a cold-atom coherent-population-trapping clock, explaining observed shifts in terms of phase shifts that arise during the formation of dark-state coherences combined with optical-pumping effects caused by unwanted incoherent light in the interrogation spectrum. Measurements are compared with existing and new theoretical treatments, and a laser configuration is identified that would reduce clock frequency uncertainty from light shifts to a fractional frequency level of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}/\ensuremath{\nu}=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ per 100 kHz of laser frequency uncertainty.
Information Acquisition/Disclosure Decisions in a Productive Setting

Dye (2001) argues that a production economy is not an obvious setting for public disclosure to have a net positive social value and the interplay between disclosure and production is more subtle than thought. This paper supports his arguments by providing a setting in which firms' ex post disclosure incentives can distort both their investment decisions and their ex ante information acquisition decisions. We examine the interaction between firms' production activities and their acquisition and disclosure decisions of productivity information in a setting in which an entrepreneur (firm owner) issues equity to finance her investment project. We show that the entrepreneur is ex ante worse off than if self-finance were feasible. The equity-financing is associated with three potential efficiency losses. First, the firm's information acquisition decision can be inefficient. The entrepreneur might overinvest in search for private information. Second, when the entrepreneur is uninformed and unable to disclose, she might have to forgo profitable projects due to the severe underpricing by the investors. Third, when the entrepreneur is informed, she might invest in negative NPV projects to exploit the investors' overvaluation of the firm. Ultimately, the entrepreneur shoots herself in the foot and bears the efficiency losses incurred by her own decisions.
On the reasons for the operational risks of commercial banks and the guarding measures

Recently,the media has disclosed several major cases in the banking sector and this has caused extensive concerns of the public.The increasing of the operational risks by commercial banks is the main reason for these major cases.Based on the analysis of the reasons for the risks,the paper puts forward the detailed measures for guarding the risks.
Data analysis of occupational health examination in Guangming district of Shenzhen in 2010

Objective To know about the health status of workers exposed to occupational hazards in Guangming District of Shenzhen City.Methods The data of occupational health examination in 2010 was collected and analyzed.Results The abnormality of health condition due to occupational exposure varied among groups who were exposed to various occupational hazards,and the workers exposed to noise had a highest abnormality.31.39% of examinees were found abnormal in one or more of health indicators,among which the abnormality of electrocardiogram examination was highest.6.94% of workers had abnormality resulting from occupational exposure.Conclusion The occupational health examination data showed the workers had health problem though environmental monitoring showed the occupational hazards at workplaces were not severe.Occupational protection and occupational health education should be strengthened.
Bystander Host Cell Killing Effects of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin.

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) binds to claudin receptors, e.g., claudin-4, and then forms a pore that triggers cell death. Pure cultures of host cells that do not express claudin receptors, e.g., fibroblasts, are unaffected by pathophysiologically relevant CPE concentrations in vitro . However, both CPE-insensitive and CPE-sensitive host cells are present in vivo . Therefore, this study tested whether CPE treatment might affect fibroblasts when cocultured with CPE-sensitive claudin-4 fibroblast transfectants or Caco-2 cells. Under these conditions, immunofluorescence microscopy detected increased death of fibroblasts. This cytotoxic effect involved release of a toxic factor from the dying CPE-sensitive cells, since it could be reproduced using culture supernatants from CPE-treated sensitive cells. Supernatants from CPE-treated sensitive cells, particularly Caco-2 cells, were found to contain high levels of membrane vesicles, often containing a CPE species. However, most cytotoxic activity remained in those supernatants even after membrane vesicle depletion, and CPE was not detected in fibroblasts treated with supernatants from CPE-treated sensitive cells. Instead, characterization studies suggest that a major cytotoxic factor present in supernatants from CPE-treated sensitive cells may be a 10- to 30-kDa host serine protease or require the action of that host serine protease. Induction of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis was found to be important for triggering release of the cytotoxic factor(s) from CPE-treated sensitive host cells. Furthermore, the cytotoxic factor(s) in these supernatants was shown to induce a caspase-3-mediated killing of fibroblasts. This bystander killing effect due to release of cytotoxic factors from CPE-treated sensitive cells could contribute to CPE-mediated disease. IMPORTANCE In susceptible host cells, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) binds to claudin receptors and then forms pores that result in cell death. Using cocultures of CPE receptor-expressing sensitive cells mixed with CPE-insensitive cells lacking receptors for this toxin, the current study determined that CPE-treated sensitive cells release soluble cytotoxic factors, one of which may be a 10- to 30-kDa serine protease, to cause apoptotic death of cells that are themselves CPE insensitive. These findings suggest a novel bystander killing mechanism by which a pore-forming toxin may extend its damage to affect cells not directly responsive to that toxin. If confirmed to occur in vivo by future studies, this bystander killing effect may have significance during CPE-mediated disease and could impact the translational use of CPE for purposes such as cancer therapy.
Multidisciplinary Contributions to Legume Crop History: Proceed with Caution.

Accurate understanding of crop biogeography facilitates comprehension of agronomic potential, genetic diversity, and crop–pathogen evolution. Classic perspectives are exemplified by Vavilov (1987), a posthumous compilation, and Harlan (1971). Origin and geographic spread of a given crop provide clues as to environmental interactions, including relative adaption to pests, pathogens, and abiotic factors (Dark and Gent, 2001; Dugan, 2015). Great antiquity of pulse crops (pea, chickpea, lentil, bitter vetch, faba bean) is documented archeobotanically for the Fertile Crescent and several adjacent areas, including much of Europe in succeeding times (e.g., Abbo et al., 2003, 2006; Zohary et al., 2012; Mikic et al., 2014).
Secure software development through non-functional requirements modeling

In the development of a new software solution, users and developers spend the majority of their effort on modeling the functional requirements. The Non-Functional Requirements (NFR) are treated as a second class requirement, ignored until the end of the development cycle. They are often hidden, overshadowed and therefore, frequently neglected or forgotten. They are neglected because NFRs are often difficult to model, develop and test. NFRs become even more important in secure software design. Secure software design requires modeling of the confidentiality and integrity of data passed through the software system, along with the availability requirements of the software system. More research is needed on both the modeling of these requirements along with the mapping of the NFR models into executable software code. To develop robust software that is more resilient to cyber-security attacks requires NFR modeling to become an integral part of the software development process. In this paper, we focus on the modeling of NFRs and the transformations from UML models into the source code.
Epidemiological Criminology : Theory to Practice

Epidemiological criminology is an emerging paradigm which explores the public health outcomes associated with engagement in crime and criminal justice. This book engages with this new theory and practice-based discipline drawing on knowledge from criminology, criminal justice, public health, epidemiology, public policy, and law to illustrate how the merging of epidemiology into the field of criminology allows for the work of both disciplines to be more interdisciplinary, evidence-based, enriched and expansive. This book brings together an innovative group of exemplary researchers and practitioners to discuss applications and provide examples of epidemiological criminology. It is divided into three sections; the first explores the integration of epidemiology and criminology through theory and methods, the second section focuses on special populations in epidemiological criminology research and the role of race, ethnicity, age, gender and space as it plays out in health outcomes among offenders and victims of crime, and the final section explores the role policy and practice plays in worsening and improving the health outcomes among those engaged in the criminal justice system. Epidemiological Criminology is the first text to bring together, in one source, the existing interdisciplinary work of academics and professionals that merge the fields of criminology and criminal justice to public health and epidemiology. It will be of interest to academics and students in the fields of criminology, epidemiology, and public health, as well as clinical psychologists, law and government policy analysts and those working within the criminal justice system.
The Effect of Theophylline and β2 Agonists on Airway Reactivity

Increased airway responsiveness occurs in asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and other diseases. Theophylline and β2 agonists commonly are used as maintenance therapy for symptoms associated with the increased responsiveness. Both drugs can reduce airway responsiveness to a variety of provocational stimuli. With currently used dosing regimens, theophylline appears to produce relatively constant levels of effect on airway responsiveness and clinical efficacy around the clock, while inhaled β2 agonists appear to have insufficient effects at the end of longer dosing intervals. Improved dosing strategies for β2 agonists may improve the efficacy of these agents in the future.
Reflections on the New York City Archaeology Program (1980–2016)

New York City has municipal laws requiring archaeological assessments on projects that involve discretionary permits. In 1980, a City Archaeology Program housed within the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission was established. The City Archaeologist evaluates the work of CRM firms, and many high-profile CRM excavations have taken place. From 1980–1990, the City Archaeologist with her grant-funded staff and volunteer corps also undertook archaeological excavations on Native American and European American sites on city-owned properties. As the economic climate changed, early innovative programs for public outreach involving tours, exhibits, and public participation on excavations on city-owned property were eliminated. Developers challenged the permitting process. However, municipal laws regarding archaeology are still intact and CRM archaeologists continue to excavate endangered sites on developers’ properties.
How Disgust Becomes Law

This chapter provides a psychological examination of the many ways in which disgust permeates the law. Using an evolutionary lens, the chapter explores the various adaptive functions of disgust, and shows how those functions can be co-opted by psychological systems designed to generate and enforce moral norms. In doing so, the chapter also provides an explanation for why and how many of the behaviors we view as "disgusting" tend to become behaviors we label "wrong."
Multiple Cutaneous Metastases as Initial Presentation in Advanced Colon Cancer

Skin metastases from advanced colorectal cancer are relatively rare and occur most often when the cancer is advanced, following the spread to other organs. Cutaneous metastases occur in about 3% of advanced colorectal cancers. We present an extremely rare case of a 68-year-old woman with advanced ascending colon adenocarcinoma that presented with multiple rapidly progressing painless cutaneous metastatic lesions with no other distant metastases. Of all the tumors, breast cancer most commonly spreads as cutaneous metastasis is followed by lung, colorectal, renal, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Cutaneous metastases can present in a variety of clinical manifestations, such as a rapidly growing painless dermal or subcutaneous nodule with intact overlying epidermis or as ulcers. In cases where the cutaneous deposit is isolated, as in visceral metastasis, there is a role for radical management such as wide local excision and reconstruction. In our patient, since she had multiple cutaneous metastases she began treatment with palliative systemic combination chemotherapy.
The immune system and cancer stemness cross-talk can predict therapeutic response and patient outcome (P3030)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit anti-tumor immunity. However, their involvement in cancer stem cell (CSC) biology, and their molecular, clinical and therapeutic relevance of this involvement have not been studied. Here, we investigated MDSCs in human breast cancer. We show that MDSCs prompt breast cancer stemness through enhance CSC gene expression, sphere formation and cancer metastasis. The effects depend on the cross-talk between interleukin (IL)-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nitric oxide (NO)/NOTCH signaling pathways. MDSCs initiate STAT3 phosphorylation through IL-6, and activate Notch and sustain prolonged STAT3 phosphorylation via NO in CSCs. Furthermore, MDSCs positively correlate with CSC numbers and signature genes in breast cancer, and serve as a negative predictor for patient survival and herceptin response. Collectively, our study has revealed novel extrinsic cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cancer stemness, and suggests that targeting both MDSCs and cancer is essential for engendering potent therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. Efforts to target this network might be a valuable strategy in anti-cancer therapy.
Highlights From the American Heart Association's EPI|LIFESTYLE 2018 Scientific Sessions.

The American Heart Association's (AHA's) EPI|Lifestyle specialty conference, with an overall theme of promoting risk prediction and prevention, was held March 19 to 23, 2018, in New Orleans. The primary learning objectives were (1) identifying modifiable risk factors and ways to meet AHA ideal
Small RNAs in Plants

Small RNAs associated with RNA silencing have emerged as an essential regulatory component in eukaryotes. Although their widespread existence was revealed only a decade ago, remarkable progress has been made toward our understanding of their biogenesis and cellular function. In plants, the small RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms are involved in many important biological processes including developmental timing, pattern formation, epigenetic silencing of transposable elements, response to environmental stress, and defense against invading pathogens. Emerging evidence also indicates the involvement of small RNAs in epigenetic reprogramming associated with germ cell and embryo development during sexual reproduction. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the conserved molecular machinery that has evolved to give rise to microRNAs (miRNAs) and several distinct classes of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in plants, including heterochromatin-associated siRNAs (hc-siRNAs), trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs), and natural cis-antisense transcripts-associated siRNAs (nat-siRNAs). These are followed by a description on the cellular function and regulatory targets for each class of these endogenous small RNAs. While the focus of the book is on miRNAs, it is our hope that this chapter will serve as a brief introduction to the plant small RNA world.
Finite-Difference Approximations for One-Dimensional Transport

As discussed in Chap. 1, one basic strategy for representing continuous functions on digital computers is through the set of values assumed by the function at a finite number of grid points. Such grid-point methods approximate derivatives of the original continuous function using finite differences. Finite differences were introduced in connection with the solution of ordinary differential equations in Sect. 2.1.1. In this chapter we examine the behavior of numerical schemes in which finite differences replace both time and space derivatives in time-dependent partial differential equations.
An Extension for OWL-Based policies and Privacy as Contextual integrity for WebID

This work is part of an ongoing project to extend WebID and compliments work already done with biometrics. A WebID profile document might have public information about a user as well as personal information identified by a WebID. Users might not want to reveal a lot of information about themselves. This can be achieved by separating a user's profile into separate documents and having each protected by access control using the web access control vocabulary. The work reported here implements Nissenbaum's framework for contextual integrity using OWL-based policies for an extension of the WebID protocol. We created a policy ontology that allows for reasoning about access control and imports the Friend Of A Friend (FOAF) ontology and the KAoS ontologies. The norms described by Nissenbaum are implemented as owl: Restriction classes.
Who can resist a villain? Morality, Machiavellianism, imaginative resistance and liking for dark fictional characters

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore the association between preferences for dark fictional characters, such as villains or morally ambiguous protagonists, and individual differences in related variables, particularly Machiavellianism and imaginative resistance (a reluctance to imaginatively engage with immoral fictions). Past research suggests that liking for morally ambiguous and evil fictional characters is a function of identification and moral disengagement (e.g., Janicke & Raney, 2017; Sanders & Tsay-Vogel, 2016), but does less to address why some people are more likely to successfully morally disengage and identify with such dark characters. Here, in a series of three studies, we found a robust association between liking for dark characters, self-reported imaginative resistance, moral purity concerns, and Machiavellianism. Such results suggest a need to include these constructs in models of fictional engagement.
Reporting of Patient Experience Data on Health Systems' Websites and Commercial Physician-Rating Websites: Mixed-Methods Analysis

Background: Some hospitals’ and health systems’ websites report physician-level ratings and comments drawn from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. Objective: The aim was to examine the prevalence and content of health system websites reporting these data and compare narratives from these sites to narratives from commercial physician-rating sites. Methods: We identified health system websites active between June 1 and 30, 2016, that posted clinician reviews. For 140 randomly selected clinicians, we extracted the number of star ratings and narrative comments. We conducted a qualitative analysis of a random sample of these physicians’ narrative reviews and compared these to a random sample of reviews from commercial physician-rating websites. We described composite quantitative scores for sampled physicians and compared the frequency of themes between reviews drawn from health systems’ and commercial physician-rating websites. Results: We identified 42 health systems that published composite star ratings (42/42, 100%) or narratives (33/42, 79%). Most (27/42, 64%) stated that they excluded narratives deemed offensive. Of 140 clinicians, the majority had composite scores listed (star ratings: 122/140, 87.1%; narrative reviews: 114/140, 81.4%), with medians of 110 star ratings (IQR 42-175) and 25.5 (IQR 13-48) narratives. The rating median was 4.8 (IQR 4.7-4.9) out of five stars, and no clinician had a score less than 4.2. Compared to commercial physician-rating websites, we found significantly fewer negative comments on health system websites (35.5%, 76/214 vs 12.8%, 72/561, respectively; P<.001). Conclusions: The lack of variation in star ratings on health system sites may make it difficult to differentiate between clinicians. Most health systems report that they remove offensive comments, and we notably found fewer negative comments on health system websites compared to commercial physician-rating sites.
MASKER: Adaptive Mobile Security Enhancement against Automatic Speech Recognition in Eavesdropping

Benefited from recent artificial intelligence evolution, Automatic Speech Recognition(ASR) technology has achieved enormous performance improvement and wider application. Unfortunately, ASR is also heavily leveraged by speech eavesdropping, where ASR is used to translate large volume of intercepted vocal speech into text content, causing considerable information leakage. In this work, we propose MASKER– a mobile security enhancement solution to protect the mobile speech data from ASR in eavesdropping. By identifying ASR models’ ubiquitous vulnerability, MASKER is designed to generate human imperceptible adversarial noises into the real-time speech on the mobile device (e.g. phone call and voice message). Even the speech data is exposed to eavesdropping during data transmission, the adversarial noises can effectively perturb the ASR process with significant Word Error Rate (WER). Meanwhile,MASKER is further optimized for mobile user perception quality and enhanced for environmental noises adaptation. Moreover,MASKER has outstanding computation efficiency for mobile system integration. Experiments show that, MASKER can achieve security enhancement with an average WER of 84.55% for ASR perturbation, 32% noise reduction for user perception quality and $16 \times $ faster processing speed compared to the state-of-the-art method.
John Marshall's Judicial Statesmanship in McCulloch v. Maryland

Writing on the early American republic, Alexis de Tocqueville observed that federal judges "must not only be good citizens, educated and upright men," but "one must also find statesmen in them." Yet nearly 200 years later, notions of "judicial statesmanship" remain nebulous — and divisive. Nevertheless, both proponents and critics of "judicial statesmanship" seem to largely agree on one thing: "judicial statesmanship" requires a judge to go beyond the law to decide cases. There is a better way to think of "judicial statesmanship." In his seminal study of statesmanship and party, Professor Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. observed that "[i]t is not that a statesman is unprincipled or above principle; it is rather that his principle loses its refinement in the translation to public speech, and thence to party program.” This is how "judicial statesmanship" is best understood — not in terms of what the judge adds to the law, but in terms of what the judge declines to add to the law, or at least what the judge declines to say about the law. And this is the statesmanship that Chief Justice Marshall exemplified in McCulloch v. Maryland. This short essay is written for a volume on the 200th anniversary of McCulloch v. Maryland, edited by Gary Schmitt for the American Enterprise Institute.
Lightening in a bottle: comparison of ultraviolet light to traditional sterilization in saline irrigations bottles

BACKGROUND Nasal saline irrigations (NSIs) are commonplace in treatment of patients with sinonasal disorders. Contamination of both the water source and delivery bottle remains a challenge with this therapy. The goal of this study was to optimize a disinfection technique with various methods of preparation, disinfection, and delivery of NSIs. METHODS Distilled and tap water sources in NSI bottles were contaminated by 4 bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila. Contaminated bottles were cleaned with tap water, tap water with detergent, or microwave and swabbed for culture. Water-source disinfection was performed with reverse osmosis, distillation, activated carbon filtration, boiling, or ultraviolet (UV) light treatment. Test samples from each experimental group (n = 3/group) were cultivated on the appropriate media with colony-forming units (CFUs) reported. RESULTS All methods of bottle cleaning with tap water with/without detergent and microwave significantly reduced bacterial load (CFUs) by >99% (p < 0.05). Distillation and boiling of the contaminated water source eliminated 100% of bacteria, whereas reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration did not. A single UV treatment of contaminated water within a bottle eliminated 99% of bacteria within the water and 100% in the bottle. CONCLUSION Cleansing of NSI bottles with tap water with/without detergent or microwave produced robust bacterial disinfection. Distillation and boiling of a contaminated water source completely eliminated all bacteria. UV light treatment was capable of simultaneous disinfection of both the water source and bottle, suggesting this may be a convenient, 1-step method of preparing NSIs for patients.
Epidemiological screening of an epidemic of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis in Luoyang City

OBJECTIVE To understand Leishmania infections among employees of China Petroleum First Construction Corporation returning from Uzbekistan, and take timely actions to prevent the spread of the epidemic. METHODS Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect screening subjects'information. Palpation of the liver, spleen and superficial lymph nodes was performed by a physician, and the lesions on the frequently exposed skin were detected by a dermatologist. In addition, the liver and spleen sizes were measured using B-mode ultrasonography, and serum samples were collected to be subjected to an rK39-based rapid diagnostic test for detection of visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania was detected using microscopy in the specimens sampled from the lesioned skin, and the parasites species was identified using molecular assays in parasitologically positive specimens. RESULTS Among the 181 employees screened, enlarged cervical lymph nodes were palpable in 6 subjects, and skin lesions were found in 12 cases. B-mode ultrasonography displayed hepatosplenomegaly in 5 cases, and rK39 test were positive in 3 serum samples. Two classical lesioned skin specimens were sampled, and Leishmania was detected in one specimen. The promastigote DNA was extracted and two fragments of 120 bp and 350 bp in sizes were amplified using PCR assay with K13A/K13B and L5.8S/LITSR primers specific to Leishmania. The two amplification products were 90% and 98% homologous to the corresponding sequences of L. major (GenBank accession numbers: EU370906.1 and FN677342.1). CONCLUSIONS Six patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis were screened, including 2 uncured cases. One uncured case was diagnosed as imported cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major infection.
Applying Grounded Theory to Weight Management among Women: Making a Commitment to Healthy Eating.

In this study we developed a theory grounded in data from women who continued healthy eating behaviors after a weight management program. Participant recruitment was guided by theoretical sampling strategies for focus groups and individual interviews. Inclusion criteria were: African American or Caucasian women aged 30+ who lost > 5% of their body weight in a weight management program > year ago. Participants > 5% below their baseline weight were maintainers (n = 9); those above were non-maintainers (n = 14). We asked open-ended questions regarding healthy eating behaviors. The systematic design is described in detail, including categories from open coding, connection during axial coding, and integration into a theory, labeled Commitment to Healthy Eating, during selective coding. Procedures for establishing credibility are also
Silviculture in a complex management environment: a forest supervisor's perspective

Managing vegetation with silviculture on national forests in the 21st century will be far more complex than at any time in the hundred plus years of the agency’s history. Silviculture will take place in an environment of great uncertainty. A changing climate, unprecedented rates of change to biological communities from invasive species and pests, the likelihood of continued capacity limitations to treat acreage, changes in land use and forest management on surrounding lands, and business models of timber companies will challenge managers and silvicultural practitioners to make tradeoff choices and determine optimization outcomes that will have far reaching and long-lasting effects. Practicing silviculture with humble confidence will become even more imperative. Four attributes essential to facing these practical realities are given to highlight the kinds of dilemmas managers will face and how silviculturists can best contribute to informed decisionmaking.
Facilitative pollinator sharing decreases with floral similarity in multiple systems

Investigating the factors that determine whether interactions are competitive or facilitative is essential to understanding community structure and trait evolution. Co-flowering plants interact indirectly through shared pollinators, and meta-analyses suggest that phylogenetic relatedness and floral trait similarity may predict the outcome of these interactions. In a comparative approach, we manipulated the floral community across five focal species to assess how floral similarity and phylogenetic relatedness affect the outcome of interactions. To assess the extent of pollinator-mediated competition versus facilitation, we compared pollen limitation in five focal species growing with floral neighbors (either congeners or neighbors from a different family) relative to a control (growing alone). We measured floral morphology, color, and nectar traits to calculate multivariate floral similarity between species pairs and inferred a phylogeny to calculate phylogenetic distance. Pollinator-mediated interaction values were regressed against floral similarity and phylogenetic distance. We found evidence of pollinator-mediated facilitation in nine of 13 species pairs. Furthermore, floral similarity and phylogenetic distance reduced facilitative interactions, but the latter relationship was not significant when controlling for the identity of the focal species. Our results suggest that facilitative pollinator sharing is more common than reported in the literature, but co-flowering plant species with similar floral traits are less likely to facilitate pollination. A better understanding of the factors that promote facilitation versus competition has important potential applications for managing rare and invasive species.
Recent progress in multi-stimulable photochromic oxazines with their wide-ranging applications

Abstract Photochromic oxazines have become a matter of extensive research owing to their amazing photo-colouration, excellent reversibility, high fatigue resistance, and various other extraordinary properties that can be tuned with the help of diverse substituents on different fragments of the oxazine. In this review, 1,3-oxazines that exhibit photochromism, are discussed in detail with a special focus on their synthesis, properties and applications. Apart from photochromism, these oxazines were found to display multiple types of chromism, viz. halochromism, thermochromism, piezochromism as well as electrochromism, all of which are elaborated appropriately in the article. The oxazines, possessing such a wide range of properties, have become the most desirable materials for industries. Furthermore, their ability to function as fluorescent molecular switches turn these into biologically significant compounds. The review covers all such impressive applicabilities under its scope.
Acute Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Following COVID-19 Vaccination in a Patient With Previously Stable ITP

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune condition associated with multiple risk factors including viral infections (hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus/cytomegalovirus, HIV, and recently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and vaccines. Though immune mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of acute ITP, autoimmunity with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is still unclear and needs further research. We report a case of acute ITP after administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a patient with previously stable ITP.
D‐Band EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopy of 15N‐Labeled Photosystem I

For billions of years, nature has optimized the photosynthetic machinery that converts light energy into chemical energy. Key primary reactions of photosynthesis occur in large membrane protein–cofactor complexes. The light-induced sequential electron transfer reactions occur through a chain of donor/acceptor cofactors embedded in the protein matrix resulting in a long-lived transmembrane charge-separated state. EPR is the method of choice to study electron transfer and the interaction of protein environment with redox-active cofactors. However, the spectra of organic cofactor radicals typically are not fully resolved and severely overlap at conventional X-band EPR. Even at Q-band EPR, this overlap is present and often a serious problem. As a result, there is a large variation of the reported EPR data and limited understanding of electronic structures of several redox-active cofactors. These serious problems can often be overcome by the excellent spectral resolution provided by high-frequency EPR (HF EPR). Here, we study the electronic structure of the primary electron donor P700 and the secondary electron acceptor A1 of Photosystem I (PSI) using 130 GHz (D-band) EPR and Electron–Nuclear-Double-Resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. PSI was isotopically labeled with 15N (I = ½) to avoid quadrupolar interactions in the most abundant nitrogen isotope 14N (I = 1) and simplify the ENDOR spectra. ENDOR spectroscopy is central for determining the hyperfine coupling of nitrogen atoms of the two chlorophyll molecules comprising oxidized P700 and the involvement of protein nitrogen atoms with reduced A1. While HF ENDOR of A1− allows identification of two nitrogen atoms, HF ENDOR of P700+ still does not permit unique assignment of the recorded hyperfine couplings.
Salient Dimensions of Home Environment Relevant to Child Development

Publisher Summary Quantification of the home environment appears to have followed three different theoretical approaches: (1) the study of general psychosocial climate of the home as perceived by the family members, (2) work on environment process or the reinforcement analysis of learning environment, which is an outgrowth of the social learning theory, and (3) research on child-rearing attitudes and practices. These theoretical approaches have provided the framework for the development of various instruments to measure home environment that use observational and interview methods. The chapter describes several of the instruments developed to measure these three areas and the research that has employed these techniques. The home quality rating scale (HQRS) is the only instrument that measures childrearing attitudes and values. Two of its factors—harmony and quality of parenting and concordance in support of child care—are related to several measures of psychosocial adjustment both at home and school.
Completeness of young fathers’ reports of fertility

Young males' reports of their fertility experiences provide the foundation for substantive research into adolescent males' family roles. Repeated findings that men underreport their fertility in social surveys raises concerns about the usefulness of data collected from men. This study involved calculation of birth rates reported by unmarried males ages 15 to/through 19 in the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males and its 1991 follow-up study. Then these rates were compared with estimates based on the reports of mothers from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey to determine if statistically significant differences existed.
Purification of Factor VII from Bovine Plasma: REACTION WITH TISSUE FACTOR AND ACTIVATION OF FACTOR X

Abstract Factor VII has been purified up to 330,000-fold from bovine plasma by adsorption on, and elution from, barium sulfate, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography on benzamidine coupled to Sepharose. The purified material is inhibited by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate both in its native state and after the formation of a complex with tissue factor in the presence of calcium ions. The Factor VII-tissue factor complex, unlike native Factor VII, has coagulant activity; this activity results in a complex proteolytic activation of Factor X to Xa, as shown by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and by assay of the Factor Xa produced. It has been concluded that Factor VII, unlike Factor X and prothrombin, circulates in the plasma as an active enzyme which has an absolute requirement for tissue factor in order to develop proteolytic activity towards Factor X.
BLACK/WHITE COMPARISONS IN NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES TOWARD OLDER PEOPLE

The present study compares Blacks' and Whites' stereotypes of older people. The respondents are college students of a state university in the Southeast(N=492). The study uses a recently developed Stereo types Toward Older People Scale, consisting of intolerance, health behavior, negative personality characteristics, and inactivity dimensions and has demonstrated reliability and validity. Few studies have specifically compared Black and White differences in negative stereotypes toward older individuals, but instead have used race as a control variable. Results of this study show that without employing control variables, Blacks as compared to Whites believe that older people have more intolerance, have negative personality characteristics, and are in active. However, when respondents' gender, age, family income and academic major were controlled, the study found that respondents' age accounted for the racial differences in negative personality characteristics, and family income accounted for the racial difference in the intolerance toward older individuals. The implications of these findings are discussed and their potential effects on the informal and formal support sectors.
The Effects of Visual Impairment on Adolescents’ Self-concept:

The potential relationship between visual impairment and adolescents’ self-concept has been the subject of much controversy. Several studies, as a result of poor methodology and questionable interp...
Routine use of radiogold following operation for ovarian cancer

Abstract Seventy-four patients with malignant ovarian neoplasm have been treated at two Portland hospitals by the combined use of definitive surgery and intraperitoneal radioactive gold instillation over an 11 year period. Fifty-two of these patients have been followed from 3 to 11 years. The over-all survival rates are 43.9 per cent. A survival rate of 75 per cent was obtained in Class IIB, but in the presence of far-advanced lesions (Class IV) there were no survivors. Prevention or relief of ascites formation was accomplished in 84.3 per cent of patients who died. Complications from the use of gold in our hands have been mild and transient. While other methods of treatment, such as chemotherapy, have recently appeared, none seemed to have any great advantage over the combination of surgery and routine radiogold.
Whites' Desire to Affiliate and Perceived Understanding in Interracial Interactions

Abstract Four studies investigated whether the desire to affiliate with Blacks motivates Whites to perceive that they understand Blacks during discussions of racial topics. Whites' desire to affiliate predicted perceived understanding of Blacks when discussing racial topics (Study 1a), and this effect was mediated by Whites' self-image goals during the interaction (Study 3). Furthermore, Whites' desire to affiliate with Blacks created divergent perceptions of understanding when discussing racial topics (Studies 1b and 2), such that Whites felt they understood Blacks but Blacks did not feel similarly understood. Whites interacting with Black (vs. White) partners reported greater desire to affiliate during discussions about racial topics, which in turn led to greater perceived understanding of the partner (Study 4). I discuss the implications of Whites' desire to affiliate with Blacks when talking about race.
A Timed Petri Net Interpreter: An Alternative Method for Simulation

This paper reports on the design and implementation of a timed Petri net interpreter. Currently, several Petri net simulators written in the Pascal and C languages are available. However, our approach is to use an expert system language called CLIPS to write an interpreter to execute Petri nets. The major difference between a rule-based expert system language like CLIPS and languages such as Ada, C, or Pascal is that the rules of CLIPS can be activated concurrently, while the statements of other languages are sequential. In this project, we first design a Petri net language; programs written in a Petri net language can describe Petri net behavior. Then, we will design and write an interpreter in the CLIPS language that can execute Petri net programs. The CLIPS language is a data driven language, and the interpreter can search for enabled transitions for firing. With this approach, we can avoid complicated data structures and their implementations.
Recoil distance methods and axial and transverse decoupling

The recoil distance method for measuring hyperfine interaction frequencies in highly stripped atoms is very briefly described in terms of a pictorial model. The limitations of this method for high-spin states are indicated. The effect of applying a large transverse magnetic field on the recoiling ions is investigated for Na-like41Ca(15/2+), and the behavior of the angular correlation of the decoupled atom is described in terms of the pictorial model.
Stress protein activation by the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in human mesangial cells

Stress protein activation by the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 in human mesangial cells. Background The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 (15dPGJ 2 ) affects mesangial proliferation, survival and production of proinflammatory proteins. During a survey of the mesangial cell proteome after treatment with 15dPGJ 2 , heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was found to be the most conspicuously up-regulated protein, suggesting that stress proteins are key mediators or modulators of the effects of 15dPGJ 2 . Because cyclopentenone prostaglandins are highly reactive toward intracellular thiols, the role of intracellular thiol modification in the stress response to 15dPGJ 2 was examined. Methods Human mesangial cells were treated with 15dPGJ 2 and intracellular thiol status was monitored by the fluorescent thiol probe monobromobimane (MBB). Specific intracellular thiol pools were manipulated by treating the cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete glutathione (GSH), or phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to modify protein vicinal dithiols. Transcription pathways were examined with reporter gene or adenoviral constructs. Results 15dPGJ 2 decreased mesangial GSH and other intracellular thiols, but depletion of GSH specifically with BSO did not induce HSP70. Thiol-replenishing reagents, which can restore modified protein thiols, attenuated 15dPGJ 2 -induced HSP70 levels. Furthermore, PAO mimicked the effects of 15dPGJ 2 on HSP70. 15dPGJ 2 also activated the stress-responsive transcription factor Nrf2, which requires thiol modification of its cytoplasmic inhibitor protein for transcriptional activity, and induced the Nrf2-dependent stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Conclusion 15dPGJ 2 activates a stress response in human mesangial cells by covalent modification of protein thiols through its unique cyclopentenone ring structure. This stress response may be beneficial in preventing renal cell injury or death during kidney inflammation or ischemia.