cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Two Modes”—Proposal by Congress and “The Other Way”: Remedies II (The How)

This chapter (“The ‘Two Modes’—Proposal by Congress and ‘The Other Way’: Remedies II (The How)”) begins by focusing on Woodrow Wilson’s transformation from advocate of reform via constitutional means (Article V) to advocate for reform via extra-constitutional means (parties, judicial interpretation, statute, leadership, etc.). Whereas the last chapter focused on “the who and what” of constitutional reform: Who throughout American history has called for structural reform and what types of reforms did they advocate? This chapter (and the subsequent chapter) focuses on the “how”—How can constitutional revision be achieved? Can reason-based reform be realized in a system such as ours? What methods are available? Are the methods the Framers left us with viable or should we be looking to extra-constitutional means to bridge the divisions?
A Replication of Stern, West, and Schmitt (2014) Indicates Less False Consensus Among Liberals Than Conservatives, But No False Uniqueness

Abstract. Stern, West, and Schmitt (2014) reported that liberals display truly false uniqueness in contrast to moderates and conservatives who display truly false consensus. We conducted a close, p...
Hydrologic Modeling of the Sudd Wetland using Satellite-based Data

Abstract Study region The Sudd Wetland, located in South Sudan within the Nile River Basin. Study focus This study combines limited in-situ data with satellite-based estimates of wetland inundation extents, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration to develop a hydrologic model of the Sudd Wetland. Holistic water balance assessments were integrated into the model development process to balance data uncertainty with model complexity. An existing model grounded in historical observations served as the foundation for an alternative model that simulates the Sudd flooded area and outflow. Model improvements were formulated and tested incrementally through an iterative procedure, resulting in new insights on the Sudd hydrology and ideas for future model improvements. New hydrological insights for the region The recent satellite-derived hydrologic data suggests that the existing Sudd model over-predicts the areal flood extents and does not accurately capture the storage-attenuation characteristics of the wetland. However, the remotely sensed information is highly uncertainty and somewhat inconsistent in terms of the Sudd water balance, limiting the complexity of an alternative model. Model simulations and analyses suggest that the model structure and performance could be substantially improved if more accurate estimates of the Sudd inflows and wetland inundation extents could be derived. A significant challenge is the need to distinguish between areas that are physically connected to the Sudd water body, but likely not hydrologically connected and contributing to the main water body that regulates the outflows.
Efficient Binary Static Code Data Flow Analysis Using Unsupervised Learning

The ever increasing need to ensure that code is reliably, efficiently and safely constructed has fueled the evolution of popular static binary code analysis tools. In identifying potential coding flaws in binaries, tools such as IDA Pro are used to disassemble the binaries into an opcode/assembly language format in support of manual static code analysis. Because of the highly manual and resource intensive nature involved with analyzing large binaries, the probability of overlooking potential coding irregularities and inefficiencies is quite high. In this paper, a light-weight, unsupervised data flow methodology is described which uses highly-correlated data flow graph (CDFGs) to identify coding irregularities such that analysis time and required computing resources are minimized. Such analysis accuracy and efficiency gains are achieved by using a combination of graph analysis and unsupervised machine learning techniques which allows an analyst to focus on the most statistically significant flow patterns while performing binary static code analysis.
Reasonable Reconstruction of Socratic Irony in Public Discourse

Reasonable reconstruction of public statements is an essential component of civil discourse especially in contentious political contexts. This essay addresses the problems posed by irony through the perspective of the speaker and the audience. I argue that existing attempts to systematize the identification and reconstruction of irony focus unduly on forms of contrary irony, thereby neglecting the more complex figure of Socratic Irony. Socratic Irony (also discussed as referential irony, echotic irony or dialectical irony), which can be characterized by the invocation of the voice of the other, is distinguished from other important meanings of the word “irony” and illustrated by one ancient and three contemporary examples. When encountering this stylistic device, reasonable audiences must choose their principle of reconstruction. Of the five options for this choice, the final one reconstructing Socratic Irony using recurring markers is ultimately championed and its functionality demonstrated on the four earlier examples.
The impact of extended school days on academic outcomes: evidence from Brazil

This paper evaluates the impact of extension of the school day in the context of Brazil’s Mais Educacao Extended School Day Program. Using school level longitudinal data, we find that the program r...
Mechanics of Solids and Materials: Micromechanics of Crystallographic Slip

Fundamental concepts concerning the micromechanics of crystalline plasticity are reviewed in this chapter. An overview of deformation mechanisms is given for crystalline materials that possess grain sizes that are said to be “traditional,” i.e ., larger than about 2 µm in diameter. Some brief comments are made about the trends in deformation mechanisms when the grain sizes are much below this range (nanograins). Early Observations In a series of articles published between 1898 and 1900 Ewing and Rosenhain summarized their metallographic studies of deformed polycrystalline metals. The conclusion they reached concerning the mechanisms of plastic deformation provided a remarkably accurate picture of crystalline plasticity. Figure 27.1 is a schematic diagram, including some surrounding text, taken from their 1900 overview article. Figure 27.2 is one of their many excellent optical micrographs of deformed polycrystalline metals; the particular micrograph in Fig. 27.2 is of polycrystalline lead. They identified the steps a-e in Fig. 27.1 as “slip-steps” caused by the emergence of “slip bands,” which formed along crystallographic planes, at the specimen surfaces (thereby coining these two well-known phrases). Traces of the crystalline slip planes were indicated by the dashed lines. The line labeled C was indicated by them to be a grain boundary separating two grains; the grains, they concluded, were crystals with a more or less homogeneous crystallographic orientation. Slip steps corresponding to the diagram of Fig. 27.1 are clearly visible in the micrograph of Fig. 27.2.
Recent developments in prognostic ocean modeling

Abstract Prognostic ocean circulation models have developed rapidly in the past two decades. Global general circulation models are now capable of reproducing reasonably well the large scale features of the temperature and salinity fields representative of today's climatic state. Both eddy and non-eddy models are actively being used to address a wide variety of issues concerning the oceanic circulation on a variety of time scales. Here we describe a sampling of this work and then turn toward the remaining difficulties in making further progress in this class of models. In particular, the necessity for and ability to parameterize fast time-scale and small space-scale behavior-the internal mixing of heat, salt and momentum-is outlined and the tools and recent steps for validating such parameterizations discussed. Better prognostic models of the ocean system are a necessary step toward models that can accurately combine observational data with a high quality model for prediction purposes.
A new model of source dependent noise for robust array signal processing

We investigate an alternative model for signals encountered in acoustic environments to the traditional Gaussian process. The sound signals in this case are assumed to be sub-Gaussian of impulsive nature. The noise encountered in these environments predominantly stems from reverberation or multipath effects, which makes it significantly dependent on the source. Hence, the noise is also modeled as jointly sub-Gaussian. The Levy alpha-stable distribution, of characteristic exponent 0.5 and index of symmetry 1, is used together with a multivariate Gaussian density to derive the sub-Gaussian process. Based on this density, the stochastic Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator is formulated. A separable solution of the estimator is given. Subsequently, simulations demonstrating the performance gains relative to the Gaussian-based ML estimator are provided, as well as a comparison of the two methods on localization of real sounds gathered with a 20- and 41-microphone arrays.
Mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter are supersensitive to psychostimulants

The action of norepinephrine (NE) is terminated, in part, by its uptake into presynaptic noradrenergic neurons by the plasma-membrane NE transporter (NET), which is a target for antidepressants and psychostimulants. Disruption of the NET gene in mice prolonged the clearance of NE and elevated extracellular levels of this catecholamine. In a classical test for antidepressant drugs, the NET-deficient (NET-/-) animals behaved like antidepressant-treated wild-type mice. Mutants were hyper-responsive to locomotor stimulation by cocaine or amphetamine. These responses were accompanied by dopamine D2/D3 receptor supersensitivity. Thus altering NET expression significantly modulates midbrain dopaminergic function, an effect that may be an important component of the actions of antidepressants and psychostimulants.
Multilinguality in the Digital Library: A Review

Purpose – Together, increasing globalization and the internet created fertile grounds for the establishment of multilingual digital libraries. Providing cross‐lingual access to materials is of particular interest to political entities such as the European Union, which currently has 23 official languages, but also to multinational companies and countries that have different languages represented among their citizens. The main objective of this paper is to review the literature on multilingual digital libraries and provide an overview of this area.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a thorough literature search in four different databases, a core set of literature on multilingual digital libraries was retrieved. Literature on various aspects of this topic was reviewed. The paper is organized based on emerging themes directly drawn from the literature. Where warranted additional literature is brought in to provide necessary background information or clarification.Findings – Creating a multilingual digital...
Use of anti-CD20 antibody in the treatment of post-transplant glomerulonephritis

Post-transplant glomerulonephritis (PTGN) accounts for 4-10% of late graft loss. Six consecutive patients who developed PTGN 3-72 months post-transplant presented to our center with deteriorating kidney function and proteinuria. Three had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; one had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type 1; one recurrent membranous nephropathy; and one recurrent immunoglobin A nephropathy. All six were treated with an aggressive immunosuppression regimen including rituximab, pulse steroids and/or maximization of mycophenolic acid and calcineurin inhibitor therapy. Four of the six patients received plasma exchange. The patients were followed for a minimum of nine months after treatment. Proteinuria decreased from 7.2 ± 4.4 to 1.4 ± 1.5g (p = 0.04), while mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 31.2 ± 13.1 and 42.5 ± 21.7 mL/min (p = 0.07) at nine months. No adverse events were noted. These observations suggest that immune modulating therapy may be of benefit in the treatment of PTGN.
The External Granule Layer of the Developing Chick Cerebellum Generates Granule Cells and Cells of the Isthmus and Rostral Hindbrain

The external granule layer (EGL) on the dorsal surface of the developing cerebellum consists of neural progenitors originating from the rostral rhombic lip (RRL). The RRL and the EGL were thought to give rise exclusively to the granule neurons of the cerebellum (Alder et al., 1996). To study the fate of individual RRL cells, we used a retroviral library to mark clones in the chick embryo at Hamberger-Hamilton stages 10-12. RRL clones comprised the EGL and cerebellar granule cells, as expected. Surprisingly, however, as many as 50% of the RRL clones also contained cells ventral to the cerebellum proper. Ventral derivatives were found in clones with a medial origin, as well as in those with a lateral origin along the RRL. Some of the ventral progeny appeared to be in the process of migration, whereas others appeared to be differentiating neurons in the isthmus and the rostral hindbrain region, including the locus coeruleus (LC) and pontine reticular formation. Furthermore, the Phox2a marker of LC precursors was detected in the EGL within the anterior aspect of the cerebellum. A stream of cells originating in the EGL and expressing Phox2a was observed to terminate ventrally in the LC. These data demonstrate that single RRL progenitor cells are not restricted to producing only cerebellar granule cells; they produce both cerebellar granule cells and ventral derivatives, some of which become hindbrain neurons. They also suggest that some progeny of the EGL escape the cerebellum via the anterior aspect of the cerebellar peduncles, to contribute to the generation of ventral structures such as the LC.
Measuring global oral proficiency in SLA research: A new elicited imitation test of L2 Chinese

This article describes a new Chinese Elicited Imitation Test (EIT) and reports on a study that investigated the degree to which it functions as a tool that can be used in second language acquisition research to gauge global second language (L2) oral proficiency. Eighty L2 Chinese learners, sampled from two university curricular levels so as to represent high and low linguistic abilities and including both heritage and foreign language learners, participated in the study by completing the EIT as well as an oral narrative task and a background questionnaire. The results suggest that the new Chinese EIT can help measure overall oral linguistic proficiency in L2 Chinese for a variety of research purposes.
The Paleontological Legacy of Eckert and Mauchly: Numerical Palaeobiology: Computer-Based Modelling and Analysis of Fossils and Their Distributions. David A. T. Harper, editor. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England. 1999. 468 pages. Cloth $99.00.

In 1982, my family became the first on the block to own a computer. We purchased an Apple IIe with double the standard amount of RAM (bringing it up to a whopping 128K), a 5¼-inch low-density disk drive, and an Epson ProWriter dot matrix printer. While I did spend quite a bit of time with this machine, I didn't realize the significance of this event until much later. It made me a member of the first generation of scientists who never knew an academic world that was not fully infused with computers. As part of this group, I was initially somewhat puzzled by the organizing theme of a book edited by David A. T. Harper called Numerical Palaeobiology: Computer-Based Modelling and Analysis of Fossils and their Distributions . All of the chapters in this volume review the use of computers in different areas of paleobiological research, and it seemed curious to link such diverse topics just because they use the same ubiquitous tool. One reason for the wide range of topics in such a volume is that computers are universal machines without a specific purpose. They don't really “do” anything in particular except shuffle bits of information, making mathematical operations and data handling easier than they would be without computers. As for most people, much of what paleontologists do with computers is mundane and rather uninteresting. We type manuscripts, we create figures, we send and receive e-mail. Dispensing with these sorts of applications, Harper presents an eclectic collection of papers on topics covering computer-based analyses of fossils, from individual specimens to the entire fossil biota. I was generally pleased with the individual chapters but was somewhat disappointed with the lack of discussion of the status of “numerical paleobiology” in general. The volume begins with a brief preface from the editor …
Philosophy within Faith

The question of the relationship between faith and philosophy opens a newpossibility for reading the history of philosophy. Despite modern thought’semancipation from religious and political authorities, philosophers fromDescartes to Kant and Hegel continued to see the connections between theirphilosophy and the Christian religion as a philosophical question of greatimportance, although religious practices or theological convictions no longeroccupied the center of their search for truth. In asking what kind of philosophyis compatible or incompatible with a philosopher’s attachment to Christianfaith, a retrieval of metaphorical and vocative language might open newpossibilities for interaction between philosophy and faith.
The Invisible Black Victim: How American Federalism Perpetuates Racial Inequality in Criminal Justice

The promise of civil rights is the promise of inclusion; yet the vast disparity in incarceration rates between blacks, Latinos, and whites stands as an ugly reminder of the nation's long history of race-based exclusionary practices. In this article, I argue that an important aspect of understanding race and the law in the twenty-first century is an appreciation of the American federal system that structures legal authority, political mobilization, and policy solutions and serves as an important and overlooked obstacle to more complete and sustained racial equality in crime and punishment in the United States. In contrast to the conventional wisdom about the role of the national government in protecting the rights of minorities and other disadvantaged groups, I suggest that crime and justice are arenas where the nationalization of issues has left the most important constituents behind. In fact, local crime politics provides a space where there is regular and ongoing articulation of the inclusionary goals of the civil rights agenda and sustained efforts to move forward in realizing that agenda through meaningful community involvement in promoting public safety, economic development, and social justice. This article explores these themes and offers a discussion of the linkages between federalism, racial inequality and crime, victimization and punishment.
Family Presence During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Using Evidence-Based Knowledge to Guide the Advanced Practice Nurse in Developing Formal Policy and Practice Guidelines

Purpose To provide advanced practice nurses (APNs) with the best available evidence for implementation of policies and procedures to allow family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the acute care environment. Data sources A comprehensive review of research-based articles from Ebsco Host, CINAHL, Pre-CINAHL, and Medline Plus, as well as statement alerts from nursing credentialing bodies, and practice guidelines were reviewed. Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort and Lewin's Three Step Change Theory provide a framework for implementation of formal policies and procedures. Conclusions Best available evidence showed more support in favor of allowing families at the bedside during CPR. Implementation of policies and procedures allowing family presence enables facilities to change and grow in a holistic and family-oriented atmosphere. Implications for practice With this evidence-based knowledge the APN will be able to disseminate information to facilitate collaborative change in current practices surrounding staff education, decision making, and self-governance. The APN can then address controversial changes when developing formal policies and procedures, which will increase patient satisfaction and outcomes.
A Simple Heart Model Designed to Demonstrate Biological System Simulation

A third-order model of the cardiovascular system which is designed to illustrate biological system simulation to bioengineering students and to introduce the students to a maximum number of analog computer components is described. The extreme simplicity of the model allows the students to concentrate on the simulation and computation without the additional burden of physiological complexity. Heart pumping action is derived from a variable capacitor, and the systemic circulation is modeled as an RC filter. The data obtained from this model show good correlation with observed data. After presentation of this simple model in class, the students are asked to improve the simulation by including any or all of several improvements which are suggested in this paper.
Large-scale and solar cycle variations of the solar wind

This paper summarizes space probe observations relevant to the determination of the large-scale, three-dimensional structure of the solar wind and its solar cycle variations. Observations between 0.6 and 5 AU reveal very little change in the average solar-wind velocity, but a pronounced decrease in the spread of velocities about the average. The velocity changes may be accompanied by a transfer of energy from the electrons to the protons. The mass flux falls off approximately as the inverse square of distance as expected for spherically symmetric flow. Measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field show that the spiral angle is well defined over this entire range of distances, but there is some evidence that the spiral may wind up more slowly with distance from the Sun than predicted by Parker's model. The variances or noise in the field and plasma have also been measured as a function of radial distance. During the rising portion of the solar-activity cycle, the solar-wind velocity showed a pronounced positive correlation with solar latitude over the range ±7°. Several other plasma parameters which have been found generally to correlate (or anticorrelate) with velocity also showed a latitude variation; these parameters include the density, percent helium, and azimuthal flow direction. The average polarity and the north-south component of the magnetic field depend on the solar hemisphere in which the measurements are made. Dependence on the phase of the solar-activity cycle can be found in the data on the number of high speed streams, the proton density, the percent helium, and the magnetic-field strength and polarity.
Active and passive material optimization in a tendon actuated morphing aircraft structure

Continuously morphing aircraft wings are currently a focus of considerable research. Efforts are being made to achieve effective and optimal wing shape change under different flight conditions such as take off, cruise, dash, and loiter. The present research aims to achieve wing morphing by using an internal structure consisting of actuated tendons and passive struts. An important aspect of this approach is determining the optimal layout of tendons and struts. In this paper a genetic algorithm is developed to optimize the three-dimensional tendon-strut layout for a prescribed wing geometry and shape change. The method is applied to two morphing wing applications, the NASA HECS wing and NextGen TSCh wing.
Research Experiences for Teachers (RET): Motivation, Expectations, and Changes to Teaching Practices due to Professional Program Involvement

This study investigated teachers’ motivation, expectations, and changes to teaching practices due to a 6 week summer professional development program involvement. Participants (n = 67) attended the Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) program within a major university in southeast. Surveys and interviews were used to collect data to answer the following research questions: (1) Who attends the RET program? (2) In what ways do elementary teachers differ from middle/secondary teachers with respect to their motivation for attending the RET program and their expectations about the program? (3) In what ways do elementary teachers differ from middle/secondary teachers with respect to implementing changes to their teaching practices due to RET program attendance? Survey results indicated significant differences between elementary teachers and secondary education teachers with respect to their expectations about the program, and changes to their teaching practices. Interview results provided support to survey findings. Implications for professional development and science teacher education are discussed in relationship with the current study findings.
Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Electrospinning is a fascinating technique to fabricate micro- to nano-scale fibers from a wide variety of materials. For biopolymers, molecular entanglement of the constituent polymers in the spinning dope was found to be an essential prerequisite for successful electrospinning. Rheology is a powerful tool to probe the molecular conformation and interaction of biopolymers. In this report, we demonstrate the protocol for utilizing rheology to evaluate the electrospinnability of two biopolymers, starch and pullulan, from their dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water dispersions. Well-formed starch and pullulan fibers with average diameters in the submicron to micron range were obtained. Electrospinnability was evaluated by visual and microscopic observation of the fibers formed. By correlating the rheological properties of the dispersions to their electrospinnability, we demonstrate that molecular conformation, molecular entanglement, and shear viscosity all affect electrospinning. Rheology is not only useful in solvent system selection and process optimization, but also in understanding the mechanism of fiber formation on a molecular level.
The effect of New Zealand spinach juice on the infection of cowpeas by tobacco ringspot virus

Abstract New Zealand spinach juice, when mixed with tobacco ringspot virus and rubbed on cowpea leaves, caused a delay in the appearance of primary virus lesions. This phenomenon is considered to result from the interaction of two materials, an inhibitor which separately decreases and an augmenter which separately increases the number of lesions. The inhibitor was partially purified, and the augmenter was identified indirectly as a soluble oxalate salt. Experiments in which mixtures of partially purified inhibitor, sodium oxalate, and virus were assayed on cowpeas yielded results consonant with the behavior observed with juice. The modes of action of inhibitor and augmenter are discussed.
Rock ‘n’ Roll Music as a Timepiece

This essay illustrates the value of time in understanding baby boomers' experiences of rock ‘n’ roll. In a distinctively interactionist style, I use time as a sensitizing concept in my research on this phenomenon. The orientation that guides this research is methodological tourism, by which the researcher treats something as common and taken-for-granted as rock ‘n’ roll music in everyday life as strange if not exotic. Structurally, songs about time constitute the most visible temporal structures in the world of rock ‘n’ roll. Interactionally, I will argue that the concept of the cohort is more useful than that of the decade for an interpretive analysis of musical nostalgia, a key feature of the phenomenon in question. Illustrations of the reflexive relationship between rock ‘n’ roll and time in middle age include using awareness of recent deaths of rock ‘n’ roll performers to interpret the existential significance of aging; using rock ‘n’ roll songs as benchmarks for significant events such as birthdays and anniversaries, as well as gift giving for these events; and using rock ‘n’ roll music to pass the time.
Fiber delivery of sub-10-fs pulses for nonlinear optical microscopy

Broadband, sub-10-fs pulses, can be propagated through polarization maintaining silica core single mode fibers for use in NLOM. In a manner similar to all fiber chirped pulse amplifiers, we stretch the pulse sufficiently, ~-4000 fs2 post fiber residual chirp, such that nonlinearity is minimized owing to the significant impact of dispersion on pulse width. The optics of the imaging system provide the remaining positive dispersion delivering a near transform limited, 12.7 fs pulse, to the specimen plane. We are able to achieve average powers up to 75 mW from the fiber with minimal changes in spectra at a fiber length of 400 mm. Image intensity analysis of identical images taken with and without the fiber indicates that the fiber based system is capable of generating signals that are within a factor of two of our traditional NLOM. Autocorrelations and pulse spectra are also presented following propagation through the fiber and imaging system.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mergers, acquisitions, and the pruning of managerial deadwood

This research investigates the role that mergers and acquisitions may play in the disciplining of entrenched and inefficient managers. The relationship between a company's performance history and its subsequent top management turnover is assessed for a sample of target companies, their parents, and a control group of companies not involved in merger and acquisition activity. The results reveal that target company top management turnover is higher than ‘normal’ in the 2 years immediately following a merger or acquisition, but there is no relationship between previous target company performance and its subsequent top management turnover. Further analyses indicate that first-year target company turnover rates are associated with a history of relatively poor parent company performance, while second-year turnover rates are associated with a history of relatively good parent company performance.
A model relating extinction of the opposed-flow diffusion flame to reaction kinetics

Abstract A theoretical analysis is developed for the extinction of a homogeneous counterflow diffusion flame due to limitations in the reaction kinetics. With increasing mass flux of reactants into the diffusion flame a maximum in the consumption rate of fuel and oxidizer in the reaction zone occurs. The analysis shows that experimental measurements of the extinction conditions (“apparent flame strengths”) can be used to evaluate quantitatively such kinetic parameters as the overall activation energy, the pre-exponential Arrhenius term, and the order of reaction. The theoretical model is applied to the propane-oxygen-nitrogen system, for which an activation energy of 21 ± 2 kcal/mole is calculated on the basis of experimental flame extinction data.
Comparison of the boundary-lubricating ability of bovine synovial fluid, lubricin, and Healon.

Purified human umbilical hyaluronate and a commercial preparation of rooster comb hyaluronate (Healon®) intended for intra-articular viscosupplementation did not demonstrate the same degree of boundary-lubricating ability as bovine synovial fluid or its purified lubricating mucin, lubricin (p < 0.01). Boundary lubrication was measured in vitro in an arthrotripsometer oscillating natural latex against polished glass under a load of 0.35 MPa with an entraining velocity of 0.37 mm/s. The two hyaluronate solutions possessed the same hyaluronate concentration as synovial fluid, but Healon was 4.5 times more viscous. Present practice of viscosupplementation therapy for degenerative joint disease is limited and fails to implicate the important role of synovial mucin. Boundary lubrication provided by synovial mucin, independent of its viscosity, is not replicated by hyaluronate hydrogels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 414–418, 1998.
Reduction of detector noise in experiments with synchrotron radiation

Abstract Noise reduction in existing detector systems at synchrotron radiation facilities can be accomplished by utilizing the pulsed structure of the synchrotron radiation. We present the working principle of this technique and explain its feasibility for use with common X-ray detectors that provide single photon counting.
Advanced magnetocaloric materials: What does the future hold?

Recent achievements in the design of robust near room temperature magnetic cooling devices signify paradigm shift in refrigeration, liquefaction and freezing technologies, and call for a much broader base of advanced magnetocaloric materials to support quick materialization of this environmentally friendly, energy efficient technology in a variety of markets. The latest material discoveries are reviewed and current trends in engineering of advanced magnetocaloric compounds have been identified.
Connections and Confusion: Teaching Perimeter and Area with a Problem-Solving Oriented Unit.

Abstract Problem-solving-oriented mathematics curricula are viewed as important vehicles to help achieve K-12 mathematics education reform goals. Although mathematics curriculum projects are currently underway to develop such materials, little is known about how teachers actually use problem-solving-oriented curricula in their classrooms. This article profiles a middle-school mathematics teacher and examines her use of two problems from a pilot version of a sixth-grade unit developed by a mathematics curriculum project. The teacher's use of the two problems reveals that although problem-solving-oriented curricula can be used to yield rich opportunities for problem solving and making mathematical connections, such materials can also provide sites for student confusion and uncertainty. Examination of this variance suggests that further attention should be devoted to learning about teachers' use of problem-solving-oriented mathematics curricula. Such inquiry could inform the increasing development and use of problem-solving-oriented curricula.
Lability of aqueous solutions of potassium silicate

Abstract The lability of potassium (1:3.45) silicate solutions has been observed by studying their effect on the spectra of pinacyanol chloride and by noting the behavior of mixtures of silicate and dye with a cation exchange resin. The present studies employing this cationic dye indicated complex formation between silicate and dye and showed that the solutions of silicate are extremely labile at concentrations below about 0.75% K 2 0·3.45SiO 2 . Temperature and concentrations were found to have a marked effect on the lability.
LEUKÆMIA AND B.C.G.: A Controlled Trial

Abstract During a 21-year period after a controlled trial of B.C.G. vaccination in Georgia and Alabama, 32 cases of leukaemia, 15 cases of Hodgkin's disease, and 13 cases of lymphosarcoma were identified among the study population of 64,126 persons. There was no indication that B.C.G. vaccination had either prevented or encouraged the development of these diseases.
On the Derivation of Global Ignition Kinetics from a Detailed Mechanism for Simple Hydrocarbon Oxidation

Abstract A method for deriving global ignition kinetics from a detailed chemical mechanism is described, with the lime-temperature range of applicability assessed. The computed ordering of simple hydrocarbons by ignition temperature is consistent with published data. Values of the global rate parameters were found to be only weakly dependent on gas mixing intensity, as determined by a comparison of results from a perfectly-stirred reactor model and plug flow reactor model. Major reaction pathways prior to and at ignition are presented for methane, ethane, ethylene and acetylene in stoichiometric air. Radical chain mechanism analysis of reduced reaction sets demonstrates that values of effective ignition activation energies are dependent almost entirely on one or two chain-branching reactions. These results suggest that the global chemistry representing the weakly reacting regime up to ignition may be determined independent of reactor fluid mechanics and utilized in the prediction of hydrocarbon auto-ignition.
Tuning gas-sensing properties of reduced graphene oxide using tin oxide nanocrystals

We report a novel and selective gas-sensing platform with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated with tin oxide (SnO2) nanocrystals (NCs). This hybrid SnO2 NC–RGO platform showed enhanced NO2 but weakened NH3 sensing compared with bare RGO, showing promise in tuning the sensitivity and selectivity of RGO-based gas sensors.
A computer program to aid in the preparation of reagent solutions.

Abstract A computer program for calculating required amounts of reagents for making up chemical solutions is presented. The program also maintains a custom list of available reagents. use of the interactive mode guides the novice in entering the required information. The program is written in the BASIC programming language for IBM compatible microcomputers. It is available without cost from the author.
Con: Thiopental should not be used before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in pediatric patients

A LMOST half a century has passed since the first experimental and clinical use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) for the surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects. 1 In those 50 years, a marked advance in the understanding of the physiology and improvement in the technical conduct of hypothermic CPB have enabled surgeons to perform repairs on the most difficult congenital cardiac defects with ever-decreasing morbidity and mortality. However, neurologic injury with residual motor and neuropsychologic deficit attributed to DHCA has long been identified as a major morbidity 2 that has yet to be overcome. The incidence of neurologic complications in children after DHCA ranges from 20% to 80%, including developmental delays, diminished intelligence, pyramidal deficits, severe hypotonia, focal seizures, and choreoathetosis. 3,4 These neurologic deficits increase the mortality rate from 7.2% to 19.6% after pediatric cardiac surgery. The incidence of electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures (20%) post-DHCA far exceeds clinically detected seizures (6%) and correlates with a worse motor function, neuropsychologic development, and more abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in a 1-year follow-up. 5
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN THE YOUNG DOG.

Summary The aortae of thorough-bred beagle dogs under 12 months of age are shown to be free from macroscopic arteriosclerotic lesions. Induced aortic lesions are described in beagle dogs aged between 8 and 11 months. They are similar in histological ap pearance to spontaneous lesions in older dogs. Their development is attributed to the repeated parenteral or oral administration of various substances. Environmental and exteroceptive stimuli, such as handling and pain are causative, and not the nature or the dose of the administered substances. This concept forms the working hypothesis for further experiments.
Research Ethics and the Interpretive Stance in Fieldwork

Etude de la critique methodologique de la science sociale interpretative developpee par Jones a partir d'une evaluation morale des principes de l'analyse culturelle de C. Geertz.
Association of intraocular pressure and myopia in children.

Purpose: While elevated Intraocular pressure (IOP) is associated with myopia in adults, its potential influence on the growth of eyes in juveniles without glaucoma is controversial. To address this issue, a possible relation between IOP and refraction in children was sought. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of IOP was conducted in children presenting to the Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia for a complete eye examination. Measurement of IOP was attempted in all children, including those with amblyopia, prematurity, and strabismus. Exclusion criteria were abnormalities of the posterior pole and/or conditions such as cataract that precluded assessment of refractive error. For analysis, myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of more than 1 diopter (D) of myopia. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between other patient characteristics and presence of myopia. Results: Intraocular pressure testing was attempted in all age groups, but was more successful in older children. Reliable readings were obtained on 321 subjects. The mean age was 9.8 years, with a mean IOP of 17.3 mmHg in the right eye and 17.2 mmHg in the left and a mean spherical equivalent of +0.2 D in the right eye and +0.1 D in the left. Increasing age, a family history of myopia, and amblyopia were associated with myopia. Increasing IOP also was related to myopia. Even when patients with amblyopia, strabismus, and prematurity were excluded, age, family history of myopia, and IOP again were associated with myopia. Conclusions: These results indicate that IOP in children may be higher in myopic than nonmyopic eyes. Whether IOP could contribute to the mechanisms causing the abnormal eye growth of childhood myopia requires further study.
A historical perspective on the specific activity of radiopharmaceuticals: What have we learned in the 35 years of the ISRC?

Specific Activity (SA), defined as the amount of radioactivity per unit mass of a compound is arguably one of the most important parameters in radiopharmaceutical development, particularly in quality control of carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labeled compounds. This review article will outline the progression of improvements in SA over the last few decades. The International Symposium of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry (ISRC/ISRS) abstracts were an excellent source of materials for this review and will be referenced throughout.
Trends in incidence and survival of pediatric and adolescent patients with germ cell tumors in the United States, 1975 to 2006

BACKGROUND: Pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and heterogeneous tumors with uncertain etiology. In the current study, data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program were used to evaluate trends in incidence and survival of GCTs in boys and girls ages ≤19 years. To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have evaluated trends in pediatric GCTs. Results from these analyses may provide clues to the etiology of GCTs. METHODS: Frequencies, incidence rates, and 5-year relative survival rates stratified by sex were evaluated overall and by demographic subgroups based on age (birth to 9 years and 10-19 years), race (white, black, and other), and ethnicity (non-Hispanic and Hispanic) as sample size permitted. RESULTS: In whites, the incidence of GCTs was lower for females than males in the 10-year to 19-year age group (rate ratio [RR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.42-0.53), whereas the rates were similar in the age group for birth to 9 years. In contrast, incidence rates were higher in black females than in black males in both age groups (RR, 2.01 [95%CI, 1.08-3.84] in those ages birth to 9 years; RR, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.13-5.28] in those ages 10-19 years). The incidence of ovarian GCT was significantly higher in Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic girls in the groups aged 10 to 19 years. Incidence rates increased during the study period in boys ages 10 to 19 years (annual percentage change [APC], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4-2.1) and girls ages birth to 9 years (APC, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.3-2.5). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of pediatric GCTs in the United States appears to be increasing only in certain subgroups, suggesting that the etiology is not completely overlapping in all age groups. Differences in incidence patterns by race and ethnicity merit further investigation. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Thermophysical properties of carbon/graphite fibers and MOD-3 fiber-reinforced graphite

Abstract The flash method is extended to measure directly the thermal diffusivity of graphite/carbon fiber in unidirectionally fiber-reinforced composites and also in fiber bundles. The thermal diffusivity was measured using both composities and fiber bundles for Morganite II and Thornal 50 S graphite fiber and for composite samples containing PX 505 carbon fiber. In addition, the thermal diffusivity of Morganite II and Thornel 50 S graphite fiber was calculated from the effective thermal conductivity of composite samples measured by an absolute method. The thermal diffusivity of MOD-3 fiber-reinforced graphite was measured and the results were used to compute the thermal conductivity in the three orthogonal directions.
Observation of NH (X 3Σ−, a 1Δ) from the H + NCO reaction

Abstract The H + NCO→NH + CO reaction has been investigated in a molecular experiment in a beam-gas scattering arrangement by laser fluorescence detection of the NH product in its X 3 Σ − and a 1 Δ electronic states. These states are formed almost exclusively in their ground v = 0 vibrational levels. The electronic state branching ratio of a 1 Δ to X 3 Σ − is determined to equal 0.0023 ± 0.0009:1. The total reaction cross section for H + NCO versus that for H + N 3 was estimated to be 1.2 ± 0.3:1. The low formation rate for the NH (a 1 Δ) product reflects the slight endothermicity of the NH (a 1 Δ) + CO reaction pathway. The implication of these experimental results for the dynamics of the H + NCO reaction, in particular the mechanism of formation of the NH (X 3 Σ − ) product, as well as a comparison with the H + N 3 reaction, are discussed.
Natural transitions: from K‐12 to US academic library instructors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the decision of former traditional K‐12 teachers in the USA who chose a new career path in academic libraries. It focuses on their successes and challenges in higher education settings.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a qualitative‐methods approach which includes a brief questionnaire.Findings – Findings indicate that former K‐12 teachers leave their traditional teaching professions due to bureaucracy but because they enjoy teaching, they seek other opportunities in education. The research also reveals that many of the participants continue to use their K‐12 training in their current instruction positions as academic librarians.Research limitations/implications – Future research on this topic should look into more proactive ways of recruiting K‐12 teachers into positions of information literacy instructor in academic libraries.Practical implications – Those responsible for hiring information literacy instruction librarians will learn the b...
A note on a nonlinear wave equation in two and three space dimensions

(1997). A note on a nonlinear wave equation in two and three space dimensions. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 22, No. 5-6, pp. 799-810.