cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genesis and power: An analysis of the biblical story of creation

This essay suggests that power be conceived as a dialectic of “authorship” and “authority.” Interest in understanding the rhetorical power of sacred texts is blended with interest in explaining the cultural origins of Anglo‐American social order. Because it is inherently persuasive, and because it became the first principle of arguments for justifying hierarchy, the Biblical story of creation should be read as an archetype that circumscribes all possible power relationships in Judeo‐Christian cultures.
Strong anisotropy in hybridizaton-induced relaxation of magnetic excitations in U3+ systems

Abstract Sharp magnetic excitations typically are not observed in neutron inelastic scattering experiments in uranium systems having partially delocalized 5f electrons such as the incipient heavy fermion systems UP and UAs. Exceptions are USb and UTe. For UTe, Lander et al. recently found dispersion relations and damping that are very anisotropic, with line-width increasing moderately along [q q q], but very strongly along [q q 0]. We have now applied our relaxation theory to UP, UAs and UTe, and find excellent agreement with experiment. For UTe a strongdifference in broadening behavior with q arises because the intensity distribution among modes is strongly q -dependent. We regard the agreement with experiment for the highly anisotropic broadening of the magnetic excitations in UTe asproviding an especially significant verification of the validity of our physical picture and theoretical methodology.
Geochemical evidence for hydroclimatic variability over the last 2460 years from Crevice Lake in Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract A 2460-year-long hydroclimatic record for Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Montana was constructed from the δ 18 O values of endogenic carbonates. The δ 18 O record is compared to the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index (PHDI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices, as well as inferred discharge of the Yellowstone River. During the last century, high δ 18 O values coincide with drought conditions and the warm phase of the PDO index. Low δ 18 O values coincide with wet years and a negative PDO index. Comparison of tree-ring inferred discharge of the Yellowstone River with the δ 18 O record over the last 300 years indicates that periods of high discharge (i.e., wet winters with significant snow pack) correspond with low δ 18 O values. Extrapolating this relationship we infer wet winters and high river discharge for the periods of 1090–1030, 970–870, 670–620, and 500–430 cal years BP. The wet intervals at 670 and 500 cal BP are synchronous with similar events in Banff, Canada and Walker Lake, Nevada. The wet intervals at 970 and 670 cal BP overlap with wet intervals at Walker Lake and major drought events identified in the western Great Basin. These results suggest that the northern border of Yellowstone National Park straddles the boundary between Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Basin climate regimes.
A modeling approach to logistics in concurrent engineering

This paper advocates logistics involvement in the early phases of product design and development in a concurrent engineering environment. A concurrent engineering environment and the benefits of such involvement are explained in detail. The paper focuses on facilitating an interface and a collaboration between the designer and the logistician. A conceptual interface for design for logistics is presented. Four areas of interface are considered: (a) logistics engineering, (b) manufacturing logistics, (c) design for packaging, and (d) design for transportability. A set of detailed design factors pertaining to each area are presented. A modeling approach, Bond Energy Algorithm, is used to accomplish the design for logistics concerns developed throughout the paper. An example is provided to test and validate the algorithm. The results are analyzed and appropriate perspectives for managerial implication of the methodology are provided. Finally, some conclusions and assessments are presented.
George Winokur: a personal memoir

George Winokur, M.D. died of cancer in his home George on affective disorders, Sam on somatization in Iowa City on October 12, 1996 at the age of disorder and Eli on schizophrenia. seventy-one. He was a clinical researcher, beloved I was lucky to become, early on, one of George’s teacher, and a professor emeritus at the University of resident collaborators in the study of mood disorders. Iowa Department of Psychiatry. He had been the Dr. Winokur was always interested in genetics and chairman there until he stepped down in 1990 after spent a summer at Mount Desert Island, Maine, 19 years, to devote himself to full-time research. He learning medical genetics and how to apply the was known around the world because of his research concepts to psychiatric data. I consider him the in the genetics of affective disorder. father of family history studies in psychiatry. He George was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He collected three big systematic data sets of patients received his bachelor’s degree from Johns Hopkins and their families – ‘‘the affective disorders family University and his medical degree three years later study of 750 patients,’’ the ‘‘one grand study’’ and from the University of Maryland. He did a rotating the ‘‘Iowa five hundred.’’ Many of his findings are internship and started his psychiatric residency at the results of these three data sets. He also, after Seton Institute in Baltimore. He decided he was resigning as chairman, worked on analyzing data interested in learning a more scientific approach to from the NIMH collaborative depression study, psychiatry and transferred to Washington University which systematically followed-up 1,000 affectively in St. Louis. His early training was interrupted by ill patients and 3,000 relatives, spouses, and actwo years in the Air Force. When he returned to quaintances. Washington University as an assistant professor in In analyzing data from the St. Louis studies in the psychiatry, two colleagues at the time were Sam mid 1960s, he and I were the first American Guze and Eli Robins. They met regularly to discuss psychiatrists to describe the separation of unipolar the nature of psychiatry. From their deliberations on and bipolar diseases based on family history, age of the medical model of psychiatry, the criteria for onset and course. It was published as ‘‘Family psychiatric diagnosis, the way to validate a psychiatHistory Studies I: Two Types of Affective Disorders ric diagnosis, and the emphasis on family history and Separated According to Genetic and Clinical Facclinical course developed. Despite their long-term tors’’ in Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, close association, the three only published one paper Plenum Press, New York, 1967. The reader must together, the famous diagnostic criteria paper on remember that at this time all data were personally which Feighner was first author. In their own resorted by hand with a counter sorter (George loved search each concentrated on different diseases – the counter sorter, which he moved to Iowa with him
Comparative Density Functional Study of Methanol Decomposition on Cu4 and Co4 Clusters

A density functional theory study of the decomposition of methanol on Cu4 and Co4 clusters is presented. The reaction intermediates and activation barriers have been determined for reaction steps to form H2 and CO. For both clusters, methanol decomposition initiated by C−H and O−H bond breaking was investigated. In the case of a Cu4 cluster, methanol dehydrogenation through hydroxymethyl (CH2OH), hydroxymethylene (CHOH), formyl (CHO), and carbon monoxide (CO) is found to be slightly more favorable. For a Co4 cluster, the dehydrogenation pathway through methoxy (CH3O) and formaldehyde (CH2O) is slightly more favorable. Each of these pathways results in formation of CO and H2. The Co cluster pathway is very favorable thermodynamically and kinetically for dehydrogenation. However, since CO binds strongly, it is likely to poison methanol decomposition to H2 and CO at low temperatures. In contrast, for the Cu cluster, CO poisoning is not likely to be a problem since it does not bind strongly, but the dehydroge...
Shortages and price decontrol

Considers a study which analyzed the impact of the political process on the dynamics of reform. With a background on the economics of reform; Data and methods used; Findings and its implications.
Mengovirus RNA synthesis in productive and restrictive cell lines.

Abstract The synthesis and accumulation of mengovirus replicative intermediate, replicative form, and single-stranded RNA proceed in an identical manner in both restrictive and productive cells for the first 4 hours after infection. Subsequent to 4-hour post-infection, total mengovirus RNA accumulation in restrictively infected MDBK ceases, whereas viral RNA accumulation in productively infected L cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells continues. Pulse-labeling experiments demonstrate that the synthesis of viral RNA continues beyond 4 hours after infection in MDBK at a rate equal to that in productively infected cell lines. It is concluded that the restrictive cessation in viral RNA accumulation and the limited yield of virus in MDBK result from the degradation of newly synthesized viral RNA.
Professional Development of Counselor Education Students: An Exploratory Study of Professional Performance Indicators for Assessment

Although training standards for counseling students emphasize the importance of student evaluation, there is a lack of research that specifically describes how counselor educators may systematically assess the professional development of counselors-in-training. This exploratory study sought to determine a set of performance indicators for each of five identified components of professional development to provide counselor educators with an initial framework for assessing the professional growth of master's-level counseling students.
Psychiatric Illness and Fibromyalgia

A review of the literature suggests that fibromyalgia is not a psychiatric illness. A subset of patients have major depression and there is evidence that stress may play an important role in fibromyalgia. Depression may be a biologic marker for fibromyalgia in some families with a spectrum of "affective disorders."
A Variant X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patient (X91+) with Partially Functional Cytochrome b

Genetic analysis of a patient with the variant cytochrome b-245-positive form of chronic granulomatous disease revealed a missense mutation resulting in a Arg54-->Ser substitution in the gp91phox subunit of cytochrome b-245. As a consequence, although no O2- is made, NADPH oxidase-associated FAD accepts electrons from NADPH in the cell-free activation system and becomes reduced. The reduced flavin exhibits normal levels of iodonitrotetrazolium violet diaphorase activity, and the patient's neutrophils exhibit high levels of intracellular oxidant production and show a low level of NBT staining in the NBT slide test. Thus, this mutation appears to render the heme center of NADPH oxidase present but nonfunctional, while leaving the flavin center fully functional.
Strategic commitment versus postponement in a two-tier supply chain

Abstract In this paper the trade-off between strategic commitment and operational flexibility is examined as it arises in a supply chain when a supplier offers competing buyers opportunities to make early purchase commitments for a product with a short life cycle. Traditionally, the use of incentives for early purchase commitments for short life-cycle products has been justified on the basis of a supplier's production lead times or capacity constraints. An alternative explanation has been proposed by offering early purchasing opportunities, a supplier can influence the form of competition in the downstream market. Using a single period model, it has been shown that, below a threshold level of demand uncertainty, the supplier can benefit from providing adequate pricing incentives to entice downstream buyers to commit to purchase quantities before demand information is revealed. Moreover, such early purchasing opportunities can benefit the supplier as well as the buyers even in the absence of production lead times or capacity constraints.
Effects of C2-Chernistry on the Structure of Partially Premixed Methane-Air Flames

Abstract Partially-premixed flames (PPF) can contain multiple reaction zones, e.g., one or two with a premixed-Iike structure and one being a nonpremixed reaction zone. An intrinsic feature of partially premixed flames pertains to the synergistic interactions between these two types of reaction zones that are characterized by heat and mass transfer between them. Since these interactions are strongly dependent on the distribution of the radical and stable species concentrations, an accurate representation of the flame chemistry involving these species is critical for simulating their behavior. The role of C2-chemistry in determining the structure of partially premixed methane-air flames is investigated herein by employing two relatively detailed chemical mechanisms. The first involves only C1-con-taining species and consists of 52 reactions involving 17 species, while the second mechanism represents both C1- and C2-chemistry and consists of 81 reactions that involve 24 species. A planar two-dimensional par...
Cytomegalovirus Survival on Common Environmental Surfaces: Opportunities for Viral Transmission

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) affects ~1 of 150 births and is a leading cause of hearing loss and intellectual disability. It has been suggested that transmission may occur via contaminated surfaces. CMV AD169 in filtered human saliva, applied to environmental surfaces, was recovered at various time points. Samples were evaluated by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction. CMV was found viable on metal and wood to 1 hour, glass and plastic to 3 hours, and rubber, cloth, and cracker to 6 hours. CMV was cultured from 83 of 90 wet and 5 of 40 dry surfaces. CMV was more likely to be isolated from wet, highly absorbent surfaces at earlier time points.
Alteration of repression in purine biosynthesis

Abstract Back mutations from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium with a defect in inosine 5′-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.14) have been isolated and the content of the enzyme in these cells has been determined. One strain has an enzyme level approx. 10 % of that found in wild-type strain LT-2 and grows slowly in minimal medium. Two revertants of this strain, which were obtained by culturing in the presence of analogues of guanine and which have wild-type growth rates in minimal medium, exhibit altered enzyme levels such that at each of two temperatures the quantity of enzyme apparently is greater than in the wild-type strain. The enzyme level is higher at the lower of the two growth temperatures used but the relative stability of the enzyme at the two temperatures cannot be used to explain the difference. The overall regulatory system is operative in that guanine may still be used to repress enzyme formation. A change in affinity of co-repressor with its site of action is suggested as a result of the mutation.
Computational simulation of model and full scale Class 8 trucks with drag reduction devices

Abstract Numerical solutions of the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using a parallel implicit flow solver are given to investigate unsteady aerodynamic flows affecting the fuel economy of Class 8 trucks. Both compressible and incompressible forms of the equations are solved using a finite-volume discretization for unstructured grids and using Riemann-based interfacial fluxes and characteristic-variable numerical boundary conditions. A preconditioned primitive-variable formulation is used for compressible solutions, and the incompressible solutions employ artificial compressibility. Detached eddy simulation (DES) versions of the one-equation Menter SAS and the two-equation k − ϵ / k − ω hybrid turbulence models are used. A fully nonlinear implicit backward-time approximation is solved using a parallel Newton-iterative algorithm with numerically computed flux Jacobians. Unsteady three-dimensional aerodynamic simulations with grids of 18–20 million points and 50,000 time steps are given for the Generic Conventional Model (GCM), a 1:8 scale tractor–trailer model that was tested in the NASA Ames 7 × 10 tunnel. Computed pressure coefficients and drag force are in good agreement with measurements for a zero-incidence case. Similar computations for a case with 10° yaw gave reasonable agreement for drag force, while the pressure distributions suggested the need for tighter grid resolution or possibly improved turbulence models. Unsteady incompressible flow simulations were performed for a modified full scale version of the GCM geometry to evaluate drag reduction devices. All of these simulations were performed with a moving ground plane and rotating rear wheels. A simulation with trailer base flaps is compared with drag reduction data from wind tunnels and track and road tests. A front spoiler and three mud-flap designs with modest drag reduction potential are also evaluated.
Child Judgments of Sentences Varying in Grammatical Complexity.

Abstract This study is another contribution to the development of a satisfactory child version of the linguistic task of judging grammaticality. With a nondifferentially reinforced forced-choice procedure, it was found that responses of 24 5- and 24 7-yr-old children did vary as a function of the grammatical complexity of stimulus sentences. The children judged sentence stimuli of two types (negatives and wh-word questions) each having three levels of grammatical complexity (two primitive and one well-formed). After each stimulus presentation, the subject pointed to the adult or the child in a photograph, depending on who was judged to have produced that utterance. Performance of the two age groups did not differ for the question stimuli, for which subjects pointed to the adult more frequently as the grammatical complexity of wh-word questions increased. In response to the negative sentences, the older group attributed more well-formed stimuli to the adult than primitive ones. While the younger group pointed to the adult more frequently for well-formed negatives than for the middle level negatives, they made more adult responses than expected to the least complex negatives. It was concluded that, with this procedure, 5- and 7-yr-olds demonstrate ability to distinguish grammatically well-formed from primitive sentences. Procedural improvements for future research may allow children this age and younger to demonstrate more adult-like discrimination between a variety of primitive and well-formed sentences.
Child Welfare Partnership for Research and Training: A Title IV-E University/Community Collaborative Research Model

University-community partnerships are increasingly recognized as valuable in educating students and bridging the gap between research and practice. This article describes the evolution and design of a university-community partnership between a School of Social Work in one urban university and local child welfare agencies: the Child Welfare Partnership for Research and Training (CW-PART). The article describes 1) the community-engaged framework used to inform the overall approach and partner roles; 2) evolution of the model from early partnered research successes and core elements of the CW-PART university-community partnered research model; and 3) preliminary lessons learned from the pilot phase of model.
Cannabinoid receptors and T helper cells

We have reported that injection of marijuana cannabinoids, such as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), into mice, followed by infection with Legionella pneumophila (Lp), suppresses the development of cell-mediated immunity T helper 1 (Th1) activity. These effects are accompanied by suppression of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN) gamma production and enhancement of IL-4 production suggesting THC-induced T helper cell biasing. In the current report, other T helper cell biasing mechanisms were studied. Mice were injected with THC followed 18 h later by a challenge infection with Lp. Two-hour post-infection, spleens were removed and analyzed for mRNA to either IL-12Rbeta2 or GATA3 gene products. The results showed that THC suppressed IL-12Rbeta2 but increased GATA3. Receptor antagonists for CB1 (SR141716A, SR1) and CB2 (SR144528, SR2) were also injected to analyze the involvement of cannabinoid receptors. It was determined that SR1 attenuated the THC suppression of IL-12Rbeta2, while SR2 attenuated the increase in GATA3 mRNA. These results suggest that THC suppresses Th1 biasing activity such as IL-12Rbeta2 by a CB1 mediated mechanism and enhances the Th2 biasing activity, GATA3, by a CB2 mechanism. This dichotomy of receptor involvement might result from differential expression and/or signaling function of CB1 and CB2 on Th1 and Th2 cells.
Modification of 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane Self-Assembled Monolayers by Atomic Hydrogen

The effect of atomic hydrogen (AH) on the chemical composition and interfacial properties of a semifluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on Si ((CF3)(CF2)5(CH2)2−Si) has been studied by using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. XPS results indicate that AH reacts with the SAM in a kinetically controlled process where the rate-determining step involves H atom abstraction from C−H bonds to form carbon-centered radicals tethered to the Si substrate. Subsequent reactions of these carbon-centered radicals with AH lead to desorption of species that contain the fluorocarbon (CF3(CF2)5) portion of the adsorbate chain. This proposed mechanism accounts for a number of experimental observations, including the fact that the ratio of CF3 to CF2 groups within the film remains constant during AH exposure and that the loss of fluorine exhibits first-order kinetics with a rate constant proportional to the AH flux. The rate constant for the loss of CF3 + CF2 g...
The Seven Dials: “freak of town‐planning”, or simply ahead of its time?

A 300‐year‐old discarded urban design – the Seven Dials – has recently shown fresh life in London. This paper contrasts its star‐like, radiating streets with London’s more typical quasi‐grid pattern in the seventeenth century, and with London squares. The Dials concentrated a sense of mixed use that was common along London streets, whereas squares were purely residential. Assorted squares were created many times in London in subsequent centuries; the Dials were never imitated. The market judged the Dials a design failure, but through historic preservation, it has recently achieved commercial success. Might today’s urban designers reconsider the Seven Dials’ configuration for new development? Preliminary suggestions are offered.
The Syllogism's Final Solution

In 1883, while a student of C. S. Peirce at Johns Hopkins University, Christine Ladd-Franklin published a paper titled On the Algebra of Logic, in which she develops an elegant and powerful test for the validity of syllogisms that constitutes the most significant advance in syllogistic logic in two thousand years. Sadly, her work has been all but forgotten by logicians and historians of logic. Ladd-Franklin's achievement has been overlooked, partly because it has been overshadowed by the work of other logicians of the nineteenth century renaissance in logic, but probably also because she was a woman. Though neglected, the significance of her contribution to the field of symbolic logic has not been diminished by subsequent achievements of others. In this paper, I bring to light the important work of Ladd-Franklin so that she is justly credited with having solved a problem over two millennia old. First, I give a brief survey of the history of syllogistic logic. In the second section, I discuss the logical systems called “algebras of logic”. I then outline Ladd-Franklin's algebra of logic, discussing how it differs from others, and explain her test for the validity of the syllogism, both in her symbolic language and the more familiar language of modern logic. Finally I present a rigorous proof of her theorem. Ladd-Franklin developed her algebra of logic before the methods necessary for a rigorous proof were available to her. Thus, I do now what she could not have done then.
Up-Rating of Electrical Drives in Mining Installations

Up-rating of electrical drives employed in mining installations, like mills and conveyors, is gaining interest for providing additional production capacity, process optimization in an effective way considering time, efficiency and economic factors while keeping reliability. This paper presents a review of the technical issues to be faced, concerning conceptual analysis, decision-making and different technical aspects, as well as the interaction between end users, consultants and manufacturers. After analysis of new operating conditions and trade-offs, decision making has to keep the margin factors for safety and reliability. For illustrating the main issues related with an uprating of an electrical drive, an example for a grinding line with a gearless mill drive is shown.
Basic concepts in circuit analysis

IT HAS BEEN the authors' observation that a lack of agreement exists regarding the definition of such terms as “potential difference,” “electromotance (electromotive force),” “voltage,” and the meanings of laws involving these terms. This article attempts to provide distinguishing definitions, suitable for near zone analysis, of three circuit variables considered essential to the proper analysis of electric circuits, namely, potential difference, electromotance, and “Ri product” to emphasize the importance of the − ∂A/∂t component of the electric field in describing transformer action; and to present two legitimate but different forms of Kirchhof's second law.
Wireless MEMS inertial sensor system for golf swing dynamics

The emergence of accurate MEMS inertial sensors motivates the design of miniature inertial measurement units (IMU) for applications well outside the field of inertial navigation. One promising application concerns novel sports training systems with inertial sensors embedded directly in sports equipment. This paper describes the theory, design, and evaluation of a miniature, wireless IMU that precisely measures the dynamics of a golf club used in putting. The design consists of a complete six degree-of-freedom IMU composed of MEMS accelerometers and angular rate gyros with an integrated microprocessor and RF transceiver. The resulting sensor system has negligible mass (25 g relative to 490 g for the putter) and is a mere 13 mm in diameter allowing it to fit wholly within the shaft of the club at the grip end. The measurement theory enables the computation of the position, velocity, and orientation of the club head at the opposite end of the shaft during the entire putting stroke. Experiments reveal that the three-dimensional position and orientation of the club head can be resolved to within 3 mm and 0.5°, respectively. These achievements yield a highly accurate, portable, and inexpensive sensor system to support golf swing training, custom club fitting, and club design.
Serial rings with right Krull dimension one

Abstract The main result of this paper is a structure theorem for an indecomposable nonsingular serial ring of Krull dimension one. Such a ring is isomorphic to a triangular matrix ring whose building blocks are left Noetherian indecomposable serial rings and suitable bimodules. It is also shown that any serial ring with right Krull dimension one has left Krull dimension one.
The specificity of a bovine fibroblast cathepsin D I. Action on the S-sulfo derivatives of the insulin A and B chains and of porcine glucagon

Abstract The specificity of a cathepsin D-like enzyme from bovine fibroblasts (dental pulp) has been examined using porcine glucagon, the insulin A chain ( S- sulfo ), and the insulin B chain ( S- sulfo ) as substrates. Peptides obtained from exhaustive digests were separated by chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis and, after elution and hydrolysis, identified by quantitative amino acid analysis. The character of susceptible peptide bonds and the relative rate of their hydrolysis led to the following conclusions: 1. 1. The residues most favorable for hydrolysis are large and hydrophobic. 2. 2. Fully charged amino acids were never found as carboxyl or amino donors of the hydrolyzed bond. 3. 3. Susceptible bonds were at least two residues removed from the N- or C-terminal end of the substrate peptide. 4. 4. Some bonds possessing the above characteristics were not cleaved suggesting hindrance by “residual conformation”.
Analysis of a Method to Estimate Chlorophyll-a Concentration from Irradiance Measurements at Varying Depths

A model to estimate chlorophyll-a concentration and yellow substance absorption at 440 nm from irradiance measurements made at varying depths is examined. The derivation of the model, requiring irradiance measurements at three wavebands, is presented and tested on data collected in oligotrophic (with low chlorophyll concentrations) waters and in coastal waters (with both high and low chlorophyll concentrations). The results indicate excellent quantitative agreement with chlorophyll- a concentration and yellow substance absorption measurements. A sensitivity analysis of the model shows it to be highly sensitive to pressure sensor precision, the accuracy of the value used for the mean cosine of the downwelling radiance distribution, and the irradiance sensor measurement error. However, provided that these factors are taken into account, accurate estimates of chlorophyll-a concentrations in case I (phytoplankton-dominated) waters using a single (or multiple) irradiance sensor with three wavebands can be derived. This model can be applied to irradiance data from a variety of deployment methods including profilers, bottom-tethered moorings, subsurface drifters, and towed platforms.
Experiential exercises with four production planning and control systems

In the authors’ experience, students have difficulty in understanding the differences between production planning and control techniques. Presumably, current business managers, although they have heard about these systems, may also lack clarity on the differences between them. We outline manual games for simulating production runs in four systems (Materials Requirements Planning, Just-In-Time, Theory of Constraints and CONWIP) to give managers and students’ insight into the mechanics of different production planning control techniques. We then provide excel-based simulation tools to allow users to vary parameters for each system and see the impact on inventory and throughput. We believe that the combination of manual and excel-based games significantly enhances understanding of the systems as well as their differences.
Attenuation of millimeter wavelength radiation by gaseous water.

A theoretical computation and absorption by water vapor of radiation within the millimeter and sub-millimeter region of the electromagnetic spectrum permits the determination of attenuation coefficients for given vapor densities, pressures, and temperatures. The rigid asymmetrical top rotor approximation for all angular momentum quantum numbers J ≤ 12 is used with a line shape derived from kinetic theory and half-widths calculated by Anderson’s theory. An equation is given for extrapolating attenuation coefficients to pressures and temperatures other than those for which calculations were performed.
The economics of dairy production

The structure of the dairy farm industry has been changing rapidly in recent years. Milk production has increased, with dramatic increases in milk produced per cow and with a steep decline in number of milk cows and fewer farms with larger herds. The change in dairy farm size has not been uniform across regions. The growth in farm size has occurred much more rapidly in the Pacific and South regions than in the traditional dairy-producing regions (Upper Midwest, Northeast, and Corn Belt). Using USDA data to examine costs and returns over time reveals that the incentives to produce milk have been much greater in the Pacific and South regions in recent years. Although the cash costs are similar across regions, accounting for all costs including unpaid factors such as labor and capital replacement yields a clear advantage for the Pacific region. Dairy farm size and cost of production are jointly determined. The incentive to increase farm size is derived from the economies of size that may be achieved by spreading the capital, labor, and managerial costs across more units of milk production. Empiric evidence from previous studies indicates a declining cost of production over a large range of herd sizes. Even in the presence of a flat average cost curve, the incentive to maximize farm income provides incentive to increase production. Adjustment costs may fix dairy production facilities in their current use. Those firms facing higher adjustment costs because of individual or regional characteristics or because of different timing of growth will be smaller or grow more slowly than if they faced smaller adjustment costs. This situation may explain the continued lag of farm size and technology adoption in the traditional dairy producing regions relative to the Pacific and South regions where the more recent population growth coincided with the presence of modern, large-scale production technologies. Finally, dairy marketing policies almost certainly have affected the structure and regional pattern of dairy farm size and production. For the most part, however, the policy effects have been of indirect nature. The Pacific region has grown (despite having the lowest average price) by taking advantage of economies of size by specializing in milking cows. The United States dairy industry is a technologically advanced, well-managed, and economically important sector of United States agriculture. Future challenges include the ability to remain viable economically while dealing with environmental and social sustainability issues in the form of new constraints from formal policies and from consumer perceptions.
Induction of angiogenesis after TMR: a comparison of holmium:YAG, CO2, and excimer lasers

Abstract Background . Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) is an emerging treatment for end-stage coronary artery disease. A variety of lasers are currently available to perform the procedure, although their relative efficacy is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in myocardial blood flow and function 6 months after TMR with holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (holmium:YAG), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and xenon chloride excimer lasers in a model of chronic ischemia. Methods . Miniswine underwent subtotal (90%) left circumflex coronary stenosis. Baseline positron emission tomography and dobutamine stress echocardiography were performed to document hibernating myocardium in the left circumflex coronary artery distribution. Animals were then randomized to sham redo-thoracotomy (n = 5) or TMR using a holmium:YAG (n = 5), CO 2 (n = 5) or excimer (n = 5) laser. Six months postoperatively, the positron emission tomography and dobutamine stress echocardiography studies were repeated and the animals sacrificed. Results . In animals undergoing TMR with holmium:YAG and CO 2 lasers, a significant improvement in myocardial blood flow to the lased left circumflex regions was seen. No significant change in myocardial blood flow was seen in sham- or excimer-lased animals. There was a significant improvement in regional stress function of the lased segments 6 months postoperatively in animals undergoing holmium:YAG and CO 2 laser TMR that was consistent with a reduction in ischemia. There was no change in wall motion in sham- or excimer-lased animals. Significantly greater neovascularization was observed in the holmium:YAG and CO 2 lased regions than with either the sham procedure or excimer TMR. Conclusions . Transmyocardial laser revascularization with either holmium:YAG or CO 2 laser improves myocardial blood flow and contractile reserve in lased regions 6 months postoperatively. These changes were not seen following excimer TMR or sham thoracotomy, suggesting that differences in laser energy or wavelength or both may be important in the induction of angiogenesis.
A photo-electrochemical investigation of semiconducting oxide films on copper

Abstract p -type copper oxides formed by electrochemical and chemical methods are compared using voltammetry and photo-electrochemical techniques. Cupric and cuprous films exhibit characteristic photo-current signals, the sign and magnitude of which are a function of band curvature. Semi-conductor properties and aspects of the band structure of the surface films have been determined from observations of the spectral dependence of photo-assisted charge transfer. The positions of voltammetry peaks and the standard potentials of oxide formation are correlated with the flat band potentials of Cu 2 O and CuO. The inhibition of copper oxidation by illumination and the corrosion of copper in solutions containing O 2 are discussed with regard to derived semiconductor models.
Wnt signaling during development of the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract Wnt signaling pathways have been demonstrated to play important roles in controlling tissue patterning and cell proliferation. In the gastrointestinal tract, mutations that lead to activation of the canonical Wnt pathway through β-catenin result in familial and sporadic colon cancers. The downstream transcription factor Tcf4 is required to maintain the proliferative stem cell compartment in the crypts of the small intestine. Activation of TCF-dependent transcription is a good correlate to neoplastic transformation. Despite its association with cancer in the colon, little is known of the role for Wnt signaling during development and patterning of the gut tube. We conducted a comprehensive expression screen for Wnt signaling components during different stages of gut development in the chick. Conserved expression patterns of these genes indicate that they likely play essential roles in gut morphogenesis. Based on the expression profiles of putative components of each pathway, we are able to postulate specific roles for the various pathways during gut development. Predictions of roles for canonical signaling in the developing gizzard, duodenum, and large intestine in chick were tested by viral misexpression of dominant-negative (DN) forms of the downstream cofactors Tcf4 and Lef1. In the chick, Tcf4 is expressed in the posterior gizzard mesoderm. Misexpression of DN-Tcf4 in the splanchnic mesoderm resulted in the failure of the gizzard epithelium to form microvilli. Lef1 is expressed in the chick duodenum and large intestine mesoderm. Viral misexpression of DN-Lef1 resulted in diminished mesoderm and overproliferation of the large intestine endoderm, leading to stenosis of the lumen. The results from these misexpression studies in the chick, together with evidence from colorectal lesions, indicate that the canonical Wnt pathway plays critical roles in balancing cell proliferation versus cell differentiation during gut development. The expression profiles of the Wnt signaling components presented in this paper should prove valuable in deciphering additional roles of the Wnt pathways during patterning of the vertebrate gut tube.
Measures of metaphor

The ability to decode linguistic metaphors is a skill that develops relatively late, but the constitution on which such comprehension rests emerges in the first year.
The roles of central and peripheral eclosion hormone release in the control of ecdysis behavior in Manduca sexta.

1. Ecdysis, a behavior by which insects shed the old cuticle at the culmination of each molt, is triggered by a unique peptide hormone, eclosion hormone (EH). In pupal Manduca sexta, EH is released into the hemolymph just prior to ecdysis, and circulating hormone is sufficient to elicit this behavior. 2. Removal of the proctodeal nerves in prepupal animals eliminated the appearance of blood-borne EH, but ecdysis behavior occurred on schedule. Therefore, circulating EH is not necessary for the triggering of ecdysis. 3. In contrast, a set of dermal glands failed to show their expected bout of secretion after proctodeal nerve removal. Injection of exogenous EH rescued this secretion. Thus, circulating EH appears necessary for action on peripheral but not central targets. 4. A major reduction in EH immunostaining is seen in the proctodeal nerves just preceding ecdysis; this coincides with a >90% reduction in extractable EH from this structure and the appearance of circulating EH. A similar, concomitant reduction was seen in central EH cell processes, suggesting release of peptide within the CNS. 5. Antidromic stimulation of the proctodeal nerve stumps following proctodeal nerve removal triggered precocious ecdysis. This result further supports the conclusion that centrally released EH is sufficient to trigger the motor program.
The Development of Children's Memory for the Time of Past Events.

Previous research on adults' and children's memory for the time of past events has generally overlooked the fundamental distinction between knowledge of temporal distance in the past and knowledge of temporal locations. This study applied the distinction to the development of time memory. Children of 4, 6, and 8 years of age experienced 2 target events, one 7 weeks and the other 1 week before testing. They were asked to judge the relative recency of the 2 events and to localize the older event by time of day, day of the week, month, and season. Even the 4-year-olds were successful in judging the relative recency of the 2 events and localizing the older event by time of day. However, on the 3 longer time scales, only the 6- and 8-year-olds could localize the older event, reason about possible times that it could have occurred, or tell the present time. The great accuracy of the time-of-day judgments at all 3 ages is almost certainly not due to distance-type information. The results show the separate development of distance and location judgments.
Subsolidus and melting relations for the join CaCO3-MgCO3 at 10 kbar

Mixtures of pure dry CaCO_3 and MgCO_3 were reacted at 10 kbar in a piston-cylinder apparatus. Solidus and liquidus boundaries were delineated by interpretation of quenched textures. X-ray determined compositions of quenched carbonates are not a reliable guide to the phase relations. The binary melting loop for CaCO_3-MgCO_3 extends from CaCO_3 at 1460°C through a liquidus minimum near 30 wt% MgCO_3 and 1075°C, and it is terminated at the incongruent melting reaction for dolomite solid solution at 1125° C (liquid with 32 wt% MgCO_3) Magnesite solid solution dissociates at 1090°C to produce dolomite + periclase + CO_2, truncating the dolomite-magnesite solvus. The 10 kb liquidus minimum at 1075°C and 30 wt% MgCO_3 occurs at lower temperature and higher Ca/Mg ratio than the 27 kbar liquidus minimum at 1290°C and 38 wt% MgCO_3. This relationship suggests that the first liquid produced by melting of a carbonate-bearing peridotite has increasing Mg/Ca ratio with increasing pressure. These phase relations provide part of the framework required to trace paths of crystallization of kimberlite and carbonatite magmas.
Imaging properties of a patterned rough surface: effects of defocus

A theoretical investigation of the effects of imaging a patterned rough surface through focus is performed, and the statistics of the image plane irradiance, as well as those of the image pattern printed in a threshold-type photoresist, are investigated. It is demonstrated that the line edge roughness in the printed image increases substantially as the image plane is moved out of focus, for both fully and partially coherent optical systems. Furthermore, the increase in line edge roughness occurs in what is considered to be an otherwise acceptable depth of focus for an ideal system.
Use of antidepressant medications and risk of fracture in older women.

Use of antidepressant medications has been associated with increased risk of fracture, but prior studies have been limited by incomplete control of confounders or a limited number of fractures. Use of antidepressant medications by 8,217 community-dwelling women aged 69 and older from a population-based prospective cohort study at four US clinical centers was assessed by interview at four examinations over a 10-year period, beginning in 1992–1994. Use was coded as a time-dependent variable. Incident fractures occurring after the initial medication assessment until July 2007 were confirmed by radiographic reports. Potential confounders were included in multivariable models and updated at each follow-up visit. Compared to nonusers of antidepressant medications, women using SSRIs experienced a higher risk of nonspine fracture in age-adjusted models (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.11–1.67) and in multivariable models controlling for potential confounders (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04–1.62). SSRI use was not associated with an increased risk of first hip fracture (HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.71–1.44) but was associated with an increased risk of wrist fracture (HR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.01–2.36). TCA use was associated with an increased risk of nonspine fracture in age-adjusted models, but in multivariable models this risk was attenuated. SSRI use was associated with a higher risk of any nonspine fracture, but not hip fracture, in this cohort of older women. TCA use was associated with a higher risk of nonspine fracture, but this association was in part explained by confounding factors.
High-field silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of dilute methanolic tetramethylammonium silicate solutions

Abstract By taking advantage of the increased sensitivity afforded by using samples prepared with silica-enriched in silicon-29, together with a high-field n.m.r. spectrometer, it is possible to monitor the behavior of the cubic octameric silicate anion in dilute tetramethylammonium silicate solutions. It is shown that the addition of methanol to 2:1 (N:Si) tetramethylammonium silicate solutions displaces the silicate anion equilibrium in favor of the cubic octameric cage, to the eventual exclusion of all other species and to the extent that this anion persists as the only silicate species present down to silica concentrations of 0.1 m . Moreover, the stability of this anion in such dilute methanolic tetramethylammonium solutions is such that it reforms after having been destroyed by boiling. Silicon-29 n.m.r. spectra of methanolic 2:1 (N:Si) tetramethylammonium silicate solutions that are 0.02 m in silica show that the cubic octamer gradually disappears from solution. No other n.m.r. signals are observed, indicating that the silica may be forced out of solution under these conditions. Alternatively, it may be incorporated into structures that are essentially n.m.r. invisible at such low concentrations, such as large or colloidal species.
Rapid Model Fabrication and Testing for Aerospace Vehicles

Advanced methods for rapid fabrication and instrumentation of hypersonic wind tunnel models are being developed and evaluated at NASA Langley Research Center. Rapid aeroheating model fabrication and measurement techniques using investment casting of ceramic test models and thermographic phosphors are reviewed. More accurate model casting techniques for fabrication of benchmark metal and ceramic test models are being developed using a combination of rapid prototype patterns and investment casting. White light optical scanning is used for coordinate measurements to evaluate the fabrication process and verify model accuracy to +/- 0.002 inches. Higher-temperature (<210C) luminescent coatings are also being developed for simultaneous pressure and temperature mapping, providing global pressure as well as global aeroheating measurements. Together these techniques will provide a more rapid and complete experimental aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic database for future aerospace vehicles.