cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SANITARY ASPECTS OF MILKING SYSTEMS AND BULK FARM TANKS

The dairy industry has been a leader in protecting the consumer from pathogenic organisms in the milk supply. However, it does not always offer the consumer products with long shelf life, as is shown by keeping quality studies on dairy products obtained from retail outlets. Both producers and processors can be blamed for the high incidence of dairy product dropouts, those products that are spoiled by the time they reach the consumer's refrigerator. Yet it must be emphasized that the finished product can be no better than the raw ingredient that went into the making of the product. High quality milk can be produced by any dairyman having the will and motivation to succeed, the fixed determination to get the job done, and the proper training in sanitation principles. Proper cleaning and sanitizing procedures for use on milking systems and bulk farm tanks are outlined. Proper sanitation procedures must be followed, as unclean milking equipment is a primary cause of quality problems on the farm and in the mar...
Programming with Grace: Saturday plenary session

What if there was a language that was explicitly designed to help students understand how to do object-oriented programming without saddling them with obscure and complicated syntax and convoluted constructs?
Characterization of ceramic components fabricated using binder jetting additive manufacturing technology

Abstract Binder jetting additive manufacturing is an emerging technology with capability of processing a wide range of commercial materials, including metals and ceramics (316 SS, 420 SS, Inconel 625, Iron, Silica). In this project, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder was used for part fabrication. Various build parameters (e.g. layer thickness, saturation, particle size) were modified and different sintering profiles were investigated to achieve nearly full-density parts (~96%). The material's microstructure and physical properties were characterized. Full XRD, compression testing, and dielectric testing were conducted on all parts. Sintered alumina parts were achieved with an average compressive strength of 131.86 MPa (16 h sintering profile) and a dielectric constant of 9.47–5.65 for a frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The complexity offered by additive processing aluminum oxide can be extended to the manufacturing of high value energy and environmental components for environmental systems (e.g. filters and membranes) or biomedical implants with integrated reticulated structures for improved osseointegration.
The Tragic Hero in Julius Caesar

HAKESPEARE'S characterization of Brutus has often puzzled readers and critics of Ju/lics Caesar, but rarely has anyone challenged Brutus' role as the hero of the play. Critics have labored, rather, in trying to understand Shakespeare's treatment of Caesar and in attempting to justify the title of ~ the play without falling into the problematic assertion that Caesar and not Brutus is the real protagonist. A recent critic, however, reviewing some modern productions of the play, applauds the effort of one company to focus the play on Caesar rather than Brutus. Describing the Glen Byam Shaw production of Julius Caesar, in volume ii of Shakespeare Survey,' Roy Walker suggests that a successful interpretation of the play rests ultimately on the "bold centralization of Caesar" (p. i32) and on the recognition that Caesar is "the real as well as the nominal protagonist" (p. I32). This new emphasis, Mr. Walker explains, is the natural and inevitable reaction to the long-standing view that Shakespeare's Caesar is nothing more than a "diabolical dictator" (p. I32) who deserved to be punished-a view that can be traced back to the "democratic distortion" (p. I32) suffered by the play for many years, as a result of which critics remained blind to the possibility that "Shakespeare wishes us to admire Caesar" (p. I32) and wants us to see in Caesar "a great and good ruler" (p. I32). To minimize Caesar's role, Mr. Walker reminds us, is a grave error, for it renders meaningless the triumph of Caesar's spirit and the celestial portents which precede the last act. To look upon Caesar as "the real as well as the nominal hero" of the play, however, is perhaps an even greater mistake. Shakespeare's Caesar does not fulfill the demands of a tragic hero; a strong proof of this is the mere fact that the play can be performed with Caesar almost totally eclipsed by Brutus' part. The truth must lie somewhere between the two extremes discussed by Mr. Walker; Caesar's part is, indeed, an extraordinary one, but it defies all standard classification. A. C. Bradley distinguishes between Caesar's role and that of Brutus without detracting from either one:
The Subjective Retirement of Black Americans

This research examined causal patterns among factors related to the subjective retirement of older Black persons. The data are from the National Survey of Black Americans, the first probability sample of the adult Black population. Analysis of Covariance Structures (LISREL) suggested a process in which self-defined retirement is discouraged by perceptions of a discontinuous work life, and economic and psychological need for the disabled worker role.
Analysis on Combining Ability of Main Agronomic Characters of Purple A,a Hybrid Rice Male Sterile Line

28 cross combinations from four sterile lines and seven restorer lines were analyzed to study the general combining ability and specific combing ability of Purple A,a rice male sterile with a recessive purple leaf marker,for its application in hybrid rice breeding.The results showed that there was no significant difference in general combining ability between Purple A and other three tested sterile line.And the GCA value of total grains per ear and full grains per ear of Purple A listed the first and second respectively in four tested sterile lines,which indicated that the combination with a heavy ear could be bred from Purple A easily.The specific combining ability of the same character in different sterile line combinations and the same sterile line combination was different,which indicated that gene interaction was of diversity.
Should extended care following hospitalization be encouraged

The use of extended care facilities following acute care hospitalization has been suggested as a way to reduce the use of the more expensive acute care facilities. Data from 1979 and 1980 on hospitalizations of the North Carolina Medicare aged population were analyzed to study the impact of the use of extended care facilities on the length of the preceding acute care hospitalizations. Contrary to what might be expected, it was found that the use of extended care facilities was related to longer, rather than shorter, stays in acute care facilities.
Performance comparison of a slotted ALOHA DS/SSMA network and a multi-channel narrowband slotted ALOHA network

Throughput, delay, and stability for two slotted ALOHA packet radio systems are compared. One system is a direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA) network where each user employs a newly chosen random signature sequence for each bit in a transmitted packet. The other system is a multiple-channel, slotted ALOHA network where each packet is transmitted over a randomly selected channel. Accurate packet success probabilities for the CDMA system are computed using an improved Gaussian approximation technique which accounts for bit-to-bit error dependencies. Average throughput and delay results are obtained for the multiple-channel, slotted ALOHA system and CDMA systems using varying levels of block error correction. The first exit time is computed for both systems and used as a measure of the network stability. >
British Naval Policy, 1953–60: Implications for Norway and American Commitments in the North Atlantic

In Chapter One it was observed that, even after the reorganisation of NATO’s command structure in 1951, the British COS as a collective body showed little interest in reassessing the place of Norway in its defence priorities. By late 1951 and early 1952, however, such lack of interest no longer applied to all three services. In the early 1950s, Admiralty thinking — specifically as it applied to the employment of the Fleet Air Arm — evolved in a manner which again led to an emphasis on the importance of Norway and its contiguous seas in British naval policy. This chapter addresses three issues. First, it looks at the principal reasons — strategic, political, and bureaucratic — for the resurgence of the Royal Navy’s interest in Norway before the 1957 Defence Review. Second, it examines the impact of Sandys’s Defence Review on British naval policy, looking in particular at the American reactions to the changes in the Royal Navy’s NATO commitment. Finally, it explores some of the additional factors which, in 1957–58, further increased Norway’s importance in US maritime strategy.
The development of healthcare use among a cohort of Finnish social assistance clients: testing the social selection hypothesis

This article examines the association between healthcare use and receipt of social assistance. It focuses on asking to what extent the use of healthcare (seen as a proxy for health status) leads to social assistance. This is answered by describing the use of healthcare services among a cohort of Finnish social assistance clients before, during and after the first receipt of benefit by means of fixed-effects logistic regression. Using register data, the study follows a group of social assistance recipients from 2005 to 2011 and compares their use of healthcare to those not claiming social assistance during this same period and analyses how their use of health services develops over time. The results show that recipients use public healthcare clearly more than non-recipients, but they do so already prior to the first social assistance receipt. This partly confirms the social selection hypothesis according to which health problems lead to low income. However, the results do not exclude the existence of social causation. The causality is most likely bi-directional. The findings of the descriptive analyses are corroborated by a fixed-effects logistic regression analysis: the use of healthcare services increases the probability of receiving social assistance in the following month.
Viscoelastic Testing in Liver Transplantation

A 57-year-old female with alcoholic cirrhosis presents for an orthotopic liver transplantation. Her pre-transplant hospital course has been prolonged and complicated. She has been intubated for respiratory failure and has had sepsis that is currently resolving but remains on a low-dose norepinephrine infusion.
Ground level ice nuclei particle measurements including Saharan dust events at a Po Valley rural site (San Pietro Capofiume, Italy)

Abstract Filter-collected aerosol samples in the PM 1 and PM 10 fractions and particle number concentration were measured during experimental campaigns in a rural area near Bologna (Italy) in the periods 10–21 February 2014 and 19–30 May 2014. Ice nuclei particle (INP) concentrations measured off-line showed prevalently higher average values in the morning with respect to the afternoon, in the PM 1 fraction with respect to PM 1–10 (with the exception of the first campaign, at S w = 1.01), and at water saturation ratio S w = 1.01 with respect to S w = 0.96. The aerosol in the coarse size range (1–10 μm) contributed significantly to the total INP concentration. In the first campaign, the average INP concentration in the coarse fraction was 80% of the total in the morning and 74% in the afternoon, at S w = 1.01. In the second campaign, the contribution of the coarse size fraction to the INP number concentration was lower. On the whole, the results showed that the freezing activity of aerosol diameters larger than 1 μm needs to be measured to obtain the entire INP population. Sahara dust events (SDEs) took place during both campaigns, in the periods 17–20 February and 21–23 May 2014. Results show that the averaged particle number concentration was higher during SDE than during no-Saharan dust events. A low correlation between INP and total aerosol number concentration was generally measured, except for SDEs observed in February, in which the correlation coefficient between aerosol concentration in the coarse fraction and INP in the same range, at water supersaturation, was about 0.8. Precipitation events influenced the aerosol concentration. In the February campaign, lower values of INP and particle concentrations were measured in case of heavy rain events. During the May campaign, an average number concentration of the aerosol in the range 0.5–10 μm was slightly higher than on days when no precipitation was measured, the rainfall intensity being low. Only in a few cases did we note a sharp drop in INP in the PM 10 fraction at S w = 1.01 (26 May, 8 a.m. and 1 p.m.; 27 May, 1 p.m.).
A phraseological exploration of recent mathematics research articles through key phrase frames

Abstract While a wealth of resources is available for teaching research writing of traditional IMRD research papers, instructors have little to draw on when working with graduate students in mathematics. The present study offers insight into recent mathematical research articles through an exploration guided by phrase-frames, recurring multiword units with a variable slot or blank. The paper introduces the concept of key phrase-frames. In doing so, the potential of phrase-frames for understanding subregisters and for teaching is shown. The starting point of this exploration is a 2,289,670-word corpus of 128 recent mathematics research articles collected from eight scholarly mathematics journals. Five- and six-gram phrase-frames were generated in KfNgram. Key phrase frames are identified as those with an occurrence of at least 20 per million words, occurring across 75% of journals and with a sMAPE of 1.95 cut off or higher when compared to the academic section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English as a reference. The 180 resulting frames were coded for open slot position and common pattern before being consolidated and functionally grouped. Core functions related to the aboutness, coherence and moves of the text. The discussion centers on how these groups reveal different aspects of mathematical texts.
A qualitative meta‐synthesis examining the role of women in African American men's prostate cancer screening and treatment decision making

OBJECTIVE Being an African American man is a risk factor for prostate cancer, and there is little consensus about the use of screening, early detection, and the efficacy of treatment for the disease. In this context, this systematic review examines the roles women, particularly wives, play in African American men's prostate cancer screening and treatment decision making. METHODS We searched OVID Medline (R), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsychInfo (EBSCO), PubMED, Cochrane Library, ERIC (Firstsearch), and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed articles published between 1980 and 2016 that reported qualitative data about prostate cancer screening, diagnosis, or treatment in African American men. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using study appraisal and narrative synthesis. RESULTS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for identifying and screening 1425 abstracts and papers, we identified 10 papers that met our criteria. From our thematic meta-synthesis of the findings from these publications, we found that women played 3 key roles in African American men's decision making regarding prostate cancer screening, diagnosis, or treatment: counselor (ie, offering advice or information), coordinator (ie, promoting healthy behaviors and arranging or facilitating appointments), and confidant (ie, providing emotional support and reassurance). CONCLUSIONS Women are often important confidants to whom men express their struggles, fears, and concerns, particularly those related to health, and they help men make appointments and understand medical advice. Better understanding women's supportive roles in promoting positive mental and physical outcomes may be key to developing effective interventions to improve African American men's decision making and satisfaction regarding prostate cancer screening and treatment.
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Rationales and Indications

Publisher Summary Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is the most frequently requested and performed extracorporeal therapeutic hemapheresis intervention. In its simplest sense, this “blood cleansing” procedure results in the removal of pathologic substances from the circulating plasma. Rationales for performing TPE vary. They can be broadly categorized into immune-related and nonimmune-related reasons. The greatest application of TPE is in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases, whether autoreactive or alloreactive in nature. Here the removal of circulating immunoglobulins presumed to be pathologic contributors to the patient's disease state serves as the major rationale for its use. Non-immune rationales for performing TPE include the elimination of a poison or toxic metabolite or reduction of excessively elevated plasma constituents affecting intravascular viscosity. No apheresis procedure should be undertaken without a thorough review of the patient's medical history and a clear understanding of treatment objectives. The indications or rationale for performance of the intervention should be identified. Although a definitive diagnosis at the time of the initiation of therapy is ideal, occasionally a therapeutic trial of TPE may be requested where a final diagnosis is awaiting confirmation. In such settings, re-evaluation of the situation and of the need for TPE is critical as additional data are required.
Online sales promotion in hedonic versus utilitarian product categories

The current study examines the relationship between hedonic versus utilitarian product categories and the use of sales promotion among online retailers. Results indicate that the online sales promotion mechanisms heavily favoured by hedonic marketers and less common among marketers of utilitarian products include price promotions, free gift promotions, and sweepstakes and contests. The only sales promotion mechanism that appears to be equally favoured by hedonic and utilitarian product marketers alike is the limited hour special. Online sales promotions for hedonic product categories may be more popular because they are more likely to lead to consumer brand buzz and electronic word-of-mouth. The exception, however, may occur when the value of the marketing message is determined by time and immediacy. Therefore, online retailers have learned to utilise the limited hour special sales promotion format not only for hedonic products, but for utilitarian products as well.
A Second Look at Quest Motivation: Is Quest Unidimensional or Multidimensional?

In 1976 Batson introduced the construct of Quest motivation as a supplement to Allport's intrinsic/extrinsic dimensions to characterize mature; religious functioning. However, there has been some d...
The impact of private autonomous vehicles on vehicle ownership and unoccupied VMT generation

Abstract With 36 ventures testing autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the State of California, commercial deployment of this disruptive technology is almost around the corner (California Department of Transportation, 2016). Different business models of AVs, including Shared AVs (SAVs) and Private AVs (PAVs), will lead to significantly different changes in regional vehicle inventory and Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT). Most prior studies have already explored the impact of SAVs on vehicle ownership and VMT generation. Limited understanding has been gained regarding vehicle ownership reduction and unoccupied VMT generation potentials in the era of PAVs. Motivated by such research gap, this study develops models to examine how much vehicle ownership reduction can be achieved once private conventional vehicles are replaced by AVs and the spatial distribution of unoccupied VMT accompanied with the vehicle reduction. The models are implemented using travel survey and synthesized trip profile from Atlanta Metropolitan Area. The results show that more than 18% of the households can reduce vehicles, while maintaining the current travel patterns. This can be translated into a 9.5% reduction in private vehicles in the study region. Meanwhile, 29.8 unoccupied VMT will be induced per day per reduced vehicles. A majority of the unoccupied VMT will be loaded on interstate highways and expressways and the largest percentage inflation in VMT will occur on minor local roads. The results can provide implications for evolving trends in household vehicles uses and the location of dedicated AV lanes in the PAV dominated future.
Intrinsic interfacial van der Waals monolayers and their effect on the high-temperature superconductor FeSe /SrTiO 3

The sensitive dependence of monolayer materials on their environment often gives rise to unexpected properties. It was recently demonstrated that monolayer FeSe on a ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate exhibits a much higher superconducting critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ than the bulk material. Here, we examine the interfacial structure of FeSe/${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ and the effect of an interfacial ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layer on the increased ${T}_{c}$ using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory. We find ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ forms its own quasi-two-dimensional layer, bonding to both the substrate and the FeSe film by van der Waals interactions. The excess Ti in this layer can reconstruct the FeSe Fermi surface in a manner consistent with experimental observations. Moreover, the interfacial layer introduces symmetry-breaking distortions in the FeSe film that may favor a ${T}_{c}$ increase. These results suggest that this common substrate may be functionalized to modify the electronic structure of a variety of thin films and monolayers.
Toward an Anthropology of Exchange in Tamil Nadu

This article is an attempt to present the cultural conceptions of exchange that appear in studies of medieval South Indian redistributive processes and the anthropology of Tamil caste, kinship, and marital transactions. As such it does not engage theological understandings of gifts to and from South Indian deities. The approach is sociological, and the argument is that whether the mode is redistributive or donative, Tamil exchanges create social relationships that are embedded in meanings of distinction and precedence. What is handed out is a position in a social order that is first and foremost hierarchical, a rank in a social sequence, so that not merely things and services but social distinctions move through the social landscape.
High IDO1 Expression Is Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Anal Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiotherapy

BACKGROUND This study characterizes the tumor-immune microenvironment in pretreatment, localized anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), including two markers that have not previously been studied in ASCC: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review identified 63 patients with ASCC receiving definitive chemoradiation between 2005 and 2016 with pretreatment tissue available. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, HLA class I, and IDO1. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations between outcomes and immune markers, controlling for clinical characteristics. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 35 months, 3-year overall survival was 78%. The only marker found to have a robust association with outcome was tumor IDO1. In general, the percentage of tumor cells expressing IDO1 was low (median 1%, interquartile range 0%-20%); however, patients with >50% of tumor cells expressing IDO1 had significantly worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7, p = .007) as well as higher local recurrence (HR 8.6, p = .0005) and distant metastasis (HR 12.7, p = .0002). Tumors with >50% IDO1 were also more likely to have the lowest quartile of CD8 infiltrate (<40 per high-power field, p = .024). CONCLUSION ASCC has a diverse immune milieu. Although patients generally do well with standard therapy, IDO1 may serve as a prognostic indicator of poor outcome and could help identify a patient population that might benefit from IDO-targeted therapies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE After definitive chemoradiation, patients with locally advanced anal cancer may experience significant treatment morbidity and high risk of recurrence. The goal of the current study is to identify novel prognostic factors in the tumor-immune microenvironment that predict for poor outcomes after definitive chemoradiation. This study characterizes the tumor-immune microenvironment in pre-treatment, localized anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), including two markers which have not previously been studied in ASCC: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and HLA class I. With a median follow-up of 3 years, this study demonstrated that high IDO1 expression is correlated with significantly worse 3-year overall survival (88% vs. 25%). Whereas recent studies of IDO1 inhibitors have shown mixed results, this study suggests that patients with anal cancer with high IDO1 expression have dismal prognosis and may represent a patient population primed for response to targeted IDO1 inhibition.
Properties of mono- and poly-disperse spheres random pack media

Abstract A porous medium consisting of randomly packed spheres is generated and the fluid flow through such medium is solved numerically. The solution is used to generate both media consisting of mono- and poly-disperse spheres, and to predict and compare media properties: porosity, specific surface area and permeability. For poly-disperse media, five different distributions are used with spheres minimum to maximum sizes within an order in magnitude. In all cases, the number mean sphere diameter is kept constant. It is found for all three parameters that their values are not significantly affected with the sphere size distribution function and they remain close to the parameter values calculated for the mono-disperse medium. The porosity is close to 0.36 which is often reported porosity of the random pack of mono-disperse spheres, and the permeability of poly- to mono-disperse media increases up for one forth. This increase in the permeability goes on the expense of specific surface area as it is reduced for poly-disperse samples. If the number mean sphere diameter is used in Carman-Kozeny equation, the permeability of mono-disperse medium agrees very well with the numerical value, while the comparison worsens for poly-disperse packs. However, the comparison becomes much better if specific surface area is used in the permeability predictions.
E-liquid-related posts to Twitter in 2018: Thematic analysis

Abstract Introduction E-liquid is the solution aerosolized by e-cigarette devices to produce vapor. Continuously evolving e-liquids, and corresponding devices, can affect user experiences associated with these products. Twitter conversations about e-liquids can capture salient behavioral, social, and communicative cues associated with e-liquids. We analyzed Twitter data to characterize key topics of conversation about e-liquids to inform surveillance, and regulatory efforts. Methods Twitter posts containing e-liquid-related terms (“e-liquid(s),” “e-juice(s)”) were obtained from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Text classifiers were used to identify topics of the posts (n = 15,927). Results The most prevalent topic was Promotional at 29.35% followed by Flavors at 24.22%, and Person Tagging at 21.47%. Juice Composition was next most prevalent at 17.61% followed by Cannabis at 16.83%, and Nicotine Health Risks at 6.39%. Quit Smoking was rare at 0.57%. Conclusion These results suggest that flavors, cannabis, health risks of nicotine, and composition warrant consideration as targets in future surveillance, public policy, and interventions addressing the use of e-liquids. Twitter provides ample opportunity to influence the normalization, and uptake, of e-cigarette-related products among non-smokers and youth, unless regulatory restrictions, and counter messaging campaigns are developed to reduce this risk.
Automated design of optical architectures using novel encoding methods and a multi-objective optimization framework

We reported previously on novel methods for designing optical systems with no prior specification of system architecture (e.g., number and type of lenses and their order in the optical train). We studied their efficacy on a set of problems where aberration minimization at the focal plane was the only design objective. Here, we describe enhancements that allow multiple additional objectives (e.g., system sensitivity, size, cost) to be included in a principled manner and show how a family of non-dominated" systems that approximate the set of designs belonging to a theoretical Pareto front of optimal solutions may be efficiently created.
The Reliability and Stability of Measures of Individuals' Values and Beliefs Concerning Developmental Idealism in Nepal

This paper examines the reliability and stability of developmental idealism (DI) measures in Nepal. DI is a set of cultural schemas that contains beliefs and values favoring modern societies and families over traditional ones and that views modern families as causes and effects of modern societies. It also views the world as dynamic, with change from traditionality toward modernity. Earlier studies have shown that DI has been disseminated widely internationally, but provide little evidence concerning whether individual views of DI can be reliably measured or the extent to which such views are stable across time. We estimate the reliability and stability of DI measures using panel data collected in Nepal. Our results indicate substantial reliability, equal or nearly equal to the reliability of standard value and belief items measured in general American surveys. There is also considerable stability of DI views across our study interval from 2008 to 2011.
A cross-sectional study on Internet addiction among Moroccan high school students, its prevalence and association with poor scholastic performance

There is a growing interest in research on the potential effects of Internet addiction [IA] on students’ scholastic lives. Given that there is no research on this subject in Morocco, this cross-sec...
Quaker Mysticism and Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse

This chapter explores connections between visionary moments in Virginia Woolf’s novel To the Lighthouse and the experience of “Inner Light” and “Divine Radiance” central to Quaker mysticism. Emily Griesinger looks at mysticism in the writings of Woolf’s Quaker aunt Caroline Stephen, and historically in the Quaker movement in England, and also explores Woolf’s treatment of the lighthouse and light imagery in the novel. While Woolf’s usage may express modernist rejection of Christ as the “Light of the World,” Griesinger argues that it also conveys Woolf’s ambivalence toward secularism and a longing for transcendence, the Divine, or Ultimate Truth.
Exploring Regression of Data Race Detection Tools Using DataRaceBench

DataRaceBench is an OpenMP benchmark suite designed to systematically and quantitatively evaluate data race detection tools. It has been used by several research and development groups to measure the quality of their tools. In this paper we explore how to evaluate the regression of data race detection tools in the presence of observed tool errors. We define how to generating consistent, reproducible, and comparable evaluation results and a detailed evaluation process with a set of configuration and execution rules. We also outline differences in the evaluation of dynamic and static data race detection tools. In addition to the evaluation results, we explore and suggest different ways to process and present the data, with a focus on tool errors. Using DataRaceBench we show an accuracy regression for several popular data race detection tools in recent release cycles.
Guidelines for Developing Patient Education Materials

Patients are more likely to meet their health management goals and achieve positive health outcomes when they receive engaging, easy-to-read educational materials, particularly as an adjunct to one-to-one counseling sessions. Using Plain Language to develop patient education materials is key to enhancing health literacy and meeting these goals. Plain Language guidelines, as well as tips to adapt materials for web and mobile delivery systems are addressed. A variety of available resources are also provided that support healthcare professionals in their efforts to enhance and motivate learning.
Use of Local Morselized Bone Autograft in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Cost Analysis.

Objective Few studies have investigated the financial influence of surgical site local morselized bone autograft (LMBA) on the overall cost of spinal arthrodesis procedures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential savings from introducing LMBA in spinal fusion procedures compared with no LMBA use. Methods Retrospectively, cost analysis was conducted on a single-center data collected from 266 patients who underwent minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) ranging from L1 through S1 during a period of approximately 4 years. Cost data were obtained from individual patient invoices from the distributor. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted for different costs of allograft and LMBA. Results A total of 282 levels were grafted in 266 subjects. The total quantity of LMBA harvested was 2433.5 mL, and a total of 1610 mL of allograft (Trinity Elite, ORTHOFIX, Lewisville, Texas, USA) were used. The overall cost savings from introducing LMBA in MI-TLIF surgery were $1,094,931 over the 4-year period with mean direct cost saving of $4116.28 per patient based on reduction in allograft. Results for cost savings per patient were sensitive to different direct costs of allograft and LMBA. A >95% fusion rate was achieved based on dynamic radiographs evaluated by an independent radiologist. Conclusions LMBA is a cost-saving bone graft extender option in MI-TLIF procedures while achieving high fusion rates. The savings are mainly achieved by reducing the amount of allograft needed and subsequent reduction in the total bone graft costs. Further research needs to be performed regarding long-term economic benefit.
Categorical perception: Lessons from an enduring myth

Categorical perception holds a unique place in cognitive science. In terms of its impact on other fields, it is likely the most impactful finding in speech perception over the last 60 years. However, within speech perception, it is widely known to be largely an artifact of task demands. Categorical perception is empirically defined as a relationship between phoneme identification and discrimination. As discrimination tasks do not appear to require categorization, such linkage violates psychophysical laws and was thought to support the claim that listeners perceive speech solely in terms of linguistic categories. However, 50 years of work using a variety of discrimination tasks, priming, the visual world paradigm, and event related potentials has roundly rejected this account. In this talk, I explore the origins and impact of this scientific meme and the work challenging it. This leads to a new understanding of how to use and interpret some of the most basic techniques of speech—phoneme identification along a continuum—and to new ways of understanding the role of sensitivity to withing category variation. This has major implications for understanding language and hearing disorders and development.
Identification, Quantification and Reduction of Sources of Variability in Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Economy Measurements

A major problem in vehicle exhaust emissions and fuel economy testing has been the variability in the measurements. An extensive test program was undertaken to identify and quantify the sources of variation. The test program was designed using four test vehicles on five CTE-50 Clayton dynamometer cells whereby four repeats for each combination were provided for a total of 80 CVS-C/H emissions and fuel economy tests. The paper reports various results of this experiment and describes an instrumentation package that was developed for "on-line" data recording. A brief discussion of the software used for "off-line" processing of the voluminous data as well as several statistical analysis techniques which were developed especially for identifying and quantifying the sources of variation, are included. The benefits which result from reduced test variability, namely lower test cost because of improved test efficiency and increased confidence in results, are pointed out.
Second Language Reading and the Role of Grammar

The paper reviews research on second language (L2) reading, focusing on the various factors involved, i.e., orthography, vocabulary, grammar, background knowledge, and metacognitive strategies. Based on the overview of L2 reading research, how grammar makes a unique contribution to L2 reading comprehension is emphasized. The discussion includes analysis of the distinctive roles served by background knowledge and linguistic knowledge, the comparative roles of L1 reading ability and L2 proficiency, and the relative weight of vocabulary and grammar in accounting for L2 reading comprehension. The paper concludes with issues for further consideration and suggestions for future studies on the relationship between grammatical knowledge and L2 reading comprehension.
Closure of Temporary Colostomy

A temporary colostomy should be closed when it is no longer needed. Anastomotic healing and absence of a distal obstruction should be demonstrated by contrast studies. Suitably prepared patients may undergo colostomy closure as early as 2–3 weeks after surgery.
Field-Flow Fractionation in Therapeutic Protein Development

The development lifecycle for pharmaceutical proteins begins with target identification and demonstration of the biological relevance of a particular protein or protein property, continues to identification of which lead product candidate and cell line to advance, then proceeds through process and formulation development and characterization, clinical trials and commercialization. The launch of a product represents the beginning of a different kind of product support, which includes lot release, exploration of different delivery devices, comparability, and support for investigations. The past several decades have seen demonstration and documentation of the utility of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) in biotechnology applicable to each of these protein drug development phases, but as yet, with limited industrial or routine implementation. This chapter seeks to provide a survey of such applications and potential opportunities for inspiration and exploitation of the distinct characteristics of AF4 throughout the long, winding and multifaceted drug development process.
Improving career re-entry outcomes for people with multiple sclerosis: a comparison of two approaches

The article presents findings from a career re-entry project for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The effects of two job placement strategies on accommodation self-efficacy, employability maturity and employment status were compared. At a 16-week follow-up, 11 of the 37 participants (all of whom were unemployed at the inception of the project) had re-entered the labor force, an outcome that compares favorably with the 25% nationwide employment rate reported by people with MS. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
The Regulation of Insider Trading

Imagine two firms, A and B, which are identical in all respects except that, in its charter, firm A prohibits the trading of its shares based on inside (nonpublic) information. The firm requires insiders (employees) to report their trades, which a special committee or an independent accounting firm then checks to ensure compliance with the charter provision. Firm B, by contrast, neither prohibits insider trading nor requires reporting. Insiders openly trade shares of firm B and regularly earn positive abnormal returns. In competitive capital markets, which charter provision will survive? Despite the deceptive simplicity of this question, it has no obvious answer.' The consensus, to the extent that any exists, appears to be that firm A's charter will survive because it eliminates various per-
Ice Engineering Design of Marine Piling and Piers

Design criteria and structure designs for pilings, piers, and docks subject to ice are presented. Included are estimates of stationary and moving horizontal and vertical ice forces, types of constructions and materials, facility layouts to mitigate ice problems, and methods of ice suppression. Design recommendations are based on actual design experiences, field investigations in several hundred U. S. and Canadian Great Lakes harbors and ports over a period of years, and laboratory studies.
Modeling a Virtual Food Court Using DECAF

Since voluntary organizational decisions are most likely made by self-interested parties, organizational decisions in an economic market are subject to explanation by (at least) two different fields of study: organizational theory and microeconomics. This paper describes initial work on economic modeling, including the modeling of voluntary organizational contracts, of a set of business entities set in the market context of the food court at an upscale suburban mall, the Virtual Food Court. DECAF is an multi-agent toolkit that provides this effort with a GUI to easily establish the control mechanisms needed to express exchanges between participants and the operatingsy stem features to perform the message sendinga nd receivingtha t models the actual transactions. DECAF provides high-level language support and pre-built middle-agents for buildingm ulti-agent systems. This approach helps researchers or students get to the "interesting" parts of a simulation more quickly.
Inhibition of TGF-β-stimulated CTGF gene expression and anchorage-independent growth by cAMP identifies a CTGF-dependent restriction point in the cell cycle

CTGF is a 38 kDa cysteine-rich peptide whose synthesis and secretion are selectively induced by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in connective tissue cells. We have investigated the signaling pathways controlling the TGF-β induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene expression. Our studies indicate that inhibitors of tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C do not block the signaling pathway used by TGF-β to induce CTGF gene expression. In contrast, elevation of cAMP levels within the target cells by a variety of methods blocked the induction of CTGF by TGF-β. Furthermore, agents that elevate cAMP blocked the induction of anchorage-independent growth (AIG) by TGF-β. Inhibition of AIG could be overcome by the addition of CTGF, indicating that it was not a general inhibition of growth but a selective inhibition of CTGF synthesis that is responsible for the inhibition of TGF-β-induced AIG by cAMP. Kinetic studies of the induction of DNA synthesis by CTGF in cells arrested by cAMP indicate that ...
Protease activation and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: an integral part of apoptosis in response to photodynamic treatment.

Abstract Apoptosis induced by numerous cancer chemotherapeutic and other toxic agents has been shown to proceed through a cascade of proteases, now termed caspases, culminating in cleavage of a set of proteins. The ability of photodynamic treatment (PDT) with the phthalocyanine Pc 4 to activate cellular caspases has been assessed during the rapid apoptosis in murine lymphoma L5178Y-R cells. Cells were exposed to combinations of Pc 4 and activating red light that result in ≥90% cell death, as judged by a clonogenic assay. The rate of entry of cells into apoptosis was dose dependent. For 0.5 µm Pc 4 and either 2.1 or 3 kJ/m2, which kill 90 or 99.9% of the cells, oligonucleosomal fragmentation was visible on agarose gels as early as 60 or 30 min after PDT, respectively. To assess caspase activation, cells were harvested at various times after PDT, and cell proteins were subjected to electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, using an antibody to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The cleavage of the normally Mr 116,000 PARP into fragments of Mr ∼90,000 was observed at approximately the same time as the earliest DNA fragmentation. An antibody to the polymer, poly(ADP-ribose), did not recognize the Mr ∼90,000 PARP cleavage products, in contrast to the parent enzyme. This analysis also revealed that levels of a poly(ADP-ribosylated) Mr 100,000 protein, tentatively identified as topoisomerase I, were maintained in cells after PARP was fully cleaved. Caspase-3 (and/or caspase-7) activity, as measured in cell lysates with the fluorogenic substrate DEVD-AMC, was elevated almost immediately after PDT. The cell-permeable, irreversible caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(O-methyl)-fluoro-methylketone, inhibited PDT-induced apoptosis and PARP cleavage, whereas the inactive peptide analogue, benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Ala-fluoromethyl ketone, was without effect. The results indicate that PDT-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of caspase-3 and/or other similar caspases.
Universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome: Assessment of the perspectives of patients with colorectal cancer regarding benefits and barriers

BACKGROUND Universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome, the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC), has been recommended among all patients newly diagnosed with CRC. However, there is limited literature regarding patient perspectives of tumor screening for Lynch syndrome among patients with CRC who are not selected for screening based on family history criteria. METHODS A total of 145 patients aged 39 to 87 years were administered surveys assessing perceived risk, patient perspectives, and potential benefits of and barriers to tumor screening for Lynch syndrome. Associations between patient-specific and cancer-specific factors and survey responses were analyzed. RESULTS The majority of participants perceived their risk of developing Lynch syndrome as being low, with 9 participants (6.2%) anticipating an abnormal screening result. However, most participants endorsed the potential benefits of screening for themselves and their families, with 84.8% endorsing ≥6 benefits and 50.3% endorsing all 8 benefits. Participants also endorsed few potential barriers to screening, with 89.4% endorsing ≤4 of 9 potential barriers. A common barrier was worry about the cost of additional testing and surveillance, which was endorsed by 54.5% of participants. The level of distress associated with tumor screening for Lynch syndrome, which was very low, was not associated with age or CRC stage. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that patients with CRC overall have a positive attitude toward tumor screening for Lynch syndrome, endorse the benefits of screening, and experience low levels of distress. These findings provide insight into patient attitudes toward tumor screening for Lynch syndrome among unselected patients with CRC to inform educational approaches that assist in patient decision-making and guide the successful implementation of screening programs. Cancer 2015;121:3281–3289. © 2015 American Cancer Society.