cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardiness Assessment and Training

This chapter concerns hardiness assessment and training. With regard to assessments, the development over many years of an effective questionnaire measure is emphasized. Most of this work concerned the hardiness attitudes of commitment, control, and challenge, as measured by the Personal Views Survey III-R. This measure has also been included along with measures of hardy strategies of problem-solving coping, and socially supportive interactions, and is called the HardiSurvey III-R. Also covered is the initial form of HardiTraining, which has been expanded and improved over the years. The approach now emphasizes exercises in problem-solving coping, socially supportive interactions, effective self-care, and how the feedback obtained from these efforts deepen the hardiness attitudes. Research validation of the effectiveness of this training is included. Finally, reference is made to our Hardiness Train-the-Trainer program.
Diversity-Oriented Synthesis as a Strategy for Fragment Evolution against GSK3β

Traditional fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) relies heavily on structural analysis of the hits bound to their targets. Herein, we present a complementary approach based on diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). A DOS-based fragment collection was able to produce initial hit compounds against the target GSK3β, allow the systematic synthesis of related fragment analogues to explore fragment-level structure–activity relationship, and finally lead to the synthesis of a more potent compound.
Enrique Lihn: una estación en Lima

Se desarrolla y analiza el proceso poetico de Enrique Lihn durante su estadia en Lima en los anos 70. Ello a traves de su poemario Estacion de los Desamparados (1982), donde se referiria al estado de pobreza social e inequidad permanente en el Peru.
Transcription factors in brain injury.

After brain injury, neuronal genes are regulated to adjust to an altered environment; however, if neurons are damaged then genes related apoptosis are activated. Glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, respond to neuronal death by transcribing genes to enhance the survival of remaining neurons and for regeneration and repair. AP-1 transcription factors are induced in the neuronal response to injury. Depending on the AP-1 dimer combination, neuronal genes related to either apoptosis or survival are transcribed. A 35 kDa Fosrelated antigen:JunD dimer is present in neurons that survive injury. Jun and JunD exists in neurons prior to undergoing apoptosis. Neuronal death activates gene expression in astrocytes and microglia. NFkB transcription factors are induced in astrocytes reacting to neuronal injury. In the microglial response, STATs appear to be activated to regulate gene transcription. These transcription factors that modulate the genes involved in the cellular processes of brain injury are examined in this review.
Chinchillas as Experimental Models

Publisher Summary The chinchilla is the traditional animal model for most types of research related to the ear, specifically, hearing loss and otitis media. The chapter discusses all the different experimental models such as the models related to aural diseases, models related to hearing loss, and the models of aural pathologic conditions associated with hearing loss. The chinchilla inner ear anatomy and ear physiology are similar to humans. The chinchilla ear has three turns in the cochlea, a tubotympanum that shares similar anatomy with that of humans. Chinchillas have been used to develop models of single pathogen-induced otitis media and are the predominant host and considered the gold standard. Several new areas of research using chinchillas are being developed. Chinchillas continue to be important models for ear-related research and play critical roles due to their specific attributes, despite the trend toward mouse models.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia Presented With Spontaneous Dissection of the Left Main Artery

A 31-year-old woman with a history of trisomy 10, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and previous myocardial infarction presented with asystolic cardiac arrest preceded by chest pain and shortness of breath. After return of spontaneous circulation, electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevation in the
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEMBRANE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the relationship between membrane transport and metabolism. It discusses the control of cell metabolism by rate-limiting transport of a solute. The chapter also presents a scheme representing the simplest conceivable mechanism of the interrelationship between transport and metabolism. In this scheme, the flux of each component step may be expressed by the Michaelis–Menten equation. The chapter presents an experiment in which saturable, carrier-mediated glucose transport across the cell membrane was found to be the rate-limiting step in muscle, yeast, or hepatoma but not in normal liver cells. The chapter reviews metabolic feedback control of solute transport. It also discusses the mechanisms of the relationship between transport and cell metabolism.
Mechatronics Education at the University of Illinois

Abstract This paper describes the development of the College of Engineering Mechatronics Laboratory at the University of Illinois and an associated course, Introduction to Mechatronics. The Mechatronics Laboratory is a shared facility in our College of Engineering; part of the network of shared laboratories that we have developed to support courses in dynamics and control systems at the University of Illinois. The course and laboratory are designed to give students practical experience in computer interfacing, real-time programming, sensing, actuation, and control system design, as well as to serve as a springboard to higher level concepts in dynamics and intelligent control, such as nonlinear and hybrid control, machine learning, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and discrete-event systems.
Experimental Investigation of Settlement Induced Bending Moments on Pile Supported T-Walls

T-Walls are pile-supported concrete floodwalls that are part of the New Orleans flood protection system. They are typically founded on long concrete or steel battered piles and include a sheet pile cut off for seepage and gradient control. Since the soils in Southern Louisiana contain soft and compressible silt and clay, these floodwalls need to be designed to resist not only flood loads but also loads produced by consolidation of soft foundation soil under the weight of new fill placed on or near a T-Wall during construction. This is commonly referred to as downdrag and induces additional bending moments on the piles. It is important that the settlement induced bending moments are assessed and understood to ensure that they do not exceed allowable limits. In an attempt to develop a comprehensive T-Wall design procedure that appropriately considers field conditions, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) New Orleans District partnered with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and jointly developed a research program. A series of centrifuge tests was conducted at the Centrifuge Facility at RPI in order to gain insight into the mechanisms and magnitudes of downdrag-induced bending moments and provide reliable data sets for validation of numerical models. Different pile configurations and fill loading conditions were tested in an attempt to isolate the key parameters of the system response to downdrag forces. This paper describes the experimental methodology and discusses data from two centrifuge tests in view of the effect of an additional row of piles on the Protected Side of the system.
Coerência como resistência: Teresa 17

“Autoritarismo” e “violencia” sao nucleos tematicos fortes da pesquisa de Jaime Ginzburg, responsavel pelo numero 17 da revista Teresa – revista de literatura brasileira. Ginzburg e autor de ensaios academicos, livros (Critica em tempos de violencia, Edusp/Fapesp, 2012; Literatura, violencia e melancolia, Autores Associados, 2013), coorganizador dos volumes Escritas da violencia I e II (em colaboracao com Marcio Seligmann-Silva e Francisco Foot Hardman, 7 Letras, 2012), Walter Benjamin: rastro, aura e historia (com Sabrina Sedmayer, UFMG, 2012) e de dossies da revista Literatura e autoritarismo (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM). A coerencia nao e apenas detectavel na organizacao dos materiais que compoem esse numero de Tere sa, mas caracteriza o percurso academico de Ginzburg no seu conjunto. A revista e a contribuicao mais recente de um pesquisador que se ocupa criticamente de representacoes da violencia na literatura brasileira ha muitos anos.
A case‐control study: The association of serum paraoxonase 1 activity and concentration with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background A longitudinal study assessed serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and concentration as affected by age and as associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). PON1's recently established physiological function is the hydrolysis of lipolactones in oxidized LDL particles. Methods Serum samples and clinical data collected and stored at different time points over a 20-year interval in the Air Force Health Study were analysed. PON1 activity and concentration and C-reactive protein concentration in samples from the same individuals 20 years apart were compared using a paired t test (n = 159). A case-control study design and multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed the association of PON1's activity and concentration with the subsequent development of T2D (n = 222 and α = 0.10). Results No difference with age was found in PON1 activity assessed using 3 substrates, paraoxon (P = 0.897), phenyl acetate (P = 0.994), and dihydrocoumarin (P = 0.505), or PON1 serum concentration (P = 0.357). C-reactive protein concentration increased 0.7 mg/L (P = 0.004) over the 20-year interval. Lower PON1 activity assayed with phenyl acetate (P = 0.015, OR = 1.25 per 1000 U/L decrease) was associated with an increased risk of developing T2D as was a lower PON1 serum concentration (P = 0.004, OR = 1.72 per 2 μmol/L decrease). PON1 activity assayed with paraoxon (P = 0.681) or dihydrocoumarin (P = 0.136) was not associated with the development of T2D. Conclusions Lower PON1 activity and concentration were associated with an increased risk of developing T2D when adjusted for many of the common risk markers for T2D previously identified. Thus, PON1 may have merit as a biomarker for the development of T2D.
Abstract 145: Illinois Acute Stroke Ready Hospital Designation is Associated With Improved Door-to-Needle Best Practices

Background: National guidelines recommend door-to-needle (DTN) time ≤ 60 minutes for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). American Heart Association’s Target: Stroke initiative has identified...
Plato’s Theory of Human Cognition

The eighty-fourth question of the first part of the Summa is in many ways a remarkable piece of writing. The entire exposition is terse and tightly ordered and displays doctrinal and structural elements which give it a unique importance.
Dilemmas and Craftsmanship

This introductory chapter mentions some of the issues that arise in observational studies and describes a few well designed studies. Section 1.7 outlines the book, describes its structure, and suggests alternative ways to read it.
From Löwenheim to PSL and SVA

One of the surprising developments in the area of program verification is how ideas introduced by logicians in the early part of the 20th Century ended up yielding by the 21 Century industrial-standard property-specification languages. This development was enabled by the equally unlikely transformation of the mathematical machinery of automata on infinite words, introduced in the early 1960s for second-order logic, into effective algorithms for model-checking tools. This paper attempts to trace the tangled threads of this development.
A Two-Year Lower-Division Mathematics Sequence

There has long been some criticism of the way in which the calculus lords it over the traditional lower-division mathematics curriculum. Growth of “new applications” and the prevalence of digital computing devices have recently been making thoughtful people increasingly uneasy about the relative neglect of discrete mathematics at that level. Their uneasiness can be defended from the standpoint of specific curricular concerns (e.g. the special needs of computer science students) or in general, somewhat philosophical, terms. Much has now been said about the matter, however, and while not all the arguments are equally convincing--some of them seem downright specious--a very good case has been made for displacing most, if not all, of the calculus sequence with topics of a less analytical nature. It is postulated in this essay that moves of this character deserve serious consideration.
Discrepancies in Self-Reported and Actual Conflicts of Interest for Robotic Pediatric Urological Surgery

Purpose:Transparency of conflicts of interest is essential when assessing publications that address the benefits of robotic surgery over traditional laparoscopic and open operations. We assessed di...
The role of microbially-mediated exopolymeric substances (EPS) in regulating Macondo oil transport in a mesocosm experiment

Abstract Large-scale exopolymeric substances (EPS) formation was observed in contaminated surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico , after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The conditions under which EPS are produced can cause variations in their physico-chemical properties , affecting the fate of the oil through either emulsification or coagulation with particles, followed by aggregation and marine oil snow (MOS) sedimentation . Here, we report results from a four-day mesocosm experiment that examined EPS production, the change in the bulk chemical composition (mainly polysaccharides and proteins), as well as the partitioning into different size fractions (suspended particulate matter (SPM), colloidal fraction, and sinking MOS). The treatments included 1) natural coastal seawater (Control), 2) a water accommodated fraction of oil (WAF), 3) a chemically-enhanced WAF with addition of oil dispersant Corexit (CEWAF), and 4) a diluted CEWAF (DCEWAF). Generally, the presence of WAF stimulated more extracellular polysaccharide production, whereas the addition of Corexit promoted more protein production. Moreover, marine aggregates changed from a terrestrial signature (higher aromaticity, lower EPS content and more uniform monosaccharide distribution) in the early stages of the experiment, to a fresher autochthonous signature (less aromatic, higher EPS content and glucose-dominated monosaccharide distribution) in the later stage of the mesocosm experiment. Corexit promoted the association between oil and proteins, assisting to emulsify the oil in colloids and SPM and delay the settling of EPS and oil (MOS) for the duration of the mesocosm. Furthermore, when oil, especially Corexit-dispersed oil, was present, extracellular polysaccharides were preferentially incorporated into sinking MOS relative to proteins, as evidenced from a lower protein-C/carbohydrate-C ratio of the sinking MOS than those of SPM and colloidal fraction in WAF, CEWAF and DCEWAF, respectively. This is in contrast to a higher protein-C/carbohydrate-C ratio in the sinking marine snow than those of SPM and colloidal fraction in the control. Likely, microbially-mediated extracellular polysaccharides are the key component that anchors the mineral ballast until the aggregates become dense enough and overcome the buoyancy added to the aggregates as a result of their association with oil/Corexit. We conclude that interactions between Corexit and EPS components regulate petroleum hydrocarbon distribution between the water column and sinking MOS.
Femtosecond Timing Jitter of Quantum Dot Semiconductor Comb Lasers with Self-Injection Feedback Locking

An analysis of phase noise and timing jitter in an external cavity self-injection feedback locking (ECSIFL) 25 GHz InAs/InP quantum dot coherent comb laser (CCL) is presented. Femtosecond timing jitter of the CCL with ECSIFL is experimentally demonstrated.
The Northern European City-States Unite in Leagues with Elected Representatives

The Northern European city-states were small-market towns. Unlike in Italy, they faced powerful German and French Kingly-States, who could field huge feudal armies of armored knights. To defend themselves, they formed leagues of allied city-states. Representatives from each city met in a central location to make policy. Representative oligarchy gave way to representative democracy as the craftsman of the cities organized themselves into guilds and militias. In Switzerland and The Netherlands, where the Kings were weak or absent, representative democracy became institutionalized. This would also occur, of course, in England and France – but not without violent revolutions, the English led by Oliver Cromwell, the French by “philosophe” – intellectuals. Spain and Germany had parliaments too, but the Kings and their massive feudal armies successfully repressed the emerging Democratic movement and remained dominant. Parliamentary – democracy, nonetheless became an alternative system of political integration that could and did replace the divine Kingship from the eighteenth to the twenty-first centuries.
An Emergency Department Presentation of Severe Colitis After a Home Hydrogen Peroxide Enema

Abstract Background Health information found on open access Internet platforms is often unscrutinized, unreliable, and can lead to considerable morbidity for patients and their presentation to the emergency department. Currently, home treatments for constipation and other gastrointestinal ailments featuring the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) enemas are readily available. Case Report We present a case of a 48-year-old female with a history of fibroids who presented to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain after self-administering a 3% H2O2 enema, which she learned about on the Internet as a treatment for constipation. She subsequently developed a severe colitis with evidence of pneumatosis and focal perforation. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Although toxicity from oral ingestions of H2O2 is well described in the literature, there are few reports of the sequelae related to rectal administration. Due to its significant morbidity and the public health concerns related to this mechanism of toxicity, emergency physicians are at the frontlines for diagnosing and properly managing these patients. This case report reviews the patient’s presentation, findings, and management.
An Online Educational Program to Increase Student Understanding of Threat Assessment.

BACKGROUND Threat assessment is a widely recommended practice used by schools to investigate and respond to student threats of violence; however, students are often reluctant to disclose threats. METHODS We developed an online educational program for students to increase their understanding of threat assessment and the need to report serious threats. We investigated 2 research questions: (1) How are student characteristics of sex, grade level, and ethnicity/race associated with student knowledge of threat assessment and willingness to report threats? (2) Does the program increase knowledge of threat assessment and willingness to report threats? The sample consisted of 2338 students from 6 middle schools and 3 high schools. RESULTS Prior to program completion, boys were less willing than girls, and older students were less willing than younger students, to report threats. Post-program questions revealed that the program significantly increased knowledge and willingness to report threats across student groups, with effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from small (.30) to large (1.43). CONCLUSIONS This program promotes school safety by teaching students about threat assessment and increasing willingness to report threats. The program is available online for other schools to use.
Reducing temperature errors in transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound using a reduced-field-of-view sequence.

PURPOSE To reduce temperature errors due to water motion in transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) ablation. THEORY AND METHODS In tcMRgFUS, water is circulated in the transducer bowl around the patient's head for acoustic coupling and heat removal. The water moves during sonications that are monitored by MR thermometry, which causes it to alias into the brain and create temperature errors. To reduce these errors, a two-dimensional excitation pulse was implemented in a gradient-recalled echo thermometry sequence. The pulse suppresses water signal by selectively exciting the brain only, which reduces the imaging FOV. Improvements in temperature precision compared to the conventional full-FOV scan were evaluated in healthy subject scans outside the tcMRgFUS system, gel phantom scans in the system with heating, and in 2×-accelerated head phantom scans in the system without heating. RESULTS In vivo temperature precision (standard deviation of temperature errors) outside the tcMRgFUS system was improved 43% on average, due to the longer TR and TE of the reduced-FOV sequence. In the phantom heating experiments, the hot spot was less distorted in the reduced-FOV scans, and background temperature precision was improved 59% on average. In the accelerated head phantom temperature reconstructions, temperature precision was improved 89% using the reduced-FOV sequence. CONCLUSIONS Reduced-FOV temperature imaging alleviates temperature errors due to water bath motion in tcMRgFUS, and enables accelerated temperature mapping with greater precision.
Impact of Floating Dummy Fill On Q Characteristics of Spiral Inductors

This paper describes the effect of floating dummy metal fill on the quality factor (Q) characteristics of spiral inductors. Fill shapes with minimum block width for a given fill density are shown to be optimal. Q of the inductor is shown to decrease significantly with the thickness of the fill block for a given density. Q degradation due to fill is shown to be more pronounced with lower substrate resistivities. Influence of fill is shown to increase with reducing inductance value or increased frequency of operation. A simplified on-chip spiral inductor model is used to explain the above findings. Finally, layout optimized spirals with variable width and spacing across turns are shown to be effective for Q improvement in spite of the presence of dummy metal fill.
Smart proxying for microservices

Proxies provide the networking infrastructure to the microservices architecture which has become ubiquitous in the cloud today. However, these proxies either cannot operate at line rate or are unsuitable for generic deployments. Furthermore, state-of-the-art autoscaling algorithms are still unable to account for quality of service the applications need to provide. In my dissertation I plan to explore a split proxy architecture that would be able to operate at line rate and provide autoscaling services that take into account QoS. Furthermore, such disaggregated L4/L7 processing provides a unique opportunity to embed DDoS mitigation like security features within the proxy framework.
Chapter 5 – Conditional Probability

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on conditional probability. Each event and hence, its membership, is characterized by a proposition or property. An event occurs whenever the actual outcome satisfies this characterization and hence, belongs to the set. Probability is assigned to each event in a manner to designate the likelihood of the occurrence of the event or, equivalently, the credibility of the proposition that characterizes the event. The selection of the basic space and the assignment of probabilities depend upon prior or, perhaps, hypothetical knowledge of the structure of the experiment or system represented. It occurs frequently that, before the actual outcome of the trial is known, partial information is received about the character of the outcome. Such information may lead to revised estimates of which outcomes are possible and what the likelihood of occurrence of any given event should be. The chapter reviews how the original probability assignment should be modified when partial information is obtained about the character of the outcome.
Surveys for ticks on wildlife hosts and in the environment at Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)-positive sites in Virginia and New Jersey, 2018

Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick (ALT), is native to eastern Asia, but it has become invasive in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and recently in the eastern United States (US). To identify wild mammal and avian host species in the US, we conducted active wildlife surveillance in two states with known ALT infestations (Virginia and New Jersey). In addition, we conducted environmental surveys in both states. These surveillance efforts resulted in detection of 51 ALT-infested individuals from seven wildlife species, including raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), woodchuck (Marmota monax), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We found ALT in the environment in both states and also collected three native tick species (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variablis and Ixodes scapularis) that are vectors of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. This study provides important specific information on the wildlife host range of ALT in the US.
Factors that Influenced Adoption of a School-Based Trauma-Informed Universal Mental Health Intervention

We know little about why school administrators choose to adopt preventive mental health interventions within the context of school-based prevention trials. This study used a qualitative multiple-case study design to identify factors that influenced the adoption of a trauma-informed universal intervention by urban public school administrators during an efficacy trial. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 school administrators who adopted a trauma-informed mindfulness intervention called RAP (Relax, be Aware, and do a Personal Rating) Club as part of their participation in a school-based trial with eighth graders. Findings indicated that administrators adopted RAP Club to provide support for students affected by trauma and prevent students from engaging in unhealthy coping behaviors. Examples of contextual factors that contributed to adoption included a lack of trauma-informed mental health programs within schools, inadequate district funding for preventive school mental health services, and the perceived benefits of engaging in a university-community partnership. The study's findings suggest strategies to increase school program adoption in the context of research and, more broadly, for implementation science.
Using 3D‐digital photogrammetry to examine scaling of the body axis in burrowing skinks

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling techniques have been increasingly utilized across disciplines for the visualization and analysis of complex structures. We employ 3D-digital photogrammetry for understanding the scaling of the body axis of 12 species of scincid lizards in the genus Brachymeles. These skinks represent a diverse radiation which shows tremendous variation in body size and degree of axial elongation. Because of the complex nature of the body axis, 3D-methods are important for understanding how the body axis evolves. 3D-digital photogrammetry presents a flexible, inexpensive, and portable system for the reconstruction of biological forms. As body size increased among species, the cross-sectional area and circumference of the head and other portions of the body axis increased isometrically, which indicates that species of differing sizes possess proportionally similar head and body shapes. These results suggest that there are no substantial head and body shape changes with body size among the sampled species, but further comparative studies with larger sample sizes and functional studies of size and morphology effects on burrowing or above-ground locomotion are needed.
The origin of reconnection-mediated transient brightenings in the solar transition region

The ultraviolet emission from the solar transition region is dominated by dynamic, low-lying magnetic loops. The enhanced spatial and temporal resolution of the solar observation satellite Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) has made it possible to study these structures in fine detail. IRIS has observed ‘transient brightenings’ in these loops, associated with strong excess line broadenings1,2 providing important clues to the mechanisms that heat the solar atmosphere. However, the physical origin of the brightenings is debated. The line broadenings have been variously interpreted as signatures of nanoflares3, magneto-hydrodynamic turbulence4, plasmoid instabilities5 and magneto-acoustic shocks6. Here we use IRIS slit-jaw images and spectral data, and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft, to show that the brightenings are consistent with magnetic-reconnection-mediated impulsive heating at field-line braiding sites in multi-stranded transition-region loops. The spectroscopic observations present evidence for preferential heating of heavy ions from the transition region and we show that this is consistent with ion cyclotron turbulence caused by strong currents at the reconnection sites. Time-dependent differential emission measure distributions are used to determine the heating frequency7–9 and to identify pockets of faintly emitting ‘super-hot’ plasma. The observations we present and the techniques we demonstrate open up a new avenue of diagnostics for reconnection-mediated energy release in solar plasma. Solar imaging and spectral data indicate that impulsive heating through magnetic reconnection in transition region loops is responsible for observed transient brightenings, consistent with ion cyclotron turbulence due to strong currents at the reconnection sites.
Economical provision of blood components for critical patient transport across a large geographic area.

BACKGROUND Rapid air transport of critically injured patients to sites of appropriate care can save lives. The provision of blood products on critical care transport flights may save additional lives by starting resuscitation earlier. METHODS Our regional trauma center transfusion service provided 2 units of O-negative red blood cells and 2 units of A low-titer anti-B liquid plasma in an internally monitored and sealed eutectic box weighing 10.4 pounds to eight air bases once weekly. Flight crews were instructed to transfuse plasma units first. Unused blood was returned to the transfusion service. Total blood use and wastage were recorded. RESULTS Over a 6-year period, ≈ 7400 blood components were provided, and >1000 were used by the air transport service in patient care. Plasma units were 57% of all units given. Unused units were returned to the providing transfusion service and used in hospital patient care with <3% loss. Estimated cost of providing blood per mission was $63 and per patient transfused was $1940. CONCLUSIONS With appropriate attention to detail, it is possible to provide life-saving blood components to aeromedical transport services across a large geographic area with efficient blood component usage, minimal blood wastage, and low cost.
Global illumination in sparse voxel octrees

This paper enhances the voxel-to-voxel radiance shooting, propagation, and scattering algorithm of Max [20]. It reduces the memory requirements by storing the radiance only on the occupied cells of a sparse voxel octree and by sampling only 24 propagation direction bins instead of 96 or more. It gives a modification of the propagation algorithm to compensate for the larger solid angle of the direction bins and allows for position-dependent fully anisotropic scattering. For a volume of $$n^3$$ voxels, the computation time is $$O(n^3(\mathrm {log}\,n)^{3/2})$$ .
Virtual Interactive Case-Based Education (VICE): A Conference for Deliberate Practice of Diagnostic Reasoning.

Introduction Current approaches to teaching diagnostic reasoning minimally address the need for deliberate practice. We developed an educational conference for internal medicine residents to practi...
A spatio-temporal investigation of the growth rate of COVID-19 incidents in Ohio, USA, early in the pandemic

Understanding the initial growth rate of an epidemic is important for epidemiologists and policy makers as it can impact their mitigation strategies such as school closures, quarantines, or social distancing. Because the transmission rate depends on the contact rate of the susceptible population with infected individuals, similar growth rates might be experienced in nearby geographical areas. This research determined the growth rate of cases and deaths associated with COVID-19 in the early period of the 2020 pandemic in Ohio, United States. The evolution of cases and deaths was modeled through a Besag-York-Mollie model with linear- and power-type deterministic time dependence. The analysis showed that the growth rate of the time component of the model was subexponential in both cases and deaths once the time-lag across counties of the appearance of the first COVID-19 case was considered. Moreover, deaths in the northeast counties in Ohio were strongly related to the deaths in nearby counties.
Divine Motivation theory: Acts and obligation

Obligation is thraldom, and thraldom is hateful. Hobbes ACTS AND THE EXEMPLAR Our consciousness of the world is not merely receptive and representational; it is also laden with feeling that moves us to impact that world. Hence, we act – sometimes with forethought, usually not. Some springs of action may be purely internal, and these are often called drives, but many others arise from emotions or combinations of emotions and beliefs, both of which are derived from, or are part of, our consciousness of the external world. I accept the position that anything motivating must have an affective aspect, but pure affect cannot motivate, because it has no object. When motivated, we may or may not act on the motive. An account of why we sometimes do and sometimes do not leads directly into one of the most difficult issues in the metaphysics of the human person, the problem of free will. I will not attempt an account of human freedom in this book, but will merely mention the step that sometimes comes between the desire to bring about a certain end and the act: choice or decision. I believe that the importance of choice has been exaggerated in moral philosophy. Virtues and vices are not primarily patterns of choice, but rather patterns of feeling and acting, some of which, but not all of which, involve choice. Modern ethics has focused excessively on choice because of the modern shrinking of the range of responsibility.
Infinite Relations in Paraconsistent Databases

Paraconsistent information is information that is incomplete and/or inconsistent. A data model for representing and manipulating paraconsistent information in relational databases has recently been developed. Algebraic operators on the underlying paraconsistent relations of this model are generalizations of the usual ones on ordinary relations. However, unlike in the ordinary case, a DBMS based on paraconsistent relations must be capable of handling infinite relations. In this paper, we show this necessity and identify classes of infinite paraconsistent relations whose members can be effectively represented and manipulated. We show that the classes of REGULAR and, under different conditions, CONTEXT-SENSITIVE as well as PSPACE paraconsistent relations are such. We also show that the CONTEXT-FREE and R.E. classes do not have the desired properties, while P, NP, LOGSPACE and NLOGSPACE also probably do not. These results help identify the kinds of relational DBMS that can be constructed for handling incomplete and inconsistent information about tuples.
The physician and the fallen woman: medicalizing prostitution in the Polish lands.

A s u d d e n s p i k e i n s y p h i l i s contamination set off a public health alarm in early twentieth-century Lwow. Not only had the rate of infection multiplied fourfold between 1901 and 1903, but, even more frighteningly, the town’s elite adolescents had been struck down in disproportionate numbers. The municipal health commission, convinced that the poor women selling sex on city streets represented the primary vector of venereal infection, tightened medical regulations for prostitutes. The commission directed police physicians to “expand their sphere of activity and their power such that all means are used to guarantee the examination of every prostitute—especially those who avoid regulation and those who have been recently removed from control.” The irony of charging physicians to impose medical inspections on women not registered with police or who might not self-identify as prostitutes was seemingly lost on the report’s authors. Instead, authorities issued a series of new regulations that empowered police doctors to treat all female factory workers, seamstresses, household servants, waitresses, and other members of the urban poor as potential sex workers and to bring as many as possible under their regulatory gaze. As Lwow grew from a provincial outpost of the Habsburg Monarchy to the booming capital of the self-governing Galician crownland in the last third of the nineteenth century, these new health directives had important
Accounting, Liability in

Sole practitioners to large public accounting firms continue to face potentially devastating legal liabilities. The legal basis of accountants' liability primarily lies in the U.S. Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the common-law theories of fraud, breach of contract, and negligence. The 1933 Securities Act imposes liability for actions related to initial public offerings of securities. It imposes civil and criminal liability for false statements or omissions in registration statements or if securities are sold without an accurate prospectus. The 1934 Securities Act regulates purchases and sales of securities. It imposes civil and criminal liability for false or misleading statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), or if an accountant intentionally deceives others through oral or written misstatements or omissions in connection with a sale or purchase of securities. Keywords: liability in accounting; common-llaw theories; fraud; breach of contract; negligence; Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); credit alliance; restatement of torts; reasonable foreseeable user; litigation reform act of 1995; American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
End Products of Cometary Evolution: Cometary Origin of Earth-Crossing Bodies of Asteroidal Appearance

Because there is no necessary connection between the time required to remove the volatile component of a cometary nucleus by solar heating (physical lifetime) and the dynamical lifetime of a comet, it is possible that a comet may evolve into an observable object of asteroidal appearance. Almost all comets have dynamical lifetimes much shorter than their physical lifetimes and in these cases complete loss of volatiles will not occur. Mechanisms do exist, however, whereby a small but significant fraction of comets will have longer dynamical lifetimes, permitting them to evolve first into Jupiter-family short period comets and then into comets with relatively safe decoupled orbits interior to Jupiter’s orbit. Observed Jupiter-family objects of asteroidal appearance (e.g., 1983SA) are much more likely to be of cometary rather than asteroidal origin. “Decoupling” is facilitated by several mechanisms: perturbations by the terrestrial planets, perturbations by Jupiter and the other giant planets (including resonant perturbations) and non-gravitational orbital changes caused by the loss of gas and dust from the comet. The dynamical time scale for decoupling is probably 105–106 years and almost all decoupled comets are likely to be of asteroidal appearance. Once decoupled, the orbits of the resulting Apollo-Amor objects will evolve on a longer (107–108 year) time scale, and the orbital evidence for these objects having originally been comets rather than asteroids will nearly disappear. Statistically, however, a large fraction of the bodies in deep Earth-crossing orbits with semi-major axes ≳ 2.2 AU are likely to be cometary objects in orbits that have not yet diffused into the steady state distribution. For plausible values of the relevant parameters, estimates can be made of the number of cometary Apollo-Amor “asteroids,” the observed number of Earth-crossing active and inactive short period comets, and the production rate of short period comets. These estimates are compatible with other theoretical and observational inferences that suggest the presence of a significant population of Apollo objects that formerly were active comets.
Subjective social status predicts inflammatory responses to acute stress only in non-white individuals

Background Previous research indicates that ethnic differences in subjective social status (SSS), inflammatory markers, and stress reactivity may exist. However, no studies have examined the relationship between SSS and ethnicity in the context of IL-6 responses to repeated stress. Methods Eighty-five adults (51% female, mean age = 37.9 years) completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on two consecutive days. Blood samples were collected at 1 minute prior and 30 minutes and 2 hours post-TSST for measurement of plasma IL-6. Community and United States SSS were assessed using MacArthur ladders. Results The sample consisted of n = 80 participants (n = 51 white, n = 29 non-white). Both TSSTs induced increases in plasma IL-6 (F = 65.1, p 0.001 ), with higher responses to the second exposure (F = 7.85, p = 0.006). Community SSS was positively associated with IL-6 responses to the first TSST (r = 0.24, p = 0.03) but not the second (r = −0.01, p = 0.9). Whites rated themselves higher than nonwhites in SSS (Community, trend, p = 0.053; US, p = 0.009). Regression analyses revealed a significant SSS by NW interaction predicting IL-6 responses to the first TSST (beta = 0.82, p = 0.046), with higher SSS predicting elevated IL-6 responses only in non-whites. Conclusions Subjective Social Status ratings were sensitive to race and predicted IL-6 responses to the TSST in only non-white individuals. Ethnicity and SSS may play a role in social evaluation, a key component of social stress. More research is needed to determine the nature these associations.
The harvestman tarsus and tarsal flexor system with notes on appendicular sensory structures in Laniatores.

The tarsal flexor system, a novel system of retinacular structures, is described for the first time based on morphological and ultrastructural examinations of several Neotropical harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores). The tarsal flexor system is made up of many individual pulleys that function to maintain close apposition between the tendon and internal ventral surface of the cuticle in the tarsus. Pulley cells are specialized tendinous cells that form the semi-circular, retinacular pulley system in the tarsus; these cells contain parallel arrays of microtubules that attach to cuticular fibers extending from deep within the cuticle (i.e., tonofibrillae). The tarsal flexor system is hypothesized to provide mechanical advantage for tarsal flexion and other movements of the tarsus. This system is discussed with regards to other lineages of Opiliones, especially those that exhibit prehensility of the tarsus (i.e., Eupnoi). Comparing tarsal morphology of laniatorid harvestmen to other well-studied arachnids, we review some literature that may indicate the presence of similar tarsal structures in several arachnid orders. The general internal organization of the tarsus is described, and ultrastructural data are presented for a number of tarsal structures, including sensilla chaetica and the tarsal perforated organ. Sensilla chaetica possess an internal lumen with dendritic processes in the center and exhibit micropores at the distal tip. With respect to the tarsal perforated organ, we found no ultrastructural evidence for a sensory or secretory function, and we argue that this structure is the result of a large pulley attachment site on the internal surface of the cuticle. A small, previously undocumented muscle located in the basitarsus is also reported. J. Morphol. 274:1216–1229, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of induced pericardial effusion by reflected ultrasound.

Abstract An experimental evaluation of the ultrasonic technic for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion revealed the following: 1. 1. The individual waveforms of posterior wall and pericardium could be differentiated after as little as 50 cc. of saline solution was infused into the pericardium. The waveform of the posterior wall could be quickly identified. When pericardial effusion existed the waveform of the posterior wall was separated by an echofree area from the waveform of the pericardium. 2. 2. The pericardium is capable of reflecting more ultrasonic energy than the posterior ventricular wall. 3. 3. Pleural effusion can probably be differentiated from pericardial effusion. 4. 4. The major interface of the left ventricular posterior wall is the blood-endocardium interface. The distance from the blood-endocardium to the epicardium-fluid or lung interface is a measure of wall thickness which compares favorably with direct measurements taken at autopsy.
Effect of fuel dilution by CO2 on spherical diffusion flames in microgravity

This paper presents the experimental results for expanding spherical diffusion flames in microgravity. The flames are fueled with ethylene diluted with various concentrations of CO2. A comparison is made between flames with pure ethylene and the diluted flames to test the effect of increased radiative heat loss predicted by the CO2 addition. A small porous spherical burner was used to produce the aerodynamically stabilized gaseous spherical diffusion flames. Measurements taken from these flames include radius, flame radiation and flame temperature. The results indicate that as the ethylene flow rate decreases corresponding to increased CO2 dilution, the flame temperature and radiation decreases and the flame radius is decreased as well. The radiation data shows that soot formation in the diluted flames is inhibited, but that gas radiation from CO2 remains significant despite the reduced burning rates of these flames and may be enhanced by the CO2 added to the fuel.
Efficacy of Cisapride on Symptoms and Healing of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease: A Review

Cisapride is a new drug which stimulates gastrointestinal motility via facilitation of acetylcholine release from myenteric nerves. European studies have addressed its clinical efficacy in treating gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in three areas. 1) Symptom relief: Cisapride, usually at a dose of 10 mg t.i.d., was superior to placebo and metoclopramide in relief of daytime and night-time heartburn and regurgitation. 2) Healing oesophagitis: Six studies showed that cisapride 10 mg q.i.d, effectively heals oesophagitis over 6-16 weeks. Cisapride was superior to placebo and as effective as H2-antagonists in healing grades I-III oesophagitis. Combination therapy with H2-antagonists may be superior to H2-blocker alone. 3) Paediatric efficacy: Cisapride 1 mg/kg/day was effective in the treatment of infants and children with oesophagitis and pulmonary symptoms related to acid reflux. In conclusion, cisapride offers a promising alternative for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease without the troubl...