cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperating teachers’ impact on preservice social studies teachers’ autonomous practices: A multi-case study

Abstract This multi-case study explores the impact of cooperating teachers (CTs) on the autonomous pedagogical practices of preservice social studies teachers at a large southeastern university. The study examines participants’ written reflections, social studies teaching philosophies, lesson plans, and interview transcripts to identify how field placements and, more specifically, cooperating teachers directly influence the autonomous decision-making practices of student teachers (STs). The author will discuss the socialization of the participants and the role of the CTs in both preventing and promoting the autonomous practices of the STs as they attempted to fulfill their identified aims of education. The case will be made for a revision of field experiences to promote teacher autonomy through better reflection on the part of STs.
Negative regulation of Bacillus subtilis sporulation by the spo0E gene product.

Transcription of the Bacillus subtilis spo0E gene is controlled by the AbrB transition state regulator. In AbrB+ strains, a single transcript, P1, was observed for the spo0E gene. In an abrB4 mutant strain, a second transcription start site 3 bases upstream from P1 was found to be used for the predominant transcript. P1 transcription was insensitive to the state of the abrB gene. Mutants carrying deletion or antibiotic cassette insertion mutations in the spo0E gene were Spo+. Multiple copies of the spo0E gene, not just the promoter region, were found to render strains incapable of sporulation. Spo+ strains that arose spontaneously from such Spo- strains were found to have deletions in the spo0E coding sequence on the plasmid. Strains carrying a deletion of the spo0E gene segregated Spo- colonies. These colonies were found to have secondary mutations in or near the spo0A, spo0B, or spo0F gene, suggesting that deletion of the spo0E gene results in increased pressure to sporulate that is compensated for by inactivation of one or more of the components of the signal transduction system leading to the initiation of sporulation. spo0E deletions were suppressors of the spo0F221 missense mutation but had no effect on the regulation of the spo0F, kinA, spo0A, or spo0B genes. The results suggest that the spo0E gene product is a negative regulator of the signal transduction pathway leading to sporulation. Images
Four-bar linkage prosthetic knee mechanisms: Kinematics, alignment and prescription criteria

Introduction Four-bar linkage knee mechanisms for the trans-femoral amputee are widely available, but although they may offer functional advantages to certain amputees, they are fitted in a limited number of cases. It may be assumed that one reason for this is that persons responsible for prescription and fitting may not be familiar with the kinematic characteristics and possible advantages of such mechanisms and are reluctant to use a device which they do not understand completely. This paper will describe the kinematics of several types of four-bar mechanisms, and discuss the differences and prescription criteria for three different classes of four-bar linkage mechanisms currently available for fitting to amputees. Before beginning the discussion of four-bar prosthetic knees, it will be helpful to review some fundamental concepts.
Inhaled nitric oxide therapy of pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure in premature and term neonates

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review selected aspects of the experimental basis for nitric oxide (NO) therapy of pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure in pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) and its potential role in treating severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) associated with prematurity. The chapter further summarizes current clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety of this treatment in term and preterm human neonates. Inhaled NO therapy for the premature neonate has been suggested with severe RDS with marked hypoxemia that persists despite surfactant therapy. The predominant mechanism underlying respiratory failure in the premature newborn is surfactant deficiency or dysfunction because of interactive effects of lung immaturity, lung injury, and pulmonary edema, which cause decreased lung compliance, diffuse atelectasis, and abnormal gas exchange. Surfactant therapy with mechanical ventilation improves lung compliance and gas exchange in most cases of RDS, improving their clinical course and outcome. Despite the success of surfactant therapy, some premature neonates with severe RDS fail to have sustained clinical improvement after surfactant treatment. Persistent hypoxemia despite multiple doses of surfactant has been estimated at up to 50%, depending on the criteria.
Using Single-Forcing GCM Simulations to Reconstruct and Interpret Quaternary Climate Change

AbstractThe long-term climate variations of the Quaternary were primarily influenced by concurrent changes in Earth’s orbit, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. However, because climate changes over the coming century will largely be driven by changes in greenhouse gases alone, it is important to better understand the separate contributions of each of these forcings in the past. To investigate this, idealized equilibrium simulations are conducted in which the climate is driven by separate changes in obliquity, precession, CO2, and ice sheets. To test the linearity of past climate change, anomalies from these single-forcing experiments are scaled and summed to compute linear reconstructions of past climate, which are then compared to mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) snapshot simulations, where all forcings are applied together, as well as proxy climate records. This comparison shows that much of the climate response may be approximated as a linear response to forcings, while some features, such as...
MR Imaging of Knee Arthroplasty Implants

Primary total knee arthroplasty is a highly effective treatment that relieves pain and improves joint function in a large percentage of patients. Despite an initially satisfactory surgical outcome, pain, dysfunction, and implant failure can occur over time. Identifying the etiology of complications is vital for appropriate management and proper timing of revision. Due to the increasing number of knee arthroplasties performed and decreasing patient age at implantation, there is a demand for accurate diagnosis to determine appropriate treatment of symptomatic joints following knee arthroplasty, and for monitoring of patients at risk. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows for comprehensive imaging evaluation of the tissues surrounding knee arthroplasty implants with metallic components, including the polyethylene components. Optimized conventional and advanced pulse sequences can result in substantial metallic artifact reduction and afford improved visualization of bone, implant-tissue interfaces, and periprosthetic soft tissue for the diagnosis of arthroplasty-related complications. In this review article, we discuss strategies for MR imaging around knee arthroplasty implants and illustrate the imaging appearances of common modes of failure, including aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear-induced synovitis and osteolysis, periprosthetic joint infections, fracture, patellar clunk syndrome, recurrent hemarthrosis, arthrofibrosis, component malalignment, extensor mechanism injury, and instability. A systematic approach is provided for evaluation of MR imaging of knee implants. MR imaging with optimized conventional pulse sequences and advanced metal artifact reduction techniques can contribute important information for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, and surgical planning.
Using E-mail for Personal Relationships The Difference Gender Makes

Do the gender differences found when men and women maintain personal relationships in person and on the phone also emerge when they use electronic mail? Alternately, does e-mail change these ways of interacting? The authors explore the types of relationships women and men maintain by e-mail, differences in their e-mail use locally and at a distance, and differences in the contents of messages they send. The findings are based on qualitative and quantitative data collected during a 4-year period. These data suggest that using e-mail to communicate with relatives and friends replicates preexisting gender differences. Compared to men, women find e-mail contact with friends and family more gratifying. Women are more likely than men to maintain kin relationships by e-mail. They are more likely than men to use e-mail to keep in touch with people who live far away. Women's messages sent to people far away are more filled with personal content and are more likely to be exchanged in intense burst. The fit between women's expressive styles and the features of e-mail seems to be making it especially easy for women to expand their distant social networks.
Determination of the coherency matrix of a broadband stochastic electromagnetic light beam

The statistical ensemble of a fluctuating, statistically-stationary electromagnetic light beam is presented in terms of a 2 × 2 matrix, so-called coherency matrix. The method to determine such matrix for a quasi-monochromatic light beam has been proposed for many years. In this paper, we demonstrate that the method needs to be only slightly modified to determine the matrix elements of a broadband stochastic electromagnetic light beam, if one uses the representation of statistical wave fields in the space–frequency domain. The implementation of the method is demonstrated, and the coherency matrix measurement is validated using a well-defined elliptically polarized beam.
Polypyrimidine segments in drosophila melanogaster DNA: II. Chromosome location and nucleotide sequence

Abstract Long pyrimidine tracts, purified from Drosophila melanogaster DNA after treatment with formic acid-diphenylamine, were used as template for E. coll RNA polymerase to produce a polynucleotide containing only purines. This polypurine RNA hybridized specifically to D. melanogaster DNA with high efficiency at low Cot values. The resulting hybrid showed high thermal stability. When polypurine RNA was subjected to complete hydrolysis with ribonuclease T1, over 90% of the nucleotide products were ApGp and ApApGp. Partial hydrolysis yielded a distinct additional component, ApApGpApGp + ApGpApApGp. We conclude that the major sequence in the polypurine transcript is (ApGpApApGp) n . In situ hybridization to salivary gland polytene chromosomes and to metaphase chromosomes from neural ganglia indicated that polypyrimidines complementary to polypurine RNA are located in heterochromatin. In female cells, the predominant labeling was on centromeric heterochromatin of the 2nd chromosome. We have verified the location of polypyrimidines in neural ganglion cells, by using a cytological marker of chromosome 2. In male cells, hybrid was also found on the Y chromosome.
Acute and chronic effects of hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarki) and selected fish species.

Acute and Chronic Effects of Hexachlorobenzene and Hexachlorobutadiene in Red Swamp Crayfish ( Procambarus clarki ) and Selected Fish Species. Laska, A. L., Bartell, C. K. Condie, D. B., Brown, J. W., Evans, R. L., and Laseter, J. L. (1978). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43 , 1–12. Red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarki ), sailfin mollies ( Poecilia latipinna ), Gulf killifish ( Fundulus grandis ), and largemouth black bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) were tested for toxic responses to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD). HCB dissolved in water induced no observable effects on any test animals, whereas HCBD at concentrations of 1.2 and 4.2 mg/liter resulted in mortalities of 50% in mollies challenged within 138 and 26.5 hr, respectively. Injections of HCB dissolved in peanut oil were not acutely toxic to crayfish or Gulf killifish at a dose of 125 μg of HCB/g body weight. However, a 5-day LD50 in crayfish was 336 μg of HCBD/g body weight in injection experiments, while a 20-hr LD50 was 1700 μg/g body weight in Gulf killifish. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not significantly elevated in Gulf killifish following 10 days of exposure to 5.9 μ/liter of HCB. Higher plasma cortisol concentrations were observed in bass challenged with 31.95 μg-liter of HCBD for 10 days.
News Elements and Editors Choices

Abstract This study tested 103 news releases for the presence of news elements and for reader service. Only one news element, impact, was present to any significant extent. However, reader service was found to be present in almost twice as many releases with a strong correlation between reader service and impact. The authors conclude that adding reader service to releases has a greater positive effect on publication decisions and is easier than adding news elements.
Directed evolution of an RNA enzyme

An in vitro evolution procedure was used to obtain RNA enzymes with a particular catalytic function. A population of 10(13) variants of the Tetrahymena ribozyme, a group I ribozyme that catalyzes sequence-specific cleavage of RNA via a phosphoester transfer mechanism, was generated. This enzyme has a limited ability to cleave DNA under conditions of high temperature or high MgCl2 concentration, or both. A selection constraint was imposed on the population of ribozyme variants such that only those individuals that carried out DNA cleavage under physiologic conditions were amplified to produce "progeny" ribozymes. Mutations were introduced during amplification to maintain heterogeneity in the population. This process was repeated for ten successive generations, resulting in enhanced (100 times) DNA cleavage activity.
The relation between anxiety and skill in performance-based anxiety disorders: A behavioral formulation of social phobia

Anxiety-related responding and skill deficits have historically been associated with performance-based anxiety disorders such as social phobia. Prominent cognitive-behavioral models of social phobia have typically deemphasized skill deficits and focused more on the effects of negative cognition on social performance. Considering that empirical accounts of the relation between social skill and social performance are generally modest, the impact of skill deficits on the development and maintenance of performance inadequacies may be relatively neglected in theoretical paradigms in this area. A second problem that has plagued social skill research is the misuse of the term skill deficit as a synonym for performance deficit. In response to these issues, we utilize the multilevel framework of psychological behaviorism to offer a more parsimonious account of the relation between anxiety and skill in social phobia. We argue that this integrated model assimilates contemporary accounts of social phobia and uniquely expands upon them by delineating the unique and cumulative effects of skill and anxiety on social performance. We further suggest that this model resolves existing theoretical incompatibilities, facilitates improved patient-treatment matching, and shows promise as a guiding framework for empirical research.
Suicide evaluation in medical patients. A pilot study.

Abstract General hospital psychiatrists were given a pilot questionnaire aimed at characterizing patients evaluated for suicidality. Twenty-seven patients evaluated for suicidality in a 4-month period were studied for demographic, medical, psychiatric, and suicidal variables. Comparison with medical patients who had attempted/completed cuicide in prior studies and recommendations to reduce suicidal impulses and improve the database were discussed.
Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases Mediate Nitric Oxide-enhanced Transcriptional Expression of Interferon-β

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation are critical for initiating the transcriptional expression of cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and other factors in the macrophage immune response. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous free radical, is a product of macrophages that mediates inflammatory and cytotoxic processes in the immune system. Here we report the effects of NO on MAP kinase signaling and NF-kappaB activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and correlate these effects to the induction target genes, including interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and IkappaB-alpha. LPS alone induced a rapid phosphorylation of the stress-activated MAP kinases: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Simultaneous treatment with LPS and the NO donor, diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO), enhanced and prolonged JNK and p38 phosphorylation. Similarly, DEA/NO prolonged the LPS-induced degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitory subunit, IkappaB-alpha, despite an increase in IkappaB-alpha mRNA levels. Whereas DEA/NO alone was sufficient to induce JNK and p38 phosphorylation, it was not sufficient to cause IkappaB-alpha degradation. The enhancement of IkappaB-alpha degradation by DEA/NO correlated with an increase in the nuclear levels of the p50 and p65 subunits and DNA-binding activity determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. DEA/NO and an additional NO donor, MAHMA/NO, are further demonstrated to enhance the transcriptional expression of the IFN-beta gene. The results suggest a role for NO in enhancing and propagating inflammatory conditions and the immune response.
FTIR study of the selective catalytic reduction of NO2 with ammonia on nanocrystalline NaY and CuY

Abstract In this study, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO 2 to N 2 and O 2 with ammonia at 298 K on nanocrystalline NaY, Aldrich NaY and nanocrystalline CuY was investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was determined that the kinetics of SCR were 30% faster on nanocrystalline NaY compared to Aldrich NaY. The superior performance of the nanocrystalline zeolite was attributed to an increase in external surface reactivity. External surface sites, which include silanol groups and extra framework alumina (EFAL), gave rise to differences in the adsorption of NO 2 and NH 3 on nanocrystalline NaY compared to commercial NaY. Copper cation-exchanged nanocrystalline Y resulted in an additional increase in the rate of SCR as well as distinct NO 2 and NH 3 adsorption sites associated with the copper cation. This is the first study of a transition metal cation-exchanged nanocrystalline zeolite and its potential use as a catalyst in the SCR of nitrogen oxides.
Development Of A Dynamic Radiographic Capability Using High-Speed Video

High-speed video equipment can be used to optically image up to 2,000 full frames per second or 12,000 partial frames per second. X-ray image intensifiers have historically been used to image radiographic images at 30 frames per second. By combining these two types of equipment, it is possible to perform dynamic x-ray imaging of up to 2,000 full frames per second. The technique has been demonstrated using conventional, industrial x-ray sources such as 150 Kv and 300 Kv constant potential x-ray generators, 2.5 MeV Van de Graaffs, and linear accelerators. A crude form of this high-speed radiographic imaging has been shown to be possible with a cobalt 60 source. Use of a maximum aperture lens makes best use of the available light output from the image intensifier. The x-ray image intensifier input and output fluors decay rapidly enough to allow the high frame rate imaging. Data are presented on the maximum possible video frame rates versus x-ray penetration of various thicknesses of aluminum and steel. Photographs illustrate typical radiographic setups using the high speed imaging method. Video recordings show several demonstrations of this technique with the played-back x-ray images slowed down up to 100 times as compared to the actual event speed. Typical applications include boiling type action of liquids in metal containers, compressor operation with visualization of crankshaft, connecting rod and piston movement and thermal battery operation. An interesting aspect of this technique combines both the optical and x-ray capabilities to observe an object or event with both external and internal details with one camera in a visual mode and the other camera in an x-ray mode. This allows both kinds of video images to appear side by side in a synchronized presentation.
Newcomb's Paradox and Omniscience

L'article etudie sous le nom du paradoxe de Newcomb le probleme de la decision. Il s'agit de savoir si en face de deux boites qui contiennent une somme d'argent chacune on se decide a prendre ce qui est dans la boite II ou ce qui se trouve dans les deux boites (exemple de choix). Cette decision doit etre etudiee a partir d'une topique, celle de l'omniscience.
Design, development and testing of an ambient lighting simulator for external illumination of a transport simulator cockpit

Researchers at the NASA-Langley Research Center several years ago began to examine concepts for a facility which could simulate the full range of lighting conditions encountered in flight. The purpose of this facility was to evaluate advanced technology display devices in a cockpit environment. The Aircraft Cockpit Ambient Lighting Simulation System (ACALSS) has been developed to meet that need. The ACALSS surrounds a wide-body part-task simulator cockpit, the Advanced Display Evaluation Cockpit, and interfaces with a VAX 11/780 computer, which is used to host both a math model of a modern transport aircraft and a solar motion model (which animates a servoed sun simulator). Several concepts were evaluated and an efficient design using an ellipsoid reflector and Fresnel luminaires was selected for implementation.
DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERALIZED ZONAL METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN ABSORBING AND ANISOTROPICALLY SCATTERING MEDIA

The generalized zonal method ( GZM) for the analysis of radiative heat transfer in absorbing, emitting, and anisutropically scattering media is developed and implemented. It is shown to be applicable both for media with arbitrary scattering phase function and general nondiffuse reflecting surfaces. Mathematically, the GZM is a generalization of the conventional zonal method ( CZM). In addition to the exchange factors utilized by the CZM, the GZM introduces scattering and reflecting exchange factors. These factors characterize the scattering properties of the medium and the reflectivities of the bounding surfaces. Expressions for the scattering and reflecting exchange factors are shown; their numerical and analytical properties are identified. To illustrate the implementation of the GZM, cubic enclosures in radiative equilibrium are analyzed. Based on numerical data, the effect of anisotropic scattering on three-dimensional radiative heat transfer is assessed.
Distribution of living polycystine radiolarians in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and comparison with the sedimentary record

Abstract Plankton tows and bottom samples from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea were examined to study the distribution, ecology, and preservation of modern radiolarians. Abundances of radiolarians from this region, an area of low primary productivity, are low. Diversities are variable in the surface waters; diversity indices decrease with increasing water depth, indicating that fewer niches are occupied by radiolarians in deep water. Living radiolarians are confined to specific water masses, some species ranging between two masses, and can be used as indicators of these water masses in ecologic or paleo-oceanographic studies. The record of radiolarian tests present in the sediment is dissimilar to the record of living radiolarians in the water column, but is similar to the record of empty tests falling through the water column. This indicates that a considerable length of time is involved in the settling of radiolarian tests. It also confirms the validity of ecologic interpretations based on a study of sediments only.
NGO2.0 and social media praxis: activist as researcher

This article tracks the emergence of a particular brand of ICT activism that promotes the use of social media as a means of helping Chinese NGOs break out of their communication bottleneck. The author starts by introducing NGO2.0, an activist project targeting China's rural regions, using it as an entry point to examine the practice of “social media for social good” and shed light on the ecosystem of social media usage by Chinese NGOs. The author also deliberates on the explanatory value of the binary paradigm of “rural vs. urban,” looks into the methodological implications of undertaking “social media action research,” and articulates what it means to be engaged in the hybrid practice of “activist as scholar” in the specific context of Cultural Studies.
Highly Active Carbon Supported Core-Shell PtNi@Pt Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A carbon supported core-shell PtNi@Pt nanoparticle catalyst was synthesized through a two-step solution-phase reduction method, and it demonstrated a 5.4 times higher specific activity to an oxygen reduction reaction than a conventional Pt/C catalyst by using a rotating disk electrode in a three-compartment electrochemical cell, which could be attributed to the modified electronic structure of the Pt surface layer. © 2010 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3313347 All rights reserved.
Cyclic neutropenia in animals.

To the editor: Pacheco et al. [1] recently published in these pages an allometric scaling analysis of cyclic neutropenia (CN) in mammals, using as reference points the hereditary disorders in humans and in gray collie dogs [2]. They make a central assumption ‘‘that the biological defect in CN is the same in dogs and in humans.’’ However, virtually all human cases derive from mutations in the neutrophil elastase (ELA2) gene [3], whereas the disorder in dogs represents a similar hematological phenotype, in association with partial albinism, because of the defects in the adaptor protein complex 3 (AP3) b-subunit, directing trans-Golgi export of transmembrane cargo proteins to lysosomes [4]. Thus, the canine disorder better models Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Type 2, [5] than human CN. Although the genetic defects in man and dog may share common downstream mechanisms involving elastase trafficking or elicitation of the unfolded protein response, the resultant kinetics of apoptosis induction and recovery in myeloid precursors may not be the same, and thus the assumption may not be correct.
Comparison of the Effects of Titania and Tantalum Oxide Nucleating Agents on the Crystallization of Li2O · Al2O3· 6SiO2 Glasses

The crystallization mechanism in Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (1 : 1 : 6) glasses was investigated with TiO2 or Ta2O5 as nucleation agents, by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Phase separation occurred prior to crystallization in all of the glasses studied. Both TiO2 and Ta2O5 additives promoted nucleation and crystal growth in the bulk glasses by causing the precipitation of crystalline precursor phases dispersed within phaseseparated glass, which acted as heterogeneous nucleation sites for β-quartz(ss) (solid solution) formation. Upon reheating glasses with Ta2O5as the nucleating agent, phase separation occurred, followed by LiTa3O8 and Ta2O5 nucleation and limited growth as the first-formed crystalline phases, and then crystallization of β-quartz structured solid solution, which nucleated and grew from the LiTa3O8/Ta2O5 crystallites. Tantalum was rejected from the growing β-quartz(ss), further precipitating Ta2O5. Eventually, β-quartz(ss) transformed to β-spodumene(ss) with increasing temperature. Upon reheating glasses nucleated with TiO2 additive, they initially phase separated, followed by the formation of crystalline precursors, in turn followed by the near simultaneous crystallization of β-quartz(ss) and β-spodumene(ss), transforming to solely β-spodumene(ss) with increasing temperature [Key words: glass, titania, tantalum oxide, nucleation, crystallization.]
Thai exporter and US importer relations: a pilot study using email survey

Email is a viable option to web–based surveys; however, a number of factors such as lack of anonymity, incentives and incompatibility with software used have affected this method of disseminating surveys. In addition, response rates may vary depending on the context of the study. Thus, circumstantial evidence is needed to justify or refute this claim. This paper describes the data collection process for an email–based survey to analyse Thai exporters' perceptions of US importers. The study tests the Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) framework, a salient subject in this industry, through a modified questionnaire previously administered on US–based exporters using regular mail. The low response rate from this set of exporters limits significant statistical testing. However, the correlations between the TCA variables justify the popularity of continued usage of TCA framework in relational exchanges. The paper concludes by offering theoretical explanations behind this low response rate and provides suggestions for improvements.
Secondhand smoking and smoking bans

Secondhand smoking (SHS), also known as passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke, is a serious threat to public health. Exposure to SHS is a significant risk factor for lung cancer, respiratory diseases, stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) among nonsmokers and is responsible for about 49,000 deaths per year in the United States. In an effort to protect nonsmokers from exposure to SHS, several countries have implemented smoking bans. These bans have been shown not only to reduce exposure to SHS but also to decrease the prevalence and intensity of active smoking. Smoking bans have also been associated with both short-term ( 12 months) reductions in hospital admissions for CHD following the implementation of smoking bans. For studies reporting short-term follow-up, this reduction ranged from 11% to 17%, whereas the drop in CHD-related hospital admissions from studies with longer-term follow-up ranged from 8% to 47%. Higher reductions were reported among nonsmokers and young people. Smoking bans are effective in reducing exposure to SHS and could have immediate and long-term benefits for cardiovascular health. Smoking bans are a very effective public health measure to prevent CHD.
Asymptomatic Near‐Total Airway Obstruction by a Cylindrical Tracheal Foreign Body

Objectives/ Hypothesis: The objective was to present the unique case of previously unreported asymptomatic cylindrical tracheal foreign body causing near-total airway obstruction. The asymptomatic nature of the case made diagnosis and management challenging. Study Design: A retrospective case review at an urban health maintenance organization medical center. Methods: A 3.5-year-old asymptomatic boy was incidentally discovered to have a metallic foreign body in his mid trachea on a screening scoliosis roentgenogram. He underwent rigid bronchoscopic retrieval the following day. Results: The foreign body was found to be a corroded, 9 × 6-mm metallic cylinder with a narrowed luminal diameter of 2.0 mm. Intubation was maintained in the pediatric intensive care unit for 48 hours, and extubation was performed in the operating room under direct bronchoscopy. Mitomycin C was applied to a circumferential area of denuded tracheal mucosa. Conclusion: Tracheal foreign bodies are distinctly different clinical entities from bronchial foreign bodies. Asymptomatic bronchial foreign bodies are relatively common, but to the authors' knowledge, an asymptomatic tracheal foreign body had not been reported previously. Discussion focused on pathophysiology with reference to Poiseuille's law, diagnosis, and management of asymptomatic tracheal foreign bodies, including the possibility of elective bronchoscopic retrieval.
Compact involute optical delay line

An innovative design is presented for a compact circular involute optical delay line and its capabilities are demonstrated. An optical beam reflects from a rotating involute reflector, providing a time delay linearly proportional to the rotation angle, with better than 3 fs temporal resolution. An involute reflector with dimensions of 1.57×2.36 cm provides more than 100 ps time delay.
Comparison of photosensitizers in saline and liposomes for tumor photodynamic therapy and skin phototoxicity.

The uptake and distribution, skin phototoxicity, and direct tumor ablative potential of three porphyrin photosensitizers: hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), dye hemato-porphyrin ether (DHE), polyhematoporphyrin esters (PHE), and of Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) have been studied in the AJ-CR inbred albino female mouse implanted with C-1300 neu-roblastoma. Photosensitizer delivery was studied using saline and liposome carriers. The ratio of tumor uptake of the porphyrin compounds compared to the tumor-bed musculature and skin was favorable with both saline and liposome delivery. Rhodamine-123 precipitated in saline but was delivered effectively throughout the body in liposomes. There was no selective uptake by tumor cells of Rh-123 in this tumor model. Skin phototoxicity with the porphyrin compounds was mildly decreased using liposomes carriers while Rh-123 demonstrated no skin phototoxicity. DHE had the greatest tumoricidal effect among the porphyrin compounds. PHE has the potential of increased effect due to the ability to use higher light dosages in the activation of this porphyrin.Rhodamine-123 had no tumor effect in this animal model. Clinical implications of phototherapy with these four compounds are addressed.
Modeling subsurface flow in sedimentary basins

Groundwater flows that arise in sedimentary basins from the effects of topographic relief, buoyant convection, sediment compaction, erosional unloading, and combinations of these driving forces can be described using quantitative modeling techniques. Models can be constructed to consider the effects of heat and solute transport, petroleum migration, and the chemical interaction of water and rocks. The accuracy of model predictions, however, is limited by the difficulty of predicting hydrologic properties of sediments on regional dimensions, estimating past conditions such as topographic relief, and knowledge of how physical and chemical processes interact over gelogic time scales. Progress in basin modeling will accelerate as hydrologic research efforts are better integrated with those of other specialities such as sedimentology, rock mechanics, and geochemistry.
Mothers' autobiographical memory and book narratives with children with specific language impairment.

Abstract This study examined the role that mothers’ scaffolding plays in the autobiographical memory (AM) and storybook narratives of children with specific language impairment (SLI). Seven 4–5-year-old children and their mothers co-constructed narratives in both contexts. We also compared children's narratives with mothers to their narratives with an experimenter. Narratives were assessed in terms of narrative style (i.e., elaborativeness) and topic control. Mothers’ elaborative and repetitive questions during AM and book narratives were related to children's elaborations, whereas mothers’ elaborative and repetitive statements were not. Mothers produced more topic-controlling utterances than children in both contexts; however, both mothers and children provided proportionally more information in the book context. Additionally, children were more elaborative with mothers compared to an experimenter. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to: (1) understand the importance of mother-child narratives for both typical and clinical populations; (2) understand how mother-child autobiographical memory and storybook narratives may differ between typical and clinical populations; and (3) consider the implications for designing narrative intervention studies for language impaired children.
OPAC workstation evaluation: the third time around

It has been three years since an OPAC workstation at Indiana State University Libraries (ISU) was designed and constructed. During the planning stages, two surveys helped determine user preferences at the time. More recently, a third survey was conducted. The purpose of this survey was two‐fold: to assess how well the workstation was actually meeting users' present needs, and to provide guidance in the construction of future OPAC workstations. In particular, the survey sought ideas both on what new equipment should be purchased for a future workstation and how to better arrange the equipment that is already part of the present workstation.
Studies in contact dermatitis

Abstract It has been thought that the dermatitis caused by pollen and experimentally reproducible by cutaneous testing with pollen oil, is due to the presence in the oil of the atopic excitant. We have been able to show that the dermatitis is not due to the atopic excitant but to the oil itself. Hypersensitiveness to the pollen oil occurs in 15 per cent of hay fever subjects, in 15 per cent of atopic persons not subject to hay fever and in 15 per cent of nonatopic persons. It is thus to be classified as a contact dermatitis similar in its nature to dermatitis due to poison ivy, sumac and primrose.
Evaluating information for truthfulness: the effects of logical subordination.

Research has shown that many individuals do not routinely evaluate new information for consistency with respect to what they already know. One factor that may affect the likelihood of critical evaluation is whether or not the information is the central focus of the message. Two experiments tested this possibility by establishing differential emphasis of false information within complex sentences. Half of the target sentences contained a false fact in the main clause and half contained a false fact in the subordinate clause. In Experiment 1 subjects verified 64 sentences presented orally as either true or false. In Experiment 2 subjects read and evaluated 20 paragraphs for the presence of false information. As expected, subjects were less likely to report the false information when it was conveyed as logically subordinate rather than central. The results suggest one explanation for deficits in comprehension monitoring and have implications for understanding susceptibility to persuasive communications.
"We are the world"…applied to cancer.

As I thought about this issue and this editorial, and about the work we are doing together, the powerful song by multiple artists—including Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie, Tina Turner and a host of others—called “We Are the World” kept playing in my head. I’d suggest that each of you reading this go to the website [1], get yourself charged up by watching the video, and think about the solidarity that the “We Are the World” performance showcased, which was centered around the plight of Africa and the devastating consequences that famine was having there. Now let’s apply this solidarity to cancer as we work together to eradicate the ravages of this disease. Remember that this journal is “An Interdisciplinary Journal that Aims to Reduce the Burden of Cancer in the World Through Effective Education.” We have some heroes and extraordinary partners as we reach for these goals. The first person I want to pay tribute to is Darren Starmer, an extraordinary associate editor doing yeoman’s work to get articles from outside North America reviewed, critiqued and improved for this journal. If you look at any issue, there are articles from all over the world from good people doing good things, but in this issue alone, there are contributions from Crete, Italy, Nicaragua, China, Turkey, and Egypt. All of these provide cultural insights into the quest to eliminate disparities among our diverse populations in the US and Canada. A second editor who deserves special tribute is Amr Soliman, who along with his colleagues in Michigan, is helping to train a contingent of international cancer control experts. His work is detailed in an article in this issue. Amr introduced me to the exceptional work that Joe Hartford’s Office of International Affairs is doing at the NCI. I was deeply influenced by his recent paper, published in Lancet Oncology [2], that addresses strategies for dealing with breast cancer in low-resource settings. There is a fair amount of “pressure” on policy makers to institute organized breast cancer screening via mammography. Much less attention is being paid to the women with symptoms, including those that are diagnosed very late in the disease process. One point of the article is that it might be better to direct resources toward women who have breast cancer, rather than screening the whole population, the overwhelming majority of whom do not have breast cancer. One place where resources are scarce is in palliative care services. Joe’s wise message concerning this paper was: “I hope the paper will be of help to you since all of us are striving to do what we can with what we have.” Another voice of incredible wisdom from our editorial board is that of Frank Ferris, Director of International Programs, The Institute for Palliative Medicine at San Diego Hospice (check out their programs!) who is trying to bring palliative care to the world. Please have a look at a video Frank is involved with called “Cancer Pain” [3]. Here are some highlights from this latest “Treat the Pain/Life before Death” video:
Studies of batholithic feldspars: Sierra Nevada, California

Co-existing plagioclase and alkali feldspars of the Sierra Nevada “granites” and plagioclases of the mafic inclusions have been analysed using an ARL EMX electron microprobe analyser. Each Sierran rock type contains co-existing feldspar pairs within specific compositional ranges. Core plagioclase compositions of the mafic inclusions are only slightly higher or lower in anorthite than the host rock plagioclases and cluster between An30 and An40. The chemical inhomogeneity of the Sierran potash feldspars and this effect on the Barth k value prohibits the use of the feldspars as geothermometers for these particular rocks. Results of the electron microprobe, x-ray, and petrographic study and the experimental hydrothermal investigation of the “granites” suggest but do not prove that both the plagioclase composition and the mafic inclusion mineralogy can be explained in terms of a model which considers the inclusions to be the refractory residue left over from the partial melting of crustal material.
Impact of Nutritional Factors on Incident Kidney Stone Formation: A Report From the WHI OS

Purpose: Increased fluid intake, and decreased dietary sodium and animal protein intake are thought to reduce the risk of kidney stones but the role of calcium intake is controversial. We evaluated the relationship between dietary factors and incident kidney stone formation.Materials and Methods: Secondary analysis was done of 78,293 women from the prospective WHI OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study) with no history of nephrolithiasis who completed the validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine demographic and dietary factors, and supplement use independently associated with incident kidney stones.Results: Overall 1,952 women (2.5%) reported an incident kidney stone in 573,575 person-years of followup. The risk of incident kidney stones was decreased by 5% to 28% (p = 0.01) with higher dietary calcium intake and by 13% to 31% (p = 0.002) with higher water intake after adjusting for nephrolithiasis risk factors. Conversely higher dietary sod...
Mushroom Response to Postharvest Hyperbaric Storage

Vessels suitable for storing mushrooms [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singe] at absolute pressures to 35 atm were constructed from 43 liter (1A) gas cylinders and plumbed for conducting static or continuous-flow experiments. Neither pressurization nor gradual depressurization over 6 hr injured mushrooms. Pressure did not affect respiration, but significantly reduced moisture loss during storage. Mushrooms depleted O2 to very low levels and showed high tolerance to CO2. Pressure was used to safely increase CO partial pressure (p) 35-fold. At 0.035p, CO reduced mushroom browning but not respiration. A completely autonomous storage system with CO2 removal and automatic O2, replenishment was developed.
Optical Properties of the Silver and Cuprous Halides

The exciton spectrum of AgI, CuI, CuBr, and CuCl is discussed and various peaks attributed to several coexisting crystal modifications. The shift of the peaks with alloy concentration in the pseudobinary systems formed with these compounds is reported and interpreted. The absorption and reflection spectra of these materials and their alloys for energies between the energy gap and 10 eV is reported and the structure attributed to transitions between regions of the valence band lying below the highest maximum and parts of the conduction band higher than the lowest minimum. These spectra are compared with the corresponding spectra of other zincblende- and wurtzite-like materials.
Putative protein kinase product of the Drosophila segment-polarity gene zeste-white3

THE metameric pattern of the Drosophila embryo is regulated by a combination of maternal and zygotic genes. The segment-polarity class of genes are required for the correct patterning within each segmental unit. Mutations in any one of these genes results in deletions and duplications of parts of each segment1. The segment-polarity genes act coordinately by means of local cellular interactions to assign and maintain an identity for each cell in the segment, and to establish segment boundaries2–5. Here we describe the molecular characterization of a novel segment-polarity gene, zeste-white3 (zw3). Embryos derived from germ lines that are homozygous for zw3 mutations (zw3 embryos) have phenotypes similar to embryos that are mutant for the segment-polarity gene naked (nkd)6. These embryos lack most of the ventral denticles, which are differentiated structures derived from the most anterior region of each segment. We have isolated the zw3 gene and compared the structure of one maternal and one zygotic transcript encoded by the gene. The zw3 gene is unique among the segment-polarity genes so far characterized, in that it encodes proteins that have homology to serine–threonine protein kinases. This indicates that ZW3 may play a part in a signal transduction pathway involved in the establishment of cell identity within each embryonic segment.
Neonatal Resuscitation: A Global Perspective

Approximately 904,000 newborns die of breathing complications, or birth asphyxia, each year[1]. It is estimated that 30% of these deaths could be prevented[2]; however, healthcare workers in developing nations often lack the training, skills, or equipment necessary to properly resuscitate these infants. For this reason, child mortality is disproportionally clustered in low-resource locations in which the current standard of care is ineffective. The bag-valve mask resuscitator (or BVM) is the recommended treatment for a newborn who is not breathing properly.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Strained p-channel InGaSb/AlGaSb modulation-doped field-effect transistors

Strained In/sub 0.25/Ga/sub 0.75/Sb p-channel modulation-doped field-effect transistors with Al/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/Sb Be-doped barrier layers are demonstrated. The extrinsic normalised transconductances for 1.2 mu m gate length devices range from 33 to 51 mS/mm at 300 K and from 132 to 161 mS/mm at 77 K. At 300 K, the devices operated in depletion mode with a threshold voltage of approximately 0.3 V, a normalised output conductance of less than 3mS/mm, and maximum drain current densities of approximately 20mA/mm. The devices show promise for complementary heterojunction field-effect transistor logic applications.
Increasing Access to Evidence-Based Practices and Knowledge and Attitudes: A Pilot Study.

Objective.This pilot study examined the effect of increasing field instructors access to information about evidence-based practices (EBPs) on their level of knowledge and attitudes about EBPs.Metho...