cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jail Suicide Under Legal Scrutiny: An Analysis of Litigation and its Implications to Policy

Jail suicides are as institutionally significant as they are tragic. Consequently, jail administrators remain concerned about legal liability, espe cially when their policies and customs are brought into question. Indeed, as jail suicide litigation takes form, the focus of the suit is typically aimed at insti tutional problems, including deficiencies in training, monitoring, and condi tions. This study examines jail suicide litigation by analyzing a sample of 77 lawsuits. Our findings reveal patterns of key deficiencies in institutional prac tice and custom; accordingly, recommendations for jail policy and suicide pre vention strategies are offered.
Commissioning the Polarized Beam in the AGS

After the successful operation of a high energy polarized proton beam at the Argonne Laboratory Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) was terminated, plans were made to commission such a beam at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). On February 23, 1984, 2 ..mu..A of polarized H/sup -/ was accelerated through the Linac to 200 MeV with a polarization of about 65%. 1 ..mu..A was injected into the AGS and acceleration attempts began. Several relatively short runs were then made during the next three months. Dedicated commissioning began in early June, and on June 26 the AGS polarized beam reached 13.8 GeV/c to exceed the previous ZGS peak momentum of 12.75 GeV/c. Commissioning continued to the point where 10/sup 10/ polarized protons were accelerated to 16.5 GeV/c with 40% polarization. Then, two experiments had a short polarized proton run. We plan to continue commissioning efforts in the fall of this year to reach higher energy, higher intensity, and higher polarization levels. We present a brief description of the facility and of the methods used for preserving the polarization of the accelerating beam.
Genetic diversity and structure of an estuarine fish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) indigenous to sites associated with a highly contaminated urban harbor

Intense selection on isolated populations can cause loss of genetic diversity, which if persistent, reduces adaptive potential and increases extinction probability. Phenotypic evidence of inherited tolerance suggests that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have acted as strong selective agents on populations of a non-migratory fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, indigenous to heavily contaminated sites. To evaluate population genetic structure and test for effects of intense, multi-generational PCB contamination on genetic diversity, we used AFLP analysis on fish collected from six sites along the east coast of North America that varied widely in PCB contamination. The sites included a heavily contaminated urban harbor (New Bedford, MA), an adjacent moderately contaminated sub-estuary (Buzzards Bay, MA), and an uncontaminated estuary 60 km away (Narragansett, RI). AFLP markers distinguished populations at moderate and small scales, suggesting genetic differentiation at distances of 2 km or less. Genetic diversity did not differ across the study sites. Genome-wide diversity may have been preserved because of large effective population sizes and/or because the mechanism for genetic adaptation to these contaminants affected only a small number of loci. Alternatively, loss in diversity may have been restored with moderate levels of migration and relatively short generation time for this species.
A novel device for measuring thermal strain in materials

Abstract A novel, inexpensive device for measuring the thermal expansion characteristics of materials near room temperature has been invented. The device uses forced convection to uniformly heat long samples (>0.8 m in length) and a counterweighted lever mechanism to magnify the thermal strains of the materials. Various materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, have been investigated over temperatures ranging from 22 to ∼100 °C. Materials used to construct this device may be purchased from most hardware stores for less than US$30. Nevertheless, the precision of the device is comparable to commercially available thermomechanical analyzers and dilatometers.
Solution structure of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor domain 1.

The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates entry of coxsackievirus B (CVB) and adenovirus (Ad). The normal cellular function of CAR, which is expressed in a wide variety of tissue types, is thought to involve homophilic cell adhesion in the developing brain. The extracellular domain of CAR consists of two immunoglobulin (Ig) domains termed CAR-D1 and CAR-D2. CAR-D1 is shown by sedimentation velocity to be monomeric at pH 3.0. The solution structure and the dynamic properties of monomeric CAR-D1 have been determined by NMR spectroscopy at pH 3.0. The determinants of the CAR-D1 monomer−dimer equilibrium, as well as the binding site of CVB and Ad on CAR, are discussed in light of the monomer structure.
Information asymmetry, capital adequacy, and market reaction to loan loss provision announcements in the banking industry

Abstract This study finds significantly negative abnormal returns accompanying press announcements of loan loss provisioning in the banking industry. The negative reactions are shown to arise from both an informational asymmetry regarding asset value and the costs associated with capital adequacy regulation. It is further shown that the market reaction depends upon the type of asset being provisioned. Announcements regarding the provisioning of foreign debt are accompanied by positive market reactions, while announcements of the provisioning of real estate loans and other types of debt are accompanied by negative market reactions.
Dynamic Crush Behavior of Aluminum 5052-H38 Honeycomb Specimens Under Out-of-Plane Inclined Loads

The dynamic crush behavior of aluminum 5052-H38 honeycomb specimens under out-of-plane inclined loads is investigated. Honeycomb specimens were designed to minimize the secondary stresses under out-of-plane inclined loads. A test fixture was designed such that inclined loads can be applied in dynamic crush tests. A static linear elastic finite element analysis was performed to understand the stress distributions in honeycomb specimens under inclined loads. The computational results show that the secondary stresses of the specimens are limited to the region near the stress-free boundary. The results of dynamic crush tests indicate that the effects of the impact velocity on the crush strengths are significant. Under dynamic loads, as the impact velocity increases, the crush strengths increase. The trends of the inclined crush strengths for specimens with different in-plane orientation angles as functions of the impact velocity are very similar to that of the pure compressive crush strength. Honeycomb specimens under pure compressive and inclined loads show similar progressive folding mechanisms. The similar trends of the crush strengths as functions of the impact velocity are possibly due to the similar progressive folding mechanisms.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Oxide Compounds on Ni-Cr Alloys:

Five Ni-Cr alloys were studied in order to identify the compounds formed on the alloy surface during oxidation under conditions similar to those encountered during dental laboratory procedures prior to application of porcelain. After the alloys were oxidized, the films covering the surfaces were removed with the aid of a Br-methanol solution. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the compounds formed. Oxides of nearly all elements contained by the alloys were found after low-temperature (650 degrees C) oxidation, while NiO and particularly Cr2O3 were predominant after oxidation at high temperatures (1000 degrees C).
Industrial Diversification in American Cities

I. Advantages and disadvantages of industrial concentration. — Possible relation to the business cycle, 131. — II. The criterion of concentration and diversification here used: value added by manufacture, 134. — Results for sixteen cities in 1919, 135. — In later years, 138. — III. Relation between industries of producers' goods and of consumers' goods, 146. — Some significant results as to concentration and business fluctuations, 148.
Viral quasispecies reconstruction from amplicon 454 pyrosequencing reads

We consider the quasispecies spectrum reconstruction problem in amplicon reads. The main contribution of this paper is several methods to reconstruct HCV quasispecies from simulated error-free amplicon reads. Our comparison with existing methods for quasispecies spectrum reconstruction both based on shotgun and amplicon reads show significant advantages of the proposed technique. In most of the cases, even low coverage allows to reconstruct majority of quasispecies and very accurately estimate their frequencies in the simulated samples. The source code for all implemented algorithms is available at https://bitbucket.org/nmancuso/bioa/
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 14-Substituted Aromathecins as Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

The aromathecin or “rosettacin” class of topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitors is effectively a “composite” of the natural products camptothecin and luotonin A and the synthetic indenoisoquinolines. The aromathecins have aroused considerable interest following the isolation and total synthesis of 22-hydroxyacuminatine, a rare cytotoxic natural product containing the 12H-5,11a-diazadibenzo[b,h]fluoren-11-one system. We have developed two novel syntheses of this system and prepared a series of 14-substituted aromathecins as novel antiproliferative topoisomerase I poisons. These inhibitors are proposed to act via an intercalation and “poisoning” mechanism identical to camptothecin and the indenoisoquinolines. Many of these compounds possess greater antiproliferative activity and anti-top1 activity than the parent unsubstituted compound (rosettacin) and previously synthesized aromathecins, as well as greater top1 inhibitory activity than 22-hydroxyacuminatine. In addition to potentially aiding solubility and loca...
Patterns of symbolic expression in subgroups of the childhood psychoses

Differential patterns of symbolic expression, through the modalities of language, gesture, play, and drawing, were investigated in 48 psychotic children: 26 with chart diagnoses of autism and 22 with chart diagnoses of schizophrenia. As predicted, autistic children tended to show an absence of symbol use, while schizophrenic children demonstrated complex or differentiated symbol use. A multiple discriminant analysis supported the hypothesized emergence of a "transitional" group of children, defined on the basis of echolalic language, who showed stereotypic or undifferentiated symbol use. Language: en
The Coming Paradigm Shift: Synthesis and Future Directions for Virtual HRD:

Virtual human resource development (VHRD) is beginning to be viewed in other fields as the next generation of knowledge management. This article synthesizes the discussions of the contributing auth...
Plant nucleases. IV. Genetic control of ribonuclease activity in corn endosperm.

Ribonuclease activity in the endosperms of 14 corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds ranged from 285 to 1305 units/g fresh weight 50 days after pollination. Activity is low in the inbred M14 and high in the inbred WF9. Hybrid endosperms contain intermediate levels of ribonuclease, and segregation occurs in the F2 generation. The ribonuclease contents of the opaque-2 versions of nine inbred lines ranged from 1288 to 5110 units/g. The floury-2 mutation apparently does not affect ribonuclease content. Two or more genes may be involved in the control of ribonuclease content of developing endosperms.
“Conscientious” neural nets for tour construction in the traveling salesman problem: the vigilant net

Abstract Previous research has established the feasibility of applying adaptive neural network approaches to the traveling salesman problem. Such methods (unlike the Hopfield network) gradually adjust a ring of nodes until the nodes correspond to actual data points, making them comparable to tour construction heuristics. However, they typically require a few thousand iterations and may not yield “node separation”—a one-to-one correspondence between nodes and cities—in a reasonable processing time. The vigilant net addresses these shortcomings by utilizing a hardware implementable mechanism-that of vigilance, from adaptive resonance theory networks—to help separate nodes without excessive processing. Further, for these solution methods to be truly viable, they must not demand fine-tuning of various parameters, as presently they do. Finally, an advantage to using these methods must be established. Results from previous research and new insights help determine appropriate parameter settings and strategies for the algorithm. Two strategies for selecting the important vigilance parameter are investigated here. In one, feedback from the network helps to adjust vigilance. Results indicate that the vigilant network can yield acceptable results in very short processing times, and the two strategies perform virtually.identically. Comparisons with conventional heuristics yield further insights.
Corticotropin releasing factor and amphetamine exaggerate partial agonist properties of benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in the conflict test.

The central nervous system stimulants corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and amphetamine were administered in combination with the benzodiazepine ligands Ro 15-1788 and FG 7142 in order to assess their benzodiazepine agonist and antagonist receptor properties in an operant conflict test in rats. Ro 15-1788, which was without behavioral activity in this test when given alone, reversed the suppression of punished responding produced by CRF and amphetamine in a dose-dependent manner. Chlordiazepoxide, which produced a release of punished responding by itself, also reversed the suppression of punished responding produced by CRF but not that of amphetamine. The benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG 7142, in contrast, enhanced the rate suppressing actions of both CRF and amphetamine. In a locomotor activity test, Ro 15-1788 failed to block the locomotor activation observed with CRF and amphetamine. The results suggest that “anxiety” or stress-enhancing compounds may enhance the partial agonist properties of Ro 15-1788 in certain test situations.
Infrared spectra of amino acids in agar films

Abstract Amino acids from aqueous solution were examined in 100 μ thick agar films. The data indicate that discrimination between enantiomers of leucine, isoleucine and valine is possible when these amino acids are prepared from phosphate buffer. Spectra of the optical antipodes of phenylalanine are alike in phosphate buffer but unlike for spectra of the hydrochlorides of the aromatic amino acids.
Gonococcal susceptibility to antimicrobials in Baltimore, 1988-1994. What was the impact of ciprofloxacin as first-line therapy for gonorrhea?

BACKGROUND Single-dose, oral quinolones have been a recommended treatment option for gonorrhea since 1989 and have since been used as first-line therapy for gonorrhea in Baltimore. METHODS The impact of this strategy on antimicobial susceptibility patterns in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was assessed utilizing data collected as part of the National Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance system. This system evaluates a systematically collected sample. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were determined by agar dilution. RESULTS Between January 1988 and September 1994, 1,846 gonococcal isolates were evaluated. The proportion of isolates with plasmid-mediated resistance (penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae or tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae) increased from 22% in 1988 to 46% in 1992 and then dropped to 20% in 1994. In contrast, the prevalence of chromosomally mediated resistant isolates ranged between 3% and 10%. Between 1988 and 1994, the geometric mean penicillin and tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentrations decreased slightly (penicillin: from 0.509 microgram/ml to 0.369 microgram/ml; tetracycline: from 1.01 micrograms/ml to 0.767 microgram/ml). The mean ceftriaxone MIC increased from 0.005 microgram/ml in 1988 to 0.021 microgram/ml in 1992, and then abruptly decreased. Ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations did not change substantially during the study period. Concurrent studies performed in this community suggest that quinolones were infrequently used for infections other than sexually transmitted ones during this time period. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose quinolone therapy does not appear to foster development of resistant gonococcal isolates. However, resistance may develop as a result of complex ecological interactions with the community, underscoring the need for continued surveillance.
Minimum wages and information

Abstract The paper investigates the impact of minimum wage legislation on the level of employment, both for skilled and unskilled labor, when employers are imperfectly informed about a potential employee’s skill level prior to hiring. In this context, imposition of a minimum wage can facilitate the skilled employee’s provision of information about his skill. When laborers can take a certifying test, minimum wages facilitate the sorting effect of the test. If the supply of skilled labor is sufficiently elastic relative to the demand for unskilled labor, this enhancement of the sorting effect can increase total employment, and reduce prices.
Polarization as an instrument to explore the phenomenology and dynamics of vector spaces

Abstract Polarization experiments explore the structure of vector spaces. The choice of the formalism for such exploration is crucial to provide extensive, useful, and accurate results. It is shown on a set of data for 6 GeV/c proton-proton elastic scattering how the flexibility of the optimal formalism can be used to facilitate the phenomenological analysis and to offer clues to the underlying dynamics.
Durability of the hancock MO bioprosthesis compared with standard aortic valve bioprostheses

To compare the durability of the Hancock modified orifice (Hancock MO, model 250 [H-MO]) valve with two other commonly used standard aortic valve bioprostheses, a cohort of 1,602 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement using porcine valves between 1971 and 1990 (excluding simultaneous mitral valve replacement) was analyzed retrospectively using Cox model multivariate techniques. Five hundred sixty-one patients received a composite H-MO valve, 652 received a standard Hancock model 242 (H) valve, and 389 received a Carpentier-Edwards model 2625 (C-E) valve. Mean age was 60 ± 15 years (± 1 standard deviation) (71% male). Follow-up (10,247 patient-years) extended to 15 years and was 97% complete. The main focus of this study was bioprosthetic durability, using The American Association for Thoracic Surgery/The Society of Thoracic Surgeons guidelines to define structural valve deterioration (SVD). Multivariate analysis revealed that (younger) age ( p −5 ), liver disease ( p = 0.02), and 1981 to 1985 operative period (p = 0.012) were the only significant, independent predictors of SVD. In concordance with previous reports, the SVD freedom estimate was greater than 90% at 15 years for patients older than 70 years of age. Hepatic dysfunction had an adverse effect on SVD (estimated freedom from event at 10 years was 34 ±17% [standard error of mean] versus 78 ± 2% for those without liver disease), but this affected only 3% of patients. Interestingly, one operative period (1981 to 1985) was associated with a slightly higher risk of SVD compared to the three other 5-year time windows. Valve type did not emerge as a significant risk factor for SVD. Actuarial freedom from SVD estimates were 56 ± 6% for H-MO at 14 years, 56 ± 4% for H at 14 years, and 54 ± 10% for C-E at 12 years ( p = 0.47). Because of possible improved hemodynamics associated with smaller H-MO valves, the multivariate analysis was repeated according to valve size. Again, valve type did not emerge as a significant determinant of SVD. Furthermore, valve type was not an independent risk factor associated with any other valve-related fatal or morbid events except for postoperative thromboembolic complications (favoring the H-MO valves). In conclusion, no statistically significant or clinically important difference in durability or other valve-related complications was demonstrated between the H-MO valve and the two other standard bioprostheses examined. Accordingly, the choke of a porcine bioprosthesis should be based on other factors, such as hemodynamic performance, ease of implantation, cost, and surgeon's preference.
LIFE-THREATENING HAEMORRHAGE IN A PATIENT WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND A LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT COEXISTING WITH ACQUIRED AUTOANTIBODIES AGAINST FACTOR VIII

A case history of a patient with RA and a lupus anticoagulant coexisting with an acquired inhibitor to factor VIII is described. The factor VIII inhibitor was heralded by life-threatening haemorrhage which followed an invasive procedure.
Differential actions of d- and l-amphetamine on the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine in rat brain ☆

Approximately equieffective doses of d- and l-amphetamine, using suppression of operant fixed-ratio responding for food reinforcement as the determinant of potency, were compared for their ability to alter the disposition of the major and minor metabolites of NE in push-pull perfusates from rat brain lateral ventricle. While 3 mg d-amphetamine/kg and 6 mg l-amphetamine/kg both increased total 3H and the relative amounts of the minor metabolites 3H-normetanephrine and 3-dihydroxymandelic acid, only l-amphetamine caused a significant increase in the major 3H-NE metabolite, methoxyhydroxyphenylethylene-glycol. The data is discussed in relation to the abilities of the isomers of amphetamine to stereoselectively interact with noradrenergic neurons at doses that produce similar effects upon operant behavior.
Memory allocation in information storage networks

Memory allocation problem in information storage networks is studied in this paper. The memory allocation problem is a sub-problem of a file storage scheme, which bounds file-retrieving delays in a heterogeneous information network, under both fault-free and faulty circumstances. This paper also presents an algorithm of complexity O(q|V|/sup 3/) which finds an optimal memory allocation for a tree network G=(V,E), where |V| is the number of vertices and q is the average cardinality of a requirement set.
Training Special Educators to be Consultants: Considerations for Developing Programs

Teacher trainers are currently faced with the task of designing consultation programs for special education teachers. To make these programs contemporary, effective, and relevant for trainees, decisions about their design are best based upon careful examination of a broad range of factors. Three such factors are discussed: (a) characteristics of consultation, including existing consultation models applicable to special education situations; (b) practitioner needs for consultation information; and (c) specific consultation skills to include in the training sequence. Information related to each factor is presented in terms of possible alternatives for training program design, and trainers are urged to base consultation program development on a broad perspective of the consultation field.
Terrain-based vehicle orientation estimation combining vision and inertial measurements

A novel method for estimating vehicle roll, pitch, and yaw using machine vision and inertial sensors is presented that is based on matching images captured from an on-vehicle camera to a rendered representation of the surrounding terrain obtained from a three-dimensional (3D) terrain map. U.S. Geographical Survey Digital Elevation Maps were used to create a 3D topology map of the geography surrounding the vehicle, and it is assumed in this work that large segments of the surrounding terrain are visible, particularly the horizon lines. The horizon lines seen in the captured video from the vehicle are compared to the horizon lines obtained from a rendered geography, allowing absolute comparisons between rendered and actual scene in roll, pitch, and yaw. A kinematic Kalman filter modeling an inertial navigation system then uses the scene matching to generate filtered estimates of orientation. Numerical simulations verify the performance of the Kalman filter. Experiments using an instrumented vehicle operating at the test track of the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute were performed to check the validity of the method. When compared to estimates from a global positioning system-inertial measurement unit (IMU) system, the roll, pitch, and yaw estimates from vision-IMU Kalman filter show an agreement with a (2σ) bound of 0.5, 0.26, and 0.8 deg, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transdermal transport of DNA antisense oligonucleotides by electroporation.

Fluorescein-labeled antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) corresponding to the promoters of the protooncogene c-myb (24-mer) and the oncogene c-myc (15-mer) were transported through the human skin in vitro by electroporation. Fluxes of 6.4±2.1 pM/cm2 hr and 11.5±3.5 pM/cm2 hr, respectively, were achieved during exponential pulsing [τpulse = 1.1ms, transdermal voltage (Uskin) = 80V] every five seconds. The flux for Uskin <70V was undetectable, rapidly increased at 80V, but plateaued at higher values. Fluorescence imaging demonstrated that transport of the ODNs is concentrated in localized transport regions (LTRs)1 approximately 30μm in diameter.
Cooper pairsʼ magnetic moment in MCFL color superconductivity

Abstract We investigate the effect of the alignment of the magnetic moments of Cooper pairs of charged quarks that form at high density in three-flavor quark matter. The high-density phase of this matter in the presence of a magnetic field is known to be the Magnetic Color–Flavor-Locked (MCFL) phase of color superconductivity. We derive the Fierz identities of the theory and show how the explicit breaking of the rotational symmetry by the uniform magnetic field opens new channels of interactions and allows the formation of a new diquark condensate. The new order parameter is a spin-1 condensate proportional to the component in the field direction of the average magnetic moment of the pairs of charged quarks. The magnitude of the spin-1 condensate becomes comparable to the larger of the two scalar gaps in the region of large fields. The existence of the spin-1 condensate is unavoidable, as in the presence of a magnetic field there is no solution of the gap equations with nonzero scalar gaps and zero magnetic moment condensate. This is consistent with the fact that the extra condensate does not break any symmetry that has not already been broken by the known MCFL gaps. The spin-1 condensate enhances the condensation energy of pairs formed by charged quarks and the magnetization of the system. We discuss the possible consequences of the new order parameter on the issue of the chromomagnetic instability that appears in color superconductivity at moderate density.
Image scanning using acousto-optic interaction with surface waves

Abstract The scanning of a one-dimensional light intensity distribution was accomplished by employing the acousto-optic interaction of surface waves on LiNbO 3 . The acoustic signal was 200 nano-seconds long with a center frequency of 100 MHz. To produce a large interaction length, the light propagates through the crystal parallel to the surface on which the acoustic surface wave is launched. The detected diffraction signal yields a temporal representation of the spatial intensity distribution.
Brown bowel syndrome as a complication of refractory sprue

Background: Wireless videocapsule endoscopy has been developed to acquire serial photographic images of the small bowel. The GIVEN M2A capsule endoscopy system was used for all patients. Methods: A retrospective review of 31 capsule endoscopies done in the first 18 months of service in a private gastroenterology practice. Results: A total of 30 patients received 31 capsule endoscopies (1 patient unable to swallow capsule, two patients with 2 capsule endoscopies). Of the 31 capsule endoscopies, 21 were for GI Bleed (both repeat capsule endoscopies for GI bleed), 6 for abdominal pain, 2 for carcinoid syndrome, 1 for Gardner’s syndrome, and one self-referral for halitosis. Yield was 18/21 (65%) for GI bleed, 0/6 (0%) for abdominal pain, 0/2 for Carcinoid (0%), 1/1 (100%) for Gardener’s, and 0/1 (0%) for halitosis. Complications included 1 capsule failure at two hours, 1 patient unable to swallow the capsule, and 2 cases of partial bowel obstruction that spontaneously resolved. Of the 18 patients diagnosed with GI bleed interventions were made in 10 (56%). These included 3 surgeries, 1 embolization, 1 estrogen therapy, 3 bicap procedure, 1 polypectomy, and 1 dextran therapy. Six are being followed as their lesions were deemed not to be amenable to therapy or had excessive risk. One patient expired awaiting treatment and one was lost to follow up. In over 50% of the cases where a lesion was discovered, information led to change in treatment and outcomes. Conclusions: Wireless capsule endoscopy shows good sensitivity for occult GI bleed. It shows poor sensitivity for other processes such as abdominal pain. It also showed good sensitivity for small bowel polyps in Gardener’s syndrome in the one case studied. Capsule endoscopy has been positively accepted and proves to be a valuable adjunct in the private setting.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP130 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND INTERACTIONS WITH ANTIFUNGAL AZOLE DRUGS

CYP130 is one of the 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome P450 enzymes, only two of which, CYP51 and CYP121, have so far been studied as individually expressed proteins. Here we characterize a third heterologously expressed M. tuberculosis cytochrome P450, CYP130, by UV-visible spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and x-ray crystallography, including determination of the crystal structures of ligand-free and econazole-bound CYP130 at a resolution of 1.46 and 3.0A(,) respectively. Ligand-free CYP130 crystallizes in an "open" conformation as a monomer, whereas the econazole-bound form crystallizes in a "closed" conformation as a dimer. Conformational changes enabling the "open-closed" transition involve repositioning of the BC-loop and the F and G helices that envelop the inhibitor in the binding site and reshape the protein surface. Crystal structure analysis shows that the portion of the BC-loop relocates as much as 18A between the open and closed conformations. Binding of econazole to CYP130 involves a conformational change and is mediated by both a set of hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues in the active site and coordination of the heme iron. CYP130 also binds miconazole with virtually the same binding affinity as econazole and clotrimazole and ketoconazole with somewhat lower affinities, which makes it a plausible target for this class of therapeutic drugs. Overall, binding of the azole inhibitors is a sequential two-step, entropy-driven endothermic process. Binding of econazole and clotrimazole exhibits positive cooperativity that may reflect a propensity of CYP130 to associate into a dimeric structure.
Infrared and Raman vibrational spectra of chloryl fluoride (ClO2F)

Abstract The infrared spectrum of gaseous chloryl fluoride has been examined in detail from 300 to 4000 cm −1 . The chlorine and oxygen isotopic structures of many of the fundamental overtone and combination bands have been resolved. The Raman spectrum of liquid chloryl fluoride has been observed from 100 to 1500 cm −1 and polarization measurements recorded. All the fundamental frequencies of the molecule have been observed in both the infrared and Raman spectra. Valence force constants have been calculated which closely reproduce the observed fundamental frequencies and their isotopic shifts.
Radical Entrepreneurs: First Nations Designers’ Approaches to Community Economic Development

Over the past 15 years, contemporary Native Canadian fashion designers have been gaining increasing visibility and economic viability. Yet, their roles and purposes remain poorly understood. This article identifies a problem with conventional approaches to the question of Community Economic Development and Aboriginal participants in the garment industry in the New Economy. It proposes an alternative model based on the concept of the “radical entrepreneur,” which incorporates ideas surrounding ethnic economies, “social entrepreneurship,” symbolic capital, and “rootedness” in indigenous cultures and societies. Insights drawn from participant observation among, and interviews with, members of a Canada-wide network of contemporary aboriginal fashion designers demonstrate that these “radical entrepreneurs” work as agents of social change both within their own indigenous communities and among national and international participants in a global fashion geography.
Conjugated nonadecadienoic acid is more potent than conjugated linoleic acid on body fat reduction.

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown a number of health benefits, particularly on controlling body fat while improving lean mass. As one of CLA cognates, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA, 19-carbon conjugated fatty acid) has been previously reported to have greater efficacy on body fat control. In this report, we compared the efficacy of dietary CLA and CNA on body fat regulation and also compared the mechanism of body fat control using a mouse model. Effects of 0.1% dietary CNA on body fat reduction were comparable to that of 0.5% dietary CLA. The mechanisms of dietary CNA on body fat control were similar to those of CLA: increased energy expenditure and increased fatty acid β-oxidation. Dietary CNA, but not CLA, also improved expression of hormone-sensitive lipase from white adipose tissue, and this may help explain how CNA has better efficacy on body fat control than CLA. Dietary CNA had similar effects as CLA on liver weights; however, unlike CLA, CNA improved glucose tolerance. Thus, CNA has potential to be used as a pharmacological agent to assist current efforts to reduce obesity with less adverse effects than CLA.
Intravenous procaine amide as an aid to differentiate auricular flutter with bundle branch block from paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract In five cases of auricular flutter with bundle branch block simulating paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia the true diagnosis was established by the electrocardiographic changes following intravenously administered procaine amide.
Sidewall profile inclination modulation mask (SPIMM): modification of an attenuated phase-shift mask for single-exposure double and multiple patterning

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 4/12/2013, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 9/29/2015. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance. As 193 nm immersion lithography may be required to be extended beyond 20 nm node, multiple patterning lithography will become a necessity in that scenario. We present a cost-effective approach for 22 nm half-pitch double patterning, with extendibility to sub-10 nm half-pitch pitch division. Spacers on sufficiently sloped sidewalls directly transferred from a low-contrast photoresist profile can be removed by anisotropic etching. Alternatively, spacer gaps for defining trenches may be prevented from penetrating to the substrate by the use of sloped sidewalls. These sloped sidewalls are defined by attenuated phase shift mask (attPSM) features which impart phase shifts other than 180 or 0 degrees. Such features can be accommodated in the process flow for fabricating phase shift masks by the definition of one or two extra layers of processing in the mask shop. Aerial image simulations show this photomask design is more effective in generating sloped foot profiles in the photoresist than simply using sub-resolution features or reducing the width of the clear region. Loop trimming and sidewall spacer definition are accomplished in a single photomask. In addition, there is now an extra ability to define random, arbitrary breaks in the spacer-defined pattern, without using an extra exposure for specified cuts. In this way, a single exposure of a low-contrast photoresist around the sensitivity limit using a modified attenuated phase-shift photomask is sufficient to pattern regularly arranged spacer-defined lines at fixed pitch with irregularly arranged breaks, or 'cuts' in the lines.
The Influence of Affect on Social-Information Processing

This study examined the impact of four affect induction conditions (self-induced positive affect, music-induced positive affect, music-induced negative affect, and neutral affect) on the social-information-processing skills of 96 seventh-grade students with and without learning disabilities using the Dodge (1983) model of social skills. Following a 1-minute affect induction, students were presented with a social problem and asked a series of questions that tested their social skills. Although the results did not find significant differences between school-identified students with and without learning disabilities, there were significant main effects for language skills and affect induction. Students above the median on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills language test generated more solutions and fewer negative responses than students below the median. Students in the self-induced positive affect condition generated more solutions, whereas students in the music-induced positive affect condition generated more embellishments and perceived less interpretation (negative/positive), than students in the neutral and negative affect conditions. The implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Interaction of BN‐ZrO2‐SiC Ceramics with Inclusions in Si‐killed Steel

Boron nitride (BN)-based ceramics are often used as containment refractory in thin-strip steel production. The interaction of this material (BN-ZrO2-SiC:-MYCROSINT® SO43) was studied using a steel-inclusion system in a laboratory setup. Isothermal interaction tests were performed to evaluate the interaction of inclusions with this refractory. It was determined that corrosion of the BN refractory occurs through a dissolution mechanism and it was more severe in contact with steel compared to slag. A thermodynamic model was developed using FactSage to study the change in liquid steel/slag composition with refractory interaction. Thermodynamic predictions were in agreement with the experimental data obtained through isothermal interaction tests.
An exercise in traceability: quantifying imaging spectrometer noise constraints on geologic interpretation

Multispectral imaging is a useful tool to planetary scientists only if the sensor is sufficiently sensitive to address the scientific questions of interest. In this paper, we demonstrate a quantitative relationship between spectroscopic imaging sensor noise and geologic interpretation of the planetary surface being imaged. By linking surface properties (e.g., chemistry, mineralogy, particle size) to spectra using radiative transfer theory, we determine the relationship between sensor noise and various surface properties which dictate the geologic interpretation of the surface. This relationship can be applied to both 1) past mission data with known sensor performance to determine uncertainty in the scientific interpretation of the data and 2) future mission planning of signal-to-noise requirements to meet specific scientific goals. We use past (NASA’s Clementine), present (ESA’s SMART-1), and future (JAXA’s SELENE) lunar missions as explicit examples.
Analytical Chemistry of Four Nitrodibenzopyranone Isomers for Ambient Air Analysis

Abstract Nitrodibenzopyranones have recently been shown to be present in ambient air and to contribute substantially to the mutagenicity of ambient air particulate extracts. To allow their isomer-specific analysis in ambient samples, nitro-isomers (2-, 3- and 4-nitrodibenzopyranone and a fourth isomer tentatively identified as 8-nitrodibenzopyranone) and the parent dibenzopyranone were characterized by their 1H-NMR spectra, mass spectra and their gas chromatographic retention indices on DB-5, DB-1701 and SB-smectic stationary phases. 2-, 3 and 4-Nitrodibenzopyranone were well resolved on DB-5 and DB-1701 columns. Since only 2- and 4-nitrodibenzopyranone have been identified in atmospheric samples, 3-nitrodibenzopyranone may prove suitable as an internal standard for quantitative analysis.
Show me the money! Economic openness, the left, and social spending in Latin America

How has economic openness affected social spending? Are allocations influenced by the partisan preference of the executive branch? In this paper, I test various hypotheses about the determinants of social spending in contemporary Latin America, using a time-series cross-sectional analysis of 17 countries in the period between 1978 and 2006. Contrary to the expectations of critics, I find that trade openness affects social spending positively and governments are compensating citizens exposed to greater economic uncertainty. In addition, I find that partisanship is an important predictor of social spending. Left-wing executives spend more money on social programmes than their right-wing counterparts. This finding is particularly strong when left-wing executives have greater legislative support. In the final section, I re-examine my quantitative findings in a case study of Uruguay.
Electrochemical membrane separation devices and the effect of networking

The US Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) sponsors the research and development of two technologies involving electrochemical membranes: fuel cells and separation devices. METC also works towards developing electric power generation systems which utilize both of these technologies. This paper discusses the general theory and operation of electrochemical membrane separation devices, the advantages of networking them, and some potential applications.
Payout Policy, Capital Structure, and Compensation Contracts when Managers Value Control

The optimal contract between managers and investors is endogenously derived when managers have preferences for both monetary compensation and corporate resources under their control. When the optimal payout is privately known to managers, they can be induced to make payouts by linking their compensation to the payout. Public equity is a claim on this discretionary payout. If investors can obtain new information about the firm's optimal payout level, it can be utilized by transferring the control from management to investors. The new information allows the firm to achieve a more efficient allocation through recontracting. We show that the new information will be obtained if and only if the payout falls below a promised level. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
An Economist's Comment on Philosophico-Economic Relationships

In his paper, "Catholic Philosopher and the Catholic Economist" Father Dirksen contends that economics needs greater support from philosophy in general, social ethics in particular. That some support is needed is evident from the very nature and scope of philosophy, of ethics and of economics. If traditional defini? tions be accepted, that "philosophy is the science of all things in their ultimate nature and causes," and that "ethics is the science of the rightness and wrongness of all human acts/' while "economics is the study of man's actions and problems involved in acquiring and using goods necessary for livelihood," then the relationships and dependencies are inescapable. As Pius XI stated in Reconstruction of the Social Order: Though economic science and moral discipline are guided each by it own principles in its own sphere, it is false that the two orders are so distinct and alien that the former in no way depends on the latter. The so-called laws of economics derived from the nature of earthly goods and from the qualities of the human body and soul, determine what aims are unattainable and attainable in economic matters and what means are thereby necessary, while reason itself clearly deduces from the nature of things and from the individual and social character of many what is the end and object of the whole economic order assigned by God the Creator. (Par. 42). The economic and social organism will . . . attain its end when it secures for all and each goods . . . sufficient to supply all needs and an honest livelihood, and to uplift men to that higher level of prosperity and culture which, provided it be used with prudence, is ... of singular help to virtue. (Par. 75). In other words, ethics gives the ultimate goal while economics must show what will and will not work in getting there. That Prof. Frank Knight of the University of Chicago regrets "the introduction of the ethical element" into economics "by the Papal Encyclicals" is beside the point. In fact, all economists frequently make ethical judgments on eco? nomic matters and also adhere to some basic philosophical concepts
High doses of methamphetamine that cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier in limbic regions produce extensive neuronal degeneration in mouse hippocampus

Histological examination of brain after a single high (40 mg/kg) dose of D-methamphetamine (METH) was used to determine the relationships between blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hyperthermia, intense seizure activity, and extensive degeneration that this exposure often produces. In very hyperthermic mice (body temperatures > 40.5 degrees C) exhibiting status epilepticus, increase in mouse IgG immunoreactivity (IgGIR) in the medial and ventral amygdala was observed within 90 min after METH exposure. In a few instances, where body temperature was in the 40.0 degrees C range, such IgGIR was also seen in animals that had exhibited status epilepticus. Variable increases in IgGIR, which correlated with neurodegeneration, also occurred within 12 h in the hippocampus, indicating BBB disruption in this region also. Degenerating neurons, Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) labeled, were first detected 4 h after METH in the amygdala and hippocampus. Extensive neurodegeneration occurred in the amygdaloid and hippocampal pyramidal cell regions in animals with marked IgGIR increase in these regions by 12 and 24 h after METH. A very rapid activation of brain microglia and/or infiltration of macrophages in regions of notable IgGIR increase with intense neurodegeneration were seen within 24 h. The phagocytosis rate of neurons in the hippocampus was so rapid that FJ-C labeling was virtually nonexistent 3 days after METH. METH did not produce IgGIR increase or neurodegeneration in the limbic regions in the absence of hyperthermia and seizures. Thus, high doses of METH can cause damage to the BBB when hyperthermia occurs, resulting in rapid and extensive hippocampal and amygdalar damage. The BBB disruption in the medial amygdala occurs first, and may well be contributing to the induction and severity of seizures, while BBB disruption in the hippocampus is likely a result of the seizures and hyperthermia. This hippocampal damage should be sufficient to compromise learning and memory.