cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing Freirean-Inspired Community Relevant STEAM Curriculum for Underserved Students in Pakistan Using Action Research Process

This study constituted community-based, action research that sought to identify community needs and design indigenous community relevant STEAM projects in a local community of underserved students in Pakistan. This Community-Based Action Research is conducted in “The Tent School System”; a slum school in H-11 Islamabad, Pakistan. The five-phase cyclic action research process is implemented that involved: diagnosing and identifying community problems using Freirean process of generative themes, creating STEAM lesson plans for identified problems, designing useful products using lesson plans to solve problems, evaluation of this STEAM workshop and then specifying learning for next interaction of this STEAM action project. Drawing on needs assessment survey, post feedback survey and field notes, this mixed methods study explored the experiences of low-socioeconomic students participating in contextually authentic STEAM Projects. Based on the students’ feedback, it was revealed that the main sources of student engagement in this action research project were: the overall impact of these STEAM projects on their community and the skills they inculcated in them that made them capable of solving local community challenges on their own. The major strength of this study was its successful practical application of Freire’s theory of critical pedagogy for designing community relevant learning environment for the students. Key learnings of this study imply a useful example of how students can contribute their knowledge and skills to promote general community well-being. Furthermore, the fusion of critical pedagogy of place in STEAM model offers a unique pedagogical innovation to education practitioners all around the world.
Root Secondary Metabolites in Populus tremuloides: Effects of Simulated Climate Warming, Defoliation, and Genotype.

Climate warming can influence interactions between plants and associated organisms by altering levels of plant secondary metabolites. In contrast to studies of elevated temperature on aboveground phytochemistry, the consequences of warming on root chemistry have received little attention. Herein, we investigated the effects of elevated temperature, defoliation, and genotype on root biomass and phenolic compounds in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). We grew saplings of three aspen genotypes under ambient or elevated temperatures (+4–6 °C), and defoliated (by 75%) half of the trees in each treatment. After 4 months, we harvested roots and determined their condensed tannin and salicinoid (phenolic glycoside) concentrations. Defoliation reduced root biomass, with a slightly larger impact under elevated, relative to ambient, temperature. Elevated temperature decreased condensed tannin concentrations by 21–43% across the various treatment combinations. Warming alone did not alter salicinoid concentrations but eliminated a small negative impact of defoliation on those compounds. Graphical vector analysis suggests that effects of warming and defoliation on condensed tannins and salicinoids were predominantly due to reduced biosynthesis of these metabolites in roots, rather than to changes in root biomass. In general, genotypes did not differ in their responses to temperature or temperature by defoliation interactions. Collectively, our results suggest that future climate warming will alter root phytochemistry, and that effects will vary among different classes of secondary metabolites and be influenced by concurrent ecological interactions such as herbivory. Temperature- and herbivory-mediated changes in root chemistry have the potential to influence belowground trophic interactions and soil nutrient dynamics.
Tumor regression and immunity in combination therapy with anti-CEA chimeric antigen receptor T cells and anti-CEA-IL2 immunocytokine

Targeted immunotherapy of solid cancers with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and immunocytokines are attractive options in that they both rely on the specificity of tumor-targeted antibodie...
Smoke Evacuation in Dermatology: A National Cross-Sectional Analysis Examining the Behaviors and Perceptions of Dermatologists and Dermatologic Surgeons

Background: Despite associated hazards of surgical smoke, there is limited data regarding smoke evacuation practices among dermatologists. Such information is especially relevant at this time as dermatologic procedures often involve exposure to aerosolized particles and known carcinogens. Objective: To examine the barriers underlying historically low utilization of smoke protection among dermatologists Methods: A survey was sent to dermatologists through the Association of Professors of Dermatology (APD) list-serv and a cross-sectional analysis of responses was performed. Results: A total of 85 dermatologists responded. Twenty-four (28.2%) reported use of smoke evacuators during > 50% of dermatologic procedures. The odds of using smoke evacuation was 2.8 times higher in dermatologists with 10 or more years of experience (95% CI, 1.1-7.5; p=0.0358). The most commonly reported barriers to smoke evacuation were limited staffing (63.5%) and set-up time (61.2%). Sixty-seven (78.8%) respondents reported that a hands-free evacuator could potentially increase the use of smoke evacuation in their practices. Limitations: Survey sent on academic listserv with relatively small sample size and limited generalizability. Conclusions: Smoke evacuation remains low among dermatologists despite the risks. Identifying reasons for low utilization and receptiveness to potential solutions is necessary to improve safety practices relating to smoke evacuation.
Fidelity, Rigor, and Relevance: How SEAs are Approaching the ESSA Evidence Requirements:

The Every Student Succeeds Act’s evidence requirements mandate the use of research in the selection of school improvement interventions, with the aim of ensuring that schools and districts invest t...
Moral Hazard and the Corporate Information Environment

Much of corporate managers’ incentive is related to the stock price. Consequently, a firm can design its corporate information environment to tackle its manager’s moral hazard problem. We analyze a model in which the manager needs to exert costly effort to implement a risky, long-term project and the project gives the manager opportunities to make credible disclosure. The optimal disclosure to motivate effort is the manager’s strategic disclosure because it protects the manager from the downside of the project and induces the rational stock market to punish nondisclosure. A more transparent information regime is not always preferred because it may reduce the manager’s discretion on disclosure. We also derive the optimal disclosure when both the effort and the project choice are considered.
Repeated or Continuous Medically Supervised Ketamine Administration Associated with Hepatobiliary Adverse Events: A Retrospective Case Series

Emerging off-label medical uses of ketamine for the treatment of persistent conditions such as depression and chronic pain often require repeated administration. Cases reported by other countries suggest that long-term and repeated exposure to ketamine may be associated with several risks, including but not limited to hepatobiliary damage. We aimed (1) to characterize the association between repeated administration of ketamine for off-label medical use and hepatobiliary events and (2) to describe recent trends in the use of ketamine across different clinical settings. We conducted a retrospective case series analysis, utilizing reports identified from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database as well as the medical literature. We included all cases reported through July 2018 describing both repeated exposure to ketamine in a hospital or ambulatory setting and a hepatobiliary adverse event. We excluded cases describing ketamine abuse. We identified adverse hepatobiliary events using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®) and summarized various case characteristics including: patient demographics, route of ketamine administration, dose, time to onset of event, type of event, and pre-existing risk factors for hepatobiliary disease. To assess trends in the demand for ketamine, we used IQVIA, National Sales Perspectives™ to provide the nationally estimated number of vials sold for ketamine from the manufacturer to all US channels of distribution from 2013 through 2017. We identified 14 unique cases that met selection criteria with 21 hepatobiliary adverse events including liver enzyme elevation in all cases, biliary dilation with liver cirrhosis (n = 1), biliary dilation with cholangitis (n = 1), and pericholeductal fibrosis (n = 1). Most cases received ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome or chronic pain. In cases with a reported time to onset, the majority of events occurred within 4 days. The nationally estimated number of ketamine vials sold in the USA from manufacturers to various channels of distribution increased from 1.2 million in 2013 to 2.1 million in 2017. We report an association between repeated or continuous administration of ketamine and hepatobiliary adverse events. Increased awareness among clinicians may mitigate these adverse outcomes, especially in the context of growing ketamine sales.
Chapter 5 Amino acid metabolism in the small intestine: biochemical bases and nutritional significance

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews recent work on intestinal amino acid metabolism, with an emphasis on its biochemical bases and nutritional significance. The small intestine is a highly differentiated and complex organ, responsible for the terminal digestion and absorption of nutrients, and also plays an important role in amino acid metabolism. Most of glutamine and almost all of glutamate and aspartate in the diet are catabolized by the small intestinal mucosa in the first pass. The small intestinal mucosa also degrades enteral arginine, ornithine, proline, branched-chain amino acids, and lysine. In the postabsorptive state, the small intestine takes up arterial glutamine and releases ammonia, alanine, citrulline, and proline as the major nitrogenous products. The intestine-derived citrulline is effectively utilized for arginine synthesis by extrahepatic cells and organs. The extensive catabolism of enteral amino acids by the small intestine substantially reduces their availability to extraintestinal tissues and alters the patterns of amino acids that enter the systemic circulation. It has important practical implications for the utilization efficiency and recommended requirements of dietary protein and amino acids by animals, including humans.
Accuracy of link capacity estimates using passive and active approaches with CapProbe

CapProbe is an inexpensive and accurate means to estimate capacity. CapProbe combines both dispersion and end-to-end delay to estimate the capacity of the narrowest link on a path. We evaluate in this paper the accuracy of CapProbe estimation, and its dependence on end systems speed, packet sizes, narrow link speeds, and other system parameters. We test kernel and user level implementations of CapProbe and find the kernel implementation to be much more accurate. We also evaluate through experiments the effect of probing packet size on the accuracy of CapProbe estimation. Finally, we explore the idea of a "passive CapProbe" within the context of a TCP flow. Passive here means that the dispersion and delay observed for the TCP flow data and ACK packets, without introducing any additional probing packets. We test active and passive versions of CapProbe with TCP. The active version is found to produce more accurate capacity estimates than the passive version.
Efficient computation of jointree bounds for systematic MAP search

The MAP (maximum a posteriori assignment) problem in Bayesian networks is the problem of finding the most probable instantiation of a set of variables given partial evidence for the remaining variables. The state-of-the-art exact solution method is depth-first branch-and-bound search using dynamic variable ordering and a jointree upper bound proposed by Park and Darwiche [2003]. Since almost all search time is spent computing the jointree bounds, we introduce an efficient method for computing these bounds incrementally. We point out that, using a static variable ordering, it is only necessary to compute relevant upper bounds at each search step, and it is also possible to cache potentials of the jointree for efficient backtracking. Since the jointree computation typically produces bounds for joint configurations of groups of variables, our method also instantiates multiple variables at each search step, instead of a single variable, in order to reduce the number of times that upper bounds need to be computed. Experiments show that this approach leads to orders of magnitude reduction in search time.
Backlit capsule implosions on Z: Comparison of simulation and experiment

Summary form only given. The z-pinch driven hohlraum high-yield concept is in the process of being experimentally validated on the Z accelerator, qualifying its performance with respect to hohlraum energetics, radiation symmetry, pulse shaping, capsule preheat, and z-pinch physics scaling. Key parts of the assessment effort are the measurement and simulation of capsule radiation symmetry on Z, and the theoretical scaling of radiation symmetry from the hohlraum conditions on Z (70-90 eV) to the 200-250 eV hohlraum temperatures characteristic of a device for driving high yield capsules. Recently, we have begun to use the Z-beamlet laser (ZBL) to create high-energy (4.75 - 6.7 keV) X-rays for backlighting capsule implosion experiments on Z in point projection mode. The hohlraum geometry is a single-sided power feed analog to the high-yield concept, in which a central secondary hohlraum containing the capsule is driven by a z-pinch primary hohlraum at each end. Images at 4.75 and 6.7 keV backlighting energies have been obtained, mapping the trajectory and distortion of a 2-mm initial diameter plastic ablator capsule over multiple shots.
Apoptotic effects of high-dose rapamycin occur in S-phase of the cell cycle

Mutations in genes encoding regulators of mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin, commonly provide survival signals in cancer cells. Rapamycin and analogs of rapamycin have been used with limited success in clinical trials to target mTOR-dependent survival signals in a variety of human cancers. Suppression of mTOR predominantly causes G1 cell cycle arrest, which likely contributes to the ineffectiveness of rapamycin-based therapeutic strategies. While rapamycin causes the accumulation of cells in G1, its effect in other cell cycle phases remains largely unexplored. We report here that when synchronized MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells are allowed to progress into S-phase from G1, rapamycin activates the apoptotic machinery with a concomitant increase in cell death. In Calu-1 lung cancer cells, rapamycin induced a feedback increase in Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in S-phase that mitigated rapamycin-induced apoptosis. However, sensitivity to rapamycin in S-phase could be reestablished if Akt phosphorylation...
Interior Point Methods

The simplex method starts from a basic feasible solution and moves along the boundary of the feasible region until an optimum is reached. At each step, the algorithm brings only one new variable into the basic set, regardless of the total number of variables. Thus, for problems with a large number of variables, the method may take many steps before terminating. In fact, relatively simple examples exist in which the simplex method visits all vertices of the feasible region before finding the optimum.
The New Slave Trade: The International Crisis of Immigrant Smuggling

When the Honduran-registered freighter the Golden Venture ran aground off the New York coast in June 1993, hundreds of Chinese immigrants attempting to enter the United States illegally were forced to plunge into the North Atlantic and swim to shore. Ten immigrants died trying to reach land.1 The vivid scenes of illegal Chinese immigrants risking their lives to swim to freedom in the United States after enduring a lengthy voyage under deplorable conditions highlights the emerging global problem of immigrant smuggling. Since the Golden Venture incident, the immigrant smuggling problem has escalated, not only in the sheer magnitude of smuggling operations but also in the amount of human suffering. In fact, this underground trade in human beings exacts such an enormous toll in human misery that it has been called a modern version of the slave trade.2 Faced with poverty and deprivation in their home countries, many immigrants make deals with unscrupulous smugglers who secretly transport the immigrants into countries where their prospects seem brighter. Unfortunately, smuggling networks subject immigrants to deplorable conditions in transit, and then deliverer them to "a life of indentured servitude, torture, fear and extortion" until they can pay the exorbitant prices charged by their smugglers.3 The immigrants' ability to raise sufficient funds in the underground economy to pay smugglers' exhorbitant fees is so limited that it takes some immigrants years to pay off the balance. In a congressional hearing on immigrant smuggling, Congressman George Sangmeister noted, "Aliens from the People's Republic of China are selling themselves into virtual slavery for a boat ride to the United States."4 Jonas Widgren, head of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development in Vienna, also claims
Banded ion morphology - Main and recovery storm phases

The occurrence of bands in ion spectra obtained with the high-altitude and low-altitude plasma instruments on DE-1 and DE-2, respectively, during main and recovery storm phases from the period September 1981 - January 1982 is analyzed statistically. Typical spectra are shown; diagrams and graphs of storm morphology are provided; and two theoretical models (one based on time-of-flight effects and another based on convective dispersion) are discussed. It is found that bands occur more often in the main phase than in the recovery phase, and more often and at higher latitudes in the evening than before noon. From the stability of the bands and the dependence of energy on latitude it is inferred that convective dispersion plays a more important role than time-of-flight effects in the motion of heavy ions in the magnetosphere.
The Prometheus IFE reactor cavity

The design of a wetted wall reactor cavity was undertaken at UCLA as a part of the Prometheus Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) reactor study. In this paper, we review the final design concept and summarize the results of detailed analysis on several of the key aspects of the cavity design. A more complete description of the design and analysis is contained in the study final report.
Log-det heuristic for matrix rank minimization with applications to Hankel and Euclidean distance matrices

We present a heuristic for minimizing the rank of a positive semidefinite matrix over a convex set. We use the logarithm of the determinant as a smooth approximation for rank, and locally minimize this function to obtain a sequence of trace minimization problems. We then present a lemma that relates the rank of any general matrix to that of a corresponding positive semidefinite one. Using this, we readily extend the proposed heuristic to handle general matrices. We examine the vector case as a special case, where the heuristic reduces to an iterative l/sub 1/-norm minimization technique. As practical applications of the rank minimization problem and our heuristic, we consider two examples: minimum-order system realization with time-domain constraints, and finding lowest-dimension embedding of points in a Euclidean space from noisy distance data.
Dilaton-driven confinement

We derive a solution of type IIB supergravity which is asymptotic to AdS_5 x S^5, has SO(6) symmetry, and exhibits some of the features expected of geometries dual to confining gauge theories. At the linearized level, the solution differs from pure AdS_5 x S^5 only by a dilaton profile. It has a naked singularity in the interior. Wilson loops follow area law behavior, and there is a mass gap. We suggest a field theory interpretation in which all matter fields of N=4 gauge theory acquire a mass and the infrared theory is confining.
Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations

It is well established that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component; however, for at least 70% of cases, the underlying genetic cause is unknown. Under the hypothesis that de novo mutations underlie a substantial fraction of the risk for developing ASD in families with no previous history of ASD or related phenotypes--so-called sporadic or simplex families--we sequenced all coding regions of the genome (the exome) for parent-child trios exhibiting sporadic ASD, including 189 new trios and 20 that were previously reported. Additionally, we also sequenced the exomes of 50 unaffected siblings corresponding to these new (n = 31) and previously reported trios (n = 19), for a total of 677 individual exomes from 209 families. Here we show that de novo point mutations are overwhelmingly paternal in origin (4:1 bias) and positively correlated with paternal age, consistent with the modest increased risk for children of older fathers to develop ASD. Moreover, 39% (49 of 126) of the most severe or disruptive de novo mutations map to a highly interconnected β-catenin/chromatin remodelling protein network ranked significantly for autism candidate genes. In proband exomes, recurrent protein-altering mutations were observed in two genes: CHD8 and NTNG1. Mutation screening of six candidate genes in 1,703 ASD probands identified additional de novo, protein-altering mutations in GRIN2B, LAMC3 and SCN1A. Combined with copy number variant (CNV) data, these results indicate extreme locus heterogeneity but also provide a target for future discovery, diagnostics and therapeutics.
Earthquake response spectra for performance based design—A critical review

Abstract After briefly reviewing the history of the development of design codes and the contemporary performance based objectives for earthquake-resistant structures, this paper considers the linear elastic design spectra exemplified by the Eurocode 8. The amplitudes and shapes of the spectra are examined relative to what is known about strong ground motion and its empirical scaling equations. The estimation of seismic hazard is then discussed, and it is shown that hazard mapping in terms of one scaling parameter (e.g., peak ground acceleration) is neither reliable nor uniformly conservative, and is also in contradiction with the performance based design objectives. It is suggested that a reliable and robust seismic hazard mapping for use with national earthquake-resistant design guidelines (e.g. Eurocode 8) can be carried out using the Anderson–Trifunac Uniform Hazard Spectrum method.
Finite transforms of a Noetherian ring

Let R be a Noetherian ring, and let UC Spec R. Let T, be the transform (~1 u is in the total quotient ring of R, and (R: U) & P for all PE U>. Let B(R) = {P E Spec R I grade P, = 1 }, and let 8(R) = {P E Spec R 1 the completion (R,)* has a depth 1 prime divisor of zero). The main result of the first section says that Tci is a finite R-module if and only if every regular prime in &P(R) is contained in some prime in U, and with linitely many exceptions, every regular prime in g(R) is contained in some prime in U. We then apply this result to various well-known transforms of R. A transform which recently has drawn interest, is R’ = T, for U = d?(R). It was known that R” is the union of all ideal transforms of R which happen to be finite R-modules, but it was not known when R’ itself is finite. Here, we show that R” is a finite R-module if and only if the set A(K)= (PE@(R)I no prime in d(R) contains P) is finite. The second section of the paper studies when A(R), and the larger set JL-( R) = Y(R) b(R), are finite. We show that this occurs quite frequently. A major result is that if R E -4 c B are Noetherian rings with B finitely generated over R, and if R is semilocal, then M(A) is finite, and so A’ is a finite A-module. The third section asks some questions, and makes related comments.
Temperature and pressure dependences of the dielectric constants of semiconductors

The effects of temperature and hydrostatic pressure on the static dielectric constant (epsilon) were investigated for a group of crystalline semiconductors chosen to be representative of III-V compounds (GaAs and GaP), II-VI compounds (ZnS and CdS), and group-IV (Si) materials. When combined with earlier results on the temperature and pressure dependences of the high-frequency optical (i.e., electronic) dielectric constants (epsilon/sub infinity/), the present results allow, for the compound semiconductors, determination of the lattice contribution to these effects. The results are discussed from both the microscopic and macroscopic points of view. For all the crystals studied, the pressure effects are dominated by the change in polarizability with volume, and the temperature effects by anharmonicities. The pressure dependences of the lattice contributions to the dielectric constants (epsilon/sub 11/ and epsilon/sub 33/) of hexagonal CdS are anomalous in that they increase with pressure. This behavior is most likely due to coupling between the appropriate TO modes and the TA modes which are known to soften on approaching the pressure-induced phase transition in this crystal. The transverse dynamic effective charge was calculated for the compounds, and its pressure dependence was determined for GaAs and GaP. The results and their implications are discussed.
Participatory decision-making in the firm☆

Abstract This paper sets out a model in which the costs of the processes of making and implementing decisions in a firm depend on the fraction of persons who participate in their making, together with the ‘similarity’ of employee preferences. It is shown, under certain conditions, that for each decision there is an optimal participatory fraction that varies with preference similarities. The nature of the latter variation is explored. In addition, Condorcet's Jury Theorem is used to extend these results to account for decision quality by allowing, in the optimization, for the probability of a ‘correct’ decision being made.
A comparative study of Interval Management control law capabilities

This paper presents a new tool designed to allow for rapid development and testing of different control algorithms for airborne spacing. This tool, Interval Management Modeling and Spacing Tool (IM MAST), is a fast-time, low-fidelity tool created to model the approach of aircraft to a runway, with a focus on their interactions with each other. Errors can be induced between pairs of aircraft by varying initial positions, winds, speed profiles, and altitude profiles. Results to-date show that only a few of the algorithms tested had poor behavior in the arrival and approach environment. The majority of the algorithms showed only minimal variation in performance under the test conditions. Trajectory-based algorithms showed high susceptibility to wind forecast errors, while performing marginally better than the other algorithms under other conditions. Trajectory-based algorithms have a sizable advantage, however, of being able to perform relative spacing operations between aircraft on different arrival routes and flight profiles without employing ‘ghosting’ methods. This comes at the higher cost of substantially increased complexity, however. Additionally, it was shown that earlier initiation of relative spacing operations provided more time for corrections to be made without any significant problems in the spacing operation itself. Initiating spacing farther out, however, would require more of the aircraft to begin spacing before they merge onto a common route.
Microclimate influences on vegetation water availability and net primary production in coastal ecosystems of Central California

Field sampling and satellite remote sensing were used to test the hypothesis that site microclimate variability leading to divergent soil water use by vegetation types is closely associated with variability in annual net primary productivity (NPP) at the landscape scale. A simulation model based on satellite observations of seasonal phenology was used to estimate NPP of grassland, shrubland, and conifer forest vegetation types on the Central California coast near Big Sur. Daily microclimate at the soil surface was monitored over 4 years (2008–2011) for each vegetation type to infer soil moisture controls on plant production. Grassland soils were found to have lower soil organic matter content and were subjected to extreme radiation and wind events, and thereby dry-down faster with daily spring–summer warming than do shrubland or redwood forest soils. This reduced moisture microclimate affected the water stress on grassland plants to reduce NPP fluxes from April to October each year on the Central Coast far sooner than for shrubland or redwood stands. Results from this study suggested that the satellite-observed canopy greenness variations represented can be used to quantify plant production in coastal ecosystems at the landscape scale of defined microclimate variation.
Polymorphic collaboration in the global grid

Next generation collaborative systems must be able to represent the same information in different forms on a broad spectrum of devices and resources from low end personal digital assistants (PDA) to high performance computers (HPC). Users might be on a desktop then switch to a laptop and then to a PDA while accessing the global grid. The user preference profile for a collaboration session should be capable of moving with them as well as be automatically adjusted for the device type. Collaborative systems must be capable of representing the same information in many forms for different domains and on many devices and thus be polymorphic. Polymorphic collaboration will provide an ability for multiple heterogeneous resources (human to human, human to machine and machine to machine) to share information and activities, as well as the ability to regulate collaborative sessions based on client characteristics and needs; reuse user profiles, tool category choices, and settings in future collaboration session by same or different users; use intelligent agents to assist collaborative systems in learning user/resource preferences and behaviors, and autonomously derive optimal information to provide to users and decision makers. This paper discusses ongoing research in next generation collaborative environments with the goal of making electronic collaboration as easy to use as the telephone - collaboration at the touch of the screen.
Language and Cultural Identity: A Study of Hmong Students at the Postsecondary Level

(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 359 307) Pratt, M. L. (1995). Arts of the contact zone. In D. Bartholomae & A. Petrosky (Eds.), Reading the lives of others (pp. 179-198). Boston: Bedford Books. Pratt-Johnson, Y. (1993). Curriculum forJamaican Creole-speaking students in New York City. World Englishes, 12, 257-264. Roberts, P. (1988). West Indians and their language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reflecting on the Accomplishments of Health Communication

This request to comment on the 100th issue of the Journal of Health Communication could not come at a better time for me. I recently retired after a 30+-year career focused on health communication ...
Exploring Cost Constraints on Stem Elongation in Plants Using Phenotypic Manipulation.

Negative associations between individual life-history traits of an organism are referred to as life-history trade-offs (Stearns 1992; Zera et al. 1998). The existence of costly trade-offs is thought to have favored the evolution of phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism through which organisms can account for environmental heterogeneity while modulating costs and benefits incurred by fixed allocation to competing functions (Bradshaw 1965; Stearns 1992; Sultan 1995; Dudley and Schmitt 1996; Pigliucci 1996). In plants, the ability to modify stem elongation in response to environmental cues appears to be a classic form of adaptive phenotypic plasticity (Sultan 1995; Gedroc et al. 1996). Plastic increases or decreases in stem elongation rate in plants can be triggered by light-quality and lightquantity cues (Smith 1982; Ballare et al. 1989, 1990; Rajapakse and Kelly 1995; Petit and Thompson 1997) and exposure to mechanical stimuli (e.g., wind) (Gartner 1991; Jaffe and Forbes 1993; Emery et al. 1994; Cipollini 1997b). Increased stem elongation in response to light cues can enable plants to escape shading by neighbors and capitalize on heterogenous resources, while reduced elongation in response to mechanical cues can enable plants to resist mechanical damage (Ballare et al. 1991, 1995; Jaffe and Forbes 1993). The best-studied plastic stem response in plants is the “shade avoidance” response, cued by altered red : far-red
Influenza A virus hemagglutinin protein subunit vaccine elicits vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease in pigs

Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) can occur when pigs are challenged with heterologous virus in the presence of non-neutralizing but cross-reactive antibodies elicited by whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of heterologous δ1-H1N2 influenza A virus (IAV) challenge of pigs after vaccination with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) subunit vaccine (HA-SV) or temperature-sensitive live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine, and to assess the role of immunity to HA in the development of VAERD. Both HA-SV and LAIV vaccines induced high neutralizing antibodies to virus with homologous HA (H1N1pdm09), but not heterologous challenge virus (δ1-H1N2). LAIV partially protected pigs, resulting in reduced virus shedding and faster viral clearance, as no virus was detected in the lungs by 5 days post infection (dpi). HA-SV vaccinated pigs developed more severe lung and tracheal lesions consistent with VAERD following challenge. These results demonstrate that the immune response against the HA protein alone is sufficient to cause VAERD following heterologous challenge.
On the Increasing Role of Economic Research in Management of Resources and Protection of the Environment

This paper follows precedent in mixing substantive matters related to resource and environmental economics with an autobiographical framework. Unavoidably, this pushes the contents toward my own contributions to the field—especially those that, in my belief, have not received the attention they merit. After following precedent and beginning with some words on my origins and my subsequent affiliations, I focus on several examples showing how economic analysis has helped to illuminate this subject that is so critical for the general welfare. I begin with the origins of our understanding of externalities and their increasing role in the literature on the subjects under discussion here. Second, I turn to the issue of effective policy measures and the political obstacles that impede their adoption. As part of this, I discuss markets in emission permits as a way to make the Pigouvian taxation approach more palatable. I show that these two are basically equivalent, but the same is not true of the carrot and the ...
Rational design of MoS2 catalysts: tuning the structure and activity via transition metal doping

Density functional theory was used to study how transition metal doping could be used as a method for systematically fine-tuning the structure and activity of MoS2 catalysts. Through studying the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the edge sites, the role of the metal dopant was determined to be in modifying the strength of sulfur binding on the edge, which determines hydrogen binding onto sulfur atoms on the edge through a negative linear scaling. A simple thermodynamic quantity, ΔGS, is thus identified, which allows for a description of both the stable structure and adsorption at the edge sites. This provides a descriptor-based framework for the rational design of new MoS2-type catalysts, where a metal dopant can be chosen to either strengthen or weaken the binding of key intermediates as desired. We also elucidate the unique coverage dependence of hydrogen binding, which explains why MoS2-type catalysts tend to have near-optimal hydrogen binding. These results are expected to be more general and easily extended to other reactions on other layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Besides confirming the high HER activity of previously studied MoS2 catalysts, we find 6 additional candidates that show marked improvement in hydrogen adsorption free energies over pristine MoS2.
Inverted Region Electron Transfer Demonstrated by Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

We describe several transinterface electron-transfer processes occurring at the benzonitrile (PhCN)/water interface that produce excited states. When an electrode was moved very close to the interface or even through the interface to produce an electrode/thin layer organic phase/aqueous solution configuration, the electrogenerated radical species formed in the PhCN phase (C12−Ru(bpy)33+, DPA+, or TH+) diffused to the liquid/liquid interface to react with (oxidize) a coreactant (C2O42-) soluble only in the aqueous solution, leading to the formation of a strongly reducing radical species (CO2•-). The electron transfer from CO2•- in the aqueous solution to the oxidized species in the organic phase across the liquid/liquid interface produced an electronically excited state which then emitted light. The appearance of an ECL signal in these systems supports the suggestion of Marcus inverted region behavior in very exothermic heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions at the liquid/liquid interface.
Nonlocal Modulation of Biphotons

We experimentally describe a new quantum effect where temporal modulation of one photon of an entangled pair, as measured by frequency-domain correlation, may be negated or enhanced by modulation of the second photon.
Multiple specific CytR binding sites at the Escherichia coli deoP2 promoter mediate both cooperative and competitive interactions between CytR and cAMP receptor protein.

Binding of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and CytR mediates both positive and negative control of transcription from Escherichia coli deoP2. Transcription is activated by CRP and repressed by a multi-protein CRP·CytR·CRP complex. The latter is stabilized by cooperative interactions between CRP and CytR. Similar interactions at the other transcriptional units of the CytR regulon coordinate expression of the transport proteins and enzymes required for nucleoside catabolism. A fundamental question in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation is how combinatorial mechanisms of this sort regulate differential expression. To understand the combinatorial control mechanism at deoP2, we have used quantitative footprint and gel shift analysis of CRP and CytR binding to evaluate the distribution of ligation states. By comparison to distributions for other CytR-regulated promoters, we hope to understand the roles of individual states in differential gene expression. The results indicate that CytR binds specifically to multiple sites at deoP2, including both the well recognized CytR site flanked by CRP1 and CRP2 and also sites coincident with CRP1 and CRP2. Binding to these multiple sites yields both cooperative and competitive interactions between CytR and CRP. Based on these findings we propose that CytR functions as a differential modulator of CRP1 versus CRP2-mediated activation. Additional high affinity specific sites are located at deoP1 and near the middle of the 600-base pair sequence separating P1 and P2. Evaluation of the DNA sequence requirement for specific CytR binding suggests that a limited array of contiguous and overlapping CytR sites exists at deoP2. Similar extended arrays, but with different arrangements of overlapping CytR and CRP sites, are found at the other CytR-regulated promoters. We propose that competition and cooperativity in CytR and CRP binding are important to differential regulation of these promoters.
Classroom strategies for teaching ethics

An example of how one faculty member in instructional technology developed a course integrating ethics into her program's curriculum.
Right ear bias in the perception of loudness of pure tones

Abstract Right-handed subjects showed a right ear bias when assessing the relative loudness of dichotic pairs of pure tones. The ear asymmetry appeared to be independent of both monaural auditory thresholds and ear advantages on two language related dichotic tests.
Optimal design of non-equilibrium experiments for genetic network interrogation

Many experimental systems in biology, especially synthetic gene networks, are amenable to perturbations that are controlled by the experimenter. We developed an optimal design algorithm that calculates optimal observation times in conjunction with optimal experimental perturbations in order to maximize the amount of information gained from longitudinal data derived from such experiments. We applied the algorithm to a validated model of a synthetic Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) gene network and found that optimizing experimental perturbations may substantially decrease uncertainty in estimating BMV model parameters.
A Tricritical Point in a Model Two-Component System of Enantiomers

A lattice gas is studied in which the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule ( d and l ) are adsorbed onto a triangular lattice. The phase diagram is investigated using a Guggenheim-McGlashan approximation with two order parameters. For a range of intermolecular interactions, such as may occur between the zwitterion forms of an amino acid, the system is found to exhibit a tricritical point at which a d -rich phase, an l -rich phase, and a racemic phase simultaneously become a single phase.
Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients

Introduction: Early clinical trials in hypertension compared monotherapy with a specifi c drug against placebo. The overwhelming evidence for benefi t of treating hypertension has led, more recently, to trials comparing different drug classes as antihypertensive monotherapy. As a result of these trials, thiazide diuretics have been recommended as the most effective and cost-effective agents for fi rst-line therapy, or early adjunctive therapy, for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension. However, data have been sparse regarding the comparative effi cacy of popular alternative fi xed-dose combinations, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors combined with calcium channel blockers or thiazides.
GABAB receptor stimulation decreases amphetamine-induced behavior and neuropeptide gene expression in the striatum

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether GABAB receptor activation blocks acute amphetamine-induced behavioral activity, dopamine release, and neuropeptide mRNA expression in the striatum. Systemic administration of R-(+)-baclofen (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter total distance traveled or vertical rearing induced by amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). At 2.5 mg/kg, baclofen did not alter spontaneous motor activity or total distance traveled, but completely blocked vertical rearing induced by amphetamine. At 5.0 mg/kg, baclofen completely blocked both total distance traveled and vertical rearing induced by amphetamine. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that baclofen (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the ability of amphetamine to increase preprodynorphin (PPD), preprotachykinin (PPT), preproenkephalin (PPE), and secretogranin II (SGII) mRNA levels in the striatum without altering the basal levels of these signals. Baclofen also blocked the amphetamine-induced rise in SGII mRNA in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex. In a separate experiment, systemic baclofen (2.5 mg/kg) decreased the amphetamine-induced increase in dialysate dopamine levels in the striatum. These results suggest that reduced striatal dopamine release contributes to the ability of GABAB receptor activation to decrease acute amphetamine-induced behavioral activity and striatal neuropeptide gene expression.
Ascorbic Acid/Citric Acid Combinations in the Processing of Frozen Apple Slices

Sulfite replacement was investigated in a commercial apple freezing operation: Jonathan and Spy apple slices were vacuum-impregnated in 0.5% or 1% ascorbic acid (LAA) or D-araboascorbic acid (DAA). 0.25% or 0.5% citric acid (CA), 2h NaCl, and 0.25% CaCl2 Treatments with DAA gave color and sensory properties equal to LAA treatments. Slice color was not significantly different between 0.5% and 1.0% ascorbic acid isomers and 0.25% or 0.5% CA. Shear measurements of Jonathan slices were significantly influenced by DAA and citric acid concentrations. Texture of Spy slices was not affected by treatment or storage. This study indicates that DAA may be substituted for more expensive LAA for treating Spy and Jonathan slices prior to freezing.
EXTRACELLULAR PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS. II. IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE MALATE

The photochemical reduction of TPN, and also of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (13), pera?its the linking of the photolysis of water by isolated chloroplasts (the Hill reaction) to the many enzymatic reactions which are dependent on these pyridine nucleotides (10). Among these reactions, those which can be shown to occur in photosynthetic tissues are of special interest to photosynthesis. In the previously reported study (2) in which chloroplasts and malic enzyme from green leaves were used, the course of the reaction was followed by manometric measurements of the evolved oxygen. This communication reports the identification, with the aid of radioactive carbon, paper chromatography, and radioautography, of the organic compound, 1-malate, formed in this photosynthetic reaction. Tracer carbon was previously used in the study of the reaction with malic enzymes from non-photosynthetic tissues (14, 11), and the identification of 1-malate as a product of the reaction with the pigeon liver enzyme was reported by Vishniac and Ochoa (14), who used both chromotographic techniques and specific enzymatic decarboxylation methods. Previously described procedures (1, 4) were used for the growing of sugar beet and spinach plants in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse and for the maceration of leaves and the separation of chloroplast fragments from the cytoplasmic fluid. In the early experiments, malic enzyme was prepared from the cytoplasmic fluid in which the activity of the enzyme was found to be localized (2). In later experiments, the enzyme was prepared from the green slurry of the entire leaf; the chloroplastic material was removed with the first ammonium sulphate precipitation. The malic enzyme and the chloroplasts were usually prepared from the same leaves, but in certain experiments spinach chloroplasts were combined with malic enzyme of sugar beet. The procedure used for the preparation of malic enzyme was based on that of Vennesland (13) for the preparation of oxalacetic car-