cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Respirometer for Small Animals

IN the course of some work carried on in this laboratory, it became necessary to devise an apparatus that would measure oxygen consumption during the early life of the mouse. Most of the available methods are either elaborate in technique and equipment or ill-adapted for use with small animals. However, a constant-pressure type of respirometer, after the principle used by Winterstein and later described by Dixon1 has been successfully adapted to the problem and might well be given wider application. Materials for its construction are readily available, and it is so sensitive that determinations may be made over very short periods—½–4 minutes. Mice are seldom absolutely quiet for longer periods, and so this sensitivity is almost a necessity when working with these animals.
Sedimentary Facies of Nonmarine Lower Miocene Diligencia Formation, Canyon Spring Area, Orocopia Mountains, Southern California: ABSTRACT

The Diligencia Formation in the Canyon Spring area consists of a 2,950-ft (800m) section of interbedded sedimentary and volcanic rocks that accumulated in an east-west-trending intermontane valley. Sedimentary facies are alluvial fan-braided fluvial, shoreline with interfingering basalt flows, fluvial-deltaic, and lacustrine. The alluvial fan-braided fluvial facies occurs in the basal part of the formation in the Canyon Spring area. Alluvial-fan processes predominated in the lower part of this facies where coarse debris was derived from an uplifted Precambrian schistose gneiss-augen gneiss basement complex on the south. Braided-fluvial processes predominated in the upper part of the facies where alternating sequences of sand and mudcracked mud accumulated. Basin subsidence occurred with syntectonic outpourings of basalt. Some of the flows are pillow basalts that interfingered with rippled, well-sorted, fine-grained sand of the shoreline facies. Fossils are sparse in the shoreline facies and include ostracodes, land-mammal remains, and horizontal burrows. Spring-tufa deposits are present in a laterally persistent bed. As infilling of the lake occurred, deltas formed where gravel-bearing, sandy fluvial sediments of the fluvial-deltaic facies entered the lake. These deposits interfinger with the shoreline facies, and some of the boulders are anorthosite and Lowe-type granodiorite. Offshore, thin-bedded mud and silt of the lacustrine facies interfingered with the delta deposits. Evaporite lagoon conditions and volcanic activity (ash deposit ) were intermittent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1700------------
Image processing by an optical analog device

Abstract An optical image processor and its capabilities are described. As an image restoring device it works by corrective convolution rather than by complex spatial filtering. A transparency to be restored is scanned by an extended, purely real corrective function and the optically processed signal is simultaneously played back, using the same scanning drum. Apart from restoration the device can also be used to perform other linear operations, such as differentiation and matched function correlation. In addition, an incorporated flexible function generator permits quantization, contour generation and other non-linear operations to be performed in the playback, with or without the optical processing.
Thrombotic occlusion of the aortic ostia of saphenous venous grafts early after coronary artery bypass grafting by using the Symmetry aortic connector system

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg L. Hamman Alan S. Donsky, Jeffrey M. Schussler, Michael S. Donsky, William C. Roberts and Baron coronary artery bypass grafting by using the Symmetry aortic connector system Thrombotic occlusion of the aortic ostia of saphenous venous grafts early after http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/2/397 on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located
Displacement and Velocity Kinematic Synthesis

Optimum approximation of velocity and displacement transformation curves in kinematic mechanism synthesis using damped least squares approach
Continuing Education: A Collaborative Effort

Continuing education in interior design has had a relatively short history. Professional organizations are still in the formative stages of developing their continuing education or professional development programs. Since AIA has had a longer involvement with continuing education for architects their successful program provides useful insights for interior design. When developing individual programs one concern is with identifying appropriate topics. Programs are currently being designed and developed by several sources. Program quality controls include following CCEU guidelines, providing financial compensation and initiating a review process. Successful program implementation needs to address problems of participation, promotion and economic considerations as well as alternate modes of program delivery. Collaborative continuing education efforts among interior design organizations is seen as an efficient and effective means to establish a clearinghouse of resources; to provide a basis for experimental programs; to initiate team efforts in developing, reviewing and sponsoring programs in the future; and to develop a tradition for life-long-learning.
Cellulose Derivatives with Low Degree of Substitution. 3. The Biodegradability of Cellulose Esters Using a Simple Enzyme Assay

The biodegradability of cellulose ester derivatives using a degradation assay based on commercially available cellulolytic enzyme preparations was found to depend on two factors: degree of substitution (DS) and substituent size. The esters comprised a series of novel and unusual cellulose derivatives, different in both type of substitution and DS, and were prepared using homogeneous phase reaction conditions. The cellulose esters had acyl substituents ranging in size between propionyl and myristyl and DS values between 0.1 and nearly 3. Biodegradation was assayed by incubation with cellulolytic enzymes from two commercial sources followed by the determination of the concentration of reducing sugars. The rate of cellulolytic enzyme biodegradability (CEB) was found to differ with morphology. Two of three parent cellulose preparations and all cellulose products regenerated from homogeneous phase solution reached 75–80% of their maximum degradability within ca. 7 days of incubation with the enzyme system. The maximum degree of acylation (a) which the enzyme could tolerate before the polymer became undegradable and (b) which resulted in degradation in excess of 10% by weight ranged from 0.5 to at least 1.0 of a possible maximum of 3, depending on ester type. CEB per unit of DS was inversely related to the number of carbons present in the acyl substituent.
Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Latest Developments in Chinese Environmental Law

Chinese environmental law in the 21st century continues to evolve in legislation, enforcement, higher education, and academic research. This article summarizes the general development of Chinese en...
Inhibition of Growth of Methane-Producing Bacteria of the Ruminant Forestomach by Hydroxymethylglutaryl∼SCoA Reductase Inhibitors

Two hydroxymethylglutaryl-SCoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, mevastatin and lovastatin, inhibited the in vitro growth and production of CH4 of strains of Methanobrevibacter isolated from the rumen. Mevastatin or lovastatin did not inhibit growth of species of rumen bacteria that are essential for fermenting cellulose, starch and other plant polysaccharides to acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Approximately 4 nmol of lovastatin per milliliter resulted in 50% growth inhibition of Methanobrevibacter strain ZA10 and concentrations > or =10 nmol per milliliter completely inhibited growth and CH4 formation. Results of in vitro growth studies suggest that supplementation of ruminant feeds with HMG-CoA inhibitors could decrease ruminant methane production and increase the efficiency of feed utilization by domestic ruminants.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Atenolol Enantiomers in Human Plasma and Urine

A sensitive, stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of atenolol (AT) enantiomers in human plasma and urine was developed. After addition of internal standard (IS, methoxamine) and alkalinization of the plasma, the drug and IS were extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was evaporated and, after addition of saturated sodium carbonate, the residue was derivatized with (–)menthyl chloroformate at ambient temperature; the reaction was complete within 30 s, with an efficiency of 97.2 ± 2.6%. The diastereomeric derivatives of AT and IS were then extracted into chloroform and analyzed on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of water: acetonitrile: methanol. The samples were detected utilizing a fluorescent detector. Water-diluted urine samples were derivatized directly and then subjected to the same procedure as plasma. Under these conditions, AT diastereomers were separated with a resolution factor of 1.94, free of any interfering peak. An excellent linear relationship (r ± 0.998) was obtained between the peak area ratios and the corresponding concentrations in the ranges 12.5–250 and 250–2500 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by analysis of plasma and urine concentrations of individual enantiomers of AT after oral administration of a single 100-mg dose to a healthy subject.
Oligopoly and trade: what, how much, and for whom?

Abstract This paper integrates the Cournot oligopoly model with the Ricardian comparative advantage model. The Ricardian trade pattern is robust, and only can be reversed in extreme conditions. Trade volume increases substantially with increases in competition in world export industries. In a symmetrical world, a threshold level of competition determines whether capitalists as a group usually gain or lose from trade. Under all circumstances workers never lose even if a country has a comparative disadvantage in a perfectly competitive world industry, but workers gain less in that country than they do in the rest of the world.
Determination of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at a carbon microdisk electrode

Abstract Amperometric detection with a 5- to 12-μm-diameter carbon microdisk electrode shows considerable promise for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons following their separation by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Trial mixtures containing anthracene, l,2-benzanthracene, and benzo[ a ]pyrene were chromatographically resolved by elution with acetonitrile containing little or no purposely added electrolyte. The detector current response was stable, reproducible, and linear versus concentration even though the cell resistance was very high. The apparent detection limit for these analytes was 10-15 pg. Addition of pyrene to the analyte mixtures resulted in peak convolution but electrode fouling, which often is a problem during electro-oxidation of pyrene, did not occur at the carbon microsensor. Resolution of these four analytes was achieved by eluting with 80% acetonitrile-20% ethylene glycol.
Conceptual Design for SuperCDMS SNOLAB

Beyond the present dark matter direct detection experiment at the Soudan underground laboratory, the SuperCDMS Collaboration is engaged in R&D activities for a 100-kg scale germanium dark matter experiment nominally sited at SNOLAB (2070 m overburden of rock). The expected sensitivity after 3 years of running is 3×10−46 cm2 for the spin-independent cross section, an order of magnitude improvement over present exclusion limits for WIMP masses ∼80 GeV/c2. At this depth, and appropriate design of shielding and cryostat, neutron backgrounds will be negligible. The baseline design is an expanded version of CDMS II with Ge substrates (100×33 mm discs) instrumented with the iZIP phonon sensor layout to achieve the electron surface-event rejection power required.
Fighting for Wellness: Strategies of Mid-to-older Women Living with Cancer

A significant portion of older adult cancer patients are using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM ) during and after treatment. I used four case studies to examine the strategies of older adult CAM-using cancer patients to maintain a sense of well-being as they transitioned to a post-treatment phase of life. Data were collected via qualitative interviews. Findings included strategies for financing CAM treatments, dealing with life disruption, and managing the complete nutritional overhaul recommended by their program. Participants worked to achieve new lifestyles and senses of wellness, finding ways to pay for expensive, out-of-pocket care while still meeting family obligations. These findings shed light on assumptions about older adult health-seeking behaviors, culturally embedded life course expectations, and raised questions about how the pursuit of health activities involving boundary crossings are received.
A new microcalorimeter concept for photon counting x-ray spectroscopy

Abstract We present an innovative approach for performing photon counting X-ray spectroscopy with cryogenic microcalorimeters. The detector concept takes advantage of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant in ferroelectric materials. A dielectric calorimeter has many potential advantages over traditional resistive devices, particularly in the reduction of Johnson noise. This makes the energy resolution for photon counting spectroscopy limited only to the noise produced by the intrinsic temperature fluctuations of the device. The detector concept is presented and its predicted performance is compared with resistive calorimeters. Calculations have shown that practical instruments operating with an energy resolution less than 20 eV may be possible at 300 mK.
PASTEURIZATION DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRODUCTION OF EXTENDED SHELF‐LIFE REFRIGERATED LIQUID WHOLE EGG

Pasteurization schedules of liquid whole egg are designed for inacti-vation of pathogens. Postprocess contamination and survival of heat resistant spoilage bacteria make it necessary to keep the product frozen for extended shelf-life. In this study, criteria required for production of a refrigerated pasteurized liquid whole egg are discussed. Pasteurization schedules which yield up to 5% soluble protein loss are suggested as the highest level of heat treatment. A combination of such heat treatment and aseptic packaging is suggested as a potential route for production of a long shelf-life pasteurized liquid whole egg.
Extra-axonal diffusion in the rabbit optic system: a caution in axonal transport studies.

Summary The hazzards of using optic nerve (as opposed to optic tract and more distal components of the optic system) to study axonal transport were highlighted by observing the fate of [ 14 C]serine and [ 3 H]glycerol injected into the rabbit eye. Despite prior blockage of axonal transport with colchicine, appreciable radioactivity rapidly appeared in the optic nerve adjacent to the injected eye. Radioactivity decreased exponentially along the entire optic nerve in the somato-axonal direction, extending up to but not beyond the optic chiasm. Counts were distributed among the lipid, protein, and acid-soluble fractions. Separation of optic nerve lipids revealed appreciable labeling of most lipid classes including those characteristic of myelin; a markedly different labeling pattern was observed for axonally transported lipids. The data are consistent with a mechanism involving extra-axonal diffusion of precursor into the surrounding glia followed by incorporation into lipids and proteins of those cells and ultimately myelin. The phenomenon is discussed in relation to possible errors that were made in interpreting earlier experiments.
Isolated secondary CNS relapse in a case of stage I diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

A 55-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a 10-day history of right arm weakness and numbness. The patient9s medical history was notable for lobular carcinoma in situ of the right breast in 2008 and stage I diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the left axilla. The patient had completed treatment with chemotherapy and radiation 2 months prior to presentation. Blood counts, metabolic panel and lumbar puncture were unremarkable. MRI of the brain revealed multiple enhancing masses. The patient was started on dexamethasone, with rapid symptom improvement. A stereotactic brain biopsy revealed CD20 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was started on high-dose intravenous methotrexate. She has received 11 cycles and has regained near normal function of the right arm. The patient9s most recent brain MRI showed near complete resolution of all previously seen abnormal foci of enhancement.
The Effects of the 150-Credit-Hour Requirement for the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam on the Career Intentions of Women and Minorities

In most states, students who sit for the certified public accountant (CPA) examination are now required to have 150 credit hours of college education. In this article, the authors examined the effects of this requirement on the career intentions of women and minorities. The authors collected data from 600 accounting students and the results suggested that the 150-credit-hour requirement might deter some women from pursuing the CPA, but would not be a deterrent for minorities.
“Serious skin & soft tissue infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs: a nested case–control study”

Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) drugs are very effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but may increase the risk of serious bacterial infections. We assessed the association between the risk of serious skin and soft tissue infections (SSSTI) and the use of these agents in rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA). We conducted a nested case–control study among rheumatoid arthritis patients in the Veterans Integrated Service Network 20 from 2000–2008. We identified rheumatoid arthritis patients with SSSTI, matched them to three sets of RA controls and used conditional logistic regression to compare the risk of SSSTI between patients treated and those not treated with an anti-TNF drug, after adjusting for known confounders and important covariates. Limited by the design, we could not assess (absolute) risk but only relative risk in terms of association. Among the 97 cases and 291 controls, 90 percent were male, 62 percent white, with a mean age of 63 years. Twenty percent received anti-TNF drugs during the study period. Thirty-nine percent of cases and 15 percent of controls died, (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 2.033, 6.11, p <0.01). Diabetes mellitus (37%), kidney disease (16%) and a history of skin infections (27%) were common among cases. Based on conditional logistic regression, anti-TNF use was not significantly associated with skin and soft tissue infections (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.61-2.03, p = 0.92). However, patients with diabetes mellitus (OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.53-4.13, p = 0.01) or a prior history of skin infection (OR 5.7, 95% CI: 2.87-11.43, p <0.01) were more likely to have skin and soft tissue infections. Use of anti-TNF therapy among RA patients was not associated with an increased risk of SSSTI, but patients with diabetes mellitus and those with a history of prior skin infection were significantly more likely to have SSSTI and mortality was higher among cases than controls in this veteran cohort.
The Expanding Role of Behavior Analysis and Support Current Status and Future Directions

Although many of the pioneers of behavior analysis thought on a large scale and encouraged others to do so, most behavior analytic projects have remained small scale. The intent of this article is to urge the application of behavior analytic principles on a large scale. This article begins with a brief history of applied behavior analysis. It then describes some early behavior analysts who thought big and describes several examples of large-scale behavioral projects. It then shows how behavior analysis fits well with the public health model and describes how behavior analytic principles can be implemented broadly to combat public health problems. The article ends with some practical advice for behavior analysts on how to think big and speculates on the future of behavior analysis.
Asian financial crisis: the pre‐ and post‐crisis analysis of Asian equity markets

This study adds to the ongoing analysis of the long‐term impact of Asian financial crisis on the stock markets of eight Asian‐Pacific countries. Using current data to capture postcrisis behavior of returns, multivariate cointegration analysis reveals that a cointegrating relationship exists among the markets that transcend the financial crisis. Both vector error correction (VEC) and Granger causality tests demonstrate the profound effect of financial crisis in Korea on the returns of other countries. Granger causality tests further reveal that the events surrounding the crisis in Thailand and Indonesia largely dictate their own short‐run returns behavior since the advent of the crisis. Compared to earlier period, the post‐crisis era also experiences a closer relationship among the index returns of Hong Kong, Korea, and Singapore and a heightened degree of convergence among the returns of Asian markets.
Comparison of human and computer electrocardiographic wave-form classification and identification

Abstract A program for the automatic interpretation of the QRS complex by pattern recognition techniques has been described. Considerable similarity to human pattern recognition, both classification and identification, has been demonstrated, particularly with the use of selective weighting of different portions of the QRS complex. The method also initially rejects much less information from the input curve than do techniques based only on point recognition, particularly since there is no need for transformation of the signal out of the time domain. We believe that the described method, extended and combined with other techniques, holds great promise for automatic interpretation of the electrocardiogram by means of digital computation.
Assessing the physiologic significance of coronary obstructions in patients: Importance of diffuse undetected atherosclerosis

T HE HALLMARK OF coronary atherosclerosis is an apparently localized obstruction of a conduit coronary vessel. Until Sones introduced the technique of selective coronary angiography,’ for the most part the anatomy of these localized coronary obstructions could only be defined at postmortem. The ability to anatomically define coronary obstructions with a broadly applicable clinical technique has vastly altered our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Each new step forward, however, immediately brings forth new questions. Thus, coronary angiography has forced physicians to develop approaches of defining the physiologic significance of coronary lesions that can be demonstrated angiographically. Accurately assessing the physiologic significance of coronary obstructive lesions is critical to clinical decision making. The need for coronary bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, the adequacy of prior bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and the validation of noninvasive approaches to the diagnosis of coronary disease all critically depend on assessing the physiological significance of coronary obstructive lesions. For more than two decades, the physiological significance of coronary obstructions detected by coronary angiography has been assessed primarily by visual estimates of percent stenosis. To a lesser extent clinicians have used other aspects of the patients’ clinical presentation including symptoms and results of various noninvasive procedures. Because percent stenosis remains the gold standard today in more than 99% of hospitals that perform coronary angiography, this review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
The application of basement tectonic research to the development of natural resources- : Example midcontinent North America

An understanding of an area in four dimensions is an important factor in utilizing our natural resources. The additional aspect of change through time, particularly the tectonic processes that have shaped the architecture of an area, can influence the interpretation of the origin and characterization of a resource. An example is provided of the influence that the patterns created during the formation of the continent in central North America demonstrates the continued influence of the original tectonic features and how they have persisted through time. It is this persistence and rejuvenation, that has controlled the occurrence of many of the natural resources on which we depend. Other references are provided to specific examples of the relationships between tectonics, particularly within the crystalline basement rocks, and our natural resource system.
Hamster Cheek Pouch Carcinoma: Effect of Incision and Cortisone on Growth, Invasion, and Metastasis

After cheek pouch carcinomas were induced in hamsters by the application of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to the right pouch for 13 weeks, the animals were divided into four groups and observed for seven more weeks. The control group received no further treatment, two experimental groups had incisional biopsies performed on tumors in their pouches, one of these groups also received injections of cortisone throughout the 20-week experimental period, and a fourth group received cortisone only. The wet weights of the cancerous cheek pouches were determined, and the submandibular and parotid salivary glands with associated cervical lymph nodes, the lungs, and the liver were examined with light microscopy. The cancerous pouches of the animals that received cortisone weighed significantly less than those of animals that received no cortisone but had incisional biopsies of the tumors. There was no significant difference in the degree of histodifferentiation of the tumors among the four groups. The animals in the...
Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of cumulative doses of mixed-action opioids in healthy volunteers.

Rationale: Conducting complete dose-response evaluations of multiple drugs in a single within-subjects experiment is very time-consuming when a complete session is required for evaluation of each dose. Objective: To evaluate a within-session cumulative-dosing procedure as a potentially efficient method for conducting dose-response evaluations of mixed-action opioids. Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers received intravenous injections of saline, butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, or morphine in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Subjects received one injection per hour for the first 4 h, and a 3-h recovery period followed. Saline was injected first, then saline or increasing doses of each drug (except pentazocine, see below) were administered every hour for the next 3 h. The absolute doses per injection were morphine and nalbuphine 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/70 kg, butorphanol 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/70 kg, and pentazocine 7.5, 15, and 0 mg/70 kg. (The highest dose of pentazocine was omitted because of the risk of dysphoria and psychotomimesis.) These injections resulted in cumulative doses of morphine or nalbuphine 2.5, 7.5, and 17.5 mg/70 kg, butorphanol 0.5, 1.5, and 3.5 mg/70 kg, and pentazocine 7.5 and 22.5 mg/70 kg. Mood, psychomotor performance, and vital signs were assessed. Results: Effects of all opioids were similar, with some exceptions. Butorphanol had the strongest effects on psychomotor performance and some subjective effects. Morphine was associated with delayed or prolonged side effects. Conclusions: Orderly dose-response functions and replication of results of single-dosing studies confirmed that the cumulative-dosing procedure is an efficient way of determining dose-response functions for multiple opioids within the same subjects.
Reconstruction and Functional Characterization of the Human Mitochondrial Metabolic Network Based on Proteomic and Biochemical Data

Diverse datasets including genomic, proteomic, isotopomer, and DNA sequence variation are becoming available for human mitochondria. Thus there is a need to integrate these data within an in silico modeling framework where mitochondrial biology and related disorders can be studied and analyzed. This paper reports a reconstruction and characterization of the human mitochondrial metabolic network based on proteomic and biochemical data. The 189 reactions included in this reconstruction are both elementally and charge-balanced and are assigned to their respective cellular compartments (mitochondrial, cytosol, or extracellular). The capabilities of the reconstructed network to fulfill three metabolic functions (ATP production, heme synthesis, and mixed phospholipid synthesis) were determined. Network-based analysis of the mitochondrial energy conversion process showed that the overall ATP yield per glucose is 31.5. Network flexibility, characterized by allowable variation in reaction fluxes, was evaluated using flux variability analysis and analysis of all of the possible optimal flux distributions. Results showed that the network has high flexibility for the biosynthesis of heme and phospholipids but modest flexibility for maximal ATP production. A subset of all of the optimal network flux distributions, computed with respect to the three metabolic functions individually, was found to be highly correlated, suggesting that this set may contain physiological meaningful fluxes. Examinations of optimal flux distributions also identified correlated reaction sets that form functional modules in the network.
Comparative object similarity for improved recognition with few or no examples

Learning models for recognizing objects with few or no training examples is important, due to the intrinsic long-tailed distribution of objects in the real world. In this paper, we propose an approach to use comparative object similarity. The key insight is that: given a set of object categories which are similar and a set of categories which are dissimilar, a good object model should respond more strongly to examples from similar categories than to examples from dissimilar categories. We develop a regularized kernel machine algorithm to use this category dependent similarity regularization. Our experiments on hundreds of categories show that our method can make significant improvement, especially for categories with no examples.
Majority and Minority Xenophobia in Russia: The Importance of Being Titulars

Given increases in hostility and violence targeting Russia's migrant minorities since the late 1990s, local and international scholars, human rights groups, and others have focused predominantly on relationships between the ethnic Russian majority and the non-Russian ethnic minorities. The emergent xenophobic activism among ethnic minorities, or inter-minority xenophobia, has received much less attention. Mass survey data from the Russian Federation is used in a systematic comparison of attitudes toward migration among ethnic Russians vs. ethnic non-Russians. Attitudes are also compared across select ethnic non-Russian groups to address this growing, if counterintuitive, problem in Russia's ethnic relations arising from migrations.
Meniscal Injuries Associated With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in Alpine Skiers

We reviewed the records of 315 patients receiving an arthroscopically assisted stabilizing procedure for an acute anterior cruciate ligament injury incurred while alpine skiing to evaluate associated meniscal injuries. Meniscal injuries were classified by type, location, and treatment of the tear. Of the 317 knees operated on, all demonstrated an anterior cruciate ligament tear at arthroscopy. Ninety-eight percent of the injuries (310) were diagnosed within 3 days of injury, and 97% (307) were reconstructed within 28 days of injury. All tears occurred in the intrasubstance of the ligament; 32% were isolated injuries and 68% were combined with other injuries. In 159 patients with 170 meniscal tears 141 of the tears (83%) were lateral and 29 (17%) were medial. The injury triad of anterior cruciate ligament-medial collateral ligament-lateral meniscus was seen nine times as often as the anterior cruciate ligament-medial collateral ligament-medial mensicus combination.
The pharmacology of endorphin modulation of chick distress vocalization

Abstract Intraventricular injections of β-endorphin, γ-endorphin and α-endorphin were demonstrated to reduce isolation-induced distress vocalization on 2–4 day old chicks in a dose response manner at doses as small as 12.5 picomoles (pmol). β-Endorphin was more potent than the other peptides and morphine, while Met-enkephalin was without effect. However, the D-Ala 2 substituted from of Met-enkephalin was as potent as morphine. None of the opioid peptides was effective when injected peripherally in doses of 400 pmol/g body weight. Extension of the interval between injection and behavioral observation from 4 minutes to 15 minutes eliminated the ability of α- and γ-endorphin to reduce the peeps. Specificity of the opioid effect was determined by testing intraventricular injections (200 pmol) of 9 other endogenously found peptides. Somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and human pancreatic peptide reduced the vocalizations modestly, while α-MSH reliably increased them.
Increasing information from shotgun proteomic data by accounting for misassigned precursor ion masses

Although mass spectrometers are capable of providing high mass accuracy data, assignment of true monoisotopic precursor ion mass is complicated during data-dependent ion selection for LC-MS/MS analysis of complex mixtures. The complication arises when chromatographic peak widths for a given analyte exceed the time required to acquire a precursor ion mass spectrum. The result is that many measured monoisotopic masses are misassigned due to calculation from a single mass spectrum with poor ion statistics based on only a fraction of the total available ions for a given analyte. Such data in turn produces errors in automated database searches, where precursor m/z value is one search parameter. We propose here a postacquisition approach to correct misassigned monoisotopic m/z values that involves peak detection over the entire elution profile and correction of the precursor ion monoisotopic mass. As a result of using this approach to reprocess shotgun proteomic data we increased peptide sequence assignments by 10% while reducing the estimated false positive ratio from 1 to 0.2%. We also show that 4% of the salvaged identifications may be accounted for by correction of mixed tandem mass spectra resulting from fragmentation of multiple peptides simultaneously, a situation which we refer to as accidental CID.
Optical loss reduction in HIC chalcogenide glass waveguides via thermal reflow

A rapid thermal reflow technique is applied to high-index-contrast, sub-micron waveguides in As 2 S 3 chalcogenide glass to reduce sidewall roughness and associated optical scattering loss. Up to 50% optical loss reduction after reflow treatment is achieved.
Fragmentation and thermal risks from climate change interact to affect persistence of native trout in the Colorado River basin

Impending changes in climate will interact with other stressors to threaten aquatic ecosystems and their biota. Native Colorado River cutthroat trout (CRCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) are now relegated to 309 isolated highelevation (>1700 m) headwater stream fragments in the Upper Colorado River Basin, owing to past nonnative trout invasions and habitat loss. Predicted changes in climate (i.e., temperature and precipitation) and resulting changes in stochastic physical disturbances (i.e., wildfire, debris flow, and channel drying and freezing) could further threaten the remaining CRCT populations. We developed an empirical model to predict stream temperatures at the fragment scale from downscaled climate projections along with geomorphic and landscape variables. We coupled these spatially explicit predictions of stream temperature with a Bayesian Network (BN) model that integrates stochastic risks from fragmentation to project persistence of CRCT populations across the upper Colorado River basin to 2040 and 2080. Overall, none of the populations are at risk from acute mortality resulting from high temperatures during the warmest summer period. In contrast, only 37% of populations have a � 90% chance of persistence for 70 years (similar to the typical benchmark for conservation), primarily owing to fragmentation. Populations in short stream fragments <7 km long, and those at the lowest elevations, are at the highest risk of extirpation. Therefore, interactions of stochastic disturbances with fragmentation are projected to be greater threats than warming for CRCT populations. The reason for this paradox is that past nonnative trout invasions and habitat loss have restricted most CRCT populations to high-elevation stream fragments that are buffered from the potential consequences of warming, but at risk of extirpation from stochastic events. The greatest conservation need is for management to increase fragment lengths to forestall these risks.
Large-Area Chip Attachment by Sintering Nanosilver Paste: Process Improvement by Nondestructive Characterization

Low-temperature joining with sintered silver is being developed as a lead-free, non-solder, die-attach solution for packaging power devices and modules. While its feasibility has been demonstrated, one major drawback of sintered silver joint is the high applied pressure during sintering to produce the desired bond strength. A high percentage of voids could also remain in the sintered joints. Applying the technique to large-area attachments also means a correspondingly higher applied pressure, and damage to the devices and substrates is possible. This study focused on the use of nanosilver paste as an attachment material that can be sintered at relatively low temperatures and pressures. Because of the difficulty of obtaining the die-shear strength of very large attachments, two non-destructive methods, micro X-ray computed tomography (CT) and curvature measurement using a laser-scanning technique, were used to characterize the bonded structures. Effects of different drying and sintering conditions on the bonding qualities were discussed.
Pecans Acutely Increase Plasma Postprandial Antioxidant Capacity and Catechins and Decrease LDL Oxidation in Humans

Bioactive constituents of pecan nuts such as γ-tocopherol and flavan-3-ol monomers show antioxidant properties in vitro, but bioavailability in humans is not known. We examined postprandial changes in plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and in concentrations of tocopherols, catechins, oxidized LDL, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in response to pecan test meals. Sixteen healthy men and women (23-44 y, BMI 22.7 ± 3.4) were randomly assigned to 3 sequences of test meals composed of whole pecans, blended pecans, or an isocaloric meal of equivalent macronutrient composition but formulated of refined ingredients in a crossover design with a 1-wk washout period between treatments. Blood was sampled at baseline and at intervals up to 24 h postingestion. Following the whole and blended pecan test meals, plasma concentrations of γ-tocopherols doubled at 8 h (P < 0.001) and hydrophilic- and lipophilic-ORAC increased 12 and 10% at 2 h, respectively. Post whole pecan consumption, oxidized LDL decreased 30, 33, and 26% at 2, 3, and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.05), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate concentrations at 1 h (mean ± SEM; 95.1 ± 30.6 nmol/L) and 2 h (116.3 ± 80.5 nmol/L) were higher than at baseline (0 h) and after the control test meal at 1 h (P < 0.05). The postprandial molar ratio of MDA:triglycerides decreased by 37, 36, and 40% at 3, 5, and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.05), only when whole and blended pecan data were pooled. These results show that bioactive constituent of pecans are absorbable and contribute to postprandial antioxidant defenses.
Cytokine production and cytolytic mechanism of CD4(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes in ex vivo expanded therapeutic Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cell cultures.

Ex vivo expanded Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific T cells have been successfully applied clinically for adoptive immunotherapy. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in the therapeutic T-cell culture has not been established for the reconstitution of EBV-specific immunity. We isolated and characterized CD4+ T-cell lines from the ex vivo T-cell cultures. Monoclonal line PD-F4 and oligoclonal lines ND-R4 and TD-B4 were CD3+CD4+CD8−. Cytolytic tests with targets of mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and anti-MHC antibodies confirmed that the cytotoxicity of these CD4+ cells was restricted by MHC class II. Single cells of ND-R4 expressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ, or interleukin 4 (IL-4), but rarely coexpressed these 2 cytokines. In contrast, PD-F4 coexpressed IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4. Kinetic studies with PD-F4 showed that expression of the 3 cytokines plateaued 5 hours upon stimulation and was then drastically reduced, with a pattern consistent with independent modulation and differential off-cycle signal requirements. The cytotoxicity of these CD4+ cells was largely resistant to brefeldin A, an inhibitor for cytolytic pathways by Fas-ligand family molecules. Although sensitive to concanamycin A and ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid, which inhibit cytotoxicity by granule exocytosis, the CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) did not express perforin, suggesting a cytotoxic mechanism independent of perforin although involving exocytosis. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the CD4+ CTLs expressed granulysin, a recently identified cytolytic molecule associated with exocytotic cytolytic granules. These data suggested that CD4+ T cells in the therapeutic B-lymphoblastoid cell lines–primed T-cell culture are diverse in producing TH1 and TH2 cytokines, and may exert specific cytotoxicity via exocytosis of granulysin.
An active contour model for mapping the cortex

A new active contour model for finding and mapping the outer cortex in brain images is developed. A cross-section of the brain cortex is modeled as a ribbon, and a constant speed mapping of its spine is sought. A variational formulation, an associated force balance condition, and a numerical approach are proposed to achieve this goal. The primary difference between this formulation and that of snakes is in the specification of the external force acting on the active contour. A study of the uniqueness and fidelity of solutions is made through convexity and frequency domain analyses, and a criterion for selection of the regularization coefficient is developed. Examples demonstrating the performance of this method on simulated and real data are provided. >
Field desorption mass spectrometry of air sensitive transition metal complexes

Field desorption mass spectrometry was used to obtain molecular weight information on a variety of transition metal complexes which are air sensitive and nonvolatile. The base peak for the neutral complexes is the molecular ion and for the salt complexes is the cation.
Post‐Mortem Changes in Muscle. I. Chemical Changes in Beef

SUMMARY Chemical changes in the longissimus dorsi muscle of 5 beef carcasses were followed from less than 10 min after death through 20 days post-mortem. The average initial pH value of 6.99 declined to 5.46 at 48 hr and was 5.57 at 480 hr. Initial values for creatine phosphate, total acid-soluble phosphate, ortho-phosphate, lactic acid, total reducing sugars, and glycogen were respectively 9.i, 54.9, 22.1, 13.1, 7.9 and 56.7 μM/g of tissue. Creatine phosphate declined rapidly to only 16% of the initial value by 12 hr post-mortem, and was not detectable by 24 hr. Ortho-phosphate, lactic acid and total reducing sugars increased approximately 1.5; 6.5, and 2.25 times from their initial levels during 480 hr post-mortem. Glycogen appeared to be stoichiometrically degraded to lactic acid and reducing sugars, since the sum of these constituents was approximately constant at all times post-mortem, if expressed in terms of glucose equivalents. Results suggest that the onset of rigor occurred at 12–15 hr post-mortem. Development of rigor mortis was virtually complete 24 hr after death. The pattern of chemical changes observed with intact beef carcasses subjected to commercial cooling practices is in essential agreement with earlier results with isolated beef muscle strips. An enzymic method for determining ATP levels was compared with the more commonly used method of acid hydrolysis. ATP values at 24 hr post-mortem were negligible when determined by the enzymic method, but amounted to about 27% of the original level when determined by acid hydrolysis. Reasons for the discrepancy in the two methods are discussed.
Sequential processing mechanics modeling for a model IC package

In this paper, a nonlinear finite element framework was established for processing mechanics modeling of electronic packaging assemblies and layered manufacturing. In particular, topological change was considered in order to model the sequential steps during a typical integrated circuit (IC) package assembly. Geometric and material nonlinearity, temperature dependent material properties were considered. Different stress free temperatures for different elements in the same model were used to simulate practical manufacturing process-induced thermal residual stress field in the chip assembly. As comparison, two finite element method (FEM) models (processing model and nonprocessing model) of an encapsulated IC package considered, associated with different processing schemes, were analyzed. From the finite element analysis, it is found that due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the solder and silicon chip, the substrate and the solder, there exists very high stress field near these interfaces when the encapsulated IC package is cooled down to room temperature after processing for these two models. But in contrast with the stresses near the edges of all interfaces obtained from nonprocessing model, the stresses near the edges of all interfaces corresponding to processing model are generally higher than those obtained from nonprocessing model. In particular, the Von Mises stress at the edge of silicon chip/solder interface obtained from processing model is nearly 50% higher than that obtained from nonprocessing model. It is shown that processing model which is based on the FEM framework established in this paper can more realistically simulate a series of practical manufacturing processes in the chip assembly, whereas a larger error can be caused by using nonprocessing model in the analysis of process-induced residual stress field in the packaging assemblies due to the negligence of the bonding process during cooling from 250/spl deg/C to 160/spl deg/C.
Improving Analysis Pattern Reuse in Conceptual Design: Augmenting Automated Processes with Supervised Learning

Conceptual design is an important, but difficult, phase of systems development. Analysis patterns can greatly benefit this phase because they capture abstractions of situations that occur frequently in conceptual modeling. NaA¯ve approaches to automate conceptual design with reuse of analysis patterns have had limited success because they do not emulate the learning that occurs over time. This research develops learning mechanisms for improving analysis pattern reuse in conceptual design. The learning mechanisms employ supervised learning techniques to support the generic reuse tasks of retrieval, adaptation, and integration, and emulate expert behaviors of analogy making and designing by assembly. They are added to a naA¯ve approach and the augmented methodology implemented as an intelligent assistant to a designer for generating an initial conceptual design that a developer may refine. To assess the potential of the methodology to benefit practice, empirical testing is carried out on multiple domains and tasks of different sizes. The results suggest that the methodology has the potential to benefit practice.