cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematics and Mathematics Education at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Partnering to Implement Core Practices in Elementary Teacher Preparation

All future elementary teachers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln take four mathematics courses in addition to courses in pedagogy. The anchor for their mathematics preparation is the Mathematics Semester, a block of three courses that integrates mathematics instruction with pedagogical instruction and field experiences. The courses are completed in cohorts of approximately 24 students and include a mathematics course and a math methods course with certain assignments that count for credit in both courses. Students also participate in a field experience course under the supervision of master teachers at a local elementary school. This presentation emphasizes the core ideas and practices that are embedded in the mathematics assignments and how the approach supports efforts to deepen students’ understanding of mathematics while connecting the mathematics they study to the tasks faced by an elementary school teacher. Special attention is given to our use of homework and writing assignments to develop future elementary teachers who exhibit the habits of mind of a mathematical thinker.
Zea mays Volatiles that Influence Oviposition and Feeding Behaviors of Spodoptera frugiperda

Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major global pest of many crops, including maize (Zea mays). This insect is known to use host plant-derived volatile organic compounds to locate suitable hosts during both its adult and larval stages, yet the function of individual compounds remains mostly enigmatic. In this study, we use a combination of volatile profiling, electrophysiological assays, pair-wise choice behavioral assays, and chemical supplementation treatments to identify and assess specific compounds from maize that influence S. frugiperda host location. Our findings reveal that methyl salicylate and (E)-alpha-bergamotene are oviposition attractants for adult moths but do not impact larval behavior. While geranyl acetate can act as an oviposition attractant or repellent depending on the host volatile context and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) is an oviposition deterrent. These compounds can also be attractive to the larvae when applied to specific maize inbreds. These data show that S. frugiperda uses different plant volatile cues for host location in its adult and larval stage and that the background volatile context that specific volatiles are perceived in, alters their impact as behavioral cues.
Hooroo mates! Phylogenomic data suggest that the closest relatives of the iconic Tasmanian cave spider Hickmania troglodytes are in Australia and New Zealand, not in South America

Hickmania troglodytes is an emblematic cave spider representing a monotypic cribellate spider genus. This is the only Australian lineage of Austrochilidae while the other members of the family are found in southern South America. In addition to being the largest spider in Tasmania, Hickmania is an oddity in Austrochilidae because this is the only lineage in the family bearing posterior book lungs, tarsal spines and an embolar process on male pedipalps. Six-gene Sanger sequences and genome scale data such as ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and transcriptomes have suggested that Hickmania troglodytes is not nested with the family of current classification, Austrochilidae. We studied the phylogenetic placement of Hickmania troglodytes using an increased taxon sample by combining publicly available UCE and UCEs recovered from transcriptomic data in a parsimony and maximum likelihood framework. Based on our phylogenetic results we formally transfer Hickmania troglodytes from Austrochilidae to the family Gradungulidae. The cladistic placement of Hickmania in the family Gradungulidae fits the geographic distribution of both gradungulids (restricted to Australia and New Zealand) and austrochilids (restricted to southern South America) more appropriately.
Effects of Ultra‐Low‐Dose Estrogen Therapy on Muscle and Physical Function in Older Women

Objectives: To determine the effects of ultra-low-dose hormone therapy on muscle mass and physical function in community-dwelling women. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Clinical research center in Connecticut. Participants: Healthy, community-dwelling women aged 65 and older (n=167). Intervention: Eligible women were randomly assigned to treatment with 0.25 mg 17-beta estradiol or placebo for 36 months. All women (estradiol or placebo) with an intact uterus received micronized progesterone 100 mg/d for 2 weeks every 6 months. All participants received 1,300 mg elemental calcium with 1,000 IU vitamin D per day. Measurements: Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), lean body mass (LBM), and percentage body fat were measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as skeletal muscle mass (ASM/height2) 2 standard deviations or less than young, healthy reference population mean. Physical activity (Physical Activity Scale in the Elderly (PASE)) and performance were measured. Serum estrone, estradiol, and sex hormone–binding globulin were measured. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia at baseline was 13%. There were no baseline differences between groups except for PASE score and chair rise time, in which the estrogen group had better performance. No changes in ASM, LBM, percentage of body fat, or physical performance were found after 3 years of estrogen therapy. Conclusion: Sarcopenia was present in 13% of this group of community-dwelling, postmenopausal older women. Ultra-low-dose estrogen therapy neither improves nor harms ASM. Similarly, no changes in body fat or physical performance were detected.
Partial deletion of the α-globin structural gene in human α-thalassaemia

Defective synthesis of specific polypeptide chains of haemoglobins is the hallmark of human disorders known collectively as the thalassaemia syndromes1. Genetic lesions intimately linked to or within the globin genes are responsible for these conditions. Recently, the molecular basis of several forms of thalassaemia has been clarified by examination of the organization and structure of globin genes. Gene mapping studies using the gel blotting technique of Southern2 have revealed an array of deletions involving globin structural genes in thalassaemias3–12 and nucleotide sequencing has identified a point mutation responsible for thalassaemia in one individual13. In most α-thalassaemias, deletion of entire α-globin structural genes has been observed3,4. In specific forms of β-thalassaemia in which δ-globin chain expression is affected (δβ-thalassaemia, γδβ-thalassaemia and hereditary persistance of fetal haemoglobin syndrome), various deletions within the cluster of closely linked γ-, δ- and β-globin genes occur5–9. In some Asian Indian individuals with β°-thalassaemia, an internal deletion in the DNA involving the 3′-portion of the β-globin gene has been described10–12. Lastly, in one Chinese patient with β°-thalassaemia, a nonsense mutation within the β-sequence has been identified13. We now report a new genetic lesion present in some individuals with α-thalassaemia: an extensive deletion of the 5′ portion of the α-globin structural gene. This defect has been characterized by DNA sequence analysis of cloned α-thalassaemia genes.
Sodium taste elicits ATP secretion in mouse taste buds (LB71)

Taste buds contain two types of cells that directly participate in gustatory transduction-- Receptor (Type II) and Presynaptic (Type III) cells. Receptor cells respond to sweet, bitter and umami ta...
Sensitivity pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolatedfrom patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan

Background and Objectives: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro activities of different antibiotics against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Method: The study was conducted over a period of one year (January 2009 - December 2009) in the Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, the National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan. One hundred and thirty-nine Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the clinical specimens at Rawalpindi Military Hospital were subjected to in vitro susceptibility against various antimicrobials using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: All the isolated MRSA organisms were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline. Other drugs which were found to be effective were chloramphenicol, and rifampacin. Most of the MRSA were isolated from pus samples. Conclusion: .Vancomycin, tigecycline and linezolid were effective against methicillin resistant strains of S.aureus. This study suggests that chloramphenicol and rifampacin also have good in vitro efficacy for methicillin resistant S. aureus infections. Oral dosing option for linezolid, chloramphenicol and rifampacin can allow earlier discharge of hospitalized patients and thus reduce health care expenses as well as help reduce the chances of vancomycin resistant strains emergence.
Carboxypeptidase B‐Like and Trypsin‐Like Activities in Isolated Rat Pancreatic Islets

Trypsin-like and carboxypeptidase B-like proteinases are believed to play important roles in the conversion of proinsulin into insulin as well as in the intracellular processing of a variety of other precursor forms. To facilitate the study of these enzymes we have developed sensitive methods for their detection in tissue preparations and incubation media. Studies with rat islet homogenates indicate the presence of both trypsin-like and carboxypeptidase B-like activities with slightly acidic pH optima. The trypsin-like activity was activated by thiols and inhibited by several thiol reagents but the carboxypeptidase was inhibited only by chelating agents. These properties suggest that these enzymes are related to the tissue cathepsins. Additional experimental approaches to the problems of positively identifying and localizing converting enzymes at the subcellular level are briefly discussed.
International STEM Achievement: Not a Zero-Sum Game.

Global Education Review is a publication of The School of Education at Mercy College, New York. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Nancy Heilbroner (2014). International STEM Achievement: Not a Zero-Sum Game. Global Education Review, 1 (4). 7-14. International STEM Achievement: Not a Zero-Sum Game
The Unilateral Incentives for Technology Transfers: Predation By Proxy

In 1984 GM and Toyota began the joint production of automobiles to much controversy over its anti-competitive effects. The argument for the joint production was the considerable efficiency gains GM would obtain. Since then, the anti-trust controversy has died, but a question remains: Why would the most efficient manufacturer (Toyota) transfer to its largest rival the knowledge to transform itself into a very efficient rival? We examine when such transfers could be unilaterally profitable, finding that it can serve as a credible way to make the market more competitive, forcing high cost firms to exit (or preventing future entry). This is not without a cost to Toyota since such a transfer also makes the remaining rivals more efficient. Despite this, we find a sufficient (but not necessary) condition for it to be profitable to predate by proxy: The market satisfies an entry equilibrium condition. Further, we find that it is then optimal to predate on every firm that is vulnerable and so a market with many firms can become a duopoly. Profitable predation implies higher prices, to the detriment of consumers. Yet the improved production efficiency outweighs this loss, resulting enhanced social welfare. In contrast, profitable non-predatory joint production (or technology transfers) may reduce welfare. Paradoxically, the potential for predation could encourage entry ex ante.
A Review of “Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800”

What defines the early modern age? Can this originally European periodization be usefully applied to the world beyond Europe? Charles H. Parker, professor of history at St. Louis University, answer...
Absorption and Loss of Iron in Toddlers Are Highly Correlated

For estimating the requirements for dietary iron, it is important to know the amount of iron that is lost from the body. Inevitable losses of iron have been determined in adult humans but not in infants or children. We administered (58)Fe, the least abundant stable isotope of iron, to free-living infants at 168 d of age (5.6 mo) and followed them to age 26 mo. There was no dietary restriction after isotope administration. Blood was obtained at regular intervals for determination of isotopic enrichment and indices of iron status. We estimated the quantity of circulating iron, noncirculating active iron, and storage iron at each age. The administered isotope equilibrated with total body iron by 13 mo of age. From 13 to 26 mo of age, we estimated inevitable loss and absorption of iron from the change in tracer abundance in circulating iron. The rate of decrease of tracer abundance was proportional to addition of tracee, i.e., absorption of iron. Conversely, the rate of decrease in quantity of tracer was proportional to removal of tracee, i.e., loss of iron. From 13 to 26 mo of age, iron absorption was (mean +/- SD) 0.49 +/- 0.13 mg/d and inevitable iron loss was 0.25 +/- 0.12 mg/d. Intersubject variability of iron loss and iron absorption was high, and iron loss and absorption were highly correlated (r = 0.789, P < 0.001). Iron stores were low throughout the study and decreased significantly from 13 to 26 mo of age, suggesting that iron absorption from the diet was inadequate to maintain or increase iron nutritional status. The data suggest that, in this cohort, which may be representative, the intake of bioavailable iron from 13 to 26 mo of age was insufficient to maintain iron nutritional status.
An apparent “specificity” in digestion of living gastric mucosa in rats

Summary Inbred rats were used in experiments designed to discover if some sort ofspecificity was involved in the usual failure of the stomach to digest itself. It was found that, under the conditions imposed, normal glandular mucosa in each strain is resistant to its own secretion but each is vulnerable to the secretion of a different rat. The results suggest that among the interrelation-ships of the mucosa, the enzymes, and some third element, possibly in the mucus, there is a relationship (s) involving a relative specificity.
The Affective Implications of Perceived Congruence with Culture Dimensions during Organizational Transformation

The influence of individuals’ congruence with an organization’s culture on their affective orientations toward the organization has been the focus of a growing body of research. The present study contributes to this research by examining this relationship (I) in the context of an organization undergoing significant cultural transformation, and (2) across four theoretically identified dimensions of culture. We found that, across all four culture dimensions, the discrepancy between individuals’ assessments of the current culture and their ideal culture explained significant variance in two organization-focused affective outcomes, organizational commitment and optimism about the organization’s future. In contrast, the congruence effects across the four culture dimensions were not uniformly significant for job satisfaction, job involvement, and job turnover intention. The implications of these findings for future individual-culture congruence theory and research are considered.
THE LONG RANGE CORRELATION LENGTH AND ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE NEAR THE CRITICAL POINT

We have measured the angular dependence and total intensity of light scattered by carbon dioxide near its critical point, shown that the Ornstein-Zernike theory is inadequate, and determined the temperature dependence of the isothermal compressibility KT, and the long range correlation length ζ. The exponents describing the divergences of KT and ζ, above the critical temperature, are γ = 1.219 ± 0.01 and v = 0.633 ± 0.01 respectively. The exponent describing the departure from the Ornstein-Zernike theory is η = 0.074 ± 0.035.
Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Analysis of Colorants: The Identification of Pigments Used in Illuminated Manuscripts*

Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) is demonstrated as a versatile analytical tool for the identification of pigments used in items of historical and archaeological interest. To demonstrate the LDMS technique, two illuminated manuscripts, reported to be 17th-century and 19th-century documents, were analysed. Using isotopic pattern analysis of peaks in the resulting LD mass spectra, multiple colour components were positively identified. The analysis of the pigments present on the documents offers insights into their authenticity.
A paradox: more measurement error can lead to more efficient estimates

We investigated the conditions under which the information matrix, conditional on covariates, and the unconditional version, integrated over marginal distribution of covariates, are increasing functions of the measurement error variance, and when the conditional and unconditional asymptotic variances of the maximum likelihood estimate are decreasing functions of the measurement error variance. We say that a paradox occurs when one can decrease the variance of the maximum likelihood estimate by increasing measurement error. Two covariate measurement error models were considered: the Berk-son and the classical measurement error models, with continuous and binary dependent variables, The measurement error variance was assumed known. We found that in the linear model with Berkson eovariate measurement error, the paradox can occur when the model variance is known and quite large. With binary data and the Berkson eovariate measurement error, the paradox is likely to occur for rare events. The paradox based upon...
Measurement of the delivery of dialysis in acute renal failure

Measurement of the delivery of dialysis in acute renal failure. Background Recent studies in patients with acute renal failure (ARF) have shown a relationship between the delivered dose of dialysis and patient survival. However, there is currently no consensus on the appropriate method to measure the dose of dialysis in ARF patients. In this study, the dose of dialysis was measured by blood- and dialysate-based kinetic methods in a group of ARF patients who required intermittent hemodialysis. Methods Treatments were performed using a Fresenius 2008E volumetric hemodialysis machine with the ability to fractionally collect the spent dialysate. Single-, double-pool, and equilibrated Kt/V were determined from the pre-, immediate post-, and 30-minute post-blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurements. The solute reduction index was determined from the collected dialysate, as well as the single- and double-pool Kt/V. Results Forty-six treatments in 28 consecutive patients were analyzed. The mean prescribed Kt/V (1.11 ± 0.32) was significantly greater than the delivered dose estimated by single-pool (0.96 ± 0.33), equilibrated (0.84 ± 0.28), and double-pool (0.84 ± 0.30) Kt/V (compared with prescribed, each P P = NS). The solute removal index, as determined from the dialysate, corresponded to a Kt/V of 0.56 ± 0.27 and was significantly lower than the single-pool and double-pool Kt/V (each P Conclusion Blood-based kinetics used to estimate the dose of dialysis in ARF patients on intermittent hemodialysis provide internally consistent results. However, when compared with dialysate-side kinetics, blood-based kinetics substantially overestimated the amount of solute (urea) removal.
Experimental Assessment of Age-0 Largemouth Bass and Juvenile Bluegill Competition in a Small Impoundment in Virginia

Abstract Previous research has found that early ontogenetic stages of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus may compete for food resources in small impoundments in northern-latitudes. We experimentally assessed whether competition also might occur in a southern-latitude system by stocking fish allopatrically and sympatrically in 1.0-m3 cages within a small impoundment in Virginia and monitoring fish growth and diets. Although growth was not significantly different between bluegills stocked with and without largemouth bass, largemouth bass grew significantly larger when stocked alone than when stocked with bluegills. Although bluegills maintained similar diets in terms of sizes, numbers, and types of items consumed, largemouth bass stocked alone consumed fewer but larger items than those stocked with bluegills. Further, largemouth bass consumed higher volumetric proportions of Diptera larvae and Odonata nymphs when stocked alone than when stocked with bluegills. Of these t...
PERSPECTIVE—Relaxing the Taboo on Telling Our Own Stories: Upholding Professional Distance and Personal Involvement

Scholars studying organizations are typically discouraged from telling, in print, their own stories. The expression “telling our own stories” is used as a proxy for field research projects that, in their written form, explicitly rely on a scholar’s personal involvement in a field. By personal involvement in a field, I mean a scholar’s engagement in a set of mental activities that connect her to a field. The assumption is that personal involvement is antithetical to maintaining professional distance. In this paper, I argue that the taboo against telling our own stories stems in part from an epistemological misunderstanding. Learning from the field entails upholding both distance and involvement; the two dimensions should not be conceptualized as opposite ends of a continuum. Moreover, I suggest that the taboo has become too extreme and stifles our collective capacity to generate new insights. To make this argument, I start by discussing the general taboo against telling one’s own stories. Second, I focus on the rationale set forth to justify not only the taboo but also its limitations. Third, I examine what distance entails and how involvement, far from lessening distance, creates opportunities for generating potentially strong theoretical insight. Fourth, I showcase several areas of theoretical development that might benefit from revisiting the taboo. I conclude by reviewing key practical implications of such a shift for our profession and by arguing that organizational scholarship could gain a great deal from relaxing the taboo.
Comparison of viscoelastic behavior of glass with a Lennard-Jones model system

Abstract Viscoelastic properties of a Lennard-Jones (LJ) model system studied in a previous work were compared with the behavior of inorganic and organic glass-forming liquids and solid glasses. In the region of small stresses and strains both the LJ model system and “real materials” demonstrate linear behavior. After adjustment of time scales the stress relaxation curves for LJ model and fused silica were found to be similar despite the 16 orders of magnitude difference in viscosities of the liquids. At high stresses the viscosity of the LJ model system drops, stress relaxation occurs faster, and a peak appears in the stress versus time plots for shearing with a constant rate. This phenomenon, well-known for high polymers, has also been observed for inorganic glasses. The curves, Δlog η vs. log σ, that show a drop of viscosity of Rb2OSiO2 glass and LJ model at stresses higher than 108Pa, are in remarkable agreement. The LJ model is shown to provide a semi-quantitative representation of a variety of glass-forming liquids.
Are U.S. cancer screening test patterns consistent with guideline recommendations with respect to the age of screening initiation

U.S. cancer screening guidelines communicate important information regarding the ages for which screening tests are appropriate. Little attention has been given to whether breast, colorectal and prostate cancer screening test use is responsive to guideline age information regarding the age of screening initiation. The 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Social Survey and the 2003 National Health Interview Surveys were used to compute breast, colorectal and prostate cancer screening test rates by single year of age. Graphical and logistic regression analyses were used to compare screening rates for individuals close to and on either side of the guideline recommended screening initiation ages. We identified large discrete shifts in the use of screening tests precisely at the ages where guidelines recommend that screening begin. Mammography screening in the last year increased from 22% [95% CI = 20, 25] at age 39 to 36% [95% CI = 33, 39] at age 40 and 47% [95% CI = 44, 51] at age 41. Adherence to the colorectal cancer screening guidelines within the last year increased from 18% [95% CI = 15, 22] at age 49 to 19% [95% CI = 15, 23] at age 50 and 34% [95% CI = 28, 39] at age 51. Prostate specific antigen screening in the last year increased from 28% [95% CI = 25, 31] at age 49 to 33% [95% CI = 29, 36] and 42% [95% CI = 38, 46] at ages 50 and 51. These results are robust to multivariate analyses that adjust for age, sex, income, education, marital status and health insurance status. The results from this study suggest that cancer screening test utilization is consistent with guideline age information regarding the age of screening initiation. Screening test and adherence rates increased by approximately 100% at the breast and colorectal cancer guideline recommended ages compared to only a 50% increase in the screening test rate for prostate cancer screening. Since information regarding the age of cancer screening initiation varies across countries, results from this study also potentially have implications for cross-country comparisons of cancer incidence and survival statistics.
Genetic evidence for pre-recruitment as the mechanism of transcription activation by SoxS of Escherichia coli: the dominance of DNA binding mutations of SoxS.

SoxS, the direct transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli superoxide (SoxRS) regulon, displays several unusual characteristics which suggest that it is unlikely to activate transcription by the ususal recruitment mechanism. Thus, agents that generate superoxide endogenously and thereby provoke the defense response elicit the de novo synthesis of SoxS, and with the SoxS binding site being highly degenerate, the number of SoxS binding sites per cell far exceeds the number of SoxS molecules per cell. To account for these distinctive features of the SoxRS system, we proposed “pre-recruitment” as the mechanism by which SoxS activates transcription of the regulon's genes. In pre-recruitment, newly synthesized SoxS molecules form binary complexes with RNA polymerase in solution. These complexes provide the information content to allow the 2500 molecules of SoxS per cell to scan the 65,000 SoxS binding sites per cell for the 200 binding sites per cell that reside within SoxS-dependent promoters. As a test of whether SoxS activates transcription by recruitment or pre-recruitment, we determined the dominance relationships of SoxS mutations conferring defective DNA binding. We found that soxS DNA binding mutations are dominant to the wild-type allele, a result consistent with the pre-recruitment hypothesis, but opposite to that expected for an activator that functions by recruitment. Moreover, whereas positive control mutations of activators functioning by recruitment are usually dominant, a soxS positive control mutation was not. Lastly, with the SoxRS system as an example, we discuss the physiological requirement for stringent regulation of transcriptional activators that function by pre-recruitment.
Effects of unilateral climbing fibre deafferentation on cytochrome oxidase activity in the developing rat cerebellum.

In a previous study, we found a relationship between climbing fibre synaptogenesis and cytochrome oxidase activity in Purkinje cells during normal development of the rat cerebellum. To determine whether removal of a major depolarizing afferent would alter the level of cytochrome oxidase activity in a post-synaptic neuron, climbing fibre input to Purkinje cells in the right hemicerebellum was interrupted by unilateral pedunculotomy in postnatal day 1 rat pups. After survival to postnatal day 5 (P5) or postnatal day 10 (P10), the cytochrome oxidase reactivity of mitochondria, packing density of mitochondria and perikaryal area of Purkinje cell somata were quantitifed at the electron microscopic level and compared with the same parameters in both sham-operated animals and normal controls. We found that the areal and numerical densities of darkly reactive mitochondria were lower in deafferented cells than those in the sham-operated animals. Cells of sham-operated animals, however, had higher densities of darkly reactive mitochondria than those in normal animals of the same age group, indicating that cell shrinkage or retarded growth had an effect on the levels of cytochrome oxidase activity in the operated animals. In addition, both operated groups had higher numerical densities of mitochondria than cells of normal animals, reflecting the decreased cell size of the sham and deafferented groups. From these data, we concluded that neonatal destruction of climbing fibres leads to lower levels of cytochrome oxidase activity in Purkinje cell somata that survived to both P5 and P10. The data from the P5 animals was more striking than that from P10, perhaps reflecting the increased number of synaptic interactions of Purkinje cells at P10. We also concluded that destruction of excitatory input did not lead to changes in the total area or number of mitochondria in a post-synaptic neuron, indicating that there was a conversion from darkly to lightly reactive mitochondria in the partially deafferented neurons; however, this may also reflect the smaller cell size of the deafferented group. Thus, our results further substantiate the close relationship between the levels of cytochrome oxidase activity in Purkinje cell somata and the type of input that they receive or fail to receive.
Polyvalent display of RGD motifs on turnip yellow mosaic virus for enhanced stem cell adhesion and spreading.

Abstract Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is a stable 28 nm icosahedral plant virus that can be isolated in gram quantities. In order to study the polyvalent effect of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) clustering on the response of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), an RGD motif was genetically displayed on the coat protein of the TYMV capsid. Composite films composed of either wild-type TYMV or TYMV-RGD44, in combination with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), were fabricated by a layer-by-layer adsorption of virus and PAH. The deposition process was studied by quartz crystal microbalance, UV–visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. BMSC adhesion assays showed enhanced cell adhesion and spreading on TYMV-RGD44 coated substrates compared to native TYMV. These results demonstrate the potential of TYMV as a viable scaffold for bioactive peptide display and cell culturing studies.
The effect of aluminum substitution on the mechanically induced self-sustaining reaction of molybdenum-silicon powders

The effect of Al concentration on the ignition of mechanically-induced self-sustaining reaction (MSR) in Mo + (2 − x)Si + 2xAl powder mixtures has been investigated. When MoSi2 is prepared by SHS method, Al addition results in the formation of Si-Al eutectic and consequently lowers the ignition temperature. In the case of MSR, replacing brittle Si with ductile Al also affects the activation process. The ignition of MSR was investigated as a function of the Al content in a SPEX 8000 Mixer Mill. The ignition time decreased by 30% between x = 0 and 0.08. At the same time, the grain size increased by about 50% according to XRD linewidth measurements. Comparison of SEM images suggests that Al substitution promotes the formation of agglomerates and lamellar structures, although the differences between the binary Mo-Si and Alcontaining samples are very small. Al substitution encourages the formation of hexagonal Mo(SiAl)2 over the tetragonal form of MoSi2. It also promotes more complete conversion during MSR.
Hormonal asynchrony and embryonic development

Luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and estradiol profiles in peripheral blood serum were compared among parous and nonparous females with normal, abnormal or no embryonic development. Hormonal profiles between parous and nonparous females of the same embryonic status did not differ and the data were combined. Estrous cycle length was longer (P<.05) in parous (22.3±.4 days) than nonparous females (21.0±.4 days). Females with normal developing embryos had a higher serum progesterone concentration at Days 3 and 6 and a lower ratio of estradiol to progesterone than did females with abnormal embryonic development. Females with a normal embryo had higher (P<.05) preovulatory LH peaks than females with abnormal development or no recovery of an oocyte or embryo (34.3±4.7, 11.8±6.8 and 13.3±2.5 ng/ml, respectively). The interval from onset of estrus to LH peak was 8.9±2.1, 13.7±3.7 and 13.5±6.2 hr for females with normal, abnormal or no recovery of an embryo. The lower LH peak, the longer interval from onset of estrus to LH peak, and lower progesterone concentration in peripheral blood serum in females with abnormal embryos or no recovery indicated that these females had a hormonal asynchrony. The hormonal asynchrony may produce an undesirable uterine environment for male and female gametes or embryos which resulted in fertilization failure or embryonic death. In the second experiment, more transferable embryos were obtained when superovulated females received prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) intravenously rather than intramuscularly. Administering PGF2α intravenously rather than intramuscularly may have caused the demise of the corpus luteum sooner and thereby produced a more normal uterine environment which allowed more embryos to develop normally.
Sense-of-Place Influences on Perceived Environmental Change: Effects on Future Holiday Experiences to Saaremaa, Estonia

AbstractSense of place as a multidimensional concept represents emotions, beliefs, and behavioral commitments specific to particular geographic settings. Understanding sense of place and related concepts influencing visitors’ experiences often presents challenges especially when changing landscapes such as in Estonia inscribe societal change visualized through representation and practice. Tourism echoes such change in perceptions and experiences of visitors who come to a destination with diverse previous experiences and motivations. Tourists, both domestic and foreign, bring their aspirations based on past and present interpretation of landscapes visited, and place qualities deemed important for a desired experience. Using Bott's [2000. The development of psychometric scales to measure sense of place (Unpublished dissertation). Colorado State University, Fort Collins] work to develop sense-of-place psychometric scales, we examined the influence of sense of place and socio-demographics on perceived effects...
Optimization in Process Planning under Uncertainty

This paper develops a two-stage stochastic programming approach for process planning under uncertainty. We first extend a deterministic mixed-integer linear programming formulation to account for t...
Stress-relaxation hardening of nylon 66 filaments

It was observed that an additional increment in stress was necessary to continue deformation in nylon 66 filaments, which had been relaxed, but not unloaded, before fracture. This stress increment consisted of a small permanent increase in stress, in addition to a larger temporary increase in stress to yield. Both the temporary and permanent increments increased as the strain, strain rate, temperature and humidity increased. Similar effects were observed in other polymers, but not in metals or ceramics.
Medial Opening Wedge Tibial Osteotomy and the Sagittal Plane The Effect of Increasing Tibial Slope on Tibiofemoral Contact Pressure

BackgroundAltering the tibial slope in an anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee has been shown to affect anterior-posterior tibial translation. The effects on articular contact pressure of altering tibial slope during a high tibial osteotomy are unknown.HypothesesPerforming an opening wedge osteotomy anterior to the midaxial line will increase tibial slope. Increasing tibial slope with a high tibial osteotomy in an anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee redistributes tibiofemoral joint contact pressures onto the posterior tibial plateau.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsMedial opening wedge high tibial osteotomies were performed, and a plate fixation with a known diameter inset was placed along the medial tibia in an anterior position and a posterior position on 9 cadaveric knees. Medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact pressures were measured at the resulting 2 different tibial slopes in both ligament-intact and ligament-deficient states using thin electronic sensors.ResultsAnterior p...
Media, fear, and nuclear energy: A case study

Although electricity generation technologies and safety have improved gradually over time, nuclear power, including generation facilities and waste repositories, are seemingly stigmatized in Americ...
"I'd never get out of this !?$%# office": redesigning time management for the enterprise

In this paper, we propose to improve time management in the enterprise by providing users interactive visualizations of how they are spending their time. Through an interview study (n=21) in a multi-national corporation, we were able to determine the data available for visualizations and the value of a number of general visualizations of employees' calendar data. We develop implications for design in improving personal time management.
Choice of commuting mode among employees: Do home neighborhood environment, worksite neighborhood environment, and worksite policy and supports matter?

Background Promoting the use of public transit and active transport (walking and cycling) instead of car driving is an appealing strategy to increase overall physical activity.
On cornish-fisher expansions with unknown cumulants

In this paper a new method of approximating the quantiles of one distribution by the quantiles of another is introduced. The method is essentially a modification of the Cornish-Fisher technique which eliminates the necessity of knowing the cumulants of the distribution involved.
Creating self-sustaining, high-skill ecosystems

Geographic clusters of high-technology companies are an increasingly important source of wealth and job creation in the advanced industrial countries. This article provides a framework for understanding the conditions that give rise to these self-sustaining high-skill ecosystems (HSEs) that is based on the cases of the highly successful biomedical and computer hardware and software firms clustered in Northern and Southern California. The framework identifies four requirements that HSEs share in common with natural ecosystems: a catalyst to trigger the start of their development, ongoing nourishment, a supportive host environment, and a high degree of interdependence among the actors in the system. The framework is then applied to the UK, identifying those policy options that are necessary for gaining greater returns from the UK's strong research base.
The 120Sn(p, d)119Sn reaction at 26.3 MeV

Abstract The 120Sn(p, d)119Sn reaction was studied at a proton energy of 26.3 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained for the outgoing deuterons up to about 2.1 MeV in excitation in 119Sn. The results were compared with DWBA calculations to extract l-values, spectroscopic factors, single quasiparticle energies and occupation probabilities. The results are also compared with other relevant experiments.
THE JEWS OF SPAIN AND THE EXPULSION OF 1492

(1992). The Jews of Spain and the Expulsion of 1492. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 17-30.
LEWIS ACID CATALYZED PREPARATION OF TETRAMETHYLHEXATHIOADAMANTANE

(1981). LEWIS ACID CATALYZED PREPARATION OF TETRAMETHYLHEXATHIOADAMANTANE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 134-136.
Friends matter: protective and harmful aspects of male friendships associated with past-year sexual aggression in a community sample of young men.

Objectives. We extended past research on sexual violence etiology by examining the impact of perceived pressure to have sex by any means and the types of objectifying and egalitarian language that friends used when discussing women.Methods. We examined a community sample of young single men interested in dating women (n = 423) who completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews at baseline (spring/summer 2008) and 1 year later (spring/summer 2009). We used hierarchical logistic regression analyses that controlled for baseline sexual aggression.Results. Approximately one quarter of participants (n = 108) reported that they made a woman engage in some type of sexual activity during the past year when they knew she was unwilling or unable to consent. Past-year perpetrators perceived more pressure from their friends to have sex by any means, felt less comfortable with their friends making egalitarian statements about women, and used more objectifying statements when describing how their friends talked about...
SOLID‐LIQUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN MULTICOMPONENT AQUEOUS SUGAR SOLUTIONS

SUMMARY A survey is made of the problem of predicting and correlating phase diagrams for multicomponent aqueous sugar solutions, starting from experimental data for aqueous solutions of single sugars. An evaluation of existing observations indicates that equilibrium cooling of quaternary solutions of d-fructose, d-glucose, sucrose and water will form a succession of four distinct solid phases. In an equilibrium situation each of these solid phases would begin to appear at the temperature where the residual liquid becomes saturated in that component. Ultimately a quaternary eutectic liquid of invariant and uniquely determined composition would remain and solidify at a unique temperature. This aquilibrium behavior represents the limit for actual situations where delayed crystallization can hamper attainment of equilibrium. A method is presented for predicting solid-liquid equilibrium in multicomponent systems, notably fruit juices, through the use of ideal-solution concepts for defining the order and extent to which solid phases appear and through the use of observed activity coefficients for obtaining the relationship between temperature and wt-% dissolved solids. The method is illustrated in terms of the limiting thermodynamic equilibrium freezing behavior of fruit juices and predictions are compared with experimental data for fruit juices.
An Analysis of Short Selling in NYSE-listed Securities

This article examines the location of short sales for New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) stocks. We find that most exchanges execute a similar percentage of total trades and short sale trades, although Archipelago executes a substantially higher percentage of short sale trades than total trades. We find that both short sale volume and total volume exhibit U-shaped patterns. When we look at the percentage of short sale volume relative to total volume, we find that the relative short sale volume is lowest in the early intervals and highest in the last interval of the trading day on the NYSE. In contrast, we find higher relative short volume in the earliest interval for both the NASDAQ and Archipelago. We also find that relative short volume is positively related to price and volatility and negatively related to firm size, indicating that traders prefer to short higher priced, more volatile, smaller cap stocks.
Concurrent patterns of sorption-degradation for oryzalin and degradates

Sorption and degradation are linked, dynamic processes which largely govern the potential for herbicides and their degradation products to reach groundwater. Patterns of concurrent degradation and sorption of the dinitroaniline herbicide oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N 4 ,N 4 -dipropylsulfanilamide) and its degradates were determined on four soils representative of typical use areas. Radiolabeled oryzalin was applied to soil at either 1.64 or 3.14 μg/g and incubated at 25 °C under aerobic conditions for up to 6 months. The time required for 50% and 90% degradation of oryzalin ranged from 24 to 42 and 79 to 140 days, respectively. The radiocarbon was rapidly incorporated into the soil organic matter; up to 57% of the applied radiocarbon was recalcitrant to extraction after 6 months. The degradation pathway deduced is similar to that for the related dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin. Apparent distribution coefficients were measured separately for the pool of material in the soil solution (K ss , determined from a 5-min desorption) and the total desorbable pool of material (K d , determined from a 24-h desorption). Sorption coefficients increased by a factor of 3 over 6 months, indicating that the total pool of extractable oryzalin became less available for desorption and degradation. Values of K ss remained constant over time, indicating that material in the soil solution and the desorbable pool were in equilibrium. The amount of oryzalin and degradates in soil solution was a function of the desorption energy from the surface and was not limited by solubility. Similar, though less consistent, trends were observed for oryzalin degradation products.
An explanation of the Voyager paradox: Particle acceleration at a blunt termination shock

[1] Voyager 1 recently crossed the termination shock at the edge of our heliosphere. In contrast to the expectations of essentially all prior models, however, Voyager 1 did not observe the source of Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) as had been widely anticipated. We show here that the dearth of higher energy particles near the nose of the heliosphere is a natural consequence of the magnetic geometry in the region ahead of a flattened shock. Particle energization happens primarily back along the flanks of the shock where the injection energy is lower and where the magnetic field has had progressively longer connection times to accelerate particles. In addition to explaining the most baffling aspects of the Voyager 1 observations, this paradigm makes explicit predictions about what should be observed when Voyager 2 reaches the termination shock, significantly further back from its nose.
Decline in Daily Running Distance Presages Disease Onset in a Mouse Model of ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive degeneration of lower motor neurons resulting in paralysis and death. Epidemiological and clinical findings suggest that a decline in athletic performance may presage the clinical onset of ALS, but this possibility has not been tested in an animal model. By placing running wheels in each mouse’s cage to measure their exercise activity, we show that presymptomatic G93A SOD1 ALS mice are more active runners (15–20 km/day) than control mice (7–9 km/day). The ALS mice then exhibit a sharp decline in daily running distance 10–20 days prior to the onset of clinical disease. Within the group of ALS mice, there were no significant correlations between cumulative lifetime running distance and age at clinical disease onset or age at death, suggesting that amount of exercise did not affect the course of the disease process. Our data show that presymptomatic ALS mice have a propensity for running long distances, and then dramatically reduce the amount they run prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms. The monitoring of voluntary running distance may provide a valuable biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions for ALS in preclinical studies.