cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded function methods for supersonic turbulent boundary layers

The development of embedded functions to represent the mean velocity and total enthalpy distributions in the wall layer of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer is considered. The asymptotic scaling laws (in the limit of large Reynolds number) for high speed compressible flows are obtained to facilitate eventual implementation of the embedded functions in a general prediction method. A self-consistent asymptotic structure is derived, as well as a compressible law of the wall in which the velocity and total enthalpy are logarithmic within the overlap zone, but in the Howarth-Dorodnitsyn variable. Simple outer region turbulence models are proposed (some of which are modifications of existing incompressible models) to reflect the effects of compressibility. As a test of the methodology and the new turbulence models, a set of self-similar outer region profiles is obtained for constant pressure flow; these are then coupled with embedded functions in the wall layer. The composite profiles thus obtained are compared directly with experimental data and good agreement is obtained for flows with Mach numbers up to 10.
The Questions of Cultural Literacy

(1989). The Questions of Cultural Literacy. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 62, Cultural Literacy, pp. 285-287.
Perceptual Recognition Thresholds as a Function of Multiple and Single Set and Frequency of Usage of the Stimulus Material

The importance of set as a determinant of perceptual behavior in a tachistoscopic simation has received considerable experimental verification, while the concept of set has recently been used to account for other perceptual phenomena (1 2, 3). Investigations of the general influence of set upon perceptual behavior have included experiments in which either the degree of set (7) or the multiplicity of set (6) has been varied. With regard to the latter, the evidence indicates that perceptual behavior in a tachistoscopic simacion is more effective under conditions of single set than multiple set, i.e., where S is set for a single class of stimulus objects as compared to being set for several classes of stimulus objects. However, in experiments using verbal materials as stimuli, che frequency characteristics of these materials have not been included as a parameter within which to evaluate the influence of multiple and single set. Frequency of usage of the stimulus materials has considerable support (4, 9, 10) as a variable determining perceptual recognition thresholds. The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate the role of single vs. multiple set in a perceptual situation as a function of the frequency of usage of the stimulus material.
A poisonous plant file in TOXLINE

Abstract D. J. Wagstaff , A. T. Wagstaff and J. C. Goshorn . A poisonous plant file in TOXLINE. Toxicon 27, 259–263, 1989.—A file has been added to TOXLINE on the subject of the toxicology of poisonous plants. It contains 2508 records, each of which comprises the full reference, key words, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number and abstract when available. A controlled vocabulary was constructed for the indexing and can be obtained from the National Technical Information Service. Searches can be made for several different data elements including authors; year; significant textwords of the title or abstract; journal or book; document type such as review or case report; geographic place at the level of continent, nation and state/province; plant species at the level of family, genus and species; plant parts involved; animal species affected including humans; type of harmful effects including major signs and lesions and chemicals.
Oxidative damage and mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic studies of pathways affecting replication fidelity of 8-oxoguanine

Oxidative damage to DNA constitutes a major threat to the faithful replication of DNA in all organisms and it is therefore important to understand the various mechanisms that are responsible for repair of such damage and the consequences of unrepaired damage. In these experiments, we make use of a reporter system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can measure the specific increase of each type of base pair mutation by measuring reversion to a Trp+ phenotype. We demonstrate that increased oxidative damage due to the absence of the superoxide dismutase gene, SOD1, increases all types of base pair mutations and that mismatch repair (MMR) reduces some, but not all, types of mutations. By analyzing various strains that can revert only via a specific CG→AT transversion in backgrounds deficient in Ogg1 (encoding an 8-oxoG glycosylase), we can study mutagenesis due to a known 8-oxoG base. We show as expected that MMR helps prevent mutagenesis due to this damaged base and that Pol η is important for its accurate replication. In addition we find that its accurate replication is facilitated by template switching, as loss of either RAD5 or MMS2 leads to a significant decrease in accurate replication. We observe that these ogg1 strains accumulate revertants during prolonged incubation on plates, in a process most likely due to retromutagenesis.
Death and coronary attacks in men after giving up cigarette smoking. A report from the Framingham study.

Abstract The Framingham study has followed a cohort of men and women, aged 29-62 when first seen, for 18 years. When two thousand, three hundred and thirty-six men were characterised by smoking status at entry, death-rates and coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) attack-rates were found to be low for non-smokers, men smoking only cigars or pipes, and men smoking half a packet of cigarettes (i.e., 10) a day or less. Death and C.H.D. rates among men smoking more than 10 cigarettes a day at entry were distinctly higher. Furthermore, men who were cigarette smokers at entry who subsequently stopped had C.H.D. attack-rates which were half that experienced by those who continued to smoke. This difference was not explained by changes in coronary risk factors. Overall mortality was also lower in men who had given up smoking than in men who continued to smoke.
On the Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Stability of Thin Keplerian Disks

The nonlinear hydrodynamic stability of thin, compressible, Keplerian disks is studied on the large two-dimensional compressible scale, using a high-order-accuracy spectral method. We find that purely hydrodynamical perturbations can develop initially into either sheared disturbances or coherent vortices. However, the perturbations decay and do not evolve into a self-sustained turbulence. Temporarily, because of an inverse cascade of energy, which is characteristic of two-dimensional flows, energy is being transferred to the largest-scale mode before being dissipated. In the case of an inner reflecting boundary condition, it is found that the innermost disk is globally unstable to nonaxisymmetric modes which can evolve into turbulence. However, this turbulence cannot play a significant role in angular momentum transport in disks.
Pheochromocytoma: Case Report with Certain Observations on the Pathologic Physiology

HYPERTENSION, paroxysmal or sustained, is a constant feature of pheochromocytomata. In respect to the other clinical and laboratory findings, however, the widest variation is seen. The carbohydrate metabolism and basal metabolic rate in particular are apt to show quite remarkable differences from one case to another. This diversity of response may be explained in several ways (3). The substances secreted by the various tumors may vary slightly in structure and function. The rate of discharge of the hormone into the circulation is certainly variable within wide limits. Finally, the individual tolerance of and adaptive responses to this secretion may determine the final effect. The extent to which these various factors are operative is problematical. Certain observations on the following case may be of some help in the eventual understanding of the mechanisms involved. CASE REPORT J.J.H., a 49 year old white male, was first seen as an out-patient on October 9, 1944, and was admitted to the hospital on Octob...
Postnatal myocardial augmentation with skeletal myoblast-based fetal tissue engineering.

Background Cardiac anomalies constitute the most common birth defects, many of which involve variable myocardial deficiencies. Therapeutic options for structural myocardial repair remain limited in the neonatal population. This study was aimed at determining whether engineered fetal muscle constructs undergo milieu-dependent transdifferentiation after cardiac implantation, thus becoming a potential means to increase/support myocardial mass after birth. Methods Myoblasts were isolated from skeletal muscle specimens harvested from fetal lambs, labeled by transduction with a retrovirus-expressing green fluorescent protein, expanded in vitro, and then seeded onto collagen hydrogels. After birth, animals underwent autologous implantation of the engineered constructs (n = 8) onto the myocardium as an onlay patch. Between 4 and 30 weeks postoperatively, implants were harvested for multiple analyses. Results Fetal and postnatal survival rates were 89% and 100%, respectively. Labeled cells were identified within the implants at all time points by immunohistochemical staining for green fluorescent protein. At 24 and 30 weeks postimplantation, donor cells double-stained for green fluorescent protein and Troponin I, while losing skeletal (type II) myosin expression. Conclusions Fetal skeletal myoblasts engraft in native myocardium up to 30 weeks after postnatal, autologous implantation as components of engineered onlay patches. These cells also display evidence of time-dependent transdifferentiation toward a cardiomyocyte-like lineage. Further analysis of fetal skeletal myoblast-based constructs for the repair of congenital myocardial defects is warranted.
Computer study of submicrometre f.e.t.s

The electrical properties of f.e.t.s with submicrometre gates are investigated by means of a 2-dimensional computer model. It is found that the gain-bandwidth product increases with decreasing gate length and reaches a value of 70 GHz for 0.1 ?m gates. This improvement is, however, at the expense of open-circuit voltage gain. A practical limit of the gate length for useful devices is found to be about 0.1 ?m.
Rumor source detection under probabilistic sampling

Consider a network where an unidentified source starts a rumor. The rumor spreads along the edges of the network to other nodes in the network. After a sufficiently long amount of time, we observe a subset of the nodes that have heard the rumor, and using this information wish to identify the source. Optimal estimators were recently proposed for regular (exponential growth) and irregular geometric (polynomial growth) trees when all nodes that heard the rumor reveal themselves. We provide the extension to the case in which nodes reveal whether they have heard the rumor with probability p, independent of each other. For geometric trees and p > 0, we achieve the same performance as the optimal estimator with p = 1. For regular trees, the estimator can achieve performance within e of the optimal, provided that p is larger than a threshold.
Creation of Soliton Pairs by Electric Fields in Charge-Density—Wave Condensates

The creation probability of soliton-antisoliton pairs due to quantum-mechanical tunneling in the presence of an electric field in charge-density---wave condensates is calculated. This process gives rise to an additional electric conductivity strongly nonlinear in the electric field, which may account in part for the anomalous conductivity observed in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$.
Acyclic N-Halamine Coated Kevlar Fabric Materials: Preparation and Biocidal Functions

Polymethacrylamide (PMAA) was coated onto the surfaces of Kevlar fabrics through the in situ polymerization of methacrylamide (MAA) within coating polymer binders. Upon chlorine bleach treatment, the amide groups of the coated PMAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N-halamines. The resultant fabric materials provided potent, durable, and rechargeable biocidal activities against E. coli (gram-negative bacteria), S. aureus (gram-positive bacteria), C. tropicalis (fungi), MS2 virus, and Bacillus subtilis spores. The excellent thermal and mechanical properties of the original Kevlar fabrics were successfully retained after the coating treatment.
Basketball coaches' utilization of ankle injury prevention strategies.

Background:Ankle injuries are the most common high school basketball injury. Little is known regarding the utilization of ankle injury prevention strategies in high school settings.Objective:To determine high school basketball coaches’ utilization of ankle injury prevention strategies, including prophylactic ankle bracing (PAB) or an ankle injury prevention exercise program (AIEPP).Study Design:Cross-sectional survey.Methods:The survey was distributed to all high school basketball coaches in Wisconsin. Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to determine if the injury prevention strategies utilized differed according to school size, sex of the team, years of coaching experience, and the coach’s education level.Results:Four hundred eighty (55%) coaches from 299 (74%) high schools completed the survey. Thirty-seven percent of the coaches encouraged or required their players to use PAB. School enrollment of the coaches’ teams did not affect their stance on the use of PAB (P = 0.30), neither did th...
Earthworms as agents for arsenic transport and transformation in roxarsone-impacted soil mesocosms: A µXANES and modeling study

Abstract Earthworms influence soil mixing during their feeding and burrowing activities by causing physical displacement and chemical transformations, potentially impacting the distribution and speciation of soil contaminants. This study investigates the effects of burrowing earthworms on arsenic speciation and mobility in soil mesocosms treated with roxarsone, an increasing anthropogenic source of arsenic used in the poultry industry as a feed supplement. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that earthworms and burrows provide means for biotransformation and redistribution of arsenic. Arsenic distribution was determined following earthworm bioturbation in artificial soil columns that were initially constructed with a contaminated layer of designated thickness and depth. The resulting depth profiles were used to indicate bioturbation rates by fitting them to a simple one-dimensional advection/diffusion model with a biodiffusivity that decreases with depth. Synchrotron X-ray methods reveal additional small-scale displacement of arsenic near the burrow and in the bulk soil. Microbeam X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectra were collected to determine arsenic speciation. Arsenic initially introduced as roxarsone tended to be in a methylated form after 30 days. Within the earthworm tissue, arsenic–glutathione complexes were formed. Results are viewed in the context of poultry litter used as agricultural fertilizer. A decrease in tillage arising from soil conservation efforts allows earthworm populations to increase and burrows to become more permanent. This study suggests that (1) burrows serve as macropores allowing rapid transport of arsenic to greater depths during infiltration events; (2) bioturbation rates appear to be depth-dependent; and (3) earthworm soil mixing produces potentially mobile forms of arsenic that may become bioaccessible as arsenic is transported through the subsurface.
Sputtering in mercury ion thrusters

Ground-based tests of Hg ion thrusters have identified sputter erosion of thruster components as one of the main life limiting phenomena. Subsequent measurements have revealed that sputtering rates can be affected by background gases at pressures as low as 10 to the -10th torr. With the recent interest in thin film technology, sputtering in the presence of reactive gases has been studied in great detail. This paper presents the results of many of those studies and applies them to the sputtering of electric thrusters. A model, which assumes that chemisorption is the dominant mechanism, is applied to the sputtering rate measurements of the screen grid of a 30-cm thruster in the presence of nitrogen. The model utilizes inputs from a variety of experimental and analytical sources. The model of environmental effects on sputtering was applied to thruster conditions of low discharge voltage and a discussion of the comparison of theory and experiment is presented.
Corneal Pain without Stain: Is it Real?

Clinicians often encounter patients who report corneal pain suggestive of dry eye disease, yet lack equivalent signs. These patients represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge that is more easily dismissed than addressed. We review the physiology of pain and the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic corneal pain and speculate on the mechanisms of certain etiopathogenic triggers, such as LASIK, severe dry eye disease, and Sjogren syndrome. Recognizing corneal neuropathic pain as a disease in its own right is the first step toward developing more effective treatments for these severely disabled and presently inadequately served patients.
Thermomechanical study of the high temperature phase transition in KH2PO4

Abstract The method of thermomechanical analysis (TMA) has been employed to examine the high temperature polymorphic transition in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4). Both loose powder and pressed pellet samples show an anomalous expansion in the temperature region 200–220°C. The anomaly is explained by the occurrence of a sluggish polymorphic transition. The transition has been found to be reversible.
Why does perfluorination render bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene stable toward dimerization? Calculations provide the answers.

B3LYP calculations with two different basis sets have been performed to understand why bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1a) undergoes dimerization with ΔH⧧ = 11.5 kcal/mol, but dimerization of perfluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1b) has never been observed. The former reaction is computed to be exothermic by 37.2 kcal/mol, whereas the latter is calculated to be endothermic by 7.4 kcal/mol. The 44.6 kcal/mol difference between the enthalpies of these two reactions can be dissected into contributions of 24.5 kcal/mol for the difference between the enthalpies for forming diradical intermediates 2a and 2b and 20.1 kcal/mol for cyclization of 2a and 2b to, respectively, 3a and 3b. The latter enthalpy difference is largely attributable to repulsions between the endo-fluorines in the dimer, although the exo-fluorines also are found to contribute. The former enthalpy difference is attributable to the difference between the dissociation enthalpies of the π bonds in 1a and 1b, which is shown to amount to 16 ± 1 kcal/mo...
The use of chloroplast DNA polymorphism in studies of gene flow in plants

In many species of plants, the dispersal of genes is mediated by the movement of both seeds and pollen. The relative contributions of seed and pollen movement to total gene flow can be difficult to estimate. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) may prove useful for resolving this problem. Over the past several years, studies of numerous species of plants have shown that intraspecific variation in cpDNA is often sufficiently abundant to serve as a marker for studies of gene flow. Recent theoretical models have shown that estimates of population structure based on cpDNA polymorphism should be especially sensitive to the impact of seed movement on gene flow, because cpDNA is often maternally inherited.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR): Conducting the Cellular Signaling Symphony

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase responds to diverse environmental cues to control a plethora of cellular processes. mTOR forms the catalytic core of at least two distinct signaling complexes known as mTOR complexes 1 and 2. Differing sensitivities to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, unique partner proteins, distinct substrates, and unique cellular functions distinguish the complexes. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the regulation and function of mTOR signaling networks in cellular physiology.
Anomalous Dispersion by Diffraction

Diffraction bands with black minima are produced by means of a single slit ruled in a light-absorbing film. Since these bands are at their best in the region of strong absorption, it is possible to follow with ease the anomalous dispersion of an aniline dye through the absorption band. Application of this procedure to the study of dispersion in gold films is also made.
Associations of Dating Violence Victimization With Lifetime Participation, Co-Occurrence, and Early Initiation of Risk Behaviors Among U.S. High School Students

This study examined the association of victimization in a physically violent dating relationship with risk behaviors, age of risk behavior initiation, and co-occurrence of risk behaviors among students in grades 9 through 12 in the United States. Data were from the 2003 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Nearly 9% of students reported experiencing dating violence victimization. Dating violence victimization was associated with alcohol use, marijuana use, and having ever had sexual intercourse among female students and having ever had sexual intercourse among male students. Dating violence victimization also was associated with early initiation of alcohol use among female students. The odds of dating violence victimization increased as the number of risk behaviors increased and as the number of lifetime sexual partners increased. These risk behavior patterns should serve as warning signs of elevated risk for dating violence victimization and may be helpful in identifying adolescents who could benefit from targeted, preventive interventions.
A picosecond accuracy relativistic VLBI model via Fermi normal coordinates

Fermi normal coordinates are used to construct transformations relating solar system barycentric coordinates to local inertial geocentric coordinates. Relativistic corrections to terrestrial VLBI measurements are calculated, and this formalism is developed to include corrections needed for picosecond accuracy. A calculation of photon time delay which includes effects arising from the motion of gravitational sources is given.
Mutational and biochemical analysis of dopamine in dystonia: evidence for decreased dopamine D2 receptor inhibition.

The dystonias are a group of serious movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle spasms of different parts of the body. We recently proposed that hypofunction of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated inhibition of the indirect output pathway of the basal ganglia can result in dystonia. In this review, we discuss the results of a variety of genetic and biochemical studies in light of this hypothesis. Several forms of early-onset dystonia show distinct autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked genetic transmission patterns. Late onset forms of dystonia, though not showing clear Mendelian transmission patterns, also appear to be highly familial. Recently, several genetic-linkage locations have been identified for early-onset dystonia and for two of these loci, mutations decreasing dopamine synthesis have been demonstrated. Biochemical studies of monkeys and man also demonstrate that several types of dystonia occur in a dopamine-deficiency state. Similarly, mice strains developed to be deficient in several dopamine-pathway components have motor abnormalities consistent with dystonia. Hypofunction of the dopamine D2 receptormediated inhibition of the indirect output pathway of the putamen may be a common feature of many of these heritable and secondary dystonic syndromes.
Effects of thermal noise on pattern onset in continuum simulations of shaken granular layers

The author investigates the onset of patterns in vertically oscillated layers of dissipative particles using numerical solutions of continuum equations to Navier-Stokes order. Above a critical accelerational amplitude of the cell, standing waves form stripe patterns which oscillate subharmonically with respect to the cell. Continuum simulations neglecting interparticle friction yield pattern wavelengths consistent with experiments using frictional particles. However, the critical acceleration for standing-wave formation is approximately 10% lower in continuum simulations without added noise than in molecular-dynamics simulations. This Brief Report incorporates fluctuating hydrodynamics theory into continuum simulations by adding noise terms with no fit parameters; this modification yields a critical acceleration in agreement with molecular-dynamics simulations.
Analytical solutions of N-person games

The possibility of analytical solutions of N-person games is presented. A simple formula provides valuable information about the outcomes of such games with linear payoff functions and Pavlovian agents. Experiments performed with our simulation tool for the multiagent stag hunt dilemma game are presented. For the case of Pavlovian agents the game has nontrivial but remarkably regular solutions. If both payoff functions are linear and the real solutions of Eq. (2) are both positive, then the analytical solutions are remarkably accurate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PHASE RELATIONS IN THE PLUTONIUM--LEAD SYSTEM.

Abstract An extensive investigation of the plutonium-lead phase diagram has been conducted using differential thermal analysis, metallography, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. The alloys were found to be generally much higher melting than previously reported in the literature. Six intermetallic phases were observed in the work reported. These have been identified as Pu 3 Pb, Pu 5 Pb 3 , Pu 5 Pb 4 , Pu 4 Pb 5 , PuPb 2 , and PuPb 3 , although Pu 4 Pb 5 appears to be of a new structure type and the designation is therefore tentative. A comparison with the literature concerning compounds of group 4A elements with plutonium is made. Incidental metallographic experiments with uranium-lead and plutonium-tin alloys are described. The results of this work are found to vary from those in the literature concerning plutoniumlead and plutonium-tin alloys.
Direct extraction and estimation of collagenase(s) activity by zymography in microquantities of rat myocardium and uterus

Measurement of collagenolytic activity is of interest to a wide variety of investigators using mammalian tissue. In order to develop a method that would quantitate active collagenase from microquantities of human tissue, we employed zymography to the heart and uterus of neonatal, adult, and postpartum rats. Collagenase rapidly cleaves native collagen into two fragments, which at 37 degrees C form gelatin. Gelatin can also be hydrolyzed by collagenase, but at a slower rate, and therefore we used gelatin to quantitate the amount of collagenase present in heart and uterine tissue and developed a method for the direct extraction of collagenase from small quantities of rat myocardium. Our method was found to be comparable with the chemical method reported by Masui et al. (Anal Biochem 1977; 17:215-21). The enzyme, which was not detected in normal adult rat cardiac tissue, was found to exist entirely in latent form and demonstrated typical properties of a mammalian collagenase/gelatinase after activation by trypsin and plasmin. We observed a 60-80% increase in collagenase activity after activation by these proteases and estimated that there is approximately 5 +/- 2 pg of procollagenase per microgram of normal adult rat left ventricle. Collagenolytic activity in the postpartum rat heart was found to be slightly (approximately 2-5%) reduced when compared to the adult heart but it was increased in the neonatal heart and postpartum uterus. This method allows for the rapid quantitative and qualitative measurement of collagenase activity in a variety of tissues containing collagenase/gelatinase activity. Our results indicate that most collagenase in the myocardium exists in latent form.
ANCF reference node for multibody system analysis

The objective of this short communication is to introduce the important concept of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation reference node (ANCF-RN), a concept that can be used effectively to deve...
Education on Death and Dying: A Neglected Area in the Medical Curriculum

Very little has been reported about instructing medical students on the psychosocial aspects of life-threatening illness, and there is evidence that this subject has been neglected in medical education. Structured courses are preferable to informal instruction but they are not universally employed, for reasons which are more related to resistance and avoidance than to availability of curriculum time or qualified faculty. Indications are, however, that such education is increasing. Yet to be determined are optimal teaching methods for this subject. Improved communication among educators in this area is needed.
Disaggregation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Bovine Serum Albumin

We have used atomic force microscopy to study tobacco mosaic virus deposited on mica by the evaporation of films of dilute solutions of TMV. Solutions of TMV in distilled deionized water deposit TMV aggregates similar to those seen by electron microscopy on other substrates. However, solutions containing both TMV and bovine serum albumin (BSA) deposit unaggregated, randomly oriented TMV rods. High-resolution AFM images taken under 2-butanol reveal that numerous BSA molecules are attached to each TMV rod. We think that the attachment of BSA particles to TMV rods changes the intervirus interactions and results in dispersed TMV both in solution and on mica.
A hands-on comparison of iOS vs. android (abstract only)

This workshop is designed for faculty, considering teaching a course in mobile app development, who are unsure as to whether they should use iOS, Android, or both. To help them make an educated decision, in this workshop participants will build one app, to implement the game Pig, in both platforms. By so doing, they will be able to make a head-to-head comparison of the respective development environments, languages, and frameworks, guided by experienced instructors.Participants will need to bring (or share) a recent-vintage MacBook Pro / MacBook Air, with Xcode, Eclipse, and appropriate SDKs, installed prior to the workshop. Details, including installation instructions, may be found at androidios.goadrich.com. Laptop Required.
Comment: The meaning and uses of models

In a paper with the above title in this Journal (Suppes, 1960), Suppes raises certain objections to Mach's definition of mass in Newtonian mechanics. He argues (p. 296) that 'it may be proved by Padoa's principle that a proper definition of mass is not possible,' and that 'if the number of interacting bodies is greater than seven a knowledge of the mutually induced accelerations of the particles is not sufficient for unique deter mination of the ratios of the masses of the particles.' Both claims appear incorrect, unless they are substantially weakened or modified. First, as I have shown elsewhere (Simon, 1947), Mach's proposal for defining masses in terms of the mutually induced accelera tions of bodies is readily developed into a rigorous axiomatization for Newtonian particle mechanics. The definition of mass does not meet the test of Padoa's principle, but the conclusion to be drawn from this fact is not that the definition is faulty but that Padoa's principle imposes too severe a test on it. The definition of mass does meet a criterion of 'defin ability almost everywhere,' which I have proposed (Simon, 1959, pp. 449 450) as a more satisfactory notion of definability than Tarski's for axiomatizing empirical theories. Second, contrary to Suppes' assertion, the mass ratios of a system of particles can be calculated from the mutually induced accelerations even if the number of particles is greater than seven (Simon, 1947, p. 898; 1954, p. 341). The indeterminacy shown by Pendse only extends to the component accelerations and not to the mass ratios (Simon, 1947, pp. 901-2). The indeterminacy of the component accelerations sub sequently disappears when we postulate a specific law of gravitational attraction - e.g., the inverse square law. For these reasons, I cannot concur in Suppes' assessment of 'the fun damental weakness of Mach's proposal.' As developed and formalized in Simon (1947), Mach's proposal appears quite sound.
Interactive video as an Instructional Technology for Handicapped Learners: A Development and Research Program

Interactive video is an instructional technology which combines computer assisted instruction and educational video. The purpose of this paper is to describe the programmatic nature of a project designed to explore the application of this technology with handicapped learners. Specifically, the reader is introduced to the project's activities in courseware development and research on learning effectiveness.
Structure and function of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrF illuminates a class of antimetabolite efflux pumps

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen and the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. The control of this disease has been compromised by the increasing proportion of infections due to antibiotic-resistant strains, which are growing at an alarming rate. N. gonorrhoeae MtrF is an integral membrane protein that belongs to the AbgT family of transporters for which no structural information is available. Here, we describe the crystal structure of MtrF, revealing a dimeric molecule with architecture distinct from all other families of transporters. MtrF is a bowl-shaped dimer with a solvent-filled basin extending from the cytoplasm to halfway across the membrane bilayer. Each subunit of the transporter contains nine transmembrane helices and two hairpins, posing a plausible pathway for substrate transport. A combination of the crystal structure and biochemical functional assays suggests that MtrF is an antibiotic efflux pump mediating bacterial resistance to sulfonamide antimetabolite drugs.
Single-Arm Phase II Group Sequential Trial Design With Survival Endpoint at a Fixed Time Point

In this article, three nonparametric test statistics are proposed to design single-arm phase II group sequential trials for monitoring survival probability. The small-sample properties of these test statistics are studied through simulations. Sample size formulas are derived for the fixed sample test. The Brownian motion property of the test statistics allowed us to develop a flexible group sequential design using a sequential conditional probability ratio test procedure. An example is given to illustrate the trial design by using the proposed method.
On Accretion of Nanosize Carbon Spheres

In this paper, the high chemical activity of the newly synthesized nanosize carbon spheres is demonstrated. The carbon spheres can be accreted by a treatment in acetone. The mechanism for the accretion is attributed to the combination of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms belonging to the acetone molecules with the adsorbed hydrogen and/or oxygen atoms at the edges of the open graphitic flakes distributed at the surface of the carbon spheres. The high chemical activity of the carbon spheres can have important applications in catalysis. The accretion of the carbon spheres may significantly improve the strength of composite materials made using the spheres.
Professional Communication in International Settings.

Professional Communication in International Settings. Yuling Pan. Suzanne Wong Scollon. and Ron Scollon. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. 240 pp.
PfsR Is a Key Regulator of Iron Homeostasis in Synechocystis PCC 6803

Iron is an essential cofactor in numerous cellular processes. The iron deficiency in the oceans affects the primary productivity of phytoplankton including cyanobacteria. In this study, we examined the function of PfsR, a TetR family transcriptional regulator, in iron homeostasis of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Compared with the wild type, the pfsR deletion mutant displayed stronger tolerance to iron limitation and accumulated significantly more chlorophyll a, carotenoid, and phycocyanin under iron-limiting conditions. The mutant also maintained more photosystem I and photosystem II complexes than the wild type after iron deprivation. In addition, the activities of photosystem I and photosystem II were much higher in pfsR deletion mutant than in wild-type cells under iron-limiting conditions. The transcripts of pfsR were enhanced by iron limitation and inactivation of the gene affected pronouncedly expression of fut genes (encoding a ferric iron transporter), feoB (encoding a ferrous iron transporter), bfr genes (encoding bacterioferritins), ho genes (encoding heme oxygenases), isiA (encoding a chlorophyll-binding protein), and furA (encoding a ferric uptake regulator). The iron quota in pfsR deletion mutant cells was higher than in wild-type cells both before and after exposure to iron limitation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that PfsR bound to its own promoter and thereby auto-regulated its own expression. These data suggest that PfsR is a critical regulator of iron homeostasis.
Field measurement of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces

Natural vegetation on erodible land surfaces, such as the loose sandy soils found in the southwestern United States and in Soviet Central Asia, absorbs part of the wind momentum flux (stress) and thus protects the erodible soil to a degree that depends on the geometry of plant distribution and profile. The sheltering effect of natural plants may be expressed as the ratio, R, of threshold friction velocity for the bare soil (determined in the laboratory or in specially prepared areas of bare soil in the field) to that for the naturally vegetated surface. We used new automated instrumentation to detect erosion thresholds in locations where erosion events are widely separated in time. Measured values of R were low for our most vegetated sites and nearer unity for the sparsely vegetated site.
Human Cytomegalovirus pUL83 Stimulates Activity of the Viral Immediate-Early Promoter through Its Interaction with the Cellular IFI16 Protein

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virion protein pUL83 (also termed pp65) inhibits the expression of interferon-inducible cellular genes. In this work we demonstrate that pUL83 is also important for efficient induction of transcription from the viral major immediate-early promoter. Infection with a mutant virus containing a premature translation termination codon in the UL83 open reading frame (ORF) (UL83Stop) resulted in decreased transcription from the major immediate-early promoter in a time- and multiplicity-dependent manner. Expression of pUL83 alone is capable of transactivating the promoter in a reporter assay, and pUL83 associates with the promoter in infected cells. To investigate the mechanism by which the protein regulates the major immediate-early promoter, we utilized a mutant virus expressing an epitope-tagged pUL83 from its own promoter to identify protein binding partners for pUL83 during infection. We identified and confirmed the interaction of pUL83 with cellular IFI16 family members throughout the course of HCMV infection. pUL83 recruits IFI16 to the major immediate-early promoter, and IFI16 binding at the promoter is dependent upon the presence of pUL83. Consistent with the results obtained with the UL83Stop virus, infection of IFI16 knockdown cells with wild-type virus resulted in decreased levels of immediate-early transcripts compared to those of control cells. These data identify a previously unknown role for pUL83 in the initiation of the human cytomegalovirus gene expression cascade.
Hilbert series, Howe duality and branching for classical groups

An extension of the Littlewood Restriction Rule is given that covers all pertinent parameters and simplifies to the original under Littlewood’s hypotheses. Two formulas are derived for the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of any unitary highest weight representation occurring in a dual pair setting, one in terms of the dual pair index and the other in terms of the highest weight. For a fixed dual pair setting, all the irreducible highest weight representations which occur have the same Gelfand-Kirillov dimension. We define a class of unitary highest weight representations and show that each of these representations, L, has a Hilbert series HL(q) of the form:
Endoscopic Liposhaving for Neck Recontouring

Objective To describe a modified technique of liposuction that combines endoscopic techniques and a soft tissue shaver for neck recontouring. Design Nonrandomized, nonblinded, retrospective evaluation of endoscopic liposhaving for patients requiring neck recontouring in a facial plastic surgery practice. Interventions Endoscopic liposhaving was performed on 5 patients undergoing neck recontouring with platysma plication using a small submental incision. Main Outcome Measures Subjective evaluation by the surgeon. Results Direct visualization with the endoscope ensures complete removal of excess fat while maintaining a small amount of fat over the platysma muscle and on the skin flap. The fat was easily and precisely removed with minimal trauma and edema. There were no resulting facial nerve injuries, dimpling, hematomas, or significant asymmetries. Conclusions Endoscopic liposhaving for neck recontouring is a precise and less traumatic method of lipectomy than the current techniques. Direct fat visualization with an endoscope allows more accuracy than the external visualization and palpation relied on in conventional liposuction or direct liposhaving. Using these 2 newer modalities can lead to quicker recovery time. There are no known previous reports of use of these 2 techniques together.
Social Forwarding in Large Scale Networks: Insights Based on Real Trace Analysis

Social forwarding, recently a hot topic in mobile opportunistic networking, faces extreme challenges from potentially large numbers of mobile nodes, vast areas, and limited communication resources. Such conditions render forwarding more challenging in large-scale networks. We observe that forwarding techniques based on social popularity fail to efficiently forward messages in large scale networks. The social popularity of nodes might not scale with the network size in a way that necessarily correlates with the contact opportunities and mobility patterns of these nodes. In this paper, we demonstrate, based on real mobility traces, the weakness of existing social forwarding algorithms in large scale communities. We address this weakness by proposing strategies for partitioning these large scale communities into sub-communities based on geographic locality or social interests. We also examine exploiting particular nodes, named MultiHomed nodes, in order to disseminate messages across these sub- communities. Finally, we introduce CAF, a Community Aware Forwarding framework, which can easily be integrated with the state-of-the-art social forwarding algorithms in order to improve their performance in large scale networks. We use real mobility traces to evaluate our proposed techniques. Our results empirically show a performance increase of around 40% and 5% to 30% better success delivery rates compared to state-of- the-art social forwarding algorithms, while incurring a marginal increase in cost.
The Cat Island Turtle

Four rare Pseudemys felis were captured and eight more turtles seen in a two-day survey on Cat Island, Bahamas, in March, 1981. A breeding population of this species persists in an area of 2.5sqkm. Cat island turtles are captured for pets and food by local people and are threatened by potential road building and land development.
Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-known method used to measure muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics in vivo. The application of arterial occlusions allows for the assessment of muscle oxyg...
Nucleotide Sequence of the Adh Gene Region of Drosophila pseudoobscura : Evolutionary Change and Evidence for an Ancient Gene Duplication

The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus (ADH; alcohol: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) of Drosophila pseudoobscura was cloned and sequenced. Forty-five percent of the "effectively silent sites" have changed between Adh in D. pseudoobscura of the obscura species group and the homologous DNA sequence in D. mauritiana, the latter representing the melanogaster species group. The untranslated leader sequence of the adult transcript of D. pseudoobscura has two deletions relative to the D. mauritiana message. The ADH protein sequences of D. pseudoobscura is missing the third and fourth amino acids at the N-terminus relative to the D. mauritiana enzyme. Of the remaining 254 amino acid positions, 27 (10.64%) differ between the two species. Amino acid replacements are randomly distributed into hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains of ADH. However, replacement substitutions are distributed nonrandomly across the three exons among D. pseudoobscura and members of the melanogaster subgroup, suggesting that functional constraints across the exons are different. Surprisingly, silent substitutions are also nonrandomly distributed with the third exon being the most divergent. This pattern suggests possible selective constraints on supposedly neutral silent substitutions and/or variation in underlying mutation rates across the gene. The presence of transcriptional and translational signals at the beginning and end of conserved sequences 3' to Adh implies the existence of a previously undescribed gene. Codon usage and patterns of nucleotide divergence are consistent with a protein coding function for this gene. In addition, conservation of nucleotide and amino acid sequence and similarity in hydropathy plots suggests that the gene 3' to Adh represents an ancient duplication of the Adh gene.
Moral Development of Lao Children

Abstract Cette etude a pour propos d'examiner, chez dcs enfants laotiens [acaron]ges de six a quatorze ans, le developpement du jugement moral dans deux domaines: Ie realisme moral et la justice. Selon Piaget, le developpement du realisme moral, le passage de la responsabilite objective a la responsabilite subjective sont intimement lies a la qualite des interactions enfant-adultes, la contrainte adulte retardant le developpement et la cooperation l'accelerant. Le developpement de l'idee de justice, d'autre part, serait moins dependant de cette interaction et davantage lie aux rapports de groupe d'un měme [acaron]ge. En partant de l'hypothese que les relations entre enfants d'un měme groupe d'[acaron]ge montrent une plus grande stabilite interculturelle que les interactions adultes-enfants, on suppose que le developpement de l'idee de justice presente un caractere plus universel que la genese de l'idee de realisme moral. Les resultats de la recherche ne confirment pas l'hypothese. L'auteur conclut que le ...