cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and sensitivity of detection of activation foci in the brain via statistical parametric mapping: a study using a PET simulator.

Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) is currently the most widely used method for analysis of functional activation images. This paper reports a quantitative evaluation of the sensitivity and accuracy of SPM, using a realistic simulator of PET image formation, which accounted for the main physical processes involved in PET, including attenuation, scatter, randoms, Poisson noise, and limited detector resolution. Activation foci of the brain were simulated by placing spheres of specified activities in particular locations. Using these data, the sensitivity and accuracy of SPM in detecting activation foci was measured for different versions of the SPM spatial normalization method and for an elastic warping method referred to as STAR (spatial transformation algorithm for registration). The STAR method resulted in relatively better registration and hence better detection of the activation foci. A secondary goal of the paper was to evaluate the improvement in detection sensitivity obtained by applying an atlas-based adaptive smoothing method instead of the usual Gaussian filtering method. The results indicate some limitations of statistical parametric mapping, assist in the correct interpretation of the SPM maps, and point to future research directions in functional image analysis.
Reducing error rates in straintronic multiferroic nanomagnetic logic by pulse shaping.

Dipole-coupled nanomagnetic logic (NML), where nanomagnets (NMs) with bistable magnetization states act as binary switches and information is transferred between them via dipole-coupling and Bennett clocking, is a potential replacement for conventional transistor logic since magnets dissipate less energy than transistors when they switch in a logic circuit. Magnets are also ‘non-volatile’ and hence can store the results of a computation after the computation is over, thereby doubling as both logic and memory—a feat that transistors cannot achieve. However, dipole-coupled NML is much more error-prone than transistor logic at room temperature > ( 1%) because thermal noise can easily disrupt magnetization dynamics. Here, we study a particularly energy-efficient version of dipole-coupled NML known as straintronic multiferroic logic (SML) where magnets are clocked/switched with electrically generated mechanical strain. By appropriately ‘shaping’ the voltage pulse that generates strain, we show that the error rate in SML can be reduced to tolerable limits. We describe the error probabilities associated with various stress pulse shapes and discuss the trade-off between error rate and switching speed in SML.The lowest error probability is obtained when a ‘shaped’ high voltage pulse is applied to strain the output NM followed by a low voltage pulse. The high voltage pulse quickly rotates the output magnet’s magnetization by 90° and aligns it roughly along the minor (or hard) axis of the NM. Next, the low voltage pulse produces the critical strain to overcome the shape anisotropy energy barrier in the NM and produce a monostable potential energy profile in the presence of dipole coupling from the neighboring NM. The magnetization of the output NM then migrates to the global energy minimum in this monostable profile and completes a 180° rotation (magnetization flip) with high likelihood. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/nano/26/245202/mmedia
Victorian Psychology and the Novel

Over the last three decades, literary critics have evinced growing interest in nineteenth-century psychology and its reciprocal relationship with the Victorian novel. The resulting body of interdisciplinary scholarship has yielded insight into how early and mid-Victorian psychological movements (moral management, associationism, evolutionary psychology, and so forth) left their mark on realist authors like George Eliot and writers of sensation fiction such as Wilkie Collins or Mary Elizabeth Braddon. But these scholarly works have dealt less comprehensively with the psychological significance of late Victorian genres like the romance and neo-Gothic novel. Moreover, literary critics are only beginning to explore the ways in which psychology subtly shaded into physiology during the late Victorian era. This materialist shift was felt most strongly after 1870, when cerebral localization experiments by David Ferrier, John Hughlings Jackson, and other neurologists linked specific emotions, faculties, and movements to discrete areas of the brain. These experiments suggested that human behavior amounted to the sum of various neurochemical impulses, a conclusion that raised hackles because it threatened cherished notions of the soul, will, and individual identity. Literary scholars have only recently discussed the ways in which late Victorian novels engaged with these unsettling neurological discoveries. Based on the early promise of these discussions, we might expect to see more work on Victorian brains than Victorian psyches in future literary criticism.
A Search Cost Perspective on Formation and Duration of Trade

More than half of all US import relationships begin with less than $10,000 annually. The median relationship is observed to last just one year. The incidence and duration of import relationships are consistent with a search model of international trade. The preponderance of small starting relationships reveals uncertainty present in the formation of trade relationships. Initial size, reliability, and search costs play an important role. Larger initial purchase results in longer relationships. Higher reliability and lower search costs lead to larger initial purchases and longer relationships.
β-Cell α-ketoglutarate hydroxylases may acutely participate in insulin secretion

The presence of Fe(II) α-ketoglutarate hydroxylases in rat and human pancreatic islets and INS-1 832/13 cells was demonstrated with RT-PCR (PHD1, 2 and 3, lysyl hydroxylases 1, 2 and 3 and phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase were seen) and/or immunoblotting (High levels of proline hydroxylase P4Hα1, PHD2 and PHD4 and low levels of PHD2 and PHD3 in human islets and high levels of PHD2 in rat islets and INS-1 cells were seen). Prolyl hydroxylase enzyme activity in INS-1 832/13 cells was purified with polyproline affinity chromatography. Inhibitors of α-ketoglutarate hydroxylases lowered glucose-induced and leucine-plus-glutamine-induced insulin release in rat pancreatic islets, suggesting that there may be acute unknown effects of α-ketoglutarate hydroxylases in insulin secretion. It is possible that an increase in mitochondrially-generated α-ketoglutarate derived from insulin secretagogue carbon and translocated to the cytosol may be part of the signal for insulin secretion.
Performance evaluation of a firm real-time database system

In conventional database systems, performance is primarily measured by the number of transactions completed within a unit time. In real-time applications, timing and criticality characteristics of transactions must be taken into account. In this paper, we examine the performance of StarBase, a firm real-time database system. The deadline guarantee ratio and average response times are the primary performance measures. There have been performance studies on real-time database systems, but most of them were performed using simulation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of developing a real-time database system with an acceptable performance.
The scaling behavior of flow patterns: a model investigation

Fuel cell flow channel scaling behavior has been investigated for three different flow pattern archetypes (interdigitated, serpentine, and spiral interdigitated) by employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The range of investigation covers flow channels of macro feature size (>500 μm) to micro feature size (<100 μm). Each flow pattern archetype exhibits unique scaling behavior. For most flow pattern archetypes, optimal feature size occurs at an intermediate channel dimension. Extremely small flow channels do not optimize performance despite improved mass transport. Pressure drop loss and flow travel path in the cathode compartment are major factors determining the optimal size. The scaling phenomena are explained in conjunction with the details of oxygen distribution in the cathode flow channels and gas diffusion layer.
Efficacy of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Controversy exists regarding the use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis vs observation in the management of children with vesicoureteral reflux. The reported effectiveness of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in children with reflux varies widely. We determined whether the aggregated evidence supports use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, clinicaltrials.gov, MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, Google Scholar and recently presented meeting abstracts for reports in any language. Bibliographies of included studies were then hand searched for any missed articles. The study protocol was prospectively registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42014009639). Reports were assessed and data abstracted in duplicate, with differences resolved by consensus. Risk of bias was assessed using standardized instruments.Results: We identified 1,547 studies, of which 8 are included in the meta-analysis. Pooled results demonstr...
Behavioral Physical Therapy and Spina Bifida: A Case Study

Behavioral physical therapy is a relatively new subspeciality field involving the concurrent use of physical therapy and behavioral technology/assessment practices. The present study examined the relative efficacy of combining behavioral technology and traditional physical therapy to facilitate an 8Vi-yearold spina bifida child's fine and gross motor incoordination. A multiple baseline across outcome measures design was used to evaluate treatment efficacy over a 1-year period. The child's fine and gross motor incoordination improved the most under the combined treatment protocol and remained or showed further gains during a 6-month follow-up period. Results were discussed with an emphasis on factors contributing to the program's success and the desirability of assessing effects using single-subject methodology.
Histone H4 deacetylation facilitates 53BP1 DNA damage signaling and double-strand break repair

53BP1 and other DNA damage response (DDR) proteins form foci at double-strand breaks (DSBs) which promote their repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Focal accumulation of 53BP1 depends on the specific interaction of its tandem Tudor domain with dimethylated lysine 20 in histone H4 (H4K20me2). How 53BP1 foci dynamics are regulated is unclear since H4K20me2 is highly abundant, established largely in the absence of DNA damage, and uncertainty exists about the roles of candidate H4K20 methyltransferases in 53BP1 foci formation. Here, we show that 53BP1 foci assemble primarily on H4K20me2 established prior to DNA damage by the SETD8 and SUV420 methyltransferases rather than de novo H4K20 methylation mediated by MMSET/WHSC1. Moreover, we define a novel role for H4K16 acetylation in regulating 53BP1 foci dynamics. Concurrent acetylation at H4K16 antagonizes 53BP1 binding to extant H4K20me2 until DSBs elicit transient, localized H4 deacetylation that facilitates 53BP1 foci formation and NHEJ, and is associated with global repression of gene transcription. Our findings demonstrate that rapid induction of H4 deacetylation by DSBs affects multiple aspects of the DDR, and also suggest that antagonism of 53BP1 binding to H4K20me2 by H4K16 hyperacetylation may contribute to the efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitors for cancer therapy.
History, Genetics, and Strategies for Cancer Prevention in Lynch Syndrome

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy and the third cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. The majority of CRC cases diagnosed annually are due to sporadic events, but up to 6% are attributed to known monogenic disorders that confer a markedly increased risk for the development of CRC and multiple extracolonic malignancies. Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited CRC syndrome and is associated with mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, mainly MLH1 and MSH2 but also MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM. Although the risk of CRC and endometrial cancer may approach near 75% and 50%, respectively, in gene mutation carriers, the identification of these individuals and at-risk family members through predictive genetic testing provides opportunities for cancer prevention including specialized cancer screening, intensified surveillance, and/or prophylactic surgeries. This article will provide a review of the major advances in risk assessment, molecular genetics, DNA mutational analyses, and cancer prevention and management made since Lynch syndrome was first described 100 years ago.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI : II. A COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF MICE AND OF RABBITS TO IMMUNIZATION WITH TYPICAL TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCI AND TO IMMUNIZATION WITH A RELATED STRAIN.

The paper reports an experimental comparison of the antibody responses of mice and of rabbits to immunization with typical Type III pneumococci and a strain related to Type III. The results as a whole show that the relative antigenic effectiveness of these two kinds of related pneumococci, is different in different animals. In rabbits the strain related to but not identical with Type III elicits the better response; in mice, the typical Type III strain is more effective. These relationships furnish an example of the influence of the species of animal upon the effectiveness of even closely related bacterial antigens.
Thermal and electrical conductivity of carbon–filled liquid crystal polymer composites

The thermal and electrical conductivity of resins can be increased by adding conductive carbon fillers. One emerging market for thermally and electrically conductive resins is for bipolar plates for use in fuel cells. In this study, varying amounts of five different types of carbon, one carbon black, two synthetic graphites, one natural flake graphite, and one calcined needle coke, were added to Vectra A950RX Liquid Crystal Polymer. The resulting composites containing only one type of filler were then tested for thermal and electrical conductivity. The objective of this work was to determine which carbon filler produced a composite with the highest thermal and electrical conductivity. The results showed that composites containing Thermocarb TC-300 synthetic graphite particles had the highest thermal and electrical conductivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99; 1552–1558, 2006
Hydraulic stimulation of natural fractures as revealed by induced microearthquakes, Carthage Cotton Valley gas field, east Texas

We produced a high‐resolution microseismic image of a hydraulic fracture stimulation in the Carthage Cotton Valley gas field of east Texas. We improved the precision of microseismic event locations four‐fold over initial locations by manually repicking the traveltimes in a spatial sequence, allowing us to visually correlate waveforms of adjacent sources. The new locations show vertical containment within individual, targeted sands, suggesting little or no hydraulic communication between the discrete perforation intervals simultaneously treated within an 80‐m section. Treatment (i.e., fracture‐zone) lengths inferred from event locations are about 200 m greater at the shallow perforation intervals than at the deeper intervals. The highest quality locations indicate fracture‐zone widths as narrow as 6 m. Similarity of adjacent‐source waveforms, along with systematic changes of phase amplitude ratios and polarities, indicate fairly uniform source mechanisms (fracture plane orientation and sense of slip) over ...
Longer storage duration of red blood cells is associated with an increased risk of acute lung injury in patients with sepsis.

Background The storage duration of red blood cells transfused to critically ill patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Whether the association exists between storage duration of red blood cells transfused to patients with sepsis and the risk of developing ALI/ARDS is unknown. We aimed to determine the association of the storage duration of red blood cells transfused to patients with sepsis and risk of developing acute lung injury in the subsequent 96 hours, with comparator trauma and nonsepsis/nontrauma groups.
A contour-based approach to multisensor image registration

Image registration is concerned with the establishment of correspondence between images of the same scene. One challenging problem in this area is the registration of multispectral/multisensor images. In general, such images have different gray level characteristics, and simple techniques such as those based on area correlations cannot be applied directly. On the other hand, contours representing region boundaries are preserved in most cases. The authors present two contour-based methods which use region boundaries and other strong edges as matching primitives. The first contour matching algorithm is based on the chain-code correlation and other shape similarity criteria such as invariant moments. Closed contours and the salient segments along the open contours are matched separately. This method works well for image pairs in which the contour information is well preserved, such as the optical images from Landsat and Spot satellites. For the registration of the optical images with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, the authors propose an elastic contour matching scheme based on the active contour model. Using the contours from the optical image as the initial condition, accurate contour locations in the SAR image are obtained by applying the active contour model. Both contour matching methods are automatic and computationally quite efficient. Experimental results with various kinds of image data have verified the robustness of the algorithms, which have outperformed manual registration in terms of root mean square error at the control points. >
The Problem with Utility: Toward a Non-Consequentialist/Utility Theory Synthesis

I develop the argument that our current decision-making framework, utility theory, when used by itself, is 1) descriptively incomplete, 2) theoretically flawed, and 3) ethically questionable. In response, I offer an exploratory framework that incorporates both consequentialist and non-consequentialist motivations. Adding a commitment function provides a synthesis which remedies the problems associated with the sole use of utility theory. Finally, I show how philosophers Immanuel Kant, W.D. Ross, and Martin Buber provide an ethical basis for the framework.
Silverline: toward data confidentiality in storage-intensive cloud applications

By offering high availability and elastic access to resources, third-party cloud infrastructures such as Amazon EC2 are revolutionizing the way today's businesses operate. Unfortunately, taking advantage of their benefits requires businesses to accept a number of serious risks to data security. Factors such as software bugs, operator errors and external attacks can all compromise the confidentiality of sensitive application data on external clouds, by making them vulnerable to unauthorized access by malicious parties. In this paper, we study and seek to improve the confidentiality of application data stored on third-party computing clouds. We propose to identify and encrypt all functionally encryptable data, sensitive data that can be encrypted without limiting the functionality of the application on the cloud. Such data would be stored on the cloud only in an encrypted form, accessible only to users with the correct keys, thus protecting its confidentiality against unintentional errors and attacks alike. We describe Silverline, a set of tools that automatically 1) identify all functionally encryptable data in a cloud application, 2) assign encryption keys to specific data subsets to minimize key management complexity while ensuring robustness to key compromise, and 3) provide transparent data access at the user device while preventing key compromise even from malicious clouds. Through experiments with real applications, we find that many web applications are dominated by storage and data sharing components that do not require interpreting raw data. Thus, Silverline can protect the vast majority of data on these applications, simplify key management, and protect against key compromise. Together, our techniques provide a substantial first step towards simplifying the complex process of incorporating data confidentiality into these storage-intensive cloud applications.
Optimization of a Pyroelectric Energy Converter for Harvesting Waste Heat

Pyroelectric energy conversion offers a novel approach for directly converting waste heat into electricity. This paper reports numerical simulations of a prototypical pyroelectric energy converter. The two-dimensional mass, momentum, and energy equations were solved to predict the local and time-dependent pressure, velocity, and temperature. Then, the heat input, pump power, and electrical power generated were estimated, along with the thermodynamic energy efficiency of the device. It was established that reducing the length of the device and the viscosity of the working fluid improved the energy efficiency and power density by increasing the optimum operating frequency of the device. Results show that a maximum efficiency of 5.2% at 0.5 Hz corresponding to 55.4% of the Carnot efficiency between 145 and 185°C can be achieved when using commercial 1.5 cst silicone oil. The maximum power density was found to be 38.4 W/l of pyroelectric material.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Collaborative and Overinvolved Parenting Differentially Predict Outcomes in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective The current study examined the impact of collaborative and intrusive parenting on depression and glycemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Research examining the association between parenting and child adjustment in this population has been limited by a reliance primarily on questionnaire data and cross-sectional analyses. To address these gaps, the current study used an observational coding system to measure the effects of parenting on child adjustment over a 1-year period. Method Youth (10 to 16 years old) with T1D and their mothers (N = 81) were recruited from an outpatient pediatrics diabetes clinic. Mothers' symptoms of anxiety and depression and children's depressive symptoms were assessed by self- reports; parenting behaviors were assessed via video-recorded observations coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales; and adolescents' glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was obtained from medical records. Results Bivariate correlations and linear regression analyses revealed that higher levels of observed collaborative parenting were related to significantly lower HbA1c 12 months later, and higher levels of observed overinvolved parenting were related to significantly greater child depressive symptoms 12 months later. Further, age and treatment type moderated the relation between overinvolved parenting and child depressive symptoms. Conclusions Collaborative and overinvolved parenting appears important for adolescents in predicting both psychological and health-related outcomes over time. Parenting behaviors may serve as an important target for future interventions to enhance adjustment in these children. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract PR-08: The willingness to accept chemoprevention strategies by women at increased risk of breast cancer

Background: Women who are at increased risk of breast cancer (BC), are largely not accepting of chemoprevention therapies (CPTs). Further, proven behavioral constructs were not employed in previous studies that assessed the correlates of acceptance of CPTs. Thus, we used the Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Health Belief scale, a validated instrument for assessing the health-seeking behavior of women who were at increased risk of BC with respect to being willing to accept risk assessment, CPTs counseling, or the therapies. Methods: Using the data from the Acceptance of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention Therapies Project, a cross-sectional telephone survey, we assessed the association of the sociodemographic, socioeconomic, knowledge of BC prevention and care strategies, health care access or utilization characteristics, and the factor-derived Health Belief Model constructs with the endpoints mentioned above (i.e. that had 5-point Likert style response options), in 265 consecutively recruited Caucasian (n=83), Latinas (n=73), African American (n=103) or unknown (n=6) women, who were of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, and at increased risk of BC. Student9s t tests, chi square, or multiple linear regression analyses were used to compare the covariates with the respective endpoints. Results: Most participants were in the 50-69 years age group (66.4%), of African American race/ethnicity (39.8%), single (58%), or of lower socioeconomic status (i.e., they had a high school education or less [65.3%], earned Conclusions: The correlates of the willingness to accept chemoprevention strategies differed by the specific strategies. Further, future interventions should be targeted towards not just the eligible women, but also their families, and their physicians, and should take into consideration pertinent behavioral constructs, personal and health care-related characteristics. Impact: Through our results, we have laid a firm foundation for future tailored interventions to enhance informed decision making about BC CPTs. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):PR-08.
Comparing Methods of Cultural Competency Training and Assessment in a Predoctoral Dental Course

Cultural competence is considered an important skill in health care delivery; accordingly, it requires an effective and efficient course of training. Web-based teaching has increasingly been used in medical education with a few reports also in the dental field; however, there is a lack of evidence of its full application and usefulness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of web-based case scenarios in comparison with seminar-based training to deliver cultural competency material to the health care provider in training. Eighty-one fourth-year dental students attending a mandatory Special Patients’ Care clinical rotation were randomly allocated to receive first either a session of seminar or web-based case scenarios on cultural competence, with all students receiving a manual containing information about various cultures and the issues of cultural diversity on the first day of the training. All students underwent pre- and post-training examinations, which were conducted using a multiple-choice questionnaire and a self-analytic evaluation. Both the seminar and the web-based case scenarios resulted in significant improvement (p≤0.001) of scores comparing the pre- and posttest outcomes. Training either as a seminar or a series of web-based case scenarios combined with written material presented in a manual was found to increase students’ cultural competence.
Status epilepticus caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation

This report discusses a case of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation. Brain biopsy demonstrated cerebral amyloid angiopathy, with clinical and radiographic features indicative of a fluctuating inflammatory process. Immunomodulatory treatment with pulse steroids resulted in rapid and dramatic clinical and radiographic improvement. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of new-onset seizures after the age of 40, when associated with fluctuating multifocal T2 hyperintensities and petechial hemorrhages on gradient echo (GRE) or susceptibility-weighted (SWI) MRI sequences.
A two-year dietary survey of middle-aged women: repeated dietary records as a measure of usual intake.

A two-year survey of the dietary consumption and supplement use patterns of adult women was conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Participants were asked to record their diet on two randomly selected days per month over a two-year period. Each subject filled out an average of 19 records a year, for an overall 71 % return rate. Because of the sampling design, it was possible to estimate each woman’s “usual” or average daily dietary and total intake (diet plus supplements) of 15 nutrients. Many women were consuming usual amounts of energy, calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and, especially, zinc and total folate that were 30% to 50% below recommended levels. It was also found that the women generally took vitamin/mineral supplements for nutrients already adequately supplied in the diet. Low nutrient intakes may have been due, in part, to underreporting of food intakes.
Para Español Oprima El Número Dos: Transnational Translation and U.S. Latino/a Literature

In “Beyond Discipline? Globalization and the Future of English,” an essay about the changing status of literary studies in English, Paul Jay refers to a relatively recent explosion of literature in English produced in the English-speaking postcolonial world. This literature, he says, has been coming into Britain and the United States from India, the Middle East, Canada, Africa, the South Pacific (Australia), the Philippines, and Guam, and it is reshaping and reorganizing the disciplines of British and U.S. literatures. No longer, he argues, are these disciplines limited only to cultural products produced inside the national borders of their respective countries, presumably united by common themes, values, a national language, and literature. British and U.S. literatures are also projecting expressive material from outside their national borders that is transforming them into open-ended cultural systems in a transnational market economy. Jay’s point is that British and U.S. literary studies in the modern era of globalization are “becoming defined less by nation than by language” (2001, 33). I want to take advantage of Jay’s observation concerning the ascendancy of language in a global world to offer some ideas on the Spanish language, acts of translation, and U.S. Latina and Latino writing.
Relations with Latin America: an American View

The purpose of this paper is to examine trade and financial relations between Latin America and the United States in a global setting. While this implies the sacrifice of detail, it is made essential by the fact that most U.S. policies affecting the hemisphere are reactions to problems elsewhere in the world. The Vietnam war, the growth of highly competitive economic blocs in Europe and the Orient, the reappraisal of international responsibility for defence support, and the U.S. anti-inflation recession have little or nothing to do with Latin America. Yet the apparent trend in American commercial policy from trade liberalisation to increasing protection follows from these problems and promises to have a severe impact on hemisphere trade and development. The impact can best be understood by examining the pattern of commodity trade growth between Latin America and the rest of the world, and by analysing the role of the United States in that process since the Second World War. This examination occupies the first section of the paper.
Promoting the utilization of biomass for food and non-food applications

T presentation aims to make a contribution to the recent discussion about utilization of biomass and other organic waste for food and non-food industrial uses. Biomass is a renewable organic material, e.g. agricultural crops, woods, grasses, or municipal wastes. Traditionally, the biomass has been used for feed, energy, industrial material, and food. More recently, biofuel production from biomass has been the latest tendency at public sector. However, with a continuous growing world population, the first priority of biomass utilization allocation is food scarcity. At the end of 2014, there were about 8 billion people in the world. The global population should reach more than 9.3 billion people by 2050. This alone will lead to a 60% increase in biomass demand. Increasing meat consumption and higher living standards will generate additional demand for biomass. Moreover, over one billion low-income countries people are already malnourished by lack of protein, vitamins and minerals. Current food production systems in the world can’t cover these escalated food insecurities. Some biomass such as microalgae, soybean hull, and sugarcane bagasse are a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, antioxidants, and/or vitamins. Consequently, this presentation debates the current and future bioenergy trends, and introduces utilization of biomass to food production through the case studies.
Identifying the elements of entrepreneurial opportunity constructs: Recognizing what scholars are really examining

There is plenty of debate in the entrepreneurship literature regarding entrepreneurial opportunity. There also has been a lack of construct clarity. These two issues have combined to stifle progres...
Public Administration’s Dyslexia: Appreciating the Strengths of its Disabilities

To have a dis/ability opens the possibilities for seeing (understanding) something different because of difference in the disabled’s lens or worldview. Public administration is awash in self-doubt, discomfort and confusion. As it struggles with setting, moving and removing academic boundaries of the discipline, public administration reveals its own dyslexia. The disabling of public administration offers a view from the balcony (or orchestra pit) granting a greater appreciation of ‘the other’ in the public administration student, public administration theory and public administration practices. The dyslexic individual and institution can suffer and celebrate contradiction, paradox, irony, and other delimiting arenas of learning without resistance. Successful learning and understanding can come not in spite of but because of apparent disabilities.
Absence of Specific Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Membrane Proteins Triggers Premature Inclusion Membrane Lysis and Host Cell Death

Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen associated with significant morbidity worldwide. As obligate intracellular parasites, chlamydiae must survive within eukaryotic cells for sufficient time to complete their developmental cycle. To promote host cell survival, chlamydiae express poorly understood anti-apoptotic factors. Using recently developed genetic tools, we show that three inclusion membrane proteins (Incs) out of eleven examined are required for inclusion membrane stability and avoidance of host cell death pathways. In the absence of specific Incs, premature inclusion lysis results in recognition by autophagolysosomes, activation of intrinsic apoptosis, and premature termination of the chlamydial developmental cycle. Inhibition of autophagy or knockdown of STING prevented host cell death and activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Significantly, these findings emphasize the importance of Incs in the establishment of a replicative compartment that sequesters the pathogen from host surveillance systems.
Cu-Catalyzed Hydrocarbonylative C-C Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Alkyl Iodides.

A Cu-catalyzed hydrocarbonylative C–C coupling of terminal alkynes with unactivated alkyl iodides has been developed, enabling highly chemo- and regioselective synthesis of unsymmetrical dialkyl ketones. A variety of functional groups are tolerated, and both primary and secondary alkyl iodides react well. An autotandem sequence of two Cu-catalyzed processes is proposed: first hydrocarbonylative coupling of the alkyne and the alkyl iodide, followed by reduction of the intermediate unsaturated ketone to the saturated product. Mechanistic experiments indicate that an alkenylcopper intermediate activates the alkyl iodide by single electron transfer to enable a radical carbonylation pathway.
Connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping (CLSM): A novel approach to map neurological function

Lesion-symptom mapping is a key tool in understanding the relationship between structure and function in neuroscience as it can provide objective evidence about which regions are crucial for a given process. Initial limitations with this approach were largely overcome by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM), a method introduced in the early 2000s, which allows for a whole-brain approach to study the association between damaged areas and behavioral impairment by applying an independent statistical test at every voxel. By doing so, this technique eliminated the need to predefine regions of interest or classify patients into groups based on arbitrary cutoff scores. VLSM has nonetheless its own limitations; chiefly, a bias towards recognizing cortical necrosis/gliosis but with poor sensitivity for detecting injury along long white matter tracts, thus ignoring cortical disconnection, which can per se lead to behavioral impairment. Here, we propose a complementary method that, instead, establishes a statistical relationship between the strength of connections between all brain regions of the brain (as defined by a standard brain atlas) and the array of behavioral performance seen in patients with brain injury: connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping (CLSM). Whole-brain CLSM therefore has the potential to identify key connections for behavior independently of a priori assumptions with applicability across a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric diseases. We propose that this approach can further our understanding of brain-structure relationships and is worth exploring in clinical and theoretical contexts.
Microhomology-Mediated High-Throughput Gene Inactivation Strategy for the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus.

ABSTRACT Sulfolobus islandicus is rapidly emerging as a model system for studying the biology and evolution within the TACK lineage of the archaeal domain. As the tree of life grows, identifying the cellular functions of genes within this lineage will have significant impacts on our understanding of the evolution of the last archaeal eukaryote common ancestor (LEACA) and the differentiation of archaea from eukaryotes during the evolution of the modern-day cell. To increase our understanding of this key archaeal organism, we report a novel high-throughput method for targeted gene inactivation in S. islandicus through one-step microhomology-directed homologous recombination (HR). We validated the efficacy of this approach by systematically deleting 21 individual toxin-antitoxin gene pairs and its application to delete chromosomal regions as large as 50 kb. Sequence analysis of 96 ArgD+ transformants showed that S. islandicus can effectively incorporate donor markers as short segments through HR in a continuous or discontinuous manner. We determined that the minimal size of homology allowing native argD marker replacement was as few as 10 bp, whereas argD marker replacement was frequently observed when increasing the size of homology to 30 to 50 bp. The microhomology-mediated gene inactivation system developed here will greatly facilitate isolation of S. islandicus gene deletion strains, making generation of a collection of genome-wide targeted mutants feasible and providing a tool to investigate homologous recombination in this organism. IMPORTANCE Current procedures for the construction of deletion mutants of S. islandicus are still tedious and time-consuming. We developed a novel procedure based on microhomology-mediated HR, allowing for rapid and efficient removal for genetic regions as large as 50 kb. Our work will greatly facilitate functional genomic studies in this promising model organism. Additionally, we developed a quantitative genetic assay to measure HR properties in S. islandicus, providing evidence that the ability to incorporate short, mismatched donor DNA into the genome through HR was probably a common trait for members of the Sulfolobus genus that are recombinogenic.
Analysis of Host-Takeover During SPO1 Infection of Bacillus subtilis

When Bacillus subtilis is infected by bacteriophage SPO1, the phage directs the remodeling of the host cell, converting it into a factory for phage reproduction. Much synthesis of host DNA, RNA, and protein is shut off, and cell division is prevented. Here I describe the protocols by which we have demonstrated those processes, and identified the roles played by specific SPO1 gene products in causing those processes.
Importance estimation in forward Monte Carlo calculations

AbstractA method for estimating the importance function in forward Monte Carlo particle transport calculations is described. The importance function is estimated for every region of phase-space. Although subject to statistical fluctuations, the estimated importance function has proven to be a very valuable tool for selecting variance reduction parameters. Some deep penetration calculations are included to demonstrate applicability.
Semiclassical Calculation of Atomic Processes

Semiclassical theory has often played an important role in giving simple models for atomic processes and it is likely that semiclassical methods will prove useful for analysis of the new phenomena which occur in short-pulse laser interaction with atoms, solids and plasmas.
Abstract 918: Cilostazol is Associated with a Reduction in Angiographic Restenosis in Patients Undergoing Contemporary Stent based PCI: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Early clinical trials comparing cilostazol with thienopyridines demonstrated increased stent thrombosis but a reduction in restenosis after coronary artery stenting. To evaluate the impact of cilostazol on restenosis in patients undergoing contemporary PCI with bare metal (BMS) or drug eluting stents (DES) and treated with aspirin and thienopyridine. Seven randomized trials (n=1852 patients) comparing triple therapy (aspirin, thienopyridine and cilostazol) with standard antiplatelet therapy were included. Summary risk ratios for restenosis, late loss, target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR) were calculated using fixed-effects models. Cilostazol therapy was associated with a significant reduction in angiographic restenosis (risk ratio [RR] 0.59, 95% CI 0.48–0.73, p
The Concepts of Truth and Knowledge in Psychologism

Although virtually no one now holds psychologism in its original, nineteenth-century form, I shall argue that there are current views that are psychologistic in very important respects. In this paper I want to consider the concepts of truth and knowledge as they figure in those theories. I shall further argue that psychologistic views involve subjective conceptions of truth and knowledge that are inconsistent with the prima facie correct understanding of these notions. Much anti-realism in fields like ethics is due to relativist conceptions of truth. Indeed, in its most radical form, the one with which I shall be principally concerned, psychologism is now the view called ‘cultural relativism.’ Although I see much of merit in psychologism and even cultural relativism, I conclude by arguing that a completely psychologistic understanding of human knowledge and belief would take us too far in the direction of subjectivism. What I value in psychologistic views is that they have acted as a continuing restraint upon uncritical idealism. Indeed, psychologism originated in the nineteenth century, the century of idealism, as a theory about the nature of philosophical thought. According to nineteenth-century psychologism, philosophy is a branch of empirical psychology. This means that philosophical truths are essentially truths about how our minds work. The argument for this claim is based on the belief that the methodology of philosophy is essentially introspective, but the fact that philosophy employs an introspective methodology does not by itself imply that its results are facts of empirical psychology. Indeed, Kantians maintain that the methodology of philosophy is essentially introspective, but insist that at least some of its results are a priori and hence not facts of empirical psychology. Nonetheless, early psychologism claimed that the fact that the method of philosophy is introspective made it properly a subject of
Local Iterative Monte Carlo investigation of the influence of electron-electron scattering on short channel Si-MOSFETs

The Local Iterative Monte Carlo (LIMO) technique is used to investigate the effect of electron-electron scattering on hot electron effects in Si-MOSFETS with channel length as short as 25 nm. The results indicate that electron-electron scat- tering might be an important source for hot electrons in the next generations of Si-MOSFETs. But the effect decreases if the channel length comes close to 25 nm.
Text Formatting and Document Production

The chapter looks at some of the tools available under Linux for text formatting and document production. There is coverage of both conventional paper document production and electronic document production. A document could be a letter coursework a report a research paper a dissertation a manual Web pages and can be a combination of text and graphical material. Unix has been used for document production since its very beginning at Bell Labs in the 1970s. The paper by Kernighan et al is dated 1978 and provides a good background to using a general purpose system for document production.
World’s deepest-penetration and fastest optical cameras: photoacoustic tomography and compressed ultrafast photography (Conference Presentation)

We developed photoacoustic tomography to peer deep into biological tissue. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) provides in vivo omniscale functional, metabolic, molecular, and histologic imaging across the scales of organelles through organisms. We also developed compressed ultrafast photography (CUP) to record 10 trillion frames per second, 10 orders of magnitude faster than commercially available camera technologies. CUP can tape the fastest phenomenon in the universe, namely, light propagation, and can be slowed down for slower phenomena such as combustion. PAT physically combines optical and ultrasonic waves. Conventional high-resolution optical imaging of scattering tissue is restricted to depths within the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in the skin). Taking advantage of the fact that ultrasonic scattering is orders of magnitude weaker than optical scattering per unit path length, PAT beats this limit and provides deep penetration at high ultrasonic resolution and high optical contrast by sensing molecules. Broad applications include early-cancer detection and brain imaging. The annual conference on PAT has become the largest in SPIE’s 20,000-attendee Photonics West since 2010. CUP can image in 2D non-repeatable time-evolving events. CUP has a prominent advantage of measuring an x, y, t (x, y, spatial coordinates; t, time) scene with a single exposure, thereby allowing observation of transient events occurring on a time scale down to 100 femtoseconds, such as propagation of a light pulse. Further, akin to traditional photography, CUP is receive-only—avoiding specialized active illumination required by other single-shot ultrafast imagers. CUP can be coupled with front optics ranging from microscopes to telescopes for widespread applications in both fundamental and applied sciences.
Atomic Displacements Around Nitrogen Interstitial Impurities in Ta and Nb

The core as well as the long range elastic displacements around N octahedral interstitial atoms in Ta and Nb are modelled using the Green Function – Kanzaki force method. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental attenuation factor and diffuse scattering data, reported in the literature, for both N in Nb and N in Ta [1,2,3]. It is shown that a third neighbor radial Kanzaki force model is needed to explain the experimental findings, and the long range elastic displacement field is non-spherical.