cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipschitz regularity of graph Laplacians on random data clouds.

In this paper we study Lipschitz regularity of elliptic PDEs on geometric graphs, constructed from random data points. The data points are sampled from a distribution supported on a smooth manifold. The family of equations that we study arises in data analysis in the context of graph-based learning and contains, as important examples, the equations satisfied by graph Laplacian eigenvectors. In particular, we prove high probability interior and global Lipschitz estimates for solutions of graph Poisson equations. Our results can be used to show that graph Laplacian eigenvectors are, with high probability, essentially Lipschitz regular with constants depending explicitly on their corresponding eigenvalues. Our analysis relies on a probabilistic coupling argument of suitable random walks at the continuum level, and an interpolation method for extending functions on random point clouds to the continuum manifold. As a byproduct of our general regularity results, we obtain high probability $L^\infty$ and approximate $\mathcal{C}^{0,1}$ convergence rates for the convergence of graph Laplacian eigenvectors towards eigenfunctions of the corresponding weighted Laplace-Beltrami operators. The convergence rates we obtain scale like the $L^2$-convergence rates established by two of the authors in previous work.
White Collar Crime: Cases, Material, and Problems - Chapter 1 (Overview of White Collar Crime)

It is hard to overstate the impact that white collar crime has on the United States. According to recent estimates from the Federal Bureau of Investigations, the annual economic loss attributable to white collar crime is at least twenty times greater than the economic loss attributable to every other sort of crime combined: $300 billion/year (minimum) versus $15 billion/year. In an effort to curb its effects, governmental and private parties dedicate massive resources to detection, prevention, and sanction. Corporations collectively spend as much on internal compliance as the entire nation spends on municipal policing. We will see throughout this text how white collar crime bends and occasionally breaks the usual logic of criminal justice. Ordinarily, criminal conduct that causes more harm should be punished more harshly, whether for reasons of retribution or deterrence. Despite the outsized effects of white collar misconduct, many commentators question whether it really should count as crime at all. Individual white collar defendants who are convicted routinely receive more lenient sentences than street criminals, the effects of whose wrongs are often much smaller and much more contained. As to the largest corporate criminal defendants, criminal justice mechanisms often ensure an extrajudicial resolution that limits the reputational impact of authorities’ suspicions. This chapter highlights some of the principal issues of law and policy that arise in white collar investigations and prosecutions.
Evaluation of the prognosis for N2 status in patients with small bowel neuroendocrine tumors.

Abstract Background The 8th edition AJCC Staging for small bowel neuroendocrine tumors created a novel N2 classification. This study investigates if it is independently prognostic. Methods Records of patients from 2008 to 2019 were reviewed. Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank. The Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to determine factors associated with overall survival (OS) via multivariate analysis. Results Among 300 patients, 225 were N2 and 60 were N1. No differences were seen in pathologic markers for N1 compared to N2. N2 were more likely to have liver metastases (LM) (p = 0.048) but rates of resectability were similar. Median OS for N1 with >70% liver cytoreduction was not yet reached compared to 121 months for N2 (p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, LM was associated with shorter survival (p = 0.028), but nodal status was not. Conclusions Unlike LM, N2 status is not independently prognostic, but a marker for aggressive LM.
Transient queueing analysis for emergency hospital management

Strategic and tactical capacity planning are critical decisions faced by hospitals. While these problems have received significant attention, current queueing-based approaches do not address realistic healthcare constraints such as blocking, transient arrivals, transient capacity assignments, and surge capacities. A queueing methodology is developed to extend the analysis of these constructs. The methodology developed is generic for hospitals responding to demand surges during epidemics and pandemics such as the recent COVID-19, and in other application areas in manufacturing, supply chain management, and logistics. The medical staff and patient chairs in the emergency room, beds in the operating theater, ICU, and medical/surgical care units are used in patient treatment at a hospital. They can be considered as servers in a system, where capacity and operational policies affect performance measures such as patient throughput. The methodology develops the probabilities from which system performance measures can be estimated for a serial queueing network with blocking. Transient analysis is employed, due to the time varying nature of the patient arrival patterns. The methodology has the capability to analyze different interventions such as increasing and decreasing capacities, and ambulance diversion. In order to handle typical hospital sized problems that result in thousands of ordinary differential equations defining the system probabilities, a transient version of Kanban queueing network decomposition is developed along with procedures for dealing with the discontinuities that arise at capacity changes. Verification/validation is presented along with several scenarios that illustrate the potential application of this methodology in emergency hospital management.
Dynamic changes in epithelial cell packing during tissue morphogenesis.

Summary Cell packing — the spatial arrangement of cells — determines the shapes of organs. Recently, investigations of organ development in a variety of model organisms have uncovered cellular mechanisms that are used by epithelial tissues to change cell packing, and thereby their shapes, to generate functional architectures. Here, we review these cellular mechanisms across a wide variety of developmental processes in vertebrates and invertebrates and identify a set of common motifs in the morphogenesis toolbox that, in combination, appear to allow any change in tissue shape. We focus on tissue elongation, folding and invagination, and branching. We also highlight how these morphogenetic processes are achieved by cell-shape changes, cell rearrangements, and oriented cell division. Finally, we describe approaches that have the potential to engineer three-dimensional tissues for both basic science and translational purposes. This review provides a framework for future analyses of how tissues are shaped by the dynamics of epithelial cell packing.
Are You Frightened? Children’s Cognitive and Affective Reactions to News Coverage of School Shootings

As news involving violence can frighten children, people worry that news portrayals of gun violence are often appalling. Based on cultivation theory and the theory of cognitive development, this st...
Chapter IV Evaluation of Methods Used to Determine Metabolic Pathways

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evaluation of methods used to determine metabolic pathways. It also discusses the methods used to investigate the main metabolic pathways found in microorganisms. Two distinguishing features of the chemistry of living matter have called for the development of specialized experimental approaches and methods—namely, the extreme rapidity by which reactions of the metabolic network are catalyzed, and by the means by which the regulation of their rates is accomplished. The configuration of an enzyme, and the efficiency of its catalytic centre, may be profoundly altered when metabolites other than substrates or products are bound to the protein molecule. This recognition of allosteric behavior permits a description of mechanisms by which many metabolic pathways may be regulated. The chapter explains the way in which the studies of metabolic pathways in mammals may resemble or differ from those concerned with microbes. With organisms of both kinds, some limited information can be obtained by relating the compounds excreted by the organism to those supplied in its diet. The chapter illustrates two themes for explaining the use of induced auxotrophs in determining biosynthetic. The first is that the complexities of metabolism require experimental findings to be interpreted with caution; and second, that the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways proceeds from an outline of the steps involved, through a more detailed knowledge of their chemistry, to a study of isolated enzymes and the nature of their regulation in the cell.
A knowledge-based system for CAD/CAM integration

A knowledge-based approach is presented for data integration. The objective is to illustrate how a frame-based knowledge structure can be used to advantage in the automatic evaluation of design for better manufacturability. Several features are discussed with emphasis on automated procedures using the proposed description method. Coupling this discussion and the research experience in working on a feature recognition system, the author has proposed the function and requirements of a system for data integration. A casting example is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the approach. >
NAFTA as a Means of Raising Rivals' Costs ?

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was designed to reduce tariff rates between Mexico, Canada and the U.S.A. over a period of ten years. However, lower tariff rates are only available to firms that comply with complicated and costly NAFTA filing regulations. Such regulations raise costs of small firms relative to large firms in a domestic industry which engages in trade between NAFTA countries. This implication of NAFTA regulations can lead to increased concentration in domestic industries, an hypothesis which can be tested as the transition period comes to an end. Finally, our model suggests an explanation for why the levels of trade from the U.S.A. to Mexico have been lower than general expectations.
Fundamental Structures and Behaviors of Proteins

Protein aggregation has been increasingly recognized as a problem limiting the effi cacy and shelf life of protein therapeutics and as an indicator and cause of numerous disease states. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind aggregation has become a central focus of investigation in order to improve therapeutics and to understand the relationship between aggregate formation and cellular toxicity in protein misfolding diseases. Innovations in analysis techniques, particularly of solid state materials, and computational molecular modeling approaches have provided higher resolution information about the structure of aggregates as well as key insights into the mechanisms of aggregate formation. These breakthroughs, coupled with understanding gained from solution experiments and biological systems, have just begun to enable strategies to combat aggregation, including the design and evaluation of peptides and small molecules that inhibit the growth or that facilitate the dissociation of aggregates. This chapter describes the fundamental properties of proteins and the current understanding of underlying mechanisms that infl uence native folding and the formation of aggregates.
Identification, Purification, and Partial Sequence Analysis of Autotaxin, a Novel Motility-stimulating Protein*

Autotaxin (ATX) is a potent human motility-stimulating protein that has been identified in the conditioned medium from A2058 melanoma cells. This protein has been purified to homogeneity utilizing a strategy involving five column steps. Homogeneity of ATX was verified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The molecular size of ATX is 125 kDa, and it has an isoelectric point of 7.7 +/- 0.2. Purified ATX was digested with cyanogen bromide and trypsin, and the resulting ATX peptides were purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Eleven peptides were subjected to amino acid sequence analysis, and 114 residues were identified. The partial amino acid sequences and the amino acid composition obtained for ATX show that it does not exhibit any significant homology to known growth factors or previously described motility factors. At picomolar concentrations, ATX stimulates both random and directed migration of human A2058 melanoma cells. Pretreatment of the melanoma cells with pertussis toxin abolishes the response to purified ATX, indicating that ATX stimulates motility through a receptor acting via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Using patterns and composite propositions to automate the generation of LTL specifications

Property classifications and patterns, i.e., high-level abstractions that describe common behavior, have been used to assist practitioners in generating formal specifications that can be used in formal verification techniques. The Specification Pattern System (SPS) provides descriptions of a collection of patterns. Each pattern is associated with a scope that defines the extent of program execution over which a property pattern is considered. Based on a selected pattern, SPS provides a specification for each type of scope in multiple formal languages including Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The (Prospec) tool extends SPS by introducing the notion of Composite Propositions (CP), which are classifications for defining sequential and concurrent behavior to represent pattern and scope parameters. In this work, we provide definitions of patterns and scopes when defined using CP classes. In addition, we provide general (template) LTL formulas that can be used to generate LTL specifications for all combinations of pattern, scope, and CP classes.
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on copper substrates for applications as thermal interface materials: From synthesis to assembly

One promising application of CNTs in microelectronics is to use vertically aligned CNT (VACNT) arrays as novel thermal interface materials (TIMs). CNTs have high intrinsic thermal conductivity, a combination of flexibility and rigidity, small coefficient of thermal expansion and high thermal and chemical stability, etc. However, large interfacial thermal resistance between CNTs and contact substrates has been found and become the main barrier against VACNT application as TIMs. Basically, there are two VACNT TIM/substrate interfaces in a typical TIM assembly: the VACNT/growth substrate interface and the VACNT/mating substrate interface. In terms of the growth substrate, given the high temperature required (typically > 600 °C) for VACNT syntheses, direct synthesis of a VACNT TIM layer on the backside of a silicon chip is not compatible with current electronic packaging systems. Instead, VACNT synthesis on the copper lid surface is preferred. However, VACNT synthesis on bulk copper substrates has for long been a big challenge. In this study, we delivered a remarkable progress on fast synthesis of high-quality VACNTs on bulk copper substrates by introducing a well-controlled conformal alumina layer as the support layer for VACNT synthesis. The key roles of the support layer were discussed. As for reducing the contact thermal resistance at the VACNT/mating substrate interface, a chemical anchoring process using molecular phonon coupler (MPC) was developed. A proper MPC was chosen to covalently bond the VACNTs to the Si substrate surface and, therefore, to enhance interfacial thermal transport. Experimental results indicated that such an interface modification improved the effective thermal diffusivity of the carbon nanotube-mediated thermal interface by an order of magnitude and the equivalent thermal conductivity by two orders of magnitude, compared with other VACNT assembling processes. This remarkable breakthrough undoubtedly provides a viable commercial VACNT application for thermal management in microelectronic and photonic packaging, and opens up a new field in the design of CNT/substrate interfaces.
Beyond the Internet

The 2015 FCC decision on Net Neutrality and the debate over ICANN reform raise the question about the future structure of the Internet. The paper concludes that the centrifugalism due to fundamental economics and national priorities will transform the current system into a loose and partly non-standardized federated system. Far from being a feared "splinternet" as Internet traditionalists argue, the new system will actually be greater in innovation and opennness, and reduce global disputes.
Childhood Weight Affects Adult Morbidity and Mortality

Few studies have examined the long-term effects of childhood obesity on adult disease. Nonetheless, obesity present in childhood or adolescence seems to increase the likelihood of adult morbidity and mortality. In men who were obese during adolescence, all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease and colon cancer were increased. In both men and women obese during adolescence, rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were increased. Among women but not men obese during adolescence, obesity has a variety of adverse psychosocial consequences. These include completion of fewer years of education, higher rates of poverty, and lower rates of marriage and household income. These effects seem related both to the persistence of obesity and to the effects of childhood or adolescent obesity on the quantity and location of body fat deposition. Approximately 50% of obese adolescents with a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile become obese adults. Furthermore, the risk factors for adult disease that are associated with obesity in children and adolescents persist into adulthood or increase in prevalence if weight gain occurs. Although both total body fat and regional fat deposition could account for the association of childhood or adolescent obesity with adult disease, no studies to date have examined cardiovascular risk factors and related them to visceral fat, controlled for total body fat.
Child, Parent, and Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives on HIV Infection Status Disclosure to Children

HIV disclosure is a challenging process for parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs). HIV disclosure guidelines are lacking in Kenya, and parents are especially challenged with disclosure when there are multiple affected family members. While there are two theoretical models of HIV disclosure, their utility in explaining disclosure in African cultures is largely unknown.
Studies of a three-stage dark matter and neutrino observatory based on multi-ton combinations of liquid xenon and liquid argon detectors

Abstract We study a three stage dark matter and neutrino observatory based on multi-ton two-phase liquid Xe and Ar detectors with sufficiently low backgrounds to be sensitive to WIMP dark matter interaction cross sections down to 10 - 47 cm 2 , and to provide both identification and two independent measurements of the WIMP mass through the use of the two target elements in a 5:1 mass ratio, giving an expected similarity of event numbers. The same detection systems will also allow measurement of the pp solar neutrino spectrum, the neutrino flux and temperature from a Galactic supernova, and neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe to the lifetime level of 10 27 – 10 28 y corresponding to the Majorana mass predicted from current neutrino oscillation data. The proposed scheme would be operated in three Generic stages G2, G3, G4, beginning with fiducial masses 1-ton Xe + 5-ton Ar (G2), progressing to 10-ton Xe + 50-ton Ar (G3) then, dependent on results and performance of the latter, expandable to 100-ton Xe + 500-ton Ar (G4). This method of scale-up offers the advantage of utilizing the Ar vessel and ancillary systems of one stage for the Xe detector of the succeeding stage, requiring only one new detector vessel at each stage. Simulations show the feasibility of reducing or rejecting all external and internal background levels to a level 1 events per year for each succeeding mass level, by utilizing an increasing outer thickness of target material as self-shielding. The system would, with increasing mass scale, become increasingly sensitive to annual signal modulation, the agreement of Xe and Ar results confirming the Galactic origin of the signal. Dark matter sensitivities for spin-dependent and inelastic interactions are also included, and we conclude with a discussion of possible further gains from the use of Xe/Ar mixtures.
The Gospel According to this Moment: Thoreau, Wildness, and American Nature Religion

Ever since the Sierra Club adopted the slogan, “In wildness is the preservation of the world,” the text from which it was drawn—Thoreau’s 1862 essay “Walking”—has been construed as a tribute to wild places. To some extent this reading keeps faith with sentiments expressed in the essay. At the same time, a closer look suggests that the essay as a whole is really more about the life of the spirit than life in the wild. Despite the popular appropriation of “Walking” as a manifesto of environmentalist advocacy, some critics have questioned the usual view of “Walking.” Such observations also have a bearing on Thoreau’s legacy as a progenitor of the literary expression of American nature spirituality. The purpose of this essay is to elucidate a particular experiential orientation to this spiritually-inflected notion of wildness, beginning with Thoreau and extending into the work of three literary exemplars of American nature religion—John Muir, Edward Abbey, and Annie Dillard.
Effects of apparatus adaptation and ethanol upon runway performance

Rats given ethanol ran faster on the first 2 days of acquisition but slower on the last 2 days than placebo controls. However, when the Ss’ fear of the apparatus was extinguished by prior exploration of the alley, alcohol Ss tended to run slower throughout training. It was concluded that alcohol improves performance in fear producing situations, but impairs performance when fear is reduced. Ss adapted to the apparatus ran faster throughout training than non-adapted Ss.
Maximum hardness in P6 isomers

Parr and Chattaraj proposed a principle of maximum hardness for stable molecular structures. Pearson and Palke used ab initio SCF MO calculations for ammonia and ethane to demonstrate the operation of the principle. In this paper, we present ab initio SCF MO results for five isomeric forms of the homoatomic P6 cluster as further support for the principle of maximum hardness. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Late endophthalmitis associated with glaucoma drainage implants

Abstract Objective To report the clinical course of a series of patients who had late endophthalmitis develop after glaucoma drainage implant (GDI) surgery. Design Noncomparative, interventional, consecutive case series. Participants Four patients were identified with late endophthalmitis associated with Baerveldt glaucoma implants. Methods The medical records of all patients with endophthalmitis associated with a GDI treated at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute or University of Florida between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with culture-positive endophthalmitis diagnosed more than 1 month after GDI surgery were included in this series. Main outcome measures Visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP). Results Late endophthalmitis associated with Baerveldt glaucoma implants developed 7 weeks to 2 years postoperatively. Exposure of the GDI tube was present in all cases. The implant was removed in three of four patients. Visual acuity worsened from preinfection level in two of four cases. IOP was controlled at last follow-up in all patients, although replacement of the explanted GDI was required in one patient. Conclusions Late endophthalmitis may occur after GDI surgery. Exposure of the GDI tube seems to represent a major risk factor for these infections. To prevent this potentially devastating complication, we recommend prophylactic surgical revision with a patch graft in all cases in which there is an exposed GDI tube.
Factors associated with awareness of vocational rehabilitation services after traumatic brain injury

Abstract Objectives: To determine the characteristics of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were aware of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services 1 year after hospital discharge. Design: Medical record and longitudinal survey data on persons with TBI were analyzed using logistic regression and bivariate analyses. Setting: The study sample was drawn from a populationbased sample of persons hospitalized in 1 of 8 hospitals in north-central Alabama. Participants: Criteria for inclusion were: (1) being at least 18 years of age or older when injured; (2) having sustained a TBI; (3) being discharged alive after a hospital stay of at least 3 days; (4) residing and having been injured in the state of Alabama; (5) participation in a 12-month follow-up interview. Main Outcome Measure: Patients' awareness of VR service programs and benefits. Results: Awareness of VR service programs was associated with: (1) being Caucasian; (2) being more often employed at the time of injury; (3) being more often severely injured; and (4) more frequently receiving outpatient rehabilitation. Conclusion: Interventions should target non-Caucasians, those who were unemployed when injured, those less severely injured, and those not receiving outpatient rehabilitation services after hospital discharge. Periodic review of VR benefits with patients and their families should be undertaken by health care and VR professionals.
Free topological groups of weak P -spaces

Abstract It is known that the free topological group over the Tychonoff space X , denoted F(X) , is a P -space if and only if X is a P -space. This article is concerned with the question of whether one can characterize when F(X) is a weak P -space, that is, a space where all countable subsets are closed. Our main result is that F(X) is a weak P -space if and only if X is a weak P -space and every countable subset is C -embedded.
Production of Photostars by Bremsstrahlung of 250 to 500 Mev

The yield of photostars in nuclear emulsion as a function of bremsstrahlung energy has been found to increase rapidly from 6.8 millibarns per $Q$ (total beam energy/maximum beam energy) at 250 Mev to 22.8 millibarns per $Q$ at 500 Mev, for stars of 2 or more prongs from silver nuclei. The cross section for silver was derived by averaging the emulsion nuclei (excluding H) in proportion to their atomic weights. The total photodissociation cross section is estimated to be at most 20% larger due to the addition of one-prong and zero-prong stars. The cross section per photon is derived by the photon difference method, and is found to be about 30 millibarns per silver nucleus above 300 Mev. This very large cross section is approximately 100 times the free nucleon total photomeson cross section. Therefore, photostar production from reabsorption of real pions produced in nuclear matter requires a very short mean free path ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}$ cm).
Simulation of the flow in a coating applicator for optical fiber manufacture

A detailed numerical study is carried out on the flow field generated in an open-cup coating applicator during the coating process in the manufacture of optical fibers. This is a critical problem in the manufacture of optical fibers and poses several challenges to numerical modeling. A finite volume numerical model, using multiple domains to represent the fluid chamber and the die, is employed to obtain results on the flow. A coordinate transformation is used to model the complex geometry of the flow region. Fairly generic configurations are considered and a wide range of fiber drawing speeds, ranging up to 15 m/s, is investigated. Different boundary conditions, such as free and solid surface, at the entrance of the moving fiber are considered. Several coating materials are simulated, along with wide ranges of operating conditions and geometric designs. Though different temperatures are considered for the coating material, to obtain different fluid viscosities, the flow is considered to be isothermal. The focus is on the flow pattern and on the velocity fields in the fluid chamber and the die. Also, of interest are the resulting mass flow rate, which yields the final coating thickness, and the effects of the inlet conditions. The characteristics of the recirculating flow that arises in many cases are investigated in detail. The results are presented in terms of streamlines, velocity distributions and flow rates. The effects of geometry, coating material and die shape are investigated in detail. This is the first part of an on-going detailed study on the simulation of coating applicators for the manufacture of optical fibers in order to improve uniformity, consistency, and quality of the coating.
Competence progress intrinsic motivation

One important role of an agent's motivational system is to choose, at any given moment, which of a number of skills the agent should attempt to improve. Many researchers have suggested “intrinsically motivated” systems that receive internal reward for model learning progress, but for the most part this notion has not been applied with respect to skill competence, or to choose between skills. In this paper we propose an agent motivated to gain competence in its environment by learning a number of skills, addressing head-on the mechanism of competence progress motivation for the purpose of governing the efficient learning of skills. We demonstrate this new approach in a simple illustrative domain and show that it outperforms a naive agent, achieving higher competence faster by focusing attention and learning effort on skills for which progress can be made while ignoring those skills that are already learned or are at the moment too difficult.
Magnetic free energy of ErRh4B4 in paramagnetic and superconducting states

Magnetization curves for a polycrystalline specimen of ErRh4B4 are analyzed to estimate the paramagnetic contribution to the Gibbs free energy as well as the differences in free energy between the superconducting and normal states. These results are compared with the theoretical predictions of a suitably constrained model based on Ginzburg-Landau theory for magnetic superconductors.
Hydration-phase diagrams and friction of montmorillonite under laboratory and geologic conditions, with implications for shale compaction, slope stability, and strength of fault gouge

Abstract Absorption of water into the crystal structure of smectite clays causes a reversible volume increase exceeding 80% and a friction decrease by a factor of three. This behavior can be predicted if clay swelling is approximated as the formation of successive hydration phases and the generalized Clapeyron law is applied. In this study, new data on two standard montmorillonites saturated with sodium and calcium (Na-MM and Ca-MM) are combined with published results to define relative humidity boundaries of proposed phases at 20°C and 1 bar. From molar volumes, the effect of confining pressure is predicted; only phases with an integral number of full interlaminar water layers are stable at high pressures. In contact with liquid water, the number of interlaminar layers is governed by the “effective normal stress” on crystals. Next, vapour pressure measurements at 20°–60°C are used to calculate dehydration enthalpies, from which the effect of geologic temperatures is predicted. Under typical crustal conditions, Na-MM does not fully dehydrate until 7 km depth, and Ca-MM retains one water layer to 11 km. Since the zones of hydrocarbon maturation and montmorillonite dehydration overlap, this effect may play a part in petroleum geology, controlling migration and/or reservoir pressurization. For the first time, the friction of individual hydration phases of montmorillonite has been measured without excess water and within their stability fields. Stable-sliding deformation with negligible rate-dependence and definite work-hardening is observed, but the pressure-dependence is less than in classical friction. Na-MM phases are always weaker than their Ca-MM analogues. In both clays, the addition of the first water layer causes the greatest strength decrease, but two- and three-layer phases are successively weaker. The friction coefficient of three-layer Na-MM at low pressure is near 0.27, consistent with most observed bedding plane rockslides in shales. If Ca-MM is abundant in fault gouge, average friction in the top 10 km of strike-slip and normal faults may be as low as 0.34. Such weak faults would permit major deformation of continental crust by regional shear stresses as low as 27 MPa. This model would also explain the frequent reactivation of ancient faults by later stresses of diverse orientations.
Numerical simulations of high-speed solar wind streams within 1 AU and their signatures at 1 AU

A parametric study of the evolution within, and signatures at, 1 AU of high-speed streams is performed with the use of a MHD two-and-a-half-dimensional time-dependent model. This study is an extension of an earlier one by Smith and Dryer (1990) who examined the ecliptic plane consequences of relatively short-duration, energetic solar disturbances. The present study examines both the erupting and corotating parts of long-duration, high-speed streams characteristic of coronal hole flows. By examining the variation of the simulated plasma velocity, density, temperature, and magnetic field at 1 AU, as well as the location of the solar coronal hole sources relative to the observer at 1 AU, it was possible to provide some insight into the identification of the solar sources of interplanetary disturbances. Two definitions for angle locating the solar source of interplanetary disturbances at 1 AU are presented and discussed. The results are applied to the suggestion by Hewish (1988) that low-latitude coronal holes are suitably positioned to be the sources of major geomagnetic storms when the holes are in the eastern half of the solar hemisphere at the time of the commencement of the storm. The results indicate that, for these cases, the streams emanating from within the hole must be very fast, greater than 1000 km/s, or very wide, greater than 60 deg, at the inner boundary of 18 solar radii.
Cocaine and body temperature in the rat: effect of exercise.

The laboratory rat is being studied as a model to determine if abuse of cocaine constitutes a risk factor in the pathogenesis of stress or exertion induced heatstroke. During running on a treadmill for 60 min under thermoneutral conditions (Ta 22 degrees C) a rise in core temperature of approximately 1 degree C was recorded. Injection of cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg IP) or its vehicle (0.9% NaCl solution) did not modify the running behavior or the core temperature change. Cocaine (30 mg/kg IP) led to a significant increase in the core temperature (compared to animals treated with saline or the lower doses of cocaine) at 45 and 60 min. The rats recovered rapidly following cessation of exercise. Repeated (3) injections of cocaine (30 mg/kg) at 7-day intervals did not alter the magnitude of the final hyperthermia, i.e., neither tolerance nor potentiation were in evidence.
Age structure in predator-prey systems: intraspecific carnivore interaction, passive diffusion, and the paradox of enrichment.

An existing arthropod predator-prey model incorporating age structure in the carnivore through the use of the von Foerster equation is extended to include the effects of intraspecific carnivore interaction and passive diffusion or migration. A linear stability analysis of the community equilibrium point of that differential-integral equation system is performed and the resulting secular equation analyzed by the method of D-partitions.
Inadequate Exercise as a Risk Factor for Sepsis Mortality

Objective: Test whether inadequate exercise is related to sepsis mortality. Research Design and Methods: Mortality surveillance of an epidemiological cohort of 155,484 National Walkers’ and Runners’ Health Study participants residing in the United States. Deaths were monitored for an average of 11.6-years using the National Death index through December 31, 2008. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to compare sepsis mortality (ICD-10 A40-41) to inadequate exercise (,1.07 METh/d run or walked) as measured on their baseline questionnaires. Deaths occurring within one year of the baseline survey were excluded. Results: Sepsis was the underlying cause in 54 deaths (sepsisunderlying) and a contributing cause in 184 deaths (sepsiscontributing), or 238 total sepsis-related deaths (sepsistotal). Inadequate exercise was associated with 2.24-fold increased risk for sepsisunderlying (95%CI: 1.21 to 4.07-fold, P=0.01), 2.11-fold increased risk for sepsiscontributing (95%CI: 1.51- to 2.92-fold, P,10 24 ), and 2.13-fold increased risk for sepsistotal (95%CI: 1.59- to 2.84-fold, P,10 26 ) when adjusted for age, sex, race, and cohort. The risk increase did not differ significantly between runners and walkers, by sex, or by age. Sepsistotal risk was greater in diabetics (P=10 25 ), cancer survivors (P=0.0001), and heart attack survivors (P=0.003) and increased with waist circumference (P=0.0004). The sepsistotal risk associated with inadequate exercise persisted when further adjusted for diabetes, prior cancer, prior heart attack and waist circumference, and when excluding deaths with cancer, or cardiovascular, respiratory, or genitourinary disease as the underlying cause. Inadequate exercise also increased sepsistotal risk in 2163 baseline diabetics (4.78-fold, 95%CI: 2.1- to 13.8-fold, P=0.0001) when adjusted, which was significantly greater (P=0.03) than the adjusted risk increase in non-diabetics (1.80-fold, 95%CI: 1.30- to 2.46-fold, P=0.0006). Conclusion: Inadequate exercise is a risk factor for sepsis mortality, particular in diabetics.
Denitrification in a semi-arid grazing ecosystem.

The effect of large herbivores on gaseous N loss from grasslands, particularly via denitrification, is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the influence of native migratory ungulates on denitrification in grasslands of Yellowstone National Park in two ways, by (1) examining the effect of artificial urine application on denitrification, and (2) comparing rates inside and outside long-term exclosures at topographically diverse locations. Artificial urine did not influence denitrification 3 and 12 days after application at hilltop, mid-slope, and slope-bottom sites. Likewise, grazers had no effect on community-level denitrification at dry exclosure sites, where rates were low. At mesic sites, however, ungulates enhanced denitrification by as much as 4 kg N ha−1 year−1, which was double atmospheric N inputs to this ecosystem. Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA, a measure of denitrification potential) was positively associated with soil moisture at exclosure sites, and herbivores stimulated DEA when accounting for the soil moisture effect. Glucose additons to soils increased denitrification and nitrate additions had no influence, suggesting that denitrification was limited by the amount of labile soil carbon, which previously has been shown to be enhanced by ungulates in Yellowstone. These results indicate that denitrification can be an ecologically important flux in portions of semi-arid landscapes, and that there is a previously unsuspected regulation of this process by herbivores.
Comparative Environmental Assessments of VOC Recovery and Recycle Design Alternatives for a Gaseous Waste Stream

Decisions involving chemical process design, including selection of technologies and operating conditions, should integrate environmental considerations. The assessment methodology presented in this article includes nine environmental and human health impact indices, a “level I” multimedia fate and transport model, and an air emissions estimation calculator based on emission factors and correlations. The methodology and software tool was used to evaluate two case studies involving mixed-solvent recovery from a gaseous waste stream utilizing output from a commercial process simulator. The assessment methodology was applied for two evaluations: (a) separation technology selection and (b) choice of process operating conditions. It was found that two adsorption technologies with either steam stripping or vacuum regeneration are superior to three absorption technology configurations based on environmental and health indices. With suitable weightings, a single process composite index was defined and served as ...
The state of the digital humanities: A report and a critique

The scholarly field of the digital humanities has recently expanded and integrated its fundamental concepts, historical coverage, relationship to social experience, scale of projects, and range of interpretive approaches. All this brings the overall field (including the related area of new media studies) to a tipping point where it has the potential not just to facilitate the work of the humanities but to represent the state of the humanities at large in its changing relation to higher education in the postindustrial state. Are the digital humanities up to this larger task?
Influence of Prerigor Pressurization on Postmortem Beef Muscle Creatine Phosphokinase Activity and Degradation of Creatine Phosphate and Adenosine Triphosphate

Semimembranosus muscle was excised immediately following slaughter and pressurized at 103.5 MN−2 for 2 min at 35°C. Creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and R-values (a measure of metabolic rate) were determined at 1, 2, 4, and 24 hr postmortem. Creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) was measured at 1 and 24 hr postmortem. Pressurization accelerated catabolism of both CP and ATP which, in turn, resulted in a higher ATP turnover value than that of the control. R-values were significantly correlated (r=−0.95) with degradation of ATP and indicate onset of rigor mortis in treated muscle immediately after pressurization. CPK activity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the pressurized muscle than in the control at 1 hr postmortem. However, this difference did not exist at 24 hr postmortem.
Relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia during low dose lnterleukin‐2 (IL‐2) Therapy. Phenotypic evolution associated with strong expression of the IL‐2 receptor alpha chain

Background. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has produced remissions in patients with solid tumors, predominantly malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Recently, clinical trials have assessed the therapeutic benefit of this cytokine in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, little is known about the potential of IL-2 to promote the growth of leukemic cells in vivo. Methods. A patient with acute myelocytic leukemia whose leukemic blasts displayed lymphoid (TdT+ and CD4+) and myeloid features (myeloperoxidase [MPO]+ and CD13+) is reported. The IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25 antigen) was present on 28.9% of his blasts. After entering complete remission with chemotherapy, he was treated on a protocol using IL-2 maintenance. Results. Six weeks after beginning low-dose IL-2, his leukocyte count increased to 448,000/μl with 86% blasts. The phenotype of these blasts was different from that at diagnosis with expression of the CD25 antigen and the CD33 antigen on 75.9% and 74.8 of the blasts, respectively. Furthermore, 30% of the cells were TdT+, whereas MPO was not detectable. Conclusion. The rapid course of relapse, phenotypic evolution, and the high expression of CD25 antigen on the blasts after IL-2 therapy raise the possibility that the cytokine therapy may have promoted the growth of leukemic cells. Cancer 1995;75:1594-7.
Sensitivity analysis of transportation corridor location in wetland areas: A multiobjective programming and GIS approach

A multiobjective programming approach for locating transportation corridors through areas containing wetlands is presented. The approach uses a geographic information system in combination with multiple objectives for environment and construction costs, and the North Carolina Coastal Region Evaluation of Wetland Significance (NC-CREWS) program. The multiobjective function is a weighted combination of wetland values and construction cost. The objective minimizes total cost of construction and wetland impacts resulting from a specific transportation corridor. The transportation designer specifies starting and ending points of the desired corridor. The model then finds the best path given the weights placed on each individual objective (i.e. habitat quality, water quality, hydrology, and construction expense). By varying the weight set, several different paths can be found. The approach is tested on a watershed in Carteret County North Carolina using a benchmarking procedure. One benchmark minimizes a combined wetland significance loss (cost). This path avoids crossing wetlands. The other benchmark minimizes construction expense. Varying the weight placed on each of the objective function components generates additional paths. The approach is useful in locating alternative road corridor paths in attempts to satisfy conflicting societal interests.
The Relationship of Length, Age, and Age‐Length Interaction to the Fecundity of the Northern Mottled Sculpin, Cottus b. bairdi

Abstract Effects of age, length, and age-length interaction on fecundity of the northern mottled sculpin, Cottus b. bairdi, were found to be significant (p = 0.05) and to follow a curvilinear relationship. A statistical model using age, and age-length interaction may be a more accurate predictive tool than a model based on length alone.
Role of the diffuse layer in acidic and alkaline fuel cells

A numerical model is developed to study electrolyte dependent kinetics in fuel cells. The model is based on the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) and generalized-Frumkin–Butler–Volmer (gFBV) equations, and is used to understand how the diffuse layer and ionic transport play a role in the performance difference between acidic and alkaline systems. The laminar flow fuel cell (LFFC) is used as the model fuel cell architecture to allow for the appropriate comparison of equivalent acidic and alkaline systems. We study the overall cell performance and individual electrode polarizations of acidic and alkaline fuel cells for both balanced and unbalanced electrode kinetics as well as in the presence of transport limitations. The results predict cell behavior based on electrolyte composition that strongly correlates with observed experimental results from literature and provides insight into the fundamental cause of these results. Specifically, it is found that the working ion concentration at the reaction plane plays a significant role in fuel cell performance including activation losses and the response to different kinetic rates at an individual electrode. The working ion and the electrode where its consumed are different for acidic and alkaline fuel cells. Therefore, we compare the role of the diffuse region in both acidic and alkaline fuel cells. From this we conclude that oxidant reduction at the cathode and slow fuel oxidation (such as alcohol oxidation) can be improved with an alkaline electrolyte.
Marshallian stability, long-run equilibrium and the pattern of specialization under factor-market distortions in the pure theory of international trade

Abstract Using a simple general-equilibrium, small open economy model, we show that the principal comparative statics paradoxes under factor-market distortions disappear if the equilibrium is Marshallian stable, and that the latter holds if it is a stable long-run equilibrium under capital adjustment.