cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near Infrared Tunable Gold Nanoparticles for Low Power Laser Ablation of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with precisely controlled near infrared (NIR) absorption were synthesized by one-step reaction of chloroauric acid and sodium thiosulfate. The NIR absorption wavelengths and average particle size increase with increasing molar ratio of HAuCl 4 /Na 2 S 2 O 3 . The as-synthesized GNPs consist of different shape and size, including small spherical gold colloids and larger non-spherical gold crystals. The GNPs with good chemical and optical stability only form in a suitable range of the HAuCl 4 /Na 2 S 2 O 3 molar ratio. High molar ratio of HAuCl 4 /Na 2 S 2 O 3 reduces GNPs stability due to Ostwald ripening. Chitosan coating improves particle stability and allows these GNPs effective ablation for esophageal adenocarcinoma under low power NIR laser radiation.
Electrical impedance analysis based quantification of microstructural changes in concretes due to non-steady state chloride migration

Abstract Non-steady state migration (NSSM) test is commonly employed to evaluate chloride ion ingress into concretes. This paper quantifies the microstructural changes in concretes subjected to NSSM tests, induced by the chemical constitution of the cement and replacement materials. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and equivalent electrical circuit modeling are used to obtain characteristic features of the concrete pore structure that aid in this quantification. A methodology is provided in this paper to convert the bulk resistances of the specimens under the action of any applied voltages to the ones corresponding to a 30 V applied potential. The relationships between: (i) bulk resistance of the specimens before the NSSM test and the NSSM coefficient Dnssm, (ii) resistance of the connected pores and the microstructural parameter ϕβ (product of porosity and pore connectivity), and (iii) bulk resistance after the NSSM test corresponding to a 30 V potential and the chloride penetration depths, demonstrate the effect of chloride binding. The capacitance related to the pore–solid interface obtained from the equivalent circuit is used to indicate that the chloride binding products are formed at the interfaces and influence the tortuosity of the pore system. The experiments and the model suggest an average reduction of about 10% in ϕβ values after the NSSM test.
Grand Challenge Commentary: RNA epigenetics?

Post-transcriptional RNA modifications can be dynamic and might have functions beyond fine-tuning the structure and function of RNA. Understanding these RNA modification pathways and their functions may allow researchers to identify new layers of gene regulation at the RNA level.
Properties of lithium hydride—II optical absorption by color centers☆

Abstract The optical properties of color centers involving trapped electrons in LiH show that properties of the crystalline media other than the lattice parameter are important in relation to the energy of the optical absorption bands. The F band in LiH is found at 2.4 eV instead of at 4.8 eV, as predicted by the Ivey formula for F bands in the alkali halides. Other properties of the F band in LiH are consistent with expectations from the F-center model and with the high vibrational frequency and high cation-vacancy mobility in LiH crystals. The M band, Li-colloid band and other bands in LiH are also shifted to lower energy; therefore, the sequence of bands in LiH is comparable to the familiar sequence found in KCl. The principal V band in LiH is at 3.5 eV. The properties of the center responsible for the V band are consistent with those of an H2 molecule trapped at an anion site. This is the same as one proposed for the V1 center in KCl. “Impurity” bands are found both in “pure” and in Mg-doped LiH crystals. Bands due to Mg colloid and Z-type centers are found, along with a series of fine-structure lines like those previously reported only in LiF.
Scanned potential microscopy of edge and bulk currents in the quantum Hall regime

Using an atomic force microscope as a local voltmeter, we measure the Hall voltage profile in a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall (QH) regime. We observe a linear profile in the bulk of the sample in the transition regions between QH plateaus and a distinctly nonlinear profile on the plateaus. In addition, localized voltage drops are observed at the sample edges in the transition regions. We interpret these results in terms of theories of edge and bulk current in the QH regime. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Two-bounce optical arbitrary permutation network

The two-bounce free-space arbitrary interconnection architecture is presented. It results from a series of three-dimensional topological transformations to the Benes network, the minimum rearrangeable nonblocking network. Although functionally equivalent to the Benes network, it requires only two stages of global (spanning multiple chips) optical interconnections. The remaining stages of the modified Benes interconnection network are local and are implemented electronically (on individual chips). The two-bounce network is optimal in the sense that it retains the Benes minimum number of electronic switching resources yet also minimizes the number of optical links needed for global interconnection. Despite the use of higher-order k-shuffle (k > 2) global optical interconnects, the number of 2 × 2 switching elements is identical to the two-shuffle Benes network: there is no need for k × k crossbar switches for local interconnection at each stage. An experimental validation of the two-bounce architecture is presented.
Radiation Defect Production and Annihilation in KCl near Room Temperature

Extended $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation of KCl near room temperature causes the $F$-center concentration to saturate between ${10}^{18}$ and ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The saturation concentration is a function of the dose rate and the temperature, and is the same whether approached by production of defects in a fresh sample or by destruction of an excess number of defects in a sample that had been preirradiated under different conditions of temperature or dose rate. The temperature dependence of the saturation level can be described by an empirical activation energy of 0.4 eV between 10 and 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The approach to saturation is approximately 50 times slower than the approach to the aggregation steady state, suggesting that mobile vacancies must travel much further to annihilate than to form $F$-aggregate centers. Observations that the approach to saturation cannot be described by simple kinetics and that the shape of decay curves depends upon previous irradiation conditions support the suggestion that the size of the centers with which vacancies annihilate depends upon previous irradiation conditions.
Modeling land use and land cover changes in a vulnerable coastal region using artificial neural networks and cellular automata

As one of the most vulnerable coasts in the continental USA, the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) region has endured numerous hazards over the past decades. The sustainability of this region has drawn great attention from the international, national, and local communities, wanting to understand how the region as a system develops under intense interplay between the natural and human factors. A major problem in this deltaic region is significant land loss over the years due to a combination of natural and human factors. The main scientific and management questions are what factors contribute to the land use land cover (LULC) changes in this region, can we model the changes, and how would the LULC look like in the future given the current factors? This study analyzed the LULC changes of the region between 1996 and 2006 by utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN) to derive the LULC change rules from 15 human and natural variables. The rules were then used to simulate future scenarios in a cellular automation model. A stochastic element was added in the model to represent factors that were not included in the current model. The analysis was conducted for two sub-regions in the study area for comparison. The results show that the derived ANN models could simulate the LULC changes with a high degree of accuracy (above 92 % on average). A total loss of 263 km2 in wetlands from 2006 to 2016 was projected, whereas the trend of forest loss will cease. These scenarios provide useful information to decision makers for better planning and management of the region.
Ostriches and Change A Response to `Global Warming and Sociology'

Climate change poses the most significant challenge facing the world today and should be more than sufficient to mobilize the world and its many communities to respond meaningfully and quickly. How...
Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcomas involving the neuraxis: report of three cases.

Objective and importance Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm composed of rounded, vimentin-immunoreactive tumor cells disposed in nests and cords within a hyalinized collagenous matrix. Most examples arise in the deep skeletal muscles of adults. The cases recorded to date have been characterized by protracted clinical evolutions with a tendency for stubborn local recurrence, followed by late metastasis. Accordingly, SEF has been regarded as a low-grade sarcoma. A single instance of brain and vertebral metastasis has been described. We report three examples of SEF distinguished by primary involvement of the neuraxis at initial presentation. Clinical presentation Two tumors had intracranial, calvarial and extracalvarial, soft-tissue components, whereas the third tumor manifested as a paraspinal mass with extension into the T12-L1 neural foramen and invasion of the T12 nerve root. Intervention All three affected patients experienced local recurrence and distant metastasis after resection of the primary site. These complications appeared early in the disease course in two cases. In no case was there a response to adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Conclusion Our experience indicates that SEFs arising along the neuraxis may demonstrate unexpectedly aggressive clinical behavior, compared with those arising in the more typical location of deep skeletal muscles.
Do the Secular Variations in WY Cancri Mark the Spot Cycles

I present optical photometry of the short-period eclipsing RS Canum Venaticorum binary WY Cancri taken after the most recent secular luminosity increase, in 1997. Data taken between the previous two secular luminosity increases, in 1988 and 1997, show a tendency for spots to migrate toward increasing longitude within an active longitude belt. These new data show a trend for spots to migrate in the opposite direction, toward decreasing longitude. Based on these trends, I suggest that WY Cnc shows cyclic behavior and that the previously observed secular luminosity increases in WY Cnc mark the start of new magnetic activity cycles in which the direction of longitudinal spot migration reverses. Continued observations will of course be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
Isolated Massive Chylopericardium: Complication of Open Heart Surgery for Aortic Valve Replacement

Chylopericardium following open-heart surgery for aortic valve replacement in a 53-year-old woman is described. Five weeks after surgery, the chylous pericardial effusion was detected when the patient developed recurrent chest pain and cardiomegaly. Treatment included drainage of the fluid and partial pericardiectomy. No recurrence of the chylopericardium was observed in this patient up to 14 months after surgery.
Stochastic models for chemically reacting systems using polynomial stochastic hybrid systems

A stochastic model for chemical reactions is presented, which represents the population of various species involved in a chemical reaction as the continuous state of a polynomial stochastic hybrid system (pSHS). pSHSs correspond to stochastic hybrid systems with polynomial continuous vector fields, reset maps, and transition intensities. We show that for pSHSs, the dynamics of the statistical moments of its continuous states, evolves according to infinite-dimensional linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which can be approximated by finite-dimensional nonlinear ODEs with arbitrary precision. Based on this result, a procedure to build this types of approximation is provided. This procedure is used to construct approximate stochastic models for a variety of chemical reactions that have appeared in literature. These reactions include a simple bimolecular reaction, for which one can solve the Master equation; a decaying–dimerizing reaction set which exhibits two distinct time scales; a reaction for which the chemical rate equations have a continuum of equilibrium points; and the bistable Schogl reaction. The accuracy of the approximate models is investigated by comparing with Monte Carlo simulations or the solution to the Master equation, when available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the Impact of Bullying and Sexual Harassment Victimization on the Mental and Physical Health of Adolescents

A sample of 522 middle and high school students from a school district in a northeastern state in the U.S. was used to address two questions about bullying and sexual harassment: Is one more frequent than the other, and are there gender or sexual orientation differences in this regard? And, does one have greater adverse health effects than the other, and, if so, for whom? Bullying occurred more frequently than sexual harassment for both girls and boys but not among sexual minorities. Girls were bullied or harassed as frequently as boys, but sexual minorities experienced higher levels of both. Compared to bullying, sexual harassment had adverse effects on more health outcomes. These adverse effects were especially notable among girls and sexual minorities.
Diabetes Mellitus and Cigarette Smoking: Findings from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey

OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of current smoking in the U. S. diabetic population with that of the nondiabetic population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey—a nationally representative sample—we calculated the prevalence of current smoking for 2,405 people with self-reported diabetes and 20,131 people without this condition. RESULTS Overall, the age-adjusted prevalence of smoking was 27.3% among people with diabetes and 25.9% among people without diabetes. The prevalence of smoking did not differ significantly between participants with and without diabetes when they were stratified by age, sex, race, or education. Black and Hispanic men with diabetes had a higher prevalence of smoking than did white men with diabetes and black and Hispanic men without diabetes, but none of these differences were statistically significant. Among people with diabetes, age, race, sex, and educational status were independent predictors of current smoking in a multiple-logistic regression model. Duration of diabetes was not related to smoking. CONCLUSIONS These data again emphasize the need to prevent and reduce smoking in the diabetic population. Smoking cessation programs should particularly target people with diabetes who are ≤44 years of age. Black and Hispanic men are also prime targets for intervention efforts.
Psychoanalysis As Science: The Inductivist's Resistance Revisited

The scientific status of psychoanalysis has been the focus of heated debates among philosophers of science and among psychoanalysts. The most recent challenge to psychoanalysis as a science comes from the quarters of the inductivist philosophy of science. Since inductivism is a self-defeating philosophy, it is not surprising that inductivists demand that psychoanalysts pay an unlimited price for their claim of scientific status for psychoanalysis. Most psychoanalysts, in their response to this impossible challenge, unwittingly claim to have paid the price. What is worse, the claim is made in a confused and emotionally charged manner. Hence, psychoanalysts are usually defensive and, thus, in error when repelling (in this way) the attack of the inductivist philosopher. It is not psychoanalysis inductivists attack, but their own commitment to their own logic which leads inexorably to the dissolution of their argument, of all science, and, indeed, of psychoanalysis as well. It seems much more reasonable to postpone any response to the challenges that confront psychoanalysis today and to invest effort in a reformulation of the problem of the scientific status of psychoanalysis. Different rational solutions to the problem may evolve if we take care to become well informed first about the limits of our theoretical frameworks and show readiness to change them, if and when needed. That is to say, we can start with a somewhat tentative, not to say skeptical, frame of mind concerning the very concept of scientific status. We may try to keep and to contain our skepticism to the degree required by the discourse at hand, carry on exploring in our practice, report our results, and discuss them respectfully. We should start by admitting that, quite possibly, our discourse will end inconclusively.
Early pregnancy: Concepts, challenges, and potential solutions

Early pregnancy in domestic livestock encompasses the period of development of the embryo in the oviduct after fertilization of the oocyte(s) by sperm, formation of a blastocyst in the uterus, and elongation of the conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes) after hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida in the uterus. Conceptus elongation requires the uterus and is concomitant with pregnancy recognition signaling to maintain the corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone (P4) secretion as well as the onset of implantation for establishment of pregnancy. Uterine receptivity for conceptus elongation and implantation develops in response to P4 and is modified in response to products from the conceptus such as prostaglandins (PG) and interferons (IFN). Fertility can be defined as pregnancy rates to a single insemination. Based on that definition, fertility is high in sheep (85%) and pigs (90%), moderate in beef cattle (45%), and low in dairy cattle (35% or less in high-producing cattle) and humans (25%). Consequently, infertility and subfertility are major problems in domestic livestock as well as in humans. The majority of embryonic mortality occurs after fertilization and during the first two to three weeks of pregnancy in cattle and month of pregnancy in pigs. Direct effects of embryonic mortality are reflected in reduced conception rates in cattle and reduced litter size in pigs and sheep. Of particular note, pregnancy rates have declined in dairy cattle as a result of increased early embryonic mortality in association with selection for increased milk yield during the past 50 years (Diskin and Morris, 2008; Figure 1). New management tools are needed in livestock to decrease embryonic mortality and pregnancy loss, thereby increasing overall herd fertility, reproductive and productive longevity, and sustainability of livestock enterprises. Primary determinants of pregnancy success include nutrition, disease, environment, and genetics, and all of these are directly influenced by management strategies (Figure 2). There is sufficient genetic variability within major breeds for fertility traits, and genetic selection for dam fertility is likely a key to long-term improvements in livestock fertility, particularly in cattle. In general, fertility traits are complex and polygenic. The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing and genomic technologies is useful to identify genes responsible for improved embryo survival in ruminants as well as uterine capacity for litter size in pigs. The incorporation of geFigure 1. Association of milk yield in dairy cattle with daughter pregnancy rate. Selection for greater milk production in United States dairy cattle has been very successful during the past 50 years; however, cow fertility has declined in spite of low heritabilities for reproductive traits. (Modified from the Dairy Cattle Reproduction Council.)
Calibration equations for Diviner 2000 capacitance measurements of volumetric soil water content of six soils

. Calibration coefficients for a Diviner 2000 capacitance sensor were developed under laboratory conditions for soils of six textures. The calibration equations, derived by regression analysis, significantly (P 93% of the variation (R2 adjusted) with the volumetric water content of the soil.
A further examination of optical analogy of quantum transport in mesoscopic structures

Abstract We show that the transmittance of light through waveguides is analogous to the conductance of electrons through mesoscopic wires only when a quasi-monochromatic light source is used. We also show that when casting the Maxwell equations into a Schrodinger-type equation in an optical waveguide with a spatially varying dielectric function ϵ(ω,r) (the optical of a mesoscopic electron conductor with disorders), a velocity-like, non-hermitian term in the effective Hamiltonian prevails. The latter distinguishes the optical case from the electron case, in addition to the vector nature of electromagnetic waves.
Fate of four cadaveric donor renal allografts with mesangial IgA deposits.

In the course of routine pretransplant cadaveric donor kidney biopsy examination, specimens from two donors were found to exhibit intense mesangial localization of IgA by immunofluorescence, with the presence of large immune complex-type deposits in these areas confirmed ultrastructurally. Both kidn
Distribution of polyadenylated RNA sequences in the cytoplasm of Drosophila cells

Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by reverse transcriptase, on a template of total cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA from Drosophila cells. This cDNA was hybridized to an excess of total cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA, polysomal polyadenylated RNA and non-polysomal cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA. Our results show that a significant fraction of the total cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA sequences are not bound to polysomes. However, the majority of these sequences are present in the population of non-polysomal polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA molecules.
Simulation of the TSV-to-device coupling in 3D ICs for short-channel strained silicon transistors

This paper analyzes Through-Silicon-Via (TSV)-to-device coupling due to the mechanical stress and the electrical field using three dimensional process and device simulation. The analysis considering 40nm and 28nm transistor demonstrates that TSV only has a minor impact on the current of short-channel devices and the effect diminishes with technology scaling.
Numerical experiments with a fluid heated non-uniformly from below

Convection in a square container driven by non-uniform heating from below is investigated. Itis shown that the normalized heat transport, the Nusselt number (Nu), obeys an Ra 1/5 powerlaw where Ra is the Rayleigh number based on the total temperature contrast along the bottom.As the Prandtl number (Pr) is decreased from 10 to 1 (Ra>10 6 ), the stream function increasesrapidly while Nu decreases. For a given Ra, Nu is a strong function of the shape of the imposedtemperature distribution and increases as the lateral extent of the thermal contrast is reduced.It is also shown that the response of the system to a new temperature distribution is slow orrapid depending upon whether or not the interior temperature field is affected. These experimentsre-emphasize what is sometimes overlooked, namely that the thermohaline circulationis driven by the imposed horizontal (meridional density) contrast and not by the deep convectionper se. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.t01-1-00006.x
Spectral changes accompanying the interaction between metal ligands and concanavalin A.

The lectin, concanavalin A (con A), is known to have at least four distinct binding sites. On site binds a transition metal, which, when occupied, activates a calcium binding site [ 11. When both metal binding sites are filed, a saccharide binding site is activated. In addition, recent evidence suggests that con A binds a variety of non-polar compounds [2]. Nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution X-ray crystallographic data [3-61 have shown that metal ion, saccharide and hydrophobic group binding sites are spatially distinct. Since aromatic residues are either coordinated to metals or are in close proximity to the metal binding sites [4,5] one might predict that the interaction of metal ligands with con A would create perturbations which could be detected spectrally. Spectral changes could then be used to study the binding and kinetics of the metal-con A interaction. In this report, we show that the metals associated with native con A, Mn2+ and Ca2+, induce ultraviolet difference spectra in the lectin. Advantage is taken of these spectral changes to titrate con A with calcium.
NFL Films and the Art of Selling Football

National Football League (NFL) subsidiary film production company NFL Films has documented every NFL game since 1964. The company's formally distinctive made-for-television documentary films have built a consistent and durable mythology that represents NFL football as heroic, dramatic, and beautiful. Beyond creating, maintaining, and circulating a celebratory image for the league, NFL Films employs various textual and marketing strategies to cast its productions as artworks that are more refined than typical sports television, engage consecrated aesthetic traditions, reflect their producers’ inspired creative visions, and are unmotivated by commercial interests—qualities that critical and audience discourses surrounding the company often reinforce. This article examines how NFL Films’ aesthetic posturing builds distinction for the subsidiary film production company within the stereotypically lowbrow context of sports television. Moreover, it considers how NFL Films’ attempts to situate itself as a site th...
The layers of artistic illusion

Works of art consist of layers of illusion. Broadly, I see three. The first two layers I call the layers of tame illusion. I call the deepest layer wild illusion. On the first layer, psychology of perception examines how art is illusion. This is the phenomenological ~layer. An admirable example of inquiry into this layer is E.H. Gombrich's Art and Illusion, where he discusses the techniques visual artists employ to create their illusions, the effects of techniques on spectators, and also how illusion in art, as Gombrich analyzes it, confutes Ruskin and others on the notion of the "innocent eye." Other scholars have treated art as illusion in this respect so that what Gombrich has done for the visual arts others have done for the other arts. On the second layer, the examination is still psychological; the phenomenological sense of illusion still holds, but metaphysical questions arise. A good idea of what the metaphysical layer of illusion is like is seen in Jean-Paul Sartre's Psychology of Imagination. Sartre says that an art object is an "unreal object." He says that this conclusion is the result of phenomenological research. The unreal object is an object of the imagination. For something to appear as an image, it must appear as absent. The work of art presents me with an object which is absent. This is not to say that in the case of a painting, the canvas and the pigment are absent. It is to say that the painting as an aesthetic object is absent hence unreal. In a metaphysical sense an object is present: it is the aesthetic object, an image, but not an ordinary image; it is the "new thing" the artist has made, which we call beautiful.1 I call these layers of illusion tame because both the phenomenological and the metaphysical approaches to illusion are conducted from the outside, from the point of view of the spectator, alone. These approaches assume we can discover the secrets of a magician's tricks by watching him or her more carefully. However, as any magician knows, it is in virtue of the spectator's attention, and the magician's hold on it, that the magician is able to make tricks work. In this sense, the more we hope to learn the magician's tricks
Policy Shocks: On the Legal Auspices of Latin American Migration to the United States:

In this paper, I compare the transition into legal permanent residence (LPR) of Mexicans, Dominicans, and Nicaraguans. Dominicans had the highest likelihood of obtaining residence, mostly sponsored by parents and spouses. Mexicans had the lowest LPR transition rates and presented sharp gender differentials in modes: women mostly legalized through husbands while men were sponsored through IRCA, parents. Nicaraguans stood in-between, presenting few gender differences in rates and modes of transition and a heavy dependence on asylum and special provisions such as IRCA and NACARA. I argue these patterns stem from the interplay of conditions favoring the emigration of and the specific immigration policy context faced by migrant pioneers; the influence of social networks in reproducing the legal character of flows; and differences in the actual use of kinship ties as sponsors. I discuss the implications of these trends on the observed gendered patterns of migration from Latin America.
Long-term effects of Individual Development Accounts on postsecondary education: follow-up evidence from a randomized experiment

Abstract This paper presents evidence from a randomized field experiment testing the impact of a 3-year matched savings program on educational outcomes 10 years after the start of the experiment. We examine the effect of an Individual Development Account (IDA) program on (1) educational enrollment, (2) degree completion, and (3) increased education level. The IDA program, which ran from 1998 to 2003 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, provided low-income households with financial education and matching funds for qualified savings withdrawals, including a 1:1 match for educational uses. We find a significant impact on education enrollment and positive (but nonsignificant) impacts on degree completion and increase in level of education. We also examine the interaction between gender and treatment assignment, finding that the IDA had a strong positive effect on increased educational attainment for men but not for women.
Abstract 1951: Targeting cancer by a chimeric nanoparticle formulation of Cisplatin and PI828, a PI3 kinase inhibitor

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Combination chemotherapy is the mainstay of cancer regimes. However, additive off target effect of the drugs is still a major drawback of combination therapy. Nanoscale drug delivery systems, through enhanced permeation and retention effect, target the tumour more efficiently while reducing side effects. Combination of Cisplatin, a widely used platinum based chemotherapeutic with PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor has shown synergism. In this study, we designed a chimeric nanoparticle of Cisplatin and PI828, a PI3 kinase inhibitor. PI828 was chemically conjugated to cholesterol by a carbamate linkage. Cisplatin was coordinated to a cholesterol-succinic acid derivative via a unique monocarboxylato and OαPt bond. The chimeric nanoparticle was formulated by mixing both the conjugates in definite proportions with phosphatidylcholine and DSPE-PEG. The chimeric naoparticle had a consistent size between 100 to 130 nm determined by dynamic light scattering. The in vitro release kinetics experiment showed slow and sustained release of both the drugs over a time period of 96 hours. In vitro cell proliferation assay expressed cytotoxicity of the chimeric nanoformulation in 4T1, a murine breast cancer cell line and in KRAS upregulated and PTEN suppressed ovarian cancer model cells. We have evaluated the activity of chimeric nanoparticle in a K-Ras(LSL/+)/PTEN(fl/fl) ovarian cancer model, with a luciferase reporter system. The mice treated with chimeric nanoparticle exhibited suppressed tumour growth as well as reduced toxicity as compared to the free drug combination and vehicle treated mice. These results indicate that chimeric nanoformulation can better the outcome of Cisplatin and PI828 combination. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1951. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1951
Effects of additive and impurity species on the oxide morphology of silicon nitride

Si 3 N 4 sintered with Lu 2 O 3 was exposed to 1 atm of oxygen and steam environments at 1200-1400 °C. The effects of additive and impurity species on the morphological development of the oxide layer were examined. Oxide layers grown on as-received samples in oxygen generally contained bubbles and cracks and underwent spallation due to the presence of an initial impurity-laden oxide layer. Oxide layers grown on as-received samples in steam exhibited layered morphology: a glassy outer layer and a cristobalite inner layer with a high population density of Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 particles between. The Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 particles accumulated at the interface led to extensive spallation of the upper oxide layer. Removal of the initial oxide by polishing resulted in improved oxidation resistance and oxide morphology in oxygen and in steam.
Central force model for the high frequency vibrational bands of glasses

Abstract We have set up a simple model for the high frequency vibrational modes of A n X m glasses (i.e. those modes which are probed most easily in infrared absorption and Raman scattering experiments). This model involves using only nearest neighbor central forces and is a generalization of previous work by Sen and Thorpe for AX 2 glasses in which the vibrational spectrum is derived from the connectivity matrix of the structure. Simple algebraic expressions are obtained for the band edges and applied to the spectra of glassy GeS 2 , GeO 2 and P 2 O 5 . The dominant features of the spectra are associated with particular band edges in the central force model, taking due account of selection rules governing polarized Raman scattering in network glasses. Errors to be expected from the omission of non-central forces and long-range Coulomb forces are discussed.
Genetic services in the United States

Advances in medical genetics, including mapping of human genome, improved therapy for genetic disorders, and new screening tests for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, have created a growing demand for clinical genetic services in the United State. Such services (diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling) received support from state, federal, and private sources and were mostly based in academic medical centers. Gradually, such programs evolved into regional or state-wide activities with an emphasis on outreach clinics. Now, an increasing number of for-profit corporations have entered into this field. Clinical genetic teams usually include clinical geneticists and other professionals with expertise in the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions and skills in information presentation and family support. The American Board of Medical Genetics, the newest member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, provides certification for five categories of genetics professionals and sets standards for training programs.
Towards semantically-enabled exploration and analysis of environmental ecosystems

We aim to inform the development of decision support tools for resource managers who need to examine large complex ecosystems and make recommendations in the face of many tradeoffs and conflicting drivers. We take a semantic technology approach, leveraging background ontologies and the growing body of open linked data. In previous work, we designed and implemented a semantically-enabled environmental monitoring framework called SemantEco and used it to build a water quality portal named SemantAqua. In this work, we significantly extend SemantEco to include knowledge required to support resource decisions concerning fish and wildlife species and their habitats. Our previous system included foundational ontologies to support environmental regulation violations and relevant human health effects. Our enhanced framework includes foundational ontologies to support modeling of wildlife observation and wildlife health impacts, thereby enabling deeper and broader support for more holistically examining the effects of environmental pollution on ecosystems. Our results include a refactored and expanded version of the SemantEco portal. Additionally the updated system is now compatible with the emerging best in class Extensible Observation Ontology (OBOE). A wider range of relevant data has been integrated, focusing on additions concerning wildlife health related to exposure to contaminants. The resulting system stores and exposes provenance concerning the source of the data, how it was used, and also the rationale for choosing the data. In this paper, we describe the system, highlight its research contributions, and describe current and envisioned usage.
Allotropism in Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase from Porcine Thyroid

Three forms of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, PC-1, PC-2 and PC-3 (based on their order of elution from phosphocellulose columns), were purified from porcine thyroid utilizing fractional pH precipitations and column chromatography. Two forms, PC-1 and PC-2, eluted identically from gel filtration columns and migrated the same electrophoretically and in glycerol density gradients. They were estimated to have sedimentation coefficients of 7 S and molecular weights of about 150000. Both PC-1 and PC-2 were equally inhibited by KCl. Their elution positions from phosphocellulose were unchanged upon rechromatography, indicating that they were nonequilibrium forms and they were present in post-mitochondrial supernatants in roughly equal amounts. All three forms were present in the same ratios whether or not phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride was present in homogenizing buffers. PC-3 had the characteristics of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. It contained aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for 16 of 18 amino acids tested and was about 4% low-molecular-weight RNA. The complex did not significantly penetrate 5% polyacrylamide gels, was excluded by Sephacryl S-200 and had a sedimentation coefficient greater than 20 S indicating a particles mass in excess of 500000 daltons. In addition, the PC-3 fraction contained a ribonuclease capable of degrading both aminoacyl-tRNA and tRNA. After storage, rechromatography of PC-3 on phosphocellulose showed that some dissociation of the enzymes had taken place. Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase activity was found in positions analogous to PC-1 as well as PC-3, and ribonuclease activity was found in two positions on the columns, one coincident with PC-3 and one preceding the position of elution of PC-1. Dissociation of the complex was also observed using glycerol density gradient centrifugation and by chromatography on Sepharose4B. When present in the PC-3 complex, the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase activity and the ribonuclease activity were both stimulated by KC1. However, when dissociated to their free forms, the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase activity was inhibited by KC1, whereas the ribonuclease remained stimulated. The effects on aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, appeared to be potassium-ion-specific but were more pronounced in the presence of phosphate dianion than in chloride ion. The differential effects of potassium ion on the free and complexed forms of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and the prescence of a ribonuclease in the aminoacyl-tRNA complex that is active toward tRNA could have functional significance in the intact cell.
PROTEIN QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY PROCESSED (SPECIES) PRODUCT AND BONE RESIDUE

Six samples of mechanically processed (species) product (MPP) from a Beehive deboner equipped with 0.46 mm holes in the cylinder, one sample of beef semimembranosus muscle and three samples of bone residue were analyzed. Protein efficiency ratios (PER) for MPP ranged from 1.44–2.90 compared to 2.91 for beef semimembranosus muscle. None of the bone residue samples supported rat growth giving a PER of ≤O. Regression equations to predict the PER of MPP were developed using the data obtained on the six MPP samples and the three bone residue samples described in this paper plus PER and amino acid data obtained on nine other samples of MPP. The regression equations were then tested using 24 different lots of MPP. Multiple regression equations using leucine and proline or hydroxyproline and isoleucine as independent variables were suitable for use in categorizing MPP on the basis of protein value. An alternative method of controlling protein quality in MPP by limiting the hydroxyproline content was suggested.
Classifying coastal waters: Current necessity and historical perspective

Coastal ecosystems are ecologically and commercially valuable, productive habitats that are experiencing escalating compromises of their structural and functional integrity. The Clean Water Act (USC 1972) requires identification of impaired water bodies and determination of the causes of impairment. Classification simplifies these determinations, because estuaries within a class are more likely to respond similarly to particular stressors. We reviewed existing classification systems for their applicability to grouping coastal marine and Great Lakes water bodies based on their responses to aquatic stressors, including nutrients, toxic substances, suspended sediments, habitat alteration, and combinations of stressors. Classification research historically addressed terrestrial and freshwater habitats rather than coastal habitats. Few efforts focused on stressor response, although many well-researched classification frameworks provide information pertinent to stressor response. Early coastal classifications relied on physical and hydrological properties, including geomorphology, general circulation patterns, and salinity. More recent classifications sort ecosystems into a few broad types and may integrate physical and biological factors. Among current efforts are those designed for conservation of sensitive habitats based on ecological processes that support patterns of biological diversity. Physical factors, including freshwater inflow, residence time, and flushing rates, affect sensitivity to stressors. Biological factors, such as primary production, grazing rates, and mineral cycling, also need to be considered in classification. We evaluate each existing classification system with respect to objectives, defining factors, extent of spatial and temporal applicability, existing sources of data, and relevance to aquatic stressors. We also consider classification methods in a generic sense and discuss their strengths and weaknesses for our purposes. Although few existing classifications are based on responses to stressors, may well-researched paradigms provide important information for improving our capabilities for classification, as an investigative and predictive management tool.
Na-Ca Exchange is Required for Rest-decay but not for Rest-potential of Twitches in Rabbit and Rat Ventricular Myocytes

The influence of the Na-Ca exchange (NaCaX) on the effects of rest (30-300 s) on twitch amplitude and SR Ca content (assessed by caffeine contractures) was studied in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat and rabbit. In control conditions, rabbit cells showed monotonic rest-decay of the amplitudes of both twitch and caffeine contractures, while rat myocytes developed rest-potentiation of twitches without change in SR Ca content. Inhibition of the Na-Ca exchange during rest by perfusion with 0Na,0Ca solution did not affect the responses in rat cells but abolished rest-dependent SR Ca loss in rabbit cells. Indeed, when NaCaX was blocked during rest, then rabbit cells, like rat, displayed rest-potentiation of twitches. Stimulation of net Ca extrusion via NaCaX during rest by perfusion with 0Ca solution induced rest-decay of twitches and caffeine contractures in rat cells similar to that observed in rabbit cells. This maneuver also accelerated decline in SR Ca during rest and amplitude of the first post-rest twitch in rabbit myocytes. These effects were only slightly enhanced by preperfusion with 0Na,0Ca solution to deplete Nai. We were thus able to interconvert the contractile responses to rest between these cell types solely by modifying the driving force for Ca transport by the exchange. Our results indicate that SR Ca is lost during quiescence in both species, but only if the NaCaX is able to promote diastolic Ca extrusion will net decline of SR Ca (and twitch amplitude) occur. On the other hand, post-rest twitch potentiation in both rat and rabbit cells can occur without a change in SR Ca content. This effects might be attributable, at least in part, to a slow phase of recovery of excitation-contraction coupling.
Isolation and tentative identification of compound in bleached‐kraft mill effluent capable of causing mixed‐function oxygenase induction in fish

A substance isolated from a bleached-kraft mill effluent, capable of causing mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) induction in rainbow trout and in a hepatocyte cell line, was tentatively identified. The MFO-inducing chemicals in final pulp-mill effluent were isolated with the use of C18 solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation. Compound identifications for the MFO-inducing fractions were made using gas chromatography with low- and high-resolution mass spec-trometry. In comparing data from each of three fractionation trials, we noted that MFO activity corresponded best with the presence of a compound tentatively identified as a chlorinated pterostilbene. The parent compound belongs to the pinosylvin family, a group of naturally occurring substances that are often present in coniferous trees.
Coping with poor prognosis in the pediatric intensive care unit. The Cassandra prophecy.

• The intensive-care pediatrician who prophesies to parents that their child's illness is irreversible may encounter denial and hostility. The physician may compare his plight to that of Cassandra—the mythical Greek prophetess of doom, who was cursed to see into the future and not be believed. Four cases are reported in which parents rejected their child's hopeless prognosis, counterprophesied miraculous cures, resolved to obtain exorcism, criticized the care, or accused nurses of neglect. This produced a painful breakdown in the usually harmonious relationships between doctors, nurses, and parents. Parental denial as a coping mechanism is discussed. Guidelines are presented for the prevention and/or early recognition and management of the Cassandra Prophecy phenomenon. A miraculous recovery in one case is a potent reminder to physicians and nurses that they do not have the gift of divine prophecy and cannot see with certainty into the future. ( Am J Dis Child 133:1121-1125, 1979)
Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injected in the upper arm.

Abstract Background The abdomen and thigh are recommended injection sites in the label for Depo-SubQ Provera 104™. We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) following injection of Depo-SubQ Provera 104 in the upper arm, a preferred injection site in developing countries. Study design Twenty-six women in Norfolk, VA, received a single injection of Depo-SubQ Provera 104 in the upper arm in this prospective noncomparative study. We measured MPA serum concentrations prior to injection (day 1) and 11 times postinjection (days 2, 4, 8, 14, 30, 44, 60, 74, 91, 104 and 120). Results Serum MPA levels peaked at 0.953 ng/mL 2–14 days (interquartile range; median=8) after dosing. Mean AUC0–91 was 45.1 ng·day/mL. Mean MPA levels at days 91, 104 and 120 were 0.427, 0.367 and 0.327 ng/mL, respectively. A total of 15 individual measurements of MPA were below 0.2 ng/mL. All women but one had MPA levels above 0.1 ng/mL on day 91. Conclusions Injection of Depo-SubQ Provera 104™ in the upper arm provided sufficient MPA levels for contraceptive protection for 3 months (13 weeks). The uptake and metabolism of MPA when injected in the upper arm may be different from the abdomen and thigh.