cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race and White Transracially Adoptive Mothers

Eight transracially adoptive mothers of Asian-born children were interviewed about their perceptions of their role in the racial socialization of their children. The findings suggest a possible relationship between these mothers' choices in racial socialization practices with their families and their views on race and racial differences. Findings are discussed in relation to future research and practice with transracially adoptive parents and their families.
New scaling algorithms for the assignment and minimum mean cycle problems

In this paper we suggest new scaling algorithms for the assignment and minimum mean cycle problems. Our assignment algorithm is based on applying scaling to a hybrid version of the recentauction algorithm of Bertsekas and the successive shortest path algorithm. The algorithm proceeds by relaxing the optimality conditions, and the amount of relaxation is successively reduced to zero. On a network with 2n nodes,m arcs, and integer arc costs bounded byC, the algorithm runs in O( $$\sqrt n $$ m log(nC)) time and uses very simple data structures. This time bound is comparable to the time taken by Gabow and Tarjan's scaling algorithm, and is better than all other time bounds under thesimilarity assumption, i.e.,C = O(nk) for somek. We next consider the minimum mean cycle problem. Themean cost of a cycle is defined as the cost of the cycle divided by the number of arcs it contains. Theminimum mean cycle problem is to identify a cycle whose mean cost is minimum. We show that by using ideas of the assignment algorithm in an approximate binary search procedure, the minimum mean cycle problem can also be solved in O( $$\sqrt n $$ m lognC) time. Under the similarity assumption, this is the best available time bound to solve the minimum mean cycle problem.
Where Are We Going If Anywhere? A Look at Post-Civilization

We are living in what I call the second great change in the state of man. The first great change is the change from pre-civilized to civilized societies. The first 500,000 years or so of man's existence on earth were relatively uneventful. Compared with his present condition he puttered along in an astonishingly stationary state. To judge by his artifacts, at least, generation succeeded generation with the sons exactly like their fathers, and the daughters exactly like their mothers. There may have been changes in language and culture which are not reflected in the artifacts, but if there were these changes are lost to us. The evidence of the artifacts, however, is conclusive. Whatever changes there were, they were almost unbelievably slow. About 10,000 years ago, we begin to perceive an acceleration in the rate of change. This becomes very noticeable 5,000 years ago with the development of the first civilization. The details of this first great change are probably beyond our recovery. However, we do know...
Characterization of angiotensin AT1A receptor isoform by its ligand binding signature.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether the binding signature of the cloned rat AT1A receptor transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells could be distinguished from that of the endogenous AT1B receptor expressed in rat adrenal cortex. An extensive series of peptide and nonpeptide Ang II analogs was used for the characterization. The binding of [125I]Ang II to the recombinant AT1A receptors was quite sensitive to inhibition by GTPγS. Scatchard analysis of the competition of Ang II revealed two populations of binding sites (site 1: KD = 3.05±0.27 nM and a maximum binding (Bmax) of 134±26 fmol/mg protein; site 2: KD = 253±77 nM and Bmax = 1.05±0.19 pmol/mg protein). The ligand binding signature of the AT1A receptor is defined by the affinity (Ki = nM) and order of potency of the following ligands: saralasin (2.07)>Ang II (3.35)> losartan (14)>Ang III (20)>GR 117289C (28)>EXP6803 (160)>Ang I (281)>PD123177 (>10,000). This binding signature of the cloned AT1A receptors appears to be similar to that displayed by rat adrenal cortical cells where AT1B is predominantly expressed. These findings suggest that AT1A and AT1B receptors may not be easily distinguishable by the currently available ligand agonists or antagonists. Consequently, AT1A or AT1B may be considered as isoforms rather than subtypes of the AT1 receptors.
Morphogenesis as a model for nano communication

a b s t r a c t The creation of physical objects with a complex hierarchical structure from the nanoscale up to the macroscale presents many challenges that must be met in order to reap the full benefits of nanotechnology. To accomplish this we can learn from a natural process that already accomplishes it: embryological morphogenesis, which teaches us means by which microscopic agents can communicate and coordinate their activity by means of molecular signals in order to create complex physical structures. We call the application of these ideas artificial morphogenesis; it is a kind of embodied computation, which refers to the intimate interaction of physical and information processes. We outline the basis for artificial morphogenesis and present several simple examples in which biologically inspired models can be used to describe the assembly of useful nanostructures.
Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior: The Pharmacology of Drug Use Disorders, by John Brick and Carlton K. Erickson

These two authors have significant experience as researchers in the science of substance use disorders and in translating science for practitioner and client users. The aim of this volume is to ass...
RF power performance of an LDMOSFET on high-resistivity SOI

This paper describes the RF power performance of an LDMOSFET technology on high-resistivity silicon-on-insulator wafers. The technology has an on-state breakdown voltage of greater than 10 V, and an off-state breakdown voltage of greater than 20 V. This device technology is shown to have excellent RF power characteristics at frequencies from 1.9 to 5.8 GHz. At 1.9 GHz, a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 63% was achieved with an output power of up to 520 mW from a single RF power cell. At 5.8 GHz, a peak PAE of 35% was achieved with an output power of up to 125 mW from a single RF power cell.
Optical guiding of atoms through a hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber

We have demonstrated guiding of rubidium atom through a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber. Rb atoms from a thermal oven travel down 6 cm fiber with an efficiency that is greater than 70%.
Carbon‐13 NMR measurments of polybutadiene local dynamics in dilute solution: Further evidence for non‐Kramers' behavior

The local segmental dynamics of cis-polybutadiene in dilute solutions have been investigated using natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. The time integral of the CH orientation autocorrelation function 〈σ〉 is extracted from T1 measurements in five solvents covering a viscosity range of two decades. The hydrodynamic Kramers' equation, which is generally assumed to be appropriate for local polymer dynamics in dilute solution, cannot describe these results. 〈σ〉 is found to depend upon the solvent viscosity η raised to the 0.33 power whether η is varied by changing the temperature or the solvent. This apparent power law behavior has been observed for other polymers in dilute solution and can be rationalized if the solvent is viewed as viscoelastic. This view is supported by experimental results which show that local polymer dynamics can occur as much as an order of magnitude faster than solvent reorientation. Trends for a mixed microstructure polybutadiene are similar to those of cis-polybutadiene. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pion-Nucleus Interactions in the Resonance Region

Two aspects of pion-nucleus interactions and photopion reactions in the resonance region will be discussed. The first is essentailly the theory of the pion optical potential. Obviously, we need the optical potential in order to calculate any coherent process (one in which the residual nucleus is in a definite quantum state) such as elastic pion scattering, coherent π° photoproduction, analog state charge exchange, etc. Most theoretical work up to now has focussed on developing the optical potential. The second aspect involves an understanding of pion reaction mechanisms. Important questions here involve the nuclear response function for pion scattering, the means of energy transfer between the pion and nucleus, and the role of pion absorption. Typically these questions are studied experimentally in various types of inclusive reactions and theoretically are mostly ignored. Yet our understanding of these reaction mechanisms is crucial to our construction of the optical potential.
Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives of various models

Article de synthese sur l'adaptation cellulaire (assimilation du glucose) et moleculaire (flux d'oxygene; enzymes glycolytiques) des muscles squelettiques en reponse a un exercice (aerobique, exercice de resistance). Utilisation de plusieurs modeles animaux (vertebres), de cultures cellulaires et comparaison avec l'activite physique humaine. Synthese sur les adaptations affectant le flux cardiaque, le flux sanguin peripherique et le petabolisme des myocytes cardiaques
p16INK4a and p53 Deficiency Cooperate in Tumorigenesis

The combined impact of mutations in p16(INK4a) and p53 was examined in cellular growth,transformation, and tumor formation. In cultured cells, p16(INK4a) loss enhanced growth at high density and conferred susceptibility to oncogene-induced transformation. In vivo, mice doubly deficient for p16(INK4a) and p53 showed an increased rate of tumor formation with particular susceptibility to aggressive angiosarcomas. Furthermore, p16(INK4a) silencing by promoter methylation was detected in tumors derived from p16(INK4a+/-) and (+/+) mice, independent of p53 status. These data suggest at least one general feature of malignancy, resistance to density-mediated growth arrest depends on p16(INK4a) rather than p53. This cooperation between p16(INK4a) and p53 loss in tumorigenesis is consistent with the view that these genes function in distinct anticancer pathways.
Does Providing Transition Services by Age 14 Produce Better Vocational Outcomes for Students with Intellectual Disability

This study examined the potential impact providing transition services early had on the vocational outcomes achieved by young adults with intellectual disability. Two groups were compared: 7,520 individuals from states requiring transition services be addressed in individualized educational programs (IEPs) by age 14 and 7,520 individuals from states requiring transition services be addressed by age 16. Individual from both groups were matched based on seven demographic variables. Results found that, in each of the 4 years (2007-2009) examined, individuals from the early transition states were more likely to be employed by the time their cases were closed than their matched peers from the later transition states. Specifically, over this 4-year period, 58.8% of participants from the early transition states became employed compared with 45.6% for individuals from later transition states.
Viterbi detection for partial response channels with colored noise

Summary form only given. A method proposed previously by Dorfman and Wolf (see IEEE J. Select. Areas in Commun., vol. 19, p. 662-667, Apr. 2001) for combating the Thermal Asperities (TA) required running two Viterbi detectors in parallel - one matched to an EPR4 channel (target) and the other to a PR5 channel. A PR5 channel was formed by passing the EPR4 channel output through a 1-D filter preceding the PR5 matched detector and was shown to be superior to EPR4 in the presence of TA's, but 2.7 dB worse than EPR4 with Gaussian noise only. The reason for this deficiency is that the 1-D filter colors the noise substantially. In this paper an approach is proposed to improve Gaussian performance of the PR5 detector by taking the noise correlation into account. It is also shown that EPR4 channel performance can be improved by the same method.
Interactions by 2D Gel Electrophoresis Overlap (iGEO): a novel high fidelity approach to identify constituents of protein complexes

Here we describe a novel approach used to identify the constituents of protein complexes with high fidelity, using the integrin-associated scaffolding protein PINCH as a test case. PINCH is comprised of five LIM domains, zinc-finger protein interaction modules. In Drosophila melanogaster, PINCH has two known high-affinity binding partners—Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) that binds to LIM1 and Ras Suppressor 1 (RSU1) that binds to LIM5—but has been postulated to bind additional proteins as well. To purify PINCH complexes, in parallel we fused different affinity tags (Protein A and Flag) to different locations within the PINCH sequence (N- and C-terminus). We expressed these tagged versions of PINCH both in cell culture (overexpressed in Drosophila S2 cell culture in the presence of endogenous PINCH) and in vivo (at native levels in Drosophila lacking endogenous PINCH). After affinity purification, we analyzed PINCH complexes by a novel 2D-gel electrophoresis analysis, iGEO (interactions by 2D Gel Electrophoresis Overlap), with mass spectrometric identification of individual spots of interest. iGEO allowed the identification of protein partners that associate with PINCH under two independent purification strategies, providing confidence in the significance of the interaction. Proteins identified by iGEO were validated against a highly inclusive list of candidate PINCH interacting proteins identified in previous analyses by MuDPIT mass spectrometry. The iGEO strategy confirmed a core complex comprised of PINCH, RSU1, ILK, and ILK binding partner Parvin. Our iGEO method also identified five novel protein partners that specifically interacted with PINCH in Drosophila S2 cell culture. Because of the improved reproducibility of 2D-GE methodology and the increasing affordability of the required labeling reagents, iGEO is a method that is accessible to most moderately well-equipped biological laboratories. The biochemical co-purifications inherent in iGEO allow for rapid and unambiguous identification of the constituents of protein complexes, without the need for extensive follow-up experiments.
Implementing Signatures for Transactional Memory

Transactional Memory (TM) systems must track the read and write sets--items read and written during a transaction--to detect conflicts among concurrent trans- actions. Several TMs use signatures, which summarize unbounded read/write sets in bounded hardware at a per- formance cost of false positives (conflicts detected when none exists). This paper examines different organizations to achieve hardware-efficient and accurate TM signatures. First, we find that implementing each signature with a single k-hash- function Bloom filter (True Bloom signature) is inefficient, as it requires multi-ported SRAMs. Instead, we advocate using k single-hash-function Bloom filters in parallel (Par- allel Bloom signature), using area-efficient single-ported SRAMs. Our formal analysis shows that both organiza- tions perform equally well in theory and our simulation- based evaluation shows this to hold approximately in prac- tice. We also show that by choosing high-quality hash func- tions we can achieve signature designs noticeably more ac- curate than the previously proposed implementations. Fi- nally, we adapt Pagh and Rodler's cuckoo hashing to im- plement Cuckoo-Bloom signatures. While this representa- tion does not support set intersection, it mitigates false pos- itives for the common case of small read/write sets and per- forms like a Bloom filter for large sets.
Lmo4 Establishes Rostral Motor Cortex Projection Neuron Subtype Diversity

The mammalian neocortex is parcellated into anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The establishment of area-specific neuronal diversity and circuit connectivity enables distinct neocortical regions to control diverse and specialized functional outputs, yet underlying molecular controls remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a central role for the transcriptional regulator Lim-only 4 (Lmo4) in establishing the diversity of neuronal subtypes within rostral mouse motor cortex, where projection neurons have particularly diverse and multi-projection connectivity compared with caudal motor cortex. In rostral motor cortex, we report that both subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN), which send projections away from the cerebrum, and callosal projection neurons (CPN), which send projections to contralateral cortex, express Lmo4, whereas more caudal SCPN and CPN do not. Lmo4-expressing SCPN and CPN populations are comprised of multiple hodologically distinct subtypes. SCPN in rostral layer Va project largely to brainstem, whereas SCPN in layer Vb project largely to spinal cord, and a subset of both rostral SCPN and CPN sends second ipsilateral caudal (backward) projections in addition to primary projections. Without Lmo4 function, the molecular identity of neurons in rostral motor cortex is disrupted and more homogenous, rostral layer Va SCPN aberrantly project to the spinal cord, and many dual-projection SCPN and CPN fail to send a second backward projection. These molecular and hodological disruptions result in greater overall homogeneity of motor cortex output. Together, these results identify Lmo4 as a central developmental control over the diversity of motor cortex projection neuron subpopulations, establishing their area-specific identity and specialized connectivity.
Converse Regulatory Functions of Estrogen Receptor-α and -β Subtypes Expressed in Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

Estradiol (E(2)) acts as a potent feedback molecule between the ovary and hypothalamic GnRH neurons, and exerts both positive and negative regulatory actions on GnRH synthesis and secretion. However, the extent to which these actions are mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs) expressed in GnRH neurons has been controversial. In this study, Single-cell RT-PCR revealed the expression of both ERalpha and ERbeta isoforms in cultured fetal and adult rat hypothalamic GnRH neurons. Both ERalpha and ERbeta or individual ERs were expressed in 94% of cultured fetal GnRH neurons. In adult female rats at diestrus, 68% of GnRH neurons expressed ERs, followed by 54% in estrus and 19% in proestrus. Expression of individual ERs was found in 24% of adult male GnRH neurons. ERalpha exerted marked G(i)-mediated inhibitory effects on spontaneous action potential (AP) firing, cAMP production, and pulsatile GnRH secretion, indicating its capacity for negative regulation of GnRH neuronal function. In contrast, increased E(2) concentration and ERbeta agonists increase the rate of AP firing, GnRH secretion, and cAMP production, consistent with ERbeta-dependent positive regulation of GnRH secretion. Consonant with the coupling of ERalpha to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i/o) proteins, E(2) also activates G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels, decreasing membrane excitability and slowing the firing of spontaneous APs in hypothalamic GnRH neurons. These findings demonstrate that the dual actions of E(2) on GnRH neuronal membrane excitability, cAMP production, and GnRH secretion are mediated by the dose-dependent activation of ERalpha and ERbeta expressed in hypothalamic GnRH neurons.
Efficacy of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations.

: Recognizing the emerging role of genetics in clinical care, in 1996 the American Society of Clinical Oncology established a Task Force on Cancer Genetics Education to develop educational opportunities and resources for its members. These efforts, and recent advances in the understanding of genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers, have resulted in growing numbers of women participating in genetic testing protocols. The first prospective clinical trial involving women with known BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations was recently published. In a prospective study involving 170 BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutation carriers and a mean follow-up of 2 years, the estimated 5-year cancer-free estimates were 96% for the 98 women choosing prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and 69% for the 72 women choosing intensive surveillance (p = 0.006). Three cases of stage I ovarian cancers were diagnosed at the time of prophylactic surgery. These results are consistent with published literature and data from the Prevention and Observation of Surgical Endpoints (PROSE) study group, which reported a 96% reduction in ovarian cancer risk and a 53% reduction in breast cancer risk among BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutation carriers who had prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy compared to matched controls. Thus prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy can be regarded as an effective risk-reducing procedure that permits early diagnosis of ovarian cancer at the time of surgery and significantly reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in women with germ-line mutations in the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes.
Design of Efficient Generation Markets

The design of spot markets for generation services, such as energy, regulation,and operating reserves, and longer term markets for capacity, remain in evolution in many countries. Market design includes definition of the service, bid, or offer requirements, and rules for pricing and financial settlement. In the United States, most organized regional markets have converged on similar elements of spot market design. The design of capacity markets remains influx. Market power mitigation is currently a regulatory requirement in the United States, and experience with different methods shows that it must be carefully aligned with market design to ensure both efficient pricing and efficient investment. This paper surveys these topics and their relationships to each other and identifies researchable issues.
Hegemony and discourse: Negotiating cultural relationships through media production

As part of large, complex social structures, media organizations exist in constantly shifting relationships with each other, with the societies within which they work and with the internal and external audiences with which they communicate. The role of indigenous media groups in hegemonic processes, then, cannot be seen as monolithic or monologic, as some scholars have suggested. An examination of Inuit videography groups reveals that media organizations support or resist hegemonic pressures differentially; some work ‘within the system’ to further worthwhile aims, while others struggle against hegemonic coercion in an effort to expose that coercion and foster alternative power structures. Any models relating to the role of media in hegemony must reflect the heterogeneous stances and discursive relationships adopted by and among various media organizations.
Comparison of a polarimetric scattering and emission model with ocean backscatter and brightness measurements

Investigates theoretical scattering models of sea surfaces for polarimetric remote sensing of near-surface ocean wind vectors. A two-scale polarimetric scattering and emission model is developed to interpret existing active and passive remote sensing microwave signatures of sea surfaces. Theoretical backscattering coefficients are compared with the SASS geophysical model function and aircraft scatterometer data to determine the model parameters. With the same parameters, model-predicted azimuthal modulations of Stokes parameters of thermal radiation agree reasonably well with the SSM/I geophysical model function and aircraft radiometer data. The results indicate that the azimuthal modulations observed in microwave backscatter as well as in emission data are caused by the same anisotropic directional surface features due to wind forcing. >
Measurement of direct photon production at Tevatron fixed target energies

Measurements of the production of high-pT direct photons by a 515 GeV/c π- beam and 530 and 800 GeV/c proton beams in interactions with Be and H2 targets are presented. The data span the kinematic ranges of 3.5 < pT < 12 GeV/c in transverse momentum and 1.5 units in rapidity. The inclusive direct-photon cross sections are compared with NLO pQCD calculations and expectations based on a phenomenological parton-kT model.
Sexual Offender Laws and Prevention of Sexual Violence or Recidivism

Sexual violence is a significant public health problem in the United States. In an effort to decrease the incidence of sexual assault, legislators have passed regulatory laws aimed at reducing recidivism among convicted sexual offenders. As a result, sex offenders living in the United States are bound by multiple policies, including registration, community notification, monitoring via a global positioning system, civil commitment, and residency, loitering, and Internet restrictions. These policies have led to multiple collateral consequences, creating an ominous environment that inhibits successful reintegration and may contribute to an increasing risk for recidivism. In fact, evidence on the effectiveness of these laws suggests that they may not prevent recidivism or sexual violence and result in more harm than good.
A wavelet-based methodology for grinding wheel condition monitoring

Grinding wheel surface condition changes as more material is removed. This paper presents a wavelet-based methodology for grinding wheel condition monitoring based on acoustic emission (AE) signals. Grinding experiments in creep feed mode were conducted to grind alumina specimens with a resinoid-bonded diamond wheel using two different conditions. During the experiments, AE signals were collected when the wheel was 'sharp' and when the wheel was 'dull'. Discriminant features were then extracted from each raw AE signal segment using the discrete wavelet decomposition procedure. An adaptive genetic clustering algorithm was finally applied to the extracted features in order to distinguish different states of grinding wheel condition. The test results indicate that the proposed methodology can achieve 97% clustering accuracy for the high material removal rate condition, 86.7% for the low material removal rate condition, and 76.7% for the combined grinding conditions if the base wavelet, the decomposition level, and the GA parameters are properly selected.
An adult onset case of alpha-methyl-acyl-CoA racemase deficiency

α-Methyl-acyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR) deficiency (OMIM 604489) is a rare peroxisomal disorder with a variable age of onset from infancy to late adulthood. We describe a 45-year-old male with a history of seizures who presented with relapsing encephalopathy. Laboratory studies revealed an elevated serum pristanic acid concentration, an elevated pristanic/phytanic acid ratio, as well as the previously described homozygous mutation in the AMACR gene, c.154T>C, consistent with AMACR deficiency. This homozygous mutation is associated with a variable phenotype ranging from neonatal cholestasis to late-onset sensorimotor neuropathy. Dietary pristanic acid restriction was attempted to improve clinical status and the patient has remained in remission for more than 16 months.
Colonoscopy and polypectomy.

Colonoscopy and polypectomy, when performed by adequately trained physicians, is a safe and effective procedure. The fundamentals of colonoscopy for the non-endoscopist, including indications, benefits and risks, preparation for the procedure, and technical aspects of colonoscopy performance, are reviewed.
Vitamin D and corticosteroids in asthma: synergy, interaction and potential therapeutic effects.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is characterized by variable airflow obstruction and affects more than 300 million individuals worldwide of all ages and races [1], and i...
Functional Behavioral Analysis and Social Scripting for the Older Patient with Schizophrenia: a Staff Development Program

Executive functioning is the ability to plan, strategize, organize, and focus on details. Impaired executive functioning plays a significant role in behavior disturbances. Lack of inhibition, impaired abstract reasoning, thought perseverance, rigidity in routine, and lack of insight disrupt social skills and daily life. Autism and schizophrenia present some similar behaviors, including impaired executive functioning, often resulting in pharmacological management as many healthcare professionals receive limited training in executive functioning. Non-pharmacological tools used in autism for behavior management include functional behavioral analysis and social scripting, which help to identify causes of behavior and teach more appropriate behavioral responses. Described here is an educational program for healthcare workers in a long-term care skilled nursing facility, to help them understand the basis for behaviors in individuals with impaired executive function, to use these same tools for behavioral modification techniques, and to help patients learn more appropriate social skills. Program evaluation suggested the educational program was successful in increasing the staff's knowledge and comfort level in addressing the behavioral issues that arise with this population and staff also reported less use of medication as first-line treatment for behavioral issues.
Overexpression of Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase in Transgenic Rats Protects Vulnerable Neurons against Ischemic Damage by Blocking the Mitochondrial Pathway of Caspase Activation

Mitochondria are known to be involved in the early stage of apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c, caspase-9, and the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac). We have reported that overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) reduced superoxide production and ameliorated neuronal injury in the hippocampal CA1 subregion after global ischemia. However, the role of oxygen free radicals produced after ischemia/reperfusion in the mitochondrial signaling pathway has not been clarified. Five minutes of global ischemia was induced in male SOD1-transgenic (Tg) and wild-type (Wt) littermate rats. Cytosolic expression of cytochrome c and Smac and activation of caspases were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and caspase activity assay. Apoptotic cell death was characterized by DNA nick end and single-stranded DNA labeling. In the Wt animals, early superoxide production, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Smac, and cleaved caspase-9 were observed after ischemia. Active caspase-3 was subsequently increased, and 85% of the hippocampal CA1 neurons showed apoptotic DNA damage 3 d after ischemia. Tg animals showed less superoxide production and cytochrome c and Smac release. Subsequent active caspase-3 expression was not evident, and only 45% of the neurons showed apoptotic DNA damage. A caspase-3 inhibitor (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-val-ala-asp-fluoromethyl ketone) reduced cell death only in Wt animals. These results suggest that overexpression of SOD1 reduced oxidative stress, thereby attenuating the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac, resulting in less caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Oxygen free radicals may play a pivotal role in the mitochondrial signaling pathway of apoptotic cell death in hippocampal CA1 neurons after global ischemia.
Pull the Plug or Take the Plunge: Multiple Opportunities and the Speed of Venturing Decisions in the Australian Mining Industry

Effectively capturing opportunities requires rapid decision-making. We investigate the speed of opportunity evaluation decisions by focusing on firms' venture termination and venture advancement decisions. Experience, standard operating procedures, and confidence allow firms to make opportunity evaluation decisions faster; we propose that a firm's attentional orientation, as reflected in its project portfolio, limits the number of domains in which these speed-enhancing mechanisms can be developed. Hence firms' decision speed is likely to vary between different types of decisions. Using unique data on 3,269 mineral exploration ventures in the Australian mining industry, we find that firms with a higher degree of attention toward earlier-stage exploration activities are quicker to abandon potential opportunities in early development but slower to do so later, and that such firms are also slower to advance on potential opportunities at all stages compared to firms that focus their attention differently. Market dynamism moderates these relationships, but only with regard to initial evaluation decisions. Our study extends research on decision speed by showing that firms are not necessarily fast or slow regarding all the decisions they make, and by offering an opportunity evaluation framework that recognizes that decision makers can, in fact often do, pursue multiple potential opportunities simultaneously.
Eigenarbeit der Studierenden

In diesem Buch werden hin und wieder Aussagen getroffen, die einige Leser uberraschen werden. Das weis ich, weil die Teilnehmenden meiner Workshops regelmasig erstaunt sind. Hier also gleich die erste Zumutung: Andern Sie Ihr Selbstverstandnis als Dozentin oder Dozent an einer Hochschule. Horen Sie auf, „Informationsvermittler“ zu sein, und werden Sie „Lernberater “ (Kemp und O‘Keefe 2003).
The Costs of Policing Violence: Foregrounding Cognitive and Emotional Labor

This article examines the connections between systemic racism, racial framing, and police violence. While media saturation of recent and highly publicized events of police violence against black ma...
A 53-Year-Old Man with a Large Air Bubble in His Chest

A 53 -year-old man presented with a history of intermittent right-sided upper back pain, cough productive of yellow sputum, a 22.7-kg weight loss, and exertional dyspnea that had been worsening over the past year. He had been given a prescription for an oral antibiotic to treat "pneumonia" when seen in a clinic in Arizona 6 months earlier. However, the patient neither filled the prescription nor returned to the clinic for follow-up visits. He subsequently moved to Michigan, where his sister lived. The pat ent appeared to be cachectic, with marked temporal wasting. His temperature was 36.4°C, his blood pressure was 109/70 mm Hg, his pulse was 95 beats per min, his respiratory rate was 20 breaths per min, and his pulse oximetry was 98% on room air. Chest examination revealed absent breath sounds
Atmospheric measurements with unattended FTIR and lidar

A combined FTIR-lidar system allows unattended, remote measurements of infrared atmospheric emission, aerosols, and clouds with depolarization discrimination of ice and liquid.
Is it Worth the Wait? Service Choice and Externalities When Waiting is Expensive

We study how rational customers choose between two congested service facilities with finite buffer space and unknown service value when waiting is expensive. Customers observe an imperfect private signal indicating which service facility may provide more service value, as well as the queue lengths at the service facilities before making their choice. If more customers choose the same service facility because of their private information, longer queues will form at the service facility and therefore a long queue may be an indication of higher quality. On the other hand, a long queue also implies more waiting time to obtain the service. We characterize the equilibrium queue-joining behavior of arriving customers in the presence of such positive and negative externalities. We find that when the waiting costs are positive, it might be rational for customers to join the longer queue, even if the private information suggests joining the shorter queue. How the information is distributed among customers, and the buffer sizes play key roles in determining the customer choice behavior: In markets in which all of the customers have the same signal strength, there has to be enough waiting space available allowing for variability in queue length observations to make customers infer high service value from long queues. However, in markets in which customers have different signal strengths, the less informed customers join the longest queue even when there is not much variability in the queue lengths due to limited waiting space. The customers join the longer queue when the arrival rates are low as then the queue length information is the least contaminated by the spillovers due to capacity constraints. Finally, we find that depending on the arrival rate and waiting costs, these externalities provide strong incentives to both service facilities or to either the high-quality or the low-quality service facility to co-locate physically or virtually.
Diamonds, dependence and De Beers: monopoly capitalism and compliance with the Kimberley Process in Namibia

ABSTRACTWhy has Namibia, with a dependency on alluvial diamond wealth and location in sub-Saharan Africa, been able to comply with the Kimberley Process while other states in the region have not? The author's objective is to account for how domestic political economy can influence international agreements. He argues that diamond dependency in Namibia has facilitated compliance with the Kimberley Process. The case of how Namibia has responded to the Kimberley Process illustrates how De Beers has been able to constrain domestic policy and use the Kimberley Process as a way to maintain a virtual monopoly in domestic diamond production.
Emergency Care Capabilities in North East Haiti: A Cross-sectional Observational Study.

Introduction The North East Department is a resource-limited region of Haiti. Health care is provided by hospitals and community clinics, with no formal Emergency Medical System and undefined emergency services. As a paucity of information exists on available emergency services in the North East Department of Haiti, the objective of this study was to assess systematically the existing emergency care resources in the region. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out at all Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP)-affiliated hospitals in the North East Department and all clinics within the Fort Liberte district. A modified version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Tool for Situational Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Generic Essential Emergency Equipment Lists were completed for each facility. RESULTS: Three MSPP hospitals and five clinics were assessed. Among hospitals, all had a designated emergency ward with 24 hour staffing by a medical doctor. All hospitals had electricity with backup generators and access to running water; however, none had potable water. All hospitals had x-ray and ultrasound capabilities. No computed tomography scanners existed in the region. Invasive airway equipment and associated medications were not present consistently in the hospitals' emergency care areas, but they were available in the operating rooms. Pulse oximetry was unavailable uniformly. One hospital had intermittently functioning defibrillation equipment, and two hospitals had epinephrine. Basic supplies for managing obstetrical and traumatic emergencies were available at all hospitals. Surgical services were accessible at two hospitals. No critical care services were available in the region. Clinics varied widely in terms of equipment availability. They uniformly had limited emergency medical equipment. The clinics also had inconsistent access to basic assessment tools (sphygmomanometers 20% and stethoscopes 60%). A protocol for transferring patients requiring a higher level of care was present in most (80%) clinics and one of the hospitals. However, no facility had a written protocol for transferring patients to other facilities. One hospital reported intermittent access to an ambulance for transfers. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in the supply of emergency equipment and limited protocols for inter-facility transfers exist in North East Department of Haiti. These essential areas represent appropriate targets for interventions aimed at improving access to emergency care within the North East region of Haiti. De Wulf A , Aluisio AR , Muhlfelder D , Bloem C. Emergency care capabilities in North East Haiti: a cross-sectional observational study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):1-7. Language: en
Physics, biology and socialogy. II. Suggestion for a synthesis.

In continuation of previous studies (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308; 655–661, 1966;29, 139–152, 1967) it is shown that the difference between the “metric” aspects of physics and the “relational” aspects of biological and social sciences disappear by accepting the broader definition of “relation”, such as that given in mathematics and logic. A conceptual superstructure then becomes possible from which all three branches of knowledge may be derived, though none of them can be derived from the others.
Investigation of Bubble Topology in Tubes with Constant Bend Radii in a Microgravity Environment

Two-phase flow systems are of great interest to system designers in many disciplines. Systems such as space station life support and micro and nano-scale surgery require understanding of two-phase flow phenomenon beyond what is observed in regular conditions. Liquid droplets in a gaseous environment can be characterized by their Bond number (Bo). This non-dimensional quantity is the ratio between the external forces acting on a droplet and the surface forces or internal forces of the droplet. In high Bo number regimes, external accelerations preclude many of the problems observed in two-phase flows of low Bo number. The reason for this is that high Bond number implies that the external forces acting on the droplet are much stronger with respect to the internal forces responsible for surface tension. Therefore, it is relatively easy to break up a droplet. In low Bo number environments, however, such as those experienced in microgravity or nano-scale operations, the internal forces are stronger relative to the external forces and droplets become more difficult to dissipate. In space station life support systems, for example, moisture build up in the oxygen lines can form what is known as a plug (a complete obstruction of the oxygen gas) creating a dangerous situation for the inhabitants. Recent numerical research has suggested that a smaller (or tighter) bend radius tubing will require more volume before such a plug is formed and thus will mitigate plug obstructions in general. This research is concerned with providing physical validation for this data, using NASA’s C-9B microgravity research aircraft (part of Johnson Space Center). The physical data is compared to the numerical results and provides actual validation cases for the numerical research that has been performed.
Hemorrhagic reactions in animals sensitized with ovalbumin in adjuvants containing mycobacteria. II. Relation to "delayed" hypersensitivity.

Summary and Conclusions1. Massive hemorrhages in skin and subcutaneous tissue of guinea pigs sensitized with egg albumin incorporated in water-in-oil adjuvants containing mycobacteria caused by subcutaneous injection of large amounts of egg albumin, failed to occur in guinea pigs which had been sensitized by injection of egg albumin at one site and mycobacteria in oil at a remote site. This indicates that presence of killed tubercle bacilli at site of injection of antigen modifies the process of sensitization to ovalbumin, manifested by hemorrhage when large amounts of egg albumin were injected subcutaneously. 2. Guinea pigs sensitized by injection of egg albumin incorporated in complete adjuvants on the flank had hemorrhagic skin reactions if the sensitizing injection was intracutaneous, but not if it was made subcutaneously. Injections in the nuchal area were effective whether intracutaneous, subcutaneous or intramuscular. 3. For inducing hemorrhagic skin reactions. 0.03 mg of killed and dried M. tuberc...
Effects of hypothalamic lesions on incidence and growth of mammary tumors in carcinogen-treated rats.

SummaryIntact and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats with ME lesions placed prior to treatment with DMBA, showed a 30 and 0% mammary tumor incidence, respectively, in contrast to a 95 and 54% mammary tumor incidence in the respective nonlesioned control groups. Intact and ovariectomized rats lesioned 75 days after DMBA treatment showed a 120 and 80% increase, respectively, in number of palpable mammary tumors 10 days after treatment. In contrast the non-lesioned intact and ovariectomized control groups showed a 19% increase and a 27% decrease in number of palpable mammary tumors, respectively. After 25 days, stimulation of mammary tumor growth was still marked in the intact-lesioned group but regression occurred in the ovariectomized-lesioned group. These results indicate that ME lesions placed before DMBA treatment inhibit mammary tumorigenesis, presumably by increasing prolactin secretion and stimulating mammary growth, thereby leaving the mammary glands refractory to DMBA; ME lesions placed 75 days aft...
The Theme of Public Finance in the Amusement Park Industry

Many state and local government officials seem bedazzled by visions of tourists paying for entertainment and leisure attractions in such magnitude that significant economic development benefits will flow from these “smokestack-less” businesses. Public officials turn to a variety of public finance incentives to attract and maintain amusement parks. This paper highlights the theme of public finance in the amusement park industry. The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of the impact of tourism on local government finance. Specifically, a regression model is developed to examine the relationship between the degree of reliance of the local economy on theme parks and fiscal and non-fiscal factors. This initial research validates that there is a strong theme of public finance in the amusement park industry, with both thrills and chills.
Roles of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Except in response to localized conditions of infection or inflammation, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and cells of the monocyte/macrophages lineage do not invade the brain parenchyma. Rather, the brain is a transit organ for these leukocyte subclasses. Importantly, the microvasculature provides the scaffolding for the cellular inflammatory response to ischemia. Both the humoral (i.e., cytokine, chemokine) and cellular components of the inflammatory response interact with stimulated microvessels to initiate post-ischemic vascular and tissue injury. In the ischemic basal ganglia, very early changes in microvessel integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, PA and MMP release, and vascular cell activation occur in temporal and spatial association with the development of severe neuron injury. Specific changes in microvessel integrity and permeability (50, 94), loss of basal lamina integrity (92, 93), simultaneous decreases in specific endothelial cell and astrocyte integrins (207, 223), and changes in astrocyte ultrastructure (54, 78) occur during this early period. Selected events (e.g., VEGF upregulation) occur along with early evidence of inflammatory cell activation. Moreover, activation of cerebral microvessels within the ischemic core regions is evident within 1–2 hours following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA:O) in primate species. These events suggest relationships at multiple levels involving microvessel integrin-matrix responses, inflammatory cell invasion, and cellular activation to effect vascular, glial, and neuron injury following focal cerebral ischemia.
Measurement of Regional Blood Flow in the Kidney Using Laser-Doppler Flowmetry

The study of regional blood flow in the kidney has been fraught with difficulties. Quantitation of perfusion of the inner cortex and medulla of the kidney has been especially challenging to measure because there is no way to directly visualize the large or small blood vessels in these areas. Furthermore, there has been a lack of reliable techniques to measure tissue blood flow in the kidney. In order to appreciate fully the technical demands of measuring changes in regional blood flow within the kidney, it is necessary to first understand the complex structure of the renal microcirculation.