cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of finite mixture of negative binomial regression models with varying weight parameters for vehicle crash data analysis

Recently, a finite mixture of negative binomial (NB) regression models has been proposed to address the unobserved heterogeneity problem in vehicle crash data. This approach can provide useful information about features of the population under study. For a standard finite mixture of regression models, previous studies have used a fixed weight parameter that is applied to the entire dataset. However, various studies suggest modeling the weight parameter as a function of the explanatory variables in the data. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences on the modeling and fitting results between the two-component finite mixture of NB regression models with fixed weight parameters (FMNB-2) and the two-component finite mixture of NB regression models with varying weight parameters (GFMNB-2), and compare the group classification from both models. To accomplish the objective of this study, the FMNB-2 and GFMNB-2 models are applied to two crash datasets. The important findings can be summarized as follows: first, the GFMNB-2 models can provide more reasonable classification results, as well as better statistical fitting performance than the FMNB-2 models; second, the GFMNB-2 models can be used to better reveal the source of dispersion observed in the crash data than the FMNB-2 models. Therefore, it is concluded that in many cases the GFMNB-2 models may be a better alternative to the FMNB-2 models for explaining the heterogeneity and the nature of the dispersion in the crash data.
Application of coreless substrate to package on package architectures

The high performance application processors found in today's hand held wireless and mobile computing products, such as smart phones and tablet computers, require packages that can support demanding device performance and dense form factor requirements. The package architecture must enable the required signal routing, signal integrity, power delivery, physical form factor, manufacturability and cost. This paper reviews the approach taken to design and implement a package on package (PoP) that enables the integration of a 32nm silicon node processor with dual channel LPDDR memory in a compact 12×12 mm, 0.4 mm BGA pitch solution. The coreless substrate package technology used in this design allows the routing of signals from a 150 um silicon bump pitch array, while achieving a 0.7 mm bottom package z-height. Selection of the PoP interconnect scheme, signal routing approach, surface mount and reliability performance are addressed.
Deep-ultraviolet lithography simulator tuning by resist profile matching

TCAD simulation is very important for DUV lithography process development and control. Traditional lithography process engineering has relied on short-loop and pilot-lot experiments to understand the effects of particular process control factors. However, experiments are very expensive, and the complexity of lithographic patterns and processes is such that we must often resort to computational simulation. The availability, accuracy, and ease of use of lithography simulation are essential to the semiconductor industry. In this paper we present a methodology for DUV lithography simulator tuning by resists profile matching. A global optimization procedure is used to efficiently extract the correct values of the important fitting parameters by matching the simulated resist profiles to measured data. Results for a DUV lithography process are presented.
Exchange-Correlation Hole in Polarized Insulators: Implications for the Microscopic Functional Theory of Dielectrics

We present a simple and direct proof that the exchange-correlation hole, and therefore the exchange-correlation energy, in a polarized insulator is not determined by the bulk density alone. It is uniquely characterized by the density and the macroscopic electric polarization of the dielectric medium. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Gas-Phase Reactions of Bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)methylzirconium Cations with Ketones and Aldehydes

The reactions of the bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)methylzirconium cation (1) with ketones and aldehydes in the gas phase have been studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Reactions of 1 with a majority of the ketones studied resulted in consecutive addition of one and two substrate molecules and/or elimination of alkanes. Deuterium-labeled substrates and methylzirconocene were used to investigate the mechanistic details. On the basis of DFT calculations, the key products of the elimination reaction(s) were identified as η3-enolate complexes formed via an insertion/elimination mechanism. Similar product ion structures are postulated for the reaction of 1 with aldehydes in cases where these complexes are either the only or the major reaction product. A multiple-step mechanism is proposed, which involves migratory insertion of an aldehyde molecule into the methylzirconocene cation, followed by β-H elimination, and, via a six-membered cyclic transition state, formation of the result...
An instrument for measuring short intervals of time

Abstract This paper describes a meter for measuring short intervals of time. Full scale deflections of 0.001, 0.1 and 1.0 second can be obtained by the use of a selector switch. This meter will indicate the length of time a contact remains closed, or the interval of time between the closing of one circuit and the opening of another. The device has a linear acale for any chosem range. It measures time by the charge which flows to a condenser during the interval. The charge is found by reading the potential difference 0n the condenser with a sensitive vacuum-tube voltmeter.The theory of the circuit and its advantage over other devices for the same purpose are discussed.
Dynamic buckling of shells: Evaluation of various methods☆

Abstract The problem of dynamic stability is substantially more complex than the buckling analysis of a shell subjected to static loads. Even at this date suitable criteria for dynamic buckling of shells, which are both logically sound and practically applicable, are not easily available. Thus, a variety of analyses are available to the user, encompassing various degrees of complexity, and involving a range of simplifying assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to compare and evaluate some of these solutions by applying them to a specific problem. A shallow spherical cap, subjected to an axisymmetric, uniform-pressure, step loading, is used as the structural example. The predictions, by various methods, of the dynamic buckling of this shell into unsymmetric modes, are then investigated and compared. The approximate methods used by Akkas are compared to the more rigorous and general solutions of the KSHEL, STARS, DYNASOR, and SATANS computer programs, and the various simplifying assumptions utilized are evaluated. Also included in the comparisons, are the predictions of the relatively simple “dynamic buckling model” approach of Budiansky and Hutchinson. The approaches utilized by the more complex programs [KSHEL (spatial integration, modal superposition, perturbation approach), DYNASOR (finite elements, time integration of non-linear dynamic equilibrium equations), SATANS (finite differences, pseudo load method, time integration), STARS (spatial and time integration, non-linear equilibrium or perturbation approaches)] will in turn be compared in terms of accuracy, idealization complexity, ease of use, and user expertise and experience required for analysis. The comparisons show that the more approximate methods underpredict the dynamic buckling loads for this problem. In addition, some basic assumptions of the simpler solutions are found to be invalid.
Weeds Adjacent to Hawaiian Pineapple Plantings Harboring Pink Pineapple Mealybugs

Abstract Surveys were conducted to identify the weeds bordering Hawaiian pineapple plantings that could serve as hosts for the pink pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell). Collected mealybugs were held to determine parasitization by the encyrtid Anagyrus ananatis Gahan. Greater than 15 species of weeds were found around pineapple plantings in both disturbed (e.g., mowed, herbicide treated, manual weed removal) and undisturbed areas. Weed diversity was low in the undisturbed areas with guinea grass, Panicum maximum, being the dominant species and free of pink pineapple mealybug. Weed species composition was more diverse in the disturbed areas adjacent to plantings, with routinely mowed areas being more diverse. Although pink pineapple mealybug is a polyphagous mealybug, it was only found in moderate densities on rhodesgrass, Chloris gayana, and wire grass, Eleusine indica, both of which were found in mowed and unmowed weedy areas with the former species being more common. All phenological sta...
Flowback Analysis of Acid Stimulation of Seawater Injection Wells: Case Histories

Techniques were developed to evaluate acid stimulation treatments based on chemical analys s of the return fluids. Four acid stimulation treatments of seawater injection wells in a large carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia were studied in detail. Acid was bullheaded because surface washouts in the openhole section of the well did not permit the use of coiled tubing. Each field treatment consisted of three stages. First, a pretreatment stage, driven by reservoir pressure, flushed out the wellbore. In the second stage the well was pickled to remove acid-soluble corrosion products and particulates from the wellbore. The third stage was a matrix acid stimulation of the formation. During each well treatment, more than fifty samples were collected and up to 700 chemical analyses were made on these samples. The results provided information about formation damage mechanisms, the effectiveness of iror control additives, the volume of washout zones, the optimum flowback time, the relative amounts of carbonate minerals dissolved by the acid, and the dilution of the spent acid. Confirmation of well damage mechanisms was obtained by analysis of dissolved and suspended solids produced during each stage of the treatment. The amount and type of corrosion products (FeS, Fe 3 O 4 ) in the wellbore were calculated from chemical analyses of the acid returns. Results made it possible to reduce iron control chemical concentrations in the injected acid. This produced significant cost savings. Density measurements of matrix acid flowback samples clearly identified the optimum flowback time of these treatments. The commonly used method of pH measurement does not show when all of the spent acid has returned from the formation. Significant variations in treatment results were seen in seawater injection wells in the same formation. Iron-containing scale in the wells varied from mostly rust (Fe 3 O 4 ) to primarily iron sulfide. The type of particulates present in the different stages of the treatment also differed among the wells examined.
YxiN Is a Modular Protein Combining a DExD/H Core and a Specific RNA-binding Domain

DExD/H proteins, typically described as RNA helicases, participate in rearrangement of RNA-RNA and possibly RNA-protein complexes in the cell. Aside from the conserved DExD/H core, members of this protein family often contain N- and C-terminal extensions that are responsible for additional functions. The Bacillus subtilis DExD/H-box protein YxiN and its Escherichia coli ortholog DbpA contain an ∼80 amino acid C-terminal extension that has been proposed to specifically interact with a region of 23 S ribosomal RNA including hairpin 92. In this study, the DExD/H-box core and the C-terminal domain of YxiN were expressed and characterized as separate proteins. The isolated DExD/H-box core, YxCat, had weak, nonspecific RNA binding activity and showed RNA-stimulated ATPase activity with a Km(ATP) that resembled several non-specific DExD/H proteins. The isolated C-terminal domain, YxRBD, bound RNA with the high affinity and specificity seen with full-length YxiN. Thus, YxiN is a modular protein combining the activities of the YxCat and YxRBD domains. Footprinting of YxiN and YxRBD on a 172-nucleotide fragment of 23 S rRNA was used to identify the sites of interaction of the C-terminal and helicase domains with the RNA.
Resistance measurements at the nanoscale: scanning probe ac impedance spectroscopy

We report a novel nanoscale method for measuring the alternating current (AC) impedance of conducting polymer electrolyte films using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The use of a conductive AFM probe provides direct impedance measurements at localized sites allowing interfaces and surface areas the size of the cantilever tip to be examined. This proves useful in the examination of polymer electrolytes where conduction is known to be heterogeneous across the surface of the film. Using the AFM we are able to sequentially image the surface then measure the resistance across various regions of the surface. The localized nature of this technique allows clear differentiation between highly conductive amorphous regions and less conductive crystalline regions of the film. Direct comparison of these impedances is consistent with bulk polymer film measurements. The results show the AFM to be a powerful method for ac impedance measurements at the nanoscale.
Deviant leisure: Uncovering the “goods” in transgressive behaviour

Abstract Leisure studies has held to a traditional understanding of leisure activities as inherently and unquestionably “good,” a view that leaves little room to consider deviance within the purview of leisure behaviour and its study within the discipline. Stebbins’ theoretical framework of serious leisure provides a context through which conventional understandings of deviant behaviour may be challenged and the limiting doxic1 perspective lifted. Qualities of serious leisure are manifest in deviant leisure activities, specifically “sadomasochism.”2 This conceptual paper offers an introductory evaluation of participation in the leisure spaces of BDSM culture subsequent to an exploratory auto‐ethnographic study. The three primary goals are to: (1) lay out conventional definitions of [deviant]3 leisure; (2) outline qualities of BDSM consistent with serious leisure in order to problematize [deviant] leisure; and (3) discuss the implications of this analysis and recommend future directions for research.
Endoscopic Treatment of Malignant Biliary Strictures

Endoscopic stenting is a widely accepted strategy for providing effective drainage in both extrahepatic and intrahepatic malignant strictures. In patients with extrahepatic malignancies, uncovered self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) provide excellent palliation. Hilar malignancies are probably best palliated by placement of uncovered SEMS although some disagreement exists among experts regarding the type and number of stents for optimal palliation. Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is commonly performed although a higher risk of complications and the lack of clear benefit raise questions about this practice. Certain groups of patients such as those with markedly elevated bilirubin levels, and in those in whom neoadjuvant therapy is planned, are good candidates for PBD. Considerable controversy exists regarding the optimal method as well as type of stent for PBD in patients with hilar malignancies. Novel endoscopic therapies, including photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation, have emerged as potential adjuvant therapies in the management of malignant bile duct strictures but need further long-term evaluation to establish survival benefit. This review focuses on the current status of endoscopic therapies for malignant biliary obstructions.
Young unwed fathers of AFDC children: do they provide support?

We examine the support provided by fathers of children born to disadvantaged teenage mothers. Our sample includes the fathers of 6,009 children born over a two-year period to 3,855 teenage mothers receiving AFDC in three economically depressed inner cities. These fathers provide little social and economic support to their children. Support declines as their children age from infants to toddlers and as fathers’ relationships with the mothers grow more distant. Fathers’ employment status and educational attainment positively affect the amount of economic support that they provide but do not strongly influence the amount of social support they provide.
Construction and characterization of two anti-sweetener single chain antibodies using radioligand binding, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Two single-chain antibodies (scFv) that bind the superpotent sweetener ligand, NC-174, were generated from mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) NC6.8 (IgG, κ) and NC10.14 (IgG, λ). These scFv were constructed by cloning the variable region sequences of the mAb, connecting them in tandem with a 25-amino-acid polypeptide linker, and expressing them in E. coli using the pET-11a system. The recombinant proteins were purified using Ni2+–NTA–agarose by virtue of a hexahistidine sequence introduced to the C-terminus of the heavy chain variable region during the cloning process. The secondary structure and ligand binding properties of the two scFv, the parent mAbs and proteolytically derived Fab fragments were examined using radioligand binding, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The far-UV CD spectra of both scFv possessed predominantly β character, as did those of the Fab, and the near-UV CD spectral data for scFvNC10.14, NC6.8 and NC10.14 Fab indicated that chromophore perturbation occurred upon ligand binding. The affinity constants determined for the two scFv, Fab and mAb were nearly equivalent. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond non-domination: Agency, inequality and the meaning of freedom

The concept of non-domination is an important contribution to the study of freedom but it does not comprehend the whole of freedom. Insofar as domination requires a conscious capacity for control o...
Cusp gun Ka-band second-harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT amplifier

A second-harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT is being constructed at UCD that is predicted to produce 50 kW in Ka-band with 20% efficiency, 30 dB saturated gain and 3% bandwidth. The device is driven by a 70 kV, 3.5 A axis-encircling electron beam from a novel Northrop Grumman cusp gun.
Vibrational energy relaxation in liquid oxygen from a semiclassical molecular dynamics simulation

The semiclassical theory of vibrational energy relaxation (VER) developed in the preceding paper is extended to the case of molecular liquids, and used for calculating the VER rate constant in neat liquid oxygen at 77 K. We employ a semiclassical approximation of the quantum-mechanical force-force correlation function (FFCF), which puts it in terms of the Wigner transforms of the force and the product of the Boltzmann operator and the force. The multidimensional Wigner integrals are performed via a novel implementation of the local harmonic approximation (LHA). The methodology is extended to include centrifugal forces, and effective ways are developed in order to make it applicable to molecular liquids. The fact that VER of high-frequency solutes is dominated by the solvent molecules in their close vicinity suggests that the semiclassical treatment is restricted to the small cluster of molecules around the relaxing molecule. The rest of the molecules are frozen and serve as a static cage that keeps the cl...
On a class of Gauss-like quadrature rules

We consider a problem that arises in the evaluation of computer graphics illumination models. In particular, there is a need to find a finite set of wavelengths at which the illumination model should be evaluated. The result of evaluating the illumination model at these points is a sampled representation of the spectral power density of light emanating from a point in the scene. These values are then used to determine the RGB coordinates of the light by evaluating three definite integrals, each with a common integrand (the SPD) and interval of integration but with distinct weight functions. We develop a method for selecting the sample wavelengths in an optimal manner. More abstractly, we examine the problem of numerically evaluating a set of $m$ definite integrals taken with respect to distinct weight functions but related by a common integrand and interval of integration. It is shown that when $m \geq 3$ it is not efficient to use a set of $m$ Gauss rules because valuable information is wasted. We go on to extend the notions used in Gaussian quadrature to find an optimal set of shared abcissas that maximize precision in a well-defined sense. The classical Gauss rules come out as the special case $m=1$ and some analysis is given concerning the existence of these rules when $m >1$ . In particular, we give conditions on the weight functions that are sufficient to guarantee that the shared abcissas are real, distinct, and lie in the interval of integration. Finally, we examine some computational strategies for constructing these rules.
An older face for Mars.

Mars has a north–south divide in the age of its surface, as judged by the density of impact craters. Altimetry data, which by inference provide a subsurface view of the planet, reveal that the divide is only skin deep.
Networking and medical information systems.

A local area communications network (LACN) has been implemented successfully at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Hospital. This technology, developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, facilitates communication among systems previously considered “incompatible”. The implication of this experiment is that a modular, evolutionary approach to medical systems will soon be a viable alternative to the “total” singlevendor approach now commonly used. Substantial preparation by a medical center, however, will be required in order to use an LACN properly. This will probably be done in many cases with the assistance of a new type of medical systems vendor, i.e., one having no systems of its own to sell.
On ensuring the availability of evaluative data for secondary analysis

This paper is based on a programmatic effort to elicit and reanalyze data stemming from the evaluation of social programs. The stress is on identifying problems and negotiating for data and analyzing it. This includes: researchers' reluctance to disclose data for documentation and data control systems; vague or nonexistent policy for assuring access. The possible solutions presented here are based on governmental regulation and policy for publicly supported evaluation.
Oviposition Patterns by Several Lepidopterous Pests on Processing Tomatoes in California

Oviposition patterns of Heliothis zea , Manduca spp., Spodoptera exigua , and Trichoplusia ni were studied in processing-tomato fields of northern California. The initiation of egg laying appears to be related to flower formation, with peak egg deposition occurring in relation to the peak number of open flowers per plant for H. zea, S. exigua , and T. ni . Oviposition by Manduca spp. increases as the season progresses. All species deposit most of their eggs on leaves of the terminal half of the branch. The majority of eggs are located on the ventral leaf surface, within one leaf of the inflorescence. From these data, it is possible to estimate the number of plants that would have to be sampled to find an egg of one species at a given egg density.
The Thermodynamic Basis for Enantiodiscrimination: Gas-Phase Measurement of the Enthalpy and Entropy of Chiral Amine Recognition by Dimethyldiketopyridino-18-crown-6†

Discrimination between the enantiomers of 1-phenylethylamine (PhEt) and α(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (NapEt) by the chiral ligand protonated dimethyldiketopyridino-18-crown-6 was studied using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to perform variable-temperature equilibrium (van't Hoff) experiments in the gas phase. The heterochiral complexes [(S,S)-ligand with (R)-amine, for example] have more-favorable enthalpy in both studied cases than the homochiral complexes; the differences are −6.7 ± 0.7 kJ mol-1 for the PhEt enantiomers and −10.0 ± 1.2 kJ mol-1 for the NapEt enantiomers. Entropy disfavors the heterochiral complexes by −14.8 ± 2.2 J mol-1 K-1 for PhEt and by −20.0 ± 3.9 J mol-1 K-1 for NapEt; entropy−enthalpy compensation is evident. These results suggest that enantiodiscrimination in these complexes is enthalpic and that locking of methyl rotors in the thermodynamically disfavored complexes is probably not important. Computational methods were also used to determine complex geome...
Effects of acute exercise on the soleus H-reflex and self-reported anxiety after caffeine ingestion.

Abstract The effects of moderate intensity cycling exercise on the soleus H-reflex and state anxiety were examined among 16 individuals whose anxiety was experimentally manipulated by consumption of a large dose of caffeine. The soleus H-reflex and state anxiety were measured before and 1 h after consuming caffeine or placebo and then again 10 min after 30 min of either cycling at an intensity of 60% VO2peak or quiet rest. We found that (1) caffeine consumption did not influence the amplitude of the soleus H-reflex, but it did increase state anxiety; (2) acute exercise reduced the soleus H-reflex after consumption of either caffeine or placebo, but it reduced state anxiety only after consumption of caffeine; and (3) there was no evidence of a relationship between changes in the soleus H-reflex and state anxiety. Exercise-induced anxiolysis does not appear to underlie the postexercise reduction of the soleus H-reflex.
Establishing Successful Breastfeeding in the Newborn Period

The first days after delivery of a newborn infant are critical for breastfeeding establishment. Successful initiation and continuation-especially of exclusive breastfeeding-have become public health priorities, but it is fraught with many individual- and systems-level barriers. In this article, we review how hospital newborn services can be constructed or restructured to support the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad so that they can achieve high levels of breastfeeding success. Important positive and negative factors from the prenatal period, and the preparation for hospital discharge are also discussed.
INDUSTRY CULTURE AND INDUSTRY ECONOMY: CORRELATES OF TAX NONCOMPLIANCE IN SWEDEN*

Industry culture and industry economy have been used, with mixed results, to explain violations of law by corporate enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to use these theoretical concepts to examine differential noncompliance with tax law across Swedish industry in the early 1980s. A measure of noncompliance by industry is developed using tax audit data. The impact of audit policy on measured noncompliance is evaluated. Differences in industry culture are indicated by information on the presence and diffusion of techniques for noncompliance. Differences across industries in incentives to violate are indicated by bankruptcy rates and opportunities to gain through noncompliance. A hypothetical model is offered that explains the dynamic interaction of these factors and that could generate the static results reported. The paper concludes with a discussion of industry-level analysis in predicting corporate violations.
Young children's use of models and photographs as spatial representations

Abstract The ability of 2.5- and 3-year-old children to use a scale model and photographs as representations of a space is examined here, as a replication and extension of DeLoache (1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1990, 1991) . Like DeLoache, the results of the present study indicate that 2.5-year-olds have great difficulty when asked to use information from a scale model of one place; they do not have this trouble with photographs of the region. However, they have similar difficulties with using photographs when the space depicted by the photograph is characterized as belonging to another agent. This combination of results suggest that both the three-dimensionality and “ownership” may interfere with appreciating the “dual orientation” of some representations as both real things in themselves and representations of something else, as suggested by DeLoache.
PEUC-WiN: Privacy Enhancement by User Cooperation in Wireless Networks

Location awareness capabilities of today's wireless networks provide position tailored services but, at the same time, impose serious privacy implications for the wireless users. Interface identifiers allow an adversary to trace a user's movement and location over time in a wireless environment. This causes a significant privacy threat to users, since an adversary could learn a lot of information about them from their locations. Current proposed location privacy mechanisms suffer from a high rate of network disruption and degraded throughput. In this paper, we introduce a new scheme to improve the location privacy of wireless users while minimizing network disruption. The proposed scheme achieves its goals by exploiting the collaboration among users in the same coverage area of an access point in a wireless system.
Inhibitors of Apoptosis in Lymphocytes: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Compounds Related to Pifithrin-α

The chemoprotection of cells from apoptosis induced by toxins or ionizing radiation could be important for biodefense and in the treatment of acute injuries. We describe a series of small heterocycles, including fused benzothiazoles, benzimidazoles, and related compounds, that abrogate thymocyte apoptosis induced by dexamethasone and γ-irradiation. To optimize the protective activity of the previously reported pifithrin-α (PFT-α, 1), various derivatives and analogues of this and the corresponding ring-closed imidazobenzothiazole (IBT, 39) were synthesized. The aromatic analogues of 39 were more protective than 39, while the aromatic analogues of 1 were not active. Compound 19 containing a pyrrolidinyl substituent on the phenyl ring provided potent antiapoptotic activity (EC50 of 1.31 μM compared to 4.16 μM for 1). Modification of aromatic 39 with a pyrrolidinyl para substituent (compound 60) enhanced the activity, lowering the EC50 to 0.35 μM. Also, 60 provided significant protection against γ-irradiation...
Use of Cluster Analysis to Define Periods of Similar Meteorology and Precipitation Chemistry in Eastern North America. Part II: Precipitation Patterns and Pollutant Deposition

Abstract The precipitation chemistry associated with the flow patterns of transport-derived clusters has been examined. Cluster analysis was applied to transport vectors, derived from there years of daily trajectories arriving at monitoring sites, in order to define a synoptic climatology of representative three-day periods of air mass movement. The resulting clusters were successful in defining wet, dry, polluted and nonpolluted clusters, as shown by the spatial patterns of median deposition and by statistical testing. The highest pollutant depositions over the widest areas resulted from mean transport patterns with large areas of slow air mass movement over the regions of high sulfur emissions and which were frequently persistent over several periods or followed persistent clusters. There was a large amount of overlap among the chemistry distributions and large variation within most of the clusters. Seasonal differences exist within each cluster, with sulfur deposition within a given cluster generally b...
Twenty-four-hour Prolactin Profiles in Normal and Disease States: Failure of Thyroxine to Modify Prolactin Secretion

In order to assess the role of thyroid hormone on physiologically and pharmacologically induced prolactin (PRL) secretion, serum PRL concentrations were measured in 4 normal women and 4 women with various endocrinopathies before, and 4 to 6 days following, the ingestion of L-thyroxine (T4). A single 1.5 to 3.0 mg dose of oral T4 produced approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. Exogenous T4 did not significantly alter the mean concentration, or the pattern of PRL secretion during a 24-h interval in either normal individuals or 3 patients with galactorrhea. The lactating patients had elevated basal PRL levels and a blunted secretory response to intramuscular chlorpromazine; however, neither fasting PRL nor the peak response to chlorpromazine was altered by T4. L-Dopa suppression of serum PRL was not significantly influenced by T4 in these patients. In conclusion, PRL secretion remained unaltered after the administration of thyroxine in doses sufficient to produce approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. This challenges the concept that T4 and TRH are important physiologic regulators of PRL secretion.
Merlin and the ERM proteins in Schwann cells, neurons and growth cones

Merlin — the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumour suppressor protein — and members of the ezrin–radixin–moesin (ERM) family of proteins link membrane proteins with the cortical cytoskeleton and participate in various signalling pathways. They also carry out important functions in both the CNS and PNS. Schwann cells express the ERM proteins and merlin, but the absence of merlin alone results in NF2-related schwannomas, indicating that merlin has a distinct function in these cells. In neurons, the ERM proteins regulate key aspects of actin-dependent growth-cone motility. With emerging evidence of localized protein synthesis and proteolysis in growth cones, it remains a challenge to understand the role(s) of these proteins in growth cone guidance.
Rare gas diffusion in nonstoichiometric zirconium carbide

Abstract The release of tracer amounts of 133 Xe from zirconium carbide powder was measured over a range of powder compositions. Release is for the most part diffusion controlled. The activation energy and D 0 vary greatly with carbon content. For low carbon material E D is less than 80 kcal/mole; E D increases to 190 kcal/mole for ZrC 0.83 . The activation energy for ZrC 0.58 appears consistent with estimates based on metallic systems, while for higher carbides the metallic model underestimates the activation energies. A modification of the metallic activation energy model, based on diffusion in covalent systems, is suggested.
Normal levels of histamine and Tele-Methylhistamine in mast cell-deficient mouse brain

To determine the contribution by mast cells to the brain content of histamine (HA) and its metabolite tele-methylhistamine (t-MH), the number of mast cells, as well as the levels of HA and t-MH were measured in brain regions of mast cell-deficient (W/Wv) and control (+/+) mice. In agreement with earlier studies, mast cells were identified in control mouse brains, whereas W/Wv brains were devoid of mast cells. Contrary to earlier studies, no differences between these strains were found in the HA levels of any brain region, implying that mouse brain mast cells do not contribute significantly to brain HA levels. Brain t-MH levels were also not different between strains, except in hypothalamus, where W/Wv levels were higher; a significantly smaller W/Wv hypothalamus accounted for this difference. It is not certain that such differences are due to the absence of mast cells, since the W/Wv mutant is pleiomorphic, and the biochemical nature of this mutation remains uncertain. However, the absence of mast cells and presence of HA in the W/Wv mouse brain is direct evidence for the existence of non-mast cell HA in the brain. These results also show that mouse brain t-MH levels are predictive of non-mast cell HA in brain.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION XXII. THE EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID ON THE RESPIRATION OF WHEAT

Respiration in plants and animals involves a continuous series of linked reactions, of oxidative character, the end products being carbon dioxide and water. The reaction proceeds by stages, and though the actual steps may be unknown, many substances have been suggested as intermediate products. The hypothesis that the introduction into a respiring system, from without, of an excess of any one of the substances which are supposed to be intermediate stages in the metabolism, should accelerate the rate of production of carbon dioxide, forms a good basis of trial on which to test these suggested substances. On account of its frequent occurrence and apparent importance in animal metabolism, lactic acid was chosen as the sub ect of these experiments. In dealing with animals, the effect of muscular action on the rate of production of carbon dioxide has to be taken into account. In plant material there are no such complications; it is easy to secure seedlings at a stage when the root system is well developed while the shoot has not yet begun to show green. With long roots and abundance of root hairs there can be no question as to the successful penetration of the reagent, which is an important point. Wheat was accordingly chosen as the material for these experiments. It was germinated with aseptic precautions, and used when the roots were about two inches long and well supplied with root hairs. The method used for studying the respiration was that described by Osterhout,l using phenolsulphonphthalein as indicator. The normal rate of respiration (in distilled water) was taken as the reciprocal of the time required to change the indicator from pH 7.36 to pH 7.og, and was expressed as IOO percent. The actual time varied from 30 seconds to i minute, according to the age of the seedlings. After taking the normal rate of respiration, the machine was stopped and a solution of lactic acid in distilled water was substituted for the distilled water in the flask containing the seedlings. The same volume, usually IOO cc., was used in each case. The first effect was a depression in the rate of respiration, due to the necessity of saturating with carbon dioxide the volume of fresh liquid introduced into the closed system. This "satu1 Osterhout, W. J. V. Jour. Gen. Physiol. I: I7-22. I9I8. 307
Sinoatrial heart block with Wenckebach phenomenon.

Abstract Four cases of sinoatrial heart block with the Wenckebach phenomenon have been presented. All the patients were observed within a period of a few months and all but one had received digitalis in relation to the heart block. The importance of observation of long electrocardiographic tracings in the diagnosis of this disorder is emphasized. The possibility of sinoatrial heart block with Wenckebach phenomenon being an early manifestation of digitalis toxicity is suggested.
Evaluating the use of the basic knowledge assessment tool (BKAT) in critical care nursing with baccalaureate nursing students.

In this study the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) was administered to 38 senior baccalaureate nursing students prior to and following a course in critical care nursing to evaluate the reliability of the tool in measuring knowledge in critical care. Results from the study indicate that the BKAT is a valid and reliable measure of knowledge in critical care nursing in the sample studied and possibly in similar samples, and part of that knowledge is basic nursing knowledge, and the B U T measures learning. A comparison group of 73 nurses with from 1 to greater than 6 years of experience in critical care nursing had statistically significant higher scores on the BKAT than did the students. This finding is consistent with that of previous research. However, findings from the study also indicate that senior nursing students have some critical care knowledge to bring to the employment situation following graduation. The BKAT is regarded as an instrument that can assist nursing educators in schools of nursing to evaluate courses in critical care nursing and educators in the clinical setting to evaluate orientation programs. Indications also exist that the BKAT can be used as a tentative bench mark in narrowing the expectancy gap between what is learned by students and what nurse managers expect new graduates to know.
Community and in-home models.

PROVIDING AND COORDINATING cost-effective, comprehensive care for older adults who want to remain in the community but need long-term assistance are serious challenges for families and professionals. Addressing these issues will require a redesign of the care delivery system. This article describes two successful models for working with older adults in the community: the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) and a statefinanced approach that covers in-home supportive services. PACE
The fate of 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in rats

1. The fate of 3H-ring labelled, 14C-cyanide labelled and (14C=C) side chain labelled 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), 2-chlorobenzyl alcohol and 2-chlorobenzyl malononitrile (dihydro CS) in rats and isolated rat liver cells has been examined.2. CS was administered both i.v. and i.g. to rats at doses from 0.08 to 159 umol/kgand in most cases the greatest proportion of the dose was eliminated in the urine (44–100%). The principal urinary metabolites were 2-chlorohippuric acid, 1-O-(2-chlorobenzyl) glucuronic acid, 2-chlorobenzyl cysteine and 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Lesser amounts of 2-chlorophenyl acetyl glycine, 2-chlorobenzyl alcohol and 2-chlorophenyl 2-cyano propionate were identified.3. The major urinary metabolite from 2-chlorobenzyl alcohol was 2-chlorohippuric acid (43%), 2-chlorobenzyl cysteine, 2-chlorobenzoic acid and 2-chlorobenzyl glucuronic acid were identified.4. The products of dihydro-CS metabolism were 2-chlorophenyl acetyl glycine, 2-chlorophenyl 2-cyanopropionate and 2-chlorophenyl...
POPULATION AND MODALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS IN THE CORONAL REGION OF SOMATOSENSORY AREA I OF THE CAT.

By extracellular microelectrode techniques, neurons were isolated within the forepaw receiving area of primary somatosensory area I of the cat, just medial to the caudal end of the coronal sulcus. The response properties of 278 neurons were studied from several aspects, including: (a) modality specificity; (b) location and extent of receptive field; (c) responsiveness to direct electrical stimulation of the skin; (d) ability to follow iterative electrical stimulation; and (e) locus of isolation within the cortical tissue. Eighty-two per cent of the neurons responded to touch but not hair stimulation; only 6% were classed as hair sensitive. The receptive fields were uniformly small, the largest identified being 8 cm2, and were located mainly on the distal parts of the forelimb. All these neurons responded to electrical stimulation of the skin, and all tested responded to direct electrical stimulation of the cuneate nucleus. A population analysis revealed that the greatest amount of neuron activity following stimulation of the contralateral forepaw occurred 0.6–0.9 mm below the pial surface, 11–13 msec after the stimulus. The population pattern of response to direct stimulation of the cuneate nucleus was identical to that following contralateral forepaw stimulation—merely shifted 5.2 msec earlier in time. The positive phase of the surface recorded primary evoked response occurred during this peak activity. It is concluded that the afferent input to this region of the cortex comes entirely by way of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, for no other afferent influence was found necessary to explain the response pattern. The population response pattern is compared with that from the postcruciate cortex and found to be strikingly different. However, the coronal neuron population displayed an affinity to one particular subset of neurons isolated in more rostral and medial cortex.
Water Use and Urban Agriculture: Estimation and Water Saving Scenarios for Residential Kitchen Gardens

Abstract During the last years, in the city of Rome (Italy) due to social and economical trends urban agriculture is a growing phenomenon. Residential kitchen gardens in Rome are a custom started in the past, but recently they experienced a strong increase with a concentration in the city fringe. The amount and extension of these cultivated parcels has been inventoried by the Italian Institute of Agricultural Economics (INEA) in 2014 with a methodology based on photointerpretation of the very high resolution imagery provided by Google Earth. The spatial dataset, after field validation, contains around 2,700 polygons with some attributes, among which the agricultural land use (i.e. horticulture, mixed crops, orchards, vineyards and olive groves). The use of water in urban agriculture is a relevant issue both in terms of competition with other uses and in terms of safety for human health. In Rome, residential kitchen gardens may resort to municipal water supply but, due to water costs, the water abstraction from wells (legal and illegal) and canals and rivers (illegal) is common. This paper describes the estimation of the irrigation water demand of the residential kitchen gardens by taking into account various agricultural land use and two different irrigation systems. Estimations are referred to the irrigation season (April-September) by using average climatic data (1950-2000). Parcels irrigation water requirement is also evaluated in terms of sustainability by considering a scenario where rain water is harvested and stored for the irrigation season as a possible alternative or supplement to the current irrigation sources. The proposed approach could be useful for administrators for a preliminary assessment of one of the component of water use in urban areas, and to support water management activities by taking into account the beneficial role of urban agriculture.
Intensification of pressure swing adsorption processes

Scaling rules have been developed which are able to change the dimension of a pressure swing adsorption plant keeping its main performance constant. Such scaling rules result from a system of algebraic equations which arises by constraining the solution of a fairly general dimensionless mathematical model to be the same in the old and new plant configuration. Different heat and mass transfer mechanisms, purification, and multicomponent bulk separation processes, both isothermal and nonisothermal, have been considered. Furthermore, the influence of different equilibrium isotherms and the main practical limitations have been discussed. The application of these rules shows that column size can be reduced significantly by using smaller particles in shorter beds with rapid cycles.
Group insurance and lending with endogenous social collateral

Abstract We construct a dynamic model of self-enforcing insurance provision and lending to a community of borrowers who are connected by risk-sharing arrangements that are themselves subject to enforcement problems, as in Kocherlakota (1996). We show that an outside lender offering constant-consumption contracts can earn a higher profit if he conditions his repeated interactions with each borrower on the history of his interactions with all the group members (a joint liability contract), rather than on his history with that borrower only (individual liability contracts). This result holds even in the absence of informational asymmetries. The observation driving it is that with individual liability contracts, a joint welfare-maximizing group may prefer to have one or more group members default on their contracts, so that the group can consume a mix of outside funds and the defaulters' stochastic income. One contribution of our work is to give precise economic content to the concept of “social collateral” as the per-agent surplus from group risk-sharing over autarky. The group can deter its members from defaulting on their contracts with the principal by threatening to reduce that surplus.