cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced stem cell survival in familial adenomatous polyposis.

Individuals with heterozygous germline adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are born with normal appearing colons but later develop hundreds to thousands of polyps. Tumor progression apparently starts after somatic loss of the normal APC allele, but germline APC mutations may potentially alter niche stem cell survival through dominant-negative interactions or haploinsufficiency. Although morphologically occult, altered stem cell turnover or clonal evolution rates may be detected by measuring the diversity of crypt sequences, with greater diversity expected with longer lived stem cell lineages. Methylation pattern diversity (numbers of unique patterns per crypt) was higher in normal appearing crypts from four of five FAP colons compared to six non-FAP colons and one attenuated FAP colon. Simulations indicate higher FAP crypt diversity is consistent with slower clonal evolution from enhanced stem cell survival, either through increased stem cell numbers or decreased stem cell lineage extinction, which is predicted to increase progression rates to cancer. Enhanced stem cell survival was associated with APC mutations that remove some but not all catenin-binding repeats. Therefore, some APC mutations may be common in colorectal cancers because they confer occult pretumor “caretaker” and “gatekeeper” defects. FAP crypts accumulate more alterations from slower stem cell clonal evolution rather than increased error rates. In non-FAP crypts, enhanced stem cell survival conferred by somatic heterozygous APC mutations would favor fixation through occult clonal niche expansions. Heterozygous APC mutations may change stem cell survival during colorectal pretumor progression.
A multi-kilometer pseudotachylyte system as an exhumed record of earthquake rupture geometry at hypocentral depths (Colorado, USA)

Abstract A system of pseudotachylyte-bearing fault zones preserved along the Proterozoic Homestake shear zone in the southern Rocky Mountains provides an avenue for investigating earthquake processes at the hypocenter. The results of detailed field mapping suggest that pseudotachylyte may serve as a dynamic indicator of rupture directivity and yield general estimates of some earthquake source parameters when examined at the multi-kilometer, fault-system scale. Pseudotachylyte fault veins are primarily exposed within eight NE-striking, sub-vertical fault zones that have a cumulative length of more than 21 km. The fault zones are mapped for 7.3 km along strike and fan to the northeast from a 170-m-wide outcrop belt to a maximum cross-strike width of 2.3 km. Pre-existing structural control on rupture geometry is indicated by concordance between foliation and fault veins, as well as spatial coincidence between the limbs of map-scale, rootless isoclinal folds and the location of most fault zones. The central portion of the longest fault zone exhibits evidence for dextral oblique slip that involved more than 2.1 m of strike-slip offset between four parallel fault veins that are interpreted to have formed in response to a single rupture event. In addition, an along-strike continuity and systematic distribution of fault zones, a progressive northeastward decrease in pseudotachylyte volume and maximum vein thickness, and a relative scarcity of cross-cutting relationships further suggests that the majority of the frictional melt in the system may have developed in response to one (or several) multi-kilometer ruptures, as opposed to hundreds of shorter ruptures. The similarity of kilometer-scale relationships observed along the Homestake pseudotachylyte system with the subsurface slip distribution and surface geometry of present-day, strike-slip earthquakes is interpreted to indicate that frictional melting occurred within a concentrated zone of moment release or an earthquake hypocenter during one or more M w ≥ 6.3 earthquakes ( M 0 ≥ 6.9 × 10 25 dyn cm) that involved northeastward rupture propagation.
Role of Disulfide Bonds in Human Growth Hormone Binding and Dissociation in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes and Liver Plasma Membranes

The role of disulfide bonds and sulfhydryl groups in rat hepatocytes and rat liver plasma membranes in the binding of human GH (hGH) has been studied. Since hGH binding involves uptake and irreversible binding, the effect of disulfide reducing agents [dithiothreitol (DTT) and 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)] and an alkylating agent [N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)] on the time course of binding and displacement of [125I]hGH was determined in the hepatocytes and membranes. The time course of binding and displacement of [125I]hGH was similar in membranes and cells, indicating that the irreversible nature of hGH binding is not dependent upon an intact cellular structure. Both 1% ME and 10 mM DTT prevented further binding of [125I]hGH when added at 60 min of the 300-min binding incubation for both hepatocytes and plasma membranes. The ME caused some initial dissociation of bound [125I]hGH, with subsequent binding to levels that were present when the ME was added. Only ME caused an increase in nonspecific binding with the plasma membranes. Both ME and DTT caused an increase in displacement of [125I]hGH in the presence of excess unlabeled hGH. The amount of [125I]hGH remaining bound in the presence of DTT and unlabeled hGH approached nonspecific levels by 240 min of incubation. NEM caused an increase in the total [125I]hGH bound, but this was apparently due to increased nonspecific binding in the presence of NEM. The effect of the reducers on binding was not secondary to an effect on hGH, since the disulfides of [125I]hGH were not reduced under the conditions of binding with either ME or DTT. The effect of the ME or DTT on binding could be reversed or prevented by subsequent or simultaneous addition of an oxidizer such as NAD or oxidized glutathione. The data indicate that disulfide bonds in the membranes are intimately involved in the maintenance of a receptor structure necessary for hGH binding. The disruption of the disulfides also results in increased dissociation and displacement of the bound [125I]hGH, indicating a possible role in the irreversible nature of hGH binding. This represents a partial delineation of the hGH binding process.
Molar Tooth Sign of the Midbrain-Hindbrain Junction: Occurrence in Multiple Distinct Syndromes

The Molar Tooth Sign (MTS) is defined by an abnormally deep interpeduncular fossa; elongated, thick, and mal-oriented superior cerebellar peduncles; and absent or hypoplastic cerebellar vermis that together give the appearance of a "molar tooth" on axial brain MRI through the junction of the midbrain and hindbrain (isthmus region). It was first described in Joubert syndrome (JS) where it is present in the vast majority of patients with this diagnosis. We previously showed that the MTS is a component of several other syndromes, including Dekaban-Arima (DAS), Senior-Loken, and COACH (cerebellar vermis hypoplasia (CVH), oligophrenia, ataxia, coloboma, and hepatic fibrosis). Here we present evidence that the MTS is seen together with polymicrogyria, Varadi-Papp syndrome (Orofaciodigital VI (OFD VI)), and a new syndrome with encephalocele and cortical renal cysts. We also present a new patient with COACH syndrome plus the MTS. We propose that the MTS is found in multiple distinct clinical syndromes that may share common developmental mechanisms. Proper classification of patients with these variants of the MTS will be essential for localization and identification of mutant genes.
Malakoplakia of Bone: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Case: A sixty-one-year-old woman presented with right knee pain. Imaging demonstrated osteonecrosis, pathologic fracture, and a permeative lesion. A biopsy with irrigation and debridement was performed. Cultures grew Escherichia coli, and histology showed features of malakoplakia, a rare lesion of uncertain etiology usually found in the genitourinary tract. The patient was treated successfully with antibiotics. Conclusion: Malakoplakia, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of permeative bone lesions, especially in an immunocompromised patient.
The DPG methodology applied to different variational formulations of linear elasticity

Abstract The flexibility of the DPG methodology is exposed by solving the linear elasticity equations under different variational formulations, including some with non-symmetric functional settings (different infinite-dimensional trial and test spaces). The family of formulations presented is proved to be mutually ill or well-posed when using traditional energy spaces on the whole domain. Moreover, they are shown to remain well-posed when using broken energy spaces and interface variables. Four variational formulations are solved in 3D using the DPG methodology. Numerical evidence is given for both smooth and singular solutions and the expected convergence rates are observed.
Using Visual Concept Mapping to Communicate Medication Information to Patients with Low Health Literacy; A Preliminary Study

Visual concept maps, used in conjunction with verbal patient counseling, may be useful to communicate critical medication information, assist patients with remembering medication instructions, and thereby improve low literate patients’ medication adherence and health outcomes. Numerous researchers have stressed the importance of rigorous pre-testing before implementing the use of a visual tool with patients. This exploratory study represents the first pre-test of medication concept maps with first-year pharmacy students. Three concept maps were pre-tested for two chronic disease states: diabetes and asthma. These disease states were selected because the link between low literacy and poor health outcomes has been well established in relationship to them. All three concept maps were interpreted correctly by a majority of students at a rate that exceeded the American National Standards Institute mandate of a minimum of 85%, thereby indicating that the visual concept maps have potential as a communication tool. Students’ provided feedback that will be used to improve the concept maps in preparation for pre-testing them with an audience of low literate adults and then later with patients.
Using a Shared Leadership Model to Transition to a New ILS & Discovery Service: A Case Study.

This is a case study of one university library’s transition to a new, cloud-based integrated library system using a shared leadership model. The authors provide a brief introduction to the shared leadership model, and discuss the value of a team approach for selecting and implementing the new system, as well as the leadership role of key team members during the migration and transition periods, the criteria used when selecting the new discovery service, the implementation process, and what changed for the patrons and the library once the transition was completed. The article concludes with a summary of positive and negative outcomes as well as helpful and important recommendations to libraries that may be planning a similar transition.
Stability of an azoprotein hapten in the organism.

SummaryS35-sulfanilic acid was diazotized, coupled to beef serum γ-globulin and injected into rabbits. Four weeks after injection the animals were sacrificed. The liver protein, containing approximately 0.9% of the injected radioactivity, was hydrolyzed; cystine and methionine were isolated and found to contain only about 3% of the total radioactivity. Most of the activity was associated with a fraction which on chromatography behaved like an azo dye prepared from tyrosine and diazotized sulfanilic acid. It is concluded that azophenylsulfonate groups persist either unchanged or as slightly changed derivatives in the tissues over periods of more than one month.
Outcome After Microsurgery for Meningiomas Involving the Internal Auditory Canal

Background The subset of patients suffering from meningiomas truly originating in or extending into the internal auditory canal is not well described in the literature. Objective To evaluate postoperative facial motor and hearing outcomes in patients undergoing resection of meningiomas originating in or extending into the internal auditory canal. Methods Chart reviews were done of 19 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for meningiomas originating in or extending into the internal auditory canal at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, with emphasis on clinical exam and audiometry. Results Median follow-up for the entire group was 29 months. Seventy-four percent of patients had stable facial nerve function. One patient experienced improvement. Postoperative cochlear nerve function was unchanged in 74% of patients and worsened in 21% of patients. One patient with a sudden preoperative hearing loss improved to full hearing at 3 months. Conclusion Every attempt should be made to preserve hearing and facial motor function in surgical removal of posterior fossa meningiomas that originate in or extend into the internal auditory canal. Normal or nearly normal facial nerve function can be preserved in 88% of patients presenting with normal facial nerve function; serviceable hearing can be preserved in 92% of patients who present with normal hearing. A standard retrosigmoid craniotomy with drilling of the posterior canal wall of the internal auditory canal worked well in the majority of cases.
L Type Variant Forms in Cultures of Various Bacteria.

SummaryCultures of various bacteria on blood agar plates were stained in situ by methods previously described. Examination of cultures of a Gram negative bacillus (of the genus Flavobacterium) so stained revealed tiny secondary colonies similar in appearance and morphology to the L1 variant of the Streptobacillus monilliformis. The same phenomenon was observed, in a less pronounced degree, in cultures of Bacillus influensae. Bacillus fundulliformis and in cultures of certain strains of colon bacilli.
Long-Term Effects of Carbon in Reducing Uptake of Insecticidal Soil Residues by Crops

The long-term effects of one soil treatment with activated carbon in reducing the uptake of insecticidal residues from heptachlor- and aldrin-treated soils were investigated. The experiments demonstrated that one soil treatment with carbon at 2000 ppm in 1967 sufficed to substantially reduce the translocation of insecticidal residues from soils into carrots and potatoes that were grown in these soils during the following 4 growing seasons, Due to the presence of carbon in soil, the insecticidal residues became increasingly bound to the soil-carbon mixture as time progressed. making it impossible to fully recover these residues by standard extraction procedures. Although insecticidal residues were present in the carbon-treated soil, they were not as available for penetration into crops grown in these soils. The reduction in the uptake of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and γ-chlordane residues by carrots and potatoes amounted to 61-81% and to over 50% in reducing the uptake of aldrin-dieldrin residues. The reduction in insecticide uptake due to carbon in the soil was different for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and γ-chlordane, indicating different adsorption rates of these chemicals to soils and/or different penetration rates for each insecticide into crops.
ROLE OF INFERIOR VENA CAVA FILTERS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CATHETER-BASED TREATMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM: A COMPREHENSIVE META-ANALYSIS

Catheter-based treatment (CBT) is an evolving therapeutic strategy for acute pulmonary embolism (PE). We previously described in-hospital mortality rates among patients with acute PE undergoing CBT (1). Inferior vena caval (IVC) filters are often placed to prevent recurrent PE. We hypothesized that
Two schools of desire: nature and marriage in seventeenth-century Puritanism.

In Milton's description of the marriage of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost, the entire Garden of Eden is seen to participate in the celebration of their union. Spousal and nature imagery are woven together, beauty and desire joined in the mystery of Adam's amazement at this gift of his “other self” newly received from God's hand. Says Adam of his wife,To the nuptial bowerI led her blushing like the morn: all heaven,And happy constellations on that hourShed their selectest influence; the earthGave sign of gratulation, and each hill;Joyous the birds; fresh gales and gentle airsWhispered it to the woods, and from their wingsFlung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub,Disporting, till the amorous bird of nightSung spousal, and bid haste the evening starOn his hill top, to light the bridal lamp.Joyous birds, whispering breezes, welcoming stars—they all share in the couple's holy delight in each other and in God.
The production of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating activity by isolated human T lymphocyte subpopulations

Isolated human T lymphocyte subpopulations were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using the murine monoclonal antibodies, OKT4 and OKT8. The capabilities of the isolated lymphocytes to produce granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in response to mitogen challenge were assessed by in vitro assays employing light density nonadherent bone marrow cells. Essentially, no CSA production was noted by any isolated T lymphocyte population [OKT4 positive (+) or OKT8 positive (+)] cultured alone or following the addition of 10(4) autologous monocytes/ml. When phytohemagglutinin (PHA) alone was added, OKT4+ lymphocytes elaborated small amounts of CSA. With the addition of concanavalin A (Con-A) alone, both OKT4+ and OKT8+ cells were able to produce modest amounts of CSA. Significantly enhanced CSA production was observed when either OKT4+ or OKT8+ lymphocytes were coincubated with autologous monocytes in the presence of mitogen. We conclude that highly purified T lymphocyte subpopulations, free of monocytes as assessed by nonspecific esterase staining, can elaborate small amounts of CSA in response to PHA or Con-A challenge. A synergistic augmentation of CSA production was noted with coincubation of sorted lymphocytes and autologous monocytes in the presence of mitogen. Finally, our results suggest that the ability of T lymphocytes to make CSA is not exclusively limited to either the OKT4+ or OKT8+ defined subsets.
Tropical amphibians in shifting thermal landscapes under land-use and climate change

Land-cover and climate change are both expected to alter species distributions and contribute to future biodiversity loss. However, the combined effects of land-cover and climate change on assemblages, especially at the landscape scale, remain understudied. Lowland tropical amphibians may be particularly susceptible to changes in land cover and climate warming because many species have narrow thermal safety margins resulting from air and body temperatures that are close to their critical thermal maxima (CTmax ). We examined how changing thermal landscapes may alter the area of thermally suitable habitat (TSH) for tropical amphibians. We measured microclimates in 6 land-cover types and CTmax of 16 frog species in lowland northeastern Costa Rica. We used a biophysical model to estimate core body temperatures of frogs exposed to habitat-specific microclimates while accounting for evaporative cooling and behavior. Thermally suitable habitat area was estimated as the portion of the landscape where species CTmax exceeded their habitat-specific maximum body temperatures. We projected changes in TSH area 80 years into the future as a function of land-cover change only, climate change only, and combinations of land-cover and climate-change scenarios representing low and moderate rates of change. Projected decreases in TSH area ranged from 16% under low emissions and reduced forest loss to 30% under moderate emissions and business-as-usual land-cover change. Under a moderate emissions scenario (A1B), climate change alone contributed to 1.7- to 4.5-fold greater losses in TSH area than land-cover change only, suggesting that future decreases in TSH from climate change may outpace structural habitat loss. Forest-restricted species had lower mean CTmax than species that occurred in altered habitats, indicating that thermal tolerances will likely shape assemblages in changing thermal landscapes. In the face of ongoing land-cover and climate change, it will be critical to consider changing thermal landscapes in strategies to conserve ectotherm species.
How Many Physically Significant Solutions are There to the Self-Induced Transparency Equations?

The interaction of a coherent electromagnetic wave with a collection of two-level atoms is of major theoretical importance in the study of the interaction of light with matter, not only because analytical solutions can be obtained but also because experiments can be devised which closely approximate this ideal case. In the past there has been some controversy concerning the interpretation of the analytical solutions to this problem [1]. Although previously unpublished, the controversy is real and the problem is of sufficient fundamental importance to demand its resolution. Such is the purpose of the work described here.
The Sidney Burial : A Middle Plains Archaic mortuary site from Western Nebraska

The remains of a Middle Archaic (radiocarbon dated to 2288 - 2466 B.C.) young adult male and an infant of indeterminate sex were discovered eroding from a road cut near Sidney, Nebraska, and excavated. Associated cultural materials included amazonite pendants that suggest trade routes and (along with fragments of a perforated turtle carapace) represent the earliest regional examples of ornamentation in direct association with a burial. The funerary items and burial style tenuously link the Sidney Burial (25CN55) with the Oxbow Complex, best represented in the northern Plains.
Secular dimming of KIC 8462852 following its consumption of a planet

The Kepler-field star KIC 8462852, an otherwise apparently ordinary F3 main-sequence star, showed several highly unusual dimming events of variable depth and duration. Adding to the mystery was the discovery that KIC 8462852 faded by 14% from 1890 to 1989, as well as by another 3% over the 4 year Kepler mission. Following an initial suggestion by Wright & Sigurdsson, we propose that the secular dimming behavior is the result of the inspiral of a planetary body or bodies into KIC 8462852, which took place ~10 to 1e4 years ago (depending on the planet mass). Gravitational energy released as the body inspirals into the outer layers of the star caused a temporary and unobserved brightening, from which the stellar flux is now returning to the quiescent state. The transient dimming events could then be due to obscuration by planetary debris from an earlier partial disruption of the same inspiraling bodies, or due to evaporation and out-gassing from a tidally detached moon system. Alternatively, the dimming events could arise from a large number of bodies comet- or planetesimal-mass bodies placed onto high eccentricity orbits by the same mechanism (e.g. Lidov-Kozai oscillations due to the outer M-dwarf companion) responsible for driving the more massive planets into KIC 8462852. The required high occurrence rate of KIC 8462852-like systems which have undergone recent major planet inspiral event(s) is the greatest challenge to the model, placing large lower limits on the mass of planetary systems surrounding F stars and/or requiring an unlikely probability to catch KIC 8462852 in its current state.
Ethnic/racial discrimination moderates the effect of sleep quality on school engagement across high school.

Objective Previous research has indicated that school engagement tends to decline across high school. At the same time, sleep problems and exposure to social stressors such as ethnic/racial discrimination increase. The current study uses a biopsychosocial perspective to examine the interactive and prospective effects of sleep and discrimination on trajectories of academic performance. Method Growth curve models were used to explore changes in 6 waves of academic outcomes in a sample of 310 ethnically and racially diverse adolescents (mean age = 14.47 years, SD = .78, and 64.1% female). Ethnic/racial discrimination was assessed at Time 1 in a single survey. Sleep quality and duration were also assessed at Time 1 with daily diary surveys. School engagement and grades were reported every 6 months for 3 years. Results Higher self-reported sleep quality in the ninth grade was associated with higher levels of academic engagement at the start of high school. Ethnic/racial discrimination moderated the relationship between sleep quality and engagement such that adolescents reporting low levels of discrimination reported a steeper increase in engagement over time, whereas their peers reporting poor sleep quality and high levels of discrimination reported the worse engagement in the ninth grade and throughout high school. Conclusion The combination of poor sleep quality and high levels of discrimination in ninth grade has downstream consequences for adolescent academic outcomes. This study applies the biopsychosocial model to understand the development and daily experiences of diverse adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
Educational Programming for "Cultural Bricolage": Artists' Books Conference and Exhibition.

LAUNCHING an ambitious cycle of educational programming can be daunting, especially when the subject of it is unavailable. With some perseverance, flexibility, and a lot of collaboration, the obsta...
Kinetic properties and regulation of GABAA receptor channels.

The neutral amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA is released from GABAergic neurons and binds to both GABAA and GABAB receptors. The GABAA receotor is a macromolecular protein composed of a chloride ion-selective channel with specific binding sites at least for GABA, picrotoxin,barbiturates,and benzodiazepines (Table 1). GABA binds to GABAA receptors to regulate gating (opening and closing) of the chloride ion channel. The gating properties of the GABAA receptor will be discussed in detail in this review. TABLE 1 GABAA Receptors Selective agonists Competitive antagonist Noncompetitive TBPS antagonists Channel blocker Benzodiazepine receptor agonists Benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists Benzodiazepine receptor agonists Barbiturate receptor agonists “Anesthetic steroid receptor” agonist Channel selectivity Subunit composition Muscimol, GABA Bicuculline Picrotoxin, PTZ Penicillin Diazepam, clonazepam DMCM, βCCM Ro 15-1788 Pentobarbital, phenobarbital Alphaxalone Cl- α, β, γ, δ, ρ
Rethinking Stereotypes of Family Housing in Japan and the USA

This chapter continues the comparative family housing studies offered at our last seminar (Howell, 1990). At that time the focus was mainly on incidents illustrative of family dynamics in the socialization of children in Japanese and U.S. homes. Theories of child development were invoked to explain what was perceived in panel households.
Purine and pyrimidine antagonism in a pyrimidine-deficient mutant of Neurospora.

The present study is concerned with the inhibition of growth of the pyrimidine-deficient Neurospora mutant, No. 1298, by the naturally occurring purine ribonucleotides and ribonucleosides. This experimentally produced strain, unlike the wild type, is unable to synthesize the pyrimidine ribonucleosides on a medium containing inorganic salts, carbohydrate, and biotin. Normal growth takes place, however, when the medium is supplemented with either cytidine or uridine or the corresponding nucleotides. It has been found that adenosine and adenosine-3-phosphate (yeast adenylic acid) inhibit the utilization of the pyrimidine compounds to a varying degree. An amount of adenine nucleoside which is sufficient to inhibit growth completely on the quantity of cytidine used has no inhibitory effect on an equivalent amount of uridine. The addition of an equimolar amount of uridine to a mixture of cytidine and adenosine in which no growth takes place results in the elimination of the antagonism. In contrast to the effect of adenosine and adenylic acid on this mutant strain of Neurospora, adenine shows no inhibitory properties at comparable concentrations. A similar inhibitory effect on the utilization of the pyrimidine nucleosides was found for guanosine and guanylic acid, but larger amounts of these compounds were required to produce inhibition under the same conditions. Guanine like adenine failed to cause inhibition at moderate concentrations.
Beginning the Journey: Research Evidence from the Schoolhouse Door to Capitol Hill

The need for understanding the definition and use of research in education has been driven by policy, advocated by groups, and defined and used in a variety of ways and settings. Given this complexity, we currently lack a clear understanding of the value and use of research evidence in educational policy and practice. In this chapter we posit the need for a text on the use of research evidence in the educational endeavor that links all levels of the educational system. We take a systems perspective and provide the background and context for the use of research evidence in educational systems from the school, to the district, to state and federal levels. We provide a general overview of the book, as well as chapter-by-chapter overviews.
Prokaryotic Systems Biology

Prokaryotic systems biology is a holistic biological approach that enables comprehensive understanding of an organism. However, two opposing strategies have been proposed to attain such understanding: the top-down and bottom-up approaches. Here we present a review of the current status of the prokaryotic systems biology field against the backdrop of the top-down vs. bottom-up debate, including such topics as current experimental and computational methods and recent literature findings. We use four prokaryotic model systems as examples, including E. coli, Caulobacter crescentus, Halobacterium NRC-1, and Helicobacter pylori. We posit that systems biology programs which pursue an integrated combination of both approaches will be the most successful in attaining comprehensive systems-level understanding of prokaryotic model organisms
When Mixed Layers Are Not Mixed. Storm‐Driven Mixing and Bio‐optical Vertical Gradients in Mixed Layers of the Southern Ocean

Author(s): Carranza, MM; Gille, ST; Franks, PJS; Johnson, KS; Pinkel, R; Girton, JB | Abstract: Mixed layers are defined to have homogeneous density, temperature, and salinity. However, bio-optical profiles may not always be fully homogenized within the mixed layer. The relative timescales of mixing and biological processes determine whether bio-optical gradients can form within a uniform density mixed layer. Vertical profiles of bio-optical measurements from biogeochemical Argo floats and elephant seal tags in the Southern Ocean are used to assess biological structure in the upper ocean. Within the hydrographically defined mixed layer, the profiles show significant vertical variance in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) fluorescence and particle optical backscatter. Biological structure is assessed by fitting Chl-a fluorescence and particle backscatter profiles to functional forms (i.e., Gaussian, sigmoid, exponential, and their combinations). In the Southern Ocean, which characteristically has deep mixed layers, only 40% of nighttime bio-optical profiles were characterized by a sigmoid, indicating a well-mixed surface layer. Of the remaining 60% that showed structure, ∼40% had a deep fluorescence maximum below 20-m depth that correlated with particle backscatter. Furthermore, a significant fraction of these deep fluorescence maxima were found within the mixed layer (20–80%, depending on mixed-layer depth definition and season). Results suggest that the timescale between mixing events that homogenize the surface layer is often longer than biological timescales of restratification. We hypothesize that periods of quiescence between synoptic storms, which we estimate to be ∼3–5ndays (depending on season), allow bio-optical gradients to develop within mixed layers that remain homogeneous in density.
Potenzialanalyse zur Energiekostenoptimierung von Produktionsanlagen

Kurzfassung Produzierende Unternehmen konnen zukunftig, neben dem Einsparen von Energie, durch die Bereitstellung ihrer zeitlichen Flexibilitat des Energieverbrauchs wirtschaftlich von volatilen St...
Community engagement and subgroup meta-knowledge: some factors in the soul of a community

The Knight Foundation collects data to determine what factors impact community satisfaction, local GDP growth, and interest in Knight news publications. For the 2013 Data Expo at the Joint Statistical Meetings, participants created graphical explorations of these data. This article focuses on the idea of community meta-knowledge, which is essentially majority group empathy or understanding of how minorities experience their community. For example, the survey asks participants to rate their community “as a place for senior citizens,” on a 5-point Likert scale. A city where seniors rated their community in the same way as non-seniors is defined as a community with high meta-knowledge about conditions for seniors. Three minority groups were explored: seniors, families with young children, and racial minorities. In most communities, people outside the minority group tended to under-rate their community, compared to those in the minority group. However, meta knowledge about racial minorities stood out as an exception.
A Clinical Approach to Training Effective Data Scientists.

Like medicine, psychology, or education, data science is fundamentally an applied discipline, with most students who receive advanced degrees in the field going on to work on practical problems. Unlike these disciplines, however, data science education remains heavily focused on theory and methods, and practical coursework typically revolves around cleaned or simplified data sets that have little analog in professional applications. We believe that the environment in which new data scientists are trained should more accurately reflect that in which they will eventually practice and propose here a data science master's degree program that takes inspiration from the residency model used in medicine. Students in the suggested program would spend three years working on a practical problem with an industry, government, or nonprofit partner, supplemented with coursework in data science methods and theory. We also discuss how this program can also be implemented in shorter formats to augment existing professional masters programs in different disciplines. This approach to learning by doing is designed to fill gaps in our current approach to data science education and ensure that students develop the skills they need to practice data science in a professional context and under the many constraints imposed by that context.
Intersection Cohomology on Nonrational Polytopes

We consider a fan as a ringed space (with finitely many points). We develop the corresponding sheaf theory and functors, such as direct image Rπ* (π is a subdivision of a fan), Verdier duality, etc. The distinguished sheaf \(\mathcal{L}_\Phi\), called the minimal sheaf plays the role of an equivariant intersection cohomology complex on the corresponding toric variety (which exists if Φ is rational). Using \(\mathcal{L}_\Phi\) we define the intersection cohomology space IH(Φ). It is conjectured that a strictly convex piecewise linear function on Φ acts as a Lefschetz operator on IH(Φ). We show that this conjecture implies Stanley's conjecture on the unimodality of the generalized h-vector of a convex polytope.
Iron Bioavailability from Multiple Biofortified Foods Using an In Vitro Digestion, Caco-2 Assay for Optimizing a Cyclical Menu for a Randomized Efficacy Trial

Background Inadequate nutritional status contributes to substantial losses in human health and productivity globally. A multiple biofortified food crop trial targeting iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies among young children and their breastfeeding mothers is being conducted in India. Objective We sought to determine the relative iron bioavailability from biofortified and conventional crops and crop combinations representative of a cyclical menu using crops targeted for inclusion in the feeding trial. Methods Crops were procured from India, cooked, freeze-dried, and analyzed with an established in vitro digestion/Caco-2 iron bioavailability assay using a fixed sample weight. Crop proportions representative of meals planned for the human study were determined and combined such that samples included either all biofortified or all control crops. Crops were analyzed as single crops (n = 4) or crop combinations (n = 7) by variety (biofortified or control) in triplicate. The primary outcome was iron uptake measured by Caco-2 ferritin production normalized to total Caco-2 protein (nanograms of ferritin/milligrams of cell protein) analyzed for effects of crop variety and crop proportion using generalized linear models. Results Biofortified pearl millet alone demonstrated higher iron uptake than conventional varieties (5.01 ± 1.66 vs. 2.17 ± 0.96; P = 0.036). Addition of sweet potato or sweet potato + pulse improved iron uptake for all proportions tested in control varieties and select proportions for biofortified varieties (P ≤ 0.05). Two multiple crop combinations demonstrated modestly higher iron uptake from biofortified crops. Conclusions Optimizing total iron delivery should consider matrix effects, processing, and promoters/inhibitors of iron absorption in addition to total iron concentration. Future directions include evaluating recipes as prepared for consumption and comparison against human iron bioavailability studies.
Assessment of Written Feedback for Emergency Medicine Residents.

OBJECTIVES An essential component of resident growth is a learning environment with high-quality feedback. Criteria have been developed for characterizing and assessing written feedback quality in internal medicine residents by Jackson et al. Our primary goal was to describe feedback characteristics and assess the quality of written feedback for emergency medicine (EM) residents. Our secondary goals were to evaluate the relation between feedback quality and objective outcome measures. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted between July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2018. EM residents with an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education composite score (ACS), an in-service score, and written evaluations completed by an attending physician or EM resident in each of the 2 years of the study period were included. RESULTS Overall, most of the evaluations contained 1 (21%), 2 (23%), or 3 (17%) feedback items. Feedback tended to be positive (82%) and the feedback quality of the evaluations was more likely to be high (44%). There was an association between feedback quality and ACS change (P < 0.0001), but not in-service score change (P = 0.63). Resident evaluations were more likely than attending evaluations to correlate with ACS change (P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS The written evaluations contained few individual feedback items. Evaluations generally focused on the feedback characteristics of professionalism and interpersonal communication. The general feedback quality of evaluations tended to be high and correlated with an increase in ACSs.
Concreteness of thoughts and images during suppression and expression of worry.

Abstract The avoidance theory of worry (Borkovec, Alcaine, & Behar, 2004) posits that the verbal-linguistic (versus imagery-based) nature of worry elicits abstract (versus concrete) processing, which inhibits affective responding and generates a host of negative consequences. Although suppression of worrisome thinking is maladaptive (Purdon, 1999), expression of worry using vivid imagery may increase concreteness of worrisome thinking and facilitate more adaptive emotional responding. The present study examined whether the valence, content, and expression of mentation impacts concreteness of thought. Participants (N = 62) were randomly assigned to verbalize their thoughts while engaging in either verbal-linguistic- or imagery-based mentation about both worrisome and neutral topics. Participants were also randomly assigned to engage in a 5-min period of suppressing or expressing the target stimuli before engaging in 5-min of freely expressing the targets. Verbalizations of mental content were coded for level of abstractness/concreteness. For neutral stimuli, imagery-based mentation led to greater concreteness than did verbal-linguistic mentation; however, for worrisome stimuli, imagery-based mentation did not enhance concreteness. In addition, for neutral (but not worrisome) stimuli, an initial period of suppression was associated with increased concreteness during subsequent expression. Imagery-based mentation about worrisome stimuli may not enhance concreteness; moreover, unlike suppression of neutral stimuli, suppression of worrisome stimuli may maintain, rather than ameliorate, abstractness of thought.
We Need Fuzzy Techniques to Design Successful Human-Like Robots

In this chapter, we argue that to make sure that human-like robots exhibit human-like behavior, we need to use fuzzy techniques—and we also provide details of this usage. The chapter is intended both for researchers and practitioners who are very familiar with fuzzy techniques and also for researchers and practitioners who do not know these techniques—but who are interested in designing human-like robots.
Low temperature synthesis of bulk Boron Nitride Nanoplatelets with and without metallic binder

Abstract Boron Nitride Nanoplatelets (BNNP) are consolidated into a bulk form using a low energy processing route that consisted of cryogenic milling, cold isostatic pressing, and a short, mild heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm the presence of the secondary metallic constituent and the different phases of Boron Nitride (BN). Unique features of BNNP such as platelet stacking and kinking are retained. A secondary metallic constituent is also included to improve processability and to enhance structural support in the bulk structure. Mechanical properties were evaluated using microhardness testing and nanoindentation. Relative density, elastic modulus, and hardness increased with the incorporation of Al binder contents of as low as 10 vol %. A high degree of load transfer efficiency is demonstrated in higher metallic binder content composites (50 vol % Al) by comparing theoretical and experimentally measured microhardness values. This study presents a novel template for manufacturing bulk 2D nanomaterials using simple and low energy processing.
Evangelizing socialism in rural Japan: imagining utopia during the Russo-Japanese war

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), members of the Heiminsha, the nascent socialist group based in Tokyo, created and promoted a program ‘evangelizing’ socialism in the Japanese countryside....
Inhibitory Effect of Ascorbic Acid on in vitro Enzymatic Digestion of Raw and Cooked Starches

Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, was previously reported to inhibit the activity of pancreatic α-amylase, the primary digestive enzyme for starch. A major implication of such inhibition is a slowed rate of starch digestion into glucose, which thereby reduces postprandial hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to explore the inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid at various concentrations on the in vitro digestion of high amylose maize starch (HAMS) and potato starch (PS) in both raw and cooked conditions. Resistant starch (RS) content, defined as the starch remained after 4 h of simulated in vitro enzymatic digestion, was measured for the starch samples. Upon the addition of ascorbic acid, the RS contents increased in both raw and cooked starches. Cooking significantly reduced the RS contents as compared to raw starches, and less increase in RS was observed with the addition of ascorbic acid. The inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid on the digestion of raw starches showed a dose-dependent trend until it reached the maximum extent of inhibition. At the concentration of 12.5 mg/mL, ascorbic acid exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on the in vitro starch digestion in both raw and cooked conditions. Overall, our results strongly indicate that ascorbic acid may function as a glycemic modulatory agent beyond other important functions, and its effects persist upon cooking with certain concentrations applied.
Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis of Spondylolisthesis

This chapter reviews the imaging techniques used in the evaluation of spondylolisthesis. Available modalities include radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, and scintigraphy. Optimal utilization of these techniques can result in an accurate assessment with little or no risk to the patient. The strengths of each modality will be discussed along with the limitations so that the reader can gain a sense of how to proceed with the diagnostic workup. The diagnosis of spondylolisthesis is usually first made on radiography which may or may not be performed with the specific diagnosis in mind. The severity of disease can be established and stability can be assessed. MRI is usually the next step if more information is needed regarding spinal canal or neural foraminal compromise. Computed tomography yields superior visualization of bone detail, particularly useful in the diagnosis of spondylolysis. Scintigraphy depicts metabolic changes in areas of bone turnover. Examples of findings in each modality in cases of spondylolisthesis will be provided, along with a discussion of the differences in imaging findings in spondylolisthesis according to the etiology of disease.
Differential Fertility as a Determinant of Trends in Public Opinion about Abortion in the United States (WP-14-11)

Differential fertility is frequently overlooked as a meaningful force in longitudinal public opinion change. We examine the effect of fertility on abortion attitudes, a useful case study due to their strong correlation with family size and high parent-child correlation. We test the hypothesis that the comparatively high fertility of pro-life individuals has led to a more pro-life population using 34 years of GSS data (1977-2010). We find evidence that the abortion attitudes have lagged behind a liberalizing trend of other correlated attitudes, and consistent evidence that differential fertility between pro-life and pro-choice individuals has had a significant effect on this pattern. Future studies should account for differential fertility as a meaningful force of cohort replacement in studies of public opinion where parents and children are likely to share the same attitude.