cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coding vs. Packet Retransmission over Noisy Channels

In many packet-based communication systems such as TCP/IP-based systems, packets are communicated over a noisy physical layer (a channel), and if a packet cannot be decoded correctly, then the transport layer retransmits it. Of course, retransmissions consume significant resources and their use should be limited. However, decreasing the likelihood of retransmission requires to encode the packets with strong channel codes in the physical layer, which also requires additional channel resources. In this paper, we study the cross-layer tradeoff between coding and packet retransmissions, and optimize over the total channel resource consumption. We show that as the packet length k increases, the redundancy r beyond the k/C channel uses implied by Shannon's channel capacity C is Theta(radickln(k)) extra channel uses. Moreover, as k increases we must use stronger channel codes. We then apply these results to universal coding over a piecewise memoryless channel with transitions between unknown i.i.d. statistics. Our constructive universal algorithm has redundancy r=O(k2/3radicln(k)) using packets of polynomially increasing lengths while accounting for possible packet drops caused by transitions in the statistics.
Provitamin A carotenoid intake and carotid artery plaques: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

We examined the cross-sectional association between intake of carotenoids with provitamin A activity and carotid artery plaques in 12,773 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study aged 45-64 y. Usual diet was assessed with a 66-item food-frequency questionnaire. Plaques were examined by B-mode ultrasound of multiple carotid artery segments. In both women and men, those in the highest quintile of carotenoid consumption had a lower prevalence of plaques (women, 25.4%; men, 36.0%) than those in the lowest quintile of carotenoid consumption (women, 29.3%; men, 39.8%). The prevalence odds ratios contrasting extreme intake quintiles were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.97) in women and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.01) in men. The associations diminished slightly after potential confounders were adjusted for. In women, the inverse association was particularly strong for current smokers (adjusted odds ratio contrasting extreme quintiles: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.98). In men, no such effect modification by smoking was seen. The inverse association was somewhat stronger in men aged 55-64 y than in those aged 45-54 y, whereas age made little difference in women. These findings, together with previous findings that carotenoid intake was unrelated to average carotid artery wall thickness, suggest that carotenoids may exert their influence later rather than earlier in the atherosclerotic process, and support the hypothesis that carotenoids or other plant-derived compounds may play a role in preventing arterial plaque formation.
Biomass conversion to H2 with substantially suppressed CO2 formation in the presence of Group I & Group II hydroxides and a Ni/ZrO2 catalyst.

The production of H2 with substantially suppressed CO2 formation is achieved using Group I and II hydroxides in the alkaline thermal treatment of cellulose. Although strong hydroxides (e.g., NaOH) have shown greater conversion to H2 with minimal gaseous byproducts, similar performance is also achieved with Ca(OH)2, using a Ni/ZrO2 catalyst.
Effect of Truncated Demand and Capacity Distributions on Reliability of Pipelines

Reliability of pipelines has been considered assuming different probability continuous distributions of demand and capacities. These distributions in reality can be truncated at the tails by physical constraints such as pressure relief valves (demand truncation), and hydro-testing (capacity truncation). This paper describes the effect of truncations on the reliability of pipelines. The effect of truncation by relief valves on the demand distribution is studied first; the effect of truncation by hydro-testing on the capacity distribution is studied second; and last, the combined effect of truncation on demand and capacity is studied. A comparison and analysis of results is presented to assess the importance of truncated distributions of demand and capacity on the reliability of pipelines. The results show that truncated distributions can have large effects on the reliability and should be accounted for, since they can alter significantly inspection and management policies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Toxicity in Children: A Clinical Review

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most widely used classes of medications in children. Despite a reported positive safety profile, NSAIDs have been associated with toxicities in both overdose and routine use. Most children with NSAID overdoses are asymptomatic and should be managed conservatively, whereas a small number may present with severe symptoms. We review NSAID exposures in children and strategies for their clinical evaluation and management.
'Controlling Jurisdiction' and the Duty to Disclose Adverse Authority: Florida's District Courts of Appeal Reign Supreme on Matters of First Impression

The duty of candor to the tribunal, a core value of the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar, requires lawyers to disclose to the tribunal adverse precedent from a “controlling jurisdiction.” Many Florida lawyers, however, might be surprised to learn that when it comes to the opinions of Florida’s district courts of appeal, a court’s physical jurisdictional boundaries may be irrelevant to an opinion’s precedential weight. In Florida, until a conflict arises among the district courts (or until the Supreme Court rules) on any matter of first impression, the opinion of any one district court is binding and controlling precedent, statewide, on all other lower-level state tribunals.
Investigation on Tensile Fracture Behavior of NEPE Propellant

The change situation on mechanical performance of NEPE propellant under different test temperatures and tensile rates was investigated by uni-axial tensile mechanical performance tests. The morphology of propellant tensile fracture surface was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in-situ tensile SEM. The results show that the maximum elongation of NEPE propellant testing at low temperature is significantly lower than that at ambient temperature, and the maximum tensile strength of NEPE propellant at low temperature is significantly higher than that at ambient temperature and high temperature. The damage of NEPE propellant is mainly reflected in binder tearing and solid particle fracturing. The damage degree of propellant structure during fracturing under high temperature and low tensile rate test condition is larger. The damage of NEPE propellant firstly occurs in the solid particle accumulation zone and then enters into network structure of binder. The fracture process of propellant is a competitive process between stretching orientation and crack growth of propellant.
The Lipid Clinic Concept

It brings to bear on the treatment of atherosclerosis and other hyperlipidemic manifestations the combined efforts of several disciplines, including not only medicine but surgery, biochemistry, and pharmacology as well. If dietary and drug therapy fail to lower serum lipids to acceptable levels in certain classes of patients, surgical bypass of a portion of the small bowel often achieves the desired result.
SwiftGPU: fostering energy efficiency in a near-threshold GPU through a tactical performance boost

In this paper, we investigate the challenges of preserving energy-efficiency in a Near-Threshold Computing (NTC) GPU. Two key factors can significantly undermine the efficacy of GPUs at NTC: (a) elongated delays at NTC make the GPU applications severely sensitive to Multi-cycle Latency Datapaths (MLDs) within the GPU pipeline; and (b) process variation (PV) at NTC induces a substantial performance variance. To address these emerging challenges, we propose SwiftGPU — an energy-efficient GPU design paradigm at NTC. SwiftGPU dynamically adjusts the degree of parallelization, and the speed of the MLDs within each stream core of the GPU. The proposed scheme achieves an average of ∼15% improvement in energy-efficiency over an ideal PV-free GPU, operating at the Super-Threshold regime. SwiftGPU incurs marginal area, wire-length and power overheads of 0.65%, 2.6% and 3.7%, respectively.
Demonstration of Ge Nanowire CMOS Devices and Circuits for Ultimate Scaling

In this paper, Ge nanowire (NW) CMOS devices and circuits are analyzed in detail. Various experiment splits are studied, including device geometry parameters such as the channel lengths ( $L_{\mathrm{ ch}}$ ) from 100 to 40 nm, a NW height ( $H_{\mathrm{ NW}}$ ) of 10 nm, the NW widths ( $W_{\mathrm{ NW}}$ ) from 40 to 10 nm, and the dielectric equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOTs) of 2 and 5 nm, and four types of device operation modes of accumulation mode (AM) and inversion mode (IM) n-type MOSFETs and p-type MOSFETs. Benefited from the NW structure with scaled EOT, subthreshold swing (SS) as low as 64 mV/dec and maximum transconductance ( $g_{\max }$ ) as high as $1057~\mu \text{S}/\mu \text{m}$ are obtained on the Ge NW nMOSFETs. The NW pMOSFETs are also realized on the same common substrate. Furthermore, hybrid Ge NW CMOS with AM nMOSFET and IM pMOSFET is demonstrated for the first time on a Si substrate. The highest maximum voltage gain reaches 54 V/V in the Ge NW CMOS inverters.
The Private Impact of Public Maps: Landsat Satellite Imagery and Gold Exploration

For centuries, governments have invested in new maps of poorly-understood geographies and yet the economic value of publicly-provided geographic information remains unexamined. To shed light on this topic, I focus on the impact of Landsat, a NASA satellite mapping program, on shaping the discovery of new deposits in the gold exploration industry. Exploiting quasi-random gaps in mapping coverage, I find that information from Landsat nearly doubled the rate of significant new discoveries and disproportionately supported the junior sector of the industry. These findings suggest an important role for the public provision of basic knowledge in encouraging industry performance and entrepreneurship.
Activated c-Abl in FUS1 haploinsufficient non-small cell lung carcinoma

2877 The-Abl protein is widely expressed in all tissues but oncogenically activated forms of c-Abl are restricted to hematopoietic malignancies (e.g. Philadelphia chromosome+ chronic myeloid leukemia involving BCR-ABL fusions). The c-Abl protein is a tightly regulated tyrosine kinase that is located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The nuclear form of c-Abl protein is known to be activated in response to DNA damage. Cytoplasmic c-Abl is associated with growth factor receptor signaling, cell mobility, and cell adhesion. The Bcr protein is known to be a negative regulator of c-Abl and Bcr-Abl oncoproteins (1,2). In addition, PAG down-regulates c-Abl by interaction with the SH3 domain. (3). In lung cancer, frequent loss of one allele of chromosome arm 3p is seen in both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), providing evidence of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in this chromosome region (4,5). The FUS1 gene has been identified in this critical chromosome region and is considered a novel tumor suppressor gene. The mechanism of Fus1 tumor suppressor activity is unknown. We have found that a Fus1 peptide inhibits the c-Abl tyrosine kinase in vitro (IC50 35 μM). The inhibitory sequence was derived from a region that was deleted in one of the mutant Fus1 proteins detected in some lung cancer cell lines. Importantly, a stearic acid (C18 fatty acid) modified form of this peptide was required for the inhibition, but stearic acid alone was not inhibitory. Of interest, the myristate (C14) fatty acid bound to the amino terminal segment of c-Abl is thought to be involved in auto-inhibition of c-Abl (6). We tested the effects of the Fus1 peptide on foci formation using Rat-1 cells transformed with an activated c-Abl tyrosine kinase. We found that the stearic acid-Fus-1 peptide (40 μM) blocked foci formation. These findings suggest that one of the activities of the Fus1 tumor suppressor protein is to interfere with c-Abl tyrosine kinase function. Analysis of two lung cancer cell lines with allelic loss in this 3p21.3 region, leading to haploinsufficiency in the FUS1 gene, suggest that activated c-Abl may play a role in FUS1 deleted lung cancers. Immunoprecipitation/ pTyr Western blots studies and in vitro Abl kinase assays showed that the A549 and H1299 cell lines contained an activated c-Abl protein. Further studies are in progress to investigate Fus1/Abl interaction and to identify sequences within FUS1 that are critical for c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibition. 1. Lin et al., Oncogene 20,1873-1881, 2001 2. Ling et al., Cancer Research 63, 298-303, 2003 3.Wen and Van Etten, Genes and Development 11, 2456-2467, 1997 4. Kondo et al., Oncogene 20, 6258-6262, 2001 5. Uno et al. Cancer Research 64, 2969-2976, 20046. Hantschel et al., Cell 112, 845-857, 2003
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain LRB.

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a Gram-positive facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium. It is often isolated from the gastrointestinal tract, mouth, vagina, and fermented dairy products. We have isolated the L. rhamnosus strain LRB from a healthy baby tooth that had naturally fallen out. Here, we report the annotated whole-genome sequence of LRB.
Intrinsic material property differences in bone tissue from patients suffering low-trauma osteoporotic fractures, compared to matched non-fracturing women.

Abstract Osteoporotic (low-trauma) fractures are a significant public health problem. Over 50% of women over 50 yrs. of age will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetimes. While current therapies reduce skeletal fracture risk by maintaining or increasing bone density, additional information is needed that includes the intrinsic material strength properties of bone tissue to help develop better treatments, since measurements of bone density account for no more than ~ 50% of fracture risk. The hypothesis tested here is that postmenopausal women who have sustained osteoporotic fractures have reduced bone quality, as indicated with measures of intrinsic material properties compared to those who have not fractured. Transiliac biopsies (N = 120) were collected from fracturing (N = 60, Cases) and non-fracturing postmenopausal women (N = 60, age- and BMD-matched Controls) to measure intrinsic material properties using the nano-indentation technique. Each biopsy specimen was embedded in epoxy resin and then ground, polished and used for the nano-indentation testing. After calibration, multiple indentations were made using quasi-static (hardness, modulus) and dynamic (storage and loss moduli) testing protocols. Multiple indentations allowed the median and variance to be computed for each type of measurement for each specimen. Cases were found to have significantly lower median values for cortical hardness and indentation modulus. In addition, cases showed significantly less within-specimen variability in cortical modulus, cortical hardness, cortical storage modulus and trabecular hardness, and more within-specimen variability in trabecular loss modulus. Multivariate modeling indicated the presence of significant independent mechanical effects of cortical loss modulus, along with variability of cortical storage modulus, cortical loss modulus, and trabecular hardness. These results suggest mechanical heterogeneity of bone tissue may contribute to fracture resistance. Although the magnitudes of differences in the intrinsic properties were not overwhelming, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate, and compare the intrinsic properties of bone tissue in fracturing and non-fracturing postmenopausal women.
Must I, can I? I don’t understand your ambiguous password rules

Purpose The purpose of this research is to investigate user comprehension of ambiguous terminology in password rules. Although stringent password policies are in place to protect information system security, such complexity does not have to mean ambiguity for users. While many aspects of passwords have been studied, no research to date has systematically examined how ambiguous terminology affects user comprehension of password rules. Design/methodology/approach This research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in a usable security study with 60 participants. Study tasks contained password rules based on real-world password requirements. Tasks consisted of character-selection tasks that varied the terms for non-alphanumeric characters to explore users’ interpretations of password rule language, and compliance-checking tasks to investigate how well users can apply their understanding of the allowed character space. Findings Results show that manipulating password rule terminology causes users’ interpretation of the allowed character space to shrink or expand. Users are confused by the terms “non-alphanumeric”, “symbols”, “special characters” and “punctuation marks” in password rules. Additionally, users are confused by partial lists of allowed characters using “e.g.” or “etc.” Practical implications This research provides data-driven usability guidance on constructing clearer language for password policies. Improving language clarity will help usability without sacrificing security, as simplifying password rule language does not change security requirements. Originality/value This is the first usable security study to systematically measure the effects of ambiguous password rules on user comprehension of the allowed character space.
Management of severe acne during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature

The treatment of acne during pregnancy is often limited by the potential toxicities that are posed to the fetus by the most common and effective acne therapies. As with all dermatoses during pregnancy, the treatment of acne vulgaris in this population requires a thorough understanding of the risks and benefits that are inherent to each treatment. We report on a case of a 30-year-old pregnant patient with severe acne conglobata who showed significant improvement with a combination treatment of topical modalities, oral metronidazole, and low dose prednisone during pregnancy. We also review the literature and present an approach for the care of these patients.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital heart disease

This review article will discuss the indications for and outcomes of neonates with congenital heart disease who receive extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Most commonly, ECMO is used as a perioperative bridge to recovery or temporary support for those after cardiac arrest or near arrest in patients with congenital or acquired heart disease. What had historically been considered a contraindication to ECMO, is evolving and more of the sickest and most complicated babies are cared for on ECMO. Given that, it is imperative for aggressive survellience for long-term morbidity in survivors, particularly neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Unleashing natural killer cells upon immunization with a carbohydrate mimetic peptide vaccine.

16Background: Immunotherapies that activate Natural Killer (NK) cells can lend to their tumor infiltration or help shape the adaptive response toward a T helper type 1 (Th1) profile thought to favor anti-tumor responses. Methods: We have analyzed the functional NK response to immunization with a carbohydrate mimetic peptide (CMP) vaccine in preclinical tumor models and in humans. This CMP, referred to as P10s, is the N-terminal half of a peptide vaccine named P10s-PADRE, the C-terminal half of which (PADRE) is a Pan-T-cell epitope. Syngeneic mouse models associated with mammary 4T1, mouse lymphoma cell line EL4, and human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 in athymic mice were immunized with the vaccine. NK infiltration was identified by staining mouse tumor tissue before and after immunization. For NK cell depletion studies Athymic mice were injected intraperitoneally with anti-asialo GM1 rabbit serum prior to challenge with MDA-MB-231 tumor cells after the last immunization and then every 4-5 days for the period ...
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in Older Age

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5) took obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its related disorders out of anxiety disorders and created a new category to reflect evidence of their differences from anxiety. Hoarding and excoriation disorders are new diagnoses added to DSM-5, having been recognized as separate disorders rather than symptoms of other anxiety or personality disorders since the publication of DSM-IV. OCD and hoarding disorder are among the more commonly recognized psychiatric problems by the general public. Popular television shows now feature characters with these diseases, and reality shows like Hoarders center around the all-too shocking problems that such behaviors can create. While these disorders occur less frequently in geriatric patients, the impact these disorders can have on older adults can be more devastating than in younger adults. Older patients are more medically and physically vulnerable, more prone to social isolation, and problems such as hoarding can reach such devastating proportions as to result in the loss of house and home or severe medical consequences. This chapter will focus on five main diagnoses: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. We will discuss their diagnosis, disease course, and management. At the end of the chapter, we focus on two case studies intended to highlight how someone with the featured disorder may present along with important considerations in their work-up and management.
Argillic, Kandic, and Natric Horizons

Nearly all classification systems recognize clay-enriched subsoils at a high hierarchical level. Some of the most productive soils in the World for food and fiber production have clay-enriched horizons. Clay-enriched horizons are important for the nutrient status of soils, water retention, and geomorphic stability (Hopkins and Franzen 2003). In Soil Taxonomy (ST) (Soil Survey Staff 2010), Alfisols and Ultisols are defined on the basis of clay-enriched horizons, and many Aridisols and Mollisols have clay-enriched subsoils. Argillic and related horizons have been particularly important in soil stratigraphy, relative dating, pedodiversity studies, and climate-change research (Franzmeier et al. 1985; Eghbal and Southard 1993; Othberg et al. 1997; Kemp et al. 1998; Karlstrom 2000; Holliday and Rawling 2006; Karlstrom et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2010).
Futurology of High Intensity Lasers

I promised to talk about the futurology of high intensity lasers. That was an unwise decision on my part. I find that every talk that has been given here is on futurology, whether it is admitted or not.
Decidability and Completeness

This chapter explains in detail various methods to investigate which of several alternative logics and axioms for mathematics correspond most closely to the common and scientific patterns of reasoning. Some of these logics have sufficient power, while other logical systems lack the power, to decide whether certain logical formulae are theorems, and hence whether they are allowed (within such logics) in common or scientific arguments. Examples demonstrate that all the proofs within the implicational calculus (with implications, but without negation) do not suffice to prove certain implicational tautologies. In other words, the implicational calculus lacks the power to decide the status of certain of its own implicational formulae. The same examples also demonstrate how a computing language based on axioms and rules might fail to generate all sentences in the language.
Analysis of landscape patterns in coastal wetlands of Galveston Bay, Texas (USA)

High productivity and accessibility have made coastal wetlands attractive sites for human settlements. This study analyzed the patterns of wetland landscapes in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The first objective of the study was to describe the relationships between the fractal dimension of wetland boundaries and those factors which affect the wetland landscapes (e.g., land use, type of vegetation, size, location, and level of human disturbance). The second objective was to construct a historical database to contrast wetland areas which had experienced different levels of disturbance between 1956 and 1989. The fractal dimension, a measure of how much of the geographical space is filled by boundaries, was measured by the perimeter-area method. The fractal dimension of wetlands was significantly affected by land use, type of vegetation, size, and level of anthropogenic disturbance. In addition, increasing the size of buffers around roads did not significantly affect the fractal dimension of wetlands. Landscape indices, such as fractal dimension, dominance, and diversity, were used to characterize spatial heterogeneity in the historical database. Lake Stephenson, an area of low anthropogenic disturbance, experienced no changes in wetland composition and abundance over time. Anahuac, an area of medium disturbance, experienced changes in both wetland composition and abundance. Texas City, an area of high disturbance, experienced a change in wetland composition. These differences can be associated with the type and level of disturbance present; however, more evidence is needed to determine whether certain landscape patterns have stable, intrinsic properties which allow persistence in the face of disturbance. These results will be informative to resource managers determining how wetlands can be managed as natural resources and nature reserves.
The cranial osteology of two specimens of Dolichorhynchops bonneri (Plesiosauria, Polycotylidae) from the Campanian of South Dakota, and a cladistic analysis of the Polycotylidae

Abstract This paper describes the cranial morphology of two undescribed specimens of the polycotylid plesiosaur Dolichorhynchops bonneri from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Based on the axial osteology of the juvenile specimen (UNSM 55810), it was most likely a neonate at the time of death. The juvenile material exhibits well-defined suture lines in its cranium and exhibits cranial characters that typify a young polycotylid plesiosaur. The adult specimen UNSM 50133 preserves a complete palate and comparisons to KUVP 40002 illustrate intraspecific variation in the osteology of D. bonneri. A linear regression analysis performed on the rostral lengths of D. bonneri specimens found that the rostrum exhibits negative allometry relative to overall skull length. A phylogenetic analysis positioned D. bonneri within the Polycotylidae. The analysis found resolution for the clade of derived polycotylids, Polycotylinae, and revealed that D. bonneri is part of a clade that contains D. osborni and D. herschelensis. This suggests that similarities between the morphology of D. bonneri and Polycotylus latipinnis are due to convergence rather than homology. The phylogenetic analysis did not recover Dolichorhynchops tropicensis within the Dolichorhynchops clade, as it was recovered as a basal member of the Polycotylinae. This suggests that the taxonomy of Turonian polycotylids from the western interior seaway requires further analysis.
Characterizing the Internet Host Population Using Deep Learning: A Universal and Lightweight Numerical Embedding

In this paper, we present a framework to characterize Internet hosts using deep learning, using Internet scan data to produce numerical and lightweight (low-dimensional) representations of hosts. To do so we first develop a novel method for extracting binary tags from structured texts, the format of the scan data. We then use a variational autoencoder, an unsupervised neural network model, to construct low-dimensional embeddings of our high-dimensional binary representations. We show that these lightweight embeddings retain most of the information in our binary representations, while drastically reducing memory and computational requirements for large-scale analysis. These embeddings are also universal, in that the process used to generate them is unsupervised and does not rely on specific applications. This universality makes the embeddings broadly applicable to a variety of learning tasks whereby they can be used as input features. We present two such examples, (1) detecting and predicting malicious hosts, and (2) unmasking hidden host attributes, and compare the trained models in their performance, speed, robustness, and interpretability. We show that our embeddings can achieve high accuracy (>95%) for these learning tasks, while being fast enough to enable host-level analysis at scale.
Assessment of Publication Bias and Systematic Review Findings in Top-Ranked Otolaryngology Journals.

This study analyzes whether 324 systematic reviews that contain at least 1 meta-analysis with 10 or more primary studies published in top otolaryngology journals that do not evaluate for publication bias show evidence of such bias.
Calix[4]arene-Based Bis(Nitric Oxide) Complexes: Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Structural Characterization

Calix[4]arene-based molecules hold great promise as candidate sensors and storage materials for nitric oxide (NO), owing to their unprecedented binding affinity for NO. However, the structure of calix[4]arene is complicated by the availability of four possible conformers: 1,3-alternate, 1,2-alternate, cone, and partial cone (paco). Whilst complexes of NO with several of these conformers have previously been established, the 1,2-alternate conformer complex, that is, [1,2-alter⋅NO]+ , has not been previously reported. Herein, we determine the crystal structure of the NO complex with the 1,2-alternate conformer for the first time. In addition, we have also found that the 1,2-alternate and 1,3-alternate conformers can combine with two NO molecules to form stable bis(nitric oxide) complexes. These new complexes, which exhibit remarkable binding capacity for the construction of NO-storage molecules, were characterized by using X-ray crystallography and NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. These findings will extend our understanding of the interactions between nitric oxide and cofacially and non-cofacially arrayed aromatic rings, and we expect them to aid in the design and development of new supramolecular sensors and storage materials for NO with high capacity and efficacy.
Drivers Behind Chinese Development Finance for Energy Worldwide

This chapter argues that the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) quest for modernization as manifested in the “two centenary goals” informs what China wants in the twenty-first century. To fulfill their role of the arms of the Chinese state, the country’s twin policy banks—China Development Bank (CDB) and China Export and Import Bank (CHEXIM)—constantly adapt to evolving priorities of the Chinese state by mobilizing finance to underwrite activities to carry out the “two centenary goals” at home while simultaneously striving to secure the country’s access to resources, markets, and technology, and to reduce the country’s foreign exchange exposure abroad. This not only requires the two banks to undertake tremendous operational operation at home and abroad but also obligates them to globalize the country’s official development finance for energy.
The utility of the delphi method in defining anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery.

Abstract Background Almost a decade after international guidelines defining anastomotic leak (AL) were published, the definition of AL remains inconsistent. Methods A 3-round modified Delphi study was conducted among a national panel of 8 surgeon experts to assess consensus related to the definition of AL following colorectal resection. Consensus was defined when a scenario was rated as very important or absolutely essential by at least 85% of the experts in round 3. Results Seven of fifteen (47%) clinical and radiological scenarios of AL achieved consensus. 80% of clinical scenarios reached consensus. 30% of radiological scenarios reached consensus including CT demonstrating air bubbles around the anastomosis. No consensus was achieved in 70% of radiological scenarios. Conclusions Consensus on the definition of AL is difficult to reach, in relation to international guidelines; which implies that further refinement of the definition of AL is needed to compare patient outcomes.
Designing and validating a staircase to leverage floor mounted force plates

Navigating stairs is a challenging task for many patient populations. Unfortunately, assessing lower extremity kinetics is not practical in many laboratories due in part to methodologic constraints. In this study, we designed, fabricated, and calibrated a staircase that accurately measured ground reaction forces applied to the second and fourth step. This implementation met several design criteria that included low-cost, ability to quickly move the staircase in and out of motion capture spaces, stable and safe staircase, and easily modifiable to meet the constraints of different lab layouts. We built the staircase as an outer and inner staircase assembly constructed using a modular aluminum framing system. Once positioned on our force plates that were embedded in the lab floor, we used an instrumented pole to apply known loads to a series of surface locations on the force plates and steps that were resting on top of the force plates. This calibration procedure reduced the center of pressure errors by approximately 50% for the embedded force plates and lower step (step 2) and 3-fold for the higher step (step 4). Next, we demonstrated that these steps can be integrated into a clinical gait analysis workflow. A single healthy-young adult navigated the stairs, the ground reaction forces were transformed into stair reaction forces, and these external loads were used to solve the inverse dynamics problem. This staircase provides other researchers with a new tool to assess stair navigation biomechanics. In this study, we provided the bill of materials, mechanical drawings, and calibration code necessary to modify and implement this staircase paradigm into other lab layouts.
The Two Theses of Kant’s Opus Postumum

The two volumes of the Akademie edition of Kant’s works that contain his last writings, volumes 21 and 22, comprising a total of 1,269 pages, provide the text of what we know as Kant’s Opus postumum. Kant wrote these pages during the years of a gradual deterioration of his faculties, a deterioration which culminated in a complete mental collapse, diagnosed at the time as Pachymeningitis interna.
Mechanical Proofs for the Innervation Law Given in Chapter 10

When the eye is in its primary position, according to our assumption, the six eye muscles grasp the eyeball such that each two of them are almost exactly antagonists. From this it follows immediatly that the force with which each of the muscles attempts to rotate the eye with its tension is just as large as the diametrically opposing force of its antagonist, and that the rotational force of each muscle is cancelled only by the tension of its antagonist. The moment resulting from the tension on the two antagonistic muscles is therefore zero in the primary position, and if one could suddenly and simultaneously cut through the other four muscles. the eyeball would not noticeably change its position. This is no longer the case in certain secondary positions. If the eye is moved strongly upward from the primary position, for instance, then the medial rectus and the lateral rectus are still nearly but no longer exactly antagonistic; the result is that their two moments of rotation do not completely cancel but that a very small moment of rotation probably results from them. This consists of an upward rolling of the eye, and therefore assists the moment resulting from the combined tension of the two raisers.
Cultivating Healthy Communities – Evaluation of a Farmer’s Market Intervention for Adults Living in Rural, Appalachian Mississippi

The goal of this project was to evaluate a 12-week farmer’s market nutrition education and monetary incentive intervention developed for adults and implemented at two farmers’ markets in rural Miss...
Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study.

Abstract Many studies have found a link between time spent using social media and mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety. However, the existing research is plagued by cross-sectional research and lacks analytic techniques examining individual change over time. The current research involves an 8-year longitudinal study examining the association between time spent using social media and depression and anxiety at the intra-individual level. Participants included 500 adolescents who completed once-yearly questionnaires between the ages of 13 and 20. Results revealed that increased time spent on social media was not associated with increased mental health issues across development when examined at the individual level. Hopefully these results can move the field of research beyond its past focus on screen time.
What does the instantaneous normal mode spectrum tell us about dynamical heterogeneity in glass-forming fluids?

We examine the instantaneous normal mode spectrum of model metallic and polymeric glass-forming liquids. We focus on the localized modes in the unstable part of the spectrum [unstable localized (UL) modes] and find that the particles making the dominant contribution to the participation ratio form clusters that grow upon cooling in a fashion similar to the dynamical heterogeneity in glass-forming fluids, i.e., highly mobile (or immobile) particles form clusters that grow upon cooling; however, a comparison of the UL mode clusters to the mobile and immobile particle clusters indicates that they are distinct entities. We also show that the cluster size provides an alternate method to distinguish localized and delocalized modes, offering a significant practical advantage over the finite-size scaling approach. We examine the trajectories of particles contributing most to the UL modes and find that they have a slightly enhanced mobility compared to the average, and we determine a characteristic time quantifying the persistence time of this excess mobility. This time scale is proportional to the structural relaxation time τα of the fluid, consistent with a prediction by Zwanzig [Phys. Rev. 156, 190 (1967)] for the lifetime of collective excitations in cooled liquids. Evidently, these collective excitations serve to facilitate relaxation but do not actually participate in the motion associated with barrier crossing events governing activated transport. They also serve as a possible concrete realization of the “facilitation” clusters postulated in previous modeling of glass-forming liquids.We examine the instantaneous normal mode spectrum of model metallic and polymeric glass-forming liquids. We focus on the localized modes in the unstable part of the spectrum [unstable localized (UL) modes] and find that the particles making the dominant contribution to the participation ratio form clusters that grow upon cooling in a fashion similar to the dynamical heterogeneity in glass-forming fluids, i.e., highly mobile (or immobile) particles form clusters that grow upon cooling; however, a comparison of the UL mode clusters to the mobile and immobile particle clusters indicates that they are distinct entities. We also show that the cluster size provides an alternate method to distinguish localized and delocalized modes, offering a significant practical advantage over the finite-size scaling approach. We examine the trajectories of particles contributing most to the UL modes and find that they have a slightly enhanced mobility compared to the average, and we determine a characteristic time quantifyin...
Comparative Membrane N-Glycomics of Different Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Understand Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis

The mechanism of brain metastatic breast cancer has gained attention because of its increased incidence rate and its low survival rate. Aberrant protein glycosylation is thought to be a contributing factor in this metastatic mechanism, in which metastatic cancer cells can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The cell membrane is the outermost layer of a cell and in direct contact with the environment and with other cells, making membrane glycans especially important in many biological processes that include mediating cell-cell adhesion, cell signaling, and interactions. Thus, membrane glycomics has attracted more interest for a variety of disease studies in recent years. To reveal the role that membrane N-glycans play in breast cancer brain metastasis, in this study, membrane enrichment was achieved by ultracentrifugation. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to analyze enriched membrane N-glycomes from five breast cancer cell lines and one brain cancer cell line. Relative quantitative glycomic data from each cell line were compared to MDA-MB-231BR, which is the brain-seeking cell line. The higher sialylation level observed in MDA-MB-231BR suggested the importance of sialylation as it might assist with cell invasion and the penetration of the BBB. Some highly sialylated N-glycans, such as HexNAc5Hex6DeoxyHex1NeuAc3 and HexNAc6Hex7DeoxyHex1NeuAc3, exhibited higher abundances in 231BR, indicating their possible contributions to breast cancer brain metastasis as well as their potential to be indicators for the breast cancer brain metastasis.
Rigid Arrangements of Ionic Charge in Zeolite Frameworks Conferred by Specific Aluminum Distributions Preferentially Stabilize Alkanol Dehydration Transition States.

Zeolite reactivity depends on the solvating environments of their micropores and the proximity of their Bronsted acid sites. Turnover rates (per H+ ) for methanol and ethanol dehydration increase with the fraction of H+ sites sharing six-membered rings of chabazite (CHA) zeolites. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that activation barriers vary widely with the number and arrangement of Al (1-5 per 36 T-site unit cell), but cannot be described solely by Al-Al distance or density. Certain Al distributions yield rigid arrangements of anionic charge that stabilize cationic intermediates and transition states via H-bonding to decrease barriers. This is a key feature of acid catalysis in zeolite solvents, which lack the isotropy of liquid solvents. The sensitivity of polar transition states to specific arrangements of charge in their solvating environments and the ability to position such charges in zeolite lattices with increasing precision herald rich catalytic diversity among zeolites of varying Al arrangement.
Toward a Monte Carlo Approach to Selecting Climate Variables in MaxEnt: A Case Study Using Cassin’s Sparrow (Peucaea cassinii)

Abstract MaxEnt is an important aid in understanding the influence of climate change on species distributions and abundance. There is growing interest in using IPCC-class global climate model outputs as environmental predictors in this work. These models provide realistic, global representations of the climate system, projections for hundreds of variables (including Essential Climate Variables), and combine observations from an array of satellite, airborne, and in-situ sensors. Unfortunately, direct use of this important class of data in MaxEnt modeling has been limited due to the large size of climate model output collections. In this study, we investigated the potential of a Monte Carlo method to find a useful subset of predictors in a larger collection of environmental variables in a reasonable amount of time. Our proposed solution takes an ensemble approach wherein many MaxEnt runs, each drawing on a small random subset of variables, converges on a global estimate of the top contributing subset of variables in the larger collection. The Monte Carlo approach resulted in a consistent set of top six variables within 540 runs, and the four most contributory variables of the top six accounted for approximately 93% of overall permutation importance in the final model. These preliminary results suggest that a Monte Carlo approach could offer a viable means of selecting environmental predictors for MaxEnt models that is amenable to parallelization and scalable to large data sets, including externally-stored collections. This points to the possibility of near-real-time multiprocessor implementations that could enable broader and more exploratory use of global climate model outputs in environmental niche modeling and aid in the discovery of viable predictors.
The Resurgence of the Global Research Interprofessional Network

This chapter describes the development of the global interprofessional research network (IPR.Global) from its roots in the Global Research Interprofessional Network (GRIN) and the In-2-Theory network.
Highly conformal reirradiation in patients with prior oropharyngeal radiation: Clinical efficacy and toxicity outcomes

Background Reirradiation of head and neck cancer is associated with high rates of locoregional failure and potentially severe treatment-related toxicity. We report our institutional experience of reirradiation using modern highly conformal radiotherapy approaches in patients with prior oropharyngeal radiation. Methods We reviewed patients receiving curative-intent reirradiation with intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and proton beam radiotherapy at our institution from 1999 to 2019. Disease control, survival, and toxicity rates following reirradiation were determined. Results Sixty-nine patients were evaluated. Local control (LC), progression-free survival, and overall survival at 2 years following reirradiation were 77%, 35%, and 51%, respectively. Grade 3 or greater (G3+) late toxicities occurred in 46% of patients and 41% required feeding tube placement during or after reirradiation. Conclusions In select patients with prior oropharyngeal radiation, highly conformal reirradiation offers acceptable LC, but G3+ toxicity and out-of-field failure rates remain high. These findings warrant continued evaluation of new multimodality approaches to improve oncologic outcomes.
Technology and Real Estate Brokerage Firm Financial Performance

This study investigates the impact of Internet usage on the financial perormance of residential real estate brokerage firms using a database of over 1,700 observations. Factor loadings and a factor...
Osteogenesis Imperfecta-Who Needs Rodding Surgery?

The purpose of this review is to precise the indications for intramedullary rodding of long bones in osteogenesis imperfecta, the classic treatment for fractures and deformities in this condition. The use of plates and screws alone is not recommended, but its use in conjunction with rodding is becoming more popular as demonstrated in recent literature. The different types of rods are reviewed and their advantages/disadvantages exposed. There is a clear advantage for telescopic rods in terms of incidence of revision surgery but complications are still to be expected. An interdisciplinary approach combining a medical treatment with a surgical correction of deformities as well as a rehabilitation program is the key for success in the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta children.
Voluntary inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine at pediatric medical institutions

We conducted a questionnaire survey on voluntary inoculation of hepatitis B (HB) vaccine to children at 79 pediatric clinics. The voluntary vaccination rate was 65.2%, the desired vaccination target was "all infants" at 84.8% of clinics, the recommended method was "only when the patient wishes" at a rate of 80.0%, and "actively recommended" at 20.0%. If there was a request, 71.7% of clinics answered that they would like to recommend it in the future, and 38.9% said that it was difficult to recommend it because of the voluntary nature of vaccination. The requests were "expansion of the scope of regular vaccination" at 60.9% of clinics and "enlightenment activities and information provision" at 54.3%. Since it was suggested that voluntary vaccination is difficult to recommend, it is necessary to proactively provide information and public relations activities regarding its necessity to medical personnel and parents.