cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower bounds on memory requirements for statically scheduled DSP programs

This paper presents novel techniques for computing the minimum number of memory locations in statically scheduled digital signal processing (DSP) programs. Two related problems are considered. In the first problem, we compute the minimum number of memory locations required for a scheduled program assuming that no circuit transformations (such as pipelining and retiming) are to be performed after scheduling. For this problem, we consider memory minimization for theoperation-constrained, processor-constrained andunconstrained memory models which represent various restrictions on how data can be allocated to memory. Then we consider the second problem, where memory minimization for a scheduled program is considered simultaneously with retiming using a variation of the retiming problem referred to as theminimum physical storage location (MPSL) retiming. While both problems consider memory minimization for scheduled programs, the second problem minimizes memory using retiming whereas the first problem performs no retiming. The scheduling results obtained from the MARS design system are used to compare memory requirements in the context of both of these problems. Our experiments show that MARS performs an optimal retiming for the schedule it generates. These memory requirements are then compared with an integer linear programming solution to the scheduling problem which is optimal under the unconstrained memory model. It is concluded that the schedule obtained by the MARS system achieves optimality or near-optimality with respect to register minimization.
50 kHz capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers for generation of highly directional sound with parametric arrays

In this study, we examine the use of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with vacuum- sealed cavities for transmitting directional sound with parametric arrays. We used finite element modeling to design CMUTs with 40-mum- and 60-mum-thick membranes to have resonance frequencies of 46 kHz and 54 kHz, respectively. The wafer bonding approach used to fabricate the CMUTs provides good control over device properties and the capability to fabricate CMUTs with large diameter membranes and deep cavities. Each CMUT is 8 cm in diameter and consists of 284 circular membranes. Each membrane is 4 mm in diameter. Characterization of the fabricated CMUTs shows they have center frequencies of 46 kHz and 55 kHz and 3 dB bandwidths of 1.9 kHz and 5.3 kHz for the 40-mum- and 60-mum-thick membrane devices, respectively. With dc bias voltages of 380 V and 350 V and an ac excitation of 200 V peak-to-peak, the CMUTs generate average sound pressure levels, normalized to the device's surface, of 135 dB and 129 dB (re 20 muPa), respectively. When used to generate 5 kHz sound with a parametric array, we measured sound at 3 m with a 6 dB beamwidth of 8.7deg and a sound pressure level of 58 dB. To understand how detector nonlinearity (e.g., the nonlinearity of the microphone used to make the sound level measurements) affects the measured sound pressure level, we made measurements with and without an acoustic low-pass filter placed in front of the microphone; the measured sound levels agree with numerical simulations of the pressure field. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that large-area CMUTs, which produce high-intensity ultrasound, can be fabricated for transmitting directional sound with parametric arrays.
Experimental basis for increasing the therapeutic index of cis-diamminedicarboxylatocyclobutaneplatinum(II) in brain tumor therapy by a high-zinc diet.

Metallothionein (MT), a ubiquitous intracellular protein, confers resistance to the toxic effects of platinum compounds. Since a high-zinc diet has been shown to induce MT synthesis in extracerebral tissues but not in brain, we investigated whether it could provide an experimental basis for decreasing the hematotoxicity of carboplatin without impairing its activity against brain tumors. After 2 weeks on either a high-zinc diet or a control diet (zinc content, 180 vs 10 ppm), mice and rats received various doses of carboplatin or Hanks' balanced salt solution by i.p. injection. The hematotoxicity of carboplatin was evaluated with an assay of colony-forming units of granulocytes and mononuclear cells in mice. The high-zinc diet enabled a 50% increase in the carboplatin dose without increasing hematotoxicity. The antitumor activity was evaluated with an assay of the colony-forming efficiency of gliosarcoma cells from 9L brain tumors in rats. The high-zinc diet did not alter the efficacy of carboplatin against this brain tumor. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the high-zinc diet induced MT mRNA in the kidney but not in the brain of mice and rats; it also showed MT mRNA induction in bone marrow cells of mice but not in rat 9L brain tumors. These results suggest that increasing the dietary intake of zinc might increase the therapeutic index of carboplatin in the treatment of brain tumors.
Dynamic mechanical studies of α and β relaxations of polyethylenes

Relaxations α et β d'une variete de polyethylenes etudiees en detail par des methodes mecaniques dynamiques a basse frequence
The ligand properties of 2-vinyl-1,2-azaboratabenzene

Abstract Lithium 2-vinyl-1,2-azaboratabenzene 1b has been prepared by a multistep synthesis from 2,2-dibutyl-2,5-dihydro-1-trimethylsilyl-1 H -1,2-azastannole 6 . The reaction of 1b with one equivalent of [Cp ∗ RuCl] 4 gave the very labile sandwich compound 11 . However, the reaction of 1b with 2 equiv. of [Cp ∗ RuCl] 4 afforded the stable diruthenium complex 12. The X-ray structure of 12 shows that the first Cp ∗ Ru moiety is π-bound to the 1,2-azaboratabenzene ring while the second is bound to Cl and to the nitrogen and the pendant B-vinyl of the 1,2-azaboratabenzene group.
Parasitic mites (Acari: Erythraeidae) on spruce budworm moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

At least two species of parasitic larval mites of the erythraeid genus Leptus were found on male spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths attracted to pheromone-baited traps. Mites were found on 28.5% of 2298 male moths captured during three trapping days in July 1977. Numbers of mite-infested moths were positively correlated with catch density. Percentage mite infestation increased with time. Red larval mites were also collected from both male and female free-flying budworm moths. Attachment sites include: wing veins, cervix, compound eye, femur, and abdomen. As many as four mites were collected from one female moth.
Samarium Sm‐153 lexidronam for the palliation of bone pain associated with metastases

BACKGROUND. In patients with bone pain due to metastatic disease, intravenous systemic radioisotope therapy may be a useful adjunct to other methods for palliating pain. METHODS. Various studies have been performed utilizing a short-lived radioisotope conjugated to a tetraphosphonate (samarium 153 lexidronam) both as an open label and as a double blinded, placebo-controlled study. Patients with varying tumor types including those of the prostate, breast, lung, and other sites were studied. Two dose levels were used (0.5 millicuries (mCi)/kg and 1.0 mCi/kg) with patients monitored for 16 weeks for efficacy (pain scores, opiod analgesic score, and quality of life) parameters and adverse events. RESULTS. All 3 studies showed that at the 1.0 mCi/kg dose level statistically significant improvement over placebo was observed by 4 weeks with relief of pain noted in many patients by 1 week. The only significant adverse event was transient myelosuppression with a nadir at 4-6 weeks and recovery by 8 weeks. Less than 10% of patients had National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Grade III/IV bone marrow toxicity recorded. CONCLUSIONS. Systemic metabolic radiotherapy with samarium 153 lexidronam appears to be a safe and efficacious method for treating patients with bone pain. The shorter radioisotope half-life allows for a high dose rate to be delivered over a short period, which may have certain biologic benefits.
Polarization of High-Transverse-Momentum Single Photons as a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics.

It is shown that high--transverse-momentum photons originating from the process quark+gluon ..-->.. quark+photon exhibit a substantial linear polarization in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. The angular dependence of the polarization is quite sensitive to the non-Abelian structure of the interaction, and can be used to check the equality of the quark-gluon and three-gluon couplings.
Working With John I. Kitsuse

John was born in Imperial Valley, California. His family moved to Los Angeles when he was a child. In 1942, John, along with thousands of other Japanese Americans, was imprisoned in an internment camp. A year later, after falling ill, he was helped by friends and moved to Boston. John attended Boston University where he earned his BA and then attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for his MA and Ph.D. We were close friends for over fifty years and shared many intellectual, personal and family moments. We met in the Spring of 1953, where as a new graduate student, I was enrolled in an undergraduate class at UCLA and John was the teaching assistant. As a consequence of John's efforts, it was my good fortune to enter into a very supportive social network of sociologists and anthropologists, some of whom I had met when I was an undergraduate at UCLA. For example, as an undergraduate, I became acquainted with a few graduate students (Wendell Bell, Burton Clark, Scott Greer) who were his close friends. Meeting John, therefore, lead to being included in a group of graduate students (Helen Pat Beam Gouldner, Dennis McElrath, Shelly Messinger, among others) with whom I had many helpful academic discussions. John was an important sponsor at a time when I very much needed support. There were also some wonderful parties. As an undergraduate at UCLA, Shelly Messinger and I had taken several courses in anthropology and sociology (with Donald Cressey, Edwin Lemert, W.S. Robinson, Philip Selznick, and Ralph Turner). All of these professors were important mentors for John and I. We remained in contact after both of us left UCLA? he to an instructorship at the University of Washington and I to Cornell for my Ph.D. We again met frequently when I was a post-doc in 1957-58 at the UCLA Medical Center and John was an assistant professor at San Diego State College.
Ab initio structure prediction of two α‐helical oligomers with a multiple‐chain united‐residue force field and global search

A hierarchical methodology for ab initio structure prediction is extended to treat oligomeric proteins. Modifications are made to a united-residue (UNRES) force field and a Conformational Space Annealing (CSA) global search method. The computational cost of including additional chains and the increase in speed from symmetry optimizations are evaluated. The native structures of two oligomeric proteins from the CASP3 exercise, the retro-GCN4 leucine zipper and the synthetic domain-swapped dimer, were identified as the lowest-energy families resulting from the search of the proteins when rotational symmetry was imposed. Additional searches in different symmetries and oligomerization states were carried out, and the results indicate some problems in the thoroughness of the search and in the search of packing arrangements if symmetry constraints are not imposed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers: 300–317, 2003
Work in progress: Modeling employer assessments: Using professionalism in computer science courses

This paper outlines a grading system designed to replicate a manager's perception of an employee's reputation which starts out high and sinks with the employee's unprofessional behavior. By modeling this perception, our program has begun to increase the number of seniors who can successfully complete their capstone projects on time. This program stands out from other similar attempts increase consistent effort and conscientiousness because it increases the impact of unprofessional behaviors on a student's overall grade. Results from the senior capstone course inspired the use of professionalism grades in our freshman lab courses as a way to help students understand how the demands of college are different from the demands of high school and to help them take responsibility for their academic success.
Contribution of benthic blue‐green algal recruitment to lake populations and phosphorus translocation

SUMMARY 1. A two-season investigation was undertaken to determine the contribution of benthic recruitment to the population development of several species of blue-green algae. 2. Gloevtrichia echinulata populations were shown to be heavily subsidized by benthic recruitment, deriving on average 40% of their planktonic colonies from the benthos. 3. Benthic recruitment of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena flos-aquae and a second Anabaena species contributed less than 2% to planktonic increases, while Microcystis aeruginosa recruitment was negligible. 4. Phosphorus translocation via migrating G. echinulata accounted for most of the phosphorus (P) in the planktonic colonies, and constituted a significant portion of the internal loading of the lake. 5. Estimated P translocation via Aph. flos-aquae was relatively minor, although there was evidence of luxury uptake in the benthos.
A modified nitrogen oxide-ozone photolytic cycle

Nitrogen Oxide-03 photolytic cycle is dependent upon the presence of NO in ambient air. From our air monitoring observations we have found that the NO concentration in the atmosphere is often zero (0 to 5 ppb). This suggests a need to modify/change the photolytic cycle. Linear regression analyses on the O3 and NO2 concentrations in ambient air, measured in real time were carried out. The predicted values of O3 and NO2 from these regression equations were close to the observed values. On the basis of these two observations a modified photolytic cycle, including some other components (such as HONO2) is discussed.
Thermodynamic Interactions in Isotope Blends: Experiment and Theory

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies of binary mixtures provide χNS, a measure of thermodynamic interactions between dissimilar polymer chains, one of which is usually labeled with deuterium. For polymers differing only in isotopic substitution (isotope blends), χNS is seen to diverge strongly upward (or sometimes downward) at low concentrations of either blend component. This concentration dependence seems to vanish in the limit of large degree of polymerization N. Experimental results can be described by χNS(φ,N) = β + γ/Nφ(1 − φ), where φ is the volume fraction of deuterated polymer. For SANS from a series of blends with different φ it is shown that systematic errors in N and/or the static structure factor S(0) lead to precisely the same χNS(φ,N) when the Flory−Huggins interaction parameter χ is constant. While results for some isotope blend systems can be accounted for with reasonable error estimates, others appear to have a real dependence of χNS on φ and N. It is suggested that these “non-F...
Dynamic responses of selective brain white matter fiber tracts to binge alcohol and recovery in the rat.

To determine the dynamics of white matter vulnerability to excessive alcohol consumption, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used in an animal model of alcohol exposure. Quantitative, in vivo fiber tracking results are presented from rats with DTI conducted at 3 time points: baseline; after 4 days of intragastric alcohol to blood alcohol levels of ~250mg/dL; and after one week of recovery. Binge alcohol followed by a week of sobriety resulted in rapidly reversible decreases in fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of the coherence of fiber tracts, in callosal genu and fimbria-fornix but not splenium; and increases in mean diffusivity (MD), an index of freely diffusing water in tissue, selective to the fimbria-fornix. These effects were confirmed with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The directionality of changes in DTI metrics reproduce those observed in human alcoholism. That a single exposure to binge alcohol can cause substantial transient changes detectable in DTI metrics demonstrates the potential for rapid neuroplasticity.
An Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration

A model of the final-offer arbitration (FOA) process is developed, and the Nash equilibrium pair of final offers is derived. It is shown that the more risk-averse party submits a more reasonable offer so that it has a higher probability of being chosen by the arbitrator. The contract zone of potential negotiated settlements is derived, and its size is shown to be directly related to the uncertainty of the parties concerning the arbitrators' preferences. However, the final offers of the parties diverge where there is increased uncertainty, so that there is a trade-off between the size of the contract zone and the extremity of arbitrated awards when negotiations do fail. Finally, it is shown that negotiated settlements under FOA are skewed against the more risk-averse party.
Excited-state dynamics of Pr3+ :LaCl3

Abstract Excitation of the 3 F 2 level in 5% praseodymium-doped lanthanum trichloride (Pr 3+ :LaCl 3 with a diode-pumped Tm:YAG laser at 2.02 μm results in broad fluorescence centered at 5 μm that has a room temperature lifetime of 8 ms. There is also an up-conversion process that results in population of the 3 F 3 state, producing 1.6 and 2.4 μm fluorescence.
Contributions of the Accelerator Fraternity to the Solution of Energy Problems

A brief summary is presented of the present situation in the field of energy production and consumption. Particular attention is given to areas where accelerator builders are particularly active. This will include fusion, solar energy, and energy storage and transmission. A few leaders in these fields who have been active in building or using particle accelerators will be identified. In conclusion a few problems will be mentioned which could be assisted toward solution by the talents of the accelerator fraternity.
Is the Compact Source at the Center of Cassiopeia A Pulsed

A 50 ks observation of the supernova remnant Cas A was taken, using the Chandra X-Ray Observatory High-Resolution Camera (HRC) to search for periodic signals from the compact source located near the center. Using the HRC-S in imaging mode, problems with correctly assigning times to events were overcome, allowing the period search to be extended to higher frequencies than possible with previous observations. In an extensive analysis of the HRC data, several possible candidate signals are found using various algorithms, including advanced techniques recently developed by Ransom to search for low-significance periodic signals. Of these possible periods, none is at a high enough confidence level to be particularly favored over the rest. When combined with other information, however (e.g., spectra, total energetics, and the historical age of the remnant), a 12 ms period seems to be more physically plausible than the others, and we use it for illustrative purposes in discussing the possible properties of a putative neutron star in the remnant. We emphasize that this is not necessarily the true period, and that a follow-up observation, scheduled for the fall of 2001, is required. A 50 ks Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) observation was taken, and analysis of these data for the central object shows that the spectrum is consistent with several forms and that the emitted X-ray luminosity in the 0.1-10 keV band is 1033-1035 ergs cm-2 s-1, depending on the spectral model and the interstellar absorption along the line of sight to the source. The spectral results are consistent with those of Pavlov et al. and Chakrabarty et al.
Reserves estimation and performance prediction for geopressured gas reservoirs

Abstract A new method is presented for estimating reserves and predicting the performance of abnormally pressured (geopressured) natural gas reservoirs. The method is applicable for reservoirs undergoing either depletion drive or limited steady-state water drive. Possible reasons for the differences in performance between normally pressured and abnormally pressured gas reservoirs are discussed.
Identification of genes involved in programmed cell death

Three modes of activation of apoptosis are described: induction, in which new gene expression occurs after the stimulus is applied; transduction, in which gene expression is unnecessary at the time of stimulation; and release, in which apoptosis is activated by the inhibition of gene expression. Genes activated in the induction mechanism were identified by a process of subtractive hybridization, whereby newly transcribed messenger RNAs could be isolated. Progress in characterizing some of these genes is described. There are many difficulties and conceptual problems associated with such a gene cloning approach, but the results will be worth the effort.
The importance of hand use to discharge of interpositus neurones of the monkey

1. Monkey interpositus neurones show large discharge modulations during reaching to grasp, however, the same neurones show little or no modulation during operation of devices that exercise individual forelimb joints. We tested the hypothesis that grasping during the reach-to-grasp is necessary for eliciting high discharge modulation. 2. Three monkeys (Macaca mulatta) moved an articulated lever between low and high target zones. While in the lower zone the monkey's hand was at its waist, in the upper zone its hand was in a position that required forelimb extension at right-angles to the body axis. Small drawers adjacent to the target zones contained raisins, and the drawers could be remotely opened. Thus, we could elicit two types of reaches having similar trajectories: one reach involved limb transport while holding the lever handle, and the other involved limb transport while forming the hand to grasp a raisin. 3. Eighty-one neurones from two monkeys, mostly from interpositus with some from adjacent regions of dentate, were tested during device use and reaching to grasp: 93% of the neurones discharged at high rates during at least one of the tasks. Of these, about half increased discharge rate solely during reaching to grasp; the other half showed some increase during device use but only discharged strongly during reaching to grasp. Overall, discharge modulations during the reach-to-grasp averaged twice as high as during the corresponding device movement (112 versus 56 impulses s-1). 4. Individual neurones consistently discharged with characteristic patterns during the reach-to-grasp with rates often exceeding 300 impulses s-1. Discharge during the reach-to-grasp was independent of reach trajectory: discharge patterns and amplitudes were similar when reaching from either the lower or upper target zone to the upper raisin drawer as when reaching from the upper target zone to the upper raisin drawer. Reach direction also made little difference: reaches from the upper target zone to the lower drawer typically elicited similar discharge modulation as those from the lower target zone to the upper drawer. 5. High discharge rates associated with grasping were independent of the item being grasped: typically, grasping the device handle elicited as high discharge rates as grasping a raisin. 6. The hypothesis was confirmed that grasping is critical for eliciting high discharge modulation in interpositus during reaching to grasp. Discharge pattern and modulation do not vary with reach direction or amplitude of the reach and, therefore, it is unlikely that intermediate cerebellum controls these features of the reach-to-grasp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Valence pairing, core deformation and the development of two-neutron halos

Abstract We explore the evolution of the structure of the ground state of a nucleus with two valence nucleons as the system approaches the two particle threshold. We use a three-body model of core + n + n where the core is deformed and allowed to excite. We find that both NN correlations and correlations due to deformation/excitation of the core inhibit the formation of halos. Our results suggest that it is unlikely to find halo nuclei on the dripline of deformed nuclei.
Induction of L-arginine-dependent production of nitric oxide in bovine monocytes by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Bovine monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood were induced to produce nitric oxide by exposing them to recombinant bovine interferon gamma (rb ifn - y ) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) in vitro. Moderate amounts of nitric oxide were induced by rb ifn -γ alone, but larger amounts were induced by rb ifn -γ and lps together, the amount being dependent on the quantity of rb ifn -γ added. Reactive nitrogen intermediates ( rni ) were produced within six hours, their concentration peaked at four days and they were detectable for at least eight days after the cells had been stimulated with rb ifn - y and lps . The production of rni was diminished by the addition of N G -monomethyl-L-arginine. The data suggest that bovine monocytes can produce rni via a pathway involving an inducible nitric oxide synthase.
A genome scan for Loci associated with aerobic running capacity in rats.

Abstract Aerobic capacity is a complex trait that defines the efficiency to use atmospheric oxygen as an electron acceptor in energy transfer. Copenhagen (COP) and DA inbred rat strains show a wide difference in a test for aerobic treadmill running and serve as contrasting genetic models for aerobic capacity. A genome scan was carried out on an F2(COP×DA) segregating population (n=224) to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with aerobic running capacity. Linkage analysis revealed a significant QTL on chromosome 16 (lod score, 4.0). A suggestive linkage was found near the p-terminus of chromosome 3 (lod score, 2.2) with evidence of an interaction with another QTL on chromosome 16 (lod score, 2.9). All three QTLs showed a dominant mode of inheritance in which the presence of at least one DA allele was associated with a greater distance run. These results represent the first aerobic capacity QTLs identified in genetic models.
970–6 In Vivo Studies of Aortic Stenosis: Role of Inertial and Viscous Forces in Doppler/Catheter Discrepancies

In previous studies in vitro we have used a Reynolds number approach to analyze second order effects on pressure recovery distal to stenosis. It was shown that two fundamentally different effects, viscous losses and turbulent dissipation, can control the basic overestimation due to pressure recovery at both ends of the Reynolds number scale. Having quantified this effect in vitro, this study attempted to reconcile Doppler and catheter gradients across aortic stenosis in vivo. Methods In 4 sheep with surgically created aortic stenosis, 30 hemodynamic states were studied (4–11 per sheep) using Millar transducers in the LV and Aorta (peak PG ranged 3–150 mmHg). A Vingmed 775 interfaced to a computer was used to measure CVV velocities simultaneously with catheter recordings. Results Instantaneous Doppler peak gradient correlated with catheter instantaneous gradient throughout the range of baseline and stenotic conditions (r = 0.973, SEE = 8.7 mmHg). but Doppler overestimated cath gradient (up to 70%) for all stenotic valve conditions by an average of 17%. Plotting overestimation versus Reynolds number revealed a second order profile of the shape derived in vitro. Correction of Doppler gradients using this parabolic factor reduced average overestimation from 17% to 1.5%. Conclusions Overestimation due to pressure recovery is basic to aortic stenosis, but this overestimation can be partially canceled by two apparently unrelated effects: viscous effects and turbulent dissipation. The former is deleted from the simplified Bernoulli equation, but more importantly, the latter is not characterized by any form of the Bernoulli equation. A Reynolds number based approach characterizes the relative importance of these effects and could lead to reconciliation of Doppler and catheter gradients in the clinical setting.
Condylactis Toxin: Interaction with Nerve Membrane Ionic Conductances

A toxin from the Bermuda anemone Condylactis gigantea causes the early transient conductance change of crayfish giant axon membranes to persist without affecting the shape of its turning-on. The increase in late steadystate conductance is either not affected or slightly suppressed. The effect on the conductance components can adequately account for the prolonged action potential observed in the treated axon.
New records and species of leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea) from North and South Carolina

Summary Twenty freshwater, one euryhaline, one terrestrial, and six marine leeches are now known to occur in the Carolinas. Haemopis septagon, the second terrestrial leech discovered in North America, and five aquatic taxa—Placobdella nuchalis, P. translucens, Mooreobdella melanostoma, M. tetragon, and Erpobdella punctata coastalis—are previously undescribed. Specimens of Placobdella papillifera and P. multilineata, are examined in detail. Four additional species—Batracobdella phalera, B. picta, Helobdella elongata and Haemopis marmorata—have been found in the Carolinas for the first time. The distribution of leeches in the Carolinas is determined in part by the boundaries of the three physiographic provinces. Batracobdella picta, Oligobdella biannulata, and Haemopis marmorata occur only in the Appalachian Mountains, while Placobdella nuchalis, P. translucens, Glossiphonia swampina, Batracobdella phalera, Helobdella stagnalis, H. elongata and Macrobdella ditetra were found only in the coastal plain. Along...
BOHMIAN COSMOLOGY AND THE QUANTUM SMEARING OF THE INITIAL SINGULARITY

Abstract We examine a recent quantum cosmological model by Smith and Bergmann from the point of view of Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics. We show that the quantum smearing of the initial singularity in this model does not prevent the formation of a singularity if interpreted on the Bohmian model. Furthermore, it is argued than from this perspective, the criterion used for establishing the existence or nonexistence of quantum singularities is fundamentally misconceived.
A method for the detection of superoxide in biological systems

Abstract The ability to detect superoxide in biological milieu is filled with a number of difficult problems. For example, the ferricytochrome c assay method cannot be used in the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase since cytochrome c is preferentially reduced by this enzyme. We have found that the superoxide-dependent oxidation of one particular hydroxylamine, 2-ethyl-1-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-3-oxazolidine, to its corresponding nitroxide, 2-ethyl-2,5,5-trimethyl-3-oxazolidinoxyl, can be used to quantitate superoxide production by hepatic microsomes and purified enzymes. We determined that this assay method is free from most of the problems inherent in other methods for the identification of superoxide.
Bispectral analysis in trauma patients: An observational study

Study objectives: Bispectral analysis uses processed electroencephalograph information to measure level of consciousness and depth of sedation. Trauma patients often experience painful procedures performed in the emergency department. We determined correlations between bispectral analysis, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and trauma patient recall, which included recall after rapid sequence intubation (RSI). Methods: We prospectively studied a convenience sample of trauma patients older than 17 years and meeting trauma team activation guidelines at an urban Level I trauma center. Providers were blinded to bispectral analysis scores, which were measured every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. Initial GCS score, interventions (painful procedures), and RSI were recorded. A follow-up survey conducted within 7 days assessed (1 to 5 Likert scale) the level of patient recall. Responses were dichotomized (1, 2 as negative and 3, 4, 5 as positive). Spearman's correlations between GCS score ( Results: Data were obtained for 200 subjects and follow-up for 55 (nonsedated with GCS score=15 at survey). Initial bispectral analysis median was 95. GCS score less than 8 occurred in 37 patients. RSI was performed on 67 patients. Significantly reduced recall rates were found for patients with GCS score less than 8 ( P =.03) and bispectral analysis less than 75 ( P P =.01) but not for bispectral analysis less than 85 ( P =.09). Patients with RSI were less likely to experience recall ( P Conclusion: Correlation between GCS and bispectral analysis is highest when GCS score less than 8 and bispectral analysis less than 80 are used as breakpoints, and the likelihood of recall of initial traumatic resuscitation within 7 days is similar when patients are grouped by GCS score less than 8 or bispectral analysis less than 80. As assessed by patient recall, adequate sedation appears to occur after RSI. A bispectral analysis threshold less than 80 may be useful to monitor the adequacy of sedation after RSI. The number of patients lost to follow-up limits results.
Seafloor environments in Cape Cod Bay, a large coastal embayment

Cape Cod Bay is a glacial, semi-enclosed embayment that has a patchy distribution of modern seafloor sedimentary environments of erosion or nondeposition, deposition, and sediment reworking. Sidescan-sonar records and supplemental bathymetric, sedimentary, subbottom, and physical-oceanographic data indicate that the characteristics and distribution of these three categories of bottom environments are controlled by a combination of geologic and oceanographic processes that range from episodic to long-term and from regional to local. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition comprise exposures of bedrock, glacial drift, and coarse lag deposits that contain sediments (where present) ranging from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands. These environments are dominant on the shallow margins of the bay (water depths < 30 m) where they reflect sediment resuspension, winnowing, and transport during modern northerly storms. (2) Environments of deposition are blanketed by fine-grained sediments ranging from muds to muddy fine sands. These environments are dominant across the floor of the central basin (water depths = 30–60 m) where fine-grained sediments (derived from regional and local sources and emplaced primarily during episodic wind- and density-driven flow) settle through the water column and accumulate under weak bottom currents during nonstorm conditions. (3) Environments of sediment reworking contain patches with diverse textures ranging from gravelly sands to muds. These environments occupy much of the transitional slopes between the margins and the basin floor and reflect a combination of erosion and deposition. The patchy distribution of sedimentary environments within the bay reflects not only regional changes in processes between the margins and the basin but local changes within each part of the bay as well. Small-scale patchiness is caused by local changes in the strengths of wave- and wind-driven currents and (on the margins) by local variations in the supply of fine-grained sediments. This study indicates areas within Cape Cod Bay where fine-grained sediments and associated contaminants are likely to be either moved or deposited. It also provides a guide to the locations and variability of benthic habitats.
Radiation Quenching of Radio- and Radiothermo-Luminescence of ZnS Phosphors, I. Luminescent Process under Excitation

Spectra and buildup-decay curves of the luminescence of ZnS:Cu:Cl phosphors under excitation by 5.5 Mev electrons from a linear accelerator or β-rays of Sr 90 –Y 90 were compared with those by near uv light. It was found that the ratio of the blue intensity to green one in the spectra of radioluminesence is markedly reduced from that of uv-luminescence. The intensity of uv-luminescence increases with the concentration of Cu up to 0.1% while that of β-luminescence begins to decrease at concentrations more than 0.02%. The normalized deficiency area of buildup curves of β-luminescence is greater than that of uv-luminescence for several phosphors but inverse for others. The results are interpreted as radiation quenching by assuming the production and migration of energetic energy carriers to cause the quenching. A localized transport process in a region along the path of incident electron was proposed to be probable.
Oxidation states of vanadium in V-P-O oxidation catalysts31P NMR by spin-echo mapping

Abstract The oxidation state of vanadium in V-P-O catalysts before and after use has been examined using31P NMR spin echo mapping. The presence of V4+ and V5+ species could be detected for β-VOPO4, (VO)2P2O7 and industrially-related materials with P/V=0.9, 1.0, and 1.1. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were used to confirm the presence of para-magnetic vanadium in most catalysts which had been exposed to n-butane or 1-butene. Several models of active V-P-O catalysts have been offered previously which can be related to the NMR results.
Formation pressure estimation

Abstract Using inverse methods, a new numerical method is described for modeling pressure stabilization of a borehole after drilling-mud circulation has stopped. The following five geophysical parameters can be estimated from the method: (1) true formation pressure P f ; (2) mud pressure P m at the time the mud-circulation stops; (3) the invasion distance R into the formation before the formation is at the true formation pressure; (4) formation permeability K perpendicular to the borehole; and (5) efficiency factor f for pressure rise of the mud in the borehole after mud circulation has stopped. Crucial input data for the model are the pressure measurements (more than two measurements are required) with shut-in time taken at a fixed depth, and a rough estimate of the mud pressure at the formation depth at the time circulation stops. Other, non-critical, input data include the radius of the borehole, the density and viscosity of the fluids in the formation on which the pressure measurements are made, formation thickness, and an estimate of the flow rate prior to shut-in. Applications of the new inverse procedure are given to both synthetic data and field data.
Screening for hearing loss in the elderly using distortion product otoacoustic emissions, pure tones, and a self-assessment tool.

Purpose To determine whether distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) could be used as a hearing screening tool with elderly individuals living independently, and to compare the utility of...
No uptake of anions required by opening stomata of Vicia faba: Guard cells release hydrogen ions

Epidermal strips from leaves of Vicia faba L. with ruptured epidermal cells and intact guard cells were exposed to solutions of K(+) in association with non-absorbable anions. KCl served as control. Stomata exposed to a range of concentrations of K iminodiacetate, K 4,4-dimethyl-4,7-diazadecane-1,10-disulfonate and K benzene sulfonate opened as widely as on KCl, indicating that K(+) can be taken up by guard cells without the necessity of an anion traveling along. Electroneutrality was maintained by an exchange of K(+) for H(+). Release of H(+) from guard cells was recorded as a drop in the pH of the solution on which the epidermal samples floated. Formation of acid equivalents by the guard cells was also recorded by automatic titration of the bathing solution at constant pH while CO2 was continuously being removed. A considerable amount of H(+) was released from the epidermis by ion exchange (about 8x10(-10) eq/mm(2)). Subtracting this quantity from the total amount of H(+) titrated resulted in an estimate of acid production during stomatal opening of 1.2 to 7x10(-10) eq/mm(2) or 1.5 to 8.5x10(-12) eq/stoma. These amounts are equivalent to the known capacity of the guard cells of Vicia faba to absorb K(+).
Between generation variability in the fat content and behavior of Ips paraconfusus Lanier1

The relationship between high fat content and dispersive behavior reported for the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, holds true for Ips paraconfusus Lanier. Laboratory investigation revealed that the overwintered generation contained a significantly smaller proportion of responsive individuals than the spring generation. The nonresponsive individuals of both the overwintered and subsequent spring generation were found to have a markedly higher fat content than responsive individuals. It was also determined that the overwintered non-responders contained significantly more fat than their spring generation counterparts. Examination of adults for nemic-infection revealed considerable variation in the level of infection, but the non-responders were generally less heavily parasitized than the responders. Zusammenfassung Zur interzyklischen Variabilitat des Fettgehalts und des Verhaltens bei Ips paraconfusus Lanier Die von Dendroctonus pseudotsugae beschriebenen Bezeichnungen zwischen dem Fettgehalt und dem Ausbreitungsverhalten treffen auch fur Ips paraconfusus zu. Laboruntersuchungen zeigten, das die uberwinternde Generation einen signifikant kleineren Anteil an (im Olfaktometer auf mannliche Pheromone) reagierenden Individuen enthalt als die Fruhjahrs-generation. Die nicht reagierenden Individuen beider Generationen besasen einen hoheren Fettgehalt als die reagierenden, wobei wieder unter den nicht reagierenden die Uberwinterer mehr Fett besasen als die Angehorigen der Fruhjahrsgeneration. Eine Untersuchung auf Nematoden-Befall ergab, das die nicht reagierenden allgemein weniger parasitiert waren als die reagierenden.
Analysis of Surface Winds in Shelikof Strait, Alaska, UsingMoored Buoy Observations*

Abstract The winds within Shelikof Strait, Alaska, have been examined using hourly observations from a pair of meteorological buoys moored at the ends of the strait for a 6-month period in 1994. The focus is on periods of gap winds, when the prominent terrain bordering Shelikof Strait constrains the low-level winds to accelerate down the local pressure gradient in a direction approximately parallel to the axis of the strait. Statistics have been amassed on the performance of a simple, Bernoulli-type gap wind model during periods of downstrait (northeasterly) gap flow. A series of model experiments have been conducted to elucidate the processes important to gap flow in Shelikof Strait. The model best predicts the observed alongstrait component of the wind at the exit of the strait (explaining 74% of the variance) when it includes not just surface friction, but also parameterizations of the Coriolis effect due to the cross-strait wind and of entrainment. The latter process is studied further using upper-air...
How worthwhile are short schedules in radiotherapy? A series of exploratory calculations.

Abstract A series of calculations is presented of log cell kill for most of the fractionated schedules that could conceivably be devised using 1, 2 or 3 fractions per day and 3, 5 or 7 treatment days per week, in overall times of 1 to 7 weeks inclusive. The basic assumption is that late reactions are kept constant, and that repair of sublethal damage is complete, i.e. intervals are at least 6 h. A wide range of effective doubling times of tumor cells is assumed: 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 days and infinity. The results show that optimum overall times depend primarily on (1) the doubling time for cells in the tumor and (2) the intrinsic radio sensitivity alpha (which is proportional to α/β in one of the assumptions made here). Optimum overall times are proportional to (1) but can increase even more steeply with increasing radiosensitivity or α/β Short overall times are required for tumors with low α/β and/or fast proliferation. Optimum overall times are, interestingly, relatively independent of the number and frequency of fractions. However, therapeutic ratios are higher if larger numbers of smaller fractions are used within the selected overall time. This is a critical factor in achieving adequate tumor cell kill. For median potential doubling times of 5 days, and median radiosensitivity, overall times of 2.5 to 4 weeks would be optimal. More slowly proliferating tumors, possibly about half of many types of carcinoma, should be treated with longer overall times, but selection is necessary. Doubling or halving the cell doubling time would mean 5–8 or 1.2–2 weeks overall time, respectively. Similarly, for a 5 day doubling time, a tumor with α / β = 5 Gy should be treated in less than a week; but if α / β = 20 Gy the optimum overall time could exceed 7 or 8 weeks. A tumor with cells that double in 3 days would require overall times of 0.3, 2.5 and 6.5 weeks for α/β values of 5, 10 and 20 Gy, respectively. Acute effects (excluded in the analysis) would disqualify some of the shorter schedules. We can hope to know potential doubling times (from flow cytometry) and eventually values of alpha (and α.β). It is important that assays of both should continue to be developed. When such individual values are available, optimum overall times can be chosen, as described here, within which the maximum practicable number of small fractions can be given. Without such selection, clinical trials will continue to be as diluted as if staging were not taken into account.
Performance tests of large CCDs

Results obtained in fabricating and testing of large CCD image sensors are reported. The emphasis is on high quantum efficiency, excellent charge transfer efficiency at low signal level, large pixel count, low readout noise, and very low dark current. The focus is on the use of the devices for optical astronomy where these parameters are most important. Test results for CCDs fabricated by Ford Aerospace and by EG Experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of a reproducible biased-gate using transparent indium tin oxide as a conducting layer over a silicon oxide insulating layer are discussed. Quantum efficiency of bias-gate thinned CCDs is compared with results obtained from a phosphor-coated front- illuminated CCD.
ENZYME THERAPY: EVIDENCE FOR TWO DISTINCT RECEPTORS THAT MEDIATE UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE OF HUMAN β-GLUCURONIDASE

ENZYME THERAPY: EVIDENCE FOR TWO DISTINCT RECEPTORS THAT MEDIATE UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE OF HUMAN β-GLUCURONIDASE
GIS, Internal Colonialism, and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs

This article contains the first comprehensive empirical account of the history of geographic information systems (GIS) development within the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an account founded...
Conducting Successful Home Visits in Multicultural Communities

The connection between home and school is vital in the success of all students; however, this connection faces a significant challenge when educators and caregivers do not share a common language or culture. With the increase of immigrant children in schools today, educators cannot assume that all parents will understand the U.S. school system and its expectations. One means of achieving purposeful dialogue between home and school is through home visits. Drawing on the professional literature and personal experiences of in-service educators, this article describes the process for conducting successful home visits in multicultural communities. It also discusses alternative ways of working with those families who do not wish to have school personnel come to their homes. The ideas presented are applicable to the teacher as well as the teacher educator who wishes to address and apply this important form of communication between educators and non-native English speaking families.
A Digest of Listservs of Interest to Access Services, January–April 2009

Susan Zeyher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison asked if other libraries scanned materials directly into Ariel or if they made photocopies first as she does. Almost all said they scanned direct...