cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of 230Th and 231Pa at ocean margins

Abstract Uranium, thorium and protactinium isotopes were measured in particulate matter collected by sediment traps deployed in the Panama Basin and by in-situ filtration of large volumes of seawater in the Panama and Guatemala Basins. Concentrations of dissolved Th and Pa isotopes were determined by extraction onto MnO 2 adsorbers placed in line behind the filters in the in-situ pumping systems. Concentrations of dissolved 230 Th and 231 Pa in the Panama and Guatemala Basins are lower than in the open ocean, whereas dissolved 230 Th/ 231 Pa ratios are equal to, or slightly greater than, ratios in the open ocean. Particulate 230 Th/ 231 Pa ratios in the sediment trap samples ranged from 4 to 8, in contrast to ratios of 30 or more at the open ocean sites previously studied. Particles collected by filtration in the Panama Basin and nearest to the continental margin in the Guatemala Basin contained 230 Th/ 231 Pa ratios similar to the ratios in the sediment trap samples. The ratios increased with distance away from the continent. Suspended particles near the margin show no preference for adsorption of Th or Pa and therefore must be chemically different from particles in the open ocean, which show a strong preference for adsorption of Th. Ocean margins, as typified by the Panama and Guatemala Basins, are preferential sinks for 231 Pa relative to 230 Th. Furthermore, the margins are sinks for 230 Th and, to a greater extent, 231 Pa transported by horizontal mixing from the open ocean.
Eggs of stored-product Lepidoptera as hosts for Trichogramma evanescens (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae).

Eggs were collected fromAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller),Ephestia cautella (Walker),E. elutella, (Hubner),E. figulilella (Gregson), andPlodia interpunctella (Hubner) and exposed to adults of the egg parasite,Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, in a free choice experiment. Host eggs were ranked by decreasing percentages of parasitization as follows:E. elutella > E. cautella > E. figulilella > A. kuehniella > P. interpunctella. Differences in percent parasitization were not significant betweenEphestia spp., butA. kuehniella andP. interpunctella were parasitized significantly less often. Average percentage egg hatch after exposure toTrichogramma ranged from 5.0 to 9.3%, except forPlodia where it averaged 33.3%. It appears that inundative releases ofTrichogramma into commodity storages could play an important role in suppression of stored-product moth populations.
Intergroup Identity Insults: A Social Identity Theory Perspective

The purpose of this article is to build a systemic theory of insult based on insights from social identity theory and theories of power. Six types of insult are described: identity, projection, divergence, relative, power, and legitimacy, and the differences among them analyzed. The processes that constitute the dynamics of insult are considered. Following this theoretical analysis, the case of insults connected with the actions of the rock group Pussy Riot in Russia are interpreted in terms of various types of insults. The article concludes with suggestions for applications of the proposed theoretical concepts to the analysis of complex conflict dynamics.
Generation and characterization of a single-gene encoded single-chain immunoglobulin-interleukin-2 fusion protein

Abstract Background: Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a potent inducer of cellular immune responses, has been used for biological therapy of human cancer; however, the high doses of IL-2 required to mediate patients' immune responses can cause considerable systemic toxicity. The murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49, which reacts with tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72, expressed on a variety of human carcinomas, has shown excellent tumor localization in recent clinical trials. Objectives: Development and characterization of a single-chain immunoglobulin-IL-2 (SCIg-IL-2) fusion protein which, by delivering IL-2 selectively to the tumor site, can serve as an effective reagent for CC49/IL-2 combination therapy. Study design: A single-gene encoding the SCIg-IL-2 fusion protein derived from the chimeric (c) CC49 was designed, generated and inserted in an expression vector. The monomeric single-chain protein consisted of the CC49 heavy and light chain variable domains covalently joined through a (GGGGS)3 linker peptide. The carboxyl end of the variable domain of the light chain was linked to the amino terminus of the human γl Fc through the hinge region, and the carboxyl end of the CH3 domain was linked to the amino terminus of the human IL-2 through a GGGSGGG linker peptide. The SCIg-IL-2, expressed from the murine myeloma cells transfected with the expression construct, was characterized for its antigen-binding specifity, antibody effector functions and IL-2 biological activity. Results and conclusion: Transfection of murine myeloma cells with the single-gene expression construct SCIg-IL-2 expressed a single-chain protein of approximately 70 kD, which was secreted into tissue culture fluid as a homodimer of approximately 140 kD. SCIg-IL-2 competed completely with cCC49 for binding to the TAG-72 antigen, but approximately three- to four-fold more of the SCIg-IL-2 was required to achieve levels of competition similar to those observed with the murine or chimeric CC49. With human effector cells, the fusion protein mediated lysis of TAG-72 positive human carcinoma cells. Prior treatment of human effector cells with 100 U/ml of human IL-2 enhanced the fusion protein-mediated cytolysis from 32 to 65%. At doses of a 1 ng/ml, the stimulatory effect of SCIg-IL-2 on IL-2 dependent murine HT-2 cell proliferation was comparable to that of the recombinant human IL-2. The single-gene construct may also facilitate inoculation of the gene in animal tissue for in vivo expression of the fusion protein.
Mechanisms of solid particle erosive wear for 90° impact on copper and iron☆

Abstract High purity copper single crystals and fully annealed polycrystalline α-Fe were eroded by glass spheres 70 μm in diameter suspended in an argon gas stream and travelling normal to the target surface at 122 m s−1. Detailed scanning electron microscopy of eroded surfaces, together with transmission electron microscopy of erosion debris, was performed. It was observed that the surfaces developed a stable hill-and-valley topology not reported previously. The mechanism of material removal was plowing on the hillsides and flaking due to subsurface crack propagation in the valleys. Subsurface voids were created independently of second-phase particles and evidence existed for a local temperature rise at the surface.
A Characterization of Random Bloch Functions

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a necessary and sufficient condition on the complex sequence { a n }, ∑| a n | 2 ∞ n = 1 ± a n z n represents a Bloch function for almost all choices of signs “ ± ,” answering a question left open by J. M. Anderson et al. (1974, J. Reine Agnew. Math. 270, 12–37).
Interleukin-15 expression is increased in human eosinophilic esophagitis and mediates pathogenesis in mice.

Background & Aims Quantitative microarray analyses have shown increased expression of interleukin-15 ( IL-15 ) messenger RNA in the esophagus of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a recently recognized allergic disorder with poorly understood pathogenesis. Methods Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses were performed to examine protein and transcript levels in tissue samples from patients with EoE. Tissues from IL-15Ra –deficient and wild-type (control) mice were also examined. Tissue eosinophilia was determined by immunostaining for major basic protein and flow cytometry for cell-surface receptors. Results Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that levels of IL-15 and its receptor IL-15Ra were increased ∼6- and ∼10-fold, respectively, in tissues from patients with EoE and ∼3- and ∼4-fold, respectively, in mice with allergen-induced EoE. A >2-fold increase in serum IL-15 protein levels was also detected in human EoE samples compared with those from healthy individuals. Human IL-15 messenger RNA levels correlated with esophageal eosinophilia ( P IL-15Ra –deficient mice were protected from allergen-induced esophageal eosinophilia compared with controls ( P + T cells to produce cytokines that act on eosinophils. Incubation of primary esophageal epithelial cells from mice and humans with IL-15 caused a dose-dependent increase in the mRNA expression and protein levels of eotaxin-1, -2, and -3. Conclusions IL-15 mediates in the pathogenesis of EoE. IL-15 activates CD4 + T cells to produce cytokines that act on eosinophils.
The ESR spectrum of the 1,2-diphenylcyclopropene anion radical in solution☆

Abstract The anion radical of diphenylcyclopropene has been prepared by alkali metal reduction at low temperature in tetrahydrofuran. It is stable below about −60°C. The ESR spectrum has been obtained and analyzed. The methylene splitting has been confirmed by deuteration. On the basis of McLachlan calculations and previous results on related compounds, it is suggested that the phenyl coupling constants are influenced by the central bond length and the angle between the phenyl rings but not by strain in the three-member ring. The methylene coupling constant appears to have contributions of opposite sign arising from spin polarization of the o and the a electrons, but it is not well described by simple considerations. The g factor has been measured. The implications of this and related g factors for present theories of g factors are discussed.
Polar heating and the shape of Venus

Observations of an increase of the brightness temperature of Venus towards the poles are reported. Measurements of the deviations from circular symmetry of radio emission at 6 cm were made with a two-element interferometer near a time of inferior conjunction with Venus. The projected baseline lengths of the planet at the first null of the visibility function imply that the planet is either larger (by about 7 km) or brighter (by about 5 K) at the poles than at the equator. Possible causes of polar heating include a strong downwelling of the Venusian atmosphere at the poles and a slight topographical flattening relative to the gravitational equipotentials. Calculations of brightness temperature variations for a planet with a topographical oblateness of about 0.6 km are shown to agree with the observations, however the possibility of this oblateness being due to a fossil rotational bulge is argued against.
Association of Lower Limb Cutaneous Sensitivity With Gait Speed in the Elderly: The Health ABC Study

Cutaneous sensory information from the lower limbs plays a significant role in maintaining stability during walking by activating appropriate re-flexes that are specific to the phase of the step cycle and the context in which the locomotor task is performed.1,2 It is proposed that the contribution of cutaneous information is particularly important under more challenging conditions, for example when walking on uneven or compliant surfaces3,4 or for regaining stability following a strong destabilization that induces a stepping recovery response.5 Deterioration in lower limb cutaneous sensitivity induced by experimental manipulation (for example by applying local anesthetics) or because of a pathologic process such as peripheral neuropathy is associated with reduced gait speed,3,6,7 possibly in an attempt to increase stability. However, none of these previous studies examined which lower limb cutaneous sensory function was in fact associated with the observed responses. Researchers have reported a significant age-related decline in lower limb cutaneous sensitivity to detect a vibratory and pressure stimulus.8,9 The physiologic properties of the neural circuitry involved in vibration and pressure sensation are different.10 Compared with activation of slow-adapting receptors that mediate pressure sensation, activation of fast-adapting cutaneous receptors responsible for vibrotactile sensation has a better capacity to modulate reflex responses in lower limb muscles.11 Moreover, age-related decline in cutaneous vibration and pressure sensory functions do not occur in parallel.9 However, it is not known whether vibration sensitivity and pressure sensitivity are differentially associated with walking performance in older adults or whether this relationship is further affected by the challenges induced during walking. The primary objective of this study was to examine the association of vibrotactile sensitivity and pressure sensitivity with gait speed at a self-selected normal pace which is a global indicator of walking performance and a strong predictor of incident walking disability in the elderly.12 The second objective was to gain an insight whether the relationship between the cutaneous sensitivity parameters and gait speed is modified under a challenging condition that constrains foot-placement in the mediolateral direction by narrowing the walking path. Monitoring quick changes in the center of foot-pressure is imperative for maintaining dynamic stability during walking. Therefore, we hypothesized that compared with pressure sensitivity, fast-adapting receptor-based vibrotactile sensitivity would be more strongly associated with gait speed under normal and in a challenging condition.
Effect of the methylation of the 2'-hydroxyl groups in polyadenylic acid on its structure in weakly acidic and neutral solutions and on its capability to form ordered complexes with polyuridylic acid.

Abstract The influence of the methylation of the 2′-hydroxyl groups in poly A on its structure in weakly acidic and neutral solutions and on its capability to form ordered complexes with poly U has been investigated by ultraviolet and circular dichroism spectroscopy. A major effect of the methylation of the backbone is to increase the thermal stability of the double-stranded, acid structure of poly A, while no significant effect on the single-stranded conformation was observed. The dissymmetric structures, as reflected in the circular dichroic spectra, were virtually identical for poly A and poly Am § for the tightly packed, double-stranded, acid structures (pH 4.6, 0.15 m -KCl) on one hand and for the single-stranded conformations (pH 7, 0.15 m -KCl, 25 °C) on the other. Circular dichroic spectra with characteristics intermediate between those of the tightly packed, double-stranded and the single-stranded structures of poly A and poly Am are obtained in the pH range from 5 to 7 at moderate to high ionic strength (for poly Am e.g. at pH 5.7, 0.15 m -NaCl, 4 to 44 °C). From the circular dichroic spectra and absorbance melting profiles it is tentatively concluded that poly A and poly Am form less tightly packed, less ordered double-stranded structures under these conditions. Methylation of the 2′-hydroxyl groups in poly A has virtually no effect on the thermal stability of its double-stranded complex with poly U, but considerably weakens the attachment of the third strand of poly U in poly(Am + 2U). It is concluded that the presence of an unsubstituted 2′-hydroxyl group in poly A is not essential for the stabilization of the double-stranded conformations of poly A in acidic solutions, for the partially-ordered single-stranded conformation of poly A at neutrality or for the double-stranded complex of poly A with poly U.
Effect of Non-Target Stimuli upon Length of Voluntary Saccades:

The length of initial voluntary saccades to a target were measured in three experiments. It was found that saccade length varied as a function of the number, locus and distance of non-target stimuli present in the visual field. Eye movements tended to be directed toward the “center of gravity” of the stimuli close to the target. These systematic changes seem to be independent of task requirements for acuity. Some implications are discussed.
The GSR of monkeys during orienting and habituation after selective partial ablations of the cingulate and frontal cortex

Abstract A previous report of depression of the galvanic skin response component of the orienting reaction after amygdalectomy despite behavioral deficits in habituation, prompted this study. Two frontal lobe lesions were investigated for effect on GSR reactivity to tones. The lateral frontal cortex lesion was found to depress the GSR orienting reaction whereas the medial-frontal-anterior cingulate lesion did not. Additional analysis of the control records in terms of lability-stability ratings showed that the lateral frontal Ss maintained a level of reaction lower than that of initially stabile or “rerun” stabilized controls. The conclusion of the previous report, i.e. that autonomic indicators of orienting may serve as a registration component of the behavioral reaction to novelty is supported and extended.
Combining growth curves when a longitudinal study switches measurement tools.

When longitudinal studies are performed to investigate the growth of traits in children, the measurement tool being used to quantify the trait may need to change as the subjects’ age throughout the study. Changing the measurement tool at some point in the longitudinal study makes the analysis of that growth challenging which, in turn, makes it difficult to determine what other factors influence the growth rate. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework that relates the growth curves per individual for each of the different measurement tools and allows for covariates to influence the shapes of the curves by borrowing strength across curves. The method is motivated by and demonstrated by speech perception outcome measurements of children who were implanted with cochlear implants. Researchers are interested in assessing the impact of age at implantation and comparing the growth rates of children who are implanted under the age of two versus those implanted between the ages of two and four.
Roentgen findings in fractures of the vertebral column in childhood examination of 35 patients and its results.

In the past 10 years we examined 35 children with fractures of the spine. The most important cause was an injury by a fall from a tree or a climbing stage (23 cases). Traffic accidents or other direct trauma was the cause in 10 patients. Two children had tetanus. The ages of the children range from 2 to 12 years. Clinical symptoms may be diagnostic of vertebral trauma, but quite often symptoms are insignificant or atypical. We detected fractures in every vertebra of the thoracic and lumbar part of the spine. The greatest number of fractures was found between T4 and L2. The typical injury of the spine is a compression fracture of the vertebral body with a wedgeshaped deformity (111 vertebrae); fractures of the transverse processus of lumbar vertebrae were not frequent (10 vertebrae). Other parts of the vertebrae were not involved. The value of scintigraphy in case of doubtful roent-genologic finding is pointed out.
The enzymatic synthesis of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate by enzymes of carrot root and pig liver

Abstract The isolation of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate synthetases from carrot root and pig liver and the properties of these enzymes are reported. Each of the enzymes catalyzes the formation of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl-4-C 14 and farnesyl pyrophosphates. The product of the reaction has been characterized by gas-liquid and paper chromatography and derivative formation. An absolute metal requirement has been demonstrated for the reaction and Mn ++ is the most effective metal in stimulating activity. The pH optimum of the reaction is 6.7–6.8 and 6.9–7.0, respectively, for the carrot root and pig liver enzymes. K m values calculated for farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate are 1 × 10 −4 M and 1 × 10 −5 M respectively, for the carrot root enzyme, and 7.6 × 10 −5 M and 6.6 × 10 −6 M , respectively, for the pig liver enzyme.
Synthesis and characterization of a new zinc phosphate, [NH3(CH2)4NH3]2+[Zn2P3O9(OH)3]2-, containing alternating inorganic-organic layers

Abstract A new zinc phosphate [NH3(CH2)4NH3]2+[Zn2P3O9(OH)3]2−was synthesized under acidic conditions at room temperature. It crystallizes in triclinic space groupP 1 (No. 2) with lattice parametersa=8.4003(8),b=8.6690(7),c=10.3523(15) A,α=88.237(1),β=77.732(1),γ=86.406(1)°,V=735.1,Z=2,R=0.33, andRw=0.041. The structure consists of alternating inorganic and organic layers. The inorganic layers are held together by strong hydrogen bonding, creating cavities in which diprotonated diaminobutane molecules reside.
Thyristors and rectifier diodes-the semiconductor workhorses

Power semiconductor devices have become one of the main bridges between the electrical and electronic equipment technologies. They are being used increasingly in every phase of generation, distribution, and consumption of electric power. This article surveys the various types of components, their applications, and the outlook for the future. The stress is on thyristors and silicon rectifier diodes, which exhibit electrical characteristics that are uniquely tailored to ac utility power systems.
v-src Induces Prostaglandin Synthase 2 Gene Expression by Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and the c-Jun Transcription Factor

Abstract A consensus cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in the murine prostaglandin synthase-2 (PGS2) promoter is essential for pgs2 gene expression induced by pp60, the v-src oncogene product. In this study, we investigate (i) the transcription factors active at the PGS2 “CRE site” in response to v-src activation and (ii) the signal transduction pathways by which pp60 activates these transcription factors. Transient transfection assays with pgs2 promoter/luciferase reporter chimeric genes suggest that c-Jun mediates v-src-induced pgs2 gene expression. Antibody supershift experiments demonstrate that c-Jun can participate in a complex with the pgs2 promoter CRE site. Moreover, in vitro immunocomplex assays demonstrate that pp60 expression strongly activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) enzyme activity. Serines 63 and 73, the sites of c-Jun phosphorylation by JNK, are essential for v-src-induced, pgs2 promoter-mediated luciferase expression. Cotransfection studies with plasmids expressing wild-type JNK, dominant-negative JNK, and dominant-negative MEKK-1 confirm that activation of the Ras/MEKK-1/JNK/c-Jun pathway is required for v-src-induced pgs2 gene expression. Overexpression of either wild-type ERK-1 or ERK-2 proteins also potentiate v-src-mediated luciferase expression driven by the pgs2 promoter, and expression of dominant-negative mutants of ERK-1, ERK-2, or Raf-1 attenuate this response. Thus, in response to v-src expression, a Ras/MEKK-1/JNK signal transduction pathway activating c-Jun and a Ras/Raf-1/ERK pathway converge to mediate pgs2 gene expression via the CRE site in the pgs2 promoter.
Aspects of secondary and quaternary structure of surfactant protein A from canine lung.

Abstract The results of a large number of studies indicate that pulmonary surfactant contains a unique protein whose principal isoform has a molecular weight of about 30 000, and whose presence in surfactant is associated with important metabolic and physicochemical properties. This protein, SP-A, as isolated from canine surfactant, contains a domain of 24 repeating triplets of Gly-X-Y, similar to that found in collagens. These studies were undertaken to determine whether SP-A forms a collagen-like triple helix when in solution, and to describe certain aspects of its size and shape. Our experiments were done on SP-A extracted by two different methods from canine surfactant, and on SP-A produced by molecular cloning. The results from all three preparations were similar. The circular dichroism of the complete protein was characterized by a relatively large negative ellipticity at 205 nm, with a negative shoulder ranging from 215 to 230 nm. There was no positive ellipticity, and the spectrum was not characteristic of collagen. Trypsin hydrolysis resulted in a fragment with peak negative ellipticity at about 200 nm, without the negative shoulder. Further hydrolysis of this fragment with pepsin resulted in a CD spectrum similar to that of collagen. The spectrum of the collagen-like fragment was reversibly sensitive to heating to 50°C, and was irreversibly lost after treatment with bacterial collagenase. SP-A migrated on molecular sieving gels with an equivalent Stokes radius of 110 to 120 A, and had a sedimentation coefficient of 14 S. Using these data we calculate a molecular weight of about 700 000. The hydrodynamic characteristics can be approximated as a prolate ellipsoid of revolution having an axial ratio of about 20. We conclude that SP-A aggregates into a complex of 18 monomers, which may form six triple-helices. The shape of the complex is considerably more globular than collagen and is not consistent with end-to-end binding of the helices to form fibrous structures.
An alternative to subclassing

Smalltalk-80 obtains some of its expressive power from arranging classes in a hierarchy. Inheritance is an important aspect of this hierarchy. An alternative organization of classes is proposed that emphasizes description instead of inheritance. This alternative can be used with compile-time type checking and retains the important characteristics of Smalltalk's hierarchy.
On the practicality of elliptic curve cryptography for medical sensor networks

Biomedical sensors have long been used to monitor patients in hospitals and emergency settings. Until recently, these sensors were connected to their respective monitors through an array of cumbersome wires. Recent research has made it possible for biomedical sensors to communicate over wireless links, creating new opportunities for patients and caregivers. Not only can the hassle of physical wires be eliminated, but wireless communication has enabled the ability for sensors to form ad-hoc mesh networks with each other.
The macromolecular states of solvent-swollen and dry coal

Etude de la structure macromoleculaire du charbon par l'etude des variations de son anisotropie optique a la suite d'une immersion dans differents solvants
IMPACT OF FROZEN STORAGE ON FLAVOR OF CAPRINE MILK CHEESES

The impact of freezing and frozen storage on flavor profiles of soft and semisoft caprine milk cheeses was evaluated. Plain soft pasteurized milk cheeses were purchased from a grade A goat dairy and semisoft cheeses were made from pasteurized caprine milk at a university creamery on three separate occasions. Cheeses were assigned to one of four storage regimes: refrigeration (5C) for 30 days; freezing (-20C) for 24 h followed by thawing and refrigeration for 30 days; and frozen storage (-20C) for 3 or 6 months followed by thawing and refrigerated storage. Cheeses were sampled for sensory analysis initially (time 0 and initially after thawing) and subsequently across refrigerated storage. A descriptive sensory panel received 75 h of training on 13 terms for cheese flavor attributes and basic tastes from a previously adopted sensory lexicon for caprine milk cheeses. Cheeses were evaluated by each panelist in duplicate. Freezing and frozen storage had minimal effects on flavor properties of soft or semisoft cheeses (P > 0.05 for most attributes). Concurrent with previous instrumental studies, frozen storage appears to be a viable option for fresh soft caprine milk cheeses to maintain a year-round supply.
Photo-induced binding of sulfanilamide to cellular macromolecules.

— Ultraviolet light (A > 295 nm) induced binding of sulfanilamide to cellular macromoleculcs has been examined. It was found that the drug bound irreversibly to native DNA, and complexes containing one drug molecule per 80 nucleotides were obtained after 60 min of irradiation under anaerobic conditions. Oxygen reduced this binding significantly. More drug was bound to RNA and heat denatured DNA under identical conditions. The binding of sulfanilamide to DNA was found to induce nicking of circular closed plasmid DNA and cross-linking of calf thymus DNA. Oxygen significantly decreased nicking and cross-linking of DNA. Irradiation of sulfanilamide and human serum albumin resulted in covalent binding of the drug to the protein and a concomitant increase in protein crosslink-ing. While oxygen decreased covalent binding, crosslinking increased under aerobic conditions. These reactions may be important in the photosensitization caused by sulfanilamide.
Accurate measurement of composition, carrier concentration, and photoconductive lifetime in Hg1−xCdxTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Variable magnetic field Hall and transient photoconductance lifetime measurements were performed on a series of undoped, In-doped, and As-doped HgCdTe samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Temperature variation and, in the case of Hall, magnetic-field variation are needed to give a more complete picture of the mechanisms that control lifetimes in HgCdTe samples. Recent predictions of recombination lifetimes from full band structure calculations were compared to experimental lifetimes at various doping levels at long-wave infrared (LWIR) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR) compositions. For n-type material, lifetimes from low doping levels fall well below the predictions, implying that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination is still dominant. MWIR samples have a lifetime that increases somewhat with carrier concentration, suggesting that In doping passivates the SRH defects for that composition. Lifetimes in p-type MWIR material appear to be well-explained by recent theoretical calculations. In p-type material, trapping states may be introduced during the incorporation and activation of As, since some samples with unusually long lifetimes had a distinctly different type of temperature dependence.
The trials and tribulations of two historians : adjudicating responsibility for pollution and personal harm

Why Historians in the Courtroom? The origins of historians’ role in toxic tort cases are rooted in the fundamental transformation of Americans’ health beliefs during the course of the past half century. For much of the first fifty years of the twentieth century the dominant concerns of most Americans were a series of diseases that could be linked directly to specific bacteria or viruses, or, alternatively, for the industrial worker, to specific acute exposures to a toxin. Generally, the symptoms that affected the individual were acute and specific agents—whether bacteriological, viral or chemical—which could be identified in the laboratory using increasingly sophisticated technologies. Tuberculosis, for example, could be understood to be “caused” by a bacterium, while the palsies, tremors, or wrist-drop of industrial workers could be identified as “caused” by exposures to lead in battery plants or other industrial settings. But, during the course of the twentieth century, basic public health measures like improved sanitation, pure water supply, street cleaning, and nutrition among others began to have a dramatic impact on the health of Americans. Lower rates of infant mortality, longer life spans and a decline in the importance of infectious disease as a cause of death fundamentally altered the epidemiological experience. Further, with the development of sulpha drugs, antibiotics and effective vaccines against polio and other childhood diseases in the middle decades of the century, many Americans believed that the danger of infectious disease was passing. Chronic conditions such as heart disease, cancer and stroke replaced tuberculosis and other infectious diseases as the major killers of Americans. By the 1970s, many in the public health community were seeking a different model for understanding what caused chronic disease. The advent of a vibrant environmental movement fed a new paradigm for understanding disease. Chronic conditions were increasingly seen as being rooted in the industrial world in which Americans now lived. The emergence of the country as the predominant
Influence of Salt Marsh Size and Landscape Setting on Salt Marsh Nekton Populations

Recruitment- and predation-related effects on populations of salt marsh codominants mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), were examined based on marsh size and landscape setting. Six island marshes—three small island marshes (SIM) ~40–1,000 m2 and three large island marshes (LIM) ~3,000–10,000 m2—were paired with six expansive fringing marshes (EFM), each >76,000 m2 in size and located within ~1.0 km of a paired SIM or LIM. Over a 2-year period, triannual collections at these sites assessed F. heteroclitus, L. rhomboides, and predator finfish populations as well as habitat characteristics. No significant population density trends were apparent for L. rhomboides young-of-year (YOY) or year-one-and-older (Y1+) cohorts based on marsh size or were any significant differences in density apparent among marsh types. F. heteroclitus YOY and Y1+ densities differed significantly among marsh types demonstrating a positive relationship between density and marsh size. Larval and juvenile F. heteroclitus abundances were significantly lower within SIM than LIM and EFM. Although larval F. heteroclitus abundances between LIM and EFM did not differ significantly, juvenile abundances did, suggesting mortality constrained LIM juvenile abundances. A significant negative relationship of F. heteroclitus to predator finfish density and a significant negative relationship of predator finfish density to low marsh area/perimeter (access restriction) estimates suggest that predation on F. heteroclitus is greater within SIM and LIM than within EFM. Habitat and landscape level attributes can affect resident nekton population regulation and these effects should be considered relative to the life history traits of targeted species when managing coastal resources.
The Potential Role of Popular Business Books in Management Development Programmes

Numerous business books have become popular (in terms of sales in the US) in the 1980s. Assuming that there is value in them for organisational managers, one issue to be addressed is how management development programmes can best incorporate these materials. The pros and cons of reading popular business books are summarised, a series of alternative pedagogical designs and the underlying assumptions they must adapt to are presented, a set of contingency factors for differentiating among the designs is proposed, and a set of operational suggestions to guide the use of these books is offered. A rough typology for classifying business books is suggested and guidelines are provided for discussion of the books.
COMBINING POLYAMINE DEPLETION WITH RADIATION THERAPY FOR RAPIDLY DIVIDING HEAD AND NECK TUMORS: STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED LOCOREGIONAL CONTROL

Abstract Purpose: Locoregional control is adversely affected as clonogens from rapidly proliferating tumors repopulate during a course of radiation therapy. The cytostatic agent α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) was investigated for its capacity to slow proliferation kinetics in human squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the head and neck (H&N), with the ultimate objective of improving locoregional control in rapidly dividing tumors treated with radiation therapy. Methods and Materials: Three human SCC cell lines established from primary H&N tumors were evaluated in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (SCC tumor xenografts in athymic mice) for the capacity of DFMO to induce growth inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis of SCC tumor growth kinetics and quantitative assessment of polyamine biosynthesis inhibition was performed to verify DFMO activity. DFMO effects on in vitro SCC radiosensitivity using clonogenic survival were also studied. Results: A noncytotoxic exposure to DFMO (5mM × 72 hours) induced pronounced growth inhibition in all three SCC cell lines (70–90% at 7 days), and induced a 2–3 fold delay in volume doubling time for SCC tumor xenografts when administered orally in the drinking water (1.5%) to athymic mice. Kinetic analysis via flow cytometry confirmed that DFMO produced a lengthening of SCC cell cycle times, but did not alter in vitro radiosensitivity. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and depletion of endogenous polyamines (putrescine and spermidine), were confirmed in normal tissue (mouse skin) and in human SCC tumor xenografts of athymic mice receiving continuous oral DFMO. Conclusion: These data indicate that antiproliferative agents, such as DFMO, are capable of altering human SCC growth kinetics without altering intrinsic radiosensitivity. Such kinetic modulation may therefore provide a strategy to reduce the adverse impact of tumor cell proliferation during a radiotherapy treatment course for rapidly dividing tumors such as those in the H&N.
Alternative Assessment Portfolios for Students with Intellectual Disabilities: A Case Study

This one-year qualitative study investigated teacher and administrators' beliefs about the process of using alternative assessment portfolios for children with significant intellectual disabilities in a public school setting. Since 2002, many states have designed alternative assessments, but little research exists on the process of alternative assessment systems (AAS) from the perspective and practices of practitioners. The research questions included: What are the different perceptions that surround the issue of portfolio assessment within this particular public school? How do special education teachers construct alternative assessment portfolios for children with intellectual disabilities (ID)? What are the participant perceptions that surround the issue of alternative portfolio assessments? Findings of the study revealed that teachers and administrators saw a disconnect between the intent of the standards and the student learning experience, questioned the authenticity of the AAS and viewed the AAS as ...
Many-body theory of paired electron crystals.

We develop a variational many-body description of low-density three-dimensional paired electron crystals. Among the ground states of such crystals we find that coherent paired supersolids (resonant spin states) and true paired crystals (fixed spin states) can both be favored at intermediate densities (100\ensuremath{\lesssim}${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}200) relative to the well-known conventional (Bravais lattice) Wigner crystals. The stabilization of this pairing is largely exchange driven and if it persists at higher densities (even beyond melting) then we show that for an intermediate density electron fluid an evolution into a superconducting state of unusual character can occur.
Nonsubstitution Theorems for a Small Trading Country

Author(s): Bergstrom, Ted | Abstract: In 1951, Paul Samuelson showed that a surprisingly rich class of economies the production possibility frontier is a linear and even with neoclassical substitution possibilities, as outputs adjust, firms continue to use inputs and outputs in the same proportions. This model is often thought to be of limited practical value since it assumes that there is only one non-produced factor, and no joint production. The single factor assumption rules out economies in which agriculture and mining are important and the lack of joint production leaves no good way to handle durable capital goods. In this paper, I extend the Samuelson model to small trading economies with many nontradeable goods, some of which may be fixed factors, and where joint production is allowed. In my model, althought the production possibility frontier may be curved, the consumption possibility frontier after trade is linear. Output prices and wages of labor are determined independently of factor endowments or demand. The prices of other non-traded factors may depend on endowments but are independent of demand.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: Incidence and Treatment of Genitourinary Sequelae

Purpose: Prior reviews regarding genitourinary manifestations of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome used data acquired from diverse specialty specific articles to define the incidence and sequelae of its genitourinary manifestations. We believe that this resulted in erroneous conclusions regarding the urological complications of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.Materials and Methods: Data on genitourinary manifestations in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome treated at 1 institution from 1970 through 2005 were acquired.Results: Of 218 patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 30% (66 of 218) had genitourinary involvement, including 7% (15) with cutaneous genital abnormalities, 7% (15) with visceral genitourinary involvement and 16% (36) with each type. Intermittent bleeding from cutaneous genital abnormalities developed in 65% of patients (33 of 51). Conservative treatment with compression and/or cauterization was attempted in all 33 patients and it was successful in 64% (21 of 33). Intractable hemorrhage resulted ...
Utility functions for public outputs and majority voting

Abstract This paper studies the existence and stability of majority voting equilibria over sequences of one-dimensional choice problems, in the public sector. Voters' public sector preferences are derived from their ‘primitive’ preferences over public outputs and private consumption by maximizing the latter out. If agents ignore the potential effects of public sector states on private sector prices, we find that majority voting equilibria will exist under the usual assumptions. But these equilibria are not stable unless the primitive utility functions are separable and admit no wealth effects on demand for public goods. If agents do take account of the effects of public sector states on private sector prices, voting cycles may arise even when the choice space is one dimensional.
Woodward Paths: Motorizing Space

This essay takes up the call for a rhetoric of distributed space by proposing a folksonomic rhetoric. Folksonomies, systems in which users may name any object, space, idea, or image any name they want, offer technical communicators new possibilities for how they work in network environments. As a way to explore the possibility of a folksonomic rhetoric, this essay examines 1 specific space, Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, as if it were a folksonomic space.
Expenditure and Size Efficiencies of Public School Districts

In one of the largest studies yet carried out on the subject, the average scores on state-developed and nationally standardized tests of third-, sixth-, and ninth-graders in New Jersey districts were regressed on indexes of district socioeconomic status (SES), per-student expenditures on education, and the size of enrollments in the districts. The numbers of districts entering the analyses, depending on grade level and test, varied from 261 to 507. SES accounted for much of the accountable variance; higher SES districts, of course, achieved more than lower SES districts. When SES was taken into account, higher expenditures were inconsistently and generally insignificantly (probability less than 0. 05) associated with lower test scores; and students m smaller districts generally achieved more than those in larger districts. The inefficiency of expenditures and diseconomies of scale in rinsing achievement are contrary to popular and considerable opinion but corroborate previous research.
Effect of Loading and Nanopore Shape on Binary Adsorption Selectivity

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) computer simulations are employed to predict selective adsorption from binary mixtures into slit, cylindrical, and spherical nanopores. The mixtures are Lennard-Jones fluids representative of Ar, Xe, and tetramethylsilane (TMS), allowing us to gauge the effects of adsorbate size, energy well depth, and mass. The adsorption selectivity can oscillate from favoring one component to the other as nanopore size increases. Beyond simple molecular sieving, two distinct mechanisms can be responsible for size selectivity. At low pore densities, selectivity depends mainly on which species is more energetically favorable in the nanopore. At high pore densities, though, the ability to pack well within the pore is most important so the component size becomes the main criterion for selectivity. In high-pore density processes (many separations, catalytic processes, and templating during zeolite synthesis), the last mechanism can be active and requires consideration.
Is the Born approximation good for solving the inverse problem when the potential is small

Abstract The inverse problem with Born's data is not solvable exactly. A stable inversion of the Born data is obtained if the potential is sufficiently small and satisfies some a priori assumptions. Stability estimates of the inversion procedure are given.
Colour Reaction for Deoxyribose Compounds

THE two most commonly used methods for detecting deoxyribose compounds are the diphenylamine reaction1 and the cysteine–sulphuric acid method2,3, both originally discovered by Dische. Overend and Stacey4 have made the most recent survey of the usefulness of these methods. Both methods suffer from the same fault, that neither measures pyrimidine-bound deoxyribose quantitatively. Brody5 has used the cysteine–sulphuric acid method under conditions of precise temperature control for the quantitative determination of deoxyribose nucleic acid. It was not determined whether or not the pyrimidine-bound deoxyribose compounds were as chromogenic as the purine-bound sugars. The observations presented here show that the method can be employed for a variety of compounds containing deoxyribose.
Electrokinetic‐potential fluctuations produced by pipe flow turbulence

The distribution across a pipe of turbulent intensities, shearing stress, and energy spectra are inferred from measured electrokinetic-potential fluctuations in a fully developed flow of distilled water in a 2.54-cm. diameter glass pipe. These quantities are shown to be in good agreement with those obtained by Laufer and Sandborn with hot-wire anemometers for air flows at the same mean Reynolds number. A tentative analytical model of the phenomenon is constructed and analyzed by Maxwell's electrodynamic field equations for a nonmagnetized medium moving with a velocity which is much smaller than the velocity of light. A set of equations governing the interrelation between the electrokinetic-potential fluctuations and the turbulent velocity-fluctuation components of the flow field in fully developed pipe flow is deduced. Fourier transforms are then introduced and simple relations between the electrokinetic-potential fluctuations and velocity fluctuations are obtained.
Carbon dioxide in the study of panic disorder: issues of definition, methodology, and outcome.

Abstract The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) challenge paradigm has been useful for modeling panic in the laboratory. While showing promise as a technique able to promote a better understanding of the etiology of panic disorder (PD), this goal has been impeded by the lack of standardization of the challenge methodology and by uncertainty concerning the optimal definition and assessment of laboratory panic. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the impact of method variance on laboratory findings and to present recommendations for future challenge research. We begin by reviewing studies that have employed CO 2 as a stimulus for panic provocation focusing on the status of key methodological parameters between the studies and the relationship of these parameters to findings. We then make pragmatic and theoretically-based recommendations concerning approaches to methodological standardization, the establishment of a valid laboratory panic definition and the desirability of using of additional outcome measures. We conclude that although further work is needed to improve the CO 2 challenge laboratory model of panic, this paradigm can play an important role in understanding the psychopathology of PD.