cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware implementation of a small system in programmable logic arrays

Large Scale Integration, LSI, is the means by which digital circuits have achieved remarkable manufacturing cost reductions but, unfortunately, at the expense of higher engineering design costs. Programmable Logic Arrays, PLAs, exploit many of the benefits of LSI but without the high engineering design costs. This paper describes an experiment in the design and implementation of a small complex system in array logic. The IBM 7441 Buffered Terminal Control Unit was selected for this comparison because it is a small but complex terminal controller implemented in dual in-line packaged transistor logic, DIP-TL, with small to medium scale integration.
The comparative energetics of 'caviomorph' rodents.

Abstract The energetics of 11 species of New World hystricognath (‘caviomorph’) rodents are presented and compared with data from the literature on 19 additional species. Log 10 body mass alone accounts for 94% of the variation in the log 10 basal rate of metabolism in caviomorphs. The residual variation in basal rate is correlated with the stratum on which species live: arboreal species have low basal rates; terrestrial and fossorial species have intermediate basal rates; and aquatic species have high basal rates. When stratum is not included in the analysis, folivores, especially those that are arboreal, have lower basal rates than species with other food habits when combined with log 10 body mass. Small island endemics, all of which are folivores, have basal rates that are 61% of continental species. Log 10 basal rate correlates with family affiliation when combined with log 10 mass, but only if no other factor is included. Therefore, caviomorphs with low basal rates are arboreal, folivorous, live on small islands and belong to the Capromyidae, whereas other character combinations are associated with higher basal rates. These observations demonstrate that the basal rates of caviomorphs reflect many factor interactions. No differences in basal rate were found to reflect climate. Log 10 mass, the only factor to correlate with conductance, accounts for 82% of the variation in log 10 minimal thermal conductance. Mean interspecific body temperature was 36.9°C; it was lowest in aquatic and fossorial species.
Inhibitor of Myogenic Family, a Novel Suppressor of Store-operated Currents through an Interaction with TRPC1

Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores leads to the activation of Ca2+ inflow through store-operated Ca2+ channels. Although the identity of these channels is unknown, there is considerable evidence that the transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) participates in the formation of these channels. We show that TRPC1 physically interacts with the a-isoform of the inhibitor of the myogenic family (I-mfa), a known inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, in vitro and in vivo. The interaction is mediated by the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of TRPC1 and the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of I-mfa. Using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique, we show that ectopic expression of I-mfa in CHO-K1 cells reduces native store-activated Ca2+ currents, whereas knock-down of endogenous I-mfa in A431 cells by RNA interference enhances these currents. Pipette perfusion of purified recombinant I-mfa rescues the effect of I-mfa knock-down on store-operated conductance. Finally, cell dialysis with a monoclonal antibody specific to TRPC1 results in the suppression of store-activated conductance in cells lacking I-mfa, but not in I-mfa expressing cells. We propose that I-mfa functions as a molecular switch to suppress the store dependence of TRPC1.
Based on a True Story: New Western Women and the Birth of Hollywood

This article explores early publicity about Hollywood that promoted Los Angeles as a New West supporting a New Western Woman who became a key, if often slighted, element in the “grounding of modern feminism.” The New Western Woman was both an image that sought to attract more women into movie audiences and a reality that dramatized the unconventional and important roles played by women workers in the early motion picture industry. By describing these women as expertly navigating the city, the West, and professional ambitions simultaneously, this publicity created a booster literature that depicted Los Angeles as an urban El Dorado for single white women on the make. In response, tens of thousands of women moved west to work in the picture business, helping to make Los Angeles the first western boomtown where women outnumbered men.
Toxicity of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes

Abstract The toxicity of two chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and chloroform (CHCl 3 ) was studied in primary cultures of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) hepatocytes. The aim was to study the cytotoxicity of these two chemicals in vitro in fish hepatocytes and to evaluate the sensitivity of the model system in comparison to mammalian systems. Both chemicals showed a steep dose response in this system with CCl 4 being five times more toxic than CHCl 3 measured as LDH release. Glutathione levels were rapidly depleted in the presence of CCl 4 and CHCl 3 . There was a difference, however, in the pattern of GSH depletion. CCl 4 -induced GSH depletion followed the release of LDH, while CHCl 3 caused a significant decrease in the GSH content prior to LDH release. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor, SKF-525A (12 μM) decreased the toxicity of 5 mM CCl 4 and of doses ranging from 10 to 25 mM CHCl 3 . The addition of the antioxidant DPPD (20 μM) decreased the toxicity of both CCl 4 and CHCl 3 . The protection was more pronounced with CHCl 3 than with CCl 4 . When the time course of GSH depletion with EC 50 concentrations of each chemical was studied, DPPD effectively protected the cells from CHCl 3 -induced GSH depletion, while no significant maintenance of GSH was seen in cells treated with DPPD and CCl 4 . The relationship between DNA single strandbreaks (SSB) and cytotoxicity may provide some insight into potential carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic chemicals. In cells treated with CHCl 3 , DNA SSB were seen only concommitant with high toxicity. With CCl 4 , however, DNA SSB were seen in the absence of LDH release at 2.5 mM. This study indicates that the toxicity of CCl 4 and CHCl 3 in trout hepatocytes is due to metabolism and the formation of free radicals at doses causing low toxicity and to a combination of metabolism dependency and solvent effect at doses causing high toxicity. This study also indicates that there are differences in the mechanisms of toxicity of CHCl 3 and CCl 4 in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Furthermore, the model system based on primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes is a sensitive tool in toxicological studies and is comparable to model systems based on mammalian hepatocytes.
Protein local structure prediction from sequence.

A basis set of protein canonical fragments, or centroids, represents the range of local structure found in globular proteins. We develop a methodology to predict centroids from the amino acid sequence. The predictor gives the probability of each centroid in the basis set, at each loci along the backbone. The predictor selects the best-fit centroid at about 40% of the loci. The predicted probabilities are accurate and can be used to judge the confidence of each centroid prediction. For example, when filtering out centroids with <0.50 probability, the predictor is 65% accurate, although such high-probability centroids occur at only 28% of the loci. Centroids with high probability can be interpreted as segments that are highly influenced by the amino acid sequence, whereas centroids with low probability can be interpreted as segments that are more likely influenced by tertiary contacts. Low-resolution, starting point structures, can be generated by fitting the predicted centroids together. Proteins 2003;50:572–579. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of the transcription initiation site reveals a novel transcript structure for Plasmodium falciparum maebl.

Abstract Strict regulation of gene expression is critical for the development of the malaria parasite within multiple host cell types. However, much remains unexplored regarding gene regulation in Plasmodium falciparum with only a few components of the gene regulation machinery identified thus far. Better characterization of transcript structures with precise mapping of transcript ends will greatly aid in the search of conserved regulatory sequences in the genome. Transcript analysis of maebl , a member of the ebl gene family, in P. falciparum intra-erythrocytic stages has revealed a unique transcript structure for maebl . The 5′-untranslated region of maebl transcript is exceptionally long (>2 kb) with a small multi-exon open reading frame, annotated as a putative mitochondrial ATP synthase (PF11_0485) in the Plasmodium database. Northern blot hybridizations and RT-PCR analysis confirmed a bicistronic message for maebl along with PF11_0485. We further identified the minimal maebl promoter to be upstream of PF11_0485 by using transient chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter assays. The occurrence of a bicistronic mRNA in Plasmodium is both novel and unusual for a lower eukaryote and adds on to the complexity of gene regulation in malaria parasites.
Nontruncating SCN1A mutations associated with severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy impair cell surface expression.

Mutations in SCN1A, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1, are the most common cause of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) or Dravet syndrome. SMEI is most often associated with premature truncations of NaV1.1 that cause loss of function, but nontruncating mutations also occur. We hypothesized that some nontruncating mutations might impair trafficking of NaV1.1 to the plasma membrane. Here we demonstrated that seven nontruncating missense or in-frame deletion mutations (L986F, delF1289, R1648C, F1661S, G1674R, and G1979E) exhibited reduced cell surface expression relative to wild type (WT) NaV1.1 consistent with impaired trafficking. We tested whether two commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, lamotrigine), as well as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking corrector VRT-325, could rescue cell surface and functional expression of two representative NaV1.1 mutants (R1648C, G1674R). Treatment of cells with phenytoin increased cell surface expression of WT-NaV1.1 and both mutant channels, whereas lamotrigine only increased surface expression of R1648C. VRT-325 did not alter surface expression of WT-NaV1.1 or mutant channels. Although phenytoin increased surface expression of G1674R, channel function was not restored, suggesting that this mutation also causes an intrinsic loss of function. Both phenytoin and lamotrigine increased functional expression of R1648C, but lamotrigine also increased persistent sodium current evoked by this mutation. Our findings indicate that certain nontruncating SCN1A mutations associated with SMEI have impaired cell surface expression and that some alleles may be amenable to pharmacological rescue of this defect. However, rescue of dysfunctional NaV1.1 channels to the plasma membrane could contribute to exacerbating rather than ameliorating the disease.
Effects of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) on the learning of a brightness discrimination

Sixty male albino rats received DDAVP, a placebo, or control treatment and were tested on a brightness discrimination task. Three groups (DDAVP, placebo, and control) were tested in the morning and three groups were tested in the evening. The acquisition and reversal of the brightness discrimination, along with the retention of the reversal problem after a 5-day retention interval were analyzed. Inspection of forward and backward learning curves plotted for each task revealed facilitated acquisition along with an initial impairment of reversal learning in those animals treated with DDAVP. These results support a memorial interpretation of DDAVP's effects. This was short-term in duration, as no retention effects were obtained. It was also found that DDAVP's effects were not influenced by diurnal processes.
Paucity of antigen-specific IgA responses in sera and external secretions of HIV-type 1-infected individuals.

This study was undertaken to resolve existing controversies with respect to the detection of IgA HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies in infected individuals. External secretions, including tears, nas...
Use of conivaptan for management of hyponatremia following surgery for Cushing's disease.

Abstract Background Hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a common osmoregulatory complication following surgery for Cushing's disease. Conventional management includes water restriction and sodium repletion, however this regimen does not address the underlying pathophysiology of excessive vasopressin production. Vaptans are arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists shown to be effective in correcting water excess in other disease states of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. The use of these agents has not been reported in Cushing's patients. Methods We retrospectively studied Cushing's patients at our institution with post-surgical hyponatremia (Na Results Hyponatremia developed in six of 98 patients (6.1%) undergoing resection of ACTH-positive pituitary adenomas. Three patients received conivaptan and fluid restriction ± sodium supplementation, and three received conventional therapy alone. The rate of serum sodium normalization with conivaptan was 5.8 ± 2.3 mEq/L/20 mg IV bolus given every 24 h. All patients receiving conivaptan were discharged with normal serum sodium values and no instances of rapid overcorrection occurred. A trend toward longer LOS occurred in patients treated with conivaptan (4.6 ± 0.3 days, mean ± SE) versus conventional therapy alone (1.6 ± 0.3 days). Conclusions Conivaptan is a potentially useful treatment option for hyponatremia in the setting of Cushing's disease patients after pituitary surgery.
App inventor and real-world motivation

App Inventor is a visual "blocks" language for creating mobile apps. As part of a Google pilot program, App Inventor was taught to university students in a core curriculum course at the University of San Francisco. This paper introduces App Inventor and the course, focusing on how the language facilitated interactions with the world outside of the classroom.
Potential inversion from transmission data for the one-dimensional, wave equation

Abstract Consider an inhomogeneous medium on the half line with nonconstant potential which is zero beyond depth X . This medium is probed by an impulsive source generated on the boundary and the transmitted signal is measured at depth X over the time period X ⩽ t ⩽ 3 X . The interaction between the medium and the signal is governed by the one-dimensional wave equation with the potential being the coefficient of the zeroth order term. We prove that the potential may be reconstructed from the transmitted data provided we have an upper bound on the potential.
Controversies in family planning: management of lethal fetal anomalies in the third trimester.

Controversies in family planning: management of lethal fetal anomalies in the third trimester Jamila B. Perritt , Alison B. Edelman, Anne E. Burke⁎ Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA Received 8 September 2011; accepted 15 September 2011
Needle-tract implantation from hepatocellular cancer: Is needle biopsy of the liver always necessary?

Percutaneous needle biopsies are frequently used to evaluate focal lesions of the liver. Needle-tract implantation of hepatocellular cancer has been described in case reports, but the true risk for this problem has not been clearly defined. We retrospectively reviewed 91 cases of hepatocellular cancer during a 4-year period from 1994 to 1997. Data on diagnostic studies, therapy, and outcome were noted. Of 91 patients with hepatocellular cancer, 59 patients underwent percutaneous needle biopsy as part of their diagnostic workup for a liver mass. Three patients (5.1%) were identified with needle-tract implantation of tumor. Two patients required en bloc chest wall resections for implantation of hepatocellular cancer in the soft tissues and rib area. The third patient, who also received percutaneous ethanol injection of his tumor, required a thoracotomy and lung resection for implanted hepatocellular cancer. Percutaneous needle biopsy of suspicious hepatic lesions should not be performed indiscriminately because there is a significant risk for needle-tract implantation. These biopsies should be reserved for those lesions in which no definitive surgical intervention is planned and pathological confirmation is necessary for a nonsurgical therapy.
Effect of Increasing Dietary Fiber on Plasma Levels of Colon-Derived Solutes in Hemodialysis Patients

Background and objectives Numerous uremic solutes are derived from the action of colon microbes. Two such solutes, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, have been associated with adverse outcomes in renal failure. This study tested whether increasing dietary fiber in the form of resistant starch would lower the plasma levels of these solutes in patients on hemodialysis. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Fifty-six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive supplements containing resistant starch (n=28) or control starch (n=28) daily for 6 weeks in a study conducted between October 2010 and May 2013. Of these, 40 patients (20 in each group) completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Plasma indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate levels were measured at baseline and week 6. Results Increasing dietary fiber for 6 weeks significantly reduced the unbound, free plasma level of indoxyl sulfate (median −29% [25th percentile, 75th percentile, −56, −12] for fiber versus −0.4% [−20, 34] for control, P=0.02). The reduction in free plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate was accompanied by a reduction in free plasma levels of p-cresol sulfate (r=0.81, P Conclusions Increasing dietary fiber in hemodialysis patients may reduce the plasma levels of the colon-derived solutes indoxyl sulfate and possibly p-cresol sulfate without the need to intensify dialysis treatments. Further studies are required to determine whether such reduction provides clinical benefits.
Nonlinear Component Analysis Based on Correntropy

In this paper, we propose a new nonlinear prin- cipal component analysis based on a generalized correlation function which we call correntropy. The data is nonlinearly transformed to a feature space, and the principal directions are found by eigen-decomposition of the correntropy matrix, which has the same dimension as the standard covariance matrix for the original input data. The correntropy matrix characterizes the nonlinear correlations between the data. With the correntropy function, one can efficiently compute the principal components in the feature space by projecting the transformed data onto those principal directions. We give the derivation of the new method and present simulation results.
Synergism between the Trp repressor and Tyr repressor in repression of the aroL promoter of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Computer analysis identified a potential Trp repressor operator 56 nucleotides downstream of the transcriptional start point of aroL, the gene that encodes shikimate kinase II. Tryptophan-dependent interaction of Trp repressor with this operator was demonstrated in vitro by means of a restriction endonuclease protection assay. Regulation of expression from the aroL promoter was evaluated with several genetically marked Escherichia coli strains by using a single-copy aroL-lacZ transcriptional-translational reporter system. The expression of aroL was repressed 6.9-fold by the Tyr repressor alone and 29-fold when both Tyr and Trp repressors were present. The Trp repressor had no effect on expression from the aroL promoter in the absence of the Tyr repressor. Possible mechanisms for Trp repressor-mediated repression, including cooperative interactions with the Tyr repressor, are discussed.
State Education Agencies, Information Systems, and the Expansion of State Power in the Era of Test-Based Accountability:

This article examines how SEAs in three states designed, installed, and operated statewide, longitudinal student information systems (SLSIS). SLSIS track individual students’ progress in K-12 schools, college, and beyond and link it to individual schools and teachers. They are key components of the information infrastructure of test-based accountability. Drawing on science and technology studies, this study documents the strategies SEAs use to assemble and coordinate the vast amounts of technology and people across and beyond the educational system needed to collect, process, and disseminate test-based accountability data through SLSIS. We find that while SLSIS expand state power through what we refer to as informatic power, SEA control over these systems and the data they produce depends on whether SEA staff can manage the competing interests of federal, state, district, and external actors. SLSIS are thus sites of the ongoing contestation of state power within and beyond the educational system.
A 10-Year Retrospective of Research in New Technologies for Health Communication

The use of new technologies is growing in virtually all areas of health communication, including consumer, patient, and provider education; decision and social support; health promotion; knowledge transfer; and the delivery of services. Many applications have the potential to make major contributions in meeting the needs of an unhealthy and aging population. Key questions confronting health communication research reflect long-standing concerns about effects of new technology on health knowledge, health behavior, health delivery, and health outcomes. A review of the literature provides useful insights about how technology has been used to communicate health messages and their associated outcomes. Focus is placed on effective health communication, lessons learned, and implications for the future. During the next 10 years, the application of new technologies in health communication will be enriched by a tradition that has evolved to reflect a more dynamic connection between health users and providers. Future applications have the potential to provide cost-effective communications tailored to large numbers of individuals and achieve positive health outcomes. Consequently, we should strive to answer research questions about tailoring communication content, the channel used to deliver the message, and evaluation models that are best suited for examining outcomes of multicomponent tailored, technology-based communication.
Megadroughts in the Indian Monsoon Region and Southwest North America and a Mechanism for Associated Multidecadal Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Abstract A 1360-yr control run from a global coupled climate model (the Parallel Climate Model) is analyzed. It simulates “megadroughts” in the southwestern United States and Indian monsoon regions. The megadroughts represent extreme events of naturally occurring multidecadal precipitation variations linked to the dominant pattern of multidecadal SST variability in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Gaining insight into the occurrence of megadroughts thus requires an understanding of the mechanism that is producing this multidecadal SST variability. Analysis of the model variability shows that the mechanism involves atmosphere–ocean and tropical–midlatitude interactions, with a crucial element being wind-forced ocean Rossby waves near 20°N and 25°S in the Pacific whose transit times set the decadal time scale. At the western boundary, the Rossby waves reflect into the equatorial Pacific to affect thermocline depth. The resulting feedbacks, involving surface temperature, winds, and the strength of the subtropi...
A Study of High-Pressure CO2 Recycling Using Pinewood Char Gasification

Measurements of the reaction rates at high-pressures for gasification of low-ash pinewood char with CO2 are presented. A fixed-bed reactor operated at 1140–1260 K and 1–10 atm was utilized in the present study. Product gas sampling and gas chromatograph measurements enabled tracking of the gasification progress and mass loss data. The mass loss data are interpreted using the volumetric and non-reactive core models. Activation energy, collision frequency and reaction order are reported for each model. The experimental data show high sensitivity to temperature. The data also show an increase of the apparent gasification rates with higher CO2 pressures. Comparison of computed char conversion profiles and experimental data are discussed in the context of mass transport and effects on the gasification rates. The findings from this study have applications to gasification modeling and design of large-scale gasification systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Dynamic isotope dilution kinetic study of the thermal conversions of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐ene to bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene and to cyclopentadiene and ethene

Mixtures of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, with one isomer labeled with two deuterium atoms, were isomerized in the gas phase at 276 °C. By following the concentration ratios of d0 and d2 versions of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene as functions of time one finds that the partitioning of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene between the primary products bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and cyclopentadiene plus ethene is 2:1. This and earlier stereochemical results permit the calculation of the partitioning of the [3.2.0] olefin between the orbital symmetry allowed [1,3] carbon shift-with-inversion product and several forbidden or non-concerted reaction channels (approximately 1:1) and the stereochemistry of the ethene d2 formed from exo,exo-[6,7-2H2]bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene directly (1:1 E: Z).
Understanding Renal Toxicity of Heavy Metals

The mechanisms by which metals induce renal injury are, in general, poorly understood. Characteristic features of metal nephrotoxicity are lesions that tend to predominate in specific regions of the nephron within specific cell types. This suggests that certain regions of the nephron are selectively sensitive to specific metals. Regional variability in sensitivity could result from the localization of molecular targets in certain cell populations and/or the localization of transport and binding ligands that deliver metals to targets within the nephron. Significant progress has been made in identifying various extracellular, membrane, and intracellular ligands that are important in the expression of the nephrotoxicity of metals. As an example, mercuric chloride induces a nephropathy that, at the lowest effective doses, is restricted primarily to the S3 segment of the proximal tubule, with involvement of the S2 and S1 segments at higher doses. This specificity appears to be derived, at least in part, from the distribution of enzymes and transport proteins important for the uptake of mercury into proximal tubule cells: apical gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and the basolateral organic anion transport system. Regional distributions of transport mechanisms for binding proteins appear to be important in the expression of nephrotoxicity of metals. These and other new research developments are reviewed.
Potentiation of noise induced threshold shifts and hair cell loss by carbon monoxide.

Previous studies have determined that severe systemic hypoxia disrupts cocblear function acutely, but have suggested that augmentation of cochlear perfusion may successfully protect cochlear function under all but the most profound hypoxic treatments. In the current study we report on the chronic effects of simultaneous exposures to noise and carbon monoxide on pure tone thresholds and hair cell survival in rats. Following initial threshold determination, rats received acute exposure to carbon monoxide, noise, or both agents concurrently. Thresholds were evaluated 2-4 and 6-8 weeks later. The data show that carbon monoxide alone does not affect either auditory thresholds or compromise hair cells at the light microscopic level. The noise exposure alone produced variable, but quite limited permanent threshold shifts which were related to the power spectrum of the broad band noise that was employed. Hair cell loss was restricted to the basal turn of the cochlea. Simultaneous exposure to carbon monoxide and noise induced large threshold shifts at all frequencies studied, but the effect was greatest at the highest test frequency; an effect not consistent with the noise power spectrum. Widespread hair cell loss persisted over fully half of the basilar membrane in the most severely affected rat. Outer hair cells appear to be particularly vulnerable. Carbon monoxide plus noise did not appear to preferentially disrupt a particular row of outer hair cells. These data complement existing evidence that hyperoxia can mitigate against noise induced injury and reinforce the view that some types of noise induced damage may result from metabolic insufficiencies.
Heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature: the need for new tumor blood vessel type-specific targets

Therapies directed against VEGF-A and its receptors are effective in treating many mouse tumors but have been less so in treating human cancer patients. To elucidate the reasons that might be responsible for this difference in response, we investigated the nature of the blood vessels that appear in human and mouse cancers and the tumor “surrogate” blood vessels that develop in immunodeficient mice in response to an adenovirus expressing VEGF-A164. Both tumor and tumor surrogate blood vessels are heterogeneous and form by two distinct processes, angiogenesis and arterio-venogenesis. The first new angiogenic blood vessels to form are mother vessels (MV); MV arise from preexisting venules and capillaries and evolve over time into glomeruloid microvascular proliferations (GMP) and subsequently into capillaries and vascular malformations (VM). Arterio-venogenesis results from the remodeling and enlargement of preexisting arteries and veins, leading to the formation of feeder arteries (FA) and draining veins (DV) that supply and drain angiogenic vessels. Of these different blood vessel types, only the two that form first, MV and GMP, were highly responsive to anti-VEGF therapy, whereas “late”-formed capillaries, VM, FA and DV were relatively unresponsive. This finding may explain, at least in part, the relatively poor response of human cancers to anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapies, because human cancers, present for months or years prior to discovery, are expected to contain a large proportion of late-formed blood vessels. The future of anti-vascular cancer therapy may depend on finding new targets on “late” vessels, apart from those associated with the VEGF/VEGFR axis.
Software for breath by breath oxygen consumption and rebreathing blood flow

A software package that measures breath-by-breath oxygen consumption and effective pulmonary blood flow with acetylene rebreathing is presented. The measurements are performed in both cardiopulmonary stress testing and intensive care unit environments. The system accommodates neonatal to adult patients, whether ventilated or spontaneously breathing. It runs on AT-compatible computers and utilizes analog outputs from most pneumotach systems and respiratory mass spectrometers. Rapid-response oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers may also be utilized for the metabolic measurements. >
An organizational study of adoption and implementation of electronic communication media

This study tests several assumptions about the adoption and implementation of electronic communication media (ECM) in organizations. The assumptions are based on earlier work in ECM and studies of organizational communication. The actual study involves the administration of a survey instrument (long and short versions) to a total of 600 ECM account holders at an urban mid-eastern university. The survey determined not only self-reported use of the system but also the managerial role held by each user and their feelings on organizational climate and other factors. Results show that ECM is used for disseminators in organizations, that formal pressure can be used in organizations to help coerce nonusers to adopt ECM, and that ECM is considered a good support tool for task-related behavior. >
ALTERED STATES: FEDERALISM AND DEVOLUTION AT THE “REAL” TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM

This article is the Sir David Williams Lecture delivered by Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, in Cambridge in May 2001. In it the author considers the operation of the twin processes of devolution and federalism in the United Kingdom and contrasts it with their operation in the United States, where the different premises have produced different historical trajectories and different contemporary challenges. Yet federalism and devolution in the two countries also reflect many of the same values and thus present many of the same opportunities.
Patterns of electrical activity in comb plates of feeding Pleurobrachia (Ctenophora)

The electromotor behaviour of ciliary comb plates was studied during prey-stimulated and electrically stimulated feeding by intact Pleurobrachia pileus (Muller). Comb plate electrical activity was recorded by extracellular electrodes attached directly to the cilia; comb plate motility was recorded by high-speed video microscopy. Comb plate electrical activity fell into two distinct classes, identified by waveform and amplitude: (i) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPS) in the comb plate (polster) cells and (ii) regenerative potentials in the cilia, as described previously (Moss & Tamm 1987). Slow phasic bursts of regenerative potentials (reversal volleys) were observed in comb plates of rows undergoing reversed beating during capture of prey or by rhythmic electrical stimulation of the tentacles. All plates of a given comb row exhibited virtually identical electrical activity. Timing and development of electrical activity in comb plates of the subtentacular (ST) rows were nearly identical even though separated by several centimetres; onset of the reversal volleys of plates of subsagittal (ss) rows were delayed on average by about 0.5 s relative to the ST rows, although individual EPSPS displayed very similar timing. Microsurgery, combined with extracellular recording from comb plates and the tentacle and associated basal structures, revealed the presence of an integrative center in the tentacular bulb. This communicates with the comb plates by means of a diffuse pathway, presumably the nerve net, which itself is maximally sensitive to rhythmic input. The pathway underlying the reversal volley may innervate only the stimulated hemisphere. In addition to the rhythmic pathway, a through-conducting pathway runs from distal regions of the tentacle to the comb plate cells. Yet another excitatory pathway, possibly distinct from the tentacular through-conducting pathway, may mediate certain cases of global postsynaptic activity. The pathway that controls mouth movements during feeding is entirely independent of any comb plate pathway.
Language Production: the Source of the Dictionary

Ultimately in any natural language production system the largest amount of human effort will go into the construction of the dictionary: the data base that associates objects and relations in the program's domain with the words and phrases that could be used to describe them. This paper describes a technique for basing the dictionary directly on the semantic abstraction network used for the domain knowledge itself, taking advantage of the inheritance and specialization machanisms of a network formalism such as KL-ONE. The technique creates considerable economics of scale, and makes possible the automatic description of individual objects according to their position in the semantic net. Furthermore, because the process of deciding what properties to use in an object's description is now given over to a common procedure, we can write general-purpose rules to, for example, avoid redundancy or grammatically awkward constructions.
From the Editor-A Vision for Increasing Our Impact

Management Science is one of the very best journals in business and engineering, so I am incredibly honored to have been selected as the editor-in-chief of this esteemed publication. In this editorial, I would like to outline the key goals I have in mind for the next few years. Before looking ahead, I would like to acknowledge and thank my predecessor, Gerard Cachon, who made significant improvements to this journal, most importantly by streamlining the reviewing process and establishing rapid, achievable turnaround times for editors and reviewers, to the benefit of our authors. Not only has this made our journal a model of review efficiency, it has also resulted in a steady increase in the number of submissions we receive, a healthy trend that I aim to sustain.
Multilevel meta network analysis with application to studying network dynamics of network interventions

Abstract In this paper, I introduce new methods for multilevel meta network analysis. The new methods can combine results from multiple network models, assess the effects of predictors at network or higher levels and account for both within- and cross-network correlations of the parameters in the network models. To demonstrate the new methods, I studied network dynamics of a smoking prevention intervention that was implemented in 76 classes of six middle schools in China. The results show that as compared to random intervention (i.e., that targets random students), smokers’ popularity was significantly reduced in the classes with network interventions (i.e., those target central students or students with their friends together). The findings highlight the importance of examining network outcomes in evaluating social and health interventions, the role of social selection in managing social influence, and the potential of using network methods to design more effective interventions.
HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease

The introduction in the late 20(th) century of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to treat patients infected with HIV has changed the natural history of the disease from an acute illness that rapidly culminates in death, to a chronic condition that can be managed with medications. Over the past decade the epidemiology of kidney disease in US patients infected with HIV has changed, perhaps because of the increased availability and use of cART. Patients with HIV infection exhibit unique immunologic characteristics, including immunodeficiency and dysregulation of immunoglobulin synthetic responses and T-cell function, which can result in glomerular immune complex deposition and subsequent kidney injury. This Review examines the differential diagnoses of HIV-associated immune complex kidney diseases (HIVICD), and discusses the clinical manifestations and mechanisms underlying their development. We address the issues associated with treatment, clinical outcomes, and research needs to enhance our ability to diagnose and optimally treat patients with HIVICD.
Direct growth of CdSe semiconductor quantum dots in glass matrix by femtosecond laser beam

Controllable, spatially inhomogeneous distributions of CdSe nanocrystals smaller than the exciton Bohr radius are grown in a glass matrix under combined action of sample heating (below the transformation temperature) and focused high-repetition femtosecond (fs) laser beam. Selective quantum dot precipitation is evidenced by position-dependent absorption and Raman spectra. The particle size is estimated as r=2.1±0.3 nm by comparing the measured absorption and Raman spectra with those obtained from the samples grown in glass by traditional heat-treatment procedure. Direct growth of CdSe quantum dots in glass is enabled by nonlinear excitation using a focused fs duration laser beam (as differentiated from other methods), and this opens an avenue for adjustable selective growth patterns.
Direct pharmacological assessment of clinically acquired models as a strategy to overcome resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors

We have performed a study using cell lines established from biopsies of clinically resistant non-small cell lung cancers with the aim of discovering therapeutic strategies to overcome acquired resistance. Our results indicate that pharmacological assessment of tumor material might efficiently complement genetic profiling in the future path toward personalized medicine.
Influence of English-language Proficiency on the Cognitive Processing of Survey Questions

When recruiting respondents for cognitive interviews testing translated survey questionnaires, researchers often recommend interviewing monolingual non-English speakers because they are the likely ...
Effectiveness of procaine amide in digitalis-induced ventricular tachycardia.

SummaryRapid intravenous administration of procaine amide was found effective in reverting ventricular tachycardia, produced in dogs by large doses of cardiac glycosides, to normal sinus rhythm. In most instances, the reversion was temporary and additional injections of procaine amide were necessary in order to maintain the normal rhythm. Such additional injections, repeated several times in these experiments, did not produce electrocardiographic signs of cumulative toxicity.Although procaine amide effectively reverted ventricular tachycardia in the dog experiments, the same agent failed to increase the lethal dose as determined by limited “cat unit” studies. A similar relation was noted by Emerson in studies on procaine(6) and by Stanbury and Farah(7) in studies on magnesium.The development of slow idioventricular rhythms and cardiac arrest in several experiments following procaine amide administration demonstrates a danger of drug termination of digitalis-induced ventricular tachycardia. As Gold(8) has ...
The Management of Decision-Making Within the Firm: Three Strategies for Three Types of Decision-Making*

This article is a theoretical model dealing with group structures and processes for decision-making in instances of “programmed,” “creative” and “compromise” problem solving.
Influence of years of Mississippi Farm to Feedlot Program participation on feedlot performance and carcass traits1

ABSTRACT The Mississippi Farm to Feedlot Program is an extension program intended to evaluate cattle feedlot and carcass performance and to develop recommendations for producers based on program results to improve farm management practices. Records of steers (n = 1,719) consigned to the Mississippi Farm to Feedlot Program from 1993 to 2006, representing 9 unique farms of origin, were used to evaluate feedlot performance and carcass characteristics within farm over time. Program participation years were categorized into distinct groups: yr 1 to 3 (period 1; P1), yr 4 to 6 (P2), and yr 7 to 9 (P3). Across farms, age at feedlot entry was similar (P = 0.12) among periods. Yet initial BW increased (P
Ovipositional preference, fidelity, and fitness of Drosophila suzukii in a co-occurring crop and non-crop host system

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits including blackberries and raspberries. Management of this pest is focused on preventing infestation in crops, but non-crop hosts may play an important role in enabling D. suzukiito persist in the absence of cultivated hosts. Drosophila suzukii may also infest fruits of both crop and non-crop hosts concurrently. Our goals were to determine whether (1) D. suzukiiprefers to oviposit in cultivated blackberry, Rubus L. subgenus rubus Watson, or American pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, a non-crop host commonly found along field edges, (2) D. suzukii prefers to oviposit into the same host from which it emerged, and (3) performance differs between D. suzukii progeny that develop in blackberries or pokeweed berries. Although the pest was able to infest both hosts at the same rate, we found that D. suzukii females emerging from pokeweed preferred to oviposit into blackberries, while females emerging from blackberry had no preference. Progeny that developed in blackberries were more fit than progeny that developed in pokeweed berries based on several measures. In field locations, cultivated blackberries and pokeweed berries only overlapped in availability for a short period of time, and infestation rates were variable between blackberries and pokeweed berries collected during that period. Nonetheless, these results suggest that non-crop hosts may facilitate the invasion of D. suzukii and perpetuate infestation of cultivated hosts under certain circumstances.
Resonant coupling between a subwavelength metal patch perfect absorbing metamaterial and molecular resonance

Coupling between vibrational modes and metamaterial structures has a varied range of applications including, but not limited to, surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy and biological sensing. This endeavor investigates, via finite element method (FEM) and temporal coupled mode theory (TCMT), a subwavelength perfect absorbing metamaterial (PAMM) coupling to a carbon double oxygen bond (C=O) in Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that resides at 52 THz or 1733 cm−1.
Determination of Benzophenone-2,Benzophenone-3 and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in Cosmetic by HPLC

A method was established for determination of Benzophenone-2,Benzophenone-3 and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in cosmetic by HPLC-DAD detector,gradient elution with mixture of acetonitrile and water,detection wavelength 335 nm,qualitative analysis by retention time and UV spectra characteristics,quantitative analysis by external standard method.Results showed good linearity for the three compounds ranging from 1.00 mg/L to 150 mg/L,lowest detective limits 0.015%,average recoveries of matrices between 96.2% and 117%,RSD between 0.2% and 1.0%.
PATIENT EVALUATION IF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN BECOMES ELEVATED FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY OR RADIATION THERAPY

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most sensitive and clinically useful method for monitoring patients following definitive therapy for prostate cancer. A "detectable" value following radical prostatectomy and an increasing level following radiation therapy are both indicative of recurrent/residual disease. The persistent cancer may be local or distant; the rate of increase of serum PSA can be useful in distinguishing between local and metastatic disease. A computed tomography or magnetic residence imaging scan may be useful for evaluating abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes, and the radionuclide bone scan is an effective tool for assessing the skeleton when the serum PSA concentration becomes elevated following treatment.
Ethics – a Curriculum Enhancement Initiative in Applied Computer Science Technology Degree Programs

This paper outlines the integration of ethicsinto an applied Computer Science Technologycurriculum through a four-step developmentprocess. This process includes: (1) declarationof the ethical value learning goal, (2) courseselection, (3) identification of specific coursecontent, and (4) teaching methods andassignments. Sample class activities areincluded. The activities can be implemented as``plug-and-play'' modules when incorporatingbasic ethical decision making into thecurriculum. Following this process allowsfaculty to meet the school's mission ofpromoting activities that apply intellectualand ethical heritage to work for the good ofsociety as a whole.
Development & testing of the IIID safety symbols system

Nora Olgyay’s 1995 book, Safety symbols art: Camera-ready and disk art for designers provides the only commercially available, copyright-free art for a system of safety symbols that fufills the American National Standards Institute’s comprehension testing and design criteria for safety symbols. This article reproduces selected sections of its hereto unpublished companion publication, Safety symbols art: The testing protocol, materials & results which documents the research, testing protocol, materials and results for the IIID safety symbol system.