cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Nested Logit Model for Trip Type-Mode Choice: An Application

We applied the cross-nested logit (CNL) model to home-based trips reported in the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) database to explain individuals' choices of trip type and mode to use. We also compared the CNL model results to those from the nested-logit (NL) model and the network Generalized Extreme Value (Network GEV) model. Alternative modes (private, public, walk and other) are available to each of the four trip purposes (home-based work, home-based shopping, home-based recreational, and homebased other), namely the nests. The results indicated that the CNL model conveniently models decisions on trip type and mode to use made by individual travelers. Its results are comparable to those of the network GEV model. The models identify the impact of individuals' socioeconomics and alternative attributes on trip type and mode choices. The presence of children in a household increases the probability of choosing a private mode while it decreases the probability of using public transport or walk. Private mode and public transport were more attractive to travelers than walking when considering the combined trip distance and travel time. Individuals from households with higher income prefer private mode to public transportation. However, income is not a significant factor on a decision to walk. Since the data used is a national-wide database, a study in which a different data set collected locally is recommended. The NHTS data set may suffer from spatial variation among the travelers and hence produce inconclusive results.
Free Vibrations of Cantilevered Conical Shells

The free vibration characteristics of cantilevered conical shells are determined analytically and compared with available experimental data. Numerical results obtained for the cantilevered conical shell were in good agreement with the experimental values. Frequencies of the conical shell were greatly effected by any variation of the meridianal force boundary condition. The investigation of the cantilevered conical shell clamped at the large radius and free at the small radius produced an interesting result. At low wave numbers, the free end of the conical shell vibrated with large amplitudes. For high circumferential wave numbers, however, the free end essentially stopped vibrating and the largest amplitudes occurred near the clamped large radius.
Errant Subjectivities in Bharati Mukherjee's Fiction

Subjectivity refers to a sense of possibility in an apparently difficult environment. Bharati Mukherjee's mongrel characters demonstrate this possibility overcoming sundry hurdles life poses in the way. Critics have praised and castigated Mukherjee for what they believe her rejection of tradition and uncritical adoption of Western culture and ways of life. I find her work more complicated than that. Her immigrant characters try to find a balance between tradition and modernity, neither absolutely rejecting nor uncritically accepting either of them. Their practical identity defies any form of binarial division in which critics attempt to position Mukherjee and her work.
Fractional Brownian Motion and Fractional Gaussian Noise

Fractional Brownian motion is one of most cogent mathematical models for strongly correlated stochastic processes with self-similarity. In this article, we give a pedagogic introduction to this theory and investigate some of the statistical, geometric, and fractal properties of fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian random fields. The connection between fractional Brownian motion and the renormalization group in statistical physics is emphasized.
Studies of laser-driven flyer acceleration using optical fiber coupling

An optically recording velocity interferometer system has been used to measure acceleration histories and maximum velocities for laser-driven aluminum foil targets launched from the output face of optical fibers. Peak flyer velocities have been determined as a function of various parameters, including driving laser fluence, laser pulse duration and target thickness. The results at high fluences are consistent with a nearly constant efficiency of coupling optical energy into flyer kinetic energy and a small ablated mass fraction; however, the coupling efficiency falls off rapidly at fluences < 15 J-cm−2. Measurements of the time delay between laser pulse arrival at the target and the onset of flyer motion have also been performed. Significant delays are observed at low fluences, arising from the increased time required for plasma formation at the fiber/foil interface under these conditions.
Representations and Standard Notation

In the preceding chapters in this section, we considered how students made sense ofPascal’s Triangle and isomorphic combinatorics problems using their own increasingly sophisticated and abstract representations. In this chapter, we see how onegroup built on those ideas in order to derive, explain, and record Pascal’s Identity(the addition rule for Pascal’s Triangle) using standard mathematical notation. Thisremarkable demonstration of how students can come to make sense of complexmathematical ideas was captured during the session that came to be referred to asthe “Night Session,” since it took place on a weekday evening from 7:30 to 10:00 PM(Uptegrove, 2004).
Development of Adrenal Cortex Zonation

The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty with the establishment of the zR and its production of adrenal androgens; a process called adrenarche. The maintenance of the adrenal cortex involves the centripetal displacement and differentiation of peripheral Sonic hedgehog-positive progenitors cells into zG cells that later transition to zF cells and subsequently zR cells.
Application of Spectral Distributions in Effective Interaction Theory

The calculation of observable quantities in a large many-particle space is very complicated and often impractical. In effective interaction theory, to simplify the calculation, the full many-particle space is truncated to a small, manageable model space and the operators associated with the observables are renormalized to accomodate the truncation effects. The operator that has been most extensively studied for renormalization is the Hamiltonian. The renormalized Hamiltonian, often called the effective Hamiltonian, can be defined such that it not only gives the eigenvalues, but also the projections of the full-space (true) eigen-functions onto the model space. These projected wave functions then provide a convenient basis for renormalization of other operators. The usual framework for renormalization is perturbation theory1. Unfortunately, the conventional perturbation series for effective Hamiltonians have problems with convergence2 and their high order terms (especially 4th or higher) are also difficult to calculate.
Investigation of turbulent melt flow in a crystal growth system

Melt flows associated with a Czochralski crystal growth process was investigated to better understand the transition from a steady laminar regime to an unsteady one as the Grashof number increases. The kinetic energy of the flow as a function of time was examined as an indication of stability. Three-dimensional solutions were interpolated onto a two-dimensional unstructured mesh to compute the Reynolds average mean flow and its fluctuations. Our simulations showed that the transition to unsteady three-dimensional flow begins at a Grashof number of approximately 3.0 million. At higher Grashof numbers (e.g., 6.6 million), the melt flow is fully unsteady, three-dimensional turbulent flow. The simulations further indicated that the melt flow at a Grashof number of 6.6 million is statistically stable, which suggested the Reynolds quasi-steady assumption is valid in this case.
Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the methods of three-dimensional reconstruction that have been successfully used in the study of many different types of tissue. Historically, its first applications were in embryology, where it enabled workers to see systematically for the first time the spatial relationships of developing organs and systems. Its application in medicine and biology has permitted an understanding of both normal and abnormal tissues which was impossible with the ordinary histological techniques used in conjunction with single-section analysis. With the advent of the electron microscope, it describes the morphology of some of the smallest things resolvable by that instrument. Since it is one of the few techniques one have for making a detailed examination of fine structure, it must be hoped that with proper systematization it can be used to progress from the modeling of objects that can be observed in under 100 sections to the morphological analysis, by whatever means, of those nonmolecular intercellular relationships that are responsible for the integrative capacities of a system of cells.Finally, we describe some of the newer attemptsat reconstruction being developed specifically for the investigationof nervous tissue.
Annual net community production and the biological carbon flux in the ocean

The flux of biologically produced organic matter from the surface ocean (the biological pump), over an annual cycle, is equal to the annual net community production (ANCP). Experimental determinations of ANCP at ocean time series sites using a variety of different metabolite mass balances have made it possible to evaluate the accuracy of sediment trap fluxes and satellite-determined ocean carbon export. ANCP values at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT), the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS), Ocean Station Papa (OSP) are 3 ± 1 mol C m−2 yr−1—much less variable than presently suggested by satellite remote sensing measurements and global circulation models. ANCP determined from mass balances at these locations are 3–4 times particulate organic carbon fluxes measured in sediment traps. When the roles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux, zooplankton migration, and depth-dependent respiration are considered these differences are reconciled at HOT and OSP but not at BATS, where measured particulate fluxes are about 3 times lower than expected. Even in the cases where sediment trap fluxes are accurate, it is not possible to “scale up” these measurements to determine ANCP without independent determinations of geographically variable DOC flux and zooplankton migration. Estimates of ANCP from satellite remote sensing using net primary production determined by the carbon-based productivity model suggests less geographic variability than its predecessor (the vertically generalized productivity model) and brings predictions at HOT and OSP closer to measurements; however, satellite-predicted ANCP at BATS is still 3 times too low.
Perspective on the weakly coupled heterotic string

Since the first "string revolution" of 1984, the weakly coupled E8⊗E8 heterotic string theory has been a promising candidate for the underlying theory of the Standard Model. The particle spectrum and the issue of dilaton stabilization are reviewed. Specific models for hidden sector condensation and supersymmetry breaking are described and their phenomenological and cosmological implications are discussed. The importance of T-duality is emphasized. Theoretical challenges to finding a satisfactory vacuum, as well as constraints from LHC data are addressed.
Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for specific pathogen free 6-week-old Hampshire-Yorkshire crossbred pigs

Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals depend on many factors, including age. A review of the literature highlights the lack of reference intervals for 6-wk-old specific pathogen free (SPF) Hampshire-Yorkshire crossbred pigs. For translational research, 6-wk-old pigs represent an important animal model for both human juvenile colitis and diabetes mellitus type 2 given the similarities between the porcine and human gastrointestinal maturation process. The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals for hematological and biochemical parameters in healthy 6-wk-old crossbred pigs. Blood samples were collected from 66 clinically healthy Hampshire-Yorkshire pigs. The pigs were 6 wks old, represented both sexes, and were housed in a SPF facility. Automated hematological and biochemical analysis were performed using an ADVIA 120 Hematology System and a Cobas 6000 C501 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Reference intervals were calculated using both parametric and nonparametric methods. The mean, median, minimum, and maximum values were calculated. As pigs are used more frequently as medical models of human disease, having reference intervals for commonly measured hematological and biochemical parameters in 6-wk-old pigs will be useful. The reference intervals calculated in this study will aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of both naturally occurring and experimentally induced disease. In comparison to published reference intervals for older non SPF pigs, notable differences in leukocyte populations, and in levels of sodium, potassium, glucose, protein, and alkaline phosphatase were observed.
Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis without gel manipulation

The apparatus and procedure to perform two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis without manipulating the gel used for the first electrophoresis (first-dimension gel) have been developed. The procedure is less complex, less damaging to first-dimension gels, and more precise than procedures that require manipulation of the first-dimension gel. When combined with gel-embedding techniques, the procedure presented can be used to perform the second electrophoresis in a gel different from the first-dimension gel. A first-dimension gel too dilute to be manipulated and a more concentrated gel for the second electrophoresis have been used to separate DNA open circles from a mixture of variable-length linear DNAs.
BDNF deregulation in Rett syndrome

BDNF is the best-characterized neurotrophin in terms of its gene structure and modulation, secretion processing, and signaling cascades following its release. In addition to diverse features at the genetic and molecular levels, the abundant expression in several regions of the central nervous system has implicated BDNF as a potent modulator in many aspects of neuronal development, as well as synaptic transmission and plasticity. Impairments in any of these critical functions likely contribute to a wide array of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, we focus on a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome (RTT), which afflicts 1:15,000 women world-wide. We describe the consequences of loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in RTT, and then elaborate on the current understanding of how MeCP2 controls BDNF expression. Finally, we discuss the literature regarding alterations in BDNF levels in RTT individuals and MeCP2-based mouse models, as well as recent progress in searching for rational therapeutic interventions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'BDNF Regulation of Synaptic Structure, Function, and Plasticity'.
An efficient parallel algorithm for finding Hamiltonian cycles in dense directed graphs

Abstract Let G be a directed graph with n vertices such that whenever there is no arc from any vertex u to another vertex v , then the sum of the outdegree of u and the indegree of v is at least n. It is known that such a graph G always contains a Hamiltonian cycle. We show how to compute a Hamiltonian cycle of G with a linear number of processors in O (log 3 n ) time on a CREW PRAM.
Translocation breakpoints in FHIT and FRA3B in both homologs of chromosome 3 in an esophageal adenocarcinoma

Common fragile sites have been proposed to play a mechanistic role in chromosome translocations and other rearrangements in cancer cells in vivo based on their behavior in vitro and their co-localization with cancer translocation breakpoints. This hypothesis has been the subject of controversy, because associations have been made at the chromosomal level and because of the large number of both fragile sites and cancer chromosome breakpoints. Tests of this hypothesis at the molecular level are now possible with the cloning of common fragile site loci and the use of fragile site clones in the analysis of rearranged chromosomes. FRA3B, the most frequently seen common fragile site, lies within the large FHIT gene. It is now well established that this region is the site of frequent, large intragenic deletions and aberrant transcripts in a number of tumors and tumor cell lines. In contrast, only one tumor-associated translocation involving the FHIT gene has been reported. We have found translocations in both homologs of chromosome 3 in an early-passage esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line. This cell line showed no normal FHIT transcripts by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subsequent chromosome analysis showed translocations of the short arms of both homologs of chromosome 3: t(3;16) and t(3;4). The breakpoints of both translocations were shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction to be in the FHIT gene, at or near the center of the fragile site region. Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends with FHIT primers, a noncoding chimeric transcript resulting from t(3;16) was identified. These data provide direct support for the hypothesis that FRA3B, and likely other common fragile sites, may be “hot spots” for translocations in certain cancers, as they are for deletions, and that such translocations have the potential to form abnormal chimeric transcripts. In addition, the results suggest selection for loss of a functional FHIT gene by the translocation events. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of Un‐ionized Ammonia and High pH to Post‐larval and Juvenile Freshwater Shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Post-larval and juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were exposed for 72 h at 29 C to four pH levels (8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0) and four concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L NHj-N). Results indicated potentiation between NH3 and high pH. Juveniles were more tolerant of high pH and NH3 than post-larvae. For post-larvae, estimates of 72 h LC50 for pH were 9.43, 9.21, and 8.71 at 0, 1, and 2 mg/L NH3-N, respectively; 72 h LC50 estimates for NH3-N were 2.18 and 1.45 mg/L at pH levels of 8.5 and 9.0, respectively. For juveniles, estimates of 72 h LC50 for pH were 9.91, 9.56, 9.04, and 8.76 at 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L NH3-N, respectively; 72 h LC50 estimates for NH3-N were 2.02 and 0.54 mg/L at pH 9.0 and 9.5, respectively. In pond culture of M. rosenbergii, high pH levels can cause mortality at stocking. The 72 h data can be used as an indication of safe stocking levels of pH and ammonia. These data suggest that post-larvae should not be exposed to pH > 9.0 nor to NH3-N > 1 mg/L in the pH range 8.5–9.0 and juveniles should not be exposed to pH > 9.5 nor to NH3-N > 0 mg/L at pH 9.5, > 1 mg/L at pH 9.0, or > 2 mg/L at pH 8.5.
Correlation Energy of an Electron Gas at High Density

The quantity ec is defined as the correlation energy per particle of an electron gas expressed in rydbergs. It is a function of the conventional dimensionless parameter rs, where rs-3 is proportional to the electron density. Here ec is computed for small values of rs (high density) and found to be given by ec=Alnrs+C+O(rs). The value of A is found to be 0.0622, a result that could be deduced from previous work of Wigner, Macke, and Pines. An exact formula for the constant C is given here for the first time; earlier workers had made only approximate calculations of C. Further, it is shown how the next correction in rs can be computed. The method is based on summing the most highly divergent terms of the perturbation series under the integral sign to give a convergent result. The summation is performed by a technique similar to Feynman's methods in field theory.
Precursors of Learning Experiences in Social Cognitive Career Theory.

Abstract This study extended the research on Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT; [Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122]) by examining the contributions of 3 person inputs (personality, gender, and conformity to gender role norms) to career-related learning experiences for each of Holland’s [Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources] 6 RIASEC themes. Participants (144 female and 113 male college students) completed measures of personality, conformity to feminine and masculine role norms, and learning experiences for Holland’s RIASEC themes. Results of path analyses indicated that the combination of person inputs explained a significant proportion of variance in each of the RIASEC-based learning experiences. Results supported 9 of 13 hypothesized relations involving personality, and suggested that for some personality traits, the relation to RIASEC-based learning experiences is both direct and indirect, via conformity to gender role norms. Results also revealed that gender predicted learning experiences for 5 of the 6 Holland themes; however, 4 of those relations were partially or completely mediated by conformity to gender role norms. Finally, findings supported 5 of 12 hypothesized relations involving conformity to gender role norms, and suggested that gender role conformity may be most relevant to learning experiences in the Realistic and Social domains.
Characterization of the salivary apyrase activity of three rodent flea species.

1. 1. Salivary gland lysates of the adult female fleas Oropsylla bacchi, Orchopea howardi and Xenopsylla cheopis hydrolyse ATP and ADP, but not AMP, thus characterizing the existence of a salivary apyrase activity. 2. 2. In all species Mg++ or Ca++ function as activators, and a pH optimum between 7 and 8 is observed. 3. 3. Salivary gland lysates of male fleas contain significantly smaller amounts of the enzyme activity than do those of female fleas. 4. 4. Immediately following a blood meal, apyrase activity and protein content of female X, cheopis salivary glands are 2–3-fold less than that of unfed fleas, indicating that salivary apyrase activity is secreted during feeding. 5. 5. It is suggested that, as in other arthopods, salivary apyrase may facilitate blood location and blood feeding by preventing ADP-induced platelet aggregation at the site of the bite.
The surface properties of lung extract.

Abstract The surface tension, surface potential, and surface flow characteristics of crude lung surfactant (LS) monolayers were studied as functions of surface compression and also as functions of age of extract solution. The surface tension characteristics show almost no change with age whereas the surface potential data have maxima at one to two weeks of age. The surface flow measurements, which show qualitative as well as quantitative changes with age, indicate that LS forms a two-dimensional network. The ability to form this network decreases with the age of the extract, and the variation correlates with the surface potential pattern. The rate of network formation is accelerated by compression and/or flow of the LS film. These results suggest that the nonlipid components of LS are probably involved in the formation of the network and that the LS network may be involved in the mechanism which stabilizes the alveoli.
The Use of Sclera in the Treatment of Dysthyroid Eyelid Retraction

The use of sclera for correcting dysthyroid lid retraction is described. Forty-three procedures on 14 patients are reviewed. Of these 43 procedures, 18 were for upper eyelid retraction, and 25 were for lower eyelid retraction. A tapered graft, larger temporally, was used for the upper eyelid. An eliptical graft of uniform vertical height was used for the lower eyelid. Moderately predictable results were obtained; 66% of patients were corrected to within 1 mm of desired positions after the first operative procedure. Only 13% of patients required additional surgery. When secondary procedures were required, the eyelids were corrected to the desired location. Complications were minimal. Sclera proved to be an excellent graft material for dysthyroid eyelid retraction.
Evaluation of Asphalt Overlay Permanent Deformation Based on Ground-Penetrating Radar Technology

Permanent deformation in materials can lead to rutting on an asphalt pavement. Rutting poses potential hazard to vehicles running on the pavement because of hydroplaning during wet weather conditions. To mitigate or remedy rutting, it is of critical importance to identify the sources and causes of the permanent deformation. Traditional methods mainly rely on cutting a trench to approach this issue. Despite the accuracy, it is labor intensive and time consuming, not to mention having a destructive characteristic. To improve on these, this study discusses the feasibility of potential use of a non-destructive technology with ground-penetrating radar (GPR). GPR is used to estimate the permanent deformation in an asphalt overlay on top of an existing concrete pavement. The GPR antenna mounted on a moving vehicle could detect pavement layer thickness at a fast speed. It also provides full coverage on the pavement along the driving direction. The permanent deformation is estimated by comparing the layer thicknesses between the right wheel path and lane center. In particular, the results could reveal the permanent deformation involving the following three critical aspects: (1) in which layer(s) the permanent deformation occurs; (2) where the permanent deformation is located along the driving direction; and (3) how significant the permanent deformation is.
Scoping out the "take-away" statement. Reducing the inversion factor for presentation recall

Some call it a "take-away," while others call it a "trailer" or "theme statement." It's a technique that drives home the message of each slide in a briefing. Whether it's a proposal or an informative briefing, the take-away leaves the listener with a single emphasis for each focal point. Briefings have been technically enhanced with Power Point presentations and computer graphics. But we need to stay in tune with the basics regarding content and purpose. The take-away focus is an enhancing skill for helping the engineer, or technical communicator, produce professional presentations. Equally as important as the effect on the listener is the effect on the author in preparing the briefing. The author must answer the question, "What is the message that I want to leave with the audience?" This forces the briefer to examine whether each bullet leading up to the take-away is supportive and each slide congruent with the overall theme. The author discusses strategy for giving a presentation involving the use of take-aways. The author discusses how to overcome distractions, how to structure a briefing, and how to support the central theme.
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ) is an essential parameter for understanding soil hydrology. This study evaluated the K sat of in situ monoliths and intact cores and compared the results with other studies for Missouri claypan soils. These K sat values were used as runoff-model inputs to assess the impact of K sat variation on simulated runoff. Lateral in situ K sat of the topsoil was determined on 250 by 500 by 230 mm deep monoliths. These values were compared with the K sat of 76 by 76 mm diam. intact cores with and without bentonite to seal macropores. Mean (± SD) lateral in situ K sat was 72 ± 0.7 mm h -1 and mean intact core K sat without bentonite was 312 ± 58 mm h -1 . The mean intact core K sat without bentonite was significantly larger than the lateral in situ K sat (P = 0.03). The lateral in situ K sat was not different from core K sat with bentonite (71 ± 1.1 mm h -1 ). The intact core K sat with bentonite differed from previous studies by 10 times. This was attributed to the variations in soil depth to claypan, macropore presence, and methodology. The impact of using an effective hydraulic conductivity (K off ) computed from measured K sat on intact cores without bentonite underestimated the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) simulated runoff by 28% for a measured runoff event of 40 mm. The core K sat with bentonite was correlated with measured runoff from long-term erosion-runoff plots. A quadratic regression explained 95% of the variability between measured and simulated runoff.
Exciton relaxation and coupling dynamics in a GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum well and quantum dot ensemble

Exciton inter- and intra-actions in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well (QW) and quantum dot (QD) ensemble are studied using optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. We measure population dynamics for times up to 300 ps and temperatures up to 50 K and observe biexponential decay for both QW and QD excitons, strong QW $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ QD relaxation, and weak QD $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ QW activation. The population dynamics are modeled using a system of rate equations that incorporate radiative and nonradiative decay, coupling between bright and dark exciton states, and QW $\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}$ QD coupling. The fast decay rates are attributed to exciton-bound hole spin flips between optically active and inactive states and are similar for the QW and QDs, indicating excitons are weakly localized in the QDs. The QW $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ QD relaxation rate increases with temperature, and QD $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ QW excitation is observed at temperatures $\ensuremath{\geqslant}$35 K.
Seizures in a fetal lamb after cocaine exposure: a case report.

Summary: We report the chance observation of two generalized seizures in a fetal lamb that received cocaine. Cocaine was infused intravenously into a 138-day-old fetus while electrocortical (ECoG), electroocular (EOG), and neck electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded. Fetal rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were disrupted during the cocaine exposure and returned to a normal pattern after infusions were stopped. Seventy-two hours later, however, we recorded generalized seizures with ECoG spike and spike wave activity.
A special case for subset interconnection designs

Abstract Given a set X and subsets X1, …, Xm, we consider the problem of finding a graph G with vertex set X and the minimum number of edges such that for i = 1,…,m, the subgraph G, induced by Xi is connected. We show that in the special case that every point in X appears in at most three Xi's, the problem is still MAX SNP-complete; however, there exists a polynomial-time approximation within a factor of 5 3 from optimal. As an intermediate result, we also show that the vertex cover problem in cubic graphs is MAX SNP-completc.
Dynamical determination of the innermost stable circular orbit of binary neutron stars.

We determine the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of binary neutron stars (BNSs) by performing dynamical simulations in full general relativity. Evolving quasiequilibrium (QE) binaries that begin at different separations, we bracket the location of the ISCO by distinguishing stable circular orbits from unstable plunges. We study $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=2$ polytropes of varying compactions in both corotational and irrotational equal-mass binaries. For corotational binaries, we find an ISCO orbital angular frequency somewhat smaller than that determined by applying turning-point methods to QE initial data. For the irrotational binaries, the initial data sequences terminate before reaching a turning point, but we find that the ISCO frequency is reached prior to the termination point. Our findings suggest that the ISCO frequency varies with compaction but does not depend strongly on the stellar spin.
Development of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire

Abstract The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) was developed as a multidimensional, sport-specific measure of individual differences in sport achievement orientation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a stable, three-factor structure across three separate samples of university and high school students. The three separate but related subscales of competitiveness, win, and goal orientation demonstrate high internal consistency and stability over time. The SOQ competitiveness score differentiates students in competitive activities from those in noncompetitive activities, providing evidence for construct validity. The overall factor stability, reliability and validity evidence suggests that the SOQ can be a valuable measure for the investigation of competitiveness and achievement behavior in sport and exercise settings.
Dynamics of space-charge domains in ultrapure Ge

An array of capacitive probes is used to measure the spatially dependent electric field associated with a driven chaotic instability in p-type ultrapure Ge. As the drive amplitude is increased, we observe first the onset of temporal chaos and later a transition to a higher-dimensional attractor with a loss of spatial coherence due to the nucleation and destruction of high-field domains in the bulk of the sample
Heterogeneously integrated MIR silicon photonics

By utilizing heterogeneous integration method, integrated silicon photonics on mid-IR compatible substrate has been fabricated and on-chip cavity-enhanced mid-IR spectroscopic analysis of organic chemicals has been demonstrated.
An Electrolytic-Capacitor-Free Single-Phase High-Power Fuel Cell Converter With Direct Double-Frequency Ripple Current Control

This paper proposes a direct double-frequency ripple current control in a single-phase high-power fuel cell converter that can achieve low-frequency ripple-free input current without using large electrolytic capacitors. To eliminate the double-frequency ripple current disturbance introduced by the single-phase inverter load, a proportional–resonant controller is developed to achieve an extra high control gain at designed resonant frequency. This high gain can be viewed as the virtual high impedance for blocking the double-frequency ripple energy propagation from inverter load to fuel cell stack. More particularly, the proposed control system can realize the utilization of all capacitive ripple energy sources in the system by regulating all the capacitors to have large voltage swing. In addition, this voltage swing is synchronized to keep real-time balancing of the transformer primary- and secondary-side voltages. As a result, the zero-voltage-switching operation for all switching devices in the dc–dc stage can be guaranteed. The controller design guidelines are derived based on the system small-signal model. The experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and proposed technology.
Online power-aware routing in wireless Ad-hoc networks

This paper discusses online power-aware routing in large wireless ad-hoc networks for applications where the message sequence is not known. We seek to optimize the lifetime of the network. We show that online power-aware routing does not have a constant competitive ratio to the off-line optimal algorithm. We develop an approximation algorithm called max-min zPmin that has a good empirical competitive ratio. To ensure scalability, we introduce a second online algorithm for power-aware routing. This hierarchical algorithm is called zone-based routing. Our experiments show that its performance is quite good.
The Effect of Female Color, Size, Dominance and Early Experience Upon Mate Selection in Male Convict Cichlids, Cichlasoma Nigrofasciat Um Günther (Pisces, Cichlidae)

This study investigates the role of female color, size, and dominance, and the influence of early color experience in mate selection by male Convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum. Dark wild-type male fish were reared by dark parents in dark schools (dark homogenous group), and by mixed dark and white parents in mixed schools (dark mixed group), until sexual maturity. Correspondingly a white homogenous group and a white mixed group were also established. Each male was then allowed to choose a mate among two dark (mixed group) and two white (mixed group) females. Males tended to spawn more often with dark females and always spawned with dominant females. Female size is positively correlated with female dominance and this may be either as a cause or as an effect of female dominance. Early color experience appears to be unimportant in male mate selection.
Intermediate (d, p) approximation☆

Abstract A general formulation of (d, p) stripping without many-body considerations is used to compare the DWBA and “sudden” approximations. They appear somewhat complementary, and the importance is remarked of using a complete set of wave functions in the sudden approximation. A completeness procedure different from the one commonly used leads to an intermediate approximation having points of tangency with all other approximations: essentially a Born approximation with Watson-type corrections. This should be sufficiently accurate to yield spectroscopic factors of correct magnitude.
Molecular modalities of insect cold survival: current understanding and future trends

Abstract Insect cold survival has drawn increased attention in recent years, prompting a new classification of survival phenotypes that reflect the ecological and physiological differences in the manner in which insects survive the winter. In addition, more is known about the nature of cold injury and its effects on an insect system from the whole body to the subcellular level, although much remains to be discovered. Other than the detection of misfolded protein by the heat shock response, signal transduction of low temperatures by insects is largely unexplored. Recent advances in Drosophila and a few vertebrate systems reveal the potential importance of transient receptor potential ion channels in low temperature signal transduction, and membrane fluidity also possibly plays a role in the detection of low temperatures by insects. Physiological changes that occur in insect cells as a result of low temperatures or in anticipation of low temperatures include the induction of a suite of heat shock proteins, metabolic polyol synthesis, antifreeze protein production, and the induction of extracellular ice nucleation. In addition, a variety of new genes are now known to be induced upon cold exposure, but the roles of these molecules in cold survival are still largely unknown.
Identification of a new acute phase protein.

We have previously reported mouse SIP24 protein as a secreted inducible protein produced by quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells. SIP24 can be produced in response to many factors, including serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, prostaglandin F2α, phorbol ester, and dexamethasone. Here we present evidence to show that SIP24 is the product of mouse 24P3 mRNA. The 24P3 cDNA was originally cloned from an SV40-transformed quiescent mouse primary kidney cell culture, and it has been classified as a new member of the lipocalin protein family. We show that the SIP24/24P3 protein and mRNA increase dramatically in mouse serum and liver during the acute phase response induced by turpentine injection. Injection of mice with dexamethasone caused a modest increase of SIP24/24P3 mRNA in the liver. Tissue distribution studies revealed that SIP24/24P3 is mainly expressed in liver during the acute phase response. SIP24/24P3 was also detected in the brain and the uterus. In mouse BNL (Balb/c normal liver) cells, the production of SIP24/24P3 is stimulated by tumor necrosis factor α, which is a major regulator of the expression of other acute phase proteins. From its pattern of regulation, we conclude that SIP24/24P3 is a new type 1 acute phase protein.
Tentative equations for the propagation of stress, strain and temperature fields in viscoelastic solids

Abstract A theemodynamic analysis of the ‘ thermo-rheologically simple’ solid proposed by schwarzl and Staverman (1952) leads to a set of thennomechanically coupled equations for the propagation of stress, strain and temperature fields in viscoelastic solids. The propagation of harmonic dilational waves is investigated in a linear approximation whose range of validity is ascertained; thermomechanical coupling effects appear to be more severe than for elastic solids.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Functionalized Dimethylgermyl Complexes of the Formula (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(GeMe2X); Equilibria Involving the Dimethylgermylene Complex [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(=GeMe2)]• TfO−

Abstract Addition of Me2GeCl2 to Li+ [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)] gives the chiral rhenium dimethylchlorogermyl complex (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(GeMe2Cl) (92%), which reacts with LiAlH, and Me3SiOTf to yield (n5-C5H5)Re(NO)-(PPh3)(GeMe2H) (74%) and (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(GeMe2OTf) (3; 94%), respectively. Reactions of 3 and halide salts give (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)-(PPh3)(GeMe2X) (X=F, Br, I; 81–83%). All compounds exhibit two 1H/ 13C NMR signals for the diastereotopic GeMe 2 groups at ambient temperature, except 3 for which coalescence occurs at 211 K (Δ≠=9.6 ± 0.2 kcal/mol). This is interpreted as indicating a rapid equilibrium with the dimethylgermylene complex [(n5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(=GeMe2)]+ TfO−.
Opinions concerning criminality among mental patients

Estimations of the arrest rates for various offense categories of civilly admitted male mental patients were made by mental health center professionals, state hospital professionals and aides, law enforcement officers, college students, legislators, and community residents. Mental health personnel and legislators tended to judge patients as having lower arrest rates than was actually the case. Community residents overestimated patient arrest rates for rape and “other sexual offenses”, while police overestimated the patient rate for “other sexual offenses”.
On deducing the magnetization of the lunar surface from orbital surveys

A combination of orbital photographic, selenochemical, and magnetic surveys may elucidate the mechanism by which the lunar surface became magnetized and possibly yield an estimate of the intensity of the ancient magnetizing field and its time variation. The determination of the size and shape of the magnetized regions requires the measurement of the altitude dependence of field, especially at low altitudes (less than 100 km) and with a high enough sampling rate to resolve the profile at the edges of magnetized bodies. The planned Lunar Polar Orbiter may well provide the necessary data.
Bleaching cellulosic fibers via pre-sorption of N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)-benzoyl]-butyrolactam chloride

The sorption of a novel cationic bleach activator, N-[4-(Triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]-butyrolactam Chloride (TBBC), was measured on regenerated bamboo fiber. At 25 °C near neutral pH, the sorption rate of TBBC onto the fiber was initially rapid and equilibrium was reached within 20 min. Adsorption equilibria experiments followed a Freundlich isotherm. At the sorption equilibrium, bleaching was initiated by addition of sodium perborate to liberate hydrogen peroxide, which reacted with TBBC to generate a peracid that is a more kinetically active oxidant than peroxide. A sorption–activation model was developed that supports the enhanced bleaching of cellulosic fibers using cationic bleach activators under neutral to alkaline conditions.
Structure of B2O3 and Binary Aluminoborate Melts at 1600°C

Viscosity and density data were obtained up to 1700°C for a series of binary aluminoborate melts that contained as much as 15 mole% (∼21 wt%) Al2O3 and up to 1620°C for pure molten B2O3. Large expansion coefficient decreases and a slight activation energy increase for B2O3 above 1400°C suggested a tightening of its structure. The addition of Al2O3 reduced viscosity and increased activation energy. The decreased compositional dependence of molar volume (compared to SiO2 additions) and the increased expansion coefficients accompanying Al2O3 additions suggested a loosening of the O—B—O structure at 1600°C. Molar volume deviations from ideality were similar to but smaller than those for SiO2 and GeO2 additions at 1300°C. Microclustering of aluminum-bearing polyhedra appeared to occur at slightly higher boron atom contents than with SiO2 and GeO2 additions.
Becoming Queerly Responsive: Culturally Responsive Pedagogy for Black and Latino Urban Queer Youth.

Although recent attention to homophobic bullying in American K-12 schools has increased public concern over the plight of queer students, it has also fallen short of addressing a range of dilemmas facing urban queer youth of color, whose needs extend beyond protection from homophobic victimization. Drawing upon an ethnographic study of an HIV/AIDS prevention and supports center, this article describes the center’s culturally responsive pedagogical work with Black and Latino urban queer youth, and it identifies several implications for how educational and community stakeholders who work with urban youth might engage this particular population in a culturally responsive manner.
Dynamic Scheduling for Ethylene Cracking Furnace System

The cracking furnace system is crucial for an olefin plant. Its operation needs to follow a predefined schedule to process various feeds continuously, meanwhile conducting a periodically decoking operation for each furnace when its performance apparently decreases. In practice, because the feed supply changes dynamically, the routine furnace scheduling is better performed in a dynamic and reactive way, through which the furnace operations can be smartly rescheduled with respect to any delivery of new coming feeds. Thus, the feeds from the new delivery and the leftover inventories can be timely, feasibly, and optimally allocated to different furnaces for processing to obtain the maximum average net profit per time. Facing this challenge, this paper develops a new MINLP-based reactive scheduling strategy, which can dynamically generate reschedules based on the new feed deliveries, the leftover feeds, and current furnace operating conditions. It simultaneously addresses all the major scheduling issues of a c...
Tiered Approach for Identification of a Human Fecal Pollution Source at a Recreational Beach: Case Study at Avalon Bay, Catalina Island, California

Recreational marine beaches in California are posted as unfit for swimming when the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) exceeds any of seven concentration standards. Finding and mitigating sources of shoreline FIB is complicated by the many potential human and nonhuman sources of these organisms and the complex fate and transport processes that control their concentrations. In this study, a three-tiered approach is used to identify human and nonhuman sources of FIB in Avalon Bay, a popular resort community on Catalina Island in southern California. The first and second tiers utilize standard FIB tests to spatially isolate the FIB signal, to characterize the variability of FIB over a range of temporal scales, and to measure FIB concentrations in potential sources of these organisms. In the third tier, water samples from FIB "hot spots" and sources are tested for human-specific bacteria Bacteroides/Prevotella and enterovirus to determine whether the FIB are from human sewage or from nonhuman sources such as bird feces. FIB in Avalon Bay appear to be from multiple, primarily land-based, sources including bird droppings, contaminated subsurface water, leaking drains, and runoff from street wash-down actvities. Multiple shoreline samples and two subsurface water samples tested positive for human-specific bacteria and enterovirus, suggesting that at least a portion of the FIB contamination is from human sewage.