cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voices in and of the machine: Source orientation toward mobile virtual assistants

Abstract Research regarding source orientation has demonstrated that when interacting with computers, people direct their communication toward and react toward the technology itself. Users perceive technology to be a source in human-machine communication (HMC). This study provides a new dimension to those findings with regard to source orientation with voice-based, mobile virtual assistants enabled by artificial intelligence (AI). In qualitative interviews regarding their conceptualizations of mobile conversational agents (Apple's Siri, Google Voice, Samsung S-Voice) and their perceptions of interactions with these specific technologies, some participants describe the agent they can hear but not see as a voice in the mobile phone (assistant as distinct entity) while others perceive the technology that they command to be the voice of the phone (assistant as the device). Therefore, congruent with existing research, users of mobile assistants orient toward a technology, instead of thinking they are interacting with a human, but, in contrast to existing research, attend to different technologies. When technologies possess a disembodied voice and are designed with various social cues and degrees of intelligence, the locus and nature of the digital interlocutor is not uniform in people's minds.
Type I Interferon regulates IgE-mediated enhancement of rhinovirus-induced Th2 priming by primary human monocytes

Rhinovirus infections are linked to the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases including allergic asthma. IgE, another contributor to atopic disease pathogenesis, has been shown to regulate dendritic cell antiviral functions and influence T cell priming by monocytes. We previously demonstrated that IgE-mediated stimulation of monocytes alters multiple cellular functions including cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and influenza-induced Th1 priming. In this study, we investigate the effects of IgE-mediated allergic stimulation on monocyte-driven, RV-induced T cell priming utilizing primary human monocyte-T cell co-cultures. We demonstrate that IgE crosslinking of RV-exposed monocytes enhances monocyte-driven Th2 priming while inhibiting Th1 differentiation. This increase in RV-induced Th2 differentiation was regulated by IgE-mediated induction of IL-10 and inhibition of type I interferon. These findings suggest an additional mechanism by which two clinically significant risk factors for allergic disease exacerbations - IgE-mediated stimulation and rhinovirus infection, may synergistically promote Th2 differentiation and allergic inflammation.
Electrically gated nanoporous membranes for smart molecular flow control

We report a novel conductive nanoporous membrane platform for a smart drug delivery system, which allows low-power electrically controlled delivery of therapeutic drug molecules via field-effect gating. The device was fabricated and tested with two oppositely charged drug molecules for glaucoma treatment. Drug molecules with the same polarity as the channel potential are excluded from the nanochannel by electrostatic repulsion, while molecules with opposite charge are enriched due to electrostatic attraction. Accordingly, the diffusive flow of the charged molecules can be controlled by a single DC gate voltage without the need for any other mechanism. An anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane with 80 nm pore diameter was functionalized by sputtering a chromium (Cr)–gold (Au)–chromium (Cr) stack. The exterior chromium layer was left to oxidize creating the insulation layer for the gate electrode. The resulting pore size was 50 nm in diameter. The +2 V gate voltage increased the transport rate of the ethacrynic acid, which is negatively charged at pH 7.4, by 337% and the −2 V gate voltage decreased the transport rate by 48%. The transport rate of the timolol maleate, which is positively charged in pH 7.4, was decreased by 66% with +2 V gate voltage and increased by 116% with −2 V gate voltage. The transport control was quantified by the on–off ratio (OOR), which is the ratio between the maximum and minimum transport rate. The OOR was altered by surface treatment of the membrane. Removal of the surface charge decreased the OOR of ethacrynic acid from 6.94 to 5.61 and increased the OOR of timolol maleate from 1.36 to 1.99. These measurements were verified by our simulation results. In the simulations, the OOR of ethacrynic acid was decreased from 5.22 to 3.25 and the OOR of timolol maleate was increased from 1.90 to 3.25.
Mechanically tunable, human mesenchymal stem cell viable poly(ethylene glycol)-oxime hydrogels with invariant precursor composition, concentration, and stoichiometry.

Abstract Hydrogels are used widely for exploratory tissue engineering studies. However, currently, no hydrogel systems have been reported which exhibit a wide range of elastic modulus without changing precursor concentration, identity, or stoichiometry. Herein, ester- and amide-based poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–oxime hydrogels with tunable moduli (∼5–30 kPa) were synthesized with identical precursor mass fraction, stoichiometry, and concentration by varying the pH and buffer concentration of the gelation solution, exploiting the kinetics of oxime bond formation. The observed modulus range can be attributed to increasing amounts of network defects in slower forming gels, as confirmed by equilibrium swelling and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments. Finally, human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability was confirmed in these materials in a 24-h assay. While this was only an initial demonstration of the potential utility, the controlled variation in defect density and modulus is an important step forward in isolating system variables for hypothesis-driven biological investigations.
A Bayesian Approach to Measuring Evidence in L2 Research: An Empirical Investigation.

Null hypothesis testing has long since been the ?go-to analytic approach? in quantitative second language (L2) research (Norris, 2015, p. 97). To many, however, years of reliance on this approach has resulted in a crisis of inference across the social and behavioral sciences (e.g., Rouder et al., 2016). As an alternative to the null hypothesis testing approach, many such experts recommend the Bayesian hypothesis testing approach. Adopting an open-science framework, the present study (a) re-evaluates the empirical findings of 418 t-tests from published L2 research using Bayesian hypothesis testing, and (b) compares the Bayesian results with their conventional, null hypothesis testing counterparts as observed in the original reports. The results show that the Bayesian and the null hypothesis testing approaches generally arrive at similar inferential conclusions. However, considerable differences arise in the rejections of the null hypothesis. Notably, in 64.06% of cases when p-values fell between .01 and .05 (i.e., evidence to reject the null), the Bayesian analysis found the evidence in the primary studies to be only at an ?anecdotal? level (i.e., insufficient evidence to reject the null). Practical implications, field-wide recommendations, and an introduction to free online software (https://rnorouzian.shinyapps.io/bayesian-t-tests) for Bayesian hypothesis testing are discussed.
Equilibrium Structure of the Fluid Interface

Some recent results in the theory of the interface between continuous fluid phases at equilibrium are described. Emphasis is given to the role played by the external field in determining the microscopic structure of the interface, its anomalous effect on the critical behavior of fluid interfaces in two dimensions, the success of capillary wave theory and the failure of traditional van der Waals theory to describe not only transverse but also longitudinal interfacial correlations, as well as to account for the optical reflectivity of the interface of simple fluids and binary mixtures near the critical point.
Primate body temperature and sleep responses to lower body positive pressure.

Cephalic fluid shifts, induced by lower body positive pressure (LBPP) are known to influence various physiological systems (i.e., cardiovascular and renal). In earlier experiments, an apparent change in the arousal state of primates in such LBPP conditions was observed. This study was designed to examine the effects of LBPP on arousal state and body temperature level which is normally correlated with sleep. Chair-restrained male squirrel monkeys were exposed to 40 mmHg LBPP for 90-100 minutes between the daytime hours of 13:00-15:00. Each monkey was placed in a specially modified restraint chair to which they were highly trained. Deep body temperature (DBT) was collected from 10 animals. Sleep parameters were obtained from six animals chronically implanted for sleep recording. A video camera was used to observe each animal's apparent state of arousal. LBPP resulted in an approximate 0.9 C decrease in DBT. During video observation, some animals appeared drowsy during LBPP; however, sleep recording revealed no significant changes in the state of arousal. Thus, LBPP is capable of inducing a mild hyperthermia. Further, the mechanisms underlying the observed lowering of body temperature appear to be independent of arousal state.
Bilateral Mechanical Thrombectomies for Simultaneous MCA Occlusions

Background Bilateral hemispheric dysfunction is devastating to consciousness. We present a unique case of a patient who developed bilateral middle cerebral artery infarcts with significant neurological improvement post bilateral thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 3 thrombectomies. Case Description The patient is a 64-year-old woman who presented 3 hours after her husband was awakened and found her with left hemiplegia. She had a history of atrial fibrillation and had her apixaban held for 5 days before the coronary angiogram that she received the day before arrival. Upon presentation, she was antigravity on the right side and withdrawing on the left side. Computed tomography angiogram showed a right M1 occlusion and an left M2 occlusion. Computed tomography perfusion revealed a mismatch with large penumbra, and she was taken for mechanical thrombectomy. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed using a combination of stent retriever and aspiration catheter with a TICI 3 revascularization. By the following morning, the patient was full strength on the right and antigravity on the left with a left facial droop. The patient recovered her speech and was fully oriented before leaving for rehabilitation on postoperative day 3. Conclusions The transient hypercoagulable state that was created with the withdrawal of apixaban likely increased our patient's risk of stroke. The literature supports continuing oral anticoagulants for endovascular procedures. The devastating consequences of thromboembolic events, whether stroke or pulmonary embolism, can be catastrophic, but luckily, mechanical thrombectomy provides the means to minimize the morbidity and mortality from bilateral infarctions.
A Threshold Level of Von Willebrand Factor Is Required for Disease Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of TTP.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a life threatening systemic illness associated with inherited or acquired deficiency of the ADAMTS13 metalloprotease. ADAMTS13 deficiency results in the appearance of ultra-large multimers of von Willebrand Factor (UL-VWF) in the circulation, which are thought to play a central role in the formation of the platelet-rich thrombi which are the pathological hallmark of this disease. Despite the critical role postulated for VWF in TTP pathogenesis, direct experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis is lacking. Recently we demonstrated that a TTP-like syndrome can be induced in ADAMTS13-deficient mice of a mixed CASA/Rk genetic background ( Adamts13 CASA −/−) by the bacterial agent shigatoxin. As pure CASA/Rk mice exhibit VWF levels 5 to 10-fold higher than most of the common strains of laboratory mice, we hypothesized that increased plasma VWF levels in the Adamts13 CASA −/− mice (which ranged from 200–600% of C57BL/6) were responsible for their increased TTP susceptibility. Surprisingly however, plasma VWF levels did not correlate with the degree of thrombocytopenia or hemolytic anemia induced in Adamts13 CASA −/− mice by shigatoxin challenge, with mice inheriting the lowest VWF levels having TTP pathology equal to those inheriting the highest levels. To further examine the requirement for VWF in TTP pathogenesis, we generated ADAMTS13-deficient mice on a susceptible CASA/Rk genetic background that were also either haploinsufficient ( Vwf +/−) or completely deficient ( Vwf −/−) in VWF. Absolute deficiency of VWF resulted in complete protection from shigatoxin-induced thrombocytopenia. However, thrombocytopenia was consistently observed in Vwf +/− mice similar to that previously reported in Adamts13 CASA −/− mice with wild-type VWF. Importantly, again no correlation was observed between VWF level and degree of thrombocytopenia among the ADAMTS13-deficient mice that were Vwf haploinsufficient ( Vwf +/−), confirming our previous observation. In summary, we now have demonstrated an absolute requirement for VWF in the pathogenesis of TTP in this mouse model system. Together with the observations that increasing VWF levels do not correlate with increasing TTP pathology, these results suggest that a threshold level of VWF is required for induction of TTP, but that further increases of VWF level do not result in worsening disease. Though these findings remain to be confirmed in humans, our data suggest that the wide variation in plasma VWF levels in the human population will not be a significant determinant of TTP susceptibility or disease severity.
CT in Cardiac Applications

Imaging the heart and its associated structures is among the most challenging applications for computed tomography. This chapter begins with basic anatomy and key physiological properties of the heart that are important for cardiac CT. The next section focuses on the characteristics of CT scanners that influence the quality of cardiac CT images and key imaging strategies for achieving high-quality results. Finally, a range of common clinical applications for cardiac CT are discussed.
Effects of IL-1 beta on receptor-mediated poly-phosphoinositide signaling pathway in immortalized astrocytes (DITNC).

Astrocytes are known to play multi-functional roles in support of many homeostatic mechanisms in the central nervous system including host defense mechanisms. Despite the ability of cytokines to alter gene expression and cellular activity, their effect on receptor-mediated poly-phosphoinositide (poly-PI) signaling pathway has not been examined in detail. In this study, an immortalized astrocyte cell line (DITNC) was used to test the effect of IL-1 beta exposure on the poly-PI signaling pathway. Similar to primary astrocytes, DITNC cells exhibit P2-purinergic receptor response to ATP and UTP leading to transient increases in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i. Upon exposure of DITNC cells to IL-1 beta (100 U/ml) for 24 hrs, an increased response to the poly-PI agonists was observed. The increase in ATP-mediated Ins(1,4,5)P3 release could not be attributed to a shift in the ATP dose or an alteration of the time profile for the release of Ins(1,4,5)P3. Since the increase in response required a lag time of 4 hr after IL-1 beta exposure, it is unlikely that this effect was due to a direct interaction of IL-1 beta with the purinergic receptor. On the other hand, an increase in ATP response could be observed in DITNC cells exposed to conditioned medium obtained after IL-1 beta treatment. It can be concluded that exposure of astrocytes to cytokines may lead to an increase in receptor-mediated poly-PI signaling activity and this may involve compounds secreted into the culture medium, e.g., the secretory phospholipase A2.
Impaired Neurobehavioral Alertness Quantified by the Psychomotor Vigilance Task is Associated with Depression in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study

Abstract Background Excessive daytime sleepiness plays an important role in the presentation and course of mood disorders. Standard objective measures of daytime sleep propensity are of little to no value in depressive illness. This study examined the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), an objective measure of neurobehavioral alertness, and its cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with depressive symptomatology in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Methods The sample consisted of 1569 separate 10-min PVT assessments conducted in 942 unique individuals. Cross-sectional and longitudinal conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between the primary outcome of depression symptomatology (adjusted Zung scale≥50) and six separate PVT variables: mean reciprocal reaction time (1/RT); total lapses (RTs≥500 msec; LAPSE); total false responses (FALSE); reciprocal of the mean of the 10% fastest (FAST) and 10% slowest (SLOW) RTs; and slope of the linear regression line for all transformed 1/RTs (SLOPE). Results In fully-adjusted cross-sectional models, 1/RT, LAPSE, FAST, and SLOW were each significantly associated with depression, such that worse neurobehavioral alertness was associated with higher odds of depressive symptomatology. Similar, though attenuated, findings were observed in fully-adjusted conditional longitudinal models that examined within-subject changes in depression status in the subset of participants with repeated PVT assessments. FALSE and SLOPE were not associated with depression in either cross-sectional or conditional longitudinal models. Conclusions These findings suggest components of the PVT are associated with depressive symptomatology. Further research is indicated to clarify the role of the PVT in the assessment of hypersomnolence in mood disorders.
Alfabetización digital y el futuro del periodismo

Nikki Usher (Profesora Asociada, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) es autora de dos libros fundamentales en el campo de los estudios del periodismo contemporaneo: Making News at The New York Times (2014), una etnografia a la sala de redaccion de uno de los medios mas influyentes en Occidente, e Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (2016), obra que explora y discute las intersecciones entre la produccion noticiosa y las nuevas tecnologias. En la conferencia que dio en la escuela de Periodismo de la Universidad Finis Terrae el 19 de agosto del 2019 y que Comunicacion y Medios publica en exclusiva, la autora reflexiono sobre los desafios que representa para los periodistas del siglo XXI la alfabetizacion digital y el caracter decisivo de esta en los cambios comunicacionales, politicos y sociales. En otras palabras, ?como es que los periodismos emergentes permiten “comprender y criticar el rol de las tecnologias digitales” en nuestras vidas? En vez de ahondar en el diagnostico sobre la crisis del periodismo y el rol e identidades de este en la actualidad, la autora explora diversos horizontes que los periodistas pueden abrir en un ecosistema digital y convergente.
Dialogue Act Pairs for Automated Analysis of Typed-Chat Group Problem-Solving

This study counts pairs of successive problem-solving dialogue acts in typed-chat student group problem-solving. In ordinary two-person dialogue a pair of successive turns frequently corresponds to an exchange. It is hypothesized that by characterizing and counting dialogue exchanges, it will be possible to evaluate the productivity of the problem-solving dialogue. However these small-group dialogues contain more than two participants, and participants can type-chat simultaneously in overlapping dialogue exchanges. Successive turns in the linearized transcript do not necessarily correspond to two-person dialogue exchanges. This work reports on whether counting such pairs is likely to reveal dialogue behavior.
Study of the Q.Q interaction

We perform shell model calculations using a quadrupole–quadrupole interaction (Q.Q). We show results in single j shell spaces and the full S-D shell. We show that one gets useful results with Q.Q i...
Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States

Abstract There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of children. Blood lead levels (BLLs) at ages 6–24 months ≥2 μg/dL result in lost grade school intelligence quotient (IQ) points at ages 5–10 years. Black children continue to have the highest BLLs in the United States. Therefore, we examined currently undetermined racial/ethnic disparities in anticipated IQ points and associated lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead. We conducted secondary analysis of infants with blood lead (in μg/dL) measured at ages 12–24 months by the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1999 to 2010. Nationally-representative estimates were produced using weighted simulation model. A total of 1241 infants were included from the NHANES sample (52% male; mean [SD] age, 18.5 [3.5] months; 25% Black [non-Hispanic], 42% Hispanic [any race], 5% Other/Multiracial, and 29% White [non-Hispanic]) after excluding 811 without BLL determinations. For national outcomes, Black infants experienced approximately 46–55% greater average estimated loss of grade school IQ points from blood lead than Hispanic or White infants (−1.78 IQ points vs. –1.15 and −1.21 respectively) with similar disparities in costs to expected lifetime earnings (−$47,116 USD vs. −$30,393 and −$32,356 respectively). Our estimated nationwide costs of IQ points lost to BLLs during this 12-year period totaled $554 billion ($46.2 billion/year), in which blood lead
A model integrating multiple processes of synchronization and coherence for information instantiation within a cortical area.

Abstract What is the form of dynamic, e.g., sensory, information in the mammalian cortex? Information in the cortex is modeled as a coherence map of a mixed chimera state of synchronous, phasic, and disordered minicolumns. The theoretical model is built on neurophysiological evidence. Complex spatiotemporal information is instantiated through a system of interacting biological processes that generate a synchronized cortical area, a coherent aperture. Minicolumn elements are grouped in macrocolumns in an array analogous to a phased-array radar, modeled as an aperture, a “hole through which radiant energy flows.” Coherence maps in a cortical area transform inputs from multiple sources into outputs to multiple targets, while reducing complexity and entropy. Coherent apertures can assume extremely large numbers of different information states as coherence maps, which can be communicated among apertures with corresponding very large bandwidths. The coherent aperture model incorporates considerable reported research, integrating five conceptually and mathematically independent processes: 1) a damped Kuramoto network model, 2) a pumped area field potential, 3) the gating of nearly coincident spikes, 4) the coherence of activity across cortical lamina, and 5) complex information formed through functions in macrocolumns. Biological processes and their interactions are described in equations and a functional circuit such that the mathematical pieces can be assembled the same way the neurophysiological ones are. The model can be conceptually convolved over the specifics of local cortical areas within and across species. A coherent aperture becomes a node in a graph of cortical areas with a corresponding distribution of information.
Tweet Sentiments and Crowd-Sourced EarningsEstimates as Valuable Sources of Information aroundEarnings Releases

In this article, the authors examine the confluence of two important financial social media databases—Estimize and iSentium. Both databases capture crowdsourced information that appears increasingly more important for financial market research. In particular, the authors investigate the event of the earnings announcement. First, they confirm that crowdsourced/Estimize’s consensus earnings are slightly more accurate than Wall Street’s consensus earnings, a result that has been robust over the past two years (2013–2014). Second, the authors document that the objectivity of the crowd is one reason why it is more accurate. Wall Street’s consensus is biased due to the lowballing phenomenon that is pervasive in the industry. Wall Street’s consensus earnings are 65%–68% lower than the actual reported earnings, whereas the crowd’s consensus is 52%–54% lower. Third, the authors find economically and statistically significant evidence that tweet sentiment contains distinct information that is not contained in the traditional preannouncement variables such as forecasts error, earnings surprise, bias, coverage, track record, and earnings volatility. Fourth, they show that tweet sentiment prior to the earnings announcement date can predict postannouncement risk-adjusted excess returns over the short term (i.e., a few days). This predictive relationship holds even in the presence of the earnings surprise variable. Fascinatingly enough, the market quickly incorporates this information, and the statistical significance of this relationship wanes after only a few days. The authors estimate that gross of costs, the alpha from tweet sentiments post–earnings announcement may be as high as approximately 10%–20% per year.
Complex impairment of IA muscle proprioceptors following traumatic or neurotoxic injury

The health of primary sensory afferents supplying muscle has to be a first consideration in assessing deficits in proprioception and related motor functions. Here we discuss the role of a particular proprioceptor, the IA muscle spindle proprioceptor in causing movement disorders in response to either regeneration of a sectioned peripheral nerve or damage from neurotoxic chemotherapy. For each condition, there is a single preferred and widely repeated explanation for disability of movements associated with proprioceptive function. We present a mix of published and preliminary findings from our laboratory, largely from in vivo electrophysiological study of treated rats to demonstrate newly discovered IA afferent defects that seem likely to make important contributions to movement disorders. First, we argue that reconnection of regenerated IA afferents with inappropriate targets, although often repeated as the reason for lost stretch–reflex contraction, is not a complete explanation. We present evidence that despite successful recovery of stretch-evoked sensory signaling, peripherally regenerated IA afferents retract synapses made with motoneurons in the spinal cord. Second, we point to evidence that movement disability suffered by human subjects months after discontinuation of oxaliplatin (OX) chemotherapy for some is not accompanied by peripheral neuropathy, which is the acknowledged primary cause of disability. Our studies of OX-treated rats suggest a novel additional explanation in showing the loss of sustained repetitive firing of IA afferents during static muscle stretch. Newly extended investigation reproduces this effect in normal rats with drugs that block Na+ channels apparently involved in encoding static IA afferent firing. Overall, these findings highlight multiplicity in IA afferent deficits that must be taken into account in understanding proprioceptive disability, and that present new avenues and possible advantages for developing effective treatment. Extending the study of IA afferent deficits yielded the additional benefit of elucidating normal processes in IA afferent mechanosensory function.
Microtubule-based filopodium-like protrusions form after axotomy

The growth cone at the front of a growing neurite often has F-actin- rich structures--digitate filopodia and sheet-like veils and lamellipodia--whose protrusion advances the leading edge. Microtubules and other cytoplasmic constituents later fill the protruded area, transforming it into new neuritic length. Growth can be initiated from an axon by transecting it. We have used video-enhanced contrast- differential interference contrast microscopy to observe the early events following transection of Aplysia axons in culture. Many filopodium-like protrusions (FLPs) grew rapidly (average instantaneous velocity of 1.6 microns/sec) from the sides and end of the axon stump within minutes of transection. Some of these displayed bidirectional transport of swellings, at a rate similar to fast axonal transport. Dihydrocytochalasin B, which blocks actin polymerization, only halved the number of FLPs that formed within 10 min of transection, and actually increased the number of transporting FLPs. Nocodazole, a microtubule-specific drug, also halved the number of FLPs, but none of them displayed transport of swellings. No FLPs formed in the presence of both drugs. In transected axons that had not been exposed to either drug, removal of the plasma membrane revealed fibers in many of the FLPs; immunofluorescence showed these fibers to be microtubules. Thus, a substantial number of the FLPs that form soon after axotomy are microtubule based, rather than actin based, underscoring the potential of microtubules to drive the rapid extension of neuritic precursors.
Effects of Chrome Contamination on the Performance of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 Cathode Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Chrome poisoning effects of various Cr-containing metal sources on the electrochemical performance of the La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF6428) cathode have been investigated. It was found that chromia-forming metals caused significant fade in power density due to the chrome poisoning, while alumina-forming alloys exhibited no influence on the cell degradation. This degradation caused by the chrome poisoning was accelerated at higher operating temperatures. Microstructural analysis conducted on the cells tested with chromia formers exhibited the formation of a strontium chromate phase in the entire cathode, leading to the homogeneous distribution of Cr in the cathode. Although the Mn-containing chromia former such as Crofer22 formed a continuous layer of the Cr-Mn oxide scale on the mesh surface, it was not effective enough to prevent Cr poisoning of the cathode. In contrast, alumina formers such as Haynes214 and Kanthal formed a continuous layer of the alumina scale, resulting in no Cr contamination in the LSCF6428 cathode.
The customer is always right, but whose customer is more important?: Conflict and Web site classification schemes

This paper takes a social shaping of technology approach to identify and explain sources of conflict in the design or enhancement of corporate Web sites. Data from a multi‐case field study show how Web site classification schemes embedded in Web site design elements created intra‐organizational conflicts because the schemes could not equally accommodate different sub‐units' customer requirements. Interview data demonstrate Web managers' perceptions that Web classification schemes privileged certain sets of customer needs, and Web managers' actions to shape the design of classification schemes to satisfy their perceived customer needs. Data analysis identified three design elements of Web sites associated with sub‐unit conflict: classification categories, templates and tool bars, and database entities and attributes.
Strategic Organizational Behavior (STROBE): The Missing Voice in the Strategic Human Capital Conversation

The field of strategic human capital and the field of organizational behavior (OB) need each other—they just don’t know it. OB theories, constructs, and processes must be heard within the strategic human capital conversation because many of the questions being pursued by human capital scholars will benefit from consideration of OB constructs and phenomena. Simultaneously, OB scholarship will be significantly advanced by considering the context of strategic factor markets and reaching beyond performance to competitive advantage. This paper calls for a union between OB and strategic human capital resources within a new domain of scholarship called STROBE: STRategic Organizational BEhavior. A STROBE-based view leads to several novel observations: Many OB constructs and phenomena are resources that are also inherently firm-specific and lack efficient factor markets; OB resources may be valuable, rare, costly or difficult to imitate, and difficult to substitute; and OB resources may form complementarities with...
UV resonance Raman spectroscopy and hydrogen bonding of the proline peptide bond

Abstract UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy with 210 nm laser excitation enhances the ≈ 1460 cm −1 CN stretching vibration of the X-Pro peptide bond, which is designated as amide IIp. Studies of dipeptides reveal that the amide IIp frequency is insensitive to proline cis/trans isomerization and to pyrrolidine ring puckering, but is sensitive to hydrogen bonding of the X-Pro carbonyl group. A 9 cm −1 downshift in the amide IIp frequency of Gly-Pro when the pH is raised from 6.5 to 10.5 is shown to result from the loss of an intramolecular hydrogen bond from the terminal amino group, since this shift is absent when the N-terminus is blocked by a t-BOC group. Studies of solvent hydrogen bonding to N -acetylpyrrolidine (NAP), a convenient model of the X-Pro bond, showed a linear increase with solvent acceptor number for amide IIp and a concomitant decrease in the CO stretching vibration (amide Ip). The amide IIp band profile is reported for native and unfolded states of cytochrome c , myoglobin and lysozyme. Comparison with X-ray crystallographic coordinates indicates that the amide IIp frequency is ≈ 1460 cm −1 for strongly hydrogen bonded X-Pro carbonyl groups, but decreases to ≈ 1445 cm −1 in the absence of hydrogen bonding. The observed frequency is ≈ 1460 cm −1 for the unfolded proteins, reflecting strong hydrogen bonding from solvent molecules.
A reanalysis of the stuttering and syllable : Counting data in Kully and Boberg (1988)

Abstract Kully & Boberg (1988) collected judgments from 10 different clinics on the counts of total syllables, “stuttered” syllables, and the rating of severity from audiotaped recordings of 10 Ss (eight stutterers and two nonstutterers). Their finding, obtained through descriptive observations and discrepancy analysis of ranges of raw scores, was that, “There were substantial interclinic discrepancies in all three measures” (Journal of Fluency Disorders, 13, 309–318). An inferential statistical analysis of the same data provided a different conclusion.
Non-standard Extensions of Weak Presentations

Abstract Let M / K be a finite, not completely inseparable field extension, and assume K is an infinite and recursive field. Then given any two recursively enumerable degrees a ≤ b , there exists a weak presentation j of M such that j ( M ) belongs to b and j ( K ) belongs to a . In other words, there is an isomorphism from M to a field whose universe is N so that all the field operations are total recursive functions and images of K and M belong to Turing degrees a and b respectively.
Determinant Forms for Extended Heat Functions and Expansions of Solutions of Associated Cauchy Problems

We briefly review series solutions of differential equations problems of the second order that lead to coefficients expressed in terms of determinants. Derivative type formulas involving a generating function with several parameters are developed for these determinant coefficients in first order problems. These permit constructing determinant forms for the heat polynomials and their Appell transforms. Hadamard's theorem for bounding determinants and conical regions are used to deduce simplified versions of expansion theorems involving these polynomials and associated Appell transforms. Extended versions of the heat equation are also considered.
Ontology-Supported Web Service Composition: An Approach to Service-Oriented Knowledge Management in Corporate Services

Web service composition can enhance the efficiency and agility of knowledge management by composing individual Web services together for complex business requirements. There are two main research streams in knowledge representation for Web service composition: the syntactic-based approach and the semantic-based approach. Despite the promises brought by each approach, the two streams are largely separated from each other. In this article, we propose an integrated ontology-supported Web service composition framework, which provides a novel solution to organizational knowledge management. By synergistically leveraging both syntactic-based and semantic-based approaches, this framework provides dual modes to perform service composition. Ontologies are employed to enrich semantics at both the service description and composition levels. The proposed conceptual framework has been implemented in the corporate financial services domain. It is demonstrated that the shared ontology helps to fulfill automated and on-the-fly service composition in particular and knowledge management in general.
Aging studies on hydrous lutetium oxide

Three unique phases of hydrous lutetium oxide have been isolated. An aging series under strict controls presents evidence of phase transitions from an amorphous gel to LuOOH. The newly found cubic Lu(OH)3 is one of the isolated phases. Lattice paraments obtained from X-ray diffraction methods are given for lutetium trihydroxide (cubic, Im3) and lutetium oxyhydroxide (monoclinic, P21/m). Preliminary studies relating to similar occuring phenomenon with thulium and ytterbium hydroxide systems are discussed.
Campaign Intensity and Voting Correctly in Senate Elections

Starting from the premise that campaigns ought to have informational benefits for voters this study examines the characteristics of Senate electoral campaigns and their ability to facilitate “correct voting” as first described by Lau and Redlawsk (1997). Here, the political values and beliefs of voters are measured from the 1990 and 1992 Senate Election Studies to assess how far such beliefs match to their state's Senate candidates. The variation within Senate campaigns allows for a wider range of hypotheses to be tested about the conditions under which voting correctly occurs compared with prior studies that have focused on presidential elections. The findings are important in that they show a lower incidence of correct voting in Senate elections than in presidential races. However, this is moderated by individual knowledge, ideological sophistication, and a higher level of campaign intensity, all of which increase correct voting. The implications lend support to the normative value of campaigns in Ameri...
The Role of Thrombin Inhibition During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Acute coronary syndromes encompass a spectrum of conditions, including myocardial infarction and unstable angina. These syndromes are related to the formation and disruption of atherosclerotic plaque. Rupture of plaque leads to thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and platelet aggregation, ultimately resulting in restriction of blood flow and ischemia of cardiac tissue. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including angioplasty and coronary stent placement, has been developed to open occluded arteries. The frequency with which these procedures are performed speaks to their largely successful outcomes. However, the mechanical manipulations of PCI result in additional plaque rupture and damage to the vessel wall, exposing subendothelial components to blood and resulting in the initiation of the clotting cascade and in platelet activation. Left unchecked, these intertwined processes lead to formation of arterial thrombi at the site of endothelial damage, and potentially to abrupt vessel closure or embolization of thrombi into the distal microcirculation. Thrombin plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, and its inhibition significantly reduces thrombus-related sequelae. Current antithrombotic strategies during PCI are based on the traditional indirect thrombin inhibitor heparin. Heparin has several limitations in efficacy and safety, due in part to its indirect mechanism of action. Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, offers significant improvement over heparin in the clinical outcomes and risks associated with PCI.
Is molybdenum necessary for the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from CO?

Catalytic mixtures of molybdenum and cobalt have been considered essential for the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) from carbon monoxide by the chemical vapor deposition method. Here we demonstrated extensive growth of SWCNT with only cobalt as catalyst. The typically subsequent stage of annealing the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen was also eliminated. This process resulted in a near-100% yield of essentially defect-free chiral tubes. Use of electrochemical deposition of the catalyst seed particles may open the door for the production of massive electronic interconnect assemblies of these nanotubes.
Evidence-based solutions for overcoming access barriers, decreasing attrition, and promoting change with underserved families

Various definitions exist for what constitutes family therapy (e.g., Haley, 1976; Minuchin, 1974; Webster-Stratton, Kolpacoff, & Hollinsworth, 1988). In this article, we consider family therapy to encompass any intervention that targets family interactions and conceptualizes problems as existing beyond individual clients (Gurman, Kniskern, & Pinsof, 1986; Hazelrigg, Cooper, & Borduin, 1987). Numerous individual studies and several quantitative reviews have established family therapy as an effective treatment modality and the treatment of choice for many disorders (Kazdin, 1987; Shadish et al., 1993; Weisz & Hawley, 1998). However, critiques of existing service provision highlight the unfortunate fact that numerous barriers to treatment exist at multiple levels of the broader ecology, preventing many families from benefiting from these services (Imber-Black, 1988).
A method for simultaneous electromyographic and tooth-contact recording

R adiotelemetry has been the principal method used in recent years to directly record tooth contact.l-O This method is effective, because it does not disturb normal masticatory function during experimental procedures. However, one of the limitations of the method has been that it requires alteration of tooth structure to facilitate incorporation of the components. This study was conducted to determine whether the piezoelectric principle could be utilized to directly record tooth contacts of subjects with complete dentitions without altering the tooth structure to accommodate the devices.
Measurement of Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Leukocytes and Platelets by Whole-Blood Flow Cytometry with Annexin V☆

Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure serves as a procoagulant stimulus and a signal for phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. In order to measure PS exposure in blood cells, we developed a flow-cytometric procedure to measure annexin V binding to leukocytes and platelets in whole-blood samples. Leukocytes were identified by CD45 and side-scatter gating, and platelets by CD6 1 and side-scatter gating. The absolute number of annexin V molecules bound per cell was determined from an independent calibration procedure. Normal populations had the following levels of annexin V binding (in molecules per cell): lymphocytes, 0.53 x 10(3) neutrophils, 1.75 x 10(3) monocytes, 2.45 x 10(3) platelets, 0.14 x 10(3). These levels represent </= 0.1% of the values obtained after maximal stimulation of PS exposure with calcium ionophore, confirming that virtually all PS is intracellular in normal circulating leukocytes and platelets. Pretreatment of whole-blood samples with ammonium chloride to lyse erythrocytes caused a 9- to 300-fold increase in annexin V binding to leukocytes, indicating that analysis of unlysed whole-blood samples is essential to avoid artifactual increases in annexin V binding to leukocytes. Comparison of annexin V with two other markers of platelet activation, CD62P and the activation-dependent epitope of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa detected by the PAC I antibody, indicated that platelets from normal donors showed the least amount of activation with the annexin V marker. Whole-blood flow cytometry with annexin V can reliably measure the state of PS exposure in platelets and leukocytes, and the results confirm that these cell
Resonance fluorescence in a weak radiation field with arbitrary spectral distribution

Abstract : The authors show that the laser bandwidth effects in resonance fluorescence at low intensities can be treated most readily in terms of simple convolutions, and further that this approach allows one to consider an incident field with an arbitrary spectral distribution, with or without the presence of atomic (line-brroadening) collisions.
Confrontation and loss of control: Masculinity and men's fear in public space

Abstract Existing research typically examines fear in public space from women's perspectives. To date, environment–behavior researchers have largely overlooked men's fear in public space, and the role of masculinity in shaping men's perceptions of fear and safety. This paper investigates the intersections of traditional, dominant masculinity—or masculinism—and men's fear in public space, based on interviews with 82 undergraduate men students. Masculinism features qualities such as control, competition, aggression, and physical strength. We argue that, for many men, public spaces and situations that challenge this masculinist identity may generate fear. Similarly, spaces and situations that promote feelings of safety do so, in part, by bolstering this identity. We employ the lens of masculinity to explore men's feelings of fear of the unknown, heightened awareness and safety, fear of confrontation, and safety in numbers. Conclusions examine implications for the development of masculinity and recommendations for future research.
Early Childhood Educators’ Beliefs and Practices of Anti‐Bias Curriculum in Rural Areas

This qualitative study investigates anti‐bias beliefs and practices of early childhood educators in rural areas working with predominately White Euro‐American children. Guidelines from the National Association for the Education of Young Children's (NAEYC) accreditation standards and anti‐bias curriculum were used to formulate questions and guide classroom observations. Summary of data based on extensive interviews, observations and document analysis reveal a great deal of congruence between directors’ and teachers’ beliefs and practice. Directors and teachers are clear about the accreditation standards and goals of anti‐bias curriculum related to areas such as gender, disabilities and rejection of children. They struggle most with issues of cultural diversity, whether these issues are relevant to their program, and how to integrate experiences in support of anti‐bias curriculum. Teachers have many questions about appropriate and inappropriate anti‐bias practices, and look to their directors as sources of ...
Cognitive basis for conceptual design

Engineering design is a highly iterative process. Nevertheless, the set of solution principles obtained during the conceptual phase seems to establish the universe of discourse for that design task. The richness, fertility, and completeness of this set of solution principles critically affects the character of the design to be. This seed pool of ideas seems to shower only the gifted designers and problem solvers. The moment of creation, the breakthrough, always has an aura of mystery surrounding it. However, it is important that this process be studied empirically. This article presents an operational model of the cognitive processes at the breakthrough stage of conceptual design. The model is then used to analyze some illustrative examples. We believe that this initial operational glimpse into how ideas happen will help designers confront unsolved problems. This operational view of the creative process may also influence how designers will be trained in problem solving.