cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Class D Results and Simulations

Class D workloads represent cases in which one user submits a small, noise-like workload, and one or more disproportionately larger users submit much larger workload. In Simulation 5, one user submits a large workload with 5000 tasks, and another user submits 1 task for every two PCs up to a total of 10 tasks. This submission pattern continues, with 6 users in Simulation 9, 11 users in Simulation 13, and 21 users in Simulation 17. In Simulation 9, users 1–5 submit 1000 tasks each for a total of 5000 tasks. In Simulation 13, users 1–10 submit 500 tasks each, while user 11 submits 5000 tasks on their own. In Simulation 17, users 1–20 submit 250 tasks each.
Nociceptor Deletion of Tsc2 Enhances Axon Regeneration by Inducing a Conditioning Injury Response in Dorsal Root Ganglia

Neurons of the PNS are able to regenerate injured axons, a process requiring significant cellular resources to establish and maintain long-distance growth. Genetic activation of mTORC1, a potent regulator of cellular metabolism and protein translation, improves axon regeneration of peripheral neurons by an unresolved mechanism. To gain insight into this process, we activated mTORC1 signaling in mouse nociceptors via genetic deletion of its negative regulator Tsc2. Perinatal deletion of Tsc2 in nociceptors enhanced initial axon growth after sciatic nerve crush, however by 3 d post-injury axon elongation rate became similar to controls. mTORC1 inhibition prior to nerve injury was required to suppress the enhanced axon growth. Gene expression analysis in purified nociceptors revealed that Tsc2-deficient nociceptors had increased activity of regeneration-associated transcription factors (RATFs), including cJun and Atf3, in the absence of injury. Additionally, nociceptor deletion of Tsc2 activated satellite glial cells and macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a similar manner to nerve injury. Surprisingly, these changes improved axon length but not percentage of initiating axons in dissociated cultures. The pro-regenerative environment in naive DRG was recapitulated by AAV8-mediated deletion of Tsc2 in adult mice, suggesting that this phenotype does not result from a developmental effect. Consistently, AAV8-mediated Tsc2 deletion did not improve behavioral recovery after a sciatic nerve crush injury despite initially enhanced axon growth. Together, these data show that neuronal mTORC1 activation induces an incomplete pro-regenerative environment in the DRG that improves initial but not later axon growth after nerve injury.
How ultrafast X-ray pulses can reveal hidden secrets of photosynthesis

Author(s): Bergmann, U; Yachandra, V; Yano, J | Abstract: X-ray-based techniques are extremely versatile and can provide information regarding the atomic arrangement of atoms in a molecule and are often the method of choice for exploring the structures of proteins and their ligands. The photosynthetic splitting of water and evolution of molecular oxygen by plants and cyanobacteria is one of the key reactions in nature, which is catalysed by a metal site in a membrane-bound photosynthetic protein complex. In this article, we will describe how X-ray pulse lasers can simultaneously probe the overall atomic structure of the photosynthetic system and the electronic structure of a catalytic metal site under physiological conditions in real time.
Are We Making an Impact? A Qualitative Program Assessment of the Resident Leadership, Well-being, and Resiliency Program for General Surgery Residents

Objective After implementing a formal resident well-being and resiliency program in our surgery residency, we performed in-depth qualitative interviews to understand residents’ perceptions of: (1) the impact and benefits, (2) the essential elements for success, and (3) the desired changes to the well-being program. Design The well-being program is structured to address mental, physical, and social aspects of resident well-being through monthly experiential sessions. All General Surgery residents participated in the program; content is delivered during residents’ protected educational time. For this study, we conducted individual semistructured interviews: residents were asked for their feedback to understand the value, benefits, and drawbacks of program. Setting Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited General Surgery residency program Participants We used purposeful selection to maximize diversity in recruiting residents who had participated in program for at least 1 year. Recruitment continued until themes were saturated. Eleven residents were interviewed including 2 from each residency year. Results Residents reported benefits in 3 thematic spheres: (1) Culture/Community, (2) Communication/Emotional Intelligence, and (3) Work-Life Integration Skills. Key structural elements of success for a well-being program included a committed leader, a receptive department culture, occurrence during protected time, and interactive sessions that taught applicable life skills. In discussing opportunities for improvement, residents desired more faculty-level involvement. Some residents were skeptical of the benefit of time spent learning nontechnical skills; some wanted more emphasis placed on accountability to patients and work. Conclusions Our qualitative assessment of a novel resident well-being program demonstrates reported benefits that reflect the intent of the program. Residents most benefited from sessions that were interactive, introduced readily applicable skills for their day-to-day lives, and included reinforcement of principles through experiential learning. Engagement of the department leadership is essential to the success of the program, as is ongoing feedback and modification to ensure that program is tailored to the needs of residents.
Metabolite Profiling of the Gut Microbiome in Mice with Dietary Administration of Black Raspberries.

Mounting evidence has linked gut microbiome to health benefits of various functional foods. We previously reported that administration of a diet rich in black raspberry (BRB) changed the compositio...
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia genomic signature correlates with the degree of bone marrow fibrosis: A single-institutional retrospective study.

7559Background: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has features of both a myeloproliferative neoplasm and a myelodysplastic syndrome. The median overall survival (OS) in most series is 20-40 mo...
Older married couples’ sexual expression: A dyadic latent class analysis:

Many older adults continue to engage in sexual behavior, most often in the context of long-term marriages. Prior studies have tended to examine older adults’ sexual behavior, desires and motivation...
Perivascular mesenchymal cells control adipose-tissue macrophage accrual in obesity

Chronic low-grade white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation is a hallmark of metabolic syndrome in obesity. Here, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of mouse WAT perivascular (PDGFRβ+) cells, termed fibro-inflammatory progenitors (FIPs), activate proinflammatory signalling cascades shortly after the onset of high-fat diet feeding and regulate proinflammatory macrophage accumulation in WAT in a TLR4-dependent manner. FIPs activation in obesity is mediated by the downregulation of zinc-finger protein 423 (ZFP423), identified here as a transcriptional corepressor of NF-κB. ZFP423 suppresses the DNA-binding capacity of the p65 subunit of NF-κB by inducing a p300-to-NuRD coregulator switch. Doxycycline-inducible expression of Zfp423 in PDGFRβ+ cells suppresses inflammatory signalling in FIPs and attenuates metabolic inflammation of visceral WAT in obesity. Inducible inactivation of Zfp423 in PDGFRβ+ cells increases FIP activity, exacerbates adipose macrophage accrual and promotes WAT dysfunction. These studies implicate perivascular mesenchymal cells as important regulators of chronic adipose-tissue inflammation in obesity and identify ZFP423 as a transcriptional break on NF-κB signalling. PDGFRβ+ perivascular mesenchymal cells are shown to regulate chronic adipose-tissue inflammation in obesity through downregulation of ZFP423, a transcriptional corepressor of NF-κB.
Biology, Genetics, Nurture, and the Law: The Expansion of the Legal Definition of Family to Include Three or More Parents

Currently, there are at least five bases for recognizing parentage: biology, genetics, intent, marriage, and functional or de facto parentage. These many bases for parentage, combined with the realities of reproduction, cohabitation, and family interaction, are the reason why children can have more than two parents. In many states, however, to have three instead of two parents is legally impossible. For example, statutory restrictions may require the demonstration of one or two legal parents’ unfitness as parents before a third party can be granted parental rights; these restrictions also prevent the assertion of de facto parenthood. Limiting the number of parents a child can have is noticeably disadvantageous for a child with three fit, putative parents, as the child would be deprived of a parent-child relationship. Indeed, without the legal recognition of full parentage, children may be deprived of important sources of financial support and contact with their perceived parents, which may be traumatic to them.Drawing from the best interests of the child standard, this article introduces a new doctrine for parental recognition, “parentage in praxi,” which requires (1) that a putative parent complete statutorily delineated requirements that culminate in them standing “in the shoes of a parent,” and (2) that state law operate to allow a child to have more than two parents — if doing so would be in the best interests of the child. A parent in praxi would have the same rights and obligations as a legal parent. By recognizing parentage in praxi, states can protect the relationships that children have formed with putative parents who may not be currently recognized as legal parents, regardless of the parents’ legal status in any sphere not concerning the well-being of the child (e.g., marital status, familial status, or gender).
Regional Coalescence or Further Regionalization?: Identity Formation through Mortuary Rituals at the Bronze–Iron Age Transition in Lika, Croatia

Prehistoric cultural and sociopolitical development in the mountainous region of Lika, Croatia, is still poorly understood, despite over a century of archaeological excavations. Traditional cultural-historical narratives based on grave good typologies suggest that a unified regional culture, the Iapodes, emerged at the end of the Bronze Age and rapidly expanded across the area. This interpretation, however, has yet to be systematically tested. To better identify and understand to the potential processes of identity formation during this period, this article analyzes mortuary contexts and assemblages as proxies for changing relationships between communities and possible materialization of a shared group identity. Results suggest clear but uneven momentum toward standardized burial practice among groups in neighboring valleys, implying that the creation of a true Iapodian group identity likely took longer than previously thought. Unatoc vise od stoljeca arheoloskih iskopavanja, stupanj istraženosti kulturnog i drustveno-politickog razvoja prapovijesnih zajednica u hrvatskoj planinskoj regiji Lici jos uvijek je skroman. Po uvriježenom kulturno-povijesnom tumacenju, temeljenom na tipologijama nalaza iz grobova, Japodi su se, kao jedinstvena regionalna kulturna grupa, pojavili na kraju broncanog doba, te su se vrlo brzo prosirili podrucjem Like. Ovakvu interpretaciju, međutim, tek treba sustavno preispitati. S ciljem boljeg utvrđivanja i razumijevanja potencijalnih procesa formiranja identiteta tijekom ovog razdoblja, u ovom su radu analizirani grobni konteksti i pripadajuci skupovi nalaza koji su odraz promjenjivih odnosa među zajednicama, kao i moguce materijalizacije zajednickog grupnog identiteta. Rezultati analize ukazuju na jasnu, premda neujednacenu težnju ka standardizaciji pogrebne prakse između zajednica susjednih dolina, sto sugerira da je proces formiranja pravog japodskog grupnog identiteta vjerojatno trajao duže nego sto se pretpostavljalo.
A First Course in Laboratory Optics

An optics experiment is the product of intricate planning and imagination, best learned through practice. Bringing forth the creative side of experimental physics through optics, this book introduces its readers to the fundamentals of optical design through seven key experiments. The book includes several topics to support readers preparing to enter industrial or academic research laboratories. Optical sources, model testing and fitting, noise, geometric optics, optical processes such as diffraction, interference, polarization, and optical cavities, are just some of the key topics included. Coding tutorials are provided in the book and online to further develop readers' experience with design and experimental analysis. This guide is an invaluable introduction to the creative and explorative world of laboratory optics.
A nutritional management algorithm in older patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer.

e16038Background: Esophageal cancer primarily affects older adults, who are at highest risk for poor nutritional status due to medical comorbidities, physiological changes of aging and geriatric is...
The Finite-Element with Discontiguous-Support Method

Energy discretization of the transport equation is difficult due to numerous strong, narrow cross-section (XS) resonances. The standard traditional multigroup (MG) method can be sensitive to approx...
Restless legs syndrome: Impact on sleep‐related breathing disorders

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common chronic sensory-motor neurological disorder that remains a clinical diagnosis. Most RLS patients present with sleep complaints in the form of initiation and/or maintenance insomnia as RLS has a circadian rhythmicity. An increased number of periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) is a supportive criterion in the diagnosis of RLS. Abnormalities in the central dopaminergic and iron systems are involved in the physiopathology of RLS. There is a higher prevalence of RLS and PLMS in sleep-disordered breathing patients, particularly those with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the most common sleep disorder in western societies. The complex mechanisms underlying the association between OSA, RLS and PLMS remain unclear. Untreated OSA can lead to adverse cardiovascular consequences due to cardio-metabolic dysfunction. It remains controversial whether RLS could further adversely impact the cardiovascular consequences of OSA. The PLMS do not have an additive effect on the hypersomnia experienced by some sleep-disordered breathing patients. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the most effective therapy for OSA. The presence of PLMS during CPAP treatment could be a marker of an incomplete resolution of sleep-disordered breathing in the form of increased upper airway resistance syndrome, despite treatment. Dopaminergic agonists are the preferred agent for the treatment of RLS, and are indicated when RLS symptoms are frequent and affect quality of life. PLMS and RLS do not seem to contribute to the residual hypersomnia that can be observed in some sleep-disordered breathing patients despite adequate compliance and effective CPAP therapy.
Integrated Business Process and Service Management

Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) is typically presented from a software development perspective, viewing the enterprise as an extension of the distributed network management model. The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate that the business value of SOA derives from aligning business services with business processes that are enabled as composite applications. This aligned approach to service-oriented implementation is called Business Process Management to SOA (BPM to SOA). This chapter describes BPM to SOA in some detail, including an implementation perspective that is based on successful project delivery. The business benefits of BPM to SOA are presented, and the chapter asserts that the business case for SOA cannot be completed without aligning business services to end-to-end business processes.
Visual Images in the Media

This article offers a review and assessment of the polemics surrounding the nature of the visual image (i.e., a reproduced sight) in the media (mass-produced communication), and of its social implications. The author explores the intellectual history of the debate, which is most typically advanced as an opposition between the qualities and effects of the word, or text, and of the image. The discussion is tracked across three key areas: child literacy and education, commercial and political persuasion, and issues surrounding the news. It is also suggested that in an era when the image is seen to have gained ascendency over text, digital tools and the power of the Internet bring potent new influences on the way we create, consume, and comprehend visual images.
Investigation of Different PV Distributions in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) Mammography

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) Mammography is an emerging technique that has the potential to improve breast cancer detection. In DBT, low-dose mammograms are acquired at a number of projection angles over a limited range and the 3D breast volume is reconstructed. In this study, we investigated the effect of different distributions of projection-view (PV) images that included different angular range and angular spacing on the reconstruction image quality. A GE prototype DBT system was used to acquire a total of 21 PVs in 3o increments over a ±30o range, from which multiple subsets containing the same number of 11 PV images were selected. A custom-built breast phantom and a selected patient case were used to evaluate the image quality. For breast phantom study, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), the normalized line profiles of test objects, and an artifact spread function (ASF) were used as performance measures to compare the results for the different subsets and for the full set. The simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) was used to reconstruct the DBT under all conditions. Our results demonstrated that large DBT angular range gave superior CNR and ASF for masses and less interplane blurring for high-density objects. Narrow angular range favors in-plane edge sharpness for high-density objects.
An Evaluation of Streamflow Augmentation as a Short-Term Freshwater Mussel Conservation Strategy

Recurrent and prolonged droughts, coupled with increased water resource demand, threaten freshwater mussel populations through stream drying and water quality degradation. Augmentation of stream discharge was proposed as a short-term strategy to maintain adequate streamflows and water quality in reaches with important freshwater mussel populations during exceptionally low flow periods. We investigated the effects of water augmentation on seven freshwater mussel species in a small creek between 2011 and 2014. Using capture-mark-recapture methods, we monitored mussel populations in a control reach upstream of an augmentation outlet and two reaches immediately downstream of an augmentation outlet. Water quality measurements during our study indicated that augmentation improved water temperature and dissolved oxygen conditions during low flow periods. For all mussel species, apparent survival was positively related to minimum streamflows and declined precipitously as streamflows decreased. However, mean apparent survival between sampling occasions was high among all species but did not differ among treatment units, suggesting that flow augmentation rates in this study were insufficient for abating the effects of basin-wide reductions in streamflow. Temporary emigration differed among study reaches but did not support hypothesized relationships because it increased with stream stage and was highest in an augmented reach. This suggests that streamflows did not drop below thresholds, which invoked burrowing as a response to decreased streamflows. Streamflow augmentation may be a viable short-term mussel conservation strategy in small streams but will likely require higher augmentation volume capacity than evaluated during our study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Methodology of Modal Logic as Metaphysics

Timothy Williamson’s Modal Logic as Metaphysics is, among much else, a detailed and complex defense of the metaphysical view he calls necessitism, the view that necessarily everything necessarily exists (is something), that although it may be a contingent matter how things are, what things there are is entirely a matter of necessity. The majority of contemporary modal metaphysicians reject this view; they are contingentists. Williamson examines the case for necessitism with great thoroughness, and with a distinctive methodology captured in slogan form by the book’s title. The book is an impressive achievement, and will have an impact on the shape of future debate. Necessitism appears to fly in the face of common opinion. Surely—or so I think—if my parents had never met, then I would not have existed. Surely—or so I think—I could have had a brother (although I actually do not), without it being the case that there (actually) exists something that could have been my brother. Indeed, on the familiar assumption that one’s genetic makeup is part of one’s essence, necessitism leads to an ontological explosion of my possible brothers, all of whom (actually) exist. A common response to necessitism is that the conflict with common opinion is so great that it can be rejected out of hand. Williamson would disagree. A possible person is not a person, not something made of flesh and blood; a possible person is a non-concrete object that is possibly concrete. Common opinion, arguably, does not distinguish between concrete existence and existence tout court. Perhaps the common opinion that I could have failed to exist is respected well enough if I could have failed to be anything concrete.
Verification of Secure Network Protocols in Uncertain Environments

In this paper, we present a method for protocol checking and verification using discrete event control. By protocol checking and verification, we mean verifying that a protocol is logically correct, that it does not cause deadlocks, and that it has been defined to respond to uncontrollable events that may occur in a system implementing it. Our approach differs from those previously suggested in two key ways. We extend the elementary theory of discrete event control to allow us to model more complicated protocols, including protocols relying on arbitrary counting models. We then present a maximum probability method for analyzing a protocol’s ability to react to a priori unspecified events. Unlike current protocol modeling, we use a pushdown automata for modeling protocols. This allows us to model protocols with greater fidelity. Our methods are illustrated using a simple two-level hierarchical protocol that defines the behavior of ad hoc wireless network nodes as they attempt to establish a secure connection. As wireless networks become more prevalent throughout the world, the off-line verification of protocols before they are implemented will help ensure that wireless network protocols are robust to security intrusions before they are deployed into the field. This will save time and money in the long run.
A high-efficiency display based on a telescopic pixel design

Several technologies have been invented as alternatives to the LCD, which transmits only a small portion of the backlight. Now researchers have come up with a display involving a telescopic pixel design, which can transmit 36% of the backlight. The eventual result could be large, bright displays that offer higher contrast at a low cost.
Cooperative strategies in iron and steel: Motives and results

Abstract During the past quarter-century, the American iron and steel industry has undergone far-reaching structural changes. Until the mid-1980s the established, integrated producers responded to these changes with essentially defensive measures. Then they began to embark on a radically new strategy—the establishment of joint ventures with foreign, especially Japanese, competitors. So far, these ventures have been concentrated in the production of flat-rolled, galvanized steels, for which the automotive industry is the main customer. American firms were motivated mainly by the belated recognition of a technology gap and by the prospect of infusions of capital from their partners. The Japanese producers saw in strategic partnering a hedge against protectionism and an opportunity to supply the growing coated-products market, which included increasing numbers of Japanese “transplant” automobile manufacturers. While it is too early to assess the implications of these moves in terms of the steel industry's potential globalization, it seems clear that the joint ventures have upgraded domestic firms' technological and managerial capabilities, as well as providing customer industries with improved products. For policy-makers, they have raised questions about the meaning of “the national interest” as a justification for protecting an industry like iron and steel.
Effect of Thickness on the Thermo-Mechanical Response of Free-Standing Thermoset Nanofilms from Molecular Dynamics

We characterize how film thickness affects the thermo-mechanical response of free-standing nanofilms composed of a thermoset polymer, diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (33DDS), via molecular dynamics. We find that the glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, and yield stress of the films decrease with decreasing thickness with the later two properties deviating from their bulk values at slightly larger thicknesses. The relative role of (i) intrinsic size effects, (ii) changes in quench depth (T – Tg), and (iii) variability in curing degree, on the depression of mechanical response of ultrathin films, are quantified. We find that intrinsic size effects contribute over 60% of the total change in mechanical response for the entire range of thicknesses studied.
New version of LSTSIM for computer simulation of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) population dynamics.

A previous version of Lone Star Tick Simulation Model (LSTSIM) for a wildlife ecosystem was revised and expanded to include a beef cattle forage area and improved handling of tick-host-habitat interactions. Relationships between environmental and biological variables were also refined in the new version. General validity of the revised model was established by comparing simulated and observed host-seeking populations of Amblyomma americanum (L.) at five geographic locations, three in Oklahoma and two in Kentucky—Tennessee. Additional validity was indicated from comparisons of simulated and observed seasonality of lone star ticks at one location in Kentucky. The model produced acceptable values for initial population growth rate, generation time, and 15-yr population density when historical weather files for 14 locations in the United States were used. The model of A. americanum population dynamics was used to study the relationship between tick density and density of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman), and cattle. The revised model can be used for additional simulation studies on effects of tick control technologies and integrated management strategies.
Measurement of the fluorine content of three NBS standard reference materials by use of the 19F(p, p'γ)19F reaction☆

Abstract The fluorine contents of National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 91, opal glass; 120b, phosphate rock; and 2671a, freeze-dried urine; have been measured using the 19 F(p, p'γ) 19 F reaction at a proton energy of 3.1 MeV. The results are in good agreement with the values certified by the NBS.
Interfaces of Ground States in Ising Models with Periodic Coefficients

We study the interfaces of ground states of ferromagnetic Ising models with external fields. We show that, if the coefficients of the interaction and the magnetic field are periodic, the magnetic field has zero flux over a period and is small enough, then for every plane, we can find a ground state whose interface lies at a bounded distance of the plane. This bound on the width of the interface can be chosen independent of the plane. We also study the average energy of the plane-like interfaces as a function of the direction. We show that there is a well defined thermodynamic limit for the energy of the interface and that it enjoys several convexity properties.
Who receives statins? Variations in physician prescribing patterns for patients with coronary heart disease

Using a nationally representative data set including patients most likely to benefit from statins, we find racial/ethnic and insurance-related disparities in physician prescribing patterns. Whites and patients who have private insurance are more likely to be prescribed a statin than nonwhites and those with public insurance. Because coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the USA and currently is estimated to cost over $150 billion annually, observed differences in prescribing patterns along these dimensions should be part of discussions dealing with health care reform.
Not just ‘another humourless bitch’: feminist fans' reception of Mad Men

Set prior to the emergence of the women's movement of the 1960s, Mad Men provides a unique text with which to examine feminist engagements with a series that simultaneously proffers feminist and antifeminist messages that suggests a negotiation by viewers between gender representations of the past and in the present. The complexity of the text and the related multiplicity of interpretations call for further study of audience reception. This paper examines initial results of a qualitative, cross-generational study with self-identified feminists and fans of the series Mad Men.
Correlation of visual function and retinal leukocyte velocity in glaucoma.

Twelve subjects with glaucoma or ocular hypertension underwent measurement of visual fields (Humphrey perimeter and the Henson CFS2000 perimeter), contrast sensitivity (Vistech wall charts), and perimacular leukocyte velocity (Oculix BFS-1000 blue field entoptic technique). Significant positive correlations were seen between asymmetry of visual function and asymmetry of retinal leukocyte velocity in the study population. The eye with the higher velocity of retinal leukocyte flow tended to have better visual function as measured by Humphrey mean deviation (P
Critical implications of Franz Boas'theory and methodology

The Grand Scheme of unilinear evolution as it was developed in the nineteenth century, placing Western European and American civilization at the pinnacle of humanity, was vigorously attacked by the Boasian school, and the theory of cultural relativism was forged in the heat of many long theoretical battles in the discipline. Simultaneously, the Boas school attacked the fundamental tenets of white supremacy by showing with solid empirical studies that race, language and culture were not coextensive entities and that there was no innate racial inheritance guaranteeing the white man's natural right (or duty) to rule.
Modeling hot, dense hydrogen with a classical spin dependent hamiltonian

Hot, dense hydrogen is studied with a classical model in which the interaction energy between atoms depends on their internal spins as well as their separation distance. The spins are treated as classical variables. This model is used in Monte Carlo simulations to calculate internal energies, pressures, and pair correlation functions, as well as the Hugoniot for shocked liquid deuterium. The results clearly show the transition of hot, dense hydrogen from a molecular to an atomic fluid. Our results are in reasonable agreement with far more elaborate quantum mechanical simulations. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Trapping studies on photorefractive polymers

A new and simple spectroscopic method for the determination of the trap density in C60-sensitized photorefractive polymers is presented. This method is compared with results obtained from traditional trap density measurements which involve two-wave mixing, and good correlation is observed. This technique is used to identify the inactive traps as the nonlinear optical chromophore. Also, composites with very low response times, high gain coefficients and low absorption are presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Major role of bacteria in biogeochemical fluxes in the ocean's interior

Spatial and temporal patterns in the flux of sinking organic matter are central to the understanding of elemental dynamics and food-web energetics in the global ocean1–3. Heterotrophic bacteria have been shown to play a part in the decomposition of large, rapidly sinking organic particles within and below the euphotic zone4–8. These previous studies suggest that decomposition by attached bacteria can explain only a trivial fraction of the observed decrease in the flux of organic matter with increasing depth. We report here that free-living bacteria, rather than the particle-feeding zooplankton, are the principal mediators of particle decomposition in the central north Pacific gyre and the eutrophic Santa Monica basin. We suggest that bacterial growth in the mesopelagial gives rise to the large-scale production of fine (0.3–0.6 μm), non-sinking particles at the expense of large, rapidly sinking particles. Our results have implications for models of biogeochemical dynamics of organic particles and surface-reactive materials such as radionu-clides in the ocean's interior3,9.
Neural Basis of Genetically Determined Visuospatial Construction Deficit in Williams Syndrome

A unique opportunity to understand genetic determinants of cognition is offered by Williams syndrome (WS), a well-characterized hemideletion on chromosome 7q11.23 that causes extreme, specific weakness in visuospatial construction (the ability to visualize an object as a set of parts or construct a replica). Using multimodal neuroimaging, we identified a neural mechanism underlying the WS visuoconstructive deficit. Hierarchical assessment of visual processing with fMRI showed isolated hypoactivation in WS in the parietal portion of the dorsal stream. In the immediately adjacent parietooccipital/intraparietal sulcus, structural neuroimaging showed a gray matter volume reduction in participants with WS. Path analysis demonstrated that the functional abnormalities could be attributed to impaired input from this structurally altered region. Our observations confirm a longstanding hypothesis about dorsal stream dysfunction in WS, demonstrate effects of a localized abnormality on visual information processing in humans, and define a systems-level phenotype for mapping genetic determinants of visuoconstructive function.
The Ordeal Of Integration: Progress And Resentment In America's ""Racial"" Crisis

* Introduction * The Paradoxes of Integration * The Moral and Intellectual Crisis of Liberal Afro-American Advocacy * The Moral Crisis of Conservative Racial Advocacy * For Whom the Bell Curves: The Intellectual and Cultural Contradictions of Genetic Determinism * Why We Still Need Affirmative Action * Conclusion: What Is to Be Done
Solitary Vertebral Metastasis

As survival time increases for many cancers, it is likely that the incidence and prevalence of spinal metastases will increase also. Given that most patients first present with solitary lesions in the spine, proper initial diagnosis and management are of paramount importance in minimizing pain, improving neurologic function, and potentially lengthening survival. Although pain control and standard radiation are still used, spinal stereotactic radiosurgery, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, and spinal cord decompression and fusion are now consistently used in aggressive management and offer exciting preliminary results.
A simple device for recording serial optical sections

SUMMARY A stepper motor was attached by way of a speed reducer to the coarse focusing spindle of a light microscope. After exposure of a film frame the stepper motor displaces the microscope stage according to the programmed instructions laid down in the electronic control unit. In this manner the focal plane is changed and serial optical sections of the developing fish blastoderm were recorded on 16 mm film. This design facilitates the analysis of cell behaviour during early development of annual fishes, of either large numbers of cells simultaneously or of individual cells in detail.
Continuously Adjustable Electronic Filter Networks

Standard network theory is used to explain the advantages of RC networks in the design of filters with frequency response characteristics which are continuously adjustable over several decades. The theoretical discussion is followed by a review of some simple circuits from which most filter characteristics may be obtained. The shape of the response as a function of frequency is determined largely by passive networks. Tubes serve to isolate the passive networks and, in some cases, to invert their response by means of feedback amplification. An example of the method is demonstrated by the design of an adjustable low-pass high-pass filter.
Thin-film 2.8-μm and 3.8-μm absorption in single-layer films

A systematic study was made of thin-film absorption at 2.8 μm and 3.8 μm for a wide variety of transparent coating materials. The extinction and absorption coefficients were measured using HF/DF chemical laser calorimetry in single-layer films of PbF2, LiF, YbF3, NaF, ThF4, As2S3, As2Se3, Si, MgO, ZnSe, and Al2O3 on CaF2 substrates. The lowest absorbing film materials were the As glasses, ZnSe, and some fluorides. In these cases, high-purity starting material led to the lowest loss films.
Sucrose esters from Nicotiana gossei active against the greenhouse whitefly Trialeuroides vaporariorum

Abstract Mixtures of 2,3,6′-tri- O - and 2,3,1′,6′-tetra- O -acylated sucrose esters were isolated as the major nonvolatile components in chromatograp
The one-temperature field thermo-mechanical theory of fluid-filled porous materials

The one-temperature field thermo-mechanical theory of a fluid-filled porous material with a linearly elastic solid and a Newtonian viscous fluid is established. The author's previous work, phenomenological constitutive theory for fluid-filled porous materials with solid/fluid outer boundaries, is introduced into a conventional mixture theory. Kinetical and kinematical quantities defined for a sample with a solid/fluid outer boundary, including interaction terms, correspond to those in the mixture theory directly from their definitions. The approximations involved in one to one correspondence between the constitutive equations in the mixture theory and those in the phenomenological theory are made clear.
Long-term survival among patients operated upon for peptic ulcer disease.

Background: Although surgery has been used widely for treating peptic ulcer disease, there is conflicting evidence with respect to subsequent life expectancy and the determinants of mortality. Our aim was to compare long-term survival in a large, population-based cohort of operated patients with that expected in the general population. Methods: We followed 471 Rochester, Minnesota residents who had surgery for peptic ulcer at the Mayo Clinic during 1956–85 for a total of 6174 person-years. Patients were followed through their complete (inpatient and outpatient) medical records in the community until death or last clinical contact and death certificates were obtained for all who succumbed. We compared observed survival and cause-specific death rates in this cohort with expected values and identified the determinants of short (30 day) and long-term mortality. Results and Conclusions: Survival was worse than expected, but excess deaths were confined to those with perforated ulcers (42 deaths observed; 18.8 expected). Independent predictors of death included age, male gender, emergency operation, gastric ulcer and cigarette smoking. Most deaths were due to heart disease and cancer, but only those due to digestive diseases (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 3.8, 95% CI 2.4–5.7) and respiratory diseases (SMR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7) were increased compared to expected figures. Overall survival was reduced in this cohort but was normal among those whose ulcers were not perforated. However, the data suggest an adverse role for alcohol and smoking in these patients. © 1999 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd
Imatinib tackles lymphoma via the PDGFRβ+ pericyte.

In this issue of Blood , Ruan et al demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), imatinib, can cause regression of human lymphomas in vivo; interestingly, this occurs via antiangiogenesis mediated by disruption of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β positive (PDGFRβ+) pericyte.[
Breast Ultrasound: Current Concepts

Breast ultrasound plays a major role in the identification, diagnosis, and staging of breast cancer. Gray-scale (brightness mode) is the most common form of ultrasound used in breast imaging (BI); newer techniques such as harmonic imaging, Doppler imaging, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, and elasticity imaging have also been employed. Breast lesions that are initially identified on mammography and magnetic resonance imaging can be further characterized with ultrasound. Breast ultrasound can differentiate solid from cystic masses, suspicious from benign lesions, and abnormal from normal lymph nodes. Ultrasound can guide needle biopsy of suspicious breast lesions and lymph nodes. Breast ultrasound can also be valuable when staging breast cancer and can help to determine if there is multifocal or multicentric disease, and also if there is associated regional lymphadenopathy.
l'Évolution des résistances bactèriennes. Surveillance locale et mondiale*

Resume La resistance bacterienne aux antibiotiques continue a evoluer avec le recrutement des nouvelles souches prealablement sensibles et l'emergence d'autres determinants de resistance dans les souches deja resistantes. D'abord decouvertes dans les mutants chromosomaux qui montraient une penetration reduite des agents, depuis 1959, la resistance est reconnue extra-chromosomale sur les plasmides bacteriens. Plus recemment, la cause determinant les resistances a ete associee a des petits fragments de DNA appeles «transposons qui peuvent passer d'un vecteur de DNA comme le plasmide vers un autre vecteur comme le chromosome. La combinaison de plasmides transferables et d'elements de resistances transposables favorise l'emergence de plasmides multiresistants parmi de nombreuses especes qui etaient auparavant sensibles. Le meme determinant et meme, parfois, des plasmides identiques peuvent etre retrouves dans des microorganismes differents a des endroits geographiquement distants. La resistance aux tetracyclines dans de nombreuses especes d' Haemophilus isoles dans le monde entier demontre le meme phenotype et le meme genotype : un determinant de resistance semblable a Tn 10 . La resistance a l'ampicilline decouverte dans Neisseria gonorrhœae et Haemophilus influenzae est genetiquement similaire a celle retrouvee des annees avant parmi les Enterobacteriaceae . Bien que les traits plasmidiques soient les plus connus, un nouveau probleme est celui des resistances chromosomales : a la methicilline, chez les staphylocoques ; a l'isoniazide chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis et aux cephalosporines chez certaines enterobacteries. Plus recemment, d'autres determinants genetiques pour differentes resistances aux antibiotiques sont apparus dans les organismes pathogenes. Ces decouvertes indiquent que la selection suivant l'utilisation des antibiotiques continue et debouche sur l'emergene de nouveaux determinants de resistances et de plasmides multiresistants.
Diagnostic Classification Models: Thoughts and Future Directions.

In general, I feel that diagnostic classification modeling (DCMs; also commonly referred to as cognitive diagnosis models) holds great potential in low stake situations because of the promise of pr...
Eliminating self-defeating behaviors and change in locus of control.

Summary This study investigated changes in locus of control occurring among participants in a workshop designed to eliminate self-defeating behaviors. Experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups were composed of male and female university students. An analysis of covariance indicated that the treatment group moved significantly more than the control group (p < .001) on the Rotter I-E Scale, and movement was in the anticipated direction, toward greater internal control. The increased internal control was maintained in a follow-up administration of the I-E Scale four months later. It was concluded that the workshop brought relatively stable changes toward greater perceived internal control. Implications were discussed.
A model for dimension reduction in pattern recognition using continuous data

Abstract An approach to transform continuous data to finite dimensional data is briefly outlined. A model to reduce the dimension of the finite dimensional data is developed for the case when the covariance matrices are not necessarily equal. Necessary and sufficient conditions with respect to the spatial properties of the means and covariance matrices are given so that the linear transformation of data of higher dimensions to lower dimensions does not increase the probabilities of misclassification.
Entropy maximization and instability in uniformly magnetized plasmas

Abstract A regime in which a uniformly magnetized plasma does not maximize the entropy and possibly becomes unstable to a spatial perturbation in the magnetic field is explored. The physical implication is considered in the context of current generation, magnetic field reconnection, and the dynamo effect.
Civil Wars and Economic Growth: Spatial Dispersion

This article quantifies the impact of civil wars on economic growth at home and in nearby countries. Three alternative measures of nearness—contiguity, length of contiguous borders, and distance of closest approach—are used to capture the spatial dispersion of civil war consequences. We present short-run panel estimates (at five-year intervals) and long-run (1961‐95) panel estimates for the world. Generally, the distance measures, novel to this study, and not contiguity provides the most accurate measure of the diffusion of the negative economic consequences of civil wars on other countries. Unlike earlier studies, we also investigate the temporal influence of civil wars on growth at home and in nearby countries. Both the duration and the timing of civil wars have an economic impact.
Chemical Probes of Histone Lysine Methyltransferases

Growing evidence suggests that histone methyltransferases (HMTs, also known as protein methyltransferases (PMTs)) play an important role in diverse biological processes and human diseases by regulating gene expression and the chromatin state. Therefore, HMTs have been increasingly recognized by the biomedical community as a class of potential therapeutic targets. High quality chemical probes of HMTs, as tools for deciphering their physiological functions and roles in human diseases and testing therapeutic hypotheses, are critical for advancing this promising field. In this review, we focus on the discovery, characterization, and biological applications of chemical probes for HMTs.