cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Mechanics and Stability of Macromolecules: Application to Bond Disruption, Base Pair Separation, Melting, and Drug Dissociation of the DNA Double Helix

This book develops a statistical mechanical analysis of the stability of biological macromolecules. The author's approach is valid both for the long time-scale needed for DNA bond disruption, and also for highly co-operative transitions needed to explain helix melting. A new theoretical approach for executing macromolecule calculations is developed. In particular, the author devises a method for describing chemical bond disruption in these large systems, which are then used to determine when the helix melts and how drugs can dissociate from the helix. Melting temperatures are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The book will be of interest to biomolecular dynamics researchers, especially to graduate students in biological physics, theoretical chemistry and molecular biology.
Case Management with Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina

Abstract Case management is a staple of post-disaster recovery, but there is limited research on this topic. Utilizing in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis, based on 78 interviews and attendance at approximately 50 public meetings, this longitudinal case study examined case management with displaced hurricane Katrina survivors in one host community between December 2005 and December 2006. Case managers identified, assessed, planned, linked, monitored, and advocated for survivors. They described engaging survivors and understanding their backgrounds and experiences as challenging. Lack of jobs, transportation, and affordable housing coupled with survivors' trauma and preexisting needs presented barriers to long-term recovery. Despite these difficulties, case managers felt positively about their efforts and identified coordination as a critical element for successful human/social services responses to natural disasters.
Designing and understanding information retrieval systems using collaborative filtering in an academic library environment

Accessing information on the Web has become ingrained into our daily lives, and we seek information from many different sources, including conference and journal publications, personal web pages, and others. Increasingly, web-based information retrieval systems such as web-based search engines, library on-line catalog systems, and subscription-based federated search systems are made available to provide an interface to collections of information from these sources. Because the quantity of new information available every day exceeds how much information individuals can handle effectively, we spend significant effort in locating information, often unsuccessfully. This dissertation consists of three scholarly articles presenting a broad set of results with the goal of helping people find interesting information in large web document collections. The results cover three specific challenges: designing and utilizing Web document recommendation systems based on human judgment, improving recommendations based on users’ web usage as a source of implicit relevance feedback data, and understanding and designing metasearch systems for academic materials. To address these challenges, a combination of offline analysis and user studies is used. We recommend documents by determining the similarity between users’ information needs and the previously viewed documents by other users. We conducted experiments and observational studies to evaluate the system that we developed, and in both cases we found that recommendations from prior users with similar queries could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of document search. To improve recommendation effectiveness, we studied users’ click data from complete search sessions, and found that applying all of the click data in a search session as relevance feedback has the potential to increase both precision and recall of search results. In particular, our data provides evidence that the last visited document of each search session is a highly reliable source of implicit relevance feedback data. In understanding and designing systems for academic materials, we designed a metasearch system for retrieving materials from OSU library’s subscribed databases and catalogs. We conducted a think-aloud usability experiment and found that modeling the familiarity and ease of use of commercial web search engines is an important factor to attract undergraduates. However, when undergraduates faced the interface that felt familiar, they expected similar performance to a web search engine, such as its quality of ranked results, its speed and other qualities.
Intergenerational Mobility in Educational Attainment in Mexico

Education in Mexico expanded rapidly over the past several generations. We use data from the 1994 Gender, Age, Family and Work household survey to document the "anatomy" of Mexico's educational expansion. The survey is to our knowledge the first in Mexico that also gathered additional data on characteristics of the household of origin, including parent's education and occupation, sibship size and the birth order of the respondent. Using cohorts created from the survey, we detail patterns of educational attainment and intergenerational mobility in Mexico during the past four decades. By several measures, we find that intergenerational educational mobility has increased over time. Younger cohorts are more likely than older cohorts to have surpassed their parents' schooling levels. The correlation between the education levels of parents and their offspring has fallen in past four decades. Overall, the correlations suggest that there is slightly less intergenerational mobility in Mexico than in the United States. Despite these gains, intergenerational mobility from the lowest to the highest schooling levels remains limited: only one-third of children born to parents with 6 or fewer years of schooling complete high school, compared to four-fifths of children born to parents with 12 or more years of schooling. This gap has narrowed only slightly since the 1960s.
Bilateral Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia in the Premature Infant: Associated Risk Factors

Background Bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a major cause of neurodevelopmental delay in the premature infant. Thus, early identification of the preterm infant at highest risk for the subsequent development of this lesion is critical. Objectives The three objectives of this case-control study were: (1) to determine the basic characteristics of cystic PVL, (2) to assess the relationship of perinatal clinical events and PVL, and (3) to ascertain the feasibility of identifying early those preterm infants at highest risk for the development of PVL. Methods The medical records and cranial ultrasound scans (HUSs) were reviewed for 632 infants weighing less than 1750 g who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 1992 and December 1993. PVL developed in 14 infants of 1285 +/- 301 g birth weight (BW) and 29.4 +/- 1.5 weeks' gestational age (GA); severe intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 21) and intraparenchymal echodensity (n = 12) developed in 33 infants of 904 +/- 248 g BW and 26.6 +/- 1.8 weeks' GA; and 585 infants of 1315 +/- 324 g BW and 29.7 +/- 2.4 weeks' GA with normal HUS findings (n = 473) or grade I or II intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 112) served as a comparison group. Results Cystic PVL was observed in 14 (2.3%) of 632 infants weighing less than 1750 g, more specifically, in 3.2% of infants weighing less than 1500 g. Cysts were noted from the 7th to 14th days of life in 10 infants and from the 20th to 46th days of life in 4 infants. Ten (70%) of the infants had relatively benign clinical courses, and most cases were detected by routine HUS surveillance. Over hypotension in the immediate perinatal period was noted in 3 (21%) infants; late hypotension developed in 1 additional infant. Univariate analysis indicate that two clinical indicators, prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) and chorioamnionitis, were significant predictors of PVL. For PROM, the odds ratio estimate and the 95% confidence limit are 6.59 and 1.96 to 22.10, with a sensitivity of 28.6% and positive predictive value of 11.5%. Similar values for chorioamnionitis are 6.77 (1.77 to 25.93), with a sensitivity of 21.4% and positive predictive value of 11.5%. Conclusions (1) Most cases of symmetric cystic PVL occurred in infants with relatively benign clinical courses and were only detected by routine ultrasound screening. (2) Postnatal systemic hypotension seems to be an uncommon associated event. (3) Preterm infants born to mothers with PROM and/or chorioamnionitis seem to be at an increased risk for the development of PVL and should be carefully evaluated.
Dependence of transcriptional repression on CpG methylation density.

Abstract CpG methylation is known to suppress transcription. This repression is generally thought to be related to alterations of chromatin structure that are specified by the methylation. The nature of these chromatin alterations is unknown. Moreover, it has not been clear if the methylation repression occurs in an all-or-none fashion at some critical methylation density, or if intermediate densities of methylation can give intermediate levels of repression. Here I report a stable episomal system which recapitulates many dynamic features of methylation observed in the genome. I have determined the extent of transcriptional repression as a function of four densities of CpG methylation. I find that the repression is a graded but exponential function of the CpG methylation density such that low levels of methylation yield a 67 to 90% inhibition of gene expression. Higher levels of methylation extinguished gene expression completely. Transcription from methylated minichromosomes can be increased by butyrate treatment, suggesting that histone acetylation can reverse some of the repression specified by the methylated state. Sites of preferential demethylation occurred and may have resulted from transcription factor binding or DNA looping.
A comparison of location estimators for interlaboratory data contaminated with value and uncertainty outliers

While estimation of measurement uncertainty (MU) is increasingly acknowledged as an essential component of the chemical measurement process, there is little agreement on how best to use even nominally well-estimated MU. There are philosophical and practical issues involved in defining what is “best” for a given data set; however, there is remarkably little guidance on how well different MU-using estimators perform with imperfect data. This report characterizes the bias, efficiency, and robustness properties for several commonly used or recently proposed estimators of true location, μ, using “Monte Carlo” (MC) evaluation of “measurement” data sets drawn from well-defined distributions. These synthetic models address a number of issues pertinent to interlaboratory comparisons studies. While the MC results do not provide specific guidance on “which estimator is best” for any given set of real data, they do provide broad insight into the expected relative performance within broadly defined scenarios. Perhaps the broadest and most emphatic guidance from the present study is that (1) well-estimated measurement uncertainties can be used to improve the reliability of location determination and (2) some approaches to using measurement uncertainties are better than others. The traditional inverse squared uncertainty-weighted estimators perform well only in the absence of unrepresentative values (value outliers) or underestimated uncertainties (uncertainty outliers); even modest contamination by such outliers may result in relatively inaccurate estimates. In contrast, some inverse total variance-weighted-estimators and probability density function area-based estimators perform well for all scenarios evaluated, including underestimated uncertainties, extreme value outliers, and asymmetric contamination.
Flexible Support and Management of Adaptive Workflow Processes

Workflow management and support has always been a constant challenge for workflow administrators in industry. This is characterized by the need to balance two conflicting goals—the need for control, and the need to provide sufficient flexibility for workflows to adapt to constantly changing business conditions. The traditional centralized and rigid model of workflow no longer suffices provide this balance. What is needed is an approach that provides sufficient flexibility while simultaneously providing an assurance of control for workflow administrators. In this paper, we present such an approach. Our approach is based on two bodies of research work. The first one is the OpenWater approach, wherein workflows meant to be “discovered” on the fly as workflow participants themselves define and execute the workflows. The second one is our earlier work on adaptive workflow, where we have developed a 3-tier architecture that supports adaptive workflow. In our paper, we enhance our 3-tier architecture with some of the OpenWater ideas, in order to develop what we have called a “flexible workflow support and management” architecture. We also demonstrate it on a real-life example in insurance claims processing.
Effect of ouabain on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition in guinea pigs.

The effect of ouabain on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition was studied in guinea pigs. Introduction of ouabain into the perilymphatic space resulted in a serious depression of cochlear ...
Analysis of individual biological particles by mass spectrometry

A method is developed for the detection and identification of biological particles introduced in aerosol form into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The bacterial aerosol is generated by nebulizing an ethanol suspension. The particles are introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer in the form of a beam, where they are individually volatilized on a V-type rhenium filament and ionized by electron impaction. It is shown that the average intensity of a mass peak is obtained from the pulse height distribution of about a thousand ion pulses from different particles. Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus are used in the studies. Differences between the relative intensities of mass peaks in the spectra from P. putida and B. subtilis are found and may provide a method for differentiation of microorganisms. The results for the two species agree reasonably well with those reported by Kistemaker et al. (1975) and Schulten et al. (1973). However, there exist some differences between the two spectra in the high mass range due to the difference in the pyrolysis conditions.
The correlation between the radiologic staging studies and histopathologic findings in aggressive stage 3 giant cell tumor of bone

The histologic features of aggressive Stage 3 benign giant cell tumor of bone were correlated with their radiologic staging studies. Our series includes 24 patients treated at the University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, from January 1979 to July 1983. Particularly in 13 cases, results of routine specimen histologic as well as of the histologic study of macrosections containing the entire resected specimen (the tumor and surrounding bone and soft tissue) were evaluated. Surgical staging studies including plain radiographs, bone scintigrams, computerized axial tomography scans, tomography, and angiography were used to delineate the anatomic location of the lesion. Within this group of giant cell tumors, the general histologic features resemble those of the classic giant cell tumor. However, certain aggressive features best demonstrated on the macrosections, such as cortical and subchondral invasion, capsular and reactive bony zone infiltration, "digital extension" of the tumor, and neovascularity correlated well with the anatomic localization and aggressiveness found on the staging studies. Those findings emphasize the value of staging studies in the delineation of the histologic potential of these benign aggressive lesions.
Celebrity, ageing and Jackie Chan: middle-aged Asian in transnational action

Assessing ageing is one of the key tasks confronting celebrity and star studies today. If film could reflect upon its own relation to death only from the 1950s on, in films such as Sunset boulevard (1950) and Whatever happened to Baby Jane (1962), where ‘the aging process of the first generation of stars exposed a glamour worn thin on screen’, today ‘the allure of the star’ is most definitely ‘inseparable from his or her heroism and ruin’ (Celeste 2005, Journal of Popular Film and Television, 33, pp. 32, 29). Today, moreover, middle age increasingly matters. With 78 million people in the US aged 44–62, internet and print marketing, movies, television and more tout rejuvenation through Botox, steroids, plastic surgery and wardrobe/cosmetic make-overs. Hollywood stars and celebrities point us towards a brave new world where mature adulthood is seen primarily in chronological, biological and medical terms. It is no coincidence that photographs of healthy, wealthy stars grace each issue of AARP Magazine. Trai...
Comparative Efficacy of Oxygen Diffusers in a Fish‐Hauling Tank

Abstract Ten commercially available oxygen diffusers were evaluated for aeration efficiency in an experimental fish-hauling tank similar to those frequently used by fishery personnel to haul high densities of warmwater fishes. All diffusers examined had oxygen transfer efficiencies of less than 15%. Most diffusers were tested with five oxygen flow rates. As many as four sizes of diffusers were also examined. The three most efficient diffusers evaluated were Micropore 100 tubing, carbon stone, and Schramm hose, although their relative efficacies differed depending on diffuser size and oxygen flow rates. Direct injection of oxygen into water circulation pumps was as efficient as most diffusers at adding oxygen to the water. Mino-saver surface agitators were also effective at aerating hauling water. Cost, durability, ease of use, and need for additional equipment all may be as important in hauling fish as oxygenation efficiency. New technology needs to be adapted to increase oxygenation efficiency of supplem...
Preattentive Perception of Elementary Three-dimensional Shapes

Experiments in which a single target pattern is discriminated from multiple background distractors show that certain shaded, two-dimensional (2-D) stimuli consistent with a top-lit, polyhedral interpretation can be processed fast (< 80 msec) and in parallel. Unshaded line drawings of the same shapes, however, are processed serially. Strong pop-out asymmetries and control experiments involving shaded patterns that do not have familiar 3-D interpretations suggest that such fast, parallel processing is dependent upon perception 3-D shape. Furthermore, this process can be influenced by contextual scene information, in a manner that is dependent upon whether the additional cues contribute to the perception of a consistent 3-D scene.
Closet cases: queering bioethics through narrative.

Drawing upon queer theory, this paper examines the heterosexual assumptions that underlie bioethics case narratives. These case narratives identify few individuals as having same-sex desires; it is only when homosexuals become dangerous to the straight community that they are "displayed" in bioethics cases. The perspective of same-sex desire as dangerous can be seen not only in the explicit content of these narratives but also in the sexual orientation that is implied of the reader of bioethics. In the end, bioethics case narratives reproduce rather than challenge the hetero-narrative pattern of our culture's stories.
The frequency and severity of placental findings in women with preeclampsia are gestational age dependent

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate placental lesions found in women with preeclampsia compared with normotensive control subjects and to determine whether the presence of these lesions are related to gestational age at delivery. Study design Placental disease of women with preeclampsia at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation was compared with the placental disease of normotensive gestational age–matched control subjects. The placental lesions that were studied specifically included decidual arteriolopathy, thrombi in the fetal circulation, central infarction, intervillous thrombi, and hypermaturity of villi. Data analysis involved the χ 2 test, the Student t test, and logistic regression; odds ratios and CIs were estimated. Results Placentas from women with preeclampsia (n=158) and normotensive control subjects (n=156) were evaluated. Among women with preeclampsia, 67% had severe disease. Placental lesions were studied according to gestational age at delivery: P P =.0001), and hypermaturity of villi ( P Conclusion Placentas in women with preeclampsia have increased amounts of disease. The rate is increased with lower gestational ages at the time of delivery for women with preeclampsia.
The hepatic hot spot

Radionuclide imaging of the liver is a valuable and frequently employed technique. New diagnostic patterns continue to be described. The hepatic "hot spot," although familiar to the nuclear medicine specialist (1-8), has escaped the attention of the internist and gastroenterologist. We present here a patient with superior vena caval obstruction secondary to malignant mediastinal thymoma who demonstrates this scintigraphic finding.
Making sense of the multiple MAP-2 transcripts and their role in the neuron

Microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) is a family of heat-stable, phosphoproteins expressed predominantly in the cell body and dendrites of neurons. Three major MAP-2 isoforms, (MAP-2a, MAP-2b, MAP-2c) are differentially expressed during the development of the nervous system and have an important role in microtubule dynamics. Several MAP-2 cDNA clones that correspond to the major MAP-2 transcripts and additional, novel MAP-2 transcripts expressed in the CNS and PNS have been characterized. The transcripts result from the alternative splicing of a single MAP-2 gene consisting of 20 exons. Studies are now being directed toward understanding the role of the multiple MAP-2 forms that contain novel exons in the nervous system. The expression, localization, and possible functions of the newly identified spliced forms are the focus of this review.
Fungi in chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis: reasonable doubt.

Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis (CHES) is a T-helper (Th)2-like, lymphocyte-initiated, eosinophil-rich inflammatory disease. The complex immune interactions required to orchestrate these processes begin with the presentation of antigen by mature dendritic cells to Th lymphocytes that display the appropriate antigen-specific T-cell receptor. The objective of sinus research must be to identify and target that antigen; this will lead to the cure for this condition. This article reviews numerous models that may be responsible for the pathophysiology of this disorder, including putative roles for allergens, bacteria, and bacterial-derived superantigens, as well as recent interest in fungal-derived antigens. Additionally, we speculate that whatever the inciting cause of CHES may be, it is plausible that once initiated, cellular differentiation pathways may lead to the development of an antigen-independent permanent phase. More than one of these may be valid in different subjects and, furthermore, this list almost assuredly does not explain all cases of CHES. The concept that fungal antigens colonizing the sinuses are responsible for CHES represents an intriguing, but unproven, hypothesis. Presently, the case for the fungus remains circumstantial. The case for fungi will be proved only with definitive proof that T-cells within the sinuses are actively responding to fungal antigens present in the sinus and with the further demonstration that removal of those fungal antigens ameliorates the disease.
STOCK RETURNS AND OPTION PRICES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

This study is an investigation of estimates of expected stock returns implicit in option data. The Lee-Rao-Auchmuty option valuation model provides a unique opportunity to examine whether return measurements derived by nonlinear estimation techniques show any correlation with future stock returns. During the short period covered in this study, the Lee-Rao-Auchmuty estimates give preliminary indications that they are better predictors of actual stock returns than are estimates obtained from historical data.
Optimizing Screening and Management of Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Stroke and Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack

Background and Purpose— The feasibility of implementing an expert consensus guideline recommending use of a stroke patient’s profile to manage undiagnosed coronary artery disease remains unclear. Methods— Following a guideline-based algorithm, we screened consecutive patients with ischemic stroke and patients with transient ischemic attack for asymptomatic coronary artery disease using the Framingham Heart Study Coronary Risk Score (FCRS) cutoff of high risk (≥20%) for experiencing a hard coronary artery disease event over a 10-year period. Patients with high FCRS received dobutamine stress echocardiogram outpatient screening, additional treatment (β-blocker), or further management (cardiologist referral). Results— From July 2004 to September 2007, among 693 patients, 501 (72%) met study criteria, of which 80 (16%) had FCRS ≥20%. Elevated serum glucose, nonhigh-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, homocysteine, glycosylated hemoglobin as well as large vessel atherosclerotic stroke mechanism were more frequ...
Azimilide dihydrochloride: a new class III anti-arrhythmic agent.

Azimilide dihydrochloride (Stedicor™) is a new class III anti-arrhythmic agent that is being developed by Proctor & Gamble to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Development of this agent is being undertaken due to the high prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the lack of satisfactory therapy for this arrhythmia, along with the desire to develop therapy to reduce the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients following myocardial infarction. The mechanism of action of azimilide is to block both the slowly conducting (IKs) and rapidly conducting (IKr) rectifier potassium currents in cardiac cells. This differs from other class III agents that block IKr exclusively or in combination with sodium, calcium, or transient outward (Ito) potassium current channels. Azimilide is distinguished by a relative lack of reverse use-dependence, excellent oral absorption, no need for dose titration, an option for out-patient initiation, no need for adjustment associated with renal or live...
Measuring consistency: spectrogram cross-correlation versus targeted acoustic parameters

Several recent studies indicate that the consistency of song or syllable repetitions signals male quality. However, the comparability and efficacy of different measurement methods is not known. Here, I compared two approaches to measuring the consistency of syllable repetitions within the trills of House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) songs. In the first approach, I calculated the coefficient of variation (CV) in standard time–frequency measurements within each trill. In the second approach, I used spectrogram cross-correlation (SPCC), which measures the maximum pixel-by-pixel similarity of two spectrograms. The two approaches gave correlated estimates of trill consistency, but SPCC was more strongly related to two putatively biologically relevant traits: specifically, SPCC differed more strongly between age classes, and more variation in SPCC could be attributed to individual differences. CV-based measures complemented SPCC measures by clarifying some of the specific acoustic features whose consistency changed...
Life cycle, food, and growth of the amphipod Ampelisca macrocephala liljeborg from the Øresund

Abstract The lifespan of Ampelisca macrocephala was found to be one and a half year for males and two years for females. A few females become three years old and breed a second time. It is estimated that the length of the animal increases by about 10 % at each molting and that approximately 18 molts take place before the egg-carrying stage is reached. Growth is fast in spring, slower in summer and autumn when the ovaries and testes develop in animals about to breed. and stagnating in winter when the females carry embryos. The latter stay in the marsupium for five months, during which time their length increases from about 0.8 to about 1.3 mm. The average egg number per female was found to be about 60. The feeding behaviour is described, and it was found that the animal will accept zooplankton as food in the laboratory. In the field. however, the intestinal contents of collected animals indicate that they feed on detritus. The periods of growth and reproduction seem to be closely correlated with the period...
Restoration of Auditory Nerve Synapses in Cats by Cochlear Implants

Congenital deafness results in abnormal synaptic structure in endings of the auditory nerve. If these abnormalities persist after restoration of auditory nerve activity by a cochlear implant, the processing of time-varying signals such as speech would likely be impaired. We stimulated congenitally deaf cats for 3 months with a six-channel cochlear implant. The device used human speech-processing programs, and cats responded to environmental sounds. Auditory nerve fibers exhibited a recovery of normal synaptic structure in these cats. This rescue of synapses is attributed to a return of spike activity in the auditory nerve and may help explain cochlear implant benefits in childhood deafness.
Neural Correlates of Traumatic Recall in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Functional activation studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using symptom provocation paradigms have implicated dysfunction in limbic and paralimbic brain regions. Increased or altered cerebral blood flow has been observed in amygdala and insula. Decreased or absent activity has been seen in medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These brain regions comprise a neural circuit that has been demonstrated as important for emotional processing and emotional regulation. We studied combat veterans with PTSD (n=16), combat veterans without PTSD (combat controls, n=15), and age-matched healthy control subjects (n=15) with [O-15] H2O PET under a script-driven imagery paradigm of personalized traumatic/stressful and emotionally neutral events. Preliminary findings show that PTSD patients and combat controls had differential blood flow patterns during emotional recall in amygdala, insula and medial prefrontal cortex. Consistent with and extending prior findings, these preliminary results replicate differential patterns of activation in limbic and paralimbic regions of PTSD patients and trauma exposed controls suggesting that these neural substrates may be involved in the deficits in emotional processing in PTSD on one hand, and in resilience to trauma on the other.
A macro level analysis of the airlift deployment problem

Abstract This paper presents mathematical models for a macro level analysis of the airlift deployment problem which involves the allocation of a limited number of aircraft towards the shipment of cargo and personnel between many origins and destinations within prescribed time windows. The problem has been modeled by three linear programming formulations in a manner such that it can be solved in a personal computer environment in a timely manner. The first and second formulations represent an explicit statement of the problem. These formulations attempt to optimally allocate strategic airlift resources towards the shipment of demand (cargo and personnel) such that the maximum amount of demand is delivered on time using preferred aircraft types. A much smaller statement of the problem is achieved in the third formulation by assuming that lateness is distributed evenly over all routes. Thus, the formulations offer a tradeoff between the degree of control to be exercised by the planner and the speed of computation. The paper presents the basic structure of these formulations along with some test results.
Characterization of ten novel microsatellite loci for the threatened Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata

Growing evidence suggests that North American Box Turtles (Terrapene spp.) are declining at an increasing rate. However, there is currently a large gap in our general knowledge of box turtles; thus, baseline demographic and genetic data are needed before a conservation plan can be developed for this group. Therefore, we developed ten microsatellite primers specific to Terrapene ornata. Of the 22 primers developed, 10 consistently amplified at least 20 of the 22 individuals tested. We detected no linkage disequilibrium or null alleles at any of these 10 loci and all loci were polymorphic, ranging from 2 to 19 alleles with an average of 8.2 alleles/locus. No locus deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.045–0.864 to 0.097–0.944, respectively. These loci may prove useful to researchers in future evolutionary and ecological studies of declining Terrapene species.
Hypertension and Risk of Stroke: The Influence of Associated Risk Factors in the Framingham Study

Hypertension is the pre-eminent risk factor for stroke with incidence of both ischemic stroke and hemorrhage increasing with level of blood pressure. However, at any blood pressure level, risk of stroke varies widely according to the presence and intensity of other risk factors. These include: age; antihypertensive therapy; presence of cardiovascular disease; cigarette smoking; diabetes; LVH by ECG; and atrial fibrillation. Without risk factor abnormalities, a hypertensive individual may actually have a lower probability of stroke than a normotensive with multiple elevated risk factor levels. The person with multiple borderline risk factor levels is particularly difficult to categorize. To determine probability of stroke, taking the risk factor and blood pressure levels into account, a stroke risk profile was developed using Framingham Study data. Key to the usefulness of the risk profile is the knowledge, derived from observational studies and controlled clinical trials, that modification of a number of these risk factors can reduce the incidence of stroke. These include: reduction of elevated blood pressure, systolic as well as diastolic; cessation of cigarette smoking; improved control of blood sugar level in diabetics; and treatment of persons with atrial fibrillation with low intensity warfarin. Thus, the Framinghan stroke risk profile may guide the physician in identifying patients at heightened risk, and provide guidance in measures that can reduce the likelihood of stroke. (Hypertens Res1994; 17 Suppl. I: S83-S88)
The role of sports as a social status determinant for children.

Abstract This study was designed to examine children's attitudes toward the role of sports in determining social status, as well as the activities in which children prefer to participate. A total of 227 boys and 251 girls in Grades 4, 5, and 6 completed a questionnaire to determine which criteria were most important in determining personal, female, and male popularity. Personal popularity was answered by the girls and boys according to “what would make you well liked by your classmates. “Female and male popularity was determined by asking both girls and boys to decide “what would make (girls, for female subjects, and boys, for male subjects) well liked by your classmates. “A comparison of results from the Buchanan, Blankenbaker, and Cotten (1976) investigation and the present study indicated that, in the last 15 years, appearance has become more important and academic achievement less important in determining personal popularity for girls. For boys, the comparison revealed that sports have become more imp...
Peano scanning based fast encoding algorithm for vector quantisation

An effective method for encoding image-input blocks in vector quantisation (VQ) is proposed. For each codeword in the codebook, a group of Peano scannings of selected feature vectors is computed. Each Peano scanning acts as a transform from a higher dimension to one dimension, while preserving neighbourhood adjacency. An ordered list of the Peano scannings and their link to the codebook is stored. Coding is conducted by restricting the search to two windows of codewords with the closest Peano scannings to that of the input block. Each window centre is found in logarithmic time proportional to the codebook size. The number of codewords to be searched is fixed, and is determined by some additional distortion that is acceptable over exhaustive search methods. Coded images show no significant degradation, while maintaining considerable constant search-time savings over exhaustive search methods. The algorithm can be used with other fast full-search equivalent methods, and can use savings from other methods in searching within the windows as well.
A Rapid Method for determining the Concentration of Ammonium Sulphate Solutions

THE separation of proteins and enzymes by the ammonium sulphate gradient elution technique has been reported by a number of workers1–4. Dixon5 and Kunitz6 have published a useful nomogram and equation, respectively, for use in the preparation of ammonium sulphate solutions. While the concentration of ammonium sulphate in a solution can be determined by the usual methods (that is, by distillation and titration, by specific-gravity determinations, nesslerization, or by gravimetric methods) they are all time-consuming, often involve large dilutions of the sample and, in general, are not useful for the routine analysis of a large number of samples. The use of refractometry has been investigated in the search for a more rapid method of measuring the concentration of ammonium sulphate in the fractions collected by the gradient elution technique as well as in the classical precipitation method.
Altering and applying predicates

Abstract A set of tools in Prolog for manipulating predicates as first-class objects is described. These tools are higher-level tools than assert, retract and querying. The first group of these tools are analogs to the Lisp tools apply, function, lambda, and programming cliches such as mapcar. The second group of tools is for editing and manipulating predicates. Prolog provides a simpler structure for predicates than Lisp has for functions and thus a small set of tools for adding to, retrieving from, removing from, replacing to, and exchanging within predicates can be provided for Prolog predicates but not for Lisp functions.
Towards a privacy management framework for distributed cybersecurity in the new data ecology

Cyber security increasingly depends on advance notice of emerging threats as individuals, groups or nations attempt to exfiltrate information or disrupt systems and services. Advance notice relies on having access to the right information at the right time. This information includes trace digital evidence, distributed across public and private networks that are governed by various privacy policies, inter-agency agreements, federal and state laws and international treaties. To enable rapid and assured information sharing that protects privacy, the US government needs a means to balance privacy with the need to share. In this paper, we review US laws and policies governing government surveillance and describe key elements for a privacy management framework that seeks to enable government investigations while protecting privacy in a systematic way. The framework aligns existing Federal investigative guidelines for attributing a cyberattack with concerns for automated decision making that arise from the Fourth Amendment “reasonable expectation of privacy” and several fair information practice principles. We discuss technical challenges for those seeking to implement this framework.
Lines of Constant Correlated Color Temperature Based on MacAdam’s (u,υ) Uniform Chromaticity Transformation of the CIE Diagram

The chromaticities of hot bodies (such as the filaments of incandescent lamps) and the various phases of daylight are often expressed on the color–temperature scale. Such chromaticities do not usually coincide precisely with those of the blackbody at any temperature, but are specified by giving the temperature of the blackbody yielding the nearest chromaticity match. Thus each chromaticity point near the Planckian locus is correlated with a chromaticity point on it, and the color temperature corresponding to the Planckian chromaticity is called the correlated color temperature. If the decision as to the nearest Planckian chromaticity is based on a uniform-chromaticity-scale (UCS) diagram, the chromaticity points correlated with each Planckian chromaticity fall on a straight line (isotemperature line) on the chromaticity diagram normal to the Planckian locus at that Planckian chromaticity. The UCS diagram proposed by MacAdam in 1937 and recommended in 1959 by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has been used here to define the isotemperature lines. Graphs showing the Planckian locus and the isotemperature lines both in the CIE (x,y)-diagram and in the MacAdam CIE (u,υ)-diagram are shown at every 10 microreciprocal degrees for all color temperatures higher than 1515°K.
All-optical and photomechanical devices in polymer optical fibers

All-optical devices, in which one beam of light controls another, would make possible such applications as fast optical logic, optical amplifiers, and computers with massively parallel architectures. We report on advances in making single mode polymer optical fiber with nonlinear-optical cores, optical loss measurements, beam confinement and imaging studies, and nonlinearity measurements. Aside from all-optical devices, polymer-optical fibers can be used to make a new class of devices such as optical actuators and self-stabilizing positioners. Such devices rely on the fact that the length of a material can change in the presence of high intensity light in direct analogy to light induced refractive index changes. We show that fast fiber length changes can be induced with high power pulsed lasers. Furthermore, by combining photomechanical effects with feedback, we show that smart optical stabilizers can be fabricated. Such a device is demonstrated using the lower thermal effects and a low-power continuous wave laser.
Ultrafast voltammetry of anthracene and 9,10-diphenylanthracene

Utilisation d'electrodes microvoltammetriques pour etudier l'oxydation d'anthracene et de diphenyl-9,10 anthracene, dans des solvants aprotiques (acetonitrile, chlorure de methylene et dimethoxyethane) en presence de perchlorate de tetrabutylammonium
Size distributions of Denver aerosols--a comparison of two sites.

Abstract In the Fall of 1971, a 35-ft trailer was equipped with the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System and hauled to Denver, Colorado, for field measurements of the atmospheric aerosol size distributions at two different sites. First, the trailer was located in a city environment close to a variety of anthropogenic activities. It was then moved to an open field north of Denver with very few anthropogenic activities close to the trailer, but a large industrial complex and downtown Denver were several kilometers upwind of the site. A heavy pollution episode with Denver's famous “brown cloud” was monitored during this time. A great variety of size distributions was measured and analyzed. Depending on the type of emission source close to the measurement site, the ratio of submicron “fine” particles to the total of “fine” and “coarse” particles varied from 1 to 73 per cent on a volume (or mass) basis. Surface distribution plots revealed two distinct modes in the “fine” particle range below partical dia. of 1 μm. A “Transient Nuclei Range Mode” at about 0.01 μm was particularly prominent when fresh aerosols were emitted from automobiles on a freeway, and an “Accumulation Range Mode” at about 0.2 μm dominated during a pollution episode when measurements were made several kilometers downwind of the industrial complex. Increase in particle surface in the visible range was directly related to visibility degradation. The steepness of the negative slope of the size distribution curve in the visible range may partially explain the color of Denver's “brown cloud”. High humidity appears to accelerate the coagulation of automobile-generated particles.
Role for IKK2 in muscle: waste not, want not.

Activation of transcription factor NF-κB, the major regulator of the inflammatory response, depends on the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) complex, which is composed of 2 catalytic subunits, IKK1 and IKK2 (also known as IKKα and IKKβ), and a regulatory subunit, IKKγ (also known as NEMO). In this issue of the JCI, Mourkioti et al. show that muscle-specific disruption in mice of the gene encoding IKK2 prevents NF-κB activation in response to denervation or toxin-induced injury (see the related article beginning on page 2945). Importantly, this genetic manipulation prevents muscle wasting, thereby providing strong evidence in support of a major pathogenic role for inflammation in a variety of muscular dystrophies characterized by progressive muscle fiber degeneration.
The Fifth Column: Goals Optimization and the Vice-Presidential Assumption, or Optimizing Academia for Fun and Profit, Part 1

First part of the essay on attempts to apply optimization methods in evaluating research and teaching contribution in a university department. It is shown how wrong assumptions in the mathematical model completely bias the stated goals and distort the participants behavior in the case their raises depend on the outcome of the proposed model.
Talking to children in Western Samoa

This study examines the relation between cultural beliefs and values on the one hand and the organization of communication between caregivers and young children on the other. The study compares caregiver-child verbal interaction in two different communities, rural Western Samoa and Anglo middle class, with an emphasis on the former. It illustrates ways in which organization of turn-taking and procedures for clarification and interpretation are linked to beliefs and expectations concerning the nature of children and the social organization of caregiving. (Language acquisition, socialization, input, communicative competence, Oceania.)
Vernacular literacy, English as a language of wider communication, and language shift in American Samoa

Abstract The role of first language literacy for language minority students has undergone renewed scrutiny over the past few years. In places where the indigenous population does not speak a world language natively, the question facing educational policy makers is how best to maintain the vernacular while preparing its youth to function in the larger world community. In territories under colonial rule, the accommodation of a foreign national policy to the local situation complicates the issue. The current paper represents an historical examination of language policy within the social, political and economic context of language use in American Samoa. It is argued that the success of vernacular literacy in the last century can be attributed at least in part to the compatibility of new literacy events with existing oral genres and to the maintenance of local control over the educational system which was the vehicle for the acquisition of literacy skills. This is in contrast to the introduction of English as ...