cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Outcome of Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) Laser Photocoagulation for Vocal Fold Vascular Lesions

Abstract Introduction Laser technology is used in microscopic direct laryngeal surgery for a variety of indications. Lasers are categorized broadly as photoangiolytic or cutting/ablating lasers, based on the chromophores that absorb their energy. Photoangiolytic lasers such as the 532 nm Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) laser are absorbed selectively by the chromophore hemoglobin, facilitating controlled intravascular coagulation, with preservation of the overlying epithelium and adjacent tissue. Efficacy of the KTP laser has been demonstrated for incision, coagulation, and ablation in vocal fold (VF) surgery. Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine surgical outcomes following KTP laser photocoagulation for the management of VF vascular lesions. Methods Adult patients with sufficient data who had undergone KTP laser photocoagulation in the operating room for the treatment of VF vascular lesions were included in this retrospective study. Strobovideolaryngoscopy (SVL) video footage from all preoperative visits and all available postoperative visits was compiled and de-identified. Patients were followed up at days 1-7, 8-14, 30-60, and greater than 60 days after surgery. Three blinded physician evaluators reviewed and evaluated the SVL footage independently for postoperative outcome parameters. Postoperative SVL video footage was evaluated on a 5-point scale for surgical success (surgical objective score; 1 = failure and 5 = complete success). The average surgical objective score was 4.36, 4.04, 4.25, and 4.46 (out of 5) at postoperative visits 1-4, respectively. Results There were 60 cases (19 male and 41 female) included in the retrospective cohort. The average age was 42.42 ± 15.51 (range = 18-74). Fifty-one-point six seven percent of subjects were professional voice users (singers, teachers, public speakers, and others). All subjects were diagnosed preoperatively with VF vascular malformations and had undergone pulsed KTP laser photocoagulation. There were 40 bilateral cases and 20 unilateral cases, for a total of 100 VFs included in the study. Vascular malformation recurrence was identified in 3.00% and 10.00% of subjects at the third and fourth postoperative visits, retrospectively. The formation of new vascular malformations was identified in 0.00%, 1.00%, 6.00%, and 7.00% of subjects at postoperative visits 1-4, respectively. Conclusion KTP laser photocoagulation is highly effective for the management of vocal fold vascular lesions. Presence of hemorrhage or edema does not affect the long-term surgical outcome. In relatively few cases, vascular lesion recurrence or formation of new vascular lesions may occur.
Spanish input accelerates bilingual infants' segmentation of English words.

Abstract We asked whether increased exposure to iambs, two-syllable words with stress on the second syllable (e.g., guitar), by way of another language – Spanish – facilitates English learning infants' segmentation of iambs. Spanish has twice as many iambic words (40%) compared to English (20%). Using the Headturn Preference Procedure we tested bilingual Spanish and English learning 8-month-olds' ability to segment English iambs. Monolingual English learning infants succeed at this task only by 11 months. We showed that at 8 months, bilingual Spanish and English learning infants successfully segmented English iambs, and not simply the stressed syllable, unlike their monolingual English learning peers. At the same age, bilingual infants failed to segment Spanish iambs, just like their monolingual Spanish peers. These results cannot be explained by bilingual infants' reliance on transitional probability cues to segment words in both their native languages because statistical cues were comparable in the two languages. Instead, based on their accelerated development, we argue for autonomous but interdependent development of the two languages of bilingual infants.
Thinking about Thinking in Adorno’s Minima Moralia

This article looks at several sections of Minima Moralia where Adorno talks explicitly about the need for genuine thinking and what that might consist in. First, I argue that Hegel and Nietzsche ar...
Innovation topology: The dimensions and their characteristics that drive innovation

A key failure mode for businesses of all sizes is application of an otherwise good innovation strategy at the wrong time. It is well known but little understood fact that good strategies and managers from one environment fail miserably in delivering successful innovations under a different condition. A systematic tool for evaluating and selecting strong and appropriate set of innovation strategies are needed to succeed for any organization. In this paper, Global Innovation Map (GIP) is introduced as a tool to decide on effective approaches where strategy vectors are included with optimum approaches mapped to the company lifecycle from Start up, to Growth and Maturity stages. The initial vector mapped using GIP approach is drive-to-market activities. Mapping of this vector highlights similarities and differences (where pitfalls are) from the initial Creative Spark to the obsolescence. For example, whereas in Start Up frequent obsolescence is required to avail resources for the next concepts, in Growth phase a Chaotic obsolesce needs to be tolerated to support production growth, while in Mature phase a planned obsolescence maintains the fine tuned efficiencies. Application of this tool is demonstrated using case studies of a Fortune 500 company and a start up. Future GIP extensions to vectors like Value chain and Management are also introduced.
South-north trade and southern growth: Bleak prospects from the structuralist point of view

Abstract A three-country, three-commodity model is developed to illustrate the dynamics of growth among the ‘North’, the ‘South’ and ‘OPEC’. One conclusion is that the Southern growth rate will be increased by faster growth of Northern capital, with a steady state response coefficient of unity. However, if the steady state is perturbed by increases in Northern productivity or the oil price, then the coefficient becomes less than one. In the short run, higher capital flows from North to South increase the former's growth rate but may have only marginal impact on growth in the South. Higher productivity in the South will slow its growth rate and reduce its terms of trade when the Engel elasticity of Northern demand for its exports is less than one. These and other results follow from surplus labor in the South and its dependent position in international trade, from which it will be difficult to escape.
Reconstruction of sequences from nonuniform samples

If a discrete time signal x(n) is obtained as the output of an interpolation filter F(z), it is natural to expect that it can be recovered from the decimated samples x(Mn), even though the signal is not bandlimited except in the ideal case. However, unless F(z) is a Nyquist filter, stability of reconstruction is not guaranteed. There are cases where x(n) cannot be recovered from the uniformly spaced samples x(Mn) in a stable manner, for example, when all the polyphase components of F(z) have unit-circle zeros. We provide precise theorems which show that even under such situations, stable reconstruction from a nonuniformly decimated version is often possible.
A New Value of the Fine Structure Constant from Helium Fine Structure

For almost half a century, the triplet states of helium have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally by atomic physicists. From the early calculations by Heisenberg1 to the present, the determination of the 23P fine structure splittings have demonstrated the validity of the theory of the interaction of electrons with the electromagnetic field. If one assumes that quantum electrodynamics properly describes the electron-electron interaction in helium, one can use the measured fine structure intervals and the calculated values to precisely determine the fine structure constant α.
DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS

Abstract The ultimate disposal of radioactive wastes into geologic formations has received increasing attention during the past 10 years. Due to the varying heat-generation rates of the different categories of wastes and the allowable costs, no single formation is capable of handling the entire spectrum of wastes produced. Therefore, three different methods of disposal have been investigated to handle the high-, intermediate-, and low-level wastes generated. High-level, small-volume wastes would be converted to solids and stored in a dry impermeable underground formation such as salt; intermediate-level, intermediate-volume wastes would be slurried with cement and additives and injected into slightly permeable formations using the hydrofracturing technique; and low-level, large-volume wastes would be injected into deep porous formations. The engineering-scale demonstration of the hydrofracturing concept has been completed, and a demonstration of the disposal of radioactive solids in a salt mine is underway. A total of seven injections at depths from 800 to 1000 ft have been made at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory using the hydrofracturing technique. These injections have shown that horizontal conformable fractures are possible and have contributed valuable operating experience. In addition, a number of mixes have been developed and tested and are capable of satisfactorily retaining fission product waste. Project SALT VAULT is a demonstration of the disposal of solidified high-level wastes in an out-of-service mine in Lyons, Kansas. In November 1965, fourteen Engineering Test Reactor fuel assemblies, containing 1,000,000 Ci of fission products, were placed in the mine floor. During the course of the 2-year test, four sets of fuel assemblies will be used to achieve a peak dose to the salt of about 8 × 108 rad and to obtain experience with the waste-handling equipment. The operation has proceeded smoothly, and most of the experimental objectives have been already achieved. Laboratory studies on the flow path of radionuclides through a sandstone block have been carried out. However, it appears that a field scale demonstration of the deep well technique is some years away.
Phenytoin-Folic Acid Interaction:

Objective:To review information regarding the dual and interdependent drug-nutrient interaction between phenytoin and folic acid and other literature involving phenytoin and folic acid.Data Sources:Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search of English-language literature conducted from 1983 (time of the last review) to March 1995. Search terms included folic acid, phenytoin, and folic acid deficiency. Additional references were obtained from Current Contents and from the bibliographies of the retrieved references.Study Selection:All human studies examining the effects of phenytoin on serum folate concentrations and folic acid supplementation on serum phenytoin concentrations were selected. These included studies of patients with epilepsy and healthy volunteers as well as case reports. Case reports were included because of the extensive length of time needed to study this drug interaction.Data Extraction:Data extracted included gender, dosing, serum folate concentrations if available, pharmacokinetics...
Limitation of a single clinical data source for measuring physicians' performance on quality indicators.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which relying on only one source of data leads to incomplete assessment of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) or mammography. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: An urban Midwestern academic medical center in 1998/99. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with at least one health encounter. MEASUREMENTS: Completion of PPV and mammography was assessed using local and Medicare records. The study compared sources of records and assessed association between services and demographics and comorbidity. RESULTS: Adding Medicare data to local data increased the computed 1-year PPV from 8.8% (264/3,002) to 15.0% and increased the 1998/99 mammography rate from 40% (343/847) to 67%. Local data sources missed 40% of PPV and 39% of mammography; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sources missed 50% of PPV and 2% of mammography. The vaccinated were younger than the nonvaccinated (74 vs 76, P<.001). African Americans and those with more comorbidity were less likely to receive PPV over 8 years. Of 555 patients with a Medicare record of mammography, whites and those without Medicaid were significantly less likely to have a local record of mammography (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Neither administrative nor local clinical records provide a complete or accurate assessment of these quality indicators. Accurate assessment of quality indicators requires pooling data from multiple sources across a broad region.
Modeling aggressive maneuvers on loose surfaces: The cases of Trail-Braking and Pendulum-Turn

In this work we initiate a mathematical analysis of rally racing techniques. We provide an empirical description of Trail-Braking (TB) and Pendulum-Turn (PT) cornering, two of the most common rally racing maneuvers. We introduce a low order vehicle model that can be efficiently used within an optimization scheme. The model incorporates the appropriate level of detail to reproduce modes of operation typical of those encountered in rally, off-road racing. We use a numerical scheme to study different trajectory optimization scenarios during cornering. We show that our modeling approach is capable of reproducing TB and PT as special cases of the minimum-time solution with additional constraints.
Organocobalt cluster complexes : XXX. Carbon monoxide ligand migration during the solvolysis of halomethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes. Useful syntheses of carboxymethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl derivatives

Abstract The reaction of aliphatic alcohols, ROH, and amines, RR′NH, with bromo- and chloro-methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl gives products of types ROC(O)CCo 3 (CO) 9 and RR′NC(O)CCo 3 (CO) 9 , respectively. These reactions are accelerated by triethylamine. In the presence of triethylamine, the normally unreactive phenols and anilines react to give ArOC(O)CCo 3 (CO) 9 and ArNHC(O)CCo 3 (CO) 9 , respectively. Methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl itself, HCCo 3 (CO) 9 , reacts with alcohols and amines, but product yields are low. Possible mechanisms of these reactions are considered.
Transmural replacement of myocardium after skeletal myoblast grafting into the heart. Too much of a good thing

Skeletal myoblasts form stable grafts in the heart and may improve myocardial performance after infarction. The current study compared the ability of different immortalized myoblast lines, or primary myoblast isolates, to form grafts in the normal or cryoinjured heart. With a constant dose of 6 x 10(6) cells, primary rat myoblasts and mouse C2C12 myoblasts formed similarly large skeletal muscle grafts in recipient rat hearts. Grafts often caused transmural replacement of the myocardium in normal hearts and almost completely replaced the damaged region in cryoinjured hearts. To test for possible artifacts due to immunosuppression and xenografting (mouse C2C12 cells into rat hearts), we grafted 1 x 10(6) mouse MM14 or C2C12 myoblasts into normal hearts of nude mice. Again, the C2C12 grafts caused transmural replacement of the left ventricular wall and distorted the epi- and endocardial contours. The MM14 cells, however, formed relatively small grafts. The C2C12 grafts showed substantially higher BrdU incorporation rates at day 4 compared with MM14 cells, suggesting that ongoing proliferation was responsible for the increased graft size. None of the three skeletal muscle cell types expressed detectable amounts of the gap junction protein connexin43 after grafting. The intercellular adhesion protein N-cadherin was not expressed in primary skeletal muscle grafts, but was spotty or abundant in C2C12- and MM14-derived grafts, respectively. The absence of connexin43 precluded electrical coupling between graft and host muscle cells. Thus, when sufficient amounts of proliferation occur after grafting, skeletal muscle cells can effectively replace the volume of lost myocardium. Excess proliferation, however, can cause grafts to expand the ventricular wall and possibly impair pump function. Optimal cardiac repair strategies may need to incorporate methods to control graft cell proliferation.
Sampling techniques for the enumeration of microorganisms in the diverticulum of the anterior thoracic air sac of chickens.

The swab, excise, flush, and agar microbial sampling techniques were applied randomly to the air sac cavities of 130 healthy broiler chickens of 56 to 70 days of age when slaughtered. Samples were obtained from both nonscalded and scalded chickens. The scalded chickens were immersed in the scald water (49 ± 0.5 C) for 120 sec immediately after severing the blood vessels from the outside at the base of the lower mandible. From these data, a selection was made of a sampling technique for the air sac cavity which would yield reproducible counts with the least amount of variation. The flush and swab technique did not differ significantly and had less variation than did the excise and agar techniques. Even though no significant differences existed between the flush and swab techniques, the flush technique might be preferred because of the closed system present during the time in which the sample is obtained. The method of expressing microbial concentration in the air sac cavity might best be as “per air sac.” Images
The Design of a Tactical Situation Display

This research and development effort was directed to the design and proof-of-concept demonstration of a dynamic tactical situation display (TSD) applicable to an advanced conceptual bomber crew system. The TSD provides a primary source of mission pacing and situational awareness information in the Strategic Avionics Battle-Management Evaluation and Research (SABER) exploratory development simulator at the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Four levels of situational awareness information are supported by SABER: (1) conventional paper products, (2) digitized (softcopy) versions of these hardcopy materials, (3) dynamic graphic representation of horizontal situation, and (4) horizontal situation display with digital terrain elevation and cultural feature underlay. The TSD described in this paper is being applied in the SABER simulation facility to support research directed to the optimization of the bomber crew system in the context of future mission requirements.
Feasibility and reproducibility of whole brain myelin water mapping in 4 minutes using fast acquisition with spiral trajectory and adiabatic T2prep (FAST-T2) at 3T.

Purpose To develop and measure the reproducibility of 4-min whole brain myelin water fraction (MWF) mapping using fast acquisition with spiral trajectory and T2prep (FAST-T2) sequence at 3T. Methods Experiments were performed on phantoms, 13 volunteers, and 16 patients with multiple sclerosis. MWF maps were extracted using a spatially constrained non-linear algorithm. The proposed adiabatic modified BIR-4 (mBIR-4) T2prep was compared with the conventional composite T2prep (COMP). The effect of reducing the number of echo times (TEs) from 15 to 6 (reducing scan time from 10 to 4 min) was evaluated. Reproducibility was assessed using correlation analysis, coefficient of variation (COV), and Bland–Altman plots. Results Compared with COMP, mBIR-4 provided more accurate T2 in phantoms and better MWF maps in human brains. Reducing the number of TEs had a negligible effect on MWF map quality, with a regional MWF difference of <0.8%. Regional MWFs obtained by repeated scans showed excellent correlation (R = 0.99), low COV (1.3%–2.4%), and negligible bias within ±1% limits of agreement. On a voxel-wise basis, the agreement remained strong (correlation R = 0.89 ± 0.03, bias = 0.01% ± 0.29%, limits of agreement = [−3.35% ± 0.73%, 3.33% ± 0.61%]). Conclusion Whole brain MWF mapping with adiabatic FAST-T2 is feasible in 4 min and provides good intrasite reproducibility. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dislocation of tones in a musical sequence: a memory illusion.

COMPUTER-GENERATED tonal sequences have several advantages for investigations of immediate memory: the stimulus parameters are simple and can be exactly controlled, and the items cannot be readily rehearsed. Previous studies of memory for pitch have investigated the effect on the differential threshold of blank intervals between the standard and comparison tones1–3 and of one interpolated tone4,5.
Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor agonists as potential therapy for mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (RCC) defects

display slow growth, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and impaired respiratory capacity. These defects are reversed upon restoration of fusion capability. The importance of mitochondrial fusion is further underscored by the fact that two neurodegenerative diseases, Charcot– Marie–Tooth disease type 2A (CMT) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA), are caused by mutations in Mfn2 and OPA1, respectively.To further explore the physiological requirements for mitochondrial fusion, we have created conditional knockout mice for both Mfn1 and Mfn2. Interestingly, Mfn2 is required for proper cerebellar development. When cerebellar primordia is targeted embryonically, pups display severe problems in balance and motility, resulting in feeding problems and death by about two weeks of age. When Purkinje cells, the only efferent processes of the cerebellum, are targeted upon maturity, they actually degenerate, causing the mice to develop tremors and wobble while walking. Thus, mitochondrial fusion is required in the central nervous system along with the peripheral motor neurons and optic nerve affected in CMT and DOA.Disruption of both Mfn1 and Mfn2 in skeletal muscle results in severely runted mice, which die at around two months of age. Muscle mass is greatly reduced in these mice, and cross-sectional analysis reveals significantly decreased muscle fiber widths. A modified Gomori-trichrome stain results in predominantly red fibers. In addition, a succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic assay reveals greatly increased activity in all fibers. The combination of red fibers and increased SDH activity is a hallmark of many mitochondrial diseases, suggesting a common link between deficiencies in mitochondrial fusion and traditional mitochondrial diseases.
Orbital Stability of Terrestrial Planets inside the Habitable Zones of Extrasolar Planetary Systems

We investigate orbital stability of terrestrial planets inside the habitable zones of three stellar systems, i.e., 51 Peg, 47 UMa, and HD 210277, with recently discovered giant planets. These systems have similar habitable zones; however, their giant planets have different masses and significantly different orbital parameters. It is shown that stable orbits of terrestrial planets exist in the entire habitable zone of 51 Peg as well as in the inner part of the habitable zone of 47 UMa, but no stable orbits are found in the habitable zone of HD 210277. The obtained results allow us to draw general conclusions on the existence of stable orbits in the habitable zones of newly found extra-solar planetary systems.
Effect of saline infusion on plasma immunoreactive vasotocin in conscious chickens (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract Osmotic control of immunoreactive plasma vasotocin (PAVT) was examined in conscious White Leghorn pullets. The intravenous infusion of 1.0 M NaCl was associated with a fivefold increase in PAVT from a preinfusion average of 4.7 ± 2.0 μU/ml. No changes in vasotocin levels were observed in chickens infused with 0.154 M NaCl. A significant correlation was found between PAVT and plasma osmolality and plasma sodium concentration. Reductions in hematocrit and plasma protein concentration indicate that vascular volume was expanded by hyperosmotic saline infusion. The data suggest that a rise in plasma osmolality and/or sodium concentration stimulates AVT secretion in chickens.
Translational symphony in (hnRNP) C major for APP.

Stringent post-transcriptional regulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is critical for maintaining proper neurological function. In this issue, Lee et al. identify two RNA-binding proteins, FMRP and hnRNP C, that have opposite effects on APP translation via competing interactions, surprisingly, with the mRNA coding region.
Biosynthesis of phytoene from isopentenyl pyrophosphate by a Neurospora enzyme system.

Abstract An enzyme system catalyzing the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to phytoene has been isolated from Neurospora crassa mycelia. This enzyme system shows an absolute requirement for Mg−, but no other cofactors. Cultures of N. crassa exhibit a low level of phytoene synthesizing activity when grown in the dark. A 2-min in vivo blue light irradiation results in a ninefold increase in activity after 24 h. This increase is dependent on the duration of the light treatment and is inhibited by cycloheximide. A similar blue light-induced elevation of phytoene synthesizing activity was demonstrated in an albino-1 mutant. This enzyme activity was not found in either dark-grown or irradiated cultures of an albino-2 or an albino-3 mutant.
Functional maturation of proteolipid protein139–151-specific Th1 cells in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely adopted animal model system for studying human multiple sclerosis that affects the central nervous system (CNS). To understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the autoimmune T cell response, localization, enumeration and characterization of autoreactive T cells are essential. We assessed encephalitogenic proteolipid protein epitope (PLP(139-151))-specific T cells in the periphery and CNS of SJL/J mice using MHC class II I-As multimers during both pre-clinical and clinical phases of PLP-induced EAE in conjunction with T cell function. Our results strongly suggest that PLP(139-151)-specific CD4+ T cells first expand primarily in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes and then migrate to the CNS. In the CNS, these PLP-specific CD4+ T cells accumulate, become activated and differentiate into effector cells that produce IFN-gamma in response to the self-peptide.
Compact high-frequency output buffer for testing of analog CMOS VLSI circuits

A compact high-frequency CMOS analog buffer for testing purposes is presented. A prototype integrated in a 3- mu m CMOS process drives a 15-pF 10-k Omega load, and shows a bandwidth of more than 30 MHz, a large-signal time to 1% less than 90 ns, and a dynamic range of over 77 dB; power consumption is 2.4 mA per cell. Its small size (less than 0.18 mm/sup 2/) makes it suitable for monitoring low-capacitance internal nodes of analog or mixed-mode VLSI circuits. >
Adult Immunization 2015: Another Pearl of Pneumococcal Protection

In this issue, the ACIP presents the recommended immunization schedule for adults 2015. The editorialist discusses the single change to this year's schedule: expansion of the 13-valent pneumococcal...
Images in clinical medicine. Bronchial obstruction after pneumonectomy.

A 42-year-old woman underwent right pneumonectomy because of extensive parenchymal destruction due to tuberculosis. Five years after resection, she reported increasing shortness of breath, wheezing, and dyspnea on exertion. A computed tomographic scan of the chest revealed counterclockwise rotation of the mediastinum, with mediastinal shift and compression of the left-lower-lobe bronchus (LLLB) between the pulmonary artery and aorta (Panel A, arrow), features consistent with the post-pneumonectomy syndrome. Mediastinal repositioning was accomplished with the use of an intrapleural-tissue expander and saline-filled prosthesis. Panel B shows a patent left-lower-lobe bronchus (asterisk) and the saline-filled prosthesis in the right side of the chest . . .
A critical review of diagnostic tests used in the evaluation of the impotent male

Impotence is a difficult problem for both the patient and the physician. There is no direct way to completely evaluate the erectile capacity of the patient in the situation in which he is symptomatic and there are not direct tests available to identify all possible specific defects in the erectile cascade. The history and physical examination have been the principal traditional means of establishing a diagnosis and of determining whether a psychological or organic disorder exists. Many other tests have been developed in an attempt to clarify and classify the etiologic factors. These tests include psychological screening, laboratory studies, nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring, and in depth vascular and neurologic examinations. Many of these methods are reviewed and the strengths and weaknesses of each in the overall evaluation are discussed. It is clear that no test has been adequately evaluated or validated as truly distinguishing organic from psychogenic impotence. Furthermore, none have even clearly been shown to separate exclusively a group of impotent males from an age-matched group of potent males serving as controls. In general, the individual tests considered alone provide very little information, but each may be useful when considered in the context of the complete evaluation.
Software thermal management of dram memory for multicore systems

Thermal management of DRAM memory has become a critical issue for server systems. We have done, to our best knowledge, the first study of software thermal management for memory subsystem on real machines. Two recently proposed DTM (Dynamic Thermal Management) policies have been improved and implemented in Linux OS and evaluated on two multicore servers, a Dell PowerEdge 1950 server and a customized Intel SR1500AL server testbed. The experimental results first confirm that a system-level memory DTM policy may significantly improve system performance and power efficiency, compared with existing memory bandwidth throttling scheme. A policy called DTM-ACG (Adaptive Core Gating) shows performance improvement comparable to that reported previously. The average performance improvements are 13.3% and 7.2% on the PowerEdge 1950 and the SR1500AL (vs. 16.3% from the previous simulation-based study), respectively. We also have surprising findings that reveal the weakness of the previous study: the CPU heat dissipation and its impact on DRAM memories, which were ignored, are significant factors. We have observed that the second policy, called DTM-CDVFS (Coordinated Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling), has much better performance than previously reported for this reason. The average improvements are 10.8% and 15.3% on the two machines (vs. 3.4% from the previous study), respectively. It also significantly reduces the processor power by 15.5% and energy by 22.7% on average.
Alleviation of myofascial pain with ultrasonic therapy

In recent years ultrasound has been used extensively in physical medicine with considerable success. Its use has not been advocated extensively, however, for MPDS. This article summarized the basic concepts of ultrasound and evaluated its effectiveness in the treatment of 28 patients with MPDS. In conclusion, it appears that therapeutic ultrasound can be used effectively to alleviate discomfort of MPDS that does not respond to occlusal splint therapy. Ultrasound is most successful in alleviating muscle symptoms and least effective in reducing symptoms associated with the disk. Age was not a significant factor in the efficacy of ultrasound.
Abstract A41: Does medical mistrust influence black women's participating in BRCA1/2 genetic counseling and testing?

Approximately 5%-10% of breast cancers are heritable. Clinical evidence supports the value of BRCA1/2 genetic counseling and testing (GC/T) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer risk. However, BRCA1/2 GC/T is underutilized among Black women and reasons are not well understood. We examined the potential influence of medical mistrust on GC/T participation in a sample of 100 Black women at increased risk for carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation. Eligible participants fell into one of three groups: 1) healthy women with > 1 first-degree relative (FDR) affected by breast and/or ovarian cancer, 2) women diagnosed with breast cancer at 50 years of age with either one FDR or two second degree relatives with breast and/or ovarian cancer. Participants were recruited from hospital and community settings and completed a researcher-administered survey. The dependent variable indicated women9s GC/T participation (0 = unaware, 1=aware but had no referral, and; 2 = received a referral and/or GC/T). Medical Mistrust was assessed using the 7-item Medical Mistrust Index (Cronbach9s α ≥ 0.70) Bivariate tests and multivariate regression analyses were employed. GC/T participation was only 28%. After accounting for sociodemographic factors and self-efficacy (B = 0.37, p Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A41.
On optimum aperture usage for randomly propagated signals

We consider a random communication channel that models, among other things, optical communication through turbulent atmosphere. We estimate signal amplitude with large apertures and show that as large an aperture as possible is best and that there exists a practically best finite transmitted amplitude.
The unaccusative case pattern of Hindi and auxiliary be

Abstract This paper discusses the unaccusative case pattern of ergative transitive predicates in Hindi, and attempts to derive it from a split between the workings of V and the head that introduces the subject. I adopt a system in which object case requires the joint work of v and V ( Chomsky, 2007 , Chomsky, 2008 ). Following work by Mahajan, 1989 , Mahajan, 1993 , Mahajan, 1997 , I explore the idea that the ergative marker in Hindi is a P, which I view as a type of Voice head that combines with the v that introduces and case-marks the ergative subject with inherent Case. This overall approach bears directly on Mahajan's contention that ergative case-marking and the aspectual auxiliary have are two sides of the same phenomenon. Within a compositional analysis, have is be + P ( Freeze, 1992 , Kayne, 1993 , Mahajan, 1993 , Mahajan, 1997 , Mahajan, 2000 ). Drawing from these works, I sketch an approach to the have-be alternation that links the aspectual component of have to features encoded on v.
Explosives detection via fast neutron transmission spectroscopy

A review of a five-year project on detection of explosives in luggage is presented. Experimental methods are described. Explosive detection algorithms based on elemental distributions in a 5-dimensional space are also described. Single-blind tests of the method suggest that a false-alarm rate of 4% and a detection rate of 93% are possible. Improvements in the method are suggested. Measurements of neutron total cross sections for chlorine are presented.
Understanding hot‐electron transport in silicon devices: Is there a shortcut?

Results of a Monte Carlo study of carrier multiplication in silicon bipolar and field‐effect transistors and of electron injection into silicon dioxide are presented. Qualitative and, in most cases, quantitative agreement is obtained only by accounting for the correct band structure, all relevant scattering processes (phonons, Coulomb, impact ionization), and the highly nonlocal properties of electron transport in small silicon devices. In addition, it is shown that quantization effects in inversion layers cause a shift of the threshold energy for impact ionization which is very significant for the calculation of the substrate current in field‐effect transistors. Conservation of parallel momentum, image‐force corrections, dynamic screening of the interparticle Coulomb interaction, and improvements to the WKB approximation are necessary to treat correctly the injection of electrons from silicon into silicon dioxide. The validity of models—analytic or Monte Carlo—which treat hot‐electron transport with oversimplified physical approximations is argued against. In a few words, there is no shortcut.
The effects of acute hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on plasma leptin levels: its relationships with body fat, visceral adiposity, and age in women

The acute effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on plasma leptin levels were determined in 42 highly trained women athletes (18-69 yr) and 14 sedentary control women (18-50 yr, body mass index < 25 kg/m2), using the glucose clamp technique. The relationships of body composition, physical fitness, age, and plasma leptin levels were examined in all participants. In addition, the effect of weight loss and aerobic exercise and plasma leptin levels were examined in 4 Newly diagnosed untreated noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. The time course of plasma leptin levels changed little from basal during hyperglycemic (approximately 10 mmol/L) or hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (400-3000 pmol/L) clamp studies in either athletes, controls, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. A strong correlation between plasma leptin levels and fasting insulin was present (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Plasma leptin and percent fat were higher in controls than athletes (12.6 vs. 4.0 ng/mL and 33.2 vs. 20.8%;...
Asymmetry in the effects of us government spending shocks: evidence and implications

Abstract Using quarterly data for the United States, the evidence differentiates the effects of expansionary and contractionary shocks to government spending around an anticipated steady-state trend over time. While interest rates increase in the face of expansionary government spending shocks, there is no evidence of a reduction in the face of contractionary shocks. Consequently, the increased government spending crowds out private investment. Moreover, there is evidence of a reduction in private consumption as agents anticipate a future increase in taxes to finance the increased government spending. As a result, output growth and price inflation are decreasing despite expansionary government spending shocks, on average, over time. In view of this evidence, public finance considerations ought to dominate attempts to stimulate demand using government spending near full-equilibrium capacity utilization in the economy. In contrast, contractionary government spending shocks are not offset by an increase in private spending. Hence, demand contraction is pronounced, slowing output growth and price inflation in the face of a reduction in government spending. The implication is that concerns over the pronounced contractionary effects of a reduction in government spending ought to dominate public finance considerations near full-equilibrium.
Additive and multiplicative mixture trees for network traffic modeling

Network traffic exhibits drastically different statistics, ranging from nearly Gaussian marginals and Long range dependence at very large time scales to highly non-Gaussian marginals and multi fractal scaling on small scales. This behavior can be explained by forming two components of the traffic according to the speed of connections, one component absorbing most traffic and being mostly Gaussian, the other constituting virtually all the small scale bursts. Towards a better understanding of this phenomenon, we propose a novel tree-based model which is flexible enough to accommodate Gaussian as well as bursty behavior on different scales in a parsimonious way.
Protein kinase A dependent phosphorylation activates Mg2+ efflux in the basolateral region of the liver.

Isolated hepatocytes in physiological [Na+]0 tightly maintain [Mg2+]i. Upon β-adrenergic stimulation or in the presence of permeable cAMP, hepatocytes release 5–10% (1–3 mM Mg2+) of their total Mg2+ content. However, isolated basolateral liver plasma membranes (bLPM), release Mg2+ in the presence of [Na+]o even in the absence of catecholamine stimulation. The data indicate that a physiological brake for Mg2+ efflux is present in the hepatocyte and is removed upon cellular signaling. In contrast, this regulation “brake” is absent in purified bLPM thus rendering them fully active. The present study was carried out to reconstruct the missing regulatory component. Activation of Mg2+ extrusion in intact cells is consistent with cAMP dependent phosphorylation of the transporter or a regulatory protein. Treatment of bLPM with a non-specific phosphatase such as alkaline phosphatase (AP), decreased Mg2+ efflux by 70% compared to untreated bLPM. When AP-treated bLPM were loaded with protein kinase A (PKA), and stimulated with permeable cAMP, Mg2+ transport fully recovered. These data suggest that phosphorylation of the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger or a nearby protein activates the Mg2+ transport mechanism in hepatocytes.
376 POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEOPHYLLINE METABOLISM IN PRETEEM INFANTS

Eight preterm infants, 26-34 wks gestation at birth, receiving aminophylline for apnea of prematurity were studied serially for theophylline (T) metabolism. Weekly urine & plasma samples were analyzed for T, caffeine (C), 1,3 dimethyluric acid (DMU), 1 methyluric acid (MU), 3-methylxanthene (MX) and theobromine (TB) by GC/MS. The sensitivity of this method is capable of detecting all metabolites in nanogram quantities. Throughout the study, the plasma T levels achieved were 9.0±0.6 μg/ml. The major metabolites were T, C, DMU, & MU in plasma and urine. Urinary % of DMU increased with post-conceptional (PC) age and accounted for the decrease in % of T (r=-0.82, p<0.001). The fraction of C in plasma and urine remained constant. MX & TB were detectable in minute amounts. TB appeared only at later PC ages. Conclusion: 1) N-oxidation and C3-demethylation were active and progressively increased with post-conceptional age, and 2) The differential activities of N-oxidation/C3-demethylation with C1-demethylation implies multiple cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for theophylline metabolism.
Mutation of hepatocyte nuclear factor–1β inhibits Pkhd1 gene expression and produces renal cysts in mice

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1beta) is a Pit-1, Oct-1/2, UNC-86 (POU)/homeodomain-containing transcription factor that regulates tissue-specific gene expression in the liver, kidney, and other organs. Humans with autosomal dominant mutations of HNF-1beta develop maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) and congenital cystic abnormalities of the kidney. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited cystic disorder that produces renal failure in infants and children and is caused by mutations of PKHD1. The proximal promoter of the mouse Pkhd1 gene contains an evolutionarily conserved HNF-1-binding site that is located near a region of deoxyribonuclease hypersensitivity. HNF-1beta and the structurally related HNF-1alpha bind specifically to the Pkhd1 promoter and stimulate gene transcription. Mutations of the HNF-1 site or expression of a dominant-negative HNF-1beta mutant inhibit Pkhd1 promoter activity in transfected cells. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative HNF-1beta mutant under the control of a kidney-specific promoter develop renal cysts, similarly to humans with MODY5. Pkhd1 transcripts are absent in the cells lining the cysts but are present in morphologically normal surrounding tubules. These studies identify a link between two cystic disease genes, HNF1beta (MODY5) and PKHD1 (ARPKD). HNF-1beta directly regulates the transcription of Pkhd1, and inhibition of PKHD1 gene expression may contribute to the formation of renal cysts in humans with MODY5.
Light-associated and processing-dependent protein binding to 5' regions of rbcL mRNA in the chloroplasts of a C4 plant.

In amaranth, a C4dicotyledonous plant, the plastid rbc L gene (encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) is regulated post-transcriptionally during many developmental processes, including light-mediated development. To identify post-transcriptional regulators of rbc L expression, three types of analyses (polysome heel printing, gel retardation, and UV cross-linking) were utilized. These approaches revealed that multiple proteins interact with 5′ regions ofrbc L mRNA in light-grown, but not etiolated, amaranth plants. Light-associated binding of a 47-kDa protein (p47), observed by UV cross-linking, was highly specific for the rbc L 5′ RNA. Binding of p47 occurred only with RNAs corresponding to mature processed rbc L transcripts (5′-untranslated region (UTR) terminating at −66); transcripts with longer 5′-UTRs did not associate with p47 in vitro. Variations in the length of therb cL 5′-UTR were found to occur in vivo, and these different 5′ termini may prevent or enhance light-associated p47 binding, possibly affecting rbc L expression as well. p47 binding correlates with light-dependent rb cL polysome association of the fully processed transcripts in photosynthetic leaves and cotyledons but not with cell-specificrbc L mRNA accumulation in bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts.
Some characteristics of nocturnal penile tumescence in early middle-aged males

Abstract This report describes in detail the characteristics of nocturnal penile tumescence in a group of 30–39 year old males, and suggests that the neural activity characteristic of REM sleep is not a necessary condition for nocturnal tumescence, and that tumescence probably serves more than one function for the organism. (The functions suggested are of a highly speculative nature at the moment, but continuing research is expected to give us a clearer picture.)
Persistent and automatic intraoperative 3D digitization of surfaces under dynamic magnifications of an operating microscope

One of the major challenges impeding advancement in image-guided surgical (IGS) systems is the soft-tissue deformation during surgical procedures. These deformations reduce the utility of the patient's preoperative images and may produce inaccuracies in the application of preoperative surgical plans. Solutions to compensate for the tissue deformations include the acquisition of intraoperative tomographic images of the whole organ for direct displacement measurement and techniques that combines intraoperative organ surface measurements with computational biomechanical models to predict subsurface displacements. The later solution has the advantage of being less expensive and amenable to surgical workflow. Several modalities such as textured laser scanners, conoscopic holography, and stereo-pair cameras have been proposed for the intraoperative 3D estimation of organ surfaces to drive patient-specific biomechanical models for the intraoperative update of preoperative images. Though each modality has its respective advantages and disadvantages, stereo-pair camera approaches used within a standard operating microscope is the focus of this article. A new method that permits the automatic and near real-time estimation of 3D surfaces (at 1 Hz) under varying magnifications of the operating microscope is proposed. This method has been evaluated on a CAD phantom object and on full-length neurosurgery video sequences (∼1 h) acquired intraoperatively by the proposed stereovision system. To the best of our knowledge, this type of validation study on full-length brain tumor surgery videos has not been done before. The method for estimating the unknown magnification factor of the operating microscope achieves accuracy within 0.02 of the theoretical value on a CAD phantom and within 0.06 on 4 clinical videos of the entire brain tumor surgery. When compared to a laser range scanner, the proposed method for reconstructing 3D surfaces intraoperatively achieves root mean square errors (surface-to-surface distance) in the 0.28-0.81 mm range on the phantom object and in the 0.54-1.35 mm range on 4 clinical cases. The digitization accuracy of the presented stereovision methods indicate that the operating microscope can be used to deliver the persistent intraoperative input required by computational biomechanical models to update the patient's preoperative images and facilitate active surgical guidance.