cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can ethics be taught in accounting

Abstract This paper extends the work of accounting educators and researchers who have sought to develop and implement effective ethics interventions in the accounting curriculum. Its purpose is to assess the influence of ethics interventions, integrated into a one-semester introductory auditing course at both the undergraduate and graduate level, on the moral development and ethical behavior of accounting students. Ethics interventions were based on the review and discussion of ethics cases following a well known pedagogical framework over the first 10 weeks of one academic semester. The effectiveness of these interventions was tested two ways. First, using the Defining Issues Test (DIT) and a pre/post-test research design, the moral development of accounting seniors and graduate students in four separate auditing classes was assessed. Second, students' unethical behavior, defined as excessive “free-riding” on an economic-choice experiment based on the Prisoners' Dilemma, was observed by the researcher. In summary, results of this study show that ethics interventions did not cause accounting students' level of ethical reasoning to develop (increase) and did not curtail students' free-riding behavior. Findings also provide evidence of an association between ethical reasoning and students' economic choices, where students with relatively low and high levels of ethical reasoning were most likely to engage in free-riding. The implications of these findings are discussed in the last section of the paper.
Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN

Neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function as part of a central timing circuit that drives daily changes in our behaviour and underlying physiology. A hallmark feature of SCN neuronal populations is that they are mostly electrically silent during the night, start to fire action potentials near dawn and then continue to generate action potentials with a slow and steady pace all day long. Sets of currents are responsible for this daily rhythm, with the strongest evidence for persistent Na(+) currents, L-type Ca(2+) currents, hyperpolarization-activated currents (I(H)), large-conductance Ca(2+) activated K(+) (BK) currents and fast delayed rectifier (FDR) K(+) currents. These rhythms in electrical activity are crucial for the function of the circadian timing system, including the expression of clock genes, and decline with ageing and disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the ionic and molecular mechanisms that drive the rhythmic firing patterns in the SCN.
Jurors’ reactions to recanted confessions: Do the defendant's personal and dispositional characteristics play a role?

Abstract Confession evidence presented at trial is extremely damaging to the defense. This study examines the impact of a recanted confession on jurors’ perceptions of a murder case in which the defendant claimed to have falsely confessed due either to an underlying medical condition, a psychological disorder, or the general stress of the interrogation. Also included were an inadmissible confession condition and a no-confession control condition. Results showed that the impact of the confession was mediated in part by the circumstances surrounding it. Although probability-of-commission estimates were as high in all of the conditions involving a confession, conviction rates were marginally higher when the disputed confession involved mental illness or interrogation-induced stress than when there was no confession, yet did not differ when the disputed confession involved a medical disorder or there was no confession. These findings show that not all recanted confessions are treated equally and that people s...
Determination of ammonium in KCl extracts of soils by the salicylate method

Abstract A method is described for the direct estimation of NH+ 4‐N in 2M KCl extracts of soils based on the emerald green color formed when NH3 and salicylate react in the presence of NaOCl at high pH.‐The reagent concentration, solution pH, and time and temperature of color development specified are those giving maximum molar asorptivity. Precipitate formation observed when KCl extracts containing divalent cations were treated with color developing reagents was eliminated by addition of 1 mL of 6% EDTA to complex Ca2+ and Mg2+. Free EDTA or complexed Ca2+ or Mg2+ did not markedly affect color development or molar absorptivity. The proposed method efficiently recovered NH+ 4‐N added to 2M KCl extracts of soils and studies showed that the proposed method and two other procedures differing in principle gave similar values for NH+ 4‐N in extracts of 5 soils. The proposed method is a simple, rapid, accurate, and precise technique for the colorimetric determination of NH+ 4‐N in KCl extracts of soils.
Exocytic transport vesicles generated in vitro from the trans-Golgi network carry secretory and plasma membrane proteins.

Abstract We have developed a cell-free assay that reproduces vesicular budding during exit from the Golgi complex. The starting preparation for the in vitro system was a rat liver stacked Golgi fraction immobilized on a magnetic solid support by means of an antibody against the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric IgA receptor. Vesicular budding was ATP, cytosol, and temperature dependent and was inhibited by 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide. Budding was maximum within 10 min and originated preferentially from the trans-Golgi. Exocytic transport vesicles immunoisolated from the total budded population were enriched in the mature forms of secretory and membrane proteins destined to the basolateral plasma membrane and were depleted in lysosomal enzymes and galactosyl-transferase activity. The finding that a major proportion (greater than 70%) of newly synthesized, siaylated secretory and transmembrane proteins is contained in a single population of post-Golgi transport vesicles implies that, in a constitutively secreting cell, basolaterally destined proteins are sorted and packaged together into the same exocytic transport vesicles.
Impact tube measurement of flow patterns, velocity profiles and pumping capacities in mixing vessels

Impact-static-shielded tubes were found to be suitable for measuring time-average velocities in the jet stream flow generated by the marine propeller. Pumping capacities and entrainment flow were then calculated from these velocity profiles. Pumping capacities were correlated by: Q = KpND3. When the tank contained water: Kp = 0.54. The same probe was found to be useful in evaluating qualitatively the flow patterns from turbine and paddle type impellers. The effect of several parameters on the flow patterns are reported.
Resonant third-order optical nonlinearity of the neutral and the dication molecules of a triphenodithiazine model compound

Third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of solutions of a triphenodithiazine derivative in dichloromethane has been measured at several different wavelengths utilizing sub-picosecond degenerate four-wave mixing. The values of the second hyperpolarizability, (gamma) , for the neutral and for the oxidized form (dication) are reported. The measurements performed at the wavelengths corresponding to the absorption maxima of the neutral and the dication forms (578 nm and 800 nm, respectively) indicate a twofold increase of the (gamma) /(sigma) figure of merit (where (sigma) is the absorption cross section) for the dication molecule. Time resolved experiments reveal different dynamics of photoexcitation relaxation in the neutral and the oxidized molecules.
Analysis of Censored Survival Data with Intermittently Observed Time-Dependent Binary Covariates

Abstract In survival analyses that include a time-dependent covariate, the standard partial likelihood approach is often complicated by the fact that the necessary observations of the time-dependent covariate are not always available for the subjects in each risk set. In this article, we consider the situation of a binary time-dependent covariate. We specify a longitudinal model for the binary covariate with missing observations and a proportional hazards model for survival time conditional on fixed covariates and the completed time-dependent covariate history. The joint posterior distribution of the missing covariates and the parameters in the covariate and hazard models is simulated using Gibbs sampling. The joint modeling approach allows the missing covariates to be generated using all of the observed covariates as well as the disease outcome and failure time information. Simulation studies show that this approach often leads to lower bias of relative risk estimates associated with the time-dependent c...
The effectiveness of a nonsyntatic approach to automatic phrase indexing for document retrieval

It may be possible to improve the quality of automatic indexing systems by using complex descriptors, for example, phrases, in addition to the simple descriptors (words or word stems) that are normally used in automatically constructed representations of document content. This study is directed toward the goal of developing effective methods of identifying phrases in natural language text from which good quality phrase descriptors can be constructed. The effectiveness of one method, a simple nonsyntactic phrase indexing procedure, has been tested on five experimental document collections. The results have been analyzed in order to identify the inadequacies of the procedure, and to determine what kinds of information about text structure are needed in order to construct phrase descriptors that are good indicators of document content. Two primary conclusions have been reached: (1) In the retrieval experiments, the nonsyntactic phrase construction procedure did not consistently yield substantial improvements in effectiveness. It is therefore not likely that phrase indexing of this kind will prove to be an important method of enhancing the performance of automatic document indexing and retrieval systems in operational environments. (2) Many of the shortcomings of the nonsyntactic approach can be overcome by incorporating syntactic information into the phrase construction process. However, a general syntactic analysis facility may be required, since many useful sources of phrases cannot be exploited if only a limited inventory of syntactic patterns can be recognized. Further research should be conducted into methods of incorporating automatic syntactic analysis into content analysis for document retrieval. © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scanning kinetic spectroscopy (SKS): A new method for investigation of surface reaction processes

Abstract Multiple reaction pathways are available to a polyatomic molecule interacting with a solid surface. Delineation of exact temperature regions in which the various pathways are either active or inactive is accomplished using a new method, Scanning Kinetic Spectroscopy (SKS). SKS uses a calibrated and collimated beam of reactant molecules incident upon a clean single crystal surface in UHV. A multiplexed quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) is enclosed inside a differentially pumped random flux shield, in line of sight to the crystal surface. The crystal temperature is programmed with a linear ramp ( dT / dt = 2 K / s .) and reactant consumption, product evolution, and desorption of stable surface species are simultaneously measured in one experiment. SKS data are presented here which characterize the reactions of methanol with the single crystal surfaces Ni(111), Cu(111), and Cu(111) plus preadsorbed oxygen. Application of the SKS method as an efficient probe of surface reaction pathways is illustrated by the contrasting chemistry of these surfaces. The methanol plus Ni(111) system is examined in detail in order to relate the observed SKS features to specific molecular reaction pathways on the Ni(111) surface.
Prolonged stress-induced elevation in plasma corticosterone during pregnancy in the rat : Implications for prenatal stress studies

Abstract Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure to uncontrollable stress during pregnancy results in a heightened elevation of plasma glucocorticoids. Rats were exposed to uncontrollable electric tail shocks every other day during the 3 weeks of pregnancy. Plasma corticosterone concentrations in stressed dams increased significantly from gestation days 4 to 20. Importantly, this increase in plasma corticosterone occurred 24- and 48-h after exposure to stress suggesting a prolonged elevation in stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion. In addition, the stress-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was accompanied by a significant decrease in maternal levels of corticosteroid binding globulin which suggests increased circulating levels of free corticosterone. Significant stress-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone also occurred in fetuses that were examined on gestation day 20. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between maternal and fetal plasma corticosterone. Results demonstrate that repeated exposure to uncontrollable stress increases plasma concentrations of glucocorticoids throughout pregnancy. In the unbound state, corticosterone may be highly effective in producing alterations in brain development of offspring. These data have important implications for understanding the process underlying the effects of prenatal stress. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The leaves of Vallombrosa: Milton's great‐rooted simile

(1990). The leaves of Vallombrosa: Milton's great‐rooted simile. English Studies: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 395-409.
Depressed mothers’ infants are less responsive to faces and voices

A review of our recent research suggests that infants of depressed mothers appeared to be less responsive to faces and voices as early as the neonatal period. At that time they have shown less orienting to the live face/voice stimulus of the Brazelton scale examiner and to their own and other infants' cry sounds. This lesser responsiveness has been attributed to higher arousal, less attentiveness and less "empathy." Their delayed heart rate decelerations to instrumental and vocal music sounds have also been ascribed to their delayed attention and/or slower processing. Later at 3-6 months they showed less negative responding to their mothers' non-contingent and still-face behavior, suggesting that they were more accustomed to this behavior in their mothers. The less responsive behavior of the depressed mothers was further compounded by their comorbid mood states of anger and anxiety and their difficult interaction styles including withdrawn or intrusive interaction styles and their later authoritarian parenting style. Pregnancy massage was effectively used to reduce prenatal depression and facilitate more optimal neonatal behavior. Interaction coaching was used during the postnatal period to help these dyads with their interactions and ultimately facilitate the infants' development.
The effect of a two-hour, room temperature incubation of human spermatozoa in TEST-yolk buffer on the rate of fertilization in vitro.

Patients: To reassess the use of TEST-yolk buffer (TYB) in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program by comparing fertilization rates achieved in a glucose-free cleavage medium by the standard IVF preparation of sperm versus a 2-h, room temperature incubation of sperm in TYB.
Acoustic detection of mesoscale biophysical features in the Shelikof sea valley, and their relevance to pollock larvae in the Gulf of Alaska

Mesoscale features such as fronts and eddies can act to retain larval walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) within the continental shelf zone in the western Gulf of Alaska. During two May cruises, we observed unusual patterns of backscattering with a 38 kHz acoustic system. Characteristics of this signal were a strong scattering layer at the surface and in midwater, with the water column between nearly void of sound scattering organisms. This signal appeared in several transects where satellite remote sensing indicated the presence of an eddy. Analysis of concomitant water properties and ADCP (153 kHz) data confirmed the existence of an anomalous physical feature at this location. Biological properties (chlorophyll and zooplankton) showed marked changes across the edge of the feature. Larval pollock densities were estimated to be an order of magnitude higher within this feature compared to those outside. Acoustic backscatter signals can be used to identify and characterize mesoscale biophysical features in the ocean, thereby enabling real-time studies of these features.
Effects of chronic lithium treatment on protein kinase c and cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation

Lithium inhibits the agonist-induced hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in rat brain preparations, each of which is linked to activation of specific protein kinases. Therefore, we examined the effects of chronic lithium treatment on protein kinase activities in rat hippocampus. Chronic lithium treatment did not alter the distribution or activity of protein kinase C in hippocampal soluble or particulate fractions. However, chronic lithium treatment increased protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of four endogenous proteins in the soluble fraction (16,17,20,22 kD) and reduced the phosphorylation of three proteins (18,19,87 kD) in the particulate fraction. Chronic lithium treatment did not alter cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in the soluble fraction but reduced phosphorylation of two proteins (54 and 71 kD) in the particulate fractions. These results demonstrate that besides inhibiting second messenger production in brain, chronic lithium treatment also causes specific alterations in the phosphorylation of endogenous proteins.
Comparative ocular blood flow

Abstract 1. 1. Blood flow values for the mammalian anterior uvea were not significantly different among species but was higher than that of the avian anterior uvea. 2. 2. Blood flow to the primate choroid was significantly higher than that of other species. 3. 3. The blood flow ratio which reflects the distribution of total ocular flow was significantly higher in primates than in sheep or geese. 4. 4. The anterior ciliary artery circulation is of major importance to anterior segment blood flow in primates but not in other mammals. 5. 5. Therefore primates are the only suitable models for ischemia following strabismus surgery.
QUASI-BOUND STATES OF THE PION-NUCLEON SYSTEM IN THE LOWEST TAMM-DANCOFF APPROXIMATION

The question is asked whether the lowest order Tamm-Dancoff equation, which agrees with the observed $p$-state meson-nucleon scattering for $\frac{{G}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\sim}15$, leads to a quasi-bound state of high angular momentum capable of being identified with the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ particle. Both a static potential approximation and an approximate form of the integral equation indicate that values of $\frac{{G}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ of the order of several hundred would be required to give sufficient binding. Although the results are not quantitatively reliable, the authors feel they indicate that either the T-D approximation is inadequate for this problem or that the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ particle cannot be a quasi-bound state of the pion-nucleon system.
Administrator and Faculty Perspectives Regarding Community College Baccalaureate Degrees in Texas

This quantitative correlational study examined administrator and faculty perspectives regarding factors that may have contributed to the development of community college baccalaureate degrees in Texas. It was hypothesized that factors such as student need, workforce need, college relations, and college mission were linearly and positively correlated. To test the hypothesis, an online survey was administered to a random sample of 530 faculty and administrators at the three baccalaureate granting community colleges in Texas. Correlation coefficients were computed for all possible pairs of the four variables to determine whether or not there were statistically significant correlations between variables. The results of the Pearson's correlation analyses produced four statistically significant correlations among variables at the p = .008 level. Results revealed a strong positive correlation between student need and workforce need r(359) = .82, p < .008. Findings of the study indicated that respondents perceive...
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with temporary arterial occlusion: description of technique and renal functional outcomes.

Abstract Objectives To report our laparoscopic partial nephrectomy experience and the impact of temporary arterial occlusion during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy on postoperative renal function. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is increasingly popular but remains technically challenging. Methods Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed in 27 patients, with arterial occlusion in 15 cases. Postoperative renal function was evaluated with serum creatinine in all patients and postoperative technetium-99m mercaptoacetyl triglycine renal scans in a subset of patients after arterial occlusion. Results The group with arterial occlusion (n = 15) did not differ from those without arterial occlusion (n = 12) with respect to age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, lesion size, operative time, blood loss, or complications. In patients undergoing arterial occlusion, the mean warm ischemia time was 43 ± 10 minutes (range 25 to 65). The preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine levels were unchanged in patients with (1.07 ± 0.4 to 1.15 ± 0.4 ng/dL; P = 0.24) and without (0.96 ± 0.22 to 1.07 ± 0.27 ng/dL; P = 0.14) arterial occlusion. The tumor size on imaging correlated with postoperative serum creatinine ( r 2 = 0.450, P = 0.04). Nuclear renography was performed in 9 patients (60%) after renal artery occlusion. The mean differential renal function of the operated kidney (49%) was similar to that of the contralateral kidney (51%) and was not associated with warm ischemic time or tumor size. Conclusions Temporary arterial occlusion during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy does not appear to affect short-term renal function adversely. We believe that this technique can be safely performed when significant bleeding or entry into the collecting system is anticipated. Additional study is warranted to identify the maximal time of warm ischemia and ways to reduce potential renal injury.
New heuristics for flow shop problem to minimize makespan

This paper investigates the flow shop problem with the objective to minimize makespan. New algorithms are designed: one is off-line heuristic, Single Job First, for problem F m ∥C max ; and the other is on-line heuristic, Dynamic Single Job First (DSJF), for problem F m |r i |C max and its on-line version. It is proved that the two heuristics are asymptotically optimal when the size of the problem is large enough. In addition, the asymptotical optimality of First-Come, First-Served manner is obtained as a byproduct of the asymptotical analysis of DSJF heuristic. At the end of the paper, a new lower bound with performance guarantee is provided for problem F m ∥C max , and computational experiments show the effectiveness of these heuristic algorithms.
NASDAQ Market Structure and Spread Patterns

Abstract Because of its institutional features, the Nasdaq market does not fit the standard competitive model. We construct a model that reflects the distinguishing characteristics of the Nasdaq market. This model implies that in dealer markets with a minimum price increment, competition among market-makers does not necessarily drive spreads down to the level of marginal cost. Using this result, we provide an explanation for the odd-eighth avoidance documented in Christie and Schultz (1994). We show that market-makers can use odd-tick avoidance as a coordination device to increase spreads. Evidence from Nasdaq supports our hypotheses.
Methamphetamine use and violence among young adults

The current research analyzed the relationship between methamphetamine use and violence among young adults eighteen to twenty-five years old. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 106 respondents. The research was based primarily on in-depth, life-history interviews with individuals who used methamphetamine for a minimum of three months and who resided in Los Angeles County. Of the 106 respondents, 37 (34.9 percent) had committed violence while under the influence of methamphetamine. Males comprised two-thirds of the 37 respondents (N=24). Of the total sample, 38 percent of males and 30 percent of females committed methamphetamine-related violence, respectively. Overall, the 37 respondents reported fifty-four separate violent events while using methamphetamine. Of these fifty-four events, thirty-three (61.1 percent) acts of violence involved domestic relationships, nine (16.7 percent) of the violent events were drug related, seven (13 percent) were gang related, and five (9.3 percent) involved random acts of violence (e.g., road rage, stranger assault). The findings suggest that methamphetamine use is a risk factor for violence. There was, however, no evidence of a single, uniform career path that all chronic methamphetamine users follow. Violence is not an inevitable outcome of even chronic methamphetamine use.
Regulatory T cells in B-cell-deficient and wild-type mice differ functionally and in expression of cell surface markers

Abstract NOD.H-2h4 mice develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) with chronic inflammation of thyroids by T and B cells. B-cell deficient (B(-/-) ) mice are resistant to SAT but develop SAT if regulatory T (Treg) cells are transiently depleted. We established a transfer model using splenocytes from CD28(-/-) B(-/-) mice (effector cells and antigen-presenting cells) cultured with or without sorted Treg cells from Foxp3-GFP wild-type (WT) or B(-/-) mice. After transfer to mice lacking T cells, mice given Treg cells from B(-/-) mice had significantly lower SAT severity scores than mice given Treg cells from WT mice, indicating that Treg cells in B(-/-) mice are more effective suppressors of SAT than Treg cells in WT mice. Treg cells from B(-/-) mice differ from WT Treg cells in expression of CD27, tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) II p75, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). After transient depletion using anti-CD25 or diphtheria toxin, the repopulating Treg cells in B(-/-) mice lack suppressor function, and expression of CD27, GITR and p75 is like that of WT Treg cells. If B(-/-) Treg cells develop with B cells in bone marrow chimeras, their phenotype is like that of WT Treg cells. Addition of B cells to cultures of B(-/-) Treg and T effector cells abrogates their suppressive function and their phenotype is like that of WT Treg cells. These results establish for the first time that Treg cells in WT and B(-/-) mice differ both functionally and in expression of particular cell surface markers. Both properties are altered after transient depletion and repopulation of B(-/-) Treg cells, and by the presence of B cells during Treg cell development or during interaction with effector T cells.
Carotenoids from nudibranchs—II. The partial characterization of hopkinsiaxanthin

Abstract 1. 1. Hopkinsiaxanthin, the main pigment of the nudibranch, Hopkinsia rosacea , has been found to be an acetylenic apo-carotenoid (C 31 H 38 O 2 ). Although the complete structure of hopkinsiaxanthin was not manifest from the results of this study, adequate structures were proposed for its alkali-produced product (hopkinsianone) and its reduced product. 2. 2. The pigments isolated from Hopkinsia were found to be identical to those of its food organism.
Infrared observations of supergranule temperature structure

One and two-dimensional observations were made at 1.64 μ, the deepest observable level in the solar atmosphere; at 1.72 μ, representing the chromosphere; and at 1.17 μ, representing the visible photosphere. Structures distributed on a supergranular size scale (30000 km) are apparently present at all levels. These structures in the deep photospheric level (1.64 μ) seem to be a 50K–500K temperature decrease over surrounding photosphere confined to the magnetic field elements with horizontal scales less than 4000 km at supergranular boundaries, rather than a general temperature structure over the entire supergranule cell appropriate to convective energy transport.
Computing information gain for spatial data support

Widespread use of GPS devices and explosion of remotely sensed geospatial images along with cheap storage devices has resulted in vast amounts of data. More recently, with the advent of wireless technology, a large number of sensor networks have been deployed to monitor many human, biological and natural processes. This poses a challenge in many data rich application domains. The problem now is how best to choose the datasets to solve specific problems. Some of the datasets may be redundant and their inclusion in analysis may not only be time consuming, but may lead to erroneous conclusions. We propose the concept of data support as the basis for efficient, cost-effective and intelligent use of geospatial data in order to reduce uncertainty in the analysis and consequently in the results. Data support is defined as the process of determining the information utility of a data source to help decide which one to include or exclude to improve cost-effectiveness in existing data analysis. In this article we use mutual information as the basis of computing data support. The concept of mutual information is defined in information theory as a measure to compute information gain or loss between two disjoint datasets. We use this to compute the optimal datasets in specific applications. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated using an application in the hydrological analysis domain.
Composition of HDL-2 and HDL-3 in familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia.

Abstract The content and percent composition of cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and total proteins in HDL-2 and HDL-3 were quantitated in 5 women with familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia to determine if there are any distinctive characteristics of the high density lipoproteins in this heritable disorder. The 5 women with familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia (FHA) were compared to 4 normal women, with the groups being comparable in regards to age (40 ± 3 and 37 ± 5 years), total plasma cholesterol (202 ± 9 and 188 ± 16 mg/100 ml), triglyceride (75 ± 12 and 95 ± 19), and differing in levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL, 84 ± 6 and 61 ± 3 mg/100 ml) respectively. Total cholesterol in the HDL-2 and HDL-3 fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation were 43.2 ± 3.3 and 33.8 ± 4.1 in FHA subjects, higher than total cholesterol in HDL-2 and HDL-3 in normals, 25.8 ± 6.2 and 21.5 ± 1.3 mg/100 ml, P P
Subarachnoid and basal cistern navigation through the sacral hiatus with guide wire assistance.

Abstract Background: Intraspinal navigation with catheters and fiberscopes has shown feasible results for diagnosis and treatment of intraspinal and intracranial lesions. The most common approach, lumbar puncture, has allowed access to the spinal cord, however, coming with the difficulties of fiberscope damage and decreased torque for guidance. Our objective in this study is to allow an alternate access, the sacral hiatus, with guide wire assistance into the subarachnoid and intracranial structures, while easing the angle of entry and increasing torque. Methods: We advanced catheters with guide wire and fluoroscopy assistance into the sacral hiatus of three cadavers. After entry, the thecal sac was punctured and the catheter with guide wire was advanced rostrally until positioned in the basal cisterns of the brain. We confirmed catheter placement with contrast injection, autopsy, and dissection. Results: In our study, the sacral hiatus was easily accessed, but resistance was found when attempting to punct...
Perturbatile QCD Applied to Baryons

We review standard applications of perturbative QCD to baryon production, and argue by examining data that it is generally relevant at high but experimentally feasible momentum transfers. Then we consider some new initiatives, particularly meson photoproduction off baryons and the seeming quagmire of Δ(1232) electroproduction.
Can the brigance K&1 screen detect cognitive/academic giftedness when used with preschoolers from economically disadvantaged backgrounds?

The accuracy of the Brigance K&1 screen in the early detection of Head Start children with possible cognitive/academic giftedness, was explored in this study. Data were collected from a sample of 134 children, 13 of whom were identified as potentially gifted on the basis of performance on the K‐ABC. Potentially gifted children performed significantly better on the Brigance than nongifted children. Group differences were large and exceeded one standard deviation on the K&1 total score. Classification analyses indicated that use of the technical manual criteria underreferred potentially gifted children. However, use of local criteria established that the K&1 screen has good sensitivity (>80%) and acceptable specificity (>70%) in relation to concurrent and predictive cognitive/academic outcomes. Teacher ratings were ineffective in detecting potentially gifted children. The K&1 screen may be helpful in the early detection of low‐income children who may be cognitively/academically gifted.
Blood component supplementation during massive transfusion of AS-1 red cells in trauma patients.

Coagulation component transfusions in trauma patients given more than 10 units of AS-1 red cells during the first 24 hours after injury were studied. Serial coagulation tests were obtained to direct component therapy. Coagulopathy developed in more than 70% of patients. Patients with blunt or penetrating trauma had similar coagulation abnormalities during massive transfusions. More than 40% of patients with either exsanguinating hemorrhage from penetrating trauma or blunt trauma with associated brain injuries had abnormal coagulation tests on admission. In contrast, patients with blunt trauma, but without brain injury, did not have coagulopathy on admission
Characterization of vocal fold scarring in a canine model

Objective The objective was to assess the histological and viscoelastic shear tissue properties of the scarred vocal fold lamina propria at 2 and 6 months postoperatively in a canine model. Study Design Experimental, nonrandomized prospective study. Methods Six canine larynges were injured using a vocal fold stripping procedure. At 2 and 6 months postoperatively, histological analyses of the scarred and control lamina propria samples were completed for collagen, procollagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Results In canines killed at 2 months, scarred tissue samples contained increased procollagen and decreased elastin. Elastin fibers in the scarred lamina propria were characteristically tangled and disorganized. In canines killed at 6 months, scarred tissue samples showed decreased elastin and increased collagen. Collagen fibers formed thick, disorganized bundles, and elastin fibers were disorganized throughout the entire scarred vocal fold lamina propria. Viscoelastic shear tissue measurements revealed increased stiffness and viscosity in one of three cases at 2 months and in all three cases at 6 months, indicating increased stiffness and resistance to shear flow during oscillatory shear deformation for scarred tissue samples. No differences were observed between the two postoperative times. Conclusions Results indicated that viscoelastic tissue changes may take place before scar maturation in the scarred vocal fold lamina propria and that, although abundant collagen deposition may influence viscoelastic shear tissue properties, disorganization of collagen and elastin fibers, thick bundle collagen formation, or the interplay of several of these factors might also play a contributing role.
Fabrication and testing of off-axis parabolic mirrors

Abstract Methods have been devised to fabricate and test off-axis segments of parabolic mirrors manufactured from a parent parabolic mirror. Four off-axis parabolic mirrors were fabricated from Zerodur (special grade) by cutting up one large on-axis parabolic mirror. Interferometric measurements were made on the parent mirror and off-axis segments before and after cutting. The measurements show that the surface figure of the segments did not change as a result of the cutting. The surface figure of the final mirror segments was better than λ 13 peak-to-valley and λ 13 rms (λ = 0.6328 μm).
Evapotranspiration rates from wetlands with different disturbance histories: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

This study examines the effects of different disturbance histories, specifically patterns of ditching and drainage on wetland evapotranspiration rates for two sites within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, USA. The effect of drainage at the disturbed site is to lower the water table and to reduce the depth and duration of inundation. Evapotranspiration was measured as its energy equivalent, the latent heat flux, within the framework of the surface energy balance using the eddy correlation approach. Results show that when standing water is present at each site, there is very similar flux partitioning; the latent heat flux accounts for approximately 50% of the net radiation (approximately 3.5 mm d−1), storage heat flux 30%, and sensible heat flux 20%. When the disturbed site has no standing water, evapotranspiration rates are maintained at the same level (3.5–3.75 mm d−1), but the storage heat flux drops significantly, and the sensible heat flux is enhanced. Excellent results are obtained with the Penman Monteith evapotranspiration model using a very small surface resistance (5 s m−1) when there is no standing water. Although the absolute magnitudes of the results reported are directly relevant only to similar sites in the Midwest USA in summer, the processes and controls described are representative of wetlands located near large water bodies (like Lake Michigan) subjected to diurnal lake (sea) breezes, with vascular vegetation, and a water table at or very close to the surface.
Imaging of the Craniovertebral Junction

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) abnormalities involve the osseous structures and the contained nervous system. Advances in multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have provided better insight into the normal anatomy and pathology of this complex area. Computed tomography and MRI have complementary roles. The former provides excellent delineation of osseous structures while the latter allows visualization of soft tissues and the nervous system. In this article we discuss the normal development and anatomy of the CVJ followed by common pathologies.
Mobilization after fractures of the hand

Fractures of the hand lead to edema and stiffness. Early therapy to reduce swelling and restore motion is the best way to prevent stiffness. Once the hand becomes stiff, therapy alone may be insufficient, and a combination of extensor and flexor tenolysis and joint release may be needed. Surgery should be performed under sedation and local anesthesia, so that active patient motion can be assessed during the procedure. Patient cooperation and postoperative rehabilitation is essential to maintain the motion gained in the operating room.
Modeling of PWM inverter-supplied AC drives at low switching frequencies

Presents analytical results, numerical simulations, and experiments that quantify effects of low-switching frequency in ac drives supplied by pulsewidth modulated (PWM) power electronic inverters. Specifically, the paper re-examines models of PWM inverters in cases when the switching frequency is only an order of magnitude higher than the fundamental of the ac waveform being synthesized. While the case of permanent magnet synchronous motor is studied in detail, the presented modeling procedure is applicable to other ac drives. Analytical results derived in the paper build on related results for do converters, and address the case of the PWM switching policy denoted as space vector modulation in industrial practice. Conventional modeling procedures assume that the PWM switching frequency is high enough so that the resulting waveform can be replaced by its first harmonic in control-oriented models. This paper provides analytical formulas in terms of the system parameters that quantify the deviations introduced by a slow PWM switching frequency.
Post-transfusion recovery of function of 5-day stored platelet concentrates

Platelets show a rapid reduction in their responsiveness to aggregating agents during storage for transfusion, but little is known about reversal of this defect in vivo after transfusion. In this study, fresh and stored platelets from the same donor (n = 12) were labelled with 111In or 51Cr, respectively, mixed, and simultaneously infused. Blood samples were taken for up to 5 d post-infusion, and the functional behaviour of the labelled platelets ex vivo was measured by retention on glass bead columns, and by whole blood aggregability to ADP, epinephrine and ristocetin. Aggregation was determined by filtering aggregated samples through a column of cotton wool to remove the aggregates, and quantitated as per cent decrease in radioactive counts. The study showed that, although infused radiolabelled 5 d stored platelets had a significantly lower aggregability towards ADP and epinephrine immediately (1 h) after infusion (32% and 29%, respectively, of fresh platelet values), a complete restoration to fresh platelet levels was found 24-72 h post-infusion, with no further change observed over the ensuing 5 d with either fresh or stored labelled platelets. A slightly (6-9%) lower adhesion to both uncoated and collagen-coated beads was found for the stored platelets throughout the 5 d period of study post-infusion. In conclusion, these studies show that, with ex vivo testing, platelets stored for 5 d quickly recovered adhesion and aggregability capabilities similar to that of fresh platelets, suggesting that the functional lesion developed during storage is quickly and completely reversed after infusion.
Modeling and Optimization of the Deposition of Shape Memory Polymers for Information Storage Applications

Shape memory polymers are of interest as high-capacity information storage media. This paper seeks to understand the effects of processing conditions on diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) and bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate. Full factorial experiments are performed to characterize the impact of the following parameters: spin speed, spin time, and nitrogen flow rate. A total of ten experiments are conducted. The measured responses are film thickness, uniformity, hardness and modulus. Analysis of variance reveals the above input parameters are significant with respect to the output responses. The full factorial experiment is augmented by a central composite face centered (CCF) design to facilitate process modeling. Neural network models are developed to examine relationships. The average predictability of the models is better than 2% for training and less than 15% in testing. Genetic algorithms are used in optimizing recipes for the two materials.
Compilation, architectural support, and evaluation of SIMD graphics pipeline programs on a general-purpose CPU

Graphics and media processing is quickly emerging to become one of the key computing workloads. Programmable graphics processors give designers extra flexibility by running a small program for each fragment in the graphics pipeline. This paper investigates low-cost mechanisms to obtain good performance for modern graphics programs on a general purpose CPU.This paper presents a compiler that compiles SIMD graphics program and generates efficient code on a general purpose CPU. The generated code can process between 25-0.3 million vertices per second on a 2.2 GHz Intel Pentium® 4 processor for a group of typical graphics programs.This paper also evaluates the impact of three changes in the architecture and compiler. Adding support for new specialized instructions improves the performance of the programs by 27.4 %. on average. A novel compiler optimization called mask analysis improves the performance of the programs by 19.5 % on average. Increasing the number of architectural SIMD registers from 8 to 16 registers significantly reduces the number of memory accesses due to register spills.
Designing automation to reduce operator errors

This paper describes an approach to dealing with mode confusion errors by first modeling blackbox software behavior and then using analysis methods and tools to assist in searching the models for predictable error forms, i.e., for features that contribute to operator mistakes. The analysis results can be used to redesign the automation, to change operator training and procedures, or to design appropriate human-computer interfaces to help avoid mistakes. The approach requires a model of the blackbox behavior that is both formal and easily readable and reviewable by humans. The models we use are part of the software specifications in a methodology called SpecTRM (Specification Tools and Requirements Methodology) and thus the analysis is done directly on the system requirements specification and does not require extra modeling effort.
Minimizing Cost and Effort in Performing a Link Analysis

For several years link analysis techniques have proven to be very useful tools in human-machine systems planning. The primary drawback found in the application of these methodologies is that the time and manual effort required is often prohibitive in terms of the cost of analysis. Within the context of this paper methods for reducing the time required to perform a link analysis are introduced. The application of a relationship chart and the attendant procedures are shown to provide a systematic approach to the establishment of the link values for a human-machine system. A computer program is employed to develop a block plan layout. The feasibility and computational efficiency of these techniques are demonstrated through an example problem.
An Evaluation of the Individual Components and Accuracies Associated with the Determination of Impervious Area

The percentage of impervious surface area in a watershed has been widely recognized as a key indicator of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem condition. Although the use of the impervious indicator i...
The impact of viewing geometry on vision through the atmosphere

An increase in the off-nadir viewing angle for an airborne visible/near-infrared through short-wave infrared (VNIR/SWIR) imaging spectrometer leads to a decrease in upward atmospheric transmittance and an increase in line-of-sight scattered path radiance. These effects combine to reduce the spectral contrast between different materials in the sensed signal. We analyze the impact of viewing angle on material discriminability for 237 materials over a wide range of conditions. Material discriminability is quantified using a statistical algorithm that employs a subspace model to represent the set of spectra for a material as conditions vary. We show that reliable material discrimination is possible over a range of conditions even for large off-nadir viewing angles. We illustrate the performance of material identification over different viewing angles using simulated forest hyperspectral images.
Temperature and irradiation species dependence of radiation response of nanocrystalline silicon carbide

The grain size dependence of the radiation response of silicon carbide (SiC) has been studied under 1.0 MeV Kr2+ ion irradiation. It was found that radiation resistance decreased with grain refinement, in contrast to previous studies on the same nanocrystalline (nc) SiC material using Si ion and high voltage electron irradiation. The effect of grain size on radiation response may depend upon the ion species used due to a potential change in amorphization mechanism. It was also determined that temperature had a strong effect on the grain size dependence of the radiation response in SiC due to the activation temperatures of critical recombination and migration reactions. This work explores the possible impacts of irradiation species, temperature, and experimental design on the radiation response of SiC.