cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The visual ethnographic narrative 1

This paper is a brief overview of narrative, reflexive, phenomenological and scientific approaches to visual ethnography, and an examination, in more depth, of the visual ethnographic narrative. To illustrate the visual narrative I draw on photographs made as part of an ethnography of tramp life in America. The narrative in this paper is incomplete and suggests the basic form for a comprehensive visual ethnography or film.
The effects of interfacial segregation on wetting in solid metal-on-metal and metal-on-ceramic systems

Abstract Segregation (or adsorption) can decrease the energy of interfaces, thereby modifying such properties as the interfacial energy and the work of adhesion. Several recent studies of solid interfacial systems, including metal-on-metal (e.g. Pb-on-Cu with Au additions), metal-on-SiC (e.g. Au-on-SiC with Si, Ge and Sn additions) and metal-on-graphite (e.g. Pb-on-graphite with Ni additions), are reviewed. The experiments have been performed by a so-called solid state wetting method conducted under ultra-high vacuum conditions, so as to ensure maximum surface and interfacial cleanliness. Contact angle measurements, in conjunction with the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, have been used to determine interfacial energies and interfacial composition. In some cases, the compositions of the interfaces have been independently determined by Auger spectroscopy, and found to be in excellent agreement with those inferred from the Gibbs adsorption isotherm. One conclusion of this work is that the work of adhesion may be significantly increased by the addition of interfacially active components, without formation of possibly brittle interfacial reaction products.
Using Ancillary Information to Improve Hypocenter Estimation: Bayesian Single Event Location (BSEL)

We have developed and tested an algorithm, Bayesian Single Event Location (BSEL), for estimating the location of a seismic event. The main driver for our research is the inadequate representation of ancillary information in the hypocenter estimation procedure. The added benefit is that we have also addressed instability issues often encountered with historical NLR solvers (e.g., non-convergence or seismically infeasible results). BSEL differs from established nonlinear regression techniques by using a Bayesian prior probability density function (prior PDF) to incorporate ancillary physical basis constraints about event location. P-wave arrival times from seismic events are used in the development. Depth, a focus of this paper, may be modeled with a prior PDF (potentially skewed) that captures physical basis bounds from surface wave observations. This PDF is constructed from a Rayleigh wave depth excitation eigenfunction that is based on the observed minimum period from a spectrogram analysis and estimated near-source elastic parameters. For example, if the surface wave is an Rg phase, it potentially provides a strong constraint for depth, which has important implications for remote monitoring of nuclear explosions. The proposed Bayesian algorithm is illustrated with events that demonstrate its congruity with established hypocenter estimation methods and its application potential. The BSEL method is applied to three events: 1) A shallow Mw 4 earthquake that occurred near Bardwell, KY on June 6, 2003, 2) the Mw 5.6 earthquake of July 26, 2005 that occurred near Dillon, MT, and 3) a deep Mw 5.7 earthquake that occurred off the coast of Japan on April 22, 1980. A strong Rg was observed from the Bardwell, KY earthquake that places very strong constraints on depth and origin time. No Rg was observed for the Dillon, MT earthquake, but we used the minimum observed period of a Rayleigh wave (7 seconds) to reduce the depth and origin time uncertainty. Because the Japan event was deep, there is no observed surface wave energy. We utilize the prior generated from the Dillon, MT event to show that even in the case when a prior is inappropriately applied, high quality data will overcome its influence and result in a reasonable hypocenter estimate.
ZnO Nanofibers Doped with Ga, In and Er Fabricated with Electrospinning Technique

ZnO nanofibers doped with Ga, In and Er metals have been fabricated by electrospinning technique. The diameter of the fibers was in the range of 0.5-2 μm and the length can be up to several feet. After spinning fabrication step the samples were dried out and annealed at 900 °C in air. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra measured for undoped and In- and Ga-doped ZnO fiber samples exhibit only a strong near band edge (NBE) emission at ∼380 nm with very weak green band at 525 nm. In contrary, the PL spectrum of Er-doped ZnO fibers shows a very weak NBE and strong green emission band at ∼550 nm at 300 K. The electrospinning mechanism used for the fabrication of nanofibers was found to be productive, simple and easy to implement disregarding of the doping type and concentration.
Differences of Cortical/Medullary Ratio in the Adrenals of Normal Rats, Normal Rats treated with AGTH, and Renal Hypertensive Rats.

SummaryIn the enlarged adrenals of renal hypertensive rats there Is a relative increase in medullary size, whereas in the enlarged adrenals of rats treated with ACTH there is a relative decrease in medullary size. Large numbers of PAS positive intracytoplasmic bodies are found in the cortical fascicular zone in the adrenals of rats with severe chronic renal hypertension, but were not produced in comparable numbers with ACTH. It is concluded that factors in addition to ACTH are concerned in the growth of the adrenal in renal hypertension.
H2O2 activation with biomimetic non-haem iron complexes and AcOH: connecting the g = 2.7 EPR signal with a visible chromophore

Mechanistic studies of H2O2 activation by complexes related to [(BPMEN)FeII(CH3CN)2]2+ with electron-rich pyridines revealed that a new intermediate formed in the presence of acetic acid with a 465 nm visible band can be associated with an unusual g = 2.7 EPR signal. We postulate that this chromophore is an acylperoxoiron(III) intermediate.
Liquid chromatography of the s-triazines

A series of thirty s-triazine compounds have been separated using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. A relationship between substituent activity and retention time was developed to predict molecular structure.
NMDA receptor antagonism with MK-801 impairs consolidation and reconsolidation of passive avoidance conditioning in adolescent rats: evidence for a state dependent reconsolidation effect.

Abstract The characteristics of memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and state dependency have received considerable attention for many years. Three experiments examined the effects of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 on these phenomena in adolescent rats using passive avoidance conditioning. Experiment 1demonstrated that immediate post-training administration of MK-801 produced a consolidation impairment at postnatal day 37. Experiment 2 extended this result, showing that MK-801 administered immediately following memory reactivation disrupted reconsolidation. Experiment 3 employed a state dependent reconsolidation design, where saline or MK-801 was administered immediately following memory reactivation, and again 20 min prior to the retention test. Retention by the training/testing matched groups (saline/saline and MK-801/MK-801) was comparable and better than the mismatched groups (saline/MK-801 and MK-801/saline) providing evidence of state dependency. These results extend the consolidation/reconsolidation literature to adolescent animals and provide evidence that some deficits described as reconsolidation impairments may be more aptly considered state dependent retention deficits.
A near-UV Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer for Interstellar [OII] Emission Line Studies

Using a newly developed spatial heterodyne spectrometer, we have obtained the first radial velocity resolved observations of interstellar 3727 A emission and confirmed the superb performance of the technique for observing spatially extended faint sources.
Once-a-week radiation therapy for locally advanced lung cancer. Final report

Forty-nine patients with very advanced locoregional lung cancer, metastatic in 41% of the instances, were treated with 5 Gy once weekly to a total dose of 50 to 60 Gy (1826–2050 ret). The overall tumor response rate was 68% (27% complete response and 41% partial response). The largest number of responders and the majority of complete responses were seen with the higher doses (60 Gy). The response rates of the major histologic variants were 100%, 100%, 75%, and 47% for small cell, large cell, squamous, and adenocarcinomas. The time to achieve more than 50% reduction in tumor size was 2, 2, 6, and 9 weeks for these histologic variants, respectively. The overall incidence of local failures was 22%, with only 10% of the patients demonstrating exclusive in-field local failures. There are 13 long-term survivors and the main cause of patient deaths was metastatic disease. The technique was extremely well tolerated, and, in fact, practically no acute radiation-induced complications were observed during the 10 to 12 weeks' treatment duration. Only one patient developed a symptomatic but transient radiation pneumonitis. Radiation fibrosis of various degrees has occurred, but it has been mostly asymptomatic and analogous to what is normally seen using conventional continuous schedules delivering similar doses. Once-a-week irradiation emerges as a practical and convenient alternative for the treatment of lung cancer, and appears to achieve similar results to conventional continuous schedules.
Effect of Tunicamycin on the Assembly and Antigenicity of HLA Antigens: Analysis with Monoclonal Antibodies

The effect of glycosylation on the assembly and antigenicity of HLA antigens was investigated by examining HLA antigens synthesized in the presence of the antibiotic tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide addition, with monoclonal antibodies specific for a variety of antigenic determinants. The monoclonal antibody Q5/13 reactive with a determinant expressed on the beta chain of human Ia-like antigens immunoprecipitated alpha and beta subunits with reduced apparent molecular weights from tunicamycin-treated cells, indicating that glycosylation is not required for association of the Ia-like antigen alpha and beta subunits. Immunoprecipitation of HLA-A,B,C antigens from tunicamycin-treated cells with four monoclonal antibodies specific for the heavy chain and one specific for beta 2-microglobulin showed that the heavy-chain determinant detected by the antibody Q6/64 is absent from the non-glycosylated molecule. This is the first demonstration that carbohydrate addition during biosynthesis affects the protein conformation of the HLA-A,B,C heavy chain.
Resource use, energetic profitability, and behavioral decisions in migrant rufous hummingbirds

Migrant Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) defend nectar resources at stopover sites while replenishing fat reserves needed for migratory flights. During late summer in the Sandia Mountains, central New Mexico, they defend the wasp- and bee-pollinated Scrophularia montana from other hummingbirds. Both hummingbirds and hymenopterans exploit Scrophularia nectar during the early part of its flowering period. As summer colony growth increases the densities of the eusocial hymenopterans by 100–150%, their exploitation of Scrophularia nectar lowers its mean standing crop in flowers by 200–300%. Sometime during the summer, Rufous Hummingbirds abandon and do not further use this resource for the remaining 3–4 weeks of its flowering period. The abandonment always occurs when the mean standing crop of nectar is approximately 0.2–0.3 μL/ flower. This paper describes a model of Rufous Hummingbird energetics, that shows abandonment occurred 1–3 days after they passed the threshold at which the resource could have provided their minimum daily energy requirements. I suggest that constraints imposed by a highly competitive social environment severely reduced the options available to the hummingbirds, and caused them to continue to defend a resource that could no longer meet their energetic requirements.
Efficient, automatic web resource harvesting

There are two problems associated with conventional web crawling techniques: a crawler cannot know if all resources at a non-trivial web site have been discovered and crawled ("the counting problem") and the human-readable format of the resources are not always suitable for machine processing ("the representation problem"). We introduce an approach that solves these two problems by implementing support for both the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL) into the web server itself. We present the Apache module "mod_oai", which can be used to address the counting problem by listing all valid URIs at a web server and efficiently discovering updates and additions on subsequent crawls. Our experiments indicated comparable performance for initial crawls, and dramatic increases in update speed mod_oaican also be used to address the representation problem by providing "preservation ready" versions of web resources aggregated with their respective forensic metadata in MPEG-21 DIDL format.
Chromosomal mosaicism in the Killian/Teschler‐Nicola syndrome

We report a patient with the Killian/Teschler-Nicola/Pallister mosaic syndrome in association with a cytogenetic abnormality. This patient is the first reported to have lymphocyte mosaicism for an isochromosome of 12p. All other patients with the Killian syndrome have had normal lymphocyte karyotypes, although mosaicism for a similar isochromosome of 12p has been reported in the fibroblasts of most patients with the Killian syndrome.
Backtracking in a Generalized Control Setting

Backtracking is a powerful conceptual and practical programming language control structure. However, its application in general has been limited to global control over recursive programs. In this paper we explore the coherence and utility of applying backtracking in a more general control setting, namely, block-structured coroutines. The following criteria are proposed for such a control combination to be judged successful: (i) retention of each control form's individual semantics; (ii) coherent semantics for each legal application of the combination; (iii) nonpreeminence of either control form, and (iv) facilitation of genuinely novel programming effects. The attainability of these criteria is assessed, with the aid of an informal language design and three illustrative applications: (i) a dual tree walk program using coroutine-managed backtracking subsystems; (ii) a context-free language intersection tester using bilevel hierarchical backtracking, and (iii) an optimizing computer job scheduler using backtracking in a simulation language context. Full programs are given for each example, phrased in a Pascal extension offering both coroutines and backtracking (expressed through nondeterministic control).
Mammalian CAP (Cyclase-associated protein) in the world of cell migration: Roles in actin filament dynamics and beyond

Cell migration is essential for a variety of fundamental biological processes such as embryonic development, wound healing, and immune response. Aberrant cell migration also underlies pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, in which morphological transformation promotes spreading of cancer to new sites. Cell migration is driven by actin dynamics, which is the repeated cycling of monomeric actin (G-actin) into and out of filamentous actin (F-actin). CAP (Cyclase-associated protein, also called Srv2) is a conserved actin-regulatory protein, which is implicated in cell motility and the invasiveness of human cancers. It cooperates with another actin regulatory protein, cofilin, to accelerate actin dynamics. Hence, knockdown of CAP1 slows down actin filament turnover, which in most cells leads to reduced cell motility. However, depletion of CAP1 in HeLa cells, while causing reduction in dynamics, actually led to increased cell motility. The increases in motility are likely through activation of cell adhesion signals through an inside-out signaling. The potential to activate adhesion signaling competes with the negative effect of CAP1 depletion on actin dynamics, which would reduce cell migration. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of the roles of mammalian CAP1 in cell migration, and highlight a likely mechanism underlying the activation of cell adhesion signaling and elevated motility caused by depletion of CAP1.
Pathophysiology of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA): Is It Not One Uniform Aorta? Role of Embryologic Origin

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a clinically silent and potentially fatal disease whose pathophysiology is poorly understood. Application of data derived from animal models and human tissue analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysms may prove misleading given current evidence of structural and biochemical aortic heterogeneity above and below the diaphragm. Genetic predisposition is more common in TAA and includes multi-faceted syndromes such as Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, and type IV Ehlers-Danlos as well as autosomal-dominant familial patterns of inheritance. Investigation into the consequences of these known mutations has provided insight into the cell signaling cascades leading to degenerative remodeling of the aortic medial extracellular matrix (ECM) with TGF-β playing a major role. Targeted research into modifying the upstream regulation or downstream effects of the TGF-β1 pathway may provide opportunities for intervention to attenuate TAA progression.
Oscillatory spin-polarized conductance in carbon atom wires

Zero temperature spin-polarized transport in atomic wires consisting of magnetic (Co) and nonmagnetic (C) atoms sandwiched between gold electrodes is investigated using gradient-corrected density functional theory and Landauer's formalism. Our calculation shows a spin valve behavior with the parallel magnetization state between the two Co atoms giving higher conductance than the respective antiparallel magnetization state and a nonmonotonic variation of magnetoconductance with wire length. We term the more conductive parallel magnetization state the on state and the antiparallel magnetization state the off state. The ground state of wires containing up to five carbon atoms has antiparallel (off) spin configurations between the Co. The additional stability of the antiferromagnetic state in wires containing an even number of carbon atoms is ascribed to an enhanced superexchange mechanism facilitated by \ensuremath{\sigma}-\ensuremath{\pi}-conjugation present in the systems.
A free smoking intervention clinic initiated by medical students.

Objective To describe a medical student-run smoking intervention clinic, report initial outcomes, and assess medical student competence in smoking intervention counseling. Patients and Methods Volunteer medical students of Mayo Medical School in Rochester, Minn, staffed a free smoking intervention clinic in conjunction with the Salvation Army Free Acute Care Clinic between December 1997 and January 1999. Patients received a comprehensive intervention for smoking that comprised counseling, frequent follow-up contact, and pharmacologic therapy, including bupropion and nicotine replacement. Eighty-eight patients seen during the first 13 months of the clinic's operation and 30 medical student volunteer counselors were included in the study. Patients were contacted via telephone to assess 6-month self-reported smoking abstinence. Medical student counselors completed a self-assessment questionnaire surveying competence before and after working in the clinic. Results The 6-month self-reported smoking abstinence rate was 18% (95% confidence interval, 11%-28%). Twelve of 14 medical students completing the survey reported improved competence in smoking intervention counseling. Conclusions A comprehensive smoking intervention program provided by medical students yielded smoking abstinence rates comparable to other treatment programs. Medical students believed they improved their smoking cessation counseling skills.
Evolution of long-distance alarm calls in Kloss's gibbon

WE present evidence here that proximity of close kin is a plausible hypothesis to explain the evolution of long-distance alarm calls in Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii). We discovered two alarm calls produced by adults of this monogamous ape that provide good locational cues and are audible for much greater distances than required to signal the immediate family. Our further finding that at least some Kloss's gibbons settle in territories adjacent to their parental families when they mature and establish their own reproductive groups suggests that the adaptive significance of these calls is to warn neighbouring relatives of the presence and location of danger.
Effects of teachers on minority and disadvantaged students’ achievement in the early grades.

Abstract The study reported in this article investigated the differential effects of teachers on female, minority, and low‐socioeconomic‐status (SES) students' achievement. I used data from a 4‐year, large‐scale, randomized experiment (Project STAR) that was conducted between 1985 and 1989 in Tennessee, in which students and teachers were randomly assigned to classrooms within schools. The sample consisted of nearly 11,000 elementary students in 79 schools who participated in the experiment from kindergarten through third grade. Data from Project STAR included information about student outcomes such as Stanford Achievement Test scores in mathematics and reading and student demographics such as gender, race, and SES. I used multilevel models to examine how teacher effects interacted with student gender, race/ethnicity, and SES. Similar methods were employed to explore whether teacher effects were more pronounced in high‐poverty schools. Teacher effects were measured as residual variability in achievement a...
Radiolysis, racemization, and the origin of optical activity☆

Abstract An investigation has been undertaken to determine whether ionizing radiation might engender racemization (radioracemization) of optically active amino acids, along with their well-known radiolysis. We have exposed a number of solid and dissolved optically active amino acids to the ionizing radiation from a 3000-Ci 60Co γ-ray source for periods of time which would engender substantial, but not total radiolysis. γ-Ray doses which caused 55–68% radiolysis of solid amino acids typically engendered 2–5% racemization. Aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of amino acids which underwent 53–66% radiolysis typically showed 5–11% racemization. The corresponding hydrochloride salts in aqueous solution, however, underwent little or no racemization. In aqueous solution both percentage degradation and percentage racemization were approximately proportional to γ-ray dosage within the range employed (1–36 × 106 rads). Mechanisms for the radioracemization of amino acids in the solid state and as dissolved sodium salts are proposed, and the absence of racemization for dissolved hydrochloride salts is rationalized. Implications of these observations with regard to the origin of optical activity by the Vester-Ulbricht β-decay mechanism are discussed, as are their implications regarding the use of diagenetic racemization rates of ancient amino acid samples as criteria for geochronological and geothermometric calculations.
Machining as a Wedge Indentation

A case is made for the consideration of single-point machining of ductile metals as a special type of wedge indentation process. A general-purpose finite element analysis of machining using iterative rezoning is developed based on this analogy. The accuracy of this analysis, which does not incorporate any separation criterion, is limited only by our knowledge of the material properties and the friction conditions at the tool-chip interface. Strain hardening, strain rate effects, and the temperature dependence of the properties of the work material can be taken into consideration. While Coulomb friction is assumed at the chip-tool interface in the present model, it can easily be reformulated to include more complicated frictional interactions such as adhesion. An analysis of the cutting/ indentation of an isotropic work-hardening material at slow speeds under two different friction conditions is presented. It is shown that many of the important features of machining processes are consistently reproduced by the analysis.
Linearized Theory of Nonstationary Cascades at Fully Stalled or Supercavitated Conditions

Nonsteady lift and moment expressions are formulated for an infinite two-dimensional cascade of foils experiencing periodic deformations about an equilibrium state which may be interpreted as either fully stalled airfoils or supercavitated hydrofoils. Fundamental assumptions are: 1) flow is incompressible and inviscid, 2) displacements are small, 3) foils are flat plates of negligible thickness, 4) the separated (or cavitated) wakes are taken to be straight slits extending from each profile leading edge and trailing edge to downstream infinity, 5) the boundary conditions are satisfied on the two sides of each slit which is assumed to be stationary for this purpose, 6) the mean incidence is considered to be large enough so that the separation points at leading and trailing edges remain fixed during the cycle of oscillation, and 7) there is a constant phase angle between the motion of adjacent foils. The flow problem is solved by conformal mapping using the acceleration potential. Nichtstationare Auftriebs- und Momentausdrucke werden aufgestellt fur ein unendliches, zweidimensionales Gitter von unter dem Einflus periodischer Verbiegungen um eine Gleichgewichtslage stehenden Schaufeln, die entweder als vollig abgeloste Axialverdichterschaufeln oder als hochkavitierte Pumpenschaufeln aufgefast werden konnen. Grundlegende Annahmen sind: 1) die Flussigkeit ist inkompressibel und ideal, 2) die Verschiebungen sind gering, 3) die Schaufeln sind ebene Platten von vernachlassigbarer Dicke, 4) der abgeloste (oder kavitierte) Kielwasserbereich wird als gerader Spalt angesehen, der sich von Vorder- und Hinterkante jeder Schaufel stromabwarts ins Unendliche erstreckt, 5) die Randbedingungen sind an beiden Seiten jedes Spalts, der fur diesen Zweck als stationar angesehen wird, erfullt, 6) der mittlere Anstellwinkel wird als hinreichend gros angesehen, so das die Ablosungspunkte an Vorder- und Hinterkante wahrend einer Schwingungs-periode unverandert bleiben, und 7) es besteht ein konstanter Phasenwinkel zwischen den Bewegungen benachbarter Schaufeln. Das Stromungsproblem wird nach konformer Abbildung mit Hilfe des Beschleunigungspotentials gelost.
Effect of Tetrahydrobiopterin on Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Metabolism in Superfused Hippocampal Slices

The effects of 6R-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (6R-BH4), the in vivo cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, on the synthesis, release, and metabolism of serotonin were studied in superfused slices from rat hippocampus. 6R-BH4did not alter the spontaneous release of [3H]serotonin but it did significantly increase release when slices were depolarized with 30 mM KC1. Under the same incubation conditions, 6R-BH4 altered neither the synthesis (basal or tryptophan-stimulated) nor the metabolism of serotonin in hippocampal slices. The synthetic pteridine 6-methyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydropterin also augmented release under depolarizing conditions whereas biopterin, the oxidized form of 6R-BH4, did not. The 6S isotner of BH4, which is relatively inactive as a cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, was equipotent with 6R- BH4 in stimulating serotonin release. 6R-BH4 did not inhibit serotonin uptake nor did it function as a serotonin autoreceptor antagonist to increase release. A direct serotonin releasing effect of 6R-BH4, like that produced by p-chloroamphetamine, could also be ruled out. At suboptimal concentrations of extracellular calcium, the KC1-induced release of 3H was significantly reduced, yet the increase in release caused by BH4 remained the same in magnitude. It is concluded that 6R-BH4 increases the depolarization-induced release of serotonin through an interaction with the release mechanism itself, possibly by enhancing calcium influx or by increasing the sensitivity of the release mechanism to calcium. The effects of 6R-BH4 on serotonin release are independent from its function as the cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase.
Hysteretic electrical transport in BaTiO3/Ba1−xSrxTiO3/Ge heterostructures

We present electrical transport measurements of heterostructures comprised of BaTiO3 and Ba1−xSrxTiO3 epitaxially grown on Ge. Sr alloying imparts compressive strain to the BaTiO3, which enables the thermal expansion mismatch between BaTiO3 and Ge to be overcome to achieve c-axis oriented growth. The conduction bands of BaTiO3 and Ba1−xSrxTiO3 are nearly aligned with the conduction band of Ge, which facilitates electron transport. Electrical transport measurements through the dielectric stack exhibit rectifying behavior and hysteresis, where the latter is consistent with ferroelectric switching.
Lipid headgroups mediate organization and dynamics in bilayers

We report on the fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy decay dynamics of the tethered chromophore NBD in unilamellar vesicles comprised of phosphoglycerol and phosphocholine lipids with C(12) and C(18) saturated acyl chains, with or without cholesterol and/or sphingomyelin. For the phosphocholine vesicles, we use the chromophore 2-(12-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (NBD-PC), and for the phosphoglycerol vesicles, we use the chromophore 2-(12-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (NBD-PG). The addition of cholesterol and/or sphingomyelin to the PC vesicles restricts the chromophore environment, in agreement with the known rigidizing effect of cholesterol on PC membranes. The PG systems do not exhibit an analogous effect with the addition of cholesterol and/or sphingomyelin. The motional freedom of the NBD chromophore is, in general, more restricted in the PC bilayers than it is in the PG bilayers, and we understand this behavior in the context of the role of the lipid headgroups in mediating bilayer organization.
Nearby CFTs in the operator formalism: The role of a connection

Abstract There are two methods to study families of conformal theories in the operator formalism. In the first method we begin with a theory and a family of deformed theories defined in the state space of the original theory. In the other there is a distinct state space for each theory in the family, with the collection of spaces forming a vector bundle. This paper establishes the equivalence of a deformed theory with that in a nearby state space in the bundle via a connection that defines maps between nearby state spaces. We find that an appropriate connection for establishing equivalence is one that arose in a recent paper by Kugo and Zwiebach. We discuss the affine geometry induced on the space of backgrounds by this connection. This geometry is the same as the one obtained from the Zamolodchikov metric.
Geographic Variation in Larval Feeding Acceptance and Performance of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Larval feeding behavior and performance on three plant species ( Solanum tuberosum L., S. angustifolium Miller, and S. elaeagnifolium Cavanilles) were compared between populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) obtained from Morelos (Mexico) and Rhode Island. Population differences in larval feeding, cumulative mortality, and growth rate depended upon host species. For the most part, no divergence in feeding behavior and larval performance was noted between the populations on the ancestral host, S. angustifolium . Compared to Rhode Island beetles, a smaller percentage of Morelos beetles fed on S. tuberosum (potato) and S. elaeagnifolium . For those Morelos larvae that accepted potato, mortality of early instars was higher, and growth rate of early instars was slower, on potato than on S. angustifolium . Percentage of siblings that accepted potato was positively correlated with larval growth rate and survival on potato but not pupal weight of the survivors. The Morelos population showed significant variation among females in offspring acceptance of potato and S. angustifolium ; all Morelos larvae rejected S. elaeagnifolium . Variation among individual females in offspring acceptance of the three hosts was not significant for the Rhode Island population. All Rhode Island beetles were consistently less likely to accept S. elaeagnifolium than potato or S. angustifolium . Estimated heritability of larval feeding acceptance of potato by Morelos beetles was 0.48 by full-sib analysis.
Potential substrates for nicotine and alcohol interactions: a focus on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system.

Abstract Epidemiological studies consistently find correlations between nicotine and alcohol use, yet the neural mechanisms underlying their interaction remain largely unknown. Nicotine and alcohol (i.e., ethanol) share many common molecular and cellular targets that provide potential substrates for nicotine–alcohol interactions. These targets for interaction often converge upon the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, where the link to drug self-administration and reinforcement is well documented. Both nicotine and alcohol activate the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, producing downstream dopamine signals that promote the drug reinforcement process. While nicotine primarily acts via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, alcohol acts upon a wider range of receptors and molecular substrates. The complex pharmacological profile of these two drugs generates overlapping responses that ultimately intersect within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system to promote drug use. Here we will examine overlapping targets between nicotine and alcohol and provide evidence for their interaction. Based on the existing literature, we will also propose some potential targets that have yet to be directly tested. Mechanistic studies that examine nicotine–alcohol interactions would ultimately improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to the associations between nicotine and alcohol use.
Number words and ontological commitment

With the aid of some results from current linguistic theory, I examine a recent anti-Fregean line with respect to hybrid talk of numbers and ordinary things, such as ‘The number of moons of Jupiter is four’. I conclude that the anti-Fregean line with respect to these sentences is indefensible.
Energy harvesting from harmonic and noise excitation of multilayer piezoelectric stacks: modeling and experiment

This article theoretically and experimentally studies deterministic and stochastic piezoelectric energy harvesting using a multilayer stack configuration for civil infrastructure system applications that involve large compressive loads, such as vehicular and foot loads acting upon pavements. Modeling of vibrational energy harvesters has been mostly focused on deterministic forms of mechanical excitation as in the typical case of harmonic excitation. In this paper, we present analytical and numerical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesting from harmonic and random vibrations of multilayer piezoelectric stacks under axial compressive loading. The analytical electromechanical solution is based on the power spectral density (PSD) of random excitation and the voltage – to – pressure input frequency response function (FRF) of the harvester. The first one of the two numerical solution methods employs the Fourier series representation of the vibrational excitation history to solve the resulting ordinary differential equation (ODE), while the second method uses an Euler-Maruyama scheme to directly solve the governing electromechanical stochastic differential equation (SDE). The electromechanical model is validated through several experiments for a multilayer PZT-5H stack under harmonic and random excitations. The analytical predictions and numerical simulations exhibit very good agreement with the experimental measurements for a range of resistive loads and input excitation levels.
Endogenous Uveitis: Current Concepts of Treatment

The medical treatment of patients with uveitis often necessitates the use of systemically administered drugs, including corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, and cyclosporine. Because of the potential side effects of these medications, physicians unfamiliar with inflammatory ocular disease may be asked to participate in the care of these patients. The most important criteria on which to base the decisions of when and how to treat patients with uveitis are the site and severity of the inflammation, the degree of visual acuity, and the potential for restoration of vision with treatment. Slit-lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and fluorescein angiography are useful for evaluating the loss of vision in patients with endogenous uveitis. The main goal of treatment is to prevent permanent scarring and deterioration of vision as a result of the disease or the drug side effects. Frequent reassessment will help ensure adequate treatment and will minimize adverse drug effects.
Temporally ordered collective creep in NbSe3: A new window on low-temperature charge-density-wave dynamics

We have observed a new form of collective creep in the CDW conductor NbSe 3 . This creep provides fundamental insight into the relation between local and collective pinning and the mechanism of CDW dissipation, and has broad implications for understanding the CDW response at low temperatures.
Extendability of Tendons undergoing Contraction-Relaxation

EQUILIBRIUM melting of tendons1 and collagenous tissues2 follows the theoretical behaviour expected for a first-order phase transition. Thus, the ordered crystalline regions of polypeptide chains disintegrate into randomly oriented coils of the amorphous phase. Rat-tail tendons subjected to melting by lyotropic agents undergo rapid contraction followed by relaxation to rupture, and these physical events are easily measured characteristics of the melting process. Stress-strain curves of thermally shrunk tendons have been shown to obey equilibrium elastic theory for amorphous polymers3; for example, stress is proportional to (a–a−2), where a is the strain. This communication deals, however, with a kinetic analysis of melting of rat-tail tendons in concentrated aqueous urea at pH 7.0 and 37° C.
Evaluation of recycling efforts of aircraft companies in Wichita

The number of manufactured aircraft has been continuously increasing worldwide because of the high demand for airline transportation. During manufacturing, many advanced materials and devices are used to build various sizes and shapes of aircraft. However, most of these materials and devices require considerable energy and labor to produce, so reusing these at any life stage of the aircraft offers many economic and environmental benefits, and is considered lucrative and environmentally responsible. Several recyclable materials—composites, metals and alloys, wires, wood, paper, plastics, electronics, and avionics—emerge as waste streams during the manufacturing of aircraft. Many aircraft companies have been recycling these materials to remanufacture aircraft parts or other products for more sustainable production. In the present study, we evaluated the recycling efforts of local aircraft companies in Wichita, KS. These efforts were considered in terms of recycling efficiency/rate and environmental benefits. These included cradle-to-gate (CTG) life-cycle inventory analysis of the materials, carbon dioxide emissions, virgin material replacement with recycled materials, and natural resources usage. Our findings show that there exists a significant potential for contributions to sustainability as well as environmental and health benefits in the region from recycling by aircraft manufacturing plants.
Time Resolved Study of Probe Pressure Effects on Skin Fluorescence and Reflectance Spectroscopy Measurements

We conducted an in vivo experiment to study the effect of probe pressure on fluorescence and reflectance measurements. While these effects are minimal at low pressures, significant spectral distortions may occur at higher pressures.
Liquid deposition photolithography for submicrometer resolution three-dimensional index structuring with large throughput

Photonic devices increasingly require three-dimensional control of refractive index, but existing fabrication methods such as femtosecond micromachining, multilayer lithography and bulk diffusion can only address a select scale range, are often limited in complexity or thickness and have low throughput. We introduce a new fabrication method and polymeric material that can efficiently create mm3 optical devices with programmable, gradient index of refraction with arbitrary feature size. Index contrast of 0.1 is demonstrated, which is 100 times larger than femtosecond micromachining, and 20 times larger than commercial holographic photopolymers. This is achieved by repetitive microfluidic layering of a self-developing photopolymer structured by projection lithography. The process has the unusual property that total fabrication time for a fixed thickness decreases with the number of layers, enabling fabrication 105 faster than femtosecond micromachining. We demonstrate the process by sequentially writing 100 layers to fabricate a mm thick waveguide array. A photolithography scheme for making polymer-based photonic circuitry can be used to create complex 3D devices with large refractive index contrasts. Adam Urness and co-workers from the University of the USA say that their ‘liquid deposition photolithography’ approach can rapidly create millimetre-scale structures with submicrometre resolution and refractive index contrasts of up to 0.1. The scheme works by projecting a pattern of ultraviolet (365 nm) light onto a layer of a liquid photosensitive polymer that solidifies into a gel upon exposure. Regions that receive greater light intensity have a higher density and refractive index. The process can be repeated with many layers to create large, complex structures. For example, the team has used their approach to fabricate miniature logos, waveguide arrays and photonic crystal fibres.
Good things come in small packages: a review of the proceedings of the 2005 Academy of Molecular Imaging Meeting.

1Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710. Address correspondence to J. M. Provenzale. he 2005 annual conference of the Academy of Molecular Imaging (AMI), held in Orlando, Florida, on March 18–23, 2005, was a unique forum in which various types of advances in the fields of molecular diagnostics and therapeutics were highlighted. The AMI consists of four institutes, each representing a different facet of molecular imaging. The Institute for Molecular Imaging represents basic scientists in such fields as molecular and cell biology, chemistry, physics, and molecular genetics. The Society for Non-Invasive Imaging in Drug Development represents scientists from academic institutions and industry working in molecular imaging for drug development and testing. The Institute for Clinical PET represents clinical scientists, practicing physicians, and technologists involved in the clinical practices of PET, PET/CT, SPECT, and other imaging sciences related to molecular imaging. The Institute for Molecular Technologies represents corporations involved in invention, manufacture, and provision of molecular imaging devices, products, and services. Thus, the AMI represents a broad spectrum of individuals and institutions concentrated in various types of molecular imaging, ranging from widely accepted practices already in widespread use (e.g., PET and SPECT) to innovative and experimental imaging methods. This article reports some of the novel molecular imaging techniques discussed at the conference that, while still in the various stages of development, may eventually be of clinical importance to radiologists.
Defining treatment and outcomes of hepaticojejunostomy failure following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

The overall complication rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) approaches 50 %, with anastomotic failure being the most frequent cause of serious postoperative morbidity. Hepaticojejunostomy leaks (also called bile leaks) are the second most common type of leak, behind pancreaticojejunostomy leaks, yet have been the focus of only a single study as reported by Suzuki et al. (Hepatogastroenterology 50:254–257, 12). We reviewed the recent experience with bile leaks at a single, high-volume pancreatic surgery center over a six-year time period. Bile leaks were identified in 16 out of 715 patients (2.2 %). Low preoperative albumin was associated with an increased risk. Bile leaks typically manifested within the first week after surgery as bilious drainage in a surgically placed drain. Associated warning signs included fever and leukocytosis. Patients with a bile leak frequently developed other complications, including a pancreatic fistula, wound infection, delayed gastric emptying, and sepsis. The impact on perioperative outcomes was comparable to patients with a pancreatic leak. A grading system is proposed based on the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula model. Grade A bile leaks were classified as those managed with prolonged drainage by operatively placed drains, grade B bile leaks with percutaneous abdominal drainage, and grade C bile leaks with insertion of a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Hepaticojejunostomy leaks are rare after PD. The complication severity ranges from trivial to life threatening and is comparable overall to pancreaticojejunostomy leaks. Surgical intervention is rarely, if ever, required. With prompt and aggressive management, a full recovery can be expected.
Speech controlled automatic wheelchair

In this paper, we propose an Intelligent Home Navigation System (IHNS) which comprises of a wheelchair, voice module and navigation module. This system can be used by an elderly or physically challenged person to move inside the home without any difficulty. In general, the elders may forget the way to the different rooms in house and the physically challenged people find hard to move the wheel chair without external aid. In the proposed system the wheelchair is operated automatically or manually by turning the wheels using hands or external aids. The proposed system is a voice controlled wheelchair robot. The voice of the person is detected by voice capture module and that compared with predefined voices loaded in the system by voice recognition module. According to the received voice, the destination is automatically understood and the wheelchair moves according to the route which is predefined. The system is also equipped with obstacle avoidance technique, where the person may not be able to provide proper voices at right time. The wheelchair can automatically navigate from one point to other in the home as per command from the voice module.