cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The complexity of trauma types in the lives of women in families referred for family violence: Multiple mediators of mental health

Responding to calls for further research about the impact of multiple types of trauma across the life span, this study examines the interconnections among types of trauma in childhood and adulthood in a convenience clinical sample of 283 women obtaining social services for family violence. In particular, variables including family of-origin dysfunction and other childhood risk factors, relationship victimization in adulthood, and the presence of adult resources were examined as mediators of links between child maltreatment and adult mental health symptoms. Variables were assessed at different time points, 3 years apart. Path analysis revealed that the conceptual model of multiple pathways between childhood family violence exposure and adult outcomes fit the data well. In particular, the link between child maltreatment and adult trauma symptoms was mediated by more proximal adult sexual and intimate partner violence and its association with childhood risk markers (e.g., negative family environment) and decreased markers of resources. This link was not significant for a more general index of mental health symptoms in adulthood.
Coiled Coils at the Edge of Configurational Heterogeneity. Structural Analyses of Parallel and Antiparallel Homotetrameric Coiled Coils Reveal Configurational Sensitivity to a Single Solvent-Exposed Amino Acid Substitution†,‡

A detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which particular amino acid sequences can give rise to more than one folded structure, such as for proteins that undergo large conformational changes or misfolding, is a long-standing objective of protein chemistry. Here, we describe the crystal structures of a single coiled-coil peptide in distinct parallel and antiparallel tetrameric configurations and further describe the parallel or antiparallel crystal structures of several related peptide sequences; the antiparallel tetrameric assemblies represent the first crystal structures of GCN4-derived peptides exhibiting such a configuration. Intriguingly, substitution of a single solvent-exposed residue enabled the parallel coiled-coil tetramer GCN4-pLI to populate the antiparallel configuration, suggesting that the two configurations are close enough in energy for subtle sequence changes to have important structural consequences. We present a structural analysis of the small changes to the helix register and side-chain conformations that accommodate the two configurations and have supplemented these results using solution studies and a molecular dynamics energetic analysis using a replica exchange methodology. Considering the previous examples of structural nonspecificity in coiled-coil peptides, the findings reported here not only emphasize the predisposition of the coiled-coil motif to adopt multiple configurations but also call attention to the associated risk that observed crytstal structures may not represent the only (or even the major) species present in solution.
Transient convective burning of interactive fuel droplets in double-layer arrays

Abstract The transient convective burning of n-octane droplets interacting within double-layer arrays in a hot gas flow perpendicular to the layers is studied numerically, with considerations of droplet surface regression, deceleration and relative movement due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature and surface tension. Each layer in the double-layer array is a periodic droplet array aligned orthogonal to the free stream direction. The droplets in different layers are arranged either in tandem or staggered. Several different flame structures are found for the double-layer arrays. The transient behaviors of the droplets in both upstream and downstream layers are studied and compared, for various initial relative stream velocity and initial transverse droplet spacing. The average surface temperature and vaporization rate for the front (or upstream) droplets and back (or downstream) droplets are influenced by the flame structure. The front droplets in a double-layer array behave similarly to the droplets in a single-layer array for the streamwise droplet spacing considered in this study. The back droplets approach the front droplets because they generally have lower drag.
Cryptococcus neoformans as a Model for Radioimmunotherapy of Infections

There is an obvious and urgent need for novel approaches to treat infectious diseases. The use of monoclonal antibodies in therapy of infectious diseases is now experiencing renewed interest. During the last 5 years radioimmunotherapy (RIT), a modality previously developed only for cancer treatment, has been successfully adapted for the treatment of experimental fungal, bacterial, and viral infections. As our model organism for studying the efficacy, mechanisms, potential toxicity, and radioresistance to RIT, as well as for comparison of RIT with the existing antimicrobial therapies we have chosen the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans (CN). The success of RIT approach in laboratory studies provides encouragement for feasibility of therapeutically targeting microbes with labeled antibodies. In addition, the creation of “panantibodies” for RIT which would recognize antigens shared by the whole class of pathogens such as fungi, for example, would facilitate the introduction of RIT into the clinic.
Dual-confocal auto-focus sensing system in ultrafast laser application

A dual-confocal auto-focus sensing module for measuring defocusing positions of specimens in laser machining systems or inspecting devices is proposed. This sensing module can improve the detecting accuracy by analyzing and fitting signals from the difference between the dual optical paths, and miniaturize the optical apparatus with the superior integrated optical design. This auto-focusing module is especially integrated with the femtosecond laser machining system used to induce microstructures of silicon materials. The results of the simulations and the experiments demonstrate that the values of the positioning accuracy and the repeatability are both less than ±1.5µm with the measuring ranges of ±200µm.
Interactions of Dopamine and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Regulation of Prolactin Release in Lactating Rats*

Dopamine, secreted by the median eminence into hypophysial stalk blood, accounts for much of the inhibition of PRL release known to be exerted by the hypothalamus, and recent studies of lactating rats have revealed a brief decrease (60–70% for 3–5 min) in hypophysial stalk plasma dopamine concentrations immediately after the onset of a simulated suckling stimulus (electrical stimulation of a mammary nerve trunk). In the present study, we investigated the regulatory significance of this decrease for the increased PRL secretion evoked by this stimulus and, in addition, researched the effect of TRH on plasma PRL levels when it was administered before and after the decrease in dopamine. Control lactating rats anesthetized with urethane exhibited low and unvarying levels of plasma PRL (mean ± SEM 3.5 ± 0.6 ng/ml). Intraperitoneal injection of αmethyl- p-tyrosine (AMPT) resulted in a 120-fold elevation of plasma PRL levels. Dopamine infusions (1.0 μg-min/kg BW) into AMPT-treated rats, achieving stalk plasma dop...
Integrating Droplet into Applab — Improving the usability of a blocks-based text editor

Droplet is a programming editor that allows dual-mode editing in blocks and text for any text program. This paper presents observations and improvements to Droplet based on integrating Droplet into Applab, Code.org's JavaScript sandbox learning environment. Droplet's unique interactions with both text and blocks create several unusual problems and opportunities for improvement.
Preparation in Context: Comparative Outcomes of Alternative Clergy Training in the ELCA

Training requirements for ordained clergy vary widely between US denominations, but the most common qualifications include the Master of Divinity (MDiv), a 3-year professional degree typically earned in residence full-time at a seminary or school of theology following completion of an undergraduate degree. However, past research has found that denominations with more limited formal training requirements for clergy tend to grow more rapidly and that professionalized clergy may actually contribute to denominational decline. I test this with Cox regression, comparing job lengths of Lutheran (ELCA) pastors with MDiv degrees and those who completed an alternative training program (TEEM) where older students complete less extensive coursework while simultaneously serving a ministry context. TEEM candidates often continue serving in this context upon being ordained. The key finding is a persistent advantage for TEEM program graduates net of demographic controls, regardless of how age and experience are factored in. The advantage is not the result of ongoing embeddedness in a single context, suggesting it may result from a combination of differences in the structure of formal education and the simultaneous contextual application. Both life experience (age) prior to being ordained and experience in ordained ministry also provide some advantage, but the effects are largely limited to MDiv graduates in their first few years of ministry. The results provide further evidence for the promise of alternative ministry preparation programs, and help elaborate previous theories of clergy religious capital.
Response of Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Neonates to Selected Insecticides

Responses of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), neonates in direct spray and leaf residue bioassays with the organophosphates azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated methyl parathion, phosmet, and phosalone; the carbamates methomyl and thiodicarb; and the pyrethroid fenvalerate were measured for a laboratory strain and for populations collected from orchards at the Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research Laboratory in Adams County, Pa. The relative ranking of pesticide toxicity for the laboratory strain wassimilar in both bioassays: pyrethroid > carbamates > organophosphates. However, certain organophosphates such as chlorpyrifos and microencapsulated methyl parathion were much more effective in the leaf residue than direct spray tests. Highest resistance levels (field LC50,/laboratory LC50,) were found for the organophosphates in both tests (3- to 17-fold), especially with azinphosmethyl (17-fold). Carbamates and pyrethroids had low resistance levels (1- to 4-fold). Resistance levels to azinphosmethyl were high (17- to 24-fold) within commercial and experimental apple orchards scattered throughout Adams County.
Lump-Sum versus Pay-As-You-Go: The Moderating Effect of Contract Types on the Optimal Logistics Decisions

When outsourcing their logistics operations to transportation companies, manufacturers/retailers need to design a contract, under which payment can be made either in a lump sum or over time (i.e., per each delivery). This paper investigates how the payment method (i.e., type of contracts) impacts the transporter's delivery schedule by developing an analytical model based on the optimal control and game theories. Our findings show that the transporter's delivery schedule depends on the method of payment and the overall cost of hiring a transporter varies with the types of contracts. We provide theoretical explanations to these findings along with managerial implications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A system approach in the political-administrative management

The article presents the results of the study on a system approach in the political-administrative management in order to improve the efficiency of administrative activity under the social transformation conditions. The system approach value in the process of a modern Ukrainian state development is grounded.
The Effect of Advanced Written Notification on Mail Survey Response and Item Omission Rates

The purpose of this study is to examine one of the more commonly used mail survey methodological manipulations, and advanced written notification, in terms of the effects that this variable has upon both the response rate and item omission rate of the survey. Parsons and Medford (1972) on two different samples, also found that prior written notification did not increase the response rates to the survey. In contrast to the two studies above, Ford (1967) found that response rates were significantly higher when advanced written notification was employed. Ford (1967), also examined the effect of written advanced notification on the rate at which questions were left unanswered (item omission rate). Ford (1967) found that item omission rates were not significantly affected by advanced notification.
Rational Trigonometry (March 2008)

Triangles are one of the most basic objects in mathematics. We have been studying them for thousands of years, and the study of triangles, trigonometry, is, to some extent, a part of every mathematical curriculum. Our oldest named theorem, the Pythagorean theorem, is about triangles, though the theorem was known long before Pythagoras. It is probably our most famous and most often proved theorem as well. Hundreds of different proofs are known, [Loomis 1940] and good writers still find interesting things to say about the theorem. [Maor 2007] The particular branch of trigonometry where we ask that certain parts of the given triangle, sides, angles, medians, area, etc., is called rational trigonometry . Though it originally arose from geometry, rational trigonometry is now usually classified as a part of number theory. For example, for many people, the Pythagorean theorem is particularly interesting when we consider it as a problem in rational trigonometry and ask that the lengths of the sides of the triangle be whole numbers. This is the problem of so-called Pythagorean triples, three whole numbers a , b and c satisfying a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . As we all know, the simplest such triple is (3, 4, 5). It is easy to show that there are infinitely many such triples. We can generate all we want by picking two positive integers, m and n , with m > n and letting a = 2 mn b = m 2 − n 2 c = m 2 + n 2 . It is easy to check that for these values, indeed, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . It is slightly less easy to check that if m and n are relatively prime, one odd and the other even, then a , b and c are pairwise relatively prime, so the method is not just generating infinitely many triangles similar to each other. All Pythagorean triples can be generated in this way.
Adherence to Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy: Results of a Self-Reported Patient Survey

Abstract 4432 Background: Although there have been tremendous improvements in the management of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the success of treatment is dependent on adherence by the patient to oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tki) regimens in unmonitored situations. Little is known about the degree of adherence with tki chemotherapy over prolonged timeframes and the reasons/possible solutions for non-adherence. Method: Patients (pts) with CML evaluated at the John Theurer Cancer Center having at least one clinic visit since 2010 were identified from the institution’s computerized database. Pts were mailed a 22 item survey designed to elicit opinions regarding adherence with tki therapy. To encourage openness, the survey responses were blinded to the treating physician. A follow-up survey was sent two weeks later. Result: 123 pts were eligible for participation, and 88 returned completed surveys (72% response rate). Respondents were 46 male, 42 female, median age 58, and had a median duration of CML of 65 months (range 4–312). 44 were on first line imatinib, 5 on first line nilotinib, 14 on second line dasatinib, 11 on second line nilotinib, 2 on second line imatinib, 5 on third line tki, 4 on experimental therapies, and 6 status-post transplantation. 81 (92%) of respondents were currently in complete cytogenetic remission, with 19 (22%) having experienced prior cytogenetic relapse and 6 (7%) prior clinical progression. 18% of respondents changed therapies for intolerance and 23% for treatment resistance. There were no statistical differences between respondents and non-respondents based on gender (p=0.50), age (p=0.27), current tki agent (p=0.37), participation on a clinical trial (p=0.61), need for prior change in therapy (p=0.91), or history of disease relapse (p=0.98). In the 100 days prior to the survey, 66 (75%) subjects self-reported taking all their prescribed oral tki’s. However, one quarter (22pts) admitted to missing/skipping doses (most reported missing less than 10 days). Young pts ( Conclusion: Adherence with oral tki therapy among pts with CML remains challenging as 25% of our respondents admitted to missing doses; including pts who had been on prolonged therapy (>5yrs) and those pts who had already required treatment changes to second generation agents for resistance/progression. Additional efforts to foster adherence to tki therapy that will allow optimal clinical outcomes are needed. Disclosures: Goldberg:Novartis Oncology: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Off Label Use: Treatments of CML with experimental tyrosine kinase inhibitors, not the focus of the trial. Shah:Novartis Oncology: Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau.
“Where Is the Love?” Expanding and Theorizing With LGBTQ Memorable Messages of Sex and Sexuality

ABSTRACTLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) women exist as a population with an increased complexity in the relationship between themselves and their sexuality. For the LGBTQ community, sexual behaviors are often silenced or erased. This exploratory qualitative research examines 186 memorable messages that emerged from 91 LGBTQ women and gender minorities who participated in a national study. Each participant was asked to share memorable messages they received about sex, sexuality, and sexual health. Consistent with past research, “advice” was a common memorable messages form; however, negative attributes and media-derived messages emerged. The results contribute to understanding the messages that LGTBQ individuals confront on topics of sex and sexuality.
International Volunteer Programs for Dental Students: Results of 2009 and 2016 Surveys of U.S. Dental Schools

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and nature of international volunteer programs for predoctoral students at U.S. dental schools and to document the change over five years. Web-based surveys were conducted in 2009 and 2016. An invitation to participate in the study, along with a hyperlink to the survey, was emailed to the deans of all U.S. dental schools in the two years. In 2009, 47 of 58 dental school deans responded to the survey, for a response rate of 81%. In 2016, 48 of 64 dental school deans responded, for a response rate of 75%. From 2009 to 2016, the number of schools reporting dental student international experiences increased from 25 to 31. In 2016, 65% of responding schools offered dental student international experiences, an 11.5% increase over the results of the 2009 survey. Concomitantly, the number of deans reporting their students' participation in international opportunities not officially sanctioned by the school decreased from 41 to 34. These findings showed an increase in the number of dental schools providing international experiences for their students and established baseline data to assess trends in the future.
Acute Exacerbation and Decline in Forced Vital Capacity Are Associated with Increased Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Rationale: Exploration of FVC as it relates to mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic, progressive, and ultimately fatal parenchymal lung disease, is important both clinically and to the current drug development paradigm. We evaluated the association between FVC decline and mortality in what is to our knowledge the largest well-characterized placebo cohort to date. Additionally, we sought to explore the risk of death caused by acute exacerbations and to further validate previously identified baseline predictors of mortality.Objectives: To validate and further characterize FVC decline, acute exacerbations, and previously identified baseline predictors as they relate to risk of death.Methods: A total of 1,132 placebo subjects from six studies used for the clinical development of nintedanib and pirfenidone for the treatment of IPF were included in the present analysis. Deaths were captured as all-cause mortality. A stratified Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associatio...
Overlap Graph Reduction for Genome Assembly using Apache Spark

The advent of third-generation long-range DNA sequencing and mapping techniques has permitted nearly perfect or very high quality de novo assemblies of genomes. However, most overlap graph de novo assemblers still require large amounts of computer memory to resolve the large genome graphs. Here, we apply string graph reduction algorithms for genome assembly using Apache Spark on a distributed cloud computing platform.
Harmonic generation by nonlinear self-interaction of a single internal wave mode

Weakly nonlinear theory is used to explore the dynamics of a single-mode internal tide in variable stratification with rotation. Nonlinear self-interaction in variable stratification generates a perturbation which is forced with double the original frequency and wavenumber. The dynamics of the perturbation is analogous to a forced harmonic oscillator, with the steady-state solution corresponding to a bound harmonic matching the forcing frequency and wavenumber. When the forcing frequency is near a natural frequency of the system, even a small-amplitude (nearly linear) internal tide may induce a significant harmonic response. Idealized stratification profiles are utilized to explore the relevance of this effect for oceanic baroclinic internal tides, and the results indicate that a rapidly growing harmonic may occur in some environments near the Equator, but is unlikely at higher latitudes. The results are relevant to recent observations of (harmonic) internal tides in the South China Sea and elsewhere. More generally, nonlinear self-interaction may contribute to the transfer of energy to smaller scales and the dissipation of baroclinic internal tides, especially in equatorial waters.
EvilDirect: A New Wi-Fi Direct Hijacking Attack and Countermeasures

In this paper, we first show that Group Owner (GO) devices in Wi-Fi Direct are vulnerable to the EvilDirect attack. In the EvilDirect attack, a rogue GO is set up by an adversary to look like the legitimate GO (with the same MAC address, SSID, and operating channel). The adversary intercepts the clients' invitation requests and accepts them before the legitimate GO. Accordingly, the adversary hijacks the wireless communications between the clients and the legitimate GO. To defend against the EvilDirect attack, we propose the idea of exploiting the received signal strength (RSS) variations on the wireless channel between each client and the legitimate GO. Our solution, EvilDirectHunter checks whether the RSS profiles of both the client and the potential GO devices are similar with each other. Both devices incrementally prove this similarity by exchanging challenge and response packets. EvilDirectHunter is evaluated by implementing it as an Android App, and by modifying the Android kernel code responsible for Wi- Fi Direct in Google Nexus 5 and Samsung Galaxy S2 smartphones. The results show that EvilDirectHunter is able, within seconds, to identify EvilDirect attacks with a high detection rate (100%) while maintaining a low false positive rate (4.5%).
Detailed analysis of the prothoracic tissues transforming into wings in the Cephalothorax mutants of the Tribolium beetle.

Despite the immense importance of the wing in the evolution and successful radiation of the insect lineages, the origin of this critical structure remains a hotly-debated mystery. Two possible tissues have been identified as an evolutionary origin of wings; the lateral expansion of the dorsal body wall (tergal edge) and structures related to an ancestral proximal leg segment (pleural tissues). Through studying wing-related tissues in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we have previously presented evidence in support of a dual origin of insect wings, a third hypothesis proposing that wings evolved from a combination of both tergal and pleural tissues. One key finding came from the investigation of a Cephalothorax (Cx) mutant, in which the ectopic wing characteristic to this mutant was found to be formed from both tergal and pleural contributions. However, the degree of contribution of the two tissues to the wing remains elusive. Here, we took advantage of multiple Cx alleles available in Tribolium, and produced a variety of degrees and types of ectopic wing tissues in their prothoracic segments. Through detailed phenotypic scoring of the Cx phenotypes based on nine categories of mutant traits, along with comprehensive morphological analysis of the ectopic wing tissues, we found that (i) ectopic wing tissues can be formed at various locations in the prothorax, even internally, (ii) the lateral external ectopic wing tissues have tergal origin, while the internal and posterior external ectopic wing tissues appear to be of pleural origin, and (iii) the ectopic wing tissues of both tergal and pleural origin are capable of transforming into wing surface tissues. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that the evolutionary contribution of each tissue to a complete wing may be more complex than the simple binary view that is typically invoked by a dual origin model (i.e. the wing blade from the tergal contribution + musculature and articulation from the pleural contribution).
Effect of Ethanol on Hepatic Secretory Proteins

Both acute and chronic ethanol administration inhibit the secretion of albumin and glycoproteins from the liver. Impairment of posttranslational steps of the secretory process are mainly involved in this secretory defect, although in some instances altered synthesis of the protein moiety may be a factor. Decreased secretion following ethanol administration results in the intrahepatic retention of export proteins. The secretory defect is a consequence of the metabolism of ethanol and is likely mediated via acetaldehyde, although more conclusive proof is still required. The manner by which acetaldehyde impairs the secretory process is unknown, but may be related to its high reactivity with hepatocellular proteins. The specific posttranslational steps or processes involved in the secretory defect are still unclear; however, it appears that the final steps of secretion (post-Golgi events) may be the primary site of impairment. Impaired secretion of proteins from the liver could contribute to altered levels of plasma proteins and hepatomegaly as well as to the liver injury observed in the alcoholic.
Is hepatitis A more severe in patients with chronic hepatitis B and other chronic liver diseases

There are several published case series of acute hepatitis A, with coverage ranging from epidemics to case reports, that provide information regarding the clinical course and outcome of hepatitis A in patients with underlying chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (1-12). Only a few reports have addressed the outcome of hepatitis A in patients with other chronic liver diseases (2, 13). Some, but not all, of these reports suggest that hepatitis A superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or other chronic liver diseases is associated with higher peak laboratory abnormalities, more severe disease, including fulminant hepatic failure, and a higher case fatality rate. In addition, analysis of HBsAg titer and serum markers of HBV replication, including HBeAg, HBV DNA, and DNA polymerase, reveals suppression of HBV replication. With the availability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine in many countries and its imminent approval for use in the United States, the issue of whether or not patients with chronic liver diseases, including chronic HBV infection, should be a target group for vaccination to prevent hepatitis A warrants consideration. The purpose of this review is to analyze the published literature addressing the clinical course and outcome of acute hepatitis A in patients with chronic HBV infection and other chronic liver diseases to determine if hepatitis A is more severe in these patients.
A Novel Supplementation Approach to Enhance Host Response to Sublingual Vaccination.

Sublingual immunization is emerging as an alternative to nasal immunization and induction of mucosal IgA responses. Using Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (EdTx) as an adjuvant, we previously showed that innate responses triggered after sublingual immunization could limit generation of IgA responses. We tested whether co-administration of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (NEI) could rescue the ability of EdTx to induce broad antibody responses, including mucosal IgA. NEI supplementation of sublingual vaccines containing EdTx promoted antigen-specific serum IgA responses but also enhanced serum IgG1, and IgG2b responses. This enhancing effect of NEI did not extend to all antibody isotypes and IgG sublclasses, since NEI reduced serum IgE responses and did not affect IgG2a/c and IgG3 responses. NEI supplementation also promoted anti-Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) neutralizing antibodies and enhanced high affinity IgG1 and IgA antibodies. In addition to serum IgA, NEI supplementation stimulated antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses in the GI tract, and enhanced antigen-specific IgG responses in vaginal washes. Analysis of CD4+ T helper cell responses revealed that co-administration of NEI broadened the profile of cytokine responses, by stimulating Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh cytokines. We also noted that NEI had a higher stimulatory effect on IL-5, IL-10, IL-17 responses.
Religion, social integration, and depression in Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey.

Abstract Western Europe's growing Muslim population has occasioned considerable debate regarding cultural integration, immigration, and social isolation. In this study I explore the relationship between religious identification and depression in European countries, focusing in particular on the situation of Muslims, but comparing across other religious groups, as well as those who are unaffiliated with any religion. The analysis is based on countries sampled in the sixth round of the European Social Survey, conducted in 2012. The results reveal the dueling effects of religious identity: religious involvement involves social integration among like-minded friends, but can also invite discrimination from others. This dueling effect implies significant differences between groups. Among Protestants and Catholics greater religious identification is associated with progressively lower depression, relative to those with no affiliation. Among Muslims lower levels of identification are associated with significantly more depression. Muslims of the highest level of identification are statistically indistinguishable from those with no religious affiliation. These patterns among Muslims are not born of poor social integration, but rather reflect more experiences with discrimination. Overall differences among religious groups are very strong: the difference in depression between Muslims and Protestants, for instance, exceeds the difference between men and women.
Gender and Race Intersectional Effects in the U.S. Engineering Workforce: Who Stays? Who Leaves?

In many countries, engineering remains a field in which women are highly underrepresented, raising questions not only of equal access, but also of underutilized and wasted potential in engineering talent. The United States is one such country, with women representing only 15% of the engineering workforce. Moreover, even if initially entering the field, women in the United States are more likely than men to leave engineering altogether. This study further analyzes this situation, recognizing that women are a demographically varied group and questioning how differences among them might be reflected in engineering participation outcomes. Emphasizing race and gender, and employing logit regression and marginal effects tests, it considers intersectional configurations to examine probabilities of staying and working in engineering occupations among recipients of engineering degrees. Different gendered patterns are revealed for working in engineering among Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, and White Americans. Moreover, gender and race groups present varying retention rates in engineering occupations over time. Findings also confirm inter- and intra-group gender and racial/ethnic differences and disparities that would not have been revealed without attention to intersectional effects on participation in engineering fields.
All-Links-Based E-Hailing Pricing and Surcharge Mechanism for Transportation System Performance Improvement:

E-hailing services, in which riders request rides from their mobile devices, have rapidly developed into a viable transportation alternative for many travelers. This technology has changed the set ...
The L -method

It is shown that theL-method is basic to test-building and to all combining of scores where the several sub-parts of a composite are weighted according to their respective standard deviations, i.e., with “equal gross score weights” or by “adding the several sub-scores.” With chiefly a listing adding machine, a few celluloid strips, and a master matrix table ofL's, one may, in a fraction of the time and with equally good or even better practical results, easily duplicate, with test-building material most of the feats obtainable by multiple regression equations.
Overcoming Educational Challenges and Impact of COVID-19 in a Pathology Residency Program

Our program in is a 4-year combined anatomic pathology (AP) and clinical pathology (CP) program located in New Hampshire. Prior to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, double-headed sign-outs and multi-headed scope didactic conferences took place daily. On the autopsy service, cases were performed in-house under attending supervision, and forensic cases were performed at the off-site Office of the Medical Examiner. In CP, residents engaged in weekly didactic CP lectures and engaged in in-person resident-attending discussions, laboratory rounds, and direct patient contact on a daily basis. Institutional Universal Guidelines from the Emergency Order from New Hampshire were imposed at the beginning of the pandemic. These included exposure mitigation and employee screening strategies. Changes to resident rotations and didactic sessions, strategies to maintain resident wellness, and the program director perspectives are described. Amid the pandemic, digital pathology, teleconferencing platforms, and social media became important resources for pathology education. Digital platforms allowed groups of people to communicate and watch live presentations while social distancing. In AP, whole slide imaging allowed both attendings and residents to scan slides for personal learning, slide conferences, and didactic learning sessions. Following these measures, we supported the clinical needs of our medical center and learning needs of our residents while enacting social distancing and prevention guidelines early in the pandemic. Although the full impact of COVID-19 on pathology residency programs is still unknown, we incorporated new facets of communication technologies. These were immensely helpful in maintaining social distancing and helping to reduce the spread of disease.
New Amorphous Oxy-Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Material: Anion Exchange, Electrochemical Properties, and Lithium Dendrite Suppression via In Situ Interfacial Modification

Glassy sulfide materials have been considered as promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in lithium and sodium metal (LM and SM) batteries. While much of the current research on lithium glassy SSEs (GSSEs) has focused on the pure sulfide binary Li2S + P2S5 system, we have expanded these efforts by examining mixed-glass-former (MGF) compositions which have mixtures of glass formers, such as P and Si, which allow melt-quenching synthesis under ambient pressure and therefore the use of grain-boundary-free SSEs. We have doped these MGF compositions with oxygen to improve the chemical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of these glasses. In this work, we report on the short-range order (SRO), namely atomic-level, structures of Li2S + SiS2 + P2O5 MGF mixed oxy-sulfide glasses and, for the first time, study the critical current density (CCD) of these Si-doped oxy-sulfide GSSEs in LM symmetric cells. The samples were synthesized by planetary ball milling (PBM), and it was observed that a certain minimum milling time was necessary to achieve a final SRO structure. To address the short-circuiting lithium dendrite (LD) problems that were observed in these GSSEs, we demonstrate a simple and novel strategy for these Si-doped oxy-sulfide GSSEs to engineer the LM-GSSE interface by forming an in situ interlayer via heat treatment. Stable cycling to ∼1200 h at a capacity of 2 mAh·cm-2 per discharge/charge cycle under a current density of 1 mA·cm-2 is achieved. These results indicate that these MGF oxy-sulfide GSSEs combined with an optimized interfacial modification may find use in LM, and by extrapolation, SM, batteries.
Corporate Social Responsibility through an Economic Lens

AbstractBusiness leaders, government officials, and academics are focusing considerable attention on the concept of “corporate social responsibility” (CSR), particularly in the realm of environment...
Diabetic Foot Infections: A Microbiologic Review

Abstract Diabetes mellitus continues to be an increasingly common comorbidity. Diabetic foot infections are one of the most common causes of hospitalization in this population, and account for a significant portion of increased hospitalization and healthcare expenditure. Complications, such as osteomyelitis, can necessitate the use of multiple, prolonged antibiotic courses. These courses often consist of broad-spectrum, empiric therapy determined by organisms considered to be commonly associated with these types of infections. Extended periods of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens can contribute to antibiotic resistance and ultimately limit future treatment options. Furthermore, patient specific risk factors can impact the microbiologic diversity found in these infections. As a result, it is difficult to determine if a single empiric regimen is appropriate for all instances of diabetic foot infections. Objectives and Methods This review analyzes global literature relating to the culture methods, incidence, risk factors, resistance patterns, and geographic distribution of the microorganisms isolated from diabetic foot infections using the PRISMA statement for systematic review and meta-analysis reporting. Results Staphylococcus aureus remains a significant pathogen, with a growing incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MDR gram-negative bacilli. Conclusions Though some individualized risk factors can be useful, local epidemiology and resistance patterns remain essential for antibiotic treatment considerations.
Vectorized and Multitasked Solution of the Few-Group Neutron Diffusion Equations

A numerical algorithm with parallelism was used to solve the two-group, multidimensional neutron diffusion equations on computers characterized by shared memory, vector pipeline, and multi-CPU architecture features. Specifically, solutions were obtained on the Cray X/MP-48, the IBM-3090 with vector facilities, and the FPS-164. The material-centered mesh finite difference method approximation and outer-inner iteration method were employed. Parallelism was introduced in the inner iterations using the cyclic line successive overrelaxation iterative method and solving in parallel across lines. The outer iterations were completed using the Chebyshev semi-iterative method that allows parallelism to be introduced in both space and energy groups. For the three-dimensional model, power, soluble boron, and transient fission product feedbacks were included. Concentrating on the pressurized water reactor (PWR), the thermal-hydraulic calculation of moderator density assumed single-phase flow and a closed flow channel, allowing parallelism to be introduced in the solution across the radial plane. Using a pinwise detail, quarter-core model of a typical PWR in cycle 1, for the two-dimensional model without feedback the measured million floating point operations per second (MFLOPS)/vector speedups were 83/11.7. 18/2.2, and 2.4/5.6 on the Cray, IBM, and FPS without multitasking, respectively. Lower performance was observed with a coarser mesh, i.e., shorter vectormore » length, due to vector pipeline start-up. For an 18 x 18 x 30 (x-y-z) three-dimensional model with feedback of the same core, MFLOPS/vector speedups of --61/6.7 and an execution time of 0.8 CPU seconds on the Cray without multitasking were measured. Finally, using two CPUs and the vector pipelines of the Cray, a multitasking efficiency of 81% was noted for the three-dimensional model.« less
Ultracompact HII Regions: Their Morphologies and Spectral Energy Distributions

Ultracompact (UC) HII regions are the sites of recent O and B star formation. The structure of the circumstellar ionized gas is determined by the interaction of stellar gravitation, radiation, particle winds, and magnetic fields with the local interstellar medium. Several UC HII regions have been mapped with high spatial resolution at radio wavelengths by Felli, Johnston, and Churchwell (1981), Colley (1980), Dreher and Welch (1981), Ho and Haschick (1981), Dreher et al. (1984), Felli, Churchwell, and Massi (1984), Turner and Matthews (1984), Garay, Moran, and Reid (1985), and Garay, Rodriguez, and van Gorkom (1986). These observations show that UC HII regions have emission measures > 107 pc cm−6 and diameters which range from ~ 0.05 to 0.2 pc. Their radio brightness distributions are typically that of a shell or arc with very steep gradients along their outer boundaries, indicating that they are generally ionization bounded by dense molecular gas and dust. They are frequently associated with older, more extended, and less dense HII regions. In several cases they appear to be located near H+ — H2 interface zones formed by a diffuse HII region and a large molecular cloud (Felli, Churchwell, and Massi 1984). Many, if not all, are deeply embedded in molecular clouds, so they have been observed only in the infrared and radio wavelength domains.
Viewing Open Source with an Open Mind: Most writing about open source stresses the goodness (or lack of goodness) of open source as a software development model.

Some of the more interesting articles discussing open source have been from the economic point of view. Since the dismal science of economics sees nothing as purely good or bad, these types of pieces generally make for interesting reading, in turn leading you to think a bit more carefully about the possibility that open source might be good for some things but less good for others.
The effect of gamma radiation on the strength of Portland cement mortars

This paper describes part of a research effort that investigates the influence of dose rate on the compressive strengths of Portland cement based materials. These include Portland I, Portland V, and Portland V wit silica fume (SP).
Susceptibility to Exposure to Heterocyclic Amines from Cooked Food: Role of UDP‐Glucuronosyltransferases

A number of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (PhIP, MeIQx, and DiMeIQx) are produced from the condensation of creatinine, hexoses and amino acids during the cooking of meat (1). There are many variables that impact the production and subsequent ingestion of these compounds in our diet. Temperature, type of meat product, cooking method, doneness, and other factors affect the quantity of these carcinogens consumed by humans. Estimates of ingestion of these carcinogens are 1-20 ng/kg body weight per day (2). Human case control studies that correlate meat consumption from well-done cooking practices with cancer incidence indicate excess tumors for breast, colon, stomach, esophagus, and possibly prostate (3-5).
New Phenomena Observed in Plate Impacts onto Alumina Bars

Steel flyer plates were used to impact alumina bars at 275 m/s, nominally. Manganin gauges were used to monitor stress waves in the bars. Geometry of the impact was varied in an attempt to extend gauge records. Gauge life was best improved by careful alignment. The longest gauge records indicated that alumina retains a strength level of about 2 GPa after initial failure. Stress levels of over 5 GPa were obtained with impact‐zone confinement.
An alternative mobility aid for the blind: the 'ultrasonic cane'

A design of a small portable electronic cane utilizing Polaroid's Ultrasonic Ranging Unit intended to supplement or replace the traditional long cane is presented. A prototype was fitted in a flashlight-like enclosure made of a PVC tube with an external battery pack as power supply and an ear-plug, for the audible output. Preliminary testing of the prototype with two blind individuals shows that some minor circuit adjustments for filter response time and audible output frequency range had to be made. Other than that, after a brief training period, blind people could get around easily using the device. Some problems still occur when people encounter staircases, which can be circumvented if a long cane is used in conjunction with the ultrasonic cane or if a more extensive training period is administered. In general, the initial results indicate that the users found that their perception of their environment was enhanced by using the ultrasonic cane. >
Developing a new stream metric for comparing stream function using a bank–floodplain sediment budget: a case study of three Piedmont streams

A bank and floodplain sediment budget was created for three Piedmont streams tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The watersheds of each stream varied in land use from urban (Difficult Run) to urbanizing (Little Conestoga Creek) to agricultural (Linganore Creek). The purpose of the study was to determine the relation between geomorphic parameters and sediment dynamics and to develop a floodplain trapping metric for comparing streams with variable characteristics. Net site sediment budgets were best explained by gradient at Difficult Run, floodplain width at Little Conestoga Creek, and the relation of channel cross-sectional area to floodplain width at Linganore Creek. A correlation for all streams indicated that net site sediment budget was best explained by relative floodplain width (ratio of channel width to floodplain width). A new geomorphic metric, the floodplain trapping factor, was used to compare sediment budgets between streams with differing suspended sediment yields. Site sediment budgets were normalized by floodplain area and divided by the stream's sediment yield to provide a unitless measure of floodplain sediment trapping. A floodplain trapping factor represents the amount of upland sediment that a particular floodplain site can trap (e.g. a factor of 5 would indicate that a particular floodplain site traps the equivalent of 5 times that area in upland erosional source area). Using this factor we determined that Linganore Creek had the highest gross and net (floodplain deposition minus bank erosion) floodplain trapping factor (107 and 46, respectively) that Difficult Run the lowest gross floodplain trapping factor (29) and Little Conestoga Creek had the lowest net floodplain trapping factor (–14, indicating that study sites were net contributors to the suspended sediment load). The trapping factor is a robust metric for comparing three streams of varied watershed and geomorphic character, it promises to be a useful tool for future stream assessments. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.