cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presence of Chlorine Radicals and Formation of Molecular Chlorine in the Post-Flame Region of Chlorocarbon Combustion

This study is concerned with the formation and persistence of atomic and molecular chlorine in the late stages of chlorocarbon combustion under fuel-lean conditions as well as in postcombustion cooling stages, since chlorine-containing hazardous organic pollutants including dioxin precursors can be formed through reactions involving these active forms of chlorine. In bench-scale experiments with a chlorine-containing fuel mixture (C2H4/CH3Cl or CH4/CH3Cl, with Cl/C in the range of 0 to 2.2%) the fuel is oxidized in a relatively short time (10−20 ms). The major chlorine-containing product is HCl; however, the cooled combustion gases contain significant concentrations of Cl2 (up to 18% of the total chlorine load), with the exact amount depending on the fuel equivalence ratio, the residence time in the combustor, the H/C ratio of the fuel, and the rate of cooling of the gas products. Calculations indicate that the Cl2 measured in the cold exhaust gas is formed by recombination during the quenching of Cl radi...
Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Tidewater glacial fjords support the largest populations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Alaska and are a prime destination for tour ships. Chronic disturbance from ships, however subtle, could impact long-term population stability. We examined variation in abundance and distribution of harbor seals on floating ice in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, a tour ship destination for over a century with near daily visitation by ships in the spring/summer over the last decade. Counts of seals by aerial transect showed a sharp decline in May, prior to pupping and the first ships arriving; counts rebounded by the end of June remaining high until August. Seal distribution and abundance peaked in 5–7 tenths ice cover; total area of ice cover showed no effect. Despite regular flushing of seals by ships, we found no broad-scale patterns in seal abundance and distribution that could be explained by ship presence. We cannot rule out mechanisms of long-term disturbance, difficult to detect and that might explain notable differences with other, similar sites. Population declines at disturbed glacial sites and the still rising popularity of vessel-based tourism indicate a need for individual-based studies on how seals respond to the dynamics of glacial ice environments and human-caused stresses.
Comprehensive target populations for current active safety systems using national crash databases

Objective: The objective of active safety systems is to prevent or mitigate collisions. A critical component in the design of active safety systems is the identification of the target population for a proposed system. The target population for an active safety system is that set of crashes that a proposed system could prevent or mitigate. Target crashes have scenarios in which the sensors and algorithms would likely activate. For example, the rear-end crash scenario, where the front of one vehicle contacts another vehicle traveling in the same direction and in the same lane as the striking vehicle, is one scenario for which forward collision warning (FCW) would be most effective in mitigating or preventing. This article presents a novel set of precrash scenarios based on coded variables from NHTSA's nationally representative crash databases in the United States.Methods: Using 4 databases (National Automotive Sampling System–General Estimates System [NASS-GES], NASS Crashworthiness Data System [NASS-CDS], ...
Distribution of SIBLING proteins in the organic and inorganic phases of rat dentin and bone.

The SIBLING protein family is a group of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) that includes dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN). In the present study, we compared these four proteins in different phases of rat dentin and bone. First, we extracted NCPs in the unmineralized matrices and cellular compartments using guanidium-HCl (G1). Second, we extracted NCPs closely associated with hydroxyapatite using an EDTA solution (E). Last, we extracted the remaining NCPs again with guanidium-HCl (G2). Each fraction of Q-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography was analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), Stains-All stain, and with western immunoblotting. In dentin, the NH2-terminal fragment of DSPP and its proteoglycan form were primarily present in the G1 extract, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment of DSPP was present exclusively in the E extract. The processed NH2-terminal fragment of DMP1 was present in G1 and E extracts, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment of DMP1 existed mainly in the E extract. Bone sialoprotein was present in all three extracts of dentin and bone, whereas OPN was present only in the G1 and E extracts of bone. The difference in the distribution of the SIBLING proteins between organic and inorganic phases supports the belief that these molecular species play different roles in dentinogenesis and osteogenesis.
New metric for analyzing multi-step paging schemes in mobile networks

Efficient paging techniques are needed to reduce the cost of location management in mobile networks. Currently, all the cells of a location area (LA) are paged at the same time to locate the mobile user (MU). Efforts have been made to reduce the overhead paging bandwidth cost by using multi-step paging methods. However, in the case of multi-step paging schemes, such as sequential paging and intelligent paging, additional paging delay is introduced. It is shown that if the paging cost computation is based on the number of paged cells only, then, in certain cases, one may obtain misleading results. To resolve this dilemma, a new cost function, in terms of the number of cells paged and the paging delay, is introduced. Thus, this new metric provides a powerful tool that can be used to analyze all multi-step paging procedures with constrained or unconstrained delay.
Characterization and quantitation of membrane antigens of new world Leishmania species by using monoclonal antibodies in Western Blot and flow microfluorometric assays

. Membrane-specific monoclonal antibodies generated against promastigotes of New World Leishmania species were used in Western blot, ELISA, and flow microfluorometric assays to characterize their antigen specificity and to determine the external surface distribution of the reactive epitopes. Three major membrane antigens of molecular weight 72 KD, 55 KD, and 42 KD were identified as well as a dominant antigen that migrated as a broad band on SDS-PAGE, corresponding to a molecular weight of 10–15 KD. By dot-ELISA this antigen was also found to be excreted by promastigotes into their culture medium. One minor membrane antigen of 25 KD and a triplet component of 66, 58, and 56 KD were also identified. While assays performed on air-dried promastigotes revealed the almost ubiquitous presence of the 72 KD and 55 KD antigens, indirect immunofluorescent staining of live promastigotes followed by flow cytometric analysis revealed that these antigens had no external exposure. Antibodies binding the 55 KD component were also reactive toward purified mammalian tubulin. The remaining antigens had a variable distribution on the eight isolates utilized, and these quantitative differences could be used to distinguish isolates of the Leishmania mexicana complex from those belonging to the Leishmania braziliensis complex.
THE INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE ON DEVIANCE IN ADULTHOOD: ASSESSING AND EXPLAINING THE RELATIONSHIP*

Using a large sample of men, we examine alternative models of the way in which testosterone may influence adult deviant behavior. The results indicate a significant and moderately strong relationship between testosterone and adult deviance, and this relationship between testosterone and adult deviance is largely mediated by the influence of testosterone on social integration and on prior involvement in juvenile delinquency. In addition, testosterone level moderates the relationship of social integration to adult deviance: The restraining influence of social integration is less necessary for men with lower levels of testosterone. Further, prior delinquency interacts with social integration in the same fashion, accounting for much of the moderating effect of testosterone. This pattern of results supports the conclusions that (1) testosterone is one of a larger constellation of factors contributing to a general latent propensity toward deviance and (2) the influence of testosterone on adult deviance is closely tied to social factors. Our findings show that there is considerable promise in a biosocial approach that integrates social and biological explanations, rather than playing them off against one another.
Semantic Web support for the business-to-business e-commerce pre-contractual lifecycle

If an e-services approach to electronic commerce is to become widespread, standardisation of ontologies, message content and message protocols will be necessary. In this paper, we present a lifecycle of a business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce interaction, and show how the Semantic Web can support a service description language that can be used throughout this lifecycle. DAML+OIL is a sufficiently expressive and flexible service description language to be used not only in advertisements, but also in matchmaking queries, negotiation proposals and agreements. We also identify which operations must be carried out on this description language if the B2B lifecycle is to be fully supported. We do not propose specific standard protocols, but instead argue that our operators are able to support a wide variety of interaction protocols, and so will be fundamental irrespective of which protocols are finally adopted.
Enhancing usability in CITIDEL: multimodal, multilingual, and interactive visualization interfaces

We describe four usability-enhancing interfaces to CITIDEL aimed at improving the user experience and supporting personalized information access by targeted communities. These comprise: a multimodal interaction facility with capability for out-of-turn input, interactive visualizations for exploratory analysis, a translation center exposing multilingual interfaces, as well as traditional usability enhancements. Pilot studies demonstrate the resulting improvements in quality, as measured across a number of metrics.
Trade credit and bank finance: Financing small firms in russia

Abstract This paper argues that Russian financial markets are more developed than typically supposed. I show that non-financial firms, suppliers of credit to other firms, support the role of financial intermediaries in helping to surmount problems of information asymmetries. Trade credit works as a signal; firms receiving it obtain access to bank loans. I test this hypothesis using data from my survey of 352 firms in Russia in 1995. Firms using trade credit are shown to have a higher probability of acquiring bank credit.
Evaluation of urethral strictures and associated abnormalities using high-resolution and color doppler ultrasound

Abstract Objectives To study the role of urethral sonography and color Doppler imaging in the evaluation of patients with urethral strictures and associated abnormalities. Methods We reviewed our experience with 41 urethral sonographic studies in 35 patients and compared them to 33 retrograde urethrograms. For 6 recent cases, we also used color Doppler imaging to assess spongiosal tissue blood flow and the location of urethral arteries. Results Both retrograde urethrography and urethral sonography assessed the caliber and length of the strictures well. Urethral sonography provided additional information about stricture involvement of the spongiosum, location of urethral arteries, and associated abnormalities (that is, periurethral abscess and urethrocutaneous fistula). This information was useful for the clinical stratification of urethral stricture disease and the planning of treatment. Conclusions With the advantages of avoiding radiation to testis, providing real-time evaluation of the distensibility of the urethra, and having the capacity of assessing spongiosum and periurethral tissue involvement and urethral artery location, urethral sonography appears to offer more than retrograde urethrography for the evaluation of anterior urethral stricture.
Electrophoretic build-up of multi nanoparticle array for a highly sensitive immunoassay

One of the challenges in shrinking immunoassays to smaller sizes is to immobilize the biological molecules to nanometer-scaled spots. To overcome this complication, we have employed a particlebased immunoassay to create a nanostructured platform with a regular array of sensing elements. The technique makes use of an electrophoretic particle entrapment system (EPES) to immobilize nanoparticles that are coated with biological reagents into wells using a very small trapping potential. To provide useful information for controlling the trapping force and optimal design of the nanoarray, electrophoretic trapping of a nanoparticle was modeled numerically. The trapping efficiency, defined as the fraction of wells occupied by a single particle, was 91%. The performance of the array was demonstrated with a competitive immunoassay for a small molecule analyte, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (214.2 g mole
AC-Driven Transport Through Molecular Wires

We consider electrical transport properties of a molecular wire under the influence of time-dependent electromagnetic fields. A formalism based on Flo- quet theory is derived which allows one to calculate both the dc current through the molecular wire and the associated noise power. Approximations for the case of a weak wire-lead coupling are studied in detail.
Conceptualizing the Implications of Mobile App Usage and Stickiness: A Research Agenda

Mobile applications (apps) have transformed the way firms and consumers communicate with each other. However, in a marketplace characterized by myriad choices and intense competition, getting consumers to discover and download an app, and foster consumer engagement and stickiness are probably the biggest challenges facing marketers today. This brings forth two important questions: what factors affect consumers' decision to use and stick to apps? What are the key outcomes of stickiness for both consumers and firms? This study maps the conceptual and research issues underlying consumers’ decision journey and outcomes with respect to mobile apps. We build a framework based on the central tenets of interactivity combined with the insights gleaned from exploratory studies and a survey of interdisciplinary literature. We discuss the implications for research and practice in this emerging area of interest.
Discrete element method for modelling solid and particulate materials

The discrete element method (DEM) is developed in this study as a general and robust technique for unified two-dimensional modelling of the mechanical behaviour of solid and particulate materials, including the transition from solid phase to particulate phase. Inter-element parameters (contact stiffnesses and failure criteria) are theoretically established as functions of element size and commonly accepted material parameters including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture toughness. A main feature of such an approach is that it promises to provide convergence with refinement of a DEM discretization. Regarding contact failure, an energy criterion based on the material's ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness is developed to limit the maximum contact forces and inter-element relative displacement. This paper also addresses the issue of numerical stability in DEM computations and provides a theoretical method for the determination of a stable time-step. The method developed herein is validated by modelling several test problems having analytic solutions and results show that indeed convergence is obtained. Moreover, a very good agreement with the theoretical results is obtained in both elastic behaviour and fracture. An example application of the method to high-speed penetration of a concrete beam is also given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compactly Supported Orthogonal and Biorthogonal $\sqrt 5$ -Refinement Wavelets With 4-Fold Symmetry

Recently, radic5 -refinement hierarchical sampling has been studied and radic5-refinement has been used for surface subdivision. Compared with other refinements, such as the dyadic or quincunx refinement, radic5-refinement has a special property that the nodes in a refined lattice form groups of five nodes with these five nodes having different x and y coordinates. This special property has been shown to be very useful to represent adaptively and render complex and procedural geometry. When radic5-refinement is used for multiresolution data processing, radic5-refinement filter banks and wavelets are required. While the construction of 2-D nonseparable (bi)orthogonal wavelets with the dyadic or quincunx refinement has been studied by many researchers, the construction of (bi)orthogonal wavelets with radic5-refinement has not been investigated. The main goal of this paper is to construct compactly supported orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets with radic5 -refinement. In this paper, we obtain block structures of orthogonal and biorthogonal radic5-refinement FIR filter banks with 4-fold rotational symmetry. We construct compactly supported orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets based on these block structures.
Real Time Feedback Control for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots With Obstacles

We introduce a method for constructing smooth feedback laws for a nonholonomic robot in a 2-dimensional polygonal workspace. First, we compute a smooth feedback law in the workspace without taking the nonholonomic constraints into account. We then give a general technique for using this to construct a new smooth feedback law over the entire 3-dimensional configuration space (consisting of position and orientation). The trajectories of the resulting feedback law will be smooth and will stabilize the position of the robot in the plane, neglecting the orientation. Our method is suitable for real time implementation and can be applied to dynamic environments.
Optimization of model based infusion for delivery of beta blocking agents

Drug infusion protocols are designed to optimize the delivery of drugs to achieve a therapeutic concentration in the tissue. These protocols are based on a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. If the plasma concentration of a drug is not constrained and no overshoot in the tissue is allowed, one solution is a bolus followed by a constant rate infusion to offset elimination. Although mathematically optimal, this solution is not practical. By placing limits on plasma concentration and allowing some overshoot in the tissue, a cost function may be defined which is a weighted sum of the rise time and overshoot of the tissue concentration. The infusion is then designed to minimize the cost function. As the weighting of the cost function is highly subjective, a wide variety of solutions have been determined. These solutions may also be extended to pharmacokinetic models with more than one peripheral compartment. >
Ultra-wide-range multi-rate DPSK laser communications

We propose and demonstrate a scalable high-sensitivity approach for achieving multi-rate DPSK using a single transmitter and fixed-interferometer-receiver design. Near-theoretical real-time performance is demonstrated over static and fading channels at rates from 2.4Mbps to 2.5Gbps.
An interconnect technology for high density multichip systems

The authors describe an interconnect technology used for high density multichip systems. The process involves the electroplating of through-holes in silicon (Si) substrates. These metallized holes act as interconnects between the levels of a three-dimensional multichip system. This method has the advantages of minimizing both system area and the delay times between chips. >
Non-triggered quantification of central and peripheral pulse-wave velocity.

Purpose Stiffening of the arteries results in increased pulse-wave velocity (PWV), the propagation velocity of the blood. Elevated aortic PWV has been shown to correlate with aging and atherosclerotic alterations. We extended a previous non-triggered projection-based cardiovascular MR method and demonstrate its feasibility by mapping the PWV of the aortic arch, thoraco-abdominal aorta and iliofemoral arteries in a cohort of healthy adults.
Teaching Students About International Psychology

As part of a seminar course, 33 seniors completed a pretest measuring their knowledge and attitudes about international psychology, read articles, listened to lectures, participated in discussions, wrote and orally presented a paper on psychology in a particular country, and took a posttest. Following the course, students had more positive attitudes toward studying international psychology, better understood issues in the field and in a specific country, and could locate more countries on a world map. Pretest knowledge and posttest attitudes correlated negatively. Follow-up data suggested that students maintained some knowledge gains and that positive attitudes persisted.
All I really need to know (about creative thinking) I learned (by studying how children learn) in kindergarten

This paper argues that the "kindergarten approach to learning" -- characterized by a spiraling cycle of Imagine, Create, Play, Share, Reflect, and back to Imagine -- is ideally suited to the needs of the 21st century, helping learners develop the creative-thinking skills that are critical to success and satisfaction in today's society. The paper discusses strategies for designing new technologies that encourage and support kindergarten-style learning, building on the success of traditional kindergarten materials and activities, but extending to learners of all ages, helping them continue to develop as creative thinkers.
Improvement of SAS triple invariant estimates for macromolecular direct-methods phasing.

Single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAS) data can in principle be phased by direct methods since a priori estimates of the three-phase structure invariants can be computed from these data. The mean phase error of the most reliable triple estimates for a small protein, however, is typically no better than 60°, and does not bode well for applications to larger structures. A procedure is described that can substantially lower the error in these estimates and introduce a larger number of useful triple invariants into the phasing process. The mean phase error of the most reliable triples for a 2.5 A resolution data set from a Pt derivative of a 115-residue protein was reduced from 55 to 25° by this method. It was also possible to identify a significant number of the poorest triple estimates, those with mean phase errors approaching 90°, such that they could be reliably down-weighted or excluded from the phasing process.
Organizational climate as a function of personal and organizational variables.

The present study had its origins in two dominant features of the organizational climate literature. The first had to do with the fact that most measures of organizational climate have been based on the perceptions of organizationa l members (cf. Litwin & Stringer, 1968; Schneider & Hall, 1972, for examples). The second concerned the formation of these climate perceptions. According to most investigators (cf. Schneider & Hall, 1972), climate perceptions are believed to be a function of characteristi cs of the perceiver, characteristics of the organization, and their interaction. In light of the importance attributed to organizational climate for an understanding of work motivation and behaviors (cf. Litwin & Stringer, 1968, for a theory of "climate"), an appreciation of the antecedent factors of climate perceptions would surely enhance our understanding of the concept. .This study set out (a) to examine the personal and organizational correlates of climate perceptions and (6) to assess how personal and organizational variables might interact in the determination of climate perceptions. A major concern of this research centered on the selection of variables appropriate for the measurement of personal and organizational characteristics. Both Beer (1971) and Litwin & Stringer (1968) provided some guidance by specifying categories of
Frequency Hopping with Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying and Hard Decisions

The performance of frequency-hopping systems with multiple frequency-shift keying and hard decisions is determined for operation against optimal partial-band jamming. A receiver that eliminates the potential advantage of optimally placed jamming tones is proposed. The effects of Reed-Solomon, binary block, and convolutional codes are analyzed. Concatenated codes with hard and soft decisions available to the outer decoder are examined. Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying with limiter-discriminator demodulation is shown to offer potentially improved performance in frequency-hopping systems.
Rational Prediction Of Future Pension Expense: A Simulation Approach

Because future pension expense can have a material influence on a firm’s future earnings, financial analysts are faced with the difficult task of forecasting its impact. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a model that can be used with a simulation approach to predict future pension expense and its associated uncertainties. Because of the importance and complexity of the pension expense component in the estimate of future earnings, a simulation model acts as a powerful analytical tool that can give the analyst greater confidence as to the magnitude and variability of future pension expense.
Analysis of malaria surveillance in Wuxing district, Zhejiang province from 2004 to 2008.

Objective To analyze the results of malaria surveillance in Wuxing district,Zhejiang province from 2004 to 2008,providing the basis for timely amendments to the prevention and control strategies.Methods Blood tests and case study were conducted based on the epidemic survey reports and case information in Wuxing district from 2004 to 2008.Results A total of 6142 patients with clinically diagnosed,suspected malaria or fever due to unknown causes were subject to blood tests in Wuxing from 2004 to 2008; and 26 malaria patients were found,mostly imported cases.These cases were monthly present from April to November,though relatively concentrated in July,August and October.Most patients were from Zhili Town and Daochang village where floating population was relatively large.The sex ratio was 2.25∶1,and age of onset ranged from 7 to 74 years.Conclusion Blood tests,active search for the three kinds of patient and health education should be specifically carried out among floating population,and the span of routine malaria monitoring should be extended to improve the detection rate and consolidate the current control effect.
Czech Mate: Jake and Dan's Marvelous Adventure (a)

Two MBA students involved in a week-long kaizen event at a manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic must increase productivity and reduce gross inventory despite an uncooperative work group. Lean manufacturing principles are analyzed in the context of a deadline-driven process.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor is catabolic and shares with IL-6 the capacity to induce an acute phase response

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily, has recently been shown to induce several inflammatory responses when administered to healthy animals, including induction of fever and a hepatic acute phase protein response. In the present report, 250 micrograms.kg body wt-1.day-1 of recombinant rat CNTF or murine IL-6 were repeatedly administered to healthy mice over a 7-day period in an effort to compare biological responses. In addition to its in vivo capacity to elicit a hepatic acute phase response, administration of CNTF, but not IL-6, produced profound anorexia and lean tissue wasting in mice. In C57B1/6 mice, 7 days of CNTF administration led to a 21% loss in carcass protein content, resulting from carcass protein breakdown rates being increased 218% over freely fed controls (both P < 0.01). Protein synthesis rates in carcass protein were also increased in CNTF-treated mice compared with both freely fed animals and mice pair-fed equivalent quantities of food. In contrast, administration of equivalent quantities of murine IL-6 had no effect on food intake or body weight in mice, although IL-6 produced a similar hepatic acute phase response, as determined by increases in serum amyloid P and seromucoid fraction and increases in total hepatic protein synthesis. However, when CNTF was coincubated with extensor digitorum longus muscles from juvenile rats in vitro, rates of total muscle and myofibrillar protein degradation and muscle protein synthesis were unchanged. We conclude that CNTF can regulate in vivo both skeletal muscle remodeling as well as the distant anorexia and hepatic acute phase protein responses. In the case of skeletal muscle, these actions are both indirect and independent of the associated anorexia. These properties of CNTF are distinct from IL-6, which when administered to the mouse at these doses is neither anorexigenic nor cachexia producing.
Racial and ethnic disparities in assisted reproductive technology access and outcomes

Infertility is a global problem affecting all ethnic, racial, and religious groups. Nevertheless, only a minority of the U.S. population has access to treatment. Additionally, for those who do engage in treatment, outcomes are disparate among various ethnic and racial groups. This article addresses racial and ethnic disparities regarding rates of fecundity and infertility, access to care, and assisted reproductive technology outcomes.
Reinterpreting The Historical World

account for the fact that we have a sense of belonging to and participating in the movement of history and of being able to change it by our thoughts and plans. If we take this claim metaphysically, then history would be the do main that we have influenced, and nature the domain that we have failed to influence. Vico and Dilthey are known for their thesis that we can only properly know what we have made. This gives us a special access to history that we do not have to nature. Actually, their verum-factum thesis can be extended to nature itself if one is a transcendental idealist. In his Reflex ionen zur Logik, Kant writes that "we comprehend only what we can make ourselves,"1 but means it to apply to our understanding of nature. Kant does not construe making in terms of physical activity that introduces changes in things. Making is conceived purely formally so that it applies to the mathematical and categorical structures that the human mind extends to nature. If the Vico-Dilthey verum-factum thesis is to be used to differentiate history from Kant's idealistically constructed nature, we will need to define what is involved in human making. History will be the outcome of a more than formal making. Kant's formal conditions go into the making of all ex perience, whether it be the passive experience of watching a rainstorm or the active experience of digging a trench to let the rainwater drain away from a threatened basement. The making that is relevant to history is on the order of the latter experience?it is not merely a constituent of experience, but also an expression of it. History as the expression or embodiment of human purposes is thus a transformed nature. But what are the limits to the ways in which human action can influence nature? To be sure, we cannot prevent many natural events such as hurricanes and rainstorms. We have be come better at predicting them so that we can take more preventive ac tion. Yet there are all kinds of unintended ways in which human activities like industrial production have influenced the weather?for instance, we have made rain more acidic. There is no such thing any more as pure weather or virgin nature. Evolutionary theory has shown that nature
Theoretical validation of fluid substitution by Hashin-Shtrikman bounds

Summary In this study, we find that variation of Hashin-Shtrikman bounds caused by pore fluid change is governed by the Biot-Gassmann theory. Also, we have shown that it is generally valid to assume that the relative position of the effective moduli of a rock within the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds is not affected by pore fluid change. Thus HashinShtrikman bounds can be used as a valid fluid substitution tool. Comparing with Gassmann fluid substitution, the velocity predicted by Hashin-Shtrikman bounds generally fits better with the measured data since part of the dispersion is included, and it can be used as a more general pore infill substitution tool.
FOXR2 Interacts with MYC to Promote Its Transcriptional Activities and Tumorigenesis

By combining the results of a large-scale proteomic analysis of the human transcription factor interaction network with knowledge databases, we identified FOXR2 as one of the top-ranked candidate proto-oncogenes. Here, we show that FOXR2 forms a stable complex with MYC and MAX and subsequently regulates cell proliferation by promoting MYC's transcriptional activities. We demonstrate that FOXR2 is highly expressed in several breast, lung, and liver cancer cell lines and related patient tumor samples, while reduction of FOXR2 expression in a xenograft model inhibits tumor growth. These results indicate that FOXR2 acts with MYC to promote cancer cell proliferation, which is a potential tumor-specific target for therapeutic intervention against MYC-driven cancers.
Centralization, scope, and control provisions in the design of international law

Introduction to Part III The literature on international institutions historically has focused on information as the main problem of cooperation and information provision, usually through centralization, as the main solution. This historical emphasis on information provisions to help stabilize cooperation originated for a reason. Provisions calling for functions like monitoring are tremendously important if states are going to solve their joint problems through international law because information provisions reduce uncertainty, thereby reinforcing strategies of reciprocity that can be so critical to cooperation (Keohane 1984; Axelrod and Keohane 1985: 250). Furthermore, the conventional wisdom suggests that, when such functions are centralized through international regimes, cooperation is more robust (Axelrod and Keohane 1985: 250). As Chapter 3 showcased, while the formidable Enforcement problems and Uncertainty about Behavior do not overwhelm the landscape of cooperation problems, they do underlie a non-trivial number of cooperative endeavors. As a result, provisions encouraging compliance in such environments are important to cooperation. Part III of this book brings the focus to such provisions. It refines substantially earlier institutionalist arguments both theoretically and empirically. In particular, it reemphasizes a claim made earlier, as well as in Rational Design, regarding the absolute necessity of separating Enforcement problems from uncertainty problems and of differentiating among various kinds of uncertainties, something that the earlier emphasis on 2×2 games tended to obscure. Part III also differentiates the set of design provisions that have been traditionally labeled under the umbrella of “compliance provisions.” So-called “compliance provisions” are the cornerstone of much IR scholarship, but they are often employed in the literature without carefully phrased definitional boundaries. Moreover, scholarship often equates such terms with “deep institutionalization,” which itself is taken for granted as increasing the prospects for cooperation. In what follows, I separate the dispute resolution, punishment, and monitoring design dimensions and allow for the possibility that they may be performed in a decentralized and/or centralized manner. If delegation occurs, I further ask if it is external or internal. Finally, if it is internal, I consider the voting rules characterizing the delegated body. Chapter 7 zeroes in on dispute resolution provisions and explains, first, when states are likely to incorporate such provisions into their agreements and, second, what kind of dispute resolution provision they will choose.
Agricultural land use and macroinvertebrate assemblages in lowland temporary streams of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA

Abstract Streams that dry during part of the year are common throughout the world, yet studies of the macroinvertebrate assemblages in these types of streams are rare compared to those in permanent streams; and studies that assess the effects of agriculture on temporary stream invertebrates are even rarer. We studied macroinvertebrate assemblages in lowland temporary streams of a region with high agricultural land use, the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. Overall assemblages were dominated by non-insects, and invertebrates tolerant of organic pollution. Nonetheless, these invertebrates displayed adaptations to life in temporary habitats, and as such they may be unique to temporary streams and seasonal wetlands, providing an important addition to regional biodiversity. Stream invertebrates are also important as a prey base for native fish and amphibians using these channels. Benthic invertebrate densities were higher at sites with slower water and more in-stream vegetation; to a lesser degree greater agricultural land use was associated with lower densities. Taxon richness was also negatively affected by agriculture, but this was most evident when least disturbed and highly agricultural sites were compared. Sites in watersheds with a lower proportion of their area under agriculture (mostly west of the Willamette River) had a variety of taxa in disturbance-sensitive insect orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT), plus flies in the family Simuliidae present. In addition, they had greater relative abundances of 2 types of flies in the family Chironomidae. In contrast, sites in watersheds with high agricultural land use (mainly east of the Willamette River) had greater relative abundances of non-insects, including ostracods, nematodes, and oligochaete worms. In highly agricultural watersheds, when stream-bottom vegetation was abundant, it was associated with greater benthic invertebrate density, but not with higher taxon richness. Our results suggest that increasing stream-bottom vegetation could be useful when food is limiting for native vertebrates. On the other hand, reduced agricultural land use allows for the development of more diverse benthic invertebrate assemblages.
Control Points in Ecosystems: Moving Beyond the Hot Spot Hot Moment Concept

The phrase “hot spots and hot moments” first entered the lexicon in 2003, following the publication of the paper “Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems” by McClain and others (Ecosystems 6:301–312, 2003). This paper described the potential for rare places and rare events to exert a disproportionate influence on the movement of elements at the scale of landscapes and ecosystems. Here, we examine how the cleverly named hot spot and hot moment concept (hereafter HSHM) has influenced biogeochemistry and ecosystem science over the last 13 years. We specifically examined the extent to which the HSHM concept has: (1) motivated research aimed at understanding how and why biogeochemical behavior varies across spatiotemporal scales; (2) improved our ability to detect HSHM phenomena; and (3) influenced our approaches to restoration and ecosystem management practices. We found that the HSHM concept has provided a highly fertile framework for a substantial volume of research on the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient cycling, and in doing so, has improved our understanding of when and where biogeochemical rates are maximized. Despite the high usage of the term, we found limited examples of rigorous statistical or modeling approaches that would allow ecosystem scientists to not only identify, but scale the aggregate impact of HSHM on ecosystem processes. We propose that the phrase “hot spots and hot moments” includes two implicit assumptions that may actually be limiting progress in applying the concept. First, by differentiating “hot spots” from “hot moments,” the phrase separates the spatial and temporal components of biogeochemical behavior. Instead, we argue that the temporal dynamics of a putative hot spot are a fundamental trait that should be used in their description. Second, the adjective “hot” implicitly suggests that a place or a time must be dichotomously classified as “hot or not.” We suggest instead that each landscape of interest contains a wide range of biogeochemical process rates that respond to critical drivers, and the gradations of this biogeochemical topography are of greater interest than the maximum peaks. For these reasons, we recommend replacing the HSHM terminology with the more nuanced term ecosystem control points. “Ecosystem control” suggests that the rate must be of sufficient magnitude or ubiquity to affect dynamics of the ecosystem, while “points” allows for descriptions that simultaneously incorporate both spatial and temporal dynamics. We further suggest that there are at least four distinct types of ecosystem control points whose influence arises through distinct hydrologic and biogeochemical mechanisms. Our goal is to provide the tools with which researchers can develop testable hypotheses regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of biogeochemistry that will stimulate advances in more accurately identifying, modeling and scaling biogeochemical heterogeneity to better understand ecosystem processes.
Sistemas de polonizacao de duas especies simpatricas de Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) no Amazonas, Brasil

Resumo Dalechampia affinis (Euphorbiaceae) e D. scandens crescem simpaticamente nos arredores de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Durante uma pesquisa, realizada em setembro de 1978, observou-se que as duas especies diferiam uma da outra no tamanho da glândula floral que secreta resina (o atrativo do polinizador), na disposicao das flores estaminadas e pistiladas na inflorescencia, e no periodo do dia que as bracteas da inflorescencia se abrem. Tais diferencas resultam de ser D. affinis polinizada principalmente por Euglossa (Apidae) e D. scandens principalmente por Hypanthidium (Megachilidae). Como uma consequencia dessas diferencas ha. provavelmente, pouco fluxo de polen entre as duas especies observadas.
Extended axial range, widefield OCT and OCT angiography (Conference Presentation)

Using a commercial available 200K swept source laser, we demonstrated high resolution wide field angiographic imaging of human retinal. 8mm by 8mm and 10mm by 6mm retina areas were imaged in a single scan within 4 seconds. By montaging four 10 x 6mm scan, 10 x 20mm wide field OCT angiography images were demonstrated.
Bio-CoDa: A new analysis class to ensure accurate and precise monoclonal antibody CQA estimation and control

Monoclonal antibody production processes control critical quality attributes (CQAs), which are the measures that provide proof of a product's identity and quality. Critical decisions rely on the accuracy and precision of these measures, as well as their appropriate statistical treatment. Many measures require special attention. For example, the charge heterogeneity CQA measured by ionic exchange chromatography reports proportions or percentages of the total integrated peak area of known species. Since proportions sum to a constant (1 or 100%), they fall into a special class of data called compositional data that have a unit sum constraint and therefore an inherent correlation. However, these measures are often analyzed assuming independence which is incorrect. Estimating statistics with incorrect assumptions can lead to inferential failures (e.g., shelf life failures), or can lead to missing important structural patterns in the data. Presented here is a new class of analysis methods for CQAs compositional data called Biologic Compositional Data Analysis (Bio-CoDa). The method is based on the elegant solution to analysis issues by Aitchison (1986). An introduction to the Bio-CoDa methods with rational is presented as well as examples demonstrating its strengths. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2001-2010. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature Regulation of the Sphinx Moth, Manduca Sexta : I. Flight Energetics and Body Temperature During Free and Tethered Flight

1. The sphinx moth, Manduca sexta , maintained an average thoracic temperature of 40-42 °C during free flight in ambient temperatures (T A ) of about 16-33 °C. In the extremes, the excess of thoracic temperature T Th over T A varied from a mean of 25 °C at 12.5 °C, to a mean of 8 °C at a T A of 35 °C. 2. During tethered flight T Th increased directly with T A , and the excess of T Th over T A varied from about 11-4 °C. 3. The oxygen consumption was about 45-50 C.C. O 2 /g h during free flight from ambient temperatures of 15-30 °C. During captive flight the oxygen consumption was about 21 c.c. O 2 /g h. 4. The wing-beat frequency and amplitude during both free flight and captive flight did not vary significantly with T A . The wing-beat frequency was about the same during free flight and captive flight but the wing-beat amplitude was significantly less in the latter. 5. The moths showed little variation of flight speed with respect to T A on the flight mill. The difference between T Th and T A was strongly correlated with flight speed at low, but not at high, T A . 6. The cooling rate of dead moths was only slightly correlated with air speeds from 2 to 5 m/s. 7. The cooling rate of thoraces without scales was 2.4 times as great as with scales intact at an air flow 2 m/s, but the cooling rate of the abdomen was only slightly increased after the removal of its scales. 8. The data suggest that the rate of metabolism during flight is altered with regard to the flight effort, but not with regard to temperature-regulation. Heat is actively dissipated from the thorax during flight at high T A , or during fast flight when T Th reaches 40 °C or above.
Helping Behavior in Rats

Abstract Empathy refers to the communication of affect or experience between individuals. One possible outward manifestation of empathy is helping. Here we describe the development of a novel paradigm to test for helping in rats. Potential helper rats are allowed to freely roam in an arena where a rat is trapped in a centrally located Plexiglas restrainer. Hour-long experimental sessions are repeated for 12days. Over progressive days, rats open the restrainer door with increasing consistency and at a decreasing latency. Door-opening does not require that the free rat have the opportunity to play with the released rat. It is also of value to the free rat, on a par with highly palatable food, and is socially selective. Furthermore, door opening behavior is blocked by treatment with a benzodiazepine anxiolytic, demonstrating that door opening is emotionally motivated. Despite the many positive virtues of empathic helping, empathy and helping can also produce antisocial consequences.