cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the deposition, structure, and cytochemistry of the jelly envelopes of the egg of the newt, Triturus viridescens

Abstract The results of a study of the deposition, structure, and cytochemistry of the jelly envelopes of the oocyte of Triturus viridescens are presented. Five layers of jelly are deposited about the egg as it traverses the oviduct. These layers, designated J1 through J5, from innermost to outermost, are secreted by oviducal regions A through E, respectively, and differ clearly in their morphology and response to cytochemical tests. All layers, with the possible exception of layer J5, contain polysaccharide. Layers J1, J2, and J4 contain acid mucopolysaccharide, and possibly neutral mucopolysaccharide as well. Layers J2 and J5 may contain sialic acid. Layer J3 probably contains neutral mucopolysaccharide. Only layers J2 and J5 appear definitely to contain protein, but the possibility that the remaining layers contain protein is not excluded. Certain aspects of the possible significance of the jelly envelopes are discussed.
Kamenev-type and interval oscillation criteria for second-order linear differential equations on a measure chain

Abstract We establish Kamenev-type criteria and interval criteria for oscillation of the second-order scalar differential equation (p(t)xΔ(t))Δ+q(t)x(σ(t))=0 on a measure chain. Our results cover those for differential equations and provide new oscillation criteria for difference equations. Several examples are given to show the significance of the results.
Factorial Invariance of a Home Environment Measure.

This study tests the degree of factor invariance and factor structure replicability of the Family Environment Interview Schedule. Two samples of families from two different cities were included in the study. Four interpretable factors were derived corresponding to educational/occupational expectations, language stimulation, reading/educational activities, and reinforcement of expectations. Evidence suggests that the four factor solution was invariant across both samples with an identical factor structure.
The effect of aspirin and two nitric oxide donors on the infarcted heart in situ.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) donors are heterogeneous substances which release NO, a biologically active compound. NO released by nitric oxide donors has important effects on the circulation by causing vasodilation, diminishing myocardial contractile force, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and counteracting the effects of thromboxane A 2 . In the infarcted heart, activation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the formation of prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 by cyclooxygenase (COX) were increased. Myocardial infarction also resulted in increased myocardial NO production. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) at low concentration (35 mg/kg/day) fails to change iNOS production, in contrast to higher dose (150 mg/kg/day) which, as previously shown, inhibits iNOS activity. ASA at all doses also suppresses myocardial prostanoid formation because of inhibition of COX. Recently, two NO donors have been synthesized: NCX 4016 and Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO). NCX 4016 combines an NO-releasing moiety with a carboxylic residue via an esteric bond. We describe here that NCX 4016 (65 mg/kg/day) increased prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 production in the infarcted heart muscle, overcoming the inhibitory effects of ASA. As a result of nitric oxide release, oxidation products of NO (NO 2 − and NO 3 − ; NOx) in arterial blood rose following administration of NCX 4016. On oral administration, NCX 4016 did not change systemic arterial pressure. The effects of a single NO donor, DETA/NO (1.0 mg/kg/day) on the infarcted heart were also investigated On intravenous administration, the compound increased NO concentration in arterial blood slightly but to a lesser degree than NCX 4016. Like NCX 4016, it raised myocardial production of prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 in the infarcted heart. However, it caused a severe fall in blood pressure. These findings demonstrate that newly-synthesized NO donors release nitric oxide in situ and increase myocardial production of prostanoids. NCX 4016 has therapeutic potential because it can be orally administered, lacks hypotensive effects, increases blood levels of nitric oxide and myocardial prostacyclin production.
Role of deep brain stimulation in modulating memory formation and recall

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an increasingly popular tool for treating a variety of medically refractory neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson disease, essential tremor, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Several targets have been identified for ablation or stimulation based on their anatomical location and presumed function. Areas such as the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, and thalamus, for example, are believed to play a key role in motor control and execution, and they are commonly used in the treatment of motor disorders. Limbic structures such as the cingulate cortex and ventral striatum, believed to be important in motivation, emotion, and higher cognition, have also been targeted for treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders. In all of these settings, DBS is largely aimed at addressing the deleterious aspects of these diseases. In Parkinson disease, for example, DBS has been used to reduce rigidity and tremor, whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder it has been used to limit compulsive behavior. More recently, however, attention has also turned to the potential use of DBS for enhancing or improving otherwise nonpathological aspects of cognitive function. This review explores the potential role of DBS in augmenting memory formation and recall, and the authors discuss recent studies and future trends in this emerging field.
Characterization of lens proteins I. Identification of additional soluble fractions in rat lenses.

Abstract The soluble proteins of the rat lens have been fractionated on Sephadex G-200, superfine. Six distinct fractions have been obtained from the proteins of the normal lens. Fraction I is fastest moving and found to be α-crystallin. Fractions III–IV and V are found to be β- and γ-crystallins, respectively. Fraction II, which is not clearly defined, requires further investigation. Fraction VI is slowest moving and contains low molecular weight substances (protein and nucleotide) which diffuse through dialysis membranes. The resolution and reproducibility of the Sephadex G-200, superfine procedure are noteworthy. The Sephadex G-200, superfine, procedure has also been applied to the fractionation of calf soluble lens proteins. The elution profile of the calf lens is similar to that of the rat. The polyacrylamide electrophoretic gel patterns show certain similarities among the corresponding fractions of these mammalian proteins. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (Tris-glycine buffer, Tris-glycine buffer with 7 m -urea and SDS) has also shown that the protein patterns of the Fractions I and V isolated by the present procedure are identical to the α- and μ-crystallins, respectively, isolated from DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Similar analyses of the galactose-induced cataract rat lens reveal a gradual decrease of Fraction V and an increase of Fraction I as the lens becomes increasingly opaque. A diminution of Fraction II has also been noticeable, even at the beginning of cataractogenesis. Fraction VI is found to be absent, or present in only trace amounts, in the cataract lenses. The qualitative and quantitative alterations of the protein composition of Fraction V from the normal to cataract lenses have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
ADAMTS1: A Matrix Metalloprotease with Angioinhibitory Properties

Neovascularization is a hallmark of cancer progression. Suppression of the angiogenic response in tumors has been associated with inhibition and even regression of total tumor mass. Therefore, the derivation of synthetic or natural products that could interfere with proangiogenic signaling pathways can greatly impact cancer therapy. Using the antiangiogenic motifs in thrombospondin-1, we have recently cloned METH1/ADAMTS1, a secreted metalloproteinase with three thrombospondin-1, and shown that the protein inhibits endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and blocks the neovascular response induced by growth factors in vivo. The mechanism of action responsible for these events has not been elucidated. In this report, we present evidence to support two effects of METH1/ADAMTS1 that impact proangiogenic signaling events. ADAMTS1 binds to VEGF and dampens VEGFR2 phosphorylation. The ability of ADAMTS1 to bind VEGF and functionally inactivate VEGFR2 is reversible as dissociation of the complex results in active growth factor. A second activity of ADAMTS1 requires the catalytic domain as a single point mutation in the metalloproteinase domain renders the protein inactive in tumor xenograft assays. The emerging theme is that both domains are likely required for the antiangiogenic/antitumor activities of ADAMTS1.
The costly consequences of populist posturing: ASBOs, victims, ‘rebalancing’ and diminution in support for civil liberties

In its effort to win electoral support by attacking the courts and other criminal justice agencies, loudly seeking to rebalance the criminal justice system in favour of the victim, and weakening ci...
Breath analysis with laser sensors on an Android platform

We have seen the rise of smartphones and highly capable mobile computing platforms over a relatively short period of time. These devices are quickly becoming ubiquitous and already enable access to basic sensors to augment the excellent communication and computing capabilities. However, advanced sensor interaction has been limited. Readily available environment and health sensors cannot effectively leverage the smartphone yet. One such health application that holds much promise is breath analysis through laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS). Breath analysis can help augment existing diagnostic techniques with early detection. Technology advances have led to the development of portable LAS sensors that can monitor the user's health and the environment. Our demonstration will show such a portable laser sensor along with an event-driven data collection architecture to enable future personalized health applications.
Autonomous Systems Modeling During Early Architecture Development

Abstract Autonomous systems are a complex integration of human intelligence and machine automation capable of adapting to unforeseen events. Proliferation of these systems has accelerated, in part, to meet the ever-increasing demand to develop and use unmanned vehicles to conduct surveillance and reconnaissance missions. During system development, an understanding of the complex relationship between system autonomy, human interaction and machine automation is critical to support early trade studies that address architectural comparisons, scenario concepts of operations, life cycle logistic needs, and total life cycle costs. This paper develops a two dimensional algorithmic methodology and framework tools for contributing to trade space assessments during the early design phases with the intent of supporting design optimization.
Differential effects of adenosine analogs on amygdala, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus kindled seizures.

This study explored the anticonvulsant effects of adenosine analogs at the focus of seizures kindled from various brain structures. Chemitrodes were implanted in the amygdala (AM), hippocampus (HIPP), or caudate nucleus (CN) of Long-Evans rats and electrically stimulated once daily until fully generalized seizures appeared (i.e., kindled). Once kindled, various doses (0.001-0.5 microgram/0.5 microliter) of the adenosine analogs, L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA), N-ethylcarboximidoadenosine (NECA) or vehicle were injected into the seizure focus 5 min prior to electrical stimulation. The afterdischarge (AD) and behavioral seizure stages were measured. L-PIA had potent anticonvulsant effects when injected directly into the kindled seizure focus in the AM, HIPP, or CN. NECA effects were statistically significant only in CN-kindled seizures. The regional differences in efficacy of the two adenosine analogs suggest that L-PIA, an A1 adenosine subtype agonist, may exert its effects through A1 adenosine receptors in the AM, HIPP, and CN, where A1 binding has been demonstrated, whereas NECA, an A2 adenosine receptor agonist, may only be maximally effective in the CN where A2 adenosine binding sites are located.
Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves over Submerged Flexible Vegetation

AbstractThis paper presents a coupled wave–vegetation model for simulating the interaction between water waves and submerged flexible plants. The balance of forces for the vegetation motion includes buoyancy, damping, stiffness of the vegetation, and gravity as restoring forces, and drag and inertia as driving forces. The governing equation for vegetation motion is solved by the high-order finite element method (FEM) together with an implicit time differencing scheme. The results of the vegetation model exhibit a fourth-order convergence rate. The vegetation-induced drag and inertia are introduced into the wave model as a source term in the momentum equation. This coupled model is rigorously verified by comparing numerical results with theoretical solutions for single swaying vegetation cases and with experimental data for large-scale swaying vegetation cases. Excellent agreement is achieved. A scaling analysis is performed on the governing equation for vegetation motion to understand the importance of ea...
Should Kantians Care about Moral Worth

One of the central features of Kant's moral theory is the sharp distinction he draws between the moral Tightness (legality) of actions and their moral worth or goodness (morality). As we know from the first pages of the Groundwork, the rightness of an action is determined by the conformity of the agent's maxim to the categorical imperative; the moral goodness or worth of an action is determined by the agent's motives, by whether the agent acted from the motive of duty or from some other (non-moral) empirical motive. Morally good actions must be morally right, according to Kant, whereas morally right actions are not necessarily morally good.
Erotetic Logic and the Structure of Scientific Revolution

RECENT CRITICS of the programme of logical empiricism have made the important and doubtlessly true claim that rigorous formalisation of existing scientific theories is insufficient for an adequate philosophical account of the scientific enterprise.1 However, some of these critics have also condemned clarifying the content of a theory by axiomatising the theory as being either impossible or unenlightening. (Kuhn (I962), p. 46 and Hanson (1961), p. I.) In what follows I hope to show by example that conceptual clarification by axiomatisation is possible and that its achievement can be enlightening insofar as it can contribute to the solution of several important problems left open by these critics.
Osteopontin-induced survival of T cells.

Relapses and exacerbation of clinical symptoms are hallmarks of debilitating autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. Osteopontin-induced survival of autoreactive T cells may be one mechanism underlying the clinical progression of autoimmune disease.
Differences in the interaction of histamine H2 receptor antagonists and tricyclic antidepressants with adenylate cyclase from guinea pig gastric mucosa

The interaction of adenylate cyclase with histamine H2 receptor agents and with tricyclic antidepressants was studied in guinea pig gastric mucosal membranes. The H2 receptor antagonist tiotidine acted as a competitive inhibitor of histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase. The tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and amitryptyline were also competitive inhibitors. The dissociation constant of imipramine was the same whether histamine or dimaprit was used to activate the enzyme. In membrane preparations that had been stored frozen, there was a marked increase in the concentration of histamine or dimaprit required to cause half-maximal enzyme stimulation, and the dissociation constants of some classical H2 receptor antagonists were greatly increased. In contrast, the dissociation constants of the antidepressants were either unchanged or decreased. These results suggest that antidepressants are potent blockers of H2 receptors in gastric mucosal membranes, but there are differences between antidepressants and classical H2 receptor antagonists in their interaction with H2 receptors.
Relative monodromy weight filtrations

In this paper we establish the existence of relative weight filtrations of cones of monodromy logarithms and identities between relative weight filtrations in a context more general than M. Kashiwara's infinitesimal mixed Hodge modules. This generalizes a theorem of M. Kashiwara and adds conceptual clarity to the problem. Our approach to working with relative weight filtrations $W(N,W')$ is to split the weight filtrations $W'$ with canonical splittings introduced by P. Deligne. These splittings agree with the splittings that occur in the $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ -theory of variations of pure Hodge structure of W. Schmid and of E. Cattani, A. Kaplan, and W. Schmid, but are more general, as they don't require filtrations $W'$ to be monodromy weight filtrations.
Communication Research About the Internet: a Thematic Meta-analysis

This study presents a theoretical and methodological review of communication research about the internet. Through a thematic meta-analysis of recent research publications about the internet, we identified topical, methodological and theoretical trends of current internet studies. The patterns of the internet research agenda are discussed in relation to a development model of communication research. We hope the findings of this study provide not only an overview of current internet research trends but also new insights for future research directions regarding this new medium.
Distribution of glycylsarcosine and cefadroxil among cerebrospinal fluid, choroid plexus, and brain parenchyma after intracerebroventricular injection is markedly different between wild-type and Pept2 null mice

The purpose of this study was to define the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance kinetics, choroid plexus uptake, and parenchymal penetration of PEPT2 substrates in different regions of the brain after intracerebroventricular administration. To accomplish these objectives, we performed biodistribution studies using [14C]glycylsarcosine (GlySar) and [3H]cefadroxil, along with quantitative autoradiography of [14C]GlySar, in wild-type and Pept2 null mice. We found that PEPT2 deletion markedly reduced the uptake of GlySar and cefadroxil in choroid plexuses at 60 mins by 94% and 82% (P<0.001), respectively, and lowered their CSF clearances by about fourfold. Autoradiography showed that GlySar concentrations in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricle choroid plexuses were higher in wild-type as compared with Pept2 null mice (P<0.01). Uptake of GlySar by the ependymal–subependymal layer and septal region was higher in wild-type than in null mice, but the half-distance of penetration into parenchyma was significantly less in wild-type mice. The latter is probably because of the clearance of GlySar from interstitial fluid by brain cells expressing PEPT2, which stops further penetration. These studies show that PEPT2 knockout can significantly modify the spatial distribution of GlySar and cefadroxil (and presumably other peptides/mimetics and peptide-like drugs) in brain.
Evolution of Research Areas, Themes, and Methods in Electronic Commerce

The purpose of this study is to review the state-of-the-art of electronic commerce (EC) research by focusing on its multidisciplinary nature. Using an integrative model of EC research areas, themes, and methods, this study analyzed 1792 articles published in six EC specialty journals and four information systems (IS) journals over the 1996–2009 period. The findings provide meaningful views of current EC research. First, EC research has focused on micro-level issues such as consumers or technologies, enhancing the relevance to practice. Second, many research themes have been investigated in heterogeneous research areas through various research methods: retailing, privacy/fraud/piracy, auction, strategy/marketing/advertising, and adoption/implementation. Third, while the survey method has been predominant over the years, sophisticated methods such as laboratory experiment and secondary data analysis have also gained increasing attention. Overall, the results from an integrative model indicate two diverging ...
Bird to Bird Variation Within Processing Lots for Mineral Elements, Proximate Constituents, and Part Weight in Broilers

Abstract Breast and thigh meat samples from 40 individual broilers from a single commercial processing source were analyzed for calcium, copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Phosphorus was determined spectrophotometrically as the antimony-phosphate-molydbate complex. Assays of breast meat ranged from 25% higher than previously reported for potassium (3190 vs. 2550 ppm, wet weight basis) to 25% lower for sodium (485 vs. 650). Breast and thigh meat samples differed in the concentration of all elements checked. The differences were not due exclusively to dilution of sample by a higher fat level in thigh meat, since on a wet weight basis sodium, calcium, zinc, iron, and copper were higher in thigh than in breast meat.
Improved outcomes in cleft patients with severe maxillary deficiency after Le Fort I internal distraction.

Background Correction of severe maxillary deficiency in cleft lip-cleft palate patients often results in undercorrection, relapse, and need for secondary corrective procedures. Le Fort I internal distraction osteogenesis offers an alternative to one-step orthognathic advancement, with advantages of gradual lengthening through scar and earlier treatment in growing patients. Methods Patients with cleft lip-cleft palate deformities and maxillary deficiency were divided into three groups treated by Le Fort I advancement: group 1, mild to moderate deficiency ( or = 10 mm) with conventional orthognathic procedure; and group 3, distraction procedure for severe deficiency (> or = 10 mm) (n = 51). Preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up (> 1 year) lateral cephalogram measurements were compared including angular (SNA and SNB) and linear (Deltax = horizontal and Deltay = vertical) changes. The Pittsburgh Speech Score was used to assess for velopharyngeal insufficiency (score > 3). Results Results demonstrated that group 1 patients had a mean SNA change from preoperatively (78.7) to postoperatively (83.8), and a horizontal change of 5.0 mm, with no relapse. Group 2 patients had a mean SNA change from preoperatively (76.3) to postoperatively (82.0) and a horizontal change of 7.2 mm, with 63 percent relapse. Group 3 patients had a mean SNA change from preoperatively (74.1) to postoperatively (84.9) and a horizontal change of 16.5 mm, with 15 percent relapse. Thus, for severe maxillary deficiency, the distraction group had 48 percent less relapse than the conventional Le Fort I group. Postoperative speech evaluation showed velopharyngeal insufficiency in the following: group 1, four of 20 patients (20 percent); group 2, nine of 11 patients (82 percent); and group 3, nine of 20 patients (45 percent). Conclusion These data suggest that Le Fort I internal distraction for severe cleft maxillary deficiency leads to better dental occlusion, less relapse, and better speech results.
Motivational effects of differential magnitudes of reinforcement

The present study attempted to determine if a relatively small reinforcement magnitude, when contrasted with a large magnitude, would produce a motivational effect similar to that observed when nonreinforcement is contrasted with reinforcement. Results indicated that contrasting magnitudes produce more activity following the relatively smaller of two reinforcement magnitudes.
Coding, recoding, and decoding of hierarchical information in long-term memory

Mandler's theory (1967, 1968) that information in memory is organized into hierarchical structures was tested in two experiments. The first study showed that S s given multitrial free recall of previously learned information containing an organizational hierarchy specified by E will gradually adopt this structure. In addition, this recoding process involves three stages: (a) the perception of the hierarchy of categories, (b) chunking within a subordinate category, and (c) the establishment of the hierarchical relationship between superordinate and subordinate categories. The development of this structure was shown to be both facilitated and accelerated by a problem-solving task stressing categorical relationships. The second experiment replicated the major finding concerning the development of hierarchical structures in long-term memory and demonstrated that the results could not be accounted for by an associative model.
Are students ready for meaningful use

Background : The meaningful use (MU) of electronic medical records (EMRs) is being implemented in three stages. Key objectives of stage one include electronic analysis of data entered into structured fields, using decision-support tools (e.g., checking drug–drug interactions [DDI]) and electronic information exchange. Objective : The authors assessed the performance of medical students on 10 stage-one MU tasks and measured the correlation between students’ MU performance and subsequent end-of-clerkship professionalism assessments and their grades on an end-of-year objective structured clinical examination. Participants : Two-hundred and twenty-two third-year medical students on the internal medicine (IM) clerkship. Design/main measures : From July 2010 to February 2012, all students viewed 15 online tutorials covering MU competencies. The authors measured student MU documentation and performance in the chart of a virtual patient using a fully functional training EMR. Specific MU measurements included, adding: a new problem, a new medication, an advanced directive, smoking status, the results of screening tests; and performing a DDI (in which a major interaction was probable), and communicating a plan for this interaction. Key results : A total of 130 MU errors were identified. Sixty-eight (30.6%) students had at least one error, and 30 (13.5%) had more than one (range 2–6). Of the 130 errors, 90 (69.2%) were errors in structured data entry. Errors occurred in medication dosing and instructions (18%), DDI identification (12%), documenting smoking status (15%), and colonoscopy results (23%). Students with MU errors demonstrated poorer performance on end-of-clerkship professionalism assessments ( r = −0.112, p =0.048) and lower observed structured clinical examination (OSCE) history-taking skills ( r = −0.165, p =0.008) and communication scores ( r = − 0.173, p =0.006). Conclusions : MU errors among medical students are common and correlate with subsequent poor performance in multiple educational domains. These results indicate that without assessment and feedback, a substantial minority of students may not be ready to progress to more advanced MU tasks. Keywords: documentation/methods; electronic health records; professional competence; students; medical; curriculum (Published: 19 November 2013) Citation: Med Educ Online 2013, 18 : 22495 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.22495
Zooplanktonic assemblages in three areas of the North Pacific as revealed by continuous horizontal transects

Abstract Long serial sequences of macrozooplankton samples from the North Pacific Central Gyre, the western California Current, and the nearshore area off southern California indicated a strong intraspecific pattern, in that copepodite stages of each of two species in both the nearshore and California Current samples covaried in space. At the same time we found interspecific associations in all three areas. In neither case were the associations very strong at particular spatial scales, however. The areas differed in intensity of patchiness of the dominant species but not in characteristic spatial scales of variation, although characteristic scales of distance often differed between day and night within the Central Gyre. There was little indication of pattern in comparisons of the distributions of chlorophyll or of temperature with those of individual categories of zooplankton. When the abundances of the dominant zooplankters in each area were summed. however, this index of the zooplanktonic biomass was related to the distribution of chlorophyll at certain scales in two of the three areas.
Feasibility report of image guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (IG-SBRT) with tomotherapy for early stage medically inoperable lung cancer using extreme hypofractionation

We report on the technical feasibility, dosimetric aspects, and daily image-guidance capability with megavoltage CT (MVCT) of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using helical tomotherapy for medically inoperable T1/2 N0 M0 non-small cell lung cancer. Nine patients underwent treatment planning with 4D-CT in a double vacuum based immobilization system to minimize tumor motion and to define a lesion-specific 4D-motion envelope. Patients received 60 Gy in 5 fractions within 10 days to a PTV defined by a motion envelope plus a 6 mm expansion for microscopic extension and setup error using tomotherapy, with daily pretreatment MVCT image guidance. The primary endpoint was technical feasibility. Secondary endpoints were defining the acute and sub-acute toxicities and tumor response. Forty three of 45 fractions were successfully delivered, with an average delivery time of 22 minutes. MVCT provided excellent tumor visualization for daily image guidance. No significant tumor regression was observed on MVCT in any patient during therapy. Median mean normalized total doses were: tumor 117 Gy10; residual lung 9 Gy3. Maximum fraction-size equivalent dose values were: esophagus 5 Gy39; cord 7 Gy36. No patient experienced > or = grade 2 pulmonary toxicity. 3 complete, 4 partial and 2 stable responses were observed, with <3 months median follow-up. The mean tumor regression is 72%. SBRT using tomotherapy proved to be feasible, safe and free of major technical limitations or acute toxicities. Daily pretreatment MVCT imaging allows for precise daily tumor targeting with the patient in the actual treatment position, and therefore provides for precise image guidance.
Explode-decay mode lump solitons of a two-dimensional nonlinear schrödinger equation

Abstract For a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation, a transformation has been obtained which transform usual propagating wave solutions to the explode-decay mode solutions. This is applied to the lump solitons and explicit explode-decay mode lump soliton solutions have been obtained.
Researchers Bring Local Science Into Classrooms

The need to communicate scientific research beyond academia is increasing concurrently with a growing emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–12 education [Breiner et al., 2012]. Connecting scientists with K–12 educators who will share research with students in their classrooms is an effective method for broadening the audience for scientific research. However, establishing connections with teachers can be difficult, as there are few networking opportunities between these two groups without one directly contacting the other.
Remote sensing of shorelines using data fusion of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery acquired from mobile and fixed platforms

An optimized data fusion methodology is presented and makes use of airborne and vessel mounted hyperspectral and multispectral imagery acquired at littoral zones in Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico. The results demonstrate the use of hyperspectral-multispectral data fusion anomaly detection along shorelines and in surface and subsurface waters. Hyperspectral imagery utilized in the data fusion analysis was collected using a 64-1024 channel, 1376 pixel swath width; temperature stabilized sensing system; an integrated inertial motion unit; and differential GPS. The imaging system is calibrated using dual 18 inch calibration spheres, spectral line sources, and custom line targets. Simultaneously collected multispectral three band imagery used in the data fusion analysis was derived either a 12 inch focal length large format camera using 9 inch high speed AGFA color negative film, a 12.3 megapixel digital camera or dual high speed full definition video cameras. Pushbroom sensor imagery is corrected using Kalman filtering and smoothing in order to correct images for airborne platform motions or motions of a small vessel. Custom software developed for the hyperspectral system and the optimized data fusion process allows for post processing using atmospherically corrected and georeferenced reflectance imagery. The optimized data fusion approach allows for detecting spectral anomalies in the resolution enhanced data cubes. Spectral-spatial anomaly detection is demonstrated using simulated embedded targets in actual imagery. The approach allows one to utilize spectral signature anomalies to identify features and targets that would otherwise not be possible. The optimized data fusion techniques and software has been developed in order to perform sensitivity analysis of the synthetic images in order to optimize the singular value decomposition model building process and the 2-D Butterworth cutoff frequency selection process, using the concept of user defined "feature areas". The data fusion "synthetic imagery" forms a basis for spectral-spatial resolution enhancement for optimal band selection and remote sensing algorithm development within "spectral anomaly areas". The methods are applied to imagery intended to support Deepwater Horizon oil spill remediation and recovery efforts. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates the data fusion methodology is most sensitive to (a) the pixels and features used in the SVD model building process and (b) the 2-D Butterworth cutoff frequency optimized by application of K-S nonparametric test. The optimized image fusion approach is transferable to sensor data acquired from other platforms, including autonomous underwater vehicles using near real time processing.
TETRAHYDROQUINOLINYL AMIDO AND INDOLINYL AMIDO COMPLEXES OF TANTALUM AS MODELS FOR SUBSTRATE-CATALYST ADDUCTS IN HYDRODENITROGENATION CATALYSIS

The reactions of TaCl5 with Me3SiNC9H10 or LiNC9H10, where [NC9H10]- = tetrahydroquinolinyl (the amido anion of tetrahydroquinoline), afford selective preparative routes to the complete series of amido halide complexes of tantalum(V) Ta(NC9H10)nCl5-n for n = 1−5 (compounds 1−5, respectively). The monokis(tetrahydroquinolinyl) complex is isolated as an ether adduct Ta(NC9H10)Cl4(OEt2) while the complexes Ta(NC9H10)nCl5-n (n = 2−5) are found to be base-free, monomeric species. The related complexes of indolinyl [NC8H8]- (the amido anion of indoline), Ta(NC8H8)nCl5-n(THF) for n = 1 (6) or 2 (7), have been prepared from TaCl5, Me3SiNC8H8, and THF. An X-ray structural determination of Ta(NC9H10)2Cl3 (2) reveals that it adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with equatorial amido ligands that are closer to lying parallel (within) than perpendicular to the TBP equatorial plane. Routes to mixed-ligand aryloxide−amide complexes have been developed from either aryloxide or amido precursors but not from both. Thus, ...
Comparison of biomimetic catalytic properties of modified polyethylenimines with those of micelles

Abstract Polyethylenimine provides a remarkably versatile macromolecular matrix for the introduction of environments that might accelerate specific chemical reactions. Two features of the behavior of such modified polymers are described. (1) Alkylated cationic derivatives of polyethylenimine are effective in providing an environment for nucleophilic catalysis of hydrolysis of nitrophenyl acylates, much more so than are corresponding alkyl cationic micelle-forming detergents. (2) Donor-acceptor electron transfer can be influenced by preferential interactions of the macromolecule with radical ions; again the polymer is more effective than micelles. In general, apolar, quaternized polyethylenimines facilitate chemical changes that would otherwise not occur readily in aqueous solution.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science: VI. Stuart Ross Taylor

— In this interview, Ross Taylor describes how his interest in planetary science was aroused by proofreading Brian Mason's book on geochemistry. Born and raised in New Zealand, Ross majored in chemistry at Canterbury College in Christchurch. While there, he took a course in geology and was strongly tempted to change his major, but he resolved the problem by becoming a geochemist. For his doctoral studies, Ross joined Mason at Indiana University where he learned the basics of trace element analysis on the emission spectrograph. Subsequently, he set up emission spectrographic laboratories and used them to pursue his research at Oxford University and the University of Cape Town. As techniques became more sensitive, he set up a spark-source mass spectrograph at the Australian National University in Canberra. Ross always has retained an interest in terrestrial rocks, but he is most widely known for his investigations of tektites and lunar rocks. He became one of the earliest and strongest advocates of tektites as molten terrestrial sediments sent aloft by high-energy impacts. As a member of the preliminary examination team that analyzed the samples returned by the Apollo missions, Ross gained an intimate knowledge of lunar chemistry and petrology and wrote three books about the Moon. He also has written a book about the chemical evolution of the solar system, a topic on which such rapid progress was made in 10 years that his second edition is practically a different book from the first one. Ross has written Destiny or Chance, a philosophical consideration of the likelihood that as sentient beings we may well be alone in the universe. Ross served as the president of The Meteoritical Society in 1989 and 1990, and at its annual meeting in Dublin, Ireland, in 1998, the Society presented him with its Leonard Medal.
Tropospheric Aerosols from Some Major Dust Storms of the Southwestern United States

Tropospheric aerosols from major dust storms (visibility < 11 km) originating in cultivated areas of the High Plains in west central Texas and adjacent areas of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Colorado, were sampled by ground-based airturbine samplers with stacks 1 to 6 m high, by membrane filters, by airplane-borne dust samplers and by a static ground-level sampler. The particle size distributions of the aerosol dust obtained by airplane sampling fell mainly between 1 and 30 ..mu..m diameter. A bimodal size distribution occurred for the dust from ground samplers, with large concentrations in the 40 to 80 ..mu..m range as well as in the 1 to 30 ..mu..m range. Oxygen isotopic ratio values of 1 to 10 ..mu..m quartz isolated from 17 dusts collected by ground-based samplers ranged from 16.4 to 19.5%; three dusts from the airplane samplers averaged 18.2 +- 1.1%. The fine silt from eroding sandy soils, derived not only from weathering but also possibly from eolian deposition, serves as a reservoir for long range aerosol minerals, in addition to that from shales.
The Stress Granule Protein G3BP1 Recruits Protein Kinase R To Promote Multiple Innate Immune Antiviral Responses

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic storage sites containing translationally silenced mRNPs that can be released to resume translation after stress subsides. We previously showed that poliovirus 3C proteinase cleaves the SG-nucleating protein G3BP1, blocking the ability of cells to form SGs late in infection. Many other viruses also target G3BP1 and inhibit SG formation, but the reasons why these functions evolved are unclear. Previously, we also showed a link between G3BP1-induced SGs and protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated translational control, but the mechanism of PKR interplay with SG and the antiviral consequences are unknown. Here, we show that G3BP1 exhibits antiviral activity against several enteroviruses, whereas truncated G3BP1 that cannot form SGs does not. G3BP1-induced SGs are linked to activation of innate immune transcriptional responses through NF-κB and JNK. The G3BP1-induced SGs also recruit PKR and other antiviral proteins. We show that the PXXP domain within G3BP1 is essential for the recruitment of PKR to SGs, for eIF2α phosphorylation driven by PKR, and for nucleating SGs of normal composition. We also show that deletion of the PXXP domain in G3BP1 compromises its antiviral activity. These findings tie PKR activation to its recruitment to SGs by G3BP1 and indicate that G3BP1 promotes innate immune responses at both the transcriptional and translational levels and integrates cellular stress responses and innate immunity. IMPORTANCE Stress granules appear during virus infection, and their importance is not well understood. Previously, it was assumed that they were nonfunctional artifacts associated with cellular stress. PKR is a well-known antiviral protein; however, its regulation in cells is not well understood. Our work links cellular stress granules with activation of PKR and other innate immune pathways through the activity of G3BP1, a critical stress granule component. The ability of stress granules and G3BP1 to activate PKR and other innate immune transcriptional responses indicates that G3BP1 is an antiviral protein. This work helps to refine a longstanding paradigm indicating stress granules are inert structures and explains why G3BP1 is subverted by many viruses to promote a productive infection.
Chronic Blepharitis and Pyoderma of the Scalp: An Immune Deficiency State in a Father and Son with Hypercupremia and Decreased Intracellular Killing

An immune deficiency state is proposed as the cause of a disorder affecting a father and son with chronic dermatitis, purulent blepharitis with corneal ulceration, and scarring pyodermatous alopecia of the scalp. The results of immunologic investigation revealed abnormal neutrophil function with a variable decrease in intracellular killing, decreased lymphocyte transformation, increased serum IgG and IgE, and elevated serum copper levels. These findings will be compared with previously described immune deficiency disorders.
Developing flyer plate impact experiments for shockwave interaction studies

Summary form only given. The interaction of shock waves with inhomogeneous media is important in many astrophysical phenomena. Modeling these phenomena in the laboratory yields additional information to improve simulations as well as the interpretation of astrophysical observations. Scaled experiments using magnetically accelerated flyer plates impacting on low density foam targets have been proposed for the Z machine at the Sandia National Laboratories. Carrying out such experiments on smaller machines like the Zebra accelerator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF) would reduce costs significantly and thus enable a broader scan of experimental parameters. At the NTF, we have demonstrated flyer acceleration to velocities of up to 8 km/s; we have also carried out first impact tests with transparent targets and imaged the resulting shock waves with shadowgraphy. Simulations with a ID Lagrangian hydrodynamical simulation code show that we are able to drive strong shocks over several millimeters. We are currently developing additional diagnostics (VISAR and x-ray backlighting) for our experiments. Once these diagnostics are implemented, we plan to carry out shock interaction experiments with inhomogeneous low-density foam targets.
The Effect of Arthroscopic Partial Medial Meniscectomy on Tibiofemoral Stability

Background:There is still little known regarding the effects of meniscus resection size on tibiofemoral stability.Purpose:To determine if partial medial meniscectomy of the posterior horn significantly alters tibiofemoral stability as measured by the anterior-posterior (AP) position and laxity of the medial femoral condyle.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Five cadaveric knees were dissected to the capsule, preserving all ligaments and the quadriceps tendon. Each specimen was first tested on a rig where the AP position and laxity of the medial femoral condyle were measured while a range of forces was applied from full extension to 90° of flexion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 tesla was then performed for baseline measurements of the meniscus before partial meniscectomy. Arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy aimed at 30% of the posterior horn was then performed, followed by repeat mechanical testing and MRI. The sequence was then repeated for arthroscopic partial meniscectomy aime...
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR THE INTRACELLULAR AND CELL WALL DISTRIBUTION OF CARRAGEENAN EPITOPES IN KAPPAPHYCUS (RHODOPHYTA) DURING TISSUE DEVELOPMENT1

Carrageenan, the major cell wall carbohydrate of certain red algae, is variable in structure and gelling properties. Sequence types include gelling (kappa and iota) and nongelling (lambda) types in addition to precursors, often in hybrid molecules containing more than one precursor and/or sequence type. Molecular markers to subunits were needed to study carrageenan synthesis, cell wall organization, and the relationship between structure and function. Monoclonal antibodies were produced to carrageenan, and their specificities were determined by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Antibodies were identified with specificities related to kappa, iota, and lambda carrageenan. The patterns of immunofluorescence localization on Kappaphycus alvarezii = Eucheuma alvarezii var. tambalang (Doty) sections were distinctive for each antibody. The antibody to a kappa-related epitope labeled mature tissue strongly; antibodies to an iota-related epitope and a lambda-related epitope labeled weakly, consistent with the kappa-enriched carrageenan produced by this alga. Kappa-related epitopes were distributed throughout the wall and matrix, whereas iota-related epitopes were concentrated in the middle lamella. Lambda-related epitopes were localized primarily at the plant cuticle where kappa and iota antigens were lacking. An antibody appeared to be specific for a precursor of the gelling subunits because it showed maximal wall and intracellular labeling at the youngest developmental stage. All antibodies labeled intracellular inclusions in the transition zone between the epidermis and medulla during the development of medullary cells from the peripheral meristem in young branches. The results demonstrate the intracellular synthesis of epitopes related to all major carrageenan subunits and their differential extracellular distribution.
Shape Is Not Enough to Test Hypotheses for Morphogenesis

During embryogenesis, tissues and organs often undergo dramatic changes in shape. Identifying the forces that drive these shape changes is crucial to understanding morphogenetic mechanisms. Here, we show how experiments in conjunction with finite-element modeling can be used to study the source, distribution, and evolution of passive and actively generated tissue stresses during development. This paper focuses on two illustrative examples: head fold formation and folding of the cerebral cortex. Because different combinations of forces may produce similar shapes, morphogenetic mechanisms cannot be determined by matching global changes in geometry alone. Other types of data are needed, including stress and strain distributions. Here, tissue stress is estimated using dissection experiments, while strains are measured by tracking the motions of tissue labels. The results provide new insight into the physical mechanisms that drive the formation of the head fold in the early embryo and cortical folding in the brain at later stages of development.