cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed convection flow and heat transfer in a bottom-driven shallow cavity heated from below

Abstract A combined experimental and theoretical study was carried out to investigate mixed convection heat transfer in a shallow cavity with a moving bottom. The shear force was produced by a moving belt forming the sixth wall of a shallow cavity. The test cell was equipped with two heat exchangers and three thermocouple racks for measuring the instantaneous temperature distributions at 12 different positions. The temperature field was scanned in the cavity for various flow and temperature boundary conditions. Two- and three-dimensional laminar flow and low Reynolds number k −e turbulence models were used to analyze the problem theoretically. A comparison of the numerical predictions with experimental data revealed a reasonably good agreement.
Stress and Volume Relaxation in Annealing Flat Glass

Laboratory simulation of the industrial process of annealing sheet glass has yielded data on the genesis of stresses in initially stress-free glass. The experimental results differed from expectations based on classical annealing theory in that stresses began to develop in the annealing range even when the glass was being cooled at a constant rate, i.e. even in the absence of any changes of temperature gradients within the glass. Typically, these stresses account for 40% of the total residual stress in glass annealed according to a linear schedule. The remaining 60% are the well-known thermoelastic stresses that arise later in the annealing process from the decay of temperature gradients in the glass. The stresses observed to arise in glass as it is being cooled at a constant rate are attributed to volume relaxation effects which, in parts of the annealing range, generate stresses rapidly enough that they are not dissipated by stress relaxation. A mathematical model of annealing is proposed that takes account of both stress and structural relaxation. The model fits the experimentally observed evolution of stresses during linear cooling. It also suggests that (with the activation energies of stress and structural relaxation about the same) the actual rate, at any given temperature, of structural relaxation is about 4 times lower than that of stress relaxation.
Direct inhibition of renin: a physiological approach to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Despite the last three decades of progress in improving cardiovascular outcomes via renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade in hypertensive patients, substantial residual morbidity/mortality remains. Attempts to improve clinical outcomes by combining angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have yielded mixed results. Adverse effects of RAAS blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may relate to compensatory increases in plasma renin activity (PRA). The first-in-class direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, blocks the RAAS at its point-of-activation, suppressing PRA and attenuating increases associated with other antihypertensives. Aliskiren (with or without other agents) provides significant and prolonged blood pressure reductions in a broad range of hypertensive patients and is well tolerated. Initial results from organ-protection studies are promising. Long-term outcomes studies should yield valuable information r...
Multiscale electromagnetic computations using a hierarchical multilevel fast multipole algorithm

A hierarchical multilevel fast multipole method (H-MLFMM) is proposed herein to accelerate the solutions of surface integral equation methods. The proposed algorithm is particularly suitable for solutions of wideband and multiscale electromagnetic problems. As documented in Zhao and Chew (2000) that the multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) achieves O(NlogN) computational complexity in the fixed mesh size scenario, hk = cst, where h is the mesh size and k is the corresponding wave number, for problems discretized under conventional mesh density. However, its performance deteriorates drastically for overly dense meshes where the couplings between different groups are dominated by evanescent waves or circuit physics. In the H-MLFMM algorithm, two different types of basis functions are proposed to address these two different natures of physics corresponding to the electrical size of the elements. Specifically, for the propagating wave couplings, the plane wave basis function adopted by MLFMM are effective and they are inherited by H-MLFMM. Whereas in the circuit physics and for the evanescent waves, H-MLFMM employs the so-called skeleton basis. Moreover, the proposed H-MLFMM unifies the procedures to account for the couplings using these two distinct types of basis functions. O(N) complexity is observed for both memory and CPU time from a set of numerical examples with fixed mesh sizes. Numerical results are included to demonstrate that H-MLFMM is error controllable and robust for a wide range of applications.
Overview of advances in the basic understanding of dark current and breakdown in RF cavities

In the last decade there have been substantial advances in understanding the nature of field emission through DC high voltage studies that locate emission sites, followed by electron microscopy studies to examine the sites. Emission sites have also been located in superconducting RF (SRF) cavities by temperature mapping. The sites found were also examined in an electron microscope after dissecting the cavities. In many RF tests, the emission current from individual sites was tracked with increasing field until a voltage breakdown occurred. The breakdown event was generally followed by decreased field emission. The RF test was stopped, the cavity dissected and the breakdown site analyzed by microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Auger studies were used to obtain topographical and elemental information about the emission and breakdown sites. Although these studies were primarily motivated by the desire to reduce field emission in superconducting niobium cavities, the lessons learnt, and the models that have emerged, apply to all field emitting surfaces.
A Method to Determine Precise Benchmark Doses for Carbamate Anticholinesterases

In determining benchmark doses for risk assessment and regulation of carbamate anticholinesterase pesticides like formetanate, oxamyl, and methomyl, one needs to quantitate low levels of cholinesterase inhibition. For improved accuracy while using fewer subjects, we developed an assay based on the recognized ability of carbamates to protect cholinesterase from irreversible inactivation. This assay measures enzyme that survives diisopropylfluorophosphate exposure in vitro and then reactivates by decarbamylation after small molecules are removed with sizeexclusion centrifugation. The 99% silencing of unprotected cholinesterase yields a low background. Comparisons of recovered activity with initial activity (representing carbamate-free enzyme) use each sample as its own control. As a result, carbamateprotection assays can demonstrate a statistically significant 2‐3% inhibition of brain cholinesterase in a single experimental group of modest size. When applied to brain samples from formetanatetreated rats, such an assay predicted a benchmark dose of 0.19 mg/kg for 10% inhibition (BMD10), with a lower 95% confidence limit of 0.15 mg/kg (BMDL10). Protection assays should enable precise determinations of benchmark doses for other carbamates, as well as accurate assessment of in vivo inhibition half-lives under low-dose scenarios.
Transformational Reistance and Social Justice

In this article, I focus on the experiences of two Ivy League graduates to examine the notion of transformational resistance. Combining data from a two-year ethnographic study with follow-up interviews over a decade, I analyze how students acquired skills and credentials that enabled them to serve their tribal communities. Strategies of resistance through education are used to achieve autonomy and self-determination and are important for American Indians because of their unique political and legal status. I also argue that those individuals who engage in transformational resistance often incur serious personal costs while the community benefits from their actions.
Understanding the Sciences Through the Fog of “Functionalism(s)”

Versions of “functionalism,” and their frameworks, have come to dominate many philosophical debates. Unfortunately, there is now a damaging interpretive “fog” where “functionalism(s)” is applied because it widely assumed that what I term the Standard Picture is true of the metaphysics of “functionalism” and hence that there are unitary notions of “functional property,” “causal role,” and “realization” based around the machinery of topic-neutral Ramseyfication and second-order properties. In this chapter, I use the case of the special sciences, and a version of “functionalism” based upon them, to show that the Standard Picture is deeply flawed. I show that the functional properties found in mechanistic explanations in the special sciences, as well as the versions of “functionalism” built upon them, fail to fit under the Standard Picture. I also highlight the flawed arguments about special sciences that have recently been driven by using the Standard Picture. In concluding, however, I outline some general meta-methodological lessons that can finally help to lift the “fog” enveloping “functionalism(s)” to ground more productive approaches in future work.
Esophageal Mobilization for Relief of Obstruction Caused by Subcarinal Mediastinal Granuloma

Summary Although the majority of the cases of mediastinal granuloma are asymptomatic, granulomas which occur in the carinal or subcarinal areas frequently cause symptoms of esophageal obstruction. Furthermore, the majority of dysphagia-producing mediastinal granulomas will be found in the carinal or subcarinal areas. A case of esophageal obstruction due to subcarinal mediastinal granuloma is reported. A correct diagnosis was made prior to operation on the basis of the clinical findings. The obstruction was relieved by mobilization of the esophagus and adherent granuloma from the retropleural, subcarinal mediastinal "trap."
Fat oxidation and its relation to serum parathyroid hormone in young women enrolled in a 1-y dairy calcium intervention

BACKGROUND Increased dietary calcium is associated with changes in body composition. One proposed mechanism is that dietary calcium increases fat oxidation, potentially via regulation of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to determine whether acute or chronic increased dairy calcium intakes alter postprandial whole-body fat oxidation and whether the increased intake is related to changes in PTH concentrations. DESIGN Normal-weight women aged 18-30 y were randomly assigned to a low (<800 mg/d, control; n = 10) or high (1000-1400 mg/d; n = 9) dietary calcium intake group for 1 y. Whole-body fat oxidation was assessed by measuring respiratory gas exchange after each subject consumed 2 isocaloric liquid meals containing 100 or 500 mg Ca at baseline and 1 y. Fasting serum PTH was measured at baseline and 1 y. RESULTS The mean 1-y change in fat oxidation was higher in the high-calcium group than in the low-calcium control group after a low-calcium meal (0.10 +/- 0.05 compared with 0.005 +/- 0.04 g/min; P < 0.001) and a high-calcium meal (0.06 +/- 0.05 compared with 0.03 +/- 0.04 g/min; P < 0.05). The 1-y change in serum log PTH was negatively associated with the 1-y change in postprandial fat oxidation after a high-calcium meal (partial r = -0.46, P < 0.04) when controlled for the1-y change in total body fat mass. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a chronic diet high in dairy calcium increases whole-body fat oxidation from a meal, and increases in fasting serum PTH relate to decreases in postprandial whole-body fat oxidation.
174-P: VIRTUAL CROSSMATCH IN A PATIENT WITH HLA ALLELE SPECIFIC ANTIBODY

Aim HLA typing at low/intermediate resolution levels is acceptable for the characterization of HLA genes of solid organ recipients and donors. However, the interpretation of virtual crossmatch may be problematic for transplant candidates with allele specific antibodies. We present here a case report and a possible strategy to alleviate this problem. Methods HLA typing was performed using SSO for low/intermediate resolution and SSP for high resolution. One Lambda Single Antigen Bead assay was used for the detection and identification of serum HLA antibodies. Crossmatch was performed using CDC and flow cytometry. Results The patient is a 52-year old Caucasian male, previously sensitized to HLA antigens, listed for heart transplantation. Due to the urgency of the transplant, an organ offer from a 28-year old donor was accepted even though the patient displayed an allele specific, potentially donor specific antibody (DSA) directed to DRB1∗13:03 antigen ( Table 1 ). [table1] The available donor HLA class II type was: DR13, DR15, DQ6. This donor was accepted based on the known frequency of HLA-DR13 alleles (13:03 allele is 5-fold less frequent than 13:01) and the presumed decreased risk of anti-HLA class II DSA compared to class I DSA in heart transplantation. CDC and flow cytometry crossmatches were performed at the time of transplant and yielded negative results. Extended typing of the donor revealed that the donor carried the HLA-DRB1∗13:01 gene. Thus, the allele specific DRB1∗13:03 antibody was not a DSA. Post-transplant outcome was favorable. C4d staining was negative in serial allograft biopsies. Conclusions In patients with allele specific antibodies, the frequency of related HLA alleles may guide the interpretation of the virtual crossmatch. Whenever possible, extended HLA typing of the donor should be performed to confirm the presence or absence of DSA.
Ann-Dorte Christensen og Sune Qvotrup Jensen: Ã¢â¬ÂStemmer fra en bydel. Etnicitet, køn og klasse i Aalborg ÃstÃ¢â¬Â

Drabantbyen som i okende grad blir befolket av familier med innvandrerbakgrunn, har for lengst blitt en del av landskapet i utkanten av storre og mindre europeiske byer. Med denne utviklingen fikk disse omradene som ofte allerede hadde hatt et darlig rykte fra for, tilfort en ny dimensjon som reflekteres i medienes oppslag om etnisk konflikt og engstelse for ukjente kulturer, religioner og vaeremater. Stor oppmerksomhet i medieoffentlighetene og ulike former for moralsk panikk har gjerne vaert fremtredende, ogsa i nyere tid. I norsk sammenheng huskes godt to sentrale oslopolitikere som hosten 2010 beskrev de innvandrertette omradene i Groruddalen som en A¢â¬Âtrussel mot norsk kulturA¢â¬Â, som A¢â¬Ârotloshet satt i systemA¢â¬Â, og som noe som A¢â¬Âvil rive landet vart i fillerA¢â¬Â.
DNA-based rapid methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens

The reports of foodborne illnesses are increasing and rapid, sensitive and reliable methods to detect and identify foodborne microorganisms are needed. This review encompasses a description of recent technologies upon which DNA detection methods are based. This review also provides current information on hybridization assays developed or under study for application in food microbiology. Literature pertaining to some of the most common foodborne microorganisms, including Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Listeria spp., Escherichia coli , and Yersinia enterocolitica is emphasized.
The Contributions of Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

A form of the disease today known as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) was described in 1972 by Giedion, et al as “Subacute and chronic symmetrical osteomyelitis.”1 The authors described the findings of multiple symmetrical lesions in the metaphyses of bone that resembled infectious osteomyelitis; however, no organism could be isolated. More than 40 years later, their initial description, which may be summarized by chronicity, multifocality, symmetry, metaphyseal predilection, and lack of identification of an infectious organ remains remarkably accurate. The condition has been described with a multitude of different names; however, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, which is documented as early as 19782, remains commonly used. Although CRMO appears to be diagnosed correctly with increasing frequency, the true prevalence is unknown. This may be due, at least in part, to the variability of clinical presentation. Signs and symptoms may be subtle, inflammatory markers may be normal, and osseous lesions may be clinically undetectable. A notorious characteristic of CRMO appears to be the discrepancy between a frequently underestimated burden of osseous inflammation based on clinical examination, laboratory inflammatory markers, and radiography, and the … Address correspondence to Dr. Fritz. E-mail: jfritz9{at}jhmi.edu
Aquaculture Techniques for Crappie, Pomoxis spp., Culture

Extensive crappie, Pomoxis spp., culture has been practiced for decades, however, knowledge of crappie aquaculture methods is limited. The following review synthesizes existing research on crappie aquaculture and identifies knowledge gaps where further research is needed. Topics such as life history, tank culture, feeding, reproduction and spawning, larval rearing, transport and harvest, triploidy, hybridization, and out-of-season spawning were reviewed. The outcome is a better understanding of hindrances preventing crappie aquaculture development in the past, particularly tank culture and induced spawning techniques, and specific research objectives with potential to enhance recreational and commercial production.
Progress report on chlorambucil therapy in postsplenectomy patients with progressive hairy cell leukemia

Of eight patients with progressive hairy cell leukemia who were treated with daily doses of an alkylating agent (chlorambucil, 4 mg) for at least 6 mo, seven have had an objective response, as measured by improved blood counts. Two patients were pancytopenic and had almost total bone marrow replacement with hairy cells at the initiation of chemotherapy; approximatley 6 mo later, their blood counts and bone marrow had improved dramatically. The five other patients had the leukemic form of the disease, and all responded to therapy. It is important to identify postsplenectomy patients with progressive disease in order to initiate low-dose single-agent chemotherapy.
Advance in study of gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)

In recent years,it has become one of the most critical issues and hot topics in the field of biology to elucidate the gene interaction,regulatory network and metabolic pathway in the post-genome era as the com-plete sequencing of the genomes of human and some model organisms was revealed.The combination of quantitative trait loci(QTL) mapping with high-throughput gene expression generated genetical genomics or gene expression QTL(eQTL).In this paper,we briefly reviewed the mechanism of genetic variation in gene expression and the rationale of the analysis of eQTL.Based on our current studies,we introduced the applica-tion of eQTL approach in the identification of candidate genes and constructing genetic regulatory network.In view of the potential impact of SNPs on gene expression,we discussed the problems in the application of eQTL and explored its challenges and the development trends.
Exact robot navigation using power diagrams

We reconsider the problem of reactive navigation in sphere worlds, i.e., the construction of a vector field over a compact, convex Euclidean subset punctured by Euclidean disks, whose flow brings a Euclidean disk robot from all but a zero measure set of initial conditions to a designated point destination, with the guarantee of no collisions along the way. We use power diagrams, generalized Voronoi diagrams with additive weights, to identify the robot's collision free convex neighborhood, and to generate the value of our proposed candidate solution vector field at any free configuration via evaluation of an associated convex optimization problem. We prove that this scheme generates a continuous flow with the specified properties. We also propose its practical extension to the nonholonomically constrained kinematics of the standard differential drive vehicle.
Lagrangian Field Formalism for Charges Interacting with EM Fields

In this chapter we apply general concepts of classical field theory to a system of distributed charges interacting via their electromagnetic fields. Important particular cases of the nonlinear Schrodinger and nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation are considered here. Fulfillment of the continuity equation is established in all cases of interest. We describe partition of conservation laws of the entire system into particular conservation laws for individual charges and their electromagnetic fields. We derive conservation laws for canonical and symmetrized energy-momentum tensors and establish fulfillment of Newton’s Third Law in every case of interest.
The Netherlands: Politics in a Fragmented Culture

The Netherlands epitomizes a parliamentary regime with a fragmented party system thus raising issues of stability and effectiveness. These issues have been exacerbated by the pillarization of Dutch society unity into five mutually isolated sub-cultures each with one or more political parties. The Dutch electoral scheme of a form of proportional representation permitted the development of a fragmented party system rendering the formation of a governing coalition a daunting task. The pillarization of Dutch society has weakened leading to the emergence of a new set of parties concerned with issues of identity. A Muslim sub-culture that resisted assimilation was perceived to be an existential threat. This weakened the social and political tolerance for which the Dutch are famed.
Evidence for distinct subcellular sites of opiate receptors. Demonstration of opiate receptors in smooth microsomal fractions isolated from rat brain.

We have found opiate receptors enriched in two distinct subcellular fractions obtained from rat brain cellfree homogenates. By several criteria, one fraction contains synaptic plasma membranes, while the other represents predominantly smooth microsomes. Using marker enzyme analysis, we determined that the occurrence of opiate receptors in the smooth microsomal fraction cannot be attributed to synaptic plasma membrane cross-contamination. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the two fractions enriched in opiate receptors differed markedly in morphology. In particular, smooth microsomes appeared to lack synaptic junctional complexes, postsynaptic densities, or membranes identifiable as presynaptic. Also, opiate receptors in microsomes were localized on membranes which were distinctly lighter ( p = 1.08-1.14 g/ml) than synaptic plasma membrane receptors (p = 1.13-1.18 g/ ml) when either agonist or antagonist binding was measured. We also studied the characteristics of binding of opiate agonists to both receptor populations. AIthough both microsomal and synaptic membrane opiate receptors were sensitive to NaCl when agonist binding was assessed, microsomal receptors were considerably less sensitive to guanine nucleotides than were synaptic membrane receptors. The subsensitivity appeared due to the inability of relatively low concentrations of guanine nucleotides (10 w) to accelerate the dissociation rate of bound peptide ligand. Finally, microsomal opiate receptors displayed faster rates of dissociation (K-l = 0.077 min”) than did synaptic membrane receptors (ZL1 = 0.017 min”). The data are discussed in relation to the concepts that microsomal opiate receptors either represent a distinct population of synaptic membranes or newly synthesized receptors in transit to synaptic membrane sites.
Images of Resilience: The Case for Visual Restorative Narrative

A recently labeled genre of journalistic storytelling, termed “restorative narratives,” intends to cover the story beyond the immediacy of the breaking news, and in doing so, to help individuals and communities move forward in the wake of large-impact events. Specifically, this research emphasizes visual reporting, which functions both effectively and in concert with the tenets of restorative narrative. Through photographic analysis and in-depth interviews with visual journalists, the study concludes that visual restorative narrative can potentially provide a venue for the professional photojournalist that is beyond the scope of what can be accomplished with citizen-provided content. And, in doing so, restorative narrative can indeed be a future—and thus a sustaining value—for visual journalism.
Evaluation of a hierarchy of models reveals importance of substrate limitation for predicting carbon dioxide and methane exchange in restored wetlands

Wetlands and flooded peatlands can sequester large amounts of carbon (C) and have high greenhouse gas mitigation potential. There is growing interest in financing wetland restoration using C markets; however, this requires careful accounting of both CO2 and CH4 exchange at the ecosystem scale. Here we present a new model, the PEPRMT model (Peatland Ecosystem Photosynthesis Respiration and Methane Transport), which consists of a hierarchy of biogeochemical models designed to estimate CO2 and CH4 exchange in restored managed wetlands. Empirical models using temperature and/or photosynthesis to predict respiration and CH4 production were contrasted with a more process-based model that simulated substrate-limited respiration and CH4 production using multiple carbon pools. Models were parameterized by using a model-data fusion approach with multiple years of eddy covariance data collected in a recently restored wetland and a mature restored wetland. A third recently restored wetland site was used for model validation. During model validation, the process-based model explained 70% of the variance in net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and 50% of the variance in CH4 exchange. Not accounting for high respiration following restoration led to empirical models overestimating annual NEE by 33–51%. By employing a model-data fusion approach we provide rigorous estimates of uncertainty in model predictions, accounting for uncertainty in data, model parameters, and model structure. The PEPRMT model is a valuable tool for understanding carbon cycling in restored wetlands and for application in carbon market-funded wetland restoration, thereby advancing opportunity to counteract the vast degradation of wetlands and flooded peatlands.
Power-law Schell-model sources

Abstract A new type of Schell-model source is developed that has a spectral degree of coherence, or spatial power spectrum, which is described by a power-law function. These power-law sources generally produce cusped, or peaked far-zone spectral density patterns making them potentially useful in directed energy applications. The spectral degrees of coherence, spatial power spectra, and spatial coherence radii for power-law sources are derived and discussed. Two power-law sources are then synthesized in the laboratory using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The experimental spectral densities are compared to the corresponding theoretical predictions to serve as a proof of concept.
Python for Finance

If your interest is finance and trading, then using Python to build a financial calculator makes absolute sense. As does this book which is a hands-on guide covering everything from option theory to time series. Overview Estimate market risk, form various portfolios, and estimate their variance-covariance matrixes using real-world data Explains many financial concepts and trading strategies with the help of graphs A step-by-step tutorial with many Python programs that will help you learn how to apply Python to finance In Detail Python is a free and powerful tool that can be used to build a financial calculator and price options, and can also explain many trading strategies and test various hypotheses. This book details the steps needed to retrieve time series data from different public data sources. Python for Finance explores the basics of programming in Python. It is a step-by-step tutorial that will teach you, with the help of concise, practical programs, how to run various statistic tests. This book introduces you to the basic concepts and operations related to Python. You will also learn how to estimate illiquidity, Amihud (2002), liquidity measure, Pastor and Stambaugh (2003), Roll spread (1984), spread based on high-frequency data, beta (rolling beta), draw volatility smile and skewness, and construct a binomial tree to price American options. This book is a hands-on guide with easy-to-follow examples to help you learn about option theory, quantitative finance, financial modeling, and time series using Python. What you will learn from this book Build a financial calculator based on Python Learn how to price various types of options such as European, American, average, lookback, and barrier options Write Python programs to download data from Yahoo! Finance Estimate returns and convert daily returns into monthly or annual returns Form an n-stock portfolio and estimate its variance-covariance matrix Estimate VaR (Value at Risk) for a stock or portfolio Run CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) and the Fama-French 3-factor model Learn how to optimize a portfolio and draw an efficient frontier Conduct various statistic tests such as T-tests, F-tests, and normality tests Approach A hands-on guide with easy-to-follow examples to help you learn about option theory, quantitative finance, financial modeling, and time series using Python.
Reasoning Ability as a Predictor of Success in a Construction Surveying Course

Well-established tests that measure reasoning abilities have long been found to be predictive of success in the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. Instructors can use ...
Remote C–H Hydroxylation by an α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Enables Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Manzacidin C and Proline Analogs

Selective C-H functionalization at distal positions remains a highly challenging problem in organic synthesis. Though Nature has evolved a myriad of enzymes capable of such feat, their synthetic utility has largely been overlooked. Here, we functionally characterize an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (Fe/αKG) that selectively hydroxylates the δ position of various aliphatic amino acids. Kinetic analysis and substrate profiling of the enzyme show superior catalytic efficiency and substrate promiscuity relative to other Fe/αKGs that catalyze similar reactions. We demonstrate the practical utility of this transformation in the concise syntheses of a rare alkaloid, manzacidin C, and densely substituted amino acid derivatives with remarkable step efficiency. This work provides a blueprint for future applications of Fe/αKG hydroxylation in complex molecule synthesis and the development of powerful synthetic paradigms centered on enzymatic C-H functionalization logic.
Effect of Inlet Flow Angle on Gas Turbine Blade Tip Film Cooling

The influence of incidence angle on film-cooling effectiveness is studied for a cutback squealer blade tip. Three incidence angles are investigated ―0 deg at design condition and ±5 deg at off-design conditions. Based on mass transfer analogy, the film-cooling effectiveness is measured with pressure sensitive paint techniques. The film-cooling effectiveness distribution on the pressure side near tip region, squealer cavity floor, and squealer rim tip is presented for the three incidence angles at varying blowing ratios. The average blowing ratio is controlled to be 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. One row of shaped holes is provided along the pressure side just below the tip; two rows of cylindrical film-cooling holes are arranged on the blade tip in such a way that one row is offset to the suction side profile and the other row is along the camber line. The pressure side squealer rim wall is cut near the trailing edge to allow the accumulated coolant in the cavity to escape and cool the tip trailing edge. The internal coolant-supply passages of the squealer tipped blade are modeled similar to those in the GE-E 3 rotor blade. Test is done in a five-blade linear cascade in a blow-down facility with a tip gap clearance of 1.5% of the blade span. The Mach number and turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet were 0.23 and 9.7%, respectively. It is observed that the incidence angle affects the coolant jet direction on the pressure side near tip region and the blade tip. The film-cooling effectiveness distribution is also altered. The peak of laterally averaged effectiveness is shifted up-stream or downstream depending on the off-design incidence angle. The film cooling effectiveness inside the tip cavity can increase by 25% with the positive incidence angle. However, in general, the overall area-averaged film-cooling effectiveness is not significantly changed by the incidence angles in the range of study.
Effects of processes at the population and community level on carbon dynamics of an ecosystem model

Ecological processes at the population and community level are often ignored in biogeochemical models, however, the effects of excluding these processes at the ecosystem level is uncertain. In this study we analyzed the set of behaviors that emerge after introducing population and community processes into an ecosystem carbon model. We used STANDCARB, a hybrid model that incorporates population, community, and ecosystem processes to predict carbon dynamics over time. Our simulations showed that at the population level, colonization and mortality rates can limit the maximum biomass achieved during a successional sequence. Specifically, colonization rates control temporal lags in the initiation of carbon accumulation, and mortality rates can have important effects on annual variation in live biomass. At the community level, differences in species traits and changes in species composition over time introduced significant changes in carbon dynamics. Species with different set of parameters, such as growth and mortality rates, introduce patterns of carbon accumulation that could not be reproduced using a single species with the average of parameters of multiple species or by simulating the most abundant species (strategies commonly employed in terrestrial biogeochemical models). We conclude that omitting population and community processes from biogeochemical models introduces an important source of uncertainty that can impose important limitations for predictions of future carbon balances.
Internationalizing the History of Psychology Course in the USA

Curricula in the history of psychology course have often been marked by a narrow emphasis on psychology as it developed in German and American contexts. In this chapter, the net is cast more widely to examine the history of psychology in multiple sites around the world. Examples are given of resources that are available to help broaden the course and deepen student understanding of the rich histories of the field as it has emerged in multiple national and cultural contexts. An argument is made that what is needed is not a singular history of psychology, but a multiplicity of histories in order to see more accurately how psychological science and practice grow in particular social and cultural contexts.
Naltrexone and nalmefene attenuate cocaine place preference in male mice.

Abstract Cocaine addiction treatment is difficult due to the current lack of approved pharmacotherapuetics. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the mu opioid receptor (MOPr) antagonist/kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) partial agonist naltrexone (NTX) reduces the subjective effects and self-administration of cocaine. However, very limited research has examined the ability of the structurally similar MOPr antagonist/KOPr partial agonist nalmefene (NMF) to reduce cocaine reward. Here we examine the effect of low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses of NTX or NMF on cocaine place preference. In vivo characterization of these NTX and NMF doses were performed to examine their effectiveness at MOPr and KOPr. Results Both NTX doses and high dose NMF significantly reduced cocaine place preference. Conversely, a significant place avoidance was observed for high dose NTX and both NMF doses. Interestingly, neither NTX nor NMF blocked cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. High dose NTX and both NMF doses fully blocked MOPr agonist morphine-induced thermal analgesia as well as KOPr agonist U50,488H-induced locomotor discoordination. However, low dose NTX fully blocked morphine analgesia but not U50,488H locomotor discoordination suggesting that low dose NTX is effective at MOPr but not KOPr. Conclusion Both NTX and NMF block the place preference, but not locomotor activating, effects of cocaine. These results suggest that both NTX and NMF may be viable pharmacotheraputics for some aspects of cocaine addiction. This is an important step to understanding the potential mechanism(s) of action of NTX and NMF for the development of more efficacious pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders.
Cultivar and phosphorus effects on switchgrass yield and rhizosphere microbial diversity

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a native perennial grass identified as a promising biofuel crop for production on marginal agricultural lands. As such, research into switchgrass fertility and the switchgrass rhizosphere microbiome has been ongoing in an effort to increase production sustainability. We examined the effects of cultivar and phosphorus (P) fertilization on biomass yield, P removal, and rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structure in three switchgrass cultivars: Sunburst, Shawnee, and Liberty. The Liberty cv. is the first lowland-type bioenergy switchgrass adapted to USDA hardiness zones 4, 5, and 6. On a medium soil test P clay loam soil, biomass yield response to applied P was linear, increasing 135 kg ha−1 for every kilogram of P applied prior to establishment. Average post-frost biomass yield was 9.6 Mg ha−1 year−1 when unfertilized, and maximum biomass yield was 10.3 Mg ha−1 year−1 when fertilized at 58.6 kg ha−1 P, suggesting that P application on medium soil test P soils is beneficial for switchgrass establishment and early growth. Switchgrass cv. Shawnee was more productive than cvs. Liberty or Sunburst (11.3, 10.2, and 8.6 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively). Both bacterial and fungal communities were significantly shaped by cultivar. These shifts, while inconsistent between year and cultivar, may reflect a selection of the microbial community from that present in soil to maximize total nutrient uptake, regardless of additional P amendments. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect microbial community structure. Results of this study suggest that the cultivar-associated selection of particular microbial taxa may have implications for increased productivity.
Treatment of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the most common atypical Parkinsonian disorder. The classic presentation is characterized by early severe postural instability with falls, axial Parkinsonism that usually does not respond to dopaminergic therapy, and supranuclear vertical gaze palsy. Other presentations include a phenotype resembling Parkinson’s disease that only later in the course becomes unresponsive to levodopa, with frequent falls or with development of supranuclear vertical gaze palsy; less frequent presentations include freezing of gait/pure akinesia, a corticobasal-like syndrome, or frontotemporal dementia. There is no cure for PSP and treatment is supportive. However, attentive management can significantly improve quality of life. Therapies should be focused on the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in PSP: prevention of falls and dysphagia. Patient and family education is a key component of care, and a multidisciplinary team approach is the most useful in the management of PSP. Novel therapeutic approaches are being investigated.
From Influenza Virus Infections to Lupus: Synchronous Estrogen Receptor α and RNA Polymerase II Binding Within the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus.

Males and females respond to pathogens differently and exhibit significantly different frequencies of autoimmune disease. For example, vaccinated adult females control influenza virus better than m...
Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect-Microbial-Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn.

Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays–Spiroplasma kunkelii–Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.
Environmental Toxic Exposures Using Companion Animals as an Indicator of Human Toxicity: A Case Report and Discussion.

Abstract Background Hundreds of years ago, humans realized that animals could be used as surrogate indicators of toxic environmental exposures, as a tool to measure risk to human health. The classic example is coal miners bringing canaries into coal mines. The respiratory rate and metabolism of the animal resulted in toxic signs of injurious gases in the environment before humans were injured. Occasionally, modern diagnosis of cryptic toxic exposures can be aided by the discovery of such features in the history. Objectives We introduce this review using a case of inhalational mercury toxicity involving humans and companion animals—household dogs and cats. The death of exposed pets prior to the mounting of symptoms in the exposed humans was advance warning of the near-fatal presentation to come. Our objective was to review and characterize the state of the literature on companion animals as sentinel species. Discussion We reviewed 748 articles, which resulted in 25 selected for inclusion in this narrative review. We detail examples of companion animals (household dogs, cats, and birds) affected by toxic exposures in acute and chronic ways—acting as harbingers of impending human toxicity in acute or chronic settings. Mercury, lead, Teflon, herbicide, and asbestos exposures present with predictable signs and symptoms in companion animals prior to presenting in humans. Identifying the toxidrome in a companion animal allows for subclinical identification of exposure and consequences in the human that permits early treatment and intervention. Conclusions Companion animals, when similarly exposed to toxic substances as humans regarding route, dose, and chronicity often mount symptoms and signs in advance of humans. This phenomenon allows the clinician to identify occult exposure, test, and treat while human disease is mild or still subclinical.
A tool for measuring ecological literacy: coupled human-ecosystem interactions

Purpose: Ecological and natural resource management (NRM) decisions have far-reaching implications for global ecological change. Because beliefs influence behaviors, it is vital that decision-maker...
JAGGED1 Stimulates Cranial Neural Crest Cell Osteoblast Commitment Pathways and Bone Regeneration Independent of Canonical NOTCH Signaling

Craniofacial bone loss is a complex clinical problem with limited regenerative solutions. Currently, BMP2 is used as a bone-regenerative therapy in adults, but in pediatric cases of bone loss, it is not FDA-approved due to concerns of life-threatening inflammation and cancer. Development of a bone-regenerative therapy for children will transform our ability to reduce the morbidity associated with current autologous bone grafting techniques. We discovered that JAGGED1 (JAG1) induces cranial neural crest (CNC) cell osteoblast commitment during craniofacial intramembranous ossification, suggesting that exogenous JAG1 delivery is a potential craniofacial bone-regenerative approach. In this study, we found that JAG1 delivery using synthetic hydrogels containing O9-1 cells, a CNC cell line, into critical-sized calvarial defects in mice provided robust bone-regeneration. Since JAG1 signals through canonical (Hes1/Hey1) and non-canonical (JAK2) NOTCH pathways in CNC cells, we used RNAseq to analyze transcriptional pathways activated in CNC cells treated with JAG1±DAPT, a NOTCH-canonical pathway inhibitor. JAG1 upregulated expression of multiple NOTCH canonical pathway genes (Hes1), which were downregulated in the presence of DAPT. JAG1 also induced bone chemokines (Cxcl1), regulators of cytoskeletal organization and cell migration (Rhou), signaling targets (STAT5), promoters of early osteoblast cell proliferation (Prl2c2, Smurf1 and Esrra), and, inhibitors of osteoclasts (Id1). In the presence of DAPT, expression levels of Hes1 and Cxcl1 were decreased, whereas, Prl2c2, Smurf1, Esrra, Rhou and Id1 remain elevated, suggesting that JAG1 induces osteoblast proliferation through these non-canonical genes. Pathway analysis of JAG1+DAPT-treated CNC cells revealed significant upregulation of multiple non-canonical pathways, including the cell cycle, tubulin pathway, regulators of Runx2 initiation and phosphorylation of STAT5 pathway. In total, our data show that JAG1 upregulates multiple pathways involved in osteogenesis, independent of the NOTCH canonical pathway. Moreover, our findings suggest that JAG1 delivery using a synthetic hydrogel, is a bone-regenerative approach with powerful translational potential.
Rejection of Smooth GPS Time Synchronization Attacks via Sparse Techniques

This article presents a novel time synchronization attack (TSA) model for the Global Positioning System (GPS) based on clock data behavior changes in a higher-order derivative domain. Further, TSA rejection and mitigation based on sparse domain (TSARM-S) is presented. TSAs affect stationary GPS receivers in applications where precise timing is required, such as cellular communications, financial transactions, and monitoring of the electric power grid. In the present work, higher-order derivatives of the clock bias and clock drift are monitored to reveal TSAs that show up as sparse spike-like events. The smoothness of the attack relates to the derivative order where the sparsity is observed. The proposed method jointly estimates a dynamic solution for GPS timing and rejects clock behavior changes based on such sparse events. An evaluation procedure is presented for two testbeds, namely a commercial receiver and a software-defined radio (SDR). Further, the proposed method is evaluated against real spoofing scenarios available online in the Texas Spoofing Test Battery (TEXBAT). Combined synthetic and real-data results show an average RMS clock bias error of 12.08 m for the SDR platform, and 45.74 m for the commercial device. Furthermore, the technique is evaluated against state-of-the-art mitigation techniques and in a spoofing-plus-multipath scenario for robustness. Finally, TSARM-S can be potentially optimized and implemented in commercial devices via a firmware upgrade.
Developing strategies to reduce the duration of therapy for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.

All current treatment strategies for myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) patients with the exception of allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) are continuously administered. Treatment approaches tha...