cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active specific immunotherapy of Dukes B2 and C colorectal carcinoma: comparison of two doses of the vaccine.

The ability of active specific immunotherapy to enhance immune responses to autologous tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and to prolong the disease-free interval was evaluated in patients with Dukes B2 and C colorectal carcinoma who had undergone potentially curative resections. Patients were sensitized in the early postoperative period with irradiated autologous adenocarcinoma cells mixed with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to yield either a low-dose vaccine (3 X 10(6) tumor cells) or a high-dose vaccine (1 X 10(7) tumor cells). Six of seven patients who received the low-dose vaccine developed delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to autologous tumor cells upon completion of the vaccination, whereas all four patients receiving high-dose vaccine displayed a positive DTH response. However, DTH responses to autologous TAA waned within 3 months in all patients receiving the low-dose vaccine; DTH responses persisted for 3 months in three of the four high-dose vaccine patients. In vitro lymphoproliferative responses to TAA correlated with DTH responses to autologous tumor cells. Active specific immunotherapy appeared to induce specific immune responses either in vitro or in vivo to autologous TAA because it did not induce responses to autologous mucosa cells. There were no complications caused by BCG or tumor cells. This series demonstrates that active specific immunotherapy is a nontoxic treatment that augments immunity to autologous TAA.
AntiTNF-α agents in the treatment of inflammation

Tumour necrosis factor/cachecin (TNF-alpha) and lymphotoxin (LTalpha / TNF-alpha), 2 members of the TNF family of cytokines, have numerous biological functions, such as induction of apoptosis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, immunoregulation, proliferation and antiviral responses. Although TNF-alpha is produced by many cell types, the majority comes from activated macrophages. The related molecule, LT-alpha is produced mainly by activated lymphocytes and shares many of TNF's properties. TNF-alpha is active in both of its molecular forms, a secreted 17 kDa mature form and a transmembrane 26 kDa precursor. It induces activity by stimulating 2 distinct receptor subtypes, TNFR1 (55 kDa) and TNFR2 (75 kDa). The activation of TNFR1 is generally thought to trigger the majority of inflammatory and apoptotic effects, although TNFR2 has recently been shown to play more of a role in signal transduction than was initially thought. TNF-alpha is responsible for the induction of apoptosis in certain cell types, where it plays a pivotal role in the induction of cytotoxicity, killing of neoplastic cells and deletion of autoreactive T-cell clones. This cytokine, and in particular, its overproduction, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of immunologically mediated inflammatory diseases, including endotoxic shock, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, there is an intense effort underway to regulate TNF-alpha production and activity, in order to treat diseases where TNF-alpha is thought to be pathologically indicated. To achieve this goal, the pharmaceutical industry is currently pursuing a 2 pronged strategy: a) testing biological agents such as antibodies against TNF-alpha or soluble TNF-alpha receptor constructs, and b) identifying small molecular inhibitors directed against targets such as phosphodiesterase-IV (PDE-IV) and TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The main difficulties in the clinical implementation of the biological agents are: development of immunogenicity, lack of oral availability and the high cost of production. The currently available small molecular compounds exhibit poor bio-availability and low selectivity, resulting in unacceptable side effects and a low therapeutic index. Despite these hurdles, numerous companies are actively pursuing agents that inhibit TNF-alpha.
Fish habitat association in an Ozark stream

Associations of fishes in physically distinct habitats (riffles, inlets and pools) of Flint Creek were studied to evaluate critically the habitat-guild concept — the notion that fishes associate with patches of stream habitat in discrete groups. There was little evidence of significant interspecific association at the habitat level. Most fishes were very generalized in their habitat-use patterns. Faunal similarity between habitats was unrelated to physical-habitat similarity. Assemblages from physically distinct habitats were little different from those from physically similar habitats. The structure of the associations (constancy within groups of commonly occurring species) varied seasonally and from site to site. There were constant associations in pools from summer through fall and this coincided with conditions of high fish density and low food availability, suggesting that the pattern resulted from past or present interaction between species. However, the timing also coincided with recruitment of young. Pools were the favored habitats of young-of-year fishes which dominated assemblages in these areas during summer and fall months. This apparently adaptive pattern of habitat association, operating in tandem with local reproductive success could have been responsible for the constancy observed in pools. Most of the species considered here made use of a variety of habitat conditions over the course of their life histories. Individual patches of habitat satisfied the needs of few fish, and thus, seemed too small a scale for the study of community-assembly mechanisms. There was better evidence of interspecies association at the scale of two or more of these habitat areas combined.
Effect of adenosine deaminase inhibitors on the heart's functional and biochemical recovery from ischemia: a study utilizing the isolated rat heart adapted to 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

The concept of limiting irreversible damage due to ischemic arrest by inhibiting nucleoside breakdown was tested in the isolated perfused rat heart. Functional recovery measurements were combined with continuous high-energy phosphate measurements by means of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and with nucleoside release measurements in the reperfusion period. The adenosine deaminase inhibitors erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) and 2-deoxycoformycin (DCF) were given 5 min before ischemia and for the first 5 min of reperfusion. These treated groups were compared with a control, untreated group. These were further compared with a group of hearts arrested with potassium and to a group combining potassium arrest and EHNA. It was found that all treated groups recovered mechanical function significantly better than the untreated group. DCF, K +, and K + + EHNA slowed ATP decline and resulted in better ATP recovery than untreated or EHNA-treated, and all treatments decreased nucleoside base release. Intracellular pH fell equally in all groups and recovered to preischemic values. Thus, these adenosine deaminase inhibitors improve functional recovery following ischemia, although this improvement was not well correlated with purine losses observed during reperfusion.
Biochemical characterization of cuticle polypeptides from the infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus

1. Ecdysis of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae is effected by the enzymatic degradation of a specialized region of the second molt cuticle containing a biochemically unique polypeptide (mol. wt = 160,000). 2. The 160,000 mol. wt polypeptide and related polypeptides are synthesized at approximately 6 days of larval development. Antigenically similar polypeptides occur in other ruminant trichostrongyles. 3. Cuticle polypeptides digested during ecdysis differ from second molt cuticle collagens in amino acid composition and collagenase sensitivity. However, some antigenic homology between the 160,000 mol. wt polypeptide and cuticle collagens suggests structurally similar regions.
Administrative Sciences: An International Journal on the Science of Administration

In the past thirty years, academic work in the field of business has evolved from an applied field to a theoretically grounded, rigorous, scientific field of inquiry garnering the attention of high-quality academics from the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, and political science and many others. In this time the social science of administration has developed into a multi-faceted field with theoretical and empirical lenses too numerous to mention. With this development has come the need for innovations in scholarly publication in this area, one of these being the introduction of our new journal, Administrative Sciences. [...]
Life in groups: the roles of oxytocin in mammalian sociality

In recent decades, scientific understanding of the many roles of oxytocin in social behavior has advanced tremendously. The focus of this research has been on maternal attachments and reproductive pair-bonds, and much less is known about the substrates of sociality outside of reproductive contexts. It is now apparent that oxytocin influences many aspects of social behavior including recognition, trust, empathy, and other components of the behavioral repertoire of social species. This review provides a comparative perspective on the contributions of oxytocin to life in mammalian social groups. We provide background on the functions of oxytocin in maternal attachments and the early social environment, and give an overview of the role of oxytocin circuitry in support of different mating systems. We then introduce peer relationships in group-living rodents as a means for studying the importance of oxytocin in non-reproductive affiliative behaviors. We review species differences in oxytocin receptor distributions in solitary and group-living species of South American tuco-tucos and in African mole-rats, as well as singing mice. We discuss variation in oxytocin receptor levels with seasonal changes in social behavior in female meadow voles, and the effects of oxytocin manipulations on peer huddling behavior. Finally, we discuss avenues of promise for future investigation, and relate current findings to research in humans and non-human primates. There is growing evidence that oxytocin is involved in social selectivity, including increases in aggression toward social outgroups and decreased huddling with unfamiliar individuals, which may support existing social structures or relationships at the expense of others. Oxytocin’s effects reach beyond maternal attachment and pair bonds to play a role in affiliative behavior underlying “friendships,” organization of broad social structures, and maintenance of established social relationships with individuals or groups.
The stability of logrolling: An expectations approach*

This essay provides an explanation for the existence of stable logrolling arrangements. The model presented assumes that issues are voted on one at a time, that people are risk averse, and that each person forecasts future issue decisions with a random variable whose mean is linear in the alternatives of the present issue. We show that under this model, the expectation that logrolling will take place stabilizes the logrolling process. For this expectation to be stable, it must be symmetric, which means that revoting of issues must be possible. Since revoting is possible in institutions such as Congress, we conclude that an important set of real world voting bodies satisfies the conditions for stable logrolling.
Biology and chemoprevention of head and neck cancer

Abstract Head and neck cancer remains a common cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States and throughout the world. In spite of advances in the management of patients with advanced disease, overall survival in this group remains poor. Furthermore, although cancer mortality is lower in patients with early-stage disease, treatment results in significant morbidity, and these patients also face the risk of developing a second primary tumor. Chemoprevention is an innovative approach to decrease overall cancer morbidity and mortality using substances that are capable of preventing cancer progression. Head and neck cancer is an excellent model for chemoprevention, as its biology is consistent with the two concepts important for the development of chemoprevention strategies: field cancerization and multistep carcinogenesis. Several classes of compounds have been evaluated in chemoprevention trials. The most frequently studied agents, the retinoids, were found frequently to induce remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia. Furthermore, retinoids prevented progression to malignancy in one randomized maintenance study. other agents, including β-carotene and vitamin E, have been found also to have activity in the management of oral leukoplakia. However, the clinical role of chemopreventive agents in reducing cancer mortality remains to be defined. Two studies, one in head and neck cancer and one in lung cancer, have shown the ability of retinoids to prevent the development of second primary tumors. Current large randomized trials are defining the effectiveness of these agents in reducing the mortality of aerodigestive tract tumors in individuals at high risk.
The Contribution of Cognitive Impairment, Medical Burden, and Psychopathology to the Functional Status of Geriatric Psychiatric Inpatients

In order to define the contributions of cognitive impairment, medical burden, and psychopathology to the functional status of geriatric psychiatric patients, a forward-looking, retrospective study of 106 consecutive admissions to a geriatric psychiatric unit at the Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center Hospital was done. It was found that psychopathology and cognitive status, but not medical burden, contributed to the variance in functional status of geriatric psychiatric inpatients for both admission scores and for changes in scores during hospitalization. Improvements in cognitive state and psychopathology were associated with improvements in functional status during hospitalization.
The persistence of the water budget myth and its relationship to sustainability

Sustainability and sustainable pumping are two different concepts that are often used interchangeably. The latter term refers to a pumping rate that can be maintained indefinitely without mining an aquifer, whereas the former term is broader and concerns such issues as ecology and water quality, among others, in addition to sustainable pumping. Another important difference between the two concepts is that recharge can be very important to consider when assessing sustainability, but is not necessary to estimate sustainable pumping rates. Confusion over this distinction is made worse by the Water Budget Myth, which comprises the mistaken yet persistent ideas that (1) sustainable pumping rates cannot exceed virgin recharge rates in aquifers, and (2) that virgin recharge rates must therefore be known to estimate sustainable pumping rates. Analysis of the water balance equation shows the special circumstances that must apply for the Water Budget Myth to be true. However, due to the effects recharge is likely to have on water quality, ecology, socioeconomic factors, and, under certain circumstances, its requirement for numerical modeling, it remains important in assessments of sustainability.
Effect of Passive Immunization on the Dental Caries Incidence of Caries-Susceptible Rats

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA LE EFFECTO DE IMMUNISATION PASSIVE SUPER LE INCIDENTIA DE CARIE DENTAL IN RATTOS SUSCEPTIBILE DE CONTRAHER CARIE.-Le immunisation passive de un linea de rattos susceptibile de contraher carie, per medie de un preparato de globulina gamma ab le sero de rattos resistente contra carie esseva inefficace in le reduction del grado de decadentia dental in le animales immunisate.Injicite globulina gamma marcate con iodo radioactive, le qual esseva contaminate in plus per un certe quantitate de albumina e de globulina beta, esseva detegite in micre quantitates in positiones correspondente in le configuration electrophoretic de saliva total ab iste animales.
Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An empirical approach

Abstract Safety is paramount in the airline industry. A significant amount of effort has been devoted to reducing mechanical failures and pilot errors. Recently, more attention has been devoted to the contribution of maintenance to accidents and incidents. This study investigates and quantifies the contribution of maintenance, both in terms of frequency and severity, to passenger airline risk by analyzing three different sources of data from 1999 to 2008: 769 NTSB accident reports, 3242 FAA incident reports, and 7478 FAA records of fines and other legal actions taken against airlines and associated organizations. We analyze several safety related metrics and develop an aviation maintenance risk scorecard that collects these metrics to synthesize a comprehensive track record of maintenance contribution to airline accidents and incidents. We found for example that maintenance-related accidents are approximately 6.5 times more likely to be fatal than accidents in general, and that when fatalities do occur, maintenance accidents result in approximately 3.6 times more fatalities on average. Our analysis of accident trends indicates that this contribution to accident risk has remained fairly constant over the past decade. Our analysis of incidents and FAA fines and legal actions also revealed similar trends. We found that at least 10% of incidents involving mechanical failures such as ruptured hydraulic lines can be attributed to maintenance, suggesting that there may be issues surrounding both the design of and compliance with maintenance plans. Similarly 36% of FAA fines and legal actions involve inadequate maintenance, with recent years showing a decline to about 20%, which may be a reflection of improved maintenance practices. Our results can aid industry and government in focusing resources to continue improving aviation safety.
A novel intelligent mobile backhaul RAN architecture for emerging heterogeneous networks

The global demand for mobile-broadband data services has experienced phenomenal growth over the last few years, driven by the rapid proliferation of smart devices such as smartphones and tablets. This growth is expected to continue unabated as mobile data traffic is predicted to grow anywhere from 20 to 50 times over the next 5 years. Exacerbating the problem is that such unprecedented surge in smartphones usage, which is characterized by frequent short on/off connections and mobility, generates heavy signaling traffic load in the network "signaling storms". This consumes a disproportion amount of network resources, compromising network throughput and efficiency, and in extreme cases can cause the cellular networks to crash. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which comprise a combination of macro-cell base stations and low-cost low-power small cell (SC) base stations operating over both licensed (e.g., femto and picocells) and unlicensed (e. g., WiFi access points) bands, have recently emerged as a viable solution to cope with such unprecedented mobile traffic growth. While deploying large number of SCs close to users will certainly help to solve the radio access network's (RAN) capacity and coverage problem, however, there is a significant price to pay — HetNets create a new challenge for the backhaul. The key challenge is how to provide cost-effective, scalable and flexible mobile backhaul solution to connect SCs to the mobile core network. The purpose of this paper is to propose and devise a cost-effective PON-based HetNet mobile backhaul RAN architecture that: 1) leverages existing fibered and powered facilities associated with a PON-based fiber-to-the-Node/ Home (FTTN/FTTH) residential access network; 2) enables, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the support of efficient ground-breaking mobile data and signaling offload techniques, which significantly enhance the performance of both the LTE-A-based HetNet RAN and mobile core network (Evolved Packet Core (EPC) per 3GPP standard), ensure that core network equipment is used more productively, and moderate the evolving signaling growth and optimize its impact.
SU‐FF‐I‐07: Single‐ and Dual‐Energy CT Calibration Lines for Assessing the Calcium Content of Lung Nodules: Effects of Patient Body and Lung Nodule Size

Purpose: To determine the concentration of Ca in lung nodules for a CAD technique, lung nodule calibration lines are being derived at locations throughout lung fields. A study was performed to investigate the effects of patient body and lung nodule size on derived calibration lines. Method and Materials: Simulated spherical lung nodules of two concentrations (50 and 100mg/cc CaCO 3 ) were employed. Three different diameter nodules (4.8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm) were scanned in a simulated thorax section “A” representing the middle of the chest with large lung regions. The 4.8mm and 9.5mm nodules were also scanned in section “B” representing the upper chest with smaller lung regions. Fat‐rings were added to the phantoms to simulate larger patients. Images were acquired on a GE‐VCT scanner at 80, 120 and 140kVp. The RMS CT♯ displacements between the calibration lines for phantoms with and without fat‐rings were compared. Results: Body‐size had a significant effect on the calibration lines for each single kVp technique. Mean RMS displacements for the 9.5mm nodules at 80, 120 and 140 kVp were 22+/−2, 19+/−3, and 18+/−2HU, respectively for phantom “A”, and 19+/−2, 14+/−1, and 14+/−1HU for “B”. Corresponding displacements for 80kVp–140kVp dual‐energy were much less: 5+/–1HU (“A”) and 6+/−2HU (“B”). Results similar to the 9.5mm were obtained for the 4.8 and 16mm nodules in phantom “A” However, in phantom “B”, the 4.8mm dual‐energy displacements (12+/−4 HU) were about as large as the single‐energy. The phantom “B” study was repeated, and the dual‐energy displacements for the 4.8mm nodules were slightly better (7+/− 4 HU) on one lung side but about as poor (10+/−7HU) on the other. Conclusion: Dual‐energy CTcalibration of the calcium concentration of lung nodules is less sensitive to patient body size than single‐energy calibration. However, the dual‐energy approach may not compensate for patient body size for smaller nodules.
Hydrosol deposition in granular media under unfavorable surface conditions

Abstract Hydrosol deposition in granular media under unfavorable surface conditions was studied. The theoretical part of the study examined the interaction of a particle with patch-like charged regions on the surface of a sphere. Expressions were derived for the double layer interaction between particle and patched surface and for the extent of particle deposition onto such a surface. Deposition experiments were performed under a range of conditions and their results compared with predictions based on the above model. A procedure to quantify the blocking effect of deposited particles on further deposition was also developed and the results compared with experimental data on transient deposition behavior.
Ultrasonic wireless health monitoring system for near real-time damage identification of structural components

This work aims at developing a compact and wireless structural health monitoring system (WSHM). The system samples ultrasonic wave propagation data, analyzes the collected data using a statistical damage index (SDI) approach and transmits the results to a remote location. The analysis provides an insight into the state of health of the structure under test as a function of time. The approach is designed to overcome the complexity and variability of the signals in the presence of damage as well as the geometric complexity of the structure, requiring minimal operator intervention. The approach establishes a baseline drawn from measurements done on an undamaged or partially damaged structure. This baseline is used to monitor for changes in the health of the structure. Damage indices are evaluated "instantly" by comparisons between the frequency response of the monitored structure and an unknown damage under the same ambient conditions. The approach is applied to identify several types of structural defects in steel girders and stiffened composite panels for different arrangements of the ultrasonic source and the ultrasonic receivers. The objectives are to deliver an early indication of the risk associated with the defect and to develop inspection and mitigation strategies to manage the risk using detailed, local, nondestructive evaluation of the areas identified with possible defects. The wireless data acquisition system and the automated data analysis tool developed under this work should improve the reliability of the defects detection capability and aid in the development of near real-time health monitoring systems for defects-critical structures.
Thirst-Motivated Activity and its Extinction in the Cat

(1939). Thirst-Motivated Activity and its Extinction in the Cat. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 89-98.
In vivo imaging of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the central nervous system and major peripheral organs.

Epigenetic enzymes are now targeted to treat the underlying gene expression dysregulation that contribute to disease pathogenesis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have shown broad potential in treatments against cancer and emerging data supports their targeting in the context of cardiovascular disease and central nervous system dysfunction. Development of a molecular agent for non-invasive imaging to elucidate the distribution and functional roles of HDACs in humans will accelerate medical research and drug discovery in this domain. Herein, we describe the synthesis and validation of an HDAC imaging agent, [11C]6. Our imaging results demonstrate that this probe has high specificity, good selectivity, and appropriate kinetics and distribution for imaging HDACs in the brain, heart, kidney, pancreas, and spleen. Our findings support the translational potential for [11C]6 for human epigenetic imaging.
Inadvertent intra-articular lumbar facet joint injection during fluoroscopically guided interlaminar epidural steroid injection.

Objective To determine the incidence of inadvertent lumbar facet joint injection during an interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ESI).
Psychology and Phenomenology: A Clarification.

Controversies are rampant in contemporary psychology concerning the appropriate method for observing consciousness and the role inner experience should play in psychological theorizing. These conflicting orientations reflect, in part, methodological differences between natural science and human science interpretations of psychology. Humanistic psychology and philosophical phenomenology both employ a human science approach to psychology that seeks to explain behavior in terms of a person's subjective existence. Maslow's and Heidegger's formulations are both fulfillment theories in that they specify moral values that suggest how life ought to be lived. Natural science methodology rejects the possibility that moral imperatives can be validated, whereas human science methodology allows phenomenological convictions to justify recommendations about a fulfilled life and a good society. The social role of psychology is analyzed within the framework of phenomenological convictions and scientific truth.
Yellowstone Pronghorn Alter Resource Selection after Sagebrush Decline

Animals alter resource use as conditions change and these changes could have significant consequences on demography. We generated a logistic resource selection probability function for habitat use and estimated percent composition of diets by pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Yellowstone National Park during winter to assess if selection of sagebrush (Artemisia) has changed since the 1960s, corresponding with diminishing sagebrush and increasing seral species such as rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus). We located 37 radiocollared adult females in 1,440 different groups during December 1999 through March 2005 and compared habitat attributes to 9,347 randomly selected points from the winter range. Pronghorn preferred greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) and selected grasslands in comparison to the sagebrush cover type. The relative selection against sagebrush may stem from a substantial decrease in this plant type on the winter range by the 1960s due to intense browsing by congregated ungulates. The percent composition of sagebrush in the winter diets of pronghorn decreased from 67% during 1985‐1988 to ,10% during 2000‐2001, while rabbitbrush increased from 5% to 60%. These findings and the results of companion time-series analyses suggest the winter range for Yellowstone pronghorn may not support larger populations (.500) of pronghorn for sustained periods, as occurred historically. Similar effects from habitat fragmentation and degradation face managers of migratory ungulates worldwide.
Variation of interband interaction strength in odd-A nuclei

Bandcrossing in 31 rotational bands of 25 different odd-A nuclei in the rare-earth region has been analysed by using a two-band mixing formalism with a constant band interaction within the framework of the effective decoupling picture. The interband interaction strengthV between the one-quasiparticle band and the three-quasiparticle band exhibits a variation with the neutron number which is not different from the oscillatory behaviour observed in even-even nuclei and does not show signs of any appreciable phase shifting as predicted by theory. However, the overall range of variation ofV is greater than that observed in even-even systems.
Neuroscience, neurohistory, and the history of science: a tale of two brain images.

ABSTRACTThis essay introduces a Focus section on “Neurohistory and History of Science” by distinguishing images of the brain as governor and as transducer: the former treat the brain as the executive control center of the body, the latter as an interface between the organism and reality at large. Most of the consternation expressed in the symposium about the advent of neurohistory derives from the brain-as-governor conception, which is rooted in a “biologistic” understanding of humanity that in recent years has become bound up in various nefarious “neoliberal” political and economic agendas. However, given the sophisticated attitude that neurohistory’s leading champion, Daniel Smail, displays toward evolutionary theory’s potential impact on historical practice, he is perhaps better understood as part of the brain-as-transducer tradition. This tradition, largely suppressed in current representations of neuroscience, has a strong theological provenance, ultimately concerned with our becoming attuned to the ...
Building heterogeneous reconfigurable systems with a hardware microkernel

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have long held the promise of allowing designers to create systems with performance levels close to custom circuits but with a softwarelike productivity for reconfiguring the gates. Unfortunately achieving this promise has been elusive. Modern platform FPGAs are now large enough to support complete heterogeneous Multiprocessor System-On-Chips (MPSoCs), however standardized design flows and programming models for such platforms do not yet exist. To achieve true softwarelike levels of productivity, the design flow and development environment for heterogeneous MPSoCs must resemble that of standard homogeneous systems. In this paper we present a new design flow and run-time system that enables developers to program a heterogeneous MPSoC using standard POSIX-compatible programming abstractions. The ability to use a standard programming model is achieved by using a hardware-based microkernel to provide OS services to all heterogeneous components. This approach makes programming heterogeneous MPSoCs transparent, and can increase programmer productivity by replacing synthesis of custom components with faster compilation of heterogeneous executables. The use of a hardware microkernel provides OS services in an ISA-neutral manner, which allows for seamless synchronization and communication amongst heterogeneous threads.
Embodied Energy Trade Balances among Regions

The embodied energy trade flows concept is advanced as a useful technique for analyzing energy interdependence among regional economies. An analysis of the energy trade balances of Washington State is used to illustrate the theory. The embodied energy trade flow concept provides a broader perspective than alternative techniques for studying relationships between energy-producing and energy-consuming regions.
Four generations of selection for high 56-day weight in the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

Abstract Two lines of mosquitofish were subjected to within-family selection for high 56-day weight for four generations. Comparison with the control line indicated a selection response in both sexes but only the male response was statistically significant. Relative to expected gains, males responded more strongly than females. A strong response was also observed in the proportion of males mature at 56 days of age. The performance of all lines in maturity and weight declined substantially during the study. What caused the decline is uncertain. The pattern of decline over time was not entirely consistent with an environmental cause, but there was also no direct evidence for a genetic cause. Unintentional selection, possibly involving intergenotype competition, is the most likely genetic cause of the decline.
Age dependent changes in fungi: Ribosomes and protein synthesis inRhizoctonia solani mycelium

Increasing age ofRhizoctonia solani cells was accompanied by a decrease in protein synthesis but not by a fall in the number of ribosomes present. There was, however, a shift from predominantly polyribosomes in young cells actively synthesizing protein, to mainly monoribosomes in older less active cells, and it is suggested that protein synthesis is restricted in these older cells by some defect at the initiation step of protein synthesis. The major site of protein synthesis throughout ageing was the free ribosome fraction with little or no contribution from membrane-bound ribosomes. For reasons not understood, the free ribosomes failed to sediment through 2.0 M sucrose, and only by using 1.4 M sucrose were good separations obtained.
Fatty acid composition of polar lipids in goats' milk

Silicic acid column chromatography was used to separate the polar lipids of goats' milk into glycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin fractions. Each fraction was purified by column chromatography and its fatty acid profile determined by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycerophospholipids each contained 18∶1 as the predominant fatty acid (∼45%). The sphingolipids contained a high percentage of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22 to C24>45%); the glycolipid fraction also contained ca. 2% 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The data represent a comprehensive cross-sectional study of the major polar lipids found in goats' milks.
Measurement of the Thermal Contact Conductance and Thermal Conductivity of Anodized Aluminum Coatings

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the thermal contact conductance and effective thermal conductivity of anodized coatings. One chemically polished Aluminum 6061-T6 test specimen and seven specimens with anodized coatings varying in thickness from 60.9 {mu}m to 163.8 {mu}m were tested while in contact with a single unanodized aluminum surface. Measurements of the overall joint conductance, composed of the thermal contact conductance between the anodized coating and the bare aluminum surface and the bulk conductance of the coating material, indicated that the overall joint conductance decreased with increasing thickness of the anodized coating and increased with increasing interfacial load. Using the experimental data, a dimensionless expression was developed that related the overall joint conductance to the coating thickness, the surface roughness, the interfacial pressure, and the properties of the aluminum substrate. By subtracting the thermal contact conductance from the measured overall joint conductance, estimations of the effective thermal conductivity of the anodized coating as a function of pressure were obtained for each of the seven anodized specimens. At an extrapolated pressure of zero, the effective thermal conductivity was found to be approximately 0.02 W/m-K. In addition to this extrapolated value, a single expression for predicting the effective thermal conductivitymore » as a function of both the interface pressure and the anodized coating thickness was developed and shown to be within {plus minus}5 percent of the experimental data over a pressure range of 0 to 14 MPa.« less
A Heartbreaking Problem of Staggering Proportions

In spite of all the recent news about plagiarism in history writing, I doubt there is any more intellectual fraud among historians today than there was in the past. It makes the headlines today not because there is more of it, but because famous popular historians were caught red-handed. The sad spectacle of Joseph Ellis claiming other people's experiences as his own (in his Mount Holyoke College lectures) helps magnify the revelations about Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin inadvertently using other people's words as their own. Historians' foibles also make news because they appear to be riding a wider cultural wave. One cultural icon after another, from the Nobel Peace Prize winners Martin Luther King Jr. (1964) and Rigoberta Menchu (1992) to Bob Dylan and the formerly august New York Times, is at least accused of publishing borrowed or fabricated work. The news gets amplified further because it is so useful in the ongoing culture wars. Do a Web search for "King plagiarism" and note the glee with which some Web sites are still publicizing the revelations made over a decade ago by Clayborne Carson and his colleagues at the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers at Stanford University.1 When I ask my students what they know or think about all this, they typically say three things: they have heard about some of it, they understand that stealing other people's words is wrong, and they think that knowing it is wrong will not stop (other) students from doing it. Given their difficulties in writing and their huge workloads outside of class as well as inside, many students will plagiarize to survive. Insofar as they plagiarize to cope with hectic schedules, they resemble popular historians who have claimed that urgent deadlines contributed to their innocent error of mistaking note cards filled with other people's work for original thoughts of their own. I suspect that some students plagiarize because they find it thrilling to cheat and get away with it. In any case, there is nothing new about students plagiarizing. Students were buying term papers long before the Internet. We need to punish students for plagiarism whenever we detect it, but there is a larger battle to fight.
The Role of the South in the Presbyterian Schism of 1837–38

In 1927 William Warren Sweet observed that “the most important and far-reaching of the schisms in the American churches were caused by Negro slavery and the effects of the bitter contests in the churches over slavery, which began nearly a century ago, are still with us. Therefore any study of the peculiar factors which have determined the course of American church history must of necessity give a prominent place to slavery.” He himself pursued this suggestion in subsequent research.
Impact of interviewer's body mass index on underreporting energy intake in overweight and obese women.

MCKENZIE, DEBRA C., RACHEL K. JOHNSON, JEAN HARVEY-BERINO, AND BETH CASEY GOLD. Impact of interviewer’s body mass index on underreporting energy intake in overweight and obese women. Obes Res. 2002;10:471– 477. Objective: To determine if overweight and obese women provide more accurate reports of their energy intake by 1) in-person recall with an obese interviewer, 2) in-person recall with a lean interviewer, or 3) telephone recall with an unknown interviewer. Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty-eight overweight and obese women participated in this study. Subjects completed one telephone-administered multiple-pass 24hour recall (MP24R) with an unknown interviewer and were then randomly assigned to an in-person MP24R with either a lean or obese interviewer to gather reported energy intake (rEI). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured using a Deltrac monitor, and physical activity (EEPA) was estimated using a Caltrac accelerometer. Therefore, estimated energy expenditure was determined by: estTEE (BMR EEPA) 1.10. Results: No significant differences were found between the two in-person interview modes for subject age, weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, total energy expenditure, rEI, and misreporting of energy intake. In-person recall data were combined for comparison with the telephone recalls. No significant difference was found between the in-person and telephone recalls for rEI and misreporting. Mean reported energy intake was significantly lower than estimated total energy expenditure for the telephone recalls and combined (lean and obese modes) in-person recalls. Conclusions: This study found that interviewer body mass index had no impact on self-reported energy intake during an in-person MP24R, and that telephone recall data were comparable with in-person recalls. Underreporting was a widespread problem (26%) for all modes in this sample.
Conservativeness, Stability, and Abstraction

AbstractOne of the main problems plaguing neo-logicism is the Bad Company challenge: the need for a well-motivated account of which abstraction principles provide legitimate definitions of mathemat...
Dark field imaging of semicrystalline polymers by scanning transmission electron microscopy

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been suggested to have advantages over conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) for the observation of diffraction contrast features and diffraction patterns from radiation sensitive crystalline polymers. Because of image intensification, control of illumination location and magnification independent focus, STEM operation for focusing, area selection and set up of optics permits a high yield of systematic data. Dark field (DF) imaging is most useful when employed in conjunction with scanning microarea diffraction. For convergent beam microdiffraction and efficient DF imaging of thin crystals the beam divergence should be less than 5×10−3 radians. For single beam DF, the reflection of interest is selected by the intermediate lens aperture. Use of a STEM annular detector to collect more than one reflection results in increased DF image intensity and resolution. Use of the entire azimuthal range of a single powder pattern reflection permits examination of crystal texture — in particular, images produced by chain axis reflections show the detailed arrangements of lamellae.
Klarner systems and tiling boxes with polyominoes

Let I be a protoset of d-dimensional polyominoes. Which boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) can be tiled by I? A nice result of Klarner and Gobel asserts that the answer to this question can always be given in a particularly simple form, namely, by giving a finite list of "prime" boxes. All other boxes that can be tiled can be deduced from these prime boxes. We give a new, simpler proof of this fundamental result. We also show that there is no upper bound to the number of prime boxes, even when restricting attention to singleton protosets. In the last section, we determine the set of prime rectangles for several small polyominoes.
Seasonal activity and Colorado tick fever virus infection rates in Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni (acari: Ixodidae), in north-central Colorado, USA.

Studies of the seasonal activities of adult Dermacentor andersoni ticks were conducted in Larimer Co., Colorado, USA, during the summers of 1979–1980. Twenty-five CO2 platform traps were used in an 80 × 80-m grid to monitor hostseeking activities. Ticks were marked with a spot of fluorescent paint as they were captured in 1979, with a different color used for each month. Eleven percent of the marked ticks were recaptured the following summer. Using the Lincoln Index to determine population density by the mark-recapture method, we obtained an estimate of 1139 ticks per hectare for May 1979. In both years tick activity began in early March, peaked in late April, and virtually ceased by the end of June. The actual CTF infection rate of painted ticks surviving at least 2 winters in hibernation was 129 per 1000, indicating that ticks infected as larvae or nymphs retain the infection for extended periods.
Evaluation of a new oscillometric blood pressure monitor in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs

Abstract Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a new veterinary oscillometric noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitor in anesthetized dogs. Study design Assessment was made to determine how closely indirect measurements were associated with direct measurements, and if there were statistically significant differences between the measurements by site. Animals Six mongrel dogs weighing 27.8 ± 2.9 kg. Methods Dogs were anesthetized with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane, which was delivered with controlled ventilation. Direct pressure measurements were obtained via a percutaneously placed arterial catheter. A range of systolic arterial pressures (SAP) were achieved by changing the isoflurane concentrations. Sites of cuff placement for indirect measurements were identified as metacarpus, metatarsus, and anterior tibial. Results At pressures below 80 mm Hg, indirect systolic measurements averaged 4 ± 3 mm Hg, higher than the direct values. At normal and high levels, indirect systolic measurements underestimated direct values by 18 ± 6 and 23 ± 6 mm Hg, respectively. Diastolic and mean pressure measurements followed the same trend, with indirect values being lower than the direct arterial pressures. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure measurements differed by cuff-placement site. Conclusions When analyzed by site and level, indirect systolic and mean arterial blood pressures during hypotension were essentially the same as direct pressures. However, at pressures within the normal or high range, indirect measurements underestimated the direct pressures. Clinical relevance Noninvasive blood pressure measurements with a new oscillometric monitor provided an excellent means of detecting arterial hypotension in anesthetized dogs. The metatarsal site for cuff placement was slightly better than the metacarpal or anterior tibial site, considering that the regression line was closest to complete equality between the indirect and direct measurements for SAP.
Long-term maintenance of exercise and healthy eating behaviors in overweight adults.

Abstract Background Most people experience weight regain following the termination of a weight management program. The failure to maintain changes in diet and exercise patterns is a major factor. This study presents 24-month outcomes of a healthy-lifestyle weight management program designed to promote long-term changes in diet and exercise behaviors. Methods Overweight and obese adults (n = 144; BMI = 32.5 ± 3.8) completed a 6-month clinic-based weight management program and were followed for an additional 18 months. Assessments completed at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months included weight, body composition, dietary recalls, self-reported physical activity, and mediator variables based on Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change. Results At 24 months, subjects maintained decreases in weight, % body fat, caloric intake, % kcal saturated fat, and increases in weekly exercise minutes (P Conclusions A healthy-lifestyle weight management program is successful at promoting long-term changes in exercise and dietary behaviors. Individuals who actively engage in the maintenance process are more likely to succeed.