cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One shot, one kill: the forces delivered by archer fish shots to distant targets.

Abstract Archer fishes are skillful hunters of terrestrial prey, firing jets of water that dislodge insects perched on overhead vegetation. In the current investigation, we sought an answer to the question: are distant targets impractical foraging choices? Targets far from the shooter might not be hit with sufficient force to cause them to fall. However, observations from other investigators show that archer fish fire streams of water that travel in a non-ballistic fashion, which is thought to keep on-target forces high, even to targets that are several body lengths distant from the fish. We presented targets at different distances and investigated three aspects of foraging behavior: (i) on-target forces, (ii) shot velocity, (iii) a two-target choice assay to determine if fish would show any preference for downing closer targets or more distant targets. In general, shots from our fish (Toxotes chatareus) showed a mild decrease (less than 15% on average) in on-target forces at our most distant target offered (5.8 body lengths) with respect to the closest target offered (2.3 body lengths). One individual in our investigation showed slightly, but significantly, greater on-target forces as target distance increased. Forces on the furthest targets offered were found to double that of attachment forces for 200 mg insects, even for individuals whose on-target forces showed mild decreases with increases in target distance. High-speed video analysis of jet impact with the target revealed that the shot was traveling in a non-ballistic manner, even to our most distant target offered, corroborating previous suppositions that on-target forces should remain high. Fish were able to accomplish this without large changes to shot velocity, but we did find evidence that the water jets appeared to differ in the timing of their acceleration as target distance increased. Our two-target choice experiment revealed that fish show preference for downing the closer target first, even though impact forces on distant targets only showed mild decreases. Our overall findings (and the findings of others) suggest that archer fish modulate many aspects of their shooting behavior: from target selection to active control over the water jet that allows the fish to deliver reliably forceful impacts to prey over a wide range of distances.
Carbon Cone Electrodes for Selection, Manipulation and Lysis of Single Cells

Here we present initial experiments towards an integrated platform for single cell selection, manipulation and lysis. The premise is that an array of polarized conical carbon electrodes can be dipped in a cell culture, trap cells of interest using dielectrophoresis and transport them to specific locations where they can be lyzed electrically. We aim at developing an automated tool to extract intracellular components from targeted particles over specific locations, i.e., a DNA microarray or other functionalized spots. What we contribute in this work is modeling of the electric field and its gradient around carbon cones, as well as initial cone fabrication results. To the best of our knowledge, both the fabrication of conical glassy carbon electrodes and the general concept of the proposed platform are novel. Ongoing work is on demonstrating cell trapping and lysis using these conical electrodes by only varying the magnitude and frequency of their polarizing AC signal.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Preparing Future Teacher Leaders: Lessons from Exemplary School Systems.

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that teachers have an opportunity to take on leadership roles in tecltnology-rich schools and districts. Based on data collected during a year-long project to investigate award-winning schools and districts, we used observations, interviews and focus groups, and document analysis to glean lessons learned from leaders and teachers. Teacher leaders emerged as a noticeable and important aspect of what we saw and heard. Therefore, we highlight ways teachers and leaders can work together to bring about school improvement and student achievement using technology as a key leverage point; in particular we suggest that teacher candidates should be prepared during their preparation programs to take on the role of teacher leader.
Communications network architectures for the army future combat system and objective force

A key element of the USA army's transformation is the future combat system and objective force (FCS/OF). The FCS/OF will operate as a cohesive, mobile, lethal, survivable, and sustainable land combat force capable of rapid deployment and immediate employment upon arrival and able to defeat threats in the 2010-2025 timeframe. This is to be achieved through network-centric operations wherein the force is realized through the network. In this paper we consider three echelons of the objective force, the FCS at the lowest level, above which resides the unit of action and the unit of employment. A communications network architecture study has been conducted to determine how the mobile nodes of the FCS/OF network may be best configured to realize this force. The study has examined a number of potential architectural topologies and the performance that can be expected from each. Trade studies were conducted to assess the relative merit of various technologies to the FCS/OF network on the basis of measures of performance such as capacity, connectivity, coverage, protection, and scalability. The result is a recommended communications architecture that will most readily achieve the goals of the FCS/OF. A flat architecture at the lowest echelons exploits mobile ad hoc networking with directional antennas for terrestrial communications. Range extension is realized through relays of various forms including unmanned aerial vehicle and satellite communications. Unit of action communications are organized into subnetworks with relay to lower and higher echelons, as well as joint and coalition forces. The unit of employment network enables command and control on-the-move and reachback to continental USA and external forces.
Evolution of PN Morphologies: Concepts, Models and Observations

The shapes of planetary nebulae (PNs) provide paleontological clues about the origin and evolution of the gas expelled in the late phases of stellar evolution. The morphological classes of planetaries and various structural components of the nebulae are interpreted as hydrodynamic interactions of episodes of relatively brief, axisymmetric wind-driven mass-loss events. Theoretical studies of the past five years are compared with extant data to show that astrophysical hydro models are achieving a very high level of success as explanations for the shapes of most PNs.
Heritage or Heresy: Archaeology and Culture on the Maya Riviera

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Cameron Jean Walker Year: 2009 Pages: 184 Publisher: University of Alabama Press ISBN: 0-8173-1635-3 (hard cover).
Influence of Phosphate on the Growth and Nodulation Characteristics of Rhizobium trifolii.

The growth and nodulating characteristics of Rhizobium trifolii 6 and 36 differed under different external phosphate conditions. Under growth conditions designed to deplete the internal phosphate content of the rhizobia, strain 6 maintained a generation time of 5 h during the exponential phase over two cycles of growth in phosphate-depleted medium. In contrast, the generation time of strain 36 was extended from 3.5 to 9.8 h over two cycles of phosphate-depleted growth, although the organism eventually achieved the same cell density and cellular phosphate content as that of strain 6 at stationary phase. Phosphate-depleted strain 6 required 0.51 ± 0.08 μM phosphate to commence proliferation, whereas phosphate-depleted strain 36 required 0.89 ± 0.04 μM phosphate under the same conditions. Phosphate-depleted strain 6 maintained viability when exposed to external phosphate concentrations subcritical for growth to occur, whereas phosphate-depleted strain 36 lost viability within 48 h when exposed to medium containing phosphate at concentrations subcritical for growth. Phosphate-depleted strain 36 was inferior to phosphate-depleted strain 6 at nodulating subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt. Barker) by taking 2 to 4 days longer to develop nodules in phosphatedepleted plant grown medium at pH 5.5. Nodulation by phosphate-depleted strain 36 was accelerated either by including phosphate in the plant growth medium at pH 5.5 or by raising the solution pH of phosphate-depleted plant growth medium to pH 6.5. External phosphate and pH effects were not observed on the nodulating capabilities of phosphate-depleted strain 6 or on luxury phosphate-grown cells of either strain. Phosphatedepleted strains 6 and 36 proliferated to a similar extent on the rhizoplanes even under stringently low external Pi concentrations. The phosphatase activities of both phosphate-depleted strains were significantly (P = 0.05) higher at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5, and the activity of strain 6 was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than that of strain 36 at pH 5.5 and 5.0.
A molecular bonding theory for liquid thallium–tellurium alloys

Abstract A molecular orbital model is proposed as the conceptual basis for the electronic structure of Tl–Te alloys. Using an expression proposed by Mott for the electrical conductivity in the strong scattering domain, existing data for the electrical conductivity σ and the thermopower S as a function of composition and temperature are compared with theory in the composition range where S is positive. This is done with the help of a theory for the equilibrium concentration of broken Te–Te bonds derived in another paper, with the dangling bonds assumed to give rise to holes. It is found that most of the observed behaviour of σ and S can be accounted for in a reasonable way. Reasons are discussed for the exceptions, which occur mainly in the behaviour of pure tellurium. We discuss the relation of our proposed model to the usual pseudo-gap model, and note a distinction between chain structures and network structures with regard to the mechanism whereby the density of states at the Fermi energy is affected by...
Risk-aware planetary rover operation: Autonomous terrain classification and path planning

Identifying and avoiding terrain hazards (e.g., soft soil and pointy embedded rocks) are crucial for the safety of planetary rovers. This paper presents a newly developed ground-based Mars rover operation tool that mitigates risks from terrain by automatically identifying hazards on the terrain, evaluating their risks, and suggesting operators safe paths options that avoids potential risks while achieving specified goals. The tool will bring benefits to rover operations by reducing operation cost, by reducing cognitive load of rover operators, by preventing human errors, and most importantly, by significantly reducing the risk of the loss of rovers. The risk-aware rover operation tool is built upon two technologies. The first technology is a machine learning-based terrain classification that is capable of identifying potential hazards, such as pointy rocks and soft terrains, from images. The second technology is a risk-aware path planner based on rapidly-exploring random graph (RRG) and the A* search algorithms, which is capable of avoiding hazards identified by the terrain classifier with explicitly considering wheel placement. We demonstrate the integrated capability of the proposed risk-aware rover operation tool by using the images taken by the Curiosity rover.
A new form of Ca3P2 with a ring of Dirac nodes

We report the synthesis and crystal structure of a new high-temperature form of Ca3P2. The crystal structure was determined through Rietveld refinements of synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction data. This form of Ca3P2 has a crystal structure of the hexagonal Mn5Si3 type, with a Ca ion deficiency compared to the ideal 5:3 stoichiometry. This yields a stable, charge-balanced compound of Ca2+ and P3−. We also report the observation of a secondary hydride phase, Ca5P3H, which again is a charge-balanced compound. The calculated band structure of Ca3P2 indicates that it is a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal with a highly unusual ring of Dirac nodes at the Fermi level. The Dirac states are protected against gap opening by a mirror plane in a manner analogous to what is seen for graphene.
Naloxone blocks that portion of feeding driven by sweet taste in food-restricted rats

We evaluated the potency of naloxone on intake of normal and sweet chow in food-deprived and schedule-fed rats. We found that naloxone's anorectic potency was dependent on the type of chow presented to the rats and the deprivation schedule utilized to stimulate food intake. In 24-h and 48-h deprived rats, naloxone decreased intake of normal rat chow at doses ranging from 0.3 to 3 mg/kg. In chronically deprived rats (80% of normal body wt), these doses of naloxone failed to decrease intake of normal chow. Rats eating sweet chow ate more when energy deprived and were more sensitive than rats eating normal chow to naloxone-induced limitations in food intake, both in acute and chronic food-deprived groups. Thus naloxone decreased intake of sweet chow much more effectively than normal chow even when rats were chronically food deprived. We also found that an extremely low dose of naloxone (0.03 mg/kg) decreased intake of sweet chow by almost 50% in satiated rats.
The E3 protein of bovine coronavirus is a receptor-destroying enzyme with acetylesterase activity.

In addition to members of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, several coronaviruses have been shown to possess receptor-destroying activities. Purified bovine coronavirus (BCV) preparations have an esterase activity which inactivates O-acetylsialic acid-containing receptors on erythrocytes. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) completely inhibits this receptor-destroying activity of BCV, suggesting that the viral enzyme is a serine esterase. Treatment of purified BCV with (/sup 3/H)DFP and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins revealed that the esterase/receptor-destroying activity of BCV is associated with the E3 protein was specifically phosphorylated. This finding suggests that the esterase/receptor-destroying activity of BCV is associated with the E3 protein. Furthermore, treatment of BCV with DFP dramatically reduced its infectivity in a plaque assay. It is assumed that the esterase activity of BCV is required in an early step of virus replication, possible during virus entry or uncoating.
Waiting for a baby: Navigating uncertainty in recollections of trying to conceive

Abstract Objective Guided by the uncertainty navigation model, this study examined experiences of uncertainty associated with trying to conceive and identified predictors of this experience using a multi-method approach. Method 429 American adults from Amazon's Mechanical Turk who had a child under age three completed online questionnaires regarding their experiences trying to conceive, including recollections of psychological adjustment, use of coping strategies, and individual and situational variability. Then they provided open-ended reflections of their experience trying to conceive. Participants' descriptions were analyzed for word use using LIWC, a text-analysis software program, to obtain an unobtrusive and pseudo-observational measure of coping resources. Results Consistent with the uncertainty navigation model, recollections of distress as individuals tried to conceive were associated with lower levels of dispositional optimism; intolerance of uncertainty; fewer social, emotional, and cognitive resources (reflected in word use); placing greater importance on conception; lower risk for infertility; and less searching for meaning in life. Conclusions This study revealed many novel insights regarding the experience of trying to conceive, including protective factors and vulnerabilities that may buffer or heighten the distress associated with this experience.
Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates Under Out-of-Plane Shear/Bending

An approximate method is developed to investigate the interlaminar stresses near the free edges of beam-typecomposite laminate structures subjected to out-of-plane shear/bending. The method is based upon admissiblefunction representations for in-plane stresses that contain a linear variation in the longitudinal direction.Closed-form solutions of all stress components are sought by minimizing the complementary energy with respectto the unknown functions. The resulting solutions satisfy the stress equilibrium, compatibility, and all of theboundary conditions. Numerical examples are given for both cross-ply and angle-ply laminates. It is found thatinterlaminar stresses under the shear/bending, particularly those for angle-ply laminates, may exhibit substan-tially different characteristics than under uniaxial loading or under pure bending.
Concentration of DNA in a flowing stream for high-sensitivity capillary electrophoresis.

A novel sample pretreatment device is described, and its application to the concentration and purification of crude DNA samples in a flowing stream for subsequent capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The device consists of two gap junctions, each covered with a conductive membrane material and built upon a flow channel made of PEEK tubing. Upon the application of an electric field between the junctions, the negatively charged DNA fragments can resist the hydrodynamic flow stream and are trapped between the junctions. DNA fragments dissolved in microliter volumes are captured in a nanoliter-sized band by simply pushing the sample solution through the device. Depending on their electrophoretic mobility, other interfering materials in a crude sample can be removed from the trapped DNA fragments by washing. The selective permeability of the membrane to small ions allows efficient desalting. The concentrated and purified DNA fragments are released by simply turning off or reversing the electric field. Re...
Determinants of the sex ratio at birth: review of recent literature.

Abstract This paper reviews recent literature on the determinants of the sex ratio at birth. The first part provides an overview of the major findings on the biological determinants, and their implications on the racial differentials and the wartime increases in the sex ratio at birth. The second part discusses the sociodemographic factors of the sex ratio at birth (age of parents, birth order, and socioeconomic status). About thirty studies based on samples of millions of births drawn from national vital registration statistics in various countries are reviewed and compared. The results indicate that birth order and paternal age appear to be negatively correlated with the sex ratio at birth. Parents of higher socioeconomic status may be more likely to bear sons than parents of lower socioeconomic status. Some possible causal mechanisms are suggested for the effects of the sociodemographic factors.
An approach to regional wetland digital elevation model development using a differential global positioning system and a custom-built helicopter-based surveying system

Accurate topographic data are critical to restoration science and planning for the Everglades region of South Florida, USA. They are needed to monitor and simulate water level, water depth and hydroperiod and are used in scientific research on hydrologic and biologic processes. Because large wetland environments and data acquisition challenge conventional ground-based and remotely sensed data collection methods, the United States Geological Survey USGS adapted a classical data collection instrument to global positioning system GPS and geographic information system GIS technologies. Data acquired with this instrument were processed using geostatistics to yield sub-water level elevation values with centimetre accuracy ±15 cm. The developed database framework, modelling philosophy and metadata protocol allow for continued, collaborative model revision and expansion, given additional elevation or other ancillary data.
Use of a new controllable-tip brush with the flexible fiber bronchoscope.

A new controllable-tip flexible wire spring with disposable brush has proved useful in supplementing visual inspection during diagnostic flexible bronchofiberoscopy and in securing samples from the bronchial tree for histologic, cytologic, and microbiologic study.
Optical and physical effects of iodine in chalcohalide glasses

Tellurium and iodine were added to a base chalcogenide glass composition (Ge33Asl2Se5S) to compare their effects on physical and optical properties. Iodine decreased the glass transition temperature and increased thermal expansion to a greater extent than tellurium. However, density was lowered by the presence of iodine and increased by tellurium. Examination of the multiphonon absorption edge in the 300-900 cm1 range revealed that iodine and tellurium occupy different structural sites which accounts for their varied effect on physical properties. There appears to be no advantage of iodine versus tellurium additions with regard to optical fiber applications based on the results obtained.
Structure and arrangement of the δ subunit in the E. coli ATP synthase (ECF1F0)

Abstract F1F0 type ATPases are made up of two parts, an F1, which contains three catalytic sites on β subunits, and an F0 which contains the proton channel. These two domains have been visualized in electron microscopy as linked by a narrow stalk of around 45 A in length. Biochemical studies have provided clear evidence that the γ and ϵ subunits are components of this stalk. There is an emerging consensus that the γ and ϵ subunits rotate relative to the α2β3 domain as part of the cooperativity and energy coupling within the complex. Two other subunits are required to link the F1 to F0 in the E. coli enzyme, and these are the δ and b subunits. The structure of a major part of the δ subunit (residues 1–134) has now been obtained by NMR spectroscopy. The main feature is a six α-helix bundle, which provides the N-terminal domain of the δ subunit. This domain interacts with the F1 core via the N-terminal part of the α subunit. The C-terminal domain of δ is less well defined. This part is required for binding to the F0 part by direct interaction with the b subunits. It is argued that δ and the two copies of the b subunit are components of a second stalk linking the F1 and F0 parts, which acts as a stator to allow the energy-linked rotational movements of γ and ϵ subunits.
Coupling genomics and human genetics to delineate basic mechanisms of development.

Abstract This article, based on a presentation given by the author at the third Asan-Harvard Medical International Symposium on "Genomics and Proteomics: Impact on Medicine and Health" in Seoul, Korea, July 3–4, 2001, discusses an iterative translational research approach to delineate the basic mechanism of human development. The study of humans to increase the understanding of mammalian development has critical advantages that make its limitations acceptable for certain types of studies. For instance, by looking at families affected by birth defects, researchers can gain insight into the basic mechanisms of development and how genes program organisms to assume their permanent, or adult, morphological shapes. A number of malformation syndromes have some overlapping manifestations, despite being phenotypically and, in some cases, genetically distinct. What can researchers learn from this? The author's research group clinically and genetically analyzed families affected with the Pallister-Hall syndrome. The researchers then went on to look at the McKusick-Kaufman syndrome, a disorder that is more common among the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in an attempt to understand more about genes, genetic pathways, and syndrome families.
Diffusion tensor imaging evaluation of white matter in adolescents with myelomeningocele and Chiari II malformation

Macrostructural abnormalities in cerebral white matter in patients with myelomeningocele are well known, but microstructural abnormalities are not as well studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate cerebral white matter in adolescents with myelomeningocele using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and to investigate the effects of ventricular dilation and CSF shunt presence on white matter microstructure in these patients. DTI and T1-weighted 3-D (T1-3-D) MRI were performed on nine adolescents with myelomeningocele and Chiari II malformation and nine age-matched controls. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values were measured and compared. Significantly decreased FA and increased MD values were observed in most white matter regions and fibers in adolescents with myelomeningocele compared to controls. Further analysis in patients revealed significant changes in DTI parameters in hemispheres with enlarged lateral ventricles compared to those with normal ventricle size. In addition, a significant difference in FA values in the posterior limb of the internal capsule was found in the comparison of hemispheres in patients with or without CSF shunt catheters. This study revealed widespread microstructural abnormalities in white matter in adolescents with myelomeningocele and Chiari II malformation. Ventricular dilation may have additional effects on white matter microstructure in this patient population. CSF shunt diversion effects on white matter may be multifactorial and need further investigation.
Flexure Strength of Melt‐Infiltration‐Processed Titanium Carbide/Nickel Aluminide Composites

TiC/Ni{sub 3}Al composites were prepared using a simple melt-infiltration process, performed at either 1300 or 1400 C, with the Ni{sub 3}Al content varied over the range of 8--25 vol%. Densities >96% of theoretical were obtained for all composites. Four-point flexure strengths at 22 C increased as the Ni{sub 3}Al content increased (i.e., {approximately}1,100 MPa at 20 vol% Ni{sub 3}Al), with the highest strengths being observed for composites processed at 1300 C, because of reduced TiC grain size. Strengths at elevated temperatures increased with test temperature, up to {approximately}1,000 C. As with the yielding behavior of the Ni{sub 3}Al alloy used, a maximum in composite strength ({approximately}1,350 MPa) versus temperature was observed; this occurred at 950 C, which is {approximately}300 C above the yield maximum for the alloy. Extensive plastic strain was achieved in the composites even at high loading rates at 1,135 C, and the yield stress was dependent on the applied loading rate.
FLIC: High-Throughput, Continuous Analysis of Feeding Behaviors in Drosophila

We present a complete hardware and software system for collecting and quantifying continuous measures of feeding behaviors in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The FLIC (Fly Liquid-Food Interaction Counter) detects analog electronic signals as brief as 50 µs that occur when a fly makes physical contact with liquid food. Signal characteristics effectively distinguish between different types of behaviors, such as feeding and tasting events. The FLIC system performs as well or better than popular methods for simple assays, and it provides an unprecedented opportunity to study novel components of feeding behavior, such as time-dependent changes in food preference and individual levels of motivation and hunger. Furthermore, FLIC experiments can persist indefinitely without disturbance, and we highlight this ability by establishing a detailed picture of circadian feeding behaviors in the fly. We believe that the FLIC system will work hand-in-hand with modern molecular techniques to facilitate mechanistic studies of feeding behaviors in Drosophila using modern, high-throughput technologies.
Preservation of the myocardium by means of cold physiological solutions, as assessed by ventricular function, histochemistry and birefringence

Abstract The efficacy of myocardial preservation by means of cold, oxygenated Hartmann's, Bretschneider's, Eagle's Minimum Electrolyte Medium, and micro- or coarsely filtered Krebs' solution has been compared with that afforded by cold alone and by cross-perfusion from a healthy animal. The experimental preparation was an isolated heart free of inherent deterioration over the experimental period of 3 hr when crossperfused. Assessment was by isovolumic ventricular function tests and histological, histochemical and birefringence examination of drill biopsies. No means of cold, in vitro preservation of the heart permitted it to retain its mechanical performance as well as did normothermic cross-perfusion from a healthy animal, but all cold, oxygenated physiological solutions infused into the coronary arteries performed better than cold alone. Although few statistical differences were shown among the solutions, microfiltered modified Krebs' solution and modified Eagle's Minimum Electrolyte Medium were consistently more effective. Histochemical and birefringence behavior of the myocardium was disappointing in predicting mechanical performance of the myocardium after cold preservation, presumably because cold permits histochemical appearances to be preserved when function is not. Nevertheless, the groups with the poorest residual function showed the most histological damage.
L band ionosphere scintillation impact on GNSS receivers

Ionosphere scintillation is a natural interference encountered by RF signals propagating through the ionosphere. It can affect the performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals and receivers. Since 2009, our research team has established several ionosphere scintillation monitoring and data collection system in Alaska, Singapore, and Hong Kong to collect both naturally occurring and artificially controlled L band scintillation data. As we enter the current solar maximum period, these data has provided us with a good opportunity to obtain statistical impact of high-latitude and equatorial scintillations on GNSS receivers.This paper presents the analysis results based on measurements obtained from a GNSS array in HAARP, AK and commercial receiver measurements from Singapore and Hong Kong. For the HAARP, AK setup, scintillation event triggers have been implemented to initialize RF front ends data recording systems during strong scintillations. A conservative event filter was created to allow us to extract all scintillation events with amplitude scintillation index S4 greater than 0.12 and phase standard deviation sigma phi greater than 6 degrees [3]. The low filter cutoff values are set to automatically flag both strong and weak scintillation events for further analysis. We are interested in both strong and weak scintillation because strong scintillation events have major impact on robustness of GNSS receiver operation, while the weak events are good indicators of ionosphere irregularities occurrence and plasma drift.
The millimeter-wave spectrum of the CaF radical (X(sup 2)Sigma(+))

The pure rotational spectrum of the CaF radical has been measured in the laboratory using millimeter/sub-mm direct absorption spectroscopy. Fourteen rotational transitions have been detected originating in the v = 0 mode of the species. Rotational lines of the vibrationally excited v = 1, 2, and 3 states have also been observed. Spin-rotation splittings, as well as hyperfine interactions arising from the nuclear spin of the fluorine atom, were resolved in the CaF spectra. Rotational, fine-structure, and in some cases, hyperfine parameters were determined for the various vibrational modes of the molecule from a nonlinear least-squares fit to the data, using a (sup 2)Sigma Hamiltonian, and are in agreement with past measurements. The newly measured rest frequencies for CaF, which are accurate to at least + or - 100 kHz, will enable astronomical searches to be conducted for the molecule in interstellar and circumstellar gas. Given the recent detection of AlF in IRC + 10216, metal fluoride species may be more abundant than previously thought.
Changes in Oxygen Consumption and Phagocytosis in Rat Pulmonary Macrophages Related to Animal Maturation

Differences in selected metabolic and functional parameters of pulmonary macrophages have been found in cells obtained from rats between birth and 40 days of age. Oxygen consumption ranged from 0.6–0.8 nM/106 viable macrophages/min in the pulmonary macrophages of rats from birth to 20 days of age whereas it was 1.4–1.5 nM/106 viable macrophages/min in the pulmonary macrophages of rats 40 days of age and older. One functional test of phagocytosis which measured the combined effects of bacterial ingest ion and killing by macrophages showed that after identical treatment and exposure conditions macrophages from rats less than 15 days of age contained significantly greater numbers of live intracellular colony forming units of Staphy-lococcus aureus than did macrophages from adult rats. A second test of function in which the number of killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae ingested by macrophages was also compared on the basis of animal age indicated that the number of killed yeast ingested was higher in macrophages ...
Risk and resilience among children and youth with disabilities.

Objective: To review the literature on risk and protective factors as applied to children with chronic and disabling conditions so as to assist the health care professional in developing clinical strategies and interventions. Design: Literature review. Main Outcome Variables: Risk factors (eg, emotional problems, school failure) and protective variables (eg, family cohesion, school involvement). Results: Both risk and protective factors can be identified at multiple levels: the condition, the child, the family, and the community. Conditions that are invisible have remitting-relenting courses, and where the prognosis is uncertain, these conditions are associated with the greatest emotional problems. Males with chronic conditions appear to have more emotional sequelae than do females. Likewise, personality characteristics of sociability and flexibility and physical characteristics of attractiveness are protective. Families with clear boundaries and a capacity to balance competing family needs, maintain flexibility, and ascribe positive meanings to life events all are protective. Conclusions: As increasing numbers of children with chronic conditions survive through adolescence to adulthood, the creation of environments where children can optimally develop becomes ever more pressing. It is evident that a range of factors, many amenable to interventions, can influence outcomes for these young people. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:692-698
Study of the residual fundamental gain of a cw hf chemical laser

The main objective of this work was to determine the extent to which lasing on the overtone suppresses the gain on the fundamental transitions P1(4-9) and P2(4-9) as a function of media saturation on the overtone. This was accomplished by a comparison of the residual fundamental gain (RFG) data obtained at three different levels of media saturation with the corresponding zero power gain (ZPG) data. Comparison of the residual fundamental amplification ratio (RF-AR) data with the zero power amplification ratio (ZP-AR) data indicated that the gains of the low J lines P1(4-6) and P2(4-6) were suppressed more than the gains of the high J lines even through their upper or lower levels were not directly involved in overtone lasing. Analysis of the HF mole/mass ratios calculated by a rotational nonequilibrium computer model, ORNECL, showed that the fundamental gains are determined by three independent mechanisms when lasing occurs on the overtone. The first mechanism is the `direct lasing effect' that depopulates the v equals 2 states and populates the v equals 0 states that are directly involved in overtone lasing. The second mechanism is the `rotational relaxation effect' that reduces the rate at which the low J v equals 2 states are populated and increases the rate at which the low J v equals 0 states are populated. The third mechanism is the `collisional deactivation effect' that reduces the rates at which the HF(O,J) and the HF(1,J) states that are not directly involved in overtone lasing are populated by the various collisional deactivation processes that transfer molecules from the high J v equals 2 states (that are involved in overtone lasing) to these lower energy states. Further analysis of the HF(v,J) concentrations and the ZPG and RFG calculations indicated that rotational relaxation is the primary mechanism responsible for the suppression of the low J lines whose upper and lower levels are not involved in overtone lasing.
Drinking without thinking : An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use

Addiction is characterized by dyscontrol – substance use despite intentions to restrain. Using a sample of at-risk drinkers, the present study examined whether an implicit measure of alcohol motivation (the Implicit Association Test [IAT]; Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480) would predict dyscontrol of alcohol use. Participants completed an IAT and, to elicit motivation to restrain alcohol use, were instructed that greater consumption in a taste test would impair performance on a later task for which they could win a prize. All participants viewed aversive slides and then completed a thought-listing task. Participants either exerted self-control by suppressing negative affect and thoughts regarding the slides or did not exert self-control. Post-manipulation, the groups did not differ in mood, urge to drink or motivation to restrain consumption. During the subsequent taste test, participants whose self-control resources were depleted consumed more alcohol than did those in the control group. Additionally, the IAT, but not an explicit measure of alcohol motivation, more strongly predicted alcohol use when self-control resources were depleted. The results indicate that the IAT may have utility in predicting dyscontrolled alcohol use.
Adsorption of mixtures of nonionic sugar-based surfactants with other surfactants at solid/liquid interfaces II. Adsorption of n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside with a cationic surfactant and a nonionic ethoxylated surfactant on solids

Synergy and antagonism between sugar-based surfactants, a group of environmentally benign surfactants, and cationic surfactants and nonionic ethoxylated surfactants have been investigated in this study with solids which adsorbs only one or other when presented alone. Sugar-based n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DM) does not adsorb on silica by itself. However, in mixtures with cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylated decyl ether (NP-10), DM adsorbs on silica through hydrophobic interactions. In contrast, although DM does adsorb on alumina, the presence of NP-10 reduces the adsorption of DM as well as that of the total surfactant adsorption. Such synergistic/antagonistic effects of sugar-based n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DM) in mixtures with other surfactants at solid/liquid interfaces were systematically investigated and some general rules on synergy/antagonism in mixed surfactant systems are identified. These results have implications for designing surfactant combinations for controlled adsorption or prevention of adsorption.
Polynomial Sequences in Groups

Abstract Given a groupGwith lower central seriesG = G1 ⊇ G2 ⊇ G3 ⊇ ···, we say that a sequenceg: Z → Gispolynomialif for anykthere isdsuch that the sequence obtained fromgby applying the difference operatorDg(n) = g(n) − 1g(n + 1)dtimes takes its values inGk. We introduce the notion ofthe degree of a polynomial sequenceand we prove that polynomial sequences of degrees not exceeding a given one form a group. As an application we obtain the following extension of the Hall–Petresco theorem: THEOREM.LetG = G1 ⊇ G2 ⊇ G3 ⊇ ···be the lower central series of a group G.Let x ∈ Gk,y ∈ Gland letp, qbe polynomials Z → Z of degrees k and l,respectively. Then there is a sequencez0 ∈ G,zi ∈ Gifori ∈ N ,such thatfor all n ∈ N .
Global Change Master Directory enhances search for Earth science data

The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) offers an on-line search and retrieval system for those interested in identifying Earth science data sets for educational and research needs. At the heart of the directory is a database of 3400 Earth science entries. It includes references to data held at many federal agencies, universities, and foreign countries. Content is updated and software is upgraded continuously by the GCMD staff. Earth science data set descriptions in the GCMD are written in the Directory Interchange Format (DIF). The DIF has gained interagency and international acceptance in documenting directory-level information for the Earth sciences. New fields have recently been added to bring the DIF into compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee's Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata. These additional new fields allow more complete documentation for all data sets, including those held in Geographic Information Systems.
Distinct Contributions of Orai1 and TRPC1 to Agonist-Induced [Ca2+]i Signals Determine Specificity of Ca2+-Dependent Gene Expression

Regulation of critical cellular functions, including Ca2+-dependent gene expression, is determined by the temporal and spatial aspects of agonist-induced Ca2+ signals. Stimulation of cells with physiological concentrations of agonists trigger increases [Ca2+]i due to intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx. While Orai1-STIM1 channels account for agonist-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase as well as activation of NFAT in cells such as lymphocytes, RBL and mast cells, both Orai1-STIM1 and TRPC1-STIM1 channels contribute to [Ca2+]i increases in human submandibular gland (HSG) cells. However, only Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry regulates the activation of NFAT in HSG cells. Since both TRPC1 and Orai1 are activated following internal Ca2+ store depletion in these cells, it is not clear how the cells decode individual Ca2+ signals generated by the two channels for the regulation of specific cellular functions. Here we have examined the contributions of Orai1 and TRPC1 to carbachol (CCh)-induced [Ca2+]i signals and activation of NFAT in single cells. We report that Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry generates [Ca2+]i oscillations at different [CCh], ranging from very low to high. In contrast, TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry generates sustained [Ca2+]i elevation at high [CCh] and contributes to frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations at lower [agonist]. More importantly, the two channels are coupled to activation of distinct Ca2+ dependent gene expression pathways, consistent with the different patterns of [Ca2+]i signals mediated by them. Nuclear translocation of NFAT and NFAT-dependent gene expression display “all-or-none” activation that is exclusively driven by local [Ca2+]i generated by Orai1, independent of global [Ca2+]i changes or TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry. In contrast, Ca2+ entry via TRPC1 primarily regulates NFκB-mediated gene expression. Together, these findings reveal that Orai1 and TRPC1 mediate distinct local and global Ca2+ signals following agonist stimulation of cells, which determine the functional specificity of the channels in activating different Ca2+-dependent gene expression pathways.
The effects of haloperidol and thioridazine on apomorphine- and LSD-induced hyperthermia in the rabbit.

Abstract The administration of LSD (100 μg/kg) or apomorphine (4 mg/kg) to male New Zealand rabbits resulted in a pronounced hyperthermic response accompanied by behavioral excitation and symphathetic activity. In addition, apomorphine exhibited several compulsive stereotyped responses, such as head turning and gnawing. Rabbits, which were pretreated with various doses of thioridazine or haloperidol, responded to LSD with slightlyt attenuated hyperthermia and behavioral excitation. The apomorphine-induced responses were markedly attenuated or abolished with far sensitive to the actions of the antagonists than were the action of apomorphine was more sensitive to the actions of the antagonists were the behavioral signs, total blockade being seen with 0·50 mg/kg of thioridazine and 0·05 mg/kg of haloperidol. The hyperthermic response to apomorphine thus represents a sensitive depamiergic response, and may serve as a useful model in the evaluation of antdopamine activity of the neuroleptic drugs.
Film adhesion studies with the acoustic microscpe

Abstract In the present study a number of chromium films 1000 A thick on glass were imaged with the high resolution acoustic microscope operating with an acoustic wavelength of 6000 A. The chromium films were known by inspection and by application of standard adhesion tests to be either well adhered or poorly adhered to the glass substrate. The acoustic and optical micrographs of identical areas clearly show the degree of adhesion to be a strong source of contrast in the acoustic images but not in the optical images. A comparison between the experimentally observed contrast in the acoustic images and a theoretical model for acoustic reflection microscope contrast shows good agreement.
The contingent negative variation during a memory retrieval task

Evoked potentials were recorded from the human scalp during performance of a memory retrieval task modeled after a paradigm originated by Sternberg (1966). Subjects were required to decide whether a probe digit was contained in a series of one to four target digits presented a few seconds before. The amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) preceding the probe digit and the speed of CNV resolution after the probe varied as a function of target set size. CNV amplitude was greatest when the set size was one. The smaller the set size, the more positive the evoked potential 300 msec after the probe, regardless of whether a motor response was required.
Mechanical modeling of the stress adaptation process in bone

The philosophy, techniques, and concepts involved in the mechanical modeling of the process of stress adaptation in bone are described here. First, the idea of a control surface, across which all mechanical forces and fluid transport are monitored, is introduced and employed to totally enclose a living whole bone. Then the mechanical forces are related to local tissue stresses and the fluid transport to the local microcirculation. The concepts of strain, stress, and elasticity are introduced next and the applications of these concepts to biological tissue are discussed. It is argued that biological tissue can only sense strain and not stress; thus baroreceptors are, in fact, strain receptors. The concept of remodeling or stress adaptive equilibrium is then introduced and associated with a particular range of strain values called the band of remodeling equilibrium strains. The deposition or resorption of bone tissue is hypothesized to be a function of the amount of strain by which the actual strain at an anatomical site differs from values of strain in the band of remodeling equilibrium strains. The form of this functional dependence is discussed with regard to a number of points, including its variance from anatomical site to site and the particular features of the strain history which are the most significant in enhancing bone remodeling. In the closing section of the paper, the basic mechanistic ideas underlying our models of bone stress adaptation are presented. These are mechanical models for internal bone remodeling (remodeling) and surface bone remodeling (modeling).