cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African cervical cancer prevention and control plans: A scoping review

Abstract Africa has a disproportionate burden of cervical cancer. As a part of the strategic approaches to contain the disease, several African countries have developed cervical cancer prevention and control (CCPC) plans. Such plans can help to create policy and program enabling environments to reduce cervical cancer. To date, there has not been any review of these plans. Method A scoping-review was conducted of African country-level plans available online between June-October 2016 to describe the existence and focus of cervical cancer planning using adapted measures from the Healthy Public Policy Model. Results Less than one quarter of countries (22.2%, n = 12) had plans available for analysis. Of these plans, 69.2% had expired. The majority of countries with any stated plan for cervical cancer had CCPC elements embedded in other disease-focused plans. Five plans framed cervical cancer as cancer, and rest as the outcome of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted. All plans emphasized survivorship more than early HPV diagnosis and prevention. Planned interventions targeted only women and girls. Rudimentary monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems, and lack of integration of cervical cancer M&E with national health management information systems and cancer registries were shared issues. Plans reflected a top-down framing of community as beneficiary rather than an equal partner to technical experts in plan formulation and evaluation. Conclusion A comprehensive picture of African CCPC efforts will require engagement with the Ministries of Health (MoH) in each country. Extant evidence suggests that lack of resources is a major barrier to plan development and deployment.
Risk Assessment Strategies for Biotechnology

Genetic engineering offers the promise of major advances in many areas of science, including agriculture, medicine, and chemical manufacturing [1]. Products of this technology, however, may also pose unknown risks to human health and the environment. Recent surveys show that while 62% of the public believe that genetic engineering will improve the quality of life, 52% think that it is inherently dangerous [2]. As with any new product, anticipated benefits must be balanced with potential risks. Before this task can be accomplished, however, a framework must be established to assess the risks associated with deliberate environmental releases of genetically altered organisms.
Mindblindness: metaphor and neuroaesthetics in the works of Silas Weir Mitchell and Simon Baron-Cohen.

Abstract Silas Weir Mitchell’s novel, When All the Woods are Green (1894), acknowledges the medical use of mindblindness (agnosia) but also casts it as a developmental disorder, bringing it provocatively close to how current neuropsychologist, Simon Baron-Cohen and his followers use the term in relation to autism. This chapter traces the mindblindess metaphor in the works of Mitchell and Baron-Cohen to show how mindblindness informs the larger paradigms by which they theorize the brain. This analysis suggests that Baron-Cohen, and thus much current thinking about autism spectrum conditions, is influenced by Victorian-era cultural assumptions and neurosexism, a connection that calls for scrutiny of Baron-Cohen’s current models of the brain and theories of autism. This chapter also demonstrates the extent to which Mitchell used fiction and advocated writing as neuroaesthetic tools and thus bridged in his work cognitive science and aesthetics—a connection that current scholars of neuroaesthetics are now theorizing.
Development of a PCR-Microreactor

The application of microfabrication technology to the development of miniaturized analytical and clinical instrumentation is an area of active interest and research. As a part of this effort, we are developing miniaturized devices and instrument components including reaction chambers, microfluidic devices (i.e. pumps, valves, and flow systems) and detection systems for biomedical applications. Specifically, a microfabricated thermal cycling instrument for application to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is being developed. The miniaturization of a PCR thermal cycler and associated analytical system will allow for a portable, low-power, rapid, and highly efficient bioanalytical instrument. We have successfully amplified several DNA targets from different biological systems in silicon-based microfabricated reaction chambers. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and β-globin DNA targets. Verification of the amplified target has been provided by standard agarose gel electrophoresis. Thermal modeling and infrared imaging have helped delineate optimal designs leading to efficient multiple-heater reaction chambers. Instrument efficiencies and PCR amplification results from the micro devices compare favorably to the commercial benchtop PCR systems. In the present report, we will discuss the most recent micro-PCR DNA amplification results, reaction chamber and thermal cycler optimization, fluidic manipulation and detection strategies, and the overall direction and advantages of the application of microfabrication to DNA-based microinstruments.
Shooting for the Eight

A topological existence proof is given for a figure-eight periodic solution of the equal mass three-body problem. The proof is based on the construction of a Wazewski set W in the phase space. The figure-eight solution is then found by a kind of shooting argument in which symmetrical initial conditions entering W are followed under the flow until they exit W. A linking argument shows that the image of the symmetrical entrance states under this flow map must intersect an appropriate set of symmetrical exit states.
Selective Protection of Restriction Endonuclease Sites

A difficulty that is encountered when attempting to insert a PCR-amplified product or DNA fragment of interest into a particular vector is the presence within the insert of one or more internal restriction endonuclease (RE) sites identical to those selected for the flanks of the insert. Our method circumvents this problem by partially protecting internal RE sites while flanking sites for the same RE are cleaved. The amplified product is first heat denatured in the presence of excess amounts of perfectly complementary oligonucleotides that can anneal to the flanks of the insert. The mixture is allowed to anneal and is subsequently digested with the appropriate endonucleases. This results in the cleavage of the flanking RE sites while digestion at the internal RE site is not efficient. The mixture is subsequently heat denatured and column purified to remove the oligonucleotides. The product is then allowed to anneal and can be used directly in a ligation reaction with the plasmid vector. This method facilitates the construction of recombinant molecules by creating desired flanks while preserving internal RE sites.
Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Children: Ultrasonography

This chapter describes the normal and abnormal findings in ultrasound when imaging the appendiceal region in a child. Next to practical tips in imaging the appendix, potential pitfalls in diagnosing appendicitis are highlighted. The criteria for diagnosing appendicitis are summarized and clear guidelines are pointed out to handle equivocal cases. A wide range of illustrations make this chapter a very practical approach to imaging appendicitis in childhood.
A Comparison of Aquatic and Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling and Production Processes in Natural Ecosystems, with Reference to Ecological Concepts of Relevance to some Waste Disposal Issues

Results of a comparative analysis, using data over annual cycles from about 200 different natural areas and a marine mesocosm experiment, suggest general patterns in the importance of both internal and external sources of nutrients to autotrophic production. The range of reported external loading of nitrogen and phosphorus to ecosystems spans several orders of magnitude, with a wide range evident for each of several classes of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The pattern of net primary production across this loading range suggests where internal sources of nutrients contribute significantly to the supply of available nutrients. For aquatic ecosystems in general the external loading/net production relation exhibits a striking pattern; many coastal marine areas seem to be near saturating levels of nutrient loading, and here the efficiency of autotrophic use of available nutrients may be quite low. Our analysis points out the importance of considerations of scale in assessing waste disposal options; this is particularly a key issue for marine ecosystems, which need to be considered across a wide variety of scales.
jFuzz: A Concolic Whitebox Fuzzer for Java

We present jFuzz, a automatic testing tool for Java programs. jFuzz is a concolic whitebox fuzzer, built on the NASA Java PathFinder, an explicit-state Java model checker, and a framework for developing reliability and analysis tools for Java. Starting from a seed input, jFuzz automatically and systematically generates inputs that exercise new program paths. jFuzz uses a combination of concrete and symbolic execution, and constraint solving. Time spent on solving constraints can be significant. We implemented several well-known optimizations and name-independent caching, which aggressively normalizes the constraints to reduce the number of calls to the constraint solver. We present preliminary results due to the optimizations, and demonstrate the effectiveness of jFuzz in creating good test inputs. The source code of jFuzz is available as part of the NASA Java PathFinder. jFuzz is intended to be a research testbed for investigating new testing and analysis techniques based on concrete and symbolic execution. The source code of jFuzz is available as part of the NASA Java PathFinder.
Public Health Emergencies: Unpacking Medical Countermeasures Management for Preparedness and Response Introduction and Contents of the Volume

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the journal on topics including the distribution and dispensing of medical countermeasures in American public health emergencies, the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile, and just-in-time training for medical personnel.
Palliative Care in Transplant Patients

Lack of integration between transplant medicine and palliative care has been a product of the aggressive measures that transplant medicine has undertaken to prolong life and the erroneous assumption that palliative care is exclusively end-of-life care. Instead, due to the high symptom burden and mortality rates for patients pre- and posttransplant, these fields are necessarily linked. In reviewing the unique needs of patients requiring heart, lung, kidney, liver, bowel, and bone marrow transplant, early involvement of palliative care improves quality of life, reduces symptom burden, and increases advanced care planning. In cases where pretransplant symptom burden was high and/or duration of illness prior to transplant long, patients welcomed and benefitted from earlier discussions around advance care planning and end-of-life care. When the goals of care change, palliative care can assist in the transition from active to comfort care while maximizing quality of life. No studies reviewed have found any disadvantage or harm with the involvement of palliative care in the transplant process. The integration of palliative care throughout the transplant process has been implemented at many transplant centers and has shown to benefit patients, families, and the transplant team while providing well-rounded and comprehensive care.
Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability

This paper describes a course focused on renewable energy developed to teach college-level students about the application of geoscience principles that underlie sustainable technologies, the implementation of these technologies, and their societal context. The 11-module Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability course uses hands-on, active learning techniques to engage students in data acquisition and analysis. The modules may be taught in their entirety as a complete course or used individually to supplement offerings such as in a general environmental science class. The chapter provides guidance in using the open-access online materials for implementing the course, including a discussion of pedagogy, how to use the supplied learner-centered activities, and assessment tools. The chapter recounts some of the key experiences of professors who piloted the course at three universities. Pre- and post-course assessments documented the improvement of student knowledge and an increased proclivity to include environmental sustainability in their decisions regarding careers and lifestyle choices.
The Russian Industry in April 2014

According to enterprises’ estimates obtained as a result of business surveys of the Gaidar Institute1, in April actual changes in demand and output had negative dynamics, while forecasts did not promise any improvement of the situation. It is to be noted that industry had to switch over to more intense growth in prices which situation is unlikely to stimulate demand and increase capacity utilization which failed to recover in April. Enterprises’ investment plans remain in the negative zone.
Protein-protein interaction network of prostate cancer

The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors. Prostate cancer is the fourth most common cancer; its incidence and mortality vary in different parts of the world. In this study the proteomic data in prostate cancer is focused. Network analysis of the proteins is performed to identify the important hub-bottleneck proteins which also interacts with the seed proteins in the network modules. Based on the results of study, key 47 proteins which may be suitable candidate biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment process in prostate cancer are mentioned.
Sex Differences in Autoimmune Type-1 Diabetes

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the activation of immune cells destroying the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. T1D accounts for nearly 90% of childhood-onset diabetes and 10% for adult-onset diabetes. The cause of T1D involves both genetic and environmental factors interacting to produce susceptibility to this disease. Like any other autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of T1D occurs when there is an immune imbalance between pro-inflammatory T-helper 1 (Th1) cells versus antiinflammatory T-helper 2 (Th2) cells. Moreover, it has been suggested that sex hormones influence the predisposition for T1D diabetes. While most autoimmune diseases usually affect females, T1D affects males as well. However, the prevalence of T1D is higher in prepubertal females compared to same age males. After puberty, several studies demonstrate that the development of T1D occurs twice as much in males as in females. Similar results are observed in animal models of T1D. This indicates that there are sex differences in T1D and that sex hormones are major contributors to sexual dimorphism in the onset and progression of autoimmune T1D. Moreover, there are immunological differences that effect β-cell function between females and males at the initial diagnosis of T1D, and these differences become markedly evident in females when they reach puberty, which occurs earlier than males. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss sex differences in T1D and how sex hormones impact the immune balance during the development and/or progression of autoimmunity T1D.
Target validation: Weak selectivity of LY341495 for mGluR2 over mGluR4 makes glutamate a less selective agonist

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are class C G protein coupled receptors with widespread expression in the central nervous system. There are eight mGluRs in the mammalian genome. Research on mGluRs relies on the availability of selective compounds. While many selective allosteric compounds have been described, selectivity of orthosteric agonists and antagonists has been more difficult due to the similarity of the glutamate binding pocket across the mGluR family. LY341495 has been used for decades as a potent and selective group II mGluR antagonist. The selectivity of LY341495 was investigated here between mGluR2, a group II mGluR, and mGluR4, a group III receptor, heterologously expressed in adult rat sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), which provides a null-mGluR background upon which mGluRs were examined in isolation. The compound does in fact selectively inhibit mGluR2 over mGluR4, but in such a way that it makes signaling of the two receptors more difficult to distinguish. The glutamate potency of mGluR2 is about 10-fold higher than mGluR4. 50 nmol L-1 LY341495 did not alter mGluR4 signaling but shifted the mGluR2 glutamate dose-response about 10-fold, such that it overlapped more closely with that of mGluR4. Increasing the LY341494 dose to 500 nmol L-1 further shifted the glutamate dose-response of mGluR2 by another ~10-fold, but also shifted that of mGluR4 similarly. Thus, while glutamate is a moderately selective agonist of mGluR2 over mGluR4 when applied alone, in the presence of increasing concentrations of LY341495, this selectivity of glutamate is lost.
Attributional style in a West African sample: implications for the depressive experience and beyond

Depression has long been diagnosis surrounded by controversy in the international arena and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where account of depression have widely varied. The present study represents a modest contribution to the unravelling of this clinical conundrum. The possible role of causal attribution is explored in relation to the reported relative absence of guilt, diminished self-esteem and suicidal behaviour characteristic of depression in Africa.
Unisys: Localization of Software Development

Unisys serves organizations in 100 countries. Their 50,000 clients around the world include financial services, banking, airlines and transportation companies, government agencies, communications providers, and other commercial market leaders.
First Generation-Rural Computer Science Students: Challenges in Retention and Success

Many undergraduates who pursue a major in Computer Science (CS) at rural universities identify themselves as first-generation students. There is a large body of research that confirms first-generation students are more likely to switch from CS to a different major, or leave their university completely within the first year. In response, this study explored the challenges that first-generation students from rural backgrounds face, and factors that might increase their chances of retention and success within the major. Additionally, the study identified thematic differences between first-generation students and non-first-generation students that highlight potential setbacks, such as their previous exposure and preparation for CS concepts, and their confidence in their ability to succeed in the courses and major. The poster provides details of the survey and other evaluative protocols as well as the analysis results and recommendations for program interventions.
Evolution of GII.4 norovirus epitopes of Huzhou City during 2008-2014

Objective To obtain more insight into the genetic and structural bases of the selective advantage of new GGⅡ.4 variants over the old GGⅡ.4 variants.Methods We sequenced the complete capsid of 13 full-length GⅡ.4 norovirus virus VP1 region from 2008 to 2014 and find the key variable sites.Results GⅡ.4 norovirus virus has gone though three big variation during the past seven years.The noroviruses in 2008 and 2009 were the 2006b variant; virus detected in 2010 and 2011 were the 2010 variant ; virus detected in 2012-2014 were the latest 2012 variant.At the amino acid level,we found 77 information sites (540 amino acids in the 14.3％).39 of them located in the P2 region,N-terminal,4; S region,18; P1 region,16.Conclusions GⅡ.4 noroviruses have been recognized as a leading cause of severe viral gastroenteritis worldwide.During the past decades,four worldwide epidemics of acute gastroenteritis caused by emerging variants of GGⅡ.4 noroviruses have been described.Emerging new variant lineages replaced the previously circulating dominant types rapidly and completely. Key words: Norovirus ; Proteins ; Antigens
Psychological Foundations in Ancient Greece

The cliche holds that “history repeats itself.” However, we may be closer to the truth if we assert that historical events are like snowflakes: supposedly, no two snowflakes are exactly the same, although they may be similar. As we begin our journey through psychology's long past within Western intellectual history with the contribution of Greek thinkers, it may be appropriate to apply the analogy of snowflakes to historical events. We may be amazed at the enduring similarities in the questions that human beings ask about themselves – and at the similarities of their answers. However, we should also recognize that civilization has made some progress in the last 25 centuries; we will not have to close the book on psychology after simply reviewing Greek thought. Although both the formulations and the solutions of critical psychological issues in ancient and modern times are often strikingly similar, they are not identical. Since the birth of human intelligence and understanding, people have thought about themselves with wonder. Why do we behave as we do? Why are we able to generate reasonable explanations of some actions but not of others? Why do we have moods? Why do we seem to know that we know? Throughout history, people have come up with answers for such questions, and usually their explanations have suggested some cause. For example, we run away because we are afraid. Or we cry because we are sad. The nature of these causal explanations has changed over time. The nineteenth-century French philosopher Auguste Comte characterized these causal explanations as a progression of intellectual stages. The most primitive level was labeled “theological,” because people suggested that a god was the causal agent responsible for changes in themselves and in nature. Indeed, many ancient societies invented gods with tremendous power. The ancient Egyptians had a whole catalog of gods ranging from the sun to house cats. Such spirits were used to explain human behavior, and people who wished to change themselves were best advised to pray or offer sacrifice to the relevant god. Changes in nature, such as volcanic eruptions or storms, were said to be a reflection of the displeasure of gods over some human activity. The theological stage confined people's explanations of themselves and their world to spiritual causes.
Intralesional fenestration and corticosteroid injection for symptomatic Ledderhose disease of the foot: Two case reports.

The description of corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for Ledderhose disease has received little attention in the literature and often only receives a passing comment in scientific pap...
Everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds for infrapopliteal critical limb ischemia: Moving beyond grasping at metal straws

Consistent and durable patency and clinical benefit after initially successful infrapopliteal percutaneous balloon transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for critical limb ischemia remains an unmet need. Permanently implanted metallic stents for suboptimal initial infrapopliteal PTA results also have limited patency and clinical results as well as other drawbacks. In 48 critical limb ischemia patients with infrapopliteal lesions < 50 mm length, everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (EEBVS) achieved 90% primary patency and freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularization at 2 years follow-up with no late scaffold thrombosis.
Histotripsy: the first noninvasive, non-ionizing, non-thermal ablation technique based on ultrasound.

Histotripsy is the first noninvasive, non-ionizing, and non-thermal ablation technology guided by real-time imaging. Using focused ultrasound delivered from outside the body, histotripsy mechanical...
Ablation of mpeg+ macrophages exacerbates mfrp-related hyperopia

PURPOSE: Proper refractive development of the eye, termed emmetropization, is critical for focused vision and impacted by both genetic determinants and several visual environment factors. Improper emmetropization caused by genetic variants can lead to congenital hyperopia, which is characterized by small eyes and relatively short ocular axial length. To date variants in only four genes have been firmly associated with human hyperopia, one of which is MFRP. Zebrafish mfrp mutants also have hyperopia and similar to reports in mice, exhibit increased macrophage recruitment to the retina. The goal of this research was to examine the effects of macrophage ablation on emmetropization and mfrp-related hyperopia. METHODS: We utilized a chemically inducible, cell-specific ablation system to deplete macrophages in both wild-type and mfrp mutant zebrafish. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to measure components of the eye and determine relative refractive state. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy was used to further study the eyes. RESULTS: While macrophage ablation does not cause significant changes to the relative refractive state of wild-type zebrafish, macrophage ablation in mfrp mutants significantly exacerbates their hyperopic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic inactivation of mfrp leads to hyperopia as well as abnormal accumulation of macrophages in the retina. Ablation of the mpeg1-positive macrophage population exacerbates the hyperopia, suggesting that macrophages are recruited in an effort help preserve emmetropization and ameliorate hyperopia.
The anorexigenic effect of neuropeptide AF in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, is associated with activation of the melanocortin system.

Abstract Neuropeptide AF (NPAF) decreases food and water intake in birds and food intake in mammals. In this study, the objective was to determine the effects of centrally administered NPAF on food and water intake, hypothalamic c-Fos immunoreactivity and hypothalamic mRNA abundance of appetite-regulating factors in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Seven days post hatch, 6 h fasted quail were intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injected with 0 (vehicle), 4, 8, or 16 nmol of NPAF and food and water intake were measured at 30 min intervals for 180 min. In Experiment 1, chicks which received 4, 8, and 16 nmol ICV NPAF had reduced food intake for 120, 60 and 180 min following injection, respectively, and reduced water intake during the entire 180 min observation. In Experiment 2, there was increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in NPAF-injected quail. In Experiment 3, ICV NPAF was associated with decreased corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA, and an increase in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin receptor 4 mRNA. These results demonstrate that central NPAF suppresses food and water intake in quail, effects that are likely mediated via the melanocortin system in the hypothalamus.
Design of Infrared Thermoelectric Coupled Nanoantennas

The paper presents a design-oriented analysis of a dipole nanoantenna suspended above a cavity. A thermocouple junction resolves the temperature of the antenna. The low thermal inertia of the device and low noise provide a high potential for high detectivity. Experimental results are compared to the model.
External Determinants of Entrepreneurship - Regulation, Technological Change, and Business Cycle

Existing research indicates that industry regulation and external technological change enact entry barriers restricting entrepreneurship and limiting related positive externalities. In this study, ...
A Case of COVID-19-Associated Free-Floating Aortic Thrombus Successfully Treated with Thrombectomy

BACKGROUND COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with a hypercoagulable state in which patients can be at risk for developing venous and arterial thromboembolic events at a rate as high as 31%. A free-floating aortic thrombus (FFT) is a rare life-threatening complication of a hypercoagulable state. These thrombi require medical, endovascular, or surgical treatment. The optimal treatment modality for FFT occurring in the setting of COVID-19 remains unknown. We present a patient with a COVID-19-associated free-floating descending aortic thrombus that was treated with percutaneous vacuum-assisted thrombectomy (angio-VAC). CASE REPORT A 61-year-old man presented to the hospital with dyspnea and hypoxia and was diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Initial chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) did not show pulmonary emboli or thrombi. Inflammatory markers (D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, fibrinogen) were tracked every other day. After several measurements of decreasing D-dimer values, there was a noticeable increase in D-dimer level and continued dependence on high levels of supplemental oxygen. A repeat chest CTA showed an FFT, confirmed by transesophageal echocardiogram. Cardiothoracic surgery and interventional radiology teams performed successful angio-VAC percutaneous removal, confirmed with intravascular ultrasound. The patient was subsequently discharged with a 3-month supply of apixaban. CONCLUSIONS Minimally invasive endovascular removal of an FFT is a therapeutic option, as anticoagulation alone carries the risk of partial lysis and repeat embolization. Clinicians can consider this endovascular treatment option paired with therapeutic anticoagulation. Further guidelines on monitoring and treatment of possible COVID-19-associated thrombosis are needed, particularly when the risk of embolization is high.
Quantum Configuration Spaces of Extended Objects, Diffeomorphism Group Representations and Exotic Statistics

A fundamental approach to quantum mechanics is based on the unitary representations of the group of diffeomorphisms of physical space (and correspondingly, self-adjoint representations of a local current algebra). From these, various classes of quantum configuration spaces arise naturally, as well as the usual exchange statistics for point particles in spatial dimensions \( d\,\,\geq\, 3\), induced by representations of the symmetric group. For \( d\,\,=\, 3\), this approach led to an early prediction of intermediate or “anyon” statistics induced by unitary representations of the braid group. I review these ideas, and discuss briefly some analogous possibilities for infinite-dimensional configuration spaces, includinga nyonic statistics for extended objects in three-dimensional space.
The Relation of Urban Model Performance to Stability

Previous studies (Turner and Irwin, 1983, and Ruff, 1981) have made use of data collected in the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) in St. Louis to evaluate the urban model RAM (Turner and Novak, 1978). RAM estimates short-term (hourly) dispersion using the Gaussian steady-state modeling concepts (Novak and Turner, 1976). Concentrations from point sources are calculated by evaluation of a single equation for each source receptor pair. Concentrations from area sources are computed using the narrow plume simplification (Gifford and Hanna, 1971), with the two- dimensional integral that expresses the total area-source contribution to concentration being approximated by a one-dimensional integral that only involves knowledge of the distribution of the area-source emissions along the line in the direction of the upwind azimuth from the receptor location. Emphasis was upon averages and extremes found from the data set for the year 1976.
THE ROLE AND APPLICATION OF QUANTUM CAPACITANCE IN NANOSTRUCTURED ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES

Nanostructured electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are advantageous for charge and energy storage due to their intrinsically large surface area, which contributes to a large electrostatic/double layer capacitance (C dl ). However, the intrinsically small density of states in nanostructures results in a quantum capacitance (C Q ) in series with C dl which could diminish the total device capacitance (C tot ). We investigate, through comparison with experiment, the relative magnitudes of C dl and C Q in electrodes constituted of carbon nanotube arrays. We will also present an equivalent circuit of C dl and C Q in series based on the voltage drop across C Q . Consequently, we attribute the increase in C tot resulting from ionizing radiation to an increased C Q and suggest limits to the capacitance in ECs. A relation to pseudocapacitance will also be discussed.
3D high throughput assays for combinatorial screening of biomaterials for tissue regeneration

Tissue engineered strategies suffer from a lack of complexity, which manifests itself as unsatisfactory functional recovery in clinical applications. Better understanding of cell response to complex combinations of matrix proteins and growth factors mediating regeneration is necessary for increased biomaterial performance. A high throughput 3D multiplex assay has been designed for evaluating cell behavior in response to differential composite biomaterials. Specifically, Schwann cell (SC) and neuronal viability, death, and morphology were measured in response to varying collagen (COL) hydrogel concentration (1–3 mg/mL) and Matrigel™ (MAT) concentration (0–100% v/v). SCs were sensitive to differences in MAT and relatively insensitive to COL differences within this range, whereas neurons were sensitive to changes in both MAT and COL concentration. This strategy is capable of rapidly identifying large differences in cell behavior within combinatorial biomaterials, demonstrating its utility for narrowing large experimental libraries to optimal multifunctional composite materials.
Antigens specified by herpesviruses: III. Viral-induced nuclear polypeptides

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to follow the sequential appearance within the nucleus of polypeptides synthesized in cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. Coelectrophoresis of 3 H-labeled uninfected cell polypeptides and 14 C-labeled nuclear polypeptides from cells pulse-labeled for 2 hr at various times after infection, showed that the synthesis of the major host polypeptides had been shut off by 4 hr post-infection. Pulse-harvesting and pulse-chase experiments revealed the presence of viral induced polypeptides in nuclei from cells labeled between 0 and 2 hr post-infection. At this early time period it was possible to detect the presence of the major structural polypeptide. Coelectrophoresis of 3 H-labeled purified viral nucleocapsids obtained by treatment of enveloped virus particles with NP-40 with 14 C-labeled nuclear extracts revealed that the majority of the nuclear polypeptides were components of the nucleocapsid. The molecular weight of the nuclear viral-induced polypeptides ranged from 11,500 to 175,000.
Amphiphilic vehicles improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble HIV protease inhibitor at high doses

DMP 323 is the first clinical candidate from a novel series of HIV protease inhibitors having a cyclic urea structural backbone. In dogs dosed with glycol-based vehicles, DMP 323 was approximately 50% orally bioavailable after a 100 mg dose, but bioavailability was almost 10-fold lower when a 350 mg dose was administered. Since DMP 323 has very low water solubility, it was expected that this loss of bioavailability at a high dose was due to drug precipitation in the aqueous fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinically, high doses were desired so as to maximize antiviral effects. Therefore, formulation strategies to improve bioavailability at high doses were examined. Bioavailability of 350 mg doses in dogs was not improved using formulations consisting of glycols with low concentrations of added surfactants, or with solid dispersions of DMP 323 in PEG or PEG/PVP matrices. An alternative approach was to use formulations comprised primarily of an amphiphilic material such as Gelucire 44/14 (a mixture of glycerides and PEG esters). Bioavailability was increased to 50% using a semi-solid Gelucire 44/14 formulation, compared with the 6% or lower value observed at this dose with glycol vehicles. Gelucire 44/14 increased DMP 323 aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, as did other amphiphilic materials with high HLB values. Oral bioavailability of DMP 323 is determined by the DMP 323 dose, the solubilization afforded by the vehicle when diluted into an aqueous environment, and the vehicle dose. Amphiphilic vehicles such as Gelucire 44/14 could be used to administer high doses of DMP 323 without compromising oral bioavailability. A limitation of this approach is the volume of vehicle required.
Weaving Metaphors and Cosmo-political Thought in Early China

The deployment of weaving/netting metaphors in ancient Chinese socio-political thought has been noted, but the degree to which those metaphors may have prefigured cosmo-political thought in the earliest period has not been explored. This essay traces the crucial role of weaving technology in providing a fertile source for the constitutive image schema nearly ubiquitous in early cosmo-political discourse. Le deploiement des metaphores faisant intervenir le tissage ou le maillage dans la pensee socio-politique de la Chine ancienne a bien ete remarque, mais on n’a pas explore le degre auquel ces metaphores peuvent avoir prefigure la pensee cosmo-politique des periodes les plus reculees. Cet essai retrace le role crucial de la technologie du tissage dans la formation du schema constitutif de representation pratiquement omnipresent dans le discours cosmo-politique fondamental.
Two-photon spectroscopy in InSb with cw CO2 Lasers

High resolution two-photon magneto-absorption spectra over a temperature range from 1.8– 100 K have been obtained for n-InSb using cw CO2 lasers with \(\overrightarrow e \bot \overrightarrow B\)and \(\overrightarrow e \parallel \overrightarrow B\)polarizations in the Voigt geometry. A sensitive, derivative-photoconductive technique has allowed the observation of two-photon transitions not seen previously. Theoretical transition energies were calculated using an 8 × 8 Pidgeon-Brown model. Most of the observed transitions are adequately explained by the spherical selection rules Δs = 0, Δn = 0, ± 2. The variation of the energy gap with lattice temperature is found to compare favorably with the theoretical results of Camassel and Auvergne.
Time and tape bounded auxiliary pushdown automata

We consider language families defined by nondeterministic and deterministic log(n)-tape bounded auxiliary pushdown automata within polynomial time. It is known that these families are precisely the set of languages which are (many-one) log tape reducible to context-free languages and deterministic context-free languages, respectively. The results described here relate questions concerning these classes to other complexity classes and to questions concerning the tape complexity of context-free languages, resolution based proof procedures, solvable path systems, and deterministic context-free languages.
Registration of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of the common carotid artery using a fixed‐frame template‐based squared‐difference method

Purpose This study examines template-based squared-difference registration for motion correction in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI studies of the carotid artery wall and compares the results of fixed-frame template-based registration with a previously proposed consecutive-frame registration method.
An integrated anode stress model for commercial LixC6-LiyMn2O4 battery during the cycling operation

An integrated stress model is developed to study the cycling effect on the commercial LixC6 electrode, which has bridged the stress/strain analysis with the battery internal multi-transport processes. A LixC6-LiyMn2O4 cell is utilized as a physical base, and the battery charging-discharging induced SEI film growth are included in the model development. The important factors including depth of discharge, charging-discharging rate, cooling conditions, end of battery charge voltage as well as the particle packing pattern are investigated in the cycling operation. Results show that both the thermal stress and the chemical stress increase with the battery cycling, and the maximum local stresses are present in the middle of the LixC6 particles and the interfaces. The potential of fracture can be raised by the elevated battery temperature and lithium concentration gradient. A denser packed LixC6 electrode can reduce the maximum local stress in the electrode particles, and can improve the stability of the electrode structure in the cycling by flattening the local stress/strain distribution.
Koebner phenomenon in psoriasis. A common response to skin trauma.

(1999). Koebner phenomenon in psoriasis. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 39-40.
Contribution of weather variables to genotype × environment interaction in soybean

Abstract Plant breeders are often faced with the problem of genotype × environment (GE) interaction. The use of weather variables to explain GE interaction may help breeders understand the cause and nature of the interaction. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine the contribution of covariates (environmental index, rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, and relative humidity) to GE interaction. Four Group-V, eight Group-VI, and four Group-VII soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars grown in 12 (Group V) and 15 (Groups VI and VII) environments were used. Genotype × environment interaction was significant and partitioned into σ i 2 components assignable to each genotype and into s i 2 components following use of a covariate. Environmental index contributed the most to the GE sums of squares in groups V and VI cultivars. Rainfall was the most important weather variable in removing heterogeneity from the GE sums of squares. We concluded that there were differences due to maturity group in the amount of heterogeneity accounted for by environmental index, and that cultivars in Groups V and VI were differentially affected more by differential fertility and/or cultural practices than by the weather factors.
Who Pays the Price for Shared Social Responsibility

In their Report (“Shared social responsibility: a field experiment in pay-what-you-want pricing and charitable giving,” 16 July, p. [325][1]), A. Gneezy et al. conclude that under shared social responsibility (when customers pay what they want instead of a fixed price, and half the proceeds go
The effect of red blood cells on thrombin generation

We have developed an assay of thrombin generation in clotting whole blood. Because our goal was to study patients with red blood cell diseases that are associated with thrombosis, the initial evaluation of this assay analysed the effect of the haematocrit and haemolysate on the total amount of thrombin activity generated and the maximal concentration of thrombin achieved. Both of these parameters were proportional to the haematocrit throughout a wide range of clinically relevant cell concentrations. Red cell lysate also augmented thrombin generation. Because this effect was removed by filtration of the lysate, we propose that it was related to red cell microparticles.
Fast Extraction of Debunched AGS Beam

A new system for fast extraction of the AGS beam is described in which the beam is moved rapidly across a hyper thin septum (HTS) and deflected into the aperture of a thin-septum ejection magnet (EM). The effects of momentum spread on the clearance obtained at the ejector septum are calculated. Orbit deformations from ?/2 backleg winding bumps centered at the septum and ejector azimuths are calculated and the effects of these perturbations on orbits near the ?H = 9 resonance are discussed. Loss calculations for an electrostatic HTS indicate that proton losses will be 0.1% per turn for a .002 in. diam. tungsten wire array or 0.8% per turn for a .002 in. copper foil. The ferrite beam kickers required for the fast deformation at the HTS are described. Component parameters for fractional extraction are: C15 and E15 beam kickers = .75 mrad, E10 HTS = 1.2 mrad, H10 EM = 22 mrad, and I10 EM = 21 mrad. Results of initial tests with a 2.25 m electrostatic septum of .1 mm diam. tungsten wires at 2 mm spacing are discussed.
Shaping the repertoire of tumor-infiltrating effector and regulatory T cells

Many tumors express antigens that can be specifically or selectively recognized by T lymphocytes, suggesting that T-cell-mediated immunity may be harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer. However, since tumors originate from normal cells and evolve within the context of self-tissues, the immune mechanisms that prevent the autoimmune attack of normal tissues function in parallel to restrict anti-tumor immunity. In particular, the purging of autoreactive T cells and the development of immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to be major barriers impeding anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we discuss current understanding regarding the antigens recognized by tumor-infiltrating T-cell populations, the mechanisms that shape the repertoire of these cells, and the role of the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (Aire) in these processes. Further elucidation of these principles is likely to be critical for optimizing emerging cancer immunotherapies, and for the rational design of novel therapies exhibiting robust anti-tumor activity with limited toxicity.
Thirty Five Years of Viewing Sociology as an External Program Reviewer: A Dean’s Perspective on How Administrators View Sociology

The author, who has served as an external program reviewer for 17 sociology program reviews, gives his perspective on the views that academic administrators have of sociology. On the plus side, administrators view sociology as a discipline that teaches many students; values and incorporates diversity; produces research aimed at ameliorating societal problems; and is involved in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary projects. On the negative side, administrators are likely to see sociology as (1) deficient in grants, research and peer reviewed publications; (2) deficient in rigor of curriculum; (3) contentious and non-collegial; (4) too ideological; (5) isolated within the college/university and not sufficiently involved in campus governance; (6) too focused on tenure track positions lost over the years; (7) not sufficiently involved with assessment of student learning outcomes and community service learning; and (8) unable to understand the values and priorities of academic institutions and administrators. The author offers some suggestions on how sociology can eliminate these deficiencies.
Business Intelligence in the Bayou: Recovering Costs in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina

During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Katrina wreaked havoc on New Orleans. Significant damage to the Gulf region forced the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to begin an unprecedented cleanup effort. The removal and disposal of debris was not only a challenge for landfill capacity but also for the administration of drivers, trucks, and debris type. With the debris removal workforce and certified hauling vehicles changing rapidly, record keeping and fraud detection proved difficult. This paper introduces the results of a data driven manpower audit for one parish in the greater New Orleans area that consolidated records and reconciled multiple record keeping systems. The authorsâ€™ findings bring to light the failings in record keeping during this disaster and highlight how a simple business intelligence application can improve the accuracy and quality of data and save costs.
Adult equivalence scales and the size distribution of income

(1990). Adult equivalence scales and the size distribution of income. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 1611-1623.