cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An outsider's perspective on a provocative proposal: What would Flexner think?

This viewpoint commentary focuses on a proposal for integrated anatomy education in undergraduate college from Dr. Darda published in the Anatomical Sciences Education. Although the proposal is for college level education, the proposal echoes some ideas proposed a century ago by Abraham Flexner when he wrote his report titled “Medical Education in the United States and Canada.” It begins with an acknowledgement of the author's status as an outsider. There have been numerous calls for change in basic science education, particularly in medical education. Interestingly, however, the monumental reforms of the “Flexner Report” were impelled largely from outside the specific discipline of medical education. The commentary discussion then moves to observations about the proposal for Integrative Anatomy and support for the proposal from both the Flexner Report and the 2009 report from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians.” The essay considers the benefits of the research on the learning sciences that now inform our work in education; the influence of competency-based education that frees education from a lock-step approach of course completion to a student-focused integrative approach to learning; and the availability of online resources for anatomy education through repositories, such as MedEdPORTAL. The final observation is that the changes underway in education and in the sciences basic to medicine, in particular, are substantial and will require the dialogue that Dr. Darda is promoting with his provocative proposal. Anat Sci Educ 3: 101–102, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Interactions between substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, taurine and excitatory amino acids in the spinal cord.

Abstract Using in vivo microdialysis in the dorsal spinal cord of the rat, we have previously observed increases in glutamate and aspartate during exposure to a noxious stimulus. The present investigation was designed to determine whether these increases may be mediated by substance P. Infusion of 1 mM of substance P in the dialysis fluid increased the concentrations of glutamate and aspartate, similar to the response seen during noxious stimulation. In addition, substance P also increased the concentrations of the inhibitory amino acids glycine and taurine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, previously shown to enhance substance P-induced biting and scratching behavior, produced no effect on amino acid release by itself but potentiated the apparent release of taurine by substance P. To assess the importance of substance P-induced amino acid release in sensory processing, we examined the influence of taurine and of excitatory amino acid antagonists on the biting and scratching behavior produced by excitatory amino acids and substance P. Taurine selectively inhibited only substance P-induced biting and scratching while excitatory amino acid antagonists inhibited only excitatory amino acid-induced behavior. To further explore the ability of taurine to inhibit the substance P-induced behavior, 3 tests of nociception were then used. Pretreatment with taurine inhibited the nociceptive-related writhing behavior produced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice but failed to alter the latency of response in the hot plate or tail flick assay. These results indicate that substance P release during nociception may mediate the release of glutamate and aspartate but that these excitatory amino acids do not appear to be involved in substance P-induced biting and scratching behavior. The selective antinociceptive effect of taurine on chemical, but not thermal, tests of nociception suggests that its release in response to substance P and enhanced release following calcitonin gene-related peptide may be important in an endogenously evoked analgesia.
Propagation of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus in HeLa Cells: Adsorption Kinetics and Replication in Batch Cultures

The influence of various culture parameters on infection and replication of recombinant vaccinia virus in HeLa cells was examined during various phases of viral replication. A modified form of the model of Valentine and Allison (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1960, 40, 393-399) model was used to predict successfully the viral adsorption rates in cell suspensions. An experimentally determined aggregation factor, epsilon, was included in the model to account for deviations of the observed adsorption rates from those predicted by the earlier model. It was also shown that the ionic strength, ionic species, and serum proteins present in the medium significantly altered the adsorption kinetics of the virus. The lysosomotropic base chloroquine was found to enhance viral infection more than 2-fold during the penetration step of viral infection. It was also demonstrated that cells infected during the exponential growth phase gave higher viral yields than those infected during the lag or stationary growth phases and the initial viral MOI did not significantly alter viral yields. Finally, it was demonstrated that viral infection of HeLa cells grown in 4-L bioreactor batch cultures resulted in increased death and glucose uptake rates and significantly lower growth rates.
“Just-for-Peak” buffer inventory for peak electricity demand reduction of manufacturing systems

Abstract The reduction of the electricity demand during peak periods is considered a main objective of electricity load management. It can relieve the financial pressure of the investment on the capacity expansion for the power grid in the United States. Compared to a great deal of research on commercial and residential building sectors, few studies on the electricity demand reduction during peak periods for industrial manufacturing systems have been conducted due to the concern of system throughput variation and the complexity of modern manufacturing systems. This paper presents a novel “Just-for-Peak” buffer inventory methodology to reduce the electricity consumption without compromising system throughput during peak periods for typical manufacturing systems with multiple machines and buffers. Nonlinear Integer Programming (NIP) formulation is used to establish the mathematical model. The optimal buffer inventory management policies and corresponding load management actions for the whole system are identified by minimizing the holding cost of the “Just-for-Peak” buffer inventory and energy consumption cost under the system throughput constraint throughout the production horizon. A numerical case study based on an automotive assembly line is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Functional significance of arrangement of neurones in cell assemblies.

An account is given of the columnar arrangement in the cerebral cortex that has been discovered for neurones having a similar receptivity. This has been observed in the somaesthetic cortex for neurones with similar modality sensitivities and in the visual cortex for neurones with similar directional sensitivities. The anatomical basis is discussed. In the motor cortex also there is an arrangement in clusters of pyramidal cells that are responsible for particular movements. The functional significance of this organization in clusters in the cerebral cortex is discussed in relationship to the problem of securing a reliable performance despite the irregular background discharge of the individual neurones. It is proposed that reliability is secured by the in-parallel arrangement of neurones with similar receptivities in the clusters. The neurones of a cluster tend to converge onto common target neurones, which, as it were, read out the summed performance of the cluster from moment to moment. Recent work on the cerebellum also discloses that there is an arrangement of Purkyně cells in clusters with somewhat similar receptive fields and that their axons tend to converge onto neurones of the cerebellar nuclei (fastigial nucleus), which likewise are arranged in functional clusters. The general concept emerges that the arrangement of neurones in clusters both in the cerebrum and in the cerebellum, achieves functional significance not only in giving opportunity for amplification and integration of incoming signals and for their sharpening by surround inhibition, but it is also important in the output performance. Signals are lifted out of noise by the spatial summation deriving from the many similarly performing neurones that project by their axons to the same cluster of target neurones; and this orderly projection can go on sequentially through all the complexities of on-going actions initiated by some input.
Semi-realistic shell model studies in the lead region I. 211Pb, 209Tl, 209Po

Abstract The semi-realistic approach developed earlier is applied to shell model calculations of 211 Pb, 209 Tl and 209 Po, all of which are describable as an odd particle or hole coupled to a 210 Pb or 210 Po core. Comparison with experiment is made for energy levels, spectroscopic factors and selected transition rates. Characteristics features of weak coupling are found to persist when the 208 Pb core is replaced by 210 Pb or 210 Po.
Selecting appropriate forecasting models using rule induction

Abstract Forecasting is a critical activity for numerous organizations. It is often costly and complex for reasons which include: a multiplicity of forecasting methods and possible combinations; the absence of an overall ‘best’ forecasting method; and the context-dependence of applicable methods, based on available models, data characteristics, and the environment. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques have been developed to support various operations management activities. This research describes the use of one such AI technique, namely rule induction, to improve forecasting accuracy. Specifically, the proposed methodology involves ‘training’ a rule induction-based expert system (ES) with a set of time series data (the ‘training’ set). Inputs to the ES include selected time series features, and for each time series, the most accurate forecasting method from those available. Subsequently, the ES is used to recommend the most accurate forecasting method for a new set of time series (the ‘testing’ set). The results of this experiment, which appear promising, are presented, together with guidelines for the methodology's use. Its potential benefits include dramatic reductions in the effort and cost of forecasting; the provision of an expert ‘assistant’ for specialist forecasters; and increases in forecasting accuracy.
Heat-inducible DNA Binding of Purified Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (∗)

Abstract The heat-induced expression of heat shock proteins, called the cellular stress response, is mediated by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 exists in unstressed cells in an inactive form, which is converted to the DNA binding form upon exposure of cells to elevated temperature. We have developed a protocol for isolation of the non-DNA binding form of recombinant mouse HSF1, involving expression and affinity purification of HSF1 as a fusion with the glutathione S-transferase protein in Escherichia coli, followed by specific protease cleavage to release pure HSF1 protein. We report here that the purified inactive HSF1 can be converted to the DNA binding form by heat treatment in vitro. Chemical cross-linking analysis demonstrates that this conversion is accompanied by oligomerization of HSF1 from a monomeric to a trimeric native structure, similar to that observed for HSF1 in heat-shocked cells. These results indicate that elements residing in the HSF1 polypeptide are sufficient both for maintenance of this factor in the non-DNA binding form and for its heat-induced conversion to the DNA binding form and support a role for HSF1 as the “molecular thermostat” in eukaryotic cells, which senses adverse environmental conditions and activates the cellular stress response.
The Antecedents of Moral Imagination in the Workplace: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective

As corporate scandals proliferate, organizational researchers and practitioners have made calls for research providing guidance for those wishing to influence positive moral decision-making and behavior in the workplace. This study incorporates social cognitive theory and a vignette-based cognitive measure for moral imagination to examine (a) moral attentiveness and employee creativity as important antecedents of moral imagination and (b) creativity as a moderator of the positive relationship between moral attentiveness and moral imagination. Based on the results from supervisor–subordinate dyadic data (N = 162) obtained from employed students, hypotheses were largely supported as expected. Implications are discussed.
Localization of a “passive avoidance memory system”in the white rat

Adult rats, previously trained to refrain from entering a small dark compartment from a large illuminated compartment, sustained lesions to 1 of 53 different brain sites and were subsequently tested for retention. Retention losses were associated with lesions to the neocortex, most elements of the limbic forebrain and basal ganglia, medial portions of the thalamus and hypothalamus, colliculi, median raphe, and cerebellum. Most of these structures were also found to be critical for retention of an active avoidance habit. It was hypothesized that avoidance habits depend upon the activities of four functional blocks of the brain: the first block (basal ganglia) is concerned with sensorimotor integration, the second block (dorsal midbrain, posterior thalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex) plays a role in fear-initiated responses, the third block (cerebellum, anterior and ventromedial thalamus, and parietal cortex) has somatosensory functions, and the fourth block (occipital cortex, hippocampal complex, and mamillary bodies) is involved with cognitive mapping. These functional blocks require the engagement of an inhibitory mechanism (medial hypothalamus and median raphe) or an excitatory mechanism (brainstem reticular formation and anterior cingulate cortex) in order to support passive and active avoidance habits, respectively.
ABO blood type/Rh factor and the incidence and outcomes for patients with triple-negative breast cancer.

Introduction Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poorer prognosis; the factors that contribute to this remain unclear. We hypothesized that TNBC is associated with ABO blood type/Rh factors that account for differences in survival.
Distribution, metabolism, and fetal uptake of pentavalent arsenic in pregnant mice following oral or intraperitoneal administration.

Pregnant CD-1 mice were treated with 20 (i.p.) or 40 (p.o.) mg/kg sodium arsenate on gestation day 18 (plug = day 1). Individual fetuses, pooled placentas and maternal blood, urine, liver, and kidneys were obtained from three or more litters at intervals up to 24 hours following treatment. Acid-digested samples were analyzed for total arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The rate of arsenic elimination from maternal samples was not influenced by administration route. First-order elimination followed a brief period of distribution, and the biological half-life was approximately 10 hours. Arsenic was found in most samples, with mean peak concentrations expressed as μg As/gm (wet wt.) or /ml (values listed are post-treatment sampling times in minutes or hours and concentrations for i.p. and for p.o. treated groups, respectively) as follows: fetuses–2, 3.5; 6, 0.8, placentas–2, 9.3; 1, 2.3, blood–10 minutes, 6.9; 1, 2.0, urine–1, 712; 2, 342, kidney–20 minutes, 25.4; 1, 11.0, liver–0.5, 7.9; 1, 11.7. By 24 hours, arsenic levels in fetuses and placentas had declined to 0.22 μg/gm and 0.74 μg/gm for i.p. and 0.33 μg/gm and 0.57 μg/gm for p.o. treatments, respectively. Fetal arsenic uptake and loss were more rapid following i.p. than p.o. treatments, and although the i.p. dose was only half that used p.o., peak fetal As+5 was almost fivefold higher following i.p. treatment. These results agree with the finding that oral dosing of pregnant mice with arsenate has less effect on the conceptus than does treatment by injection. Arsenic metabolites (mono- and dimethyl arsenic) were quantitated in fetuses and ranged up to 83% of total fetal arsenicals by 24 hours.
A quantitative micropaleontologic method for shallow marine peleoclimatology: Application to Pliocene deposits of the western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract A transfer function was developed to estimate summer and winter paleotemperatures for arctic to tropical regions of the western North Atlantic Ocean using fossil ostracode assemblages. Q-mode factor analysis was run on ostracode assemblages from 100 modern bottom sediment samples from continental shelves of North America, Greenland and the Caribbean using 59 ostracode taxa. Seven factors accounting for 80% of the variance define assemblages that correspond to frigid, subfrigid, cold temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones. Multiple regression of the factor matrix against observed February and August bottom temperatures yielded an astracode transfer function with an accuracy of about ±2°C. The transfer function was used to reconstruct middle Pliocene (3.5–3.0 Ma) shallow marine climates of the western North Atlantic during the marine transgression that deposited the Yorktown Formation (Virginia and North Carolina), the Duplin Formation (South and North Carolina) and the Pinecrest beds (Florida). Middle Pliocene paleowater temperatures in Virginia averaged 19°C in August and 13.5°C in February, about 5°C to 8°C warmer than at comparable depths off Virginia today. August and February water temperatures in North Carolina were 23°C and 13.4°C, in South Carolina about 23°C and 13.5°C and in southern Florida about 24.6°C and 15.4°C. Marine climates north of 35°N were warmer than today; south of 35°N, they were about the same or slightly cooler. Thermal gradients along the coast were generally not as steep as they are today. The North Atlantic transfer function can be applied to other shallow marine Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of eastern North America.
Kinetic energy dependence of ion–molecule reactions: guided ion beams and threshold measurements

Abstract Over the past 20 years, ion beam methods have become a reliable experimental tool for the determination of thermochemical data. Confidence in these methods has required the synergistic development of improved instrumentation and enhanced analysis techniques. Guided ion beams, as introduced by Teloy and Gerlich in 1974 [Chem. Phys. 4 (1974) 417], have revolutionized our ability to measure accurate integral cross sections of ion–molecule reactions throughout the energy range of chemical interest. Such high quality data have then necessitated empirical and theoretical advances in our understanding of the kinetic energy dependence of chemical reactions. This need has led to increasingly sophisticated models that permit the extraction of meaningful thermodynamic values from the analysis of kinetic energy dependent data. Key contributions in the development of both advances are reviewed here.
Voter response to congressional campaigns: new techniques for analyzing aggregate electoral behavior

Scholarship on congressional elections typically analyzes either the sum or the division of the major party vote at the district level. Our main innovation is to model the votes received by each candidate as a separate dependent variable, utilizing statistical methods developed to analyze multiparty elections. Because we are dealing with a substantive area in which endogeneity problems are rampant, we synthesize an instrumental variables approach with a “compositional data” model. This approach allows one to study the mobilizing and persuasive effects of congressional campaigns at the aggregate level.
Effects of cast gold surface finishing on plaque retention

Abstract The relationship between the surface finish on cast gold restorations and the amount of plaque deposited on that surface was examined. Six different finishes were tested. The rouge finish was found to accumulate significantly less plaque than the other finishes. Every finish exhibited some plaque accumulation, even after the first 24 hours. Each finish accumulated progressively more plaque at each successive time interval.
The Clinical Assessment of the Chemical Regulation of Ventilation

djustments in ventilation keep blood gas tensions A and pH within relatively narrow limits despite variations in metabolic rate and environmental conditions. These adjustments depend (1) on signals from arterial and central-nervous-system (CNS) chemoreceptors which sense changes in their surroundings (as shown in Fig 1) and (2) on the proper functioning of the thoracic bellows. Most cases of hypercapnia and hypoxemia are probably caused by defective pulmonary and chest-wall performance, particularly by diseases which produce chronic airway obstruction or incoordination or weakness of the respiratory rnu~cles;'~~ however, it has been known for many years that respiratory failure can occur in patients with normal or nearly normal pulmonary fun~tion.~,~ In these cases, defects in the respiratory chemoreceptors seem to play a significant role.
Depression and embodiment: phenomenological reflections on motility, affectivity, and transcendence

This paper integrates personal narratives with the methods of phenomenology in order to draw some general conclusions about 'what it means' and 'what it feels like' to be depressed. The analysis has three parts. First, it explores the ways in which depression disrupts everyday experiences of spatial orientation and motility. This disruption makes it difficult for the person to move and perform basic functional tasks, resulting in a collapse or contraction of the life-world. Second, it illustrates how depression creates a situational atmosphere of emotional indifference that reduces the person's ability to qualitatively distinguish what matters in his or her life because nothing stands out as significant or important anymore. In this regard, depression is distinct from other feelings because it is not directed towards particular objects or situations but to the world as a whole. Finally, the paper examines how depression diminishes the possibility for 'self-creation' or 'self-making'. Restricted by the illness, depression becomes something of a destiny, preventing the person from being open and free to access a range of alternative self-interpretations, identities, and possible ways of being-in-the-world.
Free energy of cell differentiation.

Abstract The rigid polarity of the coelentrate, hydra, has been examined based on the pattern of cell types found along the body column. The distribution of several cell types was determined by direct counts from histological sections. Treating the individual cell types as separate thermodynamic phases, the distribution of cell types was analyzed using a thermodynamic free energy function. (A steady state free energy function is derived to deal with cell differentiation.) Based on the analysis of the distribution of cell types with the free energy function, it is concluded that cell differentation in hydra is accompanied by mass flow of the components, which are responsible for cell differentiation and/or changes in the free energy of the cell as it is transformed from a precursor to a differentiated cell. The presence of marked differences in cell concentrations at the body extremities is explained as being due to the presence of gradients of growth factors and the continual movement of cells toward the body extremities.
Standard Distributions: One Graph Fits All

Summary Standard distributions are ubiquitous but not unique. With suitable scaling, the graph of a standard distribution serves as the graph for every distribution in the family. The standard exponential can easily be taught in elementary statistics courses.
Photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy for in vivo blood flow speed measurement

Photoacoustic imaging has been widely used in structural and functional imaging. Because of its safety, high resolution, and high imaging depth, it has great potential for a variety of medical studies. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and enable the exchange of oxygen and nutrients. Noninvasive flow speed measurement of capillaries in vivo can benefit the study of vascular tone changes and rheological properties of blood cells in capillaries. Recently, there has been a growing interest in photoacoustic velocimetry, such as photoacoustic Doppler and M-mode photoacoustic flow imaging. Methods capable of high-resolution imaging and low-speed flow measurement are suitable to measure blood speeds in capillaries. Previously we proposed photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy (PACS) and shown its feasibility for lowspeed flow measurement. Here, in vivo measurement of blood speeds in capillaries in a chick embryo model by PACS technique is demonstrated. The laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy system is used for fast imaging acquisition and high-resolution imaging. The measured speed in capillaries is similar to those found in literatures, which confirm the feasibility of the PACS method for blood velocimetry. This technique suggests a fairly simple way to study blood flow speeds in capillaries.
Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in oils from peanuts differing in variety and maturity

Oils from three varieties of mature peanuts and from one variety at seven physiological maturity stages were extracted with petroleum ether and fractionated into lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of the whole oils and fractions were then determined. The fractions from the Starr variety generally contained more 16:0 and 18:2 and less 18:1 than those from the Florunner and Florigiant varieties. Long chain fatty acids (C20–C24) were generally more predominant in thesn-1,3-diacylglycerol fraction than in other fractions, and only traces of long chain acids were found in the sn-1,2(2,3)-di-acylglycerol fraction. An unusual compound associated with thesn- 1,3-diacylglycerol fraction was detected by GLC. Fatty acid compositions of classes in the different maturity stages showed that, generally, the concentration of 18:1 increased and that the concentrations of all other fatty acids decreased with maturity.
Dynamic Inconsistency in Counterterrorism

Repeated interaction between a terrorist group and a target government is analyzed in a game-theoretic model. The analysis identifies a dynamic inconsistency problem, which forces the government to under-invest in defensive measures while over-investing in offensive measures. Policy implications are discussed in light of recent US counterterrorism experience. It is shown that governments may resolve the problem by delegating the authority over defensive measures to an independent agency.
Xenopus Egg Extracts Increase Dynamics of Histone H1 on Sperm Chromatin

Background Linker histone H1 has been studied in vivo and using reconstituted chromatin, but there have been few systematic studies of the effects of the cellular environment on its function. Due to the presence of many other chromatin factors and specific chaperones such as RanBP7/importin beta that regulate histone H1, linker histones likely function differently in vivo than in purified systems. Methodology/Principal Findings We have directly compared H1 binding to sperm nuclei in buffer versus Xenopus egg extract cytoplasm, and monitored the effects of adding nuclear import chaperones. In buffer, RanBP7 decondenses sperm nuclei, while H1 binds tightly to the chromatin and rescues RanBP7-mediated decondensation. H1 binding is reduced in cytoplasm, and H1 exhibits rapid FRAP dynamics in cytoplasm but not in buffer. RanBP7 decreases H1 binding to chromatin in both buffer and extract but does not significantly affect H1 dynamics in either condition. Importin beta has a lesser effect than RanBP7 on sperm chromatin decondensation and H1 binding, while a combination of RanBP7/importin beta is no more effective than RanBP7 alone. In extracts supplemented with RanBP7, H1 localizes to chromosomal foci, which increase after DNA damage. Unlike somatic H1, the embryonic linker histone H1M binds equally well to chromatin in cytoplasm compared to buffer. Amino-globular and carboxyl terminal domains of H1M bind chromatin comparably to the full-length protein in buffer, but are inhibited ∼10-fold in cytoplasm. High levels of H1 or its truncations distort mitotic chromosomes and block their segregation during anaphase. Conclusion/Significance RanBP7 can decondense sperm nuclei and decrease H1 binding, but the rapid dynamics of H1 on chromatin depend on other cytoplasmic factors. Cytoplasm greatly impairs the activity of individual H1 domains, and only the full-length protein can condense chromatin properly. Our findings begin to bridge the gap between purified and in vivo chromatin systems.
Optimum design of natural-circulation solar-water-heater by the Taguchi method

Abstract In 1998 a ‘Natural-Circulation Solar-Water-Heater Efficiency Testing System’ was set up on the roof of Energy and Resources Laboratories. The system was constructed according to the Chinese National Standard B7277, No. 12558 standard, namely ‘Method of Test for Solar-Water-Heater System (Automatic Cycle)’, Central Standard Bureau of Economic Affairs Department, Taipei, Taiwan; July 15, 1989. . This method can automatically measure heat absorption and heat dissipation efficiencies for up to six natural-circulation solar-water-heaters simultaneously. Establishing this system aims to facilitate Taiwanese solar-water-heater manufacturers in enhancing the quality of their products. Therefore, with the real manufacturing procedures and the parameter design of the Taguchi method, the above mentioned testing system was applied to find a set of optimum manufacturing factors, namely the surface coating of the collector must be black chrome plated instead of painted and, as for the density of the PU foam, the lower density is recommended, because of its higher heat preservation efficiency and cheaper cost in comparison with higher density foam and, finally, it is consistent with a common physical knowledge that glass-fiber insulation layers have a positive influence on heat absorption and heat preservation of a thermal system.
Sensitivity of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography for neonatal seizure detection.

BACKGROUND. Conventional electroencephalography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and quantification of neonatal seizures. However, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is being introduced to neonatal intensive care as an adjunct for neonatal seizure detection. OBJECTIVES. This study's purpose was to determine the sensitivity of neonatal seizure detection in a single electroencephalogram channel (C 3 →C 4 ), used to simulate the raw signal from which aEEG is derived. We also aimed to determine the sensitivity of seizure detection by neonatologists by using aEEG and to establish those neonatal seizure characteristics that are associated with their correct detection by aEEG. METHODS. Conventional electroencephalograms with neonatal seizures were reviewed for electroencephalogram background and neonatal seizure characteristics (site of onset, duration, and peak-to-peak amplitude). The presence, duration, and peak-to-peak amplitude of each seizure were simultaneously noted in a single electroencephalogram channel (c 3 →c 4 ). aEEGs generated from this channel were reviewed for background and seizures by 6 neonatologists with varying aEEG interpretation expertise. RESULTS. A total of 851 neonatal seizures from 125 conventional electroencephalograms were analyzed. The patients' conceptional ages were 34 to 50 weeks. Because 94% of the conventional electroencephalograms had ≥1 neonatal seizure visible in c 3 →c 4 , and 78% of all neonatal seizures appeared in the c 3 →c 4 channel, the theoretical sensitivity of seizure detection in a single electroencephalogram channel was high. However, seizures were briefer and lower in amplitude in c 3 →c 4 compared with conventional electroencephalography. Neonatologists identified seizures in 22% to 57% of the 125 records of neonatal seizure. They detected 12% to 38% of the 851 individual seizures. Multivariate analysis revealed that the appearance of seizures in c 3 →c 4 , neonatal seizure duration, seizure amplitude, seizure count per hour, and neonatologists' experience with aEEG interpretation all correlated with neonatal seizure detection. CONCLUSIONS. Even among physicians who have extensive experience, many neonatal seizures are difficult to detect on an aEEG, especially when they are infrequent, brief, or of low amplitude.
Permeation of roxarsone and its metabolites increases caco-2 cell proliferation.

The benzenearsonate, Roxarsone, has been used since 1944 as an antimicrobial, growth-promoting poultry feed additive. USGS and EPA report that Roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonate) and metabolites, including AHBA (3-amino-4-hydroxybenzenearsonate), contaminate waterways at greater than 1100 tons annually. To assess human impact of these organic arsenic water contaminants, it was important to study their potential absorption. The human adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2, is a model for intestinal absorption. We found proliferative effects on Caco-2 cells at micromolar levels of these compounds, as monitored by [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Flow cytometry cell cycle analysis confirmed accumulation in S phase from 21% (control) to 36% (24 hour exposure to 10 μM AHBA). Confluent Caco-2 cells grown on collagen-coated Transwell plates were dosed on the apical side. After exposure, media from apical and basolateral sides were collected separately. Following removal of FBS by 30K centrifugal filtration, the benzenearsonates in the collected media were analyzed by HPLC. Analyses were at wavelengths in the ultraviolet/visible range where the absorbance values were linear with respect to concentration. Concentrations were calculated by comparison with analytically-prepared commercial standards. Results from cells dosed at 10 μM for 24 hours with AHBA, Roxarsone, or Acetarsone indicated 6%-29% permeation occurring from apical to basolateral side, modeling absorption across intestinal epithelium to the circulatory system. Benzenearsonate feed additives are frequently applied in combination with antibiotics, raising additional health concerns. We conclude that micromolar levels of these benzenearsonates are adequate to stimulate Caco-2 cell proliferation.
Angular velocity tracking for satellite rendezvous and docking

Abstract Autonomous satellite on-orbit servicing is a very challenging task when the satellite to be serviced is tumbling and has an unknown dynamics model. This paper addresses an adaptive control approach, which can be used to assist the control of a servicing satellite to rendezvous and dock with a tumbling satellite whose dynamics model is unknown. A proximity-rendezvous and docking operation can be assumed to have three steps: (1) prior-dock alignment, (2) soft docking and latching/locking-up, and (3) post-docking stabilization. The paper deals with the first and third steps. Lyapunov-based tracking law and adaptation law are proposed to guarantee the success of the nonlinear control procedures with dynamics uncertainties. Dynamics simulation examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed control approach. Simulation results demonstrated that the adaptive control method can successfully track any required angular velocity trajectory even when the dynamics model of the target satellite is unknown.
Telemetering in earth satellites

Varied experiments proposed for the earth satellite require a very flexible telemetering system designed for maximum reliability and minimum weight and operating power requirements. A new instrumentation technique combining square hysteresis loop magnetic cores with switching transistors is discussed in the description of the magnetic telemetry encoding system.
Exploration of the multiparameter space of nanosecond-laser damage growth in fused silica optics

Historically, the rate at which laser-induced damage sites grow on the exit surface of SiO2 optics under subsequent illumination with nanosecond-laser pulses of any wavelength was believed to depend solely on laser fluence. We demonstrate here that much of the scatter in previous growth observations was due to additional parameters that were not previously known to affect growth rate, namely the temporal pulse shape and the size of a site. Furthermore, the remaining variability observed in the rate at which sites grow is well described in terms of Weibull statistics. The effects of site size and laser fluence may both be expressed orthogonally in terms of Weibull coefficients. In addition, we employ a clustering algorithm to explore the multiparameter growth space and expose average growth trends. Conversely, this analysis approach also identifies sites likely to exhibit growth rates outside the norm. The ability to identify which sites are likely to grow abnormally fast in advance of the manifestation of such behavior will significantly enhance the accuracy of predictive models over those based on average growth behaviors.
Turbid alkali feldspars from the Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland

Partially turbid alkali feldspars from hydrothermally altered Tertiary granites on the Isle of Skye (the Red Hills granites) were studied using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Limpid cores and turbid rims of individual crystals were compared to determine the causes of the turbidity. The limpid cores were cryptoperthitic, with lamellar widths of 0.1–0.3 μm. In contrast, the turbid rims contained K-rich and Narich areas coarsened to >0.5 μm. Turbid regions contained abundant inclusions, whereas limpid regions did not. Two generations of turbidity were recognized. Feldspars from the Beinn an Dubhaich granite, a granite with near-normal values for 18O/16O possessed limpid cores surrounded by turbid rims that cast a reddish-brown hue in transmitted light. When viewed in darkfield light microscopy, the regions with the reddish-brown turbidity were blue. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the cloudy appearance of these turbid regions arises from the scattering of light by micrometerto submicrometer-sized inhomogeneities in refractive index caused by fluid-filled cavities. Feldspars from the Loch Ainort granite, a granite with low values for 18O/16O possessed limpid and reddish-brown-turbid cores surrounded by turbid rims that cast a blackish hue in transmitted light. Ion thinning of the turbid areas produced an abundance of small holes (≤1–2 μm) apparently the remains of fluid inclusions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that some holes from regions of reddish-brown turbidity contained non-feldspar material, including halite and metal-rich phases of various compositions. In contrast, blackish turbid regions contained cavities filled with alteration products, such as kaolinite. Hence, the feldspars from granites on the Isle of Skye apparently record interactions with at least two fluids: a saline fluid (possibly a late-stage magmatic fluid) and a meteoric fluid.
The Life Cycle of Rules

This article examines rules from the organizational perspective and also discusses their impact on organization members. The authors address three areas that are traditionally studied when examining rules, which are, rule making, rule adherence and rule deviation. In examining these areas the authors discuss how rules fulfill individual as well as organizational needs. They also suggest that rules serve the organization by reducing the variability of human behavior and by making it easier to predict the results of organizational activities. They examine instances where rule adherence is high as well as instances that lead to rule deviation. The authors suggest that deviation usually occurs when rules become outdated and a change in necessary.
Involucrin in Squamous and Basal cell Carcinomas of the Skin: An Immunohistochemical Study

Involucrin is a precursor of the cross-linked envelope protein of human stratum corneum, and its appearance in the upper layers of the epidermis is a function of the normal differentiation of the keratinocyte. Cases of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated for the presence of involucrin using immunoperoxidase techniques on paraffin sections. Basal cell carcinomas were negative for involucrin with staining restricted to squamous horn cysts, while squamous cell carcinomas stained strongly, particularly in large keratinized cells. Cases of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease) revealed increased staining for involucrin with staining of dyskeratotic cells at all levels in the epithelium. Abnormal patterns of staining were also noted in non-neoplastic epidermis adjacent to carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining for involucrin identifying abnormal or premature keratinization is a sensitive marker for dyskeratosis in squamous epithelia and may have applications in the histopathologic evaluation of skin specimens.
Refinement strategies for stratified sampling methods

In many computer experiments the adequacy of a given sample to give acceptable statistical estimates cannot be determined a priori, and thus the ability to extend or refine an experimental design may be important. This paper describes refinement strategies for the class of stratified experimental designs such as latin hypercubes, orthogonal arrays, and factorial designs. A few applications are given to demonstrate their usefulness.
Chronic heart failure in the community: missed diagnosis and missed opportunities.

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients discharged from a hospital without a diagnosis of CHF who were admitted with shortness of breath and had a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). CHF is a devastating disease in terms of financial cost, prevalence, and effect on morbidity and mortality. The true incidence rate is not known because of reliance on discharge records and death certificates, and because diagnosis remains a clinical judgment. Methods and Results: CHF was diagnosed by the Framingham criteria. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 225 randomly selected patients admitted with a complaint of shortness of breath and discharged without a diagnosis of CHF (group 1). We compared group 1 with patients admitted at the same time with a diagnosis of CHF and of similar age and LVEF (group 2). In group 1, 100 patients had a low LVEF (≤40%) and 51% met criteria for CHF that had been missed. Readmission rate was high (42%). Mortality at 12 months was 18%. Rate of cardiomegaly on x-ray films was similar in groups 1 and 2 (64.6% v 64.4%, respectively). Third heart sound (39% v 10%; P 120 beats/min (41.7% v 12.5%; P Conclusions: Many patients admitted with shortness of breath and low LVEF have CHF but are not diagnosed. Physicians are more likely to miss CHF in patients presenting without signs of fluid overload even when third heart sound is present with resting tachycardia. A missed diagnosis of CHF is associated with a high readmission rate, multiple admissions, and a mortality rate comparable to that of patients with newly diagnosed CHF.
FDG PET/CT Imaging for LVAD Associated Infections

Heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among patients with advanced disease and no access to cardiac transplantation. Owing to the constant shortage of donor hearts, the role of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been expanding in the management of these
Evaluating the role of additive pKa on the proton conductivities of blended sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes.

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) membranes were blended with various functionalized imidazoles. The effect of the pKa of the added heterocycle on the dry proton conductivities of the blended membranes was evaluated over the temperature range of 40−150 °C. These membranes showed nonmonotonous conductivities with respect to temperature, as well as a clear correlation of peak temperature conductivity to the pKa of the heterocycle. We use a theoretical model based on the reaction equilibria between sPEEK’s sulfonic acid groups and the basicity of the added heterocycles in order to better understand the mechanistic origins of the observed temperature−conductivity profiles.
Failure of Composite Materials under Multi-axial Static and Dynamic Loading☆

Abstract To facilitate and accelerate the process of introducing and evaluating new materials, it is important to develop/establish comprehensive and effective methods and procedures of characterization, modeling and failure prediction of structural laminates based on the properties of the constituent materials and especially the basic building block of the composite, the single ply or lamina. The plethora of available composite failure theories coupled with a dearth of reliable experimental data provides no definitive answer as to the best general approach to failure prediction. A new failure theory developed at Northwestern University has been proven very successful in predicting failure of a composite lamina under multi-axial states of stress and varying strain rates in cases where the biggest discrepancies were observed in predictions by other theories.
Methylmercury induced neuromuscular dysfunction in the rat.

Abstract Rats were exposed to 20 mg/kg methylmercury for 10–18 days. The isolated phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragms from these animals demonstrated a reduced capability to maintain contraction amplitude when stimulated at a frequency of 10/sec. The addition of neostigmine directly to the organ bath produced a contraction enhancement significantly lower than normal. In a different series of isolated preparations, it was demonstrated that methylmercury at a final bath concentration of 2 × 10 −5 M could inhibit contractions completely with only a small degree of recovery. The muscles still responded to direct stimulation and nerve action potentials appeared unchanged. These observations may account for the muscular weakness in methylmercury intoxicated rats.
A Stable Theorem of the Alternative: An Extension of the Gordan Theorem.

Abstract A theorem with a number of equivalent alternatives is proposed as an extension of the classical Gordan theorem of the alternative. The theorem can handle nonzero unrestricted variables which cannot be directly treated by ordinary theorems of the alternative. Like the Gordan theorem, the extended theorem has the stability feature that small perturbations in the data will not invalidate an alternative that is in force. The theorem has useful applications in establishing the boundedness and uniqueness of feasible points of polyhedral sets and of solutions to linear programming problems.
In-vivo NMR thermometry with liposomes containing 59Co complexes

The ability to make localized temperature measurements in tissue during hyperthermia treatment of cancer is an essential factor in optimizing its efficacy. To this end we have developed and evaluated the complex tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) trichloride as a temperature sensor by determining the temperature dependence of its 59Co nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift. Encapsulating this complex within liposomes targets the agent to the reticuloendothelial system. Temperature changes of the order of 0.1 °C have been measured in vivo on rats, and the half-life of the complex within the body determined by plasma emission spectroscopy.
Climate Report Points to Warming Earth

The year 2012 was the eighth or ninth warmest on record since 1850 at Earth's surface and the eighth to eleventh warmest since 1979 in the troposphere, depending on the data sets used, according to the “State of the Climate in 2012” report, released on 6 August.