cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Misogyny, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: Relation to Rape-Supportive Attitudes in Asian American College Men

Asian Americans have been understudied with respect to sexuality and rape and its contributory factors. Some attitudinal research has shown that Asian American college males tend to hold more rape-supportive beliefs than their White counterparts. Generally, this research treats ethnicity as a proxy for culture rather than examining specific facets of culture per se. The current study incorporated measures of misogynistic beliefs, acculturation, and ethnic identity to investigate these ethnic differences in rape-supportive attitudes. White (n = 222) and Asian American (n = 155) college men read an acquaintance rape vignette and evaluated it on four judgments: how much they blamed the perpetrator and the victim, how credible they viewed the victim’s refusal, and to what degree they defined the event as rape. Consistent with previous research, Asian American men made more rape-supportive judgments than Whites. This relationship was partially mediated by misogynistic beliefs for all judgments except the extent to which they defined the vignette as rape. Among Asian Americans, acculturation was negatively associated with all four rape vignette judgments above and beyond generational status, and ethnic identity was positively associated with two of the four judgments above and beyond acculturation and generational status. These findings suggest that cultural constructs are relevant to understanding rape-supportive attitudes among Asian American men, and may be useful for promoting culturally enhanced theoretical models of rape and sexual assault prevention efforts, as well as a deeper understanding of cultural influences on sexuality.
Characterization of Marine Aerosol for Assessment of Human Exposure to Brevetoxins

Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico are commonly formed by the fish-killing dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, which produces nine potent polyether brevetoxins (PbTxs). Brevetoxins can be transferred from water to air in wind-powered white-capped waves. Inhalation exposure to marine aerosol containing brevetoxins causes respiratory symptoms. We describe detailed characterization of aerosols during an epidemiologic study of occupational exposure to Florida red tide aerosol in terms of its concentration, toxin profile, and particle size distribution. This information is essential in understanding its source, assessing exposure to people, and estimating dose of inhaled aerosols. Environmental sampling confirmed the presence of brevetoxins in water and air during a red tide exposure period (September 2001) and lack of significant toxin levels in the water and air during an unexposed period (May 2002). Water samples collected during a red tide bloom in 2001 showed moderate-to-high concentrations of K. brevis cells and PbTxs. The daily mean PbTx concentration in water samples ranged from 8 to 28 microg/L from 7 to 11 September 2001; the daily mean PbTx concentration in air samples ranged from 1.3 to 27 ng/m(3). The daily aerosol concentration on the beach can be related to PbTx concentration in water, wind speed, and wind direction. Personal samples confirmed human exposure to red tide aerosols. The particle size distribution showed a mean aerodynamic diameter in the size range of 6-12 microm, with deposits mainly in the upper airways. The deposition pattern correlated with the observed increase of upper airway symptoms in healthy lifeguards during the exposure periods.
Permeability of JSC-1A: A lunar soil simulant

Abstract The permeability of lunar soil simulant, JSC-1A, is measured over a range of bulk densities from 1550 to 2000 kg m−3. The corresponding viscous flow permeability is 1 × 10−12 m2 to 6.1 × 10−12 m2 for this bulk density range. Implications of these values on the contamination of regolith by rockets, on barrier/enhancement to bulk flow of ice, and on cratering are discussed. Although the particle size and shape distribution of the JSC-1A are extremely wide, the permeability measurements agree surprisingly well with the Carman–Kozeny equation. The results provide evidence that the Carman–Kozeny model could be applicable to other naturally occurring soils if effective soil properties are considered.
The Effect of 2,4,6-Trinitro-m-Cresol on Cation and Anion Transport in Sheep Red Blood Cells

2,4,6-Trinitro-3-methyl-phenol (trinitrocresol, H+TNC-) was found to inhibit anion and stimulate cation movements across the membranes of both high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red blood cells. The concentration of TNC- required to inhibit SO4- and Cl- efflux (10-5-10-3 M) was less than that required to increase Na+ and K+ leakage (10-3-10-2 M). Both the inhibition of anion and stimulation of cation permeation were reversed if TNC- was washed from the red cells. The cation leak caused by TNC- was much greater at 0° and 37°C than at room temperature (23°C). In sheep red cells, TNC- was found to be about 20 times more effective than salicylate and about 40 times more effective than thiocyanate in increasing cation leak. TNC- also inhibited the ouabain-sensitive potassium influx.
Taste Dysfunction in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence of issues with taste function in survivors of head and neck cancer. DESIGN Exploratory, cross-sectional. SETTING Outpatients from Saint Louis University Cancer Center in Missouri. SAMPLE 92 adult head and neck cancer survivors, heterogeneous in cancer site, treatment type, and time post-treatment, ranging from three months to more than 28 years after completion of therapy. METHODS Taste discrimination was assessed using high, medium, and low concentrations of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tasting solutions. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Taste, percentage of weight change, tumor site and stage, treatment type, and time since completion of therapy. FINDINGS Eighty-five of 92 participants had some measurable taste dysfunction. Confusion between bitter and sour and the inability to discriminate among the different concentrations of the sweet solutions were common. Statistically significant weight loss was associated with dysgeusia. CONCLUSIONS Taste dysfunction was a persistent problem across all categories of head and neck cancer treatments, sites, and stages. Participants who reported the loss of one or more specific taste modality performed poorly on the taste test. However, participants could not accurately predict which taste was most severely impaired. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Taste dysfunction is a long-term treatment-related side effect for head and neck cancer survivors. Assessing for taste changes and dysgeusia are important nursing considerations, as taste loss is distressing and associated with decreased appetite. Future studies are needed to identify interventions to help patients better manage and adapt to this long-term complication of cancer therapy. KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION Flavors are recognized by taste, texture, aroma, thermal quality, and visual cues. A disruption of one or more of those sensory experiences alters flavor recognition. Having intact taste sense but impaired flavor recognition is possible. Finally, taste is not accurately self-reported because it is commonly confused with flavor recognition.
Cytoarchitecture of ehrlich ascites carcinoma implanted in the hind limb of ascorbic acid-supplemented mice.

Abstract Several morphologic alterations in tissue architecture were observed in solid Ehrlich ascites tumors implanted in the hind limbs of mice drinking distilled water supplemented with 0.1% ascorbic acid. Light microscopic observations of non-necrotic tumor sections revealed clusters of cells and occasional regions of denser connective tissue among the tumor cells. Ultrastructural examination revealed tumor cell groupings with peripheral fibroblasts, deposition of cellular product between cells, close association of tumor cells within clusters, and the presence of basement membrane. Tumors from mice maintained on distilled water alone did not exhibit any clustering of tumor cells.
Phytochrome in etiolated annual rye III. Isolation of photoreversible phytochrome

Abstract An isolation procedure for phytochrome which includes only 5 major steps and can be carried to completion in 3 days is reported. All of the steps are adaptable to either smaller or larger scale operations. It is necessary for maximum yield to carry out the isolations under green safelights. A yield of about 300 mg of photoreversible phytochrome protein per 20 kg of initial plant material may be obtained. This represents about 25% of the photoactivity in the initial extract. The isolated phytochrome is stable in the dark at 2° for over 1 month. A prerequisite to the isolation of phytochrome is the selection of seeds which will yield seedlings with high levels of stable phytochrome. The photoactivity per mg of phytochrome isolated from such a selected lot of seeds, after progressively longer storage of the seeds, declined although the absorption spectra remained the same qualitatively. This loss was found to be due to a decrease in stability of the phytochrome chromophore. Experiments on the incorporation of radioactive amino acids indicated that the phytochrome isolated came from a preformed protein present in the dry seeds. It was concluded that the instability of phytochrome extracted from etiolated seedlings grown from stored seeds was due to damage incurred by the protein in storage. This protein damage would be likely to expose the chromophore to environmental stress during the isolation steps which would destroy its photoreversibility.
Patient education pamphlets about prevention, detection, and treatment of breast cancer for low literacy women

The objective of this project was to identify and assess readily available patient education literature about prevention, detection and treatment of breast cancer for the patient with low literacy skills. The target population had a reading comprehension level of sixth grade or lower. Nineteen pamphlets were analyzed using RightWriter and were found to have an average readability index of 9.15, therefore requiring at least a ninth grade level of reading comprehension. As a consequence, many pieces of the available literature were inappropriate for the target population. There are implications as a broader group of health care providers becomes more involved in the treatment of low literacy patients. In providing patient education literature to poorly educated patients, special emphasis should be given to determining readability. Both currently available and newly created literature should be analyzed for readability before assuming it is an aid to patient education.
A finite difference calculation of vacancy migration under non-steady state conditions

Abstract The hydrogenation of metals, often a rapid process, may lead to the production of high vacancy concentrations in the solid when equilibrium is reached. The achievement of equilibrium in this “upquenching” process depends, at least in part, upon the migration of vacancies from the surface into the interior of the solid. Because individual vacancy jump frequencies may depend on position within the vacancy density gradient, particularly when the solid is under an applied stress, analytical solutions of Fick's second law are not appropriate. A finite difference method has been developed to treat such vacancy diffusion problems and applied to vacancy migration in nickel.
Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) usually begins during adolescence, but its clinical features have received little investigation in this age group. Two hundred individuals with BDD (36 adolescents; 164 adults) completed interviewer-administered and self-report measures. Adolescents were preoccupied with numerous aspects of their appearance, most often their skin, hair, and stomach. Among the adolescents, 94.3% reported moderate, severe, or extreme distress due to BDD, 80.6% had a history of suicidal ideation, and 44.4% had attempted suicide. Adolescents experienced high rates and levels of impairment in school, work, and other aspects of psychosocial functioning. Adolescents and adults were comparable on most variables, although adolescents had significantly more delusional BDD beliefs and a higher lifetime rate of suicide attempts. Thus, adolescents with BDD have high levels of distress and rates of functional impairment, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. BDD's clinical features in adolescents appear largely similar to those in adults.
Communication and commitment in an online game team

Theories about commitment in online settings and empirical evidence from offline environments suggest that greater communication in online groups should lead members to become more committed and participate longer. However, experimental evidence is sparse, in part because of difficulties inducing communication online. Moreover, previous work has not identified the route by which communication leads to increased commitment. In this paper, we investigated whether task versus social communication modeled by a leader versus a peer influenced the amount that group members talked and their willingness to continue participating in the group. We conducted an experiment within ad hoc groups in the online game World of Warcraft. Results suggest that communication early in a group's history causes members to talk more later on and that the early communication increases their commitment through its influence on group atmosphere rather than through increased member participation. Social communication by a peer is especially valuable in increasing commitment.
Efficient Bromination of Naphthalene Dianhydride and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Core-Brominated Naphthalene Diimides

AbstractThis article presents an efficient method for the synthesis of core-brominated naphthalene diimides (NDI) from naphthalene dianhydride (NDA). A procedure for monitoring the NDA bromination reaction by 1H NMR spectroscopy is described, allowing for optimization and greater consistency of this reaction. Furthermore, the subsequent bis-imidization reaction of the brominated NDA product has been significantly enhanced using microwave-assisted conditions, with recovery of pure product via simple filtration in excess of 90% of theoretical yield. This chemistry offers greatly improved methodology for obtaining core-substituted NDI compounds with high efficiency and good yields.
OBSERVATION OF ULTRACOLD GROUND-STATE POTASSIUM MOLECULES

Ultracold potassium molecules are produced in the $X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ electronic ground state by photoassociation in a magneto-optical trap. They are detected sensitively and selectively by use of two-color resonant ionization, followed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. We observe deeply bound molecules with $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\cong}36$, at a temperature of about $300\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. Presently about 1000 molecules/sec are produced, and much higher production rates should be attainable in the future.
Ectomycorrhizas and retarded decomposition in a Pinus resinosa plantation

Summary • Ectomycorrhizas may interact with saprotrophic microorganisms to influence decomposition. These interactions are poorly understood. • We buried mesh envelopes filled with either litter or F-layer material in the forest floor of a Pinus resinosa plantation. After 16 months we characterized decomposition, C : N ratio, water content, and the density of four ectomycorrhiza morphotypes. • For both substrates there were negative correlations between ectomycorrhiza density and decomposition, and between ectomycorrhiza density and water content. The relative proportion of morphotypes was significantly different in litter and F-layer material buried at the same depth in the forest floor. • We conclude that the negative effect of ectomycorrhizas on decomposition could be mediated by extraction of water, particularly in relatively dry years. The ‘Gadgil effect’ may be explained by this phenomenon. In wetter years, water extraction may be less consequential. Also, variation in substrate quality may influence the structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.
In Theory, Politics Does not Exist

This essay considers a line of thought about the possibility of political action in psychoanalytic theory. In the mid-1930s George Bataille asked why popular political movements during this period yielded, ultimately, fascism rather than communism. He responds by suggesting that for the reverse to take place, the very structure of knowledge needs to be reworked, and argues that the Freudian unconscious represents a possible commencement for that reworking. In "The Other Side of Psychoanalysis," a seminar delivered during the Parisian student movements, and one famous for introducing the "four discourses" (of the master, the hysteric, the analyst, and the university), Lacan examines in detail this thesis, revealing how an analysis of the unconscious might help reshape our thinking on popular movements, especially insofar as that thinking is derived from Marx. The essay concludes by investigating the recent fierce debate between Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek about populism, a dispute largely informed by psychoanalysis. -- bl
Theory of photothermal spectroscopy in an optically dense fluid

The theory of photothermal spectroscopy in an optically dense fluid is presented. The general case is considered in which the fluid may be flowing or stationary, and the excitation could be cw (modulated or unmodulated) or pulsed (arbitrary pulse length). All three detection schemes, deflection, phase shift, and lensing, are considered. This is the most complete theory of photothermal spectroscopy in fluids to date.
Soviet-Style Neoliberalism?: Nashi, Youth Voluntarism, and the Restructuring of Social Welfare in Russia

Putin co-opted angry Russian pensioners and youth, channeling their energies into state-sanctioned projects of social renewal while continuing the direction of policy along a neoliberal path.
The Influence of Changing Water Levels and Temperatures on the Food Habits of Walleye in Lake Oahe, South Dakota

Abstract Fluctuating water levels and water temperatures in recent years have had an influenced the food habits of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in Lake Oahe, South Dakota. We collected walleye from the upper, middle, and lower regions of the reservoir in 1993 and, using the relative importance (RI) index, compared walleye food habits in 1993 with those from a similar study of Lake Oahe conducted in 1991. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) had higher RI values than other prey in all regions of the reservoir throughout 1993. In 1991, rainbow smelt dominated the diet of walleye only in the lower portion of the reservoir. Ephemeridae and chironomidae were the only macroinvertebrates found in the walleye diet; however, neither constituted a large portion of the diet in either year. Seasonal importance did, however, vary slightly among sites as diets became more diverse in the upper reaches of the reservoir. The predominance of rainbow smelt in the diet of walleye throughout the reservoir in 1993 was probably due...
Synthetic scaffold coating with adeno-associated virus encoding BMP2 to promote endogenous bone repair

Biomaterial scaffolds functionalized to stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms via the incorporation of osteogenic cues offer a potential alternative to bone grafting for the treatment of large bone defects. We first quantified the ability of a self-complementary adeno-associated viral vector encoding bone morphogenetic protein 2 (scAAV2.5-BMP2) to enhance human stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro. In two-dimensional culture, scAAV2.5-BMP2-transduced human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) displayed significant increases in BMP2 production and alkaline phosphatase activity compared with controls. hMSCs and human amniotic-fluid-derived stem cells (hAFS cells) seeded on scAAV2.5-BMP2-coated three-dimensional porous polymer Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds also displayed significant increases in BMP2 production compared with controls during 12 weeks of culture, although only hMSC-seeded scaffolds displayed significantly increased mineral formation. PCL scaffolds coated with scAAV2.5-BMP2 were implanted into critically sized immunocompromised rat femoral defects, both with or without pre-seeding of hMSCs, representing ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy treatments, respectively. After 12 weeks, defects treated with acellular scAAV2.5-BMP2-coated scaffolds displayed increased bony bridging and had significantly higher bone ingrowth and mechanical properties compared with controls, whereas defects treated with scAAV2.5-BMP2 scaffolds pre-seeded with hMSCs failed to display significant differences relative to controls. When pooled, defect treatment with scAAV2.5-BMP2-coated scaffolds, both with or without inclusion of pre-seeded hMSCs, led to significant increases in defect mineral formation at all time points and increased mechanical properties compared with controls. This study thus presents a novel acellular bone-graft-free endogenous repair therapy for orthotopic tissue-engineered bone regeneration.
Modeling soil erosion, transport and deposition

Abstract Mathematical simulation of erosion on upland areas is described. The erosion process is divided into rill and interill components according to the source of eroded sediment. The model provides estimates of sediment yield, predicts patterns of flow, delineates partial contributing areas and shows principal zones of deposition. Predicted values of sediment yield for individual storms over a 10-year period agreed well with experimental data for two agricultural watersheds. No concurrent data exist to verify the extent of deposition, or rill scour also predicted by the model.
Polarization directions of noncollinear phase-matched optical parametric downconversion output

An analysis of the output polarization of a noncollinear type I optical parametric downconversion source is presented. Such a source can be made by pumping a nonlinear crystal with an extraordinary-polarized beam to produce pairs of ordinary-polarized photons. A polarization map of the output light illustrates dramatic variation in the polarization direction at large scattering angles. The effect of this variation in polarization direction is seen on a map of the nonlinear conversion efficiency. The apparent ambiguity in the polarization for the particular case in which one of the outputs propagates along the crystal optic axis is also discussed. © 1997 Optical Society of America [S0740-3224(97)02005-5]
Dose-sensitivity, conserved non-coding sequences, and duplicate gene retention through multiple tetraploidies in the grasses.

Whole genome duplications, or tetraplodies, are an important source of increased gene content. Following whole genome duplication, duplicate copies of many genes are lost from the genome. This loss of genes is biased both in the classes of genes deleted and the subgenome from which they are lost. Many or all classes are genes preferentially retained as duplicate copies are engaged in dose sensitive protein-protein interactions, such that deletion of any one duplicate upsets the status quo of subunit concentrations, and presumably lowers fitness as a result. Transcription factors are also preferentially retained following every whole genome duplications studied. This has been explained as a consequence of protein-protein interactions, just as for other highly retained classes of genes. We show that the quantity of conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs) associated with genes predicts the likelyhood of their retention as duplicate pairs following whole genome duplication. As many CNSs likely represent binding sites for transcriptional regulators, we propose that the likelyhood of gene retention following tetraploidy may also be influenced by dose-sensitive protein-DNA interactions between the regulatory regions of CNS-rich genes -- nicknamed "bigfoot genes" – and the proteins that bind to them. Using grass genomes, we show that differential loss of CNSs from one member of a pair following the pregrass tetraploidy reduces its chance of retention in the subsequent maize-lineage tetraploidy.
The selection of resistance mutants from cultured plant cells

Abstract We have determined the influence of several factors on the recovery of resistance mutants from populations of cultured plant cells. Cells of strains of Haplopappus gracilis resistant to the metabolite-analogues 8-azaguanine, 6-azauracil, or δ-hydroxylysine were mixed with wild-type cells in reconstruction experiments. The colony-forming ability of the resistant cells was measured under various selective conditions. Choice of antimetabolite, size of resistant cell clusters, and overall plating density affect the efficiency of recovery of resistant colonies. The implications of these effects are discussed with respect to the isolation of mutants, the estimation of mutant frequency, and the importance of post-mutagenesis treatment. The azauracil-resistance phenotype should be useful as an indicator of mutagenesis since single resistant cells quantitatively produce visible colonies under selective conditions, and more than 2×106 total cells can be screened per plate.
Defecographic pelvic floor abnormalities in constipated patients: does mode of delivery matter?

Background The aim of this study was to demonstrate the distribution of defecographic pelvic floor abnormalities in constipated female patients and to correlate these dysfunctions with the mode of delivery.
The Na(V)1.7 sodium channel: from molecule to man.

Mutations in SCN9A, which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7, can lead to severe neuropathic pain in humans. In this Review, Waxman and colleagues examine the mechanistic basis of NaV1.7-linked pain and explore strategies for targeting this channel in pain therapy.
Differentiating ZIP Codes in Syndromic Data; What Can They Tell Us?

NYC emergency departments (ED) visits were categorized into NYC residential, NYC PO Box or commercial building, commuters into NYC, and out-of-town visitors by patient reported ZIP code. Spatial and temporal trends in total ED visits by home ZIP code type were analyzed to describe patterns in each group, and determine how such information might inform daily syndromic surveillance activities. Of the approximately 4 million ED visits in NYC during 2011, the number of visits by commuters and out-of-town visitors were 125,236 (3.1%) and 45,158 (1.1%) respectively. Out-of town visitors were found to mostly go to hospitals in Manhattan rather than the outer boroughs. While the seasonal trends and day-of-week patterns for the NYC residents and the commuters appear to be fairly similar, temporal trends for NYC residents and out-of-town visitors were found to be different. Out-of-town visitors represents a unique subset of the ED population and our results suggest that including a separate analyses of total ED and syndromic visits by out-of-town visitors might provide additional information that could prove useful to daily syndromic surveillance activities.
Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Solid Ovarian Tumors

Solid ovarian tumors are uncommon in the pediatric population, but when they occur, they are a major source of anxiety for the patient and her family. The pediatric surgeon will be relied on to diagnose these tumors because they usually present as abdominal pain with a mass. The diagnostic evaluation consists of a carefully obtained history and physical examination, ultrasound examination, serum assay for tumor markers, and further radiographic evaluation as indicated. Two thirds of malignant tumors in children are germ cell tumors, and most of these are dysgerminomas or endodermal sinus tumors. A multimodal, team-oriented approach to therapy is crucial. Reproductive organ-sparing surgery with salpingo-oopherectomy, ascites sampling, nodule biopsy, omentectomy, and contralateral ovarian biopsy as indicated, may be curative for stage I tumors; more advanced or highly aggressive tumors should be treated with cytoreduction surgery and will require platinum-based chemotherapy. Postinduction surgery is indicated for progressive or recurrent disease. One third of tumors are physiologically active stromal tumors that often become apparent because of hormonal effects. Epithelial tumors, common in the adult, are uncommon in children and are of mild to moderate malignant potential. Other miscellaneous tumors and benign lesions are less common.
NF-κB Regulates Radioresistance Mediated By β1-Integrin in Three-Dimensional Culture of Breast Cancer Cells

β1-integrin induction enhances breast cancer cell survival after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), but the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. Although NF-κB initiates prosurvival signaling pathways post-IR, the molecular function of NF-κB with other key elements in radioresistance, particularly with respect to extracellular matrix-induced signaling, is not known. We discovered a typical NF-κB binding site in the β1-integrin promoter region, indicating a possible regulatory role for NF-κB. Using 3-dimensional laminin-rich extracellular matrix (3D lrECM) culture, we show that NF-κB is required for β1-integrin transactivation in T4-2 breast cancer cells post-IR. Inhibition of NF-κB reduced clonogenic survival, and induced apoptosis and cytostasis in formed tumor colonies. In addition, T4-2 tumors with inhibition of NF-κB activity exhibit decreased growth in athymic mice, which was further reduced by IR with downregulated β1-integrin expression. Direct interactions between β1-integrin and NF-κB p65 were induced in non-malignant breast epithelial cells, but not in malignant cells, indicating context specific regulation. Since β1-integrin also activates NF-κB, our findings reveal a novel forward feedback pathway that could be targeted to enhance therapy.
Organic Transition States

The theoretical basis of Organic Chemistry lies in the understanding of organic reaction mechanisms. The reaction mechanism is generally a cursory description of the pathway followed by the different atoms in the molecule (or molecules) during the reaction. One important feature of the pathway is the actual geometry of the col, or potential barrier: the so-called transition state. Transition states are not amenable to direct experimental observation; only indirect gross information is available via experimental activation energies, entropies of activation, etc. Computation therefore seems an extremely appropriate tool for elucidating the structure of transition states. Of course the lack of available experimental data will be a drawback for any direct comparison; computation of the potential surface, to which we will restrict ourselves, would have to be followed by computation of dynamical trajectories before any meaningful comparison of rates, for instance, could be made. However the calculated transition state, and its energy relative to other competing points, can give information on the likely products to be obtained in the reaction.
A Corixid from Deep Water

On two or three occasions I have received for determination Corixidae taken from considerable depths of water in Lake Erie. Several years ago Dr. C. H. Kennedy sent some examples to me and more recently Dr. V. E. Shelford forwarded five collections made in Lake Erie, and I consider the information of some interest. The species is Arctocorixa lineata Forster described in 1771. It is a small Corixid strikingly marked by three longitudinal dark markings on the hemelytra, two of them on the corium and one on the clavus, and is a species often taken in rivers having considerable current.
Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas

Abstract Mercury chlorination [i.e., formation of HgCl 2 (g)] is generally assumed to be the dominant mercury-transformation mechanism in coal combustion flue gas. Other potential mechanisms involve mercury interactions with ash particle surfaces where reactive chemical species, oxidation catalysts, and active sorption sites are available to transform Hg 0 (g) to Hg 2+ X(g) (e.g., where X is Cl 2 or O) as well as Hg 0 (g) and HgCl 2 (g) to particulate mercury, Hg(p). Results from an investigation of Hg 0 (g)–O 2 (g)–HCl(g) and Hg 0,2+ (g)–HCl(g)–CaO(s)-fly ash interactions in a 42-MJ/h combustion system are consistent with the following mechanisms: mercury chlorination, catalysis of mercury oxidation by Al 2 O 3 (s) and/or TiO 2 (s), and mercury sorption on a calcium-rich (25.0 wt.% CaO) subbituminous coal fly ash. Additions of 50 and 100 ppmv of HCl(g) and ≈12.6 wt.% of CaO(s) to the subbituminous coal combustion environment inhibited Hg(p) formation, primarily via a change in ash surface chemistry and a decrease in particle surface area, respectively.
Tenure in nursing education: How are we doing?☆

Abstract Deans and directors of collegiate nursing schools in the southern United States were surveyed to assess the rates of success with which nurse educators achieve tenure and the characteristics of successful tenure candidates. Results and criteria are presented relative to the research emphases of the educational organizations.
Another greedy heuristic for the constrained forest problem

The constrained forest problem seeks a minimum-weight spanning forest in an undirected edge-weighted graph such that each tree spans at least a specified number of vertices. We present a greedy heuristic for this NP-hard problem, whose solutions are at least as good as, and often better than, those produced by the best-known 2-approximate heuristic.
Impact of Glycemic Control on Heart Rate Variability in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH CVD Study

Aim: This study explored the role of glycemic control on cardiac autonomic function, measured by heart rate variability (HRV), in youth with type 1 diabetes. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 345 youth with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 18.5 years; duration, 10 years) participating in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study were enrolled in the ancillary SEARCH Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) study. Anthropometric, metabolic, and HRV parameters were collected at the current research visit. Glycemic control over time was assessed by the mean glycated hemoglobin (A1c) levels collected over the past 6 years. Multiple linear regression analysis assessed the association between A1c over time and HRV parameters, independent of demographic and CVD risk factors. Participants were categorized into four glycemic control categories based on their mean A1c over time: Group 1, optimal (mean A1c, ≤7.4%); Group 2 (mean A1c, 7.5–8.4%); Group 3 (mean A1c, 8.5–9.4%), and Group 4, poor (mean A1c, ≥9.5%), and a linear trend was explored across these categories. Results: For every 1% increase in the average A1c over 6 years there was a 5% decrease in the SD of the normal RR interval (SDNN) (P=0.02) and 7% decrease in the root mean square successive difference of the RR interval (RMSSD) (P=0.02), independent of demographic and traditional CVD risk factors. A dose–response relationship between worsening glucose control categories and measures of overall reduced HRV was found. Conclusions: Chronic hyperglycemia is the main determinant of early cardiac autonomic dysfunction, manifested as reduced overall HRV and parasympathetic loss, among youth with type 1 diabetes.
An Overview of Anna, a Specification Language for Ada

The Anna approach to specification language design strengthens the existing explanatory constructs in Ada and adds new ones where there is an obvious need.
Degradation of enkephalins: the search for an enkephalinase

The opioid peptides methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin appear to exert their biological effects through a receptor mediated mechanism. There appears to be three potential mechanisms for enkephalin degradation which could serve to control enkephalin levels in the vicinity of enkephalin receptors. These are, 1) cleavage of the tyrosyl-glycine bond by aminopeptidases, 2) cleavage of the glycl-glycine bond by a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, and 3) cleavage of the glycyl-phenylalanine bond by a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase. In this review the biochemical properties of these potential enkephalinases are described, and the evidence for each acting as an enkephalinase is reviewed.
BaxΔ2 Family Alternative Splicing Salvages Bax Microsatellite-Frameshift Mutations

Mutation or aberrant splicing can interrupt gene expression. Tumor suppressor Bax is one of the susceptible genes prone to microsatellite frameshifting mutations in coding regions. As a result, tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI) often present a “Bax-negative” phenotype. We previously reported that some Bax-negative cells in fact contain a functional Bax isoform (BaxΔ2), generated when unique alternative splicing “salvages” the shifted reading frame introduced by a microsatellite mutation. Here we compared Bax alternative splicing profiles in a range of cell lines and primary tumors with and without Bax microsatellite mutations. We found that MSI tumors exhibit a high Bax alternative splicing frequency, especially in exon 2, and produce a family of alternatively spliced isoforms that retain many important Bax functional domains. Surprisingly, these BaxΔ2 family isoforms can rescue Bax from all common microsatellite frameshift mutations. Production of BaxΔ2 requires specific cis mutations, while trans components are not cell-type specific. Furthermore, all BaxΔ2 family isoforms are more potent cell death inducers than the parental Bax without directly targeting mitochondria. These results indicate that the BaxΔ2 family can potentially salvage Bax tumor suppressor expression otherwise lost to mutation.
Nano Ferrites Microwave Complex Permeability and Permittivity Measurements by T/R Technique in Waveguide

There is a huge demand to accurately determine the magnetoelectrical properties of particles in the nano-sized regime due to the modern IC technology revolution and biomedical applications. In this paper, we present a microwave waveguide measurement technique for measuring complex permeability and permittivity of expensive nano-sized magnetic powder materials. We used a vector network analyzer to provide a standard TRL calibration for free space inside waveguide measurements. In order to maintain the recommended insertion phase range, a very thin prepared sample was loaded inside the calibrated waveguide. The loaded material's magnetic and dielectric effects were also considered in the cutoff wavelength calculation of the propagation constant of the TE10 wave from the geometrical dimensions of the waveguides. These provisions make the permeability and permittivity measurements more reliable than those found by commonly used techniques. We used six different compounds of nano-sized ferrite powders (Fe3O4, CuFe2O4, CuFe2O4Zn, F12NiO3Zn, BaFe12O19, and SrFe12O19), in which the average diameter of nano particles is less than 40 nm, for measurement purposes. We measured the complex permeability and permittivity from 3.95 to 5.85 GHz. The results show that the dielectric permittivity of these materials is quite different from that of solid-state materials.
Cross modulation and intermodulation in amplifiers at high frequencies

Cross modulation and intermodulation in amplifiers at high frequencies are investigated using the Volterra series approach. The general relationships between these forms of distortion are defined and the importance of phase in the specification of cross modulation is discussed. The use of feedback for distortion at high frequencies is investigated and it is shown that appropriate control of the feedback loop phase shift can result in substantial reductions in cross modulation over broad bandwidths. All theoretical conclusions are verified by circuit measurements at frequencies up to 200 MHz.
In vitro photoreactivation of ultraviolet-inactivated ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus.

— Treatment of ultraviolet-inactivated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV–RNA) with extracts obtained from the local lesion host, Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi, n.c., and simultaneous illumination at 365 nm results in up to a four-fold increase in infectivity over non-illuminated controls. The active material in the extract appears to be associated with protein, based on its inactivation by boiling, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and exclusion from Bio-Rad P100 polyacrylamide. Partially purified DNA photoreactivating enzyme from yeast or pinto bean has no activity on ultraviolet-irradiated TMV–RNA.
Judicial Power in Domestic and International Politics

Although scholars have made considerable progress on a number of important research questions by relaxing assumptions commonly used to divide political science into subfields, rigid boundaries remain in some contexts. In this essay, we suggest that the assumption that international politics is characterized by anarchy whereas domestic politics is characterized by hierarchy continues to divide research on the conditions under which governments are constrained by courts, international or domestic. We contend that we will learn more about the process by which courts constrain governments, and do so more quickly, if we relax the assumption and recognize the substantial similarities between domestic and international research on this topic. We review four recent books that highlight contemporary theories of the extent to which domestic and international law binds states, and discuss whether a rigid boundary between international and domestic scholarship can be sustained on either theoretical or empirical grounds.
New mechanism of antiarrhythmic drug action: increasing L-type calcium current prevents reentrant ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted canine heart.

Background—We studied whether increasing L-type calcium current has antiarrhythmic effects. Methods and Results—Reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of healing canine infarcts were mapped during sustained ventricular tachycardia. The cardiac-specific L-type calcium current enhancer Bay Y5959 prevented initiation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in 7 of 14 experiments. Bay Y5959 caused slowing of conduction in areas of slow nonuniform conduction in reentrant circuits; block eventually occurred. Conduction was not affected in other regions of the circuits or in more normal areas of the EBZ, nor was the EBZ effective refractory period changed. Bay Y5959 also improved conduction of premature impulses so that lines of unidirectional block necessary for VT initiation were not formed, an effect not related to a change in the effective refractory period at the site of block. Conclusions—Block of conduction caused by enhanced L-type calcium current in reentrant circuits may result from a decr...
Abstract 347: Water-soluble Components of Sesame Oil Reduces Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Background: Atherosclerosis, a major form of cardiovascular disease, has now been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. Non-pharmacological means of treating chronic diseases have gained attention recently. We previously reported that the sesame oil aqueous extract (SOAE) has anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have determined whether SOAE has anti-atherosclerotic properties, and mechanisms by which it might modulate atherosclerosis by identifying genes and inflammatory markers. Methods and results: Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) female mice were fed with either high fat diet or high fat diet supplemented with SOAE. Plasma lipids and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified after 3 months of feeding. Plasma samples were used for global cytokine array. RNA was extracted from the liver tissue and the aorta and used for gene analysis. The SOAE-supplemented high fat diet significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions, plasma cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in LDLR-/- mice. Plasma inflammatory cytokines were reduced, but not significantly, demonstrating an anti-inflammatory property of SOAE. Gene analysis showed that SOAE-supplemented high fat diet reduced the genes involved in inflammation, and induced genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Conclusion: In conclusion, our studies suggest that a SOAE-enriched diet could be an effective non-pharmacological treatment for atherosclerosis by controlling inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism.
Design and tolerancing of aspherical and gradient-index germanium singlets of equal performance

Two different aspherical singlets, four types of axial gradient-index singlet, and one radial gradient-index singlet achieving the same performance are toleranced for thickness, curvatures, base index, and special coefficient (aspheric or gradient) sensitivities. The results show that the singlet with the most relaxed tolerances has a linear axial gradient which extends through the lens, followed in order by a singlet with a parabolic radial gradient, a singlet with an aspheric surface on the front, and a singlet with a parabolic axial gradient crossing the first surface.
Field enhancement and resonance in optical antennas

Optical antennas are studied as probes for near-field optical microscopy. Finite difference time domain calculations indicate an intensity enhancement of more than 3 orders of magnitude. Optical antennas are fabricated and tested with good agreement between experiment and theory.
Integrating instructional and study materials to tailor a student-specific resource

Courses about various software engineering practices, e.g. testing and architecture, all ultimately relate to a process for applying the practice. We have used that process as the organizing principle for undergraduate and graduate software engineering courses. The Software Process Engineering Meta-model (SPEM) provides a means for engineering a process for the specific practice being studied and even tailoring that process to the specific needs of a project. We have used the Eclipse Process Framework, an implementation of the SPEM, as a tool to allow instructors to create, modify and reuse a baseline electronic textbook as well as for students to collect, organize, and represent information in a form most meaningful to them. We present examples and data from one undergraduate introduction to software engineering course and two graduate courses in verification and validation and software architecture gathered over several years.
A STUDY ON NUMERICAL INSTABILITY OF INVISCID TWO-FLUID MODEL NEAR ILL-POSEDNESS CONDITION

The two-fluid model is widely used in studying gas-liquid flow inside pipelines because it can qualitatively predict the flow field at low computational cost. However, the two-fluid model becomes ill-posed when the slip velocity exceeds a critical value, and computations can be quite unstable before flow reaches the unstable condition. In this study computational stability of various convection schemes for the two-fluid model is analyzed. A pressure correction algorithm for inviscid flow is carefully implemented to minimize its effect on numerical stability. Von Neumann stability analysis for the wave growth rates by using the 1st order upwind, 2nd order upwind, QUICK, and the central difference schemes shows that the central difference scheme is more accurate and more stable than the other schemes. The 2nd order upwind scheme is much more susceptible to instability at long waves than the 1st order upwind and inaccurate for short waves. The instability associated with ill-posedness of the two-fluid model is significantly different from the instability of the discretized two-fluid model. Excellent agreement is obtained between the computed and predicted wave growth rates. The connection between the ill-posedness of the two-fluid model and the numerical stability of the algorithm used to implement the inviscid two-fluid model is elucidated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME