cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Adenovirus Species Associated with an Acute Respiratory Outbreak in a Baboon Colony and Evidence of Coincident Human Infection

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that infect many vertebrate hosts, including humans and nonhuman primates. Here we identify a novel AdV species, provisionally named "simian adenovirus C (SAdV-C)," associated with a 1997 outbreak of acute respiratory illness in captive baboons (4 of 9) at a primate research facility in Texas. None of the six AdVs recovered from baboons (BaAdVs) during the outbreak, including the two baboons who died from pneumonia, were typeable. Since clinical samples from the two fatal cases were not available, whole-genome sequencing of nasal isolates from one sick baboon and three asymptomatic baboons during the outbreak was performed. Three AdVs were members of species SAdV-C (BaAdV-2 and BaAdV-4 were genetically identical, and BaAdV-3), while one (BaAdV-1) was a member of the recently described SAdV-B species. BaAdV-3 was the only AdV among the 4 isolated from a sick baboon, and thus was deemed to be the cause of the outbreak. Significant divergence (<58% amino acid identity) was found in one of the fiber proteins of BaAdV-3 relative to BaAdV-2 and -4, suggesting that BaAdV-3 may be a rare SAdV-C recombinant. Neutralizing antibodies to the other 3 AdVs, but not BaAdV-3, were detected in healthy baboons from 1996 to 2003 and staff personnel from 1997. These results implicate a novel adenovirus species (SAdV-C) in an acute respiratory outbreak in a baboon colony and underscore the potential for cross-species transmission of AdVs between humans and nonhuman primates. IMPORTANCE Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that infect many animals, including humans and monkeys. In 1997, an outbreak of acute respiratory illness from AdVs occurred in a baboon colony in Texas. Here we use whole-genome sequencing and antibody testing to investigate new AdVs in baboons (BaAdVs) during the outbreak, one of which, BaAdV-3, came from a sick animal. By sequence analysis, BaAdV-3 may be a recombinant strain that arose from a related BaAdV found in baboons nearby in the colony (who were not sick) and yet another unknown AdV. We also found antibodies to these new BaAdVs in baboons and staff personnel at the facility. Taken together, our findings of a new AdV species as the cause of an acute respiratory outbreak in a baboon colony underscore the ongoing threat from emerging viruses that may carry the potential for cross-species transmission between monkeys and humans.
RECONCEPTUALIZING GENDER IN POSTSOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION

This article traces the gendered consequences of changes in the problem of combining work and family caused by the collapse of state socialism in former East Germany. The transition to capitalism made the trade-offs between work and family more extreme, amplified the experiential distance between work and family, and increased the perceived social value of work relative to family activities. These processes highlighted gender stratification: Women's labor power was devalued just as the value of paid employment increased, and women were increasingly excluded from work just as women's family roles seemed to lose value for society. This study suggests that feminists should conceptualize postsocialist transitions not only as changing labor market conditions and state policies but also as shaping gender relations through changing the meanings and experiences of work and family activities.
A 65nm CMOS 140 GHz 27.3 dBm EIRP transmit array with membrane antenna for highly scalable multi-chip phase arrays

This paper presents a scalable transmit phase array operating at 140 GHz which employs a local PLL reference generation system. Unlike traditional CMOS phase arrays, this enables the array to be formed over multiple chips while avoiding the challenges of distributing mm-wave signals between them. The prototype chip consumes 131 mW of power and occupies 1.95 mm 2 of chip area when implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology.
Otto Ege: His Manuscript Fragment Collection and the Opportunities Presented by Electronic Technology

What do the following institutions with special collections of rare books and manuscripts have in common: Rutgers University Libraries, The Boston University School of Theology Library, Columbia University Libraries, the Houghton Library of Harvard University, and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University? They all have individual leaves of manuscripts formerly in the proud possession of one man named Otto Ege. And, indeed, it is possible to expand upon this list by adding the names of at least twenty other museums, college and university libraries, and private collections. This article explores the life and career of Otto Ege the dean of the Cleveland Institute of Art and a collector of medieval manuscripts and his dismembering of medieval codices and distributing their single leaves to libraries, museums, and collectors. The author points to the promise of digitally reconstructing the original codices.
Storage and evacuation of spermatozoa from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands in domestic fowl.

Abstract Autoradiography with 3H-labeled spermatozoa was utilized to study spermatozoal oviductal interrelationships. Results demonstrated that sperm displacement from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands did not occur in domestic fowl. Furthermore, there was no indication that phagocytosis of labeled spermatozoa by sperm gland epithelium occurred. Associated studies demonstrated that extensive head-to-head agglutination occurred between freshly ejaculated spermatozoa, but the ability to agglutinate was lost as the sperm cells aged. On the basis of these observations, it was proposed that agglutination may be the basic mechanism controlling sperm storage and release from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands. A working model to this effect was presented.
A binary image preprocessor for document quality improvement and data reduction

A new binary image-enhancement operation is proposed to suppress noise in documents, introduced, e.g., by poor-quality copying. As opposed to approaches previously published, the new technique does not erode characters, symbols, drawing elements, etc, and thus improves the intelligibility of documents. In addition, it is shown that the new preprocessing method reduces significantly the data volume necessary to represent documents in compressed form. Finally, a low-cost hardware implementation is proposed, suitable of being integrated, e.g., in future scanning devices.
An Alternative to Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis

This Commentary discusses the role of NFkappaB signaling in lung inflammation and fibrosis.
Protected resource access for mobile agent-based distributed computing

This paper describes the mobile agent paradigm for distributed computing, and outlines the security-related issues encountered in supporting it. One of the major requirements is the provision of access control mechanisms for server resources. Several possible designs are discussed, and one such proxy-based design, which we have developed in conjunction with the Ajanta mobile agent system, is described in detail. Extensions of this mechanism which allow accounting of usage and selective revocation of access privileges are discussed. The Java security model is also described, since the security of the proxy mechanism depends on it.
Measurement of the Landsat Thematic Mapper modulation transfer function using an array of point sources

This paper presents a method for measuring the Thematic Mapper (TM) imaging system point spread function (PSF) using TM imagery or a specially constructed target consisting of a two-dimensional array of approximate point sources of known dimensions and radiometric qualities. The target allows 16 separate point sources to be imaged simultaneously by the TM. The point sources were carefully placed on the ground so that their relative positions were known. Owing to sample-scene phasing, each imaged point source exhibits a different amount of blur in the digital image. The target pixels may then be recombined according to their known relative positions to form a single, sampled, nonaliased imaging system PSF. The modulation transfer function is then obtained as the modulus of the discrete Fourier transform of the PSF.
Orbits and Pulsations of the Classical ζ Aurigae Binaries

We have derived new orbits for ζ Aur, 32 Cyg, and 31 Cyg with observations from the Tennessee State University (TSU) Automatic Spectroscopic Telescope, and used them to identify nonorbital velocities of the cool supergiant components of these systems. We measure periods in those deviations, identify unexpected long-period changes in the radial velocities, and place upper limits on the rotation of these stars. These radial-velocity variations are not obviously consistent with radial pulsation theory, given what we know about the masses and sizes of the components. Our concurrent photometry detected the nonradial pulsations driven by tides (ellipsoidal variation) in both ζ Aur and 32 Cyg, at a level and phasing roughly consistent with simple theory to first order, although they seem to require moderately large gravity darkening. However, the K component of 32 Cyg must be considerably bigger than expected, or have larger gravity darkening than ζ Aur, to fit its amplitude. However, again there is precious little evidence for the normal radial pulsation of cool stars in our photometry. Hα shows some evidence for chromospheric heating by the B component in both ζ Aur and 32 Cyg, and the three stars show among them a meager ~2-3 outbursts in their winds of the sort seen occasionally in cool supergiants. We point out two fundamental questions in the interpretation of these stars: (1) whether it is appropriate to model the surface brightness as gravity darkening and (2) whether much of the nonorbital velocity structure may actually represent changes in the convective flows in the stars' atmospheres.
Pathways to support genetically modified (GM) foods in South Korea: Deliberate reasoning, information shortcuts, and the role of formal education.

Analyzing survey data on the issue of GM foods in South Korea, this study examines two competing routes – deliberate reasoning versus information shortcuts – to forming opinions on controversial science. Findings indicated that both deliberate reasoning and information shortcuts were in play; but the process was moderated by a person’s education level. The well educated were more likely than the less educated to engage in deliberate reasoning when shaping their support for GM foods. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail.
Alamouti and differential transmit diversity for air-to-ground communications

The placement of two antennas on an air vehicle is one possible practice for overcoming signal obstruction created by vehicle maneuvering during air-to-ground transmission. However, for some vehicle attitudes, this practice also leads to self-interference nulls. This paper discusses application of unitary space-time codes such as the Alamouti and differential transmit diversity schemes to overcome the self-interference effect observed in such systems.
Fatty lesions in and around the heart: a pictorial review

A wide variety of fat-containing entities occur in and near the heart. These findings are often encountered by radiologists and may be incidental or the reason for the patient's clinical presentation. Cross-sectional imaging helps to characterize the extent of these lesions and to formulate a differential diagnosis, which varies by lesion location, imaging features and patient demographics. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to familiarize radiologists with these fat-containing lesions and to help avoid misdiagnosis and errors in management. This pictorial review will discuss the normal fatty structures in and around the heart. A range of common and uncommon fat-containing lesions will then be reviewed based upon lesion location.
Highlights from the latest WHI publications and the latest North American Menopause Society position statement on use of menopausal hormone therapy

■ ABSTRACT This article updates clinicians on the use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) by reviewing key recommendations and observations from the North American Menopause Society’s (NAMS) 2007 position statement on HT use in peri- and postmenopausal women and then summarizing and interpreting three new reports from the Women’s Health Initiative released after the NAMS statement.
A Systematic Approach to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Interpretation of Sports Medicine Injuries of the Knee

Magnetic resonance imaging is performed more commonly on the knee than on any other joint, and it is an excellent diagnostic tool that can aid in the evaluation of a host of sports-related injuries involving the ligaments, tendons, menisci, osseous structures, and articular surfaces. A thorough evaluation of the images, however, can be a daunting task, as the study often contains dozens of images obtained with multiple pulse sequences and in several imaging planes. A systematic approach will facilitate an accurate and timely evaluation of this complex examination and will ensure that all of the clinically relevant structures are adequately assessed. This article will provide a systematic approach to the interpretation of a magnetic resonance examination of the knee. The normal imaging appearance of each anatomical structure will be described, and the optimal pulse sequence and imaging plane for the evaluation of each structure will be discussed. Finally, the signs of injury will be described and illustrated.
Transcranial direct current stimulation over posterior parietal cortex modulates visuospatial localization

Visual localization is based on the complex interplay of bottom-up and top-down processing. Based on previous work, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is assumed to play an essential role in this interplay. In this study, we investigated the causal role of the PPC in visual localization. Specifically, our goal was to determine whether modulation of the PPC via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could induce visual mislocalization similar to that induced by an exogenous attentional cue (Wright, Morris, & Krekelberg, 2011). We placed one stimulation electrode over the right PPC and the other over the left PPC (dual tDCS) and varied the polarity of the stimulation. We found that this manipulation altered visual localization; this supports the causal involvement of the PPC in visual localization. Notably, mislocalization was more rightward when the cathode was placed over the right PPC than when the anode was placed over the right PPC. This mislocalization was found within a few minutes of stimulation onset, it dissipated during stimulation, but then resurfaced after stimulation offset and lasted for another 10-15 min. On the assumption that excitability is reduced beneath the cathode and increased beneath the anode, these findings support the view that each hemisphere biases processing to the contralateral hemifield and that the balance of activation between the hemispheres contributes to position perception (Kinsbourne, 1977; Szczepanski, Konen, & Kastner, 2010).
Rapid Respiratory Failure after Heart Transplant

Introduction Strongyloides is a helminthic intestinal parasite that is common in tropical regions. In immunosuppressed individuals it may cause a hyperinfection syndrome with fatal complications. We present one such case. Case Report A 60 year old Hispanic male presents 2 months after heart transplantation (HT) with fatigue. His post transplant course was complicated by recurrent rejection requiring intravenous steroids. His immunosuppression included tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone. On presentation, he underwent endomyocardial biopsy which demonstrated 1R rejection. Echocardiography revealed normal allograft function. He developed respiratory distress requiring intubation, followed by profound hypotension necessitating vasopressor and broad spectrum antimicrobial support. Due to difficulty with oxygenation, he underwent urgent bronchoscopy. Over the next 72 hours, he became increasingly unstable. On hospital day 4, Papanicolaou staining identified Strongyloides in the bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. [ figure 1 ] Ivermectin 200mg was initiated and on hospital day 7 with the patient continuing to do poorly, albendazole was added. This resulted in improvement in his hemodynamic and respiratory status, however, his mental status failed to recover. Lumbar puncture revealed Strongyloides in the cerebro-spinal fluid. On hospital day 26 life sustaining support was withdrawn and the patient passed away. Summary Atypical symptoms and rapid deterioration in HT patients without a clear cause should prompt an early investigation for strongyloides. Screening of high risk populations, such as those from endemic areas, of both potential donors and recipients should be discussed as pre-treatment may prevent catastrophic complications.
Path planning of a Dubins vehicle for sequential target observation with ranged sensors

We discuss time-optimal path planning for a Dubins vehicle operating in a planar environment required to investigate a series of static objects of interest. The objects are obscured such that they can be viewed only from a specified direction. The vehicle is equipped with an arbitrary number of sensors projecting circle sector viewing areas of arbitrary size and offset angle from the vehicle's heading, allowing for a range of vehicle orientations at which the objects can be viewed. Our objective is to minimize the total path distance the vehicle must travel while ensuring that the vehicle views all targets once from their respective required viewing direction. We discretize the sensors' area and examine the resulting possible solutions with an exhaustive search algorithm and show Monte Carlo simulation results of the exhaustive search algorithm compared to a standard Dubins algorithm.
Clinical Trials in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology: Science or Product Testing?

During the recent era of evidence-based medicine, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been regarded as the most authoritative method of evaluating interventions. The methodology is utilized not only in medicine, but in other fields such as economics, education, and agriculture. In psychiatry and clinical psychology, RCTs have been utilized extensively in conjunction with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM) [1]. This RCT/DSM combination has produced somewhat limited progress, both in identifying efficacious treatments and in facilitating progress in better understanding the scientific foundations of clinical intervention in these fields. This unhappy circumstance results not from limitations of the RCT as a tool of inductive logic, but rather its use with data that are neither theoretically grounded nor psychometrically sound, under background conditions in which publication bias and economic interest converge to distort the rational, impartial use of the RCT. Until the biases due to human interests are reduced and the fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology are more scientifically advanced, the RCT will be of limited use.
Prediction of growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in milk during storage under fluctuating temperature

Abstract Accurate prediction of growth of undesirable organisms (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens ) in perishable foods (e.g., milk), held under sub-ideal storage conditions, can help ensure the quality and safety of these foods at the point of consumption. In this investigation, we inoculated sterile milk with P. fluorescens (~10 3 cfu/mL) and monitored inoculum growth behavior at constant and fluctuating storage temperatures. Three storage temperatures, 4°C, 15°C and 29°C, were selected to simulate proper refrigeration conditions (4°C) and temperature abuse, respectively. To simulate temperature fluctuation, milk held at 4°C was subjected to temperature shifts to 15°C or 29°C for 4 to 6h. A modified logistic model was used to obtain the best-fit curve for the microbial growth under constant storage temperature. The specific growth rates at 4°C, 15°C, and 29°C, obtained from experimental data, were 0.056±0.00, 0.17±0.05, and 0.46±0.02h −1 , respectively, and the lag time values were 29.5±4.2, 12.7±4.4, and 2.8±0.3h, respectively. A model predicting bacterial growth under different temperature fluctuations was obtained using the growth parameters extracted from constant temperature experiments. Growth behavior predicted by the fluctuating temperature model and that obtained experimentally were in good agreement. Lag time exhibited a larger variation compared with specific growth rate, suggesting that it depends not only on growth temperature but also on the sample population and temperature gradient. Additionally, experimental data showed that changing the temperature during the lag phase induced an additional lag time before growth; however, no significant lag time was observed under the temperature fluctuation during the exponential phase. The results of this study provide information for precise shelf-life determination and reduction of food waste, particularly for milk and milk-containing food products.
Severe non-infective systemic inflammatory response syndrome, shock, and end-organ dysfunction after zoledronic acid administration in a child

Zoledronic acid is an intravenous bisphosphonate used to increase bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fractures. Its safety profile compares well with pamidronate in pediatric patients. We describe an acute, severe, life-threatening, inflammatory reaction in a child. A 7-year-old boy with complex medical problems and chronic ventilator requirements was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (due to ventilator needs) for zoledronic acid infusion and subsequent monitoring. His history was significant for osteoporosis secondary to immobilization with multiple fractures since 2 years of age, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, quadriplegic cerebral palsy, seizure disorder, ventilator dependence, and pulmonary hypertension. He had previously been treated with four cycles of pamidronate without adverse events. He received 0.013 mg/kg of zoledronic acid infused over 30 minutes. Beginning 3 hours after completion of the infusion, he developed progressive tachycardia, fever, hypotension requiring vasopressor infusion, and increasing oxygen requirements. Laboratory studies revealed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated C-reactive protein, abnormal coagulation profile, metabolic acidosis, and negative cultures. The following day, he developed moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary hemorrhage requiring higher ventilatory settings, and subsequently diarrhea and abdominal distension. Initial clinical resolution was noted from the third day onward, and he was discharged on the sixth day after zoledronate administration. Our pediatric patient demonstrated an acute, severe, life-threatening reaction to zoledronic acid requiring intensive cardiorespiratory support without an underlying pre-existing inflammatory disorder. Our case highlights the importance of careful monitoring of children following zoledronic acid therapy. We recommend inpatient observation after an initial infusion of zoledronic acid in medically complex children. Children and their parents should be thoroughly counseled on the potential risks of bisphosphonate treatment, which can sometimes be severe and life threatening.
Near-interfacial halogen atom exchange in collisions of Cl2 with 2.7 M NaBr-glycerol.

Gas–liquid scattering experiments are used to investigate reactions of Cl2 with a 2.7 M NaBr–glycerol solution at 291 K. Only the single and double halogen exchange products, BrCl and Br2, are observed to desorb from solution. When Cl2 molecules strike the surface at thermal collision energies, 76% desorb as Cl2 before reacting, 1% react to form BrCl, and 23% react to form Br2. Residence time measurements, modeled by mass-transfer equations for absorption, diffusion, reaction, and evaporation, were used to determine the time and depth scales for Cl2 escape and BrCl and Br2 production. This modeling indicates that Cl2 molecules desorb from the interfacial region in less than 1 μs or are attacked within this time by Br– ions and irreversibly captured as Cl2Br–. The products BrCl and Br2 are created primarily within the top few monolayers of the solution and then evaporate on average 12 and 28 μs after Cl2 initially reacts with Br–. Notably, Br2 is not generated from BrCl via Cl2Br– → BrCl + Cl– and BrCl + B...
The Importance of Forestry and Forest Entomology in the South

I appreciate the opportunity to appear here today and give you my views on the importance of forestry and forest entomology in the South. When I accepted the invitation, I felt a moderate degree of confidence in my ability to handle the subject. My complacency was somewhat shaken, however, when I received a copy of your program and saw that 14 other forest entomologists were also scheduled to discuss entomology subjects. Please bear in mind that these other men are the real experts and know intimately what they are talking about. I shall, however, attempt to set the stage for them by keeping my remarks fairly general, and thus avoid treading on the toes of those who will appear later on the program.
Effects of Ultra-low Concentrations of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electromechanical Properties of Cement Paste

This study analyzed the effects of ultra-low concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) on the electromechanical properties of cement paste. Here, 0.025 and 0.050 wt% of MWNTs were dispersed using a poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) aqueous solution, which was then used for casting specimens. Because these concentrations make large-scale applications much more feasible, sample consistency and effects of saturation were also studied. Their resistivity ranges and strain sensing properties (i.e., gage factors) were characterized.
48 THE SILENCING MEDIATOR OF RETINOID AND THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS REPRESSES ADIPOGENESIS VIA ITS DISTAL INTERACTING DOMAIN.

Obesity is known to be a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Thus, it is important to understand the factors that modulate adipogenesis. Adipogenesis requires the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). NHRs recruit coactivators (CoAs) in the presence of agonists to increase gene transcription; in addition, some NHRs also recruit nuclear receptor corepressors (CoRs) under certain circumstances. CoRs, such as the nuclear corepressor protein (NCoR) and the silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), recruit a histone deacetylase complex to repress gene transcription. Using a RNA interference system to decrease SMRT and NCoR expression in 3T3-L1 cells, we have previously shown that CoRs repress adipogenesis and decrease the expression of adipocyte-specific proteins by modulating PPARgamma transcriptional activity. We have additionally shown that the intracellular balance of CoRs and CoAs dictates the ability of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are PPARgamma ligands used clinically in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. To define the mechanisms of CoR recruitment by PPARgamma in 3T3-L1 cells, we have now focused on the corepressor SMRT. SMRT contains two interacting domains (IDs) that are required for interactions with NHRs. Interestingly, and contrary to other NHRs, PPARgamma interacts with SMRT specifically via the SMRT C-terminal ID (SMRT ID1). To define the amino acids important in specifying the ability of ID1 to function, residues within this domain were mutated to the corresponding residues in the proximal SMRT ID (ID2). Interestingly, a single amino acid within ID1, which is not conserved in ID2, appears to be vital in the recruitment of SMRT by PPARgamma. In contrast, this specific sequence is not required for SMRT interactions with the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), another NHR that interacts strongly with SMRT. Thus, the ability of PPARgamma to recruit the corepressor SMRT is dependent on specific residues within the SMRT C-terminal ID that are distinct from amino acids important for interactions with other NHRs. We have shown that the ability of TZDs to up-regulate PPARgamma-mediated processes is dependent on the balance of CoRs and CoAs. These data also suggest that it might be possible to specifically alter PPARgamma-SMRT interactions to modify TZD action on adipogenesis.
Research on Reliability Evaluation Methods of Electrical Meter

The paper introduces the present situation and problems in reliability evaluation research of electrical meters,and proposes that the reliability prediction and reliability accelerating testing are two important technologies for reliability assessment of electrical meters,of which the realization methods,peculiarity and limitation are discussed. Based on the technical features of meters and the requirements of reliability evaluation technology,the reliability prediction based on component stress method and reliability test combining accelerated life testing with accelerated degradation testing are proposed,which are the most valuable methods applied in reliability evaluation of electrical meters in theoretical and practical engineering.
Water Model Study of Bubble Behavior in Matte Smelting Process with Oxygen Bottom Blowing

Water model study of oxygen bottom blowing converter for matte smelting was carried out,and the effects of main factors such as nozzle numbers,angles,diameters and the gas velocity on the mean bubble diameter,gas holdup and liquid splashing were investigated.The results show that large-diameter nozzle increases the mean bubble diameter,and leads to splashing with serious slag entrapment.The increase of inclination angle of nozzles weakens the splashing in the bath and decreases the gas holdup.Larger gas velocity has advantage for bubbles dispersion and disintegration,but the splashing gets more serious.Compared with single nozzle,the performance of double nozzle is better,and its splashing is weaker.When the angle between two nozzles is 44°,the gas holdup reaches its maximum of 9%.
Error budgets: a system to characterize error source in health care experimentation.

OBJECTIVE In the design of an experiment, it is important that all significant sources of error be identified and characterized accurately before the experiment is executed. For many experiments, the experiment designer is less inclined to ignore significant error factors when he adopts the use of an error budget in his experiment design process. A plan for generating an accurate error budget is presented along with a discussion concerning the disposition of significant error sources. METHODS Specific methods discussed to generate the error budget are the fishbone diagram, factor weighing and Pareto analysis. Specific dispositions suggested are to eliminate, attenuate, characterize or to simply acknowledge the error with no remedy. These procedures, adhered to by most successful experiment design teams in industry, have evolved over recent decades and seem to be of use as they are applied to health care research. RESULTS Use of the outlined method forces the experimenter to become familiarized with the most significant variables of the experiment he or she is designing through the deliberate examination of experimental noise contributors and through the comparison of the experimental noise to the magnitudes of the measurements in the experiment. CONCLUSION The design of health care research experiments may be streamlined by incorporating the methods outlined in the generation of an error budget and by properly using the error budget to dispose of each source of error properly.
Superresolution Microscopy as a Percolation Problem: Maximum Achievable Imaging Density and Resolution Cost

Superresolution microscopy experiments can be accelerated by utilizing software and algorithms that estimate multiple fluorophore positions from overlapping images. While these approaches enable faster imaging via simultaneous activation of more fluorophores, there is a cost in computational complexity and resolution, as estimates become less precise. We have estimated the maximum achievable density of activated fluorophores by applying percolation theory, and we find that each fluorophore should have (on average) no more than 4 activated fluorophores overlapping it. When more fluorophores are activated, there is a network of overlapping images that span the computational window, leading to significant edge effects and ill-posed computational problems. For typical imaging conditions, this corresponds to approximately 8 activated fluorophores per square micron, a common experimental condition. When we perform Cramer-Rao Lower Bound calculations for localization precision when a fluorophore has 4 activated neighbors we get a predicted localization precision that agrees well with Monte Carlo simulations performed by other investigators. We conclude that a percolation model can provide useful insight into localization problems in microscopy, correctly predicting maximum achievable experimental speed and resolution, while also enabling generalization to some 3D imaging conditions (e.g. elliptical point spread functions).
Aetiologies and outcomes of wounds in an outpatient programme

This study reviewed the records of all new patients seen in an outpatient wound-care programme during a six-month period. Most of the 115 patients were referred by physicians in internal medicine or family practice (48%) or surgeons (39%); 101 had a wound (88%). Of the 92 who had their wound measured at the time of their first clinic visit, 72 (78%) had their largest wound located on a lower extremity and 40% of all lower extremity wounds were on the feet. Wounds were most frequently due to pressure (36%), venous insufficiency (16%), diabetic neuropathy (16%), or arterial insufficiency (1 3%). Within 12 months of their initial presentation, wound closure was documented in 35 of the 92 patients (38%). Of the four most common aetiologies, the healing rate was highest in wounds attributable to venous insufficiency (67%) (p < 0.02).
New approaches for fibrosis regression in alcoholic cirrhosis

Liver fibrosis is a dynamic process of fibrinogenesis and fibrinolysis. It is sequelae of recurrent injury and inflammation to the liver. Only recently has there been significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology behind liver fibrosis. This has allowed for the development of identifiable targets for potential therapies. In this article we will discuss the underlying general cellular mechanisms that play a key role in the pathway of fibrinogenesis and fibrinolysis and then focus on the mechanisms that are key in alcohol-induced liver fibrosis. Challenges in formulating potential fibrosis therapies as well as current potential targets for liver fibrosis will be reviewed as well.
Where Is the PSA

A 67-year-old man with known prostate carcinoma presented with aches and pain. It recurred with diffuse bone metastases but no detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA)2 in the serum. Biopsies revealed prostatic adenocarcinoma with Gleason score 7 and metastatic prostatic carcinoma of bone marrow and lymph nodes. He had responded previously to chemotherapy and radium-223 as …
Snowpack Loss Promotes Soil Freezing and Concrete Frost Formation in a Northeastern Temperate Softwoods Stand

Abstract Snowpack produces a thermal layer that protects soil from freezing and provides a pulse of nutrient-rich water in spring. Climate forecasts for Maine indicate 20–60% reduction in snowfall by 2050. In January 2015, we initiated a snow-removal experiment in Old Town, ME to investigate the impact of snow loss on forest soil conditions. Snow removal significantly lowered winter organic horizon temperatures by 2 °C on average. Soils in snow-removal plots were 25% wetter during the vernal transition because precipitation was not intercepted by snow. These rain-on-soil events caused the formation of concrete frost, delaying soil thaw in snow-removal plots. Our results provide evidence that snowpack loss increases soil frost and can also increase soil moisture, potentially altering biotic function within a coniferous forest type.
Nostalgia as a Psychological Resource for a Meaningful Life

Nostalgia is a mostly positive emotional experience that involves reminiscing about personally significant events and/or social relationships. A growing literature indicates that nostalgic reflection generally promotes well-being. This chapter focuses on how nostalgia promotes well-being by functioning as a resource for meaning in life. First, we discuss research demonstrating that nostalgic memories are meaningful memories and that reflecting on nostalgic memories bolsters a sense of meaning in life. Moreover, we review evidence that nostalgia is a psychological resource that people turn to when experiencing meaning deficits. Further, nostalgia functions to buffer existential threats and mitigate the negative consequences of lack of meaning. Finally, we discuss research suggesting that nostalgia encourages the pursuit of the good life by energizing meaning-making efforts of authenticity, self-growth, and interpersonal connection.
Analytic Investigation of a Structural Differentiation Model for Social Media Production Groups

In the previous chapters, we articulated the role of evolutionary processes on Wikipedia and similar social media production sites and then outlined the main reasoning behind using entropy as a measure of structuration. The main claim is that, just like many of self-organizing voluntary organizations, online social groups need to overcome the increasing costs of communication and coordination as they continue to grow and evolve, which they do via the emergence of leading contributors who work substantially more than their peers. In this chapter, we will look at the contours of leadership groups and at their temporal persistence, or stickiness, the latter of which we will assess via their turnover. We will further analyze the relationship between the evolution of group structuration (entropy) and elite stickiness in order to elucidate the role of elites in relation to the larger organization. Finally, we will examine the factors that explain how individuals advance to elite status, thereby adding a microlevel perspective to the meso- and macro-level dynamics under study.
Local adaptation during implementation: A case study of the Fussy Baby Network® New Orleans and Gulf Coast initiative

Abstract Scholars and practitioners recognize that adaptation is necessary, and can enhance program outcomes, when scaling early interventions. This study used a framework for implementation that identified critical elements for understanding the adaptation process including: a) who made the adaptations, such as model developers and staff members, b) what elements were adapted, c) how adaptations occurred, such as adding or removing elements, d) when adaptations took place, such as at the beginning of implementation or as an on-going process, and e) why the adaptations occurred. Erikson Institute’s Fussy Baby Network ® (FBN) service program has been implemented in seven cities across the United States. Implementation of FBN in the New Orleans and Gulf Coast (NOGC) region began in 2012. Using a longitudinal phenomenological study design, FBNNOGC program and institutional staff were interviewed over three years at ten time points. This study identified five adaptations of FBN to NOGC: a) increasing length and intensity of services, b) adding a family advocate, c) integrating academic and clinical contexts, d) changing the program name, branding, and outreach materials, and e) networking with other providers. No adaptations were made to the program model or training, which ensured program fidelity.
Preschool Children Transfer Real-World Moral Reasoning into Pretense.

Abstract Is it wrong to pretend to kick or pretend to steal? The current experiment examined whether preschoolers extend their moral principles from reality into pretense and whether this transfer depends on the proximity of the pretend world to the real world. Children are known to transfer their knowledge of object properties, causality, and problem solutions between pretend and real worlds. However, do children maintain their real-world moral reasoning in pretense? Preschoolers (N = 63) judged the acceptability of antisocial behaviors in pretend, fantastical, or non-pretend scenarios. Children found antisocial behaviors to be equally unacceptable in both pretend and non-pretend situations but found antisocial behaviors to be more acceptable in the fantastical situations. These results imply that children extend their real-world representations of morality in pretense, but more so for pretend scenarios that are similar to the real world. Implications for children’s understanding of the reality-fantasy boundary and moral reasoning are discussed.
1.02 – A Typology of Memory Terms

Psychologists have used numerous terms to describe and distinguish among various types of memory. Some of the most popular terms are briefly defined and illustrated according to their usage. These include broad distinctions such as explicit and implicit memory, conscious and unconscious forms of memory, voluntary and involuntary retention, intentional and incidental learning and retrieval, declarative and procedural memory, and retrospective and prospective memory. Additional forms of memory are discussed and organized in terms of their duration, ranging from brief sensory memories and short-term conscious memories to varieties of long-term memory.
Enhancing Keyword Search in Relational Databases Using Nearly Duplicate Records.

The importance of supporting keyword searches on relations has been widely recognized. Different from the existing keyword search techniques on relations, this paper focuses on nearly duplicate records in relational databases due to abbreviation and typos. As a result, processing keyword searches with duplicate records involves many unique challenges. In this paper we discuss the motivation and present a system, RSEARCH, to show challenges in supporting keyword search using nearly duplicate records and key techniques including identifying nearly duplicate records and generating results efficiently.
OBJECTIONS TO DISCOVERY BY COMPUTER

This chapter discusses the objections to the discovery of artificial intelligence programs by computer. It presents the objections that apply to some forms of computer discovery or computer-aided search for theories: (1) people have various kinds of special knowledge that computers do not have, and that knowledge makes people better at discovery than computers can possibly be; (2) discovery is a form of inference and inference should proceed in accordance with the requirements of Bayesian statistics and Bayesian epistemology, but computer programs that aid in scientific discovery often do not work on strict Bayesian principles; and (3) offering computer programs that are intended to aid in the process of discovery is like playing with fire. Artificial intelligence programs for discovering statistical models are really carrying out decision procedures, but they do not act like rational Bayesian agents. Even if a program has carried out Bayesian calculations, whatever prior probability distribution and utilities the program uses may not be shared by human researchers. From a Bayesian perspective, the TETRAD program is a device for investigating a part of the catch-all hypothesis and for locating within it specific alternatives that give the evidence a reasonable likelihood and that have the virtues of simplicity and explanatory power.
Using resonant soft x-ray scattering to image patterns on undeveloped resists

Extreme ultraviolet lithography is one of the most promising printing techniques for high volume semiconductor manufacturing at the 14 nm half-pitch device node and beyond. However, key challenges around EUV photoresist materials such as the exposure-dose sensitivity or the line-width roughness continue to impede the full adoption into industrial nanofab facilities. New metrology tools are required to address these challenges by helping to determine the impact of the EUV materials’ properties and processing conditions on the roughness through the different step of the process. Here, we apply the resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSOXS) technique to gain insights into the structure of patterned EUV resists before the development step takes place. By using energies around the carbon absorption edge to take advantage of small differences in chemistry, the electronic density contrast between the exposed and unexposed regions of the resists could be enhanced in order to image the patterns with sub-nm precision. Critical-dimension grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (CDGISAXS) was then performed at energies where the contrast was maximized, enabling the reconstruction of the 3D shape of the latent image. This demonstrates the potential of RSOXS to provide a high-resolution heightsensitive profile of patterned EUV resists, which will help to quantify the evolution of critical features, such as the line edge roughness, at each step of the nanofabrication process.
First Complete Genome Sequence of a Genotype A2, Subgroup 4 Small Ruminant Lentivirus

ABSTRACT Genetic variation in the ovine TMEM154 gene associates with susceptibility to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection. We report here the first complete genome sequence for a genotype A2, subgroup 4 SRLV isolated from a Hampshire ewe with two copies of a TMEM154 frameshift mutation predicted to abolish protein function.
Group Actions on Rings: Some Classical Problems

A great deal of work has been done in the last ten years on actions of finite groups on non-commutative rings. However, many questions remain open, and we shall discuss here fifteen such questions. These problems are all related to a common circle of ideas which have roots in the classical theory of commutative algebra and invariant theory. In particular, our topics include integrality, prime ideals, chain conditions, and invariants of generic matrix rings. For each question, we survey the known parital results; additionally, in the section on prime ideals, we give some new proofs and even some new results. Finally, we discuss the problem of classifying the actions of a given group on a specific ring.