cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale Effects of Geographical Soil Datasets on Soil Carbon Estimation in Louisiana, USA: A Comparison of STATSGO and SSURGO

Abstract Estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and fluxes bears large uncertainties because SOC stocks vary greatly over geographical space and through time. Although development of the U.S. Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), currently the most detailed level with a map scale ranging from 1:12 000 to 1:63 360, has involved substantial government funds and coordinated network efforts, very few studies have utilized it for soil carbon assessment at the large landscape scale. The objectives of this study were to 1) compare estimates in soil organic matter among SSURGO, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO), and referenced field measurements at the soil map unit; 2) examine the influence of missing data on SOC estimation by SSURGO and STATSGO; 3) quantify spatial differences in SOC estimation between SSURGO and STATSGO, specifically for the state of Louisiana; and 4) assess scale effects on soil organic carbon density (SOCD) estimates from a soil map unit to a watershed and a river basin scale. SOC was estimated using soil attributes of SSURGO and STATSGO including soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil layer depth, and bulk density. Paired t -test, correlation, and regression analyses were performed to investigate various relations of SOC and SOM among the datasets. There were positive relations of SOC estimates between SSURGO and STATSGO at the soil map unit ( R 2 = 0.56, n = 86, t = 1.65, P = 0.102; depth: 30 cm). However, the SOC estimated by STATSGO were 9%, 33% and 36% lower for the upper 30-cm, the upper 1-m, and the maximal depth (up to 2.75 m) soils, respectively, than those from SSURGO. The difference tended to increase as the spatial scale changes from the soil map unit to the watershed and river basin scales. Compared with the referenced field measurements, the estimates in SOM by SSURGO showed a closer match than those of STATSGO, indicating that the former was more accurate than the latter in SOC estimation, both in spatial and temporal resolutions. Further applications of SSURGO in SOC estimation for the entire United States could improve the accuracy of soil carbon accounting in regional and national carbon balances.
A co‐ordinated captive‐breeding programme for Rothschild's or Mountain peacock pheasant: Polyplectron inopinatum

In the late 1980s a coordinated captive-breeding programme was initiated for Rothschild's or Mountain peacock pheasant Polyplectron inopinatum after it was discovered that the species was probably being smuggled from Malaysia to Singapore and being sold on from there. Under a captive-breeding agreement that was set up in 1991, ownership of wild-caught birds would remain with the Malaysian government as would 50% of any progeny: the other 50% would be owned by the holder of the birds as long as they continued to participate in the programme. Thirty-two Mountain peacock pheasants were removed from the wild over a number of years and c. 450 birds have hatched and been reared in captivity from sixteen of these original founders. This article describes basic husbandry and breeding procedures for P. inopinatum, as well as the success achieved by the co-ordinatcd captive-breeding programme.
Experimental demonstration of electronic to vibrational and rotational energy transfer from Br(42P12) To HCl

Abstract A weak chemical laser was used to probe E → V,R energy transfer by an intra-cavity gain method. The probe laser is the HCl emission from flash photolysis of ClF—H 2 mixtures. The energy transfer system is Br * —HCl by flash photolysis of HCl Br 2 : Ar mixtures. Preliminary results confirm qualitatively earlier conclusions about E → V,R energy transfer by observation of IR fluorescence.
Genetic variants of the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 1 but not the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 gene are associated with asthma in an African American population.

Background The T-cell immunoglobulin mucin ( TIM ) proteins and their genetic variants have been suggested to play a role in regulating allergic diseases. Objective Genetic association of the sequence variants for TIM-1 and TIM-3 genes with asthma in an African American population was investigated. Methods Both case-control and family-based association analyses were performed for a total of 7 polymorphisms, including 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and 1 insertion/deletion polymorphism in the TIM-1 and 3 SNPs in the TIM-3 genes. The exposure to hepatitis A virus as judged by seropositivity was also examined. Results In the case-control design, the frequencies of the TT genotype for SNP rs2277025 and the homozygous deletion variant (157delMTTTVP) in the fourth exon of the TIM-1 gene were higher among patients with patients with asthma compared with the controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.779, P =.016; and OR, 3.09, P =.022, respectively). This association was substantiated by haplotype analysis of these and 2 additional SNPs (OR, 2.48; P =.004), and also by family-based tests for the allele and haplotype carrying 157delMTTTVP ( P =.009 and P =.048, respectively). Furthermore, this association seems to exist even in the hepatitis A virus–seronegative subjects in our data. None of the 3 variants in TIM-3 genes yielded significant association with either asthma or asthma-related phenotypes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the genetic variants of the TIM-1 but not the TIM-3 gene contribute to asthma susceptibility in this African-American population.
Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in a VEC Model-The Case of Singapore in the 1990s

This paper uses an error correction model to explore 1) the asymmetric effects of four different exchange rates on Singapore stock prices and 2) the effects' sensitivity to economic instability. Both the Singapore currency appreciation against the U.S. dollar and Malaysianringgit and depreciation against the Japaneseyen and Indonesianrupiah lead to a longrun increase in stock prices for most selected periods of the 1990s; however, the effect associated with the U.S. dollar exchange rate has a sign reversal between the 1997–98 crisis period and the 1999–2000 recovery period. The influence of exchange rates on stock prices increases in a chronological order in the 1990s.
A Timoshenko beam model for cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters

Piezoelectric bimorph cantilevered beams are often used as energy harvesting devices. These devices are desired for, among other applications, remote sensing and animal tracking due to their potential for eliminating the need for battery replacement. Existing models of piezoelectric bimorph cantilevered beams have proved to describe the dynamics of slender beams at high frequencies accurately. In this paper, a Timoshenko model of transverse piezoelectric beam vibration is developed to address these limitations. Exact expressions for the voltage, current, power, and tip deflection of the piezoelectric beam are derived. Subsequently, several case studies are presented that examine the frequency response of vibration-based energy harvesters using this model. It is shown that the predicted responses converge towards previously derived Euler–Bernoulli beam models under certain limiting conditions. The Timoshenko model shows that the Euler–Bernoulli model severely over-predicts the tip displacement and consequently the power transduction of a cantilevered piezoelectric bimorph at low length-to-width aspect ratios.
A 2-year follow-up study of discharged psychiatric patients with bipolar disorder

This study investigated medication compliance, disease recurrence and the recovery of social function in discharged psychiatric patients with bipolar disorder. A 2-year follow-up was conducted on all patients with bipolar disorder, who were hospitalized in our psychiatric department between June 2010 and May 2011. Risk factors for recurrence were analyzed based on a self-designed questionnaire. Of the 252 patients in the study, 210 had complete information (83.3%) for the 2-year follow-up: 170 cases of bipolar I disorder and 40 cases of bipolar II disorder. The 1-year and 2-year full-compliance rates were 41.0% and 35.7%, respectively. The 1-year and 2-year recurrence rates were 42.4% and 61.0%, respectively. Statistically significant differences in rates were found between the bipolar subtypes for 1-year full compliance, 1-year non-compliance, 2-year recurrence, and 2-year readmission. Logistic regression identified different sets of independent variables that were risk factors for recurrence, and protective factors for recurrence at 1 year and 2 years after hospital discharge. The results of the follow-up indicated that the situation of patients with bipolar disorder after discharge is not optimistic, because of high recurrence rates, high non-compliance rates and low recovery rates. Clinical and social experts should pay more attention to the situation.
An acoustic startle-based method of assessing frequency discrimination in mice

The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a reflexive contraction of skeletal muscles in response to a loud, abrupt acoustic stimulus. ASR magnitude is reduced if the startle stimulus is preceded by a weaker acoustic or non-acoustic stimulus, a phenomenon known as prepulse inhibition (PPI). PPI has been used to test various aspects of sensory discrimination in both animals and humans. Here we show that PPI of the ASR is an advantageous method of assessing frequency discrimination. We describe the apparatus and its performance testing frequency discrimination in young CD1 mice. Compared to classical conditioning paradigms, PPI of the ASR is less time consuming, produces robust results, and can be used without training even in young animals. This approach can be used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying frequency discrimination, its maturation during development, and its relationship to tonotopic organization.
Agonist-antagonist opioids: theory and clinical practice.

The agonist-antagonists are effective analgesics with some significant differences from the pure agonists. The clinical indications for these two classes overlap but are not identical. All of the agonist-antagonists have excellent safety profiles: life-threatening respiratory depression is uncommon, and minor toxic effects like nausea, constipation, and urinary retention occur less frequently than with morphine. Several of these agents have been widely available for over ten years, and during that time they have been subject to remarkably little diversion or abuse.
Alternative fuels: are they achievable?

In recent years, fossil fuels have come under increasing scrutiny, as it has become clear that there is both a limited supply and rapidly growing demand in the emerging global market. With large countries, such as China and India industrializing, the demand for petroleum-based fuels will soon exceed the supply. This growth in demand comes at the same time global warming appears to be a serious threat. Non-fossil fuel renewable energy sources may be an important alternative for both consumers and logistics managers. In this paper, the authors examine the following questions related to these alternative energy sources in the USA: What fuel source could possibly match the abundance and accessibility of petroleum-based fuels? Will these new alternatives be environmentally friendly? And ultimately, will these changes be economically feasible?
Animal mitochondrial genomes

Animal mitochondrial DNA is a small, extrachromosomal genome, typically ~16 kb in size. With few exceptions, all animal mitochondrial genomes contain the same 37 genes: two for rRNAs, 13 for proteins and 22 for tRNAs. The products of these genes, along with RNAs and proteins imported from the cytoplasm, endow mitochondria with their own systems for DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing and translation of proteins. The study of these genomes as they function in mitochondrial systems—‘mitochondrial genomics’— serves as a model for genome evolution. Furthermore, the comparison of animal mitochondrial gene arrangements has become a very powerful means for inferring ancient evolutionary relationships, since rearrangements appear to be unique, generally rare events that are unlikely to arise independently in separate evolutionary lineages. Complete mitochondrial gene arrangements have been published for 58 chordate species and 29 non-chordate species, and partial arrangements for hundreds of other taxa. This review compares and summarizes these gene arrangements and points out some of the questions that may be addressed by comparing mitochondrial systems.
Verifying fibre channel FC-AV ULP functionality in a UUT

As electronic warfare becomes more advanced, many obsolete military avionics components are being replaced with more modern components that rely on high speed busses to communicate. Among the protocols running on these high speed busses is the Fiber Channel FC-AV Upper Level Protocol. This protocol provides a means of streaming large volumes of audio and video data at high speeds over a Fiber Channel link. Due to the mission critical nature of many of these systems, maintaining system readiness through verifying these FC-AV components is vital to achieving the systems overall purpose. This paper describes a test solution for the Fiber Channel FC-AV upper level protocol implemented on a fully integrated PXI Express subsystem. This solution allows a test developer to create a test program using an application library, and execute the test on the subsystem's computer and test instrument's realtime processor. In the paper, use of the FC-AV test application library is discussed as a means of verifying the functionality of a component transmitting or receiving data over the FC-AV ULP. Particular attention is given to verification of key aspects of FC-AV traffic such as the video image data, metadata, and image refresh frequency. Methods of configuring the instruments in the subsystem to match the behavior of the unit under test through modification of the network environment at the FC-2 layer and a custom FC-AV image format are also described. Finally design tradeoffs and performance requirements considered during the development of the test solution are discussed.
Information system security curricula development

In this paper, we survey current literature concerning Information Systems Security Training and Education. This paper also describes current Information System Security Training and Education dynamics. Finally, this paper presents a graduate level information system security specialization that was developed using this information.
The yearly wave in pressure and zonal geostrophic wind at sea level on the southern hemisphere and its interannual variability

The yearly wave (first harmonic) in the sea level mean pressure on the southern hemisphere is largest at 30° S over and near the three continents, where it also explains most of the mean annual variance. In middle and high latitudes, the half-yearly wave dominates so that even in the Antarctic the yearly wave is mostly secondary. In single years, the amplitude of the yearly wave south of 40° S may be large, but as the phase varies widely from one year to another, the mean wave becomes small. The yearly wave in the mean zonal geostrophic wind at sea level is largest in the tropics and subtropics. Like the pressure wave, it is second to the half-yearly wave over most of middle and high southern latitudes. The phase of the yearly wave appears in four concentric belts as follows: maximum westerlies/minimum easterlies in summer in the tropics outside the eastern Pacific Ocean; maximum westerlies/minimum easterlies in winter in the subtropics; maximum westerlies in summer in the latitudes round 50° S (unlike the northern hemisphere); and maximum westerlies/minimum easterlies in winter over most of the area covered by sea ice. Just as the pressure wave, the yearly wave in the zonal wind has a large interannual variation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00253.x
Second generation fiscal federalism: The implications of fiscal incentives

Abstract First generation fiscal federalism (FGFF) studies the performance of decentralized systems under the assumption of benevolent social planners. Second generation fiscal federalism (SGFF) studies performance based on the fiscal and political incentives facing subnational officials. The paper focuses on three aspects of SGFF. First, it considers the design of intergovernmental transfers. While FGFF emphasizes correcting vertical and horizontal equity, SGFF emphasizes the importance of fiscal incentives for producing local economic prosperity. SGFF extends FGFF approaches by showing how non-linear transfer systems can produce both equalization and high marginal fiscal incentives to produce local economic growth. Second, the paper raises the fiscal incentive approach, showing how different tax systems produce different fiscal incentives for political officials to choose policies. Third, the paper discusses the interaction of democracy and fiscal federalism.
Electron Transfer at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. The Effects of Ionic Adsorption, Electrolyte Concentration, and Spacer Length on the Reaction Rate

Several factors affecting the rate of heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) reactions at the nonpolarized interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) were investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The reactions between zinc porphyrin in organic phase and aqueous Ru(CN)63/4- or Fe(CN)63/4- redox species, which have previously served as model systems for probing the potential dependence of the ET rate constant, were used to investigate the effects of adsorption of a reactant and a potential-determining ion on ET rate at the interfaces between water and different organic solvents. It was demonstrated that the rate constant of an interfacial ET can be either potential-independent or potential-dependent under different experimental conditions. The same model experimental systems were used to probe the kinetics of long-range ET across a monolayer of phospholipid adsorbed at the ITIES. The results obtained with a family of phosphatidylserine lipids are compared to those previo...
CHIRAL ANOMALY IN EUCLIDEAN (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL SPACE AND AN APPLICATION TO THE QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

The chiral anomaly in (2+1)-dimensions and its relationship to the zero mode of the Dirac equation in the massless case is studied. Solutions are obtained for the Dirac equation under a vector potential which generates a constant magnetic field. It is shown that there is an anomaly term associated with the corresponding chiral transformation. It can be calculated by using the regularization procedure of Fujikawa. The results are applied to the quantum Hall effect.
The Density of a Homogeneous Population of Cells Controls Resetting of the Program for Swarmer Formation in the Unicellular Marine MicroorganismNoctiluca scintillans

Abstract Noctiluca scintillansis a luminescent marine dinoflagellate. The life cycle ofNoctilucaconsists of a vegetative stage and a swarmer stage. The swarmer stage ofNoctilucais initiated by formation of a swarmer-mother cell instead of binary fission of vegetative cells. We studied the formation of swarmers under various conditions and became convinced that the cells have a strict program for the formation of swarmers which starts to operate in every cell after a defined number of cell cleavages. The probability that the program will be executed appeared to be affected by the presence of other cells. In other words, a high density of cells suppressed the expression of the program. Suppression was achieved by resetting the mechanism and was related to the number of cell divisions. Our findings provide one of the simplest examples of a mechanism by which a large population produces individuality in a group of genetically homogeneous organisms.
BILINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR A WAVE EQUATION

We consider the problem of optimal control of a wave equation. A bilinear control is used to bring the state solutions close to a desired profile under a quadratic cost of control. We establish the existence of solutions of the underlying initial boundary-value problem and of an optimal control that minimizes the cost functional. We derive an optimality system by formally differentiating the cost functional with respect to the control and evaluating the result at an optimal control. We establish existence and uniqueness of the solution of the optimality system and thus determine the unique optimal control in terms of the solution of the optimality system.
Conflicts of Memory: The Reception of Holocaust Films and TV Programmes in Italy, 1945 to the Present

Emiliano Perra (2010) Conflicts of Memory: The Reception of Holocaust Films and TV Programmes in Italy, 1945 to the Present (Oxford: Peter Lang), viii + 291 pp., ISBN 9783039118809, $66.95, paperba...
Starting with Universe: Buckminster Fuller's Design Science Now

Abstract Increasingly, decision makers seek to harness “big data” to guide choices in management and policy settings as well as in professions that manufacture, build, and innovate. Scholars examining this trend tend to diagnose it at once as techno positivist in its insistence on design yoked to quantifiable variables and computational modeling and, alternatively, as an imperative integral to realizing ecologically sustainable innovation. This article investigates this tension. It reflects on the role of futurists, designers, architects, urban planners, social scientists, and artists in interpreting and utilizing comprehensiveness as a design frame. Among nine experimental foresight workshops at the inaugural Emerge conference at Arizona State University, many focused on producing physical objects or media, one modeled and expanded upon a method pioneered by architect and polymath R. Buckminster Fuller. At a time when many of the capabilities to realize Fuller's specifications for big data have matured, I investigate whether comprehensive design as framed by Fuller's method shows promise as a trend enabling ecologically sustainable innovations. A historical look at Fuller's Design Science and the reflection on it in the Emerge workshop marks an opportunity to highlight and interpret the resurgence of comprehensive thinking in design while navigating the contradictions this orientation engenders.
Multiple nicotine training doses in mice as a basis for differentiating the effects of smoking cessation aids.

Rationale Receptor mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of clinically used nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists have not been fully established.
COMPARING BUSH–CHENEY AND CLINTON–GORE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: ARE THEY MORE ALIKE THAN DIFFERENT?

Successful performance management strategies are intrinsically linked to the political environment in which public policy-making occurs. Since the mid-1990s, many governments have re-examined how to simultaneously reduce costs, increase performance and achieve results. Public agencies are experimenting with performance measurement and management systems designed to meet public policy goals and respond to citizen demands. Various reform models have been proposed and public administrators now expend considerable time, effort and resources exchanging ‘best practices’, finding ‘best value’, and ‘rethinking’ government operations. Although equally important, less effort has been devoted to performance management (PM) within increasingly complex, ideologically charged and politicized decision-making environments. Despite significant increases in productivity, more theoretical and empirical research is needed to assist public managers in applying private market-based alternatives to public service delivery structures. This article compares the PM initiatives of the Clinton–Gore Administration in the United States, known as the National Performance Review (NPR), with President Bush‘s Presidential Management Agenda (PMA). Following the comparison, a theory-based research agenda is proposed to determine which of many approaches best ‘fits’ the varied and often contradictory systems for delivering public services in a decentralized governance system.
Interlayer Effects on Oxygen Reduction Kinetics in Porous Electrodes of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ

Thick La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ (LSCO) cathodes (~30 μm) have been successfully fabricated with and without nanoporous LSCO interlayers on both sides of a dense polycrystalline gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) substrate by combining screen printing and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) methods. The electrochemical properties of these LSCO cathodes for oxygen reduction reaction have been determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different interlayer thicknesses, temperatures, and oxygen partial pressures. The oxygen reduction reaction on the LSCO electrode with and without the interlayer has been found to be mainly limited by the surface exchange process. By fitting the power density data by Butler-Volmer equation, it demonstrates that as the thickness of the PLD interlayer increases, the surface exchange resistance of the cathode decreases due to a significant increase in the number of reaction sites obtained by inserting the nanoporous LSCO interlayer.
Turnout as Consent How Fair Governance Encourages Voter Participation

The dominant view assumes that people vote to influence election outcomes. As such, most assume that campaign contact, election competitiveness, and the probability of one’s voting influencing the outcome of an election are the primary forces motivating voter participation. However, some people may view elections as a referendum on system performance and may participate in elections regardless of the electoral outcome. Voting is one means for the public to express their consent to be governed. If so, we should expect higher voter participation in systems that generate public approbation. This article uses a national survey experiment, a cross-national panel of thirty-five advanced democracies, and aggregate voter turnout data to demonstrate that people in systems that control corruption, govern effectively, and have fair judicial processes are more likely to vote. This is because systems that treat people fairly in their day-to-day operations make people feel valued by their political system. Particularly when the probability of changing the composition of government with a single vote is small, voting is a tacit endorsement of the existing regime.
Observations of Seasonal Variation in the Ekman Layer

Abstract The seasonal variation in the Ekman layer is examined using observations from the Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS), including surface meteorology, current, and temperature. The near-surface current is found to be coherent with the wind at low frequencies (periods greater than one day). Using a wind-relative averaging method, the authors find the observed near-surface volume transport to be consistent with Ekman transport. The mean current profile has a spiral shape that is flat compared to the classic Ekman spiral in that it rotates less with depth than does the Ekman spiral. The mean current e-folds over 12 m in the summer and 25 m in the winter, with a decay in amplitude that implies eddy viscosities of 60 × 10−4 and 250 × 10−4 m2 s−1, respectively. Diurnal cycling is the dominant mode of variability in the summer and it determines the vertical structure of the spiral. In the winter, diurnal cycling is almost nonexistent due to greatly reduced solar insolation and stronger winds. A persisten...
Does multiple seed loading in Blue Jays result in selective dispersal of smaller acorns

Studies from both tropical and temperate systems show that scatter-hoarding rodents selectively disperse larger seeds farther from their source than smaller seeds, potentially increasing seedling establishment in larger-seeded plants. Size-biased dispersal is evident in many oaks (Quercus) and is true both across and within species. Here, we predict that intraspecifc variation in seed size also influences acorn dispersal by the Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus), but in an opposite manner. Blue Jays are gape-limited and selectively disperse smaller acorn species (e.g. pin oaks [Quercus palustris Munchh]), but often carry several acorns in their crop during a single dispersal event. We predict that jays foraging on smaller acorns will load more seeds per trip and disperse seeds to greater distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill. To test this, we presented free-ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2-year period. In each of 16 experimental trials, we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of acorns removed and the distance acorns were dispersed when cached. Jays were significantly more likely to engage in multiple seed loading with smaller seeds in both years of the study. During the second year, these smaller acorns were dispersed farther than larger acorns, and during the first year, larger acorns were dispersed farther, revealing an inconsistent response to seed size during our study. We suggest that in some circumstances, multiple seed loading by Blue Jays may favor dispersal in some plant species.
Introduction: “The Times They Are a'Changin”

The article focuses on the status of the modern research university. There is an argument that the research university has been influenced by societal forces. In the article The Academic Life: Real...
Inhibition of experimental inflammation by oral toxic agents.

Abstract The effects of oral administration of carbon tetrachloride and mercuric chloride on experimental inflammation were determined in order to define the role of toxicity on inflammation. Cotton granuloma and carrageenin edema in rats were chosen as the procedures for experimental inflammation. Sublethal doses of CCl4 and HgCl2 inhibited experimental inflammation in proportion to the doses administered in both procedures. The degree of inhibition of carrageenin edema by CCl4 nad HgCl2 was similar in adrenalectomized and in intact rats. The results indicate (1) the presence of extraadrenal anti-inflammatory mechanisms following oral administration of toxic agents, and (2) the necessity of obtaining concurrent parameters of toxicity in the assessment of new anti-inflammatory compounds.
Approximate laboratory simulation of spectroscopic observations of Mars

Laboratory observations have been performed on the v3-fundamental of CO2 at room temperature under conditions related to the juxtaposition of pressures and abundances of CO2 in the atmospheres of Mars (♂→2) and of the Earth (⊝→1). The purpose of these studies is the development of approximate (analytical) procedures for estimating surface pressures of planets from infrared transmission measurements. We have developed and experimentally verified a number of well-defined approximation procedures for the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements, which are related to those performed in planetary observations. The absolute accuracy of our procedures appears to be better than ±50% in most cases.
Principals' Perceived Effectiveness, Innovation Effort, and the School Situation

Administrator effectiveness is difficult to define and measure. This concept constitutes, however, a necessary prerequisite for developing a disciplined body of knowledge in educational administration. The re lationships among three performance and two situational variables are explored, and the theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Physiological responses to exercise in chronic cigarette and marijuana users.

Several physiologic responses to graded exercise were determined in four groups of young adult blue-collar workers identified as users of (1) marijuana, (2) cigarettes, (3) both marijuana and cigarettes, or (4) neither substance. Using covariate analysis of variance to control for race, age, height, and weight, the groups did not differ in estimated percent fat, lean body mass, hematocrit levels, or blood hemoglobin values. Heart rate and oxygen consumption responses also were similar at all levels of exercise. The mean minute ventilation and perceived exertion were found to be higher in cigarette smokers than non-smokers of cigarettes but aerobic power and the physical work capacity did not differ. The differences in pulmonary function observed suggest the need for further study on older populations of chronic cigarette and marijuana users.
SULLITHECA DACTYLIFERA GEN. ET SP. N.: A NEW MEDULLOSAN POLLEN ORGAN AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE'

A B S T R A C T The pteridosperm (Medullosaceae) pollen organ Sullitheca dactylifera gen. et sp. n. is described from middle Pennsylvanian coal balls. The proximally fused units of the obpyriform compound synangium separate and extend distally as finger-like projections. Each projection contains 4-6 vertically oriented cylindrical sporangia arranged in pairs along the radius of the unit; each unit extends from the outer cover wall toward the center. The distal portion of the compound synangium is hollow as a result of the lateral separation of the centripetally and distally directed synangial units. About 40 tubular sporangia are present in all and dehiscence occurs along a lateral slit in each sporangium. Vascular strands are disposed around the periphery of the organ in addition to a single strand paralleling each sporangium. Two- or threecell trichomes and stomata are present on the organ surface. Pollen of the Monoletes type is present. A paired row of sporangia in Sullitheca composing a synangial unit is considered the homologue of a paired row of sporangia in the more compact and highly evolved genus, Dolerotheca.
Etiology and maintenance of dog fears.

Abstract Studies on the etiology of small animal phobias have focused primarily on snake fears. In order to examine etiological factors in the development of dog fears, a structured interview which obtained information on frightening and painful experiences (conditioning events) with dogs, and Ss' expectations about the consequences of contact with dogs, was administered to 14 dog-fearful and 21 non-fearful college students. Conditioning events were common in both the fearful group (56%) and the non-fearful group (66%), and in over half of these cases, the animal inflicted pain. All fearful Ss believed that fear and physical harm were likely consequences of an encounter with a dog, while very few non-fearful Ss had such expectations. In contrast with snake fears, painful experiences are common among dog-fearful Ss, and an exaggerated expectation of harm appears to be a factor in the maintenance of the fear. The implications of these results for current models of fear acquisition are discussed.
Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas

Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. Douglas E. Foley. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. xix + 247 pp. $31.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8122-8246-9, ISBN 0-8122-1314-9.
Mitoxantrone, vinblastine and CCNU: long-term follow-up of patients treated for advanced and poor-prognosis Hodgkin's disease

Advanced-stage or relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD) has a poor prognosis despite aggressive chemotherapy regimens and the use of high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell support. Mitoxantrone, vinblastine and CCNU (lomustine) (MVC) combines the most effective chemotherapeutic agents of previous regimens for poor prognosis HD, and eliminates marginally active agents with unnecessary toxicities, such as bleomycin and dacarbazine. Sixty-eight patients with HD (23 newly diagnosed and 45 with relapsed/refractory disease, one patient treated both de novo and years later in relapse) were treated with the MVC regimen (mitoxantrone 8 mg/m(2)/day i.v. days 1 - 3; vinblastine 8 m/m(2)/day days 1 and 22; and CCNU (lomustine) 100 mg/m(2) on day 1, repeated at 6 - 8 weeks) in a single-arm Phase II study. All patients responded to treatment in the newly diagnosed group (overall response = 100%). The median response duration was not reached, but was in the range 7.6 - 180 + months, and median survival was 94 months. Eleven complete responses are ongoing at 39 - 180 + months. In the previously-treated patients, 41 responded to MVC (OR = 91%). The median response duration for this group was 11 months, and the median survival was 34 months after initiating MVC. Four secondary myeloid leukemias occurred, three in de novo, and one in the relapsed/refractory group, at a median follow-up of 14 years. MVC regimen for HD is highly active, for both de novo and relapsed/refractory disease, with high response rates and survival that compare favourably with the results obtained by high-dose therapy with stem-cell transplantation. Although significant, the toxicities associated with this regimen were manageable.
Discrete Time Evolution of Proteomic Biomarkers

We measured a panel of 12 cytokines in seven different populations: i.e., healthy non-smokers, healthy smokers, COPD, Aden carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. From these 12 biomarkers of host response to lung disease we have developed a computational and visual model that reliably distinguishes these clinical types. Protein biomarker behavior models are developed as the topological evolution of linear discrete systems from changes in patient protein sample concentrations.
Exotic weed control treatments for conservation of fescue grassland in Montana

An analytical framework is described to evaluate exotic weed control treatments applied to native vegetation for conservation purposes. The analyses were used to assess the following responses to herbicide applications for control of an exotic forb Centaurea maculosa in fescue grassland: (1) efficacy on the target weed species, (2) similarity to reference stands defining the potential natural communities, (3) resistance and resilience of the nontarget vegetation, and (4) community structure in terms of life form proportions. Vegetation data were collected from replicated plots one year before spraying and for the first three years after spraying at two sites in western Montana. Low rates of selected herbicides effectively suppressed the target weed for three years after treatment. Grasses responded positively to release from exotic forb competition, while total nontarget forb standing crops were similar between treated plots and untreated control plots three years after spraying. The site with lower pretreatment cover of exotic species and higher pretreatment composition of native species had the largest positive response to spraying in terms of similarity to the potential natural vegetation. Although some treatments caused depressions after one year, all treatments had the same or higher per cent of pretreatment species present compared to the untreated control plots in the third year after spraying. Herbicide-sensitive taxa were identified by multivariate analysis of canopy cover data. Implications of the results for conservation management of high priority grassland sites are discussed.
A 200 °C Universal Gate Driver Integrated Circuit for Extreme Environment Applications

High-temperature power converters (dc-dc, dc-ac, etc.) have enormous potential in extreme environment applications, including automotive, aerospace, geothermal, nuclear, and well logging. For successful realization of such high-temperature power conversion modules, the associated control electronics also need to perform at high temperature. This paper presents a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based high-temperature gate driver integrated circuit (IC) incorporating an on-chip low-power temperature sensor and demonstrating an improved peak output current drive over our previously reported work. This driver IC has been primarily designed for automotive applications, where the underhood temperature can reach 200 °C. This new gate driver prototype has been designed and implemented in a 0.8 μm, 2-poly, and 3-metal bipolar CMOS-DMOS (Double-Diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) on SOI process and has been successfully tested for up to 200 °C ambient temperature driving a SiC MOSFET and a SiC normally-ON JFET. The salient feature of the proposed universal gate driver is its ability to drive power switches over a wide range of gate turn-ON voltages such as MOSFET (0 to 20 V), normally-OFF JFET (-7 to 3 V), and normally-ON JFET (-20 to 0 V). The measured peak output current capability of the driver is around 5 A and is thus capable of driving several power switches connected in parallel. An ultralow-power on-chip temperature supervisory circuit has also been integrated into the die to safeguard the driver circuit against excessive die temperature (≥220 °C). This approach utilizes increased diode leakage current at higher temperature to monitor the die temperature. The power consumption of the proposed temperature sensor circuit is below 10 μW for operating temperature up to 200 °C.
Malignant fibrohistocytoma of the maxilla presenting with endodontically involved teeth

Abstract It is well established that a periapical lesion may be the first presenting form of more serious disease.8,9A case of malignant fibrohistocytoma has been presented. It is of special interest because of the rarity of the disease, especially in the jaws, and because it presented as periapical disease associated with nonvital teeth. The case emphasizes the value of routine histopathologic examination of tissue and the need for maintaining a high “index of suspicion” when dealing with clinically atypical behavior. The value of consultation with an oral pathologist has also been stressed.
Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well.

As a result of quantum-confinement effects, the emission colour of semiconductor nanocrystals can be modified dramatically by simply changing their size1,2. Such spectral tunability, together with large photoluminescence quantum yields and high photostability, make nanocrystals attractive for use in a variety of light-emitting technologies—for example, displays, fluorescence tagging3, solid-state lighting and lasers4. An important limitation for such applications, however, is the difficulty of achieving electrical pumping, largely due to the presence of an insulating organic capping layer on the nanocrystals. Here, we describe an approach for indirect injection of electron–hole pairs (the electron–hole radiative recombination gives rise to light emission) into nanocrystals by non-contact, non-radiative energy transfer from a proximal quantum well that can in principle be pumped either electrically or optically. Our theoretical and experimental results indicate that this transfer is fast enough to compete with electron–hole recombination in the quantum well, and results in greater than 50 per cent energy-transfer efficiencies in the tested structures. Furthermore, the measured energy-transfer rates are sufficiently large to provide pumping in the stimulated emission regime, indicating the feasibility of nanocrystal-based optical amplifiers and lasers based on this approach.
Good Offices: Intermediation by Corporate Bodies in Early Modern French Public Finance

The old-regime monarchy, particularly during the reign of Louis XIV, did much of its borrowing through the mediation of privileged corporate bodies that sought lenders on the private market and then acted as guarantors against royal default. After comparing the creditors of various privileged bodies and considering the reasons why some were more successful than others in attracting a wide circle of creditors, this study argues for a reconsideration of the constitutional-absolutist dichotomy in the historiography of the early modern financial revolution.
Some properties of superline digraphs

For a given digraph G = (V, E) and a positive integer k, the super line digraph of index k of G is the digraph Sk{G) which has for vertices all the k-subsets of E(G), and two vertices S and T are adjacent whenever there exist edges in the form (u, v) isin S and (u, w) isin T for some u, v, w isin V. The super line digraph is a generalization of the super line graph. Indeed, if the digraph G is symmetric, the super line digraph of G is isomorphic to the super line graph of the graph obtained by removing the orientation of the edges of G. We study the link between properties of super line digraphs and super line graphs
Diffusion disk susceptibility testing with cefotaxime.

The diffusion disk susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefotaxime was determined. A 30-μg disk provided data for the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa , but yielded extremely large zones of inhibition against Enterobacteriaceae . A 5-μg disk seemed to provide the most useful susceptibility data for S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae .
The function of semantics in automated language processing

This paper is a survey of some of the major semantic models that have been developed for automated semantic analysis of natural language. Current approaches to semantic analysis and logical inference are based mainly on models of human cognitive processes such as Quillian's semantic memory, Simmon's Protosynthex III and others. All existing systems and/or models, more or less experimental, were applied to a small subset of English. They are highly tentative because the definitions of semantic processes and semantically structured lexicons are not formulated rigorously. This is due mainly to the fact that it is unknown whether a unique, consistent hierarchization of the semantic features of language is possible.However, the models described are significant contributions to an unexplored field called semantics. The progressive development of a sophisticated, semantically based system for automated processing of natural language is a realistic goal. It should not be neglected, despite the fact that it is difficult to predict when this goal will be achieved.
THE INTERRELATION OF PITUITARY AND ADRENAL IN THE CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS IN THE RA1

The fact that hypophysectomized animals are unable to maintain their fasting carbohydrate levels has been well established (1 to 5). A preliminary report from this laboratory (6) has shown that the injection of suitable APE during the fasting period will maintain muscle glycogen of hypophysectomized rats at normal or supra-normal levels, and that the adrenals are not necessary for this action of the extract. This investigation is a comparison of the ability of crude anterior lobe extracts, adrenocorticotropic hormone and adrenal cortical extracts to maintain fasting carbohydrate levels of hypophysectomized, hypophysectomized-adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized animals.
Limit properties of Luce's choice theory

Abstract Luce's Axiom is interpreted in terms of a sequence of measures on the unit interval, and their limit properties are discussed. In particular, all limit laws are found to be either absolutely continuous with density x α for α ∈ (−1, ∞) or else degenerate laws consisting of a point mass at 0 or 1. A close connection between Luce's choice theory and Karamata's theory of regularly varying functions is established and systematically used.
Muscle creatine uptake and creatine transporter expression in response to creatine supplementation and depletion

The total creatine pool size [Crtotal; creatine (Cr) + phosphocreatine (PCr)] is crucial for optimal energy utilization in skeletal muscle, especially at the onset of exercise and during intense co...