cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder Perceptions of Specialized Accreditation by the Aviation Accreditation Board International: Part One - Collegiate Aviation Administrators

The Council on Aviation Accreditation (CAA) was established in 1988 in response to the need for formal, specialized accreditation of aviation academic programs. The first aviation programs were accredited by the CAA in 1992, and as of November 2007, the newly renamed Aviation Accreditation Board International (AABI) recognized a total 78 accredited programs at 26 institutions worldwide. Although the number of aviation academic programs accredited by the AABI has steadily grown, there are currently only 26 percent of UAA member institutions with AABI accredited programs. In an effort to understand the current status of specialized accreditation in collegiate aviation and the reasons why so few aviation programs are accredited by the AABI, a comprehensive study was undertaken to determine the perceptions held by the following four stakeholders of collegiate aviation regarding specialized accreditation by AABI: administrators of both AABI accredited and non-AABI accredited aviation programs, aviation program students, and aviation industry employers. This article is the first in a series of three reporting the results of this nationwide study. This study utilized a non-experimental, mixed method research design, with quantitative and qualitative attributes. Descriptive research and cross-sectional surveys were tools used to gather data. Data analysis was conducted on both nominal and ordinal data via frequency distributions, content analysis, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U-test. Recommendations specific to part one of this nationwide study include: (a) The Aviation Accreditation Board International should explore the intrinsic merits of accreditation to truly determine how beneficial AABI accreditation is and the degree to which AABI is fulfilling its original purpose; (b) Administrators of AABI accredited programs with a strong belief in the value of AABI accreditation to collegiate aviation should educate administrators of non-AABI accredited programs about these benefits; and (c) Administrators of non-AABI accredited programs should examine the new outcomes-based AABI criteria to determine if the flexibility inherent in the new criteria are sufficient to enable their programs to pursue AABI accreditation.
One-Pot Biocombinatorial Synthesis of Herbicidal Thaxtomins

Thaxtomins are a group of phytotoxic diketopiperazines produced by tens of plant pathogenic Streptomyces strains and have received considerable attention as bioherbicide. To synthesize thaxtomin analogue libraries for herbicide development, we here develop an in vitro biocombinatorial approach. We first prepared two recombinant single-module multifunctional nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), TxtA and TxtB. Biochemical studies revealed that TxtA and TxtB tolerated small substituents on the aromatic moiety of l-Phe and l-Trp, respectively. Intriguingly, TxtB showed a control of the substrate scopes of TxtA and a previously characterized, pathway-specific nitration promoting P450 TxtE. We further demonstrated that the methyltransferase (MT) domain of TxtA and TxtB posed a minimal influence on the assembly of the diketopiperazine core by other domains of these two enzymes, providing a way for structural diversification. The pathway-specific bifunctional P450 TxtC was then recombinantly produced in Esch...
MNGI-09. FERTILITY TREATMENT AND MENINGIOMA INCIDENCE

OBJECTIVE Meningiomas are more common in females and 70–80% express the progesterone receptor. They have been reported after gender reassignment therapy, suggesting that high-dose exogenous estrogen/progesterone exposure, such as occurs during fertility treatments, may increase the risk of developing a meningioma. The goal of this study was to report the incidence of prior fertility treatment in a consecutive series of female patients presenting with meningioma.
Lochner v. New York

The Gilded Age in America was the best of times, it was the worst of times—truly a tale of two cities. One bore the fruits and architectural wonders of the industrial revolution, with sprouting skyscrapers and the elite air of America’s first billionaires. The other bore much different fruits: those of industrialization— squalor, urban sprawl, and abhorrent labor conditions justifed by liberty of contract. Notions of freedom and equality so hard-fought in the preceding decades and established by the 14th amendment were now out of date, manipulated to encompass antiquated defnitions of economic autonomy and succumbing to the greed of the wealthy industrial class and its permeating ideals of Social Darwinism. Politics were not immune to the influence of America’s new bourgeoisie class, often coalescing to form earmark legislation beneficial only to a handful of formidable businessmen and their puppet politicians. Given the political and economic environments, liberty of contract’s landmark ruling was based on little to no legitimate constitutional basis. Therefore, the ruling in Lochner v. New York arose in congruence with a financially guided Supreme Court that misconstrued the aim of the 14th amendment. The justices’ involvement with political machines and their far-reaching interpretation of the “due process” clause consequently relegated wage laborers as the new American slave power. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Hannah on ‘Hollywood history’: Exploring the limits of the Chandlerian model

AbstractThis article explores Leslie Hannah’s critique of the literature of international comparative business history including and deriving from Alfred Chandler’s Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of...
Investigating fine scale frequency characteristics of Northeast Pacific blue whale B calls

Passive acoustic monitoring is an effective tool for delineating population structure of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus). Globally, there are at least nine regionally distinct blue whale songs, with at least two distinct groups within the North Pacific Ocean: the Northeast Pacific (NEP) and central or western Pacific populations. Investigation of the fine-scale frequency characteristics of the NEP blue whale song B unit was conducted from passive acoustic data collected between 2010 and 2013. Data were collected at two low latitude, putative breeding sites at Palmyra Atoll and the Hawaiian Islands and three higher latitude, feeding locations: off southern California, off Washington state, and in the Gulf of Alaska. Frequency measurements were extracted along the entire contour of B calls using a custom feature extraction tool in MATLAB. Data from these two different geographic and life-stage regions were compared to investigate possible fine-scale song separation within the larger region. At least two different variants of B unit were found and their geographic and temporal occurrence will be discussed.
Progress toward the development of a microchip electrophoresis separation-based sensor with electrochemical detection for on-line in vivo monitoring of catecholamines

The development of a separation-based sensor for catecholamines based on microdialysis (MD) coupled to microchip electrophoresis (ME) with electrochemical (EC) detection is described. The device consists of a pyrolyzed photoresist film working electrode and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip with a flow-gated sample injection interface. The chip was partially reversibly sealed to the glass substrate by selectively exposing only the top section of the chip to plasma. This partially reversible chip/electrode integration process not only allows the reuse of the working electrode but also greatly enhanced the reproducibility of electrode alignment with the separation channel. The developed MD-ME-EC system was then tested using l-DOPA, 3-O-MD, HVA, DOPAC, and dopamine standards, which were separated in less than 100 seconds using a background electrolyte consisting of 15 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4), 15 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 2.5 mM boric acid. A potential of +1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl was used for amperometric detection of the analytes. The device was evaluated for on-line monitoring of the conversion of l-DOPA to dopamine in vitro and for monitoring dopamine release in an anesthetized rat in vivo following high K+ stimulation. The system was able to detect stimulated dopamine release in vivo but not endogenous levels of dopamine.
The Use of Sirolimus for Treatment of Orbital Lymphatic Malformations: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Orbital lymphatic malformations are rare congenital choristomas associated with pain, proptosis, exposure keratopathy, and vision loss. Current treatments of surgery, drainage, and sclerotherapy may have adverse effects including risk of damage to surrounding structures, swelling, and malformation persistence or recrudescence. Sirolimus, which inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin, a regulator of cell growth and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, has successfully treated systemic vascular malformations. However, its efficacy and safety have not yet been well established for orbital lymphatic malformations. Methods Systematic review and analysis of relevant published literature were performed. PubMed, Embase, and World of Science searches were conducted for studies involving sirolimus treatment of orbital lymphatic malformations through July 2019. Results Nine case series and reports with 10 total patients who received sirolimus for treatment of orbital lymphatic malformations were included. The age at sirolimus initiation ranged from 1 week to 23 years. The malformation was lymphatic in 6 patients, lymphaticovenous in 3 patients, and lymphatic-arteriovenous in 1 patient. Six patients underwent ineffective prior therapy including sclerotherapy, surgery, or medical therapy. Initial sirolimus dosage ranged from 0.05 mg/kg twice a day to 1 mg twice a day, and duration ranged from 6 months to 53 months. Seven patients had partial response, and 3 patients, all of whom had a microcystic malformation component, experienced complete response. Adverse effects included mild reversible leukopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and transaminitis with adverse effects denied or not specified for 6 patients. Conclusions Sirolimus may be a safe and effective treatment for orbital lymphatic malformations, especially microcystic malformations.
Immunodetection of cell wall pectin galactan opens up new avenues for phloem research

A galactan epitope is present in two woody plant cell walls and can be used for immmunological analysis of sieve element anatomical characteristics.
Myosteatosis to predict postoperative morbidity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

e16754Background: Myosteatosis (adipose deposits in muscle) can be detected on cross-sectional imaging through variations in Skeletal Muscle Density (SMD). Patients with myosteatosis tend to have l...
Time from COVID-19 shutdown, gender-based violence exposure, and mental health outcomes among a state representative sample of California residents

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant shutdowns on mental health. This issue may be of particular concern to those affected by intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from a California state-representative online survey conducted in the two weeks following the state stay-at-home order, enacted March 19, 2020 (unweighted N = 2081). We conducted a series of multivariate multinomial logistic regressions to assess the associations between a) time since stay-at-home order and b) partner and sexual violence exposure ever with our outcomes of interest: depression and/or anxiety symptoms in the past two weeks. Covariates included demographics and social support. Findings Nearly one in five (19•7%) respondents reported moderate or severe mental health symptoms in the past two weeks; 15•5% had a history of IPV and 10•1% had a history of sexual violence. In models adjusting for gender, partner and sexual violence history, and other demographics, time was significantly associated with greater mental health symptom severity, as were IPV and sexual violence. When we additionally adjusted for current social support, effects of time were lost and effects related to violence were slightly attenuated. Interpretation Time under shutdown is associated with higher odds of depression and anxiety symptoms, and may be worse for those with a history of IPV. However, those with greater social support appear to have better capacity to withstand the mental health impacts of the pandemic. Social support programs, inclusive of those available virtually, may offer an important opportunity to help address increased mental health concerns we are seeing under the pandemic. Funding Blue Shield Foundation of California Grant RP-1907–137. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1179208.
‘Deep in the earth a shining substance:’ sequestration and display in gold mining and central banks

In this essay, I consider the ways in which gold acts and is perceived as a reserve in the El Cubo mine in Guanajuato, Mexico, and in some European central banks. Following Gustav Peebles’ essay ‘R...
Uniting infectious disease and physical science principles on the importance of face masks for COVID-19

This commentary will summarize the evidence on face masks for COVID-19 from both the infectious diseases and physical science viewpoints; standardize recommendations on types of masks that afford the best protection to the public; and provide guidelines on messaging for this important non-pharmaceutical intervention as we await widespread vaccine distribution.
Metabotype analysis of Mthfd1l-null mouse embryos using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Mammalian folate-dependent one-carbon (1C) metabolism provides the building blocks essential during development via amino acid interconversion, methyl-donor production, regeneration of redox factors, and de novo purine and thymidylate synthesis. Folate supplementation prevents many neural tube defects (NTDs) that occur during the embryonic process of neurulation. The mechanism by which folate functions during neurulation is not well understood, and not all NTDs are preventable by folate supplementation. Mthfd1l is a mitochondrial 1C metabolism enzyme that produces formate, a 1C donor that fuels biosynthesis and the methyl cycle in the cytoplasm. Homozygous deletion of the Mthfd1l gene in mice (Mthfd1lz/z) causes embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and folate-resistant NTDs. These mice also have defects in cranial mesenchyme formation. In this work, mass spectrometry imaging was used to obtain ion maps of the cranial mesenchyme that identified the spatial distribution and relative abundance of metabolites in wild-type and Mthfd1lz/z embryos. The relative abundances of purine and thymidylate derivatives, as well as amino acids, were diminished in the cranial mesenchyme of Mthfd1lz/z embryos. Loss of Mthfd1l activity in this region also led to abnormal levels of methionine and dysregulated energy metabolism. These alterations in metabolism suggest possible approaches to preventing NTDs in humans.
Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal autophagosome formation in astrocytes

Macroautophagy dysregulation is implicated in multiple neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. While autophagy pathways are heavily researched in heterologous cells and neurons, regulation of autophagy in the astrocyte, the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, is less well understood. Missense mutations in the Synj1 gene encoding Synaptojanin1 (Synj1), a neuron-enriched lipid phosphatase, have been linked to Parkinsonism with seizures. Our previous study showed that the Synj1 haploinsufficient (Synj1+/−) mouse exhibits age-dependent autophagy impairment in multiple brain regions. Here, we used cultured astrocytes from Synj1-deficient mice to investigate its role in astrocyte autophagy. We report that Synj1 is expressed in low levels in astrocytes and represses basal autophagosome formation. We demonstrate using cellular imaging that Synj1-deficient astrocytes exhibit hyperactive autophagosome formation, represented by an increase in the size and number of GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 structures. Interestingly, Synj1 deficiency is also associated with an impairment in stress-induced autophagy clearance. We show, for the first time, that the Parkinsonism-associated R839C mutation impacts autophagy in astrocytes. The impact of this mutation on the phosphatase function of Synj1 resulted in elevated basal autophagosome formation that mimics Synj1 deletion. We found that the membrane expression of the astrocyte-specific glucose transporter GluT-1 was reduced in Synj1-deficient astrocytes. Consistently, AMP-activated protein kinase activity was elevated, suggesting altered glucose sensing in Synj1-deficient astrocytes. Expressing exogenous GluT-1 in Synj1-deficient astrocytes reversed the autophagy impairment, supporting a role for Synj1 in regulating astrocyte autophagy via disrupting glucose-sensing pathways. Thus, our work suggests a novel mechanism for Synj1-related Parkinsonism involving astrocyte dysfunction.
A hierarchy of aspirations within a field of educational possibilities: the futures of Chinese immigrants in Luxembourg

How immigrants frame their futures through enacting differential aspirations is undertheorised in migration and diasporic studies. This ethnographic study presents three groups of Chinese immigrant...
Underside Corrosion of above Ground Storage Tanks (ASTs)

Underside corrosion of a failed above ground storage tank (AST) was investigated by the physio-chemical analysis of water sample that was ingress between the tank bottom plate and the concrete foundation. The results of the water sample analysis showed pH (5.8), temperature (30°C), Conductivity (4800 μs/cm), dissolved oxygen (3.5mg/l), chloride (674mg/l), carbonate (16.90mg/l) and nitrate (23.10mg/l). The levels of the parameters studied were generally high and above statutory safe limits. The results showed that the physico-chemical characteristics of the water sample have diagnostic and predictive values to implicate and promote underside corrosion of the studied above ground storage tank. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 9(1) 2005: 161-163
Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of a Lipoate-Degrading Pseudomonad and of a Lipoate Catabolite

A strain of bacteria that can degrade lipoic acid was isolated from soil. The bacterium, adapted to use 0.4% dl-lipoate as the sole organic substrate to supply carbon, sulfur, and energy, was identified morphologically and physiologically as a strain of Pseudomonas putida. Degradation of 1,6-14C-lipoic acid, synthesized from 1,6-14C-adipic acid, was evidenced by: (i) loss of approximately 50% of the total radioactivity from the medium after bacterial growth; (ii) appearance of 14C-degradation products upon paper and thin-layer chromatography of the culture medium; and (iii) oxygraphically measured utilization of O2 by cells in the presence of lipoate or other oxidizable substrates. Analyses of the benzene extract of culture medium by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry, and by gas-liquid chromatography after desulfuration, have characterized bisnorlipoic acid, or 4,6-dithiohexanoic acid, as the major catabolite present in the medium. β-Oxidation of the side chain is thus proven to be a pathway employed by the pseudomonad to degrade lipoic acid.
Probabilistic Relational Models

Probabilistic models provide a sound and coherent foundation for dealing with the noise and uncertainty encountered in most real-world domains. Bayesian networks are a language for representing complex probabilistic models in a compact and natural way. A Bayesian network can be used to reason about any attribute in the domain, given any set of observations. It can thus be used for a variety tasks, including prediction, explanation, and decision making. The probabilistic semantics also gives a strong foundation for the task of learning models from data. Techniques currently exist for learning both the structure and the parameters, for dealing with missing data and hidden variables, and for discovering causal structure. One of the main limitations of Bayesian networks is that they represent the world in terms of a fixed set of "attributes". Like propositional logic, they are incapable of reasoning explicitly about entities, and thus cannot represent models over domains where the set of entities and the relations between them are not fixed in advance. As a consequence, Bayesian networks are limited in their ability to model large and complex domains. Probabilistic relational models are a language for describing probabilistic models based on the significantly more expressive basis of relational logic. They allow the domain to be represented in terms of entities, their properties, and the relations between them. These models represent the uncertainty over the properties of an entity, representing its probabilistic dependence both on other properties of that entity and on properties of related entities. They can even represent uncertainty over the relational structure itself. Some of the techniques for Bayesian network learning can be generalized to this setting, but the learning problem is far from solved. Probabilistic relational models provide a new framework, and new challenges, for the endeavor of learning relational models for real-world domains.
Lawyers, Guns & Money: The Rise and Fall of Tort Litigation against the Firearms Industry

As the twentieth century came to a close, the gun industry was under siege. The murders of twelve students and a teacher at Columbine High School in April 1999 brought a chorus of calls for legislation limiting access to guns. A year later, demonstrators gathered in front of the U.S. Capitol building for the Million Mom March, the largest rally ever held in support of gun control measures. The industry's greatest concern, however, arose in another arena. Gun manufacturers found themselves in courts on an array of tort lawsuits across the country. Many of those asserting claims were individuals injured in shootings or the families of people killed in shootings. More than thirty government entities, cities and counties, filed lawsuits seeking to recoup law enforcement expenses and other costs incurred because of gun industry practices fueling gun violence and crime. Even the NAACP joined in, filing a lawsuit accusing gun makers of creating a public nuisance with disproportionate adverse effects on African-Americans. The industry faced an intense legal onslaught. Six years later, the storm of litigation over guns appears to have ended. On October 26, 2005, President Bush signed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, giving the gun industry a unique exemption from most legal liability that otherwise might be imposed under state tort law. The new immunity created by this federal statute will not just block the filing of new claims against gun makers, but will wipe out cases already pending as well. If the law survives constitutional challenges, it will end one of the most interesting and controversial chapters in modern American tort law. As the era of tort litigation over firearms comes to a close, scholars already have begun to look back on it to explain what happened and to assess its significance. The most comprehensive effort to date is "Suing the Gun Industry: A Battle at the Crossroads of Gun Control and Mass Torts," a collection of essays edited by Timothy Lytton of Albany Law School. The book provides a comprehensive and well-balanced overview of gun litigation, bringing together work by scholars and other experts who view gun litigation from diverse perspectives. The contributors range from a lawyer who represents gun rights groups to a policy analyst for a gun control organization, with most of the authors falling somewhere closer to the middle ground. The essays include careful analyses of specific legal matters such as the constitutional and liability insurance issues raised by the lawsuits, as well as examinations of broader questions surrounding the litigation, such as public health and criminological assessments of gun violence. This Review examines how the essays in Suing the Gun Industry portray the achievements and failures of the gun lawsuits. While the essays share a conviction that the gun litigation was an unequivocal failure, this Review shows how and why that consensus view of the gun litigation overlooks important ways in which the suits were more effective than most observers have acknowledged.
Logística - diferenciação competitiva

A partir da decada de 1990, a logistica passou a ter um papel capital na diferenciacao competitiva das empresas. A razao dessa importância crescentemente estrategica esta associada a sua capacidade de reducao de custos e agregacao de valor. O artigo mostra que, a despeito desse fato, no Brasil a logistica nao e tratada como um tema prioritario pelo Governo. Mantendo-se o jogo politico baseado em interesses corporativos, o futuro do pais e a rota em direcao a mediocridade.
Evaluation of an indirect oscillometric blood pressure monitor in normotensive and hypotensive anesthetized dogs.

Objective – To determine the accuracy and precision of an oscillometric noninvasive blood pressure device as a predictor of invasive direct blood pressure in healthy anesthetized hypotensive and normotensive dogs. Design – Prospective observational study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Eight crossbred adult dogs. Interventions – Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. A catheter was placed in the dorsal pedal artery to record systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures (aSAP, aMAP, and aDAP, respectively). The noninvasive blood pressure device cuff was placed around the contralateral front limb to record noninvasive systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure (nSAP, nMAP, and nDAP). Two states of blood pressure (BP) were studied: baseline state was established by keeping end-tidal isoflurane concentration at 1.2±0.1%. The hypotensive state was achieved by maintaining the same isoflurane concentration while withdrawing approximately 40% of the animal's blood volume until aMAP was stable at approximately 40 mm Hg. At the end of the study, blood was returned to the animal and it was allowed to recover from anesthesia. Measurements and Main Results – Agreement between the direct and indirect BP measurements was determined by the Bland-Altman method. The SAP and MAP but not DAP bias varied significantly between each BP state. Normotensive absolute biases (mean [SD]) for SAP, MAP, and DAP were −14.7 mm Hg (15.5 mm Hg), −16.4 mm Hg (12.1 mm Hg), and −14.1 mm Hg (15.8 mm Hg), respectively. Absolute biases during the hypotensive state for SAP, MAP, and DAP were −32 mm Hg (22.6 mm Hg), −24.2 mm Hg (19.5 mm Hg), and −16.8 mm Hg (17.2 mm Hg), respectively. Conclusion – The oscillometric device was not reliably predictive of intra-arterial BP during hypotension associated with acute hemorrhage.
The relationship of blood transfusion and immunosuppression to the Th1/Th2 paradigm

A lthough current drug protocols used to prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients have been highly successful, recipients must take anti-rejection drugs for the rest of their lives and endure risk of opportunistic infections and lymphoproliferative disorders. An alternative strategy would be to induce donor-specific tolerance using a short term protocol. We have previously demonstrated that a single donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) combined with a short course of cyclosporine A (CsA) significantly prolongs the survival of cardiac allografts in the high responding AC1 to Lewis rat model.’ The addition of a third agent, such as rapamycin, IL-4 or nutritional therapy to this protocol produces long-term tolerance in a significant number of recipients.2-4 Overly aggressive immunosuppression in this model does not improve allograft survival and in some cases decreases it.5 The mechanisms responsible for these observations are not completely understood. Recent studies of cytokine profiles associated with allograft rejection and tolerance induction suggest the ThUTh2, Tcl/Tc2 paradigm as a mechanism of tolerance with a Th2 phenotype being associated with tolerance and a Thl phenotype closely linked to rejection.‘j In order to elucidate the possible role played by these cell types and cytokines, we monitored the production of IL-4 and INF-y from CD3+CD4’ and CD3’CD8+ lymphocytes in an AC1 to Lewis rat allograft model.
Inguinal neurectomy for inguinal nerve entrapment: An experience with 100 patients

Abstract Background Inguinal nerve entrapment is a debilitating postoperative problem. Patients and methods One hundred patients were treated for inguinal nerve entrapment, including 52 men and 48 women with an average age of 45 ± 14 years. Most patients had inguinal hernia repairs or Pfannenstiel incisions. Mesh was found in 27% of patients. Symptoms included pain (100%), radiation of pain to the thigh and/or genital area (59%), and postural pain (59%). Diagnosis was made by physical examination, postural maneuvering, and inguinal nerve block. Proximal nerve resection was followed by Mersiline (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) ligature and absolute alcohol or phenol application to prevent neuromas. Results Five percent of patients had minor complications. There was abnormal nerve histopathology in 18%. Total pain relief was attained in 72% of patients, partial relief in 25%, and no relief in 3%. Two patients complained of numbness postoperatively. Multifactorial analysis showed recurrent hernia repair as a significant predictive factor.
Multicultural Education: Powerful Tool for Preparing Future General and Special Educators:

Teacher preparation programs continue to be challenged to respond to individual and collective growth of their students. One method that has been suggested by scholars and educators is the infusion of multicultural education in all pedagogical activities. The infusion debate in Colleges of Education across the nation has not been without controversy. While proponents believe multicultural education has an equalizing effect on teacher education programming, opponents believe it is balkanizing, un-American, and antiquality. To this effect, two critical questions deserve attention. Do teacher educators actually understand the powerful connection between multicultural education and education as a whole? Do they also understand the impact that the lack of such knowledge has on the inappropriateness of service delivery systems to learners who come from different cultural, linguistic, and racial backgrounds? This article responds to these questions while presenting ideas for educators willing to assist multicult...
Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes

The classification of the genus Ixodes is reviewed and 14 subgenera are recognized: Afrixodes Morel, Alloixodes Cerny, Ceratixodes Neumann, Endopalpiger Schulze, Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld (= Pomerantzevella Feider, NEW SYNONYM [n. syn.]), Exopalpiger Schulze (= Arthuriella Santos Dias, n. syn.), Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford, Ixodes Latreille (= Trichotoixodes Reznik, n. syn.), Lepidixodes Schulze MULTIDENTATUS, n. subgen. (type Ixodes laysanensis Wilson), Partipalpiger Hoogstraal, Clifford, Saito, & Keirans, Pholeoixodes Schulze (=Ixodiopsis Filippova, n. syn.), Scaphixodes Schulze, and Sternalixodes Schulze. Acceptance of 3 monotypic subgenera, Monoindex, Coxixodes, and Xiphixodes, is deferred pending further study. The subgenera are described and the interrelationships of several species are discussed. Two NEW SYNONYMS are recognized: Ixodes simplex Neumann (= I. audyi Kohls) and I. nuttallianus Schulze (= I. muntiaci Schulze).
Radiation enhances caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 in BRCA2-defective cells.

Abstract Brown, E. T., Robinson-Benion, C. and Holt, J. T. Radiation Enhances Caspase 3 Cleavage of Rad51 in BRCA2-Defective Cells. Radiat. Res. 169, 595–601 (2008). After DNA damage, caspases cleave and activate proteins involved in cell death by apoptosis but also cleave and inactivate proteins implicated in DNA repair. Here we report a rapid onset of Rad51 cleavage by caspase 3 in BRCA2-defective mouse and human cells. This rapid cleavage was reduced markedly by transfer of full-length human BRCA2 into BRCA2-defective mouse or human cells, which also blocked the association of caspase 3 and Rad51 proteins. Overall caspase 3 activity was increased in BRCA2-defective cells, but the time course was much slower than that for Rad51 cleavage. We further showed that caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 resulted in a functional decrease in Rad51 strand exchange activity and that inhibition of caspase 3 activity increased Rad51 protein levels and Rad51 foci. These findings indicate that BRCA2 inhibits Rad51 cleavage and...
Self-regulation and “other consumers” at service encounters: A sociometer perspective

Abstract Hospitality consumption often involves sharing the physical environment with other consumers. Other consumers can be either acquaintances a focal consumer shares the consumption experience with (co-consumption others) or strangers the focal consumer encounters due to serendipity (Customer Bs). This research used sociometer as a theoretical lens to examine the social dynamics among a focal consumer, co-consumption others and Customer Bs at service encounters and the impact of such social dynamics on consumer self-regulatory behavior. The results of the experimental study showed that when co-consumption others elicit higher level of need for self-monitoring, a focal consumer is more likely to regulate his/her interpersonal goal and emotions in response to the behavior of Customer Bs at service encounters. The results further suggested that while interpersonal goals do not have a significant effect on encounter satisfaction, emotion regulation positively contributes to encounter satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.
Preparation of filtered plankton and detritus for study with scanning electron microscopy1

A simple, rapid method of fixing plankton and detritus for the scanning electron microscope is described, which can be used in the laboratory or in the field. The sample is fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde followed by stepwise dehydration in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol. Fixed samples can be stored for up to 2 weeks. Critical point drying of the fixed samples is done in the laboratory. Nuclepore filters proved superior to other filters for most sample preparations.
State Wildlife Policy and Management: The Scope and Bias of Political Conflict

State wildlife policy and management are often characterized by divisive political conflict among competing stakeholders. This conflict is increasingly being resolved through the ballot-initiative process. One important reason the process is being used so often is the way state wildlife policy and management decisions are often made by state wildlife commissions, boards, or councils (the dominant way these decisions are made in the United States). These bodies are often perceived by important stakeholders as biased, exclusive, or unrepresentative of nonconsumptive stakeholder values. As a result, unsatisfied interest groups often try to take decision-making authority away from these institutions and give it to the public through the ballot initiative. Cases and examples from Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, and Idaho are examined in this context. The article finishes by outlining four broad alternatives that may be debated in the future: the no change alternative, the authoritative expert alternative, the structural change alternative, and the stakeholder-based collaborative conservation alternative(s).
Paradigm Trajectories of Building Information Modeling Practice in Project Networks

Researchers have examined building information modeling (BIM), or parametric three-dimensional computer-aided design, from a myriad of technological perspectives. Many of these studies focus on examining or enhancing the interoperability of building information modeling technologies across project networks. The interoperability of business practices that must complement technological interoperability has been largely ignored. In this paper we examine building information modeling practice paradigms in project networks. We combine qualitative and quantitative data and analytical approaches to investigate 26 specific cases of firms using BIM tools. We identify four distinct practice paradigms and then induce an evolutionary model for building information modeling practice paradigm trajectories in project networks. The findings highlight the importance of understanding and developing interorganizational work practices to reap the benefits of building information modeling.
Formation of human prostate epithelium using tissue recombination of rodent urogenital sinus mesenchyme and human stem cells.

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-naive model systems, which limit our ability to understand genetic and molecular events underlying prostate disease initiation. Toward developing better model systems for studying human prostate carcinogenesis, we and others have taken advantage of the unique pro-prostatic inductive potential of embryonic rodent prostate stroma, termed urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM). When recombined with certain pluripotent cell populations such as embryonic stem cells, UGSM induces the formation of normal human prostate epithelia in a testosterone-dependent manner. Such a human model system can be used to investigate and experimentally test the ability of candidate prostate cancer susceptibility genes at an accelerated pace compared to typical rodent transgenic studies. Since Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be genetically modified in culture using inducible gene expression or siRNA knock-down vectors prior to tissue recombination, such a model facilitates testing the functional consequences of genes, or combinations of genes, which are thought to promote or prevent carcinogenesis. The technique of isolating pure populations of UGSM cells, however, is challenging and learning often requires someone with previous expertise to personally teach. Moreover, inoculation of cell mixtures under the renal capsule of an immunocompromised host can be technically challenging. Here we outline and illustrate proper isolation of UGSM from rodent embryos and renal capsule implantation of tissue mixtures to form human prostate epithelium. Such an approach, at its current stage, requires in vivo xenografting of embryonic stem cells; future applications could potentially include in vitro gland formation or the use of induced pluripotent stem cell populations (iPSCs).
A Hip1R–cortactin complex negatively regulates actin assembly associated with endocytosis

Actin polymerization plays a critical role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in many cell types, but how polymerization is regulated is not known. Hip1R may negatively regulate actin assembly during endocytosis because its depletion increases actin assembly at endocytic sites. Here, we show that the C-terminal proline-rich domain of Hip1R binds to the SH3 domain of cortactin, a protein that binds to dynamin, actin filaments and the Arp2/3 complex. We demonstrate that Hip1R deleted for the cortactin-binding site loses its ability to rescue fully the formation of abnormal actin structures at endocytic sites induced by Hip1R siRNA. To determine when this complex might function during endocytosis, we performed live cell imaging. The maximum in vivo recruitment of Hip1R, clathrin and cortactin to endocytic sites was coincident, and all three proteins disappeared together upon formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle. Finally, we showed that Hip1R inhibits actin assembly by forming a complex with cortactin that blocks actin filament barbed end elongation.
A simplified method for predicting satellite passes

and Temperature in Rarefied Gas Flows," UTIAS Rept. 73, April 1961, Univ. of Toronto. 10 Patterson, G. N., "A State of the Art Survey of Some Aspects of the Mechanics of Rarefied Gases and Plasmas," ARL Rept. 64-60, April 1964. 11 Cheng, H. K. and Chang, A. L., "Hypersonic Shock Layer at Low Reynolds Number—The Yawed Cylinder," ARL 62-453, Oct. 1962. 12 Vick, A. R. et al., "Comparisons of Experimental Free-Jet Boundaries with Theoretical Results Obtained with the Method of Characteristics," TN D-2327, June 1964, NASA. 13 Van Driest, E. R., "The Problem of Aerodynamic Heating," Aeronautical Engineering Review, Oct. 1956. 14 Haslett, R. A. and Krewski, T. M., "Plume Heating Due to a Rocket-Engine Exhaust in a High Vacuum," presented at the Aviation and Space Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., March 14-18, 1965.
3-D Silicon Photonic Lattices- Cornerstone of an Emerging Photonics Revolution

Three-dimensional photonic lattices are engineered materials which are the photonic analogues of semiconductors. These structures were first proposed and demonstrated in the mid-to-late 1980's. However, due to fabrication difficulties, lattices active in the infrared are only just emerging. Wide ranges of structures and fabrication approaches have been investigated. The most promising approach for many potential applications is a diamond-like structure fabricated using silicon microprocessing techniques. This approach has enabled the fabrication of 3-D silicon photonic lattices active in the infrared. The structures display band gaps centered from 12{micro} down to 1.55{micro}.
Pathogenesis and formation of disorders of the autonomic nervous system

Aus dem Profil vegetativ-dystoner Storungen werden vom Standpunkt klinischer Praxis her folgende Zuge herausgearbeitet: 1. Die Zeit der Entlastung nach vorheriger Uberlastung ist fur die Entstehung und Manifestierung vegetativ-dystoner Storungen ein Wetterwinkel von besonderer Ereignishaftigkeit. 2. Bemerkenswert ist die Zuspitzung vegetativer Krisen, ihr Schmerzgipfel in der Nacht oder in den fruhen Morgenstunden (z. B. Raynaud, Brachialgia paraesthetica nocturna u. a.). 3. Unter den exogenen Entstehungsbedingungen sind von Interesse a) die Fleckfieberencephalitis mit gelegentlich encephalographisch nachweisbaren hydrocephalen Spatveranderungen; b) die traumatische Hirnleistungsschwache, vor allem die sekundare allgemeine diffuse Hirnschadigung; c) die alimentaren Dystrophien. Die dabei registrierbare vagotone Spareinstellung entspricht noch einem zweckmasig-kompensatorischen Vorgang. In vereinzelten Fallen aber kommt es zu hirnorganischen Dauerschadigungen mit Funktionsanderungen, die uber die Zweijahresgrenze hinausreichen; d) auf psychischem Gebiet vor allem chronisch qualende Dauerbelastungen. 4. Bei der Uberwindung vegetativ-dystoner Storungen kommt es nicht zuletzt auf eine Wiederherstellung der naturlichen Unbefangenheit den selbsttatig verlaufenden Funktionen gegenuber an (Schlafstorungen!). Vegetativ-dystone Storungen sind nicht selten die Fassade tiefgehender Depressionen. 5. Das Hauptgewicht liegt auf der Frage nach dem Krankheitswert vegetativer Labilitaten und Dystonien. Fur die Entscheidung, ob krank oder gesund, ist mit ausschlaggebend, in welchem korperlichen und seelischen Gesamt das vegetative Geschehen verankert ist. Die Bedeutung der Personlichkeit, der Tiefenperson mit Einschlus der Gemuts- und Gesinnungskrafte, in ihrer Kompensierungs- und Gestaltungsfahigkeit fur vegetative Krisen sollte nicht vernachlassigt werden. Darum wird der Vorschlag gemacht, im einen Fall von kompensierter, d. h. von der Personlichkeit her kompensierter vegetativer Labilitat, im anderen von dekompensierter oder vegetativer Dystonie im eigentlichen Sinne zu sprechen.
Non-Linear Analysis Of A Gyro-Peniotron Oscillator

ABSTRACT We present here the results of a non-linear numerical investigation of a high-harmonic gyro-peniotron oscillator design which uses a slotted cylindrical magnetron-type cav­ ity. Our modeling shows that very high efficiency ( £ 60%) can be achieved at high harmonics (s > 3), and that the operation current can be dramatically reduced by the addi­ tion of slots. We find that the start oscillation current may decrease with harmonic number in a slotted device, unlike the smooth walled gyrotron where start oscillation current always increases with increasing harmonic number. This greatly favors the use of a slotted cavity for high harmonic operation. The gyro-peniotron oscillator in a slotted cavity appears attractive as a means of achieving millimeter wave emission. INTRODUCTION The gyro-peniotron has an excellent potential as a high efficiency, high harmonic microwave source. Recent theo­ retical modeling [1-5] has shown that efficiencies (as great as 80-90%) can be gotten for electron beams with nnite ve­ locity and guiding center spread. Although the peniotron interaction may lead to higher saturated efficiencies than the electron cyclotron interaction, in the weak field linear limit the cyclotron maser interaction is generally a stronger interaction. This relative weakness of the peniotron inter­ action can lead to high start oscillation currents, and there­ fore, significant mode competition and interference from cyclotron maser modes with lower start oscillation beam powers. Use of a slotted, magnetron-type cavity presents a means of overcoming these problems by both enhancing the interaction between the electron beam and the field at high harmonics (which lowers the operating current), and at the same time reducing mode competition from unwanted modes [61. In this paper we present the results of a numer­ ical non-linear investigation of a slotted cylindrical cavity gyro-peniotron oscillator operating in a TEmn "whispering gallery" mode. The modes m = 2-5 were studies at the pe­ niotron interaction harmonics s = m 1. As expected from smooth walled and previous slotted cavity studies, we find that high efficiencies are possible at high harmonics for the gyro-peniotron. We also find that the use of a slotted cavity can lead to a decrease in the operating beam current with increasing harmonic number.
4D ultrafast electron microscopy: imaging of atomic motions, acoustic resonances, and moiré fringe dynamics.

In four-dimensional (4D) ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), timed-pulse electron imaging and selected-area diffraction are used to study structural dynamics with space- and time-resolutions that allow direct observation of transformations affecting the fundamental properties of materials. Only recently, the UEM studies have begun to reveal a variety of dynamic responses of nanoscale specimens to material excitation, on ultrafast time scales and up to microseconds. Here, we give an account of some of these results, including imaging and diffraction dynamics of gold and graphite single crystal films, revealing atomic motions and morphology change in the former and two forms of acoustic resonance in the latter. We also report, for the first time, dynamic changes upon lattice excitation of moire fringes in graphite, recorded in bright- and dark-field images. Oscillations that are seen in moire fringe spacing and other selected-area image properties have the same temporal period as observed in Bragg spot changes in diffraction patterns from the same specimen areas. This period is shown to vary linearly with the local thickness of the specimen, thus establishing that the oscillations are due to excitation of a resonant elastic modulation of the film thickness and allowing derivation of a value of the Young's modulus (c(33)) of 36 GPa for the c-axis strain. The second form of resonance dynamics observed in graphite, on much longer time scales, corresponds to an out-of-plane drumming vibration of the film consistent with a 0.94 TPa elastic modulus for in-plane (a-axis) stretching. For the latter, the nanoscale membrane motion appears complicated ("chaotic") at early time and builds up to a resonance at longer times. Finally, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the UEM provides a unique domain of study of chemical bonding on the time scale of change (femtoseconds), and its application to graphite is discussed.