cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen site exchange kinetics observed with solid state NMR in a natural zeolite

Abstract 17O solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied to study the oxygen exchange kinetics between framework oxygens and oxygens in the channel waters in the zeolite mineral stilbite. We have shown that framework oxygens in Al-O-Si sites react faster with channel water than oxygens in Si-O-Si sites and that water self-diffusion in stilbite is fast and thus the oxygen site exchange reaction is the rate limiting step in bulk exchange, at least for temperatures from 150 to 200°C and for exchange times up to 40 h. The observed total amount exchanged agreed well with bulk isotope measurements. The observed oxygen isotope exchange kinetics for Al-O-Si and Si-O-Si sites are not simple exponential. However, they could be approximated with two first-order rate reactions. The mechanism for the oxygen exchange reactions and possible explanations for the kinetics are discussed.
Wavelength discrimination for point sources.

Wavelength discrimination curves have been measured for two normal trichromats for three field sizes and various intensities. In order to obtain high-intensity levels in the blue region, a high-pressure xenon arc was used as a source. Results for the 1° field agree essentially with those of previous workers. The higher blue intensities have led to the establishment of a definite minimum at 420 mμ. Results for the smaller field sizes differ considerably from previous data. The chief reason for this seems to he in the viewing technique used. While previous authors employed strict fixation, this paper reports data obtained with a scanning technique. The effect of different methods of plotting is briefly discussed.
Germanium interactions with Si-etched silicon dioxide

Abstract The structure and activity of defects resulting from the etching reaction between Si adatoms and SiO 2 was probed by desorption of GeH x ( x = 1, 2, 3) dosed by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition. GeH x has been shown, in previous studies, to be inert to the SiO 2 surface and only accumulates through the formation of Ge clusters formed by reactions between adsorbed GeH x species. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of GeH x off SiO 2 surfaces subjected to varying degrees of etching reveals that the surface is activated toward GeH x resulting in the deposition of Ge. Examination of the H 2 signal during GeH x TPD, reveals two distinct peaks, one from 475 K to 675 K and another from 750 K to 900 K. The first H 2 peak is associated with the reaction of GeH x species with the hydrated form of the defect created by the Si etching reaction, while the second H 2 peak results from the reaction of GeH x species with Ge captured in the earlier reaction. Annealing a Si-etched SiO 2 surface under a diborane atmosphere deactivates the defect toward GeH x , while also deactivating intrinsic hydroxyl groups towards the adsorption of GeH x . A defect structure is proposed composed of vicinal and geminal hydroxyl groups flanking a Si vacancy.
Antiepileptic drugs and other medications: what interactions may arise?

Many patients with epilepsy are on lifelong therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and AEDs are used for other conditions such as mood stabilization and headache prophylaxis. These drugs have high potential for clinically significant interaction with nonepilepsy drugs. Interactions occur largely through altered pharmacokinetics. One drug may increase the hepatic clearance of another, leading to attenuated efficacy of the affected drug. Alternatively, inhibition of liver metabolism by one drug can cause acute toxicity by reducing clearance of another drug. To identify potential drug interactions before they lead to toxicity or therapy failure, the treating clinician should combine knowledge of the patient’s overall history with a general knowledge of comorbid conditions in which significant interactions involving AEDs are most likely to occur. Treatments susceptible to interactions include anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antiretroviral drugs, immunosuppressives, antineoplastics, and contraceptives. Therefore, it is important to obtain periodically a thorough history of medical problems, use of medications or herbal remedies, and adverse effects of medications. Physicians managing epilepsy patients should also strive to avoid potential drug interactions by favoring low-interaction AEDs in patients taking many other types of drugs. There is quite a large degree of patient heterogeneity in the extent of any given interaction between an AED and another drug. Indeed, some groups of patients may have different susceptibilities to such interactions because of genetic and environmental influences on drug metabolism. Effective treatment with AEDs should include attention to drug interactions.
A Niche Construction Perspective on the Middle–Upper Paleolithic Transition in Italy

This paper presents an overview of the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition in Italy in light of recent research on the Uluzzian technocomplex and on the paleoecological context of the transition. Drawing on the realization that human niche construction can be documented in the pre-agricultural archaeological record, niche construction theory is used as a conceptual framework to tie together facets of the behavioral, biological, and ecological dimensions of the transition interval into formal models of their interaction over time and in diverse contexts. Ultimately, this effort shows how foragers of the transitional interval in the Italian peninsula were active agents in shaping their evolutionary history, with consequences of some adaptive systems being felt only much later and directing the forces responsible for the ultimate disappearance of the Mousterian and Uluzzian technocomplexes in favor of the proto-Aurignacian industry, the exact nature of which clearly appears to vary on a regional level.
Why does direct-MUSIC on sparse-arrays work?

The nested and coprime arrays have recently been introduced as systematic structures to construct difference coar-rays with O(m2) elements, where m is the number of array elements. They are therefore able to identify O(m2) sources (or DOAs) under the assumption that the sources are uncorrelated. In view of their larger aperture compared to uniform linear arrays (ULAs) with the same number of elements, these arrays have some advantages over conventional ULAs even in the cases where the number of sources is less than m, such as improved Cramer-Rao bounds and improved resolvability for closely spaced sources. It has recently been shown that in such situations and under mild assumptions on source locations, it is possible to use subspace techniques such as the MUSIC algorithm directly on these sparse arrays, instead of on the coarrays, thereby making the resulting algorithms simpler. Thus the ambiguity introduced by the sparsity of the arrays is overcome with the help of extra elements with coprime spacing, even if there are multiple sources. The purpose of this paper is to give the theoretical justification for this.1
Comparison of propofol with thiopental and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

Abstract Propofol, a phenol compound with a short elimination half-life, was compared with thiopental and isof lurane for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in 60 consenting ASA I, II, and III patients. The study was randomized and open label in design. Hemodynamically, the propofol patients showed a mean ± SEM decrease in systolic blood pressure in comparison with the thiopentallisoflurane group at 2 (115.1 ± 4.9 vs. 136.6 ± 6.0 mmHg), 3 (125.7 ± 5.1 vs. 149.4 ± 5.6 mmHg), and 5 min (126.6 ± 3.8 vs. 144.4 ± 6.1 mmHg) postinduction and at intubation (135.2 ± 4.7 vs. 157.8 ± 6.0 mmHg) ( p p p
New experimental procedures to evaluate the biomechanical properties of healing canine medial collateral ligaments

Both clinical and animal studies have indicated that early mobilization and exercise may improve the healing of injured medial collateral ligaments (MCLs). To investigate these effects, transected canine MCLs were subjected to three different treatment regimens: (a) no surgical repair with 6 weeks mobilization; (b) surgical repair with 3 weeks immobilization followed by 3 weeks remobilization; and (c) surgical repair with 6 weeks immobilization. After sacrifice, knee laxity was measured in a newly designed varus-valgus (V-V) laxity device. Each knee was tested subsequently in tension to determine the structural properties of the femur-MCL-tibia complex (FMTC) and the mechanical properties of the healing MCL substance. It was found that the V-V laxity increased for all experimental knees, but that early mobilization enhanced joint stability. The structural properties of the FMTC and the mechanical properties of the MCL substance were also lower than the contralateral controls. Again, the early mobilization groups had better results.
Solar array module plasma interactions experiment (SAMPIE) - Science and technology objectives

The solar array module plasma interactions experiment (SAMPIE) is an approved NASA flight experiment manifested for Shuttle deployment in early 1994. The SAMPIE experiment is designed to investigate the interaction of high voltage space power systems with ionospheric plasma. To study the behavior of solar cells, a number of solar cell coupons (representing design technologies of current interest) will be biased to high voltages to measure both arcing and current collection. Various theories of arc suppression will be tested by including several specially modified cell coupons. Finally, SAMPIE will include experiments to study the basic nature of arcing and current collection. This paper describes the rationale for a space flight experiment, the measurements to be made, and the significance of the expected results. A future paper will present a detailed discussion of the engineering design.
Entity-life modeling in a distributed environment

Distributed systems may have local concurrency if the operating system at a node supports multiple tasks. There may also be global concurrency with sequential processes spanning several nodes. Entity-life modeling (ELM) is a method to pattern software concurrency after the concurrency inherent in the problem domain. The events that occur in the problem are partitioned into sequences called threads. The events in each thread are separated in time, allowing for processing. A set of threads that include all events in a problem is called a thread model of the problem. Each thread becomes either a single-node task or a software process that spans nodes. A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is used as an example. In the FMS, jobs undergo machining at different workstations. The FMS software is distributed to workstation nodes. There is global concurrency between processes representing sequences of actions for each job. Two thread models of the FMS and the resulting designs are compared.
Prostate specific antigen and prostatitis. II. PSA production and release kinetics in vitro.

Elevations in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients with prostatitis are well known, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved with this phenomenon are poorly understood. We have recently evaluated the effect of prostatitis on PSA levels in primates. This data demonstrated a rapid rise in PSA, which subsequently fell along the biological decay curve. This suggested a release of sequestered PSA. We evaluated the effect of infection upon PSA production for the prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. The cell line was determined to produce 9.6 ± 2.7 fg/cell/hr PSA with essentially linear kinetics. No effect was seen with dead bacteria, bacterial supernatant or complement upon the PSA production. Live E. coli had no effect for 4–8 hours at which time the cells sloughed and PSA production ceased. No release of stored PSA was seen. These data do not elucidate the reasons for increased serum PSA levels found with acute bacterial prostatitis, but indicate that it is not a storage phenomenon.
A Semi-Blind Multiuser Detection Based on Chebyshev Approximation and Subspace Tracking for MC-CDMA Uplink

In this paper, a new semi-blind multiuser detection based on a hybrid of Chebyshev approximation (CA) and subspace estimation is proposed for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) uplink. It is shown that the detector can be expressed as an anchored signal in the signal subspace and the coefficients can be estimated by CA algorithm. The spreading sequences of all known users are used to impose the linear vector constraints on the multiuser detector such that the interferers within the cell are suppressed effectively. To reduce the computational complexity, an improved projecting approximation subspace tracking with deflation (PASTd) algorithm is presented for adaptive subspace estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed semi-blind multiuser detection offers substantial performance gains over the blind multiuser detection in the MC-CDMA uplink environment.
Reducing stereotypic behavior through discrimination training, differential reinforcement of other behavior, and self‐monitoring

The effect of a treatment package designed to reduce stereotypic body rocking was examined in a child diagnosed with autism. After baseline, the participant was taught to discriminate between inappropriate (e.g. sitting in a chair and rocking) and appropriate (e.g. sitting in a chair without rocking) behavior. During intervention, both a therapist and the participant himself monitored the occurrence of rocking behavior. A non-resetting 5 min differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedule was also introduced. A multiple baseline across behaviors (sitting and standing) design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention package. The results indicated that the intervention was effective in eliminating body rocking. In addition, the DRO schedule was successfully increased to 20 min for sitting and 17 min for standing and the treatment was successfully introduced at the child's school. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of an integrated spiral inductor with an underlying n-well

Effects due to presence of n-wells with bias and no bias under spiral inductors are described. Inductors with underlying n-wells are fabricated using a 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS process. S-parameters are measured at different n-well bias conditions and equivalent circuit parameters are extracted and compared. The results show that when the n-well-to-substrate junctions are reverse biased parasitic capacitance associated with the inductors can be reduced approximately by a factor of 2 and the peak quality factor (Q) can be increased by /spl sim/10%. This reduction in the parasitic capacitance should enable widening of the inductor metal traces to increase the Q at low frequencies while keeping the parasitic capacitance and self-resonance frequency constant.
Geochemical and mineralogic effects of contact metamorphism on banded iron-formation: an example from the Transvaal Basin, South Africa

Intrusion of a diabase sill into the Paleoproterozoic Kuruman Iron Formation, Transvaal Basin, South Africa makes it possible to distinguish between effects of contact and regional metamorphism on mineralogic, elemental and isotopic compositions of banded iron-formation (BIF) lithofacies. Temperatures within the aureole of contact metamorphism likely did not significantly exceed 450°C as suggested by the presence of early diagenetic carbonates, greenalite, and stilpnomelane (formed prior to intrusion) in chert-rich facies as close as 4 m from the sill. In sediments 32 m away from the intrusion, a temperature of ∼ 280°C is indicated by the magnitude of 18O fractionation between successive chert and siderite microbands; in unmetamorphosed equivalents similar isotopic analyses on whole-rock samples yield temperature estimates between 150 and 230°C. In comparison with samples of similar lithofacies from the underlying Campbellrand-Kuruman transition zone, carbonates from within the metamorphic aureole are depleted in 13C and 18O. The abundance and C-isotopic composition of total organic C (TOC) in whole-rock samples is lower and more enriched in 13C than those in samples outside of the zone of contact metamorphism. Within 5 m of the diabase sill the abundance of Fe increases dramatically and the oxidation state of the sediments fluctuates considerably more than in sediments outside of the metamorphic aureole. Isotopic and mineralogic systematics in the zone of contact metamorphism in the Kuruman Iron Formation are similar to those in siliceous dolomites and limestones altered by similar thermal processes. As the most distinct isotopic and elemental variations occur within 10 m of the diabase sill, it is suggested that volatilization and fluid infiltration associated with the intrusion were the main processes of alteration. Consideration of the effects of metamorphism (both contact and regional) as well as early diagenesis on the mineralogy and isotopic chemistry of BIF sediments may be a key to our understanding of primary mineralogies and oxidation state of these enigmatic deposits.
Relation of natriuretic peptide concentrations to central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure.

Background Central sleep apnea (CSA) is frequent among patients with heart failure (HF) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Elevated cardiac filling pressures promote CSA and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) secretion. We hypothesized that circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations predict CSA. Methods Consecutive patients with HF (n = 44) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% underwent polysomnography for detection of CSA. CSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 with ≥ 50% central apneic events. The relation of natriuretic peptide concentrations to CSA was evaluated by estimation of ORs and receiver operator characteristics (ROCs). Results Twenty-seven subjects (61%) had CSA, with men more frequently affected than women (73% vs 27%; OR, 7.1; P = .01); given that only three women had CSA, further analysis was restricted to men. Subjects with CSA had higher mean ANP (4,336 pg/mL vs 2,510 pg/mL, P = .03) and BNP concentrations (746 pg/mL vs 379 pg/mL, P = .05). ANP and BNP concentrations were significantly related to CSA (OR, 3.7 per 3,000 pg/mL, P = .03 and OR, 1.5 per 200 pg/mL, P = .04, respectively), whereas age, LVEF, and New York Heart Association functional class were not. Concentrations of ANP and BNP were predictive of CSA as ROC demonstrated areas under the curve of 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. Conclusions Risk of CSA is related to severity of HF. ANP and BNP concentrations performed similarly for detection of CSA; low concentrations appear associated with low risk for CSA in men.
Analysis of Vaginal Cell Populations during Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis

Studies with an estrogen-dependent murine model of vaginal candidiasis suggest that local cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is more important than systemic CMI for protection against vaginitis. The present study, however, showed that, compared to uninfected mice, little to no change in the percentage or types of vaginal T cells occurred during a primary vaginal infection or during a secondary vaginal infection where partial protection was observed. Furthermore, depletion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) had no effect on infection in the presence or absence of pseudoestrus. These results indicate a lack of demonstrable effects by systemic CMI or PMN against vaginitis and suggest that if local T cells are important, they are functioning without showing significant increases in numbers within the vaginal mucosa during infection.
Size effects in ferroics.

Abstract Ferroic crystals have domain walls which can be moved by electric field (ferroelectrics), magnetic fields (ferromagnets), mechanical stress (ferroelastics) or a higher order phenomenon involving a combination of the three (secondary ferroics). Because of the large contribution movable domain walls make to piezoelectricity, permittivity, permeability, and to elastic compliance, these materials are used as transducers, capacitors, transformers, sensors and actuators. A basic understanding of size effects is critical to the development of these devices, which are being made in smaller and smaller sizes in the form of thin films, fiber-filled composites, and multilayer ceramics with submicron grain sizes. Four regimes are observed when the particle size is made smaller: (1) crystals or large grains in ceramics contain many domain walls, but the number of walls, and the number of types of walls, grows smaller as grain size is reduced. (2) When the size is decreased sufficiently, the particles become s...
Effects of pressure and temperature on the vibration behavior of sandwich cylindrical shells

In this study, damping characteristics of viscoelastic sandwich cylindrical shell under internal/external pressure and internal temperature are investigated. By implementing finite difference method for irregular grids in the sandwich cylinder, the temperature distribution at each layer is determined. A non-linear model for displacement fields at the viscoelastic core layer is developed to describe the damping characteristics of sandwich cylinder with thin/thick core layer. The effect of dissipation in a pressurized cylinder under harmonic variation of the pressure is also investigated. As shown, deflection increases with time due to the dissipated energy and consequently loss factor is not unique even at a constant frequency.
A Comparison of the Effects of Punishment‐Oriented and Reward‐Oriented Messages in Persuasive Communication

The effects of reward-oriented (pleasure) and punishment-oriented (fear) appeals were examined in conjunction with initial credibility on attitude change and terminal credibility. Ss were exposed to either a reward-oriented or a punishment-oriented message by either a high-credible or low-credible source. Reward and punishment appeals did not differentially affect either attitude change or perceived credibility. Both types of appeals produced substantial attitude change when presented by a high-credible source, neither produced significant change when presented by a low-credible source.
Modulation of extracellular matrix/adhesion molecule expression by BRG1 is associated with increased melanoma invasiveness

Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that is resistant to therapy and has a poor prognosis. The progression of primary melanoma to metastatic disease is a multi-step process that requires dynamic regulation of gene expression through currently uncharacterized epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression often involves changes in chromatin structure that are catalyzed by chromatin remodeling enzymes. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression during metastasis is important for developing an effective strategy to treat metastatic melanoma. SWI/SNF enzymes are multisubunit complexes that contain either BRG1 or BRM as the catalytic subunit. We previously demonstrated that heterogeneous SWI/SNF complexes containing either BRG1 or BRM are epigenetic modulators that regulate important aspects of the melanoma phenotype and are required for melanoma tumorigenicity in vitro. To characterize BRG1 expression during melanoma progression, we assayed expression of BRG1 in patient derived normal skin and in melanoma specimen. BRG1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in stage IV melanomas compared to stage III tumors and to normal skin. To determine the role of BRG1 in regulating the expression of genes involved in melanoma metastasis, we expressed BRG1 in a melanoma cell line that lacks BRG1 expression and examined changes in extracellular matrix and adhesion molecule expression. We found that BRG1 modulated the expression of a subset of extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes and adhesion proteins. Furthermore, BRG1 altered melanoma adhesion to different extracellular matrix components. Expression of BRG1 in melanoma cells that lack BRG1 increased invasive ability while down-regulation of BRG1 inhibited invasive ability in vitro. Activation of metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 expression greatly contributed to the BRG1 induced increase in melanoma invasiveness. We found that BRG1 is recruited to the MMP2 promoter and directly activates expression of this metastasis associated gene. We provide evidence that BRG1 expression increases during melanoma progression. Our study has identified BRG1 target genes that play an important role in melanoma metastasis and we show that BRG1 promotes melanoma invasive ability in vitro. These results suggest that increased BRG1 levels promote the epigenetic changes in gene expression required for melanoma metastasis to proceed.
Navigating the risk landscape.

The potential risks surrounding nanotechnology can often appear complex and confusing. But with some basic guideposts, argues Andrew D. Maynard, navigating them can become a little easier.
Trust Variation and ERISA's 'Presumption of Prudence'

The presumption that an eligible individual account plan (EIAP) is justified in continuing undiversified investments in employer stock, first recognized in Moench v. Robertson, is derived from state trust principles governing judicial authority to modify the terms of a private trust when necessary to respond to an unanticipated emergency. These trust variation doctrines apply in factual circumstances that are loosely analogous to the crashing ESOP situation, but a solid conceptual basis for their application to pension trusts under ERISA is lacking. The importation of traditional trust variation principles into ERISA elides several serious difficulties. The automatic assumption that the employer sponsoring an EIAP is the settlor of the pension trust is one problem. Even if the plan sponsor may be treated as settlor, Moench and its progeny overlook an essential premise of the Restatement (Second) of Trusts' administrative deviation rule: It would not apply to a private trust that is amendable in the way that a pension trust is required to be. Further, the federal courts have overlooked the fact that modern trust variation principles are far more liberal than the black letter rule set forth in the Second Restatement, which was adopted in 1957. In short, the overlooked or misunderstood provenance of the Moench presumption has caused serious confusion, leading federal courts in ERISA stock drop cases to apply outdated private trust doctrines that have little direct bearing on quasi-public (that is, tax-subsidized) pension trusts.Proper resolution of fiduciary breach claims founded on failure to diversify EIAP employer stock holdings begins with recognition that the matter involves statutory interpretation, not plan interpretation. Accommodating Congress’s multiple goals (inducing both employee ownership and retirement savings) when they come into conflict requires a critical assessment of legislative priorities, which emerged and evolved over decades, and which are evidenced by complex, technical, and seemingly unrelated provisions of both the tax code and ERISA. Careful comprehensive evaluation reveals that the presumption of prudence as developed to date in the Moench line of cases deranges ERISA’s policy equilibrium.
New Scheme of the Intelligent and Selective Fast-Tripping Overcurrent Protection

The reasons of override trip in underground power supply system was studied.With the characteristics of underground power supply system,a new intelligent chain-type protection program was proposed.Its way to realize current protection with the process was introduced in detail.The result shows that the protection can improve the the safety level of the power supply system.
Callicebus torquatus (Tan-handed titi)

Skin biopsies and lymphocytes from two female specimens formerly at San Diego Zoo confirm the finding on a single female by Egozcue (1969). No male has yet been studied and none is in captivity. The X chromosome has been identified with tritiated thymidine, it comprises 5.5% of the haploid genome. The top karyotype is C-banded, that at the bottom is prepared with the ASG technique.
Probabilistic visual verification for robotic assembly manipulation

In this paper we present a visual verification approach for robotic assembly manipulation which enables robots to verify their assembly state. Given shape models of objects and their expected placement configurations, our approach estimates the probability of the success of the assembled state using a depth sensor. The proposed approach takes into account uncertainties in object pose. Probability distributions of depth and surface normal depending on the uncertainties are estimated to classify the assembly state in a Bayesian formulation. The effectiveness of our approach is validated in comparative experiments with other approaches.
Frequency-Directed Run-Length (FDR) Codes

Test data compression and test resource partitioning (TRP) are necessary to reduce the volume of test data for system-on-a-chip designs. In the previous chapter, we showed that Golomb codes can be used for efficiently compressing SOC test data. In this chapter1, we present a new class of variable-to-variablelength compression codes that are designed using the distributions of the runs of Os in typical test sequences. We refer to these as frequency-directed run-length (FDR) codes. We present experimental results for ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits and an IBM production circuit to show that FDR codes outperform Golomb codes for test data compression. We also present a decompression architecture for TRP based on FDR codes, and an analytical characterization of the amount of compression that can be expected using these codes. Our analysis provides lower and upper bounds on the compression expected for some generic parameters of the test sequences. These bounds are especially tight when the number of runs is small, thereby showing that FDR codes are robust, i.e., they are insensitive to variations in the input data stream. In order to highlight the inherent superiority of FDR codes, we present a probabilistic analysis of data compression for a memoryless data source. Finally, we derive entropy bounds for the benchmark test sets and show that the compression obtained using FDR codes is quite close to the entropy bounds.
Essentializing Manhood in “the Street” Perilous Masculinity and Popular Criminological Ethnographies

Recent popular criminological ethnographies of “the street” deal heavily with men’s underlying aspirations for and constructions of masculinity. However, the presentation of manhood in the street h...
Functionalizing With Bioactive Peptides to Generate Bio-Instructive Scaffolds

Abstract In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, creating a biomaterial environment that interacts with cells to guide them toward desired lineages is an attractive translational strategy. To establish the desired signals from the environment, many studies are incorporating native tissues and growth factors in biomaterial scaffolds. These molecules often contain adhesion-binding sequences, which may potentially be replaced by synthetic peptides. Since adhesion-mediated signaling influences cell migration, growth, and differentiation, synthetic peptides can control cell fate by mimicking a desired binding sequence. There are many potentially available resources in terms of synthetic peptides and methods for identifying new peptides. This chapter emphasizes that although there are several studies in the field of tissue engineering that focus on adhesion peptides, there is great potential to better leverage peptides as a translational approach in the field. Replacing growth factors and extracellular proteins with their respective peptide binding sequences may potentially revolutionize the field, as peptides can be produced in large amounts with lower cost, reduced probability of nonspecific binding, and regulatory advantages. In this chapter, we review a variety of attractive peptide candidates in addition to methods to identify the next generation of bioactive peptides to drive the field of regenerative medicine forward.
How Tinto's Theory Differs for Asian and Non-Asian International Students: A Quantitative Study

Literature suggests that international students from Asian countries might differ in the way they can be supported in their efforts towards completing their degree. Using the 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, the authors investigate how social and academic integration relate to the college persistence of Asian and non-Asian international undergraduate students at U.S. postsecondary institutions. Four logistic regression models revealed that Asian and non-Asian students differed in the way academic and social integration were related to persistence, depending on their year of undergraduate study. These findings signal the importance of year of study and cultural background in thinking about how to support student degree completion.
Aerobic Plate Counts of Frozen Blanched Vegetables Processed in the United States

Aerobic plate counts were determined for 575 packages of frozen vegetables processed by 24 factories located in 12 states. The type of vegetable and the method of processing both influenced microbial populations; peas yielded some of the lowest counts while French style green beans gave higher figures than the cut variety. Using the 3-class sampling plan of the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, the acceptance rate for the 115 lots would have been 74% for the m value specification of 105 per gram. An acceptance rate of 84% was found for the M value specification of 106 per gram.
Effect of perfect anatomic repair, imperfect anatomic repair, and no repair of a 25% Hill-Sachs lesion on bony contact and capsular forces at the glenohumeral joint

Summary Background To compare the impact of a 25% Hill-Sachs lesion (defect condition, D) and perfect and imperfect anatomic repairs (PAR and IAR) of such lesions on glenohumeral bony contact and capsular forces in response to compressive and anterior loads. Material and methods A robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system applied joint compression (22N) and an anterior load (44N) to cadaveric shoulders ( n =9) at three glenohumeral joint positions (abduction/external rotation): 0°/0°, 30°/30°, and 60°/60°. The 25% bony defect state, PAR state, and IAR state were created and the loading protocol was performed. Bony contact/capsular forces were measured in each position for each shoulder state. Results PAR had the least biomechanical impact on the bony surfaces and capsule of the glenohumeral joint. D had less impact on the bones and capsule compared to the IAR. The bony surfaces and capsule of the glenohumeral joint sustained the greatest forces in the IAR condition. Conclusions The PAR state had the least force applied to the bony surfaces and capsule of the glenohumeral joint. The defect shoulder had significantly less force applied to the bones and capsule of the glenohumeral joint compared to the IAR (greatest force applied). Performing an osteoallograft repair that does not fully restore normal anatomy may result in abnormal bony contact/capsular forces, resulting in joint wear, arthritis, and injury to the surrounding capsule. Clinical relevance The importance of performing an osteoallograft repair of a Hill-Sachs defect that closely matches the pre-injury state and restores normal humeral head anatomy.
Personal Relationships and Professional Results: The Positive Impact of Transformational Leaders on Academic Librarians

Abstract Transformational leaders use the “Four Is” - individualized consideration, idealized influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation - to excite, challenge, and build deep relationships in an organization. This study investigated the benefits of transformational leaders, and how they impact the lives of academic librarians. Interviews with three academic librarians who worked with transformational leaders revealed the interviewees valued the mentoring, visioning, and generosity those leaders provided. The overarching theme of three participants' stories was the personal relationships these transformational leaders were able to build and the lasting impact those relationships had on the participants' careers.
Open and closed structures reveal allostery and pliability in the HIV-1 envelope spike

For many enveloped viruses, binding to a receptor(s) on a host cell acts as the first step in a series of events culminating in fusion with the host cell membrane and transfer of genetic material for replication. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer on the surface of HIV is responsible for receptor binding and fusion. Although Env can tolerate a high degree of mutation in five variable regions (V1-V5), and also at N-linked glycosylation sites that contribute roughly half the mass of Env, the functional sites for recognition of receptor CD4 and co-receptor CXCR4/CCR5 are conserved and essential for viral fitness. Soluble SOSIP Env trimers are structural and antigenic mimics of the pre-fusion native, surface-presented Env, and are targets of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, they are attractive immunogens for vaccine development. Here we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of subtype B B41 SOSIP Env trimers in complex with CD4 and antibody 17b, or with antibody b12, at resolutions of 3.7 A and 3.6 A, respectively. We compare these to cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of B41 SOSIP Env trimers with no ligand or in complex with either CD4 or the CD4-binding-site antibody PGV04 at 5.6 A, 5.2 A and 7.4 A resolution, respectively. Consequently, we present the most complete description yet, to our knowledge, of the CD4-17b-induced intermediate and provide the molecular basis of the receptor-binding-induced conformational change required for HIV-1 entry into host cells. Both CD4 and b12 induce large, previously uncharacterized conformational rearrangements in the gp41 subunits, and the fusion peptide becomes buried in a newly formed pocket. These structures provide key details on the biological function of the type I viral fusion machine from HIV-1 as well as new templates for inhibitor design.
Participation of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Technology-Based Interventions to Self-Manage Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Purpose: Strategies to decrease societal and cultural barriers for ethnic minorities to participate in health research are well established. However, limited data are available regarding participation of ethnic minorities in mobile and Internet technology–based interventions to self-manage type 2 diabetes where health disparities are predominant. Thus, the purpose was to understand the participation of ethnic minorities in technology-based intervention programs to manage type 2 diabetes. Design/Method: A scoping review was used to review a total of 21 intervention studies containing participant information about ethnic minorities and one qualitative study discussing participation of ethnic minorities. Findings: There was limited enrollment and participation of ethnic minorities. Technological barriers in addition to existing societal and cultural barriers were identified. Strategies to decrease the barriers were recommended. Conclusions: Technological barriers were identified on top of the societal and cu...
‘The apostle of free trade:’ Adam Smith and the nineteenth-century American trade debates

This paper examines the diversity of uses of Adam Smith’s ideas in nineteenth-century American debates about the tariff. Legislative debates about American trade policy ran almost uninterrupted fro...
Influence of a nanoparticle on the structure and dynamics of model ionomer melts

We simulate a single spherical nanoparticle (NP) surrounded by partially neutralized ionomers. The coarse-grained ionomers consist of a linear backbone of neutral monomer beads with charged pendant beads and counterions, along with pendant ‘sticker’ beads that represent unneutralized acid groups. Two different NP interactions are considered; one in which the NP interacts uniformly with all beads in the system (neutral NP) and another in which the NP has higher cohesive interactions with ions and stickers (sticky NP). Ions are depleted around the neutral NP relative to the bulk, but are denser around the surface of the sticky NP. The bond vector autocorrelation function was computed as a function of distance from the NP. For the neutral NP, due to the absence of ions, there is an increase in bond rotational dynamics near the surface relative to the bulk, while the reverse trend is observed in the case of the sticky NP. These analyses were done systematically for differing mole content of pendants, levels of neutralization, and NP sizes; lower pendant content causes a significantly larger difference in the bond dynamics near and far from the NP surface.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge on Lead Poisoning Among Students of Selected Colleges at Bangalore Urban With a View to Develop an Information Booklet

Lead poisoning is also called as plumbism, saturnism or painter’s colic. Lead poisoning occurs when blood lead levels are equal to or more than 10 micrograms per decilitre. The world health organization says 120 million people are overexposed to lead and 99% of the most serious cases are in the developing world. The population of developing nations like India is particularly more susceptible to lead poisoning because of the problem of environmental contamination. Scientific studies have been conducted all over the world including India to determine the extent of knowledge on lead poisoning, but the available data do not reflect a true scenario about the knowledge of lead poisoning among the general public. The greatest risk of injury from lead poisoning is to children. Prevention remains the best option for reducing childhood lead exposure, however knowledge, attitude and practice to lead exposure in many developing countries are not known. Thus the investigator felt the need to conduct a study to assess the knowledge of lead poisoning among the youngsters and educate them regarding the symptoms and prevention of lead poisoning as they are the glue that holds the country together and spread the knowledge gained far and wide through peer group influence.
Averaging Techniques and Ultrasonic Pole Figures

There is considerable interest in the evaluation of texture via ultrasonic measurements because of the advantages when compared to evaluation by diffraction techniques. First, ultrasonic measurements are much more rapid and have the potential of being used concurrently while processing. Second, ultrasonic measurements are nondestructive while diffraction techniques require coupons to be cut for samples. Third, ultrasonic measurements, like neutron diffraction, sample the bulk of the test material while, in contrast, x-ray diffraction samples a thin surface layer. The primary disadvantage of ultrasonic measurements is that the textural evaluation must be based on a quite limited amount of data whereas diffraction evaluation is normally based upon a very extensive number of measured points. In spite of this disadvantage, research has shown that ultrasonic measurements are potentially useful. Specifically, it has been established [1,2] that during ultrasonic measurements the textural contribution can be distinguished from stress contribution, and it has been shown [3–10] that ultrasonic measurements do give a measure of the type and amount of texture in metal sheet or plate.
La traición en la ficción literaria. Derecho, hecho y ordalías en la narrativa y la épica en francés antiguo

Throughout the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, many chansons de geste, romances, and other Old French narratives produced in France and England included episodes in which the out6come of a treason trial is determined by means of a bilateral ordeal (i.e. trial by battle,sometimes known as a judicial duel) or, much more rarely, a unilateral ordeal (e.g. by cold water). By citing such episodes as evidence that vernacular story-tellers joined with clerics in either attacking or defending trial by ordeal during the very period when unilateral ordeals were abandoned, several medievalists have tried to incorporate vernacular literary sources into a conventional story about how, during the twelfth century, the irrational law of the early medieval Europe was transformed into the rational law of the high middle ages. Just as this conventional account of legal development minimizes the resemblances between earlier and later medieval law, so recent interpretations of selected Old French trial scenes obscure significant continuities in episodes of this kind, in which the same motifs were used and re-used for well over a century. A survey of many such trials shows that on the very rare occasions when vernacular authors mentioned the unilateral ordeal, they did not represent it unfavorably. Moreover, these authors repeatedly treated the bilateral ordeal (i.e. battle) as a fully adequate and honorable means of disproving false charges of treason. To the extent that stories represent the outcomes of certain imaginary cases as being problematic, they attribute the deficiences of outcomes reached by ordeal, not to the defects of ordeals as methods of proof, but rather to the difficulties involved in resolving the substantive issues of law, politics, and aristocratic honor that the cases were constructed for the purpose of raising. In raising such issues, early twelfth-century trial scenes show as much legal subtlety and sophistication as do late twelfth- and thirteenth-century trial scenes, which reveal as much concern with the problem of negotiating aristocratic honor as do early twelfth-century vernacular texts.
IT'S 11 PM—DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOUR LIQUIDITY IS? THE MEAN-VARIANCE-LIQUIDITY FRONTIER ∗

We introduce liquidity into the standard mean-variance portfolio optimization framework by defining several measures of liquidity and then constructing three-dimensional meanvariance-liquidity frontiers in three ways: liquidity filtering, liquidity constraints, and a mean-variance-liquidity objective function. We show that portfolios close to each other on the traditional mean-variance efficient frontier can differ substantially in their liquidity characteristics. In a simple empirical example, the liquidity exposure of mean-variance efficient portfolios changes dramatically from month to month, and even simple forms of liquidity optimization can yield significant benefits in reducing a portfolio’s liquidity-risk exposure without sacrificing a great deal of expected return per unit risk.
Chinese cultures and E-commerce

The potential for the Internet and e-commerce in China and Chinese-speaking nations (including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore) is huge. Many experts believe that China will have the second largest population of Web surfers, after the United States, by the year 2005 (McCarthy, 2000). Currently, the Internet population in China is doubling every six months (CNNIC, 2001). There are many issues relating to China's cultural aspects and society, which can impact the design and content of Websites that are directed towards Chinese audiences. Some of these issues include basic differences between Chinese and American/Western cultures, family and collective orientations, religion and faith, color, symbolism, ordering and risk/uncertainty. Attention is given to the differences between the cultures of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, as well as addressing issues brought up by related theories and frameworks. A discussion of important considerations that relate to using Chinese language on the World Wide Web (WWW) is also included. Finally, insights are gained by examining Websites produced in China and Chinese-speaking countries. This chapter will focus on many of these issues and provide practical guidelines and advice for those who want to reach out to Chinese audiences, whether for e-commerce, education, or other needs.