cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the 1977–87 decade of action to combat desertification

Desertification has been a concern of the Committee on Arid Lands (COAL) as a subset of its wide ranging interest in problems of arid and semi-arid lands, resources, management, and human occupation. Deserti fication problems are basic in arid lands and their control can lead to ef fective land management. Actions to combat the effects of desertification have been included in the agenda of the Committee on Arid Lands since its inception in 1974. COAL has published many symposia not only at American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings, but also at regional meetings convened for the purpose of examining arid land problems. Three years ago the Committee on Arid Lands sponsored a symposium, entitled "Whatever Happened to Desertification?" The re sponse at that time by the selected speakers was that processes of desertifi cation were often activated by unwise management processes. However, concurrent research and improved land management practices are actively at work to control desertification and mitigate adverse land use. The key note speaker was the president of New Mexico State University, Dr. Gerald Thomas who at one time was President of the Society for Range Management. The sense of his presentation was that things are improving in the arid and semi-arid lands of the United States.
Substituent effects on the turn-on kinetics of rhodamine-based fluorescent pH probes

Fluorescent turn-on probes based on a rhodamine spirolactam (RSL) structure have recently become a popular means of detecting pH, metal ions, and other analytes of interest. RSLs are colorless and non-fluorescent until the target analyte induces opening of the spirocyclic ring system, revealing the fully conjugated and highly fluorescent rhodamine dye. Among RSLs opened by acid, we have observed wide variation in the kinetics of the fluorescence turn-on process such that some probes would not be usable in situations where a rapid reading is desired or the pH fluctuates temporally. Herein we present a systematic investigation of the fluorescence turn-on kinetics of RSLs to probe the hypothesis that the reaction rates are influenced by the electronic properties of the spirolactam ring system. A series of 8 aniline-derived RSLs with para substituents ranging from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing was prepared from rhodamine B. The fluorescence turn-on rates are observed to increase by a factor of four as the substituent is tuned from methoxy to nitro. This effect is explained in terms of the destabilization of the reaction intermediate by the substituent. As the reaction rates increase across the series, a concomitant increase in fluorescence intensity is also observed. This result is attributed to an increase in the concentration of the fluorescent form of the dye and is consistent with the expected equilibrium properties of this system. These findings are applied to the design of a faster-reacting and more intensely fluorescent RSL pH probe.
Absolute CH radical concentrations in rich low-pressure methane-oxygen-argon flames via cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the A transition

The authors measure absolute methylidyne (CH) radical concentrations in a series of rich 31.0 Torr (4.13 kPa) methane-oxygen-argon flames using cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Probing via the CH A{sup 2}{Delta}-X{sup 2}II transition near 430 nm gives a sensitivity of 3 x 10{sup 9 cm{sup {minus}3}} for experimental conditions, yielding a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1,000 for the strongest transitions observed. The authors measure profiles of CH mole fraction as a function of height above a flat-flame burner for rich flames with equivalence ratios of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6. These flames are modeled using the following mechanisms: (1) the GRI Mech 2.11, (2) a mechanism by Prada and miller, (3) a modified GRI 2.11 mechanism, which employs a more realistic increased CH + O{sub 2} rate coefficient, and (4) the new GRI Mech 3.0. Generally good agreement between the models and the data is found, with the GRI 3.0 and modified 2.11 mechanisms best reproducing the data. The greatest discrepancies are observed at the richest stoichiometry, where all of the models predict a wider CH profile shifted further from the burner than experimentally observed.
Dynamic slack allocation algorithms for energy minimization on parallel machines

We explore novel algorithms for DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) based energy minimization of DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) based applications on parallel and distributed machines in dynamic environments. Static DVS algorithms for DAG execution use the estimated execution time. The estimated time in practice is overestimated or underestimated. Therefore, many tasks may be completed earlier or later than expected during the actual execution. For overestimation, the extra available slack can be added to future tasks so that energy requirements can be reduced. For underestimation, the increased time may cause the application to miss the deadline. Slack can be reduced for future tasks to reduce the possibility of not missing the deadline. In this paper, we present novel dynamic scheduling algorithms for reallocating the slack for future tasks to reduce energy and/or satisfy deadline constraints. Experimental results show that our algorithms are comparable to static algorithms applied at runtime in terms of energy minimization and deadline satisfaction, but require considerably smaller computational overhead.
Lattice dynamics and the structure of p(2 × 1)ONi(110)

Abstract From a comparative lattice dynamical study of different reconstruction models, it is concluded that the following model gives the best explanation of the previously measured surface phonon dispersion curves for the p(2 × 1)ONi(110) system: each oxygen atom sits in a slightly asymmetric adsorption site near the long-bridge position, at a height of 0.56 A above the nearest nickel row, such that the local symmetry of the system is C s with the symmetry axis along the 〈110〉 direction; the substrate undergoes a missing-row reconstruction.
Pattern Profiling and Mapping of the Fat Body Transcriptome in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila, the fat body is a collective name for the masses and sheets of adipose tissue that are distributed throughout the fly body. Thus far, >386,000 Drosophila expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been deposited to the GenBank database, including 10,443 derived from fat body in flies (data accessed on October 7, 2004). The objective of this study was to map the transcriptome of the fat body in flies and thus provide genomics and bioinformatics tools for developing a Drosophila model for addressing the genetic complexity of obesity in humans. The gene-EST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) matches revealed that these ESTs could represent 12,188 coding genes in the Drosophila genome. Among them, at least 2,261 are expressed in the fat body, including 41 identified as preferentially expressed genes with logarithm of odds >3.0. Self-organizing map analysis revealed a cluster of 290 genes favorably expressed in the fat body compared with genes expressed in five other tissues. Mapping of the fat body transcriptome identified a 1.7-Mb domain on 3L containing 35 genes that were expressed at a much higher level than in other tissues (transcript density factor = 1.0 approximately 2.3).
A comparison of maternal sensitivity and verbal stimulation as unique predictors of infant social-emotional and cognitive development.

Abstract Although maternal sensitivity has been shown to influence social–emotional development, the role of verbal stimulation on infant developmental outcomes has received less exploration. Recent research has focused on intentional behaviors within the context of a mother–infant interaction as a critical influence and as distinct from sensitivity. In this investigation 6377 mother–infant dyads participated in a teaching task as part of the sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Analyses focused in deciphering the role of maternal sensitivity and verbal stimulation as contributors to the infant's social–emotional (S–E) and cognitive (Cog) development. We further hypothesized that inclusion of infant age as a moderator of maternal behaviors would illuminate any differences between younger and older infants. Results: For the infant's S–E development, our hypothesis that maternal sensitivity would be a stronger predictor than verbal stimulation was not supported; nor did we find support for our hypothesis that the association would be moderated by age. For Cog development, only verbal stimulation had a direct positive effect on the infant's cognitive ability; our findings for moderation showed that mothers spoke more to older infants than younger infants. Conclusion: Identification of specific maternal behaviors associated with infant outcomes informs the child development field, and also provides strategies for early intervention to assist mothers with developing or maintaining a consistent relationship that includes sensitivity and verbal stimulation.
Synaptic repression at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. I. Generation after partial target area removal.

Synaptic repression, the inability of synaptic junctions to generate normal-sized postsynaptic potentials under normal physiological conditions, is reported here for crayfish neuromuscular synapses. The synapses in the superficial flexor muscle system of the crayfish change their efficiency in generating a postsynaptic response as a result of a specific alteration in their immediate environment. When the superficial flexor nerve is cut halfway into the target muscle field and the lateral muscle fibers are removed, the intact medial synapses do not generate normal-sized junction potentials (JP) at the 17° –19°C temperature of the Ringers solution. JPs cannot be recorded in 83% of the muscle fibers at 2 weeks after the operation and of the few JPs that can be detected, 80% are smaller than 1 mV in size. By 8 weeks after the operation, JPs were detected in 55% of the muscle fibers, and now only 46% of these are smaller than 1 mV. When the lateral muscle fibers are left in place during the original operation, providing a target area for the cut nerve to grow into, JPs were then detected in 60%–80% of all medial fibers at all time periods after the operation; their size profile, with 10%–25% of the muscle fibers having JP's less than 1 mV, was similar to control values. These results suggest that the efficiency of these synaptic contacts become affected as a result of partial axotomy and removal of the target area of the cut branches of the axons. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leukotriene D4 and E4 formation by plasma membrane bound enzymes

The homogenate of rat basophilic leukemia cells produces both the dihydroxy-leukotrienes and the peptido-leukotrienes (LT) C4, D4 and E4. The enzymes responsible for the formation of LTA4 and LTB4 are in the soluble fraction while the enzymes for LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are particulate (10,000 X g pellet). Centrifugation of the 10,000 X g pellet over a sucrose gradient resulted in two subfractions, a membrane fraction and a pellet (sucrose pellet). The fractions were incubated with LTC4, and the products were identified by bioassay, HPLC and UV spectra. The membrane fraction contained the enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and amino peptidase which convert LTC4 to LTD4 and LTD4 to LTE4, respectively. When incubated with LTC4, the membrane fraction showed a dose dependent formation of LTD4 and a time course which reached a plateau at 30 to 45 minutes. Addition of serine.borate blocked the formation of LTD4, and cysteine blocked LTE4 production. The sucrose pellet showed little conversion of LTC4 to LTD4. We conclude that the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the amino peptidase which produce LTD4 and LTE4 respectively are plasma membrane bound.
Linoleic acid as causative agent of encephalomalacia in chickens fed oxidized fats.

SummaryFeeding of heated and aerated unsaturated fats to chickens fed Vit. E low diets resulted in high incidence of encephalomalacia. Incidence of encephalomalacia was correlated with linoleic aci...
Ultrashort-pulse measurement using noninstantaneous nonlinearities: Raman effects in frequency-resolved optical gating

Ultrashort-pulse-characterization techniques generally require instantaneously responding media. We show that this is not the case for frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG). We include, as an example, the noninstantaneous Raman response of fused silica, which can cause errors in the retrieved pulse width of as much as 8% for a 25-fs pulse in polarization-gate FROG. We present a modified pulse-retrieval algorithm that deconvolves such slow effects and use it to retrieve pulses of any width. In experiments with 45-fs pulses this algorithm achieved better convergence and yielded a shorter pulse than previous FROG algorithms.
Contiguous versus segmented hydrophobicity in micellar systems.

This paper addresses a question not yet posed systematically in surfactant chemistry: How do the colloidal properties of surfactants respond to insertion of non-hydrocarbon functionalities (i.e., ester groups) within chains that are normally entirely hydrocarbon? In answering this question, two classes of such chain-modified surfactants were discovered. One class forms only small aggregates with noncooperative self-assembly, low foaming, high areas of occupancy at the air/water interface, and weak solid-adsorption and solubilization properties. The other class is much more normal with regard to these properties and, in fact, can even exceed conventional surfactants in mesitylene solubilization. Differences between the two categories of chain-modified surfactants originate from the degree of segmentation of the hydrocarbon and, in particular, upon the location of the longest segment. Segmented hydrophobicity, having in principle a “hydrophobic potential” similar to that of a contiguous hydrophobicity of e...
Dosage and schedule of mitomycin in clinical setting

Abstract Studies of intravesically administered mitomycin in the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder show that as a therapeutic agent mitomycin has achieved overall response rates as high as 95 percent. The standard dosage and schedule arrived at in phase I–II trials is 40 mg in 40 mL sterile water given weekly for eight weeks. The role of maintenance therapy with mitomycin following initial intravesical chemotherapy and/or transurethral resection is at present indeterminate, although trials have found long-term prophylactic administration (up to 3 years) to be efficacious and well tolerated.
Connections between dimensions of marital quality and school-age children's adjustment

Abstract This study provides data relevant to potential explanations for the linkages between marital relationships and children's functioning in a nonclinic sample of school-age children. Subjects were 152 intact families (mothers, fathers, and firstborn children) participating in a longitudinal study of family relationships. The children, 85 girls and 67 boys, were 9–12 years of age. In home interviews, mothers, fathers, and children independently rated dimensions of the marriage relationship and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Children's school grades also were obtained. Analyses revealed that parent's reports of marital conflict, dissatisfaction about their spouse's child-rearing philosophy, and global marital satisfaction, as well as children's ratings of the marriage were linked to some indices of children's adjustment. Rater effects, however, accounted for most of the observed associations. We found little evidence for a modeling hypothesis whereby marital conflict is linked to child adjustment problems, but some evidence that boys, in particular, might be adversely affected by parental disagreement about childrearing strategies. The necessity of obtaining data from multiple sources about both the marriage and children's adjustment is emphasized, as is the importance of moving away from global indices of marital quality.
Fourier analysis of wing beat signals: assessing the effects of genetic alterations of flight muscle structure in Diptera

A method for determining and analyzing the wing beat frequency in Diptera is presented. This method uses an optical tachometer to measure Diptera wing movement during flight. The resulting signal from the optical measurement is analyzed using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique, and the dominant frequency peak in the Fourier spectrum is selected as the wing beat frequency. Also described is a method for determining quantitatively the degree of variability of the wing beat frequency about the dominant frequency. This method is based on determination of a quantity called the Hindex, which is derived using data from the FFT analysis. Calculation of the H index allows computer-based selection of the most suitable segment of recorded data for determination of the representative wing beat frequency. Experimental data suggest that the H index can also prove useful in examining wing beat frequency variability in Diptera whose flight muscle structure has been genetically altered. Examples from Drosophila indirect flight muscle studies as well as examples of artificial data are presented to illustrate the method. This method fulfills a need for a standardized method for determining wing beat frequencies and examining wing beat frequency variability in insects whose flight muscles have been altered by protein engineering methods.
Structures of genes for two cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptides: prophenin-2 and PR-39.

We characterized genes for prophenin (PF)-2 and PR-39, two cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptides found in porcine leukocytes. Both contained 4 exons and 3 introns and were compact, contiguous and highly homologous. Exons I–III encoded most of their cathelin domains. Exon IV specified the final few cathelin residues, including its conserved C-terminal valine, followed by the mature PR-39 peptide or a PF-2 precursor. The highly conserved 5′ flanking sequences of this gene family contained NF-κB, IL-6, GM-CSF and NF-1 binding motifs and the introns were unusually conserved. These data suggest that the panoply of porcine cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptides arose relatively recently via gene reduplications and exon shuffling, and that in vivo expression of cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptides may respond to mediators generated early during infection.
Vascular Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates the Inhibition of Myogenic Reactivity in Small Arteries Isolated from Rats after Short-Term Administration of Relaxin

During pregnancy and chronic relaxin administration to nonpregnant rats (for days), vascular MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2 is increased and mediates renal vasodilation, hyperfiltration, and inhibition of myogenic reactivity of small renal arteries. However, the renal vasodilatory actions of relaxin also occur after only several hours of hormone administration to nonpregnant rats, and we hypothesized a pivotal role for vascular MMP-2. Accordingly, we used gelatin zymography, which reveals not only vascular MMP-2, but also MMP-9 activity in small renal arteries isolated from rats administered recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX) or vehicle for 4–6 h. Furthermore, we tested whether myogenic reactivity is inhibited, and if so, whether the inhibition is mediated by increased vascular MMP-2. Surprisingly, we detected no significant difference in either pro or active MMP-2 in small renal arteries isolated from rhRLX and vehicle control treatment groups. In contrast, vascular MMP-9 was up-regulated by 70% (P < 0....
Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract Background: Hyperparathyroidism is common in patients with renal disease. These patients may require operation for this disease if it cannot be controlled by medical therapy. Because these patients continue to have renal failure, the risk of recurrence and reoperation is high. Methods: Sixty-nine patients with renal failure underwent operation for hyperparathyroidism. These patients were followed up on dialysis or after transplantation. Results: Sixty-nine patients, aged 2 to 71 years old, with end-stage renal disease required parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism 6.2 ± 4.2 (standard deviation) years after beginning dialysis. Thirty-six patients had undergone renal transplantation (creatinine = 1.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL). All patients had elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Sixty-eight patients had hyperplasia; 1 patient had adenoma. Six patients required reoperation for recurrent hyperparathyroidism 30 to 123 months after their initial parathyroidectomy. Conclusion: Patients with end-stage renal disease are prone to abnormalities of calcium metabolism. They frequently develop parathyroid hyperplasia. Recurrence can occur following operation because of continuing renal failure.
Complex quantum scattering and the breakdown of the quantum Hall effect

Quantum potential scattering from abrupt scatterers is studied nonperturbatively in the quantum Hall regime. Complex scattering dynamics including sharp resonances are observed for the first time in this regime. Inter-Landau-level tunneling is strongly enhanced by extended scatterers. The calculated threshold field is in agreement with breakdown experiments. An exact transfer-matrix method and a quasiclassical Wigner-function method are used to extract both amplitudes and phases of the scattering matrix.
Mule deer antlers as biomonitors of strontium-90 on the Hanford Site

This study evaluated deer antlers as indicators of animal uptake of localized 90Sr contamination on the Hanford Site in south-central Washington. Levels of 90Sr were examined in 38 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) antler samples collected near and distant from previously active nuclear reactor facilities and from a reference site in central Oregon. Results showed that 90Sr concentrations in antlers collected near reactor facilities were significantly higher (P<0.001) than other Hanford samples. Reference samples contained nearly 5 times the levels of 90Sr compared with Hanford. Strontium-90 concentrations in deer antlers collected at the reference locations were higher than Hanford site deer, presumably because the deer inhabited mountain regions during the summer months that received more atmospheric fallout from historic weapons testing.
Characterization of 11 microsatellite loci for the brown smooth-hound shark, Mustelus henlei (Triakidae), discovered with next-generation sequencing

The brown smooth-hound shark, Mustelus henlei (Triakidae), is an endemic member of the eastern Pacific shark assemblage considered both commercially and recreationally important. Here, microsatellite loci for M. henlei discovered by next-generation sequencing (Roche 454 pyrosequencing) are described. All loci were polymorphic (3–10 alleles) with observed heterozygosities between 0.24 and 0.89 and expected heterozygosities between 0.23 and 0.86. These loci are the first to be characterized explicitly for M. henlei and should be useful for the investigation of population structure and gene flow in this species and for other members of the Triakidae.
Biochemical evaluation of rat hepatocyte primary cultures as a model for carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: Comparative studies in vivo and in vitro

In order to evalute how well the development of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in vivo can be modeled in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, biochemical alterations were determined in liver samples from rats given CCl4 and in liver cells cultured for 18 hr then exposed to CCl4. Soluble thiol levels matched closely between tissue and hepatocytes (11 vs 12 μg-SH/mg protein) prior to exposure. Comparable concentrations of CCl4 were measured in blood (0.30 mm at 30 min) and in culture medium (0.49 mm at 5 min). Simultaneous inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump and stimulation of phosphorylase a activity occurred at early times in vivo (30 min) and in vitro (5 min). Glucose-6-phosphatase was inhibited next in liver (120 min) and in cells (20 min). 5′-Nucleotidase was not affected at any timepoints examined in either system. Leakage of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and depletion of glycogen were maximal at later times in vivo (≥8 hr) and in cells (30 min). Total calcium content was increased severalfold in liver tissue (24 hr), but was not elevated in hepatocytes. This lack of calcium accumulation in cells appeared to result from impaired mitochondrial calcium uptake. Thus CCl4-induced biochemical changes followed nearly the same continuum in both models, although the progression was much more rapid in vitro than in vivo.
Stability in the almost everywhere sense: A linear transfer operator approach

Abstract The problem of almost everywhere stability of a nonlinear autonomous ordinary differential equation is studied using a linear transfer operator framework. The infinitesimal generator of a linear transfer operator (Perron–Frobenius) is used to provide stability conditions of an autonomous ordinary differential equation. It is shown that almost everywhere uniform stability of a nonlinear differential equation, is equivalent to the existence of a non-negative solution for a steady state advection type linear partial differential equation. We refer to this non-negative solution, verifying almost everywhere global stability, as Lyapunov density . A numerical method using finite element techniques is used for the computation of Lyapunov density.
Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunological aspects

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), as we recognize it today, was first described by Landry in 1859 [32] and for years was known as Landry’s ascending paralysis. In 1916, Guillain, Barre and Strohl [23], using the newly developed technique of lumbar puncture, described albuminocytological dissociation, i.e., increased albumin with very few or no cells, in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Landry’s ascending paralysis and helped to distinguish the disorder from other paralytic disorders especially poliomyelitis. Over the next several years, Landry’s ascending paralysis with new diagnostic features in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) became kown as Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Changes in Symptoms in Concussed and Non-Concussed Athletes Following Neuropsychological Assessment

Collegiate athletes tested at baseline and post-concussion were administered a self-report measure of post-concussion symptoms pre- and post-testing. Athletes tested post-concussion were significantly more likely to demonstrate an increase in symptoms post-testing, suggesting that the cognitive exertion involved in neuropsychological assessment may exacerbate symptoms in some athletes.
Green's function for electrons in a narrow quantum well in a parallel magnetic field

Abstract Electron dynamics in a narrow quantum well in a parallel magnetic field of arbitrary strength are examined here. We derive an explicit analytical closed-form solution for the Green's function of Landau-quantized electrons in skipping states of motion between the narrow well walls coupled with in-plane translational motion and hybridized with the zero-field lowest subband energy eigenstate. Such Landau-quantized modes are not uniformly spaced.
Rapid instrument sterilization.

. A rapid dry heat sterilization system has been found to be an effective alternative to other popular methods for assuring instrument sterility. Unpackaged instruments can be sterilized in as little as 6 minutes. This system would be of particular value to the dermatologist who performs a minimal amount of surgery or maintains only a small inventory of surgical instruments.
A role for storage proteins in autogenous reproduction in Aedes atropalpus

Abstract In the autogenous mosquito, Aedes atropalpus , storage proteins accumulated during the larval stage may serve as an amino acid reserve for oogenesis, in addition to metamorphosis. Hexameric storage proteins accumulate during larval development and include subunits of three different masses: 62.5, 66, 72.5 kDa. All three types of subunits are found in the female but only the larger two are in males. In females, storage proteins are only partially depleted by the time of eclosion. The remaining protein amounts to about 40% of the original store. Males, in contrast, exhaust their supply of stored protein during metamorphosis. In the female, the storage proteins disappear over the first days after eclosion, and are depleted before vitellogenin/vitellin levels reach their maximum. This suggests that the amino acids held in storage proteins are transferred to vitellogenesis, enabling autogenous egg development. The fact that these amino acids are not available for egg development until after eclosion, later than in many other insects, probably reflects a relatively recent evolution from blood-feeding ancestors.
A semantic backward chaining proof system

Abstract We discuss a refutationally complete sequent style clause-based proof system that supports several important strategies in automatic theorem proving. The system has a goal-subgoal structure and supports backward chaining with caching. It permits semantic deletion, sometimes using multiple interpretations. It is also a genuine support strategy. We also show how to use multiple interpretations to control the case analysis rule, also called the splitting rule, how to design interpretations and how to select input clauses for a theorem.
Temporal features mediating call recognition in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea: amplitude modulation

Abstract Abstract. The male green treefrog, Hyla cinerea , has two signals in its vocal repertoire, the advertisement call and the aggressive call. These vocalizations are similar in frequency composition, but differ in their rate of amplitude modulation (waveform periodicity). The ability of male green treefrogs to respond to signals differing in modulation rate and depth was tested with an evoked-calling paradigm. Males were significantly more likely to vocalize in response to playbacks of stimuli modulated at the waveform periodicity of the conspecific advertisement call, and less likely to vocalize in response to stimuli modulated at the rate of the conspecific aggressive call, or to stimuli modulated at the rate of a heterospecific advertisement call. Male vocal responses showed similar changes with modulation rate in response to either modulated calls (containing both spectral and temporal cues) and modulated noise (containing temporal cues alone). Decreasing the modulation depth eliminated the effect of modulation rate on the males' vocal responses. Changes in responding with modulation rate were consistent across both field and laboratory conditions. These results suggest that the temporal feature of amplitude modulation plays an important role in call recognition in the natural environment.
The Merger of Mesoscale Datasets into a Common Cartesian Format for Efficient and Systematic Analyses

Abstract During the 1981 summer season within a 70 000 km2 area surrounding Miles City, Montana, researchers from approximately twenty institutions participated in the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). The measurements collected during this project comprise one of the most comprehensive datasets ever acquired in and around individual convective storms on the high plains of North America. Principal data systems utilized during CCOPE included 8 ground-based radar (7 of which had Doppler capability), 12 instrumented research aircraft, and a network of 123 surface stations. A major data processing goal has been to combine these independently acquired mesoscale measurements into a numerical description of observed atmospheric conditions at any point in time. Using the CCOPE data archive as an example, this paper describes the procedures used to reduce these high resolution observations to a common spatial and temporal framework. The final product is a digital description of the environme...
Hyperpigmentation in acute leukemia treated with folic acid antagonists.

SummaryHyperpigmentation of the skin has been observed in several cases of acute leukemia receiving folic acid antagonists and histological studies in one patient confirmed the impression that true melanogenesis had occurred. The role of antagonists in influencing the tyrosinases concerned in melanin formation is unknown.
Performance evaluation of a criminal justice information system: A transferable methodology

Abstract A highly complex computer-based information system serving numerous criminal justice functions, like any advanced system, presents extraordinary evaluation difficulties. A deficiency of comparative cost and performance data is often the evaluator's lament. Recognizing these and other problems, a scheme was developed for organizing and weighing objective and subjective data collected from users and from outside experts. Observations and opinions were quantified and scored to enable a performance evaluation based on the little data available. The result is perhaps an appropriate evaluation perspective but certainly a transferable methodology—one potentially applicable to the evaluation of any largescale computer system where comparative pre-system and post-system data are unavailable.
A study of thyrocalcitonin secretion by direct measurement of in vivo secretion rates in pigs.

Surgically isolated pig thyroid glands, without parathyroid tissue, were perfused in situ with blood, the calcium concentration of which could be varied. Complete, measured collections of thyroid venous blood were achieved, and the thyrocalcitonin (TC) content of each sample was determined by intravenous bioassay in young rats. The time course of changes in perfusing calcium concentration was closely paralleled by similar changes in TC secretion rate. There was a linear relationship between these 2 parameters over the range 6–10 mEq Ca/liter. The sensitivity of the assay was such that TC secretion could not be detected with certainty at calcium concentrations below 6 mEq/l, although indirect evidence from other experiments indicated that it does occur. The TC secretion rate was usually small relative to the total TC content of the thyroid gland. (Endocrinology 83: 161, 1968)
Structure and activity analysis of Inauhzin analogs as novel antitumor compounds that induce p53 and inhibit cell growth.

Identifying effective small molecules that specifically target the p53 pathway in cancer has been an exciting, though challenging, approach for the development of anti-cancer therapy. We recently identified Inauhzin (INZ) as a novel p53 activator, selectively and efficiently suppressing tumor growth without displaying genotoxicity and with little toxicity to normal cells. In order to reveal the structural features essential for anti-cancer activity of this small molecule, we have synthesized a panel of INZ analogs and evaluated their ability to induce cellular p53 and to inhibit cell growth in cell-based assays. This study as described here leads to the discovery of INZ analog 37 that displays much better potency than INZ in both of p53 activation and cell growth inhibition in several human cancer cell lines including H460 and HCT116+/+ cells. This INZ analog exhibited much less effect on p53-null H1299 cells and HCT116−/− cells, and importantly no toxicity on normal human p53-containing WI-38 cells. Hence, our results not only unveil key chemical features for INZ activity, but also identify the newly synthesized INZ analog 37 as a better small molecule for further development of anti-cancer therapy.
In-flight acoustic testing techniques using the YO-3A Acoustic Research Aircraft

This report discusses the flight testing techniques and equipment employed during air-to-air acoustic testing of helicopters at Ames Research Center. The in flight measurement technique used enables acoustic data to be obtained without the limitations of anechoic chambers or the multitude of variables encountered in ground based flyover testing. The air-to-air testing is made possible by the NASA YO-3A Acoustic Research Aircraft. This "Quiet Aircraft' is an acoustically instrumented version of a quiet observation aircraft manufactured for the military. To date, tests with the following aircraft have been conducted: YO-3A background noise; Hughes 500D; Hughes AH-64; Bell AH-1S; Bell AH-1G. Several system upgrades are being designed and implemented to improve the quality of data. This report will discuss not only the equipment involved and aircraft tested, but also the techniques used in these tests. In particular, formation flying position locations, and the test matrices will be discussed. Examples of data taken will also be presented.
Individual Development Accounts for Housing Policy: Analysis of Individual and Program Characteristics

Homeownership is a desirable goal for most Americans and is considered an integral part of the American Dream. Empirical studies indicate homeownership has many positive outcomes. However, homeownership is not prevalent among low-income populations. Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) are matched savings accounts designed to help the working poor save for a home or other assets. This paper examines the savings outcomes of IDA participants saving for a home in the American Dream Policy Demonstration, which was the first large-scale test of IDAs. Data were collected from 1997 to 2001 on 1176 participants saving to purchase a home. Results indicate that low-income IDA participants can successfully save when provided structured opportunities. This paper examines individual and program characteristics that are important to explaining saving behaviors. Implications for policy makers, program administrators, and future research are given.
Conditions for nonclassical behavior in the light amplifier

The necessary and sufficient conditions on the gain of the linear amplifier are determined under which the light output exhibits sub-Poissonian photon statistics or squeezing. It is found that for these effects the intensity gain must not exceed 2 under any circumstances. It is also shown that there exists a weaker sufficiency condition on the gain above which all nonclassical features of the field disappear. This suggests the possibility that other quantum effects may persist in the intermediate, still unexplored, domain of operation of the amplifier.
Iodine Intake in the United States: A Reassessment

ABSTRACT Estimates of average dietary iodine intake have been derived from thyroidal radioiodine uptakes conducted by 133 observers in approximately 30,000 euthyroid subjects throughout the United States. The average daily iodine intake in various sections of the United States varies from about 240 to 740 ng daily. Present-day regions of relatively lower intake in the northeast and northwest coincide approximately with those areas where endemic goiter has been found previously.
RNA Polymerase II C-Terminal Domain Phosphorylation Patterns in Caenorhabditis elegans Operons, Polycistronic Gene Clusters with Only One Promoter

The heptad repeat of the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain is phosphorylated at serine 5 near gene 5' ends and serine 2 near 3' ends in order to recruit pre-mRNA processing factors. Ser-5(P) is associated with gene 5' ends to recruit capping enzymes, whereas Ser-2(P) is associated with gene 3' ends to recruit cleavage and polyadenylation factors. In the gene clusters called operons in Caenorhabditis elegans, there is generally only a single promoter, but each gene in the operon forms a 3' end by the usual mechanism. Although downstream operon genes have 5' ends, they receive their caps by trans splicing rather than by capping enzymes. Thus, they are predicted to not need Ser-5 phosphorylation. Here we show by RNAPII chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that internal operon gene 5' ends do indeed lack Ser-5(P) peaks. In contrast, Ser-2(P) peaks occur at each mRNA 3' end, where the 3'-end formation machinery binds. These results provide additional support for the idea that the serine phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) serves to bring RNA-processing enzymes to the transcription complex. Furthermore, these results provide a novel demonstration that genes in operons are cotranscribed from a single upstream promoter.
Transient Ischemic Dilation of the Left Ventricle on SPECT: Correlation with Findings at Coronary CT Angiography

Transient ischemic dilation (TID) in the setting of abnormal stress–rest cardiac SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk. However, the significance of TID in the setting of an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study has not been clearly established. In this study, cardiac CT was used to evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with TID of the left ventricle with or without associated myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT MPI. Methods: The study population consisted of 1,553 consecutive patients who had undergone both cardiac CT and SPECT MPI within 1 mo between January 1, 2006, and September 1, 2011. Patients included in the study group had a pathologic TID value defined as ≥1.18 for men and ≥1.22 for women. Coronary CT angiography was used to evaluate each coronary segment for the presence and composition of atherosclerotic plaque and the degree of coronary stenosis. TID-positive patients were compared with a 2:1 risk-factor-matched-pair control cohort without TID. Results: TID was identified in 30 patients who were compared with TID-negative risk-factor-matched controls (n = 60). When compared with the TID-negative control cohort, TID-positive patients had no significant differences in the presence and extent of atherosclerosis, the degree of coronary artery stenosis, or the calcium score at cardiac CT. Similarly, there were no significant differences in these CT measures in TID-positive patients with a normal perfusion study (n = 20) when compared with TID-negative patients with a normal perfusion study (n = 48). In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events when comparing both the TID-positive patients and the TID-negative control cohort and when comparing patients who were TID-positive with normal perfusion with patients who were TID-negative with normal perfusion. Conclusion: The presence of TID with an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study does not translate into a greater extent of coronary artery disease as assessed by cardiac CT or increased risk for future major adverse cardiac events.
Pattern and Orientation Effects on Afterimage Duration

Patterns composed of a pair of lines: vertical+horizontal, vertical+oblique, horizontal+oblique, and oblique+oblique, either centrally-aligned or edge-aligned, were shown at two positions of rotation. After a 1-s exposure to the pattern observers timed the duration of afterimages consisting of individual lines (fragmentary state) and the pattern as a whole (unitary state) for the ensuing 60 s. Summing unitary and fragmentary afterimage durations yielded the total afterimage duration for each pattern.Three hypotheses were confirmed by the results: (i) total afterimage duration is constant for all patterns when integrated spatiotemporal luminances are equal; (ii) unitary afterimage duration is also constant; (iii) fragmentary afterimages of vertically oriented lines have longer durations than either their horizontal or oblique pair members, regardless of alignment and, with one exception, rotation. For all patterns, the durations of the unitary and the fragmentary state represent a fixed portion of the tota...
Contrastive Linguistics and Social Lectology.

Within the last decade systematic attempts to contrast different sociolects of a language have been undertaken which have important theoretical and practical implications on “contrastive linguistics.” One of the essential findings of such studies is the existence of systematic relationships between fluctuating variants, the structured variability captured in Labov's formulation of the “variable rule.” The notion of structured variability developed from studies in social lectology seems to provide an essential framework for contrasting different languages as well since it can capture the structured variability found in fluctuating interference variants. Both the static and dynamic aspects of this variation are discussed here, and practical considerations for future contrastive studies are suggested.
Responses of seagrass communities to fertilization along a gradient of relative availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in a carbonate environment

Patterns of relative nutrient availability in south Florida suggest spatial differences regarding the importance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to benthic primary producers. We did a 14-month in situ fertilization experiment to test predictions of N and P limitation in the subtropical nearshore marine waters of the upper Florida Keys. Six sites were divided into two groups (nearshore, offshore) representing the endpoints of an N: P stoichiometric gradient. Twenty-four plots were established at each site with six replicates of each treatment (+N, +P, +N+P, control), for a total of 144 experimental plots. The responses of benthic communities to N and P enrichment varied appreciably between nearshore and offshore habitats. Offshore seagrass beds were strongly limited by nitrogen, and nearshore beds were affected by nitrogen and phosphorus. Nutrient addition at offshore sites increased the length and aboveground standing crop of the two seagrasses, Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme, and growth rates of T. testudinum. Nutrient addition at nearshore sites increased the relative abundance of macroalgae, epiphytes, and sediment microalgae. N limitation of seagrass in this carbonate system was clearly demonstrated. However, added phosphorus was retained in the system more effectively than N, suggesting that phosphorus might have important long-term effects on these benthic communities. The observed species-specific responses to nutrient enrichment underscores the need to monitor all primary producers when addressing questions of nutrient limitation and eutrophication in seagrass communities.
Optical control of photon-pair entanglement from a semiconductor quantum dot

We show that polarization-entangled photon pairs can be obtained deterministically from a semiconductor quantum dot by optically tuning the fine-structure split exciton states into degeneracy.