cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Cutting Edge Quality on Workpiece Roughness in Diamond Turning Process

In this paper, the effect of diamond tool surface quality on workpiece roughness is examined for the turning of OF-copper. It was found that the surface quality of the diamond tool at the cutting edge(Ra,RMS,P-V) has a strong correlation with surface quality of the machined workpiece. Especially the tool roughness on the rake face at the cutting edge in a direction parallel to the tangent line of the cutting edge and the roughness on flank face at the cutting edge in a direction parallel to the tangent line of the cutting edge, affect the machined surface quality (roughness) directly. These parameters could be used to define the tool quality and could also be used to estimate the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined.
Public Financial Information Management for Benefits Maximization: Insights from Organization Theories

Information management is an essential part in the public budgetary process. This paper analyzes the theoretical basis, tools, and consequences of information management throughout a budget cycle. Budgeters and decision makers need necessary financial data related to all types of revenues and expenditures, economic conditions, and agency needs, among other factors. From an organization theory perspective, budget agencies face a great number of uncertainties and constraints throughout each phase of a budget cycle. Using appropriate budgeting techniques and approaches, they collect, analyze, and use necessary information to make rational budgetary decisions regarding revenue raising and resource distribution. They intend to attain such goals and objectives as cutting inefficient expenditure, achieving more output and outcome with less input, and attaining oriented societal consequences. Extensive efforts in budget reforms have resulted in considerable productivity in government administration, but at a low level. Continuous efforts are needed for further improvement of performance.
Spin Wave Functions

In the introductory remarks to Chapter 5 mention was made of the 1925 proposal of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit that to an electron there should be assigned an intrinsic angular momentum or spin S = (S x , S y , S z )—this in addition to its quantum angular momentum (or orbital angular momentum) M = (M x , M y , M z ) defined in (5.4.4). This is not to be taken to mean that an electron actually spins about an axis in some physical way. Experiments (in particular the noted Stern-Gerlach experiment) have provided adequate justification for the proposed concept of spin, a proposal also made by R. Bichowsky and H. Urey. Dirac has shown that the notion of spin is necessary if quantum mechanics and Einstein relativity are to be consistent theories. Chemical properties of atoms, and their ability to combine and form molecules, the splitting of spectral lines by a magnetic field applied to an atom (i.e., the Zeeman effect, which we discuss later), all depend on this important notion.
Protein Buffer Systems

Abstract: Proteins are plentiful buffers in the mammalian organism. The amino acid ionizable groups in proteins, and thus their pK’s, cover a wide pH range. Hemoglobin is normally the most abundant protein in blood, and functions to carry O2 to tissues, and protons to the lungs. Hypoproteinemia is generally associated with alkalemia, while hyperproteinemia causes acidemia. Deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb−) is a better buffer than oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2−). The imidazole groups of the 38 histidine residues found in Hb-provide it with considerable buffering capacity. The venous hematocrit is normally slightly greater than the arterial hematocrit. HCO3−/Cl− exchange normally occurs across the erythrocytic plasma membrane. Hb− forms carbamino compounds more readily than HbO2−.
Combining contribution interactions to increase coverage in mobile participatory sensing systems

Participatory sensing systems use people and their smartphones as a sensing infrastructure, and getting people to make contributions remains a critical challenge. Little work details how system designers should combine different interactions to increase coverage of service location. Tiramisu, a participatory sensing system, invites transit riders to crowdsource real-time arrival information by sharing location traces when they commute. We extended this system with a new feature that allows riders at stops to "spot" buses passing by. To better understand the impact of this new feature, we conducted an observational log analysis, examining changes in coverage and user behavior before and after the new feature. Following the addition of the spotting feature, participants' contributions increased coverage (the number of trips with real-time data) by 98%, and they used the app more than twice as much. The addition of the spotting feature was also followed by a significant increase of trace contributions.
Assessing Science Inquiry and Reasoning Using Dynamic Visualizations and Interactive Simulations

How can we leverage dynamic visualizations and interactive simulations to assess complex science learning? Science systems involve many dynamic processes, and visualizations of these processes are central components of scientific thinking and communication. Although multiple-choice items may effectively measure declarative knowledge such as scientific facts or definitions, they fail to capture evidence of science inquiry practices such as making observations, collecting data, or modeling dynamic systems. As computers become more widely accessible, interactive, simulation-based assessments have the promise of capturing information about students’ ability to apply these more complex science practice skills. Tasks using dynamic visualizations and simulations are likely to provide more valid measures of the scientific proficiencies called for internationally by science educators, such as those reflected in the United States’ National Assessment of Educational Progress and the Next Generation Science Standards. In this chapter, we describe the range of science content knowledge and practice skills we seek to measure, outline research-based assessment design principles, and review a test creation process that mitigates the potential limitations of dynamic assessments. Next, we provide examples of how the stimulus and response affordances of dynamic visualizations allow us to assess scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. Finally, we provide findings from an efficacy study that support the claim that dynamic and interactive assessments provide better measures of student proficiency with complex scientific inquiry and reasoning. Throughout the chapter, we give concrete examples of the principles and processes in the context of two science assessment platforms, SimScientists and ChemVLab+.
High-sensitivity 25-μm microbolometer FPAs

Raytheon IR Operations (RIO) has achieved a significant technical breakthrough in uncooled FPAs by reducing the pixel size by a factor of two while maintaining state-of-the-art sensitivity. Raytheon has produced the first high-quality 320×240 microbolometer FPAs wiht 25μm pitch pixels. The 320×240 FPAs have a sensitivity that is comparable to microbolometer FPAs with 50μm pixels. The average NETD value for these FPAs is about 35 mK with an f/1 aperture and oepratin at 30 Hz frame rates. Good pixel operability and excellent image quality have been demonstrated. Pixel operability is greater than 99 percent on some FPAs, and uncorrected responsivity nonconformity is less than 4%. The microbolometer detectors also have a relatively fast thermal time constant of approximately 10 msec. This state-of-the-art performance has been acheived as a result of an advanced micromachining fabrication process. The process allwos maximization of both the thermal isolation and the optical fill-factor. The reduction in pixel size offers several potential benefits for IR systems. For a given system resolution requirement, the 25 μm pixels allow a factor of two reduction in both the focal length and aperture size of the sensor optics. The pixel size reduction facilitates a significant FPA cost reduction since the number of die printed on a wafer can be increased. The pixel size reduction has enabled the development of a large-format 640×480 FPA array. Raytheon has produced arrays with very good sensitivity, operability, and excellent image quality. These FPAs are applicable to wide-field-of-view, long range surveillance and targeting missions. Raytheon is also developing a high performance 160×128 FPA that is designed for applications where miniaturizaitno and temperature invariance are required as well as low cost and low power.
Aging-Related Disease Risks among Young Thyroid Cancer Survivors

Background: Thyroid cancer is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the United States, affects a young population, has high survival, and is one of the most common cancers in people under age 40. The aim of this study was to examine the risks of aging-related diseases in a statewide sample of thyroid cancer survivors who were diagnosed 5 to 10, and 10+ years after cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios with adjustment on matching factors, race, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.Results: There were 3,706 thyroid cancer survivors and 15,587 matched cancer-free individuals (1,365 cases diagnosed <40 years old). Both age groups had increased risks for multiple circulatory health conditions 1 to 5 years after cancer diagnosis compared with cancer-free individuals. Survivors <40 had a higher risk of hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and nutritional deficiencies.Conclusions: Increased risks for diseases associated with aging were observed for both age groups, with younger thyroid cancer survivors having higher risks for select diseases.Impact: As thyroid cancer survivors in this study were found to have increased risks for aging-related diseases, future studies are needed to assess what can be done to reduce the increased risks of these long-term health effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(12); 1695-704. ©2017 AACR.
Self-reported Mental Disorders Negatively Influence Surgical Outcomes After Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement

Background:Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is responsible for hip pain and dysfunction, and surgical outcomes depend on multiple factors. The presence of mental disorders negatively influences o...
Effects of crossclamping the descending aorta on the high-energy phosphates of myocardium and skeletal muscle. A phosphorus 31-nuclear magnetic resonance study.

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that a moderate decrease in upper body oxygen consumption observed during crossclamping of the thoracic aorta represents tissue hypoxia (possibly as a result of microcirculatory disorders) and results in adenosine triphosphate homeostasis disturbances. We averaged phosphorus 31–nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements for 10 minutes with the use of a surface coil on the left ventricle and on the deltoid muscle during a 1-hour period before aortic crossclamping, during aortic crossclamping, and after aortic unclamping. Skeletal muscle creatine phosphate levels decreased 3.1% (p
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers as resuscitative solutions for trauma and combat casualty care1

(This chapter is sponsored in part by The Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (N00014-00-1-0362). The content does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the US government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.)
Erhöhte Markttransparenz fördert qualitativ bessere Marktinformationen

Die Finanzmarktrichtlinie MiFID wurde zum 1. November 2007 von der Mehrzahl der 30 betroffenen EU-Lander umgesetzt. Lander, in denen die Richtlinie sich noch in der Umsetzungsphase befindet, planen einen Abschluss im ersten Halbjahr 2008.
Branding, Cannibalization, and Spatial Preemption: An Application to the Hotel Industry

In many settings where spatial preemption might be expected to produce tightly concentrated industry structures, firms share the market instead. Using a strategic investment model, I show that this can be rationalized by heterogeneous brand preferences, which cause new product introductions by incumbent firms to disproportionately cannibalize sales from existing affiliated products. I then present an empirical example using data on the branded segment of the lodging industry, which has many characteristics associated with spatial preemption, but is also characterized by strong brand-preferences. Consistent with the theoretical model, I find large within-firm revenue cannibalization effects from new hotel openings. These effects are attenuated -- but not removed -- by brand-proliferation strategies. Moreover, I find evidence that the industry practice of franchising through non-exclusive contracts softens inter-firm competition. Analyses of growing hotel markets support the conclusion that intra-firm cannibalization inhibits spatial preemption. Growth is far more likely to occur as a result of entry than expansion.
Reconsidering Family Closeness: A Review and Call for Research on Family Distancing

The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the opportunity communication scholars have in defining and illuminating the process of family distancing. With this in mind, we begin by challenging thre...
Using Machine Learning To Predict Suitable Conditions for Organic Reactions.

Reaction condition recommendation is an essential element for the realization of computer-assisted synthetic planning. Accurate suggestions of reaction conditions are required for experimental validation and can have a significant effect on the success or failure of an attempted transformation. However, de novo condition recommendation remains a challenging and under-explored problem and relies heavily on chemists’ knowledge and experience. In this work, we develop a neural-network model to predict the chemical context (catalyst(s), solvent(s), reagent(s)), as well as the temperature most suitable for any particular organic reaction. Trained on ∼10 million examples from Reaxys, the model is able to propose conditions where a close match to the recorded catalyst, solvent, and reagent is found within the top-10 predictions 69.6% of the time, with top-10 accuracies for individual species reaching 80–90%. Temperature is accurately predicted within ±20 °C from the recorded temperature in 60–70% of test cases, ...
Effect of acid-reducing agents on the efficacy of capecitabine in metastatic gastrointestinal cancers.

e15058Background: Recent retrospective and subgroup analyses have evaluated the effects of capecitabine with acid-reducing agents both in the adjuvant setting for colon cancer and in the palliative...
A treatise on endothelial biology and exosomes: homage to Theresa Maria Listowska Whiteside

Exosomes are the current primary research focus of Dr. Theresa L. Whiteside. They are key mediators of intercellular communication in the head and neck, as well as other sites. Their effects in the tumor microenvironment are manifold and include suppression of immunity, promotion of angiogenesis, enabling of metastasis, as well as reprogramming of fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells. The aim of this communication is to summarize Dr. Whiteside’s contribution to the field of exosome research and details the interactions of exosomes with endothelial cells leading to recent findings on how to target endothelial cells using exosomes as a therapeutic approach.
The Detection of Form

All living cells and organisms are equipped with specialized receptors that enable them to detect and respond to the form and arrangement of certain types of matter and energy. Each species and cell type has evolved a distinctive set of such receptors that enable it to function successfully within its particular ecological niche. Chemical receptors, like those involved in smell and taste, respond to the molecular patterns of certain substances and are present in virtually every cell and organism in the universe. Physical receptors, like those involved in vision, hearing, and touch, are activated by energy rather than directly by form. Sensory receptors are able to detect and respond to discrete objects, as well as detect the difference between current patterns of sensory input and internal reference ones. Sensation refers to the detection of energy or matter by sensory receptors, perception to the detection of meaningful information in these sensations.
Learning and Leading as Collaborative Physics Education/Physics Partners: Building a Physics Teacher Education Program

This chapter describes how faculty from the teachHOUSTON program and physics department collaborated to increase the number of highly qualified physics teachers. Prior to this collaboration, the University had not produced even one physics teacher graduate in the previous decade. A physics teacher education pathway has been established which utilizes scholarships, physics degree plans with inclusion of teacher certification courses, and a physics inquiry course for enhancing physics content knowledge. This has resulted in preparing, on average, three physics teachers annually.
The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines After 10 Years

This paper introduces the Special Issue of the Review of Industrial Organization that studies the impact of the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines after 10 years On August 19, 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued newly updated Horizontal Merger Guidelines (2010 Guidelines) [See https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/merger-review/100819hmg.pdf .]. The 2010 Guidelines begin by stating: “These Guidelines outline the principal analytical techniques, practices, and the enforcement policy of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (the “Agencies”) with respect to mergers and acquisitions involving actual or potential competitors (“horizontal mergers”) under the federal antitrust laws.” Since the first Merger Guidelines were issued by the DOJ 1968, the merger guidelines have been an important channel by which economic research and learning affects antitrust enforcement. Each iteration of the merger guidelines has reflected the economic thinking of the day. Each iteration also has made a substantial impact on merger enforcement and the development of antitrust law. This special issue examines the impact of the 2010 Merger Guidelines after 10 years.
Multilayered highly secure authentic watermarking mechanism for medical applications

Telemedicine is a technology-based substitute for conventional health care facilities. It symbolizes the practice of medication via indirect means. The foremost requirement for such remote healthcare practices is the communication of highly sensitive data over insecure networks, which demands very high protection of different types of health-related information such as Electronic Patient Record (EPR) and Related Medical images. Consequently, there is a stern need to develop algorithms to secure all confidential information for overall well being. This paper is an effort to propose one multilayer protection mechanism, which not only secures the patient’s transcript but also protects associated medical Images. EPR is embedded in the original medical image resulting in a watermarked medical image, which is further hidden in the reference image. But these two relevant records are given multiple strata of security before concealing and exposed to the insecure channel. Compression and Quantum Encryption of EPR are done, which is then embed into LWT transformed Medical Image, followed by scrambling and compression of all the planes of a watermarked medical image before embedding in different bands of LWT (Lifting Wavelet Transform), transformed reference image. This stride of hiding image is mandatory because original and watermarked medical images are very similar, thus prone to attacks. In order to avoid this, an image steganography technique is used to change the watermarked medical image’s visual structure, which is also referred to as visually meaningful encryption, as popular encryption algorithms give noise-like textures that can attract attackers. For authentication on the accession of records, biometric-based detection along with hash algorithm is also incorporated. Overall results (implemented using MATLAB) show that the proposed mechanism provides a highly secure and authentic medical healthcare system.
Implementing stereotactic accelerated partial breast irradiation using magnetic resonance guided radiation therapy.

Abstract Introduction Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) seeks to reduce irradiated volumes and radiation exposure for patients while maintaining acceptable clinical outcomes. Magnetic resonance image-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) provides excellent soft-tissue contrast for treatment localization, which can reduce setup uncertainty, thus reducing margins in the external beam setting. Additionally, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)-style regimens with high gradients can also be executed. This MR-guided stereotactic APBI (MRgS-APBI) approach can be utilized for a lower number of fractions and spare a greater volume of healthy tissues compared to conventional 3D external beam APBI. Methods Our MRgS-APBI program was developed for two prospective non-randomized phase I/II clinical trials (20Gyx1 and 8.5Gyx3). Both breast SBRT treatment planning and MRgRT delivery techniques were described in this study. Simulation included both CT and MRI with specialized immobilization to accommodate MR-guided setup and cine-MRI treatment gating. Dosimetry data from 48 single-fraction and 19 three-fraction patients were collected and evaluated. This included planning objectives and SBRT-specific indices. During treatment, setup errors were calculated to evaluate setup reproducibility and duty cycle was calculated using cine-MRI data during gated delivery. Results In both the single- and three- fraction trials combined, 88.5% of the possible dosimetric objectives across all patients were met during planning. The majority of the planning objectives were easily achievable indicating the potential for stricter objectives for subsequent S-APBI treatments. The average magnitude of setup uncertainties was 1.0 cm ± 0.6 cm across all treatments. In the three-fraction trial, the average beam-on duty-cycle for the MRI-gated delivery was 83.0 ± 13.0%. There were no technical MRgS-APBI related issues that resulted in discontinuation of treatment across all patients. Conclusion SBRT-style dosimetry and delivery for APBI is feasible using MR-guidance. The program development and dosimetric outcomes reported here can serve as a guide for other institutions considering the clinical implementation of MR-guided stereotactic APBI.
An Introduction to the G. Edward Lewis 1932 Fossil Vertebrate Collection from British India and a Discussion of Its Historical and Scientific Significance

Herein as a preface to Jukar's ongoing comprehensive systematic review, we introduce the fossil vertebrate collection made by G. Edward Lewis in 1932 as part of the Yale-North India Expedition to British India, and briefly discuss its historical and scientific significance. The collection, which consists of approximately 1,300 specimens collected from 106 sites, was made 100 years after the first fossils were reported by Europeans in the Siwalik deposits of the Indian subcontinent, and includes several important specimens, most notably fossil primates. Studies of the fossils collected by Lewis on this 1932 expedition have had a substantial and long-lasting influence on Siwalik paleontology, and motivated much subsequent work in this region by both western and local Indian and Pakistani researchers. Studies of primate specimens collected and first described by Lewis have also heavily influenced the field of paleoanthropology and debates surrounding the origin of our species.
After 2016: Money Never Sleeps

The oligarchs behind Families for Excellent Schools suffered a crushing defeat on Election Day but the worst was yet to come. Massachusetts Office Campaign and Political Finance had been watching the deluge of money and undertook an investigation. Three dark money fronts that had operated in 2016 were forced to disclose their true donors—the wealthy privatizers who had gone to such lengths to maintain secrecy. The Walton family analysis of what happened credited the actual grassroots of the teachers, and academic studies noted the alliance of the teachers with hardworking groups representing people of color in the neighborhoods. FES collapsed, but the privatizers, led by the Walton Family Foundation, simply funded a new array of positive sounding groups to carry out the Waltons’ political aims. The money flow barely slowed.
A multidimensional framework for group decision support system research and design

Groups are a fundamental and essential part of organizational decision making. A group decision support system (GDSS) attempts to use computer and communications technology to help a group make better decisions. In this paper, previous GDSS research is extended to de­ velop a better framework for future GDSS research and design. Six situational factors are identified; group size, member proximity, task type, group environment, and group develop­ ment stage; so that a given group decision making situation can be accurately described. To standardize the features across different GDSS, six different levels of GDSS features are also identified. The paper then presents a multidimensional framework for conducting future GDSS research, and argues that future GDSS research needs to identify the appropriate GDSS fea­ tures for the appropriate group decision situation. It is also suggested that researchers take a long-term, holistic approach while analyzing the results of using a GDSS.
Deformations of Geometrically Imperfect Beams

The effects of a number of representative types of imperfection on the elastic deformations of simply supported I-beams with either equal end moments or central concentrated load are investigated, and it is shown that each of these imperfections can be approximated by an equivalent sinusoidal initial crookedness or twist. The results of this investigation are then used in an examination of a linear plot method of extrapolating for the elastic critical load devised by Massey, and it is concluded that the plots obtained by this method may be nonlinear. An improved method of extrapolation is suggested and the critical load estimates made by this method from a number of experimental measurements are compared with the Massey plot estimates and the theoretical predictions.
Problems at the Interface between Perturbative and Nonperturbative Quantum Chromodynamics

Predictions based on perturbative QCD1 rest on three premises: (1) that hadronic interactions become weak in strength at small invariant separation r ≪ A QCD −1 ; (2) that the perturbative expansion in α s (Q) is well-defined; and (3) factorization: all effects of collinear singularities, confinement, nonperturbative interactions, and bound state dynamics can be isolated at large momentum transfer in terms of (process independent) structure functions G i/H (x,Q), fragmentation functions D H/ i(z,Q), or in the case of exclusive processes, distribution amplitudes φ H (x i ,Q).2
Autonomous Vision-Guided Robot Manipulation Control

This paper presents a hand-eye-head system which learns to perform temporal actions. In this system, the robot learns how to control its hand, according to what is seen and the specific mission. The learning process is interactive and on-line. Several networks which store the learned information are automatically generated through learning processes. The hierarchical structure of the network allows each associative recall to be completed in O(log n) time, where n is the number of cases learned. A visual attention selection system is also implemented by using a recurrent network and an autonomous learning scheme. The recurrent network enables the learning process of the visual attention selection system to draw information not only from the current input image but also from the history. The new autonomous learning scheme combines both supervised and reinforcement learning modes so that the system gradually improves its performance through a process of trial and error.
Clinical and morphologic cardiac findings after anthracycline chemotherapy: Analysis of 64 patients studied at necropsy

The relation between clinical evidence of and histologic signs of anthracycline cardiotoxicity was evaluated by reviewing the clinical and morphologic findings in 64 patients studied at necropsy, all of whom had received doxorubicin or daunorubicin chemotherapy during life. Of the 64 patients, 20 (31%) had documented clinical toxicity consisting of impaired left ventricular systolic performance; in 7 (35%) of these 20 patients, histologic signs of toxicity were absent. In the remaining 13 patients with clinical toxicity, histologic signs of toxicity ranged from mild to severe. Of the 44 (69%) patients without clinical signs of drug toxicity, 21 (48%) had no histologic sign of cardiotoxicity; in 23 (52%) of the patients without clinical toxicity, however, morphologic signs of cardiotoxicity were nevertheless present--mild in most patients, but extensive in 4. Signs of extensive histologic toxicity (19 [30%] of 64 patients) were associated with large doses (greater than 450 mg/m2) of the drug, mediastinal irradiation, and age greater than 70 years. This study suggests that attempts to monitor cardiotoxicity by serial evaluation of cardiac histology in patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy may be seriously limited by the fact that clinical evidence of toxicity may be present without histologic signs of toxicity; likewise, histologic signs of anthracycline toxicity may be present without clinical evidence of toxicity.
Neutronic calculations for the conceptual design of an in-reactor solid breeder experiment, triO-01

Neutronics calculations have been performed to obtain tritium production and heat generation rates for the irradiation of solid tritium breeding materials in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR). Two breeder materials, Li/sub 2/O and LiAlO/sub 2/, were considered. Burnup calculations were performed to estimate the amount of /sup 6/Li present as a function of time.
Stability analysis of distributed autonomous vehicles

This paper describes how large-scale decentralized control theory may be used to analyze the stability of multiple cooperative robotic vehicles. Models of cooperation are discussed from a decentralized control system point of view. Whereas decentralized control research in the past has concentrated on using decentralized controllers to partition complex physically interconnected systems, this work uses decentralized methods to connect otherwise independent nontouching robotic vehicles so that they behave in a stab le, coordinated fashion. A vector Liapunov method is used to prove stability of two examples: the controlled motion of multiple vehicles along a perimeter and the controlled motion of multiple vehicles in a plane.
Prediction of First Grade Academic Performance from Kindergarten Perceptual-Motor Data.

Abstract A review of recent research identified a number of studies correlating various perceptual-motor and academic readiness measures for young children. However, the majority of these reports were concerned with concurrent prediction, i.e., data for perceptual-motor and academic readiness variables were collected simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to use data on two perceptual-motor variables and one academic measure collected for kindergarten children to predict their first grade academic performance. Results of the study indicated that all of the predictor measures were poor estimates of first grade performance, either individually or in a canonical analysis with the first grade measures serving as criteria.
Physiological Measures as a Means of Assessing Reactions to the Disabled

Some thoughts on individuals’ reactions to the disabled are presented. Movement toward a model that encompasses psychodynamic, environmental, as well as physiological factors, is suggested. Evaluat...
Developmental Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Current Symptoms and Impairment in Youth Referred For Trauma-Specific Services

By the time children reach adolescence, most have experienced at least one type of severe adversity and many have been exposed to multiple types. However, whether patterns of adverse childhood experiences are consistent or change across developmental epochs in childhood is not known. Retrospective reports of adverse potentially traumatic childhood experiences in 3 distinct developmental epochs (early childhood, 0- to 5-years-old; middle childhood, 6- to 12-years-old; and adolescence, 13- to 18-years-old) were obtained from adolescents (N = 3485) referred to providers in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) for trauma-focused assessment and treatment. Results from latent class analysis (LCA) revealed increasingly complex patterns of adverse/traumatic experiences in middle childhood and adolescence compared to early childhood. Depending upon the specific developmental epoch assessed, different patterns of adverse/traumatic experiences were associated with gender and with adolescent psychopathology (e.g., internalizing/externalizing behavior problems), and juvenile justice involvement. A multiply exposed subgroup that had severe problems in adolescence was evident in each of the 3 epochs, but their specific types of adverse/traumatic experiences differed depending upon the developmental epoch. Implications for research and clinical practice are identified.
Training Gaze Direction in Blind Children: Attitude Effects on the Sighted

This study assessed the extent to which the use of gaze direction influenced sighted subjects' evaluations of the competence of four elementary-aged blind children. One hundred and sixty subjects were randomly assigned to four groups to view one of four videotapes of two visually impaired children without gaze direction (pretaining skill level) and two visually impaired children with gaze direction (posttraining skill level). Subjects viewed the same children, although not necessarily in the same order or in the same condition. Videotaped sequences showed a child conversing with two sighted adults responding to a randomized set of questions. Analyses revealed no difference in attitude toward blindness among groups but indicated that when children manifested gaze direction skills they were evaluated as having higher social competence, as being more intelligent, and as possessing greater ability to compete with sighted individuals as adults.
Institutional frameworks to direct development and implementation of great lakes remedial action plans

Locally designed, institutional frameworks are being used to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore beneficial uses in 43 Great Lakes areas of concern. A 1993 Canada-United States roundtable was convened to learn from case studies and to develop recommendations regarding essential characteristics of RAP institutional frameworks, guidance to ensure linkages to other related plans, and ways of embracing new institutional frameworks from RAP development to implementation. Major roundtable recommendations are: (1) RAP institutional frameworks should be empowered to pursue their mission of restoring uses. Empowerment would be demonstrated by: a watershed focus, inclusive and shared decision-making, clear responsibilities and sufficient authority, creative funding capability, flexibility and continuity in the process, an iterative process of continuous improvement, and commitment to education and outreach. (2) RAP institutional frameworks should be used as mechanisms to coordinate programs at the local level. Such local coordination should be complemented with governmental commitments to intra- and interagency coordination in work plans. (3) RAP institutional frameworks can help build the capacity of governments to achieve their goals. Therefore, governments must adopt long-term, visionary goals and commit to a customer-driven RAP process of continuous improvement.
Sign pattern matrices and generalized inverses

Abstract If A is an n × n sign pattern matrix, then Q(A) denotes the set of all real n×n matrices B such that the sign of the entries in B match the corresponding entries in A. In this paper, we consider various requires/allows questions connected with sign pattern matrices and generalized inverses. In particular, we investigate the class of all square patterns A for which there exist B, C ϵ Q(A) where BCB=B. For nonnegative patterns, we characterize and show that coincides with the class of all square patterns A for which there exists B ϵ Q(A) where B3=B. Nonnegative square patterns that allow an idempotent and those that allow a (1, 3)-inverse are each characterized. Some interesting open questions are also indicated.
Doppler Echocardiography for Rejection Surveillance in the Cardiac Allograft Recipient

Echocardiography is noninvasive, allows real-time visualization of the heart, and can be performed serially without harmful biologic effects. It is also relatively inexpensive compared with other diagnostic modalities used for cardiac transplant rejection surveillance, such as cardiac biopsy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It is free of the potential complications associated with cardiac biopsy, such as accidental disruption of cardiac valves or chordae tendineae, ventricular septal perforation, introduction of bacteria, and the difficulty of obtaining adequate sampling for effective diagnosis as a result of formation of scar tissue. Unlike biopsy, echocardiography does not cause the patient anxiety and discomfort or use many physician and instrument or laboratory resources. Because the results of echocardiography are available within minutes compared with the hours usually needed for biopsy results, it allows prompt decisions regarding patient clinical care and treatment. In our work to date, echocardiography has not replaced the cardiac biopsy in surveillance of rejection in the cardiac transplant patient, but rather has become a useful adjunct to it. When echocardiographic findings indicate changes characteristic of rejection, biopsies are performed earlier, leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, when echocardiographic findings are stable and negative for rejection, the number of routine cardiac biopsies performed can be reduced. This article discusses the use of echocardiography in surveillance of the cardiac transplant patient and the ability of echocardiography to augment the biopsy and clinical regimens in assessing cardiac allograft rejection.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Non-Planar Nickel Porphyrins

Non-planar conformational distortions have recently been implicated in the biological activity of porphyrins and related tetrapyrroles in proteins, and several studies have used highly substituted porphyrins to model these nonplanar conformational distortions. Several aspects of non-planarity in the highly substituted metalloporphyrins are discussed, focusing on resonance Raman spectroscopy as a technique for investigating these structural issues. First, different non-planar distortions cause characteristic changes in the Raman spectrum. Specifically, the decreases in frequency of several Raman lines when compared with planar porphyrin analogs are shown to be similar for several classes of non-planar highly substituted porphyrins. Second, the effect of the central metal ion [ M = Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(III), Fe(II1)I on the conformation of the sterically constrained non-planar porphyrin octaethyltetraphenylporphyrin is considered. Responding to the conformational adjustments resulting from different metal size, the frequency of the structure-sensitive Raman line v2 correlates with several structural parameters obtained from either mechanics calculations or crystallographic studies. The parameters include C,--C, bond length, core size and C,-N-Ca angle.. Finally, an effect of electron-withdrawing substituents on the Raman frequencies is evident for the different classes of highly substituted porphyrins.
Blue genes: wiring the brain for depression

How do genes act in the brain to influence susceptibility to mental illness? An imaging study suggests that healthy carriers of a gene variant associated with depression risk have decreased brain volume and neural coupling in affective circuitry involved in depression.
The Preparedness and Reactions of Citizens to Warnings and Crisis Relocation for Nuclear Attack1

A total of 200 residents of Columbus, Ohio, were questioned over the telephone about their knowledge of U.S. and Soviet crisis relocation plans, their feelings about chances of surviving nuclear attack, and their behavioral intentions in the event of an evacuation. Few respondents displayed knowledge of the existence or substance of crisis relocation plans. Most gauged survival rates in the event of a nuclear attack as substantially higher with an evacuation plan than without one, but in both cases expectations were that fewer than 50% of the population would survive. While most respondents stated they would follow evacuation procedures, evidence of possible noncompliance was found.
Decreased intraocular pressure in the hypertensive human eye with betaxolol, a β1-adrenergic antagonist

In a double-masked randomized prospective study, 19 adult white subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were treated twice daily with drops of 0.25% betaxolol (a relatively selective β 1 -adenoceptor antagonist) or placebo for six weeks. The nine betaxolol-treated subjects demonstrated a statistically significant average decrease in intraocular pressure of 3.8 ± 5 mm Hg, evident after one week and persisting throughout the entire six-week treatment period. The ten placebo-treated subjects exhibited a statistically nonsignificant increase in intraocular pressure of 0.4 ± 2.4 mm Hg. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, corneal sensitivity, pupil diameter, and basal tear secretion remained unchanged in both groups. Transient stinging upon instillation of the eye-drops was the only side effect in the betaxolol-treated subjects but in no case did it necessitate cessation of therapy.
Asymmetric origins of the mature glomerular basement membrane.

Renal plasma filtration is a critical physiologic function that depends upon the precise composition and arrangement of the constituent extracellular matrix proteins within the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The GBM develops during renal embryogenesis by the fusion of discrete basement membranes produced independently by endothelial and visceral epithelial cells, and, possibly from matrix secreted by the mesangial cells. In the mature animal, however, the epithelial cell has generally been accepted as the sole source of all GBM constituent proteins. Although the final structures and distributions of the component proteins have been defined by histochemical techniques, the individual contributions of the three resident glomerular cell types to the maintenance and turnover of the mature GBM remain uncertain. We report the application of a new technique, in situ reverse transcription (ISRT), for the localization of RNA transcripts of nine major GBM protein components within the closely apposed cells of the glomerulus. Using this technique, we demonstrate that in normal adult rat glomeruli the RNA transcripts for heparan sulfate proteoglycan and the laminin-S chain are primarily expressed by visceral epithelial cells, while Type IV α-1 and α-2 collagen transcripts were restricted to the endothelial cells in a heterogeneous pattern. RNA transcripts for entactin and the laminin-A and -B2 chains were expressed by all three glomerular cell types, while laminin-B1 and fibronectin transcripts were limited to the mesangium. These findings demonstrate that GBM synthesis in the mature animal is not restricted to the epithelial cell and that all intrinsic glomerular cells contribute to the production of GBM protein components. The ISRT technique also provided the additional, and unexpected, finding that appreciable synthetic heterogeneity exists within individual glomerular cell types. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
False Memory and the Associative Network of Happiness

This research examines the relationship between individuals' levels of life satisfaction and their associative networks of happiness. Study 1 measured European Americans' degree of false memory of happiness using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale predicted the likelihood of false memory of happiness but not of other lure words such as sleep . In Study 2, European American participants completed an association-judgment task in which they judged the extent to which happiness and each of 15 positive emotion terms were associated with each other. Consistent with Study 1's findings, chronically satisfied individuals exhibited stronger associations between happiness and other positive emotion terms than did unsatisfied individuals. However, Koreans and Asian Americans did not exhibit such a pattern regarding their chronic level of life satisfaction (Study 3). In combination, results suggest that there are important individual and cultural differences in the cognitive structure and associative network of happiness.
A Comparison of Two Radiometer Circuits

The detection of weak thermal radiation and similar noise-like signals is often limited by the internal noise of the receiving apparatus. Dicke has described a method of detecting such signals. It employs a mechanical modulator at the input of a wide-band superheterodyne receiver. The detected output of the receiver is multiplied by a voltage of the same frequency as that which actuates the modulator, and filtered to produce a dc voltage when an external signal is present. Another method has been proposed which uses two independent receivers. The undetected output voltages are cross-correlated, and the correlator yields a dc voltage when a signal is applied to both receivers. Each method can be used to measure the intensity of signals small in amplitude compared to the noise of the receiver. A mathematical model of each of the circuits is presented, using, insofar as possible, the same assumptions; and equations derived for the least detectable signal power of each. The two-receiver method has, under the assumptions made, somewhat greater sensitivity. Engineering problems associated with each of the radiometers are discussed.
Existential-Hayatological Theism

One of the oldest conceptions of theology is discourse of the poets about the gods and its philosophical interpretation. Judaism and Christianity borrowed this Greek understanding of theology and revised it only slightly to reflect its own monotheistic vision of God and God’s relations to and with the world of nature and human existence. The question as to which philosophy best explicates and justifies the oral and written mythopoetic discourse of the imaginative bards of Israel and the early Christian community became a fundamental issue and has remained so through the centuries. The aim of this essay is to explore this question once again in the context of post-liberal theology in general, the works of Abraham Heschel, Claude Tresmontant, and the Japanese theologian Tetsaturo Ariga on an implicit biblical philosophy and the explicit metaphysical theism of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne. The outcome of this exploration will be a rational reconstruction or ideal type of neo-classical theism or what I have chosen to call existential-hayatological theism.