cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heteromodal Cortical Areas Encode Sensory-Motor Features of Word Meaning.

The capacity to process information in conceptual form is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, yet little is known about how this type of information is encoded in the brain. Although the role of sensory and motor cortical areas has been a focus of recent debate, neuroimaging studies of concept representation consistently implicate a network of heteromodal areas that seem to support concept retrieval in general rather than knowledge related to any particular sensory-motor content. We used predictive machine learning on fMRI data to investigate the hypothesis that cortical areas in this “general semantic network” (GSN) encode multimodal information derived from basic sensory-motor processes, possibly functioning as convergence–divergence zones for distributed concept representation. An encoding model based on five conceptual attributes directly related to sensory-motor experience (sound, color, shape, manipulability, and visual motion) was used to predict brain activation patterns associated with individual lexical concepts in a semantic decision task. When the analysis was restricted to voxels in the GSN, the model was able to identify the activation patterns corresponding to individual concrete concepts significantly above chance. In contrast, a model based on five perceptual attributes of the word form performed at chance level. This pattern was reversed when the analysis was restricted to areas involved in the perceptual analysis of written word forms. These results indicate that heteromodal areas involved in semantic processing encode information about the relative importance of different sensory-motor attributes of concepts, possibly by storing particular combinations of sensory and motor features. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present study used a predictive encoding model of word semantics to decode conceptual information from neural activity in heteromodal cortical areas. The model is based on five sensory-motor attributes of word meaning (color, shape, sound, visual motion, and manipulability) and encodes the relative importance of each attribute to the meaning of a word. This is the first demonstration that heteromodal areas involved in semantic processing can discriminate between different concepts based on sensory-motor information alone. This finding indicates that the brain represents concepts as multimodal combinations of sensory and motor representations.
Pre-K-8 prospective teachers’ understanding of fractions: An extension of fractions schemes and operations research

In an effort to expand our knowledge base pertaining to pre-K-8 prospective teachers’ understanding of fractions, the present study was designed to extend the work on fractions schemes and operations to this population. One purpose of our study was to validate the fractions schemes and operations hierarchy with the pre-K-8 prospective teacher population to determine whether this population follows the same trajectory as upper elementary and middle school students. A second purpose of our study was to identify which of the fractions schemes and operations our sample of prospective teachers demonstrated evidence of having constructed along with what this tells us about prospective teachers’ understanding of fractions. We were able to validate the hierarchy for this population, meaning that each lower-level fraction scheme/operation appeared to be a prerequisite to the higher-level schemes/operations. We found that although most of the prospective teachers had constructed the lower-level schemes and operations, less than half had constructed the more sophisticated ones. An unexpected result related to the association between the coordination of three levels of units and the iterative fraction scheme is addressed. Prospective teachers’ reliance on procedural knowledge related to fractions also presented a challenge to assessing, in particular, their ability to coordinate three levels of units. We conclude with implications for research and practice in mathematics courses intended for pre-K-8 prospective teachers.
Daytime Ion and Electron Temperatures in the Topside Ionosphere at Middle Latitudes

In the topside ionosphere during the daytime, the thermal electrons are directly heated by photoelectron fluxes from the local and conjugate hemispheres. The heat is lost primarily through conduction to the regions below where collisions with the ions provide the cooling. Ions are heated by collisions with both the electrons and ions, and are cooled primarily by conduction to lower altitudes where the heat is lost to collisions with the neutral gas. Here we examine the effects of ion composition on the ion and electron temperatures in the mid-latitude topside ionosphere during daytime using data from the DMSP F15 satellite in 2004–2006. The variations of electron and ion temperature with plasma density and composition indicate how the heat is exchanged between the different constituent ions and the role played by the solar zenith angle and the solar ionizing flux (F10.7). The observations show that the daytime temperature difference between the O+ and electron is smallest when the fractional contribution of H+ is the highest. In such an environment the electrons transfer heat to the H+ then to the O+ through ion-ion collisions.
Impact of MODIS sensor calibration updates on Greenland Ice Sheet surface reflectance and albedo trends

Abstract. We evaluate Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface reflectance and albedo trends using the newly released Collection 6 (C6) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products over the period 2001–2016. We find that the correction of MODIS sensor degradation provided in the new C6 data products reduces the magnitude of the surface reflectance and albedo decline trends obtained from previous MODIS data (i.e., Collection 5, C5). Collection 5 and 6 data product analysis over GrIS is characterized by surface (i.e., wet vs. dry) and elevation (i.e., 500–2000 m, 2000 m and greater) conditions over the summer season from 1 June to 31 August. Notably, the visible-wavelength declining reflectance trends identified in several bands of MODIS C5 data from previous studies are only slightly detected at reduced magnitude in the C6 versions over the dry snow area. Declining albedo in the wet snow and ice area remains over the MODIS record in the C6 product, albeit at a lower magnitude than obtained using C5 data. Further analyses of C6 spectral reflectance trends show both reflectance increases and decreases in select bands and regions, suggesting that several competing processes are contributing to Greenland Ice Sheet albedo change. Investigators using MODIS data for other ocean, atmosphere and/or land analyses are urged to consider similar re-examinations of trends previously established using C5 data.
Duizeligheid en SOLK

De klacht duizeligheid komt veel voor in de huisartsenpraktijk en neemt toe met de leeftijd. Bij het vinden van een oorzaak van de duizeligheid neemt de anamnese een centrale rol in, op indicatie aangevuld met (beperkt) lichamelijk en aanvullend onderzoek respectievelijk verwijzing naar een medisch specialist. Toch komt het regelmatig voor dat er geen onderliggende somatische en/of psychische verklaring wordt gevonden, terwijl de patient ernstig beperkt wordt als gevolg van de duizeligheid. Het kan bij deze patienten nuttig zijn om – na afdoende uitsluiting van een onderliggende aandoening – te starten met de stapsgewijze aanpak van somatisch onvoldoende verklaarde lichamelijke klachten (SOLK), zoals beschreven in de desbetreffende NHG-Standaard. In dit hoofdstuk wordt achtergrondinformatie gegeven over duizeligheid en SOLK, en wordt besproken op welke manier de huisarts somatisch onvoldoende verklaarde duizeligheid kan benaderen en behandelen.
Mutation of the Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor domain in the amyloid β-protein precursor abolishes its anti-thrombotic properties in vivo.

Abstract Introduction Kunitz proteinase inhibitor (KPI) domain-containing forms of the amyloid β-protein precursor (AβPP) inhibit cerebral thrombosis. KPI domain-lacking forms of AβPP are abundant in brain. Regions of AβPP other than the KPI domain may also be involved with regulating cerebral thrombosis. To determine the contribution of the KPI domain to the overall function of AβPP in regulating cerebral thrombosis we generated a reactive center mutant that was devoid of anti-thrombotic activity and studied its anti-thrombotic function in vitro and in vivo . Methods To determine the extent of KPI function of AβPP in regulating cerebral thrombosis we generated a recombinant reactive center KPI R13I mutant devoid of anti-thrombotic activity. The anti-proteolytic and anti-coagulant properties of wild-type and R13I mutant KPI were investigated in vitro . Cerebral thrombosis of wild-type, AβPP knock out and AβPP/KPI R13I mutant mice was evaluated in experimental models of carotid artery thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Results Recombinant mutant KPI R13I domain was ineffective in the inhibition of pro-thrombotic proteinases and did not inhibit the clotting of plasma in vitro . AβPP/KPI R13I mutant mice were similarly deficient as AβPP knock out mice in regulating cerebral thrombosis in experimental models of carotid artery thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions We demonstrate that the anti-thrombotic function of AβPP primarily resides in the KPI activity of the protein.
Application of the Magnetoelastic Acoustic Emission for the Corrosion Investigations of Steels

We perform the experimental investigation of the influence of hydrogen sulfide on the signals of magnetoelastic acoustic emission (MAE). The action of hydrogen-sulfide media on the parameters of МАЕ signals of reversely magnetized specimens of 15 steel and 2 steel after holding in these media for 173 h at room temperature is investigated. The degraded structure of the material causes a decrease in the mobility of non-180° domain walls because the number of their pinning centers increases and, as a result, the sum of amplitudes of the MAE signals in damaged specimens decreases.
Should Hypertension Be Treated in Late Life to Preserve Cognitive Function? Con Side of the Argument.

Hypertension is the strongest known modifiable risk factor for stroke, with strong associations also for cognitive impairment. Despite this, hypertension remains inadequately controlled, made further complicated by evolving definitions of adequate control. The particular area of uncertainty in blood pressure (BP) treatment is in older age groups. When the Joint National Committee-8 criteria were published in 2014, antihypertensive therapy was recommended at pressures >140/90 mm Hg for adults 150/90, unless with comorbid diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. These recommendations were made at least a year, however, before the publication of the results of the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial),1 which demonstrated improved cardiovascular outcomes in adults treated to a goal systolic BP (SBP) 130/80,2 further emphasizing the shifting targets based on new data. Although the SPRINT data provide compelling evidence for a cardiovascular benefit from tighter BP control, no clinical trials to date have provided similar evidence for a benefit for cognitive outcomes. Despite this, there is a large body of observational data pointing to robust associations between levels of BP and cognition. Elevated BP has been strongly associated not only with cognitive performance, measured cross-sectionally, but also with a 20-year cognitive decline3 and incident dementia,4 for instance in the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). In that study of 20-year change, not only was higher BP associated with steeper cognitive decline but treated hypertensive individuals had intermediate levels of decline, compared with hypertensive individuals who were not on active treatment3; others have reported similar differences in decline depending on hypertension control.5,6 …
Zebrafish as a Model for Studying Adult Effects of Challenges to the Embryonic Nervous System

Zebrafish is introduced as a model system to study environmental, chemical, and pharmaceutical challenges to the embryonic nervous system that can affect adult behavior/learning. The characteristics of the zebrafish system that make it possible to examine the developing nervous system in live embryos and larvae are presented. Gene discovery techniques, methodologies to generate fluorescent transgenic indicator embryos, as well as larval and adult zebrafish behavioral assays are described.
Experimental Design of Turnover Measurement Studies in the Unsteady State: Biosynthesis of Macromolecules

Two questions that are often raised in connection with the biosynthesis of macromolecules, such as proteins, are: 1. When amino acid incorporation is measured in the absence of net synthesis, is this really measuring activity along a potential synthetic pathway, or an exchange such as might be produced by the action of a reversible hydrolytic enzyme? 2. Does biosynthesis of, e.g., proteins involve a template mechanism in which the entire molecule is assembled at a single site, or does it proceed by the stepwise building of ever larger intermediates?
Large Eddy Simulation: An Introduction and Perspective

A decade ago, it was possible to write comprehensive reviews of what had been accomplished using direct and large eddy simulation of turbulence [1, 2]. Since then, simulation techniques have been applied to many flows that a complete review is no longer possible. These methods are now well established as a complement to experimental methods.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures: An Introduction for Clinicians

Patient-reported outcome measures contain information that comes directly from the patient without interpretation by anyone else. These measures are an important part of a clinicians' arsenal of as...
Non-place and the future of place-based education

Auge defined non-place as space lacking meaningful relations with other spaces, historical presence, or concern with identity—space divorced from anthropological place. Rather than space as histori...
High-fidelity anesthesia simulation in medical student education: Three fundamental and effective teaching scenarios

Simulation is a vital tool in the assessment and training of medical professionals and those in high-risk fields. Simulation-based education provides medical students an opportunity to learn crisis management and team-building skills in an environment that poses no risk to actual patients. Students are given exposure to high-intensity medical scenarios which require and encourage critical thinking and advanced interpersonal communication skills. They are also provided with immediate feedback through debriefing and an opportunity to apply new skills through the reproducibility of rare cases. The benefits of simulation in the training of medical students during their rotations through their anesthesia electives are infrequently assessed. We expose 3rd- and 4th-year medical students to our MetiMan Prehospital model mannequin for simulation. The simulations included pulmonary embolism, airway fire, and malignant hyperthermia. We used these simulated scenarios as tools for practical teaching and exposure to uncommon events. As assessed in follow-up evaluations, the medical students found the simulations useful in the immediate application of clinical skills during their patient encounters through their rotation. The purpose of this article is to review the benefits of simulation in high-risk fields and highlight its value in the medical education of students during their anesthesiology elective. The following core competencies sare addressed in this article: Patient care, Practice-based learning and improvement, Medical knowledge, Interpersonal and communication skills.
Basic statistical considerations for physiology: The journal Temperature toolbox

The average environmental and occupational physiologist may find statistics are difficult to interpret and use since their formal training in statistics is limited. Unfortunately, poor statistical practices can generate erroneous or at least misleading results and distorts the evidence in the scientific literature. These problems are exacerbated when statistics are used as thoughtless ritual that is performed after the data are collected. The situation is worsened when statistics are then treated as strict judgements about the data (i.e., significant versus non-significant) without a thought given to how these statistics were calculated or their practical meaning. We propose that researchers should consider statistics at every step of the research process whether that be the designing of experiments, collecting data, analysing the data or disseminating the results. When statistics are considered as an integral part of the research process, from start to finish, several problematic practices can be mitigated. Further, proper practices in disseminating the results of a study can greatly improve the quality of the literature. Within this review, we have included a number of reminders and statistical questions researchers should answer throughout the scientific process. Rather than treat statistics as a strict rule following procedure we hope that readers will use this review to stimulate a discussion around their current practices and attempt to improve them. The code to reproduce all analyses and figures within the manuscript can be found at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BQGDH.
Essay Review: Interrupting, Talking Back, and Making Tracks Through the Middle: A Feminist Review of The Last Laugh

Article offering a feminist perspective of an article entitled "The Last Laugh: A New Philosophy of Near-Death Experiences, Apparitions, and the Paranormal," by Raymond A. Moody, Jr.
Conservative management of uterine rupture in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors (Morgan, 2008). Approximately 50% of GTN are diagnosed after hydatidiform molar pregnancy, with diagnosis being made by the clinical and/or histopathologic criteria based on the following Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations: (1) an hCG plateau for at least four values over 3 weeks; (2) an hCG increase of 10% or greater for at least three values over 2 weeks; (3) hCG persistence 6 months after molar pregnancy evacuation, (4) histopathologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma; or (5) presence of metastatic disease (Morgan, 2008). Once GTN is diagnosed, patients are categorized by FIGO Stage and World Health Organization (WHO) risk score, and their stage and score dictate the initial treatment regimen to assure the best possible outcomes with the least morbidity (Lurain, 2003). Low risk disease defined as, patients with nonmetastatic (stage I) and low-risk metastatic GTN (stages II and III, score < 7), can be managed with single agent chemotherapy, and can be considered for a second dilation and evacuation with 40% chance of cure (Lurain, 2003, Osborne et al., 2016 Sep). High risk disease defined as, high-risk metastatic GTN (stage IV or score ≥ 7), requires multi-agent chemotherapy (Lurain, 2003). In the more unusual scenario of high risk GTN where there is large tumor burden and risk of respiratory distress or hemorrhage from rapid tumor destruction from full dose chemotherapy, a protocol of low dose induction cisplatin and etoposide can be initiated (Alifrangis et al., 2013). Here we report a case of a patient with low risk disease in the setting of life-threatening hemorrhage from uterine rupture.
Potential utility of geomagnetic data for geolocation of demersal fishes in the North Pacific Ocean

Archival tags that measure the Earth’s magnetic field could provide a new geolocation method for demersal fishes in the North Pacific Ocean. However, the presence of local magnetic field anomalies caused by geological formations such as volcanic rock and temporal fluctuations from solar storms could complicate its use in some high-latitude areas of the North Pacific Ocean. We assessed the potential value of adding geomagnetic data to a depth-based state-space model for geolocation of demersal fishes in Glacier Bay National Park, USA, a high-latitude magnetic anomaly area. We developed a high-resolution (100 m) magnetic field map of the study area and assessed in situ tag resolution by deploying 5 geomagnetic archival tags on a stationary mooring for 8 months. We compared performance of 4 theoretical geomagnetic tag measurement resolutions (low = ± 1000 nT, medium = ± 500 nT, high = ± 300 nT, and very high = ± 150 nT), 2 map resolutions (coarse- or fine-scale), and 5 methods of geomagnetic variance specification by estimating locations of simulated random walk trajectories under the different treatment scenarios using a hidden Markov model. Geomagnetic data improved model performance for both fine-scale and coarse-scale magnetic maps when tag resolutions were medium to very high and geomagnetic variance specification was based on error between measured and mapped values instead of study area attributes such as slope or roughness. Overall, the best model performance was observed for the highest tag resolution, the fine-scale map, and variance based on anomaly magnitudes. However, the coarse-scale map with a constant variance of 165 nT resulted in improvements over depth alone for all tag resolutions. In situ testing of mooring data suggests that the precision of the geomagnetic archival tags was comparable to the low and medium tag measurement resolutions tested in simulations, but variation in performance was high among tags. Our results suggest that inclusion of geomagnetic data could improve geolocation of demersal fishes in the North Pacific Ocean, but improvements to geomagnetic tags and additional information on magnetic field values measured at the seafloor compared to the sea surface are needed to ensure its utility.
Training the Sustainers: An Undergraduate Sustainability Intern Program

In this article, the authors offer their reflections on the past 10 years of the student intern program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Office of Sustainability. They first outline the histo...
97. TAKING LEAD (LEADERSHIP EDUCATION IN ADVANCING DIVERSITY) TO THE NEXT LEVEL: EMPOWERING TRAINEES LEADERSHIP AND SCHOLARSHIP CAPACITY IN DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION

Background Though the patient population is rapidly becoming more diverse, there continues to be a lack of diversity in academic medicine and especially in leadership positions1. Building leadership and scholarship capacity for improving diversity and inclusion should begin early during residency and fellowship training. In 2017, we created the innovative LEAD (Leadership Education in Advancing Diversity) Program, a 10-month longitudinal program that provides trainees with leadership training and mentorship in creating scholarly works around diversity and inclusion topics. Methods In 2017-2019, IRB-approved, de-identified pre- and retrospective pre/post surveys assessed learner confidence, attitudes, and program satisfaction. Analysis included descriptive statistics and two-tailed t-tests. To measure the impact on learner's leadership and scholarship, we measured the number of workshop presentations by LEAD scholars at local, regional, and national meetings. Results In 2017-2018, we had 13 scholars from the Department of Pediatrics complete the program. In 2018-2019, we had 25 scholars across seven clinical departments. A total of 38 scholars have completed the LEAD Program thus far, with 100% (N=38/38) having completed our program pre-survey and post-survey. There was statistically significant improvement in scholars’ self-confidence for all learning objectives and 100% felt the program should expand to all GME programs at Stanford. In total, LEAD scholars have created 8 workshops, representing the 8 total small groups. To date, they have presented at 14 local, 2 regional, 12 national conferences. Conclusions The LEAD Program has been successful in fostering leadership skills and promoting scholarship in diversity and inclusion. LEAD serves as an innovative model for how an institution can work collaboratively across departments to address barriers in advancing diverse leadership in academic medicine. Future steps include following career outcomes of LEAD participants.
Reactor Performance Improvement Options to Sustain High Flux Isotope Reactor Leadership Into the FUTURE

The mission of the Neutron Sciences Directorate (NScD) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the undertaking of high-impact research into the structure and properties of materials across the spectrum of biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. NScD operates two world-leading neutron scattering facilities: the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and the Spallation Neutron Source. HFIR achieved full power in 1966, and over a half century later, it continues to serve a variety of national missions. HFIR provides one of the highest steady-state neutron fluxes of any research reactor in the world to support scientific missions including cold and thermal neutron scattering, isotope production, and materials irradiation research. To sustain leadership in neutron sciences into the future, ORNL is exploring areas in which HFIR can be improved to enhance its performance. Many improvement areas are being explored including upgrading the cold source and neutron scattering facilities. The improvement areas discussed herein include replacing the reactor pressure vessel, upgrading the neutron reflector, and ensuring that reactor performance is maintained or enhanced after converting from high-enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium fuel.
Computing the developable forms of planar and spherical four-bar linkages

A developable mechanism is a linkage that has its axes located on a developable ruled surface and its links shaped to fit this surface in a stowed configuration. Our goal is to find configurations for both planar and spherical four-bar linkages in which points on the four joint axes lie on a circle. This configuration can form the stowed position of the linkage with its links shaped to form a cylinder in the planar case and a cone for the spherical case called the conformed position. The result is a cylindrical or conical developable mechanism respectively. We provide two derivations for both the planar and spherical cases. One uses the formulas for the radii of the open and crossed form of these mechanisms and the other computes the configuration directly. We demonstrate these results with examples.
Are Community College Fulfilling Their Mission to Serve Veterans

This persuasive paper highlights the background of the social justice issues surrounding veterans as a diverse population. It attempts to evaluate how community colleges address the needs of veterans on an institutional level and in the classroom. Comments are made on what more community colleges can do. Recommendations are also made for future research.
Breast cancer dormancy: need for clinically relevant models to address current gaps in knowledge

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA. Although advances in treatment over the past several decades have significantly improved the outlook for this disease, most women who are diagnosed with estrogen receptor positive disease remain at risk of metastatic relapse for the remainder of their life. The cellular source of late relapse in these patients is thought to be disseminated tumor cells that reactivate after a long period of dormancy. The biology of these dormant cells and their natural history over a patient's lifetime is largely unclear. We posit that research on tumor dormancy has been significantly limited by the lack of clinically relevant models. This review will discuss existing dormancy models, gaps in biological understanding, and propose criteria for future models to enhance their clinical relevance.
Immigration Law's Arbitrariness Problem

Despite deportation’s devastating effects, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies deportation as the penalty for nearly every immigration law violation. Critics have regularly decried the INA’s lack of proportionality, contending that the penalty often does not fit the offense. The immigration bureaucracy’s implementation of the INA, however, involves a spectrum of penalties short of deportation. Using tools such as administrative closure, orders of supervision, and deferred action, agency bureaucrats decide whom to deport and who stays, and on what terms, on a purely ad hoc basis. In this so-called shadow system, immigrants, their advocates, and the broader public lack basic information about what penalties are being imposed and why. This Article argues for reframing the problem of immigration law’s disproportionality as a problem of insufficient justification, one remediable only by building the infrastructure for reason-giving in the immigration bureaucracy. Deportation strikes many as disproportionate because the government often lacks satisfactory reasons for imposing such a drastic penalty. But in the system of shadow sanctions today, the government not only fails to offer good reasons: it fails to offer any at all. As a result, the system of shadow sanctions represents a classic case of an arbitrary exercise of government power. Looking to examples of procedural innovation across the administrative state, this Article backs prudential reforms to create immigration law’s missing reason-giving infrastructure. With it in place, the public can demand better reasons, or proportionality. But the first step is addressing immigration law’s arbitrariness problem.
Longitudinal changes in network engagement during cognitive control in cocaine use disorder

Abstract Background Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is characterized by poor cognitive control and has limited empirically supported treatment options. Furthermore, an understanding of brain mechanisms underlying CUD is at a relatively early stage. Thus, this study aimed to investigate longitudinal alterations in functional neural networks associated with cognitive control in cocaine use disorder (CUD). Methods Secondary analysis was performed on data from 44 individuals who participated in three randomized clinical trials for CUD and completed an fMRI Stroop task both at baseline and post-treatment. Independent component analysis (ICA) was performed to assess changes in functional network engagement and investigate associations with cocaine-use behaviors. Mixed linear models were performed to test for longitudinal effects on network engagement and relationships with baseline patterns of cocaine use (i.e., past-month frequency and lifetime years of use) and periods of abstinence/use between scans (i.e., percent negative urine toxicology and maximum days of contiguous abstinence). Results Six functional networks were identified as being related to cognitive control and/or exhibiting changes in engagement following treatment. Results indicated that engagement of amygdala-striatal, middle frontal and right-frontoparietal networks were reduced over time in CUD. Less change in the amygdala-striatal network was associated with greater lifetime years of cocaine use. Additional analyses revealed that negative toxicology results and achievement of continuous abstinence were associated with greater engagement of the right-frontoparietal network. Conclusions Neural systems that underlie cognitive control may change over time in individuals with CUD. A longer history of cocaine-use may hinder changes in network activity, potentially impeding recovery.
Single Stage to Orbit: Politics, Space Technology, and the Quest for Reusable Rocketry

While the glories and tragedies of the space shuttle make headlines and move the nation, the story of the shuttle forms an inseparable part of a lesser-known but no less important drama-the search for a re-useable single-stage-to-orbit rocket. Here an award-winning student of space science, Andrew J. Butrica, examines the long and tangled history of this ambitious concept, from it first glimmerings in the 1920s, when technicians dismissed it as unfeasible, to its highly expensive heyday in the midst of the Cold War, when conservative-backed government programs struggled to produce an operational flight vehicle. Butrica finds a blending of far-sighted engineering and heavy-handed politics. To the first and oldest idea-that of the reusable rocket-powered single-stage- to-orbit vehicle-planners who belonged to what President Eisenhower referred to as the military-industrial complex added experimental (" X "), "aircraft-like" capabilities and, eventually, a "faster, cheaper, smaller" managerial approach. Single Stage to Orbit traces the interplay of technology, corporate interest, and politics, a combination that well served the conservative space agenda and ultimately triumphed-not in the realization of inexpensive, reliable space transport-but in a vision of space militarization and commercialization that would appear settled United States policy in the early twenty-first century. "The 'holy grail' of the spaceship movement has been the development of a vehicle that could accomplish single stage to orbit (SSTO) flight. This study describes the evolution of this concept from the 192'0s to the present, revealing a conservative space agenda that has not yet been the subject of historical analysis. As such, it makes an important contribution to space history literature."-Roger D. Launius, The Smithsonian Institution.
Geosmin and methylisoborneol biosynthesis in streptomycetes: Evidence for an isoprenoid pathway and its absence in non-differentiating isolates

Geosmin, 1, (trans-1 ,lOdimethyl-trans-9-decalol) and the 2-methyl derivative of isoborneol, 2, (1,2,7,7tetramethyl-exo-bicycle [2.2.l]heptan-2-01) are volatile metabolites of various Streptomycetes, algae, and fungi [ 11. Geosmin in particular has an intense ‘earthy’ or ‘musty’ odor. Both metabolites have caused odor and taste problems in water supplies [2] and foods but geosmin is important for the flavour of beets [3]. Despite the problems for water supplies, there is almost no biosynthetic information for these materials. However, aerial mycelium negative (amy-) isolates of Streptomyces alboniger, S. scabies, and S. violaceous-ruber failed to produce an earthy odor; the uncharacterized material was assumed to be geosmin [4]. We have used radio-gas chromatography to investigate the biosynthesis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol and have obtained amyisolates of S. sulfureus and S. antibioticus which produce neither metaboiite.
Adjoining identities and zeros to semigroups

It is proved that iteration of the process of adjoining an identity to a semigroup gives birth naturally to the lexicographical ordering on the additive semigroups of n-tuples of nonnegative integers.
Plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004

Background: No large-scale, population-based study has considered the descriptive epidemiology of vitamin B-6 status with use of plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the indicator of vitamin B-6 adequacy used to set the current Recommended Dietary Allowance, which is 2 mg/d for all subgroups. Objectives:WesoughttoexaminetheepidemiologyofvitaminB-6 status in the US population. Methods: In 6000 participants aged 1 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2004), we considered relations between plasma PLP and various subject characteristics and examinedtrendsinplasmaPLPandhomocysteinewithvitaminB-6 intake, both overall and in selected subgroups. Results:Inmales,plasmaPLPdecreasedwithageafteradolescence only in nonusers of supplemental vitamin B-6. Regardless of supplement use, plasma PLP concentrations of women of childbearing ageweresignificantlylowerthanthoseofcomparablyagedmen,and
Improved myocardial contrast with second harmonic transient ultrasound response imaging in humans using intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin

Objectives. The objectives of this study were to determine whether a new method of ultrasound imaging (transient response imaging) could improve the myocardial contrast after intravenous injections of perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubble contrast medium in humans. Background. We have shown in animals that very low doses of intravenous contrast medium can produce transient but significantly better myocardial contrast when diagnostic ultrasound pulses are interrupted (delivered only once per cardiac cycle) instead of conventional 25- to 30-Hz frame rate imaging. Methods. In 14 patients with normal rest wall motion, the peak myocardial contrast produced by transient response imaging was compared with that produced by conventional harmonic ultrasound imaging after injections of low doses (0.0025 to 0.01 ml/kg) of intravenous contrast medium. All studies were performed with second harmonic imaging (2.0 to 2.5 MHz-transmitted frequency). Blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and pulse were monitored before and after each injection. Results. The intravenous contrast medium in the doses given produced no hemodynamic changes and no significant side effects in any patients. Overall, the mean (± SD) anterior and posterior myocardial contrast produced was significantly greater with transient response imaging than with conventional harmonic ultrasound imaging (anterior: 37 ± 20 U transient response imaging vs. 18 ± 14 U conventional harmonic imaging, posterior: 17 ± 14 U transient response imaging vs. 5 ± 5 U conventional; p < 0.01). With the sample size of 14 patients, the study had 80% power to detect a tree difference of 18 U for anterior myocardial contrast and 90% power to detect a difference of 12 U for posterior contrast. Visually evident anterior or apical myocardial contrast was observed in 14 of 15 patients with transient response imaging but in only 7 patients with conventional harmonic imaging. Posterior or basal myocardial contrast was evident in 10 patients with transient response imaging but in only 1 patient with conventional harmonic imaging. Conclusions. Transient response imaging produces significantly better myocardial contrast than conventional harmonic imaging in humans and can be produced safely with minute quantities of intravenous perfluorocarbon.
A euclidean model for euclidean geometry

(1989). A Euclidean Model for Euclidean Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 43-49.
Production of the mosquito-parasitic fungus, Coelomomyces dodgei, through synchronized infection and growth of the intermediate copepod host, Cyclops vernalis.

High yields of the copepodCyclops vernalis infected with the mosquito-parasitic fungusCoelomomyces dodgei Couch & Dodge were obtained by infecting nauplii in large synchronously developing populations. Exposure of 2000 48 or 72 h old nauplii to 6×103 sporangia at the time of meiospore release yielded ca. 1500 infected copepods. Based on yields of infected copepods, susceptibility ofC. vernalis toC. dodgei decreased as copepods developed. Infection rates were 75% for copepods exposed as 48 or 72 h old nauplii but declined to 32 and 9.6%, respectively, for those exposed as copepodids or adults. The relevance of these results for domestication of other species ofCoelomomyces and studies on non-target organisms is discussed, and improved procedures for routine production ofC. dodgei are described.
Characterization and distribution of insertion sequence IS1239 in Streptococcus pyogenes

The human pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes causes pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis and toxic-shock-like syndrome. The bacterium synthesizes several extracellular products, including the recently described streptococcal superantigen SSA, a molecule that shares considerable homology with several Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. While studying allelic variation at the ssa locus, six isolates expressing serotypes M4, M23, M33, M41, M43, and provisional type PT4854, were identified that had PCR products about 40-bp larger than expected, and one isolate (M15) had an amplified fragment that was more than 1-kb larger than expected. All six isolates have a 34-bp insert located 103 bp 5' of the ssa start codon. The larger product is a result of a 1110-bp insertion at the analogous location. The complementary strand of this insert has a 981-bp open reading frame that potentially encodes a 326-amino-acid polypeptide with substantial homology to the Escherichia coli IS30 transposase. Results of Southern blot analysis showed that at least twelve copies of the sequence are present in the serotype M15 S. pyogenes isolate. This element, designated IS1239, is the first simple insertion sequence described in group-A streptococci. Results of PCR screening showed that 26 of 78 (33%) S. pyogenes isolates expressing distinct M protein serotypes contained sequences with homology to IS1239, which means that the element is widely distributed in the species.
Optical design of a snapshot high-sampling image mapping spectrometer (IMS) for hyperspectral microscopy

A snapshot high-sampling Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) is developed for hyperspectral microscopy, measuring datacube of dimensions 285x285x60 (x, y, λ). Microscopy IMS is designed to work at the Nyquist sampling limit to realize high resolution imaging. The spatial resolution is ~0.45μm with FOV ~130μm. The spectral working range is 500-700nm with ~8.3nm average spectral resolution. Preliminary tests have been implemented on its imaging performances.
Kelvin probe force microscopy and its application

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a tool that enables nanometer-scale imaging of the surface potential on a broad range of materials. KPFM measurements require an understanding of both the details of the instruments and the physics of the measurements to obtain optimal results. The first part of this review will introduce the principles of KPFM and compare KPFM to other surface work function and potential measurement tools, including the Kelvin probe (KP), photoemission spectroscopy (PES), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurement system. The concept of local contact potential difference (LCPD), important for understanding atomic resolution KPFM, is discussed. The second part of this review explores three applications of KPFM: metallic nanostructures, semiconductor materials, and electrical devices.
Influence of concomitant food intake on the oral absorption of two triazole antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole

The influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of the triazole antimycotics fluconazole and itraconazole was investigated in a randomised, parallel group, single dose study in 24 healthy subjects. Each group took either a 100 mg capsule of fluconazole or a 100 mg capsule of itraconazole, pre-prandially or after a light meal or a full meal, in a three-way crossover design. Gastric and intestinal pH were measured with a co-administered radiotelemetric pH capsule, and gastric emptying time of the capsule (GET) was taken as the maximum gastric residence time of drug and food. The plasma AUC and Cmax of itraconazole were significantly different under the various conditions and the mean AUC was greatest after the full meal. The bioavailability (90% confidence intervals) of itraconazole relative to that after the full meal, was 54% (41-77%) on an empty stomach and 86% (65-102%) after a light meal. The criteria for bioequivalence were not attained. In contrast, the bioavailability (90% CI) of fluconazole relative to the full meal was 110% pre-prandially (100-115%) and 102% after the light meal (88-103%), and the criteria for bioequivalence were attained. Itraconazole absorption was promoted by low stomach pH, long gastric retention time and a high fat content of the coadministered meal, whereas the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole was relatively insensitive to physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract.
Resistance of quaking mouse CNS to triethyl tin edema.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of triethyl tin (TET) sulfate, 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight did not induce intramyelinic edema without altering water content in quaking mice while in C5BL/6J and littermate control mice, water content was increased and typical intramyelinic edema was induced following TET injection. Even among control mice, however, there were some strain differences in the histological severity of the edema, which were in precise agreement with the quantitative alterations in water content. These observations suggest that CNS myelin in quaking may differ qualitatively from that in controls and the mode of response to TET is under genetic control.
General methods for modification of sialic acid at C-9. Synthesis of N-acetyl-9-deoxy-9-fluoroneuraminic acid

Methyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyrano sate was converted into the 9-O-trityl derivative and the remaining hydroxyl groups were protected as benzyl ethers. Removal of the trityl group, followed by treatment with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride gave the 9-deoxy-9-fluoro derivative, and deprotection N-acetyl-9-deoxy-9-fluoroneuraminic acid (8). In another procedure, coupling of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-6-fluoro-D-glucopyranose with potassium di(tert-butyl) oxaloacetate, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation gave 8. Some of the derivatives were active as inhibitors of growth of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (TA3) and L1210 cells in culture.
Fasciculochloris, a new Chlorosphaeracean alga from a Connecticut soil

Abstract Fasciculochloris boldii gen. et sp. nov. is described from a Connecticut cornfield soil. It is placed in the Chlorosphaeraceae (Chlorosphaerales) and distinguished from Chlorosarcinopsis by its zoospores, which have a wall, a pyrenoid, and flagella of unequal length.
Surgical Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in Children and Adolescents

Residual hip dysplasia (a relatively common condition in young children and adolescents) left undetected or partially treated, almost certainly leads to further progression of deformity, eventually ending in a nonfunctional, painful hip joint. Therefore, every effort should be made to identify and treat hip dysplasia early.The use of 3D imaging, including CT and MRI assessment, has enhanced the diagnosis and treatment of patients with dysplasia because they facilitate proper identification of important pathomorphologic anatomy and cartilage degeneration. Future studies should take these novel imaging modalities into consideration with the attempt to (re-) evaluate optimal selection criteria for surgery, risk factors for clinical failure and optimal deformity correction. Treatment of residual hip dysplasia requires corrective surgery. The goal of surgical treatment is to normalize joint loading by increasing the contact area and improving the level arm of the hip to forestall the development of OA. Proper selection and performance of a correction osteotomy and adjunctive procedures are prerequisites for a good clinical outcome and high survivorship of the reconstructed hip. Augmentation procedures, such as the Chiari osteotomy or the shelf procedure described by Staheli, remain as a salvage option in cases when irreversible cartilage damage is present or when reorientation is not feasible.
A Single Transducer Transaxial Compression Technique for the Estimation of Sound Speed in Biological Tissues

In this paper we report an extension to the TACT method for the estimation of sound speed with a single transducer to any depth. This method is based on the hypothesis that the displacement of the tissue caused by transaxial compression follows a theoretical function which we derive analytically. In this method, as in the original TACT, a transducer imparts an accurate transaxial compression to the tissue, and the corresponding change in the arrival time of an echo at a range of interest is measured. This procedure results in a biased speed estimate whose value is range dependent. The theoretical function is fitted to the experimental estimates, from which the unbiased sound speed is then computed.