cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Decline of the British Economy: An Institutional Perspective

This paper attributes the relative decline of the British economy in the twentieth century to rigidities in its economic and social institutions that had developed during the nineteenth-century era of relatively atomistic competition. Inherited and persistent constraints impeded British firms from acquiring the market control, authority in labor relations, or managerial hierarchy necessary to avail themselves fully of modern mass production methods. At the societal level there was an interrelated failure to transform the character of British educational and financial institutions, labor-management relations, and state policy in order to promote economic development. By performing better in these respects lateindustrializing countries were able to surpass Britain in economic growth.
Policy Adjustment in a Dynamic Economic Game

Making sequential decisions to harvest rewards is a notoriously difficult problem. One difficulty is that the real world is not stationary and the reward expected from a contemplated action may depend in complex ways on the history of an animal's choices. Previous functional neuroimaging work combined with principled models has detected brain responses that correlate with computations thought to guide simple learning and action choice. Those works generally employed instrumental conditioning tasks with fixed action-reward contingencies. For real-world learning problems, the history of reward-harvesting choices can change the likelihood of rewards collected by the same choices in the near-term future. We used functional MRI to probe brain and behavioral responses in a continuous decision-making task where reward contingency is a function of both a subject's immediate choice and his choice history. In these more complex tasks, we demonstrated that a simple actor-critic model can account for both the subjects' behavioral and brain responses, and identified a reward prediction error signal in ventral striatal structures active during these non-stationary decision tasks. However, a sudden introduction of new reward structures engages more complex control circuitry in the prefrontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insula) and is not captured by a simple actor-critic model. Taken together, these results extend our knowledge of reward-learning signals into more complex, history-dependent choice tasks. They also highlight the important interplay between striatum and prefrontal cortex as decision-makers respond to the strategic demands imposed by non-stationary reward environments more reminiscent of real-world tasks.
Incisor wear and age in Yellowstone bison

Abstract Biologists commonly use tooth eruption and wear patterns or cementum annuli techniques to estimate age of ungulates. However, in some situations the accuracy or sampling procedures of either approach are undesirable. We investigated the progression of several quantitative measures of wear with age, using permanent first incisors from Yellowstone bison (Bison bison), and tested for differences between sexes and herds. We further investigated the relationship of wear and age to explore an age-estimation method. Labial-lingual width (LLW) correlated best with assigned age (r2=0.66, males; r2=0.76 females). Labial-lingual width differed between sexes, with females showing ∼0.2 mm more wear than males. Additionally, differences in rate of wear existed between bison of the northern and central Yellowstone herds (1.2 and 0.9 mm/year, respectively). We developed a regression formula to test the power of LLW as an estimator of Yellowstone bison age. Our method provided estimated ages within 1 year of the ...
Fear, the School Organization, and Teacher Evaluation.

Fear can be conceptualized differently as experienced by those inside and outside the school organization. Internally, participants respond to fear in a politics of maintenance aimed toward protection against anticipated job loss(es). This article examines internal organizational participants' fear, with particular attention to teachers' fear of being evaluated. It is argued that the cellular organization of teaching contributes to fear, as do certain existing conflicts in evaluation. For example, teachers fearing a summative evaluation may be less than forthcoming about their performance shortcomings and/or goals. An analysis of fear in teacher evaluation should take into account (a) teacher controllability of teaching and its evaluation and (b) principals' preference for evaluation rigidity. In environments compromised by fear, for example, administrators might restrict information in teacher evaluation. Reform directions such as union participation and altering the adversarial tone of evaluation may im...
Effects of interface and bulk recombination on switching characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs pnpn bistable device

Device modeling is used to analyze the steady-state current voltage characteristics of double heterostructure AlGaAs/GaAs pnpn switches in the presence of interface and bulk recombination mechanisms. Simulation results show that the holding current increases significantly by shortening the carrier lifetime at heterojunction interface, while the holding voltage and breakover point remain relatively constant. Results also indicate that shortening the carrier lifetime in the inner pn homojunction region only increases the off-state leakage current. These results are in agreement with experimental data obtained by others, and may be used to design a device with optimum switching performance.
Overlay Communications Using Empirical Mode Decomposition

A signal overlay technique employing the empirical mode decomposition procedure is presented here. A weak narrowband signal is added to the primary signal that shares the same frequency band. Careful signal design reduces interference caused to primary users while ensuring successful recovery of the added signal. At the receiver a stationary filtering approach is ineffective in separating the signals because a fixed filter designed to isolate one of the signals will also capture significant portion of the other signal energy due to overlapping spectrums. However, the empirical mode decomposition technique, that isolates signal components based on their instantaneous frequencies, is ideally suited to separate these time-varying signals with overlapping frequency components. The choice of overlay signal transmission frequencies relative to that of the primary signal is made in such a way that leads to greater resemblance of one of the extracted components to the original overlay signal. An application to commercial frequency modulation overlay is presented with associated analysis and empirical performance results.
A comparative study of proliferative activity and tumor stage of pregnancy-associated melanoma (PAM) and non-PAM in gestational age women

Background The influence of pregnancy on the development, progression, and prognosis of melanoma is controversial. Objective We sought to compare clinical characteristics, histologic features, and proliferative activity in pregnancy-associated melanoma (PAM) and melanoma in nonpregnant women of reproductive age (non-PAM). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed medical records and pathology reports from women given a diagnosis of melanoma between 2006 and 2015. We also examined tumor proliferation rates using mitotic count and 2 immunohistochemical markers of proliferation, phosphohistone H3 and Ki-67. Results In 50 PAM and 122 non-PAM cases, a diagnosis of melanoma in situ was associated with PAM. Among invasive melanomas, there was no difference in proliferative activity between groups. Pregnancy status was also not associated with age at diagnosis, tumor site, Breslow depth, Clark level, ulceration, or overall stage. Limitations This was a retrospective study with a small sample size of mostly patients with early-stage melanoma. Conclusions In our study of primarily early-stage melanoma, pregnancy did not have a significant impact on tumor proliferation. Particularly for patients given a diagnosis of stage I melanoma who are undergoing close surveillance, a history of PAM should not outweigh traditional factors, such as advanced maternal age, in planning future pregnancies.
Community Support: Older Adults’ Perceptions

The purpose of this inquiry was to determine older adults' perceptions of facilitators and barriers in their use of community support. A descriptive, exploratory design was used incorporating focus group methodology. Fifteen participants were recruited in two separate senior citizen housing complexes, 10 in one building and 5 in the second. All participants were 65 years of age and older, alert, oriented, and English speaking. Systematic content analysis of the focus groups revealed two general categories: knowledge and systems. Under each category, facilitators and barriers were identified. Knowledge facilitators included life experiences and learning from one another. A major knowledge barrier was lack of awareness. A system facilitator was caring connections. System barriers included complex connections, pseudoconnections, superficial connections, and cookie cutter connections. The data suggest the need for additional research to further clarify these facilitators and barriers. The information obtained from this research will be a beginning step in the development of supportive intervention strategies for assisting older adults as they live in their home communities.
Requiring case management meetings to be conducted outside the clinic.

In this Open Forum a psychiatric health care consumer recounts his experience with his state's requirement to hold case management meetings outside of the clinic. Over time, the author found that meeting elsewhere amounted to being put on public display, and he felt embarrassed and powerless to change the situation. Requiring people with psychiatric disorders to meet outside a clinical setting may violate the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and human rights. This New Hampshire state policy needs to be changed because it undermines treatment and reinforces the stigma that many consumers already feel because of their disability. (Psychiatric Services 62:1215–1217, 2011)
Considerations for Exploring Livestock as a Nutrition Intervention in the Rural United States

Residents of rural communities in the United States typically have poor access to high-quality protein. Internationally, livestock nutrition intervention programs have been successful at increasing access to high-quality dietary protein in rural areas; however, these programs have not been largely explored in the rural United States. Given its lack of support facilities, availability of land, lack of zoning restrictions, and economic struggles, the rural United States is an ideal setting to pursue a livestock nutrition intervention project. What, then, would it take to establish an intervention? A number of community and livestock-related considerations need to be addressed in preparation for a livestock nutrition intervention in a rural community in the United States. Four examples of livestock are discussed.
Reinforcement Properties of Morphine, Cocaine, and SPA as a Function of Unit Dose

(1968). Reinforcement Properties of Morphine, Cocaine, and SPA as a Function of Unit Dose. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 231-237.
Photobleaching and Fluorescence Recovery of RPE Bisretinoids

The autofluorescence of the retina that originates primarily from lipofuscin fluorophores in retinal pigment epithelial cells, is observed to undergo photobleaching during the acquisition of fundus autofluorescence images. Bisretinoid fluorophores isolated from retinal pigment epithelial cells have the spectral characteristics consistent with their being the source of fundus autofluorescence. Clinically relevant experiments were designed to better understand conditions in the micromilieu of bisretinoid fluorophores that can influence fluorescence efficiencies, photobleaching, and subsequent fluorescence recovery of this fluorophore. The consumption of the bisretinoid A2E due to photooxidation-induced degradation was quantified in solvent systems of variable relative permittivity (formerly called dielectric constant), in micelles, and in phospholipid vesicles of varying composition. Reorganization within biphasic systems was also examined. A2E content was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence intensity was quantified spectroscopically. As solvent polarity was increased, A2E fluorescent spectra exhibited red-shifted maxima and reduced intensity. A2E was depleted by light irradiation and the loss was more pronounced in less polar solvents, lower concentrations of anionic surfactant, and in gel- versus fluid-ordered phospholipid liposomes. Conditions that permit A2E aggregation promoted photooxidation/photodegradation, while movement of A2E between bisphasic systems was associated with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. The fluorescence characteristics of A2E are subject to environmental modulation. Photooxidation and photodegradation of bisretinoid can account for fundus autofluorescence photobleaching. Return of fluorescence intensity after photobleaching likely occurs due to redistribution of A2E fractions amongst co-existing heterogeneous microdomains of the lysosomal compartment.
Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis.

Question Set 1. What are the important destructive mechanisms in periodontal diseases? 2. What are the important protective mechanisms in periodontal diseases? 3. What are the important genetic factors and what is the state-of-the art relative to assessing these genetic factors in periodontal diseases? 4. What do we know about the mechanism of action of possible risk factors, such as smoking and diabetes on the host? 5. What is the evidence that host modulating agents will be effective in prevention or treatment ofperiodontal diseases?
Original understanding of the full faith and credit clause and the Defense of Marriage Act

This article is about the Full Faith and Credit Clause how the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) affects the clause. The article reexamines the original understanding of the clause in the hope of casting some light on the current debate over the scope of the first and second sentences of the Clause as applied to issues of marriage recognition. The article then identifies arguments of commentators who take opposing interpretations of the clause and discusses why each of those arguments is flawed.
Network Governance and the New Constitutionalism

We in public administration and the interdisciplinary spaces where public administration theory is increasingly relevant are seemingly engaged in an academic discourse about alternative constitutions of state administration, a fact that may be reason for optimism. Yet this is a fabricated discourse to the extent that there is very little discussion about how the state and its associated literary practices are constitutive and therefore whether or not this discourse represents genuinely liberating alternatives to the often undemocratic past. The lack of public debate and critical thinking about the concept of governance raises the question of whether or not governance can be considered a "democratic" development and whether or not it represents a break with previous conceptions and forms of the state. What has changed is not the ontology of the state, but the constitutive logic of the late capitalist state. In this brief discussion I re(ad)dress network governance and the ontology of the liberal constituti...
Permeability approximations and process modeling of geometrically complex composite structures manufactured by resin transfer molding

A good understanding of woven fiber mat permeability for composite molding processes is critical for realistic process modeling, yet these issues remain unresolved in the literature. Many have attempted to address permeability prediction for flat undeformed fiber preforms, but few have investigated permeability variations for complex three-dimensional molds. Attempts have been made over the years to predict the permeabilities via two schools of thought, namely, microscopic and macroscopic approximations. The objectives of this paper are to: (i) first provide a brief review of existing approximations for predicting these constitutive relations which includes microscopic and macroscopic prediction methods, (ii) postulate a more realistic representation of a unit cell to account for fabric structure such as crimp, tow spacing, and the like and then apply computational approximations for predicting effective permeabilities for use in actual structural composites manufacturing, and (iii) provide an improved understanding of the flow behavior at a 3-D unit cell level and in practical structural 3-D RTM composite parts. Emphasis is placed on techniques requiring little or no empirical data for accurate predictions where the end product should be a local permeability tensor suitable for insertion in mold simulations.
The Claims/U.S. Patent Abstracts database and technological research in psychology.

The Claims™/U.S. Patent Abstracts database is presented as a potential online source for information on technology and physiological methods in psychology.
Molecular Bottlebrushes: New Opportunities in Nanomaterials Fabrication

This Viewpoint highlights the ability of molecular bottlebrushes to serve as highly tunable building blocks for creating nanostructured materials via molecular templating, solution aggregation, and melt self-assembly. Recent achievements in the synthesis of discrete nano-objects, micellar structures, and periodic nanomaterials from bottlebrush copolymers are emphasized, and future opportunities in this area of polymer science are briefly discussed.
1540 Audit on Prescription of Controlled Drug

Background Prescriptions for controlled drugs are subject to prescription requirements as per UK Department of Health guidance (June 2006). A Pharmacist is not allowed to dispense a Controlled Drug unless all the information required by law is given on the presrciption. Aim To analyse prescription practice in the department. To analyse different formulations of Methylphenidate and Melatonin prescribed. Methods Retrospective audit. All prescriptions between October 2011 and January 2012 analysed. Prescriptions compared against the standards given in British National Formulary (2011). Results Total prescriptions - 212 Controlled Drug prescriptions (methylphenidate) - 119 Melatonin prescriptions - 75 Incorrect prescriptions - 66 (55.5%) Conclusions and Recommendations Most of the incorrect prescriptions were due to the form of the drug (tablets or capsules) not being specified. Physicians made aware of the guidelines on prescribing controlled drug. Re-Audit in 6 months.
Newborn With Hypotonia, Congenital Heart Disease, Hypoglycemia, and Enlarged Corneas

A preterm newborn presents with hypotonia, congenital heart disease, hypoglycemia, and enlarged corneas (Fig 1). Figure 1. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories ### Presentation After initial stabilization, the infant remained intubated, with gradual reduction in ventilator settings. The initial blood gas analysis revealed a metabolic acidosis with elevated lactate level prompting correction with fluids. In addition, the infant was found to be hypoglycemic, requiring several glucose boluses followed by continual infusion. ### Vital Signs ### Physical Examination
Pilot Plant Scale Test and Kinetic Studies on High Cell Density Culture of Probiotics Lactobacillus casei Zhang

Based on lab scale(3 L) experiments,the pilot plant scale test(30 L to 150 L) of the high cell density culture of L.casei Zhang was studied to get the optimal fermentation technology for industrial production.Under optimized culture conditions,the viable count of fermented liquid was 2.9×1010 cfu/mL and there was no significant different between pilot plant test and lab scale test.The kinetic models of growth and glucose consumption for L.casei Zhang were constructed using origin7.5 software based on the equations of "logistic equation" and fit well with the experimental data,with an average error of less than 10%.These models could forecast the actual fermentation process.Preliminary study was carried out on the influences of centrifugation and freeze-drying processes on cells after fermentation.Although the average viable cell count of the lyophilized powder was 2.65×1011 cfu/g,which could meet the requirements of the probiotics and starter cultures,only 49.97% of L.casei Zhang cells were survived from freeze drying.So it's necessarily to make further study on how to improve the survival rate of L.casei Zhang during freeze drying.
Assessing the association of obesity and asthma morbidity in older adults

Abstract Background Obesity is a robust predictor of poor asthma control in younger adults. Given the high prevalence of asthma and obesity in older Americans, weight reduction could benefit asthma management in this population. Objective To assess the association between obesity and asthma outcomes among older adults. Methods We recruited from urban primary care clinics a prospective cohort of nonsmoking individuals with asthma who were 60 years or older without a history of other respiratory diseases. At baseline, body mass index (BMI) measurements were classified as normal (BMI, 18–25), overweight (BMI, 25–30), or obese (BMI, >30). Measures of asthma morbidity (Asthma Control Questionnaire [ACQ], and Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [Mini-AQLQ]) and asthma-related resource utilization (inpatient or outpatient) were taken at baseline and at 3- and 12-month interviews. We used generalized estimating equation models to assess associations between obesity and asthma outcomes after controlling for potential confounders. Results Of the 437 older adults with asthma in the study, 17% had a normal BMI, 32% were overweight, and 51% were obese. Unadjusted analyses revealed that obesity was associated with lower ACQ scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–1.31) and poorer Mini-AQLQ scores (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11–1.33). Adjusted analyses revealed no significant association between obesity and ACQ (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.96–1.15) and Mini-AQLQ (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.99–1.19). Conclusion Our study suggests that obesity is not independently associated with worse asthma outcomes in older adults, reflecting potential differences in the mechanisms that link obesity with asthma control in older vs younger populations.
Tumor necrosis factor-α alters response of lung cancer cells to oxidative stress

Selected immunotherapies (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-2, and gamma interferon), chemotherapeutic agents (mitomycin, platinum, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], and bleomycin), and radiation therapy have been described to exert cytotoxicity through the generation of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Tumor necrosis factor, however, has been shown to impart increased resistance in vitro and in vivo against reactive oxygen species stress, including radiation therapy and oxygen toxicity, possibly because of the induction of increased cellular buffering capacities. It is unknown whether the sensitivity of a lung cancer cell to reactive oxygen species therapy is altered by tumor necrosis factor through the induction of free radical scavenging enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase. This question was investigated as follows: A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, exposed for 24 hours to 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μg/ml concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, were exposed to hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase, a superoxide generating system, for varying intervals. The number of cells surviving 5 days after the stress was determined, and cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor were examined by Northern Blot analysis for induction of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene. The hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase stress alone caused a time-dependent decrease in survival; however, pretreatment with tumor necrosis factor increased cell survival significantly. Moreover, the cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor had a fivefold increase in the number of manganese superoxide dismutase transcripts. These findings suggest that tumor necrosis factor may confer resistance of lung cancer cells to subsequent reactive oxygen species–based therapies, and the resistance of these cells may be due to increased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. Clinical treatment failures may result, especially if tumor necrosis factor is given concurrently with other therapies.
The Church Advocate

During the nineteenth century, religious newspapers served as an integral source of information for numerous churchgoing individuals. Articles about the finer points of theology, minutes of denominational meetings, and developments regarding domestic and foreign missions filled the pages of these organs and kept ministers and laity informed about current ecclesiastical issues. The Civil War, however, caused editors and correspondents to include matters related to war and politics in addition to typical religious fare. The Church Advocate , the Church of God’s national weekly published in Lancaster, is a little-known source that reveals aspects of daily life on the Pennsylvania home front and relates the experiences of soldiers in camp and on the battlefield.
Overcoming the power scalability limit in intracavity HHG

We demonstrate a novel output-coupling technique for XUV frequency combs generated inside femtosecond enhancement cavities, permitting virtually unlimited power scalability. A first demonstration yields record-high average powers and highest order harmonics from multi-megahertz repetition-rate HHG.
The Parkinson’s Active Living (PAL) Program: A Behavioral Intervention Targeting Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease

Background:Apathy, one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), has been associated with reduced daily functioning, cognition, treatment compliance, quality of life...
Inverse profiling of inhomogenous buried cylinders with arbitrary cross sections using CMA-ES

Covariance Matrix Adaption Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is proposed for efficient profile reconstruction of inhomogeneous buried dielectric targets with arbitrary cross sections. In particular, this scheme is implemented for finding the location, shape and relative permittivity of the target. Numerical results indicate that CMA-ES, as its first reported implementation in subsurface imaging, can be used as an accurate, efficient and robust global optimization method in inverse profiling of buried objects. Also, comparing the CMA-ES results with Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Particle Swarm Optimization techniques shows that the CMA-ES significantly outperforms the other two methods.
Sedentary Behavior and Sleep Problems: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sedentary behavior, characterized by a sitting or reclining posture and low-energy expenditure, has been recognized as an independent health risk factor. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between sedentary behavior and sleep problems. Keyword and reference search were performed in PubMed, Cochrance Library, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies. The methodological quality of each study was assessed by standardized tools. The pooled estimates on the relationship between sedentary behavior and sleep problems were calculated in meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted for studies examining alternative sedentary behavior types, using self-reported or objective measures of sedentary behavior, different age groups, and assessed with different study quality levels. Sixteen eligible studies were identified through a literature search. Meta-analysis found sedentary behavior to be associated with an increased risk of insomnia (pooled odds ratio [POR] = 1.176, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.014–1.364) and sleep disturbance (POR = 1.381, 95% CI = 1.282–1.488). No association between sedentary behavior and daytime sleepiness and/or poor sleep quality was observed. Except for study quality levels, no significant differences in sleep disturbance were observed across alternative sedentary behavior types, sedentary behavior measures, and age groups in subgroup analyses. Prolonged sedentary behavior tends to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia and sleep disturbance in the existing literature. Future studies with experimental study design and longer follow-up periods are warranted to demonstrate the long-term causal impact of sedentary behavior on sleep problems.
Human Eyeblink Classical Conditoning in Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Eyeblink classical conditioning is a useful model system for the study of the neurobiology of learning, memory, and aging which also has application to dementia. Parallel age differences in conditioning in the short-delay procedure appear in middle age in rabbits and humans that may be caused at least in part by loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. It is only when the CS-US interval is extended to 1500 ms that the age differences in delay eyeblink classical conditioning disappear. The smaller body of evidence on the effects of normal aging in the trace, discrimination, and other complex classical conditioning procedures also suggests age-related impairment.
Medical Treatment for Postthrombotic Syndrome

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a prevalent disease. About 20 to 30% of patients with DVT will develop postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) within months after the initial diagnosis of DVT. There is no gold standard for diagnosis of PTS, but clinical signs include pitting edema, hyperpigmentation, phlebectatic crown, venous eczema, and varicose veins. Several scoring systems have been developed for diagnostic evaluation. Conservative treatment includes compression therapy, medications, lifestyle modification, and exercise. Compression therapy, the mainstay and most proven noninvasive therapy for patients with PTS, can be prescribed as compression stockings, bandaging, adjustable compression wrap devices, and intermittent pneumatic compression. Medications may be used to both prevent and treat PTS and include anticoagulation, anti-inflammatories, vasoactive drugs, antibiotics, and diuretics. Exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, and leg elevation are also recommended. Areas of further research include the duration, compliance, and strength of compression stockings in the prevention of PTS after DVT; the use of intermittent compression devices; the optimal medical anticoagulant regimen after endovascular therapy; and the role of newer anticoagulants as anti-inflammatory agents.
Parallel-multiplexed excitation light-sheet microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Laser scanning light-sheet imaging allows fast 3D image of live samples with minimal bleach and photo-toxicity. Existing light-sheet techniques have very limited capability in multi-label imaging. Hyper-spectral imaging is needed to unmix commonly used fluorescent proteins with large spectral overlaps. However, the challenge is how to perform hyper-spectral imaging without sacrificing the image speed, so that dynamic and complex events can be captured live. We report wavelength-encoded structured illumination light sheet imaging (λ-SIM light-sheet), a novel light-sheet technique that is capable of parallel multiplexing in multiple excitation-emission spectral channels. λ-SIM light-sheet captures images of all possible excitation-emission channels in true parallel. It does not require compromising the imaging speed and is capable of distinguish labels by both excitation and emission spectral properties, which facilitates unmixing fluorescent labels with overlapping spectral peaks and will allow more labels being used together. We build a hyper-spectral light-sheet microscope that combined λ-SIM with an extended field of view through Bessel beam illumination. The system has a 250-micron-wide field of view and confocal level resolution. The microscope, equipped with multiple laser lines and an unlimited number of spectral channels, can potentially image up to 6 commonly used fluorescent proteins from blue to red. Results from in vivo imaging of live zebrafish embryos expressing various genetic markers and sensors will be shown. Hyper-spectral images from λ-SIM light-sheet will allow multiplexed and dynamic functional imaging in live tissue and animals.
Anxiety Reduction Using Physical Exertion And Positive Images

The rationale and structure of an integrated anxiety reduction procedure were presented. The procedure uses positive images after anxiety-related scenes to instate positive feelings, and uses physical exertion preceding and during scene presentations to compete with and lower anxiety arousal. There were 16 highly test-anxious subjects in each of six conditions designed to assess the procedure and its components. Anxiety was measured by self-report on actual tests. The exertion + positive images procedure produced significant anxiety reduction, comparable to a taped desensitization treatment. Anxiety reduction effects were found for both the exertion and positive images components. Relations to enjoyment of physical activity were explored.
The Impact of Choroidal Swelling on Optic Nerve Head Deformation.

Purpose Choroid geometry and swelling have been proposed to contribute to ocular pathologies. Thus, it is important to understand how the choroid may impact the optic nerve head (ONH) biomechanical environment. We developed a finite element model to study how acute choroidal swelling and choroid geometry affect ONH deformation. Methods We developed two geometric models of the ONH: one with a "blunt" choroidal insertion and another with a "tapered" choroid insertion. We examined how choroidal volume changes (2.1-14.2 μL, estimated to occur during the ocular pulse) impact biomechanical strain in three tissue regions: the prelaminar neural tissue, lamina cribrosa, and retrolaminar neural tissue. Then, we performed a sensitivity analysis to understand how variation in ONH pressures, tissue material properties, and choroidal swelling influenced the peak tissue strains. Results Choroidal swelling in the blunt choroid geometry had a large impact on the strains in the prelaminar neural tissue, with magnitudes comparable to those expected to occur due to an IOP of 30 mm Hg. Choroidal swelling in the tapered choroid geometry also affected strains but to a lesser extent compared to the blunt geometry. A sensitivity analysis confirmed that choroidal swelling was more influential on prelaminar neural tissue strains in the blunt choroid geometry. Conclusions Choroid anatomy and swelling can interact to play an important role in prelaminar neural tissue deformation. These findings suggest that the choroid may play an important, and previously unappreciated, role in ONH biomechanics, and motivate additional research to better define the in vivo effects of choroidal volume change.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of chloromethyl radical with acetylene and decomposition of 1-chloroallyl and 2-chloromethyl vinyl radicals

Abstract Three reactions occurring on the C3H4Cl potential energy surface (PES) were studied computationally using quantum chemistry and master equation/RRKM: CH2Cl + C2H2 → Products (1), CH2CHCHCl → Products (2), and CH2ClCHCH → Products (3). The results indicate low importance of the 1,3-Cl shift channel linking the PESs of reactions 1 and 2 despite a relatively low energy barrier. Addition and chemically activated H elimination are the two major products of reaction 1, with branching dependent on pressure and temperature. Cl and cyclopropene are the major products of reaction 2, and CH2Cl + C2H2 – of reaction 3.
Ritualistic Animal Killing

Mutilated, dismembered, or decapitated animal remains are often ascribed to animal sacrifice as part of an “occult” or “satanic” ritual. The terms occult and satanic have no standardized definition, and the perpetrator may not have had a religious motive. Thus, these cases are best classified as ritualistic animal killing. The veterinary pathologist who performs the necropsy must exercise great care since predation, postmortem scavenging, and improper disposal of viscera removed from game animals can be confused with ritualistic animal killing. Animal slaughter and animal sacrifice for religious purposes are protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights. Animal cruelty is not legally sanctioned, and the necropsy should focus on documenting evidence of pain and suffering. The veterinary pathologist should classify the manner of death as ritualistic animal killing only after careful review of the crime scene and the circumstances surrounding the animal’s death. The veterinary pathologist should also have some knowledge of legally permissible practices around religious animal slaughter and animal sacrifice and have some insight into the psychological and potential criminal motives for these acts. Meticulous documentation is necessary both for the current death investigation and for the development of a typology that can be used to recognize and prevent ritualistic animal abuse and killing.
Development of a scale for grading pre-plus and plus disease using retinal images: A pilot study.

When screening infants for retinopathy of prematurity, evaluating posterior pole vascular characteristics (ie, the presence or absence of pre-plus or plus disease) is subjective and prone to error. ROPtool, a semiautomated computer program, measures retinal vessel tortuosity and dilation. In this pilot study, we created an abbreviated pictorial scale of varying vascular tortuosity and dilation based on expert perception of vascular characteristics. We used ROPtool to evaluate the experts’ ability to arrange these images in order of increasing vascular tortuosity and dilation. ROPtool values confirmed successful arrangement of images in order of increasing vascular tortuosity and dilation. This pictorial scale could serve as a reference to decrease subjectivity when diagnosing pre-plus or plus disease.
Metastatic Lesions to the Temporal Bone

Metastatic lesions to the temporal bone are relatively rare in clinical practice, but the temporal bone is often involved by metastatic disease in autopsy studies. The most common site for metastatic involvement is the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Breast, lung, prostate, melanoma, kidney, and stomach cancers are the most likely primary tumors to produce temporal bone metastases. Hearing loss, otorrhea, vertigo, and facial paralysis are the most common symptoms of temporal bone metastasis; however, a large proportion of metastatic lesions to the temporal bone are asymptomatic. In the patient with a history of malignant disease, the differential diagnosis should include metastasis when patients present with otologic complaints. Diagnostic imaging with CT and MRI, especially when combined with PET/CT or whole-body bone scan, usually leads to the diagnosis. Surgical resection of metastatic disease in the temporal bone is typically not warranted because temporal bone metastases are usually a sign of widespread metastatic disease.
What Is the Concept of Computation

This essay examines the two central and equivalent ways of introducing rigorous notions of computation as starting-points. The first way explicates effective calculability of number theoretic functions as the (uniform) calculability of their values in formal calculi; Godel, Church and Kleene initially pursued this way. The other way views mechanical procedures as transforming finite configurations via production rules, a path Turing and Post took. For both explications, one can prove important mathematical theorems, namely, absoluteness and reducibility results. These results are of great interest, but problematic when viewed as justifying the adequacy of the rigorous notions. However, the theorems and their proofs reveal features that motivate the abstract concept of a computable dynamical system. That is, so I argue, the appropriate structural axiomatization of computation.
Accounts, Cookies and Carts

An application will be developed that requires a user to log into the site. Once the user has logged in, the user’s previous data will be retrieved from the database.
An irregularly irregular inheritance.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia syndrome in the U.S., affecting over 3 million people ([1,2][1]). Most cases are sporadic, and risk factors include increasing age, hypertension, cardiomyopathies of ischemic or nonischemic origin, and valve diseases that alter atrial structure and
An experimental study on the recovery of a turbulent boundary layer downstream of the reattachment

Transport characteristics of the turbulent kinetic energy, k, the shear stress, mixing length, l, and eddy viscosity, vt, were studied in an incompressible turbulent boundary layer downstream of the reattachment of the separated flow behind a backward-facing step. The Reynolds number, Rh, based on the step height, h, was 37000 and the upstream oncoming flow was a fully developed turbulent boundary layer with Rθ = 3600. Hot-wire measurement techniques were used to measure three Reynolds stresses and higher-order mean products of velocity fluctuations. It was found that downstream of approximately 20h the structure of the evolving flow near the wall attains local energy quasi-equilibrium. Recovery of the turbulent structure in the outer part of the flow is much slower and the memory of the upstream perturbation is still traceable even in the last measuring station of 51h.
Simply Stated: Harassment and Gender Bias Are Unacceptable.

The stories involve individuals in every setting. A patient licks the fingers of a student during a dental procedure. A faculty member makes comments of a sexual nature to a student in a pre-clinical lab. A group of women students is told that since they “like to cook,” they should enjoy the
Short-term implicit voice-learning leads to a Familiar Talker Advantage: The role of encoding specificity

Whereas previous research has found that a Familiar Talker Advantage-better spoken language perception for familiar voices-occurs following explicit voice-learning, Case, Seyfarth, and Levi [(2018). J. Speech, Lang., Hear. Res. 61(5), 1251-1260] failed to find this effect after implicit voice-learning. To test whether the advantage is limited to explicit voice-learning, a follow-up experiment evaluated implicit voice-learning under more similar encoding (training) and retrieval (test) conditions. Sentence recognition in noise improved significantly more for familiar than unfamiliar talkers, suggesting that short-term implicit voice-learning can lead to a Familiar Talker Advantage. This paper explores how similarity in encoding and retrieval conditions might affect the acquired processing advantage.
Zika and travel in the news: a content analysis of US news stories during the outbreak in 2016-2017.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to understand what information the US media communicated about Zika virus (ZIKV) and travel in 2016 and 2017. Study design We conducted a content analysis of news coverage about ZIKV and travel from April 5, 2016 to March 31, 2017. Methods We obtained a stratified, random sample of English language, US print newspaper and television news coverage about ZIKV and travel. We developed a coding scheme to assess key messages in the news, including how ZIKV is transmitted, the symptoms and outcomes of ZIKV infection, and recommended prevention behaviors. Results Almost all news stories mentioned mosquito-borne transmission (96.8%) and just over half mentioned sexual transmission (55.3%). News stories were more likely to talk about ZIKV outcomes (78.8%) than ZIKV symptoms (40.6%). However, outcomes affecting babies were mentioned more frequently than outcomes affecting adults. Recommendations included a wide array of protective behaviors, such as delaying or avoiding travel (77.6%) and using mosquito repellent (41.0%). However, few studies (10.9%) mentioned barriers to practicing ZIKV prevention behaviors. Conclusions Public health organizations and professionals can use these findings to help improve communication about future outbreaks of mosquito-borne illnesses. We also recommend conducting real-time monitoring of news media and frequent content analysis of news stories to ensure coverage provides the information the public needs.
Rhizogenic response of tomato genotypes to Agrobacterium rhizogenes inoculation.

Inoculation of greenhouse grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sunny) transplants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (str. MT232) resulted in a significant increase in root dry weight four w...
Spin–Orbit Torque-Controlled Magnetic Tunnel Junction With Low Thermal Stability for Tunable Random Number Generation

Spin-orbit torque has emerged as an alternative to spin-transfer torque switching of thermally stable magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). For MTJs with low thermal stability, i.e., low energy barrier MTJs, spin-orbit torque devices have been proposed, which allow for tunable random number generation and decoupled WRITE and READ paths. Such stochastic devices can then be interconnected to realize computational systems, such as Ising networks, neural networks, invertible logic, etc. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate such a stochastic spin device called a “p-bit” that is characterized by a spin-orbit torque-controlled MTJ with low thermal stability as the WRITE unit, and where the tunneling magnetoresistance is employed as the READ unit. We first demonstrate deterministic switching of stable in-plane MTJs using the spin-orbit torques generated by tantalum. Next, we employ spin-orbit torques to tune the stochasticity of the MTJ with low thermal stability to generate tunable random numbers. National Institute of Standards and Technology randomness tests are performed to evaluate the quality of our random number generator. The results are then quantitatively analyzed using the standard model for thermally activated switching and the theory of thermal fluctuation in superparamagnetic particles. The devices presented in this letter consisting of a WRITE path (spin-orbit torque) and a READ path (MTJ) are the key building blocks for probabilistic spin logic applications.
Addressing alcohol misuse in primary care.

Background Alcohol misuse (AM) among young adults remains a public health issue that is underaddressed in primary care. Despite well-supported recommendations to screen and offer brief interventions for AM, most primary care providers do not address the issue. Local problem Increasing rates of alcohol-related incidents and lack of a standardized alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) program were identified in a private university health center. Methods Nurse practitioners, staff nurses, and physicians received education on alcohol SBI. Young adult students visiting a college health center were administered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption electronically followed by a brief motivational intervention if they screened positive using embedded Electronic Health Record templates. Preimplementation/postimplementation chart audit and surveys were used to evaluate effectiveness. Interventions Following staff education, a standardized alcohol SBI program was implemented in a private university health center. Results Increased alcohol screening and intervention rates, as well as increased knowledge about AM, and reduced alcohol use among participants were identified. Conclusions Through staff education and by embedding standard alcohol SBI templates, more at-risk young adults were identified and rendered alcohol interventions during routine visits. This replicable program can improve outcomes related to AM in the primary care setting.