cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating institutional physician turnover attributable to self-reported burnout and associated financial burden: a case study.

Awareness of the economic cost of physician attrition due to burnout in academic medical centers may help motivate organizational level efforts to improve physician wellbeing and reduce turnover. Our objectives are: 1) to use a recent longitudinal data as a case example to examine the associations between physician self-reported burnout, intent to leave (ITL) and actual turnover within two years, and 2) to estimate the cost of physician turnover attributable to burnout. We used de-identified data from 472 physicians who completed a quality improvement survey conducted in 2013 at two Stanford University affiliated hospitals to assess physician wellness. To maintain the confidentially of survey responders, potentially identifiable demographic variables were not used in this analysis. A third party custodian of the data compiled turnover data in 2015 using medical staff roster. We used logistic regression to adjust for potentially confounding factors. At baseline, 26% of physicians reported experiencing burnout and 28% reported ITL within the next 2 years. Two years later, 13% of surveyed physicians had actually left. Those who reported ITL were more than three times as likely to have left. Physicians who reported experiencing burnout were more than twice as likely to have left the institution within the two-year period (Relative Risk (RR) = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3–3.3). After adjusting for surgical specialty, work hour categories, sleep-related impairment, anxiety, and depression in a logistic regression model, physicians who experienced burnout in 2013 had 168% higher odds (Odds Ratio = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.34–5.38) of leaving Stanford by 2015 compared to those who did not experience burnout. The estimated two-year recruitment cost incurred due to departure attributable to burnout was between $15,544,000 and $55,506,000. Risk of ITL attributable to burnout was 3.7 times risk of actual turnover attributable to burnout. Institutions interested in the economic cost of turnover attributable to burnout can readily calculate this parameter using survey data linked to a subsequent indicator of departure from the institution. ITL data in cross-sectional studies can also be used with an adjustment factor to correct for overestimation of risk of intent to leave attributable to burnout.
Target Recognition Using Sparse Representation: A Performance Comparison

This paper compares two sparse representation techniques for classifying high range resolution profiles (HRRP) of four commercial aircraft models with real backscatter data as recorded in a compact range. Adverse scenarios such as azimuth ambiguity, additive noise, occlusion, extraneous scatterers, and azimuth mismatch are all considered.
The X(3872) Meson and "exotic" Spectroscopy at Cdf II — or Not? —

A spate of remarkable new hadrons reported in 2003 may lead to unequivocal proof of states beyond conventional and qqq structure. Claimed baryonic states Θ+, Φ, and would consist of five quarks, and new -states and/or X(3872) might contain four quarks. I review efforts to search for and study this "new" spectroscopy in -collisions with the CDF II detector. Pentaquark searches are negative, and no evidence for exotic analogs of DsJ-states was found. CDF has confirmed the X(3872). My main focus is the production and decay properties of the X(3872), and its possible interpretations.
Improving the Integration of Restoration and Conservation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon Disaster

In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, much has been learned about the biological, ecological, physical, and chemical conditions of the Gulf of Mexico. In parallel, the research community has also gained insight about the social and organizational structures and processes necessary for oil spill response and subsequent marine and coastal restoration. However, even with these lessons from both the Deepwater Horizon and previous spills, including 1989's Exxon Valdez and the Ixtoc 1 in 1979, our understanding of how to avoid future crises has not advanced at the same pace as offshore oil and gas development. We argue that this progress deficit indicates a continued devaluing of marine and coastal resources. We believe that we must, instead, advance a proactive conservation ethic based on the precautionary principle and an appropriately placed burden of proof-strategies that will help reduce our reliance on costly restoration and protect marine and coastal ecosystems.
Advancing training and transfer research through the application of nonlinear dynamics

The study of training transfer as something that occurs over time with its own underlying process has been very limited in the training literature to date. This paper argues that we can better unde...
A Numerical Study of Liquid-Vapor Interface in the Presence of Dielectrophoretic Force

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a translational motion of neutral matter caused by polarization effects in a non-uniform electric field. In this work, the impact of DEP force is investigated for the interface in a stationary two-fluid domain. The numerical work is based on the coupled two-fluid regime with the electric field with the DEP force present at the liquid-vapor interface. Interface tracking is achieved via the Cahn-Hilliard equations-based phase field method. The simulation results show that in the presence of DEP force, the original liquid-vapor interface gets altered by moving from its initial state to another state of equilibrium. The simulation results illustrate the fundamental understanding of electrically impacting the liquid-vapor interface that is relevant for phase separation in processes such as drying of moist porous medium.
North Korea – what everyone needs to know

Much to its credit, Patrick McEachern’s North Korea: What Everyone Needs to Know does well the humble, apolitical, a-sensational thing that it assays to do, namely, to put in front of that large se...
Auger radiopharmaceutical therapy targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen in a micrometastatic model of prostate cancer

Auger radiopharmaceutical therapy is a promising strategy for micrometastatic disease given high linear energy transfer and short range in tissues, potentially limiting normal tissue toxicities. We previously demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy of a small-molecule Auger electron emitter targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), 2-[3-[1-carboxy-5-(4-[125I]iodo-benzoylamino)-pentyl]-ureido]-pentanedioic acid), or 125I-DCIBzL, in a mouse xenograft model. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy, long-term toxicity, and biodistribution of 125I-DCIBzL in a micrometastatic model of prostate cancer (PC). Methods: To test the therapeutic efficacy of 125I-DCIBzL in micrometastatic PC, we used a murine model of human metastatic PC in which PSMA+ PC3-ML cells expressing firefly luciferase were injected intravenously in NSG mice to form micrometastatic deposits. One week later, 0, 0.37, 1.85, 3.7, 18.5, 37, or 111 MBq of 125I-DCIBzL was administered (intravenously). Metastatic tumor burden was assessed using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Long-term toxicity was evaluated via serial weights and urinalysis of non-tumor-bearing mice over a 12-month period, as well as final necropsy. Results: In the micrometastatic PC model, activities of 18.5 MBq 125I-DCIBzL and above significantly delayed development of detectable metastatic disease by BLI and prolonged survival in mice. Gross metastases were detectable in control mice and those treated with 0.37-3.7 MBq 125I-DCIBzL at a median of 2 weeks post-treatment, versus 4 weeks for those treated with 18.5-111 MBq 125I-DCIBzL (P<0.0001 by log-rank test). Similarly, treatment with ≥18.5 MBq 125I-DCIBzL yielded a median survival of 11 weeks, compared with 6 weeks for control mice (P<0.0001). At 12 months, there was no appreciable toxicity via weight, urinalysis, or necropsy evaluation in mice treated with any activity of 125I-DCIBzL, which represents markedly less toxicity than the analogous PSMA-targeted α-particle emitter. Macro-to-microscale dosimetry modeling demonstrated lower absorbed dose in renal cell nuclei versus tumor cell nuclei due to lower levels of drug uptake and cellular internalization in combination with the short range of Auger emissions. Conclusion: PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy with the Auger emitter 125I-DCIBzL significantly delayed development of detectable metastatic disease and improved survival in a micrometastatic model of PC, with no long-term toxicities noted at 12 months, suggesting a favorable therapeutic ratio for treatment of micrometastatic PC.
Life-long brain compensatory responses to galactic cosmic radiation exposure.

Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) composed of high-energy, heavy particles (HZE) poses potentially serious hazards to long-duration crewed missions in deep space beyond earth’s magnetosphere, including planned missions to Mars. Chronic effects of GCR exposure on brain structure and cognitive function are poorly understood, thereby limiting risk reduction and mitigation strategies to protect against sequelae from exposure during and after deep-space travel. Given the selective vulnerability of the hippocampus to neurotoxic insult and the importance of this brain region to learning and memory, we hypothesized that GCR-relevant HZE exposure may induce long-term alterations in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. To test this hypothesis, we irradiated 3-month-old male and female mice with a single, whole-body dose of 10, 50, or 100 cGy 56Fe ions (600 MeV, 181 keV/μm) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Our data reveal complex, dynamic, time-dependent effects of HZE exposure on the hippocampus. Two months post exposure, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and learning were impaired compared to sham-irradiated, age-matched controls. By six months post-exposure, deficits in spatial learning were absent in irradiated mice, and synaptic potentiation was enhanced. Enhanced performance in spatial learning and facilitation of synaptic plasticity in irradiated mice persisted 12 months post-exposure, concomitant with a dramatic rebound in adult-born neurons. Synaptic plasticity and spatial learning remained enhanced 20 months post-exposure, indicating a life-long influence on plasticity and cognition from a single exposure to HZE in young adulthood. These findings suggest that GCR-exposure can persistently alter brain health and cognitive function during and after long-duration travel in deep space.
Professor Crosskey and the Brooding Omnipresence of Erie-Tompkins

Pb ROFESSOR CROSSKEY'S NEW BOOK on the Constitution1 is an exciting work. It is exciting for a reason as unique as it is admirable with respect to this type of book, namely, the intellectual punch it delivers. We are accustomed to stately works ringing the now accepted changes of reverence to the Constitution in its modern guise as fashioning a union of diverse, almost warring, states. Occasionally-so much so as now to be almost a rarity-we do find specific criticism of the creaking governmental structure which results and some despairing hope for change in the direction of modern efficiency.2 But this opus is something quite different and beyond our experience. For it is a new history, the fruit of nearly two decades of patient research, which presents the direct challenge that the original plan and intent of the Constitution was the creation of a simply conceived national government. A possibility of simplicity in place of infinite complexity, of effective functional action instead of near-paralysis amid competing sovereignties, is surely alluring. And with proof so detailed and withal so persuasive as here afforded, we must hail this as a major scholastic effort of our times. The feat of scholarship is perhaps the more remarkable when we come to see that the author's main thesis rests upon an utterly simple approach: interpreting the letter of the great document primarily in accordance with eighteenth century views of language, form, and substance. With propriety he calls the resulting panorama "A Unitary View of the National Governing Powers."3 Emerging fully as clear cut are his correlative and supporting theses. Of these, the two he singles out for the greatest stress are "The National Power over Commerce"4 and "The National Judicial
ASYMPTOTICALLY OPTIMAL PROCEDURES FOR SEQUENTIAL ADAPTIVE SELECTION OF THE BEST OF SEVERAL NORMAL MEANS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents asymptotically optimal procedures for sequential adaptive selection of the best of several normal means. It is shown that for a sequential procedure based on elimination, if k, δ,{μi} and σ2 are fixed and P* →1, then there is a sharp asymptotic lower bound for the natural measure of efficiency. The chapter describes the class of elimination procedures with adaptive sampling, which do solve the selection problem. It also presents some Monte Carlo simulations to illustrate the potential savings in sample size that can be achieved by using fairly simple adaptive sampling rules.
Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression

Vulnerability has increasingly become the organizing construct around which much research in psychopathology is organized. This is particularly the case for depression, where researchers have begun to focus considerable attention on the variables that may predispose some individuals to this disorder. Much of this attention has been directed toward understanding the origins of these presumed vulnerability processes. In line with this interest, vulnerability origins stemming from schema models, hopelessness models, and attachment theory are discussed, as is the idea of disrupted parent-child interactions in the creation of vulnerability. Within this latter category the link between abuse, maltreatment, cognitive factors andvulnerability is examined. Possible directions for future theory and research in cognitive vulnerability and depression are then discussed.
Lectures on Symplectic Manifolds

Introduction Symplectic manifolds and lagrangian submanifolds, examples Lagrangian splittings, real and complex polarizations, Kahler manifolds Reduction, the calculus of canonical relations, intermediate polarizations Hamiltonian systems and group actions on symplectic manifolds Normal forms Lagrangian submanifolds and families of functions Intersection theory of lagrangian submanifolds Quantization on cotangent bundles Quantization and polarizations Quantizing lagrangian submanifolds and subspaces, construction of the Maslov bundle References.
The Felony Murder Doctrine Revisited: A Proposal for Calibrating Punishment That Reaffirms the Sanctity of Human Life of Co-Felons Who Are Victims

The common-law felony murder rule, simply stated, is that if a person kills another in doing or attempting to do an act amounting to a felony, the killing is murder. A felony murder in most states is graded as first degree murder and can lead to the death penalty. People v. Stamp, exemplifies the felony murder rule in its strictest application, and illustrates that a killing during the course of a felony, whether accidental or intentional, equals first degree murder. However, the felony murder rule operates in direct opposition to a fundamental principle of criminal law -- liability ought to reflect culpability. In this article, the author discusses states’ adoption of either an agency approach to felony murder or a proximate cause theory of felony murder. The author argues that the agency approach does not recognize the death of a co-felon as the taking of a life that has value. This article examines the felony murder causation liability issue by analyzing the differences between the agency approach and the proximate cause approach to felony murder. The article concludes by proposing that states amend their felony murder statutes in an effort to effectuate the proximate cause theory of liability. The author suggests that such an approach could provide a better way to calibrate punishment in a proportionate way that values the lives of co-felons who are victims. He believes that such calibration would better serve to deter felons who might kill while also reaffirming the sanctity of human life, even the life of co-felons who may be killed.
An alternative feed design for the MRO antenna

NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (see http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/), scheduled for launch in 2005, is intended to study the history of water on Mars. The current feed design for the 3-meter reflector antenna uses a dielectrically supported disk-on-rod Ka-band (32 GHz) feed in the center of an X-band (7.2 GHz, 8.4 GHz) corrugated horn. As a potential backup design in case of problems, an alternate feed design for the MRO antenna that does not use any dielectric materials or a disc-on-rod was developed. The design uses a Ka-band Potter horn in the center of the current X-band MRO corrugated horn. Using the same high-gain reflector assembly, the new feed provides virtually the same X-band gain (within 0.1 db) and more than 1 dB improvement at Ka-band.
Reflections on Meeting Women's Childbirth Expectations

When care providers support their personal worth, use caring communication, facilitate consumer participation in decision making, seek optimal outcomes, and know the patient holistically, female patients feel that their dignity is respected. We compare women's expectations for dignified care in contemporary society with the expectations of women 40 years ago. Some progress has been made toward valuing women's voices and participation in decision making, the availability of interventions for optimal outcomes, and recognition of the importance of cultural competence. Continued work is needed to meet women's expectations for receiving individualized and tailored care, information about intervention effectiveness and risks, and support for the birth process that the family desires. A renewed focus on the recipient of care as a coparticipant in her birthing experiences may result in improved outcomes and resolution of tensions between childbearing women and sociopolitical forces and standards of care.
More than a just a game: video game and internet use during emerging adulthood

The purpose of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the pattern of video game and internet use among college students and to examine how electronic leisure was related to risk behaviors (i.e., drinking, drug use, sex), perceptions of the self (i.e., self worth and social acceptance), and relationships with others (i.e., relationship quality with parents and friends). Participants included 813 undergraduate students (500 young women, 313 young men, M age = 20, SD = 1.87) who were mainly European American (79%), unmarried (100%) and living outside their parents’ home (90%). Results suggested that (a) video game use was linked to negative outcomes for men and women, (b) different patterns of video game and internet use existed for men and women and (c) there were different relations to risk behaviors, feelings about the self, and relationship quality based on the type of internet use, and based on gender. The discussion focuses on the implications of electronic leisure on the overall health and development of young people as they transition to adulthood.
Potential impact of therapeutic warfarin treatment on type II endoleaks and sac shrinkage rates on midterm follow-up examination☆☆☆

Abstract Objective: Successful endovascular aortic aneurysm repair depends on exclusion and spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm sac. The need for chronic postoperative anticoagulation therapy could limit the applicability of this technology with delay or prevention of sac thrombosis resulting in endoleak formation and altered remodeling of the aneurysm sac. The purpose of this study was the determination of whether chronic therapeutic anticoagulation therapy with warfarin was associated with an increased incidence rate of early or delayed postoperative endoleaks or altered rates of reduction in aneurysm sac maximum diameter. Methods: Two hundred thirty-two consecutive patients underwent abdominal aortic endografting during a 32-month period. The data were recorded prospectively with a current mean follow-up period of 18 months. The patients with endoleaks identified with 30-day postoperative computed tomographic scan angiograms subsequently underwent selective arteriography to characterize the source. The patients who underwent chronic warfarin therapy that resulted in a therapeutic internationalized normalized ratio comprised the study group. The control group was defined as all the patients with healthy coagulation profiles. Results: Thirty-six patients (15%) were undergoing warfarin therapy after surgery, and their conditions were chronically maintained with a therapeutic international normalized ratio. Forty-three patients (18%) had endoleaks on 30-day computed tomographic scan angiographic results. There were 39 patients with type II endoleaks and four patients with type I endoleaks. None of the type I endoleaks occurred in patients who were undergoing warfarin therapy, and all endoleaks were repaired with either proximal or distal covered extensions. At 30 days, seven patients (19.4%) undergoing chronic warfarin therapy had type II endoleaks as compared with 36 controls (18.4%; P =.798). Four patients had delayed type II endoleaks develop, two in the control group and two in the warfarin group ( P =.3). Ten control individuals (31%) had spontaneous resolution of type II endoleaks develop, whereas spontaneous endoleak thrombosis was not observed in the warfarin group ( P =.33). Aneurysm sac remodeling assessed with mean percent reduction in maximum sac diameter at 12 months revealed a statistical difference between the control group (17.5%) and the warfarin group (7.6%; P =.04). Conclusion: Warfarin treatment is not associated with an increase in the incidence rate of early or delayed postoperative endoleaks. However, the rate of reduction in maximum aneurysm sac diameter after aortic endografting is slower in patients who undergo therapeutic warfarin therapy at 1-year follow-up examination, a statistically significant difference from the control group. In addition, type II endoleaks may be less likely to undergo spontaneous thrombosis in patients who undergo warfarin therapy. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:679-85.)
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING LIKING: POSITIONAL RELATIVE RATING VERSUS THE 9‐POINT HEDONIC SCALE

An alternative rating method, known as positional relative rating (PRR), or rank rating, was compared with the traditional 9-point hedonic scale. Initially, category scale and line scale versions of PRR were investigated to see which of either was better at differentiating samples. Four lemonades were assessed in duplicate on both scales (category and line). Overall quality, sweetness intensity and sourness intensity were assessed in separate sessions by groups of ∼50 consumers, depending on session. The category scale better differentiated samples than did the line scale for two of three attributes assessed, with differentiation being the same in the third. Subsequently, the overall liking of these same lemonades was assessed by 100 consumers on both the PRR category scale and the traditional 9-point hedonic scale. The differentiation of samples for both scales was equivalent, although mean values were somewhat lower with PRR. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This work explores an alternative to the traditional 9-point scale. Positional relative rating (PRR) performs as well as the traditional 9-point scale in differentiating samples, suggesting that it is a viable alternative. However, as PRR seems to give consistently lower mean values than does the traditional 9-point hedonic scale, those using a “hurdle” approach to screen products may wish to lower that hurdle when PRR is used. Findings also suggest that consistency errors are reduced when samples are presented simultaneously (rather than in a serial monadic fashion) and judges are allowed to adjust their ratings.
Treatment Implementation, Statistical Power, and Internal Validity

Frequently program participants receive different levels of exposure to a given treatment. Cook and Poole (1982) recently argued that data on treatment implementation should be included in the analysis of treatment effects to increase power. It is argued that basing inferences about treatment effects on analyses including level of treatment implementa tion has a serious potential problem: Such an analysis is likely to result in biased estimates of treatment effects. Analyses including the level of treatment implementation must be interpreted cautiously unless the causes of differential exposure to the treatment are completely understood.
Induction of Myelin Components: Cyclic AMP Increases the Synthesis Rate of 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleotide 3′‐Phosphohydrolase in C6 Glioma Cells

In an effort to determine the factors that stimulate myelin synthesis, we investigated the mechanism by which dibutyryl cyclic AMP induces the activity of the myelin enzyme, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP; EC 3.1.4.37), in C6 glioma cells. Immunotitration experiments and measurements of the accumulation of [35S]methionine-labeled CNP showed that dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the amount of CNP in the cells but not the catalytic activity per molecule of the enzyme. Moreover, inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide abolished induction of enzyme activity. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP doubled the rate of CNP synthesis but had no effect on the half-life of the enzyme (approximately 33 h). The induction was partially blocked by the inhibitors of mRNA synthesis, cordycepin or alpha-amanitin. Thus, cyclic AMP induces the synthesis of CNP.
Imidazole binding reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) inhibits avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge in vivo

Data indicate that avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) transduce CO2 stimuli by sensing the products of CO2 hydration, [H+] and [HCO3−]. The alphastat regulation hypothesis of physiological pH sensitivity suggests that proteins sense [H+] through changes in the ionization state of imidazole groups (alphaIm). To test whether imidazole is involved with IPC CO2 sensitivity, we administered diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) intravenously while recording from IPC exposed to varying levels of inspired CO2. At physiological pH, DEPC converts pH sensitive imidazole groups to pH-insensitive N-carbethoxyhistidyl residues. Single cell extracellular neural recordings were made from vagal filaments in anesthetized, unidirectionally ventilated Anas platyrhynchos. Without DEPC, IPC discharge rate was inversely proportional to inspired CO2 with characteristic dynamic responses to rapid CO2 alterations (n = 10). After DEPC treatment (≥15 mM), mean sensitivity of IPC discharge to static inspired CO2 levels was decreased 75% (P < 0.05), and mean peak dynamic IPC discharge rate was decreased 80% (P < 0.05). Additionally, we tested whether DEPC might alter IPC discharge by binding imidazole groups in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), but we found no effect on CA catalytic rate. We conclude that DEPC inhibits IPC CO2 signal transduction by modifying imidazole groups on acid-sensitive proteins other than CA, possibly membrane acid–base exchangers or ion channels. These data support the alphastat regulation hypothesis in IPC CO2 respiratory chemoreception and suggests a more direct link between H+ and membrane excitability.
Stress and Cocaine Addiction

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in all aspects of cocaine self-administration. Corticosterone seems to be crucial for the acquisition of drug use since self-administration does not occur unless this stress hormone is increased above a critical reward threshold. Increasing circulating levels of corticosterone also augments sensitivity to low doses of cocaine, possibly from a sensitization-associated phenomenon involving dopamine, suggesting that exposure to stress can increase individual vulnerability to cocaine. Drugs affecting the synthesis and/or secretion of corticosterone decrease ongoing, low-dose cocaine self-administration. When higher doses falling on the descending limb of the cocaine dose-response curve are self-administered, plasma corticosterone can still reach this reward threshold even when synthesis is inhibited and drug intake is not affected. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) seems to play a more prominent role in the maintenance of cocaine self-administration and may even be involved in the incentive motivation for the drug. Corticosterone and CRH are also critical for the stress- and cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior. Therefore, cocaine self-administration may represent an attempt to seek out specific sensations, with the internal state produced being very similar to that perceived by individuals who engage in risky, thrill-seeking behavior. During abstinence, exposure to stressors or cocaine-associated cues can stimulate the HPA axis to remind the individual about the effects of cocaine, thus producing craving and promoting relapse. Stress reduction, either alone or in combination with pharmacotherapies targeting the HPA axis may prove beneficial in reducing cravings and promoting abstinence in individuals seeking treatment for cocaine addiction.
The need for collaboration in the future delivery of improved therapies for patients

The defining issue for the improvement of health care in the future, both in Europe and around the world, is the need for enhanced collaboration. This is vital if we want to deliver true medical innovation to patients with unmet and intractable medical conditions and do so in a predictable and costeffective manner. All disciplines that are involved in this worthy endeavour must find better ways to work together. Obviously, this includes the industry to which I have belonged for many years, but also regulators, prescribers, patients, payers, academics, and public and private enterprises. Trying to create such collaborations is a challenge. If it had been easy we would have done it a long time ago. However, I do think that the advent of stratified (sometimes referred to as ‘personalised’) medicines provide a long awaited impetus to such drive interdisciplinary engagement. By stratified medicines, what I am referring to are medicines that can be specifically targeted to subpopulations of patients on the basis of their genetic, metabolic and molecular profiles. The question is why stratified medicine should provide such a common focus across the healthcare sector? In order to understand this, we should start with the evolutions currently occurring in science.
Correlates of subjective well-being in Northern Wisconsin

This paper presents the results of an attempt to relate socioeconomic status, family status, social participation and personal disruptions of statuses and roles to an index of life satisfaction in rural sectors of Northern Wisconsin. While income, education and occupational status and level of living explain very little of life satisfaction, social participation variables explain somewhat more and disruptions of marital ties, job, physical well-being and residence explain most. Analyses by age and sex show that contacts with friends, relatives and church attendance are more important for the young, employment for the middle-aged and village residence more important for the older persons. The analysis supports the notion that life satisfaction results from the discrepancy between the aspirations and expectations of the individual and his ability to satisfy them within his environment. Education is negatively associated with subjective well-being when other variables are controlled. The influence of social involvement upon life satisfaction suggests the need for a modification of the aspiration-attainment model to include the integrative-expressive as well as the adaptive-instrumental processes of the individual.
A simple and highly diastereoselective synthesis of a 1β-methylcarbapenem key intermediate by deallyloxycarbonylation using palladium complexes

Abstract A Simple, highly diastereoselective synthesis of the key 1β-methylcarbapenem intermediate 1 has been accomplished via a palladium catalyzed deallyloxycarbonylation of diallyl malonate derivative 4a which was readily prepared from (3S,4R)-4-acetoxy-3-[(R)-1-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-2-azetidinone 2 in two steps.
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Heat Transfer to Near-Critical Water in a Curved Pipe

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the developing turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of water near the critical point in a curved pipe. The Reynolds stress model is employed to simulate the turbulent flow and heat transfer in a curved pipe at a constant wall temperature with or without buoyancy force effect. Due to the great variation in physical properties of water near the critical point, the turbulent heat transfer can be significantly altered as compared with the pure force convection in the curved pipe. This study explores the influence of the near-critical pressure on the development of fluid flow and heat transfer along the pipe. Based on the results of this research, the development of velocity, temperature, and heat transfer coefficient along the pipe are presented graphically and analyzed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Soil organic carbon content in frigid southern Appalachian mountain soils

Limited information is available on soil organic C (SOC) sequestered in frigid soils of the southern Appalachians, although the soils in frigid areas probably hold more SOC than warmer soils in the region. This study determined SOC in high-elevation (>1300 m) soils across northeast (N) and southwest (S) aspects and across three slope classes (7-15, 15-35, and 35-55%) per aspect in the Ridge and Valley of southwest Virginia. Overall, rock fragment content and bulk densities were lower, B-horizon SOC was higher, and sola were shallower than reported in similar regional studies. The A horizons were thicker on N versus S aspects, as were the sola (57 vs. 47 cm). Sola were 50% thicker on N35 to N55% sites than on S35 to S55% sites (65 vs. 44 cm). The S35 to S55% sites had the thickest litter but the thinnest A horizons, and were characterized by the highest C/N ratio and least incorporation of leaf litter. The study area average mass SOC was 112 Mg ha -1 . More mass SOC was retained on S than N aspects in litter layers but less was retained in the A horizons and whole solum (99 vs. 127 Mg ha -1 ). There was less solum mass SOC on S7 to S15% and S35 to S55% sites than on N15 to N35% or N35 to N55% sites. The results reinforce the importance of using mass SOC rather than SOC concentration in regional SOC studies and demonstrate that steep northeast-facing slopes in frigid Appalachian landscapes have the highest mass SOC and highest potential for sequestering organic C in the soil.
A new pest of dried fish from the Orient, Lardoglyphus angelinae new sp. (Acarina:Acaridae)

Abstract Lardoglyphus angelinae new species (Acarina:Acaridae) is described from material found in packaged dried fish (pollack) imported from Hong Kong. The male genitalia are compared for two other species, Lardogyphus konoi (Sasa and Asanuma) and Lardoglyphus zacheri Oudemans. Keys for the adults and hypopi of Lardoglyphus Oudemans are given.
l H Nmr Studies of the Sol-Gel Transition *

High resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy has been employed to study the dynamics of the sol-gel transition in simple silicates. High magnetic fields (360 MHz) were used to detect and identify the various chemical species present in the Si(OCH2CH3)4:C2H5OH:H2O sol-gel system. Using these techniques, the time evolution of the reactant and product species were monitored. The results of these studies have shown that acid and base catalyzed systems react along very different chemical pathways and that the elementary hydrolysis and condensation reactions occur on widely different time scales.
Transient gasification in an NBG-18 coolant channel of a VHTR prismatic fuel element

Abstract This paper investigates the transient gasification of NBG-18 nuclear graphite with atmospheric air ingress in a 0.8-m long coolant channel of a prismatic Very High Temperature Reactor fuel element. Analysis varied the initial graphite and air inlet temperature, To, from 800 to 1100 K at air inlet Reynolds number, Rein = 5, 10 and 20. The analysis employs a Generic Interface that couples a multi-species diffusion and flow model to readout tables of the CO and CO2 production fluxes. These fluxes are functions of the graphite local surface temperature, oxygen partial pressure and graphite weight loss fraction and calculated using a chemical-reactions kinetics model for the gasification of nuclear graphite. The analysis accounts for the heats of formation of CO and CO2 gases, the heat conduction in the graphite sleeve, and the change in the oxygen partial pressure in the bulk gas flow mixture along the channel. Transient calculations performed up to a weight loss fraction of 0.10 at the entrance of the channel, t10. They include the local graphite surface temperature and composition of bulk gas flow, the local and total graphite weight losses and the local and total production rates of CO and CO2 gases. The heat released in the exothermic production reactions of these gases increases the local graphite surface temperature, accelerating its gasification. At the end of the calculated gasification transient, t = t10, the graphite weight loss is highest at the channel entrance and decreases rapidly with axial distance into the channel, to its lowest value where oxygen in the bulk gas flow is depleted. Increasing To decreases t10 and the total graphite loss, while increasing Rein decreases t10 but increases graphite loss.
Sumoylation at the Host-Pathogen Interface

Many viral proteins have been shown to be sumoylated with corresponding regulatory effects on their protein function, indicating that this host cell modification process is widely exploited by viral pathogens to control viral activity. In addition to using sumoylation to regulate their own proteins, several viral pathogens have been shown to modulate overall host sumoylation levels. Given the large number of cellular targets for SUMO addition and the breadth of critical cellular processes that are regulated via sumoylation, viral modulation of overall sumoylation presumably alters the cellular environment to ensure that it is favorable for viral reproduction and/or persistence. Like some viruses, certain bacterial plant pathogens also target the sumoylation system, usually decreasing sumoylation to disrupt host anti-pathogen responses. The recent demonstration that Listeria monocytogenes also disrupts host sumoylation, and that this is required for efficient infection, extends the plant pathogen observations to a human pathogen and suggests that pathogen modulation of host sumoylation may be more widespread than previously appreciated. This review will focus on recent aspects of how pathogens modulate the host sumoylation system and how this benefits the pathogen.
A comparison of characteristic temperatures for transport in two unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli.

The rate of sugar transport as a function of temperature has been compared in two unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs. One of these, the parent strain 30E, can β-oxidize the unsaturated fatty acid supplements, whereas the β-oxidation defective progeny strain 30Eβox− cannot. In a previous study, Arrhenius plots for transport of β-glucosides and β-galactosides by strain 30Eβox− revealed striking departures from linearity at both a lower and an upper characteristic temperatures. By electron spin resonance (esr) these temperatures were shown to correlate with the temperatures where the membrane lipids undergo a transition from a totally solid state to a solid–liquid equilibrium and from a solid–liquid equilibrium to a totally liquid state, respectively (1). In the present study with strain 30E we have made the following observations: 1 Arrhenius plots for transport rate are usually more complex, often revealing three characteristic temperatures. Two of these correlate with the upper and lower characteristic temperatures observed in strain 30Eβox−. The third characteristic temperature falls between the previously described upper and lower ones. 2 In cells supplemented during growth with elaidate, the third characteristic temperature was identical within experimental limits for both β-glucoside and β-galactoside transport. indicating that it is likely to arise from some interaction in the bulk lipid phase. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the boundary of a change in physical state is also observed at this temperature by electron spin resonance. 3 In cells supplemented during growth with oleate, two or three characteristic temperatures were observed depending upon the transport system studied. Although glucoside and galactoside transport had the same lower characteristic temperature, these systems had no common upper characteristic temperature. 4 In cells supplemented during growth with the lipid density label, bromostearic acid, three characteristic temperatures were observed for β-glucoside transport in both strains 30E and 30Eβox−.
Exafs studies of the martensitic transformation in FeNi alloys

Unlike Mossbauer and Debye-Waller factor measurements, EXAFS provides information about vibrational amplitudes along various crystallographic directions separately. In addition, the quantity measured is the mean-square amplitude of relative displacements, i.e. the uncertainty in interatomic distance, rather than atomic positions. As such, it is more sensitive to short wavelength vibrational modes.
Quality-Based Competition, Profitability, and Variable Costs

We consider the impact of variable production costs on competitive behavior in a duopoly where manufacturers compete on quality and price in a two-stage game. In the pricing stage, we make no assumptions regarding these costs---other than that they are positive and increasing in quality---and no assumptions about whether or not the market is covered. In the quality stage, we investigate a broad family of variable cost functions and show how the shape of these functions impacts equilibrium product positions, profits, and market coverage. We find that seemingly slight changes to the cost function's curvature can produce dramatically different equilibrium outcomes, including the degree of quality differentiation, which competitor is more profitable (the one offering higher or lower quality), and the nature of the market itself (covered or uncovered). Our model helps to predict and explain the diversity of outcomes we see in practice---something the previous literature has been unable to do.
Analysis of Constant-Heat-Flux Heat Transfer in Metal Foam

The use of open-cell metal foam in contemporary heat exchange technologies is increasing rapidly. The high surface area density of metal foam places them among the best options for heat exchanger core materials. Certain simplifying assumptions for the combined conduction/convection heat transfer analysis in metal foam have not been exploited. Solving the complete, and coupled, fluid flow and heat transfer governing equations numerically is time consuming. A simplified two-dimensional analytical model for the heat transfer in open-cell metal foam block subjected to constant heat flux, and cooled by a low-conductivity fluid, is presented. The model assumes local thermal equilibrium between the solid and fluid phases in the foam, and neglects the conduction in the fluid. The local thermal equilibrium assumption is supported by previous studies performed by other workers. The velocity profile in the foam is taken as non-Darcean slug flow. An approximate solution for the temperature profile in the foam is obtained analytically. The temperature profile decays in what looks like an exponential fashion as the distance from the heat base increases, and increases in the flow direction. The model along with the simplifying assumptions were verified by direct experiment using air and an aluminum foam block heated from above by constant heat flux, for a range of Reynolds numbers. Very good agreement was found between the analytical and the experimental results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Relation between lateral hypothalamic damage and impairment of sodium appetite: Evidence of subcortical mass action

Electrolytic lesions of varying sizes were induced within the tuberal region of the lateral hypothalamus in experimentally naive, adult, male rats. The rats were treated with 5 mg deoxycorticosterone and 10 mg of Furosemide in order to elicit a sodium appetite and thirst. We found a correlation between amount of destruction of lateral hypothalamic tissue and amount of loss of sodium appetite, but no correlation was demonstrated for thirst. The results are discussed in terms of subcortical “mass action” and the role of preoperative experience.
A SUBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATE APPROACHES TO THE MASS CULTURING OF SEAWEEDS

Four different approaches to the mass commercial culturing of seaweeds are explored in terms of their major characteristics and current state-of-the-art. This includes lagoon culturing, as practiced commercially in the Pacific, and the possibility of large open ocean kelp farms. Presented for possible development is an intensive seaweed culturing concept that promises significant savings in capital and operating costs in comparison with the more conventional raceway approach. In addition, these approaches axe compared as to their potential performance, costs, risks and relative advantages. Identified are technological areas where improvements promise high leverage towards achieving greater economic viability for mass commercial seaweed culturing systems.
Changes in the biochemical composition of a subtropical bivalve, Arca zebra, in response to contaminant gradients in Bermuda

Abstract The biochemical composition of a subtropical bivalve, the turkey-wing mussel Arca zebra , was examined in specimens deployed along two contaminant gradients (Castle Harbour and Hamilton Harbour) in Bermuda. Pooled homogenized samples of the mussel were analysed for protein, ash, total lipid and lipid-class composition. The biochemical composition of A. zebra was similar to that observed in other bivalves that rely on glycogen as their primary energy substratum. Differences were noted in the lipid content and composition in mussels deployed in the two harbours. These differences suggest that Hamilton Harbour has higher food availability than Castle Harbour and so the A. zebra from Hamilton Harbour were in better physiological condition as indicated by higher lipid levels, primarily neutral lipids. The biochemical composition of the mussels provides no evidence that Castle Harbour is impacted by contaminants at a local dumpsite. Mussels deployed at Hamilton Harbour had increasing neutral lipid levels along an increasing contaminant gradient, a pattern observed previously in bivalves impacted by anthropogenic inputs to their environment. These changes may indicate impaired mobilization of free fatty acids from the neutral to polar lipid pools, or possible gonadal resorption following exposure to lipophilic contaminants.
AURALLY AIDED VISUAL SEARCH IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial audio displays on target acquisition performance. Participants performed a visual search task with and without the aid of a spatial audio display. Potential target locations ranged between plus and minus 180° in azimuth and from -70° to +90° in elevation. Independent variables included the number of visual distractors present (1, 5, 10, 25, 50) and the spatial audio condition (no spatial audio, free-field spatial audio, virtual spatial audio). Results indicated that both free-field and virtual audio cues engendered a significant decrease in search times. Potential applications of this research include the design of spatial audio displays for aircraft cockpits and ground combat vehicles.