cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Status of the Family Archaeidae and the Genus Landana

The family Archaeidae was established by C. L. Koch and G. C. Berendt in their work published posthumously in 1854. No definition of the family was given, but the characters of the genus Archaea were given even in greater detail than was customary at the time. Three fossil species from Baltic amber were included in the genus, described and figured. These are A. paradoxa, A. conica and A. laevigata . A. Menge who edited the work of Koch and Berendt, added, in a footnote on page 22, to the above three species three other species, A. sphinx, A. incomta and A. hyperoptica , also from the Baltic amber. In 1881 O. P. Cambridge described the first recent species of Archaea from Madagascar under the name of Eriauchenus workmanni . In 1883 Simon established the genus Landana for a new species L. petiti from , the Congo, which he placed in the family Archaeidae. In the same year he described a fossil spider from the Baltic amber under the name Archaea pugneti and a recent spider from Cape Horn which he referred to a new genus Mecysmauchenius . Simon placed this genus with its type species M. segmentatus in the family Archaeidae. In 1893 he described a new species of Landana from Venezuela, L. cygnea , still placing it in the family Archaeidae. Only in 1895 did Simon remove the genus Landana from the family Archaediae into the group Meteae, subfamily Tetragnathinae of the family Argiopidae as delimited by him in his Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. His decision was based on the marked difference in the shape of the cephalothorax and chelicerae in the two sexes of Landana and on the fact that the web of the female L. cygnea is similar to that of Meta, i.e., has the structure of a geometric orb-web. In 1904 Simon described another species of Landana, L. edwardsi , from Chile, referring it naturally to his subfamily Tetragnathinae. In the same paper he mentions a Landana wilsoni Simon which “represents the genus in the extreme South of America, is much larger and resembles in size and somewhat in coloration our Meta merianae Scopoli” (p. 95, my translation, A. P.). I am unable to find the description of this species, nor is it mentioned by Dalmas. In 1907 Tullgren described Mecysmauchenius nordenskjoldi from Patagonia. In 1917 Dalmas described Landana lautiuscula from New Zealand. In 1919 Hewitt described Archaea godfreyi from South Africa and in 1929 Butler described Archaea hickmani from Australia. Thus up to the present we know seven fossil and three recent species of Archaea and two species of Mecysmauchenius comprising the family Archaeidae, and four species of the genus Landana.
Overexpression of IL-6 but not IL-8 increases paclitaxel resistance of U-2OS human osteosarcoma cells.

The cytokines IL-6, initially recognized as a regulator of immune and inflammatory response and IL-8, a potential regulator of angiogenesis, also regulate the growth of many tumor cells. Human cancer cells selected for multidrug resistance to common chemotherapeutic agents demonstrate increased expression of IL-6 and IL-8. To determine whether IL-6 or IL-8 overexpression contributes directly to the drug resistant phenotype, IL-6 or IL-8 cDNA were introduced into the paclitaxel sensitive human osteosarcoma cell line U-2OS using the pIRESneo bicistronic expression vector. Interleukin-6 and IL-8 transfectants were selected for either high IL-6 or IL-8 secretion and evaluated in drug resistance assays. Two IL-6 and two IL-8 secreting clones express IL-6 or IL-8 levels of 10 ng/ml and 1 ng/ml in culture, while parental U-2OS and pIRESneo vector transfected control cells express IL-6 and IL-8 levels of 0.005 ng/ml and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively. MTT cytotoxicity with IL-6 transfected cells demonstrates a five-fold increase in resistance to paclitaxel and a four-fold increase in resistance to doxorubicin as compared to U-2OS. There are no changes in mitoxantrone or topotecan resistance in the IL-6 transfectants as compared to parental U-2OS. Northern analysis of IL-6 transfectants demonstrates that the resistant phenotype is not related to increased levels of MDR-1, MRP-1, or LRP. Western analysis also confirms that P-glycoprotein levels are not altered in IL-6 transfectants. Further supporting an MDR-1 independent mechanism of drug resistance, verapamil cannot reverse paclitaxel resistance in transfected cells, findings further supported by rhodamine 123 exclusion data. Treatment of IL-6 transfected cells with paclitaxel, compared with drug-sensitive parental U-2OS, shows U-2OSIL-6 are significantly more resistant to apoptosis induced by paclitaxel and exhibit decreased proteolytic activation of caspase-3. In contrast U-2OSIL-8 transfectants demonstrate no appreciable increase in paclitaxel resistance when compared with parental cells. In summary, while both IL-6 and IL-8 are overexpressed in paclitaxel resistant cell lines, only IL-6 has the potential to contribute directly to paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in U-2OS. This resistance is through a non-MDR-1 pathway.
Chromosomes of caryophyllidean cestodes: Diploidy, triploidy, and parthenogenesis in Glaridacris catostomi

Abstract Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were studied in Giemsa post-stained Feulgen squashes of testicular, ovarian, and vitelline cells. G. catostomi is 2n = 20 with eight pairs of metacentrics and two pairs of submetacentrics in its karyotype. The fundamental number of chromosome arms is FN = 40. At mitotic metaphase the mean total chromosome length (TCL) of the complement was 111·4 μm; the largest chromosomes were 8 μm (7% TCL) and the smallest 3 μm (3% TCL). Karyotype variation was not found among five diploid populations from New York State and Canada. Meiotic activity was abundant in spermatogenesis which proceeds as usual with sperm developing after two meiotic divisions. Chiasma frequency at diakinesis was 37/cell; as many as five chiasmata were observed in a single bivalent. A triploid ‘race’ (3n = 30) of G. catostomi was discovered in Bozenkill Creek near Albany, New York. Karyotype analysis confirms the triploid nature of these variants. Spermatogenesis in triploids is abnormal to the point of complete failure. The presence of an extra set of chromosomes has resulted in a breakdown of meiosis with subsequent sterility of the male system. Eggs remain unfertilized and parthenogenetic reproduction is presumed to occur. The possible origins of this unusual condition and its evolutionary implications are discussed. Seventeen figures, two tables of measurements, and a system of chromosome nomenclature supplement the paper.
A survey of child and adolescent psychiatry residents: perceptions of the ideal training program.

Abstract A survey instrument was developed to examine several issues relevant to training in child and adolescent psychiatry. Forty percent of the residents representing 56% of the training programs in the United States completed the questionnaires. A descriptive profile of the typical training experiences of child and adolescent psychiatry residents is presented, as is a report of their satisfaction with each component of their program and their expectations of an ideal training program. In general, satisfaction with residency training experiences was found to be highly related to the amount of emphasis reportedly placed on the various training experiences. The implications of the findings for training directors are discussed.
A semi-analytical, multizone model of droplet combustion with varying properties

A multizone droplet burn model is developed to account for changes in the thermal and transport properties as a function of droplet radius. The formulation is semi-analytical – allowing for accurate and computationally efficient estimates of flame structure and burn rates. Zonal thermal and transport properties are computed using the Cantera software, pre-tabulated for rapid evaluation during run-time. Model predictions are compared to experimental measurements of burning n-heptane, ethanol and methanol droplets. An adaptive zone refinement algorithm is developed that minimizes the number of zones required to provide accurate estimates of burn time without excess zones. A sensitivity study of burn rate and flame stand-off with far-field oxygen concentration is conducted with comparisons to experimental data. Overall agreement to data is encouraging with errors typically less than 20% for predictions of burn rates, stand-off ratio and flame temperature for the fuels considered.
A model for phase equilibria in the prehnite-pumpellyite facies

Using the method of Schreinemakers, along with other thermodynamic considerations, a phase diagram for the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O was constructed. The phases prehnite, pumpellyite, calcite, chlorite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite, talc, zoisite, grossularite and vapor were considered in this construction. The results indicate that prehnite-pumpellyite facies mineral assemblages will only exist in equilibrium with a vapor phase in which the mole fraction of CO2 is less than 0.2 at 1 kb, and less than 0.15 at 2 kb. Although talc could theoretically be a stable phase under these conditions, its common absence from rocks of this facies probably results from the existence of an enantiomorphic point which makes tremolite-calcite-CO2 the stable assemblage at low XCO2, and the compositionally equivalent talc-calcite-CO2 assemblage stable at moderate XCO2.
Atomic force microscopy images of ion-implanted 6FDA-PMDA polyimide films

The surface structure and morphology of ion-beam irradiated 6FDA-pMDA films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A beam of 140 keV N + ions with a low current density was used in this work. Three irradiation fluences (2 x 10 14 /cm 2 , 1 x 10 15 /cm 2 , and 5 x 10 15 /cm 2 ) were chosen to represent three different regimes of ion-beam influence on material properties based upon previous diffusion and gas permeation results of implanted polyimide films. Detailed roughness and bearing analyses of the AFM images indicate that freestanding polyimide films have deep surface valleys which can extend to a depth of several micrometers. Ion-beam irradiation, even at a small dose, alters the microstructure of the surface layer and forms a modified layer which eliminates the initial deep valleys. The AFM analysis shows that small fluence irradiation induced microvoids in the surface layer of the polymer, and high fluence irradiation resulted in a large number of small-size microvoids in the surface. All of these results agree well with the ion-beam irradiation effects on iodine diffusion and gas permeation properties of the polyimides. A ripple topographical structure with a wavelength of 25 μm and an amplitude of 2 nm was also observed for irradiated samples.
Instrumented anvil-on-rod impact experiments for validating constitutive strength model for simulating transient dynamic deformation response of metals

Instrumented anvil-on-rod impact experiments were performed to access the applicability of this approach for validating a constitutive strength model for dynamic, transient-state deformation and elastic–plastic wave interactions in vanadium, 21-6-9 stainless steel, titanium, and Ti–6Al–4V. In addition to soft-catching the impacted rod-shaped samples, their transient deformation states were captured by high-speed imaging, and velocity interferometry was used to record the sample back (free) surface velocity and monitor elastic–plastic wave interactions. Simulations utilizing AUTODYN-2D hydrocode with Steinberg–Guinan constitutive equation were used to generate simulated free surface velocity traces and final/transient deformation profiles for comparisons with experiments. The simulations were observed to under-predict the radial strain for bcc vanadium and fcc steel, but over-predict the radial strain for hcp titanium and Ti–6Al–4V. The correlations illustrate the applicability of the instrumented anvil-on-rod impact test as a method for providing robust model validation based on the entire deformation event, and not just the final deformed state.
Rapid solidification processing and characterization of semiconducting Inx, Ga1-x alloys

Abstract Vacuum-sealed Inx, Ga1-x, (x = 0·1 1–0·93) alloys were rapidly solidified at cooling rates greater than l06 Ks−l by ejecting melts on to a rotating copper disc. Thin flake or alloy powder formation was studied at disc spinning velocities in the approximate range 14–64ms−1. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermal analyses revealed non-equilibrium microcrystalline phases in the flakes and powders with average grain sizes varying from about 2·7 to 7 μAmorphous phase formation was also observed in powders of two indium concentrations (x = 0·51 and x = 0middot;44) at disc velocities of about 25 and 64ms−l. Electrical resistivity data (100–400°c) on flakes of the x = 0·51 alloy suggest a resistivity minimum at about 100°C.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF THE MARKET PORTFOLIO IN THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

This paper investigates the role of the market portfolio in the arbitrage pricing theory (APT). We show that if the multifactor return-generating process put forth in the APT is valid, then unexpected deviations in the return on the market portfolio must be completely explained by unexpected deviations in the underlying return-generating factors. As well, market betas are developed as a combination of return-generating factor sensitivity coefficients. These results lead us to conclude that an empirically significant “market factor’ is evidence of omitted return-generating factors, rather than evidence that the market is a factor. Finally, results obtained when market betas are regressed against factor sensitivity coefficients are consistent with these insights. The results suggest that there are at least three return-generating factors. This evidence does not rely on ex post pricing of estimated factors.
Estrogen-concentrating neuron systems in the brain of the tree shrew.

The distribution of radioactivity after the injection of [3H] estradiol-17β has been studied in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis), using dry-mount and thaw-mount autoradiography in conjunction with thin-layer chromatography. [3H] estradiol is concentrated and retained in nuclei of certain neurons which are accumulated in selective areas of the phylogenetically old periventricular brain, including rhinencephalic, limbic, and brainstem structures. An atlas of the topographic distribution of estrogen concentrating neurons is provided. The pattern of distribution in the preoptico-strial, basal hypothalamic, and amygdaloid region is similar to the pattern reported earlier for the rat, mouse, guinea pig, squirrel monkey, and ring dove.
Senior Citizens Who Use E-mail

Increases in the aging population and use of computer-related technology have spawned research regarding older adults' use of the Internet. This study examined characteristics differentiating rural Midwestern senior citizens (N = 298) who use e-mail from those who do not. Compared to those who did not use e-mail, e-mail-using seniors were younger and wealthier, less likely to report health-related limitations, and more likely to report being able to do things independently. Given the potential benefits associated with use of the Internet, results of studies such as this could help in identifying factors associated with successful aging.
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling modulates chemokine (CXC) ligand 5 expression and is associated with villus angiogenesis after small bowel resection.

Background Adaptive villus growth after a massive small bowel resection (SBR) is an important response to the loss of intestinal surface area and is regulated via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Increased levels of the proangiogenic chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) have been found within the adapting bowel in which angiogenesis is increased. We sought to determine whether CXCL5 was expressed specifically in the villus mesenchymal zone (area of increased blood vessel growth) and whether this expression was affected by EGF. Methods C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham operation (bowel transaction with reanastomosis) or 50% proximal SBR. The remnant intestine was harvested, and the villus lamina propria was isolated by laser capture microdissection. The expression of CXCL5 messenger RNA (mRNA) was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, CXCL5 mRNA levels were determined in EGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results A 2.39-fold increase (P Conclusion The villus growth observed in resection-induced adaptation is associated with increased expression of the chemokine CXCL5 within the lamina propria. Because EGF enhances CXCL5 expression directly in endothelial cells, EGFR-directed proangiogenic gene expression may be a critical mechanism for adaptive ileal villus growth.
Using Framework Statutes to Facilitate U.S. Treatymaking

This paper examines the two tracks used by the United States to negotiate and approve international treaties - (1) the traditional treaty process requiring Senate consent by a two-thirds vote and (2) the newer fast track process used for trade agreements, requiring Congressional passage of a law to approve and implement the agreement. Several historical and current examples are used such as the Treaty of Versailles and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change. The paper explains why the latter process is superior in many ways, and asks whether it should be applied more broadly beyond the topic of trade. Three challenges to doing so are discussed. First, the paper considers whether the Congressional-Executive Agreement format used for trade agreements is constitutional. Second, the paper considers the democratic acceptability of approving treaties by law rather than by a supermajority in the Senate. Third, the paper points to the key ingredient for the trade approach which is a framework statute that sets an agenda for the trade negotiations in advance and sets the terms for implementation. The paper recommends the adoption of similar international negotiating framework legislation in other areas of international law such as environment, labor, intellectual property, and possibly human rights.
The promoter region of the human transferrin receptor gene.

Genomic DNA fragments corresponding to the promoter region of the human transferrin receptor were linked to either the full-lenght receptor cDNA or to the bacterial enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. These constructs were transfected into mouse and human cells, respectively. Gene expression was monitored 40-48 hours after transfection. Bal31 exonuclease was employed to produce 5' to 3' deletions of the promoter region
Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of yttria stabilized zirconia membranes

Mesoporous yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membranes can be used as supports for ultrathin dense ceramic or metallic membranes, and for ultrafiltration (UF) applications in harsh environments. This paper reports synthesis and characterization of sol-gel derived UF YSZ membranes. 0.25 M zirconia sol was prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of zirconium n-propoxide. A solution-sol mixing method was used to dope 8 mol% yttria in zirconia. Supported YSZ membranes were prepared by dip-coating the yttrium doped zirconia sol on the porous α-alumina substrate, followed by drying and calcining under controlled conditions. The membranes prepared in this study are of cubic fluorite phase. Helium permeation experiments show that the supported membranes are pin-hole (or crack) free. The 5 time dip-coated membrane determined by SEM micrograph is about 3.5 μm in thickness, with an average pore diameter of 3 nm.
Internet2: Separate and unequal

Abstract Internet2 will not be an immediate solution to existing problems of the Internet for most higher education institutions. It will not solve the problem of slow connections on a typical fall afternoon day. In fact, Internet2 members will still depend upon the existing Internet for much of their packet delivery, at least for a few more years. While the Internet2 Project is elitist, its goals are worthy—to develop meaningful applications for a next-generation of Internet which will be shared with those currently limited to using the public, global Internet. There are the questions of if, and when, the high-speed differentiated network and quality of service capabilities of Abilene and/or the vBNS will reach user desktops. Additionally, when will faculty incorporate Internet2-developed applications in their classrooms? Furthermore, do not expect the Internet2 members to willingly expand access to their high-speed networks—they have learned from the past. As in the 1980s and 1990s, it may become necessary for the federal government to assume the role of catalyst to increase access to these high-speed networks. Timing will be a critical issue. How long will it take to migrate applications developed by Internet2 to the existing Internet? The longer it takes to deploy meaningful and useful applications to the existing Internet, and the longer it takes for other higher education institutions to gain access to these high-speed networks, the more persuasive the perception of the Internet2 Project as elitist, separate, and unequal. 40
Social Education in the Classroom: the Dynamics of the Hidden Curriculum.

Abstract This paper reviews recent studies on the relationship of classroom life to larger social/political institutions. It analyzes the phenomenon which Philip Jackson has identified as the “hidden curriculum”, that covert pattern of socialization which prepares students to function in the existing workplace and in other social/political spheres. The authors argue that this pattern has been largely ignored by social studies curriculum developers. By ignoring the values contained in the social processes of schooling, social studies developers failed to influence school programs in a fundamental way. To promote a more complete understanding of the dynamics of classroom life and its relationship to the larger society, the authors have identified social processes of school and classroom life which give specific meaning to the term hidden curriculum. They argue that a new set of processes will have to replace existing ones if the goals of social education are to be realized. In the latter part of the paper, ...
Studies Directed Toward the Fabrication of a Synthetic Cation-conducting Channel Based on Lariat Ethers: the Feeble Forces Concept for Self-assembly

The work described here derives from our observation that while Nature certainly utilizes covalent interactions and other forces of great strength in the construction of biomolecules, many ‘feeble forces’ are involved as well. We have used feeble forces in model studies directed eventually to the synthesis of a self-assembling, cation-conducting channel. Specifically, we have prepared three models for portions of such a cation-conducting channel. The first is based on the steroidal lariat ethers that clearly self-assemble. This process involves inter alia entropy as a feeble force of cumulative importance. Second, we have prepared three tris(macrocyclic) systems that are simplified versions of the proposed channel-former. Third, we have demonstrated the strength of carefully-conceived hydrogen bonding interactions by constructing a molecular box based on the interaction between adenine and thymine.
Model reduction for real-time fluids

We present a new model reduction approach to fluid simulation, enabling large, real-time, detailed flows with continuous user interaction. Our reduced model can also handle moving obstacles immersed in the flow. We create separate models for the velocity field and for each moving boundary, and show that the coupling forces may be reduced as well. Our results indicate that surprisingly few basis functions are needed to resolve small but visually important features such as spinning vortices.
Comparative studies on enzyme markers of liver plasma membranes

Abstract 1. 1. We found that the standard isolation procedures for the plasma membrane fraction, as established for rat liver, cannot necessarily be used for other species without modifications. 2. 2. Liver cell fractions from the rat, guinea pig, rabbit and cat were prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugations. The activities of 5′-nucleotidase (5′-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5), nucleotide pyrophosphatase (dinucleotide nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.9), p -nitrophenylphosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) and leucyl-β-naphthylamidase ( l -leucyl-peptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.1.1) were assessed as “characteristic” membrane markers. 3. 3. There was a wide species variation in the specific activities of the different enzymes. Furthermore, the activity ratios of these enzymes could not be used to define a subcellular fraction as “characteristically plasma membrane”. 4. 4. We have concluded that plasma membranes could be isolated from the guinea pig liver with no modification to the methods usually employed for rat liver. Purified membrane fractions could not be isolated from rabbit or cat liver under the same conditions.
The mouse smooth muscle γ actin gene is on chromosome 6.

Smooth muscle γ actin (Actg) is expressed in smooth muscle and in haploid male germ cells. In order to further characterize theActg gene, a 60-nucleotide-long isotype-specific probe was synthesized. Single bands of DNA were detected when this oligonucleotide was used to probe blots of mouse genomic DNA digested with PstI, EcoRI, KpnI, or XbaI. These results suggestActg is a single-copy gene with no detectable pseudogenes. TheActg gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 6 by Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from 15 mouse-hamster hybrid cell lines.
Magnus Characteristics of Finned and Nonfinned Projectiles

This is a summary of the Magnus force and moment measurements obtained on finned and nonfinned projectiles during the past several years. Most of the measurements have been obtained in the Ballistic Research Laboratories' (BRL) supersonic wind tunnels, with a few measurements taken in the BRL transonic range and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory's wind tunnels. The results have provided considerable insight into the generation of the Magnus force and moments on both finned and nonfinned projectiles. For nonfinned bodies at small angles of attack, having a laminar boundary layer, the Magnus force, at least on short bodies, obeys Martin's theory. At high angles of attack the Magnus force can be estimated from the lift force on a spinning cylinder flying perpendicular to the flow. The Magnus force on a spinning finned projectile is composed of two forces: a body force and a fin force. The forces normally act in opposite directions, thereby tending to cancel one another. However, the forces do not act at the same location; therefore a Magnus moment is created which is nearly independent of the center of gravity position. There are also two other known sources of Magnus moments on finned bodies which are created under certain conditions. These conditions are defined in this paper and the magnitude of the moments are estimated.
Dissociation Pathways of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN)

The principal unimolecular dissociation pathways for PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate, CH3C(O)OONO2) have been studied using a variety of theoretical methods. Reaction enthalpies calculated with the complete basis set (CBS) method were evaluated against a set of atmospheric free radical reactions for which the experimental thermochemistry is well defined. The validation procedure, which included two decomposition channels for HOONO2, demonstrated that the CBS-Q method reproduced the experimental Δ values with a rms error of 5.7 kJ mol-1. We report new Δ values for PAN, CH3C(O)O2, and CH3C(O)O of −240.1, −154.4 and −192.5 kJ mol-1, respectively. Accurate structural calculations for PAN, HOONO2, CH3C(O)O2, and CH3C(O)O augment the thermochemical calculations and show that the B3LYP density functional method describes the chemical bonding in the −OONO2 linkage quite well. The implications of this study for the atmospheric decomposition of PAN are discussed.
Poverty, Loss, and Resilience: The Story of Chinese Immigrant Youth

A total of 10 focus groups were conducted with students, parents, teachers, and school counseling and support personnel to investigate the cultural adjustment process of Chinese immigrant youth using an ecological framework. Multi-informant data were analyzed using the grounded theory (A. Strauss & J. M. Corbin, 1998) method. Findings reveal 6 main themes: socioeconomic changes due to immigrant status; English proficiency as a barrier to adjustment; changes in family structure and dynamics, racism, and invisibility; challenges to social support systems; and interdependent strategies for navigating in the United States. Results highlight the dynamic interaction and tensions created across themes and ecological contexts. The need for schooland community-based counseling interventions that address Chinese immigrant youths’ losses and foster their resiliency and supportive networks are discussed.
The work function of perfect W(110) planes: Fowler-Nordheim studies

Abstract Fowler-Nordheim measurements have been carried out on tungsten specimens field evaporated at low temperature in an endeavor to resolve conflicting values of the work function for the W(110) plane. Interpretation of such measurements has in the past been difficult, because of unknown contributions from plane edges and patch fields. These contributions have been isolated by taking advantage of the unusually low reactivity of W(110) toward molecular hydrogen. Observations on perfect W(110) planes yield a work function of 5.47 eV.
A Systematic Plan for Managing Physical Collections at the University of Arizona Libraries

To address the lack of space for continued expansion of the collections, the University of Arizona Libraries have developed a systematic process and timeline for the ongoing management of the physical collections of information resources. This article discusses the evaluative criteria and parameters for deselection that were developed and demonstrates how they were integrated into a 5-year plan for managing the collections. The process was designed to have the least negative impact on our customers while allowing for the flexible use of physical space. The article will also highlight the successes and challenges of developing and implementing the plan.
Inflammatory and Vasoactive Effects of Serum Following Inhalation of Varied Complex Mixtures

Chronic cardiovascular disease is associated with air pollution exposure in epidemiology and toxicology studies. Inhaled toxicants can induce changes in serum bioactivity that impact endothelial inflammatory gene expression in vitro and impair vasorelaxation ex vivo, which are common precursors to atherosclerosis. Comparisons between single pollutants and common combustion mixtures, in terms of driving such serum inflammatory and vasoactive effects, have not been characterized. Healthy C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single 6-h period of contrasting pollutant atmospheres: road dust, mixed vehicle emissions (MVE; a combination of gasoline and diesel engine emissions) particulate matter, mixed vehicle emissions gases, road dust plus ozone, road dust plus MVE, and hardwood smoke. Serum obtained from mice 24 h after these exposures was used as a stimulus to assess inflammatory potential in two assays: incubated with primary murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells for 4 h to measure inflammatory gene expression or applied to naive aortic rings in an ex vivo myographic preparation. Road dust and wood smoke exposures were most potent at inducing inflammatory gene expression, while MVE atmospheres and wood smoke were most potent at impairing vasorelaxation to acetylcholine. Responses are consistent with recent reports on MVE toxicity, but reveal novel serum bioactivity related to wood smoke and road dust. These studies suggest that the compositional changes in serum and resultant bioactivity following inhalation exposure to pollutants may be highly dependent on the composition of mixtures.
Biofield energy healing from the inside.

Objectives: Biofield energy healing involves controversial concepts, and although numerous controlled trials have evaluated the effects, little attention has been paid to the phenomenon from the perspective of the therapists themselves. Design: Qualitative research. Settings/location: Large Midwest metropolitan area. Interviews were generally conducted in the therapists' place of business. Subjects: Experienced biofield energy therapists from several different disciplines. Interventions: Indepth semistructured interviews, tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, videotapes of demonstrations. Outcome measures: We used a grounded theory approach to uncover relevant dimensions and themes related to the process of biofield energy healing. Results: Major overall themes related to the "nature of energy" and the "healer–client relationship." Seven dimensions of the nature of energy include sources of energy, entities with energy, human energy anatomy, descriptions of energy, movement of energy, action of energy, and...
Photoacoustic molecular imaging of angiogenesis using theranostic ανβ3-targeted copper nanoparticles incorporating a sn-2 lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug

Photoacoustic (PA) tomography imaging is an emerging, versatile, and noninvasive imaging modality, which combines the advantages of both optical imaging and ultrasound imaging. It opens up opportunities for noninvasive imaging of angiogenesis, a feature of skin pathologies including cancers and psoriasis. In this study, high-density copper oleate encapsulated within a phospholipid surfactant (CuNPs) generated a soft nanoparticle with PA contrast comparable to gold. Within the near-infrared window, the copper nanoparticles can provide a signal more than 7 times higher that of blood. ανβ3-targeted of CuNPs in a Matrigel mouse model demonstrated prominent PA contrast enhancement of the neovasculature compared to mice given nontargeted or competitively inhibited CuNPs. Incorporation of a sn-2 lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug into the CuNPs produced marked antiangiogenesis in the same model, demonstrating the theranostic potential of a PA agent for the first time in vivo. With a PA signal comparable to gold-based nanoparticles yet a lower cost and demonstrated drug delivery potential, ανβ3-targeted CuNPs hold great promise for the management of skin pathologies with neovascular features.
Inhibition of Aggregation Behavior in the Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by Antibiotic Treatment of Food Substrate

A trapping study using a Latin-cube design was conducted in an apple variety block in 1987 to determine the effect of microorganisms on the attraction of green June beetles Cotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to fruit. Baffle and funnel traps baited with male beetles fed nystatin-treated peach puree diet caught significantly fewer beetles than beetles fed untreated peach puree, streptomycin-penicillin-treated puree, streptomycin-penicillin-nystatin-treated puree, 20% untreated glucose diet, and beetles caged with diet but prevented from feeding ( P < 0.05). In 1988 a study was conducted in a vineyard using the same traps and a similar experimental design. Traps baited with beetles fed nystatin-treated diet caught significantly fewer beetles than traps baited with beetles fed untreated puree and beetles caged with untreated puree but prevented from feeding. Traps baited with beetles fed untreated puree again caught significantly more beetles than all other treatments (P < 0.05). These results suggest that yeasts contained in diet, and possibly in beetle digestive tracts, contributed significantly to the production of volatiles, which induce beetle aggregations on fruit.
Optical nano-hairs for micro-optical applications

The paper introduces optical nano-hair structures made from high-κ dielectrics that can be used to impart an arbitrary phase function to the transmitted beam. The concept behind the design of these new structures is elaborated.
Single agent therapy for infections in cancer patients: a prospective randomized trial comparing three extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

Three hundred and twenty patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial comparing cefoperazone, ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone for initial therapy of infectious episodes in cancer patients. Patients with neutropenia were excluded. In 286 evaluable episodes, the response rates associated with the three agents were 77 % for cefoperazone, 70 % for ceftizoxime and 72 % for ceftriaxone, with no statistically significant differences between the three treatment groups. The overall response rate for all episodes of pneumonia (64 %) was significantly lower than the response rate for all other infections (81 %; p=0.002), and the mortality associated with pneumonia (9 %) was higher than that associated with all other episodes (2 %; p=0.01). Patients with infections due to gram-negative organisms responded well to all three agents, whereas patients with gram-positive infections responded more favorably to cefoperazone. Two different schedules of ceftriaxone were used. The clinical response did not differ significantly between patients receiving ceftriaxone once daily and those receiving it twice daily. The incidence of superinfection and relapse was extremely low and all three agents were well tolerated. It is concluded that extended spectrum cephalosporins are effective as single agents for the treatment of infections in cancer patients with adequate neutrophil counts.
Hopping conductance in quantum box superlattices

Electric current due to hopping between localized states in a one-dimensional (1D) chain of quantum boxes is characterized by a set of zero minima (antiresonances) due to the momentum selection rule for the interaction of acoustic phonons with Wannier-Stark localized electrons. These antiresonances result from vanishing electron transitions between quantum wells at certain values of the phonon longitudinal momentum due to Bragg reflection. We suggest the possibility for experimental observation of this effect by applying a longitudinal magnetic field to existing superlattices. Antiresonances also arise due to the folded phonon gaps. Elastic scattering and optical phonons result in resonant maxima in the current-voltage characteristics. Owing to Wannier-Stark localization, the longitudinal magnetoresistance is expected to be negative over a substantial range of magnetic fields. We also discuss the general procedure of current calculation and clarify the role of boundary conditions in the hopping regime.
Oscillatory Entrainment of Striatal Neurons in Freely Moving Rats

Oscillations and synchrony in basal ganglia circuits may play a key role in the organization of voluntary actions and habits. We recorded single units and local field potentials from multiple striatal and cortical locations simultaneously, over a range of behavioral states. We observed opposite gradients of oscillatory entrainment, with dorsal/lateral striatal neurons entrained to high-voltage spindle oscillations ("spike wave discharges") and ventral/medial striatal neurons entrained to the hippocampal theta rhythm. While the majority of units were likely medium-spiny projection neurons, a second neuronal population showed characteristic features of fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, including tonic activity, brief waveforms, and high-frequency bursts. These fired at an earlier spindle phase than the main neuronal population, and their density within striatum corresponded closely to the intensity of spindle oscillations. The orchestration of oscillatory activity by networks of striatal interneurons may be an important mechanism in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
A Quixotic Interpretation of the $\Upsilon$ Particle

Abstract We discuss the possibility that the upsilon particle is a Q Q bound state, where Q is a charge 1 3 , color sextet fermion. We explain why bound states of a Q with ordinary quarks and antiquarks might have escaped detection in accelerator searches for stable particles. We show that the Q and other bizarre fermions arise naturally in a unified theory in which the τ is a member of a weak SU(2) triplet.
GnRH agonist induces suppression of lymphocyte subpopulations in secondary lymphoid tissues of prepubertal female mice.

PROBLEM: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are playing an increasing role in the medical management of a variety of diseases. Recent evidence also indicates GnRH immune system interactions. METHOD: The present study investigated the sequential changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in secondary lymphoid tissues of prepubertal female mice in vivo following Lupron depot administration. A direct two-color immunofluorescence staining followed by flow cytometric analysis was employed. RESULTS: Following agonist administration, white blood cell counts decreased significantly with decreases in both granulocyte and lymphocyte counts. Blood T-cell and B-cell subsets were also reduced although B cells decreased more markedly. In the spleen, B cells were again reduced more than T cells. There was no selective loss of either CD4 or CD8 subpopulations at any time point, in both spleen and blood. There were no differences in the percentage of lymph node subsets except that B cells decreased in the second week. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that GnRH agonist alters specific lymphocyte subpopulations and, therefore, have the potential for affecting immune system function in vivo.
The urban location of United States invention, 1860–1910

Abstract To the extent that industrial invention is economically caused, its explanation falls within the province of the theory of economic development. Among the important characteristics demanding an explanation are the amount, socio-economic source, location, and subject matter of inventive activity. 1
Quantitative histologic analysis of the mitral valve anterior leaflet: ischemic alterations and implications for valve replacement design

There is a current trend to design innovative mitral valve replacements that mimic the native mitral valve (MV). A prerequisite for these new designs is the characterization of MV structure. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of MV collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) in MV anterior leaflets. Methods: Specimens from the mid-line of eight sheep MV anterior leaflets were stained with aniline blue (collagen) and alcian blue (GAGs). These specimens were analyzed using an image analysis system running Optimas software. Based on the luminance of stains within individual valve layers, the distribution of valvular collagen and GAGs from leaflet annulus to free-edge were determined. Results: Near the annulus, 100% of MV thickness is fibrosa (collagen dominated layer). Moving towards the free-edge, fibrosa prominence decreases and there is a transition to spongiosa (GAG dominated layer). Near the free-edge 100% of MV thickness is dominated by the spongiosa. Conclusions: Valvular collagen dominates MV structure near the annulus to support the stresses of bending and pressurization. Valvular GAGs dominate the MV near the free-edge to absorb the impact of leaflet coaptation. Image analysis has proven to be an effective tool to evaluate MV structure and facilitate the design of valve replacements.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhanced bactericidal activity of platelet β-lysin forE. coli in the presence of membrane perturbation

Under the appropriate in vitro test conditions, intactE. coli strain K-12 was shown to be susceptible to the effects of platelet-derived β-lysin preparations. Enhanced β-lysin activity induced by variations in the initial log phase growth temperatures ofE. coli is presumed to be due to alterations in outer membrane fluidity. Treatment ofE. coli with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) or ethyleneglycoltetraacetate (EGTA) appeared to promote enhanced outer membrane permeability, which was reflected by an increase in the susceptibility of EDTA- and EGTA-treated cells to platelet β-lysin. Restoration of outer membrane integrity was apparent when EDTA- or EGTA-treated cells were incubated in the presence of either CaCl2 or MgCL2 prior to β-lysin treatment and subsequently showed resistance to β-lysin bactericidal activity.
Relativistic electric-dipole matrix-element zeros

There exists a class of relativistic electric-dipole matrix-element zeros which occur in (n,l,j){yields}({epsilon},l+1,j) transitions at the photon energy {omega}{sup 0}=mc{sup 2}/(l+1), independent of the potential V as well as n and Z. These zeros do have observable physical consequences, despite the fact that they occur at high energies where multipole matrix elements are important.
Carbon induced (√3×√3)R30° reconstruction on Ge(1 1 1) and its transition to (1 × 1)

Abstract Carbon adsorbate-induced (√3×√3) R 30° reconstruction has been observed on the Ge(1 1 1) surface by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy. The superlattice evolves in a continuous fashion to a (1 × 1) structure in a phase transition with a critical temperature T c ∼1040 K; a temperature very close to the well-known high-temperature phase transition on clean Ge(1 1 1). The temperature dependence of the superlattice diffraction intensity near T c is investigated.
Grammatical constraints on phonological encoding in speech production.

To better understand the influence of grammatical encoding on the retrieval and encoding of phonological word-form information during speech production, we examine how grammatical class constraints influence the activation of phonological neighbors (words phonologically related to the target—e.g., MOON, TWO for target TUNE). Specifically, we compare how neighbors that share a target’s grammatical category (here, nouns) influence its planning and retrieval, assessed by picture naming latencies, and phonetic encoding, assessed by word productions in picture names, when grammatical constraints are strong (in sentence contexts) versus weak (bare naming). Within-category (noun) neighbors influenced planning time and phonetic encoding more strongly in sentence contexts. This suggests that grammatical encoding constrains phonological processing; the influence of phonological neighbors is grammatically dependent. Moreover, effects on planning times could not fully account for phonetic effects, suggesting that phonological interaction affects articulation after speech onset. These results support production theories integrating grammatical, phonological, and phonetic processes.
Postdiscrimination Gradients With Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces

Discrimination training is often used to improve accuracy in stimulus recognition. However, intradimensional discrimination training with a single positive exemplar and a single negative exemplar may reduce accuracy during a generalization test. More specifically, discrimination training can cause a shift in responding from the positive exemplar to stimuli unlike the negative exemplar. Previous studies have shown that the length of discrimination training affects the degree to which a shift occurs. We sought to determine whether pre-experimental exposure (“familiarity”) to the stimuli would have a similar effect. Twenty participants were trained and tested with two different sets of facial images. Each set of images consisted of stimuli that ranged from the naturally asymmetrical version of the face to a symmetrical version of the face. In one condition, the images were based on the participant’s own face; in the second condition, the images were based on the face of a stranger. In both cases, the median face served as the positive exemplar. In half of the conditions the naturally asymmetrical face served as the negative exemplar, and in the other half, the symmetrical face served as the negative exemplar. Images based on a stranger’s face produced greater generalization than images based on the participant’s own face. A significant gradient shift occurred only with familiar faces.