cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition on Pd-Au bimetallic surfaces.

Pd–Au catalysts have shown exceptional performance for selective hydrogen production via HCOOH decomposition, a promising alternative to solve issues associated with hydrogen storage and distribution. In this study, we utilized temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reactive molecular beam scattering (RMBS) in an attempt to unravel the factors governing the catalytic properties of Pd–Au bimetallic surfaces for HCOOH decomposition. Our results show that Pd atoms at the Pd–Au surface are responsible for activating HCOOH molecules; however, the selectivity of the reaction is dictated by the identity of the surface metal atoms adjacent to the Pd atoms. Pd atoms that reside at Pd–Au interface sites tend to favor dehydrogenation of HCOOH, whereas Pd atoms in Pd(111)-like sites, which lack neighboring Au atoms, favor dehydration of HCOOH. These observations suggest that the reactivity and selectivity of HCOOH decomposition on Pd–Au catalysts can be tailored by controlling the arrangement of surface Pd and A...
How Does Modularity Affect Green Design

Product architecture significantly influences environmental impact. Modular architectures aid manufacture and reuse, thereby reducing manufacturing-related impacts and diverting usable waste from landfills. In contrast, modular product architectures may also sacrifice product performance or lead to over-designed products. These side-effects can increase environmental impact. The Black and Decker Firestorm and G5 George Foreman Griddle were studied to uncover and understand the effects of product architecture on energy and material efficiency. Both products incorporate component sharing for fulfilling multiple functions and incur environmental tradeoffs as a result. Experimentation, reverse engineering, and life cycle analysis of these products were used to inspire a number of guidelines for green design of modular product architectures. Difficulties involved the design of interfaces and selection of components for shared modules.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effects of agitation, sediment, and competition on the persistence and efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)

Abstract The persistence and efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) were examined in aquatic microcosms under varying conditions of agitation, sediment content, and microbial competition. Agitation was found to be the most important factor in maintaining persistence of Bti cells and the bioavailability of Bti toxin. Sediment acted to decrease efficacy by increasing settling of the toxic particles, but did not decrease the persistence of the Bti cells. No significant competitive effects from other microorganisms on persistence of Bti cells were found, but efficacy of the Bti endotoxin was adversely affected.
Employees' Sense of Community, Sense of Control, and Work/Family Conflict in Native American Organizations

Abstract This study examines two critical psychological states—employees' sense of work community and their sense of control—as mediating variables between personal/work factors and work/family conflict in the context of two Native American organizations. The questionnaire data come from 151 employees, 77 of whom are Nez Perce Indians. Results using structural equation modeling show that employees' sense of community and sense of control at work mediate the relationship among four personal/work factors (employees' ethnicity, family-sensitive supervision, the intrinsic value they place on their work, and work flexibility) and work/family role conflict.
EuTe. III. Ultrasonic Behavior

Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity measurements were carried out on EuTe single crystals at $1.4\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}14$ K and in magnetic fields up to 100 kOe. At $H=0$, the attenuation for shear waves with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[100]$ increased abruptly as the sample entered the antiferromagnetic phase at ${T}_{N}=(9.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)$ K. At $Tl{T}_{N}$ the attenuation of some modes of propagation was higher in the canted phase than in the paramagnetic phase. The canted-to-paramagnetic transition was accompanied by an abrupt decrease and/or by a sharp peak in the attenuation of some modes of propagation. The canted-to-paramagnetic transition field ${H}_{c}(T)$ was determined as a function of temperature. At $1.4\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}4.2$ K, ${H}_{c}(T)$ followed the theoretical ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ law. At $T=0$, ${H}_{c}(0)\ensuremath{\cong}74$ kOe, which leads to an intersublattice exchange field ${H}_{E}(0)\ensuremath{\cong}37$ kOe. At liquid-helium temperatures, large changes in the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity occurred in fields of order ${10}^{2}$ Oe. The elastic constants at 77.6 K, in cgs units, are ${c}_{11}=(9.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, ${c}_{44}=(1.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, and ${c}_{12}=(0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$. These lead to an adiabatic compressibility ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{s}=(2.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ cgs units, and to a Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}=189$ K.
Theoretical considerations of the effects of rapid heating of solids on their apparent thermal properties

The conditions are investigated for thermal properties to change from their normal values when solids are heated very rapidly. The properties considered are specific heat, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity. Over times which may be as long as a microsecond, the heated solid is unable to expand: the appropriate values of specific heat and thermal conductivity are then those at constant volume rather than constant pressure. In those alloys where thermal equilibrium requires diffusion, its establishment is delayed, and if solids do not have time to expand, the diffusion coefficient is reduced. For heating times below nanoseconds, the electrons and the lattice may be at different temperatures, particularly if the energy is initially imparted to the electrons. The temperature of the electron gas of metals may then approach the degenerary temperature. The apparent specific heat of a decoupled system departs from the steady-state value in a manner which depends on how temperature is measured. In such a decoupled system the concepts of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity must be used with care.
Vortex pairing in a circular jet under controlled excitation. Part 1. General jet response

Hot-wire and flow visualization studies were performed in three air jets subjected to pure-tone excitation. The instability, vortex roll-up, and transition to the controlled excitation were investigated. The conditions most favorable to vortex parting were determined as a function of the excitation Strouhal number, the Reynolds number, and the initial shear-layer state; it was shown that the rolled-up vortex rings undergo pairing under 'the shear layer mode', and the 'jet-column mode' when the Strouhal numbers based on the initial shear-layer momentum thickness are 0.012 and 0.85, respectively. Coherent ring-like vortical structures could be educed to the end of the potential core; however, the paired vortex becomes weaker with increasing downstream distances. The transverse transport of 'u' momentum by the coherent structures was much larger during the pairing process than in regions where a single vortex is studied.
Terpolymers. I. The mechanical properties and transition temperatures of terpolymers of n-octadecyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile

Earlier work revealed that the internal plasticization of polyacrylonitrile by the higher n-alkyl acrylates or N-n-alkylacrylamides yielded only brittle copolymers. This difficulty was circumvented in the present work by starting with copolymers of acrylonitrile and ethyl acrylate, over the range of compositions, and further modifying these by incrementally displacing the ethyl acrylate in each recipe by n-octadecyl acrylate through terpolymerization. In this way, the stepwise small reduction in Tg for the base ethyl acrylate–acrylonitrile copolymers was greatly increased for each of the terpolymers. Compositions were obtained ranging from glassy, brittle terpolymers, with glass transitions above room temperature, to soft plasticized polymers having sufficient polar networks retained from the nitrile to confer useful properties. The decline in the glass temperature was shown to be dependent on the free volume conferred by the side-chain methylene groups of each acrylate ester. In contrast, the decline in tensile and flexural strengths and moduli for the terpolymers having glass transitions above room temperature was produced entirely by the presence of the methylene groups of the 18-carbon ester. The glass transition region corresponded to room temperature when the acrylonitrile content of the base copolymer had been reduced to 50 mole-%. Terpolymers of this nitrile content and lower had the low moduli and large elongations of plasticized compositions. An equation was developed which correlated empirically the glass transitions and the mechanical properties with the weight fraction of the acrylate esters for the glassy terpolymers.
Chemotaxis in Vibrio cholerae

The ability of motile bacteria to swim toward or away from specific environmental stimuli, such as nutrients, oxygen, or light provides cells with a survival advantage, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. This behavior, called chemotaxis, is mediated by the bacteria changing direction by briefly reversing the direction of rotation of the flagellar motors. A sophisticated signal transduction system, consisting of signal transducer proteins, a histidine kinase, a response regulator, a coupling protein, and enzymes that mediate sensory adaptation, relates the input signal to the flagellar motor. Chemotaxis has been extensively studied in bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and depends on the activity of single copies of proteins in a linear pathway. However, growing evidence suggests that chemotaxis in other bacteria is more complex with many bacterial species having multiple paralogues of the various chemotaxis genes found in E. coli and, in most cases, the detailed functions of these potentially redundant genes have not been elucidated. Although the completed genome of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, predicted a multitude of genes with homology to known chemotaxis-related genes, little is known about their relative contribution to chemotaxis or other cellular functions. Furthermore, the role of chemotaxis during the environmental or infectious phases of this organism is not yet fully understood. This review will focus on the complex relationship between chemotaxis and virulence in V. cholerae.
DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENTED SAND MODULE FOR ELECTRIC CONE PENETROMETER

A stratum of cemented sand can cause numerous geotechnical design problems. Extensive research has been conducted to determine both the properties of cemented sand and their effects on the engineering response of soil. A cone penetration test module was developed at the University of Florida to detect the presence and strength of these materials. After design and construction were complete, the prototype module was field tested in sand without cementation and again at a site with possible cementation. Development, calibration, and field testing of the module are discussed, as are preliminary recommendations for its potential use.
The versatile extended pericranial flap for closure of skull base defects

Abstract Objective We sought to demonstrate the technical aspects of the extended pericranial flap and its versatility in reconstruction of a variety of skull base defects. Study design We conducted a retrospective chart review of 32 patients who underwent reconstruction of skull-base defects with an extended pericranial flap by the senior author (Y.D.) from September 1997 to July 2003. Methods Patients with skull base defects after trauma or extirpative surgery were reconstructed with either a lateral- or an anterior-based vascularized extended pericranial flap. Variables and outcomes measured included: the size and anatomical location of the defect, need for other flaps, preoperative and/or postoperative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy, bone flap necrosis, hardware exposure, wound dehiscence, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and meningitis. Results There was no evidence of flap failure, 2 cases of transient (3 to 4 days) CSF leak without resultant meningitis, 3 patients with hardware exposure, and 2 patients with hydroxyapatite infection. The 2 transient cases of CSF leak both resolved without further surgical intervention or the placement of a lumbar drain. Conclusion Both the lateral and anteriorly based extended pericranial flaps are reliable and versatile flaps associated with minimal morbidity and a low rate of complications when used to reconstruct defects of the anterolateral skull base.
Pharmacometrics at FDA: Evolution and Impact on Decisions

Drug development and regulatory decisions are driven by information that is compiled primarily from clinical trials and other supportive experiments, but also through clinical experience in the post-market period. The wisdom of these decisions determines the efficiency of drug development, the decision to approve the drug, and the resultant drug product quality including guidance on how to use the product known as the label. Although the decisions are usually simple in nature (e.g., trial design and project progression at the company, product and labeling approval at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), the information informing the decision is complex and diverse.
Odorant Receptor C-Terminal Motifs in Divergent Insect Species

Insect odorant receptors are a large family of seven transmembrane proteins believed to be G-protein coupled receptors. The peptide sequences of two odorant receptors within a given species may share as little as 17% identity, and there is limited similarity between receptors of divergent species. One exception is DmOr83b, which is found in Drosophila melanogaster and is highly conserved in at least ten other insect species. DmOr83b is broadly expressed in most of the olfactory sensory neurons of D. melanogaster at most developmental stages, while other odorant receptors tend to have more restricted and specific expression patterns. DmOr83b is critical for D. melanogaster olfaction, and it is involved in properly localizing other odorant receptors possibly by forming heterodimers with these receptors. The C-terminal region has been implicated as sites for such heterodimer formation. Multiple em for motif elicitation (MEME), a hidden markov model based program, was used to uncover three conserved motifs in the C-termini of a vast majority of the odorant receptor peptides from Anopheles gambiae, D. melanogaster, and Apis mellifera. These motifs are also found in DmOr83b and its orthologs and the order of these motifs is conserved as well. The conservation of these motifs among divergent odorant receptors in divergent species suggests functional importance. We propose that these motifs are involved in receptor- receptor protein interactions, contributing to the heterodimer formation between DmOr83b (or its orthologs) and other odorant receptors.
Nuclear Zeeman and quadrupole effects in the [ Al ] 0 center in tetragonal Ge O 2

The ${[\mathrm{Al}]}^{0}$ center in tetragonal Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits a number of "forbidden" ESR transitions between the six intense hyperfine lines resulting from the interaction of an unpaired spin with the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ nucleus ($I=\frac{5}{2}$, 100% abundant). Both the nuclear Zeeman and quadrupole interactions are shown to contribute appreciably to both the positions and intensities of these forbidden transitions. Formulas are developed for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ in the (110) plane in the approximations of isotropic $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{g}}$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{g}}}_{N}$ tensors, and of axial $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}$ tensors whose symmetry axes lie in the (110) plane but are not collinear. The measured "forbidden" line positions yield ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=\ensuremath{-}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with a symmetry axis about 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the [001] direction. The positions and intensities of the transitions, calculated from these parameters, are in good agreement with experiment.
Geant4 distributed computing for compact clusters

Abstract A new technique for distribution of Geant4 processes is introduced to simplify running a simulation in a parallel environment such as a tightly coupled computer cluster. Using a new C++ class derived from the Geant4 toolkit, multiple runs forming a single simulation are managed across a local network of computers with a simple inter-node communication protocol. The class is integrated with the Geant4 toolkit and is designed to scale from a single symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) machine to compact clusters ranging in size from tens to thousands of nodes. User designed ‘work tickets’ are distributed to clients using a client–server work flow model to specify the parameters for each individual run of the simulation. The new g4DistributedRunManager class was developed and well tested in the course of our Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT) experiments. It will be useful for anyone running Geant4 for large discrete data sets such as covering a range of angles in computed tomography, calculating dose delivery with multiple fractions or simply speeding the through-put of a single model.
Development of a Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopic assay for screening estrogenic contaminants

There is a need for a rapid bioassay to assess estrogen pollutants in water. This study evaluates the use of Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) as a screening tool for estrogenic effects on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells. FT-IRIS acquired spectra revealed a dose response in the carbohydrate and or serine/tyrosine region in single MCF-7 cells after a 48-hour incubation with 17β-estradiol. This response was found to be comparable to that of a validated E-Screen assay, which utilizes the same cells and is 6 days in duration. These data provide support for further validation of this spectroscopic assay.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Induces Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase through Nuclear Factor κBin Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine produced by many cells in response to inflammatory stress. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the multiple biological activities of TNFalpha are due to its ability to activate multiple signal transduction pathways, including nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), which plays critical roles in cell proliferation and survival. TNFalpha displays both apoptotic and antiapoptotic properties, depending on the nature of the stimulus and the activation status of certain signaling pathways. Here we show that TNFalpha can lead to the induction of NFkappaB signaling with a concomitant increase in spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) expression in A549 and H157 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Induction of SSAT, a stress-inducible gene that encodes a rate-limiting polyamine catabolic enzyme, leads to lower intracellular polyamine contents and has been associated with decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis. Stable overexpression of a mutant, dominant negative IkappaBalpha protein led to the suppression of SSAT induction by TNFalpha in these cells, thereby substantiating a role of NFkappaB in the induction of SSAT by TNFalpha. SSAT promoter deletion constructs led to the identification of three potential NFkappaB response elements in the SSAT gene. Electromobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and mutational studies confirmed that two of the three NFkappaB response elements play an important role in the regulation of SSAT in response to TNFalpha. The results of these studies indicate that a common mediator of inflammation can lead to the induction of SSAT expression by activating the NFkappaB signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells.
The serial interaction of stress and syncope

Many languages respect the generalization that some or all unstressed vowels are deleted. This generalization proves elusive in classic Optimality Theory, however. The source of the problem is classic OT’s parallel evaluation, which requires that the effects of stress assignment and syncope be optimized together. This article argues for a version of OT called Harmonic Serialism, in which the effects of stress assignment and syncope can and must be evaluated sequentially. The results are potentially applicable to other domains where process interaction is best understood in derivational terms.
Low-energy scattering of electrons by the neutral argon atom

The cross section for elastic scattering of electrons by neutral argon atoms has been calculated from 0-300 eV. The optical potential, or self-energy of the single-particle Green's function, is used to include effects of electron correlations, which are found to be significant at low energy. The cross section is calculated by means of a partial-wave expansion. Our results are compared with previous calculations and with experiments. Good agreement is obtained with experiment over a wide energy range.
Response to “Banded Bypass”: The Way to Go?

To the editor: I am responding to the letter to the editor from Angrisani et al. [1] regarding our technique of utilizing bovine pericardial patch as band in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We start with a 3–4 cm transverse cut on the lesser curvature of the stomach at the cisura angularis. Then, we vertically cut the stomach against 34 French bougie to create a vertically constructed pouch that resembles the shape of sleeve. We checked the volume several times with the column of water placed in the bougie, and it showed 15–30 ml in volume. As mentioned in the manuscript [2], one transverse firing and four to six vertical firings are applied using both 45 and 60 mm linear staplers. The gastrojejunal anastomosis is done with the linear stapler as well, creating the posterior stapling wall at 2.5 cm in length. Then, we close the opening against the 34 French bougie using the linear stapler, which makes the opening diameter approximately 1.2 cm.We place the pericardial patch 1–2 cm above the gastrojejunostomy without fixation. Angrisani et al. [1] commented that they prefer to suture the pericardial ring because they could not predict its reaction with the pouch.We felt the fixation was not necessary because we were able to observe the pericardial patch adhering to and getting incorporated into the pouch without migrating vertically few months after the bypass. We did not think wider patches were necessary, because the whole idea was to create a fibrous band that prevents the dilation of the stoma several years after the bypass. This is based on our belief that the major reason for weight regain is related to the stoma dilation and fast dumping of the food that leads to polyphagia. We thank Angrisani et al. for having interest in our experience and it was greatly interesting to find out they chose the samematerial for banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We look forward to finding good results in 5–10 years.
In situ hydrogen ion measurements of the mouth, esophagus and stomach in newborn infants.

Results are reported of the in situ mouth, esophageal and gastric hydrogen ion value in forty-two normal, full term infants, ranging in age from three to forty-eight hours of age. These results were obtained by a specially constructed glass electrode. Correlation of the results to other gastric functions was not attempted.
Supersonic jet spectroscopy of S2O

Abstract The strong 340 nm band system of S2O has been investigated by laser excitation spectroscopy in room temperature and supersonic jet flow systems. Supersonic cooling greatly simplifies the rotational congestion allowing an unequivocal vibrational analysis. The vibrational frequencies ν1′ = 1032, ν2′ = 407, ν3′ = 253 and ν3″ = 380 cm−1 were determined from this analysis. These results are in agreement with the recent reassignment of the spectrum from OODR spectroscopic data.
Seizure emergencies in older adults

Seizure emergencies in older adults increase in frequency with increasing age. The reason for this increase in incidence is thought to be secondary to increasing rates of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease in the aging population. Making the correct diagnosis of seizures in older adults can be difficult owing to the neurologic and non-neurologic mimickers of seizures (most notably cardiac) as well as the more frequent atypical presentation of seizures in this age group. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening emergency with a high mortality rate. Initial treatment should include benzodiazepine use followed by fosphenytion or phenytoin. After this, medical management for refractory cases has not been well established. Special considerations for the treatment of status epilepticus and epilepsy in the older adult need to be taken into account owing to the high prevalence of other medical comorbidities.
Surgical Clip Migration and Choledocholithiasis: A Late, Abrupt Complication of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Surgical clip migration leading to choledocholithiasis and biliary obstruction is a rare but established complication of biliary surgery. The incidence has increased with the rise in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), although the exact pathogenesis remains unknown. It is generally agreed that improper clip placement and inflammation around the biliary tree are risk factors for clip migration. Although symptoms tend to develop months to years after surgery, the time course of migration and lithogenesis is unclear. In this report, we describe a case of a surgical clip migrating into the bile duct as the nidus for a gallstone 6 years after LC. It was successfully treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). Between LC and the presentation described herein, the patient underwent periodic ERC as treatment for a biliary stricture, including an exam 8 weeks before. None of these showed intraductal clips or stones. This case illustrates the potentially abrupt and late development of clip-related gallstones and highlights the need to stay vigilant for such complications throughout long-term follow-up.
THE STABILIZATION OP ASCORBIC ACID BY URIC ACID: 87

In recent years, several antioxidant activities of uric acid have been described (PNAS 78:6858, 1981; FEBS LETT. 174:147, 1984). The high reactivity of urate with singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals and various organic peroxides suggest that there may be important biological functions associated with such scavenging activity. We now report that, in addition to the foregoing capacities, uric acid increases the stability of ascorbic acid in serum about five-fold. A striking feature of this effect is the absence of measurable uric acid disappearnace despite the marked inhibition of ascorbic acid oxidation. Thus, the stabilizing effect appears distinct from previously described stochiometric scavenging functions. Uric acid prevents the oxidation of ascorbic acid by an as yet undefined mechanism which does not involve its extensive oxidation to allantoin or other products. This stabilizing effect may have important consequences for the conservation of ascorbic acid in human blood and other biological fluids. The evolutionary loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid may have been accompanied by a complementary loss of uricase. The latter mutation would insure levels of uric acid sufficiently high to stabilize ascorbic acid, derived from dietary sources, for utilization at intracellular sites.
ΔμH+ and ATP function at different steps of the catalytic cycle of preprotein translocase

Abstract Preprotein translocation in E. coli requires ATP, the membrane electrochemical potential Δμ H +, and translocase, an enzyme with an ATPase domain (SecA) and the membrane-embedded SecYE. Studies of translocase and proOmpA reveal a five-step catalytic cycle: First, proOmpA binds to the SecA domain. Second, SecA binds ATP. Third, ATP-binding energy permits translocation of ∼20 residues of proOmpA. Fourth, ATP hydrolysis releases proOmpA. ProOmpA may then rebind to SecA and reenter this cycle, allowing progress through a series of transmembrane intermediates. In the absence of Δμ H + or association with SecA, proOmpA passes backward through the membrane, but moves forward when either ATP and SecA or a membrane electrochemical potential is supplied. However, in the presence of Δμ H + (fifth step), proOmpA rapidly completes translocation. Δμ H + — driven translocation is blocked by SecA plus nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, indicating that Δμ H + drives translocation when ATP and proOmpA are not bound to SecA.
Comment on "gravitomagnetic influence on gyroscopes and on the lunar orbit".

A Comment on the Letter by T. W. Murphy Jr., K. Nordtvedt, and S. G. Turyshev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 071102 (2007). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Modelling of materials with electric and magnetic losses with the symmetrical condensed tlm method

The modelling of materials that include both electric and magnetic losses by the TLM method using the symmetrical condensed TLM node is described. The new scattering matrix for the node with losses is given and numerical results are presented which display the high degree of accuracy available with this model.
On the initial perturbation of mesospheric dust associated irregularities by high powered radio waves

Important observational manifestations of subvisible mesospheric dust are Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSEs) which are produced by scattering from electron irregularities produced by dust charging. It has been observed that the PMSE strength can be artificially modified by using a ground-based ionospheric heating facility to perturb the electron irregularity source region that is believed to produce PMSE. Recently it has become evident that significant diagnostic information may be available about the dust layer from the temporal behavior of the electron irregularities during the heating process which modifies the background electron temperature. Particularly interesting and important periods of the temporal behavior are during the turn-on and turn-off of the radio wave heating. Most past theoretical models and experimental investigations have concentrated primarily on the later period. The objective here is to consider the temporal behavior and possibilities for diagnostic information available during the turn-on period of the radio wave. First, approximate analytical models are developed and compared to a more accurate full computational model as a reference. Then from the temporal behavior of the electron irregularities during the turn-on of the radio wave, the analytical models are used to obtain possible diagnostic information for various charged dust and background plasma quantities.
A batch reactor for monitoring process dynamics during biodegradation of volatile organics

Data are presented that demonstrate a batch reactor that allows accurate monitoring of process dynamics during biodegradation of volatile organics. Using this system, many samples can be removed in an aseptic fashion, allowing frequent measurements of the concentrations of biomass, electron donors, electron acceptors, and volatile compounds. Additionally, the reactor is well instrumented, allowing the continuous monitoring of pH, oxidation/reduction potential, pressure, and temperature. The reactor is constructed entirely of materials which have minimal interaction with volatile organic compounds. It is also demonstrated that sample removal does not cause losses of volatile compounds since the sampling ports are double sealed, making use of both gas-tight stainless steel ball valves and Teflon-lined septa.
African American Megachurches and Community Empowerment: Fostering Life in Dry Places

I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me. Then the righteous will answer him, Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you? When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you? The King will reply, Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me (Matt. 25. 36–40 Today’s New International Version).
Structure, proton incorporation and transport properties of ceramic proton conductor Ba(Ce0.7Zr0.2Yb0.1)O3−δ

Dense ceramics with composition Ba(Ce0.7Zr0.2Yb0.1)O3−δ(BCZY) were synthesized by solid state reactions, and their structures were characterized by Rietveld refinements of time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction data collected for the samples at high-temperature and controlled atmospheres. The structure phase transition from orthorhombic Imma to cubic Pm3m was observed at the temperature between 500 and 700°C and in flowing 100ppm H2/Ar gases. At 900°C, the sample was subsequently exposed to different oxygen partial pressures (pO2, ranging from ~10−17 to ~10−23 atm) and water vapor pressures (pH2O) up to ~0.18 atm. The expansion of lattice parameters of BCZY, instead of following the normally expected relationship with pO2, was actually correlated with the increase of pH2O, implying proton incorporation into the structures. The presence of H-containing species in the structure was confirmed by comparing both inelastic neutron scattering spectra and neutron diffraction data collected for dry and “wet” samples at 10K. The observed vibrational peaks at 104 and 150 meV and absence of a peak around 420 meV indicate the hydrogen occupation in the structure but the absence of any hydroxyl groups (hydrogen covalently bonded to oxygen). Electrical conductivities of BCZY were investigated at different temperatures in both dry and wet conditions.
Holocene tephrochronology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska Peninsula

Abstract The major-element glass geochemistry of 92 tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula provides the basis for establishing a Holocene tephrochronology for the region. Electron microprobe analysis has been combined with field descriptions of samples, stratigraphic relationships between tephra samples and sample localities, and glass shard micro-morphology to correlate these sampled distal tephra units throughout the area of Cold Bay and adjacent Morzhovoi Bay. Radiocarbon dating provides age constraints on correlated horizons. Previous research had clearly delineated only one horizon in the region, the so-called ‘Funk/Fisher’ ash, dating to between 8425±350 and 9130±140 14 C yr BP. In addition to constraining the bimodal andesitic and dacitic glass chemistry of that horizon, this study has recognized six additional tephra layers in the area. Two horizons pre-date the Funk/Fisher ash and four are younger than it. A tephra containing dacitic and andesitic components was identified in the vicinity of Morzhovoi Bay, with a minimum age of 9300±80 14 C yr BP and a maximum age of 10,200±75 14 C yr BP. A rhyolitic horizon composed of cm-sized, rounded pumice clasts was identified in the vicinity of Cold Bay; it has been correlated to the ca 9500 BP eruption of Roundtop volcano on Unimak Island. The four younger tephra beds date to between 6070±340 and 3600±140 14 C yr BP. The oldest of the four is rhyodacitic, followed by a mixed rhyodacitic–andesitic horizon, another rhyodacitic horizon, and finally an andesitic layer. Comparison of all the correlated horizons to proximal samples collected on Unimak Island provides conclusive geochemical evidence that the ca 9100 BP Caldera-forming eruption of Fisher volcano is the source of the Funk/Fisher ash. Correlation between the rhyodacitic tephra horizons and proximal samples from Fisher volcano suggests that Fisher Caldera is the source of one of the rhyodacitic tephra horizons that post-dates the Funk/Fisher ash. Additional tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island that were collected prior to this study correlate to the tephra horizons identified in the Cold Bay area and identify one additional horizon.
Defining electromechanical dissociation

Electromechanical dissociation (EMD) implies organized electrical depolarization of the heart without synchronous myocardial fiber shortening and, therefore, without cardiac output. Experimentally EMD can be produced by inducing ventricular fibrillation, not performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and applying a defibrillating shock after a few minutes. The result is frequently the restoration of electrical activity of the heart; however, because of diffuse myocardial ischemia, there is no mechanical contraction. The simultaneous electrocardiogram and arterial pressure tracings can reveal a variety of organized ECG rhythms (sinus rhythm, all degrees of heart block, idioventricular rhythm, etc), all without an arterial pressure. Attempts to correct these rhythms with pharmacologic therapy or with pacemakers are of no avail. Therapy must be directed toward the restoration of myocardial perfusion. In contrast, the patient with heart block or other severe bradydysrhythmias in which there is a palpable pulse generated with the QRS complex usually respond well to pharmacologic intervention or pacing. The prognosis of patients with EMD is poor, but rational therapy implies the application of techniques that increase coronary perfusion and thereby decrease the diffuse myocardial ischemia.
Recommending Rubrics as Teaching and Learning Tools

This discussion highlights rubrics as evaluation, teaching and learning tools. Rubrics are defined, examples are provided, and the reader is guided through the creation of their own rubric tools. Rubrics set the guidelines for students' works in progress and may help students produce higher quality work.
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with enhanced inflammation, neuropathological lesions and increased risk for Alzheimer's dementia

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 ( TREM2 ) risk variant, neuropathological lesions, alterations in gene and protein expression, and the severity of neuroinflammation. Methods The genetic association study of the R47 H TREM2 variant with Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuropathology, and changes in TREM2 and TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein ( TYROBP) gene and protein expression, and neuroinflammatory markers. Results The TREM2 variant is associated with: (i) AD (odds ratio: 4.76; P = .014); (ii) increased density of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in multiple brain regions; (iii) increased TREM2 ( P = .041) and TYROBP ( P = .006) gene expression; (iv) decreased TREM2 protein levels ( P = .016); and (v) upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES] and interferon [IFN] gamma) ( P = .003) and nominal downregulation of protective markers (α2-macroglobulin, interleukin 4 or IL-4, and ApoA1) ( P = .018). Discussion These findings link the TREM2 missense mutation with specific molecular abnormalities and increases in neuropathological lesions in the human brain.
Polymer and Fiber Integrated Optics

In recent years, the interest in making waveguides and other integrated optic devices in polymer materials has grown rapidly. The driving force behind this development is cost reduction. Semiconductor materials and dielectric materials such as lithium niobate are relatively expensive and the processes used to fabricate devices in those materials are very complex. As the size and complexity of fiber optic telecom and datacom systems has grown, leading to fiber connections to the office and home, the demand for large quantities of inexpensive integrated optic devices has increased. As a result, research has been directed toward producing in polymers many of the devices that formerly were made only in III–V semiconductors or in lithium niobate. It also has been demonstrated that some integrated optic devices can be made from glass or plastic optical fiber waveguides as well as polymers. An example of this latter type of device is the array waveguide (AWG), which performs a spatial dispersion of different wavelengths similar to that produced by a prism [5.1].
The Process of Scientific Inquiry as it Relates to the Creation/Evolution Controversy: I. A Serious Social Problem

We describe how the increased level of religiosity in the United States is correlated with the resistance to the teaching of evolution and argue that this is a social, rather than scientific, issue. Our goal is to foster teachers’ understanding of the philosophy of biology and encourage them to proactively deal with creationism at all levels, not just in the biology classroom.
Contact force measurement noise in the partial feedback linearization control of humanoid robots

This paper examines the technique of partial feedback linearization for the positional control of the joints of a humanoid robot. The unique dynamical model of the humanoid robot is first presented. The dynamics have an Euler-Lagrange form but also contain mixed-continuous/ discrete forces that arise due to contact constraints. The mixed-continuous/discrete contact forces are modeled by using linear restoring and damping elements on the bottom of the feet of the humanoid upon contact with the ground. Also, the robot has six degrees-of-freedom that are not directly actuated. The collocated partial feedback linearization scheme is utilized to provide joint-level position control. Implementation of this control law relies upon contact force measurements. It is suggested that partial feedback linearization is a viable option for joint level control even in the presence of significant noise arising from the contact force measurements.
Avoiding and Managing Complications of Surgery of the Acromioclavicular Joint

Injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint are common, especially in a young, active population. Of all shoulder girdle injuries, approximately 9% involve the AC joint.2 AC joint injuries are often seen in young, active individuals, especially those participating in sports. Almost half of AC joint injuries occur in patients in their twenties, and there is a five to one male to female ratio.2 AC joint dislocations represent 12% of all shoulder girdle dislocations, and 8% of all joint dislocations throughout the body.3,4
Maintenance of Shoot and Floral Meristem Cell Proliferation and Fate

To cope with environmental changes, animals respond by altering their behavior, but sessile plants respond by altering their growth and development pattern. One of the major differences between plant and animal development is that plants have the capacity to develop new organs postembryonically.
Physiology of rickettsiae. VII. Amino acid incorporation by Coxiella burnetii and by infected hosts.

Abstract Protein synthesis, in terms of 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into a hot trichloroacetic acid fraction, was studied in cell-free preparations of Coxiella burnetii, and in uninfected and Q fever-infected guinea pig and chick embryo hosts. Purified and disrupted suspensions of C. burnetii incorporated 14C-labeled l-leucine, l-phenylalanine and algal hydrolysate. Livers of infected guinea pigs and chick embryos had a greater incorporation rate at the height of infection than comparable preparations from uninfected animals. As chick embryonic development continued during infection, the rate of incorporation progressively decreased below that of uninfected embryos.
Sharecropping As An Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South

On the eve of the Civil War southern per capita real income was eighty percent of northern. Treating slaves as property, real income per free southerner was four percent greater and growing at the same rate as its northern counterpart. Southern per capita income was but fifty-one percent of the national average in 1880, and only slowly began to relatively advance after 1900.
Object based segmentation of video using color, motion and spatial information

Video segmentation is different from segmentation of a single image. While several correct solutions may exist for segmenting a single image, there needs to be a consistency among segmentations of each frame for video segmentation. Previous approaches of video segmentation concentrate on motion, or combine motion and color information in a batch fashion. We propose a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) framework that uses multiple cues, like spatial location, color and motion, for segmentation. We assign weights to color and motion terms, which are adjusted at every pixel, based on a confidence measure of each feature. We also discuss the appropriate modeling of PDFs of each feature of a region. The correct modeling of the spatial PDF imposes temporal consistency among segments in consecutive frames. This approach unifies the strengths of both color segmentation and motion segmentation in one framework, and shows good results on videos that are not suited for either of these approaches.
Long distance signaling using axionlike particles

The possible existence of axionlike particles could lead to a new type of long-distance communication. In this work, basic antenna concepts are defined and a Friis-like equation is derived to facilitate long-distance link calculations. An example calculation is presented showing that communication over distances of 1000 km or more may be possible for m{sub a} 5x10{sup -8} GeV{sup -1}.
Urban lightning climatology and GIS: An analytical framework from the case study of Atlanta, Georgia

Abstract There are three underdeveloped components of urban cloud-to-ground lightning studies: (1) the integration of multiple flash descriptors into more informative summary metrics of flash production, (2) the comparison of flash patterns by thunderstorm type, and (3) the correspondence of urban flashes with underlying land use. We used a GIS to integrate these components as part of an analysis of warm season (May–September) flashes for Atlanta, Georgia, a sprawling region in the thunderstorm-prone southeastern US. Our integrated metric of flash counts and flash days demarcated two large contiguous areas of high flash production in northeast Atlanta. Flashes which developed under conditions related to local surface heating and air mass instability more closely corresponded to urban land uses. Frontally-produced lightning was infrequent over the central city. Instead, peaks in production shifted to the periphery of the urban core, an observation suggestive of building barrier effects.
Ideologies of language and race in US media discourse about the Trayvon Martin shooting

This article examines the discourse about race and racism that ensued in the US media after the shooting death of an African American youth, Trayvon Martin, by a neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman, in February 2012. The analysis examines news programs from the three major cable television channels in the United States: CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC. The theoretical framework builds upon Hill's (2008) discussion of the ‘folk theory of race and racism’ in contrast to critical race theory, and asks, to what extent does the mainstream media's discourse about race remain embedded in folk ideas and to what extent (if at all) does the conversation move beyond those ideas? The paper aims to unpack the ideologies of race and language that underpin talk about race and racism in an effort to expose the hidden assumptions in the discourse that hinder more productive dialogue on the topic. (Critical race theory, folk theory of race and racism, George Zimmerman, ideology, language ideology, media discourse, race, race talk, racism, slurs, Trayvon Martin)*