cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the fracture toughness of CVD-grown ZnS using a miniaturized disk-bend test

Novel apparatus and methodology have been developed for measuring the fracture toughness of ceramics using small disk-shaped samples 3 mm in diameter. The method involves the Vickers indentation of specimens ranging in thickness from 300 to 700 {mu}m, and testing them in a ring-on-ring bending mode. Experiments on ZnS grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been used to evaluate the technique. The apparent fracture toughness of this material increases with crack length (R-curve behavior). This behavior is analyzed using established equations in conjunction with a new graphical method that obviates the need for measuring the apparent toughness of samples containing very large cracks. The fracture toughness at infinite'' crack length, 0.86{plus minus}0.08 MPa{center dot}m{sup 1/2}, is in very good agreement with the values obtained by conventional methods. The effect of sample size on the accuracy of the results is thoroughly discussed. The thickness, {ital t}, of the sample should exceed by a factor of ten the initial crack length produced by the indentation. Also, since samples are tested at various indentation loads, {ital P}, the ratio of their thicknesses should be chosen to satisfy the condition {ital t}{proportional to}{ital P}{sup 2/3}. The importance of several parameters in the designmore » of the apparatus is also discussed.« less
Increasing protein stability using a rational approach combining sequence homology and structural alignment: Stabilizing the WW domain

This study shows that a combination of sequence homology and structural information can be used to increase the stability of the WW domain by 2.5 kcal mol−1 and increase the Tm by 28°C. Previous homology-based protein design efforts typically investigate positions with low sequence identity, whereas this study focuses on semi-conserved core residues and proximal residues, exploring their role(s) in mediating stabilizing interactions on the basis of structural considerations. The A20R and L30Y mutations allow increased hydrophobic interactions because of complimentary surfaces and an electrostatic interaction with a third residue adjacent to the ligand-binding hydrophobic cluster, increasing stability significantly beyond what additivity would predict for the single mutations. The D34T mutation situated in a π-turn possibly disengages Asn31, allowing it to make up to three hydrogen bonds with the backbone in strand 1 and loop 2. The synergistic mutations A20R/L30Y in combination with the remotely located mutation D34T add together to create a hYap WW domain that is significantly more stable than any of the protein structures on which the design was based (Pin and FBP28 WW domains).
Power-optimal repeater insertion considering Vdd and Vth as design freedoms

This work first presents an analytical repeater insertion method which optimizes power under delay constraint for a single net. This method finds the optimal repeater insertion lengths, repeater sizes, and Vdd and Vth levels for a net with a delay target, and it reduces more than 50% power over a previous work which does not consider Vdd and Vth optimization. This work further presents the power saving when multiple Vdd and Vth levels are used in repeater insertion at the full-chip levelCompared to the case with single Vdd and Vth suggested by ITRS, optimized dual Vdd and dual Vth reduce overall global interconnect power by 47%, 28% and 13% for 130nm, 90nm and 65nm technology nodes, respectively, but extra Vdd or Vth levels only give marginal improvement. We also show that an optimized single Vth reduce interconnect power almost as effective as dual-Vth does, in contrast to the need of dual Vth for logic circuits
Nonlinear regression technique to estimate kinetic parameters and confidence intervals in unsteady-state conduction-heated foods

Due to difficulty in computing, confidence intervals (CIs) for kinetic parameters and the predicted dependent variable (Y) in nonlinear models are often not reported. The purpose of this work was to present a straightforward method to calculate asymptotic CIs for kinetic parameters and the associated Y variable for nonisothermal survivor or retention curves. The novelty of this work was that (1) confidence bands (CBs) and prediction bands (PBs) for predicted Y (microbial survival ratio or nutrient retention) were computed along with CIs for the parameters (using Matlab®), and (2) confidence regions for the parameters were computed by an iterative method. Both the k-E and the D-z model were used. Three case studies were used. Kinetic parameters for microbial death (Cases 1 and 2) in an unsteady-state conduction-heated canned food and for thiamin concentration (Case 3) were estimated using a nonlinear regression technique. Upper 95% prediction bands gave a more conservative (safer) limit than the Y value predicted by the model, up to a 0.84 log difference. Given the availability and ease of use of nonlinear regression software, researchers can consider using the proposed method as a template for kinetic parameter estimation, confidence interval, and confidence region computation. These data are essential for accurate estimates of food safety.
Anomaly detection in large-scale coalition clusters for dependability assurance

In large-scale high-performance computing systems, component failures become norms instead of exceptions. Failure occurrence as well as its impact on system performance and operation costs are becoming an increasingly important concern to system designers and administrators. When a compute node fails to function properly, health-related data are valuable for troubleshooting. However, it is challenging to effectively identify anomalies from the voluminous amount of noisy, high-dimensional data. Manual detection is time-consuming and error-prone. It does not scale well. In this paper, we present an autonomic mechanism for anomaly detection in coalition clusters. It is composed of a set of techniques that facilitates automatic analysis of system health data. We apply data transformation to format health data in a uniform manner. Then principal variables are chosen by feature selection, which reduces the data size. Clustering and outlier detection are explored to identify nodes with anomalous behavior. We evaluate our prototype implementation on a production institution-wide computational grid. The results show that our mechanism can effectively detect faulty nodes with high accuracy and low computation overhead.
Observations Concerning the Time Factor in Egg Production

Abstract When a bird lays for several days in succession the first egg is usually the heaviest and generally there is a gradual decrease in the weight of the eggs toward the end of the series, the last egg being the lightest. Then, after the bird has ceased to lay for one or more days, another series of eggs is started beginning with a heavy egg, and so on. A series of eggs so laid is called a cycle. The first egg of a cycle is usually laid relatively early in the day and the remainder of the eggs are generally laid later and later respectively on following days. An example of an egg cycle showing the weights of the eggs and the time of laying is shown in Table I. It is evident from Table I that the normal laying period for this bird during the time under consideration was . . .
Homogeneous nucleation kinetics of Al3Sc in a dilute Al-Sc alloy

The homogeneous nucleation kinetics of the L12 A13Sc phase in the face-centered cubic (fcc) matrix of an A1-0.11 at. pct Sc alloy were measured at 561 and 616 K using the isothermal transformation technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Applying classical homogeneous nucleation theory in conjunction with available thermodynamic data, an average interphase boundary energy of about 94 ±23 mJ/m2 was estimated from the nucleation rate data. This energy was found to vary weakly with temperature. The effects of heat-treatment technique (isothermal transformationvs quench and age) on nucleation kinetics indicate that quenched-in vacancies may influence nucleation kinetics primarily by increasing the interdiffusion of Sc in Al.
Theoretical introduction to neutron scattering spectroscopy

Abstract Some basic background on the interaction of neutrons with condensed matter is given with emphasis on the differences with other experimental probes. Neutron scattering cross-sections are described for those dynamical processes that are likely to be of importance in chemical applications of inelastic neutron scattering.
Virtual attendance in real engineering labs

Engineering laboratory equipment at UTC has been made available for users via the World Wide Web. Users can conduct systems lab experiments from remote sites, anytime day-or-night, any day of the week. This paper describes the development of these systems, the current situation and future plans.
A clinical overview of sleep and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.

Introduction: The relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep is a complex one which poses many challenges in clinical practice.
Community As Brand: An Exploratory Investigation

This research investigates how community affects consumer marketing and brand equity management. Community is a ubiquitous concept with many definitions in social sciences, ranging from urban neighborhoods and small towns to brand communities. Firms utilize the power of brands to support premium prices, sustain product value in difficult circumstances, and persuade consumers to purchase a brand repeatedly and loyally. Brand scholarship has also ranged widely, from tangible product or service characteristics to the intangible influence of its symbols and meanings on consumers. This study describes how the complicated sets of meanings embedded in the terms community and brand lead to a phenomenon called naturally occurring brands (NOBs). The paper combines the anthropology, sociology and marketing perspectives to describe the NOB phenomenon and explores its validity using survey research.
The Problem of Subjectivity in Schutz and Parsons

Schutz and Parsons had fundamentally different conceptions of sociology that led them to quite different approaches to the problem of developing theory based on general concepts and having claims to universal validity but nevertheless incorporating the actor’s subjective point of view. Their treatments of this problem of subjectivity and the controversy that arose between them over this issue are examined in detail. In both cases, despite programmatic insistence to the contrary, the concrete subjective view of the actor ends up being treated as irrelevant to their systematic theories. It is suggested that the nature of general concepts in sociological inquiry must be reconsidered if the subjective view of the actor is to be retained as central to sociological inquiry.
Inter-observer variability of quantitative FDG PET and CT measurements of tumor response to therapy

497 Objectives: To determine and compare the inter-observer reproducibility of the FDG PET standardized uptake value (SUV) and CT size measurements in malignant tumors pre- and post-therapy. Methods: 56 tumors from 25 patients with breast (N=16) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (N=9) were evaluated on FDG PET/CT scans. The maximum standardized uptake value corrected for body weight (SUVbw max) and CT size measurements were determined for each tumor independently on pre- and post-treatment scans by four readers using routine non-automated clinical methods. The inter-observer variability of tumor SUVbw max and CT size was assessed by calculating the coefficients of variation for each parameter. Results: Inter-observer variability of SUVbw max was 7.0 ± 14.1% on the pre-treatment scan versus 19.1 ± 26.7% on the post-treatment scan (p
Treatment of Victims of Rape Trauma

It was a warm spring morning. Because of a very sore throat, Mrs. Claven had a doctor’s appointment. All proceeded smoothly until her throat was swabbed for a culture. Suddenly, Mrs. Claven became shaky, nauseated, grabbed the physician’s arm, pulled the swab out of her mouth, and ran sobbing out of the clinic. She drove to her home and, after calming herself, telephoned the detective who had arrested her rapist of 3 years previous. She was totally unaware as to why she was calling this detective, but her fear was so great that she instinctively knew only that he would make her feel safe. She told him about her throat examination.
Results Establishing the Uniqueness of a Reconstruction

Throughout this chapter we will assume that the objective function, f, is an element of the finite dimensional space Z(n) for some known n and that under these conditions we would like to know when f is determined by a finite set of projections.
On the Symmetrization in POD-Galerkin Model for Linearized Compressible Flows

Reduced-order models (ROM) based on POD-Galerkin projection have shown success in many problems since the approach was introduced approximately two decades ago. Traditionally, the inner product used in computation is L type to represent kinetic energy. In this paper, our work focuses on the comparison of L inner product and the symmetry inner product introduced by Barone and co-authors (2008). The numerical simulation and analysis are based on a linear acoustic problem controlled by the linearized Euler equation, which, without viscosity, is more sensitive to instability than the Navier-Stokes equation. In our study, besides the stability advantage noticed by Barone’s group, much better accuracy and convergency are also shown in the ROM using symmetry inner product. In the test case, symmetry inner product allows to use only 8 modes for the model results to match the exact solution, while L inner product requires 16 modes for similar convergency. The dynamic behavior described by phase portraits of mode coefficients also gives a cleaner picture when symmetry inner product is used.
Competence for Neural Plate Formation in Hyla and the So-called Nervous Layer of the Ectoderm.∗

Summary1. The anterior and posterior presumptive epidermis of the early gastrula of Hyla regilla possess essentially the same degree of competence for neural plate formation. 2. In the middle and late gastrula stages the posterior presumptive epidermis is less competent than the anterior. 3. Thinning of the ectoderm by removal of at least a large part of its inner layers of cells (the so-called nervous layer) in the advanced blastula stage does not impair the competence of the ectoderm.
Preliminary benefits of information therapy.

Information therapy (ie, information prescriptions) is a potential new tool for primary care physicians that could improve patient knowledge, decision making, and communication between physicians a...
Parents’ School Satisfaction and Academic Socialization Predict Adolescents’ Autonomous Motivation: A Mixed-Method Study of Low-Income Ethnic Minority Families

In this mixed-methods study, we used an explanatory sequential design to investigate the processes through which parental involvement influences adolescents’ achievement motivation. One hundred twenty low-income urban parents and their sixth-grade adolescents completed questionnaires, and a subsample of 11 mothers and 11 adolescents were interviewed. Parents’ questionnaires measured their satisfaction with their childhood school experiences, their current academic socialization practices, and their educational aspirations for their adolescents. Adolescents’ questionnaires measured their motivation to achieve to please their family and their autonomous motivation (internal locus of control and internalized value of learning). In Step 1, we conducted quantitative analyses to test two path models from parental school satisfaction to each adolescent autonomous motivation dimension. Results indicated that relations between parents’ school satisfaction and their adolescents’ autonomous motivation are fully medi...
What is the reference cytotoxic regimen for advanced gastric cancer: standard versus optimal therapy?

Advanced gastric cancer is an aggressive disease, with continued poor clinical outcomes. In the past two decades, many clinical trials have been conducted, testing chemotherapy agents in different combinations. However, many of these trials have employed aggressive regimens, which may be not suitable for some patients with advanced disease and poor performance status seen in clinical settings. In addition, geographic and ethnic differences in disease pathogenesis/biology, treatment strategies and drug metabolism make universal application of these trial results difficult. Here, we summarize the extant data on chemotherapy agents in gastric cancer, and try to deduce the best combination(s) that may be utilized in this disease, or that may be suitable for particular subgroup patient populations. Importantly, we discuss future directions – how we need to move away from testing various cytotoxic agent permutations and combinations, towards smarter trials that employ targeted therapies.
To What Extent Do Neighborhood Differences Mediate Racial Disparities in Participation After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To examine the role of residential neighborhood characteristics in accounting for race disparities in participation among a large sample of community-living adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the national Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) database linked with national survey and spatial data. Setting SCIMS database participants enrolled at 10 collaborating centers active in follow-up between 2000 and 2014. Participants The sample consisted of persons with SCI (N=6892) in 5441 Census tracts from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure The Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique was used to measure full participation across 4 domains: physical independence, mobility, occupation, and social integration. Results Racial minority groups had lower odds of reporting full participation relative to whites across all domains, suggesting that blacks and Hispanics are at risk for poorer community reintegration after SCI. Neighborhood characteristics, notably differences in socioeconomic advantage, reduced race group differences in the odds of full occupational and social integration, suggesting that the race disparities in community reintegration after SCI are partially attributable to variation in the economic characteristics of the places where people live. Conclusions This investigation suggests that addressing disadvantage at the neighborhood level may modify gaps in community participation after medical rehabilitation and provides further support for the role of the environment in the experience of disability.
Surveillance of drug resistance in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Huairou District,Beijing during 2006～2008

Objective To understand drug resistance in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Huairou district,Beijing and evaluate effectiveness of TB control there to provide scientific basis for formulating plans of TB control in Huairou district in 2010~2015. Methods Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tuberculosis) complex were isolated from patients of pulmonary TB with sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacteria registered and primarily treated at TB dispensary of Huairou district during January 1,2006 to January 31,2008. Cultured bacteria strains were tested for sensitivity to isoniazid (H),rifampicin (R),streptomycin (S) and ethambutol (E) at Beijing Institute for TB Control in Tongzhou,Beijing. Results In total,129 patients with pulmonary TB primarily treated at Huairou district were recruited in the study,including 113 cases (87.6%) with primarily drug-sensitive strains,22 (12.4%) drug-resistant ones,and seven (5.4%) with multi-drug-resistant ones,lower of the latter two than those as average level in Beijing and at national level. Conclusion With implementation of modern tuberculosis control strategy (directly observed therapy short term,DOTS) for 30 years at Huairou district,patients with pulmonary TB have received standard and effective treatment avoiding phenomena of irregular drug use and reducing cases of primary resistance to anti-TB drugs,thus lay a better foundation for more effective control of TB epidemic and provide scientific evidence for development of new TB control plans in the future at Huairou district.
MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE BOLTS MADE FROM 12% Cr STEEL AFTER LONG-TERM OPERATION UNDER ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

By adopting means,such as metallographic microscope,scanning electron microscope,and transmitting electron microscope etc.,the microstructure variation of high-temperature bolts made from 12%Cr steel has been investigated.Through comparison with that of the new bolts,the results show that the δferrite content in some localities of structure for the investigated bolts has been over 10%.After the bolt being in operation for 60-thousand hours,its metallographic structure has gradually aged,the carbides being separated out along the boundaries of δ ferrite,the alloy elements start migrating to the carbides,the material entered into initial period of aging;after being in operation for 350-thousand hours,the coarsening of carbide particles being more remarkable,chains of rough and large carbides have been formed along the boundaries of δ ferrite,the material has already entered into the final stage of aging.
China's Soft-Power Diplomacy——East Asia,Africa and Latin America as cases

The paper mainly analyzes China's soft-power diplomacy in East Asia,Africa and Latin America.Soft-power diplomacy is of great importance for China to realize its strategic goals of peaceful rising and harmonious world,also to the establishment of its national image as a peaceful and responsible power.However,China has three different specific aims in these areas.China should actively and smartly cope with these challenges,which is a chance to show its soft power and a process to improve its diplomacy.
Fluctuation-driven mechanotransduction regulates mitochondrial-network structure and function

Vascular smooth muscle cells can harness fluctuations in external cyclic stretching by altering their cytoskeletal organization and the associated mitochondrial network.
Information technologies relevant to pharmacy practice in hospitals : Results of a statewide survey

PurposeTo evaluate the extent that Florida hospitals are utilizing a variety of pharmacy-related information technology (IT) applications and contrast these results with nationwide studies regardin...
Anatomical Brain Changes Induced by Environment

Twenty-six years ago I began to study the structure and function of the brain, because I believed that the greatest plague inflicting mankind was initiated by the brain. Ecclesiastes tells us that vanity and vexation of spirit are the characteristics of man, whether he be rich or poor. And only a creature with a brain would invent and suffer from such cognitive ills. If the biological basis of behavior were found, perhaps man's existence could be a better lot. By understanding the structural and functional mechanisms of behavior, man might even solve his ancient emotional problems. Just how far have we come? Only after joining the team of Krech, Rosenzweig, and Bennett did I think I was taking steps in the right direction toward correlating learning behavior with brain anatomy.
Interfacial Cracks Emanating from Partially Debonded Subsurface Circular Elastic Inclusions

It is well known that sub-surface defects like voids and inclusions are potential crack nucleation sites in many applications. One typical example is sub-surface defects in railway wheels and rails. It is well known that cracks emanate from these defects and propagate thereby removing chunks of material from the wheel/rail that may lead to derailment and even loss of human life. It is therefore important to understand the behaviour of cracks emanating from such defects and their interaction with the free boundaries and neighbouring defects.
Death with dignity in Washington patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objectives: To describe the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients who sought medication under the Washington State Death with Dignity (DWD) Act since its inception in 2009. Methods: Chart review at 3 tertiary medical centers in the Seattle/Puget Sound region and comparison to publicly available data of ALS and all-cause DWD cohorts from Washington and Oregon. Results: In Washington State, 39 patients with ALS requested DWD from the University of Washington, Virginia Mason, and Swedish Medical Centers beginning in 2009. The median age at death was 65 years (range 46–86). Seventy-seven percent of the patients used the prescriptions. All of the patients who used the medications passed away without complications. The major reasons for patients to request DWD as reported by participating physicians were loss of autonomy and dignity and decrease in enjoyable activities. Inadequate pain control, financial cost, and loss of bodily control were less commonly indicated. These findings were similar to those of the 92 patients who sought DWD in Oregon. In Washington and Oregon, the percentage of patients with ALS seeking DWD is higher compared to the cancer DWD cohort. Furthermore, compared to the all-cause DWD cohort, patients with ALS are more likely to be non-Hispanic white, married, educated, enrolled in hospice, and to have died at home. Conclusions: Although a small number, ALS represents the disease with the highest proportion of patients seeking to participate in DWD. Patients with ALS who choose DWD are well-educated and have access to palliative or life-prolonging care. The use of the medications appears to be able to achieve the patients9 goals without complications.
Altered scavenger receptor expression and response to oxidative stress is linked to defective bacterial phagocytosis in COPD macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (Mφ) from COPD patients show defective bacterial phagocytosis, which may be linked to increased oxidative stress in the lungs. Scavenger receptors mediate phagocytosis, but may become damaged by oxidative stress. In this study, the effect oxidative stress on phagocytosis and cell surface receptor expression was studied in monocyte-derived Mφ (MDM). MDM from non-smokers (NS), smokers (S) or COPD patients were cultured in GM-CSF for 12 d (n=5-7), then treated ± 200µM H 2 O 2 for 24h. MDM were exposed to fluorescently labelled H.influenzae (HI) or S.pneumoniae (SP) for 4 h, labelled with antibodies for HLA-DR, CD36, CD80, CD163, CD206, α v β 3 and ICAM-3, and analysed by flow cytometry. At baseline, COPD MDM expressed 68% less HLA-DR compared to NS (p v β 3 (NS 354%, S 313%, p 2 0 2 decreased phagocytosis of HI (NS 35%, S 16%, COPD 17% p 2 0 2 caused a decrease in ICAM-3 expression after HI phagocytosis (37% p MDM from COPD patients display differential scavenger receptor profiles compared to healthy MDM in response to phagocytosis of bacteria. This could contribute to Mφ dysfunction in COPD. Exogenous oxidative stress decreased phagocytosis in all patient groups, which may be linked to decreased expression of ICAM-3. Identifying the mechanisms involved in receptor expression may prove advantageous in developing novel therapies.
Directed evolution of cytochrome c for carbon–silicon bond formation: Bringing silicon to life

Enzymes that catalyze carbon–silicon bond formation are unknown in nature, despite the natural abundance of both elements. Such enzymes would expand the catalytic repertoire of biology, enabling living systems to access chemical space previously only open to synthetic chemistry. We have discovered that heme proteins catalyze the formation of organosilicon compounds under physiological conditions via carbene insertion into silicon–hydrogen bonds. The reaction proceeds both in vitro and in vivo, accommodating a broad range of substrates with high chemo- and enantioselectivity. Using directed evolution, we enhanced the catalytic function of cytochrome c from Rhodothermus marinus to achieve more than 15-fold higher turnover than state-of-the-art synthetic catalysts. This carbon–silicon bond-forming biocatalyst offers an environmentally friendly and highly efficient route to producing enantiopure organosilicon molecules.
Biological Aging and the Future of Geriatric Psychiatry.

Advances in understanding the biological bases of aging have intellectually revitalized the field of geriatric psychiatry and broadened its scope to include promoting successful aging and studying resilience factors in older adults. To describe the process by which this paradigm shift has occurred and illustrate its implications for treatment and research of late-life brain disorders, late-life depression is discussed as a prototype case. Prior phases of geriatric psychiatry research were focused on achieving depressive symptom relief, outlining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between older and younger adults, and identifying moderators of treatment response. Building on this work, current geriatric psychiatry researchers have begun to disentangle the etiologic complexity in late-life depression by focusing on the causative aging-related processes involved, identifying both neurobiological and behavioral intermediates, and finally delineating depression subtypes that are distinguishable by their underlying biology and the treatment approach required. In this review, we discuss several age-related processes that are critical to the development of late-life mood disorders, outline implications of these processes for the clinical evaluation and management of later-life psychiatric disorders, and finally put forth suggestions for better integrating aging and developmental processes into the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria.
Can Mr. Trump Make Translational Research Great Again?: Three Ways in Which a Trump Presidency Can Affect Translational Research.

“Science is science and facts are facts.”—Donald Trump [(1)][1] Donald Trump, who was elected as the 45th President of the United States, has been anything but predictable. Although a number of op-ed papers have been written recently in leading medical and scientific journals on the potential
Selection of build orientation for optimal support structures and minimum part errors in additive manufacturing

ABSTRACTAdditive Manufacturing (AM) incorporates a group of processes which utilize a layer-based material deposition approach to manufacture parts. These processes are now widely used in the industry as the primary manufacturing process for fabricating high precision parts. The dimensional accuracy of the parts and components manufactured using AM depend mainly on the type of Additive process used and the process parameters. The part build orientation is one of the principal process parameters which has a direct influence on the staircase effect and volume of support structure required for building the part. These factors eventually contribute to the surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and the post-processing requirements. In this paper, an optimization model is developed to obtain the build orientation which will minimize the support structure volume as well as support contact area and maximize the support structure removal while satisfying all the GD&T callouts. The mathematical correlation of cylind...
The Badger State's Take on Regulatory Takings: Murr and Wisconsin

This comment examines the current state of the regulatory takings doctrine at both the federal and state level, analyzes the Supreme Court’s decision in Murr v. Wisconsin, and discusses the need to set up structural protections to preserve the rights of private property owners. Specifically, Part II discusses the fascinating origins and background of the Takings Clause and the regulatory takings doctrine. Part III examines the regulatory takings doctrine as it was structured when the Supreme Court decided Murr. Part IV provides background analysis of the regulatory framework and Wisconsin regulatory takings law that undergirds Murr. Part V describes the Murr’s factual background, discusses the parties’ arguments, and analyzes the Supreme Court’s opinion. Part VI analyzes the general reaction to this landmark decision, evaluates Wisconsin’s Homeowners’ Bill of Rights, and provides direction for Wisconsin courts in their handling of the post-Murr regulatory takings doctrine. Part VII concludes with a brief overview and presents two important takeaways from Murr.
Expecting the Unpredictable: When Computers Can Think in Parallel

Many philosophers, psychologists and artificial intelligence researchers agree that a realistic model of human thinking must involve many independent parallel processes. A revolution in artificial intelligence is about to take place brought about by the introduction of parallel computers, providing us with vast increases in computation power. Parallel machines promise to allow us to effectively model the parallelism inherent in much of human cognition, perception and communication.
Rhinitis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The prevalence of rhinitis and sleep apnea is increasing worldwide and therefore it is important for practitioners to recognize and accurately diagnose these conditions whether they occur alone or concomitantly. Both of these conditions are associated with significant comorbidities with increased direct and indirect healthcare costs, and impaired quality of life. This chapter focuses on how to appropriately diagnose chronic rhinitis patients with sleep disorders so optimal care can be provided leading to improved clinical outcomes.
The measurement equivalence of a safety climate measure across five faultlines.

Abstract This study examines the appropriateness of comparing safety climate survey responses across multiple faultlines—hypothetical dividing lines that split a group into subgroups based on one or more attributes. Using survey data from 8790 employees of a multinational chemical processing and manufacturing company from 76 work sites nested within 19 different countries, we examined the multilevel measurement equivalence of a safety climate measure across cultural dimensions, survey languages, organizational hierarchy, employment arrangements, and work environments. As simulation studies support the faultline at the individual-level requires measurement equivalence tests that are different from the faultline at the country-level, we used multi-group multilevel confirmatory factor analyses for the Level-3 faultline, and multilevel factor mixture models for known classes for the Level-1 faultlines. The results demonstrated that faultlines can prevent safety climate measurement equivalence, which prohibits the aggregation of individual-level scores to higher levels and making comparisons across faultlines. This first study on multilevel safety climate measurement equivalence serves as both a warning to safety climate researchers and practitioners regarding the importance of faultlines and reminds us to consider the level of the faultlines when testing measurement equivalence with multilevel data.
General PL Algorithms on PL Manifolds

In the last 20 years, a vast variety of algorithms have been developed which are based on the concept of complementary pivoting. Many of these are listed in our bibliography. The PL continuation and homotopy algorithms described in the last two chapters are important examples. In order to give a better idea of the flexibility which is possible and to describe the construction of such algorithms for special purposes, we are now going to cast the notion of PL algorithms into the more general setting of PL manifolds. Eaves (1976) has given a very elegant geometric approach to general PL methods which has strongly influenced the writing of this chapter, see also Eaves & Scarf (1976). In the first two sections we give a general formulation of PL algorithms in the context of PL manifolds which will then allow us to describe and study a variety of sophisticated PL algorithms in a unified framework.
Simultaneous Tensor and Fiber Registration (STFR) for Diffusion Tensor Images of the Brain

Accurate registration of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data of the brain among different subjects facilitates automatic normalization of structural and neural connectivity information and helps quantify white matter fiber tract differences between normal and disease. Traditional DTI registration methods use either tensor information or orientation invariant features extracted from the tensors. Because tensors need to be re-oriented after warping, fibers extracted from the deformed DTI often suffer from discontinuity, indicating lack of fiber information preservation after registration. To remedy this problem and to improve the accuracy of DTI registration, in this paper, we introduce a simultaneous tensor and fiber registration (STFR) algorithm by matching both tensor and fiber tracts at each voxel and considering re-orientation with deformation simultaneously. Because there are multiple fiber tracts passing through each voxel, which may have different orientations such as fiber crossing, incorporating fiber information can preserve fiber information better than only using the tensor information. Additionally, fiber tracts also reflect the spatial neighborhood of each voxel. After implementing STFR, we compared the registration performance with the current state-of-the art tensor-based registration algorithm (called DTITK) using both simulated images and real images. The results showed that the proposed STFR algorithm evidently outperforms DTITK in terms of registration accuracy. Finally, using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) package, we illustrate that after normalizing the fractional anisotropy (FA) maps of both traditional developing (TD) and Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects to a randomly selected template space, regions with significantly different FA highlighted by STFR are with less noise or false positive regions as compared with DTITK. STFR methodology can also be extended to high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging and Q-ball vector analysis.
The NASA probe-class mission concept: CETUS

CETUS (“Cosmic Evolution Through Ultraviolet Spectroscopy”) is a mission concept that was selected by NASA for study as a Probe-class mission, meaning a mission whose full life-cycle cost to NASA is between $400M and $1.0B. CETUS has a wide-field UV telescope that will work with other survey telescopes observing at gamma-rays to radio waves to help solve major problems in galaxy and stellar astrophysics. CETUS features a 1.5-m telescope and two widefield survey instruments, a near-UV multi-object slit spectrograph (MOS), a near-UV/ far-UV camera. It also has a near- UV/far-UV imaging spectrograph to survey classes of astronomical objects one at a time. In this paper, we describe how CETUS will address questions posed by the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey panel (Astro-2010) including: what are the drivers of galaxy evolution at the peak rate of star formation; what are the path(s) of evolution from the blue cloud to the red sequence; and how does the circumgalactic medium influence galaxy evolution and vice versa.
Costs and Benefits of Seismic Upgrading of Some Buildings in the Boston Area

Abstract We examine here the costs and benefits of reinforcing some existing buildings in Boston at the time of remodelling with significant change of use. The buildings of interest are the unreinforced masonry warehouses and the reinforced concrete manufacturing buildings that are remodelled into apartment or office buildings. Given some estimates of the Boston seismicity and of the performance of these buildings in earthquakes with and without additional reinforcement, we evaluate three possible levels of reinforcement that the Masssachusetts Seismic Advisory Committee could recommend as part of the building codes. For the unreinforced masonry buildings, the first upgrading level is the addition of floor and roof diaphragms, and the two subsequent levels involve addition of internal walls and reinforcement of the existing ones. For the reinforced concrete buildings, the first level involves increase of the shear walls' size, and higher upgrading levels involve addition of shear walls and increase of the...
Glaciation of the Hawaiian Islands

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the islands of Hawaii as the tallest of which rise 8-9 km above the floor of the deep ocean, are formed of overlapping volcanoes constructed during the last several million years. Of the many volcanoes comprising the islands, only Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaii, has an unequivocal record of multiple glaciations. Haleakala volcano on Maui likely was glaciated repeatedly during the Middle Pleistocene. Mauna Loa, Hawaii's second-highest summit, had a small ice cap during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but if so, the record of it is buffed beneath Holocene lava that mantles the upper slopes. The extent of the last ice cap on Mauna Kea (4206 m) is marked by a discontinuous terminal moraine or moraine complex and upper limits of erratic boulders on cinder cones that lie within the glacial limit. It also discusses the upslope from the outer moraines, striated bedrock surfaces are interspersed with loose bouldery drift, but no younger moraines are found, implying rapid deglaciation following the full-glacial advance without late-glacial halts or readvances.
Facilitating score and causal inference trees for large observational studies

Assessing treatment effects in observational studies is a multifaceted problem that not only involves heterogeneous mechanisms of how the treatment or cause is exposed to subjects, known as propensity, but also differential causal effects across sub-populations. We introduce a concept termed the facilitating score to account for both the confounding and interacting impacts of covariates on the treatment effect. Several approaches for estimating the facilitating score are discussed. In particular, we put forward a machine learning method, called causal inference tree (CIT), to provide a piecewise constant approximation of the facilitating score. With interpretable rules, CIT splits data in such a way that both the propensity and the treatment effect become more homogeneous within each resultant partition. Causal inference at different levels can be made on the basis of CIT. Together with an aggregated grouping procedure, CIT stratifies data into strata where causal effects can be conveniently assessed within each. Besides, a feasible way of predicting individual causal effects (ICE) is made available by aggregating ensemble CIT models. Both the stratified results and the estimated ICE provide an assessment of heterogeneity of causal effects and can be integrated for estimating the average causal effect (ACE). Mean square consistency of CIT is also established. We evaluate the performance of proposed methods with simulations and illustrate their use with the NSW data in Dehejia and Wahba (1999) where the objective is to assess the impact of a labor training program, the National SupportedWork (NSW) demonstration, on post-intervention earnings.
PANNING FOR GOLD AT THE K STREAM

Roughly once in ten billion decays, in theory, the K meson should turn into a pion and two neutrinos. This very rare process has now been seen for the first time, and the experimenters are a little lucky to have seen it so soon — unless there is something wrong with the theory.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Regulation

For more than 27 years, implanted vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) devices, with electric current outputs in the 1 to 3.5 mA range, have been developed for many health care applications, including epilepsy and heart disease [1]. Mechanical compression approaches for VNS were administered under surgical conditions, using forceps, in the 1800’s [2]. Outcomes such as Electrocardiogram (ECG) data, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were evaluated. Also, non-invasive (NI) mechanical compression of the vagus nerve for various nervous system disorders using hand, thumb, finger and belt pressure was popular in the 1800’s [3]. Cyberonics (now LivaNova) received the first FDA clearance for a surgically implanted electrical VNS device to treat refractory epilepsy in 1997.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Distributed aggregative games on graphs in adversarial environments

Existing solutions to aggregative games assume that all players are fully trustworthy for cooperative tasks or, in a worst-case scenario, are selfish players with no intent to intentionally harm the network. Nevertheless, the need to believe that players will behave consistently exposes the network to vulnerabilities associated with cyber-physical attacks. This paper investigates the effects of cyber-physical attacks on the outcome of distributed aggregative games (DAGs). More specifically, we are seeking to answer two main questions: (1) how a stealthy attack can deviate the game outcome from a cooperative Nash equilibrium, and by doing so, (2) by how much efficiency of a DAG degrades. To this end, we first show that adversaries can stealthily manipulate the outcome of a DAG by compromising the Nash equilibrium solution and consequently lead to an emergent misbehavior or no emergent behavior. This study will intensify the urgency of designing novel resilient solutions to DAGs so that the overall network sustains some notion of acceptable global behavior in the presence of malicious agents. Finally, we corroborate and illustrate our results by providing simulation examples. Simulations reveal that the adverse effect of a compromised agent is considerably worse than that of a selfish agent.
PHENIX J/Ψ Measurement at v( NN __

In 2002, PHENIX had the first measurements on J/Ψ → e+ e− and J/Ψ→μ + μ − in AuAu and pp collisions at $$\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200$$ GeV. The preliminary results are presented and discussed. The ongoing analysis status on year 2003 dAu collision data are presented.