cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of the intrinsic muscles of the foot.

Background Understanding muscle architecture of the foot may assist in the design of surgical procedures such as tendon transfer, biomechanical modeling of the foot, prosthesis design, and analysis of foot function. There is limited published information regarding foot intrinsic muscle architecture. Methods Eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were studied from eight males and three females. Twenty-eight intrinsic muscles were dissected in each foot, and measurements of fiber length, muscle length, and muscle volume obtained using calipers and water displacement technique. The physiologic cross-sectional area, fiber/muscle length ratio, muscle mass fraction, and tension fraction were then calculated. Results Intrinsic muscle length was related to foot size. The mean fiber length ranged from 13.6 mm (first plantar interosseous) to 28.0 mm (second extensor digitorum brevis). The mean muscle length ranged from 24.8 mm (adductor hallucis transverse) to 115.8 mm (abductor hallucis). The mean muscle volume ranged from 0.4 cc (fifth lumbrical) to 15.2 cc (abductor hallucis). The physiologic cross-sectional area ranged from 0.28 cm2 (second and third lumbrical) to 6.68 cm2 (abductor hallucis). The fiber/muscle ratio ranged from 0.20 (abductor hallucis) to 0.82 (adductor hallucis transverse). The mass fraction ranged from 0.33% (fifth lumbrical) to 16.59% (abductor hallucis). The tension fraction ranged from 0.34% (fifth lumbrical) to 15.37% (abductor hallucis). Conclusions The abductor hallucis and adductor hallucis oblique had much greater physiologic cross-sectional areas compared to those of the other intrinsic muscles. The lumbrical muscles had relatively low physiologic cross-sectional areas. These observations illustrate the underlying structural basis for the functional capacities of the intrinsic muscles of the foot. Anat. Rec. 249:143–151, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Tumor Virus Susceptibility Alleles on the Late-Feathering Gene K on Early Growth of White Leghorns

The influence of tumor virus susceptibility (tvb) alleles and the sex-linked, late-feathering-endogenous virus 21 complex (K-ev21) on early growth was observed in progeny from late-feathering (LF) and early-feathering (EF) dams. At 2, 4, 6 and 10 wk of age, homozygous (K/K) males that carried a dominant tvbs1 allele were significantly (P < .05) lighter in total body weight than K/K homozygous endogenous virus (EV) EV21-resistant (tvbr/tvbr) hatchmates. Among heterozygous (K/k+) males, tvbs1 did not significantly influence growth when compared with tvbr/tvbr hatchmates. At 10 wk of age, tvbs1-positive K/w female progeny from LF dams were also significantly lighter than tvbr/tvbr K/w hatchmates. However, among progeny from EF dams no significant within sex differences in body weight were found regardless of their feather or EV susceptibility phenotype. Results indicate that susceptibility to EV21 infection is particularly detrimental to early growth of ev21-K homozygous male and hemizygous female progeny of LF dams.
Essential Tensions Identity, Control, and Risk in Research

This paper examines the tensions and paradoxes that arise during the life course of research groups as they strive to establish and maintain an identity, acquire and retain control of an ensemble o...
Supplier Rationalization: A Sourcing Decision Model

We draw on extant literature on strategic sourcing and supply base rationalization to anchor our argument that measuring supplier performance diversity is germane to executing an effective supply base rationalization strategy. We explicate how a novel approach to data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency assessment can be utilized to measure this performance diversity. More specifically, our methods are anchored in cross efficiency analysis in DEA that allows for evaluating the efficiency of a supplier with respect to the optimal weights (strengths) of its peers. This methodology is applied to an actual supplier dataset of a large multinational telecommunications company in categorizing their supply base into groups for effective supplier rationalization. We conclude that measuring and analyzing the performance diversity within the framework of DEA provides a mechanism for firms to better balance a rationalized and diversified supply base with unique skills.
Quasi-bandlimited properties of Radon transforms and their implications for increasing angular sampling densities

The n-dimensional (n-D) radon transform, which forms the mathematical basis for a broad variety of tomographic imaging applications, can be viewed as an n-D function in n-D sinogram space. Accurate reconstruction of continuous or discrete tomographic images requires full knowledge of the Radon transform in the corresponding n-D sinogram space. In practice, however, one can have only a finite set of discrete samples of the Radon transform in the sinogram space. One often derives the desired full knowledge of the Radon transform from its discrete samples by invoking various interpolation algorithms. According to the Wittaker-Shannon sampling theorem, a necessary condition for a full and unique recovery of the Radon transform from its discrete samples is that the Radon transform itself be bandlimited. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the bandlimited properties of the Radon transform. In this work, the authors analyze explicitly the bandlimited properties of the Radon transform and show that the Radon transform is mathematically quasi-bandlimited [or essentially bandlimited] in two quantitative senses and can essentially be treated as bandlimited in practice. The quasi-bandlimited properties can be used for increasing the angular sampling density of the Radon transform.
CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

Criminologists continue to debate fundamental issues about the nature of their work. Some of the issues were built into the field by the criminal anthropologists who founded it a century ago. By examining the work of major American criminal anthropologists—a nearly forgotten group—one can identify the origins of three enduring problems: criminology's difficulties in (1) establishing its disciplinary boundaries; (2) defining its methods: and (3) deciding whether its primary goal is crime control or the production of knowledge with no immediate use-value. The study of criminology's roots in criminal anthropology cannot settle these debates, but it can put them in historical perspective and clarify their substance.
The impact of message scheduling on a packet switching interconnect fabric

The impact of different message scheduling strategies on the performance of a packet-switched network is explored. We present a new scheduling technique, called Alpha scheduling, that can combine the bandwidth-fairness of round robin scheduling with nearly the optimal performance of shortest-first scheduling. We investigate the trade-off involved in using different routing strategies while intelligently scheduling the packets from various messages for injection into an interconnect.
Feeding habits of some freshwater fishes in streams of Moorea, French Polynesia

Des restes d'animaux etaient presents dans les contenus stomacaux de 6 des 13 especes collectees dans 10 sites d'echantillonnages localisees sur les ruisseaux d'eau douce de Moorea, Polynesie francaise. L'anguille, Anguilla marmorata, contenait simultanement des proies d'origine dulcaquicole et marine, et l'anguille Anguilla obscura contenait des larves de dipteres syrphidae tolerants a la pollution. Les estomacs des poissons contenaient des proies non encore collectees dans ces ruisseaux. Une separation marquee de l'habitat a ete observee entre les deux especes de poissons les plus courantes. Eleotris fusca est un poisson benthophage et les contenus stomacaux comprenaient de nombreux gasteropodes neritides et thiarides. Le dormeur, Kuhlia marginata, consomme principalement les proies derivant en surface dont les fourmis constituent l'element le plus commun. Les poissons d'eau douce de Moorea ont peu de parasites compares a ceux des ruisseaux des iles Hawaii.
Representing knowledge by neural networks for qualitative analysis and reasoning

A systematic approach has been developed to construct neural networks for qualitative analysis and reasoning. These neural networks are used as specialized parallel distributed processors for solving constraint satisfaction problems. A typical application of such a neural network is to determine a reasonable change of a system after one or more of its variables are changed. A six-node neural network is developed to represent fundamental qualitative relations. A larger neural network can be constructed hierarchically for a system to be modeled by using six-node neural networks as building blocks. The complexity of the neural network building process is thus kept manageable. An example of developing a neural network reasoning model for a transistor equivalent circuit is demonstrated. The use of this neural network model in the equivalent circuit parameter extraction process is also described. >
Executive Summary: Advances in Ultra-Low-Voltage Design

The idea of exploiting weak-inversion operation for low power circuits was pioneered by Dr. Eric Vittoz in the 1960's, and has led to many recent advances in sub-threshold circuit design. Today, sub-threshold operation provides a compelling solution for a number of emerging energy-constrained systems implemented in scaled CMOS technologies. This article by Joyce Kwong and Anantha Chandrakasan, to be printed in full in the SSCS Fall News, outlines some recent advances and challenges associated with sub-threshold circuit design, including the design of new logic and memory circuits, support circuitry, and the use of redundancy.
The concept of preference in conversation analysis

Preference is treated as a single concept in conversation analysis, but it has in fact developed into an assemblage of loosely related concepts. It has also been construed in a variety of mutually incompatible, and sometimes meth-odologically questionable, ways. This is due, at least in part, to a confusion between preference in its everyday usage and preference as a technical notion. This paper attempts to present a clear and unitary concept of preference and investigate the properties of that concept, differentiate related concepts (including conversational implicature), and reveal common confusions. (Conversation analysis, preference, methodology, implicature)
Model-Based Engineering of Software: Three Productivity Perspectives

Evolving software products is a tricky business, especially when the domain is complex and changing rapidly. Like other fields of engineering, software engineering productivity advances have come about largely through abstraction, reuse, process, and automation (e.g., moving from assembly language to third generation languages offered increased productivity through better abstraction). For canonical or domain applications, model-based engineering (MBE) of software provides a systematic approach for producing software systems that leverage all of these avenues of productivity. Specifying or modeling software at higher levels of abstraction and connecting these representations with previously developed (reusable) components provides a repeatable assembly and transformation process that can often be automated. Since 2004, we have explored MBE for generating software from the high-level for sophisticated agent-based systems, low-level complexity in the details of software-defined radios, and more recently with the maturation of emergent systems found in social networking (i.e., Facebook-like systems). While productivity is a key benefit of MBE in software, there have been few studies that examine productivity. In this paper, we present our experience in these efforts and reflect on some productivity implications. Our experience shows that MBE introduces some complexities early in the product life cycle, but provides a stable basis for better productivity through systematic abstraction, reuse, process, and automation.
Methods for cluster-based incident detection

Here, we introduce a statistics-based anomaly detection technique for identifying systems that could have been compromised and had trojan executables installed. Attackers frequently install rootkits and other trojan files onto hosts they compromise so they can easily gain access in the future. Many detection systems use signatures to identify unauthorized files, but signatures for all platforms and patch levels do not exist in large-scale environments, such as government and university networks. Our anomaly detection system organizes hosts into clusters based on their files and uses statistics to identify those that should be examined in more detail.
Extent With Modification: Leg Patterning in the Beetle Tribolium castaneum and the Evolution of Serial Homologs

Serial homologs are similar structures that develop at different positions within a body plan. These structures share some, but not all, aspects of developmental patterning, and their evolution is thought to be constrained by shared, pleiotropic gene functions. Here we describe the functions of 17 developmental genes during metamorphic development of the legs in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. This study provides informative comparisons between appendage development in Drosophila melanogaster and T. castaneum, between embryonic and adult development in T. castaneum, and between the development of serially homologous appendages. The leg gap genes Distal-less and dachshund are conserved in function. Notch signaling, the zinc-finger transcription factors related to odd-skipped, and bric-a-brac have conserved functions in promoting joint development. homothorax knockdown alters the identity of proximal leg segments but does not reduce growth. Lim1 is required for intermediate leg development but not distal tarsus and pretarsus development as in D. melanogaster. Development of the tarsus requires decapentaplegic, rotund, spineless, abrupt, and bric-a-brac and the EGF ligand encoded by Keren. Metathoracic legs of T. castaneum have four tarsomeres, whereas other legs have five. Patterns of gene activity in the tarsus suggest that patterning in the middle of the tarsal region, not the proximal- or distal-most areas, is responsible for this difference in segment number. Through comparisons with other recent studies of T. castaneum appendage development, we test hypotheses for the modularity or interdependence of development during evolution of serial homologs.
Median labiomandibular glossotomy for access to the cervical spine.

Lesions of the upper cervical spine and base of skull cause problems of access for neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons. Surgical access to the anterior cervical spine is most commonly achieved through the neck, either anterior or posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This approach is useful for exposure of C4 to T1.1 It is less adequate for higher lesions and unsuitable for exposure of the atlantoaxial junction.2 Excellent access to the upper anterior cervical spine and the clivus may be obtained through the posterior pharyngeal wall when the lower lip, mandible, and tongue are split in the midline.3 This has been termed median labiomandibular glossotomy.4 Since mandibular osteotomies and soft tissue oral surgery are not routinely performed by orthopedists and neurosurgeons, this approach invites collaboration with the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for optimum patient care.
Building transcultural knowledge through intercollegiate collaboration.

Although the importance of providing culturally congruent care is widely recognized among nurses, many nurses lack the skill and knowledge necessary to successfully provide culturally competent care. Nursing programs need to better prepare students in transcultural nursing. This article describes an innovative collaborative learning activity that was implemented between two different nursing programs in different states aimed at improving students’transcultural knowledge. Students worked in small groups and used the Internet to collaborate on case studies that focused on transcultural health care issues. Responses collected by anonymous evaluations at the end of three semesters identified both strengths and weaknesses of the project. Results and suggestions for improvement are reported.
A Relational Approach for Ef?cient Service Selection

Web services are gaining momentum as a major vehicle to deliver business functionalities on the Web. More and more business organizations have begun to use Web services to facilitate user interactions and the collaboration among themselves. This essentially forms a large service space, which still keeps growing. Meanwhile, there may be functionality overlaps among different service providers. The concept of Quality of Web Service (QoWS) is emerging as a key feature in distinguishing between competing service providers. We present in this paper a systematic approach for efficient service selection by using QoWS as the major criterion. In particular, we adopt a relational approach that enables to store QoWS information in a relational DBMS and leverage standard relational operators for efficient service selection. We perform a preliminary set of experiments to evaluate the proposed service selection algorithms.
Effects of Vapocoolants on Passive Hip Flexion in Healthy Subjects

Vapocoolants have been documented clinically to increase range of motion limited by pain, but only one research study has been undertaken to investigate these observations. The purposes of this study were twofold: to replicate one existing quantitative study on Fluori-Methane Spray and to examine the effects of other brief, cold stimuli (ethyl chloride and isopropyl alcohol) to increase passive hip flexion in healthy adults. Three experimental groups and a control group were used; each subject served as his own control. Pretest and posttest measurements of passive hip flexion were measured in a gravity-minimized position. A specially designed table to ensure trunk stabilization was used. Brief, cold stimuli applied to the posterior region of the thigh were found ineffective in increasing passive hip flexion in healthy adults. The rationale for the findings is described in terms of the effects of brief, cold stimuli on a quiescent CNS as opposed to a CNS demonstrating heightened excitability in the pain-spasm-pain cycle.
Development of a Novel Method of Microencapsulation for a Model Protein, β-Glucuronidase

The objective of this research is to develop a microencapsulation system suitable for protein drugs which are unable to withstand the harsh processing conditions involved in most microencapsulation techniques. A novel non-cross-linked albumin/acacia complex coacervate gel-microencapsulation system was developed without the use of harsh processing conditions such as chemical cross-linking agents, organic solvents and the application of heat. This system was compared with chemically cross-linked albumin/acacia-coacervate microgels and interfacial polymerized nylon microcapsules with respect to entrapment of protein (β-glucuronidase) and retention of enzyme activity. The effects of pH, temperature and ionic strength on the stability of β-glucuronidase were investigated to determine enzyme compatibility with different processing conditions. Oppositely charged albumin and acacia formed spontaneous microgel coacervate-microcapsules under specific pH, ionic strength and concentration conditions. Total enzyme entrapment efficiency was highest in the nylon microcapsules. However, enzyme activity was highest in the non-cross-linked albumin/acacia microcapsules followed by cross-linked albumin/acacia microcapsules and then the nylon-microcapsules. Enzyme activity decreased with time in aqueous solution but was maintained in the albumin/acacia microcapsules over a ten-day study period. This may be due in part to the presence of albumin, as aqueous albumin solutions showed higher activity than those prepared without albumin over a ten-day study period. Stabilization of coacervate microcapsules was achieved without the use of chemical cross-linking agents. This method resulted in the preparation of β-glucuronidase microcapsules with significantly higher enzyme activity than that of microcapsules prepared by other methods.
In Defense of the Model Penal Code: A Reply to Professor Fletcher

Robinson responds to George Fletcher's attacks on the Model Penal Code, specifically Fletcher's often biting claims that the drafters adopted these dogmas: (1) Define as many concepts as you can -- whether you are competent to do so or not. (2) Write provisions that seem precise but that judges could never understand. (3) Assume that you and your drafting committee are the only smart lawyers who have ever lived. (4) Pretend to subscribe to the rule of law. (5) Wreak theoretical changes, inadvertently if possible. (6) Pretend the problem of mistake does not exist. (7) Recognize but do not recognize mistake of law as an excuse.
An analysis framework addressing the scale and legibility of large scientific data sets

Much of the previous work in the large data visualization area has solely focused on handling the scale of the data. This task is clearly a great challenge and necessary, but it is not sufficient. Applying standard visualization techniques to large scale data sets often creates complicated pictures where meaningful trends are lost. A second challenge, then, is to also provide algorithms that simplify what an analyst must understand, using either visual or quantitative means. This challenge can be summarized as improving the legibility or reducing the complexity of massive data sets. Fully meeting both of these challenges is the work of many, many PhD dissertations. In this dissertation, we describe some new techniques to address both the scale and legibility challenges, in hope of contributing to the larger solution. In addition to our assumption of simultaneously addressing both scale and legibility, we add an additional requirement that the solutions considered fit well within an interoperable framework for diverse algorithms, because a large suite of algorithms is often necessary to fully understand complex data sets. For scale, we present a general architecture for handling large data, as well as details of a contract-based system for integrating advanced optimizations into a data flow network design. We also describe techniques for volume rendering and performing comparisons at the extreme scale. For legibility, we present several techniques. Most noteworthy are equivalence class functions, a technique to drive visualizations using statistical methods, and line-scan based techniques for characterizing shape.
Behind Italy's Recent Successes in Cultural Patrimony Recovery

This is a short article for the ABA Section of International Law, Art & Cultural Heritage Newsletter describing Italy's recovery efforts, focusing on the U.S.
Congress in Black and White: The “Hollow Hope” of Civil Rights Change in the U.S. House

“What really happened during the 1990s redistricting round[?] … [B]lack interests suffered as a result of this [racial redistricting maximization] …” –David I. Lublin and D. Stephen Voss (2003) “If you go from a safe [black majority congressional] seat [to a black influence district], that is backsliding.” –Justice John Paul Stevens, during questioning in Georgia v. Ashcroft , 2003 (from Cook 2003). “Racial redistricting results in the election of some liberal representatives, thereby shifting the House median to the left.” –Kenneth W. Shotts (2003a, 226) “I don't want to … [increase my district's black population]. I believe it should be unconstitutional, if it's not, to stack black people in political ghettos.” –Rep. Jim Clyburn, black Democrat from South Carolina's sixth district (from Associated Press 2001) Do majority-minority districting plans cause more liberal or more conservative civil rights policy outcomes in the aggregate U.S. House? Or is it possible that majority-minority districting plans have little to no impact on civil rights outcomes in the aggregate U.S. House? Whereas substantial debates have occurred over these questions in the fields of history, political science, law, and on the Supreme Court, there has always been an assumption that these districting plans have either benefited or harmed African Americans.
Assessment of a Hybrid Continuous/Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Code for Geothermal Reservoir Simulations

FALCON (Fracturing And Liquid CONvection) is a hybrid continuous/discontinuous Galerkin finite element geothermal reservoir simulation code based on the MOOSE (Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment) framework being developed and used for multiphysics applications. In the present work, a suite of verification and validation (V&V) test problems for FALCON was defined to meet the design requirements, and solved to the interests of enhanced geothermal system modeling and simulation. The intent for this test problem suite is to provide baseline comparison data that demonstrates the performance of FALCON solution methods. The test problems vary in complexity from a single mechanical or thermal process, to coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in geological porous medium. Numerical results obtained by FALCON agreed well with either the available analytical solutions or experimental data, indicating the verified and validated implementation of these capabilities in FALCON. Whenever possible, some form of solution verification has been attempted to identify sensitivities in the solution methods, and suggest best practices when using the FALCON code.
Hypoglycemia and brain development.

Though hypoglycemia has been a common clinical condition known to affect human brain development, little has been done to define the resultant brain biochemical alterations. Because a controlled study of hypoglycemia in the newborn human infant is impossible, the infant rat was chosen as a model. Hypoglycemia induced once daily for 18 days following birth resulted in a generalized diminution of brain weight, cellularity, and protein content. The rate of formation of the myelin lipid sulfatide was decreased, as was the quantity of cerebroside-sulfatide in brains of hypoglycemic animals. Phospholipids, gangliosides, and cholesterol were decreased only in proportion to the decrease in brain weight. Brain glucose and glycogen concentrations were low in the brains of hypoglycemic animals, although ATP and phosphocreatine levels were not decreased.
Leptin resistance is associated with extreme obesity and aggregates in families.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the determinants of plasma leptin levels and leptin resistance in a sample of extremely obese subjects and their relatives. DESIGN and METHOD: We obtained plasma leptin values on 968 individuals from 218 families having both extremely obese and average weight members for obesity related variables. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify predictors of both plasma leptin concentration and an index of leptin resistance. Family correlations and heritabilities were computed for plasma leptin and indices of leptin resistance. RESULTS: Body mass index and sex predicted 63% of the variance in plasma leptin. Extremely obese subjects were most likely and average weight subjects least likely to be leptin resistant. Both leptin and leptin resistance aggregated within families. CONCLUSION: Leptin resistance is strongly associated with extreme obesity and appears to be a heritable trait. The determination of its genetic causes will aid in understanding the role of leptin in common forms of human obesity.
Optimal allocation of a Hybrid Power System Using Biogeography-based Algorithm

With the rapid development of micro-grid technologies, the application of renewable energy was gradually improved. The economic operation of the system was summarized, which included wind turbines, photovoltaic power generations, diesel generators and energy storage devices based on the biogeography based optimization(BBO)algorithm. The economic analysis was proposed in order to minimize the total cost of system based on the guarantee of power output. The example showed that the algorithm needs a shorter calculation time than other algorithms. It demonstrates its progressiveness and applicability in solving nonlinear problems. The algorithm can make full use of renewable energy, coordinate distributed powers and energy storage devicesand is verfied to be feasible and effective.
Investigation on rodents infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Sanjie,an area of An Hui province,China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the rodents infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi and determine the genetype of the Ot strain in Sanjie,anhui province.In epidemic season,the rodents were capturied and the mites were collected in the field,then the dominant kind of rodents were determined after classifying and calculating them.The DNA of 40 rodent spleens were detected by PCR;The mice were peritoneal injected by the homogenized spleen of rodents to isolate orientia tsutsugamushi in this region.The partial gene of Ot 56 kD outmembrane protein was amplified from the spleen of infectious mice and sequneced.Phylogenetic tree was constructed on the 56 kD gene of 17 strains.The results showed that the captured rodents and the rates of carrying mite were Apodemus agrarius 25,60%(15/25);Rattus norvegicus 11,45.5%(5/11),Microtus fortis 2 and S.inutus Linnaeus with negative carrying mite rate respectively;The DNA of 3 spleen of rodents were positive by PCR using Ot specific primers.One Ot strain named Sanjie was isolated from Apodemus agrarius.The gene sequence of Sanjie 56kD protein showed 98% homology with TT0711a and NT0511b strans isolated from Taiwan.Phylogenetic analysis showed that Sanjie was in the same branch with TT0711a and NT0511b,and the three were also in the same branch with kawasaki strain.This study indicated that Ot infection was presented in rodents from Sanjie and Apodemus agrarius was the main host.The genotype of Sanjie was determined as Kawasaki type.
Assessment of myeloid and monocytic dysplasia by flow cytometry in de novo AML helps define an AML with myelodysplasia-related changes category

Aims In recent years, multiparameter flow cytometry has been increasingly recognised as an important tool in diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Assessment of myeloid and monocytic ‘immunophenotypic’ dysplasia by flow cytometry in de novo AML has not been evaluated. Methods 97 cases of de novo AML cases were identified and reviewed by three hematopathologists. ‘Immunophenotypic’ dysplasia was assessed on blasts, monocytes and granulocytes by mean fluorescence intensity. Results Using the 2008 WHO classification criteria, there were 53 AML-not otherwise specified (NOS) (55%) and 28 AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) (29%), while 16 cases were ambiguous as to AML-MRC status due to limited maturing cells for morphologic but adequate events number for immunophenotypic evaluation (AML-not evaluable, 16%). Compared with AML-NOS, granulocytic cells in AML-MRC had higher CD33 expression but lower CD45, CD11b and CD15. Monocytes in AML-MRC had lower expression of CD14, CD56 and CD45. Morphologic dysplasia was associated with significantly lower granulocytic forward scatter, side scatter and CD10 but higher CD33 expression. Conclusions Our results suggest that the workup of AML cases should include flow cytometric assessment of granulocytes and monocytes. This analysis can aid a morphologic impression of multilineage dysplasia in distinguishing AML-MRC from AML-NOS, especially in cases with limited maturing myeloid cells.
A Methodology for Performance Analysis of Non-blocking Algorithms Using Hardware and Software Metrics

Non-blocking algorithms are a class of algorithms that provide guarantees of progress within a system. These progress guarantees come from the fine-grained synchronization techniques incorporated into their design. There are a number of various non-blocking designs and implementations of concurrent algorithms. However, trade-offs between performance and non-blocking algorithm design decisions are poorly understood. The most common method to measure the performance of non-blocking algorithms is to analyze the number of operations completed over a period of time. Unfortunately, this coarse-grained approach for performance analysis is unable to capture and explain many of the nuances of the behavior of non-blocking algorithms. This can result in a flawed perception of such algorithms, which may lead to a misguided use of them. This work provides a fine-grained approach for the analysis of the design and use of non-blocking algorithms. To support this analysis, we introduce a methodology that enables a user to simulate an application's use of an arbitrary non-blocking algorithm and extract insightful information from the performance results. To better understand the behavior of non-blocking algorithms, we present metrics to measure the effectiveness of the key synchronization and memory management techniques used in non-blocking algorithms. Our analysis combines these new metrics with several well-known hardware metrics to explain key behaviors and develop new insights. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, we integrate it within the Tervel framework and analyzed Tervel's vector in various use cases. Our experiments show that helping mechanisms negatively impact throughput by increasing misaligned data cache accesses. Furthermore, by studying the correlations between different metrics, we are able to observe the effect of thread interference on the CPU instructions and instruction cache invalidation, and then link the decrease in work completed to this effect. In addition to the provided information, these metrics revealed implementation errors that did not affect correctness but caused increased thread congestion.
Evaluation of approximate relations for Delta /Q/ using a numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation

Data obtained from a numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation for shock-wave structure are used to test the accuracy of accepted approximate expressions for the two moments of the collision integral Delta (Q) for general intermolecular potentials in systems with a large translational nonequilibrium. The accuracy of the numerical scheme is established by comparison of the numerical results with exact expressions in the case of Maxwell molecules. They are then used in the case of hard-sphere molecules, which are the furthest-removed inverse power potential from the Maxwell molecule; and the accuracy of the approximate expressions in this domain is gauged. A number of approximate solutions are judged in this manner, and the general advantages of the numerical approach in itself are considered.
Chemotherapy Response Assessment by FDG-PET-CT in Early-stage Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: Moving Beyond the Five-Point Deauville Score.

Purpose In early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scans are performed routinely after chemotherapy, and the 5-point Deauville score is used to report the disease response. We hypothesized that other PET-CT parameters, considered in combination with Deauville score, would improve risk stratification. Methods and Materials Patients treated for stage I to II Hodgkin lymphoma from 2003 to 2013, who were aged ≥18 years and had analyzable PET-CT scans performed before and after chemotherapy, were eligible. The soft tissue volume (STV), maximum standardized uptake value, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis were recorded from the PET-CT scans before and after chemotherapy. Reductions were defined as 1 − (final PET-CT value)/(corresponding initial PET-CT value). The primary endpoint was freedom from progression (FFP). Results For 202 patients treated with chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy, the 5-year FFP was 89% (95% confidence interval 85%-93%). All PET-CT parameters were strongly associated with the Deauville score ( P P P =.045). Conclusions The relative reduction in tumor size is an independent predictor of outcome. Combined with the Deauville score, it might improve risk stratification and contribute to response-adapted individualization of therapy.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Service Use for Older Foster Youth and Foster Care Alumni

Studies have shown that foster care alumni have disproportionally high rates of poor mental health outcomes compared to the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in mental health service use for Latino, African American, and White youth while in foster care and upon exit from the foster care system. Secondary data were used to identify youth 1 year prior to exiting the foster care system (N = 934) and 1 year after exit from the foster care system (N = 433). Racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use upon exit from the foster care system were found, with Latino youth using the least amount of services after foster care exit. Racial/ethnic service disparities in type of services used were also found. Findings suggest that a lack of support (e.g., mandatory or voluntary) may be significant in overcoming challenges in the continuation or disruption of services.
BK Channels Are Required for Multisensory Plasticity in the Oculomotor System

Neural circuits are endowed with several forms of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity that could contribute to adaptive changes in behavior, but circuit complexities have hindered linking specific cellular mechanisms with their behavioral consequences. Eye movements generated by simple brainstem circuits provide a means for relating cellular plasticity to behavioral gain control. Here we show that firing rate potentiation, a form of intrinsic plasticity mediated by reductions in BK-type calcium-activated potassium currents in spontaneously firing neurons, is engaged during optokinetic reflex compensation for inner ear dysfunction. Vestibular loss triggers transient increases in postsynaptic excitability, occlusion of firing rate potentiation, and reductions in BK currents in vestibular nucleus neurons. Concurrently, adaptive increases in visually evoked eye movements rapidly restore oculomotor function in wild-type mice but are profoundly impaired in BK channel-null mice. Activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic excitability may be a general mechanism for adaptive control of behavioral output in multisensory circuits.
Effects of bronchoscopy on lung function in asthmatics

ABSTRACTBackground: To better understand the changes in pulmonary physiology related to asthma severity following bronchoscopy, we performed scheduled pre- and post-procedure spirometry on subjects undergoing bronchoscopy in our research program. Methods: Control subjects and asthma subjects were recruited for bronchoscopy. On the day of bronchoscopy, subjects underwent spirometry pre-bronchoscopy and then up to three sets within 2 hour following the completion of bronchoscopy. A subset of patients had a second bronchoscopy after 2 weeks of treatment with oral prednisolone (40mg daily). Results: A total of 92 subjects had at least one bronchoscopy (12 control subjects, 56 nonsevere asthma (NSA), 24 severe asthma (SA)). The SA and NSA groups had similar decreases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (−20±13% vs.−19±16%, p = 0.92) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (−20±12% vs.−20±14%, p = 0.80), but no change in FEV1/FVC ratio. The control and NSA group had more rapid recovery of both FEV1 and FVC b...
Toward Always-On Mobile Object Detection: Energy Versus Performance Tradeoffs for Embedded HOG Feature Extraction

This paper studies the effects of front-end imager parameters on object detection performance and energy consumption. A custom version of histograms of oriented gradient (HOG) features based on 2-b pixel ratios is presented and shown to achieve superior object detection performance for the same estimated energy compared with conventional HOG features. A front-end hardware implementation capable of extracting these features at multiple scales is proposed, and a system-level energy analysis is performed. This energy analysis suggests a potential $19\times $ reduction in I/O energy and a $3.3\times $ reduction in back-end detection energy compared with conventional object detection pipelines.
The causes of dispersal and the cost of carry‐over effects for an endangered bird in a dynamic wetland landscape

Summary The decision to disperse or remain philopatric between breeding seasons has important implications for both ecology and evolution, including the potential for carry-over effects, where an individual's previous history affects its current performance. Carry-over effects are increasingly documented although underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we test for potential carry-over effects and their mechanisms by uniting hypotheses for the causes and consequences of habitat selection and dispersal across space and time. We linked hypotheses regarding different types of factors and information (environmental conditions, personal and public information) predicted to impact reproductive success and dispersal for an endangered, wetland-dependent bird, the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus). To do so, we coupled structural equation modelling with 20 years of mark–recapture and nesting data across the breeding range of this species to isolate potential direct and indirect effects of these factors. We found that water depth at nest sites explained subsequent emigration rates via an indirect path through the use of personal, not public, information. Importantly, we found that these dispersers tended to initiate nests later the following breeding season. This pattern explained a phenological mismatch of nesting with hydrological conditions, whereby immigrants tended to nest later, late nesters tended to experience lower water depths, higher nest failure occurred at lower water depths and higher nest failure explained subsequent breeding dispersal. These results identified a novel potential mechanism for carry-over effects: a phenological mismatch with environmental conditions (water depth) that occurred potentially due to time costs of dispersal. Our results also highlighted a substantial benefit of philopatry – earlier initiation of reproduction – which allows philopatric individuals to better coincide with environmental conditions that are beneficial for successful reproduction. These results have implications for our mechanistic understanding and prediction of carryover effects, and emphasize that local conservation strategies, such as water management, can explain future demography at distant sites connected through dispersal.
From Secular Criticism to Critical Fidelity

Stathis Gourgouris has responded to the question “Is critique secular” with a decisive “yes” and has offered a passionate and sophisticated defense of this position in Lessons in Secular Criticism....
STABLE: Stress-Aware Boolean Matching to Mitigate BTI-Induced SNM Reduction in SRAM-Based FPGAs

Biased-Temperature-Instability (BTI) aging mechanism reduces Static-Noise-Margin (SNM) of SRAM cells. This leads to a higher Soft-Error-Rate (SER), lower reliability, and lower SRAMs’ stability in FPGAs. SNM partially improves by leveraging the recovery phase of BTI through flipping SRAM content. We propose STABLE, a three-step post-synthesis stress-aware technique, in order to reduce the impact of BTI-induced SNM reduction in FPGA Look-up-Tables (LUTs) using the SAT-based Boolean Matching (BM) algorithm. STABLE partitions Data-Flow-Graph (DFG) of the implemented design into different cones. First, the SAT-based BM algorithm finds a new configuration for each cone while their functionalities are preserved and all SRAMs are flipped. Second, cones that did not pass the first step can benefit from unused SRAMs in their partially-used LUTs for storing the flipped configurations of such LUTs. Finally, flipped configurations of fully-used LUTs are stored in the closest unused LUTs. The main configuration of the implemented FPGA design is swapped by the new flipped configuration, periodically. Our extensive experimental analysis demonstrates 69 and 70 percent on average improvements in the SNM reduction () and the SER increase ( $\Delta SER$ ), respectively. Since the proposed methodology is deployed after the FPGA placement and routing of the application, the overhead is negligible.
Philosophy of Law: Introduction

This Introduction to my 'Philosophy of Law: Collected Essays Volume IV' (Oxford University Press 2011), published in the United Kingdom in early April, and in the United States in early May 2011, introduces the volume’s 22 published and unpublished essays, and follows the volume’s division into four Parts: Foundations of Law’s Authority; Theories and Theorists of Law; Legal Reasoning; and the Two Senses of “Legal System.” The first half of the Introduction is, in effect, a brief new essay on the foundations of the positivity of positive law, revisiting issues taken up in chapter I of Natural Law and Natural Rights and issues involved in the so-called sources thesis and in the labeling of theories as “positivist.” Later parts of the Introduction indicate some patterns emergent in the volume’s many essays on particular theorists and theories; review the bearing of the “one-right answer” thesis on legal reasoning and some prime examples of judicial misreasoning; and the relation of the idea of “legal system” to issues around the emergence of independent states in the British Empire, and around Britain’s absorption into and subjection to the European Union. The Introduction, like the volume, intersects with the Introductions to, and contents of, each of the other volumes in the five-volume set, which is published just before the second edition of Natural Law and Natural Rights, reformatted to accompany the set and incorporating a 65-page Postscript. The Collected Essays are I Reason in Action, II Intention and Identity, III Human Rights and Common Good, IV Philosophy of Law, V Religion and Public Reasons. Each volume includes the index for the set, and the author’s bibliography.
Enhancing the robustness of interdependent cyber-physical systems by designing the interdependency relationship

This paper studies how to optimize the interdependencies among the components in the interdependent Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), in order to enhance the system robustness. In the interdependent CPS, some components may require the resources (or work conditions) provided by other components. Accordingly, small scale initial failure may incur large scale cascading failure as some of the working components may loss the resources (or work conditions) provided by the failed components. Due to this fact, we can optimize the resource allocation and change the interdependencies among components, so as to minimize the impact of cascading failure incurred by single component failure. To this end, we formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem, and design an efficient algorithm based on progressive relaxation and rounding method to solve it. We also propose a greedy algorithm to quickly solve the problems in extreme large scale systems. In addition, we study how to allocate the redundant resources for the backup purpose and further enhance the system robustness. Simulation results show that if 1.3 times of the resources required by all the components are provided, we can eliminate the cascading failure incurred by single component failure.