cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Map Merging of Oriented Topological Semantic Maps

In this paper we propose a solution for the problem of merging together partial spatial models relying on our recently introduced Oriented Topological Semantic Maps (OTSM). This problem arises when a group of robots cooperatively explore an environment, and each one independently builds a partial map that must be combined with the others into a full map. Our methodology is inspired by the Warrington's Object Recognition Model, a cognitive model hypothesizing two post-sensory categorical stages working together for object recognition. Accordingly, we use two stages to compare different maps and match them together based on their mutual resemblance. Our method is complemented by a scoring system to measure the likelihood that two vertices in different OTSMs correspond to the same vertex, despite possible errors in labeling, orientation, or topological structure. Our methodology is validated in a simulation informed by an ongoing real robot implementation, thus allowing us to perform various experiments with carefully controlled error sources.
Mechanism of Bacterial Co-resistance

Co-resistance characterized by the transfer of numerous resistant genes into the same bacteria and by the occurrence of mutations in different genetic loci which affects different antimicrobials. Isolates with the co-resistant gene are more dormant in nature as offsetting events avoid fitness cost of co-resistance. Co-resistant isolates might be selected by different antimicrobial however, a single agent might also select co-resistant isolates which known as co-selection. Both co-resistance and co-selection play a vital role in increasing the chances of bacterial persistence and resistant genes. Therefore, it is worth to consider both, co-resistance and co-selection when scheming strategies to fight against antimicrobial resistance. However, in the recent past, rapid increase has been observed in antimicrobial resistance and we have already attained a crisis where several antibiotics are no longer effective against bacterial infections. In this alarming scenario, the emergence of co-resistance could make the situation worse while a steady decline has been observed in the discovery of new and effective antibiotics during the last few decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient alternatives to conventional antibiotics to overcome drug resistance and co-resistance problem.
Spanish and English bilinguals: Between L1 and L2?

The present study explores the vowel and intonation systems of heritage Spanish speakers in California based on a corpus of semi-directed interviews, to establish whether one language influences the other, or whether their English and for Spanish are closer to the monolingual speakers’ system of either language. There is some limited evidence that the vowel systems of Spanish in Spanish heritage speakers of Mexican descent in California is indeed very similar to the system of monolingual Mexican Spanish speakers (in pitch, duration, F1 and F2 values)—their English vowel system, however, and especially the front vowels, is not completely comparable to the published values for monolingual American English speakers’ vowels (Miglio, 2011). Intonation in bilingual Spanish has been shown to be influenced by English pitch movement, as well as signalling information structure (Gries and Miglio, 2015). This study widens the scope of the previous ones using data from natural speech as opposed to carrier sentences read out loud, and uses unpublished data from the same regional varieties of both English and Spanish, as spoken in California (monolingual English, bilingual English-Spanish), and in Mexico (monolingual Spanish) by individuals in the same age group and of comparable socio-cultural background.The present study explores the vowel and intonation systems of heritage Spanish speakers in California based on a corpus of semi-directed interviews, to establish whether one language influences the other, or whether their English and for Spanish are closer to the monolingual speakers’ system of either language. There is some limited evidence that the vowel systems of Spanish in Spanish heritage speakers of Mexican descent in California is indeed very similar to the system of monolingual Mexican Spanish speakers (in pitch, duration, F1 and F2 values)—their English vowel system, however, and especially the front vowels, is not completely comparable to the published values for monolingual American English speakers’ vowels (Miglio, 2011). Intonation in bilingual Spanish has been shown to be influenced by English pitch movement, as well as signalling information structure (Gries and Miglio, 2015). This study widens the scope of the previous ones using data from natural speech as opposed to carrier sentences r...
Trauma-Sensitive Schools and Social Justice: A Critical Analysis.

The creation of trauma-sensitive schools has become an increasingly central focus of school reform and urban school reform in particular. While these initiatives have been framed as social justice imperatives, this framing warrants critique. This critical analysis surveys the history, models, and documented outcomes of trauma-sensitive approaches in K-12 education. Special attention is given to gaps in existing frameworks which lead to a decontextualized understanding of disproportionality, an apolitical conception of schools, and a deficit orientation toward families and communities. The authors advocate for the integration of social justice education into frameworks for trauma-sensitive schools as an initial step toward addressing these issues.
Management of Patient with Brain Abscess

A 24-year-old female with chronic otitis media presents to the emergency department with fever, headache, and vomiting for 2 days and an episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure an hour ago. Her examination showed normal consciousness, weight 54 kg, heart rate of 96 beats/min, blood pressure of 128/80 mmHg, respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, and SpO2 of 98% in room air. Computed tomography of the brain revealed a 3 cm × 2.6 cm space-occupying lesion in the frontal region of the brain that was consistent with brain abscess.
Lessons from COVID-19 are key to moving forward

Editor-in-Chief Catherine Y. Spong, MD, gives her perspective on what ob/gyns can learn from the pandemic as the specialty is business as usual in an otherwise stark hospital.
Multipath Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

In an ideal network, a source always knows how to reach the destination, and the network connection is always reliable. In an ad hoc wireless network where any node can be mobile, a source needs to update the location of the mobile destination and intermediate nodes constantly, and network connections may break frequently due to the changing network topologies and unreliable wireless connectivity.
Dual-Comb Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of a Polymer Film

Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy (DCPAS) is a new spectroscopy technique that measures photoacoustic signals in thousands of wavelength bands simultaneously. We report the first demonstration of this technique and show DCPAS spectra of polymer films.
The impact of tenure on faculty course evaluations

The conferment of tenure at a United States university provides substantial job security to its recipients. Tenure is designed to allow a professor the ability to explore new and risky research que...
c-di-AMP-Regulated K+ Importer KtrAB Affects Biofilm Formation, Stress Response, and SpeB Expression in Streptococcus pyogenes.

ABSTRACT The second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) controls biofilm formation, stress response, and virulence in Streptococcus pyogenes. The deletion of the c-di-AMP synthase gene, dacA, results in pleiotropic effects including reduced expression of the secreted protease SpeB. Here, we report a role for K+ transport in c-di-AMP-mediated SpeB expression. The deletion of ktrB in the ΔdacA mutant restores SpeB expression. KtrB is a subunit of the K+ transport system KtrAB that forms a putative high-affinity K+ importer. KtrB forms a membrane K+ channel, and KtrA acts as a cytosolic gating protein that controls the transport capacity of the system by binding ligands including c-di-AMP. SpeB induction in the ΔdacA mutant by K+ specific ionophore treatment also supports the importance of cellular K+ balance in SpeB production. The ΔdacA ΔktrB double deletion mutant not only produces wild-type levels of SpeB but also partially or fully reverts the defective ΔdacA phenotypes of biofilm formation and stress responses, suggesting that many ΔdacA phenotypes are due to cellular K+ imbalance. However, the null pathogenicity of the ΔdacA mutant in a murine subcutaneous infection model is not restored by ktrB deletion, suggesting that c-di-AMP controls not only cellular K+ balance but also other metabolic and/or virulence pathways. The deletion of other putative K+ importer genes, kup and kimA, does not phenocopy the deletion of ktrB regarding SpeB induction in the ΔdacA mutant, suggesting that KtrAB is the primary K+ importer that is responsible for controlling cellular K+ levels under laboratory growth conditions.
Assessing bronchodilator response by changes in per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second.

In pulmonary function testing by spirometry, bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) evaluates the degree of volume and airflow improvement in response to an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (BD). The traditional, binary categorization (present vs absent BDR) has multiple pitfalls and limitations. To overcome these limitations, a novel classification that defines five categories (negative, minimal, mild, moderate and marked BDR), and based on % and absolute changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), has been recently developed and validated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and against multiple objective and subjective measurements. In this study, working on several large spirometry cohorts from two different institutions (n=31 598 tests), we redefined the novel BDR categories based on delta post-BD–pre-BD FEV1 % predicted values. Our newly proposed BDR partition is based on several distinct intervals for delta post-BD–pre-BD % predicted FEV1 using Global Lung Initiative predictive equations. In testing, training and validation cohorts, the model performed well in all BDR categories. In a validation set that included only normal baseline spirometries, the partition model had a higher rate of misclassification, possibly due to unrestricted BD use prior to baseline testing. A partition that uses delta % predicted FEV1 with the following intervals ≤0%, 0%–2%, 2%–4%, 4%–8% and >8% may be a valid and easy-to-use tool for assessing BDR in spirometry. We confirmed in our cohorts that these thresholds are characterized by low variance and that they are generally gender-independent and race-independent. Future validation in other cohorts and in other populations is needed.
Computed tomography technologist notes in PACS to radiologists: what are they telling us and how does it increase value?

In the clinical workflow of radiology services, a critical connection exists between technologists and radiologists, yet there is often limited communication between this key link in the chain of patient imaging. Our aim was to quantify and detail the communication between CT technologists and radiologists in our tertiary oncology practice. Using the note function in our EMR, as standard operating procedure, CT technologists are instructed to place pertinent notes for the radiologist relevant to any portion of the patient encounter. Note categories pertain to quality and/or safety: patient limitations (e.g., patient unable to raise arm), protocol confirmation (e.g., rectal contrast given), critical finding communication, scan range considerations, IV issues, reduction in eGFR, oral contrast issues, allergy information, general feedback, equipment malfunction, and radiologist approval information. The percentage of notes within each category were recorded upon review of contiguous abdominal CT scans in July 2018 with the primary outcome measure of overall note volume compared to baseline in July 2016 after which time technologists were educated on the importance of notes and were requested to increase use of this tool. Notes were regularly reviewed to identify practice improvement opportunities. Compared to baseline 2 years earlier (8860 CT scans, 812 technologist notes), there was a 32% increase in technologist note volume (10,948 CT scans, 1330 technologist notes), representing an increase of notes from 9.2% of exams to 12.1% of exams (p < .001) and there were 14 related practice improvements. After communicating the importance of CT technologist notes and requesting increased notation frequency, technologist note volume significantly increased and 14 specific case examples of related practice improvement demonstrate the electronic medical record note function to be a robust tool in the management of patient imaging.
Effects of feeding varying levels of hempseed meal on dry matter intake, rumen fermentation, in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and growth performance of growing meat goats

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect hempseed meal (HSM; a by-product of hemp oil production) supplementation has on DMI, rumen fermentation, in vitro true digestibility, blood metabolites, and growth performance of growing meat goats over a 60-d feeding trial. Materials and Methods Forty castrated Boer cross goats 4 to 5 mo of age with an average BW of 25.63 ± 0.33 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 10/treatment): control (0), 11%, 22%, and 33% HSM of the total diet on a DM basis. The forage to concentrate ratio was maintained at 50.2:49.8 on a DM basis, and timothy hay was used as a forage source. Diets were pelleted as TMR. Data were collected for DMI, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and growth performance for the 60-d feeding trial. Data were analyzed utilizing the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Orthogonal contrasts for increasing HSM inclusion rates were used to determine linear and quadratic effects within the data. Results and Discussion The DMI was similar among treatments (P > 0.05). Total live weight gain (kg) decreased linearly (P Implications and Applications These findings provide new insights into the feeding value of HSM for meat goats; however, further research needs to be conducted to determine the optimal level of HSM supplementation.
On Feasibility of Interplanetary Travel: the Flight from Earth to Mars and Back

This paper deals with the major issues of round-trip Mars missions, namely: flight time, characteristic velocity, andmassratio. Two classes of trajectories are considered: (i) slow transfer trajectories, for which the round-trip angular travel of Earth exceeds that of the spacecraft by 360 degrees; (ii) fast transfer trajectories, for which the round-trip angular travels of Earth and spacecraft are the same.
Characteristics of Very Low Frequency Atmospheric Noise in the Arctic

A three-station Arctic monitoring net to record sferic activity throughout the Northern Hemisphere has accumulated many data. Some of these data have been analyzed to define Arctic atmospheric noise conditions. The amplitude distributions of sferics received at Fairbanks, Thule, and St. Johns from September 1958 through March 1959 have been determined. In the Northern Hemisphere, during the winter, the month-to-month variation in the rate of sferics exceeding a specific field strength decreases as the latitude of the receiving station increases. The source location data and data from received direction-of-arrival distributions correlate with reported thunderstorm-day contours throughout the world. The diurnal variation of sferic activity has been determined; for any geographical location in the middle latitudes, local sferic activity is a minimum in the morning and a maximum during the night, for the winter months. Atmospheric noise amplitude data indicate that atmospheric noise level as a function of frequency is dependent upon the latitude of the receiving station.
How the Proslavery Constitution Led to the Civil War

This article explores the proslavery nature of the US Constitution and the ways in which that Constitution set the country on the road to the Civil War. The article points out that under the Constitution it was impossible to end slavery. Even to this day, in 2013, it would be impossible to amend the Constitution if all 15 of the slave states (or now former slave states) opposed the amendment. This article was first presented a symposium on the Constitution and the Civil War at Rutgers Camden Law School.
Elimination of thoracic muscle tensing effects for frontal crash dummies

Current crash dummy biofidelity standards include the estimated effects of tensing the muscles of the thorax. This study reviewed the decision to incorporate muscle tensing by examining relevant past studies and by using an existing mathematical model of thoracic impacts. The study finds evidence that muscle tensing effects are less pronounced than implied by the biofidelity standard response corridors, that the response corridors were improperly modified to include tensing effects, and that tensing of other body regions, such as extremity bracing, may have a much greater effect on the response and injury potential than tensing of only the thoracic musculature. Based on these findings, it is recommended that muscle tensing should be eliminated from thoracic biofidelity requirements until there is sufficient information regarding multi-region muscle tensing response and the capability to incorporate this new data into a crash dummy.
Spontaneous sign systems created by deaf children in two cultures

Deaf children whose access to usable conventional linguistic input, signed or spoken, is severely limited nevertheless use gesture to communicate. These gestures resemble natural language in that they are structured at the level both of sentence and of word. Although the inclination to use gesture may be traceable to the fact that the deaf children's hearing parents, like all speakers, gesture as they talk, the children themselves are responsible for introducing language-like structure into their gestures. We have explored the robustness of this phenomenon by observing deaf children of hearing parents in two cultures, an American and a Chinese culture, that differ in their child-rearing practices and in the way gesture is used in relation to speech. The spontaneous sign systems developed in these cultures shared a number of structural similarities: patterned production and deletion of semantic elements in the surface structure of a sentence; patterned ordering of those elements within the sentence; and concatenation of propositions within a sentence. These striking similarities offer critical empirical input towards resolving the ongoing debate about the 'innateness' of language in human infants.
Prediction of three heavy spin-0 particles in the SM

The axial-vector couplings of the internediate bosons with fermions lead to the prediction of three very heavy spin-0 states in the SM, whose masses are about 10^{14}GeV. If these states on mass shell there are problems of negative probability. A new perturbation theory of the SM is proposed.
Activation of an elastase precursor by the lasA gene product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract To study the role of the lasA gene product in the secretion of enzymatically active elastase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we constructed mutants by gene replacement with in vitro-derived insertion and deletion mutations in the cloned lasA gene. lasA mutants were deficient in the production of elastolytic activity. A membrane-associated, higher-molecular-weight (approximately 47,000) precursor of elastase was observed in both the wild-type and the lasA mutants. Unlike the wild-type strain, the lasA mutant accumulated the 47,000-molecular weight elastase species in the soluble fraction of the cell, suggesting that the lasA gene product has a role in elastase secretion. Although lasA mutants were deficient in elastolytic activity, they produced a proelastase with a mature molecular weight (approximately 37,000) that still retained general proteolytic activity. Final yields of elastase-related material were approximately the same in both the wild-type strain and lasA mutant supernatants. The lasA gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the approximate molecular weight of the lasA gene product was 31,000. Extracts of E. coli containing the lasA gene product were shown in vitro to activate the proelastase produced by P. aeruginosa lasA mutants to an enzyme with elastolytic activity. Thus the lasA gene product has a direct effect on broadening the substrate specificity of secreted proelastase, as well as a second role (direct or indirect) in the secretion of elastase.
Human Persons, Human Rights, and the Distributive Structure of Global Justice

This Article addresses how to take distribution seriously in transnational legal and policy analysis. It does so by two means, both keyed to the principal ways in which distribution is typically implicated in transnational legal and policy analysis: first, by careful attention to the internal structures of the global welfare functions favored by most economically oriented analysts; and second, by reference to what linguists call the 'cognitive grammar' of non-formal distributive language, a structure that mirrors the structure of distribution itself. Both modes of analysis yield a workable method to test proposed maximization norms for their normative propriety, and an attractive distributive ethic that can serve as a normative touchstone for transnational legal and policy proposals.
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas Vol. 3: South America, part 2

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: Vol. 3: South America, part 2. Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 976 pp.
Glass leaching studies by sputter-induced photon spectrometry (SIPS)

Abstract The effect of composition on the leaching behavior of soda-lime silicate glasses is studied by depth-profiling using the sputter-induced photon spectrometry (SIPS) technique on hydrated glasses of variable Na2O and CaO contents. In addition, the increase in the thickness of the leached layers as a function of hydration time for the 18Na2O·12CaO·70SiO2 glass is also determined. The results indicate that a mechanism of interdiffusion is in operation and the diffusion coefficients for hydrogen and sodium are calculated using the Doremus model of interdiffusing ions.
On feasibility of launch vehicle designs

We study various launch vehicle designs for a spacecraft to be launched vertically and ascending to an Earth orbit located at Space Station altitude (h=463 km). We optimize the trajectory from the maximum payload viewpoint with respect to the angle of attack time history and thrust setting time history. We consider single-stage, double-stage, and triple-stage configurations. To perform the study, we employ a newly developed member of the family of sequential gradient-restoration algorithms for optimal control problems, the multiple-subarc sequential gradient-restoration algorithm. Assuming that the engine specific impulse has the best value available today (I"s"p=450 s), we study the effect of the structural factor @e (ratio of the structural mass to sum of structural mass and propellant mass) on the payload and then develop simple relations connecting the structural factor to the payload. With these relations, we are able to predict the limiting value of the structural factor for which the payload vanishes. To two significant digits, the limiting value is approximately @[email protected]?0.11 for a single-stage configuration, @[email protected]?0.27 for a double-stage configuration, and @[email protected]?0.33 for a triple-stage configuration. Based on these results, we conclude that, given the current values of the engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor, a single-stage configuration is not feasible at this particular time, while double-stage and triple-stage configurations are feasible. The above limiting values refer to multistage configurations designed with uniform structural factor. Higher payloads and higher limiting values for the last stage structural factor are possible for configurations designed with nonuniform structural factor, that is, with a last-stage structural factor much higher than the structural factors of the previous stages. For example, a double-stage configuration with @e"1=0.10, @e"2=0.25 can deliver to orbit a payload mass equal to 4.7% at the takeoff mass; a triple-stage configuration with @e"[email protected]"2=0.10, @e"3=0.25 can deliver to orbit a payload mass equal to 6.8% of the takeoff mass.
Risk of cesarean in obese nulliparous women with unfavorable cervix: elective induction vs expectant management at term

Objective The objective of the study was to examine maternal and neonatal outcomes in obese nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix undergoing elective induction of labor compared with expectant management after 39.0 weeks. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of nulliparous women with a vertex singleton gestation who delivered at MedStar Washington Hospital Center from 2007 to 2012. Patients with unfavorable cervix between 38.0 and 38.9 weeks (modified Bishop 2 or greater at the time of delivery were included. Women undergoing elective induction between 39.0 and 40.9 weeks' gestation were compared with those who were expectantly managed beyond 39.0 weeks. Outcomes were analyzed using χ 2 , Student t , or Wilcoxon rank sum tests as appropriate with a significance set at P Results Sixty patients meeting inclusion criteria underwent elective induction of labor and were compared with 410 patients expectantly managed beyond 39.0 weeks. The rate of cesarean delivery was significantly higher in the electively induced group (40.0% vs 25.9%, respectively, P = .022). Other maternal outcomes, including operative vaginal delivery, rate of third- or fourth-degree lacerations, chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, and a need for a blood transfusion were similar. The neonatal intensive care unit admission rate was higher in the electively induced group (18.3% vs 6.3%, P = .001). Birthweight, umbilical artery pH less than 7.0, and Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes were similar. Conclusion Elective labor induction at term in obese nulliparous parturients carries an increased risk of cesarean delivery and higher neonatal intensive care unit admission rate as compared with expectant management.
Wavelength of Hg 198 Zeeman Filter Relative to that of the 2537-Å Absorption Line of an Atomic Beam

We have made a precise comparison of the wavelength passed by a Hg198 Zeeman filter with that of the 2537-A absorption line of an atomic beam. This was done by passing the light from the filter through the atomic beam and then comparing the amplitudes of the two peaks in the resulting reversed lines. A calibration was obtained by measuring the ratio of peak amplitudes with the beam tilted at various angles to the optic axis so as to introduce known Doppler shifts. The wavelengths of the Zeeman filter and atomic beam are shown to be equal to about one part in 109.
ANGULAR AND RADIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF PARTICLES IN CASCADE SHOWERS

This paper is concerned with the calculation of the angular and radial distributions of electrons and photons at the maximum of a cascade shower. In Sec. II(A) we calculate the moments of the distribution functions in a shower neglecting collision loss of electrons, i.e., for energies $E$ much greater than the critical energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. In Sec. II(B) we derive expressions for the moments when collision loss is not negligible. These expressions are in the form of a series in $\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{E}$, and are valid down to a few times the critical energy. In Sec. III we use the moments to calculate the distribution functions for energies down to a few times the critical energy.
Current algebra in three dimensions.

We study a three-dimensional analog of the Wess-Zumino-Witten model, which describes the Goldstone bosons of three-dimensional quantum chromodynamics. The topologically nontrivial term of the action can also be viewed as a nonlinear realization of Chern-Simons form. We obtain the current algebra of this model by canonical methods. This is a three-dimensional generalization of the Kac-Moody algebra.
Performance effects of antihistamines

In 1988 an estimated 30 million Americans spent more than $500 million for single-entity antihistamines. Classic first-generation antihistamines, which are available without prescrition, can cross the blood-brain barrier and have been reported to produce various central nervous system effects. Sedation, the most common adverse effect of these agents, occurs in 10% to 25% of antihistamine users. Drowsiness has been attributed to the blockade of central histaminergic receptors; antagonism of other brain receptors, such as serotonergic, cholinergic, and central α-adrenergic receptors, has also been proposed. The newer second-generation H 1 -receptor antagonists are typically large, lipophobic molecules with a charged side chain and are extensively bound to albumin. Consequently, these agents have difficulty entering the brain, and they appear no more likely to induce sedation than does placebo. The effects of antihistamines on psychomotor reflexes and driving, antihistamine-induced drowsiness, and interaction of antihistamines with alcohol and tranquilizers have been studied with numerous methodologies. The centrally acting first-generation agents commonly cause greater performance decrements as compared with the newer, nonsedating, second-generation antihistamines.
Quick-freeze, deep-etch replication of cells in monolayers.

We have made several technical improvements for quick-freeze, deep-etch replication of monolayers of cells grown on, or attached to, glass coverslips. Cells studied include muscle cells of rat and Xenopus cultured on glass coverslips, and erythrocytes attached to coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine. We describe methods for identifying particular areas of cultures, e.g., clusters of acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells, by light microscopy and then relocating these areas after replication. For good preservation of structure by quick-freezing, it is necessary to ensure that the surface to be frozen is covered by a minimum depth of water (less than 10 microns). Insufficient or excess water left on the sample during freezing causes recognizable artifacts in its replica. We describe two ways to control the water table--one by improving visual control of water removal, the other by blowing excess water off the sample surface with a jet of nitrogen applied during its descent to the freezing block. Finally, we describe a new specimen holder that allows us to etch and replicate six samples at once with good thermal contact between the stage and samples.
The Fourier theorem

Abstract It has been tacitly understood that Fourier's representation theorem applies only to a very restricted class of functions. On the contrary, by adopting an appropriate algebraic viewpoint, it is explained in this article how the theorem can be readily extended to include all (non-pathological) functions.
Do Quarks Interact Pairwise and Satisfy the Color Hypothesis

A simple three-quark Hamiltonian based on a quark-antiquark interaction which accurately describes all $q\overline{q}$ mesons has been solved numerically. Good agreement with the ground-state baryon mass spectrum is obtained if the $\mathrm{qq}$ and $q\overline{q}$ interactions differ by an overall factor of 2 as expected from an octet color-exchange mechanism. The interactions in a three-quark system appear to be very well described by only a sum of pair interactions.
Preparing for Disaster: A Way of Developing Community Relationships

Although disaster preparedness and mock disasters are common, the unique results that occur from the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a mock disaster are seldom mentioned. A school of nursing within a small, private university located in eastern Kentucky formed new partnerships with the community as a result of completing a practice drill. The drill served to form a working relationship between the university and the community, which had often viewed the university as isolated. A description of the mock disaster and benefits are presented.
Recrystallization and grain-growth behavior of a nickel-base superalloy during multi-hit deformation

The initial breakdown behavior of Waspaloy ingot material with a coarse, columnar-grain structure was established via isothermal hot compression of double-cone samples. Temperature (1177 °C), strain rate (0.1 s−1), dwell time between increments of deformation (30 or 60 s), and forging direction relative to the columnar structure were typical of industrial practice. Recrystallization kinetics were more rapid during multi-hit than during monotonic testing. The recrystallization and grain-growth behavior showed a complex dependence on imposed strain, test orientation and dwell time.
Macrophages, Immunity, and Metabolic Disease

Chronic, low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is a key etiological mechanism linking the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. It is well recognized that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated, and macrophages, in particular, have been identified as critical effector cells in the initiation of inflammation and insulin resistance. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of macrophage recruitment and retention to adipose tissue and the participation of other immune cell populations in the regulation of this inflammatory process. Here we discuss the pathophysiological link between macrophages, obesity, and insulin resistance, highlighting the dynamic immune cell regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. We also describe the mechanisms by which inflammation causes insulin resistance and the new therapeutic targets that have emerged.
Errata: Effect of face separation in corner-cube reflectors

This PDF file contains the errata for “OE Vol. 49 Issue 02 Paper OE ERR-FEB2010-1” for OE Vol. 49 Issue 02
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: A PANDORA'S BOX

Abstract This article describes the wide variety of ethical problems that genetic technologies create for health care professionals. These problems in turn become those faced by the marriage and family counselor.
Exploring the Spatio-Mechanosensitivity of Eph Receptor in Stem Cells

The Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), and their ligands, ephrins, are glycophophatidylinositol-linked (ephrinA1-10) or transmembrane (ephrinB1-3) proteins which bind to the Eph receptors on the opposing cell membrane to initiate bidirectional juxtacrine signalling [1]. Our collaborators in the Schaffer group have uncovered a previously unknown role of EphB4 signalling in regulating neural stem cell fate commitment. In particular, antibody-clustered ephrinB2 in solution induces neuronal differentiation in vivo and in vitro [2]. Experiments in solution [2], however, cannot reflect the microenvironment of cell-cell junction. Because ephrin ligands and Eph receptors are membrane bound, Eph:ephrin signalling is cell-cell contact dependent. The Groves group has developed a unique platform which is ideally suited for investigating the role of the physical microenvironment on cell-cell signalling. This hybrid system simulates the cell-cell contact geometry by combining live cells with a supported lipid bilayer_a synthetic cell membrane formed on a glass substrate which can be functionalised with cell surface ligands. By fabricating microstructures on the glass substrate, one can induce a spatial mutation, which is the orchestrated mechanical disruption of the spatial patterning of proteins on the lipid bilayer. Spatial mutations have been shown to have a demonstrably significant impact on EphA2-ephrinA1 signalling in cancer cells which alters the downstream molecule recruitment [3]. Altogether, these results motivate us to explore the effect of spatial-reorganisation of EphB receptor in stem cell functions by reconstituting the cell-cell contact geometry on a supported lipid bilayer.[1] Pasquale, E.B. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 462-475 (2005).[2] Ashton, R.S. et al. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 1399-1406 (2012).[3] Khalid S. et al. Science. 327, 1380 (2012).
Volatile amines used as corrosion inhibitors in museum humidification systems

The importance of controlled environmental conditions to the preservation of cultural artifacts is well established. The most important factor in climate control is thought to be the maintenance of an optimum and stable level of humidity since fluctuations in humidity levels can cause deterioration and damage to artifacts. Maintenance of steady humidity levels is essential in museums situated in most of Europe and North America where uncontrolled interior humidity levels can exceed 80 per cent during humid summer months and drop to 20 per cent, or lower, during dry winter months where central heating is used. ’ The technology to control museum environments is relatively new, beginning less than $0 years ago with the development of central air-conditioning. Although the complexity and expense of specialized climate control systems has increased, the basic function remains the same: to introduce moist air into the environment with humidi~cation equipment during dry periods and to remove moisture from the air with dehumidification equipment during humid periods. At present, most museums maintain a controlled environment through central air-conditioning systems that circulate RH and temperature-controlled air filtered of particulate matter. In some cases gaseous pollutants, i.e. SO,, NO,, and 0, are removed.*
Kinematic investigation of normal MCP joint

Abstract This investigation is an analytical and experimental study to quantitatively determine the kinematic behavior of the human metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. An in vivo study of the range of motion, and an in vitro study of the center of rotation, moment arm and tendon excursions are described. Various experimental techniques were employed. A specially designed finger experimenting apparatus was used in this investigation. Assuming the MCP joint to be an unknown joint mechanism which connects two rigid bodies, finger and metacarpal, the analysis of two rigid link kinematics is developed. In the study of kinematic behavior of the MCP joint, two motions are considered clinically significant: radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension motion.
Quantum beats in electric field optical activity and parity non-conservation

Measurements of parity violations in chiral molecules are briefly discussed. In particular, two earlier suggestions of how dynamics in a double well are modified or created by parity violations are examined. Those suggested experiments always measure the parity violation parameter squared for short times. In this Letter, we show that electric field optical activity provides a third way of measuring dynamics created by parity violations. For short times electric field optical activity is linear in the parity violating parameter.
Phytoplankton diversity and chlorophyll-A in a polluted estuary

Abstract The quantity of phytoplankton in Newark Bay, New Jersey as indicated by chlorophyll- a content of the water, is low in the winter and early spring, and fluctuates greatly during the spring and summer. Chlorophyll- a concentrations are generally less than 20 μg/l until April. Between April and August, three phytoplankton blooms were indicated by chlorophyll- a concentrations as high as 81.4 μg/l. Net phytoplankton diversity values indicated generally eutrophic conditions; however, there was no significant correlation between diversity and chlorophyll- a concentrations. A role of nannoplankton in blooms is indicated.
Sources of Uncertainty in Economic Analyses of Management Strategies for Controlling Groundwater Contamination

Groundwater contamination is widely regarded as one of the major environmental policy problems for the 1980s and 1990s, and beyond (Pye, Patrick, and Quarles; OTA; Haimes and Snyder). While the percentage of the overall resource already contaminated appears to be small, the places where it has occurred are usually close to heavily populated areas where the economic losses are likely to be the greatest. Possibly more serious than what has already happened are the contamination problems that have not yet been discovered. Because of the exceedingly slow propagation of contaminants in groundwater, the results of past agricultural and hazardous waste disposal practices will extend far into the future (NRC). In response to increased public concern about groundwater contamination, Congress passed several laws during the past decade aimed in part at protecting groundwater (Walker and Bridgeman). In recent years, most of these laws have been directed at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The legislation gives the EPA considerable latitude in developing guidelines for protecting groundwater, and it gives the states considerable freedom in selecting management strategies for some classes of groundwater. In this situation, economic analyses of alternative strategies provide useful information for guiding policy. A major problem for economic analyses of management strategies, whether they be netbenefit analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses, or risk-cost trade-off analyses, is the uncertainty, or variability, in estimates of the "outputs" used to rank alternatives (Dandy).' Of particular concern for management are the uncertainties in estimates of future levels of groundwater contamination at water supply wells, in estimates of health risks and economic losses associated with that contamina-
Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders

Keratoconus and other noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders (keratoglobus, pellucid marginal degeneration and posterior keratoconus) are characterized by progressive corneal thinning, protrusion and scarring; the result is distorted and decreased vision. The etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders are unknown but may be associated with a variety of factors, including contact lens wear, eye rubbing, Down's syndrome, atopic disease, connective tissue disease, tapetoretinal degeneration and inheritance. Recent advances in techniques for biochemical and pathological investigation are now allowing further exploration in these areas. Early diagnosis is aided by the finding of irregular corneal astigmatism with inferior corneal steepening. Treatment ranges from simple spectacle correction to keratoplasty. In this review, the past and present literature on corneal thinning disorders is reviewed and practical approaches to diagnosis and management are outlined.
The Use of Levarterenol and Phentolamine in Patients with Low Cardiac Output Following Open-Heart Surgery

Abstract A study was made of the hemodynamic effects of levarterenol and phentolamine in patients in whom low cardiac output developed following open-heart operation. After the patients were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, the inotropic agents were infused into an external or internal jugular vein through an IVAC pump. Levarterenol was administered first until systolic arterial pressure rose 20 to 30% above the highest recorded preoperative pressure. After stabilization, phentolamine was administered, and infusion rates were adjusted so that arterial blood pressure was returned to levels measured before bypass. After infusion, all patients showed an increase in cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, mean stroke volume index, and left ventricular stroke work index. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and left atrial pressure decreased in all patients. This study demonstrates that hemodynamic improvement occurs in humans in low cardiac output state with simultaneous infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine. We recommend these agents for use in patients with low output, unless they continue to receive propranolol during and after operation. Patients on a regimen of propranolol should not be given levarterenol and phentolamine.
Exact island-size distributions for submonolayer deposition: Influence of correlations between island size and separation

We determine the exact scaling form of the size distribution of islands created via homogeneous nucleation and growth during submonolayer deposition. This scaling form is shown to be controlled by the dependence on size of the propensity for islands to capture diffusing adatoms. This size dependence is determined directly from simulations. It is distinct from mean-field predictions, reflecting strong correlations between island size and separation. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Empirical evaluation of distributed pair programming

Pair programming, in which two individuals share a single computer to collaboratively develop software, has been shown to have many benefits in industry and in education. One drawback of pair programming is its collocation requirement, which limits its use to situations where the partners can physically meet. A tool that supported distributed pair programming, in which the partners could pair from separate locations, would remove this impediment. This paper discusses the development and empirical evaluation of such a tool. A significant feature of this tool is the presence of a second cursor that supports gesturing. Students who used the tool in their introductory programming course performed as well as collocated students on their programming assignments and final exam. These students also spent less time working by themselves. They also felt that the gesturing feature was useful and used it regularly.
Coupled-mode theory of the Raman effect in silicon-on-insulator waveguides

Coupled-mode theory is used to calculate Raman gain and spontaneous efficiency in silicon waveguides with cross-sectional areas ranging from 0.16 to 16 μm2 . We find a monotonic increase in the Raman gain as the waveguide cross section decreases for the range of dimensions considered. It is also found that mode coupling between the Stokes modes is insignificant, and thus polarization multiplexing is possible. The results also demonstrate that for submicrometer waveguide dimensions the Einstein relation between spontaneous efficiency and stimulated gain no longer holds.
Effect of hysteresis on the prediction of infiltration, redistribution and drainage of water in a layered soil☆

Abstract In order to study the effect of hysteresis on soil water movement a large soil column, filled with Glendale clay loam over a river sand, was flood-irrigated with 10 cm water. The infiltration rate, wetting front advance, water content redistribution, and the amount of drainage water was measured. A computer model, using S/360 CSMP, was developed to simulate the flow behavior. The main drying and main wetting curves in the soil water tension-water content, and in the hydraulic conductivity-water content relationships were provided in the computer model. From these relationships, scanning curves were developed to simulate hysteretic flow behavior under both wetting and drying conditions. Experimental data were compared with data computed from either the main drying, the main wetting, or the scanning curves. Infiltration was accurately predicted using the main wetting curves. However, redistribution and drainage were better predicted when hysteresis was taken into account.
A (55,16,19) binary Goppa code and related codes having large minimum distance

A (55,16,19) binary Goppa code is used to construct (57,17,17), (58,17,18), (59,17,19), and (60,17,20) codes. The first two codes have smaller redundancy than previously known codes (linear or nonlinear) of the same length and minimum distance. The last two codes have parameters previously attained only by nonlinear codes. >