cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins for Comparing Structures of Protein−Ligand Complexes: The Calmodulin−Peptide Model System

Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a mass spectrometry-based protein footprinting method that modifies proteins on the microsecond time scale. Highly reactive •OH, produced by laser photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, oxidatively modifies the side chains of approximately one-half the common amino acids on this time scale. Because of the short labeling exposure, only solvent-accessible residues are sampled. Quantification of the modification extent for the apo and holo states of a protein−ligand complex provides structurally sensitive information at the amino-acid level to compare the structures of unknown protein complexes with known ones. We report here the use of FPOP to monitor the structural changes of calmodulin in its established binding to M13 of the skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. We use the outcome to establish the unknown structures resulting from binding with melittin and mastoparan. The structural comparison follows a comprehensive examination of the extent of FPOP modi...
Utilization of an Oxonia-Cope Rearrangement as a Mechanistic Probe for Prins Cyclizations

An oxonia-Cope rearrangement was used as an internal clock reaction to probe the mechanism of the Prins cyclization reaction and the subsequent nucleophilic capture of the resultant tetrahydropyranyl cation. The oxonia-Cope rearrangement was shown to occur rapidly under typical Prins cyclization conditions when the oxocarbenium ion resulting from the rearrangement is similar to or lower in energy than the starting oxocarbenium ion. Oxonia-Cope rearrangements can be disfavored by destabilizing the resultant oxocarbenium ion or by stabilizing an intermediate tetrahydropyranyl cation. Stereoselectivity in the nucleophilic capture was dramatically affected by the reactivity of the nucleophile and electrophile. More reactive partners combined rapidly to give axial-substituted Prins products through a least-motion pathway. High selectivity for the equatorial-substituted tetrahydropyran was observed for less reactive nucleophiles and electrophiles.
Sir Thomas Young and statistical evidence of historical relationship

S'il a ete longtemps reconnu que pour demontrer une affiliation genetique entre des langues, il fallait inclure l'element statistique, de telles etudes quantitatives ont ete toujours mal recues. L'A. illustre ce probleme par les premiers travaux faits sur ce theme par Sir Thomas Young (1773-1829), consistant a traiter des relations historiques entre langues par des formules mathematiques. Cet exemple precis consiste en une comparaison dans une liste de 6 mots en basque et egyptien.
Psychobiology and Neuroscience at the Florida State University: a history.

Abstract In the 1950s, young faculty in Psychology and Physiology/Biology at the newly established Florida State University recognized common interests in the study of sensory systems. They spontaneously formed one of this country's earliest interdisciplinary research cohorts in the emerging field of “psychobiology”. In the 1960s, this group established a formal graduate program in Psychobiology, acquired resources for building a new laboratory and for supporting pre- and post-doctoral students, and began the expansion of faculty and research focuses that continues to this day. In 1991, FSU's Psychobiology Program was re-branded as a Program in Neuroscience that awards a doctoral degree. It now encompasses faculty and students from four academic departments in the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Human Sciences, and Medicine. This paper traces some main developments in our 50-year history of these research and training efforts.
Learning and Teaching Critical Thinking: From a Peircean Perspective

The article will argue that Charles Sanders Peirce's concepts of the ‘Dynamics of Belief and Doubt’, the ‘Fixation of Belief’ as well as ‘habits of belief’ taken together comprise a theory of learning. The ‘dynamics of belief and doubt’ are Peirce's explanation for the process of changing from one belief to another. Teaching, then, would be an attempt to control that process. Teaching critical thinking represents an attempt to teach the learner to regulate and discipline his or her own ‘settlement of belief’. The ‘settlement of belief’ takes four different forms based on doubt. Peirce's concept of the ‘habits of belief’ refers to the inner and outer constraints placed both on belief as such and belief as it becomes action. The article may be read as both an exegesis of learning and as a pedagogical guide for teaching critical thinking to college students.
One-Step Direct Transfer of Pristine Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Functional Nanoelectronics

We report a one-step direct transfer technique for the fabrication of functional nanoelectronic devices using pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Suspended SWNTs grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method are aligned and directly transferred onto prepatterned device electrodes at ambient temperature. Using this technique, we successfully fabricated SWNT electromechanical resonators with gate-tunable resonance frequencies. A fully suspended SWNT p-n diode has also been demonstrated with the diode ideality factor equal to 1. Our method eliminates the organic residues on SWNTs resulting from conventional lithography and solution processing. The results open up opportunities for the fundamental study of electron transport physics in ultraclean SWNTs and for room temperature fabrication of novel functional devices based on pristine SWNTs.
A Quantitative Review of Research on Instructional Simulation Gaming: A Twenty-Year Perspective

Abstract Research on the instructional effects of simulation gaming compared to other instructional procedures was reviewed. Effect size estimates were computed for eight cognitive and affective dependent variables. The quantitative analysis indicated that simulation gaming produced greater cognitive learning to a small degree. Also, it was observed that simulation gaming produced an overall small positive effect for attitude toward the subject, a small negative effect for attitude toward social phenomena, and no differential effect for attitude toward self. Differences between the conclusions of the quantitative effect size analysis, prior reviews, and vote counts of statistical significance tests were discussed.
Measurement of the gold–gold bond rupture force at 4 K in a single-atom chain using photon-momentum-based force calibration

We present instrumentation and methodology for simultaneously measuring force and displacement at the atomic scale at 4 K. The technique, which uses a macroscopic cantilever as a force sensor and high-resolution, high-stability fiber-optic interferometers for displacement measurement, is particularly well-suited to making accurate, traceable measurements of force and displacement in nanometer- and atomic-scale mechanical deformation experiments. The technique emphasizes accurate co-location of force and displacement measurement and measures cantilever stiffness at the contact point in situ at 4 K using photon momentum. We present preliminary results of measurements made of the force required to rupture a single atomic bond in a gold single-atom chain formed between a gold flat and a gold tip. Finally, we discuss the possible use of the gold-gold bond rupture force as an intrinsic force calibration value for forces near 1 nN.
Immigration, skills and the labor market: International evidence

Using the 1994–1998 International Adult Literacy Survey, this paper compares cognitive skills and employment of immigrants in Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United States. Immigrants had lower cognitive test scores than natives in each country, with the largest gaps in the US, and small gaps in Canada and New Zealand. Male immigrants in the US were no less likely to work than natives, while in the other countries, male immigrants were less likely to be employed. Female immigrants were less likely in each country to be employed than natives, with an especially large gap for the US.
Experts against adverse selection: A note on the existence of equilibrium with costly appropriable information

Abstract The existence of competitive equilibrium in Laffont's (J. Econ. Theory 10 (1975)) model of adverse selection with costly information is studied. The existence of an equilibrium with finite prices is demonstrated without unusual restrictions on preferences or the technology of information production. This is made possible by changing the way in which the behaviour of information producing agents is modelled, and allowing for some public information.
Rf characteristics of a high‐temperature superconductive resonant strip in waveguide

A resonant strip made of high-temperature YBa2Cu3O6.5 + x with x < 0.5 superconductor was designed and tested in a X-band (8-12 GHz) waveguide. At room temperature no significant resonance was observed. A resonance appeared near 10.68 GHz at low temperature. The loaded Q was measured to be 750, comparable to that of a copper strip.
Sensitivity Correction In Surface Coil MR Imaging

A sensitivity correction for a single turn receiver coil used to image a human knee is discussed. The coil consists of single band of copper conductor circling a plastic leg form and the patient's knee. While the excitation can be considered reasonably uniform across the field of view, the detection of the decaying MR signal by the single-turn solenoidal reciever coil is very non-uniform, falling off rapidly away from the copper conductor. We have modeled the sensitivity function of this coil as equivalent to that of a single-turn circular antenna with a known radius. A correction for this sensitivity variation may be approximated numerically and applied to the image in a post-processing manner. By a combination of qualitative and quantitative measures, the efficacy of this 'current-loop' correction scheme is measured by evaluating the uniformity of NiCl2 phantom images. A technique for applying this correction to clinical images of the knee is also discussed.
Use and Evaluation of the Quick Test (QT): Partial Summary through October, 1979: I. Published Papers

96 substantial published references to the Quick Test are listed, originating from a literature search and replies to letters sent to 2634 users of record in 1979.
Molecular biology of penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis.

The understanding of the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics has rapidly increased. Recent progress is highlighted in this short review. For brevity, citations are representative, rather than exhaustive, and emphasize first examples.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Diagnostic Review and New Technique

A new technique of computed tomography (CT) applied to the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms is described, and the experience in 58 patients is reviewed. In all instances the abdominal aorta was clearly demonstrated, even when wall calcification was absent. A series of 37 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm underwent evaluation by physical examination, abdominal roentgenograms, and ultrasonic and CT scanning. Measurements of the transverse diameter at the point of maximal dilatation were compared with the measurements made at operation. CT not only confirmed the diagnosis in all patients but the measurements obtained by this technique were the most accurate, correlating extremely well with the true dimensions of the aneurysm. The addition of contrast enhancement to CT scanning allowed clear delineation of the aortic lumen and intraaneurysmal thrombus, not possible with any other method, including ultrasonography. The technique appears useful as a screening procedure and in the differential diagnosis of a tortuous abdominal aorta. Patients with a small aortic dilatation can be followed accurately by scanning.
Lean heptane and propane combustion in a non-catalytic parallel-plate counter-flow reactor

Abstract Small scale lean combustors, in conjunction with mechanical and electrical conversion devices, have the potential to meet increasing portable power needs. This study examines the combustion of lean premixed fuels in a mesoscale, heat-recirculating parallel-plate counter-flow reactor. The reactor utilizes internal heat recirculation to produce temperatures in excess of the adiabatic flame temperature, known as superadiabatic combustion. As a result of these elevated temperatures, burning velocities above adiabatic values and extension of flammability limits, including stable operation at very lean equivalence ratios, may be attained. Combustor stability and emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons have been previously studied for lean combustion of methane in the counter-flow reactor. This study examines lean combustion of two increasingly complex fuels, propane and heptane, due to the logistical importance of both gaseous and liquid fuels. Stability ranges and emissions measurements are presented for the counter-flow reactor operating on these fuels, and the results are compared to previously measured emissions for lean methane. Stability ranges of the counter-flow reactor operating on lean propane and heptane are also compared to those in the rich regime. Further analysis of the results for lean methane, propane and heptane combustion utilizes peak reactor wall temperatures as an indicator of favorable operating conditions, and highlights the importance of superadiabatic operation for achieving large turn-down ratios and low levels of emissions.
Nutrient enrichment and in‐situ waste removal through electrical means for hybridoma cultures

In-situ dc electric fields were applied to remove ammonium and lactate from suspension hybridoma cultures (ATCC-CRL-1606) which used enriched media. Nutrient concentration was increased fourfold above the normal concentration of DMEM to study enhanced protein product formation in a dc electric field. In the presence of the electric field, hybridoma growth and antibody production were increased 1.5-fold (from 3.7 x 10(6) to 9.1 x 10(6) viable cells/mL) and twofold (from 170 to 505 mg IgG/L), respectively, compared with the control. The effective removal of ammonium and lactate and increased concentrations of the various nutrients accounted for this enhancement. The enriched media caused the overflow metabolism of glucose, glutamine, and various essential amino acids. The overconsumption of glucose also produced substantial amounts of lactate, which in turn greatly increased the medium osmolarity. The increase in medium osmolarity is believed to be one of the causes of cell death in these culture systems.(c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pillow Talk: Exploring Disclosures After Sexual Activity

Drawing on physiological research, this study explores disclosures after sexual activity, or “pillow talk.” Oxytocin, better known as the “bonding hormone,” has been associated with physical affection and intimacy. While the hormone was originally studied for its role in childbirth, recent work has started to explore oxytocin's other effects, such as decreasing stress, decreasing perceptions of social threat, increasing bonding, and increasing the ability to read emotional cues. Together with the literature on affection exchange theory (Floyd, Judd, & Hesse, 2008), several hypotheses regarding characteristics of disclosures after sexual activity were tested. This study found that disclosing positive feelings for one's partner after sexual activity is positively associated with trust, relationship satisfaction, and closeness. Additionally, women who experienced orgasm disclosed significantly more than both men who orgasmed and women who did not reach orgasm. Lastly, individuals in monogamous/committed rela...
Methodical analysis of protein-nitrocellulose interactions to design a refined digestion protocol.

Abstract We have analyzed the efficacies of seven different organic solvents, 13 organic bases, and 17 detergents to dissociate electroblotted proteins from nitro- cellulose. Most efficient were a 1% piperidine–40% acetonitrile mixture and 1% concentrations of either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or several polyoxyethylene and zwitterionic detergents at pH ≥ 8.5. In general, detergent-promoted elution varied with pH (8.5 → 12.0) and temperature (37 → 65°C) in a detergent-dependent and protein-dependent manner, making for unpredictable results of any combination. However, Zwittergent 3-16, as the major exception, eluted proteins of different sizes and properties almost equally well at pH 8.5. This preferred effect is not enhanced by addition of organic solvent. In fact, detergent/acetonitrile mixtures were generally less efficient for protein elution. Zwittergent 3-16 (1% in 100 m M NH4HCO3) proved to be the most powerful additive for one-step enzymatic digestion of nitrocellulose-bound proteins, both in terms of highest recoveries (including endoproteinase Lys-C digestions) and general applicability, a major improvement over the use of Tween 80 and hydrogenated Triton X-100. The new digest procedure takes just 2 h to complete and requires 5 ng protease per 1 μl buffer per 1 mm2of nitrocellulose; relatively large pieces of membrane (≥100 mm2) can be successfully processed. The same detergent is a satisfactory additive for digestion of polyvinylidene difluoride-bound proteins as well. Moreover, Zwittergent 3-16 is fully compatible with the usual downstream procedures. It is uv (OD214) transparent and does not interfere with high-performance liquid chromatography in any other way. Apparent incompatibility with direct (i.e., “prechromatography”) matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry can be either reduced by methanol washing of the dried sample and activation of a low-mass gate or eliminated by a simple microliter cleanup procedure.
Role of Control in the Model Formulation Process

Control is being increasingly recognized as having a critical role in the automation of the model formulation process. This paper describes an approach to understanding this role of control by observing experts' behavior and studying their verbalizations during the process of formulating models. Control concerns were noted at two levels: strategic and tactical. At the strategic level, control behavior was found to be opportunistic, i.e., the modelers did not follow a prespecified approach. This paper focuses on the tactical level, where the emphasis was on scheduling the tasks used to construct the model referred to as formulation tasks. The tactical controls were demonstrated by our AEROBA system implementation.
On ejection of neutral hydrogen from the sun and the terrestrial consequences

Abstract A critical examination is made of a suggestion by Akasofu that large amounts of neutral hydrogen emitted from the Sun may be responsible for the main phase of terrestrial magnetic storms. This suggestion encounters such overwhelming objections from our knowledge of solar, interplanetary, and terrestrial physics that it appears to be without sound foundation.
Solution structure of nucleic acid photoadduct, deoxy-m5HO6-uridylyl(5-5)(3'-5')deoxyuridine by NMR and restrained molecular dynamics.

Abstract Sensitized UV-B irradiation (sunlamps) of the dinucleoside monophosphate, d-TpF (F = fluorouracil), produces the usual cyclobutane-type photodimer and an additional defluorinated 5-5 photoadduct, d-T5p5U. In d-T5p5U, the original C5 = C6 structure is modified such that the C5 (d-T5p-) is covalently bonded with the C5 (-p5U) (where the fluorine had been) and the C6 (d-T5p-) acquires an OH group. 2D NOE data and the results of J-coupling analysis are used as constraints to refine structures of d-T5p5U in restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The structures obtained show the most probable chiralities of the C5 and C6 atoms of the Thy-portion to be 5R and 6R, respectively. The orientation of the CH3- and uracil-groups are pseudo-axial and pseudo-equatorial, respectively, with respect to the C5 atom. Glycosidic angles are high-anti and anti for the d-T5p- and the -p5U residue, respectively. C3'-endo like sugar puckering is predominant in the d-T5p- residue while C2'-endo like puckering is predominant at the -p5U residue.
Using Computing and Data Grids for Large-Scale Science and Engineering

The term Gridis used to refer to a software system that provides uniform and location-independent access to geographically and organizationally dispersed, heterogeneous resources that are persistent and supported. These emerging data and computing Grids promise to provide a highly capable and scalable environment for addressing large-scale science problems. The author describes the requirements for science Grids, the resulting services and architecture of NASA's Information Power Grid and the Department of Energy's Science Grid, and some of the scaling issues that have come up in their implementation.
Functionalized surfactants as precursors to dispersed coal liquefaction catalysts

An oil-soluble coal liquefaction catalyst precursor was prepared by functionalizing (ion-exchangin) a commercially available anionic surfactant (Areosol OT-100, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) with Co, Ni or Fe. The Co and Ni forms of the sufactant produced catalysts that are active for coal liquefaction at low concentration even in a nondonor solvent, while the Fe produced the least effective catalyst
Entropy and Information

This treasure of popular science by the Russian biophysicist Mikhail V. Volkenstein is at last, more than twenty years after its appearance in Russian, available in English translation. As its title Entropy and Information suggests, the book deals with the thermodynamical concept of entropy and its interpretation in terms of information theory. The author shows how entropy is not to be considered a mere shadow of the central physical concept of energy, but more appropriately as a leading player in all of the major natural processes: physical, chemical, biological, evolutionary, and even cultural. The theory of entropy is thoroughly developed from its beginnings in the foundational work of Sadi Carnot and Clausius in the context of heat engines, including expositions of much of the necessary physics and mathematics, and illustrations from everyday life of the importance of entropy. The author then turns to Boltzmann's epoch-making formula relating the entropy of a system directly to the degree of disorder of the system, and to statistical physics as created by Boltzmann and Maxwell---and here again the necessary elements of probability and statistics are expounded. It is shown, in particular, that the temperature of an object is essentially just a measure of the mean square speed of its molecules. ``Fluctuations" in a system are introduced and used to explain why the sky is blue, and how, perhaps, the universe came to be so ordered. Whether statistical physics reduces ultimately to pure mechanics, as ``Laplace's demon" would have it, is also discussed. The final three chapters concentrate on open systems, that is, systems which exchange energy or matter with their surroundings---first linear systems close to equilibrium, and then non-linear systems far from equilibrium. Here entropy, as it figures in the theory of such systems developed by Prigogine and others, affords explanations of the mechanism of division of cells, the process of aging in organisms, and periodic chemical reactions, among other phenomena. Finally, information theory is developed---again from first principles---and the entropy of a system characterized as absence of information about the system. In the final chapter, perhaps the pice de rsistance of the work, the author examines the thermodynamics of living organisms in the context of biological evolution. Here the ``value of biological information" is discussed, linked to the concepts of complexity and irreplaceability. The chapter culminates in a fascinating discussion of the significance of these concepts, all centered on entropy, for human culture, with many references to particular writers and artists. The book is recommended reading for all interested in physics, information theory, chemistry, biology, as well as literature and art.
Efflux-Pump-Derived Multiple Drug Resistance to Ethambutol Monotherapy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ethambutol

Background In the treatment of tuberculosis, ethambutol is used in case there is isoniazid resistance. We examined for the emergence of drug resistance to ethambutol monotherapy in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies in the hollow fiber system.
Nutrient Dynamics of Soil Derived from Different Parent Material on Barro Colorado Island, Panama1

I compared the concentrations of N, P, and S in both litter and mineral soil (0–15 cm depth) from three old-growth, tropical moist forests on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Each site was on a different substrate (i.e., parent material), but otherwise had similar climate, vegetation, and topography. There were no site differences in concentrations of N and S for either litter or soil. Concentrations of litter P and soil-extractable P were greater for the andesite (igneous rock) site than for two sites on different sedimentary rocks; however, concentrations of several other litter and soil P fractions did not differ among sites. Patterns in soil P fractions suggested advanced soil development to the point that parent material has little control of P dynamics. Litter samples from each site, leached in the laboratory, released similar amounts of N, P, and S to the soil, indicating no differences in rates of turnover in the litter and in fluxes from litter into the mineral soil among sites. I expected more site differences in soil nutrient dynamics given vastly different parent materials and soil types (i.e., Oxisol vs. Alfisol) and very shallow soil on BCI that brings the parent material close to the plant root zone. Erosion and soil mixing may explain the uniformity in soil nutrient dynamics across the sites.
Deviations from the law of one price across cities: testing for a border effect in persistence and volatility

In this paper, we test for border effects in deviations from the law of one price. With respect to the AR(p) representation of deviations from the law of one price, we test for a border effect in both the sum of the autoregressive coefficients (persistence) and the variance of the disturbance term (volatility). Using consumer price index data for a large number of categories of consumer goods and services for Canadian and U.S. cities from Engel and Rogers (1996), we first use the Hansen (1999) grid-bootstrap procedure to generate median-unbiased estimates of the persistence and volatility in deviations from the law of one price for every city pair and CPI category. We then estimate cross-section regression models across city pairs for the estimates of persistence and volatility for each CPI category, and we find that (after controlling for the distance between cities) crossing the Canadian-U.S. border leads to significant increases in both persistence and volatility for nearly all of the CPI categories. We also document a border effect in both persistence and volatility using the aggregate consumer price index data for European cities from Engel and Rogers (2001).
Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Limits the Generation of Natural Regulatory T Cells

Natural regulatory T (nT(reg)) cells are important for maintaining tolerance to self- and foreign antigens, and they are thought to develop from thymocytes that receive strong T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signals in the thymus. TCR engagement leads to the activation of phospholipase C-γ1, which generates the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. We used mice that lack the ζ isoform of DAG kinase (DGKζ), which metabolizes DAG to terminate its signaling, to enhance TCR-mediated signaling and identify critical signaling events in nT(reg) cell development. Loss of DGKζ resulted in increased numbers of thymic CD25(+)Foxp3(-)CD4(+) nT(reg) cell precursors and Foxp3(+)CD4(+) nT(reg) cells in a cell-autonomous manner. DGKζ-deficient T cells exhibited increased nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor κB subunit c-Rel, as well as enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in response to TCR stimulation, suggesting that these downstream pathways may contribute to nT(reg) cell development. Indeed, reducing c-Rel abundance or blocking ERK phosphorylation abrogated the increased generation of nTreg cells by DGKζ-deficient thymocytes. The extent of ERK phosphorylation correlated with TCR-mediated acquisition of Foxp3 in immature thymocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the development of nT(reg) cells was augmented in mice in which ERK activation was selectively enhanced in T cells. Together, these data suggest that DGKζ regulates the development of nT(reg) cells by limiting the extent of activation of the ERK and c-Rel signaling pathways.
Self-Corrected Reaching in a Three-Location Delayed-Response Search Task

Infants watched an experimenter hide a toy in one of three wells and then attempted to retrieve it after a brief delay. Seven-month-olds performed at chance. Nine-month-olds reached correctly on 43% of trials, which is significantly better than chance. After an incorrect reach, infants were allowed to choose between the two remaining locations. Seven-month-olds responded at a chance level on their second reach, but 9-month-olds chose correctly more often than would be expected by chance despite a 10- to 20-s delay between hiding and search. One cause of error on the initial reach was a profound bias toward the center well. In Experiment 2, the wells were covered simultaneously, and the infant's spatial orientation was disrupted during the delay; this procedure eliminated the centripetal bias. Nine-month-olds still responded correctly more often than would be expected by chance on their second reach. These findings suggest that 9-month-olds sometimes have a more durable working memory for location than is ...
Functional Characterization and Conformational Analysis of the Herpesvirus saimiri Tip-C484 Protein

Tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip) of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) activates the lymphoid-specific member of the Src family kinase Lck. The Tip:Lck interaction is essential for transformation and oncogenesis in HVS-infected cells. As there are no structural data for Tip, hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry was used to investigate the conformation of a nearly full-length form (residues 1-187) of Tip from HVS strain C484. Disorder predictions suggested that Tip would be mostly unstructured, so great care was taken to ascertain whether recombinant Tip was functional. Circular dichroism and gel-filtration analysis indicated an extended, unstructured protein. In vitro and in vivo binding and kinase assays confirmed that purified, recombinant Tip interacted with Lck, was capable of activating Lck kinase activity strongly and was multiply phosphorylated by Lck. Hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry of Tip then showed that the majority of backbone amide hydrogen atoms became deuterated after only 10 s of labeling. Such a result suggested that Tip was almost totally unstructured in solution. Digestion of deuterium-labeled Tip revealed some regions with minor protection from exchange. Overall, it was found that, although recombinant Tip is still functional and capable of binding and activating its target Lck, it is largely unstructured.
Efficient creation of statistics over query expressions

Query optimizers use base-table statistics to derive statistics on the subplans that are enumerated during optimization. In practice, traditional optimizers rely on a number of simplifying assumptions, which can compromise the accuracy of cardinality estimates. To address this limitation, we had earlier introduced SITs, which are statistics built over query expressions, and we explained how a traditional optimizer can judiciously use SITs to sidestep the problem of inaccurate estimates. A significant challenge that was not addressed was how to build SITs efficiently in a database system. We present a family of techniques to create SITs. These techniques differ from each other in the trade-off they present between accuracy and efficiency of creation. We also present techniques to efficiently create multiple SITs by taking advantage of the commonalities among their generating query expressions.
Transapical Left Ventricular Bypass: A Method for Partial or Total Circulatory Support

A simple cannula method of partial or total left ventricular bypass, utilizing a roller pump and outflow filter, has been developed and applied clinically. One of three patients with severe cardiac and multisystem failure was pumped with total left ventricular bypass for six days and decannulated with recovery of myocardial function after nine days. These results are encouraging and suggest that a number of patients could be salvaged from temporary cardiac failure with a simple cannula-roller-pump bypass system.
Children's Stealing: A Review of Theft-Control Procedures for Parents and Teachers

Stealing behavior is difficult to detect and resistant to traditional means of intervention. Children who steal at a high rate and at an early age are likely to become persistent offenders. Behavioral interventions have successfully eliminated theft. Guidelines are offered to parents and teachers for dealing with “normal” and aberrant theft while maintaining respect for the child's right to privacy.
Influence of individual differences in disease perception on consumer response to direct‐to‐consumer genomic testing

Individuals who undergo multiplex direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomic testing receive genetic risk results for multiple conditions. To date, research has not investigated the influence of individual differences in disease perceptions among consumers on testing outcomes. A total of 2037 participants received DTC genomic testing and completed baseline and follow-up surveys assessing disease perceptions and health behaviors. Participants were asked to indicate their most feared disease of those tested. Perceived seriousness and controllability of the disease via lifestyle or medical intervention were assessed. Participants most frequently reported heart attack (19.1%) and Alzheimer's disease (18.6%) as their most feared disease. Perceived seriousness and control over the feared disease both influenced response to DTC genomic testing. Greater perceived seriousness and diminished perceived control were associated with higher, but not clinically significant levels of anxiety and distress. In some cases these associations were modified by genetic risk. No significant associations were observed for diet, exercise and screening behaviors. Individual differences in disease perceptions influence psychological outcomes following DTC genomic testing. Higher perceived seriousness may make a consumer more psychologically sensitive to test results and greater perceived control may protect against adverse psychological outcomes. Findings may inform development of educational and counseling services.
Efficient simulation of agent-based models on multi-GPU and multi-core clusters

An effective latency-hiding mechanism is presented in the parallelization of agent-based model simulations (ABMS) with millions of agents. The mechanism is designed to accommodate the hierarchical organization as well as heterogeneity of current state-of-the-art parallel computing platforms. We use it to explore the computation vs. communication trade-off continuum available with the deep computational and memory hierarchies of extant platforms and present a novel analytical model of the tradeoff. We describe our implementation and report preliminary performance results on two distinct parallel platforms suitable for ABMS: CUDA threads on multiple, networked graphical processing units (GPUs), and pthreads on multi-core processors. Message Passing Interface (MPI) is used for inter-GPU as well as inter-socket communication on a cluster of multiple GPUs and multi-core processors. Results indicate the benefits of our latency-hiding scheme, delivering as much as over 100-fold improvement in runtime for certain benchmark ABMS application scenarios with several million agents. This speed improvement is obtained on our system that is already two to three orders of magnitude faster on one GPU than an equivalent CPU-based execution in a popular simulator in Java. Thus, the overall execution of our current work is over four orders of magnitude faster when executed on multiple GPUs.
Analog-to-digital converter technology comparison

Analog-to-digital converters are ubiquitous, critical components of signal processing systems. This presentation surveys the state-of-the-art for ADCs and includes both experimental converters and commercially available parts. The shape of the distribution on a resolution vs. sampling rate graph provides insight into ADC performance limitations. For sampling frequencies ranging from /spl sim/0.5 MSPS to /spl sim/4 GSPS, resolution falls off by /spl sim/1 bit for every doubling of the sampling rate. This effect can be related to aperture jitter. For ADCs operating at /spl ges/4 GSPS, the speed of the device technology is a limiting factor. In order to push back these limits, many ADC architectures have been proposed and implemented.
An Evolutionary Approach to Software Modularity Analysis

Modularity determines software quality in terms of evolveability, changeability, maintainability, etc. and a module could be a vertical slicing through source code directory structure or class boundary. Given a modular- ized design, we need to determine whether its implementa- tion realizes the designed modularity. Manually comparing source code modular structure with abstracted design mod- ular structure is tedious and error-prone. In this paper, we present an automated approach to check the conformance of source code modularity to the designed modularity. Our approach uses design structure matrices (DSMs) as a uniform representation; it uses existing tools to automatically derive DSMs from the source code and de- sign, and uses a genetic algorithm to automatically cluster DSMs and check the conformance. We applied our approach to a small canonical software system as a proof of concept experiment. The results sup- ported our hypothesis that it is possible to check the con- formance between source code structure and design struc- ture automatically, and this approach has the potential to be scaled for use in large software systems.
About the cover: Christopher Clavius, Astronomer and Mathematician

As early as 1232 John of Holy Wood, an English astronomer known usually by the Latin translation of his name, Sacro Bosco, observed that the Julian calendar was becoming increasingly inaccurate over time. It wasn’t until roughly 300 years later that Christopher Clavius, a German Jesuit, formulated the improved Gregorian calendar that was adopted by Pope Gregory XIII and instituted on Friday, October 15, 1582. This is the astronomical work for which Clavius is best known but he was a polymath who wrote on various branches of science and mathematics. Born in 1538, two years before St. Ignatius Loyola’s Society of Jesus was approved by the Catholic Church, Clavius became one of the earliest members of the Order that would have considerable influence on the history of astronomy and mathematics, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries. The title page shown on the cover, with its armillary sphere, is from one of Clavius’s most important works, the In Sphaeram Ioannis de Sacro Bosco Commentarius (Rome, 1570), which not only presented the much earlier work of the 13th century Sacro Bosco but included evidence of Clavius’s awareness of the Copernican theory as described in the De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium of 1543 (though Clavius remained loyal to the theory of Ptolemy). It also provides evidence of Clavius’s long time correspondence with Galileo, in which at one point he provided confirmation of some of Galileo’s calculations on Venus and Saturn. Galileo was sick in bed when he received Clavius’s confirming data and J. MacDonnell pointed out that “the letter brought him so much joy, it occasioned his immediate recovery” [1]. During that period Clavius was also corresponding with Viete and Kepler. As an author of scientific treatises as well as textbooks widely used in Jesuit schools, he was influential in introducing notation or promulgating that of others; e.g., the decimal point, the radical, applications of logarithms, and parentheses to group together algebraic symbols. His books were on topics in astronomy, spherical geometry and practical geometry, on Euclid (where he called attention to the problem involving the fifth postulate), as well as practical arithmetic. George Sarton referred to Clavius as “the most influential teacher of the Renaissance”. His reputation in science prompted the forming of the Clavius Mathematics Group in 1963, an organization of lay and religious mathematicians who organize four-week research meetings each summer in settings on campuses as widespread as Georgetown, the IAS at Princeton, McGill, Notre Dame, UC Berkeley, and the IHES outside Paris, among others.
Response patterns on interview and questionnaire versions of the Eating Disorder Examination and their impact on latent structure analyses.

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to compare the latent structures of the interview (EDE) and questionnaire (EDE-Q) versions of the Eating Disorder Examination.
Experience of intra-arterial chemosurgery with single agent carboplatin for retinoblastoma

We have previously reported on bilateral intra-arterial (IA) chemosurgery for bilateral retinoblastoma, or tandem therapy.1 While this allows both eyes to be treated during the same IA session, it also exposes the patient to twice the dose of chemotherapy (typically melphalan and topotecan). Even at the doses used for IA, the systemic levels of melphalan can be dose-limiting (melphalan may induce neutropenia at doses higher than 0.4 mg/kg). To obviate the need for melphalan dose restriction during tandem therapy, we report on the use of single agent carboplatin to the fellow eye. Three children with bilateral retinoblastoma (all with Reese–Ellsworth group IVa in one eye and 2b in one fellow eye and 5a in two fellow eyes; International Classification, B: …
Optimization of heat sink fin geometries for heat sinks in natural convection

An approach for determining the optimum fin configurations for a given heat sink in natural convection is developed. Incorporation of minimization routines into the analysis eliminates the manual, iterative design analysis and identifies the optimum design. Optimization of fin geometry for heat sinks in natural convection with rectangular cross section fins at a constant fin spacing was implemented for steady state and intermittent duty cycle operation. The proposed algorithm allows the computer to hunt for the lowest temperature performance of a user-specified range of fin geometries. The heat transfer analysis is based on methods used in conventional heat sink analysis programs, so the results correlate well. >
Carboxymethylation of cellulose using reactive extrusion

Abstract Carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared using a continuous, reduced solvent, reactive extrusion process with a short reaction time. The effects of the amounts of NaOH (30 g, 40 g and 50 g), water:ethanol ratio (100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% H2O) and their interactions on the physical, chemical and morphological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose were studied. Experiments were conducted using to a 5 × 3 blocked factorial design. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed higher degrees of crystallinity and fractions of cellulose-II crystalline structure when 100% H2O was used as compared to that for 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% H2O and a commercially available brand of carboxymethyl cellulose, AQUASORB A500. Statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction between the effects of NaOH and H2O on the degrees of substitutions. The degrees of substitutions decreased with increasing amounts of NaOH and tended to increase with increasing alcohol concentrations. Liquid uptake measurements revealed that the extent of saline uptake, measured at intervals of 1 min, 5 min and 10 min, by carboxymethyl cellulose prepared with 100% H2O, especially when 40 g and 50 g NaOH was used, was higher than that for 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% H2O and AQUASORB A500. This may have been because of the higher crystallinity in carboxymethyl cellulose prepared with 100% H2O. Carboxymethyl cellulose prepared with 70% H2O and 30 g and 50 g NaOH had the highest saline absorption, using the soak method, before and after centrifugation, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy for carboxymethyl cellulose prepared with 100% and 10% H2O, through images at 120X magnification, revealed fibers 100 μ to >800 μ in length and 0.8–3.3 μ in breadth. Some non fibrous particles, 0.8–6.7 μ in dimensions, also were observed for 100% H2O. Images at 900× magnification revealed partially damaged fiber surfaces.
Towards IQ-Appliances: Quality-awareness in Information Virtualization

Our research addresses "information appliances' used in modern large-scale distributed systems to: (1) virtualize their data flows by applying actions such as filtering, format translation, etc., and (2) separate such actions from enterprise applications' business logic, to make it easier for future service-oriented codes to inter-operate in diverse and dynamic environments. Our specific contribution is the enrichment of runtimes of these appliances with methods for QoS-awareness, thereby giving them the ability to deliver desired levels of QoS even under sudden requirement changes - IQ-appliances. For experimental evaluation, we prototype an IQ-appliance. Measurements demonstrate the feasibility and utility of the approach.
Genomics and proteomics in solving brain complexity

The human brain is extraordinarily complex, composed of billions of neurons and trillions of synaptic connections. Neurons are organized into circuit assemblies that are modulated by specific interneurons and non-neuronal cells, such as glia and astrocytes. Data on human genome sequences predicts that each of these cells in the human brain has the potential of expressing ∼20 000 protein coding genes and tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs. A major challenge in neuroscience is to determine (1) how individual neurons and circuitry utilize this potential during development and maturation of the nervous system, and for higher brain functions such as cognition, and (2) how this potential is altered in neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will discuss how recent advances in next generation sequencing, proteomics and bioinformatics have transformed our understanding of gene expression and the functions of neural circuitry, memory storage, and disorders of cognition.
2‐[(1‐Acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl)thio]‐1H‐isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐dione

[107552-89-6] C13H11NO4S (MW 277.30) InChI = 1S/C13H11NO4S/c1-7(15)11(8(2)16)19-14-12(17)9-5-3-4-6-10(9)13(14)18/h3-6,11H,1-2H3 InChIKey = YTUQAKQNUXTCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a stable, diacylthione precursor) Physical Data: mp 180 °C (dec). Solubility: soluble in CHCl3, CH2Cl2, THF, and ethyl acetate. Form Supplied in: white solid; not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H-NMR. Preparative Methods: can be prepared from phthalimidosulfenyl chloride and 2,4-pentanedione,1 or from the corresponding silylenol ether of 2,4-pentanedione and phthalimidosulfenyl chloride.1b Purification: recrystallized from acetone or from chloroform/n-hexanes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: may be kept at room temperature for more than one year without any appreciable decomposition. Care should be exercised when preparing the reagent. The 2,4-pentanedione precursor is flammable, toxic [(oral) rat LD50: 55 mg kg−1], a known neurologic and teratogenic hazard, and is readily absorbed by the skin.