cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The system of systems engineering and integration "Vee" model

In the twenty-first century, mission success will require unprecedented interoperability among disparate constituent systems resulting in a System of Systems (SoS). Unlike traditional systems engineering where systems are created based on a set of user needs, a SoS is composed of multiple constituent systems, at various stages within their lifecycles (i.e. new start systems, systems in-development, legacy systems), to satisfy needed mission capabilities. System of Systems Engineering has been exploring appropriate methods and processes for almost two decades. This paper takes the discussion further by introducing a System of Systems Engineering and Integration (SOSE&I) methodology. SoSE&I is the planning, analyzing, and integrating of constituent systems into an SoS capability greater than the sum of those individual systems. The SoSE&I "Vee" process model is introduced and discusses how it is used to engineer the SoS throughout its lifecycle to increase systems integration and interoperability, and directly impact the operational success.
Evidence for shallow megathrust slip across the Unalaska seismic gap during the great 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake, eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska

We reassess the slip distribution of the 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake in the eastern part of the aftershock zone where published slip models infer little or no slip. Eyewitness reports, tide gauge data, and geological evidence for 9–23 m tsunami runups imply seafloor deformation offshore Unalaska Island in 1957, in contrast with previous studies that labeled the area a seismic gap. Here, we simulate tsunami dynamics for a suite of deformation models that vary in depth and amount of megathrust slip. Tsunami simulations show that a shallow (5–15 km deep) rupture with ~20 m of slip most closely reproduces the 1957 Dutch Harbor marigram and nearby >18 m runup at Sedanka Island marked by stranded drift logs. Models that place slip >20 km predict waves that arrive too soon. Our results imply that shallow slip on the megathrust in 1957 extended east into an area that presently creeps.
Common Methods and Processes

The methods and processes presented in this chapter are those that are commonly used in requirements discovery, trade-off studies, and risk analyses. We replaced synonyms and then found that these seemingly disparate processes turned out to be the same.
Advantages of Post-Mastectomy Proton Beam Therapy in a Breast Cancer Patient With Pectus Excavatum

Pectus excavatum (PE) is a chest wall deformity that can complicate the delivery of radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer. This case report highlights the potential benefits of proton beam therapy (PBT) for these patients. We describe a case of a 79-year-old woman with PE who required post-mastectomy chest wall RT. Treatment plans were generated to deliver 45 Gy in 25 fractions with either PBT or conventional conformal photon RT. A 10-Gy boost to the post-mastectomy scar was used for both plans. A dosimetric benefit was observed for organs at risk with the PBT plan compared to the photon plan. PBT reduced mean doses to the lungs by more than 70% and to the heart by greater than 95%. The patient was treated with PBT with minimal acute toxicities. With the challenging chest anatomy of PE, PBT was selected as the treatment of choice for post-mastectomy radiation. The superior dosimetry can decrease the risks of post-treatment cardiac and pulmonary toxicities. J Med Cases. 2017;8(3):98-101 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2781w
Abstract P093: Analysis Commons: Team Science in a Big-data Environment for Genetic Epidemiology

The growing volume and complexity of whole-genome sequence (WGS) and multi-omic data requires new analytic approaches beyond those developed for the GWAS era. In response to this challenge, we present an Analysis Commons, which brings together genotype and phenotype data from multiple studies along with a suite of powerful and validated analysis tools into a secure cloud-computing framework that is equitably accessible by associated investigators. This framework is designed to address the emerging challenges of multi-center WGS analyses—data sharing mechanisms, phenotype harmonization, -omics integration, annotation—and the need for flexible, secure, efficient, high-performance computing for numerous users. The Analysis Commons is built on the DNAnexus cloud platform, which provides large parallel compute resources and robust security protocols. To permit multi-center data sharing, we implemented two parallel data sharing approaches: (1) a multi-lateral consortium agreement that enables data sharing across multiple studies, and (2) coordinated dbGaP applications among groups of institutions. Investigators with detailed knowledge of the phenotypes and contributing studies harmonize data from multiple sources for maintenance in a central database. The Analysis Commons supports multiple association-analysis software packages, as well as tools for annotation and visualization. Importantly, approved investigators have full access to the combined data sets, facilitating the rapid development and deployment of new methods. We demonstrate the Analysis Commons model with an analysis of fibrinogen in 3999 participants from the Old Order Amish Study and the Framingham Heart Study with WGS from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. We performed and validated single-variant and SKAT analyses using GENESIS and MMAP pipelines, accounting for relatedness with linear mixed models. We confirmed a known association of a nonsynonymous variant in FGG (p=2.5e-9, MAF=0.34%, rs148685782) . No other single variant or SKAT association was significant after correcting for the number of tests. Analyses were run in parallel across 1408 cores and took less than one hour of wall-clock time. The Analysis Commons offers the necessary infrastructure support for analysis of WGS and multi-omic data in a setting that empowers phenotype, analytic, and computational experts to transform raw data into knowledge of the determinants of cardiovascular health.
Cały świat potrzebuje wstrząsu. Ruchy społeczne i polityczny kryzys w średniowiecznej Europie

Tekst stanowi fragment rozdzialu ksiązki Silvii Federici Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation, w ktorej wloska filozofka przedstawia historie narodzin kapitalizmu od strony walk spolecznych, tworzonych miedzy dwunastym a siedemnastym wiekiem organizacji autonomistycznych oraz ogromnej roli, jaką w owczesnym oporze ogrywaly kobiety. Federici, polemizując z wyznawaną takze przez wielu marksistow linearną wizją historii pokazuje, ze rewolucja kapitalistyczna byla w istocie kontrrewolucją. Nie tylko przyniosla wiecej przemocy, ucisku i realnego podporządkowania niz feudalizm, ale ściśle wspoldzialala z silami starego świata w celu utrzymania spolecznego i ekonomicznego status quo. Taka perspektywa pozwala Federici ukazac średniowiecze zupelnie inne niz to, ktore znamy z podrecznikow. To dlatego obraz świata, ktory wylania sie jej pracy wolny jest od wizji bezalternatywnej dominacji Kościola czy od wladzy feudalnej podporządkowującej sobie calośc zycia spolecznego. W zamian Federici prezentuje epoke zywego oporu, niezliczonych ruchow spolecznych i herezji oraz walk klasowych toczonych przynajmniej z taką samą intensywnością jak walki proletariatu zdwudziestego czy dziewietnastego wieku.
114 METASTATIC BASAL CELL CARCINOMA.

Purpose To present a case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Introduction BCC is the most common skin cancer in the United States. Metastasis of BCC is rare; only approximately 200 cases have been reported in the world literature. Death from nonmelanoma skin cancer is also not always accurately recorded; however, estimated mortality is very low, at less than 2,000 people yearly. Case Presentation A 62-year-old white male with recurrent BCC of the left posterior triangle of the neck previously treated with wide local excision on two occasions presented to the ENT clinic for routine follow-up. The patient was found to have subcutaneous nodules on his neck that did not involve the skin at the excision site. A CT neck was ordered for further evaluation, and the lesions were subsequently biopsied. Pathology revealed recurrent basal cell. The patient underwent radical neck dissection. CT of the chest was performed and revealed multiple pulmonary nodules. Interventional radiology was consulted for biopsy of one of the pulmonary nodules. The specimen was submitted to pathology and revealed metastatic BCC to the lung. Subsequently, the patient began systemic chemotherapy with Taxol/carboplatin. The patient is currently undergoing treatment. Discussion At least 90% of BCCs are cured with the initial therapeutic modality, which may include cryosurgery, photodynamic therapy, topical immunomodulators, local excision, and Mohs9 micrographic surgery. In most cases, BCCs have an indolent growth pattern. Locally invasive tumors can develop over years from patient neglect. The risk of metastasis or invasion of vital structures by BCCs is extremely low, with an estimated incidence of 0.03%. Because BCC is not commonly reported to cancer registries in the United States, the true incidence cannot be determined. Most metastatic or deeply invasive BCCs are located on the head and neck. Regional lymph nodes are the most common site of metastatic disease, followed by the lung.
Is it time for comprehensive geriatric assessment to move beyond primary care? The case for targeting medical sub-specialty practice

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) as a consultative service for older adults with complex medical and psychosocial challenges has existed for decades. However, studies have often showed inconsistent acceptance and implementation of geriatric recommendations by primary care providers (PCPs) raising doubts about the overall benefits of CGA in this setting. Press and colleagues investigated the patient- and provider-related factors that affect recommendation implementation, and like previous studies, they too found similarly low rates of implementation. In this commentary, we acknowledge the perennial challenges that exist to improving the acceptance of CGA in primary care practice, and we suggest an alternative target: medical sub-specialty practice. By highlighting three medical sub-specialty fields (oncology, nephrology, and cardiology), which have demonstrated that CGA can be incorporated into their respective clinical practices, we argue that CGA may prove to have greater impact in these settings than in primary care. We also propose initial research steps that could further delineate the trends, outcomes, and next steps for such consultations.
Comparing Thixotropic and Herschel-Bulkley Models forAvalanches and Subaqueous Debris Flows

Debris flows such as avalanches and landslides are heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids but are often simulated as homogeneous non-Newtonian fluids using a Herschel-Bulkley model. By representing the heterogeneous debris as a homogeneous non-Newtonian fluid, it is possible to use standard numerical approaches for the Navier-Stokes equations where viscosity is allowed to vary in time and space (e.g. eddy-viscosity turbulence models). Common non-Newtonian models are time-independent so that the relationship between the time-space-varying effective viscosity and flow stress is unchanging. However, the complex behaviors of debris flows at flow initiation (jamming) and cessation (restructuralization) imply that the viscosity-stress relationships should have time-dependent behaviors, which is a feature of thixotropic non-Newtonian fluids. In this paper, both Herschel-Bulkley and thixotropic non-Newtonian fluid models are evaluated for simulating avalanches along a slope and subaqueous debris flows. A numerical solver using a multi-material level set method is applied to track multiple interfaces simultaneously. The numerical results are validated with analytical solutions and available experimental data using parameters selected based on the experimental setup and without post-hoc calibration. The thixotropic (time-dependent) fluid model shows reasonable agreement with all the experimental data. For most of the experimental conditions, the Herschel-Bulkley (time-independent) model results were similar to the thixotropic model, a critical exception being conditions with a high yield stress. Where the flow initiation is strongly dominated by the structural jamming and the initial yield behavior the time-independent model performed poorly.
Prevalence and predictors of inappropriate anticoagulation in patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 and atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown underutilization of anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score ≥2; however there exists little data regarding the inappropriate use of anticoagulation in patients with a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0. We aimed to determine the true prevalence and predictors of inappropriate anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with atrial fibrillation and a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 in our institution from January 2009 to January 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the electronic medical record. We utilized multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine independent clinical predictors of inappropriate anticoagulation administration. Results 512 patients were identified with a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0 and a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Of the 137 patients prescribed anticoagulation, 64 patients were identified as inappropriately treated with anticoagulation therapy after assessing for other indications of warfarin or novel anticoagulant therapy. Independent variables associated with inappropriate anticoagulation administration were age (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03–1.10), body mass index (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.10), absence of current aspirin use (OR 13.50; 95% CI 6.00–30.54) and persistent atrial fibrillation (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.11–4.94). Conclusions Our study shows that 12% of patients with a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0 were inappropriately prescribed anticoagulant therapy. Independent predictors of unnecessary anticoagulation were age, body mass index, absence of current aspirin use and persistent atrial fibrillation.
Technical Note: Effect of bait delivery interval in an automated head-chamber system on respiration gas estimates when cattle are grazing rangeland

ABSTRACT Agricultural methane (CH 4 ) emissions worldwide account for approximately 43% of all anthropogenic CH 4 emissions, and the majority of agricultural CH 4 emissions are attributed to enteric fermentation within ruminant livestock. Therefore, interest is heightened in quantifying and mitigating this source. The automated head-chamber system (AHCS; GreenFeed, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) evaluated here can be placed in a pasture with grazing cattle to measure their CH 4 and CO 2 emissions and O 2 consumption. However, improper management of an AHCS might have a significant effect on gas exchange estimates. One factor that may affect the quality of these estimates is the rate that bait is delivered and the length of time an animal has its muzzle in front of the intake manifold for sampling. During both experiments, at each visit to the AHCS an electronic ear tag triggered the delivery of 6-mm alfalfa pellets (bait; 32-g increments) at timed intervals up to 8 times per visit and a maximum of 4 sampling events/d. In Exp. 1, the AHCS was programmed to deliver feed at 18- (n = 2), 21- (n = 4), 24- (n = 4), or 27-s (n = 3) intervals for 73 d; in Exp. 2 the AHCS was programmed to deliver feed at 19- (n = 2), 27- (n = 4), 35- (n = 4), or 43-s (n = 3) intervals for 43 d. The AHCS was programmed to measure CH 4 , CO 2 , and O 2 (Exp. 2 only) fluxes at each visit during the experiments. Time intervals were analyzed by ANOVA, and least squares means were compared using linear and quadratic contrasts. Carbon dioxide emission estimates were not affected by time interval in either experiment. Methane emission estimates and the ratio of CH 4 :CO 2 linearly decreased ( P 2 consumption estimate in Exp. 2. Increasing the time increment increased ( P
When Do Founder CEOs Take More Risk than Professional CEOs

Drawing from the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial overconfidence literatures, we explore the relationship between founder CEOs and firm-level strategic risk-taking behaviors. We argue that foun...
Natural frequency and time response variation for forced vibrations of cracked Timoshenko beams

The aviation industry of the current era is dominated by the profound utilization of strengthened structures for a prolonged service life. High speed aircrafts are vulnerable to higher bending and torsional loads due to rapidly fluctuating aerodynamic loads. The need of the hour is to be aware of the loadings and their implications on the life of the beams. The current research paper focuses on a cracked Timoshenko beam. These beams can be easily co-related with numerous structures inside the wing and fuselage of the aircraft. As a first case, the crack depth and the crack locations were varied to observe the variations in natural frequencies of the vibrating Timoshenko beam. Following this, a harmonic force (F0∗cos(wt)) was applied and the forced beam response was observed at a constant time. Subsequently, time varying response was extracted for the same beam at different location. A variety of loads, including rectangular pulse, impulse, blast, step and ramp loads were applied and their complete forced responses were observed at specific locations on the beam over time. It was pertinent to mention here that the responses extracted at the crack locations were more severe than those farther from the crack location. The current research could be used to observe the time varying response of these loads and, subsequently, determining the fatigue life of cracked beams. This analysis can prove very fruitful in the field of SHM (Structural health monitoring) and the durability of materials used in the aviation industry can be easily accessed.
Personality disorders in drug abusers: Prevalence and their association with axis i disorders as predictors of treatment retention

A sample of 226 drug-dependent individuals consecutively admitted to treatment in the major therapeutic programmes in Greece were assessed at intake with the EuropASI and SCL-90-R. At 4 to 6 weeks, 173 who were continuing treatment were reasssed with the SCL-90-R and interviewed with the SCID-R and the CIDI. Mean age of the subjects was 28 years, and 82.3% were male. Heroin was the main substance of abuse for the large majority (89.8%). Prevalence of AXIS II personality disorders (PD) was 59.5% and the majority (61.2%) had more than one PD. Cluster B was diagnosed in almost half of the subjects (48.6%), Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) being the most prevalent (33.5%) type of PD. Subjects with APD had an earlier age of initiation of illicit drug use than those without. Subjects with a PD had twice the odds of having a comorbid AXIS I diagnosis and three times the odds of having a mood disorder than those without a PD. SCL-90-R assessments showed that psychiatric symptoms were significantly reduced in the period between intake and the fourth week in treatment. Somatization, Depression and Anxiety symptoms were however less reduced in subjects with a PD than in those without PD. Dropping out from treatment was more strongly predicted by AXIS I than AXIS II disorders, with an increased probability of dropping out in the presence of current mood disorders, whereas current anxiety disorder predicted treatment retention.
Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Properties of Chlorinated Furanones: Important by-Products of Water Chlorination

Mutagenic activity is frequently detectable in organic concentrates of drinking water derived from surface waters (11). Because most mutagens tested to date are animal carcinogens and because mutagens may induce heritable alterations in germ cells, there is concern as to whether or not the presence of mutagenic chemicals in drinking water represent an acceptable human health risk. Identification of the mutagenic components of drinking water is needed before an accurate assessment of the health risks can be made. Methods have been developed for the isolation and identification of mutagens in drinking water (24), but the task of ascribing mutagenicity levels to specific chemical contaminants has proved difficult.
Leading in the Real World: Operationalizing a Power-Based Model of Collaboration for Leadership Experiential Learning

ABSTRACTUsing a power-based conceptual framework, we present a collaboration model to guide faculty and student affairs (SA) staff in working together to develop experiential learning assignments that help students apply leadership concepts to on-campus organizational problems. The Power-Based Student-Centered Collaboration Model (PSCM) consists of four stages through which faculty, SA staff, leadership course students, and student organization leaders operationalize their legitimate, coercive, expert, reward, and informational power in sharing resources for mutually beneficial student-centered learning experiences. Power structures provide coordinating mechanisms for information-exchange, decision-making, and role clarification in team-based collaborations. Using the PSCM, we developed a 6-week assignment Leading in the Real World for an organizational leadership course. By assessing leadership challenges, leadership course students helped student organization leaders improve performance. We outline how ...
Feasibility Assessment for Implementing Adaptive Traffic Signal Control

AbstractAdaptive traffic control systems (ATCS) continuously adapt to changing traffic in order to improve traffic performance at signalized intersections. Typical before–after studies evaluate the...
Accuracy Screening for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Task-switching Simulation.

Author(s): Soares III, William E.; Price, Lori L.; Prast, Brendan; Tarbox, Elizabeth; Mader, Timothy J.; Blanchard, Rebecca | Abstract: Introduction: Interruptions in the emergency department (ED) are associated with clinical errors, yet are important when providing care to multiple patients. Screening triage electrocardiograms (ECG) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) represent a critical interrupting task that emergency physicians (EP) frequently encounter. To address interruptions such as ECG interpretation, many EPs engage in task switching, pausing their primary task to address an interrupting task. The impact of task switching on clinical errors in interpreting screening ECGs for STEMI remains unknown.Methods: Resident and attending EPs were invited to participate in a crossover simulation trial. Physicians first completed a task-switching simulation in which they viewed patient presentations interrupted by clinical tasks, including screening ECGs requiring immediate interpretation before resuming the patient presentation. Participants then completed an uninterrupted simulation in which patient presentations and clinical tasks were completed sequentially without interruption. The primary outcome was accuracy of ECG interpretation for STEMI during task switching and uninterrupted simulations. Results: Thirty-five participants completed the study. We found no significant difference in accuracy of ECG interpretation for STEMI (task switching 0.89, uninterrupted 0.91, paired t-test p=0.21). Attending physician status (odds ratio [OR] [2.56], confidence interval [CI] [1.66-3.94], pl0.01) and inferior STEMI (OR [0.08], CI [0.04-0.14], pl0.01) were associated with increased and decreased odds of correct interpretation, respectively. Low self-reported confidence in interpretation was associated with decreased odds of correct interpretation in the task-switching simulation, but not in the uninterrupted simulation (interaction p=0.02). Conclusion: In our simulation, task switching was not associated with overall accuracy of ECG interpretation for STEMI. However, odds of correct interpretation decreased with inferior STEMI ECGs and when participants self-reported low confidence when interrupted. Our study highlights opportunities to improve through focused ECG training, as well as self-identification of “high-risk” screening ECGs prone to error during interrupted clinical workflow.
Epigenetics of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease

Multiple myeloma bone disease (MMDB) is a devastating clinical manifestation of multiple myeloma associated with excessive bone osteolysis, which results from enhanced osteoclastogenesis and suppression of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation into osteoblasts. Impaired osteogenesis and functional alterations of myeloma-exposed BMSCs (MM-BMSCs) during the course of disease evolution significantly contribute to myeloma growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. This review highlights new studies demonstrating that epigenetic modalities including chromatin-mediated gene silencing and non-coding RNA contribute to pathogenesis of MM-BMSCs. Inhibitors targeting histone-modifying enzymes EZH2, JMJD3, HDACs, and BET proteins have been successfully used to revert osteogenic suppression of MM-BMSCs. Aberrant expression of non-coding RNA cause functional changes associated with senescence, osteogenic suppression, and tumor-promoting phenotype of MM-BMSCs. Epigenetic events guiding transformations of the surrounding BMSC compartments are ultimately linked to disease onset and progression and open new therapeutic opportunity to target dissemination of MM tumors and reliably repair bone lesions.
Gene Duplication as an Evolutionary Force

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the gene duplication as an evolutionary force. The available data on partial sequences of H-chains, which are about 450 amino acid residues long, indicates that an original cistron for the H-chain arose by tandem fusion of two L-chain genes. The L-chain itself shows internal homology indicating that an original L-chain gene was the product of a fusion of two tandem duplicates of the primordial gene, which specified a polypeptide chain about 110 residues long. It is believed that this primordial gene was akin to the gene that specifies haptoglobin α-chain. Nonlinkage between L-chain genes and H-chain genes of immunoglobulin as well as between the α-chain gene and the β-chain gene of hemoglobin suggests that during the course of vertebrate evolution not only tandem duplication but also other means were utilized to create functionally diversified genes from redundant duplicates of an ancestral gene
Time-dependent micromechanical behavior in graphite/epoxy composites under constant load at elevated temperatures

Time dependent deformation at the individual fiber level was investigated in graphite fiber/epoxy composites at elevated temperatures using micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and a time dependent shear-lag based single fiber composite model (SFM). The modeling parameters were obtained from the creep response of the unfilled epoxy at several stress levels and at temperatures up to 80°C. An effective fiber spacing was used in the model predictions to account for the radial decay of the interfacial shear stress from the fiber surface. Good agreement was observed between the model predictions and MRS data when the temperature dependence of τp (the shear stress in the matrix yielded zone) and γc (the critical shear strain for the onset of inelasticity) were taken into account. Overall, the inelastic length growing from the fiber fractures increases with temperature and time. This leads to a wider stress concentration profile in the neighboring intact fibers, which increases the chance of failure in the intact fibers and facilitates the creep-rupture process of the composite.
TopoBARTMAP: Biclustering ARTMAP with or without Topological Methods in a Blood Cancer Case Study

Biclustering is a special case of subspace clustering that has become viable in several domains. Particularly, in genomic data analysis, biclustering has been used to identify conditions under which a subset of genes are highly co-expressed, while topological data analysis has been used to analyze disease-specific subgroups, evolution, and disease progression. In this work, we combine biclustering with topological data analysis to achieve the best of both methods. We present TopoBARTMAP - produced by hybridizing BARTMAP, an adaptive resonance theory (ART)-based biclustering method, with TopoART, a topology learning ART network - in order to identify topological associations between biclusters. TopoBARTMAP outperformed both TopoART and BARTMAP in the experimental analysis on six benchmark blood cancer data sets. In some cases, BARTMAP may nevertheless be preferred due to implementation simplicity.
Unveiling the Necrocapitalist Dimensions of the Shadow Carceral State: On Pay-to-Stay to Recoup the Cost of Incarceration

The expansion of monetary sanctions constitutes what Beckett and Murakawa describe as the "shadow carceral state," where covert penal power is expanded through institutional annexation by blending civil, administrative, and criminal legal authority. A growing body of work on monetary sanctions has begun to dissect covert penal power by tracing increased civil and administrative pipelines to incarceration, civil financial alternatives to criminal sanctions, and innovations to generate criminal justice revenue. However, institutional annexation and innovation in the form of contemporary pay-to-stay practices remain understudied and undertheorized. In this article, I first examine statutes and practices to theorize pay-to-stay as exemplary of the shadow carceral state-an outcome of legal hybridity and institutional annexation legitimated using the legal construction of "not punishment," which frames monetary sanctions as non-punitive. Second, I expand Beckett and Murakawa's framework to argue pay-to-stay practices reveal how the shadow carceral state compounds or initiates the civil death of those charged. I broaden our notion of civil death to include financial indebtedness to the shadow carceral state. I suggest covert penal power expands through the accumulation of resources extracted from people marked for civil death through criminal justice contact. Finally, I conclude that monetary sanctions such as pay-to-stay reveal how the shadow carceral state expands covert penal power through necrocapitalism, meaning institutional accumulation occurs through dispossession and the subjugation of life to the power of death.
Cultural Stress in the Age of Mass Xenophobia: Perspectives from Latin/o Adolescents.

Abstract During the last four years, xenophobic rhetoric directed toward Latino immigrants in U.S. media outlets and political forums has greatly increased. Using a general inductive approach, this qualitative study examined the forms of cultural stress, with a focus on discrimination and xenophobia, experienced by Latino adolescents in urban U.S. settings in 2018 and 2019. Six focus groups were conducted in Miami and Los Angeles (three groups per city) with first- and second-generation tenth-grade Latino students (n = 34). The following four themes emerged from the data: perceived discrimination from other Latino subgroups (in-group discrimination), perceived discrimination from non-Latino groups (out-group discrimination), internalization of stressors and discrimination experienced by participants' parents, and the current U.S. political rhetoric surrounding immigration. Understanding cultural stress among Latino adolescents provides valuable insight for future interventions to offset negative health outcomes associated with cultural stress.
Renal function outcomes and kidney biopsy features of living kidney donors with hypertension

Background The medium- to long-term outcomes of living kidney donors with hypertension compared to normotensive donors are not well understood, especially with the recent changes in hypertension guidelines. Methods We studied a cohort of 950 living kidney donors using different definitions of hypertension based on either ≥140/90 or ≥130/80 mmHg thresholds and based on either office or ambulatory blood pressure readings. Microstructural features on kidney biopsy at the time of donation were compared using different definitions of hypertension. Results After adjusting for years of follow-up, age, sex, and baseline eGFR, hypertension (by any definition) did not significantly predict an eGFR Conclusions In programs that accept donors with controlled hypertension, various definitions of hypertension are associated with histological findings in the donated kidney, but none predict a clinically significant decline in kidney function 10 years after donation. These data support allowing healthy individuals with controlled hypertension to donate a kidney. However, donors with office hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and nondippers (regardless of hypertension status) are at greater long-term risk for proteinuria, and particularly for these donors, longer follow-up is warranted.
Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices Use in Cardiogenic Shock and High-Risk Percutaneous Intervention.

Statistical data has shown that patients now treated in cardiac catheterization laboratories are older with several comorbidities, including renal failure, diabetes, and heart failure [1]. In past patients who were not suitable candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention due to their numerous comorbidities now seems to be a suitable candidate due to tremendous advancements in the field of interventional cardiology like new stent design and availability of advance mechanical circulatory support devices, i.e., Impella performing PCI on these high-risk patients become a viable option. There are two areas of cardiology in which mechanical circulatory support devices keep evolving: one is high-risk (percutaneous coronary intervention) PCI, and the other is a cardiogenic shock that is refractory to initial pressor support. In this article, we review evidence base data regarding the use of mechanical circulatory support devices in high-risk percutaneous intervention and cardiogenic shock.
Re-evaluating the Freedom of Scientific Inquiry Through Biotechnology and Human Rights

From 1633 and Pope Urban VIII's censure of Galileo for averring Copernicanism1 to July 31,2001, when the U.S. House of Representatives voted, on bipartisan lines, to ban human cloning for reproduction as well as for therapeutic medical research purposes,2 the quest to validate the freedom of scientific inquiry is both seen and questioned. While the mandate for progress has been unclear, one conclusion is inescapable: The freedom of scientific freedom, shaped by a spirit of social responsibility, must be en sured, and indeed promoted, if biotechnology is to be utilized fully in the development of human rights.3 Much as with structuring a regime for the law of the seas in the 1970s,4 now?in matters of biotechnology?and more especially the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted on May 22,19925?the split is predictable between developed and less-devel oped countries over the use of products derived from plant genetic resources.6 In devel oping countries, products derived from plant genetic resources become major sources of potential wealth. Indeed, with the phenomenal growth of knowledge-based industries, the intellectual property regime assumes a greater vitality in assuring the development of human rights in developing countries.7 The challenge is to find a balance between conservation and the reasonable exploita tion of national resources. With the proper balance in place, opportunities for eco nomic development become a base on which to engraft human rights to growth and sustainability and to human development. Regrettably, the present international regime and the amendments proffered to it are defective in accommodating both innovation and conservation.8 One intriguing proposal for meeting the international problems associated with biotechnology is the establishment, by treaty, of an international biotechnology patent office, to which would be referred all end-products derived from plant genetic re sources. Such a system would not only advance conservation and preserve biodiversity, at the same time it would foster a spirit of innovation leading to new end-products.9 The globalization of international relations has given rise to complex issues in geo politics?with no problem more central than that of conferring equal status on all human rights. To achieve this equality, economic and social rights must be factored into efforts to define and then recognize a rapprochement, indeed an interdependency between, development and human rights policy. In other words, recognition and use of a human rights approach to development elevates economic, social, and cultural rights to a co equal ranking with political and civil rights.10
Energy efficiency: our most underrated energy resource

Aggressive pursuit of energy conservation is a promising road to environmental protection, national economic well-being and reduced dependence on foreign sources; we can have energy abundance without energy growth
Shellability in reductive monoids

The purpose of this paper is to extend to monoids the work of Bjorner, Wachs and Proctor on the shellability of the Bruhat-Chevalley order on Weyl groups. Let M be a reductive monoid with unit group G, Borel subgroup B and Weyl group W. We study the partially ordered set of B x B-orbits (with respect to Zariski closure inclusion) within a G x G-orbit of M. This is the same as studying a W x W-orbit in the Renner monoid R. Such an orbit is the retract of a 'universal orbit', which is shown to be lexicograhically shellable in the sense of Bjorner and Wachs.
HIV/AIDS Education for Adolescents: School Policy and Practice.

(1994). HIV/AIDS Education for Adolescents: School Policy and Practice. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 229-232.
A list-decodable code with local encoding and decoding

Guruswamy and Indyk (2004) have shown that there exists an error-correcting code for which list-decoding from a (1-/spl epsi/) fraction of errors can be done in linear time. We present a binary code for which list-decoding from a (1/2-/spl epsi/) fraction of errors can be done in polylog time. The size of the list of candidates for the correct codeword is exponential but non-trivial and moreover is tight with respect to some known lower bounds. More precisely, for arbitrary constants /spl epsi/>0 and /spl lambda/>0 we present a code E : {0, 1}/sup n/ /spl rarr/ {0, 1}/sup n~/ such that n/sup ~/ = n/sup O(log(1//spl epsi/))/ and every ball in {0, 1}/sup n~/ of radius ( 1/2 -/spl epsi/)n/sup ~/ (in the Hamming-distance sense) contains at most 2/sup /spl lambda/n/ strings. Furthermore, the code E has encoding and list-decoding algorithms that produce each bit of their output in time polylog (n).
Novel Bedside Phonetic Evaluation to Identify Dysphagia and Aspiration Risk

Background There is a need for improved clinical identification of hospitalized patients at risk of aspiration. We evaluated our novel phonetic test in a broad spectrum of patients at risk of aspiration in the ICU or intermediate care unit. Methods We prospectively enrolled 60 hospitalized patients with aspiration risk, between December 2009 and September 2011, who subsequently underwent audio-recorded three-component phonetic bedside evaluation. The recordings were scored by two blinded speech-language pathologists. The institutional dysphagia admission screening test was performed by a bedside nurse. The primary outcomes, dysphagia and aspiration, were assessed by a videofluoroscopic swallowing study, fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, or both. We assessed the short- and long-term clinical outcomes (length of stay, subsequent aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure, survival) and how these were associated with the phonetic and swallow assessments. Results Statistically significant linear associations with dysphagia were noted for all three individual phonetic components. Also, there were statistically significant linear associations with aspiration for diadochokinesis ( P = .050) and consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice ( P = .025). Diadochokinesis alone predicted dysphagia (area under the curve [AUC], 0.74; P = .001) and aspiration (AUC, 0.67; P = .012). Its predictive ability improved when combined with normalized dysphagia admission screening test results (AUC, 0.79; P = .001). The short- and long-term clinical outcomes were adversely affected by the worse phonetic/swallowing scores, although they were not statistically different. Conclusions Abnormal phonation among ICU and intermediate care unit patients is associated with dysphagia and aspiration. Future investigative efforts should uncover the most effective combination of evaluations for accurate bedside detection of dysphagia and aspiration risk in a broad spectrum of patients.
A Review of “In Pursuit of Excellence: How to Win in Sport and Life through Mental Training”

In Pursuit of Excellence: How to Win in Sport and Life through Mental Training provides useful tools to help the individual pursue his or her life dreams: how to turn challenges into opportunities ...
Pseudorotational dynamics of H3+ and Li3+

The origin of the pseudoprecession phenomenon is investigated through a computational study of the time evolution of H3+ and Li3+ by electron nuclear dynamics theory. In particular, the pseudorotation of both molecules is shown to induce a spatial rotation, which in turn leads to Coriolis coupling of the two orthogonal nuclear shape deformation modes. This effect is rooted in an anisotropy of the molecular ground state potential energy surface that is caused by the interaction between the D3h ground state and a twofold degenerate first excited state. Computations are performed for a variety of vibrational energies. In addition, the impact of the anharmonicity of the ground state potential surface on the shape deformation modes and the coupling between them is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Modeling a Biomass Fluidizing Bed With Side Port Air Injection

Fluidized beds are used to gasify materials such as coal or biomass in the production of producer gas. Modeling these reactors using computational fluid dynamics is advantageous when performing parametric studies for design and scale-up. While two-dimensional simulations are easier to perform than three-dimensional simulations, they may not capture the proper physics. This paper compares two- and three-dimensional simulations with experiments for a reactor geometry with side port air injection. The side port is located within the bed region so that the injected air can help promote mixing. Of interest in this study is validating the hydrodynamics of fluidizing biomass. Two operating conditions of the fluidized bed are studied for superficial gas velocities of 1.5Umf and 3.0Umf , where Umf is the minimum fluidization velocity. The material used to represent biomass is ground walnut shell because it tends to fluidize uniformly and falls within the Geldart type B classification. The simulations are compared to experimental data of time-averaged local gas holdup values using X-ray computed tomography. Results indicate that for the conditions of this study, two-dimensional simulations overpredict the gas holdup trends when compared to the experiments. However, the three-dimensional simulations compare exceptionally well with the experiments, thus predicting the fluidization hydrodynamics, irrespective of flowrate or complexity due to the side air port. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the importance of using a three-dimensional model for bubbling fluidized beds with complex physics.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A fully parallel algorithm for implementing path expressions

Abstract Current research efforts in parallel architecture usually evolve from designs of a processor-memory-connection architecture with rudimentary facilities for synchronization and communication, which are often found to be inadequate to support the more sophisticated usages. In order to remedy this problem, we favor a top-down design, where the primitive operations are selected via a careful and thorough analysis of the high-level general purpose applications to be supported by the architecture. In this paper, we study how a high-level process-synchronization specification, presented in the path expression language, can be translated into a fully parallel implementation on an MIMD shared memory architecture and what primitive support facilities are necessary to achieve this. Primary emphasis is obviously on the simplicity of the system, the low synchronization overhead of the algorithm, the efficiency of the primitives, and the relative ease of system implementation.
Intravenous immune globulin in the therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the effect of therapy with intravenous immune globulin on recovery of left ventricular function in women presenting with peripartum cardiomyopathy. BACKGROUND Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare complication of pregnancy that results in significant morbidity and mortality in women of childbearing age. Intravenous immune globulin has been reported to improve left ventricular systolic function in patients with acute dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, but its effectiveness in peripartum cardiomyopathy is unknown. METHODS In this retrospective study, we compared the clinical outcomes of six women with peripartum cardiomyopathy treated with intravenous immune globulin (2 g/kg) with those of 11 recent historical control subjects. All women in the study were referred between 1991 and 1998 with class II to IV heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of RESULTS The two groups did not differ in terms of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, months to presentation, age or multiparity. The improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients treated with immune globulin was significantly greater than in the conventionally treated group (increase of 26 ± 8 ejection fraction units vs. 13 ±13, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS In this small retrospective study of women with peripartum cardiomyopathy, patients treated with immune globulin had a greater improvement in ejection fraction during early follow-up than patients treated conventionally. Given the poor prognosis of women with peripartum cardiomyopathy who do not improve, this therapy merits further study.
A COMPARISON OF MARKET CHANNELS FOR COMMERCIALLY-CAUGHT CATFISH AND CULTURED CATFISH IN ALABAMA'S LOWER TOMBIGBEE RIVER BASIN

The domestic cultured catfish market, which in 1982 absorbed about one million live weight pounds, evolved from a market originally supplied solely by wild catfish caught mainly by commercial fishermen on lakes and rivers of the southeastern United States. Price and volume reports generated by the catfish processing industry largely omit wild catfish supplies, which have exceeded cultured supplies by as much as 100% as recently as 1976. Likewise, little is known about the marketing channels through which wild and cultured catfish move to their respective retail users. Current marketing channels for wild-caught catfish were traced in a 1981 year-long survey of commercial fisheries along the lower Tombigbee River and the Mobile Delta. Those market channels for pond-cultured catfish were analyzed in a 1983 study of two major processors in West Alabama. Catfish supplied by the two sources, wild and cultured, were found to move to retail users along different, and almost mutually exclusive, marketing channels. Wild catfish caught by commercial fishermen in the lower Tombigbee River were sold largely through commercial sales (86%). The main market channel for these commercial sales of wild-caught fish was sales to private families (40%), according to fishermen responding. Cultured catfish were mainly sold by their producers to processors (approximately 100%), who converted fish in the round into several types of products. These value-added products were then marketed mainly through wholesale channels to supermarkets (15%), wholesale distributors (67%), and hotels/restaurants/institutions (18%).