cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the importance of the rat lungworm as the most likely etiological agent of cerebral angiostrongylosis of man. The important information that has been discussed concerning Angiostrongylus cantonensis includes (1) the ability of the parasite to migrate, develop, and produce eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in man and simian hosts; (2) the existence of a parallel relationship between the geographical distribution of human cases of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and distribution of the parasite in the rodent host; (3) the ability of the parasite to utilize, under natural conditions, a variety of land mollusks as intermediate hosts, and to utilize freshwater prawns, land planarians, land crabs, pigs, and calves as carrier hosts; and (4) the apparent transmission of the parasite to man by ingestion of uncooked carrier hosts and molluscan intermediate hosts. Many gaps remain to be investigated in the fields of biology, epidemiology, immunology, pathology, and chemotherapy. Some of the urgent research needs include (1) determination of a simple technique for the diagnosis of human angiostrongylosis, which includes the possible use of purified worm antigen suitable for cutaneous testing; (2) more information on animals, which serve as carrier hosts for the infective larval parasite, and the methods of human infection; and (3) more information on the effects of the parasite in the primate and other mammalian hosts, with special reference to neurological and related disorders.
Reconstruction of steady state in cell-free systems: Interactions between glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism: Regulation of the redox and phosphorylation states

Abstract A reconstituted “open” system comprising respiring mitochondria and actively glycolyzing muscle extract was devised for studies of vectorially mediated interactions. Glycogen particles were the substrate for the glycolyzing enzymes. Purified soluble (F 1 ) ATPase was added in varying quantities to establish a range of energetic steady states. The data generally confirm our recent conclusions (Wu and Davis, (1981) Arch. Biochem., Biophys. 208, 85–89) on the relative efficacy of the adenine nucleotides and their ratios, and of inorganic phosphate on flux through rate-controlling steps of glycolysis. When mitochondrial ATP synthesis was blocked, glycolytic flux was relatively rapid, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio increased with time to values up to greater than 300. If functional mitochondria were present, glycolytic flux was very strongly suppressed, provided the energy state ( ATP ADP ) was high, and the phosphate concentration[ P i] was low. Adenine nucleotide control of glycolysis was to a large extent lost when the steady-state ATP ADP was below about 10, or if [ P i] was elevated. In the two-phase system containing respiring mitochondria and components of the malate-aspartate shuttle, the ATP ADP and both extra- and intramitochondrial NAD + /NADH ratios were maintained constant, and to various perturbable levels with varying energy load (ATPase). The gradient in reduction potentials attained values (Δ G rmredox ) of up to about 2.5 kcal. The extramitochondrial redox state was not positively correlated with the external phosphorylation potential ([ATP]/[ADP] × [ P i]). The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the present data, together with other reports (Davis, Bremer, and Akerman (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2277–2283) and (Klingenberg and Rottenberg (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 73, 125–130) : (a) the gradient in reduction potential is driven by the membrane potential (Δψ), mediated by the electrogenic glutamate-aspartate exchange, and the poise or set point of this gradient is a function of Δψ; and (b) the gradient of ATP ADP ratios across the membrane is also driven principally by Δψ, mediated by the electrogenic ATP-ADP exchange. Hence, segregation of phosphorylation and reduction potentials is linked through a mutually shared electrical driving force.
A parallel implementation of the ISO 8802-2.2 protocol

A parallel implementation of the ISO 8802-2.2 Logical Link Control protocol on a multiprocessor-based communication adapter is described. Detailed measurements allow the authors to construct and parameterize a model of the implementation. The model shows how pipelining of different protocol functions is possible and what performance gain can be expected when running the implementation on different processor configurations. The performance of the parallel implementation is more than 16000 information protocol data units per second, commensurate with emerging high-speed networks operating in the 100 Mb/s range. >
OPTIMAL HARVESTING OF A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT FISHERY MODEL

We consider an optimal fishery harvesting problem using a spatially explicit model with a semilinear el- liptic PDE, Dirichlet boundary conditions, and logistic pop- ulation growth. We consider two objective functionals: maxi- mizing the yield and minimizing the cost or the variation in the fishing effort (control). Existence, necessary conditions, and uniqueness for the optimal harvesting control for both cases are established. Results for maximizing the yield with Neumann (no-flux) boundary conditions are also given. The optimal control when minimizing the variation is character- ized by a variational inequality instead of the usual algebraic characterization, which involves the solutions of an optimal- ity system of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.
Software quality control and prediction model for maintenance

We develop a quality control and prediction model for improving the quality of software delivered by development to maintenance. This model identifies modules that require priority attention during development and maintenance by using Boolean discriminant functions. The model also predicts during development the quality that will be delivered to maintenance by using both point and confidence interval estimates of quality. We show that it is important to perform a marginal analysis when making a decision about how many metrics to include in a discriminant function. If many metrics are added at once, the contribution of individual metrics is obscured. Also, the marginal analysis provides an effective rule for deciding when to stop adding metrics. We also show that certain metrics are dominant in their effects on classifying quality and that additional metrics are not needed to increase the accuracy of classification. Related to this property of dominance is the property of concordance, which is the degree to which a set of metrics produces the same result in classifying software quality. A high value of concordance implies that additional metrics will not make a significant contribution to accurately classifying qualitys hence, these metrics are redundant. Data from the Space Shuttle flight software are used to illustrate the model process.
Multidifferential Calculus: Chain Rule, Open Mapping and Transversal Intersection Theorems

The purpose of this note is to develop a calculus of “multidifferentials” of setvalued maps between finite-dimensional real linear spaces. This will be done by generalizing the concept of the classical differential (CD), following the ideas of F. Clarke’s theory of generalized Jacobians (CGJ’s) and J. Warga’s theory of derivate containers (WDC’s), cf. Clarke [4] and Warga [17, 18, 19, 20].
Probing and controlling electron spin coherence in GaAs quantum wells with three-pulse differential transmission

We have developed and used transient three-pulse differential absorption spectroscopy to probe and control the fifth order nonlinear optical response induced by electron spin coherence in GaAs quantum wells.
The Planning Theory of Law II: The Nature of Legal Norms

This paper and its companion (“The Planning Theory of Law I: The Nature of Legal Institutions”) provide a general introduction to Scott Shapiro’s Planning Theory of Law as developed in his recent book Legality. The Planning Theory encompasses both an account of the nature of legal institutions and an account of the nature of legal norms. The first paper concerns the account of legal institutions. This paper concerns the account of legal norms.
Use of existing current profiling assets in the Gulf of Mexico to support the Deepwater Horizon response

The explosion and collapse of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (MC-252) in the Gulf of Mexico in mid-April 2010 began the largest release of oil into the environment in US history. From 23 April, when the first oil sheen was noted on the surface, until 15 July, when the well was capped, oil flowed at varying rates from 1500 meters below the surface. Because of the high rate of flow and the use of dispersants, a cloud of oil and gas droplets was trapped between 1000 and 1300 meters depth. As the cloud was moved away by ambient currents, new oil and gas was added to the cloud.
Probabilistic measure on aggregations (data security)

Proposes a probabilistic type of measure theory which estimates the amount of security relevant information of every subset of a given aggregate. This probabilistic measure theory provides each application a means or mechanism to furnish the system a numerical measure to assist the system security officer for making decisions on releasing or downgrading the internal data of the aggregate. A scenario for solving the aggregation problems during the design phase is proposed. In developing this work, two guiding principles are applied: Minimum Aggregation Principle (MAP) and the Maximum Protection Principle (MPP). MAP keeps both the number of elements in an aggregation and the number of aggregates to a minimum, while MPP keeps the unnecessary risks to a minimum. >
Meeting Concentration Targets in the Post-Kyoto World: Does Kyoto Further a Least Cost Strategy?

Preliminary analysis based on an aggregate model of global carbon emissions suggests that constraining emissions to the levels that would be imposed by compliance with the results of the Kyoto negotiations can increase the discounted cost of ultimately limiting atmospheric concentrations. Kyoto targets can be either too restrictive or too permissive depending upon the (currently unknown) trajectory of carbon emissions over the near- to medium-term and the (as yet unspecified) concentration target that frames long-term policy. The discounted cost of meeting low concentration targets like 450 ppmv. is diminished by allowing large sinks and/or by imposing more restrictive near-term emissions benchmarks (even if only Annex B countries are bound by the Kyoto accord). Conversely, the cost of achieving high concentration targets like 650 ppmv. is diminished by disallowing sinks and/or by imposing less restrictive emissions benchmarks. Intermediate concentration targets like 550 ppmv. look like high concentration targets (favoring no sinks and expanded near-term emissions) along low emissions paths; but they look like low concentration targets (favoring the opposite) along high emissions paths. Emissions trajectories that lie above the median, but not excessively so, represent cases for which adjustments in the Kyoto emissions benchmarks and/or negotiated allowances for sinks have the smallest effect on the cost of mitigation.
Envelope structure of Synechococcus sp. WH8113, a nonflagellated swimming cyanobacterium.

Background Many bacteria swim by rotating helical flagellar filaments [1]. Waterbury et al. [15] discovered an exception, strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus that swim without flagella or visible changes in shape. Other species of cyanobacteria glide on surfaces [2,7]. The hypothesis that Synechococcus might swim using traveling surface waves [6,13] prompted this investigation.
Thermodynamic and Logistic Considerations for Treatment of Hypothermia

Hypothermia increases mortality rates and should be treated aggressively in the forward echelons of care, but no practical solution exists to accomplish such treatment. The enormous energy burden for this task requires maximal thermodynamic efficiency for a practical portable solution. This review article presents an overview of the clinical and thermodynamic challenges related to the development of a successful system for treatment of hypothermia in the forward echelons. Specific issues addressed include (1) the clinical and logistical reasons why thermal resuscitation should be attempted at all in such a difficult environment, (2) the thermodynamic reasons why warm intravenous fluids, although helpful in not worsening hypothermia, cannot safely transmit enough energy to treat established hypothermia, (3) which among the various methods of rewarming are most likely to result in successful therapy, and (4) the energetic considerations that dictate that any practical portable solution to the treatment of hypothermia must use hydrocarbon combustion as the source of heat.
A Special Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Technique to Study Peripheral Blood and Assess the Effectiveness of Interferon Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Using a highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization method with probes for BCR and ABL1 (D-FISH), we studied 37 paired sets of bone marrow and blood specimens, collected within 24 to 96 hours of each other, from 10 patients before and during treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The normal range for 500 interphase nuclei was ≤4 (≤0.8%) nuclei based on 10 bone marrow and 10 blood specimens from normal individuals. The percentage of neoplastic nuclei was usually lower in blood than bone marrow. However, changes in the percentage of neoplastic nuclei in blood and bone marrow tracked closely over the course of therapy and with the results of quantitative cytogenetic studies on bone marrow. This result indicates that D-FISH is useful to test blood from patients with CML to monitor therapy. Moreover, by analysis of 6,000 nuclei with D-FISH, residual disease was identified in bone marrow and blood for patients in complete cytogenetic remission. Consequently, D-FISH analyses of interphase nuclei from blood could substitute for Q-cytogenetic studies on bone marrow. Thus, it may not be necessary to collect bone marrow samples so frequently to monitor therapy in CML.
Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution.

Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution. Christopher Wills. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998. 310 pp.
Telemental Health Training, Team Building, and Workforce Development in Cultural Context: The Hawaii Experience.

Abstract Objective: The goal of the University of Hawaii (UH) child and adolescent psychiatry telemental health (TMH) program is to train child and adolescent psychiatry fellows to provide behavioral health services for the children of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands in the cultural context of their rural communities using interactive videoteleconferencing (IVTC). The training experience balances learning objectives with community service. Learning objectives include: Understanding mental health disparities in rural communities, leveraging community resources in ongoing treatment, providing culturally effective care, and improving health care access and delivery through TMH service research and evaluation. Methods: We describe the UH experience. Several UH faculty are experienced with IVTC technology. They are triple-board trained, are recognized for their research in program evaluation and mental health disparities, and are committed to serving Hawaii's rural communities. We demonstrate the role of TMH in...
Genetically improved presequences for euclidean traveling salesman problems

The spacefilling curve (SFC) method of Bartholdy and Platzman is an extremely fast heuristic for the Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem. The authors show how genetic search over a parametrized family of spacefilling curves can be used to improve the quality of the the tours generated by SFC. The computational effort required grows slowly as a function of problem size, and the tours obtained define robust presequences for repetitive problems in which only a subset of all cities will be present in any given problem instance.
TH‐A‐213CD‐02: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) ‐ The Feasibility of Multiplexed Biomarker Detection Using X‐Ray Stimulated Fluorescence Imaging

Purpose: A feasible way of enhancing diagnosis reliability is to detect multiple biomarkers at the same time via simultaneously using multiple probes to achieve multiplexed molecular imaging. However, no routine approach to directly measure multiple biomarkers currently exists via X‐ray CT, which is the most commonly used imaging modality in the clinic. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of multiplexed biomarker detection using X‐ray stimulated fluorescenceCT (XSF‐CT). Methods: This method utilizes high atomic number (Z) nanoprobes, i.e. Gold(Au),Gadolinium (Gd) and Barium (Ba), that emit XSF photons when excited by ionizing photons. Since the XSF spectrum is unique to each element, this provides a means of detecting the presence of multiple nanoparticles coated with antibodies or peptides that specifically bind to biomarkers found only in tumor. In this study, a polychromatic X‐ray source was used to stimulate emission of XSF photons from the probes. XSF‐CT used a first‐generation CT geometry. The data were collected using a cadmium telluride detector to sort out a set of spectra. The spectra were then used to generate sinogram. The biodistribution and concentration of each element were reconstructed with the ML‐EM algorithm. Results: The acquired XSF spectra showed sharp peaks emitted from Au, Gd and Ba molecules with small FWHM values, which supports the potential of XSF‐CT for multiplexed imaging. The distributions of Au, Gd and Ba molecules in the phantom were clearly identifiable on the reconstructed XSF images. In addition, our results also showed the linear relationships between the XSF intensity of each tested element and their concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: XSF imaging would transform the CT landscape into a multiplexed biomarker detection feature for early detection of cancer and/or imaging the intervention processes in vivo. It could have major predictive value for the clinical outcome in the long term patient care. This work was supported by NIH/NCI grants (CA133474, CA153587), an NSF grant (0854492) and a grant from the Friends for an Earlier Breast Cancer Test Foundation.
Congenital heart disease in the adult

With improved medical and surgical care, more patients with congenital heart disease are now surviving to adulthood and presenting with previously unobserved problems. This review discusses the course of older operated and unoperated patients as far as physical and psychosocial problems and suggests methods of dealing with these previously unencountered clinical situations.
The hierarchical cliques interconnection network

The fully connected network possesses extremely good topological, fault-tolerant, and embedding properties. However, due to its high degree, the fully connected network has not been an attractive candidate for building parallel computers. On the other hand, tree-based networks are popular as parallel computer networks, even though they suffer from poor fault-tolerance and embedding properties. The hierarchical cliques interconnection network described in this paper incorporates positive features of the fully connected network and the tree network. In other words, the hierarchical cliques possess such desirable properties as low diameter, low degree, self routing, versatile embedding, good fault-tolerance and strong resilience. Hierarchical cliques can efficiently embed most important networks and possess a scalable, modular structure. Further, by combining hierarchical cliques with fat trees congestion in the upper levels can be alleviated.
Limitation of Correction of Frequency Dependent Artefact in Pressure Recordings Using Harmonic Analysis

Frequency dependent phase and amplitude distortion may theoretically be minimized using correction formulae derived from a model which assumes that water-filled catheter-manometer systems are analogous to an oscillating mass attached to a spring and damping pot. This study defines the practical limits of this correction technique using harmonic analysis of simultaneously recorded water-filled and catheter-tip manometer systems. Some improvement was obtained in tracings recorded with underdamped, high frequency response systems. In no case were exact duplications of the catheter-tip tracings obtained. Divergence of measured vitro frequency response from actual in vivo frequency response was one source of these discrepancies. Loose coupling of the components of the system also changed the behavior from that of the assumed simple mechanical model and at times prevented adequate correction. Catheter-tip manometers, in spite of their expense and relative fragility, still appear to be the best means at present of obtaining accurate pressure tracings, particularly at high heart rates or where time derivatives are to be computed.
Plume formation in the D-double prime-layer and the roughness of the core-mantle boundary

A series of very-high-resolution finite element calculations of plume formation in the D-double prime-layer has been performed for several plausible rheologies and boundary conditions in order to study both the early and later stages of boundary layer development. The results show that plumes are initiated by coalescence of small-scale convective instabilities within the low-viscosity region immediately above the core-mantle boundary (CMB). These instabilities support topographic roughness on the CMB having horizontal scales of 20-50 km and provide a source for scattered P-waves seen as precursors to the phases PKIKP and PKKP. The calculated structure of fully developed plumes emerging from the D-double prime-layer consists of 5-50 cm/yr flow confined to 50-100 km thick vertical conduits. With strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, plumes exhibit time-dependent behavior, including upward propagating solitary conduit waves, which may contribute to episodicity in hotspot volcanism.
An efficient representation of radiation from a circular aperture with tapered amplitude and quadratic phase

An efficient series representation is derived for I/sub pab/, a quadratic phase integral commonly encountered in aperture-antenna theory. The accuracy and efficiency of the series formula relative to ordinary numerical integration are discussed. This formula may be useful in solving such problems as quadratic-phase error effects on beamwidth, field in the Fresnel-region, on-axis defocus characteristics of a paraboloidal reflector, or shadow-region field behind a disk. >
ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE in vitro RAT HIPPOCAMPUS

Abstract 1 The effects of adenosine and various derivatives were examined in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation from rat. 2 The amplitudes of extracellularly recorded field potentials from the CA1 region were depressed by adenosine, and this effect could be antagonized by methylxanthines. Because presynaptic field potentials were unaffected by adenosine, while the field e.p.s.p. was depressed, adenosine would appear to act at a synaptic site to depress transmission. 3 Adenosine deaminase, which breaks down adenosine to inosine, increased the amplitude of synaptic responses, while hexobendine, which blocks reuptake of adenosine, had a depressant effect. This strongly suggests that the endogenous release of adenosine from the hippocampal slice preparation is sufficient to exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the amplitude of synaptic responses. 4 Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and its dibutyryl derivative had depressant effects on the amplitude of field responses which were blocked by theophylline, suggesting that they are able to act at the extracellular adenosine receptor. (-)-Isoprenaline (which raises tissue cyclic AMP levels), and the 8-p-chlorophenylthio derivative of cyclic AMP both increased the amplitude of population spike responses, and these effects were not blocked by theophylline, suggesting that the physiological effects of adenosine are not mediated via a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. 5 Since adenosine is not the transmitter at this CA1 pyramidal cell synapse, but is apparently present in the extracellular compartment in sufficient concentrations to affect the synaptic physiology of this region, this provides strong evidence in favour of the concept of a neuromodulatory role for adenosine in the central nervous system.
A Direct Method for Extracting Thermodynamic Interaction Coefficients from Experimental Data

A simplified method of analyzing experimental data for the purposes of ascertaining the interaction coefficients in alloy systems has been presented. A notable feature of the present method is its ability to extract the first and second-order interaction coefficients from a single equation which expresses the temperature and composition-dependences of the solubility of the solute element.
Neutron optics at the Advanced Neutron Source (Invited Paper)

The Advanced Neutron Source (ANS), currently in conceptual design at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, will be amultipurpose neutron research laboratory serving the needs of academic and industrial users throughout the nation inchemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and many other fields. It will be centered on the world's highest fluxneutron beam reactor, but that is only the starting point for ensuring high productivity, which will be enhanced furtherby careful design ofthe neutronbeam delivery systems. Manyinstrumentswillbe situated inlowbackgrounds at distancesup to 80 m from the reactor, using neutron guides with tailored neutron optical coatings for beam transport. Whereappropriate, multilayer optical coatingswill alsobe usedinbeam focussing(and sometimes defocussing) devices. Certainapplications, such as prompt activation analysis, may also use neutron fiber optics to split beams between multiplesamples. Neutron optical techniques such as interferometry and reflectometry will form a basic part of the researchinstrument complement at the ANS. Finally, verylongwavelength neutronbeams, in which the optical potential becomesvery large, will be provided for specialized research.1. INTRODUCTIONThe Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) is a new research facility planned to be operational at Oak Ridge at the startof the next decade. The primary goal of the facility is to provide the world's best neutron scattering capabilities forresearch in condensed-matter physics, fundamental and nuclear physics, polymer and colloid science, metals, alloys andceramics, chemistry, biology and medecine, materials engineering, and other areas. To this end, the heart of the facility
Exploiting the advantages of object-based DSM in a heterogeneous cluster environment

In recent years, increasing effort has been made by the cluster and grid computing community to build object-based distributed shared memory systems (DSM) in a cluster environment. In most of these systems, a shared object is simply used as a data-exchanging unit so as to alleviate the false-sharing problem, and the advantages of sharing objects remain to be fully exploited. Thus, this paper is motivated to investigate the potential advantages of object-based DSM. For example, the performance of a distributed application may be significantly improved by adaptively and judiciously setting the size of the shared-objects, i.e., granularity. This paper, in addition to investigating the advantages of sharing objects, particularly focuses on observing how the performance of a distributed application changes with varied granularity, obtaining the optimal granularity through curve fitting, studying the factors that affect the optimal granularity, and predicting this optimal granularity in a changing runtime environment.
Dopaminergic Regulation of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and N-Acetyl-β-Endorphin Secretion in the Fetal Lamb

alpha MSH is present in high concentrations in the intermediate lobe of the fetal pituitary and has been implicated as a regulator of fetal adrenal steroidogenesis and fetal growth. However, there are few data regarding alpha MSH levels in fetal plasma or the control of fetal alpha MSH secretion. We measured alpha MSH immunoactivity in the plasma of chronically catheterized fetal lambs (gestational age, 116-138 days), newborn lambs, and adult sheep both in the baseline state and after dopamine receptor blockade with metoclopramide. The effect of metoclopramide on the release of another proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide, N-acetyl-beta-endorphin (N-acetyl-beta EP), which is synthesized together with alpha MSH in the intermediate lobe, was also studied. Baseline fetal plasma alpha MSH was significantly greater than maternal alpha MSH [35.6 +/- 2.2 (+/- SEM) vs. 10.0 +/- 1.0 pg/ml]. In eight studies in five fetal lambs, alpha MSH rose to a peak level of 121 +/- 23 pg/ml 15 min after metoclopramide administration to the fetus. Simultaneous maternal alpha MSH levels did not change, suggesting that the alpha MSH in fetal plasma was of fetal pituitary origin. Gel filtration of pooled fetal plasma extracts revealed that the alpha MSH immunoactivity eluted in the same position as the alpha MSH standard. Metoclopramide caused the secretion of nearly equimolar amounts of alpha MSH and N-acetyl-beta EP into fetal plasma. In four fetal lambs, basal N-acetyl-beta EP levels of 156 +/- 34 pg/ml rose to 305 +/- 65 pg/ml 15 min after metoclopramide treatment. Metoclopramide also stimulated plasma alpha MSH in newborn and adult sheep. In six newborn lambs, alpha MSH rose from 45.2 +/- 13 to 211 +/- 38 pg/ml 15 min after metoclopramide treatment, whereas in four adult sheep, a basal alpha MSH level of 11.1 +/- 2.2 pg/ml rose to 20.1 +/- 2.7 pg/ml 15 min after metoclopramide. In addition, metoclopramide stimulated fetal and neonatal PRL secretion, but had no effect on plasma vasopressin concentrations or acid-base and blood gas values. These studies indicate that immunoreactive alpha MSH and N-acetyl-beta EP are secreted into ovine fetal plasma and that the secretion of these peptides in the fetus appears to be under tonic dopamine inhibition, as is the case in the adult sheep and newborn lamb.
Students' Intentions and Social Support as Predictors of Self-Reported Academic Behaviors: A Comparison of First- and Continuing-Generation College Students.

The purpose of this analysis was to examine academic intentions, parental support, and peer support as predictors of self-reported academic behaviors among a sample of 329 first- and continuing-generation college freshmen. Regression analyses revealed that different variables predicted academic behaviors for the three groups examined (students whose parents had no college experience, some college experience, or a college degree). Specifically, all three independent variables—intention, parental support, and peer support—were predictive of self-reported academic behavior for students whose parents had at least a bachelor's degree. However, peer support was the only variable predictive of academic behavior for the students whose parents had some college experience and intention was the only significant predictor for first-generation college students.
Drinking routines/lifestyles and predatory victimization: A causal analysis

This study explores the causal role of drinking routines and lifestyles in the social process of becoming the victim of predatory crime. Data used include demographic and lifestyle characteristics of approximately 6,300 respondents from the 1982 British Crime Survey. On the basis of theoretical propositions derived from extant victim theory, various drinking routine/lifestyle models of predatory victimization were constructed and were tested empirically. The results suggested that victimogenic demographic attributes (i.e., being male or young) are mediated by certain combined patterns of alcohol use and nighttime activities. In particular, findings suggested that drinking routines and lifestyles characterized as “high exposure” increase the odds of predatory victimization. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Further theoretical studies of the structure and electronic spectrum of cyclobutadiene

The possible geometries for cyclobutadiene and the electronic spectra corresponding to those geometries were calculated by a modified Pariser-Parr method with inclusion of doubly-excited as well as singly-excited configurations in calculating the π-energy. The bond lengths of the most stable forms agreed well with previous calculations where the empirical parameters used in the π-energy calculation were different from those used here, and where only singly-excited configurations were included. With these additional refinements, the rectangular singlet is calculated to be more stable than the square triplet. It is noted that the geometry predicted to have the lowest energy is a function of the approximations employed.
Uranium and plutonium solution assays by transmission-corrected x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

An x-ray fluorescence analysis technique was developed for uranium and plutonium solutions, which compensates for variations in the absorption of the exciting gamma rays and fluorescent x-rays. 57 Co is used to excite efficiently the K lines of the elements, and a mixed 57 Co plus 153 Gd transmission source is used to correct for variations in absorption. The absorption correction is a unique feature of the technique which permits accurate calibration with a single solution standard and the measurement of a wide range of concentrations (up to 300 g l -1 ). Without this correction procedure, up to six solution standards are required to correct for non-linearity over this concentration range. In addition, other elements present in the specimens and not present in the standards would otherwise reduce the accuracy or even invalidate the analyses. Specially designed equipment incorporates a planar intrinsic germanium detector, excitation and transmission radioisotopes and specimen holder. The apparatus can be inserted into a rubber glove of a glove-box, keeping the apparatus outside and the solutions inside the glove-box, thereby protecting the user and the equipment from possible contamination. This technique will be tested at the Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials in Moscow for possible use in the Russian complex of nuclear facilities. This is part of a cooperative program between laboratories in the USA and Russia to strengthen systems of nuclear materials protection, control and accountability (MPC&A) in both countries. A part of this program is to measure accurately and track inventories of materials, hence the need for good non-destructive analytical techniques.
Maternal lifestyle factors and risk for ventricular septal defects.

Background Several studies have shown that the prevalence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has increased significantly in the United States in the past 30 years. This increase has been primarily attributed to increased detection through echocardiography. However, little is known about the etiology of VSD. This study sought to evaluate the association between maternal lifestyle exposures and the risk for VSD in offspring. METHODS The Atlanta Birth Defects Case–Control Study was used to identify 122 isolated simple VSD cases and 3029 control infants born during the period 1968 through 1980 in the metropolitan Atlanta area. Exposure data on alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use were obtained through standardized interviews with mothers and fathers. Associations between lifestyle factors and VSD were calculated using maternal self-reports; associations were also calculated using paternal proxy-reports of the mother's exposures. RESULTS Maternal self-report of heavy alcohol consumption and paternal proxy-report of the mothers' moderate alcohol consumption were associated with isolated simple VSD. A two-fold increase in risk of isolated simple VSD was identified for maternal self- and paternal proxy-reported cannabis use. Risk of isolated simple VSD increased with regular (three or more days per week) cannabis use for both maternal self- and paternal proxy-report, although the association was significant only for maternal self-report. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify an association between maternal marijuana use and VSD in offspring. Further studies are needed to elucidate this association. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Latitudinal survey of spectral optical depths of the Pinatubo volcanic cloud‐derived particle sizes, columnar mass loadings, and effects on planetary albedo

Airborne measurements are examined of spectral optical depths, radiative fluxes, and scattered radiation fields during the NASA Caribbean mission (July 7-14, 1991) to characterize the Pinatubo volcanic cloud. The latitudinal and spectral dependence are reported of the volcanic cloud's optical depth. From these measurements moments of the particle-size distribution are determined. The change in planetary albedo induced by the volcanic cloud is calculated for the range of measured optical depths with the objective of assessing the impact on the solar radiation budget. Mid-visible optical depths higher than 0.4 were observed, placing the Pinatubo stratospheric cloud among the thickest ever measured. The latitudinal distribution of extinction shows that by July 7, 1991 the volcanic cloud had extended to 30 deg N. The effective particle radius was determined to be between 0.18 and 0.35 micron with a corresponding columnar mass loading between 35 and 80 mag/sq m.
Supplemental Complement Component C9 Enhances the Capacity of Neonatal Serum to Kill Multiple Isolates of Pathogenic Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT: Previous studies demonstrated that, compared with adult serum, neonatal serum contained a diminished concentration of complement component C9 and that supplemental C9 enhanced the capacity of neonatal serum to kill an isolate of Escherichia coli. Therefore, experiments were designed to determine the mechanisms by which supplemental C9 enhances the bactericidal capacity of neonatal serum and to determine whether supplemental C9 enhances the capacity of neonatal serum to kill several different pathogenic strains of E. coli. A radiobinding assay and immunogold electron microscopy using a monoclonal anti-C9 antibody revealed that, compared with 40% adult serum, neonatal serum deposited a diminished quantity of C9 onto E. coli O7w:K1:NM. Supplemental C9 (75 mg/L) significantly enhanced the quantity of C9 deposited by the neonatal serum. Treatment with 10 mM MgEGTA (a mixture of 100 mM MgCl2 and 100 mM EGTA that blocks activation of the classic complement pathway but leaves the alternative pathway intact) abolished the capacity of neonatal serum to deposit C9 and to kill the bacteria. Supplemental C9 enhanced the capacity of neonatal serum to kill eight different blood isolates of E. coli. Therefore, supplemental C9 enhanced the capacity of neonatal serum to kill E. coli by increasing the total quantity of C9 deposited via activation of the classic complement pathway. Neonatal serum contained sufficient quantities of classic pathway components, other than C9, to deposit the supplemental C9 onto E. coli and to enhance bacterial killing. The bactericidal activity of neonatal serum against multiple isolates of pathogenic E. coli was increased after C9 supplementation. We speculate that C9 deficiency may be one of the defects in antibacterial host defense that predisposes neonates to the acquisition of E. coli sepsis.
Variations on two themes: Racial and ethnic patterns in the attainment of suburban residence

To investigate racial and ethnic diversity in suburbanization, we draw on two complementary theoretical traditions, which we label “assimilation” and “stratification.” Our analytic model is multilevel, and includes variables characterizing individuals, households, and metropolitan contexts. We use it to analyze the determinants of suburban versus central-city residence for 11 racial/ethnic groups. The analysis reveals that family status, socioeconomic, and assimilation variables influence the suburbanization process rather consistently. We take this finding as evidence in favor of the assimilation model. These effects display group variations, however, in a manner predicted by the stratification model. There are also suburbanization differences among metropolitan areas, particularly related to the relative economic status of cities and their suburbs, and between the northeast/north central regions and the south/west. Finally, we conclude that suburbanization is variable across the groups in a way that is not captured by broad categories such as “Asian” or “Hispanic.”
Dielectric anomalies in bismuth-doped SrTiO 3 : Defect modes at low impurity concentrations

The dielectric relaxation modes in low bismuth doped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ were studied at temperatures 1.5\char21{}300 K and frequencies up to 1.8 GHz. We observe two modes, at 8 K (mode I) and 65 K (mode V), which also occur in single-crystalline ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}.$ With Bi doping, two further dielectric peaks, 18 K (mode II) and 30 K (mode III), are induced in both real and imaginary parts of the permittivity on the quantum paraelectric background; the large paraelectric permittivity of pure ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ is strongly reduced. This fact signals the suppression of quantum fluctuations and concomitantly the appearance of polar clusters. The dynamics of these modes is studied and the physical nature is discussed. Mode I, which has been previously explained in terms of the coherent quantum state, is possibly due to an unknown defect mode. Mode V seems to be induced by the ferroelastic domain-wall dynamics. We attribute mode III to the existence of the noninteracting polar clusters, which may be coupled with some intrinsic mechanism of the host lattice. Mode II is tentatively explained in terms of polaronic relaxation.
Modeling and Analysis of Under-Load Tap-Changing Transformer Control Systems

This paper considers the problem of modeling and analysis of under-load tap-changing (ULTC) transformer control systems. A nonlinear system model is derived, suitable for analysis of voltage and reactive power flow control applications of ULTC transformers in the consideration of mid-term and long-term dynamics and steady-state behavior of power systems. The model is verified with the example of a distribution ULTC transformer, used for the voltage control. As an illustration of the feasibility of the model in various voltage and reactive flow control applications, some digital simulation results of such a distribution voltage control are also presented.
Investigation of electrical and optoelectronic properties of zinc oxide nanowires

Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires have been synthesized by using tubular furnace chemical vapor deposition technique. The morphology, chemical composition and crystal structure of as-synthesized ZnO nanowires were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Four-terminal current–voltage ( I – V ) measurements were employed to study the electrical conductance of ZnO nanowires under various testing gas environments for gas sensing purpose. The I – V curves at temperature ranging from 150 to 300 K were recorded in the testing chamber under vacuum. The Arrhenius plot shows perfect linear relationship between the logarithm of the current I and inverse temperature 1/ T . The donor level of the semiconducting nanowires is about 326 meV. The I – V behaviors were found to be reversible and repeatable with testing gases. The electrical conductivity was enhanced by a factor of four with ambient CO gas compared to that in vacuum and other testing gases. The optoelectronic properties of the ZnO nanowires were obtained by two-terminal I – V measurement method while the nanowires were illuminated by a ruby laser. The electrical conductivity was increased by 60% when the laser was present in comparison to that when the laser was off. Those significant changes suggest that nano-devices constructed by the ZnO nanowires could be used in gas sensing and optical switching applications.
Coastally Restricted Forests

1. Introduction: Freshwater forests of continental margins: overview and synthesis Part I. Chamaecyparis (False-cypress) Studies 2. Chamaecyparis forests: a comparative analysis Pacific Rim 3. Reproduction and forest decline of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (yellow cedar) in southeast Alaska, USA 4. Problems and research needs for Chamaecyparis nootkatensis forest management in coastal British Columbia, Canada 5. Genecology of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 6. Managing Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (ort Orford cedar) to control the root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA 7. Regeneration ecology of Chamaecyparis obtusa and C. Pisifera (Hinoki and Sawara cypress), Japan Atlantic Coast, North America 8. Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) in the United States: extent and characterization using broad-scale inventory data 9. Reconstruction of the Mashantucket Pequot cedar swamp paleoenvironment using plant using plant macrofossils, New England, USA 10. Plant community structure in Chamaecyparis Thyoides swamps in the New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve, USA 11. Atlantic white cedar in North Carolina, USA: a brief history and current regeneration effots 12. Population genetic analysis of Chamaecyparis thyoides in New Hampshire and Maine, USA Part II. Systems with Diverse Dominants, Systems not dominated by Chamaecyparis species 13. Characteristics of the soil and water table in an Alnus japonica (Japanese alder) 14. Pinus pumila (Siberian dwarf pine) on the Kamchatka Peninsula, northeast Asia: ecology of seed production 15. The Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) forest of the Pacific coast, USA 16. Distribution and ecology of low freshwater coastal forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico 17. Taxodium-Nyssa (cypress-tupelo) forest along the coast of southern United States 18. Impact of hurricanes on forests of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, USA 19. The effect of sea level rise on coastal wetland forests: the Mississippi Delta, USA, as a model 20. Root aeration in wetland trees and its ecophysiological significance Part III: Management and Research 21. Coastal forest management and reseach
Impact of Near-Coincident Faults on Digital Flight Control Systems

The effects of near-coincident faults must be taken into account in designing highly reliable digital flight control systems. In this paper closed-form solutions for permanent and transient near-coincident fault factors are derived, based on the behavioral decomposition/aggregation technique and Markov version of the CARE III coverage model. Parameters of the model are assumed to be exponentially distributed. The influence of fault detection rate, fault detectability, error production and propagation rates, error detectability, and transient fault/error transition rate on the near-coincident fault factors is discussed. Eventually, a homogeneous, continuous-time Markov chain is used for describing a triple modular redundant (TMR) system. The near-coincident fault factors are employed for analyzing the effect of the interfering faults on reliability of the TMR computer. System reliability and nearcoincident fault unreliability are plotted as functions of mission time, fault detectability, and weight of permanent and transient fault/errors. The impact of near-coincident faults can be curbed by increasing fault detectability. That impact is also lower when the percentage of transients is higher.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIG CARBON: V. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES

Seven species of higher plants have been tested for their ability to convert radioactive tyrosine to lignin in vivo. A total of 11 species representing 10 families have now been compared and only T...