cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-based multiplexed virtual staining of unlabeled tissue for micro-structured stain blending

We virtually generate multiple histological stains through a single deep-neural-network, using at its input autofluorescence images of the unlabeled tissue alongside a user-defined digital-staining-matrix. By feeding this digital-staining-matrix to the network, the user indicates which stain to apply on each pixel or region-of-interest, enabling virtual blending of multiple stains according to a desired micro-structure map. We demonstrated this technique by applying combinations of different stains (H&E, Masson’s Trichrome and Jones silver stain) on blindly-tested, unlabeled tissue sections. This technology avoids the histochemical staining process and enables newly-generated stains and stain-combinations to be used for inspection of label-free tissue microstructure.
Cumulative diagnostic imaging radiation exposure in premature neonates.

BACKGROUND To date, there has been limited work evaluating the total cumulative effective radiation dose received by infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Most previous publications report that the total radiation dose received falls within the safe limits but does not include all types of ionizing radiation studies typically performed on this vulnerable patient population. We aimed to provide an estimate of the cumulative effective ionizing radiation dose (cED) in microSieverts (μSv) received by premature infants ≤32 weeks from diagnostic studies performed throughout their NICU stay, and predictors of exposures. METHODS Retrospective chart review from 2004-2011. Data included demographics, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), length of stay (LOS), clinical diagnosis, and radiological studies. RESULTS 1045 charts were reviewed. Median GA = 30.0 weeks (SD 2.7, range 22.0-32.6). Median BW = 1340.0 grams (SD 445.4, range 420-2470). Median number of radiographic studies = 9 (SD 28.5, range 0-210). Median cED = 162μSv (range 0-9248). The cED was positively associated with LOS (p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with GA (p < 0.001) and BW (p < 0.001). Infants with intestinal perforation had the highest median cED 1661μSv compared to 162μSv for others (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results provide an estimate of the cumulative effective radiation dose received by premature infants in a level 4 neonatal intensive care unit from all radiological studies involving ionizing radiation and identifies risk factors and predictors of such exposure. Radiation exposure in NICU is highest among the most premature and among infants who suffer from intestinal perforation.
Changes in clinical practice perceptions and mental health of sports medicine physicians due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had an immense impact on healthcare, but little has been published on its impact on sports medicine physicians. This study aimed to assess the perceived impacts of the pandemic on practice changes, financial implications, and mental health of the physician members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM). METHODS: Online surveys were sent to physician members of the AMSSM, with questions asking about demographic information and personal associations to COVID-19. The main outcome measures included self-reported clinical practice volumes, visit types (telemedicine, face-to-face), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) scores, personal finances, clarity of practice guidelines, and personal protective equipment (PPE) availability. RESULTS: A total of 825 respondents completed the initial survey, with a subset completing follow-ups. In-person clinical and procedural volumes were reported to be reduced to just 17.9% and 13.7% of the pre-pandemic baseline volumes at the first survey (March 2020), but increased to 81.1% and 77.3% (August 2020), respectively. PHQ-4 anxiety subscores significantly decreased over time (p 0.05). Physicians have become increasingly aware of others testing positive for the virus, but not themselves or someone they live with. CONCLUSIONS: Sports medicine physicians have been heavily impacted by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with some recovery since it started. Sports medicine physicians should be aware of pandemic-related practice changes and resulting mental health and financial implications.
Patient Perception Regarding the Safety of Elective Joint Arthroplasty Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) practices have been dramatically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, no study has assessed trends in patient perceptions regarding the safety of elective TJA. Methods A single-institution, prospective cohort study was conducted between May 11th and August 10th, 2020. All patients who underwent elective hip and knee arthroplasty were contacted via telephone or emailed surveys. Two-hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients were screened, and 158 agreed to participate. The average age was 65.9 ± 11.5 years, with 51.0% of patients being female. The percentage of participants who underwent total knee, total hip, and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty was 41.4%, 37.6%, and 21.0%, respectively. Survey components assessed demographic data, level of concern and specific concerns about the pandemic, and factors increasing patient comfort in proceeding with surgery. Results Older age (P = .029) and female sex (P = .004) independently predicted higher concern on multivariate analysis. Race (P = .343), surgical site (knee vs hip, P = .58), and procedure type (primary vs revision, P = .26) were not significantly related to degree of concern. Most participants (71.5%) disagreed that the pandemic would negatively affect the outcome of their surgery. Patient concern mirrored statewide COVID-19 cases and deaths, rather than local municipal trends. The most cited reassuring factors were preoperative COVID-19 testing, personal protective equipment usage by hospital staff, and surgeon support. Conclusions Patient concern regarding the safety of elective TJA may follow broader policy-level events rather than local trends. Surgeons should note that universal preoperative COVID-19 testing, adequate personal protective equipment, and surgeon support were reassuring to patients. Level of Evidence Level IV Therapeutic.
Hierarchies of Discrimination in Baby Making: A Response to Professor Carroll

First, I applaud Professor Carroll’s effort to examine these issues through the lens of equality rather than through the lens of liberty. I myself advocated such an approach in Equal Liberty: Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Equality. The reason for the turn to equality is that the prospect of discrimination with respect to assisted reproductive technologies is very troubling, but finding a fundamental right to procreate with the assistance of reproductive technology and reproductive collaborators goes much too far. Such an approach would appear to invalidate almost every law restricting access to the technology or the materials necessary for procreation, including laws limiting the number of in vitro embryos that could be implanted in a woman’s body at the same time, or even laws proscribing reproductive cloning. Professor Carroll may be correct when she contends that it does not matter whether or not there is a fundamental right to procreate that encompasses surrogacy, if marital status discrimination with respect to surrogacy is not rationally related to any legitimate governmental purpose. That was clearly true of Italy’s Law 40, which confined use of ARTs to married or “stable” heterosexual couples while at the same time denying use of the technology to single persons and homosexuals. Italy’s marital status requirement could not be justified as protecting children by ensuring that they are born into stable two-parent families because the law permitted unmarried but “stable” heterosexual couples access to ARTs, yet refused to extend the same privileges to equally stable homosexual couples. Stripped of the familial stability rationale, such a law fails any level of review and hence should be deemed unconstitutional: it is revealed as resting solely upon societal disapproval or prejudice, rather than any legitimate governmental interest. But is marital status discrimination always irrational? Professor Mutcherson points out that there may be good reasons to restrict surrogacy to married couples:
Pontine A7 and A5 noradrenergic neuronal groups mediate long-term facilitation of hypoglossal motor activity induced by episodic airway obstruction

In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), decreased noradrenergic activation of genioglossus muscle during REM sleep results in repetitive upper airway occlusion, a neurodegenerative process that aggravate...
Expression of exogenous proteins in cells with regulated secretory pathways.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the expression of exogenous proteins in cells with regulated secretory pathways. During the last 10 years, much progress has been made in the study of protein sorting, processing, and transport by expressing exogenous proteins in cells capable of regulated secretion. Most of these advances have used four model cell lines: the mouse pituitary corticotroph line AtT-20, the rat pituitary growth-hormone secreting lines GH 3 /GH 4 C 1 , the insulin-secreting PTC cells derived from transgenic mice expressing SV40 T antigen, and the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. This chapter focuses on AtT-20 and PC12 cells. The characteristic secretory product of this cell line is the polypeptide hormone ACTH, a primary regulator of glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex. PC12 cells contain an additional type of vesicle that mediates secretion in neither the constitutive nor the regulated biosynthetic pathway. These vesicles, known as synaptic or recycling microvesicles, are thought to be recruited from the plasma membrane via an endosomal intermediate and refilled with their secretory cargo for another cycle of exocytosis. AtT-20 cells possess very low levels of the markers for these vesicles.
Coronary revascularization under age 40 years: Risk factors and results of surgery☆

Groups of patients such as the elderly, the diabetic and women have been studied to evaluate the effectiveness of coronary revascularization. In this report 77 patients under age 40 years undergoing coronary revascularization were studied. There was a high prevalence rate of predisposing factors. Sixty-eight percent reported a family history of heart disease and 27 percent a history of diabetes; 57 percent were hypertensive, 43 percent were overweight, 91 percent smoked, 5 percent were diabetic and 16 percent had abnormal glucose tolerance curves. Sixty-four percent had hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol 250 mg/100 ml) and 56 percent hyperlipidemia. Forty-four percent had had a previous myocardial infarction; 95 percent had angina pectoris, 12 percent preinfarction angina and 9 percent congestive cardiac failure. There were no operative deaths. The incidence rate of perioperative myocardial infarction (new Q waves in the electrocardiogram) was 4 percent. The mean length of of follow-up was 26 months (range 6 months to 5 years). The late mortality rate was 4 percent. Eight percent had a late myocardial infarction. Overall graft patency was 85 percent. Sixty-seven percent of patients were free of angina, and 17 percent were in improved condition. Seventy-one percent returned to work, while 29 percent remained unemployed. This study shows that in young patients, coronary revascularization is associated with low mortality and morbidity rates and that, despite the wide prevalence of predisposing factors, the prognosis and graft patency rate of these patients are similar to those of other groups.
High School Environments, STEM Orientations, and the Gender Gap in Science and Engineering Degrees

Despite the striking reversal of the gender gap in education, women pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degrees at much lower rates than their male peers do. This study extends existing explanations for these gender differences and examines two important and related dimensions: the life-course timing of a stable gender gap in STEM orientation, and variations across high schools. We argue that the high school years play an important role for gender differences in orientation towards STEM fields as students develop a more realistic and cognitively grounded understanding of their future work lives. During this period, the gender-specific formation of career aspirations is not only shaped by widely shared and hegemonic gender beliefs but also by the local environment in school. Together these two dimensions extend existing explanations of the gender gap in STEM degrees and open concrete avenues for policy intervention. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS), we then decompose the gender gap in STEM bachelor degrees and show that the solidification of the gender gap in STEM orientations is largely a process that occurs during the high school years. Far from being a fixed attribute of adolescent development, however, we find that the size of the gender gap in STEM orientation is quite sensitive to local high school influences; going to school at a high school that is supportive of a positive orientation by females towards math and science can reduce the gender gap in STEM bachelor degrees by 25% or more.
Small firm responses to changes in Federal Reserve margin requirements: Evidence from early data

Abstract This study represents the first attempt to examine the impact of changes in Federal Reserve margin requirements on a sample of small NYSE firms. The results of the study document that smaller firms respond to a significantly greater degree to the announcement of margin changes than the extensively studied S&P composite index.
Tracking clathrin coated pits with a multiple hypothesis based method

Cellular processes are crucial for cells to survive and function properly. To study their underlying mechanisms quantitatively with fluorescent live cell microscopy, it is necessary to track a large number of particles involved in these processes. In this paper, we present a method to automatically track particles, called clathrin coated pits (CCPs), which are formed in clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME). The tracking method is developed based on a MAP framework, and it consists of particle detection and trajectory estimation. To detect particles in 2D images and take account of Poisson noise, a Gaussian mixture model is fitted to image data, for which initial parameters are provided by a combination of image filtering and histogram based thresholding methods. A multiple hypothesis based algorithm is developed to estimate the trajectories based on detection data. To use the current knowledge about CCPs, their properties of motion and intensity are considered in our models. The tracking method is evaluated on synthetic data and real data, and experimental results show that it has high accuracy and is in good agreement with manual tracking.
Threshold‐dependent sample sizes for selenium assessment with stream fish tissue

Natural resource managers are developing assessments of selenium (Se) contamination in freshwater ecosystems based on fish tissue concentrations. We evaluated the effects of sample size (i.e., number of fish per site) on the probability of correctly detecting mean whole-body Se values above a range of potential management thresholds. We modeled Se concentrations as gamma distributions with shape and scale parameters fitting an empirical mean-to-variance relationship in data from southwestern West Virginia, USA (63 collections, 382 individuals). We used parametric bootstrapping techniques to calculate statistical power as the probability of detecting true mean concentrations up to 3 mg Se/kg above management thresholds ranging from 4 to 8 mg Se/kg. Sample sizes required to achieve 80% power varied as a function of management thresholds and Type I error tolerance (α). Higher thresholds required more samples than lower thresholds because populations were more heterogeneous at higher mean Se levels. For instance, to assess a management threshold of 4 mg Se/kg, a sample of eight fish could detect an increase of approximately 1 mg Se/kg with 80% power (given α = 0.05), but this sample size would be unable to detect such an increase from a management threshold of 8 mg Se/kg with more than a coin-flip probability. Increasing α decreased sample size requirements to detect above-threshold mean Se concentrations with 80% power. For instance, at an α-level of 0.05, an 8-fish sample could detect an increase of approximately 2 units above a threshold of 8 mg Se/kg with 80% power, but when α was relaxed to 0.2, this sample size was more sensitive to increasing mean Se concentrations, allowing detection of an increase of approximately 1.2 units with equivalent power. Combining individuals into 2- and 4-fish composite samples for laboratory analysis did not decrease power because the reduced number of laboratory samples was compensated for by increased precision of composites for estimating mean conditions. However, low sample sizes (<5 fish) did not achieve 80% power to detect near-threshold values (i.e., <1 mg Se/kg) under any scenario we evaluated. This analysis can assist the sampling design and interpretation of Se assessments from fish tissue by accounting for natural variation in stream fish populations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:143–149. Published 2014 SETAC
Chapter 5 Regulated Deadenylation In Vitro

The 3'-poly(A) tail, found on virtually all mRNAs, is enzymatically shortened by a process referred to as "deadenylation." Deadenylation is a widespread means of controlling mRNA stability and translation. The enzymes involved-so-called deadenylases-are surprisingly diverse. They are controlled by RNA sequences commonly found in 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs), which bind regulatory factors. Both RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs accelerate deadenylation of specific mRNAs. In some cases, regulators enhance deadenylation by binding to and recruiting specific deadenylases to the target mRNA. The many hundreds of potential regulators encoded in mammalian genomes (both RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs) and the numerous deadenylases, coupled with the many potential regulatory sites represented in 3' UTRs of mRNAs, provide fertile ground for regulated deadenylation. Recent global studies of poly(A) regulation support this conclusion. Biochemical and genetic approaches will be essential for exploring regulated deadenylation. The methods we describe focus on the reconstruction in vitro of regulated deadenylation with purified components from yeast. We discuss broadly the strategies, problems, and history of in vitro deadenylation systems. We combine this with a more detailed discussion of the purification, activity, and regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ccr4p-Pop2p deadenylase complex and its regulation by PUF (Pumilio and Fem-3 binding factor) RNA-binding proteins.
Four Perspectives on Child Care Quality

National and state child care policies are shaped in part by studies of child care quality. The majority of these studies focus on variables that influence child outcomes. Katz suggests that this is but one of four perspectives on child care quality, and that parents, children, and child care staff have perspectives on child care quality that have not been adequately addressed. This article reviews the variables, measures, and studies associated with each of these four perspectives. The authors argue that given the preponderance of studies conducted from the professional/researcher perspective, more effort should be directed to studying child care quality from parents' children's, and child care staff members' viewpoints.
Dynamic equilibrium with heterogeneous agents and risk constraints

We examine the impact of risk-based portfolio constraints on asset prices in a standard exchange economy model where agents have dierent risk aversion. Constrained agents scale down their benchmark portfolio and behave locally like power utility investors with risk aversion that depends on current market conditions. We characterize the equilibrium using the consumption share of the constrained agents and provide explicit existence results. The imposition of constraints on active market participants dampens fundamental shocks when they bind, a result that challenges recent studies that suggest that risk management rules serve to amplify aggregate uctuations. The results also dispute the belief that capital regulations make nancial crises larger and more costly, as constraints are more likely to bind in bad times. Constraints may give rise to equilibrium asset pricing bubbles, a result that is associated to the risk aversion distribution across agents and the severity of the constraint.
Coherence of Sound and Understanding Where it is Influenced in the Ocean

Abstract : The objective of this research is to develop software that accurately quantifies the spatial regions that influence the propagation of sound between a source and receiver in the ocean. Recent studies indicate that in some circumstances accurate predictions of temporal coherence can be made without knowing where the sound is being influenced (Spiesberger, 2011a,b). The present study will develop software to map where the sound is being influenced. Understanding where the sound is influenced will make it easier for scientists to develop theories to predict coherence. At very high acoustic frequencies, the regions that influence sound are shown by rays. Our research will develop software that shows the analogy of the ray path at all finite frequencies. Even moderately high frequencies are influenced by regions that are quite different than ray paths (Spiesberger, 2006b).
Teaching Anti-Racism.

This paper is a discussion of the application of democraticand anti-racist educational principles in a college setting.The paper explores both the implications of pedagogical theoryfor anti-racism and the implications of anti-racism forpedagogy. After giving a brief description of the conditionsencountered in an economically and intellectually impoverishedregion of the country, the paper outlines an application ofJohn Dewey's educational theory to college instruction.Then, after an account of what racism is, the paper reappliesDewey's model to the teaching of anti-racism, and with thehelp of Paulo Freire's theory of educational praxis,readapts Deweyan principles to the task of reconstructingour classrooms as models of anti-racist communities.
Constitutionalism Beyond the State?: The Administrative Character of European Governance Revisited

This article is my contribution to a symposium at Cardozo Law School in October 2010 on Michel Rosenfeld’s recent book, The Identity of the Constitutional Subject (2010). I focus in particular on the question posed in Rosenfeld’s final chapter, 'Can the constitutional subject go global?' Like many other scholars, Rosenfeld cautiously looks to the experience of the European Union (EU) as a possible model for such denationalized constitutionalism. I believe this approach requires even more circumspection than Rosenfeld rightly brings to it. Understood historically, European integration is best seen as a new, denationalized stage in the historical process of diffusion and fragmentation of normative power into the administrative sphere, whether within or beyond the state. Even as significant regulatory power has migrated to Europe’s denationalized system of governance, the capacity for ultimate legitimation has remained distributed among the 'constituted' bodies of government in the Member States; no similar capacity has yet migrated to the EU level, despite the best efforts of Europe’s supranational institution-builders over time. The evolution of European public law over the last six decades can thus best be understood as an effort to overcome a core disconnect - between the exercise of otherwise autonomous supranational regulatory 'power,' on the one hand, and the persistence of the nation-state as the primary source of democratic and constitutional 'legitimacy,' on the other. This separation of power and legitimacy has been the identifying characteristic of administrative governance as it evolved over the course of the twentieth century. Although often overlooked in the literature on European integration, European public law has depended on the legitimating structures and normative principles of administrative governance in its effort to reconcile Europe and the nation-state for more than over a half-century. In this sense, the EU is best understood as 'administrative, not constitutional' rather than as a possible model of 'constitutionalism beyond the state.'
Impact of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency on clinical presentation and outcomes in patients with thrombotic microangiopathies: the experience of the Harvard TMA Research Collaborative.

The Harvard TMA Research Collaborative is a multi-institutional registry-based effort to study thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). Laboratory and clinical parameters were recorded for 254 cases of suspected autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (activity ≤10%, N = 68) were more likely to be young, female and without a history of cancer treatment or transplantation. While all patients with severe deficiency were diagnosed with autoimmune TTP, those without severe deficiency frequently had disseminated intravascular coagulation, drug-associated TMA and transplant-related TMA. Patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency had superior overall survival at 360 d compared to those without severe deficiency (93·0% vs. 47·5%, P 10% varied significantly across the institutions in our consortium (13·2-63·8%, P 10% between the three hospitals (P = 0·98). Our data show that patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency represent a clinically distinct cohort that responds well to TPE. In contrast, TMA without severe ADAMTS13 deficiency is associated with increased mortality that may not be influenced by TPE.
Modeling unit classes as agents in real-time strategy games

We present CLASSQL, a multi-agent model for playing real-time strategy games, where learning and control of our own team's units is decentralized; each agent uses its own reinforcement learning process to learn and control units of the same class. Coordination between these agents occurs as a result of a common reward function shared by all agents and synergistic relations in a carefully crafted state and action model for each class. We present results of CLASSQL against the built-in AI in a variety of maps using the Wargus real-time strategy game.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL LAYERED SODIUM TITANIUM SILICATE Na2TiSi2O7 2H2O.

ABSTRACT A novel layered sodium titanium silicate Na2TiSi2O7 2H2O has been synthesized by the reaction of a titanium-hydrogen peroxide complex and silicic acid in alkaline media under mild hydrothermal conditions (200°C). The product was characterized by elemental analysis. TGA, FT-IR. MAS 29Si and 23Na NMR and X-ray spectroscopy. The intercalation reaction of n-alkylamines from the gaseous phase and the ion exchange behavior of Na2TiSi2O7 2H2O towards alkali, alkaline earth and some transition metal ions in model individual and complex solutions were studied. It was found that the layered sodium titanium silicate contains acidic hydroxyl functional groups, which results in cation uptake at pH>1.5. The high affinity of the exchanger for cesium in weakly acid and neutral solutions makes it a promising material for the treatment of some types of nuclear wastes, contaminated ground water and different biological liquors.
Nietzsche and the aesthetics of rhetoric

This essay addresses the debate over rhetoric's epistemic status in terms of Nietzsche's critique of epistemology. Asserting that no discursive effort can escape its own rhetoricity and that all discourse is based on aesthetic impulses, the essay suggests that Nietzsche's aestheticism provides an alternative to the aforementioned debate. Taking this alternative seriously, the essay focuses on the differences between two rhetorics: the epistemic and the aesthetic.
Fluid shear stress induces the clustering of heparan sulfate via mobility of glypican-1 in lipid rafts

The endothelial glycocalyx plays important roles in mechanotransduction. We recently investigated the distribution and interaction of glycocalyx components on statically cultured endothelial cells....
Loss-cognizant pricing in networks with greedy users

We consider link pricing in packet-switched networks with fixed routing and random congestion losses. Network users are assumed to be greedy in the sense that each user increases its traffic rate in proportion to profit per packet it generates. The main goal of the paper is to devise pricing principles that maximize social welfare, which is taken as either the sum of goodputs or the sum of log-goodputs in the network. We adopt a deterministic fluid model whose analysis leads to pricing policies that stabilize packet generation rates at local maxima of social welfare for a rich set of network topologies. We also give decentralized algorithms to compute the price of packet forwarding at each link. Neither computation nor implementation of prices requires per-flow information. Obtained analytical results are verified via packet level simulations.
Electrophoretic characterization of the nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis: conventional and isoelectric focused acrylamide gels

Abstract 1. 1. The nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis, were examined through conventional and isoelectric focusing acrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five components. These were characterized as: three carboxylesterases, one acetylcholinesterase and one acetylesterase. 3. 3. Isoelectric focusing resolved 18 components. These were characterized as: 14 carboxylesterases, two acetylcholinesterases, one acetylesterase and one arylesterase. 4. 4. The reproducibility and reliability of isoelectric focusing is discussed and compared to conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis for the examination of multi-component isozyme systems such as nonspecific esterases.
Platinum catalyst deactivation in low-temperature ammonia oxidation reactions: I. Oxidation of ammonia by molecular oxygen

Abstract Deactivation of 2.0–15 nm Pt crystallites supported on alumina and Pt black was studied in a fixed-bed differential reactor during NH 3 oxidation by molecular oxygen between 368 and 473 °K. Marked deactivation caused by surface oxidation took place during the first 12 hr on stream. Deactivation occurred only in the presence of both reactants. It was more severe with smaller crystallites and at lower temperatures. The rate decay was best described by a second-order deactivation process. At 433 °K oxygen present in the deactivated 2.7 nm crystallites was about 5 atoms per surface Pt atom, giving an estimated bulk composition of PtO 1.7 . For the 15.5 nm crystallites the oxygen present in the deactivated crystallites was about 7 atoms per surface Pt atom but the resultant bulk composition was PtO 0.5 . Deactivation was reversible and activity could be restored by raising the temperature above 473 °K or by reacting with H 2 or NH 3 . Deactivated catalyst slowly released oxygen in reaction with NH 3 chemisorbed on the support after the feed O 2 and NH 3 were turned off. This is a form of reverse spillover. Platinum black studies confirmed the results with the supported catalysts.
Inflammatory tissue reaction in rabbit bowel injected with Crohn's homogenates☆

Homogenates from the terminal ileum of a patient with Crohn's disease with granulomas were prepared as snap-frozen or fresh and were injected into the ascending colonic walls of New Zealand white rabbits. Control animals were injected with 1 per cent bovine serum albumin alone. The rabbit bowel was examined after 1 year, and lesions were noted in each of the rabbits injected with Crohn's disease homogenate, irrespective of the type of tissue preparation. The observed lesions were diffuse and occurred both at the injection site and in the terminal ileum. These changes were not noted in the control group. This work confirms earlier results in the same animal model and suggests that either fresh or snap-frozen homogenates will produce the intestinal lesion but that bovine albumin alone will not.
The characterization of continuous, four-coefficient scaling functions and wavelets

Four-coefficient dilation equations are examined and results converse to a theorem of Daubechies-Lagarias are given. These results complete the characterization of those four-coefficient dilation equations having a continuous solution. >
Perspectives for cancer therapies with cdk2 inhibitors

Modern anticancer strategies are designed against specific molecular targets with the goal of sparing normal, non-neoplastic tissues. Choosing specific molecular targets, however, is problematic. Cdk2 (Cyclin dependent kinase 2, cell division kinase 2, p33) is an important candidate target for therapeutic intervention. Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by Cdk2 is the penultimate step in the transition from G1 to S phase. Inhibition of this step could potentially result in inhibition of proliferation, cytostasis and possibly apoptosis in human tumors. Cdk2 also plays a critical role in the transition through S phase and the S to G2 transition as well. Inhibitors of the cyclin dependent kinases, such as flavopiridol and UCN-01, are currently in clinical trials. While demonstrating clinical activity, neither acts specifically against Cdk2. Other more specific Cdk2 inhibitors are currently in preclinical development. Further studies to explore the therapeutic worth of such agents are warranted.
Field induced formation of mesoscopic polymer chains from functional ferromagnetic colloids.

The assembly and direct imaging of ferromagnetic nanoparticles into one-dimensional mesostructures (1-D) are reported. Polymer-coated ferromagnetic colloids (19 nm, 24 nm) were assembled at a crosslinkable oil−water interface under both magnetic field induced and zero-field conditions and permanently fixed into 1-D mesoscopic polymer chains (1−9 μm) in a process referred to as Fossilized Liquid Assembly (FLA). In the FLA process, nanoparticle chains were fixed at the oil interface through photopolymerization, enabling direct visualization of organized mesostructures using atomic force microscopy. Using the FLA methodology, we systematically investigated different conditions and demonstrated that dispersed ferromagnetic colloids possess sufficient dipolar interactions to organize into mesoscopic assemblies. Application of an external magnetic field during assembly enabled the formation of micron-sized chains which were aligned in the direction of the applied field. This universal methodology is an attracti...
The acquisition of homonymy

Abstract The growth in children's ability to perform the task of separating the sounds of words from their meanings was investigated by asking children between 3;3 and 6;3 to select homonyms from pictures. The results show a growth in ability with age, with a jump at 4;4. An investigation of the developmental changes in the strategies employed shows that the task is cognitively complex. Performance in the younger children is more hampered by a resource-limited inability to cope with many cognitive factors all at once than by lack of ability to do the linguistic aspects of the task. These cognitive factors include access to vocabulary, rehearsal of intermediate results, and implementation of a search strategy.
Spontaneous development of functionally active long-term monocytelike cell lines from channel catfish.

During the course of studies involving the in vitro manipulation of channel catfish peripheral blood leukocytes, spontaneous proliferation was observed with unexpectedly high frequency. Propagation of these spontaneously proliferating cells has resulted in the development of long-term (>11 mo.) cell lines which stain positively for nonspecific esterase and peroxidase, are phagocytic for latex beads, and morphologically resemble mammalian monocytes or macrophages. These long-term cell lines also exhibit two important additional functional features. First, induction with lipopolysaccharide results in the secretion of relatively high levels of catfish high and low molecular weight species of interleukin-1 active on channel catfish and mouse T cells, respectively. Second, these cell lines are efficient antigen-presenting cells to autologous peripheral blood leukocytes for antigen specific in vitro proliferative and antibody responses. This antigen-presenting function is blocked by inhibitors known to prevent antigen processing and presentation by mammalian monocytes. Allogeneic mixtures of cell line (used as antigen-presenting cells) and responding peripheral blood leukocytes, however, resulted in strong mixed leukocyte reaction but not in specific antibody responses. The availability of such cell lines should facilitate further studies on accessory cell functions in fish immune responses.
Shock loading and drop weight impact response of glass reinforced polymer composites

Abstract Response of E-glass reinforced vinyl ester and urethane panels of varying structures subjected to shock loading and drop weight impact loading have been studied. Shock waves are created using a shock tube with a testing range of 3.08–7.53 MPa peak incident pressure. The materials performance under shock loading was evaluated by post-mortem visual damage assessment, residual compressive strength, and permanent deformation mapping of the panels. Drop weight impact performance was measured by energy absorbed by the samples, depth of penetration, and extent of internal damage. Glass preforms having total areal weights 144 and 216 oz / yd 2 (4.88 and 7.32 kg / m 2 ) were infused with either one of three separate types of vinyl ester and one urethane resin. The results show that urethane panels having total glass preform areal weight of 216 oz / yd 2 ( 7.32 kg / m 2 ) performed better than similar vinyl ester resin panels. It was also found that of two materials with identical vinyl ester resins having total preform areal weight of 144 oz / yd 2 ( 4.88 kg / m 2 ) , the one with a finer glass structure consistently performed better in all evaluation criteria for shock wave and drop weight impact testing.
Distribution and Searching Behavior of Typhlodromus mcgregori

The distribution of predators is thought to be a limiting factor in their potential as biological control agents if it does not coincide rather closely with the distribution of its intended prey. Typhlodromus megregori Chant is a predator of some tree fruit pests; thus, its distribution was studied (1) among apple orchards in Utah, (2) within apple orchards, (3) within apple trees, and (4) upon apple leaves. Its searching behavior upon leaves also was studied. T. megregori was found to be nonrandomly distributed among the orchards (found only in abandoned orchards), aggregated within the orchards, uniformly distributed within the trees, and nonuniform upon the leaves. Their distribution was rather loosely tied with the presence of their preferred prey, Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) . Searching behavior expanded their distribution on the leaf beyond what is usually observed. This study concluded that T. megregori has limited potential for controlling tree fruit mite pests, because of differences in their respective distributions and the predator's restricted searching behavior.
Eliminating Numerical Artifacts When Presenting Moving Center Sectional Aerosol Size Distributions

ABSTRACTA number of atmospheric aerosol models use the moving center sectional (MCS) method to represent the aerosol size distribution. Distributions generated via MCS may exhibit numerical artifacts during condensational growth which appear as extraneous “pits” and “peaks” in the distribution. The use of remapping and smoothing methods to eliminate these numerical artifacts when presenting size distribution results is examined. Three remapping methods based on linear interpolation and two smoothing approaches were tested for use on output distributions from MCS simulations. Model predictions of condensational growth using the MCS method with and without smoothing and remapping are compared to an accurate analytical solution. Results indicate that one remapping method, the zero mass exclusive method, completely removed “pits” and “peaks” that form in high resolution, 48-section distributions, whereas the other potential correction methods only partially removed the artifacts. For lower resolution 12-section distributions, where pits and peaks are not formed, the remapping methods provide smaller improvements in how MCS distributions are depicted and smoothing approaches result in significant numerical diffusion.
The organization of Eastern merchant empires

Abstract In the sixteenth century, European countries engaged in long-distance trade with the East. Despite sharing the same objectives and technology, Portugal opted for a crown monopoly, England, the Netherlands, and Sweden franchised trade to private merchants, whereas in Denmark and France, king and merchants shared control. The financial condition of the crown appears to have been relevant for the monarchs' decision. I provide an economic mechanism to illuminate the historical variation in terms of the differences in relative endowments of king and merchants within each country. I also explore the implications of control allocation using archival data on labor compensation and shipping technology. Differences in the long run performance of merchant empires suggest a major impact of organization.
Surgical Management of Adults with Congenital Deformities of the Spine

Adult congenital scoliosis is more common that congenital kyphosis or lordosis. It is usually present at birth and may remain untreated until adulthood, at which point treatment may be needed for neuro, profession, pulmonary dysfunction, or loss of function. Treatment methods include posterior fusion and instrumentation with or without osteotomies, anterior/posterior fusion with or without osteotomies, or resection and posterior vertebral column resection. The surgical procedures are complex and of high risk with significant morbidity. Current segmental instrumentation systems afford a three dimensional correction of deformity with acceptable complication rates and good outcomes in the properly selected patient.
Assessment of Childhood Depression: Sampling Multiple Data Sources with One Instrument

The low correspondence among reporting sources in the measurement of childhood depression is well documented. However, no effort has been made to quantify the effects of using different measures with different sources. In this research the administration of the Peer Nomination Inventory of Depression (PNID) was modified to obtain three scores: (1) each child's rating of depression as given by his/her peers; (2) each child's self-rating of depression and (3) the number of times children assigned ratings of depression to others. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was administered for comparative purposes. Results suggest that differences in test items and formats can explain some, but not all, of the low correlations among reporting sources. Gender differences in the three modified PNID scores also were investigated.
The Japanese Schools for the Natives of Truk, Caroline Islands

There is an abundance of official and semi-official reports of schools for dependent people in various parts of the world which emphasize the administrator's picture of the school system: the value and nature of the physical plant, aims, curriculum, enrollment and attendance, etc. However all actual educational systems include two major parties: the teachers and the taught. The latter are all too often ignored. Our purpose in this paper therefore will be to discuss the operation of the former Japanese school system for the natives of Truk, Caroline Islands, viewed as the product of an interaction between two major forces: the official government policy and the native culture.
A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replication

Types 1 and 2 diabetes affect some 380 million people worldwide. Both ultimately result from a deficiency of functional pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. Beta cells proliferate in humans during a brief temporal window beginning around the time of birth, with a peak percentage (∼2%) engaged in the cell cycle in the first year of life. In embryonic life and after early childhood, beta cell replication is barely detectable. Whereas beta cell expansion seems an obvious therapeutic approach to beta cell deficiency, adult human beta cells have proven recalcitrant to such efforts. Hence, there remains an urgent need for antidiabetic therapeutic agents that can induce regeneration and expansion of adult human beta cells in vivo or ex vivo. Here, using a high-throughput small-molecule screen (HTS), we find that analogs of the small molecule harmine function as a new class of human beta cell mitogenic compounds. We also define dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1a (DYRK1A) as the likely target of harmine and the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors as likely mediators of human beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Using three different mouse and human islet in vivo-based models, we show that harmine is able to induce beta cell proliferation, increase islet mass and improve glycemic control. These observations suggest that harmine analogs may have unique therapeutic promise for human diabetes therapy. Enhancing the potency and beta cell specificity of these compounds are important future challenges.
Experimental evaluation of Markstein-number influence on thermoacoustic instability

Laminar, premixed methane–air flames propagating through the annulus of a Taylor–Couette burner were studied experimentally. Such flames ignited at the top, open end of the burner and propagating downward toward the closed end are susceptible to the Darrieus–Landau hydrodynamic instability as well as to thermoacoustic instabilities that develop. Flame speeds measured during a stage of quasiplanar propagation near the middle of the burner attained through action of the primary thermoacoustic instability were found to agree well with laminar-flame speeds reported in the literature. Axial and circumferential velocity fluctuations of the flow field were measured during flame propagation using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), and critical acoustic-velocity amplitudes for saturation of the primary thermoacoustic instability and for the onset of the secondary thermoacoustic instability were determined. The influence of the equivalence ratio on the critical acoustic-velocity amplitude for the onset of the secondary thermoacoustic instability determined from the LDV measurements is shown to agree well with theoretical predictions. This influence is consistent with an increase in the stabilizing effect of flame stretch with increasing equivalence ratio for methane–air flames. The Markstein number increases with increasing equivalence ratio for these flames, resulting in growth rates of the secondary thermoacoustic instability for rich methane–air mixtures that are lower than those for lean mixtures with similar laminar-burning speeds.