cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural and Developmental Variations in the Resiliencies Promoted by School Counselors

Little is known about whether school counselors actually target resiliency in their guidance and counseling efforts. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of 314 school counselo...
Criticism in the UK: The Bard of Britannia

After examining the effect of World War I on the Shakespearean criticism of the Cambridge scholars I. A. Richards and William Empson, this chapter focuses on F. R. Leavis and the journal Scrutiny. The last section considers the criticism of Caroline Spurgeon, Una Ellis-Fermor, and John Dover Wilson, highlighting instances where they collaborated, as Spurgeon did with Wilson and Arthur Quiller-Couch on the 1921 Board of Education report for “The Teaching of English in England,” and as Wilson did with Quiller-Couch as co-editors of the New Cambridge Shakespeare series, 1921–1966.
Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention: Diet, Lifestyle, and Therapeutic Prevention

Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are a diverse group of tumors along the GI tract with distinct histopathologic features and clinical behavior. Globally, colorectal, gastric, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancers represent 5 of the top 10 causes of cancer mortality, and account for approximately 1.9 million cancer deaths per year. Directing resources solely on researching and treating advanced cancers would be unsustainable. Consequently, the importance of conducting cancer prevention research cannot be overemphasized, as effective cancer prevention strategies may reduce both cancer incidence and mortality. This chapter focuses on preventive interventions, which encompass primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. We will present the latest evidence on prevention strategies involving diet, physical activity, weight loss, and chemoprevention of common GI malignancies. Developing an effective cancer prevention strategy requires an understanding of the carcinogenesis sequence of each individual cancer. For instance, intraepithelial neoplasia is a premalignant condition that can be detected and treated in order to halt the carcinogenesis sequence. In addition to efficacy, an effective cancer prevention intervention must have a low threshold for toxicity – since the at-risk population is typically free of malignancy at the time of intervention. The bulk of this chapter discusses colorectal cancer prevention strategies due to the vast amount of research conducted. However, we will also discuss preventive strategies of the major GI cancers: anal, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary. Our focus throughout this chapter is high-quality evidence from clinical trials (level 1 evidence) or consistent reports from observational studies (level 2 evidence), as supported by experimental results.
A Pilot Study of a Meditation and Mindfulness Program with Detained Juveniles: An Adaptation of Inner Resources for Teens (IRT)

This study examined the clinical utility of a meditation, mindfulness, and mantra intervention for youth experiencing serious mental illness while incarcerated. Participants were 17 adolescent male...
Tolerance to salinity and thermal stress by larvae and adults of the serpulid annelid Ficopomatus enigmaticus

The serpulid annelid Ficopomatus enigmaticus is a widely distributed invader of shallow‐water, brackish habitats in subtropical and temperate regions, where it has numerous damaging ecological and economic effects. Its distributional pattern suggests that temperature and salinity play important roles in limiting its distribution, but because other factors often covary with these, drawing strong conclusions from these patterns is difficult. In an effort to more clearly identify the effects of these factors, we examined tolerance to acute thermal (16–28°C) and salinity (0–35 psu) stress by larvae (5‐day exposure, unfed) and adults (14‐day exposure, unfed) of F. enigmaticus in the laboratory experiments. Larvae showed higher mortality at the highest temperature tested 28°C; adult survival was unaffected by temperature. Neither larvae nor adults survived exposure to pure freshwater (0 psu), but survived well at salinities ranging 3.5–35 psu. In addition, high salinity did not slow tube growth in adults. These results suggest that salinity stress, in particular, does not directly limit the distribution of F. enigmaticus to low‐salinity habitats. Experimental work on the distribution of F. enigmaticus is uncommon in the literature, but is likely needed to identify the abiotic or biotic factors that limit the distribution of this frequently invasive species.
Treatment of highly sour natural gas stream by hybrid membrane-amine process: Techno-economic study

Abstract This paper summarizes a techno-economic study to treat a highly sour natural gas (NG) beyond conventionally known to classical treatment processes, utilizing hybrid membrane-amine process. Stand-alone amine process utilizing Diglycolamine (DGA) as an absorption reagent, is used as a benchmark for comparison with the hybridized membrane-amine treatment process. A one-stage membrane process with performance factors that are similar to the commercially abundant material, distinguished as reference membrane (RM), is used to benchmark the membrane process. The membrane process performance have been varied in two levels: (i) using a membrane with enhanced (doubled) performance factors, distinguished as (EM), and (ii) deploying a two-stage membrane process configuration. The impact of the membrane process has proved to be substantial and extended beyond the amine process to the sulfur recovery unit (SRU). All processes showed to be economic with clear role of the membrane process in altering the contribution of the different elements of the capital investment cost (CAPEX) and the operating cost (OPEX). The two stage membrane process is more appealing to the operation of the gas plant for the low slippage of hydrocarbons. However, the need for the inter-stage compression caused the hybridized two-stage membrane-amine process with (RM) membrane to be less feasible than the stand-alone amine process. Enhancing the membrane performance factors will produce a treatment process that is more feasible than the amine stand-alone. This study showed that the feasibility of the treatment process of such highly sour NG stream is very sensitive to both energy price (sales gas) and the cost associated with the production of sour raw gas.
Origin of the multiphoton-regime harmonic-generation plateau structure

A physical interpretation is provided for the formation of the multiphoton-regime plateau feature in the spectra of nonlinear and correlated process of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of two-active-electron atoms interacting with an intense linearly polarized laser field [Phys. Rev. A 88, 053412 (2013) for beryllium]. While in the strong-field tunneling regime the plateau feature is well known to be due to rescattering effects of the freed electron, its counterpart in the multiphoton regime is due to atomic resonance effects involving both singly excited states and doubly excited states. Here, we propose a strategy to uncover which kind of these states are responsible for this phenomenon. By studying the sensitivity of HHG to the initial state in helium, we show that this multiphoton-regime plateau structure mostly originates from singly excited states.
Weak-lensing Detection at z ~ 1.3: Measurement of the Two Lynx Clusters with the Advanced Camera for Surveys

We present a Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) weak-lensing study of RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453, the two most distant (at z = 1.26 and 1.27, respectively) clusters yet measured with weak lensing. The two clusters are separated by ~4' from each other and appear to form a supercluster in the Lynx field. Using our deep ACS i775 and z850 imaging, we detected weak-lensing signals around both clusters at ~4 σ levels. The mass distribution indicated by the reconstruction map is in good spatial agreement with the cluster galaxies. From the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) fitting, we determined that RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453 have similar projected masses of (2.0 ± 0.6) × 1014 and (2.1 ± 0.7) × 1014 M☉, respectively, within a 0.5 Mpc (~60'') aperture radius. In order to compare the weak-lensing measurements with the X-ray results calibrated by the most recent low-energy quantum efficiency determination and time-dependent gain correction, we also reanalyzed the archival Chandra data and obtained TX = 3.8 and 1.7 keV for RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453, respectively. Combined with the X-ray surface brightness profile measurement under the assumption of an isothermal β-model, the temperature of RX J0849+4452 predicts that the projected mass of the cluster within r = 0.5 Mpc is 2.3 × 1014 M☉, consistent with the weak-lensing analysis. On the other hand, for RX J0848+4453 we find that the mass derived from this X-ray analysis is much smaller (6.3 × 1013 M☉) than the weak-lensing measurement.
Development of a novel hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 particle for rapid in vitro screening and quantification of neutralization antibodies, antiviral drugs, and viral mutations

SUMMARY Timely development of vaccines and antiviral drugs are critical to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic 1–6. Current methods for validation of vaccine efficacy involve the use of pseudoviruses, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) pseudotyped lentivirus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), to quantify neutralizing antibodies for blocking viral infection 7–14. The process of pseudovirus infection and quantification is time consuming and can take days to complete. In addition, pseudoviruses contain structural proteins not native to SARS-CoV-2, which may alter particle properties in receptor binding and responses to antibody neutralization 15. Here we describe the development of a new hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 particle (Ha-CoV-2) for rapid screening and quantification of neutralization antibodies and antiviral drugs. Ha-CoV-2 is a non-replicating SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle, composed of only SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (S, M, N, and E) and a RNA genome derived from a fast expressing alphavirus vector 16. We demonstrate that Ha-CoV-2 can rapidly and robustly express reporter genes in target cells within 3-5 hours following viral entry. We further validate the Ha-CoV-2 system for rapid quantification of neutralization antibodies and antiviral drugs. In addition, we assembled a Ha-CoV-2 particle bearing the D614G mutant spike protein, and found that the mutation led to an approximately 200% increase in virion infectivity. These results demonstrate that Ha-CoV-2 can also be applied for rapid monitoring and quantification of viral mutations for effects on neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines.
Jerusalem in Medieval Narrative

During the early medieval period, crusading brought about new ways of writing about the city of Jerusalem in Europe. By creating texts that embellished the historical relationship between the Holy City and England, English authors endowed their nation with a reputation of power and importance. In Jerusalem in Medieval Narrative, Suzanne Yeager identifies the growth of medieval propaganda aimed at rousing interest in crusading, and analyses how fourteenth-century writers refashioned their sources to create a substantive (if fictive) English role in the fight for Jerusalem. Centring on medieval identity, this study offers assessments of some of the fourteenth century's most popular works, including English pilgrim itineraries, political treatises, the romances Richard, Coeur de Lion and The Siege of Jerusalem, and the prose Book of Sir John Mandeville. This study will be an essential resource for the study of medieval literary history, travel, crusade, and the place of Jerusalem.
Open GL–Open CL Solar Radiation Pressure Modeling with Time-Varying Spacecraft Geometries

A method for the fast computation of spacecraft force and torque due to solar radiation pressure (SRP) is presented. A faceted model is employed that tracks which elements of a time-varying geometr...
Wavelet Shrinkage for Enhanced Chemical Recognition in the Rough Surface Diffused Terahertz Spectra

The rough surface scattering in the reflection-mode THz-TDS can result in inaccurate phase spectra, reduced signal to noise ratios, distorted or obscured resonant fingerprints, and the appearance of anomalous spectral artifacts. In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of a wavelet shrinkage technique for the retrieval of obscured resonant frequencies from the derivative of THz reflectivity of solid dielectric materials. We examine the robustness of this technique over controlled levels of rough surface scattering created using sandpapers of different grits on sample disks made from 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
Relationship of Pain Catastrophizing With Urinary Biomarkers in Women With Bladder Pain Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in central neurological processes. We hypothesize that greater pain catastrophizing is associated with higher urinary BDNF levels in women with bladder pain syndrome. METHODS A secondary analysis of a database of women with urinary urgency was conducted. We identified women who met AUA criteria of bladder pain syndrome. Urinary symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and neuropathic pain were measured using the Female Genitourinary Pain Index, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and painDETECT questionnaires respectively. The relationship of the catastrophizing score with urinary BDNF (primary outcome) and other urinary biomarkers, including nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and osteopontin, was evaluated using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS In 62 women with bladder pain syndrome, 15 (24%) reported pain catastrophizing symptoms (Pain Catastrophizing Scale score >30). Higher catastrophizing scores were associated with worse urinary symptoms, greater pelvic pain, greater neuropathic pain, and worse quality of life scores (all P < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, after controlling for age, body mass index and urinary symptoms, a higher pain catastrophizing score was associated with lower BDNF (P = 0.04) and lower VEGF levels (P = 0.03). Urinary urgency was associated with a higher NGF level (P = 0.04) while bladder pain was associated with higher levels of NGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Neuroinflammatory mechanisms contribute to the central processing of pain in women with bladder pain syndrome. Worse urinary symptoms are associated with higher NGF and VEGF levels, but worse pain catastrophizing is associated with lower BDNF and VEGF levels. Urinary BDNF levels may be useful in phenotyping women who have central augmentation of pain processing.
Preserving Engagement: Orientation amidst a Global Pandemic

When we met in November of 2019 to hold our annual orientation brainstorming session, our New Student & Family Programs (NSFP) staff dreamed of additional small groups, affinity group spaces, revamped evening programming, and increased opportunities for student connections. Four short months and many hours of planning/training later, we found ourselves in a similar brainstorming session. Except this time, it was late March, we were facing a global pandemic, and we had just shifted our orientation season completely online in response to COVID-19. Like most orientation, transition, and retention professionals around the world, we found ourselves devastated and overwhelmed. We had a very short turnaround time (18 days), but one thing was essential for us—we would preserve as much student/family engagement and interaction as possible. In this article, we explore the decision-making process, methods, action steps, and considerations for implementing a virtual orientation that embraced student and familial engagement despite the global pandemic.
Robotic seafloor geodesy to help earthquake and tsunami monitoring

Sharadha Sathiakumar explains how autonomous marine robots provide an innovative and sustainable solution to measure seafloor deformation.
Human tear fluid modulates the Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome to alter antibiotic susceptibility.

Abstract Purpose Previously, we showed that tear fluid protects corneal epithelial cells against Pseudomonas aeruginosa without suppressing bacterial viability. Here, we studied how tear fluid affects bacterial gene expression. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to study the P. aeruginosa transcriptome after tear fluid exposure (5 h, 37 oC). Outcomes were further investigated by biochemical and physiological perturbations to tear fluid and tear-like fluid (TLF) and assessment of bacterial viability following tear/TLF pretreatment and antibiotic exposure. Results Tear fluid deregulated ~180 P. aeruginosa genes ≥8 fold versus PBS including downregulating lasI, rhlI, qscR (quorum sensing/virulence), oprH, phoP, phoQ (antimicrobial resistance) and arnBCADTEF (polymyxin B resistance). Upregulated genes included algF (biofilm formation) and hemO (iron acquisition). qPCR confirmed tear down-regulation of oprH, phoP and phoQ. Tear fluid pre-treatment increased P. aeruginosa resistance to meropenem ~5-fold (4 μg/ml), but enhanced polymyxin B susceptibility ~180-fold (1 μg/ml), the latter activity reduced by dilution in PBS. Media containing a subset of tear components (TLF) also sensitized bacteria to polymyxin B, but only ~22.5-fold, correlating with TLF/tear fluid Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. Accordingly, phoQ mutants were not sensitized by TLF or tear fluid. Superior activity of tear fluid versus TLF against wild-type P. aeruginosa was heat resistant but proteinase K sensitive. Conclusion P. aeruginosa responds to human tear fluid by upregulating genes associated with bacterial survival and adaptation. Meanwhile, tear fluid down-regulates multiple virulence-associated genes. Tears also utilize divalent cations and heat resistant/proteinase K sensitive component(s) to enhance P. aeruginosa sensitivity to polymyxin B.
Model-Based Neural Networks for Massive and Sporadic Connectivity

We present two model-based neural network architectures purposed for sporadic user activity detection and channel estimation in the massive connectivity regime. In the considered scenario, the set of pilot sequences assigned to users is linearly dependent; but assuming user activity is sporadic, the detection/estimation problem is amenable to sparse recovery algorithms. We apply the deep unfolding framework to unroll two such algorithms, (1) linearized alternating direction method of multipliers and (2) vector approximate message passing, into a set of custom neural network layers. The networks thus inherit domain knowledge encapsulated in the signal model, plus suitable layer operations informed by the algorithms. The networks, trained on randomly generated data, offer improved complexity and accuracy relative to their iterative counterparts, and are a potential boon to cell-free massive MIMO systems.
Hindlimb suspension in Wistar rats: Sex-based differences in muscle response.

Ground-based animal models have been used extensively to understand the effects of microgravity on various physiological systems. Among them, hindlimb suspension (HLS), developed in 1979 in rats, remains the gold-standard and allows researchers to study the consequences of total unloading of the hind limbs while inducing a cephalic fluid shift. While this model has already brought valuable insights to space biology, few studies have directly compared functional decrements in the muscles of males and females during HLS. We exposed 28 adult Wistar rats (14 males and 14 females) to 14 days of HLS or normal loading (NL) to better assess how sex impacts disuse-induced muscle deconditioning. Females better maintained muscle function during HLS than males, as shown by a more moderate reduction in grip strength at 7 days (males: -37.5 ± 3.1%, females: -22.4 ± 6.5%, compared to baseline), that remains stable during the second week of unloading (males: -53.3 ± 5.7%, females: -22.4 ± 5.5%, compared to day 0) while the males exhibit a steady decrease over time (effect of sex × loading p = 0.0002, effect of sex × time × loading p = 0.0099). This was further supported by analyzing the force production in response to a tetanic stimulus. Further functional analyses using force production were also shown to correspond to sex differences in relative loss of muscle mass and CSA. Moreover, our functional data were supported by histomorphometric analyzes, and we highlighted differences in relative muscle loss and CSA. Specifically, female rats seem to experience a lesser muscle deconditioning during disuse than males thus emphasizing the need for more studies that will assess male and female animals concomitantly to develop tailored, effective countermeasures for all astronauts.
Postoperative Spinal Wound Infections and Postprocedural Diskitis

AbstractBackground/Objective: Postprocedural infections are a significant cause of morbidity after spinal interventions.Methods: Literature review. An extensive literature review was conducted on postprocedural spinal infections. Relevant articles were reviewed in detail and additional case images were included.Results: Clinical findings, laboratory markers, and imaging modalities play important roles in the detection of postprocedural spinal infections. Treatment may range from biopsy and antibiotics to multiple operations with complex strategies for soft tissue management.Conclusions: Early detection and aggressive treatment are paramount in managing postprocedural spinal infections and limiting their long-term sequelae.
Identification of T-helper epitopes in the VP1 capsid protein of poliovirus.

Abstract Poliovirus-specific T lymphocytes were isolated from virus-immunized mice of different H-2 haplotypes. Immunological characterization of this population indicates that the effector population involved in the observed poliovirus-specific proliferative response was that of CD4-positive T-helper cells. Proliferative responses also were induced within these T-lymphocyte populations upon stimulation with either purified VP1 capsid protein or VP1 synthetic peptides. By using these synthetic peptides, several T-helper epitopes were identified. Generally, proliferative responses were observed in three regions of VP1. Two regions spanning VP1 residues 86 to 120 and 201 to 241 were recognized by T lymphocytes from BALB/c (H-2d), C57BL/6 (H-2b), and C3H/HeJ (H-2k) backgrounds. Analyses using synthetic peptides of nonoverlapping sequences indicated that the region spanning residues 201 to 241 may contain several T epitopes and may account for the strong proliferative response observed. In addition, for two of the three haplotypes examined, T epitopes were observed within residues 7 to 24 of VP1. Additional epitopes which appeared to be restricted to specific H-2 backgrounds were identified. T epitopes within VP1 that are common between different strains of mice appeared to lie within previously identified neutralizing antigenic sites in poliovirus.
Preoperative thoracic radiographic findings in dogs presenting for gastric dilatation-volvulus (2000-2010): 101 cases.

Objective To identify the incidence of clinically significant findings on preoperative thoracic radiographs in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) and to determine if those findings are associated with survival. Design Retrospective study from 2000 to 2010. Setting Urban university small animal teaching hospital. Animals One hundred and one dogs diagnosed with GDV that had thoracic radiographs obtained preoperatively, and medical records available with the following information available: signalment, time of presentation, respiratory status, plasma lactate, presence of cardiac arrhythmias, reason for thoracic radiographs, radiographic findings, and outcome. Interventions None. Results Findings on preoperative thoracic radiographs included small vena cava (40%), esophageal dilation (39%), microcardia (34%), aspiration pneumonia (14%), cardiomegaly (5%), pulmonary nodule (4%), pulmonary edema (2%), sternal lymphadenopathy (1%), and pulmonary bullae (1%). Eighty-four percent of dogs (85 out of 101) survived to discharge. Dogs without cardiomegaly on presenting thoracic radiographs had a 10.2 greater odds of surviving to discharge. Conclusions The most common findings on preoperative thoracic radiographs include esophageal dilation, microcardia, and a small vena cava while the incidence of pulmonary nodules was low. A negative association between survival and presence of cardiomegaly on preoperative thoracic radiographs in dogs with GDV supports the need to obtain these images for prognostic information in spite of the emergency surgical nature of the GDV. The main limitations of this study include the possibilities of type I and type II errors, the retrospective nature of the study, and the lack of well-defined criteria for obtaining thoracic radiographs.
What “international” subtopics are crucial to business education?

Abstract The question addressed by this survey is, “What ‘international’ topics are crucial to the practice of management?” The objective of the study was to identify “international” curricular subtopics, tools, and concepts that faculty respondents deemed absolutely crucial to business pedagogy and to the practice of management, and would therefore require in every business program. This survey is one of the few that addresses the international pedagogy issue from the micro-, or subtopic, end of the spectrum. A list of the topics identified should be of considerable value to curriculum committees in charge of business school programs. The selections ranged not only over the six major departments found in most business schools, but beyond. Respondents as a whole were willing to step outside their narrow departmental boundaries when thinking about the question of internationalization of pedagogy. The results also seem to confirm that the bulk of the burden of the internationalization of the curriculum will continue to rest, principally but by no means exclusively, on two departments, Management and Marketing.
The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus—revisited☆☆☆

Abstract Adenomyosis was found in 61.5 per cent of 200 consecutive uteri removed at Evanston Hospital between July 8, 1969, and April 13, 1970, an incidence much higher than that usually cited. As a symptom, menorrhagia seems to increase in frequency as the degree of uterine involvement by adenomyosis increases. Dysmenorrhea apparently increases in frequency as the depth of penetration and degree of involvement by adenomyosis increases. Adenomyosis subbasalis appears to be an important symptom-producing entity. A summation particularly designed to assist in the diagnosis of adenomyosis is presented.
The state of the art approaches to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium Ion batteries

This paper discusses the commonly used techniques to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium ion batteries and their limitations. Factors affecting the health and SOF of the battery are discussed in this paper. The SOH of the battery is mainly represented by the capacity degradation and the increase in the internal resistance. The other indices that could represent the battery's health are also briefly discussed. The different techniques that are used to estimate the capacity and internal resistance of the battery are discussed along with their limitations. The concept of SOF and its relationship with SOC, SOH and temperature are discussed along with the commonly used techniques to estimate the SOF of the battery. This paper also discusses the limitations in the definition and estimation of the SOF.
Problems, Politics, and Possibilities: Imagining a Teach for America that really is for America

Teach for America (TFA) charges its recruits with an important mission: ensure that children in low-income communities receive an excellent education. Underlying this charge is the assumption that educational inequity is a problem that can be solved by putting the right teacher in every classroom. A former TFA corps member and an education professor combine memoir and theory to argue that TFA starts the wrong conversation about inequality and demeans traditional teachers in the process. We identify problematic aspects of TFA’s “savior model” by analyzing some of the organization’s practices and values. We also describe how TFA is rooted in neoliberal ideology and supported (both financially and politically) by the corporate education reform movement. Together, these initiatives hide the complex causes of inequality and contribute little to its resolution. We propose changes, recommending TFA better prepare corps members, cooperatively partner with existing teachers, and increase resources for schools.
A method of determining accurate range capability for multispectral infrared sensors using simple modeling techniques

The Multispectral Air-to-Air Inhouse Feasibility Study has been chartered to adapt the lessons learned from the Brassboard Airborne Multispectral Sensor System Specification (BAMS) program (contract F33615-93-C-1267) from the air-to-ground scenario to the air-to-air search and track scenario. This is an interim report in an investigation of the feasibility of air-to-air multispectral techniques that will generate the basis for a planned follow-on effort. The BAMS effort is developing the capability to detect ground targets in deep-hide and under camouflage by exploiting the spectral characteristics of the target. These same benefits should be adaptable for aerial search. This method of detection is more immune to low contrast or high clutter than a broadband sensor, and allows the use of larger pixels which translates into a much larger search volume. The downside is that the smaller wavebands inherent to multispectral sensors results in a smaller number of collected photons limiting the overall range capability. However, it is expected that multispectral sensors will have a distinct advantage over broadband sensors in the look-down scenario where the background is highly cluttered and the target is low contrast This scenario will be used for a direct comparison between the two sensor approaches. The methodology for determining the detection range capabilities for broadband and multispectral sensors is presented in this paper along with a summary of the approach for determining the expected performance of multispectral aerial search sensors.
Rapid changes in ovarian mRNA induced by brief photostimulation in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

This study sought to characterize the rapid intraovarian mRNA response of key folliculogenic factors that may contribute to the restoration of folliculogenesis during 2-10 days of photostimulation in Siberian hamsters. Adult hamsters were exposed to short photoperiod (8L:16D) for 14 weeks (SD). A subset were then transferred to long photoperiod (16L:8D) for 2 (PT day-2), 4 (PT day-4), or 10 days (PT day-10). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure intraovarian mRNA expression of: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone β-subunit (FSHβ-subunit), luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ-subunit), FSH and LH receptors, estrogen receptors α and β (Esr1 and Esr2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), inhibin-α subunit, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Compared to SD, plasma FSH concentrations increased on PT day-4 and the number of antral follicles and corpora lutea increased on PT day-10. FSHR and inhibin-α mRNA expression also increased on PT day-4, whereas LHR and proliferation marker PCNA both increased on PT day-10 as compared to SD. Esr1 mRNA increased on PT day-2 and remained significantly increased as compared to SD, whereas Esr1 mRNA increased only on PT day-2, similar to FGF-2 and MMP-2 results. No differences were observed in mRNA expression in ovarian GnRH, FSHβ- and LHβ-subunits, AMH, and MMP-9 mRNA with 2-10 days of photostimulation. Rapid increases in intraovarian FSHR and inhibin-α mRNA and antral follicle/corpora lutea numbers suggest that the ovary is primed to react quickly to the FSH released in response to brief periods of photostimulation.
Statins and Diabetes: The Plot Thickens

Statins have now been used in clinical practice for more than 20 years, and are the cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes in patients treated with statins has been well established by large meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials and observational studies.1,2
Projection of hazardous air pollutant emissions to future years.

Abstract Projecting a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emission inventory to future years can provide valuable information for air quality management activities such as prediction of program successes and helping to assess future priorities. We have projected the 1999 National Emission Inventory for HAPs to numerous future years up to 2020 using the following tools and data: • the Emissions Modeling System for Hazardous Air Pollutants (EMS-HAP) • the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) • emission reduction information resulting from national standards and economic growth data. This paper discusses these projection tools, the underlying data, limitations and the results. The results presented include total HAP emissions (sum of pollutants) and toxicity-weighted HAP emissions for cancer and respiratory noncancer effects. Weighting emissions by toxicity does not consider fate, transport, or location and behavior of receptor populations and can only be used to estimate relative risks of direct emissions. We show these projections, along with historical emission trends. The data show that stationary source programs under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and mobile source programs which reduce hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions, as well as toxic emission performance standards for reformulated gasoline, have contributed to and are expected to continue to contribute to large declines in air toxics emissions, in spite of economic and population growth. We have also analyzed the particular HAPs that dominate the source sectors to better understand the historical and future year trends and the differences across sectors.
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: new insights into their actions and clinical relevance

The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor with a large ectodomain. TSH, acting via TSHR, regulates thyroid growth and thyroid hormone production and secretion. The TSHR undergoes complex post-translational processing involving dimerization, intramolecular cleavage, and shedding of its ectodomain, and each of these processes may influence the antigenicity of the TSHR. The TSHR is also the major autoantigen in Graves' disease, as well as a leading candidate autoantigen in both Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema. The naturally conformed TSHR is most effectively presented as an autoantigen to the immune system, causing the production of stimulating TSHR-Abs. There are also autoantibodies which block the TSHR from TSH action, and neutral TSHR-Abs which have no influence on TSH action. TSHR-Abs can be detected by competition assays of TSHR-Abs for labeled TSH, or monoclonal TSHR-Ab binding to solubilized TSHRs, or by bioassays using thyroid cells or mammalian cells expressing recombinant TSHRs.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROARRAY DATA IDENTIFIES COMMON RESPONSES TO CALORIC RESTRICTION AMONG MOUSE TISSUES

Caloric restriction has been extensively investigated as an intervention that both extends lifespan and delays age-related disease in mammals. In mice, much interest has centered on evaluating gene expression changes induced by caloric restriction (CR) in particular tissue types, but the overall systemic effect of CR among multiple tissues has been examined less extensively. This study presents a comparative analysis of microarray datasets that have collectively examined the effects of CR in 10 different tissue types (liver, heart, muscle, hypothalamus, hippocampus, white adipose tissue, colon, kidney, lung and cochlea). Using novel methods for comparative analysis of microarray data, detailed comparisons of the effects of CR among tissues are provided, and 28 genes for which expression response to CR is most shared among tissues are identified. These genes characterize common responses to CR, which consist of both activation and inhibition of stress-response pathways. With respect to liver tissue, transcriptional effects of CR exhibited surprisingly little overlap with those of aging, and a variable degree of overlap with the potential CR-mimetic drug resveratrol. These analyses shed light on the systemic transcriptional activity associated with CR diets, and also illustrate new approaches for comparative analysis of microarray datasets in the context of aging biology.
Plasmon Waveguide Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectra were collected from a 1.25 M aqueous pyridine solution, 100-nm polystyrene film or a trimethyl(phenyl)silane monolayer at a plasmon waveguide interface under total internal reflection (TIR). The plasmon waveguide resonance (PWR) interface consisted of a sapphire prism/49 to 50 nm Au/548 to 630 nm SiO2 and a monolayer, thin film or aqueous analyte. The Raman peak area as a function of incident angle was measured using a 785-nm excitation wavelength, and was compared to the Raman peak area obtained at a sapphire or sapphire/50 nm Au interface. In contrast to measurements at a bare sapphire prism, increased surface sensitivity and signal were obtained from the PWR interface. In contrast to measurements at a bare Au film where only p-polarized incident light generates an enhanced interfacial electric field, plasmon waveguide interfaces enable excitation with orthogonal polarizations using s- or p-polarized incident light. The Raman scatter from a monolayer was recorded at the PWR interface with ...
Measurements of NOx emissions and in-service duty cycle from a towboat operating on the inland river system.

This paper describes measurements of NOx emissions from one engine on a commercial towboat operating on the Upper Ohio River system around the Port of Pittsburgh. Continuous measurements were made over a one-week period to characterize emissions during normal operations. The average NOx emission factor is 70 ± 4.2 kg of NOx per t of fuel, similar to that of larger marine engines. A vessel-specific duty cycle is derived to characterize the towboat's operations; more than 50% of the time the vessel engines are at idle. Although recently promulgated EPA regulations apply only to new marine engines, these data provide insight into inland-river operations, which can be used to evaluate these regulations within the inland river context. This vessel operates as a courier service, scheduling pickups and deliveries of single- or multiple-barge loads per customers' requests; as many as 30% of the 277 towboats in the Pittsburgh region operate in this fashion. The EPA-prescribed ISO E3 duty cycle does not accurately ...
Molecular orbital studies of vibrational frequencies

Molecular orbital techniques for the ab initio computation of harmonic force constants are reviewed. Extensive applications with the split-valence 3-21G basis are described and a systematic comparison between theoretical and experimental frequencies is undertaken. The 3-21G force constants are permanently stored on a disk file and may be used to predict frequencies for isotopically substituted species. Applications are made to some deuterated molecules.
In vivo biodistribution of a radiolabeled blood substitute: 99mTc-labeled liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin in an anesthetized rabbit

Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is an erythrocyte substitute that is a potential resuscitative fluid for the in vivo delivery of oxygen. We have noninvasively imaged radiolabeled LEH in vivo with technetium-99m (99mTc) to study the biodistribution in an anesthetized rabbit. Rabbits (2.5 kg, n = 8) were infused with 30 ml of LEH (200 mg of phospholipid, 2.5 g of hemoglobin per kg of body weight) and imaged with a gamma camera continuously for 2 hr. At 20 hr postinfusion, the animals were imaged again and sacrificed; the organs were weighted and their radioactivity was determined for autopsy organ distribution. Organ uptake from the images was corrected for organ-associated blood pool, which was determined by infusion of 99mTc-labeled rabbit erythrocytes. Blood pool and decay-corrected biodistribution data reveal the kinetics of LEH distribution, with an initial rapid uptake by the liver, 8% at 30 min and 15% at 2 hr. The spleen accumulates less LEH initially, 3% at 30 min and 7% at 2 hr, with an apparent linear uptake of LEH over this time period. Image biodistribution data was also validated at 20 hr by tissue sampling. At 20 hr postinfusion, autopsy biodistribution data reveals approximately 42.6% of the total counts remaining in the blood, 15.4% in the liver, 18.1% in spleen, 3.2% in the lungs, 2.4% in muscle, 1.6% in urine, and trace levels in the kidney, brain, and heart (less than 1%). There is no evidence of hemoglobin release from LEH or kidney dysfunction (normal creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) at any time over the course of the study.
The Bacteriology of Brick Cheese. I. Growth and Activity of Starter Bacteria during Manufacture

Summary A study was made of some of the bacteriological, chemical and physical changes in Brick cheese during its manufacture. The following results were obtained: 1.When Brick cheese was manufactured by the conventional method from raw or pasteurized milk: a.With Str. lactis as the only starter special care was required in the control of the moisture at dipping, otherwise a sour flavor and a weak or crumbly body developed. If the moisture content at two days was higher than 42 per cent, the above defects developed in the cheese. b.With Str. thermophilus as the only starter a fermented flavor and open texture developed in the cheese. c.With a combination of the above two starters, a better quality of cheese was produced than when either was used alone. 2.During the manufacture of Brick cheese, the growth and activity of the starter bacteria were as follows: a.Str. thermophilus practically stopped growth at the third or fourth hour after dipping because of the relatively low temperature in the cheese. b.The growth and activity of Str. lactis were not very extensive until the latter part of the draining period. It usually reached its maximum numbers within one or two days. When the original inoculum was large (0.5 per cent or more) growth and activity were more extensive during the early part of the draining period. 3.The cooking temperature could not be raised above 106° F. without greatly retarding the growth and activity of Str. lactis. However, a cooking temperature of 112° F. increased the rate of growth and activity of Str. thermophilus.
A new class of four-point properties which characterize euclidean spaces

Characterizations of generalized euclidean spaces by means of euclidean four-point properties.state that every metric space which is complete, and which contains a metric line joining each two of its points is a generalized euclidean space if and only if each quadruple from a certain class of quadruples of the space is congruent with a quadruple of points in a euclidean space. It is known that it suffices to consider only quadruples containing a linear triple, or quadruples in which one of the linear points is a metric midpoint of the other two. Another class of four-point properties involves quadruples which contain a linear triple and a point equidistant from two of the linear points. The present paper presents three characterizations of euclidean spaces based on four-point properties in which the embedded quadruples contain a linear triple and some three of the distances determined by the four points are equal.
A Position Article for Applying Spirituality to Suicide Prevention

Suicide is a major public health concern in the United States. Halting the rising trend of suicides requires that new options be identified and implemented so as to achieve the overarching goal of reducing the total number of suicide deaths and attempts in America. The aim of this article is to review constructs and outline a proposed operational framework for incorporating spiritual well-being into suicide prevention efforts. By presenting conceptual, preventive, and theoretical arguments, the hope is to elicit empirical interest in finding practical applications for the protective potential of spirituality.
Peripherally restricted μ-opioid receptor antagonists: a review

Two new opioid antagonists, methylnaltrexone and alvimopan, are currently in late-stage clinical trials. With limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier due to polar chemical structures, they act as peripherally active μ-opioid receptor antagonists, reversing many of the undesired effects of opioids without affecting centrally mediated analgesia or precipitating withdrawal. One of the most common and troubling side effects of opioids is inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, which increases pain, decreases patient satisfaction, and delays hospital discharge following abdominal surgery. In this article, we review the effectiveness of these new agents, particularly with respect to GI function, in postoperative as well as chronic pain patients. We also consider several novel effects these drugs have in wound healing, cancer growth, and HIV infectivity.
Never seem to find the time: evaluating the physiological time course of visual word recognition with regression analysis of single-item event-related potentials

Visual word recognition is a process that, both hierarchically and in parallel, draws on different types of information ranging from perceptual to orthographic to semantic. A central question concerns when and how these different types of information come online and interact after a word form is initially perceived. Numerous studies addressing aspects of this question have been conducted with a variety of techniques [e.g., behaviour, eye-tracking, event-related potentials (ERPs)], and divergent theoretical models, suggesting different overall speeds of word processing, have coalesced around clusters of mostly method-specific results. Here, we examine the time course of influence of variables ranging from relatively perceptual (e.g., bigram frequency) to relatively semantic (e.g., the number of lexical associates) on ERP responses, analysed at the single-item level. Our results, in combination with a critical review of the literature, suggest methodological, analytic and theoretical factors that may have led to inconsistency in results of past studies; we will argue that consideration of these factors may lead to a reconciliation between divergent views of the speed of word recognition.
Achievement Goal Theory at the Crossroads: Old Controversies, Current Challenges, and New Directions

Achievement goal theory has been one of the most prominent theories of motivation in educational research for more than 25 years. It has undergone considerable revision during that span, most notably with the distinction between approach and avoidance goals, debate concerning the critical features of performance goals, and the emergence of a multiple goal perspective that emphasizes the positive potential of performance-approach goals alongside mastery goals. This multiple goal perspective has met several criticisms from theorists taking the traditional perspective that emphasizes mastery goals over performance goals. We review these criticisms and the ongoing debate in light of the relevant research. We then spotlight two areas for future research, with the aim of advancing theory development and bridging these perspectives.