cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Random Predictors on Comparisons of Coefficients Between Models: Comment on Clogg, Petkova, and Haritou

As Clogg, Petkova, and Haritou (1995) correctly observe, regression analysts are often intensely concerned with what happens to the coefficient of a predictor variable when additional variables are introduced into a regression model. Unfortunately, this concern is typically expressed in comparisons that lack any measure of statistical reliability. To remedy this deficiency, Clogg, Petkova, and Haritou (hereafter CPH) propose a set of methods for testing whether the change in a regression coefficient (or set of coefficients) is statistically significant. These methods have the virtues of simplicity and applicability to a wide class of generalized linear regression models. CPH deserve credit for identifying an important but overlooked problem, and their solutions are both clever and elegant. Nevertheless, I believe that their proposed methods suffer from a fundamental flaw: they make unrealistic assumptions about the sampling properties of the predictor variables. Not surprisingly, this strategy leads to a substantial simplification of their methodology. But in doing so, it exposes the analyst to the risk of highly misleading conclusions. My main objective is to explain why I think their assumptions are problematic and to suggest what may go wrong as a consequence. I shall focus primarily on the three-variable linear model since it embodies all the critical issues without the distracting complications of the multivariable and nonlinear cases. And if the methods are deficient in the threevariable case, there is little point in generalizing them to more complicated situations. I shall also suggest some alternative methods for both three-variable and multivariable linear models.
Fiber Deposition in the Tracheobronchial Region: Deposition Equations

A lung deposition model for fibrous aerosol needs accurate deposition equations for different regions of the human respiratory tract. For fiber deposition in the tracheobronchial region there are several theoretical and empirical equations to predict deposition efficiency in the impaction-dominant region. However, few were verified with experimental data. We have obtained experimental data of fiber deposition in realistic human airway replicas using carbon fibers. Comparison of experimental data and existing deposition models yield variable results, with some models performing better than other models. There was no consistent agreement found over the Stokes number range of experimental data. A generic empirical model for fiber deposition in the tracheobronchial region was developed based on all carbon fiber deposition data in human lung replicas. This model includes the size of fibers and the geometry of the tracheobronchial bifurcation. Because it is difficult to develop only one equation for all data from the trachea to the major bronchial bifurcations, the deposition patterns in the trachea and first generation were each predicted by their own equations. An additional equation was developed for the second to fourth generations. This model, combined with oral and nasal deposition predictions which will be published elsewhere, can be used to investigate the inhalation dosimetry and deposition patterns of fibers in human lungs for assessing occupational hazards and air pollutants.
Laparoscopic conversion of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy to gastric bypass for intractable gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has proved to be a safe and efficacious step or stand-alone surgical procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. An increase in the body mass index and the accumulation of visceral fat are associated with a twoto threefold increased risk of developing reflux symptoms [1]. Long-term complications appear to have a low incidence; however, in recent publications, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been reported to occur in 27% of patients 6 years after the procedure. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) appears to be the only successful treatment option for this adverse effect.
Novel Particle Shift Filtering Method for Simultaneous Two Phase Separation in Time Resolved Stereo PIV Measurements

This paper describes a novel particle shift filtering method to study jets laden with particles by separating the 3D velocity field of the two phases. Multiphase jets laden with particles appear in many engineering and environmental processes. Typical examples are sprays containing liquid fuel drops in combustion processes, air jets laden with coal particles in a power plant, and the dispersion of harmful substances like soot and pollutants from steady exhaust flows or waste waters, among others. Distribution and mixing of particles/drops in these processes determine the efficiency of the engineering systems concerned but studies of particle-laden turbulent flows suggest that particle distribution is not uniform but preferential. In order to understand the mechanism of particle dispersion, the dispersed phase (particles/drops) needs to be separated from the ambient flow (tracer particles). A new technique is proposed that builds on previous work done by Kiger & Pan (2000) and Khalitov & Longmire (2002). The later work used a discrimination algorithm for two-phase 2D PIV where the tracer particles are differentiated from the dispersed phase based on size and brightness intensity. The present work expands on that technique and introduces a 3D velocity discrimination algorithm of two-phase flows for time resolved stereo PIV.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis by intracellular serum albumin.

Abstract A factor in the supernatant fraction of adipose tissue that stimulates the synthesis of triacylglycerols by microsomes has been identified as serum albumin. The stimulatory effect is directly proportional to the ratio of fatty acids bound to the albumin. Small amounts of serum albumin appear to be inside the adipocytes and albumin can be taken up by isolated adipocytes. The rate of uptake of fatty acids by the adipocytes is more than 1000 times the uptake of serum albumin. This difference provides counter-evidence for the proposal that serum albumin might function in the vesicular transport of fatty acids.
Enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides from tryptic digests using a quaternary amine tag.

A new strategy for specifically targeting cysteine-containing peptides in a tryptic digest is described. The method is based on quantitatively derivatizing cysteine residues with a quaternary amine tag (QAT). Tags were introduced into proteins following reduction of disulfide bonds through derivatization of cysteine residues with (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. After trypsin digestion, derivatized cysteine-containing peptides were enriched by strong cation exchange chromatography. The method was validated using model peptides and a protein. The QAT strategy has several advantages over other methods for the selection of cysteine-containing peptides. One is that it increases the ionization efficiency of cysteine-containing peptides. The other is that chromatographic selection is achieved with simple, robust cation exchange chromatography columns. As a result, this new strategy provides a simple way to facilitate enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides, thereby reducing sample complexity i...
Online measurement of urea concentration in spent dialysate during hemodialysis

We describe on-line optical measurements of urea concentration during the regular hemodialysis treatment of several patients. The spectral measurements were performed in the effluent dialysate stream after the dialysis membrane using an FTIR spectrometer equipped with a flow-through cell. Spectra were recorded across the 5000-4000 cm-1 (2.0-2.5 micrometers at 1-minute intervals. Optically determined concentrations matched concentrations obtained from standard chemical assays with a root-mean-square error of 0.29 mM for urea (0.8 mg/dl urea nitrogen), 0.03 mM for creatinine, 0.11 mM for lactate, and 0.22 mM for glucose. The observed concentration ranges were 0-11 mM for urea, 0-0.35 mM for creatinine, 0-0.75 mM for lactate, and 9-12.5 mM for glucose.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Public health community mining in YouTube

YouTube has become a vast repository of not only video content, but also of rich information about the reactions of viewers and relationships among users. This meta-data offers novel ways for public health researchers to increase their understanding of, and ultimately to more effectively shape, people's attitudes and behaviors as both consumers and producers of health. We illustrate some of the possibilities here by showing how communities of videos, authors, subscribers and commenters can be extracted and analyzed. Tobacco use serves as a case study throughout.
An Automatic Program for Linear Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind

Two automatic programs for solving linear Fredholm integral equations of the second kind are described and illustrated. It is assumed that the kernel function and solution are smooth and that they are given analytically, not as discrete data. The numerical method is based on the Nystr6m method, with an lteratlve technique to solve the resulting linear systems. The main discussion centers on Simpson's method as the numerical integration rule. A powerful variant based on Gaussian quadrature m also discussed, and tests for ill-conditioned problems have been incorporated into the program. Modifiability of the Simpson program is also discussed.
Relaxation and recovery of extrinsic stress in sputtered titanium–nickel thin films on (100)-Si

Abstract The relaxation and recovery of stresses by displacive phase transformations in near-equiatomic titanium-nickel thin films sputtered onto (100)-silicon have been studied using the wafer curvature method, X-ray diffraction and in-situ resistivity measurements in hard vacuum. Large extrinsic tensile stresses were relaxed and recovered by displacive transformations during cyclic thermal excursions between M f and A f . More than 0.6 GPa could be relaxed by the R-phase transformation alone. Two-step B2→R→B19′ transformations were often observed on cooling, but for Ti-rich compositions, recovery of extrinsic tensile stresses proceeded via a one-step B19′→B2 transformation, at stress-rates (d σ /d T ) as high as 60 MPa K −1 . Stress-rates, and details of hysteretic behavior, are discussed in terms the distribution of stress in multiphase intermediate (mid-transformation) microstructures formed by alternative development modes. An approach is suggested for the control of hysteresis through the use of functional composition gradients.
Enhanced Homologous Recombination in Fusarium verticillioides by Disruption of FvKU70, a Gene Required for a Non-homologous End Joining Mechanism

Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis) is associated with maize worldwide causing ear rot and stalk rot, and produces fumonisins, a group of mycotoxins detrimental to humans and animals. While research tools are available, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with fungal virulence and fumonisin biosynthesis in F. verticillioides is still limited. One of the restraints that hampers F. verticillioides gene characterization is the fact that homologous recombination (HR) frequency is very low (85%) of the HR mutant strains harbor a desired mutation with no additional copy of the mutant allele inserted in the genome. We conclude that SF41 is suitable for use as a type strain when performing high-throughput gene function studies in F. verticillioides.
Female education, literacy and the politics of sentimental fiction

Abstract Proposition One: Despite continuing controversy over the actual numbers, it can safely be asserted that women's sign literacy rates improved dramatically over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century in America and that the level of women's ‘literateness’—educational levels and amount of reading—rose significantly. To use the most extreme figures (posited by Kenneth Lockridge and others), sign literacy for white women in New England rose from approximately fifty per cent of that of white males in 1780 to a figure roughly equal to that of men (and over 90 per cent total) by 1850. Proposition Two: Over the same period of time, the birth rate for white women fell from one of the highest rates ever measured, 7.04 live births per married woman in 1800, to 5.42 in 1850 and then to 3.56 in 1900. This is the most precipitous decline in birthrate recorded in western history until our own era. It occured without the development of any new technology for controlling reproduction. Proposition Three: At the same time, the novel became the single dominant literary form in America, with sales of novels far outstripping population growth among the literate. And the sentimental novel—a form addressed specifically to women, about women, and frequently by women—became the most popular form of the novel. Hypothesis: The sentimental novel in America was the single most inspiring form of education for women as well as the most effective means of birth control ever invented.
Limited Time and Experience: Parallelism in CS1

With the growing recognition of the importance of parallel and distributed computing (PDC) in computer science, it is crucial to offer students early experience--even in CS1. At the same time, PDC material must be handled very carefully when presented to students with so little background, in order to avoid confusion and a reduction in interest. This paper considers two sections of CS1 that used distinct approaches in introducing the same core set of PDC concepts. A number of specific strategies are presented, as well as a detailed analysis of pre- and post-test results.
Patterned Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays on Inorganic Substrates at Low Temperature without Catalyst

We report an approach for growing aligned ZnO nanowire arrays with a high degree control over size, orientation, dimensionality, uniformity, and possibly shape. Our method combines e-beam lithography and a low temperature hydrothermal method to achieve patterned and aligned growth of ZnO NWs at <100 °C on general inorganic substrates, such as Si and GaN, without using catalyst. This approach opens up the possibility of applying ZnO nanowires as sensor arrays, piezoelectric antenna arrays, two-dimensional photonic crystals, IC interconnects, and nanogenerators.
Signaling System No.7, IS-41 and cellular telephony networking

Globally, the common channel Signaling System No.7 (SS7) has grown and matured over the past five years in two directions. Outside of the US, the development of CCITT Signaling System No.7 (C7) has grown largely due to the need for modern call completion capabilities in national telephone networks. Within the US, SS7 has evolved from the need to provide fast and reliable database services to the support of the custom calling features to the local exchange carrier (LEC) networks. The 1990s will further accelerate the requirements for network solutions to customer needs, especially in the rapidly growing cellular telephony industry. These network solutions are forcing the merger of call delivery and database services in both the SS7 and C7 worlds. The issues, concerns, and difficulties with the merger of these functions are discussed. >
Population density, survival, growth, and development of the American cockroach.

Abstract The mortality rate of larvae of Periplaneta americana increases with increasing population density. The mortality curve is not linear but cascading and, like growth, mortality alternates with ecdysis. Three major phases of mortality are recognized: the first, with a high mortality rate during the first to the sixth week; the second, of brief duration and low mortality, during the sixth to the ninth week; and the third, of moderately high mortality which persists until development is completed. The mortality phases are dependent respectively on (1) a maximal increase in the instantaneous percentage rate of growth and a high frequency of ecdysis, which expose the larvae to injury and high mortality when in groups, (2) a slowing down of the growth rate, and (3) sexual development and continuing growth in the last instar associated with the metamorphosis of the larva to the adult. The data support the concept of a homology between the last larval instar of the hemimetabolous insect and the pupal stage of the holometabolous species. Isolation retards development of larvae and exerts its retarding influence at all stages of growth. In the present experiments the optimal density for growth of larvae is about 25. The average weight of adult insects tends to decrease with an increase in the population density of the larvae. On the other hand, the weight-time curve of emergent adults varies with density of the group. The results indicate the presence of a factor(s) which affects the rate of maturation of the insect throughout its development, which is a function of group size and is sex-dependent in that males are more sensitive to its influence. Cannibalism among larvae is observed chiefly with the young and is considered to be sanitary rather than predatory in character.
Seed bank dynamics of French broom in Coastal California grasslands: Effects of stand age and prescribed burning on control and restoration

Successful control of invasive exotic plants depends to a large degree on the regeneration potential of the target exotic species and other species that might also be influenced by the removal effort. In coastal grasslands of California, exotic French broom (Genista monspessulana) forms both dense stands aboveground and abundant seed banks belowground. Land managers attempt to reduce broom cover and the seed bank through prescribed burning, but before this study, no investigators had examined the effect of repeated burning on French broom and associated grassland species. We found that the soil seed bank of stands that were burned had fewer broom seeds than unburned areas but that repeated burning did not reduce the seed bank beyond what was observed after one fire. Fire also did not have any consistent effect on the seed banks of other grassland species. We also examined the relationship between broom stand age and seed bank size but did not find a strong relationship between them. Our data suggested that the broom seed bank stays constant or declines slightly with stand age. We did, however, find that nonbroom seed numbers decreased as broom stands aged. Our results suggest that fire does reduce the size of the broom seed bank and that control of broom need not be limited to only the youngest stands.
Explaining Recent Changes in the Partisan Identifications of Southern Whites

Scholars of southern partisan change have been reluctant to proclaim a realignment among southern whites. Despite a Republican advantage in presidential elections, a Democratic advantage continued ...
Modelling Foil Winding Configurations with Low AC and DC Resistance

Significant reductions in winding losses can be achieved by modifying the shape of the cross section of a foil winding. A new method provides improved accuracy for loss calculation in windings with semi-circular cut-outs on gapped cores, as verified by experimental measurements. Optimization using this loss calculation produces designs with up to a factor of two lower losses than either full-width foil windings or litz-wire windings. Foil winding shapes for distributed-gap cores are also introduced and shown to provide reduction in power loss
Studies of Sampling Times in a Continuous Flow Analytic System

An optical measuring device with electrical timing unit was designed to identify the aspiration of inadequate volumes of samples into AutoAnalyzers. The device measures the duration of transit of solutions past a fixed point in the sample line. Considerable differences in transit times are found under normal operating conditions when standard Technicon components are used. The variation in transit times is greater between sampler modules than when the same module is used. Documentation of duration of sample aspiration in publications describing AutoAnalyzer methods would facilitate comparison of results between laboratories. A modification of the Technicon Model II sampler unit is described which markedly reduces the variation in sample aspiration.
Exploiting Prior Knowledge in The Recovery of Signals from Noisy Random Projections

It has been recently shown that if a, signal can be compressed in some basis, then it can be reconstructed in such basis from, a certain number of random, projections. By allowing additional distortion, this holds even if the projections are corrupted by noise. We extend this result by showing that it is possible to exploit prior knowledge (e.g., if the signal is a realization of a stochastic process,) to significantly improve reconstruction performance. This is done in a fashion resembling standard joint source-channel coding of digital sources. Moreover, the exploitation of such knowledge allows for reconstruction in bases where the signal is not sparse
A case–cohort study of lung cancer in poultry and control workers: occupational findings

Objectives We conducted a mortality study of members of the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union who worked in poultry slaughtering/processing plants, and controls. Excess deaths from cancer at 11 different cancer sites including lung cancer were observed in the poultry workers. The study described here is a pilot case–cohort study of lung cancer nested within the cohort to examine if it is possible, in a larger study to be conducted later, to identify specific potentially carcinogenic occupational exposures in poultry workers. Methods Subjects or the next of kin of deceased subjects were interviewed by phone. Logistic regression ORs and Cox proportional HRs were estimated. Results Elevated risks for poultry exposure were recorded for subjects who (1) killed chickens at work (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.7; HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.3) and (2) ever had direct contact with chicken blood at work (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.8; HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.0). These activities are associated with high exposure to oncogenic viruses. Conclusion These results may have important public health implications, since the general population is also exposed to these viruses. Elevated risks were observed for non-poultry-related occupational exposures such as working in a stockyard, working in a chemical plant, use of chemicals to kill moulds, and working in plants where plastic products were manufactured. These preliminary findings indicate that full scale epidemiological studies of adequate statistical power are needed to examine the role of occupational exposures in cancer occurrence in poultry workers.
Thin primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prognostic tree for 10-year metastasis is more accurate than American Joint Committee on Cancer staging

Purpose The majority of invasive primary melanomas are thin (≤ 1.00 mm). Since the current staging system imperfectly predicts outcome in patients with such lesions, we sought to develop a more effective classification scheme to better identify both patients at high risk of metastasis who are candidates for further staging and therapy and those with little risk. Patients and Methods This prospective cohort study included 884 patients who had thin invasive melanomas. A tree-structured analysis of 10-year metastasis was used to develop a new classification scheme. Results The overall 10-year metastasis rate was 6.5% (95% CI, 4.8% to 8.1%). The prognostic tree defined four risk groups: high-risk: men with vertical growth phase (VGP) lesions that had mitotic rates (MRs) greater than 0, and for whom the 10-year metastasis rate was 31% (22% to 42%; n = 90); moderate-risk: women with VGP lesions that had MRs greater than 0 and for whom the rate was 13% (9% to 18%; n = 136); low-risk: patients with VGP lesions th...
The Phylogenetic Placement of Oxygaster van Hasselt, 1823 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and the Taxonomic Status of the Family-Group Name Oxygastrinae Bleeker, 1860

The cyprinid genus, Oxygaster van Hasselt, 1823, is the name-bearing type genus of the family-group name Oxygastri Bleeker, 1860, which predates many of the commonly used family-group names for the family Cyprinidae. Historically, the phylogenetic position of Oxygaster within the cyprinid phylogeny has been poorly understood, resulting in an uncertain status for its associated family-group name. The phylogenetic placement of Oxygaster and the status of the family-group name Oxygastri are examined herein using sequence data from four loci: two mitochondrial (cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase I) and two nuclear (opsin, recombination activating gene 1). A combined data matrix of 4117 bp for 109 taxa was collected and analyzed. Our results recovered Oxygaster within a large and taxonomically disorganized clade, one that has been reported in other studies on the Cyprinidae. The position of Oxygaster has wide-ranging consequences which led us to synonymize a number of cyprinid subfamilies and reorganize the cu...
Clinical ventilator adjustments that improve speech.

Study objectives: We sought to improve speech in tracheostomized individuals receiving positivepressure ventilation. Such individuals often speak with short phrases, long pauses, and have problems with loudness and voice quality. Subjects: We studied 15 adults with spinal cord injuries or neuromuscular diseases receiving long-term ventilation. Interventions: The ventilator was adjusted using lengthened inspiratory time (TI), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and combinations thereof. Results: When TI was lengthened (by 8 to 35% of the ventilator cycle), speaking time increased by 19% and pause time decreased by 12%. When PEEP was added (5 to 10 cm H2O), speaking time was 25% longer and obligatory pauses were 21% shorter. When lengthened TI and PEEP were combined (with or without reduced tidal volume), their effects were additive, increasing speaking time by 55% and decreasing pause time by 36%. The combined intervention improved speech timing, loudness, voice quality, and articulation. Individual differences in subject response to the interventions were substantial in some cases. We also tested high PEEP (15 cm H2O) in three subjects and found speech to be essentially identical to that produced with a one-way valve. Conclusions: These simple interventions markedly improve ventilator-supported speech and are safe, at least when used on a short-term basis. High PEEP is a safer alternative than a one-way valve. (CHEST 2003; 124:1512–1521)
A radioimmunoassay for LY315902, an analog of Glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide, and its application in the study of canine pharmacokinetics

Glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide (GLP-1) and its analogs are of interest because of their therapeutic potential in type II diabetes. LY315902 is a GLP-1-(7–37)-OH analog with a modified N-terminus (IP7), an octanoic acid (C8) acylated on the lysine residue at position 34, and a substitution with arginine at position 26. We developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of immunore-active LY315902 in the plasma of animals. A homobifunctional cross-linker was used to couple the nonacylated form of LY315902 [IP7-R26-GLP-1-(7–37)-OH] to carrier proteins to enhance its immunogenicity. Following immunization, animal antisera were screened by RIA for the presence of LY315902 antibodies. One rabbit produced a high-affinity antiserum that display insignificant cross-reactivity against two forms of native GLP-1 and possible major metabolites of LY315902. In this RIA method, plasma samples were combined with radioiodinated LY315902 and rabbit anti-IP7-R26-GLP-1-(7–37)-OH serum, and then incubated overnight at room temperature. The bound forms of LY315902 were separated by polyethylene glycol assisted second antibody precipitation. The sensitivity of the assay was estimated to be 19 pM. Inter-assay precision (%CV) and accuracy (recovery) for quality control samples in dog plasma ranged from 8.0% to 14.7% and 92.8% to 107.3%, respectively. By applying this assay to measure plasma concentrations of immunoreactive LY315902 in dogs following twice daily subcutaneous injections of LY315902, we determined that the plasma half-life of LY315902 is significantly longer than that of native GLP-1-(7–37)-OH. We concluded that the structural modifications which were made to produce LY315902 prolonged its plasma half-life. The extended plasma half-life of LY315902 correlated well with its prolonged pharmacology in dogs.
Latent structure of aversion: Taxometric exploration

Recent research has identified specific disorders that appear to be better characterized by the experience of aversion, rather than anxiety, which evolve from disgust-related affect. Three mathematically distinct taxometric procedures – MAXEIG, MAMBAC, and L-Mode – were applied to data from a large undiagnosed sample (N = 909) to determine whether aversion forms a distinct psychopathological category (i.e., an aversion taxon). Aversion was operationalized with self-report measures of the frequency of disgust experiences (Disgust Propensity), the perceived emotional impact of disgust experiences (Disgust Sensitivity), and contamination ideation and excessive washing (Contamination Fear). The collective results across procedures, consistency tests, and analysis of simulated comparison data produced converging evidence in support of the conclusion that the latent structure of aversion is dimensional. Implications of these findings for the clinical assessment of aversion and its disorders are discussed.
Cross-Species Neuroaffective Parsing of Primal Emotional Desires and Aversions in Mammals

The primal motivational systems of all mammals are constituted of the evolved affective brain networks that gauge key survival issues. However, since progress in functional neuroscience has histori...
Angular Momentum and Performance in the Triple Jump: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the magnitude of the angular momentum elite triple jumpers possess during each of the three phases of a triple jump, and (b) to identify those components of the angular momentum that are closely related to the actual distance of the triple jump. Angular momentum about each of three orthogonal axes at the takeoff of each of the last stride, hop, step, and jump was computed from the smoothed 3-D coordinate data of 21 body landmarks and joint centers and normalized to body mass (mb) and standing height (hb). Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between angular momenta and actual distance. The results suggested that the estimated optimum magnitude of this side-somersaulting angular momentum is 0.0069 mb hb2 kg · m2 · s-1 toward the side of the free leg, that the side-somersaulting angular momentum needed at the takeoff of the step should be obtained during the support phase of the hop; and that the change in the s...
SWIFT: A 2.1Tb/s 32×32 self-arbitrating manycore interconnect fabric

A 32×32 64b self-arbitrating switch fabric called SWIFT achieves a bandwidth of 2.1Tb/s with single cycle arbitration and data transfer latency in 65nm technology while operating at 1026MHz at 1.2V. SWIFT co-optimizes arbiter and crossbar logic using a unique fabric architecture that integrates conflict resolution with data routing to optimally use logic and interconnect resources. It spans 0.35mm2, achieves an efficiency of 7.39Tbps/W, and operates down to 530mV.
Transcriptional response of susceptible and tolerant citrus to infection with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), a non-culturable phloem-limited bacterium, is the suspected causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida. HLB is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus and no resistant cultivars have been identified to date, though tolerance has been observed in the genus Poncirus and some of its hybrids. This study compares transcriptional changes in tolerant US-897 (Citrus reticulata Blanco×Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) and susceptible 'Cleopatra' mandarin (C. reticulata) seedlings in response to infection with Las using the Affymetrix GeneChip citrus array, with the main objective of identifying genes associated with tolerance to HLB. Microarray analysis identified 326 genes which were significantly upregulated by at least 4-fold in the susceptible genotype, compared with only 17 genes in US-897. Exclusively upregulated in US-897 was a gene for a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependant oxygenase, an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. More than eight hundred genes were expressed at much higher levels in US-897 independent of infection with Las. Among these, genes for a constitutive disease resistance protein (CDR1) were notable. The possible involvement of these and other detected genes in tolerance to HLB and their possible use for biotechnology are discussed.
A Bifunctional Diglycosyltransferase Forms the Fucα1,2Galβ1,3-Disaccharide on Skp1 in the Cytoplasm ofDictyostelium

Skp1 is a subunit of the Skp1 cullin-1 F-box protein (SCF) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases and of other regulatory complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus. In Dictyostelium, Skp1 is modified by a pentasaccharide with the type I blood group H antigen (Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAc-) at its core. Addition of the Fuc is catalyzed by FT85, a 768-amino acid protein whose fucosyltransferase activity maps to the C-terminal half of the protein. A strain whose FT85 gene is interrupted by a genetic insertion produces a truncated, GlcNAc-terminated glycan on Skp1, suggesting that FT85 may also have β-galactosyltransferase activity. In support of this model, highly purified native and recombinant FT85 are each able to galactosylate Skp1 from FT85 mutant cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of predicted key amino acids in the N-terminal region of FT85 abolishes Skp1 β-galactosyltransferase activity with minimal effects on the fucosyltransferase. In addition, a recombinant form of the N-terminal region exhibits β-galactosyltransferase but not fucosyltransferase activity. Kinetic analysis of FT85 suggests that its two glycosyltransferase activities normally modify Skp1 processively but can have partial function individually. In conclusion, FT85 is a bifunctional diglycosyltransferase that appears to be designed to efficiently extend the Skp1 glycan in vivo.
Goos–Hänchen beam shift at total internal reflection with application to spatially dispersive media

In this paper the Goos–Hanchen beam displacement at total internal reflection is reviewed. The basic theory of the beam shift is discussed from a classical approach, and measurement of the shift is discussed. Other experimental results are outlined. The theory of finite beam shift at total internal reflection is summarized. An application to nonlocal media is discussed. Finally, recent developments are outlined with implication for beam shifts in spatially dispersive media.
Simultaneous events and distributed simulation

The authors study the handling of simultaneous events in distributed simulation and conclude that the results of a distributed simulation are the same as those of a sequential simulation in which a particular assignment of priorities is used to resolve time ties. They study the ordering relation that a distributed simulation implicitly enforces on simultaneous events, and then give an algorithm that can be used to assign priorities to processes so that the ordering relation enforced by a distributed simulation can also be enforced in a sequential simulation. The motivation for this is that if distributed implementation and a sequential implementation of the same simulation were being developed, it would be necessary for the two implementations to handle simultaneous events in the same manner. In addition, the authors show how to dynamically assign priorities to processes in a simulation in which processes can be created and destroyed during the simulation, and they discuss the costs and the limitations of this method. >
Breeding habitats of emperor penguins in the western Ross Sea

Within the Western Ross Sea, there are six emperor penguin colonies of widely different size that occur exclusively on sea ice. In 1990 a survey of all six sites, two by close overflights and four from the ground, showed that the breeding habitats were highly variable. The most important physical characteristics of these habitats appear to be stable fast ice, nearby open water, access to fresh snow, and shelter from the wind.
Identification of candidate flavonoid pathway genes using transcriptome correlation network analysis in ripe strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruits

New modulators of the strawberry flavonoid pathway were identified through correlation network analysis. The transcriptomes of red, ripe fruit from two parental lines and 14 of their progeny were compared, and uncharacterized transcripts matching the expression patterns of known flavonoid-pathway genes were identified. Fifteen transcripts corresponded with putative transcription factors, and several of these were examined experimentally using transient expression in developing fruits. The results suggest that two of the newly-identified regulators likely contribute to discrete nodes of the flavonoid pathway. One increases only LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (LAR) and FLAVONOL 3’-HYDROXYLASE (F3’H) transcript accumulation upon overexpression. Another affects LAR and FLAVONOL SYNTHASE (FLS) after overexpression. The third putative transcription factor appears to be a universal regulator of flavonoid-pathway genes, as many pathway transcripts decrease in abundance when this gene is silenced. This report demonstrates that such systems-level approaches may be especially powerful when connected to an effective transient expression system, helping to provide rapid and strong evidence of gene function in key fruit-ripening processes.
Distribution and community structure of the reef corals of Ensenada de Utría, Pacitic coast of Colombia

Two types of coral communities occur in the Ensenada de Utria National Park (Pacific of Colombia) reefs, which develop in shallow sheltered water, and smaller non-reefal communities along wave exposed basaItic blocks. Chola reef, the largest coral cominunity (approx. 10.5 ha), is characterized by relative high coral cover (32.4%) and dominated by Pocillopora damicornis. Smaller in size (approx. 1.5 ha), Diego reef is mainly covered by dead Pocil/opo"ra damicornis and live Psammocora (S.) stel/ata (2%). The other non-reefal communities are characterized by isolated coral colonies and patches of Pavona clavus, Pavona gigantea and Porites [obata. Coral community deterioration at Utria is evident, specially in the reefs, where both natural and antropogenic disturbances (e.g. phytoplankton blooms, human induced siltation, dynamite fishing and probably El Nino 1982-83 warming event) seem to influence the community structure.
Separation of Distinct Photoexcitation Species in Femtosecond Transient Absorption Microscopy

Femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is a novel chemical imaging capability with simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. Although several powerful data analysis approaches have been developed and successfully applied to separate distinct chemical species in such images, the application of such analysis to distinguish different photoexcited species is rare. In this paper, we demonstrate a combined approach based on phasor and linear decomposition analysis on a microscopic level that allows us to separate the contributions of both the excitons and free charge carriers in the observed transient absorption response of a composite organometallic lead halide perovskite film. We found spatial regions where the transient absorption response was predominately a result of excitons and others where it was predominately due to charge carriers, and regions consisting of signals from both contributors. Quantitative decomposition of the transient absorption response curves further enabled us to reveal ...
Thermal stability of chemically reacting heat conductors

In this paper, we examine the criterion of thermal stability proposed by Day and Gurtin in the context of the nonlinear theory of heat conduction withN independent chemical reactions. For isotropic materials, we find that this criterion imposes certain restrictions on the thermochemical properties of the material which are similar to those arising in a study of the stability of the initial-value problem for the linearized theory.
User Disbelief in Privacy Paradox: Heuristics that determine Disclosure

We conducted a series of in-depth focus groups wherein users provided rationales for their own online privacy behaviors. Our data suggest that individuals often take action with little thought or evaluation, even showing surprise when confronted with their own behaviors. Our analysis yielded a battery of cognitive heuristics, i.e., mental shortcuts / rules of thumb, that users seem to employ when they disclose or withhold information at the spur of the moment. A total of 4 positive heuristics (promoting disclosure) and 4 negative heuristics (inhibiting disclosure) were discovered. An understanding of these heuristics can be valuable for designing interfaces that promote secure and trustworthy computing.
Impact of tower-shared UHV DC and AC line installation on electromagnetic transient characteristics of AC line

The electromagnetic simulation models are built respectively for ±800 kV UHVDC and 500 kV /220 kV AC transmission lines installing on the same tower and the impact of the tower-shared installation mode on the induced voltage and current of 500 kV / 220 kV AC line are analyzed,as well as the impact on its arc current and recovery voltage. Analytical results show that,compared with the installation mode of only AC transmission lines on the same tower,the induced voltage and current occur in both 500 kV and220 kV AC transmission lines;the arc current of 500 kV transmission line with high-voltage shunt-reactor has no zero-crossing point,against which some countermeasures are proposed,while the arc current and recovery voltage of 500 kV transmission line without high-voltage shunt-reactor are slightly increased;because 220 kV AC transmission line usually operates without high-voltage shunt-reactor,its arc current and recovery voltage are impacted very slightly.
The Analysis of Expanded Uncertainty of Dust and Nosie Measurement in Occupational Hygiene

Objective To analyse the expanded uncertainty of dust and nosie test for ensuring the quality of test data.Methods According to the method which describe in《The Guide of Laboratories Aptitude Cognizance》and《The Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement》,To assesset the expanded uncertainty of total dust,inhaled dust and noise measurement.Results The uncertainty of measurement came from the uncertainty of repeatability and instrument calibration.The expanded uncertainty of total dust,inhaled dust and noise measurement,were 3.48%、5.78%and 1.42dB(A).Conclusions When the occupational hygiene results of measurement were reported,uncertainty must be reported in the same time for ensuring the quality of test data and judging over criterion or not.The uccertainty of dust measurement came mainly from dust sampling instrument calibration.The uccertainty of noise measurement came mainly from measurement repeatability.It were advised buying the instruments which have little systemic error for ensuring the quality of test data and enforcing operator's ability of measurement repeatability.
Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is an integral part of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Here we provide a basic overview of the various types of alternative splicing, as well as the functional role, highlighting how alternative splicing varies across phylogeny. Regulated alternative splicing can affect protein function and ultimately impact biological outcomes. We examine the possibility that portions of alternatively spliced transcripts are the result of stochastic processes rather than regulated. We discuss the implications of misregulated alternative splicing and explore of the role of alternative splicing in human disease.
Development of the Atherosclerotic Plaque

After one has granted that hyperlipidemia and intimal deposition of lipid are primary factors in atherogenesis, the question remains of how to explain the progression to the fully developed, clinically important plaque. The evidence is reviewed that the medial smooth muscle cell, through its proliferation, migration, synthesis of collagen and other substances, and frequent necrosis may play the central role.
The audible release associated with joint manipulation.

Objective The objective of this paper is to review the literature on the audible release associated with manipulation. Data sources Bibliographic information in pertinent articles and papers located in the MEDLINE database containing the keywords joint, joints, cartilage, crack, cracking, cavitation, crepitus and noise. Study selection All articles relevant to the objectives were selected. Data extraction All available data was used. Data synthesis The audible release is caused by a cavitation process whereby a sudden decrease in intracapsular pressure causes dissolved gasses in the synovial fluid to be released into the joint cavity. Once a joint undergoes cavitation, the force-displacement curve changes and the range of motion of the joint increases. The gasses released from the synovial fluid make up about 15% of the joint volume and consist of approximately 80% carbon dioxide. Habitual joint cracking does not correlate with arthritic changes, but does correlate with loss of grip strength and soft-tissue swelling. During the "crack" associated with a joint manipulation, there is a sudden joint distraction that occurs in less time than that required to complete the stretch reflexes of periarticular muscles. Theories on the cavitation mechanism were reviewed and new information on the cavitation process is introduced. In this paper, it is proposed that the cavitation process is generated by an elastic recoil of the synovial capsule as it "snaps back" from the capsule/synovial fluid interface. Conclusions Because the sudden joint distraction during a manipulation occurs in a shorter time period than that required to complete the stretch reflexes of the periarticular muscles, there is likely to be a high impulse acting on the ligaments and muscles associated with the joint. This is an important conclusion, because others have proposed that reflex actions from high threshold periarticular receptors are associated with the many beneficial results of manipulation. This suggests that the cavitation process provides a simple means for initiating the reflex actions and that without the cavitation process, it would be difficult to generate the forces in the appropriate tissue without causing muscular damage.
UNILATERAL EXOPHTHALMOS DUE TO METASTASIS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA TO THE LEFT SPHENOID WING WITH INTRA-ORBITAL EXTENSION

ABSTRACT Objective: In contrast to well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, metastasis patterns are not well-known for poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). We report an unusual case of PDTC initially presenting as unilateral exophthalmos. Methods: Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathology data are presented. Results: A 55-year-old woman without significant medical history presented to an outside hospital complaining of a “bulging” left eye for several weeks. Computerized tomography–guided excisional biopsy of a left orbital mass revealed poorly differentiated insular thyroid carcinoma (positive for cytokeratins, thyroid transcription factor-1, and thyroglobulin; negative for monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, S100, chromogranin, and synaptophysin) with a Ki-67 index of 5 to 10%. In the midst of outpatient management, including treatment with dexamethasone, she presented to our tertiary center in diabetic ketoacidosis. Physical examination demonstrated unilateral left-sided ex...