cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using stable isotopes to trace sewage-derived material through Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay

Using stable isotopes, we assessed the effects of long-term sewage inputs within Boston Harbor and extending into adjacent Massachusetts Bay. We used nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopes (δ15N and δ34S) to distinguish between sources of these elements to sediments, particulate organic matter, algae, and animals. The isotope data revealed the widespread presence of sewage-derived particulate and dissolved materials. Incorporation of sewage-derived effluent particulates into sediments of the harbor and into Massachusetts Bay was apparent in the δ15N values of surface sediments and in sediment profiles. Changes towards more typical marine values over time indicated a lessening of sewage inputs. The incorporation of sewage particulates into blue mussels as revealed by the combination of δ15N and δ34S values in their tissues was also evident and suggested the importance of sewage-derived nutrients to the local food web.
Ab initio protein modeling into CryoEM density maps using EM-Fold.

EM-Fold was used to build models for nine proteins in the maps of GroEL (7.7 A resolution) and ribosome (6.4 A resolution) in the ab initio modeling category of the 2010 cryo-electron microscopy modeling challenge. EM-Fold assembles predicted secondary structure elements (SSEs) into regions of the density map that were identified to correspond to either α-helices or β-strands. The assembly uses a Monte Carlo algorithm where loop closure, density-SSE length agreement, and strength of connecting density between SSEs are evaluated. Top-scoring models are refined by translating, rotating, and bending SSEs to yield better agreement with the density map. EM-Fold produces models that contain backbone atoms within SSEs only. The RMSD values of the models with respect to native range from 2.4 to 3.5 A for six of the nine proteins. EM-Fold failed to predict the correct topology in three cases. Subsequently, Rosetta was used to build loops and side chains for the very best scoring models after EM-Fold refinement. The refinement within Rosetta's force field is driven by a density agreement score that calculates a cross-correlation between a density map simulated from the model and the experimental density map. All-atom RMSDs as low as 3.4 A are achieved in favorable cases. Values above 10.0 A are observed for two proteins with low overall content of secondary structure and hence particularly complex loop modeling problems. RMSDs over residues in secondary structure elements range from 2.5 to 4.8 A. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 669–677, 2012.
3D discrete shearlet transform and video denoising

This paper introduces a numerical implementation of the 3D shearlet transform, a directional transform which is derived from the theory of shearlets. The shearlet approach belongs to a class of directional multiscale methods emerged during the last 10 years to overcome the limitations of traditional multiscale systems, which also include curvelets and contourlets. Unlike other methods, shearlets are derived from the theory of affine systems, which allows a very flexible mathematical structure and a natural transition from the continuous to the digital setting. Following the recent proof of the optimality of the 3D shearlet representation, in this paper we develop an algorithmic implementation of the 3D shearlet transform that follows closely the spatial-frequency pattern of the corresponding continuous transform. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated on problems of video denoising and successfully compared against other state-of-the-art multiscale techniques, including curvelets and surfacelets.
Using High-Probability Foods to Increase the Acceptance of Low-Probability Foods.

Studies have evaluated a range of interventions to treat food selectivity in children with autism and related developmental disabilities. The high-probability instructional sequence is one intervention with variable results in this area. We evaluated the effectiveness of a high-probability sequence using 3 presentations of a preferred food on increasing acceptance in a child with autism who refused a few specific foods. The high-probability sequence increased acceptance of 3 foods. We then systematically faded the intervention for 2 foods.
Analysis by slow-motion picture photography and scanning electron microscopy of radular function in Urosalpinx cinerea follyensis (Muricidae, Gastropoda) during shell penetration

Radular function in the muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea follyensis Baker during shell penetration was examined with slow-motion picture photography and scanning electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to possible injury of buccal structures by radular cusps. The presence of a flexible cuticulated buccal armature, and delicate synchronization of movements of odontophoral cartilages, subradular membrane, teeth, and buccal mass, explain the absence of shredding of live buccal tissues. Some light abrasion was evident, but generally only in the cuticulated gully of the subodontophoral shield, on the rim of the jaw, and on the anterior edge of the esophageal valve. Rasping at the surface of incomplete bore-holes is done by major cusps of rachidian teeth over the bending plane. Marginal teeth lie on the slopes of the odontophore, generally remain depressed below the level of rachidian teeth, and thus scrape the shell only lightly, if at all. The sharp posteriorly recurved shape of central and lateral rachidian cusps enhances their scooping effectiveness. These teeth produce smooth, conspicuous traces in the soft shell of Mya arenaria and shallow traces in the harder shell of Mytilus edulis Linne. The impact of individual cusp strikes was not evident in traces. With wear, rachidian cusps become increasingly blunted, a reflection of their ploughing action over chemically weakened shell, and are eventually sanded flat. Marginal teeth wear primarily at their ends, the tips becoming truncated as they pass lightly over the shell surface. The advancing edge of the odontophore during rasping strokes, plotted on the image from motion pictures moves slowly at first, then more rapidly in the middle of the stroke, and slows again at the end. Duration of strokes ranged from 0.45 to 0.75 sec. Duration of rasping cycles varied from 1.3 to 2.0 sec. The number of transverse rows of teeth passing over the bending plane during the rasping stroke varied from 14 to 32, and the average time for the passage of one transverse row over the bending plane ranged from 20 to 48 msec. The number of transverse rows of teeth remaining exposed beneath the odontophore below the bending plane at the end of the rasping stroke, and between the bending plane and the anterior end of the sulcus in the radular diverticulum, was approximately 10.
Phase transition of an unnatural analog of phosphatidylcholine: Phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine.

The phase-transition temperature, of an aqueous dispersion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine was determined was determined usingtrans-parinaric acid as a fluorescent probe. Phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine has a phase-transition temperature that is 3–4 C higher than the corresponding natural analog of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.
Rat pancreatic interlobular duct epithelium: Isolation and culture in collagen gel

Interlobular duct fragments from the pancreas of the rat were isolated by collagenase digestion and filtration, embedded in a matrix of rat-tail collagen, and cultured in a 1∶1 mixture of Dulbecco’s minimal essential and Ham’s F12 media supplemented with cholera toxin (CT, 100 ng/ml) and epidermal growth factor (EGF, 10 ng/ml) in addition to supplements used previously, thereby improving the yield of ducts by a factor of two compared with previous resuts. The ducts were harvested by digestion of the collagen matrix with collagenase and were then dissociated by treatment with EDTA in divalent cation-free salt solution, followed by digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase. The resulting tissue fragments were suspended in collagen and cultured as were the ducts. Numerous cysts appeared as a function of time and some of these enlarged dramatically. Some of the larger cysts exhibited secondary tubular processes extending into the surrounding collagen. The addition of bovine pituitary extract (BPE, 50 μg/ml) doubled the number of cysts, whereas omission of serum or CT+EGF reduced the number. BPE or forskolin could substitute effectively for CT. Agents that stimulate (secretin) or inhibit (e.g., ouabain or acetazolamide) fluid-electrolyte secretion in vivo had no effect on the number or average diameter of the cysts. The cysts were 83 to 88% epithelial with the balance of the cells being fibroblastic in appearance. Some cysts consisted only of epithelium. The proliferative capacity of the cystic epithelium was shown, by the presence of mitotic figures and by an autoradiographic labeling index of 22 to 30% after a 24-h exposure to [3H]thymidine. The labeling index was reduced by the omission of CT+EGF. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cysts exhibited morphologic features of duct epithelium in vivo, including apical microvilli, lateral, interdigitations of the plasma membrane, and typical cytoplasmic organelles.
DANS: decentralized, autonomous, and networkwide service delivery and multimedia workflow processing

Fundamental challenges in designing environments with media-rich ambient services involves not only the development of appropriate sensing technologies, but as importantly, the implementation of a distributed media processing system which can process, integrate, and leverage the sensed data in real time to provide the various services. In recent years, a great deal of progress has been made in media service workflow processing systems. In most existing solutions, however, the workflow nodes, which operate on the data, are selected out of a centrally assigned candidate pool. These candidate organizations cause either extensive resource provisioning or poor-quality operator mapping between logical workflow nodes and the available physical resources nodes. Consequently, instantiating a media processing workflow to the underlying hardware before the workflow execution begins does not lends itself to adaptive and autonomous operation of the workflow, scalable to resources and demand.In this paper, we propose a novel decentralized multimedia workflow processing system, DANS, in which operators defined in workflows are mapped into (distributed) physical nodes through Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based overlay substrate in a purely decentralized and adaptive manner. The redundancy in the system, in terms of availability of multiple nodes able to perform the same task, enables the system to scale with demand. Furthermore, physical workflow nodes (operator instances) are able to locate and select the next filter or fusion operator instance autonomously, while ensuring the correct execution of the workflow.
Tobacco use and impact of tobacco-free policy on university employees in an environment of high tobacco use and production

Objective To assess occupational tobacco use and the impact of a tobacco-free policy in the Central Appalachia, an environment characterized by high tobacco use and production.
Hormonal milieu at time of B cell activation controls duration of autoantibody response

A strong gender bias is seen in many autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To investigate the basis for the female preponderance in SLE, we have been studying BALB/c mice in which B cells express the R4A heavy chain of an anti-DNA antibody in association with an endogenous light chain repertoire (R4Atg mice). In unmanipulated mice, approximately 5% of B cells express the R4A transgene. R4Atg mice do not spontaneously develop elevated serum titers of anti-DNA antibodies. Administration of either estradiol (E2) or prolactin (Pr) results in escape from tolerance of autoreactive B cells, expressed as an increase in transgene-expressing B cells and elevated serum titers of anti-DNA antibodies. We previously demonstrated that autoreactive B cells maturing in an estrogenic milieu develop as marginal zone (MZ) B cells; when these same B cells mature in the presence of increased prolactin, they develop as follicular (Fo) B cells. To determine the long term consequence of this differential maturation of DNA-reactive B cells, we treated R4Atg BALB/c mice with E2 or Pr for 6 weeks until serum titers of anti-DNA antibody were high, at which time hormonal exposure was discontinued. In E2-treated mice, the anti-DNA titers remained high even 3 months after discontinuation of hormone exposure. Nascent B cells underwent normal tolerance induction, but existing autoreactive MZ B cells persisted and continued to secrete autoantibody. In contrast, Pr caused only a short-term increase in anti-DNA antibody titers. By 3 months after cessation of hormone treatment, serum anti-DNA antibody titers and B cell subsets were indistinguishable from those in placebo (P) treated mice. These findings suggest that autoantibody responses are sustained for variable lengths of time depending on the B cell subset producing the autoantibodies. This observation may be relevant to understanding the heterogeneous presentation of patients with SLE and to the design of therapies targeting specific B-cell populations in autoimmune disease.
Modified S-charts for controlling process variability

To help in the detection of variance increases and decreases, three modified versions of traditional Shewhart S-charts are evaluated in terms of their average run length values. One scheme uses control limits based on equal tail chi-square distribution probabilities. The second uses control limits based on unequal tail probabilities. The third uses warning limits based on equal tail probabilities, but requires two successive points beyond the warning limit to give an out-of-control signal. They all result in better average run length values than the traditional S-chart. Also, if the only concern is the detection of variance increases, then both S-charts and warning limit charts without lower control limits are shown to have better average run length values than those of the traditional charts.
The effective fine-structure constant of freestanding graphene measured in graphite.

Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, α g * ( k , ω ) , the value of which approaches 0.14 ± 0.092 ∼ 1 / 7 at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal α g = 2.2 , suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed.
Active Vibration Control of a Clamped Square Plate

In this paper, we sought to develop an efficient controller for vibration reduction in a fully clamped plate. We investigated three control methodologies (positive velocity feedback, sliding mode control, and H∞ control) and two types of actuators (an inertial actuator and a distributed strain actuator). These were used to develop five control architectures (the sliding mode controller was not implemented for the inertial actuator). Both theoretical and experimental studies were undertaken with varying results. The best theoretical results were obtained when sliding mode and H∞ control were used in conjunction with a distributed strain actuator. Experimentally, the H∞ controller using the distributed strain actuator outperformed the others.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy of Cu−(H2O)1,2 anion complexes

Abstract We report high resolution photoelectron imaging spectra of Cu − and Cu − (H 2 O) n ( n = 1,2) complexes. With the least bound electron principally localized on the metal, electron photodetachment produces neutral states that are best characterized by the atomic metal state plus a water molecule: [Cu ( 2 S), H 2 O], [Cu ( 2 D 5/2 ), H 2 O], and [Cu ( 2 D 3/2 ), H 2 O]. The large Cu − –H 2 O separation gives rise to a remarkably narrow, isolated peak in the photoelectron spectrum, allowing an accurate, direct determination of the anion dissociation energy; when coupled with electronic structure calculations for the neutral, the adiabatic electron affinity is derived.
Pacap Acts As A Transmitter At The Sympatho-adrenal Synapse Under The Acute Stress Response

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla release catecholamine as well as neuro- and vaso-active signaling peptide transmitters into the circulation under the control of the sympathetic nervous system. Exocytosis from chromaffin cells is evoked through cholinergic stimulation from the innervating splanchnic nerve. However, with sustained stimulation, cholinergic stimulation desensitizes rapidly. Yet chromaffin cells continue to release transmitter under the acute sympathetic stress response, indicating a secondary stimulation path. We investigated activity-dependent sympatho-adrenal signaling through direct nerve stimulation in a tissue slice preparation. Chromaffin excitation was determined by current clamp recordings, fura-based Ca2+ measurements and amperometric catecholamine detection. We provide data supporting a second transmitter involved in chromaffin cell excitation under conditions that mimic elevated sympathetic input. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (PACAP) is packaged in the terminals of the innervating splanchnic nerve and is a potent secretagogue in catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. We demonstrate that PACAP elicits catecholamine release through cellular mechanisms separate from that evoked by cholinergic stimulation. PACAP stimulation causes cell depolarization to facilitate calcium influx through low voltage-activated T-type calcium channels resulting in catecholamine release. Furthermore, we show that the PACAP-evoked excitation is preferentially activated under elevated stimulation. Thus, PACAP-dependent sympatho-adrenal signaling under conditions that mimic elevated splanchnic firing is emerging as important regulator of catecholamine release under the acute stress response.
Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transformations in marine symbioses

Many marine organisms have coevolved symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nitrogen limited environments such as coral reefs. In addition, some of these organisms also harbor microbes that carry out nitrification and denitrification. Prokaryotes involved in nitrogen fixation and other nitrogen transformations are symbionts in a range of eukaryotic hosts in the marine environment including shipworms, diatoms, corals and sponges. Molecular genetic approaches, and other analytical techniques, have provided exciting new insights into symbiont diversity and the relationship between host and symbiont. We review the current state of knowledge of these symbioses and highlight important avenues for future studies.
Traumatic Atlanto-Occipital Luxation in a Cat

Traumatic atlanto-occipital luxation was diagnosed in a cat that presented with right hemiparesis. The luxation was reduced by manipulation, and the head and neck immobilized for eight weeks with a splint formed from aluminum rod. Clinical neurologic recovery was complete.
Algorithms and performance of small baseline acoustic sensor arrays

Aeroacoustic sensing is well motivated due to its passive nature and low bandwidth, and processing with array baselines of one to a few meters is well studied and useful. However, arrays of this size present difficulties in manufacture and deployment. Motivated by the desire to develop smaller, cheaper (perhaps "disposable") sensor packages, we consider performance for arrays with small baselines. The performance of angle estimation operating roughly in the [30, 500] Hz regime is limited by the observed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and propagation in the turbulent atmosphere. Scattering results in a reduction of spatial coherence, which places fundamental limits on angle estimation accuracy. Physics-based statistical models for the scattering have enabled prediction of network performance including detection, angle estimation, time-delay estimation, and geolocation. In the present work, we focus on angle estimation accuracy for the short baseline case. While a large aperture is desirable to improve angle estimation, the propagation produces a rolloff in the spatial coherence that ultimately degrades the performance despite increasing the array aperture. We characterize this tradeoff analytically via Cramer-Rao bounds, as a function of SNR, frequency range, sensor array geometry, and propagation conditions. The results clearly favor shorter ranges and higher frequencies when employing small array baselines.
Some political aspects of craft specialization

Abstract Scholars have noted that craft specialization becomes more common as societies become more politically centralized. The relationship between craft specialization and political centralization is investigated using ethnographic data on the production and consumption of personal ornaments used in societies of varying degrees of political centralization. Craft specialization in these societies appears to be linked to strategies employed by elites to maintain political authority, and is not strictly an economic or artistic activity.
Smoldering combustion of flexible polyurethane foams and its transition to flaming or extinguishment

An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the major factors governing the smoldering behavior of flexible polyurethane foams, and to provide some measure of the relative smoldering tendencies of different foams. The experimental results can in large part be interpreted in the context of a previously developed model for the smoldering mechanism of cellulose. Depending on the ambient oxygen concentrations and the configurations and sizes of the foams, the smoldering can be steady and self-sustained or transient and followed by flaming or extinguishment. The threshold oxygen concentrations at which transition to extinguishment occurs have been examined for three flexible polyurethane foams of different compositions. The relationship between the maximum temperature of the smoldering zone and its propagation speed in the steady, self-sustained regime and the effects of the involvement of cellulosic materials covering the foams on the steady and transient smoldering behavior have also been investigated. A criterion for ranking the relative smoldering tendencies of different flexible polyurethane foams has been identified. It is based upon the relative values of the threshold oxygen concentrations below which transition to extinguishment occurs.
Behavioral implications of absorptive capacity: The role of technological effort and technological capability in leveraging alliance network technological resources

Abstract This paper focuses on the moderating role of a firm's absorptive capacity in realizing innovation benefits from the firm's alliance network technological resources. We conceptualize absorptive capacity along two dimensions—technological effort and technological capability—and hypothesize that these two dimensions have opposing moderating effects which can result in theoretical and empirical misspecifications if ignored. We argue that firms with higher technological efforts have greater motivation to search for knowledge from their alliance partners, place more value on the external knowledge and mobilize such knowledge, and face lower internal resistance to assimilate and to use the knowledge. On the other hand, firms with stronger technological capability have lower motivation to search for knowledge from alliance partners, put lower value on the knowledge, make less intense efforts to mobilize it, and face greater internal resistance in assimilating and using the knowledge. By analyzing longitudinal data of 178 U.S.-based public semiconductor firms during 1988–2000 using negative binomial regression, we find that as firms increase their technological effort, the benefits from alliance network resources in terms of technological innovations come at a higher rate. In contrast, as technological capabilities of firms increase, the benefits from the alliance network resources in the form firm technological innovations come at a lower rate. We further discuss important theoretical and managerial implications of our findings.
The MacLane class and complex differential equations in the unit disk

The interaction between the coefficients and solutions for linear differential equations and for Riccati differential equations is investigated in the unit disk in terms of their asymptotic values as described by the MacLane class. This interaction is further explored within the context of a meromorphic version of the MacLane class.
The use of adaptive grid refinement for badly behaved elliptic partial differential equations

Abstract Adaptive grid refinement is potentially a very powerful means of dealing with singularities and other types of misbehavior in the solutions of elliptic partial differential equations. Combined with the multi-level iterative technique for solving the matrix equations, the method can be implemented in a reasonably efficient fashion.
Scheme for invalidating references to freed storage

A storage management scheme is described that supports the invalidation of addresses to freed storage and thus, in that sense, provides a secure system. Unlike previous virtual memory techniques, the allocated areas of our scheme can vary from the very large, requiring multiple pages of storage, to the very small, in which several can be contained on a single page. Special treatment is accorded procedure activation storage so as to provide increased effectiveness for this important case. The interaction of this deletion scheme with garbage collection techniques is also examined. Finally, the relative advantages of retention and deletion strategies of storage management are considered.
MORBIDITY OF COMPLETION THYROIDECTOMY FOR INITIALLY MISDIAGNOSED THYROID CARCINOMA

We reviewed 757 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated between 1963 and 1986 to investigate the morbidity associated with completion thyroidectomy when a nodule initially reported to be benign by frozen section is subsequently found to be malignant; 66 patients underwent completion thyroidectomy as a second procedure for initially misdiagnosed thyroid carcinoma. Fifty-one patients had papillary carcinoma, 12 follicular carcinoma, and 3 Hurthle cell carcinoma. Final pathology revealed 28 cases of multicentricity of which 19 were bilateral. Complications included transient hypocalcemia (12.1%), recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (1.5%), and wound hematomas or infections (9.1%). No cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism or vocal cord paralysis were encountered. Reoperation for initially misdiagnosed thyroid carcinoma appears to be warranted in light of the low morbidity and high incidence of bilateral and multicentric disease reported in this series.
Agouti-related protein is a mediator of diabetic hyperphagia

To explore the role of agouti-related protein (AGRP) in diabetic hyperphagia changes in hypothalamic AGRP mRNA levels were examined in diabetic rats. Rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin displayed marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose 456.0±8.4 mg/dl versus 71.8±1.9 mg/dl) and hyperphagia (36.9±1.0 g/day versus 22.0±0.4 g/day), that was associated with a 286.6±4.4% increase in hypothalamic AGRP mRNA and a 178.9±13.5% increase in hypothalamic NPY mRNA. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats partially corrected blood glucose (147.4±13.1 mg/dl) and ameliorated hyperphagia (26.6±2.0 g/day). Insulin replacement was also associated with a return of hypothalamic AGRP mRNA (111.7±8.3% of controls) and NPY mRNA (125.0±8.9% of controls) from the elevated levels that were observed in untreated diabetic rats. In contrast to insulin treated rats, sodium orthovanadate treated diabetic rats remained significantly hyperglycemic (361.5±12.5 mg/dl). However, despite their persistent hyperglycemia, orthovanadate treated diabetic rats were still observed to have a significant reduction of hypothalamic AGRP mRNA (138.7±11.4%) and NPY mRNA (129.9±9.8%). Simultaneous measurement of serum leptin revealed suppressed levels in both untreated diabetic (0.5±0.1 ng/ml) and sodium orthovanadate treated rats (0.5±0.1 ng/ml) compared to non-diabetic controls (2.1±0.1 ng/ml). These data indicate that AGRP is a mediator of diabetic hyperhpagia and suggest that insulin can directly influence hypothalamic AGRP and NPY mRNA expression.
Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements to chesapeake bay: CBAD study year 1 results

The atmospheric wet deposition of selected trace elements (AI,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se and Zn) was examined at two Maryland Chesapeake Bay sites from June 1990 to July 1991 as part of the Chesapeake Bay Atmospheric Deposition (CBAD) Study. Weekly integrated samples were collected using a modified wet-only collector and rigorous trace element handling protocols. Wet depositional fluxes were directly calculated as the product of the elemental concentration and the corresponding measured precipitation depth. The monthly integrated atmospheric fluxes exhibited a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. The arithmetically averaged annual wet flux (μg m−2 yr−1) from the two sites were as follows: AI (13,600), As (49), Cd (48), Cr (88), Cu (260), Fe (10,400), Mn (1190), Ni (257), Pb (556), Se (214) and Zn (1335). With the exception of AI, Fe and to a lesser extent Mn and Cr, the elemental fluxes are predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. The magnitude of the measured wet fluxes are generally comparable to simultaneously estimated dry fluxes. Compared with dissolved fluvial inputs, atmospheric deposition appears to provide significant fluxes of many elements of environmental concern.
Thermochemistry of high pressure garnets and clinopyroxenes in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of several synthetic garnets on the join Mg 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 -Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 (pyrope-grossular) and of several synthetic clinopyroxenes on the join CaMgSi 2 O 6 -CaAl 2 SiO 6 (diopside-Ca-Tschermak's molecule) were measured in a melt of composition 2PbO · B 2 O 3 at 970 K. The determinations were made with sufficient precision so that thermochemical characterizations of the solid solutions could be achieved. The pyrope-grossular solutions show positive enthalpies of mixing. The non-ideality in the range 0–30 mole % grossular is relatively the largest and is in good agreement with the predictions of Ganguly and Kennedy (1974) based largely on cation partitioning of natural high grade metamorphic garnets with biotite, and with the deductions of Hensen et al. (1975) based on measurement of the compositions of synthetic pyrope-rich garnets equilibrated with anorthite, Al 2 SiO 5 and quartz. However, the garnets show smaller excess enthalpies at higher grossular contents. This would lead to an asymmetric solvus with a critical temperature lower than predicted by the symmetrical regular solution model of Ganguly and Kennedy (1974). The composition-dependent non-ideality can be understood by simple ionic size considerations in solid substitution and is analogous to the situations for the calcite-dolomite and enstatite-diopside solvi. The heats of solution of pyropes crystallized in the range 1000–1500°C were all the same, within the precision of measurement, and thus we have found no evidence for temperature-dependent cation disordering as a possible explanation of the high entropy of pyrope, as suggested by Charlu et al. (1975). Positional disorder of dodecahedral Mg is a more probable reason. The diopside-CaTs join is also non-ideal, with the larger positive enthalpy deviations near the diopside end. The calorimetric data in the magnesian range are consistemt with the model for completely disordered tetrahedral Si and Al which results from the free energy derivations of wood (1975) based on syntheses of diopside-rich aluminous pyroxenes in the presence of anorthite and quartz. At higher Al concentrations the calorimetric data seem more consistent with the ‘local charge-balance’ model of Wood (1975). No evidence for temperature-dependent disorder was found for either the diopside or CaTs end-members.
Sequence organization of cloned intracisternal A particle genes.

Abstract Seven recombinant DNA clones containing mouse intracisternal A particle genes were isolated and analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion, Southern blot analysis and heteroduplex mapping. The sequence organization of the individual genes was found to differ, with one end of the gene region being most variable, while a central segment of 1.8 kb was missing from two of the clones. A third region, common to all the clones and containing the 3′ end of the gene, is present in about 1800 copies per haploid genome, but the central portion is found in only 650 copies. The same reiteration frequency is found in both myeloma tumor and mouse liver DNA. The most abundant intracisternal A particle RNA in two different myeloma lines was found to be 3.5 kb, and RNA/DNA hybrids show that the RNA is homologous to all but a small internal segment of one of the clones.
Applications of small surface plasmon resonance sensors for biochemical monitoring

The development of small surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors to detect biological markers for myocardial ischemia (MI), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and wound healing was achieved at low ng/mL and in less than 10 minutes. The markers of interest for MIs are myoglobin (MG) and cardiac Troponin I (cTnI). The limits of detection for these markers are respectively 600 pg/mL and 1.4 ng/mL in saline solution. To study SMA, the level of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) was investigated. A limit of detection of 990 pg/mL was achieved for the detection of SMN. The interactions of SMN with MG decreased the signal for both SMN and MG. Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) were investigated to monitor wound healing. The sensor's performance in more complex solutions, e.g.: serum, showed a large non-specific signal. Modifying the support on which the antibodies are attached improved the sensor's stability in serum by a factor of 5. To achieve this non-specific binding (NSB) reduction, different polysaccharides, biocompatible polymers and short chain thiols were investigated.
Timing of tumor necrosis factor antagonism is critical in determining outcome in murine lethal acute pancreatitis

Background. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is produced in large amounts within the pancreas, lungs, and liver during severe acute pancreatitis and is believed to mediate many of the detrimental consequences typical of this disease. Investigations into the benefit of TNF antagonism have suggested that TNF may also mediate processes that are protective to the host. Methods. With the hypothesis that timing plays a role in these dissenting views, TNF was antagonized either prophylactically or therapeutically with a recombinant form of the soluble type I TNF receptor (TNFbp) during a lethal model of necrotizing pancreatitis induced by feeding a choline-deficient diet. Mortality was determined for 10 days in 390 female mice divided into three groups: control, TNFbp early (time, 0 to 5 days), and TNFbp late (time, 1.5 to 5 days). Pancreatitis severity and cytokine production were assessed daily. Results. Animals in the control group had a 75% mortality rate that was significantly decreased by prophylactic TNF blockade (64%, p Conclusions. Blockade of TNF by the administration of a soluble TNF receptor attenuates the severity of pancreatitis, decreases the production of associated inflammatory cytokines, and significantly improves survival. Delaying antagonism until pancreatitis is manifest and circulating cytokines are elevated but not yet maximal appears to be more protective than simple prophylactic TNF antagonism.
MAN AS A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AGENT: THE EXAMPLE OF COAL MINING

(1956). MAN AS A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AGENT: THE EXAMPLE OF COAL MINING. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 197-210.
The Keys to Successful Goal Achievement

Activity and self‐confidence are key elements of management success. High achievers are recognisably more open to choices and search for more efficient ways of doing things. True winners project their success, they look like winners. This article examines the psychology of winners and their patterns of success, including theories of self‐expectancy, self‐motivation, self‐discipline and self‐projection. This all adds up to a practical guide to goal achievement.
FURTHER DATA ON REBOILING OF SHEET-IRON GROUND-COAT ENAMELS*

The reported characteristics of the reboiling phenomenon have been checked and additional data which influence reboiling have been obtained.
Size stability of phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol aerosols and a dynamic film compression state from their interfacial impaction

This study demonstrates the ability of impacting aerosol droplets containing phospholipids to cause a dynamic film compression state at the air-water interface. The humidity dependence of the lipid aerosol particle size distribution is also determined, including hysteresis effects arising from different directions of humidity change (i.e., humidification vs dehumidification Aerosols were produced by ultrasonic nebulization of surface-active dispersions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and egg phosphatidylglycerol (egg-PG) (7:3 molar ratio) in 0.15 M NaCl (1.5 or 10 mg phospholipid/ml Surface activity of aerosols was defined by adsorption measurements and in interfacial deposition studies where a flowing aerosol stream was directed at the surface of a distilled water subphase at 30°C. Continuous deposition of the phospholipid aerosol (linear velocity 150 cm/s) reduced the surface tension of this subphase from 71 dyn/cm to
Method to characterize spinons as emergent elementary particles.

We develop a technique to directly study spinons (emergent spin $S=1/2$ particles) in quantum spin models in any number of dimensions. The size of a spinon wave packet and of a bound pair (a triplon) are defined in terms of wave-function overlaps that can be evaluated by quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the same information is contained in the spin-spin correlation function as well. We illustrate the method in one dimension. We confirm that spinons are well-defined particles (have exponentially localized wave packet) in a valence-bond-solid state, are marginally defined (with power-law shaped wave packet) in the standard Heisenberg critical state, and are not well defined in an ordered N\'eel state (achieved in one dimension using long-range interactions).
Rational Approaches to the Design of Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase

Abstract Crucial to the rational design of inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase was the elucidation of its mechanism of catalysis by Palmer and Abeles (J. Biol. Chem. 254, 1217–1226, 1979). This mechanism involves an NAD+-dependent oxidation (oxidative activity) of the 3′-hydroxyl group of AdoHcy followed by elimination of homocysteine (Hcy) to form 4′,5′-didehydro-3′-keto-Ado. Addition of water at the 5′-position (hydrolytic activity) of this tightly bound intermediate followed by an NADH-dependent reduction results in the formation of adenosine (Ado). Many inhibitors of this enzyme have been shown to serve as substrates [e.g., 9-(trans-2-trans-3-dihydroxycyclopent-4-en-1-yl)adenine, DHCeA)] for the oxidative activity of AdoHcy hydrolase, affording the 3′-keto-derivative (e.g., 3′-keto-DHCeA), which is tightly bound to the enzyme, and converting the enzyme from its active form (NAD+) to its inactive form (NADH) (Type I mechanism-based inhibitors; Wolfe and Borchardt, J. Med. Chem. 3...
Effect of wind on FM-CW radar backscatter from a wet snowcover

The most important factor affecting the microwave properties of a snowcover is the liquid water content (snow wetness). An FM-CW (26.5-40-GHz) radar has been used to investigate the influence of snow wetness on the magnitude of radar backscatter from a snowcover. The radar backscatter measurements from a wet snowcover on a windy day suggest that evaporative cooling due to the wind may reduce the amount of liquid water at the snowcover surface. >
Photorefractive Two-Wave Mixing for Adaptive Coherence Domain Detections

Photorefractive two-wave mixing based on either diffraction or photoelectromotive force has been tested for a low superluminescent light emitting diode. We demonstrate potential applications of two-wave mixing in photorefractive quantum wells for coherence domain detections.
Reflectance Studies of Ba, Sr, Eu, and Yb

In situ reflectance measurements have been made on films of the alkaline-earth metals barium (bcc) and strontium (fcc), and rare-earth metals europium (bcc) and ytterbium (fcc) from 1.0 to 11.6 eV. Extreme care was taken in all aspects of the work so that a Kramers-Kr\"onig analysis of the reflectance data yielded optical constants ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which were accurate to better than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 20%. The volume-loss functions calculated from these optical constants yielded an agreement with loss-function peak positions obtained in Kunz's high-energy electron-loss experiments which was not seen in previous optical studies, and served as verification of the improved accuracy of the present study. A comparison of the interband optical conductivities for the alkaline-earth and rare-earth metals failed to indicate strong structure or increased oscillator strength in the rare-earth metals which could be unambiguously attributed to transitions from $4f$ electrons found in europium and ytterbium. The filled $4f$-electron states in these two metals are known to be accessible to the spectral range of the present study, and an explanation, based on matrix elements, is proposed for this inability to excite such electrons. The structure which was observed in the interband conductivity of all four of these metals was correlated to crystal structure and showed much better agreement with the predictions of strong $d$-electron effects implied in recent band calculations than it did with the simple predictions of the nearly-free-electron theory.
Thrombopoietin from human embryonic kidney cells causes increased thrombocytopoiesis and decreased erythropoiesis in mice

Recent studies have shown that large doses of erythropoietin (EPO) administered daily over a 7-day period elevate erythropoiesis and lead to marked thrombocytopenia. Conversely, anaemia was found in mice following stimulation of thrombocytopoiesis by an acute thrombocytopenic episode. Although erythropoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis have been studied in mice after treatment with either hypoxia or EPO injection, only the effects of endogenous thrombopoietin (released after an acute episode of thrombocytopenia caused by an injection of antiplatelet serum) on erythropoiesis have been investigated. Therefore, we injected mice with a potent source of thrombopoietin and evaluated both thrombocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis at 3 and 5 days after treatment. The data show that thrombopoietin elevated thrombocytopoiesis with a concomitant reduction in erythropoiesis. We found significantly elevated percentage 35S incorporation into platelets, platelet sizes, and total circulating platelet masses following thrombopoietin injections at both 3 and 5 days; haematocrits, reticulocyte counts, and total circulating red blood cell masses were reduced significantly in these same mice. Compared to controls treated with human serum albumin, megakaryocyte size was increased on day 3, and megakaryocyte numbers were elevated on day 5 in mice treated with thrombopoietin. Thrombopoietin did not change the blood volume of mice, but did cause an increase in splenic weight. However, splenic sequestration of red blood cells was not the cause of anaemia in mice treated with thrombopoietin, since splenectomised mice also showed increased thrombocytopoiesis with decreased erythropoiesis. These data agree with previous studies showing an inverse relation between erythropoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines are in competition.
Creation and characterization of a cell-death reporter cell line for hepatitis C virus infection.

The present study describes the creation and characterization of a hepatoma cell line, n4mBid, that supports all stages of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and strongly reports HCV infection by a cell-death phenotype. The n4mBid cell line is derived from the highly HCV-permissive Huh-7.5 hepatoma cell line and contains a modified Bid protein (mBid) that is cleaved and activated by the HCV serine protease NS3-4A. N4mBid exhibited a 10-20-fold difference in cell viability between the HCV-infected and mock-infected states, while the parental Huh-7.5 cells showed <2-fold difference under the same conditions. The pronounced difference in n4mBid cell viability between the HCV- and mock-infected states in a 96-well plate format points to its usefulness in cell survival-based high-throughput screens for anti-HCV molecules. The degree of cell death was found to be proportional to the intracellular load of HCV. HCV-low n4mBid cells, expressing an anti-HCV short hairpin RNA, showed a significant growth advantage over naive cells and could be rapidly enriched after HCV infection, suggesting the possibility of using n4mBid cells for the cell survival-based selection of genetic anti-HCV factors.
Galápagos Islands: A Holocene analogue to the Wallowa accreted terrane, western North America

The ecology and biogeographic affinities of fossil bivalve faunas from the late Holocene of the Galapagos Islands and the Triassic of the Wallowa accreted terrane are markedly similar. These similarities provide further evidence that the Wallowa terrane originated as an oceanic island arc and that it lay in the eastern proto-Pacific during the Late Triassic, and they corroborate leomagnetic and lithologic evidence for the allochthonous, low-latitude origin of the Wallowa terrane and define the limits of its Triassic longitude relative to North America. Similarity between Galapagos and Wallowa bivalve faunas is based on (1) comparisons of living and fossil Galapagos bivalve faunas and (2) faunal comparisons between a Galapagos fossil locality and a Wallowa one. The first indicates that fossilization has not significantly biased the ecologic and biogeographic signature of the Galapagos "parent" community. This supports the validity of comparisons of fossil faunas from accreted terranes with counterparts on modern oceanic islands. The second shows that Galapagos and Wallowa fossil localities both exhibit the "hybrid" biogeographic pattern characteristic of oceanic islands. This pattern comprises a variable endemic component, coupled with an array of species from diverse faunal provinces. Quantitative ecologic comparisons of Galapagos and Wallowa faunas show that their species are generally similar in feeding habits and substrate preferences. Differences can be explained by the post-Triassic adaptive radiation of infaunal bivalves.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectra of anthraquinone‐derived dyes

The 13C NMR spectra of six anthraquinone-derived dyes, namely benzanthrone, 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone, 1,4-di-p-toluidinoanthraquinone, 1,4-diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinone, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone and dibenzochrysenedione, have been measured. The chemical shift assignments were achieved by elucidation of the coupling patterns of the fully coupled spectra and by comparison with the chemical shifts of other anthraquinone derivatives and other model compounds. One- and three-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants are also reported.