cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anionic synthesis of secondary amine functionalized polymers by reaction of polymeric organolithiums with N‐benzylidenemethylamine

Functionalization of poly(styryl)lithium and poly(butadienyl)lithiums (PBDLi) with N-benzylidene- methylamine was investigated in hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature. The resulting secondary amine functionalized polymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, titration, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and thinlayer chromatography. No dimeric side-products were observed by SEC. The secondary amine functionalized polystyrene was obtained in high yields (96%) in benzene solvent. The functionalization reactions of PBDLi in the absence or presence of 12 vol.-% triethylamine gave high yields (≥96%), whereas the same reaction in the presence of 12 vol.-% diethyl ether was less efficient (yield=61%). The low functionalization yields in the presence of diethyl ether were attributed to the increased reactivity of PBDLi in the presence of diethyl ether, which promotes side reactions such as metalation between PBDLi and N-benzylidenemethylamine.
Are we slighting female colleagues

There has been considerable discussion in Eos, and elsewhere, concerning gender imbalance in the geosciences. It is unfortunate that in choosing the 2004 AGU Fellows this imbalance was exacerbated by choosing only 7% women, significantly less than the proportion of women in the field. It seems that the “Old Boy Network” is perpetuating itself. If there are few models for women, we will have few women.
Investigation of an FFT-based correlation technique for verification of radiation treatment setup.

Electronic portal imaging devices that capture an image of a patient’s treatment field electronically by means of a computer data acquisition system operating in real time are becoming available. This paper reports on a study of a field verification correlation algorithm that can compare each treatment portal image to an image of the correct treatment field positioning. The algorithm requires no human intervention or analysis of the images but rather uses fast Fourier transforms to produce a correlation distribution. The position and amplitude of the correlation distribution maximum were tested as objective measures of translational and rotational differences of subject positions between pairs of images. The concept was tested by using a prototype algorithm to obtain the correlation distributions for images of an Alderson Rando™ head phantom. Images of the phantom setup with various errors were compared with an image of the phantom in the initial, correct treatment position. Translations, in‐plane and out‐of‐plane rotations, and combinations of translations and rotations were studied. The algorithm accurately measured translations. The value of the correlation distribution maximum was found to be a reasonable candidate for an alignment parameter for which tolerable error thresholds might be established.
Wafer-Fusion-Enabled Platforms for Mid-Infrared Integrated Silicon Photonics

The prospects of three newly developed platforms for broadband mid-infrared integrated silicon photonics (namely, silicon-on-nitride, the all-silicon optical platform and silicon-on-lithium niobate) enabled by the process of wafer fusion are investigated.
Molecular studies of the calcium antagonist binding site on calcium channels.

Currently available calcium antagonists act primarily on L-type calcium channels. Composed of 5 subunits, this ion channel is markedly more complicated than the potassium and sodium channels. Most of the data that have emerged over the past year have concerned the alpha subunit. The secondary structure of this subunit includes 4 repeating motifs; each motif contains 6 membrane-spanning helices, designated S1 through S6. The dihydropyridine (e.g., nifedipine) binding site is most likely situated primarily in motif 4 and the phenylalkylamine (e.g., verapamil) binding site is on motif 4 in an intracellular region. The benzothiazepine (e.g., diltiazem) binding site is also located on the alpha 1 subunit, but its precise location has not been determined. The transmembrane helices S5 and S6 of each motif have been proposed as the "wall" of the actual ion channel.
Effects of moulting hormone and juvenile hormone on insect endocrine gland activity.

Abstract The effects of moulting hormone and juvenile hormone (JH) on nuclear RNA systhesis of the corpora allata (CA) and prothoracic glands of saturniid pupae were analysed by autoradiography. Moulting hormone stimulates nuclear RNA synthesis in the prothoracic glands within 3 hr followed by activation of the CA 3 hr later. Injection of JH results first in CA activation followed by prothoracic gland stimulation. It is suggested that the JH acts directly upon the CA. Application of moulting hormone to animals that have just initiated pharate adult development results in a drastic decrease in nuclear RNA synthesis. The question of hormone feedback on the endocrine glands is discussed.
Histologic study of the effect of antiformin on the soft tissue wall of periodontal pockets in human beings

The drug antiformin, described in 19131 as an adjunct in periodontal therapy, has been discussed again in recent literature.2'4 The latter articles are somewhat detailed as to the manner in which this drug acts as an aid in periodontal pocket elimina­ tion. They suggest that the action of aritiformin “is almost specifically limited to the epithelial structures connected with the pocket”2 and that “it does not appear to enter into any appreciable reaction with the underlying connective tissue within the two-minute time limit.”2 It is also noted that antiformin is capable of specifically “searching out” the epithelial lining of periodontal pockets as well as the epithelial projections into the adjacent connective tissue and automatically ef­ fecting thorough dissolution of the epithelium.3 Additional qualities attrib­ uted to antiformin include a tendency to soften tartar, dissolve microorganisms and necrotic tissue and effect a styptic action.2 The fact that the solvent action of anti­ formin appeared to be specific for epithelium, while adjacent connective tissue of the pocket was comparatively unaffected, if the period of drug action were limited to two minutes, seemed worthy of investigation. An experiment was undertaken, therefore, to study the tissue changes which followed the intro­ duction of antiformin in periodontal pockets in human beings.
Efficient Green's-function approach to finding the currents in a random resistor network.

Using Green's functions, we reformulate Kirchhoff's laws for a two-component random resistor network in which a fraction p of the resistors has conductance cr and the remainder have conductance 0.+. In this Green s-function formulation (GFF), the current correlation between any two resistors in the network is explicitly taken into account. The GFF yields a linear system equivalent to Kirchhoff's laws but with a smaller number of variables. In the dilute case {p«1), the voltages can be calculated directly with very high speed using the GFF. For genera1 p, a variety of algorithms can be used to solve the GFF linear system. We present the technical details of solving the GFF linear system using the conjugate gradient method (method A). Our extensive numerical work shows that method A consistently requires fewer iterations than solving Kirchhoff's laws directly using the conjugate gradient method (method B). For example, for a 128 X 128 grid with p ~ 0.65 and 0. /cr+ ~ 10, the number of iterations needed to achieve a precision of 10 ' is more than 100 times smaller in method A than in method B.
The Logic of the U.S. Educational System and Teaching

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Race to the Top (RTTT) are part of a widely heralded and visible change effort, providing a powerful force—replete with evidence, logic, money, and voice—that is changing public schooling away from locally run and state-subsidized, into a federal-state-controlled enterprise. The article begins by situating the impact of NCLB/RTTT on quality teaching within the story of a 50-year effort by educators, politicians, researchers, and those generally dissatisfied—or perhaps wanting a piece of K–12's annual $850 billion dollars—to exert more control over public schools. It then explains the organizational and bureaucratic direction the reform has taken, as well as the reigning notion that identifies teachers as both the problem and the solution. The article concludes by exploring how and why—even in the face of reform—the basic issues of effectiveness, efficiency, and most importantly, equality, remain problematic.
Incomplete Infarct and Delayed Neuronal Death After Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Background and Purpose The clinical syndrome of transient ischemic attacks is accompanied in a significant percentage of patients by brain lesions or neuroimaging abnormalities whose structural counterparts have not been defined. The objective of this study was to analyze, in an experimental model of short-term (<25 minutes) focal ischemia and long-term (≤28 days) reperfusion, the extent and nature of the structural abnormalities affecting neurons and glia located within the territory of the transiently occluded artery. Methods Adult Wistar rats (n=121) had the origin of one middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded with a nylon monofilament for periods of 10 to 25 minutes. Experiments of transient MCA occlusion were terminated at variable periods ranging from 1 day to 4 weeks. Control experiments consisted of (1) MCA occlusion without reperfusion (n=7) lasting 7 to 14 days and (2) sham operations (n=2) followed by 1- to 4-day survival. After in situ fixation, brain specimens were serially sectioned and subje...
REGULATION OF BRADYKININ B2 RECEPTORS BY THE RAS ONCOGENE : EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE MECHANISMS

The objective of this study was to probe the molecular mechanisms underlying the increase in sensitivity of cells to bradykinin (BK) following expression of a transforming Ha-ras oncogene. We used native NIH3T3 fibroblast (3T3) cells and 3T3 cells transfected with a glucocorticoid sensitive oncogenic Ha-ras construct (DT cells). DT cells incubated in the presence of 1 microM dexamethasone (DEX) for 24 hr expressed a relatively high level of membrane-bound Ha-Ras protein, BK B2 receptor mRNA, and B2 receptor binding as determined by Western blotting with anti-Ha-Ras antibodies, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using B2 receptor-specific primers, and specific [3H]BK binding, respectively. BK also stimulated a significant B2 receptor-mediated increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in the cells both alone and in synergy with epidermal growth factor. In the absence of DEX, the DT cells expressed a considerably lower but yet clearly significant level of Ha-Ras. Under this condition, receptor mRNA and receptor binding remained maximally expressed. On the other hand, BK was unable to stimulate any increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation. In contrast to DT cells, no Ha-Ras, receptor mRNA, receptor binding, or BK-stimulated, B2 receptor-mediated [3H]thymidine incorporation was detected in 3T3 cells (+/- DEX). However, BK stimulated a transient increase in the level of intracellular free Ca2+ in the 3T3 cells indicating that these cells express a small number of functional B2 receptors. In all, these results show that oncogenic Ha-Ras regulates the sensitivity of 3T3 cells to BK through at least two different mechanisms. One mechanism occurs at a relatively low level of Ha-Ras and involves an increase in B2 receptor mRNA and expressed B2 receptor levels, and another mechanism occurs at a relatively high level of Ha-Ras and involves an increase in B2 receptor-mediated mitogenic signaling.
Isolation of pigmented granules involved in extra-retinal photoreception in Aplysia californica neurons

Abstract Many neurons in the ganglia of Aplysia california contain pigmented, membrane-bound granules (lipochondria), which are thought to mediate the light response of some of the neurons, including the giant cell of the abdominal ganglion. A method of isolating the lipochondria by centrifugation of ganglia homogenates has now been developed. Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that most of the lipochondria remain morphologically intact. As shown by X-ray microanalysis, isolated lipochondria contain the same elements, including calcium, as do lipochondria in intact giant cells. The calcium can be released into the medium by treatment of the organelles with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. It appears that the lipochondria of Aplysia ganglia are similar in their morphology, elemental content and susceptibility to the ionophore. Two pigments were isolated from the lipochondria, and chromatography and spectrophotometric studies indicated that they are β-carotene and a “retinol-like” compound.
Absolute fault and crustal strength from wedge tapers

The strengths of mountain belts and major faults have been notoriously difficult to constrain and there is ongoing debate over the controlling mechanisms and stress magnitudes. Here we show that the strengths of active thrust-belt wedges and their basal detachments can be directly determined from the covariation of surface slope α with detachment dip β, without strong assumptions about the specific strength-controlling mechanisms. Even a single taper measurement (α, β) can strongly constrain the set of possible wedge and detachment strengths. This theory is tested with dry sand wedges and then applied to the Niger delta thrust belt, the active Taiwan mountain belt, and the thrust that slipped in the M = 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake. Their basal detachments are shown to be exceedingly weak, with effective coefficients of friction (0.04–0.1) that are an order of magnitude less than most laboratory friction coefficients (0.6–0.85). In contrast, these wedges are moderately strong internally, within the range of pressure-dependent strengths in deep boreholes. These results confirm the existence of exceedingly weak faults and strong crust, which raises important causal questions.
High current, high temperature capacitors: Recent developments and future prospects

Summary form only given. There is a significant need for high temperature capacitors for a variety of operating conditions including pulse power, and high frequency power conditioning applications at temperatures between 125°C and 200°C. Here we cover several new developments in high temperature capacitor technologies presenting results on thin film capacitors useful for long life, high energy density, and high reliability. Additionally, results are presented on an improved very-high temperature film (200°C and higher) with more reliable self-healing, longer lifetime, and higher energy densities. Results from metallized film capacitors with improved termination demonstrating drastic improvements in current carrying capabilities in both CW RMS current and peak pulse current regimes are also presented. Finally, a theoretical high temperature capacitor utilizing a combination of these technologies is discussed and compared to existing COTS and SOTA capacitors.
Abstract 2730: Role of Stat1 in skin tumor promotion

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Inflammation is a key component of cancer development in many tissues. Emerging clinical observations support the idea of a strong association of chronic inflammation and cancer. The JAK-STAT pathway is one of the major signaling pathways involved in modulating both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Aberrant expression of STATs has been reported in multiple human cancers and in animal models of tumorigenesis. Previous work performed in our lab demonstrated a role for Stat1 in mediating the promotion stage of epithelial multi-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin when chrysarobin was used as the promoting agent. To further investigate the role of Stat1 in chrysarobin-mediated skin tumor promotion, Stat1 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type controls were treated with chrysarobin and the inflammatory response was assessed. Stat1 deficiency caused a reduction in the dermal inflammatory response following a single topical application of chrysarobin. In this regard, Stat1 KO mice had reduced dermal immune cell influx following chrysarobin treatment. In particular, Stat1 KO mice exhibited reduced influx of macrophages following a single application. Other results also suggest that Stat1 may regulate various cytokine/chemokines involved in the inflammatory response following chrysarobin treatment. Mice deficient in Stat1 displayed an attenuated induction of Cox-2 mRNA and protein compared to wild-type controls following a single application of chrysarobin (200 nmol per mouse). This latter data suggest that Stat1 may be involved in the regulation of Cox-2 in keratinocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that Stat1 may contribute to chrysarobin-mediated skin tumor promotion by regulating, in part, levels of Cox-2, PGE2 and ultimately skin inflammation. These and other ongoing studies aimed at identifying the mechanistic basis for the role of Stat1 in chrysarobin-mediated tumor promotion will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2730. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2730
A Polybenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene Derivative with Deep HOMO Level and Its Application in High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells

Although there is a consensus on the development of solar energy as a green energy resource, the importance of development of the polymer solar cell (PSC) has only been realized in recent years owing to its advantages of low cost and flexibility in large-area applications. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) type polymer solar cells now play a leading role in realizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The development of new polymer materials to further improve the efficiencies of BHJ-type PSCs will accelerate their commercial application. At present, P3HT-PCBM-based PSCs (P3HT= poly(3-hexylthiophene), PCBM=methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) have exhibited high efficiencies of 4–5%. However, the narrow absorption spectrum of P3HT in 300–650 nm is one of the main hindrances to the further improvement of the efficiencies of P3HT-based devices. To overcome this problem, some low-band-gap polymer materials as donors have been synthesized successfully and applied to photovoltaic devices. Large short-circuit current density (Jsc) and higher efficiencies have been demonstrated using this strategy. In spite of the high Jsc achievable with low-band-gap polymers, the device performance suffers owing to the low open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.5–0.7 V. According to published models and experimental results, theVoc of a PSC is closely related to the offset between energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the donor and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the acceptor. Thus, to enhance the opencircuit voltage of these devices, some building blocks with lower-lying HOMOs should be introduced in donor molecules to lower their HOMO levels. Polyfluorene and its derivatives are a well-known class of wide-band-gap organic semiconducting materials. Many donor polymers containing fluorene on the main chain were reported to show lower HOMO levels and correspondingly exhibited higher open-circuit voltages. However, the wider band gaps of these polymers resulted in lower values of Jsc and consequently lower efficiencies. To enhance the efficiency, there is a need for a low-band-gap polymers that can have a high Voc. Few polymers with high open-circuit voltages (above 0.8 V) and consequently high PCEs (above 5%) have been reported to date, except for two kinds of polymers, poly[(2,7silafluorene)-alt-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PSiFDBT) and poly[N-9’’-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt5,5-(4’,7’-di-2-thienyl-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT), both of which contain a fluorene unit in the polymer main chain. Considering the similarity in the molecular structures of PSiFDBTand PCDTBTwith analogous fluorene units in both of their main chains, it is necessary to explore new molecular structures with favorable characteristics for higher opencircuit voltages and conversion efficiencies. Recently, some benzo[1,2-b :4,5-b’]dithiophene-containing polymers were applied to field-effect transistor (FET) and PSC devices (Table 1). 6, 7] A high mobility of 0.15–
Electrophysiologic testing for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries.

ANESTHESIOLOGISTS have an important role in preventing perioperative nerve injury, monitoring nerve function to minimize damage, and diagnosing peripheral nerve lesions at an early stage to optimize their management. The purpose of the current article is therefore to clarify the use and limitations of electrophysiologic testing in the diagnosis and management of anesthesiarelated nerve injuries. The occurrence of perioperative nerve injuries is well described. In the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Database (a standardized collection of case summaries from the closed malpractice claims of a number of insurance companies), 16% of the 4,183 claims have been for anesthesia-related nerve injury. 1 Regional nerve block may lead to a focal nerve deficit. During surgery itself, direct injury or tourniquet compression to insure a bloodless field may be responsible. In rare instances, the compression is seemingly innocuous, as from a blood pressure cuff that inflates automatically at periodic intervals. 2 Malpositioning of patients during surgery may lead to com
Quercetin enhances transforming growth factor β1 secretion by human ovarian cancer cells

Abstract Our study demonstrates that quercetin (Q)-induced growth-inhibitory activity in ovarian cancer cells may be mediated by modulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) production. We used the OVCA 433 cell line which is very sensitive to the anti-proliferative effect of Q and expresses high-affinity, low-capacity TGF beta 1 receptors. Conditioned medium (CM) from Q-treated cells is able to displace 125I-TGF beta 1 from binding to its receptor; moreover Q (10 microM) increases TGF beta 1 activity in CM in a time-dependent fashion starting after 4 hr and reaching a maximum by 24 hr of Q treatment. Q-induced growth inhibition is reversed by a neutralizing anti-TGF beta 1 MAb both in OVCA 433 and in a clonogenic assay of cells from a primary ovarian tumor. Q-induced increase of TGF beta 1 activity in CM is specific since other anti-proliferative compounds, such as Dexamethasone, which is as active on the cell cycle as Q, had no effect on TGF beta 1 secretion. Northern-blot analysis of TGF beta 1 mRNA levels at various times of Q (10 microM) exposure revealed that there was no increase, suggesting that regulation of TGF beta 1 occurs at posttranscriptional levels.
Minimizing and optimizing structure in phonology: Evidence from aphasia

At the phonological level, languages differ with respect to the amount of structural complexity they permit. However, even though a language may permit complex structures (e.g., onset consonant clusters), the grammar still differentiates the complex structures from less marked structures (e.g., singleton onset consonants) which are also permitted in the language. This paper explores the performance of VBR, an aphasic English speaker, whose deficit has affected her grammar by disallowing previously permitted marked forms, and thus minimizing structural complexity. It is shown that her impairment affects a level of phonological processing at which output forms are computed, and her grammar may be captured by an Optimality Theory account that differs minimally from that of an unimpaired English speaker. Through a thorough survey of VBR's performance, it is shown that the phonological processing system is constrained by factors that favor structures with minimal complexity.
Subthreshold logical effort: a systematic framework for optimal subthreshold device sizing

Subthreshold circuit designs have been demonstrated to be a successful alternative when ultra-low power consumption is paramount. However, the characteristics of MOS transistors in the subthreshold regime are significantly different from those in strong-inversion. This presents new challenges in design optimization, particularly in complex gates with stacks of transistors. In this paper, we demonstrate a new optimal sizing scheme for subthreshold designs which takes these issues into account. We derive a closed-form solution for the correct sizing of transistors in a stack, both in relation to other transistors in the stack, and to a single transistor with equivalent current drivability. Experimental results show that our framework provides a performance improvement of up to 13.5% over the conventional logical effort method on ISCAS benchmark circuits, while one component circuit demonstrated an improvement of 33.1%.
Therapeutic Modalities for Musculoskeletal Injuries, ed 2

Denegar CR, Saliba E, Saliba S. Champaign, IL 61825, Human Kinetics, 2006, hardcover, 312 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7360-5582-7, $56. This evidence-based text on modalities is written specifically for inclusion in an athletic training curriculum. The student-friendly book uses a similar format for each of the 16 chapters, along with multiple tables and illustrations to complement the text. Each chapter begins with objectives, followed by a case scenario illustrating the relevance of the material presented. The end of each chapter contains a summary of the major points, a list of optional learning resources, and a peer-reviewed reference list. Although the athletic training student is the target audience, this text may be of interest to other health care professionals who treat athletes of all ages, from professional to recreational. Chapters 1 to 7 provide a comprehensive foundation for the application of modalities in the rehabilitative process. First, the …
DOES VIOLENCE INVOLVING WOMEN AND INTIMATE PARTNERS HAVE A SPECIAL ETIOLOGY

We used data from a survey of inmates who have committed homicide or assault to examine whether men and women who have killed or assaulted their intimate partners are different from other violent offenders. A "gender perspective" implies that intimate partner violence and violence between the sexes have different etiologies than other types of violence, whereas a “violence perspective” implies that they have similar etiologies. Our evidence supports a violence perspective. In general, offenders who attack their partners are similar to other offenders in terms of their prior records, alcohol and drug use, and experiences of abuse. We observed some differences between men who attack women (including their female partners) and other male offenders, but the differences were opposite those predicted by a gender perspective. For example, men who attacked their partners were particularly likely to have been abused by their partners. In addition, men who attacked women were particularly likely to have experienced sexual abuse during childhood and to have been intoxicated at the time of the incident. These results suggest that some well-known predictors of violence are particularly strong predictors of male violence against women and female partners.
Paraldehyde, Toluene, and Methylene Chloride Analysis by Headspace Gas Chromatography

This report describes a headspace sampling procedure that allows an assay technique for blood alcohol to be easily modified for the infrequent requests for other volatile substances. Also presented are three cases in which the toxic agents were volatile compounds. In all these cases, headspace sampling for gas chromatographic analysis proved useful in the confirmation of the substances involved. Specific assays for paraldehyde, toluene, and methylene chloride are described. Retention characteristics of various volatile substances on 0.2% Carbowax 1500 on Carbopack C are listed.
Outcomes of concomitant percutaneous coronary intervention and balloon aortic valvuloplasty

Background: Coronary artery disease often coexists with severe aortic stenosis. The feasibility and safety of combined balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are unknown. Aim: To compare outcomes and complications of combined BAV and PCI with BAV alone. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 409 patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing BAV from 1/2007 to 12/2010. Overall, 329 patients underwent BAV alone and 80 underwent concomitant PCI. Clinical and hemodynamic data, as well as acute and intermediate-term outcomes, were collected. Results: At the operator's discretion PCI was done before BAV in 66 (82.5%) and after in 14 (17.5%). Patients who underwent concomitant procedures had a higher incidence of prior stroke and a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation. Procedure time and fluoroscopic time were significantly greater in the BAV/PCI group, (90.0 ± 36.6 vs. 72.8 ± 39.8, P = 0.002 and 20.5 ± 10.9 vs. 12.9 ± 7.0, P < 0.001). Significantly more radiographic contrast was used in the BAV/PCI group (95.1 ± 45.5 vs. 36.7 ± 38.4 cm3, P < 0.001. Serious adverse events occurred with equal frequency 13.7 and 17.3%, P = 0.44). Transfusion requirement was also similar (21.2% vs. 20.0%, P = 0.81). The frequency of a periprocedural increase in troponin or creatinine was also similar. In the BAV alone group the mortality rate was 48.6% (n = 160) during a mean follow-up of 191 days, and in the BAV/PCI group the mortality rate was 40% (n = 32) during mean follow-up of 175.5 day, P = 0.34. Conclusion: Combined BAV and PCI are safe and are associated with similar complications as BAV alone and may offer protection against myocardial ischemia during BAV. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transition rites of the Kuanyama Ambo (a preliminary study)

(1948). Transition rites of the Kuanyama Ambo (a preliminary study) African Studies: Vol. 7, No. 2-3, pp. 71-84.
Transvaginal color Doppler imaging diagnosis of thoracopagus conjoined twins at 7 weeks' gestation.

Conjoined twins, rare complications of monozygotic twinning, occur in approximately 1% of monozygotic twins or between 1 per 100,000 and 1 per 250,000 live births. 1,2 Thoracopagus is the most common type of conjoined twins, with approximately 75% of such cases having conjoined hearts. 3 Reported cases of first-trimester transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins have almost uniformly involved gestational ages ranging between 11 and 14 weeks. 4-11 Earlier diagnosis is uncommon, yet single cases have been reported at 9 and 10 weeks, respectively. 12-17 An additional case of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy at 10.5 weeks' gestation was reported by Sepulveda et al. 18 We report an unusual case in which transvaginal color Doppler imaging confirmed the presence of thoracopagus, suspected during real-time sonography at 7 weeks' gestation.
Assessment of Car Wash Runoff Treatment Using Bioretention Mesocosms

AbstractCar wash runoff is known to be a pollution source to surface water bodies. Many groups hold car-washing fundraisers unaware of pollution issues associated with car wash runoff. This preliminary study investigated whether rain gardens are an appropriate management practice for reducing car wash pollutants, specifically surfactants. The concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), and surfactants were measured in car wash runoff before and after treatment in three rain garden mesocosms. Mean TSS and surfactant effluent concentrations were significantly lower than the car wash runoff with TSS reductions ranging from 84 to 95% and surfactant reductions ranging from 89 to 96%. The removal efficiencies for surfactants were not enough to reduce concentrations below literature-based values for aquatic toxicity. Mean TP effluent concentrations were higher than the car wash runoff with increases ranging from 197 to 388%, although the increase was not statistically significant. This...
Ground-penetrating radar: Postmigration stacking of n-fold common midpoint profile data

Diffraction and nonvertical side‐looking reflection patterns are typical features of most commercial ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. While a number of techniques are used by GPR workers to migrate such signals back to the proper position of the subsurface reflector, these have not been generally applied to multifold data nor to conditions of extreme noise. A procedure known among seismologists as wavefront migration is adapted here for processing multifold common midpoint (CMP) GPR data; it appears to be promising for both noise‐free and noisy data. The algorithm is largely geometrical and nonmathematical, and it is readily implemented on a personal computer. An example of synthetic data with extreme levels of noise illustrates that migrating prestack multifold CMP data, followed by postmigration, n-fold stacking, leads to a substantial improvement in image quality over unmigrated or single‐fold migrated data.
Imaging of Cerebellopontine Angle Masses: Self-Assessment Module

INTRODUCTION This self-assessment module on imaging of CPA masses has an educational component and a self-assessment component. The educational component consists of four required articles that the participant should read. The selfassessment component consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with solutions. All of these materials are available on the ARRS Website (www.arrs.org). To claim CME and SAM credit, each participant must enter his or her responses to the questions online.
On the complexity of the parity argument and other inefficient proofs of existence

We define several new complexity classes of search problems, ''between'' the classes FP and FNP. These new classes are contained, along with factoring, and the class PLS, in the class TFNP of search problems in FNP that always have a witness. A problem in each of these new classes is defined in terms of an implicitly given, exponentially large graph. The existence of the solution sought is established via a simple graph-theoretic argument with an inefficiently constructive proof; for example, PLS can be thought of as corresponding to the lemma ''every dag has a sink.'' The new classes, are based on lemmata such as ''every graph has an even number of odd-degree nodes.'' They contain several important problems for which no polynomial time algorithm is presently known, including the computational versions of Sperner's lemma, Brouwer's fixpoint theorem, Chevalley's theorem, and the Borsuk-Ulam theorem, the linear complementarity problem for P-matrices, finding a mixed equilibrium in a non-zero sum game, finding a second Hamilton circuit in a Hamiltonian cubic graph, a second Hamiltonian decomposition in a quartic graph, and others. Some of these problems are shown to be complete.
Densification in Electronics Packaging and Assembly

Summary form only given. Demand for smaller, faster, and low cost electronics has led the electronics industry move to very fine interconnects on both Ball Grid Array (BGA) surface mount assembly, flip chip packaging level. The trend of densification challenges board assembly material, processes and reliability. HDI PCB materials will become mainstream for electronics to address the increasing I/O density. The electrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical interaction impacts to solder joint reliability needs to be addressed. Low stress flip chip assembly technology will be needed for next generation flip chip technology.
Coral Recruitment Following a Mass Mortality Event

Abstract Coral recruitment, following the coral bleaching episode in 1998, was studied on the Kenyan coast. Scleractinian recruits representing 31 genera from 13 families were recorded in 2001, the dominant families at all sites being the Pocilloporidae, Poritidae, and Faviidae. The highest diversity and density of scleractinian recruits was observed at a site located within a marine park, with 11 families, 20 genera and 21.4 recruits per m2, while an unprotected site and sites with higher sediment input showed recruit densities under five. Survivorship was generally higher in massive than in branching genera. The diversity in the recruit population has decreased compared to pre-bleaching levels, while no significant change in density was recorded. Growth rates in recruits were consistent between sites and time of year, with an average growth rate of 0.117 mm2 mm−2 mon−1, with variation between species. The fastest growing genera were Echinopora, Acropora, Pocillopora, and Porites. With the exception of M...
The tropical-extratropical interaction between high-frequency transients and the Madden-Julian oscillation

Abstract The interaction between high-frequency transient disturbances and convection, and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), is investigated using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and satellite outgoing longwave radiation data for 15 northern winters. During the phase of the MJO with enhanced convection over the East Indian Ocean and Indonesia, and suppressed convection over the South Pacific convergence zone, both the Asian–Pacific jet and the region of upper-tropospheric tropical easterlies over the warm pool are displaced westward. These changes in the basic state lead to a weaker or “leakier” waveguide in the Asian–Pacific jet, with a westward-displaced “forbidden” region of tropical easterlies, such that high-frequency transient waves propagate equatorward into the deep Tropics over the central Pacific near the date line. As these waves induce convection in the region of ascent and reduced static stability ahead of the upper-level cyclonic disturbances, there is an enhancement of high-frequency convective var...
A Fluorescent Indicator for Measuring Cytosolic Free Magnesium

The previously developed chelator O-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA) (L. A. Levy, E. Murphy, B. Raju, and R. E. London. Biochemistry 27: 4041-4048, 1988) has been modified to yield a fluorescent analogue which can be utilized as an intracellular probe for ionized Mg2+. The fluorescent analogue, FURAPTRA, with a magnesium dissociation constant of 1.5 mM, is structurally analogous to the calcium chelator fura-2 and exhibits a similar excitation shift on magnesium complexation. Hence, data on the intracellular Mg2+ concentration can be obtained using an analogous ratio method. The acetoxymethyl form of the chelator is readily loaded into cells and has been used to determine a cytosolic free Mg2+ concentration of 0.59 mM for isolated rat hepatocytes. As a consequence of the relatively high levels of cytosolic Mg2+, the problem of ion buffering is much less severe than for the analogous calcium indicators.
A role for the Drosophila bag-of-marbles protein in the differentiation of cystoblasts from germline stem cells

Cell differentiation commonly dictates a change in the cell cycle of mitotic daughters. Previous investigations have suggested that the Drosophila bag of marbles (bam) gene is required for the differentiation of germline stem cell daughters (cystoblasts) from the mother stem cells, perhaps by altering the cell cycle. In this paper, we report the preparation of antibodies to the Bam protein and the use of those reagents to investigate how Bam is required for germ cell development. We find that Bam exists as both a fusome component and as cytoplasmic protein and that cytoplasmic and fusome Bam might have separable activities. We also show that bam mutant germ cells are blocked in differentiation and are trapped as mitotically active cells like stem cells. A model for how Bam might regulate cystocyte differentiation is presented.
NATURAL SELECTION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

working knowledge of analysis of variance, correlation, and regression is probably necessary. However, calculus is not a prerequisite, nor is matrix algebra. When mathematical proofs are necessary, Falconer invariably uses a simple, satisfying, heuristic approach based on simple algebra or statistics. More importantly for students, Falconer provides easily understood, intuitive, and verbal explanations of why important results are true. Nowhere is this talent for simple explanations more evident than on page 62, where Falconer explains why small samples would be expected to exhibit an excess of heterozygotes relative to the Hardy-Weinberg expectations; this is not an easy concept to explain, but Falconer's explanation makes it seem self-evident. The foregoing account pertains to Introduction of Quantitative Genetics as a textbook. It should be emphasized that it is also an important book for professionals, as it gives an overview of quantitative genetics, its successes and its lacunae, by one of its preeminent investigators. A good textbook tells students merely what they should know. An excellent one tells them not only what they should know, but what a field is, what it has achieved, and where it is going; it provides a field's view of the world from inside itself at its present state of development; it is a review of a field by an author or authors skilled enough to know what to leave out. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics exemplifies these ideals to the highest degree. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics is an important book for another reason. In its outlook and examples it summarizes the collective experience and wisdom of the Edinburgh school of quantitative genetics (Falconer himself headed the Agricultural Research Council's Unit of Animals Genetics from 1968 until it was dissolved in 1980). Few would argue the proposition that this group of people represents an aggregation of the finest quantitative geneticists in the world-Falconer, A. Robertson, W. G. Hill, and many, many others throughout the years either on the staff or passing through as students, visitors, or scientists on sabbatical. Falconer's fine book is at once an exemplary textbook, an excellent summary of the field, and a tribute to the achievements of a creative and far-thinking group of quantitative geneticists. A noted human quantitative geneticist and friend of mine once said that the best possible objective with regard to Falconer's edition 1 was to set out to memorize it. I agree, and the same goes for edition 2.
Determination of Metabolizable Energy by a Fast Method

Abstract A fast method for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) is described in which adult cockerels are trained to eat their diet in a mash form in 1 hr, and excreta are collected every 12 hr over the next 48 hr. The test ingredient is mixed with a balanced diet at a level of 50%. From the AME of the balanced diet and of the 50% mix, the AME of the test ingredient is calculated. The method gives precise values with a low standard error. The AME of a chicken starter diet was 3.13 ± .02 kcal/g.
Research Notes. Institutional Versus Questionnaire Measures of Organizational Structure: A Reexamination

The article discusses the merits of using both institutional and questionnaire measures to determine organizational structure. The study seeks to determine whether or not the convergence between qu...
Treatment with inhibitors of caspases, that are substrates of drug transporters, selectively permits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in multidrug-resistant cells but protects normal cells.

Many chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis in tumor cells, but killing of normal cells remains a major obstacle. Development of multidrug resistance further limits chemotherapy in cancer. Here, I show that multidrug resistance can be exploited for selective killing of multidrug-resistant cells by a combination of an apoptosis-inducing agent that is not a substrate of either Pgp or MRP (eg flavopiridol) with a caspase inhibitor that is a substrate (eg Z-DEVD-fmk). In normal cells, treatment with caspase inhibitors prevented PARP cleavage, nuclear fragmentation, and cell death caused by flavopiridol or epothilone B. In contrast, Pgp- and MRP-expressing cells were not rescued by caspase inhibitors. Furthermore, reversal of drug resistance renders Pgp cells sensitive to caspase inhibitors abolishing therapeutic advantage. Thus, caspase inhibitors, that are inactive in multidrug-resistant cells, protect normal but not multidrug-resistant cells against chemotherapy, permitting selective eradication of multidrug-resistant cells. Clinical application of this approach may diminish the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy in patients with multidrug-resistant tumors.
Strain induced enhancement of magnetization in Ba2FeMoO6 based heterostructure with (BaxSr1-x)TiO3

High quality epitaxial Ba2FeMoO6 thin films and Ba2FeMoO6–(BaxSr1−x)TiO3 bi-layer (BL) and superlattice (SL) structures were grown via pulsed laser deposition under low oxygen pressure, and their structural, magnetic, and magneto-transport properties were examined. Superlattice and bi-layer structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Low temperature magnetic measurement shows that the saturation magnetization (MS) is significantly higher for SLs and almost similar or lower for BLs, when compared to phase pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. The variation of the coercive field (HC) follows exact opposite trend, where BL samples have higher HC and SL samples have lower HC than pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. Also, a significant decrease of the Curie temperature is found in both BL and SL structures compared to pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. Negative magneto-resistance is seen in all the BL and SL structures as well as in pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. In contrast to the magnetic properties, the magneto-transport prop...
Antisense inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in primary cultured arterial myocytes

The effects of chimeric phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-oligos) targeted against the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) were tested in primary cultured rat mesenteric artery myocytes. In parallel cultures, myocytes proliferated and were morphologically normal in the presence of scrambled nonsense (NS-) or AS-oligos or no oligos (controls). NCX function was examined with digital imaging, using fura 2 to estimate the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). Resting [Ca2+]cyt was higher (145 +/- 4 nM; P < 0.05) in AS-oligo-treated cells than in controls (125 +/- 5 nM) or NS-oligo-treated cells (131 +/- 4 nM). Lowering external Na+, to promote Ca2+ entry via NCX, increased [Ca2+]cyt transiently in controls and NS-oligo-treated cells but not in AS-oligo-treated cells. Raising the cytosolic free Na+ concentration with ouabain augmented the low-Na(+)-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt in controls and NS-oligo-treated cells, but AS-oligo-treated cells still did not respond. Nevertheless, serotonin (5-HT) increased [Ca2+]cyt in all three groups. Thus AS-oligos selectively blocked NCX activity but not the 5-HT response. To determine the effect of NCX knockdown on the modulation of stored Ca2+, the 5-HT response was tested immediately after removal of external Ca2+. Ouabain augmented the 5-HT-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt in control and NS-oligo-treated cells but not AS-oligo-treated cells. This indicates that the NCX can modulate intracellular Ca2+ stores. We conclude that AS-oligos are useful for investigating the physiological role of NCX in vascular smooth muscle.
Planning a Water Supply System for the Village of Adi-Gheda, Eritrea

This case study involves the use of mixed integer linear programming to aid in the planning of a water supply system for a rural community, prior to more detailed design of the system. It is based on a real situation with some estimated data and assumed parameters. The problem involves selecting several components of the water supply system, and it is shown that even for a simple system computer programming is required to arrive at a solution quickly. A demo version of LINGO® (Schrage, 1999) is recommended to formulate and solve the problem, but other software may be used as well.