cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrimination between nestmate and non-nestmate kin by social wasps (Polistes fuscatus, Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

In blind laboratory observations, control gynes (potential queens) of the social waspPolistes fuscatus discriminated nestmate sisters from unrelated, non-nestmate gynes (P=0.009). However, in treatment observations, which were conducted concurrently with control observations, gynes failed to discriminate nestmate sisters from non-nestmate nieces (P>0.4). Furthermore, controls and treatments differed significantly (P<0.05) in the mean tolerance difference between nestmates and non-nestmates. Gynes treated non-nestmates nieces, in terms of mean tolerance, as nestmate sisters suggesting thatP. fuscatus gynes can recognize kin other than nestmates (i.e., nieces), but may not be able to discriminate between sisters and nieces. These results also indicate that the recognition odor ofP. fuscatus has a genetic component. In addition, the results provide additional evidence that increasing similarity between the learned and perceived recognition odors does not result in an additive effect on mean tolerance. This lack of additivity supports the cue similarity threshold recognition model proposed by Gamboa et al. (1986a, b).
A protein factor from Xenopus oocytes with simian virus 40 large tumor antigen-like DNA supercoiling activity.

Abstract The ATP-dependent movement of simian virus 40 large tumor antigen on DNA can cause positive supercoiling of template DNA in the presence of bacterial DNA topoisomerase I, which specifically relaxes negative supercoils. With such a supercoiling assay, an activity capable of ATP-dependent, positive supercoiling of DNA in the presence of bacterial DNA topoisomerase I was found in 7S particles prepared from Xenopus laevis oocytes but not in purified transcription factor IIIA. The positive supercoils accumulated during the reaction are strained, as evidenced by their sensitivity to eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I. Purification of this activity led to the identification of a DNA-dependent ATPase. Molar excess of transcription factor IIIA or spermidine was found to strongly stimulate the supercoiling reaction of the purified ATPase. These results suggest that this DNA-dependent ATPase can interact with and translocate along closed-circular duplex DNA, producing local alterations in the supercoiled state of the DNA template in a manner analogous to that of simian virus 40 large tumor antigen.
Strategies to enhance immune function in hematopoietic transplantation recipients who have fungal infections

The challenges in the treatment of systemic fungal infections after HSCT include: (1) changing epidemiology as less drug-susceptible saprophytic fungi are increasingly associated with human disease; (2) the difficulty of early and correct diagnosis, even with the new generation of enzymatic immunoassays; (3) the inability to reduce or eliminate predisposing factors, especially severe immune suppression in most transplant patients with these infections and (4) the uncertain role of antifungal drug combinations and risk of drug antagonism complicating effective empiric-pre-emptive therapy. Current, developing and future immune enhancement strategies including recombinant granulocyte- and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), adjuvant pro-inflammatory cytokine therapy during mobilized donor granulocyte transfusions, therapeutic potential of pentraxin, adaptive immune transfer and dendritic cell fungal vaccines. Improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of fungal infections and of the complexity of host antifungal immune responses has provided the critical information to readdress existing treatment paradigms and further evaluate the role of GM-CSF and IFN-gamma early in the course of therapy against life-threatening fungal infections in high-risk patients following stem cell transplantation.
Cold Shock Susceptibility of Blue Tilapia from the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania

Abstract A population of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus, a native species of Africa and southern Asia, became established in the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, after escaping from the Brunner Island Aquaculture Facility. It appears that blue tilapias are able to survive low water temperatures during winter by congregating in thermal effluents. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the Susquehanna River population to cold shock, and the conditions necessary to eliminate these fish from the thermal effluent at Pennsylvania Power and Light's Brunner Island Steam Electric Station. Blue tilapias were acclimated to 20° and 15°C and then exposed to sublethal and lethal temperatures under three patterns of temperature reduction–rapid cold shock or one of two rates of gradual temperature decrease (1°C/h or 3°C/h) to lethal temperatures–each test lasting 96 h and involving 20 fish per test group. Among fish acclimated to 20°C and immediately exposed to test temperatures, none died at...
The viable but non-culturable state in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus is a serious human pathogen, accounting for 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the United States. During the winter months, when coastal water temperatures drop below 10 °C, investigators have repeatedly reported their inability to isolate this estuarine bacterium from the environment. We now realize that this apparent ‘die-off’ is actually due to entry of the cells into a ‘viable but non-culturable’ state, a survival response to the low temperature stress. Cells in this state appear dormant, and cannot be cultured in or on routine bacteriological media, but are capable of returning to the actively metabolizing state when the environmental stress is removed. This review describes this non-culturable state in V. vulnificus, and its role in the ecology, physiology, and epidemiology of this pathogen.
The Pathogenesis and Treatment of the Valvulopathy of Aortic Stenosis: Beyond the SEAS

Fibrocalcific aortic stenosis (AS) results from an active process similar to atherosclerosis that involves basement membrane disruption, lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and calcification. Consequently, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been extensively studied as potential therapeutic agents capable of slowing the progression of AS. However, two randomized trials, SALTIRE and the SEAS study, showed no benefit with statin therapy for AS. These results have shed doubt over the efficacy of statin therapy for AS, although their potential efficacy at early stages of aortic valve disease remains possible. In this article, we review the pathophysiology of fibrocalcific AS and discuss future directions for its nonsurgical management in the post-SEAS era.
SOME HISTOCHEMICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL, AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF THE OVULE OF QUERCUS GAMBELII

Histochemical analyses of the ovule of Quercus gambelii show that the major food reserves (starch grains and lipids) are located almost exclusively within the outer integument. Vascular traces are present only within this integument which contains numerous, well-developed plasmodesmata. The inner integument is virtually devoid of any food reserves and has very few plasmodesmata. The ovule has a persistent chalazal extension of residual nucellar cells (called the postament) which projects into the embryo sac. Due to the above information and the fact that the synergids rarely contain starch and no plasmodesmata are present in the walls of any of the cells of the egg apparatus (Mogensen, 1972), it is concluded that the synergids play little or no role in embryo sac nutrition. Rather, it is proposed that the pathway of available food materials in the young ovule is from the outer integument to the chalaza and through the postament into the embryo sac. SINCE JENSEN (1963, 1965) first ascribed a nutritional role to the synergids of cotton, several studies have touched upon the subject of embryo sac nutrition.
HOME VERSUS FOREIGN INVESTMENT: A CASE AGAINST CAPITAL EXPORT*

SUMMARY Investment brings two kinds of benefits: direct benefits in the form of profits to the investing enterprises; and indirect or development benefits in the form of productivity gains and higher wage rates. Conventional resource allocation precepts, in asserting that enterprises should invest in regions, domestic or foreign, that yield them the largest return, neglect the second type of benefit. If enterprises elect to invest abroad because the return to capital there is marginally higher than at home, then presumably the gains in development accrue to the foreign rather than the domestic economy. A recognition of both types of benefits leads to the conclusion that foreign investment, to be advantageous to the domestic economy, must yield a premium sufficiently in excess of what home investment would yield to compensate for the development benefits that are foregone. This view is given formal support through a suggested framework in which the relations between investment decisions by enterprises, the returns to factors and the indirect development benefits can be explicitly shown. The novelty of the argument lies in the integrating character of this framework, which permits a determination of the premium that foreign investment should earn. The question of whether historically that premium has been earned also is explored.
COLD SURFACE IONIZATION OF FAST K ATOMS ON Ta AND W RIBBONS.

Abstract Absolute efficiencies for ionization of fast K atoms on ribbons of Ta and W at ambient temperature are reported for K atoms incident with energies between 10 eV and 1000 eV.
Development of the retinal pathway to the pretectum of the cat

The development of retinal projections to the pretectal complex of prenatal and early postnatal cats has been examined using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids. As early as embryonic day 38, the entire dorsal pretectum is penetrated by retinal ganglion cell axons. At this stage the bilateral complement of retinal efferents appears to be dispersed uniformly within the pretectal anlage. A week later, on embryonic day 46, indistinct foci of peroxidase reaction product can be discerned within 2 of the primordial nuclei: the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary nucleus. By embryonic day 56, five distinct bilateral fields of retinal fiber termination are apparent within the following regions: (i) the nucleus of the optic tract; (ii) the pretectal olivary nucleus; (iii) the posterior pretectal nucleus; (iv) the anterior pretectal nucleus; and (v) the medial pretectal nucleus. Four days before birth, on embryonic day 61, crossed and uncrossed retinal arbors are partially segregated within the nucleus of the optic tract and the pretectal olivary nucleus. The early postnatal retinal connection to the pretectum has an overall pattern virtually indistinguishable from that of the mature cat. The ontogeny of the retinal influx to the pretectum is similar to that of the retinocollicular projection. However, the development of retinal projections to the pretectum and superior colliculus appears to lag behind those to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These differences may reflect temporal and spatial gradients in the maturation of three major classes of retinal ganglion cells.
Parameters affecting the yield of DNA from human blood

An examination of variables affecting the yield of DNA from blood was undertaken in order to improve sample processing and to evaluate alternative methods of mailing blood samples for DNA analysis. A rapid, high-yield method was developed for the isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from fresh and frozen blood. In addition, the following observations were made: (1) Of the anticoagulants examined, acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution B was found to be superior to EDTA and heparin for preserving yields of DNA during incubation at room temperature. If DNA is isolated from frozen blood, high yields of undegraded DNA are achieved after incubation at 23 degrees C for 5 days with ACD solution B. (2) High yields of undegraded DNA are obtained from blood stored with ACD solution B for at least 1 day at 42 degrees C, 5 days at 0 degrees C, or 1 month at -20 degrees C. (3) Three cycles of freezing and thawing may have little if any affect on the yield of DNA. The results indicate that blood for DNA extraction may be mailed in an ambient temperature container and, in many cases, sent by first-class mail rather than by overnight delivery services.
Life satisfaction, self‐esteem, and personal happiness among Mexican and African Americans

This study, using data from the Mexican Origin People in the United States: The 7 979 Chicano Survey and the National Survey of Black Americans, examines variation in religious participation and subjective quality of life across age and racial/ethnic groups. Results from multiple regression analyses demonstrate that Mexican and African Americans differ with respect to self‐esteem, happiness, and life satisfaction, even after controls for sociodemographic characteristics are introduced. Results further show that the subjective consequences of age and religious participation, and to a lesser extent socioeconomic status, differ between the two racial/ethnic groups.
A high level language extension for creating and controlling dynamic pictures

DALI (Display Algorithm Language Interpreter) is a special purpose high level programming language extension for the creation and control of dynamic pictures which exhibit complex static and dynamic interactions among their elements. DALI allows complex organizations of interpolated (“smooth”) change, discrete (“sudden”) change, and change to the structure of a picture to be generated in a modular way, in the sense that picture elements determine their own behavior and hence manner of change in a local manner.DALI pictures are composed of elements called picture modules. These are analogous to processes or procedural activations, and contain arbitrary event-driven procedures called daemons. Daemons, which are user-written, run under the control of scheduling rules based on the functional dependence of daemons on one another. These rules result in smooth inter-daemon (process) communication and cooperation with no implicit or explicit reference to semaphores or other synchronization primitives.
Static and in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations of the atomic structure and dynamics of massive transformation interfaces in a Ti-Al alloy

Static and in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and three-dimensional near-coincident-site (NCS) atomic modeling were used to determine the atomic structure, growth mechanisms, and dynamics of massive transformation interfaces in a Ti-Al alloy. Results from these experiments show that massive γ M grains often have an irrational orientation relationship (OR) and structurally incommensurate (incoherent) interface with respect to the parent α (retained α 2) phase, although the degree of commensurability varies, depending on the orientation and planarity of a particular α 2/γ M interface. In-situ HRTEM observations of several α 2/γ M interfaces during growth revealed evidence of both continuous and stepwise mechanisms of interface motion, again, depending on the orientation of the interface plane for a given OR between the two phases. These findings are discussed within the contex of the massive transformation and the motion of interphase boundaries in solids.
Cu NQR of (Y1−yCay)Ba2Cu3O6

Abstract Cu NQR demonstrates that superconductors in the family (Y 1−x Ca x )Ba 2 Cu 3 O 6 are highly two-dimensional and quite different in electronic structures from the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x family.
Simulation of continuous sample paths of random fields using trigonometric series

The problem of simulating random fields on a digital computer using random trigonometric series is considered. Convergence in distribution of the sample paths as continuous functions is demonstrated when the structure function is bounded by $$D(\vec \rho ) \leqslant M\left| {\vec \rho } \right|^\beta $$ . Methods for simulating homogeneous and homogeneous increment random fields are presented. As an example, random index of refraction fluctuations are simulated using both a fractal model and a homogeneous random field model.
Personal Digital Assistants: A Review of Current and Potential Utilization Among Medical Residents

Background: Increases in the daily work load of medical residents, coupled with constraints on their work hours have made personal digital assistants (PDAs) an increasingly popular management resource. No comprehensive review of PDA utilization among medical residents has been published. Purpose: The purpose is to review and analyze current literature addressing PDA use by medical residents and to asses the future impact handheld computers may have on the daily practices of residents. Method: A systematic literature search was completed to identify publications that describe the use of PDAs by medical residents. Particular attention and priority was given to articles addressing patient care, information management, and educational outcomes. Results: The rate of PDA utilization has dramatically increased in the past decade. Today, 70% of residents report using a PDA daily. PDAs are most commonly used for referencing medication-prescribing guides, medical textbooks, patient documentation programs, and medic...
764-1 Dobutamine Transesophageal Echo in the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease: Comparison with Dobutamine Transthoracic Echo in the Same Setting

Dobutamine stress echo (DSE) is a valuable technique in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, its role is limited when transthoracic (TTE) images are suboptimal. Transesophageal echo (TEE) may overcome this limitation due to less acustic impedance. To define the value of Dob-TEE in assessing CAD, 60 pts (54 male; 6 female; mean age 59 ± 13 yrs) underwent near-simultaneous Dob-TTE and Dob-TEE in the same setting. Elective coronary angiography was performed within 5 days. HE and TEE were performed at rest, during Dob infusion and 3 min after recovery. Dob was infused in 3-min increments from 5 to 40 mcg/kg/min. Atropine (0.5–1.0 mg) was added in case of insufficient chronotropic response to Dob (85% predicted heart rate). Segments of the LV either from HE orTEE were grouped according to the 3 main coronary artery distributions. DSE was considered abnormal if new or worsening of segmental wall motion abnormalities (SWMA) were noted. Results All segments representing the 3 coronary artery distributions were seen in all pts (100%) by TEE and in 43 pts (72%) by HE. DSE was positive in 46 of 49 pts with significant CAD (≥ 50% stenosis) and it was negative in 8 of 11 pts with normal arteries or non-significant disease (sensitivity 94%, specificity 73%, positive predictive value 94%, negative predictive value 73% and diagnostic accuracy 90%). There was no difference between HE and TEE results in the 43 pts with good quality HE images. The heart rate (145 ± 10 vs 122 ± 16 bpm respectively p l 0.001) and the dose of Dob (38 ± 3 vs 29 ± 6 mcg/kg/min p l 0.001) atwhich SWMA began to occur or worsen from previously abnormal were significantly higher in pts with single-vessel disease than in those with multi-vessel disease. Dob infusion was well tolerated and no serious complications occurred. Conclusions Dab-TEE is a safe and highly accurate alternative to Dob-TTE when precordial 2D images are suboptimal. Early positive DSE response suggests multi-vessel disease.
Viscoelastic Behavior and In Vivo Release Study of Microgel Dispersions with Inverse Thermoreversible Gelation

The dispersion of microgels with two interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-IPN-PAAc) has been studied for its viscoelastic behavior, biocompatibility, and in vivo release properties. The IPN microgels in water had an average hydrodynamic radius of about 85 nm at 21 °C, measured by dynamic light scattering method. The atomic force microscope image showed that the particles were much smaller after they were dried but remained spherical shape. The storage and loss moduli (G′ and G′′) of dispersions of IPN microgels were measured in the linear stress regime as functions of temperature and frequency at various polymer concentrations using a stress-controlled rheometer. For dispersions with polymer concentrations of 3.0 and 6.0 wt % above 33 °C, the samples behave as viscoelastic solids and the storage modulus was larger than the loss modulus over the entire frequency range. The loss tangent was measured at various frequencies as a function of temperatur...
Base-Bleed Effect on X-33 Aerospike Plume Induced Base-Heating Environment During Power-Pack Out

A computational heat transfer methodology was developed to study the dual-engine linear aerospike plume induced base-heating environment during one power-pack out, in ascent flight. One power-pack out results in reduction of power levels for both engines. That, in turn, reduces the amount of base-bleed and changes the distribution of base-bleed on the two pillows. Hence, the concern of increased base-heating during power-pack out. The thermo-flowfield of the entire vehicle was computed. The computational methodology for the convective heating is based on a three-dimensional, finite-volume, viscous, chemically reacting, and pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation. The computational methodology for the radiative heating is based on a three-dimensional, finite-volume, and spectral-line-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases absorption computational radiation heat transfer formulation. A separate radiation model was used for diagnostic purposes. The computational methodology was systematically benchmarked. In this study, near-base radiative heat fluxes were computed and they compared well with those measured from an installed linear aerospike engine tests. The base-heating environment of 18 trajectory points selected from three power-pack out ascent scenarios was computed and is presented here. The power-pack out condition has the most impact on convective base-heating when it happens early in flight. The some of its impact comes from the asymmetric and reduced base-bleed.
Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time

Objective: Studies of health-related behaviors, including weight loss, have shown that risk of relapse decreases over time, although reasons for this relationship are unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine if subjects who have maintained weight losses for varying periods of time report different strategies for weight loss maintenance or differences in the effort and pleasure associated with weight maintenance behaviors. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 758 women and 173 men who had maintained losses of at least 30 lb (mean = 60 lb) for 2 years or longer (mean = 6.8 ± 7.0 years). Self-administered questionnaires assessed subjects’ use of weight maintenance strategies in the past year and their perceptions of the effort, attention, and pleasure associated with weight maintenance. Results: Subjects who had maintained weight losses longer used fewer weight maintenance strategies and reported that less effort was required to diet and maintain weight and that less attention was required to maintain weight. The pleasure derived from exercise, low-fat eating, and maintaining weight was unrelated to duration of weight loss maintenance. Discussion: As duration increases, a shift in the balance between the effort and pleasure of weight maintenance may occur. This shift may increase the likelihood of continued maintenance.
Dihydrozeatin: an improved synthesis and resolution of both isomers

(±)-Dihydrozeatin was synthesized in a 3-step synthesis by: (1) a Michael condensation of methyl methacrylate with nitromethane to give (±) - methyl 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyrate, which was (2) reduced to (±) - 4 -amino - 2 - methylbutan - 1 - ol and (3) reaction of the aminoalcohol with 6-chloropurine. Hydrolysis of racemic nitroester gave (±) - 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyric acid, which was resolved by means of (+) - and (-) -α -methylbenzylamine salts. Conversion of the salts to the corresponding methyl esters and subsequent reductions yielded optically active 4 - amino 2 - methylbutan - 1 - ols. Examination of the NMR spectra of the resolved methyl 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyrates in the presence of a chiral shift reagent established their optical purities to be greater than 98%. The specific rotations at 589 nm of theS- (−) andR- (+)- dihydrozeatins derived from optically active butanols were appreciably lower than previously reported. Application of the Drude equation to ORD values from 320 to 589 nm verified the low 589 nm rotations of the dihydrozeatin enantiomers. The biological activities of (R), (S) and (R,S) dihydrozeatins in the betacyanin stimulation assay withAmaranthus parallel the activities found in other cytokinin bioassays.
Extending the Analysis of Spontaneous Market Order to Governance

How much do markets depend on the state? The founders of the Austrian School of Economics saw a lot of room for markets but believed that government rules and regulations are needed to create framework for markets. More recent research, however, has shown that rules and regulations underpinning some of the most advanced markets such as stock markets have emerged from the market. This article discusses how Austrian economic insights about the importance of competition (although not atomistic competition), entrepreneurship, and consumer sovereignty can be applied to governance itself.
Symbolic calculation of auxiliary functions for molecular integrals over slater orbitals

Symbolic calculation is applied to the evaluation of molecular integrals over Slater orbitals (STOs). A recurrence scheme is developed for some new auxiliary functions that facilitate this work. Closed expressions are developed independently for use in spot checks. A table of formulas for the individual functions has been constructed and made available on-line. Applications are discussed. The derivations and tabulations were performed mechanically in runs that produced both the original typeset account of this study and more detailed documentation without manual transcription.
Second harmonic generation correlation spectroscopy for single molecule experiments

We demonstrate a single molecule detection approach to further extend the detection limit of correlation spectroscopic techniques through the Second Harmonic Generation Correlation Spectroscopy (SHGCS). SHG signals with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were obtained from Barium titanium oxide, BaTiO3 (BTO) nanocrystals (NCs) upon excitation by a femto-second laser fitted to the scanning confocal bench. The fluctuation of SHG signals from BTO NCs in transparent and turbid media was examined and their diffusion time and particle concentration were evaluated by autocorrelation. Proof-of-concept measurements indicate that water-dispersed BTO NCs at different concentrations yield an average diffusion time of 6.43 ± 0.68 ms and the detection limit of SHGCS was found to be at 814 ± 41 fM, approximately 100 folds below the detection limit of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The dynamics of BTO NCs was demonstrated in serum with high SNR and selectivity to show its potential applicability in biomedicine. High SNR and the sub-picomolar detection limit positions SHGCS as an excellent technique for ultralow single particle or single molecule experimentation in a complex medium.
The debate over drug testing in the workplace: A novel opportunity for public scientific education

In several respects, American evidence law has an anti-scientific bias. A number of the admissibility and legal sufficiency rules in American evidence law reflect this bias. The assumption underlying the bias is that the typical citizen--the potential juror--is incapable of critically evaluating technical evidence. The results of national educational tests demonstrate that scientific illiteracy is widespread in the United States. However, the current controversy over drug testing presents forensic scientists with a unique opportunity to educate the average citizen about some of the rudiments of scientific proof. In the course of the debate, the scientific community can help familiarize the American public with such concepts as the limited nature of scientific findings, experimentation as the means of scientific validation, and the importance of proper test protocol. Perhaps more than any other scientific controversy, the debate over drug testing is of intense personal interest to the average citizen. This article pleads with the participants in the drug testing debate to capitalize on that interest and conduct their debate at a high level to aid the citizenry to develop a broader understanding of scientific evidence. Language: en
Metrizability and the Frechet-Urysohn Property in Topological Groups

ABssRAc'r. A question of Arhangel'skii, whether weakly first countable topological groups are metrizable, is answered in two ways: if the Hausdorff axiom is assumed, the answer is yes, but in general a weakly first countable topological group need not be pseudometrizable. The former result is obtained as a corollary of a more general sufficient condition for a sequential group to be Fr&chet-Urysohn. A general necessary and sufficient condition for a sequential group to be FrechetUrysohn is given, and a number of questions are raised. Examples are given to show in what respect the theorems of the paper are the "best possible".
Multisensor approach in linear-Gaussian estimation of 3-D angular motion

This paper addresses the real-time estimation of rigid-body angular motion in 3-D space. The method obtains covariances of the 'true' 3-D angular velocity, the angular velocity measurement and the measurement noise, from the time averages of the outputs of an array of nine linear accelerometers and the outputs of three orthogonal gyroscopes. These statistics are used by the estimator to calculate the 3-D angular velocity of the rigid-body. The multisensor technique performance is evaluated through a computer simulation. The results indicate the new method leads to more accurate angular velocity values than are obtained conventionally.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluating pictorial illustrations

Teachers of technical writing typically have limited knowledge of the principles of effective pictorial communication. Goldsmith's rhetorically oriented theory of illustration offers the necessary guidelines. This theory is easily accessed through a practical 12‐question heuristic that directs the technical writer's composition and evaluation of pictorial images.
Dynamics of urinary polyomavirus shedding in healthy adult women

The hypothesis was examined that physiologic variation of estrogen concentrations during the menstrual cycle can provoke BK virus (BKV) excretion. BKV and JCV viral loads were determined in urine specimens obtained almost daily from 20 healthy, non-pregnant women over 2 months. Asymptomatic urinary shedding of BKV was observed in 123 (12.0%) of 1,021 specimens from 11 (55%) study subjects. Two subjects excreted JCV in their urine, with one subject excreting detectable JCV in all urine specimens. Analysis of 36 complete menstrual cycles revealed no difference in the prevalence of BKV excretion between pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. The unexpected day-to-day variability in BKV excretion suggests that as yet unidentified factors may contribute to the periodic shedding of BKV by healthy women.
Use of Rituximab to Decrease Panel-Reactive Antibodies

Patients with pre-formed antibodies may be at increased risk of rejection after organ transplantation. In this report, we describe the use of rituximab to decrease the percentage of pre-formed antibodies in a pediatric heart transplant recipient.
A Simulation Model for Studying Low-Frequency Microinstabilities

Abstract A 2 1 2 - dimensional electrostatic particle code in a slab geometry has been developed to study low-frequency oscillations such as drift wave and trapped particle instabilities in a nonuniform bounded plasma. A drift approximation for the electron transverse motion is made which eliminates the high-frequency oscillations at the electron gyrofrequency and its multiples. It is, therefore, possible to study the nonlinear effects such as the anomalous transport of plasmas within a reasonable computing time using a real mass ratio. Several examples are given to check the validity and usefulness of the model, including those using full electron dynamics.
Magnetic ground state of metallic hydrogen and lithium in the low-density limit

The nature of the magnetic instabilities in an electron gas at low densities is investigated by means of local spin-density determinations of the electronic and magnetic properties of monoatomic alkali-metal materials in the low-density limit. The total energy and band structures of the paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic phases of H and Li were calculated using the linearized muffin-tin orbital method and the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. The different instabilities and the corresponding metal-insulator transitions are discussed. A stable antiferromagnetic phase is obtained for metallic H, and a stable ferromagnetic phase for metallic Li. A Stoner-factor calculation for all the alkali metals shows the exceptional behavior of H.
Core competencies and the prevention of youth violence

We discuss how the five core competencies for healthy adjustment in adolescence (a positive sense of self, self-control, decision-making skills, a moral system of belief, and prosocial connectedness) are represented in theories of aggression and youth violence. We then discuss research supporting the relation between these core competencies and aggressive and violent behavior in childhood and adolescence. Finally, we address the degree to which these core competencies have been included and systematically evaluated within school-based prevention programs, and we end with suggestions for future directions.
Pearls: neuromuscular disorders.

Various brief clinical observations helpful in the evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disorders are discussed and illustrated. These include features of focal neuropathies, including the neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome, apparent ulnar nerve-innervated hand weakness in radial neuropathies, scapula movement in long thoracic compared with spinal accessory neuropathies, and diaphragm paralysis in segmental zoster paresis. Potential diagnostic errors include multifocal motor neuropathy mistaken for nerve tumor, the pseudoconduction block of vasculitic neuropathy leading to a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome, and leg paralysis in myelopathy mistaken for early ascending paralysis in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Very focal weakness of limb muscles occurs in myasthenia gravis, similar to the more familiar focal cranial muscle involvement. Fluctuation, not fatigability, in myasthenia gravis is discussed. The presentation of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome as a nonfluctuating subacute myopathy is emphasized. Patterns of weakness in inclusion body myositis and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy are illustrated.
Caudate Volume Predicts Neurocognitive Performance in Youth with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, and are characterized, in some cases, by CNS anomalies and cognitive impairment. Regional patterns of neuroanatomical abnormalities suggest that alcohol exerts selective damage on the developing fetal brain. This study assessed brain-behavior relationships in a sample of youth with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. The aim was to characterize how structural brain alterations observed in our previous studies relate to cognitive deficits commonly reported in individuals with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.
Theoretical calculations on the hydrogen elimination of ethene with chemical accuracy

Abstract The singlet and triplet reaction paths for the H2 elimination of ethene are examined using the left-eigenstate completely renormalized coupled cluster singles, doubles, and noniterative triples approach with the cc-pVTZ, cc-pVQZ, and cc-pV5Z basis sets. Extrapolated complete basis set (CBS) energies and CCL/cc-pVTZ zero-point energies and thermal corrections are calculated to construct the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces and Gibbs energy surfaces of ethene. The singlet reaction path of C2H4 → H2C C: + H2 → C2H2 + H2 is found to be the predominant path that accounts for the thermal dehydrogenation of ethene at 0–2000 K. The calculated high-pressure limit rate constants are in excellent agreement with the high-pressure extrapolation of experimental data at 1200–2000 K.
Mechanism of Dehydrocyclization of 1-Hexene to Benzene on Cu3Pt(111)

Even though dehydrocyclization is widely practiced in heterogeneous catalysis for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic compounds, knowledge of the mechanism of this process remains limited, largely because it has not previously been possible to carry out the reaction under conditions amenable to detailed mechanistic studies. We report here ultrahigh vacuum studies of the dehydrocyclization of submonolayer coverages of 1-hexene to benzene on a Cu3Pt(111) single-crystal surface. On the basis of temperature-programmed reaction/desorption (TPR/D) studies of dehydrocyclization of 1-hexene as compared to the reactions of cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, benzene, 1,3-hexadiene, and 1,3,5-hexatriene with a Cu3Pt(111) surface, it is found that a rate-determining step in the overall reaction is cyclization. The obtained results show that at low coverages of mono- and bi-unsaturated cyclic compounds, benzene is the only gas-phase hydrocarbon product of reaction of these com...
Changing status of sodium restriction in therapy of hypertension.

Abstract Concepts, clinical and experimental, of the role of sodium in hypertension and hypertensive disease are briefly reviewed and the current place of thiazide drugs is noted. Except as Na ion may somehow alter responsiveness of vessels by membrane effects, the ultimate nature of the associations remains obscure.
Topographic influences on vegetation mosaics and tree diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert Borderlands

The abundance and distribution of species reflect how the niche requirements of species and the dynamics of populations interact with spatial and temporal variation in the environment. This study investigated the influence of geographical variation in environmental site conditions on tree dominance and diversity patterns in three topographically dissected mountain ranges in west Texas, USA, and northern Mexico. We measured tree abundance and basal area using a systematic sampling design across the forested areas of three mountain ranges and related these data to a suite of environmental parameters derived from field and digital elevation model data. We employed cluster analysis, classification and regression trees (CART), and rarefaction to identify (1) the dominant forest cover types across the three study sites and (2) environmental influences on tree distribution and diversity patterns. Elevation, topographic position, and incident solar radiation were the major influences on tree dominance and diversity. Mesic valley bottoms hosted high-diversity vegetation types, while hotter and drier mid-slopes and ridgetops supported lower tree diversity. Valley bottoms and other topographic positions shared few species, indicating high species turnover at the landscape scale. Mountain ranges with high topographic complexity also had higher species richness, suggesting that geographical variability in environmental conditions was a major influence on tree diversity. This study stressed the importance of landscape- and regional-scale topographic variability as a key factor controlling vegetation pattern and diversity in southwestern North America.
Managing a distribution channel under asymmetric information with performance requirements

In this paper we study how performance requirements may improve the working of a distribution channel when the retailer is better informed about demand conditions than the manufacturer. Performance requirements means that the manufacturer and retailer agree to 1 have the manufacturer set requirements on retail price or service or both, and 2 jointly invest in the information systems required to monitor the retailer's compliance with the requirements. We show that performance requirements on price and service will improve channel performance. But if requirements cannot be set on both performance dimensions, the choice among the remaining options is not straightforward. Price requirements may be worse than no requirements, and service requirements no better. The central problem with setting requirements on only one dimension is that the retailer then behaves suboptimally on the other. Between the two partial options, service requirements are better than price requirements in aligning the interests of the manufacturer and the retailer, whereas price requirements are better at inducing the retailer to reveal his demand.
Rethinking Service Recovery Strategies The Effect of Rapport on Consumer Responses to Service Failure

Researchers and practitioners have invested heavily in identifying effective complaint management strategies. However, most of the strategies identified to date occur only after a service failure occurs. This article proposes that antecedent states such as an ongoing rapport with service employees can also provide service recovery benefits. Four independent studies test this approach and indicate that an existing rapport between the customer and service provider results in increased postfailure customer satisfaction, increased repatronage intentions, and decreased negative word of mouth. Yet results for complaint intentions suggest that rapport does not increase the propensity for customers to complain about poor service. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for research and practice.
Minimum infinity-norm inverse kinematic solution for redundant manipulators

Redundant manipulators admit infinite solutions to the inverse kinematic problem for given end-effector parameters. The problem of determining a minimum infinity norm solution to the velocity inverse kinematic problem, i.e., computing a joint velocity vector whose maximum absolute value component is minimum among all joint velocity vectors yielding the desired end-effector velocity, is investigated. The proposed method uses duality results from functional analysis to determine the solution from a solution to the dual problem, i.e., by determining a force vector that maximizes the work done by the given end-effector velocity with bounded joint torques. An algorithm for obtaining the solution is presented. The minimum-infinity norm solution thus obtained is compared with the pseudoinverse solution. >
the legitimation of beliefs in a hunter‐gatherer society: Bearlake Athapaskan knowledge and authority

Anthropologists sometimes suggest that northeastern Athapaskan-speaking Indians have distinctive ideas about the relationships among individual autonomy, knowledge, and power. One feature of northeastern Athapaskan culture, as realized among the Bearlake Athapaskans, is the significance attributed to experiential knowledge and primary epistemic reasons in the justification of beliefs. Individual authority is based on and legitimated by primary knowledge. The epistemological and political significance of such knowledge derives from the Bearlake hunter-gatherer mode of production. [knowledge, authority, hunter-gatherers, Athapaskan]
Hierarchical and modular attention

The flow of visual input reaching the eye consists of huge amounts of time-varying information. It is crucial for both biological vision and automated systems to perceive and comprehend such a constantly changing environment within a relatively short processing time. To cope with such a computational challenge, one should locate and analyze only the information relevant to the current task by quickly focusing on selected areas of the scene as needed. Attention makes perception computationally tractable and helps with tasks such as object recognition. Attention permeates the whole stream of visual computation, it is both hierarchical and modular, and it involves representations, processing and strategies. Attentional mechanisms are intimately related to adaptation processes, and high-level attention corresponds to competitive, functional and learned behavioral programs. Attention consists of both data- and model-driven processes and their relationships, and it covers several levels such as sensory, reactive and behavioral processes. An example of how attention can be implemented considers time-varying imagery and it shows how functional linked pyramids and zoom lens operations lead to the generation of visual saccades. Both the time-varying imagery and the corresponding recognition memory are organized as pyramids and uniform indexing and classification interfaces using an attention pyramid are established. This paper concludes with a discussion on promising venues for future research that are most likely to enhance our understanding of attentional mechanisms.
Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana Use: The Devil is in the Details

This paper sheds light on previous inconsistencies identified in the literature regarding the relationship between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and recreational marijuana use by closely examining the importance of policy dimensions (registration requirements, home cultivation, dispensaries) and the timing of when particular policy dimensions are enacted. Using data from our own legal analysis of state MMLs, we evaluate which features are associated with adult and youth recreational and heavy use by linking these policy variables to data from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). We employ differences-in-differences techniques, controlling for state and year fixed effects, allowing us to exploit within-state policy changes. We find that while simple dichotomous indicators of MML laws are not positively associated with marijuana use or abuse, such measures hide the positive influence legal dispensaries have on adult and youth use, particularly heavy use. Sensitivity analyses that help address issues of policy endogeneity and actual implementation of dispensaries support our main conclusion that not all MML laws are the same. Dimensions of these policies, in particular legal protection of dispensaries, can lead to greater recreational marijuana use and abuse among adults and those under the legal age of 21 relative to MMLs without this supply source.