cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled fuel-air mixing using a synthetic jet array

Active control of gaseous fuel-air mixing using zero net-mass-flux synthetic jets located at the periphery of two coaxial jets is quantitatively measured using planar laser-induced acetone fluorescence. Large data sets were taken at multiple downstream locations to provide statistically significant results. Nine synthetic jets, placed circumferentially around the outer annular jet and exiting parallel to the main flow, permit control of both entrainment and small-scale mixing through the effects of both high and low frequency actuation. The small-scale mixing effects are strong in the very near field of the main jets, but decay farther downstream. The large-scale structures are more important downstream. The relative velocities of the coaxial jets are important to the mixing enhancement
Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube field emitters

We report an effective procedure for fabricating carbon nanotube emitters by directly synthesizing carbon nanotubes on an electrochemically sharpened tungsten tip. The nanotubes adhere very well to the tip of tungsten without any painting materials. Thermal cleaning of the tungsten tip under applied electric field reduced the number of nanotubes formed on the tip resulting in a single nanotube emitter. Electron field emission properties were investigated by employing a field emission microscope with a base pressure ~ 1 × 10-9 Torr. The emission images with respect to the applied field and time were obtained. Different emission images consisting of one to four lobes at different applied fields were observed. The characteristic of the emission current vs. applied voltage was analyzed. Applied potentials up to 3000 V were tested. The estimated field on the emitter was on the order of several tens of volts per nanometer. Our investigation suggests that at lower fields, the I-V characteristic of the nanotube emitter follows Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) emission behavior. At higher applied field, current saturation was observed.
Proceed™ mesh for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.

Background and objectives Laparoscopic technique to repair ventral hernia offers advantages over conventional open surgery such as shorter recovery time, decreased pain, and lower recurrence rates. There are a myriad of meshes available for laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias. This study evaluated the outcomes of laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias with Proceed mesh (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) in a single academic institution. Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective review was performed for 100 consecutive patients with ventral hernia who underwent a laparoscopic approach at our institution from August 2006 to February 2009. All patients were operated on by a single surgeon using a standard technique with transabdominal suture fixation and tacks. Results The study included 100 consecutive patients (57 female and 43 male patients). The mean age was 55 years (range, 16-78 years), and the mean body mass index was 33.3 kg/m(2) (range, 19.6-68.9 kg/m(2)). Of the repairs, 27% were performed for a recurrent hernia. The mean and median size of the defect were 128 cm(2) and 119.5 cm(2) (range, 4-500 cm(2)), respectively. To ensure appropriate mesh overlap, the mean size of mesh was 253 cm(2) (range, 36-700 cm(2)). There were 4 conversions. The mean operative time was 117 minutes (range, 35-286 minutes). The mean length of stay was 1.9 days. There were no major abdominal complications. With a mean follow-up period of 50 months (range, 38-68 months), we have not recorded any recurrences. No mesh-related complications have been documented. Conclusions The laparoscopic approach to ventral hernia repairs using Proceed mesh is associated with a low conversion rate and no major complications. At 50 months of follow-up, the recurrence rate is 0%. There were no mesh-related complications.
Impacts of recreational diving on hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) behaviour in a marine protected area

ABSTRACTThe hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered species encountered by recreational divers in marine protected areas (MPAs) circumtropically. Few studies, however, have examined the impacts of recreational diving on hawksbill behaviours. In 2014, we collected turtle sightings surveys and dive logs from 14 dive operations, and conducted in-water observations of 61 juvenile hawksbill turtles in Roatan, Honduras, to determine if differences in dive site use and diver behaviours affected sea turtle behaviours in the Roatan Marine Park. Sightings distributions did not vary with diving pressure during an 82-day study period. We found the amount of time turtles spent eating, investigating and breathing decreased when approached by divers. Our results suggest diver interactions may negatively impact sea turtle behaviours, however it is unknown if recreational diving has a cumulative effect on turtles over time. We recommend that MPA managers should implement monitoring program...
African Politics in Comparative Perspective: The Agrarian Question

Social exchange theory, as discussed in Chapter Four, posits that power is manifest in relations between people. It is the interdependence thus created that generates the possibility of exercising power. The more symmetrical these relations are the less likely that they will be perceived as one person exercising power over the other. The more asymmetrical they are, however, the more probable that the persons involved in these relations will subjectively perceive them in terms of power. As suggested already, relations between people can be formal or informal. The more formal they are, the more corporate their character is likely to be. What determines these relations, in other words, are the roles people play rather than their own personal attributes or character. For instance, relations of power in an organization are constituted by the hierarchy of positions contained in the organogram. A regulation or contractual agreement certifies who can tell whom what to do and who in the end has the ultimate responsibility for what is decided and done. The more informal these relations are, the more personal their nature. As previous chapters have indicated, relations between people in African society tend to be highly personalized. For instance, power relations are constituted by patrons linking up with clients. Furthermore, more symmetrical relations are also informally constituted in response to needs of individuals and households, for example, pooling labor or saving money in small groups.
Basis Identification for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Using Sparse Coding

Basis identification is a critical step in the construction of accurate reduced order models using Galerkin projection. This is particularly challenging in unsteady nonlinear flow fields due to the presence of multi-scale phenomena that cannot be ignored and are not well captured using the ubiquitous Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. This study focuses on this issue by exploring an approach known as sparse coding for the basis identification problem. Compared to Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, which seeks to truncate the basis spanning an observed data set into a small set of dominant modes, sparse coding is used to select a compact basis that best spans the entire data set. Thus, the resulting bases are inherently multi-scale, enabling improved reduced order modeling of unsteady flow fields. The approach is demonstrated for a canonical problem of an incompressible flow inside a 2-D lid-driven cavity. Results indicate that Galerkin reduction of the governing equations using sparse modes yields significantly improved fluid predictions.
Hippocampal declarative memory supports gesture production: Evidence from amnesia.

Abstract Spontaneous co-speech hand gestures provide a visuospatial representation of what is being communicated in spoken language. Although it is clear that gestures emerge from representations in memory for what is being communicated (De Ruiter, 1998; Wesp, Hesse, Keutmann, & Wheaton, 2001), the mechanism supporting the relationship between gesture and memory is unknown. Current theories of gesture production posit that action – supported by motor areas of the brain – is key in determining whether gestures are produced. We propose that when and how gestures are produced is determined in part by hippocampally-mediated declarative memory. We examined the speech and gesture of healthy older adults and of memory-impaired patients with hippocampal amnesia during four discourse tasks that required accessing episodes and information from the remote past. Consistent with previous reports of impoverished spoken language in patients with hippocampal amnesia, we predicted that these patients, who have difficulty generating multifaceted declarative memory representations, may in turn have impoverished gesture production. We found that patients gestured less overall relative to healthy comparison participants, and that this was particularly evident in tasks that may rely more heavily on declarative memory. Thus, gestures do not just emerge from the motor representation activated for speaking, but are also sensitive to the representation available in hippocampal declarative memory, suggesting a direct link between memory and gesture production.
Solitary Active Videogame Play Improves Executive Functioning More Than Collaborative Play for Children with Special Needs

Abstract Objective: This pilot study examined the impact of playing an active videogame on executive functioning (EF) skills for children with special needs, who typically have lower EF skills. Materials and Methods: Acute EF change was measured in 36 children with a range of special needs, including mental health disorders and developmental disabilities. Participants were assigned to one of two active videogame conditions: playing alone and playing with a peer. Two different EF tasks were conducted pre- and postplay. Results: Children who played alone increased their accuracy performance more than children in the paired-play condition on two measures of EF. The study explored potential covariates of prior videogame experience, age, and enjoyment, but none of these variables related to EF change. Conclusion: This study's findings support active videogame play as an activity that can boost EF skills for children with special needs when they play alone. Future research should continue to examine the relatio...
Frontiers in Best Matching

This chapter presents a brief summary of the emerging technologies influenced by best matching processes and decisions, along with major technical challenges of best matching models, algorithms, and protocols, and opportunities for future improvements. The purpose is to highlight the emerging thrusts in best matching theory, in terms of both theoretical developments and practical applications.
The use of telemedicine in the care of the pediatric trauma patient

Telemedicine is increasingly becoming an important part of the health care system as it has the potential to help deliver quality medical care to underserved areas. When implemented correctly, it can be a cost-effective way of expanding access to excellent medical care. However, because it is a relatively new and quickly changing field, there are multiple issues and challenges that need to be addressed. This article reviews the current literature on various modalities of telemedicine, evidence for teletrauma, and challenges and barriers related to telemedicine.
Young Investigator Challenge: Building an ultrasound‐guided FNA clinic—our 5‐year experience: From project to practice

Background The authors' fine-needle aspiration (FNA) clinic opened in 2010, allowing cytopathologists to increase their proficiency and experience in FNA performance. Here, they report their 5-year experience. Methods The FNA clinic log book and the institution's database were retrospectively reviewed to record patients' demographics, the number of FNAs performed per year by each cytopathologist, the number of passes, rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) and diagnosis, adequacy-diagnosis concordance, and follow-up histology when available. The numbers and types of cases per year and variations among cytopathologists were compared. Results In total, 474 cases were identified within a 5-year time-frame. The discrepancy rate between the on-site and final diagnoses decreased progressively, from 4.4% to 2.4%. The nondiagnostic rate decreased from 2011 to 2015, with the exception of 2014, when an increase was noted, possibly because of a lower number of cases. Cytopathologists' performance was assessed over a 3-year period. The number of passes for each FNA decreased over time. The cytology-histology concordance was 100% over time for all cytopathologists. There was a diagnostic discrepancy between the ROSE and final diagnoses for 3 of 104 cases in 2013 and for 3 of 124 cases in 2015. The total number of passes was not consistently recorded until 2014, when a final report template was instituted. The technique improved over time because of accumulated experience, constant practice with phantoms, and attending the College of American Pathologists' training in ultrasound-guided FNA. Conclusions FNAs performed by cytopathologists have a high-rate of ROSE/adequacy and a low diagnostic discrepancy rate. Cytopathologists as interventionalists provide optimal care and excellent patient satisfaction. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:161-168. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Wakefulness suppresses retinal wave-related neural activity in visual cortex

In the developing visual system before eye opening, spontaneous retinal waves trigger bursts of neural activity in downstream structures, including visual cortex. At the same ages when retinal waves provide the predominant input to the visual system, sleep is the predominant behavioral state. However, the interactions between behavioral state and retinal wave-driven activity have never been explicitly examined. Here we characterized unit activity in visual cortex during spontaneous sleep-wake cycles in 9- and 12-day-old rats. At both ages, cortical activity occurred in discrete rhythmic bursts, ~30-60 s apart, mirroring the timing of retinal waves. Interestingly, when pups spontaneously woke up and moved their limbs in the midst of a cortical burst, the activity was suppressed. Finally, experimentally evoked arousals also suppressed intraburst cortical activity. All together, these results indicate that active wake interferes with the activation of the developing visual cortex by retinal waves. They also suggest that sleep-wake processes can modulate visual cortical plasticity at earlier ages than has been previously considered.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By recording in visual cortex in unanesthetized infant rats, we show that neural activity attributable to retinal waves is specifically suppressed when pups spontaneously awaken or are experimentally aroused. These findings suggest that the relatively abundant sleep of early development plays a permissive functional role for the visual system. It follows, then, that biological or environmental factors that disrupt sleep may interfere with the development of these neural networks.
Circular Distributions and Euler Systems, II

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a conjecture about the universality of the circular distribution made by Robert Coleman. The algebraic property of the universal distribution is the main ingredient in studying Euler system of Kolyvagin and Rubin. We study the universality of the circular distribution by using the Iwasawa theory and the theory of the Euler systems. The conjecture is a characterization of Euler systems in the case of number field. The results here assert that Euler systems are essentially made out of cyclotomic units.
Analogue signal and image processing with large memristor crossbars

Memristor crossbars offer reconfigurable non-volatile resistance states and could remove the speed and energy efficiency bottleneck in vector-matrix multiplication, a core computing task in signal and image processing. Using such systems to multiply an analogue-voltage-amplitude-vector by an analogue-conductance-matrix at a reasonably large scale has, however, proved challenging due to difficulties in device engineering and array integration. Here we show that reconfigurable memristor crossbars composed of hafnium oxide memristors on top of metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors are capable of analogue vector-matrix multiplication with array sizes of up to 128 × 64 cells. Our output precision (5–8 bits, depending on the array size) is the result of high device yield (99.8%) and the multilevel, stable states of the memristors, while the linear device current–voltage characteristics and low wire resistance between cells leads to high accuracy. With the large memristor crossbars, we demonstrate signal processing, image compression and convolutional filtering, which are expected to be important applications in the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing.
Evidence and characterization of a glide-vowel distinction in American English

This study tests whether native speakers of American English exhibit a glide-vowel distinction ([j]-[i]) in a speech elicitation experiment. When reading sentences out loud, participants’ pronunciations of 4 near-minimal pairs of pre-existing lexical items (e.g., Eston[iə] vs. pneumon[jə]) exhibit significant differences when acoustically measured, confirming the presence of a [j]-[i] distinction. This distinction is also found to be productively extended to the production of 20 near-minimal pairs of nonce words (e.g., Sumia → [sumiə] vs. Fimya → [fimjə]), diversified and balanced along different phonologically relevant factors of the surrounding environment. Multiple acoustic measurements are compared to test what aspects most consistently convey the distinction: F2 (frontness), F1 (height), intensity, vocalic sequence duration, transition earliness, and transition speed. This serves the purpose of documenting the distinction’s acoustic phonetic realization. It also serves in the comparison of phonological representations. Multiple types of previously proposed phonological representations are considered along with the competing predictions they generate regarding the acoustic measurements performed. Results suggest that the primary and most consistent characteristic of the distinction is earliness of transition into the following vowel, with results also suggesting that the [j] glide has a greater degree of constriction. The [j] glide is found to have a significantly less anterior articulation, challenging the application of a representation based on place or articulator differences that would predict [j] to be more anterior.
Tips on Buying Football Equipment

(1940). Tips on Buying Football Equipment. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 426-447.
Nonprofit Leadership and Decision Making: Radical Choice Application for Nonprofit’s Sustainability

This chapter advocates the utilization of integrated leadership, as well as attempts to enhance integrated leadership by crafting business decision-making theories in the recruitment and management of nonprofits’ volunteers, especially the Baby Boomers. The researcher contextualizes that enhanced integrated leadership style will stand the buffet of the next decade.
Contrast of volatile fatty acid driven and inorganic acid or base driven phosphorus release and uptake in enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Addition of an inorganic acid or base was detrimental to net phosphorus removals in short-term batch experiments, suggesting there might be system upset when pH changes. In contrast, addition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake while maintaining or improving net phosphorus removals. The effect of pH change differed if the acid or base added was inorganic versus organic. Volatile fatty acids that resulted in poly-3-hydroxy-butyrate rather than poly-3-hydroxy-valerate resulted in greater net phosphorus removals, and this corresponded to differences in consumption of reducing equivalents. Acetic acid resulted in improved net phosphorus removal compared to sodium acetate, suggesting that acid forms of VFAs might be superior as supplemental VFAs. It is hypothesized that anaerobic phosphorus release following addition of inorganic acid is primarily a result of phosphorus and proton (H+) symport (excretion from the cell) for pH homeostasis, whereas addition of VFAs results in phosphorus and H+ release to maintain the proton motive force.
Phase Transitions in Genetic Programming Search

Phase transitions occur in computational, as well as thermodynamic systems. Of particular interest is the possibility that phase transitions occur as a consequence of GP search. If this were so, it would allow for a statistical mechanics approach and quantitative comparisons of GP with a broad variety of rigorously described systems. This chapter summarizes our research group’s work in this area and describes a case study that illustrates what is involved in establishing the existence of phase transitions in GP search.
Neurogenic Versus Non-neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension – Practical Predictors for the Office (P5.323)

Objective: To explore if readily available clinical variables and office blood pressure (BP) readings can discriminate between neurogenic and non-neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (OH). Background: OH is readily detectable in the office by recording BP lying and standing. However, recognizing neurogenic OH (nOH) is more challenging and requires assessment in an autonomic laboratory. Design/Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all patients referred to our clinical autonomic laboratory between January 2014 and March 2016 who fulfilled criteria for OH. NOH was defined as OH plus an abnormally prolonged BP recovery time (≥5 seconds) following the Valsalva maneuver. In addition to supine and orthostatic parameters, we systematically reviewed medical records to extract clinical variables related to autonomic function, motor function, sleep, and comorbidities, and compared those between groups. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the presence of nOH. Results: 188 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria, average age was 65±12.5 years, 74 were female. 157 fulfilled criteria for nOH. A clinical diagnosis of synucleinopathy or peripheral neuropathy were highly predictive of nOH (OR 61.6, 95% CI 20.4–186.1). History of urinary incontinence or retention and REM-sleep behavior disorder were also closely associated with nOH. Among orthostatic parameters, the magnitude of the orthostatic systolic BP drop at 1 minute (OR = 3.4 if >36mmHg) and the magnitude of the orthostatic HR rise at 1 minute (OR = 3.1 if Conclusions: Several parameters derived from patient’s clinical history and orthostatic BP and HR changes within one minute predict the presence of nOH. A simple score derived from combining 5 parameters that can easily be obtained in the physician’s office allows for the prediction of a neurogenic etiology of OH with high sensitivity and specificity. Study Supported by: Supported by NIH (P01NS44233, U54NS065736, K23NS075141, R01FD004789, R01NS092625, UL1TR000135), Cure MSA Foundation, and Mayo Funds. Disclosure: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Low has received personal compensation for activities with Chelsea Therapeutics, Pfizer Inc., and WR Medical Electronics Company as a consultant. Dr. Sletten has nothing to disclose. Dr. Suarez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sandroni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fealey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Coon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singer has nothing to disclose.
Comparison of patient reported symptom burden on an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) care pathway in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing primary vs. interval tumor reductive surgery.

Abstract Objective To compare symptom burden and functional recovery in women undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery (PCS) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and interval cytoreductive surgery (ICS) within an enhanced recovery after surgery program (ERAS). Methods Symptom burden was measured using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Ovarian Cancer, a 27-item validated tool that was administered preoperatively, daily while hospitalized, and weekly for 8 weeks after hospital discharge. Mixed-effect modeling was performed. Results 196 patients (71 PCS, 125 ICS) participated. Patients in the PCS group were younger, median age of 59 vs. 63 in ICS group. Median length of stay was 4 days for PCS and 3 days for ICS group. PCS pts had a significantly higher median surgical complexity score (4 vs. 2, p = 0.002), and longer median surgical time (257 min vs. 220 min, p = 0.03). While patients undergoing PCS had significantly different symptom burden profiles prior to surgery compared to those undergoing ICS, there were no significant differences in symptoms in the immediate in-hospital and extended post-hospital discharge period. Irrespective of the timing of surgery in relation to chemotherapy, patients undergoing intermediate or high complexity surgery had more nausea, fatigue, and higher total interference scores compared to patients undergoing low complexity surgery. Conclusion Within a center with a standardized, systematic method for patient selection for PCS and a standardized ERAS care pathway, there were not significant differences in surgery-related symptoms related to recovery between patients undergoing PCS or ICS. However, patient-reported symptom burden and symptom interference did meaningfully differentiate based on surgical complexity score.
Hammertoe Correction in the Neuropathic Patient

Hammertoe deformities in the presence of sensory neuropathy have the potential to cause increased skin irritation and ulcer formation. If not diagnosed and treated properly, this can become complicated by infection, need for antibiotics, inpatient admission, and/or amputation. Goals of surgery in these types of patients are to reduce bony prominences at risk for ulceration, restore alignment and stability to the digit, and allow for functional ambulation [1–3].
Refractive Index Mysteries of Water

Even though the refractive index is dominated by single molecule effects, such as the polarizability, there are some aspects of this property for water that are different from the refractive index behavior of most other liquids. Here, we discuss, then explain, these differences in terms of a two-state bonding model for this liquid. A simple two-parameter formulation based on this model is found capable of describing the refractive index of water, including its thermal maximum near 0 °C, from slightly supercooled temperatures to about +45 °C within a four- to five-decimal place accuracy. The agreement with experimental data achieved here using this simplest of possible models provides further strong support for the two-state description of this liquid.
Approach to a Dermatologic Condition in Primary Care

Most skin conditions in the USA are first seen by a primary care clinician. Like every other category of disorders, a good history and physical and overall pattern recognition can help make an accurate diagnosis. The overall range of dermatologic conditions is very extensive, but the majority of skin lesions seen in primary care office fall into a group of common disorders. Developing a good approach to the patient with a skin condition can help make an accurate diagnosis and, even if the patient needs referral, can lead to clearer communication between clinicians who care for these patients.
Linking economic and social factors to peak flows in an agricultural watershed using socio-hydrologic modeling

Abstract. Hydrologic modeling studies most often represent humans through predefined actions and fail to account for human responses under changing hydrologic conditions. By treating both human and hydrologic systems as co-evolving, we build a socio-hydrological model that combines an agent-based model (ABM) with a semi-distributed hydrologic model. The curve number method is used to clearly illustrate the impacts of land cover changes resulting from decisions made by two different agent types. Aiming to reduce flooding, a city agent pays farmer agents to convert land into conservation. Farmer agents decide how to allocate land between conservation and production based on factors related to profits, past land use, and willingness. The model is implemented for a watershed representative of the mixed agricultural/small urban area land use found in Iowa, USA. In this preliminary study, we simulate scenarios of crop yields, crop prices, and conservation subsidies along with varied farmer parameters that illustrate the effects of human system variables on peak discharges. High corn prices lead to a decrease in conservation land from historical levels; consequently, mean peak discharge increases by 6 %, creating greater potential for downstream flooding within the watershed. However, when corn prices are low and the watershed is characterized by a conservation-minded farmer population, mean peak discharge is reduced by 3 %. Overall, changes in mean peak discharge, which is representative of farmer land use decisions, are most sensitive to changes in crop prices as opposed to yields or conservation subsidies.
Immune checkpoint blockade in gastrointestinal cancers: The current status and emerging paradigms

Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving treatment paradigm that holds promise to provide long-lasting survival benefits for patients with cancer. This promise, however, remains unfulfilled for the majority of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, as significant limitations in efficacy exist with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in this disease group. A plethora of novel combination treatment strategies are currently being investigated in various clinical trials to make them more efficacious as our understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to immunotherapy advances. In this article, we summarize the current status of immune checkpoint blockade in GI cancers and discuss the biological rationales that underlie the emerging treatment strategies being tested in ongoing clinical trials in combination with ICIs. We also highlight the promising early results from these strategies and provide future perspectives on enhancing response to immunotherapy for patients with GI cancers.
Interpreting the Meaning in Our Genomes: Perspectives from Biochemistry, Genetics, Infectious Disease, and Dance

Our understanding of the information contained within our genomes (our DNA) is revolutionizing the way we consider personal and public health and well-being, as well as our concepts of race, ancestry, and identity. At the same time, we are at risk of exacerbating existing health and socioeconomic disparities by limiting the voices that are part of the conversations addressing the impact of genomic data. This chapter is a call to action—to recognize the importance of genomic information across disciplines and to promote an understanding of that importance across societies—a call for broad-based genomic literacy.
Rate of Thrombotic Events in the Setting of Holding Systemic Anticoagulation Therapy during Impella Support

Purpose Anticoagulated purge solution and systemic anticoagulation are recommended during use of the Impella mechanical circulatory support device to maintain patency, pump function, and prevent thrombosis. Limited data support the use of anticoagulants other than heparin. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of the incidence of thrombotic events and pump failure in patients treated with systemic heparin and bivalirudin between June 2015 to March 2019. We also assessed for an association between these events with interruption of systemic anticoagulation. Patients were included if they received ventricular support with an Impella device and were on systemic therapeutic anticoagulation for longer than 24 hours. Results Of 101 patients, 69 were eligible for analysis. All patients received heparin during therapy; 5 patients were transitioned to bivalirudin for suspected HIT. Overall, the median PTT for patients on systemic heparin was 66.5 seconds [IQR 56.85-80.95], and the median PTT was 73.6 seconds [60.7-82.9] for patients on systemic bivalirudin. There were 19 thrombotic events in 69 patients (27.5%); 15 events occurred in patients while on systemic heparin (10 limb thromboses, 3 systemic emboli, 1 device thromboses, and 1 intracardiac thrombus) compared to 2 events in the bivalirudin group (2 device thromboses). Forty patients (58%) had systemic anticoagulation held, of which 10 (25%) had a thrombotic event or device failure. No bivalirudin patients with events had their anticoagulation held. In those who did not have an event, anticoagulation was held for an average of 12 hours +/- 23h, compared to 14 +/- 19h in those on heparin who had an event. For those with an event, the median PTT in the heparin group was 65.1 [54.9-87.5] compared to a median PTT in the combined group of 75.2 [62.5-83.6] (p = 0.477). Conclusion Therapeutic systemic anticoagulation in critically ill patients receiving Impella support is often held for extended duration of time because of bleeding or need for additional procedures. Holding systemic anticoagulation for an extended period may increase the risk of thrombotic events, particularly limb thrombosis.
Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction

Differential abundance (DA) analysis of microbiome data continues to be a challenging problem due to the complexity of the data. In this article we define the notion of “sampling fraction” and demonstrate a major hurdle in performing DA analysis of microbiome data is the bias introduced by differences in the sampling fractions across samples. We introduce a methodology called Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes with Bias Correction (ANCOM-BC), which estimates the unknown sampling fractions and corrects the bias induced by their differences among samples. The absolute abundance data are modeled using a linear regression framework. This formulation makes a fundamental advancement in the field because, unlike the existing methods, it (a) provides statistically valid test with appropriate p-values, (b) provides confidence intervals for differential abundance of each taxon, (c) controls the False Discovery Rate (FDR), (d) maintains adequate power, and (e) is computationally simple to implement. Differential abundance analysis of microbiome data continues to be challenging due to data complexity. The authors propose a method which estimates the unknown sampling fractions and corrects the bias induced by their differences among samples.
Correction to: Improving high-temperature performance of high si-alloyed ductile iron by altering additions

In the original version of the article, Fig. 4b was processed incorrectly by the publisher. Following is the correct Fig. 4. The original article has been updated.
Microbe‐mineral biogeography from multi‐year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

Subseafloor oceanic crust is a vast yet poorly sampled habitat for life. Recent studies suggest that microbial composition in crustal habitats is variable in space and time, but biogeographic patterns are difficult to determine due to a paucity of data. To address this, we deployed hundreds of mineral colonization experiments at and below the seafloor for 4-6 years at North Pond, a borehole observatory network in cool (<10°C) and oxic oceanic crust on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The overall community composition of mineral incubations reveals that colonization patterns are site dependent, with no correlation to mineral type. Only a few members of the Thioalkalispiraceae and Thioprofundaceae exhibited a mineral preference pattern, with generally higher abundance on metal sulphides compared to silicates, while taxa of the Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria were common in the colonization experiments. In comparison to datasets from other crustal habitats, broader biogeographic patterns of crustal communities emerge based on crustal habitat type (surface-attached communities versus fluid communities), redox environment and possibly crustal age. These comparisons suggest successional biogeography patterning that might be used as an indicator of how recently permeable pathways were established within oceanic crust.
Regulating New Banking Models to Bring Financial Services to All

In parts of Africa, only one in five people have access to traditional banking services. In Latin America only one in three do. Claire Alexandre, Ignacio Mas, and Daniel Radcliffe of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation say this need not be the case. The technology exists to make banking available at traditional retail outlets and thus spread access dramatically. For this to happen, regulations need changing. They tell us what they would do.
Death rates in the U.S. due to Leukodystrophies with pediatric forms

To use national mortality and state death certificate records to estimate disease specific mortality rates among pediatric and adult populations for 23 leukodystrophies (LDs) with pediatric forms. Additionally, to calculate yearly prevalence and caseload of the most severe LD cases that will eventually result in pediatric death (i.e., pediatric fatality cases). Death certificate records describing cause of death were collected from states based on 10 ICD-10 codes associated with the 23 LDs. Deaths in the U.S. with these codes were distributed into categories based on proportions identified in state death certificate data. Mortality rates, prevalence, and caseload were calculated from resulting expected numbers, population sizes, and average lifetimes. An estimated 1.513 per 1,000,000 0-17 year old's died of these LDs at average age 5.2 years and 0.194 for those ≥18 at an average age of 42.3 years. Prevalence of pediatric fatality cases of these LDs declined from 1999 through 2007 and then remained constant at 6.2 per million children per year through 2012. Epidemiological information, currently lacking for rare diseases, is useful to newborn screening programs, research funding agencies, and care centers for LD patients. Methods used here are generally useful for studying rare diseases.
A Systematic Literature Review on Big Data Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL)

Data analytics plays a vital role in contemporary organizations, through analytics, organizations are able to derive knowledge and intelligence from data to support strategic decisions. An important step in data analytics is data integration, during which historic data is gathered from various sources and integrated into a centralized repository called data warehouse. Although there are various approaches for data integration, Extract Transform and Load (ETL) has become one of the most efficient and popular approach. Over the decades, ETL has been applied to a wide range of domains such as finance, health and telecom to mention but a few. As the popularity and use of ETL grow, it becomes important to analyze and identify the trends in the research and practice of ETL. In this paper, we perform a systematic literature review to identify and analyze: (1) Approaches used to implement existing ETL solutions (2) Quality attributes to be considered while adopting any ETL approach. (3) The depth of coverage in ETL research and practice with regards to the application domains, frequency publications and geographical locations of papers. (4) The prevailing challenges in developing ETL solutions. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of our findings to ETL researchers and practitioners.
The development of geomagnetic storms without a preceding enhancement of the solar plasma pressure.

Abstract A considerable geomagnetic storm can develop without a significant enhancement of the solar plasma pressure which is usually manifested by the storms sudden commencement (SSC). Characteristics of such a storm (the so-called Sg storm) and their implications are discussed.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China

Abstract If the industrialized countries take steps to reduce their emissions and contribute money and technology for developing countries to do their part, China will participate in an international global warming treaty. Without these measures, the Chinese are not going to push greenhouse gas reductions on their own because they have more pressing problems. If the world wants them to move on greenhouse gas reduction, the relative incentives to the Chinese have to change in their favour, especially in light of the fact that they have not used up their share of the global commons.
Believing Persons, Personal Believings: The Neglected Center of the First Amendment

Law is of and for persons, and hence legal discourse necessarily operates with some at least implicit conception of what it means to be a person. A good deal of contemporary legal discourse (including First Amendment theorizing, in the areas of both speech and religion) adopts one or more of three currently fashionable conceptions of the person: the person as interest-seeker, the autonomous person, or the person as citizen. But these conceptions are inadequate to account for First Amendment commitments, and modern understandings of free speech and religious freedom have suffered as a result. A better conception for these purposes is that of the person as believer - a conception that would emphasize both the centrality of believing to personhood and the inescapably personal character of "believing." This article discusses this alternative conception and explores its implications for freedom of speech and religion.
Sequence of the exfoliative toxin B gene of Staphylococcus aureus.

We sequenced the Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin B gene contained on a 1.7-kilobase HindIII fragment of plasmid pRW001. The gene was located by comparison of the amino acid sequences of open reading frames with the amino-terminal sequence of exfoliative toxin B and the total amino acid composition of the protein (A.D. Johnson, L. Spero, J.S. Cades, and B.T. De Cicco, Infect. Immun. 24:679-684, 1979). The primary translation product consists of 274 amino acids and contains a 31-amino-acid N-terminal peptide presumably necessary for transport.
Comparison of Loading Efficiency between Hyperbranched Polymers and Cross‐Linked Nanogels at Various Branching Densities

The effect of branching point structures and densities is studied between azido-containing hyperbranched polymers and cross-linked nanogels on their loading efficiency of alkynyl-containing dendron molecules. Hyperbranched polymers that contained "T"-shaped branching linkage from which three chains radiated out and cross-linked nanogels that contained "X"-shaped branching linkage with four radiating chains are synthesized in microemulsion using either atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) or conventional radical polymerization (RP) technique. Both polymers have similar density of azido groups in the structure and exhibit similar hydrodynamic diameter in latexes before purification. Subsequent copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions between these polymers and alkynyl-containing dendrons in various sizes (G1-G3) demonstrate an order of dendron loading efficiencies (i.e., final conversion of alkynyl-containing dendron) as hyperbranched polymers > nanogels synthesized by ATRP > nanogels synthesized by RP. Decreasing the branching density or using smaller dendron molecules increases the click efficiency of both polymers. When G2 dendrons with a molecular weight of 627 Da are used to click with the hyperbranched polymers composed of 100% inimer, a maximum loading efficiency of G2 in the loaded hyperbranched polymer is 58% of G2 by weight. These results represent the first comparison between hyperbranched polymers and cross-linked nanogels to explore the effect of branching structures on their loading efficiencies.
Enhancement of lymphocyte and macrophage function in vitro by lithium chloride

Abstract Lithium chloride, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, augmented several in vitro immune reactions. Lithium increased rosette formation and thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes and phagocytosis by macrophages. Prostaglandin E1 (10−4M), an adenylate cyclase stimulator, inhibited lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. Lithium reversed this effect, suggesting that its actions on lymphocytes may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting adenylate cyclase.
Contribution of plaque polysaccharides to growth of cariogenic microorganisms.

Abstract The possible role of microbial polysaccharides (levans, dextrans, and amylopectin) in the nutrition of pure cultures of oral bacteria was investigated. All polysaccharides tested were utilized to some degree by one or more of the individual oral species employed in the study. Certain polysaccharides, namely a levan produced by a non-cariogenic steptococcus and amylopectin from Neisseria, were utilized more readily by streptococci and a lactobacillus than was sucrose. Data also suggest that the synthesis of polysaccharides by non-cariogenic and even non-acid producing oral bacteria may serve as substrates for other species, and may play a role in the development and maintenance of dental plaque and in the production of dental decay.
Curdlan, a Th17 Cell Inducer, Plays Contrasting Roles in a Viral Model for Multiple Sclerosis (P05.113)

Objective: Curdlan is a 1,3-β-glucan and induces T helper (Th) 17 cells. Th17 cells have been shown to play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as microbial infection. We tested whether curdlan-induced Th17 cells could be either detrimental by enhancement of immunopathology or beneficial by the enhancement of viral clearance in a viral model for MS, Theiler9s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. Background Since TMEV infection induces an inflammatory demyelinating disease with viral persistence in the central nervous system (CNS), TMEV infection has been widely used as a viral model for MS. While Th17 cells have been shown protective in some bacterial and fungal infections, its role in viral infection is unclear. Design/Methods: Female SJL/J mice were infected intracerebrally with the DA strain of TMEV on day 0 and injected intraperitoneally with curdlan (5 mg/mouse) prior to TMEV infection (day -1) or during the chronic phase of TMEV infection (day 21 or 35). Results: All the curdlan treatments enhanced interleukin (IL)-17 production from splenic mononuclear cells (control, 164 pg/ml; day -1, 364 pg/ml; day 21, 697 pg/ml; day 35, 384 pg/ml, P Conclusions: Curdlan injection had a protective or detrimental effect on TMEV-IDD depending on the timing of treatment. This suggests that Th17 cells play contrasting roles during the course of TMEV infection. Supported by: The Malcolm Feist Cardiovascular Research Fellowship Award (Fumitaka Sato), COBRE Center grant 5P20-RR018724 (Dennis J. O9Callaghan, Ph.D.) from the National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and exploratory/development grant R21NS05974 (Ikuo Tsunoda) from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH. Disclosure: Dr. Sato has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martinez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Omura has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alexander has nothing to disclose. Dr. Minagar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tsunoda has nothing to disclose.
Digitizing Indigenous History: Trends and Challenges

[I]f ‘archive’ is the name we give to the power to make and command what took place here or there. … [then] the postcolonial archive cannot be merely a collection of new artifacts reflecting a diff...