cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rupture of surgically thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abstract A case of late rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm that had been successfully treated by surgically induced thrombosis is presented. After emergency surgery consisting of ligation of the neck of the aneurysm, the patient survived and is doing well. The literature on surgically induced thrombosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm is reviewed. It is stressed that complete thrombosis of aortic aneurysm induced by distal ligation does not preclude rupture, and if patients present with symptoms of expansion or rupture, they should undergo emergency surgery. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:278-80.)
Algorithms for proximity problems in higher dimensions

Abstract We present algorithms for five interdistance enumeration problems that take as input a set S of n points in R d (for a fixed but arbitrary dimension d ) and as output enumerate pairs of points in S satisfying various conditions. We present: an O ( n log n + k ) time and O ( n ) space algorithm that takes as additional input a distance δ and outputs all k pairs of points in S separated by a distance of δ or less; an O ( n log n + k log k ) time and O ( n + k ) space algorithm that enumerates in non-decreasing order the k closest pairs of points in S ; an O ( n log n + k ) time algorithm for the same problem without any order restrictions; an O ( nk log n ) time and O ( n ) space algorithm that enumerates in nondecreasing order the nk pairs representing the k nearest neighbors of each point in S ; and an O ( n log n + kn ) time algorithm for the same problem without any order restrictions. The algorithms combine a modification of the planar approach of Dickerson, Drysdale, and Sack [11] with the method of Bern, Eppstein, and Gilbert [3] for augmenting a point set to have a linear size bounded degree Delaunay triangulation. Thus, in addition to providing new solutions to these problems, the paper also shows how the Delaunay triangulation can be used as the underlying data structure in a unified approach to proximity problems even in higher dimensions.
Combined changing patterns of hospital utilization for head and neck cancer care: implications for future care.

Importance The care of patients with head and neck cancer is labor and cost intensive. Although several studies have focused on clinical outcomes with regionalization of care of such patients, it remains uncertain if and where such concentrations of care are occurring. A better understanding of how care is distributed will improve our understanding of the financial and educational impact of compacting treatment of these patients. Objective To determine if regionalization of head and neck cancer care has occurred over the past decade with respect to hospital size and teaching hospital status. Design and Setting Secondary analysis of national health care database. Participants All inpatient admissions with a primary head and neck cancer diagnosis contained within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample during the calendar years 2000, 2005, and 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures The percentage distributions of head and neck cancer cases with respect to hospital teaching status, hospital bed size, and primary payer were compared according to calendar year to determine temporal changes. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine year-to-year changes in proportion of head neck cancer admissions, controlling for geographic region, hospital bed size, and expected source of payment. Results The estimated inpatient hospital head and neck cancer stays in the United States in 2000, 2005, and 2010 (with standard error of the national estimate) were 28 862 (2067), 33 517 (3080), and 37 354 (4194), respectively. The percentage of admissions to teaching hospitals increased from 61.7% to 64.2% and 79.8%, respectively. Similarly, the percentage (with standard error) of cases in large–bed-size hospitals increased from 69.2% (2.8%) to 71.4% (3.8%) and 73.3% (4.8%), respectively. The primary expected payer distribution did not change significantly over the study (Medicare, 39.6% [1.4%]; Medicaid, 17.4% [2.2%]; private insurance, 33.3% [2.4%]; and other, 9.7% [1.5%] in 2010). The adjusted odds ratio for head neck cancer case being admitted to a teaching institution for 2010 vs 2000 was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6-3.7). Conclusions and Relevance Head and neck oncologic care is increasingly being regionalized to teaching hospitals and academic centers. Such regionalization also has important implications for future education of residents and measures of achieved competency.
Evolutionary Order in the Classification Theories of C. A. Cutter & E. C. Richardson: Its Nature and Limits

In recent years, evolutionary order has been used as the favored mode of determining class sequence by classificationists using integrative levels as a theoretical framework for classification design. Although current advocates of evolutionary order are based in Europe, use of the concept in library and information science (LIS) can be traced back to two North American pioneers in classification theory, C. A. Cutter (1837–1903) and E. C. Richardson (1860–1939). Working in the heyday of evolutionism and influenced by the developmental classifications of the sciences of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, Cutter and Richardson introduced evolutionary order as an explicit principle into LIS classification theory, defining it as encompassing a conceptual progression from the general to the specific, the simple to the complex, and the past to the present. This idea proved influential, being appropriated by later theoreticians like H. E. Bliss; it also reinforced the realist tendency of early LIS classification theory. However, for Cutter and Richardson, application of evolutionary order to bibliothecal classifications proved problematic. Cutter applied the concept inconsistently; Richardson viewed it as theoretically ideal, but subject to so many exceptions for pragmatic reasons that it could not be attained in practice. Cutter’s and Richardson’s use of evolutionary order reveals the tension between enunciating a principle of classificatory ordering in theory and applying it in practice.
Battlin' on the Corner: Techniques for Sustaining Play

Drawing from close to four years of ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and video recordings, this paper analyzes how inner-city men sustain playful street corner rap "battles" in South Central Los Angeles. Although participants know that the battle is supposed to be a playful way of resolving perceived disrespect in group rap "ciphers," some become "more than play." Indeed, ritual insults have the power to provoke feelings of rage, which can propel individuals into violence. To sustain the playful meanings of battles, participants who offend their opponent use different nonverbal cues to signal, "I was just playing," while the offended party responds with cues signaling, "I do not have any hard feelings." When these moves do not work, onlookers step in between participants, tell jokes, and use other gestures to defuse escalating tensions. The techniques outlined in this article elaborate Erving Goffman's (1974) theories of "keys" and "limits," showing how embodied and emotional cues are used to sustain the shared presumption that "this is play."
Environmental effects on detection of buried mines and UXO

Several studies are under way at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) to define environmental effects on detection and classification of buried mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Ground that is very wet, frozen, or snow covered can pose severe constraints on demining operations. The qualitative and quantitative nature of chemical signatures of buried land mines is being documented. Research to date indicates that although 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene constitutes over 99% of military-grade TNT, it is a minor component of the vapor signature at ground level. CRREL operates a year-round test site to determine the effect of weather on radar and IR systems used to detect buried mines. The New England site experiences many of the weather conditions likely to interfere with mine detection around the world. Short-pulse ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to profile both ordnance and non-ordnance targets at the 40-acre UXO site at Jefferson Proving Ground. Analysis of the data indicates that future systems will have to operate at faster data acquisition rates. Radar modeling is being used to simulate the effects of the environment and identify new techniques for finding and classifying buried ferrous objects.
Antibody-Mimetic Peptoid Nanosheets for Molecular Recognition

The ability of antibodies to bind a wide variety of analytes with high specificity and high affinity make them ideal candidates as molecular recognition elements for chemical and biological sensors. However, their widespread use in sensing devices has been hampered by their poor stability and high production cost. Here we report the design and synthesis of a new class of antibody-mimetic materials based on functionalized peptoid nanosheets. A high density of conformationally constrained peptide and peptoid loops are displayed on the surface of free-floating nanosheets to generate an extended, multivalent two-dimensional material that is chemically and biologically stable. The nanosheet serves as a robust, high-surface area scaffold upon which to display a wide variety of functional loop sequences. The functionalized nanosheets were characterized by atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray reflectivity measurements, and were shown to serve as substrates for enzymes (protease and casein kinase II), as well as templates for the growth of defined inorganic materials (gold metal).
Annular apertures with high obstruction.

Consideration of the effects of annular apertures on the irradiance distribution in aberration-free images. It is demonstrated that annular apertures with higher ratios of central obstruction produce a significant change in the distribution of irradiance and total energy over the image radii. Calculations and diagrams are included to support this conclusion.
On the genus and connectivity of Hamiltonian graphs

Motivated by the theorem of Tutte which states that each 4-connected planar graph has a Hamiltonian circuit, B. Grunbaum recently conjectured that for each positive integer k, there is a value c(@l) such that each c(k)-connected graph of genus @?k is Hamiltonian. In this paper it is shown that such a function c(k) exists and has values satisfying [12(5+16k+1)] @?c(k) @? {3+6k+3} k @? 1. It is also shown that the lower bound obtained for c(k) gives the exact value of c(4, k), where c(4,k) is the smallest integer such that each c-connected graph of genus @?k having no circuit of length 4 are also considered.
A commentary on the Michigan sex offender registration article.

The article “Family Experiences of Young Adult Sex Offender Registration” (Comartin, Kernsmith, & Miles, 2010) is an important piece of research that addresses a much neglected and almost invisible...
Development of inferior colliculus response properties in C57BL/6J mouse pups.

Response properties of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons were studied in tranquilized C57BL/6J mice during a period of rapid auditory system development between 12 and 17 days of age. In IC units of the youngest mice, spontaneous activity was absent, a disproportionate number of onset responses was observed, and many units were not securely driven by sound. Frequency response ranges were restricted to relatively low frequencies, sharpness of tuning was poor, and thresholds at best frequencies (BFs) were quite high. Dynamic intensity ranges were restricted, but nonmonotonic functions were observed. By 15–17 days of age, spontaneous activity was appreciable, incidences of response patterns were near adult proportions, and most units in the ventrolateral nucleus were securely driven by tones. Response ranges had expanded markedly to include high frequencies, sharpness of tuning increased, and thresholds had decreased. Dynamic intensity ranges and intensity functions were similar to those observed in adult mice.
Limited bit manipulation using FORTRAN II

Techniques are developed for manipulating bits using only FORTRAN II. These techniques allow individual bits to be tested, certain fields to be shifted, and numbers coded in BCD to be converted to Binary.
Analysis of Group ICA-Based Connectivity Measures from fMRI: Application to Alzheimer's Disease

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool for the in vivo study of the pathophysiology of brain disorders and disease. In this manuscript, we propose an analysis stream for fMRI functional connectivity data and apply it to a novel study of Alzheimer's disease. In the first stage, spatial independent component analysis is applied to group fMRI data to obtain common brain networks (spatial maps) and subject-specific mixing matrices (time courses). In the second stage, functional principal component analysis is utilized to decompose the mixing matrices into population-level eigenvectors and subject-specific loadings. Inference is performed using permutation-based exact logistic regression for matched pairs data. The method is applied to a novel fMRI study of Alzheimer's disease risk under a verbal paired associates task. We found empirical evidence of alternative ICA-based metrics of connectivity when comparing subjects evidencing mild cognitive impairment relative to carefully matched controls.
Into the Wilderness—A Case Study: The Psychodynamics of Adolescent Depression and the Need for a Holistic Intervention

Adolescent depression has become epidemic in the United States, with statistics showing that one in five adolescents may suffer from depression (Brent and Birmaher in N Engl J Med 347(9), 2002). This article examines adolescent depression from a psychodynamic perspective, and identifies the psychodynamics of adolescent depression as the affective correlates that stem from unresolved developmental conflicts, issues of separation/individuation, the search for identity and the development of the true self. This article presents wilderness therapy as a holistic intervention which can be used to address the intrapsychic, developmental and relational factors that give rise to adolescent depression. Wilderness therapy is a modality of mental health treatment that takes place outdoors and utilizes challenge and adventure, group work and other structured clinical interventions. A clinical case study presents wilderness therapy as an effective intervention for adolescent depression that can promote positive self-image and enhanced coping skills, and discusses limitations and implications for social work practice.
Social support network characteristics and sexual risk taking among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of young, urban men who have sex with men.

Associations between social support network characteristics and sexual risk among racially/ethnically diverse young men who have sex with men (YMSM) were examined using egocentric network data from a prospective cohort study of YMSM (n = 501) recruited in New York City. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined associations between social support network characteristics and sexual risk taking behaviors in Black, Hispanic/Latino, and White YMSM. Bivariate analyses indicated key differences in network size, composition, communication frequency and average relationship duration by race/ethnicity. In multivariable analyses, controlling for individual level sociodemographic, psychosocial and relationship factors, having a sexual partner in one’s social support network was associated with unprotected sexual behavior for both Hispanic/Latino (AOR = 3.90) and White YMSM (AOR = 4.93). Further examination of key network characteristics across racial/ethnic groups are warranted in order to better understand the extant mechanisms for provision of HIV prevention programming to racially/ethnically diverse YMSM at risk for HIV.
Properties of the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain JF-2.

The activity of the biosurfactant produced byBacillus licheniformis strain JF-2 was quantified using a unit defined as the amount of the acid-precipitated biosurfactant that lowered the surface tension by 10 mN/m. One unit was equivalent to 37 μg/ml of the acid-precipitated biosurfactant. Acid precipitation was very effective in the removal of the biosurfactant from the spent medium. Among the solvents tested methanol was the most efficient in extracting the surfactant activity from acid-precipitated material. Thin-layer chromatography of the acid-precipitated biosurfactant revealed four components, two of which contained a lipid moiety and one of which contained an amino group. The methanol-soluble fraction also contained these four components. Studies suggested that all four components were needed for full activity. The lowest interfacial tensions against octane were observed when NaCl concentrations were 50 g/l or greater. Calcium concentrations greater than 25 g/l significantly increased the interfacial tension
TCE dechlorination rates, pathways, and efficiency of nanoscale iron particles with different properties.

Nanoscale Fe0 particles are a promising technology for in situ remediation of trichloroethene (TCE) plumes and TCE-DNAPL source areas, but the physical and chemical properties controlling their reactivity are not yet understood. Here, the TCE reaction rates, pathways, and efficiency of two nanoscale Fe0 particles are measured in batch reactors: particles synthesized from sodium borohydride reduction of ferrous iron (Fe/B) and commercially available particles (RNIP). Reactivity was determined under iron-limited (high [TCE]) and excess iron (low [TCE]) conditions and with and without added H2. Particle efficiency, defined as the fraction of the Fe0 in the particles that is used to dechlorinate TCE, was determined under iron-limited conditions. Both particles had a core/shell structure and similar specific surface areas (∼30 m2/g). Using excess iron, Fe/B transformed TCE into ethane (80%) and C3−C6 coupling products (20%). The measured surface area normalized pseudo-first-order rate constant for Fe/B (1.4 ×...
Automated data collection for evaluating collaborative systems

The purpose of this Special Interest Group (SIG) session is to share lessons learned about using automated logging techniques to collect data for evaluating collaborative (multi-user) systems. Automated logging techniques are frequently used in evaluating the human-computer interaction of single-user systems. There has been much less experience in using logging techniques for evaluating collaborative systems. We will discuss logging to collect data that are useful for evaluating collaborative systems.
X-Ray Reflectivity Studies of cPLA2α-C2 Domains Adsorbed onto Langmuir Monolayers of SOPC

X-ray reflectivity is used to study the interaction of C2 domains of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α-C2) with a Langmuir monolayer of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SOPC) supported on a buffered aqueous solution containing Ca2+. The reflectivity is analyzed in terms of the known crystallographic structure of cPLA2α-C2 domains and a slab model representing the lipid layer to yield an electron density profile of the lipid layer and bound C2 domains. This new method of analysis determines the angular orientation and penetration depth of the cPLA2α-C2 domains bound to the SOPC monolayer, information not available from the standard slab model analysis of x-ray reflectivity. The best-fit orientation places the protein-bound Ca2+ ions within 1 A of the lipid phosphate group (with an accuracy of ±3 A). Hydrophobic residues of the calcium-binding loops CBL1 and CBL3 penetrate deepest into the lipid layer, with a 2 A penetration into the tailgroup region. X-ray measurements with and without the C2 domain indicate that there is a loss of electrons in the headgroup region of the lipid monolayer upon binding of the domains. We suggest that this is due to a loss of water molecules bound to the headgroup. Control experiments with a non-calcium buffer and with domain mutants confirm that the cPLA2α-C2 binding to the SOPC monolayer is Ca2+-dependent and that the hydrophobic residues in the calcium-binding loops are critical for membrane binding. These results indicate that an entropic component (due to water loss) as well as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions contributes to the binding mechanism.
Helping Students Conceptualize Species Divergence Events using the Online Tool “TimeTree: The Timescale of Life”

Misinformation, preconceptions, and the human perception of time (e.g., in seconds, minutes, days, and years) are factors that can contribute to difficulties experienced by students trying to understand evolutionary phenomena on the scale of geological or “deep” time. In addition to other approaches, the use of a simple online species-divergence estimate calculator, “TimeTree: The Timescale of Life,” can add resolution and clarity to big ideas that sometimes stand in the way of students' understanding of the unifying theory in biology, evolution.
Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum and cecum. Review of five cases with emphasis on differentiation from mesenchymal neoplasm

Five case histories of patients with fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileocecum are reported. Clinical impression in all five cases was that these tumefactions represented gastrointestinal malignancies. Gross pathologic examination revealed polypoid intramural growths ranging from 2.5 to 7.0 cm in greatest dimension. Transmural desmoplasia through the bowel wall into subserosal fat was initially thought to be indicative of neoplastic invasion. Microscopic evaluation revealed a fibroblastic and vascular proliferative process. Pseudosarcomatous changes were identified in cellular fibroblastic areas with plemorphism and mitotic activity. The manner of dissection among bundles of muscularis mucosae and muscularis propria suggests an inflammatory process as opposed to the pushing aside of whole large muscle bundles as seen in mesenchymal neoplasms arising in bowel wall. All five patients experienced survival of 6 to 17 years following surgery. These lesions are thought by us to represent localized exuberant polypoid granulation tissue proliferations which simulate mesenchymal neoplasm.
FNA of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: cytomorphologic, EM, and X-ray microanalysis features.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, an unusual soft tissue lesion which preferentially affects the extremities, is a prime candidate for “pathologist performed” fine-needle aspirates (FNA) because it preferentially affects the extremities [Enzinger and Shiraki, Hum Pathol 1972;3:421-435] and is usually an accessible lesion. Cytomorphologically, the neoplasm consists of clusters of fairly uniform cells, lacking cartilaginous differentiation, with a metachromatic matrix when stained with Diff-Quik (DQ). While subtle, this neoplasm has distinct features and must be distinguished for other neoplasms in the differential diagnosis because patient evaluation, prognosis, and therapy will vary greatly. We present a case characteristic of this tumor in which FNA derived material was subjected to light microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and immunohistochemical studies; each modality provided data essential to the correct diagnosis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Edge Radius Variability and Force Measurement Considerations

A new, noncontact instrument, based on white light interferometry, is used to measure the edge radii of cutting tools with measurement errors of less than 3 μm. Edges of several commercial cutting inserts are measured and compared. It is found that the radius of the hone varies along the length of the edge in a parabolic manner. The difference between the edge radius at the center of the edge and the radius at the start of the corner can be as large as 25 μm (0.001 in). The variation between the edges on an insert and across inserts in a batch of tools can be as high as 25 μm (0.001 in). Statistically significant variations are also seen in the corner radius region in which much cutting occurs in turning, boring and face milling processes. Orthogonal cutting tests with tools of measured edge radius in the zone of cut indicate that the machining forces, especially the thrust force component, are sensitive to changes in edge radius on the order of measured variations.
Gene expression changes in response to drought stress in Citrullus colocynthis

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, closely related to watermelon, is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family. This plant is a drought-tolerant species with a deep root system, widely distributed in the Sahara-Arabian deserts in Africa and the Mediterranean region. cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) was used to study differential gene expression in roots of seedlings in response to a 20% polyethylene glycol-(PEG8000) induced drought stress treatment. Eighteen genes which show similarity to known function genes were confirmed by quantitative relative (RQ) real-time RT-PCR to be differentially regulated. These genes are involved in various abiotic and biotic stress and developmental responses. Dynamic changes with tissue-specific pattern were detected between 0 and 48 h of PEG treatment. In general, the highest induction levels in roots occurred earlier than in shoots, because the highest expression was detected in roots following 4 and 12 h, in shoots following 12 and 48 h of drought. These drought-responsive genes were also affected by the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), or jasmonic acid (JA), indicating an extensive cross-talk between drought and plant hormones. Collectively, these results will be useful to explore the functions of these multiple signal-inducible genes for unveiling the relationship and crosstalk between different signaling pathways.
Improving the fidelity of Thermus thermophilus DNA ligase

The DNA ligase from Thermus thermophilus (Tth DNA ligase) seals single-strand breaks (nicks) in DNA duplex substrates. The specificity and thermostability of this enzyme are exploited in the ligase chain reaction (LCR) and ligase detection reaction (LDR) to distinguish single base mutations associated with genetic diseases. Herein, we describe a quantitative assay using fluorescently labeled substrates to study the fidelity of Tth DNA ligase. The enzyme exhibits significantly greater discrimination against all single base mismatches on the 3'-side of the nick in comparison with those on the 5'-side of the nick. Among all 12 possible single base pair mismatches on the 3'-side of the nick, only T-G and G-T mismatches generated a quantifiable level of ligation products after 23 h incubation. The high fidelity of Tth DNA ligase can be improved further by introducing a mismatched base or a universal nucleoside analog at the third position of the discriminating oligonucleotide. Finally, two mutant Tth DNA ligases, K294R and K294P, were found to have increased fidelity using this assay.
The effect of price tests on trader behavior and market quality: An analysis of Reg SHO ☆

Abstract Using data from Regulation SHO's pilot program, we examine how price tests affect trader behavior and market quality, which are areas of interest given by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in evaluating these tests. After comparing sampled matched pairs of pilot and control stocks, we find that the removal of price tests benefit traders by allowing them to trade more aggressively by placing orders that receive quicker execution. Furthermore, concerns about the suspension of price tests leading to a degradation of market quality are unfounded. The evidence therefore suggests unambiguously that such tests should be removed.
Adsorption of N,N'-Disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine on 304 Stainless Steel

The behavior of the jet fuel metal deactivator additive (MDA), N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2propanediamine in some high-temperature tests, has raised questions concerning whether it would decompose on contact with hot metal surfaces in aircraft engines and fuel systems. The adsorption of this additive was studied on oxidized and oxide-free 304SS surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). XPS binding energy (BE) shifts indicated thermal decomposition on the surfaces. TPD revealed the growth of both physisorbed and chemisorbed states in accordance with the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism. MDA was only weakly chemisorbed onto the 304SS surface, with desorption energies of 47 kJ/mol on an oxidized surface and 33 kJ/mol on the oxide-free surface. These findings suggest that stainless steel would not likely contain a contiguous chemisorbed MDA multilayer that the adsorbed MDA could be removed from internal surfaces of aircraft fuel systems in regions of high-temperature and turbulent flow.
Effects of Select Anions from the Hofmeister Series on the Gas-Phase Conformations of Protein Ions Measured with Traveling-Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry

The gas-phase conformations of ubiquitin, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and α-lactalbumin ions, formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) from aqueous solutions containing 5 mM ammonium perchlorate, ammonium iodide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium thiocyanate, or guanidinium chloride, are examined using traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). For ubiquitin, cytochrome c, and α-lactalbumin, adduction of multiple acid molecules results in no significant conformational changes to the highest and lowest charge states formed from aqueous solutions, whereas the intermediate charge states become more compact. The transition to more compact conformers for the intermediate charge states occurs with fewer bound H2SO4 molecules than HClO4 or HI molecules, suggesting ion-ion or salt-bridge interactions are stabilizing more compact forms of the gaseous protein. However, the drift time distributions for protein ions of the same net charge with the highest levels of adduction of each acid are comparable, indicating that these protein ions all adopt similarly compact conformations or families of conformers. No significant change in conformation is observed upon the adduction of multiple acid molecules to charge states of lysozyme. These results show that the attachment of HClO4, HI, or H2SO4 to multiply protonated proteins can induce compact conformations in the resulting gas-phase protein ions. In contrast, differing Hofmeister effects are observed for the corresponding anions in solution at higher concentrations.
MYSTERY IN FAMILY THERAPY

Existential approaches to family psychotherapy are considerably different from the problem centered approaches to treatment which are currently so popular in the field. Gabriel Marcel's distinction between a problem centered and a mystery centered understanding of life is utilized to overview the basic and deep differences between existential and problem centered approaches to family treatment.
Application of the computer in modeling fire endurance of structural steel floor systems

The ability to evaluate the structural fire endurance of buildings has become a practical reality with the advancement of the computer. Accordingly a computer program, FASBUS II, has been developed to predict the performance of structural steel framed floor systems under exposure to the high temperatures of a fire. The computer model, which has been thoroughly examined to determine its reliability, has demonstrated the ability to accurately predict the structural fire response. With this program the designer can analyze a particular structural assembly and set of exposure conditions, and determine the response of the structure and the locations of potential damage.
Precise regional baseline estimation using a priori orbital information

A solution using GPS measurements acquired during the CASA Uno campaign has resulted in 3-4 mm horizontal daily baseline repeatability and 13 mm vertical repeatability for a 729 km baseline, located in North America. The agreement with VLBI is at the level of 10-20 mm for all components. The results were obtained with the GIPSY orbit determination and baseline estimation software and are based on five single-day data arcs spanning the 20, 21, 25, 26, and 27 of January, 1988. The estimation strategy included resolving the carrier phase integer ambiguities, utilizing an optial set of fixed reference stations, and constraining GPS orbit parameters by applying a priori information. A multiday GPS orbit and baseline solution has yielded similar 2-4 mm horizontal daily repeatabilities for the same baseline, consistent with the constrained single-day arc solutions. The application of weak constraints to the orbital state for single-day data arcs produces solutions which approach the precise orbits obtained with unconstrained multiday arc solutions.
Book Review: Philosophy and Happiness

Philosophy and Happiness , an impressive volume edited by Lisa Bortolotti, provides an excellent illustration of how the analysis of happiness requires clear thought about both the relevant questions and their potential solutions. This book, which grew out of the conference Happiness and the Meaning of Life , held at the University of Birmingham in 2007, offers a fresh perspective on a number of classic questions about happiness and also points the way toward new avenues of research.
Electrodeposition of Gold by Pulsed Current

A diffusion model was developed to calculate the rate of deposition of metals by a periodically pulsed current. The results indicate that although the magnitude of the instantaneous applied current for deposition can be considerably higher than that of direct current plating under suitable conditions, the limiting over‐all plating rate was in general lower. Experimental confirmation was established using the phosphate, citrate, and cyanide gold solutions. The diffusion coefficient of the complexed gold cyanide ion was measured. The values were , and at 60°C for the phosphate, citrate, and cyanide solutions, respectively. The pH value, specific conductance, and kinematic viscosity of these solutions were also measured and tabulated. The rate of chemical dissolution of gold in the cyanide solution was also investigated.
On the metaplectic analog of Kazhdan’s “endoscopic” lifting

A simple “twisted” form of the Selberg trace formula, due to Kazhdan, is used to prove a metaplectic analog of Kazhdan’s lifting of grossencharakters of a cyclic extension of degreer to automorphic representations of GL(r).
Purification and properties of microbody malate dehydrogenase from Spinacia oleracea leaf tissue

Abstract The microbody isoenzyme of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) from leaves of Spinacia oleracea was purified to a specific activity of 3000 units/mg protein and examined for a number of physical, kinetic, and immunological properties. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.65. Thermal inactivation first order rate constants were 0.068 (35 °C), 0.354 (45 °C), and 2.11 (55 °C) for irreversible denaturation. Apparent millimolar Michaelis constants are 0.34 (NAD, pH 8.5) 0.16 (NADH, pH 7.5), 3.33 (malate, pH 8.5), 0.07 (OAA, pH 6.0), 0.06 (OAA, pH 7.5), and 0.50 (OAA, pH 9.0). The enzyme is stablized by 20% glycerol and can be stored for several months at 4 °C without detectable loss of activity. The purified enzyme is sensitive to the ionic strength of the assay medium exhibiting a pH optimum of 5.65 at high ionic strength and 7.00 at low ionic strength. Rabbit antiserum prepared against the purified microbody MDH shows a single precipitin band on immunodiffusion analysis. Immunological studies indicate that rabbit antiserum prepared against the purified microbody enzyme cross reacts approximately 10% with the mitochondrial isoenzyme of MDH. No cross reaction was shown with the soluble isoenzyme. In general, the data presented in this report tend to support the notion of organelle specific isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase in higher plant tissues and uniqueness of the microbody form of malate dehydrogenase in particular.
A High Pressure Xenon Proportional Chamber for X-Ray Laminographic Reconstruction Using Fan Beam Geometry

A novel 50 cm long position sensing proportional chamber has been constructed for use in transverse section reconstruction measurements. Characteristics of this detector are: position resolution 1 mm, energy resolution 20%, efficiency at 60 keV 31%, and deadtime 2 ?sec. Fan beam x-ray transmission measurements at many angles are stored in a PDP 11/45 minicomputer which performs and displays the density reconstruction in a 64 × 64 array encompassing the cross sectional contour of the scanned object.
Connectivity and complexity: the relationship between neuroanatomy and brain dynamics

Nervous systems facing complex environments have to balance two seemingly opposing requirements. First, there is a need quickly and reliably to extract important features from sensory inputs. This is accomplished by functionally segregated (specialized) sets of neurons, e.g. those found in different cortical areas. Second, there is a need to generate coherent perceptual and cognitive states allowing an organism to respond to objects and events, which represent conjunctions of numerous individual features. This need is accomplished by functional integration of the activity of specialized neurons through their dynamic interactions. These interactions produce patterns of temporal correlations or functional connectivity involving distributed neuronal populations, both within and across cortical areas. Empirical and computational studies suggest that changes in functional connectivity may underlie specific perceptual and cognitive states and involve the integration of information across specialized areas of the brain. The interplay between functional segregation and integration can be quantitatively captured using concepts from statistical information theory, in particular by defining a measure of neural complexity. Complexity measures the extent to which a pattern of functional connectivity produced by units or areas within a neural system combines the dual requirements of functional segregation and integration. We find that specific neuroanatomical motifs are uniquely associated with high levels of complexity and that such motifs are embedded in the pattern of long-range cortico-cortical pathways linking segregated areas of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Our theoretical findings offer new insight into the intricate relationship between connectivity and complexity in the nervous system.
Optimization and apodization of aerial images at high NA in imaging interferometic lithography

ABSTRACT Imaging Interferometric Lithography (IIL) offers several optimization parameters such as pupil filtering, parsing of frequency coverage, polarization control, and multiple exposure dosage ratios. We discuss the optimal frequency coverages for IIL at NA = .9 and the effects of the dark fi eld (quadratic image autocorrelation terms) on the aerial image under pupil filtering. Next, comparisons are made of exposure latitudes for various dosage ratios and exposures for several weighted errors under different conditions. Lastly, apodization of the pupil filters is considered and shown to alleviate artifacts associated with Gibbs phenomena at hard frequency stops and improve overall image fidelity. Keywords: optimization, pupil filtering, image quality, aerial image, imaging interferometric lithography, apodization 1. INTRODUCTION As 1 decreases in optical lithography, a detailed understanding of nonlinear imaging effects becomes necessary to optimize image formation at minimum dimensions. For any lit hographic technique, high contrast and exposure latitude are necessary to achieve successful printing of high quality patterns, especially in a high volume manufacturing environment. IIL at high NA [1] offers several resolution enhancement techniques (RET) such as off-axis illumination (OAI) at the largest oblique illumination angle to down-shift the highest frequency components into the pass-band of the optical system, variable pupil filtering strategies to improve image robustness, and polarization control to maximize interference and print high spatial frequencies at the optical system minimum half-pitch. This paper explores some of these strategies and demonstrates their impacts on the final images. With the IIL scalar model [2,3], the up-shifted high frequency components of a mask pattern retain the high amplitudes necessary to create high exposure latitude for high resolution patterns at low
Task-performing Dynamics in Irregular, Biomimetic Networks

Understanding self-organized collective dynamics—especially in sparsely connected, noisy, and imperfect networks—has important implications for designing and optimizing task-performing technological systems as well as for deciphering biological structures and functions. We note that stomatal arrays on plant leaves might provide an ideal example of task-performance in this context. Guided by observations of stomatal networks, we examined a simple model of task-performing, collective dynamics that included state noise, spatial rule heterogeneity, dynamic modules, and network rewiring. Our results indicate that task-performance in such networks can actually be enhanced by various kinds of spatial and temporal irregularity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 14‐21, 2007
FSH induction of sensitivity to LH: one cause of sexual maturation in the male rat.

The sensitivity of the testicular response to exogenous LH and FSH has been evaluated in sexually immature and mature animals. Male rats were hypophysectomized at 21 days of age (weaning) and 87 days of age (sexually mature). Five days later, NIH—LH—B7 was administered daily for 5 days in doses ranging from 0.04-400 μ/100 g bw/day. Sexually immature males showed no response to any dose of LH, while sexually mature animals responded to 0.66 μg and showed a maximal response to 20 μg. However, the sexually immature 5-day hypophysectomized animal responded to NIH—FSH—S4; 8 μg/100 g bw/day, given over 5 days, significantly increased testicular wt, and 300 μg produced a maximal response. FSH alone failed to stimulate prostate wt. The minimal effective dose of testosterone required to increase prostate wt was identical in immature and mature animals. Thus, failure of prostate wt to respond to LH stimulation was not due to interference with testosterone action. Pretreatment of sexually immature, 5-day hypophysect...
Introduction Metals in Biology: α-Ketoglutarate/Iron Dependent Dioxygenases

Four minireviews deal with aspects of the α-ketoglutarate/iron-dependent dioxygenases in this eighth Thematic Series on Metals in Biology. The minireviews cover a general introduction and synopsis of the current understanding of mechanisms of catalysis, the roles of these dioxygenases in post-translational protein modification and de-modification, the roles of the ten-eleven translocation (Tet) dioxygenases in the modification of methylated bases (5mC, T) in DNA relevant to epigenetic mechanisms, and the roles of the AlkB-related dioxygenases in the repair of damaged DNA and RNA. The use of α-ketoglutarate (alternatively termed 2-oxoglutarate) as a co-substrate in so many oxidation reactions throughout much of nature is notable and has surprisingly emerged from biochemical and genomic analysis. About 60 of these enzymes are now recognized in humans, and a number have been identified as having critical functions.
Rorschach Score Validation as a Model for 21st-Century Personality Assessment

Recent conceptual and methodological innovations have led to new strategies for documenting the construct validity of test scores, including performance-based test scores. These strategies have the potential to generate more definitive evidence regarding the validity of scores derived from the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) and help resolve some long-standing controversies regarding the clinical utility of the Rorschach. After discussing the unique challenges in studying the Rorschach and why research in this area is important given current trends in scientific and applied psychology, I offer 3 overarching principles to maximize the construct validity of RIM scores, arguing that (a) the method that provides RIM validation measures plays a key role in generating outcome predictions; (b) RIM variables should be linked with findings from neighboring subfields; and (c) rigorous RIM score validation includes both process-focused and outcome-focused assessments. I describe a 4-step strategy for optimal RIM score derivation (formulating hypotheses, delineating process links, generating outcome predictions, and establishing limiting conditions); and a 4-component template for RIM score validation (establishing basic psychometrics, documenting outcome-focused validity, assessing process-focused validity, and integrating outcome- and process-focused validity data). The proposed framework not only has the potential to enhance the validity and utility of the RIM, but might ultimately enable the RIM to become a model of test score validation for 21st-century personality assessment.
Adjusting for covariates on a slippery slope: linkage analysis of change over time

We analyzed the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 (GAW13) simulated data to contrast and compare different methods for the genetic linkage analysis of hypertension and change in blood pressure over time. We also examined methods for incorporating covariates into the linkage analysis. We used methods for quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage analysis with and without covariates and affected sib-pair (ASP) analysis of hypertension followed by ordered subset analysis (OSA), using variables associated with change in blood pressure over time. Four of the five baseline genes and one of the three slope genes were not detected by any method using conventional criteria. OSA detected baseline gene b35 on chromosome 13 when using the slope in blood pressure to adjust for change over time. Slope gene s10 was detected by the ASP analysis and slope gene s11 was detected by QTL linkage analysis as well as by OSA analysis. Analysis of null chromosomes, i.e., chromosomes without genes, did not reveal significant increases in type I error. However, there were a number of genes indirectly related to blood pressure detected by a variety of methods. We noted that there is no obvious first choice of analysis software for analyzing a complicated model, such as the one underlying the GAW13 simulated data. Inclusion of covariates and longitudinal data can improve localization of genes for complex traits but it is not always clear how best to do this. It remains a worthwhile task to apply several different approaches since one method is not always the best.
An iterative inverse-scattering approach to distributed sensing

The Kaczmarz method is widely used in computed tomography applications to iteratively solve large inverse problems for which a direct solution is computationally prohibitive. In this paper, the Kaczmarz method is generalized to handle sparse frequency data collected from sparse, spatially distributed, multistatic sensors. In addition, the developed algorithm provides a mathematical solution to the underlying diffraction tomography problem described by the scalar wave equation under the Born approximation. The formulation avoids computing the pseudo-inverse of a large forward operator while still converging to the true minimum norm solution to the scattering problem, and the resulting reconstructed images are superior to the matched filter results often employed in SAR/ISAR applications. A fast version of the algorithm that exploits circular symmetries in the sensor geometry is also described.