cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eliminating Securities Fraud Class Actions Under the Radar

At least since Basic, Inc. v. Levinson, the business community and many influential scholars have challenged the existence of the securities fraud class action on a variety of grounds. Recently, two proposals have been advanced to “fix” the problem of “abusive” securities fraud class actions. One proposal requires arbitration of all securities fraud actions; the other eliminates the corporate defendant in most actions. Proponents assert that shareholders should have the right to adopt these proposals through amendment of the company’s certificate of incorporation. Both these proposals have attracted more than academic interest. In reality, adoption of either proposal would substantially curtail, if not eliminate, the securities fraud class action. Part II of this paper first reviews the two rationales – compensation and deterrence–for the federal securities class action, sets forth the critics’ principal arguments as to why these goals are not achieved, and argues that the post-PSLRA securities fraud class action is reasonably effective in achieving both compensatory and deterrence goals. Part III then describes the two proposals. Part IV explains why these proposals are impermissible under the anti-waiver clause, Section 29(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Part V explains why these proposals are also, under state law, illegal, unfair to shareholders that do not vote in favor of them, and unenforceable as to future stock purchasers. Part VI concludes by calling for a national debate on the future of the securities fraud class action. The arguments for and *803 against the securities fraud class action involve complexities and uncertainties that make “quick and dirty” solutions like these two proposals inappropriate.
Information Quality Framework for Verifiable Intelligence Products

Organizations have been increasingly investing in technology to collect and process vast volumes of data. Even so, they often find themselves stymied in their efforts to effectively use the data to improve business processes and to make better decisions. This difficulty is often caused by information quality issues within the organization and other related organizations.
What is Important? The Impact of Interpersonal Political Discussion on Public Agendas†

Objective This article investigates the role of discussion networks in agenda-setting. More specifically, the focus is on the question whether the partisan composition of people's discussion networks affects what they judge to be the most important problems facing the country. Method Using data from the 2000 American National Election Studies (ANES), I employ logistic regression analysis. Results The findings suggest that discussion networks indeed play a significant role in setting the public agenda, even taking into consideration people's media use and several other potentially relevant variables. Conclusion While prior research has already linked political discussion to participation and vote choice, this study provides evidence that it also affects what issues people prioritize.
The use of ultrasound imaging in evaluation of peritonsillar infections.

Objectives/Hypothesis The objectives of this study were to evaluate safety and patient tolerance of intraoral ultrasound and to evaluate efficacy of intraoral ultrasound in the diagnosis of peritonsillar infections. Study Design Prospective single-cohort study involving adult patients (age >18 years) with evaluation consistent with possible peritonsillar abscess. Methods Twenty-four patients were evaluated in the emergency department for peritonsillar infection. Signs and symptoms were recorded including uvular deviation, trismus, and fluctuance. Intraoral ultrasound was performed, and presence or absence of abscess was recorded. Eight patients had a computed tomography (CT) scan. Needle aspiration was performed by the otolaryngology physician in appropriate patients. Presence of purulence confirmed peritonsillar abscess. Results Intraoral ultrasound was successfully performed on 87.5% (21/24) of patients. The probe could not access the peritonsillar space in 12.5% (3/24) of patients due to trismus. The positive predictive value of ultrasound in diagnosing abscess was 78.6% (11/14). The negative predictive value was 100% (7/7). The specificity was 70% (7/10), and the sensitivity was 100% (11/11). CT scan of the neck was obtained in 8/24 patients and found to be 100% sensitive and specific in diagnosing abscess. Conclusions Intraoral ultrasound is a sensitive imaging modality at our institution, making it a strong initial imaging choice in patients with peritonsillar infections. Ultrasound can reliably rule out the presence of abscess and make CT of the neck unnecessary in most patients. Although ultrasound is generally well tolerated, diagnosis in patients with severe trismus can be made clinically or with CT scan. Intraoral ultrasound is a useful tool in diagnosing and treating peritonsillar infections when imaging is required. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2015
Alfred Rosenberg. Nazi theoriest of the holocaust

(1988). Alfred Rosenberg. Nazi theoriest of the holocaust. History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 509-510.
Comments on Jobshop-Like Queueing Systems

M interest in jobshop manufacturing led me to the basic subject matter of this paper. It was the second of two closely related papers; the first was “Networks of Queues,” (Operations Research 1957 5(4)). Both papers stemmed from my work with the Management Science Research Project at UCLA (then the Naval Logistics Research Project), where I was involved with the varied jobshops in and around the aircraft industry. The Operations Research paper was the almost serendipitous result of trying out what I thought was an incorrect solution, but one whose failings might give me ideas as to how interacting systems of queues actually do behave. It turned out that what I “tried out” was the actual solution. Of course it took a lot of fooling around with to show that it worked in general rather than in a few test cases. After the initial paper got some notice, I realized that its possible realm of utility went well beyond the range of jobshops per se and that the original theorem could be significantly generalized. The resulting paper, which is the subject of this note, also corrects weak points in the mathematical proof given by its predecessor. It was satisfying in later years to see that several authors had further generalized my theorem, using more sophisticated mathematics than my beginner’s knowledge of stochastic systems provided. A few years later, I was especially pleased to serve on many doctorial committees headed by Professor Leonard Kleinrock, whose students reached further conclusions that formed valuable bases for his early work toward what developed into today’s Internet. It pleased me no end that Kleinrock, widely recognized as an important pioneer of the Internet, once referred to me as the “the father of the Internet.” I of course accept no such honor; if anything, I would say Kleinrock himself is the “father”; I am at most one among the many stepfathers.
Misplaced Mistrust: The Collaborative Construction of Doubt In 911 Emergency Calls

In this paper, we analyze how the call-taker in a taped 911 call came to doubt a caller who was reporting a genuine emergency. Using conversation analysis, we show how the caller's actions in the unfolding context of the call did not successfully support his claims to be a caller with legitimate trouble to report. We show how the participants' experience of the call as it unfolded differed from the media's depictions of the call. The call-taker's doubt was not an intrapersonal phenomenon but was constructed by both participants throughout the call. One of the major factors in this construction was the unsuccessful claims-making techniques used by the caller.
Neutron analysis of spent fuel storage installation using parallel computing and advance discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo techniques.

In the United States, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 mandated centralised storage of spent nuclear fuel by 1988. However, the Yucca Mountain project is currently scheduled to start accepting spent nuclear fuel in 2010. Since many nuclear power plants were only designed for ∼ 10 y of spent fuel pool storage, >35 plants have been forced into alternate means of spent fuel storage. In order to continue operation and make room in spent fuel pools, nuclear generators are turning towards independent spent fuel storage installations (ISFSIs). Typical vertical concrete ISFSIS are ∼6.1 m high and 3.3 m in diameter. The inherently large system, and the presence of thick concrete shields result in difficulties for both Monte Carlo (MC) and discrete ordinates (S N ) calculations. MC calculations require significant variance reduction and multiple runs to obtain a detailed dose distribution. S N models need a large number of spatial meshes to accurately model the geometry and high quadrature orders to reduce ray effects, therefore, requiring significant amounts of computer memory and time. The use of various differencing schemes is needed to account for radial heterogeneity in material cross sections and densities. Two P 3 , S 1 2 , discrete ordinate, PENTRAN (parallel environment neutral-particle TRANsport) models were analysed and different MC models compared. A multigroup MCNP model was developed for direct comparison to the S N models. The biased A 3 MCNP (automated adjoint accelerated MCNP) and unbiased (MCNP) continuous energy MC models were developed to assess the adequacy of the CASK multigroup (22 neutron, 18 gamma) cross sections. The PENTRAN S N results are in close agreement (5%) with the multigroup MC results; however, they differ by ∼20-30% from the continuous-energy MC predictions. This large difference can be attributed to the expected difference between multigroup and continuous energy cross sections, and the fact that the CASK library is based on the old ENDF/B-II library. Both MC and S N calculations were run in parallel on a BEOWULF PC-cluster (eight processors). Timing results indicate that the S N calculation yielded a detailed dose distribution at over 318,426 points in ∼164 h. Unbiased continuous energy MC required 214 h to calculate dose rates with a 1% relative error in only 18 regions on the surface of the cask. The biased A 3 MCNP calculations yields dose rates with ∼0.8% relative error in only 2.5 h on one processor. This study demonstrates that a parallel code, such as the 3-D parallel S N transport code, PENTRAN can solve a complex large problem, such as the storage cask, accurately and efficiently. Moreover, this calculation was performed on a relatively inexpensive PC-cluster. Possible inadequacies of the CASK cross section library still need to be evaluated.
A unique TGFBI protein in granular corneal dystrophy types 1 and 2.

Purpose: Types 1 and 2 granular corneal dystrophies (GCD) are primarily associated with accumulation of the R555W and R124H mutant transforming growth factor β-inducible proteins (TGFBIp) in corneal stroma, respectively. However, specific components of TGFBIp responsible for granular deposits have not been delineated. This study was undertaken to identify the mutant TGFBIp components potentially responsible for GCD.Methods: Recombinant TGFBIp of wild-type (WT) and three mutants, R124C, R124H, and R555W, were generated in HEK293FT cells. WT and TGFBIp mutants were collected from cell lysates. Immunoblot analyses were performed with five different antibodies directed against various regions of WT TGFBIp.Results: WT and TGFBIp mutants showed differential reactivities with these antibodies. In contrast to our prior observation in purified WT and TGFBIp mutants, TGFBIp from cell lysates were less prone to polymerize. A unique 35 kD fragment was detected in cell lysates of R555W and R124H, but not in those of W...
Differentially expressed genes associated with post-harvest processing in Lolium temulentum L.

Abstract Forage and turf grasses are utilized as feed in livestock production, lawns, erosion prevention and recreational surfaces. During grass seed production, grasses in the field are cut while still green and physiologically active. The cut grass is allowed to cure in the fields for 1–2 weeks prior to harvesting the seed. After seed harvest, a large portion of the generated biomass is left as unused or as low value agricultural residue, such as straw. Such biomass is not suitable as animal feedstock and its biochemical composition limits its utility in biofuel conversion efforts. One potential approach to improve the utility of grass residues as feed or biofuels feedstock would be to modify the biochemical or molecular processes within the plant during the period after swathing and prior to seed harvesting. Unfortunately, little knowledge exists regarding post-harvest gene expression in grasses. To this end, we utilized the model grass Lolium temulentum , a diploid self-fertile species with a short life cycle (2–3 months), to characterize post-harvest gene expression. A PCR based subtractive suppression hybridization library of a simulated grass straw harvest was prepared and after sequencing a total of 598 unique sequences were identified. Many of these sequences corresponded to orthologs of previously identified genes. The expression patterns of seven genes were evaluated by Northern blot analysis in post-harvest leaf and stem tissues. These preliminary studies support the concept of utilizing of L. temulentum as a model forage grass for molecular genetic analyses of post-harvest stress.
Hydrolysis of pyrethroids by human and rat tissues: Examination of intestinal, liver and serum carboxylesterases

Abstract Hydrolytic metabolism of pyrethroid insecticides in humans is one of the major catabolic pathways that clear these compounds from the body. Rodent models are often used to determine the disposition and clearance rates of these esterified compounds. In this study the distribution and activities of esterases that catalyze pyrethroid metabolism have been investigated in vitro using several human and rat tissues, including small intestine, liver and serum. The major esterase in human intestine is carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2). We found that the pyrethroid trans-permethrin is effectively hydrolyzed by a sample of pooled human intestinal microsomes (5 individuals), while deltamethrin and bioresmethrin are not. This result correlates well with the substrate specificity of recombinant hCE2 enzyme. In contrast, a sample of pooled rat intestinal microsomes (5 animals) hydrolyze trans-permethrin 4.5-fold slower than the sample of human intestinal microsomes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that pooled samples of cytosol from human or rat liver are ∼ 2-fold less hydrolytically active (normalized per mg protein) than the corresponding microsomal fraction toward pyrethroid substrates; however, the cytosolic fractions do have significant amounts (∼ 40%) of the total esteratic activity. Moreover, a 6-fold interindividual variation in carboxylesterase 1 protein expression in human hepatic cytosols was observed. Human serum was shown to lack pyrethroid hydrolytic activity, but rat serum has hydrolytic activity that is attributed to a single CE isozyme. We purified the serum CE enzyme to homogeneity to determine its contribution to pyrethroid metabolism in the rat. Both trans-permethrin and bioresmethrin were effectively cleaved by this serum CE, but deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, alpha-cypermethrin and cis-permethrin were slowly hydrolyzed. Lastly, two model lipase enzymes were examined for their ability to hydrolyze pyrethroids. However, no hydrolysis products could be detected. Together, these results demonstrate that extrahepatic esterolytic metabolism of specific pyrethroids may be significant. Moreover, hepatic cytosolic and microsomal hydrolytic metabolism should each be considered during the development of pharmacokinetic models that predict the disposition of pyrethroids and other esterified compounds.
1737 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) CHANGES IN PRETERM BABOONS WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

FRC, related to alveolar stability at end expiration, would be expected to improve with recovery from HMD. Intubated, paralyzed preterm (140±2 days) baboons with HMD were evaluated with serial FRC measurements by the He dilution method on Day 0, 3, 7 and 9. Values on Day 0 were obtained within 4 hrs. of birth when all animals were ventilated by conventional ventilation (CV). Animals were then randomized to CV or high frequency ventilation (HFV). Mean values (±SD) obtained were: On Day 0, FRC was not significantly different (ANOVA for repeated measures) between ventilator groups indicating groups of equivalent initial disease severity. Analysis of differences due to ventilator type and interaction between ventilator type and time proved nonsignificant. FRCs on Day 3, 7 and 9 were significantly improved (P< 0.01) over Day 0 values. Changes in FRC appear to reflect recovery in surviving preterm baboons with HMD treated with CV or HFV.
Photoaquation of cis-dichlorobis-(1,10-phenanthroline)chromium(III) and the photochemical and thermal reactions of this complex with native calf-thymus DNA.

The photoaquation of the title compound [cis-Cr(phen)2CL+2] has been studied using high performance liquid chromatography. Both monoaquo [cis-Cr(phen)2Cl(OH2)2+2] and diaquo [cis-Cr(phen)2(OH2)3+2] products are formed, and the quantum efficiency for the loss of starting material in Tris buffer (pH 7) under argon and oxygen is 0.010 ± 0.001 and 0.0026 ± 0.0002, respectively. The presence of deoxyguanosine (dG) increases the rate of loss, as much as twofold under argon, but only the rate of diaquo product formation is enhanced by the nucleoside. The dG effect is attributed to reductive quenching of the cis-Cr(phen)2Cl+2 excited state by the base. Equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that both cis-Cr(phen)2Cl+2 and cisCr(phen)2(OH2)3+2 minimally associate with calf-thymus DNA. However, photolyses of cis-Cr(phen)2Cl+2 with the nucleic acid yield a mixture of unidentified covalent adducts. The diaquo complex also forms covalent adducts with DNA in the absence of light. Photolyses of the cis-Cr(phen)2Cl+2 with polyribonucleotides indicate a clear preference for covalent binding to the purines.
Neural network model of visual cortex for determining surface curvature from images of shaded surfaces

The visual system can extract information about shape from the pattern of light and dark surface shading on an object. Very little is known about how this is accomplished. We have used a learning algorithm to construct a neural network model that computes the principal curvatures and orientation of elliptic paraboloids independently of the illumination direction. Our chief finding is that receptive fields developed by units of such model network are surprisingly similar to some found in the visual cortex. It appears that neurons that can make use of the continuous gradations of shading have receptive fields similar to those previously interpreted as dealing with contours (i.e. 'bar' detectors or 'edge' detectors). This study illustrates the difficulty of deducing neuronal function within a network solely from receptive fields. It is also important to consider the pattern of connections a neuron makes with subsequent stages, which we call the 'projective field'.
Successful resuscitation by closed chest cardiac compression and repeated defibrillation in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Successful resuscitation by closed chest cardiac compression and repeated external defibrillation in a case of acute myocardial infarction is reported. Interesting arrhythmias were observed. Ventilation was accomplished through external chest compression alone with oxygen supplied by mask through a good airway.
Spectroscopic determination of surface geometry: Ti(0001) -H(1 x 1)

The electronic structure of a Ti(0001) film covered by a monolayer of H is shown to depend strongly on the location of the H atom in the surface unit cell. Best agreement with experiment is found with the H's in three-fold sites, 0.8 a.u. outside the outer Ti layer. In this geometry the H atoms ''heal'' the surface: the clean Ti(0001) surface state near the Fermi level is removed and the outer layer d-like local density of states (LDOS) is quite similar to that of the interior. Additionally, the calculated work function is 4.0 eV and an H-derived peak in the calculated LDOS appears 5 eV below E/sub F/, in agreement with photoemission measurements.
Arachidonic acid and male genital differentiation.

Arachidonic acid (AA) prevents neural tube defects, cleft palate, and micrognathia in the rat models of diabetic embryopathy and neural tube defects in the mouse embryo culture model. In this study, the involvement of AA in the male genital differentiation was described. These observations raise the complementary possibility that the AA-prostaglandin biochemical pathway may be a major mechanism mediating many embryonic events that involve cellular movement and fusion.
Highly transformable mutants of Streptomyces fradiae defective in several restriction systems.

Streptomyces fradiae JS85 is a mutant defective in tylosin production and an efficient recipient for conjugal transfer of tylosin genes. JS85 was mutagenized with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and derivatives defective in restriction were isolated by sequential selection for increased transformability by several plasmid DNAs. From the number of mutation and selection cycles required to eliminate most restriction, it was estimated that wild type S. fradiae expressed at least five restriction systems. From the patterns of restriction enzyme digestion of chromosomal DNA observed in the series of mutants that became progressively less restricting, it was suggested that wild type S. fradiae normally expresses modification (and presumably restriction) systems similar or analogous to PstI, XhoI, ScaI and EcoRI. The least restricting mutant of S. fradiae was readily transformable by many plasmids, including a bifunctional cosmid vector containing a large insert of Streptomyces DNA.
The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests

Abstract Competition is a well-documented contributor to tree mortality in temperate forests, with numerous studies documenting a relationship between tree death and the competitive environment. Models frequently rely on competition as the only non-random mechanism affecting tree mortality. However, for mature forests, competition may cease to be the primary driver of mortality. We use a large, long-term dataset to study the importance of competition in determining tree mortality in old-growth forests on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A. We make use of the comparative spatial configuration of dead and live trees, changes in tree spatial pattern through time, and field assessments of contributors to an individual tree's death to quantify competitive effects. Competition was apparently a significant contributor to tree mortality in these forests. Trees that died tended to be in more competitive environments than trees that survived, and suppression frequently appeared as a factor contributing to mortality. On the other hand, based on spatial pattern analyses, only three of 14 plots demonstrated compelling evidence that competition was dominating mortality. Most of the rest of the plots fell within the expectation for random mortality, and three fit neither the random nor the competition model. These results suggest that while competition is often playing a significant role in tree mortality processes in these forests it only infrequently governs those processes. In addition, the field assessments indicated a substantial presence of biotic mortality agents in trees that died. While competition is almost certainly important, demographics in these forests cannot accurately be characterized without a better grasp of other mortality processes. In particular, we likely need a better understanding of biotic agents and their interactions with one another and with competition.
Plant-based research among the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups

The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG), administered by the Fogarty International Center, was created in 1992. By 2007, the program had completed three cycles of funding. In the last cycle (2003-2008), seven ICBGs were operating in biodiversity hotspots around the world with support from nine Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health and from the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Agriculture. Accomplishments over the history of the program include discovery of numerous bioactive compounds, training of thousands of young scientists in the US and abroad, and the creation and enhancement of biodiversity protected areas around the world. Over the history of the ICBG program plant-based research has been a significant component of many projects. Over 10,000 species of tropical, temperate and arid lands plants from 350 plant families have been analyzed. While some of the research has been guided by ethnobotanical science, particularly science oriented towar...
An optimization based domain decomposition method for partial differential equations

Abstract An optimization-based domain decomposition method for the solution of partial differential equations is presented. The crux of the method is a constrained minimization problem for which the objective functional measures the jump in the dependent variables across the common boundaries between subdomains; the constraints are the partial differential equations. The existence of optimal solutions for the optimization problem is shown as is the convergence to the exact solution of the given problem. We then derive an optimality system of partial differential equations from which solutions of the domain decomposition problem may be determined. Finite element approximations to solutions of the optimality system are defined and analyzed as well as an eminently parallelizable gradient method for solving the optimality system. Then, the results of some numerical experiments and some concluding remarks are given. The latter includes the extension of the method to nonlinear problems such as the Navier-Stokes equations.
NOTCH-Mediated Maintenance and Expansion of Human Bone Marrow Stromal/Stem Cells: A Technology Designed for Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine

Human bone marrow-derived stromal/stem cells (BMSCs) have great therapeutic potential for treating skeletal disease and facilitating skeletal repair, although maintaining their multipotency and expanding these cells ex vivo have proven difficult. Because most stem cell-based applications to skeletal regeneration and repair in the clinic would require large numbers of functional BMSCs, recent research has focused on methods for the appropriate selection, expansion, and maintenance of BMSC populations during long-term culture. We describe here a novel biological method that entails selection of human BMSCs based on NOTCH2 expression and activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway in cultured BMSCs via a tissue culture plate coated with recombinant human JAGGED1 (JAG1) ligand. We demonstrate that transient JAG1-mediated NOTCH signaling promotes human BMSC maintenance and expansion while increasing their skeletogenic differentiation capacity, both ex vivo and in vivo. This study is the first of its kind to describe a NOTCH-mediated methodology for the maintenance and expansion of human BMSCs and will serve as a platform for future clinical or translational studies aimed at skeletal regeneration and repair.
Structural design and decoupled control

Abstract The decoupled control of an optimally designed space structure is considered. The optimal structure is a derivative of the CSDL I model spacecraft. In particular, the effects of structural perturbations on the optimal design are considered. The stiffness matrix for the structure is perturbed by changing the areas of its rod members. A LQR controller, with modal suppression is designed for the nominal system. The controller is used on the perturbed systems and the effects on modal suppression noted. The spillover into the suppressed modes due to perturbations is also quantified in terms of the change in the row and column space of the control and observation matrices, respectively. The results obtained are compared to those obtained for the nominal CSDL I model.
The ratio of barium to strontium as a paleodietary indicator of consumption of marine resources

Abstract Seawater has an extremely low ratio of barium to strontium in comparison to terrestrial ratios. Low Ba Sr ratios are also found in marine species and in the bone compositions of prehistoric populations who subsisted on marine resources. Differences in the Ba Sr ratios of human bones can thus be used as a measure of the relative amounts of marine and terrestrial components of diet. Some cautionary tales are also presented.
The peripheral core of law and criminology: On postmodern social theory and conceptual integration

Despite significant challenges to some of the ideological underpinnings of the postmodern critique, critical theory building in law and criminology increasingly is subjected to the wholesale advances of this growing, albeit heterodox, school of thought. One greatly underexamined component of postmodern research is a provisional treatment of how its various formulations might suggest alternative approaches to understanding criminal justicians, their research, and their practice. Accordingly this essay assesses core themes (both sociological and epistemological) informing the regard of this perspective for theory construction in law and criminology. Several topics are considered: the social structure of society, role formation, human agency, discourse construction, knowledge or sense making, and social change. Building on Milovanovic's conceptual distinctions between the modernist and the postmodernist projects, the author concludes by speculating on what a model of postmodern conceptual synthesis might enc...
Simulation and measurement of transcranial near infrared light penetration

We are studying the transmission of LED array-emitted near-infrared (NIR) light through human tissues. Herein, we simulated and measured transcranial NIR penetration in highly scattering human head tissues. Using finite element analysis, we simulated photon diffusion in a multilayered 3D human head model that consists of scalp, skull, cerebral spinal fluid, gray matter and white matter. The optical properties of each layer, namely scattering and absorption coefficient, correspond to the 850 nm NIR light. The geometry of the model is minimally modified from the IEEE standard and the multiple LED emitters in an array were evenly distributed on the scalp. Our results show that photon distribution produced by the array exhibits little variation at similar brain depth, suggesting that due to strong scattering effects of the tissues, discrete spatial arrangements of LED emitters in an array has the potential to create a quasi-radially symmetrical illumination field. Measurements on cadaveric human head tissues excised from occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal regions show that illumination with an 850 nm LED emitter rendered a photon flux that closely follows simulation results. In addition, prolonged illumination of LED emitted NIR showed minimal thermal effects on the brain.
Response to Decision Problems Under Risk and Chance Constrained Programming: Dilemmas in the Transition

Once again we show that the analysis of a very simple artificial example contrived by its authors for a general indictment of all chance constrained programming is itself in error. Proofs and further references are supplied below along with a discussion of other deficiencies and ambiguities in an article authored by A. J. Hogan, J. G. Morris and H. E. Thompson in Management Science, Vol. 27, No. 6 June 1981.
1-Methyl-1-Vinyl-3,3,5,5-Tetraphenylcyclotrisiloxane: An Organofunctional Cyclotrisiloxane

The characterization of 1-methyl-1-vinyl-3,3,5,5-tetraphenylcyclotrisiloxane by NMR(1H,13C,29Si) and X-ray crystallography is reported. The central siloxane ring is planar with Si–O bond lengths and angles which are similar to those found in the structures of other cyclotrisiloxanes. There is significant thermal motion of the methyl and vinyl groups. Very low incorporation of the siloxane is observed in the radical catalyzed copolymerization of the siloxane with styrene.
Debonding and crack kinking in foam core sandwich beams—I. Analysis of fracture specimens

Abstract Sandwich beam specimens, recently developed for the study of facing/core debond fracture, were analyzed using the finite element method. Peel fracture was approached using a modified double cantilever beam (DCB) sandwich specimen with a precrack between the facing and core, while shear fracture employed a modification of the ASTM block shear test to include a facing/core precrack. Complex and conventional stress intensity factors were calculated for bimaterial cracks located between facing and bondlayer and bondlayer and core over a large range of core moduli. Overall, much larger stress intensity factors were observed for an interfacial crack between the facing and bondlayer than for a crack between the bondlayer and core for both types of specimens. Crack kinking analysis of the DCB specimen revealed that the debond tends to remain interfacial for stiff core materials, but may deflect into the core for compliant core materials. In shear loading of a debonded sandwich beam it was demonstrated that crack kinking is possible for any core material.
Towards mechanical metamathematics

Metamathematics is a source of many interesting theorems and difficult proofs. This paper reports the results of an experiment to use the Boyer-Moore theorem prover to proof-check theorems in metamathematics. We describe a First Order Logic due to Shoenfield and outline some of the theorems that the prover was able to prove about this logic. These include the tautology theorem which states that every tautology has a proof. Such proofs can be used to add new proof procedures to a proof-checking program in a sound and efficient manner.
Technical Services Report: Usability, the User Experience and Interface Design: The Role of Reference. A Report of the Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) MARS Emerging Technologies in Reference Chair's Program, American Library Association Annual Conference, Chicago, June 2013

An audience of over 200 assembled for the RUSA MARS: Emerging Technologies in Reference Chair's Program “Usability, the User Experience & Interface Design: The Role of Reference” on June 30, in Chi...
The rate of surface tension lowering and its role in foaming

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of surface tension lowering of solutions of sodium laurate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium oleate were determined by the oscillating jet technique. 2. 2. The stabilities of foams containing these surface-active agents were measured by the single bubble technique. 3. 3. The surface viscosity and surface plasticity were determined for sodium laurate solutions. No plasticity was observed and the viscosity was essentially that of pure water. 4. 4. The rate of surface tension lowering of sodium laurate increases with increasing concentration. At a given concentration the rate of lowering for sodium dodecyl sulfate is appreciably greater than that for sodium laurate. In the higher concentration range the rate for sodium oleate does not increase appreciably. 5. 5. Sodium chloride increases the rate of surface tension lowering of sodium laurate. 6. 6. It is probable that the stability of a foam is due to the ability of its films to resist deformation. The conditions for high foam stability are: (1) Low surface tension relative to that of the pure solvent, (2) moderate rate of surface tension lowering, and (3) a high bulk or surface viscosity. 7. 7. The foam stabilities determined in this research are in qualitative agreement with theory.
Deviant identity, negative self-feelings, and decreases in deviant behavior: The moderating influence of conventional social bonding

Abstract Informed by Kaplan's general theory of deviant behavior it was hypothesized that adolescents characterized by deviant identities who developed negative self-feelings would decrease deviant behavior over time if the youths were bonded to the conventional social order but not if the youths were not bonded to the conventional social order. For adolescents not characterized by deviant identities, the development of negative self-feelings would increase deviant behavior over time regardless of the level of conventional social bonding. The hypotheses were explored using data from youth (n=1019) tested during early adolescence and re-tested 3 years later. Ordinary least square regression models estimated the effects of negative self-feelings on later deviant behaviors controlling for earlier deviant behavior, gender, race/ethnicity, and father's education. The model was estimated separately for each of four subgroups: deviant identity/high social bonding; deviant identity/low social bonding; non-deviant...
Hypertension and Diabetes in Blacks

This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the interrelationship between non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension in our attempt to explore the pathophysiology of the high incidence of diabetes and hypertension in the Black population in the United States. A central role for hyperinsulinemia is proposed, and questions are raised that are suitable for investigative clinical trials.
Romantic partner influences on prenatal and postnatal substance use in young couples

BACKGROUND Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use (ATOD) among adolescent and young adult couples during prenatal and postnatal periods is a significant public health problem, and couples may mutually influence each others' ATOD behaviors. PURPOSE The current study investigated romantic partner influences on ATOD among adolescent and young adult couples during pregnancy and postnatal periods. METHODS Participants were 296 young couples in the second or third trimester of pregnancy recruited from OBGYN clinics between July 2007 and February 2011. Participants completed questionnaires at prenatal, 6 months postnatal, and 12 months postnatal periods. Dyadic data analysis was conducted to assess the stability and interdependence of male and female ATOD over time. RESULTS Male partner cigarette and marijuana use in the prenatal period significantly predicted female cigarette and marijuana use at 6 months postnatal (b = 0.14, P < 0.01; b = 0.11, P < 0.05, respectively). Male partner marijuana use at 6 months postnatal also significantly predicted female marijuana use at 12 months postnatal (b = 0.11, P < 0.05). Additionally, significant positive correlations were found for partner alcohol and marijuana at pre-pregnancy and 6 months postnatal, and partner cigarette use at pre-pregnancy, 6 months and 12 months postnatal. CONCLUSIONS Partner ATOD among young fathers, particularly during the prenatal period, may play an important role in subsequent ATOD among young mothers during postnatal periods.
Gene Expression Profiles in a Transgenic Animal Model of Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of mental retardation. Although this syndrome originates from the absence of the RNA-binding protein FMRP, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cognitive deficits are unknown. The expression pattern of 6789 genes was studied in the brains of wild-type and FMR1 knockout mice, a fragile X syndrome animal model that has been associated with cognitive deficits. Differential expression of more than two-fold was observed for the brain mRNA levels of 73 genes. Differential expression of nine of these genes was confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by in situ hybridization. In addition to corroborating the microarray data, the in situ hybridization analysis showed distinct spatial distribution patterns of microtubule-associated protein 2 and amyloid beta precursor protein. A number of differentially expressed genes associated with the fragile X syndrome phenotype have been previously involved in other memory or cognitive disorders.
Extrapyramidal inhibition of the urinary bladder

Abstract Inhibition of spontaneous (‘reflex’, ‘micturition’) contractions of the urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of anterior brain stem structures functionally related to the extrapyramidal system has been described. Areas in and around the nucleus ruber, the substantia nigra and adjacent tegmental fields and the subthalamus were found to be even more effective in this respect than the pallidum and the anterior and central portions of the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the thalamus. The possible relationship of this inhibitory system to the finding of bladder dysfunction in patients with extrapyramidal disease is suggested.
Myocyte cytochrome oxidase activity and neuromuscular conduction associated with metabolic alkalemia

Many studies have shown increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen during metabolic alkalemia and dependence of intramitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity on arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation. The present studies tested the hypothesis that metabolic alkalemia produces tissue hypoxia independent of arterial oxygen desaturation. Neuromuscular conduction latency was used as an indicator of functional impairment, and was measured following electrostimulation of the sciatic nerve and recording of the electromyogram from the gastrocnemius muscle of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. To increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, sodium bicarbonate was administered in graded doses every 15 min. Statistical significance of changes was estimated by the paired Student's t test. Arterial bicarbonate ion concentration increased from 25 +/- 1.3 to 39.0 +/- 3.0 mM while arterial pH increased from 7.30 +/- 0.02 to 7.50 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.01). Neuromuscular conduction latency increased from 1.9 +/- 0.13 to 2.7 +/- 0.18 ms (P less than 0.01). Tissue hypoxia was suggested by a greater decrease in mass spectrometric determinations of gastrocnemius muscle oxygen tension (PO2) in separate groups of control (arterial pH 7.38 +/- 0.04) and experimental (arterial pH 7.48 +/- 0.03) rats. These changes were accompanied by markedly decreased uptake of 3.3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) by gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria, suggesting decreased intracellular activity of cytochrome oxidase and intracellular oxygen availability to myocytes in the absence of arterial oxygen desaturation.
Mother's Nutrition Knowledge and Children's Dietary Intakes

This article uses U.S. food consumption data to examine the effect of maternal nutrition knowledge on the dietary intakes of children between two and seventeen years of age. Results show that maternal knowledge influences children's diets and that such influence decreases as children grow older. Nutrition knowledge acts as a pathway through which maternal education influences children's diets. This finding supports the hypothesis that education affects health-related choices by raising the allocative efficiency of health input use. The results suggest that nutrition education may be more effective if targeted both toward mothers with young children and directly toward school-age children.
Multicycle rapid thermal annealing optimization of Mg-implanted GaN: Evolution of surface, optical, and structural properties

The first step of a multi-cycle rapid thermal annealing process was systematically studied. The surface, structure, and optical properties of Mg implanted GaN thin films annealed at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200 °C were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Nomarski microscopy. The GaN thin films are capped with two layers of in-situ metal organic chemical vapor deposition -grown AlN and annealed in 24 bar of N2 overpressure to avoid GaN decomposition. The crystal quality of the GaN improves with increasing annealing temperature as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and the full widths at half maximums of the E2 and A1 (LO) Raman modes. The crystal quality of films annealed above 1100 °C exceeds the quality of the as-grown films. At 1200 °C, Mg is optically activated, which is determined by photoluminescence measurements. However, at 1200 °C, the GaN begins to decompose as evidenced by pit formation on the surface of the samp...
Use of the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 with a University Population.

Abstract The Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ) was administered to a college student counseling and psychological services center sample of 435 students both before and after brief psychotherapeutic counseling. Initial ambivalence of the staff about the use of the instrument is described. Issues of implementation are discussed, and results reported including significant differences between pretreatment and postreatment scores on all subscales and the OQ total score. The amount of gain per session for the first ten sessions is presented and compared with other college and university data. This measured, positive change (symptom reduction) provides the administrator with data with which to garner support for the center and to respond to those skeptical of the efficacy of psychotherapeutic treatment.
Three Aspects of Weltanschauung

(1966). Three Aspects of Weltanschauung. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 215-228.
Response characteristics of a new bidirectional vane

The design and construction of a bivane to measure horizontal and elevation angle fluctuations in the atmosphere are presented. Wind tunnel tests indicated a reasonably high-frequency response. Field comparisons with a commercially available instrument gave good results. A unique feature in the design of this bivane is its ruggedness in combination with good frequency response.
The effect of paclobutrazol on the growth and uptake of Ca and K by apple seedlings 1

Abstract Addition of paclobutrazol (PP333) at 0.2 ppm to a nutrient solution in which 11‐month‐old apple seedlings were growing reduced terminal growth, fresh weight increase (FWI), transpiration and Ca and K uptake per seedling. Total root surface area was not affected by PP333 treatment. Reduced Ca uptake preceded the reduction in transpiration and FWI. In the case of K these changes were parallel. This may indicate that different mechanisms were responsible for reduced Ca and K uptake in PP333‐treated plants. At the conclusion of the experiment control and treated plants were absorbing similar amounts of Ca per unit of FWI. At the same time the amount of K uptake per unit of FWI was significantly lower in treated than control plants.
Optimal mass distribution in vibrating systems

Abstract The problem of determining the distribution of mass in vibrating systems that optimize the extreme eigenvalue is considered. We give explicit solutions for the fundamental discrete models of an axially vibrating rod and a Bernoulli–Euler beam. The problems are first recast as affine sum of matrices with linear total mass constraint. This formulation allows determination of the eigenvectors corresponding to the optimal eigenvalues by solving a set of quadratic equations recursively. The optimal mass distribution is then determined by the recovered eigenvectors.
Forced Oscillations in a Mixed-Compression Inlet at Mach 3.5 for Pulse Detonation Engine Systems

The effects of oscillatory backpressure on the air induction system for pulse detonation engines were examined for a two-dimensional, mixed-compression configuration at a freestream Mach number of 3.5. The pressure perturbations at the diffuser exit were produced by injecting air through four ports located at the corners of the exit cross section. The frequency, coupling of the ports and airflow rates through the ports were varied, simulating the operation of detonation tubes. A terminal normal shock in the diffuser oscillated in the excited inlet, causing large pressure fluctuation amplitudes at some locations. Large injection mass flows resulted in inlet flow oscillations throughout the inlet, increased the spillage, yet did not cause inlet unstart.