cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Stars Consisting of Many Polyisobutylene Arms Radiating from a Core of Condensed Cyclosiloxanes†

Novel stars of many polyisobutylene(PIB) arms radiating from a core of condensed methylcyclosiloxanes are described. The synthesis involves hydrosilation of allyl-terminated PIB prearms by small methylcyclosiloxanes (e.g., D4H, D6H) and competitive moisture-mediated core−core coupling. The effect of conditions (e.g., time, temperature, stoichiometry, nature and molecular weight of prearms, and size of methylcyclosiloxane) on synthesis was investigated. The processes can be controlled and well-defined 21−28 arm stars have been perpared. Microstructures were characterized by various techniques. The intrinsic viscosities of stars are much lower than those of linear PIBs of the same molecular weight over the 30−100 °C range. Branching coefficients depend on the number of arms. Hydrodynamic volumes of stars and combs (polysiloxane backbone carrying PIB branches) are similar, indicating that both assume radial conformations. The stars are resistant to strong acids and bases indicating that resistant PIB coronas...
A note on asymptotic zero distribution of orthogonal polynomials

Abstract We strengthen a theorem of Kuijlaars and Serra Capizzano on the distribution of zeros of a sequence of orthogonal polynomials { p n } n =1 ∞ for which the coefficients in the three term recurrence relation are clustered at finite points. The proof uses a matrix argument motivated by a theorem of Tyrtyshnikov.
Invasion of a Logged Area by Golden-Mantled Squirrels

At the southern terminus of their range in northwestern California, golden-mantled squirrels ( Citellus lateralis ) of the subspecies trinitatis (Merriam) occupy a narrow, rugged crest dividing the drainages of the New and Trinity rivers. They occur in small numbers at elevations from 5,500 to 6,200 feet on outcroppings of granite. Being sun-lovers and wanting a variety of vegetation for food, they avoid the dark forest of virgin Douglasfir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia ) and white fir ( Abies concolor ) which clothe the slopes of the mountain. In 1949 when logging operations were first started in the virgin timber, these squirrels were not expected to be present to hinder reforestation, as they do in the Sierra Nevada by eating coniferous seeds. Two and a half miles of continuous forest separated their natural habitat from …
Peptides of azascrine

The synthesis of the cis and trans forms of the cyclic dipeptide of O-diazoacetyl-DL-serine is described.
Spatial and process-based modeling of soil inorganic carbon storage in an arid piedmont

Abstract Inorganic carbon (C) comprises approximately a third of the total C pool in soils worldwide, largely in the form of pedogenic calcite. Pedogenic calcite occurs in semi-arid and arid regions in the form of calcareous, calcic, and petrocalcic horizons. Understanding the processes governing the storage and flux of this inorganic C pool is crucial to the development of accurate regional and global C budgets. Objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a process-based pedogenic calcite model that accounts for landscape hydrology and geomorphic position, (2) calibrate model parameters with field data from a Mojave Desert landscape, and (3) apply the model to understanding soil inorganic C response to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Two parameters are introduced in this study to account for surface water redistribution on the landscape: the precipitation threshold (Ω) and the topographic index threshold (Λ). These parameters account for runoff-generating rainfall events (Ω) and the potential to shed or collect water at a location (Λ). A one-dimensional compartmentalized thermodynamic model is used to simulate calcite precipitation and dissolution. Geomorphic delineation, sediment collected from dust traps, and detailed soil descriptions including percent sand and clay, and bulk density from 16 soil pits of the southern Fry Mountain piedmont served as inputs into the model. Precipitation and temperature inputs were simulated using stochastic models. Time steps for the sample sites used to calibrate the model were determined from optically-stimulated luminescence dates. Incorporation of precipitation and topographic index thresholds into the model allowed more information to be extracted from carbonate depth distributions than previous pedogenic calcite models. The model predicts a net loss of inorganic C from the upper 10 cm soil depth under elevated atmospheric CO 2 and a consequent gain in the 10–20 cm depth. The leaching of calcite from shallow depths to below 10 cm is evident in all landforms including those most susceptible to wind erosion. This leads to the conclusion that increased atmospheric CO 2 levels may result in a concentration of inorganic C at a depth that is protected from wind erosion creating a more geomorphically stable pool of C.
Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Logistic Regression Procedures

A logistic regression model for characterizing differential item functioning (DIF) between two groups is presented. A distinction is drawn between uniform and nonuniform DIF in terms of the parameters of the model. A statistic for testing the hypothesis of no DIF is developed. Through simulation studies, it is shown that the logistic regression procedure is more powerful than the Mantel-Haenszel procedure for detecting nonuniform DIF and as powerful in detecting uniform DIF.
The New York School of Philanthropy, the Bureau of Municipal Research, and the Trail of the Missing Women A Public Administration History Detective Story

This article uses archival research to analyze the role of the New York School of Philanthropy as a precursor to the Bureau of Municipal Research (BMR) Training School, which is generally considere...
Backscatter measurements on whole blood using a real-time scanner

Backscatter from porcine whole blood under steady laminar flow has been measured as a function of the radial position in a polyurethane tube (1.27 cm outer diameter and 0.96 cm inner diameter) of a mock flow loop at different flow rates and hematocrits using a real-time scanner (Aloka 280 SL). The scanner has been modified to be capable of acquiring the RF data with a 7.5 MHz linear array under the control of a computer. For each experiment 250 frames of data were collected. Each frame consisted of 20 RF A-line signals which were digitized at 250 MHz sampling rate. Each A-line was divided into 20 segments. The range of the mean shear rate investigated was between 52 and 160 s/sup -1/, whereas the hematocrit was between 4 and 40%. The results show that the location where maximal backscatter occurs and the variation of backscatter as a function of the radial position in the flow conduit may vary depending upon the hematocrit and flow rate. This observation deviates from the common belief that the flow profile is symmetrical and the shear rate is minimal at the center stream under steady laminar where blood echogenicity is maximal. A hypoechoic region or "black hole" surrounded by a bright ring, unlike the "black hole" phenomenon previously observed that occur only at lower shear rates, was observed to occur at high shear rates and hematocrits. When pulsatile flow was introduced, backscatter dropped significantly and under certain conditions, a nearly parabolic flow profile could be readily observed.
Interaction and Syntactic Priming: English L2 Speakers' Production of Dative Constructions.

Interaction research about the role of language production in second language (L2) development has focused largely on modified output, specifically learners' responses to negative feedback (Iwashita, 2001; Loewen & Philp, in press; Mackey & Philp, 1998; McDonough, 2005; McDonough & Mackey, in press; Nobuyoshi & Ellis, 1993; Pica, 1988; Shehadeh, 2001). However, other processes involved in language production might help account for the beneficial relationship between interaction and L2 development. This paper reports the findings of two experiments that examined the occurrence of syntactic priming—a speaker's tendency to produce a previously spoken or heard structure—during interaction between L2 English speakers. Both studies used confederate scripting to elicit dative constructions from advanced English L2 speakers. In experiment 1, the participants (n = 50) were exposed to both prepositional and double-object dative primes. The linear mixed-model analysis indicated that syntactic priming occurred with prepositional datives only. In experiment 2, the English L2 participants (n = 54) received double-object dative primes only; results showed no evidence of syntactic priming. The implications are discussed in terms of the potential role of syntactic priming in driving L2 development in interactive contexts.This research was supported by grants (03135 and 04184) from the campus research board at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I am grateful to Nick Ellis, Susan Gass, Alison Mackey, and Pavel Trofimovich for their insightful comments on this paper and to Ron Crawford for his assistance with the coding. Any errors, of course, are my own.
Development of a dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy system for measurements in supersonic combustion

This work describes the development of a dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy system for simultaneous measurements of the temperature and the absolute mole fraction of N2, O2, and H2 in supersonic combusting flows. Changes to the experimental setup and the data analysis to improve the quality of the measurements in this turbulent, high-temperature reacting flow are described. The accuracy and precision of the instrument have been determined using data collected in a Hencken burner flame. For temperatures above 800 K, errors in the absolute mole fraction are within 1.5%, 0.5%, and 1% of the total composition for N2, O2, and H2, respectively. Standard deviations based on 500 single shots are between 10 and 65 K for the temperature, between 0.5% and 1.7% of the total composition for O2, and between 1.5% and 3.4% for N2. The standard deviation of H2 is ∼10% of the average measured mole fraction.
Structure of the external aldimine form of PglE, an aminotransferase required for N,N'‐diacetylbacillosamine biosynthesis

N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine is a novel sugar that plays a key role in bacterial glycosylation. Three enzymes are required for its biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni starting from UDP-GlcNAc. The focus of this investigation, PglE, catalyzes the second step in the pathway. It is a PLP-dependent aminotransferase that converts UDP-2-acetamido-4-keto-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose to UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose. For this investigation, the structure of PglE in complex with an external aldimine was determined to a nominal resolution of 2.0 A. A comparison of its structure with those of other sugar aminotransferases reveals a remarkable difference in the manner by which PglE accommodates its nucleotide-linked sugar substrate.
New insights into how antipsychotic drugs might work.

One of the cornerstones of modern psychopharmacology is the serendipitous discovery, in the early 1950s, that the phenothiazine derivative chlorpromazine reduced the agitation, hallucinations, and delusions of patients with psychosis. Four decades later we are entering a new era of research that may finally reveal how the antipsychotic drugs work. Since the 1960s it has been known that antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors.1 In the 1970s improved neurochemical techniques, including the development of in vitro receptor binding assays, permitted investigators to divide dopamine receptors into two types. One, a D1 receptor, activates adenylate cyclase; the other, a D2 receptor, inhibits it.2 Several groups then demonstrated that the major shared property of the standard antipsychotic drugs was to block the binding of dopamine to the D2 receptor.
A combinatorial approach for efficient mapping of phase diagrams and properties

A methodology is developed which extends the combinatorial approaches to structural materials research and development. This high-efficiency methodology employs diffusion couples and “diffusion multiples” to create large variations (libraries) of compositions in bulk samples for fast and systematic surveys of bulk properties. These composition libraries coupled with microanalytical techniques such as electron probe microanalysis, electron backscatter diffraction analysis, and nanoindentation tests can be used for efficient surveys of phases, equilibria, diffusion coefficients, precipitation kinetics, properties, and composition–phase–property relations (such as solution hardening and strengthening effect) for accelerated design of multicomponent alloys.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HUMAN ORAL CANCER

The application of molecular biological tools to the study of cancer has significantly advanced the field of human cancer research. Such study has demonstrated the involvement of two classes of highly conserved cellular genes in the malignant transformation process: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Despite these advances in the molecular biology of human cancers, our understanding of human oral cancer lags behind that of cancer of other body sites. This review attempts to assess the current status of the molecular biology of human oral cancer.
Mechanical fragility of erythrocytes from patients with paroxysmal hemoglobinuria.

Summary1. As pH of blood samples from 6 normal subjects was decreased, susceptibility of normal erythrocytes to mechanical trauma or their mechanical fragility was increased. 2. MF determinations on PNH and normal erythrocytes were done at various values of pH including the range for optimum complement activity in normal serum and it was found that mechanical trauma did not contribute to hemolysis of normal or PNH erythrocytes even though the PNH hemolytic mechanism was active. 3. It is postulated that increased red cell volume due to a shift of C1-, HCO3- and H20 into the erythrocyte, may be the mchanism of increasing spheroidicity of the erythrocyte and the MF as a function of decreasing values of pH.Conclusion. 1. MF of erythrocytes of the PNH patient in an active properdin system does not differ from MF of the same erythrocytes in an inactive properdin-complement system, nor does the MF of these erythrocytes differ from that of normal erythrocytes at values of pH between 8.0 and 5.9. 2. The hemolytic ...
Welcoming, flexible, and state-of-the-art: Approaches to continuous facilities improvement

As digital access to all sources of information continues to expand at an accelerating rate, libraries around the world are working to transform themselves in response to their changing role in the communities they serve and support. Academic libraries face particular challenges as a generation of students enters university having embraced online, mobile, anytime, anywhere access to information. At the center of an academic community that increasingly values intellectual collaboration among faculty and students, and learning in and out of the classroom, the 21st century academic library must continually recreate itself as a place that fosters curiosity, engagement, collaboration, and lifelong learning. Typical 20th-century capital investment cycles in academic libraries in the United States were characterized by large-scale once-a-generation investments in facilities expansion and enhancement. In the first decade of the 21st century the drive to transform is greater than ever before, but there is less capital funding available, increasing the pressure on institutions to reduce the capital investment cycle time in order to remain responsive to rapid changes in technology, pedagogy, scholarship, and user expectations. The end of any project is the start of evaluation and planning for the next cycle of change and investment. This paper will explore and discuss library efforts at two major academic institutions in the United States, one receiving public funds and one private, to develop innovative ways to evaluate library spaces, functions, services, operations and maintenance. The speakers will highlight projects intended to operationalize capital investment, shorten cycle times and provide incremental interventions, within a general framework of planning big and implementing small. Data encompass exit counts, occupancy rates, and peer comparisons; data sources include surveys, focus groups, and simulations. Particular projects and initiatives will address user needs, program innovation, and facilities enhancement, with the aim of continually refreshing and renewing library spaces that enhance learning, inspire scholarship, and foster community.
Branching morphogenesis of the lung: new molecular insights into an old problem

Abstract It has been known for decades that branching morphogenesis of the lung is mediated through reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and its underlying mesenchyme. In recent years, several key players, in particular members of the major signaling pathways that mediate this interaction, have been identified. Here, we review the genetic and molecular studies of these key components, which have provided a conceptual framework for understanding the interactions of these major signaling pathways in branching morphogenesis. The future challenge is to translate understanding of the signaling cascade into knowledge of the cellular responses, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, that lead to the stereotyped branching.∗∗This article is the fifth review in our ‘Tube Morphogenesis' series that commenced in the August 2002 issue of TCB. eds
Transitional Jobs for Ex-Prisoners Implementation, Two-Year Impacts, and Costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Prisoner Reentry Program

A random assignment study shows that participants in CEO’s transitional jobs program were less likely to be convicted of a crime, to be admitted to prison for a new conviction, or to be incarcerated for any reason in prison or jail over the first two years. The program also had a large but short-lived impact on employment.
Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations of α‐Cristobalite in Fused Silica

Distinct crystalline phases in some commercial fused silicas were shown by transmission electron microscopy. They were identified to be α-cristobalite by selectedarea electron diffraction. Their origin and the effect on the glass matrix are discussed.
An examination of the workplace experiences of police patrol officers: The role of race, sex, and sexual orientation.

Reform efforts in many police departments have diversified the workforce, especially with regard to race, sex, and sexual orientation. Research, however, has demonstrated that the assimilation of t...
Bio-inspired stable antimicrobial peptide coatings for dental applications

We developed a novel titanium coating that has applications for preventing infection-related implant failures in dentistry and orthopedics. The coating incorporates an antimicrobial peptide, GL13K, derived from parotid secretory protein, which has been previously shown to be bactericidal and bacteriostatic in solution. We characterized the resulting physicochemical properties, resistance to degradation, activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and in vitro cytocompatibility. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a pathogen associated with dental peri-implantitis, an inflammatory response to bacteria resulting in bone loss and implant failure. Our surface modifications obtained a homogeneous, highly hydrophobic and strongly anchored GL13K coating that was resistant to mechanical, thermochemical and enzymatic degradation. The GL13K coatings had a bactericidal effect and thus significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria compared to control surfaces. Finally, adequate proliferation of osteoblasts and human gingival fibroblasts demonstrated the GL13K coating's cytocompatibility. The robustness, antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility of GL13K-biofunctionalized titanium make it a promising candidate for sustained inhibition of bacterial biofilm growth. This surface chemistry provides a basis for development of multifunctional bioactive surfaces to reduce patient morbidities and improve long-term clinical efficacy of metallic dental and orthopedic implants.
Hemoglobin Hope (alpha 2 beta 2(136-gly-asp))-S disease: clinical and biochemical studies.

Abstract Hemoglobin Hope ( α 2 β 2 136-gly-asp ) was found in a family in which genes for hemoglobins S and C were also present. Heterozygous individuals with hemoglobin Hope were normal both clinically and hematologically. Doubly heterozygous patients with hemoglobins Hope and S had mild hemolytic anemia but lacked the findings characteristic of the more severe sickling hemoglobinopathies. Hemolysates containing hemoglobin Hope revealed an unstable hemoglobin when incubated at 37 °C. in isopropanol buffers. Chromatography of preincubation samples, postincubation supernate, and precipitate showed loss of the β Hope -chain during incubation and its presence in the precipitate. The mechanism of hemolysis in hemoglobin Hope-S disease may be related to the instability of hemoglobin Hope and its intracellular precipitation. Because hemoglobin Hope has an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of hemoglobin A at alkaline pH, individuals having hemoglobin Hope-S disease may be confused with those having the sickle-cell trait.
The private and social economics of bulk electricity storage

The ability to store excess intermittent renewable electricity is increasingly being seen as a key option for integrating large quantities of renewable capacity. However, intermittent energy sources currently account for very small amounts of total generation. Despite this fact, policymakers have begun implementing requirements that will dramatically increase the amount of bulk storage capacity. This paper examines the social benefits provided by bulk storage in the Texas electricity market, which has a large amount of renewable capacity relative to other states, but still quite limited renewable penetration. We focus on the impact of arbitraging electricity across time�a major service of bulk storage. Using current storage technologies, we demonstrate that electricity arbitrage will increase daily CO2 emissions by an average of 0.19 tons for each MWh stored. In addition, daily SO2 emissions will increase by an average of 1.89 pounds/MWh while NOX emissions will fall by an average of 0.15 pounds/MWh.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Early Brain Injury A Follow-Up of Fourteen Case Studies

A previous study reported the results of a 3 1/2-month interdisciplinary early intervention effort with 17 preschoolers with either congenital (n = 10) or acquired (n = 7) brain injury. Findings for both groups were somewhat optimistic, though tentative. This report is a 2-year follow-up of 14 of the 17 original cases that examines and compares the developmental patterns and status of children with congenital versus acquired brain insult. Contrary to expectations, children with congenital impairments exhibit greater progress when compared with the acquired impairment group. Differences and similarities between groups are discussed, as well as program variables that might account for the progress of both groups and the differential progress of the congenitally impaired children. Number of days enrolled in early childhood education programming, frequency of therapy services, and parental involvement were related to progress; and insufficient program involvement was related to the two cases of developmental ...
Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales)

Abstract Approximately 3000 bp across 84 taxa have been analyzed for variable regions of RPB1, RPB2, and nLSU-rDNA to infer phylogenetic relationships in the large ectomycorrhizal mushroom genus Inocybe (Agaricales; Basidiomycota). This study represents the first effort to combine variable regions of RPB1 and RPB2 with nLSU-rDNA for low-level phylogenetic studies in mushroom-forming fungi. Combination of the three loci increases non-parametric bootstrap support, Bayesian posterior probabilities, and resolution for numerous clades compared to separate gene analyses. These data suggest the evolution of at least five major lineages in Inocybe —the Inocybe clade, the Mallocybe clade, the Auritella clade, the Inosperma clade, and the Pseudosperma clade. Additionally, many clades nested within each major lineage are strongly supported. These results also suggest the family Crepiodataceae sensu stricto is sister to Inocybe . Recognition of Inocybe at the family level, the Inocybaceae, is recommended.
Role of Cys-1327 and Cys-1337 in Redox Sensitivity and Allosteric Monitoring in Human Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase

Human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (hCPS) has evolved critical features that allow it to remove excess and potentially neurotoxic ammonia via the urea cycle, including use of only free ammonia as a nitrogen donor, a Km for ammonia 100-fold lower than for CPSs that also use glutamine as a nitrogen donor, and required allosteric activation by N-acetylglutamate (AGA), a sensor of excess amino acids. The recent availability of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe expression system for hCPS allowed us to utilize protein engineering approaches to elucidate the distinctive hCPS properties. Although the site of AGA interaction is not defined, it is known that the binding of AGA to CPS leads to a conformational change in which a pair of cysteine side chains become proximate and can then be selectively induced to undergo disulfide bonding. We analyzed the response of hCPS cysteine mutants to thiol-specific reagents and identified Cys-1327 and Cys-1337 as the AGA-responsive proximate cysteines. Possibly two of the features unique to urea-specific CPSs, relative to other CPSs (the conserved Cys-1327/Cys-1337 pair and the occurrence at very high concentrations in the liver mitochondrial matrix) co-evolved to provide buffering against reactive oxygen species. Reciprocal mutation analysis of Escherichia coli CPS (eCPS), creating P909C and G919C and establishing the ability of these engineered cysteine residues to share a disulfide bond, indicated an eCPS conformational change at least partly similar to the hCPS conformational change induced by AGA. These findings strongly suggested an alternative eCPS conformation relative to the single crystal conformation thus far identified.
A follow-up developmental study of hypothesis behavior among mentally retarded and nonretarded children

Abstract To clarify the roles of IQ and mental age (MA) in hypothesis behavior, MA-matched subjects at three levels of IQ (70, 100, and 130) and three levels of MA ( 5 1 2 , 7 1 2 , and 9 1 2 years ) received blank-trial discrimination learning problems using procedures designed to discourage position-oriented responding. With position responding discouraged, earlier findings were contradicted in that no hypothesis measure showed a main effect of IQ. This suggest that previously reported IQ group differences in hypothesis behavior may not reflect cognitive deficits inherently linked to low IQ, but instead may reflect the influence of specific methodological factors. The finding and interpretation are consistent with Zigler's (American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1969 , 73, 536–556) “developmental” theory of retardation and inconsistent with the general “difference” position. In additional findings, the predictions that subjects at all three MA levels would use hypotheses, and that retarded children from special-education classes would use hypotheses more often than retarded children “mainstreamed” in classes for the nonretarded were confirmed.
Synthesis and Thermal Expansion of b‐Eucryptite Powders Produced by the Inorganic ‐Organic Steric Entrapment Method

The characterization of powders prepared using the inorganic–organic steric entrapment method was explored and compared to the conventional solid-state route, using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, particle size analysis, and specific surface area measurements. β-eucryptite was crystallized at 627°C and the properties of the resulting powder allowed for increased densification upon sintering compared to conventional methods. The thermal expansion behavior was also determined in situ using X-ray diffraction and was found to be similar to other published studies, but thermal expansion in all {hkl} pole directions has been measured.
Relationship between luteinizing hormone releasing hormone concentration in hypophysial portal blood and luteinizing hormone release in intact, castrated, and electrochemically-stimulated rats.

The concentration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in hypophysial portal plasma was determined in pentobarbitalanesthetized, intact and castrated rats of both sexes, including proestrous rats following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Mean LHRH levels in portal plasma obtained between 1400–1700 h from estrous and diestrous rats and from rats ovariectomized for 8 weeks were similar and ranged from 50–55 pg/ml, but the LHRH levels in proestrous rats were less than 12 pg/ml. In addition, hypophysial portal plasma collected during lldO to 1400 h from animals orchidectomized for 8 weeks and from intact male rats contained mean LHRH concentrations that ranged from 50–65 pg/ml and 30–35 pg/ml, respectively. Electrochemical stimulation of the MPOA in the female rat on the afternoon of proestrus resulted in a marked increase in the concentration of LHRH in portal plasma. LHRH levels in portal plasma during the 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120, and 120 to 150-min ...
Sex Partner Type, Drug Use and Condom Use Self-Efficacy Among African Americans from Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: Are Associations with Consistent Condom Use Moderated by Gender?

Gender inequalities in sexual behavior are explored from the perspective of the theory of gender and power. This study focused on the effect of sex partner type (steady versus casual), drug use, and condom use self-efficacy regarding consistent condom use (CCU) among a community-based sample of adults. The sample included 1,357 African American men and women (M age 37.0, SD 13.1 years; 44% women, 66% men) from 61 disadvantaged census block groups in Atlanta, GA as part of a study of individual and neighborhood characteristics and HIV risk-taking. Having a steady partner decreased the odds of CCU, while higher condom use self-efficacy increased the odds of CCU. Among non-drug users, having a drug-using partner was associated with decreased odds of condom use for women only. Women with drug-using partners, especially a steady partner, were least likely to report CCU. Therefore, interventions intended to empower CCU among women need to expand beyond acknowledging the reduced control that women who use drugs ...
Long-Term Follow-Up on a Case of Untreated Trigonocephaly

Abstract Trigonocephaly is typically treated during the second 3 months of life by metopic suture synostectomy, orbital rim advancement, and cranioplasty. The results are generally very pleasing in nonsyndromic patients. We have not, however, seen adults with residual deformity who preceded the present basic approach to treatment first described by Hoffman and Mohr (1976). Dominguez et al (1981) described 15 individuals who improved without treatment. The question that arises is whether we are treating this congenital problem unnecessarily, particularly in nonsyndromic patients. We present a 38-year-old untreated woman who still has residual signs of the deformity seen in early childhood photographs.
The Absent Graduate Student: An A-B-A Single-Subject Experiment of Online Discussion Participation

It can reasonably be said that the discussion board is the “heart” of an online course. The discussion board can and should help the learner to make meaning of the content or topic and to find relevance to their lives. When this “engagement” does not occur, the individual does not benefit from the discussion, and it becomes merely “busy work” and no deep learning takes place. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate an individual master’s student who was not participating in the course discussion and apply a singlesubject experimental design (A-B-A) in an effort to increase the student’s participation in the course. The method was to observe the baseline behavior, apply the treatment, withdraw the treatment, and then re-assess the baseline behavior. The results of the experiment were astounding to the researcher. Not only was the experiment successful with the non-performing student, but other students in the course also dramatically increased their level of participation. The results of this study can serve as a best practice to remedy the sometimes disembodied nature of online learning.
CHAPTER 25 – RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide containing the nucleosides adenosine, guanosine, cytosine, and uridine. Roughly one-third to one-half of the nucleotides are engaged in intrastrand hydrogen bonds, with single-stranded segments interspersed between double-stranded regions that may contain up to about 30 base pairs. Ribosomes contain several different RNA molecules; three in prokaryotic ribosomes and four in eukaryotic ribosomes. The eukaryotic rRNA molecules are generally larger, whereas the sizes of the prokaryotic rRNA molecules vary very little from one species of bacterium to another. Messenger RNA molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar in some structural aspects but also differ significantly. Prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic (polygenic) and usually carry information for the synthesis of several polypeptides from a single mRNA. Eukaryotic genes invariably contain information for only a single polypeptide, but each gene may consist of millions of nucleotides. The precursors of RNA synthesis are the four ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (rNTPs), which include ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTE. The sequence of bases in an RNA molecule is determined by the base sequence of the DNA template strand. The protein synthesis has three stages, which include polypeptide chain initiation, chain elongation, and chain termination. The main features of the initiation step are binding of mRNA to the ribosome, selection of the initiation codon, and binding of the charged tRNA bearing the first amino acid.
Plant Biodiversity on Green Roofs

Experimentation in grasslands and other ecosystems suggest that diverse plant communities grow more vigorously than simple communities, support a more robust animal community, and better resist stressors like disease, herbivory, and invasion. Despite the potential advantages of plant diversity on green roofs, many green roof communities consist of a few hardy species that are known to tolerate the harsh conditions on green roofs. Moreover, experimental tests of diversity on green roofs are infrequent. I therefore review the ecological literature in the context of green roof design to suggest ways to increase plant diversity on green roofs and hypothesize how increasing diversity might improve green roof function. Although it is unlikely that the complex, ecological dynamics of natural ecosystems will map directly onto the simplified, highly engineered ecosystem of a green roof, I argue that the lessons learned from decades of ecological experimentation can be adapted to green roof design to improve long-term plant performance and enhance the services provided by green roofs to urban communities. Ultimately, diversity experiments on green roofs will be required to prove whether similar ecological dynamics can exist in natural ecosystems and on rooftops, and whether or not the parallels I draw are justified. Therefore I end this chapter with a research agenda for the future, suggesting experiments that would greatly enhance our understanding of green roofs as ecosystems.
The Markets Hypothesis

Our modest research goal has been to define a durable investor utility framework, dismissing the decades old – expected-utility maximizing economic agent assumption. This has enabled us to properly re-define and re-quantify risk, and part from a reliance upon explanatory ex post analysis for ex ante portfolio generation. Finally, we have expanded that analysis into our market structures from which we observe said agents in context of their utility and risk profiles. We propose new classification and weighting metrics of the participants. This market analysis focuses on the ensuing distribution of the participants corresponding with the prices for the security.
Research and Computing Interface Design of Electric Vehicle Drive Motor Selection Method

The correct selection of the drive motor for pure electric vehicle has a great influence on power performance quality, however, the motor selection involve many intermediate input parameters and calculation,during the current early stage of pure electric projects develop-ment, to ensure the correct parameters and to make the development vehicle models to meet the dynamic performance requirements. Firstly the paper presents a drive motor selection calculation methods and then design and develop drive motor selection computing interface based on Matlab/Gui, through the dynamic performance tests of development vehicle models show that the drive motor selection calculation method and computing interface can meet the selection requirements.
Discussion on Influence of Model Uncertainties on Closed-loop Adaptive Stability Control Design

A discussion is presented on the nature of highly-centralized optimization of the closed-loop adaptive stability control technology and the influence of model uncertainties on its suitability.Industrial experiences in dissolving uncertainties in security defense practices are introduced.It is pointed out that for design of security defense framework time-space conditions applicable for highly-centralized optimization system should be taken into full consideration,the conceptual design of a large complex closed-loop system control framework should not be solely based on highly-centralized optimization,other methods of not relying on system modeling accuracy should be developed besides consistently improving modeling accuracy,time-space distributed decision-making should be used to share risks of wrong decisions due to uncertainties,the role of engineers in the decision-making process should be emphasized and on-line verification of the adaptability of emergency control decisions should be widely used,flexibility of control objectives should be considered to avoid seeking simultaneous satisfaction of multi optimal man-made objectives and risk based concept should be used to coordinate on-line and off-line pre-decision-making,and further research into decision support technology of manual emergency control should be conducted.
Effects of tab gap and tab wing on mixing characteristic in HEV static mixers

Mixing characteristics of HEV static mixer with different tab gaps and tab wing(the distance between the last tab and the outlet)were studied experimentally and numerically.The most widely used measure for the uniformity is the coefficient of variation(CV).Smaller CV value means more uniform mixture.The volume fraction of tracer fluid was measured at the outlet,and the results were compared with standard k-e equation,RNG k-e equation,realizable k-e equation,SST k-ω equation and standard k-ω equation,based on which the most suitable equation was obtained.Using this model,the CV of tracer fluid with different tab wing was studied when the tab gap was from 0.8D to 2.0D,where D is the inner dimeter of HEV static mixer.The CV of the tracer fluid at different spacing at the same benchmark section was also studied.The results showed that RNG k-e turbulent model was in a good agreement with the experimental results with the relative error of 3.37%.It was also found that the CV decreased rapidly as the tab gap increased when tab gap≤1.7D and increased as the tab gap increased when tab gap≥1.7D.The optimum tab gap is 1.7D.The attenuation of CV was fast as tab wing increased in a certain distance,and then became comparatively slow.
Effective committees: a contradiction in terms?

Because of the nature of committees, evaluating their effectiveness is highly subjective. The ultimate test is whether the group is able to arrive at good solutions and decisions which can be implemented. Author Robert Travis, M.B.A., looks at three actual committees, offering reasons for the success or failure of each, and then gives several pointers on creating effective committees.
Political Uncertainty, the Formation of New Activities and Growth

The traditional neoclassical model has played down the role of uncertainty in explaining investment and growth. This attitude stems from two observations — first, the direction of the impact of uncertainty on investment is ambiguous. Second, the magnitude of this effect is of a second-order importance — proportional to the variance of shocks. In neoclassical models concavity/convexity arguments ultimately determine the impact of uncertainty on investment. As Abel (1983) showed, in a competitive environment volatility increases investment at a rate proportional to the variance of shocks, whereas Caballero (1991) showed that market power weakens (and may even reverse) the impact of volatility on investment. Allowing for non-reversibility of investment does not resolve the ambiguity of the predicted effects of volatility on investment, as has been illustrated by Pindyck and Solimano (1993) and Dixit and Pindyck (1994). A logical consequence of these considerations is that uncertainty, driven by policy or nature, has been played down as an explanatory factor by the neoclassical investment and growth models. Instead, the focus has been on the first moment (the mean) and not the second moment (the volatility) of policies and shocks.
Habitat use by breeding Willets in the northern Great Plains

44 ha) including sizeable upland components. Most breeding pairs (90%) and broods (70%), however, were sighted in or near wetlands where they fed. Willets defended areas with greater densities and diversity of wetlands than generally available across the study area. As wetland availability was reduced by drought, Willet density declined. Willet pairs were most often observed in semipermanent wetlands. But based on use vs availability, Willets preferred ephemeral, temporary, seasonal, and alkali wetlands over semipermanent and permanent wetlands. Wetlands used by Willets had significantly greater proportions of more open cover types than those not used. Within used wetlands, Willets made disproportionately frequent use of lightly vegetated sites. Willets made little use of upland habitats, except for nesting. Little selection for upland land-use types was evident, but Willets avoided tilled land. Upland sites used by Willet pairs were dominated by short (< 15 cm), native grass cover. Broods used taller grass cover in uplands than did adults. Willet defense of large, multipurpose territories seems related to limited wetland foraging habitats and possible advantages gained by spacing nests to reduce predation. Continued destruction of wetland and prairie habitats likely will reduce Willet populations in the northern Great Plains. Preservation of wetland complexes and management of wetland and upland habitats with grazing, mowing, and prescribed burning treatments are suggested. Received 4 Apr. 1986, accepted 23 Sept. 1986. Two subspecies of Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) breed in North America. An eastern subspecies (C. s. semipalmatus) nests along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from New Brunswick to Mexico and Venezuela, and the western subspecies (C. s. inornatus) breeds locally from Oregon to Manitoba and south to Nebraska and Colorado (AOU 1983). Intensive studies of Willet life history (Vogt 1938; Tomkins 1932, 1955, 1965; Wilcox 1980), social organization (Howe 1982), and nest-site characteristics (Burger and Shisler 1978) have been limited to the Atlantic seaboard. Sordahl (1979) reported on the behavioral and vocal repertoire of Willets breeding in Utah. Higgins et al. (1979) and Weber et al. (1982) presented limited information on nesting and wetland use in the northern prairie region. The eastern subspecies typically nests in highly productive salt-marsh habitats. Nest densities in these areas are high (Tomkins 1965, Burger and Shisler 1978, Howe 1982), and territories and home ranges are small (Vogt 1938, Howe 1982). In the northern Great Plains, Willet densities
In Vivo Photo-Cross-Linking to Study T3S Interactions Demonstrated Using the Yersinia pestis T3S System

Cross-linking of proteins is effective in determining protein-protein interactions. The use of photo-cross-linkers was developed to study protein interactions in several manners. One method involved the incorporation of photo-activatable cross-linking groups into chemically synthesized peptides. A second approach relies on incorporation of photo-activatable cross-linking groups into proteins using tRNAs with chemically bound photo-activatable amino acids with suppressor tRNAs translational systems to incorporate the tags into specific sites. A third system was made possible by the development of photoreactive amino acids that use the normal cellular tRNAs and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. In this method, the third system is used to demonstrate its utility for the study of T3S system interactions. This method describes how two photo-activatable amino acids, photo-methionine and photo-leucine, that use the normal cellular machinery are incorporated into Yersinia pestis and used to study interactions in the T3S system. To demonstrate the system, the method was used to cross-link the T3S regulatory proteins LcrG and LcrV.
Comparison of clinical outcomes with IMRT and proton therapy for prostate cancer.

e16555Background: The ProtecT trial underscores the importance of treatment in men with prostate cancer and life expectancies > 10 years and the validity of radiation therapy (RT). RT can be given ...
Determination of the Range and Spread-Out Bragg Peak Width of Proton Beams Using a Large-Volume Liquid Scintillator

Abstract Purpose: To determine the range, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width, and output of a passive-scattering proton beam with a liquid scintillator detector, without the need for quenching correction. Materials and Methods: The depth-light profiles of 3 beam energies (140, 160, and 180 MeV) with 6 SOBP widths at each energy, produced in a 20 × 20 × 20-cm3 liquid scintillator tank, were collected by a charge-coupled device camera. By defining landmarks on the light signals, measured ranges and SOBP widths were acquired. A linear dependence was found between nominal and measured properties, and calibration factors were obtained by comparing those properties. The daily output stability and reproducibility of the liquid scintillator detector were studied by conducting 8 repeated measurements over 2 weeks in a 60Co beam. Results: The beam ranges were determined with submillimeter accuracy without the need for any correction. The maximum difference between the measured and nominal range was 1.0 mm. The mean...
Non-uniform feeding networks for limited-scan phased array systems

A new phased array feeding network which groups individual phased-array elements into random sequences of non-uniform sub-arrays and employs a single phased shifter for each sub-array group is proposed. The proposed configuration results in low sidelobe levels over a limited scan region. When compared to the conventional uniform sub-array feeding, the proposed configuration can reduce the number of phase shifters up to 40% while preserving the scan performance. The target application areas are commercial markets such as automotive radars and landing systems where low cost phased arrays with limited scan regions are in demand.