cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) inhibits growth of ovarian cancer cells by inducing apoptosis: Role of caspase and MAPK activation

Abstract Objective. Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic cancers. Chemotherapy is an essential component of its treatment. While isothiocyanates are known to possess chemopreventive effects against various cancers, yet little is known about their chemotherapeutic potential in ovarian cancer (OC). In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate on OVCAR-3 cells. Methods. Cytotoxic activity of PEITC on OVCAR-3 cells was determined using cell proliferation, apoptosis (DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assay) and caspase-activation studies. The role of PARP-1, Bax, and Bcl-2 in apoptosis was analyzed by Western blotting. Activation of JNK1/2, p38, Akt, ERK1/2, and c-Myc was examined by immunoblotting. Specific inhibitors of caspases, JNK1/2, p38, and MEK were used to corroborate these data. Results. PEITC was cytotoxic to OVCAR-3 cells, and inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion (IC 50 = 23.2 μM). PEITC induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -9, without capsase-8 activation. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels were suppressed while pro-apoptotic Bax levels were enhanced. PEITC suppressed activation of Akt, ERK1/2, and the expression of transcription factor c-Myc, while simultaneously activating pro-apoptotic p38 and JNK1/2. Specific inhibitors of caspase-3 and -9, JNK1/2, and p38 reversed the cytotoxic effect of PEITC. Conclusions. These findings demonstrate that PEITC exhibits cytotoxicity towards OVCAR-3 cells and induces apoptosis via caspase-9 and -3 pathways. PEITC inhibits Akt, ERK1/2 survival signaling, and c-Myc while simultaneously activating pro-apoptotic p38 and JNK1/2. Systematic preclinical and clinical trials with PEITC in ovarian cancer are indicated.
C4 defect and its precursors in Si: First-principles theory

The irradiation of $c\text{-Si}$ produces self-interstitials $({\text{Si}}_{i})$, which interact with substitutional carbon to produce interstitial carbon $({\text{C}}_{i})$. The latter is mobile at room temperature and interacts with interstitial oxygen $({\text{O}}_{i})$ to form the C3 center $({\text{C}}_{i}{\text{O}}_{i})$. If enough ${\text{Si}}_{i}$'s are provided, C3 traps one more ${\text{Si}}_{i}$ and forms the C4 center $({\text{Si}}_{i}{\text{C}}_{i}{\text{O}}_{i})$. The first two defects, i.e., ${\text{C}}_{i}$ and ${\text{C}}_{i}{\text{O}}_{i}$, have been abundantly studied by experimentalists and theorists alike. Their electrical, optical, and magnetic properties are very well understood. On the other hand, the C4 defect is incompletely characterized experimentally and lacks precise theoretical description. We present here the results of first-principles calculations of the configurations, binding energies, vibrational spectra, and estimated gap levels of these defects, with emphasis on the C4 center. There are three configurations of C4, labeled (a), (b), and (c). All of them exhibit vibrational modes consistent with the existing data. However, the origin of the new IR line $(\ensuremath{\sim}760\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ associated with C4 differs: it is O related in C4(a) and C4(c) but C related in C4(b). Further, the three configurations have distinct gap levels.
Diffuse xanthogranulomatous dermatitis and systemic Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A novel case that demonstrates bridging between non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis

The advent of electron microscopy and immunohistochemical stains allowed for reclassification of the histiocytoses based on the predominant cell in the infiltrate. Although the current schema simplicity provides a good foundation, some patients display overlapping clinical and immunohistochemical features that defy classification. The patient herein illustrates bridging between histiocytic disorders. Through this case we review the various conditions classified under the non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis rubric.
Economic analyses in obstetrics and gynecology: A methodologic evaluation of the literature

Objective: To evaluate the methodology of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit literature in obstetrics and gynecology. Data Sources: We performed a MEDLINE search of the general and subspecialty obstetrics and gynecology journals for the years 1990 through 1996. Methods of Study Selection: Original investigations including cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit were evaluated by two reviewers for adherence to ten minimum methodologic standards derived by a review of guidelines for medical economic analyses. The major criteria considered included: 1) provision of comparative options, 2) statement of analytic perspective, 3) presentation of cost data, 4) identification of outcome measure, 5) use of summary measure of economic effectiveness or benefit, and 6) performance of a sensitivity analysis. The minor criteria evaluated included: 1) statement of source of cost data, 2) inclusion of long-term costs, 3) use of discounting, and 4) calculation of an incremental summary measure. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: Ninety-eight articles that included cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analyses were identified. The mean number of major and minor principles adhered to were 3.6 and 1.0, respectively. Five publications (5.1%) conformed to all ten major and minor criteria, whereas nine (9.2%) articles used all six major criteria. The provision of cost data (94.8%) and statement of comparative options (96.9%) were the major principles most frequently
Generalized effectiveness factor for pellets with nonuniform activity distribution: Asymptotic region of strong diffusion effect

Abstract A generalized effectiveness factor is given for pellets with non-uniform activity distribution in the asymptotic region of strong diffusion effect, generalized in the sense that it is applicable to arbitrary, nonnegative order kinetics and arbitrary activity distribution function. The restriction placed on the distribution function is that it be a smooth, monotonic function. A simple relationship results for the generalized effectiveness factor when a certain condition is met, which can be determined a priori from the kinetics and activity function. This condition is usually met when the activity increases toward the pellet surface. It is prudent, however, to check the condition for the simple relationship when the activity decreases toward the surface.
Consequences of self-employment for women and men in the United States

Abstract Many self-employed workers return to the wage and salaried sector of the labor market after some time. It is possible that the self-employment spell will lead to lower earnings or earnings growth upon return, due to depreciation of firm or sector-specific human capital. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS), this paper examines the effects of spells of self-employment on the future wage and salary sector earnings of male and female workers in the United States. The results indicate substantial penalties arise for women, in terms of returns to experience, while there is little or no impact for men.
Evaluation of affinity-tagged protein expression strategies using local and global isotope ratio measurements.

Elucidation of protein−protein interactions can provide new knowledge on protein function. Enrichments of affinity-tagged (or “bait”) proteins with interaction partners generally include background, nonspecific protein artifacts. Furthermore, in vivo bait expression may introduce additional artifacts arising from altered physiology or metabolism. In this study, we compared these effects for chromosome and plasmid encoding strategies for bait proteins in two microbes: Escherichia coli and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Differential metabolic labeling of strains expressing bait protein relative to the wild-type strain in each species allowed comparison by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). At the local level of the protein complex, authentic interacting proteins of RNA polymerase (RNAP) were successfully discerned from artifactual proteins by the isotopic differentiation of interactions as random or targeted (I-DIRT, Tackett, A. J.; et al. J. Proteome Res. 2005, 4, 1752−1756). To invest...
Mixing efficiency in stably-stratified decaying turbulence

Abstract The behavior of the flux Richardson number R f, as a function of the overall Richardson number Ri 0, was investigated for a stably stratified, grid-generated, turbulent flow evolving in a closed-loop water channel. The turbulent dissipation rate e, the buoyancy or vertical mass flux p wbar; and the rms density fluctuation ρ′ were obtained from simultaneous single-point measurements of the horizontal and vertical velocity components and density fluctuations. From these, R f and Ri 0 were calculated at each point in the spatially evolving flow. The resulting curves of R f vs. Ri 0 exhibit the full range of behavior found in the very different case studied by Linden (1980). The length scale arguments of Gibson (1980) and Stillinger et al. (1983b) provide an underlying mechanism which successfully accounts for the shape of the R f vs. Ri 0 curve.
Comparison of Interfacial Forces During Post-Chemical-Mechanical-Polishing Cleaning

This research investigates the interfacial forces involved in tribological interactions while removing nanosized particles during post-chemical-mechanical polishing cleaning. Surface and interfacial forces are discussed to understand the particle adhesion and subsequent removal through physical and chemical interactions. Approaches include theoretical analysis combined with experimental study. The theoretical analysis was focused on the forces that exist between particles and a substrate. Surface interaction consideration includes applied pressure, frictional force, and hydrodynamic drag. The polishing experiments were carried out on silicon wafers with SiO 2 slurry. Cleaning experiments were performed in de-ionized water using a polyvinyl acetal brush to remove particles from a hydrophilic-silicon surface. The fluid-drag force was found to affect the lubricating behavior of cleaning through changing material properties. Values of interfacial forces and their effects on cleaning were discussed along with a lubricating model system.
Rainfall Intensity, the Weibull Distribution, and Estimation of Daily Surface Runoff

Abstract A new method for estimating absorption and runoff at a point on the basis of total daily precipitation and the absorption capacity of the soil is proposed. The method is based on a statistical characterization of the variation of precipitation rates over the course of a day. Short-duration precipitation rates are modeled as Weibull random variates. Distribution parameters are estimated using maximum likehood methods by regarding precipitation from “dry” intervals as censored data.
The core of an m-sided assignment game

Abstract A generalization of Shapley-Shubik's (1972, Int. J. Game Theory, 1, 111–130) housing market in which there are m types of agents instead of two is considered. These games can have empty cores. A subclass of such games with nonempty cores is presented.
TOTAL ENERGY CALCULATIONS AND BONDING AT INTERFACES

Some of the concepts and theoretical techniques employed in recent ab initio studies of the electronic and structural properties of surfaces and interfaces are discussed. Results of total energy calculations for the 2 x 1 reconstructed diamond (111) surface and for stacking faults in Si are reviewed. 30 refs., 8 figs.
Skin-surface-coupled personal health monitoring system

A prototype personal wearable health monitoring system is proposed and demonstrated. The system employs two silicone-coated MEMS pressure sensors for detecting blood pressure waveforms through skin surface contact in a noninvasive and continuous manner. The two sensors are placed at two adjacent measurement points of the body, for example the wrist or the neck, to measure blood pressure waveforms simultaneously. The measured waveforms are recorded by a data acquisition unit for signal processing and analysis. Analyzing the two waveforms can obtain the delay time between them, thus determining the local pulse wave velocity (PWV). The PWV and detailed blood pressure waveforms are critical for monitoring human health conditions. The prototype personal wearable monitoring system demonstrated its capability of detecting PWV of approximately 5.9 m/s at the wrist and 5.1 m/s at the neck.
Building a Stronger Instrument in an Observational Study of Perinatal Care for Premature Infants

An instrument is a random nudge toward acceptance of a treatment that affects outcomes only to the extent that it affects acceptance of the treatment. Nonetheless, in settings in which treatment assignment is mostly deliberate and not random, there may exist some essentially random nudges to accept treatment, so that use of an instrument might extract bits of random treatment assignment from a setting that is otherwise quite biased in its treatment assignments. An instrument is weak if the random nudges barely influence treatment assignment or strong if the nudges are often decisive in influencing treatment assignment. Although ideally an ostensibly random instrument is perfectly random and not biased, it is not possible to be certain of this; thus a typical concern is that even the instrument might be biased to some degree. It is known from theoretical arguments that weak instruments are invariably sensitive to extremely small biases; for this reason, strong instruments are preferred. The strength of an ...
Protective effect of cysteine on the inhibition of mitochondrial functions by acetaldehyde.

Abstract Acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol oxidation, inhibited a number of mitochondrial functions in vitro . Cysteine, in vitro , afforded protection against the depression of CO 2 production from palmitate, octanoate and α-ketoglutarate by acetaldehyde. Relief occurred when the concentrations of cysteine and acetaldehyde were equimolar; greater relief was produced in the presence of excess cysteine. Acetaldehyde had no effect on glutamate-linked state 4 oxygen consumption, whereas the state 3 rate was inhibited. Cysteine almost completely relieved the inhibition of state 3 oxygen uptake, while the state 4 rate was slightly increased. Similar results were obtained with several other NAD + -dependent substrates. The oxidation of succinate was inhibited only by much higher concentrations of acetaldehyde than those which inhibited the oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates. This inhibition was not affected by cysteine. Thiols containing free amino and free sulfhydryl groups in close proximity were the most effective in relieving the inhibition by acetaldehyde. Although a small protective effect was observed, cysteine did not significantly prevent the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by acetaldehyde. However, the mitochondria remained coupled in the presence of acetaldehyde plus cysteine. The ability of cysteine and acetaldehyde to interact was demonstrated by several criteria. Cysteine may exert its protective effect by forming a complex with acetaldehyde, thereby preventing acetaldehyde from interacting with the mitochondria.
Assessment of pain and patterns of analgesic use in hospice patients.

The purpose of this study is to describe patterns of pain, analgesic use, barriers to pain control, and various aspects of lifestyle affected by pain in hospice patients. Seventy-six charts of dece...
Effect of anion transport blockers on CFTR in the human sweat duct.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a protein kinase A (PKA) and ATP regulated Cl- channel. Studies using mostly ex vivo systems suggested diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) and glybenclamide inhibit CFTR Cl- conductance (CFTR GCl). However, the properties of inhibition in a native epithelial membrane have not been well defined. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the inhibitory properties of the aforementioned inhibitors as well as the structurally related anion-exchange blockers (stilbenes) including 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DNDS) in the microperfused intact and basilaterally permeabilized native sweat duct epithelium. All of these inhibitors blocked CFTR in a dose-dependent manner from the cytoplasmic side of the basilaterally permeabilized ducts, but none of these inhibitors blocked CFTR GCl from the luminal surface. We excluded inhibitor interference with a protein kinase phosphorylation activation process by "irreversibly" thiophosphorylating CFTR prior to inhibitor application. We then activated CFTR GCl by adding 5 mM ATP. At a concentration of 10?4 M, NPPB, DPC, glybenclamide, and DIDS were equipotent and blocked ~50% of irreversibly phosphorylated and ATP-activated CFTR GCl (DIDS = 49 ± 10% > NPPB = 46 ± 10% > DPC = 38 ± 7% > glybenclamide = 34 ± 5%; values are mean ± SE expressed as % inhibition from the control). The degree of inhibition may be limited by inhibitor solubility limits, since DIDS, which is soluble to 1 mM concentration, inhibited 85% of CFTR GCl at this concentration. All the inhibitors studied primarily blocked CFTR from the cytoplasmic side and all inhibition appeared to be independent of metabolic and phosphorylation processes.
Reasons for student dropout in an online course in a rural K–12 setting

Rural schools in the USA use online courses to overcome problems such as attracting and retaining teachers, geographic isolation, low student enrollment, and financial constraints. This paper reports on the reasons that 39% of rural high school students who enrolled in an online Advanced Placement course subsequently dropped the course. Students who dropped the course were asked to provide an email statement detailing their reasons for doing so. On-site facilitators—local staff members situated in the small rural schools where students were enrolled—also provided reasons whenever one of their students dropped the course. Results indicate that the reasons given by students and on-site facilitators for dropping the course often agreed, and tended to fall within the following five categories: scheduling and time constraints, academic rigor and motivation, technology problems, problems with online medium and lack of teacher immediacy, and parental influences.
Electromotive force studies in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures—XVI The thermodynamic properties of aqueous HClNaClLaCl3 mixtures☆

Abstract E.M.F. measurements of the cell PtH2 (p = 1) | HCl (m2), NaCl (m3), LaCl3 (m4) | AgCl, Ag have been combined with isopiestic measurements of the system NaClLaCl3 to calculate the activity coefficients of each of the electrolytes in aqueous HClNaClLaCl3 mixtures. Trends in the activity coefficients of the salts in these mixtures are the same as those observed for the corresponding salts in the previously studied HClNaClMgCl2 system.
What Can Asymmetry and Laterality in Emg Tell Us about the Face and Brain

This paper will review the use of the electromyographic (EMG) technique for studying asymmetry and laterality in facial behavior. My discussion will include several issues: (1) a review of the neurology of facial expression with respect to asymmetry/laterality; (2) a compendium of models of cerebral hemispheric participation in emotion and in facial motor control that imply asymmetry-laterality in facial behavior; (3) a summary of facial asymmetry-laterality findings to date; and (4) uses and abuses of EMG techniques in inferring asymmetry-laterality in facial behavior. I conclude with (5) recommendations for future facial asymmetry-laterality research in general.
The early diagnosis of carcinoma of the rectum and pelvic colon

Abstract 1. 1. Tumors of the lower alimentary tract may be separated anatomically into those of: 1. pelvic colon; 2. recto-sigmoidal juncture; 3. mid-rectum; 4. lower rectum, including the anal canal. 2. 2. The mildness of symptoms in the early stages of cancer, in these different locations, may mislead as to the character of the disease. 3. 3. The early symptoms herein described, when not otherwise accounted for, justify a thorough palpation and inspection of the suspected areas. 4. 4. A biopsy should be done if tumors appear atypical.
Time resolved measurements of methanol decomposition on Ni(100) utilizing laser induced desorption

Abstract A new method utilizing laser induced desorption (LID) is used to study the decomposition of methanol on Ni(100) in real time. The dependence of the rate of decompositition on surface coverage and on surface temperature is measured. The decomposition rate decreases during reaction in a manner characteristic of a self-poisoned reaction. The rate data are fit to a model in which the energy barrier to reaction increases in proportion to the coverage of the CH 3 O product. The energy barrier obtained is 9 kcal mol −1 plus 4 kcal mol −1 monolayer −1 of CH 3 O. The frequency factor of 2 × 10 9 s −1 suggests there is significant entropy barrier to decomposition. Substitution of deuterium for the alcoholic hydrogen alters de decomposition rate appreciably and identifies the breaking of the OH bond as the rate determining step.
Adopted children's country of origin and post-adoption parent–child relationship quality: Findings from the United States National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP)

Abstract In this paper, we investigated adoptive parent–child relationship quality as a function of the adopted children's country of origin, pre-adoption adversity, age at placement, age, gender, and special healthcare needs status. From the 2007 National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP; N = 2089), we identified 1906 families that had adopted children from the US foster care system, US private agencies, China, Guatemala, Russia and South Korea. Regression analysis showed that when country of origin was the sole predictor, adoption from the US private agencies (β = .18, p R 2 = 5.59%). Adoption from Guatemala was not different from adoption from the US foster care system in parent–child relationship quality (β = − .01, p > .10). In the absence of country of origin, being a boy (β = − .10, p R 2 = 17.56%). When country of origin and the above variables were entered into the regression model simultaneously, being a boy, age at placement, age, and special healthcare needs status remained significant. However, none of the countries of origin except China (β = .07, p
An examination of the benefits for privately‐held and mutual insurers’ CEOs following an IPO

This study examines compensation changes among top executives of formerly privately held stock insurers and mutual insurers at the time around an initial public offering. This study explains how CEO compensation changes following an IPO differ between these two types of insurers owing to their differing agency characteristics. The results also show that CEOs’ benefits increase materially following an IPO. The authors find evidence that reduced ownership retention by managers increases agency costs and CEOs of mutual insurers exploit their positions and increase their reward at the expense of policyholders.
Two types of endometrial papillary neoplasm. A morphometric study.

Summary Fourteen cases of Papillary Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) were analyzed by Interactive Computerized Morphometry. Seven cases were diagnosed as well differentiated adenocarcinomas with papillary features (PF) and belonged to a group of EC with associated adenomatous hyperplasia (AH). Seven cases were diagnosed as uterine papillary serous carcinomas (PA) and belonged to a group of EC without associated AH. Two morphometric procedures were used. DRAW for the characterization of individual nuclei (area, perimeter, chord) and NU-MEAS for tissue architectural features (crowding and stratification). Using a stepwise discriminant multifactorial analysis, both methods proved to be accurate for the two diagnostic categories, as shown by the 100 % posterior probabilities and by the two diagnostic categories, as shown by the 100 % posterior probabilities and by the distances between group means. A doubtful case was analyzed and classified using a K-nearest neighbor procedure, compared to the individual cases in the database. The distinction between the two types of papillary EC is important for the differential diagnosis of the two lesions. Well differentiated adenocarcinoma with papillary features is seen usually in the context of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, in a group of patients known to have estrogen-related less aggressive tumors. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma was described to have a biological behavior similar to that of papillary ovarian carcinoma7,10 and is encountered in a group of patients with more invasive and less differentiated EC2. Computerized interactive morphometry is a valuable method to use for the accuracy of this differential diagnosis in doubtful cases.
Weak C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds between diacylamidopyridine and thymine derivatives in solution and its influence on the binding constants

Abstract—The presence of C–H O hydrogen bonds in a complex composed of 2-(acrylamido)-6-(methylamido) pyridine and1-octyl thymine is demonstrated by 1 H, 13 C NMR study and X-ray analysis. Further titration experiment shows these weakC–H O hydrogen bonds will aﬀect the binding constants through a geometric eﬀect compared with other structural analogoussystems. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. It is now well established that the weak C–H O hydro-gen bonds exist extensively just like its strong counter-parts. 1 They have been found in many kinds ofsystems, such as crystals, 1,2 proteins 3 and some organicsamples. 1 This kind of interaction can be intermolecularor intramolecular. 4 Although it is much weaker in com-parison to the usual strong hydrogen bond, X–H Y(X, Y = O, N, F), this kind of interaction has arousedlots of interest recently among researchers worldwide.The most important reason is its potential applicationin crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, mole-cular recognition and drug design.
Heisenberg principle applied to fringe analysis

Optical techniques that are used to measure displacements utilize a carrier. When a load is applied the displacement field modulates the carrier. The accuracy of the information that can be recovered from the modulated carrier is limited by a number of factors. In this paper these factors are analyzed and conclusions concerning the limitations in information recovery are illustrated with examples taken from experimental data.
The aspartate transcarbamylase domain of a mammalian multifunctional protein expressed as an independent enzyme in Escherichia coli.

Although aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) is an independent, monofunctional enzyme in Escherichia coli, mammalian ATCase is one of the globular enzymatic domains of the multifunctional CAD protein. We subcloned fragments of the hamster CAD cDNA and assayed polypeptide products expressed in E. coli for ATCase activity in order to isolate a stretch of cDNA which encodes only the ATCase domain. Three such expression constructs contain fragments of hamster CAD cDNA similar in length to the gene encoding the E. coli ATCase catalytic subunit (pyrB). These constructs yield stable proteins with ATCase activity, ascertained by both in vivo and in vitro assays; the clones also possess sequence homology with the pyrB gene at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. The clone producing the most active ATCase contains cDNA which is analogous to the entire pyrB gene, plus a small amount of CAD sequence upstream of this region. Because these constructs produce independently folded, active ATCase from a piece of cDNA the size of the E. coli pyrB gene, they open the door for the in-depth investigation of the isolated mammalian enzyme domain utilizing recombinant DNA technology. This approach is potentially useful for the analysis of domains of other multifunctional proteins.
Transcription During the Development of Bacteriophage φ29: Definition of “Early” and “Late” φ29 Ribonucleic Acid

Bacteriophage phi29 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production following infection of Bacillus subtilis has been analyzed. Early (e) phi29 RNA, made prior to the onset of phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and exclusively from the light (L) phi29 DNA strand, has been shown by RNA-DNA hybridization-competition experiments to be present throughout the phage latent period. No repression of e RNA production during phi29 development could be demonstrated. Unmodified host RNA polymerase molecules appear to be sufficient for the synthesis of e RNA since phage-specific RNA made in the presence of chloramphenicol hybridizes only to the L strand of phi29 DNA, and this RNA can be effectively competed during hybridization by e RNA. The appearance of late (l) phi29 RNA is coincident with the onset of viral DNA replication. This RNA consists of L DNA strand transcripts which are identical to e RNA and a new class of mRNAs made exclusively from the "heavy" (H) phi29 DNA strand (lH). Protein synthesis in infected cells is required for lH RNA production. Studies with the antibiotic rifamycin demonstrated that synthesis of the major phi29 structural proteins is dependent on production of lH RNA.
The Fifth Column---Ten Ways to Go Down With MRP

The purpose of this short article is to comment on some reasons why MIS systems, such as Materials Requirements Planning, for example, can be successful. However, I will do this by enumerating 10 reasons why MRP systems have gone down to defeat in recent industrial history. Now, I must also warn the reader that I have usually appeared at the scene of the crime long after the installation was terminal. I suspect that consultants are usually called in at such times because 1 if the consultant can pull it off, obviously the situation wasn't so bad, and/or 2 if the consultant blows it, the situation was hopeless anyway obviously. The following methods are presented here to show some common errors made by management in the acquisition and implementation attempted of MRP systems. It is hoped that the translation of the results to other types of MIS systems is obvious to the most casual observer.
The value of quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy in detection of sacroiliitis

To evaluate clinical usefulness of quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy (QSS) in detecting sacroiliitis, we used a modified, pixel by pixel technique for calculating sacroiliac joint/sacrum uptake ratios (sacroiliac joint index - SII). We studied 90 controls, 18 selected patients with active sacroiliitis, 2 ankylosing spondylitis patients with completely ankylosed sacroiliac joints, 14 patients with nonspecific low back pain and 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In the controls, we found that the SII decreases with increasing age (P<0.001) and is higher in males than in females (P<0.005). In the patients with active sacroiliitis, 9 out of 14 older than 30 had an abnormal SII; 3 of these patients showed no radiographic or CT abnormalities of the sacroiliac joints. None of the 4 patients with sacroiliitis under 30 years of age had values which fell out of the normal range for their age and sex. Only 1 of the 14 patients with non-inflammatory low back pain had an abnormally high SII. A borderline SII was found in 1 of the 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. QSS may be useful in detecting active sacroiliitis, sometimes even before the occurrence of radiologic abnormalities. However, because of its low sensitivity, its clinical usefulness is limited, especially in patients under 30 years of age.
Anorthosite genesis: The mid-ocean ridge analogue

The mechanism for generating plagioclase-supersaturated basic magma is crucial to the origin and evolution of massif anorthosites. A model is proposed to explain their temporal and tectonic association, invoking iterative plagioclase accumulation, magma mixing, and phenocryst resorption to produce plagioclase-supersaturated parent liquids. By analogy to mid-ocean ridge systems, the model invokes periodic replenishment of magma reservoirs in an environment of incipient or very slow dilation. These conditions are believed to characterize anorogenic anorthosite complexes.
The Chesapeake Bay TMDL: Can Agriculture Comply

In December 2010, EPA released the TMDL for the Chesapeake Bay. Specifically, the TMDL sets Bay watershed limits of 84.4 million kg/yr of nitrogen, and 5.7 million kg/yr of phosphorus, a 25 % reduction in nitrogen and 24 % reduction in phosphorus.. Agriculture is the largest single source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loading to the Bay. Agricultural activities are responsible for approximately 44 percent of nitrogen and phosphorus loads delivered to the Bay and about 65 percent of sediment loads delivered to the Bay. Animal operations account for more than 60 percent of the region’s annual farm product sales. In the watershed, the six major types of animal operations are dairy cows, beef cattle, pigs, egg production, broilers, and turkeys. The three major animal production regions in the watershed, according to livestock concentration, are the lower Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and West Virginia, and the Delmarva Peninsula in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Installation of new BMPs will be required to meet the TMDL requirements for agriculture.
Breaking from tradition: refocusing the locus of family medicine training--reaction to the paper by Perry A. Pugno, MD, MPH.

It is a privilege to respond to the proposed model for the future of family medicine education as put forth by Dr. Perry Pugno.[1][1] Many of the ideas he shares are similar to my own, but I also respectfully disagree with others. The current model of family medicine training was developed more than
Wavelength Calibration of a Dispersive Near-Infrared Spectrometer Using Trichloromethane as a Calibration Standard

Since differences in wavelength calibration between instruments are arguably a primary source of error encountered in the transfer of calibration models from one instrument to another in near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, a readily available, convenient, inexpensive secondary wavelength calibration standard for the NIR spectral region is needed. This paper describes the advantages of trichloromethane as a wavelength standard for the calibration of dispersive NIR spectrometers used in the transmission mode. The spectrum of trichloromethane, taken with a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer whose wavenumber scale was calibrated with the ro-vibrational lines of ethyne as determined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is presented. The wavelengths of four strong, sharp, well-resolved bands of trichloromethane were determined with the calibrated Fourier transform NIR spectrometer and were found to be 1152.13 ± 0.01 nm (3υ1), 1410.21 ± 0.01 nm (2υ1 + υ4), 1691.9 ± 0.7 nm (2υ1), and 1861.22 ± 0.01 nm (υ1 + 2υ4). These bands were then used to calibrate the wavelength scale of a commercial 0.25 m monochromator equipped with a 300 line mm-1 grating. The calibration revealed that, while the wavelength scale of the monochromator was linear, there was a systematic error of about +12 nm in the NIR region.
From the editor: Safety and preparedness

IN this issue of EMR we embrace the concepts of safety and preparedness for engineering managers. While technology continues to advance and corporate budgets continue to get squeezed, engineers and managers find themselves in the uncomfortable position of having to do more with less. Where will the sacrifice come from and at what cost? Recent events, such as the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (which was preceded by the fatal accident aboard the Deep Water Horizon) and the nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant (which was preceded by a tsunami of historic proportion) revealed problems that were deeply engrained in the 'safety culture' of the organizations involved. The impact of these tragic events exacerbated the need for corporations, governments, and the surrounding communities to be prepared to deal with the unexpected (although inevitable) catastrophes that lay ahead. Furthermore, these events revealed the pivotal role of 'leadership' during turbulent times, a topic addressed in several prior issue of EMR.
Schwannoma: an unexpected diagnosis from a breast lump

Schwannomas or neurilemmomas are benign neoplasms of the Schwann cells in neural sheaths. They may arise in any nerve in the body and occur frequently in the head and neck region or extremities. While breast lumps and schwannomas are very common, mammary schwannomas are exceedingly scarce with <30 cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of a breast schwannoma in a 37-year-old female and review the literature surrounding this rare occurrence.
PRISMATIC: Inducing Knowledge from a Large Scale Lexicalized Relation Resource

One of the main bottlenecks in natural language processing is the lack of a comprehensive lexicalized relation resource that contains fine grained knowledge on predicates. In this paper, we present PRISMATIC, a large scale lexicalized relation resource that is automatically created over 30 gb of text. Specifically, we describe what kind of information is collected in PRISMATIC and how it compares with existing lexical resources. Our main focus has been on building the infrastructure and gathering the data. Although we are still in the early stages of applying PRISMATIC to a wide variety of applications, we believe the resource will be of tremendous value for AI researchers, and we discuss some of potential applications in this paper.
Spatially-sampling Cameras and Monitors

The fact that binocular space appears to be curved, treated previously in Section 4.5 and Section 4.6, can be illustrated graphically in terms of spatially-sampling cameras. A spatially-sampling camera is a camera whose image collection device acts like a 2-dimensional array of discrete photocells. Each photocell records a picture element as the average intensity of the light focused upon it by the camera lens. Both the picture element and the photocell itself are called pixels. Television cameras with charge-coupled device (CCD) cathodes fall into this category.
A Randomized, Single-Blind, Substitution Study of OROS Methylphenidate (Concerta) in ADHD Adults Receiving Immediate Release Methylphenidate

Objective: The main aim of this study was to examine the efficacy, tolerability, and compliance of an extended-release formulation of methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) in adults with ADHD receiving immedi...
Studies of electrodeposition of silver on an iodine-pretreated stepped surface: Pt(S)[6(111)×(111)]

Abstract Layers of Ag electrodeposited from aqueous solution onto a Pt(S)[6(111)×(111)](3× T )-I adlattice formed by pretreatment of the Pt(S)[6(111)×(111)] surface with I 2 vapor were studied by LEED, AES and thermal desorption. Stability of the I adlattice toward exposure to perchloric acid solution, and persistence of I on the surface during multiple cycles of electrodeposition and dissolution of Ag was demonstrated. The I adlattice served to protect the Pt and Ag electrodeposited surfaces from unwanted side reactions. Electrodeposition of Ag occurred in three well-resolved UPD regions. Subsequent UHV experiments, after each UPD peak and up to coverages of a few monolayers, revealed that stable and ordered Ag superlattices were formed, each UPD region leading to a change in LEED pattern and superlattice structure. These results are compared with previous results for smooth Pt(111), revealing clues as to the role of steps in electrodeposition.
Statistical methods for describing seafloor topography

We present a method for objectively characterizing a swath of digitally sampled seafloor topography. Our method analyzes the distribution of surface slopes by compiling surface-normal vectors into a two-dimensional histogram using an equal-area projection. The direction of maximum variance (first principal axis) of the histogram is used to determine the azimuth of lineations in the topography, and the variance is used as a measure of seafloor roughness. We apply the method to short sections of Sea Beam swath data and find that the histogram parameters are effective in describing the behavior of the topography. In particular, similar patterns are observed for a sequence of histograms derived from data collected over the Mendocino and the Surveyor fracture zones in the northeast Pacific. Because the method does not require any data modification and is suitable for irregularly-shaped sample regions, it lends itself to real-time analysis.
Laplace’s Equation

In Chapter 11 we discussed the technique of the separation of variables for the most important PDEs encountered in introductory physics and engineering courses.
Children's use of perceptual set

Abstract The effects of perceptual set and of “sequential visual noise” on the identification of briefly exposed pictures were examined in 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults. Subjects were asked to indicate whether a brief target matched a standard. The standard picture was presented either before the target picture (to establish a set) or after the target. The target was presented either alone or last in a series of six brief pictures (i.e., in noise). Adults and 8-year-olds were at ceiling when the target was presented alone, but set facilitated their identification of the target in noise. The 5-year-olds benefited from set both when the target was presented alone and when it was presented in noise. These findings suggest that set for a specific target picture functions similarly at all ages.
The Diplomats' World: A Cultural History of Diplomacy, 1815–1914 – Edited by Markus Mösslang and Torsten Riotte

Following the Congress of Vienna, diplomatic practice was deeply affected by the democratization of Western politics, the rise of empire, and the transportation and communication revolutions. The p...
Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media

Fractured fairy tales mama said sex and the single teenager why the Shirelles mattered she's got the devil in her heart genies and witches throwing out our bras I am woman, hear me roar the rise of the bionic bimbo the ERA as catfight narcissism as liberation I'm not a feminist, but...
Bayesian Estimation of a Finite Population Total Using Auxiliary Information in the Presence of Nonresponse

Abstract This article presents a Bayesian approach to estimation, in a sample survey setting, of a finite population total for some characteristic of interest when nonresponse is present. A general model is described for situations where a Hansen-Hurwitz sampling plan is used. The model makes use of concomitant information that is related both to the characteristic of interest and to the probability of response. A simple example is included to illustrate the usefulness of the approach.
The two Marxes: From Jewish domination to supersession of the Jews

This article identifies two different patterns in how Karl Marx, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels, portrayed the relationship between the Jews and modern capitalism. The early Marx described modern economic life as domination by a Jewish spirit that is internalized by non-Jews and objectified in economic institutions. The Jews did not drop out of Marx’s mature work, as is sometimes supposed, but there was a major shift in how he linked European Jewry to capitalist development. The mature Marx, it is argued, substituted a new narrative in which the Jews, after contributing to the creation of modern capitalism, were then superseded. In addition, the article seeks to explain these patterns: it argues that assumptions about the Jews originally derived from Christian theology but subsequently secularized and transposed to economic life formed part of the cultural toolkit with which Marx and other classical German social thinkers constructed their understanding of modern capitalism.
‘I want to buy it’ in the Albanian glossary of Arnold von Harff

The first written snippets of the Albanian language are found in writings from the fifteenth century. One of these is the small vocabulary list with Ripuarian German glosses collected by Arnold von Harff in 1497. In this paper I argue that the Albanian phrase written by von Harff as must be transliterated as Old Albanian duo t’a blej (= Standard Albanian dua ta blej) and translated as ‘I want to buy it’. It should not be surface-read as Standard Albanian do ta blej, a syntactic future tense construction meaning ‘I will buy it’; therefore, it should not be used as evidence that a feature of the Balkan Sprachbund, future-tense-with-‘will’, had already spread to North Albanian dialects by the late fifteenth century. To situate the argument, I first give background information on von Harff, his travels, and his book, including an annotated list of the twelve extant manuscripts known. I also give and describe von Harff’s Albanian section and provide his entire Albanian glossary with transliteration and translation notes.
Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska

Radiotelemetry data have shown that polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) occur in separate subpopula- tions in the Chukchi Sea and the southern Beaufort Sea. However, segregation is not absolute, and there is overlap of ranges of animals in each subpopulation. We used genetic variation at eight microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to further assess the degree of spatial structure of polar bears from the Chukchi and southern Beaufort seas. Microsatellite allele frequencies and mtDNA haplotype frequencies of bears from the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas did not differ significantly. Lack of differentiation at both maternally inherited mtDNA and bi-parentally inherited microsatellite loci suggests that gene flow between the two areas is mediated by both sexes. The genetic data indicate that polar bears in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas compose one interbreeding population. However, there is consider- able fidelity to ranges in each area, particularly by adult females. The combined genetic and movement data suggest that polar bears could be managed as Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea subpopulations of a combined southern Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea population.
Receptor-binding affinity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: analysis by radioligand-receptor assay

A recently developed radioligand-receptor assay for pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, employing a radioiodinated superagonist analog as the ligand, was used to analyze the receptor-binding properties of several GnRH analogs. This receptor assay is specific for GnRH and related peptides with agonist or antagonist activity. All superagonist analogs had equilibrium association constants (Ka) between 4- and 8-fold greater than that of the natural GnRH decapeptide (Ka = 6.6 × 108 m−1). Conversely, weak agonists and inactive analogs were bound with affinities 0.003–0.05 times that of GnRH. Weak antagonists, such as [D-Phe2]GnRH and [DPhe2, D-Phe6]GnRH, had lower binding constants, while the most potent antagonist, [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]GnRH, exhibited 8-fold higher affinity than GnRH for pituitary receptors. There was a general positive correlation between receptor-binding affinity and relative biological activity, whether agonist or antagonist, for the several GnRH analogs tested....