cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis in the Lesser and Greater Wings of the Sphenoid With Resultant Optic Neuropathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is important to be considered during clinical evaluation particularly for preoperative surgical planning. We report on a patient with allergic fungal sinusitis that presented with visual loss secondary to compressive optic neuropathy as a result of a rare anatomical variant of hyper-aerated lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid. This variant alone would not have come to medical attention were it not for the concomitant allergic fungal sinusitis causing expansion of the sinus cavities with resultant visual loss. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcs93w
Core-excitation calculation of j-forbidden reactions

Abstract For each of the j -forbidden reactions 18 O(d, p) 19∗ O ( E x = 0.096 MeV), 42 Ca(d, p) 43∗ Ca ( E x = 0.374 MeV) and 44 Ca(d, p) 45∗ Ca ( E x = 0.176 MeV), a distorted wave Born approximation calculation of the differential cross section has been performed using in addition to the usual direct stripping amplitude a core-excitation amplitude calculated in point deuteron approximation. Comparison with experiment is encouraging.
An analytical approach to process planning with rework option

Abstract Process planning is the sister problem of tolerancing. It involves the selection of machine tools and processes that economically yield products within the specification stipulated by design engineers. In this paper, we develop an analytical approach for process planning to achieve the specified tolerance limits of products. The analysis considers a multitude of aspects that are central to successful production. Process capabilities of various machine tools, different cost drivers, and acceptable design limits of the products are among the factors included in the analysis. In addition, the proposed scheme addresses the possibility of reworking the portions that are out of the specified limits. The practice of reworking has proved its efficiency in today's competitive manufacturing environment. A major objective of the work is to choose suitable machining strategies, processes or sets of processes, and the proper sequence of operations to optimize production plans. Furthermore, the results can be utilized to improve the performance of existing decision support systems or develop new ones in this area.
Damage quantification in polymer composites using a hybrid NDT approach

Abstract Damage is an inherently dynamic and multi-scale process. Of interest herein is the monitoring and quantification of progressive damage accumulation in a newly developed glass fiber reinforced polymer composite subjected to both tensile and fatigue loading conditions. To achieve this goal, the potential of data fusion in structural damage detection, identification and remaining-life estimation is investigated by integrating heterogeneous monitoring techniques and extracting damage-specific information. Damage monitoring is achieved by the use of a hybrid non-destructive testing system relying on the combination of acoustic emission, digital image correlation and infrared thermography. Full-field strain and temperature differential maps reveal appearance and development of damage “hot spots” at prescribed strain/load increments that also correlate well with distinct changes in the recorded acoustic activity. The use of non-destructive and mechanical testing data further allows the quantification of the observed hysteretic fatigue behavior by providing measurements of the: (i) stiffness degradation, (ii) energy dissipation, and (iii) average strain as a function of fatigue cycles. Furthermore, analysis of the real time recorded acoustic activity indicates the existence of three characteristic stages of fatigue life that can be used to construct a framework for reliable remaining life-predictions.
Lenalidomide: what is the right dose in CLL?

Ferrajoli and colleagues present the results of a phase 2 study in which lenalidomide was administered by continuous daily dosing to 44 patients with relapsed CLL. Clinical activity (ORR 32%, CR 7%) was observed, and responses were seen in patients with poor-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and
Teaching the African American Experience History and Culture

In choosing to teach African American literature at my community college, I learned a great deal about a topic for which I thought I was well prepared. As a whole, the semester became a learning ex...
Psychophysiological responses to the imagination of fearful and neutral situations: The effects of imagery instructions

To assess the effects of instructions on physiological responses and self-reported affect during imagery, 60 female introductory psychology students were asked to image four “fearful” and four “neutral” situations presented in a random order within one of four instructional set conditions. Skin conductance, heart rate, finger pulse-volume, and respiration rate were continuously recorded during imagery. The instructional set variables, arranged in a 2×2 factorial design, were attentional focus (whether the subject focused on physical properties of the scenes themselves or on her imagined bodily responses to the scenes) and an orientation set (whether the individual imagined actual participation in the scenes or adopted an observer orientation). Results showed greater heart rate increases as a result of an attentional focus on bodily responses. Also, the imagination of self-rated “fearful” scenes produced larger skin conductance and higher heart rate responses than did the imagination of “neutral” scenes. Mood changes, assessed via self-report on a pre-post basis, failed to differentiate instructional set conditions.
Collaborative writing in multiple discourse contexts

Research in computer-supported writing has traditionally compared electronic communication with oral, face-to-face communication to identify the benefits and weaknesses of each, as if they entailed dichotomous choices. In this article, we challenge that view and argue instead that any form of communication and its educational usefulness is shaped by the situation in which it is used, the backgrounds and goals of the participants, the institutional and technological setup, and the intended purpose of the medium. Three modes of communication in one graduate course are examined — oral discussion, synchronous written discussion on a local area network, and asynchronous written postings on an email list set up for the class. It was found that patterns of participation, topic introduction, and topic development differed across the three communication modes, but that the three were interwoven with each other and embedded within the larger classroom context and forms of knowledge creation in the class. Thus, rather than examining different communication media separately, researchers interested in understanding computer-supported collaborative writing need to look at how different media are used to create a “meta-medium,” which is established by the discourse community involved.
Anticorrelated Resting-state Functional Connectivity in Awake Rat Brain

Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging has played an essential role in understanding neural circuitry and brain diseases. The vast majority of RSFC studies have been focused on positive RSFC, whereas our understanding about its conceptual counterpart – negative RSFC (i.e. anticorrelation) – remains elusive. To date, anticorrelated RSFC has yet been observed without the commonly used preprocessing step of global signal correction. However, this step can induce artifactual anticorrelation (Murphy et al., 2009), making it difficult to determine whether the observed anticorrelation in humans is a processing artifact (Fox et al., 2005). In this report we demonstrated robust anticorrelated RSFC in a well characterized frontolimbic circuit between the infralimbic cortex (IL) and amygdala in the awake rat. This anticorrelation was anatomically specific, highly reproducible and independent of preprocessing methods. Interestingly, this anticorrelated relationship was absent in anesthetized rats even with global signal correction, further supporting its functional significance. Establishing negative RSFC independent of data preprocessing methods will significantly enhance the applicability of RSFC in better understanding neural circuitries and brain networks. In addition, combining the neurobiological data of the IL-amygdala circuit in rodents, the finding of the present study will enable further investigation of the neurobiological basis underlying anticorrelation.
Selective treatment of rectal cancer with single-stage coloanal or ultralow colorectal anastomosis does not adversely affect morbidity and mortality.

The surgical treatment of low rectal cancer commonly includes low pelvic anastomoses with coloanal or ultralow colorectal anastomoses. Anastomotic leak rates in low pelvic anastomoses range from 4 to 26%. Many surgeons opt to routinely create a diverting ostomy to reduce the extent of morbidity should an anastomotic leak occur. The intent of our study was to determine if our policy of selected diversion is safe. A retrospective chart review of 66 rectal cancer patients who underwent proctectomy and low pelvic anastomoses—less than 6 cm from anal verge, with or without a diverting ostomy—was undertaken. Temporary diverting stomas were utilized at the discretion of the attending surgeon primarily based on subjective criteria. The main outcome was postoperative complications. Forty-nine patients (78% preoperatively irradiated) were treated with a one-stage operation, whereas 17 (53% preoperatively irradiated) underwent reconstruction with proximal diversion. The mean anastomotic height for patients with a single stage procedure was 3.8 cm above the anal verge versus 2.6 for patients with a two-stage procedure (p = 0.076). Complication rates were lower in patients who did not undergo diversion (29% vs 47%, p = 16). With regard to anastomotic-associated complications for single stage versus two stage, complication rates were 8% versus 18%, respectively (p = 0.27). Low pelvic anastomoses in rectal cancer patients can be safely performed as a single-stage procedure, reserving the use of diversion for select cases.
Spatially varying SAR models and Bayesian inference for high-resolution lattice data

We discuss a new class of spatially varying, simultaneous autoregressive (SVSAR) models motivated by interests in flexible, non-stationary spatial modelling scalable to higher dimensions. SVSAR models are hierarchical Markov random fields extending traditional SAR models. We develop Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of SVSAR models, with extensions to spatio-temporal contexts to address problems of data assimilation in computer models. A motivating application in atmospheric science concerns global CO emissions where prediction from computer models is assessed and refined based on high-resolution global satellite imagery data. Application to synthetic and real CO data sets demonstrates the potential of SVSAR models in flexibly representing inhomogeneous spatial processes on lattices, and their ability to improve estimation and prediction of spatial fields. The SVSAR approach is computationally attractive in even very large problems; computational efficiencies are enabled by exploiting sparsity of high-dimensional precision matrices.
On the cause of geomagnetic bays

Geomagnetic bays produced by neutral sheet plasma earthward movement resulting from solar wind enlargement of geomagnetic tail
Telecommunications network topological design and capacity expansion: Formulations and algorithms

This paper formulates the network topology and capacity expansion problem in a telecommunications network and suggests a family of heuristics and a dual-based lower bounding procedure for solving it. They include schemes exploiting special subproblem structures, decomposition of the problem using Lagrangian relaxation, and a global search strategy. Carefully designed experiments show that the procedure generates solutions within forty percent of the lower bound in most cases. To evaluate the solution quality more accurately, additional experiments have been performed, using a random search strategy for the topological variables with capacity expansion optimized. It is shown that the global heuristic solutions dominate solutions that use the random search strategy for topological variables. Following the computational experiments, a tighter formulation is suggested which can improve the lower bounds. The paper concludes with a discussion of further research areas.
Multiplexed Optical Operation of Distributed Nanoelectromechanical Systems Arrays

We report a versatile all optical technique to excite and read-out a distributed nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) array. The NEMS array is driven by a distributed, intensity modulated optical pump through the photothermal effect. The ensuing vibrational response of the array is multiplexed onto a single probe beam in the form of a high frequency phase modulation. The phase modulation is optically down converted to a low frequency intensity modulation using an adaptive full-field interferometer, and subsequently detected using a CCD array. Rapid and single step mechanical characterization of ∼44 nominally identical high-frequency resonators is demonstrated. The technique may enable sensitivity improvements over single NEMS resonators by averaging signals coming from a multitude of devices in the array. In addition, the diffraction limited spatial resolution may allow for position-dependent read-out of NEMS sensor chips for sensing multiple analytes or spatially inhomogeneous forces.
A Hypsochromic Shift Observed in Far-Red Cyanine Dyes Leads to Artifacts in Quantitative Super-Resolution Imaging

Far-red cyanine dyes such as Alexa 647, Cy5, and Atto 647 are favored for multi-color super-resolution microscopy due to their long wavelength fluorescence and their favorable reversible photo-switching characteristics. Conjugation of these dyes to proteins can result in unwanted fluorescence effects such as shifts in absorption bands and fluorescence quenching (1). We additionally observe a ∼200 nm hypsochromic shift in the emission from a small fraction of antibody fragments conjugated to far-red cyanine dyes when probes are excited at 532 nm or 560 nm. This state is nearly undetectable in bulk fluorescent measurements, but is easily detected in live cell super-resolution experiments where we observe a long lived fluorescent state that is resistant to bleaching. This population is present in pre-conjugated secondary antibodies purchased from commercial sources, as well as in antibody fragments conjugated under dilute conditions. Unfortunately, this blue-shifted emission closely resembles that of the red-shifted state of the popular mEOS2/mEOS3.2 photo-switchable probes, making it difficult to distinguish these labels in an imaging experiment. We will describe our efforts to devise practical methods to reduce possible artifacts associated with this state in multi-color super-resolution fluorescence localization measurements.1. Gruber, H.J. et al. Anomalous Fluorescence Enhancement of Cy3 and Cy3.5 versus Anomalous Fluorescence Loss of Cy5 and Cy7 upon Covalent Linking to IgG and Noncovalent Binding to Avidin. Bioconjugate Chem. 11, 696-704 (2000).
Ribosome crystallization in chicken embryos. I. Isolation, characterization, and in vitro activity of ribosome tetramers.

Isolated tetrameric particles (166S) derived from the crystalline lattices known to appear in hypothermic chicken embryos consist of mature 80S ribosomes which contain all species of ribosomal RNA and a complete set of ribosomal proteins. Ribosome tetramers are not a special type of polysomes since in solutions of high ionic strengths (500 mM KCl and 50 nM triethanolamine-HCl buffer) containing 5 mM MgCl2 they dissociate into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, without the need of puromycin, and at a concentration of Mg++ higher than 3 mM they are not disassembled by mild RNase treatment. Tetramers spontaneously disassemble into 80S monomers when the Mg++ concentration is lowered to 1 mM at relatively low ionic strength. Tetramers failed to couple in vitro puromycin-3H into an acid-insoluble product, indicating the lack of nascent polypeptide chains. Although tetramers have no endogenous messenger RNA activity, they can be programmed in vitro with polyuridylic acid (poly U) to synthesize polyphenylalanine. All ribosomes within a tetramer can accept poly U, without the need of disassembly of the tetramers into monomers or subunits.
Defective megakaryopoiesis and abnormal erythroid development in Fli-1 gene-targeted mice.

Mouse embryos homozygous for a targeted disruption in theFli-1 gene show hemorrhage into the neural tube and brain on embryonic day (E)11.0 and die shortly thereafter. Livers from the mutant embryos contain drastically reduced numbers of pronormoblasts, basophilic normoblasts, and colony-forming cells.To determine the nature of impaired hematopoiesis, we carried out cell culture studies of mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells and cells from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of E10.0 mutant embryos. There was a striking reduction in the number of megakaryocytes in cultures of mutant AGM cells compared with cultures of AGM cells from wild-type or heterozygous embryos. Furthermore,Fli-1 mutant ES cells failed to produce megakaryocyte colonies and multilineage colonies containing megakaryocytes. Consistent with the observed defect in megakaryopoiesis, we also demonstrated the down-regulation of c-mpl in the AGM of mutant embryos. The percentages of pronormoblasts and basophilic normoblasts were significantly reduced in cultures of mutant AGM embryos, which contained primarily polychromatophilic and orthochromatic normoblasts. These results provide further evidence for the role ofFli-1 in the regulation of hematopoiesis and for c-mpl as aFli-1 target gene.
Borrowing Constraints and Portfolio Choice

This paper examines how borrowing ceilings in the personal loan market affect the portfolio choice of consumers. Most papers on borrowing constraints do not address the question of portfolio choice: it is typically assumed that all assets can be liquidated to finance consumption in the case of an income shortfall.' In this case, borrowing ceilings will never bind until consumers have run their assets down to zero and borrowed up to their limits. However, it may be more realistic to assume that consumers have a choice of allocating wealth between short-term liquid assets (e.g., cash) that can be used for current consumption purposes, and longer term illiquid assets (e.g., housing equity, CDs) that cannot be used for current consumption purposes but may be used as collateral for loans. The central question of this paper is whether the presence of borrowing ceilings in the personal loan market will induce individuals to hold a larger share of their assets in liquid form. This question is addressed within the context of two types of borrowing ceilings. First, it is assumed that borrowing ceilings are exogenous, in that they are unaffected by the individual's portfolio choice. This assumption is similar to that made in many papers on borrowing constraints.2 The presence of exogenous borrowing ceilings will unambiguously lead to more liquid portfolios. Individuals who know that there is a limit to the amount that can be borrowed will hold a larger share of their wealth in liquid form, since by doing so the probability of becoming credit constrained in the future is reduced. The case of exogenous borrowing ceilings is contrasted with the case in which borrowing ceilings are due to interest rate ceilings in
Bench Scale Carbon Dioxide Recovery from the Flue Gas by Monoethanolamine

A bench scale unit (2 m3N/h) for removing CO2 from flue gas was operated. Based on a chemical absorption/regeneration process with aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solution, we have evaluated the energy requirement for regeneration and degree of CO2 removal as a function of reboiler temperature, MEA concentration, CO2 concentration in the flue gas and ratio of the flow rate of liquid and flue gas. For verification of the experimental results from the bench scale CO2 capture unit, we have also calculated the regeneration energy by the summation of the reaction enthalpy of CO2, the sensible heat and the heat of vaporization of MEA solution and have compared these results with those of bench scale tests. It was observed that the regeneration energy using a 30 wt% MEA solution was 4.29 GJ/ton CO2 (experiment) and 4.55 GJ/ton CO2 (estimation), respectively. Also, the degree of CO2 removal increases with an increase in reboiler temperature and ratio of the flow rate of liquid and flue gas, while CO2 regeneration energy decreases with an increase in MEA concentration and CO2 concentration in the flue gas.
The Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces cellular interleukin 6 expression: role of the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen and the AP1 response element

Cellular interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an important growth factor for Kaposi sarcoma– associated herpesvirus (KSHV)–associated neoplasms, which include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related and -unrelated cases of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Increased IL-6 levels are found in tissues affected with these diseases, and KSHV exists in a latent state in the majority of virally infected cells. In addition, acute infection with KSHV up-regulates IL-6 expression in endothelial cells. Thus, the hypothesis was considered that a latent KSHV gene product up-regulates IL-6 expression. To evaluate this hypothesis, the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) was expressed in human embryonal kidney 293 cells and a bone marrow stromal cell line. LANA up-regulates IL-6 expression by inducing transcription from the IL-6 promoter, and the AP1 response element within the IL-6 promoter is necessary for and mediates IL-6 up-regulation by LANA. Thus, LANA may play a key pathophysiologic role in KSHV-associated neoplasms by functioning to up-regulate expression of IL-6.
Weinberg’s angle from elastic and quasi-elastic scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos off nucleons

We determine the value of Weinberg’s angle from a combination of the results on the elastic and quasi-elastic scattering ofνμ and\(\bar \nu _\mu \) off nucleons.
Electrostrictive elastomer based diffractive modulator for use as a variable optical attenuator

Device structure and measurements on an elastomer based MEMS modulator is reported. The configurable reflective phase grating responds to voltage and the surface corrugates to a sinusoidal pattern enabling analog control of the diffracted intensity.
Rationality and Passion in Private Experience: Modern Consciousness and the Social World of Old-Car Collectors

In this paper I examine the world of old-car collectors. Showing, touring, collecting, restoring, and dealing all organize the expression of a passionate commitment closely fitting Weber's description of wertrationalitat-which typically is religiously oriented. I use the work of Berger and his associates to help point out the ways in which a collectible can serve as a kind of religious object, and to analyze how experience in specific social worlds relates to the ideal type of modern consciousness. Finally, I relate this to the work of Levi-Strauss. Any social world capable of organizing the energy and experience of large numbers of people is a potential subject for sociological analysis. When the social world is large yet little studied, and when aspects of it appear paradoxical or at least incongruous enough not to fit the categories of prevailing theory, it deserves closer investigation. These conditions are clearly met in the United States today by the rapidly growing memberships of social worlds devoted to the collecting, restoring, or otherwise attending to objects of all sorts, from pencils and beer cans to rare books and paintings. By examining one such world, the world of old cars, I consider how such objects come to be regarded as meaningful, how they serve to organize activity into a social world with its own internal logic.' I also analyze this world as an ideal type of modern consciousness, drawing both on the work of Weber and on the more recent ideas of Peter Berger and associates. At the end I suggest some ways this sort of study can be related to some of the work of Levi-Strauss. Data for the study consist of 40 intensive interviews and a total of several hundred hours of participant observation at various formal and informal gatherings of old-car enthusiasts.
Activising Space: The Spatial Politics of the 2011 Protest Movement in Israel

In summer 2011, Israel was swept by unprecedented political protest as multiple encampments occupied streets and mass rallies were held weekly in Tel Aviv and other cities. The article focuses on the spatial politics of this protest, analysing the particular strategies it used to activise urban public space. The protest initially reflected a specific urban context and limited agenda—namely, the lack of affordable housing in Tel Aviv. However, as it materialised and expanded in public space, it also became more inclusive, incorporating more marginalised publics and places, addressing long-standing socio-spatial inequalities between Israel’s ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’, and advancing a message of ‘social justice’—with the noted exception of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. The analysis of the Israeli protest foregrounds some dynamics that it shares with other ‘global’ protests in 2011, from Tahrir Square to Occupy Wall Street, pointing to the spatial politics of centrality, multiplicity and ‘media-spa...
Modeling biomarker dynamics with implications for the treatment of prostate cancer

The authors review existing models of biomarker dynamics and develop and investigate several new models which may better accommodate the underlying biology. While the general foundations of the models studied could be applied to a number of biomarker systems, the parameter values and specific applications to treatment regimens are focused on the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Included are suggestions for possible clinical validation studies.
Real-time hazard detection via machine vision for wearable low vision aids

The goal of the wearable low vision aid project is to create an assistive wearable device using optical scanning virtual retinal displays and wearable computer technologies for the enhancement of vision. The system is made up of a very small head-mounted camera, wearable computer and a low-cost compact retinal display. These three components collect, interpret and present in,formation about the indoor and outdoor environments respectively. The role of the software is to maximize the amount of useful information entering the eye. The anticipated result from the image processing is to identify the common navigational hazards of curbs, stairs and doorways and convey this information to a low vision user in one of several formats.
Operation of the Tevatron Extraction System

The Fermilab Tevatron is currently in the middle of its second running period for fixed target physics. Steady operation has been established at 800 GeV with 1 × 1013 protons being extracted. Beam spill over the 20 - 23 second flattop is regulated by a closed loop feedback and a feed forward learning system controlled by a microprocessor.1 Eight power supplies have their waveforms programmed by the microprocessor in an attempt to reduce the modulation on the beam spill. In addition the microprocessor can insert a pause in the slow spill and cause the extraction of a high intensity (3 × 1012) fast (1-2 milliseconds long) pulse. A description of the extraction system as well as analysis of the spill modulation encountered during commisssioning are presented in this paper. Current status of the spill structure is also discussed.
RPTP-α acts as a transducer of mechanical force on αv/β3-integrin–cytoskeleton linkages

Cell motility on ECM critically depends on the cellular response to force from the matrix. We find that force-dependent reinforcement of αv/β3-integrin–mediated cell–matrix connections requires the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase α (RPTPα). RPTPα colocalizes with αv-integrins at the leading edge during early spreading, and coimmunoprecipitates with αv-integrins during spreading on fibronectin and vitronectin. RPTPα-dependent activation of Src family kinases, in particular activation of Fyn, is required for the force-dependent formation of focal complexes and strengthening of αv/β3-integrin–cytoskeleton connections during the initial phase of ECM contact. These observations indicate that Src family kinases have distinct functions during adhesion site assembly, and that RPTPα is an early component in force-dependent signal transduction pathways leading to the assembly of focal complexes on both fibronectin and vitronectin.
Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipids: the risk triad for atherosclerosis in gout

For many years, the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk and gout, though strong and consistent, was suspected of being coincidental rather than causative. In recent years, compelling epidemiological and clinical data have increasingly favoured an aetiological connection. However, that connection is notably complex, involving a multifaceted model that includes interactions between inflammatory processes, oxidative stress and potential genetic influences, as well as cardiovascular and renal components that remain only partly explained. Urate appears to be able to activate the immune response, and in that context has a mediating role in the inflammatory process via the inflammasome. This interaction of urate and inflammation is central to the inflammatory cascade associated with gout flares. In the arena of oxidative stress, urate has both antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties, and while potentially beneficial in scavenging free radicals, it can also impair endothelial function and thereby give rise to atherosclerotic risk. Human and animal studies have revealed associations between hyperuricaemia and a host of atherosclerotic risk factors, whereas a reduction in urate levels is frequently associated with improvement or even resolution of such risk factors. The degree to which reduction of serum urate can reliably improve cardiovascular risk remains uncertain. It is hoped that the introduction of newer urate-lowering agents may help to clarify this picture and improve treatment options for both gout and atherosclerosis.
Epidemiological models with non-exponentially distributed disease stages and applications to disease control.

SEIR epidemiological models with the inclusion of quarantine and isola- tion are used to study the control and intervention of infectious diseases. A simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) model that assumes exponential distribution for the latent and infectious stages is shown to be inadequate for assessing disease control strategies. By assuming arbitrarily distributed disease stages, a general in- tegral equation model is developed, of which the simple ODE model is a special case. Analysis of the general model shows that the qualitative disease dynamics are determined by the reproductive number Rc, which is a function of control mea- sures. The integral equation model is shown to reduce to an ODE model when the disease stages are assumed to have a gamma distribution, which is more real- istic than the exponential distribution. Outcomes of these models are compared regarding the effectiveness of various intervention policies. Numerical simulations suggest that models that assume exponential and non-exponential stage distribu- tion can produce inconsistent predictions.
A Taste for Justice: Unpacking Identity Politics in a Nascent Democracy

This article examines attention to justice cues in the novel context of the nascent democracy of Tanzania. Using secondary national survey data, we illustrate Tanzanian citizens' attention to justice cues. We then test two competing hypotheses about the impact of religious identity on attention to justice cues. The first hypothesized model, based on System Justification Theory, predicts that subordinate group members (Muslims) will stay more loyal than dominant group members (Christians) to their government due to a decreased attention to justice cues. The second hypothesized model, based on the relational model of procedural justice, predicts that subordinate group members (Muslims) will dissent more than dominant group members (Christians) from their government due to an increased attention to justice cues. Multiple regression and mediational analyses indicate support for the procedural justice framework, with trust in the dominant political party mediating the relationship between process satisfaction and party identification. Implications for political and psychological theorizing about democratic processes will be discussed.
Pathologic Diagnosis of Achondrogenesis Type 2 in a Fragmented Fetus: Case Report and Evidence-Based Differential Diagnostic Approach in the Early Midtrimester

As a group, lethal genetic skeletal disorders (GSDs) usually result in death within the perinatal period. Because lethal GSDs are often ultrasonographically detectible by early midtrimester, dilation and evacuation (D&E) is the method of choice for elective termination of pregnancy in many institutions. However, because the diagnosis of the lethal GSDs relies heavily upon radiologic examination of fetal remains, reaching an accurate diagnosis in this setting can be challenging. We report an autopsy case of a fetus delivered by D&E at 15 4/7 weeks gestation with radiologic, histologic, and genetic findings compatible with achondrogenesis type 2 and discuss an evidence-based differential diagnostic approach to lethal GSDs terminated by early midtrimester D&E.
Factors associated with medication adherence among heart failure patients and their caregivers.

Background: Reducing the rate of rehospitalization among heart failure patients is a major public health challenge; medication non-adherence is a crucial factor shown to trigger rehospitalizations. Objective: To collect pilot data to inform the design of educational interventions targeted to heart failure patients and their caregivers to improve medication adherence. Methods: Heart failure patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their family caregivers were recruited from an outpatient electrophysiology clinic at an urban university medical center (N = 10 caregiver and patient dyads, 70% race/ethnic minority, mean patient age = 63 years). Quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to assess patients’ and caregivers’ individual interest in, and access to, new medication adherence technologies. Patient adherence to medications, medication self-efficacy, and depression were assessed by validated questionnaires. Medication adherence and hospitalization rates were assessed among patients at 30-days post-clinic visit by mailed survey. Results: At baseline, 60% of patients reported sometimes forgetting to take their medications. The most common factors associated with non-adherence included forgetfulness (50%), having other medications to take (20%), and being symptom-free (20%). At 30-day follow-up, half of patients reported non-adherence to their medications, and 1 in 10 reported being hospitalized within the past month. Dyads reported widespread access to technology, with the majority of dyads showing interest in mobile applications and text messaging. There was less acceptance of medication-dispensing technologies; caregivers and patients were concerned about added burden. Conclusions: The majority of etiologies of medication non-adherence were subject to intervention. Enthusiasm from patients and caregivers in new technologies to aid in adherence was tempered by potential burden, and should be considered when designing interventions to promote adherence.
REACTIVITY OF WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE AND RACCOON SERA TO WHOLE CELL AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI

Serum samples were collected from white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) during 1983, 1984, and 1990 through 1993 in Connecticut (USA) and were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) against whole cell Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (strain 2591) and the following recombinant antigens of this spirochete: p41-G (an immunogenic epitope of flagellin), outer surface protein (OSP)A, and OSPB. Antibodies were most frequently detected when whole cell antigen was used in the analyses. Reactivity to highly specific recombinant antigens also occurred and was particularly helpful in verifying B. burgdorferi infection. Geometric mean antibody titers for assays with whole cell antigen ranged from 453 to 2,363 and were at least two-fold higher than geometric means calculated for tests with recombinant antigens, which ranged from 226 to 640. With greater sensitivity, an ELISA with whole cell antigen is preferred for determining presence of antibody in sites enzootic for Ly...
Lack of association of functional CTLA4 polymorphisms with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objectives Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune disorder mediated by Th1-immune responses. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4), expressed on the T-cell surface, plays a negative role in regulating T-cell activation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CTLA4 have been implicated in susceptibility to several autoimmune disorders, including JIA. Our objective was to test three functional CTLA4 variants for association with JIA.
Iterative Low-Complexity Multiuser Detection and Decoding for Coded UWB Systems

In general, ultra wideband (UWB) signals are transmitted using very short pulses in time domain, thus promising very high data rates. In this paper, a receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally-coded UWB system. The proposed iterative receiver has three stages: a pulse detector, a symbol detector, and a channel decoder. Each of these stages output soft values, which are used as a priori information in the next iteration. Simulation results show that the proposed system can provide performance very close to a single-user system.
The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulershlp In Mexica History

The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulershlp In Mexica History. Susan D. Gillespie. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1989. 225 pp. $35.00 (Cloth). ISBN 8165-1095-4.
Landscape genetics of the blotched tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum)

The field of landscape genetics has great potential to identify habitat features that influence population genetic structure. To identify landscape correlates of genetic differentiation in a quantitative fashion, we developed a novel approach using geographical information systems analysis. We present data on blotched tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum ) from 10 sites across the northern range of Yellowstone National Park in Montana and Wyoming, USA. We used eight microsatellite loci to analyse population genetic structure. We tested whether landscape variables, including topographical distance, elevation, wetland likelihood, cover type and number of river and stream crossings, were correlated with genetic subdivision ( F ST ). We then compared five hypothetical dispersal routes with a straight-line distance model using two approaches: (i) partial Mantel tests using Akaike’s information criterion scores to evaluate model robustness and (ii) the BIOENV procedure, which uses a Spearman rank correlation to determine the combination of environmental variables that best fits the genetic data. Overall, gene flow appears highly restricted among sites, with a global F ST of 0.24. While there is a significant isolation-bydistance pattern, incorporating landscape variables substantially improved the fit of the model (from an r 2 of 0.3 to 0.8) explaining genetic differentiation. It appears that gene flow follows a straight-line topographic route, with river crossings and open shrub habitat correlated with lower F ST and thus, decreased differentiation, while distance and elevation difference appear to increase differentiation. This study demonstrates a general approach that can be used to determine the influence of landscape variables on population genetic structure.
The Binding Sites for Competitive Antagonistic, Allosteric Antagonistic, and Agonistic Antibodies to the I Domain of Integrin LFA-1

We explore the binding sites for mAbs to the alpha I domain of the integrin alphaLbeta2 that can competitively inhibit, allosterically inhibit, or activate binding to the ligand ICAM-1. Ten mAbs, some of them clinically important, were mapped to species-specific residues. The results are interpreted with independent structures of the alphaL I domain determined in seven different crystal lattices and in solution, and which are present in three conformational states that differ in affinity for ligand. Six mAbs bind to adjacent regions of the beta1-alpha1 and alpha3-alpha4 loops, which show only small (mean, 0.8 angstroms; maximum, 1.8 angstroms) displacements among the eight I domain structures. Proximity to the ligand binding site and to noncontacting portions of the ICAM-1 molecule explains competitive inhibition by these mAbs. Three mAbs bind to a segment of seven residues in the beta5-alpha6 loop and alpha6 helix, in similar proximity to the ligand binding site, but on the side opposite from the beta1-alpha1/alpha3-alpha4 epitopes, and far from noncontacting portions of ICAM-1. These residues show large displacements among the eight structures in response to lattice contacts (mean, 3.6 angstroms; maximum, 9.4 angstroms), and movement of a buried Phe in the beta5-alpha6 loop is partially correlated with affinity change at the ligand binding site. Together with a lack of proximity to noncontacting portions of ICAM-1, these observations explain variation among this group of mAbs, which can either act as competitive or allosteric antagonists. One agonistic mAb binds distant from the ligand binding site of the I domain, to residues that show little movement (mean, 0.5 angstroms; maximum, 1.0 angstroms). Agonism by this mAb is thus likely to result from altering the orientation of the I domain with respect to other domains within an intact integrin alphaLbeta2 heterodimer.
A targeted cytotoxic somatostatin (SST) analogue, AN-238, inhibits the growth of H-69 small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and H-157 non-SCLC in nude mice.

Recently, we developed a cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin (SST), AN-238, in which the SST carrier peptide RC-121 was linked to 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (2-pyrrolino-DOX) (AN-201), a potent derivative of doxorubicin. AN-238 can be targeted to SST receptors (SSTRs) on tumours. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of AN-238 on the growth of H-69 small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and H-157 non-SCLC xenografted into nude mice. High affinity binding sites for SST are present in H-69 SCLC and were now detected in H-157 non-SCLC xenografts, but not in H-157 cells. A strong expression of the human SSTR subtype 2 (hSSTR-2) and a weaker expression of subtype 5 (hSSTR-5) was found in H-69 SCLC cells, but not in H-157 non-SCLC cells. However, a strong expression of mRNA for mouse (m)SSTR-2 could be detected in H-157 xenografts. AN-238 effectively inhibited the growth of H-69 SCLC tumours in nude mice. Twenty-six days after a single injection of AN-238 at 200 nmol/kg, the volume of H-69 tumours was decreased by approximately 55% (P<0.05) compared with the controls, while AN-201 at the same dose was highly toxic and produced only a minor tumour inhibition. To evaluate the potency of multiple doses of AN-238, nude mice bearing H-69 SCLC received three injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg on days 1, 12 and 28. In the period of 42 days after the first injection, the growth rate of H-69 tumours was approximately 50% lower than that of controls. In nude mice bearing H-157 non-SCLC tumours, a single i.v. administration of AN-238 at 200 nmol/kg inhibited tumour volume by 91% after 28 days (P<0.01 compared with controls). AN-201 was toxic and ineffective at the same dose. Two injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg given on days 1 and 18 produced 83% inhibition of H-157 tumour growth (P<0.01 versus controls). AN-238 given as a single dose of 200 nmol/kg induced necrosis, while two injections of 150 nmol/kg induced apoptosis in the tumour tissue. Our results indicate that targeted cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238 could be considered for therapy of both SCLC and non-SCLC.
The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow

We hypothesized that muscles crossing the elbow have fundamental di!erences in their capacity for excursion, force generation, and moment generation due to di!erences in their architecture, moment arm, and the combination of their architecture and moment arm. Muscle fascicle length, sarcomere length, pennation angle, mass, and tendon displacement with elbow #exion were measured for the major elbow muscles in 10 upper extremity specimens. Optimal fascicle length, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), moment arm, operating range on the force}length curve, and moment-generating capacity were estimated from these data. Brachioradialis and pronator teres had the longest (17.7 cm) and shortest (5.5 cm) fascicles, respectively. Triceps brachii (combined heads) and brachioradialis had the greatest (14.9 cm2) and smallest (1.2 cm2) PCSAs, respectively. Despite a comparable fascicle length, long head of biceps brachii operates over a broader range of the force}length curve (length change"56% of optimal length, 12.8 cm) than the long head of triceps brachii (length change"28% of optimal length, 12.7 cm) because of its larger moment arm (4.7 cm vs. 2.3 cm). Although brachioradialis has a small PCSA, it has a relatively large moment-generating capacity (6.8 cm3) due to its large moment arm (average peak"7.7 cm). These results emphasize the need to consider the interplay of architecture and moment arm when evaluating the functional capabilities of a muscle. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tutorons: Generating context-relevant, on-demand explanations and demonstrations of online code

Programmers frequently turn to the web to solve problems and find example code. For the sake of brevity, the snippets in online instructions often gloss over the syntax of languages like CSS selectors and Unix commands. Programmers must compensate by consulting external documentation. In this paper, we propose language-specific routines called Tutorons that automatically generate context-relevant, on-demand micro-explanations of code. A Tutoron detects explainable code in a web page, parses it, and generates in-situ natural language explanations and demonstrations of code. We build Tutorons for CSS selectors, regular expressions, and the Unix command “wget”. We demonstrate techniques for generating natural language explanations through template instantiation, synthesizing code demonstrations by parse tree traversal, and building compound explanations of co-occurring options. Through a qualitative study, we show that Tutoron-generated explanations can reduce the need for reference documentation in code modification tasks.
The Catallactic Point of View

Richard Wagner's Mind, Society, and Human Action is an important contribution to our understanding of both economic science and real-world economies. This essay presents a diagrammatical schema for communicating Wagner's vision of social processes and contrasting it with other approaches.