cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal spatial sampling for spherical loudspeaker arrays

The design of spherical loudspeaker arrays involves the discrete sampling of the sphere. In practical applications the desired number of sample points is very low (possibly 16–32 transducers) and there are typically one or more areas in the room that cannot accommodate loudspeakers. This paper presents an optimization method for choosing loudspeaker locations and driving functions in such a constrained environment. An additional weighting is added to allow for selective optimization of both low spatially-varying components and azimuthal components.
A new continuous monitoring system for simultaneous measurements of intracellular calcium and either endothelial permeability or leukocyte extravasation.

Objective and Design: We have developed a continuous monitoring system that will quantify lymphocyte extravasation or intercellular permeability with intracellular calcium measurements in a single preparation.¶Materials: Human microvascular endothelial cells, human lymphocytes and histamine.¶Treatment: Endothelial barrier function and intracellular calcium were examined upon application of either human lymphocytes (1 × 105 cells/ml) or histamine (1 μM).¶Methods: Endothelial cells labeled with FURA-2 were examined for both changes in endothelial barrier function and mobilization of intracellular calcium using fluorescence spectroscopy and ratio imaging, respectively.¶Results: Increases in endothelial intracellular calcium occur in the first minute and are followed by increases in endothelial intercellular permeability to albumin (5-7 min) or lymphocytes (15-20 min). Approximately 60 min following calcium mobilization, there was a second and larger extravasation.¶Conclusion: The continuous monitoring system expands our understanding of the time course of the permeability and extravasation events to mobilization of endothelial intracellular calcium.
Entering the Darkness: Rhetorics of Transformation and Gendered Violence in Patty Jenkins's Monster

The 2003 film Monster depicted events in the life of executed murderer Aileen Wuornos. While many gender theorists describe the Wuornos case as a site of gender trouble vis-a-vis violence in public culture, discourse surrounding the film focused primarily on Charlize Theron's portrayal of Wuornos. Her performance was largely framed as a temporary voyage into an amorphous “darkness” that physically and emotionally transformed her. The resulting narrative of transformation subordinated oppositional readings of the film to an emphasis on a beautiful actress who came to embody a hideous murderer. I argue that this narrative produced rhetorics of decontextualized violence by dissociating Wuornos's acts from their rootedness in patriarchy, heteronormativity, and capitalism. While this framing of the film is problematic, I nonetheless argue that Monster retains the potential to function as a transgressive text on gendered violence capable of mobilizing communities of struggle.
Efficacy of Sulfuryl Fluoride Against Four Beetle Pests of Museums (Coleoptera: Dermestidae, Anobiidae)

The efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against adults, larvae, and eggs of four coleopterans—furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte; black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.); cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.); and hide beetle, Dermestes maculates (De Geer)—was determined. Adults were generally more susceptible to sulfuryl fluoride than larvae. Eggs were the most tolerant stage; 7-30 times more fumigant was required compared with rates required to kill adults and larvae. Our results indicated that the cumulative dose required to kill 99% of A. flavipes larvae was 156 mg·h/liter. This rate exceeds the current recommended rate (approximately 72 mg · h/liter) of sulfuryl fluoride for control of carpet beetles. Eggs of cigarette beetles exposed to higher concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride developed at a slower rate. For multiple fumigation intended to control adults and larvae rather than eggs, the delayed embryonic development of eggs exposed to the sublethal dose of sulfuryl fluoride should be considered in determining the timing between fumigations.
WHEN DO PRICE PROMOTIONS AFFECT PRETRIAL BRAND EVALUATIONS

The authors investigate the conditions in which price promotions affect pretrial brand evaluations. A price promotion is theorized to be informative about brand quality when it stands out because i...
Prolonged Space-Wave Fadeouts at 1,046 MC Observed in Cheyenne Mountain Propagation Program

During the first year of continuous operation of the Cheyenne Mountain propagation program, recordings of 1,046-mc fields at receiving locations within the radio horizon have exhibited "fadeouts" or prolonged periods of attenuation often in excess of 20 db below the monthly median level and lasting from a minute up to several hours. The occurrence of these fadeouts has been found to coincide with widespread super-refraction as evidenced by enhanced signals beyond the radio horizon and ground modification of the refractive index profile.
Food Advertisements in Two Popular U.S. Parenting Magazines: Results of a Five-Year Analysis

Obesity rates among American youth have prompted an examination of food advertisements geared towards children. Research indicates children’s high exposure to these advertisements and their influence on food preferences. Less is known about the presence of these advertisements in parenting magazines. This study’s objective was to examine prevalence of food advertisements in popular parenting magazines and identify products by USDA food category. We analyzed 116 issues of two popular U.S. parenting magazines across five years. All food and beverage advertisements for USDA Food Category were coded. Breakfast cereals were coded for nutritional quality. The coding took place at varied libraries in New Jersey, in the United States. A total of 19,879 food and beverage products were analyzed. One-third of advertisements (32.5%) were for baked goods, snacks, and sweets -- products generally low in nutrient density. Two-thirds of the breakfast cereals were low in nutritional quality (64.6%). Beverages comprised 11% of the advertisements, fruit juices the highest proportion. Less than 3% of advertisements were for fruits and vegetables combined. No significant food product trends were evident across the five-year period. Food advertisements identified in parenting magazines were generally low in nutritional value. Additional research is necessary to determine the influence of food advertisements on parents’ purchasing habits.
Comparing top-k XML lists

Systems that produce ranked lists of results are abundant. For instance, Web search engines return ranked lists of Web pages. There has been work on distance measure for list permutations, like Kendall tau and Spearman's footrule, as well as extensions to handle top-k lists, which are more common in practice. In addition to ranking whole objects (e.g., Web pages), there is an increasing number of systems that provide keyword search on XML or other semistructured data, and produce ranked lists of XML sub-trees. Unfortunately, previous distance measures are not suitable for ranked lists of sub-trees since they do not account for the possible overlap between the returned sub-trees. That is, two sub-trees differing by a single node would be considered separate objects. In this paper, we present the first distance measures for ranked lists of sub-trees, and show under what conditions these measures are metrics. Furthermore, we present algorithms to efficiently compute these distance measures. Finally, we evaluate and compare the proposed measures on real data using three popular XML keyword proximity search systems.
Microstructural Modeling and Design of Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

The properties of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are determined by the electrochemical and kinetic properties of their constituent materials as well as by their underlying microstructure. In this paper a method is developed that uses microscopic information and constitutive material properties to calculate the response of rechargeable batteries. The method is implemented in OOF ,a public domain finite element code, so it can be applied to arbitrary two-dimensional microstructures with crystallographic anisotropy. This methodology can be used as a design tool for creating improved electrode microstructures. Several geometrical two-dimensional arrangements of particles of active material are explored to improve electrode utilization, power density, and reliability of the Li yC6uLixMn2O4 battery system. The analysis suggests battery performance could be improved by controlling the transport paths to the back of the positive porous electrode, maximizing the surface area for intercalating lithium ions, and
The choice of optimal parameters for measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times. III. Mathematical preliminaries for nonideal pulses

Abstract An earlier analysis for the optimization of T 1 measurements is extended to allow for an initially unknown effective flip angle. In contrast to other studies which rely on simulation, this and the following paper deal with a case in which the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently great so that a linear least-squares analysis is possible. In practice this is a minor restriction. The equations that allow for optimization are derived and discussed. The least-squares analysis not only allows an a priori optimization of T 1 measurements but also provides an a posteriori confidence interval for the T 1 estimate. Detailed results that follow from the formalism of this paper are presented and discussed in a companion paper.
Introduction to using FPGAs in the computer science curriculum (abstract only)

One of the challenges in modern curriculum design is balancing between breadth and depth of topics while simultaneously reinforcing the interconnections among topics in the field. To address these challenges, faculty are often forced to approximate real-world systems, sometimes at the expense of any hands-on experience. We have integrated field-programming gate array (FPGA) systems first used in our hardware-based courses into several higher-level systems and applications courses. This allows us to leverage student familiarity with a hands-on, flexible hardware platform and also strengthen the relationships between different subfields within computer science. In this workshop, we present participants with guided hands-on activities for making use of FPGAs in common computer science courses such as digital logic design, computer organization and programming, and compiler construction. Laptop required.
EMERGING CONCEPTS OF BRAIN FUNCTION

For over 40 years, since I first obtained evidence for nonsynaptic diffusion neurotransmission (most scientists call it Volume Transmission), I have been convinced that we scientists were ignoring organizational dynamics other than the mechanistic synaptic organization of the brain. For many years it was an uneasy feeling, since I was aware there are so many avenues to explore in brain function. I have wondered how much we scientists have ignored, in our quest to understand how the brain really works, due to our efforts to "be scientific". In addition to the difficulty of understanding how the brain functions, how could we even begin to explore the human experience? In this paper I will first discuss some emerging concepts of brain function. I will then comment on the development of concepts that have been a part of my own research experience.
Swelling, Deformation, and Retraction of Poly(4-methylpentene-1). I. Morphological Observations

The deformation and retraction of bulk poly(4-methylpentene-1) (P4MP1) in the swollen state was studied by electron microscope and wide angle X-ray diffraction. P4MP1 swollen with various swelling agents can be stretched several hundred percent at room temperature in a macroscopically uniform manner. On the microscopic level the deformation is quite heterogeneous. If allowed to relax, a certain fraction of the deformation is recovered instantaneously followed by further recovery with time. Repeated replica electron micrographs of the same area indicate that pulled-out fibrils take a major role in the retraction at high elongation and that interlamellar slip is predominant at low elongation. Use of a solid swelling agent permitted replication of the swollen polymer; swelling occurs by separation of lamellae revealing interlamellar links which retract upon deswelling.
Diffusing responsibility: A case study of child sexual abuse in popular discourse

Abstract Popular discourse provides a window into predominant social beliefs. To assess predominant beliefs about child sexual abuse, this exploratory, descriptive study examines the discourse surrounding a high-profile child abuse case that involved over 100 victims and culminated in the arrest of a well-known Delaware pediatrician in 2009. The Dr. Earl Bradley case, dominated local news media for more than a year. Online comments from the state's primary newspaper were collected and analyzed to identify themes. Coding analysis found that popular discourse overwhelmingly explained the abuse as the fault of the victims' parents, putatively, the mothers. Commenters engaged in direct blaming of parents, thus, at least to some extent, shifting blame from the offender and the institutional systems that failed to adequately react to the allegations of abuse to the victims' parents. Newspaper comments also demonstrated social distancing which, in addition to the comments attributing blame to the parents, served to excuse and distract from the responsibility of authority figs. or structural change. Although comments that defended parents did appear, these instances were far less frequent than comments blaming the parents, which illustrates a trend to individualize rather than activate collective challenges, therefore putting the onus on victims to police the powerful. Overall, institutional malfeasance eclipsed the well-being of children, and public commentary displayed an implicitly gendered parent-bashing, diminishing the responsibility of the professionals.
Wnt Signaling Inhibits Adipogenesis through β-Catenin-dependent and -independent Mechanisms

Wnt signaling has been reported to block apoptosis and regulate differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and stabilization of β-catenin. The effects of Wnt in preadipocytes may be mediated through Frizzled (Fz) 1 and/or Fz2 as these Wnt receptors are expressed in preadipocytes and their expression declines upon induction of differentiation. We ectopically expressed constitutively active chimeras between Wnt8 and Fz1 or Fz2 in preadipocytes and mesenchymal precursor cells. Our results indicated that activated Fz1 increases stability of β-catenin, inhibits apoptosis, induces osteoblastogenesis, and inhibits adipogenesis. Although activated Fz2 does not influence apoptosis or osteoblastogenesis, it inhibits adipogenesis through a mechanism independent of β-catenin. An important mediator of the β-catenin-independent pathway appears to be calcineurin because inhibitors of this serine/threonine phosphatase partially rescue the block to adipogenesis caused by Wnt3a or activated Fz2. These data supported a model in which Wnt signaling inhibits adipogenesis through both β-catenin-dependent and β-catenin-independent mechanisms.
Expression of Intestine-Specific Antigen Reveals Novel Pathways of CD8 T Cell Tolerance Induction

Reactivity to intestinal epithelium-specific antigen was studied by transgenic expression of cytosolic ovalbumin controlled by an enterocyte-specific promoter. Transferred OVA-specific CD8 cells (OT-I) preferentially expanded in mucosal lymphoid tissues and the epithelium but failed to cause tissue damage. In contrast, concomitant VSV-ova infection induced OT-I-mediated epithelial cell destruction that correlated with antigen density. OT-I cells retained in the epithelium exhibited high levels of lytic activity but were unable to produce cytokines. The mice were systemically tolerant to OVA since endogenous CD8 cells were nonresponsive to VSV-ova infection. Thus, intestinal antigen gained access to peripheral tissues via absorption from effete epithelial cells. This system demonstrated a requirement for inflammation to drive pathogenic autoreactivity against enterocytes and identified pathways of intestine-specific immunoregulation.
Hepatic Overexpression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II in Adulthood Increases Basal and Insulin-stimulated Glucose Disposal in Conscious Mice

The physiological role of circulating insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in adult humans is poorly understood. We recently generated an IGF-II transgenic murine model of persistent IGF-II production (plasma IGF-II ~30-fold increased above normal) through overexpression of the transgene driven by the major urinary protein promoter (Rinderknecht, E., and Humbel, R. E.(1978) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13779-13784). To determine whether in vivo insulin action is improved in these transgenic mice, we performed euglycemic insulin (18 milliunits/kg•min) clamp studies in conscious IGF-II transgenic and in age- and weight-matched control mice. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly lower in the IGF-II transgenic compared with both control groups. Despite decreased plasma glucose concentration, basal hepatic glucose production (HGP) and glucose clearance were increased. During the insulin clamp studies in IGF-II transgenic mice compared with control mice (a) the rates of glucose infusion and glucose uptake were increased by ~65 and ~55%, respectively; (b) glycolysis was increased by ~12% while glycogen synthesis was ~2-fold higher; (c) while the suppression of plasma free fatty acid was similar, the increment in plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher; (d) although HGP was similarly inhibited by insulin, phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis was enhanced and accounted for a larger portion of HGP (64% versus ~40% in control mice). Our data suggest that the persistence of circulating IGF-II in adult mice to levels commonly observed in adult humans (50-70 nM) causes a marked improvement in peripheral (skeletal muscle) insulin action, which is not due to changes in body composition. These results suggest that circulating IGF-II may exert a regulatory role on insulin sensitivity and body composition in humans.
The influence of acclimation temperature on the metabolic response of frog tissue to thyroxine administered in vivo.

Abstract Leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens complex) were given daily injections of Na- l -thyroxine (2.0 μg/10 g body wt) in the dorsal lymph sac, while control animals were given daily injections of equivalent volumes of the alkaline vehicle. Half of the animals were acclimated in darkness at a constant temperature of 15°, whereas the remaining frogs were acclimated in darkness at 25°. At the end of 5.5 days of treatment, the frogs were sacrificed; and oxygen consumption of liver tissue from each animal was measured by differential respirometry at the temperature to which the donor was acclimated. Oxygen consumption of liver tissue from hyperthyroid frogs acclimated at 25° was 21% higher than it was in preparations from control animals acclimated at the same temperature. However, oxygen uptake by liver preparations from hyperthyroid frogs acclimated at 15° did not differ significantly from control levels. Thus, in anuran amphibians—as in reptilian ectotherms—temperature seems to govern the metabolic response of tissues to thyroid hormones.
Cell-targeting and cell-penetrating peptides for delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents

This review will discuss the basic concepts concerning the use of cell-targeting peptides (CTPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in the context of nanocarrier technology. It deals with the discovery and subsequent evolution of CTPs and CPPs, issues concerning their interactions with cells and their biodistribution in vivo, and their potential advantages and disadvantages as delivery agents. The article also briefly discusses several specific examples of the use of CTPs or CPPs to assist in the delivery of nanoparticles, liposomes, and other nanocarriers.
FOREST EDGES AND TREE GROWTH RATES IN THE NORTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT

Forest fragmentation is a common process in forests worldwide, with implications for tree species composition and abundance. In particular, the effects of forest– non-forest edges on microclimate are often profound, usually resulting in increased light available to plants along the forest–non-forest edge. Using dendrochronological techniques, we assessed the effect of edges on the growth rates of four overstory species common in the North Carolina Piedmont: Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Pinus taeda. Transects from the edge into the forest interior were established on 62 edges of varying aspect and ages in the Duke Forest (Durham, North Carolina, USA). Within a transect, all stems >10 cm in diameter were cored, and their spatial positions relative to the edge were recorded. Along each transect, a set of environmental and edaphic variables was measured including soil texture, soil concentrations of plant nutrients, and percentage of canopy closure. All transects were geo...
Characterization of an Endoribonuclease in Rat‐Liver Nucleoli

Synthetic RNAs, i.e. [3H]poly(U) and [14C]poly(A), and natural RNAs, i.e. 16-S and 23-S Escherichia coli ribosomal [14C]RNA and MS2 coliphage [3H]RNA, were incompletely hydrolyzed by a rat liver nucleolar enzyme as measured by solubilization of radioactivity following ethanol precipitation. Sucrose density gradient analysis of these RNA substrates following incubation with isolated rat liver nucleoli at 36 °C for 15 min demonstrated extensive shifts in their sedimentation coefficients. These data were taken as evidence that the nueleolar enzyme is an endoribonuclease. The enzyme has been solubilized and partially purified. The enzyme has no effect on intact double-stranded reovirus RNA. It cleaves 45-S HeLa precursor rRNA through a series of intermediate fragments of decreasing size to limit 4-S end products. Among other characteristics, this nucleolar endoribonuclease prefers single to multi-stranded RNA and is inhibited by DNAase.
Mutagenesis of the metJBLF gene cluster with transposon Tn5: localization of the metF transcription unit.

Mutants of a specialized λdmet transducing phage bearing the metJBLF gene cluster of Escherichia coli K12 were constructed using transposon Tn5. Two of these mutants, λdmet128::Tn5, MW77 and λdmet128::Tn5, 3–1, were used to locate precisely as well as confirm the existence of the metF transcription unit (approximately 1,000 base pairs in size). The introduction of new restriction sites within the metJBLF gene cluster due to the Tn5 insertion events allowed the metF transcription unit to be cloned into the high copy number plasmid pBR322. Analyses of the structures of two of these recombinant plasmids, pTJ77H and pTJ3-1H, are presented. Expression of the plasmid borne metF allele in cells grown in the absence, or presence, of exogenous L methionine (0.2 mM) demonstrates that the amplification of the metF copy number does not abolish met regulon mediated control of the gene's activity.
Estimation of career potential based on age, sex, and personality information

In two experiments, college students were asked to rate estimated degree of career success for a series of stimulus persons described by personality-trait adjectives. Experiment 1 also included sex of stimulus persons and Experiment 2 included sex and age of stimulus persons in the descriptions. In both experiments, the descriptions were varied systematically in number, polarity (positivity or negativity), and extremity of adjectives. Male stimulus persons were rated significantly higher than female stimulus persons and younger stimulus persons were rated significantly higher than older stimulus persons on the average. The difference due to sex of stimulus person was a decreasing function of, while the difference due to age was unrelated to, number of adjectives. Both the sex and age effects interacted in complex ways with polarity and extremity of adjectives.
Supporting College Students' Ill-Structured Problem Solving in a Web-Based Learning Environment.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of using cognitive and metacognitive prompting strategies in a web-based learning environment to engage college students in a complex, ill-structured task. The course context was a freshman/sophomore level Information Sciences and Technology course, and the topic was web design. Four ill-structured problem-solving outcomes were measured: problem representation, developing solutions, making justifications, and monitoring and evaluation. Findings showed significant effects of the prompting treatment on all four ill-structured problem solving outcomes.
Comment on "Anomalous electron heat transport driven by low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence"

A Comment on the Letter by A. A. Thoul, P. L Similon, and R. N. Sudan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1448 (1987).
Automatic affective video indexing: Sound energy and object motion correlation discovery

No longer is video creation and storage solely in the hands of professionals. Video repositories are growing at an astounding rate due advances in multimedia technologies. The vast size of video repositories presents challenges for users attempting to identify preferred content. Automated methods for content discovery are necessary to meet the needs of users. One of the more challenging areas of video content discovery is in identifying affective, or emotional, video content. Automatic affective video indexing techniques attempt to use computer-based methods to automatically identify content in videos that is affective in nature. This is the first known automatic affective video indexing study that focuses on slapstick, one of the most popular types of humor techniques. The study shows positive results and contributes to the field by identifying the targeted affective content without relying on actual human emotional responses.
Regulation of plant productivity I: improved seedling vigor and floral performance of Phalaenopsis by 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine [DCPTA].

Application of the tertiary amine bioregulator, 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine [DCPTA] to seedling Phalaenopsis plants increased seeding survival, long-term vegetative plant growth, and greatly accelerated flowering when compared to controls. Application of 30 µM (10 ppm) DCPTA during the transfer of orchid seedlings from sterile agar culture to greenhouse community pot culture caused a 2 to 3-fold increase in root and leaf growth of seedling plants over the growth of controls. After 2 years greenhouse culture, the total dry weight of 30 µM DCPTA-treated plants was doubled when compared with controls. Flowering of 30 µM DCPTA-treated plants was increased significantly (p < 0.05) over that of controls after 11 and 18 months plant growth. During a 2 year growth period, the total number of racemes produced by 30 µM DCPTA-treated plants was doubled when compared with the floral performance of controls. The effects of DCPTA on plant flowering appeared to function independently of DCPTA-mediated effects on plant growth.
Radiative transfer in two-dimensional anisotropic scattering media with collimated incidence

Abstract An accurate analysis is performed by using the S-N discrete ordinates method for radiative transfer in two-dimensional rectangular enclosures exposed to an arbitrarily inclined, collimated incident beam. The enclosed gray medium absorbs and anisotropically scatters radiative energy. General anisotropic Mie-scattering phase functions are treated by Legendre polynomial expansions. A highly accurate S-14 approximation is used for the analysis. Benchmark results for the average incident radiations, the radiative fluxes and the source functions, obtained from the radiative intensity fields, are presented for purely scattering and absorbing-scattering media. Normal incidence and oblique incidence problems are analyzed. Anisotropy of the phase functions is found to have a strong effect on the radiative transfer. The reflected energy may differ by an order of magnitude when the phase function is changed from highly forward-scattering (phase function F1) to backward-scattering (phase function B2). The transmitted energy changes by a factor of two for the two phase functions F1 and B2. The effect of phase-function anisotropy on radiative transfer is found to be more significant for collimated incidence than for diffuse incidence.
Nodal and matrix analyses of communication patterns in small groups

This paper describes an analytic framework based on the methods of social network analysis pioneered by Nieminen (1974) and Freeman (1978/79) and used by structural anthropologists (e.g., Hage and Harary, 1996). It extends the methodology for use in evaluating computer-mediated communication in small groups and analyzes a sample dataset drawn from synchronous chat room interaction of five adults involved in a process of decision-making. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible applications of social network analysis to computer-supported learning, and limitations.
Effects of 56Fe radiation on hippocampal function in mice deficient in chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)

Abstract 56 Fe irradiation affects hippocampus-dependent cognition. The underlying mechanisms may involve alterations in neurogenesis, expression of the plasticity-related immediate early gene Arc , and inflammation. Chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), which mediates the recruitment of infiltrating and resident microglia to sites of CNS inflammation, is upregulated by 56 Fe irradiation. CCR2 KO and wild-type mice were used to compare effects of 56 Fe radiation (600 MeV, 0.25 Gy) on hippocampal function using contextual fear conditioning involving tone shock pairing during training (+/+) and exposure to the same environment without tone shock pairings (−/−). In the −/− condition, irradiation enhanced habituation in WT mice, but not CCR2 KO mice, suggesting that a lack of CCR2 was associated with reduced cognitive performance. In the +/+ condition, irradiation reduced freezing but there was no genotype differences. There were no significant correlations between the number of Arc-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and freezing in either genotype. While measures of neurogenesis and gliogenesis appeared to be modulated by CCR2, there were no effects of genotype on the total numbers of newly born activated microglia before or after irradiation, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the genotype-dependent radiation response.
Extracellular Annexin VI Expression Is Associated with Divalent Cation-Dependent Endothelial Cell Adhesion of Metastatic RAW117 Large-Cell Lymphoma Cells

Abstract We previously found that cell surface molecules of ∼70, ∼35, ∼32, ∼22, and ∼14 kDa from liver-metastatic murine RAW117 large-cell lymphoma cells bound to target liver microvessel endothelial cells. Isolation and sequencing of the ∼35-kDa component revealed it to be annexin II, a Ca2+-binding molecule involved in cytoskeletal and membrane interactions. Annexin II antibodies inhibited the adhesion of RAW117 tumor cells to live or fixed liver endothelial cells, and purified tumor cell surface fractions containing the ∼35-kDa component inhibited partially RAW117 cell-endothelial cell adhesion, suggesting a role for annexins in tumor cell-endothelial cell adhesion. In the present study we identified the 70-kDa cell surface component that binds to hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner as annexin VI. Cytofluorographic analysis indicated that annexin VI was expressed on the cell surface in slightly higher amounts on highly metastatic RAW117 cells, and it was not removable by EDTA treatment. Anti-annexin VI antibodies inhibited the adhesion of RAW117 cells to fixed or unfixed murine hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells by ∼40%, indicating a role for annexin VI in mediating a portion of the Ca2+-dependent RAW 117 cell adhesion to target liver microvessel endothelial cells.
Lashley's shift from bacteriology to neuropsychology, 1910-1917, and the influence of Jennings, Watson, and Franz.

From 1910 to 1917, Karl S. Lashley's research moved from bacteriology to neuropsychology through intermediate stages of zoology, comparative psychology, and the psychology of learning. This shift is examined with particular reference to Lashley's associations with John B. Watson, Shepherd I. Franz, and Herbert S. Jennings. Watson's impact was substantial, for he attracted Lashley to comparative psychology and was the source of many of his later research interests. The bridge to neuropsychological research was provided by Franz who trained Lashley in the lesion method of investigating the brain bases of learning. The influence of Jennings, Lashley's Ph.D. supervisor, was most evident in the divergence of the post-1915 interests of Lashley and Watson. Lashley's search for brain mechanisms of learning, as contrasted with Watson's concern with behavioral prediction and control, mirrored a similar earlier difference between Jennings and Jacques Loeb.
Global Natural Gas Issues and Challenges: A Commentary

Interest in the potential for natural gas to emulate oil as a OglobalO commodity has grown. While international trade in natural gas in liquefied form has occurred for roughly 40 years, natural gas transactions largely take place in local and regional geographies. Growing demand among large consuming nations relative to global distribution of natural gas resources makes for a compelling story with respect to international, transoceanic trade outlooks. However, natural gas and the natural gas Ovalue chainO are imbued with unique characteristics that require careful consideration by developers, researchers, regulators and policy makers. This article provides an overview and suggests key questions and issues for further research.
Fluorescence blinking statistics from CdSe core and core/shell nanorods.

We report fluorescence blinking statistics measured from single CdSe nanorods (NRs) of seven different sizes with aspect ratios ranging from 3 to 11. This study also included core/shell CdSe/ZnSe NRs and core NRs with two different surface ligands producing different degrees of surface passivation. We compare the findings for NRs to our measurements of blinking statistics from spherical CdSe core and CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs). We find that, for both NRs and spherical NCs, the off-time probability distributions are well described by a power law, while the on-time probability distributions are best described by a truncated power law, P(τon) ∼ e-τon/τc. The measured crossover time, τc, is indistinguishable within experimental uncertainty for core and core/shell NRs, as well as for core NRs with different ligands, for the same core size, indicating that surface passivation does not affect the blinking statistics significantly. We find that, at fixed excitation intensity, 1/τc increases approximat...
Expansion-free Kerr-Schild fields

The expansion-free Kerr-Schild fields are studied starting with the general Kerr-Schild metric in a vacuum space--time. (JFP)
Morphological transitions in the life cycle of Ustilago maydis and their genetic control by the a and b loci

Abstract Banuett, F., and Herskowitz, I. 1994. Morphological transitions in the life cycle of Ustilago maydis and their genetic control by the a and b loci. Experimental Mycology 18: 247-266. Two forms characterize the life cycle of Ustilago maydis: a haploid yeast-like form and a filamentous dikaryotic form. Dimorphism and other aspects of the life cycle (including tumor induction) are governed by two mating type loci, a and b . Here we report characterization of two different morphological transitions in the life cycle of U. maydis . First, we describe an assay for conjugation tube formation in which cellular response is rapid and occurs synchronously and uniformly in the population. Using this assay, we demonstrate that different alleles of the a locus (but not the b locus) are necessary for conjugation tube formation. We also show that the b locus determines the type of filament formed after cell fusion: different b alleles lead to formation of true filaments, whereas identical b alleles result in production of pseudofilaments. Second, we analyze the role of a and b in postfusion events leading to filament formation in diploid strains. We show that diploid strains heterozygous for both a and b are capable of a dimorphic transition from yeast-like to filamentous growth when shifted from rich medium to low-nitrogen medium. This transition has two components: the first is dependent on the a locus and generates structures similar to conjugation tubes; the second is dependent on the b locus and produces true hyphal structures. We surmise that similar events take place in formation of the dikaryotic filament.
Aspiration biopsy and the clinical management of patients with malignant melanoma and palpable regional lymph nodes.

BACKGROUND The presence of lymph node metastases in patients with malignant melanoma implies a significant decrease in survival. The authors investigated the efficacy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma in 115 patients with melanoma and clinically suspicious regional lymph nodes. METHODS One hundred thirty-three FNABs were performed by cytopathologists after referral from surgeons or oncologists using a 25-gauge or 27-gauge needle. RESULTS The cytologic diagnosis was negative in 35, atypical in 1, suspicious in 2, and positive for malignant melanoma in 95. Regional lymph node dissections were performed in 78 patients. Of these, 70 positive FNABs were confirmed with no false-positive results. The atypical FNAB was proven positive for malignant melanoma at surgery. Of the two suspicious FNABs, one was confirmed as positive and one showed dermatopathic lymphadenopathy. Of the 35 negative FNAB specimens, 5 patients underwent surgery; 3 FNABs were found to be negative and 2 FNABS were falsely negative. Twenty patients with negative aspirates were followed clinically for 22–45 months (mean, 32 months); 19 patients had no evidence of disease and 1 patient died of disseminated melanoma. CONCLUSIONS FNAB of palpable lymphadenopathy in patients with malignant melanoma can provide a rapid and accurate assessment of lymph node status and expedite the therapeutic management of these patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:162–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
828 ABNORMAL CARTILAGE COLLAGENS IN ACHONDROGENESIS II

Achondrogenesis II is an inherited disorder of endochondral bone growth characterized clinically by severe (lethal) dwarfism and pathologically by the production of reduced amounts of cartilage matrix. To further define its pathogenesis, we studied growth plate tissue from 4 patients by a combination of microscopic and biochemical methods. Immunostaining of undecalificied Spurr embedded sections with a battery of collagen antibodies revealed that the major collagen of the resting cartilage matrix was type I rather than the expected type II (cartilage) collagen which was much reduced in amount. Analysis of resting cartilage collagens by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion HPLC mapping of cyanogen bromide peptides confirmed that collagen I was the major collagen and failed to detect collagen II. The results suggest at least two possibilities. First, there may be a defect in the structural gene for collagen II which interferes with the synthesis and/or secretion of the protein in an analagous fashion to that which occurs for collagen I in the osteogenesis imperfecta syndromes. Alternatively, the secretion of collagen I may reflect prematurity and/or abnormal regulation of the normal “switch” from collagen II to collagen I synthesis that occurs during later stages of growth plate chondrocyte differentiation. In any event the observations indicate that growth plate collagen production is disturbed in the disorder.
Mobilisation in critical care: A concept analysis

Summary Objectives The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of mobilisation within the context of the critical care setting. Mobilisation is a widely used term that belies the complexity of its use in practice. Whilst facilitating movement is a significant nursing concern, mobilisation practices vary widely amongst nurses, perhaps due to conceptual incongruence. Methods Evolutionary methodology was used in this concept analysis. Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and PsycInfo databases were searched from 1966 to present. Search terms included mobilisation, mobility and passive exercise, yielding 61 articles suitable for analysis. Findings Findings indicate that mobilisation is an interdisciplinary, goal-directed therapy used to facilitate movement and improve outcomes. It involves energy expenditure and has both physical and psychological domains. Disciplines vary in applications of mobilisation and therapy parameters are essentially undefined. The energy expenditure attribute has been well-exemplified in physical therapy literature, but only to a minimal degree in nursing literature. Conclusion In spite of the wide use of mobilisation, the concept requires further development, particularly in the critical care setting. Barriers to mobilisation require further delineation as does the psychological domain. Ongoing concept analysis can be used to inform practice and guide research activities.
Conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in 300 adults with soft-tissue sarcomas

From January 1963 through December 1977, 300 adults with soft-tissue sarcomas were treated by a conservative surgical excision and postoperative radiotherapy. The absolute two- and five-year disease-free survival rates are 74% (222/300) and 61.3% (103/168), respectively. The five-year survival rate varies with: (1) anatomic site, e.g., 69.4% (75/108) for extremity lesions vs. 33% (5/15) for abdominal lesions; (2) histopathologic diagnosis, e.g., 86.4% (19/22) for fibrosarcoma vs. 50% (15/30) for neurofibrosarcoma; and (3) stage of the lesion. The overall local recurrence rate was 22.3% (67/300) and 27% (81/300) of the patients developed distant metastases. The incidence of lymph node metastases as an initial site of spread was only 2.7% (8/300); therefore, elective treatment of the regional lymphatics is not indicated. The 6.5% incidence of significant complications in extremities is low and might be further diminished by careful treatment planning. The combination of conservative surgery and postoperative radiation therapy maintains a functional limb in 84.5% (169/200) of patients with extremity lesions. This rate is comparable to the five-year survival rate attained with radical surgery.
Organized decision making

Some aspects of the phenomena associated with decision making by an organization are discussed. Their interplay is illustrated by a simple examde.
Covalent Coupling and Characterization of Supported Lipid Layers

To investigate protein and cell surface interactions, robust and increasingly complex model surfaces need to be developed to mimic specific aspects of the cell membrane structure. Polymer-supported lipid monolayers and bilayers present an opportunity to develop rugged cell mimetic surfaces that may be stable in a wide range of in vivo and in vitro applications and characterization techniques. We have investigated the stability of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) monolayers grafted to poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) via 1,1‘-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) chemistry using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and fluorescence microscopy. The results illustrate that it is possible to covalently couple the amine-containing lipid headgroup to the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the pHEMA and retain a proportion of the lipids at the surface after the samples are sonicated in ethanol. Most importantly, the cross-linking efficiency and rete...
Bleeding esophageal varices. How to treat this dreaded complication of portal hypertension.

PREVIEWBleeding esophageal varices, one of the most feared complications of portal hypertension, contribute to the estimated 32,000 deaths annually attributed to cirrhosis. Successful control requires knowledge of the pertinent anatomy, underlying pathophysiology of portal hypertension, and natural history of gastro-esophageal varices. Drs Hegab and Luketic review these topics and discuss the various prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to management, including pharmacologic agents, endoscopic sclerotherapy, and trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).
Retrieval of total atmospheric ozone from GOES sounder radiance measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution

The potential for using Geostationary Operational Environmental satellite (GOES) Sounder radiance measurements to monitor total atmospheric ozone is examined. A statistical regression using GOES channel 1 (4.7 μm), 2 (14.4 μm), 3 (14.1 μm), 4 (13.6 mu;m), and 9 (9.7 μm) radiances, followed by a physical iterative retrieval using only the channel 9 radiance, allows retrieval of total atmospheric ozone. Simulations show that the algorithm is suitable for retrieving total ozone with reasonable accuracy. At the conference, real GOES retrieved ozone values will be compared with total ozone mapping spectrometer ozone measurements from the Earth Probe satellite. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons will show that the GOES retrievals are able to capture the main structure of the ozone distribution. Given the hourly measurements and high spatial density provided by the GOES Sounder, the potential use of GOES ozone retrievals and associated products is promising.
Parks and place fragments: the implications of biodiversity protection in Tanzania and Indiana

Abstract Parks and protected areas throughout the world can create place fragments where park boundaries seek to preserve and protect landscapes by dissociating social and ecological processes. Along these lines, park boarders that are designed to privilege one set of processes over another or obfuscate some processes altogether will impoverish all processes, catalyze adaptation and change, and undermine the historic foundations on which charismatic landscapes have evolved. This paper offers a qualitative comparison of Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northern Indiana and argues that in both cases the parks have undermined historically derived social and ecological interactions with the effect of disrupting the wholeness and/or functionality of these spaces in ecological terms and the meaning of these spaces to both local communities and foreign visitors.
Haplotype analysis of two APOA1/MspI polymorphisms in relation to plasma levels of Apo A-I and HDL-cholesterol

Abstract A common MspI polymorphism (GA) in the promoter region of the APOA1 gene (− 75 bp) has been shown to be associated with plasma apo A-I and HDL-C variation in several, but not all, studies. Recently another MspI polymorphic site (+ /−) in the 5′ region of APOA1 (+83 bp) has been identified which may also be relevant to HDL metabolism. This study was undertaken to elucidate the individual and combined effects of these two polymorphisms on plasma apo A-I and HDL-C levels in a cohort of 534 normoglycemic US Whites from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Both polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium ( P