cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium and calcium isotope changes during carbon cycle perturbations at the end‐Permian

Negative carbon and calcium isotope excursions, as well as climate shifts, took place during the most severe mass extinction event in Earth's history, the end-Permian (∼252 Ma). Investigating the connection between carbon and calcium cycles during transient carbon cycle perturbation events, such as the end-Permian, may help resolve the intricacies between the coupled calcium-carbon cycles, as well as provide a tool for constraining the causes of mass extinction. Here we identify the deficiencies of a simplified calcium model employed in several previous studies, and we demonstrate the importance of a fully coupled carbon cycle model when investigating the dynamics of carbon and calcium cycling. Simulations with a modified version of the Long-term Ocean-atmosphere-Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir model, which includes a fully coupled carbon-calcium cycle, indicate that increased weathering rates and ocean acidification (potentially caused by Siberian Trap volcanism) are not capable of producing trends observed in the record, as previously claimed. Our model results suggest that combined effects of carbon input via Siberian Trap volcanism (12,000 Pg C), the cessation of biological carbon export, and variable calcium isotope fractionation (due to a change in the seawater carbonate ion concentration) represents a more plausible scenario. This scenario successfully reconciles δ13C and δ44Ca trends observed in the sediment record, as well as the proposed warming of >6°C.
Capital structure of the firms in the chilean stock market: A comparative analysis based in the theory of asymmetric information

IN THIS WORK WE STUDY THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIRMS IN THE CHILEAN STOCK MARKET PERFORMING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED IN THE THEORY OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION. THE THEORY ASSURES THAT HIGH QUALITY FIRMS "SIGNAL" THEIR CONDITION TO THE MARKET PLACE IN ORDER TO SET UP A SEPARATING EQUILIBRIUM. BY DOING SO, THESE FIRMS WILL DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES FORM THOSE OF LOWER QUALITY (AKERLOF, 1970). FIRMS IN THE SELECTIVE PRICE INDEX (IPSA) IN THE CHILEAN MARKET HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AS THOSE WITH LESS ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION COMPARED WITH THE OTHER QUOTED FIRMS WHICH EMBODY THE GROUP OF FIRMS WITH HIGHER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT BEING PART OF THE INDEX INVOLVES A REDUCTION IN THE INFORMATIONAL GAP WITH THE CAPITAL MARKETS AND THAT THE HIGHER VISIBILITY OF INDEXED FIRMS PROVIDES THEM WITH A STRAIGHTFORWARD ACCESS TO THE DEBT MARKET.
Artificial Life and the Philosophy of Science

What is the ontological status of Artificial Life systems? This question admits two interpretations. The first asks whether and to what degree Artificial Life systems could potentially be considered ‘alive’ in the sense that we take naturally occuring biological systems to be. The second has to do with what sort of role Artificial Life systems occupy in scientific inquiry. In this paper, we investigate both facets of the question, and explore the philosophical and practical implications of possible answers for scientific practice.
Cardiac pain: discover the unexpected.

Learn how to rapidly identify myocardial ischemia, injury, and infarction, and initiate appropriate treatment.
A General Method for the Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Chiral Heterocycles

The enantioselective formation of stereocenters proximal to unprotected heterocycles has been accomplished. Thus, vinyl boronic acids are added to heterocycle-appended enones via a modified-BINOL catalyst. Catalyst design was key to enable a general reaction. High yields and useful er’s are observed for a host of common heteroaryls.
Application development as an Engineering Discipline: Revolution or Evolution?

The title question is answered differently according to the nature of the person being asked. A talented person with a solution to a particular problem in the existing technology may be a revolutionary, gathering devoted followers who spread the new idea. Such leaders and their followers then propagate paradigm shift promoting the one answer, the “silver bullet” to solve all problems. When we look more closely, in most cases only a single aspect was solved; we were not given a whole new way to develop software. This confirms the position of the traditionalists, who continue to keep and protect what is well known. In the end, in application development as in any other discipline, evolution is driven by new inventions and kept on track by the conservatives among us. This essay reflects on the historical path of software development toward an engineering discipline. It also introduces the papers collected for this theme on application development, which demonstrate this progress in selected areas.
Lincoln's vertical strabismus.

Background The vertical strabismus manifested by Abraham Lincoln has been noted. This article reviews the historical findings and provides a specific diagnosis. Materials Previous reports of symptoms and history relating to Lincoln's left hypertropia were reviewed. A series of photographs were reviewed. Lincoln's own description of his symptoms is provided. Results Previous history indicates an intermittent left hypertropia. A family history of vertical strabismus was noted with regard to Mr Lincoln's cousin. There also is a history of trauma to the left frontal area and life-mask evidence of fracture over the left eye. The findings include a history of head tilt and diplopia, presumably most readily in downgaze. Conclusion Given the history and findings, the diagnosis of left superior oblique paresis of either congenital or traumatic origin seems appropriate.
Coupling a Mechanosensitive Channel with a Vesicle under Shear Flow

Mechanosensitive channels enable cells to respond to their local environment. Continuum mechanical models have been proposed to describe how bilayer deformation induced by the transmembrane protein and the membrane tension influence the free energy of channel gating under static conditions. The dynamics of mechanosensitive channels under flow conditions however remains largely unexplored. Cells under flow display interesting features not observed under static environments. Here we present a model coupling a mechanosensitive channel with the dynamics of a vesicle under shear flow to investigate how the channel gating responds to hydrodynamic stress. The model could be used to investigate the release of signaling molecules, transport of ions or drugs across cell membranes under flow in biological systems, as well as the design and control of channel gating in synthetic cells.
Occurrence of Wave Effects in Rubber Antivibration Mountings

An approximate theory of rod vibration given Love has been extended to describe the occurrence of wave effects, or wave resonances, in rubber antivibration mountings. Thus, the longitudinal vibration of a mass‐loaded rubber mount of significant lateral dimensions and uniform cross section has been determined with the assumption that the elastic modulus and damping factor of the rubber are frequency‐ dependent quantities. Knowledge of the manner in which the elastic modulus and damping factor of natural rubber, natural rubber filled with carbon black, and a high‐damping synthetic rubber depend upon frequency has enabled realistic computations of transmissibility to be made. These computations have been contrasted with results obtained, for the same rubbers, from the simple one‐degree‐of‐freedom theory in which the occurrence of wave effects is disregarded. The effectiveness of the natural‐rubber mountings, which have relatively small clamping, is overestimated by the simple theory at high frequencies, although transmissibility will normally remain a small quantity. In the case of the high‐damping rubber considered, the results of the simple and Love theories are in relatively close agreement.
Probability Updating and the Market for Directors’ and Officers’ Insurance

Over the past decade, much attention has been given to the topics of corporate governance and corporate risk management. One increasingly important insurance product associated with each of these issues is directors’ and officers’ (D&O) liability insurance. Given the interconnectedness that exists between D&O insurance, corporate risk management, and corporate governance, we exploit industry-specific D&O data to explain how industries most associated with the corporate scandals of the early 2000s adjusted demand patterns during periods of certainty and uncertainty. The rich data set coupled with dramatic changes in the marketplace allows for the testing of insurance demand patterns and enables us to offer insight into the market's response to a unique type of loss shock. The results of this study suggest evidence in favor of demand-side probability updating, whereby those industries most associated with the corporate scandals of the early 2000s adjusted the demand for D&O insurance during periods of greater uncertainty.
Deadbeat Direct Torque and Flux Control of IPMSM Drives Using a Minimum Time Ramp Trajectory Method at Voltage and Current Limits

This paper presents the voltage- and current-limited operation of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) using deadbeat direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC). A commanded air-gap torque and stator flux can be achieved by the end of each pulsewidth modulation (PWM) period using DB-DTFC. However, it may take several PWM periods to achieve a desired air-gap torque that is physically infeasible in one step due to voltage limits. In that case, the torque and flux command trajectories operating over multiple periods can be developed to achieve deadbeat torque and flux response for every PWM period. The torque and flux command trajectories can be developed in different shapes depending on desired objectives. In this paper, a minimum-time ramp trajectory method is proposed to achieve both simple real-time implementation and fast and stable transient dynamics of IPMSM drives. Simulation and experimental results for the minimum-time ramp trajectory method for an IPMSM drive are presented.
Synthesis of silyl monoperoxyketals by regioselective cobalt-catalyzed peroxidation of silyl enol ethers: application to the synthesis of 1,2-dioxolanes.

The cobalt-catalyzed peroxidation of silyl enol ethers with molecular oxygen and triethylsilane provided silyl monoperoxyketals in 54%–96% yield. These compounds serve as precursors to peroxycarbenium ions, which undergo annulations to provide 1,2-dioxolanes.
Experimental high gradient testing of a 17.1 GHz photonic band-gap accelerator structure

We report the design, fabrication, and high gradient testing of a 17.1 GHz photonic band-gap (PBG) accelerator structure. Photonic band-gap (PBG) structures are promising candidates for electron accelerators capable of high-gradient operation because they have the inherent damping of high order modes required to avoid beam breakup instabilities. The 17.1 GHz PBG structure tested was a single cell structure composed of a triangular array of round copper rods of radius 1.45 mm spaced by 8.05 mm. The test assembly consisted of the test PBG cell located between conventional (pillbox) input and output cells, with input power of up to 4 MW from a klystron supplied via a ${\mathrm{TM}}_{01}$ mode launcher. Breakdown at high gradient was observed by diagnostics including reflected power, downstream and upstream current monitors and visible light emission. The testing procedure was first benchmarked with a conventional disc-loaded waveguide structure, which reached a gradient of $87\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ at a breakdown probability of $1.19\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ per pulse per meter. The PBG structure was tested with 100 ns pulses at gradient levels of less than $90\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ in order to limit the surface temperature rise to 120 K. The PBG structure reached up to $89\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ at a breakdown probability of $1.09\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ per pulse per meter. These test results show that a PBG structure can simultaneously operate at high gradients and low breakdown probability, while also providing wakefield damping.
The relationship between bias and swing ratio in the Electoral College and the outcome of presidential elections

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I assess how the outcomes of presidential elections are affected by the presence (or lack) of partisan bias in the Electoral College. There have been three instances (1876, 1888 and 2000) since the end of the Civil War where the party that lost the popular vote won the Electoral College. These instances raise the question of whether partisan bias consistently influences presidential election outcomes? I answer this question by first measuring partisan bias and then using these estimates to assess how partisan bias affects a party's odds of winning a presidential election. I find that the presence of partisan bias provides a sizable, but not insurmountable, obstacle for the disadvantaged party.
The Interdisciplinary Conference

THE RAPID ACCELERATION in scientific advancement which has characterized the past half century is providing mankind with growing understanding and control of nature. Pari passu, vast and often unsuspected areas of ignorance are being revealed, the nature and full extent of which can only be surmised. The exploration of such virgin territories offers an unending challenge to adventurous spirits. There is serious danger, however, that the remarkable surge of scientific progress will be greatly hampered by fetters self-imposed by the scientific community-that the rate of scientific advancement may be greatly slowed because so many scientists fail to deal operationally with the inherent unity of nature.
An Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Cascade of Silyl Glyoximide, Vinyl Grignard, and Nitroalkenes via Long Range Stereoinduction

A diastereoselective auxiliary-mediated vinylation/[1,2]-Brook rearrangement/vinylogous Michael cascade of silyl glyoximide, vinylmagnesium bromide, and nitroalkenes is described. The reaction occurs with complete regio- and diastereocontrol in good yield. The diastereoselectivity is induced by a rare instance of 1,7-chirality transfer that is hypothesized to arise from a trans-multihetero-decalin transition state.
Single soft gluon emission at two loops

We study the single soft-gluon current at two loops with two energetic partons in massless perturbative QCD, which describes, for example, the soft limit of the two-loop amplitude for gg → Hg. The results are presented as Laurent expansions in ϵ in D = 4 − 2ϵ spacetime dimension. We calculate the expansion to order ϵ 2 analytically, which is a necessary ingredient for Higgs production at hadron colliders at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order in the soft-virtual approximation. We also give two-loop results of the single soft-gluon current in $ \mathcal{N}=4 $ Super-Yang-Mills theory, and find that it has uniform transcendentality. By iteration relation of splitting amplitudes, our calculations can determine the three-loop single soft-gluon current to order ϵ 0 in $ \mathcal{N}=4 $ Super-Yang-Mills theory in the limit of large N c .
The Scalability of an Environment for Large-Scale Sensor-Networks

In this paper we discuss the scalability of an environment for distributed sensor-network resource-allocation. We cover the underlying architecture and demonstrate the scalability of the architecture through a number of experiments and show that different code configurations can have an impact on run-time performance. We conclude with a discussion of some of the challenges in scaling the environment further.
Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.

Recent research has demonstrated that a population of stem cells can be isolated from amniotic fluid removed by amniocentesis that are broadly multipotent and nontumorogenic. These amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSC) could potentially provide an autologous cell source for treatment of congenital defects identified during gestation, particularly cardiovascular defects. In this review, the various methods of isolating, sorting, and culturing AFSC are compared, along with techniques for inducing differentiation into cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. Although research has not demonstrated complete and high-yield cardiac differentiation, AFSC have been shown to effectively differentiate into endothelial cells and can effectively support cardiac tissue. Additionally, several tissue engineering and regenerative therapeutic approaches for the use of these cells in heart patches, injection after myocardial infarction, heart valves, vascularized scaffolds, and blood vessels are summarized. These applicat...
Lo cubano en Paradiso

El tema principal de Paradiso es la identidad cubana, asunto que obsedi?? a Jos?? Lezama Lima y a los integrantes del grupo Or??genes. En Paradiso Lezama da una s??ntesis de lo cubano que se expresa mediante la combinaci??n de los dos productos principales de la isla, el tabaco y el az??car, que es paralela a la que ofrece Fernando Ortiz en su conocido ensayo Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el az??car. El padre y la madre del protagonista Jos?? Cem?? provienen de familias azucarera y tabacalera respectivamente, y cada uno manifiesta caracter??sticas asociadas con esos productos: el az??car poder y energ??a, el tabaco finura y arte. El Coronel es energ??tico, decidido, mientras que Eloisa, la madre, es fina, con inclinaciones art??sticas. Cem?? encarnar?? ambas tendencias. De esa manera Paradiso no s??lo propone una teor??a sobre lo cubano sino que la encarna.
An Empirical Investigation of the Dimensionality of the Physical Literacy Environment in Early Childhood Classrooms.

This study investigated the dimensionality of the physical literacy environment of early childhood education classrooms. Data on the classroom physical literacy environment were collected from 245 classrooms using the Classroom Literacy Observation Profile. A combination of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was used to identify five separate dimensions of the physical literacy environment; including (a) variety and use of books, (b) variety and use of writing centre materials, (c) variety and use of technology, (d) variety of environmental print and (e) variety and use of other literacy-related materials. Overall, these five dimensions demonstrated reasonable reliability and validity. Implications for investigating the physical literacy environment and future directions for research are discussed.
Conveying Titles Clearly: Thoughts on the Fifth Edition of the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation

Among law students and lawyers, few books inspire as much loathing as The Bluebook, yet it remains the standard manual for legal citation. But now, the Bluebook has real competition: The fifth edition of the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, published by the Association of Legal Writing Directors. In contrast to The Bluebook, earlier editions of the ALWD Guide attempted to change the rules for legal citation by setting out a single format for both practice and academic settings. The fifth edition has abandoned that effort. The substance of the rules in the two books is now the same, and citations created with the two books should exactly match. Despite that change, the ALWD Guide is far from superfluous: compared to the The Bluebook, the ALWD Guide is clearer, better organized, easier to read, and easier to use. This book review discusses those differences in detail, and urges readers to consider using the fifth edition of the ALWD Guide in place of the Bluebook.
Digital and quasi-linear electrooptic modulators synthesized from directional couplers

Conventional electrooptic modulators, such as the Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator, the simple directional coupler switch, and the alternating Δβ switch, are ideal for neither the analog nor digital transmission system. In an analog system, high linearity over a large range is needed. None of the electrooptic modulators can satisfy that criterion. In a digital system, it is very desirable to have a tolerable range of voltages which can provide the on state or the off state. Yet conventional modulators require highly accurate voltage to achieve either state.
MANAGEMENT OF MIDDLE FACET TARSAL COALITIONS WITH CONCOMITANT SEVERE FLAT FOOT: WOULD RESECTION ALONE SUFFICE?

Introduction Historically, surgeons have focused on isolated simple coalition resection in symptomatic tarsal coalition with concomitant rigid flat foot. However, a review of literature suggests that coalitions with severe preoperative planovalgus malposition treated with resection alone are associated with continued disability and deformity. We believe that concomittant severe flatfoot should be considered as much as a pathological component and pain generator as the coalition itself. Our primary hypothesis is that simple resection of middle facet tarsal coalitions and simultaneous flat foot reconstruction can improve clinical outcomes. Methods Thirteen consecutively treated patients (eighteen feet) were retrospectively reviewed from the senior author9s practice. Clinical examination, American Orthopaedic foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scores, and radiographic assessments were evaluated after resection of middle facet tarsal coalitions with simultaneous flat foot reconstruction. Results All patients with resection and simultaneous flat foot reconstruction (calcaneal lengthening, medial cuneiform osteotomy) were satisfied and would have the same procedure again. Most patients were able to return to a higher level of sporting activity compared with preoperative ability. None of the patients had a fair or poor outcome as adjudged by their AOFAS scores. Conclusion Our study shows that concomittant flatfoot reconstruction in patients with symptomatic middle facet tarsal coalition increased hindfoot motion, corrected malalignment and significantly improved pain. We believe that coalition resection and concomitant flatfoot reconstruction is better option than surgical resection alone or hindfoot fusion in this cohort of patients. Triple arthrodesis should be reserved as a salvage procedure.
Experimental Analysis of Space-Bounded Schedulers

The running time of nested parallel programs on shared-memory machines depends in significant part on how well the scheduler mapping the program to the machine is optimized for the organization of caches and processor cores on the machine. Recent work proposed “space-bounded schedulers” for scheduling such programs on the multilevel cache hierarchies of current machines. The main benefit of this class of schedulers is that they provably preserve locality of the program at every level in the hierarchy, which can result in fewer cache misses and better use of bandwidth than the popular work-stealing scheduler. On the other hand, compared to work stealing, space-bounded schedulers are inferior at load balancing and may have greater scheduling overheads, raising the question as to the relative effectiveness of the two schedulers in practice.In this article, we provide the first experimental study aimed at addressing this question. To facilitate this study, we built a flexible experimental framework with separate interfaces for programs and schedulers. This enables a head-to-head comparison of the relative strengths of schedulers in terms of running times and cache miss counts across a range of benchmarks. (The framework is validated by comparisons with the Intel® Cilk™ Plus work-stealing scheduler.) We present experimental results on a 32-core Xeon® 7560 comparing work stealing, hierarchy-minded work stealing, and two variants of space-bounded schedulers on both divide-and-conquer microbenchmarks and some popular algorithmic kernels. Our results indicate that space-bounded schedulers reduce the number of L3 cache misses compared to work-stealing schedulers by 25p to 65p for most of the benchmarks, but incur up to 27p additional scheduler and load-imbalance overhead. Only for memory-intensive benchmarks can the reduction in cache misses overcome the added overhead, resulting in up to a 25p improvement in running time for synthetic benchmarks and about 20p improvement for algorithmic kernels. We also quantify runtime improvements varying the available bandwidth per core (the “bandwidth gap”) and show up to 50p improvements in the running times of kernels as this gap increases fourfold. As part of our study, we generalize prior definitions of space-bounded schedulers to allow for more practical variants (while still preserving their guarantees) and explore implementation tradeoffs.
Copper(I)-Based p-Type Oxides for Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion

Recent research efforts have been growing into p-type copper(I) based oxides for development of their use in solar energy applications. The oxides of interest include the binary Cu2O and a number of new ternary CuxMyOz oxides. Both the binary and ternary Cu(I)-based oxides have many advantages when compared to other well-known p-type oxides such as NiO, III–V, and II–VI semiconductors. The benefits found within the diverse group of Cu(I)-containing oxides include bandgap sizes that can be tuned from ∼1.2 to >3.0 eV, high charge carrier mobility, and favorable band energies relative to fuel-producing redox couples. These properties give them potential utility in a variety of different solar applications, such as in dye-sensitized solar cells and suspended powder photocatalysis. Research efforts into surface modifications and changes in their chemical compositions and structures have allowed for greater stability and greater efficiency in aqueous solutions, both of which have represented two key barriers fo...
Rapid Viral Diagnosis

The past decade has seen the development of methods for rapid detection of viral antigens directly in clinical specimens, for more rapid and specific identification of viral isolates, and for more rapid and efficient demonstration of viral antibodies. This progress in rapid diagnosis of viral infections aids in successful therapeutic intervention of patients or their contacts and in the control of viral diseases in the community.
Conflict Narratives from the Health Care Frontline: A Conceptual Model

We examined health care conflicts through interviews with health care leaders, providers, and patients. Ninety-two medical providers, nurses, technologists, hospital leaders, and patients/families shared 156 conflict stories. We identified individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors contributing to interprofessional conflicts. Individual contributors included resource depletion (i.e., stress and fatigue), perceptions of others’ seemingly selfish motives, and judgment toward colleagues’ competence. Interpersonal conflicts involved prior unresolved conflicts, dehumanization, power differentials, or communication breakdown. Organizational factors included navigating within complex organizational structures and noncompliance with group norms. Conflicts resulted in negative consequences for patients (safety, satisfaction), providers (career, relationships, satisfaction, morale), and organizations (performance, staff turnover).
Unit Commitment Under Gas-Supply Uncertainty and Gas-Price Variability

We propose a two-stage mixed-integer linear stochastic optimization model to analyze the scheduling of electricity-production units under natural gas-supply uncertainty due to pipeline congestion and natural gas-price variability. The first stage of this stochastic optimization model represents the day-ahead scheduling ( i . e ., unit commitment) stage, while the second stage represents actual real-time operations through a number of scenarios. We use this model to analyze the effect on unit commitment and dispatch of two types of natural gas-supply conditions. First, we analyze a case involving low-cost natural gas supply with natural gas-transmission issues related to potential gas-pipeline congestion. We then examine a case involving higher-cost natural gas, which is used solely to attain feasibility with fast-ramping events. The first case mimics situations in the ISO New England system, in which relatively low-cost natural gas supply is uncertain in cold-weather conditions due to natural gas-transmission bottlenecks. The second case is reminiscent of situations in the California ISO system, in which relatively expensive but flexible natural gas-fired units need to be used to handle rapid changes in net demand in the early mornings and late afternoons.
Conditions and Practices Associated with Teacher Professional Development and Its Impact on Instruction in TALIS 2013

A key lever for improving teaching is provision of effective professional development. This paper uses TALIS 2013 data to consider personal and school-level factors associated with teacher participation in effective professional development and reports of impact on instruction. Results of the analyses indicate that levels of teacher co-operation and instructionally-focused leadership in schools are associated with higher levels of effective professional development participation and reported instructional impact. Systems also vary significantly on the percentage of teachers in schools with supportive conditions and this is associated with differences in teacher participation in professional development types and reported instructional impact.
Understanding convolutional neural networks with a mathematical model

Abstract This work attempts to address two fundamental questions about the structure of the convolutional neural networks (CNN): (1) why a nonlinear activation function is essential at the filter output of all intermediate layers? (2) what is the advantage of the two-layer cascade system over the one-layer system? A mathematical model called the “REctified-COrrelations on a Sphere” (RECOS) is proposed to answer these two questions. After the CNN training process, the converged filter weights define a set of anchor vectors in the RECOS model. Anchor vectors represent the frequently occurring patterns (or the spectral components). The necessity of rectification is explained using the RECOS model. Then, the behavior of a two-layer RECOS system is analyzed and compared with its one-layer counterpart. The LeNet-5 and the MNIST dataset are used to illustrate discussion points. Finally, the RECOS model is generalized to a multilayer system with the AlexNet as an example.
Superpower glass: delivering unobtrusive real-time social cues in wearable systems

We have developed a system for automatic facial expression recognition, which runs on Google Glass and delivers real-time social cues to the wearer. We evaluate the system as a behavioral aid for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), who can greatly benefit from real-time non-invasive emotional cues and are more sensitive to sensory input than neurotypically developing children. In addition, we present a mobile application that enables users of the wearable aid to review their videos along with auto-curated emotional information on the video playback bar. This integrates our learning aid into the context of behavioral therapy. Expanding on our previous work describing in-lab trials, this paper presents our system and application-level design decisions in depth as well as the interface learnings gathered during the use of the system by multiple children with ASD in an at-home iterative trial.
A Wind Farm Reliability Model Considering Both Wind Variability and Turbine Forced Outages

This paper presents an analytical method to model the output of large wind farms for power system reliability assessment. The model considers the variability of wind, random failures (forced outages) of turbines, as well as the correlation between turbine outputs that results from the turbines on a farm being subjected to similar incident wind speeds. Due to this correlation, the outputs of individual turbines cannot be modeled as independent random variables. The problem is addressed here by separately modeling the independent outages of wind turbines and the dependency on wind speed, and then convolving the two distributions. The resulting model includes both probability and frequency distributions of the power output of the wind farm. The proposed method is demonstrated on the IEEE Reliability Test System. Monte Carlo simulation is used to validate the results.
Does Competition Lead to Agglomeration or Dispersion in EMR Vendor Decisions

We examine hospital Electronic Medical Record (EMR) vendor adoption patterns and how they relate to hospital market structure. As in many network technology adoption decisions, hospitals face countervailing incentives to coordinate or differentiate in their choice of vendors. We find evidence of substantial agglomeration on EMR vendors, which increases as hospital markets become more competitive. These findings suggest that incentives to coordinate dominate incentives to differentiate overall, and the relative balance grows stronger in favor of coordination as markets become more competitive. Our findings also have important implications regarding antitrust policy. A potential downside of hospital consolidation—increased obstacles in information sharing due to vendor differentiation—should be taken into account in evaluation of hospital mergers.
SALVAGE OPTIONS FOR THE MULTIPLY OPERATED PATIENT: WHEN ENOUGH IS ENOUGH

Despite our best efforts, occasionally, certain patients will have multiply operated, failed reconstructions after TKA. There are situations where further attempts at arthroplasty are unwise, for example, chronic infections with multiple failed staged reconstructions. A careful pre-operative evaluation of the patient is critical to guide decision-making. An assessment of medical comorbidity, functional demands, and expectations is important. Regarding the extremity, the severity of bone loss, soft tissue defects, ligamentous competency, and neurovascular status is important. The next step is to determine whether the knee is infected. The details of such a workup are covered in other lectures, however, the author prefers to aspirate all such knees and obtain C reactive protein and sedimentation rates. For equivocal cases, PCR may be helpful. If no infection is present, complex reconstruction is considered. Segmental megaprosthesis and hinged prostheses may be helpful. Often, soft tissue reconstruction with an extensor mechanism allograft or muscle flap is required. Obviously, these are massive undertakings and should be done by experienced surgeons. If a prosthesis is not a good option, other options include definitive resection, knee arthrodesis, or above knee amputation. A careful discussion with the patient about the pros and cons is necessary to allow them to partner with the surgeon in the decision-making. Definitive resections are reserved for minimal to non-ambulators with significant comorbidity that do not desire an AKA. AKA is often the best option, however, it should be noted that the majority of these patients will never ambulate with a prosthesis due to the energy requirements necessary to do so. High complication rates and reoperation rates have been reported with AKA after TKA. Functional outcome studies have generally shown better function with arthrodesis than with AKA. Arthrodesis can be effective and can be accomplished with several methods. If active infection is present, an external fixator is typically chosen. If no infection is present then plating or long intramedullary nailing is considered. Plating requires healthy anterior soft tissues due to the bulk associated with double plating techniques. The highest union rates have been reported with long nails. The author therefore prefers to use long nails after eradicating infection with a staged procedure (interval spacer) rather than to use an external fixator. Union rates are higher with nails, but the risk of re-infection is slightly higher as well. Careful attention to detail is necessary to minimise complications.
Enrichment of Allogeneic Tumor Antigen-Specific T Cells From Bone Marrow (BM) of Patients Treated with High-Dose Post-Transplant Cyclophoshamide (Cy) – A Novel Approach to Adoptive Immunotherapy

Abstract 647 Background: Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) has limited efficacy and is associated with substantial graft vs host disease (GVHD) in treating relapse after allogeneic BMT (alloBMT) in large part due to the absence of significant tumor specificity. Thus, novel strategies are required that increase the tumor specificity with reduced alloreactivity. High-dose Cy post-BMT effectively reduces GVHD through early elimination of allo-reactive T cells and enables immune reconstitution free of ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression. Since the BM is both the site of disease in most hematologic malignancies and a reservoir of tumor specific T cells, we hypothesized that marrow infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) collected after alloBMT in patients treated with high-dose Cy could be a source of tumor-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Methods: BM was obtained from patients 2 –12 months after HLA-matched alloBMT on the clinical trial using high-dose post-transplant Cy as a single agent GVHD prophylaxis. The MILs were activated and expanded with CD3/CD28 antibody-coated beads. Results: Allo-MILs can be reproducibly expanded (574-fold avg expansion; 14–2000) at all time points tested. The activated allo-MILs are not anergic, exhibit anti-HLA-reactivity against third party allo-antigens but do not respond to recipient allo-antigens. Tumor-specific MILs were significantly expanded as determined by reactivity to HL60/K562 myeloid cell lysates (P + T-cells using tetramers. Conclusions: We can augment the tumor-specificity of MILs obtained post-transplant with minimal allo-reactivity in patients treated with post-BMT high-dose Cy. This could represent a novel approach to highly tumor-specific DLI. A phase I/II trial is planned to assess the safety and feasibility of administering ex vivo expanded post-transplant, allogeneic MILs to patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after alloHSCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Edge-disjoint packing of stars and cycles

Abstract We study the parameterized complexity of two graph packing problems, Edge-Disjoint k -Packing of s -Stars and Edge-Disjoint k -Packing of s -Cycles . With respect to the choice of parameters, we show that although the two problems are FPT with both k and s as parameters, they are unlikely to be fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by only k or only s. In terms of kernelization complexity, we show that Edge-Disjoint k -Packing of s -Stars has a kernel with size polynomial in both k and s, but in contrast, unless NP ⊆ coNP/poly, Edge-Disjoint k -Packing of s -Cycles does not have a kernel with size polynomial in both k and s, and moreover does not have a kernel with size polynomial in s for any fixed k. We also show that Edge-Disjoint k -Packing of 4 -Cycles admits a 96 k 2 kernel in general graphs and a 96k kernel in planar graphs.
Optimal coordination and scheduling of demand response via monetary incentives

Without demand-side management, an increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) could result in overloads on distribution feeders. Aggregators could optimally manage the charging/discharging of the EVs, to not only maximize the consumers' welfare in response to real-time prices and accommodate their needs for transportation, but also to keep the distribution network within its operating limits. This paper proposes a decentralized framework in which the aggregator seeks to maximize its profits while the consumers minimize their costs in response to time-varying prices, and additional incentives provided to mitigate potential overloads in the distribution system. Test results show that a large penetration of EV penetration can then be managed without violating the capacity of the distribution network.
Examining the Protective Effect of Ethnic Identity on Drug Attitudes and Use Among a Diverse Youth Population

Ethnic identity is an important buffer against drug use among minority youth. However, limited work has examined pathways through which ethnic identity mitigates risk. School-aged youth (N = 34,708; 52 % female) of diverse backgrounds (i.e., African American (n = 5333), Asian (n = 392), Hispanic (n = 662), Multiracial (n = 2129), Native American (n = 474), and White (n = 25718) in grades 4-12 provided data on ethnic identity, drug attitudes, and drug use. After controlling for gender and grade, higher ethnic identity was associated with lower past month drug use for African American, Hispanic, and Multiracial youth. Conversely, high ethnic identity was associated with increased risk for White youth. An indirect pathway between ethnic identity, drug attitudes, and drug use was also found for African American, Hispanic, and Asian youth. Among White youth the path model was also significant, but in the opposite direction. These findings confirm the importance of ethnic identity for most minority youth. Further research is needed to better understand the association between ethnic identity and drug use for Multiracial and Hispanic youth, best ways to facilitate healthy ethnic identity development for minority youth, and how to moderate the risk of identity development for White youth.
Comparison of L-band and X-band differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar for mine subsidence monitoring in central Utah

Abstract Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR), a satellite-based remote sensing technique, has potential application for measuring mine subsidence on a regional scale with high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, the characteristics of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and the effectiveness of DInSAR for subsidence monitoring depend on the radar band (wavelength). This study evaluates the effectiveness of DInSAR for monitoring subsidence due to longwall mining in central Utah using L-band (24 cm wavelength) SAR data from the advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) and X-band (3 cm wavelength) SAR data from the TerraSAR-X mission. In the Wasatch Plateau region of central Utah, which is characterized by steep terrain and variable ground cover conditions, areas affected by longwall mine subsidence are identifiable using both L-band and X-band DInSAR. Generally, using L-band data, subsidence magnitudes are measurable. Compared to X-band, L-band data are less affected by signal saturation due to large deformation gradients and by temporal decorrelation due to changes in the surface conditions over time. The L-band data tend to be stable over relatively long periods (months). Short wavelength X-band data are strongly affected by signal saturation and temporal decorrelation, but regions of subsidence are typically identifiable over short periods (days). Additionally, though subsidence magnitudes are difficult to precisely measure in the central Utah region using X-band data, they can often be reasonably estimated.
Mixed-Integer Linear Representability, Disjunctions, and Variable Elimination

Jeroslow and Lowe gave an exact geometric characterization of subsets of \(\mathbb R^n\) that are projections of mixed-integer linear sets, a.k.a MILP-representable sets. We give an alternate algebraic characterization by showing that a set is MILP-representable if and only if the set can be described as the intersection of finitely many affine Chvatal inequalities. These inequalities are a modification of a concept introduced by Blair and Jeroslow. This gives a sequential variable elimination scheme that, when applied to the MILP representation of a set, explicitly gives the affine Chvatal inequalities characterizing the set. This is related to the elimination scheme of Wiliams and Williams-Hooker, who describe projections of integer sets using disjunctions of affine Chvatal systems. Our scheme extends their work in two ways. First, we show that disjunctions are unnecessary, by showing how to find the affine Chvatal inequalities that cannot be discovered by the Williams-Hooker scheme. Second, disjunctions of Chvatal systems can give sets that are not projections of mixed-integer linear sets; so the Williams-Hooker approach does not give an exact characterization of MILP representability.
Pretzel: Email encryption and provider-supplied functions are compatible

Emails today are often encrypted, but only between mail servers---the vast majority of emails are exposed in plaintext to the mail servers that handle them. While better than no encryption, this arrangement leaves open the possibility of attacks, privacy violations, and other disclosures. Publicly, email providers have stated that default end-to-end encryption would conflict with essential functions (spam filtering, etc.), because the latter requires analyzing email text. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that there is no conflict. We do so by designing, implementing, and evaluating Pretzel. Starting from a cryptographic protocol that enables two parties to jointly perform a classification task without revealing their inputs to each other, Pretzel refines and adapts this protocol to the email context. Our experimental evaluation of a prototype demonstrates that email can be encrypted end-to-end and providers can compute over it, at tolerable cost: clients must devote some storage and processing, and provider overhead is roughly 5x versus the status quo.
Stability and Continuity of Centrality Measures in Weighted Graphs

This paper presents a formal definition of stability for node centrality measures in weighted graphs. It is shown that the commonly used measures of degree, closeness and eigenvector centrality are stable, whereas betweenness centrality is not. An alternative definition of the latter that preserves the same centrality notion while satisfying the stability criteria is introduced. Continuity is presented as a less stringent alternative to stability. Betweenness centrality is shown to be not only unstable but discontinuous. Numerical experiments in synthetic random networks and real-world data show that, in practice, stability and continuity imply different levels of robustness in the presence of noisy data. In particular, the stable betweenness centrality is shown to exhibit resilience against noise that is absent in the discontinuous and unstable standard betweenness centrality, while preserving a similar notion of centrality.
Structure vs. hardness through the obfuscation lens

Much of modern cryptography, starting from public-key encryption and going beyond, is based on the hardness of structured (mostly algebraic) problems like factoring, discrete log or finding short lattice vectors. While structure is perhaps what enables advanced applications, it also puts the hardness of these problems in question. In particular, this structure often puts them in low complexity classes such as \({\textsf {NP}} \cap {\textsf {coNP}}\) or statistical zero-knowledge (SZK).