cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term glucose infusion increases arterial pressure in dogs with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition

A series of studies has shown that long-term infusion of insulin and glucose does not increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs, but we have shown that the same infusion protocol or infusion of glucose alone increases arterial pressure in rats. This study tested the hypothesis that infusing glucose alone in dogs, with all insulin derived from endogenous secretion, would increase arterial pressure. Because fructose feeding in dogs also has been shown not to cause hypertension and because we have shown that prostaglandin production increases during insulin and glucose infusion, this study also tested whether prostaglandins prevent the pressor response in dogs. Dogs were instrumented and assigned in random crossover design to long-term cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. After baseline measurements, glucose was infused in all dogs for 6 days (≈500 g/d IV). Plasma insulin increased 3- to 4-fold and blood glucose increased significantly in both groups. The MAP (measured 24 h/d) response in control dogs was variable but on average tended to increase, although not significantly. In the dogs with COX-2 inhibition, however, MAP increased significantly to a peak of 9±2 mm Hg and an average of 6±1 mm Hg above control. There was significant sodium and volume retention during glucose infusion and a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate, but there were no between-group differences. Plasma renin activity increased only in the control group. This is the first study to report a long-term pressor response with glucose infusion and hyperinsulinemia in dogs, and it suggests that the inability to detect this relationship previously was due to prostaglandins.
An instrumented minimally invasive surgical tool: Design and calibration

Minimally invasive surgical procedures have improved the standard of patient care by reducing recovery time, chance of infection, and scarring. A recent review estimates that leaks occur in 3% to 6% of bowel anastomoses, resulting in “increased morbidity and mortality and adversely [affecting] length of stay, cost, and cancer recurrence” [23]. Many of these leaks are caused by poor handling and ischemic tissue. Detecting a change in temperature can indicate ischemic tissue. The optical absorption spectrum of a tissue can be used to detect tissue oxygen concentration and tissue ischemia. The electrical impedance of tissue changes as ischemia progresses. This article describes the development of a minimally invasive surgical tool with integrated sensors for replicating ischemia detection measurements during routine manipulation of the tissue. To be useful, this tool should be feasible for use in a real operating room, providing real-time feedback and diagnosis to the surgeon. The design of the tool and choice of the sensors leverages existing work in physiological measurements and surgical tool design. The tool includes a thermistor for measuring the temperature, four LEDs and a photodiode for measuring local optical absorption, and four electrodes for measuring the electrical impedance. The sensors are located on a 7 mm square sensor head, which is mounted to a minimally invasive grasper. A strain gauge and optical encoder monitor the applied force and position of the tool, and a motor controls both. This allows the tool to control the tool-tissue interface. Sensor accuracy has been validated through calibration.
A UNIX-based ATM multimedia architecture

Describes the design and implementation of a multimedia architecture for UNIX in an ATM environment. An ATM card has been designed for the EISA bus and provides host connectivity to an ATM network. Applications that use standard protocols such as TCP/IP are supported, as well as other applications that require a raw AAL5 service. To support continuous media applications such as digital video/audio, a kernel module has been designed and incorporated into the UNIX operating system. The kernel module provides an in-kernel data path which allows digital video/audio streaming directly between an ATM network adapter and a display device.
Myconet: A Fungi-Inspired Model for Superpeer-Based Peer-to-Peer Overlay Topologies

Unstructured peer-to-peer networks can be extremely flexible, but, because of size, complexity, and high variability in peers' capacity and reliability, it is a continuing challenge to build peer-to-peer systems that are resilient to failure and effectively manage their available resources. We present Myconet, an approach to superpeer overlay construction inspired by the sophisticated, robust, root-like structures of fungal hyphae. Myconet models regular peers as biomass, and superpeers as hyphae that attract and concentrate biomass, while maintaining strong inter-connections with one another. Simulations of the Myconet peer-to-peer protocol show promising results in terms of network stabilization, response to catastrophic failure, capacity utilization, and proportion of peers to superpeers, when compared to other unstructured approaches.
Post‐fire tree establishment and early cohort development in conifer forests of the western Cascades of Oregon, USA

Early-seral ecosystems make important contributions to regional biodiversity by supporting high abundance and diversity of many plant and animal species that are otherwise rare or absent from closed-canopy forests. Therefore, the period of post-fire tree establishment is a key stage in forest stand and ecosystem development that can be viewed in the context of competing management interests in diverse early-seral ecosystems vs. rapid forest development for ecological or commercial objectives. Previous work in Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest suggests stands initiate either with abrupt establishment ( 100 years. To improve understanding of how post-fire tree establishment and early cohort development have varied in space and over time and elucidate some of the factors contributing to that variation, we analyzed forest structure, tree ages, and Douglas-fir growth across the central western Cascades of Oregon where cohort ages span nearly eight centuries. The number of post-fire cohorts was estimated per stand, and establishment trajectories were evaluated by cohort. On average, it took 43.5 years to reach establishment of 90% of the trees per cohort. The rate and duration of establishment were surprisingly consistent across variation in topography (elevation, slope position, and aspect), among cohorts initiated from the late 12th to the early 20th century, and regardless of the severity of the cohort-initiating fire or the timing of establishment by shade-tolerant species. Only 8% of cohorts completed establishment within 20 years and 12% had establishment lasting >80 years. Douglas-fir growth (basal area increment) exhibits high plasticity in relation to different competitive interactions within uni-specific and multi-species cohorts and between cohorts of different age, suggesting wide variation in the structure and dynamics of early-seral ecosystems and an ability to tolerate moderate competition when young. This study illustrates that post-fire establishment in Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests of the central western Cascades historically was a multi-decadal process. Limited regeneration in a short window did not necessarily lead to persistent shrublands. In fact, post-fire forest development appears resilient to considerable variation in the fire regime and climatic and biotic constraints on tree establishment.
Immunoprophylaxis of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B in Children

Hepatitis A vaccines are extremely safe, immunogenic, and effective in prevention of infection. Universal childhood vaccination is recommended. Since implementation of newer hepatitis A vaccination strategies in 1995, the incidence of infection has decreased by over 92%. Hepatitis A vaccine may now be used as postexposure prophylaxis for most children over the age of 1 year. The incidence of acute hepatitis B has decreased by 98% since 1990, mostly due to improved vaccination strategies. Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin must be given promptly to infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers and unvaccinated persons with hepatitis B exposure.
Cooperative Filters and Control for Cooperative Exploration

Autonomous mobile sensor networks are employed to measure large-scale environmental fields. Yet an optimal strategy for mission design addressing both the cooperative motion control and the cooperative sensing is still an open problem. We develop strategies for multiple sensor platforms to explore a noisy scalar field in the plane. Our method consists of three parts. First, we design provably convergent cooperative Kalman filters that apply to general cooperative exploration missions. Second, we present a novel method to determine the shape of the platform formation to minimize error in the estimates and design a cooperative formation control law to asymptotically achieve the optimal formation shape. Third, we use the cooperative filter estimates in a provably convergent motion control law that drives the center of the platform formation to move along level curves of the field. This control law can be replaced by control laws enabling other cooperative exploration motion, such as gradient climbing, without changing the cooperative filters and the cooperative formation control laws. Performance is demonstrated on simulated underwater platforms in simulated ocean fields.
Temporal and rate code analysis of responses to low-frequency components in the bird’s own song by song system neurons

Auditory feedback (AF) plays a critical role in vocal learning. Previous studies in songbirds suggest that low-frequency (<~1 kHz) components may be salient cues in AF. We explored this with auditory stimuli including the bird's own song (BOS) and BOS variants with increased relative power at low frequencies (LBOS). We recorded single units from BOS-selective neurons in two forebrain nuclei (HVC and Area X) in anesthetized zebra finches. Song-evoked responses were analyzed based on both rate (spike counts) and temporal coding of spike trains. The BOS and LBOS tended to evoke similar spike-count responses in substantially overlapping populations of neurons in both HVC and Area X. Analysis of spike patterns demonstrated temporal coding information that discriminated among the BOS and LBOS stimuli significantly better than spike counts in the majority of HVC (94 %) and Area X (85 %) neurons. HVC neurons contained more and a broader range of temporal coding information to discriminate among the stimuli than Area X neurons. These results are consistent with a role of spike timing in coding differences in the spectral components of BOS in HVC and Area X neurons.
Harm J. de Blij, 1935–2014

What Carl Sagan did for cosmology, Harm de Blij is doing for geography. See, hear, or read him and you will sign on for a continuing course in a subject that he has brought alive like no one else i...
Rediscovering the “Peakey Leading Edge”: A Study of the Transonic Properties of Classic Airfoils

This paper uses modern CFD methods to analyze the subcritical and supercritical transonic behavior of two, classic Peakey Leading Edge wing airfoils. We compare and contrast pure potential flow solutions against inviscid Navier-Stokes solutions for the flow around the published midspan airfoil section of the Vickers VC-10 and the Boeing 747-100. We note that, in each case, the subcritical potential flow solution indicates a design pressure distribution without a “rooftop” segment; peak underpressures occur near the leading edge, immediately followed by a smooth recovery to the trailing edge. These sections have favorable transonic behavior, utilizing supersonic flow and shock wave formation to enhance leading edge suction beyond what would be expected with potential flow. This phenomenon reduced wing section drag during supercritical operation while developing substantial lift. These sections successfully exploit a fundamentally different design strategy when compared to the modern, Whitcomb-style supercritical airfoil.
Residual Effectiveness of DDT Emulsion Sprays with and without Horticultural Oil Against the Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle

Prior to World War II, Dutch elm disease control in Eastern United States was based entirely on sanitation. Funds and manpower were available through such government programs as WPA. Bromley (1948) reported sprays containing lead arsenate effective against elm bark beetles. Whitten (1945) reported that DDT controlled the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham). Plumb (1950) and Matthysse et al. (1954) reported effective control of elm bark beetles and Dutch elm disease by dormant mist-blown applications of concentrated DDT-xylene emulsions. Following World War II, DDT became available and its use increased.
Knurls on Push and Turn Lids

This study investigated the effects of knurling on exertable torque on “childproof” prescription lids; that is, where a “push and turn” action is required. Twelve lids with the same height (12.7 mm) were used. Six knurling designs were evaluated for two lid diameters (32 mm and 54 mm): a smooth lid, a lid with two levers, and lids with 7–8 knurls/cm, 4 knurls/cm, 2 knurls/cm and 1 knurl/cm. The 35 male and 13 female subjects pushed and turned the 12 lids in a clockwise direction against a torque meter. The effects of gender, size, knurl design, and the interaction of gender and size were significant. Males exerted 42% more torque than females. Subjects exerted 200% more torque on the 54 mm lids than the 32 mm lids. The interaction of size and gender showed that increasing lid diameter was more advantageous for males than females. The lid with two levers provided 54% more torque than the smooth lid for the 32 mm lid but only 21% more for the 54 mm lid. The knurl designs gave 4–15% more torque than the smoo...
Emergence of Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) From Some Georgia Grasslands

Traps which captured click beetles as they emerged from the sod showed Melanotus decumanus (Erichson) to be the predominant species (162,080/ha in 1974) in the Appalachian Mountains, while Conoderus lividus (DeGeer) predominated (109,000/ha in 1975) in the Piedmont Plateau. Melanotus verberans (LeConte) and Limonius griseus (Beauvois) were also consistently captured. Wireworm feeding damage in grasslands could not be detected, but many wireworm species were economic pests of several agronomic crops.
Anomalous Dielectrophoresis of Nanoparticles: A Rapid and Sensitive Characterization by Single-Particle Laser Spectroscopy

Although much experimentation has focused on the dielectrophoretic behavior of submicrometer colloids, few studies have provided advanced understanding of the ac electric polarization mechanism for nanoparticles, largely due to the paucity of sensitive and rapid experimental techniques. By using ultrafast fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) at a single-particle level, we have examined the dielectrophersis (DEP) behavior of nanoparticles of varied radii, a = 10−50 nm, in aqueous media under varied ac electric fields in situ, where direct and real-time microscopic methods become inapplicable for nanoparticles of a < 50 nm. The characteristic dipole relaxation frequency (the DEP crossover frequency, ωc) is determined from the ac-frequency-dependent nanocolloidal concentration profile by FCS. In stark contrast to a single ωc predicted from classical DEP theory, we have observed two distinct ωc’s with a strong dependence on particle size and medium conductivity. The anomalous lower ωc inversely scales ...
A Survey of Lodging Executives' Views on Internship Programs and Cooperatives

This study reports on lodging executives' views and expectations regarding student internship programs. Research results indicate that students should: (1) pursue internships during all years of study and in multiple departmental areas, (2) study under mentors for up to four hours a week, and (3) have equivalent to one year of line-level experience upon internship completion. Findings project a rise in future support and commitment from lodging properties. However, lodging executives' expectations regarding internship work hours and tenure still exceeds academic program designs currently being offered. Thus, implications of this study include hospitality educators and lodging professionals collaboratively developing effective internship program designs.
Generic target response as a measure of regression accuracy in multispectral background estimation

This paper introduces a measure of regression fidelity that is directly linked to target detection performance in multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. The measure - called generic target response - maintains this link to target detection without specifying a particular target signature. It is compared to two other measures, one based on variance and one based on volume, in a regression framework that estimates local background from an annular neighborhood. The three generic measures are applied to two hyperspectral images, and are used to compare the performance of three different estimators (local mean, local median, and local linear fit), using two different rotations of the hyperspectral bands.
Tipping the Scales: Liver Transplant Outcomes of the Super Obese

Objective We aim to study outcomes in liver transplant recipients with body mass index (BMI) ≥50 using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database.
Nagel's Criticism Of Physicalism

The philosopher Thomas Nagel is well known for being skeptical of the claim that psychological states are purely physical. When physical science gives us a complete description of the world, it leaves out the point of view from which each of us is aware of their perspective on the world. This paper is a critical treatment of Nagel's problem with physicalism. We ignore the vast literature on the self.
Noncontact thermoacoustic detection of targets embedded in dispersive media

A microwave-induced thermoacoustic detection system for embedded targets in lossy media is presented. The system achieves reliable detection of 5 cm × 5 cm × 2 cm targets embedded in a large Agarose sample at a 20 cm acoustic standoff. Repeated measurements across different target and sample configurations confirm the system’s ability to distinguish between a target signal and a baseline control signal generated by the package without embedded targets. Post-processing techniques including filtering and baseline signal characterization further improve detection performance.
A Control Architecture for a Military SSMA Satellite Communication System

As the prospect of full scale implementation of SSMA satellite communication systems approaches, methods will have to be developed to allow coexistence with other users employing different carrier modulations in a shared satellite transponder as well as graceful transition from a benign to stressed condition. The problem is magnified as communication density increases. This paper addresses a method for automatic control of the allocation of transponder resources to optimize throughput in accordance with user priorities and jamming level, and attempts to justify its use. The model employed assumes a mix of QPSK and direct sequence SSMA links. It also includes a simulation of system elements which can be used as a basis for accessing system capacity and exercising well-disciplined control to assure that the system delivers expected communication capacity.
A delta-sigma based DC to DC converter — A design space exploration

Traditional pulse-width modulation (PWM) in a DC-DC converter offers high efficiency but has large spurs occurring at integer multiples of the clock frequency. An alternate architecture using the delta sigma (ΔΣ) controller is studied and compared for theoretical spurious performance and efficiency. Tradeoffs in selecting the delta-sigma order, over sampling ratio (OSR), and input voltage (V in ) range are investigated. While a large OSR and high order can reduce the magnitude of the spurs and push them out to a higher frequency, the power efficiency of the system is compromised. This paper aids designers in exploring the design space for the optimal ΔΣ parameters given efficiency and spurious performance specifications.
Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Background There is increasing interest in the role of physical exercise as a therapeutic strategy for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We assessed the effect of 26 weeks (6 months) of a supervised aerobic exercise program on memory, executive function, functional ability and depression in early AD. Methods and findings This study was a 26-week randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise vs. non-aerobic stretching and toning control intervention in individuals with early AD. A total of 76 well-characterized older adults with probable AD (mean age 72.9 [7.7]) were enrolled and 68 participants completed the study. Exercise was conducted with supervision and monitoring by trained exercise specialists. Neuropsychological tests and surveys were conducted at baseline,13, and 26 weeks to assess memory and executive function composite scores, functional ability (Disability Assessment for Dementia), and depressive symptoms (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia). Cardiorespiratory fitness testing and brain MRI was performed at baseline and 26 weeks. Aerobic exercise was associated with a modest gain in functional ability (Disability Assessment for Dementia) compared to individuals in the ST group (X2 = 8.2, p = 0.02). There was no clear effect of intervention on other primary outcome measures of Memory, Executive Function, or depressive symptoms. However, secondary analyses revealed that change in cardiorespiratory fitness was positively correlated with change in memory performance and bilateral hippocampal volume. Conclusions Aerobic exercise in early AD is associated with benefits in functional ability. Exercise-related gains in cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with improved memory performance and reduced hippocampal atrophy, suggesting cardiorespiratory fitness gains may be important in driving brain benefits. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01128361
Interfacial Shear Strength and Adhesive Behavior of Silk Ionomer Surfaces.

The interfacial shear strength between different layers in multilayered structures of layer-by-layer (LbL) microcapsules is a crucial mechanical property to ensure their robustness. In this work, we investigated the interfacial shear strength of modified silk fibroin ionomers utilized in LbL shells, an ionic–cationic pair with complementary ionic pairing, (SF)-poly-l-glutamic acid (Glu) and SF-poly-l-lysine (Lys), and a complementary pair with partially screened Coulombic interactions due to the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments and SF-Glu/SF-Lys[PEG] pair. Shearing and adhesive behavior between these silk ionomer surfaces in the swollen state were probed at different spatial scales and pressure ranges by using functionalized atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips as well as functionalized colloidal probes. The results show that both approaches were consistent in analyzing the interfacial shear strength of LbL silk ionomers at different spatial scales from a nanoscale to a fraction of a micron....
Results of a Prospective Randomized, Open-Label, Noninferiority Study of Tbo-Filgrastim (Granix) versus Filgrastim (Neupogen) in Combination with Plerixafor for Autologous Stem Cell Mobilization in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Abstract Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Traditionally, filgrastim (Neupogen; recombinant G-CSF) has been used in as a single agent or in combination with plerixafor for stem cell mobilization for auto-HSCT. In Europe, a biosimilar recombinant G-CSF (Tevagrastim) has been approved for various indications similar to those of reference filgrastim, including stem cell mobilization for auto-HSCT; however, in the United States, tbo-filgrastim (Granix) is registered under the original biological application and is not approved for stem cell mobilization. In retrospective studies, stem cell mobilization with tbo-filgrastim has shown similar efficacy and toxicity as filgrastim, but no prospective studies have been published to date. We have conducted the first prospective randomized trial comparing the safety and efficacy of tbo-filgrastim in combination with plerixafor with that of filgrastim in combination with plerixafor for stem cell mobilization in patients with MM and NHL. This is a phase 2 prospective randomized (1:1) open-label single-institution noninferiority study of tbo-filgrastim and filgrastim with plerixafor in patients with MM or NHL undergoing auto-HSCT. Here 10 µg/kg/day of tbo-filgrastim/filgrastim was administered s.c. for 5 days (days 1 to 5). On day 4 at approximately 1800 hours, 0.24 mg/kg of plerixafor was administered s.c. Apheresis was performed on day 5 with a target cumulative collection goal of at least 5.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. The primary objective was to compare day 5 CD34+ cells/kg collected. Secondary objectives included other mobilization endpoints, safety, engraftment outcomes, and hospital readmission rate. A total of 97 evaluable patients were enrolled (tbo-filgrastim, n=46; filgrastim, n = 51). Tbo-filgrastim was not inferior to filgrastim in terms of day 5 CD34+ cell collection (mean, 11.6 ± 6.7 CD34+ cells/kg versus 10.0 ± 6.8 CD34+ cells/kg. Multivariate analysis revealed a trend toward increased mobilization in the tbo-filgrastim arm, but this was not statistically significant. The tbo-filgrastim and filgrastim arms were similar in all secondary endpoints. Tbo-filgrastim is not inferior in efficacy and has similar safety compared to reference filgrastim when used for stem cell mobilization in patients with MM and NHL. Granix can be safely used instead of Neupogen for stem cell collection in patients undergoing auto-HSCT for MM or NHL. The study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02098109.
The Theological Misappropriation of Christianity as a Civilizing Force

ABSTRACTThe theological misappropriation of Christianity as a civilizing force occurs when individuals convert to Christianity due to deception that ignores the faith-based aspect of Christianity. The history of Western education in India illustrates the hidden curriculum that Christian missionaries employed to disrupt the Indian educational system. This unnerving pedagogy points to the need for a postcolonial theoretical framework that relates the inescapable hybridity of religion and culture where Orientalism has the potential to occur. To press the ongoing urgency of this discussion, I convey how the history of British India connects to my lived-reality as an American Hindu. Overall, I point to hybridity as a lived paradox of ambiguous conflict that embraces interfaith relations. I offer implications for Christian missionaries today to foster authentic interfaith connections without engaging in colonizing ideologies.
Commentary on mathematical tasks and the student: coherence and connectedness of mathematics, cycles of task design, and context of implementation

In this commentary, I draw exclusively on the ten papers in this issue of ZDM focused on Mathematical Tasks and the Student. These papers represent various cultural and theoretical stances and when reading them I was looking for common themes across some or all the papers. Based on my readings, I argue that (a) each task has the potential to promote domain-specific as well as domain-transcendent goals potentially communicating a more coherent and connected picture of mathematics, (b) tasks cannot be considered independently from their enactment and prior enactments should inform future implementations, and (c) the context of the implementation of a task (i.e., the teacher, classroom norms, and student agency) is essential and needs to be considered in the design phase.
The Sociocultural Context of Sexually Diverse Women’s Sexual Desire

Women’s sexual desire is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. According to the biopsychosocial model of female sexual function, a comprehensive understanding of women’s sexuality requires awareness of the presence of and interaction between biological, psychological, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors. Other sexuality scholars in the field have similarly stressed this perspective, emphasizing that sexual desire in particular is impacted by medical, relational, psychological, and sociocultural influences. Given the influence of sociocultural variables like sexism and heterosexism on women’s lives, we sought to understand the impact of the sociocultural context on sexual desire in 31 bisexual, lesbian, and heterosexual women. Women ranged in age from 20 to 69 and answered a number of questions related to their experience of sexual desire and the ways in which desire related to their sexual identity. The semi-structured interviews focused on women’s retrospective, subjective accounts of their experiences. Using a consensual qualitative research approach and thematic analysis, the interviews revealed four themes and seven subthemes: (1) minority stress (heterosexist discrimination, stigmatized identities, coming out, impact of visible/safe spaces); (2) gender expectations (gendered relationship expectations, gender binary impacts, body image); (3) religion; and (4) taboo and changing cultural times. Participant responses suggest that the sociocultural context can influence the sexual desire of diverse women, supporting both sexual desire exploration and suppression of desire expression by context. Practice and advocacy considerations include understanding of the impact of systems of privilege and oppression (e.g., sexism, heterosexism, racism) on women’s sexual desire experiences and opportunities for supporting diverse women’s sexual empowerment.
Special Topics in Forensic Psychiatry: The Insanity Defense and Competence to Stand Trial

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI), also known as the “Insanity Defense,” is a defense in criminal cases based on the premise that the defendant is not responsible for his/her actions due to a psychiatric illness. This defense is based on the concept of mens rea (guilty mind), and has been present in one form or another for several centuries. There has been significant controversy around this defense, and it has been under the public spotlight at various times, for example in the 1982 trial following the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan. This chapter discusses the history of the defense, its various iterations, and underlying concepts.
Unrecorded Oral Testimony in Support of a Search Warrant: Is It Admissible? Is It Advisable?

opinion, issued Apr. 11, 1974, at 7-8. 104. See, e.g., People v. Harding, 34 Ill. 2d 475, 479, 216 N.E.2d 147, 150 (1966); People v. Clark, 280 Ill. 160, 165-66, 117 N.E. 432, 434 (1917). See Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 117
The logic of estimation: Describing the budgetary work of program managers

In estimating budgetary needs, public managers focus on the major elements in delivery of public services, resources, work, and objectives/results. The flow of reasoning is backward along the process of service delivery--from objectives, to the work plan, to resource requirements. This understanding or model of budgeting, called “the logic of estimation,” is prominent in budgetary texts and other public administration literature, but it deserves additional attention and elaboration. Such effort at new attention shows the origins and development of the model in the public administration literature of the last half century, and the literature of an even longer period provides further concepts and measures by which the manager estimates. This new attention and elaboration holds benefits for teaching, research, and practice alike, and the current efforts toward results-oriented budgeting make it especially appropriate today.
The Philonian Method of Cube Duplication

Extant in multiple versions, the cube duplication of Philo of Byzantium, like the Hero-Apollonius method surveyed in the preceding chapters, provides opportunities for revealing the sources and aims of the commentators. From Philo’s own works a version survives in the Belopoeica (PB), although another version that appeared in the first book of his mechanical writings (PB*) is now lost. Eutocius presents a version (PE) among his series of solutions. Furthermore, two of the three methods in Philoponus’ commentary on Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics follow the Philonian method in very similar texts, although one (PJ) is unattributed, while the other (PK) is assigned to “Apollonius of Perga, as Parmenion says.”1 This last immediately raises difficulties, for we have seen that Philoponus makes the identical attribution for his version of the Heronian method (AJ). Moreover, strong resemblances both in technique and text linking PK and a version well known in Arabic sources, particularly in the form due to Abu Bakr al-Harawi,2 may indicate an ancient alternative to the Philonian method no longer extant in Greek.
“Where we’ve been and where we may be going”

Systematic microbiology is a recently developed discipline. Microbiologists have always been interested in what microorganisms do rather than what microorganisms are. We have been concerned with the impact of microorganisms on human and animal health, on our food supply and the integrity of manufactured goods, but have neglected the microbial world and its functions. As Stanier has pointed out, the process that unifies the study of the diverse forms called microorganisms is the pure culture technique. This approach addresses all acellular organisms be they prokaryotes or eukaryotes, despite their qualitatively different expressions of the living process and despite the varying complexity with which they use the same select essential compounds, fundamental pathways and mechanisms of organization.
TREC-Style evaluations

TREC-style evaluation is generally considered to be the use of test collections, an evaluation methodology referred to as the Cranfield paradigm. This paper starts with a short description of the original Cranfield experiment, with the emphasis on the how and why of the Cranfield framework. This framework is then updated to cover the more recent "batch" evaluations, examining the methodologies used in the various open evaluation campaigns such as TREC. Here again the focus is on the how and why, and in particular on the evolving of the older evaluation methodologies to handle new information access techniques. The final section contains advice on using these existing test collections and building new ones.
History of Vertebral Artery Surgery

Vertebral artery (VA) surgery is uncommon as compared to operations on extracranial common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA). The symptoms of hindbrain ischemia secondary to vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency are difficult to diagnose. The best surgical option for management of vertebral artery stenosis in its first portion (V1) is reimplantation of the VA into the CCA.
Integrated Low Linewidth Brillouin Lasers in Ultra Low Loss Si 3 N 4 Waveguide Platform

We describe a new class of integrated, ultra-low phase noise Brillouin laser. Leveraging novel laser dynamics in a very-high Q Si 3 N 4 waveguide resonator, record low linewidths and noise in cascaded-order operation, with potential operation across the visible to infrared, can be achieved. Potential applications that span the visible to the infrared are described.
Two-phase data for the join monticellite (CaMgSiO4)-forsterite (Mg2SiO4): Experimental results and numerical analysis

Subsolidus equilibria along the CaMgSiO.-Mg,SiOn olivine join are governed by partial immiscibility between the end-member phases. The solvi bounding the two-phase region are determined over the temperature range 800-1300'C at 2, 5, and 10 kbar. Within the limits of experimental error, the two-phase data are symmetric with respect to composition. Nurnerical analysis of the experimental data in terms of a one-constant Margules equation (Thompson, 1967) yields the following relationship for the mixing parameter of the Gibbs Free Energy Function: wc(callmole) : 20,338 + 2355 - 13,560 + 3412 x T("K)/1000 + 3627 + 1228 X (Z/1000X 3s5.4 + 87.5 X P(kbar) + 308.7 +6s.4x P(T/|0[0),S.D. :297.4 Temperature-composition sections of the two-phase region calculated from this equation are in good agreement with the experimental data, The results imply that the maximum amount of CaMgSiOn which may be dissolved in forsteritic olivine is less than 5 mole percent under physico-chemical conditions likely to exist in natural systems.
Carrier Mobility and Conduction Anisotropy of Silicon by Sub-Bandgap Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy

Low density charge mobility from below-bandgap, two-photon photoexcitation of silicon is interrogated using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy yielding high mobility values and directional conduction anisotropy contrasted with traditional Hall and single photoexcitation metrics. © 2019 The Author(s)
Modeling stack overflow tags and topics as a hierarchy of concepts

Abstract Developers rely on online Q&A forums to look up technical solutions, to pose questions on implementation problems, and to enhance their community profile by contributing answers. Many popular developer communication platforms, such as the Stack Overflow Q&A forum, require threads of discussion to be tagged by their contributors for easier lookup in both asking and answering questions. In this paper, we propose to leverage Stack Overflow’s tags to create a hierarchical organization of concepts discussed on this platform. The resulting concept hierarchy couples tags with a model of their relevancy to prospective questions and answers. For this purpose, we configure and apply a supervised multi-label hierarchical topic model to Stack Overflow questions and demonstrate the quality of the model in several ways: by identifying tag synonyms, by tagging previously unseen Stack Overflow posts, and by exploring how the hierarchy could aid exploratory searches of the corpus. The results suggest that when traversing the inferred hierarchical concept model of Stack Overflow the questions become more specific as one explores down the hierarchy and more diverse as one jumps to different branches. The results also indicate that the model is an improvement over the baseline for the detection of tag synonyms and that the model could enhance existing ensemble methods for suggesting tags for new questions. The paper indicates that the concept hierarchy as a modeling imperative can create a useful representation of the Stack Overflow corpus. This hierarchy can be in turn integrated into development tools which rely on information retrieval and natural language processing, and thereby help developers more efficiently navigate crowd-sourced online documentation.
The morbidity of cytoreduction/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) in the modern era.

e14172 Background: Critics of cytoreduction/HIPEC for treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies cite high morbidity/mortality in historical published literature. With improved patient selection ...
DeepRoute on Chameleon: Experimenting with Large-scale Reinforcement Learning and SDN on Chameleon Testbed

As the numbers of internet users and connected devices continue to multiply, due to big data and Cloud applications, network traffic is growing at an exponential rate. WAN networks, in particular, are witnessing very large traffic spikes cause by large file transfers that last from a few minutes to hours on network links and there is a need to develop innovative ways in which flows can be managed in real-time.In this work, we develop a reinforcement learning approach, in particular Upper-Confidence Algorithm, to learn optimal paths and reroute traffic to improve network utilization. We present throughput and flow diversions using Mininet and demo the technique using Chameleon’s Testbed (Bring-Your-Own-Controller [BYOC] functionality). This work is initial implementation towards DeepRoute, which combines Deep reinforcement learning algorithms with SDN controllers to create and route traffic using deployed OpenFlow switches.
Simultaneous Motion and Distortion Correction Using Dual-Echo Diffusion-Weighted MRI.

Background and purpose Geometric distortions resulting from large pose changes reduce the accuracy of motion measurements and interfere with the ability to generate artifact-free information. Our goal is to develop an algorithm and pulse sequence to enable motion-compensated, geometric distortion compensated diffusion-weighted MRI, and to evaluate its efficacy in correcting for the field inhomogeneity and position changes, induced by large and frequent head motions. Methods Dual echo planar imaging (EPI) with a blip-reversed phase encoding distortion correction technique was evaluated in five volunteers in two separate experiments and compared with static field map distortion correction. In the first experiment, dual-echo EPI images were acquired in two head positions designed to induce a large field inhomogeneity change. A field map and a distortion-free structural image were acquired at each position to assess the ability of dual-echo EPI to generate reliable field maps and enable geometric distortion correction in both positions. In the second experiment, volunteers were asked to move to multiple random positions during a diffusion scan. Images were reconstructed using the dual-echo correction and a slice-to-volume registration (SVR) registration algorithm. The accuracy of SVR motion estimates was compared to externally measured ground truth motion parameters. Results Our results show that dual-echo EPI can produce slice-level field maps with comparable quality to field maps generated by the reference gold standard method. We also show that slice-level distortion correction improves the accuracy of SVR algorithms as slices acquired at different orientations have different levels of distortion, which can create errors in the registration process. Conclusions Dual-echo acquisitions with blip-reversed phase encoding can be used to generate slice-level distortion-free images, which is critical for motion-robust slice to volume registration. The distortion corrected images not only result in better motion estimates, but they also enable a more accurate final diffusion image reconstruction.
Effects of Visual Analogies on Learner Outcomes: Bridging from the Known to the Unknown.

This study examined the effects of visual analogies on learner outcomes in Phonology for ESL Teachers, a challenging course within a master’s degree program at a prominent university in the southeastern United States. To reduce student anxiety, facilitate Saturday classes, and bridge from the known to the unknown, concrete images (train cars) were used to represent abstract ideas. Data were analyzed from course evaluations and exams of 70 students in two non-analogy courses (2004, 2005) and 114 students in three analogy-based courses (2007, 2008, 2009) and from an electronic survey completed by 64 former students (September 2009). Course evaluations improved, exam scores increased significantly, and participants reported significant increases in their use of visual analogies when teaching. Additional qualitative and quantitative data also suggested that the use of visual analogies positively influenced satisfaction, learning, and impact on teacher pedagogy. This study offers implications for instruction, assessment, and research.
Phase-locked terahertz plasmonic laser array with 2 W output power in a single spectral mode

Plasmonic lasers suffer from low output power and divergent beams due to their subwavelength metallic cavities. We developed a phase-locking scheme for such lasers to significantly enhance their radiative efficiency and beam quality. An array of metallic microcavities is longitudinally coupled through traveling plasmon waves, which leads to radiation in a single spectral mode and a diffraction limited single-lobed beam in the surface normal direction. We implemented our scheme for terahertz plasmonic quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) and measured peak output power in excess of 2W for a single-mode 3.3THz QCL radiating in a narrow single-lobed beam, when operated at 58K in a compact Stirling cooler. We thereby demonstrated an order of magnitude increase in power and thirty-times higher average intensity for monolithic single-mode terahertz QCLs compared to prior work. The number of photons radiated from the cavity outnumber those absorbed within its claddings and semiconductor medium, which constitutes >50% radiative efficiency and is significantly greater than that achieved for previous single-mode mid-infrared or terahertz QCLs.
The effect and application evaluation of seamless management of hard endoscopic surgery equipment

Objective To investigate the effect of the seamless management application of damageable hard endoscopic surgery equipment.Methods Compare the hard endoscopic surgery equipments knowledge examination results and the defects and failure rates of equipments per one hundred operations before and after seamless management in 2007 and 2008 respectively.Results The examination results had been improved distinctively ( All P ＜ 0.01 ) in equipment construction, operation method, cleaning and disinfection, adjustmcnt method, defects inspection after implementing the seamless management of hard endoscopic surgery in 2008, it had happened 39 times of defects and failures on the hard endoscopic surgery equipment after implementing the seamless management in 2008, the defects and failure rate was 3% per one hundred surgical equipment, and it had happened 77 times of defects and failures in 2007, and the defects and failure rate was 7% per one hundred operation, so the seamless management has distinctive difference (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The seamless management method can reduce its blanks, low down the defect and failure rate of the hard endoscopic equipment, which has important significance upon the operation room management. Key words: Seamless management; Hard endoscope; Nursing quality
CBCT image quality QA: Establishing a quantitative program.

PURPOSE Routine quality assurance (QA) of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans used for image-guided radiotherapy is prescribed by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group (TG)-142 report. For CBCT image quality, TG-142 recommends using clinically established baseline values as QA tolerances. This work examined how image quality parameters vary both across machines of the same model and across different CBCT techniques. Additionally, this work investigated how image quality values are affected by imager recalibration and repeated exposures during routine QA. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography scans of the Catphan 604 phantom were taken on four TrueBeam® and one Edge™ linear accelerator using four manufacturer-provided techniques. TG-142 image quality parameters were calculated for each CBCT scan using SunCHECK Machine™. The variability of each parameter with machine and technique was evaluated using a two-way ANOVA test on a dataset consisting of 200 CBCT scans. The impact of imager calibration on image quality parameters was examined for a subset of three machines using an unpaired Student's t-test. The effect of artifacts appearing on CBCTs taken in rapid succession was characterized and an approach to reduce their appearance was evaluated. Additionally, a set of baselines and tolerances for all image quality metrics was presented. RESULTS All imaging parameters except geometric distortion varied with technique (P < 0.05) and all imaging parameters except slice thickness varied with machine (P < 0.05). Imager calibration can change the expected value of all imaging parameters, though it does not consistently do so. While changes are statistically significant, they may not be clinically significant. Finally, rapid acquisition of CBCT scans can introduce image artifacts that degrade CBCT uniformity. CONCLUSIONS This work characterized the variability of acquired CBCT data across machines and CBCT techniques along with the impact of imager calibration and rapid CBCT acquisition on image quality.