cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Known Knowns, Known Unknowns, and Unknown Unknowns of High-intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer

More than two decades after the first reports on highintensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for treatment of localized prostate cancer [1], what is the current status according to the best available evidence? The terse summary by the authors of the systematic review in this issue of European Urology Focus [2] is ‘‘the verdict is still out’’. Although HIFU is available in many centers throughout the world, the quality of evidence supporting its use is suboptimal. Coupled with the lack of approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (most recently in 2014), one might condescendingly question why a patient or clinician would proceed with this treatment. However, before we collectively throw stones, it is reasonable to consider that for many standard-of-care treatments, proper meta-analyses might result in a conclusion that ‘‘the jury is still out’’, representing either a lack of evidence or an inherent deficiency of meta-analyses. This is particularly salient for localized prostate cancer. Radiation therapy for prostate cancer, to the best of my knowledge, has never been properly compared to a nonradiation control arm. Randomized controlled evaluations of radical prostatectomy, when compared to conservative management, have resulted in both positive and negative trials [3,4]. Acknowledging that there is not a high level of evidence for many localized prostate cancer management decisions is being intellectually honest. During a post-9/11 news briefing regarding Iraq and potential weapons of mass destruction, US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld infamously stated, ‘‘There are known knowns, things we know we know . . . there are known unknowns, that is to say we know there are some things we do not know . . . but there are also unknown unknowns, the ones
Abnormal cerebellar signaling induces dystonia in mice

Dystonia is a relatively common neurological syndrome characterized by twisting movements or sustained abnormal postures. Although the basal ganglia have been implicated in the expression of dystonia, recent evidence suggests that abnormal cerebellar function is also involved. In these studies, a novel mouse model was developed to study the role of the cerebellum in dystonia. Microinjection of low doses of kainic acid into the cerebellar vermis of mice elicited reliable and reproducible dystonic postures of the trunk and limbs. The severity of the dystonia increased linearly with kainate dose. Kainate-induced dystonia was blocked by the glutamatergic antagonist 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide and reproduced by domoic acid microinjection, suggesting that the induction of dystonia is dependent on glutamatergic activation in this model. The abnormal movements were not associated with kainate-induced seizures, because EEG recordings showed no epileptiform activity during the dystonic events. Neuronal activation, as assessed by in situ hybridization for c-fos, revealed c-fos mRNA expression in the cerebellum, locus ceruleus, and red nucleus. In contrast, regions associated with epileptic seizures, such as the hippocampus, did not exhibit increased c-fos expression after cerebellar kainate injection. Furthermore, in transgenic mice lacking Purkinje cells, significantly less dystonia was induced after kainic acid injection, implicating Purkinje cells and the cerebellar cortex in this model of dystonia. Together, these data suggest that abnormal cerebellar signaling produces dystonia and that the cerebellum should be considered along with the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of this movement disorder.
Direct measurement of change in muscle glycogen concentration after a mixed meal in normal subjects.

Postprandial storage of carbohydrate as glycogen in muscle was quantitated in normal subjects (n = 8) by natural abundance 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with proton decoupling in a 4....
WWOX in biological control and tumorigenesis.

The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is located at 16q23.1–16q23.2, a region that spans the second most common human fragile site, FRA16D. The WWOX protein contains two N-terminal WW domains and a central short chain oxidoreductase-like domain. In the last few years, considerable amount of data have shown inactivation of WWOX in a variety of human malignancies. Moreover, interacting partners have been identified biochemically that define, at least in part, the molecular mechanism of WWOX action. Recently, we demonstrated that targeted deletion of the Wwox gene in the mouse led to increased incidence of spontaneous and chemically induced tumor formation, thereby providing the first in vivo evidence that WWOX is a bona fide tumor suppressor. This review focuses on the most recent progress in understanding WWOX function as a tumor suppressor. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 307–310, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Review of Selected Literature on Obesity and Guidelines for Treatment.

The authors examine research involving both physiological and psychological factors that may be strongly related to the development and maintenance of obesity. This examination reveals that attempts to treat obesity often exacerbate the condition. It is suggested that integration of guidelines developed from research presented may make treatment more effective. A somewhat unique proposal made is that highly desired foods must be included in treatment in a controlled-access manner to minimize the loss of freedom perceived by the individual.
Ligand-dependent inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF signaling by androgen receptor.

β-catenin signaling may contribute to prostate cancer (CaP) progression. Although β-catenin is known to upregulate T cell factor (TCF) target gene expression in CaP cells, recent evidence demonstrates its capacity to enhance ligand-dependent androgen receptor (AR) function. Thus, we wished to further understand the interaction between these two pathways. We find in both CaP cells (CWR22-Rv1, LAPC-4, DU145) and non-CaP cells (HEK-293, TSU, SW480, HCT-116) that β-catenin/TCF-related transcription (CRT), as measured by activation of a synthetic promoter and that of cyclin D1, is inhibited by androgen treatment. This inhibition is AR-dependent, as it only occurs in cells expressing AR endogenously or transiently, and is abrogated by AR antagonists. Additional analyses convey that the ligand-dependent nature of CRT suppression depends on transactivation-competent AR in the nucleus, but not on indirect effects stemming from AR target gene expression. Given the recent work identifying an AR/β-catenin interaction, and from our finding that liganded AR does not prompt gross changes in the constitutive nuclear localization of TCF4 or mutant β-catenin, we hypothesized that transcription factor (i.e. AR and TCF) competition for β-catenin recruitment may explain, in part, androgen-induced suppression of CRT. To address this idea, we expressed an AR mutant lacking its DNA-binding domain (DBD). This receptor could not orchestrate ligand-dependent CRT repression, thereby providing support for those recent data implicating the AR DBD/LBD as necessary for β-catenin interaction. Further supporting this hypothesis, TCF/LEF over-expression counteracts androgen-induced suppression of CRT, and requires β-catenin binding activity to do so. Interestingly, TCF4 over-expression potently antagonizes AR function; however, this inhibition may occur independently of β-catenin/TCF4 interaction. These results from TCF4 over-expression analyses, taken together, provide further evidence that AR-mediated suppression of CRT is a consequence of limiting amounts of β-catenin, and not AR target gene expression. Our analyses point to a reciprocal balance between AR and CRT function that may shape critical processes during normal prostate development and tumor progression.
Smaller than predicted increase in aboveground net primary production and yield of field‐grown soybean under fully open‐air [CO2] elevation

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that atmospheric [CO2] will reach 550 ppm by 2050. Numerous assessments of plant response to elevated [CO2] have been conducted in chambers and enclosures, with only a few studies reporting responses in fully open-air, field conditions. Reported yields for the world's two major grain crops, wheat and rice, are substantially lower in free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) than predicted from similar elevated [CO2] experiments within chambers. This discrepancy has major implications for forecasting future global food supply. Globally, the leguminous-crop soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted on more land than any other dicotyledonous crop. Previous studies have shown that total dry mass production increased on average 37% in response to increasing [CO2] to approximately 700 ppm, but harvestable yield will increase only 24%. Is this representative of soybean responses under open-air field conditions? The effects of elevation of [CO2] to 550 ppm on total production, partitioning and yield of soybean over 3 years are reported. This is the first FACE study of soybean (http://www.soyface.uiuc.edu) and the first on crops in the Midwest of North America, one of the major food production regions of the globe. Although increases in both aboveground net primary production (17–18%) and yield (15%) were consistent across three growing seasons and two cultivars, the relative stimulation was less than projected from previous chamber experiments. As in previous studies, partitioning to seed dry mass decreased; however, net production during vegetative growth did not increase and crop maturation was delayed, not accelerated as previously reported. These results suggest that chamber studies may have over-estimated the stimulatory effect of rising [CO2], with important implications on global food supply forecasts.
Exploring the role of homeobox and zinc finger proteins in pancreatic cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Transcription factors are DNA binding proteins that regulate gene expression in response to a large variety of extracellular stimuli, and thereby act as key molecular switches for controlling cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. During the last decade, a myriad of these proteins have been identified and classified into different structural families, including homeobox, zinc finger, leucine zipper, and helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Members of the homeobox and zinc finger superfamilies are among the best-characterized transcription factors known to act as potent regulators of normal development in organisms ranging from insects to humans. In addition, mutations or aberrant expression in genes encoding these proteins can result in neoplastic transformation in several different cell types, further supporting their role as “guardians” of normal cell growth and differentiation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review this field of research with a particular emphasis on the role of homeobox- and zinc finger-containing transcription factors in pancreatic cell growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The potential participation of these proteins in neoplastic transformation is also discussed.
Penetration of Microwaves into the Rarer Medium in Total Reflection

When the hypotenuse surfaces of two 45°–45°–90° prisms are separated by a narrow air gap, part of the electromagnetic radiation incident on the prisms will be transmitted through both prisms and part will be internally reflected in the first prism. Theory indicates that for prisms of index of refraction, n=3, the transmission coefficient for the electric vector parallel to the plane of incidence (T||) varies as a function of the ratio of gap distance to wavelength, d/λ, the same as for the case of the electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence (T⊥). For n 3, T|| falls off more rapidly with d/λ than T⊥. Transmission and reflection coefficients were measured experimentally as a function of d/λ for 3-cm waves with prisms made of paraffin, sulfur, and sodium chloride.
Antibacterial activity of traditional medicinal plants used by Haudenosaunee peoples of New York State

The evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance, as well as the evolution of new strains of disease causing agents, is of great concern to the global health community. Our ability to effectively treat disease is dependent on the development of new pharmaceuticals, and one potential source of novel drugs is traditional medicine. This study explores the antibacterial properties of plants used in Haudenosaunee traditional medicine. We tested the hypothesis that extracts from Haudenosaunee medicinal plants used to treat symptoms often caused by bacterial infection would show antibacterial properties in laboratory assays, and that these extracts would be more effective against moderately virulent bacteria than less virulent bacteria. After identification and harvesting, a total of 57 different aqueous extractions were made from 15 plant species. Nine plant species were used in Haudenosaunee medicines and six plant species, of which three are native to the region and three are introduced, were not used in traditional medicine. Antibacterial activity against mostly avirulent (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus lactis) and moderately virulent (Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus) microbes was inferred through replicate disc diffusion assays; and observed and statistically predicted MIC values were determined through replicate serial dilution assays. Although there was not complete concordance between the traditional use of Haudenosaunee medicinal plants and antibacterial activity, our data support the hypothesis that the selection and use of these plants to treat disease was not random. In particular, four plant species exhibited antimicrobial properties as expected (Achillea millefolium, Ipomoea pandurata, Hieracium pilosella, and Solidago canadensis), with particularly strong effectiveness against S. typhimurium. In addition, extractions from two of the introduced species (Hesperis matronalis and Rosa multiflora) were effective against this pathogen. Our data suggest that further screening of plants used in traditional Haudenosaunee medicine is warranted, and we put forward several species for further investigation of activity against S. typhimurium (A. millefolium, H. matronalis, I. pandurata, H. pilosella, R. multiflora, S. canadensis).
Observations on the infection of bacterial protoplasts with the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage phi X174.

An improved procedure for preparation and infection of protoplasts with ΦX DNA, resulting in a higher efficiency of infection and a linear relation between infective centers produced and DNA concentration, is described. The effects of various ionic conditions and of various interfering agents upon this procedure are discussed. Studies of the fate of the viral DNA using this procedure indicate that at least 70% remains free, and largely still potentially infective, while at least 10% attaches to the protoplasts. Most of this attached fraction is, potentially, infective, but only a few molecules per thousand succeed in iniating an infection. Studies of the combined effects of DNA concentration and protoplast concentration reveal that over a wide range of conditions [infected protoplasts] = 10−12 [DNA molecules] [protoplasts] This result is interpreted to mean that the limitations upon infection are primarily kinetic, and do not represent limitations imposed by the proportions of infective DNA or of infectable protoplasts.
Students connecting mathematical ideas: possibilities in a liberal arts mathematics class

Abstract Problem solving and justification for a diversified group of 2-year college students enrolled in a mathematics course for liberal arts majors were studied as the students met in small groups to work on various non-routine problems. Several problems from the area of combinatorics were given during these problem-solving sessions. This paper focuses on one small group of students from this study. These students were engaged in thoughtful mathematics. They identified patterns, justified that their patterns were reasonable and recognized isomorphisms between the different problems. The findings support the importance of introducing rich problems to college students and encouraging them to explore solutions, explain their reasoning and justify their solutions.
Ancient Egyptian Radiocarbon Chronology

Radiocarbon dates have been measured which were obtained from historically well-dated Egyptian samples belonging to the time period from the I to XXX dynasties. The radiocarbon and historical chronologies go hand in hand for the entire period in which historical time placement can be indepen­dently verified by astronomical calculations, that is up to the time of Sesostris III of the XII dynasty. From this point on a calibration based on an empirical relationship between conventional radiocarbon dates and dendrochronologically determined wood ages derived from bristlecone pine approximates the presently recognized historical chronology of what amounts to mostly the time of the Old Kingdom in the 3rd millennium b. c. A number of reasons seeking to explain the differences between historical and radiocarbon chronologies in that millennium are offered. So far, conventional radiocarbon measurements of ancient Egyptian samples can be converted to dates coming close to fitting the presently accepted historical chronology by calibration against the bristlecone pine correlation. However, some ancient Egyptian dates appear to correlate better to the historical chronology if only the 5730-year half-life is used.
Interactions of BMS-181174 and radiation: studies with EMT6 cells in vitro and in solid tumors

N-7[2-(4-nitrophenyldithio)-ethyl] mitomycin C, (BMS-181174; previously designated as BMY25067) is a mitomycin C analog now in initial clinical trials. The experiments described in this report were performed to assess whether BMS-181174, like mitomycin C and porfiromycin, was selectively toxic to the hypoxic cells in solid tumors and might therefore prove valuable in combination with radiotherapy. In contrast to mitomycin C and porfiromycin, BMS-181174 was more toxic to aerobic EMT6 cells in vitro than to cells made acutely hypoxic. In vitro, BMS-181174 and radiation produced cytotoxicity compatible with either additive or slightly supra-additive cytotoxicity. In vivo, BMS-181174 was effective in killing cells in solid EMT6 tumors. The effects of regimens combining BMS-181174 and radiation in vivo were complex. Combinations of low doses of BMS-181174 plus a large dose of radiation were very effective in killing cells in solid tumors. However, the survival curve plateaued at high doses of BMS-181174, providing evidence for a subpopulation of tumor cells which were resistant to both BMS-181174 and radiation; this was hypothesized to be a hypoxic cell population.
Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with optically levitated sensors.

We propose a tunable resonant sensor to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range of 50--300 kHz using optically trapped and cooled dielectric microspheres or microdisks. The technique we describe can exceed the sensitivity of laser-based gravitational wave observatories in this frequency range, using an instrument of only a few percent of their size. Such a device extends the search volume for gravitational wave sources above 100 kHz by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, and could detect monochromatic gravitational radiation from the annihilation of QCD axions in the cloud they form around stellar mass black holes within our galaxy due to the superradiance effect.
The conformation of xanthene dyes in the myosin sulfhydryl one binding site Part I. Methods and model systems

Abstract Derivatives of the fluorescent probes fluorescein and rhodamine specifically and covalently modify the highly reactive thiol (SH1) of myosin subfragment 1 (S1). Both probes develop circular dichroism (CD) upon modification of SH1 at the visible absorption band of the chromophore. A model system of chiral complexing agents (aromatic chiral amines) interacting with fluorescein in solvent develops a CD signal that mimics that produced by S1. The model system suggests that a specific interaction of the probe with an aromatic chiral residue in the SH1 binding pocket induces the CD signal. Several other spectroscopic signals, including absorption and fluorescence intensity and anisotropy, characterize the fluorescein or rhodamine binding to SH1. A coupled dipole method is adapted to interpret these spectroscopic signals in terms of the probe-S1 complex conformation. The computation of the orientation of the principal hydrodynamic frame (PHF) of S1 from its crystallographic α-carbon backbone structure permits the known orientation of the probe in the PHF of S1 to further constrain the conformation of the probe-S1 complex. The coupled dipole interpretation of spectroscopic data combined with constraints relating the probe dipole orientation to the PHF of S1 determines the conformation of the probe-S1 complex. The methods developed here are applied to the spectroscopic signals from fluorescein or rhodamine in the SH1 binding site of S1 to obtain an atomic resolution model of the probe-S1 conformation [Ajtai and Burghardt, Biochemistry, 34 (1995) 15943–15952].
Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere

[1] Stratospheric H2O, CH4, and H2 measured during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter are used to examine the total hydrogen budget and to quantify hydration and dehydration within the Arctic polar vortex. The mean volume mixing ratio of equivalent water, H2Oeq = H2O + 2*CH4, was found to be 7.38 ± 0.11 ppmv in the vortex and 7.35 ± 0.10 ppmv in the extravortex and vortex edge regions, implying insignificant net loss of H2O from the 50–90 hPa layer of the Arctic stratosphere. However, isolated occurrences of hydration and dehydration were observed on several flights. In particular, an average dehydration of 0.31 ppmv was encountered for 440 km along the NASA ER-2 aircraft flight path on 27 January 2000 (0.63 ppmv maximum dehydration). Diabatic back-trajectory calculations indicate that this dehydrated air parcel may have encountered temperatures below the ice frost point two weeks earlier. In addition to these isolated events, measurements of equivalent water indicated a decrease with altitude throughout the lower stratospheric vortex and vortex edge. Potential causes of this altitude dependence are quantified.
Biodiversity: fossils make waves.

A 62-million-year cycle in biodiversity emerges from scrutiny of a marine-fossil database, but its causes remain mysterious. Thus, this discovery is likely to provoke a flurry of theoretical speculation.
Sensitivity of MCMI-III Scales T (Drugs) and B (Alcohol) in Detecting Substance Abuse

The sensitivity and specificity of MCMI-III Scales T (drug dependence) and B (alcohol dependence) were evaluated with patients (N = 164) in an inpatient substance user treatment program. The sensitivity levels of these two scales improved significantly compared to previous research using the MCMI I and MCMI II Scales T and B. which had not achieved sensitivity values above. 50. However, specificity for detecting alcoholism among drug misusers was lower compared to MCMI I and II studies. Results suggest improved diagnostic sensitivity with the MCMI-III in diagnosing substance misuse, but lowered efficiency in ruling out the disorder.
Postsynaptic firing during repetitive stimulation is required for long-term potentiation in hippocampus.

Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus is a long lasting enhancement of the postsynaptic evoked response following high frequency, repetitive stimulation of afferents. The extracellularly recorded action potential (population spike) can be reversibly blocked, without affecting the extracellular recorded excitatory postsynaptic potential, by focal application of γ-aminobutyric acid, tetrodotoxin, or pentobarbital, to the CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampal slice. When the population spike is blocked during repetitive stimulation, LTP does not occur. It appears that postsynaptic firing of action potentials during repetitive stimulation is necessary to produce LTP.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSIENT BULK QUEUES WITH GENERAL VEHICLE DISPATCHING STRATEGIES

Abstract Relatively simple iterative procedures are developed for simulating the queue length distribution for transient bulk arrival, bulk service queues. The method allows the study of holding strategies where the length of time a vehicle is held can depend on both the length ofthe queue and how long the vehicle has been held. The system is modeled in discrete time, and a series of numerical experiments are presented that examine the errors introduced by this discretization.
Heat capacities and entropies at 298.15 K of MgTiO3 (geikielite), ZnO (zincite), and ZnCO3 (smithsonite)

Abstract Heat capacities of synthetic MgTiO3 (geikielite), ZnO (zincite), and natural crystals of smithsonite (ZnCO3) were measured between 9 and 366 K using an automatic adiabatically shielded calorimeter. At 298.15 K the standard molar entropies Smo of MgTiO3, ZnO, and ZnCO3 are (74.64 ± 0.15), (43.16 ± 0.09), and (81.19 ± 0.16) J·K−1·mol−1, respectively. Debye temperatures for MgTiO3 and ZnO calculated from our Cp, mo values below 20 K are (900 ± 20) K and (440 ± 25) K respectively. Heat capacities for MgTiO3 and ZnO were combined with enthalpy increments from the literature to derive heat-capacity equations for these phases from 260 to about 1800 K. The heat capacities of MgTiO3 between 260 and 1720 K were fitted with an average deviation of 0.3 per cent by the equation: C ° p,m /(J·K−1·mol −1 ) = 222.5-0.05274(T/K)-6.092x10 5 (T/K) −1 -1874.6(T/K) −1/2 +1.878x10 −5 (T/K) 2 and for ZnO the equation: C ° p,m /(J·K−1·mol −1 ) = 53.999+7.851x10 −4 (T/K)-5.868x10 5 (T/K) −2 -127.50(T/K) −:1/2 +1.9376x10 −6 (T/K) 2 fits the heat capacities in the temperature interval of 250 to 1800 K with an average deviation of 0.7 per cent.
An Asynchronous Digital Controller

With the advent of new solid state techniques it becomes feasible to design special purpose preprogrammed digital computers. One application for such a device is in the area of industrial process control. The trend in the field is toward computer control of all industrial processes. To have a single central computer control hundreds of continuous processes in a single plant could be a problem of insurmountable proportions if all problems such as computer failure, subsystem failures, etc. were to be accounted for.
Reading postcolonial identity: The rhetoric of devolution from Sri Lanka's president, Chandrika Kumaratunga

Despite the seemingly benevolent gesture of the recent devolution accord by President Kumaratunga, Sri Lanka is still in the midst of ethnic turmoil. Given Sri Lanka's history, any rhetorical analysis of the situation must consider the possible effects of colonialism on the island's current state of affairs. By reflecting on the devolution speeches given by President Kumaratunga, this article argues that a postcolonial perspective best frames the current historical moment in Sri Lanka in terms of Kumaratunga's desperate rhetorical attempts at a political settlement. This article concludes that Kumaratunga's rhetoric perpetuates Sinhalese domination over the Tamil minority, that understanding Sri Lankan rhetoric is crucial for understanding the current conflict as a whole, and that a postcolonial rhetorical analysis reveals the overall cultural and political dynamics underlying the current Sri Lankan conflict.
Insertional Mutagenesis of AAV2 Capsid and the Production of Recombinant Virus

The structural genes of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) have been altered by linker insertional mutagenesis in order to define critical components of virion assembly and infectivity. An in-frame restriction site linker was inserted across the capsid coding domain of a recombinant plasmid. After complementation in vivo, recombinant AAV2 viruses were generated and assayed for capsid production, packaging, transduction, heparin agarose binding, and morphology. Three classes of capsid mutants where identified. Class I mutants expressed structural proteins but were defective in virion assembly. Class II mutants generated intact virions that protected the viral genome from DNase, but failed to infect target cells. The majority of these mutants bound the heparin affinity matrix, suggesting that attachment to the AAV primary receptor was not rate limiting. One class II mutant, H2634, assembled virions and bound heparin using only Vp3, indicating that this subunit is responsible for mediating AAV receptor attachment. Finally, class III mutants assembled virions, encapsidated DNA, and infected target cells. Infectivity of these mutants ranged from 5 to 100% of that of the wild-type, demonstrating for the first time the ability to alter capsid proteins without interfering with infectivity. These AAV virions with altered capsid subunits will provide critical templates for manipulating AAV vectors for cell-specific gene delivery in vivo. In summary, the AAV capsid variants described here will facilitate further study of virus assembly, entry, and infection, as well as advance the development of this versatile vector system.
Transition Layer Effect on Thermal Radiative Near Field Mode Emission

A spectrally selective thermally emitting device is proposed which takes advantage of near-field surface phonon polariton modes. Surface phonon polariton modes are usually restricted to the emitter surface and do not participate in energy exchange. In this work, the possibility of obtaining desirable spectral properties by using a thin-film surface active material, layered between dielectrics, is explored. This same multilayered structure is proposed to couple the surface modes into radiative modes that can participate in energy transport. This multilayer device is studied in this paper by developing the surface phonon mode dispersion relation to identify the spectral location of the surface modes. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem and impedance boundary condition is used to theoretically describe the near-field spectral radiative properties of the multilayer geometry. The near-field radiative properties show near monochromatic spectral characteristics due to the domination of surface phonon polariton modes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A viable ubiquitin-activating enzyme mutant for evaluating ubiquitin system function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ligation of proteins to ubiquitin requires activation of ubiquitin by E1, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme. Mutant alleles of E1 in mammalian cells have been crucial for dissecting the contribution of the ubiquitin system to cell function. Comparable mutants have been unavailable for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a hypomorphic allele of S. cerevisiae E1. Protein modification by ubiquitin is strongly impaired in the mutant, inhibiting degradation of ubiquitin–proteasome pathway substrates as well as ubiquitin-dependent but proteasome-independent degradation of membrane receptors. This allele will be a useful tool for evaluating the ubiquitin-dependence of cellular processes in yeast, even those in which the proteasome is not involved.
Alterations in lipid metabolism accompanying smoltification and seawater adaptation of salmonid fish

Abstract During the smoltification of salmonid fish, lipids are depleted from depot sites primarily from the triacylglycerol fraction. Increases in tissue lipolytic rates and decreases in rates of lipid synthesis are among the factors responsible for lipid depletion. Lipase mediated lipid depletion has also been observed following seawater exposure. Thyroxine, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin underlie smoltification-associated lipid depletion and are probably involved in seawater-associated alterations in lipid metabolism.
Purine salvage pathway enzyme activities in human T-, B-, and null lymphocyte populations

Abstract Deficiencies of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) result in distinctly different immunodeficient states. In order to better understand the roles of these two purine salvage pathway enzymes in normal immunity we have characterized their activities in peripheral blood T-, B-, and null (non-T, non-B) cell populations. We have found that T lymphocytes have significantly higher ADA activity than B or null cells ( P 6 cells) than either T (57 ± 10) or B (93 ± 51) lymphocytes ( P 6 cells) than T (13.3 ± 4.6) or B (18.7 ± 13.8) lymphocytes. When expressed as a function of cell number null cells have a higher mean, though not statistically significant, ADA activity than T and B lymphocytes. These results indicate that normal human peripheral blood T, B, and null cells can be distinguished on the basis of their ADA and PNP activities and that the method of expression of the activities is critical. The significantly higher PNP activity and protein content per cell in null lymphocytes is compatible with a less differentiated cell population which may include B- as well as T-cell precursors.
Pore structure analysis by water vapor adsorption. III. Analysis of hydrated calcium silicates and portland cements

The pore volume and surface distributions of three hardened pastes of hydrated dicalcium silicate, prepared with water to solid weight ratios, w/s, of 0.45, 0.57, and 0.70, of two hardened pastes of hydrated tricalcium silicate, with ws of 0.45 and 0.57, and of three hardened pastes of a hydrated portland cement, with ws of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.70, were determined by water vapor adsorption-desorption isotherms. In the analyses, the two new methods developed by Brunauer and his coworkers were used: the “MP-method” for the micropores and the “corrected modelless” method for the wider pores. Seven of the eight pastes were previously analyzed by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, using the same methods. The pore systems of the pastes were only partly accessible to nitrogen; the micropores were not accessible at all, and even the wider pores were only partly accessible. The results indicate the presence of many “ink-bottle” pores, i.e., pores with wide bodies and constricted entrances. In the hydration of both calcium silicates, the products are a calcium silicate hydrate, called tobermorite gel, and calcium hydroxide. The former is a colloidal substance, and it is responsible for the pore properties of the pastes. The pore structures of the pastes of the two silicates were found to be somewhat different. An average portland cement contains about 50% tricalcium silicate and about 25% dicalcium silicate by weight. The tobermorite gel produced in the hydration of portland cement is responsible for the pore properties of cement pastes. These properties were found to be intermediate between those of the two calcium silicates, but closer to those of the tricalcium silicate pastes. The other hydration products of portland cement appear to have little effect, if any, on the pore properties of the tobermorite gel. Tobermorite gel is a layer crystal, similar to some of the clay minerals. Recently, the hypothesis has been advanced that the difference between water vapor and nitrogen adsorption is due to the fact that the former can enter between the layers of the gel, but the latter cannot. The pore structure results presented in the paper refute this hypothesis. The paper also offers a new and more illustrative method for the presentation of the pore structure data than the customary differential curves.
Automatic diagnostic tool for Analog-Mixed Signal and RF load boards

This paper describes a low cost test technique for testing Analog-Mixed Signal and RF load boards used in ATE (Automatic Test Equipment). The paper describes the development and application of a software tool for automatic analysis and test generation for mixed signal and RF circuits on Device Interface Boards (DIB). DIBs are essential components for testing ICs and they contain mixed-signal and RF circuits with several active and passive components that are needed to simulate test conditions for ICs. The software tool utilizes the schematic information of DIBs to generate tests for components and interconnectivity on the DIB. The tests generated are dependent upon the accessibility and programmability provided by the test hardware as well as the testability provided by DIB design. The output of the tool is a generic test specification that is independent of test hardware platform. Automatic test generation saves on the manual labor for writing DIB tests and thus contributing to the reduction of time to market for ICs.
Cystic fibrosis epithelial cells have a receptor for pathogenic bacteria on their apical surface.

Abstract Chronic colonization and infection of the lung with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We found that polarized CF bronchial and pancreatic epithelia bound P. aeruginosa in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. There was significantly greater binding to CF bronchial and pancreatic cells than to their matched pairs rescued with the wild-type CF transmembrane conductance regulator. Bound P. aeruginosa were easily displaced by unlabeled P. aeruginosa but not by Escherichia coli, an organism that does not cause significant pulmonary disease in CF. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus, a frequent pathogen in CF, could effectively displace bound P. aeruginosa from its receptor. We found undersialylation of apical proteins and a higher concentration of asialoganglioside 1 (aGM1) in apical membranes of CF compared with rescued epithelia. Incubation of P. aeruginosa with aGM1 reduced its binding, as did treatment of the epithelia with the tetrasaccharide moiety of this ganglioside (Gal beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc). Finally, an antibody to aGM1 effectively displaced P. aeruginosa from its binding site and blocked binding of S. aureus to CF cells but not to rescued cells. These results show that the tetrasaccharide of aGM1 is a receptor for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and that its increased abundance in the apical membrane of CF epithelia makes it a likely contributor to the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in the CF lung.
Effects of chronic sodium salicylate feeding on the impaired glucagon and epinephrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

The potential role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucagon and epinephrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was studied in streptozotocin-diabetic and age-matched control adult male rats. Rats made diabetic with a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) developed impaired glucagon and epinephrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia by 80–100 days. Plasma glucagon levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats (167+67 pg/ml) were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those in control rats (929±272 pg/ml). Similarly, plasma epinephrine levels in hypoglycaemic state in streptozotocin-diabetic rats (l1±8 pmol/ml) were also significantly lower (p<0.01) compared to control rats (37±13 pmol/ml). Steptozotocin-diabetic rats provided with sodium salicylate (25 mg/100 ml) in their drinking water from day one of diabetes exhibited prevention of the blunted glucagon and epinephrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. About 80–100 days after the chronic sodium salicylate treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, both plasma glucagon levels (1080±169 pg/ml) and plasma epinephrine levels (39±8 pmol/ml) were essentially identical to plasma glucagon levels (1074±134 pg/ml) and plasma epinephrine levels (37±5 pmol/ml) in control rats in hypoglycaemic state. These animals also exhibited an improvement in the diabetic state in that they had less severe hyperglycaemia and lack of weight gain. These results suggest that the blunted glucagon and epinephrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia may be related to altered prostaglandin levels in streptozotocin-diabetes.
Infectious eccrine hidradenitis caused by nocardia

Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a nonspecific clinical reaction pattern classified as a neutrophilic dermatosis that typically occurs in the setting of chemotherapy for hematologic malignant disease. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis more rarely has been reported in association with infectious agents, including Serratia, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, and HIV. We describe the first case of infectious eccrine hidradenitis occurring in a patient with cutaneous Nocardia infection.
The effect of social networks and concentrated poverty on black and hispanic youth unemployment

This paper examines empirically the effect of spatially concentrated poverty on minority youth employment and the role of “access” in youth labor markets. A model, in which information about jobs travels through social networks, links labor market outcomes and residential concentration of poverty. The empirical work uses U.S. Census employment data for the largest MSAs, in 1970 and 1980. The key findings are that, although concentration appears to have had no effect on black youth unemployment in 1970, the results for 1980 support “concentration effects” on unemployment for both black and hispanic youth. These effects are sizeable on average, and quite large in some cities.
New Directions in Planning Theory

The author examines three approaches to planning theory: the communicative model, the new urbanism, and the just city. The first type emphasizes the planner’s role in mediating among “stakeholders,” the second paints a physical picture of a desirable planned city, and the third presents a model of spatial relations based on equity. Differences among the types reflect an enduring tension between a focus on the planning process and an emphasis on desirable outcomes. The author defends the continued use of the just-city model and a modified form of the political economy mode of analysis that underlies it.
Variable temperature studies on the luminescence from Benzil in a polymethylmethacrylate glass. An example of matrix controlled photorotamerism

Abstract Dual fluorescence and phosphorescence at λ m = 440 (F″), 500 (F′), 525 (P″) and 565 (P″) nm are noted from benzil in a polymethylmethacrylate glass between 77 and 300 K which are assigned to matrix imposed near-skewed (F″ and P″) and trans -planar (F′ andP′) geometries.
Thrombectomy with AngioJet catheter in native coronary arteries for patients with acute or recent myocardial infarction.

Abstract The AngioJet thrombectomy catheter removes thrombi by rheolytic fragmentation and suction. The purpose of this study was to identify the efficacy and safety of this new device. Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with intracoronary thrombus. Intracoronary thrombus has been identified as a risk factor of unfavorable outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. To what extent the AngioJet is applicable or effective for acute or recent MI in native coronary artery is not clear. Thrombectomy with the AngioJet was attempted in 31 patients with 31 native coronary arteries selected from 304 patients with acute or recent MI. Follow-up angiography was performed at 3 to 6 months. Procedure success was achieved in 29 patients (94%). Adjunctive balloon angioplasty was performed after AngioJet thrombectomy in 30 patients (97%), and in only 1 patient (3%) AngioJet thrombectomy was the sole procedure. Subsequent stenting after balloon angioplasty was attempted successfully in 12 patients (40%) without thrombotic complications. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction trial flow grading increased from 0.70 ± 0.97 before to 2.61 ± 0.88 after AngioJet thrombectomy (p
Evaporation Rates and Lifetimes of Clouds and Sprays in Air. II. The Continuum Model

An alternate mathematical model is proposed for the prediction of the evaporation rates and lifetimes of clouds and sprays in air. It is based on the continuum approach which considers a droplet system as a uniform spherical source of vapor with a strength equal to the amount of vapor evaporated from the droplets per unit volume. The cloud equations derived from this model are expressed in terms of either the vapor concentration or the droplet mass. Further approximation leads to a linearized cloud equation which can be reduced to a simple diffusion equation to be solved by standard methods. Numerical results show that the continuum model describes the behavior of a saturated droplet system much more satisfactorily than the cellular model which has been recently proposed. For an unsaturated system, however, the cellular model remains adequate. By combining both of these models, a general model is obtained, which should be of general validity for all droplet systems evaporating into a fixed atmosphere.
Planar walks with recursive initial conditions

We enumerate two-dimensional walks inside a band parallel to an axis of symmetry, using an algebraic approach. The restrictions along the boundary lines can be more complicated than just initial values of zeroes; we consider recursive initial values prescribing which predecessors a position at the boundary can have. More general, the initial conditions are expressed by certain linear operators which vanish along the axis of symmetry.
A Highly Associative Document Retrieval System.

This paper describes a document retrieval system implemented with a subset of the medical literature. With the exception of the development of a negative dictionary, all system operations are completely automatic. Introduced are methods for computation of term-term association factors, indexing, assignment of term-document relevance values, and computations for recall and relevance. High weights are provided for low-frequency terms, and retrieval is performed directly from highly connected term-document files without elaboration. Recall and relevance are based on quantitative internal system computations, and results are compared with user evaluations.
The high temperature effects of substrate oxidation on the optical response of a selective solar absorber

Abstract Model calculations are compared with published optical reflectance spectra for thermally oxidized samples of black chrome solar absorbing film on nickel substrates ( T ≈ 600 ° C ). Good agreement between the model calculations and the published reflectance spectra indicates that the diffusion and oxidation of the nickel substrate is the primary cause of reflectance changes in this temperature regime ( T ⩾ 500 ° C ). Auger electron spectroscopy utilizing depth profiling similarly heated black chrome films on nickel substantiates this observation.
THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX : THE ABSORPTION OF DYES.

1. In the monkey, dog, cat, and rabbit the cervical lymph duct was cannulated, and then a solution of T-1824, or trypan blue, or a fine graphite suspension, all in physiological saline, was dropped into the nose. T-1824 was used in all four animals, trypan blue in the cat and dog, the graphite suspension (Hydrokollag) in the cat alone. 2. No Hydrokollag was ever found in the cervical lymph. 3. Trypan blue and T-1824 appear in the cervical lymph 15 to 30 minutes after being placed in the nose of the cat and monkey, 51 to 53 minutes in the dog, and 14 minutes in the rabbit. 4. T-1824 and trypan blue were also absorbed from the nose directly into the blood. 5. Neither the dyes nor the Hydrokollag, though left in the nose for as long as 6 hours, were found to pass through the cribriform plate and reach the interior of the cranium. 6. In the monkey cervical lymph passes through a chain of five or more lymph nodes, in the rabbit frequently through two nodes, in the cat through one node except in rare instances, and in the dog through one node.