cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and atypical glands on prostate biopsy

Prostate biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer and reliable pathological assessment is essential for guiding management. Research efforts over the past few years have aimed to establish a more universal approach to management according to pathological grading; however, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and atypical glands suspicious for carcinoma are two diagnoses without standardized follow-up and treatment pathways. Much of this uncertainty is due to limited evidence describing the subsequent rates of cancer and high-grade cancer when HGPIN or atypical glands are detected on initial biopsy. Fortunately, data from the past decade have shed light on these phenomena, and an improved understanding of the implications of the presence of HGPIN and atypical glands on prostate biopsy means that clinical recommendations can be made for the management of patients with these diagnoses.
Multicenter Evaluation of Octreotide as Secondary Prophylaxis in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is one of the most common complications after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. More than one third of patients with incident bleed go on to develop recurrent GI bleeding. Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, is proposed to reduce the risk of recurrent GI bleeding in this population. Methods and Results This multicenter, retrospective analysis evaluated 51 continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients who received secondary prophylaxis with octreotide after their index GI bleed from 2009 to 2015. All patients had a hospitalization for GI bleed and received octreotide after discharge. Patient demographics, medical and medication history, and clinical characteristics of patients who rebled after receiving octreotide were compared with non–rebleeders. These data were also compared with matched historical control patients previously enrolled in the HMII (HeartMate II) clinical trials, none of whom received octreotide, to provide a context for the bleeding rates. Twelve patients (24%) who received secondary octreotide prophylaxis developed another GI bleed, whereas 39 (76%) did not. There were similar intergroup demographics; however, significantly more bleeders had a previous GI bleeding history before left ventricular assist device placement (33% versus 5%; P =0.02) and greater frequency of angiodysplasia confirmed during endoscopy (58% versus 23%; P =0.03). Fewer patients in this study experienced a recurrent GI bleed compared with a matched historical control group that did not receive octreotide (24% versus 43%; P =0.04). Conclusions Patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device receiving secondary prophylaxis with octreotide had a significantly lower GI bleed recurrence compared with historical controls not treated with octreotide. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these data.
Autophagy inducers in cancer

Autophagy is a complex, physiological process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components. Proteins and organelles are first phagocytized by autophagosomes, then digested in lysosomes, and finally recycled to be utilized again during cellular metabolism. Moreover, autophagy holds an important role in the physiopathology of several diseases. In cancer, excellent works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in tumour biology: autophagy activation can promote cancer cells survival (protective autophagy), or contribute to cancer cell death (cytotoxic/nonprotective autophagy). A better understanding of the dichotomy roles of autophagy in cancer biology can help to identify or design new drugs able to induce/enhance (or block) autophagic flux. These features will necessary be tissue-dependent and confined to a specific time of treatment. The intent of this review is to focus on the different potentialities of autophagy inducers in cancer prevention versus therapy in order to elicit a desirable clinical response. Few promising synthetic and natural compounds have been identified and the pros and cons of their role in autophagy regulation is reviewed here. In the complex framework of autophagy modulation, "connecting the dots" is not a simple work and the lack of clinical studies further complicates the scenario, but the final goal to obtain clinically relevant autophagy inducers can reveal an unexpected landscape.
Multispecies calibration: a novel application for inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) has significantly expanded the reach of analytical atomic spectrometry. In this work, we take advantage of the gas-phase chemistry available in ICP-MS/MS to propose a novel method of calibration. Rather than employing several standard solutions and a single mass-to-charge ratio, multispecies calibration (MSC) uses only one standard reference concentration and several chemical species of a monoisotopic element for calibration. In this work, multiple oxide and ammonia species generated in an ICP-MS/MS collision/reaction cell are used to determine As, Co and Mn in rice and liver samples. Only two calibration solutions are required per sample: S1 is a 1 : 1 mixture of sample and standard solution; S2 has the same 1 : 1 volume ratio of sample and blank. They are run separately, and the analytical calibration curve is built by plotting signal intensities from several ions containing the analyte. S1 and S2 signals are plotted on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively, and each point in the calibration plot corresponds to a different analyte species. The instrumental limits of detection calculated for As, Co and Mn were 0.07, 0.03, and 0.07 μg L−1, with RSDs estimated as 7.8, 3.1 and 1.8%, respectively (n = 10). Certified and MSC-determined values of As, Co and Mn in Tomato Leaves (NIST 1573a) and Bovine Liver (NIST 1577b) presented no statistically significant differences (Student's t-test, 95% confidence level, n = 3). The MSC results were comparable and sometimes better than values determined by the traditional external standard, internal standard and standard additions calibration methods.
VEIN PATCH VERSUS PRIMARY CLOSURE FOR CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY. A RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN A SELECTED GROUP OF PATIENTS

Abstract During a 4-year period, 136 patients undergoing 152 carotid endarterectomies consented to be randomized to primary or saphenous vein patch closure of the arteriotomy. At operation, before randomization, careful assessment of arterial dimensions and anatomy was made. Patients who had an internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter less than 5 mm, arteriotomy extending more than 3 cm beyond the origin of the ICA, or tortuous or kinked ICAs were not randomized; they received obligatory vein patch closure (necessary in 20% cases). All patients were followed up every 3 months for 1 year and every 6 months thereafter with duplex scanning, ocular pneumoplethysmography, and neurologic assessment. The incidence of atherosclerotic risk factors was equal in the groups and all except one of the patients were male. Perioperative morbidity was not significantly different among those having primary closure (n = 60), saphenous vein patch closure (n = 62), and obligatory vein patch closure (n = 30). Operative time among patients having primary closure (122 ± 4 minutes) was significantly less ( p p
Theoretical Framework for the Design of STEM Project-Based Learning

Do you remember learning how to ride a bike? Or do you remember teaching someone to learn how to ride a bike? Learning to ride a bike or teaching someone to ride a bike is an iterative process where the learner wants to “experiment” too quickly and the teacher tries to impart his/her wisdom so the learner does not make the same mistakes that his/her did. In the end, the learner probably had to repeat many of the same mistakes; and most importantly, no one would have pronounced one of the early experiences as a failure because the learner was not ready to ride in the Tour de France. Learning to teach Project-Based Learning (PBL) effectively requires that an individual practice some of the patience and techniques required to teach someone to ride a bike, patience to allow the learner to take control and become more experienced in the techniques that build upon the expanding experience and knowledge base as a catalyst for accelerated learning. Just as learning to ride a bike – or learning to let the learner learn on his/her own – is not an all or nothing process, learning to learn in a PBL environment and learning to teach in a PBL environment are not all or nothing propositions.
The Expansion of Electoral Fraud in Russia: Comparing Electoral Manipulation in the 1990s and 2000s

Does electoral fraud spread geographically? Russia provides an excellent case to study the potential geographical diffusion of electoral manipulation. Elections were relatively competitive and free of excessive and blatant electoral manipulation in the 1990s (particularly the 1995 election) under President Boris Yeltsin; but became increasingly marred by electoral manipulation in the 2000s under President Vladimir Putin. But how, exactly, has electoral fraud in Russia expanded from the relatively limited occurrences during elections in the 1990s to the more numerous and geographically pervasive instances in the 2000s? Are raions (Russia’s smallest geographic units akin to a county or municipality) more likely to be fraudulent if they are located in regions with other raions with manipulated elections? Does geographic proximity to fraud help explain which raions are manipulated and which are not? In this paper, we examine the evidence of electoral manipulation at the raion level in parliamentary elections during five parliamentary elections in Russia – 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011 – focusing primarily on the geographic expansion of electoral fraud. Using multilevel analyses of electoral and sociodemographic data as well as GIS spatial statistics, we show that there is a geography of electoral manipulation in Russia and that expansion of election fraud has seemed to spread by geographic contagion. Even after controlling for factors like the ethnic compositions of raions and percent rural population at the raion-level and various characteristics at the regional level (ethnic republic status, Muslim region, Caucasus region, socioeconomic development, and natural resource-based economy), raions were more likely to experience manipulation if they were located in regions that had other raions that experienced excessively high turnout (our proxy for electoral fraud). Moreover, using GIS spatial statistics, we show that, under certain conditions (most notably in ethnic republics), geographic proximity to other manipulated raions is a significant predictor of fraud.
Insecticide-Resistant Maize Plants Regenerated in Vitro

Susceptibility to damage by insecticides is generally not a problem for agronomic crops due to early screening during the variety development phase. However, maize carrying the Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T), but not other cytoplasms, is selectively damaged by the insecticide carbamate methomyl (active ingredient of Lannate). The cytoplasm-specific susceptibility is similar, and possibly identical, to susceptibility to the T toxin from the fungus Bipolaris maydis race T, the agent responsible for southern corn leaf blight in cms-T maize (Humaydan and Scott 1977; Koeppe et al. 1978). The similar selectivity of these compounds may be due to the cms-T-specific gene product of T-utf 13, a mito-chondrial membrane protein designated URF13, that interacts with both methomyl and T toxin (Wise et al. 1987a; Dewey et al. 1988, Huang et al. 1990). The binding of methomyl or toxin presumably opens membrane channels, leading to massive ion leakage, loss of membrane potential, and thus arrest of oxidative phosphorylation (Braun et al. 1989, 1990; Levings 1990).
Closed cross-section dual-matrix composite hinge for deployable structures

Abstract Dual-matrix composite structures with localized elastomer composite hinges have been proposed to enable packaging with much smaller fold radii than allowed by traditional resin-based fiber reinforced composites. Previous studies have been limited to proof-of-concept of folding capabilities and constitutive modeling of elastomer composites. A novel closed cross-section dual-matrix deployable hinge is studied here to develop the tools for studying the deployment of general dual-matrix structures. A set of tools for the analysis of deployment of this simple structure is developed: an analytic model that minimizes the strain energy in the folded configuration, experimental characterization, and finite element techniques using the LS-Dyna commercial software. The three models are used to predict the packaged shape and deployment moments, and are shown to be in good agreement amongst themselves. The analytic model is used to demonstrate control of the folded shape of the hinge using the stiffness of the elastomer composite. This behavior is verified using finite element models developed in the LS-Dyna commercial code. The simulations are used to predict the localized fold radius of the hinge within 3% and deployment moments within 5% by accounting for the microbuckled stiffness of the elastomer composite.
Practitioner Profile (Peter Fleming): “What’s in It for the Stakeholder?”

Scientists can sometimes find it difficult to relay their findings to the public, let alone change behaviour on the ground. Peter Fleming tries to reach landholders by reframing issues. He always tries to view situations from the perspective of farmers, and to consider what they can gain from their participation in programs. He also notes sometimes the best way to get a message across is to listen to what others have to say first. For example, at an initial meeting in a community, he devotes most of the time to letting landholders express their views and get frustrations off their chest. He finds that this allows for a more productive second meeting. He also employs a nil-tenure approach, which brings people together across public and private land tenures to address invasive species issues. In this approach, building trust across organisations is crucial. Peter doesn’t tell people what they “should” do. Instead, he fosters connections among stakeholders and works collectively to solve issues.
Exploiting Nonlinearity to Design Robust Wireless Power Transfer and Wideband RF Energy Harvesting

In this paper, the design of position-insensitive wireless power transfer (WPT) circuits and wideband RF wireless energy harvesting (WEH) circuits are presented. The unique properties of a specific class of nonlinear resonant circuits described by a 2nd order nonlinear differential equation with cubic or higher order nonlinear terms are exploited to design such circuits.The position-insensitive WPT circuit maintains a high power transmission efficiency (PTE) over large transmission distance and misalignment variations without tuning the source’s operating frequency or employing tunable matching networks and active feedback/control circuitry. The wideband WEH circuit utilizes a nonlinear resonant circuit to significantly enhance its bandwidth. Both a WPT and a WEH circuit have been designed and tested. The WPT circuit achieves a constant power transfer and PTE of 20 W and 85%, respectively, over a varying transmission distance of 250 mm. On the other hand, the WEH circuit using a nonlinear resonator achieves 2.7 times bandwidth enhancement as compared to a similar circuit employing a linear resonator having the same quality factor,Q.
Mapping women’s knowledges of antiracist teaching in the United States: A feminist phenomenological study of three antiracist women teacher educators

Abstract This feminist phenomenological inquiry pivots from the White, Western, androcentric gaze to probe the antiracist teaching of a multiracial group of women in the United States comprised of three teacher educators. I find that these teacher educators’ beliefs about and enactments of antiracist teaching are shaped by their knowledges of the (inter)connections among: 1) race(ism) and family histories; 2) race(ism) and schooling experiences; and 3) race(ism) and embodiment. I conclude by considering the questions raised by this pilot study for future and further feminist-concerned research on how, what, and why antiracist teacher educators teach.
Enhancements for Audio-only Diarization Systems.

In this paper two different approaches to enhance the performance of the most challenging component of a Speaker Diarization system are presented, i.e. the speaker clustering part. A processing step is proposed enhancing the input features with a temporal smoothing process combined with nonlinear filtering. We, also, propose improvements on the Deep Embedded Clustering (DEC) algorithm -- a nonlinear feature transformation. The performance of these enhancements is compared with different clustering algorithms, such as the UISRNN, k-Means, Spectral clustering and x-Means. The evaluation is held on three different tasks, i.e. the AMI, DIHARD and an internal meeting transcription task. The proposed approaches assume a known number of speakers and time segmentations for the audio files. Since, we focus only on the clustering component of diarization for this work, the segmentation provided is assumed perfect. Finally, we present how supervision, in the form of given speaker profiles, can further improve the overall diarization performance. The proposed enhancements yield substantial relative improvements in all 3 tasks, with 20\% in AMI and 19\% better than the best diarization system for DIHARD task, when the number of speakers is known.
Serum Retinol and Risk of Overall and Site-Specific Cancer in the ATBC Study.

Retinol, the most biologically active form of vitamin A, might influence cancer-related biological pathways. However, results from observational studies of serum retinol and cancer risk have been mixed. We prospectively examined serum retinol and risk of overall and site-specific cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (n = 29,104 men), conducted in 1985-1993, with follow-up through 2012. Serum retinol concentration was measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the association between baseline serum retinol quintile and overall and site-specific cancer risk in 10,789 cases. After multivariable adjustment, higher serum retinol was not associated with overall cancer risk (highest vs. lowest quintile: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91, 1.03; P for trend = 0.43). Higher retinol concentrations were, however, associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (highest vs. lowest quintile: HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.45; P for trend < 0.0001) and lower risk of both liver and lung cancers (highest vs. lowest quintile: for liver, HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.91; P for trend = 0.004; and for lung, HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.88; P for trend < 0.0001). No associations with other cancers were observed. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie these associations might provide insight into the role of vitamin A in cancer etiology.
Gesture Recognition Using A Portable and Flexible Meta-Atom Panel and Machine Learning

We present here a gesture recognition technique based on a flexible and portable meta-atom tag (e.g. split-ring resonator or SRR). By inject printing of nano-silver conductive film on PET substrate, we demonstrate that a compact meta-atom array can behave as an RFID tag for cyber-physical applications. The experimental and theoretical analysis on radar cross section (RCS) response as functions of the meta-atom geometry show the capability of the proposed system in the robust and accurate gesture recognition. Moreover, we propose an error auto-correction readout technique based on the neural network to make this system feasible for a widen spectral range and large number of binary combinations.
Determining Ground Elevations Covered by Vegetation on Construction Sites Using Drone-Based Orthoimage and Convolutional Neural Network

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) surveying of a construction site using an image-based method may produce incorrect ground elevation results at vegetation-covered regions, because the light rays are ...
The Dependence of Dynamo α-Effect on Reynolds Numbers, Magnetic Prandtl Number, and the Statistics of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We generalize the derivation of the dynamo coefficient α of Field et al. to include the following two aspects: first, the decorrelation times of velocity field and magnetic field are different; second, the magnetic Prandtl number can be arbitrary. We find that the contributions of velocity field and magnetic field to the α-effect are not equal, but affected by their different statistical properties. In the limit of large kinetic Reynolds number and large magnetic Reynolds number, α-coefficient may not be small if the decorrelation times of velocity field and magnetic field are shorter than the eddy turnover time of the MHD turbulence. We also show that under certain circumstances, for example if the kinetic helicity and current helicity are comparable, α depends insensitively on magnetic Prandtl number, while if either the kinetic helicity or the current helicity is dominated by the other one, a different magnetic Prandtl number will significantly change the dynamo α-effect.
Research in the Healthcare Design Practice: Design Practitioners’ Perspective:

Objective:This study explores design practitioners’ level of knowledge about research, their attitude toward research integration into the design practice, and the barriers to its application in th...
Evaluation of a Farm-to-School Intervention to Improve Locally Grown Vegetable Choices of Low-Income, Primary School Students.

Background The study objective was to determine impact of a Farm-to-School intervention on low-income, diverse elementary school students' nutrition-related attitudes, self-efficacy, behaviors, and locally grown vegetable choices. Methods Six elementary schools within 1 US school district were equally assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: Local Message, Nutrition Message, or Control. Locally grown vegetables (kale, green beans, zucchini, butternut squash, and beets) were served twice during lunch over 16 weeks. "Local" and "Nutrition" groups also received biweekly nutrition education and a messaging campaign in the cafeteria. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and related behaviors were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Vegetable selection was assessed using the food service daily production records. General linear model analysis, analysis of covariance, and t tests were performed. Results Students in the "Local" group (N = 81) had significantly improved nutrition-related attitudes (p = .0001), preferences (p = .001), and overall vegetable behavior score (p = .002), compared to control (N = 79). There was no difference in overall locally grown vegetable choices, but local beet choices were higher in the "Local" (p = .005) and "Nutrition" (p = .02) groups compared to control. Conclusions Messages about local foods in school cafeterias may improve students' attitudes, preferences, and selection of certain locally grown vegetables.
Long lasting anxiety following early life stress is dependent on glucocorticoid signaling in zebrafish

Chronic adversity in early childhood is associated with increased anxiety and a propensity for substance abuse later in adulthood, yet the effects of early life stress (ELS) on brain development remains poorly understood. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a powerful model for studying neurodevelopment and stress. Here, we describe a zebrafish model of ELS and identify a role for glucocorticoid signaling during a critical window in development that leads to long-term changes in brain function. Larval fish subjected to chronic stress in early development exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior and elevated glucocorticoid levels later in life. Increased stress-like behavior was only observed when fish were subjected to ELS within a precise time window in early development, revealing a temporal critical window of sensitivity. Moreover, enhanced anxiety-like behavior only emerges after two months post-ELS, revealing a developmentally specified delay in the effects of ELS. ELS leads to increased levels of baseline cortisol, and resulted in a dysregulation of cortisol receptors, suggesting long-term effects on cortisol signaling. Together, these findings reveal a critical window for ELS to affect developmental reprogramming of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway, resulting in chronic elevated stress.
The origin and evolution of atmospheric oxygen.

This paper discusses the chemical processes involved in the evolution of the earth's atmospheric oxygen and ozone, as well as the sources, sinks, and transfer rates of oxygen in the present atmosphere. Special attention is given the evolution of atmospheric O3 as a function of the buildup of O2, with the results of calculations presented as the vertical profiles of O3, in terms of the present atmospheric level (PAL) oxygen values. Calculations show that the total O3 column density that is approximately half of the present level was reached when atmospheric oxygen level reached 0.1 PAL. At this level of ozone, the biological shielding of the earth's surface from the UV radiation is believed to have been achieved.
Determinants for hospitalization in " low-risk" community acquired pneumonia.

A variable decision in managing community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the initial site of care; in-patient versus outpatient. These variations persist despite comprehensive practice guidelines. Patients with a Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) score lower than seventy have low risk for complications and outpatient antibiotic management is recommended in this group. These patients are generally below the age of fifty years, non-nursing home residents, HIV negative and have no major cardiac, hepatic, renal or malignant diseases. A retrospective analysis of 296 low-risk CAP patients evaluated within a year one period at St. Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland was undertaken. All patients were assigned a PSI score. 208 (70%) were evaluated and discharged from the emergency department (E.D.) to complete outpatient antibiotic therapy, while 88 (30%) were hospitalized. Patients were sub-stratified into classes I-V according to PSI. A comparison of demographic, clinical, social and financial parameters was made between the E.D. discharged and hospitalized groups. Statistically significant differences in favor of the hospitalized group were noted for female gender (CI: 1.46-5.89, p= 0.0018), African Americans (CI: 0.31-0.73, p= 0.004), insurance coverage (CI: 0.19-0.63, p= 0.0034), temperature (CI: 0.04-0.09, p= 0.0001) and pulse rate (CI: 0.03-0.14, p= 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups for altered mental status, hypotension, tachypnea, laboratory/radiological parameters and social indicators (p>0.05). The average length of stay for in-patients was 3.5 days at about eight time's higher cost than outpatient management. There was no difference in mortality or treatment failures between the two groups. The documentation rate and justifications for hospitalizing low risk CAP patients by admitting physicians was less than optimal. High fever, tachycardia, female gender, African- American race and medical insurance coverage are determinants for hospitalization among low risk CAP patients in our study. The average length of stay for in-patients was 3.5 days (3 to 5 days). The cost of in-patient care was about eight times higher than outpatient management. This study supports the recommendation of using the PSI for E.D evaluation of patients in appropriate social settings.
Lymphovenography in pelvic cancer

Abstract Lymphography, so enthusiastically embraced in recent years, is disclosing several inherent disadvantages as the method under-goes wider scrutiny. Intraosseous venography offers another possible means of eliciting the same information, i.e., the presence or extent of metastatic disease. It is suggested that the initial assay of the patient by venography may help to determine whether or not a surgical approach is feasible. If so, lymphographic studies with the use of chromatic materials may be of considerable assistance before, during, and after surgery.
Media Industries in Revolutionary Times

This essay explores media industries in revolutionary times. Against the backdrop of the Arab uprisings, with specific references to Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia, I summarize shifts that have occurred in the transnational, pan-Arab media sphere and provide snapshots of national media systems in flux. The Arab uprisings have spawned a wide array of new media, including a variety of new television channels, online media portals, digital video series, comedy programs, talk shows, and religious content. How these institutional and aesthetic developments will be integrated into national and pan-Arab media industries is an important question. In addition, entertainment has become a major issue of contention as Islamists of various stripes have ascended to power in Arab Spring countries and have worked to morally reshape the media industries, encountering vociferous resistance from creative people in arts and media and from counterrevolutionary forces most clearly visible in Egypt, which is reverting to a military dictatorship. Though the current situation is too chaotic to predict future trends, this essay tries to raise questions about new dynamics of production, precarity, and authorship in still-evolving revolutionary contexts.
Using C++ Templates to Implement Role-Based Designs

Within the object-oriented technology community, much recent work on design reuse has focused on role-based collaborations distributed across multiple objects. Many benefits can be derived by mapping role-based designs directly into implementations, including greater ease in maintaining the connection between designs and implementations under change, and the opportunity for code reuse along with design reuse. Current efforts in role-based designs do not generally provide these benefits. We provide a method for mapping role-based designs into implementation, preserving the design without unnecessary constraints on the design structures. Roles are represented as parameterized classes, where the parameters represent the types of the participants in the collaboration. Composition of roles is implicit in the binding of parameters to classes in the implementation. The bindings are created at compile time by class definitions that are separate from the role implementations. In this paper we focus on the use of templates in the C++ language as the supporting mechanism.
Experimental Evidence for the Vortex Glass Phase in Untwinned, Proton Irradiated YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

We report on magnetoresistance measurements of the effects of 9 MeV proton irradiation on a clean, untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. For the first time, evidence for a vortex glass transition is detected in an untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ with induced pointlike disorder, in which the first order vortex melting transition is completely suppressed after proton irradiation. Our results suggest that a sufficiently high pinning disorder is required in order for the vortex glass phase to be observed.
Reduction of nitroaromatics to arylnitrenium ions by vinyl halide cations

The title reduction of nitroaromatics ArNO2 by vinyl halide radical cations CH2CH–X+˙ (X = Cl or Br) to form arylnitrenium ions ArNH+ involves a change in oxidation number of nitrogen from +3 to −1. This novel reaction provides a new route for the generation of arylnitrenium ions, a highly selective method for the detection of explosives in mixtures, and offers clues to the carcinogenic activity of nitroaromatics in vivo.
Molecular sims with a liquid metal field ion point source

Abstract A liquid metal field lonizatlon (LMI) emitter is employed as the source for the primary beam in matrix assisted, molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry. Mass spectra produced from a number of representative organic compounds indicate that the LMI source has superior analytical potential in this application. Moreover, the point source characteristics of the LMI emitter could conceivably be exploited to permit localized, molecular analysis of biological tissue in combination with ion microscopy.
Sulfur dioxide in coastal new England fog

Abstract During six fog events in the year 1990, we investigated the concentration and oxidation capacity of SO 2 at a sampling site on the coast of New England. The SO 2 mixing ratio was usually in the range of a few parts per billion, and its variability during a single event was governed mostly by changes in air masses of different history and overall chemical composition, rather than chemical oxidation in cloud. Although the H 2 O 2 mixing ratio was low during the foggy periods, it dominated the oxidation of SO 2 . Ozone and manganese- and iron-catalysed reactions play minor roles. The overall oxidation capacity for SO 2 was low in most cases ( −1 ), probably because the oxidation of SO 2 by H 2 O 2 was completed before the fog droplets were collectable. In one case with low SO 2 mixing ratios ( 2 was intense (40% h −1 .
A Web-based survey system for distributed learning impact evaluation

The authors describe a Web-based survey system developed for evaluating distributed learning at the University of Central Florida. Results from data collection, data validation, and survey results analyses are incorporated into a participation database table that restricts duplicate and unwanted responses. In addition, participants can validate and modify their responses before submission. A predetermined analysis design generates an immediate set of reports that can be modified according to user specifications. The authors then compare the pilot test results of this Web-based survey (summer 1999) to those of a traditional mailed survey.
A descriptive study of function in acute motor stroke

The functional independence measure (FIM) instrument was introduced in 1987 and has proven to be a useful tool for measuring disability in different patient populations. The FIM instrument data collected during inpatient rehabilitation for stroke is very informative, as it is voluminous, comprehensive, and has a uniform reporting mechanism. In contrast to inpatient rehabilitation, there is a paucity of FIM instrument data on acute stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to describe functional level of 100 patients within the first 24 hours of acute care admission. The mean total FIM instrument score was 94.05 (SD +/- 19.31, range = 38-120), the mean motor domain subscore was 61 (SD +/- 17.8, range 23-85), and cognitive was 33.4 (SD +/- 3.3, range 15-35). Significant group differences were identified for age, gender, and disposition for total and/or domain subscores. Significant differences in age, gender, employment, and disposition were found for clinical subscales. This study fills a gap in current knowledge, that of baseline total FIM instrument scores, domain subscores, and six clinical subscales on one particular group of stroke patients, those with a primary motor stroke.
A human aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway constructed in yeast displays additive responses to ligand mixtures.

An optimized signal transduction pathway that reproduces the response of human aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor to ligands has been established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ligand treatment induced a 50-fold increase in β-galactosidase activity from a reporter plasmid in yeast engineered to express human Ah receptor and Ah nuclear translocator (Arnt) proteins. The archetypal Ah receptor ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin, activated Ah receptor and induced lacZ reporter activity at concentrations of ≥0.3 nM. Mixtures of halogenated and nonhalogenated Ah receptor ligands produced additive signaling responses in this yeast bioassay. These results were consistent with the existence of a common binding site and mechanism of ligand-mediated Ah receptor activation. Although yeast have no natural counterpart to the Ah receptor pathway, expression of human Ah receptor and Arnt under the appropriate conditions provides a functional model system for studying Ah receptor activation and signal transduction.
Thermal plasma synthesis of SiC from rice hull (husk)

Recently the synthesis of ultrafine powders has drawn considerable attention because these powders can have physical and chemical properties superior to those of bulk specimens. In particular, emphasis is on the preparation of ultrafine ceramic powders for their applications in the development of sintered products having higher density and lower sintering temperature. One such industrially important ceramic material is SiC. In many cases ultrafine SiC has been prepared by thermal plasma processes [1]. However, these processes require one or more reactive/corrosive gases. This letter describes a new method to overcome such problems. For this purpose thermally pretreated rice hull was used as the solid precursor. Rice hull, an agricultural waste product, was first used by Cutler [2] as a starting material for the production of silicon carbide. Since the rice hull route promises to be most economical, much attention has recently been paid to it [3-6]. Rice hull consists of silica in hydrated amorphous form, and cellulose which yields carbon when thermally decomposed. The relative abundance of silica with very high surface area in close proximity to active carbon in rice hull makes it amenable for SiC formation during the pyrolysis process. The possible reaction was given by Lee and Cutler [7] as
The Consistency of Stromgren-Beta Photometry for Northern Galactic Clusters. III. M67

We have measured M67 stars in a Stromgren-beta system based ultimately on data for the Hyades and Coma clusters. By comparing our results to previously published data, we have derived formal corrections required to put the other data on our system. Corrections which are statistically significant by our criteria are found for Stromgren measurements made by Strom et al. (1971, PASP, 83, 768). Those corrections range between 36 and 61 mmag. In addition, corrections of 17 and 8 mmag, respectively, are found for beta measurements made by Eggen (1981, ApJ, 247, 503) and Nissen et al. (1987, AJ, 93, 634). In addition to considering M67, we have updated earlier work of ours which was done on Praesepe and NGC 752. After revising our criterion for statistical significance, we have changed our judgment about two corrections which we had derived for published data for those clusters. Further work will be required to verify the reality of those corrections. We have also compared our results to closely similar work which was done by Nissen (1988, A&A, 199, 146) and which had previously escaped our notice. Differences between our results and those of Nissen appear to exist for beta in Praesepe and for c1 in NGC 752. Independent measurements support our Praesepe result, but the problem for NGC 752 remains unresolved.
Accelerated neutron embrittlement of ferritic steels at low fluence: Flux and spectrum effects

Abstract The results of Charpy V-notch surveillance testing of ferritic steels from the High Flux Isotope Reactor pressure vessel revealed significant radiation-induced embrittlement in A212 grade B, A350 grade LF3, and A105 grade II steels. The steels were irradiated at about 50°C for about 17.5 effective full-power years at a neutron flux (E > 1MeV) of 1012 to 1013 n m−2 s−1 to fluences of 1021 to 1022 n m−2. These fluences are only about one-tenth those required to cause the same embrittlement in the higher flux (~1017 n m−2 s−1) environments of test reactors. The findings suggest that the degree of embrittlement per unit fast fluence is increased at low neutron flux. Changes in neutron energy spectrum may be involved, too. Potential mechanisms for effects of neutron flux and neutron spectrum on embrittlement are discussed.
The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running

Ten recreational runners (mean VO2max 64.7 ml . kg-1 . min-1) underwent a 5-d acclimation period to treadmill running at a 7 min . mile-1 pace (3.83 m . s-1) for 30 min each day. During these runs their freely chosen stride lengths were determined and expressed as a percentage of leg length (%LL). On two subsequent testing days stride length was systematically varied over a range of +/- 20% LL about the freely chosen value. O2 uptake was determined by the Douglas Bag method. All subjects exhibited a stride length of which O2 uptake was minimized, although the individual profiles varied considerably. The mean increases in VO2 were 2.6 and 3.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1 at the short- and long-stride length extremes, respectively. During unrestricted running deviations from optimal stride length caused a mean increase in VO2 of 0.2 ml . kg-1 . min-1. The relatively efficient running patterns used by the subjects during unrestricted running indicate either an adaption to the chosen stride length through training or a successful process of energy optimization.
Optical slip ring for sensor interface applications

A slip ring is a rotary electrical interface, collector, swivel or joint. It is a component or architecture that can perform continuous data transfer between a rotary and stationary structure. A few of the numerous approaches for transferring data include contact and non-contact methods which use wires, radio waves, optical fibers and even liquid as the transfer media. However, they all suffer inherent drawbacks in durability, reliability, stability, electromagnetic interference and speed. The system introduced in this paper alleviates many of these issues by employing a wireless through the air optical solution.
Heterogeneous chemistry of alkylamines with sulfuric acid: implications for atmospheric formation of alkylaminium sulfates.

The heterogeneous interaction of alkylamines with sulfuric acid has been investigated to assess the role of amines in aerosol growth through the formation of alkylaminium sulfates. The kinetic experiments were conducted in a low-pressure fast flow reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS). The measurements of heterogeneous uptake of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine were performed in the acidity range of 59−82 wt % H2SO4 and between 243 and 283 K. Irreversible reactive uptakes were observed for all three alkylamines, with comparable uptake coefficients (γ) in the range of 2.0 × 10−2 to 4.4 × 10−2. The measured γ value was slightly higher in more concentrated sulfuric acid and at lower temperatures. The results imply that the heterogeneous reactions of alkylamines contribute effectively to the growth of atmospheric acidic particles and, hence, secondary organic aerosol formation.
Kenneth B. Clark in the patterns of American culture.

Kenneth B. Clark is most well-remembered as the social scientist cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in footnote 11 of its decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. His presence in that decision came to symbolize the role that social science could play in changing social policy and public attitudes. As an African American social scientist who was prominent during a time of great turmoil over racial issues in the United States, Clark also became a "participant-symbol" in America's discussion of race. Clark contributed to this discussion in the three books he wrote for the general public: Prejudice and Your Child (Clark, 1955), Dark Ghetto (Clark, 1965), and Pathos of Power (Clark, 1974). In this article, the author discusses how these works document Clark's growing pessimism about the prospects for improving race relations. In addition, Clark's place in contemporary American debates about Brown v. Board of Education and the persistence of racial equality is considered.
Quantitative proteomics identifies NCOA4 as the cargo receptor mediating ferritinophagy

Autophagy, the process by which proteins and organelles are sequestered in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation, is critical in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Much of our understanding of this process has emerged from analysis of bulk cytoplasmic autophagy, but our understanding of how specific cargo, including organelles, proteins or intracellular pathogens, are targeted for selective autophagy is limited. Here we use quantitative proteomics to identify a cohort of novel and known autophagosome-enriched proteins in human cells, including cargo receptors. Like known cargo receptors, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) was highly enriched in autophagosomes, and associated with ATG8 proteins that recruit cargo-receptor complexes into autophagosomes. Unbiased identification of NCOA4-associated proteins revealed ferritin heavy and light chains, components of an iron-filled cage structure that protects cells from reactive iron species but is degraded via autophagy to release iron through an unknown mechanism. We found that delivery of ferritin to lysosomes required NCOA4, and an inability of NCOA4-deficient cells to degrade ferritin led to decreased bioavailable intracellular iron. This work identifies NCOA4 as a selective cargo receptor for autophagic turnover of ferritin (ferritinophagy), which is critical for iron homeostasis, and provides a resource for further dissection of autophagosomal cargo-receptor connectivity.
Lithium-ion batteries: An unexpected conductor.

The discovery that the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 can be increased by eight orders of magnitude may have a profound impact on the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.
SCREENING HUMAN POPULATIONS FOR CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS

Summary In order to determine the usefulness of micronuclear counts (MNC) for identifying people with relatively high frequencies of chromosome aberrations we have examined factors that influence the MNC in a learning set of blood samples obtained from 28 adults. The presence of cells with chromosome aberrations among approximately 170 metaphase cells per sample was the most important factor. Controlling for the effect of chromosome aberrations we found that age had a significant effect on MNC, but that donor sex, the mitotic index, the per cent of metaphase cells in the second or third division or the frequency of abnormal anaphase cells did not. Using logistic regression analysis we found that MNC was an excellent predictor of the presence of cells with chromosome aberrations among both the learning set and a test set of 17 additional blood samples.
A push-pull carbonyl ylide cycloaddition approach directed toward lycorine

Abstract Cyclic 2-amidofurans were obtained using a Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of α-diazoketo substituted pyrrolidinone derivatives. Acylation followed by a Diels-Alder reaction of the resulting amidofuran furnished both inter and intramolecular cycloadducts.
Fiber-Based Dual-Beam Optical Trapping System for Studying Lipid Vesicle Mechanics

We describe the mechanics of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) which are manipulated using a fiber-based dual-beam optical trap. We prepare GUVs encapsulating various concentrations and molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer.