cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideal and reality of multi-stakeholder collaboration on sustainability problems: a case study on a large-scale industrial contamination in Phoenix, Arizona

Multi-stakeholder collaboration among industry, government, the public, and researchers is widely acknowledged as a critical success factor for resolving sustainability problems. Proponents argue that pooling capacities and resources is necessary to cope with such wicked problems. Despite good intentions and attempts to follow best practices, the reality of multi-stakeholder collaboration is often flawed. We demonstrate this mismatch between the ideal and reality with a case study of a multi-stakeholder collaboration centered on a large urban area affected by industrial contamination (superfund site) in Phoenix, Arizona. The study indicates deficits in the collaborative process due to the lack of trust, power asymmetry, and other factors. Efforts have recently been undertaken to enhance the multi-stakeholder collaboration through novel engagement approaches. The study uses insights from stakeholder engagement approaches to demonstrate how the quality of multi-stakeholder collaboration on sustainability problems could be appraised and how common obstacles to such collaboration could be overcome, while reflecting on the role of transdisciplinary research in this process.
Infrared properties of high Tc superconductors

Over the past several years a coherent phenomenology of the high {Tc} cuprate superconductors has begun to emerge. Infrared measurements have contributed several important ingredients to this picture including: (1) the inference of a scattering rate that is linear in frequency for {omega}>T, and of order {omega}, (2) a characteristic energy scale in the superconducting state of 500 cm{sup {minus}1} (60 meV), which can be interpreted as a superconducting pair excitation threshold or energy gap, and (3) evidence for very unusual temperature dependence in the vicinity of {Tc}. An attempt to describe these aspects of the data is presented here.
Clustering for Set Partitioning: A Case Study in Carpooling

By exploring alternative approaches to combinatorial optimization, we propose the first known formal connection between clustering and set partitioning, with the goal of identifying a subclass of set partitioning problems that can be solved efficiently and with optimality guarantees through a clustering approach. We prove the equivalence between classical centroid clustering problems and a special case of set partitioning called metric k-set partitioning, we discuss k-means and regularized geometric k-medians, and we give several future extensions and applications. Finally, we discuss a case study in combinatorial optimization for carpooling.
Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs

This work focuses broadly on individual, live shrubs and, more specifically, it examines bulk density in chaparral and its combined effects with wind and ignition location on the resulting fire behaviour. Empirical functions to predict bulk density as a function of height for 4-year-old chaparral were developed for two typical species of shrub fuels in southern California, USA, namely chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook & Arn.) and manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp. Adans.). Fuel beds of chamise foliage and small-diameter branches were burned in an open-topped wind tunnel. Three levels of bulk density, two ignition locations and two wind speeds were examined, focusing on overall fire behaviour. Mean maximum mass loss rate, elapsed time at which maximum mass loss rate occurred, flame height, flame angle, peak gas temperature and its peak change rate were measured. The mean maximum mass loss rate was not significantly affected by wind speed, ignition location, bulk density or moisture content. Both wind speed and ignition location significantly affected the time that maximum mass loss rate occurred. Only wind speed affected flame height and flame angle. The peak gas temperature within the shrub burning area was found to be mostly affected by the bulk density.
Allocating Damage Compensation in a Federalist System: Lessons from Spatially Resolved Air Emissions in the Marcellus

The benefits and impacts of unconventional natural gas development are realized at different spatial scales, calling into question the appropriate jurisdictional level at which to set and enforce environmental policy. This paper evaluates impact fee allocation under Pennsylvania Act 13, which authorizes Commonwealth payments to Pennsylvania counties to offset damages from unconventional natural gas extraction in exchange for consolidated state-level regulatory authority. We evaluate the adequacy of damage compensation allocation for impacts that are spatially and temporally removed from the well site, using the air emissions associated with natural gas wastewater transport as a case study. Wastewater transport from wells eligible for 2011 impact fee disbursement calculations generated an estimated $11.6 million in air emission damages from 2004 to 2013, with 35% of damages occurring out-of-state and an average of 94% of damages occurring out-of-county. We find that compensatory payments from Pennsylvania ...
Channel complementarity and multiplexity in long-distance friends’ patterns of communication technology use:

Understanding how people use communication technologies (CTs) in close relationships requires examining interdependencies in or patterns of CT use in those relationships. We combined channel comple...
The influence of local oil exploration, regional wildfires, and longrange transport on summer 2015 aerosol over the North Slope ofAlaska

The Arctic is warming at an alarming rate, yet the processes that contribute to enhanced warming are not well understood. Arctic aerosols have been targeted in studies for decades due to their consequential impacts on the energy budget directly and indirectly through their ability to modulate cloud microphysics. Even with the breadth of knowledge afforded from these previous studies, aerosols and their effects remain poorly quantified, especially in the rapidly-changing Arctic. Additionally, many previous studies involved use of ground-based measurements, and due to the frequent stratified nature of the Arctic atmosphere, brings into question the representativeness of these datasets aloft. Here, we report on airborne observations from the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Fifth Airborne Carbon Measurements (ACME-V) campaign along the North Slope of Alaska during the summer of 2015. Contrary to previous evidence that the Alaskan Arctic summertime air is relatively pristine, we show how local oil extraction activities, 2015’s central Alaskan wildfires, and to a lesser extent, long-range transport introduce aerosols and trace gases higher in concentration than previously reported in Arctic haze measurements to the North Slope. Although these sources were either episodic or localized, they serve as abundant aerosol sources that have the potential to impact a larger spatial scale after emission.
Enumeration of Bacteria in Broth Suspension by Spread and Pour Plating

We will practice spread plating and pour plating using 10- or 100-fold dilution technique to enumerate bacteria cells in solutions on agars.
Online advertising networks and consumer perceptions of privacy

ABSTRACTI use crowd-sourced ratings of website trustworthiness to investigate how consumers weigh the privacy impact of online advertising technologies. I find that using one additional advertising network is associated with a 0.7% increase in trust score and that using a behavioural network is associated with a 4.6% increase in trust score. These counter-intuitive results support the notion that consumers are unaware of the advertising technologies used by websites and their impact on privacy.
Association of gastric intestinal metaplasia and East Asian ethnicity with the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a U.S. population.

Background and Aims Although the incidence of gastric cancer is higher than that of esophageal cancer in the United States, no screening or surveillance guidelines exist. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between gastric intestinal metaplasia and the risk of gastric cancer in a U.S. tertiary care system with a large immigrant population. Methods This is a retrospective case-control study with cases of biopsy-proven gastric cancer matched (by age and gender) to controls without gastric cancer who had undergone EGD. The presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia was ascertained from pathology reports. Other potential risk factors for gastric cancer were abstracted from medical records as follows: country of origin, Helicobacter pylori infection, family history of gastric cancer, alcohol consumption, smoking, and history of partial gastrectomy (Billroth I or II). Conditional logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for gastric cancer. Results One hundred fifty-two cases of gastric cancer were compared with 456 age- and gender-matched controls. The mean age was 66 years, and 57% were male. Multivariable analysis identified 2 significant predictors of gastric cancer: the presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia (odds ratio [OR], 9.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5-18.9; P P Conclusion The presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia on endoscopy and East Asian ethnicity were significant risk factors for gastric cancer. Screening East Asian immigrants and surveying patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia may improve the rates of early detection of gastric cancer in the United States.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Homeless Smokers: Risk and Protective Factors of Latent Class Membership.

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional assessment of well-being and health status. Most work in this area assumes that HRQoL is a homogenous construct; however, it is possible HRQoL subgroups may exist. The purpose of the study was to characterize common classes of HRQoL among adult, homeless smokers, a particularly vulnerable group of the larger population, and to evaluate risk and protective factors of HRQoL class membership. Homeless smokers (N = 456; 65.1% male; Mage = 43.19 years [SD = 11.77]) completed self-report measures of sociodemographics, smoking characteristics, anxiety sensitivity, stress, social support, and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) four-item HRQoL measure. A latent class analysis was conducted for HRQoL. Multinomial regression models were used to simultaneously test correlates of class membership. A three-class solution, consisting of poor HRQoL, moderate HRQoL, and excellent HRQoL, demonstrated superior fit. Correlates of class membership included sex, age, lifetime months of being homeless, smoking characteristics, anxiety sensitivity, stress, and social support. The current findings provide novel evidence for three distinct classes of HRQoL among homeless smokers. Results suggest that older smokers with greater emotional distress, as evidenced by greater anxiety sensitivity, greater stress, and less social support, may be particularly vulnerable to poorer HRQoL.
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Liver Diseases

The metabolic syndrome is often accompanied by liver disease, specifically nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a clinicopathological entity characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver in the setting of minimal to no alcohol intake. It represents a spectrum of liver disease ranging from steatosis to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. The causes of NAFLD are multifactorial and include genetic predisposition and environmental factors including overnutrition. NAFLD is not a defining characteristic of the metabolic syndrome, but these conditions frequently coexist, especially in the setting of obesity. The prevalence of NAFLD in pediatrics has not been clearly determined, but this is considered the most common pediatric liver disease. An important challenge is that NAFLD is typically asymptomatic and is usually not diagnosed unless the clinician specifically evaluates the patient for it. The diagnosis of NAFLD is established through a liver biopsy. There are pathogenetic links between NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome, but the precise pathogeneses of these conditions remain to be fully elucidated. The effects of NAFLD on the natural history of the metabolic syndrome, and vice versa, are not known. However, it is possible that these conditions may exacerbate one another. Further research is needed to answer important questions regarding pediatric NAFLD and its relationship to the metabolic syndrome. What is clear is that given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity, clinicians need to be well informed about the risk of liver disease in the patient with metabolic syndrome.
Fluorescence study of the interaction between the TAT-PTD peptide and the lipid bilayer

The mechanism of internalization of cationic peptides into the cells is unknown. We used fluorescence spectroscopy to study the interaction between Protein Transduction Domain of the HIV-1 TAT prot...
Experiment 3: Understanding Why 250 Pounds Does Not Equal 250 Pounds

It is a common observation that people differ widely in responding to life’s health challenges. Obesity is no exception. We know, for example, that some individuals are more susceptible than others to gaining weight, and that the ease of losing weight (and maintaining weight loss) can vary greatly between people, so that one person may succeed while another fails on the same diet.154,155
Single crystal toroidal diamond anvils for high pressure experiments beyond 5 megabar

Static compression experiments over 4 Mbar are rare, yet critical for developing accurate fundamental physics and chemistry models, relevant to a range of topics including modeling planetary interiors. Here we show that focused ion beam crafted toroidal single-crystal diamond anvils with ~9.0 μm culets are capable of producing pressures over 5 Mbar. The toroidal surface prevents gasket outflow and provides a means to stabilize the central culet. We have reached a maximum pressure of ~6.15 Mbar using Re as in situ pressure marker, a pressure regime typically accessed only by double-stage diamond anvils and dynamic compression platforms. Optimizing single-crystal diamond anvil design is key for extending the pressure range over which studies can be performed in the diamond anvil cell.
Repetitive Negative Thought and Executive Dysfunction: An Interactive Pathway to Emotional Distress

Repetitive negative thought (RNT) is a transdiagnostic process that predicts the onset, severity, and recurrence of several psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. Despite progress in understanding the affective consequences of RNT, the mechanisms through which RNT contributes to clinical symptoms are not well understood. Executive function (EF), a set of cognitive processes that contributes to the organization of cognition and the regulation of emotion, was hypothesized to enhance the effect of RNT on negative affect (NA), a core symptom shared by anxiety and depression. The present study used latent variable modeling and hierarchical linear regression to test the contributions of RNT, EF, and their interactions to NA. Consistent with hypotheses, high levels of RNT were associated with higher NA, and EF deficits enhanced this association. Results provide evidence that the RNT-EF interaction represents a pathway in the development of NA, and by association, anxiety and depression.
The effect of referral to expedited Medicaid on substance use treatment utilization among people with serious mental illness released from prison.

Abstract Adults released from incarceration are at high risk of death from drug-related causes, pointing to the importance of connecting individuals to healthcare services after release from prison. Though Medicaid plays an important role in financing behavioral health treatments for vulnerable groups, many states terminate individuals' Medicaid coverage during incarceration. A significant risk factor for substance use disorders (SUD) among incarcerated individuals is serious mental illness (SMI). In January 2006, Washington State began a program of expedited Medicaid enrollment for individuals with mental illnesses being discharged from state prisons, jails, and psychiatric hospitals. Prior literature has shown this program to be effective in increasing Medicaid enrollment and use of mental health services for people with SMI. The current paper examined the effect of referral to expedited Medicaid on use of SUD treatment for people with SMI released from prison. Our sample consisted of 3086 individuals with a diagnosis of SMI who were released from prison from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007. Of the sample we identified, 871 individuals received referrals for expedited Medicaid and 2215 did not. To control for selection bias on observed characteristics for referral, we used inverse probability weights (IPW) to balance the referred and not-referred groups on more than 50 baseline covariates. We used doubly-robust IPW models to estimate the effect of referral to expedited Medicaid on use of SUD treatments following prison release. Approximately 12% of our sample used any SUD treatment by 3 months after release, with this percentage rising to 28% at 12 months. When controlling for baseline differences, referral to expedited Medicaid enrollment was associated on average with a 6.7 (SE 2.9, p
“I Mean, Define Meaningful!”: Accounts of Meaningfulness among Restaurant Employees

Drawing on ethnographic data collected over a five-year period, this study addresses the complex topic of what constitutes meaningful lives. This research examines restaurant employees’ accounts of meaningfulness in and outside their workplaces. The meaning they ascribe to their jobs and activities external to work reveals five categories of meaningfulness: Helping, Mentoring, Expanding, Belonging, and Supplementation. Regardless of popular opinion, which marks restaurant work as meaningless, the data show how and why restaurant employees construct meaningfulness from the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of their jobs. Additionally, this investigation sheds light on how social constructions of meaning have the potential to contribute to and diminish one’s sense of meaningfulness. This study provides a more comprehensive and inclusionary perspective of the related concepts of meaning, meaningfulness, and meaningful work. Specifically, meaningfulness exists in quotidian and extraordinary experiences, and the workers engage in, understand, and appreciate both.
Miandui jibing: Chuantong zhongguo shehui de yiliao guannian yu zuzhi 面對疾病:傳統中國社會的醫療觀念與組織 [In the Face of Disease: Concepts and Institutions of Medicine in Traditional Chinese Society]Review: Miandui jibingH. Bian

Rarely is a moment more special in a scholar's career than the publication in one single volume of over a dozen essays composed in a period of more than two decades. There is more reason for celebr...
Simulation of Temperature Effects on Concrete Residual Strength of the Slab-Column Connections

Finite element simulations were conducted to explore the effects of high temperatures on the loading capacity of slab-column connection for the concrete flat-plate structures by the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The structure used for the simulation is a slab which thickness is 150 mm with a 300 mm square column in the middle of slab, the column height is 450mm. The size of this slab is the same as experiments conducted by previous paper [1]. Based on the results of simulation, the punching capacity of this structure not experienced high temperature can be predicted with very good accuracy. But the result from simulations underestimated the loading capacity of the this structure after it has been cooled by around 10%. This phenomenon is a little bit conflicts with the known experimental results, however, it can be adjusted by modify the material parameters built-in the software. This article is focus on how to best simulate the concrete behavior for both linear and nonlinear part under the room temperature and cooling after experience a very high temperature.
A Peer-Led Social Media Intervention to Improve Interest in Research Careers Among Urban Youth: Mixed Methods Study

Background: Novel methods to boost interest in scientific research careers among minority youth are largely unexplored. Social media offers a unique avenue toward influencing teen behavior and attitudes, and can therefore be utilized to stimulate interest in clinical research. Objective: The aim of this study was to engage high-achieving minority youth enrolled in a science pipeline program to develop a targeted social media marketing campaign for boosting interest in clinical research careers among their peers. Methods: Students enrolled in the Training Early Achievers for Careers in Health program conducted focus groups in their communities to inform themes that best promote clinical research. They then scripted, storyboarded, and filmed a short video to share on social media with a campaign hashtag. Additionally, each student enrolled peers from their social circle to be subjects of the study. Subjects were sent a Career Orientation Survey at baseline to assess preliminary interest in clinical research careers and again after the campaign to assess how they saw the video, their perceptions of the video, and interest in clinical research careers after watching the video. Subjects who did not see the video through the online campaign were invited to watch the video via a link on the postsurvey. Interest change scores were calculated using differences in Likert-scale responses to the question “how interested are you in a career in clinical research?” An ordinal logistic regression model was used to test the association between watching a peer-shared video, perception of entertainment, and interest change score controlling for underrepresented minorities in medicine status (Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander), gender, and baseline interest in medical or clinical research careers. Results: From 2014 to 2017, 325 subjects were enrolled as part of 4 distinct campaigns: #WhereScienceMeetsReality, #RedefiningResearch, #DoYourResearch, and #LifeWithoutResearch. Over half (n=180) of the subjects watched the video via the campaign, 227/295 (76.9%) found the video entertaining, and 92/325 (28.3%) demonstrated baseline interest in clinical research. The ordinal logistic regression model showed that subjects who viewed the video from a peer (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, 95% CI 1.00-2.44, P=.05) or found the video entertaining (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.82, P=.04) had greater odds of increasing interest in a clinical research career. Subjects with a higher baseline interest in medicine (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28-1.87, P<.001) also had greater odds of increasing their interest in clinical research. Conclusions: The spread of authentic and relevant peer-created messages via social media can increase interest in clinical research careers among diverse teens. Peer-driven social media campaigns should be explored as a way to effectively recruit minority youth into scientific research careers.
Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use among emerging adults: community-level supply factors.

Objectives: Emerging adulthood-spanning 18-29 years of age-is associated with the highest risk for onset of certain behavioral health disorders (e.g. major depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, substance use disorders) and high prevalence of many behavioral health disorders. Yet, rates of mental health service use remain low in this age range. Racial/ethnic minorities are particularly impacted by individual, cultural/linguistic, and community-level barriers to mental health care. This study examined community-level factors associated with mental health service use and investigated whether these associations varied by race/ethnicity. Design: This study analyzed individual- and county-level data for emerging adults in the United States (N=3,294) from the nationally representative Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys (CPES). Using the Andersen Model of Health Care Utilization, analyses examined predisposing, enabling, and need factors utilized in prior studies with adult samples as well as novel community characteristics hypothesized to impact service use among emerging adults of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. Past-year use of both specialty and any mental health services were assessed, controlling for individual- and community-level variables, and adjusting for presence of past-year mental health disorder, overall health status, and functional impairment. Differences between racial/ethnic minority groups and Non-Latino Whites were tested through a multilevel model incorporating random intercepts logistic regression, with analysis focusing on the interaction between race/ethnicity and community-level supply variables. Results: For past-year use of specialty mental health services, density of hospitals with child wellness programs was linked to service use among Black emerging adults, whereas density of hospitals with linguistic/translation services was linked to service use among Latino emerging adults. Conclusions: This study expands on previous research in behavioral health disparities to examine ways to improve behavioral health services for an emerging adult population with unmet service needs and identifies specific community-level factors that can improve mental health for racial/ethnic minority emerging adults.
Outcomes of Tricuspid Valve Operation at the Time of Pericardiectomy for Constrictive Pericarditis.

Abstract Background Determine the outcome effect of concomitant tricuspid valve operation for regurgitation during pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Methods We conducted a cohort study of 310 patients with mild or worse tricuspid valve regurgitation who underwent pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis from 2000 to 2016. Patients were divided into two treatment groups: tricuspid valve operation (n=68) and no tricuspid operation (n=242). Survival analysis, proportional odds models, and landmark analysis were carried out to estimate the treatment effects of tricuspid valve operation. Results Tricuspid valve regurgitation was graded mild in 203 (65%) patients, moderate in 69 (22%), and severe in 38 (12%). Tricuspid valve operation included repair in 54 patients (17%) and replacement in 14 (5%). Mechanical circulatory support was used more commonly in the intervention group (15% versus 5%; p=0.009), but stroke (3% versus 2%; p=0.210) and mortality (9% versus 6%; p=0.422) rates were similar. Tricuspid valve intervention resulted in a reduced risk for long-term mortality (hazard ratio 0.68; 95% CI 0.38-1.21; p=0.192), less than moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation at follow-up (odds ratio versus moderate or severe: 0.093; 95% CI 0.04-0.19), and less than moderate right ventricular enlargement at follow-up (odds ratio versus moderate or severe 0.67; 95% CI 0.35-1.24). Remnant severe right ventricular dysfunction resulted in increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio versus none/trivial: 4.87; 95% CI 1.10-21.65; p=0.037). Conclusions Concomitant tricuspid valve operation for regurgitation can be done without increased operative mortality during pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Operation appears protective against long-term mortality, residual tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular enlargement.
Emergency department management of chemotherapy related febrile neutropenia: An opportunity to improve care.

Abstract Background Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an important oncological emergency seen in the emergency department (ED), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends risk stratification of patients with febrile neutropenia using the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) Index, with ED discharge on oral antibiotics recommended for low-risk patients. Objectives To determine the prevalence of FN neutropenia and medical system wide ED treatment guideline adherence. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with an ICD-10 confirmed diagnosis of FN from January 2016-2019at 13 affiliated EDs within one medical system. Only cancer/chemotherapy related FN were included. Following the MASCC guidelines, we used post-hoc calculations to classify patients as low/high-risk, and compared key clinical variables (mortality, blood culture positivity, interventions). Results 203 patients were found to have FN. 97.9% (184/203) received broad spectrum antibiotics, including 92% of the low-risk group (60/65). All patients were admitted, and no observed in-hospital mortality was noted in the low-risk group, meanwhile 5.1% (7/138) of the high-risk group died. 14/203 patients had positive blood cultures, none in the low-risk group. Conclusion The prevalence of FN is low among 13 EDs that had almost 1.7 million ED visits over a 3-year period. Guideline compliance for low-risk FN was poor. All patients were admitted, and nearly all patients received IV fluids and IV antibiotics. Improving FN management to align with national guidelines represents an opportunity to improved ED care of patients with cancer by reducing unnecessary hospitalizations.
Associations of infection control measures and norovirus outbreak outcomes in healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Although most norovirus outbreaks in high-income countries occur in healthcare facilities, information on associations between control measures and outbreak outcomes in these settings are lacking. Methods We conducted a systematic review/meta-analysis of published papers to assess associations between norovirus outbreak control measures and outcomes in hospitals and long-term care facilities (LTCFs), globally. Using regression analyses stratified by setting (hospital/LTCF), we compared durations, attack rates and case counts for outbreaks in which control measures were reportedly implemented to those in which they were not. Results We identified 102 papers describing 162 norovirus outbreaks. Control measures were reportedly implemented in 118 (73%) outbreaks and were associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.3-1.1) times smaller patient case counts and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.0) times shorter durations in hospitals but 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.2), 1.5 (95% CI: 1.0-2.1) and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.0-2.6) times larger overall, resident and staff case counts, respectively, and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0-2.0) times longer durations in LTCFs. Conclusions Reported implementation of control measures was associated with smaller/shorter outbreaks in hospitals but larger/longer outbreaks in LTCFs. Control measures were likely implemented in response to larger/longer outbreaks in LTCFs, rather than causing them. Prospective observational or intervention studies are needed to determine effectiveness.
Managing depression in India: Opportunities for a targeted smartphone app.

Background:More than forty million people suffer from depression in India. A lack of awareness, stigma related to mental health issues, and limited accessibility to treatment services magnify the p...
Blockchain smart contract reference framework and program logic architecture for transactive energy systems

Abstract This paper proposes a reference framework for a transactive energy market based on distributed ledger technology such as blockchain. The framework design was based on the engineering requirements of a distribution-scale market, including participant needs, expected market transactions, and the cybersecurity constructs required to support a fair, secure, and efficient market operation. It leverages the existing blockchain attributes to provide clear value propositions that are applicable to transactive energy market applications. Those attributes are evaluated to not only facilitate the energy market mechanisms but also assist with the cybersecurity requirements, such as access control management (including identification, authentication, and authorization); data security and integrity; and resilience management (decentralization, scalability, and performance during faults). The validity of the proposed framework is demonstrated using a real-time, five-minute double-auction market. The results highlight the framework benefits and provide a strong validation of its applicability to blockchain-based transactive energy systems. The proposed design can help to support machine-to-machine transactions that can be directly integrated into complex grid operations, such as automated market bidding and self-sufficient, resilience-capable grids.
Truth, Pretense and the Liar Paradox

In this paper we explain our pretense account of truth-talk and apply it in a diagnosis and treatment of the Liar Paradox. We begin by assuming that some form of deflationism is the correct approach to the topic of truth. We then briefly motivate the idea that all T-deflationists should endorse a fictionalist view of truth-talk, and, after distinguishing pretense-involving fictionalism (PIF) from error-theoretic fictionalism (ETF), explain the merits of the former over the latter. After presenting the basic framework of our PIF account of truth-talk, we demonstrate a few advantages it offers over T-deflationist accounts that do not explicitly acknowledge pretense at work in the discourse. In turning to the Liar Paradox, we explain how the quasi-anaphoric functioning that our account attributes to truth-talk provides a diagnosis of the Liar Paradox (and other instances of semantic pathology) as having no content—in the sense of not specifying any of what we call M-conditions. At the same time, however, we vindicate the intuition that we can understand liar sentences, thereby avoiding one standard objection to “meaningless strategy” responses to the Liar Paradox. With this diagnosis in place, we then, by way of treatment, introduce a new predicate, ‘semantically defective’, and show how the explanation we give for its application allows for a consistent, yet revenge-immune, (dis)solution of the Liar Paradox, and semantic pathology generally.
Strain Rate Dependence in Steady, Plastic Shock Waves

One-dimensional plane shock waves have been widely used to study the mechanical response of solids to high velocity deformation. For many materials, under a certain range of impact pressures, there exists a two-wave structure of which the first wave, the so-called elastic precursor, travels at the velocity of sound waves, while the second wave, the so-called plastic shock wave, travels at a slower speed which increases with the impact pressure. While the full two-wave structure is thus not steady (does not propagate without change of form), each component wave may be treated as steady after sufficient propagation distance. With regard to the steady plastic wave, Grady1 noted that the wave profile data of Barker2 for aluminum suggested the empirical relationship $$ {\dot \in _{\text{M}}} = k\,p_{D,}^4 $$ (1) where k is a material dependent constant, and where \( {\dot \in _{\text{M}}} \) is the maximum of the absolute value of the strain rate in the plastic wave, while p D is the driving or impact pressure required to create the wave. Within the class of materials meeting $$ \sigma = f( \in ) + g(\dot \in ), $$ (2) where σ is the axial stress and where f(∈) and \( g\left( {\dot \in } \right) \) are certain functions of, respectively, the uniaxial strain ∈ and its material time rate ∈, Grady further observed that (1), along with a standard assumed form for f(·), implied that, to a first approximation, $$g\left( {\dot \in } \right) = {\mu _0}{\mathop{\rm sgn}} \left( {\dot \in } \right){\left| {\dot \in } \right|^{\frac{1}{2}}}$$ (3) where µ 0 is a material dependent constant.
Control of a 2-DOF powered ankle-foot mechanism

This paper describes a finite state machine to control an ankle-foot prosthesis with two degrees of freedom (DOF) in the sagittal and frontal planes. Strain gauges were installed in the foot to provide ground reaction torques feedback for impedance and admittance controllers to be used at heel-strike and push-off of the gait, respectively. The quasi-static stiffness of the ankle with the active control was measured showing a near linear relationship between the torque feedback gain and the stiffness of the ankle. The performance of the finite state machine and controllers were also evaluated using a custom-made circular treadmill and the results were compared to the results of the prosthesis using position controller and inactive controllers. The results showed that the impedance/admittance controller was capable of tracking the desired input trajectory while decreasing the required torque at the ankle joint.
Time Accurate CFD Simulations of the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle in the Transonic Regime

Significant asymmetries in the fluid dynamics were calculated for some cases in the CFD simulations of the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle through its abort trajectories. The CFD simulations were performed steady state and in three dimensions with symmetric geometries, no freestream sideslip angle, and motors firing. The trajectory points at issue were in the transonic regime, at 0 and +/- 5 angles of attack with the Abort Motors with and without the Attitude Control Motors (ACM) firing. In some of the cases the asymmetric fluid dynamics resulted in aerodynamic side forces that were large enough that would overcome the control authority of the ACMs. MSFC's Fluid Dynamics Group supported the investigation into the cause of the flow asymmetries with time accurate CFD simulations, utilizing a hybrid RANS-LES turbulence model. The results show that the flow over the vehicle and the subsequent interaction with the AB and ACM motor plumes were unsteady. The resulting instantaneous aerodynamic forces were oscillatory with fairly large magnitudes. Time averaged aerodynamic forces were essentially symmetric.
Immunodiffusion analysis of Yaba poxvirus structural and associated antigens.

Abstract Yaba poxvirus virions were extracted and purified from Rhesus monkey tumors. A saline-soluble virion fraction (Y-xp), obtained by mechanical fractionation of purified virions with an X-press, contained seven components in acrylamide gel electrophoresis; five of these components were reactive in immunodiffusion with whole virion and Y-xp antisera produced in rabbits and monkeys. The saline-insoluble residue remaining after X-press treatment was hydrolyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, and 2-mercaptoethanol (SUM). This fraction, Y-sum, contained five components, four of which were demonstrable by immunodiffusion. There was no evidence of antigenic relationships between Y-xp and Y-sum antigens in immunodiffusion. In acrylamide gel electrophoresis, one Y-xp and one Y-sum component had similar mobilities. Y-xp but not Y-sum antisera contained viral-neutralizing antibodies. Virus-free saline extracts of Yaba tumor prepared with Genetron (YS) were essentially devoid of virion structural antigens. They failed to induce precipitating antibodies for virion antigens, were nonreactive in immunodiffusion with virion antisera, and gave low complement-fixation titers with virion antisera. Yaba virion antigens were recovered from the Genetron tumor sediment by SUM and alkaline hydrolysis. Antisera prepared to YS extracts gave a maximum of 17 precipitin lines in immunodiffusion with YS extracts; none was identified as a virion structural antigen. Saline extracts of tumor prepared without Genetron contained immunogenic amounts of 5 virion antigens and 12 to 14 associated antigens. Animals immunized with infected cell culture extracts (virus-free) formed antibodies to six to seven virion antigens. The implications of using extracts of Yaba poxvirus-infected tissues in complement-fixation tests to measure virion antibodies were discussed.
Lessons from system development

Welcome to volume 8 of IEEE Internet Computing. This year, we plan to run theme issues on business processes on the Web, internationalizing the Web, data dissemination, device nets, measuring network performance, and homeland security. We will also be featuring two ongoing “tracks”: Agents, edited by Mike Huhns, and Middleware, edited by Doug Lea and Steve Vinoski. We welcome two new columnists who will appear in alternating issues:
Pseudoectopic intrauterine contraceptive device (a case report).

A case report in which a silver surgical clip was mistaken for the identifying metallic bar affixed to an Antigon intrauterine device (IUD) is presented. The tail of the device was found to be missing during a routine examination. Radiographic examination revealed a metallic clip outside the uterine cavity. Laparotomy however failed to locate the IUD outside of the uterine cavity. In patients wearing an IUD containing a bar metallic marker suspicion of uterine perforation must be carefully evaluated with regard to previous operations and X-rays of the entire abdomen are mandatory.
The Perils of Illegitimate Online Pharmacies: Substance-Induced Panic Attacks and Mood Instability Associated With Selegiline and Phenylethylamine.

The recent rise in public access to illegitimate online pharmacies providing unrestricted access to psychotropic medications, in combination with the growing availability of substances that can produce legal highs, poses a significant risk to patients. This report describes a case of substance-induced depression and panic attacks associated with illegitimately obtained selegiline used in combination with the health supplement phenylethylamine (PEA).
Wetting of3He-4He mixtures on alkali metal substrates

From available information concerning the wetting behavior of pure3He and pure4He on alkali metal substrates, as well as the known properties of bulk3He-4He mixtures, the complete wetting phase diagrams for such mixtures, showing prewetting, isotopic separation and lambda transitions for the film phases have been derived. We predict new phenomena such as a triple-point induced dewetting transition, and the absence of a superfluid film wetting Cs, Rb and K walls under concentrated3He solutions.
The relationship between physical activity and brain responses to pain in fibromyalgia.

Abstract The relationship between physical activity and central nervous system mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia (FM) is unknown. This study determined whether physical activity was predictive of brain responses to experimental pain in FM using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thirty-four participants (n = 16 FM; n=18 Control) completed self-report and accelerometer measures of physical activity and underwent fMRI of painful heat stimuli. In FM patients, positive relationships ( P P P P P Perspective Our data suggest that brain responses to pain represent a dynamic process where perception and modulation co-occur and that physical activity plays a role in balancing these processes. Physically active FM patients appear to maintain their ability to modulate pain while those who are less active do not.
Facing the Apartheid Archive, or, of archons and researchers

The Apartheid Archives project collects narratives of Apartheid experiences, which are archived and provide source material for academic research. Using selected writings of the philosophers, Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas with which to buttress its arguments, this article maintains that a particular ethical responsibility accrues, fundamentally, to the researcher of the post-Apartheid archive. Indeed, it is argued that this researcher, as an archon, does not guard or collect a past as much as it offers a future, and is oriented towards a messianic justice.
Ratio of Trunk to Leg Volume as a New Body Shape Metric for Diabetes and Mortality

Background:Body shape is a known risk factor for diabetes and mortality, but the methods estimating body shape, BMI and waist circumference are crude. We determined whether a novel body shape measure, trunk to leg volume ratio, was independently associated
A new take on v(d)j recombination: transcription driven nuclear and chromatin reorganization in rag-mediated cleavage.

It is nearly thirty years since the Alt lab first put forward the accessibility model, which proposes that cleavage of the various loci is controlled by lineage and stage specific factors that regulate RAG access to the different loci. Numerous labs have since demonstrated that locus opening is regulated at multiple levels that include sterile transcription, changes in chromatin packaging and alterations in locus conformation. Here we focus on the interplay between transcription and RAG binding in facilitating targeted cleavage. We discuss the results of recent studies that implicate transcription in regulating nuclear organization and altering the composition of resident nucleosomes to promote regional access to the recombinase machinery. Additionally we include new data that provide insight into the role of the RAG proteins in defining nuclear organization in recombining T cells.
SU‐FF‐T‐96: Characteristics of Narrow Field Photon Beam Measurements for a Micro‐MLC Based Radiosurgery System

Purpose: To determine the response of various detectors in the commissioning of narrow field megavoltage photon beams for a micro‐MLC based radiosurgery system. Method and Materials: We commissioned both a standard and a high dose rate 6 MV photon beams from a Trilogy unit (Varian Medical systems, Palo Alto CA) for the pencil beam algorithm using a micro‐MLC based Radiosurgery system (BrainLAB AG Germany). The loss of lateral equilibrium, high dose gradients, and spectral changes within high energy narrow photon beams imposes restrictions on detector composition and size used for relative measurements. We investigated the response of two p‐type Si‐diodes (Scanditronix photon and stereotactic diodes), a diamond (PTW) detector, a cylindrical (Scanditronix RK chamber) and a micro‐ion‐chamber (Exradin A16) for depth dose and relative output measurements. Results: Percent depth dose measurement with photon diode (guarded) yielded consistently higher measurements by 1–2% compared to ionization chamber results for larger depths with increasing field sizes. Stereotactic diode measurements of depth doses for field sizes ⩾18×18 mm2 yielded 1–2% lower values compared to ionization chamber results. For field sizes ⩽12×12mm2photon diode depth dose measurements were higher by 1–5% at depths > 5cm compared to those measured by stereotactic diode. The relative output factors measured by photon diode, diamonddetector and both ion chambers were within 1% agreement with each other for all field sizes ⩾ 30×30mm2. The stereotactic diode measurements were lower by ∼2.5% for all but the smallest field size of 6×6 mm2 compared to other detectors. Relative output factors for the high dose rate beam were higher by 2–4% for fields < 18×18mm2 compared to the standard 6 MV photon beam. Conclusion: Measurement of relative output factors and depth doses for megavoltage narrow photon fields require multiple detectors to correctly estimate the true response over the range of measurements.
Reasoning about conditional probabilities in a higher-order-logic theorem prover

Abstract In the field of probabilistic analysis, the concept of conditional probability plays a major role for estimating probabilities when some partial information concerning the result of the experiment is available. This paper presents a higher-order-logic definition of conditional probability and the formal verification of some classical properties of conditional probability, such as, the total probability law and Bayes' theorem. This infrastructure, implemented in the HOL theorem prover, allows us to precisely reason about conditional probabilities for probabilistic systems within the sound core of HOL and thus proves to be quite useful for the analysis of systems used in safety-critical domains, such as space, medicine and transportation. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we provide the precise probabilistic analysis of the binary asymmetric channel, a widely used concept in communication theory, within the HOL theorem prover.