cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elephant Butte Controversy: A Chapter in the Emergence of Federal Water Law

X\/HO controls the waters of the public domain? This became a matter of national concern only after the westward-moving frontier reached the arid interior. At this point the prevailing common-law doctrine assuring riparian landowners a relatively undiminished, unpolluted flow broke down because water users had to depend on surface waters rather than rainfall. A doctrine better suited to western conditions developed as a by-product of the California gold rush. Goldseekers, who had preempted claims extralegally, frequently diverted streams from their channels to carry on placer-mining operations. In order to establish a shadow of legality for their actions, the miners turned to the time-honored frontier device of organizing themselves into bodies politic and adopting their own rules. In addition to prescribing methods for filing on claims, they recognized the right of the first appropriator of water to conduct it to the place where he could put it to use, irrespective of downstream riparian settlers. Congress casually accepted local mining custom and the accompanying water doctrine in the mining law of July 26, 1866, adding in 1870 that all future preemption and homestead patents were subject to vested water rights.' Western states interpreted this legislation as placing all non-navigable waters within their boundaries under their exclusive jurisdiction. The Desert Land Act of 1877 bolstered this interpretation by recognizing the right of entrymen to appropriate under state law any unappropriated waters
Induced Drag of High -Aspect Ratio Wings

The subsonic aerodynamics of airplane wings was studied extensively over the last century, particularly when wing as pect ratio is less than ten. Recent trends in the design of high endurance drones using stiff composite materials, however, resulted in wing geometries with much higher aspect ratios. A literature survey to estimate the induced drag of such high aspect rat io wings indicated that no tabulated data is available for cases where aspect ratio is as high as 25. The objective of this study, therefore, is to develop a simple data set to present calculated induced drag values for high aspect ratio rectangular wings versus parameters such as taper, twist, leading edge sweep, and dihedral.
The fundamental conditions of surgical shock

Death in shock may be either from failure of respiration, or from failure of the circulation. In Crile's experiments, and in my own, the former mode of death was much more common than the latter. As I have recently shown, deaths of this type occur also in human beings after intense pain. The excessive breathing induced by pain diminishes the carbon dioxide content of the blood and tissues. This acapnia is the cause of the depression of all functions so characteristic of shock. Finally, apnœa vera occurs in exactly the same manner as in a normal man after voluntarily forced breathing.If death from apnœa is prevented by supplying artificial respiration, as in the majority of Crile's experiments, or by continual afferent irritation, as in my own, the circulation fails. Crile proved that this is not heart failure. Seelig and Lyon have proved that it is not vaso-motor failure, but that on the contrary the peripheral arteries are in intense constriction. Malcolm has suggested that the volume of the blood is dim...
Bypass NF-kappaB-mediated survival pathways by TRAIL and Smac.

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006 B124 Activation of NF-kappaB is frequently associated with human malignancies. The involvement of NF-kappaB is in part attributed to its ability to activate various genes promoting cell survival. This property contributes to tumor development, aggressive tumor growth, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation in cancer treatment. Thus, developing strategies to overcome NF-kappaB-mediated cell survival is critical to improve cancer prevention and therapy. Various reports have shown that inhibition of NF-kappaB promotes apoptosis and suppress tumor growth. However, as NF-kappaB has many important cellular functions, targeting NF-kappaB directly may lead to severe side effects, which is undesirable for chemoprevention applications. In this report, we described a novel approach using TRAIL and a Smac analog to overcome and bypass NF-kappaB activation in cancer treatment. Since this treatment has no effect on NF-kappaB activation and TRAIL offers tumor selectivity, these results provide a novel strategy with potentially low toxicity to overcome NF-kappaB activation in cancer cells, which has potential therapeutic benefit and chemopreventive applications.
A 260 MHz IF Sampling Bit-Stream Processing Digital Beamformer With an Integrated Array of Continuous-Time Band-Pass $\Delta \Sigma $ Modulators

We propose an ADC-digital codesign approach to IF sampling digital beamforming (DBF) that combines continuous-time bandpass ${\Delta \Sigma }$ modulators (CTBPDSMs) and bit-stream processing (BSP). This approach enables power- and area-efficient DBF by removing the need for digital multipliers and multiple decimators. The prototype beamformer digitizes eight 260 MHz IF signals at 1040 MS/s with eight CTBPDSMs, and performs digital down conversion and phase shifting with only multiplexers directly on the undecimated CTBPDSM outputs. With two sets of phase shifters, the prototype simultaneously forms two independent beams. Each phase shifter is controlled by a 12 bit programmable complex weight to provide a total of 240 phase-shift steps. By constructively combining inputs from eight elements, an 8.9 dB SNDR improvement is achieved, resulting in an array SNDR of 63.3 dB over a 10 MHz bandwidth. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the eight-element two-beam prototype beamformer is the first IC implementation of IF sampling DBF. It occupies $\text{0.28}\;\text{mm}^{ 2}$ , and consumes 123.7 mW.
Academic, Clinical, and Educational Experiences of Self-Identified Fluency Specialists

Purpose The purpose of the present study is to examine whether the academic, clinical, and fluency-related student experiences of professionals who self-identify as having specialized knowledge of ...
The Reflection on the Construction and Development of“Smart Fire”

With the world set off a craze for building "smart city","smart fire"constructing as part of the construction of the" smart city "has been the concern of the public security and fire agencies at all levels.This paper discusses the background of the development,concept,the relationships of"digital fire"and constructing needs,and and construct a platform framework and key construction projects of"smart Fire",I hope to provide some inspiration to give "smart fire"constructing.
Abstract A81: Targeting of free fatty acid signaling in ovarian cancer may serve as a potential therapeutic approach.

Recent studies have revealed an association between adipocyte driven free fatty acids (FFA) and the aggressiveness of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Adipocyte derived free fatty acids (FFA) seem to promote epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) growth and progression by acting as mitochondrial fuel source to support the energy requirements of EOC cells. Apart from acting as a fuel source, FFA may also enhance tumor growth through other signaling pathways that can promote proliferation and regulate metabolism. Recently, a family of FFA activated G-protein coupled receptors (FFAR/GPCRs) was identified, including: FFAR1/GPR40, FFAR2/GPR42, FFAR3/GPR41, FFAR4/GPR120 and GPR84. Using RT-PCR, we have found that exposing EOC cells to adipocytes results in overexpression of FFAR1/GPR40 in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines (ID8, A2780, C200, OVCAR3 and SKOV3). In mRNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor specimens, approximately 80% of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas exhibited increased FFAR1 expression. Additionally, analysis of TCGA database revealed that patients with tumors exhibiting increased mRNA expression of FFAR1/GPR40 had poor overall survival and progression free survival. We have also found that targeting FFAR1 using its specific antagonist GW1100 inhibited the proliferation of A2780, ID8, C200, OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines and resulted in downstream inhibition of insulin secretion and the Akt signaling pathway. On the other hand, treatment of the same cells with the FFAR1 agonist ,CAY10587, had no effect on proliferation. Thus, we conclude that FFAR1 may play an important role in the regulation of FFA mediated EOC cell proliferation. Targeting of FFAR1/GPR40 may be an attractive strategy in EOC, particularly for EOC patients presenting with high adiposity. Citation Format: Adnan Munkarah, Suhail Hamid, Jasdeep Chhina, Ismail Mert, LaToya Jackson, Sharon Hensley-Alford, Dhananjay Chitale, Shailendra Giri, Ramandeep Rattan. Targeting of free fatty acid signaling in ovarian cancer may serve as a potential therapeutic approach. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A81.
Common coding variants in the HLA-DQB1 region confer susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk variants in the complement system point to the important role of immune response and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AMD. Although the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has a central role in regulating immune response, previous studies of genetic variation in HLA genes and AMD have been limited by sample size or incomplete coverage of the HLA region by first-generation genotyping arrays and imputation panels. Here, we conducted a large-scale HLA fine-mapping study with 4841 AMD cases and 23 790 controls of non-Hispanic white ancestry from the Kaiser Permanente Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort. Genotyping was conducted using custom Affymetrix Axiom arrays, with dense coverage of the HLA region. Classic HLA polymorphisms were imputed using SNP2HLA, which utilizes a large reference panel to provide improved imputation accuracy of variants in this region. We examined a total of 6937 SNPs and 172 classical HLA alleles, conditioning on established AMD risk variants, which revealed novel associations with two non-synonymous SNPs in perfect linkage disequilibrium, rs9274390 and rs41563814 (odds ratio (OR)=1.21; P=1.4 × 10−11) corresponding to amino-acid changes at position 66 and 67 in HLA-DQB1, respectively, and the DQB1*02 classical HLA allele (OR=1.22; P=3.9 × 10−10) with the risk of AMD. We confirmed these association signals, again conditioning on established risk variants, in the MMAP data set of subjects with advanced AMD (rs9274390/rs41563814: OR=1.28; P=1.30 × 10−3, DQB1*02: OR=1.32; P=9.00 × 10−4). These findings support a role of HLA class II alleles in the risk of AMD.
Die potentiellen Anwendungen von Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren bei der Behandlung der Osteonekrose

Die Osteonekrose des Femurkopfes ist und bleibt eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung fur junge Patienten, die in fast allen Fallen zu einer Zerstorung des Huftgelenks fuhrt. Als Behandlungsmoglichkeit scheinen Zytokine, knochenmorphogenetische Proteine (bone morphogenetic proteins) und angiogene Faktoren fur die Zukunft vielversprechend zu sein. Voraussetzung hierfur ist jedoch, dass man bedeutend mehr uber ihre Wirkungen auf Knochenresorption, Knochenneubildung und Knochenheilung weis. Wenn man dann auch die Pathophysiologie der gestorten Reparaturvorgange bei der Osteonekrose (ON) besser versteht, mussten sich geeignete Wirkstoffe und Wirkstoffkombinationen fur eine positive Beeinflussung des Krankheitsverlaufs mit eventueller Ausheilung des Nekroseareals ergeben. In Anbetracht der unzahligen moglichen Wirkstoffe und Kombinationen wird jedoch ein geeignetes ON-Tiermodell dringend benotigt. Inzwischen konnten aber auch Versuche direkt am Menschen als adjuvante Therapie zusammen mit etablierten chirurgischen Behandlungsmethoden verantwortet werden, da diese Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren auch lokal in Nanogrammdosen verabreicht werden konnen und so kaum Nebenwirkungen verursachen.
Orientational ordering in Langmuir monolayers studied by optical second harmonic generation

Water insoluble organic molecules that consist of both a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group, when situated at the air-water interface, tend to align themselves with the hydrophilic group anchored to the water substrate. If such molecules also contain a chromophore that exhibits large hyperpolarizabilities, their Langmuir monolayers usually possess macroscopic second-order optical nonlinearities. Out of such monolayers, multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett films for nonlinear optics can be built.1 It is, therefore, of both fundamental and practical interest to investigate the influence of the molecular structure on the polar alignment in Langmuir monolayers.
Inelastic Response of Structures

The conventional design approach works with factored loads and reduced material capacities such as strength. When subjected to service loads, the structure is detailed such that it behaves elastically. For extreme loadings, the structure is allowed to experience a limited amount of deformation beyond the elastic limit. This deformation is called “inelastic” since in contrast to elastic deformation, when the loading is removed, the structure does not return to its original position. Up to this point in the text, we have assumed the behavior to be elastic. In Chap. 10, we included geometric nonlinear effects but still assumed elastic behavior. Here, we introduce an additional effect, inelastic behavior. We start with an in-depth discussion of the stress–strain behavior of structural steels and concrete, apply these ideas to beams subjected to inelastic bending, and then develop an analysis procedure to determine the inelastic response of frame-type structures. This approach allows one to estimate the “maximum” loading that a structure can support, i.e., the “limit load.” Examples illustrating the influence of inelastic behavior on the ultimate capacity are included.
Training motivation and satisfaction: The role of goal orientation and offshoring perception

Abstract An individual's goal orientation can influence their training motivation training satisfaction. Additionally, with the increased movement of jobs overseas, an individual's perception regarding the intensity of the occurrence of offshoring may influence this relationship. To evaluate the relationships of the dimensions of goal orientation (learning, avoid, and prove) on the dimensions of training motivation (learning and transfer) and training satisfaction, data were obtained from 442 degree-seeking students and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings suggest that learning and prove goal orientations were positively related to motivation to transfer and motivation to learn. Additionally, learning goal orientation and training satisfaction are positively related. Furthermore, offshoring perception particularly influenced the relationships involving learning goal orientation. Specifically, high offshoring perception (the belief that offshoring occurs frequently) strengthens the relationship between learning goal orientation and motivation to transfer, motivation to learn, and training satisfaction.
A study of the performance of 2-stage adaptive optimal designs in a logistic dose-response model

It is well-known that optimal designs for logistics regression models depend on the unknown parameter values. In practice, guess values are used as proxies. Thus the actual design implemented is a ...
Association of Human Development Index with global bladder, kidney, prostate and testis cancer incidence and mortality.

Objectives To describe contemporary worldwide age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for bladder, kidney, prostate and testis cancer and their association with development. Materials and Methods We obtained gender-specific, age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for 184 countries and 16 major world regions from the GLOBOCAN 2012 database. We compared the mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) at national and regional levels in males and females, and assessed the association with socio-economic development using the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Age-standardized incidence rates were 2.9 (bladder) to 7.4 (testis) times higher for genitourinary malignancies in more developed countries compared with less developed countries. Age-standardized mortality rates were 1.5–2.2 times higher in more vs less developed countries for prostate, bladder and kidney cancer, with no variation in mortality rates observed in testis cancer. There was a strong inverse relationship between HDI and MIR in testis (regression coefficient 1.65, R2 = 0.78), prostate (regression coefficient −1.56, R2 = 0.85), kidney (regression coefficient −1.34, R2 = 0.74), and bladder cancer (regression coefficient −1.01, R2 = 0.80). Conclusion While incidence and mortality rates for genitourinary cancers vary widely throughout the world, the MIR is highest in less developed countries for all four major genitourinary malignancies. Further research is needed to understand whether differences in comorbidities, exposures, time to diagnosis, access to healthcare, diagnostic techniques or treatment options explain the observed inequalities in genitourinary cancer outcomes.
Self-reported Functional and Psychosocial Outcomes of Blind Rehabilitation:

This study explored changes in the self-reported functional capacity and psychosocial adjustment of 40 persons who completed a comprehensive residential rehabilitation program for visually impaired...
Assessing Health Outcomes and Youth-Related Items for the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire:

Recently, several researchers have suggested additional items be included to the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire for a younger population (children ages 10–17). Two sets of items ...
Making Breast Cancer Diagnoses in Low-Resource Settings

Point-of-Care Technology methods of tissue biopsy handling, imaging and prognostic marker evaluation can obviate current expensive processes requiring highly skilled technicians, that currently limit breast cancer diagnosis and therapeutic decision making in low-resource settings.
Instruction Is Contextual: An Examination of McNair Program Curricula for STEM Scholars and Recommendations Based on the Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education

ABSTRACTThe Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement awards help prepare high-achieving but economically disadvantaged and underrepresented minority students for graduate research. This paper discusses the results of a survey of the 2016–2017 institutional recipients of these awards, about curricula and pedagogy employed in their program’s research course, especially elements specifically created to assist students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields. This paper also reviews librarian-led instruction for McNair scholars in STEM at Rutgers University during 2016 and 2017, designed using the Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education, that explores the disciplinary as well as societal, ethical, and financial contexts of research that are relevant to McNair scholars.
Future Surgical Procedures: iTind, Rezūm, and Aquablation

Abstract Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in adult males and frequently accompanied by abnormalities in urinary filling and/or voiding, termed lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Treating BPH/LUTS, both pharmacologically and surgically, is by no means a novel concept. However, various inadequacies of traditional therapies catalyzed the development of new minimally invasive techniques in surgery. Among them, the Temporary Implantable Nitinol Device, Rezūm, and AquaBeam Systems utilize mechanical dilation, vapor-based thermal energy ablation, and high-pressure water-jet Aquablation, respectively, to either displace or destroy overgrowth of prostatic tissue impinging on urethral flow. Early trials indicate substantial promise for each as a successful therapeutic option for BPH/LUTS, though more extensive research is warranted.
Naturalization: Determinants and Process in the Hispanic Community: An Overview of Citizenship in the Hispanic Community1

This study investigates the political and social consequences of non-citizenship on the Hispanic community and describes how the studies in this volume grew from a national applied research project...
Twixt Method and Madness

For years I have urged that there is more to scientific method than meets the philosophical eye. Some highly touted conceptions of method — the hypothetical-deductive (H-D) method, for instance — are remarkably thin when it gets down to details. For when one studies real scientific cases of problem solving and theory construction, the methodological features are almost always more substantive and more interesting than what one reads in general methodological accounts. There are more things in heaven and earth...’
Fabrication and Properties of Transformation-Toughened Sodium Beta”-Alumina

Sodium β-Al2O3 is a fast ion conductor for sodium and is useful for a variety of applications1−3. In particular, it is the prime candidate as the solid state electrolyte in the Na-S battery. The technical feasibility of this battery has been demonstrated but its lifetime is often limited by electrolytic degradation. Two failure modes have been identified4 and the analysis of one of these modes 5−7 indicated that the critical current density for the initiation of failure should depend on the fracture toughness of the electrolyte. Thus, techniques to increase the fracture toughness of the ceramic would be beneficial in terms of the lifetime of the battery. Moreover, if the increase in toughness can be translated into improved strength, this would lead to improvements in other aspects of the mechanical reliability.
Genome Annotation and Analysis

In the preceding chapter, we gave a brief overview of the methods that are commonly used for identification of protein-coding genes and analysis of protein sequences. Here, we turn to one of the main subjects of this book, namely how these methods are applied to the task of primary analysis of genomes, which often goes under the name of “genome annotation”. Many researchers still view genome annotation as a notoriously unreliable and inaccurate process. There are excellent reasons for this opinion: genome annotation produces a considerable number of errors and some outright ridiculous “identifications” (see ♦3.1.3 and further discussion in this chapter). These errors are highly visible, even when the error rate is quite low: because of the large number of genes in most genomes, the errors are also rather numerous. Some of the problems and challenges faced by genome annotation are an issue of quantity turning into quality: an analysis that can be easily and reliably done by a qualified researcher for one or ten protein sequences becomes difficult and error-prone for the same scientist and much more so for an automated tool when the task is scaled up to 10,000 sequences. We discuss here the performance of manual, automated and mixed approaches in genome annotation and ways to avoid some common pitfalls.
Modeling Posterior Probabilities using the Linear Exponential Family

A commonly used distribution on the probability simplex is the Dirichlet distribution. In this paper we present the linear exponential family as an alternative. The distribution is known in the statistics community, but we present in this paper a numerically stable method to compute its parameters. Although the Dirichlet distribution is known to be a good Bayesian prior for probabilities we believe this paper shows that the linear exponential model offers a good alternative in other contexts, such as when we want to use posterior probabilities as features for automatic speech recognition. We show how to incorporate posterior probabilities as additional features to an existing GMM, and show that the resulting model gives a 0.6% relative gain on a broadcast news speech recognition system. Index Terms: Linear Exponential Family, Simplex, Divided Difference, Partition Function
Secondary Electron Yield Measurements of Carbon Nanotube Forests: Dependence on Morphology and Substrate

Total, secondary, and backscatter electron yield data were taken with beam energies between 15 eV and 30 keV, in conjunction with energy emission data, to determine the extent of suppression of yield caused by carbon nanotube (CNT) forest coatings on substrates. CNT forests can potentially lower substrate yield due to both its inherently low-yield, low-atomic number (Z) carbon composition, and its bundled, high-aspect-ratio structure. Rough surfaces, and in particular, surfaces with deep high-aspect-ratio voids, can suppress yields, as the electrons emitted from lower lying surfaces are recaptured by surface protrusions rather than escaping the near-surface region. Yields of multilayered materials can be modeled essentially serially as a combination of the constituents. However, it is shown that suppression of yields due to CNT forest morphology is more significant than simple predicted contributions of homogeneous layered components. This effect is found to be most pronounced at low energies, where the incident electrons interact preferentially with the CNTs. CNT forests between 20 and $50~\mu \text{m}$ tall were grown on a thick silicon substrate capped with a 3-nm diffusion barrier of evaporated aluminum using a wet injection chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Yields of an annealed substrate and constituent bulk materials were also investigated. At incident electron energies above ~1200 eV, the substrate secondary yield dominated those of the CNT forests, as incident electrons penetrated through the low-density, low-Z CNT forests, and backscattered from the higher-Z substrate. At lower energies <1200 eV, the CNT forests substantially reduced the overall yields of the substrate, and for <500-eV, CNT forest yields were <1, well below the already low yields of bulk graphite. This suppressed yield at low energies is attributed to the porosity and preferred vertical alignment of the CNT forest. The yield’s dependence on the height and density of the CNT forest is also discussed.
Evaluation of the Passive Cooling Potential of Thermal Mass Inherent in Medium to Large Commercial Buildings

Abstract Typical commercial construction inherently contains large surface areas of relatively thin mass located in the floor slabs. This research asks how effective this mass could be for passive ...
The relationship between trained ratings and untrained listeners' judgments of global coherence in extended monologues.

Background: Global coherence rating scales have been used by a number of researchers to examine spoken discourse in populations with and without acquired neurogenic communication disorders. The 4-p...
NEW DATABASE PRODUCTS: SOCIAL SCIENCE, HUMANITIES, NEWS, AND GENERAL (ISSUE 12)

This is the twelfth article on social science, humanities, news, and general databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering science, technology, and, medicine (STM) appeared in Online & CD‐ROM Review vol. 22, no. 4 and the other covering business and law (BSL) will appear in Online & CD‐ROM Review vol. 22, no. 6. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Dafabases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).
Evaluation of quantitative, efficient image reconstruction for VersaPET, a compact PET system.

Purpose Previously we developed a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) system-VersaPET-characterized by a block geometry with relatively large axial and transaxial interblock gaps and a compact geometry susceptible to parallax blurring effects. In this work, we report the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of a graphic processing unit (GPU)-accelerated maximum-likelihood by expectation-maximization (MLEM) image reconstruction framework for VersaPET which features accurate system geometry and projection space point-spread-function (PSF) modeling. Methods We combined the ray-tracing module from software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR), an open-source PET image reconstruction package, with VersaPET's exact block geometry for the geometric system matrix. Point-spread-function modeling of crystal penetration and scattering was achieved by a custom Monte-Carlo simulation for projection space blurring in all dimensions. We also parallelized the reconstruction in GPU taking advantage of the system's symmetry for PSF computation. To investigate the effects of PSF width, we generated and studied multiple kernels between one that reflects the true LYSO density in the MC simulation and another that reflects geometry only (no PSF). GATE simulations of hot and cold-sphere phantoms with spheres of different sizes, real microDerenzo phantom, and human blood vessel data were used to characterize the quantitative and qualitative performances of the reconstruction. Results Reconstruction with an accurate system geometry effectively improved image quality compared to STIR (version 3.0) which assumes an idealized system geometry. Reconstructions of GATE-simulated hot-sphere phantom data showed that all PSF kernels achieved superior performance in contrast recovery and bias reduction compared to using no PSF, but may introduce edge artifact and lumped background noise pattern depending on the width of PSF kernels. Cold-sphere phantom simulation results also indicated improvement in contrast recovery and quantification with PSF modeling (compared to no PSF) for 5 and 10 mm cold spheres. Real microDerenzo phantom images with the PSF kernel that reflects the true LYSO density showed degraded resolving power of small sectors that could be resolved more clearly by underestimated PSF kernels, which is consistent with recent literature despite differences in scanner geometries and in approaches to system model estimation. The human vessel results resemble those of the hot-sphere phantom simulation with the PSF kernel that reflects the true LYSO density achieving the highest peak in the time activity curve (TAC) and similar lumped noise pattern. Conclusions We fully evaluated a practical MLEM reconstruction framework that we developed for VersaPET in terms of qualitative and quantitative performance. Different PSF kernels may be adopted for improving the results of specific imaging tasks but the underlying reasons for the variation in optimal kernel for the real and simulation studies requires further study.
Networking and Dynamic Switches in Biological Condensates.

Cellular liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays a key role in the dynamics and function of RNA-protein condensates like stress granules. In this issue of Cell, Yang et al., Guillen-Boixet et al., and Sanders et al. use a combination of experiment and modeling to provide an exciting mechanistic insight into the relationship between stress granules and LLPS, for example, in the context of protein disorder, switchable interactions, graph theory, and multiple interacting dense phases.
Application of anal endosonography for pediatric anorectal disease

Preoperative diagnosis and correct evaluations of pediatric anorectal disease are essential for treatment. The common diagnostic modalities are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography, anorectal manometry and anal endosonography. Because of its affordability, easy handling and better anatomic assessments of anus and adjacent tissue, anal endosonography (AES) plays important roles in the diagnosis and follow-up of constipation, incontinences and Hirschsprung’s disease. This article mainly discusses the importance of its application and the need for further popularization. Key words: Ultrasonic diagnosis; Fecal incontinence; Constipation; Perianal abscess
Lifestyle behaviors and intervention preferences of early-stage lung cancer survivors and their family caregivers

Lung cancer (LC) is a highly prevalent disease with more survivors diagnosed and treated at earlier stages. There is a need to understand psychological and lifestyle behavior needs to design interventions for this population. Furthermore, understanding the needs and role of family caregivers, especially given the risks associated with second-hand smoke, is needed. Thirty-one early-stage (stages I or IIA) LC survivors of (52% men) and 22 (50% women) caregivers (N = 53 total) completed surveys after surgery (baseline) and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Participants reported on psychological functioning, smoking, and physical activity (PA) as well as intervention preferences. Survivors reported low levels of psychological distress and 3% were current smokers during the study. Approximately 79% were sedentary and not meeting national PA guidelines. Caregivers also reported minimal psychological distress and were sedentary (62% not meeting guidelines), but a larger proportion continued to smoke following the survivor’s cancer diagnosis (14%). Both survivors and caregivers expressed interest in home-based PA interventions but differed regarding preferred format for delivery. Most (64%) caregivers preferred a dyadic format, where survivors and caregivers participate in the intervention together. However, most survivors preferred an individual or group format (57%) for intervention delivery. Both LC survivors and family caregivers could benefit from PA interventions, and flexible, dyadic interventions could additionally support smoking cessation for family caregivers.
Clinical presentations and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacterium cystitidis associated with renal disease in four beef cattle.

Background Renal disease caused by Corynebacterium cystitidis in beef cattle may be misclassified as Corynebacterium renale, and limited information about C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle currently is available. Objective To describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and outcome of renal disease caused by C. cystitidis in beef cattle. Methods Retrospective case series. Animals Four client-owned beef cattle. Results All affected cattle had anorexia as a primary complaint. Of the 3 that had ante-mortem diagnostic tests performed, all had pyelonephritis based on azotemia in combination with urinalysis and ultrasonographic findings. Cultures yielded C. cystitidis which was identified by biochemical testing, 16S RNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry. All affected cattle deteriorated despite aggressive treatment, indicating that C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle may carry a poor prognosis. Bacterial isolates collected from the 4 cattle showed similarities in MICs for ampicillin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim sulfonamide, and tylosin. Conclusions and clinical importance Corynebacterium cystitidis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cattle with renal disease. Definitive diagnosis of C. cystitidis as compared to C. renale may be challenging.
Vitamin E treatment in NAFLD patients demonstrates that oxidative stress drives steatosis through upregulation of de-novo lipogenesis.

Abstract Oxidative stress (OS) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) promotes liver injury and inflammation. Treatment with vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT), a lipid-soluble antioxidant, improves liver injury but also decreases steatosis, thought to be upstream of OS, through an unknown mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism, we combined a mechanistic human trial interrogating pathways of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) accumulation and in vitro experiments. 50% of NAFLD patients (n = 20) treated with αT (200–800 IU/d) for 24 weeks had a ≥ 25% relative decrease in IHTG by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Paired liver biopsies at baseline and week 4 of treatment revealed a decrease in markers of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) that strongly predicted week 24 response. In vitro, using HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes, αT inhibited glucose-induced DNL by decreasing SREBP-1 processing and lipogenic gene expression. This mechanism is dependent on the antioxidant capacity of αT, as redox-silenced methoxy-αT is unable to inhibit DNL in vitro. OS by itself was sufficient to increase S2P expression in vitro, and S2P is upregulated in NAFLD livers. In summary, we utilized αT to demonstrate a vicious cycle in which NAFLD generates OS, which feeds back to augment DNL and increases steatosis. Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01792115.
Deep Tissue Pressure Injuries: Identification, Treatment, and Outcomes Among Critical Care Patients.

Deep tissue pressure injury (DTPI) is a serious form of pressure injuries. The condition remains invisible for up to 48 hours and then progresses rapidly to full-thickness skin and soft tissue loss. Many other conditions that lead to purple skin can be misidentified as DTPI, making the diagnosis difficult at times. A thorough history exploring exposure to pressure is imperative.
Is Your Phone You? How Privacy Policies of Mobile Apps Allow the Use of Your Personally Identifiable Information

People continue to store their sensitive information in their smart-phone applications. Users seldom read an app’s privacy policy to see how their information is being collected, used, and shared. In this paper, using a reference list of over 600 Personally Identifiable Information (PII) attributes, we investigate the privacy policies of 100 popular health and fitness mobile applications in both Android and iOS app markets to find the set of personal information these apps collect, use and share. The reference list of PII was independently built from a longitudinal study at The University of Texas investigating thousands of identity theft and fraud cases where PII attributes and associated value and risks were empirically quantified. This research leverages the reference PII list to identify and analyze the value of personal information collected by the mobile apps and the risk of disclosing this information. We found that the set of PII collected by these mobile apps covers 35% of the entire reference set of PII and, due to dependencies between PII attributes, these mobile apps have a likelihood of indirectly impacting 70% of the reference PII if breached. For a specific app, we discovered the monetary loss could reach $1M if the set of sensitive data it collects is breached. We finally utilize Bayesian inference to measure risks of a set of PII gathered by apps: the probability that fraudsters can discover, impersonate and cause harm to the user by misusing only the PII the mobile apps collected.
The Principle of Corresponding States and Sample Problems

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 8 in T&M. In this Lecture, we will continue discussing EOS of pure materials (n = 1). First, we will discuss the Redlich-Kwong EOS. Second, we will solve Sample Problem 18.1 to calculate the parameters, a and b, in the van der Waals EOS presented in Lecture 17 using the critical point conditions. We will also solve Sample Problem 18.2 to express the van der Waals EOS using reduced coordinates. Third, we will discuss the Peng-Robinson EOS and the Virial EOS, including solving Sample Problem 18.3 to calculate the second virial coefficient in the case of excluded-volume interactions. Fourth, we will introduce the two-parameter principle of corresponding states and show that it needs to be generalized to encompass all the fluids in nature. Specifically, we will introduce the three-parameter Pitzer compressibility factor correlation approach, which introduces Pitzer’s acentric factor as the third correlative parameter. Fifth, we will show how to calculate the Pitzer’s acentric factor using experimental vapor pressure data. Finally, we will discuss how to use graphical representations to calculate the compressibility factor, whose knowledge is equivalent to knowing the fluid EOS.
The effect of interconnections on gas adsorption in materials with spherical mesopores: A Monte Carlo simulation study

Gas adsorption is a standard method for measuring pore-size distributions of nanoporous materials. This method is often based on assuming the pores as separate entities of a certain simple shape: slit-like, cylindrical, or spherical. Here, we study the effect of interconnections on gas adsorption in materials with spherical pores, such as three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous (3DOm) carbons. We consider interconnected systems with two, four, and six windows of various sizes. We propose a simple method based on the integration of solid–fluid interactions to take into account these windows. We used Monte Carlo simulations to model argon adsorption at the normal boiling point and obtained adsorption isotherms for the range of systems. For a system with two windows, we obtained a remarkably smooth transition from the spherical to cylindrical isotherm. Depending on the size and number of windows, our system resembles both spherical and cylindrical pores. These windows can drastically shift the point of capillary condensation and result in pore-size distributions that are very different from the ones based on a spherical pore model. Our results can be further used for modeling fluids in a system of interconnected pores using Monte Carlo and density functional theory methods.
From “She-Wolf” to “Badass”: Remembering Isabella of France in Modern Culture

Isabella of France (queen of England, 1308–1327) is best known by the sobriquet “She-Wolf of France.” It finds its way into the titles of works of fiction and popular histories about Isabella, as well as online articles and blog posts. “She-Wolf” carries misogynist overtones, with its implications of a violent and transgressive queen. It had been both reclaimed and challenged in contemporary media, as seen in its use by websites promoting strong female role models from history. Isabella’s image has been reframed from “she-wolf” to “badass,” a symbol of female power in a male-dominated world. Yet these contemporary reassessments of Isabella fail to replace the “she-wolf” image with one that avoids gender stereotyping and reflects the reality of medieval queenship.
Controlling Environmental Mutagens

The infiltration of our environment by substances that mischievously and capriciously act on the human body is a subject for continuing public concern. That concern, which is not only for ourselves but for our offspring as well, has spawned calls for the control or elimination of these agents from our environment. I will discuss the need for control, and two ways control might be achieved: through market incentives or through state action.
Treading Softly: Paths to Ecological Order

We are living beyond our means, running up debts both economic and ecological, consuming the planet's resources at rates not remotely sustainable. But it's hard to imagine a different way. How can we live without cheap goods and easy credit? How can we consume without consuming the systems that support life? How can we live well and live within our means? In Treading Softly, Thomas Princen helps us imagine an alternative. We need, he says, a new normal, an ecological order that is actually economical with resources, that embraces limits, that sees sustainable living not as a "lifestyle" but as a long-term connection to fresh, free-flowing water, fertile soil, and healthy food. The goal would be to live well by living well within the capacities of our resources. Princen doesn't offer a quick fix -- there's no list of easy ways to save the planet to hang on the refrigerator. He gives us instead a positive, realistic sense of the possible, with an abundance of examples, concepts, and tools for imagining, then realizing, how to live within our biophysical means.
The Laminar Boundary Layer on a Rotating Blade

Boundary-layer equations of motion for a blade rotating steadily in an incompressible fluid are developed. The equations show that , at stations several chord lengths from the axis of rotation of a thin blade, the chordwise velocity is independent of the spanwise velocity due to rotation; hence, the separation line is unaffected by rotation. The detailed calculation of the spanwise velocity distribution in the boundary layer is carried out for two examples. Spanwise velocities in the boundary layer are found to be small compared with chordwise velocities. No large effects of rotation are found.
The Calculus According to Newton

When we say that the calculus was discovered by Newton and Leibniz in the late seventeenth century, we do not mean simply that effective methods were then discovered for the solution of problems involving tangents and quadratures. For, as we have seen in preceding chapters, such problems had been studied with some success since antiquity, and with conspicuous success during the half century preceding the time of Newton and Leibniz.
Tenants of Unhousement

SOCIOLOGICALLY, I am an American. Psychologically, a Ca nadian. Sentimentally, a Qu?b?cois. My passport says Canadian, my legal status says immigrant. Resident Alien. Everywhere I see dualities. The continent of gringos is sliced in half, and I occupy both, uneasily. My parents quartered that northern half between them: English and French, and all the silence that entails. They are my sub-conscious, my libido, my unlived life. In Canada I am forever their child, forever banging on nailed-over doors. The United States of America is my land of answers, land of relative simplicities. My mother was the progressive; more adventurous and more indepen dent than the cautious Manitoba family that formed her. Perhaps again I am lying. I will leave open the possibility that she was not more adventurous and independent. Rather, that she was only more restless and more lost. She'd left the village of Wawanesa where her father was the town doctor, to take a sensible teaching degree in Winnipeg, then to please her father she'd taught village school in Saskatchewan and Manitoba for three Depression years at a thousand dollars a year, saving it all. She left for Europe in 1931. Design was her passion. She went to the Bauhaus. She studied in Weimar, Dresden, and Leipzig. Her journals and letters report briefly on the Masters' lectures, but pay lavish atten tion to medieval doors, cornices, rococco ceilings and above all, Dresden porcelains. There they were, the masters of functional modernism lec turing all around her, and she was mad for Dresden ceramics and Meissen ware. At one time I might have snickered. How dare she ignore The Revolution she'd travelled so far, and sacrificed so much for? I'm more interested, now, as she was perhaps, in the peripheries of upheaval. She was a bourgeoise, a commuter, keeping a pied-?-terre in the Bauhaus, but spending her hours with the underlying, sentimental, ornamental culture.
Sexuality and Intimacy Between Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Their Partners: Caregivers Describe Their Experiences

Partners of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) face profound changes in their relationships. Little research has investigated the impact of dementia on sexual function and relationships. This paper presents data concerning sexual intimacy within couples affected by AD. Participants' responses were striking for their heterogeneity. Implications are discussed.
Tribal Religions from the Heart: Hebrew Leb and Torobo Oltau

The systems of belief by the ancient Hebrews of the Old Testament and the current Kenyan tribe of Torobo demonstrate both ancient and modern tribal world view in which the religious is interconnected to all aspects of personal existence within each individual. The most important word in the vocabulary of biblical Hebrew and Torobo anthropology is heart. Leb (Hebrew heart) and oltau (Torobo heart) are divinely ordained conceptual catalysts representing the composite nature of humanity. This paper will explore the concept of heart as the principal, unifying object of attention employed throughout biblical Hebrew and Torobo world view that integrates psychical elements of Self as a cohesive medium for supernatural interaction and moral deportment.