cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of mesoscale eddies on the detection of quasi‐zonal jets in the ocean

[1] Westward propagating Gaussian eddies with statistical characteristics estimated from altimeter observations but with purely random starting locations and times produce striated features in time-averaged maps of zonal velocity. The striations in these simulations have magnitudes and meridional scales comparable to those reported from time-averaged altimeter observations and model output in the central North Pacific and the California Current System. Time averages over the data records presently available are therefore not suitable for unambiguous detection of quasi-zonal jets. The presence of mapping error and background isotropic eddy kinetic energy also bias the regionally-averaged anisotropy of time averaged velocity fields, thus compromising the interpretation of anisotropy statistics.
Twenty-year clinical experience with porcine bioprostheses

Background. For the past 25 years, porcine valves have been the most widely implanted bioprosthesis, thereby becoming the standard for comparison with newer bioprosthetic valves. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 2,879 patients who underwent aortic (AVR; n=1,594) or mitral (MVR; n=1,285) valve replacement between 1971 and 1990. Follow-up was 97% complete and extended to 20 years (total, 17,976 patient-years). Patient age ranged from 16 to 94 years; mean age in patients who underwent AVR was 60 ± 15 (± standard deviation) years; that for patients who underwent MVR was 58 ± 13 years. Results. The operative mortality rates were 7% ± 1% (70% confidence limits) for AVR and 10% ± 1% for MVR. Actuarial estimates of freedom from structural valve deterioration at 10 and 15 years were 78% ± 2% (SE) and 49% ± 4%, respectively, for the AVR subgroup; and 69% ± 2% and 32% ± 4%, respectively, for the MVR subgroup (AVR > MVR; p MVR; p MVR; p MVR; p p = not significant). Multivariate analysis (Cox model) showed younger age, later year of operation, and valve site (MVR > AVR) to be significant risk factors for structural valve deterioration. Younger age, later year of operation, valve site (MVR > AVR), and renal insufficiency were the significant, independent risk factors for reoperation. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher New York Heart Association functional class, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency, and longer cross-clamp time were significant risk factors for valve-related mortality. Valve manufacturer did not emerge as a factor in any analysis. Conclusions. These long-term results with porcine bioprostheses were satisfactory, particularly in older patients and those undergoing AVR. As expected, younger age was a significant risk factor for structural valve deterioration and reoperation in both groups. Surprisingly, the durability of porcine bioprosthetic valves has not improved over time, which possibly can be attributed to more enhanced postoperative surveillance and earlier reintervention. These first-generation Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses achieved similar long-term performance.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND DENSITY ON RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN A FOREST HERB, ASTER ACUMINATUS (COMPOSITAE)

Recent studies show that forest herbs have low sexual reproductive efforts (SRE) and high vegetative reproductive efforts (VRE) and that a variety of factors may affect the levels of reproduction and the distribution patterns of forest species. Aster acuminatus is a micro-successional forest herb common in northern New England. Resource allocation patterns were determined for seven aster patches varying in density and light level. Plant density affects neither plant size nor any aspect of resource allocation, and VRE remains constant over all density and light levels. Light level is, however, significantly correlated with patch location, average plant size and average patch SRE. Only large plants produce flowers suggesting that light affects sexual reproduction indirectly through effects on plant size. The high rhizome and low seed survivorship of this species may partly explain the constant VRE and varying SRE levels, although the resource allocation patterns observed do not correspond well with the predictions of certain theoretical models.
Single photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism

The use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as the procedure for screening, assessing the size and number of embolized areas, and evaluating the follow-up of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is reviewed. Details of the technique for acquiring and processing perfusion and ventilation lung SPECTs are presented. The tomographic images produced by SPECT allow the application of a less-expensive diagnostic algorithm than that classically used. This is due to the fact that the SPECT images contain more anatomical and physiological information than similar planar images. The signs of PTE in perfusion SPECT and the significance of mismatch, match, and paradoxical mismatch are discussed and illustrated with examples.
The Effects of Foods, Beverages, and Other Factors on Cigarette Palatability

While smokers commonly report that various foods and beverages worsen or enhance the taste of cigarettes, the prevalence and diversity of these phenomena have not been studied. We administered an open-ended questionnaire to 209 smokers asking for reports of foods or beverages that worsen or enhance the taste of cigarettes. Commonly reported categories that worsen the taste of cigarettes were fruits/vegetables, noncaffeinated beverages, and dairy products. Commonly reported categories that enhance the taste of cigarettes were caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and meat products. Regression analyses indicated that increased sensitivity to both taste worsening and enhancing were associated with smoking nonmenthol cigarettes. These findings suggest smoking menthol cigarettes reduces both negative and positive effects of food and beverage consumption on smoking satisfaction - thus "evening out" the smoking experience. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Systemic polyclonal immunoblastic proliferation: a diagnostic review and differential diagnosis

Systemic polyclonal immunoblastic proliferation (SPIP) is a very rare, atypical expansion of plasma cells and lymphoblasts associated with an aggressive clinical presentation. The pathogenesis of SPIP is unknown and it is unclear whether these proliferations represent a clinicopathologic entity or rather a pattern of cellular proliferation. Some evidence of infection as an initiating event has been proposed. SPIP is often difficult to differentiate from other disorders, particularly in the context of an obscuring inflammatory response. Untreated or even treated cases can be fatal. The morphologic features are characterized by a pronounced proliferation of B immunoblasts and plasma cells that typically involve the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, liver, kidneys, thyroid, adrenal glands, and lungs. A subset of reported cases has responded well to treatment with corticosteroids alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents, showing complete remission and resolution of lymphadenopathy and normalization of peripheral blood findings. Here, we present a case of SPIP in a 58-year-old male with polyclonal plasmacytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, diffuse lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and a diffuse maculopapular rash; SPIP with skin involvement is very unusual. Fortunately, our patient showed a striking response to steroids. This article provides a brief overview of the clinicopathologic features associated with this atypical lymphoplasmacytic proliferation and a review of the literature highlighting the differential diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic disorders.
Fulminant exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis following the use of ma huang

Purpose: Herbal remedies are widely used for a variety of clinical conditions. The range of adverse effects is incompletely understood. This is a case of a woman with subclinical autoimmune hepatitis who developed severe hepatotoxicity following the use of Ma Huang for weight loss.
A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: A pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes

Abstract Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Tan SM, Lewthwaite R, Chui HC, Azen SP. A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: a pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:620–8. Objective To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of 2 upper-extremity rehabilitation approaches for stroke compared with standard care in participants stratified by stroke severity. Design Nonblinded, randomized controlled trial (baseline, postintervention, 9mo) design. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation hospital and outpatient clinic. Participants Sixty-four patients with recent stroke admitted for inpatient rehabilitation were randomized within severity strata (Orpington Prognostic Scale) into 1 of 3 intervention groups. Forty-four patients completed the 9-month follow-up. Interventions Standard care (SC), functional task practice (FT), and strength training (ST). The FT and ST groups received 20 additional hours of upper-extremity therapy beyond standard care distributed over a 4- to 6-week period. Main outcome measures Performance measures of impairment (Fugl-Meyer Assessment), strength (isometric torque), and function (Functional Test of the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity [FTHUE]). Results Compared with SC participants, those in the FT and ST groups had significantly greater increases in Fugl-Meyer motor scores ( P =.04) and isometric torque ( P =.02) posttreatment. Treatment benefit was primarily in the less severe participants, where improvement in FT and ST group Fugl-Meyer motor scores more than doubled that of the SC group. Similar results were found for the FTHEU and isometric torque. During the long term, at 9 months, the less severe FT group continued to make gains in isometric muscle torque, significantly exceeding those of the ST group ( P Conclusions Task specificity and stroke severity are important factors for rehabilitation of arm use in acute stroke. Twenty hours of upper extremity-specific therapy over 4 to 6 weeks significantly affected functional outcomes. The immediate benefits of a functional task approach were similar to those of a resistance-strength approach, however, the former was more beneficial in the long-term.
Helical core flow from geomagnetic secular variation

Abstract Fluid flow below the core-mantle boundary is inferred from geomagnetic secular variation data, assuming frozen magnetic flux and a new physical assumption termed helical flow, in which the tangential divergence correlates with the radial vorticity. Helical flow introduces streamfunction diffusion and removes non-uniqueness in the inversion of the magnetic induction equation. We combine helical flow with tangential geostrophy and compare the following physical assumptions: tangential geostrophy, strong helicity, weak helicity and columnar flow, using geomagnetic field models from the 2000 Oersted and 1980 Magsat satellites. Our solutions contain some features found in previous core flow models, such as large mid-latitude vortices, westward drift in most of the southern hemisphere, and suggested polar vortices. However, our solutions contain significantly more flow along contours of the radial magnetic field than previous core flow models.
Analysis of decision inconsistencies in judgment quantification

Many of the technology management decisions are analyzed using multi-level, multi-criteria decision models with quantified expert judgments. Some examples of such decisions include selection of projects, evaluation of technologies, determination of plant locations, assessment of the effectiveness of operational strategies with respect to multiple objectives, development of technology strategies under multiple perspectives, among others. When expert judgments are quantified in these types of decisions models, analysis of inconsistencies becomes a critical issue. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the topic, identifies the research gaps in inconsistency analyses, and describes a proposed method to fill the primary gaps in measuring and analyzing inconsistencies in constant-sum method for judgment quantification.
Parameters of lightning strokes and their effects on power systems

A lightning stroke can generate transient overvoltage on an overhead line by (i) directly striking a phase conductor, (ii) directly striking a tower or shield wire causing backflash, and (iii) striking a nearby ground. All three types of transient voltages are directly proportional to the return-stroke peak current. In addition, voltages by (ii) depend upon the current front time, and those by (iii) depend upon the front time and velocity of the return-stroke current and on the cloud height. The energy of the lightning flash may exceed the thermal limit of the struck object causing thermal failure. The statistical variations of these lightning parameters are discussed.
MHC class I-restricted recognition of a melanoma antigen by a human CD4+ tumor infiltrating lymphocyte.

ABSTRACT It is generally considered that MHC class I-restricted antigens arerecognized by CD8 1 T cells, whereas MHC class II-restricted antigens arerecognized by CD4 1 T cells. In the present study, we report an MHC classI-restricted CD4 1 T cell isolated from the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs) of a patient with metastatic melanoma. TIL 1383 I recognizedHLA-A2 1 melanoma cell lines but not autologous transformed B cells orfibroblasts. The antigen recognized by TIL 1383 I was tyrosinase, and theepitope was the 368–376 peptide. Antibody blocking assays confirmedthat TIL 1383 I was MHC class I restricted, and the CD4 and CD8coreceptors did not contribute significantly to antigen recognition. TIL1383 I was weakly cytolytic and secreted cytokines in a pattern consistentwith it being a T h1 cell. The avidity of TIL 1383 I for peptide pulsed targetsis 10–100-fold lower than most melanoma-reactive CD8 1 T cell clones.These CD4 1 T cells may represent a relatively rare population of T cellsthat express a T-cell receptor capable of cross-reacting with an MHC classI/peptide complex with sufficient affinity to allow triggering in the absenceof the CD4 coreceptor.
On the norming of homophones

Associative norms for homographs have been widely used in the study of language processing. A number of sets of these are available, providing the investigator with the opportunity to compare materials collected over a span of years and a range of locations. Words that are homophonic but not homographic have been used to address a variety of questions in memory as well as in language processing. However, a paucity of normative data are available for these materials, especially with respect to responses to the spoken form of the homophone. This article provides such data for a sample of 207 homophones across four different tasks, both visual and auditory, and examines how well the present measures correlate with each other and with those of other investigators. The finding that these measures can account for a considerable proportion of the variance in the lexical decision and naming data from the English Lexicon Project provides an additional demonstration of their utility. The norms from this study are available online in the Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, at www .psychonomic.org/archive.
Optical Properties of Ru(dpp) 3 for Phosphorescence Biosensors

The saturation intensity and photobleaching lifetime of tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru(dpp)3) are measured and applied to the design of oxygen sensitive optodes for enzymatic biosensors. Photobleaching limits the excitation intensity in practical sensor systems.
Glutathione s-transferases of bovine iris and ciliary body: Characterization of isoenzymes

Five forms of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) having catalytic activities towards a variety of xenobiotics were present in bovine iris-ciliary body. In contrast to that in lens, cornea, and retina, GST isoenzymes belonging to all the three classes (alpha, mu and pi) were present in iris as well as in the ciliary body. GST isoenzymes of iris-ciliary body had pI values of 8.7, 7.4, 7.0, 6.6, and 6.0. GST 8.7 and GST 7.4 were apparent homodimers of 27,000 and 22,500 Mr subunits, respectively. GST 8.7 cross-reacted only with antibodies raised against the alpha class GST of human liver and GST 7.4 cross-reacted with the antibodies raised against GST pi of human placenta. GST 7.0 and 6.6 were heterodimers of Mr 26,500 and 25,000 subunits and both these subunits cross-reacted with the antibodies raised against the mu class human GST. Iris-ciliary body contained both, GSH peroxidase I and GSH peroxidase II activities and in this respect also, they differ from lens, cornea, and retina each of which have only one of these two activities. The presence of several GST isoenzymes belonging to all the three major classes and both GSH peroxidase I and II activities in iris-ciliary body may be important for the detoxification of oxidants and xenobiotics in order to prevent their infiltration in aqueous humor.
Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Administration Stimulates Bone Formation in the Mandibles of Aged Ovariectomized Rats

Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to stimulate bone formation in many skeletal sites and is being investigated as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteopenic conditions, including post-menopausal osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of PTH to stimulate bone formation in the mandibles of aged ovariectomized (Ovx) rats, and the results are compared with a site in the appendicular skeleton (humerus). The Ovx rat is a useful model of estrogen deficiency, replicating many aspects of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Female rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated, and one year later a group of the ovariectomized rats was treated with the 1-34 fragment of human PTH daily, five days a week for 10 weeks. During the experiment, the animals were given fluorochrome bone markers for histomorphometry. More than one year after ovariectomy or sham surgery, there were few differences in the histomorphometric indices of bone formation in the hum...
Online modeling and tracking of pose-varying faces in video

We propose a face mosaicing approach to model both the facial appearance and geometry from pose-varying videos, and apply it in face tracking and recognition. The basic idea is that by approximating the human head as a 3D ellipsoid, multi-view face images can be back projected onto the surface of the ellipsoid, and the surface texture map is decomposed into an array of local patches. During the online modeling process, the position and pose of the first frame is assumed to be known for a given video sequence. For each frame in the sequence, the algorithm estimates the face-position and pose, and generates a texture map, which is further utilized in updating the mosaic model.
Mean-field approximations for coupled populations of generalized linear model spiking neurons with markov refractoriness

There has recently been a great deal of interest in inferring network connectivity from the spike trains in populations of neurons. One class of useful models that can be fit easily to spiking data is based on generalized linear point process models from statistics. Once the parameters for these models are fit, the analyst is left with a nonlinear spiking network model with delays, which in general may be very difficult to understand analytically. Here we develop mean-field methods for approximating the stimulus-driven firing rates (in both the time-varying and steady-state cases), auto- and cross-correlations, and stimulus-dependent filtering properties of these networks. These approximations are valid when the contributions of individual network coupling terms are small and, hence, the total input to a neuron is approximately gaussian. These approximations lead to deterministic ordinary differential equations that are much easier to solve and analyze than direct Monte Carlo simulation of the network activity. These approximations also provide an analytical way to evaluate the linear input-output filter of neurons and how the filters are modulated by network interactions and some stimulus feature. Finally, in the case of strong refractory effects, the mean-field approximations in the generalized linear model become inaccurate; therefore, we introduce a model that captures strong refractoriness, retains all of the easy fitting properties of the standard generalized linear model, and leads to much more accurate approximations of mean firing rates and cross-correlations that retain fine temporal behaviors.
The Study of Modern Foreign Languages in the Italy of the Past and Present

T HE inclusion of the study of modern foreign languages in the curricula of high schools, colleges and universities is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Yet language problems and their solution must have existed in ancient civilizations just as they do today. There is evidence that Greek was studied in schools in Rome and in the Latin provinces of the Roman Empire. We do not know, however, how, in those days, one went about learning a language that was not his own. It is reasonable to presume that some of the present-day methods employed in the study of foreign languages also existed in one way or another in ancient times. In other words, such obvious devices as residence in a foreign country and the use of native speakers must have been employed then as they are now. We know, for example, that Cato the Elder learned Greek from teacher-slaves. St. Augustine who lived about 400 A.D. describes, in his Confessions, a method for learning the Greek language which is very similar to the direct method in use today. During the period of Christianization and conversions, the missionary work that was conducted among non-Latin, non-Greek speaking peoples must have been based upon some conversational knowledge of the languages of the groups concerned. Phrase-books similar to the Glosses of Kassel, designed to enable Germanic students to speak vulgar Latin remind us very much of the present-day phrase books used by travellers to foreign countries and by our GI's during the last war. But in ancient times there was no such thing as formal academic instruction in foreign languages of any sort. Even when great universities were founded as schools in which all the ordinary forms of learning were taught, foreign languages were not included among the subjects of study. And indeed there was no need for them in the universities, since Latin was the international language used by all scholars. During the twelfth century Bologna had a famous school of law which was of great importance not only because it attracted students from all over Europe, but also because, as some believe, the study of Roman law must have aroused an interest in the study of the Latin classics, a fact which marks the beginning of modern education. Later, during the thirteenth century, Bologna established faculties for the teaching of all the known branches of knowledge, e.g., faculty of arts which included rhetoric,
Stress-induced increases in hypothalamic IL-1: a systematic analysis of multiple stressor paradigms

Exposure to stressors such as footshock, tailshock, and immobilization have been shown to induce hypothalamic IL-1 production, while other stressors such as restraint, maternal separation, social isolation, and predator exposure have no effect on hypothalamic IL-1 levels. This disparity of findings has led to considerable controversy regarding the ability of stressors to induce hypothalamic IL-1 expression. Thus, the goal of the following experiments was to examine hypothalamic IL-1 responses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following exposure to a diverse set of stressors. Our data indicate that exposure to 2h of restraint in a Plexiglas tube, glucoprivic challenge induced by administration of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), or insulin-induced hypoglycemia all fail to alter hypothalamic IL-1 levels despite robust activation of the pituitary-adrenal response. However, when restraint was administered on an orbital shaker or in combination with insulin-induced hypoglycemia, robust increases in hypothalamic IL-1 were observed. No effects of glucoprivic (2-DG) challenge were observed when combined with restraint, indicating some specificity in the hypothalamic IL-1 response to stress. We also provide a preliminary validation of the ELISA detection method for IL-1, showing that (a) Western blot analyses confirmed strong immunopositive banding at the apparent molecular weight of both mature IL-1beta and the IL-1beta prohormone, and (b) footshock led to a two-fold increase in mRNA for IL-1 in the hypothalamus as detected by RT-PCR. These data provide novel insight into the characteristics of a stressor that may be necessary for the observation of stress-induced increases in hypothalamic IL-1.
Auditory processing deficits in bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features.

Objectives Auditory perception deficits have been identified in schizophrenia (SZ) and linked to dysfunction in the auditory cortex. Given that psychotic symptoms, including auditory hallucinations, are also seen in bipolar disorder (BD), it may be that individuals with BD who also exhibit psychotic symptoms demonstrate a similar impairment in auditory perception. Methods Fifty individuals with SZ, 30 individuals with bipolar I disorder with a history of psychosis (BD+), 28 individuals with bipolar I disorder with no history of psychotic features (BD−), and 29 normal controls (NC) were administered a tone discrimination task and an emotion recognition task. Results Mixed-model analyses of covariance with planned comparisons indicated that individuals with BD+ performed at a level that was intermediate between those with BD− and those with SZ on the more difficult condition of the tone discrimination task and on the auditory condition of the emotion recognition task. There were no differences between the BD+ and BD− groups on the visual or auditory–visual affect recognition conditions. Regression analyses indicated that performance on the tone discrimination task predicted performance on all conditions of the emotion recognition task. Auditory hallucinations in BD+ were not related to performance on either task. Conclusions Our findings suggested that, although deficits in frequency discrimination and emotion recognition are more severe in SZ, these impairments extend to BD+. Although our results did not support the idea that auditory hallucinations may be related to these deficits, they indicated that basic auditory deficits may be a marker for psychosis, regardless of SZ or BD diagnosis.
Activation of the basolateral amygdala induces long-term enhancement of specific memory representations in the cerebral cortex.

Abstract The basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates memory, particularly for arousing or emotional events, during post-training periods of consolidation. It strengthens memories whose substrates in part or whole are stored remotely, in structures such as the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. However, the mechanisms by which the BLA influences distant memory traces are unknown, largely because of the need for identifiable target mnemonic representations. Associative tuning plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) constitutes a well-characterized candidate specific memory substrate that is ubiquitous across species, tasks and motivational states. When tone predicts reinforcement, the tuning of cells in A1 shifts toward or to the signal frequency within its tonotopic map, producing an over-representation of behaviorally important sounds. Tuning shifts have the cardinal attributes of forms of memory, including associativity, specificity, rapid induction, consolidation and long-term retention and are therefore likely memory representations. We hypothesized that the BLA strengthens memories by increasing their cortical representations. We recorded multiple unit activity from A1 of rats that received a single discrimination training session in which two tones (2.0 s) separated by 1.25 octaves were either paired with brief electrical stimulation (400 ms) of the BLA (CS+) or not (CS−). Frequency response areas generated by presenting a matrix of test tones (0.5–53.82 kHz, 0–70 dB) were obtained before training and daily for 3 weeks post-training. Tuning both at threshold and above threshold shifted predominantly toward the CS+ beginning on Day 1. Tuning shifts were maintained for the entire 3 weeks. Absolute threshold and bandwidth decreased, producing less enduring increases in sensitivity and selectivity. BLA-induced tuning shifts were associative, highly specific and long-lasting. We propose that the BLA strengthens memory for important experiences by increasing the number of neurons that come to best represent that event. Traumatic, intrusive memories might reflect abnormally extensive representational networks due to hyper-activity of the BLA consequent to the release of excessive amounts of stress hormones.
An introduction to Allan Gibbard’s oligarchy theorem paper

This note provides an introduction to the accompanying previously unpublished paper by Allan Gibbard in which he establishes his oligarchy theorem.
Gm and Inv studies on eight Iranian populations with distance measures among the six from the Caspian Littoral.

Serum samples from six populations living in the Caspian Littoral and from two populations (Armenians and Muslims) living in Teheran were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and for Inv(1). The Gm data show that all six populations from the Littoral have African and Mongoloid admixture. Genetic distance among these six populations was estimated using Nei's standard distance measure, and its standard error, based on the 11 loci analyzed by Kirk et al. (1977); on these 11 loci plus Gm; and on the foregoing 12-plus Inv. Only the distance measures for populations 1 and 4, and 2 and 3 are significantly different in all three measures of distance, and then only at the 5% level. More loci will have to be studied before firmly based conclusions may be drawn concerning the relation of these populations to each other. The Armenian population, unlike the remaining seven populations, shows no evidence of African admixture, but it does show Mongoloid admixture. The Muslim population shows African and Mongoloid admixture and, in addition, has the unusual haplotype Gm3,5,10,11,13,14,17,26 at polymorphic frequencies.
Enrolling Minority and Underserved Populations in Cancer Clinical Research

Research suggests that community involvement is integral to solving public health problems, including involvement in clinical trials—a gold standard. Significant racial/ethnic disparities exist in the accrual of participants for clinical trials. Location and cultural aspects of clinical trials influence recruitment and accrual to clinical trials. It is increasingly necessary to be aware of defining characteristics, such as location and culture of the populations from which research participants are enrolled. Little research has examined the effect of location and cultural competency in adapting clinical trial research for minority and underserved communities on accrual for clinical trials. Utilizing embedded community academic sites, the authors applied cultural competency frameworks to adapt clinical trial research in order to increase minority participation in nontherapeutic cancer clinical trials. This strategy resulted in successful accrual of participants to new clinical research trials, specifically targeting participation from minority and underserved communities in metropolitan Washington, DC. From 2012 to 2014, a total of 559 participants enrolled across six nontherapeutic clinical trials, representing a 62% increase in the enrollment of blacks in clinical research. Embedding cancer prevention programs and research in the community was shown to be yet another important strategy in the arsenal of approaches that can potentially enhance clinical research enrollment and capacity. The analyses showed that the capacity to acquire cultural knowledge about patients—their physical locales, cultural values, and environments in which they live—is essential to recruiting culturally and ethnically diverse population samples.
From Urban Reform to Parkway

The early history of the parkway in the United States demonstrates that early city planners and landscape architects designed the urban and suburban parkway to serve the city — as a method of urban reform. By showing that the parkway has its roots in the city, this chapter lays the groundwork for the later conflict between the regionalist and metropolitanist planners as they try to put the parkway into the region.
Robust Model Predictive Control for Signal Temporal Logic Synthesis

Abstract Most automated systems operate in uncertain or adversarial conditions, and have to be capable of reliably reacting to changes in the environment. The focus of this paper is on automatically synthesizing reactive controllers for cyber-physical systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. We build on recent work that encodes STL specifications as mixed integer linear constraints on the variables of a discrete-time model of the system and environment dynamics. To obtain a reactive controller, we present solutions to the worst-case model predictive control (MPC) problem using a suite of mixed integer linear programming techniques. We demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of several existing worst-case MPC techniques, when applied to the problem of control subject to temporal logic specifications; our empirical results emphasize the need to develop specialized solutions for this domain.
Methodological Aspects of Subjective Life Expectancy: Effects of Culture-Specific Reporting Heterogeneity Among Older Adults in the United States

Objectives. Subjecti ve life expectancy (SLE) has been suggested as a predictor of mortality and mortality-related behaviors. Although critical for culturally diverse societies, these findings do not consider cross-cultural methodological comparability. Culturespecific reporting heterogeneity is a well-known phenomenon introducing biases, and research on this issue with SLE is not established. Method. Using data from the Health and R etirement Study, we examined reporting heterogeneity in SLE focusing on item nonresponse, focal points, and reports over time for five ethnic-cultural groups: non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic other races, English-interviewed Hispanics, and Spanish-interviewed Hispanics. Results. On item nonresponse, Spanish-interviewed Hispanics said, “I don’t know,” to SLE significantly more than any other groups. Nearly half of the respondents chose 0, 50, or 100, making them focal points. However, the focal points differed: 50 for Whites, 100 for Blacks, and 0 for Spanish-interviewed Hispanics. The relationship of SLE measured at two time points was higher for Whites than minorities. Moreover, those who said “I don’t know” to SLE showed higher subsequent mortality than those who gave an answer. SLE was not a significant mortality predictor for Hispanics. Discussion. Overall, SLE is not free from culture-specific repor ting heterogeneity. This warrants further research about its culture-relevant measurement mechanisms.
Beginnings and Endings: Life Stories and the Periodization of the Civil Rights Movement

Over the last fifteen years, historians of the civil rights movement have been charting a new interpretive course. A nationally oriented narrative, with a chronology centered on key events in the life of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., has given way to a host of state and local studies, with all the variety one would expect from such a turn. As a result, many basic questions are being revisited, including periodization (When did the movement begin and end?), scope (What events, actions, and issues constitute the movement?), and personnel and leadership (How do we write a history of activism and leadership in a mass movement?). Often, these questions refract upon each other. A narrative that begins in the 1930s, for example, will of necessity introduce previously ignored actors and events. To explore any of these questions is to ask, as Adam Fairclough did in a 1990 review essay that still raises many timely issues, "What was the civil rights movement?"' This essay considers this basic question, and especially the matter of periodization, through the life history method of oral history.2 The storytelling that emerges from oral history practice is a narrative act in which experience is ordered and interpreted, and the life history approach, which aims at a full narration of personal history, leads naturally to a consideration of beginnings and endings. Implicitly, each life story opens onto the question of periodization.3
Customer-Centered Multi-State System Reliability and Repair Models

AbstractThis paper proposes a decision model for when to repair a multi-state system from the collective viewpoint of the system designer/engineer as well as the system users (customers). Most systems normally deteriorate stochastically over time, and have several levels of performance. This degradation of performance causes the utility loss for customers and forces them to consider repairing/restoring the system before it reaches the state total failure. The decision model proposed in this paper is a dynamic model that incorporates the stochastic degradation process of a system’s performance and a customer’s objective and subjective factors related to repair costs and utility derived from the system.
Multiplicity of transmission coefficients in photonic crystal and split ring resonator waveguides with Kerr nonlinear impurities

Photonic crystal and split ring resonator (SRR) metamaterial waveguides with Kerr nonlinear dielectric impurities are studied. The transmission coefficients for two guided modes of different frequencies scattering from the Kerr impurities are computed. The systems are shown to exhibit multiple transmission coefficient solutions arising from the Kerr nonlinearity. Multiple transmission coefficients occur when different input intensities into a waveguide result in the same transmitted output intensities past its nonlinear impurities. (In the case of a single incident guided mode the multiplicity of transmission coefficients is known as optical bistability.) The analytical conditions under which the transmission coefficients are single and multiple valued are determined, and specific examples of both single and multiple valued transmission coefficient scattering are presented. Both photonic crystal and split ring resonator systems are studied as the Kerr nonlinearity enters the photonic crystal and SRR systems in different ways. This allows for an interesting comparison of the differences in behaviors of these two types of system which are described by distinctly different mathematical structures. Both the photonic crystal and SRR models used in the calculations are based on a difference equation approach to the system dynamics. The difference equation approach has been extensively employed in previous papers to model the basic properties of these systems. The paper is a continuation of work on the optical bistability of single guided modes interacting with Kerr impurities in photonic crystals originally considered by McGurn [Chaos 13, 754 (2003)] and work on the resonant scattering from Kerr impurities in photonic crystal waveguides considered by McGurn [J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, S5243 (2004)]. It generalizes this work making the extension to the more complex interaction of two guided modes at different frequencies. It extends the two guided mode treatment by McGurn [Organ. Electron. 8, 227 (2007)] which was limited to a special case of one of the photonic crystal systems considered here.
Clean and Secure Energy from Domestic Oil Shale and Oil Sands Resources

This report summarizes the significant findings from the Clean and Secure Energy from Domestic Oil Shale and Oil Sands Resources program sponsored by the Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory. There were four principle areas of research; Environmental, legal, and policy issues related to development of oil shale and oil sands resources; Economic and environmental assessment of domestic unconventional fuels industry; Basin-scale assessment of conventional and unconventional fuel development impacts; and Liquid fuel production by in situ thermal processing of oil shale Multiple research projects were conducted in each area and the results have been communicated via sponsored conferences, conference presentations, invited talks, interviews with the media, numerous topical reports, journal publications, and a book that summarizes much of the oil shale research relating to Utah’s Uinta Basin. In addition, a repository of materials related to oil shale and oil sands has been created within the University of Utah’s Institutional Repository, including the materials generated during this research program. Below is a listing of all topical and progress reports generated by this project and submitted to the Office of Science and Technical Information (OSTI). A listing of all peer-reviewed publications generated as a result of this projectmore » is included at the end of this report; Geomechanical and Fluid Transport Properties 1 (December, 2015); Validation Results for Core-Scale Oil Shale Pyrolysis (February, 2015); and Rates and Mechanisms of Oil Shale Pyrolysis: A Chemical Structure Approach (November, 2014); Policy Issues Associated With Using Simulation to Assess Environmental Impacts (November, 2014); Policy Analysis of the Canadian Oil Sands Experience (September, 2013); V-UQ of Generation 1 Simulator with AMSO Experimental Data (August, 2013); Lands with Wilderness Characteristics, Resource Management Plan Constraints, and Land Exchanges (March, 2012); Conjunctive Surface and Groundwater Management in Utah: Implications for Oil Shale and Oil Sands Development (May, 2012); Development of CFD-Based Simulation Tools for In Situ Thermal Processing of Oil Shale/Sands (February, 2012); Core-Based Integrated Sedimentologic, Stratigraphic, and Geochemical Analysis of the Oil Shale Bearing Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah (April, 2011); Atomistic Modeling of Oil Shale Kerogens and Asphaltenes Along with their Interactions with the Inorganic Mineral Matrix (April, 2011); Pore Scale Analysis of Oil Shale/Sands Pyrolysis (March, 2011); Land and Resource Management Issues Relevant to Deploying In-Situ Thermal Technologies (January, 2011); Policy Analysis of Produced Water Issues Associated with In-Situ Thermal Technologies (January, 2011); and Policy Analysis of Water Availability and Use Issues for Domestic Oil Shale and Oil Sands Development (March, 2010)« less
Abstract PR08: Evidence for extra-ovarian origin and peritoneal metastases that precede ovarian carcinomas in high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

High-grade serous (HGS) ovarian cancer is the most lethal form of epithelial ovarian cancer because it represents the most common histologic subtype and usually present at an advanced stage. Due to its advanced stage presentation, HGS ovarian cancer has been described as arising de novo from undefined precursor lesions that progress rapidly to advanced disease. To gain insights into clonal heterogeneity and progression to distant metastases, we analyzed single nucleotide variations (SNVs) from nine regions of carcinomas from four patients with HGS ovarian cancer. Three primary sites, three metastases from omentum, and three metastases from bowel were collected from each patient and subjected to RNA sequencing and SNV analysis. Although a modest number (23.62%) of SNVs are shared within the same anatomic site, only limited number (1.26%) of SNVs are shared among all 9 sites, suggesting a high degree of intratumor heterogeneity in these patients. Truncal mutations, such as TP53 mutations, are shared among all sites and observed at high allele frequencies. In addition, mutations in genes associated with epigenetic modifiers, such as SETD2, CHD8, KDM5A, SMARCA1 and ARID5B are observed as truncal mutations in these patients. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction of tumors from various sites suggests a concurrent ovarian and peritoneal metastases in one patient and peritoneal metastases preceding the ovarian carcinomas in three other patients. Finally, subclone inference from multi-region sequencing indicates the presence of multiple subclones at each site in these patients. Dominant subclones, present at metastases, are often ancestral clones in the clonal hierarchy, further providing evidence that peritoneal spreading occurs early in the clonal expansion. Collectively, these results provide evidence for early peritoneal spreading that often precedes ovarian carcinomas in HGS ovarian cancer. This abstract is also presented as Poster B44. Citation Format: Jeremy Chien, Viji Shridhar, Andrea Mariani. Evidence for extra-ovarian origin and peritoneal metastases that precede ovarian carcinomas in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.
Oral monomorphic adenomas

Monomorphic adenomas of the oral cavity have a predilection for the anterior mouth, particularly the upper lip. Two of the monomorphic adenomas, the inverted ductal papilloma and the canalicular adenoma, are biologically benign, but unfamiliarity with their histopathologic appearance can lead to a misdiagnosis of malignancy. The clinical and pathologic features of each are presented.
PRESBYOPIA AND VISUAL HOMEOSTASIS: COMPENSATORY AGING MECHANISMS

The concept that normal human visual development proceeds from the balanced and compensatory interaction of various contributory elements can be traced back to the seminal cross-sectional studies of Sorsby and coworkers four decades ago1-3.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION OF AN ELASTIC CONTINUUM

This chapter reviews the nonlinear elastic theory within a one-dimensional geometry. The chapter also discusses the conditions justifying the linearization of the one-dimensional theory for the purpose of describing the problems of wave propagation. One-dimensional linearized elastic theory is governed by a simple partial differential equation whose general solution is determined by the use of elementary mathematics. In the chapter, it is shown analytically that an external disturbance applied to an initially quiescent medium generates a pulse that propagates with a distinct velocity. Transmission across interfaces between two media of comparable elastic moduli and mass densities gives rise to some interesting and typical wave propagation effects. The chapter discusses these effects and simple harmonic waves. The salient aspects of Fourier analysis are also discussed by means of one-dimensional examples in the chapter. Linear superposition in conjunction with integral representations of forcing functions provides with the means of determining solutions to the problems of elastic wave propagation.