cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermittent Swimming by Mammals: A Strategy for Increasing Energetic Efficiency During Diving1

SYNOPSIS. The evolutionary history of marine mammals involved marked physiological and morphological modifications to change from terrestrial to aquatic locomotion. A consequence of this ancestry is that swimming is energetically expensive for mammals in comparison to fish. This study examined the use of behavioral strategies by marine mammals to circumvent these elevated locomotor costs during horizontal swimming and vertical diving. Intermittent forms of locomotion, including wave-riding and porpoising when near the water surface, and prolonged gliding and a stroke and glide mode of propulsion when diving, enabled marine mammals to increase the efficiency of aquatic locomotion. Video instrumentation packs (8-mm camera, video recorder and time-depth microprocessor) deployed on deep diving bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), and Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) revealed exceptionally long periods of gliding during descent to depth. Glide duration depended on depth and represented nearly 80% of the descent for dives exceeding 200 m. Transitions in locomotor mode during diving were attributed to buoyancy changes with compression of the lungs at depth, and were associated with a 9‐60% reduction in the energetic cost of dives for the species examined. By changing to intermittent locomotor patterns, marine mammals are able to increase travelling speed for little additional energetic cost when surface swimming, and to extend the duration of submergence despite limitations in oxygen stores when diving.
On the design of quadratic filters with application to image processing

We present a systematic design method for quadratic filters, and show an example for an edge detector. Our design maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constrained to detect desired signals while ignoring specified error signals such as shot noise. This filter compares favorably with Sobel and morphological detectors of similar complexity.
Self-organizing approximation based control with ℒ 1 transient performance guarantees

This paper considers tracking control for a nth order system with unknown nonlinearities. A performance-dependent self-organizing approximation approach is proposed. The self-organizing approximation based controller monitors the tracking performance and adds basis elements only as needed to achieve the tracking specification. The tracking performance is guaranteed not only in steady state but also in transient with a ℒ 1 bound. The low-pass filter used in this control design avoids the high-frequency oscillation while ensuring transient performance. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a numerical example is included.
Comment on the modified Beer–Lambert law for scattering media

We present a concise overview of the modified Beer-Lambert law, which has been extensively used in the literature of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of scattering media. In particular, we discuss one form of the modified Beer-Lambert law that is commonly found in the literature and that is not strictly correct. However, this incorrect form of the modified Beer-Lambert law still leads to the correct expression for the changes in the continuous wave optical signal associated with changes in the absorption coefficient of the investigated medium. Here we propose a notation for the modified Beer-Lambert law that keeps the typical form commonly found in the literature without introducing any incorrect assumptions.
Loss of SMEK, a Novel, Conserved Protein, Suppresses mek1 Null Cell Polarity, Chemotaxis, and Gene Expression Defects

MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is imperative for proper chemotaxis. Dictyostelium mek1(-) (MEK1 null) and erk1(-) cells exhibit severe defects in cell polarization and directional movement, but the molecules responsible for the mek1(-) and erk1(-) chemotaxis defects are unknown. Here, we describe a novel, evolutionarily conserved gene and protein (smkA and SMEK, respectively), whose loss partially suppresses the mek1(-) chemotaxis phenotypes. SMEK also has MEK1-independent functions: SMEK, but not MEK1, is required for proper cytokinesis during vegetative growth, timely exit from the mound stage during development, and myosin II assembly. SMEK localizes to the cell cortex through an EVH1 domain at its N terminus during vegetative growth. At the onset of development, SMEK translocates to the nucleus via a nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its C terminus. The importance of SMEK's nuclear localization is demonstrated by our findings that a mutant lacking the EVH1 domain complements SMEK deficiency, whereas a mutant lacking the NLS does not. Microarray analysis reveals that some genes are precociously expressed in mek1(-) and erk1(-) cells. The misexpression of some of these genes is suppressed in the smkA deletion. These data suggest that loss of MEK1/ERK1 signaling compromises gene expression and chemotaxis in a SMEK-dependent manner.
Formal Structure: A Review of the Empirical Relationships Between Task Differentiation, Role Prescription, and Authority Dispersion

The utility of the view of formal structure as a series of dimensions has been questioned because of the several inconsistencies in the empirical outcomes among various studies. Interrelations among three dimensions of formal structure are considered on the basis of 25 major empirical studies. A framework is developed from the substantive focus of the measures of task differentiation, role prescription, and authority dispersion. The application of this scheme, together with some secondary analysis of the empirical outcomes, explicates the relationships, produces consistency among the various studies, and highlights those areas where empirical evidence is lacking. In addition, the review indicates that the substantive meaning of variables and the content realm to which concepts are addressed cannot be disregarded, particularly if integrative models of different levels of analysis are to be the focus of future research.
Degree of corticospinal tract damage correlates with motor function after stroke

Objectives: Direct injury to the corticospinal tract (CST) is a major factor defining motor impairment after stroke. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography allows definition of the CST. We sought to determine whether DTI-based assessment of the degree of CST damage correlates with motor impairment at each phase of ischemic stroke. Methods: We evaluated patients at the acute (3–7 days), subacute (30 days), and chronic (90 days) phases of ischemic stroke with DTI and clinical motor scores (upper extremity Fugl-Myer test [UE-FM], motor items of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [mNIHSS]). The CST was identified and virtual fiber numbers (FN) were calculated for the affected and contralateral CST. We used Spearman correlation to study the relationship of FN ratio (FNr) (affected/unaffected CST) with motor scores at each time point, and the regression model to study the association of the acute parameters with chronic motor scores. Results: We studied 23 patients. Mean age was 66.7 (12) years. FNr correlated with UE-FM score in the acute (r = 0.50, P = 0.032), subacute (r = 0.57, P = 0.007), and chronic (r = 0.67, P = 0.0008) phase, and with mNIHSS in the acute (r = 0.48, P = 0.043), subacute (r = 0.58, P = 0.006), and chronic (r = 0.75, P = 0.0001) phase. The combination of acute NIHSS and FNr significantly predicted chronic UE-FM score (r = 0.74, P = 0.0001). Interpretation: DTIdefined degree of CST injury correlates with motor impairment at each phase of ischemic stroke. The combination of baseline FNr and NIHSS predicts motor outcome. DTI-derived CST assessment could become a surrogate marker of motor impairment in the design of neurorestorative clinical trials.
Optical limiting and enhanced optical nonlinearity in boron-doped carbon nanotubes

Abstract The optical limiting characteristics of pure and boron-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are studied and compared at wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm. Fluence-dependent transmission and Z-scan measurements using 8 ns pulses show that the boron-doped MWNT suspensions exhibit a stronger optical nonlinearity with fluence than pure carbon nanotube suspensions in both the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. The nonlinear response for both materials is dependent on reaggregation within the suspension under study.
Self-Reported Vision, Upper/Lower Limb Disability, and Fall Risk in Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine independent and interactive roles of self-reported vision status and upper and lower limb disability as predictors of falls in people 65 and older. Data fro...
Speeding up inference in Markov logic networks by preprocessing to reduce the size of the resulting grounded network

Statistical-relational reasoning has received much attention due to its ability to robustly model complex relationships. A key challenge is tractable inference, especially in domains involving many objects, due to the combinatorics involved. One can accelerate inference by using approximation techniques, "lazy" algorithms, etc. We consider Markov Logic Networks (MLNs), which involve counting how often logical formulae are satisfied. We propose a preprocessing algorithm that can substantially reduce the effective size of MLNs by rapidly counting how often the evidence satisfies each formula, regardless of the truth values of the query literals. This is a general preprocessing method that loses no information and can be used for any MLN inference algorithm. We evaluate our algorithm empirically in three real-world domains, greatly reducing the work needed during subsequent inference. Such reduction might even allow exact inference to be performed when sampling methods would be otherwise necessary.
Conditional Gaussian fluctuations and refined asymptotics of the spin in the phase-coexistence region

We present four results on the fluctuations of the spin per site around the thermodynamic magnetization in the mean-field Blume-Capel model. Our first two results refine the main theorem in a previous paper (Ellis et al. in Ann. Appl. Probab. 20:2118–2161, 2010), in which the first rigorous confirmation of the statistical mechanical theory of finite-size scaling for a mean-field model is given. Our first main result studies the asymptotics of the centered, finite-size magnetization, giving its precise rate of convergence to 0 along parameter sequences lying in the phase-coexistence region and converging sufficiently slowly to either a second-order point or the tricritical point of the model. A simple inequality yields our second main result, which generalizes the main theorem in Ellis et al. (Ann. Appl. Probab. 20:2118–2161, 2010) by giving an upper bound on the rate of convergence to 0 of the absolute value of the difference between the finite-size magnetization and the thermodynamic magnetization. These first two results have direct relevance to the theory of finite-size scaling. They are consequences of our third main result. This is a new conditional limit theorem for the spin per site, where the conditioning allows us to focus on a neighborhood of the pure states having positive thermodynamic magnetization. Our fourth main result is a conditional central limit theorem showing that the fluctuations of the spin per site are Gaussian in a neighborhood of the pure states having positive thermodynamic magnetization.
Investigation of breast cancer detectability using PET insert with whole-body and zoom-in imaging capability

Traditional whole-body PET scanner is limited in resolution due to large detector crystal size, finite positron range and non-collinearity of annihilation photons. Our lab has developed a prototype half ring insert PET system that can improve resolution and radionuclide contrast recovery by using (1) smaller size of the detector crystals (2) virtual pinhole PET geometry obtained by placing the insert close to the imaging subject. This design allows for zooming-in to an area of interest while still maintaining the scanners whole-body imaging capability. To find the limits of the image resolution and contrast recovery, we performed a set of Monte Carlo simulations for a clinical PET system with and without half ring insert. The reconstructed images show the improvement in image resolution, with 3 mm diameter tumors resolvable with insert at a contrast ratio of 9∶1, compared to scanner without insert where smallest tumors resolvable was 6 mm.
Brush border calcium uptake in short-bowel syndrome in rats.

Resection of distal small intestine causes cal- cium malabsorption in humans and in a rat model ofSO% distal resection. We tested the hypothesis that this calcium malab- sorption is caused in the rat model by a brush border defect. We compared brush border membrane vesicles from the proximal small intestine ofcontrol (transection and anastomosis at mid- small intestine) with distally resected rats. Mucosal protein was 25% greater in the resected group and the vesicles were enriched 37-fold in sucrase activity when compared with homogenate. Kinetic constants vma. (maximal initial rate ofsaturable calcium uptake at infinite concentration), k1 (calcium concentration for saturable calcium uptake rate at halfvmaj, and kD (rate constant for nonsaturable calcium uptake per unit concentration) were slightly but not significantly greater in the resected as compared with the transected group, ruling out the brush border as the cause for decreased transmucosal calcium transport. An J C/in Nutr 1993:57:54-8.
Epithelial relaxation mediated by the myosin phosphatase regulator Mypt1 is required for brain ventricle lumen expansion and hindbrain morphogenesis.

We demonstrate that in the zebrafish hindbrain, cell shape, rhombomere morphogenesis and, unexpectedly, brain ventricle lumen expansion depend on the contractile state of the neuroepithelium. The hindbrain neural tube opens in a specific sequence, with initial separation along the midline at rhombomere boundaries, subsequent openings within rhombomeres and eventual coalescence of openings into the hindbrain ventricle lumen. A mutation in the myosin phosphatase regulator mypt1 results in a small ventricle due to impaired stretching of the surrounding neuroepithelium. Although initial hindbrain opening remains normal, mypt1 mutant rhombomeres do not undergo normal morphological progression. Three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrates cell shapes within rhombomeres and at rhombomere boundaries are abnormal in mypt1 mutants. Wild-type cell shape requires that surrounding cells are also wild type, whereas mutant cell shape is autonomously regulated. Supporting the requirement for regulation of myosin function during hindbrain morphogenesis, wild-type embryos show dynamic levels of phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain (pMRLC). By contrast, mutants show continuously high pMRLC levels, with concentration of pMRLC and myosin II at the apical side of the epithelium, and myosin II and actin concentration at rhombomere boundaries. Brain ventricle lumen expansion, rhombomere morphology and cell shape are rescued by inhibition of myosin II function, indicating that each defect is a consequence of overactive myosin. We suggest that the epithelium must `relax', via activity of myosin phosphatase, to allow for normal hindbrain morphogenesis and expansion of the brain ventricular lumen. Epithelial relaxation might be a widespread strategy to facilitate tube inflation in many organs.
Stress Relaxation Studies of CBA and SSC Coil Sections

Instrumented fixtures were built to measure coil assembly stress and relaxation rates in samples of CBA and SSC coil sections. The effects of constant temperature and thermal cycling on short and long term relaxation are presented. Conclusions and suggestions are presented to achieve minimum long term stress relaxation during the assembly and installation of the SSC rings.
Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures: A Critical Analysis Review.

Fractures of the humeral shaft account for 1% to 3% of all fractures and for 20% of all fractures of the humerus1. This fracture has a bimodal distribution; the first spike in prevalence is in young males and is typically associated with high-impact trauma, and the second spike is in elderly women between the ages of sixty and eighty years2. Humeral shaft fractures are also an independent predictor of intra-abdominal, long-bone, and hand fractures in the patient with trauma3. These fractures cause temporary disability in the young and can cause permanent disability in the old4. Reasonable treatment options include nonoperative management, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The Levels of Evidence guideline for The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery was established in January 20035. This guideline provides Levels of Evidence that are based on a hierarchical rating system for the classification of study quality. A five-level rating system was developed for four different study types: therapeutic, prognostic, diagnostic, and economic or decision modeling. Recommendations for or against different aspects of treatment of humeral shaft fractures were graded with use of these guidelines. The reasoning pertaining to each treatment is explained next. A summarized review of this information and details on grades of recommendation are shown in Table I. View this table: TABLE I Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures: Recommendations for Care* Historically, nonoperative treatment has been the mainstay of treatment for isolated humeral shaft fractures. …
Kinetics and Thermochemistry of the Reaction of 2-Chloroallyl Radicals with Molecular Oxygen

The kinetics of the CH 2 CClCH 2 + O 2 ⇄ CH 2 CCClH 2 O 2 (3,-3) reaction has been studied using laser photolysis/ photoionization mass spectrometry. Room-temperature decay constants of the CH 2 CClCH 2 radical were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of bath gas density ([He] = (3-24) x 10 1 6 molecule cm - 3 ). The rate constants are in the falloff region under the conditions of the experiments. Relaxation to equilibrium in the addition step of the reaction was monitored within the temperature range 340-410 K. Equilibrium constants were determined as a function of temperature and used to obtain the enthalpy of the addition step of reaction 3. At high temperature (730 K), no reaction of CH 2 CClCH 2 with molecular oxygen could be observed and an upper limit to the rate constants was determined (3 x 10 - 1 6 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ). Molecular structures and vibrational frequencies of CH 2 CClCH 2 and CH 2 CClCH 2 O 2 were obtained in quantum chemical calculations and used to compute the reaction entropy. The experimentally determined equilibrium constants combined with the calculated reaction entropy resulted in an R-O 2 bond energy - ΔH o 2 9 8 (3,-3) = 76.5 ′ 2.8 kJ mol-1, which coincides with the R-O 2 bond energy for the allyl radical. The results demonstrate the absence of any effects of chlorine substitution in the β position on the R-O 2 bond energy.
Chapter 8. Reinventing Controlling State Crime and Varieties of State Crime and Its Control: What I Would Have Done Differently

In 1995 my edited book "Controlling State Crime" was published (Ross 1995a). Five years later, not only was my follow-up edited book, "Varieties of State Crime and Its Control," released (hereafter "Varieties"), but so too was the second edition of "Controlling State Crime" (Ross 2000a, 2000b). In between the time that the two books were published, and since the release of Varieties, the once nascent field of state crime, interchangeably labeled governmental crime, illegality, lawlessness, official deviance, or misconduct, has evolved. Old and rudimentary ideas have either been abandoned or modified, and numerous subject-relevant essays and case studies have accumulated. Some scholars of the subject of state crime have produced a steady flow of research, while others have moved on to different criminological/criminal justice subjects. Then again, new and emerging young scholars have entered the field carrying the banner of this cross-disciplinary field.Personal history aside, the following sections attempt to give the reader a sense of the major arguments from the original "Controlling State Crime," followed by a review of Varieties, and then a review of what scholarly research has been produced since then to answer the proverbial question of what I would have done differently had I had to do it again. This is not an easy question to answer. As a relatively introspective scholar, I frequently question my agency and actions, and no ox is too sacred to gore, particularly if it is an edited book.
A dynamical systems approach to systemic risk in a financial network

The insolvency of a financial entity such as a bank can trigger a sequence of defaults in a network of financial entities interconnected through mutual financial obligations, thus posing a systemic risk to all the financial entities that make up the network. This paper studies the well-known Eisenberg-Noe model for systemic risk from a dynamical systems perspective. In particular, we model the sequence of defaults in the form of a dynamical system, and provide results on its stability and asymptotic behavior.
Role of the advanced practice nurse in palliative care

Palliative care is given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The role of the advanced practice nurse (APN) has significant value in this speciality. APNs provide holistic care, along with diagnostic and treatment expertise, and at the same time evaluate cost-effective use of resources. Palliative care APNs are specialists and leaders in disease-modifying care, pain and symptom management, giving attention to highest quality of life possible, and compassionate end-of-life care. The role of the APN has been highly recognised in the US and the aim of this article is to investigate this role. The article explores background, significance and a review of the literature. It concludes by emphasising the importance of APNs.
Design and Fabrication of Mid-IR Guided Mode Resonance Filters

This paper summarizes design and fabrication results for Mid-IR Guided Mode Resonance filters based on Hexagonal and Rectangular arrays for use at 2.8 um. The devices are fabricated in Quartz substrates with Hafnium Dioxide.
Visual and pronouncing responses in free recall learning

In two experiments the relative importance of pronouncing and visual responses during free-recall learning were compared. When overt pronouncing responses were required of both groups, the different amount of time available for visual responding had no effect. When Ss were not required to make overt pronouncing responses, the group which had less opportunity to make visual responses did significantly better. These results obtained with a different methodology supported previous work by Mechanic and his co-workers, who have stressed the importance of the pronouncing response and the relative unimportance of the visual response.
DISTRIBUTION OF SEXUAL AND APOMICTIC POPULATIONS OF ANTENNARIA PARLINII.

The evolution and adaptive value of sexual reproduction have been the subject of extensive theoretical exploration (Williams, 1975; Maynard Smith, 1978). The major problem centers about the "cost of meiosis," as Williams expresses it. If both sexual and asexual means of reproduction are available to an individual well adapted to its environment, why should it break up its complex adaptive system of genes by segregation at meiosis, on the chance that equally adaptive complexes will be reconstituted by fertilization? Any empirical answer to this question will require comparisons of related populations that reproduce sexually and/or asexually. The presence over a long period of time of both sexuality and asexuality in closely related populations would indicate that both modes of reproduction are equally adaptive. If reproductive mode varies with geography or ecological coiiditions, sexuality can be assumed to confer an adaptive advantage under some conditions and asexuality under others, or else the change in relative proportions of the two systems occurs over very long periods of time. Dioecious, agamospermous species of plants may be useful for testing hypotheses about sexuality because apomictic females will produce only female offspring. Consequently, the sex ratio within a population is a valuable though not an infallible clue to the incidence of asexuality. Both sexual dioecism and agamic seed production exist in Antennaria (Asteraceae, Inuleae), a genus of perennial herbs found in cool temperate to arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Taxonomists investigating North American Antennaria during the 1880's and 1890's observed that many widespread species consist of populations containing only pistillate plants. The presence of apomixis via diplospory (Gustafsson, 1944; Stebbins, 1950) was determined for species of eastern North America by Stebbins (1932). We believe that three entities recognized by Fernald (1945), namely A. fallax Greene, A. parlinii Fern., and A. munda Fern., should be combined into a single variable species, A. parlinii s.l. (Bayer and Stebbins, in press). Antennaria parlinii is chiefly hexaploid (2n = 84), but includes a few tetraploid (2n = 56) and octoploid (2n = 112) populations (Bayer and Stebbins, 1981). Populations of A. parlinii may consist entirely of pistillate plants in addition to others in which staminate plants occur (Fernald, 1936). Herbarium specimens from Ohio at The Ohio State University show that staminate plants have been much more commonly collected in the southeastern (unglaciated) as opposed to the northwestern (glaciated) part of Ohio. Consequently, this state appeared to be particularly favorable for comparing sexual, apomictic and mixed populations of A. parlinii. We have determined that the great majority of both kinds of populations have the same chromosome number, 2n = 84. The objectives of the present study are to describe the distribution of apomictic and sexual populations in Ohio and their correlation with the glacial history, to document the nature of facultatively apomictic populations in the glacial
Publishing Findings that are Not Significant: Can Non-significant Findings Be Significant?

Many of us have the privilege of teaching a course focused on research design and/or the critical analysis of empirical research, whether it is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. Inevitab...
The evolution of physician credentialing into managed care selective contracting.

In a field littered with analogies, health care in the mid-nineties is best characterized as an enterprise caught in the violent cross winds of a tropical storm known as managed care. Like a series of hurricanes, managed care has reshaped the landscape of health care delivery in drastic and unpredictable ways. While the forces of managed care have increasingly altered more health care markets, others are only beginning to feel the winds of change. As managed care overtakes fee-for-service (FFS) medicine, profound alterations in health delivery are occurring which affect every aspect of American health care. Particularly noteworthy is the use of capitation as a primary method of reimbursement. The ramifications of capitated health care are broad and warrant exploration from several vantage points. One basic concern in capitated health plans and managed care is the effect of new payment incentives on physician evaluation for purposes of credentialing. This Article focuses on managed care credentialing—the process of appointing, reappointing, and delineating clinical privileges—from a legal perspective. While the Article centers on the link between capitation and credentialing, it has broader applicability in that the same physician evaluation mechanisms in capitated settings are found in discounted FFS arrangements as well. The piece provides a brief overview of capitation and credentialing, and a discussion of trends that have altered hospital medical staff credentialing processes.
Teaching NeuroImages: Vanishing white matter ovarioleukodystrophy.

A 21-year-old Pakistani woman with a history of 2 seizures at 20 months of age and consanguineous parents was diagnosed with premature ovarian failure and hyperprolactinemia. Her neurologic examination was normal. Brain imaging showed confluent white matter T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities with periventricular cavitations (figure). Genetic testing showed homozygosity for a p.Lys273Arg missense mutation in the EIF2B2 gene (NM_014239.3: c.818A>G), which had previously been reported as disease-causing,1 and confirmed vanishing white matter (VWM) ovarioleukodystrophy. At 2-year follow-up, she remains neurologically asymptomatic with stable imaging. There is phenotypic variation in VWM disease and neurologic deterioration is associated with stressors (head trauma, fever).1,2
CASE: Comprehensive Application Security Enforcement on COTS Mobile Devices

Without violating existing app security enforcement, malicious modules inside apps, such as a library or an external class, can steal private data and abuse sensitive capabilities meant for other modules inside the same apps. These so-called "module-level attacks" are quickly emerging, fueled by the pervasive use of third-party code in apps and the lack of module-level security enforcement on mobile platforms. To systematically thwart the threats, we build CASE, an automatic app patching tool used by app developers to enable module-level security in their apps built for COTS Android devices. During runtime, patched apps enforce developer-supplied security policies that regulate interactions among modules at the granularity of a Java class. Requiring no changes or special support from the Android OS, the enforcement is complete in covering inter-module crossings in apps and is robust against malicious Java and native app modules. We evaluate CASE with 420 popular apps and a set of Android's unit tests. The results show that CASE is fully compatible with the tested apps and incurs an average performance overhead of 4.9%.
P050 DSA-FXM distinguish auto-Ab from Allo-Ab in FXM and detect true donor specific HLA-Abs

Aim A false Allo-FXM positive caused by non-specific Auto-Ab from a recipient is often observed. A positive Auto-FXM is most likely to result in a positive Allo-FXM (52%) and makes the interpretation of final FXM troublesome. A novel DSA-FXM was developed and is able to distinguish HLA-Ab from Non-HLA-Ab, Auto-DSA from Allo-DSA and eliminate false positive Allo-FXM results caused by non-HLA-Abs. Methods DSA-FXM: 0.2×106 donor PBMCs were incubated with recipient serum at RT for 30′, after washes, the beads conjugated with anti-HLA class-I (CI) and -II (CII) MoAbs were added. The cells were lysed with lysis buffer containing PE-anti-IgG and the complexes of HLA-Ag/DSA/PE-anti-IgG were captured by CI or CII beads. The beads were finally acquired on a flow cytometer. The PE intensities on CI and CII beads were proportionately correlated with the HLA-DSA levels in the serum. FXM: General IgG FXM procedure Luminex Single Antigen Beads (L-SAB): One Lambda method Results A total of 30,364 TB 52% auto-FXM+ (1726) accompanied by Allo-FXM+. Of total 80 both auto- and allo-FXM positive samples, LMX-DSA were detected in only 13 (16%) and 26 (33%) in auto- and allo-FXMs respectively; and DSA were identified positive by DSA-FXM in 15 (19%) and 28 (35%) in above two groups. Furthermore, DSA positive by both LMX-DSA and DSA-FXM were only 7 (9%) and 19 (24%). The concordance of LMX-DSA and DSA-FXM were 83% and 80% in auto- and allo-FXM groups. Download : Download high-res image (108KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions Most of allo-FXM positive with auto-FXM positive were caused by non-HLA-Ab and auto-HLA-Ab (Auto-DSA). DSA was identified by DSA-FXM has a good concordance with DSA called by LMX virtual XM. DSA-FXM is able to specifically detect the true DSA against native HLA-Ag on donor cell surface and eliminate false positive FXM results.
Cross-situational word learning is better modeled by associations than hypotheses

Research has shown that people can learn many nouns (i.e., word-referent mappings) from a short series of ambiguous situations containing multiple word-referent pairs. Associative models assume that people accomplish such cross-situational learning by approximately tracking which words and referents co-occur. However, some researchers posit that learners hypothesize only a single referent for each word, and retain and test this hypothesis unless it is disconfirmed. To compare these two views, we fit two models to individual learning trajectories in a cross-situational word-learning task, in which each trial presents four objects and four spoken words—16 possible word-object pairings per trial. The model that maintains a single hypothesis for each word does not fit as well as the associative model that roughly learns the co-occurrence structure of the data using competing attentional biases for familiar pairings and uncertain stimuli. We conclude that language acquisition is likely supported by memory, not sparse hypotheses.
Exploring model structure uncertainty using a general stock assessment framework: the case of Pacific cod in the Eastern Bering Sea.

Abstract An assessment framework is developed that allows analysts to conduct stock assessments for fish and invertebrate stocks based on age-, size- and age-size-structured population dynamics models. The size-structured model is nested within the age-size-structured model. The framework can use catch, discard, index of abundance, size- and age-composition, conditional age-at-length, mean length-at-age, and tagging data to estimate model parameters. It is used to explore the sensitivity of key model outputs for Pacific cod in the Eastern Bering Sea by applying model configurations that use the same data, same likelihood functions, and same data weighting schemes. Base model configurations using the three model types all fit the available data adequately, but the age-structured model fits the data better than the size-structured model. Variation in estimates of spawning biomass and the overfishing level was higher among model-types than within model-types. This result highlights the need for assessment analysts to focus more on applying and presenting results for multiple models.
The Origins of Early Colonial Cows at San Bernabé, Guatemala: Strontium Isotope Values at an Early Spanish Mission in the Petén Lakes Region of Northern Guatemala

The earliest Spanish explorers in the 15th century brought ships stocked with European domesticated animals to the Americas. Yet for nearly two centuries, the Maya living in Guatemala’s Peten Lakes...
Design and Automatic Tuning of Fuzzy Logic Control for an Active Suspension System

Abstract A control scheme for an active suspension system is developed using fuzzy logic. In contrast to the trial and error approach used in most fuzzy logic control (FLC) development, the focus of this research work is on developing systematic learning algorithms that can be used to fine tune an FLC. A performance based tuning algorithm is presented and used to adjust an FLC initially constructed using empirical intuition. Simulations are used to demostrate the performance of the resulting control system.
The response of red cell hexose monophosphate shunt after sulfhydryl inhibition

In this investigation, we studied the importance of cellular glutathione (GSH) in the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity of unstimulated human erythrocytes and the mechanism by which pyruvate stimulates the HMPS. The rate of HMPS activity was measured by the production of radioactive CO2 from 14C-1-glucose or 14C-1-ribose using a vibrating reed electrometer and ionization chamber. HMPS activity was not significantly impaired by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in concentrations which bound all red cell GSH. Red cells incubated under carbon monoxide (CO), an experimental condition which eliminates peroxide production, still had HMPS activity which was 44% of the value under air. Pyruvate stimulation of the HMPS was unaffected by doses of NEM which bound all cellular GSH or by incubation under CO. These data indicated that pyruvate stimulation of the HMPS occurs by pathways which do not involve peroxide formation, GSH, or oxygen. This study indicates that sulfhydrylblockade of GSH does not necessarily inhibit HMPS activity and that HMPS activity in red cells may respond to reactions not linked directly to glutathione reduction.
Steering on SO(3) with sinusoidal inputs

This paper presents steering control strategies for kinematic system Ṙ = RΩ on SO(3) for the case that input Ω is restricted to a class of sinusoidal functions. This restriction is motivated by the problem of rigid-body orientation control using vibrating internal-momentum actuators. A main result of this paper is a new closed-form solution of the kinematic system on SO(3). The solution is used to establish controllability of the kinematic system with the sinusoidal input restriction. We then present a feedback controller that globally asymptotically stabilizes the identity, and a feedback tracking controller that yields bounded error.
Abstract 3012: Long-term aspirin use and total and cancer-specific mortality

Background: Long-term follow of clinical trials of aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease have shown that aspirin may be associated with a reduced risk of death from cancer, including colorectal, esophageal, and lung cancer, and possibly breast and prostate cancer. However, the potential benefits of aspirin use, at a range of doses and duration of use, on total and cancer-specific mortality have not been examined in large prospective cohort studies with long-term follow-up. Methods: We examined the association between aspirin use and subsequent total and cancer-specific mortality, at a range of doses and duration of use, among 86,206 women in the Nurses9 Health Study (1980-2012) and 43,977 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Participants with a history of cancer, heart disease, or stroke were excluded. Aspirin use was assessed at baseline and updated every 2 years with greater than 90% follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios as estimates for age- and multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During up to 32 years of follow-up, 22,094 women and 14,749 men died, and 8,271 women and 4,591 men died of cancer. Compared with nonregular use, regular aspirin use was associated with lower risk of total mortality (multivariable-adjusted RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.90-0.95 for women and RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.86-0.93 for men), which was primarily due to a lower risk of dying from any cancer (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89-0.97 for women and RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.80-0.90 for men), especially colorectal cancers (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.59-0.81 for women and RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57-0.85 for men), breast cancers (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.79-0.99), prostate cancers (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.65-0.90), and lung cancers in men (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74-0.99). The benefit of aspirin on cancer mortality appeared evident with use of at least 0.5 to 1.5 standard aspirin tablets per week for both men and women; and the minimum duration of regular use associated with lower cancer mortality was 6 years. Conclusions: Long-term aspirin use was associated with reduced risk of total mortality, primary due to reduced risk of dying from cancers. Citation Format: Yin Cao, Meir Stampfer, Walter Willett, Donna Spiegelman, JoAnn Manson, Eric Rimm, Molin Wang, Shuji Ogino, Charles Fuchs, Edward Giovannucci, Andrew Chan. Long-term aspirin use and total and cancer-specific mortality [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3012. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3012
Understanding team maladaptation through the lens of the four R's of adaptation

Abstract The process of team adaptation is crucial for team success as effectiveness in today's workplace hinges upon teams that are flexible and dynamic in the unavoidable presence of change. A considerable amount of work has been conducted on the positive aspects of a team's adaptation process (e.g., successful adaptation resulting in beneficial outcomes). These efforts, however, have largely ignored the process and outcomes of maladaptation when a team fails to adapt properly. We use influential works (e.g., Burke, Stagl, Salas, Pierce, & Kendall, 2006; Kozlowski, Watola, Jensen, Kim, & Botero, 2009) to build a concise heuristic (e.g., the four R's) that is then used to outline and describe potential errors teams may engage in before, during, and after a change that cause maladaptive outcomes. We offer propositions around our heuristic that can readily utilized in research contexts to guide further exploration into team adaptation so that we may better understand the processes underlying maladaptive outcomes.
Notes on Wissadula (Malvaceae), with the Description of Two New Species

Abstract: Some historical considerations concerning the identity of Wissadula stellata (Cav.) K. Schum., lectotypifications of Sida stellata Cav. and W. fuscorosea Ulbr., the description of two new species (W. ecuadoriensis and W. macrocarpa), and the discussion of the legitimacy of a name widely but incorrectly used in Wissadula Medik., W. macrantha R.E.Fr., nom. illegit., are presented.
Case Study: Enalapril: A Prodrug of Enalaprilat

Enalaprilat is a potent and reversible inhibitor of the plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); it is used clinically in the treatment of hypertension (Patchett et al., 1980; Gross et al., 1981). Although enalaprilat has potent and prompt therapeutic activity when administered intravenously, its high polarity and transport characteristics cause it to be poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to extremely low bioavailability of enalaprilat when administered orally (Biollaz et al., 1982).
Label-Free LC-MS/MS Strategy for Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of Human Islets Collected Using Laser Capture Microdissection from Frozen Pancreata.

Diabetes mellitus is caused by either loss of pancreatic islets β-cells (Type 1 Diabetes, T1D), insufficient insulin release in the islet β-cells coupled with insulin resistance in target tissues (Type 2 Diabetes, T2D), or impaired insulin release (genetic forms of diabetes and, possibly, T1D subtypes). The investigation of the islet proteome could elucidate facets of the pathogenesis of diabetes. Enzymatically isolated and cultured (EIC) islets are frequently used to investigate biochemical signaling pathways that could trigger β-cell changes and death in diabetes. However, they cannot fully reflect the natural protein composition and disease process of in vivo islets due to the stress from isolation procedures and in vitro culture. The laser capture microdissection method employs a high-energy laser source to separate the desired cells from the remaining tissue section in an environment which is well conserved and close to the natural condition. Here, we describe a label-free proteomic workflow of laser capture microdissected (LCM) human islets from fresh-frozen pancreas sections of cadaveric donors to obtain an accurate and unbiased profile of the pancreatic islet proteome. The workflow includes preparation of frozen tissue section, staining and dehydration, LCM islets collection, islet protein digestion, label free Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), database search, and statistical analysis.
Poverty, Discrimination, and Health

Poverty and discrimination, both their overt forms and subtle micro-aggressions, are two of the most significant factors that fundamentally have a direct effect on physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being. Social conditions and socially constructed ideologies play a role in shaping interpersonal and group identities that create the type of social environment and context one is exposed. Social forces such as poverty and discrimination shape population health and can create or intensify the effect on vulnerable groups. Lack of access to resources as a result of poverty and discrimination is part of the cyclical relationship that exacerbates poor health. Perceptions of self and others influence a range of health promotion and help-seeking behaviors, healthcare delivery practices, and policies within and outside the healthcare arena. Poverty and discrimination are presented as individual determinants of health that are also closely linked to each other. Strategies that may help broaden the understanding of factors that contribute to certain health outcomes are proposed, as well as examples of approaches that may effectively address health disparities. Implications for health professionals from a population health perspective are presented.
Psychoanalytic Studies of Creativity, Greed, and Fine Art: Making Contact with the Self

Throughout the history of psychoanalysis, the study of creativity and fine art has been a special concern. Psychoanalytic Studies of Creativity, Greed and Fine Art: Making Contact with the Self makes a distinct contribution to the psychoanalytic study of art by focusing attention on the relationship between creativity and greed. This book also focuses attention on factors in the personality that block creativity, and examines the matter of the self and its ability to be present and exist as the essential element in creativity. Using examples primarily from visual art David Levine explores the subjects of creativity, empathy, interpretation and thinking through a series of case studies of artists, including Robert Irwin, Ad Reinhardt, Susan Burnstine, and Mark Rothko. Psychoanalytic Studies of Creativity, Greed and Fine Art explores the highly ambivalent attitude of artists toward making their presence known, an ambivalence that is evident in their hostility toward interpretation as a way of knowing. This is discussed with special reference to Susan Sontag’s essay on the subject of interpretation. Psychoanalytic Studies of Creativity, Greed and Fine Art contributes to a long tradition of psychoanalytically influenced writing on creativity including the work of Deri, Kohut, Meltzer, Miller and Winnicott among others. It will be of interest to psychoanalysts, psychoanalytic psychotherapists, historians and theorists of art.
Prostate cancer and applications of vitamin K

Abstract Vitamin K is well known for its role in the coagulation process. However, a plethora of studies suggest that the metabolic function of vitamin K extends beyond coagulation, such as in osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. An even more interesting fact is that the emerging studies support that the intake of vitamin K could be beneficial in managing various types of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Interestingly, higher levels of vitamin K2 and higher intake of this vitamin are correlated with reduced fatal PCa, and vitamin K2 deficiency status has been found in most men with aggressive PCa. With a one in seven risk of developing PCa within their lifetime, this is an encouraging discovery. In vitro research studies also support the notion that various forms of vitamin K (K2, K4, and K3) are effective against different types of PCas. This chapter is focused on the potential beneficial effects of vitamin K use for PCa treatment based on various epidemiological and experimental studies conducted to date.
The Effect of Instructional Set Size on Learning Efficiency.

Research has found that factors such as content, prompts, and individual motivational differences affect instructional effectiveness. While instructional effectiveness is acritical outcome variable...