cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Patent System in Pre-1989 Czechoslovakia

The chapter analyzes patent law in Czechoslovakia in the period from 1945 until the end of communist rule in 1989. In addition to reviewing the legislative development of patent law – the laws on the books – the chapter explains the law in action, which includes the application of the law in practice and the attitudes of Czechoslovak society toward inventive activities and patenting. The chapter shows that post-1945 Czechoslovak patent law drew on a highly developed pre-1940 Czechoslovak patent law and practice that was based on the Austrian patent law inherited by Czechoslovakia in 1918 when it split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although Czechoslovak patent experts after 1948 were under severe pressure to adopt the Soviet patent law model, it was not until 1972 that the Soviet model was fully imposed upon the Czechoslovak patent system. Notwithstanding the political distortions forced upon the Czechoslovak patent system in the 1950s, 1970s and 1980s, the legacy of a high level of technical expertise developed under the Austro-Hungarian Empire survived in Czechoslovakia in large measure through the end of communist rule in 1989.The chapter aims to achieve three goals. First, it aims to dispel misperceptions that have appeared in some recent scholarship that no developed patent system existed in Czechoslovakia prior to 1989. Second, the chapter contributes to the recent trend in the historiography of the Soviet bloc countries with a showing that patent law development was not uniform across the Soviet bloc, with an explanation that the development did not occur in complete isolation from the West, and with a presentation of the practical everyday effects of the patent system on the people of Czechoslovakia. Third, the chapter presents features of the Czechoslovak patent system that might be of interest to current critics of patent systems in various countries. Critics interested in changing from the property rule to the liability rule in patent law may find the Czechoslovak system interesting because the Czechoslovak system de facto deprived most inventors of injunctions. Critics who are concerned about rewards for unpatentable discoveries may find it useful to learn about the protection for such discoveries that appeared in Czechoslovak law until 1990. The lessons learned in Czechoslovakia in the pre-1989 period are not easily transferable to current practice, and particularly not to any democratic society with a functioning market economy; however, it is helpful to recall and understand the functioning of the features and the impact that they had on inventive activity within their past context to see if any of the lessons might be relevant today.
Density heterogeneity of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes: gradient fractionation and relationship to chemotactic stimulation

When elicited murine peritoneal exudate cells were subjected to Percoll density gradient centrifugation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were found to distribute over a broad spectrum of buoyant densities (1.10-1.06 g/ml). PMN isolated between approximately 1.10 and 1.085 g/ml were referred to as high density PMN (HD-PMN), and those isolated at approximately 1.085-1.06 g/ml were designated intermediate density PMN (ID-PMN). Cells were characterized on the basis of morphology and specific markers: PMN by lactoferrin immunocytofluorescence and macrophages by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrase activity. Macrophages banded near the top of the gradient with a peak at 1.04 g/ml. At increasing times following elicitation, the ratio of HD to ID-PMN decreased. Decreased density of either murine HD-PMN or human peripheral blood PMN could be induced in vitro by exposure of the cells to endotoxin-activated serum. A decrease in buoyant density of human PMN was also demonstrated in vitro using the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The response was time dependent, related to dose, and appeared to be mediated by the cell membrane receptor for FMLP. A competitive antagonist of FMLP binding, carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-methionine, inhibited the density change with a calculated Kd similar to that reported for inhibition of FMLP-induced aggregation, degranulation, locomotion, and superoxide production. The FMLP-induced decrease in PMN density was shown to be directly correlated with increases in relative mean cell volume. The density response is a new measurement of PMN interaction with specific chemotactic factors, which may be important in the generation of PMN heterogeneity observed in elicited peritoneal exudate cells. In addition, this approach offers a means of physically separating "activated" from "resting" PMN and of studying resultant biochemical differences between these cell populations using both in vivo and in vitro systems.
NDAR: A Model Federal System for Secondary Analysis in Developmental Disabilities Research

Abstract The National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) is a human-subject data repository on tens of thousands of research participants. Approved researchers have access to an unprecedented volume of item-level clinical, genomic, and imaging data. Data are shared quickly using both a common data standard and innovative tools for experiment definition, which provide the level of detail needed for efficient use of the repository. As described, early adopters have used it to conduct secondary data analysis. Now, with an ever-increasing volume of research data being made available, and new methods for data query, data download, and computation in place, this initiative is becoming vital to those interested in scientific discovery in autism or is being used as a model by other research communities.
GABA and Artesunate Do Not Induce Pancreatic α-to-β Cell Transdifferentiation In Vivo.

Recent reports identified activation of the GABA signaling pathway as a means to induce transdifferentiation of pancreatic α cells into β cells. These reports followed several previous studies that found that α cells were particularly well suited to conversion into β cells in mice, but only after nearly complete β cell loss or forced overexpression of key transcriptional regulators. The possibility of increasing β cell number via reprograming of α cells with a small molecule is enticing, as this could be a potential new pharmacologic therapy for diabetes. Here, we employed rigorous genetic lineage tracing of α cells, using Glucagon-CreERT2;Rosa-LSL-eYFP mice, to evaluate if activation of GABA signaling caused α-to-β cell reprogramming. In contrast to previous reports, we found that even after long-term treatment of mice with artesunate or GABA, neither α-to-β cell transdifferentiation nor insulin secretion were stimulated, putting into question whether these agents represent a viable path to a novel diabetes therapy.
Genetic ablation of Gpr37l1 delays tumor occurrence in Ptch1+/− mouse models of medulloblastoma

The G-protein coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is specifically expressed in most astrocytic glial cells, including cerebellar Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1), a co-receptor of the sonic hedgehog (Shh)-smoothened (Smo) signaling complex. Gpr37l1 null mutant mice exhibit precocious post-natal cerebellar development, with altered Shh-Smo mitogenic cascade and premature down-regulation of granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Gpr37l1 expression is downregulated in medulloblastoma (MB) and upregulated in glioma and glioblastoma tumors. Shh-associated MBs originate postnatally, from dysregulated hyperproliferation of GCPs in developing cerebellum's external granular layer (EGL), as shown in heterozygous Ptch1+/- knock-out mouse strains that model human MB occurrence and progression. This study investigates cerebellar MB phenotypes in newly produced Gpr37l1, Ptch1 double mutant mice. Natural history analysis shows that Gpr37l1 genetic ablation, in Ptch1+/- model animals, results in marked deferment of post-natal tumor occurrence and decreased incidence of more aggressive tumor types. It is also associated with the delayed and diminished presence of more severe types of hyperplastic lesions in Ptch1+/- mice. Consistently, during early post-natal development Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- pups exhibit reduction in cerebellar GCP proliferation and EGL thickness and a precocious, sustained expression of wingless-type MMTV integration site member 3 (Wnt3), a specific inhibitor of Shh-induced neuronal mitogenesis, in comparison with Ptch1+/- heterozygous single mutants. These findings highlight the specific involvement of Gpr37l1 in modulating postnatal cerebellar Shh-Ptch1-Smo mitogenic signaling in both normal and pathological conditions. The novel Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- mouse models may thus be instrumental in the detailed characterization of the initial phases of Shh-associated MB insurgence and development.
The structure and stability of CrnTem (1 ≤ n ≤ 6, 1 ≤ m ≤ 8) clusters

Abstract First principles studies on the electronic structure, stability, and magnetic properties of CrnTem (1 ≤ n ≤ 6, 1 ≤ m ≤ 8) clusters have been carried out within a density functional framework. Investigations into the energetic stability indicate that Cr4Te6 and Cr6Te8 are energetically stable species. The Cr4Te6 cluster is found to be nonmagnetic and to have a large HOMO-LUMO gap. Energetic and electronic stability are not always correlated as Cr6Te8 is marked by a much smaller HOMO-LUMO gap, is magnetic, and has a high electron affinity of 3.39 eV. The stability of Cr6Te8 is enhanced by adding charge donating ligands to form stable Cr6Te8(PEt3)6 clusters.
Fast nonthermal processes in pulsed laser deposition

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is widely used to grow epitaxial thin films of quantum materials. Here, we use in situ x-ray scattering to study homoepitaxy of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ by energetic deposition (e-PLD) versus PLD thermalized by a He background gas (th-PLD). Energetic PLD suppresses the lateral growth of two-dimensional islands, which suggests that particles with kinetic energies of $\ensuremath{\sim}100$ eV break up smaller islands. Fast interlayer transport occurs for th-PLD as well as e-PLD, implying a process operating on submicrosecond time scales for incident particles with kinetic energies below 10 eV.
Colloquium: Linear in temperature resistivity and associated mysteries including high temperature superconductivity

Even after much research and heated debate, high temperature superconductivity remains one of the most challenging and controversial problems in condensed matter. Apart from that at a phenomenological level some accepted and successful paradigms for the behavior of electrons fail, even the model relevant for the observed properties has been under debate, as well as methods to solve any model satisfactorily. In this Colloquium a perspective is provided into issues involved and results of a systematic solution on a model are reviewed and compared with experiments on an anomalous metallic state which is the basis for the emerging superconducting state.
The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: Updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys

Background and objectives Accurate, up-to-date estimates of the burden of migraine and severe headache are important for evidence-based decision-making about workforce needs and the distribution of health resources. We used data from US government health surveys to report the prevalence, trends, and impact of this condition by age, sex, and poverty status. Methods We identified the most recent, publicly available summary statistics from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Health Interview Survey. We extracted and compiled relevant information from each study, with an emphasis on sex, age, and economic-related statistics. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of migraine and severe headache in the United States has remained stable over many years. In 2018, the age-adjusted prevalence was 15.9% across all adults. The sex ratio also remains stable, with 21% of women and 10.7% of men affected. Migraine continues to be an important public health problem, accounting for roughly 4 million emergency department (ED) visits in 2016, when headache was the fifth most common reason for an ED visit overall and the third most common reason for ED visits in females 15-64. Migraine also accounted for over 4.3 million office visits. Many adults with migraine or severe headaches are disadvantaged. In 2018, for example, roughly 40% of US adults with migraine were unemployed, and a similar proportion were classified as poor or "near poor." Roughly one in five had no health insurance and about a third had a high school education or less. Conclusions Migraine and severe headaches are a serious public health issue in the United States, with the highest impact in women of childbearing age and those of lower socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic disadvantages also are highly prevalent among those with headaches. The economic consequences of the current coronavirus pandemic are likely to exacerbate all of these inequities. Increased attention to this high impact chronic pain condition, and improved funding for treatment provision and research, are warranted to reduce the future burden of disease.
A Bronchogenic Cyst Masquerading as a Tongue Mass.

Bronchogenic cysts are foregut-derived developmental anomalies found along the developmental pathway of the foregut. The putative theory of pathogenesis is abnormal budding or branching of epithelial cells during the development of tracheobronchial tree. Over 99 % of cases occur in the mediastinum and lung while the head and neck area is affected in less than 1 % of cases with only rare cases reported in the oral cavity. This is a report of a case of a bronchogenic cyst arising in a 6-year-old male. The lesion presented as a painless swelling of the left underside of the tongue. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium exhibiting many ciliated and mucous cells. A focus of cartilage and discontinuous bundles of smooth muscle were present adjacent to the lining. Where there was cyst rupture, there was granulation tissue associated with many foamy macrophages and acute and chronic inflammation. Four other cases, three in the tongue and one in the lower lip vestibule with cutaneous extension, all in the midline, have been reported in a 1 day-old male, 4 year-old male, 6 year-old female and 3 year-old male. There was no recurrence after excision and this is in keeping with the behavior in previous reports. Other developmental cysts including foregut cysts may be focally lined with respiratory epithelium but the presence of cartilage is the sine qua non for the diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst.
Exploring the lived experiences of rural LGBTQ + youth: Navigating identity and authenticity within school and community contexts

Research with rural LGBTQ + youth suggests their experiences of stigma and victimization, as well as related health concerns, may be greater than that of urban LGBTQ + youth. Regional differences m...
An experimental modelling and performance validation study: Top gas pressure tracking system in a blast furnace using soft computing methods:

The blast furnace is a master iron-producing plant of iron and steel factories and affected by several process parameters as well as top gas pressure , which is a key process control phenomenon to ...
Network Partitioning as Cooperative Games with Costs of Links

Real networks, both social, business or informatics, and others, are evolving. It means that the composition of communities, mostly occurring in these networks, is also changing. Societies evolve and change in different ways. Also, their number in a particular network can change over time. In this paper, we discuss the identification and development of communities in a network over time. The basis of the interactions we take into account is a multiplayer game as a social dilemma played in a large network population. We assume that members interact in randomly formed coalitions. We have created a simulation model that allows us to model community building as specific coalitions. The proposed model also includes mechanisms that occur in real networks. It contains the cost of maintaining links between network members and the possibility of selecting partners for interactions primarily. It affects the dynamics of community development processes in networks. Simulation experiments show the development of communities in the network and the influence of various parameters, especially the cost of maintaining relationships between players in the network.
Toward a Tractable Analysis of Localization Fundamentals in Cellular Networks

When dedicated positioning systems, such as GPS, are unavailable, a mobile device has no choice but to fall back on its cellular network for localization. Due to random variations in the channel conditions to its surrounding base stations (BS), the mobile device is likely to face a mix of both favorable and unfavorable geometries for localization. Analytical studies of localization performance (e.g., using the Cramer-Rao lower bound) usually require that one fix the BS geometry, and favorable geometries have always been the preferred choice in the literature. However, not only are the resulting analytical results constrained to the selected geometry, this practice is likely to lead to overly-optimistic expectations of typical localization performance. Ideally, localization performance should be studied across all possible geometric setups, thereby also removing any selection bias. This, however, is known to be hard and has been carried out only in simulation. In this paper, we develop a new tractable approach where we endow the BS locations with a distribution by modeling them as a Poisson point process (PPP), and use tools from stochastic geometry to obtain easy-to-use expressions for key performance metrics. In particular, we focus on the probability of detecting some minimum number of BSs, which is shown to be closely coupled with a network operator’s ability to obtain satisfactory localization performance (e.g., meet FCC E911 requirements). This metric is indifferent to the localization technique (e.g., TOA, TDOA, AOA, or hybrids thereof), though different techniques will presumably lead to different BS hearability requirements. In order to mitigate excessive interference due to the presence of dominant interferers in the form of other BSs, we incorporate both BS coordination and frequency reuse in the proposed framework and quantify the resulting performance gains analytically.
Identification of a conformational epitope induced in the kringle 5-latent protease domain of Glu-plasminogen Induced by its interaction with cells (833.2)

Activation of Glu-plasminogen is markedly enhanced on cell surfaces, arming cells with the broad spectrum proteolytic activity of plasmin that promotes cell migration. This may be due to conformational changes in Glu-plasminogen when bound to cells. To explore these conformational changes we have developed anti-plasminogen mAbs that preferentially recognize receptor-induced binding sites in Glu-plasminogen. We used specific proteolysis and immunoaffinity chromatography, followed by LC-MS-MS to define the epitope(s) recognized by two mAbs. Plasminogen was digested with trypsin and applied to a normal mouse IgG affinity column and the flow-through applied to either a mAb 109 or mAb 20 immunoaffinity column. The eluate from the mAb 109 column contained two peaks with masses of 1298 AMU and 1030 AMU in LC-MS-MS corresponding to a nonlinear epitope contained within H494-R504 within the kringle 5 domain and L652-K661 within the latent protease domain, respectively. For mAb 20, MALDI TOF results were consistent ...
Lasers in Aerospace Industry Manufacturing

The Aerospace Industry has adopted laser technology from its early days and several laser-aided manufacturing processes have become routine. Lasers can deliver energy from zero to a trillion watts in a small spot in an instant. That generated a wide portfolio. For example, laser peening needs more than 109 W cm−2, whereas laser welding can be accomplished with 106 W cm−2; laser drilling requires 108 W cm−2 compared to 105 W cm−2 or more for laser cladding and solid free form formation. The mechanism for different processes is different although the energy source is common. Interaction time for each process is different, too. Laser shock peening utilizes nanosecond pulses compared to millisecond pulses for drilling. Welding and cladding are generally carried out with continuous wave. The role they play is also varied. Drilling generates cooling holes for turbine blades to enhance the operating temperature whereas shot peening produces residual compressive stress on the blades to improve fatigue properties and reduce crack propagation. Welding is mostly used to join structural components whereas cladding repair of reconfigured aerospace components is used to increase their service life. This chapter will discuss the four most common uses of lasers in Aerospace Industry Manufacturing. Keywords: laser drilling; laser welding; laser shock peening; laser free form fabrication; laser claddding; homogenization design
Biomechanical evaluation of the craniovertebral junction after inferior-third clivectomy and intradural exposure of the foramen magnum: implications for endoscopic endonasal approaches to the cranial base.

Object Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) and clivus are increasingly performed for ventral skull-base pathology, but the biomechanical implications of these approaches have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the spinal biomechanics of the CVJ after an inferior-third clivectomy and anterior intradural exposure of the foramen magnum as would be performed in an endonasal endoscopic surgical strategy. Methods Seven upper-cervical human cadaveric specimens (occiput [Oc]–C2) underwent nondestructive biomechanical flexibility testing during flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending at Oc–C1 and C1–2. Each specimen was tested intact, after an inferior-third clivectomy, and after ligamentous complex dissection simulating a wide intradural exposure using an anterior approach. Angular range of motion (ROM), lax zone, and stiff zone were determined and compared with the intact state. Results Modest, but statistically significant, hypermobility w...
Clearance of lysosomal hydrolases following intravenous infusion: The role of liver in the clearance of β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase

Abstract Certain highly purified forms of rat lysosomal glycosidases, β-glucuronidase and N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, are rapidly cleared from the circulation following intravenous infusion. Several lines of evidence are presented which indicate that the primary site of enzyme uptake is the liver. Clearance of the two enzymes was unaffected by nephrectomy, whereas it was abolished by evisceration. Tissue distribution experiments with native and [ 125 I]β-glucuronidase indicate the liver as the major, if not exclusive, site of enzyme uptake. Experiments with the isolated perfused liver showed clearance of certain enzyme preparations but not others. Those enzymes cleared by the isolated perfused liver were likewise cleared in vivo . Liver fractionation studies following infusion of large doses of β-glucuronidase revealed a rapid, short-lived increase in microsomal β-glucuronidase and a slower but larger increase in lysosomal β-glucuronidase. The results indicate that β-glucuronidase, N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, and probably other glycosidases are rapidly incorporated into the lysosomal compartment of liver.
Untersuchung von Copolymeren in der Ultrazentrifuge

Copolymere, die sich in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung voneinander unterscheiden, besitzen in Losung im allgemeinen unterschiedliche spezifische Volumina. Sie zeigen deshalb in der Ultrazentrifuge Unterschiede in der Gleichgewichtsverteilung. Das Gleichgewicht kann sowohl in einem einzigen Losungsmittel als auch in einem Losungsmittelgemisch mit Dichtegradienten untersucht werden. Die Theorie wird kurz dargelegt, und es wird gezeigt, wie die Ergebnisse der Theorie benutzt werden konnen, um Aussagen uber die Schwankungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung zu machen. Die Analyse ist fur Polymere mit einheitlichem Molekulargewicht verhaltnismasig einfach. In der Praxis wird man es aber fast immer mit einer Molekulargewichtsverteilung zu tun haben. Unter der Voraussetzung, das die Schwankungen um das mittlere Molekulargewicht und die mittlere Dichte verhaltnismasig klein sind, liefert das Gleichgewicht in einem einzigen Losungsmittel prinzipiell die Moglichkeit, die Summe der mittleren Quadrate dieser beiden Schwankungen und das mittlere Produkt dieser Schwankungen zu bestimmen. Aus dem Dichtegradienten-versuch lassen sich die mittlere Schwankung der Dichte, das mittlere Produkt der Schwankungen von Molekulargewicht und Dichte und die mittleren Quadrate der beiden Schwankungen ableiten. Copolymers which differ in chemical composition have, usually, different partial specific volumes when dissolved, and for this reason show differences in sedimentation velocity and in the final sedimentation equilibrium. This may be used in the centrifugation in a single solvent or in the equilibrium in a density gradient. The theory of these equilibria is briefly examined and it is shown how the results of the theory may be used to obtain information concerning the fluctuations in chemical composition. The analysis would be comparatively simple if the molecular weight were uniform, but in practice one is almost always concerned with a distribution over molecular weights. If it may be assumed that the fluctuations about the average molecular weight and the average density are small, the sedimentation equilibrium in a single solvent determines, in principle, the sum of the average squares of these fluctuations and the average product of these fluctuations. From the equilibrium in a density gradient one can derive the average fluctuation in the density, the average product of the fluctuations in molecular weight and density, and che average square of both these fluctuations.
Understanding alcohol abuse in American Indian/Alaskan Native youth.

By almost any measure, the health status of American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) teenagers in the United States is below that of the general adolescent population. These youth exhibit more serious problems than the U.S. "all races" population in such areas as depression, suicide, anxiety, substance use, general health status, and school dropout rates. Alcohol misuse is the leading and perhaps most costly risk factor among AI/AN youth today, underlying many major causes of premature death and contributing to an array to physical morbidities. While AI/AN youth generally report that they use alcohol as frequently or more frequently than other youth, major differences are a younger age of first involvement, greater frequency and amount of use, and negative consequences that are more common. The unique historical legacy of dislocation for AI/AN peoples, coupled with the intensity of contemporary threats to the physical, social, and economic vitality of their communities, form the backdrop for this health risk behavior. Heightened concern and attention toward alcohol use in AI/AN youth is warranted by Indian communities and health care providers not only because of the substance use itself, but also because of the other potential accompanying risk behaviors. Language: en
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: PART II. DERIVATION OF THE COMBINED NEARLY IDEAL BINARY SOLVENT(NIBS)/REDLICH-KISTER MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION FROM A TWO-BODY AND THREE-BODY INTERACTIONAL MIXING MODEL

Abstract A relatively simple two-body and three-body interactional mixing model is used to derive expressions for the mathematical representation of experimental solute solubilities and activity coefficients in binary solvent mixtures. The derived expressions are identical with those based upon the combined NIBS/Redlich-Kister model, and enable solute solubility/activity coefficient data to be expressed as a mole fraction average of measured solute properties in both pure solvents plus a term involving a power series expansion in solvent composition.
A 2-Equation Model of the North Atlantic Economies, a Dynamic Panel Study

Carlin and Soskice (2005) advocate a 3-equation model of stabilization policy to replace the conventional IS-LM-AS model. One of their new equations is a monetary reaction rule MR derived by assuming that governments have performance objectives, but are constrained by an augmented Phillips curve PC. They label their replacement model the IS-PC-MR. Central banks achieve the PC-MR solution by setting interest rates along an IS curve. Observing that governments have more tools than just the interest rate, we simplify their model to 2 equations. We develop a state space econometric specification as the solution of these equations, adding a random walk model of the unobserved potential growth. Applying this method to a panel of North Atlantic countries, we find it historically consistent with a few qualifications. For one, governments are more likely to target growth rates, than output gaps. And, inflation expectations are more likely backward looking, than rational, but a two-step estimation based on a forward-looking sticky-price model dramatically improves the empirical fit. Significant interdependence can be seen in the between-country covariance of inflation and growth shocks.
Functional specificity of jejunal brush-border pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase in pig

To determine the functional specificity of intestinal brush-border pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase (PPH), we compared the regional location of in vivo hydrolysis of pteroyltriglutamate (PteGlu3) with the location of activity and immunoreactivity of the enzyme in the pig. After in vivo incubations, PteGlu3 hydrolytic products were recovered from intestinal segments in the jejunum but not from the ileum. Brush-border PPH activity in fractionated mucosa was 10-fold greater in the jejunum than in the ileum, whereas the activity of intracellular PPH was increased in the distal ileum. Antibodies to purified brush-border PPH identified a major protein band at 120 kDa and a minor protein band at 195 kDa in solubilized jejunal brush border. Immunohistochemistry identified the enzyme only on the brush-border surface of the jejunum, whereas an immunoblot of solubilized brush-border membranes identified brush-border PPH in the jejunum but not in the ileum. The parallel of the regional location of in vivo hydrolysis of PteGlu3 with the location of brush-border PPH activity and immunoreactivity demonstrates the functional specificity of this enzyme in folate digestion.
TORA example: cascade and passivity control designs

Considers the problem of feedback stabilization of translational oscillations by a rotational actuator (TORA system). The authors present several controller designs based on the cascade and passivity paradigms.
Pragmatismo teórico-metodológico, interdisciplinariedad, construcción institucional y pasión democrática: los legados de Guillermo O’Donnell

La presentacion refere a tres grandes temas a resaltar en la obra de Guillermo O’Donnell. Primeramente, su pragmatismo teorico-metodologico; en segundo lugar, la relacion entre su forma de pensar la sociedad y la politica y su manera de actuar como constructor de instituciones; y, fnalmente, sus desconfanzas y el estilo beligerante de su produccion.
Electrogenic antiport activities of the Gram-positive Tet proteins include a Na+(K+)/K+ mode that mediates net K+ uptake.

Abstract Two Gram-positive Tet proteins, TetA(L) from Bacillus subtilis and TetK from aStaphylococcus aureus plasmid, have previously been suggested to have multiple catalytic modes and roles. These include: tetracycline (Tc)-metal/H+ antiport for both proteins (Yamaguchi, A., Shiina, Y., Fujihira, E., Sawai, T., Noguchi, N., and Sasatsu, M. (1995) FEBS Lett. 365, 193–197; Cheng, J. Guffanti, A. A., Wang, W., Krulwich, T. A., and Bechhofer, D. H. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 2853–2860); Na+(K+)/H+ antiport for both proteins (Cheng et al. (1996)); and an electrical potential-dependent K+ leak mode for TetK and highly truncated segments thereof that can facilitate net K+ uptake (Guay, G. G., Tuckman, M., McNicholas, P., and Rothstein, D. M. (1993) J. Bacteriol.175, 4927–4929). Studies of membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli expressing low levels of complete and 3′-truncated versions of tetA(L) or tetK, now show that the full-length versions of both transporters catalyze electrogenic antiport and that demonstration of electrogenicity depends upon use of a low chloride buffer for the assay. The K+ uptake mode, assayed via 86Rb+ uptake, was also catalyzed by both full-length TetA(L) and TetK. This mode does not represent a potential-dependent leak. Such a leak was not demonstrable in energized membrane vesicles. Rather, Rb+uptake occurred in right-side-out vesicles when the intravesicular space contained either Na+ or K+ but not choline. If an outwardly directed gradient of Na+ or K+ was present, Rb+ uptake occurred without energization in vesicles from cells transformed with a plasmid containing tetA(L) or tetK but not a control plasmid. Experiments in which a comparable exchange was carried out in low chloride buffers to which oxonol was added confirmed that the exchange was electrogenic. Thus, the K+ uptake mode is proposed to be a mode of the electrogenic monovalent cation/H+ antiport activity of TetA(L) and TetK in which K+ takes the place of the external protons. Truncated TetK and TetA(L) failed to catalyze either Tc-metal/H+ or Na+/H+ antiport in energized everted vesicles. Truncated TetK, but not TetA(L), did, however, exhibit modest, electrogenic Na+(K+)/Rb+ exchange as well as a small, potential-dependent leak of Rb+. The C-terminal halves of the TetA(L) and TetK proteins are thus required both for proton-coupled active transport activities of the multifunctional transporter and, perhaps, for minimizing cation leakiness.
Ability of synthetic peptides representing epitopes of outer membrane protein F of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to afford protection against P. aeruginosa infection in a murine acute pneumonia model

Three synthetic peptides (Nos 9, 10 and 18) representing surface-exposed, linear B-cell epitopes of outer membrane protein F of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were each conjugated to the carriers keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), with the conjugates being used to immunize mice intranasally. Mice were also immunized intranasally with a KLH/BSA carrier control or with a peptide No. 8 conjugate as a negative control. An immunoglobulin G response reactive with P. aeruginosa whole cells was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of sera from mice immunized with peptide 9, 10 or 18, whereas no whole-cell reactivity by ELISA was detected in sera from mice immunized with peptide 8. Upon pulmonary challenge of immunized mice with a Fisher-Devlin immunotype 4 strain of P. aeruginosa, only those mice immunized with peptide 9 or peptide 10 had a significantly greater survival rate compared to control mice immunized with the carriers alone. Peptides 9 (TDAYNQKLSERRAN) and 10 (NATAEGRAINRRVE) have potential for further development as a protective vaccine against P. aeruginosa infections.
Surface plasmon spectral fingerprinting of adsorbed magnesium phthalocyanine by angle and wavelength modulation

A novel instrumental method for angle and wavelength modulated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is applied to the problem of spectral selectivity in SPR experiments. For transparent analytes, SPR reflectivity data are reduced to a two-dimensional (2D) spectrum of resonance wavelength versus incident angle, λSPR(θ). This spectrum encodes the refractive index (RI) dispersion of the analyte and illustrates the increased SPR spectral shift per unit RI change at longer wavelengths (lower angle). For the absorbing analyte magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc), the 2D data reduction method is complicated by the way the SPR and MgPc-based spectral peaks mix. Fresnel reflectivity models support experimental observations of spectral branching and qualitative fingerprints in the form of branched spectra, and difference reflectivity ΔR(λ, θ) contour plots are presented.
Polarization Effects on Diffusiophoresis in Electrolyte Gradients

Abstract An analysis of the effects of polarization of the double layer on the diffusiophoretic mobility of spherical, uniformly charged colloidal particles is presented. The development is based on the concepts first proposed by S.S. Dukhin and B. V. Derjaguin (in "Surface and Colloid Science" (E. Matijevic, Ed.), Vol. 7. Wiley, New York, 1974). The double layer is assumed very thin relative to the radius (R) of the particle, κR ⪢ 1, where κ is the Debye screening parameter, but the dimensionless zeta potential (ζ) is allowed to be arbitrarily large such that the parameter λ = (κR) -1 [exp(ζ/2) - 1] could be O (1). The theory is linear in the macroscopic gradient of electrolyte concentration and hence the mobility depends only on ζ and λ. An analytical expression for this dependence is derived for the case of a symmetrically charged electrolyte. This equation is compared with results based on numerical solutions of the governing electrokinetic equations; the agreement is excellent for κ R > 20, and our analytical expression even captures the change in direction of the particle motion as λ increases, which is predicted by the numerical results. The polarization model is extended to general electrolytes in order to demonstrate effects of differences in the valences of the two ions.
Compound Shear-Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete–Topped Precast Prestressed Bridge Decks

Modern concrete bridge decks commonly consist of stay-in-place (SIP) precast panels seated on precast concrete beams and topped with cast-in-place (CIP) reinforced concrete. Such composite bridge decks have been experimentally tested by various researchers to assess structural performance. However, a failure theory that describes the failure mechanism and accurately predicts the corresponding load has not been previously derived. When monotonically increasing patch loads are applied, delamination occurs between the CIP concrete and SIP panels, with a compound shear-flexure mechanism resulting. An additive model of flexural yield line failure in the lower SIP precast prestressed panels and punching shear in the upper CIP-reinforced concrete portion of the deck system is derived. Analyses are compared to full-scale experimental results of a tandem wheel load straddling adjacent SIP panels and a trailing wheel load on a single panel. Alone, both yield line and punching-shear theories gave poor predictions of the observed failure load; however, the proposed compound shear-flexure failure mechanism load capacities are within 2% accuracy of the experimentally observed loads. Better estimation using the proposed theory of composite SIP-CIP deck system capacities will aid in improving the design efficiency of these systems.
Advanced Surgical Reconstructive Techniques

During my 20 years in the field of dermatology, I have seen remarkable advancement in the reconstructive skills of our dermatologic surgeons. When I was doing my residency and fellowship training in the mid-1980s, we were congratulating ourselves for performing simple advancement flaps and small skin grafts. Over the years, our level of skill and sophistication in reconstructive procedures increased tremendously. We learned from others (facial plastics, plastics) and we learned from each other. Now it is a rare case when we need to refer patients to other specialists. The purpose of this issue of the Dermatologic Clinics of North America is to highlight some of the advances we have made in complex reconstructive surgery. The authors represent a mix of boriginalQ (ie, older) innovators of reconstruction; while others are secondand third-generation trainees, all successful and busy Mohs and reconstructive surgeons. The articles that begin this issue represent regional approaches (scalp, forehead, lip, and ear), while the following articles describe specific flaps (island pedicle, bi-lobe, nasolabial, reiger). Finally,
Shaping Futures and Feminisms: Qur'anic Schools in West African Francophone Fiction.

This article examines the representation of female education in Qur’anic schools in a selection of West African francophone novels. I argue that in being the earliest form of education for most Muslim women and also a neglected topic of scholarly interest, the Qur’anic school shapes their feminisms in more significant ways than has been acknowledged since scholarly attention to Islamic education in West Africa has mostly focused on the experience of boys in Qur’anic schools, and since theories on feminism in Islam have primarily articulated feminism as a politically oriented project. Using Islamic feminism as a disposition that is not always coterminous with activist objectives within the sociohistorical context of Islamic education in West African Muslim societies, this paper emphasizes the need to focus on forms of female literacy other than secular education.
Crystallographic and magnetic alignment in die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets

Fully dense and aligned Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets can be prepared from melt-spun amorphous ribbons by a two-step process involving hot compaction and hot deformation. It is the latter processing step that produces alignment. During hot deformation, the randomly oriented and equiaxed Nd2Fe14B grains change to platelet shaped grains such that their crystallographicc axes lie normal to the flat surfaces. The final microstructure of the die-upset magnet, consisting of closely stacked flat Nd2Fe14B grains separated by a Nd-rich boundary phase, is produced by a combination of grain boundary sliding and grain boundary migration. Factors such as temperature, strain rate, grain size, etc. which affect these processes also affect deformation and alignment. Processing optimum die-upset magnets involves optimizing such variables as composition (to obtain maximum percentage of magnetic phase while retaining an appropriate intergranular phase to aid in grain boundary sliding and migration), alignment (to obtain maximum remanence) and microstructure (to provide for domain wall pinning sites).
Flow behavior of nylon-epoxide adhesive

Abstract Tensile microstrain and creep tests were made on a nylon-epoxide adhesive in a metal/metal joint, as a function of temperature, strain rate and applied load. High sensitivity extensometers were used to record the deformation of the adhesive material. The classic three stages of creep were observed at elevated temperatures. The stress threshold for creep was about the same as the precision elastic limit. Transient creep was found to obey the logarithmic creep law. The creep strain was greatly enhanced above 120°F (322°K) and the applied stress had a greater effect at the higher temperatures. Activation volumes were calculated and showed three distinct stages. Molecular deformation mechanisms have been proposed for each stage.
Managing a large class environment: Simple strategies for new nurse educators

Abstract The average class size in nursing programs is increasing. Large class environments present multiple barriers for facilitating learning. Nurse educators must implement creative strategies to establish student–teacher relationships, class engagement, and evaluation methods. These challenges may seem overwhelming to a new faculty member entering the teaching environment. This article provides simple strategies for new faculty members to use for overcoming the learning barriers associated with larger class sizes.
One-sided ultrasonic inspection technique for the elastic constant determination of advanced anisotropic materials

The subject of anisotropic elastic constant determination with a practical one-sided, multi-mode ultrasonic technique is presented along with comparisons with a more traditional cube cutting technique. Results are presented for destructive static compression tests as well. The Young's Moduli calculated from the measured ultrasonic velocity measurements are shown to compare favorably with those obtained from destructive static compression tests. Limitations of the one-sided method are discussed and further research efforts are also suggested.
Utilization of mechanical quadrature in silicon MEMS vibratory gyroscope to increase and expand the long term in-run bias stability

We report a new approach for improvement of the long term in-run bias stability of Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes. The approach is based on utilization of the mechanical quadrature error in gyroscopes to compensate for variation in system parameters. The proposed approach was validated by a silicon Quadruple Mass Gyroscope, with the natural frequency of 3 kHz, frequency mismatch of <;0.5 Hz, and isotropic quality factor of 950, packaged without getter. The algorithm is described and experimentally demonstrated in this paper, showing a bias stability of 0.1 deg/hr after 300 seconds, and importantly, retaining that value for over 3 hours of the integration time.
Higher expression of topoisomerase II alpha is an independent marker of increased risk of cancer-specific death in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Background Tumor-based biomarkers of outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain limited, especially for those with low-risk disease. Type IIa topoisomerase (TOPOIIa) is a well-known biomarker of DNA replication and a target for antineoplastic agents, but it has not been evaluated as a biomarker of ccRCC outcome.
Interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction solar cell and the effect of front surface passivation

This letter reports interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction (IBC-SHJ) solar cells which combine the performance benefits of both back contact and heterojunction technologies while reducing their limitations. Low temperature (<200°C) deposited p- and n-type amorphous silicon used to form interdigitated heteroemitter and contacts in the rear preserves substrate lifetime while minimizes optical losses in the front. The IBC-SHJ structure is ideal for diagnosing surface passivation quality, which is analyzed and measured by internal quantum efficiency and minority carrier lifetime measurements. Initial cells have independently confirmed efficiency of 11.8% under AM1.5 illumination. Simulations indicate efficiencies greater than 20% after optimization.
The tree and the vine: Existential meaning and Olmstead's personal journal of retirement

Abstract Personal journals constitute a valuable source of data about the lived experience of growing old. This article discusses a published personal journal written by Alan H. Olmstead. The major theme of this journal is the need to fashion routines, disciplines, and purposes for living in the first months after retirement. This theme is explored in terms of the concept of existential meaning. Reker and Wong's static model of existential meaning is contrasted with Becker's dynamic model of transference heroics, whose major point about the tension between individualism and conformity is echoed in Olmstead's journal.
Sentiments and Motivations in Adam Smith and Vernon Smith

Vernon Smith (VS) discovered Adam Smith (AS) late in his professional career, and has adopted ideas from The Theory of Moral Sentiments to explain findings in experimental economics. Most important is the theorized link between moral sentiments and the evolution of property rights and law as foundations for commerce. VS's encounter with AS, while not new, provides a compelling look at the modern laboratory of social science through the lens of the Enlightenment, and cannot easily be encapsulated within a utilitarian framework. This paper provides an overview and commentary on VS's approach.