cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BRAF V600E mutation is a negative prognosticator in pediatric ganglioglioma

Gangliogliomas are typically low-grade neuroepithelial tumors seen in the pediatric and young adult populations. Despite their often bland histologic appearance, these tumors recur with varying frequencies; however, little data exist that adequately predict ganglioglioma recurrence in children. To identify potential histopathologic features predictive of recurrence-free survival, a series of 53 patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade I gangliogliomas were evaluated, representing the largest cohort of pediatric gangliogliomas with accompanying histopathologic and survival data. Fifteen patients (28 %) exhibited disease recurrence during the study period. BRAF(V600E) immunohistochemistry was performed on 47 of these tumors. Histopathologic features associated with shorter recurrence-free survival included an absence of oligodendroglial morphology, higher glial cell density, microvascular proliferation, and the presence of a high lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. Eighteen tumors (38.3 %) had positive BRAF(V600E) staining, which was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival. Collectively, the combined use of histopathologic and molecular features to stratify grade I gangliogliomas into low and high-risk groups provides important information relevant to the management of children and young adults with these rare tumors.
THE STUDENT NURSE: A STUDY IN SEX ROLE TRANSITION'

Summary.-This paper explores the interaction of individual and institution within the nursing profession. Of primary interest are the personalicy and motivational factors contributing to the selection of nursing as a profession and the impact of the school of nursing and hospital setting on the progressive development of the student. In particular, panerns of family interaction and sex-role identity are explored in relation to occupational and situational preference. The relationship of these patterns to adolescent transition and role selection in groups other than nursing are discussed. Occupational choice, with its accompanying life style, is a major decision in the life of the individual. Of lasting impact, it is often made in a period beset by conflict and changing identity. Entering a profession or occupation the individual brings with him a complex set of needs, motivations, and objectives. Combined with the demands, traditions, and social structure of the profession, the result is a dynamic interaction in which both individual and institution contribute to the formation of a new, often very different, personality. This paper explores the interaction of individual and institution within the nursing profession. Of primary interest are the personality and motivational factors contributing to the selection of nursing as a profession and the impact of che school of nursing and hospital setting on the progressive development of the student. Although drawing on empirical research, the paper is intended not as a presentation of empirical data but as a discussion of a social and psychological process. Academic and Social S~ractzire There are several ways to become a nurse, each with its own uaditions, heritage, and suucture. The image presented by a school, its recruitment, socialization, and training, alI vary with a nature of its origin and structure. The young girl attracted by the conception of nursing presented by a college nursing program in a large, distant city may have motives very different than those of the girl who selects a diploma nursing program offered by her local hospital. Although baccalaureate and associate degree nursing programs, offered by colleges and universities, are becoming increasingly popular, the 3-yr., hospital
Day care for handicapped children: Can we stimulate mainstream service through a day care-special education merger?

Mainstream day care services are not widely available to parents of handicapped children. By merging special education services (assessment, individual educational programs, and services by specialists) into day care activities, handicapped children can receive education as well as care with their normally developing peers. This article describes child placement, staffing patterns, and teaching formats that enable caregivers to use routine day care activities as teaching opportunities for handicapped preschoolers. The resulting model of service is cost efficient relative to the costs of self-contained service.
Microbial Quality, Safety, and Sensory Acceptability of X-ray Treated Fresh Channel Catfish Fillets

This study was designed to determine if treatment with low dose X‐ray irradiation changes microbial quality (microbial load), safety (Listeria monocytogenes incidence), and sensory characteristics (aroma, appearance, and texture) of fresh aquacultured Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets during refrigerated storage. Fillets were treated to 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy using an X‐ray irradiator and stored at 3°C for 17 days. Fillet aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic plate count (PPC), total coliform count (TCC), and L. monocytogenes incidence were measured every 4 days during storage. A Difference-From-Control test was used to measure aroma, appearance, and texture. Fillet microbial counts were significantly different (p < 0.05) with time, irradiation dose, and the interaction of these two treatments. As expected, APC, PPC, and TCC increased as storage time increased. Overall L. monocytogenes incidence was 40%, 27%, 0%, and 7% at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy, respectively. Aroma of irradiated and n...
Labor and the Government: A Comparative Historical Perspective

This article compares the development of the workers' right to organize and bargain collectively in England, France, and the U.S. Starting with a common repressive policy, each country followed a different path toward establishing the workers' rights. The main ultimate difference lies in the extent to which the state became involved in industrial relations. In England the state remained aloof after securing very broad legal rights of collective action. The workers were left to do their own battling. In France the state came to look upon collective agreements as an aspect of public policy and became the dominant partner in labor negotiations. The American pattern lies in between: state protection extends to procedural but not to substantive issues.
A SERS investigation of the passive films formed on iron in mildly alkaline solutions of carbonate/bicarbonate and nitrate

Abstract In-situ surface enhanced Raman spectra were obtained for the passive films formed on iron in two different aqueous solutions: 0.3 M NaNO3 (unbuffered pH = 10) and 0.15 M Na2CO3 + 0.15 M NaHCO3 (buffered pH = 10). The results indicate that the films formed in the nitrate and carbonate solutions are somewhat alike, independent of potential (over the range of −400 mV- + 100 mV), and consist of a mixture of species similar to microcrystalline/amorphous Fe(OH)2 + Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3. The results of the present and earlier studies indicate that the oxidation rate of iron is a strong function of the identity of the anion but that the passive film formed on iron in a mildly alkaline solution is nearly independent of the anion.
Examples of image processing using a computer controlled SEM

Several examples of the use of digital image processing on SEM images are presented. The emphasis is on image enhancement as opposed to pattern recognition. Examples given include non-linear histogram modification, noise filtering, and frame by frame subtraction. Image processing is done on digitally stored images obtained from a modified SEM. The SEM has been modified to allow minicomputer control of the electron/CRT beam position and blanking. Digitization of the sample signals, such as secondary electron, backscattered electron, and absorbed current is done using a 5 MHz voltage to frequency converter and a 100 KHz timer/sealer combination. Software for image storage and manipulation is also described.
Single-center experience with elective transcatheter coil embolization of splenic artery aneurysms: technique and midterm follow-up.

Abstract Purpose To review a single-center experience with elective coil embolization of splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) and analyze efficacy of the technique at midterm follow-up. Materials and Methods From 2002 through 2011, 50 patients (28 women, 22 men; age range, 24–89 y; mean age, 53.5 y ± 13.6) underwent transcatheter coil embolization for treatment of SAAs. Pseudoaneurysms and ruptured aneurysms were excluded. A total of 63 SAAs were treated (size, 13–97 mm; mean, 29 mm). Ninety-eight percent of aneurysms were treated with coils alone. Regular follow-up consisted of an office visit and imaging. Patient medical records were reviewed for aneurysm location, procedural approach, and technical and clinical outcomes. Results Ninety-eight percent of procedures were technically successful at thrombosing the aneurysm at the time of procedure. Repeat intervention was performed in four of 47 patients (9%) because of continued aneurysm perfusion at follow-up. Mean time to repeat intervention was 125 days (range, 42–245 d). All repeat interventions were technically successful. Neither aneurysm growth nor aneurysm rupture was observed in any patient during the follow-up period (mean, 78 weeks; range, 9 d to 7.1 y). There were no major adverse events. Major splenic infarction occurred in three of 33 patients (9%) with no underlying liver disease and normal splenic volume and in seven of 14 patients (50%) with portal hypertension. Conclusions Percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for SAAs as evidenced by high rates of technical success and freedom from aneurysm rupture.
Solubility of nitrogen in liquid Fe-Cr-Ni alloys containing manganese and molybdenum

The nitrogen solubility in liquid Fe-Cr-Ni alloys containing Mo or Mn was determined by the Sieverts’ method. The first and second order mutual interactions among nitrogen, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese in iron were determined as a function of temperature. The heat and entropy of solution in these alloys were correlated as functions of the logarithm of the activity coefficient of nitrogen at {dy1873} K independent of the composition of the alloys. An equation was derived to predict the nitrogen solubility in liquid multicomponent iron alloys for the range from logfN, 1873K = 0 to -1.4 as, log (wt pct N)T = (-247/T - 1.22) - (4780JT - 1.51) (logfn, 1873K)-(1760/T -0.91) (logfN,{dy1873}K )2.
Transmucosal Fine Needle Aspiration of Oral and Pharyngeal Lesions

Fine Needle aspiration (FNA) studies of oropharyngeal lesions are few and limited. We retrospectively reviewed cytologic diagnosis and cytohistologic correlation of 28 cases of FNAs of oropharyngeal lesions. Cytologically, 11 cases were diagnosed as malignant/suspicious and 17 cases as benign. Ten of these cases diagnosed as malignant/suspicious correlated with the subsequent histological diagnosis or were compatible with previous histological diagnoses. One case categorized as suspicious for malignancy revealed pleomorphic adenoma with extensive squamous metaplasia. Of the 17 cases diagnosed as benign by cytology, 11 correlated with the subsequent histological diagnosis. The remaining 6 cytologically benign cases were considered clinically benign, and there was no histological followup. Clinical followup on these 6 patients did not reveal any evidence of disease. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of malignant diagnosis were 100%, 95%, and 97%. FNA biopsy may be used as the first line of investigation in evaluation of oropharyngeal lesions.
Cytomegalovirus pp65 limits dissemination but is dispensable for persistence

The most abundantly produced virion protein in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the immunodominant phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), which is frequently included in CMV vaccines. Although it is nonessential for in vitro CMV growth, pp65 displays immunomodulatory functions that support a potential role in primary and/or persistent infection. To determine the contribution of pp65 to CMV infection and immunity, we generated a rhesus CMV lacking both pp65 orthologs (RhCMVΔpp65ab). While deletion of pp65ab slightly reduced growth in vitro and increased defective particle formation, the protein composition of secreted virions was largely unchanged. Interestingly, pp65 was not required for primary and persistent infection in animals. Immune responses induced by RhCMVΔpp65ab did not prevent reinfection with rhesus CMV; however, reinfection with RhCMVΔUS2-11, which lacks viral-encoded MHC-I antigen presentation inhibitors, was prevented. Unexpectedly, induction of pp65b-specific T cells alone did not protect against RhCMVΔUS2-11 challenge, suggesting that T cells targeting multiple CMV antigens are required for protection. However, pp65-specific immunity was crucial for controlling viral dissemination during primary infection, as indicated by the marked increase of RhCMVΔpp65ab genome copies in CMV-naive, but not CMV-immune, animals. Our data provide rationale for inclusion of pp65 into CMV vaccines but also demonstrate that pp65-induced T cell responses alone do not recapitulate the protective effect of natural infection.
Perceiving affordances for fitting through apertures.

Affordances—possibilities for action—are constrained by the match between actors and their environments. For motor decisions to be adaptive, affordances must be detected accurately. Three experiments examined the correspondence between motor decisions and affordances as participants reached through apertures of varying size. A psychophysical procedure was used to estimate an affordance threshold for each participant (smallest aperture they could fit their hand through on 50% of trials), and motor decisions were assessed relative to affordance thresholds. Experiment 1 showed that participants scale motor decisions to hand size, and motor decisions and affordance thresholds are reliable over two blocked protocols. Experiment 2 examined the effects of habitual practice: Motor decisions were equally accurate when reaching with the more practiced dominant hand and less practiced nondominant hand. Experiment 3 showed that participants recalibrate motor decisions to take changing body dimensions into account: Motor decisions while wearing a hand-enlarging prosthesis were similar to motor decisions without the prosthesis when data were normalized to affordance thresholds. Across experiments, errors in decisions to reach through too-small apertures were likely due to low penalty for error.
Resistivity and Tc measurements in low temperature irradiated Nb3Sn and Nb3Ge

The electrical resistivity and superconducting transition temperature were measured in films of Nb3Sn and Nb3Ge after fast neutron irradiation at 20 K to 1.3 × 1018n/cm2 (E > 0.1 MeV) and fission fragment irradiation at 65 K up to an equivalent fast neutron dose of 5 × 1020n/cm2. The rate of change of ρ up to the saturated state fits a model for which the radiation induced damage is in the form of disorder. The changes in ρ have an exponential dependence with dose that agrees with earlier models of disordering in which the rate of change of disordering (proportional to ρ) is proportional to the degree of order. Annealing up to 425 K after the high dose irradiation did not result in a change in ρ, and Tc remained below the measurable temperature of 4 K. However, simultaneous recovery in Tc and ρ occurred between 280 and 500 K after the low dose experiment, indicating defect mobility at this temperature.
Perceiving the affordance of string tension for power strokes in badminton: Expertise allows effective use of all string tensions

Abstract Affordances mean opportunities for action. These affordances are important for sports performance and relevant to the abilities developed by skilled athletes. In racquet sports such as badminton, different players prefer widely different string tension because it is believed to provide opportunities for effective strokes. The current study examined whether badminton players can perceive the affordance of string tension for power strokes and whether the perception of affordance itself changed as a function of skill level. The results showed that string tension constrained the striking performance of both novice and recreational players, but not of expert players. When perceptual capability was assessed, perceptual mode did not affect perception of the optimal string tension. Skilled players successfully perceived the affordance of string tension, but only experts were concerned about saving energy. Our findings demonstrated that perception of the affordance of string tension in badminton was deter...
The residual resistivity due to defect pairs

Calculations were performed to determine the contributions of coherent and multiple scattering phenomena to the residual resistivity of defect pairs in a metal lattice. The theory was applied to vacancy and tin impurity pairs in gold where it is found that the isotropic changes are small, being of the order of 5% of the total resistivity due to the isolated defects. The anisotropy in the case of vacancy pairs at first and second neighboring sites is found to be considerable, in agreement with the results of calculations by Bross and Seeger using a different model. Both isotropic and anisotropic resistivity increments oscillate with period k/sub F/a/ pi and decays as a/sup -2/, with increasing separation a of the defects.
A sociological odyssey: The comparative voyage of S.N. Eisenstadt

This essay proposes that the comparative research of Eisenstadt made room for ‘tradition’ as a creative feature of modernity, rather than as dysfunctional, as in either the liberal or leftist model. He recognized that conflict — often a conflict of generations—is a feature of modernity, and that trust is also a problematic aspect of change. An ultimate concern of Eisenstadt was to build on classical themes of sociology and theories of social change to develop, with colleagues, an adequate sociological understanding of an evolving civilization of modernity. Eisenstadt based his writings on comparative historical research, his far-flung travels, as well as continuous observations of the dynamics of his own Israeli society.
'Real world' comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in regard to length of inpatient hospitalization and number of re-hospitalizations.

The purpose of this study was to determine if Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs), relative to First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs), reduced either the length of stay (LOS) or number of re-hospitalizations of schizophrenic patients receiving treatment in a state psychiatric hospital. Medical records were compared for the periods 1991–1994 and 2001–2004 for three inpatient groups: those receiving FGAs, those receiving SGAs, and those switched from FGAs to SGAs. During both time periods, patients on FGAs had significantly shorter LOS than either those receiving SGAs or those switched from FGAs to SGAs. Therefore, inpatients receiving SGAs were hospitalized longer than those receiving FGAs. Conversely, once discharged, patients receiving SGAs were significantly less likely to be re-admitted than patients discharged on FGAs. The data suggest that some patients do benefit from SGAs and it may be cost-effective in the long-term, to determine when to utilize FGAs first and when to switch from the older to the newer agents.
Recent Fine Structure Measurements in Hydrogen-Like Atoms

In spite of the advances elsewhere in physics, measurements of the hydrogen fine structure still give a very significant test of quantum electrodynamics and an important source for the determination of the fine structure constant.1 Until very recently the precision of the measurements was limited by the natural line width due to the lifetime of the states. Recent advances in technique make it possible to overcome this limitation and give promise of increasing the precision of the measurements by an order of magnitude. In this review, I will summarize the present state of our knowledge of the hydrogen fine structure, describe the recent advances in technique which enable one to reduce the line width below the natural line width, and describe methods on the horizon which give promise of even greater precision.
Increasing Alternative Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System Through a Partnership Between Public Defenders and Social Workers

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a partnership between public defender attorneys and the Alternative Sentencing Social Work Field Education Program. An outcome was to increase alternative sentences that match the rehabilitative needs of juveniles in court. Sentencing outcomes of youth receiving the social work program (n = 116) were compared to youth receiving conventional public defender representation (n = 94). A logistical regression analysis found that juveniles represented by attorneys with social workers were nearly three times more likely (odds ratio = 2.72) to receive alternative sentences than those without social workers when controlling for prior record and charge severity.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Perceptions of Family: Considering Future Instruction on Lesbian- and Gay-Headed Families.

Sixty-eight preservice teachers from a midwestern university responded to a questionnaire asking the construct of their family, their definition of family, if they recognized 18 relationships as families, and if they would use those relationships as examples in their future teaching. We focus primarily on participants' responses to examples of lesbian- and gay-headed (LG) families. Chi-squared tests of association and logistic regression reveal participants' descriptions of their own families as the most influential factor in their recognition of nontraditional families. Results indicate that teachers will use personal schema of family to determine which constructs will be included in the formal curriculum. LG families are least likely to be included. Authors contend that the need to eliminate the negative consequences of excluding students' families from the classroom must trump teachers' biases and fears of addressing variations of this core social construct.
Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders.

Both movement differences and disorders are common within autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These differences have wide and heterogeneous variability among different ages and sub-groups all diagnosed with ASD. Gait was studied in a more homogeneously identified group of nine teenagers and young adults who scored as “severe” in both measures of verbal communication and overall rating of Autism on the Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS). The ASD individuals were compared to a group of typically developing university undergraduates of similar ages. All participants walked a distance of 6-meters across a GAITRite electronic walkway for six trials. The ASD and comparison groups differed widely on many spatiotemporal aspects of gait including: step and stride length, foot positioning, cadence, velocity, step time, gait cycle time, swing time, stance time, and single and double support time. Moreover, the two groups differed in the percentage of the total gait cycle in each of these phases. The qualitative rating of “Body Use” on the CARS also indicated severe levels of unusual body movement for all of the ASD participants. These findings demonstrate that older teens and young adults with “severe” forms of Verbal Communication Impairments and Autism differ widely in their gait from typically developing individuals. The differences found in the current investigation are far more pronounced compared to previous findings with younger and/or less severely involved individuals diagnosed with ASD as compared to typically developing controls. As such, these data may be a useful anchor-point in understanding the trajectory of development of gait specifically and motor functions generally.
Louis Pasteur: a controversial figure in a debate on scientific ethics.

Abstract Louis Pasteur long has been heralded as the “father of modern hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine,” despite early controversies regarding his findings and methodolgy. A recently published biography, however, has shed new light on both Pasteur's scientific acumen and integrity. Reactions to this portrayal have been mixed. This article provides an overview of Pasteur's life and the debate regarding his scientific discoveries and honesty that has ensued for more than 100 years, with insights gained from both supporters and critics of the new biography by Gerald L. Geison. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Randomized trial of contingent prizes versus vouchers in cocaine-using methadone patients

Contingency management (CM) interventions frequently utilize vouchers as reinforcers, but a prize-based system is also efficacious. This study compared these approaches. Seventy-four cocaine-dependent methadone outpatients were randomly assigned to standard treatment (ST), ST plus a maximum of $585 in contingent vouchers, or ST plus an expected average maximum of $300 in contingent prizes for 12 weeks. CM participants achieved longer durations of abstinence (LDA) than ST participants, and CM conditions did not differ significantly in outcomes or amount of reinforcement earned. Although long-term abstinence did not differ by group, LDA during treatment was the best predictor of abstinence at 9 months. Thus, reinforcement with prizes was similar to voucher CM in promoting LDA, which is associated with posttreatment benefits.
Comparisons Among Aerodynamic, Electroglottographic, and Acoustic Spectral Measures of Female Voice

This study examines measures of the glottal airflow waveform, the electroglottographic signal (EGG), amplitude differences between peaks in the acoustic spectrum, and observations of the spectral energy content of the third formant (F3), in terms of how they relate to one another. Twenty females with normal voices served as subjects. Both group and individual data were studied. Measurements were made for the vowel in two speech tasks: strings of the syllable /pae/ and sustained phonation of /ae/, which were produced at two levels of vocal effort: comfortable and loud voice. The main results were: 1. Significant differences in parameter values between /pae/ and /ae/ were related to significant differences in the sound pressure level (SPL). 2. An “adduction quotient,” measured from the glottal waveform at a 30% criterion, was sensitive enough to differentiate between waveforms reflecting abrupt versus gradual vocal fold closing movements. 3. DC flow showed weak or nonsignificant relationships with acoustic meas...
Gendered Reactions Young Voters’ Responses to the 2004 Presidential Advertisements

Considering the 2004 campaign’s attention to the gender gap in voting between women and men and efforts to turn out the youth vote, this study examines the reactions of 301 female and male young voters to televised political advertisements aired on behalf of the two major party presidential candidates. Specifically, the authors compare how women and men rate each candidate’s overall favorability and individual character traits as well as indicate their vote intention for George W. Bush or John Kerry. The authors find that the gender gap in vote intention is similar to, but larger than, the actual gender gap in voting in 2004, both overall and for young voters. However, assessments of candidate favorability follow the gender gap only for the Democratic candidate.
Induction of precocious opening of immature rat vagina with neostigmine.

SummaryThe daily subcutaneous administration of adequate doses of neostigmine to immature rats has resulted in a premature development of ovarian function with a precocious opening of the vagina.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of immunolabeled neuromuscular junctions in the human thyroarytenoid muscle.

Objectives/hypothesis The objective was to reveal the location of the neuromuscular junctions in a three-dimensional reconstruction of the human thyroarytenoid muscle within the true vocal fold. Study design Immunohistochemical analysis of serially sectioned human true vocal folds was performed, followed by reconstruction in three dimensions using computer imaging software. Methods Six fresh human larynges from autopsy were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Eight vocal cords were studied from these six larynges. Five-micron serial sections were collected throughout the entire vocal cord in an axial plane at 500-microm intervals. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with anti-synaptophysin antibody. A computer-controlled imaging and reconstruction system was used to create a three-dimensional reconstruction from the serial sections and to represent the location of the clustered band of neuromuscular junctions within each true vocal fold. The vocal cord was divided into equal thirds from anterior to posterior for statistical analysis. Results The most neuromuscular junctions (74%) were located in the middle third, and the least (7%) were found in the anterior third. The difference in anterior-to-posterior distribution was statistically significant in all eight specimens by chi2 analysis (P Conclusion The distribution of neuromuscular junctions is not random within the human thyroarytenoid muscle. Because neuromuscular junctions are most highly concentrated in a band within the mid belly of the muscle, botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injection in patients with spasmodic dysphonia should be targeted to this region.
Aristotelian Endurantism: A New Solution to the Problem of Temporary Intrinsics

It is standardly assumed that there are three — and only three — ways to solve problem of temporary intrinsics: (a) embrace presentism, (b) relativize property possession to times, or (c) accept the doctrine of temporal parts. The first two solutions are favoured by endurantists, whereas the third is the perdurantist solution of choice. In this paper, I argue that there is a further type of solution available to endurantists, one that not only avoids the usual costs, but is structurally identical to the temporal-parts solution preferred by perdurantists. In addition to providing a general characterization of this new type of solution, I discuss certain of its anticipations in the literature on bundle theory, as well as provide a detailed development of it in terms of my own preferred metaphysics of ordinary objects — namely, a distinctive form of substratum theory tracing to Aristotle.
Influenza future: the impact of new vaccines and antivirals

Abstract The new vaccines and antivirals may change the way influenza is controlled, but we need first to remember that the current inactivated vaccines are effective and underutilized. A trivalent live-attenuated vaccine has recently been demonstrated to be 93% efficacious in preventing isolation-confirmed influenza and to be 86% efficacious when a drifted strain was circulating. The antivirals zanamivir and oseltamivir shorten the duration of illnesses from 1 to 3 days and prevent complications requiring antibiotics. Both are efficacious in prophylaxis, including postexposure in the family. We can expect to see, in the future, expanded prevention and control of influeza, not only in the traditional groups, but in additional segments of the population, such as working adults and children.
Genomic MRI--a public resource for studying sequence patterns within genomic DNA.

Non-coding genomic regions in complex eukaryotes, including intergenic areas, introns, and untranslated segments of exons, are profoundly non-random in their nucleotide composition and consist of a complex mosaic of sequence patterns. These patterns include so-called Mid-Range Inhomogeneity (MRI) regions -- sequences 30-10000 nucleotides in length that are enriched by a particular base or combination of bases (e.g. (G+T)-rich, purine-rich, etc.). MRI regions are associated with unusual (non-B-form) DNA structures that are often involved in regulation of gene expression, recombination, and other genetic processes (Fedorova & Fedorov 2010). The existence of a strong fixation bias within MRI regions against mutations that tend to reduce their sequence inhomogeneity additionally supports the functionality and importance of these genomic sequences (Prakash et al. 2009). Here we demonstrate a freely available Internet resource -- the Genomic MRI program package -- designed for computational analysis of genomic sequences in order to find and characterize various MRI patterns within them (Bechtel et al. 2008). This package also allows generation of randomized sequences with various properties and level of correspondence to the natural input DNA sequences. The main goal of this resource is to facilitate examination of vast regions of non-coding DNA that are still scarcely investigated and await thorough exploration and recognition.
On Determining the Dimension of Real-Time Stock-Price Data

We estimate the dimension of high-frequency stock-price data using the correlation integral of Grassberger and Procaccia. The data, even after filtering, appear to be of low dimension. To control for dependence in higher moments, we use a new technique known as the method of delays in our reconstruction. Delaying the data leads dimension estimates similar to random processes. We conclude that the data are either of low dimension with high entropy or nonlinear but of high dimension.
Alluvial hydrogeology of the lower Missouri River valley

Abstract Floodplain deposits in the lower Missouri River valley alluvium can be divided horizontally into a channel belt, meander belt and flood basin; and vertically they consist of a top-stratum and a substratum. The Missouri, like most major rivers in the midwestern U.S., is an underfit stream which does not fully penetrate its alluvium. Large amounts of groundwater are stored in these alluvial deposits, in which sediment mean grain size and hydraulic conductivity both increase exponentially with depth. Digital computer models indicate, however, that only one flow system exists in the alluvium. Digital simulations and field observations of the floodplain near Glasgow, Missouri, show four types of groundwater response to river stage changes: areas of rapidly fluctuating groundwater levels, areas of slow response, areas of predominantly down-valley flow, and areas of continuing groundwater high. The bank storage-river interaction can be mainly effluent, mainly influent, or a combination of both. The most important factor controlling the floodplain groundwater system is river stage variation. Distance from the river, the time interval since the river has fallen or risen, and the geometry of the river and valley walls all affect the groundwater system. In addition, floodplain inhomogeneities, tributary creeks, and pumping may cause perturbations in groundwater levels.
Analysis of the Mechanisms of Action of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dominant Lethal cdc42 G12V and Dominant Negative cdc42 D118A Mutations

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc42p GTPase is localized to the plasma membrane and involved in signal transduction mechanisms controlling cell polarity. The mechanisms of action of the dominant negative cdc42 D118Amutant and the lethal, gain of functioncdc42 G12V mutant were examined. Cdc42D118A,C188Sp and its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24p displayed a temperature-dependent interaction in the two-hybrid system, which correlated with the temperature dependence of the cdc42 D118A phenotype and supported a Cdc24p sequestration model for the mechanism ofcdc42 D118A action. Five cdc42mutations were isolated that led to decreased interactions with Cdc24p. The isolation of one mutation (V44A) correlated with the observations that the T35A effector domain mutation could interfere with Cdc42D118A,C188Sp-Cdc24p interactions and could suppress the cdc42 D118A mutation, suggesting that Cdc24p may interact with Cdc42p through its effector domain. Thecdc42 G12V mutant phenotypes were suppressed by the intragenic T35A and K183–187Q mutations and in skm1Δ and cla4Δ cells but not ste20Δ cells, suggesting that the mechanism of cdc42 G12Vaction is through the Skm1p and Cla4p protein kinases at the plasma membrane. Two intragenic suppressors ofcdc42 G12V were also identified that displayed a dominant negative phenotype at 16 °C, which was not suppressed by overexpression of Cdc24p, suggesting an alternate mechanism of action for these dominant negative mutations.
On the estimation of the most probable number in a serial dilution experiment

The purpose of this paper is to present some alternative estimates for the 'most probable number' of bacteria in a serial dilution experiment. These estimates are directed to be less biased than the ordinary maximum likelihood estimate. A numerical example illustrates the extent to which the variance and the mean square error of these estimates are generally less than those corresponding to the maximum likelihood estimate.
Reactions between palladium and gallium arsenide: Bulk versus thin-film studies

Reactions between Pd and GaAs have been studied using bulk-diffusion couples of Pd (approx.0.6 mm thick)/GaAs and thin-film Pd (50 and 160 nm)/GaAs samples. The sequence of phase formation at 600 /sup 0/C between bulk Pd and GaAs was established. Initial formation of the solution phase ..mu.. and the ternary phase T does not represent the stable configuration. The stable configuration is GaAs chemically bondepsilonchemically bondlambdachemically bond..gamma..chemically bond..nu..chemically bondPd and is termed the diffusion path between GaAs and Pd. The sequence of phase formation for the bulk-diffusion couples is similar at 500 /sup 0/C. Phase formation for the thin-film Pd/GaAs specimens was studied at 180, 220, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 600, and 1000 /sup 0/C for various annealing times. The sequence of phase formation obtained from the thin-film experiments is rationalized readily from the known ternary phase equilibria of Ga--Pd--As and the results from the bulk-diffusion couples of Pd/GaAs. The thin-film results reported in the literature are likewise rationalized. The diffusion path concept provides a useful guide in understanding the phase formation in Pd--GaAs interface or any other M--GaAs interface. This information is important in designing a uniform, stable contact for the metallization of GaAs.
Caution on the use of Viton® or FETFE® O-rings in carbon dioxide sample containers for δ180 analysis☆

After 10 days, 3-μmol CO2 samples in containers having glass stopcocks with Viton® or FETFE O-rings were enriched in 18O by 1.5% as a result of absorption by the elastomer; this amount of enrichment is ∼20 times greater than the precision of δ18O measurements of most laboratories. No change in 13C content was observed. Increasing the sample size to 100 μmol resulted in an 18O enrichment of 0.2% and did not affect the 13C content. Caution needs to be exercised in selecting sample containers for CO2 isotope-ratio samples of < 200 μmol. If stopcocks are used in construction of containers for such samples, the use of all-glass stopcocks with Apiezon N® hydrocarbon-based grease will eliminate the fractionation of oxygen isotopes.
Dislocation substructure in in situ deformed foils of niobium-8 to 10 at % vanadium alloy

The development of dislocation substructure in foils of niobium-8 to 10 at % vanadium alloy deformedin situ in the tensile stage of the microscope is presented to substantiate earlier observations presented in Part 1. The results of direct observation of the formation of straight dislocations, dislocation loops and loop debris are presented. In addition, the behaviour of cracks in foils containing hydrogen is compared with that observed in the absence of the interstitial. Through thein situ observations, the mechanism of embrittlement of niobium-rich vanadium alloys in the presence of hydrogen presented in Part 1 is substantiated.
Internal Lipid Architecture of the Hetero-Oligomeric Cytochrome b6f Complex.

Summary The role of lipids in the assembly, structure, and function of hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes is poorly understood. The dimeric photosynthetic cytochrome b 6 f complex, a 16-mer of eight distinct subunits and 26 transmembrane helices, catalyzes transmembrane proton-coupled electron transfer for energy storage. Using a 2.5 A crystal structure of the dimeric complex, we identified 23 distinct lipid-binding sites per monomer. Annular lipids are proposed to provide a connection for super-complex formation with the photosystem-I reaction center and the LHCII kinase enzyme for transmembrane signaling. Internal lipids mediate crosslinking to stabilize the domain-swapped iron-sulfur protein subunit, dielectric heterogeneity within intermonomer and intramonomer electron transfer pathways, and dimer stabilization through lipid-mediated intermonomer interactions. This study provides a complete structure analysis of lipid-mediated functions in a multi-subunit membrane protein complex and reveals lipid sites at positions essential for assembly and function.
R-technology and CASE: analysis and perspective

Abstract The Soviet software engineering methodology R-technology is examined. An overview of the technology is given, and R-technology is considered as a product in the context of the Soviet software industry. Reasons are suggested for why R-technology is not as widespread as the technology itself might warrant.
On wrinkling induced by surface stress at the boundary of an infinite circular cylinder

Abstract The effect of surface stress on an infinite linearly-elastic circular cylinder is examined in respect of the possible wrinkling of its boundary. Displacement fields involving wrinkling are exhibited, the form of this wrinkling being shown to be essentially a surface phenomenon independent of thermal stress.
Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and risk of coronary heart disease

Background Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and phosphorus all have been proposed as plasma biomarkers for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals with normal renal function. Methods In a nested case-control study of men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease at blood draw, we prospectively examined associations between plasma FGF23, PTH, and phosphorus and risk of CHD. During 10 years of follow-up, 422 men developed nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD. Controls were selected in a 2:1 ratio and matched for age, date of blood collection, and smoking status. Results Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 86 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 in cases and controls. At baseline, there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in plasma levels of FGF23, PTH, or phosphorus. After adjusting for matching factors, family history of myocardial infarction, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, ethnicity, region, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and other factors, the odds ratios for incident CHD for participants in the highest, compared with lowest, quartiles were 1.03 (95% CI 0.70-1.52, P for trend 0.84) for FGF23, 1.20 (95% CI 0.82-1.76, P trend 0.99) for PTH, and 0.72 (95% CI 0.51-1.02, P trend 0.13) for phosphorus. Conclusions Plasma FGF23, PTH, and phosphorus are not associated with the development of incident CHD in men without chronic kidney disease.
Differing faculty and housestaff acceptance of an electronic health record

In order to determine whether differences exist between housestaff and faculty physician acceptance of an electronic health record system, we conducted a written survey of attitudes towards new electronic medical record at the University of Illinois at Chicago. We surveyed 330 faculty and housestaff physicians. User acceptance of the EHR was high for both faculty physicians and housestaff. An amount of 88.0% of the housestaff and 64.7% of the faculty preferred the EHR over a paper record. Although both housestaff and faculty acceptance of an EHR was high, housestaff showed greater approval ratings than faculty. Central to acceptance of an EHR is conservation of physician time, including improving system speed, reducing time spent waiting for a computer to become available, and minimizing time spent documenting care.
In vitro activity of BAL9141 against clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria.

Abstract The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of BAL9141 against 150 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria were determined and compared to those of cefepime and ceftriaxone. BAL9141 exhibited comparable activity to cefepime and ceftriaxone against Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase nonproducing Enterobacter cloacae, and comparable activity to cefepime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
DNA fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) motifs-polymerase chain reaction/capillary electrophoresis

The molecular technique, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) produces genomic DNA fingerprint that discriminate bacterial species and strains. This technique was applied to the characterization of Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne pathogen implicated in numerous cases of listeriosis. The ERIC-PCR resulted in distinct DNA fingerprinting patterns of all L. monocytogene serotypes and Listeria species. Analysis of the genomic DNA fingerprints was accomplished using capillary electrophoresis (CE), an alternative technique to the conventional agarose gel method. The optimization of CE conditions (electrokinetic injection, applied voltage) resulted in the resolution of amplified DNA fragments up to 1000 bp. Comparisons of electropherograms provided genomic fingerprint templates which could be further used for supplementary information. The ERIC-PCR method coupled to CE provides a rapid technique in differentiating bacterial spp., and may contribute relevant information in food-borne outbreak studies.
Topographical organization of ascending cerebellar projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei in Macaca mulatta: An anterograde degeneration study

Discrete electrolytic lesions were placed in the dentate and interpositus cerebellar nuclei in th monkey Macaca mulatta and anterograde degeneration was traced in the ascending limb of the brachium conjunctivum using the Wiitanen technique. The dentate and interpositus anterior (IA) nuclei project topographically onto the two somatotopically organized divisions of the red nucleus and the ventrolateral-ventral intermediate nuclei of the thalamus (VL-Vim). Caudal parts of the dentate project to face areas in medial parts of the parvocellular red nucleus (RNpc) and VL-Vim, rostrolateral parts to central arm areas in these nuclei. There is a small projection from the rostroventral dentate to lateral hindlimb areas in RNpc and VL. Dorsal parts of the dentate project to ventral parts of RNpc and VLc-Vim (distal limb musculature area) exclusively, whereas ventral parts of the dentate project to dorsal parts of RNpc with some overlap ventrally dorsomedial VLc (proximal limb musculature and premotor areas). Caudal parts of IA project to medial forelimb and rostral parts to lateral hindlimb areas in the magnocellular red nucleus (RNmc) and VL-Vim. Projections from IA are greatest to distal musculature areas in VL-Vim. No projections from the interpositus posterior nucleus (IP) to the red nucleus could be identified positively, but projections to VL-Vim are to proximal hindlimb musculature and premotor areas.
On Ad Hoc Hypotheses

In this article I review attempts to define the term “ad hoc hypothesis,” focusing on the efforts of, among others, Karl Popper, Jarrett Leplin, and Gerald Holton. I conclude that the term is unhelpful; what is “ad hoc” seems to be a judgment made by particular scientists not on the basis of any well-established definition but rather on their individual aesthetic senses. Further, a hypothesis considered ad hoc can apparently be retroactively declared non–ad hoc on the basis of subsequent data, rendering the term meaningless.