cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyristor maximum voltage-blocking capability

The maximum forward- and reverse-voltage-blocking capability of power thyristors are dependent on the small-signal current gains of the p-n-p and n-p-n transistor sections, on the junction type, and on silicon resistivity.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Lupus Inhibitors: A Comparison of the Tissue Thromboplastin Inhibition Procedure with a New Platelet Neutralization Procedure

The introduction of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) as a screening test has resulted in increased recognition of circulating anticoagulants. The most frequently encountered inhibitor is the lupus-type anticoagulant. However, criteria for differentiation of this inhibitor are not well-established. We evaluated the ability of two procedures, tissue thromboplastin inhibition (TTI) and a new platelet neutralization procedure (PNP), to differentiate between various types of coagulation inhibitors. The TTI, widely used for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants, proved to be nonspecific. The PNP specifically separated lupus-type inhibitors from Factor VIII, X, and V inhibitors. The PNP may be a useful test for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants.
The Old-Age Style Introduced: The Issues

Creativity of the artistic kind extends well beyond youth and into old age (Part III; Lindauer, 1999). But is there a special kind of artistic creativity in old age? Stated more generally: Can creativity change drastically or be different late in life? Art historians have answered with a qualified “yes,” and point to an old-age style among some artists, which like wisdom, emerges late in life. Unexpected shifts occurred in the techniques, composition, subject matter, and affective tone in the later works, for example, of Cezanne, Goya, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Titian.
The Impact of Digital Information on American Evidence-Gathering and Trial – The Straw That Breaks the Camel’s Back?

Like everything else, the Computer Age has changed civil litigation in the U.S. The broad discovery allowed in American courts has become even broader as they have confronted Electronic Discovery. To date, it has been handled within the existing framework for American discovery, with some special tailoring of provisions for the specific problems it presents. Electronic communications are affecting the organization of American law firms, however, with offshoring of legal work gaining prominence. The handling of trials has begun to change as well, both because of problems regarding the admissibility of digital information as evidence and because electronic presentations have begun to affect the mode of trial. Although there has been change, there is also continuity; the American system of civil justice will still be “exceptional” after these changes are absorbed.
Trends in civilian penetrating brain injury: A review of 26,871 patients.

Abstract Introduction The aim of our study is to analyze the 5 years' trends, mortality rate, and factors that influence mortality after civilian penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). Methods We performed a 5-year-analysis of all trauma patients diagnosed with pTBI in the TQIP. Our outcome measures were trends of pTBI. Results A total of 26,871 had penetrating brain injury over the 5-year period. Mean age was 36.2 ± 18 years. Overall 55% of the patients had severe TBI and mortality rate was 43.8%. There was an increase in the rate of pTBI from 3042/100,000 (2010) to 7578/100,000 trauma admissions (2014) (p Conclusions Incidence and mortality for patients who are brought to hospitals following pTBI have gradually increased over the five-year period. Self-inflicted injury and prehospital intubation were the two most significant predictors of mortality.
A Monte Carlo-based multi-objective optimization approach to merge different precipitation estimates for land surface modeling

Abstract Precipitation is a fundamental forcing variable in land surface modeling, controlling several hydrological and biogeochemical processes (e.g., runoff, carbon cycling, evaporation, transpiration, groundwater recharge, and soil moisture). However, precipitation estimates from rain gauges, ground-based radars, satellite sensors, and numerical models are affected by significant uncertainties, which can be amplified when exposed to highly non-linear land model physics. This work tests the hypothesis that precipitation data from different sources can be optimally merged to minimize the hydrologic response error in surface soil moisture simulations and maximize their correlation with ground observations (multi-objective optimization problem). This hypothesis is tested by merging three precipitation products (one satellite product, a ground-based dataset, and model-base estimates) that force a land surface model trained to minimize soil moisture anomalies. A Monte Carlo-based algorithm is developed to generate weights to linearly combine these precipitation datasets. Optimal combinations of weights are identified by minimizing the errors and maximizing the correlation between the model simulated soil moisture and the satellite-based SMOS soil moisture product. The proposed methodology has been tested over Oklahoma where high-quality, high-resolution (independent) ground-based soil moisture observations are available for validation purposes. Results show that there exist optimal combinations of these precipitation datasets that provide smaller errors and larger correlation coefficients between modeled soil moisture estimates and ground-based data with respect to forcing the land surface model with single precipitation datasets. Specifically, combining three precipitation products from different sources provides the largest correlation coefficient and the lowest root mean square error at several locations across Oklahoma.
A Content Analysis of Teacher Autonomy Support During a High School Volleyball Unit

Reviews of the literature have confirmed the influence of autonomy-supportive teaching on student self-determined motivation and enhancement of skill in various educational contexts influencing students to be more engaged in their learning in addition to having higher levels of perceived skill improvement. Unfortunately, not much of the literature directly examines the autonomy-supportive language that teachers naturally use in physical education. Therefore, this study determined how and when teachers use autonomy-supportive behaviors within the context of a regular physical education (PE) class. Four high school PE teachers (2 male, 2 female, all Caucasian, M age = 41.25, SD = 11.84) and 140 high school students (M age = 14.90, SD = 1.01) in compulsory co-educational classes participated in the study. Teachers’ verbal behaviors were audio recorded during four 90-min classes for three of the teachers and eight 45-min classes for the remaining teacher. Audio data were transcribed verbatim. Class observations and field notes also contributed to the analysis and helped the researchers to contextualize data collected via recordings. Findings indicate that teachers used a variety of autonomy-supportive behaviors, some more often than others. Some behaviors were underrepresented and, in some cases, were observed in an interconnected nature. The low use of some behaviors suggests room for improvement, with the benefits of such behaviors more directly influencing student motivation and enhancing skill learning. Subscribe to TPE
Controllable stress elicits circuit-specific patterns of prefrontal plasticity in males, but not females

Actual or perceived behavioral control during a traumatic event can promote resilience against future adversity, but the long-term cellular and circuit mechanisms by which this protection is conferred have not been identified. Clinical outcomes following trauma exposure differ in men and women, and, therefore, it is especially important in preclinical research to dissect these processes in both males and females. In male adult rats, an experience with behavioral control over tail shock ("escapable stress", ES) has been shown to block the neurochemical and behavioral outcomes produced by later uncontrollable tail shock ("inescapable stress", IS), a phenomenon termed "behavioral immunization". Here, we determined whether behavioral immunization is present in females. Unlike males, the stress-buffering effects of behavioral control were absent in female rats. We next examined the effects of ES and IS on spine morphology of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-projecting prelimbic (PL) neurons, a circuit critical to the immunizing effects of ES in males. In males, IS elicited broad, non-specific alterations in PL spine size, while ES elicited PL-DRN circuit-specific spine changes. In contrast, females exhibited broad, non-specific spine enlargement after ES but only minor alterations after IS. These data provide evidence for a circuit-specific mechanism of structural plasticity that could underlie sexual divergence in the protective effects of behavioral control.
Changes in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening After Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act.

Introduction Medicaid expansions following the Affordable Care Act have improved insurance coverage in low-income adults, but little is known about its impact on cancer screening. This study examined associations between Medicaid expansion timing and colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC) screening. Methods Up-to-date and past 2-year CRC (n=95,400) and BC (women, n=43,279) screening prevalence were computed among low-income respondents aged 50–64 years in 2012, 2014, and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Respondents were grouped according to Medicaid expansion timing as: very early ([VE] six states expanding March 1, 2010–April 14, 2011), early (21 states expanding January 1, 2014–August 15, 2014), late (five states expanding January 1, 2015–July 1, 2016), and non-expansion states (19 states). Absolute adjusted difference-in-differences (aDDs) were computed in 2018–2019 (ref, non-expansion states). Results Between 2012 and 2016, absolute up-to-date CRC screening increased by 8.8%, 2.9%, 2.4%, and 3.8% among low-income adults in VE, early, late, and non-expansion states, respectively. Past 2–year CRC screening increased by 8.0% in VE and 2.8% in non-expansion states, with an aDD of 4.9% (p=0.041). In 2012–2016, up-to-date BC screening increased by 5.1%, 4.9%, and 3.7% among low-income women in VE, early, and non-expansion states, respectively, but aDDs were not statistically significant. Conclusions Prevalence of CRC and BC screening among low-income adults rose in Medicaid expansion states, though increases were significantly higher than those in non-expansion states only for recent CRC screening in VE expansion states. Large-scale improvements in cancer screening may take several years following expansion in access to care.
Controlling Ionic Transport through the PEO-LiTFSI/LLZTO Interface

A highly resistive Polyethylene oxide-LiTFSI(PEO-LiTFSI)/ Lithium Lanthanum Zirconium Oxide (LLZO) interface, with a resistivity of 95 kOhms.cm2 (30°C) is believed to limit the total conductivity of ceramic-polymer composite electrolyte (CPE). To achieve higher ionic conductivity, the interfacial impedance (Rinterface) must be reduced to <~100 Ohms.cm2 to enable cell impedances comparable to Li-ion technology. The goal of this study was to investigate the origin of this high Rinterface. It was hypothesized that LLZO surface impurities and abrupt changes in Li-ion concentration between the PEO-LiTFSI/LLZO electrolytes contribute to the high impedance. By removing surface impurities through heat-treatment, the Rinterface was reduced to 180 Ohms.cm2 at 30°C. Optimization of Li-salt concentration in PEO to 15:1, resulted in reduction of Rinterface from 1.6 kOhms.cm2 to 421 Ohms.cm2. By understanding the underpinning mechanisms that govern the ceramic-polymer interface impedance, we believe it is possible to develop high conductivity CPE that are easy to fabricate and integrate into solid-state batteries.
Competing quantum Hall phases in the second Landau level in the low-density limit

In this Rapid Communication we present the results from two high-quality, low-density GaAs quantum wells. In sample A of electron density $n$ = 5.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{10}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, anisotropic electronic transport behavior was observed at \ensuremath{\nu} = 7/2 in the second Landau level. We believe that the anisotropy is due to the large Landau level mixing effect in this sample. In sample B of density 4.1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{10}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, strong 8/3, 5/2, and 7/3 fractional quantum Hall states were observed. Furthermore, our energy gap data suggest that, similar to the 8/3 state, the 5/2 state may also be spin unpolarized in the low-density limit. The results from both samples show that the strong electron-electron interactions and a large Landau level mixing effect play an import role in the competing ground states in the second Landau level.
Successes and Struggles with Computational Reproducibility: Lessons from the Fragile Families Challenge:

Reproducibility is fundamental to science, and an important component of reproducibility is computational reproducibility: the ability of a researcher to recreate the results of a published study u...
Open Sigmoid Resection

This chapter discusses the technical aspects of open sigmoid resection including instrumentation, patient positioning, and type of incision and abdominal entry approach. Dissection, resection, and reconstruction are described in Chap. 13.
Standing genetic variation in laboratory populations of insecticide-susceptible Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) for the evolution of resistance.

Insecticides can exert strong selection on insect pest species, including those that vector diseases, and have led to rapid evolution of resistance. Despite such rapid evolution, relatively little is known about standing genetic variation for resistance in insecticide-susceptible populations of many species. To help fill this knowledge gap, we generated genotyping-by-sequencing data from insecticide-susceptible Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that survived or died from a sub-diagnostic exposure to either permethrin or malathion using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. Multi-locus genome-wide association mapping methods were used to quantify standing genetic variation for insecticide resistance in these populations and to identify specific alleles associated with insecticide survival. For each insecticide treatment, we estimated the proportion of the variation in survival explained by the genetic data (i.e., "chip" heritability) and the number and contribution of individual loci with measurable effects. For all treatments, survival to an insecticide exposure was heritable with a polygenic architecture. Both P. papatasi and L. longipalpis had alleles for survival that resided within many genes throughout their genomes. The implications for resistance conferred by many alleles, as well as inferences made about the utility of laboratory insecticide resistance association studies compared to field observations, are discussed.
Conference spaces as emotional sites for becoming campus sustainability leaders

Abstract This paper applies a feminist political ecology approach to ask: How do sustainability in higher education (SHE) conference events co-produce the subjectivities and expertise of campus sustainability professionals (CSPs) emotionally? Specifically, how do SHE conference spaces cultivate particular embodied practices and discourses in CSPs who are meant to translate at times irreconcilable practices and discourses in their daily campus-based work? Through multi-event ethnography and autoethnography of SHE events and comparisons with academic conferences more broadly in my role as a teacher-scholar-activist, I analyze how CSPs encounter and challenge ‘green’ knowledge claims emotionally. Vignettes from a sample of conference spaces demonstrate that SHE events provoke a confusion of conflicting emotions, all while promoting products, services and solutions to ‘fix’ the distressing emotions they provoke. Furthermore, the emergence of informal and formal wellness discourses and performances at SHE conferences re-directs CSPs away from critical questions of power toward self-centered, technocratic and technophilic solutions. A politics of failure can challenge audit culture, the bullshitization of sustainability work and neoliberal tropes of professionalism and self-improvement. Such a politics compliments ongoing efforts to center justice-oriented work in sustainability.
Corticothalamic Connectivity in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Relationship with Disordered Consciousness and Clinical Outcomes.

We present an exploratory analysis of the occurrence of early corticothalamic connectivity disruption after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its correlation with clinical outcomes. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with acute SAH who underwent continuous electroencephalography (EEG) for impairment of consciousness. Only patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm treatment were included. Continuous EEG tracings were reviewed to obtain artifact-free segments. Power spectral analyses were performed, and segments were classified as A (only delta power), B (predominant delta and theta), C (predominant theta and beta), or D (predominant alpha and beta). Each incremental category from A to D implies greater preservation of corticothalamic connectivity. We dichotomized categories as AB for poor connectivity and CD for good connectivity. The modified Rankin Scale score at follow-up and in-hospital mortality were used as outcome measures. Sixty-nine patients were included, of whom 58 had good quality EEG segments for classification: 28 were AB and 30 were CD. Hunt and Hess and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades were higher and the initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was lower in the AB group compared with the CD group. AB classification was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.71 (95% confidence interval 1.61–20.30; p < 0.01) for poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 4–6) at a median follow-up of 4 months (interquartile range 2–6) and an odds ratio of 5.6 (95% confidence interval 0.98–31.95; p = 0.03) for in-hospital mortality, compared with CD. EEG spectral-power-based classification demonstrates early corticothalamic connectivity disruption following aneurysmal SAH and may be a mechanism involved in early brain injury. Furthermore, the extent of this disruption appears to be associated with functional outcome and in-hospital mortality in patients with aneurysmal SAH and appears to be a potentially useful predictive tool that must be validated prospectively.
P-097: Preclinical validation of Ecto-5’ Nucleotidase (NT5E/CD73) as a novel immunotherapeutic target in Multiple Myeloma

Background The interaction of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and T- or NK-cells in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment triggers enhanced tumor growth, as well as inhibits innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic changes in MM cells triggered by co-culture with pDCs using next generation sequencing (NGS), and identified that pDC-MM interactions induce metabolic enzyme Ecto-5’ Nucleotidase (NT5E/CD73) in both pDCs and MM cells. CD73 has been implicated in cancer metabolism and immunosuppression via nucleotide metabolism pathway. Methods Purified MM patient pDCs (n=3) were co-cultured with MM cells (1pDC/5MM; n=3) for 48h, followed by separation of MM cells from pDCs by flow. Total RNA from MM cells was subjected to RNAseq analysis using Illumina NGS. Data were analyzed by VIPER workflow to generate differential expression. The log2FC (fold change) values in co-cultures vs MM alone, with a False Discovery Rate adjusted p value of Results A total of 9200 and 9250 genes were differentially expressed based on negative binomial distribution (DEseq2) and linear (Limma) RNA-seq models, respectively (p Conclusions Our preclinical data therefore suggest that the therapeutic targeting of CD73, alone or in combination with TLR7 agonist, represents a promising novel strategy to restore host anti-MM immunity.
The Politics of the Natural: The Case of Sex Differences

It is difficult these days to talk intelligibly about what is really natural or unnatural, normal or abnormal, about sex differences, human sexuality or the human body. The distinction between natural/unnatural or normal/abnormal presumes a standard for what is given us by biology and what by culture. But contemporary feminists argue convincingly that women, like men, appear in everyday life as a socially constructed sexual class, not primarily as a biologically distinct group. Of course males inseminate and females incubate and lactate. There are male and female developmental processes that account for this reproductive difference and are defined in terms of five biological criteria: genes or chromosomes, hormones, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia ([40], p. 11). However, behavioral differences between the sexes overwhelmingly appear to be the consequence of relevant social differences. As Simone de Beauvoir wrote: One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society: it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch ([12], p. xiv).
Testing for Association via Automated Order Selection

The tests in Chapter 6 assumed a fixed smoothing parameter. In Chapters 7 and 8 we will discuss tests based on data-driven smoothing parameters. The current chapter deals with testing the “no-effect” hypothesis, and Chapter 8 treats more general parametric hypotheses. The methodology proposed in Chapter 7 makes use of an orthogonal series representation for r. In principle any series representation could be used, but for now we consider only trigonometric series. This is done for the sake of clarity and to make the ideas less abstract. Section 7.8 discusses the use of other types of orthogonal series.
Threshold voltage extraction method in field-effect devices with power-law dependence of mobility on carrier density

We propose a new method suited for the extraction of the threshold voltage in 2D Field-Effect-Transistors. It can be applied to various classes of devices where the mobility exhibits a power-law dependence on carrier concentration, μ ∝ n S α. The result doesn't depend on contact resistance. The method provides a physically sound value: V G -V T is proportional to the channel carrier density as checked with V G -dependent Hall measurements in companion gated Hall devices.
Self-Esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure Among Adolescents

This study was based upon a model of constraints on leisure originally proposed by Crawford and Godbey (1987), and elaborated upon recently by Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey (1991). The study sought...
Vehicle Lateral Control for Highway Automation

The objectives of lateral control for highway automation are to let vehicles track the center of a lane with small error and to maintain good ride quality under different vehicle speeds, loads, wind gust disturbances, and road conditions. In this paper, the lateral feedback and feedforward controllers are designed to satisfy these objectives by utilizing the frequency-shaped linear quadratic (FSLQ) control theory. This design method allows that the ride quality be included in the performance index explicitly, and the high-frequency robustness characteristic be improved by properly choosing the weighting factors. It is shown that a controller with fixed gains does not perform satisfactorily under all conditions. Therefore, an estimator for comering stiffness of the tires is proposed to enhance performance. Simulation results show that this adaptive control approach works satisfactorily under a variety of conditions including intermittent measurement of lateral tracking error.
Glucocorticosteroids: current and future directions

Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma yet are relatively ineffective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via several molecular mechanisms. Glucocorticoids suppress the multiple inflammatory genes that are activated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, by reversing histone acetylation of activated inflammatory genes through binding of ligand-bound glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to co-activator molecules and recruitment of histone deacetylase-2 to the activated inflammatory gene transcription complex (trans-repression). At higher concentrations of glucocorticoids GR homodimers interact with DNA recognition sites to activate transcription through increased histone acetylation of anti-inflammatory genes and transcription of several genes linked to glucocorticoid side effects (trans-activation). Glucocorticoids also have post-transcriptional effects and decrease stability of some pro-inflammatory mRNA species. Decreased glucocorticoid responsiveness is found in patients with severe asthma and asthmatics who smoke, as well as in all patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance have now been identified which involve post-translational modifications of GR. Histone deacetylase-2 is markedly reduced in activity and expression as a result of oxidative/nitrative stress so that inflammation becomes resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Dissociated glucocorticoids and selective GR modulators which show improved trans-repression over trans-activation effects have been developed to reduce side effects, but so far it has been difficult to dissociate anti-inflammatory effects from adverse effects. In patients with glucocorticoid resistance alternative anti-inflammatory treatments are being investigated as well as drugs that may reverse the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance.
Growth of the ultrasound fetal femur length during normal pregnancy: Part I

The growth of the ultrasound fetal femur length during normal pregnancy is presented. A total of 1,016 measurements of the fetal femur length from 14 weeks' gestation through term were taken. The growth of the fetal femur describes an asymptotic curve similar to the growth of the biparietal diameter with comparable limits of 2 SD. From the serial measurements performed, the growth rate of the femur has also been calculated. This begins at 3.15 mm/wk and slowly decreases to 1.55 mm/wk toward 40 weeks' gestation. Femur measurements provide the first reproducible determinations of "length" of the fetus to be measured by ultrasound throughout pregnancy.
Successful Treatment of Chromobacterium violaceum Sepsis in a South Indian Adult

Infection due to Chromobacterium violaceum is rare. Diagnosis may be delayed since Chromobacterium sepsis may mimic melioidosis, especially in melioidosis-endemic areas. Management of Chromobacterium infection is challenging given the propensity of this pathogen to cause visceral abscesses, drug resistance, and relapse. Mortality rates are high despite treatment. We report a case of C. violaceum septicemia in an immunocompetent adult from south India, who was successfully treated with combination antibiotic therapy. Physicians in tropical and subtropical regions must be aware of C. violaceum infection as it can mimic melioidosis.
An Amyloid-Like C-Terminal Domain of Thrombospondin-1 Displays CD47 Agonist Activity Requiring Both VVM Motifs†

Two VVM-containing peptides in the C-terminal domain (CBD) of thrombospondin-1 function as CD47 agonists. A recombinant form of the CBD (rCBD) has been expressed that contains both VVM sites and exhibits CD47-dependent binding of C32 melanoma cells when coated at concentrations 100x lower than the peptide 4N1K (kRFYVVMWKk). Circular dichroism and thioflavin T binding of a recombinant form of the C-terminal domain (rCBD) of thrombospondin-1 indicated a species highly enriched in beta-sheet secondary structure, with spectra similar to those of amyloid proteins. Reduction of the CD signal with progressively higher concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride was correlated with a loss of cell-binding activity. Melanoma cell spreading on vitronectin was strongly stimulated by immobilized rCBD co-coated at concentrations more than 50x lower than 4N1K, and the effect was blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin, consistent with the known mediation of CD47 signaling by trimeric G(i). Mutations of either or both VV sequences of rCBD (1037-38 and 1123-24 of TSP1) to GG had a modest effect on cell binding, a component of which was inhibited by heparin. However, all three mutants dramatically reduced the signaling-dependent stimulation of cell spreading, indicating that the VVM motifs of rCBD are structurally linked in CD47 activation.
Delayed neurotoxicity of leptophos and related compounds: Differential effects of subchronic oral administration of pure, technical grade and degradation products on the hen.

Pure and technical grade leptophos (O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate) and some of its degradation products were screened for delayed neurotoxicity following daily oral administration to hens. Minor modification of the leptophos molecule did not abolish its neurotoxic effect. In contrast, the hydrolytic products, 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol and phenylphosphonic acid, had no neurotoxic action. The effectiveness of esters to induce delayed neurotoxicity was, in descending order: O-2,5-dichlorophenyl O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate (desbromoleptophos) >; pure leptophos > technical grade leptophos > O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl O-methyl phenylphosphonate (leptophos oxon). Leptophos oxon was only weakly effective as a neurotoxic agent probably because it was unstable in the body and by the time it had reached the target for neurotoxic action it had been hydrolyzed to nonneurotoxic products. Histopathologic examination of hens that died during the study or were killed 30 days after completion of treatment showed marked axon and myelin degeneration in the sciatic, peroneal, and tibial nerves and spinal cord of most hens. The lesions in peripheral nerves were generally seen earlier and in fewer hens than those in spinal cord. The most consistent histopathological changes were degeneration of axons and myelin in the spinal cord. Leptophos oxon was the most potent inhibitor of brain and plasma cholinesterases. Also, the activity of plasma butyryl cholinesterase was more inhibited than brain acetylcholinesterase. Controls consisted of four groups of hens given daily oral doses of 10 mg/kg tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), 1.0 mg/kg O,O-diethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion), and an empty gelatin capsule. TOCP-treated hens developed delayed neurotoxicity while those given parathion showed initial leg weakness but subsequently recovered without developing delayed neurotoxicity. Control hens receiving gelatin capsules remained normal. This study suggests that changes in structure of leptophos as it is absorbed, metabolized, accumulated, and eliminated in vivo, significantly affect the development and severity of delayed neurotoxicity. The chicken continues to be an ideal model for screening organophosphorus pesticides for their capacity to produce delayed neurotoxicity.
Distinct roles for ephrinB3 in the formation and function of hippocampal synapses.

Abstract The transmembrane ephrinB ligands and their Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are known to regulate excitatory synaptic functions in the hippocampus. In the CA3–CA1 synapse, ephrinB ligands are localized to the post-synaptic membrane, while their cognate Eph receptors are presumed to be pre-synaptic. Interaction of ephrinB molecules with Eph receptors leads to changes in long-term potentiation (LTP), which has been reported to be mediated by reverse signaling into the post-synaptic membrane. Here, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain of ephrinB3 and hence reverse signaling is not required for ephrinB dependent learning and memory tasks or for LTP of these synapses. Consistent with previous reports, we find that ephrinB3 KO null mutant mice exhibit a striking reduction in CA3–CA1 LTP that is associated with defective learning and memory tasks. We find the null mutants also show changes in both pre- and post-synaptic proteins including increased levels of synapsin and synaptobrevin and reduced levels of NMDA receptor subunits. These abnormalities are not observed in ephrinB3 lacZ reverse signaling mutants that specifically delete the ephrinB3 intracellular region, supporting a cytoplasmic domain-independent forward signaling role for ephrinB3 in these processes. We also find that both ephrinB3 KO and ephrinB3 lacZ mice show an increased number of excitatory synapses, demonstrating a cytoplasmic-dependent reverse signaling role of ephrinB3 in regulating synapse number. Together, these data suggest that ephrinB3 may act like a receptor to transduce reverse signals to regulate the number of synapses formed in the hippocampus, and that it likely acts to stimulate forward signaling to modulate a number of other proteins involved in synaptic activity and learning/memory.
A gene action model to explain gametophytic self-incompatibility

Gametophytic self-incompatibility in flowering plants can be explained in terms of recent concepts of gene action. The S alleles may be assumed to be regulators which produce monomers of a dimer repressor controlling a high rate of growth operon in the pollen tube. Similarity between monomers in the style and pollen tube produce a functional dimer repressor which inhibits this operon. A low velocity growth operon yielding pollen tube growth typical of incompatible pollen tubes would function when the high velocity operon is inactive.
Oxytocin, vasoactive-intestinal peptide, and serotonin regulate the mating-induced surges of prolactin secretion in the rat.

In female rats the mating stimulus induces a bimodal pattern of PRL secretion. A surge of PRL occurs at approximately 0300 h, called the nocturnal surge (N). Another surge occurs at 1700 h on the same day, called the diurnal surge (D). By lowering dopaminergic tone pharmacologically, we have recently demonstrated the existence of an endogenous rhythm stimulatory to PRL secretion in female rats. The periods of this stimulatory influence coincide with the periods of the N and D surges of PRL that occur in mated rats. In addition, we have shown that the 0300 h component of this endogenous rhythm is regulated by oxytocin (OT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and the 1700 h component is regulated by OT and serotonin (5-HT). In this study, we investigated the roles of OT, VIP, and 5-HT in controlling the N and D surges of PRL in ovariectomized (OVX) rats receiving a physiological dopaminelowering stimulus, copulomimetic stimulation. Blood samples were obtained the day before the experiments between 1700...
Accuracy of glaucoma detection with frequency-doubling perimetry.

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of glaucoma detection by frequency-doubling perimetry. METHODS: Stereoview optic nerve photographs, visual field examination, intraocular pressure measurements, medical and ocular history, and a screening and full threshold frequency-doubling perimetry examination were performed in a prospective study of consecutive subjects. Inclusion criteria included age of 45 years or older, absence of ocular disease other than glaucoma, cataract, or mild drusen, and Snellen visual acuity of 20/60 or better. A total of 125 eyes in 102 glaucoma subjects and 95 eyes of 95 normal subjects were included. Each eye was classified as “normal,” “glaucoma,” or “uncertain” by each of three ophthalmologists on the basis of all available clinical information with the exception of frequency-doubling perimetry results. Those in the glaucoma group were subclassified as having early (n = 51), moderate (n = 42), or severe (n = 32) glaucoma on the basis of automated Humphrey visual field criteria. In the glaucoma group, two eyes from a subject were allowed to be included (23 of 102 subjects) if they differed in level of damage because they were never analyzed within the same statistical analysis. RESULTS: Several diagnostic algorithms were evaluated. Algorithms based on the most depressed single point, pair of adjacent points, and cluster of three points performed nearly identically. For the screening test, if any abnormality was identified, specificity was 95%, whereas sensitivity was 39%, 86%, and 100% for early, moderate, and severe glaucoma, respectively. For the full threshold test, with at least one point depressed to the P < 0.5% level, specificity measured 91%, whereas sensitivity was 35%, 88%, and 100% for early, moderate, and severe glaucoma, respectively. The two global indices, mean deviation and pattern standard deviation, were also evaluated and were generally less accurate. CONCLUSION: Frequency-doubling perimetry, which is rapid and easily administered, is effective at detecting moderate and severe disease and appears well suited for glaucoma screening.
Pulmonary density distribution in experimental noncardiac canine pulmonary edema evaluated by computed transmission tomography.

We evaluated the density distribution (anterior-posterior) of the right lung in 19 acutely anesthetized supine dogs using computed transmission tomography (CTT). Eleven dogs served as controls, and eight received 0.12 cc/kg of intravenously administered oleic acid. The latter were sequentially imaged over 1 hour. Nine of these dogs (three control and six oleic acid dogs) had wet weight/dry weight ratios of the corresponding anterior and posterior lung sections evaluated immediately upon completion of the scans. In the control animals, the posterior (dependent) lung was 25 +/- 8% (+/- S.D.) denser than the anterior lung, and did not differ if a second section of the lung was evaluated (1 cm cranial or caudal), or if the animal was imaged on a second day (n = 6). In the oleic acid dogs, the posterior portion of the lung was significantly denser 10 minutes after injection of oleic acid (P less than 0.05), and almost twice as dense 1 hour after initial injection. The density changes determined by CTT in the anterior and posterior lung zones correlated well with the increasing regional wet weight/dry weight relationships determined from the lung on postmortem exam (r = 0.90). We conclude that early subtle density changes in the posterior lung can be found in oleic acid injury pulmonary edema. This can be easily quantitated using CTT, and may prove useful in following physiologic and therapeutic interventions during leaky membrane acute pulmonary injury.
Dynamic Response Indicators of Heat Stress in Shaded and Non-shaded Feedlot Cattle, Part 2: Predictive Relationships

Summer heat provides stressful conditions for Bos taurus feeder cattle; in extreme instances these conditions can be fatal. One management option is to provide shade structures for feedlot animals. This study was conducted during the summer of 2001 to compare physiological responses of cattle with shade access or noshade access. Eight steers were selected from a group of 12, and assigned individual pens. Four pens were fitted with shade structures that allowed the steers to choose shade; the remainder had no shade option. The animals were rotated through pen assignments during the summer season. Continuous measures of respiration rate and body temperature were recorded as response variables to the shade treatments. Environmental conditions were monitored for the experimental period. Daytime means and standard errors were 86� 070� 39 breaths min � 1 for respiration rate shade, and were significantly lower (probability Po0� 05) than respiration rate Noshade of 102� 370� 36 breaths min � 1 . Linear regression fit for daytime data showed the slope for No-shade to be 4� 570� 15 breaths min � 1 and 1� 570� 11 breaths min � 1 for Shade. Thresholds for humidity and treatment of Shade and No-shade were determined to exist between 25 and 301C. Linear regression equations were developed for respiration rate including effects of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation for animals in either Shade or No-shade feedlot pens. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Silsoe Research Institute
Estimation of pasture drought severity using canopy red-to-far-red radiance

Abstract Reliable methods for quantifying the impact of drought on pasture leaf canopies in humid, temperate regions are not available. This study was conducted to determine the utility of the red-to-far-red ratio of canopy radiance for estimating the evapotranspiration (ET) rate of water-limited pasture during drought. The hypothesis that the relationship between the ET and the red-to-far-red ratio of radiance is not linear was evaluated. The ET and spectral radiance were measured for orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) growing in large monolith weighing lysimeters at Kearneysville, WV. Drought was imposed using rain-exclusion shelters during periods of predicted rainfall. During the study period, the ET decreased to 0.14 and 0.23 of the potential rates for orchardgrass and tall fescue respectively. The process by which the canopies of the two grass species senesced in response to severe drought differed. Despite this difference, a single non-linear relationship effectively estimated the ET for both grass species from the red-to-far-red ratio of canopy radiance under midday sunlight. This relationship may be a useful tool for developing improved pasture management strategies and for hydrologic assessment in regions dominated by pasture.
Inductive methods for reasoning about abstract data types

Rewriting techniques have been used to reason about a variety of topics related to programming languages, e.g., abstract data types, Petri Nets, FP programs, and data bases. They have also been used in the implementation and definition of a variety of programming languages.At the 1980 POPL Conference, David Musser proposed a new method of proving inductive properties of abstract data types. Since that time, this method, which came to be called inductionless induction, has attracted considerable attention. Numerous applications and improvements have been proposed and several implementations described. However, little or no work has appeared that questions the basic utility of the idea.The thesis of this paper is that while induction using equational term-rewriting holds great promise, inductionless induction does not. More specifically, we argue that for reasoning about abstract data types traditional inductive methods are usually superior.
Exercise-based fall prevention programmes decrease fall-related injuries.

Commentary on: El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles MA, et al. The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;347:f6234.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Exercise demonstrably and robustly decreases falls in older adults, generally by about 30%. The systematic review and meta-analysis by El-Khoury and colleagues punctuates the previously published result that exercise significantly reduces fall-related fractures in older adults1 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.f6234%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24169944%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=347/oct28_9/f6234&atom=%2Febnurs%2F17%2F4%2F125.atom
Spacecraft ring-bus power system management scheme

This paper presents the results of studies which applies a multi-objective optimization function for the management of a solar based DC spacecraft network of the ring bus topology. The optimization function is utilized which features the objectives of optimizing the utilization of solar energy to continually meet the needs of the network while minimizing battery discharge current and current flows among ring buses. This work is an extension of the previous studies conducted where reliability studies are conducted for failure scenarios, states of battery charge and variability of the loads. An optimum power management program is developed where operating strategy and corresponding control actions are identified to maintain system reliability and serviceability.
Observation of Unequal Densities for Sulfur Defects in Silicon Predeposited by Low Fluence Ion Implantation

The dynathermal current and capacitance responses of two isotopes of sulfur, 32s and 34s predeposited by low fluence ion implantation into siliconp +- n junction diodes are presented. As opposed to all previous studies, in this work unequal densities are seen for the shallow and deep sulfur defects, for both the 32s− and 34− related defects. Additionally, the dynathermal response of the deep 34s center is seen to exhibit a shift of 3 K from that of 32S at a fixed heating rate of 9.5 ±0.1 K/s, consistent with the isotope dependence of the thermal emission process observed earlier for these cen-ters by isothermal capacitance measurements.
A cosmid vector containing a dominant selectable marker for cloning Chlamydomonas genes by complementation.

Abstract Cosmid vectors containing a dominate selectable marker (ble) for complementation cloning of genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were created. The usefulness of these vectors, which differ in the orientation of the ble cassette, was demonstrated by transforming C. reinhardtii to phleomycin resistance, by constructing a large library (∼5×105 recombinants) in one of them using DNA from a C. reinhardtii mutant, and by transforming C. reinhardtii with recombinant cosmid clones and pools.
A United States perspective on the ethical and legal issues of spyware

Spyware is regarded as the largest threat to internet users since spam, yet most users do not even know spyware is on their personal computers. Ethical and legal concerns associated with spyware call for a response. A balance must be found between legitimate interests of spyware installers, who have obtained informed consent of users who accept advertisements or other marketing devices, and users who are unwitting targets. Currently, there is not widespread awareness or understanding of the existence of spyware, its effects, and what remedies are available to defend against it. For industry sectors subject to data collection and protection laws, spyware results in unintentional noncompliance. This paper examines the ethical and legal issues of spyware from a United States perspective. First, the increasing prevalence of spyware is discussed. Various types of spyware are then overviewed. Ethical and legal concerns, including privacy invasion, surreptitious data collection, direct marketing, hijacking, and trespass are discussed. Finally, various methods of responding to spyware, including approaches by consumers, industry, and the U.S. government, are addressed, calling for a need to resolve escalating concerns of users while balancing the beneficial use of spyware as a legitimate marketing tool.
Monolayer dispersion of molybdenum on silica

Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to characterize the hydrated and dehydrated states of surface-supported Mo6+ on Davison 952 silica gel. Silica-supported Mo samples were prepared from MO2(η3-C3H5)4 and (η5-C5H5)2Mo2(CO)4. Metal loadings of 5.1–7.8 wt% Mo were studied. Crystallites of MoO3 were not observed at these high loadings. An upper limit for dispersing dehydrated, isolated Mo6+ was found at about 1 Mo atom/nm2, which corresponds to the isolated silanol density of silica.
Risk Factors for Early Revision After Primary TKA in Medicare Patients

Background Patient, surgeon, health system, and device factors are all known to influence outcomes in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, patient-related factors associated with an increased risk of early failure are not well understood, particularly in elderly patients.