cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missing markets: Evidence on agricultural groundwater demand from volumetric pricing

Abstract Market-based instruments pose widely prescribed but rarely implemented tools to manage scarce water resources. We estimate the price elasticity of demand for agricultural groundwater in a water district with volumetric pricing and monthly well-level extraction data spanning 17 years. Demand is inelastic, with estimates ranging from −0.16 to −0.2. We apply this parameter to calculate the surplus change from the introduction of agricultural water pricing, and the prospective gains from water transfers between urban and agricultural users, with and without water supply curtailments. Relative to a water conservation mandate applied uniformly to all users, trading can substantially mitigate the costs of water scarcity.
Fewer butterflies seen by community scientists across the warming and drying landscapes of the American West

Uncertainty remains regarding the role of anthropogenic climate change in declining insect populations, partly because our understanding of biotic response to climate is often complicated by habitat loss and degradation among other compounding stressors. We addressed this challenge by integrating expert and community scientist datasets that include decades of monitoring across more than 70 locations spanning the western United States. We found a 1.6% annual reduction in the number of individual butterflies observed over the past four decades, associated in particular with warming during fall months. The pervasive declines that we report advance our understanding of climate change impacts and suggest that a new approach is needed for butterfly conservation in the region, focused on suites of species with shared habitat or host associations.
Evaluation of an oncology diagnostic and screening clinic at a large safety net hospital.

94Background: Increasingly, dedicated clinics have been established to expedite patients with suspicion of malignancy into cancer care. The Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital (LBJGH) is part of the...
Chapter 20 Photochemical Charge Separation and Active Transport in the Purple Membrane

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how it may be possible to combine kinetic and molecular models in order to elucidate the mechanism of proton pumping in bacteriorhodopsin. While it may eventually be possible to use diffraction techniques to detect conformational changes that occur during the photocycle, the first structure that becomes available is of bacteriorhodopsin itself. Thus, in order to understand the transport mechanism it is necessary to identify the primary photochemical event. The kinetic requirements should aid in defining the primary event, since identification of bacteriorhodopsin with either kinetic form E1H or kinetic form E2H places a constraint on the type of reaction that is possible. The possibility of replacing the chromophore with chemically altered retinals, along with the basic understanding of the spectroscopic properties of retinal and its analogs, leads to an optimistic assessment for eventually working out the mechanism of active transport in detail. The possibility that the results may be applicable in some way to visual pigment research adds additional excitement to this extremely interesting problem.
Blind-Made Products

Dee Dee's moving again, for the third time this year. She doesn't feel safe anymore, not since she asked the Mexican guy down the hall if he would fix her leaky faucet and his wife called her a puta and threatened to kill her. She says her life has taken a dangerous turn, and she's always on the run from one assassin or another. That's just the speed talking. Her green hair bugs me, too, and the haughty tone she adopts with waitresses and 7-Eleven clerks. But Grady's god-knows-why sweet on her, and he's my only friend, so here I am, watching her have a nervous breakdown and wishing I was somewhere else.
Self-reported physical activity among South Carolina adults trying to maintain or lose weight.

Objectives: The obesity epidemic is related to widespread physical inactivity in the United States. This study determined the proportion of South Carolinians trying to maintain or lose weight and within that subpopulation, the number who practiced a restricted diet and engaged in physical activity. Methods: Data from the 2002 South Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were used to classify adults who were trying to maintain weight or lose weight. Self-reported prevalence of restricted diet and participation in physical activity were investigated. Of those who reported weight control practices, levels of physical activity were analyzed to determine if those trying to maintain weight or lose weight were meeting the national guidelines for moderate or vigorous physical activity. Results: More than 70% of South Carolina adults reported trying to control their weight and the majority reported using physical activity for weight control. Though the majority reported use of restricted diet and physical activity, more than one-half of those individuals did not meet the minimum standards for physical activity designed for heart health. Conclusions: Although most adults who are trying to maintain or lose weight are participating in physical activity, public health efforts need to focus on encouraging these adults to increase their levels of physical activity to meet the minimum standards for health benefits. Health care providers have an opportunity to educate and encourage patients about the recommended levels of physical activity to obtain maximum health benefits.
Polyribosome metabolism in Escherichia coli. I. Extraction of polyribosomes and ribosomal subunits from fragile, growing Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. (1) Two techniques are used that yield cultures of Escherichia coli growing actively in a fragile form: growth of a sucrose-dependent mutant in low concentration of sucrose and growth of wild-type strains in 0.5 m -Na2SO4. 85 to 100% of the cellular RNA is released from such cells chilled with frozen 20% sucrose and lysed in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 6 m m -MgSO4, 40 m m -NaCl, 0.3 m m -chloramphenicol, 10 m m -Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). 2. (2) In sucrose gradient centrifugation of the lysates, few if any ribosomes sediment as 70 s particles. About half the total cellular ribosomes appear as 30 s and 50 s subunits. The rest (60 to 65% in the sucrose-dependent mutant; 48 to 53% in other strains) sediment in polyribosomes, moving from 100 s up to ~ 850 s (1.8 times as fast as T7 bacteriophage). Across the polyribosomal profile about the same amount of ribosomes appears in each gradient fraction. This indicates that the number of polyribosomes containing n ribosomes is roughly proportional to 1 n . DNase does not affect the sedimentation profiles, and when cellular DNA has been prelabeled, none appears in the polyribosomes. Thus, the polyribosomes observed are not DNA-dependent aggregates. 3. (3) All the polyribosomes dissociate in 5 × 10−5 m -Mg2+ to subunits and rapidly labeled messenger RNA. RNase treatment converts all the polyribosomes to material that sediments at 70 s, bearing pulse-labeled nascent protein; no polyribosomes appear as 30 s and 60 s subunits. 4. (4) The 30 s and 50 s subunits observed in gradients do not form 70 s “monomers” even in 0.01 m -Mg2+. They bear no nascent protein in extracts of pulselabeled cells. If cells are chilled quickly, but in absence of chloramphenicol, more subunits appear. At the same time, pulse-labeled nascent protein is released to the supernatant phase. Completion of a protein chain may therefore entail the release of a 30 s and 50 s subunit from a messenger RNA. 5. (5) Since slow chilling of cells in absence of chloramphenicol or mild shearing of lysates leads to the appearance of 70 s ribosomes and apparently degraded smaller polyribosomes, earlier patterns which showed many 70 s particles in lysates prepared without similar precautions probably reflected considerable degradation of polyribosomes. 6. (6) Extraction of cells in various media or after pre-treatment with chloramphenicol for five minutes gives nearly identical gradient patterns. The same profile is obtained even in the absence of chloramphenicol if cells are lysed quickly enough—for example, when cultures are harvested by filtration and lysed within two seconds. The characteristic pattern of transiently inactive subunits and heterodisperse polyribosomes may be close to the actual distribution of ribosomes in the living cell.
The reactivity of plasma phospholipids with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase is decreased in fish oil-fed monkeys.

Abstract The size of low density lipoproteins (LDL) is strongly correlated with LDL cholesteryl ester (CE) content and coronary artery atherosclerosis in monkeys fed cholesterol and saturated fat. African green monkeys fed 11% (weight) fish oil diets have smaller LDL and less CE per LDL particle than lard-fed animals. We hypothesized that this might be due to a lower plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in fish oil-fed animals. Using recombinant particles made of egg yolk lecithin-[14C]cholesterol-apoA-I as exogenous substrate, we found no difference in plasma LCAT activity (27 versus 28 nmol CE formed per h/ml) of fish oil- versus lard-fed animals, respectively; furthermore, no diet-induced difference in immunodetectable LCAT was found. However, plasma phospholipids from fish oil-fed animals were over 4-fold enriched in n-3 fatty acids in the sn-2 position compared to those of lard-fed animals. Additionally, the proportion of n-3 fatty acid-containing CE products formed by LCAT, relative to the available n-3 fatty acid in the sn-2 position of phospholipids, was less than one-tenth of that for linoleic acid. The overall rate of LCAT-catalyzed CE formation with phospholipid substrates from fish oil-fed animals was lower (5-50%) than with phospholipid substrates from lard-fed animals. These data show that n-3 fatty acids in phospholipids are not readily utilized by LCAT for formation of CE; rather, LCAT preferentially utilizes linoleic acid for CE formation. The amount of linoleic acid in the sn-2 position of plasma phospholipids is reduced and replaced with n-3 fatty acids in fish oil-fed animals. As a result, LCAT-catalyzed plasma CE formation in vivo is likely reduced in fish oil-fed animals contributing to the decreased cholesteryl ester content and smaller size of LDL particles in the animals of this diet group.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by O-linked oligosaccharides.

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein has been shown to be extensively modified by N-linked glycosylation; however, the presence of O-linked carbohydrates on the glycoprotein has not been firmly established. We have found that enzymatic deglycosylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with neuraminidase and O-glycosidase results in a decrease in the apparent molecular weight of the envelope glycoprotein. This result was observed in both vaccinia virus recombinant-derived envelope glycoproteins and glycoproteins derived from the IIIB, SG3, and HXB2, strains of HIV-1. The decrease in molecular weight was also observed when the envelope glycoprotein had been deglycosylated with N-glycanase F after treatment with neuraminidase and O-glycosidase, indicating that the decrease in apparent molecular weight was not attributable to the removal of N-linked carbohydrate. Treatment with neuraminidase, O-glycosidase, and N-glycanase F was found to be necessary to remove all radiolabel from [3H]glucosamine-labelled envelope glycoprotein, a result seen for both recombinant and HIV-1-derived envelope glycoprotein. [3H]glucosamine-labelled carbohydrates liberated by O-glycosidase treatment were separated by paper chromatography and were found to be of a size consistent with O-linked oligosaccharides. We, therefore, conclude that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by the addition of O-linked carbohydrates.
Chapter 3 Monetary policy regimes and economic performance: The historical record

Abstract Monetary policy regimes encompass the constraints or limits imposed by custom, institutions and nature on the ability of the monetary authorities to influence the evolution of macroeconomic aggregates. This chapter surveys the historical experience of both international and domestic (national) aspects of monetary regimes from the nineteenth century to the present. We first survey the experience of four broad international monetary regimes: the classical gold standard 1880–1914; the interwar period in which a short-lived restoration of the gold standard prevailed; the postwar Bretton Woods international monetary system (1946–1971) indirectly linked to gold; the recent managed float period (1971–1995). We then present in some detail the institutional arrangements and policy actions of the Federal Reserve in the United States as an important example of a domestic policy regime. The survey of the Federal Reserve subdivides the demarcated broad international policy regimes into a number of episodes. A salient theme in our survey is that the convertibility rule or principle that dominated both domestic and international aspects of the monetary regime before World War I has since declined in its relevance. At the same time, policymakers within major nations placed more emphasis on stabilizing the real economy. Policy techniques and doctrine that developed under the pre-World War I convertible regime proved to be inadequate to deal with domestic stabilization goals in the interwar period, setting the stage for the Great Depression. In the post-World War II era, the complete abandonment of the convertibility principle, and its replacement by the goal of full employment, combined with the legacy of inadequate policy tools and theory from the interwar period, set the stage for the Great Inflation of the 1970s. The lessons from that experience have convinced monetary authorities to reemphasize the goal of low inflation, as it were, committing themselves to rule-like behavior.
Electrowetting Heat Pipes for Heat Transport Over Extended Distances

The heat transport capacity of the conventional heat pipes over extended distances is limited by the maximum condensate flow that their wicks can sustain. This paper introduces and analyzes a new planar heat pipe technology, which can transport ultrahigh heat loads (>1 kW) over extended distances (>1 m). The concept of an electrowetting heat pipe (EHP) is based on replacing the adiabatic wick section of a conventional heat pipe with EW-based pumping. EW is a well-developed fluid handling technique to carry out various microfluidic operations, such as droplet pumping, and is based on the electrical modulation of surface tension. The EHP relies on EW pumping of the condensate to the evaporator in the form of discrete droplets. EHPs are not subject to the capillary limit on heat transport capacity. The first-order models predict that EHPs with a cross section footprint of 10 cm $\times 4$ mm (width $\times $ thickness) can transport 1.5 kW over extended distances (>1 m) using water as the working fluid. Other benefits include ultralow power consumption (microwatts), opportunities for active control of heat pipes, selection of a wide range of working fluids, and the absence of moving parts. The heat transport capacity and the thermal resistance of an EHP are compared with four other devices of similar dimensions: 1) a sintered powder heat pipe; 2) an axial groove heat pipe; 3) a loop heat pipe; and 4) a thermosyphon. The EHP can transport more than twice the maximum heat capacity of other devices while offering a low thermal resistance of 0.01 K/W. Thus, EW is an enabling technology for the development of long, high-capacity heat pipes.
Daisy Buchanan, 1983

The estate a mile away and long since sold, The garden ploughed and the house now level ground, She supposes just the bay remains the same And knows that even it has changed; boats, like cars, exist As smaller crafts of pleasure now, and in the mist That hides Connecticut, tankers oil the Sound. In the dayroom, as the other patients play some game? Coarser women, whose breasts (she notes) droop low ? She glances to her lap and finds she holds The careless, weekly hand of her daughter in her hand, Whose face is the earnest annoying white of the moon. The window admits a shaft of sunlight and She's warm (though she would never let them know); She half-remembers certain green and linen afternoons.
Quantum noise limits in white-light-cavity-enhanced gravitational wave detectors

Previously, we had proposed a gravitational wave detector that incorporates the white-light-cavity (WLC) effect using a compound cavity for signal recycling (CC-SR). Here, we first use an idealized model for the negative dispersion medium (NDM) and use the so-called Caves model for a phase-insensitive linear amplifier to account for the quantum noise (QN) contributed by the NDM, in order to determine the upper bound of the enhancement in the sensitivity-bandwidth product. We calculate the quantum noise limited sensitivity curves for the CC-SR design, and find that the broadening of sensitivity predicted by the classical analysis is also present in these curves, but is somewhat reduced. Furthermore, we find that the curves always stay above the standard quantum limit. To circumvent this limitation, we modify the dispersion to compensate the nonlinear phase variation produced by the optomechanical resonance effects. We find that the upper bound of the factor by which the sensitivity-bandwidth product is increased, compared to the highest-sensitivity result predicted by Bunanno and Chen [Phys. Rev. D 64, 042006 (2001)], is $\ensuremath{\sim}14$. We also present a simpler scheme (WLC-SR), where a dispersion medium is inserted into the SR cavity. For this scheme, we found the upper bound of the enhancement factor to be $\ensuremath{\sim}18$. We then consider an explicit system for realizing the NDM, which makes use of five energy levels in M configuration to produce gain, accompanied by electromagnetically induced transparency (the GEIT system). For this explicit system, we employ the rigorous approach based on Master Equation to compute the QN contributed by the NDM, thus enabling us to determine the enhancement in the sensitivity-bandwidth product definitively rather than the upper bound thereof. Specifically, we identify a set of parameters for which the sensitivity-bandwidth product is enhanced by a factor of 17.66.
Democracy and Public Finance: A Polycentric, Invisible-Hand Framework

Most public finance theorizing treats its material of public finance as reflecting some ruler's optimizing choices. Within democratic regimes this ruler is typically a median vote. While this approach has tractability on its side, it achieves that tractability by presenting caricatures of democratic fiscal processes by reducing democratic complexity to monocentric simplicity. In contrast, this paper explores a polycentric or invisible hand framework for fiscal theorizing, which recognizes that no single mind is even capable of apprehending in detail the substantive reality of modern fiscal processes. What results is recognition that fiscal processes resemble market processes in that they operate through knowledge that is distributed among participants and where fiscal outcomes are products of spontaneous ordering that emerges through competitive interaction among political enterprises within a quasi-market process of open competition.
Compression of carbon nanotubes filled with C60, CH4, or Ne: predictions from molecular dynamics simulations.

The effect of filling nanotubes with C 6 0 , CH 4 , or Ne on the mechanical properties of the nanotubes is examined. The approach is classical molecular dynamics using the reactive empirical bond order (REBO) and the adaptive intermolecular REBO potentials. The simulations predict that the buckling force of filled nanotubes can be larger than that of empty nanotubes, and the magnitude of the increase depends on the density of the filling material. In addition, these simulations demonstrate that the buckling force of empty nanotubes depends on temperature. Filling the nanotube disrupts this temperature effect so that it is no longer present in some cases.
Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure of broilers

Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) were added separately to the drinking water of 42- to 52-day-old broilers. Birds were given access to the water ad libitum for a total of 42.5 hr consisting of 18.5 hr prior to an 8-hr interval of severe heat exposure and a further 16 hr-post exposure. Water and feed intake during the treatment period were unaffected by either NH4Cl at 6.25 g/liter (.63%) of distilled water (DW) or NaHCO3 at 3.15 g/liter (.32%) DW. Water intake was increased by approximately 20% in birds given water containing 6.25 g of NaHCO3/liter (.63%) DW, while both feed and water intake were severely limited by NH4Cl at 31 g/liter (3.1%) DW. Blood pH of birds was substantially lowered by consumption of NH4Cl, while consumption of NaHCO3 did not significantly affect blood pH. Blood pH of all treatments increased during the heat exposure period and declined afterward; however, blood pH change appeared to be more pronounced for birds receiving the NH4CL. A correlation coefficient (r = -.31) existed between blood pH and mortality, while a correlation (r = -.72) was demonstrated between water consumption and mortality.
The Guinea Pig Placenta: Model of Placental Growth Dynamics

Placental growth dynamics are an important, but poorly understood aspect of placentation for which suitable animal models are lacking. Although the guinea pig is recognised as a valuable model for human pregnancy, its suitability for this purpose is not apparent, since the developmental and evolutionary processes that led to its lobulated placenta are not fully understood. Therefore, a study on immunohistochemistry has been undertaken, including the antibody mib-1 against protein Ki-67 as a proliferation marker. It was found that cellular trophoblast derived from the placental margin is the major centre of proliferation, supported by a moderate number of proliferating cells inside the labyrinth. In contrast to the ancestral condition of caviomorph rodents, the evolution of significant placental lobulation requires the latter source of proliferation. The distribution pattern of proliferating trophoblast cells revealed for the guinea pig strongly resembles the distribution in the human placenta in that (a) evenly distributed, moderate numbers of cells occur within the exchange area and (b) focal accumulations of proliferating trophoblast cells are present along the fetal mesenchymal border and appear to serve as a growth zone for appositional growth of new exchange tissues. Thus, the guinea pig appears to be an appropriate animal model for placental growth processes in human pregnancies.
On interoperability of DRM

The use of Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies for the enforcement of digital media usage models is currently subject of a heated debate. Content creators, owners and distributors argue that DRM technologies are needed to protect their Intellectual Property (IP) from unauthorized access. A counter argument from the Information Technology (IT) and Consumer Electronics (CE) industries states that DRM technologies are obstacles to innovation. Academic institutions add to the discussion by claiming that DRM technologies and associated legislation interfere with their academic mission. Yet another point of view is provided by consumer organizations who claim that DRM technology interferes with basic personal rights, such as the right to make back-up copies for personal use. Finally, national governments express concern that the deployment of DRM technology violates open market rules and regulations and is associated with anti-competitive behavior. This last issue has lately gained increased attention in a number of European countries. In this talk we argue that a number of the concern listed above can be resolved by introducing a sufficiently powerful DRM interoperability framework. In particular we discuss the CORAL DRM interoperability framework that allows multiple DRM systems to seamlessly work together while at the same time requiring minimal modification to participating DRM systems. After introducing the problem of DRM interoperability the following topics will be addressed: (1) approaches to DRM interoperability, (2) introduction to the CORAL architecture, (3) building ecosystems on top of Coral, (4) integrating DRM systems into CORAL and (5) deploying CORAL. We end the talk by going back to the initial problem statement, summarizing to what extent CORAL resolves the identified issues and what work remains to be done.
Relationships between pregnancy spacing, sex of infants, maternal age, and birth order, and neonatal and post‐neonatal mortality in Bangladesh

Abstract The relationships between length of the interpregnancy interval, outcome of the pregnancy preceding the interval, sex of the infants, pregnancy order, maternal age, and maternal history of previous child deaths and neonatal and postneonatal mortality were explored in a rural Bangladeshi population using a multiple regression analysis. Specific interactions between the interpregnancy interval, outcome of the pregnancy preceding the interval, sex of the infants, and history of previous child deaths were examined. An inverse relationship was observed between postneonatal mortality and the length of the interpregnancy interval when the pregnancy preceding the interval was a surviving infant. No such trend was observed for neonatal mortality. Post‐neonatal mortality rates among children whose mothers had experienced two or more previous child deaths were essentially the same as that for infants whose mothers had experienced 0–1 child deaths when the interpregnancy intervals were more than 24 months. A...
Observation of novel type-I excitons in type-II superlattices

Abstract Optical studies of type-II ZnTe/Cd 1− x Mn x Se superlattices show two types of interband transitions: (i) radiative type-II transitions between electrons confined in the Cd 1− x Mn x Se and holes confined in the ZnTe layers, and (ii) strongly absorptive type-I transitions associated with the formation of novel excitons involving confined electrons and above-barrier holes, both of which are localized in the Cd 1− x Mn x Se layers. The spatial localization of the states participating in both types of transitions is identified by magneto-optical spectroscopy.
Hydrogen bonding and the phase behavior of rod/coil mixtures

On the basis of a Flory lattice model it has been calculated that single phase rod/coil mixtures can be obtained and this is supported by some recent experimental results. However, in the absence of flexible side chains attached to the rigid rods, single phase mixtures are only obtained if the interactions between the rod and coil functional groups are very strong (e.g. phenol/pyridine) and the polymers are chemically similar (i.e. χ, describing non-specific interactions, is small). If both flexible side chains and hydrogen bonding functional groups are attached to the rig rod, however, a much broader range of allowed χ values is obtained, so that with careful chemical design it should be possible to obtain a number of miscible rod/coil mixtures.
The effects of buspirone on sleep in the rat.

Buspirone is a novel anxiolytic compound that does not produce the sedation often associated with the use of benzodiazepines. The present study evaluated the effects of this anxiolytic on sleep in rats surgically prepared for long-term recordings. Buspirone, at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.p., produced a significant increase in total wake time (P less than 0.05) compared with drug-free controls. At a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p., rats displayed altered sleep patterns with the most significant effects observed in the first third of recording period. These animals displayed increased wakefulness (P less than 0.001), decreased non-REM sleep (P less than 0.001), and an obliteration of REM sleep (P less than 0.02). These data support the suggestion that the clinically useful anxiolytic buspirone, unlike the benzodiazepines, does not induce sleep.
Hepatotoxin-Induced Changes in the Adult Murine Liver Promote MYC-Induced Tumorigenesis

Background Overexpression of the human c-MYC (MYC) oncogene is one of the most frequently implicated events in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we have shown in a conditional transgenic mouse model that MYC overexpression is restrained from inducing mitotic cellular division and tumorigenesis in the adult liver; whereas, in marked contrast, MYC induces robust proliferation associated with the very rapid onset of tumorigenesis in embryonic and neonatal mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we show that non-genotoxic hepatotoxins induce changes in the liver cellular context associated with increased cellular proliferation and enhanced tumorigenesis. Both 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) cooperate with MYC to greatly accelerate the onset of liver cancer in an adult host to less than 7 days versus a mean latency of onset of over 35 weeks for MYC alone. These hepatotoxin-enhanced liver tumors grossly and histologically resemble embryonic and neonatal liver tumors. Importantly, we found that MYC overexpression is only capable of inducing expression of the mitotic Cyclin B1 in embryonic/neonatal hosts or adult hosts that were treated with either carcinogen. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest a model whereby oncogenes can remain latently activated, but exposure of the adult liver to hepatotoxins that promote hepatocyte proliferation can rapidly uncover their malignant potential.
Multi-Blade Coordinate and direct techniques for asymptotic disturbance rejection in wind turbines

Multi-Blade Coordinates (MBC) is a technique used to transform rotating degrees of freedom into a reference frame that is fixed. In application to wind turbines, it has a number of advantages, a primary one being that its application tends to make dynamics that change with rotor position, appear fairly time invariant. Another advantage is that with MBC, controls that mitigate cyclic loads can be implemented using straight forward integral control that operates over a wide range of rotor speeds. However, using the standard MBC approach, the control system will not provide asymptotically perfect rejection of cyclic loads unless the rotor is symmetric with respect to each blade. On the other hand, at constant rotor speeds, a non-MBC approach can provide asymptotic rejection of cyclic loads even when the rotor is not symmetric. In this study, we investigate to what extent asymptotically perfect load mitigation is lost for MBC based controllers, in conditions that include rotor asymmetry and time varying wind speeds. It is found that although the standard MBC approach fails to achieve asymptotic rejection of cyclic loads, its performance is comparable to higher-order non-MBC approaches in turbulent wind conditions.
Fermi surface instability and symmetry breaking in the heavy-fermion compound YbBiPt.

We report resistivity measurements on the cubic heavy-fermion compound YbBiPt at ambient and hydrostatic pressures to [approx]6 kbar and in magnetic fields to 1 T. Resistivity anisotropy sets in below the phase-transition temperature [ital T][sub [ital c]]=0.4 K. We interpret a rise of resistivity below 0.4 K as due to partial gapping of the Fermi surface with the weak coupling energy gap of [Delta][sub 0]/[ital k][sub [ital B]][ital T][sub [ital c]]=1.65[plus minus]0.15. Effects of hydrostatic pressure and magnetic field on the phase transition and heat capacity data are consistent with a spin density wave formation in a very heavy electron band at [ital T]=0.4 K.
Modulation of resting brain cerebral blood flow by the GABA B agonist, baclofen: A longitudinal perfusion fMRI study

Abstract Background Preclinical studies confirm that the GABA B agonist, baclofen blocks dopamine release in the reward-responsive ventral striatum (VS) and medial prefrontal cortex, and consequently, blocks drug motivated behavior. Its mechanism in humans is unknown. Here, we used continuous arterial spin labeled (CASL) perfusion fMRI to examine baclofen's effects on blood flow in the human brain. Methods Twenty-one subjects (all smokers, 12 females) were randomized to receive either baclofen (80 mg/day; N = 10) or placebo ( N = 11). A five minute quantitative perfusion fMRI resting baseline (RB) scan was acquired at two time points; prior to the dosing regimen (Time 1) and on the last day of 21 days of drug administration (Time 2). SPM2 was employed to compare changes in RB from Time 1 to 2. Results Baclofen diminished cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the VS and mOFC and increased it in the lateral OFC, a region involved in suppressing previously rewarded behavior. CBF in bilateral insula was also blunted by baclofen ( T values ranged from −11.29 to 15.3 at p = 0.001, 20 contiguous voxels). CBF at Time 2 was unchanged in placebo subjects. There were no differences between groups in side effects or cigarettes smoked per day (at either time point). Conclusions Baclofen's modulatory actions on regions involved in motivated behavior in humans are reflected in the resting state and provide insight into the underlying mechanism behind its potential to block drug-motivated behavior, in preclinical studies, and its putative effectiveness as an anti-craving/anti-relapse agent in humans.
The Nuclear Envelope as a Signaling Node in Development and Disease

The development of a membrane-bound structure separating DNA from other cellular components was the epochal evolutionary event that gave rise to eukaryotes, possibly occurring up to 2 billion years ago. Yet, this view of the nuclear envelope as a physical barrier greatly underestimates its fundamental impact on cellular organization and complexity, much of which is only beginning to be understood. Indeed, alterations of nuclear envelope structure and protein composition are essential to many aspects of metazoan development and cellular differentiation. Mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins cause a fascinating array of diseases referred to as "nuclear envelopathies" or "laminopathies" that affect different tissues and organ systems. We review recent work on the nuclear envelope, including insights derived from the study of nuclear envelopathies. These studies are uncovering new functions for nuclear envelope proteins and underlie an emerging view of the nuclear envelope as a critical signaling node in development and disease.
On transition in supersonic and hypersonic boundary layers

Abstract The roles of the first and second modes of instability in high-speed boundary-layer transition are quantified. Linear stability theory and the N -factor criterion are used to predict transition location. The effect of heat transfer is also studied; the results demonstrate that the transition reversal phenomenon can be explained by the opposite effect of cooling on the first and second modes of instability. A heating strip can be used to stabilize first-mode waves at supersonic speeds. Compressibility is destabilizing at free-stream Mach numbers of 2-3.5. The predicted transition location is due to the oblique first modes of instability, up to free-stream Mach numbers between 6 and 6.5. At higher Mach numbers, the predicted transition location is due to a combination of two-dimensional (2-D) first and second modes of instability.
9 Beyond biogeography: large-scale patterns of distribution and abundance of intertidal marine algae along the us west coast

Biogeographers have long been intrigued by the richness and diversity of the Northeast Pacific algal flora. Most studies have focused attention on distributional patterns delineated into provinces and most strongly influenced by temperature. However, biogeographical studies have always been plagued by the necessity of interpreting distributional data that may be incomplete, non-quantitative, limited in spatial extent and taxonomic resolution. We attempt to overcome some of these impediments by providing a quantitative description of intertidal community structure across a large spatial scale; ranging from northern Washington to southern California, including the California Channel Islands. We quantified patterns of distribution and abundance of marine algae and invertebrates in permanently marked grids extending 30 m along the shoreline and vertically from the upper barnacle zone to the surfgrass zone at MLLW. We identified most organisms to species level, when possible and collected voucher specimens of all taxa. Here we present the results of these studies focusing on geographic patterns of algal richness and diversity, patterns of abundance across geographical ranges, and functional group abundances relative to regional and mesoscale oceanographic patterns.
Transient emission suppression tuning curve attributes in relation to psychoacoustic threshold

Ipsilateral suppression characteristics of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) are described in relation to psychoacoustic threshold at 4000 Hz and the presence or absence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in 41 adults with normal hearing. TEOAE amplitudes were measured in response to 4000-Hz tonebursts presented in linear blocks at 40 and 50 dB SPL while puretone suppressors were introduced at a variety of frequencies and levels ipsilateral to and simultaneously with the tonebursts. Suppressors close to the toneburst frequency were most effective in decreasing the amplitude of the TEOAEs, while those more remote in frequency required significantly greater intensity for a similar amount of suppression. Consequently, characteristic tuning curve shapes were obtained. Tuning-curve tip levels were closely associated with the level of the toneburst and tip frequencies occurred at or above the toneburst frequency. Tuning-curve widths (Q10), however, varied significantly across subjects with similar psychoacoustic thresholds in quiet determined by a two-alternative forced-choice method. The results suggest that a portion of that variability may be explained by the presence or absence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in an individual ear.
Microfluidic platforms for evaluation of nanobiomaterials: a review

Biomaterials, especially those based on nanomaterials, have emerged as critical tools in biomedical applications. The applications encompass a wide range such as implantable devices, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, diagnostic systems, and molecular printing. The type of materials used also covers a wide range: metals (permanent and degradable), polymers (permanent and degradable), carbon nanotubes, and lipid nanoparticles. This paper explores the use of microfluidic platforms as a high-throughput research tool for the evaluation of nanobiomaterials. Typical screening of such materials involves cell/tissue cultures to determine attributes such as cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, as well as biocompatibility. In addition to this, other areas such as drug delivery and toxicity can also be evaluated via microfluidics. Traditional approach for screening of such materials is very timeconsuming, and a lot of animals should be sacrificed since it involves one material and a single composition or concentration for a single test. The microfluidics approach has the advantage of using multiple types of drugs and their concentration gradients to simultaneously study the effect on the nanobiomaterial and its interaction with cell/tissue. In addition to this, microfluidics provides a unique environment to study the effect of cell-to-extracellular interaction and cell-to-cell communication in the presence of the nanobiomaterials.
Terminal Cretaceous Environmental Events

The geologic record of terminal Cretaceous environmental events indicates that iridium and other associated elements were not deposited instantaneously but during a time interval spanning some 10,000 to 100,000 years. The available geologic evidence favors a mantle rather than meteoritic origin for these elements. These results are in accord with the scenario of a series of intense eruptive volcanic events occurring during a relatively short geologic time interval and not with the scenario of a single large asteroid impact event.
Propafenone: Noninvasive evaluation of efficacy

Propafenone, a new antiarrhythmic drug, was administered to 60 patients with a history of refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation in 16 and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 44. A noninvasive protocol was followed utilizing ambulatory monitoring and exercise testing for evaluation of drug effect. The protocol involved acute drug testing with 450 mg of propafenone followed by maintenance therapy with 150 to 300 mg t.i.d. for 4 days. The protocol was completed by 57 patients; in 3 patients side effects developed that necessitated discontinuation of the drug before evaluation. When evaluated by monitoring, 34 patients (60 %) responded to the drug, with total elimination of runs of VT, a >90 % reduction in couplets and a >50 % decrease in the frequency of ventricular premature beats. Based on exercise testing, 36 patients (63 %) were deemed responders. When both exercise and monitoring were considered, 30 of 57 patients (53 %) responded to propafenone. The acute drug test predicted the response to maintenance therapy in 84 % of patients. Propafenone did not change left ventricular function in patients with normal ejection fractions (>50 %). However, in those with an ejection fraction
The effects of dipyridamole and theophylline on rat pial vessels during hypocarbia

Hypocarbia results in an increase in brain adenosine concentrations, presumably because of brain hypoxia associated with hypocarbic vasoconstriction. It was hypothesized that adenosine limits the degree of hypocarbic vasoconstriction. To test this hypothesis, the effects of dipyridamole and theophylline on CO2 reactivity during hypocarbia were investigated in anesthetized rats. Dipyridamole should reduce the vasoconstriction by potentiating adenosine action, whereas theophylline should increase the vasoconstriction by blocking adenosine receptors. Cortical pial arterioles of mechanically ventilated and anesthetized rats were displayed on a video monitor system through a closed cranial window. Arterial blood pressure and oxygen tension were stable. CO2 reactivity, formulated as 100 X [delta diameter (micron)/resting diameter (micron)]/delta PaCO2 (mmHg), in the hypocarbic phase was calculated before and after topical superfusion of dipyridamole (10(-6) M; n = 7) and theophylline (5 X 10(-5) M; n = 6). CO2 reactivity was significantly decreased after superfusion of dipyridamole (0.57 +/- 0.08; mean +/- SEM) as compared with mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (0.97 +/- 0.17, p less than 0.05, n = 7). On the other hand, CO2 reactivity after superfusion of theophylline was increased (1.63 +/- 0.28) as compared with mock CSF (1.00 +/- 0.20, p less than 0.05, n = 6), indicating that adenosine is involved in hypocarbic vasoconstriction.
Fuel Distribution Effects on Pulse Detonation Engine Operation and Performance

This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research with Gabriel Roy as program manager. The authors would also like to thank Jose Sinibaldi at the Naval Postgraduate School and Ma Lin from Stanford for their contributions to this effort.
Dehydrins: Emergence of a biochemical role of a family of plant dehydration proteins

A number of proteins have been identified that typically accumulate in plants in response to any environmental stimulus that has a dehydrative component or is temporally associated with dehydration. This includes drought, low temperature, salinity and seed maturation. Among the induced proteins, dehydrins (late embryogenesis abundant [LEA] D-II family) have been the most commonly observed, yet we still have an incomplete knowledge of their fundamental biochemical role in the cell. Current research trends are changing this situation: immunolocalization and in vitro biochemical analyses are, through analogies to other more fully characterized proteins and molecules, shaping our understanding. In brief, dehydrins may be structure stabilizers with detergent and chaperone-like properties and an array of nuclear and cytoplasmic targets. Recent progress on the mapping of dhn genes and the inheritance of freezing tolerance in barley and other Triticeae species tentatively points to dehydrins as key components of dehydration tolerance.
Identification of multiple CDH1 homologues in vertebrates conferring different substrate specificities

CDC20/CDH1 activates the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and targets various substrates for degradation, thereby allowing the ordered progression through mitosis and G1. We have found multiple functional CDH1 homologues in the chick. The transcripts of these novel genes are differentially localized to proliferating, differentiated, and postmitotic tissues. All four proteins bind and form a complex with APC in vitro and in cultural cells and have quantitatively different activities in mediating ubiquitination of various APC substrates. Our results suggest that multiple CDH1s may temporally and spatially regulate APC activity both within and outside of the cell cycle.
Perception of geographical variation in song by male Puget Sound white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis

Abstract The songs of male Puget Sound white-crowned sparrows form about 13 dialects along the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. In his original description of dialects in this subspecies, Baptista (1977, Condor, 79, 356–370) defined dialects by the terminal trill portion of the song because most males at a given location sing the same trill. Complex syllables in the introductory part of the song vary between males at a sample location and occur over a wider geographical range than trills. Baptista also recognized two superdialects or ‘themes’ based on differences in the phrase order within songs. We performed three playback experiments to territorial male white-crowned sparrows using both natural and computer-modified stimuli to test which acoustic features of song these birds attend to. Two of the experiments were conducted in nine dialect areas spanning nearly the entire geographical range of the subspecies. The results of the first such experiment indicate that across dialect areas, males give stronger responses (increased song rate and a shorter approach distance) to natural songs from the local dialect than they do to songs from a neighbouring dialect, a different theme, or another subspecies of white-crowned sparrow. Two experiments using modified stimuli conducted either across nine dialects or in one dialect led to the same conclusion: substitution of the trill from a neighbouring dialect into a song elicited weaker responses relative to the local control than did substitution of a neighbouring dialect's introduction. We conclude that the response of male Puget Sound white-crowned sparrows to playback is influenced most by variation in the song's trill. We found no evidence that the birds recognize ‘superdialects’ as do humans.
The effect of contour sharpness on perceived brightness

Abstract The present experiment demonstrates the effect of the sharpness of the contour separating stimulus from background upon the perceived brightness of the stimulus. With increasing blur of the stimulus edges the perceived stimulus brightness decreases monotonically. The effect is found over all degrees of blur, all stimulus-to-background intensity ratios, and all levels of light adaptation examined. There seems to be a decrease in the magnitude of the effect in a detection task and at extremely low adaptation levels. Relevance of the findings to possible underlying mechanisms for brightness perception is discussed.