cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimized Load Trajectory for Finite Peaking OFF-State Impedance-Based Doherty Power Amplifiers

This letter presents an optimized load trajectory for symmetrical Doherty power amplifiers (DPA) with finite peaking off-state output impedance. This presented architecture uses the transistor’s nonlinear phase distortion (NPD) to enhance the average drain efficiency (DE) of the DPA with the proper choice of carrier and peaking power amplifier (PA) load trajectories. A gallium nitride (GaN)-based DPA operating at 2.2 GHz has been designed and fabricated using the presented design methodology. The DPA delivers 43 dBm of output power at 3-dB compression (P-3 dB) and exhibits a DE of 55.5% at 9-dB OBO under continuous wave (CW) excitation. The DPA achieves average DE of 55% with linearized adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of −56.0 dBc with a 20-MHz LTE signal. This letter demonstrates that NPD in a DPA with finite peaking off-state impedance can be used to achieve excellent back-off efficiency and linearity.
Dual embeddings and metrics for word and relational similarity

Word embedding models excel in measuring word similarity and completing analogies. Word embeddings based on different notions of context trade off strengths in one area for weaknesses in another. Linear bag-of-words contexts, such as in word2vec, can capture topical similarity better, while dependency-based word embeddings better encode functional similarity. By combining these two word embeddings using different metrics, we show how the best aspects of both approaches can be captured. We show state-of-the-art performance on standard word and relational similarity benchmarks.
The Application of Particle Swarm Optimization inRadial Dose Function Fitting for 125I I-Seed AgX100

Since Theragenics Corporation (Buford, GA) introduced their I-125 seed model AgX100 in 2010, several studies...
Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival.

This cohort study uses Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data to assess if Medicaid expansion is associated with improved population-level survival in patients with non–small cell lung cancer.
Expanding the limits of laser-ablation U-Pb calcite geochronology

Abstract. U-Pb geochronology of calcite by laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICMPS) is an emerging field with potential to solve a vast array of geologic problems. Because of low levels of U and Pb, measurement by more sensitive instruments, such as those with multiple collectors (MC), is advantageous. However, whereas measurement of traditional geochronometers (e.g., zircon) by MC-ICPMS has been limited by detection of the daughter isotope, U-Pb dating of calcite can be limited by detection of the parent isotope, if measured on a Faraday detector. The Nu P3D MC-ICPMS employs a new detector array to measure all isotopes of interest on Daly detectors. A new method, described herein, utilizes the low detection limit and high dynamic range of the Nu P3D for calcite U-Pb geochronology, and compares it with traditional methods. A model is created to explore the limits of U, Pb, and U/Pb ratios that can be measured by LA-ICPMS and can serve as a guide to evaluate potential candidate materials for geochronology.
Leptin signaling regulates physiological damage and host-pathogen cooperation

ABSTRACT To combat infections, hosts employ a combination of antagonistic and cooperative defense strategies. The former refers to pathogen killing mediated by resistance mechanisms, while the latter refers to physiological defense mechanisms that promote host health during infection independent of pathogen killing, leading to an apparent cooperation between the host and the pathogen. Previous work has shown that leptin, a pleiotropic hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy metabolism, is indispensable for resistance mechanisms, while a role for leptin signaling in cooperative host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Using a mouse model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) infection, the causative agent of Far East scarlet-like fever, we unexpectedly found that genetic inhibition of leptin signaling conferred protection from Yptb infection due to increased host-pathogen cooperation rather than greater resistance defenses. The protection against Yptb infection was not due to differences in food consumption, lipolysis or fat mass. Furthermore, we found that the survival advantage was associated with increased liver damage and dysfunction. Our work reveals an additional level of complexity for the role of leptin in infection defense and suggests that in some contexts, in addition to tolerating the pathogen, tolerating organ damage and dysfunction is more beneficial for survival than preventing the damage.
Sexting and mandatory reporting: ethical issues in youth psychotherapy

Engaging in sexting, such as sending or receiving of sexual words, pictures, or videos via technology, is a common behavior in minors and a rising trend. This study aimed to understand the ethical ...
Macroeconomic interdependence under capital controls

Abstract This paper studies the international transmission of monetary and fiscal disturbances under capital controls. The results are contrasted with those that obtain under perfect capital mobility. Under perfect capital mobility, permanent and unanticipated changes in domestic fiscal and monetary policies have no real effects abroad and the adjustment is instantaneous. In contrast, under capital controls. these disturbances are transmitted abroad and adjustment occurs only over time. The dynamic adjustment of the world economy is characterized by a negative co- movement of domestic and foreign variables, such as consumption, the real interest rate, and the real exchange rate.
Consensus Information and Nonprofessional Investors’ Reaction to the Revelation of Estimate Inaccuracies

ABSTRACT: To curb opportunism in financial reporting, researchers and regulators have proposed that firms be required to report reconciliations of prior year estimates. We provide experimental evidence that such disclosures are not sufficient for nonprofessional investors to identify firms that are opportunistic in their estimates. We also offer evidence suggesting that the value of these disclosures can be enhanced when nonprofessional investors seek out information about the estimate accuracy of other firms in the industry (i.e., consensus information). Our study provides insights about these disclosures and the mechanisms that enhance their effectiveness. Our findings have broad implications for standard-setters and future research designed to assist in identifying opportunistic management behavior.
A Numerical Technique for the Hierarchical Evaluation of Large, Closed Fault-Tolerant Systems

This paper describes a novel approach for evaluating the reliability of large fault-tolerant systems. The design hierarchy of the system is preserved during the evaluation, allowing large systems to be analyzed. Semi-Markov models are used at each level in the hierarchy, and a numerical technique is used to combine models from a given level for use at the next level. Different values of parameters, such as coverage, can then be used appropriately at any level, resulting in a much more accurate prediction of reliability. The proposed technique has been validated through comparison with analytical calculations, results from existing tools and Monte-Carlo simulation.
Sex in Childhood: Aversion, Abuse, or Right?

AbstractChildhood sexuality has become a new focus of attention with the public awareness of child sexual abuse, but there are many unresolved issues. First, the incest taboo is no longer an adequate control on adult-child sexual activities. Second, definitions of sexual abuse are imprecise and inconsistent across county and state lines, resulting in varied levels of enforcement or legal action. Third, an emphasis focused only on the right to say no denies the choice that is inherent in the concept of “rights.” A major conclusion is that sex education designed to teach values about sexuality is essential and must begin very early.
On the generation/decay of the storm‐enhanced density plumes: Role of the convection flow and field‐aligned ion flow

Storm-enhanced density (SED) plumes are prominent ionospheric electron density increases at the dayside middle and high latitudes. The generation and decay mechanisms of the plumes are still not clear. We present observations of SED plumes during six storms between 2010 and 2013 and comprehensively analyze the associated ionospheric parameters within the plumes, including vertical ion flow, field-aligned ion flow and flux, plasma temperature, and field-aligned currents, obtained from multiple instruments, including GPS total electron content (TEC), Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR), Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, and Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. The TEC increase within the SED plumes at the PFISR site can be 1.4–5.5 times their quiet time value. The plumes are usually associated with northwestward E × B flows ranging from a couple of hundred m s−1 to > 1 km s−1. Upward vertical flows due to the projection of these E × B drifts are mainly responsible for lifting the plasma in sunlit regions to higher altitude and thus leading to plume density enhancement. The upward vertical flows near the poleward part of the plumes are more persistent, while those near the equatorward part are more patchy. In addition, the plumes can be collocated with either upward or downward field-aligned currents (FACs) but are usually observed equatorward of the peak of the Region 1 upward FAC, suggesting that the northwestward flows collocated with plumes can be either subauroral or auroral flows. Furthermore, during the decay phase of the plume, large downward ion flows, as large as ~200 m s−1, and downward fluxes, as large as 1014 m−2 s−1, are often observed within the plumes. In our study of six storms, enhanced ambipolar diffusion due to an elevated pressure gradient is able to explain two of the four large downward flow/flux cases, but this mechanism is not sufficient for the other two cases where the flows are of larger magnitude. For the latter two cases, enhanced poleward thermospheric wind is suggested to be another mechanism for pushing the plasma downward along the field line. These downward flows should be an important mechanism for the decay of the SED plumes.
Characterization of Crystalline Formate Dehydrogenase H from Escherichia coli: STABILIZATION, EPR SPECTROSCOPY, AND PRELIMINARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

The selenocysteine-containing formate dehydrogenase H (FDH) is an 80-kDa component of the Escherichia coli formate-hydrogen lyase complex. The molybdenum-coordinated selenocysteine is essential for catalytic activity of the native enzyme. FDH in dilute solutions (30 microg/ml) was rapidly inactivated at basic pH or in the presence of formate under anaerobic conditions, but at higher enzyme concentrations (>/=3 mg/ml) the enzyme was relatively stable. The formate-reduced enzyme was extremely sensitive to air inactivation under all conditions examined. Active formate-reduced FDH was crystallized under anaerobic conditions in the presence of ammonium sulfate and PEG 400. The crystals diffract to 2.6 A resolution and belong to a space group of P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2 with unit cell dimensions a = b = 146.1 A and c = 82.7 A. There is one monomer of FDH per crystallographic asymmetric unit. Similar diffraction quality crystals of oxidized FDH could be obtained by oxidation of crystals of formate-reduced enzyme with benzyl viologen. By EPR spectroscopy, a signal of a single reduced FeS cluster was found in a crystal of reduced FDH, but not in a crystal of oxidized enzyme, whereas Mo(V) signal was not detected in either form of crystalline FDH. This suggests that Mo(IV)- and the reduced FeS cluster-containing form of the enzyme was crystallized and this could be converted into Mo(VI)- and oxidized FeS cluster form upon oxidation. A procedure that combines anaerobic and cryocrystallography has been developed that is generally applicable to crystallographic studies of oxygen-sensitive enzymes. These data provide the first example of crystallization of a substrate-reduced form of a Se- and Mo-containing enzyme.
Dialogical Openness -- What Deliberation Needs

This paper builds upon arguments in favor of incorporating an affective element into what is often an overly rational understanding of deliberation. Democratic ethics require that we engage with and listen to each other, yet political discourse is often closed and unproductive. Many voices are allowed to speak, but people are not always willing to listen to others or reexamine their own positions. In other words, citizens deliberate, but not necessarily democratically. The paper examines a common approach to this problem: the incorporation of empathy (or something similar) into deliberation. I discuss the problems with such an empathic approach to deliberation and offer my own corrective for the affective deficiency in deliberation. I claim that deliberation is missing ‘dialogical openness.’ Rather than coming from feelings of commonality and shared experiences as empathy does, dialogical openness springs from the acknowledgment of deep differences and intractable divides that can exist among citizens.
Parathyroid Exploration in the Reoperative Neck: Improved Preoperative Localization with 4D-Computed Tomography

Background Reoperation for hyperparathyroidism (HPT) carries an increased risk for morbidity and failure to cure. Accurate preoperative localization minimizes operative risk but is often difficult to achieve in the reoperative setting. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) is an emerging technique that uses functional parathyroid anatomy for precise preoperative localization. We evaluated 4D-CT as a tool for localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in the reoperative setting. Study Design A prospective endocrine database was queried to identify 45 patients who underwent reoperative parathyroidectomy after preoperative localization using 4D-CT. The patients were categorized into 1 of 3 groups: group 1 included those who had previous neck surgery for non-HPT conditions; group 2 included those who had undergone a previously unsuccessful neck exploration for HPT; and group 3 included patients with HPT who had a previous neck exploration with resection of at least 1 hypercellular parathyroid. Results The sensitivity of 4D-CT for localization was 88% compared with 54% for sestamibi imaging. Four-dimensional CT more often correctly localized (p=0.0003) and lateralized (p=0.005) hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue than sestamibi did. Four-dimensional CT successfully localized hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue in 18 (82%) of 22 group 1 patients, 10 (91%) of 11 group 2 patients, and 8 (67%) of 12 group 3 patients. Three patients were lost to followup. At a mean followup of 9.8 months, 39 (93%) of 42 patients were surgically cured and 3 patients (7%; 2 in group 3) had persistent HPT. Conclusions Four-dimensional-CT is an ideal tool for preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in the reoperative setting. Localization and successful reoperation are most difficult in patients who have undergone an earlier operation that included resection of at least one hypercellular parathyroid suggesting multigland disease.
Performance Benefits of R718 Turbo-Compression Cycle Using 3-Port Condensing Wave Rotors

A number of technical challenges have often hindered the economical application of refrigeration cycles using water (R718) as refrigerant. The novel concept of condensing wave rotor provides a solution for performance improvement of R718 refrigeration cycles. The wave rotor implementation can increase efficiency and reduce the size and cost of R718 units. The condensing wave rotor employs pressurized water to pressurize, desuperheat, and condense the refrigerant vapor — all in one dynamic process. In this study, the underlying phenomena of flash evaporation, shock wave compression, desuperheating, and condensation inside the wave rotor channels are described in a wave and phase-change diagram. A computer program based on a thermodynamic model is generated to evaluate the performance of R718 baseline and wave-rotor-enhanced cycles. The detailed thermodynamic approach for the baseline and the modified cycles is described. The effect of some key parameters on the performance enhancement is demonstrated as an aid for optimization. A generated performance map summarizes the findings.© 2004 ASME
Finally! A model for progesterone receptor action in normal human breast.

Substantial clinical and experimental data over the years have supported the conclusion that estradiol-17β is the ovarian hormone primarily responsible for growth and progression of breast cancer (1). Progesterone was assumed to have negligible effects on breast tumorigenesis, in part because of its well established role to inhibit the proliferative effect of estrogen in the epithelial compartments of the endometrium and promote differentiation of the uterine glands (2). However, much publicized observational and clinical studies have more recently implicated progesterone as a proliferative hormone in the normal human breast and as a life-long risk factor for breast cancer, suggesting progesterone also contributes to early stages of breast tumorigenesis (3,4,5,6,7,8,9). Paradoxically, in established breast cancers, the presence of progesterone receptor (PR) in the primary tumor is an independent marker of favorable prognosis and is associated with a more differentiated tumor phenotype, suggesting progesterone has a protective role against progression and invasion once a tumor has developed (10,11,12). Indeed, in most PR-positive breast cancer cell lines, progestins induce a transient proliferation followed by cell cycle arrest such that the long-term effect is growth inhibition (13). This apparent dichotomy suggests that progesterone signaling is altered during disease progression. Uncertainties concerning the role of progesterone in the normal human breast and tumorigenesis have been due in part to the absence of a suitable PR-positive progesterone-responsive experimental system for the normal human breast.
Thermolabile Toxin and Thermostable Tuberculin Components in Berkfeld Filtrates of Broth Cultures of Tubercle Bacilli.

In these experiments, normal and tuberculous guinea pigs were used to determine by intracutaneous tests whether or not Berkfeld filtrates prepared from broth cultures of tubercle bacilli contain toxins which might be distinguishable from tuberculin elements. One series of tuberculous animals had been infected 3 weeks prior to the test and showed early tuberculosis with little, if any, toxemia. The other group of animals, infected 4½ months previously, showed well marked signs of advanced tuberculosis.A human strain of virulent tubercle bacilli was inoculated into ordinary infusion broth containing 5 per cent glycerine. The Berkfeld filtrates were prepared from a 26-day old culture grown at a temperature of 38° to 40° C. One lot of the nitrate was heated at a temperature of 63° to 65° C. on a water bath. Both portions were preserved with 0.25 ether tricresol. At the time the experiments were made, the material had been stored in the ice-chest for 4 days.The animals were injected intracutaneously with 0.03 ...
Bearing Fault Parameter Identification Under Varying Operating Conditions Using Vibration Signals and Evolutionary Algorithms

This paper presents an effective bearing fault parameter identification scheme based on evolutionary optimization techniques. Three seeded faults in the rotating machinery supported by the test roller bearing include inner race fault, outer race fault and a single ball defect. The fault related features are extracted experimentally by processing the acquired vibration signals in both the time and frequency domain. Techniques based on the power spectral density (PSD) and wavelet transform (WT) are utilized for feature extraction. The sensitivity of the proposed method is investigated under varying operating speeds and radial bearing load. In this study, the inverse problem of parameter identification is investigated. The problem of parameter identification is recast as an optimization problem and two well known evolutionary algorithms, differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), are used to identify system parameters given a system response. For online parameter identification, differential evolution outperforms particle both in terms of adaptability and tighter convergence properties. The distinction between the two methods is not distinctively obvious on the offline parameter identification problem.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Comments on the Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

The myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation has been quantified and tested with mathematical models. The models suggest that vocal fold oscillation is produced as a result of asymmetric forcing ...
Analysis and Review of Sandstone Classifications in the North American Geological Literature, 1940–1960

Between 1940 and 1960, 17 field and laboratory classifications of sandstones were proposed in the North American geological literature. These classifications were based on combinations of several criteria including (1) mineral composition (provenance), (2) diastrophism, (3) mineralogical maturity, (4) textural maturity (index of sorting), (5) fluidity factor (measure of density and viscosity of the transport agent), and (6) primary structures. Field and laboratory studies confirmed that provenance and mineralogical maturity are the only factors controlling the mineral composition of sandstones. Diastrophism does not control sandstone composition. Classifications which proposed terms denoting a combination of texture and composition were found to ignore the basic sedimentological observation that texture and mineral composition are independently behaving factors in sand deposition. The fluidity factor (per cent matrix indicating depositional fluid's viscosity and density) ignores that increasing or decreasing clay matrix can also be controlled by changes in fluid viscosity, granular abrasion, diagenesis, size sorting of original material in source area, and organic reworking. Primary structures cannot be used to define sandstone classes because the criteria selected for separating deep-marine from shallow-marine sandstones are known to overlap both depositional conditions. The writer recommends that the approach to sandstone classification outlined by Folk (1954) and Van Andel (1958) be followed because separate terms are proposed for grain size, textural maturity, and mineral composition. Such an approach does not vitiate in any way the classical understanding of sandstone classes. It is logically consistent with a variety of data from both Recent sands and ancient sandstones where the independence of texture and composition are known.
Numerical approximation for the infinite-dimensional discrete-time optimal linear-quadratic regulator problem

An abstract approximation framework is developed for the finite and infinite time horizon discrete-time linear-quadratic regulator problem for systems whose state dynamics are described by a linear semigroup of operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. The schemes included the framework yield finite dimensional approximations to the linear state feedback gains which determine the optimal control law. Convergence arguments are given. Examples involving hereditary and parabolic systems and the vibration of a flexible beam are considered. Spline-based finite element schemes for these classes of problems, together with numerical results, are presented and discussed.
Structure and function in rhodopsin: covalent crosslinking of the rhodopsin (metarhodopsin II)-transducin complex--the rhodopsin cytoplasmic face links to the transducin alpha subunit.

Abstract We prepared rhodopsin mutants that contained a single reactive cysteine residue per rhodopsin molecule at position 65, 140, 240, or 316 on the cytoplasmic face. A carbene-generating photoactivatable group was linked by a disulfide bond to the cysteine sulfhydryl group of each of the rhodopsin mutants. The resulting derivative was then light-activated at lambda > 495 nm to form the metarhodopsin II intermediate, which bound transducin. Subsequent photoactivation (355 nm) of the carbene-generating group resulted in crosslinking of the rhodopsin mutant carrying a cysteine residue at position 240 to transducin. This crosslinking was determined to be specifically with the alpha subunit of transducin. An alternative reaction observed during photolysis of the rhodopsin mutants was intramolecular insertion of the carbene into rhodopsin.
Strategies for inner volume 3D fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging using nonselective refocusing radio frequency pulses.

Fast spin echo (FSE) trains elicited by nonselective “hard” refocusing radio frequency (RF) pulses have been proposed as a means to enable application of FSE methods for high-resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Hard-pulse FSE (HPFSE) trains offer short ( 3 – 4 ms ) echo spacings, but are unfortunately limited to imaging the entire sample within the coil sensitivity thus requiring lengthy imaging times, consequently limiting clinical application. In this work we formulate and analyze two general-purpose combinations of 3D HPFSE with inner volume (IV) MR imaging to circumvent this limitation. The first method employs a 2D selective RF excitation followed by the HPFSE train and focuses on required properties of the spatial excitation profile with respect to limiting RF pulse duration in the 5 – 6 ms range. The second method employs two orthogonally selective 1D RF excitations (a 90 x ° – 180 y ° pair) to generate an echo from magnetization within the volume defined by their intersection. Subsequent echoes are formed via the HPFSE train, placing the focus of the method on (a) avoiding spurious echoes that may arise from transverse magnetization located outside the slab intersection when it is unavoidably affected by the nonselective refocusing pulses and (b) avoiding signal losses due to the necessarily different spacing (in time) of the RF pulse applications. The performance of each method is experimentally measured using Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) multi-echo imaging, enabling examination of the magnetization evolution throughout the echo train. The methods as implemented achieve 95% to 97% outer volume signal suppression, and higher suppression appears to be well within reach, by further refinement of the selective RF excitations. Example images of the human brain and spine are presented with each technique. We conclude that the SNR efficiency of volume imaging in conjunction with the short echo spacing afforded by hard pulse trains enables high-resolution 3D HPFSE MRI of a small field-of-view (FOV) with minimal aliasing artifact.
Effect of shear on fire response of steel beams

Abstract Fire resistance of flexural members is derived based on flexural limiting criterion with no consideration to shear failure. However, under certain conditions, shear capacity can degrade at a higher rate than moment capacity in steel beams exposed to fire and this can lead to early failure of beams. This paper discusses the effect of shear on fire resistance of steel beams. For studying this phenomenon, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model capable of predicting fire response of steel beams is developed using the finite element package ANSYS. This model is capable of predicting fire response of steel beams under different conditions such as loading pattern, web slenderness and fire insulation. The finite element model is applied to evaluate fire response of beams with different geometrical configurations. It is shown that shear capacity can degrade at a higher rate than flexural capacity in certain scenarios and hence, shear limiting state can be a dominant failure mode in such flexural members.
Effect of Dietary Phosphorus Level and Source on Productive Performance and Egg Quality of Two Commercial Strains of Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of dietary total phosphorus (TP) level and source on the performance of two strains of commercial layers for two consecutive production years (26 to 68 and 76 to 116 weeks of age, respectively). Diet 1 contained .4% TP; Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained .5, .6, and .7% TP with supplemental P from dicalcium phosphate (DCP); Diets 5 and 6 contained .5 and .6% TP, respectively, with supplemental P from a sample of raw rock phosphate (RRP-1); Diets 7 and 8 contained .5 and .6% TP, respectively, with supplemental P from a second sample of raw rock phosphate (RRP-2). Calcium level was 2.75% in all diets, and crushed oyster shell provided ad libitum to all birds increased the total calcium to about 3.00%. Diet 1 was inferior to the average of all supplemented diets relative to feed consumption rate (P less than .005) and egg weight (P less than .005) during the first year. Diet 1 was also inferior relative to egg production rate (P less than .01), feed consumption rate (P less than .005), and egg weight (P less than .005) during the second year, whereas it was superior in shell quality (P less than .05) during the first year. Increasing TP from DCP resulted in a significant linear increase in feed consumption (P less than .05), feed conversion ratio, and Haugh units (P less than .005). Increasing TP from DCP also resulted in a significant linear decrease in shell quality (P less than .05) and significant linear and quadratic decreases in egg weight (P less than .005) during the first year. During the second year, increasing TP from DCP resulted in a significant linear decrease in egg production rate (P less than .005) and feed efficiency but significant linear (P less than .01) and quadratic (P less than .05) increases in feed consumption, and significant linear and quadratic increases (P less than .005) in Haugh units. Hens receiving RRP diets responded differently during the first and second years. The DCP supported greater egg weight than the RRP during the second year and permitted better feed conversion during both years. Strain A produced larger eggs than Strain B regardless of treatment (P less than .005). When egg production rate and most other response criteria were considered, .5% TP with DCP as the supplemental source gave the best results in both production years. A TP of .6% from RRP-2 gave similar results in both years.
TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Leucine acts as a nutrient signal to stimulate protein synthesis in neonatal pigs,

The postprandial increases in AA and insulin independently stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets. Leucine is an important mediator of the response to AA. We have shown that the postprandial increase in leucine, but not isoleucine or valine, acutely stimulates muscle protein synthesis in piglets. Leucine increases muscle protein synthesis by modulating the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and signaling components of translation initiation. Leucine increases the phosphorylation of mTOR, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding protein-1, and eIF4G; decreases eIF2α phosphorylation; and increases the association of eIF4E with eIF4G. However, leucine does not affect the upstream activators of mTOR, that is, protein kinase B, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2, or the activation of translation elongation regulator, eukaryotic elongation factor 2. The action of leucine can be replicated by α-ketoisocaproate but not by norleucine. Interference by rapamycin with the raptor-mTOR interaction blocks leucine-induced muscle protein synthesis. The acute leucine-induced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis is not maintained for prolonged periods, despite continued activation of mTOR signaling, because circulating AA fall as they are utilized for protein synthesis. However, when circulating AA concentrations are maintained, the leucine-induced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis is maintained for prolonged periods. Thus, leucine acts as a nutrient signal to stimulate translation initiation, but whether this translates into a prolonged increase in protein synthesis depends on the sustained availability of all AA.
Measurements of isotope shifts of accelerator-produced radioactive atoms in an on-line resonance cell

Abstract Fluorescence spectra from atoms of radioactive nuclides produced by heavy-ion fusion reactions have been measured on line with a gas-filled, liquid-nitrogen-cooled resonance cell. This device yields useful spectra from Yb nuclides produced at rates lower than 1000 s−1. Spectra have now been obtained for Yb isotopes more than 18 neutrons away from the line of β stability. These data show a large isotope shift surprisingly near the N = 82 shell closure. The apparatus has also been used to measure isotope shifts of the refractory element Hf.
Pre-axonogenesis migration of afferent pioneer cells in the grasshopper embryo.

Etude de l'origine et de l'axonogenese des cellules C×1 chez une sauterelle. Description de la migration des cellules d'origine ectodermique loin de leur site d'origine et de l'initiation de l'axonogenese
Evaluation of Forecasts of the Water Vapor Signature of Atmospheric Rivers in Operational Numerical Weather Prediction Models

AbstractThe ability of five operational ensemble forecast systems to accurately represent and predict atmospheric rivers (ARs) is evaluated as a function of lead time out to 10 days over the northeastern Pacific Ocean and west coast of North America. The study employs the recently developed Atmospheric River Detection Tool to compare the distinctive signature of ARs in integrated water vapor (IWV) fields from model forecasts and corresponding satellite-derived observations. The model forecast characteristics evaluated include the prediction of occurrence of ARs, the width of the IWV signature of ARs, their core strength as represented by the IWV content along the AR axis, and the occurrence and location of AR landfall. Analysis of three cool seasons shows that while the overall occurrence of ARs is well forecast out to a 10-day lead, forecasts of landfall occurrence are poorer, and skill degrades with increasing lead time. Average errors in the position of landfall are significant, increasing to over 800 ...
A systematic review of interactive information retrieval evaluation studies, 1967–2006

With the increasing number and diversity of search tools available, interest in the evaluation of search systems, particularly from a user perspective, has grown among researchers. More researchers are designing and evaluating interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems and beginning to innovate in evaluation methods. Maturation of a research specialty relies on the ability to replicate research, provide standards for measurement and analysis, and understand past endeavors. To this end, this article presents a historical overview of 40 years of IIR evaluation studies using the method of systematic review. Two thousand, seven hundred and ninety-one journal and conference units were manually examined and 127 articles were selected for analysis in this study based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles were systematically coded using features such as author, publication date, source and references and properties of the research method used in the articles such as number of subjects, tasks, corpora and measures. Results include data describing the growth of IIR studies over time, the most frequently occurring and cited authors and sources, and the most common types of corpora and measures used. An additional product of this research is a bibliography of IIR evaluation research which can be used by students, teachers and those new to the area. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first historical, systematic characterization of the IIR evaluation literature, including the documentation of methods and measures used by researchers in this specialty.
Learning to integrate unlabeled data in text classification

The paper deals with the text classification problem where labeled training samples are very limited while unlabeled data are readily available in large quantities. The paper proposes an efficient classification algorithm that incorporates a weighted k-means clustering scheme into an Expectation Maximization (EM) process. It aims to balance predictive values between labeled and unlabeled training data and improve classification accuracy. Since the algorithm is based on a fast clustering method, it can be applied to classify documents in large datasets. Preliminary experiments with several text classification collections show that the proper use of unlabeled data built in this proposed text classification algorithm could significantly improve classification accuracy.
Undoing a weak quantum measurement of a solid-state qubit.

We propose an experiment which demonstrates the undoing of a weak continuous measurement of a solid-state qubit, so that any unknown initial state is fully restored. The undoing procedure has only a finite probability of success because of the nonunitary nature of quantum measurement, though it is accompanied by a clear experimental indication of whether or not the undoing has been successful. The probability of success decreases with increasing strength of the measurement, reaching zero for a traditional projective measurement. Measurement undoing (``quantum undemolition'') may be interpreted as a kind of quantum eraser, in which the information obtained from the first measurement is erased by the second measurement, which is an essential part of the undoing procedure. The experiment can be realized using quantum dot (charge) or superconducting (phase) qubits.
The effects of response option order and question order on self-rated health

Objectives This study aims to assess the impact of response option order and question order on the distribution of responses to the self-rated health (SRH) question and the relationship between SRH and other health-related measures.
The inhibition of tyrosinase.

Abstract The inhibition of tyrosinase by halide salts and carboxylic acids has been studied at several pH values. The presence of the benzene nucleus complements the inhibitory characteristics of carboxylic acids, and the existence of a negatively charged group on the inhibitor is also shown to be a factor. Steric effects were postulated to account for low inhibition with substituted benzoic acids and with anions of large ionic radii. The inhibition in all cases decreased with increasing pH even in the range where the inhibitor was completely ionized. It is suggested, in accord with other studies of this nature, that the change in inhibition with pH is a result of a change in the ionization of the imidazole side chains of the enzyme molecule.
Survey of Weather Modification in the Soviet Union

Abstract On the basis of a review of abstracts of articles published mostly since 1969, a summary has been prepared of Soviet research in weather modification. A wide spectrum of problems is being studied. Hail suppression and precipitation stimulation still are major areas of activity in the USSR. In recent years, Soviet scientists have begun research on the lightning suppression, the dissipation of convective clouds, and the use of heat for the dissipation of warm fog and stratus. The articles surveyed show little evidence that Soviet scientists, unlike their American counterparts, are convinced of the value of randomized experiments in the evaluation of cloud-seeding hypotheses. There is no evidence in this literature that the modification of large scale weather phenomena is being actively investigated in the Soviet Union.
THE OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND VESICOURETERAL REFLUX IN CHILDREN

Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and vesicoureteral reflux are common diagnosis' in infants and children who are referred to a urologist. Recurrent UTIs in these patients can be challenging, especially when radiographic evaluation reveals no structural abnormality. Prophylaxis and correction of voiding and bowel dysfunction are important treatment strategies. Febrile UTIs are commonly associated with reflux and should be treated aggressively to avoid renal scarring and its sequelae. Based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, long-term treatment strategies for children with reflux are now available.
Assessment of performance of BWR passive safety systems in a small break LOCA with integral testing and code simulation

An integral test simulating a postulated Small Break Loss Of Coolant Accident (SB LOCA) has been conducted on a scaled-down test facility, Purdue University Multi-Dimensional Integral Test Assembly (PUMA). This test aims to simulate the hypothetical Bottom Drain Line Break (BDLB) accident initialized by an instantaneous guillotine rupture of the vessel Bottom Drain Line (BDL) in a generic design of natural circulation BWR equipped with passive safety systems. The objective of this research is to evaluate the ability of passive safety systems in this BWR to keep core from uncover and containment from overpressure during a SB LOCA transient by reproducing the LOCA transient in the test facility. The integral test simulates the interaction of reactor components and demonstrates the functionality of passive safety systems, such as Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) and Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS). The experimental results showed that the two most important safety criteria were satisfied: the core coolant level was always higher than the Top of Active Fuel (TAF) and containment pressure did not exceed the design limit during this SB LOCA. The scaling principle of the test facility and RELAP5/Mod3.3 code capability were evaluated through the comparison between the experimental data and the code simulation.
Evidence for progressive, age-related structural changes in post-mature human collagen.

Abstract Purified insoluble human collagen was prepared by a procedure that was designed to minimize the possibility of structural modification during purification. The final product contained 14% hydroxyproline which is comparable to that of highly purified tropocollagen. The collagen samples became progressively more resistant to collagenase digestion with increasing age. A plot of the logarithm of the time required to digest 50% of the collagen versus sample age was linear after maturity. The mode of attack on collagen by collagenase involved at least two processes. With the aging of collagen, a stabilizing factor rendered an increasingly larger proportion of the collagen less susceptible to rapid digestion. Preliminary studies suggest that the stabilizing factor may be lost during collagenase digestion.
On reading God the author

The first part of the essay explore's three features of Wolterstorff's account of God as a performer of speech acts: (1) the claim that God literally speaks, suggesting that this claim needs something like a Thomistic theory of analogy as an alternative to univocity and mere metaphor; (2) the claim that speaking is not reducible to revealing; and (3) the political implications of these claims, especially in relation to Habermasian theory. The second part focuses on the theory of double discourse, which seeks to make sense of the notion that God speaks to us through the human voices of prophets, apostles, and especially of Scripture, and seeks to show that a fuller account of the speech act by which God deputizes or appropriates human speech is needed. The final section suggests that Ricoeur and Derrida are not the threat to his theory that Wolterstorff takes them to be and that their emphasis on the text, rather than the author, makes sense in contexts where we have only the text to consult.
Are the sources of interest the same for everyone? Using multilevel mixture models to explore individual differences in appraisal structures

How does personality influence the relationship between appraisals and emotions? Recent research suggests individual differences in appraisal structures: people may differ in an emotion's appraisal pattern. We explored individual differences in interest's appraisal structure, assessed as the within-person covariance of appraisals with interest. People viewed images of abstract visual art and provided ratings of interest and of interest's appraisals (novelty–complexity and coping potential) for each picture. A multilevel mixture model found two between-person classes that reflected distinct within-person appraisal styles. For people in the larger class (68%), the novelty–complexity appraisal had a stronger effect on interest; for people in the smaller class (32%), the coping potential appraisal had a stronger effect. People in the larger class were significantly higher in appetitive traits related to novelty seeking (e.g., sensation seeking, openness to experience, and trait curiosity), suggesting that the appraisal classes have substantive meaning. We conclude by discussing the value of within-person mixture models for the study of personality and appraisal.
Evaluation of edge caching/off loading for dynamic content delivery

As dynamic content becomes increasingly dominant, it becomes an important research topic as how the edge resources such as client-side proxies, which are otherwise underutilized for such content, can be put into use. However, it is unclear what will be the best strategy, and the design/deployment trade offs lie therein. In this paper, using one representative e-commerce benchmark, we report our experience of an extensive investigation of different offloading and caching options. Our results point out that, while great benefits can be reached in general, advanced offloading strategies can be overly complex and even counterproductive. In contrast, simple augmentation at proxies to enable fragment caching and page composition achieves most of the benefit without compromising important considerations such as security. We also present proxy+ architecture which supports such capabilities for existing Web applications with minimal reengineering effort.
Resolution of multiexponential spectral relaxation of Yt-base by global analysis of collisionally quenched samples

We measured the wavelength-dependent intensity decays of 4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazo-1,2a-purine (Yt-base) in propanol to determine the time-resolved emission spectra and rates of spectral relaxation. We found that resolution of the spectral relaxation times was dramatically improved by global analysis of the frequency-domain data with increasing amounts of the collisional quencher CCl4. Collisional quenching preferentially decreases the longer-lived relaxed component of the emission, thereby increasing the fractional contribution of the incompletely relaxed portion of the emission. The data could not be explained by a single spectral relaxation time, and at least two relaxation times are needed to describe the time-dependent emission center of gravity of Yt-base.
The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in mucosal inflammation

Chemokines represent a large family of small cytokines, the main function of which is the attraction of leukocytes to different tissues. Several chemokines and their receptors have been shown to play a critical role in lymphoid development, mucosal immunity, and inflammation. In this article we review recent advances in chemokine physiology and their potential role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation. We also discuss the potential for the use of chemokine or chemokine receptor antagonists as novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.