cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-role attitudes, identities, and political ideology

This study examines whether sex-role identities and attitudes toward sex roles are part of a more general liberal—conservative dimension of political ideology. Survey data are analyzed from two independent random samples of Indiana University students in 1974–1975. Sex-role attitudes are measured by two scales, dealing with evaluations of the traditional sex-based division of labor and levels of sex-stereotyping of various tasks. The Bem Sex Role Inventory is used to measure respondents' sex-role identities. Those who score more liberal or flexible on each measure of sex-role attitudes are also very likely to hold liberal political attitudes. These correlations are strong and consistent enough to indicate that sex-role attitudes fit into a more general liberal—conservative ideology, at least among college students. Correlations between sex-role identities and political attitudes are much weaker. Among men, liberal political attitudes are associated with a more flexible (androgynous) sex-role identity; among women, in contrast, liberal political attitudes are related more consistently to a more traditionally masculine sex-role identity.
Schedule-Dependent Interaction between the Proteosome Inhibitor Bortezomib and the EGFR-TK Inhibitor Erlotinib in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines

Introduction Both erlotinib (E) and bortezomib (B) have shown single-agent activity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We studied the combination of these two novel biologic agents in vitro using a panel of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Methods The growth inhibitory effect of E and B were determined by MTT assay on seven non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. The data obtained from the growth inhibition assay in response to the combination of E and B were subject to isobologram analysis. The effects of each individual drug as well as combination in different sequences on cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Results Two of seven cell lines are sensitive to E. However, B has narrower range of cytotoxicity. The combination is neither synergistic nor additive in two of four cell lines tested. In H358 bronchoalveolar cell lines, the combination is more active than either agent alone. E causes G1 cell cycle arrest and B causes G2/M cell cycle arrest. In sequential studies, 24-hour previous exposure to E causes G1 arrest and abrogates the cytotoxic effect of B. This is observed in both E-sensitive as well as E-resistant cells and is accompanied by an increase in cell survival and a decrease in apoptosis. Conclusions The combination of E and B is neither additive nor synergistic in two of four cell lines tested. In H358 bronchoalveolar cell, the combination is more active than either agent alone. The schedule-dependent antagonistic effect of E pre-exposure was observed. E pre-exposure causes G1 cell cycle arrest and abrogates the activity of B. Further in vivo studies of this combination are warranted.
Impact of proliferative indices and tumor suppressor genes on treatment response in marginal zone lymphomas

Firstly, increased Ki67 and MUM-1 staining has been associated with worse prognosis in marginal zone B cell lymphomas (MZL). However, ours is the first study to assess the impact of proliferative indices on chemotherapy response. Secondly, loss of p53 and p16 tumor suppressor genes (TSG) has traditionally been associated with cancer progression. The significance of these markers in MZL was investigated. Thirdly, we explored the role of proliferative indices and tumor suppressor genes in identifying MZLs with significant plasmacytic differentiation (PD). Consecutive MZL cases (2006–2008) were identified. Slides were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis; immunohistochemical stains for Ki67, MUM-1, WT-1, p53, and p16 were subsequently performed and graded for percentage staining. Wilcoxon two-sample test and Pearson correlation coefficient were performed. Twenty-nine cases were analyzed. None of the assayed markers were correlated with treatment response. Ki67 and MUM1 expression, however, were correlated with PD (p = 0.0136 and p = 0.0042). A correlation between MUM1 and p16 staining was also seen (p = 0.0006). IHC assay for TSGs, p53 and p16, and proliferative indices (Ki67, MUM1, WT1) is unlikely to predict treatment response in low-grade MZL. Ki67 and MUM1 staining, however, may serve as a useful adjunct in ascribing PD.
Parsons' contributions to sociological theory: Reflections on the Schutz-Parsons correspondence

Parsons' work has drawn either extremely critical or excessively laudatory comments. But no matter in what camp one belongs, the influence and importance of this work forces one to gain an opinion of it. Perhaps now is the time to begin its fresh but tempered assessment. My aim in this essay is to discuss some of Parsons'positive contributions to sociological theory. This brief examination should be of more than passing interest since woven into the fabric of his large body of work are a number of points of interest to the phenomenologically oriented philosopher and social scientist. These converging interests become visible in the Schutz-Parsons correspondence. Motivating the original contact and continued exchange between the two men were their common interest in the theory of action, the need for the subjective interpretation of meaning, the relationship between the life-world and scientific constructs of it, and the role of rationality in human action. The following presentation will focus on the issue of the subjective interpretation of meaning and the relationship between science and the life-world in order to arrive at some assessment of Parsons' role in the continuing history of social theory. The discussion begins with Parsons' distinctive approach and views on social action, an approach which eventually led to the debate between him and Schutz about the distinction between the subjective and objective points of view. Reviewing the debate leads to a brief analysis and assessment of the corresponding methodological stances each man advocates. The second and shorter section of the paper takes up the related topic of the relationship between social science and its subject matter, the commonsense world. Here again Parsons' view should be of interest to those of a phenomenological persuasion. I will conclude by pointing to the fundamental reason for the differences between Schutz and Parsons and by enumerating what seems to be Parsons' most important contributions to social theory. 375
Comparisons of computational methods for clustered binary data

Clustered binary data are common in medical research and can be fitted to the logistic regression model with random effects which belongs to a wider class of models called the generalized linear mixed model. The likelihood-based estimation of model parameters often has to handle intractable integration which leads to several estimation methods to overcome such difficulty. The penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) method is the one that is very popular and computationally efficient in most cases. The expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm allows to estimate maximum-likelihood estimates, but requires to compute possibly intractable integration in the E-step. The variants of the EM algorithm to evaluate the E-step are introduced. The Monte Carlo EM (MCEM) method computes the E-step by approximating the expectation using Monte Carlo samples, while the Modified EM (MEM) method computes the E-step by approximating the expectation using the Laplace's method. All these methods involve several steps of approximation s...
Moral reasoning development and graduate education

Abstract The Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral reasoning development was administered to 20 advanced and 20 first-year graduate students, plus 40 college graduates matched to the graduate groups on sex, age, and verbal ability. A two-way ANOVA design was used to infer whether graduate education, selection, maturation, or a combination of these effects is (are) associated with group differences on the DIT. Results suggest that differences found between the graduate students and college graduates can be accounted for by a combination of maturational and selection effects, contrary to the hypothesized effects of formal education.
Acid mucopolysaccharides in gingivities and periodontitis

Human Gingival Tissues was clinically classified as normal or periodontally involved. Acid mucopolysaccharides were extracted from this tissue. The measurable acid mucopolysaccharides extracted were chondroitin sulfules A and C. Concentration of chondroitin sulfate was lower in the tissue classified as periodontally involved when compared to the normal tissue.
Pediatric Phase I Trials in Oncology: An Analysis of Study Conduct Efficiency

Purpose To determine the efficacy and safety of pediatric phase I oncology trials in the era of dose-intensive chemotherapy and to analyze how efficiently these trials are conducted. Methods Phase I pediatric oncology trials published from 1990 to 2004 and their corresponding adult phase I trials were reviewed. Dose escalation schemes using fixed 30% dose increments were studied to theoretically determine whether trials could be completed utilizing fewer patients and dose levels. Results Sixty-nine pediatric phase I oncology trials enrolling 1,973 patients were identified. The pediatric maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was strongly correlated with the adult MTD (r = 0.97). For three-fourths of the trials, the pediatric and adult MTD differed by no more than 30%, and for more than 85% of the trials, the pediatric MTD was less than or equal to 1.6 times the adult MTD. The median number of dose levels studied was four (range, two to 13). The overall objective response rate was 9.6%, the likelihood of experiencin...
Distributive Learning in Introductory Chemical Engineering: University Students' Learning, Motivation, and Attitudes Using a CD-ROM

This article reports a study in which student performance and approaches to study ina CD-ROM version of a chemical engineering course were examined. The study consists of three phases. The purpose of phase 1 was to evaluate of the efficacy of CD-ROM for this content and student population. Therefore, we compared the performance of students who participated in a traditional classroom offering with those who participated in the CD-ROM version. The results supported the soundness of the CD-ROM based instruction. In phase 2, we interviewed students who were successful and less successful in the course to examine any differences in the strategies they used for learning the content. Differences consistent with a surface versus deep approach to studying were found. Prior to the third phase, the CD-ROM and approaches to learning instrument were modified and then a new group of students was examined to determine the factors that contribute to success in the CD-ROM version. Results showed that deep cognitive engage...
R.A. Fisher's contributions to genetical statistics

R. A. Fisher (1890-1962) was a professor of genetics, and many of his statistical innovations found expression in the development of methodology in statistical genetics. However, whereas his contributions in mathematical statistics are easily identified, in population genetics he shares his preeminence with Sewall Wright (1889-1988) and J. B. S. Haldane (1892-1965). This paper traces some of Fisher's major contributions to the foundations of statistical genetics, and his interactions with Wright and with Haldane which contributed to the development of the subject. With modern technology, both statistical methodology and genetic data are changing. Nonetheless much of Fisher's work remains relevant, and may even serve as a foundation for future research in the statistical analysis of DNA data. For Fisher's work reflects his view of the role of statistics in scientific inference, expressed in 1949: There is no wide or urgent demand for people who will define methods of proof in set theory in the name of improving mathematical statistics. There is a widespread and urgent demand for mathematicians who understand that branch of mathematics known as theoretical statistics, but who are capable also of recognising situations in the real world to which such mathematics is applicable. In recognising features of the real world to which his models and analyses should be applicable, Fisher laid a lasting foundation for statistical inference in genetic analyses.
Parallel/distributed simulation via event-reservation approach for parametric study of discrete event systems

There are significant opportunities for the development of parallel/distributed simulation algorithms in the context of parametric study of discrete event systems. In such studies, simulation of multiple (often a large number of) parametric variants is required in order to, for example, identify significant parameters (factor screening), determine directions for response improvement (gradient estimation), find optimal parameter settings (response optimization), or construct a model of the response (meta-modeling). The computational burden in this case is to a large extent due to the large number of alternatives that need to be simulated. An effective strategy in this context is to concurrently simulate a number of parametric variants: the structural similarity of the variants often allows for significant amount of sharing of the simulation work, and the code for concurrent simulation of the variants can often be implemented in a parallel/distributed environment. In this paper, we describe two methods of parallel/distributed/concurrent simulation called the standard clock (SC) and the general shared clock (GSC) simulation. Both approaches rely on an event-reservation approach: by contrast to most discrete-event simulation approaches that are based on an event-scheduling approach, in the SC and GSC simulation, the occurrence instances of all events are reserved on the time axis. These instances may or may not be used. This event-reservation approach frees the clock mechanism of the simulation from needing feedback from the state-update mechanism. Due to this autonomy of the clock mechanism, a single clock can be used to drive a number (possibly large) of variants concurrently and in parallel. The autonomy of the clock mechanism is also the key to the different implementation strategies we adopt. To illustrate, we describe the simulation of parametric versions of wireless communication networks on message passing and shared memory environments.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Woodland Hypothesis for Devonian Tetrapod Evolution

AbstractThe rarity of Devonian tetrapods and the absence of tetrapods during the first 14 million years of the Mississippian (Romer’s Gap) have inspired hypotheses of fish-tetrapod evolutionary transition as an escape from difficult habitats such as deserts or stagnant waters. These hypotheses and Romer’s Gap are tested here using depth to calcic horizon in paleosols of the northern Appalachians as a proxy for precipitation and vegetation changes during the Devonian and Mississippian. All tetrapod bones and trackways in this region, as well as fossil tree remains, were found at times of high precipitation (indicated by deep calcic paleosols), when subhumid woodlands expanded at the expense of semiarid shrublands in alluvial lowlands. No tetrapods or tree fossils were found in abundant paleosols with the shallow calcic horizons of aridland soils. The mean annual precipitation requirement of Devonian-Mississippian tetrapods and trees was at least mm. Global distribution of prototetrapods and aquatic tetrapo...
A Study of Transformational Geometry Instruction in the Primary Grades.

Reasoning subtest of the Differential Aptitude Tests, and they required the ability to recognize sequential patterns that could be described in terms of rigid motions. The fourth subtest, which measured the ability to visualize the unfolded appearance of a pictured piece of paper that had been folded and then punched, was taken from the Paper Folding subtest of the Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors (Educational Testing Service, 1962). A single point was scored for each space-test item.
Effect of anticoagulants on multiplexed measurement of cytokine/chemokines in healthy subjects.

Introduction Cytokines are humoral regulatory molecules that act together in immunologic pathways. Monitoring cytokines and their variations within physiologic ranges is critical for biomarker discovery. Therefore, we evaluated the performance characteristics of 72 analytes measured by multiplex cytokine immunoassay, with an emphasis on the differences of analytes measured in serum compared to plasma, and, in plasma, on the impact of anticoagulants on the cytokine measurement.
Thalamic connections of the dorsomedial visual area in primates

The dorsomedial visual area (DM) of owl monkeys is a cortical area that has been described recently in a range of primate species. To study the thalamic connections of this area, injections of several distinguishable neuroanatomical tracers were placed into DM in galagos, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and macaque monkeys. The distribution of label was remarkably consistent across these diverse primate species. Labeled connections were densest within the pulvinar complex. Both the lateral and inferior divisions of the pulvinar, but not the medial division, had connections with DM. Within the inferior pulvinar of monkeys, central lateral and central medial nuclei had dense connections, and the medial and posterior nuclei had sparse connections with DM. Sparser connections were revealed in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the nucleus limitans. Anterograde label was also found in the superior colliculus. The consistencies in the pattern of subcortical projections across prosimian primates, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys support the concept that DM is a visual area common to all primates. In addition, these results provide further evidence for proposed subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar.
Substrate specificity of inner membrane peptidase in yeast mitochondria.

The inner membrane protease (IMP) cleaves intra-organelle sorting peptides from precursor proteins in mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An unusual feature of the IMP is the presence of two catalytic subunits, Imp1p and Imp2p, which recognize distinct substrate sets even though both enzymes belong to the same protease family. This nonoverlapping substrate specificity was hypothesized to result from the recognition of distinct residues at the P′1 position (also termed +1 position) in the protease substrates. Here, we constructed an extensive series of mutations to obtain a profile of the critical cleavage site residues in IMP substrates and conclude that Imp1p, and not Imp2p, recognizes specific P′1 residues. In addition to its specificity for P′1 residues, Imp1p also shows substrate specificity for the P3 (−3) position. In contrast, Imp2p recognizes the P1 (−1) position and the P3 position. Based on this new understanding of IMP substrate specificity, we conducted a survey for candidate IMP substrates in mammalian mitochondria and found consensus Imp2p cleavage sites in mammalian precursors to cytochrome c1 and glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) dehydrogenase. Presence of a putative Imp2p cleavage site in G-3-P dehydrogenase was surprising, as its yeast ortholog contains an Imp1p cleavage site. To address this issue experimentally, we performed the first co-expression of mammalian IMP with proposed mammalian IMP precursors in yeast and show that murine precursors to cytochrome c1 and G-3-P dehydrogenase are cleaved by murine Imp2p. These results suggest, surprisingly, G-3-P dehydrogenase has switched from Imp1p in yeast to Imp2p in mammals.
Local delivery of fluorescent dye for fiber-optics confocal microscopy of the living heart.

Fiber-optics confocal microscopy (FCM) is an emerging imaging technology with various applications in basic research and clinical diagnosis. FCM allows for real-time in situ microscopy of tissue at sub-cellular scale. Recently FCM has been investigated for cardiac imaging, in particular, for discrimination of cardiac tissue during pediatric open-heart surgery. FCM relies on fluorescent dyes. The current clinical approach of dye delivery is based on systemic injection, which is associated with high dye consumption and adverse clinical events. In this study, we investigated approaches for local dye delivery during FCM imaging based on dye carriers attached to the imaging probe. Using three-dimensional confocal microscopy, automated bench tests, and FCM imaging we quantitatively characterized dye release of carriers composed of open-pore foam only and foam loaded with agarose hydrogel. In addition, we compared local dye delivery with a model of systemic dye delivery in the isolated perfused rodent heart. We measured the signal-to-noise ratio of images acquired in various regions of the heart. Our evaluations showed that foam-agarose dye carriers exhibited a prolonged dye release versus foam-only carriers. Foam-agarose dye carriers allowed reliable imaging of 5-9 lines, which is comparable to 4-8 min of continuous dye release. Our study in the living heart revealed that the SNR of FCM images using local and systemic dye delivery is not different. However, we observed differences in the imaged tissue microstructure with the two approaches. Structural features characteristic of microvasculature were solely observed for systemic dye delivery. Our findings suggest that local dye delivery approach for FCM imaging constitutes an important alternative to systemic dye delivery. We suggest that the approach for local dye delivery will facilitate clinical translation of FCM, for instance, for FCM imaging during pediatric heart surgery.
Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of nasal bone abnormalities in three fetuses with Down syndrome

Facial abnormalities are common in neonates with Down syndrome. This report describes nasal bone abnormalities in 3 unselected fetuses with Down syndrome detected prenatally by ultrasonography. Two of the fetuses had ultrasonographically undetectable nasal bones and 1 had a nasal bone measurement that was below the 2.5th percentile of the normal distribution for that gestational age.
Identification of Two Mutations in a Compound Heterozygous Child with Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency

An infant girl with elevated blood lactate, pyruvate, and plasma branched-chain amino acids was diagnosed with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3; dihydrolipoamide:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.1.4) deficiency. Activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and E3 from patient were 26 and 2% of controls in blood lymphocytes, and 11 and 14% in cultured skin fibroblasts, respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the amount of E3 protein in fibroblasts from the patient and her father was about half of controls, while Northern blot analysis showed normal amounts of E3 RNA. DNA sequencing of cloned full-length E3 cDNAs from the patient revealed two mutations in separate alleles. One is a single base insertion of an extra adenine in the last codon of the leader peptide sequence (TAC∀ TAAC) leading to a nonsense mutation which results in the premature termination of the precursor E3 polypeptide (Y35X). The other is a missense mutation due to substitution of guanine for adenine, causing an Arg∀ Gly substitution at amino acid 460 of the mature protein (R460G) which triggers the loss of E3 activity probably by structural change in the E3 dimer. DNA sequencing of E3 cDNAs from the parents demonstrated that the nonsense mutation was inherited from the father and the missense mutation was inherited from the mother.
STUDIES IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROWTH-PROMOTING EXTRACTS OF THE ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS*

Evans and Long (1), in 1921, first reported remarkable overgrowth in female rats, which had been brought about by daily intraperitoneal injections of a saline emulsion of the fresh bovine anterior hypophysis. They also called attention to a peculiar effect which these emulsions had on the oestrous cycles and the ovaries of the injected animals. Oestrus occurred infrequently or was completely inhibited, and the ovaries, in many instances, were found to be enlarged. The enlargement proved to be due to the proliferation of lutein tissue in the walls of follicles, which was frequently so extensive that solid corpora lutea were formed. Ova were found enclosed within many of these corpora showing that their formation had not been preceded by true ovulation as occurs in the formation of normal corpora lutea. In young animals the onset of the first oestrus was delayed. Further work by Evans (2) and his associates led to more efficient methods of extracting the growth-promoting principle from the gland.
Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida krusei.

The mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in three clinical isolates of Candida krusei were investigated. Analysis of sterols of organisms grown in the absence and presence of fluconazole demonstrated that the predominant sterol of C. krusei is ergosterol and that fluconazole inhibits 14α-demethylase in this organism. The 14α-demethylase activity in cell extracts of C. krusei was 16- to 46-fold more resistant to inhibition by fluconazole than was 14α-demethylase activity in cell extracts of two fluconazole-susceptible strains of Candida albicans. Comparing the carbon monoxide difference spectra of microsomes from C. krusei with those of microsomes from C. albicans indicated that the total cytochrome P-450 content of C. krusei is similar to that of C. albicans. The Soret absorption maximum in these spectra was located at 448 nm for C. krusei and at 450 nm for C. albicans. Finally, the fluconazole accumulation of two of the C. krusei isolates was similar to if not greater than that of C. albicans. Thus, there are significant qualitative differences between the 14α-demethylase of C. albicans and C. krusei. In addition, fluconazole resistance in these strains of C. krusei appears to be mediated predominantly by a reduced susceptibility of 14α-demethylase to inhibition by this drug.
Preliminary results of a phase III comparison study of BCNU, hydroxyurea and radiation to BCNU and radiation.

Abstract Patients were randomized to receive BCNU, radiation, and hydroxyurea (HU) on alternate days during radiation (BHR), or BCNU and radiation (BR). Within the two groups, patients were stratified almost equally by tumor type (glioblastoma multiforme [GM] or non-glioblastoma multiforme [NGM] malignant gliomas). On study entry, patients were rated by the Karnofsky performance scale and the extent of surgical resection of tumor. Time to tumor progression was the end point for the study. While NGM patients with Karnofsky ratings of ⩾60 did better on both arms of the study (median time to tumor progression [MTP] of 50 and 72 wks for BHR and BR, respectively), GM patients showed statistically significant differences ( p = 0.4) between the two arms (MTPs of 41 and 31 wks for BHR and BR, respectively). GM patients with subtotal tumor resection did slightly better on BHR (49 wks, p = 0.03) than BR (31 wks).
Microbial community PLFA and PHB responses to ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils

Native North American prairie grasslands are renowned for the richness of their soils, having excellent soil structure and very high organic content and microbial biomass. In this study, surface soils from three prairie restorations of varying ages and plant community compositions were compared with a nearby undisturbed native prairie remnant and a cropped agricultural field in terms of soil physical, chemical and microbial properties. Soil moisture, organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, total sulfur, C:N, water-holding capacity and microbial biomass (total PLFA) were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the virgin prairie remnant as well as the two long-term (21 and 24 year) prairie restorations, compared with the agricultural field and the restoration that was begun more recently (7 years prior to sampling). Soil bulk density was significantly greater (p<0.05) in the agricultural and recently restored sites. In most cases, the soil quality indicators and microbial community structures in the restoration sites were intermediate between those of the virgin prairie and the agricultural sites. Levels of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and PLFA indicators of nutritional stress were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the agricultural and recent restoration sites than in the long-term restorations or the native prairie. Samples could be assigned to the correct site by discriminant analysis of the PLFA data, with the exception that the two long-term restoration sites overlapped. Redundancy analysis showed that prairie age (p<0.005) was the most important environmental factor in determining the PLFA microbial community composition, with C:N (p<0.015) also being significant. These findings demonstrate that prairie restorations can lead to improved quality of surface soils. We predict that the conversion of farmland into prairie will shift the soil quality, microbial community biomass and microbial community composition in the direction of native prairies, but with the restoration methods tested it may take many decades to approach the levels found in a virgin prairie throughout the soil profile.
Blockade of rapid versus prolonged extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2 activation has differential effects on insulin-induced gene expression.

In the present work, insulin’s regulation of expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3), the putative transcription factor proline-rich induced protein (Pip)92, and insulin-inducible gene-1 (Insig-1) (an ER resident protein involved in regulation of sterol-responsive element-binding protein 1 activation) have been examined in a liver-derived cell line (rat H4IIE hepatoma cells). We report that: 1) insulin-induced transcription of ATF-3, Pip92, and Insig-1 required MEK-ERK activation; 2) insulin-induced transcription of ATF-3 and Pip92 reached maximum levels within 15 min and was blocked by wortmannin but not LY294002; 3) in contrast, the maximum level of insulin-induced transcription of Insig-1 was delayed and was not blocked by either wortmannin or LY294002; 4) insulin activated ERK1/2 in two distinct phases, a rapid peak and a later plateau; 5) the delayed plateau phase of insulin-induced ERK1/2 activation was partially phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase dependent; and 6) however, the rapid, ...
Evaluation of a PSMA-targeted BNF nanoparticle construct

Early detection enables improved prognosis for prostate cancer (PCa). A promising target for imaging and therapy of PCa is the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which exhibits both expression within the epithelium of PCa cells, and becomes internalized upon ligand binding. Here we report the synthesis of a PSMA-targeted bionized nanoferrite (BNF) nanoparticle and its biological evaluation in an experimental model of PCa. The BNF nanoparticle formulation exhibits properties conducive to targeted imaging such as stealth, prolonged circulation time and enhanced clearance from non-target sites. Optical imaging of the targeted BNF in vivo indicates preferential accumulation in PSMA+ tumors 4 h post-injection, suggesting target specificity. On the other hand, non-targeted nanoparticles exhibit lower uptake with similar accumulation in both PSMA+ and PSMA− tumors indicating tumor access without preferential accumulation. Imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and biodistribution studies of a modified construct indicate highest tumor accumulation at 48 h post-injection [4.3 ± 0.4 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID g−1)], with tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios of 7.5 ± 2.4 and 11.6 ± 1.2 %ID g−1, respectively. Ex vivo fluorescence microscopy, Prussian blue staining, immunohistochemistry and biodistribution studies confirm enhanced nanoparticle uptake in PSMA+ tumors compared to those not expressing PSMA. The BNF nano-formulation described is promising for PSMA-targeted imaging applications in vivo.
“A Theory Waiting to Be Discovered and Used”: A Reanalysis of Canonical Experiments on Majority‐Rule Decision Making

The paper offers a reassessment of canonical attempts to address a fundamental question about majority rule: what is the relationship between the preferences held by the participants and the outcomes that emerge from their interactions? Previous work, based on the analysis of abstract spatial models or relying on data from real-world spatial experiments, has yielded a mass of contradictory findings. Our work applies a new technique for estimating the uncovered set, a concept that describes a fundamental constraint on majority rule: given the preferences of decision makers, which outcomes can emerge from majority-rule decision making? By applying the uncovered set to a series of previous experiments on majority rule, we show that their seemingly bizarre and incompatible findings are in fact consistent with a clearly specified theory of how sophisticated individuals make decisions in majority-rule settings.
Partial Decentralized Wireless Control Through Distributed Computing for Seismically Excited Civil Structures: Theory and Validation

This study presents a partially-decentralized control scheme for wireless control of large civil structures. Reducing the seismic response of a structure reduces the likelihood of significant damage to the structure or its occupants. The cost of implementing such a system is reduced by employing wireless sensors, thus avoiding the prohibitive cost of installing cable-based systems. Wireless sensors with embedded computational abilities capable of sensing and actuation can perform structural control tasks without a central computer. A wireless sensor network is developed composed of wireless sensors employing identical static Kalman estimators. The wireless sensors command actuators with LQR derived state-feedback control forces based on state vectors locally calculated from embedded Kalman estimators. Each unit compares the estimated state values to their local measured state data; in the case where the estimate error exceeds a predefined threshold, replaces the estimated value with the measured value and transmits the update to the entire wireless sensor network. By strategically transmitting only some of the measured data, this scheme reduces demand on the limited wireless bandwidth and energy resources associated with wireless sensor networks. Numerical simulation results using this scheme are presented as well as experimental results for a half-scale 3-story steel structure with magnetorheological (MR) dampers controlling each floor.
DRYING LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE SLABS

To study unsteady state problems of heat and mass transfer in concrete pavements, which are generally considered to be fine porous media, both relevant material characteristics and transport properties must be considered simultaneously. A system of nondimensional differential equations for heat and mass transfer in porous media is derived and used to investigate the drying history of moisture content in a particular light-weight concrete slab. An implicit finite difference numerical scheme is employed for obtaining the numerical results. The results show that the Lewis number Le, Bi h number Bi m play an essential role in the simultaneous mass and heat transfer.
From the consent of the routed: improving the transparency of the RPKI

The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) is a new infrastructure that prevents some of the most devastating attacks on interdomain routing. However, the security benefits provided by the RPKI are accomplished via an architecture that empowers centralized authorities to unilaterally revoke any IP prefixes under their control. We propose mechanisms to improve the transparency of the RPKI, in order to mitigate the risk that it will be used for IP address takedowns. First, we present tools that detect and visualize changes to the RPKI that can potentially take down an IP prefix. We use our tools to identify errors and revocations in the production RPKI. Next, we propose modifications to the RPKI's architecture to (1) require any revocation of IP address space to receive consent from all impacted parties, and (2) detect when misbehaving authorities fail to obtain consent. We present a security analysis of our architecture, and estimate its overhead using data-driven analysis.
Scripting Web Services Prototypes: As web services become increasingly sophisticated, their practitioners will require skills spanning transaction processing, database management, middleware integration, and asynchronous messaging.

IBM Lightweight Services (LWS), an experimental hosting environment, aims to support rapid prototyping of complex services while insulating developers from advanced issues in multi-threading, transactions, and resource locking. To achieve this we adapt a high-level, event-driven, single-threaded scripting environment to server-side application hosting. Developers may use this freely available environment to create robust web services that store persistent data, consume other services, and integrate with existing middleware. Lightweight services are invoked by standard HTTP SOAP clients, and may in turn invoke other web services using WSDL.
Global engineering education initiative through student organization

Engineering is becoming a more globally aware discipline that is revolutionizing the way individuals interact internationally. Engineering World Health (EWH) — Madison Chapter is a student-initiated organization that has developed opportunities to facilitate both local and global engineering education. Through EWH — Madison Chapter student-initiated activities, this organization has developed an interface between Traditional, Technical, and Translational education mediums. This study attests to the development of global engineering programs in the context of biomedical applications.
The stability of «Q balls» in Rosen’ bimetric theory of gravitation

The approximate solution of a SO2 theory of two scalar fields in the bimetric theory of gravitation is discussed. Coleman's suggestion that suchQ matter can be stabilized by an internal rotation in SO2 space leads to stability criteria for theQ matter before the breaking of the SO2 global symmetry. The two distinct masses lead to two different criteria of stability for theQ ball. The problem of the cosmological constant is left as an unanswered and pressing question in the bimetric theory.
The Chemical Industry and Pollution

There are many areas of the chemical industry that must be controlled to avoid ill effects on health and the environment. Throughout this book we have tried to stress individual pollution-related problems. The details of these topics can be found in various chapters. A list of these subjects already discussed is given in Table 25.1. You may wish to review these topics at this time.
GAMMA-EMITTING NUCLIDES IN FALLOUT ASSOCIATED WITH ATMOSPHERIC TESTING DURING THE AUTUMN OF 1961

Type of emission and energy of emission of fission products were investigated to determine the radioisotopes, detectable by gamma spectroscopy, that were due to fallout from atmospheric testing during the autumn of 1961. Gamma spectra made from a sample of lawn grass collected in the Washingion, D. C. area demonstrate the decay of characteristic photopeaks. (auth)
Depreciation: A Rising Cost of Processing Food Products

T OTAL DEPRECIATION charges made by food processing corporations were almost as large as their total net income after taxes in 1959 (Figure 1).1 The difference between the two has been narrowing during the last decade. For all industries in the economy, depreciation exceeded profits (after taxes) during both 1958 and 1959. Depreciation is an imputed cost. It may appear to be arbitrarily determined by accounting conventions. Nevertheless, it is a cost of doing business to the extent that it measures capital consumption. It is in the context of a marketing cost that I will examine trends and factors behind the rise in depreciation. Depreciation costs of food processing corporations more than doubled between 1949 and 1959. Since 1939, they increased more than fourfold. Depreciation per dollar of total receipts declined during World War II. From a low point of 0.7 cents per dollar of total receipts in 1946, depreciation rose steadily to 1.5 cents per dollar in 1959. This rise represents a 5.5 percent annual average rate of increase. Why is depreciation rising? Is it because of large postwar purchases of new machinery and equipment? Is it owed to the adoption of rapid methods of depreciation? Or, are assets being depreciated in a shorter period of time? This paper will be concerned with measuring the importance of these various forces. Original cost times the annual rate of write-off is the method of computing annual depreciation. The rise in total depreciation costs, thus, must be due either to a rise in total cost of depreciable assets, an increase in the rate of write-off, or some combination of the two. Gross depreciable assets of food processing corporations increased only slightly between 1939 and 1946. But since 1946, the rise has been steadily upward. Between 1946 and 1959 the annual rate of increase was 7.6 percent.2 This rise obviously has pushed total depreciation charges upward. But, the rise in depreciable assets per dollar of total receipts amounted
The effect of substrate methylation and of detergent on the reaction of pig liver glutathione S-transferase with linoleate hydroperoxides

glucose and an increase in I4C incorporation into lactate of about 100%. Specific activities of lactate and pyruvate are also increased by more than 100%. If we consider the sum of radioactivity in (lactate plus pyruvate plus glucose) as an indication of the total d.p.m. which have passed through the stage of PEP, the d.p.m. in (lactate plus pyruvate) expressed as a percentage of the total d.p.m. in (lactate plus pyruvate plus glucose) can be taken as an indication of the extent of ‘futile cycling’ at this level of the gluconeogenic pathway. The value obtained for non-treated cells was lo%, which is in the range previously reported by Grunnet & Katz (1978). In the presence of DEM or phorone this values increases to 24% and to 21% respectively. Thus GSH depletion induced with any of both xenobiotics results in similar effects on propionate metabolism of isolated rat hepatocytes. We recently observed an inhibition of gluconeogenesis induced by GSH depletion (Saez et al., 1985a,b). Here we show that this inhibition can be explained by an increase in the flux through pyruvate kinase. Membrane integrity and other indicators of metabolic competence, such as ATP levels, were not affected by GSH depletion. Thus GSH depletion by treatment with substrates of GSH S-transferase may have other metabolic effects. Indeed, Krack et al. ( 1 980) showed an increase in glycogen degradation of rat hepatocytes induced by 0.9 mM-DEM, without changes in cell membrane integrity. I t is worthwhile emphasizing that inhibition of gluconeogenesis and the increase in PEP recycling occurs only when GSH concentrations fall below a critical level ( I .5 pmol/g) in agreement with the glutathione threshold theory of Jollow (1 980).
CMOS-Compatible Self-Aligned In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFETs With Gate Lengths Down to 30 nm

We demonstrate self-aligned fully-depleted 20-nm-thick In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As-channel MOSFETs using CMOS-compatible device structures and manufacturable process flows. These devices consist of self-aligned source/drain extensions and self-aligned raised source/drain with low sheet resistance of 360 and 115 Ω/sq, respectively. We demonstrate short-channel MOSFETs with gate lengths L G down to 30 nm, low series resistance R EXT = 375 Ω·μm, and high peak saturation transconductance G MSAT = 1275 μS/μm at L G = 50 nm and drain bias V DS = 0.5 V. We obtain long-channel capacitive inversion thickness TINV = 2.3 nm and effective mobility μ EFF = 650 cm 2 /Vs at sheet carrier density N S = 5 × 10 12 cm -2 . Finally, using a calibrated quasi-ballistic FET model, we argue that for L G ≤ 20 nm, μ EFF ≈ 1000 cm 2 /Vs will lead to short-channel MOSFETs operating within 10% of the ballistic limit. Thus, our III-V processes and device structures are well-suited for future generations of high-performance CMOS applications at short gate lengths and tight gate pitches.
CB-14GENOMIC APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY CODING AND NONCODING RNA TARGETS IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA.

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite recent treatment advances, approximately 40% of children experience tumour recurrence, and 30% will die from this disease. Medulloblastoma includes four groups (SHH, WNT, Group 3 and Group 4), which show differences in karyotype, histology, and prognosis. Since some of these tumors originate from granule cell progenitors (GCPs) of the cerebellum a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling progenitor cycle exit and differentiation could unravel new promising targets for medulloblastoma. To gain insight into the mechanisms controlling GCP proliferation and differentiation, we performed RNA sequencing of GCPs at different stages of differentiation. These cells originate in the external germinal layer (EGL) of the cerebellum, undergo predominantly symmetric divisions during early postnatal EGL development, and exit the cell cycle within a narrow time frame. We studied GCP cell cycle exit and obtained several differentially expressed lncRNAs governing neuronal differentiation. We demonstrate that some of these lncRNAs are involved in GCP cell cycle exit and are potentially dysregulated in mouse models of medulloblastoma. Further, we demonstrate that the Anaphase Promoting Complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is also potentially dysregulated in medulloblastoma, thus leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation via lncRNA expression. These studies underscore a previously unappreciated role for APC/C in controlling epigenetic pathways in medulloblastoma.
SUBMICRON—CRYSTALLIZATION OF LOW CARBON STEELS THROUGH TRANSFORMATION

Based on transformation,a process of submicron-crystallization of a low carbon micro-alloyed steel was proposed．The austenite grain size was refined to 1-2μm through heavy warm deformation and cycle-quenching;under common continuous cooling conditions,the grain size of ferrite transformed from the ultrafine austenite will be near to or larger than the original austenite grain size; but if the heavy deformation was applied below Ar3 during cooling,the uniform and equiaxed ferrites with grain size range of 0.1-0．3μm can be obtained．The heavy warm deformation can make the car- bides in original microstructure distribute uniformly,which accelerated the dissolution of the carbides and the formation of ultrafine austenite．The main mechanism of deformation induced transformation of ultrafine austenite to ferrite is that the nucleation of ferrite along austenite boundary is enhanced by boundary slipping of austenite．
PAN Collecting, Condensing and Isolating Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination of Copper, Cadmium, Zinc and Iron in Table Salt

Objective To set up an analytical method for simultaneous determination of trace-metals: copper, cadmium, zinc, and iron in table salt. Methods The table salt test samples were dissolved in water, adopted the 1-[2-pyridlazo]-2 naphthol (PAN) as collecting-isolating reagent for the trace metal ions and then, chloroform extraction and nitric acid reverse extraction of these metal ions were performed. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination was applied. Results The detection limit was 0.030, 0.010, 0.017, and 0.20μg/g for Cu, Cd, Zn, and Fe, and the limit range was 0.00～0.60μg respectively. The respective relatively standard deviation (RSD) of the four trace metal ions was 0.97～2.67%, 3.06～4.17%, 0.73～1.01%, and 1.09～2.70%; and the recovery rates of these 4 metal ions were 93.0%, 110.0%, 105.5%, and 96.6% respectively. Conclusion After the PAN isolating-collecting condensation, the iron, copper, cadmium, and zinc ions in the table salt can be examined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the method is simple and convenient. Both the sensitivity and accuracy can get to the analytical desirability.