cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of heart sounds to acceleration of blood flow.

A concept has been presented that abrupt acceleration or deceleration of blood flow is associated with an energy source sufficient to displace the mass of the heart, and that, consequently, this mass will oscillate at a sum of frequencies that are a function of chamber mass and restoring forces. Induced pressure transients may be observed in all chambers, the lower frequencies appearing on conventional pressure tracings, the higher frequencies as intracardiac sound. Using high frequency response instrumentation in dogs, intravascular sound has been compared with pressure and flow events throughout the cardiac cycle. (1) The first component of the first heart sound occurs during early isometric ventricular contraction and is associated with lower frequency pressure transients that may berecorded from all chambers of the heart. The left atrial "c-wave" is one of these transients. (2) The second component of the first heart sound occurs during ventricular ejection, and appears to be a function of acceleration of aortic blood flow. (3) The second heart sound begins significantly before aortic valve closure, while forward flow is still going on, and is proportional to the magnitude of deceleration of blood flow. (4) The third heart sound appears only in the presence of left ventricular failure at the time of rapid ventricular filling, and is associated with a low frequency wave recordable from the central aorta. The production of these transients is presumed to be deceleration of inflow as the limits of ventricular relaxation are reached. (5) A fourth sound arises coincident with pressure transients in other chambers as atrial systole further distends the left ventricle. It is proposed that acceleration and deceleration of blood flow is a sufficient and necessary condition for the origin of cardiovascular sound transients.
Effect of perturbation theory on the spectrum of ideal magnetohydrodynamic and guiding centre plasmas

For a high β screw pinch it is shown explicitly how the perturbation theory distorts the spectrum of ideal magnetohydrodynamics and guiding centre plasmas. In particular it is seen why the Cauchy integrals (present in the nonperturbative linearized guiding centre plasma model, and which are necessary for the isotropic pressure guiding centre plasma eigenvalue problem to differ from that for magnetohydrodynamics) are absent in the perturbation theory. This result holds also for axially and helically symmetric systems. The distortions in the m = 1 growth rates are also presented.
High-efficiency pulsed 10.6-Mu m phase-conjugate reflection via degenerate four-wave mixing.

We present the first reported observation in the infrared of nonlinear phase-conjugated reflection. This was achieved via degenerate four-wave mixing in polycrystalline germanium. The observation was facilitated by taking advantage of the counterpropagating (strong) waves internal to a pulsed CO2 laser cavity. The measured effective reflectivity was 2% with a 10-mm interaction length. This simple intracavity technique is generally applicable to any nonlinear material transparent at the wavelength of the laser into which it is inserted.
Report of the workshop on software engineering foundations for end-user programming

The Workshop on Software Engineering Foundations for End-User Programming (SEEUP) was held at the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) in Vancouver, British Columbia on May 23, 2009. This workshop discussed end-user programming with a specific focus on the software engineering that is required to make it a more disciplined process, while still hiding the complexities of greater discipline from the end user. Speakers covered how to understand the problems and needs of the real end users of end-user programming. The discussion focused on the software engineering and supporting technology that would have to be in place to address these problems and needs.
A Preliminary Report on Indian Ruins Discovered Near the Crest of the Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona*

References to the superstitious fear with which the Barringer Meteorite Crater, near Canyon Diablo, Arizona, was regarded by the native dwellers of the Southwest, and to their avoidance of the Crater site, are abundant in the literature of meteoritics. Discovery of points and other artifacts on the flanks of the Crater by the Ohio State University Meteorite Expedition of 1939 first cast doubt on the validity of legendary scare-stories concerning the Indians, and this doubt was intensified by the discovery, in 1948–49, of remarkable arrowheads and pottery-shards, well up on the rim of the Crater, by Mr. Theodore E. Johnson, the Custodian of the Crater. In an effort to settle the question of possible Indian occupancy of the rim, archeological investigations were carried on by the Institute of Meteoritics at the Crater in the summer of 1950. As a result, not only were many points and other artifacts collected, but also Indian ruins, constructed from blocks of the Coconino sandstone occurring in the Crater rim, were discovered. One of these ruins, situated only 250 feet below the crest of the Crater rim, was completely excavated by Institute personnel, and is believed to date from a.d. 1300, at the latest.
A quantum-modeled K-means clustering algorithm for multi-band image segmentation

A Quantum-Modeled K-Means clustering algorithm for multi-band image segmentation is explored and evaluated. Data sets of interest include multi-band RGB imagery, which subsequent to classification is analyzed and assessed for accuracy. Results demonstrate that under specific conditions the algorithm exhibits improved accuracy, when compared to its classical counterpart.
School Health Education: Does It Cause an Effect?

We have tried to raise several issues in this paper. First, schools are very complex systems. It is as difficult to generalize about schools as it is to generalize about the children in them. Second, because of this complexity, any serious discussion of outcomes resulting from any educational program requires a commitment to specificity in problem identification and planning. Third, the current national interest in health promotion, disease prevention and risk reduction has given rise to a greater emphasis on the principles of epidemiologic analysis. This kind of analysis facilitates a focus on outcomes which are, to varying degrees, contributing factors to specific health problems. Fourth, while there are those who fear that this emphasis may compromise the traditional goals of schools, there is clear evidence that the addition of an epidemiologic cause/effect dimension to school health education is consistent both with the tenets of major educational philosophers as well as the goals of health education as stated by scholars in the field. Fifth, the process of decision-making (the assessment of which is admittedly primitive at this point) represents the bridge across which the science of epidemiology can cooperatively join hands with the art of education toward the goal of enhancing the competence of children and youth.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Elderly

Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is generally considered a disease of young adults, it can occur in elderly individuals. The clinical features and treatment considerations in older patients are similar to those in younger patients, with some notable exceptions, which are reviewed in this article. Consideration of appropriate differential diagnoses is critical in older IBD patients to achieve the correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The risks associated with use of some IBD medications may be increased in older patients, but so is the risk of under-treated IBD and surgery. Therefore, in older IBD patients, as in younger patients, a thorough understanding of the indications, contraindications, and potential adverse effects of the various medications used to treat the condition is essential.
Effect of Dietary Calcium Level, Calcium Lactate and Ascorbic Acid on the Egg Production of S.C. White Leghorn Hens

Abstract A NUMBER of recent investigations have been concerned with those nutrients which influence egg production and particularly the egg shell. Petersen et al. (1959) reported that egg shell quality was significantly improved by dietary calcium levels which were considerably higher than the previously estimated requirement. A level of 3.75 percent significantly increased the specific gravity of eggs as compared to that with 2.25 percent. Calcium levels of 4.50 and 5.25 percent resulted in further increases, but of less magnitude. Thornton and Moreng (1958, 1959) reported that the addition of ascorbic acid to the hen’s diet would maintain or improve shell quality during heat stress. Further studies by Thornton (1960a), and Thornton and Deeb (1961) have suggested that the response to ascorbic acid may be influenced by factors other than heat stress: namely dietary protein level, calcium level and the bird’s metabolic rate. In studies conducted by Pepper et al. (1961) …
The anomalous lowering of the glass transition of an epoxy resin by plasticization with water

The validity of the assertion that 6 to 7 wt% absorbed water lowers the glass transition,T g, (~250° C) of a highly cross-linked, high temperature epoxy resin (NARMCO 5208) by 100 to 150° C was investigated by a number of thermoanalytical techniques. This plasticization is of significance to the use of organic matrix composition skins on supersonic aircraft which experience a sudden “thermal spike”, and supposedly a sudden loss in modulus. The study was complicated by the loss of water above 100° C during the tests and the decomposition of the polymer at about the temperature of its apparent glass transition. No glass transition could be observed by differential scanning calorimetry and the thermal mechanical analyser gave inconclusive results. The dynamic mechanical analyser gave a clear indication of a glass-like transition at about 250° C which was reversible, reappearing upon cooling and reheating. This transition could not be related to the decomposition of the sample. Absorption of 7 wt% water broadened and lowered the transition by about 50° C. However, after studying the rate of change of the modulus of the resin from the plasticized state to the dry state it was concluded that the absorbed water lowersT g by only 50° C and not the 100 to 150° C claimed by others. Moreover, the mechanism of this apparent glass transition differs from that of a normalT g, and may involve the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
VII—The Significance of Self‐Consciousness in Idealist Theories of Logic

Among Kant's innovations in the understanding of logic (‘general logic’) were his claims that logic had no content of its own, but was the form of the thought of any possible content, and that the unit of meaning, the truth-bearer, judgement, was essentially apperceptive. Judging was implicitly the consciousness of judging. This was for Kant a logical truth. This article traces the influence of the latter claim on Fichte, and, for most of the discussion, on Hegel. The aim is to understand the relations among self-consciousness, reason and freedom in the idealist tradition.
pH dependence of the in situ formation of an organicN-chloramine water disinfectant

Staphylococcus aureus was used to assess the bactericidal efficacy of aqueous solutions of the organicN-chloramine compound 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I) formed in situ. The rate of in situ formation, accomplished by reacting free chlorine with the amine precursor, was a function of pH. When the reagents were combined under acidic conditions (pH≤5.5) and allowed to react for 22 h, sufficient residual free chlorine was present to inactivate the bacteria in less than 5 min. When combined under less acidic conditions (pH≥6.0), comparable bacterial inactivation required 30–60 min due to the extensive reaction of the free chlorine to form agent I. The kill rates present under less acidic and neutral conditions are equivalent to those for pre-formed agent I. In water disinfection applications for pH≥6.0, in situ formation of agent I would provide a combination of rapid initial and slower long-term disinfection.
The role of transforming growth factor β in cervical remodeling within the rat cervix

Objective Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a central role in extracellular matrix remodeling. We hypothesized that TGFβ signaling is involved in cervical remodeling. This study evaluated patterns within this signaling pathway. Study Design The cervices of nonpregnant and timed pregnant rats were obtained. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of TGFβ1, TGFβ receptor 1 (TβR1), TβR2, and TβR3 was evaluated. Four animals were euthanized for each time point. Western blotting was performed for protein expression. Phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)-2 and -3 phosphorylation was assessed to evaluate TGFβ activation. Results TGFβ1 mRNA increased through day 21 and declined on day 22 (analysis of variance, P = .001). TβR1 expression was unchanged. TβR2 and TβR3 mRNA expression was similar to TGFβ1. TβR3 protein expression was similar to mRNA. Smad2 phosphorylation paralleled changes in TβR3. Conclusion Components of the TGFβ signaling pathway increase during pregnancy along with Smad2 activation. The decline on day 22 correlates with a transition to the ripening phase supporting a role in cervical remodeling.
Identifying future directions for subsurface hydrocarbon migration research

Subsurface hydrocarbon migration is important for understanding the input and impacts of natural hydrocarbon seepage on the environment. Great uncertainties remain in most aspects of hydrocarbon migration, including some basic mechanisms of this four-phase flow of tar, oil, water, and gas through the complex fracture-network geometry particularly since the phases span a wide range of properties. Academic, government, and industry representatives recently attended a workshop to identify the areas of greatest need for future research in shallow hydrocarbon migration. Novel approaches such as studying temporal and spatial seepage variations and analogous geofluid systems (e.g., geysers and trickle beds) allow deductions of subsurface processes and structures that remain largely unclear. Unique complexities exist in hydrocarbon migration due to its multiphase flow and complex geometry, including in-situ biological weathering. Furthermore, many aspects of the role of hydrocarbons (positive and negative) in the environment are poorly understood, including how they enter the food chain (respiration, consumption, etc.) and “percolate” to higher trophic levels. But understanding these ecological impacts requires knowledge of the emissions' temporal and spatial variability and trajectories.
From hot ellipsoid to colder torus: structure and temperature changes of laser induced plasmas

Using time resolved emission spectroscopy we have recorded changes in both shape and spectral content of the light emitting region of laser generated sparks in argon during the first 100 microseconds after the laser pulse.
Commonalities and differences in infant feeding attitudes and practices in the context of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A metasynthesis

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has been identified as a key intervention to promote infant health and to reduce the vertical transmission of HIV. Despite this knowledge and increased resources to promote EBF, the practice in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains low among HIV+ women. Although a number of qualitative studies have been conducted throughout SSA, the influences on and consequences of infant feeding choices of HIV+ mothers' findings have not been regarded systematically. Therefore, our objective was to identify overarching themes, commonalities, and differences in infant feeding choices among qualitative studies with HIV+ mothers in SSA. Sixteen qualitative studies of infant feeding practices in the context of HIV were identified. Noblit and Hare's seven-step metasynthesis methodology was used to analyze the experiences of HIV+ women and those who provide infant feeding services/counseling. Data were available from approximately 920 participants (i.e., 750 HIV+ mothers, 109 health-care providers, an...
History-aware query optimization with materialized intermediate views

The use of materialized views derived from the intermediate results of frequently executed queries is a popular strategy for improving performance in query workloads. Optimizers capable of matching such views with inbound queries can generate alternative execution plans that read the materialized contents directly instead of re-computing the corresponding subqueries, which tends to result in reduced query execution times. In this paper, we introduce an architecture called Hawc that extends a cost-based logical optimizer with the capability to use history information to identify query plans that, if executed, produce intermediate result sets that can be used to create materialized views with the potential to reduce the execution time of future queries. We present techniques for using knowledge of past queries to assist the query optimizer and match, generate and select useful materialized views. Experimental results indicate that these techniques provide substantial improvements in workload execution time.
An approximation theory for conjugate surfaces and solutions of elliptic multiple integral problems: Application to numerical solutions of generalized Laplace's equation

Abstract An approximation theory is given for a class of elliptic quadratic forms which include the study of conjugate surfaces for elliptic multiple integral problems. These ideas follow from the quadratic form theory of Hestenes, applied to multiple integral problems by Dennemeyer, and extended with applications for approximation problems by Gregory. The application of this theory to a variety of approximation problem areas in this setting is given. These include conjugate surfaces and conjugate solutions in the calculus of variations, oscillation problems for elliptic partial differential equations, eigenvalue problems for compact operators, numerical approximation problems, and, finally, the intersection of these problem areas. In the final part of this paper the ideas are specifically applied to the construction and counting of negative vectors in order to obtain new numerical methods for solving Laplace-type equations and to obtain the “Euler-Lagrange equations” for symmetric-banded tridiagonal matrices. In this new result (which will allow the reexamination of both the theory and applications of symmetricbanded matrices) one can construct, in a meaningful way, negative vectors, oscillation vectors, eigenvectors, and extremal solutions of classical problems as well as efficient algorithms for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Numerical examples (test runs) are given.
A Comparison of Nonparametric Tests of Weak Separability for Annual and Quarterly Data on Consumption, Leisure, and Money

Among the most fundamental assumptions made in economics are utility maximization and the separability of the arguments in the representative consumer's utility function. These assumptions are important for theoretical and empirical applications of economics. In this article, we present results from nonparametric tests of these assumptions of consumer behavior. We find that utility maximization generally obtains with either annual or quarterly per capita data on consumption goods, leisure, and relatively liquid monetary assets. Annual data on consumption goods, leisure, and all monetary assets are consistent with utility maximization. There is some evidence in support of using partial adjustment models when estimating quarterly data models of the demand for monetary assets. Further, annual data on consumption goods and leisure and on liquid monetary assets meet the necessary and sufficient conditions for weak separability. These results support the notion of a monetary aggregate more broadly based than cu...
Evaluation of WERA HF radar observations: currents, winds and waves

Within the Straits of Florida, a strongly sheared western boundary current interacts with waves and wind to produce a complex environment that is difficult to forecast, and makes in situ data collection at the ocean surface challenging. For these reasons, ensuring accurate remote measurements of current velocity, significant wave height and wind direction from high frequency (HF) radar is an ongoing priority. In this study, we deploy a subsurface mooring in the HF radar footprint that is equipped with Nortek’s Acoustic Wave and Current Profiler (AWAC), and collect wind data from a nearby meteorological station. We evaluate the HF radar measurements through a comparison with these independent in situ datasets. With regard for their sampling differences, our results show that the remote and in situ instruments compared favorably. For the majority of the deployment, the current velocity exceeded 2 m s-1 at the mooring; this created excessive drag on the buoy leading to instrument tilt. For this reason, the mooring design and instrument performance are examined in closer detail. These preliminary results demonstrate the importance of collecting remote high resolution data from HF radar over the Straits of Florida.
1,2-Thiaborolide: A New Heteroaromatic π-Ligand Containing Boron and Sulfur

The heteroaromatic anion lithium 2-(diisopropylamino)-1,2-thiaborolide (3) has been prepared by a synthesis using the Grubbs ring-closing metathesis. 3 has been converted to the Cp*Ru complex 10, the Cp*ZrCl2 complex 11, and the Me2Si-bridged CpZrCl2 complex 15.
Nonstressed fetal heart rate monitoring in the antepartum period

The role of nonstressed monitoring of the fetal heart rate (HR) in determining fetal well-being during the antepartum period was assessed in 125 high-risk patients. Observations on HR, variability, and HR response to fetal movement (FM) and uterine contractions (UC) over a 30 minute period were made with an external microphone and tocotransducer. A total of 625 tests were performed; the earliest gestation tested was 28 weeks, and the latest was 46 weeks. A reactive pattern (variability greater than 6 b.p.m. and accelerations with FM) appears to be a reliable indicator of fetal well-being. All the 51 fetuses exhibiting this pattern survived. This group also had the lowest incidence of neonatal complications. On the other hand, of the babies who failed to show variability greater than 6 b.p.m. or accelerations with FM (nonreactive pattern), 40% died in the perinatal period. Thirty-five patients showed features of both a reactive and nonreactive pattern (combined pattern). Poor outcome in this group was confined to those in whom the majority of the pattern was nonreactive. An undulating HR pattern with virtually absent variability (sinusoidal pattern) was found in 20 Rh-sensitized fetuses, 50% of whom died in the perinatal period. Bradycardia and tachycardia were not found to be reliable signs of fetal distress antepartum. Of the 12 fetuses who died during observation, six showed late decelerations with spontaneous UC but all showed diminished variability. The close correlation between nonstressed patterns and neonatal outcome demonstrated by this preliminary study warrants further use of this technique for fetal evaluation.
Organizational change and psychological reactance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the resistance to change in the organizational contexts where a soon‐to‐be‐implemented change initiative infringes upon freedoms of the employees. Specifically, the role of affect was explored within the framework of psychological reactance theory, delineating salience of affect as a driver of the intention to restore one's threatened freedoms. Additionally, the roles that emotional intelligence and interpersonal justice play in lowering the activation of reactance were examined.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper that connects self‐determination, reactance, organizational change, emotional intelligence and justice literatures to explain how psychological reactance may be energized and de‐energized in the context of on‐going organizational change.Findings – The study suggests that organizational change is likely to undermine employees' freedoms, which will arouse negative affective states. The latter are likely to energize reactance –...
Role of GABA receptors in nitric oxide inhibition of dorsolateral periaqueductal gray neurons.

Nitric oxide (NO) affects neuronal activity of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The purpose of this report was to investigate the role of GABA receptors in NO modulation of neuronal activity through inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs within the dorsolateral PAG (dl-PAG). First, spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were recorded using whole cell voltage-clamp methods. Increased NO by either S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP, 100 μM) or L-arginine (50 μM) significantly augmented the frequency of mIPSCs of the dl-PAG neurons without altering their amplitudes or decay time constants. The effects were eliminated after bath application of carboxy-PTIO (NO scavenger), and 1-(2-trifluorom-ethylphenyl) imidazole (NO synthase inhibitor). In contrast, SNAP and L-arginine did not alter mEPSCs in dl-PAG neurons. However the frequency of mEPSCs was significantly increased with prior application of the GABAB receptors antagonist, {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"CGP55845","term_id":"875097176","term_text":"CGP55845"}}CGP55845. In addition, NO significantly decreased the discharge rate of spontaneous action potentials in the dl-PAG neurons and the effect was reduced in the presence of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Our data show that within the dl-PAG NO potentiates the synaptic release of GABA, while NO-induced GABA presynaptically inhibits glutamate release through GABAB receptors. Overall, NO suppresses neuronal activity of the dl-PAG via a potentiation of GABAergic synaptic inputs and via GABAA receptors.
Thermodynamics: Engines and demons

Brownian motion in a feedback-controlled optical trap provides a minimal experimental realization of a Szilard engine, confirming fluctuation theorems and demonstrating the importance of spontaneous symmetry breaking in small thermodynamic systems.
Effects of Deprivation upon Aggression in Rats

It was predicted that the effects of food deprivation upon spontaneous aggression in rats would be to increase the likelihood of victory. The results indicated, however, that deprivation decreased the chances of winning. The effect of deprivation upon exit latencies from the home cage was to decrease latencies. A tendency was noted for victorious rats to have shorter exit latencies than defeated rats.
Identification of the disulfide bonds in the recombinant somatomedin B domain of human vitronectin.

The NH2-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain (residues 1–44) of human vitronectin contains eight Cys residues organized into four disulfide bonds and is required for the binding of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). In the present study, we map the four disulfide bonds in recombinant SMB (rSMB) and evaluate their functional importance. Active rSMB was purified from transformed Escherichia coli by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conformational epitope in SMB (monoclonal antibody 153). Plasmon surface resonance (BIAcore) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrate that the purified rSMB domain and intact urea-activated vitronectin have similar PAI-1 binding activities. The individual disulfide linkages present in active rSMB were investigated by CNBr cleavage, partial reduction andS-alkylation, mass spectrometry, and protein sequencing. Two pairs of disulfide bonds at the NH2-terminal portion of active rSMB were identified as Cys5–Cys9 and Cys19–Cys21. Selective reduction/S-alkylation of these two disulfide linkages caused the complete loss of PAI-1 binding activity. The other two pairs of disulfide bonds in the COOH-terminal portion of rSMB were identified as Cys25–Cys31 and Cys32–Cys39 by protease-generated peptide mapping of partially reduced and S-alkylated rSMB. These results suggest a linear uncrossed pattern for the disulfide bond topology of rSMB that is distinct from the crossed pattern present in most small disulfide bond-rich proteins.
Herpesvirus-associated nuclear antigen(s) in cells biochemically transformed by fragments of herpesvirus DNA and in somatic cell hybrids.

Abstract Human and mouse cells biochemically transformed by ultraviolet light (UV)-irradiated HSV-1 express HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) activity and also express type-specific herpesvirus-associated nuclear antigen(s) (HANA). To identify the HSV-1 DNA sequences coding for HANA and their location on the viral genome, studies were carried out on: (i) somatic cell hybrid clones obtained by fusing mouse [LM(TK−)] cells with UV-irradiated HSV-1-transformed human [HeLa(BU25)/KOS 8-1] cells; and (ii) LM(TK−) cells biochemically transformed with restriction endonuclease fragments of DNA which code for HSV-1 TK. Molecular hybridization experiments were also carried out and demonstrated that HSV-1 DNA sequences coding for TK were integrated in the biochemically transformed cells. The human-mouse somatic cell hybrid clones (LH81) which were HSV-1 TK+ were also HANA+, while clones counterselected in bromodeoxyuridine which had lost HSV-1 TK activity and DNA sequences likewise lost HANA. Previous studies had shown that the HSV-1 TK gene of LH81 hybrid clones was associated with a marker chromosome, designated M7, which consists of a human chromosome 17 translocated to the short arm of chromosome 3, or a modified M7 chromosome containing a translocation from a mouse chromosome. The present results indicate that at least one HANA gene was integrated in the same chromosome as the HSV-1 TK gene. LM(TK−) cells biochemically transformed by HSV-1 DNA restriction nuclease fragments of diminishing size, which map in the HpaI-I region (26.2 to 31.7) of the HSV-1 genome, were HANA+ as well as TK+. The HANA+ cells included LM(TK−)/TF pAGO PP and LM(TK−)/TF pAGO PS clones. The latter are clones of LM(TK−) cells biochemically transformed, respectively, by a PvuII fragment (1.35 × 106 daltons) and a PvuII-SmaI fragment (0.9 × 106 daltons; 30.2 to 31.1 map units) of HSV-1 DNA derived from Escherichia coli plasmid, pAGO. Since the PvuII-SmaI DNA fragment has only enough genetic information to code for a polypeptide of about 53,000 daltons and the HSV-1 TK polypeptide is about 40,000 daltons, the findings indicate that the genes for HSV-1 TK and one herpesvirus-associated nuclear antigen are either contiguous or overlapping, or HSV-1 TK and one HANA gene are identical.
The ultimobranchial body in rana pipiens. XI. Response to increased dietary calcium--evidence of possible physiological function.

Ultimobranchialectomy (UBX), and presumably removal of calcitonin, was performed on adult male Rana pipens. Frogs held in tap water for periods of 2 weeks displayed a slight butconsistent hypercalcemia associated with hypercalciuria. Serum phosphate levels were not altered; however, there was a slight hyperphosphaturia. When UBX and normal frogs were maintained in 150 mEq/1 calcium water for 55 hr, there was a rise in serum calcium to 13.0 mg/100 ml, while controls were slightly elevated to 11.4 mg/100 ml from a normal of 10.6 mg/100 ml. Urinary calcium in UBX frogs rose to 14 mg/100 ml, while controls were 8 mg/ 100 ml. Parathyroidectomized (PTX) frogs exhibited elevations in urinary and serum calcium comparable to controls, while PTX-UBX frogs showed greater increases in serum and urinary calcium than the other groups. The hyperphosphaturic response of UBX, PTX and PTXUBX frogs seen in tap water was reversed when placed in high calcium. Serum phosphate concentration was lowered in PTX and PTX-UBX frogs ...
Field performance of woodburning stoves in crested butte, Colorado.

The carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions of woodburning stoves have been measured under field conditions. Both conventional airtight stoves and newly installed airtight stoves certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to be low emitters of PM were monitored. The certified stoves were of two types, catalytic and noncatalytic. Compared to the conventional stoves, PM emission rates (g/hr) were reduced approximately 70% by both types of certified stoves. The CO emission rates were reduced 71% and 53% by catalytic and noncatalytic stoves respectively. These rate reductions occur because the certified stoves burn cleaner (less pollutant formation per kg of wood burned) and the average burn rate of certified stoves in field use is less than the average burn rate of conventional stoves.
The democratic deficit of transnational environmental activism: a case study of e-waste governance in India

The literature on transnational activism often associates environmental NGOs with democratic legitimacy, grassroots representation and environmental justice. Authors employ case studies to demonstrate how engaging in transnational networks increases the political agency of environmental NGOs. Yet, there is a tendency mostly to select successful cases. In this article, I investigate the political activities of the environmental NGO, Toxics Link, surrounding the recycling of electronic waste in India. Based on qualitative research, this study shows how the political incorporation of Toxics Link in transnational advocacy networks and domestic governance networks constrains their political agency. The structural exclusion of e-waste labourers from Indian policy negotiations negates the discursive claims of legitimacy, representation and justice. These incorporation processes create a democratic deficit. I use the insights gained from this case study to provide a critical assessment of theories of transnational environmental activism.
The synthesis of 8-isoprogesterone and 8-isotestosterone

Abstract The multi-stage conversion of diosgenin into 8- iso progesterone and 8- iso testosterone is described. These isomers, differing from the natural sex hormones only in the configuration of the inaccessible C-8 center, have been shown to possess considerable hormonal activity.
Stoichiometry for guanine nucleotide binding to tubulin under polymerizing and nonpolymerizing conditions

Abstract The maximal stoichiometry for [ 3 H]GTP binding to depolymerized tubulin with saturating amounts of added [ 3 H]GTP is 0.4 mol/110,000 g protein. In contrast, 1 mol of radioactive nucleotide is incorporated into microtubules as a result of polymerization with [ 3 H]GTP. The different stoichiometries result from a difference in the nucleotide binding properties of ring protein under polymerizing and nonpolymerizing conditions: ring protein at 0 °C is devoid of binding activity but binds added radioactive guanine nucleotide during microtubule assembly. The radioactive nucleotide which is incorporated into rings during microtubule assembly is not displaced by excess GDP, although it is at a site which is distinct from the N site.
The study of the mutarotation of d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-ribose by use of their circular dichroism

Abstract After mutarotation, d -fructose, d -ribose and, to a much smaller extent, d -glucose have c.d. maxima in the region 270–290 nm as well as below 210 nm. The ellipticities at the former wavelengths can be attributed to an acyclic form since compounds having no carbonyl group, such as sucrose, d -glucitol, methyl α- and β- d -glucosides, lack a maximum there whereas d -glyceraldehyde has a maximum at 290 nm. The ellipticities at the short wavelengths are due, at least in part, to ring structures, since all the model compounds absorb there. Sucrose has an especially strong ellipticity Evidence is presented to indicate that both d -fructose and d -ribose have the acyclic form present in the original dry crystals before mutarotation. Ellipticity changes of d -fructose show a single first-order step. The first-order kinetics at the acyclic maximum indicates a rate of formation considerably lower than the rate of mutarotation. The increase of d -ribose in ellipticity at this maximum indicates two simultaneous first-order reactions, one of them being much slower than the other. The mutarotation of α- d -glucose can be followed easily only at a short wavelength and gives a single first-order plot, the rate constant of which agrees with the polarimetric mutarotation constant, and in which the accumulation of acyclic intermediates is not observed to any significant extent. These observations support the suggestion that mutarotation of a sugar proceeds through pseudo -acyclic intermediates which, thereafter, give rise to either the acyclic form or another ring.
A sufficiency class for global (in time) solutions to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations

Abstract Let Ω be an open domain of class C 2 contained in R 3 , let L 2 ( Ω ) 3 be the Hilbert space of square integrable functions on Ω and let H [ Ω ] ≔ H be the completion of the set, { u ∈ ( C 0 ∞ [ Ω ] ) 3 ∣ ∇ ⋅ u = 0 } , with respect to the inner product of L 2 ( Ω ) 3 . A well-known unsolved problem is that of the construction of a sufficient class of functions in H which will allow global, in time, strong solutions to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. These equations describe the time evolution of the fluid velocity and pressure of an incompressible viscous homogeneous Newtonian fluid in terms of a given initial velocity and given external body forces. In this paper, we use the analytic nature of the Stokes semigroup to construct an equivalent norm for H , which provides strong bounds on the nonlinear term. This allows us to prove that, under appropriate conditions, there exists a number u + , depending only on the domain, the viscosity, the body forces and the eigenvalues of the Stokes operator, such that, for all functions in a dense set D contained in the closed ball B ( Ω ) ≕ B of radius 1 2 u + in H , the Navier–Stokes equations have unique, strong, solutions in C 1 ( ( 0 , ∞ ) , H ) .
Endogenous GABA concentration in cortical synaptosomes from young and aged rats.

Abstract The objective of this study are threefold: (1) to compare the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration of a preparation of cortical snaptosomes from young male rats to that of aged rats; (2) to compare the GABA concentration in synaptosomes retained by Millipore filtration for young and aged rats; and (3) to compare the GABA concentration in the synaptosomal preparation to that in synaptosomes retained by Millipore filtration for young and aged rats. The GABA concentration is measured in cortical synaptosomes from Long-Evans rats at 2 months and 30 months of age. Concentration of the synaptosomal preparation declined significantly from 2.97 mM in 2-month animals to 2.68 mM in 30-month animals. In order to compare the results with previous studies of GABA transport, in which Millipore filters are used to separate synaptosomes from incubation medium, the GABA concentration is also measured following placement of synaptosomes on 0.65μ pore size Millipore filters. For both young and aged animals, this population of synaptosomes is found to contain GABA at a concentration more than triple that in the overall population. This is the expected result if the filtration process reduce the non-synaptosomal component of the total preparation, since GABA uptake is known to be a function of the nerve-ending component. Comparison of 2-month and 30-month synaptosomes reveals that the GABA concentration of those synaptosomes retained by the filtration process declined to a greater extent in the aged group than did the content of the overall population (from 9.33mM to 8.37mM). The results are consistent with previous studies of the aging of the GABA transporter in this preparation, in which it was found that the GABA transport capacity declined in the 30-month age group.
Gardner neurovascular decompression of the trigeminal and facial nerves for tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm

Abstract Neurovascular decompession of the trigeminal and facial nerves for tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm has been performed for the past two decades, starting with W. James Gardner in 1959. Although other neurosurgeons have refined and further perfected the operation, reporting large series of successful results, the credit for the concept and original procedures, including use of the surgical microscope, has generally escaped the attention of present-day neurological surgeons. This paper attempts to correct this inequity.
Optimal suspension performance for 2-D vehicle models

Abstract A study is described which was a comprehensive investigation of potential benefits of preview control applied to a linear, two-dimensional (2-D), four-degree-of-freedom, half-car model. The model includes vehicle sprung mass pitch and heave dynamics, and front and rear unsprung masses. By using the discrete-time, optimal Linear Quadratic (LQ) control formulation, it is shown that the preview based on front wheel inputs can contribute to up to 70% reduction of vehicle r.m.s. acceleration, for a given suspension travel, and up to 50% reduction in tire deflection, for a given acceleration level. These improvements are in addition to those already achieved with active suspensions without the preview. The results also indicate that, in view of the available preview times, the preview control is most beneficial at higher speeds and rougher roads.
Efficient Sensing Topology Management for Spatial Monitoring with Sensor Networks

We focus on exploiting redundancy for sensor networks in the context of spatial interpolation. The network acts as a distributed sampling system, where sensors periodically sample a physical phenomenon of interest, e.g. temperature. Samples are then used to construct a continuous spatial estimate of the phenomenon over time through interpolation. In this regime, the notion of sensing range typically utilized to characterize redundancy in event detection applications is meaningless and sensor selection schemes based on it become unsuitable. Instead, this paper presents pragmatic approaches for exploiting redundancy in such applications. Their underlying characteristic is that no a-priori assumptions need to be made on the statistical properties of the physical phenomenon. These are instead learned by the network after deployment. Our approaches are evaluated through real as well as synthetic sensor network data showing that significant reductions in the number of active sensors are indeed possible.
Synthesis of a new photoreactive C5a analog that permits identification of the ligand binding component of the granulocyte C5a receptor.

Human C5a is a complement derived inflammatory mediator that binds to specific receptors that are found in the granulocyte plasma membrane. A new photoreactive C5a analog, that can be radiolabeled in the aryl azide moiety, has been synthesized by coupling p-azidosalicyl-2-mercapto-N-ethylamide-2′-thiopyridine disulfide to a partially reduced form of C5a. This unique analog (ASAMEA-SC5a) specifically bound to the granulocyte C5a receptor with an apparent Kd of 1.8nM, a value that is comparable to that of the native ligand. Photoactivation resulted in crosslinking of this probe to the granulocyte C5a receptor. Subsequent reductions of the complex produced a radiolabeled C5a receptor, or a subunit of this receptor that had an apparent molecular weight of 47,000 Daltons on SDS-PAGE.
The effect of botulinum toxin type A injections on the natural history of equinus foot deformity in paediatric cerebral palsy patients

Neuromuscular blockade with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections was employed to manage equinus foot deformity in the lower extremities of paediatric cerebral palsy patients. The patients were followed to evaluate the effect of the blockade on lower extremity function and to determine the effect of treatment on the need for tendo-Achilles lengthening (TAL) surgery. The average length of follow-up was 3.4 years. Of the 48 patients, 17 (35%) responded to treatment witbin 6 months of initiation of therapy, as determined by a Physician Rating Scale of gait. Overall, 25 (52%) of the 48 patients underwent TAL surgery during the follow-up period, including eight patients who responded to the BTX-A treatment. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 7 years. This age compares favourably with the age at surgery reported in the recent literature. There were no significant differences by responder status, age, or gender in those patients who did and did not require TAL surgery. No adverse events relating to BTX-A were reported. These results indicate that patients who respond to BTX-A treatment have improved physical functioning and gait, and are able to sustain these results long term.
On the motion of a projectile in the atmosphere

The equation of rectilinear motion of a projectile which moves in an atmosphere, of which the density decreases exponentially with the altitude, is solved. It is found that the velocity of the projectile can be expressed explicitly in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions. This theory is applied to treat two specific problems: (1) the flight analysis of a sounding rocket during the freeflight period and (2) the calculation of ambient temperature from the trajectory of a spherical projectile.
An Internal Equity Evaluation System Based on Merit Measures

This paper describes a statistical method developed by the Faculty Personnel Committee of the University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries to identify and correct internal salary inequities among its faculty. Initially implemented in the 1995–1996 fiscal year for forty-seven librarians, the process measures an individual’s scholarly productivity over his or her entire academic career, accounts for years of experience, and adjusts for his or her most recent annual evaluation rating. The individual’s score is then charted against current salary, and a trend line is generated based on the method of least squares. The individual’s distance from the trend line indicates possible salary inequity.
Soil Phosphorus, Management Practices, and Their Relationship to Phosphorus Delivery in the Iowa Clear Lake Agricultural Watershed

Clear Lake is on Iowa's list of impaired water bodies because of high P concentration. This study assessed soil-test phosphorus (STP), management practices, and P loads from its agricultural watershed. Management practice histories and STP for eight basins were surveyed in 1999. Soil samples (15-cm depth) were analyzed for STP with agronomic [Bray P1 (BP), Olsen (OP), Mehlich 3 (M3P) and environmental [iron oxide-impregnated paper (FeP) and water extraction (WP)] tests. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in water discharge from five basins were measured during two years, and TP loads were measured for two basins. The agronomic P tests showed that 46 to 83% (depending on the test) of the area tested above optimum for crops. Correlations among tests were high for OP, M3P, and FeP (r > 0.96) and lower for BP and WP (r = 0.88-0.93). Moldboard- and chisel-plow tillage predominated (82% of the area). Applied P (mainly fertilizer) averaged 15 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1), and 40% of the high-testing area (M3P test) was being fertilized. The mean annual water TP concentration across five basins was 275 to 474 microg L(-1). The two-year mean TP loads for the two gauged basins were 1504 and 1510 g P ha(-1) yr(-1). Water TP concentration increased linearly with increasing STP. Relationships were stronger for M3P and FeP (R2 = 0.96-0.97 for annual means and 0.77-0.79 for storm-flow events) than for BP or WP (R2 = 0.88-0.91 and 0.59-0.69, respectively). Improving P and soil conservation practices in high-testing areas could reduce P loads to the lake.