cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program. I: Establishment and assessment of a community-based program for etiologic investigation of intrauterine deaths

Although stillbirth is a common event, few programs have previously been established for the comprehensive etiologic investigation of intrauterine death. Fewer still have been prospective, unbiased in ascertainment, and consistent in protocol utilization. The Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program was established in 1983 as a unique model for the investigation of the causes of stillbirth. This community-based, University-supported model for health care delivery is here described. Through it more than a thousand infants have been etiologically investigated. We demonstrate that a community-based program of stillbirth assessment can succeed, that compliance with recommended protocols is high and that a specific primary cause of fetal death can be demonstrated in about 40% of referrals. A majority of the established causes of intrauterine death are fetal etiologies. Furthermore, it appears that there are no substantial referral biases. Lack of such biases, together with the prospective, protocol driven nature of the program provides a unique population upon which to base estimates of the frequency of various etiologic diagnoses and classes and categories of cause. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endovascular management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Endovascular coil embolisation is increasingly used to treat unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA). Endovascular coil embolisation of UIA is associated with a 5–10% risk of morbidity and nearly zero mortality from the procedure. Complete or near complete occlusion is usually achieved in >90% of cases, and endovascular therapy seems to reduce the risk of future rupture significantly. Specific selection criteria for endovascular embolisation and novel approaches to endovascular treatment of aneurysms are discussed. Endovascular therapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for selected UIA. Treatment failure rates will probably decrease with greater experience and advances in techniques and devices. Further study with long term follow up, however, is still necessary to characterise the efficacy, durability, and cost efficiency of endovascular treatment of UIA.
Long‐term high‐level expression of human β‐globin occurs following transplantation of transgenic marrow into irradiated mice

When the human β-globin gene is transferred into the bone marrow cells of live mice, its expression is very low. To investigate the reason for this, we transferred the bone marrow of transgenic mice containing and expressing the human β-globin into irradiated recipients. We demonstrate that long-term high level expression of the human β-globin gene can be maintained in the marrow and blood of irradiated recipients following transplantation. Although expression decreased over time in most animals because of host marrow reconstitution, the ratio of human β-globin transgene expression to endogenous mouse β-globin gene expression in donor-derived erythroid cells remained constant over time. We conclude that there is no inherent limitation to efficient expression of an exogenous human β-globin gene in mouse bone marrow cells following marrow transplantation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward a fault-tolerant processor for medical applications

A fault-tolerant system architecture for medical applications in which the processors and software interactions are treated in a unified manner is proposed. An overview of the requirements of such a system, which includes fully testable processors that are self-checking and which can execute multiversion software in parallel, is provided. The system will facilitate the interactions and provide for performance and fault monitoring, adjudication of outputs, and dynamic system reconfiguration. An implementation plan for the processor is presented. >
English stress, vowel length and modularity

The evolution of phonological theory over the past fifteen years or so mirrors in important respects that of syntactic theory. The common evolutionary characteristic is the emergence of modularity. As is frequently noted following Chomsky (1986: ch. 3), in syntax, rich systems of rules have been supplanted by a relatively small number of discrete sub-theories, such as the theories of thematic relations, Case, Binding, Government, and the theory of empty categories. Characteristically, each sub-theory regulates one specific aspect of syntactic structure, at one or more levels of representation, for example the distribution of overt noun phrases at S-structure. The emergence of the sub-theories reflects a natural shift in investigative focus. Just as studying the facts of language from a systematic and formal perspective led to the discovery of generalizations of fact, originally expressed as ‘rules’, so the study of the rules themselves led to the discovery of higher-order generalizations, expressed by the various conditions or principles that make up the contemporary sub-theories. Although Chomsky (1986:70ff.) lists several important contributors to the development of the new perspective, in the mind of most syntacticians, a watershed event in this evolution was Chomsky's own ‘Conditions on transformations’ (1973). To the extent that this development of syntactic theory is a natural one towards deeper understanding, a comparable one is expected in phonological theory. Although the ‘modularity’ of phonology is less frequently noted and identification of a single watershed event is perhaps more difficult, there are clearly several ‘modules’ or sub-theories that have emerged in post-SPE history – three in particular.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHROMOSOME CONTENT ON THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF SPERM HEADS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND THE DEMONSTRATION OF CHROMOSOME LOSS DURING SPERMIOGENESIS

The volumes of sperm heads were estimated from three-dimensional reconstructions of serially sectioned bundles of nearly mature spermatid nuclei. Cysts from males in which all sperm are expected to have comparable amounts of chromatin (X/Y and 1n(3LR)/+) show unimodal frequency distributions of nuclear volumes, whereas cysts from males in which meiotic segregation is expected to deliver unequal amounts of chromatin material to spermatid nuclei show two (XY/O and XY/Y) or more (T(2;3)/+ ANd C(2L);C(2R)) modes. The mean volumes of the subpopulations in these cases are related in the same proportions as the metaphase lengths of their chromosomal complements. Thus the volumes of sperm nuclei are proportional to their DNA content. Sperm head shape, on the other hand, does not appear to be very sensitive to chromosomal constitution, as heads of different size do not vary greatly in shape.----The numbers of sperm heads in the various size classes in a cyst depart from mendelian expectations; these departures are caused by the elimination, during individualization, of chromosomes contained within micronuclei that are formed in spermatids at the end of the second meiotic division. The effect of this chromosome loss is to increase the proportion of nullosomic gametes in the sperm pool.----The relative frequencies of XY-bearing and nullo-X, nullo-Y sperm in XY/O males were estimated from the volume measurements. Taking this estimate as a measure of the fertilizing population, it is possible to infer from the change in sex ratio over time following insemination, that XY-bearing sperm have an advantage of 1.5 over nullo-X, nullo-Y sperm in leaving the seminal receptacle of the female for fertilization of ova.
Microglial internalization and degradation of pathological tau is enhanced by an anti-tau monoclonal antibody

Microglia have been shown to contribute to the clearance of brain amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the major component of amyloid plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is not known whether microglia play a similar role in the clearance of tau, the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). We now report that murine microglia rapidly internalize and degrade hyperphosphorylated pathological tau isolated from AD brain tissue in a time-dependent manner in vitro. We further demonstrate that microglia readily degrade human tau species released from AD brain sections and eliminate NFTs from brain sections of P301S tauopathy mice. The anti-tau monoclonal antibody MC1 enhances microglia-mediated tau degradation in an Fc-dependent manner. Our data identify a potential role for microglia in the degradation and clearance of pathological tau species in brain and provide a mechanism explaining the potential therapeutic actions of passively administered anti-tau monoclonal antibodies.
Feminism and Workplace Flexibility

Recently Professors Schultz and Hoffman argued that, in order to achieve gender equality at work and at home, scholars and policy makers should consider adopting measures to bring the weekly working hours for both employees who work very long hours at one full-time job and employees who work fewer than full-time hours at one or more jobs into closer convergence toward a more reasonable, family-friendly mean. Today, changed economic conditions have made the idea of a reduced, or reorganized, work week a rational, pragmatic solution to a pressing problem, rather than the politically impractical idea it seemed to be just a few years ago. Yet, few feminists have embraced the idea; most seem committed to a campaign for workplace flexibility that opts for enhancing individual choice for employees, mainly women, as opposed to instantiating a new set of universal norms that could benefit everyone. In this Article, Professor Schultz considers the key differences between the recent flexibility agenda and a broader program to restructure working time. She concludes that the flexibility agenda is not inevitably at odds with the larger goal of achieving gender equality but, absent vigilance, flexibility has the potential to undermine equality in both the short and the long run.
A Preliminary Study of the Orifice Flow Characteristics of Liquid Nitrogen and Liquid Hydrogen Discharging into a Vacuum

Successful space exploration depends upon, among other things, the ability to store propellants on board the vehicle for long periods of time. There are many problems and uncertainties associated with the storage and handling of propellants in environments at pressures below their triple points. One such problem is propellant loss caused by meteoroid puncture. According to Jazwinski [1] propellant-loss prediction can be divided into four distinct areas, namely, (1) properties of the meteoroid environment which the vehicle traverses, (2) the penetration process by which holes are produced in the vehicle, (3) flow relations for the escaping fuel, and (4) probabilistic evaluation of the fuel losses. The present work is concerned with the problem of flow relations for the escaping propellant.
Linguistic Alterity and the Multiplicitous Self: Critical Phenomenologies in Latina Feminist Thought

Latina feminists like Gloria Anzaldua and Mariana Ortega have developed anti-essentialist accounts of selfhood that are responsive to the problem of alterity and hermeneutic alienation experienced by multiplicitous subjects, understood as those who must navigate between multiple cultural norms and often conflicting interpretive traditions (due to colonial legacies and intersectional oppressions). These accounts can be fortified by examining the sense of inarticulacy that arises from having to name conditions of existence undergirded by social and historical contradictions and ambiguities—especially under the experiential stress of gendered social violence, cultural trauma, and state terror. To address phenomenological accounts of “linguistic terrorism” and the role language plays in multiplicitous accounts of selfhood, I turn to a strategic reading of Nietzsche's existential conception of the self as a living multiplicity, and to his related account of the impoverishment of language. In doing so, I argue more generally that philosophies of agency that critique agential narratives of rupture, instability, and interpretive loss (as part of liberal emancipatory projects) often do so without sufficient attunement to the ways concepts of alterity and liminality operate in North–South contexts or Latina feminist thought. I end by highlighting the critical, decolonial impetus of these concepts as responses to cultural violence.
Obstetric Provider Maldistribution: Georgia, USA, 2011

Objectives In 2010, Georgia had the nation's highest maternal mortality rate, sixteenth highest infant mortality rate, and a waning obstetrician/gynecologist (ob/gyn) workforce. Statewide ob/gyn workforce data, however, masked obstetric-specific care shortages and regional variation in obstetric services. The Georgia Maternal and Infant Health Research Group thereby assessed each Georgia region's obstetric provider workforce to identify service-deficient areas. Methods We identified 63 birthing facilities in the 82 Primary Care Service Areas (PCSAs) outside metropolitan Atlanta and interviewed nurse managers and others to assess the age, sex, and expected departure year of each delivering professional. Using accepted annual delivery rates of 155 per obstetrician (OB), 100 per certified nurse midwife (CNM), and 70 per family medicine physician (FP) we converted obstetric providers into "OB equivalents" to standardize obstetric services available in any given area. Using facility births and computed OB equivalents (contemporary and 2020 estimates), we calculated current and projected average annual births per provider (AABP) for each PCSA, categorizing its obstetric provider workforce as "adequate" (AABP 166). We mapped results using ArcGIS. Results Of 82 surveyed PCSAs, 52 % (43) were deficient in obstetric care; 16 % (13) had a shortage and 37 % (30) lacked obstetric providers entirely. There were no delivering FPs in 89 % (73) of PCSAs and no CNMs in 70 % (56). If Georgia fails to recruit delivering providers, 72 % (58/77) of PCSAs will have deficient or no obstetric care by 2020. Conclusions Obstetric provider shortages in Georgia hinder access to prenatal and delivery services. Care-deficient areas will expand if recruitment and retention of delivering professionals does not improve.
Causes and Countermeasure of Medical Corruption

The corruption in medical system has aroused close attention from all walks of life.It results from the macro-economic system outside the medical system and current complicated social factors.It’s directly related to the problems of morality inside the medical system and the supervision institution.It can also be attributed to people’s psychological state,value orientation and cultural background.To control medical corruption,comprehensive measures must be taken,which includes building a better work ethic in cadres and senior employees in hospitals,educating people to fight against corruption,emphasizing the procedures for medical bidding and purchasing,and establishing the system of management,reward,punishment and evaluation.Both party members and the people can serve as surveillance forces,helping to establish a monitoring system within the hospital for corruption control,help the management personnel fight against corruption and run the hospital with transparency,implement "the three important and one big" policy,establish the anti-corruption supervision system and take full advantage of the united power of Party members’ and people’s supervision.With the deepening of national medical and health system reform,we should advance the internal mechanism reform in hospitals,strengthen the legal system construction of conducts in medical industry,try to minimize the level of medical corruption and gradually establish the medical corruption punishment and prevention system.
Characteristics of heavy metals phytoextraction by weed species in industrial area

Phytoextraction has been recognized as an alternative technique for the remediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals.The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of heavy metal phytoextaction by 20 weed species distributed in an old industrial base of Shenyang city,P.R.China.The results show that Portulaca oloraua,Solanum nigrum,Gnaphalium polycaulon and Physalis alkekengi has highly potential phytoextaction ability for cadmium in soils.The cadmium concentrations in these four plants are all more than 20 mg.kg-1,and the bioaccumulation factor(BCF) of that is near to or beyond 1,respectively.Among the four species,the transportation index(Ti),which depicts the ability of the plants to translocate heavy metals from roots to the aboveground parts,of Gnaphalium polycaulon for cadmium and zinc was 1.73 and 2.09,respectively,showing that Gnaphalium polycaulon might has a high ability for translocating cadmium and zinc from soil to its stems and leaves.The concentrations of lead and copper in the aboveground parts of the 20 investigated species are less than 130 mg.kg-1and 65 mg.kg-1,respectively,and the BCF of lead and copper is less than 0.15.Concentration of zinc in aboveground parts of Ohanthe javanica is 648 mg.kg-1,with a BCF value of 0.81,and a Ti value more than 1,which indicates important significance in remediation of zinc contaminated soil.However,as all of the plants in this study are naturally collected from the old industrial area,the maximum tolerance concentrations of heavy metals for Gnaphalium polycaulon,Physalis alkekengi and Ohanthe javanica,which have high potential phytoextraction ability,need to be studied in laboratory.
1400W, a highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor is a potential disease modifier in the rat kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) initiates epileptogenesis to transform normal brain to epileptic state which is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Prior to SRS, progressive changes occur in the brain soon after SE, for example, loss of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuronal hyper-excitability (epileptiform spiking), neuroinflammation [reactive gliosis, high levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)], neurodegeneration and synaptic re-organization. Our hypothesis was that modification of early epileptogenic events will alter the course of disease development and its progression. We tested the hypothesis in the rat kainate model of chronic epilepsy using a novel disease modifying drug, 1400W, a highly selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II). In an in vitro mouse brain slice model, using a multi-electrode array system, co-application of 1400W with kainate significantly suppressed kainate-induced epileptiform spiking. In the rats, in vivo, 4 h after the induction of SE with kainate, 1400W (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered twice daily for three days to target early events of epileptogenesis. The rats were subjected to continuous (24/7) video-EEG monitoring, remotely, for six months from epidurally implanted cortical electrodes. The 1400W treatment significantly reduced the epileptiform spike rate during the first 12–74 h post-SE, which resulted in > 90% reduction in SRS in long-term during the six month period when compared to the vehicle-treated control group (257 ± 113 versus 19 ± 10 episodes). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of brain sections at seven days and six months revealed a significant reduction in; reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis (M1 type), extravascular serum albumin (a marker for BBB leakage) and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex in the 1400W-treated rats when compared to the vehicle control. In the seven day group, hippocampal Western blots revealed downregulation of inwardly-rectifying potassium (Kir 4.1) channels and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) levels in the vehicle group, and 1400W treatment partially reversed Kir 4.1 levels, however, GLT-1 levels were unaffected. In the six month group, a significant reduction in mossy fiber staining intensity in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus was observed in the 1400W-treated group. Overall these findings demonstrate that 1400W, by reducing the epileptiform spike rate during the first three days of post-insult, potentially modifies epileptogenesis and the severity of chronic epilepsy in the rat kainate model of TLE.
The fiscal blind spot in psychotherapy.

Although the significance of money, both conscious and unconscious, has been examined exhaustively, the reluctance to discuss money and fiscal matters has not. This reticence appears to be practically ubiquitous in our culture, and has been called “the last taboo” by Krueger. Since psychotherapists are by no means immune, the fiscal blind spot tends to pass to succeeding generations of therapists unaltered. This paper is a preliminary discussion of the fiscal scotoma and its effects on countertransference.
Targeting PD-L1 for non-small-cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. For decades, cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients, yet median survival remains poor and side effects from chemotherapy are not trivial. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which exert antitumor effects by inhibiting negative T-cell regulators, are changing the landscape of treatment options for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab are approved by the US FDA for treatment of patients with NSCLC and other tumor types. Additional agents are in clinical development. This review provides an update on the PD-1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors currently being evaluated in NSCLC patients.
Improving the Integer L-Shaped Method

We consider the integer L-shaped method for two-stage stochastic integer programs. To improve the performance of the algorithm, we present and combine two strategies. First, to avoid time-consuming exact evaluations of the second-stage cost function, we propose a simple modification that alternates between linear and mixed-integer subproblems. Next, to better approximate the shape of the second-stage cost function, we present a general framework to generate optimality cuts via a cut-generating linear program that considers information from all solutions found up to any given stage of the method. To address the impact of the proposed approaches, we report computational results on two classes of stochastic integer problems.
A new current mode constant on time control with ultrafast load transient response

These days inductor current ripple based ‘current mode constant on time (CMCOT)’ control is widely used in voltage regulators (VRs) for its higher light load efficiency, higher bandwidth and simple compensation network. In today's VRs, high load current with very high slew rate is a very common requirement in microprocessor or memory applications. One issue of this ripple based CMCOT control is that, in the heavy load step up transient, inductor current increment becomes limited by on time (Ton) and minimum off time (Toff_min) ratio in each cycle, which can create large undershoot at the output. On the other hand, in the load step down case, if load change occurs at the beginning of the fixed Ton, a large overshoot can occur as well. For the multiphase operation case, its limited pulse overlapping capability is an issue at heavy load step up transient. States of art controllers add various nonlinear controls to the system to solve these issues. In this paper, a new charge based current mode control is proposed to improve the transient performance in CMCOT by naturally increasing or decreasing the on time in load step up or step down transient and by naturally overlapping these extended pulses in multiphase operation without adding any nonlinear control. The proposed concept is also extended to variable on-time variable off-time control to improve it transient performance. Simulation and test results of proposed control with CMCOT in standard VR platform are also presented in this paper.
Some Considerations in the Evaluation of Industrial Sales Training Programs

Careful evaluation of sales training programs has never been more important. The continuing impact of inflation on the cost of industrial sales activities and training programs dictates that increasing attention be devoted to their evaluation. This paper presents a discussion of some considerations in the evaluation of industrial sales training programs.
Molecular modeling of ions at interfaces: exploring similarities to hydrophobic solvation through the lens of induced aqueous interfacial fluctuations

Ion specific effects are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology. While ion specific effects in molecular simulations are generally explained as the result of an interplay between ionic hydration, non-electrostatic potentials and ionic polarizability, this perspective considers an alternative discussion of the coupling of ionic hydration and an interfacial solvent as a contributing component leading to differing interfacial stabilities amongst ions. Interfacially stable ions, characterized as such by minima in free energy profiles, induce larger interfacial fluctuations compared to non-interfacial active species, conferring more covariance entropy approaching the interface. Larger anions, particularly those that are modeled classically with low charge-density, behave as canonical hydrophobic solutes with respect to their solvent-mediated interactions with soft interfaces; whereas smaller anions and cations show no interfacially stable states, nor enhanced interfacial fluctuations. Underlying this phenomenon is the fundamental nature of the hydration shell structure, dynamics, and rigidity around the solutes.
COMPUTER-BASED ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses computer-based analysis of biochemical data. The analysis of complicated biochemical systems is possible from the starting point of the experimental data as well as from the first physical principles. It is most common to analyze biochemical systems by drawing conclusions from steady state data. With some experimental support, it can be argued that a given steady state is caused by any one of a number of factors; some such arguments have become recurring themes in the literature. It is well-known that on adding glucose to ascites cells in the endogenous state, there is an immediate pileup of glucose-6-phosphate that falls again and subsequently rises; ADP rises and falls while ATP inversely falls and rises; and AMP follows ADP but with smaller amplitude of change. Much of the existing compartmentation theory has been developed to deal with the situation of numerous compartments of a single substance.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter landing site reconnaissance capability

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) entered into orbit about Mars on March 10, 2006. After a series of aerobraking and propulsive maneuvers, the spacecraft has been in its sun-synchronous primary science orbit since September 2006 performing both scientific and Mars programmatic support roles. In addition to MRO's scientific investigations of Mars, NASA has tasked MRO to provide reconnaissance of potential landing sites for ongoing and future Mars missions. This paper covers the mission design and analysis process to characterize MRO's landing site coverage capability for all global locations, with special focus on potential sites for future missions: Gale Crater, Mawrth Vallis, and Noachis Human Exploration Zone.
Standardized fluoroscopy‐based technique to measure intraoperative cup anteversion

Direct anterior approach (DAA) with the patient lying supine has facilitated the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy and allows for standardized positioning of the patient. The current study presents a new technique to measure acetabular component anteversion using intraoperative fluoroscopy. The current paper describes a mathematical formula to calculate true acetabular component anteversion based on the acetabular component abduction angle and the c-arm tilt angle (CaT). The CaT is determined by tilting the c-arm until an external pelvic oblique radiograph with the equatorial plane of the acetabular component perpendicular to the fluoroscopy receptor is obtained. CaT is determined by direct reading on the C-arm device. The technique was validated using a radiopaque synbone model comparing the described technique to computed tomography anteversion measurement. The experiment was repeated 25 times. The difference in anteversion between the two measuring techniques was on average 0.2° (range -3.0-3.1). The linear regression coefficients evaluating the agreement between the experimental and control methods were 0.99 (95%CI 0.88-1.10, p < 0.001) and 0.33 (95%CI -1.53-2.20, p = 0.713) for the slope and intercept, respectively. The current study confirms that the described three-step c-arm acetabular cup measuring technique can reproducibly and reliably assess acetabular component anteversion in the supine position, as compared to CT-imaging. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2307-2312, 2017.
Clinical trials: Kids are not just little people

Clinical trials are the backbone of modern evidence-based medicine. They are the vital bridge between research-based discovery and cutting edge patient care. Randomized, controlled clinical trials are the gold standard of medical research, providing a method for evaluation and discovery of novel therapies that improve and even save lives. Despite an increase in the number of pediatric and adult clinical trials over recent decades, this growth has not been equal among these populations. The volume of clinical trials involving children lags substantially behind their adult counterparts. Children are not simply little adults. As a result, extrapolating results from adult clinical trials to the treatment of children may be inappropriate and, possibly, harmful. In this review, we discuss the intricacies of performing clinical trials in all patients and stress the unique distinguishing characteristics of pediatric clinical trials.
Human factors and human nature in cardiothoracic surgery

In the June 2016 edition of the Annals of Thoracic Surgery , Fann et al . eloquently outline approaches to minimize factors that may affect cardiothoracic surgical outcomes including minimizing external distractions, improving interpersonal communication and teamwork, and mitigating work-related stress (1). In this article there were parallels drawn between the aviation trade and the cardiothoracic surgical community. This comparison has long been established, and there are inherent similarities including the countless hours needed to perfect their trade, the skill and stamina needed to execute a long flight or case, and situational awareness. However, the differences between the two must also be evaluated.
Another Look at Project Risks – A Multidimensional Perspective

The purpose of this article is to examine the current state of project management risk assessments and extend the evaluation process to a higher level of multi-dimensional scrutiny. It does this by combining several popular rick management perspectives into a higher level of complexity. In doing so, the evaluation can provide additional insight to the risks associated with a particular project. The scope of this article confines itself to application in the project management field.
Standing, lying, and sitting: translating building principles of the cell membrane to synthetic 2D material interfaces.

A striking number of problems in modern materials chemistry relate to controlling structure at scales 5–10 nm, important in applications ranging from nanoscale electronics to organic materials for energy conversion. Interfacial patterning is potentially valuable in establishing and stabilizing high-resolution structural features. While chemical patterning at such short length scales is unusually difficult using many traditional top-down approaches, it has been achieved with remarkable efficiency and chemical diversity in two seemingly unrelated areas: in the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes, and in the noncovalent functionalization of 2D materials such as graphene. At the intersection of these two areas are lessons of significant utility for controlling synthetic material interface chemistry across a range of length scales.
Governance Channels and Organizational Design at General Electric: 1950–2001

This study advances an attention-based view of corporate strategy and explores its implications for organizational design. We examine the governance of resource allocation in a multi-business organization through the firm’s network of decision-making and communication channels. Using both primary and secondary sources, we analyze the changes in the decision-making channels at General Electric (GE) over a 51-year period across four CEO regimes: Ralph J. Cordiner, Fred J. Borch, Reginald H. Jones and John F. Welch. We identify four distinct channel functions: reporting, staff, control and agenda management. Through our analysis, we find that strategy does not emerge from any unitary, bounded process but from the pattern that emerges from a network of tightly and loosely coupled channels operating simultaneously.
The Subtractive and Nihilistic Modes of Silence: Heidegger and Beckett, Wittgenstein and Giacometti

How is it possible to mean more than we actually say? Why would we want to do so in the first place? Why would we ever wish to use language in such a way that we would want to transcend its logical form and its informative purpose? Finally, how could silence ever perform the function, through such indirect discourse, of reaching beyond the limits of language? Such questions reflect the painful realization that there are times when we are unable to articulate (either to ourselves or to others) what we really want to say. Such moments place us in a situation of uncanniness, whereby we are forced to confront the essential disconnectedness between ourselves and the world around us. The common reaction to this moment of silence is to fill it up with words, since it’s not the sort of experience one wants to endure for long. When we confront language with silence, the nature of language, and the constructed world it encompasses, both undergo significant changes.
Using Deficiency Data to Measure Quality in Assisted Living Communities: A Florida Statewide Study

In 2014, more than 800,000 older adults reside in assisted living communities (ALCs) in the United States, yet few studies have examined whether state licensure inspection and citation information can be used to help consumers infer quality in choosing facilities. We examined the quality of ALCs using the deficiency citation data from the State of Florida. Data on 2,457 licensed ALCs operating between 2013 and 2015 were used to estimate logistic and negative binomial regression models to determine ALCs' structural characteristics that were associated with any and the number of deficiency citations. There were 2.6 deficiencies per facility (range 0-21); one-third of all ALCs received no deficiencies and one-third received four or more deficiencies. Specialty license and region were associated with receiving any deficiencies; ownership, rural location, and Northeast region were associated with receiving more deficiencies; and Southwest region was associated with receiving fewer deficiencies.
Gun laws and school safety.

Background This paper examines the associations between state-level gun control and adolescent school safety overall and by student sex, age, and race. Methods We used data on 926 639 adolescents from 45 states in the 1999–2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Students self-reported on weapon carrying at school, the number of times they experienced weapon threats or injuries at school, the number of school days missed due to feeling unsafe, and weapon carrying at any location. For each state and year, 133 gun laws were combined into an index of gun control strength. Difference-in-differences logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of stricter gun laws with binary measures of students’ weapon carrying and perception of school safety, controlling for individual and state characteristics, as well as year and state fixed effects. Results An IQR increase in the index (ie, a 15-point increase corresponding to a strengthening of gun control) was associated with a 0.8-percentage point decrease in the probability of weapon threats at school (p=0.029), a 1.1-percentage point decrease in the probability of missing school due to feeling unsafe (p=0.002) and a 1.9-percentage point decrease in the probability of carrying weapons at any location (p=0.001). Stricter gun laws had a stronger negative association with weapon carrying among males compared with females. Stricter gun laws were also differentially associated with weapon carrying by race/ethnicity. Conclusions The adoption of stricter state gun laws was associated with improvements in school climate and subjective perceptions of safety.
Physical activity and healthy eating environmental audit tools in youth care settings: A systematic review.

Abstract Background There is a growing interest in evaluating the physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) policy and practice environment characteristics in settings frequented by youth (≤ 18 years). Objective This review evaluates the measurement properties of audit tools designed to assess PA and HE policy and practice environment characteristics in settings that care for youth (e.g., childcare, school, afterschool, summer camp). Method Three electronic databases, reference lists, educational department and national health organizations' web pages were searched between January 1980 and February 2014 to identify tools assessing PA and/or HE policy and practice environments in settings that care for youth (≤ 18 years). Results Sixty-five audit tools were identified of which 53 individual tools met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-three tools assessed both the PA and HE domains, 6 assessed the PA domain and 14 assessed the HE domain solely. The majority of the tools were self-assessment tools (n = 40), and were developed to assess the PA and/or HE environment in school settings (n = 33), childcare (n = 12), and after school programs (n = 4). Four tools assessed the community at-large and had sections for assessing preschool, school and/or afterschool settings within the tool. The majority of audit tools lacked validity and/or reliability data (n = 42). Inter-rater reliability and construct validity were the most frequently reported reliability (n = 7) and validity types (n = 5). Conclusions Limited attention has been given to establishing the reliability and validity of audit tools for settings that care for youth. Future efforts should be directed towards establishing a strong measurement foundation for these important environmental audit tools.
Lipid Rafts: Controversies Resolved, Mysteries Remain

The lipid raft hypothesis postulates that lipid–lipid interactions can laterally organize biological membranes into domains of distinct structures, compositions, and functions. This proposal has in equal measure exhilarated and frustrated membrane research for decades. While the physicochemical principles underlying lipid-driven domains has been explored and is well understood, the existence and relevance of such domains in cells remains elusive, despite decades of research. Here, we review the conceptual underpinnings of the raft hypothesis and critically discuss the supporting and contradicting evidence in cells, focusing on why controversies about the composition, properties, and even the very existence of lipid rafts remain unresolved. Finally, we highlight several recent breakthroughs that may resolve existing controversies and suggest general approaches for moving beyond questions of the existence of rafts and towards understanding their physiological significance.
Multiphysics Computational Analysis of Multiferroic Composite Ring Structures

Abstract Due to the importance of composite multiferroic structures in numerous applications including sensing, actuation, and communication, concerted analytical and experimental efforts have been afforded to these types of structures in pursuit of fundamental understanding of their behavior in the presence of different stimuli. In this study, a finite element-based Multiphysics computational framework was established to investigate a multiferroic composite ring structure consisting of an inner Terfenol-D magnetostrictive ring and an outer lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ring. In a precursor to the full composite investigation, the computational framework was applied to a standalone Terfenol-D magnetostrictive ring structure and was found to capture the intricacies of the interaction of the magnetic field and the geometry including magnetic shielding and shape anisotropy. When extended to the composite structure, the computational model continued to perform reasonably well in comparison to previous experimentally reported data. The forecasted converse magnetoelectric coefficient of a PZT/Terfenol-D concentric composite ring structure was found to be 357 mG/V, which is in excellent agreement with 334 mG/V experimentally reported coupling coefficient for the same geometry. Moreover, the measured and calculated mechanical strains were in reasonable agreement; given the underlying assumptions of the computational model. Future work should focus on further developing the computational model to include the nonlinear magnetostrictive and piezoelectric constitutive relationship as well as the time-dependence of the response to accelerating the development cycle of devices based on magnetoelectric composites.
m-Double Poisson Lévy markets

We develop novel mispricing of markets under asymmetric information and jumps for informed and uninformed investors, called m-Double Poisson markets, driven by independent Double Poisson processes....
Fragility Functions for Liquefaction-Induced Ground Failure

AbstractThe predicted severity of liquefaction manifested at the ground surface is a popular and pragmatic proxy of damage potential for infrastructure. Toward this end, the liquefaction potential ...
A Plug-and-Play Design Suite of Converters for the Electric Grid

Power electronic (PE) systems are increasingly being integrated into the electric grid in a distributed fashion. As the number of installations increases, the challenge of integration of these systems into the grid is also growing. Advanced control features of these systems are often overlooked or neglected due to the complex nature and novelty of these systems. This is also complicated from the vendor point of view as different converter topology integration is usually composed of single system designs with tight coupling and configurations. The presented work discusses a novel architecture for the integration of PE systems with other sources and loads to create a coordinated controllable resource for the grid. The presented work also describes a system level controller to coordinate these systems. 1Testing results on a hardware in the loop (HIL) platform are provided to show the validity of the proposed architecture and framework.
Abstract IA10: The Prevent Anal Cancer Study: the assessment of novel opportunities for anal cancer screening during COVID-19

Cervical cancer screening began 70 years ago in high-resource settings and it has substantially lowered cervical cancer incidence in those settings; even so, incidence remains very high in many low and middle-income settings. As screening for other human papillomavirus-associated cancers is considered, self-screening approaches may lower some barriers to screening including cost, reluctance to access clinics, and examination embarrassment. The Prevent Anal Cancer (PAC) Study is recruiting men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men, aged ≥25 years in three cities in the United States (Chicago, Houston, and Milwaukee) to test anal self-exams and compliance with home-based self-swabbing. The PAC Study is comprised of two randomized clinical trials: NCT03489707 and NCT04090060. It is recruiting 1200 HIV+ and HIV- persons through 2023: 400 in Milwaukee to test home-based self-swabbing and 400 each in Chicago and Houston to test anal self-exams (ASEs). The Milwaukee cohort will evaluate compliance with annual home-based self-swabbing vs clinic-based HPV DNA specimen collection and determine factors associated with annual screening compliance; estimate the influence that home-based vs clinic-based screening has on the uptake of high-resolution anoscopy; estimate the association between high-risk HPV persistence and anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL); and estimate the association between HPV-16/host DNA methylation and anal HSIL. The Chicago/Houston cohort will be taught about anal anatomy, pathology, and the procedure for an ASE. The primary objective is to compare the participant’s ASE result with the clinician’s gold-standard Digital Anal Rectal Exam (DARE) to determine concordance, sensitivity and specificity. A secondary objective uses mathematical modeling to estimate the cost-effectiveness, impact on survival and health-related quality-of-life of ASE and DARE. Enrollment in both studies was suspended due to COVID-19. Due to concerns about potential COVID-19-related confounding of key associations, a 437-person online cohort of the same target populations was enrolled to assess COVID-19 impact over 5 longitudinal surveys. This presentation will provide an overview of anal cancer incidence, the PAC Study protocols, how COVID-19 may impact the studies’ results, and data collected to date to assess that impact. This study is supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (US). Citation Format: Alan G. Nyitray. The Prevent Anal Cancer Study: the assessment of novel opportunities for anal cancer screening during COVID-19 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Economic impact of organic agriculture hotspots in the United States

In this paper, we assess whether or not organic agriculture has a positive impact on local economies. We first identify organic agriculture hotspots (clusters of counties with positively correlated high numbers of organic operations) using spatial statistics. Then, we estimate a treatment effects model that classifies a county's membership in an organic hotspot as an endogenous treatment variable. By modeling what a hotspot county's economic indicators would have been had the county not been part of a hotspot, this model captures the effect of being in a hotspot on a county's economic indicators. We perform the same analysis for general agricultural farm hotspots to confirm that the benefits associated with organic production hotspots are, in fact, due to the organic component. Our results show that organic hotspot membership leads to a lower county-level poverty rate and a higher median household income. A similar result is not found when investigating the impact of general agriculture hotspots. On the other hand, our result is robust to alternative hotspot definitions based on type of organic operations to alternative methods of estimating average treatment effects on the treated. These results provide strong motivation for considering hotspots of organic handling operations, which refers to middlemen such as processors, wholesalers and brokers, and hotspots of organic production to be local economic development tools, and may be of interest to policymakers whose objective is to promote rural development. Our results may incentivize policymakers to specifically focus on organic development, rather than the more general development of agriculture, as a means to promote economic growth in rural areas, and may further point them in the direction of not only encouraging the presence of organic operations, but of fostering the development of clusters or hotspots of these operations.