cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of foot position on body dynamics

During locomotion, the human body exhibits inherent dynamic properties such as mass (M), stiffness (K) and damping (B). During the gait cycle, foot contact with the ground progresses from the heel to the toe. Contact forces between the foot and ground are defined as ground reaction forces (GRF). It is unclear how body dynamics are affected by foot landing position. If the shape of GRF is indicative of body dynamics, our understanding of gait patterns in normal and pathologic conditions may improve. The aims of this study were to determine:(1) whether foot landing position affects the inherent dynamics of the human body and (2) the extent to which the GRF curve reflects the response of inherent body dynamics to sudden loading. Eight non-disabled control volunteers performed a series of small jumps and landed on one leg with a fully extended knee in three foot landing positions: heel, mid-foot, and toe. They then walked at self-paced velocity over force plates. For each foot landing position, values of K, B and the dimensionless damping coefficient, ξ, were calculated from the period of vertical body oscillations, T, and compared with an ANOVA test. In addition, the time between the two peaks of the vertical GRF, TGRF, was compared with T. We found that that K and B decreased and ξ did not change (p<0.01) between heel to toe-landing positions. TGRF was not different than T for the toe-landing position, which suggests that the dynamic body response has major impact on the shape of GRF.
Regional measurement of the Gd-DTPA tissue partition coefficient in canine myocardium

Quantifiable MRI perfusion studies using the contrast agent Gd-DTPA require measurement or estimation of the tissue partition coefficient (lambda) for tracer kinetic modeling. Radiotracer techniques were used to obtain regional lambda measurements from the left ventricles of five dogs. Measurements were analyzed to determine whether spatial heterogeneity was a major component of lambda variability. No systematic variations were identified in terms of radial position, short-axis slice location, or wall position. The high lambda variability seen in this study and in cited data of others may be due in part to tissue heterogeneity in interstitial volume, plasma volume, and perfusate hematocrit.
Salticus: guided crawling for personal digital libraries

In this paper, we describe Salticus, a web crawler that learns from us ers web browsing activity. Salticus enables users to build a personal digital library by collecting documents and generalizing over the user's choices.
Portrayal of vitality of technology enablers in the Indian R&D scenario

Research and development (R&D) has changed the mode of functioning from a 1950s isolated laboratory approach to interactive approach in the inception stage of 21st century. In liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation and recession (LPGR) generation, R&D performance measurement is different from country to country and firm to firm. Technology is a very credential factor affecting the performance of R&D organisations. Factors influencing R&D performance differ from one country to another, indicating the effect of diverse socio-culture settings of the countries around the world. This paper attempts to extract categories of dominate factors affecting the performance of R&D in Indian manufacturing firms. Based on questionnaire survey, principal component analysis, and factor analysis have constructed five constructs: innovative competency, market focus, roadblocks to R&D, financial measures, and R&D management strategy. The result shows that R&D management strategy is the key enabler of Indian R&D scenario.
Effects of oleoyl-CoA on the activity and functional state of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Abstract Addition of oleoyl-CoA to microsomes inhibited UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (assayed with 1-naphthol or p-nitrophenol) at concentrations within the physiologic range of total long-chain acyl- CoAs in liver. Inhibition of activity was associated with changes in the regulatory properties of the enzyme indicating that oleoyl-CoA altered the functional state of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. The effect of oleoyl-CoA on the state of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase depended on the concentration of oleoyl-CoA, whether oleoyl-CoA was added in the presence or absence of substrates, the duration of treatment with oleoyl-CoA, and the aglycone with which activity was assayed. When oleoyl-CoA was added to microsomes in the presence of aglycones or UDP-glucuronic acid, inhibition by oleoyl-CoA was reversed by albumin, which by itself had no effect on activity. But UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, assayed with either aglycone, did not revert to the native state on removing oleoyl-CoA. Instead sequential treatment with oleoyl-CoA and albumin, in the presence of at least one substrate, produced a form of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase that was more active than the native state. When oleoyl-CoA was added to microsomes in the absence of aglycones or UDP-glucuronic acid, the activity of enzymes assayed with 1-naphthol decayed irreversibly to zero. Similar treatment followed by assay with p-nitrophenol as aglycone led to an active form of the enzyme that was inhibited further by albumin. The data are compatible with the idea that long-chain acyl-CoAs could regulate the functional state of UDP- glucuronosyltransferase.
Rapid Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning in Mice Deficient in Endothelial and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthases

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide is required for preconditioning in an intact animal model of focal ischemia using neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS) knockout mice. Methods— Cerebral blood flow was measured in wild-type, nNOS knockout, and eNOS knockout mice by hydrogen clearance (absolute) and laser Doppler flowmetry (relative). Mice were preconditioned by three 5-minute episodes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and subjected to permanent MCAO. Neurological deficit and infarct size were determined 24 hours later. Results— Although wild-type mice showed protection from ischemic preconditioning, neither eNOS nor nNOS knockout mice showed protection. Laser Doppler measurements indicated that the relative blood flow decreases in core ischemic areas were the same in all groups. Conclusions— Neither eNOS nor nNOS knockout mice show protection from rapid ischemic preconditioning, suggesting that nitric ...
Computations of gas exchange, heat release and transfer processes in engine fuelled with diesel or CNG

The paper focuses on the conversion of a Diesel engine to CNG, with emphasis on the use within Australia where the refueling network is scarce, and the developments needed in the injection and combustion systems to further improve the fuel conversion efficiency and reduce the in-cylinder pollutant formation. For dual fuel CNG-Diesel operation, the best option is the adoption of two independent fuel injectors for the Diesel and the CNG, while for the single fuel CNG operation, the best option is the adoption of one direct CNG injector plus a jet ignition device accommodating a second CNG injector and a glow plug. With both designs, the CNG engine would operate following different modes of combustion, not only the traditional Diesel like, but also the traditional gasoline-like, a mixed gasoline/Diesel-like and finally HCCI-like depending on the injection strategy adopted for the two injectors of each cylinder. Computations of gas exchange, heat release and heat transfer processes are computed with an engineering performance simulation code with the model for the Diesel fuel validated versus extensive experimental data.
Exposure of cross‐linked epoxy resins to the space environment

Two specimens of cross-linked epoxy resins were attached to the Remote Manipulator Arm (“Canadarm”) of the space shuttle and exposed to the space environment (about 225 km altitude) experienced on the 41-G shuttle mission. Portions of the specimens which had been coated with 10 nm of inconel, then gold, were relatively unaffected by space exposure, while the uncoated areas were eroded to a depth of about 5 μm. The eroded surfaces had a porous texture, consisting of tunnel-like features extending a further 10 μm below the surface, with a hole density of 3 × 106 holes/mm2. Surface infrared (IR) spectroscopy showed that the first 1–2 μm of porous surface material was little affected chemically by the erosion process, indicating that any chemical erosion must have occurred progressively in a very thin surface layer, which then volatilized away, exposing fresh surface for attack. As a qualitative laboratory simulation, specimens of the same plastics were exposed to low-pressure air and oxygen plasmas. Somewhat similar surface damage was observed, with no IR-detectable change in surface chemistry. The criteria for selection of a satisfactory laboratory simulation of the space environment, and the factors responsible for the directionality of the erosion processes are discussed.
Decision support in flexible manufacturing systems using timed Petri nets

Abstract Contingency response in a dynamic system such as a flexible manufacturing system requires that the system be able to identify and evaluate a number of alternatives. This paper shows how dummy transitions can be incorporated in a timed Petri net to model contingencies in the system such as machine or tool breakdown, quality deterioration, or production volume surge, etc. An algorithm is presented to evaluate system response in the steady state. A decision support system complete with a problem processor (incorporating the Petri net model), a database, and a query system is outlined.
Phase Transition Dynamics and Microstructure Evolution in a Crystalline Surfactant Mesophase Using Time-Dependent Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

and are of relevance for theirpotential applications in the development of structuredmaterials.Our focus is the self-assembly of a surfactant mixturecontaining the twin-tailed anionic surfactant bis(2-eth-ylhexyl)sodiumsulfosuccinate(AOT)andthezwitterionicsurfactantlecithin,bothshowninFigure1.AOTtypicallyforms spherical water-in-oil microemulsions.
EUV interferometric lithography for resist characterization

We report printing of sub-20nm line/space patterns by Interferometric Lithography technique with EUV light for the first time. EUV lithography is pursued as one of the candidate next generation lithography technologies. New photoresist materials need to be developed and characterized for this spectral region mainly because of high absorption coefficients of materials. EUV interferometric lithography is a useful tool for testing of materials with high resolution features especially because EUV lithographic systems are still under early development phases. It provides a cost effective and simple way of achieving this without the need for complicated imaging system. We employed a Lloyd's Mirror Interferometry scheme with monochromatized undulator light from an electron storage ring. The technique is described and results showing the printed patterns are presented. Potential uses of the method for lithography research are discussed.
Learning in Context Digital Games and Young Black Men

The authors present an exploratory study of Black middle school boys who play digital games. The study was conducted through observations and interviews with Black American middle school boys about digital games as an informal learning experience. The first goal of the study is to understand the cultural context that Black students from economically disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods bring to playing digital games. The second goal of the study is to examine how this cultural context affects the learning opportunities with games. Third, the authors examine how differences in game play are potential factors in the discrepancy between White male gamers and Black male gamers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Finally, the authors address several opportunities within the field of informal learning to augment game play by bridging the learning that takes place within game play to the real world.
Impact of Intensivists and ICU Teams on Patient Outcomes

We present a review of the impact of intensivists and ICU teams on patient outcomes, with specific emphasis on varying hospital environments and study designs. While the demand for critical care services is likely to increase, 50% of ICU patients still receive care from nonintensivists in conjunction with consultants. While no “standard” of critical care practice exists, costs are substantial: there are about 55,000 ICU patients/day in the United States, and organizational structures vary substantially. ICU outcome studies can be divided into three groups: multi-institutional comparisons, before-and-after studies, and side-by-side comparisons. Multi-institutional comparisons have tended to show improved outcomes in well-organized ICUs, with strong medical direction and on-site intensivists. The change from an “open” to a “closed” format for ICU care is associated with decreased low-acuity admissions, resource utilization and mortality rates, and improved efficiency. Side-by-side comparisons have demonstrated improved efficiency, decreased complications, and decreased resource use on ICU services directed by an intensivist.
Structural requirements for neurohypophyseal peptide maintenance of ethanol tolerance.

Abstract Tolerance to the hypnotic effect of ethanol in mice is prolonged by daily subcutaneous administration of arginine vasopressin and certain analogs of this hormone. The major structural requirement for maintenance of ethanol tolerance by these peptides appears to be the N-terminal “ring” structure of vasopressin containing two amino acid residue with aromatic side chains. Peptides structurally related to the C-terminal portion of the neurohypophyseal hormones are less active in maintaining tolerance than the intact hormones. The structure-activity pattern observed for the effects of peptides on ethanol tolerance is similar to that described for neurohypophyseal peptide inhibition of extinction of an active avoidance response, an action thought to reflect peptide effects on memory consolidation. The results are in line with our hypothesis that similar CNS recognition sites may mediate neurohypophyseal peptide effects on ethanol tolerance and certain memory processes. The neurohypophyseal hormones and analogs did not affect the hypnotic or hypothermic response to an acute injection of ethanol, indicating that the determination of tolerance was not influenced by a direct peptide-ethanol interaction. The hormones themselves, however, did cause a drop in body temperature in the mice, which could be a result of either central or peripheral hormonal actions.
The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on MCF-7 cells is related to estrogen response system

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have a direct oncostatic action on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. However, the mechanism involved is not fully elucidated. In this study we have examined whether the inhibitor action is related to the estrogen responsiveness of MCF-7 cells. Our results demonstrate that CLA selectively inhibits proliferation of ER positive MCF-7 cells as compared with ER negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell cycle studies indicated that a higher percentage of CLA treated MCF-7 cells remained in the G0/G1 phase as compared to control and those treated with linoleic acid (LA). CLA also inhibited expression of c-myc in MCF-7 cells. These results demonstrate that CLA may inhibit MCF-7 cell growth by interfering with the hormone regulated mitogenic pathway. We are reporting for the first time the involvement of CLA, a dietary factor, in the regulation of hormone mediated mitogenic pathways in ER positive breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro.
Age-related variation in threat-sensitive behavior exhibited by spotted hyenas: observational and experimental approaches

Summary We examined ontogenetic variation in threat-sensitive behaviors exhibited by spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). We documented naturally-occurring vigilance throughout ontogeny, and used playback experiments to evaluate age-related variation in hyenas’ responses to control sounds or lion roars. We inquired whether juveniles respond to lions more cautiously than do adults. Naturalistic observations showed that juveniles are less vigilant than adults when no immediate threat is present, but more vigilant than adults when lions are present. Our playback experiments revealed that both adult and juvenile hyenas moved in response to lion roars but not to control sounds, and their reactions were stronger to roars emitted by male than female lions. However, juveniles showed a stronger response to lions than adults, as expressed by spending more time avoiding speakers after roar onset, and by having a shorter latency to first movement than adults. Like adults, juvenile hyenas, thus, appear to recognize certain signals as dangerous and respond accordingly. However, our data suggest that young hyenas may need experience with danger early in life to learn the environmental circumstances under which they ought to be vigilant when no threat is immediately apparent.
Can Prostate Specific Antigen Velocity Thresholds Decrease Insignificant Prostate Cancer Detection

Purpose: A controversy of current prostate specific antigen based prostate cancer screening is the over detection of potentially insignificant prostate cancer. Because PSA kinetics were previously linked to prostate cancer specific mortality, we determined whether prostate specific antigen velocity is associated with clinically significant prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,073 men underwent radical prostatectomy from 1992 to 2008 with data available on prostate specific antigen velocity and tumor volume. Insignificant cancer was defined by the Ohori criteria as organ confined, tumor volume 0.5 cc or less and no primary or secondary Gleason pattern 4 or 5. We calculated the proportion of men with pathologically insignificant prostate cancer stratified by prostate specific antigen velocity.Results: Preoperative prostate specific antigen velocity greater than 0.4 ng/ml per year was significantly associated with high grade disease (p = 0.008), positive surgical margins (p = 0.003) and semina...
Modification of olivine surface morphology and reactivity by microbial activity during chemical weathering

Prior transmission electron microscope studies showed that the surface geometry of olivine changes dramatically during natural chemical weathering. However, similar morphological evolution has not been reported in laboratory studies of olivine dissolution. In this study, we examined the development of fayalite (Fe2SiO4) surface morphology during both abiotic and biotic (using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) laboratory dissolution experiments at an initial pH of 2.0. The fayalite came from Cheyenne Canyon, Colorado (Smithsonian # R 3516) and contains a few percent laihunite (olivine structure with ordered ferric iron and vacancies, ∼Fe0.82+Fe0.83+SiO4). High-resolution field emission low voltage scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization of all reacted samples showed etch patterns consistent with those reported from naturally reacted olivine. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) data demonstrated pervasive channeling on (001), with channel spacings that range down to < 10 nm. Formation of channels on (001) is probably initiated by preferential removal of cations from olivine M1 sites. Channeling confers at least an order of magnitude increase in surface area. Relict strips of olivine between channels contain laihunite layers that are oriented parallel to channel margins. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the relative abundance of laihunite is higher in reacted compared to unreacted samples. This result is consistent with prior studies of naturally weathered olivine that suggest that laihunite is far less readily dissolved than olivine. Samples reacted in the presence of A. ferrooxidans cells that enzymatically oxidized iron, or in solutions where ferric iron was added to simulate biological activity, dissolve at a much slower rate than samples reacted abiotically. We attribute suppression of the olivine dissolution rate to surface adsorption of Fe3+. It is probable that ferric iron adsorption is controlled by M2 sites in the underlying olivine structure. If this is coupled with removal of M1 cations during channel formation, then a modified laihunite-like surface will develop (vacancies in laihunite are on M1 sites). Although surface modification might only penetrate a few atomic layers, an inherently unreactive laihunite-like surface structure could explain both the pervasive channeling and the dramatic suppression of the measured dissolution rate.
ManifoldBoost: stagewise function approximation for fully-, semi- and un-supervised learning

We describe a manifold learning framewor that naturally accommodates supervised learning, partially supervised learning and unsupervised clustering as particular cases. Our method chooses a function by minimizing loss subject to a manifold regularization penalty. This augmented cost is minimized using a greedy, stagewise, functional minimization procedure, as in Gradientboost. Each stage of boosting is fast and efficient. We demonstrate our approach using both radial basis function approximations and trees. The performance of our method is at the state of the art on many standard semi-supervised learning benchmarks, and we produce results for large scale datasets.
Kinetics of uranium(VI) desorption from contaminated sediments: effect of geochemical conditions and model evaluation.

Stirred-flow cell experiments were performed to investigate the kinetics of uranyl [U(VI)] desorption from a contaminated sediment collected from the Hanford 300 Area at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site, Washington. Three influent solutions of variable pH, Ca and carbonate concentrations that affected U(VI) aqueous and surface speciation were used under dynamic flow conditions to evaluate the effect of geochemical conditions on the rate of U(VI) desorption. The measured rate of U(VI) desorption varied with solution chemical composition that evolved as a result of thermodynamic and kinetic interactions between the solutions and sediment. The solution chemical composition that led to a larger disequilibrium between adsorbed U(VI) and equilibrium adsorption state yielded a faster desorption rate. The experimental results were used to evaluate a multirate, surface complexation model (SCM) that has been proposed to describe U(VI) desorption kinetics in the Hanford sediment that contained complex adso...
Reproducibility and quantitation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry: effects of nitrocellulose on peptide ion yields.

We have observed that using nitrocellulose in sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry increases the yield of peptide [M + H]+ ions. Addition of nitrocellulose also provides improvement in sample-to-sample reproducibility of MALDI ion yield and improves the precision of peptide quantitation. Mass spectrometry and optical microscopy results suggest that the nitrocellulose modifies the crystallization of matrix/analyte solution to allow more even coverage over the sample surface.
Ludwig/sub 2/: decoupling program representations from processing models

Ludwig/sub 2/ is a general purpose visual language featuring a consistent internal representation for graph manipulation, arithmetic expressions, and user interaction, but with differing presentations of these language components in order to enhance readability. It has grown out of the earlier Ludwig language project as the generality of the graph operation approach outlined there has become apparent. This paper discusses Ludwig/sub 2/'s representation, presentations and planned programming environment.
Requirements for and Evaluation of RMI Protocols for Scientific Computing

Distributed software component architectures provide promising approach to the problem of building large scale, scientific Grid applications [18]. Communication in these component architectures is based on Remote Method Invocation (RMI) protocols that allow one software component to invoke the functionality of another. Examples include Java remote method invocation (Java RMI)[25] and the new Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) [15]. SOAP has the advantage that many programming languages and component frameworks can support it. This paper describes experiments showing that SOAP by itself is not efficient enough for large scale scientific applications. However, when it is embedded in multi-protocol RMI framework, SOAP can be effectively used as a universal control protocol, that can be swapped out by faster, more special purpose protocols when large data transfer speeds are needed.
Driver modeling and alignment for worst-case delay noise

In this paper, we present a new approach to model the impact of cross-coupling noise on interconnect delay. We introduce a new linear driver model that accurately models the noise pulse induced on a switching signal net due to cross coupling capacitance. The proposed model effectively captures the non-linear behavior of the victim driver gate during the transition and has an average error below 8% whereas the traditional approach using a Thevenin model incurs an average error of 48%. We also discuss the worst case alignment of the aggressor net transitions with respect to the victim net transition, emphasizing the need to maximize not merely the delay of the interconnect alone but the combined delay of the interconnect and receiver gate. We show that the worst case alignment of an aggressor net transition is a function of the receiver gate output loading, victim transition edge rate, and the noise pulse width and height and hence propose a pre-characterization approach to efficiently predict the worst-case alignment. The proposed methods were implemented in an industrial noise analysis tool called ClariNet. Results on industrial designs are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Sensitive Ground Fault Interrupter Performance in the Presence of Direct Current

This study analyzes the performance of sensitive ground fault interrupters in the presence of dc. It was found that dc bias drastically reduces the sensitivity of the relay. Theoretical models were developed to explain the behavior of the relays. Experimental measurements proved that the pick-up currents may increase from the standard 5mA threshold to values as large as 40mA.
Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century

Ideology has been the subject of a surprising amount of attention during the last half of the twentieth century. Although it has been argued that the term has been “thoroughly muddied by diverse uses” (Converse 1964, 207), an empirical investigation of the pages of the Review reveals substantial convergence among political scientists over time on a core definition. This essay traces the use of the concept in the Review since its launch in 1906. It reveals changing fashions in the connotation of the term, but suggests an underlying agreement on the essential components—coherence, stability and contrast—and underlines the centrality of the concept of ideology in political science.
A search for guidance: examining prenatal substance exposure protocols.

Objectives: To describe key elements of a set of hospital prenatal substance exposure protocols, and to relate variations in protocol content to the state legislative environment and hospital characteristics. Methods: Nurse managers and hospital administrators with responsibility for perinatal care were asked to provide their hospital's prenatal substance exposure protocol. Using a structured coding form, two independent coders read and abstracted information from the 87 protocols received. Hospital and patient characteristics and the state's legal environment were cross-tabulated. Results: Only half of coded protocols included an implementation date; 37% lacked any goal or statement of purpose. Most covered the key components of prenatal substance exposure management, such as precipitants and guidelines for toxicology screening, but failed to present their contents clearly. Only a few discussed whether specific maternal consent is required for a maternal or a newborn toxicology screen. Protocols from states that had made some legislative response to prenatal substance exposure were more likely to provide reporting guidelines and a discussion of consent for a toxicology screen for mothers and newborns. Protocols were more likely to be found in larger hospitals and were more detailed in hospitals serving more affluent and less minority patient populations. Conclusions: More attention needs to be devoted to the development of prenatal substance exposure protocols, as their lack of clarity precludes most from meeting protocol development goals, such as encouraging standardized care. Associations between hospital characteristics, state legislative environment and protocol features suggest that legislative mandates could shape their development and features.
Experiments on Damage-Based Ambient Taxes for Nonpoint Source Polluters

This article presents experimental tests of a linear and a nonlinear ambient tax mechanism that involve modest information requirements for the regulator. When agents are not allowed to communicate, both tax mechanisms result in emission levels that approximate the social optimum. When agents can communicate, emissions are considerably below the optimum, but we show that the tax function can be scaled to achieve social efficiency. Finally, by disaggregating the overall efficiency measure, we show that changing the pollution threshold that triggers the tax increases the inefficiency resulting from variation in agent-level decisions, but does not affect average emissions. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Competition, resource partitioning and coexistence of an endoparasitoid Encarsia perniciosi and an ectoparasitoid Aphytis melinus of the California red scale

. 1. Laboratory experiments and field studies were conducted to explain the coexistence of an endoparasitoid, Encarsia perniciosi Tower, and an ectoparasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach, both of which were introduced into California to control the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.). 2. Encarsia parasitized all scale stages but it preferred first and second instar scales. This is in contrast to Aphytis melinus, in which previous studies have shown that it parasitizes second and third instar females and second instar males but prefers third instar female scales. Encarsia developed most rapidly when it parasitized an early second instar and slowest when it parasitized the mature female scale. However, on early second instar scales it was about 80% as fecund as a wasp that emerged from a mature female scale. 3. Second instar scales parasitized by Encarsia were accepted by Aphytis as readily as unparasitized scales. 4. Encarsia did not distinguish between unparasitized hosts and those previously parasitized by Aphytis. 5. Encarsia always outcompeted by Aphytis when both species parasitize the same host. 6. Encarsia prefers scale on stems whereas Aphytis prefers those on leaves and fruits. This, too, may be a result of interspecific competition with Aphytis. 7. The partitioning of the scale resource by the two species explains why they coexist in coastal southern California but it does not explain why Encarsia disappeared from citrus groves in the inland valleys coincident with the introduction of Aphytis melinus into southern California.
Mythology of Antioxidant Vitamins

Decades of overly exuberant antioxidant vitamin claims, regarding disease prevention and antiaging, have not been supported by rigorous scientific testing and negative studies have been largely denied or ignored by the dietary supplement industry. Myths, half truths, and outright lies are commonly used to promote their sales since there is minimal governmental oversight of their effectiveness or of their harmful potential. The free radical theory, which served as the basis of antioxidant vitamin studies to prevent disease, lacks predictability, fails to meet the requirements of the scientific method, and has consequently been invalidated. Antioxidant vitamins have such widespread use that their potential to do harm has become a global public health issue. We must follow the fundamental medical precept of Hippocrates: ‘‘First, do no harm.’’ We must separate fact from factitious and ‘‘myths of marketing’’ from scientific truths.
Martian craters viewed by the Thermal Emission Imaging System instrument: Double‐layered ejecta craters

[1] The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) visible (VIS) images provide new insight into the nature and development of the unique ejecta deposits of Martian craters. This study focuses on double-layered ejecta (DLE) craters. To date, over 100 DLE craters have been examined using mainly THEMIS VIS data. Our observations suggest that emplacement of DLE crater ejecta occurred in two stages, with the inner ejecta layer emplaced similar to single-layered ejecta (SLE) crater ejecta. This may have involved both ballistic and flow processes. In contrast, the outer ejecta layer of DLE craters appears to have been emplaced through the high-velocity outflow of materials from tornadic winds generated by the advancing ejecta curtain or base surge. Remarkably, DLE craters lack secondary craters, which suggests that the large ejecta blocks that normally produce such craters may have either been entrained and/or crushed by these winds or fragmented as a result of the presence of water in the target materials. These observations suggest that volatiles (either trapped in the subsurface or in the atmosphere) have played a key role in the emplacement of the ejecta of DLE craters and leaves open the question as to what role volatiles play in the emplacement of ejecta of other types of fluidized ejecta craters (i.e., SLE and MLE craters). Because DLE craters are found in many different regions of Mars, often in close proximity to other types of craters, conditions (e.g., atmospheric density) that produce DLE craters must fluctuate or the Martian crust must be unexpectedly heterogeneous (laterally and vertically). While the degree of heterogeneity has yet to be recognized, recent suggestions about possible Martian climate change raises the possibility of impact into target materials that are periodically wet or that a significantly higher atmospheric pressure may be periodically present.
Less-Invasive Surgical Extraction of Problematic or Infected Permanent Transvenous Pacemaker System

Background The best management of problematic or infected transvenous permanent pacemaker system is complete surgical or percutaneous intravascular extraction of the pacemaker leads and removal of the generator. We present our experiences in 13 such patients in whom the leads were removed with the less-invasive technique. Methods From 1996 to 2003, 13 patients, from 31 to 83 years of age (mean, 66.9 ± 14.0 years), with problematic or infected transvenous permanent pacemaker systems were referred to our department for surgical treatment. In 6 patients, the original pacemakers were dual-chamber. A subxiphoid pericardiotomy was used as the monitoring port during the ventricular lead extraction. In addition, a right parasternal pericardiotomy through the third intercostal space was used as the monitoring port during the atrial lead extraction. Results Pacemaker systems were completely removed in all patients. Three bleeding episodes (23%), including two right atrial tears and one right ventricular rupture, were successfully circumvented through these monitoring ports. Concomitantly, a new epicardial single-chamber device was implanted through the subxiphoid pericardiotomy whenever indicated in 9 patients. All patients recovered and were discharged uneventfully. At a mean follow-up of 24.8 months (range, 1 to 90 months), no recurrent infections were observed. Conclusions A less-invasive technique for explantation of the complete pacemaker system is feasible. This is a reliable method to eradicate infection. Neither cardiopulmonary bypass nor specific intravascular lead extraction devices, such as locking stylets or laser-assisted sheath, are needed.
Analgosedation: A Paradigm Shift in Intensive Care Unit Sedation Practice

Objective:To critically evaluate the use of analgosedation in the management of agitation in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients.Data Sources:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1948-November 2011) and Cochrane Library (2011, issue 1) using the terms analgosedation, analgosedation, or analgesia-based sedation alone or in combination with intensive care unit or critically ill. Reference lists of related publications were also reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles published in English were evaluated. Randomized controlled trials examining critically ill mechanically ventilated patients older than 18 years were included.Data Synthesis:Limitations of current sedation practices include serious adverse drug events, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Studies have demonstrated that analgosedation, a strategy that manages patient pain and discomfort first, before providing sedative therapy, results in improved patient outcomes c...
Implementation and analysis of polymeric microstructure replication by micro injection molding

This paper presents the adaptation of a conventional injection molding process to the mass replication of polymeric microstructures with appropriate mold design and process control. Using wet-etched silicon wafers with microstructures on the surfaces as mold inserts, we have successfully predicted, improved and optimized the replication results. The flow behaviors of polymer melts in micro mold-cavities are characterized by both simulation and experiments. Among various process parameters, temperature is identified as the key factor that decisively determines the quality of injection-molded microstructures. Based on the collected experimental and simulation results, process optimization is performed to improve replication quality and to establish guidelines for potential applications. Because of its high speed and low cost, the adaptation of the injection molding process to microfabrication will lead to a promising technology for MEMS applications.
A quantum mechanical quantitative structure-activity relationship study of the flexural modulus of C, H, O, N-containing polymers.

Abstract Objective The result of this research was to develop a quantum mechanically based QSAR model for polymer flexural modulus from structural features of small oligomers of the polymers. The final model was to have both explanatory power and be a reasonably accurate screening tool for new materials. Methods A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) was developed using the CODESSA program from quantum mechanical information provided by the AM1 semiempirical method, as implemented in AMPAC. Results A four-descriptor correlation equation with R 2 = 0.91, also satisfying our other statistical criteria. A tetramer was determined to be a sufficient simulator for the polymer chain. The descriptors in the model show that rigidity of the monomer, electrostatic interactions and branching are the most important contributors to the flexural modulus value for a particular system. Significance The QSAR model we have developed here is conceptually satisfying for flexural, and provides an easily usable tool for rational biomaterials design.
Open text semantic parsing using FrameNet and WordNet

This paper describes a rule-based semantic parser that relies on a frame dataset (FrameNet), and a semantic network (WordNet), to identify semantic relations between words in open text, as well as shallow semantic features associated with concepts in the text. Parsing semantic structures allows semantic units and constituents to be accessed and processed in a more meaningful way than syntactic parsing, moving the automation of understanding natural language text to a higher level.
Current understanding of the literate versus illiterate patient's knowledge about anesthesiologists: A comparative study.

Context: There is a widespread ignorance among the public about the role of anesthesiologists and their responsibilities inside or outside the operating room both in developed and developing countries. Aims: The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge of literate and illiterate patient about the role of anesthesiologists and their concerns regarding anesthesiology. Setting and Design: This is a prospective study conducted in a preoperative anesthetic clinic of a large tertiary care hospital. The study consisted of a standard preanesthetic interview and questionnaire. Materials and Methods : After obtaining permission from the Ethics committee, patients in the age group 18-75 years of either sex undergoing elective surgery were included.The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their education: Group A: included patient who are illiterate; Group B: included patients who are literate, completed a questionnaire, which was later evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t test and correlation r test were used. Results: There was limited knowledge among both literates and illiterates regarding the perioperative role of anesthesiologists. They wanted to be fully explained about the anesthesiology technique and were keen to meet their anesthesiologist both before and after the surgery. Conclusion: To eliminate the ignorance among general public regarding the role of anesthesiologists, efforts must be made to educate and generate awareness among the population.
New model for prediction of ferrite number of stainless steel welds

AbstractA new semi-empirical model for predicting the ferrite content of stainless steel welds has been developed. This model predicts the ferrite number of stainless steel welds as a function of composition. The model is based on an equation representing the free energy change between ferrite and austenite. This model has been derived from published data of experimental weld metal compositions and their corresponding ferrite numbers. The predictive capability of this model was found to be good and describes the effect of alloying elements on the ferrite number. This model is comparable in accuracy to currently available constitution diagrams but is applicable to a wider range of alloy compositions.
Safety of Noncardiac Surgery in Patients With Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy at a Tertiary Care Center

Objectives This study’s purpose was to review non-cardiac surgery (NCS) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) to examine perioperative management and quantify postoperative mortality and worsening heart failure. Design Retrospective review. Setting A single tertiary care center. Participants The study included 57 adult patients with HOCM who underwent NCS from January 1, 1996, through January 31, 2014. Interventions Noncardiac surgery. Measurements and Main Results The authors identified 57 HOCM patients who underwent 96 NCS procedures. Vasoactive medications were administered to the majority of NCS patients. Three patients (3%) died within 30 days of NCS, but causes of death did not appear to be cardiac in nature. Death after NCS was not significantly associated with preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.2727) or peak instantaneous systolic resting gradient (0.8828), but was associated with emergency surgery (p = 0.0002). Three patients experienced worsening heart failure postoperatively, and this was significantly associated with preoperative New York Heart Association Class III-IV symptoms compared with I-II symptoms (p = 0.0008). Conclusions HOCM patients safely can undergo NCS at multidisciplinary centers experienced in caring for these patients. The mortality rate in this study was less than that reported in the majority of other studies. Postoperative complications, including increasing heart failure, may occur, especially in patients with more severe preoperative cardiac symptoms.
Uptake of Liquid Water

The term “preformed water” is sometimes used to describe water taken in with the food or imbibed by drinking, presumably in order to distinguish it from “post-formed” water which results from oxidation of the food. But most of the water content of food can in principle be recovered in the liquid form by expression, and here we shall use the term “liquid water” to include both this and water in the form of droplets and such like. The distinction between these on the one hand and water vapour (which is also absorbed by some arthropods) on the other, is a useful one.
The Challenge of Institutionalizing Alternative Dispute Resolution: Attorney Perspectives on the Effect of Rule 17 on Civil Litigation Practice in Missouri

Most state courts now have Alternative Dispute Resolution ('ADR') programs in place to assist with the settlement of cases filed in court. The result is that ADR has become something of a routine part of the civil litigation process. For ADR to play an important role in our judicial system, policy makers need to know what is happening in practice. One approach to evaluating ADR programs, taken by the authors of this report, is to look at the program through the eyes of practicing litigation attorneys. In 1997 the Missouri Supreme Court revised its civil (non-family) ADR rule, Rule 17, to give individual judges the power to order cases to ADR. One of the primary reasons for the revision was to increase the use of what was seen as a worthwhile but underutilized rule. In an effort to evaluate the revised rule and its effects, the Missouri Supreme Court commissioned the authors to conduct an extensive attorney survey to assess when and why lawyers choose to use ADR, especially mediation; what ADR's effects are on discovery practices; what overall effects the choice of ADR has on the litigation process; and how and when judges get involved in choosing ADR. This report, published in May 2002 by the Missouri Supreme Court, details the answers Missouri lawyers gave to these important questions and provides important evaluative information for the emerging national picture of court-connected ADR. Among other findings, the picture of specific mediation practices that emerges is one of a mix of facilitative and evaluative techniques, with attorneys having a clear preference for the evaluative aspects of mediation.
Price, Path & Pride: Third-Party Closing Opinion Practice Among U.S. Lawyers (a Preliminary Investigation)

This article provides a qualitative empirical analysis of third-party closing opinion practice. This practice has recently generated some controversy because, among other reasons, many of the transactions in issue in Enron were supported by closing opinions. Interviews with lawyers around the nation suggest that the traditional academic view of opinion practice - that it promotes economic efficiency - is helpful but incomplete. Many features of closing opinion practice persist despite demonstrable inefficiencies. Moreover, when the practice improves, it is often non-market forces that create the change. Based on these interviews, the article offers some initial thoughts on why the practice exists, and certain of the functions that it may perform.