cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Methods of Evaluating the Productivity of Labor in Milk Plant Operations

Summary A significant difference was found between plants in employee efficiency as related to the job performed by a worker. The per cent efficiency was calculated by dividing the number of productive observations by the total observations. A significant difference was found between plants in functional efficiency, which is determined by dividing the theoretical time as established by standard times by the actual time consumed in the completion of the function. Analysis of labor utilization by man-minutes required per 100 lb. and per package for the receiving, processing-packaging, and packaging operations in the plants included in this study indicated that a significant difference existed between plants. No single efficiency determination alone can be taken as a measure of the relative efficiency of fluid milk plants. It is believed that the best evaluations can be reached by using the information provided by employee efficiency, function efficiency, and man-minutes per package and per 100 lb.
CATALYTIC ROLE OF MONOVALENT CATIONS IN THE MECHANISM OF PROTON TRANSFER WHICH GATES AN INTERPROTEIN ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTION

Within the methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH)-amicyanin protein complex, long range intermolecular electron transfer (ET) occurs between tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) of MADH and the type I copper of amicyanin. The reoxidations of two chemically distinct reduced forms of TTQ were studied, a quinol (O-quinol) generated by reduction by dithionite and the physiologically relevant aminoquinol (N-quinol) generated by reduction by methylamine. The latter contains a substrate-derived amino group which displaces the C6 carbonyl oxygen on TTQ. ET from N-quinol MADH to amicyanin is gated by the transfer of a solvent exchangeable proton [Bishop, G. R., & Davidson, V. L. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 12082-12086]. The factors which influence this proton transfer (PT) reaction have been examined. The rate of PT increases with increasing pH and with increasing salt concentration. The salt effect is due to specific monovalent cations and is not a general ionic strength effect. The rate enhancements by pH and cations do not reflect an elimination of the PT step that gates ET. Over the range of pH from 5.5 to 9.0 and with cation concentrations from 0 to 200 mM, the observed rate of the redox reaction is still that of PT. This is proven by kinetic solvent isotope effect studies which show that a primary isotope effect persists even at the highest values of pH and cation concentration. A model is presented to explain how specific cations contribute to catalysis and influence the rate of PT in this reaction. The pH dependence is attributed to an ionizable group that is involved in cation binding. The effect of the cation is stabilization of a negatively charged reaction intermediate that is formed during the deprotonation of the N-quinol, and from which rapid ET to the copper of amicyanin occurs. The relevance of these findings to other enzymes which exhibit reaction rates that are influenced by monovalent cations is also discussed.
Modeling of nonlinear wave propagation over fringing reefs

Abstract The applicability of existing nonlinear (triad) spectral models for steep slopes (0.1–0.2) characteristic of reef environments was investigated, using both deterministic (phase-resolving) and stochastic (phased-averaged) formulations. Model performance was tested using laboratory observations of unidirectional wave transformation over steep and smooth bathymetry profiles. The models, developed for mild slopes, were implemented with minimal modifications (the inclusion of breaking parametrizations and linear steep-slope corrections) required by laboratory data. The deterministic model produced typically more accurate predictions than the stochastic one, but the phase averaged formulation proved fast enough to allow for an inverse modeling search for the optimal breaking parametrization. The effects of the additional assumptions of the stochastic approach resulted in a slower than observed evolution of the infragravity band. Despite the challenge posed by the fast wave evolution and energetic breaking characteristic to the steep reef slopes, both formulations performed overall well, and should be considered as good provisional candidates for use in numerical investigation of wave–current interaction processes on steep reefs.
Brain amines and emotional stress

Evidence is presented that emotional stress in the mouse, guinea pig, and rat are associated with 10-30 per cent decrements in brain norepinephrine. This does not appear to be primarily a function of muscular activity and is probably a neurochemical concomitant of the 'emotional' upset. It is a generalized phenomenon that occurs in cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and brain stem, to approximately the same degree. Under these circumstances the concentration in brain of serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine remain stable. It appears that decreases of brain norepinephrine may be a component of a general response to intense, emotional distress.
Defining the molecular genetic basis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a significant health care problem. The etiology is idiopathic in approximately half of the patients. Recognition that 20%–25% of idiopathic DCM cases are familial has advanced the hypothesis that single gene defects are important in the disease's pathogenesis. General linkage analyses in rare, large DCM families have determined the chromosome location of five idiopathic DCM genes. Candidate-gene mutational analyses in more typical, small pedigrees represent an alternative strategy for DCM gene identification. Human molecular genetics will play a fundamental role in defining pathogenic mechanisms for DCM with the prospect of new, molecular-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches . (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:60–63). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc .
Oral theophylline dosage for the management of chronic asthma

Theophylline dosage requirements to maintain serum concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml among asthmatic patients were examined in 156 children, ages 2 1/2 months to 16 years, and 33 otherwise healthy adults. Using 100% bioavailable preparations, low doses were used initially and increased, if tolerated, at three-day intervals. Final dosage was based on serum theophylline measurements which were subsequently repeated after six or more months of therapy. Dosage standardized by weight averaged 24.1±5.5 mg/kg/day (mean±SD) among the 77 children under age 9 years. Age-related variability of weight-adjusted doses were not observed for younger children, but average dose requirements decreased progressively beyond age 9 years to 13 mg/kg/day for patients beyond 16 years of age. Although interpatient variability in dosage was confirmed at all ages, intrapatient variability in requirements over an average eight-month interval were small; dosage changes to maintain therapeutic serum concentration were primarily associated with growth. These data allow age-specific guidelines for dosage recommendations based on the likelihood of optimally effective and potentially toxic serum theophylline concentrations.
Response of eleven forage species to treatment of acid soil with calcitic and dolomitic lime

Abstract The cost and difficulty of applying lime on hilly pastures or small forage fields makes it appropriate to devote attention to efficiency of lime utilization. This study evaluated effects of calcitic and dolomitic lime on yield and mineral composition of 11 forage species grown on soil with a low base status of 0.46 cmolc as Ca and 0.18 cmolc as Mg kg‐1. Both lime types increased dry matter production, but only Lolium multiflorum responded more positively to dolomitic lime. The low Mg level in the soil was not a major factor limiting yield. Increase in yield was mainly attributed to the increase in pH with the concurrent decrease in Al level and to an increased Ca availability to plants. The species ranked as follows according to the magnitude of yield increase due to calcitic liming: Trifolium fragiferum > Trifolium pratense > Vicia sativa > Vicia villosa > Trifolium repens > Lolium perenne > Lolium multiflorum > Festuca arundinaceae = Lolium (multiflorum x perenne x perenne) > Trifolium subterra...
Selected ion flow tube study of NH4+ association and of product switching reactions with a series of organic molecules

Abstract A study has been made of the association reactions of NH 4 + with a series of organic molecules, CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH, (CH 3 ) 2 O, CH 3 CHO, CH 3 CO 2 H and (CH 3 ) 2 CO, at 300 K using a Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT). Ternary association rate coefficients have been determined and the product ions of several of the reactions have been probed by their further reactivities. The reaction with CH 3 NH 2 was also studied, but this proceeds by proton transfer, being the only case in the study where this is energetically possible. The association reactions are generally rapid, and are pressure saturated in some cases, indicating strong bonding. Probing of the reactivity of the product ions of the (CH 3 ) 2 O, CH 3 CHO, CH 3 CO 2 H and (CH 3 ) 2 CO associations with the same set of molecules has shown that the reactions occur exclusively by switching, where one associated molecule is replaced by another. These switching reactions, when exothermic, can be very efficient, but the efficiency is strongly dependent on energetics. The study enabled both forward and reverse rate coefficients to be determined, and hence equilibrium constants, K , at 300 K; from these K ’s relative bond energies were estimated. Relative bond energies for NH 4 + bound to the neutral are (CH 3 ) 2 CO>CH 3 CO 2 H>CH 3 CHO>(CH 3 ) 2 O, with the bond to (CH 3 ) 2 CO being substantially stronger than the others. The reaction mechanism is suggestive of a strong cluster bond, although a chemically reactive alternative is possible and is discussed. Interstellar implications are mentioned.
Middle and Inner Ear Findings in Pneumococcic Meningitis (Report of 13 Cases)

Thirteen pairs of temporal bones from patients with pneumococcic meningitis were studied by light microscopy. As far as the route of infection spread to the inner ear is concerned, all of the round window, the modiolus, and the cochlear aqueduct seemed to play some role. It seemed that the cochlear perilymphatic space was to be involved earlier than the vestibular perilymphatic space, even though in many cases the difference was not quite clear. The cochlear endolymphatic space seemed to be the least involved.
Evaluation of activation methods with cellulose beads for immunosorbent purification of immunoglobulins

Abstract Attempts were made to evaluate the chemical properties of cross-linked cellulose beads in order to utilize them as a support material for the large scale purification of specific immunoglobulins via immunosorbent chromatography with goat anti-human IgG serving as the model affinity ligand. Since these cellulose beads have sufficient mechanical strength to sustain a high flow rate of viscous fluids, they are ideal for rapid purification of large fluid volumes. The beads were activated with cyanogen bromide, tosyl chloride, cyanuric chloride or oxidation reagents such as chromium trioxide, sodium periodate and dimethylsulfoxide-carbodiimide before the antibodies were immobilized under mild conditions. The inert hydroxyl groups were thus converted into more active cyanate ester, tosylate, reactive acyl-like chlorines, and carbonyl groups which readily react with amino groups of antibodies. Antibodies were immobilized on the activated cellulose beads under mild conditions with an average yield of 42.3%. Every immobilization method had disadvantages. The binding activity of the immobilized antibody depended on its concentration. Very high binding efficiency was achieved when the concentration was less than 0.2 mg/ml; however, the efficiency was only about 5% when the concentration was greater than 2 mg/ml. The binding activity of immobilized antibodies was affected by the steric factors imposed by the support material but not affected by the immobilization methods. Although some non-specific interaction between plasma components and the cellulose bead immunosorbent occurred, specific immunoglobulin could be purified from plasma in a single step.
The effects of social roles and personality motives on autobiographical memory

In the present study we examined how agentic and communal social roles and personality motives were related to the quality (including emotions and agentic and communal themes) and cognitive structure (differentiation and integration) of women's autobiographical memories. One hundred twenty-seven college-aged women were asked to describe a personal memory after being randomly assigned to either agentic or communal task conditions. In the agentic task condition, participants completed a creative building task alone, and in the communal task condition, participants completed the same task with a confederate. Personality motives were measured by both explicit (self-report) and implicit (TAT stories) measures. Following the task, participants wrote about an autobiographical experience in which they were in either agentic or communal social roles. Linear multiple regression analyses indicated that participating in an agentic task, as compared to a communal task, was related to the inclusion of fewer agentic themes as well as to a higher frequency of shame and anger words in autobiographical memories. Congruence between social roles and implicit personality motives (e.g., an agentic task assignment and high agentic motives) yielded less negatively laden autobiographical memories than incongruence between social roles and personality motives (e.g., an agentic task assignment and high communal motives). Furthermore, participants who scored high on both explicit agentic and communal motives included more positive emotion words in their memories than did other groups.
A study of surface diffusion of metals in tungsten for NEMS applications

Diffusion of 14 different ∼20 nm thick metals into 100 nm thick tungsten films at 700 °C for up to 90 minutes was studied using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. W-W yielded a restructured surface even at this relatively low (700 °C) temperature (melting temperature of W is 3422 °C). Al, Cr and Pt films completely diffused and even reduced (20–50 nm) the original W surface height in certain cases. The Al-W alloy had low contact resistance but slightly higher surface roughness (5 nm rms compared to 2 nm rms). Cu and Mo completely diffused into W but they did not reduce W's original thickness. Fe, Ta, Au, Ni, Ag, Co, Ti and NiCrFe increased the apparent Metal-W thickness. We conclude that Al, Cr, and Pt can be used as etch-less sacrificial layers with desirable electrical contact properties.
Focus on the Survival of Ohio Wesleyan University: An Antebellum Institution of Higher Education

This article documents the historical development of United Methodist Church-affiliated Ohio Wesleyan University during the nineteenth century. It relies significantly upon a synthesis of its 50- and 100-year histories and supporting Methodist educational literature. While the struggles and mortality rates of church colleges founded during the denominational era of American higher education are fairly well documented, less attention has been given to the key forces that helped these colleges survive. With an emphasis on institutional survival, this paper traces the evolution of Ohio Wesleyan relative to five common stressors experienced by antebellum colleges including location, denominational competition, financing, internal dissension, and the risk of natural catastrophe. Also examined are curricula, faculty, and instructional methods. Although the primary aim of this article is not to settle the existing debate between traditionalist and revisionist historians, the findings generally support a revision...
An Index of Biotic Integrity: A Test with Limnological and Fish Data from Sixty Florida Lakes

Abstract An index of biotic integrity (IBI) that used eight fish assemblage metrics was examined for effectiveness in estimating anthropogenic impacts to 60 Florida lakes ranging in size from 2 ha to more than 12,400 ha. The lakes ranged in trophic status from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic and had aquatic macrophyte abundances (percent lake volume infested) ranging from less than 1% to 100%. Fish species were classified by trophic feeding guild and tolerance to increases in turbidity or warming and decreases in dissolved oxygen concentration. Fish assemblage metrics tested were as follows: Number of fish species, number of native fish species, number of Lepomis species, number of piscivorous species, number of generalist species, number of invertivore species, number of species intolerant of increased turbidity or warming and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration, and number of species tolerant of increased turbidity or warming and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration. The total IBI scores and the...
Dynamic modulation of shared sensory and motor cortical rhythms mediates speech and non-speech discrimination performance

Oscillatory models of speech processing have proposed that rhythmic cortical oscillations in sensory and motor regions modulate speech sound processing from the bottom-up via phase reset at low frequencies (3-10Hz) and from the top-down via the disinhibition of alpha/beta rhythms (8-30Hz). To investigate how the proposed rhythms mediate perceptual performance, EEG was recorded while participants passively listened to or actively identified speech and tone-sweeps in a two-force choice in noise discrimination task presented high and low signal-to-noise ratios. EEG data were decomposed using independent component analysis (ICA) and clustered across participants using principle component methods in EEGLAB. Clustering analysis showed left and right hemisphere sensorimotor and posterior temporal lobe components. In posterior temporal clusters, increases in phase reset at low-frequencies were driven by the quality of bottom-up acoustic information for speech and non-speech stimuli, whereas phase reset in sensorimotor clusters was associated with top-down active task demands. A comparison of correct discrimination trials to those identified at chance showed an earlier performance related effect for the left sensorimotor cluster relative to the left-temporal lobe cluster during the syllable discrimination task only. The right sensorimotor cluster was associated with performance related differences for tone-sweep stimuli only. Alpha/beta suppression was associated with active tasks only in sensorimotor and temporal clusters. Findings are consistent with internal model accounts suggesting that early efferent sensorimotor models transmitted along alpha and beta channels reflect a release from inhibition related to active attention to auditory stimuli. Results are discussed in the broader context of dynamic, oscillatory models of cognition proposing that top-down internally generated states interact with bottom-up sensory processing to enhance task performance.
The fellowship in family planning.

The Fellowship in Family Planning (FFP) was established in 1991 at the University of California San Francisco in 1991 to specifically focus on clinical training and research in abortion and contraception. The goals of the fellowship awarded to postgraduates of US residency programs are to develop subspecialists focused on research teaching and clinical practice in contraception and abortion. The FFP community has made substantial contributions to family planning research in the USA while continuing its focus on global health. Copyright © 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Laser-induced fluorescence in atherogenesis: assessment of endothelium and macrophages

Fluorescence spectroscopy experiments were focused on circulating monocytes and endothelial cells, two cell types that play a central role in the development and progression of atheromatous lesions. Our aim was to gain new insights into the cellular physiology of atherosclerosis and allow the development of diagnostic tests for the evaluation of atherosclerosis risk.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación. El caso de Lota, Chile

Lota, la primera ciudad industrial de Chile, monoproductora e identificada por 150 anos con el carbon, se encuentra en un proceso irreversible de declinacion simbolica y material. Marcada su historia por luchas contra la pobreza, la injusticia social y la demanda por derechos laborales, impulsadas por los sindicatos y el Partido Comunista, que estructuraron sus utopias sociales y urbanas, hoy se encuentra sumida en la derrota y el sufrimiento producido por una acumulacion de eventos adversos en los ultimos 40 anos. La dictadura militar, el fin de los socialismos reales, la devaluacion de los partidos politicos y el sindicalismo y el cierre de la mina, ponen fin a una cultura laboral y a un proyecto de ciudad que obliga a los extrabajadores y a sus habitantes a un proceso de reescritura biografica que modifica su relacion con el pasado y el futuro. En este articulo se realiza un analisis de las transformaciones productivas, sociales, politicas, culturales y arquitectonicas que muestran la emocion de una ciudad y la vida colectiva sumida en el dolor. Metodologicamente se desarrolla en base a un trabajo etnografico sustentado en entrevistas a exmineros, mujeres, funcionarios publicos y revision de fuentes de informacion secundaria, provenientes de registros historicos y literarios.
Wave Energy Conversion in Restricted Waters by a Heaving Cylinder/Linear--lnductance System

Results of an experimental study of a heaving wave energy converter are presented. The heaving system consists of a vertical, right, circular cylinder equipped with a linear-inductance electromechanical energy conversion device. The results show that open circuit resistance has little effect on the response of the heaving system. Furthermore, by closing the electrical circuit with a variable resistor, the performance of the wave energy conversion system can be optimized by matching the sum of the mechanical and open circuit impedances.
Gravitino Freeze-In

We explore an alternative mechanism for the production of gravitino dark matter whereby relic gravitinos originate from the decays of superpartners which are still in thermal equilibrium, i.e. via freeze-in. Contributions to the gravitino abundance from freeze-in can easily dominate over those from thermal scattering over a broad range of parameter space, e.g., when the scalar superpartners are heavy. Because the relic abundance from freeze-in is independent of the reheating temperature after inflation, collider measurements may be used to unambiguously reconstruct the freeze-in origin of gravitinos. In particular, if gravitino freeze-in indeed accounts for the present day dark matter abundance, then the lifetime of the next-to-lightest superpartner is uniquely fixed by the superpartner spectrum.
Easy and Practical Utilization of CONSAM for Simulation, Analysis, and Optimization of Complex Dosing Regimens

Complex dosing regimens simulated in the literature using a universal dosing regimen were calculated with a general dosing program developed using the program CONSAM. The program provides a rapid method of calculating nonuniform dosing regimens for up to n = 3 compartments for any linear model. Subject data can also be curve fitted with the program to obtain individual subject estimates to allow for dosage optimization, which is important in a clinical setting. Examples are presented to show the use of the program in optimizing a theophylline regimen, as well as estimation of a new parameter, Cuneq(T), which is defined as the average non-steady-state drug concentration at time t for a drug with an irregular dosing interval.
EFFECT OF NONLINEAR TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ON CURLING STRESS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

Temperature and moisture gradients can lead to significant tensile stresses at the slab top and bottom. Current techniques for assessing the internal stresses due to such gradients are based on the assumption that temperature and moisture distributions through the slab thickness are linear. However, the actual distributions of such gradients have been found to be highly nonlinear. A new closed form solution technique for calculating the stresses in a pavement slab due to nonlinear gradients is introduced. The analysis is separated into two parts. In the first, an expression is presented for calculating the self-equilibrated stresses within a cross section due to internal restraint (i.e., satisfying equilibrium conditions and continuity of the strain field within the cross section). These stresses are independent of slab dimensions and boundary conditions. In the second, the stresses due to external restraint (i.e., self-weight and subgrade reaction) are calculated using an equivalent linear temperature gradient obtained from the first part and existing closed form solutions by Westergaard or Bradbury. The solution to this step includes slab length and boundary conditions. Total internal stresses due to nonlinear gradients are obtained by using the superposition principle. The methodology has been applied to field data from two studies in which the temperature profiles were recorded throughout a 24-hr period. Linear gradient solution methods cannot accurately predict the curling stresses in concrete pavements. This is especially pronounced during nighttime and early morning hours, during which nonlinear analysis predicts tensile stress in both the slab bottom and top before the application of any traffic loading.
Comparison of cytosine arabinoside delivery to rat brain by intravenous, intrathecal, intraventricular and intraparenchymal routes of administration.

Abstract We evaluated the delivery of 14 C -cytosine arabinoside (AraC) to rat brain by: 1) intravenous (IV) bolus, by 2) intrathecal (IT) and 3) intraventricular (IVT) infusion, and by 4) convection-enhanced delivery (CED) into the caudate nucleus. Plasma and brain AraC metabolites were measured with HPLC, and distribution and concentration of 14 C -AraC in brain sections were measured by quantitative autoradiography. After IV administration, the α and β plasma half-lives were 1.9 and 46.5 min, respectively. The blood-to-brain transfer constant of AraC was 2.5±1.4 μl g−1 min−1, compatible with high water solubility. After IT and IVT administration, tissue levels were high at the brain and ventricular surfaces, but declined exponentially into brain. After CED, maximum brain levels were up to 10,000 times higher than the IV group, and the distribution pattern was one of high 14 C -AraC concentration in the convective component, with exponentially declining concentrations outside this region. The rate loss constant from brain was 0.002±0.0004 min−1, suggesting that AraC was accumulating in brain cells. AraC was metabolized into uracil arabinoside within the brain. 14 C -AraC was infused into 1 dog and distributed widely in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These studies suggest that delivery of AraC to brain parenchyma by the IV, IT or IVT routes will be subtherapeutic. Delivery by CED can achieve, and maintain, therapeutic levels of AraC in the brain, and should be further evaluated as a potential method of drug delivery.
Observational word learning in two bonobos (Pan paniscus): ostensive and non-ostensive contexts

Word learning has been extensively studied in humans. Children seem to be able to map new words onto objects with only one exposure to the referent. This ability has been called ‘‘fast mapping’’(Carey, 1978; Carey and Bartlett, 1978). Using a modified human paradigm, this paper explores two language-competent bonobos’ (Pan paniscus) abilities to map new words to objects in realistic surroundings with few exposures to the referents. This paper also investigates the necessity of the apes maintaining visual contact (ostensive context) with the item to map the novel name onto the novel object. The bonobos tested in this experiment were able to map new words onto objects and could do so without visual contact with the items. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D

The presence of vitamin D receptors in diverse tissues like immune cells, beta-cells in the pancreas, and cardiac myocytes has prompted research to evaluate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the occurrence of immune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The expression of receptors not only in normal cells, but also in cancer cells including breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells has moreover opened the path to therapeutic exploitation of vitamin D or its metabolites and hypocalcemic structural analogues as pharmaceutical tools in the fight against chronic non-communicable diseases like diabetes, CVD, and cancer.
Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of boron from boron neutron capture therapy drugs in co-cultures: single-cell imaging of two different cell types within the same ion microscopy field of imaging.

A co-culture, cryogenic SIMS methodology is presented for the quantitative analysis of cell type-dependent accumulation of boron delivered by BPA-F and BSH, two clinically approved drugs used in boron neutron capture therapy of cancer. T98G human glioblastoma cells were co-cultured with morphologically different normal LLC-PK1 epithelial cells or GM3348 human skin fibroblasts. Our freeze−fracture method of cryogenic sample preparation successfully fractured the different cell types grown together in co-cultures. Quantitative observations revealed an active uptake of boron from BPA-F in both T98G and LLC-PK1 cells but did not show cell type-dependent differences. Accumulation of BSH in all three cell types examined also did not reveal any cell type-dependent differences in co-cultures. As this method relies on the analysis, within the same field of SIMS imaging, of two different cell types that have been maintained under identical conditions of growth, drug exposure, sample preparation, and instrumental an...
Root-MUSIC direction finding applied to multifrequency coastal radar

Recently several authors have examined the theoretical performance of the Root-MUSIC algorithm, which is a variation of the popular MUSIC algorithm applicable to a linear array of uniformly-spaced, identical elements (or a uniform circular array). It is thus more restricted than conventional MUSIC, but simulation studies indicate that Root-MUSIC (and related algorithms, such as ESPRIT) have performance advantages over ordinary MUSIC for such linear arrays. The receiving array of the University of Michigan's Multifrequency Coastal Radar (MCR) is a linear array of 8 identical loops and thus is a good candidate for experimental study. Four-frequency data recorded during the COPE-3 experiment at Chesapeake Bay, Virginia during 1997 have been processed with Root-MUSIC as well as ordinary MUSIC and beam formation. Directional estimates for a calibration transponder at known locations processed with MUSIC and Root-MUSIC are compared. Root-MUSIC and MUSIC appear to give very similar results.
In Situ Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of AA 2024-T3 Corrosion Metrology I. Localized Corrosion of Particles

The morphology of attack at and around the intermetallic compounds (IMC) present on bare AA 2024-T3 was studied in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Exposures were conducted in 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 + 0.005 M NaCI at pH 3, 6, and 10 as well as near-neutral 0.5 M NaCl. The types of attack observed could be categorized as matrix and IMC pitting, trenching adjacent to IMC, and matrix etching. The electrochemical behavior of bulk synthesized Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Mg, and Al-Cu-Fe-Mn intermetallic compounds as well as that of AA 2024-T3 was used to rationalize the observed attack metrology. The galvanic coupling between the AA2024-T3 matrix and the intermetallic particles controlled the attack rates. In Al-Cu-Mg, the strong polarization to the open-circuit potential of the alloy caused rapid dissolution (ca. 10 mA/cm 2 ), whereas for the Al-Cu-Fe-Mn the dissolution rates were on the order of 100 μA/cm 2 . The limited dissolution rates of the Al-Cu-Fe-Mn phase were due to the cathodic polarization of these particles by the matrix under open-circuit conditions. Several pits were initiated at large Al-Cu-Mg particles. These pits were stable within the Al-Cu-Mg phase, but could not form stable pits in the alloy matrix during open-circuit corrosion. Calculation of growth rates and pit stability products for the individual IMC emphasized the role of metastable pitting in the observed corrosion metrology, which developed on AA2024-T3 during open-circuit corrosion.
Persons with substance use disorders in mental health organizations in the United States in 1988.

The Data Note Series Is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), USA. Abstract Data from a 1988 enumeration of Mental health organisations Mid separate psychiatric services of non-Federal general hospitals in the United States were used to derive estimates of the number of person with alcohol and/or drug abuse (substance use) disorders in these organisations. For all organizations combined, the percent of persons with substance use disorders were 8% each in inpatient, residential treatment, and outpatient care and only 3% in partial cars program elements. However, within type of program element, there was variation according to type of organisation. It should be noted that the percent of persons with substance use in menial health organisations would be even greater than reported if: (1) the universe of mental health organizations surveyed was expanded; (2) the reporting period included persons receiving services throughout the year rather than on a single day; and (3) provision was made for including persons with a secondary diagnosis of substance abuse.
Deflection Focusing of Electron Microscopes

An image in an electron microscope is made to move in response to manipulation of a switch if the image is slightly out of focus. Because of the sensitivity of the eye to motion, even low contrast or dim images can thus be focused very accurately by noting lack of motion. This method is helpful in all cases, but with certain specimen types or with a biased electron gun it is essential. Construction information is given for a magnetic beam deflection unit that has performed well in regular use for over ten years. The electron optics of certain corrections are discussed briefly.
Magno- and Parvocellular Visual Cortex Activation in Anisometropic Amblyopia, as Studied with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose: We studied the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the visual cortex in order to activate preferentially the parvocellular (PC) or the magnocellular (MC) visual system by manipulation of the spatiotemporal characteristics of the stimuli. Then we applied this technique to a patient with amblyopia to see how these two visual systems are affected in amblyopia. Methods: We acquired the fMRI at 1.5 T in 8 normal subjects and in one patient with anisometropic amblyopia, each receiving their best refractive correction. Each subject underwent experimentation under five conditions. The MC stimulus had a low contrast, a large check size, and a high temporal frequency. The PC stimulus had a high contrast, a small check size, and a low temporal frequency. After the activation in each condition had been determined by contrasting the visual stimulation conditions with the condition at rest, the inter-eye difference was determined. Results: In normal subjects, the activation map showed different vis...
Radiation efficiency of photoreactors

Theoretical expressions are derived for the fraction of the energy, emitted from a UV lamp, which strikes the reactor wall in systems where a reflecting surface is included. Two geometries used in photoreactors are considered: a cylindrical lamp located at the focus of a superimposed parabolic reflecor. The predicted efficiencies are low, particularly for the elliptical reflector—reactor system, because of the energy that escapes through the ends of the system. Experimentally determined efficiencies for the elliptical type are in reasonable agreement with predicted values, suggesting that the theoretical method may be used for estimating efficiencies for different reactor systems.
Adjunctive aerosolized colistin for multi-drug resistant gram-negative pneumonia in the critically ill: a retrospective study

The incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) gram-negative (GN) organisms including Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp has increased in the last decade, prompting re-evaluation of colistin for the management of these infections. Aerosolized colistin as an adjunct to intravenous therapy is a current option for the management of MDR-GN pneumonia, although data supporting this practice is limited. This study evaluates the efficacy of adjunctive aerosolized colistin in combination with intravenous colistin in critically ill patients with MDR-GN pneumonia. A retrospective multi-center cohort analysis comparing critically ill patients with MDR-GN pneumonia who received intravenous colistin (IV) alone or in combination with adjunctive aerosolized colistin (IV/AER) with a primary endpoint of clinical cure at the end of colistin therapy. Secondary endpoints included microbiologic cure, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and hospital mortality. A post-hoc subgroup analysis was performed for patients with high quality cultures used for diagnosis of MDR-GN pneumonia. Dichotomous data were compared using Fisher’s exact test while the student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test were used for continuous variables. Ninety-five patients met criteria for evaluation with 51 patients receiving IV and 44 receiving IV/AER. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. Twenty patients (39.2%) receiving IV and 24 (54.5%) receiving IV/AER achieved clinical cure (p = 0.135). There was no difference in microbiologic cure rates between the IV and IV/AER colistin groups (40.7vs. 44.4%, p = 0.805). The IV group demonstrated a trend towards higher pneumonia attributable mortality (70.4 vs. 40%, p = 0.055). In the subgroup analysis of patients with high quality respiratory cultures, there was a significantly lower clinical cure rate for those in the IV group as compared to the IV/AER group (31.3 vs. 57.1%, p = 0.033). Addition of aerosolized colistin to IV colistin may improve clinical cure and mortality for patients with MDR-GN pneumonia. Larger, prospective trials are warranted to confirm the benefit of adjunctive aerosolized colistin in critically ill patients with MDR-GN pneumonia.
Could "acculturation" effects be explained by latent health disadvantages among Mexican immigrants?

This paper tests portions of a new theory of immigrant health by focusing exclusively on latent biomarkers of future health risks. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994 – we uncover the typically observed immigrant health advantage among recent immigrants that diminishes among long-term immigrants. In addition, we observe worse health among U.S.-born Mexican Americans relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Finally, although our theory suggests that recent immigrants may have latent health risks due to disadvantaged childhood experiences, we do not find evidence in support of this theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Characterization of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Mechanofused NiAl

Vacuum plasma spray is a melt spray process capable of producing coatings or near-net shaped deposits with ultra-fine grained structures. Mechanofusion is a novel technique for processing powdered materials. In this study, mixtures of elemental Ni and Al powders, either blended or mechanofused, were vacuum plasma sprayed, yielding a series of Ni-Al intermetallic phases. Mechanofusion resulted in significant effects on the phase distribution in subsequently as-sprayed deposits. After heat treatment at 1100 °C, single phase NiAl was obtained for both the mechanofused and blended samples. The microhardness of the NiAl is comparable to that produced by other methods. These preliminary experiments indicate that mechanofusion and vacuum plasma spraying can be employed to produce various compounds using mixed elemental powders.
Energy/power estimation for LDPC decoders in software radio systems

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are advanced error-correcting codes with performance approaching the Shannon limit. Although many LDPC code decoding algorithms have been proposed, no detailed comparison in energy/power consumption had ever been reported. This paper presents the performance and energy/power consumption trade-off for different LDPC decoding algorithms and proposes an efficient method to estimate energy consumption. We also propose a joint power management scheme for transmitter and receiver to save receiver energy while maintaining same communication quality by properly delivering more transmit power.
The emotional side of price

This exploratory study considers the role emotion plays in relationships among several constructs surrounding price. The findings suggest that some aspects of emotion—here surprise and enjoyment—play a role in consumers' responses to and use of price information. Surprise and enjoyment were found to act in concert with involvement, price consciousness, and price–quality associations in respondents' complex reactions to price. Everyone's personal experience suggests that emotions can influence people's reactions to the price of products; this research lends preliminary empirical support to such everyday experiences. The results of this exploratory study clearly point to the need for more definitive studies in the future. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identifying a physical indicator of suicide risk: Non-suicidal self-injury scars predict suicidal ideation and suicide attempts

Abstract Background Suicide risk is challenging to quantify due to reliance on self-report, which is limited by individuals' lack of insight and the desire to conceal such intentions. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the most robust predictors of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). Although NSSI often leads to permanent scarring, which can be assessed by objective physical examination, no research has examined whether scarring denotes tangible risk for SI and SA. The present study examined whether NSSI scar presence and number predict current SI and SA history. Further, we examined whether brooding would exacerbate the effects of NSSI scarring on SI or SA. Methods Young adults (N = 231; M = 21.24 years; 78% female) completed self-report questionnaires assessing SA history, frequency of NSSI, presence/number of NSSI scars, brooding, current depressive symptoms, and SI. Results NSSI scar presence and number predicted current SI and SA history after controlling for current depressive symptoms. Moreover, scar presence and number predicted current SI over and above the effects of SA history and NSSI frequency, method, and medical severity. Further, NSSI scar presence and number predicted SI more strongly among individuals with greater levels of brooding than among individuals with lower levels of brooding. Conclusions The presence and number of NSSI scars are objective physical indicators of risk for SI and SAs. Brooding may further heighten the risk of SI for individuals bearing NSSI scars.
Thrombosis and Coagulation: Operative Management of the Anticoagulated Patient

The surgical management of the anticoagulated patient requires an understanding of the fundamentals of blood thrombosis, the mechanisms that enable anticoagulants to work, and the indications for anticoagulation. As percutaneous cardiac and peripheral procedures become increasingly sophisticated, we can expect to encounter more patients on aspirin and clopidogrel. Management strategies will require continued appraisal of available literature for evidence-based surgical practice. This article summarizes how coagulation takes place and explains the role of certain agents that alter coagulation, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. The article also discusses thrombosis risks involving patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, patients with mechanical heart valves and patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis.
A Quantitative Assay for Antibodies to Surface Antigens of Guinea Pig Testicular Cells and Spermatozoa

A sensitive and reproducible cellular radioimmunobinding assay for quantitation of antibody to surface antigens of testicular cells and spermatozoa has been developed based on an autoantiserum to guinea pig spermatozoa. This antiserum reacts with cell surface and acrosomal antigens of guinea pig testicular cells and epididymal spermatozoa. To establish a standard curve, different dilutions of a pooled antisperm antiserum (standard) were incubated with guinea pig testicular cells dissociated by collagenase, trypsin and DNAase. The cell-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the antiserum standard was then quantitated in a liquid phase radioimmunoassay for guinea pig lgG. In the cellular radioinnnunobinding assay, unknown sera and different dilutions of the antisperm antiserum standard were incubated with guinea pig testicular cells and the cell-bound IgG was determined by further reaction of the testicular cells with 112111-labeled protein A. The amount of antibody IgG in the unknown sera was then determined from the standard curve. With this assay, as low as nanogram amounts of antibody IgG can be detected.
Activation of the epicardial surface of the left ventricle following left ventriculotomy and left bundle branch block

Abstract By utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass and surface electrodes, the sequence of activation of the epicardial surface of the left ventricle was studied in dogs before and after left ventriculotomy and also before and after left bundle branch block. Following left ventriculotomy there is no delay or change in the sequence of activation of the left ventricular epicardium. Following left ventriculotomy and left bundle branch block, the pattern of epicardial activation is changed, the earliest points being adjacent to the interventricular grooves anteriorly and posteriorly. Epicardial activation becomes progressively delayed at points located nearer to the mid-portion of the ventricle. It thus would appear that, following left bundle branch block, the epicardial surface of the left ventricle adjacent to the interventricular grooves is activated by impulses spreading directly from the right ventricle, while the more centrally located portion of the left ventricular wall may still be activated by its Purkinje system.
Optimizing topological cascade resilience based on the structure of terrorist networks.

Complex socioeconomic networks such as information, finance and even terrorist networks need resilience to cascades - to prevent the failure of a single node from causing a far-reaching domino effect. We show that terrorist and guerrilla networks are uniquely cascade-resilient while maintaining high efficiency, but they become more vulnerable beyond a certain threshold. We also introduce an optimization method for constructing networks with high passive cascade resilience. The optimal networks are found to be based on cells, where each cell has a star topology. Counterintuitively, we find that there are conditions where networks should not be modified to stop cascades because doing so would come at a disproportionate loss of efficiency. Implementation of these findings can lead to more cascade-resilient networks in many diverse areas.
The Use of Digital Impressions to Fabricate Tooth-Supported Partial Removable Dental Prostheses: A Clinical Report

Impression making is a critical step in the fabrication of a partial removable dental prosthesis (RDP). A technique is described for making final impressions to fabricate partial RDPs for Kennedy class III patients using a computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing digital impression system.