cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4-Methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, exacerbates alcohol-induced microencephaly during the brain growth spurt

Whether alcohol-induced microencephaly occurs as a result of the effect of alcohol or acetaldehyde remains an unanswered, yet important, question. The present study addressed this issue by using an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), that works by blocking the metabolism of alcohol to its primary metabolite acetaldehyde, thereby prolonging the actions of alcohol while minimizing the generation of acetaldehyde. Four groups of artificially reared Sprague-Dawley rat pups were treated with alcohol treatment (3.3 g/kg EtOH or isocalorically matched control formula from postnatal days 4 through 9) and 4-MP administration (IP, 50 mg/kg or saline). A suckle control group was introduced to control the effects of the artificial rearing procedure. On postnatal day 10, all pups were perfused. Alcohol in combination with 4-MP treatment produced a marked microencephaly, as assessed by brain weights or brain to body weight ratios, compared with other artificially reared groups. The peak BACs in the pups that received both alcohol and 4-MP were increased at least twofold compared with those that received alcohol alone. These findings indicate that 4-MP is an effective nontoxic ADH inhibitor and that microencephaly is associated with BAC levels. Most importantly, these results support the hypothesis that alcohol is a causative agent for alcohol-induced microencephaly and implicates the importance of functional ADH activity in attenuating alcohol-induced neuroteratogenicity.
Asymptotic joint distribution of sample quantiles and sample mean with applications

Based on a sample from an absolutely continuous distribution F with density f, and with the aid of the Bahadur (Ann. Math. Statist. 37( 1966 ), 577-580) representation of sample quantiles, the asymptotic joint distribution of three statistics, the sample pth and qth quantiles (0 < p < q < l) and the sample mean, is obtained. Using the Cramer-Wold device, asymptotic distributions of functions of the three statistics can be derived. In particular, the asymptotic joint distribution of the ratio of sample pth quantile to sample mean and the ratio of sample qth quantile to sample mean is presented. Finally, consistent estimators are proposed for the variances and covariances of these limiting distributions.
Total nutrient admixtures: theory and practice.

The use of total nutrient admixtures (TNA) has increased dramatically in both the clinical and home care setting since 1983. The popularity of these dosage forms rests in supplying all the nutrients in one container that meets the nutritional goals of the patient. In addition, TNA formulations obviate the need for either separate peripheral venous catheters or co-infusions into the primary venous line, thus simplifying this complex therapy. Moreover, the clinical benefits derived from this practice are related to a reduction in glucose-associated complications that assume particular importance in the acutely ill patient. Although much experience has been gained over the last 12 years, practice standards vary with the institution. Despite this, TNA therapy has been successful in the U.S. This paper attempts to delineate the important physicochemical variables that influence emulsion stability as they relate to clinical practice.
Measuring The Change in Faculty Perceptions Over Time: An Examination of Their Worklife and Satisfaction

In this study, a two-group structural equation model was proposed and tested to investigate the change in faculty members’ perceptions of their worklife and satisfaction over time. Using the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty [i.e., NSOPF:93–99, National Center for Educational Statistics, US Department of Education, National Study of Postsecondary Faculty, Faculty Survey. Washington, DC, 1993–1999] restricted databases, this study examines the conceptual and measurement differences across two National samples of research faculty members. The model suggests that three dimensions of worklife and four dimensions of satisfaction may be useful in the monitoring of faculty members’ perceptions changing over time. The results indicate that the construct validity of the model was supported across the two groups. Moreover, that worklife and satisfaction were stable with respect to the number of factors, item loadings, and factor intercorrelations. There was also substantial equivalence across the two groups.
Documentation in the pediatric emergency department: A review of resuscitation cases

Study objective: Documentation practices of staff physicians, residents, and nurses managing critically ill children were reviewed for completion of standard documentation requirements. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Municipal children's hospital. Participants: 144 patients treated in the cardiopulmonary/trauma resuscitation room over a 17-month period. Intervention: Emergency department records of these patients were reviewed for medical information required by joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations guidelines: history of present illness, medical history, vital signs, physical examination, laboratory results, clinical observations, and diagnostic impression. In addition, the frequency of medical record review by legal representatives of the patient and by the state's social service agencies was evaluated. Results: Attending physicians demonstrated more complete documentation than residents in clinical observations of patients (36.4% vs 18.0%, P P P P Conclusion: ED record documentation of pediatric patients treated in a cardiopulmonary/trauma resuscitation room often does not meet standard guidelines. Complete documentation is important due to the frequency of legal review of these records and the need to ensure post-ED continuity of care.
Neuropil organization of the metathoracic ganglion of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

The morphological organization of the neuropil in the metathoracic ganglion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was determined from silver stained serial sections. The organized areas of this neuropil include 7 pairs of longitudinal tracts, 10 commissures, and 8 decussations. There are 2 types of commissures, those representing branches of fibres within the longitudinal tracts and those consisting of neurites from ventral monopolar neurons which ascend and cross the midline to join the appropriate tract. Each decussation is associated with a specific peripheral nerve. The present work in conjunction with previous histochemical and physiological investigations suggests that these decussations represent mainly sensory tracts. The longitudinal tracts, commissures, and decussations are constant in all organisms studied, and all ganglia exhibit bilateral symmetry with respect to these organized areas.
The visual pigments of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).

Abstract Manatees are unique among the fully aquatic marine mammals in that they are herbivorous creatures, with hunting strategies restricted to grazing on sea-grasses. Since the other groups of (carnivorous) marine mammals have been found to possess various visual system adaptations to their unique visual environments, it was of interest to investigate the visual capability of the manatee. Previous work, both behavioral ( Griebel & Schmid, 1996 ), and ultrastructural ( Cohen, Tucker, & Odell, 1982 ; unpublished work cited by Griebel & Peichl, 2003 ), has suggested that manatees have the dichromatic color vision typical of diurnal mammals. This study uses molecular techniques to investigate the cone visual pigments of the manatee. The aim was to clone and sequence cone opsins from the retina, and, if possible, express and reconstitute functional visual pigments to perform spectral analysis. Both LWS and SWS cone opsins were cloned and sequenced from manatee retinae, which, upon expression and spectral analysis, had λ max values of 555 and 410 nm, respectively. The expression of both the LWS and SWS cone opsin in the manatee retina is unique as both pinnipeds and cetaceans only express a cone LWS opsin.
Conflict in the Classroom: Gender Differences in the Teacher-Child Relationship.

Research Findings: Current research regarding gender differences in educational settings at all socioeconomic levels suggests that young males are at high risk for developing academic, social, and emotional difficulties, resulting in increased disconnection from self and society. This study examined gender differences in the teacher–child relationship as reported by teachers. Two specific constructs of relationship were examined: closeness and conflict. The second goal of the study was to determine whether children's reports of the relationship differed from the perspectives of teachers. Six hundred and ninety-eight children ranging from kindergarten to fourth grade (333 boys and 365 girls) from a small suburb in the n ortheastern United States and 35 teachers completed the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale; 52 first- and second- grade students were asked to complete a c hild-r eport pilot version of the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale (Koepke, unpublished data) to assess their perceptions of the teac...
Abstract 1053: Mouse Kremen 1 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a major developmental pathway that regulates embryonic development, cell motility, polarity, growth, and progression. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that bind to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) and Frizzled, a seven pass transmembrane receptor protein, which increase cytosolic β-catenin levels and subsequent β-catenin transcriptional activity via the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Kremen receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that consist of two isoforms (Kremen 1 and 2) in mammals. Dickkopf (Dkk) proteins are secreted glycoproteins that inhibit Wnt signaling. Kremen antagonizes Wnt signaling by forming a ternary complex with Dkk1 and LRP5/6, while Kremen alone is able to promote LRP6 cell-surface localization and stimulate LRP6 signaling. Previous studies have shown that aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes tumorigenesis in breast cancer and that LRP6 is an important mediator in mammary gland development and in breast cancer tumorigenesis. In the present studies, we found that breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells express LRP6 and Dkk1, but not Kremen 1 and 2. Therefore, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were used to make stable cell lines that conditionally express mouse Kremen 1 in the presence of doxycycline. We found that doxycycline-induced Kremen 1 expression resulted in the down-regulation of endogenous LRP6 expression and inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Kremen 1 expression blocked Wnt-3a-indced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. Future studies will focus on the effects of Kremen 1 on tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1053. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1053
NDE Technology for Ceramic Composites

Installation of gas turbine components made of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials, which have limited test bed data bases, can put test engines at risk. Further, changes in properties of the materials of these components have been shown to occur with exposure. Risks to the engine can be mitigated through the application of proper nondestructive inspection methods. Further, while still under development, proper application of certain nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies seem likely to be able to provide data that can be correlated to retained strength or other properties of these composite materials. If sufficient data were available informed decisions could be made regarding reuse, repair or replace with appropriate NDE. Over the past fourteen years, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), has been developing various NDE methods specifically for CMC materials. These NDE technologies include: infrared based thermal imaging, air-coupled ultrasonic approaches, high spatial resolution x-ray computed tomography and more recently optical coherence tomography and guided plate waves. This paper will review the developments of these NDE technologies and will provide results with collaboration from engine and laboratory materials tests.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Eavesdropping on the cytoskeleton: progress and controversy in the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint

The morphogenesis checkpoint provides a link between bud formation and mitosis in yeast. In this pathway, insults affecting the actin or septin cytoskeleton trigger a cell cycle arrest, mediated by the Wee1 homolog Swe1p, which catalyzes the inhibitory phosphorylation of the mitosis-promoting cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) on a conserved tyrosine residue. Analyses of Swe1p phosphorylation have mapped 61 sites targeted by CDKs and Polo-related kinases, which control both Swe1p activity and Swe1p degradation. Although the sites themselves are not evolutionarily conserved, the control of Swe1p degradation exhibits many conserved features, and is linked to DNA-responsive checkpoints in vertebrate cells. At the 'sensing' end of the checkpoint, recent work has begun to shed light on how septins are organized and how they impact Swe1p regulators. However, the means by which Swe1p responds to actin perturbations once a bud has formed remains controversial.
Induction of Mitochondrial a-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase by Thyroid Hormone: Effect of Fasting and Refeeding.∗

SummaryStarvation was found to decrease both the endogenous LM-GPDH level and the induction of LM-GPDH by T3-treat-ment. Different diets of protein, carbohydrate, or fat along with a salt-mixture were used to refeed 4-day fasted rats; it was found that protein, required for restoration of endogenous enzyme levels, did poorly restore T3-induction; however, either fat or carbohydrate, which poorly restored endogenous enzyme level, did restore T3-induction. These observations suggest that T3-induced LM-GPDH synthesis is independent of the dietary protein and that the diminution of T3-induction after fasting may primarily result from energy deficiency.
Leaving the Sphere of Exchange with David Houston, Karl Marx, and Even Adam Smith: Insights into the Debate about Sweatshops

Today most economists are critical of the antisweatshop movement. But that was not always the case. At times even the leaders of the economics establishment condemned sweatshop labor or its equivalent and lent their support to social movements intended to eradicate it. My paper traces the change in consciousness about sweatshops and antisweatshop movements among economists by examining what Smith, Marx, and earlier neoclassical economists actually wrote about sweatshop-like conditions and antisweatshop movements.
Hypoxia Altitude Simulation Test

A large number of patients with underlying pulmonary disease travel by air each year and are therefore at risk for significant cardiopulmonary effects of induced hypoxia at higher altitudes. The hypoxia altitude simulation test provides a simple way to identify those patients at risk by simulating conditions encountered at high altitude. By asking the patient to breathe a mixture of gases with an oxygen saturation of 15.1%, the test simulates a cabin pressure of 8,000 feet and allows the physician to screen for hypoxia, significant symptoms, and arrhythmias. Repeating the test with supplemental oxygen ensure adequate treatment of those patients who have a decrease in the alveolar pressure of oxygen, significant symptoms, and/or arrhythmias.
PhosphoNetworks: a database for human phosphorylation networks

Summary: Phosphorylation plays an important role in cellular signal transduction. Current phosphorylation-related databases often focus on the phosphorylation sites, which are mainly determined by mass spectrometry. Here, we present PhosphoNetworks, a phosphorylation database built on a high-resolution map of phosphorylation networks. This high-resolution map of phosphorylation networks provides not only the kinase–substrate relationships (KSRs), but also the specific phosphorylation sites on which the kinases act on the substrates. The database contains the most comprehensive dataset for KSRs, including the relationships from a recent high-throughput project for identification of KSRs using protein microarrays, as well as known KSRs curated from the literature. In addition, the database also includes several analytical tools for dissecting phosphorylation networks. PhosphoNetworks is expected to play a prominent role in proteomics and phosphorylation-related disease research. Availability and implementation: http://www.phosphonetworks.org
Grip Force Control in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis

Background. Appropriate regulation of grip force is essential in performance of various activities of daily living such as drinking, eating, buttoning a shirt, and so on. The extent to which individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are able to regulate grip forces while performing elements of the activities of daily living is largely unknown. Objective. To investigate how individuals with MS control grip force during performance of functional tasks. Methods. This study evaluated the grip force control in selected individuals with MS (n = 9) and healthy control subjects (n = 9) while they performed the task of lifting and placing an instrumented object on a shelf and the task of lifting the object and bringing it close to the mouth to mimic drinking. The grip forces, object acceleration, force ratio, and time lag were recorded and analyzed. Results. The individuals with MS used significantly larger peak grip force and force ratio than control subjects while performing both tasks and for both hands. In addi...
Interaction of a deformable free surface with statistically steady homogeneous turbulence

Direct numerical simulation is performed for the interaction between a deformable free surface and the homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow underneath. The Navier- Stokes equations subject to fully nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions are simulated by using a pseudospectral method in the horizontal directions and a finite-difference method in the vertical direction. Statistically, steady turbulence is generated by using a linear forcing method in the bulk flow below. Through investigation of cases of different Froude and Weber numbers, the present study focuses on the effect of surface deformation of finite amplitude. It is found that the motion of the free surface is characterized by propagating waves and turbulence-generated surface roughness. Statistics of the turbulence field near the free surface are analysed in detail in terms of fluctuations of velocity, fluctuations of velocity gradients and strain rates and the energy budget for horizontal and vertical turbulent motions. Our results illustrate the effects of surface blockage and vanishing shear stress on the anisotropy of the flow field. Using conditional averaging analysis, it is shown that splats and antisplats play an essential role in energy inter-component exchange and vertical transport.
Return to Play and Future ACL Injury Risk After ACL Reconstruction in Soccer Athletes From the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Group

Background There is limited information on outcomes and return to play (RTP) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in soccer athletes. Purpose The purpose of this study was to (1) test the hypotheses that player sex, side of injury, and graft choice do not influence RTP and (2) define the risk for future ACL injury in soccer players after ACLR. Study design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Soccer players in a prospective cohort were contacted to determine RTP after ACLR. Information regarding if and when they returned to play, their current playing status, the primary reason they stopped playing soccer (if relevant), and incidence of subsequent ACL surgery was recorded. Results Initially, 72% of 100 soccer athletes (55 male, 45 female) with a mean age of 24.2 years at the time of ACLR returned to soccer. At average follow-up of 7.0 years, 36% were still playing, a significant decrease compared with initial RTP (P Conclusion Younger and male soccer players are more likely to return to play after ACL reconstruction. Return to soccer after ACLR declines over time. ACLR on the nondominant limb potentially places the dominant limb at risk for future ACL injury.
l-Ascorbic Acid Is Accumulated in Source Leaf Phloem and Transported to Sink Tissues in Plants

l-Ascorbic acid (AsA) was found to be loaded into phloem of source leaves and transported to sink tissues. When l-[ 14 C]AsA was applied to leaves of intact plants of three different species, autoradiographs and HPLC analysis demonstrated that AsA was accumulated into phloem and transported to root tips, shoots, and floral organs, but not to mature leaves. AsA was also directly detected in Arabidopsis sieve tube sap collected from an English green aphid (Sitobion avenae) stylet. Feeding a single leaf of intact Arabidopsis or Medicago sativa with 10 or 20 m ml -galactono-1,4-lactone (GAL-l), the immediate precursor of AsA, lead to a 7- to 8-fold increase in AsA in the treated leaf and a 2- to 3-fold increase of AsA in untreated sink tissues of the same plant. The amount of AsA produced in treated leaves and accumulated in sink tissues was proportional to the amount of GAL-l applied. Studies of the ability of organs to produce AsA from GAL-l showed mature leaves have a 3- to 10-fold higher biosynthetic capacity and much lower AsA turnover rate than sink tissues. The results indicate AsA transporters reside in the phloem, and that AsA translocation is likely required to meet AsA demands of rapidly growing non-photosynthetic tissues. This study also demonstrates that source leaf AsA biosynthesis is limited by substrate availability rather than biosynthetic capacity, and sink AsA levels may be limited to some extent by source production. Phloem translocation of AsA may be one factor regulating sink development because AsA is critical to cell division/growth.
High resolution wind retrieval from SeaWinds

While originally designed for measuring vector winds over the ocean at a nominal resolution of 25 km, data from SeaWinds-on-QuikSCAT can be used to retrieve winds over the ocean at higher resolution with the aid of resolution enhancement reconstruction algorithms. This paper analyzes a technique for retrieving enhanced resolution winds at high resolution from SeaWinds data. Techniques for minimizing the required computation are described. As can be expected the wind estimates are noisier than standard resolution products. Some of the limitations of the approach and resulting products are considered. While validation of this approach to high resolution wind retrieval continues, the results thus far are very encouraging.
Spiraling into History: A Molecular Phylogeny and Investigation of Biogeographic Origins and Floral Evolution for the Genus Costus

Rapid radiations are notoriously difficult to resolve, yet understanding phylogenetic patterns in such lineages can be useful for investigating evolutionary processes associated with bursts of speciation and morphological diversification. Here we present an expansive molecular phylogeny of Costus L. (Costaceae Nakai) with a focus on the Neotropical species within the clade, sampling 47 of the known 51 Neotropical species and including five molecular markers for phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ETS, rps16, trnL-F, and CaM). We use the phylogenetic results to investigate shifts in pollination syndrome, with the intention of addressing potential mechanisms leading to the rapid radiation documented for this clade. Our ancestral reconstruction of pollination syndrome presents the first evidence in this genus of an evolutionary toggle in pollination morphologies, demonstrating both the multiple independent evolutions of ornithophily (bird pollination) as well as reversals to melittophily (bee pollination). We show that the ornithophilous morphology has evolved at least eight times independently with four potential reversals to melittophilous morphology, and confirm prior work showing that neither pollination syndrome defines a monophyletic lineage. Based on the current distribution for the Neotropical and African species, we reconstruct the ancestral distribution of the Neotropical clade as the Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America. Our results indicate an historic dispersal of a bee-pollinated taxon from Africa to the Pacific Coast of Mexico/Central America, with subsequent diversification leading to the evolution of a bird-pollinated floral morphology in multiple derived lineages.
Systematic variation and differences in insulin-autoantibody measurements.

Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) are currently the subject of intensive investigation as potential markers for autoimmune insulitis. However, the results of different reports vary widely. In an attempt to elucidate the reasons for the discrepant reports and to initiate standardization procedures, the International Diabetes Workshop (IDW) undertook two studies in which 22 centers worldwidemeasured IAA in coded samples. The variance in binding signal from the 49 sera in study 1 was considerable, even when results were standardized, but was largely systematic and attributable to basic differences in assay type (liquid phase versus solid phase) and to differences in the ligand used (human vs. nonhuman insulin). In study 2, 5 sera were prepared and presented blindly to compare dilution curves, insulin-species specificity, interference from irrelevant serum proteins, precision, and dose-dependent displaceability. Many assays, both liquid and solid phase, were influenced by marked and unpredictable nonspecific binding, revealed by loss of parallelism between dilution curves in pooled normal serum and buffer, by variable binding signals with different normal sera, and by difficulty in distinguishing human insulin-specific from crossreactive IAA sera. It was concluded from the experience of both studies that variance could probably be reduced by using a standard curve with derived common units, a single species of ligand, and methodology to minimize the effect of nonspecific binding. Variation related to assay type was probably due to liquid-versus solid-phase systems being differentially more sensitive to certain aspects of antigen-antibody binding; this issue will be addressed in future serum exchanges and workshops.
Interaction of optical phonons with electrons in impurity states

Abstract The states of a shallow impurity are found when an optical phonon energy is near an impurity transition energy.
Optical Tweezers and Immunoassay

Our scientific ancestors who advanced the atomic and molecular theories of matter and the cellular basis of biological organisms would be astounded by our current ability to visualize and manipulate atoms, molecules, and cells. The new techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM; or scanning force microscopy) (1)(2)(3)(4) and optical trapping (optical or laser tweezers) (5)(6) have allowed us to locate individual atoms and molecules on surfaces and to manipulate cells directly. In this issue Helmerson et al. (7) report one of the first studies that uses laser tweezers to detect the binding of an antigen to an immobilized antibody and applies this technique in a competitive immunoassay to determine antigen concentration. In immunoassay, attempts to detect individual or a few antigen or antibody molecules have relied on labeling one component of the reaction with a high-specific-activity label or a label that can participate in an amplification reaction (e.g., enzymes, DNA) (8). Now the presence of a component of a ligand:binder pair can be sensed directly by using the laser-based technique of optical tweezers. The principle of optical tweezers (optical trapping) is the …
Neurovascular responses to mental stress in prehypertensive humans.

Neurovascular responses to mental stress have been linked to several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and for...
Preparation of Crazed Specimens of Rubber-Toughened Glassy Polymers for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Upon staining with OsO4, crazes in rubber-toughened themplastics show inverted contrast in microscopy of ultra-thin sections and the details of the craze microstructure are masked. This report presents a method of specimen preparation for obtaining correct contrast of light crazes in a darker background.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE C6H5 + C6H6 REACTION

The absolute rate constants for the C6H5 + C6H6 and C6D6 reactions have been measured by cavity ringdown spectrometry at temperatures between 298 and 495 K at a constant 40 Torr Ar pressure. The ne...
Tuning of the Emission of Organoboron Quinolate Polymers

A new class of organoboron quinolate polymers have been prepared and their luminescence properties have been studied.
Analysis of 146 HIV infectors with superinfection

[Objective]To analyze the situation and regularity of HIV infectors infected with HBV,HCV and TP,and provide scientific evidence for HIV prevention,treatment and prognosis.[Methods]The national standard method was applied for the detection of hepatitis B markers(HBV),hepatitis C antibody(anti-HCV),Treponema pallidum antibody(anti-TP) on 146 cases in Yongxing City.The test results were performed systematic comparison and analysis.[Results]Most of the 146 infectors were young adults,with intravenous drug use as the main infection route;106 cases had superinfection,accounting for 72.6% of those infected with HIV,male infection rate was significantly higher than female(χ2=14.68,P0.01),also with intravenous injection as the main infection route;the infection spread from high-risk groups to the general population,81 cases were migrant workers,accounting for 52.05% of HIV infectors;there are differences of HIV infection between areas,76 in Matian town,occupying 52.05% of HIV infectors.[Conclusion]The superinfection of HIV infectors is getting seriously in Yongxing County,especially for male with intravenous drug use.The government should take targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of blood-borne infectious disease and the AIDS morbidity and mortality caused by superinfection.
Double-reverse flotation process of phosphate rock that contains silica and calcia

Double-reverse flotation process was tested for phosphate rock that contains silica and calcia.The qualified phosphate concentrate with P_2O_5 31.67%,MgO 0.73% was obtained via flotating the crude ore that contains P_2O_5 24.16%,MgO 4.42%.The recovery of P_2O_5 was 85.84%,and the removal rate of MgO reached 89.14%.
Crystal structure of 2α-(1,1-di-phenyl-eth-yl)-4-methyl-4α,5α-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolane: the result of a non-acid pinacol rearrangement.

The title compound, C30H28O2, was obtained during recrystallization of (±)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-propane­diol in 1-butanol, from an unexpected non-acid-catalyzed pinacol rearrangement followed by acetal formation of the newly formed aldehyde with the diol. The tri-substituted dioxolane ring has a twist conformation on the C—O bond opposite the methyl-substituted C atom. There is an intra­molecular C—H⋯π inter­action present involving one of the di­phenyl­ethyl rings and an H atom of the phenyl ring in position 4 of the dioxolane ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001]. The chains are linked by a second C—H⋯π inter­action, forming sheets parallel to the bc plane.
Focus on Families: Integration of Relapse Prevention and Child Drug Abuse Prevention Training with Parents in Methadone Treatment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Focus on Families (FOF) program. The FOF program works with men and women who are parents of young children and are in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. A primary goal of FOF is to reduce parents' illicit drug use by teaching them relapse prevention and coping skills. Methadone treatment is a tested, effective strategy for reducing illicit drug use among long-term opiate addicts. Studies have identified family factors that contribute to relapse after treatment, including family conflict, lack of family support, drug use among other family and network members, skill deficits, and high life stress. The goals of the FOF program are to reduce the risk of illicit drug use relapse among methadone-treated parents and reduce the risk of drug abuse by children of methadone-treated parents. Parents learn and practice setting clear and specific expectations, monitoring expectations, rewarding, and providing appropriate negative consequences. The relapse and drug use outcomes for parents are also elaborated.
Second and Third-Order Noise Shaping Digital Quantizers for Low Phase Noise and Nonlinearity-Induced Spurious Tones in Fractional- $N$ PLLs

Noise shaping digital quantizers, most commonly digital delta-sigma $(\Delta\Sigma)$ modulators, are used in fractional- $N$ phase-locked loops (PLLs) to enable fractional frequency tuning. Unfortunately, their quantization noise is subjected to nonlinear distortion because of the PLL's inevitable non-ideal analog circuit behavior, which induces spurious tones in the PLL's phase error. Successive requantizers have been proposed as $\Delta\Sigma$ modulator replacements with the advantage that they reduce the power of these spurious tones. However, the quantization noise from previously published successive requantizers is only first-order highpass shaped, so it usually causes more PLL phase noise than that from the second-order and third-order $\Delta\Sigma$ modulators commonly used in PLLs. This paper presents second-order and third-order successive requantizers to address this limitation. Additionally, successive requantizer design options are presented that result in either lower-power spurious tones or lower phase noise compared to $\Delta\Sigma$ modulators when used in PLLs.
Global Neighborhoods: Beyond the Multiethnic Metropolis

Neighborhoods where blacks and whites live in integrated settings alongside Hispanics and Asians represent a new phenomenon in the United States. These "global neighborhoods" have previously been identified in the nation's most diverse metropolitan centers. This study examines the full range of metropolitan areas to ask whether similar processes are occurring in other parts of the country. Is there evidence of stable racial integration in places that lack such diversity? What are the paths of neighborhood change in areas with few Hispanic or Asian residents, or areas where Hispanics are the principal minority group, or where there is no large minority presence at all? We distinguish four types of metropolitan regions: white, white/black, white/Hispanic/Asian, and multiethnic. These regions necessarily differ greatly in neighborhood composition, but some similar trajectories of neighborhood change are found in all of them. The results provide new evidence of the effect of Hispanic and Asian presence on black-white segregation in all parts of the country.
Perestroika and American Political Science

The controversy surrounding rational choice theory, and its ancillary apparatus of statistical techniques, is the most educational and entertaining debate in political science and perhaps in all the social sciences, though each one has their own rendition of it. The Perestroika movement, and how it played out, sets the stage for the remainder of the book. Rational choice theory is the application of economic methods and precepts to other fields. ‘Strictly speaking, formal theory involves the construction of specific mathematical models intended to represent particular real-world situations and the use of mathematics to identify the specific solutions (“equilibria”) for the model(s).’ There is nothing inherently objectionable with any of this. The more the merrier—except that sentiment was hardly the objective of the proponents. Hence, Perestroika.
Families Experiencing a Traumatic Accident: Implications and Nursing Management

Families experiencing a traumatic accident experience significant psychosocial disruption. The traumatic event is sudden and unexpected. Families have no opportunity to prepare themselves emotionally, have limited experience with such catastrophic events, and are overwhelmed by the magnitude of the patient's injuries. Critical care nurses have an important role in the psychosocial assessment, support, and management of these families. Many critical care nurses are uncomfortable interacting with families with significant psychosocial/emotional needs due to a lack of understanding of their needs, lack of knowledge of how to manage their needs, lack of confidence in communicating with families, and generalized discomfort and awkwardness when confronted with grief and bereavement issues. This article presents important information for critical care nurses to help them understand and manage families psychosocial needs and to feel more confident interacting with these families. Information presented includes (1) impact of the traumatic event, (2) emotional responses, (3) assessment of psychosocial needs, and (4) nursing interventions for the care and management of these families. Special considerations impacting on families' psychosocial needs, including dysfunctional families, ineffective coping mechanisms, suicide, and the patient's death, are presented.
‘Thanks to my forced displacement’: blackness and the politics of Colombia’s war victims

ABSTRACTIn 1993 Afro-Colombians were granted multicultural rights as members of a distinct ethnic group and as collective subjects of ‘black communities’. In recent years, this discourse has intersected with national and international apparatuses that seek to identify victims of Colombia’s war in order to grant them rights and reparations. This has resulted in the emergence of a new political subject that is both racialized and defined as a victim: the afro-desplazado, or black Internally Displaced Person (IDP). Using ethnographic description from an urban IDP arrival site in Bogota, I illustrate how these two discourses have become interwoven in practice and explore their consequences for afro-desplazados. I explore the political limits and possibilities of this new category by showing how Afro-Colombians both adopt it and push at its limits.
The Effects of Laser-Assisted Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification on 3D-Printed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Abstract 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V components have great potential in the aerospace and biomedical industries. However, their wide application is limited by some inherent disadvantages, such as poor surface finish and high porosity. In this study, an innovative method, electrically-assisted ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (EA-UNSM) was introduced to process 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V samples. The effect of EA-UNSM on surface finish, microstructure, porosity and in-depth hardness was investigated. Compared with the conventional UNSM process, smoother surfaces and lower subsurface porosities were obtained after EA-UNSM. EA-UNSM also led to a thicker plastically-affected depth compared with conventional UNSM. Numerical modelling showed that localized heating occurs near the pores in 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V subjected to electric current. This localized heating could potentially facilitate pore closure under ultrasonic striking.
In the Grip of the Third Reich

Germans committed outrages against both Mussolini and his country. They annexed the Prealpi and Litorale Adriatico, opposed Mussolini’s Socialization ideas, meddled in the RSI government, and criticized the RSI’s handling of the partisan insurgency. To a man, the Fascists were outraged by Hitler’s unwillingness to release, for the build-up of the Italian military, hundreds of thousands of imprisoned soldiers held in German camps. In spite of the insults, Mussolini refused to break from Germany. Rather, he banked on Hitler’s promise that new weapons of mass destruction would rescue Italy from looming defeat.
General Characteristics of Coal

Coal is a black, inhomogeneous, organic fuel, formed largely from partially decomposed and metamorphosed plant materials. Formation has occurred over long time periods, often under high pressures of overburden and at elevated temperatures. Differences in plant materials and in their extent of decay influences the components present in coals, such as vitrain (from “vitro” meaning glass), clarain (from “dare” meaning clear or bright), durain (from “dur” meaning hard or tough), and fusain (meaning charcoal). Descriptions of such coal components are part of the science of petrography.(1)
Anatomically Driven Strategies for High-Dimensional Brain Image Warping and Pathology Detection

This chapter reviews various methods for elastic matching of brain images, and discusses some of their applications, focusing on pathology detection. It emphasizes the advantages and limitations of each approach, while realizing that hybrid strategies will be developed in the future which capitalize on the merits of each. The complexity of anatomic variations, especially at the cortex, mandates the design of specialized approaches to handle neuroanatomic data. Recent years have seen considerable advances in the ability to extract models of neuroanatomic structures in their full spatial complexity. Models which are conveniently parameterized can provide a valuable information source to guide mathematical algorithms which analyze future neuroanatomic data of the same type. One of the most promising applications of warping algorithms is their use as a virtual sensor, creating exquisitely detailed maps of anatomic differences. Maps of anatomical change can also be generated by warping scans acquired from the same subject over time. In many ways, static representations of structure are ill-suited to determine the dynamic effects of disease. Serial scanning of human subjects, however, when combined with a powerful set of registration and modeling algorithms, enables disease and growth processes to be tracked in their full spatial and temporal complexity.
The Modelling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Foundry Operations

An overview is given of fluid flow phenomena in foundry operations. It is shown that fluid flow phenomena play a key role in affecting the kinetics of many physicochemical processes in foundry systems associated with the production, refining and casting of foundry iron.
Virus Classification by Pairwise Sequence Comparison (PASC)

Pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) is a molecular classification tool for viruses. It calculates the pairwise identities of virus sequences within a virus family and displays their distributions, and can help determine demarcations at different taxonomic levels such as strain, species, genus, and subfamily levels. PASC has many advantages over conventional virus classification methods. The tool has been successfully applied to several virus families, although it may not work well for virus families with highly diverse genome organization. The PASC tool at NCBI established distributions of identity for a number of virus families. A new virus sequence can be tested with this system within a few minutes to suggest the taxonomic position of the virus in a specific family. This system eliminates potential discrepancies in the results caused by different algorithms and/or different data used by the virology community. Data in the system can be updated automatically to reflect changes in virus taxonomy and additions of new virus sequences to the public database. The web interface of the tool makes it easy to navigate and perform analyses.
Stratification by regulation: Are bootleggers and Baptists biased?

This paper investigates whether and to what extent regulation may be associated with wage inequality. Using regulation measures created by Al-Ubaydli and McLaughlin (Regul Govern 11:109–123, 2017), I find that regulation is associated with larger within-occupation wage inequality. Specifically, I show that a worker at the 90th wage percentile realizes a raise of $1.19 per hour relative to the 10th percentile earner for each standard deviation increase in regulation. That represents a 3.5% raise for a worker at the 90th percentile. Overall, increases in the regulatory burden are associated with 42–45% of the change in the 90th–10th percentile wage ratio from 2002 through 2014.
Influence of punch geometry (head-flat diameter) and tooling type (‘B’ or ‘D’) on the physical–mechanical properties of formulation tablets

The presented study assessed the influence of punch geometry (head-flat [HF] diameter) and tooling type (‘B’ or ‘D’) on the physical–mechanical properties of tablets prepared by direct-compression ...
Abstract B032: Inappropriate AR reactivation-induced redox stress as a novel therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) initially suppresses prostate cancer (PC) progression. However, castration-resistant PC (CRPC) cells inevitably emerge, resulting in incurable disease. We recently demonstrated that AD produces a form of cellular senescence leading to outgrowth of CRPC subpopulations from the AD-sensitive parental cells. Gene expression profiling studies comparing the parental LNCaP line to the senescence-resistant, early CRPC variant, LNCaP SB5, revealed an enrichment of redox-protective proteins in the latter under AD conditions. This finding suggests that redox stress due to hyperactivated mitogenic/survival signaling or metabolic stresses may be an important and understudied Achilles heel in the progression to CRPC. Here we present the effects of inhibiting thioredoxin-1 (TRX1), a redox-protective protein that was identified as being elevated in our early CRPC LNCaP SB5 model as well as in human CRPC vs. AD-responsive PC datasets. Suppression of TRX1 expression via shRNA led to profound growth suppression of CRPC cells, relative to their AD-sensitive counterparts, and significantly reduced CRPC xenograft tumor growth. Furthermore, under AD, TRX1 suppression promoted p53-induced cell death, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Curiously, TRX1 inhibition led to increased AR and Sp1 expression under AD, and the oxidative stress effects associated with TRX1 inhibition could be mitigated by depleting AR expression. These in vitro and in vivo results were recapitulated using PX-12 a phase I-approved pharmacologic TRX1 inhibitor. Thus our results point to TRX1 as a critical requirement for protecting against redox stress evoked by the inappropriate reactivation of AR in a low-androgen environment in CRPC. Our work provides a rationale for using TRX1 inhibitors in conjunction with ADT to limit CRPC. Citation Format: Govindi J. Samaranayake, Clara I. Troccoli, Mai Q. Huynh, Rolando D.Z. Lyles, Deukwoo Kwon, Yuguang Ban, Steven Xi Chen, Merce Jorda, Kerry Burnstein, Priyamvada Rai. Inappropriate AR reactivation-induced redox stress as a novel therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr B032.