cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial distribution of an invasive thrips species Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract Dispersion of a new invasive thrips species in the United States, chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was studied on three plant hosts, i.e., cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogeal L.) and pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in the greenhouse and under field conditions in Homestead, Florida. In the vertical distribution study, a strong negative relationship was observed between thrips density and height, with the significantly highest mean number of larvae and adults reported on host plants placed at the lowest height (45.7 cm) above ground. The study of horizontal distribution showed that S. dorsalis has weak dispersal potential and aggregates in open areas. During the entire six week study period, thrips were found to move a maximum of 12 m from their reservoir population. During two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011) of study, a high abundance of thrips population was observed during May–October with the highest mean count during July and August in both years. Flight activity of adults was highest between 10:00and16:00 EST, during peak solar radiation (∼337–653 w/m2). Results from these studies will help growers and extension personnel predict farm-scale distribution of S. dorsalis and efficiently monitor the pest for management before they become a serious problem for the vegetable and ornamental industry in the United States.
Powering the static driver verifier using corral

The application of software-verification technology towards building realistic bug-finding tools requires working through several precision-scalability tradeoffs. For instance, a critical aspect while dealing with C programs is to formally define the treatment of pointers and the heap. A machine-level modeling is often intractable, whereas one that leverages high-level information (such as types) can be inaccurate. Another tradeoff is modeling integer arithmetic. Ideally, all arithmetic should be performed over bitvector representations whereas the current practice in most tools is to use mathematical integers for scalability. A third tradeoff, in the context of bounded program exploration, is to choose a bound that ensures high coverage without overwhelming the analysis. This paper works through these three tradeoffs when we applied Corral, an SMT-based verifier, inside Microsoft's Static Driver Verifier (SDV). Our decisions were guided by experimentation on a large set of drivers; the total verification time exceeded well over a month. We justify that each of our decisions were crucial in getting value out of Corral and led to Corral being accepted as the engine that powers SDV in the Windows 8.1 release, replacing the SLAM engine that had been used inside SDV for the past decade.
Analyzing Actors and Their Discussion Topics by Semantic Social Network Analysis

iQuest is a novel software system to improve understanding of organizational phenomena with greater precision, clarity, and granularity than has previously been possible. It permits to gain new insights into organizational behavior, addressing issues such as tracking information while respecting privacy, comparing different interaction channels, network membership, and correlating organizational performance and creativity. It extends automatic visualization of social networks by mining communication archives such as e-mail and blogs through including analysis of the contents of those archives.
Ionic conductivity in LiAlSiO4

LiAlSiO4 materials are shown to be good lithium ion conductors at high temperatures (∼600°C). The basic conductivity in the glass phase is greater than that of the glass-ceramic (β-eucryptite), and a lower lithium content appears to reduce the conductivity.
Parylene-based electret power generators

n electret power generator is developed using a new electret made of a charged parylene HT® thin-film polymer. Here, parylene HT® is a room-temperature chemical-vapor-deposited thin-film polymer that is MEMS and CMOS compatible. With corona charge implantation, the surface charge density of parylene HT® is measured as high as 3.69 mC m^−2. Moreover, it is found that, with annealing at 400 °C for 1 h before charge implantation, both the long-term stability and the high-temperature reliability of the electret are improved. For the generator, a new design of the stator/rotor is also developed. The new micro electret generator does not require any sophisticated gap-controlling structure such as tethers. With the conformal coating capability of parylene HT®, it is also feasible to have the electret on the rotors, which is made of either a piece of metal or an insulator. The maximum power output, 17.98 µW, is obtained at 50 Hz with an external load of 80 MΩ. For low frequencies, the generator can harvest 7.7 µW at 10 Hz and 8.23 µW at 20 Hz.
Numerical simulation data for assessment of particle-laden turbulent flow models

Abstract This paper presents a collection of numerical simulation data which provides a reference for the assessment of various statistical/stochastic models in incompressible homogeneous particle-laden turbulent flows. Four different homogeneous flow configurations are studied, namely, homogeneous shear flow, homogeneous plane strain flow, homogeneous axisymmetric expansion and contraction. An Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation is used for the two-phase flow simulation. A Fourier pseudospectral method is used for the solution of the Eulerian carrier-phase equations without resorting to any turbulence model. The Lagrangian equations for the dispersed phase are integrated using a modified Stokes drag. For the shear flow, both monodispersed and polydispersed particles have been considered. In this paper, only the results that are relevant for assessment of various statistical models for both the fluid and dispersed phases are presented.
‘I just want to be me again!’ Beauty pageants, reality television and post-feminism

This essay examines the connections between the Miss America pageant and reality makeover television shows. We argue that televised performances of gender have shifted focus from the intensely scripted, out-of-touch Miss America to reality makeover shows that normalize cosmetic surgery as a means to become the ‘ideal’ woman. While both spectacles offer their viewers performances of femininity, these performances need to be understood as emerging from the cultural and political conditions in which they are produced. This difference in presentation of the subjects of beauty pageants and makeover programmes speaks respectively to the changing role of media in the normalization of performances of femininity, as well as to the affiliation of many young women with post-feminist politics in the United States.
Racial-Ethnic Differences in Medical Students’ Experiences of Professionalism: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background Professionalism in the medical environment is a complex construct, dependent as much on the learner as on the context and climate. There are no data on how experiences of learners, related to professionalism, vary by learner ethnicity.
Task complexity modifies the search strategy of rats

Human and non-human animals exhibit a variety of response strategies (e.g., place responding) when searching for a familiar place or evading predators. We still know little about the conditions that support the use of each strategy. We trained rats to locate a hidden food reward in a small-scale spatial search task. The complexity of the search task was manipulated by reducing the number of search locations (25, 4, and 2) within an open-field apparatus and by comparison to a path-based apparatus (plus-maze). After rats were trained to reliably locate the hidden food, each apparatus was shifted to gauge whether rats were searching at the location of the goal relative to extramaze cues (i.e., place responding), or searching in the direction of the goal relative to a combination of intramaze and extramaze cues (i.e.,directional responding). The results indicate that the open field supported place responding when more than two response locations were present, whereas, the four-arm plus-maze supported strong directional responding. These results extend prior research into the role of task demands on search strategy, as well as support the use of the four-choice open field as an analog to the Morris water task for future studies targeting the neural underpinnings of place responding.
Block based texture analysis for iris classification and matching

The goal of this paper is to analyze the texture of irides and determine if they can be quantitatively measured and assigned into multiple categories. Such an exercise would ensure that irides, like fingerprints, can be partitioned into multiple classes thereby allowing for faster retrieval of identities in large scale biometric systems. In order to facilitate this, a set of 68 statistical features is extracted from the iris texture. These features correspond to the high frequency information associated with anatomical structures in the iris such as crypts, furrows and pigment spots. The statistical features extracted from different blocks in the iris are fused at the feature level and decision level. Experimental analysis using the UPOL database indicates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in (a) clustering iris texture, and (b) assigning an input iris to the correct cluster based on its textural content. The feasibility of using blocks of iris to perform partial iris matching is also investigated
Differential partitioning of Gαi1 with the cellular microtubules: a possible mechanism of development of Taxol resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells

Background: Taxol binds to the cellular microtubules and suppresses their dynamic instability. Development of tumor cell resistance to taxol is typically associated with increased expression of the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein and/or alterations in the microtubules. Recently, changes in the dynamic instability of the microtubules have also been associated with development of taxol resistance in a lung cancer cell line. We have established a 250-fold taxol-resistant human ovarian carcinoma subline (2008/13/4) that does not display the typical alterations associated with development of drug resistance. Results: Utilizing the mRNA differential display technique, we observed increased expression of an alpha subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, Gαi1, in the taxol-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines compared to the parental 2008 cells. Several isoforms of the α-subunit of the G protein have been identified and the Gαi (inhibitory) are so named because they inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase leading to inactivation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. In addition, Gαi1 is also known to bind to microtubules and activates their GTPase activity and thus induces depolymerization of the microtubules. In the present study we demonstrate that the intracellular level of cAMP and the PKA activity were higher in the taxolresistant 2008/13/4 and the 2008/17/4 cells despite the increased expression of Gαi1 in these cells. Moreover, Gαi1 was found to be localized not on the cell membrane, but in intracellular compartments in both the taxol-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells. Interestingly, increased association of the Gαi1 protein and the microtubules in the taxol-resistant cells compared to the parental 2008 cells was observed, both prior to and after treatment of these cells with taxol. Conclusion: Based on the opposing effects of taxol and the Gαi1 protein on the microtubule dynamic instability (taxol suppresses microtubule dynamic instability whilst the Gαi1 protein inhibits the suppression) our results indicate the operation of a novel pathway that would enable the cells to escape the cytotoxic effects of taxol.
Insect communities associated with douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe witches' brooms in Northern Arizona

Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) is a parasitic flowering plant that infects Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) throughout the western United States. Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe induces the formation of witches' brooms on infected trees which alters the biomass and architecture of branches of the infected host. We obtained pairs of broomed and nonbroomed branches of Douglas-fir for sampling and comparing the communities of insects found in each type of branch. Twenty-five families were identified from branches of Douglas-fir, with Chrysomelidae, Phaleothripidae, Pteromalidae, and Braconidae being most common. Richness and totals of insects were one and a half to five times greater in witches' brooms than in nonbroomed branches, respectively. Significantly more Chrysomelidae, Phaleothripidae, Pteromalidae, Miridae, Berytidae, and Braconidae were found on broomed than on nonbroomed branches. However, no significant difference in the structure of the community based on relative abundance was found between broomed and nonbroomed branches. No species of insects was unique to either type of branch. This study represents the first to examine communities of insects in witches' brooms induced by Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe.
Lagrangian formulation of a linear microstrip resonator: theory and experiment

A Lagrangian approach is used to formulate the electromagnetic scattering properties of a linear microstrip resonator. The resonator design includes a center microstrip separated from the source and output loads by dielectric gaps. The gaps of the resonator are represented by capacitively coupled pi -networks whereas the Lagrangian is formulated in the discrete limit such that the equations of motion transform into two boundary conditions, relating the waves on the two sides of the gap in terms of two lumped capacitors. The effective capacitors expressed in the boundary conditions are actually the capacitances experienced by the even and odd excitation modes of the system, respectively. The calculations, therefore take into account the characteristic impedance, effective dielectric constant, conductivity of the metal strip and the ground plane, and dielectric loss tangent of the dielectric material. In addition, the two capacitor values representing the gaps are included in a consistent manner with the above parameters by the application of the Lagrangian formulation. Calculated and measured reflection coefficients of linear microstrip resonators are compared, and general agreement is found between theory and experiments. >
The Geometrical Optics of VLF Sky Wave Propagation

At distances not exceeding 1500 km, it is convenient to calculate the field strength of a vlf transmitter by geometrical optics. In such computations, it is usual to assume some equivalent height for the (ionospheric) reflecting layer with a reflection coefficient that does not vary with angle of incidence. In the present paper, the ionosphere is taken to be a homogeneous ionized medium with a sharp lower boundary. The reflection coefficient, which is a function of angle of incidence, is utilized to compute the strength of the single and multiple hop sky waves. Combining these with the numerical results of the amplitude and phase of the ground wave, the total field is obtained. The theoretical field-strength-vs-distance curves compare favorably with the experimental data of Heritage for frequencies of 16.6, 18.6, and 19.8 kc over daytime paths in the Pacific Ocean. Finally, diffraction by the earth's bulge of the first hop sky wave is considered. This effect is important at ranges greater than 1200 km or so.
Sample-path optimization in simulation

This paper summarizes information about a method, called sample-path optimization, for optimizing performance functions in certain stochastic systems that can be modeled by simulation. We explain the method, give conditions under which it converges, and display some sample calculations that indicate how it performs. We also describe briefly some more extensive numerical experiments on large systems (PERT networks with up to 110 stochastic arcs, and tandem production lines with up to 50 machines). Details of these experiments are reported elsewhere; we give references to this and other related work. We conclude with some currently unanswered questions.
Therapeutic targeting of adenosine receptors in inflammatory diseases

Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside that is ubiquitous in many mammalian cell types, has been shown to regulate a number of physiological properties. The mechanism by which adenosine exerts its activity is via cell surface receptors. Following the identification and subsequent cloning of a series of adenosine receptors over the past 15 years, an explosion of information regarding their role in mediating adenosine effects has occurred. To date, four adenosine receptors have been identified by both pharmacological and molecular studies. These receptors are subtyped as the A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptors, each of which has been ascribed a number of cellular physiological properties. Early research suggested that adenosine, functioning via these cell surface receptors, may mediate anti-inflammatory effects. As a result, more recent studies have examined the role of adenosine receptors in regulating inflammatory states using both in vitro and in vivo strategies. Despite the complex nature of adenosine receptor r...
The Role of BDNF/TrkB Signaling in Acute Amphetamine-Induced Locomotor Activity and Opioid Peptide Gene Expression in the Rat Dorsal Striatum

Exposure to psychostimulants increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein levels in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. Because BDNF is co-localized with dopamine and glutamate in afferents to the striatum of rats, it may be co-released with those neurotransmitters upon stimulation. Further, there may be an interaction between the intracellular signaling cascades activated by dopamine, glutamate, and TrkB receptors in medium spiny striatal neurons. In the present study, the effect of acute amphetamine administration on TrkB phosphorylation (p-TrkB), as an indirect indicator of activation, and striatal gene expression, was evaluated. In Experiment 1, 15 minutes or 2 hours after a single saline or amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) injection, the caudate-putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) were extracted and processed for phospho (p)-TrkB immunoreactivity. Immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that neither the tyrosine phosphorylation (p-Tyr) or autophosphorylation sites of TrkB (706) were changed in NAc, CPu, or dmPFC 15 min after amphetamine administration. In contrast, p-Tyr and the PLCγ phosphorylation site of TrkB (816) were increased in the NAc and CPu 2 hrs after amphetamine. In Experiment 2, intra-striatal infusion of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K252a, increased amphetamine-induced vertical activity but not total distance traveled. In addition, K252a inhibited amphetamine -induced preprodynorphin, but not preproenkephalin, mRNA expression in the striatum. These data indicate that acute amphetamine administration induces p-TrkB activation and signaling in a time- and brain region-dependent manner and that TrkB/BDNF signaling plays an important role in amphetamine-induced behavior and striatal gene expression.
Recovery and purification of no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride with bistrimethylsilylsulfate (BTMSS).

Abstract No-carrier-added trimethylsilyl[ 18 F]fluoride (TMS[ 18 F]F) was rapidly liberated from a variety of dry supports containing unreactive [ 18 F]fluoride by simply heating with neat bistrimethylsilylsulfate. The supports included calcium phosphate, anion exchange resins, alumina, borosilicate and porous carbon beads, to which [ 18 F]fluoride was applied by absorption or evaporation of aqueous solution. TMS[ 18 F]F was evolved essentially free of entrained moisture or excess silylating agent and was efficiently absorbed and rapidly cleaved to free [ 18 F]fluoride ion by 0.1% benzyltrimethylammonium methoxide in anhydrous methanol. Passage of this solution through a strong cation exchange column provided purified hydrogen[ 18 F]fluoride, which was subsequently trapped on a quaternary 4-aminopyridinium resin and used for heterogeneous nucleophilic radiofluorination of 1,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-beta-mannopyranose-2-triflate in 70% yield. The purified [ 18 F]fluoride was also used for solution phase nucleophilic labeling of ethyl [ 18 F]4-fluorobenzoate following addition of K 2 CO 3 /Kryptofix and DMSO. This approach provides a simplified way to ensure high reactivity in [ 18 F]fluoride ion from cyclotron targets. It also may be used to salvage active [ 18 F]fluoride ion from insoluble complexes and radiofluorination reaction residues.
Signal-To-Noise Ratios in Bandpass Deadzone Limiters

The solution for signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a deadzone-limiter narrow-band-filter combination when the input is a sine wave plus narrow-band Gaussian noise is presented. Expressions are derived for output signal and noise power as functions of input signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-deadzone ratio, and noise-to-deadzone ratio. The resulting output signal-to-noise ratios are plotted for the various cases.
Alterations of Endothelium‐Dependent Digital Vascular Responses in Horses Given Low‐Dose Endotoxin

Low doses of endotoxin cause vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion of the digit, small intestine, and cecum in horses. To determine the potential cause of these vascular alterations, in vitro vascular responses of palmar digital arteries and veins were determined in 8 horses after intravenous (IV) infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl (control) and 0.1 microgram/kg Escherichia coli 055:B5 endotoxin in 1 L of 0.9% NaCl (endotoxin-treated). Vessels were surgically removed under general anesthesia, cut into 4-mm vascular rings, suspended in tissue baths, and attached to force displacement transducers for measurement of vascular tension. Cumulative concentration response curves to acetylcholine, bradykinin, nitroprusside, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and endothelin were determined. Maximal relaxation or contraction and the concentrations needed to produce 50% maximal relaxation or contraction were determined. Palmar digital arteries from endotoxin-treated horses relaxed significantly less in response to acetylcholine and bradykinin (endothelium-dependent), but not to nitroprusside (endothelium-independent) when compared with arteries from control horses. Digital arteries from endotoxin-treated horses also contracted significantly more with norepinephrine but less with serotonin. Digital veins responded less than digital arteries. In another study, vascular reactivity experiments documented that acetylcholine and bradykinin were endothelium-dependent vasodilators (endothelium-denuded vessels relaxed less than control vessels) in palmar digital vessels. Additionally, maximal relaxations for both vasodilators were significantly inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide antagonist, suggesting that acetylcholine and bradykinin cause relaxation through the nitric oxide pathway. The data from these studies indicate that low dose endotoxin impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation and augments adrenergic contraction of palmar digital arteries in horses.
Stimulant Medication and Prefrontal Functional Connectivity during Working Memory in ADHD: A Preliminary Report.

Objective: Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that while unmedicated, children with ADHD have a deficit in subcortical processing that leads to greater and more varied prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation, compared to (a) age-matched control participants and (b) their own brain activity while on stimulant medication. This pattern has been described elsewhere as inefficient. Method: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional connectivity analyses were used during a working memory task for five female adolescents with ADHD, aged 11 to 17 years, both on and off their usual dose of stimulant medication. Results: On medication, adolescents with ADHD demonstrated less PFC activation and less functional connectivity between frontal and subcortical regions compared to off medication. Conclusions: Because of the small sample size, results are presented as preliminary findings which await replication in a larger sample. However, these findings lend support to the idea that remediation o...
Algorithms for data mining

Data of massive size are now available in a wide variety of fields and come with great promise. In theory, these massive data sets allow data mining and exploration on a scale previously unimaginable. However, in practice, it can be difficult to apply classic data mining techniques to such massive data sets due to their sheer size. In this thesis, we study three algorithmic problems in data mining with consideration to the analysis of massive data sets. Our work is both theoretical and experimental---we design algorithms and prove guarantees for their performance and also give experimental results on real data sets. The three problems we study are: (1) finding a matrix of low rank that approximates a given matrix, (2) clustering high-dimensional points into subsets whose points lie in the same subspace, and (3) clustering objects by pairwise similarities/distances.
Editorial: Military-Civilian Collaboration in Disaster Medicine

This is an editorial comment for Volume 1, Number 1. Medical disasters are “events in which the number of acutely ill or injured persons exceeds the capacity of the local emergency medical services (EMS) system to provide basic and advanced medical care according to prevalent regional standards.” There are multi-casualty incidents, such as transportation accidents, in which the local EMS system is overwhelmed; mass disasters, such as major earthquakes and wars, in which the local EMS system is severely damaged; and endemic disasters, such as combinations of famine, epidemics and revolutions which often occur in world regions without EMS systems. Nuclear war has become recognized as the “ultimate disaster” which is beyond disaster medicine systems' capacities to save lives. Military medicine, however, which is organized for “conventional” war, offers the maximal life-saving potential for mass disasters in peace time.
The Field's Evaluation of Proposed Clinical Indicators for Social Work Services in the Acute Care Hospital

Evolving approaches to quality assurance emphasize ongoing measurement and uniformity of data collection across settings. To meet new requirements, a work group established by the National Association of Social Workers and the Society for Hospital Social Work Directors of the American Hospital Association is developing clinical indicators for monitoring and evaluating the quality of social work services in the acute care medical hospital. The work group sought systematic feedback from practitioners in the field to evaluate and further refine the work to date. In a mail survey, a random sample of the Society for Hospital Social Work Directors' membership was asked to evaluate nine proposed indicators along four dimensions: (1) clarity, (2) relevance for practice, (3) meaningfulness in relation to quality of care, and (4) feasibility of implementation. Results of the survey indicated high levels of favorability for six of the nine indicators, suggesting their utility as a uniform data set for further empirical validation efforts. Uncertainty about the feasibility of specific indicators was widespread.
Triberyllium cluster sandwich complexes: A density functional investigation

Abstract Density functional computational results at the B3LYP/6-311+G∗∗ level of theory for triberyllium–benzene organometallic sandwich complexes are reported. These molecules are the first examples of triangular triberyllium clusters complexed to arene systems. An inverse sandwich complex is reported in which a benzene ring, distorted into a chair conformation, is bound between two eclipsed, triangular Be3 clusters. In addition, a triple-decker complex is reported in which two eclipsed, triangular Be3 clusters are layered between a terminal benzene ring distorted into a boat conformation, a bridging benzene ring also distorted into a boat-like structure, and a terminal benzene ring with a chaise longue conformation. A simple sandwich complex containing a Be3 cluster bound between two distorted benzene rings, one in a boat conformation and the other in a chaise longue conformation, is also reported. The beryllium atoms are asymmetrically bound to the C6H6 rings in η1-, η2-, or η3-modes.
Potential role of human restriction factors in inhibiting the emergence of koala retrovirus (KoRV) as a zoonotic agent

The findings of an exogenous koala retrovirus (KoRV) associated with neoplastic diseases in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) brought up the concerns of infection by koala retroviruses in humans, especially koala handlers. As simple retroviruses, koala retroviruses lack the regulatory genes to counter restriction activities by human restriction factors in viral replication. Koala retroviruses belong to gammaretroviruses. Previous studies of susceptibility of murine leukemia virus and a lab contaminant retrovirus, gammaretroviral xenotropic MLV-related virus, to human restriction factors disprove the possibility of gammaretrovirus as a human pathogen. There is no evidence that the koala retrovirus can infect and replicate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which is consistent with the resistant role of human restriction factors against gammaretroviruses. Xu, Wenqin, Tiffany Blankenship, and Maribeth V. Eiden. 2014. Potential role of human restriction factors in inhibiting the emergence of koala retrovirus (KoRV) as a zoonotic agent. In The Koala and its Retroviruses: Implications for Sustainability and Survival, ed. Geoffrey W. Pye, Rebecca N. Johnson and Alex D. Greenwood. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum, Online 24: 79–81. Retroviruses have existed and co-evolved with eukaryotic cells for millions of years. According to the genome organization, retroviruses can be divided into two broad groups, “simple” and “complex” viruses. Simple retroviruses contain only gag, pol, and env genes. Gammaretroviruses, including murine leukemia virus (MLV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), and koala retrovirus (KoRV) are simple viruses. Complex viruses contain regulatory/accessory genes in addition to their functional genes. A well-known example of a complex retrovirus is human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) that contains two regulatory and four accessory genes; the latter appear to be dedicated to evade host defenses. Mammalian cells have developed various innate selfdefense mechanisms during the long battle to defend against infection by retroviruses. Among these anti-viral mechanisms three major classes of human restriction factors that block or restrict retroviral replication at different stages of life cycle have been described in detail through the studies of ecotropic MLV and HIV-1, including the APOBEC3 family of DNA cytidine deaminases, tripartite motif protein 5-alpha (TRIM5α), and tetherin (Malim, 2009; Wolf & Goff, 2008). Three potent human restriction factors The APOBEC3 restriction system comprises a family of polynucleotide cytidine deaminases. APOBEC3 proteins can be efficiently packaged into retroviral particles and inhibit replication by deaminating cytosine residues converting them to uracil during the first step of reverse transcriptionthe synthesis of minus strand DNA, which in turn, results in the guanine to adenine transition mutations in plus strand
AREVA Fatigue Concept: A New Method for Fast Fatigue Evaluation

Within the AREVA Fatigue Concept (AFC) a new method for fast fatigue evaluation for highly loaded nuclear power plant components was developed. This method uses FAMOS (FAtigue MOnitoring System) measured data from the outside surface of a pipe and can evaluate a fatigue level for the component for the thermal event plug flow. The measuring location of FAMOS is chosen close to a fatigue relevant component and the points of interest are at the inner surface of the component. The calculated inner wall temperature time history will be transferred to the inner surface of the component. The thermal load cycles are well known after that step and the stress time history and also the strain rates would be calculated with the Green’s function approach. Unit transients will be used to calculate principle stresses and shear stresses in all fatigue relevant locations within the monitored component. Pressure cycles will also be evaluated with the Green’s function approach. After the calculation of the equivalent stresses the mechanical load cycles can be classified by the use of the rainflow algorithm. Comparisons (Miner’s rule) with the fatigue curve results in fatigue levels for all relevant locations within a component. In the current approach, the conservatism will be reduced with this method, and an enveloping fatigue level can still be calculated. In another words, for highly loaded components, using the current methodology can provide a more realistic stress calculation and enveloping fatigue level calculation. Depending on the number of load cycles, the new and more stringent requirements can be complied.© 2010 ASME
Photoemission Studies Of The CU-GaAs(ll0) Interface Formation *

The cu-GaAS(ll0) interface formation nas been Studied with soft x-ray Photoemssion spectroscopy (SXPS) for Cu overlayers deposited at room temperature. Tne evolution of the tia 3a and As 3a spectra snow that strong interactions occur between Cu and the substrate during the formation of the Cu-GaAs interface. A cnemically smifted Ga 3d peak at 0.8 eV lower binging energy and strong moaification of the As 3d lineshape has been found. Detailed analysis nas shown that the dissociated As is preterentially segregated on the metal layer, but Ga remains mainly in the interfacial reion for trick Cu coverages (30 - 60 A). Using a deconvolution tecnniqie we nave found that the final stabilized position of the interface Fermi level lies at about 0.9 eV below the conduction band minimum.
Group coleadership: a new role for parents of adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a model for coleadership of a multifamily group which is part of an outpatient treatment program for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa at The Children's Hospital in Boston. This clinic is a collaborative effort between the Departments of Psychiatry and Adolescent Medicine and has been involved with more than 600 patients and their families. The parents of a recovered adolescent girl have shared group leadership with the author for six years and have added an innovative dimension to the group process as a result of their own experiences. Theoretical and empirical observations are presented and guidelines for maximizing coping abilities are. outlined.
Revisiting the determinants of the glomerular filtration barrier: what goes round must come round

The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is characterized by a very high hydraulic permeability, combined with a marked permselectivity that excludes macromolecules such as albumin. Thus, the GFB retains most of the plasma proteins, with only 0.06% of albumin getting across the basement membrane. The GFB consists of 3 layers: fenestrated endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes. Injury to any of these components can result in the development of proteinuria. The contribution of the major components of the GFB has recently been reexamined and is discussed in the context of our past and present understanding.
Recent Advances in Imprinting Disorders

Genetic imprinting is a biological phenomenon arising from the fact that maternal and paternal contributions to the offspring’s autosomal genes have specific markers or imprints. These imprints contribute uniquely to gene expression based on the parent of origin of the active allele. The discovery of disorders of imprinting is relatively new; in 1989, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was first recognized as an imprinting disorder in humans. It was found that in PWS, despite the presence of normal amount and sequence of DNA material, there is abnormal DNA methylation-induced silencing of the paternal SNRPN gene (on chromosome 15q11q13) that should be normally active in healthy individuals. In such conditions, conventional genetic analyses based on evaluation of DNA sequences may not be diagnostic unless special attention is paid to identifying the parental contributions at specific DNA sites identified as imprinting sites or “differentially methylated regions” in the genome. To date, at least 100 imprinted genes and 12 imprinting disorders have been characterized in humans, and the list is still growing. The use of new and sophisticated molecular techniques for studying genetic and epigenetic phenomena have greatly helped in advancing knowledge in this field. The recognition of various types of epigenetic modifications and their timing of imprint establishment in the human life cycle is providing insights into therapeutic manipulation of the “imprintome” for the prevention and treatment of imprinting disorders. This review summarizes the recent progress made in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of imprinting disorders.
γδ T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma: Discussion of Two Pediatric Cases and Its Distinction from Other Mature γδ T-Cell Malignancies

Gamma delta (γδ) T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression and its related T-cell differentiation are not commonly reported in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL). Here we report two pediatric T-ALL cases and present their clinical features, histology, immunophenotypes, cytogenetics, and molecular diagnostic findings. The first patient is a two-year-old girl with leukocytosis, circulating lymphoblasts, and a cryptic insertion of a short-arm segment at 10p12 into the long-arm segment of 11q23 resulting in an MLL and AF10 fusion transcript, which may be the first reported in γδ T-ALL. She responded to the chemotherapy protocol poorly and had persistent diseases. Following an allogeneic bone marrow transplant, she went into remission. The second patient is an eleven-year-old boy with a normal white cell count, circulating blasts, and a normal karyotype, but without any immature cellular markers by flow cytometric analysis. He responded to the chemotherapy well and achieved a complete remission. These cases demonstrate the diverse phenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular aspects of γδ T-ALL. Early T-precursor- (ETP-) ALL and their differential diagnosis from other mature γδ T-cell leukemia/lymphomas are also discussed.
Caves, Karst, and Science in the Buckeye Creek Cave Watershed

The Buckeye Creek watershed is a 14 km2 enclosed basin of which 12 km2 drains through Buckeye Creek Cave to lower Spring Creek. The 1.6-km long stream passage is generally 6+ meters wide and 3+ meters high with the primary restrictions being the Gray Canyon near the entrance and partially flooded sewer passages near cave’s downstream terminus. The passages below Turner Avenue are large trunks that are connected to the present stream passage by collapse features and solutional passages that may be remnant phreatic loops. Buckeye Creek grades to Spring Creek and the modern cave stream generally follows strike. The highest passages in Buckeye Creek Cave are at least 788,000 years old based on magnetic reversals found in cave sediments. Buckeye Creek Cave is being enlarged by corrosion, but abrasion and quarrying also play important roles. The abrasion is accomplished by sediment transported during floods. Three stalagmites were used to study local climates over the past 7,000 years. The most detailed time series record multiple dry periods lasting centuries. The “droughts” coincided with Bond Events, which were episodic periods of enhanced ice-rafting in the North Atlantic Ocean believed to have been triggered by protracted cooling.
STEM Education: A Platform for Multidisciplinary Learning

This chapter summarizes general purposes, the learning settings, and the outcomes of using the STEM as a platform for multidisciplinary learning. By encompassing several disciplines, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, technology, and engineering, exercising STEM activities posit specific challenges. These challenges are especially visible in high school where students learn contents of STEM subjects in uncorrelated manners. While exercising multidisciplinary STEM activities during extra designed instructional units would be the most efficient, this approach might be problematic to put in practice. Therefore, alternative routes of exercising STEM learning experiences are sought. In this chapter, a framework for an alternative route is suggested and its general theoretical underpinnings discussed. Attention is given to research findings on ways of exercising scientific inquiry and mathematical reasoning in STEM practice. These ideas will also be further discussed in the next chapters.
Neoliberalism, the New Imperialism, and the “Disappearing” Nation-State: A Case Study

The logic of modern economic development has redirected critical discourse on globalisation from a critique of the self-regulating nation-state to a more intensified focus on the role of transnational and multinational entities (MNEs) in promoting global economic disequilibrium (Rhoads and Torres 2005b). International economic integration through regionally based trading blocks, migratory patterns of a new mobile labor force, expansion of technological capabilities that place international transactions in real time, and elevated levels of foreign investment all serve as prima facie evidence of a new economic world order that positions multinational corporate interests above those of the nation-state (Castells 1997; Chomsky 1998; Stiglitz 2002). Similarly, the rise in prominence of influential regional economic centers, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Pacific Northwest in the USA, offer powerful evidence of the declining role and importance of the nation-state. These regional centers are often characterized as high-density urban areas comprising interdependent, autonomous networks of private enterprise, operating as regional hubs for the importation and exportation of capital and information-based expertise (Sassen 2001; Scott 2001). According to Ohmae (1995), the regulative impotence of the nation-state serves to reorganize existing power arrangements so that sovereignty over economic activity is localized within regional economic centers, thus resulting in a new and evolving sense of “borderlessness.” This, combined with the nation-state’s diminishing capacity to regulate exchange rate and currency protections, has led to what Ohmae and others view the “real economic activity” as the state’s wholesale forfeiture.
Ordinary-cell convective storms

In the previous chapter, we considered the dynamics of (mostly) dry convection and found that buoyancy and dynamic pressure gradient forces are of fundamental importance. In addition, vertical shear was shown to be able to organize shallow convection into lines under some circumstances. We considered the inclusion of water substance only in how it affects buoyancy (i.e., adding or increasing liquid water reduces buoyancy and adding or increasing water vapor reduces buoyancy). We will now consider the effects of water substance on convection more completely. We refer to “moist convection” as small-scale convective currents consisting of air parcels that contain water substance in potentially all of its phases.
RIBOSOME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL SITES

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the ribosome structure and functional sites. The structure of the large and small subunits is described. The small subunit is divided into two unequal parts by an indentation, and a region of accumulated negative stain. The parts are referred to as the upper one-third and the lower two-thirds. A region of the subunit, called the platform, extends from the lower two-thirds of the small subunit, and forms a cleft between it, and the upper one third. This cleft is an important functional region of the small subunit, and has been proposed as the site of the codonanticodon interaction, and as a part of the binding site of initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3. It is found that since protein locations determined by immunoelectron microscopy critically depend upon the model used to map them, protein locations differ markedly from those of the Berlin group for both small and large subunits, and the functional implications are completely different). The large subunit, like the small subunit, is asymmetric. It consists of a central protuberance and projections inclined at approximately 50° from the central protuberance.
Conductivity and cataphoretic speed measurements of Benzopurpurin 4B, Congo Red and Sky Blue F.F.

Measurements of conductivity and cataphoretic speed of pure Benzopurpurin 4B, Congo Red and Sky Blue F.F. have been made and it is found that on increasing the concentration of the dye solutions although the equivalent conductivity continuously decreases the cataphoretic speed increases regularly. The cataphoretic speed of Benzopurpurin 4B first increases and then decreases with the progress of dialysis. On adding small increasing amounts of sodium chloride to Benzopurpurin 4B and Congo Red and barium chloride to Sky Blue F.F. the cataphoretic speed first increases and then decreases. The changes in conductivity and cataphoretic speed are explained on the basis of aggregation of the dye ions to form ionic micelles. It is shown that the process of dyeing of cotton fibre by substantive dyestuffs in the presence of salt can be easily understood on the basis of aggregation of dye ions.
Dietary mixing in generalist grasshoppers

Polyphagous species that are generalists at the level of the individual have the option to forage optimally among plant species with different nutrient profiles. This is presumed to be an underlying reason why availability of mixtures of food plants often leads to better performance than does feeding on single food plants (Bernays & Lee, 1988). The possibility that grasshoppers select different plants in relation to particular dietary needs, has also been suggested on the basis of their abilities to do so with complementary artificial diets (Simpson & Simpson, 1990).
Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery.

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.