cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfate reduction and carbon oxidation rates in continental shelf sediments, an examination of offshelf carbon transport

Sediments from 12 sites in the Gulf of Maine were sampled for sulfate reduction rates and interstitial water solute profiles. The profiles of redox sensitive solutes confirmed that sulfate reduction was probably the major mechanism of organic matter oxidation below the upper 2 cm of sediments. Sulfate reduction rates were assessed using35S-sulfate tracer conversion to reduced sulfur in both the acid volatile sulfide fraction and the chromate reducible sulfur fraction. Rates, integrated over the upper 30 cm, decreased exponentially with water column depth from 20,000 to 1800 pmol sulfate cm−2 h−1 between 50 and 300 m. For the entire Gulf, the areal mean rate of carbon oxidation by sulfate reduction was 20.4 g C m−2 y−1. Based on the relationship from other regions of sediment trap carbon flux to water depth and primary productivity (Betzer et al., 1984, Deep-Sea Research, 31, 1–11), the carbon flux to the sediments would be 47.0 g C m−2 y−1. Because the Gulf of Maine is a semi-enclosed sea, little export of organic carbon to the adjacent continental slope is expected. With estimated rates of oxygen consumption, denitrification, and carbon burial of 22.7, 4, and 5 g C m−2 y−1, the sediment respiration and burial rates, totaling 52.1 g C m−2 y−1, closely balanced the carbon input indicating no significant export of organic material. In contrast, a similar analysis of published data from the narrow exposed Washington state continental shelf showed that the carbon input (264 g C m−2 y−1) greatly exceeded the sediment respiration and burial rate (99.5 g C m−2 y−1), indicating between 22 and 50% of the primary production may have been exported. These and previous results from the New York Bight, the Bering Sea, and the Peru shelf suggest that shelf ecosystems may differ considerably in the proportion of shelf production which escapes seaward. Although only a fraction of the exported carbon may accumulate in slope sediments, shelf export may be important in redistributing organic carbon in particular geographic regions.
Stockholder Reactions to CEO Changes in Large Corporations

The literature on leadership suggests that the performance context of a succession event and the origin of a newly appointed leader moderate the relationship between the succession and its conseque...
Vacancy-Vacancy Interaction in Copper

The binding energy of two vacancies in a static lattice as a function of their separation and the positions of their displaced neighboring atoms has been calculated using a Morse potential function model for copper. It was found that two vacancies attract one another at separation less than about 7 A. At separations greater than 7 A the vacancies do not interact appreciably. The most stable separation was found to be the first nearest- neighbor separation or the divacancy configuration, for which the binding energy was found to be 0.64 ev. Based on these calculations, it is shown that third-stage annealing in irradiated copper may be accounted for by divacancy migration. The role of the divacancy in copper self-diffusion is also explained.
Social factors and trachoma: A review of the literature

Although great advances have been made in the clinical understanding of trachoma, the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world. Economic, environmental, cultural and behavioral factors continue to play an important role in trachoma transmission and progression. The trachoma literature however, contains relatively few studies which rigorously assess the importance of social factors. A critical review of the trachoma literature implicates individual and community hygiene as important risk factors for disease. Specific risk behaviors remain to be identified and validated as independent predictors of infection in different settings. Collaboration between biomedical and social science professionals is needed to design and carry out further research.
The Challenges We Choose

As I was placing the final touches on this issue and writing this editorial, I had the pleasure of visiting the campus of Seminar Schloss Bogenhofen in the beautiful Inn River Valley of Austria. On...
Structural Analysis of Ligand Stimulation of the Histidine Kinase NarX

Histidine kinase receptors are a large family of membrane-spanning proteins found in many prokaryotes and some eukaryotes. They are a part of two-component signal transduction systems, which each comprise a sensor kinase and a response regulator and are involved with the regulation of many cellular processes. NarX is a histidine kinase receptor that responds to nitrate and nitrite to effect regulation of anaerobic respiration in various bacteria. We present high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the periplasmic sensor domain from Escherichia coli NarX in a complex with nitrate and in the apo state. Our analysis reveals that nitrate-binding induces conformation changes that result in a piston-type displacement between the N- and C-terminal helices of the periplasmic domain. Such conformational changes might represent a conserved mechanism of signaling in histidine kinases by which ligand binding is communicated across the lipid bilayer.
721-3 Five-to-Nine Year Follow-up Results of Balloon Angioplasty of Native Aortic Coarctation

Controversy exists with regard to the role of balloon angioplasty in the treatment of native aortic coarctation. In an attempt to evaluate the usefulness of this procedure we reviewed our experience with this procedure with a special emphasis on follow-up results. During an 8.7-year-period ending September 1993, 67 neonates, infants and children underwent balloon angioplasty with resultant reduction in peakto- peak coarctation gradient from 48 ± 19 (mean ± SD)to 11 ± 9 mmHg (P l 0.001). None required immediate surgical intervention. At intermediate-term follow-up, catheterization (58 patients) and blood pressure (2 patients) data revealed a residual gradient of 16 ± 15 mmHg. When individual results were scrutinized 15 of 60 (25%) had recoarctation, defined as peak gradient g 20 mmHg. Recoarctation was higher (P l 0.01) in neonates [5 of 6 (83%)] and infants [7 of 18 (39%)] than in children [3 of 36 (8%)], respectively. Two infants in our early experience had surgical resection with excellent results. Three patients had no discrete narrowing but had normal arm blood pressure and had no intervention. The remaining 10 patients had repeat balloon angioplasty with reduction of peak gradients from 52 ± 13 to 9 ± 8 mmHg (P l 0.001). Reexamination 31 ± 18 months after repeat angioplasty revealed a residual gradient of 3 to 19 (11 ± 6) mmHg. Three (5%) of 58 patients who underwent follow-up angiography developed aneurysms. One child had a moderate aneurysm and surgical resection was performed without difficulty. During 1 and 4 year follow-up, no further increase in the size of the aneurysm occurred in the remaining two children. Blood pressure, echo-Doppler and repeat angiographic or magnetic resonance imaging data 5 to 9 years after angioplasty revealed no new aneurysms, normal blood pressures in 77% patients, and minimal (2%) late recoarctation. Based on these data it is concluded that balloon angioplasty is safe and effective in the treatment of native aortic coarctation; significant incidence of recoarctation is seen in neonates and infants; repeat balloon angioplasty for recoarctation is feasible and effective; 5 to 9 year follow-up is encouraging; and the time has come to consider balloon angioplasty as a therapeutic procedure of choice for the treatment of native aortic coarctation.
Growth performance, carcass composition, and pigmentation of broilers fed supplemental nickel.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of supplemental Ni on growth performance, carcass composition, and pigmentation of broilers. In Experiment 1, female broilers (n = 120) were housed in individual cages from 21 to 49 d of age and fed a commercial finisher diet that contained 2.4 ± .1 ppm Ni. Supplementation of this diet with 6 or 12 ppm NiCl2 did not affect growth performance or carcass composition. In Experiment 2, female broilers (n = 60) housed in individual cages were fed finisher diets with 44 or 77 ppm xanthophyll and 0 or 12 ppm supplemental NiCl2. Growth performance from 21 to 49 d of age was not altered by diet. At 49 d of age, serum xanthophyll concentration as well as amount of lutein and total xanthophylls in skin were higher (P ≤ .01) in broilers fed 77 ppm xanthophyll. Supplemental NiCl2 decreased (P ≤ .1) yellow color of carcasses from broilers fed 44 ppm xanthophyll and increased yellow color of carcasses from broilers fed 77 ppm xanthophyll. Abdominal fat yields and concentration of total xanthophylls in skin followed a similar pattern, suggesting that supplemental NiCl2 may have indirectly influenced pigmentation by altering fat deposition. These data indicated that an adequate level of Ni was present in the basal diet to promote optimal growth performance and carcass quality.
Effects of changes in preload, afterload and inotropic state on ejection and isovolumic phase measures of contractility in the conscious dog.

Abstract Despite much investigation, the usefulness of various indexes employed clinically for detecting alterations in ventricular contractility in the intact circulation remains controversial. The effects of acute preload, afterload and contractility changes on both ejection and isovolumic phase measures of left ventricular function were analyzed in normal, trained conscious dogs instrumented with micromanometers and endocardial ultrasonic diameter gauges. Rapid volume overload increased the excursion of the left ventricular diameter (Δ LVD) by 7 percent above the control level, but mean velocity of circumferential shortening (V CF ) did not change significantly; peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) increased by 11 percent and (dP/dt)/DP40 (DP = developed pressure) was augmented by 10 percent, but maximal [(dP/dt)/LVP], or "V pm " decreased by 20 percent. Pressure overload by phenylephrine infusion decreased Δ LVD by 15 percent and mean V CF fell by 26 percent; peak dP/dt and (dP/dt)/DP40 remained unaltered, but V pm was reduced by 37 percent. Isoproterenol augmented peak dP/dt by 55 percent, and (dP/dt)/DP40, V pm and mean V CF were increased comparably. Propranolol decreased these measures equally by about 16 percent. Therefore, in the conscious animal in the steady state, isovolumic phase indexes were mildly influenced by acute volume loading, whereas ejection phase indexes were not. Acute increases in aortic pressure markedly reduced ejection phase measures, whereas the isovolumic indexes were unaffected. All of the indexes studied were comparably sensitive to acute alterations in contractility, but we conclude that no single measure can always be used for defining an acute contractility change in the intact circulation.
Long-Term Adjuvant Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin in Prevention and Restoration of Radiation-Caused Immunosuppression

SummaryIt has been established that endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerts a long-term effect on the immune system. This effect is multi-phasic. Contingent upon the time interval between adjuvant application and immunogen injection, either enhancement or immunosuppressive effect could be observed. LPS given 2-4 or 10-16 days before sheep red blood cell (SRBC) immunogen significantly enhanced the immune response as measured by rosette formation (RFC). LPS given 7 or 8 days before SRBC was immunosuppressive.Based on this information, attempts were made to prevent or repair radiation-caused immunosuppression by using LPS at optimal time. It was found that under such conditions LPS can minimize such damage. The application of LPS 3 days after irradiation was similarly effective in the repair of immuno-suppression as measured by the RFC assay. LPS was less efficient but still useful in reducing the radiation-caused suppression of the number of plaque forming cells (PFC).
Preliminary application of liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry to the detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid monoglutamate in human plasma.

Liquid chromatography (LC) in direct combination with mass spectrometry (MS) has been shown to be a good analytical technique for the selective separation and detection of labile folate monoglutamates. Reversed-phase LC and electrospray-ionization MS conditions were developed and optimized for the separation and detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, dihydrofolic acid and folic acid in aqueous samples. Representative and reproducible positive ion mass spectra were generated for each folate under mild MS conditions. The selective MS detection and identification of endogenous 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in human plasma was accomplished through the development of a straightforward C18-based solid-phase extraction procedure. This procedure allows for the qualitative assessment of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in plasma. Based upon an isotope-dilution internal standard calibration study with standards, the LC–MS limit of quantitation for 5M-THF was estimated to be 0.39 ng/ml.
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: the role of nutrition in health promotion and chronic disease prevention.

Abstract It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that primary prevention is the most effective and affordable method to prevent chronic disease, and that dietary intervention positively impacts health outcomes across the life span. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered are critical members of health care teams and are essential to delivering nutrition-focused preventive services in clinical and community settings, advocating for policy and programmatic initiatives, and leading research in disease prevention and health promotion. Health-promotion and disease-prevention strategies are effective at reducing morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life, and have a significant impact on the leading causes of disease. By applying these principles within a social ecological theoretical framework, positive influence can be applied across the spectrum of engagement: at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy levels. Through the application of efficacious and cost-effective interventions, registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, can positively impact public health as well as health outcomes for the individuals that they counsel. This position paper supports the "Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The Role of Nutrition in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention" published on the Academy's website at: www.eatright.org/positions.
Facial expression affective state recognition for air traffic control automation concept exploration

Current methods for evaluating workload and usability of air traffic control automation concepts are often heavily reliant on subjective data. Typically subjects (often off-duty air traffic controllers) assess new tools or technologies in controlled experimental sessions, and then report on their memories of the session experience in some structured format, such as interviews, surveys, or scalar responses to standardized questions. These subjective reports may be affected by post-session memory distortions, and concurrent validation of is often difficult.
Localization and averaged Green's functions☆

Abstract We present a counterexample to the idea that localization in a random material can be determined from the ensemble averaged Green's function.
Detection of Viral DNA and Immune Responses to the Human Herpesvirus 6 101-Kilodalton Virion Protein in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and in Controls

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), a latent lymphotropic and neurotropic virus, has been suspected as an etiologic agent in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study was undertaken to correlate virologic evidence for HHV-6 activity with the state of host immunity to HHV-6 in MS patients and control subjects. The study revealed that cell-free DNA of HHV-6 was detected more frequently in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients than in those of control subjects. T cells recognizing the recombinant 101-kDa protein (101K) corresponding to the major immunoreactive region unique to HHV-6 occurred at significantly lower precursor frequency in MS patients than in control subjects. The resulting HHV-6-specific T-cell lines obtained from MS patients exhibited skewed cytokine profiles characterized by the inability to produce interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10. The decreased T-cell responses to HHV-6 and the altered cytokine profile were consistent with significantly declined serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers for HHV-6 of MS patients compared to those of control subjects. In contrast, elevated serum IgM titers for HHV-6 were detected in the majority of MS patients, which may reflect frequent exposure of B cells to HHV-6. The findings suggest that the decreased immune responses to HHV-6 may be responsible for ineffective clearance of HHV-6 in MS patients.
New lumbar method for monitoring cerebrospinal fluid pressure in rats.

Abstract Objective: Monitoring cerebrospinal fluid pressure or intracranial pressure (ICP) is crucial in the study of neurosurgical disorders. In the present study, we report a new lumbar method for monitoring ICP in rats. Methods: A PE10 catheter connected to a pressure transducer was placed into the subarachnoid space of L5 through the duramater after laminectomy to record lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure (lumbar-ICP). ICP at the cisterna magna (cisterna-ICP) was recorded simultaneously via a catheter in the subarachnoid space at the cisterna magna. Eighteen anesthetized adult male S-D rats were subjected to baseline recording followed by either experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induced by intravascular puncture method or experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induced by blood injection with a stereotaxic system. Results: Baseline lumbar-ICP and cisterna-ICP varied between 6 and 8 mmHg, and respiratory variation could be detected. A similar acute response to SAH was recorded in both the lumbar-ICP and cisterna-ICP in all rats. In rats subjected to SAH, the lumbar catheter continuously and accurately monitored lumbar-ICP, and reliable pressure tracings were obtained for up to 24 h after SAH. However, continued cisterna-ICP monitoring was abandoned in two rats in the cisterna magna method due to obstruction of the catheter by blood clots (hematoma). Conclusion: This new lumbar-ICP method is simple, safe, easy, and reliable in rats. Continued lumbar-ICP measurements provided monitoring for up to 24 h after experimental manipulation.
CO-induced morphology modification in buffer-layer-assisted growth of Pd nanostructures

Abstract The effects of chemisorbed CO on the aggregation and coalescence of Pd nanometer-sized clusters during Xe buffer-layer-assisted growth (BLAG) have been studied with transmission electron microscopy. The Pd clusters were either grown on Xe and then exposed to CO or they were grown on solid CO condensed on Xe at 20 K. In the former case, the adsorbed CO presented no barrier to aggregation when clusters came into contact during Xe desorption, and they retained their diffusion-limited cluster–cluster kinetics. It did, however, significantly impede their coalescence, thus producing with branched islands with thinner branches and lower profile than those produced without CO. The critical radius for crossover from compact to branched growth was ∼2 nm for CO-clad Pd compared to ∼4 nm for bare Pd clusters. In the second case when Pd clusters were grown on CO on Xe, their rate of growth during Xe desorption was slower, possibly because of the presence of mixed Pd–CO moieties among them. We also show that BLAG and desorption-assisted coalescence observed with rare gas buffers also occur with CO, with differences that reflect adatom and cluster interactions with the CO.
The cloning and developmental regulation of murine diacylglycerol kinase ζ

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) regulate the key signaling intermediates diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA). We isolated cDNA clones of mouse diacylglycerol kinase ζ (mDGKζ) and found that it shares 88% identity at the nucleic acid level and 95.5% identity at the amino acid level with human DGKζ (hDGKζ). Murine DGKζ protein rose gradually during embryonic development, and was abundant in newborn and adult brains. By RNA whole-mount in situ hybridization, mDGKζ was shown to be expressed in spinal ganglia and limb buds at low level in E11.5 embryos and at higher level in E12.5 embryos. In E13.5 embryos, DGKζ mRNA was highly expressed in vibrissa follicles, in spinal ganglia, and in the interdigital regions of the developing limbs. Northern blotting showed that DGKζ expression was limited to specific anatomical regions of the brain. Thus, the expression of DGKζ is regulated temporally and spatially during mammalian development and correlates with the development of sensory neurons and regions undergoing apoptosis.
Sacroiliac joint vacuum phenomenon--underreported finding

Abstract Background and purpose Vacuum phenomenon (VP) is commonly found in sacroiliac joints, and its significance in patients with back pain has been debated. We investigated the prevalence of sacroiliac joint vacuum phenomenon (SJVP) and the rate at which it is reported on abdominopelvic and lumbosacral spine computed tomography (CT) images by body imagers and neuroradiologists. We hypothesized that it would be more common than not and that neuroradiologists would identify it more frequently than body imagers and on spine images more commonly than abdominopelvic studies due to the search for the source of back pain in the former. Materials and methods CT images of the pelvis and lumbar spine from January to February 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Six hundred fifty-two patients were studied during this period. Axial thin-section images were reviewed under default lung and bone window settings. Age, sex, and radiologist reports were assessed from electronic medical records. Results The prevalence of SJVP on CT imaging was 34%, with higher rates found in female (41%, P P Conclusion SJVP is a prevalent condition with higher rates among older and female individuals. The phenomenon is underreported on CT images whether the studies performed are abdominopelvic scans or spine studies and whether they are interpreted by body imagers or neuroradiologists.
REDUCING FINANCIAL HAZARD RISK THROUGH PLANNING INTERVENTION

During the early 1980s, many developers used savings-and-loan (S&L) institutions to underwrite their financial risks. The Economic Recovery Act, the centerpiece of President Ronald Reagan's economic recovery plan, exacerbated the situation by increasing the tax benefits of real estate investment no matter how sound they were. The result was hyperspeculation by the development industry, leading to more than $80 billion dollars in direct taxpayer-subsidized ''bailouts'' of overextended S&Ls, with a total cost to the economy approaching a half trillion dollars. The S&L bailout is considered the nation's worst taxpayer-financed disaster, including natural disasters. Is there anything planning intervention could have done to prevent or minimize those losses? Natural hazard risk reduction literature is used herein to develop a theory of the role of environmental impact assessment and growth management planning regimes that include needs-assessment components in minimizing losses of financial institutions through overbuilding. An empirical model demonstrates a significant statistical relationship between such regimes and S&L losses among states. Policy implications are offered.
Factors Influencing Competence of Escherichia coli for Lambda-Phage Deoxyribonucleic Acid Infection

Under certain conditions, Escherichia coli K12 cells lysogenic for λ can be made sensitive to free phage DNA without the addition of external helper phage. This competence depends on the phages released in the growth medium by spontaneous lysis. The kinetics of the decay of this competence are similar to the kinetics of cyclization of injected phage DNA.
The importance of traceability for public health and consumer protection

Since the 1980s, concerns about the safety and quality of food have increased at both governmental and consumer levels. The importance of traceability of animals and animal products has grown as food production and marketing have been removed from direct consumer control. Product traceability, which requires a transparent chain of custody to maintain credibility and to complete information transfer functions, has two components, namely: a unique identification system, and a credible and verifiable mechanism for identity preservation. Traceability systems can be subdivided into the following four categories: country of origin; retail; processor; and farm-to-retail identity. Although the availability of computers and electronic data devices can enhance the speed and accuracy of data acquisition and manipulation, a common set of developmental criteria exists, irrespective of data-handling processes. As data management technologies become more powerful and less costly, product traceability requirements will multiply. Public and private sectors should seize these opportunities to improve public health and quality parameters, or risk a narrowing of their markets.
Functional specifications for collaboration services

Describes an attempt at specifying a generic and reusable set of services for computer-supported collaboration among teams engaged in any collaborative process within a distributed organization or group of organizations. The services are cataloged under the headings: information management, group communications, group management, process management, and infrastructure support. >
Marine Oils in the Modulation of Colonic Flora and pH: Considerations for Colon Cancer

BALB/c mice fed high fat diets containing coconut, safflower, or menhaden marine oil were evaluated for faecal flora and faecal pH. Animals fed marine oils showed significantly higher total aerobic Gram-negative rods at 10 9 CFU/gm, compared with those fed saturated or polyunsaturated fat diets with lo6 CFU/gm. Marine oil fed mice exhibited a significantly lower log 10 ratio of anaerobes:aerobes at 1.17, compared to the saturated and polyunsaturated fat fed mice at 3.49 and 2.87 respectively. Differences in flora composition were seen, with increased E. coli (10 9 CFU/gm) for the marine oils group compared to the saturated and polyunsaturated groups, each with lo6 CFU/gm. Faecal samples from animals on marine oils exhibited a lower pH (6.1), compared to samples from animals on saturated or polyunsaturated fat with pH of 7.32 and 7.49 respectively. β-glucuronidase levels were also evaluated and showed no significant differences among the different diets. Keywords: Colonic flora; Marine oils; Dietary lipids; Faecal pH; β-glucuronidase; Colon cancer.
The parallactic view, statistical testing, and circular reasoning.

A "parallactic view" (i.e., subjectivity in interpreting data) is an important and perhaps essential tool for formulating hypotheses, but it also represents a hazardous contaminant to be avoided in testing hypotheses. Computer simulations demonstrate that statistical testing of data that are contaminated by even a modest level of such parallax can be very misleading; probability levels are greatly distorted. An even more insidious influence of the parallactic view arises when the fundamental assumptions for a statistical test are not adequately respected. Single-cosinor analysis, which has been used to "demonstrate" circaseptan rhythms (tau = about 7 days), lends itself to such abuse: The statistical test of the zero-amplitude hypothesis assumes that if any serial correlation is present in the data, it is due to a sinusoidal oscillation with period that is known a priori. One cannot, therefore, legitimately use this method to demonstrate the existence of such a rhythm.
Membrane Degradation Mechanisms in PEMFCs

Nafion membrane degradation was studied in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under accelerated decay conditions. Fuel cell effluent water was analyzed to determine the fluoride emission rate. Experimental findings show that formation of active oxygen species from H 2 O 2 decomposition or the direct formation of active oxygen species in the oxygen reduction reaction are not the dominating membrane degradation mechanisms in PEMFCs. Instead, membrane degradation occurs because molecular H 2 and O 2 react on the surface of the Pt catalyst to form the membrane-degrading species. The source of H 2 or O 2 is from reactant crossover through the membrane. The reaction mechanism is chemical in nature and depends upon the catalyst surface properties and the relative concentrations of H 2 and O 2 at the catalyst. The membrane degradation rate also depends on the residence time of active oxygen species in the membrane and volume of the membrane. The sulfonic acid groups in the Nafion side chain are key to the mechanism by which radical species attack the polymer.
Negotiated representational mediators: How young children decide what to include in their science representations

In this paper, we synthesize two bodies of work related to students' represen- tational activities: the notions of meta-representational competence and representation as a form of practice. We report on video analyses of kindergarten and first-grade students as they create representations of pollination in a science classroom, as well as summarize results from interviews regarding the design choices that they made. Analysis of the semistructured pre- and postinterviews reveals that students attend to the content domain, local activity, and their personal preferences when evaluating representations. Analysis of video case studies that followed the students as they created their representations further reveals several key me- diators of the students' representational activities, including other students, task constraints, the teacher, and local norms for what constituted a "good representation." In addition, the data show that these norms shifted over time as new content was covered in the class, and were appropriated in interaction with other students. Finally, both sets of analyses reveal that students often face competing constraints when creating their representations, and resolve these constraints through a complex set of negotiations. C
Microscopic Algae And Protozoa In The waters near Plymouth in August 1962

Larger algae and protozoa plankton of inshore waters seem generally well known, except for a few groups of very small flagellates. The same statement cannot be made for the micro-organisms of the bottom sediment-water interfaces and intertidal sand. Many ecologists and physiologists would like to know more about what species and how many individuals can be expected in such locations as these.
Lifestyle Interventions and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

The diabetes epidemic is fueled by a societal increase in insulin resistance, caused by lifestyle factors, particularly excessive caloric intake and physical inactivity. Aging also plays a role in ...
Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing With Sensory Testing in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility: Incidence and Pathophysiology of Aspiration

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to examine the incidence and pathophysiology of aspiration in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility presenting with dysphagia. Study Design: Retrospective review of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) data and medical records in two tertiary medical care centers. Methods: The data for all patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility who underwent FEESST between 2000 and 2003 were reviewed. Results: Eighty-one patients (45 male and 36 female patients) were included in the study. The mean age was 59 years. The most common causes or origins were iatrogenic (42%), malignancy (23%), and neurological (18%). The immobility was left-sided in 59% of patients. A majority of the patients exhibited laryngeal edema/erythema (90%), difficulty with secretions (60%), and decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation (83%). The laryngeal adductor reflex was absent in 34% of the patients. An aspiration rate of 35% was detected with thin liquids. Trials of purees revealed a 76% rate of pooling, 44% rate of spillage, 32% rate of penetration, 18% rate of aspiration, and 24% rate of regurgitation. Rates of penetration and aspiration with purees were significantly higher in patients who had decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation, absent pharyngeal squeeze, and absent laryngeal adductor reflex. Conclusion: Dysphagia in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility is demonstrated during FEESST by pooling, spillage, penetration, and aspiration. The pathophysiology of dysphagia is multifactorial with decreased sensation and limitation of airway protective mechanisms both acting as contributing factors.
Understanding our mistakes: a primer on errors in clinical reasoning

Clinical reasoning allows physicians to move from areas of clinical uncertainty to points where the medical literature offers guidance, and is equally important in deducing whether the results of clinical trials are applicable to an individual patient. However, studies in the field of cognitive psychology indicate that the reasoning skills of clinicians are imperfect. Moreover, clinicians may be aware of their mistakes but often do not understand the cognitive processes underlying their errors. Greater understanding of the reasoning process has the potential to improve patient care but independent study of clinical reasoning can be difficult, as the literature is complex and unfamiliar to most physicians. This article provides an introduction to diagnostic reasoning and highlights some of the cognitive factors that lead to errors in clinical problem solving. Clinical scenarios are used to illustrate key points and place the material in a readily accessible framework.
Innovation in solid state devices for exascale computing

The continuous scaling of CMOS technology has enabled system performance to double every two years for the past 40 years. However, new classes of applications will demand a much faster rate of improvement such as 2x/year in order to reach exaflop capabilities by the end of this decade. These applications represent a significant growth opportunity and require continued innovation in solid state technology including a new generation of silicon device scaling and a number of non-silicon logic switches which have been proposed as replacements. In addition, new system architectures will take advantage of 3D chip technology to enable a higher level of hybrid integration. New memory technology will allow implementation of a new level of memory architecture, while silicon nanophotonics on the processor will meet ultra-low power, low cost, and high density communications needs. These and other innovations will lead to significant improvement in systems integration, performance, and power efficiency for future applications. The roadmap that will be presented will drive semiconductor technology for decades to come.
Brief Report: Parenting Stress and Quality of Life During Treatment for Childhood Leukemia Predicts Child and Parent Adjustment After Treatment Ends

Evaluated relationships between parenting stress and parent-rated child quality of life during treatment for childhood leukemia and later parental posttraumatic stress symptoms and parent and child anxiety after completion of cancer treatment in 29 families of patients with leukemia. Correlations among in-treatment and off-treatment variables showed strong patterns of association between parenting stress during treatment and later parental adjustment, for both mothers and fathers. Parent-rated child quality of life was also significantly associated with later adjustment for mothers and children. Despite the small sample, data point to the importance and consistency of parental reactions from diagnosis through the end of treatment and have clinical implications for psychosocial services during and after treatment.
Unstable Surface Improves Quadriceps:Hamstring Co-contraction for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Strategies:

Background:Increasing quadriceps:hamstring muscular co-contraction at the knee may reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The purpose of this investigation was to examine muscl...
Progressive random access scan: a simultaneous solution to test power, test data volume and test time

Traditional testing research for testing VLSI circuits has been confined to the use of serial scan test architecture whose origin lies in keeping the hardware overhead low. However, there has been a paradigm shift in the cost factor - the transistor cost has been dropping exponentially whereas the test cost is starting to increase. We believe that adding marginally more hardware is acceptable provided the test cost can be reduced considerably. This paper takes such a view of testing and rejuvenates the random access scan as a design for testability method that simultaneously addresses three limitations of the traditional serial scan namely, test data volume, test application time, and test power. The novelty of the progressive random access scan approach proposed in this paper lies in developing the test architecture and formulating the test application time and test data volume reduction problems. We provide a traveling salesman formulation of these problems in our test architecture setting. Experimental results show the practicality of our approach as the hardware cost components, consisting of routing and transistor count, increase only marginally compared to the serial scan approach whereas there is a dramatic decrease in test power consumption (nearly a 1000 fold decrease in average test power) as well as the test data volume and the test times are halved
Ideas Within a Context of Power: The African Group in an Evolving UNCTAD

This article considers the diplomatic strategies of African states within an evolving United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It proposes that the prominence of certain ideas about economic development rises and falls not so much as a result of the nature of the ideas themselves, but as a result of opportunities made and unmade by the world economy. The world economy in turn changes the work mandates of international economic organisations like UNCTAD. The trajectory of African diplomatic strategies is important because it calls into question recent literature in international relations theory focusing almost exclusively on the experiences of industrialised states. In the case of African ideas in UNCTAD, underlying variables associated with the world economy destroyed the remnants of the Group of 77 coalition which had served as an agent for African representatives in UNCTAD. African diplomats have tried to realise whatever objectives they can in the changed circumstances without necessarily changing their ideas about development.
Association between initial prescribed minute ventilation and post-resuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome

Post-cardiac arrest hypocapnia/hypercapnia have been associated with poor neurological outcome. However, the impact of arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) derangements during the immediate post-resuscitation period following cardiac arrest remains uncertain. We sought to test the correlation between prescribed minute ventilation and post-resuscitation partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), and to test the association between early PaCO2 and neurological outcome. We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively compiled single-center cardiac arrest registry. We included adult (age ≥ 18 years) patients who experienced a non-traumatic cardiac arrest and required mechanical ventilation. We analyzed initial post-resuscitation ventilator settings and initial arterial blood gas analysis (ABG) after initiation of post-resuscitation ventilator settings. We calculated prescribed minute ventilation: for each patient. We then used Pearson’s correlation to test the correlations between prescribed MV and PaCO2. We also determined whether patients had normocapnia (PaCO2 between 30 and 50 mmHg) on initial ABG and tested the association between normocapnia and good neurological function (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) at hospital discharge using logistic regression analyses. Seventy-five patients were included. The majority of patients were in-hospital arrests (85%). Pulseless electrical activity/asystole was the initial rhythm in 75% of patients. The median (IQR) TV, RR, and MV were 7 (7 to 8) mL/kg, 14 (14 to 16) breaths/minute, and 106 (91 to 125) mL/kg/min, respectively. Hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia were found in 15%, 62%, and 23% of patients, respectively. Good neurological function occurred in 32% of all patients, and 18%, 43%, and 12% of patients with hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia respectively. We found prescribed MV had only a weak correlation with initial PaCO2, R = -0.40 (P < 0.001). Normocapnia was associated with good neurological function, odds ratio 4.44 (95% CI 1.33 to 14.85). We found initial prescribed MV had only a weak correlation with subsequent PaCO2 and that early Normocapnia was associated with good neurological outcome. These data provide rationale for future research to determine the impact of PaCO2 management during mechanical ventilation in post-cardiac arrest patients.
Amifostine and the Endogenous Cellular Antioxidant Enzyme Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Radioprotection

Amifostine is currently the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as a radiation protector in the clinical treatment of cancer. While its approved use is limited to reducing the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing postoperative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer, where a substantial portion of the parotid glands are in the radiation field, the drug has been used in a number of off-label applications. Amifostine’s effectiveness as a radioprotector is due to a number of factors that include the following: a polyamine-like structure that facilitates its concentration within mitochondria and the microenvironment of chromatin; a free thiol group in its active form that participates directly in free radical scavenging processes; and through its reductive properties, the ability to activate a nuclear transcription factor κB signaling pathway that culminates in an inductive, antioxidant-mediated protective process resulting from the enhanced transcription and subsequent elevation in activity of the potent mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase. This latter effect is a thiol-mediated adaptive response that is the basis for a newly identified phenomenon described as a delayed radioprotective effect. If limited to only normal tissues, this phenomenon could be exploited to enhance amifostine’s overall usefulness as a radiation protector. Concomitant effects on malignant tissues would, however, severely compromise therapeutic gain and limit its usefulness as a radiation protector in cancer treatment.
PmDroid: Permission Supervision for Android Advertising

It is well-known that Android mobile advertising networks may abuse their host applications' permission to collect private information. Since the advertising library and host app are running in the same process, the current Android permission mechanism cannot prevent an ad network from collecting private data that is out of an ad network's permission range. In this paper, we propose PmDroid to protect the data that is not under the scope of the ad network's permission set. PmDroid can block the data from being sent to advertising servers at the occurrence of permission violation in ad networks. Moreover, we utilize PmDroid to assess how serious the permission violation problem is in the ad networks. We first implement 53 sample apps using a single ad network library. We grant all permissions of Android 4.3 to these apps and record the data sent to the Internet. Then, we further analyze 430 published market apps. In total, there are 76 ad networks identified in our experiments. We compare the permission of data received by these ad networks with their official documents. Our experimental results indicate that the permission violation is a real problem in existing ad network markets.
Descartes on the Theory of Life and Methodology in the Life Sciences

As a practicing life scientist, Descartes must have a theory of what it means to be a living being. In this paper, I provide an account of what his theoretical conception of living bodies must be. I then show that this conception might well run afoul of his rejection of final causal explanations in natural philosophy. Nonetheless, I show how Descartes might have made use of such explanations as merely hypothetical, even though he explicitly blocks this move. I conclude by suggesting that there is no reason for him to have blocked the use of hypothetical final causes in this way.
Reliability and Validity of S3 Pressure Sensation as an Alternative to Deep Anal Pressure in Neurologic Classification of Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To determine whether pressure sensation at the S3 dermatome (a new test) could be used in place of deep anal pressure (DAP) to determine completeness of injury as part of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Design Prospective, multicenter observational study. Setting U.S. Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. Participants Persons (N=125) with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), neurologic levels T12 and above, were serially examined at 1 month (baseline), 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. There were 80 subjects with tetraplegia and 45 with paraplegia. Interventions S3 pressure sensation at all time points, with a retest at the 1-month time point. Main Outcome Measures Test-retest reliability and agreement (κ), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results Test-retest reliability of S3 pressure at 1 month was almost perfect (κ=.98). Agreement of S3 pressure with DAP was substantial both at 1 month (κ=.73) and for all time points combined (κ=.76). The positive predictive value of S3 pressure for DAP was 89.3% at baseline and 90.3% for all time points. No pattern in outcomes was seen in those cases where S3 pressure and DAP differed at 1 month. Conclusions S3 pressure sensation is reliable and has substantial agreement with DAP in persons with SCI at least 1 month postinjury. We suggest S3 pressure as an alternative test of sensory sacral sparing for supraconus SCI, at least in cases where DAP cannot be tested. Further research is needed to determine whether S3 pressure could replace DAP for classification of SCI.
IT Governance in the Trenches

This issue's Spotlight department presents interviews with three past and current CIOs from the business, university, and public transportation sectors. These professionals "in the trenches" present their thoughts about several aspects of the governance process, describe their experiences and the challenges they've faced, and speculate on the future of technology governance.
FACTORS CONTROLLING CALCIFICATION IN VITRO: THE CALCIUM PHOSPHATE RATIO.

Summary1. Altering the calcium phosphate ratio of calcifying solutions has little effect on the initiation of crystals by an organic matrix in contrast to “spontaneous” precipitation, and the growth of crystals. 2. This observation sheds light on the unresolved argument concerning the old clinical impression that the simple calcium phosphorus product was the best estimate of healing rickets in contrast to that expected theoretically from the calcium phosphate ratio of the salt formed. 3. A difference of this kind would be biologically advantageous since elevation of the serum phosphate would increase the mineralization of seedable matrices more than the tendency toward uncontrolled precipitation.The technical assistance of Pauline Ning is gratefully acknowledged.