cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of RNA polymerase II initiation complexes by a novel DNA control domain downstream from the cap site of the cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter.

Abstract The major immediate-early promoter (MIEP) of human cytomegalovirus is a remarkably strong RNA polymerase II transcription control unit. We have identified and characterized a novel regulatory domain associated with MIEP downstream from the initiation site of transcription. The downstream regulatory region was first identified by analyzing a series of mutations in the 5' untranslated leader exon. This regulatory domain was shown to enhance the number of functional initiation complexes without significantly altering the apparent elongation rate by RNA polymerase II transcription. In addition, run-off in vitro transcription and DNA-binding experiments identified two distinct downstream elements that specify the interaction of cellular transcription factors. One of these elements contains a reiterated sequence motif, present twice within the leader exon. The second element is an 18-bp sequence located at approximately nucleotide position +33 that is conserved between strains of cytomegalovirus from different species. On the basis of two criteria, an oligonucleotide competition assay and oligomerization upstream of the promoter, the binding of factors to the conserved box was shown to be critical for mediating the level of transcription from MIEP. Two discrete cellular nuclear proteins, designated LTF A and B (for leader transcription factor A and B binding factors), were found to specifically recognize the conserved element. This study of promoter-proximal elements within transcribed sequences demonstrates the recognition of the control domain at the DNA level that functions to increase the number of committed RNA polymerase II transcription complexes.
Time Domain Analysis of Nonuniformly Coupled Line Systems

A general method of analyzing the time-domain bi-directional coupling of a pair of nonuniformly coupled dispersionless transmission lines is presented. The transmission line equations are decoupled using the method of characteristics and the equations are solved iteratively. In the cases with linear loads, the unit-step response can be obtained in closed-form to the first order, and arbitrary excitations can be handled by convolution. Numerical integration for the cases with nonlinear loads is also shown to be more efficient than integration based on the original coupled partial differential equations.
Chemotherapeutic Activity of 5-Fluorocytosine Against a Lethal Candida albicans Infection in Mice

Numerous strains of Candida were inhibited by low concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine in vitro. Marked increase in life span occurred in C. albicans-infected mice treated with 5-fluorocytosine.
Gender and the Glass Ceiling at Work

The glass ceiling is a popular metaphor for explaining the inability of many women to advance past a certain point in their occupations and professions, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. In this article, we review sociological research on glass ceiling effects at work. We discuss the current state of the glass ceiling, methodological and theoretical concerns with research in this area, and a number of the key factors that contribute to the creation and maintenance of glass ceiling effects, including selection effects, cultural capital, homophily, networking, gender stereotypes, gender discrimination and occupational segregation, and characteristics of organizations. We conclude with a discussion of research that is aimed at lessening gendered glass ceiling disparities in the workplace.
Long-time average spectrum in individuals with Parkinson disease.

Background Various methods of acoustic analysis have been used to describe phonatory deficits in Parkinson disease (PD), including long-time average spectrum (LTAS) analysis. Objective The aim of this study was to utilize the LTAS to investigate laryngeal deficits in individuals with PD. Methods Twenty-eight individuals with idiopathic PD and 10 controls were participants for this study. An LTAS was generated from a standard reading sample and analyzed using the following measurements: Mean spectral energy (MSE), first spectral peak, spectral tilt (ST), three spectral slope (SS) measures (i.e., SSF0-1kHz, SS1-5kHz, and SS ratio) and four spectral moments (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis). Results Individuals with PD were found to demonstrate significantly lower MSE, spectral mean and spectral SD, along with higher spectral skewness compared to control speakers. Furthermore, ST was positively correlated with self-rated symptom severity and self-rated medication effectiveness for individuals with PD. Conclusions The LTAS findings were consistent with either reduced vocal fold adduction or vocal fold bowing in individuals with PD compared to control speakers. Additionally, vocal fold adductory changes were one possible explanation for correlations between LTAS and self-ratings of medication effectiveness and disease severity.
Gas-solid reduction kinetic model of MgO-fluxed pellets

The reduction process of MgO-fluxed pellets was investigated and compared with traditional acidic pellets in this paper. Based on the piston flow concept and experimental data, a kinetic model fitting for the gas-solid phase reduction of pellets in tubular reactors (blast furnace, BF) was built up, and the equations of reduction reaction rate were given for pellets. A series of reduction experiments of pellets were carried out to verify the model. As a result, the experimental data and calculated result were fitted well. Therefore, this model can well describe the gas-solid phase reduction process and calculate the reduction reaction rate of pellets. Besides, it can give a better explanation that the reduction reaction rate (reducibility) of MgO-fluxed pellets is better than that of traditional acidic pellets in BF.
Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Management and Experimental Therapeutics.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major cause of morbidity in the elderly. AD affects over 5 million persons in the United States, but because it increases in incidence in the elderly, and because of the “graying” of the population, AD is projected to increase in prevalence by many-fold over the coming decades. AD causes progressive mental impairment, resulting in the inability of persons to care for themselves. As a consequence, AD results in enormous costs to society due to both lost productivity, and required care. Thus, improved management and treatment is essential. In this review we will briefly review current understanding of the disease, including roles of beta-amyloid and tau proteins. We will then discuss current therapies in use, including the evidence for treatments with supplements, established drugs, and investigational therapeutic strategies, recently completed and ongoing.
An approximate correction to the quadrupole radiation of rotating stars

Abstract On the basis of reasonable assumptions regarding the geometric shape, rotation, internal motion and self-gravity of rotating stars, an explicit expression for the correction to the quadrupole radiation is derived. For the pulsar PSR 1937 + 214, the correction amounts to +60%.
Auxin-induced H Secretion in Helianthus and Its Implications.

We have examined the ability of Helianthus hypocotyl segments as well as segments from a variety of other species to elongate in response to H+ and to secrete H+ in response to auxin and fusicoccin. In all cases a positive response was obtained when the cuticular barrier was abraded with carborundum. Removal of the cuticular barrier by “peeling” prevented detection of both auxin-induced elongation and H+ secretion. Fusicoccin-induced growth and acid secretion are not prevented by peeling. These results suggest considerable tissue selectivity with respect to auxin action but considerably less specificity with respect to fusicoccin. It seems likely that in many dicots auxin-enhanced proton secretion and elongation are controlled by the epidermis and/or closely associated cell layers. The data presented in this paper provide further support for the acid growth theory of auxin action.
Evaluation of the Pumping Action of a Barrel-Shaped Composite Shell Structure

This paper evaluates the pumping-action potential of a flexible-matrix-composite barrel-shaped shell-of-revolution structure. The pumping-action potential is defined by the relative radial reduction due to a specific applied axial stretching. The fundamental concept of the investigated pumping action is based on the phenomenon that angle-ply fibrous flexible-matrix-composites, with fiber angle orientation of [±θf ], can exhibit unprecedented high values of the in-plane Poisson’s ratio. Consequently, upon stretching an angle-ply flexible-matrix-composite axisymmetric shell-of-revolution structure, a substantial reduction in its diameter can be realized and a potential pumping action is provided. In the current paper, the effect of the large deformation on the pumping action of a barrel-shaped (concaved-out) shell-of-revolution composite structure is evaluated. A mathematical model governing the large deformation of an axisymmetric barrel-shaped shell-of-revolution flexible-matrix-composite structure is presented and the response due to axial stretching, for different barrel curvature (maximum diameter), is found using the B-spline collocation numerical technique. In addition, a limited, preliminary experimental work is presented. A carbon/polyurethane barrel-shaped shell-of-revolution structure is constructed, and tested using the Tinius-Olsen testing machine. The crude preliminary results are compared with the corresponding analytical ones, and a discussion of the analytical/experimental results and their implications are addressed. The investigation demonstrates that a barrel-shaped angle-ply flexible-matrix-composite shell structure possesses a relatively high pumping potential.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The arthroscopic management of osteochondritis dissecans of the adolescent elbow.

The management of avascular necrosis of the capitellum of the adolescent elbow continues to be a dilemma. This article is a critical retrospective analysis of 12 pediatric patients (mean age at surgery 14.5 years) who underwent arthroscopic debridement alone followed by early range of motion. Follow-up at a mean of 3.2 years (range, 2.0 to 5.7 years) indicated that the average flexion contracture improved from 23 degrees preoperatively to 10 degrees postoperatively. All patients had remodeling of the capitellum by plain radiographs; however, five patients had associated enlargement of the radial head. Eleven patients had minimal mechanical symptoms after the procedure and were highly satisfied. One patient had substantial enlargement of the radial head with continued loss of supination and mechanical symptoms requiring radial head resection 2 years after the index procedure. Five patients had a triangular avulsion fragment present off the lateral capsule. A statistically significant worse subjective outcome was associated with the presence of this fragment (P < .005). There were no complications.
X-ray diffraction of algal starches

Abstract The starches of a number of green and red algae were examined by X-ray diffraction. Some showed the X-ray spectrum characteristic of cereal starches, others that characteristic of tuber starches. The former type was not observed in red algae. In many cases in which neither of these spectra was obtained the diagrams generally showed only one, more or less well defined line, always at 4.51 A; they probably represent a new type of starch X-ray spectrum. In a few cases, only a diffuse ring in the 4–6-A region could be obtained, although a true starch was present. In some cases, spectra intermediate between the new type and that of the tuber starches were observed. The observations have been discussed.
Infrared speckle imaging at Palomar

Diffraction-limited infrared images of three binary stars reconstructed using speckle imaging techniques are presented. Three methods of recovering the objects' Fourier amplitudes are compared, Fourier deconvolution, projection onto convex sets, and CLEAN. The objects' Fourier phases are retrieved via bispectral analysis. It is shown that the quality of the final reconstructed images is a function of the percentage of the total bispectral volume utilized in the reconstruction procedure.
Strategies for Developing Information Industries

(1989). Strategies for developing information industries. The European Journal of Development Research: Vol. 1, Technology and Development in the Third Industrial Revolution, pp. 38-59.
Spreadsheet-based computations for the flowshop problem with synchronous transfers

Even when the research literature makes available to us the latest, most sophisticated solution algorithms, it may be possible to satisfy our needs with a generic solution approach. Faced with the need to find a solution to a challenging sequencing problem, we might be well served by relying on off-the-shelf optimisation software, implemented in Excel. To illustrate this point as it applies to sequencing problems, we revisit some results from the recent literature and compare the outcomes we can obtain with a specialised algorithm to those from a general-purpose, spreadsheet-based approach.
Metallothionein Expression Is Altered in a Transgenic Murine Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Missense mutations in the gene encoding copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been found to cause one form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Although the exact mechanism of disease is unknown, abnormalities in the ability of mutant SOD1 to bind zinc or copper ions may be crucial in the pathogenesis of disease. Because members of the metallothionein (MT) family of zinc and copper binding proteins function as important cellular regulators of metal ion bioavailability in the central nervous system, we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to study the expression pattern of these molecules in a transgenic mouse model of familial ALS. In adult wild-type mouse spinal cord, expression of MT-I and MT-II is restricted to ependymal cells and a subset of astrocytes located in white matter tracts, while MT-III synthesis is limited to neurons within gray matter. Compared to wild-type littermates, transgenic mice carrying the G93A SOD1 mutation demonstrate markedly increased expression of MT-I and MT-II within astrocytes in both white and gray matter as weakness develops. MT-III synthesis in neurons is also greatly upregulated as G93A SOD1 animals age, with glial cell expression of MT-III evident by later stages of the disease. Changes in MT expression occur before the onset of motor deficits or significant motor neuron pathology in G93A SOD1 mice and remarkably extend beyond ventral horn populations of neurons and glia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that metallothioneins may serve an early and important protective function in FALS.
From Farming to Personal Privacy--Ubicomp's Impact on Society

Maria Ebling looks at future topics IEEE Pervasive Computing plans to cover, including pervasive technologies in the food chain. After looking into topics such as precision agriculture and robotic bees, she discusses other topics related to the magazine's future--including its move to digital first this issue and changes to the editorial board.
Appearance of 3H2OO in rat tissues resulting from the metabolism of L-[3H] fucose by intestinal bacteria

Abstract Large amounts of 3 H 2 O were found in the brain and other tissues of rats after the intraperitoneal injection of L -[ 3 H] fucose. The amount of 3 H 2 O formed in conventional rats was 8 times higher than that formed in germ-free rats, suggesting that most of the 3 H 2 O was produced from metabolism of the radioactive fucose by intestinal bacteria.
Badger (Taxidea taxus) disturbances increase soil heterogeneity in a degraded shrub-steppe ecosystem

In the western United States, overgrazing, weed invasion and wildfire have resulted in the conversion of shrub-steppe to annual grasslands, with substantial effects on ecosystem function. In these landscapes, badgers disturb large areas of soil while foraging for fossorial animals. Mounds created by badgers contained the lowest concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, mineral nitrogen and mineralizable nitrogen, inter-mound soils had the highest concentrations, and excavation pits had intermediate levels. Soil C:N ratio and pH were greater, and electrical conductivity and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ were lower on mound soils compared with either pit or inter-mound soils. Larger pits generally trapped more litter, and increased litter mass equated with greater concentrations of active carbon, but only at the burned sites. Older mounds supported more vascular plants and cryptogamic crusts. Our results demonstrate reduced levels of nutrients and a higher C:N ratio on the mounds compared with either the pits or inter-mounds. Alteration to the homogeneous post-fire landscape by badgers contributes to patchiness in soils and vegetation, which is critical to the functioning of arid systems. Given their effect on soil C:N ratios, mounds may be important sites for recovery of indigenous shrub-steppe plant species.
A plane of orientation with an extracranial anterior point of reference

An extracranial anterior point of reference, namely, a standard line level (bubble gauge), was used to capture the true horizontal plane relative to NHP. NHP relative to true horizontal plane was found to be convenient and easy to locate and record. The vertical fluctuation of NHP varied from as narrow as +/- 0.18 inch to as wide as +/- 0.34 inch. This esthetically coordinated plane of orientation may provide the dentist and laboratory technician a mounting that more closely simulates the clinical situation. The proposed technique may be beneficial for those patients requiring difficult prosthodontic and maxillofacial reconstruction, as well as those requiring combined orthodontic, oral surgery, and prosthodontic treatment.
Cold shock elicits expression of heat shock proteins in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Abstract When exposed to brief cold shocks of −10 or −18°C, pharate adults (red eye stage) of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis are unable to eclose as adults. The injury does not cause immediate death: even an 8 h exposure to −18°C allows pharate adult development to proceed to the point of eclosion. Though development continues following cold shock, we observed a dose-dependent decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption, indicating that damage has occurred. The rate of protein synthesis is slow during the first hour after cold shock but quickly recovers. The previously described heat shock proteins, molecular weights 92 and 72 kDa, are expressed in both the brain and integument during recovery from cold shock and are expressed for longer times with increased severity of the cold shock. The cold shock induced 72 kDa protein is immunologically related to the heat shock 70 protein family of Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to the heat shock proteins, three proteins with molecular weights of 78, 45 and 23 kDa, are induced in the integument, but not in the brain, during recovery from cold shock. We previously demonstrated that at high temperatures different developmental stages synthesize two different members of the heat shock 70 protein family, a 65 and a 72 kDa protein. We detect no such developmental switch in response to cold shock. These results demonstrate that heat shock proteins can be induced by extremes of both high and low temperatures but the nature of the stress (heat or cold shock) determines which proteins are induced.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND CONCENTRATION OF GALACTOSYL DIGLYCERIDE IN GLIAL AND NEURONAL ENRICHED FRACTIONS OF ACTIVELY MYELINATING RAT BRAIN

—In continuation of our studies on the association of the galactosyl diglycerides of brain with myelination, we have measured the biosynthesis and concentration of these glyceride glycolipids, in oligodendroglial, astroglial, neuronal, and myelin enriched fractions from brains of rats of postnatal age 16, 19 and 29 days. The relative purity of cell fractions and myelin derived from 50 to 60 brains of each age-group was checked by phase contrast microscopy and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphohydrolase activity. The relative purity was comparable to that reported by other investigators for cell fractions from bovine brain. Of the three cell types, the oligodendroglia had the highest and the neurons had the lowest capacity to enzymatically synthesize and to accumulate monogalactosyl diglyceride. The amount of monogalactosyl diglyceride found in myelin compared to that found in oligodendroglial fraction greatly increased during development between 16 and 29 days of age. The biosynthesis of galactosyl ceramide but not glucosyl ceramide was highest in oligodendroglial enriched cell fraction. However, ceramide glucosyl-transferase activity, which was greatly affected by the method used for cellular separation, was highest in a microsomal fraction derived from grey matter. Our results support the contention that the oligodendroglial cells are the site of synthesis of myelin constituents of the central nervous system, and that there is a temporal relationship between this site of synthesis and the site of deposition (myelin).
Transient response of structural elements to traveling pressure waves of arbitrary shape

Dynamic response of simple beam and rectangular plate under traveling shock wave at supersonic speed, using Fourier transforms
Can markets help?: applying market mechanisms to improve synchronous communication

There is a growing interest in applying market mechanisms to tackle everyday communication problems such as communication interruptions and communication overload. Prior analytic proofs have shown that a signaling and screening mechanism can make senders and recipients of messages better off. However, these proofs make certain assumptions that do not hold in real world environments. For example, these prior works assume that there are no transaction costs in a communication market and that monetary incentives are the only motivators in communication between strangers.This research builds upon prior analytic work and empirically tests the validity of the claim that signaling and screening mechanisms will improve communication welfare. Our results show that while these types of markets can indeed improve communication welfare, a simpler, less expressive fixed-price market can lead to higher welfare than a more expressive, variable pricing and screening mechanism. Findings from this study also provide valuable insights for technology designs. For example, these results suggest the need to reduce cognitive overhead in using communication markets.
Family Defense Mechanisms: The Concept and its Utility to Family Scientists, Practitioners, and Educators

Interpersonal conflict among family members and between spouses can cause dissatisfaction and threaten the viability of the marriage. Family Defense Mechanisms (FDMs) are defined as fixed patterns of behaviors that, when followed by spouses and other family members, enable them to better manage their interpersonal differences and conflict. Four categories of FDMs are described and illustrated with examples. It is suggested that the concept of FDMs has theoretical and clinical utility, enabling researchers and practitioners to understand family interactions in a new way.
Gas-phase ligand exchange in a square-planar rhodium(I) complex proceeding by dissociative exchange: ESI FT-ICR MS and DFT evidence

Although the kinetics of square-planar d 8 ligand-substitution reactions have been explored extensively in solution, no such studies of gas-phase systems have been reported. Measurement of gas-phase ligand exchange offersthe advantage that the exchange mechanism is readily determined in the absence of solvent effects. The complex trans-Rh(PPh 3 ) 2 CO(4-picoline) + substitutes pyridine for its 4-picoline ligand readily in the gas phase but also loses CO during the reaction. The double-resonance experiments show that its primary substitution pathway proceeds dissociatively, unlike almost all solution ligand substitutions for Pt(II) and Pd(II). The density functional calculations reveal that the bond energies of Rh-4-picoline, Rh-pyridine, and Rh-CO are similar enough that CO loss might be expected. In support of the dissociative mechanism, the calculations also show five-coordinate intermediates for the associative pathway to be relatively high in energy.
A NEW PARADIGM FOR TEACHING INTRODUCTORY PRODUCTION/OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

This paper postulates that the perception among students that operations management is a tedious, irrelevant subject is a symptom of the lack of a conceptual framework that effectively communicates the importance and relevance of the operations function in a firm. The first half of this paper discusses traditional frameworks, those most frequently found in introductory production and operations management (pom) textbooks, and several alternative approaches to teaching an introductory POM course. The discussion questions whether any of these existing frameworks is sufficient to meet the challenges faced while teaching POM in today's environment and identifies what characteristics an effective framework should possess. These characteristics include defining the scope and bounds of the field, capturing its integrative and system aspects, providing a visible depiction of the framework to aid comprehension, and promoting higher-level thinking (i.e., analysis, synthesis, and criticism) to deepen understanding. This discussion concludes that no current framework meets all of these criteria, therefore there remains a need for a more effective approach for introducing POM. The remainder of the paper describes one approach to conceptualizing the field that satisfies these criteria.
Effect of Obesity and High Blood Pressure on Plasma Lipid Levels in Children and Adolescents

Objective. To examine the extent of blood lipid abnormalities in overweight children and to determine whether the prevalence of dyslipidemia is different in overweight children with elevated blood pressure (BP) compared with overweight children with normal BP (NBP). Methods. A retrospective, case-control study on 497 patients 2 to 18 years of age at the Nemours Weight Management Clinic of duPont Hospital for Children was conducted to compare the prevalence of abnormal plasma lipid levels in overweight children with high BP with overweight children with NBP. Results. Elevated BP was detected in 34.7% of the sample; 27.9% had prehypertension (pre-HTN), and 6.8% had HTN. The rates of abnormal plasma lipid levels were high among overweight children with both NBP and HTN. Significantly more boys with high BP had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with boys with NBP (49.4% vs 27.6%). Significantly more severely obese boys had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with moderately obese boys (40.3% vs 29.3%). The prevalence of elevated BP was much greater in severely obese boys and girls (46.5% and 39%) than moderately obese boys and girls (28.1% and 23.1%). Conclusions. The high prevalence of dyslipidemia found in this overweight sample supports recent recommendations to collect plasma lipid levels in not only overweight children with BP ≥90th percentile but also in all overweight children.
Improved calculation of Si sputter yield via first principles derived interatomic potential

Abstract Silicon sputter yield under medium energy Ar+ ion bombardment is calculated via molecular dynamics, using a highly accurate interatomic potential for Ar–Si interactions derived from first-principles calculations. Unlike the widely used universal repulsive potentials such as the Moliere or ZBL parameterizations, this new potential, referred to as DFT-ArSi, is developed via localized basis density functional theory. Sputter yields for Si obtained with the DFT-ArSi potential at 500 eV and 1 keV incident energies are found to be within 6% and 2% of experimental results, respectively, while errors using existing potentials are typically on the order of 11%. The DFT-ArSi potential differs from existing empirical potentials in the ∼1 A interatomic separation range which is shown to be the most important range for modeling low-to-medium energy ion bombardment.
Using router stamping to identify the source of IP packets

Denial of Service and Distributed Denial of Service attacks have cost millions of dollars to online companies. Unfortunately, these attacks are particularly di cult to stop since hackers are able to hide their IP address by IP spoo ng, so that it is often impossible to identify their location. Our proposal, Router Stamping, would help to identify the source of Denial of Service attacks, provided that a signi cant percentage of packets are sent from one subnet. In accomplishing this, Router Stamping imposes only a small increase in the size of the packet header. In addition, it is easy to implement and maintain, and it can function in the presence of some noncompliant or malicious routers.
Acoustic modes and nonbonded interactions of the double helix

Observations of acoustic velocities in DNA fibers have been used to refine nonbonded force constants for the DNA double helix. Long-range forces are found to be needed for A conformation and are likely to dominate in B conformation as well. The acoustic dispersion curves are described and calculated. A correction due to the effects of water is calculated. The effect of nonbonded interaction on other vibrational modes is calculated.
Prejudice reduction or self‐selection? A test of the contact hypothesis

In this study of interracial contact's impact on Whites’ attitudes toward Blacks, an inference drawn from contact theory is explicitly addressed: that contact actually reduces prejudice, independent of any tendency for favorable racial attitudes to promote contact. Results show that contact is related both to reduced social distance and to reduced stereotypes. Results also show that diffuse prejudice toward other minorities, a proxy implying the tendency to avoid contact, is unable to explain contact's association with reduced anti‐Black prejudice, provided that contact is varied and not restricted to an isolated circumstance. These findings imply that, although prejudiced people tend to avoid interracial contact more than unprejudiced people do, contact itself has an independent tendency to reduce prejudice.
Three dimensionality of ``metallic'' states in conducting polymers: Polyaniline

Anisotropic-conductiity (\ensuremath{\sigma}), thermopower, and dielectric-constant studies show that oriented polyaniline salt is representative of a class of quasi-one-dimensional disordered conductors where coupled parallel chains form ``metallic'' bundles in which electron wave functions are extended three dimensionally. This is in contrast to isolated conducting chains in conventional 1D conductors. The bundles correspond to crystalline regions of the polymer. The results are important for understanding the stabilization of metallic states and achievement of high \ensuremath{\sigma} in conducting polymers.
Is Neighborhood Racial Succession Inevitable?: Forty Years of Evidence

Analysis of compositional changes in the racially mixed neighborhoods (tracts) of 5 large U.S. cities over a 40-year period casts doubt on a central notion of the invasion-succession model: that white-to-black change (succession) is inevitable. The findings indicate that (1) the likelihood of racial succession decreased in all 5 cities from 1970 to 1980, relative to earlier decades, (2) the likelihood of racial stability increased in 4 of the 5 cities during the 1970s, and (3) marked variation exists in patterns of racial change across the cities and decades surveyed. Regional comparisons using 1940-1980 tract data for 38 additional cities strengthen the conclusions based on the 5 case-study locations.
Contralateral suppressive fields of binocular combination

Contours viewed by one eye produce zones of suppression in the contralateral eye’s view. The possible functional significance of such contralateral suppressive fields (CSFs) for maintaining convergence-fixation, and for stereoscopic “fusion,” is discussed.
Super density operations: identifying the operational limitations to overcome

The Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) has responsibility for guiding development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), a multi-agency vision for aviation in the 2025 timeframe. Using 2004 as a baseline, the JPDO has projected a range of 1.4 to 3 times the number of flights as the potential aggregate demand for 2025, and in addition, projects that there will be a more diverse population of aircraft flying to a larger set of airports than current operations. As part of the vision for accommodating the increase in demand, NextGen describes at a high level the concept of "Super Density" operations, or operations that provide a higher level of throughput than can be accommodated using today's operating paradigms. While the JPDO refers to technology applications such as precise 4D trajectory "tubes" or Equivalent Visual Operations, a detailed concept of operations and specific set of research issues has not yet been articulated. The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD), as part of its Technology Research Program, has undertaken an effort to explore more fully the definition of Super Density operations. In order to ensure that the full scope of terminal operations was considered, the project was designed to identify the operational limitations of congested terminal airspace, rather than starting with a specific technology or procedure application. Knowing these operational limitations may help the JPDO and the larger research community better understand where research investment is needed, and what performance will be required from new procedures and technology.
Cyclic and Linear Time in Early India1

Introduction The received wisdom of the past 200 years describes the traditional Indian concept of time as cyclic, excluding all other forms and incorporating an endless repetition of cycles. This was in contrast to what was perceived as the essentially linear time of European civilisation. Implicit in this statement is also an insistence that cyclic time precludes a sense of history, a view which contributed to the theory that Indian civilisation was ahistorical. Historical consciousness it was said, required time to be linear, and to move like an arrow linking the beginning to a final eschatological end. Concepts of time and a sense of history were thus interwoven. Early European scholars working on India searched for histories of India from Sanskrit sources but were unable to discover what they recognised as histories. The exception was said to be Kalhana's Rajatarangini , a history of Kashmir written in the 12th century. It is indeed a most impressive pre-modern history of a region, but it is not an isolated example, since this genre finds expression in other regional chronicles, even if the others were not so impressive. These others were ignored, perhaps because they were less known to European scholarship; perhaps because if Indian civilisation were to be characterised by an absence of history it would become all the more necessary that Indian history be ‘discovered’ through the research of scholars who came to be labelled as Orientalists.
Behavioral type-environment correlations in the field: a study of three-spined stickleback.

Behavioral type–environment correlations occur when specific behavioral types of individuals are more common in certain environments. Behavioral type–environment correlations can be generated by several different mechanisms that are probably very common such as niche construction and phenotypic plasticity. Moreover, behavioral type–environment correlations have important ecological and evolutionary implications. However, few studies have examined behavioral type–environment correlations in natural populations. In this study, we asked whether some behavioral types of three-spined stickleback were more likely to occur in certain social environments (alone or in a shoal with other stickleback) or in certain microhabitats in a river (in the open or under cover). We found that individuals that were in shoals with other stickleback at the time of collection from the field emerged from a refuge more quickly compared to individuals that were found alone. In addition, fish that were alone in an open microhabitat explored more of a pool compared to fish that were alone in cover, but this difference did not occur among fish that were in shoals at the time of collection. Subsequent analyses of gut contents suggested that differences in microhabitat use were consistent over time. Our study provides some of the first evidence for behavioral type–environment correlations in a natural population of non-human animals.
GAMMA RADIATION FROM LITHIUM-LITHIUM NUCLEAR REACTIONS

A three crystal pair spectrometer was used to determine the relative intensities of gamma radiation produced in the bombardment of separated ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ targets by ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ ions at energies of 2.6 and 3.6 MeV. The observed gamma radiation arises from excited states of residual nuclei. These include ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{13}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ in the present experiment. Relative populations deduced from the data indicate that a difference of one unit of charge for the matter transferred in the reaction does not strongly influence the relative cross sections. In particular, the production of ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$ (ground state) and the equivalent state in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ (15.11 MeV) in the bombardment of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ by ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ were in the ratio 2:1. A value of 2.3:1 is predicted for this ratio on the basis of simple stripping theory and cluster breakup in this reaction. The relative populations of the excited states of ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ produced in the three reactions show systematic variations as a function of excitation.
A Brief History and Overview of the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine

The Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine (ATPM) has grown substantially from its earliest beginnings as a small ‘department chairman's club’ to a vigorous organisation with a wide variety of activities, and interests related to research, teaching, and the practice of preventive medicine and community health.
Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses as a cause of orbital hypertelorism

A case of a child with allergic asthma and mucocele of the paransal sinus who developed orbital hypertelorism is presented. The association between allergy and asthma and the formation of mucoceles is discussed and a possible mechanism for the development of orbital hypertelorism during adolescence is suggested. The management of mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses during craniofacial surgery is described. The need for long-term follow-up is emphasized.
CHLOROPHYLL DEGRADATION DURING CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF ASPARAGUS

SUMMARY Changes during CA (controlled-atmosphere) storage of excised shoots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) were studied. Storage in 5% CO2, at 35°F and 95% relative humidity resulted in increased pH, decreased total acidity and total solids, and an increase in soluble solids. There was also more retention of chlorophylls in the CA-stored asparagus. These effects became more pronounced as the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was increased. The degradation products of chlorophylls in the CA-stored samples were exclusively the pheophytins. Correlations between changes in pH and the degradation of chlorophylls were made.
Filter Wedge Spectrometer for Field Use

Spectrometers, utilizing interference filter wedges, for field use, especially in hostile environments
Material Degradation during Isothermal Aging and Thermal Cycling of Hybrid Mica Seal with Ag Interlayer under SOFC Exposure Conditions

Hybrid phlogopite mica seals with silver interlayers were evaluated in terms of materials degradation in a combined isothermal ageing and thermal cycling test. The hybrid mica seal was composed of a phlogopite mica paper sandwiched between two Ag foils. The hybrid micas were first aged at 800oC for ~1,000 hrs in a moist, dilute hydrogen fuel (~2.7% H2/bal. Ar + ~3% H2O), followed by short-term thermal cycling between ~100oC and 800oC. The combined test was repeated for 3 times for a total of 4,000 hrs ageing at 800oC and 119 thermal cycles. The results of high temperature leak rate tests showed very good thermal stability and thermal cycle stability with 800oC leak rates of ~0.02-0.03 sccm/cm. A hybrid mica seal tested in a high water content fuel (30 v% H2O/70 v% H2) demonstrated similar leakage during isothermal ageing and subsequent thermal cycles. Post-mortem analyses showed no extensive reaction between Ag and phlogopite mica as well as no significant mica degradation. Simple calculations to estimate the effect of measured leakage on the open circuit voltage and the total fuel loss for various SOFC stack sizes suggest very small fuel losses for the current hybrid mica seals, indicating that they are goodmore » candidates for SOFC sealing applications. Corresponding author: Yeong-Shyung Chou Tel: 509-375-2527, Fax: 509-375-2186, E-mail: yeong-shyung.chou@pnl.gov« less
Volatile Flavor Components in Snow Crab Cooker Effluent and Effluent Concentrate

Volatile compounds in snow crab cooker effluent (SCCE) and effluent concentrate (EC) were compared by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass specirometry (SDE/GC/ MS). Volatile compounds (122) were detected in both samples. Of these, 97 were positively identified, composed mainly of nitrogen-and sulfur-containing compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, furans, and alcohols. A total of 101 compounds were detected in the cooker effluent, and 90 were detected in the concentrate. Amounts of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds were 44 and 7.3 times higher, respectively, in EC.
The many faces of the YopM effector from plague causative bacterium Yersinia pestis and its implications for host immune modulation

The Yersinia outer protein (Yop) M effector from the Yersinia pestis bacterium is well-known for being a critical virulence determinant; however, structural insight vis-a-vis its role in Y. pestis pathogenesis has been elusive. Here, we investigate the intact sequence of the YopM protein through our recently developed fold identification and homology modeling tools, and analyze the immune modulatory potential of its constituent domains. We identify a putative novel E3 ligase (NEL) domain towards the C-terminal tail of YopM and characterize its active site, to show that YopM could function as an autoregulated bacterial type E3 ubiquitin ligase. We further identify unreported NEL domains in several other bacteria and note remarkable similarity in sequence, structure, surface, and electrostatics for the family of NEL-containing bacterial effectors that suggests conserved function and potentially similar host targets for these proteins. Based on these observations and recent empirical evidence for degradation of the human proteins HLA-DR, thioredoxin, and NEMO/IKKγ by other members of the NEL-containing bacterial family, we discuss the potential for YopM to modulate a wide spectrum of immune signal transduction pathways. The key immune modulatory effects highlighted are suppression of MHC class II antigen presentation, dampening of nuclear factor (NF)-κB mediated inflammatory response, and intonation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Additionally, our analysis of the modeled YopM LRR domain reveals structural features akin to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) LRR motif. We propose that YopM LRR could be a 'molecular mimic' of TLR4 LRR, permitting reduced immunogenicity and potentially mitigating bacterial lipopolysaccharide surveillance of the innate immune system. Our identification and characterization of the YopM NEL domain, taken together with our analysis of the YopM LRR domain, provides plausible insight into subversion of host immunity by Y. pestis YopM and perhaps could set the stage for design of new therapeutic opportunities.
Transport and further metabolism of intermediate compounds of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid ribonucleotide pathway by rat small intestine

Abstract 1. 1. The everted sac technic has been used to study the intestinal transport of several intermediate compounds of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid ribonucleotide pathway. 2. 2. l -Kynurenine and to a lesser extent, 3-hydroxy- l -kynurenine, were transported against a concentration gradient, whereas there was no active transport of d -kynurenine, 3-methoxy- dl -kynurenine, N α -acetyl- l -kynurenine or kynurenic acid. 3. 3. Paper chromatography of the serosal fluids showed that small quantities of l -kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-methoxykynurenine were acetylated during incubation, and that some deacetylation of N α -acetyl- l -kynurenine took place. Two other products of 3-hydroxykynurenine were most probably the two isomers of 3-hydroxykynurenine-O-sulfate.
Electrophilic nitration of triphenylamines as a route to high oxidation potential electrocatalysts. Polynitration, nitrodebromination, and bromine dance

Abstract The nitration of triphenylamine derivatives is facile, readily leading to an introduction of up to three nitro groups at room temperature. The nitration of 4,4′,4″-tribromotriphenylamine results in nitrodebromination on one or more rings and bromination at other sites.
Photoconductivity in thin films of phthalocyanine

The photocurrent and electrolyte electromodulation (EEM) spectra of thin films of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) were investigated. The modulation spectra yielded three distinct features around 1·61, 2·30 and 2·93 eV for H2Pc and around 1·63, 2·04 and 3·20 eV for CuPc. The spectral dependence maxima of photoconductivity correspond to the modulation spectra. These features are interpreted to indicate transitions at critical points, i.e. the existence of transitions between three valence bands, since Pc’s are p-type, and the lowest conduction band in Pc’s.
Enzymatic fuel cells: Integrating flow-through anode and air-breathing cathode into a membrane-less biofuel cell design

One of the key goals of enzymatic biofuel cells research has been the development of a fully enzymatic biofuel cell that operates under a continuous flow-through regime. Here, we present our work on achieving this task. Two NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes; malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were independently coupled with poly-methylene green (poly-MG) catalyst for biofuel cell anode fabrication. A fungal laccase that catalyzes oxygen reduction via direct electron transfer (DET) was used as an air-breathing cathode. This completes a fully enzymatic biofuel cell that operates in a flow-through mode of fuel supply polarized against an air-breathing bio-cathode. The combined, enzymatic, MDH-laccase biofuel cell operated with an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.584 V, whereas the ADH-laccase biofuel cell sustained an OCV of 0.618 V. Maximum volumetric power densities approaching 20 μW cm(-3) are reported, and characterization criteria that will aid in future optimization are discussed.