cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical review of approaches to integrating virtual models and the physical construction

Virtual models have proven to be highly beneficial and of great significance to the building and construction industry. However, the full potential of virtual models, especially at the construction and operation phases, remains largely unrealized. With the developments in information and communication technology, a number of attempts have been made to extend the use of these models, through the development of integration approaches and technologies. An important aspect of integration not adequately addressed so far relates to that between the virtual model and physical construction such as to enable bi-directional coordination. Bi-directional coordination between virtual models and the physical construction has the potential to improve consistency maintenance, real-time progress monitoring and control of construction process/constructed facility, tracking of changes and model updates, information exchange between the design office and the real-time, documentation of as-built status, and sustainable practi...
Great Apes, Dolphins, and the Concept of Personhood

Soulevant la question de l'applicabilite du concept de personnalite aux grands singes et aux dauphins, l'A. montre que l'ontologie morale traditionnelle, fondee sur la distinction entre la personne et la non-personne, est partiellement erronee en ce qui concerne les conditions necessaires et suffisantes de la personnalite (autonomie, action intentionnelle, conscience de soi, etc.). Rejetant l'approche pluraliste fondee sur la definition de la personnalite comme concept-grappe, d'une part, et le critere de l'usage non-reflechi du langage, d'autre part, l'A. montre que la conception prescriptive de la personnalite chez S. F Sapontzis et la these de la redondance sont insuffisantes, et que la reponse a la question les singes et les dauphins sont-ils des personnes? reste mitigee
Antiepileptic actions of neuropeptide Y in the mouse hippocampus require Y5 receptors.

Purpose: Recent evidence suggests an antiepileptic role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the central nervous system. The precise receptor subtypes mediating the inhibitory actions of NPY in the hippocampal formation, however, remain unclear. In vitro studies suggest a role for Y2 receptors in modulating excitatory hippocampal synaptic transmission and epileptiform discharge. In vivo studies implicate Y5 receptors. Here we used pharmacologic tools and Y5-receptor knockout mice to examine the role of Y5 receptors in mediating the antiexcitatory and antiepileptic actions of NPY in the hippocampal formation. Methods: Hippocampal slices were obtained from age-matched wild-type (WT; 129 s3/svimj) and Y5-receptor knockout (Y5R KO) mice generated on the same background strain. Extracellular or whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained in area CA3 pyramidale. Evoked population spikes or excitatory postsynaptic currents were monitored during bath application of NPY, NPY 13-36 , or human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP). In some slices, zero-magnesium cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was used to evoke spontaneous epileptiform discharges. Results: NPY and NPY agonists with preference for either Y2 (NPY 13-36 ) or Y5 (hPP) receptor subtypes caused a significant reduction in population spike and excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitudes in slices from WT mice. NPY (and NPY agonists) also suppressed zero-magnesium epileptiform burst discharge in slices from WT mice. In contrast, bath application of NPY, NPY 13-36 , or hPP had no effect in slices from Y5R KO mice. Conclusions: NPY modulates excitatory synaptic transmission and inhibits limbic seizure activity in the mouse hippocampus. The antiepileptic actions of NPY, in the mouse, appear to require activation of hippocampal Y5 receptors.
Role of anticipatory responses in avoidance conditioning: An important control

Substantial numbers of “avoidance” (anticipatory) responses are maintained in avoidance conditioning paradigms though no avoidance contingency is operating. This suggests that variables other than the avoidance contingency are responsible for the emergence of CRs, and that variables which influence avoidance acquisition might do so because of their influence on anticipatory responding. It is suggested that the effect of such variables on anticipatory responding be routinely assessed by including control groups in which the avoidance contingency is withheld.
Collagen I initiates endothelial cell morphogenesis by inducing actin polymerization through suppression of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A.

Collagen I provokes endothelial cells to assume a spindle-shaped morphology and to align into solid cord-like assemblies. These cords closely imitate the solid pre-capillary cords of embryonic angiogenesis, raising interesting questions about underlying mechanisms. Studies described here identify a critical mechanism beginning with collagen I ligation of integrins α1β1 and α2β1, followed by suppression of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A, and marked induction of actin polymerization to form prominent stress fibers. In contrast to collagen I, laminin-1 neither suppressed cAMP nor protein kinase A activity nor induced actin polymerization or changes in cell shape. Moreover, fibroblasts did not respond to collagen I with changes in cAMP, actin polymerization, or cell shape, thus indicating that collagen signaling, as observed in endothelial cells, does not extend to all cell types. Pharmacological elevation of cAMP blocked collagen-induced actin polymerization and formation of cords by endothelial cells; conversely, pharmacological suppression of either cAMP or protein kinase A induced actin polymerization. Collectively, these studies identify a previously unrecognized and critical mechanism, involving suppression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and induction of actin polymerization, through which collagen I drives endothelial cell organization into multicellular pre-capillary cords.
Changes in 5α- dihydrotestosterone binding to epididymal cytosol during sexual maturation in rabbits: Correlation with morphological changes in the testis and epididymis ☆

Abstract We previously demonstrated that the caput epididymis of intact sexually mature rabbits contains a specific high-affinity binding protein for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT). The other anatomical segments (corpus and cauda) of the epididymes of these animals had no detectable 5αDHT-binding activity. We have further shown that this binding was due to an androgen-binding protein of testicular origin. In the present study we have investigated 5αDHT binding to epididymal cytosol from sexually immature rabbits (20−104 days old). Using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, we have detected a unique pattern of binding. The pattern correlated well with testicular and epididymal maturation, but there was little correlation with chronological age or body weight. In the most immature animals (Group I) the seminiferous tubules appsared as solid cords and the epithelium of the ductus epididymis consisted of a single row of columnar cells. Epididymes from this group had little or no detectable 5αDHT-binding activity. In the second group (Group II), there was 5αDHTbinding to all three segments. The seminiferous tubules of these rabbits exhibited spermatogenic activity and lumen formation. The height of the epididymal epithelium had increased uniformly throughout the duct. The third group (Group III) had 5αDHT-binding only in caput cytosol. Spermatogenesis had progressed to the formation of elongated spermatids in the most immature animals of this group to the release of spermatozoa in the most mature ones. The caput epithelium of this last group of rabbits was fully differentiated. Unilateral orchidectomy of Group II rabbits resulted in a decrease in [3H]5αDHT-binding activity on the operated side as compared to the contralateral non-operated control side, suggesting the testicular origin of the binding protein. The failure of cyproterone or cyproterone acetate to inhibit [3H5αDHT-binding to the protein, the lack of effect of N-ethylmaleimide on binding, and the rapid dissociation rate of the[3H5αDHT-binding protein complex suggested that the binding moiety was testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP).
Individual Attributes Affecting Physician-Scientist Partnership in Research and Knowledge Transfer

Biomedical research has generated revolutionary scientific discoveries. However, it takes on average 17 years to turn about 14% of research findings into changes that benefit patients. Scientist-ph...
Digital optical computing

This paper concerns binary digital computing systems in which the information-carrying medium consists entirely or primarily of photons. The paper begins with a review of analog, discrete, and binary methods of representing information in a computer, followed by a survey of many techniques for implementing binary combinatorial and sequential logic functions with individual optical devices and arrays of devices. Next is a discussion of communication, interconnection, and input-output problems of digital electronic and optical computers at the gate, chip, and processor level. A particular architecture for implementing general sequential optical logic systems including digital optical processors is described. This architecture avoids some of the interconnection problems of electronic integrated circuits and VLSI systems, and offers the potential of non von Neumann parallel digital processors. Finally, the current limitations and future needs of optical logic devices and digital optical computing systems are outlined.
A Prospective Analysis of Co-Processed Non-Ionic Surfactants in Enhancing Permeability of a Model Hydrophilic Drug

Paracellular route is a natural pathway for the transport of many hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the ability of novel co-processed non-ionic surfactants to enhance the paracellular permeability of a model hydrophilic drug metformin using Caco-2 (human colonic adenocarcinoma) cell model. A three-tier screen was undertaken to evaluate the co-processed blends based on cytotoxicity, cellular integrity, and permeability coefficient. The relative contribution of the paracellular and the transcellular route in overall transport of metformin by co-processed blends was determined. Immunocytochemistry was conducted to determine the distribution of tight-junction protein claudin-1 after incubation with the co-processed blends. It was found that novel blends of Labrasol and Transcutol-P enhanced metformin permeability by approximately twofold with transient reduction in the transepithelia electrical resistance (TEER) and minimal cytotoxicity compared with the control, with the paracellular pathway as the major route of metformin transport. Maximum permeability of metformin (∼10-fold) was mediated by Tween-20 blends along with >75% reduction in the TEER which was irreversible over 24-h period. A shift in metformin transport from the paracellular to the transcellular route was observed with some Tween-20 blends. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed rearrangement of the cellular borders and fragmentation on treatment with Tween-20 blends. In conclusion, cytotoxicity, cellular integrity, and permeability of the hydrophilic drugs can be greatly influenced by the polyoxyethylene residues and medium chain fatty acids in the non-ionic surfactants at clinically relevant concentrations and therefore should be thoroughly investigated prior to their inclusion in formulations.
Low molecular weight heparin in atrial fibrillation management: facts, fiction, future.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and various AF disease management strategies can be utilized.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Translocation of the c-Cbl Protein after Activation of Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways

The c-cbl protooncogene product (c-Cbl) is a 120-kDa protein that has been shown to bind to the Src homology 3 domains of various proteins, suggesting its involvement in signal transduction pathways. We identified one of the most prominent tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)-stimulated macrophages to be c-Cbl. Tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Cbl occurred within 20 s after stimulation and reached maximum levels within 3-5 min. c-Cbl was also tyrosine-phosphorylated in epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-overexpressing cells upon EGF stimulation, in macrophages in response to CSF-1 treatment, and in v-src transformed cells. Furthermore, we found that c-Cbl associated with these kinases in vivo. In vitro, c-Cbl bound to the Src homology 3 domains of Src, Fyn, and Lyn in both unstimulated and Fc gamma R-stimulated macrophages. Examination of cells by immunofluorescence revealed that c-Cbl is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm in both unstimulated macrophages and EGF receptor-overexpressing cells and translocated to a more specific compartment of the cell, consistent with the trans-Golgi region, following Fc gamma R clustering and EGF stimulation, respectively. These results suggest that c-Cbl is involved in the signaling pathways utilized by different types of tyrosine kinases.
Investment Incentives: New Money, Debt Relief, and the Critical Role of Conditionality in the Debt Crisis

External debt depresses investment and lowers economic growth below its potential through its negative effect on liquidity and expected profitability. These effects can pull a country into a downward spiral in which both the debtor country and creditors lose. This article considers the possibilities for revising contracts between a debtor and its creditors once a debt crisis has erupted. The framework that we develop shows how various combinations of new money and cuts in debt and debt service affect a debtor country's welfare, its debt repayments, and the earnings of its creditors. The analysis distinguishes between debtor countries that are willing and able to precommit credibly to an adjustment program and those that are not. This distinction provides the basis for a discussion of conditional lending by the international financial institutions to provide incentives and sanctions that make credible a debtor's promises to invest. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.
Induction and localization of FAD-glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) during encapsulation of abiotic implants in Manduca sexta larvae

Abstract FAD-Glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) (EC 1.1.99.10) was assayed during the encapsulation response against abiotic implants (sterile latex) in fourth instar Manduca sexta larvae. No GLD activity was detected in fresh hemolymph or hemocytes of control or sham-treated larvae. Two types of responses occurred at 0.5 and 3 h after implantation. In the majority of larvae, only the encapsulation had high levels of GLD specific activity. In the second response, low levels of GLD specific activity were detected in hemocytes and cell-free hemolymph but not in the encapsulation. By 24 h after implantation, GLD activity was detected in the encapsulation tissue of all larvae. Levels of GLD specific activity did not significantly differ over time (0.5–72 h) during encapsulation. Freezing cell-free hemolymph from control larvae activated otherwise inactive hemolymph stores of GLD. In vitro experiments and histochemical staining demonstrated that GLD activity was localized in granules of plasmatocytes adhered to coverslips. Granules of both plasmatocytes and granulocytes contained GLD protein as detected by immunohistochemistry. Based on previous characterization of GLD, we hypothesize that GLD participates in strengthening the encapsulation and in the killing reaction, via reaction with quinones generated by phenoloxidase and subsequent production of free radicals.
An experimental test of the effects of gender constancy on sex typing

Abstract This study provides an experimental test of the hypothesis that level of gender constancy understanding affects children’s sex typing. Preschool-age children ( N = 62, mean age = 47 months) were randomly assigned to experimental lessons that taught that biological traits (including gender) are either fixed (pro-constancy condition) or mutable (anti-constancy condition). Posttests revealed that the lessons were effective; children in the pro-constancy condition showed higher gender constancy and appearance–reality distinction scores than did children in the anti-constancy condition. Sex typing did not, however, differ between treatment conditions at immediate and 3-month posttesting.
Spontaneous infarction of placental chorioangioma and associated regression of hydrops fetalis

We report a case of a large chorioangioma diagnosed prenatally with concomitant meconium peritonitis and hydrops fetalis in the second trimester. Spontaneous regression of the tumor occurred, associated with some resolution of the fetal hydrops and delivery near term with good neonatal outcome.
An immunohistochemical comparison of cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19, CAM 5.2, carcinoembryonic antigen, and nestin in differentiating porocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma

Summary The distinction of porocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma is clinically relevant but can often be a diagnostic dilemma. Current markers reported to be helpful in diagnosing porocarcinoma include carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 7; however, their expression has been demonstrated in 30% to 80% and 13% to 22% of squamous cell carcinoma cases, respectively. In this study, we assessed immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19, CAM 5.2, carcinoembryonic antigen, and nestin in 67 cases (39 porocarcinomas and 28 moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas) to determine their use as histologic adjuncts. Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 19, cytokeratin 7, CAM 5.2, cytokeratin 15, and nestin was seen in 77%, 67%, 64%, 51%, 49%, and 13% of porocarcinomas, respectively; and in 57%, 18%, 26%, 32%, 30%, and 37% of squamous cell carcinomas, respectively. Of these, cytokeratin 19 was the most specific (specificity, 82%) in detecting porocarcinomas, and carcinoembryonic antigen was the most sensitive (sensitivity, 77%). By χ 2 test, statistically significant P values ( P = .0003). In conclusion, we found cytokeratin 19 to be a helpful marker in the distinction of porocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma, although a focal staining pattern can be seen in a third of cases. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity appear to be significantly improved using a selected panel of immunohistochemical stains that include cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, and nestin.
Watson-Sommerfeld Transformation for Many-Particle Scattering Amplitudes

The continuation of many-particle partial-wave scattering amplitudes to complex values of the total anaular momentum is discussed in the framework of potential scattering. It is shown that if there is a continuation for which a Watson-Sommerfeld transformation of the full scattening amplitude can be made, then it is unique and determines the behavior of the amplitude for large values of any single scattering angle. The continuation of the partial-wave Schrodinger equation to complex values of the angular momentum is discussed, and tbe results are generalized to the case when exchange forces are present. As a simple application of the results, a crude nuclear model is discussed to illustrate how sequences of rotational levels can be described by Regge trajectories. (auth)
An Air-Stable Selenium/Zeolite Nanocomposite

A novel selenium/faujasite nanocomposite was synthesized on the basis of Rb+-exchanged zeolite Y. The confined selenium has an optical band gap of 2.62 eV and exhibits a significantly improved stability in air when compared to other selenium/faujasite composites. Its unique Raman spectrum consists of 12 well-resolved modes, which are attributed to Se8 (D4d) crowns and stable Rb+ coordination complexes with this ring molecule. The Rb+ coordination has a strong structure-directing effect on the confined Se, promoting a complete cyclization of the Se inside the cavities of zeolite Y. The extraordinary stability of this composite is credited to the matching dimensions of the Se8 rings and the aluminosilicate framework as well as to the coordinative immobilization of the Se clusters.
Near sunlight zone model for photodegradation of TCDD in soils containing organic solvents

Abstract The near sunlight zone model was developed to identify and quantify the controlling factors governing the processes of transport and photolysis of TCDD in the top layer photoreaction zone. This model draws a clear picture of TCDD concentration variation and explains why the dominant role shifts.
Bacterial growth on macrophyte leachate and fate of bacterial production

The role bacteria play in transferring organic carbon to other trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems depends on the efficiency with which they convert dissolved organic (/sup 14/C)-labelled carbon into bacterial biomass and on the ability of consumers to graze bacteria. The authors have measured the conversion efficiency for bacteria growing on macrophyte-derived dissolved organic carbon and estimated the amount of bacterial production removed by grazing. Bacteria converted this DOC into new tissue with an efficiency of 53%, substantially higher than the apparent conversion efficiency of macrophyte-derived particulate organic carbon or other types of DOC. Two estimates of grazing indicate that the decline in bacterial numbers after the bloom was probably due to grazing by flagellates. These results show the significance of the bacterial link between DOC and other trophic levels.
Stability regions for LQ-regulated systems with state detectors

This paper investigates the closed-loop stability of linear, time-invariant systems controlled by linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) type controllers, when the actuators have nonlinearities. The nonlinearities N(?) are assumed to violate the standard LQ robustness condition: ?N(?) ? 0.5?2 either for values of ? away from ? = 0, or in a neighborhood of ? = 0. The cases with an exponentially stable state estimator, and an estimator with ultimately bounded estimation error are considered, and expressions are obtained for the regions of attraction and ultimate boundedness.
Decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and odds of incident sleep complaints.

AB Purpose: To examine longitudinal change in cardiorespiratory fitness and odds of incident sleep problems. Methods: A cohort of 7368 men and 1155 women, age 20-85 yr, was recruited from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. The cohort did not complain of sleep problems, depression, or anxiety at their first clinic visit. Cardiorespiratory fitness assessed at four clinic visits between 1971 and 2006, each separated by an average of 2-3 yr, was used as a proxy measure of cumulative physical activity exposure. Sleep complaints were made to a physician during follow-up. Results: Across visits, there were 784 incident cases of sleep complaints in men and 207 cases in women. After adjusting for age, time between visits, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, chronic medical conditions, complaints of depression or anxiety at each visit, and fitness at visit 1, each minute of decline in treadmill endurance (i.e., a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness of approximately 0.5 MET) between the ages of 51 and 56 yr increased the odds of incident sleep complaints by 1.7% (range = 1.0%-2.4%) in men and by 1.3% (range = 0.0%-2.8%) in women. Odds were ~8% higher per minute decline in people with sleep complaints at visits 2 and 3. Conclusions: The results indicate that maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness during middle age, when decline in fitness typically accelerates and risk of sleep problems is elevated, helps protect against the onset of sleep complaints made to a physician
Regulation of human renin expression in chorion cell primary cultures.

Abstract The human renin gene is expressed in the kidney, placenta, and several other sites. The release of renin or its precursor, prorenin, can be affected by several regulatory agents. In this study, primary cultures of human placental cells were used to examine the regulation of prorenin release and renin mRNA levels and of the transfected human renin promotor linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter sequences. Treatment of the cultures with a calcium ionophore alone, calcium ionophore plus forskolin (that activates adenylate cyclase), or forskolin plus a phorbol ester increased prorenin release and renin mRNA levels 1.3- to 6-fold, but several classes of steroids did not affect prorenin secretion or renin RNA levels. The transfected renin promoter (584 or 100 base pairs of 5'-flanking DNA) initiated at the correct start site in these cells and forskolin increased its expression 2.5- to 4-fold. Constructs containing renin 5'-flanking DNA linked to a heterologous promoter cotransfected into HeLa cells with either glucocorticoid or estrogen receptor expression vectors were not regulated by dexamethasone or 17 beta-estradiol. These results suggest that (i) the first 584 base pairs of the renin gene 5'-flanking DNA do not contain functional glucocorticoid or estrogen response elements, (ii) placental prorenin release and renin mRNA are regulated by calcium ion and by the combinations of cAMP with either C kinase or calcium ion, and (iii) the first 100 base pairs of the human renin 5'-flanking DNA direct accurate initiation of transcription and can be regulated by cAMP. Thus, some control of renin release in the placenta (and by inference in other tissues) occurs via transcriptional influences on its promoter.
A database design methodology and tool for information systems

A model and methodology for describing the information objects in an office information system and how such objects flow among the components of such a system are presented. The model and methodology support the specification of information objects at multiple levels of abstraction. An interactive prototype design tool based on the methodology and model has been designed and experimentally implemented.
Prevalence, Use, and Evidentiary Issues of Digital Evidence of Cellular Telephone Consumer and Small-Scale Digital Devices

ABSTRACT Digital systems are found in a number of casual consumer tools, including cellular telephones. Their prevalence in society is matched by a growing presence as evidence in civil and criminal court cases. The current survey research suggests that cell phones and their potential evidence may be found in over half of all violent crime and even more substantially in drug crimes in some jurisdiction. The police commander respondents to this survey reported that cell phones had been used as evidence via lay testimony and expert analysis in their jurisdictions. Such evidence may face increasing judicial challenges in the future as the specialized nature of the analysis, even with commercially available, easy-to-use practices, goes “well beyond that of the average layperson.” Digital forensics analysts must be prepared to provide both proper lay testimony on cell phones as well as details and justifications for their own tools, techniques, and qualifications as required by Daubert and Federal Rule of Evid...
Breaking Wave-Induced Dynamic Response of Rubble Mound and Seabed Under a Caisson Breakwater

A finite element (FE) model is developed to study the breaking wave-induced dynamic response of the porous seabed and the rubble mound foundation under a composite caisson-type breakwater. The breaking wave impact pressure distributions on the front face of the breakwater are calculated using a recently proposed method. In this study the focus is on the dynamic response of the foundation materials underneath the breakwater. The impact response of the seabed and the rubble mound is presented in terms of pore pressure and shear stress induced around the breakwater. A complete formulation of the fully dynamic response requires inclusion of the inertial terms associated with both the motion of solid skeleton and that of pore fluid. However, partly dynamic and quasi-static idealizations are also possible. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the inertial terms on the breaking wave induced impact response of the seabed as well as the rubble. The effect of seabed saturation on the response from different formulations is also examined.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Nanocrystal and surface alloy properties of bimetallic Gold-Platinum nanoparticles

We report on the correlation between the nanocrystal and surface alloy properties with the bimetallic composition of gold-platinum(AuPt) nanoparticles. The fundamental understanding of whether the AuPt nanocrystal core is alloyed or phase-segregated and how the surface binding properties are correlated with the nanoscale bimetallic properties is important not only for the exploitation of catalytic activity of the nanoscale bimetallic catalysts, but also to the general exploration of the surface or interfacial reactivities of bimetallic or multimetallic nanoparticles. The AuPt nanoparticles are shown to exhibit not only single-phase alloy character in the nanocrystal, but also bimetallic alloy property on the surface. The nanocrystal and surface alloy properties are directly correlated with the bimetallic composition. The FTIR probing of CO adsorption on the bimetallic nanoparticles supported on silica reveals that the surface binding sites are dependent on the bimetallic composition. The analysis of this dependence further led to the conclusion that the relative Au-atop and Pt-atop sites for the linear CO adsorption on the nanoparticle surface are not only correlated with the bimetallic composition, but also with the electronic effect as a result of the d-band shift of Pt in the bimetallic nanocrystals, which is the first demonstration of the nanoscale core-surface property correlation for the bimetallic nanoparticles over a wide range of bimetallic composition.
A Framework to Think About Evolving Genetic Regulatory Systems

The aim of this article is to suggest a framework to study the expected regulatory connections and coordinated patterns of gene expression in large genetic systems undergoing persistent mutation and selection.
Ideas and Symbols as Resources in Intrareligious Conflict: The Case of American Mennonites

One of the important current debates in the study of social movements and social conflict concerns the role of cultural or ideological factors. The resource mobilization theories that have dominated the field, at least in American sociology, have emphasized the role of material and potitical resoulces in their explanations. McCarthy and Zald (1977) go the furthest in this respect, but Tilly ( 1978), Gamson ( 1990), and others working from this perspective have also suggested that ideas and symbols are epiphenomenal or are irrelevant for understanding the process of a social movement or conflict. The "new social movements" approach originating in Europe (e.g., Melucci 1980) is an alternative to resource mobilization accounts, but critics have pointed out that the neglect or mistreatment of ideal factors is also characteristic of this approach.1 Though "new social movements" theorists view movements as engaged in symbolic activ ities of identity construction and self-expression, they see the content of that activity as an epiphenomenon of social structural changes under late capitalism. Recently scholars, attempting a rapprochement between the American resource mobilization theories and the European "new social movements" approach, have begun a reconsideration of the role of ideal or cultural factors. For example, Snow, McAdam, and others (e.g., Snow & Benford 1988; McAdam 1988) focus on how cultural resources like grievances, values, ideas, and symbols can be intentionally appropriated and manipulated as resources. They focus on the "micromobilization contexts" where cultural changes or structural shifts are translated into ideas and agendas for action. Klandermans and Tarrow ( 1988:15) suggest that comparative analysis is another way forward. Comparison of more
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS‐SMALL BOWEL INFARCTION IN A CAT

An 8-year-old, domestic short hair cat with a known history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and previous aortic thromboembolism was presented for 24 h of vomiting and pyrexia. Initial abdominal radiographs were unremarkable. On an upper gastrointestinal series, delayed gastric emptying and prolonged small intestinal transit time were found. An initial abdominal ultrasound revealed a focal region of aperistaltic small intestine with mild wall thickening, however, intestinal wall layering in this area appeared normal. By 72 h, there was a diffusely hypoechoic portion of thickened small bowel (0.51 cm) with loss of the normal layering and hyperechoic mesentery surrounding this segment of bowel. A small bowel infarction and focal peritonitis were suspected and confirmed at surgery.
Polynuclear Complexes of Copper(I) and the 2-(3(5)-Pyrazolyl)-6-methylpyridine Ligand: Structures and Reactivity toward Small Molecules

The reactivity of trinuclear copper(I) centers vis-a-vis diagnostic diatomic and other small molecules, including carbon monoxide and dioxygen, is examined as part of an effort to unravel the patte...
Obstruction-induced changes in urinary bladder smooth muscle contractility: a role for Rho kinase.

Detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) undergoes hypertrophy after partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in male rabbits, as it does in men with PBOO induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Despite detr...
Retrieval of the columnar aerosol phase function and single-scattering albedo from sky radiance over the ocean: simulations.

Based on the fact that the part of downward radiance that depends on the optical properties of the aerosol in the atmosphere can be extracted from the measured sky radiance, a new scheme for retrieval of the aerosol phase function and the single-scattering albedo over the ocean is developed. This retrieval algorithm is tested with simulations for several cases. It is found that the retrieved aerosol phase function and the single-scattering albedo are virtually error-free if the vertical structure of the atmosphere is known and if the sky radiance and the aerosol optical thickness can be measured accurately. The robustness of the algorithm in realistic situations, in which the measurements are contaminated by calibration errors or noise, is examined. It is found that the retrieved value of omega(0) is usually in error by less than about 10 percent, and the phase function is accurately retrieved for theta less than about 90 deg. However, as the aerosol optical thickness becomes small, e.g., less than about 0.1, errors in the sky radiance measurement can lead to serious problems with the retrieval algorithm, especially in the blue. The use of the retrieval scheme should be limited to the red and near IR when the aerosol optical thickness is small.
Fishing for mammalian paradigms in the teleost immune system

Recent years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of fish immune systems. Such studies have greatly expanded the knowledge of the evolution and diversification of vertebrate immune systems. Several findings in those studies have overturned old paradigms about the immune system and led to the discovery of novel aspects of mammalian immunity. Here I focus on how findings pertaining to immunity in teleost (bony) fish have led to major new insights about mammalian B cell function in innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, I illustrate how the discovery of the most ancient mucosal immunoglobulin described thus far will help resolve unsettled paradigms of mammalian mucosal immunity.
Surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on Vroman effect : Towards cancer biomarker detection

We report a new sensing technique of proteins using the Vroman effect in a microfluidic device. The sensor relies on the competitive nature of protein adsorption onto a surface, directly depending upon protein's adsorption strength. The sensor uses SPR (surface plasmon resonance) for highly sensitive biomolecular interactions detection and the Vroman effect for highly selective detection. A target protein displaces a pre-adsorbed weak-affinity protein; however a pre-adsorbed strong-affinity protein is not displaced by the target protein. In a microfluidic device, we engineer two gold surfaces covered by two known proteins. The sensor allows selective protein detection by being displaced by a target protein on only one of the surfaces. The SPR sensorgrams show that four different human serum proteins, albumin (Alb), immunoglobulin G (IgG), fibrinogen (Fib), and thyroglobulin (Tg) have different adsorption strengths to the surface and the competitive adsorption of individuals controls the exchange sequence. Based on the exchange reaction, we demonstrate that the sensor has a high selectivity for Tg which is a thyroid cancer biomarker. By using the technique, we bypass having to rely on bio-receptors and their attachment to transducers, a process known to be complex and time-consuming.
Disrupting Autophagy Restores Peroxisome Function to an Arabidopsis lon2 Mutant and Reveals a Role for the LON2 Protease in Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Degradation

Peroxisomes house critical metabolic reactions that are essential for seedling development. As seedlings mature, metabolic requirements change, and peroxisomal contents are remodeled. The resident peroxisomal protease LON2 is positioned to degrade obsolete or damaged peroxisomal proteins, but data supporting such a role in plants have remained elusive. Arabidopsis thaliana lon2 mutants display defects in peroxisomal metabolism and matrix protein import but appear to degrade matrix proteins normally. To elucidate LON2 functions, we executed a forward-genetic screen for lon2 suppressors, which revealed multiple mutations in key autophagy genes. Disabling core autophagy-related gene (ATG) products prevents autophagy, a process through which cytosolic constituents, including organelles, can be targeted for vacuolar degradation. We found that atg2, atg3, and atg7 mutations suppressed lon2 defects in auxin metabolism and matrix protein processing and rescued the abnormally large size and small number of lon2 peroxisomes. Moreover, analysis of lon2 atg mutants uncovered an apparent role for LON2 in matrix protein turnover. Our data suggest that LON2 facilitates matrix protein degradation during peroxisome content remodeling, provide evidence for the existence of pexophagy in plants, and indicate that peroxisome destruction via autophagy is enhanced when LON2 is absent.
Tomographic retrieval of cloud liquid water fields from a single scanning microwave radiometer aboard a moving platform - Part 2: Observation system simulation experiments

Abstract. Part 1 of this research concluded that many conditions of the 2003 Wakasa Bay experiment were not optimal for the purpose of tomographic retrieval. Part 2 (this paper) then aims to find possible improvements to the mobile cloud tomography method using observation system simulation experiments. We demonstrate that the incorporation of the L1 norm total variation regularization in the tomographic retrieval algorithm better reproduces discontinuous structures than the widely used L2 norm Tikhonov regularization. The simulation experiments reveal that a typical ground-based mobile setup substantially outperforms an airborne one because the ground-based setup usually moves slower and has greater contrast in microwave brightness between clouds and the background. It is shown that, as expected, the error in the cloud tomography retrievals increases monotonically with both the radiometer noise level and the uncertainty in the estimate of background brightness temperature. It is also revealed that a lower speed of platform motion or a faster scanning radiometer results in more scan cycles and more overlap between the swaths of successive scan cycles, both of which help to improve the retrieval accuracy. The last factor examined is aircraft height. It is found that the optimal aircraft height is 0.5 to 1.0 km above the cloud top. To summarize, this research demonstrates the feasibility of tomographically retrieving the spatial structure of cloud liquid water using current microwave radiometric technology and provides several general guidelines to improve future field-based studies of cloud tomography.
A comment on the functional localization of the phonological storage subsystem of working memory.

Working memory, as defined by Baddeley and Hitch, is an interactive set of cognitive processes responsible for holding information online and available for analysis. Part of that system is a specialized subsystem devoted to maintaining verbal information; the verbal "slave" subsystem has as a core component a phonological store. For many years, the anatomical locus of the phonological store has been thought to be in the supramarginal and angular gyri of the speech dominant hemisphere, and functional neuroimaging studies provide broad support for this localization. However, a finer grained analysis of published experiments reveals two possible foci for the phonological store within the parietal lobe, neither of which has a pattern of functional activation that is fully consistent with the Baddeley and Hitch model. The purpose of the present paper is to review several studies relevant to the question of the localization of the phonological store and to suggest possible reasons the results are discrepant.
Quantitative analysis of cation binding to the adenosine nucleotides using the Variable Ionic Strength method: Validation of the Debye–Hückel–Onsager theory of electrophoresis in the absence of counterion binding

The free solution mobilities of the adenosine nucleotides 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 5'-adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and 3'-5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) have been measured in diethylmalonate buffers containing a wide variety of monovalent cations. The mobilities of all nucleotides increase gradually with the increase in intrinsic conductivity of the cation in the BGE. However, at a given conductivity, the mobilities observed for ATP, ADP, and AMP in BGEs containing alkali metal ions and other cations are lower than these observed in BGEs containing tetraalkylammonium ions. Since the mobility of cAMP is independent of the cation in the BGE, the results suggest that the relatively low mobilities observed for ATP, ADP, and AMP in BGEs containing cations other than a tetraalkylammonium ion are due to cation binding, reducing the effective net charge of the nucleotide and thereby reducing the observed mobility. To measure the binding quantitatively, the mobilities of the nucleotides were measured as a function of ionic strength. The mobilities of ATP, ADP, and AMP decrease nonlinearly with the square root of ionic strength (I(1/2)) in BGEs containing an alkali metal ion or Tris(+). By contrast, the mobilities decrease linearly with I(1/2) in BGEs containing a nonbinding quaternary ammonium ion, as expected from Debye-Huckel-Onsager (DHO) theory. The mobility of cAMP, a nonbinding analyte, decreases linearly with I(1/2), regardless of the cation in the BGE. Hence, a nonlinear decrease of the mobility of an analyte with I(1/2) appears to be a hallmark of counterion binding. The curved mobility profiles observed for ATP, ADP, and AMP in BGEs containing an alkali metal ion or Tris(+) were analyzed by nonlinear curve fitting, using difference mobility profiles to correct for the effect of the physical properties of BGE on the observed mobilities. The calculated apparent dissociation constants range from 22 to 344 mM, depending on the particular cation-nucleotide pair. Similar values have been obtained by other investigators, using different methods. Interestingly, Tris(+) and Li(+) bind to the adenosine nucleotides with approximately equal affinities, suggesting that positively charged Tris(+) buffer ions can compete with alkali metal ions in Tris-buffered solutions.
ASSESSMENT OF STATE PROCEDURES FOR ALLOCATING SECTION 5311 SUBSIDIES TO RURAL PUBLIC TRANSIT OPERATORS

The U.S. Department of Transportation provides monies to states to assist in the provision of transit services in small towns and rural areas under the Section 5311 program. The purpose of the Section 5311 program is to improve mobility for economically disadvantaged rural residents. In practice, states exercise considerable discretion over the operation of the program, including establishing eligibility criteria and funding levels for individual operators. Forty-one states grant monies to operators through a competitive process based on applications. The applications are used to rank operators according to one or more performance measures. States often employ scoring techniques in their evaluations. The remaining nine states award subsidies according to formulas. There are great similarities in state goals for rural transit service even though there is significant variation in the amounts of monies awarded to comparable operators. To better realize the purpose of the Section 5311 program, states might co...
Relocation of the aggressive nursing home resident

Disruptive behavior of nursing home residents is a serious problem. One such disruptive behavior-aggression toward caregivers in a long-term care setting where all residents in one unit were being relocated is thefocus of the study. Recent research indicates that aggressive behavior leads to isolation of the aggressive resident and increases stress of the caregiver No one, however has studied what happens to the behavioraftersuch a resident is relocated The purpose of the study was to see if relocation affects the frequency and nature of aggressive behavior in any way. I studied 12 aggressive residents three months pre- and post-relocation. These residents were relocated with the same caregivers. Six of the 12 residents were receiving psychotropic drugs, and this drug use did not change during or after the move. The mean number of separate incident reports decreased after the relocation; however, thisfinding was statistically in-significant. Additionally, whereas some subjects in-creased their aggressive ...
Glacier-Influenced Sedimentation on High-Latitude Continental Margins

Glacier-Influenced Sedimentation on High-Latitude Continental Margins includes a collection of papers that was presented at a meeting of the Geological Society of London, held in April 2001 in Bristol, in the United Kingdom. The book follows some 11 years after another special publication (No. 53), Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments, which was co-edited by J. Dowdeswell. Hence, it is relatively easy to assess the increase in the state of knowledge represented by the recent volume. Overall, the book delivers on its quality of content and on the quantity of examples from slope and Atlantic shelf settings. Yet, given the recent results from a wide range of settings in the Antarctic, the inclusion of an invited paper or two from regions outside of the Ross Sea would have added value to the book. There are no summaries of Ocean Drilling Program legs, several of which have penetrated deep sections in the north Pacific, north Atlantic, and Antarctic margins in the last 10 years. Also, unlike its preceding volume, there are no examples of ancient shelf settings, which is a pity considering the renewed interest in ancient glacimarine sequences spurred on by the “snowball Earth“ debate. Despite these omissions, the volume is exceedingly informative and achieves high marks for communicating the significance of glacially influenced sedimentation.