cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epistemic beliefs' role in promoting misperceptions and conspiracist ideation.

Widespread misperceptions undermine citizens’ decision-making ability. Conclusions based on falsehoods and conspiracy theories are by definition flawed. This article demonstrates that individuals’ epistemic beliefs–beliefs about the nature of knowledge and how one comes to know–have important implications for perception accuracy. The present study uses a series of large, nationally representative surveys of the U.S. population to produce valid and reliable measures of three aspects of epistemic beliefs: reliance on intuition for factual beliefs (Faith in Intuition for facts), importance of consistency between empirical evidence and beliefs (Need for evidence), and conviction that “facts” are politically constructed (Truth is political). Analyses confirm that these factors complement established predictors of misperception, substantively increasing our ability to explain both individuals’ propensity to engage in conspiracist ideation, and their willingness to embrace falsehoods about high-profile scientific and political issues. Individuals who view reality as a political construct are significantly more likely to embrace falsehoods, whereas those who believe that their conclusions must hew to available evidence tend to hold more accurate beliefs. Confidence in the ability to intuitively recognize truth is a uniquely important predictor of conspiracist ideation. Results suggest that efforts to counter misperceptions may be helped by promoting epistemic beliefs emphasizing the importance of evidence, cautious use of feelings, and trust that rigorous assessment by knowledgeable specialists is an effective guard against political manipulation.
A guide to matching medium voltage drive topology to petrochemical applications

Medium-voltage drives are regularly used in the petrochemical industry. These drives often vary in topology, semiconductor design, and principles of operation. They each have their own merits, not only in terms of structure, design, and reliability, but also with regard to suitability to specific applications. This paper presents a technology overview of commercially available medium-voltage drive topologies with a view on how they match to petrochemical applications. The operating and performance characteristics of each drive topology are reviewed while manufacturer-specific implementation details are excluded. Common industry and application requirements such as harmonics, motor compatibility, regeneration capability, dynamic performance, and robustness to system power disturbances are used as comparison criteria. Application aspects such as commissioning and operation challenges are highlighted from a practical point of view.
Sex-Specific Movements in Postfledging Juvenile Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla)

ABSTRACT.— Understanding sex-specific differences in behavior and survival is essential for informative population modeling and evolutionary biology in animal populations. Uneven sex ratios are common in many migrant passerine species; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used molecular sex determination, nest monitoring, and radio telemetry of fledgling Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla), to determine if sex-specific patterns of production, survival or behavior were present prior to the first migration. We tested whether: 1) sex ratios were skewed towards males at fledging; 2) postfledging survival of males was higher than females; 3) distances moved over time were equal between sexes; and 4) if observed parental care was equal between sexes over time. We determined the sex of 33 hatch-year Ovenbirds in central Missouri in 2015 and followed 19 individuals using radio telemetry. We found no difference in sex ratios within broods, overall numbers of male (n = 18) and female (n = 15) nestlings...
Homogenization of a Nonlinear Elliptic Boundary Value Problem Modelling Galvanic Interactions on a Heterogeneous Surface

We study a nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem arising from electrochemistry. The boundary value problems occurs in the study of heterogeneous electrode surfaces. The boundary condition is of an exponential type and is normally associated with the names of Butler and Volmer and the notions of galvanic corrosion. We examine the questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions to this boundary value problem. We then treat the problem from the point of view of homogenization theory. The boundary condition has a periodic structure. We find a limiting or effective problem as the period approaches zero, along with a correction term and convergence estimates. We also do numerical experiments to investigate the behaviour of galvanic currents near the boundary as the period approaches zero.
Capital Flow in Eurasia: An Emperical Investigation

The characteristics of international capital flow in Eurasia region in the last two decades are discussed. The determinants of (foreign) direct investment are investigated. Econometric analysis show that economic fundamentals such as domestic savings rate and the fiscal health of the countries explain the direct investment.
Estimating the Demand for Long-Term Care Among Aging Mexican Americans: Cultural Preferences Versus Economic Realities

Objective: This study investigates the impact of socioeconomic resources and cultural preferences determining living arrangements among Mexican-origin elders.
Human progress by human effort: neo-Darwinism, social heredity, and the professionalization of the American social sciences, 1889–1925

Prior to August Weismann’s 1889 germ-plasm theory, social reformers believed that humans could inherit the effects of a salubrious environment and, by passing environmentally-induced modifications to their offspring, achieve continuous progress. Weismann’s theory disrupted this logic and caused many to fear that they had little control over human development. As numerous historians have observed, this contributed to the birth of the eugenics movement. However, through an examination of the work of social scientists Lester Frank Ward, Richard T. Ely, Amos Griswold Warner, James Mark Baldwin, Simon Nelson Patten, Alfred Kroeber, Walter Robinson Smith, and Luther Lee Bernard, I demonstrate that Weismann’s ideas also prompted scholars to create of theories of human progress in which the social environment had a central role and biological heredity had a diminished one. Furthermore, in creating a new theory of social progress based on a concept called “social heredity,” the thinkers surveyed in this article separated biological and social thought and asserted the independence of the American social sciences. I argue that this represents an important moment in the maturation of the human sciences, and I suggest that the germ-plasm theory of heredity deserves a larger place in histories of the development of the American social scientific disciplines.
Emergency Department Environmental Contamination With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus After Care of Colonized Patients.

Study objective Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission dynamics in the emergency department (ED) are not well defined; environmental surfaces may serve as reservoirs for transmission. This study investigates the effect of patients with a history of MRSA colonization or infection on subsequent MRSA contamination of the ED environment. Methods Adult ED patients with evidence of an MRSA-positive surveillance result or clinical microbiologic culture in the year preceding their current ED visit were enrolled. Cultures from 5 anatomic sites were obtained to detect active MRSA colonization. After patients’ discharge and before environmental disinfection, up to 16 prespecified surfaces in their ED rooms were cultured. Strain typing was performed by repetitive-sequence polymerase chain reaction on all recovered MRSA isolates to determine concordance with the corresponding patient strain. Results Of 42 patients enrolled, 25 (60%) remained colonized with MRSA. Nineteen of the 25 ED rooms (76%) occupied by MRSA-colonized patients contained greater than or equal to 1 MRSA-contaminated environmental surface on patient discharge. Surfaces were more likely to be contaminated when rooms were occupied by patients colonized with MRSA at 1 body site (odds ratio 11.7; 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 91.5) and greater than or equal to 2 body sites (odds ratio 16.3; 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 86.8) compared with noncolonized patients. In 16 of the 19 ED rooms (84%) where MRSA was recovered, all environmental strains were concordant with the corresponding patient strain. Conclusion Contamination of the ED environment with MRSA from actively colonized patients is common. Improved environmental surface disinfection may help reduce transmission of MRSA to ED health care professionals and patients during emergency care.
Delta-6-desaturase (FADS2) inhibition and omega-3 fatty acids in skeletal muscle protein turnover.

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential dietary components. They are not only used for energy, but also act as signaling molecules. The delta-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme, encoded by the FADS2 gene, is one of two rate limiting enzymes that convert the PUFA precursors – α-linolenic (n-3) and linoleic acid (n-6) to their respective metabolites. Alterations in the D6D enzyme activity alters fatty acid profiles and are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Omega-3 PUFAs, specifically its constituent fatty acids DHA and EPA, are known for their anti-inflammatory ability and are also beneficial in the prevention of skeletal muscle wasting, however the mechanism for muscle preservation is not well understood. Moreover, little is known of the effects of altering the n-6/n-3 ratio in the context of a high-fat diet, which is known to downregulate protein synthesis. Twenty C57BL6 male mice were fed a high-fat lard (HFL, 45% fat (mostly lard), 35% carbohydrate and 20% protein, n-6:n-3 PUFA, 13:1) diet for 6 weeks. Mice were then divided into 4 groups (n = 5 per group): HFL– , high-fat oil– (HFO, 45% fat (mostly Menhaden oil), 35% carbohydrate and 20% protein, n-6:n-3 PUFA, 1:3), HFL+ (HFL diet plus an orally administered FADS2 inhibitor, 100 mg/kg/day), and HFO+ (HFO diet plus an orally administered FADS2 inhibitor, 100 mg/kg/day). After 2 weeks on their respective diets and treatments, animals were sacrificed and gastrocnemius muscle harvested. Protein turnover signaling were analyzed via Western Blot. 4-EBP1 and ribosomal protein S6 expression were measured. A two-way ANOVA revealed no significant change in the phosphorylation of both 4EBP-1 and ribosomal protein S6 with diet or inhibitor. There was a significant reduction in STAT3 phosphorylation with the inhibition of FADS2 (p = 0.03). Additionally, we measured markers of protein degradation through levels of FOXO phosphorylation, ubiquitin, and LC3B expression; there was a trend towards increased phosphorylation of FOXO (p = 0.08) and ubiquitinated proteins (p = 0.05) with FADS2 inhibition. LC3B expression, a marker of autophagy, was significantly higher in the HFL plus FADS2 inhibition group from all other comparisons. Lastly, we analyzed activation of mitochondrial biogenesis which is closely linked with protein synthesis through PGC1-α and Cytochrome-C expression, however no significant differences were associated with either marker across all groups. Collectively, these data suggest that the protective effects of muscle mass by omega-3 fatty acids are from inhibition of protein degradation. Our aim was to determine the role of PUFA metabolites, DHA and EPA, in skeletal muscle protein turnover and assess the effects of n-3s independently. We observed that by inhibiting the FADS2 enzyme, the protective effect of n-3s on protein synthesis and proliferation was lost; concomitantly, protein degradation was increased with FADS2 inhibition regardless of diet.
Utilization of Artificial Neural Network to explore the compositional space of hollandite-structured materials for radionuclide Cs incorporation

Abstract Hollandite with the general formula A2B8O16 is known for its potential to immobilize radionuclide Cs in the tunnel along the z-axis of the crystal structure. The effective Cs incorporation in a hollandite phase with an optimal loading capacity and the long term stability depends significantly on the B-site cations, which, in addition to providing optimal structural compatibility, must ensure the phase's resistance to chemical weathering in an aqueous environment that includes external thermodynamic conditions such as temperature and solution chemistry. Based on the importance of the B-site cations, we explored in detail the possible B-site compositions by employing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) simulations and crystal chemistry principles. With a set of 91 experimentally determined data collected on hollandite that is available in open literature, we trained the network and subsequently tested the predictive power of the trained network. Relying on the successful outcomes of the trained network at the testing phase, we further utilized the trained network to map the dependence of the tunnel size, which was used as a criterion for Cs compatibility in the channel, in a wide compositional space encompassing eighteen 3+ cations and fifteen 4+ cations. By combining the Cs compatibility and the structural tolerance factor for hollandite structure, the predicted B-site compositions, comprising of cations spanning across the depth and breadth of the periodic table, can be employed as a guide in the search for optimal hollandite composition for Cs immobilization.
Tenapanor for constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is among the most common gastrointestinal disorders encountered in primary and secondary care and is associated with impaired quality of life, increased healthcare utilization, and significant costs to patients and society. There are three primary phenotypes of IBS, categorized according to stool pattern: IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), IBS with constipation (IBS-C) and IBS with a mixed bowel pattern (IBS-M). The treatment approach to all forms of IBS is typically hierarchal, with initial therapies consisting of dietary and lifestyle modifications. When these interventions are impractical or ineffective, pharmacotherapy with over-the-counter and prescription therapies is often employed. Tenapanor is a locally acting, minimally absorbed, selective small-molecule inhibitor of the intestinal sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) that was approved in September 2019 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for IBS-C. This agent works by increasing the sodium level in the intestinal lumen and promoting the efflux of fluid into the gut lumen to maintain osmotic balance in addition to having an antinociceptive effect. Tenapanor has been shown to improve bowel movement frequency/form and abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C. This article will elaborate on the clinical development program for tenapanor for this indication.
Trends and Outcomes of Hip Fracture Hospitalization Among Medicare Beneficiaries with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 2000–2017

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher risk of hip fracture, but lower likelihood of having arthroplasties than non-IBD patients in Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Little is known about hip fracture-associated hospitalization outcomes. We assessed the trends in hip fracture hospitalization rates from 2000 to 2017 and estimated 30-day readmission, 30-day mortality, and length of stay in 2016 and 2017. We estimated trends of age-adjusted hospitalization rates using a piecewise linear regression. Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 66 years with Crohn’s disease (CD, n = 2014) or ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 2971) hospitalized for hip fracture were identified. We performed propensity score matching to create 1:3 matched samples on age, race/ethnicity, sex, and chronic conditions and compared hospitalization outcomes between matched samples. In 2017, the age-adjusted hospitalization rates (per 100) were 1.15 [95% CI = (1.07–1.24)] for CD, 0.86 [95% CI = (0.82–0.89)] for UC, and 0.59 [95% CI = (0.59–0.59)] for no IBD. The hospitalization rates for CD and UC decreased from 2000 to 2012 and then increased from 2012 to 2017. Compared to matched cohorts, CD patients had longer hospital stays (5.55 days vs. 5.30 days, p = 0.01); UC patients were more likely to have 30-day readmissions (17.27% vs. 13.71%, p < 0.001), longer hospital stays (5.59 days vs. 5.40 days, p = 0.02), and less likely to have 30-day mortality (3.77% vs. 5.15%, p = 0.003). Prevention of hip fracture is important for older adults with IBD, especially CD. Strategies that improve quality of inpatient care for IBD patients hospitalized for hip fracture should be considered.
Die Wandkarte von Afrika des Nicolas de Fer aus dem Jahre 1705, by Wulf Bodenstein

The engraver and publisher Nicolas de Fer (1646–1720) gained eminence after being appointed cartographer to the Dauphin of France (1690) and, subsequently, to the Bourbon kings of France and Spain....
Neuroimaging PheWAS (Phenome-Wide Association Study): A Free Cloud-Computing Platform for Big-Data, Brain-Wide Imaging Association Studies

Large-scale, case-control genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed genetic variations associated with diverse neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in neuroimaging and genomic databases of large healthy and diseased cohorts have empowered studies to characterize effects of the discovered genetic factors on brain structure and function, implicating neural pathways and genetic mechanisms in the underlying biology. However, the unprecedented scale and complexity of the imaging and genomic data requires new advanced biomedical data science tools to manage, process and analyze the data. In this work, we introduce Neuroimaging PheWAS (phenome-wide association study): a web-based system for searching over a wide variety of brain-wide imaging phenotypes to discover true system-level gene-brain relationships using a unified genotype-to-phenotype strategy. This design features a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) for anonymous data uploading, study definition and management, and interactive result visualizations as well as a cloud-based computational infrastructure and multiple state-of-art methods for statistical association analysis and multiple comparison correction. We demonstrated the potential of Neuroimaging PheWAS with a case study analyzing the influences of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on various brain morphological properties across the brain in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Benchmark tests were performed to evaluate the system's performance using data from UK Biobank. The Neuroimaging PheWAS system is freely available. It simplifies the execution of PheWAS on neuroimaging data and provides an opportunity for imaging genetics studies to elucidate routes at play for specific genetic variants on diseases in the context of detailed imaging phenotypic data.
Overt Abandonment of the Free Market: Government Geostrategic (Military) and Economic, International and National Intervention

Given the crises of overproduction inherent in free market competition, and mindful of the power of colonialization and economic neo-colonialization to forestall such crises, many capitalist economies, led by the US, have resorted to strategic interventions in supposedly free market competition. These include, collusion with asset stripping Russian oligarchs, militaristic resource grabs, and sanctions targeting regimes resistant to neo-colonialization. Additionally there has been massive government financial intervention in the market, taking the form of tariffs, bailouts, subsidies, financial guarantees, and the like, not only rendering the insistence that Chinese competitors have an unfair advantage on account of their governments support derisory, but which, resulting in substantial increases to national debt, has consequently diminished government’s capacity to invest in infrastructural and technological innovation that might otherwise boost competitive production.
The Effects of Deformed Shot on Shotgun Pellet Dispersion

It has been previously proposed that the outliers of shotgun dispersion pattern are due to shot which are aerodynamically less stable as a result of impulse deformation at the instant of discharge. This has been confirmed by an experiment in which all of the shot are intentionally deformed before the loading of the shotshell. Any pattern of dispersed shot is therefore likely to be in part a result of a shot packing factor which describes the propensity of shot to be deformed upon discharge or to be cushioned against such deformation.
Simultaneous Circumferential Body Lift and Four-Flap Breast Reconstruction Using Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator and Lumbar Artery Perforator Flaps.

SUMMARY The ideal autologous breast reconstruction provides a long-lasting and aesthetically pleasing result. The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap remains the gold standard for breast reconstruction; however, in a subset of patients, this flap may not provide adequate soft tissue to achieve the patient's aesthetic goals. The lumbar artery perforator flap has emerged as a useful adjunct to the DIEP flap for four-flap breast reconstruction, and also provides the patient with circumferential body contouring. From April 1 to July 1, 2019, the authors performed two bilateral stacked DIEP and lumbar artery perforator flap breast reconstructions. The authors retrospectively reviewed patient charts for pertinent data. Patients were chosen for reconstruction based on their physical examination and computed tomographic angiography findings. The operative technique used was unchanged for both reconstructions. The average total length of surgery was 553 minutes. The average DIEP flap weight was 510 g and the average lumbar artery perforator flap weight was 680 g. The average ischemia time for each lumbar artery perforator flap was 62 minutes. Length of stay was 3 days for both patients. This article describes the authors' approach to total breast reconstruction with stacked lumbar artery perforator flaps and DIEP flaps while also effectively performing a circumferential lower body lift. Critical components for success include appropriate patient selection and using a team approach with appropriately experienced staff at all levels of care.
Application of Active Reservoir Management to Enable Geologic CO2 Storage

Active reservoir management (ARM) can enhance geologic CO2 storage activities via strategic extraction of formation water and can provide site operators with a means of managing risks and costs associated with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects. Implementation of ARM strategies for CCUS can provide several advantages to a project, including 1) reducing stress on sealing formations and separating pressure from the CO2 footprint; 2) geosteering of injected fluids away from hazards or permitted storage facility boundaries; 3) reducing area of review (AOR) and/or amalgamated lease area; and 4) improving injectivity, capacity, and storage efficiency to reduce infrastructure and operating requirements. The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is conducting field tests of ARM strategies for CCUS at a commercial saltwater disposal facility in western North Dakota, USA. Ongoing commercial injection of oilfield produced brine serves as a proxy for CO2 injection at the site. Initial interference testing has substantiated connectivity between project wells and that extraction response should be observable in the injection wells. A water treatment development and test facility has also been established at the North Dakota Brine Extraction and Storage Test (BEST) site to enable the development and demonstration of new and emerging water treatment technologies on produced or extracted waters. The test bed facility enables pilot testing, demonstration, and performance monitoring of novel water treatment technologies capable of treating high-salinity (average of 180,000 mg/L total dissolved solids [TDS]) fluids associated with CO2 storage in deep saline formations (DSFs).
Stability and safety of MA50 intraocular lens placed in the sulcus.

To describe the safety and stability of sulcus placement of the MA50 intraocular lens (IOL). Consecutive patients with MA50 IOLs placed in the sulcus at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA, from 1997 to 2012 were identified. Inclusion criteria included patients with over 4 weeks of follow-up data. AEL was compared with incidence of IOL decentration using at two-tailed Student’s t-test. Fifty eyes of 49 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Four weeks post-operatively, the average best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30. IOL decentration occurred in 14% of patients; patients with decentered IOLs had a significantly longer average AEL (25.37 mm) than patients whose IOL remained centered (23.94 mm, P=0.017). Other complications included uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome (12%), iritis (8%), and glaucoma (6%). There were no cases of pigment dispersion syndrome or need for lens exchange. Twelve eyes (24%) had intra-operative optic capture by the anterior capsule, none of which had post-operative decentration. The MA50 IOL is a reasonable, stable option for placement in the sulcus, with a low-risk profile; however, in eyes with longer AEL and presumably larger anterior segment, surgeons should consider placing an IOL with longer haptic distance than the MA50 to maintain centration. Optic capture of the MA50 IOL by the anterior capsule should be considered for longer eyes, as it is protective against decentration.
Bedside interprofessional rounds: Perceptions of benefits and barriers by internal medicine nursing staff, attending physicians, and housestaff physicians

BACKGROUND Interprofessional collaboration improves the quality of care, but integration into workflow is challenging. Although a shared conceptualization regarding bedside interprofessional rounds may enhance implementation, little work has investigated providers' perceptions of this activity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the perceptions of nurses, attending physicians, and housestaff physicians regarding the benefits/barriers to bedside interprofessional rounds. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Observational, cross-sectional survey of hospital-based medicine nurses, attending physicians, and housestaff physicians. Descriptive, nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum and nonparametric correlation were used. MAIN MEASURES Bedside interprofessional rounds were defined as “encounters including 2 physicians plus a nurse or other care provider discussing the case at the patient's bedside.” Eighteen items related to “benefits” and 21 items related to “barriers” associated with bedside interprofessional rounds. RESULTS Of 171 surveys sent, 149 were completed (87%). Highest-ranked benefits were related to communication/coordination, including “improves communication between nurses-physicians;” lowest-ranked benefits were related to efficiency, process, and outcomes, including “decreases length-of-stay” and “improves timeliness of consultations.” Nurses reported most favorable ratings for all items (P < 0.05). Rank order for 3 provider groups showed high correlation (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Highest-ranked barriers were related to time, including “nursing staff have limited time;” lowest-ranked barriers were related to provider- and patient-related factors, including “patient lack of comfort.” Rank order of barriers among all groups showed moderate correlation (r = 0.62–0.82). CONCLUSIONS Although nurses perceived greater benefit for bedside interprofessional rounds than physicians, all providers perceived coordination/teamwork benefits higher than outcomes. To the extent the results are generalizable, these findings lay the foundation for facilitating meaningful patient-centered interprofessional collaboration. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:646–651. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Ni de aqui ni de alla: Transnationalism and political participation in Latino/a communities

Scholars working in the field of political participation have expressed a growing interest in the dynamics affecting political participation in Latino/a communities. In light of the growth of Latino influence, different opinions have emerged. On the one hand, an important contemporary political question asks about the factors that mobilize Latino populations to participate in politics. Among other factors, assimilation has been broadly accepted as a strategy to increasing civic capacity. On the other hand, the presence of Latino/a communities and their growing sphere of influence has led scholars to question the extent to which such presence might put in jeopardy the core of American values based on the supposition that Latinos have failed to assimilate. Political scientist suggests that as minorities assimilate to the culture the more participatory they become. Therefore, extant literature invites policymakers and community leaders to encourage assimilation among Latinos so that greater levels of political participation take place. Challenging previous findings, in this paper I show that transnational (unassimilated) Latinos create a group consciousness which allows them to acquire a conscious commitment to the goals and betterment of the group, fostering political participation. In order to test my hypotheses I created indices to proxy for assimilation, attachment to the country of origin and political participation using the 2006 Latino National Survey.
All-Out versus a Steady-Paced Cycling Strategy for Maximal Work Output of Short Duration

Abstract To study the effects of two different cycling strategies, (all-out versus 80–90% of all-out) on work-output of short duration (2 min) on the bicycle ergometer, 21 male subjects (mean wt=73.1 kg) were tested twice on separate days. Results indicated that more revolutions (and hence work-output) were accomplished under the all-out condition for 0–30 sec (205 kgm) and for 0–60 sec (115 kgm). More work (120 kgm) was completed from 30–60 sec under the pacing plan. From 60 to 120 sec there was no difference in work accomplished between the 2 conditions. The cardiovascular response to the work, as measured by heart rate response, was similar under the 2 cycling plans.
Deadliest Enemies: Law and the Making of Race Relations on and off the Rosebud Reservation

Deadliest Enemies: Law and the Making of Race Relations on and off the Rosebud ReservationThomas Biolsi (Berkeley: University of California Press,2001).
Consumer Preference for Sustainable Attributes in Plants: Evidence from Experimental Auctions

Experimental auctions were employed to investigate U.S. and Canadian consumers’ willingness to pay for sustainable attributes in plants. The results show consumers are willing to pay a price premium for energy and water savings in plant production of $0.15 and $0.12, respectively. Consumers are only willing to pay $0.08 more for sustainably labeled product. Latent class segmentation analysis identifies three distinct consumer segments: Import-Liking, Mainstream, and Eco-local. Mainstream Consumers were the largest segment and willing to pay only modest premiums for eco-friendly attributes. Eco-local consumers comprised 14% of consumers and they were willing to pay the highest amount for the improved production methods and container types, while having the highest willing to pay for local and domestic products. [EconLit citations: D44, M31].
Survey of current prophylaxis practices and bleeding characteristics of children with severe haemophilia A in US haemophilia treatment centres.

Summary. Every other day (qod) factor VIII prophylaxis prevents joint bleeds in children with severe haemophilia A. Although three times weekly or qod prophylaxis is recommended by the National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF), how widely these practices have been adopted is not known. We sought to define current prophylaxis practices at US haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs). An email survey was distributed to US HTCs, utilizing web-based membership rosters of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Hemostasis Thrombosis Research Society (HTRS). Of 62 HTCs responding, prophylaxis is initiated on a three times weekly schedule in 29 (46.8%), twice weekly in 13 HTCs (21.0%) and once weekly in 20 HTCs (32.2%). Central venous catheters are used to infuse factor prophylactically at 55 HTCs (88.7%), including in 100% of children initiating prophylaxis at 19 HTCs (30.6%) and in 50% of those at 41 HTCs (66.1%), but avoided altogether at seven HTCs (11.3%). Prophylaxis is initiated after one or more bleeds in 56 HTCs (90.3%), but after the first bleed in only 28 HTCs (25.2%). Among 226 newborns with severe haemophilia A in 62 HTCs, 1.82 births/HTC/year, the median age at first bleed, excluding circumcision, is 7 months. Of the 113 (53.5%) newborns who underwent circumcision, 62 (54.9%) bled. Despite a recommended standard of three times weekly prophylaxis, over half of surveyed HTCs do not follow these guidelines, and nearly one-third begin prophylaxis on a once weekly schedule to delay or avoid the need for central venous access.
Braking, steering, and wear performance of radial-belted and bias-ply aircraft tires

Preliminary steering, braking, and tread wear performance results from testing of radial-belted and bias-ply aircraft tires at NASA Langley are described. An overview of the joint NASA/FAA/industry START program is presented. Attention is given to the Langley Test Facility, equipment and future activities.
Response of endometrial stromal sarcoma to cyclophosphamide

Abstract Endometrial stromal sarcomas represent 0.2 per cent or less of genital tract malignancies. Occasional responses to irradiation have been reported, but no cases responsive to chemotherapy have been reported. A 54-year-old woman was hospitalized for 8 weeks following a total hysterectomy for endometrial stromal sarcoma. On admission extensive metastatic disease was noted and cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent, was given intravenously with dramatic reduction in the size of the tumor. Secondary renal insufficiency and septicemias due to Bacteroides organisms were successfully treated. Subsequent therapy with oral cyclophosphamide resulted in disappearance of the tumor. Seven months after initial chemotherapy an appendectomy was performed for acute suppurative appendicitis, and at that time there was no evidence of malignant disease. In view of the response obtained with cyclophosphamide further therapeutic trials in such patients are warranted.
Sex steroid receptors in the stomach, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract of the baboon

Sex steroids have been shown to have a marked effect on the physiologic activities of the liver and the gastrointestinal tract. We performed autoradiographic studies using [3H]estradiol and [3H]dihydrotestosterone on male and female baboons for the purpose of identifying estrogen or androgen receptors, or both, in the liver, pancreas, stomach, and small and large intestines of baboons. Evidence for the presence of estrogen and androgen receptors was made apparent by high concentrations of silver grains over the nuclei of the cells of these tissues. Androgen receptors were largely confined to the nuclei of the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis of the gut wall and the connective tissue interstitial cells of the liver, pancreas, stomach, and intestines. Estrogen receptors were prominent in the nuclei of the vascular smooth muscle cells in the liver, pancreas, gut, and the majority of the endocrine islet cells. These observations suggest that a variety of different cell types of the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract contain estrogen and androgen receptors that might modulate their cellular activities and influence several different physiologic processes.
Performance Of A Thermal Scene Generator

Testing of infrared systems such as FLIRs and missile seekers would be eased by the availability of an infrared scene generator with capability of displaying a complex, dynamic scene, the IR analogy of a motion picture projector. The two main categories of technologies being developed for this purpose are the spatial light modulator and the thermal emitter array. Honeywell is developing a thermal emitter array based on microstructure technology. This paper discusses performance parameters of scene generators such as resolution, radiometric accuracy, and time response. The number of pixels in an array may be an insufficient measure of resolution. Thermal emitters have advantages over light modulators when radiometric accuracy and high contrast are demanded. The unique physical and thermal parameters of the microstructure array technique help alleviate time response problems common to most thermal emitter arrays.
Hormonal and pregnancy relationships to rheumatoid arthritis: Convergent effects with immunologic and microvascular systems*

Abstract Objective: To review sex hormones and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and theinterrelationships between hormonal, immunological, and vascular systems. Data Sources: Publications detailing serum sex hormone levels and their HLAinteractions, steroidogenesis, pregnancy, and therapeutic uses of sex hormones in RA. Study Selection: Controlled studies of sex hormone levels in RA patients not previously treated with glucocorticoids. Data Extraction: Mean (±SD) serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2). Data Synthesis: Mean (±SD) levels were collated into tables for women with pre-versus postmenopausal onsets of disease and men. Data were also ordered across all study groups by increasing mean levels of the control subjects. Pooled data were summarized statistically, and major sources of variation between the studies were identified. Conclusions: Serum DHEAS, an adrenal androgen, was impressively decreasedamong women with premenopausal onset of RA. One study showed such deficiency years before disease onset. Serum T was somewhat decreased in the premenopausal onset group, but could be explained by decreased peripheral conversion of the lower levels of adrenal androgens. Women with postmenopausal onset of RA had modestly decreased serum DHEAS levels overall, but no difference in serum T, compared with controls. Male RA cases had consistently decreased serum levels of T, but not of DHEAS. Serum E2 was comparable in all RA versus control groups. The complex biology of pregnancy was interpreted as an example of vital interactions between hormonal, immunological, and vascular systems, as they may relate to the physiopathology of RA. The major age, sex, and hereditable determinants of RA were compared within a composite table of estimated relative risks. Elucidation of the interacting risk factors offers promising avenues of research in this complex disease.
Synthesis of esters using a nylon-immobilized lipase in batch and continuous reactors

Abstract Direct esterifications using a nylon-immobilized lipase from Candida cylindracea were carried out in batch and continuous-flow reactors. The immobilized enzyme was effective in catalyzing the synthesis of ethylpropionate, isoamylpropionate, and isoamylbutyrate. With ethanol dissolved in hexane as a substrate, the maximum initial esterification rate was 0.02 mole/(h × g of immobilized protein), but the enzyme was stable only when the substrate concentrations were lower than 0.2 m . With isoamyl alcohol in hexane as a substrate, esterification rates as high as 0.085 mole/(h × g of immobilized protein) were observed and the immobilized enzyme was stable over a much broader concentration range. However, in this case, the use of a solvent, such as hexane, was not necessary for esterification, and the enzyme could be employed in equimolar acid/alcohol mixtures. A packed-bed reactor was operated successfully for the continuous synthesis of esters. The reactor was stable for long periods of time, and the steady-state performance could be accurately predicted on the basis of batch reaction experiments.
Interleukin-8 Is a Paracrine Inducer of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, a Stromal and Epithelial Growth Factor in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an extremely common disease of older men in which there is benign overgrowth of the prostatic transition zone, leading to obstruction of urine outflow. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2, a potent growth factor for prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, is increased twofold in BPH and its concentration is correlated with stromal proliferation in this condition. Immunohistochemistry of normal and hyperplastic prostate revealed that FGF2-expressing stromal cells were present in higher numbers near the epithelial acini, implying that epithelial cells may express a factor that induces FGF2 expression by stromal cells. Conditioned medium from primary cultures of prostatic epithelial cells was capable of inducing increased expression of FGF2 by primary stromal cultures. Blocking experiments with neutralizing anti-interleukin (IL)-8 antibodies and pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide, which down-regulates the IL-8 receptor, show that this inducing activity is because of the presence of IL-8 in the epithelial-conditioned medium. Analysis of normal prostatic peripheral zone and BPH tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals that IL-8 is present at increased levels in hyperplastic prostate. Therefore IL-8 produced by prostatic epithelial cells can induce FGF2, a potent stromal and epithelial growth factor, and in this manner promote the abnormal proliferation of the prostatic transition zone that is critical in the pathogenesis of BPH.
Social and cultural factors in the etiology of low birthweight among disadvantaged blacks

This report gives results from eight intensive, exploratory interviews with Black women who suffered infant deaths within one year after delivery. Interviews were conducted as a final step in a research project to discover the correlates of very low birthweight among disadvantaged women in a city which maintains among the highest low birthweight and infant mortality rates in the United States. Qualitative results are presented within the context of a case/control study based on an in-depth medical record review. Statistical results showed that prenatal care, alcoholism, migrant status, smoking, hypertension history and previous poor pregnancy outcome distinguished women with very low birthweight infants. The medical record review also implicated violence, weak social support systems, poor social and psychological adjustments and ineffective contraception. Interview results further explore the social and psychological context of pregnancy for the disadvantaged inner city Black woman. Three-quarters of all women are unmarried at the time of delivery, and interviewed women expressed bitterness and resentment toward the men in their livers for non-support. They received the most help from 'girlfriends', and not consistent support--as expected--from mothers and female kin. Answers to open-ended questions and responses to a specially designed interview section on attitudes and beliefs suggest that these women conceptually dissociate three important areas of cultural focus: relationships with men, pregnancy and childbirth; and, that they value the 'gestator' role as separate from the role of 'mother'. They espouse contradictory beliefs about men: they believe that men are predatory and not trustworthy, but also more mainstream beliefs that call for reliance on the opposite sex. Because of their unstable relationships with men and their long histories of poor pregnancy outcome and termination, they face frequent disappointment. Responses to items in the attitudes and beliefs section suggest that these women feel powerless, hopeless and that life is somewhat meaningless. However, items designed to test Lewis' 'culture of poverty' do not support the concept of a consistent intergenerational poverty lifestyle. The report closes with a section on program and policy development in several areas: public health recordkeeping, health style education programs, special training programs for physicians and other health personnel, and some type of program to combat the social alienation and psychological distress of inner city women during pregnancy.
Effect of polar forces on the viscoelastic properties of poly(propylene oxide)

When lithium perchlorate is dissolved in ethers, volume contractions are observed which are caused by strong interaction forces between the field of Li+ and polarizable ether oxygens. The effect of these forces on the viscoelastic properties of both low (commercial PPG 2025) and high molecular weight/poly(propylene oxide), containing varying amounts of dissolved lithium perchlorate (LP), was investigated by means of dilatometric, modulus, and damping constant measurements over a temperature range between -SO and 80°C. The glass transition temperature, Tg, for PPG 2025 was raised from −70 to 40°C. for 25 wt.-% LP. Neither modulus nor damping curves could be superposed on the reduced T-Tg temperature scale. Below 15 wt.-% LP the various properties could be interpreted as resulting from the superposition of the behavior of free polyether segments with that of segments nearest neighbors to LP. Above 15 wt.-% LP no free segments are left. The behavior of the high molecular weight polyether was similar, except that below 15 wt.-% LP the single Tg observed for PPG 2025 was split in two transitions, Tg for the polyether at −65°C, and another at −10°C. The latter is believed to be a transition for polyether helices stabilized by LP situated in the helix core.
Effect of Increased Reward on the Two-Person Non-Zero-Sum Game

Using 12 pairs of college males as Ss, a study was done to determine what effect, if any, the introduction of greater amounts of potential reward would have on the number of collaborative responses...
Polarimetric calibration for ultrawideband radar

Ultra wideband (UWB) radar is an emerging technology with potential for all-weather, remote sensing of objects obscured by foliage or buried underground. Multiple octaves of frequency coverage and 90 degrees or more of viewing angles across a synthesized aperture are used to obtain high spatial resolution mapping of scattering behavior. Additionally, fully polarimetric responses can be measured, providing a multichannel characterization of objects in a scene. However, the diversity in wavelength and viewing angle presents significant challenges for system engineering and data interpretation. In particular, the multichannel UWB system poses unique imaging challenges arising from the variation of the UWB antenna response. We present an overview of calibration techniques for polarimetric wideband imagery, and introduce an image domain calibration technique using calibration targets.
The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) as an effective tool to evaluate active power filters for harmonic compensation

Abstract The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) ‘Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems’ sets limits for the current and voltage harmonic distortions at the point of common coupling in order to maintain an acceptable quality of electric power in the presence of nonlinear loads. Both the utility and its customers share a common responsibility since enforcement of the above practice by the utility would require that the affected customer use a suitable harmonic mitigating method. To this effect, this paper demonstrates how the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) may be used to investigate two harmonic mitigating methods, namely, the use of shunt passive power filters and the combination of a series active (APF) and shunt passive (PPF) power filters. Both methods reduce the harmonic currents injected into the distribution system; however, the combination of the series APF and shunt PPFs has a better compensation characteristic with a higher capital cost than only shunt PPFs. Before a final decision is reached, the cost of the higher harmonic losses throughout the distribution system when using only shunt PPFs must be taken into account.