cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green capitalism: negative carbon and the green power fund

This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities created for the world by the Kyoto Protocol and the creation in 2005 – based on international law – of its global market for carbon emissions trading. In particular, it discusses the significance of the clean development mechanism (CDM). The projects funded by CDM have already achieved a real impact, they have decreased carbon emissions by the equivalent of 37% of EU emissions. The CDM projects should be expanded and improved. Carbon negative technology is available. Global Thermostat (GT) technology was formed in 2006 to develop and commercialise a unique technology for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and other sources. It has been successfully tested and demostrated and has the capability of transforming power plants into net carbon sinks. This, together with the Green Power Fund, first proposed by the author in 2009 at Copenhagen COP15 could make a significant difference to the amount of emissions being reduced by involving Latin America, Africa and the Small Island States (relatively low polluters). The green power fund is a private fund of $200 Bn per year for 15 years.
THE SOLID STATE STRUCTURE AND THE SOLUTION ISOMERIZATION OF MO2CL6(THF)3

Abstract Mo2Cl6(THF)3 has been crystallized and its crystal structure has been solved. X-ray crystallography confirms that the molecule adopts a 1,2,6 (anti) configuration in the solid state, against the other two possible gauche configurations 1,2,4 and 1,2,5. The isomerization of the anti and gauche conformers has been studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy and the rate constants at 40°C k1 (anti→gauche) and k−1 (gauche→anti) were determined to be 0.18(1) and 0.12(1) h−1 respectively. The crystallographic data are as follows: monoclinic P21/c with a = 10.004(4), b = 14.915(2), c = 27.732(6) A , β = 93.83(1)°, V = 4129(2) A 3 , Z = 8, R = 0.047, wR2 = 0.123 .
Anodic stripping voltammetry coupled on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: optimization of a thin-layer flow cell system for analyte signal enhancement.

Parameters affecting analyte signal enhancement in anodic stripping voltammetry-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ASV-ICP-MS), using a thin-layer ASV cell and microconcentric nebulization (MCN), have been examined. Silver was used as a test analyte and was deposited at a glassy carbon working electrode. The MCN allowed use of solution flow rates that were beneficial to optimum electrolytic performance of the thin-layer cell. High analyte deposition efficiencies obtained with the thin-layer cell, combined with minimal sample consumption of the MCN, allowed substantial signal enhancement (>400 times higher than continuous nebulization level) to be obtained with 2−3 mL of sample and deposition times of less than 30 min. Signal enhancement was strongly influenced by the opposing effect of flow rate on the electrolytic deposition efficiency (deposition efficiency decreases with increasing flow rate) and on the quantity of analyte delivered to the cell (analyte mass throughput increases with increas...
Imposing structures: Narrative analysis and the design of information systems

Understanding how designers of information and communication technologies conceptualize and perform their work can contribute to the larger goals of more effective design environments and more effective information systems. This article discusses the narrative analysis method in the context of a digital library design project related to environmental science and suggests that useful insights can be gained when both the design product and the design process are framed in narrative terms. When designers embraced the narrative aspects of the system, indicators of communication, information sharing, and integrative work increased. Narrative analysis supplemented social network analysis and demonstrated more explanatory power regarding the outcomes of the usability study and was an effective research method insofar as it mirrored the participants' evolving views of the design environment, suggesting that a reflexive approach to narrative data collection and analysis is warranted.
Ethnicity Is an Inherent Criterion for Assessment of Individualized Music for Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease

A growing number of ethnically diverse persons are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD). Cognitive impairment is a key antecedent to agitation in persons with ADRD. There is increased recognition for the identification and testing of non-pharmacological interventions for the management of agitation in ethnically diverse populations. The evidence-based guideline of individualized music, currently in its 5th edition (Gerdner, 2013a), is one such intervention. This guideline has been tested in eight countries. In keeping with the holistic approach to this intervention, this article focuses on the importance of incorporating the role of ethnicity in the assessment of individualized music. This is underscored with a previously unpublished case example of a Mexican American man.
A fully-distributed control time slot assignment protocol for large wireless mesh networks

A control time slot assignment protocol is developed for time division multiple access (TDMA) and time division duplex (TDD)-based large wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Through the protocol, each wireless mesh router acquires a broadcast time slot that supports a minimum average signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) to all of its neighbors. The protocol employs contention-based reservation mechanisms in a topology-dependent way and executes in a fully-distributed manner. It explicitly takes into account vagaries of radio propagation and co-channel interference, often oversimplified in the literature. A computer simulator is created that implements realistic large-scale radio propagation and considers all co-channel interferers in the network. Through simulations, protocol performance is determined for different wireless system factors including shadowing. In addition, a power control scheme is proposed to better utilize time slots. Results show that the protocol indeed guarantees a minimum average SINR for all links between a pair of neighbors in all simulated scenarios.
Closing the microbial loop: dissolved carbon pathway to heterotrophic bacteria from incomplete ingestion, digestion and absorption in animals

Abstract A new extension of digestion theory and re-interpretation of published empirical evidence suggest that the principal pathway of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from phytoplankton to bacteria is through the byproducts of animal ingestion and digestion rather than via excretion of DOC directly from intact phytoplankton. Simple model calculations reveal that for a substance with diffusion coefficient equalling 10−5 cm2 s−1, excess (over ambient) concentrations of solute in a fecal pellet of typical size (diam. ⩽ 1 mm) are lost rapidly; ⩾ 50% of any excess is diffused out of the pellet within 5 min—even in a stagnant water column and without particle sinking. Reasons for rapid loss and its insensitivity to fluid dynamic conditions are small size of the pelletal reservoir and the sharp concentration gradient between pelletal and ambient concentrations upon pellet release. As a consequence, most solutes initially contained in fecal pellets of zooplankton generally will remain in the 10–100 m thick water layer within which the pellets initially are deposited. Focus on animal-caused organic release over these very short time scales may help to resolve some of the growing paradoxes of DOC standing stocks and fluxes in the upper ocean.
Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments I. Cobble and boulder deposits.

This article establishes approximate empirical relations for determining the minimum unit stream power, bed shear stress and mean flow velocity capable of moving cobbles and boulders on streambeds....
Pertinence of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Octogenarians

Aim: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Atypical presentation, reduced activity levels, and comorbidity often confound the diagnosis. We studied the use of stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in octogenarians. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with both MPI and coronary angiogram within 6 months from 1998 to 2008. Sixty veterans under the age of 60 years who underwent both cardiac procedures served as controls. Results: We evaluated 53 patients, predominantly men, with mean age of 85 ± 2.5 yrs. Chest pain (68%) was the most common reason for requesting the stress test. Risk factors included diabetes 44%, hypertension 93%, smoking 48%, hyperlipidemia 93%, and peripheral vascular disease 40%. All patients had an abnormal myocardial perfusion scan. Reversible defects were present in 91% with the following distribution: mild 26%, moderate 39%, severe 15% and multiple defects 11%. Fixed defects we...
A stochastic model for rote serial learning

A model for the acquisition of responses in an anticipatory rote serial learning situation is presented. The model is developed in detail for the case of a long intertrial interval and employed to fit data where the list length is varied from 8 to 18 words. Application of the model to the case of a short intertrial interval is considered; some predictions are derived and checked against experimental data.
A comparison of maternal behaviour in the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), prairie vole (M. ochrogaster) and pine vole (M. pinetorum)

Abstract The maternal behaviour of three species of voles was compared using a semi-naturalistic laboratory system. Meadow vole females spent more time out of the nest, and exhibited less maternal behaviour in terms of nursing and brooding, and more non-social behaviour such as locomoting, eating, and drinking, than the females of the other two species. Across all species, maternal behaviour decreased from parturition onward, while non-social behaviour increased. Paternal care was well developed in the prairie vole and pine vole, but was never observed in the meadow vole. During the first postnatal week, male prairie voles showed a tendency to enter the nest when the female left the young unattended. This trend was not apparent in the male pine vole. The physical parameters of pup development, including eye opening and the development of fur, were similar in all three species. Behavioural development, however, was most rapid in the meadow vole, intermediate in the prairie vole, and slowest in the pine vole. These results are compared with those of previous field and laboratory studies, and are discussed with reference to the life-history strategy of each species.
Inhibiting degradation of wet process manufactured solar mirrors

Abstract The impact of heliostat mirror degradation on the performance of central receiver power plants can be significant. Presented in this paper is a probable cause of mirror degradation and a possible method of inhibiting this degradation without encapsulating the mirror. One possible cause of mirror degradation is the dissolution of the soda-lime-silicate surface at the silver-glass interface. The initiation of this degradation may begin at the time of production and continue as a result of glass-water interaction. Inhibiting this dissolution may be possible by treating the glass surface with trivalent lanthanide ions prior to the silvering deposition. The lanthanide ions can be incorporated into the production line without additional capital investment and without interfering with the efficiency of the silvering reaction. Leaching experiments have been performed as a form of accelerated weatherization on mirrors and on soda-lime-silicate glasses. The glasses and mirrors doped with a series of different lanthanide ions show that significant gains may be realized towards preserving the integrity of the glass surface.
The 13C-urea blood test accurately detects active Helicobacter pylori infection: a United States, multicenter trial.

The 13 C-urea blood test accurately detects active Helicobacter pylori infection: a United States, multicenter trial
Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages

Management of tropical marine environments calls for interdisciplinary studies and innovative methodologies that consider processes occurring over broad spatial scales. We investigated relationships between landscape structure and reef fish assemblage structure in the US Virgin Islands. Measures of landscape structure were transformed into a reduced set of composite indices using principal component analyses (PCA) to synthesize data on the spatial patterning of the landscape structure of the study reefs. However, composite indices (e.g., habitat diversity) were not particularly informative for predicting reef fish assemblage structure. Rather, relationships were interpreted more easily when functional groups of fishes were related to individual habitat features. In particular, multiple reef fish parameters were strongly associated with reef context. Fishes responded to benthic habitat structure at multiple spatial scales, with various groups of fishes each correlated to a unique suite of variables. Accordingly, future experiments should be designed to test functional relationships based on the ecology of the organisms of interest. Our study demonstrates that landscape-scale habitat features influence reef fish communities, illustrating promise in applying a landscape ecology approach to better understand factors that structure coral reef ecosystems. Furthermore, our findings may prove useful in design of spatially-based conservation approaches such as marine protected areas (MPAs), because landscape-scale metrics may serve as proxies for areas with high species diversity and abundance within the coral reef landscape.
Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Irrigation Effects on Soil Nitrogen Gas Exchange in Irrigated Sorghum

The impacts of increasing atmospheric CO 2 , an important greenhouse gas, on soil microbial production and consumption of other greenhouse gases such as N 2 O are uncertain. This study was conducted during the 1998 and 1999 summer growing seasons at the Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) site in Maricopa, AZ. The objective was to measure N 2 O and denitrification emission rates in a C 4 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production system with ample and limited flood irrigation rates under FACE (seasonal mean = 579 μmol mol -1 ) and control (seasonal mean = 396 μmol mol -1 ) CO 2 . Plots were sampled for N 2 O flux using both chamber and intact incubated soil core techniques. Nitrogen gas (N 2 O plus N 2 ) emissions were measured using intact incubated soil cores with C 2 H 2 inhibition. Nitrous oxide emissions measured with chambers increased markedly after irrigation and fertilization following prolonged periods without water under both elevated and control CO 2 conditions. Within 5 d of fertilization and irrigation, N 2 O emissions measured with chambers were 250 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 . Seasonal cumulative N 2 O-N emissions measured using chambers were 500 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ) coming with >55% WFPS. Neither soil NO 3 - nor soil organic C alone limited N gas emissions. Elevated CO 2 did not result in increased N 2 O or N-gas emissions with either ample or limited irrigation.
Winter temperature variability during warming and cooling periods in the conterminous United States, 1947-1992

Much literature has reported on the concept of increased surface temperature variability during cool periods, although analyses on temperature records have rendered inconsistent results. In addition, temperature variability during transition periods has been rarely investigated. This study examines temperature variability during wintertime cooling (1947–1977) and warming (1978–1992) periods for the conterminous United States to determine both whether temperature variability is different during warming or cooling periods, and whether the change in variability is supported by midtropospheric circulation conditions. Our results indicate that regions with high temperature variability are mostly found below the troughs in the midtropospheric pressure fields. The direction of change in temperature variability corresponding to cooling or warming conditions, however, varied spatially. For the southeastern and northeastern United States, winter temperatures were more variable during the cooling period than during the warming period, while the northern and central Great Plains had greater temperature variability during the warming period than the cooling period. Similar spatial patterns are also found for the changes in the variability of geopotential height fields. Such spatial patterns in the temperature and height variability during warming and cooling periods may be related to the dominant midtropospheric circulation patterns, such as the different phases of the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern, and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation events. It is concluded that the response of interannual temperature variability to climatic changes is determined by the variation in circulation patterns, and therefore, not spatially uniform.
Birch Reduction of Graphite. Edge and Interior Functionalization by Hydrogen

The Birch reduction (lithium in liquid ammonia) of graphite gives a highly reduced, exfoliated product that is free of lithium. Edge and interior hydrogenation were demonstrated by solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis of a carefully purified sample allows the chemical composition to be expressed as (C(1.3)H)(n). Atomic force microscopy images showed that the reduced graphene was highly exfoliated. Hydrogen mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy showed that the entire surface of the reduced sample was covered by hydrogen, consistent with the NMR studies also indicating that hydrogen was added in interior positions of the graphene lattice as well as along the edge. A large band gap (4 eV) further establishes the high level of hydrogenation.
Two-photon geometric optics

We report two-photon correlation experiments using spontaneous parametric down-conversion under a severe manipulation of the input pump field. Considering the case of passing the laser beam through a focusing lens before the down-conversion crystal, theoretical calculations and a series of imaging experiments demonstrate two-photon geometric optics effects. In particular, the imaging in coincidence counts of an aperture placed in one of the down-conversion beams is found to be the analog of a simple spherical mirror system, which displays a ``vacuum dispersion'' effect in that the object and image distances are wavelength weighted. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A mathematical model of biological development

A mathematical model is presented that describes the time course of maturation of a population of organisms. The model assumes that individuals are subject to intermittent pauses in development. When applied to the transition from one observable phase of development to another this model predicts a dormant period followed by the abrupt onset of maturation which is skewed over time. Applications of this model are discussed for biological systems developing in constant or fluctuating environmental conditions.
Gamma Interferon‐Induced Expression of Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens by Human Keratinocytes Effects of Conditions of Culture

Normal human keratinocytes grown in MCDB 153 plus bovine pituitary extract and treated with recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma) express HLA-DR, DP and DQ antigens. The expression of these class II MHC antigens is time dependent: DR and DP appear before DQ. The delay in HLA-DQ expression is not due to the effects of trypsinization of cultures prior to analysis. Increasing the calcium ion concentration from 0.1 to 1.8 mM does not alter the expression of these antigens. Keratinocytes grown without serum proteins or bovine pituitary extract exhibited markedly delayed expression of DR. By contrast, keratinocytes grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) plus 10% fetal calf serum express DR and DP but only very small amounts of DQ after treatment with rIFN-gamma. Expression of HLA-DR occurs at doses of rIFN-gamma that are too low to cause growth inhibition. The cells of the squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-1, whether grown in MCDB 153 plus bovine pituitary extract or DMEM plus 10% fetal calf serum, express HLA-DQ and DP on only small numbers of cells after treatment with the lymphokine. Thus, the conditions of culture, possibly the presence of a serum factor(s), influence the expression of class II antigens in normal keratinocytes. Furthermore, rIFN-gamma does not induce DP and DQ antigens readily in transformed squamous cells cultured in either serum-containing or serum-free medium.
A Theory of Mathematical Knowledge: Can Rules Account for Creative Behavior?.

Mathematics is perhaps the most highly organized body of knowledge known to man. Yet, in spite of its clarity of structure, most of the research done on mathematics learning and behavior has been strictly empirical in nature. To be sure, there has been a fair amount of research in the area and the amount seems to be growing rapidly, but there has been no superstructure, no framework within which to view mathematical knowledge and mathematical behavior in a psychologically meaningful way. A number of psychologists feel that the mechanisms involved in language, mathematical, and other subject-matter behavior may be accounted for within the confines of S-R mediation theory. This may be possible in principle (e.g., see Millenson, 1967; Suppes, 1969a), but the networks of S-R associations required to do the job would almost certainly be so complex as to provide little intuitive guidance in formulating research on complex mathematical learning. For arguments pro and con, see Arbib (1969), Scandura (1968, 1970b, 1970d), and Suppes (1969b). As a way around these problems, linguists, like Chomsky (1957, 1965), have introduced rules and other generative mechanisms to account for (idealized) language behavior. Although many details still need to be worked out, most generally agree that some sort of analysis in terms of rules will prove adequate to account for most language behavior.2 During the past few years, the author has been attempting to develop a similar approach to mathematics learning (Scandura, 1966, 1967a, 1968, 1969b). No comprehensive scheme for classifying mathematical
Plasma treatment of coal

COALS of various ranks have been treated in electrical arcs or plasma jets generated from argon, hydrogen, and their mixtures.In most cases the plasmas contained enough energy to heat the coal to temperatures ⩾1,000 °C. In this range of temperatures, acetylene formation is thermodynamically favoured, and an argon–hydrogen plasma has been reported to yield a maximum acetylene yield of 74% by weight of coal1–3. Problems are encountered with the electrical arcs because of the instability induced in the arc column by appreciable forced convection4. From a practical point of view methane would be the preferred product from coal gasification, and we here report on efforts to find whether a low temperature plasma favoured methane formation.
Low temperature scanning electron microscopy of the ultrastructural development of zygospores and sporangiospores in Mycotypha africana, and the effects of cultural conditions on sexual versus asexual reproduction

The ultrastructural details of sexual and asexual reproduction in Mycotypha africana were observed with low temperature SEM. Sexual reproduction was enhanced over asexual reproduction with a reduction of incubation temperature, the absence of light, and through the use of minimal amount of inoculation material. Repeated subculturing of actively growing zygosporic cultures resulted in a loss of zygosporic competence, which was reversible following 2–3 months storage of these cultures at 14–18 °C, 24 h dark. Sexual apparati were initiated by the contact of two zygophoric hyphae. Subapical contact resulted in formation of progametangia at the site of contact. Continued elongation of the zygophoric hyphae and additional, subsequent sexual contacts were observed. If sexual contact was apical, the apical region of the zygophoric hypha converted into a progamentangium, stopping elongation. The progamentangia enlarged, and gametangial septa were formed, isolating the gametangia, which fused, resulting in the formation of the zygosporangium. Zygospores developed internally and were observed externally by the rupture through the zygosporangium wall of the developing wart layer of the zygospore proper. Sporangiosporogenesis commenced with the formation of specialized aerial sporangiophores extending up to 5 000 μm. The apical regions of the sporangiophores enlarged, forming vesicles 300–400 μm long. Pedicels formed synchronously on the surface of the vesicles, the tips of which ballooned outward forming the sporangia. Two morphologically distinct types of sporangia were formed, spherical and elongate. These sporangia were formed in a highly regular spatial arrangement, alternating between the two sporangial types.
Assessment of Attractiveness of Cassava as a Roosting Plant for the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, and the Oriental Fruit Fly, B. dorsalis

Application of bait spray to crop borders is a standard approach for suppression of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations and may also be of value for suppression of oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel) populations. Establishment of preferred roosting hosts as crop borders may help to improve suppression of both fruit fly species by providing sites for bait spray applications. In an area-wide B. cucurbitae suppression trial, the question was raised as to whether cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiales: Euphorbiaceae), could be used as a B. cucurbitae roosting host. M. esculenta was of interest as a roosting host because, in contrast to many other identified preferred roosting hosts, it would also be a crop potentially increasing the productivity of the crop production system overall. As a short-lived and shrubby perennial, M. esculenta potentially constitutes a crop with more persistent roosting foliage than an annual crop such as corn, Zea mays L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), that has often been planted as a roosting host for B. cucurbitae control. Using protein-baited traps set amidst potted plants placed adjacent to a papaya Carica papaya L. (Violales: Caricaceae) orchard known to have established populations of B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, the effectiveness of M. esculenta as a roosting host was assessed by comparing its attractiveness to that of castor bean, Ricinus communis L (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), previously identified as one of the most attractive roosting hosts for B. cucurbitae, and to corn, a crop which has been planted as a roosting host for help in B. cucurbitae control. The results showed that use of M. esculenta as a roosting host is comparable to use of R. communis by both B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis. These results provide encouragement to incorporate M. esculenta on a farm as a trap crop (i.e. site for bait spray application). This has the advantage of having the trap crop be a crop on its own (as opposed to castor bean) and, among prospective crops that could be used as a trap crop, has foliage more persistent than an annual trap crop such as corn.
A Comparison of angular difference schemes for one-dimensional spherical geometry S(N) equations

To investigate errors caused by angular differencing in approximating the streaming terms of the transport equation, five different approximations are evaluated for three test problems in one-dimensional spherical geometry. The following schemes are compared: diamond, special truncation error minimizing weighted diamond, linear continuous (the original S{sub N} scheme), linear discontinuous, and new quadratic continuous. To isolate errors caused by angular differencing, the approximations are derived from the transport equation without spatial differencing, and the resulting coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are solved with an ODE solver. Results from the approximations are compared with analytic solutions derived for two-region purely absorbing spheres. Most of the approximations are derived by taking moments of the conservation form of the transport equation. The quadratic continuous approximation is derived taking the zeroth moment of both the transport equation and the first angular derivative of the transport equation. The advantages of this approach are described, In all of the approximations, the desirability is shown of using an initializing computation of the {mu} = {minus}1 angular flux to correctly compute the central flux and of having a difference approximation that ensures this central flux is the same for all directions. The behavior of the standard discrete ordinatesmore » equations in the diffusion limit is reviewed, and the linear and quadratic continuous approximations are shown to have the correct diffusion limit if an equal interval discrete quadrature is used. In all three test problems, the weighted diamond difference approximation has smaller maximum and average relative flux errors than the diamond or the linear continuous difference approximations. The quadratic continuous approximation and the linear discontinuous approximation are both more accurate than the other approximations, and the quadratic continuous approximation has a decided edge over the linear discontinuous approximation in relative flux errors. The diamond, weighted diamond, and linear continuous approximations show quadratic system absorption and system leakage error reduction behavior with increasing N. The linear discontinuous and quadratic continuous approximations show fourth-order error reduction in these quantities. In one of the two-region test problems, the slope of the exact angular flux changes from nearly vertical to nearly horizontal at those points in the exterior region at which the interior region source just becomes visible. At these spatial points, errors in the continuous approximations propagate to each successive outgoing direction, leading to an oscillatory spatial error. The discontinuous approximation does not propagate these errors, although errors near the point of rapid slope change are larger than in the quadratic continuous approximation.« less
Directed Synthesis of the Triangular Mixed-Metal Cluster H2RhRe2Cp*(CO)9: Ligand Fluxionality and Facile Cluster Fragmentation in the Presence of CO, Halogenated Solvents, and Thiols

The reaction of H2Re2(CO)8 (1) with Cp*Rh(CO)2 (2) in refluxing hexane affords the mixed-metal clusters H2RhRe2Cp*(CO)9 (4, major product), HRh2ReCp*2(CO)6 (5), and HRhRe3Cp*(CO)14 (6). 4 and 5 are electron-precise 48e clusters and display triangular metallic cores, while 6 contains 64 valence electrons and exhibits a spiked-triangular core having a pendant Re(CO)5 moiety. Heating 1 with Cp*2Rh2(CO)2 (3) gives 4 and 5 as the principal products, in addition to H2Rh2Re2Cp*2(CO)8 (7) in low yield. Cluster 7 possesses 60e and contains a tetrametallic core with two face-capping CO and hydride groups. Heating 4 under CO leads to cluster fragmentation and formation of Re2(CO)10 and 2 in essentially quantitative yield, as assessed by IR spectroscopy. The kinetics for the fragmentation of 4 in toluene under CO have been investigated over the temperature range 325−349 K by UV−vis spectroscopy. On the basis of the first-order rate constants and the Eyring activation parameters (ΔH⧧ = 25.0(8) kcal/mol; ΔS⧧ = −2.6(3) ...
Adsorption of Spherical Molecules in Probing the Surface Topography. 1. Patchwise Heterogeneity Model

The Fowler−Guggenheim local isotherm corresponding to the lattice model of localized adsorption on a patchwise surface was used to evaluate the statistical distribution of adsorption sites with res...
Properties of earthquakes generated by fault dynamics.

We present a model for fault dynamics consisting of a uniform chain of blocks and springs pulled slowly across a rough surface. The only nonlinear element of our model is a slip-stick friction force between the blocks and the surface. We find that this model gives rise to events of all sizes. Our numerical evaluation of the distribution of earthquake magnitudes results in power-law spectrum similar to what is observed in nature. Like certain other dissipative dynamical systems, the observed large fluctuations in earthquake magnitude persist because the system is in a state of marginal stability.
Hydrocephalus and cognitive decline in myotonic dystrophy: Case report and literature review

Myotonic dystrophy is a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder with multisystem involvement. Hydrocephalus and cognitive deterioration are not commonly considered part of adult-onset myotonic dystrophy. This report describes a case of progressive distal muscle weakness, cognitive decline, and longstanding ventricular enlargement. Review of the literature suggests that hydrocephalus may be associated with myotonic dystrophy while progressive cognitive decline is rare in the adult form of the disease.
The Relation of Dietary Particle Size to Phosphorus Availability in Purified Diets

Abstract SINCE most natural feedstuffs contain some phosphorus, purified diets are frequently used in assaying phosphates to determine the relative availability of the phosphorus they contain. However, when some phosphates were fed to chicks or poults in purified diets, bone ash of the experimental animal was not as high as when the same level of phosphate was fed in diets made up of practical ingredients (Scott et al., 1962; Carlson et al., 1964; Griffith et al., 1966). These results caused the postulation of an anti-rachitic factor in the practical ingredients, but Griffith (1968a, b) found that grinding practical ingredients to a powder destroyed the “anti-rachitic” factor and concluded that the anti-rachitic effect of soybean meal and hulls was due to size of the particles making up the diet rather than to a chemical compound. Further work supporting this view was reported by Griffith (1969). The experiments reported below were undertaken to…
Frames, Choice-Reversal, and Consent

Recently Jason Hanna has argued that a particular type of susceptibility to framing effects—namely, the tendency to reverse one’s choice between certain logically equivalent frames—invalidates actual tokens of consent. Here I argue that this claim is false: proneness to choice-reversal per se between the relevant types of frames does not invalidate consent.
Multi-level modeling in SARA

Each model of an evolving system in SARA is a representation of an abstraction of the structure or behavior of that system. The degree or level of abstraction of a model is chosen such that enough detail is represented so that the model provides adequate accuracy for the purposes for which it will be used but not so much detail that the model becomes unduly complicated, difficult to build or difficult to simulate. The technique of multi-level modeling allows a system to be modeled at more than one level of abstraction to provide both detailed modeling and a limit to the complexity of the model [ZUR68].In top-down design, each successively lower-level model encompasses more detail and possibly less scope than the previous models and in bottom-up design each successively higher-level model encompasses less detail and possible more scope than the previous models.Two different approaches to multi-level modeling that have been used in the implementation of SARA are presented here. One approach is used in the SLI structural modeling tool and allows system structures to be represented as multi-level hierarchies of nested modules. The second approach is used in the GMB behavioral modeling tool and allows the designer to easily develop higher- and lower-level GMB models but represents each model as a single-level model.
Effect of pH and ethanol content of solvent on rheology of zein solutions

Abstract Zein, a corn protein, is a mixture of the polypeptides α-, γ-, β-, and δ-zein. α-Zein and γ-zein comprise 70–85% and 10–20% of total zein mass, respectively. Both peptides have similar amino acid composition, except γ-zein is rich in cysteine. The presence of cysteine has been associated with gelation of zein solutions. A common solvent for zein is aqueous ethanol. Preliminary results suggested that pH and ethanol content affect the rheology of zein solutions. Our objective was to investigate the effect of ethanol content (65–90%) and pH of the solvent (2, 6, and 12) on rheological properties of zein solutions (20% w/w) containing γ-zein. Steady shear tests and oscillatory time sweeps were performed to determine flow behavior and gelation time of zein solutions. Results indicated that α-zein solutions were nearly Newtonian while those containing γ-zein showed shear thinning behavior. At high pH, γ-zein increased the consistency index (K) and shortened gelation time. Results were attributed to the cysteine in γ-zein. High pH promoted formation of disulfide bonds leading to higher K values and shorter gelation times. Results of this work are expected to be useful in the design of zein extraction processes and the development of new zein applications.
Analysis of the Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Disease in a Workplace Population over Time

Objectives: While research has confirmed an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diseases such as heart disease and diabetes, none of these studies have been conducted in a worksite population. Because corporations are often the primary payer of health-care costs in the United States, they have a vested interest in identifying the magnitude of MetS risk factors in employed populations, and also in knowing if those risk factors are associated with other health risks or medical conditions. Methods: This study identified the prevalence of MetS risk factors and self-reported disease in employees (N = 3285) of a manufacturing corporation who participated in a health risk appraisal and biometric screening in both 2004 and 2006. Health-care costs, pharmacy costs, and short-term disability costs were compared for those with and without MetS and disease. Results: The prevalence of MetS increased from 2004 to 2006 in this employed population. Those with MetS were significantly more likely to self-report arthritis, chronic pain, diabetes, heartburn, heart disease, and stroke. Employees with MetS in 2004 were also significantly more likely to report new cases of arthritis, chronic pain, diabetes, and heart disease in 2006. The costs of those with MetS and disease were 3.66 times greater than those without MetS and without disease. Conclusions: MetS is associated with disease and increased costs in this working population. There is an opportunity for health promotion to prevent MetS risk factors from progressing to disease status which may improve vitality for employees, as well as limit the economic impact to the corporation.
Publication Bias Against Null Results

Studies suggest a bias against the publication of null (p > .05) results. Instead of significance, we advocate reporting effect sizes and confidence intervals, and using replication studies. If statistical tests are used, power tests should accompany them.
Towards a Social History of Art: Defining "Mozarabic"

Medieval Spanish art posed a particular problem for art historians due to the difficulty in reconciling strcmg formal differences between perceived Classicism on the one hand and foreign "Mozarabic" elements on the other. The connotations of such formal designations reveal much about larger perceptions of historical development at the beginning of this century. The term "Mozarabic" in early essays by Meyer Schapiro among others attained its definition solely in opposition to other earlier and later styles. It was understood in a pejorative light as the inferior counterpart to other formal idioms such as the Romanesque.
Normalizing glycated albumin reduces increased urinary collagen IV and prevents renal insufficiency in diabetic db/db mice☆

Increased excretion of type IV collagen accompanies the accumulation of mesangial matrix, which leads to compromise in the glomerular filtration surface area, during the development of diabetic nephropathy. We postulated that the response of urinary collagen IV would be useful in evaluating possible treatment strategies to arrest the nephropathic process while still at a reversible stage. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a small molecule (22CPPA) that inhibits the formation of glycated albumin, which is causally linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, on collagen IV excretion, albuminuria, and renal function in db/db mice. Compared to nondiabetic db/m mice, db/db animals showed markedly increased urinary collagen IV and albumin, significantly elevated serum glycated albumin and creatinine concentrations, and a significantly reduced creatinine clearance. Treatment of db/db mice with test compound, which normalized glycated albumin concentrations, significantly lowered collagen IV and albumin excretion and ameliorated the fall in creatinine clearance and the rise in serum creatinine despite persistent hyperglycemia. The findings indicate that reduction of elevated collagen IV excretion in diabetes reflects a salutary influence on developing glomerulosclerosis, and that glycated albumin has an important nephropathogenic role that can be therapeutically addressed independent of glycemic status.
Two-stage actuation system using DC motors and piezoelectric actuators for controllable industrial and automotive brakes and clutches

High bandwidth actuation systems that are capable of simultaneously producing relatively large forces and displacements are required for use in automobiles and other industrial applications. Conventional hydraulic actuation mechanisms used in automotive brakes and clutches are complex, inefficient and have poor control robustness. These lead to reduced fuel economy, controllability issues and other disadvantages. This paper involves the design, development, testing and control of a two-stage hybrid actuation mechanism by combining classical actuators like DC motors and advanced smart material actuators like piezoelectric actuators. The paper also discusses the development of a robust control methodology using the Internal Model Control (IMC) principle and emphasizes the robustness property of this control methodology by comparing and studying simulation and experimental results.
Large-scale testing on wind uplift of roof pavers

Abstract This paper presents a large-scale experimental study to investigate the wind loading on concrete roof pavers on the flat roof of a low rise building. The experiments were performed in Wall of Wind, a large-scale hurricane testing facility at Florida International University. Experiments included both wind blow-off tests and pressure measurements on the top and bottom surfaces of the pavers. The effects of the pavers׳ edge-gap to spacer height ratio and the relative parapet height on the wind performance of roof pavers were also investigated. The results showed that increasing the edge-gap to spacer height ratio parameter decreases the net pressures by enhancing pressure equalization between top and bottom surfaces. Also, increasing the relative parapet height reduces the worst suctions for the parapet heights considered in this study. The resolution of the pressure taps was found to have significant influence on the test results. Too few taps can result in underestimation of the net uplift and overturning moments that can cause failure under strong winds. Guidelines on the resolution and location of pressure taps were provided for better capturing the effects of conical vortices on wind loads on pavers. Results of the wind blow-off tests are compared with those obtained from pressure measurements and a typical practice based on ASCE 7-10 exterior pressures.
The War Machine: Young Men and Violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia

In the early days of the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991–2001) local militias, known as kamajors, emerged among the Mende of southern Sierra Leone to defend a largely unarmed and defenseless civili...
Single Particle Orientation and Rotational Tracking

Fully understanding cell mechanics requires knowledge of both translational and rotational dynamics, as well as their coupling. The knowledge of rotational dynamics in and on live cells remains highly limited and requires further experimental advances through the development and use of new innovative tools and novel simulations for their interpretation. The single particle orientation and rotation tracking (SPORT) technique affords high spatial, angular, and temporal resolutions simultaneously, for visualizing the rotational dynamics of anisotropic plasmonic gold nanorods in living cells under differential interference contrast microscopy. using SPORT, we are acquiring new knowledge on the fundamental models of microtubule-based intracellular transport and nanoparticle-based drug delivery vectors.
Extensive microbial modification of formation water geochemistry: Case study from a Midcontinent sedimentary basin, United States

The Upper Devonian Antrim Shale in the Michigan Basin is an economically significant source of microbially produced methane along the basin margins where meteoric recharge has been focused. Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope compositions of Antrim formation waters show that fresh waters, recharged from Pleistocene glaciation and modern precipitation, suppressed basinal brine salinity to great depths and enhanced methanogenesis. This paper presents results of integrated elemental and isotope analyses of Antrim Shale formation waters from the margins and center of the Michigan Basin, focusing on solute sources and geochemical modifications associated with regionally extensive microbial methanogenesis. Cl-Br-Na systematics reveal that salinity is controlled not only by mixing between variable amounts of basinal brine and meteoric water, but also by halite dissolution where fluids recharged through underlying Devonian carbonate aquifers with localized evaporite deposits. Divalent cations, carbonate system parameters, and carbon isotope compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon have been systematically and profoundly altered by microbial methanogenesis. Large decreases in formation water Ca/Mg and Ca/Sr ratios accompany increasing carbonate alkalinity values in areas with high rates of microbial gas production. Thermodynamic and reaction-path modeling show that these changes are consistent with calcite precipitation during progressive microbial methanogenesis. Similar variations in fluid chemistry are evident in databases from other sedimentary basins containing black shales and coal beds associated with microbial gas. Microbial methanogenesis may play an important role in the geochemical evolution of divalent cation relationships in crustal fluids and should be considered in models of formation water origin and evolution.
Pseudomembranous Colitis: Diagnostic Sensitivity of the Abdominal Plain Radiograph

We performed a retrospective study to determine the incidence of plain radiographic abnormalities in patients with pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). One hundred and fifty-two plain radiographs of the abdomen (taken within 3 days of pseudomembranous colitis diagnosis) from 152 patients with pseudomembranous colitis were reviewed. Forty-eight of 152 (32%) plain radiographs were abnormal, demonstrating: colonic ileus in 48/152 (32%), small bowel ileus in 31/152 (20%), ascites in 10/152 (7%), and nodular haustral thickening in 28/152 (18%). The distribution in 48 patients with colonic ileus included: right colon, 41/48 (86%), transverse colon, 35/48 (72%), and left colon, 26/48 (55%). Distribution in 28 patients with nodular haustral thickening included: right colon, 5/28 (18%), transverse colon, 15/28 (54%), and left colon, 14/28 (50%). Radiographic changes were non-specific in 32% of patients with changes more specific to PMC in only 18%.