cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of CO2 dissolved in aqueous colloidal solutions of silver and gold

The observation of surface-enhanced Raman scatterings (SERS) from CO2 molecules dissolved in aqueous solutions of silver and gold colloids measured with 850 nm near-IR excitation is reported. Different types of surface enhancement and surface-enhanced Raman spectra were observed. The SERS spectrum of CO2 on colloidal gold is in good agreement with the spectrum of CO2 dissolved in water. Two different types of SERS spectra were found for CO2 on colloidal silver. They can be assigned to physisorbed and/or weakly chemisorbed CO2 molecules and to strongly bonded CO2 - negatively charged surface radicals, respectively. The enhancement factor for the stretching mode of carbon dioxide is estimated to be of the order of 102−104, depending on the kinds of metal and types of adsorption, which demonstrates that SERS on colloidal silver or gold particles in solution offers possibilities for detecting CO2 dissolved in liquids at low concentrations.
Rereading The Structure of the American Economy

(1998). Rereading The Structure of the American Economy. Economic Systems Research: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 299-306.
Comparing multiple sensitivities and specificities with different diagnostic criteria: Applications to sexual abuse and sexual health research

When comparing sensitivities and specificities from multiple diagnostic tests, particularly in biomedical research, the different test kits under study are applied to groups of subjects with the same disease status for a disease or medical condition under consideration. Although this process gives rise to clustered or correlated test outcomes, the associated inference issues are well recognized and have been widely discussed in the literature. In mental health and psychosocial research, sensitivity and specificity have also been widely used to study the reliability of instruments for diagnosing mental health and psychiatric conditions and assessing certain behavioral patterns. However, unlike biomedical applications, outcomes are often obtained under varying reference standards or different diagnostic criteria, precluding the application of existing methods for comparing multiple diagnostic tests to such a research setting. In this paper, we develop a new approach to address these problems (including that of missing data) by extending recent work on inference using inverse probability weighted estimates. The approach is illustrated with data from two studies in sexual abuse and health research as well as a limited simulation study, with the latter used to study the performance of the proposed procedure.
Perforated Meckel's diverticulum presenting as a hematocele on scrotal sonography.

Hemorrhage from ectopic gastric mucosa is the most common presenting symptom of Meckel's diverticulum. Diverticular perforation, although rare, is a potentially life-threatening complication. Various imaging modalities can aid in the preoperative detection of Meckel's diverticulum. We report the sonographic findings of a hematocele as the heralding sequela of a perforated Meckel's diverticulum in an 11-month-old boy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013
Multiorgan Autoimmune Inflammation, Enhanced Lymphoproliferation, and Impaired Homeostasis of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mice Lacking the Antioxidant-Activated Transcription Factor Nrf2

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an antioxidant-activated cap “n” collar basic leucine zipper transcription factor. To assess the function of Nrf2 in the antioxidant response, we examined mice with targeted disruption of the Nrf2 gene. Nrf2-null mice developed complex disease manifestations, with a majority exhibiting a lupus-like autoimmune syndrome characterized by multiorgan inflammatory lesions with a marked female predominance, appearance of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in young adulthood, intravascular deposition of immunoglobulin complexes in blood vessels, and premature death due to rapidly progressing membranoproliferative glomerular nephritis. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the null mice showed enhanced proliferative response of CD4+ T cells, altered ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and increased oxidative lesions in tissues. Analyses of antioxidant-induced gene expression showed that the knockout mice were devoid of the basal and inducible expression of certain phase 2 detoxification enzymes and antioxidant genes in hepatic and lymphoid cells in vivo. Our findings suggest that Nrf2 mediates important antioxidant functions involved in the control of peripheral lymphocyte homeostasis and autoimmune surveillance.
Markov and recursive least squares methods for the estimation of data with discontinuities

An algorithm is presented for smoothing data piecewise modeled by linear equations within regions of a one-dimensional or two-dimensional field, from measurements corrupted by additive noise. Its main feature is the combination of Markov random field (MRF) models with recursive least squares (RLS) techniques in order to estimate the model parameters within the regions. Applications to one-dimensional and two-dimensional data are given, with particular emphasis on the segmentation of images with piecewise constant intensity levels. >
Photoaffinity Labeling the Propofol Binding Site in GLIC

Propofol, an intravenous general anesthetic, produces many of its anesthetic effects in vivo by potentiating the responses of GABA type A receptors (GABAAR), members of the superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) that contain anion-selective channels. Propofol also inhibits pLGICs containing cation-selective channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and GLIC, a prokaryotic proton-gated homologue from Gloeobacter violaceus. In the structure of GLIC cocrystallized with propofol at pH 4 (presumed open/desensitized states), propofol was localized to an intrasubunit pocket at the extracellular end of the transmembrane domain within the bundle of transmembrane α-helices (Nury, H, et al. (2011) Nature 469, 428–431). To identify propofol binding sites in GLIC in solution, we used a recently developed photoreactive propofol analogue (2-isopropyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]phenol or AziPm) that acts as an anesthetic in vivo and potentiates GABAAR in vitro. For GLIC expr...
Laparoscopic resection of a giant omental cyst

Omental and mesenteric cysts are uncommon, requiring surgical intervention when symptomatic. A report of a giant primary omental cyst successfully treated utilizing minimal-access surgical techniques is presented. The laparoscopic approach allowed complete, intact excision of the cyst, while decreasing operative morbidity and hospital stay.
Theoretical modeling of coliquefaction reactions of coal and polymers

Abstract Differences have been found in the coliquefaction of polyethylene and polypropylene with Black Thunder coal in the presence of a zeolite catalyst. Conversion and oil yields are higher with the polypropylene-coal system while preasphaltene and asphaltene products are higher in the presence of polyethylene. In an attempt to explain the differences in coliquefaction behavior of the two polymers we have begun quantum chemical studies of the two systems by looking at possible differences in cracking of the two polymers and by investigating hydrogen transfer reactions and addition reactions between toluene and polymer fragments. We find that addition of toluene to the fragments is potentially more important in polyethylene than in polypropylene. This addition leads to higher molecular weight products. In addition, hydrogen transfer to benzylic cations from the polymers occurs at slightly longer distances with polypropylene, indicating a greater synergism in this case than with polyethylene.
Isolation and phenogenetics of a novel circadian rhythm mutant in zebrafish.

Widespread use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in genetic analysis of embryonic development has led to rapid advances in the technology required to generate, map and clone mutated genes. To identify genes involved in the generation and regulation of vertebrate circadian rhythmicity, we screened for dominant mutations that affect the circadian periodicity of larval zebrafish locomotor behavior. In a screen of 6,500 genomes, we recovered 8 homozygous viable, semi-dominant mutants, and describe one of them here. The circadian period of the lager and lime (lagdg2) mutant is shortened by 0.7 h in heterozygotes, and 1.3 h in homozygotes. This mutation also shortens the period of the melatonin production rhythm measured from cultured pineal glands, indicating that the mutant gene product affects circadian rhythmicity at the tissue level, as well as at the behavioral level. This mutation also alters the sensitivity of pineal circadian period to temperature, but does not affect phase shifting responses to light. Linkag...
Slow-roll freezing quintessence

Abstract We examine the evolution of quintessence models with potentials satisfying ( V ′ / V ) 2 ≪ 1 and V ″ / V ≪ 1 , in the case where the initial field velocity is nonzero. We derive an analytic approximation for the evolution of the equation of state parameter, w, for the quintessence field. We show that such models are characterized by an initial rapid freezing phase, in which the equation of state parameter w decreases with time, followed by slow thawing evolution, for which w increases with time. These models resemble constant-V models at early times but diverge at late times. Our analytic approximation gives results in excellent agreement with exact numerical evolution.
The echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

Abstract Echocardiography has become an integral tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in both the fetus and the neonate. The echocardiographic assessment has become of paramount importance for decision-making regarding the type of intervention necessary. Patients can be stratified based primarily upon the tricuspid valve Z -score and right ventricular infundibular anatomy into those patients in whom the pulmonary valve can be opened and by which method. Patients with tricuspid valve Z -scores of >−2.5 have been shown to have almost no risk of having a right ventricular-dependent coronary system and have a high likelihood of achieving a biventricular repair. Those with a patent infundibulum can achieve right ventricular decompression via surgical valvotomy or valvuloplasty in the catheterization lab. Those with a tapering infundibulum generally require an outflow tract patch. Echocardiography is employed after right ventricular decompression to assess: (1) the need for an additional shunt; (2) adequacy of right ventricular decompression; (3) right ventricular growth; and (4) assessment of left ventricular function.
Characterization of the Dimerization Interface of Membrane Type 4 (MT4)-Matrix Metalloproteinase

MT4-MMP (MMP17) belongs to a unique subset of membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases that are anchored to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety. However, little is known about its biochemical properties. Here, we report that MT4-MMP is displayed on the cell surface as a mixed population of monomeric, dimeric, and oligomeric forms. Sucrose gradient fractionation demonstrated that these forms of MT4-MMP are all present in lipid rafts. Mutational and computational analyses revealed that Cys564, which is present within the stem region, mediates MT4-MMP homodimerization by forming a disulfide bond. Substitution of Cys564 results in a more rapid MT4-MMP turnover, when compared with the wild-type enzyme, consistent with a role for dimerization in protein stability. Expression of MT4-MMP in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells enhanced cell migration and invasion of Matrigel, a process that requires catalytic activity. However, a serine substitution at Cys564 did not reduce MT4-MMP-stimulated cell invasion of Matrigel suggesting that homodimerization is not required for this process. Deglycosylation studies showed that MT4-MMP is modified by N-glycosylation. Moreover, inhibition of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin diminished the extent of MT4-MMP dimerization suggesting that N-glycans may confer stability to the dimeric form. Taken together, the data presented here provide a new insight into the characteristics of MT4-MMP and highlight the common and distinct properties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases.
Breeding behavior of yield components and hollow heart in tetraploid-diploid vs. conventionally derived potato hybrids

A factorial mating design with six 4x cultivars as stylar parents mated to three groups of pollen parents (4x cultivars, 4x high protein selections, and 2x S. phureja) was used to study breeding behavior of yield, tuber set, marketable yield and hollow heart in potatoes. Mean yield for the 4x-2x hybrids was equivalent to that of their cultivar parents although yield components, tuber set and average tuber size, were greater and less, respectively, than the cultivar parents. High estimates of general combining ability were found in both pollen and stylar parents for yield, tuber set, marketable yield, number of marketable tubers and hollow heart in all three hybrid populations. Specific combining ability estimates were significant only for yield and hollow heart. Frequency of white-fleshed 4x-2x progeny of five heterozygous yellow-fleshed 2x phureja genotypes was used to confirm cytological identification of a first division restitution mechanism operative in the 2x parents. Although three of these phureja genotypes generated high-yielding progeny, two others produced 4x-2x progeny with mean yield similar to that of hybrids among 4x cultivars.
The Ninth Annual American Association for Cancer Research International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research

The Ninth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research was held in Philadelphia. It is fitting to recognize that it was Philadelphia's famous resident Benjamin Franklin who stated that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Like all valid scientific concepts, this notion has passed the test of time and represents a bedrock concept for the field of cancer prevention. The modern translation of these words constituted the overall theme of the meeting, “Prevention: From Basic Science to Public Health Benefit.” The meeting, which took place on November 7–10, 2010, featured 91 invited speakers, 11 proffered talks, 169 posters, and was attended by nearly 550 people and led to more than 1.7 million media reports. Educational sessions were offered on metabolomics, molecular epidemiology, epigenetics, and novel clinical trial design. Importantly, the meeting brought to light scientific advances that are transforming the field of cancer prevention. These advances provide us with the ability to understand the molecular underpinnings of carcinogenesis in humans and to identify and intervene in disease processes with unprecedented accuracy and power. Through translation of this knowledge we are now seeing benefits at the broad public health level. Recent scientific advances directly support the notion that this impact on public health will only increase. By its very nature, cancer prevention focuses on biological changes associated with the development and early progression of cancer, and on factors that can drive or mitigate such changes. Compared with investigations of advanced states of cancer, cancer prevention provides a relatively pure landscape that serves to optimize the interface between cancer biology, causative factors, and prospective intervention. It thereby provides a powerful platform to advance scientific understanding through which we can leverage highly efficacious intervention. These themes represented prominent highlights of the meeting.
Adsorption isotherms of tri- and tetrachloroethylene by various natural solids

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of tri- and tetrachloroethylene on a variety of natural solids, from aquifer sandstone and marls to upper horizons of various soils. The organic carbon content (foc) of the nine sorbents studied ranged from 0.13 to 1.20% and initial TCE and TeCE aqueous concentration from 1 to 1000 μg l−1. Sorption isotherms are linear and strongly, but not systematically, related to the foc of the solids. The observed partition coefficients are used to calculate retardation factors as a function of aquifer porosity and organic carbon content.
Temperature dependent replication of porcine parvovirus isolates

The replication of four porcine parvovirus isolates, NADL-8, NADL-2, KBSH, and Kresse, in swine testes cells were compared at temperatures of 32, 37, and 39 °C. Replication of the Kresse isolate was restricted at 32 and 37 °C as evidenced by progeny virus, virus polypeptide and viral DNA synthesis, but not at 39 °C. In contrast, replication of KBSH was restricted at 39 °C, but not at 37 or 32 °C. Findings from this study support the contention that replication of KBSH and Kresse isolates are temperature dependent.
Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Spinosad on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

As a selective biological insecticide, spinosad has been used widely for the control of pests including beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To form effective pest control strategies, lethal and sublethal effects should be considered for a complete analysis of spinosad impact. However, few studies have been reported to investigate sublethal effects of spinosad on S. exigua. This study attempts to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad on this pest by recording and analyzing various toxicological and physiological parameters. The toxicity of spinosad against S. exigua was determined under laboratory conditions by oral exposure of late second-instar larvae to the compound. The LC50 values of spinosad to S. exigua at 48 and 72 h after treatment were 0.317 and 0.293 mg x kg(-1), respectively. Spinosad at sublethal concentrations significantly extended the developmental period of survivor larvae, and reduced larval wet weight. Postexposure effects were indicated by decreased pupation ratio and pupal weight, by prolonged prepupal and pupal periods and by decreased emergence ratio, fecundity and longevity of adults. The net replacement rate (Ro) tended to be lower in the exposed spinosad groups than those in the unexposed spinosad group. Intrinsic rate of population increase (r(m)) for the high-dose group (0.365) was significantly lower than the control (0.521) and the low-dose group (0.521), but the latter two were not significantly difference. These results suggest that the combination of lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad might affect S. exigua population dynamics significantly by decreasing its survival and reproduction, and by delaying its development.
Accurate correlation of the second virial coefficients of some 40 chemicals based on an anisotropic square-well potential

A statistical mechanics inspired formulation for the second virial coefficient (B2) correlation is presented. We revisit the formula proposed some 40 years ago based on the simple square-well poten...
The influence of solution-model complexity on phase diagram prediction

In the derivation of phase diagrams using solid- and liquid-solution thermodynamic equilibria, thermodynamic models are used to extrapolate experimental data to a broader range of compositions and temperatures. Such models have historically increased in complexity from the regular-solution formalism, with regard to both temperature and composition dependence of parameters. The regular, quasi-regular, subsubregular, and quasi-subsubregular models have been applied to existing thermodynamic data for four“simple” metallic systems of differing types (Cu-Ni, Pb-Ag, Sn-Zn, and Ge-Mg) to illustrate the effect of more accurate thermodynamic modeling on the resulting predicted phase diagrams. Comparison with the actual phase diagrams demonstrates the relative importance of“nonregularity” in the solution with regard to both composition and temperature in the accuracy of phase diagram prediction.
Evaluating Surface Roughness From Contact Vibrations

This paper examines the relationship between the contact dynamics and the composite surface roughness of two bodies in planar contact. Measurements of the natural contact frequency are obtained for a range of surface roughness levels and normal loads from an apparatus which isolates the contact dynamics of two steel blocks from all other system dynamics. The normal contact dynamics of the contacting components are modeled with a single-degree-of-freedom system which incorporates the Greenwood and Williamson surface roughness model. Analytical and empirical expressions relating the normal natural contact frequency and roughness parameters, such as the standard deviation of asperity heights and the average roughness value, are developed. Both theory and experiments show that the contact frequency increases with a decrease in the composite roughness and vice versa; a power law relation between the contact frequency and the roughness parameters is found in most cases. The results of this work indicate that it may be possible to use contact vibration as a means for assessing or monitoring composite roughness parameters of surfaces in contact
A Comparison of RANS and LES of an Industrial Lean Premixed Burner

LES and RANS simulations of a Siemens scaled combustor are compared against comprehensive experimental data. The steady RANS simulation modeled one quarter of the geometry with 8M polyhedral cells using the SST-k-ω model. Unsteady LES simulations were performed on the quarter geometry (90°, 8M cells) as well as the full geometry (360°, 32M cells) using the WALE sub-grid model and dynamic evaluation of model coefficients. Aside from the turbulence model, all other models are identical for the RANS and LES. Combustion was modeled with the Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) model, which represents the thermo-chemistry by mixture fraction and reaction progress. RANS simulations are performed using Zimont and Peters turbulent flame speed (TFS) expressions with default model constants, as well as the kinetic rate from the FGM. The flame speed stalls near the wall with the TFS models, predicting a flame brush that extends to the combustor outlet, which is inconsistent with measurements. The FGM kinetic source model shows improved flame position predictions. The LES predictions of mean and rms axial velocity, mixture fraction and temperature do not show improvement over the RANS. All three simulations over-predict the turbulent mixing in the inner recirculation zone, causing flatter profiles than measurements. This over-mixing is exacerbated in the 900 case. The experiments show evidence of heat loss and the adiabatic simulations presented here might be improved by including wall heat-loss and radiation effects.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Local adaptation, varietal diversity and the skewness of regional crop yields

Abstract On grounds of theory, anecdote and intuition, it is argued that crop varieties that are well adapted to local conditions will tend to have negatively skewed yield distributions. Conversely, when varieties are widely adopted that do not feature close local adaptation, and varietal diversity is substantially reduced, yields may tend to be other than negatively skewed. These arguments are supported by data on yields of different crops in different environments around the world. Analogous arguments concerning the degree of optimality of the crop-growng environment and the state of technological achievements of an agriculture are also similarly addressed. As the degree of control in an environment increases, yields again tend to be negatively skewed in contrast to those environments which are regulated but sub-optimal, where positive skewness tends to be encountered.
A Shock-Tube, Laser-Schlieren Study of the Dissociation of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane: An Intrinsic Non-RRKM Process

We report a shock-tube, laser-schlieren investigation of the molecular dissociation of the title trifluoroethane, CF 3 CH 3 → CH 2 CF 2 + HF, over very high temperatures, 1600-2400 K, and a wide range of sub-atmospheric pressures, 15-550 Torr. The density gradients are well fit by a simple two-reaction mechanism and accurate dissociation rates obtained. The results are compared with a k ∞ calculated from a G3 TS for this molecular elimination, which is a superb fit to the available lower-T data and a reliable extrapolation of k ∞ to high temperatures. The derived rate constants show a very deep falloff from this extrapolation but surprisingly little variation with pressure. This peculiarity is so severe that RRKM calculations dramatically fail to account for the behavior. The dissociation seems to be a clear example of an intrinsic non-RRKM process (nonstatistical dissociation). This conclusion is strongly supported by the observation of double vibrational relaxation at both dissociating and nondissociating temperatures, an unambiguous demonstration of slow IVR. Using a simple model with division into two groups of states, the deep falloff is found to be consistent with a rate-controlling slow IVR, not with low collision efficiency. The model suggests an IVR rate of ∼10 8 s - 1 for dissociation energies.
HLA-G: an asthma gene on chromosome 6p.

Recently, the nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene, HLA-G, was identified as an asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness susceptibility locus on 6p21 by linkage studies followed by positional cloning in white families ascertained in Chicago as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma. HLA-G is most highly expressed in placental cells at the maternal-fetal interface, where it inactivates maternal immune cells, skews the immune system toward a Th2 phenotype, and plays a key role in inducing maternal tolerance toward the genetically foreign fetus. It is also expressed in adult cells, such as bronchial epithelial cells, particularly during inflammatory responses. This gene also may participate in immune responses in the asthmatic lung and influence the cytokine profile in response to inhaled allergens.
The future of evolutionary economics: can we break out of the beachhead?

This essay contemplates the possible futures of evolutionary economics in terms of two contrasting images. In the first, the primary research emphasis of the future will continue to be on the topics that have interested evolutionary economists in the past, such as technological change, business behavior, and the role of institutions. Research contributions in these focal areas and in some related areas are briefly characterized. In the second image, there is a breakout from this ‘beachhead’ and a broader conflict with the reigning paradigm, neoclassical economics. Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions provides a framework and stimulus for thinking about the latter case, and the 20th century paradigm conflict in physics provides a baseline for thinking about it. The core strengths of evolutionary economics in the paradigm conflict are noted, and the evolutionary role of intentionality is examined No definitive prediction about the future is offered.
Utilization of Supplemental Fat by Dairy Cows Fed Diets Varying in Content of Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Sixteen Jersey cows were used in a Latin square design to determine milk production and composition when the cows were fed supplemental fat in diets varying in nonstructural carbohydrate content. Eight cows were used in a second experiment to assess ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibilities. Diets were 1) high nonstructural carbohydrates, no added fat; 2) high nonstructural carbohydrates, 2.5% added fat; 3) low nonstructural carbohydrates, no added fat; and 4) low nonstructural carbohydrates, 2.5% added fat. Diets consisted of alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and concentrate (22:22:56, DM basis). Soyhulls replaced corn grain in diets 3 and 4; high and low diets contained 37.3 and 27.2% nonstructural carbohydrate. The DMI, milk production, and milk fat content were not affected by fat or nonstructural carbohydrates, although milk production tended to be higher when cows were fed fat. Fatty acid composition and N distribution of milk were unchanged by nonstructural carbohydrates. Supplemental fat decreased contents of CP, casein N, and true protein N in milk. Low nonstructural carbohydrates increased total VFA concentration and percentage of acetate and decreased percentages of propionate and butyrate in ruminal fluid. Total fatty acid digestibility decreased when cows were fed fat. Digestibilities of fiber components and total fatty acids were higher for diets low in nonstructural carbohydrates. Dietary content of nonstructural carbohydrates did not affect production of milk or milk components by Jersey cows fed supplemental fat.
Richard Doll and Alice Stewart: Reputation and the Shaping of Scientific "Truth"

As the world watched the Fukushima reactors release radionuclides into the ocean and atmosphere, the warnings of Dr. Alice Stewart about radiation risk and the reassurances of Sir Richard Doll assumed renewed relevance. Doll and Stewart, pioneer cancer epidemiologists who made major contributions in the 1950s-he by demonstrating the link between lung cancer and smoking, she by discovering that fetal X-rays double the chance of a childhood cancer-were locked into opposition about low-dose radiation risk. When she went public with the discovery that radiation at a fraction of the dose "known" to be dangerous could kill a child, her reputation plummeted, whereas Doll, foremost among her detractors, was knighted and lauded as "the world's most distinguished medical epidemiologist" for his work. Their lives and careers, so closely intertwined, took contrary courses, he becoming "more of the establishment" (as he said), while she became more oppositional. When it was discovered, after his death, that he'd been taking large sums of money from industries whose chemicals he was clearing of cancer risk, his reputation remained unscathed; it is now enshrined in the "Authorized Biography" (2009) commissioned by the Wellcome Institute, along with Doll's denigration of Stewart as an "embittered" woman and biased scientist. Stewart lived long enough to see radiation science move her way, to see international committees affirm, in the 1990s, that there is no threshold beneath which radiation ceases to be dangerous; recent evidence from Chernobyl is bearing out her warnings. But a look at the making and breaking of these reputations reveals the power of status, position, and image to shape scientific "knowledge" and social policy.
Ecophysiological characteristics of four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti

Combining empirical research with simulation modeling may improve our understanding of the dynamics of crop:weed competition and for testing hypotheses on the importance of specific traits for enhancing crop performance in mixtures. Two field experiments were conducted to quantify and compare estimates of traits important for radiation interception and utilization in four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti grown in monoculture. Early leaf area growth rate did not vary among maize hybrids within a year, but varied among years. The response of CO 2 assimilation rate to absorbed radiation and leaf nitrogen content did not differ among hybrids. Abutilon theophrasti and two old maize hybrids partitioned more new biomass to stem relative to reproductive organs than newer hybrids. Old hybrids had greater specific leaf area during the period of most rapid growth, grew taller, and leaf area was distributed higher in their canopy. Extinction coefficients for diffuse radiation did not differ among hybrids or between years. Results suggest that these four maize hybrids may differ in their ability to intercept incident radiation, which may influence their ability to compete for light.
Fermentation reactions of Pseudomonas caviae and its serological relationship to aeromonads.

Abstract Liu, Pinghui V. (University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky.). Fermentation reactions of Pseudomonas caviae and its serological relationship to aeromonads. J. Bacteriol. 83:750–753. 1962.—Pseudomonas caviae was found to ferment carbohydrates instead of oxidizing them. This characteristic would seem to eliminate this organism from the genus Pseudomonas and place it in the genus Aeromonas. It was identified as A. liquefaciens, by its species-specific extracellular antigens and by neutralization of its enzyme.
An organization's search for meaning: A humanistic and existential theory of organizational identity and voice

Drawing on humanistic and existential psychology, the author suggests that organizations are similar to living entities that experience emotions and struggle with questions of meaning and existence and that the work of leading human organizations is similar to the work of counseling human beings. From this foundation, he characterizes organizational development work as the maturing capacity of organizations to create meaning in the context of dynamic and multifaceted change. The author provides summaries of the major components of existential and humanistic psychology and applies them to organization theory. He concludes by presenting a synthesized model for humanistic-existential organization theory while integrating implications for practice and future research.
Increased risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of cirrhosis sometimes implicated in hepatic decompensation. There are no consistent epidemiologic data to suggest an increased risk of thrombotic complications in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, research suggests an increased risk of thrombosis. Our aim was to examine the independent association between NASH cirrhosis and PVT in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) in a cross-sectional study. Data on all LTs occurring in the United States between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2012 were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. Multivariable models were constructed to assess the statistical associations and risk factors for the development of PVT. A total of 33,368 patients underwent transplantation. Of these, 2096 (6.3%) had PVT. Of the patients with PVT, 12.0% had NASH. When we compared these patients to a composite of all other causes of cirrhosis, an increased prevalence of PVT was again found, with 10.1% having PVT at the time of transplantation versus 6.0% without NASH (P < 0.001). The strongest risk factor independently associated with a diagnosis of PVT in a multivariable analysis was NASH cirrhosis (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-1.81; P < 0.001). NASH cirrhosis appears to predispose a patient to PVT independently of other risk factors. These epidemiological findings provide support for the idea that NASH is a prothrombotic state, and they should lead to more research in treatment and prevention in this population. Liver Transpl 21:1016-1021, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Persistent mechanical linkage between sister chromatids throughout anaphase

In budding yeast, we have found that sister rDNA arrays marked with fluorescent probes can be visualized as two distinguishable strands during metaphase. Upon anaphase, these arm loci are drawn into the spindle, where they adopt a cruciform-like structure and stretch 2.5-fold as they migrate to the poles. Therefore, while sister rDNA arrays appear separated in metaphase, mechanical linkages between sister arm loci persist throughout anaphase in yeast, as shown in grasshopper spermatocytes (Paliulis and Nicklas 2004). These linkages are partially dependent on the protector of cohesin, SGO1. In anaphase, the spatially regulated dissolution of these mechanical linkages serves to prevent premature sister separation and restrain the rate of spindle elongation. Thus, sister separation is temporally controlled and linkages between sister chromatids contribute to the regulation of anaphase spindle elongation.
Soft tissue enhancement on time-resolved peripheral magnetic resonance angiography.

PURPOSE To evaluate the incidence and locations of soft tissue enhancement on time-resolved two-dimensional projection magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the calf and foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time-resolved two-dimensional projection MRA of the knee, calf, and foot, performed at 1.5 Tesla using the head coil, was retrospectively reviewed in 326 patients. Soft tissue enhancement of the foot was identified and graded by blinded review. Subsequently, patient medical records were reviewed to determine the presence or absence of diabetes, cellulitis, gangrene, and ulceration of the foot and presence of neuropathic joints. RESULTS Enhancing spots were identified in 228 patients. For those feet without clinical abnormalities, diabetic patients had an average of 1.2 enhancing spots per foot, while nondiabetics had only 0.6 (P < 0.001). Higher-grade lesions were more prevalent in diabetics and in heavier patients. Of 64 patients with follow-up, 8 (13%) developed cellulitis (N = 4) or ulceration (N = 4) at the location of an enhancing spot, including 5 diabetic and 3 nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION Pedal soft tissue enhancement frequently occurs on time-resolved gadolinium (Gd):MRA of the feet. The etiology is uncertain, but the high frequency in diabetic patients and observation of progression to cellulitis/ulceration suggest this soft tissue enhancement may identify sites of subclinical pedal soft tissue injury.
Two efficient syntheses of (±)-anti-N-benzyl-3-amino-4-hydroxyhexahydroazepine

Abstract Functionalization of e-caprolactam ( 3 ) or Beckmann rearrangement of the syn-oxime derivative of 3-ethoxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one ( 12 ) provided efficient and high-yielding syntheses of (±)-anti-N-benzyl-3-amino-4-hydroxyhexahydroazepine ( 2 ), a key intermediate for the syntheses of racemic balanol and its analogs.
"Take Two Acres and Call Me in the Morning": Is Land Reform a Prescription for Peasant Unrest?

Although land reform is often portrayed as a remedy for rural unrest, its effectiveness at inoculating rural populations against the appeals of insurgent movements has yet to be established By comparing land reform programs in Peru and El Salvador, I assess its effects on the distribution of popular support between rebels and regime, the limits on its ability to restore support for the regime, and the impact of other counterinsurgency tactics-especially repressive violence-on the effectiveness of agrarian reform as a counterinsurgency device Both reform programs were intended to preempt popular support for insurgencies Yet, Sendero Luminoso built its civilian support base after land reform, and insurgent violence persisted for more than a decade after the initiation of land reform in El Salvador. In both cases, repressive violence by the state undermined the remedial effects of land reform on popular support for the regime.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF POSITIVE IMAGERY IN THE TREATMENT OF PHOBIAS

This investigation examined the relative effectiveness of positive imagery and activeinvolvement imagery in the systematic desensitization treatment of phobias. Immediately after imagining hierarchy phobic scenes, clients in the positive imagery group (N = 9) imagined pleasant, relaxing scenes while clients in the activeinvolvement imagery group (N = 10) imagined themselves attempting to cope directly with the phobic stimulus and behaving in a relaxed and competent manner. At the end of treatment both groups showed substantial and equal improvement in the severity of their specific fear compared to a waiting list control group (N = 6). The positive imagery group showed greater reductions in general distress and obsessivecompulsive symptomatology. Follow-up assessment conducted one year after the termination of therapy revealed that the improvement was maintained in both treatment groups. On within treatment measures, the positive imagery group showed greater reductions in forehead electromygraphic activity during phobic scenes after repeated presentations of the phobic scene-positive scene sequence and the active-involvement imagery group showed greater reductions in self-report of fear across repeated presentations of their imagery sequence. The clinical usefulness of the imagery treatments and their theoretical foundations are discussed.
Accurate self characterization and correction of A/D converter performance

A new algorithm based on a code density test to measure Integral Non-linearity (INL) of Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters is introduced. This algorithm uses as an input two related but unknown 'ramp-like' signals that can be practically generated on-chip and the corresponding code-density histogram. The algorithm inherently characterizes both the A/D converter and the inconsequential input. This algorithm finds applications in self-calibrating A/D converters as well as providing capability for Built-In Self-Test, where generation of an on-chip ramp input test signal of 8bits accuracy or more is a challenge.
Long-Term Changes in Water Quality and Productivity in the Patuxent River Estuary: 1985 to 2003

We conducted a quantitative assessment of estuarine ecosystem responses to reduced phosphorus and nitrogen loading from sewage treatment facilities and to variability in freshwater flow and nonpoint nutrient inputs to the Patuxent River estuary. We analyzed a 19-year dataset of water quality conditions, nutrient loading, and climatic forcing for three estuarine regions and also computed monthly rates of net production of dissolved O2 and physical transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) using a salt- and water-balance model. Point-source loading of DIN and DIP to the estuary declined by 40–60% following upgrades to sewage treatment plants and correlated with parallel decreases in DIN and DIP concentrations throughout the Patuxent. Reduced point-source nutrient loading and concentration resulted in declines in phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and light-saturated carbon fixation, as well as in bottom-layer O2 consumption for upper regions of the estuary. Despite significant reductions in seaward N transport from the middle to lower estuary, chl-a, turbidity, and surface-layer net O2 production increased in the lower estuary, especially during summer. This degradation of water quality in the lower estuary appears to be linked to a trend of increasing net inputs of DIN into the estuary from Chesapeake Bay and to above-average river flow during the mid-1990s. In addition, increased abundance of Mnemiopsis leidyi significantly reduced copepod abundance during summer from 1990 to 2002, which favored increases in chl-a and allowed a shift in total N partitioning from DIN to particulate organic nitrogen. These analyses illustrate (1) the value of long-term monitoring data, (2) the need for regional scale nutrient management that includes integrated estuarine systems, and (3) the potential water quality impacts of altered coastal food webs.
Step-by-step decoding of the Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem codes

A new and conceptually simple decoding procedure is developed for all of the cyclic Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. If t is the number of errors guaranteed correctable by the Bose-Chaudhuri bound, then any pattern of t or fewer errors can be corrected in a step-by-step manner using this procedure. In the binary case, the method requires only the determination of whether a t \times t matrix is singular. In the general case, the method requires only the determination of whether a t \times t matrix and a (t+1) \times (t+1) matrix are simultaneously singular. Circuits to implement the algorithm are developed and two detailed examples are given. Finally, the step-by-step procedure is compared to other known methods for decoding the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes.
Loss of heterozygosity analysis of cutaneous melanoma and benign melanocytic nevi: laser capture microdissection demonstrates clonal genetic changes in acquired nevocellular nevi.

Abstract The molecular pathology of the common nevocellular nevus (NCN) and its relationship to the genetic model of malignant melanoma (MM) progression has not been fully characterized. We used laser capture microdissection of archival formalin-fixed material to study 34 melanocytic lesions (19 MM and 15 NCN). Twelve of the 15 NCN were acquired, 3 of which were congenital; none had dysplastic features. Ten polymorphic markers on five chromosomal regions (1p36, 6q22-23.3, 8p22-24, 10q23, and 11q23) were selected for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, based on previous studies demonstrating involvement in MM pathogenesis and progression. Loss of heterozygosity at any allelic locus was observed in 18 of 19 (95%) MM and in 9 of 15 (60%) NCN. Of the three congenital nevi analyzed, none showed LOH at any informative locus. The frequency of allelic loss was highest in the MM at 6q22-23.3 (64%), followed by 10q23 (62%), 8p22-24 (43%), 11q23 (43%), and 1p36 (13%). In the 15 NCN, the most frequent allelic losses were detected at 6q22-23.3 (29%), 1p36 (27%), and 10q23 (25%), with lower frequencies of LOH at 11q23 (10%) and 8p22-24 (7%). LOH at a single polymorphic marker, D6S1038, was detected in 70% of the MM and in 36% of the NCN, suggesting the presence of putative tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) critical in melanocytic neoplasia at 6q22-23.3. The presence of clonal genetic alterations in acquired NCN justifies their classification as a benign neoplasm. The pattern of LOH in NCN is not random; rather, the relative frequencies of LOH at the chromosomal regions examined are consistent with a multistep model of MM progression that begins with NCN. Molecular analysis of NCN reiterates established epidemiologic and morphologic notions that NCN are precursor lesions for MM. H UM P ATHOL 33:191-197. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) increases corticosterone in male and female rats.

Summary Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the genes for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the PAC1 receptor have been associated with several psychiatric disorders whose etiology has been associated with stressor exposure and/or dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In rats, exposure to repeated variate stress has been shown to increase PACAP and its cognate PAC1 receptor expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region implicated in anxiety and depression-related behaviors as well as the regulation of HPA axis activity. We have argued that changes in BNST PACAP signaling may mediate the changes in emotional behavior and dysregulation of the HPA axis associated with anxiety and mood disorders. The current set of studies was designed to determine whether BNST PACAP infusion leads to activation of the HPA axis as determined by increases in plasma corticosterone. We observed an increase in plasma corticosterone levels 30 min following BNST PACAP38 infusion in male and female rats, which was independent of estradiol (E2) treatment in females, and we found that plasma corticosterone levels were increased at both 30 min and 60 min, but returned to baseline levels 4 h following the highest dose. PACAP38 infusion into the lateral ventricles immediately above the BNST did not alter plasma corticosterone level, and the increased plasma corticosterone following BNST PACAP was not blocked by BNST corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonism. These results support others suggesting that BNST PACAP plays a key role in regulating stress responses.