cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of continuous countercurrent mass-transfer processes—IV. Multicomponent waves and asymmetric dynamics

Abstract This paper complements the approximate dynamic model of multicomponent countercurrent mass-transfer processes presented in Part III based on an adaptation of the equilibrium coherence theory for fixed-bed sorption to countercurrent operation. The numerical technique presented in Part II has been extended to multicomponent systems. Resulting from the numerical solution, the nonlinear wave behavior under nonequilibrium conditions has verified that the coherence theory provides good predictions of dynamic response patterns. In addition, a cause-and-effect analysis has been performed on “asymmetric dynamics” in multicomponent systems, and has shown that such a phenomenon is a natural consequence of nonlinear wave behavior. An effective simple control strategy has been proposed to combat such an unfavorable phenomenon.
A 26-year experience with vest-over-pants technique platysmarrhaphy.

Background: The purpose of this article is to review the efficacy of the vest-over-pants technique for elimination of the platysma bands and improvement of the cervicomental angle. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 88 patients with neck aging selected randomly by a visiting fellow and a medical student. The collected information included patient demographics, cervical surgical techniques, and complications. Patient photographs obtained preoperatively and at least 8 months postoperatively were compared on front and profile views to determine the visibility of the platysmal bands and the neck contouring. Through an incision placed anterior to the submental crease, the platysma borders were identified and elevated. After completion of the other intended procedures, the platysma borders were then overlapped using the vest-over-pants technique with 4-0 Mersilene. Results: The mean patient age was 57.56 years. There were 76 women (86.4 percent) and 12 men (13.6 percent). The average follow-up was 28.8 months. Of the 88 patients, 93.2 percent underwent concomitant rhytidectomy, 94.3 percent underwent submental lipectomy, 95.9 percent underwent submandibular contouring, 61.4 percent underwent removal of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and 5.7 percent underwent suspension or partial or total excision of the submandibular salivary gland. None of the patients had residual recurrence of the platysma bands during the follow-up period. Conclusion: On the basis of the detailed analysis of this group of patients and 26-year experience with this technique, the authors conclude that this procedure provides logical and enduring elimination of prominent platysma bands and suspension of neck structures.
Contrast nephropathy: are short-term outcome measures adequate for quantification of long-term renal risk?

This Practice Point commentary discusses the findings of a prospective observational study by Weisbord et al. that attempted to quantify the incidence and outcomes of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD). These data are set in the context of recent observations linking acute kidney injury with the progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease. The commentary also asks whether standard short-term clinical outcome measures—i.e. changes in serum creatinine—are adequate to assess the risk of disease progression in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD.
Lattice instability in the AlMgB14 structure

The lattice dynamics of the AlMgB14 structure is characterized by phonon vibrational modes that are calculated from first-principles methods. The stoichiometric composition of AlMgB14 is found to have three soft phonon modes, which have displacements associated with metal atoms vibrating against the B lattice. This lattice instability is believed to be associated with the occupation of electronic states in the conduction bands. The off-stoichiometric occupation sweeps the Fermi level from the conduction band into the gap, and as a result the observed soft phonon modes are driven away. Based on a simple electron counting scheme, as also discussed by Mori [39], it is observed that stable XYB14 compounds have between 15 and 16 electrons contributed to the B-lattice from the metal species.
A Receptance Formula for General Second Degree Square Lambda Matrices.

Abstract : A computational algorithm utilizing the free vibration modes of a structure is presented for calculating receptances. The usual eigen-system computed for large structural models is incomplete; hence the receptances are approximate. The formulas developed here increased receptance accuracy compared to classical spectral representations. Receptances are used extensively in eigensolution reanalysis, design and synthesis and also for forced harmonic response studies. In these areas receptance approaches offer a popular alternative to Rayleigh Ritz subspace type methods. Structural models represented by non-symmetric mass, damping and stiffness matrices, which occur frequently in rotating structures, may be treated using the receptance formulas presented. The receptance matrix derived is applicable to general, 2nd degree, square lambda matrices. This generalizes the receptance matrix commonly associated with matrix pencils. (Author)
Design guidelines for the forced-air cooling process of strawberries

The complex structure of the package systems currently used by the strawberry industry has prevented an efficient design of the forced-air cooling process. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which different design parameters affect the rate and uniformity of cooling, using a previously validated computational fluid dynamics model. The results indicated that the vent area has a significant effect on the cooling rate, but not on its uniformity. A design that reduces bypassing will not necessarily increase the cooling rate, because there is less bypass air to cool down the air exiting from each clamshell, so that the air entering the next clamshell becomes warmer. Periodic airflow reversal improves the rate and homogeneity of the cooling process.
Isozyme patterns of salmonid fishes: Evidence for multiple cistrons for lactate dehydrogenase polypeptides

Starch gel electrophoretic and molecular hybridization studies indicate that the genomes of rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and brown (S. trutta) trouts may code for eight electrophoretically distinct types of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) subunits. The interactions of these subunits in vivo produce eighteen isozymes. These isozymes are naturally arranged into four groups, designated a, b, d, and e, on the basis of physico-chemical properties. Groups a, b, and d each consist of five isozymes while group e is composed of three isozymes. An obvious tissue specific distribution of the isozyme groups is observed. Like the rainbow and brown trouts, other salmonids such as the Atlantic salmon (S. salar), sockeye (Onchorynchus nerka), and bloater (Coregonus hoyi) possess numerous LDH isozymes. Also, we and others have detected an unusual multiplicity of molecular forms of other proteins in Salmonidae. Representatives of the Osmeridae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Argentidae, and Esocidae, which are closely related families, possess no more than five LDH isozymes. Moreover, salmonids contain twice as much DNA per cell and have karyotypes which show about twice as many chromosome arms as certain closely related forms. From these observations, it has been concluded that salmonids are tetraploids. In our view, it seems most likely that they arose through allotetraploidization of a primitive hybrid ancestor.
Resilience and variability following oil spill disasters.

© 2012 Guilford Publications, Inc. George A. Bonanno, Ph.D., is Professor of Clinical Psychology in the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Columbia University in New York City. Address correspondence to George Bonanno, Deparatment of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College Box 218, Columbia University, 525 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027. E-mail: Gab38@columbia.edu Commentary on “Lessons Learned from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill” Bonanno
WE-G-103-09: The Impact of Mammography Physics Instrumentation On Entrance Air Kerma and Mean Glandular Dose

Purpose: Recent mammography equipment evaluations for new installations showed discrepancies in measurements of parameters related to MGD with different physics instrumentation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reasons for these discrepancies for two major vendors of mammography equipment. Methods: This study tested GE Essential and Hologic Dimensions units (6 target‐filter combinations) with 4 instruments from 3 vendors using techniques specified by ACR and in agreement with manufacturers recommendations. Relative MGDs were calculated from measured entrance air kerma (EAK), kVp and HVL for each target‐filter combination at fixed mAs for each instrument. The effect of each parameter on MGD was evaluated independently. Particular attention was paid to the relevant kVps (28–30) and target‐filter combinations required for mammography phantom MGD calculations by interpolation from published dose tables. Results: EAK was found to be nearly independent of field size and varied nearly linearly with kVp for all instruments. In the range of kVps for phantom MGD measurements, a measured error as large as 1 kV had very small (0.5–1.5%) impact on decreasing MGD, whereas +5% error in HVL reduced MGD by 4%. Errors in instrument response for kVp and HVL of these magnitudes were seen and reported separately. For the 6 target‐filter combinations and all instruments, the variability in calculated MDG ranged from −5.8% to +5.3%. Analysis of each relevant parameter independently for two instruments showed occasional fortuitous compensations between errors in HVL and EAK that reduced the total error in MGD from 10% to 5%. Conclusion: Discrepancies in measured EAK are likely to be attributed to the fact that NIST beams for mammography calibrations are limited to Mo/Mo. Errors reported here Result from measurements made with extreme care in a well‐defined setup. Larger errors in a typical clinical setting could reasonably be expected.
Theory of spherulitic crystallization

Abstract I show that diffusion-controlled growth can account for the occurrence of spherulites, their small-angle non-crystallographic branching, and the linear form of their radial growth rate. The characteristic dimension of the large-scale morphology is predicted to scale with √δ, where δ is the diffusion length. These results provide quantitative support for the mechanism of spherulitic growth proposed by Keith and Padden.
Commentary on “seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood: The children of duplessis

It is likely that many “civilized” nations have hidden somewhere in their social and institutional histories horrendous scandals similar to the French Canadian “Children of Duplessis." Named after the arch–conservative Premier of Quebec, Maurice Duplessis, who ruled with an iron fist during the late 1940s and into the 1950s, thousands of children were housed in institutions run by the Catholic Church. Labeled as “orphans,” many were, in fact, born out of wedlock at a time and into a society that sought to keep such transgressions secret. As a result of activism by a few who have gone public with their personal stories, there are growing demands for recognition and compensation from a society that ignored, exploited, or stigmatized them for most of their lives. Investigative news reports further allege that hundreds to thousands were subjected to lobotomies, mind-controlling drugs, and other psychiatric experimentation by the CIA, that they routinely suffered harsh discipline and cruel punishments, and were victims of unchecked physical, sexual, and emotional abuse by their religious caretakers. Accounts of a mass grave of Duplessis children, locally known as the “pigsty,” near Montreal and other horrors continue to surface in the Canadian press, although the truth of these claims has yet to be officially established. Against this background of hidden history and sensational media reports, Perry and colleagues systematically investigated the lives and late adulthood outcomes of the children of Duplessis. This descriptive account of 7 individuals is drawn from a larger statistical study of 81 Duplessis children now in late adulthood. Not surprisingly, that study found considerable negative consequences attributable to their institutionalized childhoods. Their purpose is to briefly tell representative life stories framed by empirical indices of trauma, childhood attachments, childhood strengths and protective factors, social supports, personality defenses, and psychiatric symptoms. It is noteworthy that they state that their attempts at constructing a random sample “was blocked by the respective religious, social and government agencies, on advice of their counsels, necessitating the use of a self–help organization for case finding.” Official interference is also commonly reported in investigative media accounts and lends credence to allegations of a conspiracy by the Quebec government and Catholic Church to hide their past involvement and potential culpability for this tragic chapter. Although accounts of the effects of chronic institutionalization on children can be traced to post–World War II reports of “hospitalism” by Spitz, “affect deprivation” by Lowrey, and “environmental retardation” by Gesell and Amatruda, few have addressed the long–term consequences in adulthood. Psychiatry 69(4) Winter 2006 333
N-cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion promotes cell migration in a three-dimensional matrix

Cancer cells that originate from epithelial tissues typically lose epithelial specific cell–cell junctions, but these transformed cells are not devoid of cell–cell adhesion proteins. Using hepatocyte-growth-factor-treated MDCK cells that underwent a complete epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, we analyzed cell–cell adhesion between these highly invasive transformed epithelial cells in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix. In a 3D matrix, these transformed cells formed elongated multicellular chains, and migrated faster and more persistently than single cells in isolation. In addition, the cell clusters were enriched with stress-fiber-like actin bundles that provided contractile forces. N-cadherin-knockdown cells failed to form cell–cell junctions or migrate, and the expression of the N-cadherin cytoplasmic or extracellular domain partially rescued the knockdown phenotype. By contrast, the expression of N-cadherin–α-catenin chimera rescued the knockdown phenotype, but individual cells within the cell clusters were less mobile. Together, our findings suggest that a dynamic N-cadherin and actin linkage is required for efficient 3D collective migration.
Effects of the anti-calmodulin drugs calmidazolium and trifluoperazine on 45Ca transport in plasmalemmal vesicles from gastric smooth muscle.

Abstract The anti-calmodulin drugs calmidazolium (CMZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP) were shown to have a number of effects on 45 Ca transport by plasmalemmal vesicles from gastric smooth muscle. Although these compounds produced the expected dose-dependent inhibition of the plasmalemmal ATP-dependent Ca 2+ transport system, they also evoked a Ca 2+ release comparable to that observed in the presence of the Ca 2+ ionophore, ionomycin. This increased transmembrane Ca 2+ flux was so large that it accounted for much of the apparent decrease in 45 Ca uptake produced by these agents. Thus, direct effects of CMZ and TFP on ATP-dependent 45 Ca uptake could only be reliably assessed for brief (≤30 seconds) drug exposures. The explanation for the observed effects of CMZ and TFP on membrane Ca 2+ permeability is unclear. The increased transmembrane Ca 2+ flux may reflect nonspecific effects on membrane permeability or it may reflect a specific interaction of the anticalmodulin drugs with a Ca 2+ release channel or with the Ca 2+ transport ATPase. In any case, these results suggest the need for caution in the design and interpretation of studies using both CMZ and TFP as anticalmodulin agents.
Modeling presentation layers of web applications for testing

Web software applications have become complex, sophisticated programs that are based on novel computing technologies. Their most essential characteristic is that they represent a different kind of software deployment—most of the software is never delivered to customers’ computers, but remains on servers, allowing customers to run the software across the web. Although powerful, this deployment model brings new challenges to developers and testers. Checking static HTML links is no longer sufficient; web applications must be evaluated as complex software products. This paper focuses on three aspects of web applications that are unique to this type of deployment: (1) an extremely loose form of coupling that features distributed integration, (2) the ability that users have to directly change the potential flow of execution, and (3) the dynamic creation of HTML forms. Taken together, these aspects allow the potential control flow to vary with each execution, thus the possible control flows cannot be determined statically, prohibiting several standard analysis techniques that are fundamental to many software engineering activities. This paper presents a new way to model web applications, based on software couplings that are new to web applications, dynamic flow of control, distributed integration, and partial dynamic web application development. This model is based on the notion of atomic sections, which allow analysis tools to build the analog of a control flow graph for web applications. The atomic section model has numerous applications in web applications; this paper applies the model to the problem of testing web applications.
Buried Silicide Synthesis and Strain in Cobalt-Implanted Silicon

Silicon (001) substrates were implanted with 350 keV Co at room temperature and 450/sup 0/C with fluence of from 1 x 10/sup 17/ Co/cm/sup 2/ to 6 x 10/sup 17/ Co/cm/sup 2/. All samples were annealed at 1000/sup 0/C in order to form the CoSi/sub 2/ phase. Concentration profiles were determined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and the associated strain profiles were analyzed with double-crystal x-ray rocking curve measurements. Ion channeling was also used to characterize the silicide formation and crystal quality. An implantation of 6 x 10/sup 17/ Co/cm/sup 2/ at 450/sup 0/C forms a single-crystal CoSi/sub 2/ layer while lower fluences do not. A continuous, buried CoSi/sub 2/ single-crystal layer is formed for the 3 x 10/sup 17/ Co/cm/sup 2/ sample implanted at 450/sup 0/C and annealed at 1000/sup 0/C. The continuous CoSi/sub 2/ layer is thicker than the critical layer thickness for a fully coherent film, and therefore the layer partially relaxes. A relaxation of 50% of the fully coherent value is observed for this buried silicide system. 5 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Aging and proprioception

An experiment was performed which examined the proprioception accuracy of young (20–25 yrs) and elderly (70–80 yrs) subjects on an upper extremity matching task. The subjects performed the task under conditions which required them to primarily rely on proprioception input (constrained movements) or allowed them the additional use of a goal-directed motor outflow (preselected movements) to assist in their matching. Of main interest was whether preselected movements would exhibit the same error patterns as constrained movements in the elderly as some decrease in proprioception was expected. The experiment found that with constrained movements limb matching accuracy deteriorated substantially in the elderly. In contrast, with the preselected movements, where in addition to proprioception, the use of a goal-directed motor outflow was available to aid in the matching, no deterioration in accuracy was found between age groups. The results are interpreted as evidence that when a goal-directed “corollary discharge” is available which can preset the motor system for anticipatory sensory information, no age changes in proprioception acuity are observed.
Laying the Foundation for a New Work on the Pseudo-Virgilian Culex

In her paper "Laying the Foundation for a New Work on the Pseudo-Virgilian Culex," Lisa St. Louis discusses work undertaken on a prolegomenon to a new edition of the pseudoVirgilian poem Culex. Fifty manuscripts are selected according to criteria such as ownership, geographical area or membership in a group defined by previous scholars. The catalogue of manuscripts is carefully structured in order to include all information needed to locate a given manuscript and trace its history. Manuscripts are collated in detail and their variant readings are entered into Adain software which is designed to determine the relationship between manuscripts. The results prove that some manuscripts belong to the Florilegium Gallicum or Iuvenalis Ludi Libellus groups while others have been copied from printed books. Readings from the manuscripts, incunabula, and other rare books form the basis for an apparatus criticus which is presented in Classical Text Editor software. Wendell Clausen's Oxford Classical Text serves as the starting point for textual criticism, but original conjectures and changes proposed by other scholars have also been considered. St. Louis argues for proper documentation of manuscripts by editors and demonstrates the benefits of software in the preparation and presentation of a scholarly edition. The results of her work are relevant to textual criticism and library science alike. Lisa St. Louis, "Laying the Foundation for a New Work on the Pseudo-Virgilian Culex" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 8.1 (2006):
Subsurface core-level shifts for an Au monolayer buried in Ag(111).

The Au 4f/sub 7/2/ core-level energy has been measured using photoemission for an Au(111) monolayer buried in Ag(111). The measured core-level energy as a function of the distance between the Au monolayer and the sample surface shows that the effective spatial range of surface effects is about three atomic layers. This range is significantly larger than what is expected from a simple model for the screening of potential changes in jellium. The result implies that significant subsurface core-level shifts can occur for close-packed metal surfaces.
A GVHD kill switch helps immune reconstitution

In this issue of Blood, Zhou et al report long-term follow-up and detailed analysis of immune reconstitution associated with a different suicide gene strategy to abrogate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Gastric acid suppression is greater during intravenous ranitidine infusion versus bolus injections of famotidine.

SUMMARY It has been proposed that famotidine may be effective in maintaining intragastric pH ≥ 4 for up to 12 h with a single i.v. 20 mg bolus injection and thereby prevent acute stress-related mucosal haemorrhage, The present study was designed to compare a ranitidine continuous i.v. infusion (6.25 mg/h) vs. famotidine bolus injection (20 mg every 12 h) on 24-h intragastric pH and gastric acid secretion. Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (15 males, 13 females; 20–56 years) participated in two 24-h treatment periods; each test was in random order separated by 7–10 days. After an overnight fast, subjects were intubated and gastric pH and acid secretion measured hourly. Whereas ranitidine maintained gastric pH above 4 for the entire 24-h period, mean pH steadily decreased to a nadir of 2.9 and 3.7, respectively, 12 h after each famotidine injection (P < 0.01 vs. ranitidine). Furthermore, gastric acid secretion increased to 4.4 ± 1.2 mmol/h 12 h after famotidine injection compared to 1.1±0.3 mmol/h with ranitidine (P < 0.01). We conclude that ranitidine delivered as a continuous i.v. infusion (6.25 mg/h) is superior to bolus famotidine injections (20 mg) at 12-h intervals in suppressing gastric acid secretion and maintaining an intragastric pH ≥. 4. More frequent famotidine dosing, or delivery by continuous i.v. infusion, may be required to provide prolonged acid suppression.
Gold Nanoparticle Based FRET Asssay for the Detection of DNA Cleavage

We report gold nanoparticle based FRET assay to monitor the cleavage of DNA by nucleases. Fluorescence signal enhancement is observed by a factor of 120 after the cleavage reaction in the presence of S1 nuclease. The mechanism of distant dependent fluorescence quenching has been discussed. Our experimental results on distance dependent fluorescence quenching match quite well with theoretical findings obtained from the fluorescence quenching model by Gersten and Nitzan (Surf. Sci. 1985, 158, 165). Our experimental observation paradigm for the design of optical based molecular ruler strategies at distances more than double the distances achievable using traditional dipole-dipole Columbic energy transfer based methods.
RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY IN EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY

(1963). Response Surface Methodology In Education And Psychology. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 329-336.
Improved target detection in a littoral environment

Radar detection of airborne targets in a littoral environment generally requires the utilization of medium to high PRF waveforms and a Doppler filter bank to attenuate the clutter and enhance the target return. In a littoral environment, with multiple interval sea and land clutter and small radar cross section targets, this processing may not be sufficient to detect the target. What is proposed in this paper is a procedure whereby with pre-transmission probing of the competing clutter an optimal waveform can be transmitted and optimally processed in the receiver. The design of this waveform implies amplitude and phase weighting of the transmitted and received pulses. Weighting of the transmitted pulses is also referred to as signal weighting. The theory of this optimization procedure is described. Typical numerical results are presented for 7-, 11-, and 14-pulse bursts, and summary performance numbers are tabulated. Typical convergence performance of the optimization procedure as a function of the number of iterations is illustrated, and our conclusions for the utilization of this technique are listed.
Kinetic and thermodynamic framework for assembly of the six-component bI3 group I intron ribonucleoprotein catalyst.

The yeast mitochondrial bI3 group I intron RNA splices in vitro as a six-component ribonucleoprotein complex with the bI3 maturase and Mrs I proteins. We report a comprehensive framework for assembly of the catalytically active bI3 ribonucleoprotein. (1) In the absence of Mg 2 + , two Mrs I dimers bind independently to the bI3 RNA. The ratio of dissociation to association rate constants, k o f f /k o n , is approximately equal to the observed equilibrium K 1 / 2 of 0.12 nM. (2) At magnesium ion concentrations optimal for splicing (20 mM), two Mrsl dimers bind with strong cooperativity to the bI3 RNA. k o f f /k o n is 15-fold lower than the observed K 1 / 2 of 11 nM, which reflects formation of an obligate intermediate involving one Mrs1 dimer and the RNA in cooperative assembly of the Mrs1-RNA complex. (3) The bI3 maturase monomer binds to the bI3 RNA at almost the diffusion-controlled limit and dissociates with a half-life of 1 h. k o f f /k o n is approximately equal to the equilibrium K D of 2.8 pM. The bI3 maturase thus represents a rare example of a group I intron protein cofactor whose binding is adequately characterized by a one-step mechanism under conditions that promote splicing. (4) Maturase and Mrs 1 proteins each bind the bI3 RNA tightly, but with only modest coupling (∼1 kcal/mol), suggesting that the proteins interact at independent RNA binding sites. Maturase binding functions to slow dissociation of Mrs1; whereas prior Mrsl binding increases the bI3 maturase k o n right to the diffusion limit. (5) At effective concentrations plausibly present in yeast mitochondria, a predominant assembly pathway emerges involving rapid, tight binding by the bI3 maturase, followed by slower, cooperative assembly of two Mrsl dimers. In the absence of other factors, disassembly of all protein subunits will occur in a single apparent step, governed by dissociation of the bI3 maturase.
Teachers and Reform: Chicago Public Education, 1929–1970, by John F. Lyons

Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2008, xi +287 pp., US$40.00 (hardback), ISBN 978‐0‐252‐03272‐1 This is a thoughtful and thorough – if somewhat conventional – treatment of the Chic...
A comparison of swallowing during apnea and periodic breathing in premature infants.

ABSTRACT: Periodic breathing and apnea are two forms of ventilatory instability which are commonly observed in premature infants. This study was undertaken to characterize the pattern of swallowing during apnea and compare this pattern to that present during periodic breathing. We assessed the frequency and distribution of swallows during the respiratory pauses of apnea and periodic breathing in 22 premature infants birth weight 1.2 ± 0.2 kg, postconceptional age 34 ± 2 wk. Twelve infants had apnea and 10 exhibited periodic breathing. During sleep the pharyngeal phase of swallowing was detected by a catheter in the pharynx and esophageal peristalsis by an esophageal pressure catheter. Nasal airflow was monitored by a pneumotachometer. During apnea, the frequency of swallows was significantly greater than during the respiratory pauses of periodic breathing (15.9 ± 8.2 versus 0.72 ± 0.73 swallows/min, respectively, p < 0.0001) and also much higher than the rate of spontaneous swallows during sleep in either group (0.66 ± 0.66 and 0.58 ± 1.08 swallows/min, respectively). We conclude that an increased rate of swallowing is characteristic of apnea in premature infants, and distinguishes apnea from the respiratory pauses of periodic breathing.
G-protein stimulation inhibits amiloride-sensitive Na/H exchange independently of cyclic AMP

G-proteins are heterotrimeric proteins involved in many transmembrane signaling events. Both the renal basolateral membrane and the renal brush border membrane contain large quantities of these proteins. G-proteins appear related to hormonal signaling in the basolateral membrane and presumably affect ion gating in the brush border. We investigated the influence of G-proteins on the amiloride-sensitive Na/H exchanger, the activity of which is regulated at least in part by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, by measuring the amiloride-sensitive component of [22Na+] uptake in rat renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) in the presence of a pH gradient. Incubation of vesicles with AlF4- (10 microM Al3+, 10 mM F-) resulted in significant inhibition of amiloride-sensitive [22Na+] uptake at both 20 seconds and 5 minutes of incubation. Incorporation of GTP gamma S into BBMV by transient hypotonic lysis also resulted in significantly reduced amiloride-sensitive [22Na+] uptake compared to controls at both time points. This inhibition could be reversed by GDP beta S. Similar lysis in the presence of 10 microM GDP beta S alone had no significant effect. When Na(+)-dependent [14C]-D-glucose uptake into BBMV was studied no significant effect of these G-protein modulating agents was observed. Adenylate cyclase activity could not be stimulated in these BBMV preparations using standard techniques. Furthermore, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, strongly stimulated in these BBMV by exogenously added cAMP, was not stimulated by 10 microM GTP gamma S alone. These findings suggest that the amiloride-sensitive Na/H exchanger can be regulated by G-proteins independently of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Rebel Song: Soweto's Black Sunday Movement as Language Antipolitics

This article focuses on a weekly hip-hop event in Soweto, South Africa, called “Black Sunday.” Black Sunday showcases vernacular language (mostly Zulu) hip-hop and aims to create a community of socially conscious artists. In a South African public sphere dominated by an English-preferred “new” Black bourgeoisie, such insistence on vernacular expression is necessarily politically charged. However, many of Black Sunday's hip-hop artists explicitly reject “the political” as a viable site of resistance and mobilization. The author examines this denial and suggests that the characterization of hip-hop as political by academicians and fans may undercut the theoretical orientation of hip-hop artists and the humanity of music more generally.
An Overview--Advantages Of Imaging Techniques For Nondestructive Testing

As the opening authors at a two-day seminar concerned with imaging techniques, we have a responsibility to define some terms. Obviously, "imaging" is the first word that merits consideration. The dictionary (Ref. 1) associates many words with an image, including imitation, likeness, copy, and conception. A definition (Ref. 1) that seems to fit many of the topics to be discussed here is as follows: "An image is an optical appearance or counterpart of an object---analogous to an image formed by light rays." A definition such as this permits us to include test systems that employ light as well as other radiations (X- and y-rays, neutrons, acoustical, ultrasound, and thermal) in our image seminar. Indeed,a glance at the program quickly verifies that the majority of test systems to be discussed involve radiation other than light.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of sarcoma: Retrospective review of diagnostic utility and specificity

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNA) is useful because of its low cost, quick turn around time, and low incidence of complications. This study investigates the role FNA plays in the evaluation of sarcoma. We reviewed all the pathologic material from patients with sarcoma or a FNA diagnosis suggestive of sarcoma at the University of California-Davis Medical Center (1985-1994). Fifty-two of 196 patients identified (26.5%) were evaluated with FNA exhibiting 46 soft tissue and 6 bone lesions located in the extremities (19), trunk (19), head and neck (8), retroperitoneum (3), and abdominal cavity (3). Among 196 patients identified, those evaluated by FNA had soft tissue rather than bone lesions (P < .001) and primary sites other than in the extremities (P < .001). The primary neoplasms for the 52 FNA patients included 47 sarcomas (10 malignant fibrous histiocytomas and 16 other types), 1 intramuscular myxoma, 2 lymphomas, and 2 spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinomas. In 43 patients (22% of total), FNA was used first, before a primary diagnosis. The FNA report showed the correct specific neoplasm in only 20.9%. However, the FNA reports reflected an effective positive diagnosis leading to appropriate diagnostic biopsy in 88.4%, while only 7.0% were misleading (benign or inflammatory) and 4.6% inadequate. Review of FNA slides for 32 of 43 patients in which FNA was used first, in a blinded fashion, exhibited 21.9% specificity for the specific neoplasm, and 88.4% effective positive diagnoses. In 9 patients, FNA was utilized to investigate recurrence. Five out of 5 instances of recurrent sarcoma were identified by FNA. However, FNA misidentified recurrence in 3/4 instances, exhibiting suspicious cells from regenerating skeletal muscle (2) and a traumatic neuroma (1). The specific diagnosis for sarcomas is challenging even with surgical material. FNA usually does not provide a specific diagnosis (only in 20.9% of cases) and review of routinely prepared slides showed the same specificity as reflected by the original FNA report, at times formulated with the benefit of immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy. FNA effectively evaluated lesions in 45 of 52 patients (86.5%), confirming the useful screening role for this technique in sarcomas.
A versatile electronic switch with memory

This noise-conditioned switch provides a convenient interface between S response switches and logic circuitry and is adaptable to many experimental situations.
Selective laser removal of the dimer layer from Si(100) surfaces revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of laser-irradiated Si(100) surfaces shows that the dimerized outermost layer can be selectively removed by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a fluence below the melt threshold. The atoms in the laser-uncovered second layer are close to positions of a bulk terminated (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) structure, but with a slight pairing, while dimers retain a (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) configuration in the first layer. The pairing distance and fraction of the remaining dimers decrease with increasing laser exposures. The laser-uncovered layer also remains free of vacancies.
Editorial: the state of TSE

I am pleased to report several changes at the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering that will make the processing of papers more timely and more effective. First, we have removed the length restriction on submitted manuscripts. This should allow authors to document results in appropriate length papers. Despite the change, authors are encouraged to keep papers as short as possible. Second, we have moved TSE manuscript management to the Webbased Manuscript Central system. This system makes all aspects of manuscript processing much more efficient, and it allows everybody involved in processing papers, including authors, to obtain details of the state of manuscripts as they are processed. Third, preprints in the future will be available online two months before the issue cover date. This will allow readers to access the material in the TSE sooner and author’s materials will be accessible sooner. In addition, we are able to publish online supplemental material (e.g., appendices, multimedia) as part of the permanent archive in our digital library. Finally, we have made numerous changes to reduce the submission-topublication time, and it has improved considerably recently. The peer review process has improved as well thanks to the move to Manuscript Central. We are planning additional changes that will provide further improvements in the near future. Publication of the TSE is the result of tremendous amounts of effort by a large number of people. We are very grateful for the anonymous efforts of our reviewers and the work undertaken by the editorial board. The dayto-day operations of the TSE are handled by the following dedicated staff at the IEEE Publications Office in Los Alamitos, CA: Selina Norman, Transactions Assistant, YuTzu Tsai and Steve Wareham, Electronic Media Assistants, Spencer Roper, Production Editor, Suzanne Werner, Peer Review Supervisor, and Alicia Stickley, Transactions Production Manager. It is my pleasure to take this opportunity to thank them for all of their work. Software remains a critical industry to the world. The impact of software is tremendous, both when it works and when it doesn’t. There remain major challenges ahead if we are to reach a point where large software systems can be developed in a timely manner with the required dependability and at reasonable cost. These challenges must be tackled, at least in part, by the TSE community. In responding to these challenges, I am anxious for the TSE to publish papers that help document developers’ experience as well as those that report traditional research results. I hope to see the elements of the solutions to the challenges in the TSE in the future and look forward to receiving those submissions. John Knight Editor-in-Chief IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, VOL. 30, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2004 81
Sample size, power, and analytical considerations for vertical structure data from profile boards in wetland vegetation

Profile boards are commonly used to estimate vertical cover of herbaceous vegetation in the evaluation of wildlife habitat. However, data from this technique are seldom collected or analyzed in a consistent manner. Therefore, we investigated and evaluated methods of profile-board data collection and analysis using univariate and multivariate techniques. We collected 11,056 samples of vertical-structure data (percent cover) at 2,764 points in 8 playa wetlands in the Southern High Plains of Texas during 1989 and 1990. Visual obstruction data were collected along 5 transects in each playa, with 4 subsamples taken at each point. Data from strata of a profile board rarely followed a normal distribution. Observations among strata were correlated. Initial analysis with a multivariate technique to simultaneously test data from all strata is recommended to control experiment-wise error rates. Only when a significant effect is determined in initial analyses should other multivariate techniques or univariate analyses follow to assess differences. Collecting >1 observation per sampling point (i.e., subsampling) did not affect analysis and is only necessary when subsamples are not correlated. Sampling should be stratified throughout a habitat to account for structural variation within a habitat. Transforming percent cover into scores reduced differences among habitat units and may result in a misrepresentation of the data due to the potential for an indication of plant cover despite no vegetation occurring. When estimating a population mean, we recommend a minimum sample size of 20 points/habitat unit and arcsine transforming percent data to achieve acceptable type 1 error rates. When comparing 2 or more habitats or experimental treatments, arcsine transformation of percent data is not necessary. General procedural recommendations for use of profile board are (1) use a board that is relative in height and strata size to vegetation/animal of interest, (2) use equally spaced strata to avoid biasing results to certain stratum, (3) determine the distance from which to read the board by calculating the distance that results in the most variation in cover values, and (4) use one observer or randomize observers among experimental units.
Induction of metamorphosis in the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus: Characterization of the cue associated with biofilm from adult habitat

Abstract Recruitment of crabs to nursery habitat requires settlement of the megalopal stage on suitable substratum followed by metamorphosis into the first juvenile stage. Reducing the time to metamorphosis may result in higher recruitment and survival. Previous work has shown that metamorphosis of the Asian shore crab is accelerated by cues from three different sources: (a) water-soluble exudate produced by conspecific adult crabs; (b) biofilm covering rocks in natural habitat for this species; and (c) abiotic rock from natural habitat. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the metamorphic cue associated with biofilm from rocky intertidal habitat and to compare the three metamorphic cues (exudate from conspecific adults, biofilm from rocky intertidal, and texture of substratum) that have been identified for H. sanguineus. Results of our study show that megalopae of the Asian shore crab respond strongly to biofilm associated with rocky intertidal habitat that has developed for at least 8 days. We also found that megalopae respond to textured rock surfaces from natural habitat, even when those surfaces had been rendered abiotic. The cue remains active after the biofilm has been exposed to − 20 oC for 12 h, but is de-activated by a few minutes exposure to 100 °C. Moreover, the biofilm cue appears to work in synergy with cues from other sources, but requires actual contact with the biofilm. Our findings show that addition of biofilm to an abiotic textured rock surface significantly decreases mean time to metamorphosis, and simultaneous exposure of megalopae to biofilm-covered rock and to exudate from adult H. sanguineus decreases mean time to metamorphosis even further. The response of this species to multiple cues—and particularly to biofilm in the absence of adult conspecifics—provides a clear advantage in the colonization of virgin habitat and helps explain the very rapid spread of this invasive species along the majority of the east coast of the United States in only two decades.
Implementation of a Federated Search System in the Academic Library: Lessons Learned

SUMMARY This article will address the problems of developing and implementing a federated searching system and the involvement by reference staff expected to use, teach, and promote it. Implementation of federated search usually begins with developing basic technical functionality and then progresses to increased participation by public service librarians and system users in order to refine searching interfaces and content retrieval mechanisms and display. From the reference perspective, some impediments occurred in utilizing the federated search system since reference staff did not participate in the development of the product; since there was resistance to the concept of the product by instructional staff; and since performance inconsistencies and the use of a complex interface hampered functionality. This article will address the evolution of organizational stakeholder participation in the development of the federated search system at the Loyola Notre Dame Library.
Methods to extract respiration information from ECG signals

The reliability of respiratory signal extraction methods from electrocardiogram (ECG) data is investigated. To provide a reference, a breathing sensor using a piezo-electric cable was designed and constructed. Two previously established methods [1], QRS amplitude modulation and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), are adapted to include the PQRST complex of the ECG. In addition, a third method, which we call the ECG mean, is proposed. The results show that interval methods perform better than envelope methods. However, the ECG mean method performs similarly to the interval methods.
Buprenorphine/naloxone reduces the reinforcing and subjective effects of heroin in heroin-dependent volunteers

Rationale Although buprenorphine is effective in treating opioid dependence, optimal maintenance doses of buprenorphine or the buprenorphine/naloxone combination have not yet been established.
Two co-occurring invasive woody shrubs alter soil properties and promote subdominant invasive species

Summary 1. Though co-occurrence of invasive plant species is common, few studies have compared the community and ecosystem impacts of invaders when they occur alone and when they co-occur. Prioritization of invasive species management efforts requires sufficient knowledge of impacts – both among individual invasive species and among different sets of co-occurring invaders – to target resources towards management of sites expected to undergo the largest change. 2. Here, we observed differences in above- and below-ground impacts of two invasive woody shrubs, Lonicera maackii and Ligustrum sinense, among plots containing both shrubs (mixed), each species singly or lacking both species (control). 3. We found additive and non-additive effects of these co-occurring invasives on plant communities and soil processes. Mixed plots contained two times more subdominant invasive plant species than L. maackii or L. sinense plots. Compared to control plots, mixed plots had three times the potential activity of b-glucosidase, a carbon-degrading extracellular soil enzyme. L. maackii plots and mixed plots had less acidic soils, while L. sinense plots had higher soil moisture than control plot soils. Differences in soil properties among plots explained plant- and ground-dwelling arthropod community composition as well as the potential microbial function in soils. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights the importance of explicitly studying the impacts of co-occurring invasive plant species singly and together. Though Lonicera maackii and Ligustrum sinense have similar effects on ecosystem structure and function when growing alone, our data show that two functionally similar invaders can have non-additive impacts on ecosystems. These results suggest that sites with both species should be prioritized for invasive plant management over sites containing only one of these species. Furthermore, this study provides a valuable template for future studies exploring how and when invasion by co-occurring species alters above- and below-ground function in ecosystems with different traits.