cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise margin criteria for digital logic circuits

Techniques for evaluating the noise margin for families of digital logic circuits are discussed and evaluated. It is shown that the technique of evaluating the -1 slope points on the inverter transfer function as used in most modern textbooks is not a valid and reliable approach to evaluating noise margin values. It is argued that the most reliable and reasonable criterion is to maximize the product of the two noise margins. This is equivalent to maximizing the area of a rectangle embedded within the loop formed by the transfer curves of an inverter pair. Most of the material presented can be found in the early literature on noise margin. However, because of the widespread use of the -1 slope criterion in modern textbooks, it is believed that a reexamination of basic approaches to noise margins is in order. >
Radiographic features of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma).

Abstract The computed tomographic (CT) findings in two patients in whom intracranial granulocytic sarcomas preceded the onset of systemic myelogenous leukemia are presented. On CT, granulocytic sarcomas may be indistinguishable from meningiomas and difficult to differentiate from primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma and eosinophilic granuloma.
Is motion more important than it sounds?: The medium of presentation in environment perception research

This study assessed the incremental validity of different media for representing landscapes with significant dynamic elements. The experimental design independently varied the presence of motion and sound in different representations of a wild and scenic river in order to evaluate the adequacy or sufficiency of the surrogate to reflect physical changes in the landscape. Three representational conditions were identified: (1) video/sound, (2) video/no sound, and (3) static/no sound. A pilot study assessed the ability of the static images to represent river flow levels per se, and confirmed comparability with prior results (Brown & Daniel, 1989, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 233–250). Scenic beauty judgments were then collected within each representational condition. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationship of flow level to perceived scenic beauty for each representation condition. The results demonstrated that motion and sound, individually and conjointly, influenced judgements of scenic beauty for a landscape with a significant dynamic element.
Automated registration of terrain range images using surface feature level sets

A method for registering terrain range images is described. A smooth surface is fit to range data to provide a continuous mapping to second order surface intrinsics. Level sets of such intrinsics are found as features. These features enable two accurate means of comparison: arclength and a circular correlation of the distance from the discrete points on the level set to its centroid. These two methods of feature matching allow a matching algorithm with computational complexity O(N log N). The solution of the transformation from the matches employs a weighted least squares technique and removes matching errors by cross validation. The method is tested on simulated range images and results are given.
Geriatric Depression: A Survey of Nurses' Knowledge and Assessment Practices

A sample of 149 registered nurses were surveyed to determine their knowledge of the symptoms of depression in the elderly and their assessment practices. Respondents were able to identify not only the traditionally associated symptoms but also two other behaviors, irritability and blaming others, which are not usually designated by other health care providers as associated with geriatric depression. These additional observations may reflect nurses' providing extensive physical as well as verbal care over much longer time periods for patients in inpatient and home settings than do other professionals. Recent findings in nursing research support the presence of these other behaviors as symptoms of depression. An additional finding revealed that nurses were not assessing their patients for depression even though they had a knowledge base of the symptoms.
Abstract 2702: Sorafenib modulates immune responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background/Aim: We have previously shown that patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have impaired immunity. The poor immune reactivity is marked by blunted effector CD4 T cell responses (Teff), elevations in immunosuppressive soluble factors, and an increase of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) with enhanced suppression. Presently, sorafenib is the only systemic agent with a proven survival benefit for unresectable HCC. We hypothesize that sorafenib has immune modulatory properties that may partially explain the clinical benefit. In this study, we characterize the effects of sorafenib on the function of CD4 Teffs and Tregs. Methods: PBMC cells isolated from normal healthy controls (NHC), disease controls (DC) and HCC patients were used to isolate CD4+CD25- Teffs and Tregs to use in functional immune assays. The 3H thymidime incorporation and the IFNg ELISpot were used to assess CD4 Teff responses. Results: Sorafenib increased Teff proliferation in HCC patients during dose response cultures. We observed a similar positive effect by sorafenib on Teff IFNg production in HCC patients. The dose related effect of sorafenib on Teff proliferation and INFg production occurred in all three groups – HCC, DC, and NHC. However, Teff responses in HCC patients improved with lower concentrations of sorafenib (0.1uM) while the Teff responses from DC/NHC increased only after the introduction of higher concentrations of sorafenib (0.7uM). Further, while sorafenib improved Teff immune responsiveness in HCC patients in a dose dependent manner (0.1uM to 2 uM), the increase in Teff responsiveness in DC/NHC peaked and leveled off at lower concentrations (0.7 uM). However, sorafenib was unable to abrogate the suppressive properties of autologous HCC derived serum on Teff responses at the dose range studied. Interestingly, sorafenib decreased Treg mediated suppression during suppression assays using Treg:Teff co-cultures at a 1:1 ratio. Conclusion: Sorafenib appears to have a positive modulatory effect on immune responses by enhancing CD4 Teff function and decreasing Treg suppressive function in HCC patients. Studies that investigate new approaches that combine sorafenib with other agents that target inhibitory immune pathways are needed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2702. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2702
Using Cayley's theorem to find the order of a power in a group

It is shown how Cayley's theorem can be used to prove the formula for the order of a power of an element of finite order in a group. Reasoning with disjoint cycles leads to a proof that depends on elementary number theory in some new ways, leading naturally to some new connections involving least common multiples, greatest common divisors and minima.
Comparison of survival rates between papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas among 36,725 patients.

Objectives:We sought to determine the impact of histologic subtype on disease-specific survival (DSS) in cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.Methods:Adult patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) or follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database for the years 1988 to 2003. The patients were grouped according to tumor type (PTC or FTC), and their age, gender, tumor size and extension, and nodal or distant metastases were recorded. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare DSS rates on the basis of histologic subtype.Results:We identified 36,725 patients, of whom 77% were female and 23% were male; PTC was diagnosed in 91% of patients, and FTC in the remaining 9%. Patients with PTC were younger, were more likely to be female, and had smaller tumors with higher rates of regional metastases but fewer distant metastases than FTC patients (p < 0.0001 for all). When the cases were stratified by stage, FTC patients had a worse ...
Global Aeroheating Wind-Tunnel Measurements Using Improved Two-Color Phosphor Thermography Method

Detailed aeroheating information is critical to the successful design of a thermal protection system (TPS) for an aerospace vehicle. NASA Langley Research Center’ s (LaRC) phosphor thermography method is described. Development of theory is provided for a new weighted two-color relative-intensity e uorescence theory for quantitatively determining surface temperatures on hypersonic wind-tunnel models and an improved application of the one-dimensional conduction theory for use in determining global heating mappings. The phosphor methodology at LaRC is presented including descriptions of phosphor model fabrication, test facilities, and phosphor video acquisition systems. A discussion of the calibration procedures, data reduction, and data analysis is given. Estimates of the total uncertainties (with a 95% cone dence level ) associated with the phosphor technique are shown to be approximately 7 ‐10% in LaRC’ s 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel and 8 ‐10% in the 20-Inch Mach 6 Tunnel. A comparison with thin-e lm measurements using 5.08-cm-radius hemispheres shows the phosphor data to be within 7% of thin-e lm measurements and to agree even better with predictions via a LATCH computational e uid dynamics (CFD) solution. Good agreement between phosphor data and LAURA CFD computations on the forebody of a vertical takeoff/vertical lander cone guration at four angles of attack is also shown. In addition, a comparison is givenbetween Mach 6phosphordata andlaminarandturbulentsolutionsgeneratedusing theLAURA,GASP, and LATCH CFD codes on the X-34 cone guration. The phosphor process outlined is believed to provide the aerothermodynamic community with a valuable capability for rapidly obtaining (three to four weeks ) detailed heating information needed in TPS design. Nomenclature A = area of camera array element, m 2 a = effective aperture factor of camera optics, sr b = vehicle wing span from wing tip to wing tip, m C = heat transfer coefe cient constant, h.iw=Tw/ c = specie c heat of model substrate, J/ (kg-K) D = driver constant, iaw.Tw=iw/iTinit F = e ux of light, W/m 2 h = heat transfer coefe cient, kg/ (m 2 -s) I = radiant intensity, W/ (m 2 -sr)
The Common-Sense Model of Illness Representation: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

This article focuses on several areas. After reviewing the most commonly used approaches in the study of health behaviors, (e.g., the medical model, the health belief model, and the theory of reasoned action) the common-sense model is presented as an alternative. By presenting evidence across a wide range of illness domains, we demonstrate the usefulness of the common-sense, self-regulatory approach. We then discuss the importance of the common-sense model for health research among minorities. We conclude the article with examples of the operationalization of illness representations in past research and directions for future research.
A Vector Approach for Modeling Landscape Corridors and Habitat Connectivity

Landscape connectivity is an important consideration in understanding and reasoning about ecological systems. Two features within a landscape can be viewed as connected whenever a path exists between them. In many applications, the relevance of a potential path is assessed relative to the cost or resistance it presents to traversal. Typically, the least-cost paths between landscape features are used to approximate the potential for connectivity. However, traversal of a landscape between two locations may not necessarily conform to a least-cost path. Moreover, recent research has begun to cast some doubt on the how different types of landscape features may influence movement. Thus, it is important to consider the geographic bounds to movement more broadly. Continuous (i.e., raster) and discrete (i.e., vector) representations of connectivity are commonly used to model the spatial relationships among landscape features. While existing approaches can shed meaningful insights on system topology and connectivity, they are still limited in their ability to represent certain types of movement and are heavily influenced by scale of the areal units and how cost of landscape traversal is derived. In order to better address these issues, this paper proposes a new vector-based approach for delineating the geographic extent of corridors and assessing connectivity among landscape features. The developed approach is applied to evaluate habitat connectivity for salamanders to highlight the benefits of this modeling approach.
Complete elimination of carbonates: A critical step in the accurate measurement of organic and black carbon in sediments

Accurate measurement of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) in sediments requires the complete removal of coexisting inorganic carbonates from the sample before instrumental analysis. The removal of carbonates from sediments is achieved with acidification, which causes the dissolution and decomposition of carbonates with accompanying effervescence. This effervescence, or the lack of it, is commonly used as an indicator for the presence or absence of carbonates. We have found that the lack of effervescence endpoint used with the direct acidification method (adding aliquots of acid to samples) is not a reliable indicator for complete removal of carbonates from sediment samples. The ineffectiveness of the lack of effervescence endpoint, we believe, is caused by the presence of carbonates with dissolution rates much slower than those of calcite, resulting in much slower rates of visible effervescence. We propose and demonstrate a method for determining the amount of acid required for complete elimination of all carbonates using Lake Michigan (USA) sediment samples. Based on our experiences with the lack of effervescence endpoint, we recommend that in any scheme for analysis of OC and/or BC, a minimum of two samples be treated with three different levels of acidification, with the lowest level being the same as that planned for all the OC and/or BC analyses. There can be no significant differences among the OC and BC contents measured using the three different levels of acidification.
SU‐FF‐T‐08: Morphological Seed Identification and Removal of the Post‐Implant Prostate Brachytherapy Patients in Cone‐Beam CT Sinogram Projections

Purpose: To digitally extract and remove elongated seed features from measured 2D cone‐beam CT(CBCT)sinogram projections of the post‐implant prostate brachytherapy patients. Methods and materials: The method identifies the seeds at the projections and removes them by 2D spatial‐interpolation. Theragenics Model‐200 103 Pd seed images were identified and removed from 2D patient projections by (a) normalizing the image intensity by finding its maximum and minimum values in the image, (b) top‐hat‐filtering, (c) thresholding using the 3σ‐value of the pixel intensity histogram, and (d) labeling to create a binary mask of each seed in each projection. The binary masks were subtracted from the corresponding raw projection. The subtracted images were then interpolated in the seed regions using natural‐neighbor interpolation method to recover the missing soft‐tissues information's obscured by the implanted seed images. Four Pd 103 post‐implant patients were scanned using an Acuity‐digital‐simulator with full‐660 projections CBCT (in half/full‐fan‐mode) for post‐implant dosimetry. In‐house filtered‐back projection algorithm was used to reconstructCBCTimages before and after seed removal applications. To quantify this method, we compared the reconstructedCBCTimages before and after corrections, image‐profiles and a difference image on a single central slice to demonstrate the effects of seeds removal. Results: For the example cases, the streaking artifact is reduced by a factor of 3.5 and artifact spatial extend. The corrected images exhibit significantly improved image quality in and around the prostate. Discussion: Our preliminary results indicate that this method can be used to mitigate metal‐streaking artifacts specific to the brachytherapy seed implant geometry. By reducing streak and associated noise propagation artifacts, significant clinical value can be added to brachytherapyCBCTimaging. Improving the auto‐segmentation method and applying scatter‐subtraction corrections will be further study to improve the CBCTimage quality for the intra/postoperative brachytherapy patient's images.
Origin of the herbicide binding site of acetolactate synthase

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the site of action of several new, structurally diverse classes of herbicides (sulphonylurea1–4, imidazolinone5,6 and triazolo pyrimidine or sulphonanilide7,8). These herbicides are unusual inhibitors in that they bear no obvious similarity to substrates (pyruvate and α-ketobutyrate), cofactors (thiamine pyrophosphate, FAD and magnesium), or allosteric effectors (valine, leucine and isoleucine) of this enzyme. They also interact in a complex way, in that time-dependent inhibition is observed1,6,8,9, with tightest binding of the herbicide occurring under conditions of enzymatic turnover1,9. Recently, the identity of the herbicide-specific site has been suggested by the discovery that the sequence of pyruvate oxidase10 is very similar to that of ALS11–16. We propose that the herbicide-specific site of ALS is an evolutionary vestige of the quinone17 binding site of pyruvate oxidase. Consistent with this proposal, the ubiquinone homologues Q0and Q1 are potent inhibitors of ALS, and Q0, an imidazolinone herbicide (imazaquin), and a sulphonanilide herbicide, each compete with a radiolabelled sulphonylurea herbicide (sulphometuron methyl) for a common binding site on ALS.
Printed silicon as diode and FET materials - Preliminary results

Abstract While polymers have been evaluated as the active layers in flexible electronics, the technical community is presently pursuing printed routes to inorganic semiconductors as a means of achieving higher mobilities. To utilize cost-effective polymeric substrates in a roll-to-roll manufacturing environment, low-temperature atmospheric-pressure deposition routes to semiconductors with reasonable electrical properties are required. In this talk, we will report the results of our initial investigations using cyclohexasilane (Si 6 H 12 ) as a liquid precursor to amorphous silicon. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) films were prepared by spin-coating Si 6 H 12 inks followed by various light and/or thermal treatments. Carrier properties of printed a-Si films prepared using undoped inks were determined by Hall probe. In addition, the results of various doping strategies for the formation of n-type and p-type a-Si layers led to heterojunction (i.e., heavily-doped Si wafer substrate) structures that exhibited field effect properties as well as multilayer devices that exhibited diode-type properties. Preliminary investigations indicate the possibility of generating 10 μm wide lines of a-Si materials by Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct-Write (CAB-DW™) of Si 6 H 12 -based inks.
Open Quantum Dynamics Calculations with the Hierarchy Equations of Motion on Parallel Computers.

Calculating the evolution of an open quantum system—i.e., a system in contact with a thermal environment—has presented a theoretical and computational challenge for many years. With the advent of supercomputers containing large amounts of memory and many processors, the computational challenge posed by the previously intractable theoretical models can now be addressed. The hierarchy equations of motion present one such model and offer a powerful method that has remained underutilized so far, because of its considerable computational expense. By exploiting concurrent processing on parallel computers, the hierarchy equations of motion can be applied to biological-scale systems. Herein, we introduce the quantum dynamics software PHI that solves the hierarchical equations of motion. We describe the integrator employed by PHI and demonstrate PHI’s scaling and efficiency running on large parallel computers by applying the software to the calculation of intercomplex excitation transfer between the light-harvesti...
Liability Funding and Superfund Clean-Up Remedies

Abstract The debate about Superfund liability has treated financing as a distinct issue from the efficiency of clean-up. However, this paper presents a model of EPA decision-making in which liability funding may increase or decrease the extent of clean-up. It then estimates this effect using data on remedies selected at National Priorities List sites and on the characteristics of liable parties. The results suggest that the EPA responds to concentrated private interests, selecting less extensive clean-up when liable parties are expected to bear a large share of costs. This effect should be considered in evaluating liability approaches to environmental protection.
The observable implications of self-fulfilling expectations

Abstract Under a modest generalization of the dynamics permitted for variables which are seen by agents but not the econometrician, many of the existing tests for the presence of speculative bubbles are not statistically valid. Less restrictive tests lead us to concur with Flood and Garber that speculative bubbles were not part of the German hyperinflation, but dispute Shiller's conclusion that stock prices are excessively volatile. Moreover, all such tests are subject to the admonition that what appears to be a speculative bubble could instead have arisen from rational agents responding solely to economic fundamentals not observed by the econometrician.
Limits on charmed-particle production in proton-nucleus collisions at 400 GeV/c

We have searched for the charmed and other new particles by measuring the hadron pair mass spectra in proton-nucleus collisions at 400 GeV/c. Results are presented for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs in the mass region from 1.5 to 4.0 ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c}}^{2}$. No evidence for narrow resonances was found. The sensitivity of the search varied from 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 2 ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c}}^{2}$ to 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}32}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 4 ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c}}^{2}$. Experimental checks were provided by the observation of a clean $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}(3.1)}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ signal.
Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig across the minimally deleted region in 13q14.3 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) has indicated that a frequent genetic event is loss of alleles from an approximately 500 kb region in 13q14.3, distal to the retinoblastoma gene. We have used DNA markers from this region to isolate and characterize a series of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) which span the region between markers D13S319 and D13S25, which represents the common region of LOH. This entire region appears to be contained within only two minimally overlapping BACs, representing a maximum distance of approximately 350 kb. This BAC contig has been used to position known STS, EST and gene markers within the region. We have also used a modified differential display/RNA fingerprinting procedure designed to isolated transcribed sequences from YACs to isolate two transcribed units from the region which have also been positioned within the contig. The construction of a BAC contig with minimal redundancy provides the ideal resource from which to begin to identify candidate genes related to BCLL.
Purification of photosystem I reaction centers from spinach stroma lamellae

A procedure for the preparation of partially purified photosystem I reaction centers is described. This procedure gives a preparation with a very high chl achl b2 ratio which contains 1 P-700 per 16 chlorophylls. Starting material is a stroma lamella fraction obtained from spinach chloroplasts.
Economic considerations in the revegetation of an abandoned coal washing settlement pond

Abstract A study was established on an abandoned coal washing settlement pond to examine the biological effectiveness and economic efficiency of four organic soil amendments on the growth of herbaceous cover and the survival and growth of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) The site had a pH of 1.8 and was devoid of vegetation at the time of study establishment. Materials tested included hardwood bark, a mixture of bark, sawdust and manure, a mixture of composted sewage sludge and kiln dust, and a mixture of straw and manure. After six growing seasons, the mixture of bark, sawdust and manure and the mixture of sewage sludge and kiln dust produced the most herbaceous cover. All treatments were equally effective in promoting tree survival and growth except for the sewage sludge and kiln dust, which was significantly worse. In economic terms, however, the control, which was limed and fertilized, was the most cost effective in all cases. The soil amendments simply did not result in a biological response s...
Selective screening for scoliosis

Scoliosis screening has been practiced for nearly 50 years and has provided valuable knowledge about the prevalence and natural history of scoliosis. Early diagnosis allows for nonoperative treatment, like wearing an orthosis that has been shown to be effective by numerous outcome studies. Challenges in scoliosis screening include the low prevalence rate of clinically significant scoliosis, the inverse relationship of sensitivity and specificity in the screening process because of the poor correlation of clinical deformity and radiographic abnormality, and the inflated cost of these programs because of overreferral. Recommendations for improvement include redefinition of what actually constitutes a "significant" scoliosis for screening, diagnostic, and outcome purposes; selective screening of only immature females; the use of objective referral criteria; and re-screening patients rather than referring those who have borderline cases.
Finite Element Non-linear Random Response Of Beams

Abstract The non-linear random response of beams is investigated using a p -version finite element formulation in conjunction with the method of equivalent linearization. Root-mean-square maximum stresses and deflections are computed for beams with both ends simply supported or clamped, for the case of a spatially uniform applied white noise excitation. Various solution formulations are examined to evaluate factors affecting the accurate determination of stresses and deflections for equivalent linearization finite element solutions. It is demonstrated that accurate deffections can be obtained using any of the formulations. However, for stresses, the order of the element shape functions and the type of equivalent linearization formulation can significantly affect the accuracy.
The importance of residency program size and location on American Osteopathic Board of Surgery In-Training Examination outcomes

Abstract Background The American Osteopathic Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (AOBSITE) is administered to general surgery residency training programs. Based on findings in allopathic training, we hypothesize that larger programs will outperform smaller programs and that Southern programs will perform lower than other geographic regions. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, the performance on the AOBSITE was obtained for all of the osteopathic general surgery programs from 2008 to 2012. To test if program size was related to AOBSITE performance, simple linear regression was performed. Geographic differences in median performance between states and US Census Bureau regions were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis tests. Nonparametric statistics were performed using an α = 0.05. Results From 2008 to 2012, there were 49 general surgery residency training programs and 2278 examinees evaluated. The median raw performance by general surgery residency training program was 168.0 (IQR [161.8–177.7]). The weighted median standardized performance by general surgery residency training program was 487.8 (IQR [462.8–528.0]). Simple linear regression analyses showed that the slope of the least-square regression line was greater than zero for raw performance (P = 0.048) and standardized performance (P = 0.005). A Kruskal–Wallis test showed that there were no differences in raw performance or standardized performance by US Census Bureau Region or by state (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Overall, larger general surgery residency training programs outperform smaller programs on the AOBSITE and that there are no geographical differences in performance by state or region.
Making the Q distribution in a recirculating loop resemble a straight line distribution

In conclusion, we have shown the importance of making accurate Q distribution measurements and models to enable the extrapolation of recirculating loop data to installed systems. Further, a loop containing a fast polarization scrambler has been shown to provide an approximate model for a straight-line system.
Molecular Mechanism of BST2/Tetherin Downregulation by K5/MIR2 of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

K3/MIR1 and K5/MIR2 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are viral members of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) ubiquitin ligase family and contribute to viral immune evasion by directing the conjugation of ubiquitin to immunostimulatory transmembrane proteins. In a quantitative proteomic screen for novel host cell proteins downregulated by viral immunomodulators, we previously observed that K5, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) immunomodulator VPU, reduced steady-state levels of bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2; also called CD317 or tetherin), suggesting that BST2 might be a novel substrate of K5 and VPU. Recent work revealed that in the absence of VPU, HIV-1 virions are tethered to the plasma membrane in BST2-expressing HeLa cells. By targeting BST2, K5 might thus similarly overcome an innate antiviral host defense mechanism. Here we establish that despite its type II transmembrane topology and carboxy-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, BST2 represents a bona fide target of K5 that is downregulated during primary infection by and reactivation of KSHV. Upon exit of the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum, lysines in the short amino-terminal domain of BST2 are ubiquitinated by K5, resulting in rapid degradation of BST2. Ubiquitination of BST2 is required for degradation, since BST2 lacking cytosolic lysines was K5 resistant and ubiquitin depletion by proteasome inhibitors restored BST2 surface expression. Thus, BST2 represents the first type II transmembrane protein targeted by K5 and the first example of a protein that is both ubiquitinated and GPI linked. We further demonstrate that KSHV release is decreased in the absence of K5 in a BST2-dependent manner, suggesting that K5 contributes to the evasion of intracellular antiviral defense programs.
Gutenberg, Literacy, and the Ancient Arts of Memory

Adult educators have devoted considerable attention to the issues of memory and literacy, but very little of it has been historical in its perspective. The article surveys the spread of literate culture in Western Europe and especially England and the decline of the ancient arts of Memory, both greatly attributable to the advent of printing. The proliferation of print and the growth of literacy obviated the need for the ingenious mnemonic techniques of Cicero, Quintilian, and the anonymous author of Ad Herrenium, as well as the collective and sometimes mythic memory which served as historical archive. It is argued that these two strands of current adult education research-memory and literacy-not only have intriguing historical roots but are closely intertwined.
Effects of S6-Strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum Inoculation at 10, 22, or 45 Weeks of Age on the Digestive and Reproductive Organ Characteristics of Commercial Egg-Laying Hens

Experimental inoculation of commercial laying hens with the S6-strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (S6MG) at 20 wk of age, while being maintained under ideal conditions, has previously been shown to affect the lengths and weights of various portions of the reproductive tract. Two trials were conducted in the current study to compare the effects of S6MG inoculation prior to lay at 10 wk of age, during onset of lay at 22 wk of age, and during lay at 45 wk of age on the digestive and reproductive organs of commercial layers similarly housed and maintained under ideal conditions. In each trial, liver weight, liver moisture and lipid concentration, incidence of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, ovary weight, ovarian mature follicle numbers, weights and lengths of the oviduct and oviductal regions, and weights and lengths of the small intestine and small intestinal regions were examined at 60 wk of hen age. At 60 wk, liver lipid concentration was depressed, and isthmus weight, as a percentage of total oviduct weight, was increased in birds that had been inoculated with S6MG at 45 wk. Alterations in liver lipid content and weight of the isthmal portion of the oviduct may occur in response to S6MG inoculation during the later stages of production in layers housed under ideal conditions.
Case studies on information technology in higher education: implications for policy and practice

Why Not Reengineer Traditional Higher Education Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Distance Education Distance Learning and Students with Disabilities WEBCT -Evaluation and Implementation of a Web Course Development Tool Is Higher Education Administration Ready for the Information Age? The Library's Perspective Successful Incorporation of Current Technology into Class Structure Students, Faculty, Education and Computers on an Academic Health Sciences Campus The Impact of Information Technology on Roles and Role Processes in Small Groups Beyond the Pedagogical to the Pragmatic Business Models for the Human Resource Management Discipline Teaching Learning and Learning in 2002 Adopting IT as Instructional Environments Policy Issues Facing an International Office Adopting IT Distance Learning in Legal Education Fostering a Technology Change in Higher Education RESPONSE - Cal Poly Office of Admissions and Recruitment The "Virtual University" -Emerging Policy Issues for Higher Education The Forces of Transformation in Higher Education Institutions Multimedia and All That Jazz Designing and Implementing a Learning Organization Oriented IT Planning and Management Process Exploratory Alliance to Cognitive Partnership A Case Study of Integrating Distance Education into the Academic Culture of the University Transforming an Academic Community Through Technology Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Technically Proficient Faculty Implementing Relational Database Systems Culture of Higher Education and the Diffusion of Technology in the Classroom Instruction Taming the Longhorned Dilemma On-Line News vs. Traditional Media Changing Organizational Structure Through Behavioural Changes The University for the New Millennium.
Routing and power control in frequency-hop random-access ad hoc networks

Frequency hopping provides some protection against multiple access interference in random-access ad hoc networks. Power control and the use of short routing hops can further reduce interference by promoting spatial reuse. If the network is fully connected, frequency hopping and power control alone may be sufficient to allow good throughput without the use of routing. This approach is particularly desirable as avoiding routing can simplify network setup and reduce packet delay. However, if the network is heavily loaded, frequency hopping may no longer sufficiently protect against interference, so including routing may be beneficial. In this paper, we consider application of least interference routing (LIR) to frequency hop random-access networks. The performance of a family of LIR metrics is considered for a variety of networks to determine which cases multi-hop routing should be used, and it is shown that the choice of the optimal metric is sensitive to several network characteristics.
Waterborne Disease — A Status Report Emphasizing Outbreaks in Ground-Water Systemsa

A total of 192 outbreaks of waterborne disease affecting 36,757 persons were reported in the United States during the period 1971-1977. More outbreaks occurred in nonmunicipal-water systems (70%) than municipal-water systems; however, more illness (67%) resulted from outbreaks in municipal systems. Almost half of the outbreaks (49%) and illness (42%) were caused by either the use of untreated or inadequately treated ground water. An unusually large number of waterborne outbreaks affected travelers, campers, visitors to recreational areas, and restaurant patrons during the months of May-August and involved nonmunicipal-water systems which primarily depend on ground-water sources. The major causes of outbreaks in municipal systems were contamination of the distribution system and treatment deficiencies which accounted for 68% of the outbreaks and 75% of the illness that occurred in municipal systems. Use of untreated ground water was responsible for only 10% of the municipal system outbreaks and 1% of the illness. The major cause of outbreaks in nonmunicipal systems was use of untreated ground water which accounted for 44% of the outbreaks and 44% of the illness in these systems. Treatment deficiencies, primarily inadequate and interrupted chlorination of ground-water sources, were responsible for 34% of the outbreaks and 50% of the illness in nonmunicipal-water systems.
Differential Association of Borrelia Species with Cultured Neural Cells

Studies of the interactions of relapsing fever Borrelia species with cultured neural cells have not been reported. In the present work, the interaction of the relapsing fever agents Borrelia hermsii and Borrelia turicatae with cultured neural and endothelial cells was studied and compared with Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. All Borrelia species bound each cell type tested. Host cell association was time-dependent and saturable. With the exception of human neuron cells, B. hermsii and B. turicatae associated to a greater degree with neural-derived cell types than did B. burgdorferi. In contrast, B. burgdorferi associated better with endothelial cells than did the relapsing fever borreliae. B. burgdorferi were found in human neuron cells to compete for association sites with B. hermsii and B. turicatae, suggesting the existence of some identity between the ligands or receptors used. Data indicate that the study of in vitro association of Borrelia species with neural-derived cells may provide valuable information for a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in neuroborreliosis.
Highly Cross-Linked Versus Conventional Polyethylene in Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty at a Mean 5-Year Follow-up

Concerns of highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) exist regarding fatigue resistance and oxidation, particularly in posterior-stabilized (PS) designs. A prospective cohort study of 114 consecutive PS TKAs utilized conventional polyethylene in 50 knees and second-generation annealed XLPE in 64 TKAs. Clinical (Short-Form 36, Knee Society Scores, and LEAS) and radiographic outcomes were evaluated at a mean of 5 years in 103 TKAs. Mean KSS scores were 12 points higher (P=0.01) and SF-36 physical function subset 14 points higher (P=0.005) in the XLPE group. There was no radiographic osteolysis or mechanical failure related to the tibial polyethylene in either group. At 5-year follow-up, no deleterious effects related to highly cross-linked posterior stabilized tibial polyethylene inserts were observed.
Positive Ion Emission Accompanying UV Irradiation of Single Crystal Mgo and NanO3

Although MgO is much more resistant to radiolysis by 248-nm photons than NaNO 3 , the ion emission processes at low fluence have much in common: both materials yield high energy ions (> 5 eV kinetic energy) with a strongly nonlinear fluence dependence. We report time-of-flight measurements of quadrupole mass-selected Mg + from polished, single crystal MgO and Na + from cleaved, single crystal NaNO 3 . At fluences between 10 and 1000 mJ/cm 2 , the Mg + intensities show a strongly nonlinear fluence dependence which decreases to roughly second order behavior at fluences above 100 mJ/cm 2 . The Na + intensities display third or fourth order emission kinetics throughout the experimental range of fluences. We attribute these emissions to cations adsorbed atop surface electron traps where the cation is ejected when the underlying trap is photo-ionized. The potential energy of this defect configuration accounts for the observed ion kinetic energies. However, the direct photo-ionization of surface vacancy/adsorbed ion defects with 5 eV photons should not be possible. Thus we propose that emission requires the photo-ionization of nearby electron traps, followed by photo-induced charge transfer to the empty traps. We show that a sequence of single-photon absorption events [involving photo-ionization, charge transfer, and electron retrapping] accounts for the strongly nonlinear fluence dependence.
Ab initio studies of hydrogen bonds: the water dimer paradigm.

The textbook definition of a hydrogen bond consists of the interaction between the covalent X-H bond of one molecule and the lone electron pair of the Y atom of another, presuming both X and Y are electronegative atoms like 0, N, or F. This ostensibly simple interaction has turned out to be one of the most intriguing in all of chemistry, as well as one of the most important. The first realistic notions about the H-bond date back to the work of Huggins, Latimer, and Rodebush in the early part of this century (1 -4). Interest in these bonds increased when studies reported the bonds' intimate involvement in the structure and function of biological macromolecules (5, 6). In the early 1 950s, these bonds were accepted as primary elements in protein structure (7) and in transmission of the genetic code (8). Most of the early research on these bonds centered around the mani­ festations of hydrogen bonding in condensed phases. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy provided windows for viewing changes in the bonding pat­ terns of the molecules involved in the H-bond (3, 4). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra produced dynamic data (9-1 3) dealing with the for­ mation and dissociation ofH-bonds and with proton cxchanges on various time scales that provided information about equilibria and rates. Radial distribution patterns revealed the manner in which the molecules organized themselves to accommodate the formation of H-bonds, and diffraction
The Mosaic Genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans Strain 2CP-C Suggests an Aerobic Common Ancestor to the Delta-Proteobacteria

Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C is a versaphilic delta-Proteobacterium distributed throughout many diverse soil and sediment environments. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis groups A. dehalogenans together with the myxobacteria, which have distinguishing characteristics including strictly aerobic metabolism, sporulation, fruiting body formation, and surface motility. Analysis of the 5.01 Mb strain 2CP-C genome substantiated that this organism is a myxobacterium but shares genotypic traits with the anaerobic majority of the delta-Proteobacteria (i.e., the Desulfuromonadales). Reflective of its respiratory versatility, strain 2CP-C possesses 68 genes coding for putative c-type cytochromes, including one gene with 40 heme binding motifs. Consistent with its relatedness to the myxobacteria, surface motility was observed in strain 2CP-C and multiple types of motility genes are present, including 28 genes for gliding, adventurous (A-) motility and 17 genes for type IV pilus-based motility (i.e., social (S-) motility) that all have homologs in Myxococcus xanthus. Although A. dehalogenans shares many metabolic traits with the anaerobic majority of the deltaProteobacteria, strain 2CP-C grows under microaerophilic conditions and possesses detoxification systems for reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, two gene clusters coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits and two cytochrome oxidase gene clusters in strain 2CP-C are similar to those in M. xanthus. Remarkably, strain 2CP-C possesses a third NADH dehydrogenase gene cluster and a cytochrome cbb3 oxidase gene cluster, apparently acquired through ancient horizontal gene transfer from a strictly anaerobic green sulfur bacterium. The mosaic nature of the A. dehalogenans strain 2CP-C genome suggests that the metabolically versatile, anaerobic members of the delta-Proteobacteria may have descended from aerobic ancestors with complex lifestyles.
Developing theory-grounded family business research: Some suggestions

Abstract Theoretically grounded research is important for the continued development and growth of the family business field. This article identifies some recurring problems observed in theory building and testing in family business research and how to best avoid them. The discussion highlights the importance of understanding theories’ assumptions, propositions and boundaries as well as the need to contextualize arguments, designs, analysis and interpretations.
Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance of a Rare Bud-Galling Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on Willow in Northern Arizona

Oviposition preference was examined in relation to offspring performance in a bud gall-forming sawfly, Euura sp., which attacks the Scouler or fire willow, Salix scouleriana (Barratt). The only known locality for this sawfly in Arizona is in the inner basin of the San Francisco Peaks, at 3,100–3,450 m above sea level. A random sample of shoots was taken in October of 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 to record shoot length, number of buds per shoot, number of galls per shoot, percent mortality, and overall percent survival for each generation. Oviposition preference was quantified for the first 3 yr, and larval performance was measured over all 4 yr. We found a strong oviposition preference for longer shoots. The longest shoot-length classes contained the smallest proportion of buds, and yet they were attacked more frequently than the short shoot-length classes. Therefore, the rarest shoot-length classes were the most preferred. Larval establishment and survival in galls were used to evaluate offspring performance. No significant correlation existed between larval establishment and shoot length, thus negating the prediction of a preference-performance linkage. Overall survivorship was high in 1995 (77%), 1997 (80%), and 1998 (82%), but drastically dropped in 1996 (16%), possibly because of a severe drought during that year. We discuss two alternative hypotheses to possibly explain these results: (1) all modules (long and short shoots) could provide sufficient nutrients for larvae to survive; and (2) selective pressures acting on female oviposition behavior are independent of larval performance.