cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Care of the Pediatric Patient on Chronic Dialysis

Optimal care of the pediatric end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient on chronic dialysis is complex and requires multidisciplinary care as well as patient/caregiver involvement. The dialysis team, along with the family and patient, should all play a role in choosing the dialysis modality which best meets the patient's needs, taking into account special considerations and management issues that may be particularly pertinent to children who receive peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Meticulous attention to dialysis adequacy in terms of solute and fluid removal, as well as to a variety of clinical manifestations of ESRD, including anemia, growth and nutrition, chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder, cardiovascular health, and neurocognitive development, is essential. This review highlights current recommendations and advances in the care of children on dialysis with a particular focus on preventive measures to minimize ESRD-associated morbidity and mortality. Advances in dialysis care and prevention of complications related to ESRD and dialysis have led to better survival for pediatric patients on dialysis.
Role of Prior Experience on Student Performance in the Introductory Undergraduate CS Course: (Abstract Only)

Student success rates in introductory computer science courses at colleges and universities across worldwide are scandalously low - 30% to 50% of students fail a first-semester course. At our university, over the past ten semesters, 40.6% of our students failed our first-semester computer science course. A survey (204 computer science students) was administered at the beginning of Fall 2016 to measure two hypothesized constructs: one on prior engagement in activities (such as summer camp, jobs) related to computer science, and another on prior experience in computer science topics. The prior experience bank consisted of several yes/no questions asking about familiarity with specific topics found in a first-year computer science course (e.g. globals, arrays, conditionals). The survey data was matched with the final course grades. Results revealed that the prior experience variables could be construed as a construct, but this was not the case with the prior engagement variables. We discovered a statistically significant relation between prior experience and course grade, with more experience predicting higher grades. Except ethnicity, other variables such as gender and transfer status were not found to be significant. This study emphasizes the need to consider the prior knowledge of students in building introductory computer science curricula, such as creating multiple tracks with students self-selecting into higher or lower prior-experience cohorts.
Inflammatory Conditions of the Salivary Glands: Sjögren’s Disease, IgG4-Related Disease, and Sarcoidosis

Systemic inflammatory conditions may affect the salivary glands. The clinical presentation of inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands is often non-specific and clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis, especially when present in isolation. Symptoms can include dry mouth, salivary gland swelling, and pain localizing to the salivary gland. Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by sicca syndrome and lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands. IgG4-related disease is a recently defined entity resulting in salivary gland swelling and dysfunction. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease chiefly presenting with cough and dyspnea, which rarely affects the salivary glands. Management of systemic inflammatory conditions is primarily medical, under the direction of medical specialists (rheumatology, pulmonary, etc); however, surgery may play a role in both diagnosis and management of these conditions or their complications.
Reading Maxwell in Conceptual Physics

An important aspect of science education involves helping students learn to read and communicate scientific information and arguments. In this note, I would like to share a resource that I have come across which I have found to be a useful tool for helping students improve those skills, learn content material, and acquaint them with a great scientist. Specifically, this is having non-science college students in my course Light, Color and Vision read and discuss a letter by James Clerk Maxwell entitled “On the Theory of Colours in Relation to Colour-Blindness” (see Fig. 1).
Surgical Options for Ebstein’s Malformation

Ebstein’s malformation was first described by Wilhelm Ebstein in 1866 as a constellation of clinical findings resulting from an abnormality of the tricuspid valve [1]. It has become evident over time that themalformation is a disease of the entire right ventricle and the development of the tricuspid valve. It involves a spectrum of anatomical abnormalities of variable severity, including apical displacement of the septal and mural leaflets of the tricuspid valve, which have failed to delaminate from the underlying myocardium; thinning or atrialization of the inlet component of the right ventricle, with variable dilation; and malformation of the antero-superior leaflet, with anomalous attachments, redundancy, and fenestrations. Several other cardiac anomalies are often associated with the right ventricular changes, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, obstruction of the outlet from the right ventricle, and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Ebstein’s malformation can also afflict the left-sided systemic atrioventricular valve in the setting of congenitally corrected transposition [2].
Controlling for Common Method Variance in PLS Analysis: The Measured Latent Marker Variable Approach

Common method variance (CMV) continues to be an important issue for social scientists. To date, methodologists have yet to agree upon a best practice for detecting and controlling for CMV. In a recent paper, the unmeasured latent marker variable approach, a frequently employed technique, was shown to be incapable of detecting or controlling CMV in PLS analyses. Unfortunately, this was the only method to date suggested for handling CMV in PLS models. To fill this gap, we introduce a measured latent marker variable (MLMV) approach and demonstrate how it is able to both detect and correct for CMV when using Partial Least Squares.
Social Inequality, Marginalization, and Economic Process

A select roster of very complex hunter-gatherer societies, many on the western coastal fringe of North America, were sedentary or semisedentary and developed wealth-based exchange systems and hereditary inequality (e.g., Ames 1991; Arnold 1992a, b, 1993; Coupland 1988; Hayden et al. 1985; see also Marquardt 1988). Indeed, because many of these societies were still in existence at the time of colonial and frontier contact in the American West, and descendants were still living during the birth of anthropology as a discipline, ethnographic and archaeological records of these cultures are comparatively rich. As a result, opportunities to study the foundations of social inequality are in few places in the world more favorable than they are among these societies, which include the Chumash and other groups of California, many of the peoples of the Northwest Coast and Alaska, and societies of the British Columbia Plateau.
Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx

Abstract For all mammalian species, the nose serves as the portal of entry for the air they breathe. This complex organ of the respiratory system is important not only for smell but also for conditioning the inhaled air before it enters the lungs. The nose is well structured to perform these functions, but to differing degrees in rodents and humans. Despite obvious postural and body size differences, the rodent and human pharynx and larynx share many functional and structural similarities. These include reasonable consistency in the types of covering epithelium, including the presence of intermediate zones, and subepithelial structures. Differences of note involve the portions of the structure of the Eustachian tube, some laryngeal and vocal cord components, submucosal lymphoid elements, and taste buds. This chapter provides a detailed description of the macro- and microscopic anatomy of the rodent nose, sinuses, larynx, and pharynx, and it highlights similarities and differences in structure and function between rodents and humans.
Genetic Association of Daytime Sleepiness and Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Men

CLINICAL RATING SCALES AND SELF-REPORTS MEASURING DEPRESSION OFTEN INQUIRE ABOUT FATIGUE AND TIREDNESS. INSTRUMENTS ASKING ABOUT such phenomena include: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (tiredness),1 Beck Depression Inventory (tiredness),2 Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale for Depression (lassitude),3 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (component of somatic symptoms),4 the Depression scale of the Symptom Check-List 90 (low energy),5 Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (“could not get going”),6 Zung Depression Scale (fatigue),7 the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (lack of energy),8 and diagnostic major depressive disorder (fatigue and sleep problems).9 Although somewhat varied in the nature of the behaviors that they assess, none of these instruments specifically inquire about the tendency to feel sleepy during normal waking hours of the day or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). EDS is considered to be conceptually and operationally independent from fatigue and tiredness that characterize depression. For example, some studies measuring EDS physiologically using the multiple sleep latency test or other daytime nap testing have failed to find that depressed or psychiatric hypersomnia patients are physiologically sleepier than comparison groups.10–12 Epidemiologic studies of individuals aged as young as 15 y to as old as 100 y show significant association between increased daytime sleepiness and diagnostic depression13–15 or depressive symptomatology.16,17 Studies in older individuals (55+ years of age) also support a relationship between daytime sleepiness and depression.18–23 However, other cross-sectional studies have reported no relationship in older individuals.24,25 Longitudinal investigations show evidence that sleep disturbances (most commonly insomnia and hypersomnia) predict later depression/depressive symptomatology.26–29 Both daytime sleepiness and depressive symptomatology are moderately heritable, with heritability coefficients on the order of 38% to 48% for daytime sleepiness30–34 and 16% to 55% for depressive symptoms.35–42 Although not all studies demonstrate a relationship between sleepiness and depressed mood, the majority of the evidence suggests at least a modest association between the 2 phenomena, and significant heritability for both phenotypes. This study sought to examine whether the relationship between self-reported daytime sleepiness and depressives symptomatology may be due to common genetic factors, using cross-sectional data in a large epidemiologic sample of elderly male twins. Twin studies allow determination of the extent to which correlated behaviors, such as daytime sleepiness and depressed mood, are influenced by the same or different genetic and environmental factors.
The Interstellar Molecular Complexity

One of the major questions of ‘Cradle of Life’ science theme of astronomy is how, when and where complex organic molecules, including the so-called prebiotic molecules, are formed. Key questions are: (1) which are the physicochemical processes that are involved in their production/destruction? and (2) whether grain surface processes or gas phase reactions prevail in their formation. Because of the success of large ground-based single dish telescopes (e.g. NRO 45 m, IRAM 30 m, GBT, ARO 12 m and NASA DSN) and interferometers (e.g. ALMA, NOEMA, and SMA) and space observatories (ISO, Spitzer, and Herschel), an interdisciplinary field has developed extending from astronomical instrumentation and observatories to laboratory astrophysics to theoretical chemical-dynamical modelings and to high level quantum computations. We are currently in an era to address the long-standing question of our ‘chemical origins’, that is, to understand the journey of organic molecules from pre-stellar cores to planet-forming disks, and finally to the Solar System bodies. Following this journey, which leads to the origin of life on Earth, is a Holy Grail of astronomy. I will review some of the significant results on the formation and detection of complex organic molecules, including prebiotic molecules and their organic precursors, towards star-forming regions.
Healthcare Reform Repeal Efforts in the United States in 2017: An Inquiry into Public Advocacy Efforts by Key Interest Groups

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was subjected to repeated repeal and replace efforts in the United States Congress in 2017. Attempts to repeal and replace the law failed, but penalties for not complying with its mandate that individuals purchase health insurance were removed in tax legislation passed late in the year and administrative actions taken by President Trump yielded additional concerns about the stability of the law’s reform approach and the expanded health insurance access that it created. This article explores public advocacy efforts by key interest groups from three major policy sectors—health providers, the insurance industry, and the business community—that had served as an “axis of opposition” to past American healthcare reform efforts. It identifies resource and incentive policy feedback effects that appear likely to influence these groups due to design features of the ACA and assesses whether patterns of advocacy efforts in 2017 are consistent with what might be expected if these design features had their predicted effects. Our assessment reveals patterns of interest group advocacy that are consistent with what might be expected to arise from resource and incentive based policy feedback effects, and interest group political dynamics that differ from what was in place prior to passage of the ACA. It also reveals advocacy patterns that are not well explained by resource and incentive based policy feedback effects, and—in so doing—yields insights that are relevant to the design of policy reforms and future research.
Extending the depth of field for ptychography using complex-valued wavelets: publisher's note.

This publisher's note corrects an error in Eq. (3) of Opt. Lett.44, 503 (2019).OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.44.000503.
Sexual Violence Identification and Women’s Sexual Well-Being

Many individuals with histories of nonconsensual sexual experiences (NSEs) do not identify their experiences with common sexual violence labels, such as “sexual abuse,” “rape,” or “sexual assault.” Understanding how identification of an NSE with these sexual violence labels may lead to sexual health outcomes will shed light on important underlying processes involved in reconciling one’s NSEs with one’s understanding of and experience with sexuality more broadly. In this review, we summarize the literature on sexual violence identification within the context of sexual well-being and reflect on the implications for identification within a changing climate of sexual violence awareness and discourse. The majority of the literature has focused on aspects of the NSEs that may increase the likelihood of the individual identifying the experience with sexual violence labels. While there has been some research on the sexual correlates of identification, the overall picture of whether or not identification facilitates sexual well-being remains unclear. The authors conclude that identification is likely an observable proxy for complex implicit processes of identity change and sexual self-schema formation. Women’s identification of NSEs with various labels is related to characteristics of the experience itself, attributions about the experience, and preconceived notions of sex and sexual violence. While identification has been associated with some positive outcomes (e.g., less self-blame), it has also been related to negative outcomes (e.g., greater sexual distress). Further research into the cognitive and affective processes involved in construing and identifying NSEs is warranted, particularly in the wake of the #MeToo era.
Successful treatment of a ruptured profunda femoris artery aneurysm in association with fibromuscular dysplasia

Abstract Fibromuscular dysplasia is rarely reported in the infra-inguinal arteries. We report a case of an 86-year-old woman who presented with a ruptured profunda femoris artery aneurysm who was found to have angiographic findings of fibromuscular dysplasia in the bilateral deep femoral arteries and bilateral renal arteries. The rupture was treated successfully with a balloon-expandable covered stent.
ambienBeat: Wrist-worn Mobile Tactile Biofeedback for Heart Rate Rhythmic Regulation

We present a wrist-worn mobile heart rate regulator -- ambienBeat -- which provides closed-loop biofeedback via tactile stimulus based on users' heartbeat rate (HR). We applied the principle of physiological synchronization via touch to achieve our goal of effortless regulation of HR, which is tightly coupled with mental stress levels. ambienBeat provides various patterns of tactile stimuli, which mimics the feeling of a heartbeat pulse, to guide user's HR to resonate with its rhythmic, tactile patterns. The strength and rhythmic patterns of tactile stimulation are controlled to a level below the cognitive threshold of an individual's tactile sensitivity on their wrist so as to minimize task disturbance. Here we present an acoustically noise-less soft voice-coil actuator to render the ambient tactile stimulus and present the system and implementation process. We evaluated our system by comparing it to ambient auditory and visual guidance. Results from the user study shows that the tactile stimulation was effective in guiding user's HR to resonate with ambienBeat to either calm or boost the heart rate using minimal cognitive load.
In perspectiveHT and breast cancer risk

Two large recent studies indicate an increased risk of breast cancer with use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT), particularly combinations of estrogen and progestogen. These studies also go against previous theories of the types of breast cancer that would be associated with HT use. Emerging information regarding the influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer risk adds further weight to the recommendation against use for chronic disease risk reduction and raises additional questions regarding risks of even short-term use for vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause.
Recovered or Perfected: The Discourse of Chemistry in the Nineteenth-Century Revival of Stained Glass in Britain and France

The science of chemistry revitalized the art of stained glass in nineteenth-century Europe, recovering old techniques, developing new materials, and discovering new artistic methods. However, rather than examining the vital technical function science served, this article considers the role chemistry played in the discourse surrounding the revival. Close analysis of a variety of texts reveals that chemistry was a critical means by which stained glass practitioners and commentators positioned the revived art in the broader artistic culture. This article first considers the ways in which different parties across France and Britain employed chemistry to mediate modern stained glass’s relationship with its medieval past. The second half of the article charts the diverging responses to this intertwining of art and science and demonstrates that as the century progressed the contribution of chemistry to the medium was disavowed in France and embraced in Britain.
Gravitational Waves: An Overview

Abstract Gravitational wave (GW) research is one of the most rapidly developing subfields in experimental physics today. The theoretical underpinnings of this endeavor trace to the discussions of t...
Freezing and recovering rare red blood cells using glycerol.

CONCLUSIONS Rare red blood cells (RBCs) can be used in antibody identification or compatibility testing when antibodies to high-prevalence antigens or to other rare phenotypes are suspected. These rare RBCs are typically not readily available in commercial reagent RBC panels. When such RBCs are identified in donors or patients, however, laboratories can freeze and store the RBCs in a glycerol solution, which prevents severe freezing injury. When needed, the glycerolized RBCs can be thawed and the glycerol removed using decreasing concentrations of NaCl. The rare RBCs can then be used in testing.
Neuro-oncology practice guidelines from a high-volume surgeon at the COVID-19 epicenter.

Abstract Background During the coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, physicians have begun adapting their daily practices to prevent transmissions. In this study we aimed to provide surgical neuro-oncologists with practice guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic based on objective data from a high-volume brain tumor surgeon at the current COVID-19 epicenter. Methods All outpatient visits and surgeries performed by the senior author during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared between the initial quarantine (3/23/20–5/4/20), the plateau period following quarantine (5/5/20–6/27/20), and the second peak (6/28/20–7/20/20). In-person and telemedicine visits were evaluated for crossovers. Surgeries were subdivided based on lesion type and evaluated across the same time period. Results From 3/23/20–7/20/20, 469 clinic visits and 196 surgeries were identified. After quarantine was lifted, face-to-face visits increased (P Conclusions Despite exceptional challenges, we have maintained a high-volume surgical neuro-oncology practice at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide the protocols implemented at our institution in order to maximize neuro-oncology care while mitigating risk of COVID-19 exposure to both patients and providers.
Altered biomechanical strategies of the paretic hip and knee joints during a step-up task: a pilot study

Stroke often leads to chronic motor impairments in the paretic lower limb that can constrain lower extremity movement and negatively impact the ability to navigate stairs or curbs. This exploratory study investigated the differences in hip and knee biomechanical strategies during a step-up task between 5 adults with hemiparetic stroke and 5 age-matched adults without stroke. Participants were instructed to step up onto a 4-inch platform, where joint biomechanics were quantified for the hip in the frontal plane and the hip and knee in the sagittal plane. Peak joint kinematics were identified during the leading limb swing phase and peak joint moments and power were identified during the leading limb pull-up phase of stance. Mixed effects regression models estimated fixed effects of limb (3 levels: control dominant, stroke non-paretic, and stroke paretic) on biomechanical outcomes, while a random effect of participant controlled for within-participant correlations. Repeated assessments within participants (approximately 60 trials per lower limb) increased the effective sample size from 10 to between 12.0 to 19.6. Altered biomechanical strategies of the paretic lower limb included reduced flexion angles and increased pelvic obliquity angles during swing, decreased power generation in the hip frontal plane during stance, and decreased moment and power generation in the knee sagittal plane during stance. A strategy of substantial interest was the elevated hip sagittal plane moment and power generation in both stroke limbs. Overall, our findings suggest that chronic motor impairments from stroke can lead to inefficient biomechanical strategies when stepping up.
A Unique Case of Sporadic Optic Pathway Glioma in an Infant With Acute Nystagmus.

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are a classic pathology seen in patients with neurofibromatosis I (NF-1); however, they are frequently seen as sporadic masses in patients with mutations activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These sporadic tumors present rapidly with vision deficits, compared to those in neurofibromatosis I, which may be found incidentally. They can involve multiple aspects of the optic pathway and have classic imaging findings that make definitive diagnosis possible with magnetic resonance imaging. This case highlights a six-month-old boy who had an acute history of nystagmus and severe milestone regression, who was diagnosed with bilateral optic pathway gliomas. This case describes the associated imaging findings in addition to a discussion of management and overall prognosis of sporadic compared to NF-1-associated optic pathway gliomas.
Fracture Mechanics of Graded Materials

In this article after a brief review of elementary principles of fracture mechanics, certain issues concerning the applications to graded materials are identified and some examples are given.
CHAPTER 23. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS

Publisher Summary The activity of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors has been reported by various researchers as Ki and/or IC 50 's. The IC 50 's are dependent on the concentration of L-arginine (L-Arg) in the assay media and range from a low of 0.3 μM to a high of 120 μM. Comparative data for standard inhibitors has been studied for comparison. Furthermore, the species source of the NOS isozyme is important and comparisons between species have shown differences, particularly, between the mouse and human iNOS. Modification of an enzyme's substrate is a well tested strategy to discover inhibitors of the enzyme and has been successful in the discovery of new inhibitors of NOS. The first inhibitors of NOS were L-Arg derivatives, in which the terminal guanidine of the arginine was modified, to provide L-NNA and L-NMA. Although these compounds continue to be useful in the study of the function of NOS, their lack of selectivity among the isozymes has driven the search for more selective and potent agents, including compounds, in which L-Arg has been modified to provide inhibitors with some selective advantage. The need for isoform selectivity is critical, and safe inhibitors that show higher selectivity and effective cell penetration are still needed to delineate the role of the isoforms of NOS in disease models and in the clinic.
FEM analysis and testing of magnetostrictive effects in electrical samples for machinery applications

This paper investigates the numerical results relating to magnetostrictive effects in an electrical steel sample. This is based upon the magneto-mechanical coupling. The magnetic field causes elastic deformation and mechanical stress changes the magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop. As the applied stress is increased, material permeability increases. Pre-stressed magnetic material may show the promise of increased power density in the manufacturing of electric machinery.
The X-Ray Properties of Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud

There are at least 25 supernova remnants (SNR) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with X-ray luminosities exceeding 2 × 1035 erg s-1. As many as 25 other SNR may be contained in the X-ray survey conducted with the Einstein Observatory of the LMC. The X-ray spectra of the 6 SNR observed with the Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) resemble their galactic counterparts; two SNR, N157B and 0540–69.3, may emit X-rays primarily by synchrotron radiation. The density of the medium in which SNR are expanding inferred from the X-ray data appears to decrease with SNR diameter; the density of the ISM inferred from the Balmer lines of 4 new SNR in the LMC is much lower than that inferred from X-ray observations. The apparent thermal energy content of LMC SNR evolves with diameter, peaking at ~5 × 1050 ergs. The ratio of the densities of the X-ray and [SII] emitting plasmas is consistent with their being in pressure equilibrium. The SN rate in the LMC is ~1 per 100–200 years. This is the number of SN expected from other considerations. The number diameter relation of LMC SNR is consistent with free expansion. The X-ray data are difficult to understand in terms of traditional Sedov models on SNR evolution; probably ejecta and multiphase ISM are required to explain the X-ray properties of LMC SNR.
Optimal H 2 And H ∞ Fixed Order Dynamic Compensation Using Canonical Forms

This paper presents a technique for designing fixed order dynamic compensators in controller canonical form which are robust to both structured and unstructured uncertainty. The formulation uses an approach which combines an H2 and H∞ optimization process. Specificaly, a quadratic performance index is minimized subject to a constraint on the H∞, norm of the closed loop transfer function from disturbances to controlled outputs. This provides robustness to unstructured uncertainty. To provide robustness to structured uncertainty, an upper bound is computed for the worst case parameter variations, and it is then included in the derivation of the optimality conditions. For the specific case of no structured uncertainty, the results of this approach using the canonical form compensator are analytically related to the previously published results for a fixed or dynamic compensator. It is demonstrated that the use of the canonical form greatly simplifies the system of necessary conditions.
Partial characterization of the alkylglycerol cleavage enzyme system of rat liver.

Abstract Subcellular distribution and cofactor requirements of the alkylglycerol cleavage enzyme system of rat liver have been investigated. The bulk of the enzyme system could not be removed from the microsomal fraction by washing procedures. Reduced glutathione (10 mm) increased the extent of the reaction 5-fold. The optimal concentration of ammonium sulfate was 4.8 mm. Ammonium ions increased the extent of the reaction and in addition appeared to activate the enzyme. Several other cations and anions did not stimulate the enzyme. Reduced pteridine was absolutely required for enzyme activity and the optimal concentration was 1.25 mm. The cleavage activity was stimulated 1.2-fold by NAD+ or NADH; NADP+ and NADPH had no effect. In the presence of near optimal concentrations of all known cofactors, rat liver-soluble fraction stimulated the cleavage activity 1.4- to 1.5-fold. The stimulation was produced by a heat-labile, nondialyzable component. The optimum pH for the reaction is approximately 9.0. In the absence of added pyridine nucleotides the long chain products of the cleavage reaction are aldehydes. Fatty acids were formed in the presence of the reduced as well as the oxidized nucleotides in this crude system and fatty alcohols were isolated only in the presence of NADH.
Does TESOL Share Theories With Other Disciplines

of various European languages (and little elsewhere in the world). Language and literacy teaching have lengthy, unexamined histories and vast geopolitical dimensions, of which TESOL occupies one important aspect (Magnan, 2007; Stern, 1983; Triebel, 2005). But it seems to me that, unless future analyses can demonstrate otherwise, the role of theory in TESOL is essentially similar to that reported to our task force for the fields of foreign language teaching or English education.
Comparison of microphone array designs for hearing aid

We perform simulation of various digital signal processing microphone array architectures to compare their suitability for a hearing aid pre-processor. The architectures include fixed narrowband array, general sidelobe canceler array and maximum energy array. The arrays are all equi-spaced linear array. In particular, arrays with 6 microphones and various number of taps have been simulated under typical hearing aid environment of reverberance, short speaker distance and competing speakers. The sampling frequency is chosen to be 10 kHz, with the physical length of the array being 17 cm. The improvements of various array designs are demonstrated and discussed.
Mantle cell lymphoma: a report of 31 nodal and extranodal fine-needle aspirates.

Introduction This study reports our experience using aspiration cytopathology coupled with various auxiliary tests in achieving diagnostic accuracy in cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MtCL) from both nodal and extranodal sites. Materials and methods Specimens retrieved from our cytology database used search codes for MtCL. Tissue files were searched for any cases of MtCL that had corresponding fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytopathology. FNAB was performed using the standard technique. Results Thirty-one aspirates of MtCL were recovered: 11 primary and 20 recurrent examples over a wide age range (x = 63 years). All had histologic confirmation. Nearly one-half were from extranodal sites (14; 45%), mostly representing skin/soft tissue masses. Microscopic examination showed a monotonous proliferation of small-medium lymphocytes in a dispersed pattern with dendritic cells and rarely tingible-body macrophages. Flow cytometry (FCM) performed on all but 6 aspirates demonstrated light chain clonality. In 12 aspirates, ancillary testing in addition to FCM consisted of fluorescence in situ hybridization only (6 cases), fluorescence in situ hybridization plus immunohistochemical (IHC) (2), and IHC only (4). One case had cell block IHC alone without FCM. A specific diagnosis of MtCL was made from 45% of primary and 89% of recurrent MtCL cases. No examples of a correct, specific FNAB diagnosis of MtCL were made without the use of some form of auxiliary testing. Conclusions Aspirates of MtCL are characterized by nonspecific relatively uniform small-sized to medium-sized lymphocytes. A specific diagnosis of MtCL is achievable in nodal/extranodal sites, but only when a combination of auxiliary studies is judiciously employed.
The Functional Changes of the Pituitary Gonadotrophs During the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract Submaximal doses of LRF, administered over a period of several hours, either by repeated pulses (10 μg at 2 h intervals × 5) or by constant infusion (0.2 μg/min × 4 h), have permitted the assessment of changes in the releasable gonadotropin during the menstrual cycle. Quantitations in the acute releasable and ultimately releasable gonadotropins were made which represent, respectively, the sensitivity and reserve of the gonadotrophs. The functional expression of these two components of gonadotropin release exhibited profound changes during the menstrual cycle and were in synchrony with the cyclicity of ovarian steroid levels; during the early follicular phase, both sensitivity and reserve were at a minimum, but with increasing levels of E2, a preferential increase in reserve over sensitivity (P < 0.005) was found. Although both sensitivity and reserve increased dramatically near the midcycle, the relative change in these two components was reversed from the late follicular phase to the midcycle su...
Changes in Ventricular Repolarization During Post-Vagal Tachycardia in the Young Puppy |[dagger]| 134

Little is known about the dynamic behavior of ventricular repolarization during the acceleration of heart rate that is caused by abruptly withdrawing a vagal stimulus (post-vagal tachycardia, PVT). We measured changes in left ventricular epicardial monophasic action potential durations in 14 chloralose-anesthetized young puppies (mean [±SD] age 28.6±18.6 days) during PVT. Changes in action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) were plotted as a function of (the decreasing) cardiac cycle length during PVT, induced by withdrawal of an 8 Hz vagal stimulation train. Sinus cycle length decreased from a baseline of 311±30 milliseconds (ms) to 236 ±27 ms during PVT. The APD90- cycle length relationship during PVT was nearly horizontal (slope = 0.08±0.09), indicating that there was little or no shortening of APD90 with shortening of cardiac cycle length. In contrast, when cardiac cycle length was shortened by two other mechanisms, rapid atrial pacing and an infusion of isoproterenol, over cycle length ranges that were within 10 ms of those achieved during PVT, APD90 progressively decreased as a function of decreasing cardiac cycle length. The slope of the APD90 - cycle length relationship during rapid atrial pacing was 0.22±0.09 (P < 0.01 vs. PVT). The greatest cycle length-dependent shortening of APD90 occurred during the isoproterenol infusion (slope = 0.44 ±0.17, P < 0.01 vs. PVT). Thus, in the young puppy dynamic adaptation of ventricular repolarization to changes in cardiac cycle length is attenuated during PVT. New concepts concerning the mechanism(s) of PVT, including a primary facilitation of calcium influx into the cell, may be consistent with these observations. A complete understanding of parasympathetic regulation of cardiovascular function must include an understanding of the effects of withdrawal of a vagal stimulus, as well as the primary effects of the vagal stimulus itself.
Structural, spatial, and age effects on visual threshold

The aim of the current research was to determine whether observers who are simultaneously presented with structural and spatial cues would demonstrate differential sensitivity to the structural characteristics of the stimulus, the spatial relationships between the stimulus and the visual field, or some interaction between these variables. A concurrent aim of the experiment was to determine the effects of aging on visual form detection. The results indicate that in the case of structural characteristics alone, subjects of all ages were influenced by size rather than visual angle or sidedness. The examination of the independent effect of spatial characteristics upon visual thresholds of younger and older subjects demonstrated greater observer sensitivity to parafoveal positions on the horizontal plane above the central horizontal meridian independent of which half visual field was stimulated. When the simultaneous effects of structural and spatial characteristics on sensitivity of younger and older subjects were observed, it was determined that position rather than size influences visual form detection. Although significant age differences were obtained between the two groups, both age groups were similarly influenced by the independent and interactive effects of structural and spatial characteristics.
Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads

Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads FRASER J. HARBUTT, 2010 New York: Cambridge University Press vii + 438 pp., $40.00 Yalta: The Price of Peace S. M. PLOKHY, 2010 New York: Viking xvi...
Creating “Cultures of Evidence” in Teacher Education: Context, Policy, and Practice in Three High-Data-Use Programs

One of the important rationales for the development and implementation of a rigorous classroom-based measure of preservice teacher quality is that such a tool will provide new sources of data that are highly relevant to the task of improving programs of teacher preparation. However, research on data utilization within organizations from a variety of disciplines makes it clear that even when relevant and useful data are available, they are often not used for decision making. We studied three “high-data-use” programs from among the 32 California institutions implementing the Performance Assessment for California Teachers (PACT) to identify organizational practices associated with the use of PACT data for program improvement. We describe practices within and across these programs that were identified by informants as important to their success in using teacher performance outcome data to make decisions about program renewal and improvement.
DEMONSTRATION OF A FIBRILLAR COMPONENT IN THE CELL WALL OF THE YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AND ITS CHEMICAL NATURE

The ultrastructure of isolated cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the log and stationary phases of growth was studied after treatment with the following enzymes: purified endo-β-(1 → 3)-glucanase and endo-β-(1 → 6)-glucanase produced by Bacillus circulans; purified exo-β-glucanase and endo-β-(1 → 3)-glucanase produced by Schizosaccharomyces versatilis; commercial Pronase. While exo-β-glucanase from S. versatilis had no electron microscopically detectable effect on the walls, Pronase removed part of the external amorphous wall material disclosing an amorphous wall layer in which fibrils were indistinctly visible. Amorphous wall material was completely removed by the effect of either endo-β-(1 → 3)- or endo-β-(1 → 6)-glucanase of B. circulans or by a mixture of the two enzymes. As a result of these treatments a continuous fibrillar component appeared, composed of densely interwoven microfibrils resisting further action by both of the B. circulans enzymes. The fibrillar wall component was also demonstrated in untreated cell walls by electron microscopy after negative staining. Because of the complete disappearance of the fibrils following treatment with the S. versatilis endo-β-(1 → 3)-glucanase it can be concluded that this fibrillar component is composed of β-(1 → 3)-linked glucan. Bud scars were the only wall structures resistant to the effect of the latter enzyme.
Screening for breast and cervical cancers: the importance of knowledge and perceived cancer survivability.

ABSTRACT Introduction. This study examines the association between recent screening for breast and cervical cancers, knowledge of cancer risk factors, and perceptions of surviving cancer. Methods. Data were from the Cancer Control Supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS-CCS). The dependent variable combined breast and cervical cancer screening practices into a single composite index. Two independent variables combined women's knowledge about breast and cervical cancers into single indicators-one representing risk factor knowledge, the other representing perceived likelihood of surviving breast and cervical cancers following early detection. Results. Multivariate analysis showed that recency of screening for both breast and cervical cancers was associated with knowledge of cancer risk factors and perceptions of surviving cancer. Education, household income, and smoking status also were correlates of comprehensive screening. Significant interactions between income and perceived surviva...
A dynamic model for an asymmetrical vehicle/track system

A finite element model to simulate an asymmetrical vehicle/track dynamic system is proposed in this paper. This model consists of a 10-degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) vehicle model, a track model with two rails, and an adaptive wheel/rail contact model. The surface defects of wheels and rails can be simulated with their geometry and an endless track model is adopted in the model. All time histories of forces, displacements, velocities and accelerations of all components of the vehicle and track can be obtained simultaneously. By using this model, one can study the effect that wheel/rail interaction from one side of the model has on the other. This can be done for many asymmetrical cases that are common in railway practice such as a wheel flat, wheel shelling, out-of-round wheel, fatigued rail, corrugated rail, head-crushed rail, rail joints, wheel/rail roughness, etc. Only two solutions are reported in this paper: steady state interaction and a wheel flat.
Effects of chronic cortical seizures on GABA and benzodiazepine receptors within seizure pathways.

Abstract The effects of chronic cortical seizures on the autoradiographic distributions of two markers of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex within local and long circuits connected to the focus were examined. Rats were subjected to electrically triggered seizures of the forelimb-sensorimotor overlap zone either daily or once every other day. At the time of sacrifice the rats had received a mean of 39 ± 3 stimulations and their seizure responses had grown in intensity and duration. [3H]Muscimol binding and [3H]flunitrazepam binding, at near saturating ligand concentrations were unchanged in the focus, mirror focus, dorsolateral caudate, globus pallidus, ventrolateral and ventrobasal thalamic nuclei, and the substantia nigra pars reticularis. These results indicate that the progressive increases in strength and duration of recurrent focal cortical seizures are not accompanied by changes in the density of either GABA receptors or benzodiazepine receptors within the focus or projection pathways.
Transmission of HIV Infection Among Older Adults: A Population at Risk

For more than a decade, AIDS investigators have focused on understanding the epidemiology of HIV transmission among adult and adolescents populations. Although the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among these populations give rise to concern, very little research has addressed prevention strategies to reduce HIV infection in adults aged 50 years and older, among whom the number of AIDS cases is steadily rising. Data taken from a national survey reveal that middle-aged and elderly individuals admit to high-risk behavior. The greatest increase in HIV infection in this older age group is occurring among minority populations. The prevalence of HIV infection among older adults is startling. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998) reported in their Quarterly Surveillance Summary that cumulative cases of AIDS show a disproportionate incidence and prevalence among African American men 50 and older. According to Ory and Mack (1998), men represent the highest majority of AIDS cases aged 50 years and older (84%), and minority populations (i.e., African Americans and other groups) are overrepresented, with Hispanic men accounting for over 60% of the cases. Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1998 reported that new cases of AIDS are disproportionately higher among adults 50 and older than among younger populations. Ory and Mack also reported that there has been a dramatic increase in heterosexual transmission in individuals 50 and older and that injection drug use is also on the rise. Risk Factors Among Older Populations
Predictive engineering models based on the EPIC architecture for a multimodal high-performance human-computer interaction task

Engineering models of human performance permit some aspects of usability of interface designs to be predicted from an analysis of the task, and thus they can replace to some extent expensive user-testing data. We successfully predicted human performance in telephone operator tasks with engineering models constructed in the EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) architecture for human information processing, which is especially suited for modeling multimodal, complex tasks, and has demonstrated success in other task domains. Several models were constructed on an a priori basis to represent different hypotheses about how operators coordinate their activities to produce rapid task performance. The models predicted the total time with useful accuracy and clarified some important properties of the task. The best model was based directly on the GOMS analysis of the task and made simple assumptions about the operator's task strategy, suggesting that EPIC models are a feasible approach to predicting performance in multimodal high-performance tasks.
Alcohol and mortality from external causes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption, considering both volume of intake and drinking pattern, and the risk of death from external causes. Method: A prospective study of mortality from external causes was conducted using data from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey linked with the National Death Index for 1988 through 1995. During the 7.5-year follow-up interval, there were 155 deaths from external causes among the 42,910 adults 18 years of age and over included in the sample. Proportional hazards models were used to adjust for censoring due to competing causes of death and for the effects of potentially confounding background variables including age, gender, marital status, education, smoking and poor health at baseline. Results: Relative to lifetime abstainers and infrequent drinkers, the risk of death from external causes increased directly with volume of intake, exhibiting a logarithmic-shaped risk curve. There was no evidence of reduced ri...