cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of calcium on the kinetics of a model disjunctive ligand exchange reaction: implications for dynamic trace metal ion speciation.

Trace metal ion speciation in natural waters is often under kinetic control due to slow exchange reactions involving multidentate ligands (both natural and anthropogenic) and constituent ions (e.g. calcium). Incomplete understanding of the kinetic behavior (rates, rate laws, and mechanisms) of multidentate ligand exchange reactions hinders prediction of metal ion bioavailability and mobility in these systems. Here, we aim to improve understanding (1) by examining the mechanism by which calcium suppresses ligand exchange rates and (2) by developing conceptual tools for predicting the kinetic behavior in environmental systems. Using capillary electrophoresis, we examined the effect of calcium concentration on the kinetics of a model disjunctive multidentate ligand exchange reaction between nickel(II)-nitrilotriacetate (NiNTA) and trans-1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetate (CDTA) at constant temperature (25 °C) and ionic strength (10 mM). Initial NiCDTA formation rates under varying reactant and calcium concentrations were fit with a single disjunctive ligand exchange kinetic model. While the overall reaction pathway is disjunctive under all conditions studied, the presence of calcium causes a non-linear decrease in reaction rates and alters the overall reaction order with respect to free multidentate ligand concentration. The overall rate law is affected by the relative calcium affinity of exchanging ligands, which controls the balance of product formation and reactant reformation rates from the free metal ion intermediate. The log ratio of these rates is proposed as a metric for determining the appropriate simplified form of the rate law for disjunctive ligand exchange reactions. The implications for in situ ligand lability assays and metal ion bioavailability are discussed.
A Förster resonance energy transfer sensor for live-cell imaging of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in Arabidopsis.

The catalytic activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is dynamically modified in plants. Since MAPKs have been shown to play important roles in a wide range of signaling pathways, the ability to monitor MAPK activity in living plant cells would be valuable. Here, we report the development of a genetically encoded MAPK activity sensor for use in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sensor is composed of yellow and blue fluorescent proteins, a phosphopeptide binding domain, a MAPK substrate domain and a flexible linker. Using in vitro testing, we demonstrated that phosphorylation causes an increase in the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency of the sensor. The FRET efficiency can therefore serve as a readout of kinase activity. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing this sensor of MAPK activity (SOMA) and performed live-cell imaging experiments using detached cotyledons. Treatment with NaCl, the synthetic flagellin peptide flg22 and chitin all led to rapid gains in FRET efficiency. Control lines expressing a version of SOMA in which the phosphosite was mutated to an alanine did not show any substantial changes in FRET. We also expressed the sensor in a conditional loss-of-function double-mutant line for the Arabidopsis MAPK genes MPK3 and MPK6. These experiments demonstrated that MPK3/6 are necessary for the NaCl-induced FRET gain of the sensor, while other MAPKs are probably contributing to the chitin and flg22-induced increases in FRET. Taken together, our results suggest that SOMA is able to dynamically report MAPK activity in living plant cells.
Embryogenesis of Ectopic Bronchogenic Cysts: Keep It Simple

Case reports or small series reports are often viewed as minor or not worthy of publication, maybe because they do not increase the impact factor of a journal [1]. However, for many decades, if not...
Nanoallergen platform for detection of platin drug allergies.

In this study, we validated a novel nanoparticle based in vitro diagnostic technique for drug allergies to two common platinum-based chemotherapeutics, oxaliplatin and carboplatin.
Assessing Manifest Interests within the Career Construction Interview.

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine narrative responses of participants (n = 83) to the prompts of the career construction interview for manifest interests. We compared our analyzed results of narrative responses to participant Strong Interest Inventory-College Profile results to determine correlational strength. The results indicated a .27 overall correlation between the two assessments, demonstrating that some questions from the career construction interview are more and less effective in assessing manifest interests. Results from this study provide efficacy evidence for the combination of interest inventories and the career construction interview in assessing clients’ manifest interests.
Adjoint Sensitivity of North Pacific Atmospheric River Forecasts

AbstractThe initial-state sensitivity and optimal perturbation growth for 24- and 36-h forecasts of low-level kinetic energy and precipitation over California during a series of atmospheric river (...
Faces in the wild: A naturalistic study of children’s facial expressions in response to an Internet prank

There is surprisingly little empirical evidence supporting theoretical and anecdotal claims regarding the spontaneous production of prototypic facial expressions used in numerous emotion recognition studies. Proponents of innate prototypic expressions believe that this lack of evidence may be due to ethical restrictions against presenting powerful elicitors in the lab. The current popularity of internet platforms designed for public sharing of videos allows investigators to shed light on this debate by examining naturally-occurring facial expressions outside the laboratory. An Internet prank ("Scary Maze") has provided a unique opportunity to observe children reacting to a consistent fear- and surprise-inducing stimulus: The unexpected presentation of a "scary face" during an online maze game. The purpose of this study was to examine children's facial expressions in this naturalistic setting. Emotion ratings of non-facial behaviour (provided by untrained undergraduates) and anatomically-based facial codes were obtained from 60 videos of children (ages 4-7) found on YouTube. Emotion ratings were highest for fear and surprise. Correspondingly, children displayed more facial expressions of fear and surprise than for other emotions (e.g. anger, joy). These findings provide partial support for the ecological validity of fear and surprise expressions. Still prototypic expressions were produced by fewer than half the children.
Successful treatment of HBV, HCV, & HEV, with 12-week long use of tenofovir, sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and ribavirin: A case report

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It causes both chronic and acute infections and it has been estimated that about 80% of HCV infected patients develop chronic HCV infection of which 15-30% develop liver complications specifically liver cirrhosis and hepatocellualar carcinoma (HCC). Interferon therapy was previously used standard of care therapy associated with poor efficacy in major proportion of HCV infected population whereas, the recent development of interferon-free therapy or direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs are able to achieve sustained virological response (SVR) in 95% of patients. These new drugs are still not properly explored and currently there is minimal clinical experience regarding an efficacious treatment option suitable for triple infection i.e, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Here, we suggest well-tolerated sofsobuvir-based treatment regimen in patient infected with HBV, HCV, and HEV. Twelve weeks long treatment with sofsobuvir, daclatasvir, ribavirin, and tenofovir resulted in sustained virological response (SVR) and cleared HBV, HCV, and HEV in diabetic and asthmatic patient.
Determining How Soil Amendments Enhance the Recovery of Ammophila breviligulata Following Dune Die-Off Events in Coastal New England

ABSTRACT Moore, G.E.; Burdick, D.M., and Payne, A.R., 2020. Determining how soil amendments enhance the recovery of Ammophila breviligulata following dune die-off events in coastal New England. Jou...
TRPV4 blockade reduces voiding frequency, ATP release, and pelvic sensitivity in mice with chronic urothelial overexpression of NGF.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid family member 4 (TRPV4) transcript and protein expression increased in the urinary bladder and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia of transgenic mice with chronic...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone: A current review.

Objectives The rarity of temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) precludes a clear understanding of the disease and approach to its management. This review provides general background on the disease and discusses the current and emerging oncologic and rehabilitative management options. Data sources PubMed literature review. Methods A review of the current literature was conducted to assess and collate up-to-date information regarding TBSCC management. Results TBSCC is a rare and aggressive disease arising in the ear canal, temporal bone, or extratemporal sites. Prior radiation, chronic ear disease, or habitual ear picking may contribute to primary disease development. Because the symptoms of TBSCC and benign otologic disease are similar, TBSCC diagnosis may be delayed, allowing the tumor time to spread throughout the anatomically intricate temporal bone. The extent of the disease is determined based on imaging and is usually staged with the Pittsburgh Staging System. Temporal bone resection with parotidectomy and neck dissection is the current standard of care. Survival is generally good for early disease and poor for advanced disease, but chemotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment option. Auditory rehabilitation with osseointegrated hearing aids is recommended at initial oncologic resection. Conclusions The knowledge of and outcomes for TBSCC have improved with time, but because of the aggressive nature of the disease and the anatomic intricacy of the temporal bone, TBSCC treatment is complex and should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Inter-institutional collaboration may accelerate research for this rare disease. Level of evidence 5.
Blunt Traumatic Aortic Injury in the Pan-scan Era.

Author(s): Yu, Louis; Baumann, Brigitte M; Raja, Ali S; Mower, William R; Langdorf, Mark I; Medak, Anthony J; Anglin, Deirdre R; Hendey, Gregory W; Nishijima, Daniel; Rodriguez, Robert M | Abstract: BACKGROUND:In the era of frequent head-to-pelvis computed tomography (CT) for adult blunt trauma evaluation, we sought to update teachings regarding aortic injury by determining 1) the incidence of aortic injury; 2) the proportion of patients with isolated aortic injury (without other concomitant thoracic injury); 3) the clinical implications of aortic injury (hospital mortality, length of stay [LOS], and rate of surgical interventions); and 4) the screening value of traditional risk factors/markers (such as high-energy mechanism and widened mediastinum on chest x-ray [CXR]) for aortic injury, compared to newer criteria from the recently developed NEXUS Chest CT decision instrument (DI). METHODS:We conducted a preplanned analysis of patients prospectively enrolled in the NEXUS Chest studies at 10 Level I trauma centers with the following inclusion criteria: age g 14nyears, blunt trauma within 6nhours of ED presentation, and receiving chest imaging duringnED trauma evaluation. RESULTS:Of 24,010 enrolled subjects, 42 (0.17%, 95% confidence interval [CI]n= 0.13% to 0.24%) had aortic injury. Most patients (79%, 95% CIn= 64% to 88%) had an associated thoracic injury, with rib fractures, pneumothorax/hemothorax, and pulmonary contusion occurring most frequently. Compared to patients without aortic injury this cohort had similar mortality (9.5%, 95% CIn= 3.8% to 22.1% vs. 5.8%, 95% CIn= 5.4% to 6.3%), longer median hospital LOS (11ndays vs. 3ndays, pnln0.01), and higher median Injury Severity Score (29 vs. 5, pnln0.001). High-energy mechanism and widened mediastinum on CXR had low sensitivity for aortic injury (76% [95% CIn= 62% to 87%] and 33% [95% CIn= 21% to 49%], respectively), compared to the NEXUS Chest CT DI (sensitivity 100% [95% CIn= 92% to 100%]). CONCLUSIONS:Aortic injury is rare in adult ED blunt trauma patients who survive to receive imaging. Most ED aortic injury patients have associated thoracic injuries and survive to hospital discharge.nWidened mediastinum on CXR and high-energy mechanism have relatively low screening sensitivity for aortic injury, but the NEXUS Chest DI detected all cases.
Characterizing microplastic size and morphology of photodegraded polymers placed in simulated moving water conditions.

Aquatic plastic debris experiences environmental stressors that lead to breakdown into smaller micro-sized plastic particles. This work quantified microplastic formation with the environmental stressors of UV irradiation followed by mechanical strain induced by movement of water with an emphasis on connecting our results to changes in the materials chemical/physical properties. Polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate thin films and polypropylene injection-molded sheets were irradiated with 254 nm UV light, placed into aquatic microcosms, collected through sieving, and counted under a microscope. Results showed increasingly more particles in smaller size classes, the smallest being 74–177 μm. Mechanical strain from the turbulent water caused 2.3–3× more microplastics to be formed for the thinnest (∼25 μm) film and 1.4–2× more for thicker films and sheets. The most common morphology of microplastics was fibers, particularly in thicker polypropylene samples, which was attributed to absorbance of the photons and the changes observed in the crystallinity and glass transition as measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). When irradiated for 24, 48, or 72 h, longer irradiation resulted in more microplastics formed by polypropylene films, which correlated with changes in the glass transition temperature as measured by DSC and the extent of oxidation as measured with FTIR. Irradiation at 300 nm produced fewer microplastics due to slower kinetics of phototransformations. Overall, this work evaluates the impact of combined photodegradation and water motion toward microplastic particles formed. It provides quantitative evidence that mechanical strain of water movement exacerbates photo-induced formation of microplastics and shows that the existence of fibers in natural systems can be the result of photodegradation.
Water's Edge: Theme and Variation

The design Water’s Edge: Theme and Variation is a beginning phase in examining Universal Design principles for apparel, and was motivated by the belief that clothing has a dual purpose of function and self-expression. Designers frequently apply all seven principles of UD when creating a product, but as not all principles directly apply to apparel, the focus of this design was flexibility in use, the second UD principle, Water’s Edge allows a variety of wearing options. It can be worn as a vest, or as a jacket by adding the separate sleeves. It can also be turned 180 degrees so that center front becomes center back. The digitally printed design, developed from photographs of ice and water, was manipulated to create linear movement and transition from light to dark. Interconnected pattern pieces allow distribution of shaping while allocating control to the wearer in terms of garment interaction with body.
Perceived Teacher Support and Communication in Strategizing Possible Selves

There is limited insight into how perceived teacher support and communication may be related to the development of adolescents’ strategies to achieve a hoped for and expected possible selves while avoiding their feared possible selves. This study explores the relationship between adolescents’ perceptions of their teachers’ support and communication and their possible selves. A total of 85 adolescents (Mage = 15.5 years) participated (45% White and 55% Latino). A mixed-method strategy was used which included survey data and semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that perceived teacher support is associated with adolescents’ development of concrete strategies. Our study found that when students perceived their teachers communicated with them about the future, the more concrete strategies they had to address their range of possible selves. This study begins to uncover the role teachers play in supporting and shaping how all adolescents can construct an action plan that will lead to the desired outcomes.
Using the Four Pillars of FLIP to Implement Flipped Learning in an Undergraduate Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Course.

ABSTRACT Nurse faculty teaching undergraduate nursing research and evidence-based practice are challenged to find creative and engaging instructional strategies that have positive learning outcomes. Utilizing the Flipped Learning Network's Four Pillars of FLIP, an undergraduate nursing research and evidence-based practice course for an accelerated nursing program was transformed from a traditional classroom to a flipped learning model. This article describes active learning strategies used, along with lessons learned for future implementation.
Rapid sensitivity analysis for reducing uncertainty in landslide hazard assessments

One of the challenges in assessing temporal and spatial aspects of landslide hazard using process-based models is estimating model input parameters, especially in areas where limited measurements of soil and rock properties are available. In an effort to simplify and streamline parameter estimation, development of a simple, rapid approach to sensitivity analysis relies on field measurements of landslide characteristics, especially slope and depth. This method is demonstrated for a case study in Puerto Rico where widespread destruction resulted from tens of thousands of debris flows induced by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017. The approach can be applied to estimation of shear strength as well as hydrologic parameters that control infiltration and flow of water in the subsurface and ultimately the timing of landslides resulting from heavy rainfall. Results narrow the possible range of cohesion and friction parameters as well as hydraulic conductivity and other soil water parameters by counting the fraction of field observations that can be explained by each combination of parameters. For cases studied in Puerto Rico, the method identified combinations of cohesion and friction values that explain more than 80–90% of observed landslide source areas.
History of Optical Mapping

Optical mapping is an imaging technique that is used to record physiologic phenomena from live tissue. To date, optical imaging has been applied in the heart to record NADH+, transmembrane potential, and intracellular calcium transients. While NADH+ imaging relies on the intrinsic fluorescent signals from the tissue, fluorescent dyes have been developed to record transmembrane potential and calcium transients. Optical mapping has been applied to cardiac tissue at multiple scales, from single cells all the way up to in vivo whole hearts. This technique has also evolved in terms of number heart surfaces and number of parameters that can be measured simultaneously from the heart. The latter technique gives the user the ability to look at the inter-relationship between different physiological phenomena. This chapter discusses the origins of the use of optical mapping in cardiac research, the process of optical mapping of the heart, and the evolution of dyes and equipment used.
Refugee camps and deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract To date, there have been few quasi-experimental efforts to evaluate the impact of refugee camps on host landscapes. Yet many stakeholders believe refugee camps lead to deforestation in nearby areas. I use data on camp locations and years of operation as well as secondary geospatial data to produce a high-resolution panel dataset of 0.01° tiles. My difference-in-difference specification with tile fixed effects exploits variation in camp openings and tile proximity to camps. F-tests on event study pre-trends provide support for the satisfaction of parallel trends prior to camp exposure. I find that within the rainforest biome, camps are associated with a small reduction in extensive margin forest loss (i.e., land clearing) and a small increase in intensive margin forest loss (i.e., gradual reductions in canopy cover). In the grasslands biome, camps lead to small increases in forest loss at the intensive margin but have no impact on the extensive margin.
Cardiac natriuretic peptide deficiency sensitizes the heart to stress induced ventricular arrhythmias via impaired CREB signaling

Aims The cardiac natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP] and B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]) are important regulators of cardiovascular physiology, with reduced natriuretic peptide (NP) activity linked to multiple human cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that deficiency of either ANP or BNP would lead to similar changes in left ventricular structure and function given their shared receptor affinities. Methods and results We directly compared murine models deficient of ANP or BNP in the same genetic backgrounds (C57BL6/J) and environments. We evaluated control, ANP deficient (Nppa-/-) or BNP deficient (Nppb-/-) mice under unstressed conditions and multiple forms of pathological myocardial stress. Survival, myocardial structure, function and electrophysiology, tissue histology, and biochemical analyses were evaluated in the groups. In vitro validation of our findings was performed using human derived induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (iPS-CM). In the unstressed state, both ANP and BNP deficient mice displayed mild ventricular hypertrophy which did not increase up to 1 year of life. NP-deficient mice exposed to acute myocardial stress secondary to thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) had similar pathological myocardial remodeling but a significant increase in sudden death. We discovered that the NP-deficient mice are more susceptible to stress induced ventricular arrhythmias using both in vivo and ex vivo models. Mechanistically, deficiency of either ANP or BNP led to reduced myocardial cGMP levels and reduced phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREBS133) transcriptional regulator. Selective CREB inhibition sensitized wild type hearts to stress induced ventricular arrhythmias. ANP and BNP regulate cardiomyocyte CREBS133 phosphorylation through a cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling cascade. Conclusions Our data show that ANP and BNP act in a non-redundant fashion to maintain myocardial cGMP levels to regulate cardiomyocyte p38 MAPK and CREB activity. Cardiac natriuretic peptide deficiency leads to a reduction in CREB signaling which sensitizes the heart to stress induced ventricular arrhythmias. Translational perspective Our study found that ANP or BNP deficiency leads to increased sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial stress in murine models. We discovered that ANP and BNP act in a non-redundant fashion to maintain myocardial cGMP levels and uncovered a unique role for these peptides in regulating cardiomyocyte p38 MAPK and CREB signaling through a cGMP-PKG1 pathway. Importantly, this signaling pathway was conserved in human cardiomyocytes. This study provides mechanistic insight into how modulating natriuretic peptide levels in human heart failure patients reduces sudden death and mortality.
The Language of Feminine Beauty in Russian and Japanese Societies Natalia Konstantinovskaia (2020)

The Language of Feminine Beauty in Russian and Japanese Societies Natalia Konstantinovskaia (2020) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 219 pp.
Problems Solvable Using Linear Programming

In this chapter a number of standard LP problems will be formulated. These are problems that occur frequently and may provide ways of formulating parts of the users’ problems, to which other conditions, e.g., integrality conditions or nonlinear terms, will be added, and secondly they will give an indication as to the ease or difficulty of solving a particular problem when it becomes apparent that it is similar to some standard problem. For some of the problem types a case study is also provided and a model relating to the case is supplied with the software included with the book.
Agreeableness: A Dimension of Personality

Publisher Summary Agreeableness is probably best conceptualized as a general latent variable that summarizes more specific tendencies and behaviors. Agreeableness should certainly qualify as an individual difference having significance for people's daily transactions. It can be predominantly an affective evaluation and may be a more diffuse reaction. Across a range of studies, agreeableness emerges in the natural language descriptions of the self and peers. Furthermore, there is evidence that self-rating and peer evaluations converge in assessing agreeableness. Later, the prosocial personality is discussed in this chapter. Prosocial behavior can be conceptualized as a form of agreeableness. Recent research suggests that there may be important dispositional components to prosocial behavior, and these may be seen even in young children. Precise identification of these dispositions has been inhibited by problems of differentiating among social motives, and by weak measures of altruism as an outcome and as a disposition. Basic bio-behavioral research suggests that individual differences in agreeableness in adults may have their origins in affective self-regulatory processes in childhood. In particular, individual differences in the pattern of inhibition of negative effect may be related to the development of agreeableness and these may be related to health, especially cardiovascular disease.
Respiratory muscle training (RMT) in late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD): Effects of training and detraining.

Abstract Background Determine the effects of a 12-week respiratory muscle training (RMT) program in late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD). Methods We investigated the effects of 12-weeks of RMT followed by 3-months detraining using a single-subject A-B-A experimental design replicated across 8 adults with LOPD. To assess maximal volitional respiratory strength, our primary outcomes were maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). Effect sizes for changes in MIP and MEP were determined using Cohen's d statistic. Exploratory outcomes targeted motor function, and peak cough flow (PCF) was measured in the last 5 subjects. Results From pretest to posttest, all 8 subjects exhibited increases in MIP, and 7 of 8 showed increases in MEP. Effect size data reveal the magnitude of increases in MIP to be large in 4 ( d ≥1.0) and very large in 4 ( d ≥2.0), and effect sizes for increases in MEP were large in 1 ( d ≥1.0) and very large in 6 ( d ≥2.0). Across participants, pretest to posttest MIP and MEP increased by a mean of 19.6% ( sd =9.9) and 16.1% ( sd =17.3), respectively. Respiratory strength increases, particularly for the inspiratory muscles, were generally durable to 3-months detraining. Conclusions These data suggest our 12-week RMT program results in large to very large increases in inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in adults with LOPD. Additionally, increases in respiratory strength appeared to be relatively durable following 3-months detraining. Although additional research is needed, RMT appears to offer promise as an adjunctive treatment for respiratory weakness in LOPD.
Analysis of Simian Virus 40 Chromosome—T-Antigen Complexes: T-Antigen Is Preferentially Associated with Early Replicating DNA Intermediates

Abstract The fraction and DNA composition of simian virus 40 chromosomes that were complexed with large T-antigens (T-Ag) were determined at the peak of viral DNA replication. Simian virus 40 chromatin containing radiolabeled DNA was extracted by the hypotonic method of Su and DePamphilis (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:3466-3470, 1976) and then fractionated by sucrose gradient sedimentation into replicating (90S) and mature (70S) chromosomes. Viral chromosomes containing T-Ag were isolated by immunoprecipitation with saturating amounts of either an anti-T-Ag monoclonal antibody or an anti—T-Ag hamster serum under conditions that specifically precipitated T-Ag protein from cytosol extracts. An average of 10% of the uniformly labeled DNA in the 90S pool and 7.5% in the 70S pool was specifically precipitated, demonstrating that under these conditions immunologically reactive T-Ag was tightly bound to only 8% of the total viral chromosomes. In contrast, simian virus 40 replicating intermediates (RI) represented only 1.2% of the viral DNA, but most of these molecules were associated with T-Ag. At the shortest pulse-labeling periods, an average of 72 ± 18% of the radiolabeled DNA in 90S chromosomes could be immunoprecipitated, and this value rapidly decreased as the labeling period was increased. Electron microscopic analysis of the DNA before and after precipitation revealed that about 55% of the 90S chromosomal RI and 72% of the total RI from both pools were specifically bound to T-Ag. Comparison of the extent of replication with the fraction of RI precipitated revealed a strong selection for early replicating DNA intermediates. Essentially all of the RI in the 70S chromosomes were less than 30% replicated and were precipitated with anti—T-Ag monoclonal antibody or hamster antiserum. An average of 88% of the 90S chromosomal RI which were from 5 to 75% replicated were immunoprecipitated, but the proportion of RI associated with T-Ag rapidly decreased as replication proceeded beyond 70% completion. By the time sibling chromosomes had separated, only 3% of the newly replicated catenated dimers in the 90S pool (<1% of the dimers in both pools) were associated with T-Ag. Measurements of the fraction of radiolabeled DNA in each quarter of the genome confirmed that T-Ag was preferentially associated with newly initiated molecules in which the nascent DNA was nearest the origin of replication. These results are consistent with a specific requirement for the binding of T-Ag to viral chromosomes to initiate DNA replication, and they also demonstrate that T-Ag does not immediately dissociate from chromosomes once replication begins. The biphasic relationship between the fraction of T-Ag—containing RI and the extent of DNA replication suggests either that 1 or 2 molecules of T-Ag remain stably bound until replication is about 70% completed or that 4 to 6 molecules of T-Ag are randomly released from each RI at a uniform rate throughout replication.
Managing knowledge in a three-stage new product development project

We consider managerial decision-making regarding the evolution of knowledge in a three-stage new product development project. The manager invests in knowledge development activities (such as prototyping, pilot line testing, ramp-up experiments) at each stage throughout the project. The links between development activities at different stages are captured by recognizing that, as a result of knowledge transfer, the ability of the recipient team to generate new knowledge is enhanced. Over time as the levels of knowledge increase, product features and process characteristics improve. The performance of the new product in the marketplace, which drives net revenue, reflects the levels of knowledge attained at each stage of the project at the product launch time. The objective is to maximize the net revenue earned when the product is released to the marketplace less development costs. We show that the rate of each development activity follows an entirely different dynamic strategy during the project. In the first stage, development activities follow a front-loading strategy; in the second stage, development activities follow a moderate delay strategy, and in the third stage development activities follow an extreme delay strategy.
Applicability of Dynamic Homogenization for Acoustic Metamaterials

Dynamic homogenization seeks to define frequency dependent effective properties for heterogeneous composites for the purpose of studying wave propagation in them. These properties can be used to predict and design for metamaterial behavior. However, there is an approximation involved in replacing a heterogeneous composite with its homogenized equivalent. In this paper we propose a quantification to this approximation. By way of explicit examples we show that a comprehensive homogenization scheme proposed in earlier papers is applicable in a finite composite setting and in the low frequency regime. We also show that there exist good arguments for considering the second branch of a locally resonant composite a true negative branch. Furthermore, we note that infinite-domain homogenization is more applicable to finite cases of locally resonant metamaterial composites than it is to 2-phase composites. We also study the effect of the interface location on the applicability of homogenization. The results open intriguing questions regarding the effects of replacing a semi-infinite periodic composite with its Bloch-wave (infinite domain) dynamic properties on such phenomenon as negative refraction.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Fermentative production of short-chain fatty acids and methyl ketones in Escherichia coli

vi CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 I. Dependence on Petroleum Products 1 II. Alternative Fuels from Biorenewable Sources 1 III. Alternative Chemicals from Biorenewable Sources 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 I. Fatty Acid Production Methods 6 II. Methyl Ketone Production 14 CHAPTER THREE: FERMENTATIVE PRODUCTION OF SHORT-CHAIN 16 FATTY ACIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI I. Abstract 16 I
LA REPÚBLICA DEL ORDEN: SIMÓN BOLÍVAR, ANDRÉS BELLO Y LAS TRANSFORMACIONES DEL PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA

This essay explores the relationship between Andres Bello and Simon Bolivar, arguing that their history of friendship and misunderstandings had a profound impact on Bello’s decision to come to Chile. It is furthermore argued that Bello would have avoided any references to Bolivar had it not been for the allegations, aired in the press, that he had betrayed the Libertador. However, in the process of responding to the accusations, he conveyed a view of Bolivar that fit well with his own desire to promote the rule of law in Chile and beyond. It is not coincidental, then, that he transmitted highly negative views of Bolivar at the same time that he was about to launch the Civil Code. The essay concludes by suggesting that Bolivar and Bello represent two different perspectives on post-independence republicanism, one informed by classical sources, and the other drawing on emerging liberal views on the centrality of civil legislation for the consolidation of the new order in the continent.
Denial of service attacks at the MAC layer in wireless ad hoc networks

We analyze attacks that deny channel access by causing pockets of congestion in mobile ad hoc networks. Such attacks would essentially prevent one or more nodes from accessing or providing specific services. In particular, we focus on the properties of the popular medium access control (MAC) protocol, the IEEE 802.11x MAC protocol, which enable such attacks. We consider various traffic patterns that an intelligent attacker might generate in order to cause denial of service. We show that conventional methods used in wire-line networks are unable to help in prevention or detection of such attacks. Our analysis and simulations show that providing MAC layer fairness alleviates the effects of such attacks.
A Re-evaluation of the Abundance of Lutetium in the Sun

Lutetium is one of the few nonvolatile elements whose solar photospheric abundance departs significantly from that derived from CI chondrites. We have applied the Cowan code to compute new oscillator strengths for Luii, and have included a correction for core polarization. The results have been used in a synthesis of the solar spectrum in the vicinity of features at \(\lambda _ \odot \)3397.062 and\(\lambda _ \odot \)6221.72. We find that the majority of the absorption in the ultraviolet feature is due to NH, making it unsuitable for extracting a reliable lutetium abundance. Our best fit to the low-noise Jungfraujoch spectrum for the weak, nine-component hyperfine Luii line at λ 6221.87 yields an abundance of +0.06 on a scale where log(H) = 12.00. This value is within 0.07 dex of the meteoritic result (+0.13). (These figures reflect the note added in proof below.)
The Combustion of As-received and Pre-processed (RDF/SRF) Municipal Solid Wastes as Fuel for the Power Sector

This article examines the electricity generation potential from the mass burn application of as-derived and pre-processed municipal solid wastes in Greece, based on the experience gained in Europe and the USA under the Greek National Plan for Waste Management. The results showed that it is feasible to use the latter in existing power plants that are properly equipped for handling volatile metal and dioxin emissions. Athens, Thessaloniki, Thessaly, and Western Greece require regional Waste-to-Energy facilities for as-derived and pre-processed wastes. Implementation of such a plan will reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy : Standards, Research, and Emerging Issues

This book's philosophy is to equip students with the resources they need to deal effectively with the complex ethical and legal issues they will confront in practice. The author does this effectively by providing material that expands the students learning beyond the content of the professional codes of ethics to include knowledge of the more important scholarly writings in the field and by examining emerging ethical issues. The cases and discussion included in the book address very difficult ethics cases and show a ten-step model for analyzing those cases.
Accumulation of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations Disrupts Cardiac Progenitor Cell Function and Reduces Survival

Transfer of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) improves cardiac function in heart failure patients. However, CPC function is reduced with age, limiting their regenerative potential. Aging is associated with numerous changes in cells including accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, but it is unknown how this impacts CPC function. Here, we demonstrate that acquisition of mtDNA mutations disrupts mitochondrial function, enhances mitophagy, and reduces the replicative and regenerative capacities of the CPCs. We show that activation of differentiation in CPCs is associated with expansion of the mitochondrial network and increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, mutant CPCs are deficient in mitochondrial respiration and rely on glycolysis for energy. In response to differentiation, these cells fail to activate mitochondrial respiration. This inability to meet the increased energy demand leads to activation of cell death. These findings demonstrate the consequences of accumulating mtDNA mutations and the importance of mtDNA integrity in CPC homeostasis and regenerative potential.
The Use of Computers in Social Work Practice: An Assessment.

Abstract This paper reviews the potential use of computers, especially microcomputers, in social work practice and social work education. Apart from the more obvious and familiar utilities in the management and administration of social welfare agencies and services, possibilities are emerging in regard to case management, diagnosis and assessment, and even treatment. The great bottleneck is no longer expensive hardware but rather the development of usable and relevant software and courseware.
A simple channel plan to reduce effects of nonlinearities in dense WDM systems

Summary form only given. Nonlinear effects in transmission fibers are in general detrimental to the operation of high data rate dense WDM systems. In systems employing NZDSF fiber the small local dispersion of the transmission fiber increases four wave mixing (FWM) and cross phase modulation (XPM) limiting transmission distance and system capacity. Several choices are available to reduce these nonlinear effects, including, operating the system at lower average powers to reduce FWM and XPM, employing an unequally spaced channel plan (USCP) to reduce FWM, using dispersion management to reduce XPM, and using larger channel spacing to reduce XPM and FWM. In this paper a simple channel plan scheme is presented which is based on selective removal of certain channels in an equally spaced channel plan (ESCP) grid to reduce nonlinear effects. This scheme has a low BEF of 1.4, where the BEF is defined as the bandwidth ratio between USCP and ESCP for a given number of channels.
Whistler mode auroral hiss emissions observed near Jupiter's moon Io

[1] On 16 October 2001, the Galileo spacecraft made a close flyby of Jupiter's moon Io. During the flyby the plasma wave instrument detected an electric field emission with spectral characteristics very similar to a type of whistler-mode noise called “auroral hiss” that is commonly observed in Earth's auroral region. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the “auroral hiss” observed near Io. The frequency-time spectrum of the emission has a sharp high-frequency cutoff near the electron cyclotron frequency and a V-shaped low-frequency cutoff. On a frequency-time spectrogram these cutoffs give the emission a characteristic funnel shape that is very similar to the spectrum of terrestrial auroral hiss. Strong magnetic field perturbations occurred near the vertex of the funnel indicating the presence of a field-aligned current. To explain the origin of the emission, a brief review is given of whistler-mode wave propagation and the unipolar inductor model of Io's interaction with the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Assuming propagation near the whistler-mode resonance cone, ray-tracing analyses show that the radiation originates from a source very close to the surface of Io. The source is located in the same region where field-aligned currents are believed to originate in the ionosphere of Io. Since terrestrial auroral hiss is known to be produced by beams of low-energy auroral electrons, these observations suggest that the auroral hiss at Io is generated by an electron beam that is part of the field-aligned current system induced by the interaction of Io with the rapidly rotating magnetosphere of Jupiter.
Long-run equilibria with borrowing constraints and altruism

This paper adapts a nonstochastic overlapping generations model to include liquidity constraints and intergenerational altruism. Existing work indicates the importance of both but often considers them separately. This paper studies their interactions. First, it shows that they tend to conflict—the model only admits stationary equilibria with dynastic wealth accumulation but no binding liquidity constraints, or wity binding constraints but no dynastic accumulation. Second, it examines the latter type of equilibrium closely. If liquidity constraints bind, quantitative examples imply that consequent utility losses may be small and that economywide wealth accumulation tends to be unrealistically low.
Electrochemical and IR Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ (dimen = 1,8-Diisocyanomenthane)

The electrocatalytic reactions of carbon dioxide that are catalyzed by [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ (dimen = 1,8-diisocyanomenthane) were studied with cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The hexafluorophosphate (PF6-) salt and the tetraphenylborate (B(C6H5)4-) salt are electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry allowed the identification of the carbon dioxide reduction products and provided information about the mechanism(s) of the reduction. Bicarbonate and formate were identified as the electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reaction products by comparing the infrared bands observed by spectroelectrochemistry with authentic samples of tetrabutylammonium formate, tetrabutylammonium oxalate, and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate. Formate arises from a net two-electron reduction of carbon dioxide that produces free formate and a formate complex of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+. Bicarbonate results from the reaction of hydroxide (produced when residual water is reduced to hydrogen) with...
Cultural inertia: The effects of cultural change on intergroup relations and the self-concept

Abstract Throughout the world, immigration and the ensuing political reactions have become dominant social problems in the 21st century. One contributor to these problems includes the continual social change. In the United States, ethnic minority populations are growing while the White majority is becoming proportionally smaller. It is proposed that change, in and of itself, can produce intergroup tension. Here, the concept of cultural inertia is introduced as one contributor to intergroup prejudice. Cultural inertia entails a resistance to change, unless change is already occurring. Change is perceived differently across groups as a function of how well the groups already match the current dominant culture. Cultural inertia causes differential preferences for cultural change as a function of the extent to which people identify with a cultural group, their sense of esteem for a cultural group, and the perception that a culture is (or is not) already changing. Three studies manipulated participants' perception of cultural change and show that cultural change influences inter-group prejudice, group esteem, and engagement with the culture. The implications of cultural inertia for models of intercultural ideologies are discussed.
Status Of The Dielectric Wall Accelerator For Proton Therapy

The Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) offers the potential to produce a high gradient linear accelerator for proton therapy and other applications. The current status of the DWA for proton therapy will be reviewed. Recent progress in SiC photoconductive switch development will be presented. There are serious beam transport challenges in the DWA arising from short pulse excitation of the wall. Solutions to these transport difficulties will be discussed.
A distributed wireless sensor network system for transportation safety and security

Given the anticipated increases in highway traffic, the scale and complexity of the traffic infrastructure will continue to grow progressively in time and in distributed geographical areas. To assure transportation efficiency, safety, and security in the presence of such growth, it is critical to identify an infrastructure development methodology that can adapt to expansions while assuring reliable operation for both centralized monitoring and distributed management. In this paper, a wireless sensor network design methodology is presented, aimed at providing effective distributed surveillance, anomaly detection, and coordinated response. The proposed methodology integrates state-of-the-art traffic sensors, with flexibly programmable controller devices that can integrate with the available traffic control equipments. The system methodology provides a paradigm in which sensors and controllers can be progressively incorporated and programmed to autonomously coordinate with peer sensors and a hierarchy of controllers to detect, notify, and react to anomalous events. Since the system can tolerate failure of parts of the system, as the network connectivity continues to increase, the proposed sensor network will have positive implications on evacuation plans during natural disasters or terrorist attacks. To illustrate the design methodology and usage, a simulated system along a freeway corridor in South Carolina was constructed in an integrated microscopic traffic and wireless sensor network simulation platform, in which distributed incident detection and response functions were implemented. The test results, including detection and false alarm rates and wireless communication latencies, are analyzed to identify insights of the system's operation and potential enhancement strategies.