cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring aeration-associated energy savings at a conventional water reclamation plant

Aeration accounts for a large fraction of energy consumption at conventional water reclamation plants (WRPs). Older plants were designed when control techniques were relatively primitive and energy consumption was less of a concern. As a result, although process operations at older WRPs can satisfy effluent permit requirements, they can operate with excess aeration. In this study, we developed a wastewater process model to evaluate possible aeration savings at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Calumet WRP, one of the oldest plants in Chicago. Based on subsets of influent characteristics, we identified eight steady-state scenarios. We also identified transient scenarios that included high probability perturbations and more challenging but lower probability conditions. Results indicate that the Calumet WRP frequently operates with excess aeration. Effluent dissolved oxygen is the limiting parameter with respect to aeration saving and permit requirements. In a typical storm event, aeration could be reduced by up to 50%; even under low probability challenging perturbations, aeration can be decreased by 35% from current average levels and all permit requirements can be satisfied. Annual cost savings from cutting the aeration by 35% could be more than $1.2 million.
INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS OF SIMPLE ALGEBRAS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the groups of simple algebras. It presents three different types of R -algebra—type1, type2, and type 3. If A is an algebra of type 1, 2, or 3, then D is a simple algebra and A is a maximal commutative subalgebra of D. If A is also absolutely reduced, then the center of D is the subalgebra of A consisting of elements that satisfy a separable polynomial in R[X]. The copy of A in D gives D an A-bimodule structure.
“I'm Not Teaching English, I'm Teaching Something Else!”: How New Teachers Create Curriculum Under Mandates of Educational Reform

This study presents how beginning teachers create and teach an English Language Arts (ELA) curriculum in urban schools in the context of an educational reform movement driven by mandates such as Common Core State Standards (CCSS), high stakes tests, and prescribed curricula. They serve in schools with each using unique and individual curricula due to frequent administrative turnover and reorganization. Through the use of participants' classroom writings, interviews, and records of their classroom teaching, this study presents that the participants are neither teaching the content they wish, nor able to use pedagogies they see as effective. They experience confusion about the nature of the curricula imposed on them which differs significantly from their understanding of the ELA curriculum. The curricula they teach has little to do with either personal understandings of ELA, or how it is presented it in their educational coursework.
Energy consumption of HLA data distribution management approaches

Energy and power aware data distribution methods are essential for using these approaches in energy constrained devices and environments. Data Distribution Management (DDM) is a set of services defined in the High Level Architecture (HLA) that aims to efficiently propagate distributed simulation state information. This paper describes an empirical study of the energy consumption of computation and communication components of region based and grid based DDM approaches in mobile devices. Experimental data illustrate that region based approaches tend to consume more energy than grid based approaches for computations, but less for communications. These results also show that the choice of grid cell size and grid cell constraints on publication regions can play an important role in the energy efficiency of grid based approaches.
Removable Water-Soluble Olefin Metathesis Catalyst via Host-Guest Interaction.

A highly removable N-heterocyclic carbene ligand for a transition-metal catalyst in aqueous media via host–guest interactions has been developed. Water-soluble adamantyl tethered ethylene glycol in the ligand leads a hydrophobic inclusion into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. Ruthenium (Ru) olefin metathesis catalyst with this ligand demonstrated excellent performance in various metathesis reactions in water as well as in CH2Cl2, and removal of residual Ru was performed via filtration utilizing a host–guest interaction and extraction.
Microsurgical clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysms: surgical results and visual outcomes with 208 aneurysms

OBJECTIVEWhile most paraclinoid aneurysms can be clipped with excellent results, new postoperative visual deficits are a concern. New technology, including flow diverters, has increased the popularity of endovascular therapy. However, endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms is not without procedural risks, is associated with higher rates of incomplete aneurysm occlusion and recurrence, and may not address optic nerve compression symptoms that surgical debulking can. The increasing endovascular management of paraclinoid aneurysms should be justified by comparisons to surgical benchmarks. The authors, therefore, undertook this study to define patient, visual, and aneurysm outcomes in the most common type of paraclinoid aneurysm: ophthalmic artery (OphA) aneurysms.METHODSResults from microsurgical clipping of 208 OphA aneurysms in 198 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, aneurysm morphology (size, calcification, etc.), clinical characteristics, and patient outcomes were recorded and analyzed.RESULTSDespite 20% of these aneurysms being large or giant in size, complete aneurysm occlusion was accomplished in 91% of 208 cases, with OphA patency preserved in 99.5%. The aneurysm recurrence rate was 3.1% and the retreatment rate was 0%. Good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) were observed in 96.2% of patients overall and in all 156 patients with unruptured aneurysms. New visual field defects (hemianopsia or quadrantanopsia) were observed in 8 patients (3.8%), decreased visual acuity in 5 (2.4%), and monocular blindness in 9 (4.3%). Vision improved in 9 (52.9%) of the 17 patients with preoperative visual deficits.CONCLUSIONSThe most important risk associated with clipping OphA aneurysms is a new visual deficit. Meticulous microsurgical technique is necessary during anterior clinoidectomy, aneurysm dissection, and clip application to optimize visual outcomes, and aggressive medical management postoperatively might potentially decrease the incidence of delayed visual deficits. As the results of endovascular therapy and specifically flow diverters become known, they warrant comparison with these surgical benchmarks to determine best practices.
Numerical processing of CNT arrays using 3D image processing of SEM images

Abstract This paper outlines an image processing based technique to characterize carbon nanotube (CNT) array devices for enhanced cell transfection. Investigating how manufacturing parameters affects CNT array geometry, and how geometry affects transfection, requires the arrays to be measured. Obtaining a statistically sufficient number of measurements by hand is tedious and subject to human error. An automated system to characterize the arrays facilitates data collection of numerous pore properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs are pre-processed to identify the location of CNTs which are then measured individually to obtain their characteristics. The data from single pores is aggregated to generate a numerical summary of the array parameters. Stereomicroscopy techniques are used to measure the heights of the CNTs using pairs of tilted images. The overall technique accurately measures the parameters relevant to cell transfection significantly faster than manual measurements while eliminating human error and bias.
Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Moral Line Drawing

Hold in your mind the following race lineup. Swimmer A is an exceptional athlete, a drug-free, hard-training winner of the natural lottery. Swimmer B is also an exceptional athlete, but has chosen ...
A Novel Method for the Action Patterns and the Differentiation of α-1,4-Glucan Hydrolases

Abstract An "oligosaccharide map" procedure is described for the identification of the products of action of hydrolases on malto-oligosaccharides and for the differentiation of α-1,4-glucan hydrolases. The method involves chromatography of malto-oligosaccharides-1-14C in one direction on paper, incubation of the oligosaccharides with the hydrolase after spraying the enzyme directly on the chromatogram, separation of the hydrolytic products by chromatography in a second direction, and location of the radioactive hydrolytic products by autoradiography. Characteristic oligosaccharide maps are recorded for the hydrolases from Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar, saliva, and sweet potato. A new enzyme, α-1,4-glucan:α-1,4-glucan 4-maltosyltransferase, has been detected by the use of the technique with enzyme preparations from B. subtilis and R. delemar.
Devil’s Jig on Hallowed Ground

In The Making of Doctor Faustus (Die Entstehung des Doktor Faustus), that fascinating book which affords the curious a look into a magician’s laboratory, Thomas Mann describes how he spent March 14, 1943 in emptying desk drawers and book shelves of the prodigious mass of material which had gone into making Joseph, much in the manner of a sick man who after a long illness is able to leave his sickroom for the first time. The final volume of Joseph and his Brothers had witnessed profound changes in its author’s life as well as in the world in which he lived. After Lubeck, Munich, Palestrina, the regions of the North as well as the Baltic Sea, Switzerland and New Jersey, Mann had chosen the Pacific Ocean coast and the Far West as his home. More important: the World War, dormant in its beginnings, had gathered fury; the powers of darkness continued to gain strength on the seas and on the continent until they were assembling their forces on the plains outside of Moscow. To many, perennial optimists among them, it seemed that the strength of democracy was rapidly crumbling and that the Age of Tyranny was dawning on the horizon.
A study of airborne molecular contamination to Cr etching process

As technical advances continue, the pattern size of semiconductor circuit has been shrunk. Defect control becomes tighter due to decrease in defect size that affects the image printed on the wafer. It is critical to the photomask which contained considerably shrunk circuit and ultra high density pattern for sub – 14 nm tech devices. Therefore particle source from all processes should be controlled extremely. Most of defects generated in mask fabrication processes have been mainly created during each unit process. In this paper, we introduce a study of airborne molecular contamination to Cr etching process. The impact of mask front-end handling system to defect generated in Cr etching process even in very lower concentration environment airborne molecular contamination. By the experiment results we will bring forward the possible defect generation mechanism. Based on this understanding, appropriate solution to mitigate defects caused by airborne molecular contamination to Cr etching process will be proposed.
Mina Loy and lexicophilia

This essay considers the “lexicophilic” impulse in some forms of Anglo-American modernism to provide a context for a close examination of Mina Loy’s interest in unusual and recondite vocabularies. ...
Analysis of System Strategies Targeting Near- Term Building America Energy-Performance Goals for New Single-Family Homes FY 2004 Fourth-Quarter Building America Milestone Report

The Building America residential systems research project uses an analysis-based system research approach to (1) Identify research priorities, (2) Identify technology gaps and opportunities, (3) Establish a consistent basis to track research progress, (4) Increase the cost effectiveness of research investments by identifying system solutions that are most likely to succeed as the initial targets for residential system research projects. This report describes the technical approach used by Building America to determine the most cost effective pathways to achieve whole-house energy savings goals. The report provides an overview of design/technology strategies leading to net zero energy buildings as the basis for analysis of future residential system performance. The analysis approach is demonstrated by providing an initial comparison of the least-cost options required to achieve 40% energy savings in five climate zones. The preliminary results from this study will be validated against field studies and updated on an annual basis to reflect best available residential system cost/performance data from ongoing Building America research activities.
Touching the Page and Touching the Heart: Manuscript Culture and Affective Devotion in Late Medieval Flemish Communities

This chapter shows how the materiality, imagined and actual, of devotional genres popular within the devotio moderna enabled the Jhesus Collacien sermon cycle to elicit an affective response reinforced by material context. Section 2.1 of the chapter demonstrates how the Jhesus Collacien depicts imagined touch using literary strategies popular within female devotio moderna communities. Section 2.2 of the chapter examines three late medieval compilations that include the Jhesus Collacien. I show how each promotes affective piety through imagined touch, and also elicits affective response through compilation. In this way, I show women’s participation in the devotional reading life of the devotio moderna, and argue for the affective valence of that material context in the broader devotional culture of the late medieval Low Countries.
Chapter 2.7 – Hydrometallurgical Processing

Most primary metal production includes some hydrometallurgical processing to obtain a finished metal product. Some metals, such as copper and gold, can be processed from crushed ore or concentrated minerals to purified metal using hydrometallurgy. The basic processing steps include extraction, concentration/purification, and recovery. In this chapter, hydrometallurgical processing will be discussed based on hydrometallurgical fundamentals and their application to copper, gold, and zinc processing. The fundamental concepts and the processing methods discussed in this chapter are widely applicable to a variety of metals.
Identification of rare transient somatic cell states induced by injury and required for whole-body regeneration

Abstract Regeneration requires functional coordination of stem cells, their progeny, and differentiated cells. Past studies have focused on regulation of stem cell identity and proliferation near to the wound-site, but less is known about contributions made by differentiated cells distant to the injury. Here, we present a comprehensive atlas of whole-body regeneration over time and identify rare, transient, somatic cell states induced by injury and required for regeneration. To characterize amputation-specific signaling across a whole animal, 299,998 single-cell transcriptomes were captured from planarian tissue fragments competent and incompetent to regenerate. Amputation-specific cell states were rare, non-uniformly distributed across tissues, and particularly enriched in muscle (mesoderm), epidermis (ectoderm), and intestine (endoderm). Moreover, RNAi-mediated knockdown of genes up-regulated in amputation-specific cell states drastically reduced regenerative capacity. These results identify novel cell states and molecules required for whole-body regeneration and indicate that regenerative capacity requires transcriptional plasticity in a rare subset of differentiated cells.
Policy uncertainty and consumption in G7 countries: An asymmetry analysis

Abstract In this study, we aim at assessing the effects of policy uncertainty on consumption in G7 countries. Unlike previous research, we take an additional step and show that the impacts are asymmetric, which helps us to have a better understanding of the effects of increased versus decreased uncertainty in the G7 economies. Our results suggest that policy uncertainty has indeed asymmetric effects on consumer expenditure in all G7 countries. These findings imply that the positive and the negative shocks could not offset each other’s impact on consumption, which leads to a different path of consumption before and after a period with a high level of uncertainty.
Effects of Video Modeling for Young Adults With Autism in Community Employment Settings

This single case design study evaluated the effects of a video modeling (VM) intervention on the customer service skills of five young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Verbalization of g...
Pain communication: An agenda for communication researchers

Chronic pain is a significant and costly public health issue which is affected by political, organizational, and interpersonal social processes. Although medical pain scholarship has long examined ...
Decoding First Amendment Coverage of Computer Source Code in the Age of Youtube, Facebook and the Arab Spring

Computer source code is the lifeblood of the Internet. It is also the brick and mortar of cyberspace. As such, it has been argued that the degree of control that a government can wield over code can be a powerful tool for controlling new technologies. With the advent and proliferation in the Internet of social networking media and platforms for the publication and sharing of user-generated content, the ability of individuals across the world to communicate with each other has reached truly revolutionary dimensions.The influence of Facebook in the popular revolutions of the Arab Spring has been well documented. The use of YouTube in the 2008 US Presidential campaign has also left its indelible mark in the political landscape. New platforms have allowed millions of individuals to unleash their artistic and creative potentials. Tools like Google Earth have expanded the ability of entire populations to learn about their surroundings, the world at large, and their places in it. The combination of smartphones and Twitter has created new tactics for protests and redefined the way in which individuals assemble to petition their government for a redress of grievances.The time has come to reconsider the issue of whether computer source code is “speech” for First Amendment purposes, and how the government can regulate it in a manner consistent with First Amendment values. This article proposes a three-step framework for analyzing questions of First Amendment coverage consistent with Supreme Court doctrine. In applying this framework to computer source code, this article also explores the relation between the different values that have been ascribed to the First Amendment, discusses some insights regarding the speech-conduct distinction, and considers the extent of First Amendment coverage in general.
Study of the structural phase transition in diamond (100) & (111) surfaces

Abstract Diamond is an insulating material in the bulk form, but exhibits conducting characteristics when its surface is functionalized. Understanding the electronic and physical properties of diamond surfaces is important for their successful implementation in high-power, high-frequency device applications. Density-functional theory (DFT) coupled with the AutoNEB method is used here to investigate the effect of reconstruction mechanisms on the electronic and structural properties of C(111) and C(100) surfaces. C(100) exhibits an exothermic reaction during reconstruction with no observable intermediates or transition states. The observed energy difference between the bulk-like and reconstructed phases is − 0.16 eV/atom. For C(111), a new intermediate state is predicted between the bulk-like and fully reconstructed Pandey chain surfaces, with a per atom energy difference of − 0.01 eV from the bulk-like 2 × 1 surface. Furthermore, an analysis into the electronic properties of both reconstructed phases reveals an electronic phase transformation. For the C(100) phase, we observed a metallic-to-semiconductor electronic phase transition. In contrast, the C(111) phase exhibited a metallic to semi-metallic electronic phase transformation. Our findings establish a fundamental understanding of the phase transition mechanisms in these surfaces and highlight a need for a tailored and sophisticated surface dependent preparation and fabrication approach during device design.
Identification and characterization of a UbK family kinase in Porphyromonas gingivalis that phosphorylates the RprY response regulator

Phosphorylation of proteins is a key component of bacterial signaling systems that can control important functions such as community development and virulence. We report here the identification of a Ubiquitous bacterial Kinase (UbK) family member, designated UbK1, in the anaerobic periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. UbK1 contains conserved SPT/S, Hanks-type HxDxYR, EW, and Walker A motifs, and a mutation analysis established the Walker A domain and the Hanks-type domain as required for both autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation. UbK1 autophosphorylates on the proximal serine in the SPT/S domain as well as the tyrosine residue within the HxDxYR domain and the tyrosine residue immediately proximal, indicating both serine/threonine and tyrosine specificity. The orphan two-component system response regulator (RR) RprY was phosphorylated on Y41 in the receiver domain by UbK1. The ubk1 gene is essential in P. gingivalis; however, overexpression of UbK1 showed that UbK1-mediated phosphorylation of RprY functions predominantly to augment its properties as a transcriptional enhancer. These results establish that P. gingivalis possesses an active UbK kinase in addition to a previously described Bacterial Tyrosine family kinase. The RR RprY is identified as the first transcriptional regulator controlled by a UbK enzyme.
An Automated Tobacco Cessation Intervention for Emergency Department Discharged Patients

Author(s): Chiu, David T.; Lavoie, Ronald; Nathanson, Larry A.; Sanchez, Leon D. | Abstract: Introduction: Nearly 14% of US adults currently smoke cigarettes. Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. Emergency department (ED) patients are frequently asked for their use of tobacco. Manual selection of pre-formed discharge instructions is the norm for most ED. Providing tobacco cessation discharge instructions to ED patients presents another avenue to combat the tobacco use epidemic we face. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated discharge instruction system in increasing the frequency of discharging current tobacco users with instructions for tobacco cessation.Methods: The study was done at an urban academic tertiary care center. A before and after study was used to test the hypothesis that use of an automated discharged instruction system would increase the frequency that patients who use tobacco were discharged with tobacco cessation instructions. Patients that were admitted, left against medical advice, eloped or left without being seen were excluded. The before phase was from 09/21/14-10/21/14 and the after phase was from the same dates one year later, 09/21/15-10/21/15. This was done to account for confounding by time of year, ED volume and other factors. A Fisher’s Exact Test was calculated to compare these two groups.Results: Tobacco cessation DC instructions were received 2/486 (0.4%) of tobacco users in the pre-implementation period compared to 357/371 (96%) in the post-implementation period (p l 0.05).Conclusions: The automated discharge instructions system increases the proportion of tobacco users who receive cessation instructions. Given the public health ramifications of tobacco use, this could prove to be a significant piece in decreasing tobacco use in patients who go to the emergency department.
Acute Psychosis and COVID-19 Infection: Psychiatric Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in various medical and psychosocial consequences globally. Respiratory infections are common among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative virus of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, various psychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms and sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported as well. This study aimed to describe two clinical case reports of patients with no prior history of psychiatric illnesses admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit with acute onset of psychosis. A 49-year-old woman with no past medical history and no past psychiatric history was admitted to the inpatient psychiatric unit with suicidal ideation and was noted to have acute psychosis. A 56-year-old woman with a history of hypertension with no past psychiatric history was admitted to the hospital with acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia and was noted to have acute psychosis. Various psychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms and sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported. However, the pathophysiology, direct biological effects of the disease, treatment modalities, worsening of symptoms due to various medications, and other long-term sequelae are not fully understood. Therefore, clinicians should be mindful of neuropsychiatric symptoms and conduct a detailed history and physical examination on all patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms in the context of COVID-19. It is also essential to assess for signs and symptoms of delirium in patients presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Further research is needed to identify the etiology, predisposing factors, exacerbating or precipitating factors contributing to neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, the pathophysiology contributing to these symptoms and pharmacological interventions for managing these sequelae need to be evaluated.
From “Outsider” to “Bridge”: The Changing Role of University Supervision in an Urban Teacher Residency Program

This qualitative research study investigated a faculty liaison (FL) model, an alternative to traditional field supervision implemented in an urban teacher residency (UTR) program. In the FL model, professors teaching in the UTR program were assigned to school sites rather than individual teacher candidates to observe and provide feedback, evaluate teacher candidate performance, and connect coursework and classroom practice. Results indicate strong support for the continuation of the FL model in lieu of traditional supervision. Specifically, the FL model supported teacher candidate learning, both in the field and in university coursework; and enhanced school-university collaboration. The authors provide an analysis into the FL model and recommendations for integrating full time faculty into school-based portions of teacher education.
The Role of Autophagy in Salivary Gland Homeostasis and Stress Responses

Autophagy is a catabolic process that has been shown to have a role in many cellular processes including the removal of excessive or damaged proteins and protein aggregates. The salivary glands play a critical role in oral health, and their secretory capacity may be critically intertwined with the autophagic process. This review describes the role of autophagy activation in normal salivary gland homeostasis and during the glandular stress responses of therapeutic radiation, ductal ligation, autoimmunity, and salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Estimating the mean and variance of the target probability distribution

Introduces a method that estimates the mean and the variance of the probability distribution of the target as a function of the input, given an assumed target error-distribution model. Through the activation of an auxiliary output unit, this method provides a measure of the uncertainty of the usual network output for each input pattern. The authors derive the cost function and weight-update equations for the example of a Gaussian target error distribution, and demonstrate the feasibility of the network on a synthetic problem where the true input-dependent noise level is known. >
Integer Points on Cubic Curves

Let C be a non-singular cubic curve given by an equation $$\displaystyle{ax^{3} + bx^{2}y + cxy^{2} + dy^{3} + ex^{2} + fxy + gy^{2} + hx + iy + j = 0}$$ with integer coefficients. We have seen that if C has a rational point (possibly at infinity), then the set of all rational points on C forms a finitely generated abelian group. So we can get every rational point on C by starting from some finite set and adding points using the geometrically defined group law.
Early adolescents and “going out” The emergence of romantic relationship roles

Although it is clear that early adolescents pursue and establish romantic relationships, less is known about the hallmarks of these pairings, even though they are linked to current and future close relationships. Based on adolescent identity formation and identity theory, we used theoretical concepts of roles, role expectations, and role enactments to inform our study. We conducted a series of same-sex and same-age focus groups with sixth and eighth graders and analyzed their responses using a grounded theory approach. We found that early adolescent romantic role enactments could be aggregated into two broad types of experiences. On the one hand, some youth were uncomfortable with interacting with a romantic partner. They often relied on texting as opposed to face-to-face interactions with partners. On the other hand, other early adolescents were more at ease engaging in romantic roles. They spent time interacting with their partners, shared personal information with each other, were physically affectiona...
Characterization of Growth Stimulants in Corn Steep for Lactic Streptococci

The production of acid in milk cultures of lactic streptococci was stimulated by the addition of corn steep liquor. Separation by ion-exchange and paper chromatography indicated the presence of four major stimulatory components in the corn steep. Some variation was noted in the response of the lactic streptococci to the individual stimulatory components. The four components were further purified by paper and column chromatography. One of the four stimulatory components stained positively on chromatograms with ninhydrin. The remaining stimulatory components were detectable only by bioautography. All four components were unstable to acid hydrolysis and absorbed ultraviolet light between 230 and 275 nm in aqueous solution. The stimulatory components did not contain pentoses, suggesting that they were not nucleotides or nucleosides; however, they might be purine or pyrimidine bases.
Galactic Nuclei and Radio Sources

In these lectures I shall discuss two topics. They are the general properties of galactic nuclei including their relation to QSOs and BL Lac objects, and the problem of the extended radio sources.
From Indian Status to British Contract

One of the first problems confronting a colonial power after establishing de facto or de jure sovereignty over a new territory is to set up procedures for settling disputes arising within the dominated society, and to establish a whole range of rights in relation to property and obligations of individuals and groups to one another and to the state.
Localized expression of a Xenopus POU gene depends on cell-autonomous transcriptional activation and induction-dependent inactivation

We have cloned a cDNA encoding a Xenopus POU domain protein, XLPOU91, which is expressed at high levels in gastrula embryos. XLPOU91 transcription initiates at the midblastula transition, and declines to low levels by late neurula stages. In early neurula embryos, XLPOU91 transcripts are enriched 35-fold in the most ventroposterior versus anterior regions. Initial transcriptional activation of the gene is cell autonomous; the gene is activated in dissociated gastrula stage embryos as well as in animal cap explants. Cell-cell communication is needed for proper temporal down-regulation of XLPOU91 expression in late neurula embryos; cell dissociation during blastula stages or removal of explants from the embryo prevents normal transcriptional shunt down. Explants treated with peptide growth factors (PGFs) mimic the normal temporal and spatial shut down in whole embryos. This negative regulatory pathway may be important for determining cell fate or maintaining an inducible state in the ventroposterior region of the embryo.
Baryogenesis via mesino oscillations

We propose a new mechanism for baryogenesis at the 1--200 MeV scale. Enhancement of charge parity ($CP$) violation takes place via interference between oscillations and decays of mesinos---bound states of a scalar quark and antiquark and their $CP$ conjugates. We present the mechanism in a simplified model with four new fundamental particles, with masses between 300 GeV and 10 TeV, and show that some of the experimentally allowed parameter space can give the observed baryon-to-entropy ratio.
Distributed source-destination synchronization

This paper presents a new distributed methodology for source-destination synchronization for interactive teleconferencing. The method is based on a reference clock, which is synthesized from a distributed global clock. The global clock is generated by periodically exchanging inband synchronization signals with neighbouring nodes. The timing jitter achieved with this method can be arbitrarily close to the jitter obtained by the centralized synchronous methods which usually use an out-of-band, hard-wired reference clock. The global clock synchronization algorithm guarantees frequency locking of all the network nodes to the slowest clock in the system. As a result, the slowest clock can be used as an implicit reference clock for source-destination synchronization protocols, such as, the synchronous frequency encoding technique (SFET) and the synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS). This inband synchronization method does not require the explicit knowledge of which clock is actually the slowest in the system. Therefore, if the slowest clock fails, then another clock on a different node will be the slowest, and the nodes will use it as a reference clock for the source-destination synchronization protocol. The existing out-of-band reference clock techniques do not have this strong fault tolerant property. The main context of this work is circuit emulation in ATM networks.
Bioassay of a cigarette smoke fraction, II. Experimental design and potency estimations.

A series of experimental designs aimed at collecting and analyzing ciliostasis data in the most efficient and statistically valid manner was examined. The design that proved best for assessing water‐soluble tobacco smoke samples In the hamster tracheal ring system utilized two dose levels of the University of Kentucky 1R1 reference cigarette (which functions as a reference as well as a continuing check on the dose‐response relation in each experiment) plus several test tobacco smoke samples, each at a single dose level. A pair of animals formed the basis of a randomized block design, with one of the technician X sample preparation degrees of freedom confounded with animal differences within a pair. Assessment of the test samples can thus be expressed in terms of potency relative to the 1R1 reference. Control chart procedures were an essential facet of the system. Details of experiments and methods of data analysis are presented as examples of some of the steps required to establish valid bioassay systems.
Stress singularities at vertices of conical inclusions with freely sliding interfaces

Abstract The axisymmetric problem of the elastic stress singularity at the vertex of a conical inclusion bonded into a conical notch is analyzed. The shear stress is assumed to vanish along the interface while the normal stress is fully transmitted. This corresponds to the low load-low deformation regime of high temperature materials, when the grain boundaries and the interfaces of second phase particles may slide viscously. The stress and displacement fields are expressed in terms of spherical harmonic functions and the singularity exponent is obtained from the solution of the eigenproblem defined by the boundary conditions. Supersingularities of the stress field close to the vertex were found for certain configurations. In all analyzed cases, only real singularities were obtained.
Control of Angiogenesis Dictated by Picomolar Superoxide Levels

Control of vascular insufficiencies due to various cardiovascular pathologies is important for developing specific and effective treatments. Fluctuations in oxidative stress significantly alter the progression of angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. However, the precise amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) required to influence subsequent signaling pathways for ischemic angiogenesis remains undefined. Here, we have determined the effect of ROS-mediated molecular mechanisms on angiogenesis in a murine model of peripheral artery disease using Gclm mutant mice (a model of compromised glutathione synthesis and therefore reduced antioxidant capacity). Left femoral artery ligation and excision were performed in Gclm WT (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), and null (-/-) mice. Blood flow (laser Doppler), angiogenic index (CD31/DAPI), and proliferation index (Ki67/DAPI) were significantly increased in Gclm(+/-) mice but not in Gclm(+/+) or Gclm(-/-) mice. Measurements of reactive oxygen species suggest that the amount of superoxide required to stimulate angiogenesis after the induction of ischemia is 9.82 pmol/mg of tissue. Protein carbonyl levels increased in a manner consistent with increasing oxidative stress. Superoxide and protein carbonyl levels were reduced by the addition of the nitroxide tempol, a known superoxide dismutase mimetic. Finally, restoration of blood flow in Gclm(+/-) mice was attenuated by a VEGF164 aptamer, verifying that slightly elevated levels of ROS restore blood flow by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation through a VEGF-dependent pathway. The results of this study reveal new information on the amount of ROS necessary for angiogenic activity and provide the foundation of critical redox parameters for vascular remodeling responses. The information obtained from this study on vascular ischemia, using a model of decreased antioxidant capacity, has provided insight into the control of revascularization and is a step forward in our ability to regulate angiogenic therapies.
Utilizing a Classification Scheme to Facilitate Rigid-Body Replacement for Compliant Mechanism Design

The knowledge related to the synthesis and analysis of compliant mechanisms continues to grow and mature. Building on this growth, a classification scheme has been established to categorize compliant elements and mechanisms in a manner that engineers can incorporate compliance into their designs. This paper demonstrates a design approach engineers can use to convert an existing rigid-body mechanism into a compliant mechanism by using an established classification scheme. This approach proposes two possible techniques that use rigid-body replacement synthesis in conjunction with a compliant mechanism classification scheme. One technique replaces rigid-body elements with a respective compliant element. The other technique replaces a complex rigid-body mechanism by decomposing the mechanism into simpler functions and then replacing a respective rigid-body mechanism with a compliant mechanism that has a similar functionality.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The electronic origins of atomic short-range order in disordered fee Cu-Ni-Zn ternary alloys

Ternary alloys constitute an important and interesting laboratory for studying electronically driven ordering in alloys because (in contrast to binary alloys) the composition and electron-per-atom ratio (e/a) may be varied independently. Using their recently developed first-principles theory of atomic short-range order (ASRO) in alloys with an arbitrary number of components, the authors discuss ASRO in the ternary Cu-Ni-Zn system. Fermi-surface nesting is found to drive the ordering tendencies of the fcc portion of the phase diagram, yielding ASRO whose dominant wave vector varies with e/a in a predictable manner. The authors' concentration-fluctuation theory yields both the wave vector and polarization of the concentration wave, necessary to fully specify the ASRO in an alloy of more than two components.
Effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern Wisconsin forest

Forest management presents challenges to accurate prediction of water and carbon exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, due to its alteration of forest structure and composition. We examined how forest species types in northern Wisconsin affect landscape scale water fluxes predicted from models driven by remotely sensed forest classification. A site-specific classification was developed for the study site. Using this information and a digital soils database produced for the site we identified four key forest stand types: red pine, northern hardwoods, aspen, and forested wetland. Within these stand types, 64 trees representing 7 species were continuously monitored with sap flux sensors. Scaled stand-level transpiration from sap flux was combined with a two-source soil evaporation model and then applied over a 2.5 km × 3.0 km area around the WLEF AmeriFlux tower (Park Falls, Wisconsin) to estimate evapotranspiration. Water flux data at the tower was used as a check against these estimates. Then, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aggregating vegetation types to International Geosphere– Biosphere Program (IGBP) level on water flux predictions. Taxonomic aggregation resulting in loss of species level information significantly altered landscape water flux predictions. However, daily water fluxes were not significantly affected by spatial aggregation when forested wetland evaporation was included. The results demonstrate the importance of aspen, which has a higher transpiration rate per unit leaf area than other forest species. However, more significant uncertainty results from not including forested wetland with its high rates of evaporation during wet summers.
Free-Living and Particle-Associated Bacterioplankton in Large Rivers of the Mississippi River Basin Demonstrate Biogeographic Patterns

The different drainage basins of large rivers such as the Mississippi River represent interesting systems in which to study patterns in freshwater microbial biogeography. Spatial variability in bacterioplankton communities in six major rivers (the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas) of the Mississippi River Basin was characterized using Ion Torrent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. When all systems were combined, particle-associated (>3 μm) bacterial assemblages were found to be different from free-living bacterioplankton in terms of overall community structure, partly because of differences in the proportional abundance of sequences affiliated with major bacterial lineages (Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes). Both particle-associated and free-living communities ordinated by river system, a pattern that was apparent even after rare sequences or those affiliated with Cyanobacteria were removed from the analyses. Ordination of samples by river system correlated with environmental characteristics of each river, such as nutrient status and turbidity. Communities in the Upper Mississippi and the Missouri and in the Ohio and the Tennessee, pairs of rivers that join each other, contained similar taxa in terms of presence-absence data but differed in the proportional abundance of major lineages. The most common sequence types detected in particle-associated communities were picocyanobacteria in the Synechococcus/Prochlorococcus/Cyanobium (Syn/Pro) clade, while free-living communities also contained a high proportion of LD12 (SAR11/Pelagibacter)-like Alphaproteobacteria. This research shows that while different tributaries of large river systems such as the Mississippi River harbor distinct bacterioplankton communities, there is also microhabitat variation such as that between free-living and particle-associated assemblages.
Delamination R-curve phenomena due to damage

Abstract Resistance to delamination in composites can be enhanced by a variety of bridging mechanisms. The bridging zone size is usually several times the lamina thickness, so it is questionable to think of delamination resistance as a material property independent of specimen size and geometry. When measured with slender beams, the plateau resistance is found to be independent of the beam thickness. However, the steady-state bridging zone size increases with the beam thickness. Further implications of the large-scale bridging are studied using a family of steady-state, mixed-mode delamination beams, in conjunction with an idealized damage response. The complete solution is obtained for the model, which allows the R-curves to be constructed for given model parameters. The significance of the steady-state cracking, which is crucial in understanding delamination R-curves, is elucidated by contrasting double-cantilever beams loaded by moments and by wedge forces. As an inverse process, it is recommended that R-curves be used as an experimental probe to study localized damage response, such as polymer craze and interface separation.
Relative helix-forming tendencies of nonpolar amino acids

An important issue in understanding the relationship between protein sequence and structure is the degree to which different amino acids favour the formation of particular types of secondary structure. Estimates of the 'helix-forming tendency' of amino acids have been made based on 'host-guest' experiments, in which copolymers are made of the amino acid of interest (the 'guest') and a host residue (typically hydroxypropyl- or hydroxybutyl-L-glutamine). Recently, however, short alanine-based peptides were found to form stable monomeric helices in water, contrary to the result predicted from host-guest experiments. We have now measured the helix-forming tendency of five different nonpolar amino acids (Ala, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val) by substituting each in turn for alanine in a 17-residue alanine-based peptide and determining the extent of alpha-helix formation. Our results differ from those of host-guest experiments both in the degree of variation in helix-forming tendency of different amino acids, and in the rank order of the helix-forming tendency. We conclude that the helix-forming tendency of a particular amino acid depends on the sequence context in which it occurs; and the restriction of side-chain rotamer conformations is important in determining the helix-forming tendency.
Diel use of water by reintroduced bighorn sheep

ABSTRACT. Water sources are an important habitat component for populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and the technique of sampling at water sources has been used extensively to study behaviors and estimate parameters of bighorn populations, Little is known, however, concerning the time of day at which groups of bighorns visit water. Understanding when bighorns visit water sources will allow wildlife investigators to conduct sampling when bighorns are most likely to be present at this resource. We quantified use of 7 water sources by reintroduced bighorn sheep during summer 2005 and 2006 on Antelope Island State Park, Utah. Our purpose was to determine if female, male, or mixed-sex groups visited water at a particular time and if visits to this resource by all bighorns differed in time during drought conditions compared with nondrought conditions. The mean time that all bighorns visited water was 14:22 (s = 3:08 hours). No time differences existed among female, male, or mixed-sex groups or betwee...