cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pure rotational Raman spectrum of cyclopentane-d0 and cyclopentane-d10

The pure rotational Raman spectra of C5H10 and C5D10 were photographed under high dispersion in the 13th order of a 300 grooves/mm plane grating using the line Hg 4358 A for excitation. The spectra are quite weak and diffuse and resemble that of a symmetric top rotator. The line spacing in the S branches is nearly constant with a value of about 0.864 cm−1 (C5H10) and 0.644 cm−1 (C5D10). Transitions with J up to 67 in the ordinary and up to 76 in the deuterated compound were observed in the S-branch. A number of R-branch lines were also observed. The analysis of the spectra is based upon the symmetric rotor theory and yields the following ground-state constants: C5H10 : B0 = 0.21605 ± 0.0010 cm−1, D = (5.0 ± 1.4) × 10−8 cm−1; C5D10 : B0 = 0.16102 ± 0.00012 cm−1, Dj = (4.0 ± 2.2) × 10−8 cm−1; If a planar model is assumed for the carbon ring (D5h point group) the length of the CC bond is computed to be rCC = 1.5370 ± 0.0024 A. The cyclopentane molecule is not, however, a strict symmetric top as is known from the careful analysis of the thermodynamic functions and the vibrational spectrum. The present study does not admit any choice between the permissible C2, CS, and C1 symmetries.
Performance Comparison of Gaussian-Based Filters Using Information Measures

In many situations, solutions to nonlinear discrete-time filtering problems are available through approximations. Many of these solutions are based on approximating the posterior distributions of the states with Gaussian distributions. In this letter, we compare the performance of Gaussian-based filters including the extended Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman fitter, and the Gaussian particle filter. To that end, we measure the distance between the posteriors obtained by these filters and the one estimated by a sequential Monte Carlo (particle filtering) method. As a distance metric, we apply the Kullback-Leibler and x2 information measures. Through computer simulations, we rank the performance of the three filters.
Kinetics of the spontaneous reduction of triaquotriamminecobalt(III) cation in aqueous perchloric acid

Abstract The spontaneous reduction of Co(NH3)3(OH2)33+ (probably the 1, 2, 3 isomer) to Co(II) has been investigated spectrophotometrically and chromatographically in 0·2-1 F HClO4 (μ = 1·0 M, NaClO4) at 70–99°C and in 0·5 F HClO4 at 90°C. The observed first-order rate constant has the form kobs = k1 + (k′2/[H+]); the hydrogen ion dependence is ascribed to reduction of the hydroxodiaquo species. At 80·3°C and 1·0 M ionic strength, k1 = (1 ± 1) × 10−6 sec−1 and k′2 = (5·07 ± 0·03) × 10−6 M sec−1. The apparent activation parameters for the acid-dependent(k′2) path are Ea = 37·4±1·3 kcal mole−1, log PZ (M sec−1)= 17·8±0·8. Characterization of the triaquo complex is described.
Effects of sufentanil on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.

We have studied the effects of a single i.v. dose of sufentanil 5 μg kg−1 in combination with pancuronium on the median nerve short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in 15 unpremedicated patients undergoing thoracic or lumbar spinal surgery. The latency and amplitude of the SSEP response over the second cervical vertebra (SC) and sensory cortex (P17, N20, P25), heart rate and arterial pressure were recorded for 30 min after the injection of sufentanil. A significant increase in mean latency occurred for N20 (P
Divergent effects of static disorder and hole doping in geometrically frustrated β-CaCr2O4

Abstract The gallium substituted and calcium deficient variants of geometrically frustrated β-CaCr 2 O 4 , β-CaCr 2–2 x Ga 2 x O 4 (0.02≤ x ≤0.25) and β-Ca 1− y Cr 2 O 4 (0.075≤ y ≤0.15), have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, magnetization and specific heat measurements. This allows for a direct comparison of the effects, in a geometrically frustrated magnet, of the static disorder that arises from non-magnetic substitution and the dynamic disorder that arises from hole doping. In both cases, disturbing the Cr 3+ lattice results in a reduction in the degree of magnetic frustration. On substitution of Ga, which introduces disorder without creating holes, a gradual release of spins from ordered antiferromagnetic states is observed. In contrast, in the calcium-deficient compounds the introduction of holes induces static ferrimagnetic ordering and much stronger perturbations of the β-CaCr 2 O 4 host.
OMPAC Package C5 Reliability—Parametric Study

Over molded pad array carrier (OMPAC) also called as ball grid array (BGA) has been used in products, such as hand held two way radio within Motorola. Now it has gained interest outside Motorola in companies like Compaq for portable computers and AT&T for the telephone systems. The reduced size, thickness, and increased I/O density at the board level are the attractive features of the OMPAC package over other competing package types. In Ref. [1, 2], life time of C5 solder interconnects under temperature cycle loading was reported. That study was based on nonlinear FEM simulation incorporating creep behavior of the solder. In the current study, influence of four key package design variables on C5 solder reliability is addressed using analyses methodology described in Ref. [1, 2]. The selected design variables are thickness of the substrate, the C5 pitch, solder ball diameter, and height to diameter (h/d) ratio of the C5 interconnect. For each design variable, three levels (low, middle, and high) are considered. The full study required a total of 81 simulation runs. However, statistical design of experiments were used and an L9 design was selected in the current study. The maximum permanent strain range for stabilized temperature cycle was calculated for all the nine case studies. In all the cases it occurs at the substrate interface in the solder ball just inside the edge of the die. The response (maximum total permanent strain range and thus maximum number of temperature cycles before failure) as a function of the four design variables are studied and the trends are: as the substrate thickness, C5 ball diameter and C5 (h/d) ratio increases and C5 pitch decreases, the maximum total permanent strain range decreases and thus cycles to failure increases. The order of importance of the design variables for the C5 reliability are (i) the C5 (h/d) ratio, (ii) the C5 ball diameter, (iii) the C5 pitch, and (iv) the substrate thickness. The C5 (h/d) is the key design variable. The maximum total permanent strain range decreases from 0.0055 for (h/d) ratio of 0.5 to 0.0045 for (h/d) ratio of 0.7. This in other words increases cycles to failure from 3000 cycles to 4400 cycles, an improvement of 47 percent.
Preservation from a Collection Development Perspective

ABSTRACT Discussed is the role of the collection developer as integral to the preservation of library materials in: material selection and acquisition; collection maintenance; staff and user education; and budgeting.
SU-GG-I-39: Evaluation of Different Benchmark Measurements for Validating Monte Carlo MDCT Source Models Used in Estimating Radiation Dose

Purpose:Monte Carlo simulation has become a popular method of estimating dose from multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) exams. Typically, MDCT modeling techniques and scanner‐specific input information are validated using physical dose measurements made under very simple conditions, such as homogenous cylindrical phantoms (i.e. CTDI). The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of such measurements in order to assess their utility in validating scanner‐specific x‐ray source information used in MDCT simulation packages. Method and Materials: Two 64‐slice MDCT scanners were used to obtain three types of benchmark measurements: 1) half and quarter value layers (HVL/QVL), 2) bowtie profiles (exposure values across the fan‐beam), and 3) CTDI100 values. Analogous Monte Carlo simulations were performed using two types of x‐ray source models; (A) one based on physical measurements and (B) one based on information provided from other sources. Results: HVL/QVL simulations using source model A resulted in average disagreements of 8.1% and 10.5% for Scanners 1 and 2, respectively, while source model B had errors of 2.2% and 39.8%. Similarly, bowtie profile simulations had average errors of 0.7% and 4.0% for source model A and 5.3% and 19.4% for source model B. Finally, CTDI100 simulation errors were 1.3% and 3.5% for source model A and 4.1% and 34.9% for source model B. Conclusion: The results show that the errors between measurements and simulations for the HVL/QVL and bowtie profile measurements reveal more fundamental and specific information about the accuracy of source models than does CTDI100 . This implies that CTDI100 may not be as sensitive as more elemental measurements for verifying the accuracy of more complicated dose simulations. This study shows that while CTDI100 may be a necessary benchmark it is not sufficient for MDCT Monte Carlodosimetry validation. Further testing in heterogeneous phantoms is needed to extend these sensitivity evaluations.
Third World Debt and Wheat Imports: An Analysis for Selected Countries

Questions have been raised recently concerning the potential threat of a reduced ability to import in nations where external debt is rapidly increasing. The central purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent external debt is having on LDC wheat imports. A model, which allows for increasing government intervention as the capacity to import decreases, was tested using time series data (1970–1985) for six wheat importing nations.
Nature Needs Nurture: The Interaction of Hormonal and Social Influences on the Development of Behavioral Sex Differences in Rhesus Monkeys

Thirty years of research on early social and hormonal environments and their relationship to the expression of behavioral sex differences in rhesus monkeys are reviewed. These studies demonstrate that whether aggressive and submissive behaviors are sexually dimorphic depends primarily on the social and not the hormonal environment. Early rearing environments without mothers or allowing brief periods of peer interaction produced higher levels of male aggression and female submission. Presenting behavior was expressed more by females than males in environments with high male aggressivity and female submissiveness. No sex differences in presenting occurred in low aggressivity environments, unless monkeys were reared isosexually, when males presented more than females. Rough and tumble play and foot-clasp mounting were consistently exhibited more by males than females across all rearing environments studied, but rearing environment affected the degree of the sex difference. When reared isosexually males displayed less, and females more, foot-clasp mounting than when heterosexually reared. No social environment increased the low frequency of female rough and tumble play. Suppressing neonatal androgen in males did not effect any sexually dimorphic behavior. Prenatal androgen administration to genetic females masculinized many aspects of their juvenile behavior, consistently increasing rough and tumble play and foot-clasp mounting across different social environments. Thus the sexually dimorphic behaviors which showed the smallest variability across social contexts were the most profoundly affected by the prenatal hormonal environment. These studies demonstrate that the expression of consistent juvenile behavioral sex differences results from hormonally induced predispositions to engage in specific patterns of juvenile behavior whose expression is shaped by the specific social environment experienced by the developing monkey.
MEASURING IMPROBABILITY OF OUTCOMES FROM A SERIAL DILUTION TEST

This article introduces a max, designated, and MPN measure of the rarity of an outcome for serial dilution tests. All three measures divide the likelihood of the specified outcome at its MPN by the likelihood of an outcome with the same design. The max measure divides by the maximum of the likelihood at their MPN of all outcomes with the same number of positive tubes. The designated measure divides by the likelihood of an outcome that maximizes over a single dilution at a time. The MPN measure divides by the largest likelihood of any outcome at the MPN of the specified outcome. These new measures appear to agree well with improb and are much easier to compute.
Effects of lead and other cations on pial arteries of the mouse.

BaCl2 caused marked constriction of pial arteries when topically applied to the cerebral surface of the living mouse. Mg, Sr, Ca, Zn and Pb failed to elicit similar responses. Mg and Sr dilated pial arteries but these effects were not distinguishable from those of control solutions of similar ionic strength. Ca dilated these vessels and also had a modest inhibitory effect on the contractile response to barium. Zn and Pb produced marked dilation of the pial arteries and profound inhibition of the contractile response to barium. Lead was tested in various dose levels and its effects were reversible at lower concentrations. These observations were discussed in terms of the ionic responses of other smooth muscles. The effects of lead indicated that pial arteries respond differently to this ion than does smooth muscle at other sites. The results fail to support the hypothesis that lead would constrict cerebral vessels.
Abstract C11: CD117 and Stro‐1 identify osteosarcoma stem cells associated with metastasis and chemotherapy‐drug resistance

Osteosarcoma, the most common bone cancer, is the second highest cause of cancer‐related death in children and adolescents. Approximately 90% of cases show micro‐metastasis at diagnosis, making systematic chemotherapy the first choice of treatment. Despite intensive chemotherapy, the survival rate for high‐grade osteosarcomas remains only 50‐80%. The inadequacy of current treatments may result from the inability to effectively target cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor initiating cells (TI‐Cs) of osteosarcoma. Thus, novel therapies targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in osteosarcoma is an urgent requirement for eradicating this dreadful disease. Here, we have identified mouse and human osteosarcoma CSCs using mesenchymal stem cell markers CD117 and Stro‐1. These markers were preferentially expressed in spheres and doxorubicin‐resistant cells. CD117+Stro‐1+ cells efficiently formed serially transplantable tumors, whereas CD117‐Stro‐1‐cells rarely initiated tumors. Upon orthotopic injections, CD117+Stro‐1+‐derived tumors metastasized at a high frequency. Further, CD117+Stro‐1+ cells were capable of differentiating into adipogenic lineage, and were enriched for CXCR4 and ABCG2, respectively associated with metastasis and drug‐resistance. Thus, CD117 and Stro‐1 identify osteosarcoma CSCs with the most lethal characteristics of the disease—metastasis and drug‐resistance—proposing these markers as potential candidates for CSC‐targeted drug delivery towards eradication of osteosarcoma. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C11.
Error analysis of a multiaxis nanometric optical metrology system for microdynamic experiments

The objective of ground based microdynamic testing of deployable space structures is to determine and develop a better understanding of the submicron dynamics that exists between moving contact surfaces. Such measurements often use laser and video metric metrology systems. These measurement however, are corrupted by random environmental perturbations of the metrology optics. This paper represents a statistical method for obtaining the margin of perturbations on the optics. The optics used are those for one of the preliminary flight configurations for the Micron Accuracy Deployment Experiments Space Station laboratory. The approach and method used to determine the extent of the effect of the random environmental perturbations on the measurements is explained and results are obtained. The results indicate that for 100 nanometer total allowable error. The optics need to be stable to within 85 nm of displacement and 10 mArcSec of rotation.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthetic aperture sonar imaging using joint time-frequency analysis

The non-ideal motion of the hydrophone usually induces the aperture error of the synthetic aperture sonar (SAS), which is one of the most important factors degrading the SAS imaging quality. In the SAS imaging, the return signals are usually nonstationary due to the non-ideal hydrophone motion. In this paper, joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA), as a good technique for analyzing nonstationary signals, is used in the SAS imaging. Based on the JTFA of the sonar return signals, a novel SAS imaging algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is verified by simulation examples.
Magnet–Solenoid type active vibrometer for non-destructive testing of electric power transmission line insulators

An active vibrometer used for the non-destructive test of electric power transmission line insulators has been developed. With a permanent magnet and a couple of coils, the vibrometer exerts impact force to a test object and in turn picks up the vibration of the object. The resonance frequencies with the amplitudes obtained from the vibrometer are used as a basis for detecting defects in the object. The vibrometer is controlled by an electronic device designed to facilitate the fully automated testing process with consistent repeatability and reliability which are essential to the non-destructive test. The vibrometer is expected to be applied to the wide area of defect detection including the classification of mechanical parts in production and inspection processes.
Temperature and aging effects on the fluorescence intensity of myosin-ANS complex.

Abstract Previous work indicated that certain conditions favoring moderate interaction of myosin with the fluorescent dye, ANS, corresponded to conditions favorable for ATP-ase activity of myosin, but conditions leading to extensive dye-binding corresponded to loss of enzymic activity. The present study indicates that two additional conditions resulting in a progressive decline in ATPase activity are also accompanied by a progressive increase in dye-binding: slow aging at 4 ° and brief exposure to temperatures from 25 to 50 °. The results are interpreted as reflecting a conformational change in the protein which reduces the effectiveness of myosin as an enzyme and exposes nonpolar groups conductive to ANS binding.
Determination of splay and twist relaxation modes in nematic liquid crystals from dynamic light scattering experiments

The dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal is investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy. Two relaxation modes, the so-called splay and twist, are identified for a specific experimental ...
Concerning a new version of the divine command theory of morality

The traditional divine command theory, a doctrine accepted by many theists, says that God is the source of moral right and wrong. Morality is based on God's will or God's commands. Whatever God commands persons to do is right ; whatever he forbids persons to do is wrong. Whatever God commands is right because He commands it ; whatever God forbids is wrong because He forbids it. This view is familiar, and many of the objections to it are also familiar. In his stimulating paper, "A Modified Divine Command Theory of Ethical Wrongness," Robert Merrihew Adams develops an interesting new version of the basic view. I shall try to show why this position should be rejected by theists and non-theists alike. Adams' proposal is best understood as an effort to avoid a serious objection to the old, unmodified theory. Actions such as cruelty, dishonesty, and injustice are commonly regarded as wrong. A divine command theorist can agree with these intuitive, commonsense moral judgements because he thinks God has forbidden such acts. That is, perhaps, the way things are now. But what might have been? God could have commanded certain persons to be cruel, to inflict suffering deliberately and for its own sake. If He had ordered us to torture others, then some acts of torture would be right. Furthermore, even though torture is wrong now, it could become right if God's will changes. If God decrees, "As of 1979, torture, cruelty, and assault will be right," then, according to the divine command view, those acts will be right (as of 1979). But, surely, they would not be right; and such theories of morality must be rejected. Now what of Adams' modified theory? This new position holds
Signaling Theory and Technologies of Communication in the Paleolithic

Between 300,000 and 250,000 years ago early humans in Africa and Eurasia began to use durable material substances and objects as media for signaling. Initially material signals were confined to ochre and other pigments, but over time objects such as beads were also added as technologies for sending messages. Changes in the types of materials used, their durability and costs, and the contexts of their disposal indicate a series of transitions in how early humans employed signaling media. Signaling theory from biology suggests that shifts in technologies over the course of the Pleistocene reflect problems in coordinating action and resolving conflicts within increasingly large and internally differentiated societies.
Children's expressed emotions when disclosing maltreatment.

Abstract Objective Our goal was to examine children's expressed emotions when they disclose maltreatment. Little scientific research exists on this topic, and yet children's emotional expressions at disclosure may inform psychological theory and play a crucial role in legal determinations. Method One hundred and twenty-four videotaped forensic interviews were coded for children's emotional displays. In addition, children's trauma-related symptoms (depression, dissociation, and PTSD) and global adaptive functioning were assessed, and abuse type and frequency were documented. Results Most children in the sample evinced neutral emotion during disclosure. However, stronger negative reactions were linked to indices of psychopathology. Number of abuse experiences was inversely related to negative emotional displays. Conclusion Fact finders may profit from knowing that maltreated children do not necessarily cry or display strong emotion when disclosing maltreatment experiences. Nevertheless, predictors of greater negative affect at disclosure can be identified: fewer abuse experiences; higher global adaptive functioning; and for sexually abused children, greater dissociative tendencies. Practice implications Although further research is needed, practitioners should consider that children who disclose abuse may display relatively neutral affect despite having experienced maltreatment.
TSV Stress-Aware Full-Chip Mechanical Reliability Analysis and Optimization for 3-D IC

In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate full-chip thermomechanical stress and reliability analysis tool and design optimization methodology to alleviate mechanical reliability issues in 3-D integrated circuits (ICs). First, we analyze detailed thermomechanical stress induced by through-silicon vias in conjunction with various associated structures such as landing pad and dielectric liner. Then, we explore and validate the linear superposition principle of stress tensors and demonstrate the accuracy of this method against detailed finite element analysis simulations. Next, we apply this linear superposition method to full-chip stress simulation and a reliability metric named the von Mises yield criterion. Finally, we propose a design optimization methodology to mitigate the mechanical reliability problems in 3-D ICs. Our numerical experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
An integrated computing environment for solution of complex engineering problems using the object-oriented programming paradigm and a blackboard architecture

Abstract A blackboard architecture is presented for development of an integrated computing environment for solution of complex engineering problems using the object-oriented programming paradigm. The blackboard consists of a controlling system that controls the problem's logic. Controllers are set up at two levels: local and global levels. A graphical object-oriented programming notation suitable for engineering computations is presented. An object-oriented database management system is created for effective management of the multitude of input, intermediate and output data in complex engineering software systems. A class library has been developed for object-oriented finite element analysis. The concepts, models and methods developed in this research have been applied to the solution of a complex engineering problem, the interlaminar stress analysis of composite laminates.
The development of self-presentation: Self-promotion in 6- to 10-year-old children.

The present study explored the development of self-presentation. Subjects were eighty-five 6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds. Subjects were asked to tell children at another school about themselves three times: (1) a baseline self-description; (2) a self-description intended to convince the children to pick them as a partner for a game (goal-directed condition); and (3) a self-description intended to convince children who really wanted to win prizes to pick them as a partner (enhanced goal-directed condition). The self-presentational strategies of self-promotion and ingratiation were measured through increased production of game-related and social positive self-statements in the experimental conditions. The results revealed a developmental increase in selective self-presentation. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that kindergartners did not engage in selective self-presentation, whereas second and fourth graders exhibited more self-promotion than ingratiation in the enhanced condition. Attributional knowled...
Beyond the primitive separable exchange approximation in electron-molecule scattering.

Separable approximations have been used in electron-molecule scattering calculations to avoid the computation of two-electron matrix elements involving continuum functions. We show that such matrix elements involving one continuum function (proportional to a spherical Bessel function at large distances) and three Gaussian functions can be reduced to a single numerical quadrature of an integral involving ordinary two-election integrals over only Gaussian functions. Using these integrals in the Kohn variational method for electron-molecule scattering allows one to avoid the limitations of a primitive separable approximation for exchange interactions by replacing it with a more stable Schwinger separable expansion. The procedure is demonstrated for electron scattering from the 2 {sup 3}{ital S} state of helium.
Sustained improvement in the anal sphincter function following surgical plication of rabbit external anal sphincter muscle.

BACKGROUND We recently found that the anal canal function and external anal sphincter contraction can be enhanced by surgically adjusting the EAS muscle sarcomere length in rabbits. A 20% length plication of the external anal sphincter muscle results in significant increase in the anal canal pressure and EAS muscle stress without affecting its passive tension. The durability of the beneficial effect of external anal sphincter muscle plication on the anal canal function is not known. OBJECTIVE We studied the long-term effects of optimal length external anal sphincter plication on the anal canal pressure, external anal sphincter sarcomere length, and anal canal histology. DESIGN Female rabbits (n = 16) were anesthetized and either sham (n = 4) or external anal sphincter plication (n = 12) surgery was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The effect of external anal sphincter plication on the anal canal pressure was determined every 2 weeks for 6 months in 6 animals. Anal canal was harvested for sarcomere length and histological assessment. RESULTS External anal sphincter plication resulted in 50% to 60% increase in the anal canal pressure, and 80% to 90% increase in external anal sphincter muscle stress (during maximum electrical stimulus). The effect of plication was durable for the entire study period of 24 weeks. Sarcomere length increased from 2.11 ± 0.08 μm to 2.59 ± 0.03 μm immediately after plication and was 2.35 ± 0.08 μm at the end of 6 months. Histology revealed no significant differences in the muscle (30% vs 29%) or connective tissue components (70% vs 71%) of the anal canal between control and chronically plicated animals. CONCLUSIONS Normal external anal sphincter muscle plication results in long-term enhancement of the anal canal function without any untoward effects on the tissue architecture in the rabbit. External anal sphincter muscle plication could be an important strategy to improve the anal canal function in patients with anal incontinence.
Judson Rosebush on Computer Graphics and Animation

Once animation went digital, we (almost) never looked back. Here I speak with one of the pioneers of animation and multimedia, Judson Rosebush.
An animal model of bulimia nervosa: opioid sensitivity to fasting episodes.

Abstract A group of female rats was deprived and maintained at 75–80% of body weight at three different times during development. Following recovery to normal weight, food intake was measured with and without butorphanol tartrate, a kappa-sigma agonist, 8 mg/kg SC. Animals with a history of deprivation (DEP) showed an increase in postrecovery feeding when they were tested at normal body weight and not food deprived. More importantly, butorphanol prolonged food intake in the 3-h eating test only in the rats with a developmental history of food restriction. A developmental history of fasting in eating disorders may trigger changes in opiate systems that result in atypical feeding behavior in the adult.
Postgraduate Education and Career Mobility: A Case from Hospital Administration

Investigators analyzing the contingencies in career choice, occupational mobility, and other career aspirations have often recognized the relevance of college and postgraduate education. In most instances, however, education is by-passed in favor of other variables. We suspect that part of the reason for this is the generally accepted but unexamined assumption that education is a known quantity and can be taken for granted as a determining factor in career patterns. At the same time, education is a very nebulous concept. The great variety of opportunities available within the American education system makes it extremely difficult for the student of occupational mobility to determine exactly what is important about education.
Implementation of a pharmacy residency in a Veterans Affairs community-based outpatient clinic

Purpose The implementation of an innovative ambulatory care pharmacy residency program at a Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatient clinic is described. Summary Community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) are a largely underutilized resource for pharmacy residency training. Through a collaboration of the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy in Athens and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center in Augusta, a postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residency program was established at the CBOC in Athens. The program graduated its first resident in 2009; components of training included (1) disease state management at an anticoagulation clinic and a newly created disease state-focused pharmacotherapy clinic, (2) participation in the planning and implementation of a new lipid management service, (3) a variety of didactic, laboratory, and experiential teaching activities at the college of pharmacy, and (4) management experiences such as completing requests for nonformulary medications, management of drug shortages, adverse drug reaction reporting, and participation in meetings of local and regional VA pharmacy and therapeutics committees. The demonstrated value of the ongoing program led to position upgrades for two CBOC clinical pharmacists and the addition of a clinical faculty member, enabling the program to offer additional learning experiences and preceptorship opportunities. Conclusion A PGY2 ambulatory care residency program established in a CBOC provided a novel practice setting for the resident, helped improve patient care and pharmacy student education, and assisted in the professional development of preceptors and providers at the training site.
Observation of a large amplitude wave and inversion layer leading to convective instability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W)

[1] Sodium resonance lidar observations on the night of Nov 3, 1997 UT recorded a temperature inversion with 80 K amplitude moving downward from 90 to 83 km with the maximum temperatures exceeding 280 K. These are the highest temperatures and largest inversion layer observed in 10 years over Fort Collins, Colorado. The inversion can be decomposed into a 50 K peak-to-peak amplitude oscillation with an apparent 8-hr period and 25 km vertical wavelength plus a residual 30 K inversion layer. The temperature gradient above this maximum is near-adiabatic from 88–100 km for 4 hours with multiple super-adiabatic layers several km in depth. Streamlines derived from the sodium mixing ratio and the potential temperature both indicate a 10 km upward movement in the adiabatic region. Presumably, a large-amplitude upward-propagating wave saturated when it reached the inversion layer just below the mesopause and broke, leading to convective instabilities with large vertical and temporal scales.
Elevated hepatocyte levels of the Forkhead box A2 (HNF-3β) transcription factor cause postnatal steatosis and mitochondrial damage

The Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor Foxa2 (HNF-3beta) and related family members Foxa1 (HNF-3alpha) and Foxa3 (HNF-3gamma) act in concert with other hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) to coordinately regulate liver-specific gene expression. To circumvent the hepatic functional redundancy of the Foxa proteins, we used the T-77 transgenic (TG) mouse line in which the -3-kb transthyretin (TTR) promoter functioned to increase hepatocyte expression of the Foxa2 cDNA. Adult TG mice exhibited reduced hepatic glycogen and progressive liver injury, but maintained normal serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. In this study, we further characterized the postnatal liver defect in TTR-FoxA2 TG mice. The postnatal TG mice displayed significant reduction in serum glucose levels and in hepatocyte glycogen storage without increased serum levels of ketone bodies and free fatty acid suggesting that they are not undergoing a starvation response. We show that TG liver developed a substantial transient steatosis, which reached a maximum at postnatal day 5 and is associated with increased expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, lipid beta-oxidation, and amino acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy analysis of postnatal TG liver revealed extensive mitochondrial membrane damage, which is likely due to reactive oxygen species generated from lipid beta-oxidation. In conclusion, our model proposes that in response to reduction in hepatocyte glycogen storage, the TTR-Foxa2 TG mice survive by maintaining sufficient serum levels of glucose through gluconeogenesis using deaminated amino acids with dicarboxylate products of peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation shuttled through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Uncovering the dark side of PKCδ

Comment on Pula et al, page [4035][1] In this issue of Blood, Pula and colleagues provide a novel mechanism for the negative regulatory role of platelet protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) that is independent of inside-out signaling, granular secretion, or early steps of GPVI signaling. The initial step
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION FOLLOWING THE WALLACE SHOOTING1

A natural social disruption produced by the attempted assassination of George Wallace provided an opportunity to conduct a field study concerned with the mediating effects of self-esteem, birth-order, sex, and social situation on the relationship between anxiety and interpersonal communication among a sample of high school students. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, the significant relationship between anxiety and affiliation, while affected by social situation, was not generally influenced or mediated by the other variables. Possible explanations for these findings are explored, and an overall causal model is suggested to account for the findings.
THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that m...
Photocathodes for free electron lasers

Abstract Many different photocathodes have been used as electron sources for FELs and other electron accelerator systems. In choosing one, a compromise between lifetime and quantum efficiency has been unavoidable. High quantum efficiency photocathodes such as K 2 CsSb, Cs 3 Sb, and cesiated GaAs have short operational lifetimes and require an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. Long lifetime photocathodes such as LaB 6 , Cu, and Y have relatively low quantum efficiencies. However, recently, cesium telluride was found to be an exception. Initial results from CERN and now at Los Alamos have shown that Cs 2 Te is reasonably rugged with a high quantum efficiency below 270 nm. Further studies carried out at Los Alamos have determined that its performance as an electron source for the Los Alamos Advanced FEL is excellent.
1455 REGIONAL OXYGEN(O 2 ) DELIVERY DURING ENVIRONMENTAL COLD STRESS (ECS) IN ANEMIC PIGLETS

We studied regional O2 delivery (DO2) in 3, awake 3-day old piglets during CONTROL(HCT=25.6±0.8%) and ANEMIC(HCT=14.9±0.1%) periods. Measurements of blood flow(Q, radiolabeled microspheres) and arterial O2 content(CaO2) were made in a warm environment(W) and after 60 min.of ECS. DO2 was calculated from measured values (ml O2·100g−1·min−1). Preliminary results are below (Mean±SEM): We conclude that anemia with ECS: 1)blunts the normal increase in DO SM 2)augments the decrease in DO2 GI 3)has no effect on DO2BR due to increased QBR 4)decreases DO2KI and DO2AD when compared with the normal, steady state(W-CONTROL). We speculate that, unless associated with increased regional O2 extraction, anemia with ECS may compromise tissue oxygenation of less vital organs such as the kidneys, adrenals and/or gastrointestinal tract.
Portable Impedance/Reflected Power Meter for power-line carrier applications

Portable Impedance/Reflected Power Meter consists of an integrated system with 1) a portable circuit designed to make voltage and current measurements in a power-line carrier circuit, 2) a digitizer (NI USB-5132) capable of sampling signals in the frequency range of 30 kHz to 500 kHz, and 3) a LabVIEW application configured to acquire the signal from the digitizer to a computer and perform computation to calculate the impedance of the load connected to the portable circuit and also the reflected power from the measured impedance. The functionality of the integrated meter was tested in lab using simulated loads, and on a PLC circuit on a 500 kV transmission line. The measurements were comparable to a meter used by utilities to make similar measurements. The paper provides an economical, portable solution that takes advantage of the processing power of a computer.
Interaction of epileptic activities of bilateral deep temporal origin. An experimental study.

Summary The interaction of epileptic activities obtained with electrical or chemical (penicillin) stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclear complexes of the two sides was studied in acute experiments on the rabbit. Several findings indicate that reciprocal influences between the two epileptogenic amygdalae can occur. Inhibitory as well as facilitatory interactive phenomena were observed. The occurrence of interaction and its sign seem related to the level of epileptic activity. RESUME On a etudie chez le lapin lors d'experiences aigues, l'interaction des activites epileptiques obtenues par stimulation electrique ou chimique (penicilline) des deux amygdales. Plusieurs donnees suggerent la possibilite d'interactions entre les deux amygdales rendues epileptiques. On a observe en effet des phenomenes d'interaction de type inhibiteur et excitateur. La survenue de l'interaction et son signe semblent en relation avec le degre de l'activiteepileptique. RESUMEN Se ha estudiado, mediante experimentos agudos en conejos, la interaccion de actividades epilepticas conseguida con estimulacion electrica o quimica (penicilina) de los complejos nucleares amigdaloides de ambos lados. Varios hallazgos indican que pueden existir influencias reciprocas entre las dos amigdalas epileptizadas. Se han observado fenomenos interactivos de tipo inhibidor y tambien facilitador. La interaccion, y su signo, parece depender del nivel de epileptizacion. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Interaktionen der epileptischen Aktivitaten nach elektrischer oder chemischer (Penicillin) Stimulierung des Mandelkernkomplexes beider Seiten wurde im akuten Experiment bei Kaninchen untersucht. Mehrere Befunde lassen erkennen, dass reziproke Einflusse zwischen den beiden Mandelkernen auftreten konnen. Es wurden sowohl hemmende wie fordernde gegenseitige Einflussnahmen beobachtet. Das Ausmass der Wechselwirkung scheint von dem Grad abhangig zu sein, in dem der Mandelkern gereizt wurde.
Measurement of the polarization-asymmetry correlation for 21Na with novel target and polarimeter

Measurements of the Polarization-Asymmetry Correlation (PAC) in nuclear beta decay require samples of high polarization and activity which are well coupled to an efficient polarimeter. We have developed a system to accomplish this and used it in preliminary PAC measurements on 21Na. The 21Na nuclei were produced with the 20Ne(d,n)21Na reaction in a 20Ne gas target and polarized by optical pumping with a laser system. The positron polarization was extracted from lifetime spectra of positronium formed in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This is the first measurement of its type for a superallowed transition.
Transfer of sodium ions across the erythrocyte membrane in manic — Depressive illness: Treatment with lithium carbonate

Abstract The efflux of 22Na from erythrocytes was measured in vitro under experimental conditions such that rate constants due to efflux either by active transport, passive diffusion, or exchange diffusion could be calculated. No significant differences were found in the rate constants for 22Na efflux between seven male bipolar depressed patients and eight male control subjects, who had no personal or family history of psychiatric illness. Treatment of patients with lithium carbonate either for less than one week or for 4–5 weeks produced no changes in the rate constants describing the efflux of 22Na from red cells. Also, addition of 1mM LiCl in vitro did not alter the active transport of 22Na from erythrocytes. These data provide no evidence for either an abnormality in 22Na transfer across the red cell membrane of bipolar depressives or an effect of the lithium ion upon such transfer.
Cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A review of current knowledge and future applications

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and the alleviation thereof requires greater understanding of the pathobiologic behavior of HNSCC. Although the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in most solid tumors has not been formally proven, application of the CSC concept has certainly enhanced understanding of HNSCC heterogeneity and progression. Recent data support the role of ALDH1(+) CD44(+) CSC in HNSCC, since the implantation of a few ALDH1(+) CD44(+) cells consistently gives rise to tumors that can be serially passaged in vivo. In addition to CSC biomarkers, recent explorations of CSC signaling pathways, gene expression, and localization in HNSCC carry significant clinical and therapeutic implications. Identification and characterization of CSC populations that regulate HNSCC growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance will facilitate development of novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic strategies. Furthermore, advances in multimodal imaging and nanotechnology, in conjunction with CSC models, may better elucidate the regulatory mechanisms that govern CSC biology in vivo, as well as develop platforms for targeted theragnostics. It is hoped that the promising applications of the CSC model in HNSCC will eventually alleviate the morbidity and mortality of this pervasive disease.
Evaluation of Urban Travel Training for Older Adults

The aging population in the United States is growing, and transportation is critical to maintaining the mobility, independence, and quality of life of older adults. Travel training programs designed to increase individual knowledge are one way to encourage older adults to use fixed-route transit and improve their transportation options. An analysis was conducted to explore characteristics of travel training participants in Alameda County, California, in 2007 and 2008 and their knowledge and concerns regarding public transit. Specific issues addressed include transit habits, degree of increase in knowledge after participating in the training, and factors that predict training participation. Participants in this study represent a diverse group of older adults having a broad range of transportation experience and knowledge. After participation in the travel training course, participants showed an increase in knowledge of local public transit and how to access transit information independently. The study identifies "currently driving" as a positive predictive factor for participating in the travel training course. Future travel training courses should make efforts to recruit current drivers who may wish to plan for their future mobility needs by becoming more familiar with public transit options.
Generalized neural model for adaptive sensory-motor control of single postures

A neural-network model has been developed that achieves adaptive visual-motor coordination of a multijoint arm, without a teacher. The model has been applied to adaptively positioning an arm so that it reaches a cylinder arbitrarily positioned in space. The model uses a neural architecture and an algorithm for modifying neural-connection strengths. Computer simulations show that the model performs with an average position error of 4% of the arm's length and with an average orientation error of 4 degrees . The model is designed to be generalized for coordinating any number of topographic sensory inputs with limbs of any number of joints. The general scheme of the neural model is proposed. >
Comparisons of chlorophyll variability between the four major global eastern boundary currents

The first two years of SeaWiFS (Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor) data (1997-1999) are used to document the variability of large-scale surface chlorophyll patterns within the coastal region along the full latitudinal extent of each of the four major global eastern boundary currents; the California, Humboldt, Benguela and Canary Currents. Seasonal chlorophyll patterns are compared to coincident seasonal cycles of Ekman transport cal- culated from satellite scatterometer data. In all four regions, maximum chlo- rophyll concentrations are generally temporally and latitudinally coincident with the seasonal maximum in upwelling (offshore Ekman transport) over most of their latitudinal range, but exceptions are documented. Interannual differences are evident in each region, most notably in the two Pacific regions where the 1997-1998 chlorophyll seasonality was affected by El Nino conditions. Significant differences between previously published chlorophyll seasonality deduced from the relatively sparse coverage of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and the more complete coverage of SeaWiFS in both Southern Hemisphere regions are evident.