cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Severe Hypertension in a 3-Month-Old Infant

The patient is a 3-month-old male with known, mild, right-sided hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), who presented to the emergency department with 1 week of poor feeding, episodic emesis, and abdominal distension. The family denied any change in urine output, but did affirm apparent discomfort when stooling, irritability, and grunting. In the emergency department, BP was 140/79 mm Hg in the right upper extremity. Laboratory workup was unremarkable: specifically, urinalysis was found to be free of blood and protein, with only 1+ leukocyte esterase and normal kidney function. Abdominal ultrasound revealed massive pelvocaliectasis of the right kidney, with the kidney parenchyma stretched and thinned over the massively dilated central collecting system (Figure 1). Findings were confirmed on the abdominal computed tomography scan, which also revealed the profound mass effect on the abdominal organs, vessels, and bowel, specifically compressing and displacing the …
Major vascular injury during gynecologic cancer surgery

Abstract Objective Vascular injury during major gynecologic cancer surgery is a rare but potentially fatal complication. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with major vascular injury during gynecologic cancer surgery. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of women undergoing surgery by our gynecologic oncology department from 7/1/99 to 6/30/20 who had a major vascular injury. We identified women who sustained a vascular injury by a combination of CPT code and medical record searches, fellow case logs and a list maintained for an ongoing quality assurance program. Data were expressed as median and range for continuous variables and as frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze differences in complication rates between groups. Results Major vascular injury was identified in 52 patients and procedures. The inferior vena cava was the most common site of injury, 32.7% (17/52), followed by the external iliac vein, 23.1% (12/52). Lymph node dissection was the most common time for a vascular injury to occur 51.9% (27/52). The majority of injuries required suture repair, 80.8% (42/52). Estimated blood loss in cases with vascular injury ranged from 100 mL to massive unquantifiable blood loss in the case of an aortic injury. Patients required a median of 2units of packed red blood cells. Postoperative complications included anemia requiring blood transfusion, 19.6% (9/46) and venous thromboembolism, 19.6% (9/46). Conclusions Vascular injury remains a rare but potentially morbid complication of gynecologic oncologic surgery. Prompt recognition and management are imperative in minimizing persistent bleeding and complications.
Improved CT-based voxel phantom generation for MCNP Monte Carlo

A graphic user interface has been developed to perform the basic and advanced functions required to create CT-based, voxelized patent models for MCNP and MCNPX Monte Carlo simulations. Additional flexibility is enabled in selective tally definition, lattice structure limits, and conversion of CT number to materials. Setting lattice structure limits can reduce or obviate the need for excessive sub-sampling and improve efficiency while preserving model resolution. The patient model, tally definition, and subsequent simulation output are all incorporated in a post-processing routine that enables comparative analysis between calculated and measured datasets. Judicious application of these developments can greatly decrease the time required to achieve a given uncertainty while preserving model detail; use of these tools typically results in reduction of simulation times by over 60%.
History of Psychology: A Cultural Perspective

History of Psychology: A Cultural Perspective easily distinguishes itself from other texts in a number of ways. First, it examines the field within the rich intellectual and cultural context of everyday life, cross-cultural influences, and contributions from literature, art, and other disciplines. Second, it is a history of ideas, concepts, and questions, instead of dates, events, or great minds. Third, the book explores the history of applied, developmental, clinical, and cognitive psychology as well as experimental psychology. Conveyed in a lively writing style, this text tells a gripping story that continues to the present day. Its current perspective allows students to connect the history of the field to the work being published in current journals. O’Boyle writes in the “historical present”, giving readers a sense of immediacy and aliveness as they journey through history. Her account uses imaginative new features, including “The Times”, which gives readers a feel for what everyday life was like during the age discussed in the chapter. Descriptions of ordinary life, as well as information about important issues influencing their lives such as wars, social movements, famines, and plagues, pique students' interest. "Stop and Think" questions, scattered throughout, enhance retention and encourage critical thinking. An ideal text for a history of psychology or history and systems of psychology course, this creative new book will also appeal to those with a general interest in the field.The Instructor’s Resource CD, written by the text author, includes class activities and demonstrations, suggestions for small group and class discussions, a list of films and videos related to the material in each chapter, and a test bank with objective and essay questions.
A New Vision of the Mind

This chapter discusses the concept of neural Darwinism. A model or theory of mind for living organisms needs to be radically different from anything like a computational one. It needs to be grounded in biological reality, in the anatomical and developmental and functional details of the nervous system. Above all, such a theory must account for the development and adaptation peculiar to living systems. It must also be a theory of self-organization and emergent order at every level and scale, from the scurrying of molecules and their micropatterns in a million synaptic clefts to the grand macropatterns of an actual lived life. Gerald Edelman and his colleagues have developed a biological theory of mind on these lines—neural Darwinism—at the Neurosciences Institute at Rockefeller University over the past 15 years. According to the theory, living organisms possess not one basic kind of antibody but millions of them—an enormous repertoire of antibodies, from which the invading antigen selects one that fits. It is such a selection, rather than a direct shaping or instruction, that leads to the multiplication of the appropriate antibody and the destruction of the invader. Such a mechanism, which Edelman called a “clonal selection,” was suggested in 1959 by MacFarlane Burnet, but Edelman was the first to demonstrate that such a selectional mechanism actually occurs, and for this he shared a Nobel Prize in 1972.
A Time-Series Analysis of U.S. E-Commerce Sales

Merely seventeen years old in the U.S. market, electronic commerce (e-commerce) sales continue to grow rapidly on an annual basis. At the macro level, U.S. e-commerce sales for 2010 totaled $166.5 billion. Although this total is impressive, it represents only 4.28 percent of the total of U.S. retail sales for that year. The purpose of this research is to test the significance of the rate of growth of U.S. e-commerce for the period 2000-2010. U.S. e-commerce sales data from the U.S. Census bureau are analyzed using time series analysis. The results indicate the existence of a significant linear trend model. Finally, the researchers offer total U.S. e-commerce sales projections for the 2011-2013 period.
Identification and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the heat shock protein (Hsp60) from the biting midge, Culicoides variipennis sonorensis Wirth and Jones.

A cDNA expression library constructed from Culicoides variipennis sonorensis was screened using an antibody specific for Hsp60 of Heliothis virescens. A single clone encoding the complete heat shock protein (Hsp60) of C. variipennis was identified and its 2400-bp insert was sequenced. The encoded 62-kDa protein contains 581 amino acids and includes a 26-amino acid putative mitochondrial targeting sequence at its N terminus and a GGM motif at its carboxyl terminus. Deduced amino acid sequences are highly similar (67–78%) to Hsp60 of other species, including the fruit fly, the house mouse, the Norwegian rat, the Chinese hamster, the human, a nematode, and the tobacco budworm moth. This is the initial isolation of a coding sequence for a stress-induced protein in C. variipennis.
Chapter 27 Search

Publisher Summary Search theory has provided a simple and robust laboratory that economic theorists have used to examine a wide variety of questions about the acquisition of information. Early work on search modeled an individual's searching decisions and drew inferences about the value of information and the nature of frictional unemployment. More recent work, building on sequential-bargaining analysis, has focused on the interactions among searching agents and has deepened the understanding of the nature and meaning of competition. The chapter discusses the classical search problem: the optimal search rule for an individual who can, for a fixed and constant cost, take a random sample from a distribution F( ) of economic opportunities. The marriage of search theory and bargaining theory has produced some of the more interesting recent economic theory. This research has shown such diverse and important topics as the nature of the competitive mechanism and the possible impact of externalities and multiple equilibria on macroeconomic performance.
Neutron capture measurements on radioactive93Zr

Neutron capture measurements made on a sample of fission-product zirconium containing 20%93Zr(t1/2=1.5×106a) at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator time-of-flight facility resulted in the identification of 138 resonance peaks for the93Zr isotope at neutron energies up to 21.5 keV. Average capture cross sections from 20 to 300 keV were derived by subtracting neutron capture yields of the stable zirconium isotopes90, 91, 92, 94, 96Zr and additional backgrounds. The average cross sections found were significantly less than those of JENDL-1. While generally 30% higher than those of ENDF/B —V below 60 keV, the binned data overlapped the smooth ENDF/B —V curve. The average for a Maxwellian neutron spectrum withkT=30 keV is (95±10) mb and the resonance contribution to the capture resonance integral is (15.0±0.5)b.
A framework for building unobtrusive disk maintenance applications

This paper describes a programming framework for clean construction of disk maintenance applications. They can use it to expose the disk activity to be done, and then process completed requests as they are reported. The system ensures that these applications make steady forward progress without competing for disk access with a system's primary applications. It opportunistically completes maintenance requests by using disk idle time and freeblock scheduling. In this paper, three disk maintenance applications (backup, write-back cache destaging, and disk layout reorganization) are adapted to the system support and evaluated on a FreeBSD implementation. All are shown to successfully execute in busy systems with minimal (e.g., <2%) impact on foreground disk performance. In fact, by modifying FreeBSD's cache to write dirty blocks for free, the average read cache miss response time is decreased by 15-30%. For non-volatile caches, the reduction is almost 50%.
CorA, the magnesium/nickel/cobalt transporter, affects virulence and extracellular enzyme production in the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum

Pectobacterium carotovorum (formerly Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes soft rot disease, characterized by water-soaked soft decay, resulting from the action of cell wall-degrading exoenzymes secreted by the pathogen. Virulence in soft rot bacteria is regulated by environmental factors, host and bacterial chemical signals, and a network of global and gene-specific bacterial regulators. We isolated a mini-Tn5 mutant of P. carotovorum that is reduced in the production of extracellular pectate lyase, protease, polygalacturonase and cellulase. The mutant is also decreased in virulence as it macerates less host tissues than its parent and is severely impaired in multiplication in planta. The inactivated gene responsible for the reduced virulent phenotype was identified as corA. CorA, a magnesium/nickel/cobalt membrane transporter, is the primary magnesium transporter for many bacteria. Compared with the parent, the CorA(-) mutant is cobalt resistant. The mutant phenotype was confirmed in parental strain P. carotovorum by marker exchange inactivation of corA. A functional corA(+) DNA from P. carotovorum restored exoenzyme production and pathogenicity to the mutants. The P. carotovorum corA(+) clone also restored motility and cobalt sensitivity to a CorA(-) mutant of Salmonella enterica. These data indicate that CorA is required for exoenzyme production and virulence in P. carotovorum.
Navigation in Terrain-Following Flight

This study investigated the problem of navigation in low-altitude, high-speed, terrain-following flight. Tests were made in a four-degree-of-freedom flight simulator that had an out-of-cockpit television presentation synchronized with it in such a way that a subject seemed to be flying over a landscape with freedom to climb, descend, and change course at will. Twelve experienced jet pilots flew 48 one-and-one-half-hour missions using several combinations of navigational and terrain-following displays in two different types of simulated aircraft. The results showed that the pilots navigated with much greater efficiency when they had information from a simulated inertial guidance system than when they did not have this information. They navigated better in mountainous terrain when they used a head-up display for terrain-following than when they used conventional in-cockpit instruments for terrain-following, and they navigated better in the aircraft that had the more desirable handling qualities.
Federal supports for state oral health plans

The past decade has witnessed both a proliferation of state oral health plans that include very specific proposals for action and an emergence of federal laws that include support for oral health. This paper provides an overview of state oral health priorities for action as reflected in 40 oral health plans that were developed independently by states. It examines four federal laws - the 2002 Safety Net Improvement Act, the 2009 CHIP Reauthorization Act, the 2009 economic stimulus law, and the 2010 health reform law - to identify opportunities for alignment with action steps proposed in state plans. This analysis identifies 23 categories of activity proposed by states in their action plans and determines that all but six of these activities are now supported by one or more of these four federal laws. State activities undertaken through grants provided under the 2002 Safety Net Improvement Act are analyzed as an example of how states can leverage federal legislation to advance their oral health plans. The paper concludes with consideration of the steps needed for states to promote their oral health plans by leveraging the full capacity of federal legislation.
Implementation and performance evaluation of cellular array multipliers using FPGAs

The design of fast and efficient multipliers is imperative, because of its various applications in many areas of science and engineering. In the light of VLSI technology, it is important for computer hardware designers to be aware of the choices available to them, in selecting an efficient algorithm for their application. High speed cellular-array multipliers have been the logical and affordable improvement compared to the serial-parallel designs. The authors present a detailed discussion on the development of these multiplier algorithms and their FPGA implementations. The various issues involved in the design process are highlighted. The cost-performance comparison of the various cellular array multipliers and a discussion on the design methodology is also presented. >
Characterization of transcriptional regulation during negative selection in vivo.

Negative selection is the process whereby immature thymocytes expressing TCRs with high affinity for self-peptide:MHC complexes are induced to undergo apoptosis. The transcriptional events that occur as a result of TCR signaling during negative selection are not well-characterized. Using oligonucleotide arrays, we have identified 33 genes that exhibit changes in RNA levels in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes during negative selection in vivo. Of 18 genes that have been further characterized, 13 are regulated in response to stimulation with Ag or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs ex vivo, indicating that these genes are regulated independently of activation of the peripheral immune system. These data also support the idea that anti-CD3/CD28-mediated thymocyte apoptosis is a valid model for negative selection in vivo. A detailed examination of the regulation of many of the identified genes in response to treatment with dexamethasone or gamma-radiation or in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, calcineurin, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 has facilitated the elucidation of a map of the transcriptional events that occur downstream of the TCR. These studies support a model whereby similar signal transduction pathways are activated by stimuli that induce positive and negative selection and are consistent with the idea that the balance between opposing proapoptotic and antiapoptotic pathways determines cell fate. The data presented in this study also suggest that calcineurin functions to amplify TCR signals by promoting sustained increases in the levels of specific transcripts.
A cognitive spatial learning control system for volumetric random arrays

Antenna arrays are widely used in applications such as mobile networks, radar and other wireless communication systems. Traditional phased arrays, with uniformly spaced elements, are typically used in these applications as the design approach is straightforward and control of the elements in the array is well known due to the fixed, known physical location of each array element. However, other applications, especially those which use swarms or dynamically moving elements, warrant the use of random arrays, a design where the physical location of individual elements is not initially known and must be discovered to control the array.
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity

The sections in this article are: 1 Body CO Stores 1.1 Location 1.2 Carbon Monoxide Exchanges Between Lung and Body Stores and Processes That Determine HbCO and Body CO Stores 1.3 Endogenous CO Production 1.4 Carbon Monoxide Metabolism as a CO Sink 2 Carbon Monoxide Binding to Proteins Found in Mammalian Tissues 2.1 Structure and Reactivity of CO 2.2 Carbon Monoxide and O2 Competition 2.3 Carbon Monoxide Binding to Hb 2.4 Effects of CO Binding to Hb on Oxygenation in Peripheral Tissues 2.5 Extravascular CO-Binding Proteins
Partial least squares modelling as successive singular value decompositions

Abstract The vectors p, q and w of the partial least squares (PLS) model are shown to be computable from the input covariance matrix and the input/output covariance matrix of a system without reference to any actual data. This approach is given in terms of the singular value decompositions of the input/output covariance matrix and its residual matrices for each component. Such an approach may be useful for studying the properties of the PLS model.
Use of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI images for the estimation of dynamic fire risk in Mediterranean areas

Abstract Wildfires are a major cause of land degradation in the Mediterranean region due to their frequent recurrence in the same areas. The evaluation of fire risk is therefore of high practical importance, particularly during the summer arid season, when fires are most frequent and harmful. Recent studies have demonstrated that the evaluation of dynamic fire risk can be carried out by the use of remotely sensed images, and specifically of NOAA-AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. This use relies on the sensitivity of the index to vegetation dryness, which is a major predisposing factor for fire occurrence. Several problems, however, remain linked to the spatial variability of the risk in environmentally heterogeneous areas, which requires the application of suitable processing techniques to the low-resolution imagery. The current work reports on the development and testing of different methodologies for estimating dynamic fire risk by the use of NOAA-AVHRR data. The investigation was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) using a large archive of fires that occurred in the region and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data of 16 years (1985–2000). Relying on previous methodological achievements of our group and other research groups, several procedures were tested to extract information related to fire risk from the remotely sensed images. These trials led to define an optimum method which is based on the identification of pixels where the accordance between interyear variations in fire probabilities and NDVI values is maximum. The accuracy of the risk estimates from this optimum method was finally evaluated by a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy. In this way, the performance of the methodology was assessed, together with its potential for operational fire risk monitoring and forecasting in Mediterranean areas.
Hepatic uptake of amino acids immediately after liver transplantation is well preserved despite altered plasma profiles.

Abstract Background: The liver is one of the principal organs responsible for the uptake and release of amino acids in the body. The ability of the transplanted liver to clear plasma amino acids is associated with a functioning allograft. However, clinical assessment is limited by the inability to access the portal vein postoperatively. Therefore, using a porcine liver transplant model, we examined (1) the plasma levels of amino acids presented to the new hepatic allograft and (2) the capacity of the new allograft to clear these amino acids from the circulation. Materials and Methods: Two groups of commercially bred pigs were studied: a control group ( n = 8) underwent laparotomy and a transplanted group ( n = 6) underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) using veno-venous bypass. All pigs had catheters placed in the carotid artery and portal and hepatic veins and ultrasonic transit time flow probes placed around the hepatic artery and portal vein. Plasma profiles of 23 amino acids were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Hepatic balances of amino acids, using arteriovenous difference techniques coupled with hepatic blood flows, were also analyzed on postoperative day 1. Results: Neither portal vein blood flow (703 ± 74 ml/min vs 666 ± 82 ml/min) nor hepatic artery blood flow (322 ± 43 ml/min vs 209 ± 59 ml/min) was significantly different between the control and the transplanted groups, respectively. The transplanted group had significantly increased plasma levels of alanine (135 ± 13 μmol/l vs 382 ± 72 μmol/l), hydroxyproline (30 ± 5 μmol/l vs 60 ± 9 μmol/l), methionine (25 ± 2 μmol/l vs 55 ± 10 μmol/l), ornithine (36 ± 5 μmol/l vs 141 ± 33 μmol/l), phenylalanine (84 ± 5 μmol/l vs 120 ± 12 μmol/l), threonine (75 ± 9 μmol/l vs 159 ± 27 μmol/l), and tryptophan (17 ± 2 μmol/l vs 31 ± 4 μmol/l). The transplanted group also had significantly decreased plasma levels of isoleucine (122 ± 12 μmol/l vs 85 ± 8 μmol/l) and taurine (71 ± 7 μmol/l vs 35 ± 7 μmol/l). These individual amino acid changes were not accompanied by impairment in the net hepatic amino acid balance or the hepatic fractional extraction of amino acids between the two groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that the circumstances associated with liver transplantation alter the fasting amino acid profile immediately postoperatively. However, liver transplantation does not impair the normal hepatic allograft uptake of most plasma amino acids. Thus, the changes observed in the circulating levels of amino acids may represent alterations in nonhepatic production and/or utilization. Furthermore, altered plasma amino acid profiles following liver transplantation are not necessarily indicative of impaired hepatic allograft amino acid metabolism.
Bolstering the State: A Different Perspective on the War on the Jihadi Movement

Looking beyond the military component of the global war on terrorism this article identifies a multilateral and multidimensional effort to revamp the state-based order. This effort is guided by four principles: (i) states are the primary actors in the confrontation with the jihadi movement, and state sovereignty must be respected in the various cooperative counterterrorism efforts; (ii) as members in the international society, states hold obligations to the collective not to allow terrorists to use their territories to harm other states; (iii) because numerous states are weak, a special effort must be made to bolster states’ capacities so that they will be able to realize their obligations to the society of states; and (iv) the enormous demands of capacity building necessitate particular emphasis on interstate cooperation, including the provision of assistance for weak states and sharing of best practices. The article then presents two spheres of action in the war on terrorism, indicative of this general design: the regime to suppress the financing of terrorism and states’ efforts to reinforce control over their borders. It concludes by arguing that the implications of the efforts to reinforce the state-based order require that we pay it much closer attention.
Native-State Interconversion of a Metamorphic Protein Requires Global Unfolding

Lymphotactin (Ltn) is a unique chemokine that under physiological solution conditions displays large-scale structural heterogeneity, defining a new category of ‘metamorphic proteins’. Previous Ltn studies have indicated that each form is required for proper function, but the mechanism of interconversion remains unknown. Here we have investigated the temperature dependence of kinetic rates associated with interconversion and unfolding by stopped-flow fluorescence to determine transition-state free energies. Comparisons of derived thermodynamic parameters revealed striking similarities between interconversion and protein unfolding. We conclude that Ltn native state rearrangement proceeds by way of a large-scale unfolding process rather than a unique intermediate structure.
The natural west : environmental history in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

The natural west: environmental history in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains , The natural west: environmental history in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
The Use of Maximin Efficiency Robust Tests in Combining Contingency Tables and Survival Analysis

Abstract A test is the maximin efficiency robust test for a family of possible models underlying the data if no other test has higher minimum efficiency relative to the asymptotically optimum test for each model. Methods used to examine the efficiency robustness of rank tests for the two-sample problem are adapted to obtain maximin efficiency robust procedures for testing the equality of proportions across several 2×2 tables, for combining the results of tests for trend in several 2 x J tables in which the dose-response function is one of a set of possible monotone functions, and to analyze censored survival data when either the Wilcoxon or log-rank may be appropriate. In the survival setting the robust test has maximin efficiency 93.3% relative to the Wilcoxon or long-rank when each is optimum, in contrast to the 75% relative efficiency each statistic has when the other is optimum.
B cells from subjects with CVI can be driven to Ig production in response to CD40 stimulation.

Abstract The majority of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) have low to normal numbers of membrane Ig-bearing B cells; yet these cells fail to differentiate in vivo resulting in hypogammaglobulinemia. We have suggested that the differentiation failure of CVI B cells is related to a failure to respond appropriately to signals involved in terminal B cell differentiation as most CVI subjects' cells undergo activation and proliferation normally. Whether this failure relates to a direct “intrinsic” defect in the B cells or is secondary to a lack of appropriate T cell or other influences in vivo is uncertain. We have previously reported that the majority of patients with CVI have elevated circulating levels of IL-6. We now show that the IL-6 produced by these patients is functionally normal. Additionally, the display of IL-6 receptors on in vitro stimulated CVI B cells is normal. However, we found that the patients' cells do not make IgE in response to an IL-6/T-cell-dependent differentiation pathway employing exogenous interleukin-4 (IL-4). The failure to respond in the IL-6-dependent system could not be overcome by exogenous IL-6 or varying doses of IL-4. In contrast, when stimulated by CD40 plus IL-4 in a differentiation pathway that does not require IL-6, B cells from CVI patients were stimulated to produce IgE. These findings, along with our earlier data showing that 13- cis -retinoic acid can drive maturation in CVI patients, strengthen the concept that B cells in patients with CVI have the potential for terminal differentiation but do not appear to achieve this in vitro or in vivo through a polyclonal Ig differentiation pathway that employs IL-6 as one of its maturation signals.
Rhythmic theta-like unit activity of the hippocampal formation during acquisition and performance of avoidance behavior in rabbits.

Abstract Neuronal activity was recorded from the hippocampal formation during instrumental conditioning of avoidance behavior in rabbits. The conditional stimuli (CSs) were pure tones, the unconditional stimulus (UCS) was a constant-current footshock, and the response was locomotion in a rotating wheel apparatus. Prior to conditioning the rabbits received pretraining, involving noncontingent presentations of the CSs and the UCS. The specific focus of this report is on neuronal records which displayed rhythmic bursts of action potentials similar to the theta rhythm of the EEG. Early in training, rhythmic theta-like neuronal bursts occurred throughout the CS-UCS interval on trials manifesting the initialmost behavioral conditioned responses (CRs). Late in training during asymptotic CR performance there was a build-up in the frequency and rhythmicity of neuronal bursts prior to the CR. The maximum frequency of bursting (9–10 Hz) always occurred just prior to the CR. Relatively little theta-like activity occurred in the early portions of the CS-UCS interval, in the late stage of training. During pretraining ample preresponse theta-like activity occurred in some subjects but not in others. However, no subject manifested a systematic build-up in bursting prior to behavioral responses in pretraining.
One-ion mechanism of magnetocrystalline surface anisotropy energy: Yttrium iron garnet

A quantitative calculation of magnetocrystalline surface anisotropy energy on the basis of a one-ion mechanism is presented. It involves, in the case of yttrium iron garnet (YIG), the quadratic axial term of the ferric ion spin Hamiltonian and two plausible assumptions concerning the structure of the crystal surface. For a {001} surface of YIG the absolute value of the calculated surface anisotropy constant is 0.0115 ${\mathrm{ergcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 0.0070 ${\mathrm{ergcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at 296\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The latter agrees within experimental error with the most recent absolute value 0.008 ${\mathrm{ergcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ measured at room temperature. For a {111} surface of YIG the surface anisotropy predicted by the present mechanism is zero at all temperatures.
PARTISANSHIP, IDEOLOGY, AND CONSTITUENCY DIFFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: 1973–78

Three cross-sectional data sets for the U.S. House of Representatives are analyzed for 1973 to 1978. The conclusions are: (1) Political support for environmental legislation has remained stable and has not diminished in the face of economic problems and energy shortages. (2) The East is the region most supportive of environmental issues while the South is by far the least supportive. (3) Clear partisan differences exist with the Democrats consistently more pro-environmental than Republicans. (4) The most important factor associated with environmental support is ideology. Although interrelated with party, it is more salient than either party or constituency factors. (5) Support for pro-environmental voting is strongest in urban and suburban constituencies and weakest in rural and mixed districts.
Haplotype architecture of the norepinephrine transporter gene SLC6A2 in four populations.

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulates levels of monoamine neurotransmitters integral to a variety of behaviors and autonomic functions. Two SLC6A2 polymorphisms have been used in genetic association studies, generating intriguing but nondefinitive results on traits such as hypertension and mood. One of these SLC6A2 variants is functional but rare. The other is common but not informative over the entire 48 kb SLC6A2 region and is insufficient to capture the functional diversity potentially contained within any SLC6A2 region. To elucidate SLC6A2 haplotype structure and define markers sufficient to capture haplotype diversity within detected haplotype blocks, 26 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 384 individuals evenly divided across Finnish Caucasian, US Caucasian, Plains American Indian, and African American populations. Three conserved blocks, 13.6, 12.5, and 25 kb in size and showing little evidence for historical recombination were observed in all populations. Haplotype diversity in block 1 and numbers of common haplotypes were highest in African Americans, among whom 5–6 optimal markers were sufficient to maximize diversity of each block. For other populations, 2–3 markers/block sufficed, but the optimal markers differed across populations. The SLC6A2 haplotype map and 25-marker panel (excluding the monomorphic one) is a comprehensive tool for genetic linkage studies on phenotypes related to NET function.
On heat conduction in laminated composites

Abstract A continuum integral theory is developed for heat-conduction in a laminated medium. Based on asymptotic expansions of the microstructure equations in terms of a small parameter given by the ratio of diffusivities of the two constituents, a continuum model is developed in which microstructure effects appear as a consequence of the fact that the current state in a laminated medium is history-dependent.
On-line Batch Scheduling in Distributed Optical Networks

Batch scheduling accommodates a group of tasks with the start/end time constraints to maximize the revenue from scheduling tasks over a number of servers, which has been extensively studied in the context of Job-machine scheduling. In optical networks, batch scheduling refers to the process of scheduling a group of data units (i.e., the jobs) that competing for the same set of wavelength channels (i.e., the machines). Classical Job-machine scheduling studies considered both the case of a pure-loss system, and the case with waiting rooms (i.e., buffers), which are generally in the form of Random Access Memory (RAM). In optical networks, the buffering is achieved by feeding the optical signal into a fixed length of fiber, namely Fiber Delay Lines, since optical RAM is not yet available. The unique feature of the discrete and predefined buffering time in fact instantiates a new type of problem, namely Job machine scheduling with Discrete-time Buffers. In this work, we comprehensively study batch scheduling in optical networks. We show that batch scheduling with and without FDLs corresponds to two different instances of Job-machine scheduling problem. While proving their NP-Completeness, we mathematically model both cases using Integer Linear Programming formulations to provide an optimal scheduling. Given the timeliness request for on-line batch scheduling and the dramatic problem size in optical networks, we also propose polynomial-time heuristic algorithms, which are shown to be near-optimal in our simulations.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting decreases risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity

Abstract Background . The purpose of this study was to determine whether coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump CABG) decreases risk-adjusted operative death and major complications after coronary artery bypass grafting in selected patients. Methods . Using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, procedural outcomes were compared for conventional and off-pump CABG procedures from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 1999. Mortality and major complications were examined, both as unadjusted rates and after adjusting for known base line patient risk factors. Results . A total of 126 experienced centers performed 118,140 total CABG procedures. The number of off-pump CABG cases was 11,717 cases (9.9% of total cases). The use of an off-pump procedure was associated with a decrease in risk-adjusted operative mortality from 2.9% with conventional CABG to 2.3% in the off-pump group ( p p Conclusions . Off-pump CABG is associated with decreased mortality and morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting. Off-pump CABG may prove superior to conventional CABG in appropriately selected patients.
Adatom concentration on GaAs(001) during MBE annealing

We study the concentration of adatoms on GaAs(001) during annealing under MBE conditions. By rapidly cooling the sample from typical growth temperatures and typical As overpressures, the thermal concentration of adatoms can be frozen into small islands on the terraces. The area of the resulting islands is measured with STM far from terrace steps, giving an estimate of the concentration of adatoms during equilibrium. We find that a surprisingly large concentration of adatoms is present for typical growth temperatures, e.g. 0.18 monolayer at 600°C. Possible consequences for current growth models are discussed.
Sociophysiology of relationships in squirrel monkeys. I. Formation of female dyads.

Abstract Physiological and behavioral consequences of formation of female-female relationships were investigated in adult squirrel monkeys. Plasma cortisol,heart rate, and behavior were evaluated during confinement in a test cage while animals were housed alone, during the first hour of isosexual pair formation, and while animals were housed as isosexual dyads. In addition, basal cortisol levels were assessed both before and after pair formation, as were behavioral and cardiovascular responses to social and nonsocial stimulus presentations. Basal cortisol levels underwent a marked and sustained reduction following formation of pairs, independent of both dominance status and the quality of social interactions between pairmates. In contrast, adrenocortical responsiveness was not altered by social conditions, apart from a modest and transitory difference between dominant and subordinate females in their initial response to pair formation. Heart rate declined sharply during each test session, but did not reliably differentiate social conditions, stimulus conditions, or dominance status. These findings contrast with results of a parallel study of male squirrel monkeys and suggest that isosexual relationships in males and females are associated with different sociophysiological processes.
Interactions and Properties of Corrosion Inhibitors with By-Product Layers

Abstract Corrosion inhibitors are known to adsorb to a variety of corrosion product layers. Under conditions of high shear, the fracture of corrosion product scale is one important aspect affecting...
Structure of 2′,3’’-dimethyl-p-sexiphenyl by X-ray and Semiempirical Methods

A model is proposed in terms of possible packing and conformations of molecules to explain the different mesogenic behavior of p-sexiphenyl 1 and its 2,3’’-dimethyl derivative 2 . Single crystal x-...
Customs and cultures in animals and humans Neurobiological and evolutionary considerations

Anthropologists have long considered culture to be a defining attribute of humanity. Over the last decade, however, primatologists have repeatedly asserted that great apes also possess culture. Whe...
Widely-tunable monochromatic sources and novel detection scheme for THz imaging

We review our recent progress made on the development of widely-tunable monochromatic THz sources implemented based on difference-frequency generation (DFG) in GaSe, ZnGeP 2 , and GaP. Using a GaSe crystal the output wavelength was tuned in the range of from 66.5 μm (150 cm -1 ) to 5664 μm (1.77 cm -1 ), i.e. into the mm-wave region, with the peak power as high as 389 W. Such a record-high peak power corresponds to a conversion efficiency of about 0.1%. On the other hand, based on DFG in ZnGeP 2 and GaP crystals the output wavelengths were tuned in the wide ranges with high peak powers. There is an obvious advantage of using GaP over GaSe and ZnGeP 2 , i.e. crystal rotation is no longer required for achieving wavelength tuning. Instead, one just needs to tune the wavelength of one mixing beam within a narrow bandwidth.
Mitochondrial μ-calpain is not involved in the processing of apoptosis-inducing factor

Caspase-independent cell death, an important death pathway in many cells including neurons, is executed via apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), an oxidoreductase, localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. AIF is processed and released from mitochondria following mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation, and translocates to the nucleus to induce DNA fragmentation and cell death. The release of AIF requires cleavage of its N-terminus anchored in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protease responsible for this AIF truncation has not been established, although there is considerable evidence suggesting a role for micro-calpain. We previously found that a pool of micro-calpain is localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the submitochondrial compartment in which AIF truncation occurs. The close submitochondrial proximity of mitochondrial micro-calpain and AIF gives support to the hypothesis that mitochondrial micro-calpain may be the protease responsible for processing AIF prior to its release. In the present study, AIF was released from rat liver mitochondria following mPTP induction by atractyloside. This release was inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor MDL28170, but not by more specific calpain inhibitors PD150606 and calpastatin. Atractyloside caused swelling in rat brain mitochondria, but did not induce AIF release. In a mitochondrial fraction from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, incubation with 5 mM Ca(2+) resulted in the activation of micro-calpain but not in AIF truncation. In summary, the localization of micro-calpain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is suggestive of its possible involvement in AIF processing, but direct experimental evidence supporting such a role has been elusive.
Predicting timing of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed production using growing degree days

Abstract Downy brome in dryland winter wheat presents a major constraint to the adoption of reduced tillage cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Effective suppression of downy brome during fallow periods depletes seed in the soil and reduces infestations in subsequent winter wheat crops. Delayed tillage operations or delayed herbicide applications in the spring increase the risk for production of viable downy brome seed during fallow periods. In a series of studies, downy brome panicles were sequentially sampled at Pendleton, OR, and Pullman, WA, in 1996 and 1997, and at nine locations around the winter wheat growing region of the western United States in 1999 and 2001. Cumulative growing degree days (GDD) were calculated using local, daily maximum, and minimum air temperature data. A simple GDD model based on the formula GDD = (daily maximum temperature [C] + daily minimum temperature [C])/2, with a base temperature of 0 C and a starting point of January 1, was used to calculat...
Guest Editors' Introduction: Software Engineering Curriculum Development

The first software engineering programs were at the graduate level, primarily as terminal master's degrees for those already developing commercial and industrial software. By the early 1990s, educators began to consider software engineering's role at the undergraduate level. This special issue's articles reflect the common foundations of both baccalaureate and master's programs as well as diverse approaches to teaching software engineering. This article is part of a special issue on Software Engineering Curriculum Development.
Mercury reduction efforts in Michigan

Abstract Mercury was first recorded in Michigan as an environmental contaminant in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Tons of mercury were being discharged directly into Michigan's waters resulting in extremely elevated methylmercury levels in fish. A Governor's Executive Order in 1970 made it illegal to fish in these contaminated waters and a halt was ordered to all mercury dischargers to these bodies of water. Today in Michigan, mercury contamination is not as extensive or evident as it was in the 1970s. The mercury released by sources has diminished, yet has not completely been eliminated. Mercury is still widely used in commerce and is forever ubiquitous in fossil fuels burned for energy. Michigan utilizes its base regulatory programs, which are supplemented greatly by voluntary pollution prevention efforts to reduce the use and release of mercury. The mercury pollution prevention efforts initiated in Michigan have resulted in the elimination of tons of mercury used, and ultimately released into the environment. While numerous mercury pollution prevention “success stories” can be told from a Michigan perspective, many more activities to reduce the use and release of mercury on a national and international basis are critical.
Compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for MARS (CRISM)

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars CRISM (CRISM) carried aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), is the first visible-infrared spectrometer to fly on a NASA Mars mission. CRISM scientists are using the instrument to look for the residue of minerals that form in the presence of water: The ‘fingerprints’ left by evaporated hot springs, thermal vents, lakes or ponds. With unprecedented clarity, CRISM is mapping regions on the Martian surface at scales as small as 60feet (about 18 meters) across, when the spacecraft is 186 miles (300 kilometers) above the planet. CRISM is reading 544 ‘colors’ in reflected sunlight to detect certain minerals on the surface, including signature traces of past water. CRISM alone will generate more than 10 terabytes of data, enough to fill more than 15,000 compact discs. Given that quantity of data being returned by MROCRISM, this project partners with Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) scientists of the CRISM team to assist in the data analysis process. The CRISM operations team has prototyped and will provide the necessary software analysis tools. In addition, the CRISM operations team will provide reduced data volume representations of the data as PNG files, accessible via a web interface without recourse to specialized user tools. The web interface allows me to recommend repeating certain of the CRISM observations as survey results indicate, and to enter notes on the features present in the images.